text:
Leon Hale

Leon Hale (May 30, 1921 –March 27, 2021) was an American journalist and author. He worked as a columnist for the Houston Chronicle from 1984 until his retirement in 2014. Before that, he had a column in the Houston Post for 32 years. He was also the author of twelve books.

Early life
Carol Leon Hale was born in Stephenville, Texas, on May 30, 1921. He was named after his mother, Leona; his father, Fred, worked as a travelling salesman who sold a machine that sealed parcels. Hale's family moved frequently during his childhood because of his father's employment, relocating to Fort Worth when he was seven years old before leaving for Eastland during the Great Depression. He suffered from polyostotic fibrous dysplasia that caused his face to be deformed. He attended Eastland High School, graduating in 1939.

Hale went on to study at Texas Tech University. He wrote for its student newspaper, The Toreador, authoring essays, columns, and opinion pieces. One of his instructors there, Alan Stroud, extolled Hale's writings but gave him D grades due to his poor spelling. An avid reader of the Horatio Hornblower novels, Hale attempted to join the US Navy and later the Marine Corps during World War II. However, he was rejected due to high blood pressure and the anomalous placement of his eye. He eventually enlisted into the US Army Air Corps; his 1941 training stint in Nebraska marked the first time he left his home state. He subsequently fought as a combat gunner in the European theatre, where he flew 50 combat missions. Hale played down his military career, claiming that he never "fir[ed] a shot at an enemy plane or g[ot] as much as a skinned finger". He later recounted how a shell once hit his plane; although it did not explode, it left a gaping hole in the wing.

Upon his return from military service in 1945, Hale went back to Texas Tech and obtained a bachelor's degree in journalism the following year. A position at the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal was extended to him, but he declined due to the $20-a-week salary. His father then advised him to leave Abilene, where their family had moved to, worrying that Hale "might get stuck" if he remained. Hale consequently relocated to Houston in 1947.

Career
Hale secured a job at the Houston Post in 1952. He thrived in this work environment, with his colleagues observing how he was a writer who rarely required revision. He also published his first novel, Bonney's Place, in 1972. It gained a cult following, and the film rights changed hands six times. Even though four screenplays were drafted, no movie had been produced by the time of Hale's death.

Hale published an anthology of his selected works for the Post in 1983, appropriately titled Easy Going. Although he was attracted to revise his columns, he ultimately opted not to. He worked at the paper until mid-1984 when he was offered a place at the Houston Chronicle. He proceeded to author a memoir in the form of a story titled Paper Hero (1986), in which he discussed how his personal life influenced his work.

Hale was a member of the Texas Institute of Letters, a literary group in Austin, which recognized the writer with the Lon Tinkle Award for Excellence Sustained Throughout a Career. He also won awards for fiction and non-fiction from the Headliners Foundation, United Press International, and the Associated Press.

Hale retired in 2014 after 65 years of writing. He opined how he had "stayed at the party long enough. Maybe even a little too long." Despite his retirement, he continued to write short blog entries weekly for the Chronicle. His twelfth and final book, See You Down the Road, was published in March 2021, shortly before his death.

Personal life
Hale's first two marriages ended in divorce. He met his third wife, Babette Fraser, in 1981. They resided in Houston and Winedale, Texas, and remained married until his death.

Hale died on March 27, 2021, at the age of 99.

Books
Hale was also the author of the following eleven books:
 * Turn South at the Second Bridge (1965)
 * Bonney's Place (1972)
 * Addison (1978)
 * A Smile from Katie Hattan (1982)
 * Easy Going (1983)
 * One Man's Christmas (1984)
 * Paper Hero (1986)
 * Texas Chronicles (1989)
 * Home Spun (1997)
 * Supper Time (1999)
 * Old Friends: A Collection (2004)
 * " See You On Down the Road, A Retirement Journal (2021)

title: Leon Hale


text:
Talk:Bruce Small

Headline text
I'm going to add Bruce Small to the People of Queensland category, as he has some signifigance to the Gold Coast Area and it would be nice to have him listed with others notable people in Queensland. Strictly speaking I suppose he is from New South Wales. --Randolph 05:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Adding him to the Queensland Category makes sense. He actually retired to Queensland from Victoria, after building up Malvern Star into a national bicycle business.--Takver 03:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

He was the developer who establish Isle of Capri a most important residential suburd of the Gold Coast [www.mauricenirens.zoomshare.com]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bruce Small


text:
Gafsa

Gafsa (قفصة qafṣah/gafṣah ) is the capital of Gafsa Governorate of Tunisia. With a population of 111,170, Gafsa is the ninth-largest Tunisian city and it is 335 kilometers from the capital Tunis.

Overview
Gafsa is the capital of the southwest of Tunisia and is both a historical oasis and home to the mining industry of Tunisia. The city had 111,170 inhabitants at the 2014 census, under the rule of the mayor, Helmi Belhani. The city lies 369 km by road southwest of Tunis. Its geographical coordinates are 34.41667°N, 8.78333°W.

Ancient history
Excavations at prehistoric sites in the Gafsa area have yielded artefacts and skeletal remains associated with the Capsian culture. This Mesolithic civilisation has been radiocarbon dated to between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE. The associated ancient population, known as the Snail eaters, are known for their extensive middens of snail shells. They are believed to be the ancestors of the modern Berbers.

The city was originally called Capsa in Latin. Gafsa lends its Latin name of Capsa to the Mesolithic Capsian culture. It belonged to King Jugurtha, who deposited his treasures there. It was captured by Gaius Marius in 106 BC and destroyed, later becoming reestablished under the Punic-style magistracy of sufetes before being granted the status of a Roman colonia. Capsa was an important city of Roman Africa near the Fossatum Africae. Roman cisterns are still evident in the city ruins.

The Vandals conquered the Roman city and ruled it until the death of Genseric (477). The Berbers then occupied it, making it the capital of a Romano-Berber kingdom until subjected to Byzantium under Justinian I (527–565) and the era of Byzantine North Africa. He made Capsa the capital of the province of Byzacena. The Duke of Byzacena resided there. In 540, the Byzantine governor general Solomon built a new city wall, naming the city Justiniana Capsa.

The Arab army of Uqba ibn Nafi conquered Gafsa in 688, in spite of resistance from the Berbers. After the Arab conquest, Capsa started to lose importance, replaced by Muslim-founded Kairouan.

Historians such as Camps and Laverde consider Gafsa the place in North Africa where African Romance last survived, until the 13th century, as a spoken language. "Al Yacoubi reports that this time its inhabitants were considered Romanized Berber and Al-Idrissi says they continued to speak an African Latin and part of them remained faithful to the Christian religion.Gafsa ASM"

Recent history
Phosphate mines were discovered in 1886, and Gafsa today is home to one of the largest mines of phosphate in the world.

The travel-book ‘Fountains in the Sand’ (1912) by British author Norman Douglas gives an in-depth account of life and work in Gafsa.

In the Second World War, Gafsa suffered heavy bombardment from both the German and Italian side and the Allies. Part of its Kasbah was destroyed.

On 27 January 1980, a group of dissidents armed and trained by Libya occupied the city to contest the régime of Habib Bourguiba. 48 people were killed in the battles.

The Gafsa region has had an active political voice throughout its history, and various events there have shaped its political developments in the various phases of modern Tunisia.

In 2008, Gafsa was the center of riots directed against the government of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The government was swift and brutal in its suppression of the uprising, but this movement has since been credited with sowing the first seeds of the Jasmine Revolution that removed Zine El Abidine Ben Ali from power three years later, igniting the Arab Spring across much of North Africa and the Middle East.

In 2014, a lake suddenly appeared around 25 kilometers from the town. The cause of the lake's formation is currently unknown.

Bishopric
Extant documents give the names of a few of the bishops of Capsa.

In the 3rd century, Donatulus took part in the council that Saint Cyprian convoked in Carthage in 256 to discuss the problem of the lapsi.

In the 4th century, at the Council of Carthage (349), Fortunatianus of Capsa was present, mentioned as the first among the bishops of Byzacena. A Donatist bishop of Capsa called Quintasius was at the council held at Cabarsussi in 393 by a breakaway group of Donatists led by Maximianus.

In the 5th century, at the joint Council of Carthage (411) attended by Catholics and Donatists, Gams and Morcelli say Capsa was represented by the Donatist Donatianus, and that it had no Catholic bishop. According to the more recent Mesnage, Donatianus was instead the Donatist bishop of Capsus in Numidia, and Capsa in Byzacena was represented by the Catholic Fortunatus and the Donatist Celer, whom the earlier sources attributed to Capsus. All three sources agree in attributing to Capsa the Vindemialis who was one of the Catholic bishops whom Huneric summoned to Carthage in 484 and then exiled. However, the latest editions of the Roman Martyrology, which commemorates Vindemialis on 2 May, call him bishop of Capsus in Numidia.

Capsa still had resident bishops at the end of the 9th century, being mentioned in a Notitia Episcopatuum of Leo VI the Wise (886–912). but a community may have lasted until the early 12th century

No longer a residential bishopric, Capsa is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Climate
Gafsa has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh).

