text:
Talk:Coffee percolator

Where is the criticism section
There are many people that will not use it because of the poor coffee that it makes.

While I agree that a discussion the advantages and disadvantages may be useful, I disagree that that 'many people will not use it because of the poor coffee that it makes'. These comments appear to be from people who claim that many people say this. I have only ever seen a very few comments of this nature and then from people who have never tried using a percolator. I wonder if way back in time some manufacturer of drip machines made these claims and they are just being regurgitated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.42.142.16 (talk) 10:59, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

It is NOT AN ESPRESSO mocha pot.--69.151.57.46 (talk) 00:55, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * If you can cite suitable references to verify what you write, feel free to add such a section. -- Codeine (talk) 11:30, 4 October 2010 (UTC)

Image - straw poll

 * Two images were created independently of a cross-section of a moka/percolator coffee pot. As we can't decide ourselves which to post, I thought it would be best to have a quick straw-poll — Asbestos | Talk  20:56, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For the record, Image '2' was created in May 2004 by VampWillow and has been on the article since then without any complaints. Image '1' was created this weekend by Asbestos although he noted "Had I realized, I wouldn't have made another image, since your diagram is fine" after realising he had created an image that already existed. It is clear though that the comments of other editors may be useful in deciding whether the change is warranted. --Vamp:Willow 21:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image 1

 * I believe the first is a cleaner, more accurate (it was precisely measured), and more professional-looking image, making the over-all article look more professional. If necessary, the spouts can easily be made hollow (if this is VampWillow's main objection), though this way is a standard style. — Asbestos | Talk  20:56, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I also think this version is more professional-looking, so it has my vote. The older image is fine, but a lot more concerns me about it.  I'd suggest two changes to the new image, though:
 * The labels blend into the image a bit; use colour to make them stand out a bit, but don't make them too gaudy.
 * The base can be flattened out; I assume you traced it from a photograph, in which case perspective would've lead to the rounded base as it is now.
 * Oh, and hollow spouts would help :) Dewet 03:49, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Done - you may have to refresh the chache to see the new version. Older versions can be seen at commons:Image:MokaCoffeePot.jpg. — Asbestos | Talk  10:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to revert theses flag could I suggest that you reinstate the image you asked people to vote on instead of making repeated edits. Thankyou. --Vamp:Willow 12:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh?? I'm utterly confused. Is our object to produce the best picture for an article, or to somehow "win" this vote? Personally, I'm up for producing the best picture for the article. If someone suggests a change, of course I'm going to change it. I'm not going to leave a sub-standard image up if a better one could be made — how does that help the article? Likewise, when I make a diagram for someone who requests it, if they have criticisms I listen to them and edit the picture. Our motivation here, in producing images and calling votes, should be for the best of the article, not to stroke our own egos. Why should you object if I improve my image? If you improve your image and people vote for your improved version, then that will merely mean that your new version is best for the article, and the article will be better off for it. Your "do not edit" flag example is disengenious: when a user puts an article up on VFD, they don't complain if the article subsequently gets improved during the vote — the purpose of any vote is to improve Wikipedia, and if someone suggests how an article or image should be improved during the vote, so much the better. — Asbestos | Talk  13:20, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't take this personally, VampWillow. I have to agree with Asbestos on this one;  his image is technically and aesthetically superior, no matter how you look at it.  I'm sure that he meant no offence by creating another one, so please take this in the spirit in which Wikipedia is offered:  to better human knowledge all around. Dewet 20:34, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think image one is nicer and more accurate. Madd4Max 12:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd go for image 1. 199 23:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I prefer image 1 too as it looks a lot more professional... but how about altering it so that the water/steam paths can be seen (like image2)? Would be just a quick erase of a few pixels :) Mat-C 04:44, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Image 2

 * Basically because it is less cluttered, and it an actual cross-section. Also it clearly shows that the central spouts up and down in the middle are hollow (to let water and coffee through) whereas the image 1 hasn't any clear way through!. Vamp:Willow 21:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Image 2 is much clearer.

Results
Straw polls are informal and thus never officially "end", but is it agreed that there is a consensus to use image 1? — Asbestos | Talk  01:33, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the image. — Asbestos | Talk  13:24, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

Usage
Percolators are often popular among campers and other outdoorsmen due to the ability to make coffee without a heat source. You mean without electricity, not a heat source, right?
 * MSTCrow 06:55, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * It actually may be possible to make coffee in a percolator without a heat source if you fill it with carbonated water and drop some grains of sugar into the tube - but don't forget to close the lid, quickly. The taste of such a cold brew will be … interesting, I presume. --2.247.251.122 (talk) 18:28, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Naming Convention
There is an empty head on naming convention which is a bit of a shame. The 'Moka stove top' is not called a percolator by everyone. If you go to a coffee shop asking for coffee for a percolator the tender will think you'll want a course ground coffee. I think this article should be split.