Economy
Gafsa is developing thanks to the mining of phosphates, the deposit of which discovered in 1886 is one of the largest in the world. Tunisia extracted nearly five million tonnes of phosphates in 2011. Production fell after the revolution to reach 3,500,000 tonnes in 2016. Tunisia has thus fallen from seventh in the world to tenth. The Compagnie des phosphates de Gafsa had its own private railway line until 1966, on the basis of an agreement signed on 25 August 1896. Paradoxically, the city is quite poor and does not benefit from income from phosphate.

Transport
Gafsa – Ksar International Airport is located in the city.

Sport
El Kawafel Sportives de Gafsa (Arabic: القوافل الرياضية بقفصة, often referred to as EGSG) is the main football club of Gafsa.

Media
Radio stations:
 * Radio Gafsa (governmental) | Frequencies : 87.8 FM, 93.5 FM and 91.8 FM,
 * Mines FM or Sawt Elmanajem (private) | Frequencies : 90.9 FM

and other government and private Tunisian radios broadcast in Gafsa as Shems FM, RTCI, Youth Radio, Culture Radio, Zitouna, and the National Radio.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Gafsa is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇹 Naples, Italy
 * 🇪🇸 Palma de Mallorca, Spain

title: Gafsa


text:
User:Mpfrank

Hi, I'm an assistant professor of electrical and computer engineering at the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering in Tallahassee, Florida, USA. My research interests include the fundamental physics of computing and reversible computing. For more information about me, see my homepage.

Wikipedia pages that I have written or contributed material to include:
 * Physical information (original author)
 * Information (contributor)
 * Reversible computing (original author)
 * Indefinite logarithm (original author)
 * Logarithmic units (original author)

title: User:Mpfrank


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lucky 6.9

User:Lucky 6.9
There has been no sign of Lucky 6.9 on Wikipedia for a long, long time!

Remove user from Wikipedia. Also, I have been lectured by him numerous times! I'm glad he's outta here! --SuperDude 05:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cut short this fatuous VfD, revert Lucky's page to its pre-VfD state, and reprimand User:SuperDude115 for time-wasting silliness. "Super dude", if you were lectured by Lucky, I'm sure that it was for very good reason; if however you disagree, there's an established route for making a complaint. -- Hoary 06:01, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Please withdraw this nomination. — Knowledge Seeker দ 06:09, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Inappropriate nomination. Keep.  RickK 06:43, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

I withdaw this nomination, sorry for the misjudgement of membership status. --SuperDude 07:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Rolwaling Himal

Rolwāling Valley  (रोल्वालिङ् भ्याली.), known as a (Gaurishankar) rural municipality, is a section of the Himalayas in east-central Nepal along the Tibet border. Rolwaling Himal includes Melungtse 7181m and Melungtse II 7023m inside Tibet and Gaurishankar 7134m on the Nepal border with some 50 additional peaks over 6000m, all extending from the Nangpa La pass where the Mahalangur section begins, southwest to the Tamakosi River. The Labuche Himal section rises beyond the Tamakosi to the northwest. Rolwaling Himal is bounded on the south by the Rolwaling Valley which contain several small sherpa villages Tasi Nam, Simigau and Beding under rolwaling valley, Tasi Nam is the largest town of the area. From Kathmandu five to six days are to reach Namche Bazaar around 10 days to mount Everest base camp, which have to Tasilapcha pass (5755 m). Visitors can trek to Everest base camp by crossing Tasilapcha, fly from Kathmandu to Lukla or walk from kharikhola.

Access to the valley and the mountains of the range is made on foot through an established trail system starting at Jagat, Bhiku rural municipality (230 km east of Kathmandu). Ten hours drive by local bus (5–6 hours by pvt car). A western style trek from Jagat to Beding will normally take four to five days. There are two ways to reach Beding, either by Tasinam village, or Simigua. From Tasinam trekkers can pass Daldung la pass (at 4500 m) and enjoy wonderful scenery, Himalayan species, cultures, flora and fauna. Tsho Rolpa (also Chho Rolpa) is one of the biggest glacial lakes in Nepal. The lake, which is located at an altitude of 4,580 metres (15,030 ft) in the Rolwaling Valley, Dolakha.

Rolwaling valley is under Gaurishankar Rural municipality. The first Western exploration of the area was made by Eric Shipton in 1951 during the reconnaissance of Mount Everest.

Sherpa Clan in Rolwaling valley are Chusherpa or Ngonpa or Ngonba, Murminso, Rukpa, Sakywa, Lakshindo, Salakha & Sangu.

Religion
Rolwaling is the site of a cave which some Buddhists consider blessed, and travel to for meditation.

title: Rolwaling Himal


text:
Clovis High School

There are multiple schools named Clovis High School in the United States, including:

 * Clovis High School (California), Clovis, California
 * Clovis High School (New Mexico), Clovis, New Mexico

title: Clovis High School


text:
Category:Particle accelerators

In physics, particle accelerators are devices for generating streams of sub-atomic particles at very high energies. The field concerned with designing and building particle accelerators is called accelerator physics.

Small particle accelerators are used in a variety of industrial applications, including radiation therapy. Large particle accelerators are installed at particle collider laboratories.

 * Note to contributors
 * This category is for particle accelerators.
 * For accelerators with common purposes, use the categories and.
 * For the physics of particle acceleration, related concepts and technologies, use.
 * For articles about specific particle detectors and associated experiments, use.

title: Category:Particle accelerators


text:
Cragg Hines

Charles Cragg Hines (19 June 1945 - 16 December 2023) was born in Dallas, Texas, was employed by the Houston Chronicle, as a correspondent, bureau chief and columnist, for more than three decades. He retired from the Chronicle in 2007. Since his retirement, Hines wrote for Washingtonian (magazine) as a freelancer and was a Democratic activist since 2008.

in 2001, Hines was named as one of the "Top 50 Journalists" in D.C., by Washingtonian, along with other notable journalists such as Dan Rather, Cokie Roberts, and Bob Woodward.

Hines reported from the Berlin Wall in 1987, and covered each summit meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev, through three administrations. He also reported on Saudi Arabia at the start of the Persian Gulf War, and the September 11 attacks.

Education and background
Hines earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Journalism from the University of North Texas in 1967. While a student, he served as an editor of The Yucca, the yearbook of North Texas State University, in 1964, 1965, and 1966.

Hines was awarded a congressional fellowship, by the American Political Science Association, for the 1970-71 academic school year. The program is a highly selective, nonpartisan program devoted to expanding knowledge and awareness of Congress.

Career
Hines was a news reporter, bureau manager and statehouse correspondent for United Press International, in Dallas, and later in Little Rock. After five years, he left in 1972, and began working at the Houston Chronicle.

Hines' 35-year career with the Chronicle began in 1972, when he worked as a correspondent. Later, in 1983, he served as the paper's Washington bureau chief where he served in that position until 2000. He was a columnist at the Chronicle, until his retirement in 2007.

Hines reported from the Berlin Wall in 1987, when President Ronald Reagan made his "tear down this wall" speech. He also covered each summit meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev, through the Reagan, George H.W. Bush and Clinton administrations. He was in Saudi Arabia at the start of the Persian Gulf War, and wrote the main story in the Chronicle’s special edition, covering the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center.

Awards and recognition
Hines was the recipient of several awards and honors, some of which are listed below.

 * 1970-71 Awarded a Congressional Fellowship, by the American Political Science Association, funded by the Ford Foundation.
 * 2001 Hines was one of the Top 50 Journalists in D.C., named by Washingtonian magazine.
 * 2001 First-place, Texas Associated Press Managing Editors Award.
 * 2007 Adweek referred to Hines "One of the great Washington monuments in the journalism community."
 * 2019 The Mary Marshall Outstanding Democrat Award, by the Arlington County Democratic Committee.

title: Cragg Hines


text: Category:1917 songs

title: Category:1917 songs


text:
Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal)

Zbigniew Oleśnicki (5 December 1389 – 1 April 1455), known in Latin as Sbigneus, was a high-ranking Roman Catholic clergyman and an influential Polish statesman and diplomat. He served as Bishop of Kraków from 1423 until his death in 1455. He took part in the management of the country's most important affairs, initially as a royal secretary under King Władysław II Jagiełło and later as the effective regent during King Władysław III's minority. In 1439 he became the first native Polish cardinal.

Biography
Shortly before his birth his father, Jan Oleśnicki, was dispatched by king Władysław Jagiełło to serve as captain of Vilnius and to bring a detachment of knights there. At the beginning of the Lithuanian Civil War the city was under the governance of the Polish king's brother, Skirgaila, and came under siege by the combined forces of the pagan Samogitians under Jagiello's cousin and rival Vytautas and the army of the Teutonic Order with their guest crusaders from France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire. He was apparently successful in his mission as, despite repeated sieges, the Teutonic Order was never able to take Vilnius.

At the age of twenty he was secretary to King Władysław Jagiełło, and fought with him in the battle of Grunwald on 15 July 1410. A favourite with the king, he took part in the management of the country's most important affairs. His influence with the king greatly aided him in opposing the Hussites, who had gained royal favour. On 9 July 1423, he was appointed to the episcopal See of Kraków, and in 1433 he was sent by the king as legate to the council of Basle, where he endeavoured to be on friendly terms with both parties.

In the 1430s he opposed Spytek of Melsztyn in a conflict which led to a short lived civil war and Spytek's death in 1439.

On 18 December 1439, he was created cardinal priest with the titular church of St. Prisca, by Pope Eugene IV. (The antipope Felix V also made him a cardinal on 20 January 1440. ). As cardinal, his influence in Poland was second only to that of the king, and, during the frequent absence of Casimir IV in Lithuania, he transacted the affairs of the State. He was recognized as one of the two most important Polish magnates of his time (the other one was magnate Jan Tęczyński (died 1470)).

In 1449, after the death of archbishop of Gniezno and primate of Poland Wincenty Kot, the position was proposed to Oleśnicki, but he refused it. It then passed to his political rival, bishop Władysław Oporowski.

In his conduct of Poland's affairs Oleśnicki entertained far-reaching imperial dreams, which included a complete assimilation of Lithuania into the Polish state and the conquest of Silesia from the Kingdom of Bohemia. In particular, Oleśnicki pursued the idea of a Crusading alliance with Hungary against the Ottoman Turks, with the ultimate aim of extending Poland's boundaries to the Black Sea. This was manifested in promoting Władysław III's taking the Hungarian Crown - to which some Polish magnates were strongly opposed. However, all these aspirations came to naught with King Władysław's death at the Battle of Varna.

Being a man of great learning, he advanced the study of arts and letters in every possible way, and the flourishing condition of the University of Krakow during his episcopacy is due chiefly to his efforts. The well-known chronicler Jan Długosz was his secretary. To repress the spread of Hussitism he called Giovanni da Capistrano (then in Breslau) and the Minorites to Kraków.

Da Capistrano, whom Oleśnicki invited, was also known for his anti-Jewish zeal, in which he engaged in Poland as in other countries. Oleśnicki's own Anti-Jewish intolerance was manifested in his strongly criticising Casimir IV for reaffirming in 1453 the tolerant measures towards Jews enacted by Casimir III. Under Oleśnicki's influence, the 1454 Statutes of Nieszawa included the provisions that Jews' rights be "restricted when they contradict canon law" and that Polish Jews be compelled to wear distinctive clothing. However, this was never enforced in practice.

title: Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal)


text:
Talk:God Bless Fiji

Untitled
come see me on youtube

the magic pro momo

by mikael labrecque

t-bone

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title: Talk:God Bless Fiji


text:
Hardware Wars

Hardware Wars is a 1978 American short science fiction parody film in the form of a teaser trailer for a fictitious science fiction film that parodies Star Wars. The 13-minute film, which was released almost 18 months after Star Wars, mainly consisted of inside jokes and visual puns that heavily depended upon audience familiarity with the original. The theme song is Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries".

Synopsis
The film begins with a parody of the 20th Century Fox logo with "Fox" being replaced with "Foss" (a reference to filmmaker Ernie Fosselius) followed by the text "Meanwhile — in another part of the galaxy — later that same day" (parodying the Star Wars opening crawl "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away....").

A household steam iron flies through space, fleeing a toaster, which fires toast at it, disabling it. Two robots named 4-Q-2 (whose name is a pun on a crude retort, and resembles the Tin Man from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz) and Artie-Deco (a canister vacuum cleaner), escape from the evil Empire. After launching from the ship (a cassette player) in an escape pod (a cassette tape), they land on a desert planet (a watermelon). They are found by young Fluke Starbucker, who finds a holographic message recorded in Artie-Deco's memory banks. It is a loop of Princess Anne-Droid saying "Help me, Augie Ben Doggie, you're my only hope." Upon meeting Augie "Ben" Doggie (of the venerable Red-Eye Knights, a pun on The Order of the Jedi Knights), Fluke receives his father's lightsaber (a flashlight). After tricking the Imperial Steam Trooper guards (steam cabinets) to let them into the city, they reach a cantina, which Fluke describes as "too weird". The cantina is a country-and-western bar, where they meet space renegade Ham Salad and Chewchilla the Wookiee Monster (a puppet that resembles an orange version of Cookie Monster from Sesame Street). Meanwhile, the villainous Darph Nader (a pun on Ralph Nader) is interrogating the princess. When she refuses to talk (because she can't understand him; his speech is muffled by his welder's mask), he destroys her peaceful home planet, Basketball (a basketball).

After a light-speed chase, Fluke, Ham, Augie, and the rest are sucked into the enemy base (a waffle iron) by a tractor beam. While the rest of the crew attempt to rescue the princess from the base, Augie tries to shut off the tractor beam, which requires going to an exposed pylon and lowering a switch next to an animated picture of a farm tractor. After they rescue the Princess, Augie Ben Doggie chooses to stay behind to battle Darph Nader, and the rest of the group dismiss him as a "martyr". Their spaceship is assaulted by bits of tin-foil trash, which makes Chewchilla jittery until he spies Princess Anne-Droid's hair whorls, which are cinnamon rolls worn on the sides of her head. He eats one as the princess looks on in disgust.

Fluke joins a squad of spaceships (corkscrews). He is told to "trust your feelings" by the ghostly voice of Augie. The climactic destruction of the enemy base is not shown. The film ends with the voiceover, "May the Farce be with you". The end of the credits state that the production was "filmed on location in space", followed by a statement beginning "All scenes depicting violence towards animals were deleted from the film.", reflecting the legal statement that was beginning to appear in film credits at that time.

Cast

 * Frank Robertson as 4-Q-2
 * Artie Deco as himself
 * Scott Mathews as Fluke Starbucker
 * Jeff Hale as Augie "Ben" Doggie
 * Cindy Furgatch (Freeling) as Princess Anne-Droid
 * Bob Knickerbocker as Ham Salad
 * Ernie Fosselius in miscellaneous roles

Narration

 * Paul Frees

Voices

 * Sonny Buddy Jr.
 * Cindy Furgatch
 * Walt Kraemer
 * Ernie Fosselius

Production
Hardware Wars was written and directed by San Francisco native Ernie Fosselius and produced by Michael Wiese. It was structured as a mock movie trailer, and Fosselius secured narration from veteran voice-over artist Paul Frees. Fosselius capitalised on his budget limitations by using deliberately-ridiculous household objects as props; spaceships were represented by such items as steam irons, toasters and cassette recorders, and the lightsaber of Fluke Starbucker (Scott Mathews) was a flashlight. The characters, played by actors who were as low-budget as the props, were also parodied in name and appearance; Chewbacca the Wookiee was replaced by Chewchilla the Wookiee Monster (an obvious Cookie Monster puppet dyed brown), and Darth Vader's counterpart Darph Nader (whose name parodied consumer protection advocate Ralph Nader) wore a welding helmet that distorted his voice so much that no one could understand anything he said. Other characters include Ham Salad, Augie "Ben" Doggie, Princess Anne-Droid, and the drones, 4-Q-2 (who resembles the Tin Woodman from The Wizard of Oz) and Arty-Deco (an antique canister vacuum cleaner).

Post-production
Although Hardware Wars was a spoof, the creators found a talented post-production crew. The visual-effects department consisted of John Allardice, Andy Lesniak, Glen David Miller, and Fred Tepper. Allardice later worked on films such as The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. Lesniak worked on 2013's Man of Steel. Glen David Miller and Fred Tepper worked on 1997's Titanic together. Fosselius also did puppet work and was lead animator and lead editor. He became a sound recordist and editor whose credits include Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story and, ironically, Spaceballs.

Technical specifications

 * Runtime: 13 min (USA)
 * Sound Mix: Mono
 * Color: Color
 * Aspect Ratio: 1.33:1
 * Negative Format: 16 mm
 * Cinematographic Process: Spherical
 * Printed Film Format: 16 mm

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for Hardware Wars was performed by the Württemberg Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Jonel Perlea, and only featured one song, Richard Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries", which is quite ironic as this film is a spoof trailer while Wagner's music is world renowned as a marvel of opera. This song from Wagner's epic opera Der Ring des Nibelungen appears in famous films such as Apocalypse Now.

Legacy
When Hardware Wars premiered in 1978, it was the first Star Wars parody. As noted in Shock Cinema Magazine, Hardware Wars "laid the groundwork for every DIY movie send up that now pops up on YouTube… Premiering when George Lucas's cash cow was still filling the theaters, it quickly became a pre-VCR, word-of-mouth phenomenon."

In 1978, the idea of a spoof movie was quite new. Star Wars spoofs became popular, and countless more parodies were created, notably including the Family Guy extended episode "Blue Harvest", George Lucas In Love, and Spaceballs. The creators of Hardware Wars, Ernie Fosselius and Michael Wiese, seemed to realize their influence on future Star Wars spoofs, particularly on Spaceballs. As noted by Salon, "After the success of 'Hardware Wars,' Wiese and Fosselius resisted the temptation to produce more sci-fi spoofs." "At one time, someone did offer to finance a full-length feature of 'Hardware Wars,' but we passed," Wiese says. "We always knew it was a one-joke movie and wouldn't sustain that length. Of course that didn't stop Mel Brooks from 'quoting' us—some might say ripping us off—with 'Spaceballs.