---(above comment unsigned)

There is a Moka pot article already. And you are quite correct that a Moka is not a percolator. Percolation is a recirculating drip-brew process: high-pressure water is never forced through the coffee. Moka brewing is a single-pass pressure process. If no one is going to be offended, I'll fix the article to be technically correct.

Sehr Gut 18:20, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Okay, I reworked the article to conform to accepted definitions of brewing methods as defined by organizations such as the Specialty Coffee Association of America.

Sehr Gut 18:45, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

In the section on Moka Pots being considered percolators, there seems to be strong POV. . . Consider, "If common usage defines the word then it certainly must be accepted as a common name." Common usage does not necessarily define a name. . . Tomatoes are commonly called vegetables; however that does not change the fact that tomatoes are fruit. Nor does it change the definitions of the words "fruit" and "vegetable." Such a strong postulate about how words are defined seems inappropriate for an article that is not intended to posit how words are defined.

Additionally, if the scientific definition of "percolate" as a verb defines whether a coffee drink producing machine is a (coffee) percolator or not, then by the letter of Merriam-Webster's first definition of percolate both an espresso machine and an automatic drip coffee maker are both "percolators" as both of these "cause a solvent to pass through a permeable substance." The definition of percolate seems insufficient to define a (coffee) percolator. In fact a coffee percolator is defined by Merriam-Webster as a device that "repeatedly directs water at a basket of coffee" (paraphrased) which precludes moka pots, drip coffee makers, and espresso machines from being (coffee) percolators. While I realize that a dictionary is not necessarily a definitive resource for defining coffee jargon, my point is that to use the term "percolator" to describe all coffee drink making machines that "percolate" would limit the utility of the word. . . many coffee making machines percolate and would be percolators by this definition (espresso machines, mocha machines, Chemex devices, Automatic drip machines . . . only vacuum press and French press come to mind as non-percolators). I submit that this definition is not useful nor accurate and recommend that moka pots and other devices that are not commonly referred to as (coffee) percolators not be considered "percolators."

Additionally, the reference to Saveur that claims moka pots juxtapose percolated coffee and espresso does not posit that a moka machine is a percolator, only that it percolates (. . . . as do many other coffee making machines . . . )

I think that the naming convention section of the article is unnecessarily confusing without adding significant value and will consider deleting it. StateOfTheUnion (talk) 12:53, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

The introductory section seems confused. Two kinds of coffee percolator: not-a-percolator, a percolator, and some kind of industrial device. The third may be relevant to coffee processing, but hardly to preparation of coffee for drinking, so I propose to remove it. I will also remove the non-recirculating devices from the definition, as discussed earlier in the section, to conform with common usage and the dictionary definition of a coffee percolator. - Paul (talk) 14:55, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

where is it in widespread use?
"the moka pot is the most popular way of brewing coffee at home, and its usage has spread to the USA."

eh? in sweden you can buy a moka pot in every ikea store and in a lot of the regular convenience stores for about 15 euros... i think that comment on how people in north america (if in the us of a then probably in canada too or?) has adopted the use of the moka pot is pretty irrelevant since it is used as much elsewhere (my estimate).

regards -mats The moka pot is in widespread use in Eastern Europe, and as I remember, it was in common use in Italy in 1980 (last time I was there). When Eastern Europeans relocate to the USA, they usually hate the coffee (not strong enough), and go out of their way to find a moka pot. Or they make Turkish coffee, which is an acquired taste, even for them.

In my personal experience, I bought a gravity-type perk pot for $12 at an "Antique Mall" type of place, and learned to use it. It makes the best coffee I've ever tasted. It's not strong enough for Eastern Europeans, but nice, sweet, non-sour, non-bitter, smooth coffee. It's coffee that tastes as wonderful as it smells.

The downside is that it takes some getting used to. It comes to a full boil (and spills a little from the spout) in 7 minutes on high heat. And it perks nicely at med-low heat (3 1/2 out of 10 settings on my electric stove). If you let it perk a long time, it will get stronger, but not as strong as a moka pot. You can set the stove to "Simmer" and it will stop perking, and keep the coffee warm.

The pot itself is made of enamel, the perking tube, of cast iron maybe (something black and rough), and the coffee grounds basket is made of plastic. The perking indicator is of course heavy glass. I've added a picture to the Wikipedia entry (it's my own pot and I took the picture).