Reception
According to Tested.com, Hardware Wars "was the first parody of Lucas' space opera (Star Wars)—and reportedly one he (George Lucas) enjoyed." According to the book Hollywood's Copyright Wars by Peter Decherney, Hardware Wars created an environment where "George Lucas and his company have acknowledged and embraced fans of their franchise" and have often showcased fan-made films, including Hardware Wars.

Hardware Wars won over 15 first-place film festival awards, including the award for Most Popular Short Film at the Chicago Film Festival. It was also named to the ALA Notable Children's Videos list in 1978. It is considered the most profitable short film of all time, grossing US$1,000,000; considering its paltry US$8,000 budget, its profit ratio was much better than Star Wars. George Lucas said in a 1999 interview on the UK's The Big Breakfast television show that Hardware Wars was his favorite Star Wars parody.

In 2003, the film was honored by Lucasfilm when it was given the Pioneer Award at that year's Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards. In August 2010, Time magazine listed it as one of the Top 10 Star Wars fan films.

In 2017, Rian Johnson paid tribute to it by referencing it in the Star Wars film The Last Jedi in a scene in which a robotic steam iron is briefly framed to resemble a landing spaceship. Johnson said that John Williams had enjoyed creating a bombastic music cue to match the iron descending on a uniform.

As Michael Wiese stated in the book Producers on Producing: The Making of Film and Television by Irv Broughton, "When Ernie Fosselius and I originally made the film we had no idea what to do with it. We just wanted to meet George Lucas, who had made Star Wars. That would have been fine."

In Time Out New York, critic Andrew Johnston wrote: "Thanks to Digital Domain, Hardware Wars now includes a fleet of Corkscrew Fighters as well as effects that parody Lucas's additions to the Tatooine sequence in the first film. The contrast between the slick new effects and the bargain-basement old ones adds a new level of satire to the film and nicely spoofs some of Lucas's less-than-seamless changes to his own film."

Video releases
Hardware Wars had originally been available on film from Pyramid Films. It was first made available commercially on home video with the Warner Home Video release Hardware Wars, and Other Film Farces, which also included another Fosselius parody, Porklips Now. The tape also included Closet Cases of the Nerd Kind and the animation classic Bambi Meets Godzilla.

To spoof the "Special Edition" re-release of Star Wars in 1997, which included additional scenes and more advanced digital special effects, Hardware Wars was re-released on VHS as a twenty-minute "Special Edition," with new digital "special defects." Fosselius did not participate in or approve of this release, as noted in a disclaimer on the packaging.

The film was released on DVD in 2002 in its original form, with commentary tracks and other special features.

It was later released on DVD again by Apprehensive Films for its 30th anniversary. This release is approved and licensed from Ernie Fosselius.

On April 23, 2024, MVD Rewind Collection re-released the short on DVD, and for the first time on Blu-ray two weeks later on May 7 containing a 2024 remastered 2K transfer from a 16mm reversal release print created by Vinegar Syndrome. The Blu-ray also contains a 2K HD transfer made in 2012 from the original camera negative supervised by Ernie Fosselius.

title: Hardware Wars


text:
Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep

The Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae) is subspecies of bighorn sheep unique to the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. A 2016 genetics study confirmed significant divergence between the three subspecies of North America's bighorn sheep: Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and desert bighorn sheep. Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep were listed as a federally endangered subspecies in 2000. In 2016, over 600 Sierra bighorn remained in the wild. However, in 2023, more recent studies indicate that the population has dropped to approximately half, or 300. This is due to high levels of mountain lion predation combined with heavy snowfall, threatening the species even further.

Physical characteristics
Sierra Nevada bighorn range in color from white to dark brown, with a white rump and dark tail. There is some seasonal change in coloration due to the shedding of a thicker winter layer. Specialized hooves with adhesive soles provide traction in steep rocky terrain. Female bighorn (ewes) can weigh up to 155 lb and have shorter, narrow horns, while male bighorn (rams) can weigh as much as 220 lb and have massive, curving horns. The horns of both rams and ewes are composed of a dense layer of keratin covering a core of bone. The Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep's specialized hooves are not only essential for navigating their rocky habitats but also play a crucial role in their mating rituals, where males engage in horn-clashing contests to establish dominance. Their horns, which grow continuously, add a new layer each year, creating distinct growth rings that can be used to estimate the animal's age.

The average lifespan for Sierra Nevada bighorn males and females has been observed as 8 to 12 years.

Behavior
Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep are gregarious, with group size and composition depending on gender and season. Spatial segregation by gender occurs outside of the mating season. Bighorn sheep ewes generally remain with the same band in which they were born. Males older than two years of age remain apart from females and younger males for most of the year. During the late fall and winter, the groups come together and concentrate in suitable winter habitat. During this time, males compete for dominance with behaviors like horn clashes. Breeding takes place in late fall, generally November and December. Lambing occurs between late April and early July on safe, precipitous, rocky slopes; most lambs in the Sierra Nevada are born in May and June. Ewes and lambs often occupy steep terrain that provides a diversity of exposures and slopes for escape cover. Human activity, particularly hunting and habitat disturbance, has been observed to impact the behavior of Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, causing them to become more wary and altering their movement patterns.

Habitat
Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep inhabit portions of the Sierra Nevada located along the eastern boundary of California in Tuolumne, Mono, Fresno, Inyo, and Tulare Counties. Habitat occurs from the eastern base of the range as low as 4,790 ft to peaks above 14,100 ft. Sierra bighorn inhabit open areas where the land is rocky, sparsely vegetated, and characterized by steep slopes and canyons. Wehausen provides a detailed description of Sierra bighorn habitat throughout their range. Bighorn prefer open ground with high visibility to better detect predators and allow enough time to reach steep, rocky areas (escape terrain). Forests and thick brush are usually avoided if possible.

Most bighorn live at elevations from 10000 - 14000 ft in subalpine and alpine areas during the summer. During winter, some bighorn occupy high-elevation, windswept ridges, while others migrate to lower elevations to avoid deep snow and to find forage. While Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep are known to inhabit a broad range of elevations, they show a preference for certain types of terrain. For example, they often favor steep, rocky slopes which provide them with an advantage against predators.

Cultural significance
Bighorn sheep have significant cultural importance to the Indigenous communities of the Sierra Nevada region. They have been featured in traditional stories, art, and ceremonies, symbolizing strength and agility. The sheep also play a role in modern culture, appearing in children's literature and being recognized as symbols of various states. Many rock-art depictions of these majestic animals can be found throughout the Owens Valley, indicating their symbolic and utilitarian value in these cultures.

Diet
Sierra bighorn are ruminant herbivores with four-chambered stomachs. Bighorn are primarily grazers, consuming various grasses, forbs, and woody vegetation depending on season and location. Naturally occurring mineral licks provide necessary minerals for bone and muscle growth. In the spring and summer, Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep primarily feed on grasses and forbs, while in the fall and winter, they shift their diet to include more woody vegetation.

Endangerment
Centuries of unregulated hunting, disease outbreaks, and mountain lion predation took a heavy toll on the Sierra bighorn population. Human-induced threats include habitat loss due to development and climate change, hunting, and competition for food with domestic livestock. However, disease played the largest role in the decline of the subspecies with domestic sheep transmitting virulent diseases, in particular pneumonia from Pasteurella, beginning in the 1870s. By the 1970s about 250 animals remained, occupying only two small areas of their former vast range. Translocations by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) helped to reestablish bighorn herds in historic habitat, but in spite of these efforts the population hit a low of about 100 total individuals in 1995. On January 3, 2000, Sierra bighorn were listed as a federally endangered subspecies.

Species recovery
In 1999, CDFW was made the lead agency responsible for implementing Sierra bighorn recovery. A group of stakeholders drafted the Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Plan, and CDFW formed the Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program to work toward the goals of the Recovery Plan. By the late 1990s, the population of Sierra Nevada bighorns had dwindled to around 125 individuals, with the Yosemite Herd accounting for 20 of these. In response to public concern, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep as endangered and the California legislature approved funding for a recovery plan. This plan involved the use of scientific methodologies and GPS satellite tracking for relocation efforts, which successfully increased the population of these sheep. Since then conditions have been particularly favorable for population growth, with the total number of individuals reaching about 250 by 2002 and about 600 in 2016. The Recovery Program continues to monitor population growth, habitat use, and cause-specific mortality of Sierra bighorn, and to carry out augmentations and translocations in an effort to achieve recovery goals.

In 2014, fourteen Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep were flown to Big Arroyo in Sequoia National Park via helicopter to establish a population on the western side of the Sierra Crest.

title: Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep


text:
Cleophon

Kleophon may refer to:

 * An Athenian politician of the late 5th century BCE
 * An Athenian tragic poet of the 4th century BCE
 * The so-called "Kleophon Painter", an anonymous Athenian vase painter of the mid-to-late 5th century BCE

title: Cleophon


text: Template:Severn from Llandrinio to Ironbridge


text:
Palm Springs International Airport

Palm Springs International Airport, formerly Palm Springs Municipal Airport, is an airport two miles east of downtown Palm Springs, California, United States. The airport covers 940 acres and has two runways. The facility operates year-round, with most flights occurring in the fall, winter, and spring.

The airport was named as number 3 in a 2011 list of "America's Most Stress-Free Airports" by Smarter Travel.

Military use
PSP was built as a United States Army Air Corps emergency landing field in 1939 on land owned by the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians due to its clear weather and its proximity to March Field and the Los Angeles area.

In March 1941, the War Department certified improvements to the existing airport in Palm Springs as essential to National Defense. The airport was approved to serve as a staging field by the Air Corps Ferrying Command 21st Ferrying Group in November 1941. Land was acquired to build a major airfield a half mile from the old airfield site. The new airfield, Palm Springs Army Airfield, was completed in early 1942, and the old air field was then used only as a backup.

Many of the field's Air Transport Command 560th Army Air Forces Base Unit personnel stayed at the comfortable Lapaz Guest Ranch nearby. Training conducted at the airfield was by the 72d and 73d Ferrying Squadrons in long-distance over-water flying and navigation. Later, training was also provided to pursuit pilot training by IV Fighter Command 459th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron. Training was in P-51 Mustangs, P-40 Warhawks and P-38 Lightnings.

On June 1, 1944, training moved to Brownsville Army Airfield, Texas, and the airfield was used for Army and Navy transport flights until the end of April 1945. The auxiliary field or backup field was declared surplus on May 12, 1945, and the main airfield was declared excess and transferred to the War Assets Administration for disposal in 1946 and it was sold to private buyers. The City of Palm Springs purchased the land in 1961 and converted it to Palm Springs Municipal Airport.

Historical airline service
Palm Springs had scheduled passenger service in 1934 operated by Palm Springs Air Lines with Ford Trimotor aircraft with flights to the Union Air Terminal (now the Hollywood Burbank Airport) in Burbank. Western Airlines flights began in 1945–46 followed by Bonanza Air Lines in 1957–58. In 1964, Western Lockheed L-188 Electras flew nonstop to Las Vegas, Los Angeles and San Diego. Bonanza and successors Air West and Hughes Airwest served Palm Springs for many years with the Fairchild F-27 followed by Douglas DC-9s. American Airlines Boeing 707s appeared in winter 1967–68. By 1969, American had four Boeing 707 departures a day from the airport, two nonstops to Los Angeles and two nonstops to Phoenix and on to Chicago. Trans World Airlines (TWA) Boeing 707s arrived in 1978, flying to Chicago via Phoenix.

Scheduled nonstops did not reach beyond California, Las Vegas, and Phoenix until winter 1969–70, when American Airlines started a nonstop to Chicago O'Hare Airport. In the 1970s, American McDonnell Douglas DC-10s appeared, the largest aircraft ever scheduled to PSP. In 1976, American was flying the DC-10 to New York LaGuardia Airport via Chicago O'Hare Airport as well as Boeing 727-100s to Dallas/Fort Worth, Phoenix and Los Angeles. In 1976 Western Boeing 727-200s and Boeing 737-200s flew nonstop to Las Vegas, Los Angeles and San Francisco. In 1987, Western was merged into Delta Air Lines which continues to serve PSP with year-round service to Salt Lake City (via Delta Connection) and seasonal service to Atlanta, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and Seattle. Other jet service to Palm Springs in the past included flights operated by Air21, Air California and successor Air Cal, America West Airlines, CP Air, the original Frontier Airlines (1950–1986), Hughes Airwest, Morris Air, Pacific Express, Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA), Pan Am, Reno Air, Republic Airlines (1979–1986) and USAir.

Commuter and regional airlines at Palm Springs from the late 1970s to the 1990s included Air Bahia, Air Nevada, American Eagle operated by Wings West Airlines, America West Express operated by Mesa Airlines, Cable Commuter Airlines, California Seaboard Airlines, Dash Air, Delta Connection operated by SkyWest Airlines, Imperial Airlines, Inland Empire Airlines, Scenic Airlines, SkyWest Airlines (operating independently), Sun Aire Lines, Swift Aire Lines, Trans World Express operated by Alpha Air, United Express operated by WestAir and later by SkyWest Airlines, and USAir Express followed by US Airways Express operated by Trans States Airlines and StatesWest Airlines.

1990-2020: Growth and expansion
During the 1990s, the airport transformed from a single runway into a dual-runway airport with the completion of a nearly 5,000 foot general runway in 1993 and the expansion of the existing runway to 10,000 feet as part of a 1994 master plan. Simultaneously, the airport grew with the addition of the Sonny Bono Concourse in 1999, outdoor courtyard in 2007, and renovated South Concourse by 2007. The airport installed Wi-Fi in December 2004. The renovations and expansions allowed PSP to handle aircraft as large as the Boeing 747. However, commercial flights are limited to aircraft as large as the Boeing 767 due to terminal size limitations.

On December 30, 2006, a U.S. Air Force Presidential Boeing VC-25 (the USAF military version of the Boeing 747), departed Palm Springs International Airport with the body of the 38th President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford, and delivered it to Washington, D.C., for memorial services. Air Force One continues to make an appearance at PSP, most recently in February 2020 with a visit from then-President Donald Trump.

Despite the terminal renovations and expansions in the 1990s and 2000s, rapid airline growth and expansion started in the 2010s.

In 2010, WestJet launched flights to PSP with service to Calgary, Edmonton, and Vancouver. In 2011, the airline added service to Toronto, and upgraded Calgary to year-round service. The airline has since dropped Toronto, but has since added seasonal service to Winnipeg and upgraded Vancouver to year-round. In November 2011, Frontier Airlines launched service to PSP with seasonal service to Denver. The airline served PSP from 2011 to 2021, when it pulled out in favor of expanding flights at Ontario. In December 2011, low-cost carrier Virgin America launched seasonal service to PSP from San Francisco, and in 2012, launched the airport's first ever service to New York's JFK Airport. The airline upgraded service to year-round in 2016. Alaska Airlines, Virgin America's successor, continues to operate Virgin's PSP-SFO route multiple times daily using the Embraer E175 (and occasionally, the Boeing 737), and resumed service to JFK in 2023. Alaska still offers service between PSP and JFK via San Francisco and Seattle.

In 2013, a new Air Traffic Control Tower opened at the airport, replacing the airport's old tower (which had been in operation since 1967) while giving controllers a better view of planes on the airfield and at the airport. The airport also boosted perimeter security with a radar-based system to better detect airport intrusions.

Delta Airlines began flights to Seattle in December 2014 with the Embraer E175. JetBlue launched flights to New York-JFK in 2016 and Boston in 2019. In December 2016, Air Canada Rouge launched service between PSP and Toronto using the Airbus A319. In December 2018, Delta launched seasonal flights to Atlanta. For the 2019–20 season, Delta upgraded Seattle to mainline and expanded Atlanta to three times weekly, using the Boeing 757. The airline also deployed the Embraer E175 on one of its Salt Lake City flights. In November 2019, Alaska Airlines launched flights to Everett's Paine Field, supplementing the airline's existing service to nearby Seattle-Tacoma.

However, in 2020, as a result of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, airlines suspended most seasonal and some year-round destinations as traffic plummeted during the month of March, and Canadian service being almost eliminated due to the temporary closure of the Canada-United States border (even though WestJet continued serving PSP with reduced frequency).

2020-present: Record-breaking growth
In September 2020, Southwest Airlines announced plans to serve Palm Springs, year-round. Flights to Oakland, Phoenix, and Denver launched in November 2020, and flights to Las Vegas launched in May 2021.

In December 2020, Delta resumed service to Atlanta and Minneapolis-St. Paul with the Boeing 737 and Seattle with the Embraer E175. Also, Alaska added flights to San Jose, Reno, and Boise using the Embraer E175. Simultaneously, American and JetBlue announced flights to Philadelphia and Fort Lauderdale, respectively. Although Philadelphia, Fort Lauderdale, and Reno have since been discontinued, San Jose and Boise continue to run seasonally. Alaska also expanded Everett to twice daily during peak season. Meanwhile, American upgraded most Phoenix flights to mainline and increased capacity to Dallas/Fort Worth during peak season by using the Airbus A321. JetBlue even upgraded select Boston and JFK flights to the Airbus A321, although the vast majority of flights utilize the Airbus A320.

Delta upgraded Atlanta from three-times weekly to daily service from December through April with the Boeing 737, and upgraded Minneapolis-St. Paul to double-daily service during peak season using the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320 (depending on passenger demand). The airline also restored mainline service to Seattle using the Boeing 737 and Airbus A220, becoming the first (and currently only) airline operating the A220 into PSP. Delta also added capacity on the long-running Salt Lake City route by swapping out the CRJ-200 in favor of the larger CRJ-900 and Embraer E175. Delta still occasionally deploys the Boeing 757 to Palm Springs as an aircraft swap of if demand is high.

In August 2021, the airport renovated and expanded the ticketing area. It also installed a new baggage handling system to cope with increased passenger growth and demand.

During the 2021-22 winter season, airlines continued expanding at PSP, allowing passenger traffic to meet and even exceed pre-pandemic levels.

In October 2021, Southwest Airlines launched daily, year-round flights to Sacramento. In November, the airline inaugurated flights to Chicago-Midway, Dallas-Love Field, and Portland, Oregon. Although Chicago-Midway has since been dropped, the airline upgraded Sacramento and Las Vegas to double daily service. Portland remains a Saturday-only service during peak season. Simultaneously, Allegiant launched seasonal flights to Nashville, Tennessee and Des Moines. On November 19, Alaska Airlines launched flights to Austin, Texas and later expanded its seasonal PDX service into June (using the Embraer E175 from April through June). With the reopening of the Canada-United States Border, Canadian service was restored with the return of Air Canada on November 4, 2021, and the entrance of Canadian ultra-low cost carriers Swoop and Flair in December.

In January 2022, AHA! Airlines launched flights to Reno using the Embraer E145 operated by ExpressJet. However, AHA! ceased operations in August of that year (due to ExpressJet's bankruptcy), and Swoop has since pulled out. Flair continues to connect PSP to Vancouver, Toronto, and Edmonton during peak season, while WestJet resumed its own seasonal service to Edmonton. Air Canada also fully restored seasonal service to Toronto (via Air Canada Rouge) and Vancouver using the Airbus A320 family and Boeing 737 MAX, respectively. Reno can still be reached via a connection on American, Southwest, or United.

In March, PSP launched a new incentive program to attract more year-round domestic and international service (from cities with U.S. Border Preclearance), along with nonstop flights to Hawaii. Although the airport regularly sees Canadian service during season, it has never hosted a nonstop flight to Hawaii. Nonetheless, WestJet restored year-round service to Vancouver and Calgary, becoming the only Canadian carrier to serve PSP year-round.

During the summer of 2022, PSP was ranked as America's 62nd busiest airport and one of America's fastest growing airports in the midst of a record-breaking summer. As a result, airlines further adjusted their schedules for the 2022-23 tourist season to meet passenger demand.

In September, American and Alaska relaunched their respective seasonal services to Chicago O'Hare and Portland one month early. In November, Air Canada Rouge began flying the Airbus A321 on select frequencies to Toronto, while American upgraded Chicago O'Hare to double-daily service on select days, filling the void left by the discontinuation of its PSP-Philadelphia flight. Southwest Airlines launched daily flights to San Jose, California, making the airline the largest in terms of destinations served. Avelo Airlines launched seasonal flights to Eugene, Santa Rosa, and Redmond/Bend, with PSP becoming Avelo's 30th destination.

Meanwhile, Alaska Airlines dropped flights to Austin, Texas, while American Eagle launched their own flights to Austin using Embraer E175's operated by Envoy Air. Allegiant Air also dropped Nashville flights in favor of Bellingham and Des Moines. To compensate, Delta added five additional weekly flights to Minneapolis-St. Paul while United added another three weekly flights to Chicago. JetBlue dropped Boston, but upgraded New York-JFK to twice daily on select days. Delta also extended their seasonal flights to Atlanta and Minneapolis-St. Paul into May and Seattle as late as early June to meet rising demand, even as temperatures exceed 100 degrees.

In December 2022, PSP announced it will be doubling the number of restaurants and renovating the airport's current shops, along with adding duty-free shopping for the first time in the airport's history. The multi-phase project is expected to begin in February 2023, and be completed by the end of 2024.

In February 2023, PSP was awarded $5.7 million to renovate and expand the baggage claim area. That same month, the airport launched a master plan process in an attempt to expand the airport while maintaining the mid-century aesthetic.

U.S. customs clearance
Although a true international airport, PSP only has U.S. customs and immigration facilities for general aviation aircraft including business jets. All international airline flights are currently operated from Canadian cities that have pre-clearance facilities.

Terminals

PSP's passenger terminal consists of three parts—the main building, the elevated Sonny Bono Concourse to the north, and the Agua Caliente concourse to the south. The airport has 19 total gates. Airside, it has a unique open-air layout in that all passenger walkways connecting these structures are roofless.

Main Building
The main building is the land side of the airport. Road traffic accesses the airport directly off of Tahquitz Canyon Way (from downtown) or Kirk Douglas Way, itself fed by Ramon Road from points east. Uncovered parking areas are directly in front of the building. The center section houses the security screening area and automatic doors to/from the open-air walkways airside. Ticketing is on the right (south) wing, while baggage claim and car rental counters are on the left (north). The main building opened in 1966 and was designed by Donald Wrexler.

Departing passengers are routed first to airline ticket counters or kiosks for checking in. Since all gates at Palm Springs are in the two outlying concourses, passengers must pass through the security screening area for admittance into the secure air side of the airport.

Outdoor Courtyard
After clearing security, passengers leave the main building via the automatic doors and enter the open-air courtyard, which contains a full-service restaurant, coffee shop, and multiple sets of restrooms. A children's playground and pet relief area are adjacent to the Sonny Bono concourse. It is through this courtyard that passengers access the nineteen full-service gates at the two concourses. There is also a hardstand adjacent to the restaurant (Gate 3) that can be used as a boarding gate when gates at the two concourses are unavailable or if an aircraft needs to park for mechanical reasons.

Sonny Bono Concourse (Gates 4–11)
On November 4, 1999, the new Sonny Bono Concourse opened as part of the 1994–2000 expansion. Named in honor of the late singer, congressman and former mayor of the city, this newer concourse has 8 gates (all with jet bridges) and is the elevated one of the two. It is designed to handle larger aircraft (such as the Boeing 737 and the Airbus A320 family) because of its jet bridges. Although it is capable of handling aircraft as large as the Boeing 767, it is commonly used by the Boeing 737, Airbus A320 family, and the Embraer E175. SB's outdoor escalator and walkway are shaded by a designer roofline similar to that of the Denver International Airport.

Amenities include a full-service restaurant, golf pro shop, and two newsstands.

Regional Concourse (Gates 12–20)
The older Regional Concourse on the south side, simply known as the Regional Concourse on the airport website, or "Gates 12–20" on airport signage, is at the tarmac level and hosts smaller aircraft such as the Embraer ERJ and Bombardier CRJ. There are 11 gates, which are all hardstands, 6 of which are capable of handling larger aircraft (up to the Airbus A321) should the need arise. It also contains the airport's only hardstands for the Airbus A220. Boarding uses ramps or airstairs.

Amenities include a restaurant, newsstand, and restrooms. There is also a fountain adjacent to the concourse entrance.

Statistics
In the year ending December 31, 2018, the airport had 57,512 aircraft operations, average 158 per day: 41% general aviation, 37% airline, 19% air taxi, and 3% military. 81 aircraft at the time were based at the airport: 62 single-engine, 8 multi-engine, 10 jet, and 1 helicopter.

Ground transportation
State Route 111 (Gene Autry Trail) is accessible to PSP via Ramon Road. Interstate 10 is also accessible via Gene Autry Trail and Ramon Road. Tahquitz Canyon Way also provides direct access to Downtown Palm Springs and the Palm Springs Aerial Tramway (via Palm Canyon Drive).

PSP is served by both municipal and regional routes. Sunline's SunBus routes 2 and 4 provide direct service to downtown Palm Springs via the bus stops at El Cielo/Kirk Douglas and Tahquitz/Civic. Morongo Basin Transit Authority provides service to Twentynine Palms. An Amtrak Thruway bus stop is located just outside the baggage claim area, with service to Cabazon (Morongo Casino), Riverside, and Fullerton Transportation Center, which is a one stop train ride from Los Angeles Union Station. The Idyllwild Shuttle provides weekly connections to Mountain Center and Idyllwild–Pine Cove.

Aircraft spotting
There is an abandoned taxiway on the southwestern side of the airport that can be accessed via Kirk Douglas Road. From there, aircraft descending towards (or taxing to) Runway 31L can be seen directly in front of the airport. The intersection of Kirk Douglas Road and Ramon Road also provides a closer view of aircraft descending toward Runway 31L.

There is also a grassy knoll adjacent to the intersection of Vista Chino (State Route 111) and Farrell providing a good view of aircraft descending onto Runway 13R.

In addition, the Palm Springs Air Museum is directly on airport property, providing views of aircraft taking off from Runway 31L or 13R from the outdoor exhibits.

Accidents and incidents at or near PSP

 * On October 23, 1942, American Airlines Flight 28, a Douglas DC-3 (reg. NC16017) en route to New York City, crashed in Chino Canyon, 3.1 miles (5 km) north of then Palm Springs Municipal Airport after being clipped by a United States Army Air Force Lockheed B-34 Ventura II bomber. All nine passengers and three crew were killed on the DC-3. The bomber (reg. 41–38116) landed safely at Palm Springs Municipal Airport with minor damage.
 * On February 13, 1958, Western Airlines Flight 19, a Convair CV-240 crash-landed and was destroyed after striking boulders and large mounds of drifted sand on desert terrain 4.1 miles NNW of PSP due to separation of the right wing leading edge in flight. Of the 18 passengers and three crew, there were no fatalities, but five passengers were seriously injured, and most of the rest had minor injuries. The aircraft was heavily damaged and written off.
 * On November 14, 1965, a Paul Kelly Flying Service Learjet 23 crashed 13.1 miles east of PSP at night when the aircraft lost control and crashed in a 55-degree nose-down vertical left bank attitude due to spatial disorientation of the pilot. Both crew and all six passengers died.
 * On September 23, 1967, a Bird Corp. Oakland Centaurus, a modified Lockheed Ventura, crashed in the initial climb after the right engine failed. Both occupants survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 * On January 6, 1977, a Jet Avia Learjet 24B impacted a mountain at 9,700 feet 21.9 miles NW of PSP en route to Las Vegas. The crew misinterpreted instrument flight rules clearance and air traffic control instructions, and maintained the runway heading. All four occupants (two crew, two passengers) were killed.
 * On December 4, 2020, a Cessna 172N Skyhawk crashed nose-first onto the main runway during an emergency landing. The sole occupant, the female pilot, was seriously injured and was rushed to a nearby hospital.

title: Palm Springs International Airport


text:
Louroujina

Louroujina (Λουρουτζίνα (or Λουρουκίνα) []; Akıncılar, previously Lurucina or Luricina) is a village in Cyprus, located within the salient that marks the southernmost extent of northern Cyprus. It was one of the largest Turkish Cypriot villages in Cyprus before the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. In 1974, Louroujina was secured so as to be placed within a contiguous Turkish Cypriot zone, which later became the internationally unrecognized Northern Cyprus. The United Nations Buffer Zone separates the Louroujina salient from the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. There is now a tunnel which has been designed to enter the village without going through any army points. The village is now open to everyone. There are many historic untouched buildings in this village.

Prior to 1960, Louroujina's population was Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots. The Turkish Cypriots constituted a majority. The Greek Cypriots, who numbered about 100, fled the village during the Emergency years. By 1973, 1,963 Turkish Cypriots were living in Louroujina. After the Turkish invasion, the majority were relocated in nearby villages; however, about 300 opted to stay, in contravention of the authorities' demand that they vacate the village. , Louroujina had a population of 390.

According to legend, Louroujina is so named because it was founded by a woman named "Lorenziya". In 1958, it was renamed Akıncılar in Turkish, meaning "raiders". The new name is said to have been inspired by an inter-communal clash between Greek Cypriots and Louroujina Turkish Cypriots, who outnumbered the former, at Pyroi (Gaziler). In their flight, the Greek Cypriots shouted, "the Turkish Cypriots from Louroujina are flooding in" (in Turkish: Luricina'lılar akın akın geliyor).

Sports
Turkish Cypriot Akıncılar Sports Club was founded in 1942. As of 2016, it competes in Cyprus Turkish Football Association (CTFA) K-PET 2nd League.

title: Louroujina


text: User talk:69.108.231.55

title: User talk:69.108.231.55


text:
Himitsu Sentai Gorenger

Himitsu Sentai Gorenger (秘密戦隊ゴレンジャー) is a Japanese tokusatsu superhero television series. Gorenger, created by Shotaro Ishinomori, was the first in the long-running Super Sentai metaseries of tokusatsu programming. The series aired on NET (now TV Asahi) from April 5, 1975, to March 26, 1977, and was itself replaced by J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai after 84 episodes. Toei distributes the series internationally under the title Five Rangers. The series was released in the Philippines under the title Star Rangers.

Plot
When world peace is threatened by the emergence of a terrorist group called the Black Cross Army, EAGLE (The Earth Guard League ) is formed to combat the threat. The Black Cross Army sends five operatives to destroy each EAGLE branch in Japan, killing all but five members. These surviving members are summoned to a secret base located underneath the snack shop "Gon", where they are recruited by EAGLE Japan's commander, Gonpachi Edogawa. They become the Himitsu Sentai Gorengers and are given electronic battlesuits that endow them with superhuman strength and speed. The five dedicate themselves to stopping the Black Cross Army and its leader, the Black Cross Führer.

Gorengers

 * Tsuyoshi Kaijo (海城 剛): The 24-year-old younger brother of the Kantō EAGLE base captain, Tsuyoshi and his teammates were playing soccer when the Black Cross Army launched the attack that killed his brother. Tsuyoshi is trained in combat planning and strategy. As the red-colored Akarenger (アカレンジャー), he is the team leader and coordinates group attacks such as the Gorenger Storm (ゴレンジャーストーム) or Gorenger Hurricane (ゴレンジャーハリケーン). He is armed with the Red Vute (レッドビュート), a multipurpose whip that can transform into other weapons such as the Spear Vute (ヤリビュート) or the Drill Vute (ドリルビュート). He also carries the Silver Shot (シルバーショット) tranquilizer gun. Tsuyoshi appeared in the final episode of Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger, receiving his powers back in the form of the Akarenger Key as the Gokaigers left Earth.
 * Akira Shinmei (新命 明): 25-years-old and the oldest member of the Gorenger team. Akira was training in the snowy region of Tōhoku when the Black Cross Army attacked. He is a marksmanship instructor, skilled in archery and piloting. He wants to become a racing driver. As the blue-colored Aorenger (アオレンジャー), he is the second-in-command. He pilots the Variblune, and later the Varidorin. He is armed with the Bluechery (ブルーチェリー) and later Ultra Bluechery (ウルトラブルーチェリー), a bow that can fire specially designed arrows known as Blue Arrows and Blue Arrow Rockets.
 * Kirenger (キレンジャー): The yellow-colored member of the Gorengers who is armed with the Ki Sticker (キーステッカー), a polearm whose head can be outfitted with various attachments such as a punching fist, and the YTC (YTC), a radio that can jam electronic circuitry. The moniker of Kirenger was used by its original user and his temporary successor.
 * Daita Oiwa (大岩 大太) (1–54 & 67–84): 23-years-old. Called Dai-chan by Akira, Peggy, and Yoko, Daita is a jovial engineering recruit at EAGLE's Kyushu branch who was training with his comrades when the Black Cross Army attacked. Adept in mechanics and mathematics, he has difficulty solving simple word puzzles and riddles. As a judo champion, Daita is physically strong. Daita was later promoted to Chief of EAGLE's Kyushu branch but soon returned to active duty with the Gorengers after his replacement is killed by the Black Cross Army.
 * Daigoro Kumano (熊野 大五郎) (55–67): After Daita became the commander of the Kyushu branch for a time, Daigoro replaced him. Daigoro was killed by a flying blade from Can Opener Mask.
 * Peggy Matsuyama (ペギー松山): 18-years-old. Peggy worked at EAGLE's Hokkaido branch as a chemical analyst and weapons engineer specializing in explosives. Fashion-conscious, Peggy often wears go-go boots and short hip-hugging hot pants. As the pink-colored Momorenger (モモレンジャー), she is armed with the Momo Mirror (モモミラー), a jamming device that can confuse and confound her opponents. She also carries the Momo Card (モモカード) throwing shuriken and the high impact Earring Bombs (ピアス爆弾).
 * Kenji Asuka (明日香 健二): 17-years-old, Kenji is the youngest member of the team. Kenji was tending to pigeons on a rooftop at EAGLE's Kansai branch when the Black Cross Army attacked, thus saving him from the poison gas used in the attack. He has a happy-go-lucky temperament. As the green-colored Midorenger (ミドレンジャー), he is armed with the Midomerang (ミドメラン), a razor-sharp boomerang that can be either flung at his opponents or used as a handheld weapon for cutting and slashing. He also carries the Mido Puncher (ミドパンチャー), an updated slingshot that can be used to fire pachinko pellets and sometimes explosives.

Other EAGLE characters

 * Gonpachi Edogawa (江戸川 権八): Commander of EAGLE's Japan branch. When operating in public, Gonpachi disguises himself as the cook at the snack shop Gon (ゴン), which is the secret entrance to the Gorengers' headquarters. The shop later becomes the fruit parlor Gon.
 * EAGLE Agents (イーグル連絡員): A trio of secretaries and secret soldiers who assists Commander Edogawa: Yoko Kato (加藤 陽子) (a.k.a. Agent 007), Tomoko Hayashi (林 友子) (a.k.a. Agent 008), and Haruko Nakamura (中村 春子) (a.k.a. Agent 009). They act behind the scenes but occasionally help the Gorengers in the field.

Black Cross Army
The Black Cross Army (黒十字軍) is a cyborg terrorist group led by the Black Cross Führer whose goal is the eradication of the human race and the absolute domination of the world. They use advanced technology and magic to create an army of superhuman operatives to attack EAGLE and the Gorengers. Most of the Black Cross operatives are humans who have been technologically enhanced through surgery. They had various secret bases across the globe. The main headquarters was the flying Black Cross Castle (黒十字城), which orbited high above the ground.
 * Black Cross Führer (黒十字総統): The leader of the Black Cross Army, often referred to as the "Machine Monster", and a highly intelligent being with supernatural powers who hides his identity even from his generals, occasionally disguising himself as a human. He is eventually revealed as the Black Cross Castle itself, controlled by a sentient alien AI, and defeated by the Gorengers' Five-Star Cassiopea Attack.
 * Sun Mask (日輪仮面): The so-called "Star of Africa" (アフリカの星). A ruthless tyrant renowned for his successive victories in Africa, he is called to Japan to eliminate the Gorengers, but his plans are frequently hampered by his own cowardice.
 * Iron Man Mask General Temujin (鉄人仮面テムジン将軍): The so-called "Mongol Demon" (モンゴルの鬼). A cold and sadistic, yet overly prideful recruit from the Black Cross Army's Gobi Desert operations, he is a master tactician who leads his own army in the Steel Brigade (鋼鉄軍団).
 * Volcano Mask General Magman (火の山仮面マグマン将軍): Hailing from the Eldgjá region in Iceland, he is the leader of the ruthless Eruption Battalion (噴火軍団) and commander of his own mobile battle station, the Moving Fortress Navarone (移動要塞ナバローン). He is able to fire napalm missiles from the top of his mask, and is impervious to the Gorengers' weapons.
 * Commander-in-Chief Golden Mask (ゴールデン仮面大将軍): Black Cross Army's top general, a supernatural entity awoken through black magic and the Black Cross Führer's powers. A well-versed sorcerer with an interest in astrology, Golden Mask takes command of Black Cross Army's elite Africa Troopers (アフリカ軍団). He can repel most of the Gorengers' attacks.
 * Steel Sword Dragon (鋼鉄剣竜): A rogue Black Cross Army operative who was imprisoned for reckless and rebellious behavior, but later freed by Black Cross Führer in exchange for his help in destroying the Gorengers. He is a strong and highly-resistant fighter wielding a dao that can break almost any object.
 * Masked Monsters (仮面怪人): The Black Cross Army's field agents, who cause chaos and disorder wherever they go. They are mainly humanoid machines with strange masks that represent their ability and skills in the field, with the ability to continuously upgrade themselves through the continued research and developments of the Black Cross Army. These humanoids can have abilities to change into other objects to help with infiltration or investigations or to assist in their chaos-causing objectives.
 * Zolders (ゾルダー): The Black Cross Army's faceless leather-suited foot soldiers, altered with enhanced strength and speed and brainwashed to be absolutely loyal. They carry a variety of weapons including machine guns, bazookas, and iron swords. Specialized divisions include the Black Cross Camouflaged Ninja (黒十字忍団) and a squad of mystics who served Black Cross Führer. The Zolders pilot air fighters called Condolers (コンドラー) (small) and Battlers (バットラー) (large). They shout "Hoi" when attacking their victims.

Episodes
Episodes aired on Saturdays at 7:30 pm JST.

Films

 * Himitsu Sentai Gorenger: The Movie (秘密戦隊ゴレンジャー): Released on July 26, 1975. The movie version of episode 6.
 * Himitsu Sentai Gorenger: The Blue Fortress (秘密戦隊ゴレンジャー　青い大要塞): Released on December 20, 1975. The movie version of episode 15.
 * Himitsu Sentai Gorenger: The Red Death Match (秘密戦隊ゴレンジャー 真赤な猛進撃！): Released on March 20, 1976. The movie version of episode 36.
 * Himitsu Sentai Gorenger: Fire Mountain's Final Explosion (秘密戦隊ゴレンジャー 火の山最後の大噴火): Released on December 19, 1976. The movie version of episode 54.
 * Himitsu Sentai Gorenger: The Bomb Hurricane (秘密戦隊ゴレンジャー　爆弾ハリケーン): Released on July 18, 1976.
 * J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai vs. Gorenger (ジャッカー電撃隊VSゴレンジャー): Released on March 18, 1978.

Manga
The series was adapted into a manga written and drawn by Ishinomori and published in Weekly Shōnen Sunday magazine from May 4, 1975, to August 17, 1975. In this series, the Gorengers are all teenagers and Tsuyoshi's father is the head of EAGLE's Kanto branch. Tsuyoshi Kaijo is given the powers of the Akarenger by his father before he is murdered by the Black Cross Army. Tsuyoshi becomes Akarenger and recruits the others to form the Gorengers and avenge his father's death. Seven Seas Entertainment licensed the manga outside Japan for North American territories.

Cast

 * Tsuyoshi Kaijo: Naoya Makoto (誠 直也)
 * Akira Shinmei: Hiroshi Miyauchi (宮内 洋)
 * Daita Oiwa: Baku Hatakeyama (畠山 麦)
 * Daigoro Kumano: Jirō Daruma (だるま 二郎)
 * Peggy Matsuyama: Lisa Komaki (小牧 りさ)
 * Kenji Asuka: Yukio Itō (伊藤 幸雄)
 * Yoko Kato: Eri Kanuma (鹿沼 えり)
 * Tomoko Hayashi: Emi Shirakawa (白川 恵美)
 * Haruko Nakamura: Miki Honda (本田 みき)
 * Taro Kato (加藤 太郎): Hiroyuki Konuma (小沼 宏之)
 * Black Cross Führer: Mitsuo Andō (安藤 三男), Nobuo Yana (八名 信夫) (Voicing the role in episodes 54 & 55)
 * Gonpachi Edogawa: Toshio Takahara (高原 駿雄)

Voice actors

 * Gon (ゴン): Hisako Kyōda (京田 尚子)
 * Sun Mask (日輪仮面): Hiroshi Masuoka (増岡 弘)
 * General Iron Mask Temujin (鉄人仮面テムジン将軍): Shōzō Iizuka (飯塚 昭三)
 * General Fire Mountain Mask Magman (火の山仮面マグマン将軍): Eisuke Yoda (依田英助), Shōzō Iizuka (45–54)
 * Great General Golden Mask (ゴールデン仮面大将軍): Shōzō Iizuka
 * Narrator: Nobuo Tanaka (田中 信夫): Tōru Ōhira (大平 透)

Songs

 * Opening theme
 * "Susume! Gorenger" (進め！ゴレンジャー)
 * Lyrics: Shotaro Ishinomori
 * Composition & arrangement: Chumei Watanabe
 * Artists: Isao Sasaki, Mitsuko Horie, & Columbia Yurikago Kai

 * Ending themes
 * "Himitsu Sentai Gorenger" (秘密戦隊ゴレンジャー)
 * Lyrics: Saburo Yatsude
 * Composition & Arrangement: Chumei Watanabe
 * Artist: Isao Sasaki & Koorogi '73
 * Episodes: 1–63
 * "Mi yo!! Gorenger" (見よ!!ゴレンジャー)
 * Lyrics: Shotaro Ishinomori
 * Composition & Arrangement: Chumei Watanabe
 * Artists: Isao Sasaki, Koorogi '73, & Wilbees
 * Episodes: 64–84

International broadcast and home video

 * In its home country of Japan, Toei Video released the series on VHS and was spread throughout 20 volumes for both sale and rental releases from May 25, 1986 to May 24, 1991. Each tape contains three episodes and there was also a release of one of the movies. Only 59 out of 84 episodes were released on this format. The jacket for Volume 19 of the series used an image of Red Falcon from Choujyu Sentai Liveman by mistake. Then from November 21, 1998 to May 21, 1999, the series was released on a Laserdisc boxset and this was the first time that the series had all 84 episodes released on home video. From April 21, 2003 to August 8, 2003, the series was released on DVD throughout a span of 14 volumes. Each volume contains six episodes reach and volumes 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13 and 14 were simultaneously released. The first episode is also included in the "Shotaro Ishinomori 70th Anniversary DVD-BOX" released on July 21, 2008. The first episode is also included in the "Super Sentai 1st Episode Collection I" DVD released in April 2011, and the movie version "Bakudan Hurricane!" was also viewed on pay-per-view. The series was then released on Blu-Ray for the first time from February 8, 2017 to October 4, 2017 in five boxset volumes. Each volume holds three discs with 17 episodes included. In addition, 8 select episodes are also included in the "Super Sentai Ichimi Blu-ray 1975-1981" release which came out on April 14, 2021.
 * In the United States, the original Japanese version was broadcast in Hawaii on Honolulu's KIKU-TV with English subtitles from 1975 through 1976, and the actors made personal appearances to promote the series. An unsubtitled version was also broadcast in California, on Sacramento's KMUV-TV in 1976, San Francisco's KEMO-TV in 1977.
 * In the Philippines, Gorenger was dubbed into English and aired as Star Rangers in 1978 and shown on Saturday afternoon on RPN-9. In this version, aside from their color designations, the Gorengers also had numeric designations, in order of their introduction to the enemy prior to battle:
 * Akarenger = Star 1
 * Aorenger = Star 2
 * Kirenger = Star 3
 * Momorenger = Star 4
 * Midorenger = Star 5
 * In Hong Kong, the series aired on the now-defunct Commercial Television station with a Cantonese Chinese dub from July 1, 1978, until August 19, 1978. But the channel ceased operations, causing the series to be cut short.
 * In Thailand, the series aired on Channel 7 originally with a Thai dub and is currently licensed by Rose Media Entertainment. It later aired on Channel 5 and also the Gang Cartoon Channel around 2009 with its license currently owned by TIGA Company.

title: Himitsu Sentai Gorenger