Another tricky thing is to get the coffee grounds large enough to not cause "crunchy coffee." Buzz them no more than 5 seconds in a coffee grinder, or better yet, grind the coffee in one of those adjustable machines you can find in supermakets. No pre-ground coffee will have the right texture for perk pots anymore because the plastic basket's holes are just too large.

71.161.218.115 01:25, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Coffee machine?
Coffee machine redirects here, but they are totally different. A slot machine that pours a plastic cup of something vaguely coffee-like when you put money in is not a percolator. Any ideas for a better redirect target? Totnesmartin (talk) 22:26, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Found one - Vending machine Totnesmartin (talk) 13:54, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Criticisms?
How about a section on how Percolators are viewed today? I have many coffee junkie friends who say they burn the coffee over and over and makes for a very bad cup of joe. --70.167.58.6 (talk) 05:32, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Response to Diagram Request
I have made a simple diagram of a percolator. Here it is:

I first attempted to upload it in SVG format, but it wouldn't render properly, so I uploaded it in PNG. I believe it is accurate, but I would like someone else to check. --UnknownFerret (talk) 17:57, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

Seems more accurate than the other images to me. The other images are of moka-pots which let the water come in contact with the coffee only once. Your diagram denotes the key difference between moka-pots and percolators. . . the percolator splashes the same liquid from the same source onto the coffee grinds repeatedly and then dumps this liquid back into the single liquid reservoir. Moka pots segregate the coffee drink that has come in contact with the grinds from hot water that has not contacted the coffee. A moka-pot has two separate reservoirs; a percolator has only one. StateOfTheUnion (talk) 13:11, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Some quetions
Hot water is less dense then cold, is that effect used at all? Does the hot coffee stays in a layer on top of the colder water, or does it just get mixed?

Where is the water/coffee heated, only in the bottom chamber or the whole bottom?83.188.230.104 (talk) 19:26, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Regarding your first question the answer is no. The difference in density could drive the fluid no higher than its upper level and that is definitely below the basket containing the ground coffee. The effect exploited here is that bubbles generated by heating the water are much lighter and take small amounts of water with them as they rise. --2.247.250.113 (talk) 02:20, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

You people are aware that the search for Percolator redirects here, right? And you are also aware that a percolator is mainly a device used for preparing extracts from plants in the field of pharmacy and its use in coffee making is just an application. I'd love to see this fixed and for the percolator page to not redirect here and present a proper percolator, not just the coffee making one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.115.211.113 (talk) 08:27, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

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Using percolators for making tea
Ironically, because of its operating principle, the coffee percolator seems to be better suited for making tea instead of coffee. It even may be a perfect tea maker as the leaves are subjected only to near boiling hot water, at a constant temperature. Shouldn't that also be discussed in the article? --2.247.250.113 (talk) 01:48, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Diagram lacks important detail
The diagram illustrating the operation principle needs some corrections. The percolator has a funnel at its lower end collecting the bubbles which drive the water up the tube. These also should be shown inside the tube. --2.247.250.113 (talk) 02:45, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Physics
The article lacks a proper description of the physics involved in the brewing process. I tried to find a reliable source which does but couldn't.

The article makes some fuzzy claims about temperature differences which are unlikely to have any real base in physics. Even with kinematic effects included temperature difference does not provide enough force to lift the water significantly above its surface and it works in both directions, driving watee up as well as down. It just causes circulation inside the water body.

The artivle mentions bubbles and the airlift pump which is likely to be the proper effect, but what bubbles? Steam bubbles will collapse as soon as they cool down a little. To use steam power you need pressure allowing to heat the water above its standard boiling point, like the moka pot does. Also the process would not stop when the water is boiling, So it's more likely the bubbles are gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen dissolved in the water, which are driven out when the water loses its capacity to hold them at rising temperatures. But writing that into the article without a citable source would be original research. 2.247.251.122 (talk) 00:07, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

Inventor
Following the citation link for Sir Benjamin Thompson as inventor of the percolator, the Encylcopaedia Britannica article states, "His work resulted in improved fireplaces and chimneys, and among his inventions are a double boiler, a kitchen range, and a drip coffeepot." [emphasis my own]

Other articles that declare Sir Thompson as the inventor of the percolator appear to be paraphrases or direct copies of this wiki article.

also lists "drip coffee maker" as one of "The products of Rumsford's mind". Again, nothing about percolators.

Other sources that have citations themselves do not refer to an invention of the percolator (e.g. https://biography.yourdictionary.com/count-rumford)

I'm forced to conclude that a mis-reading led to his being included in this article, and based on the evidence above I'm editing that section.

title: Talk:Coffee percolator


text:
Erkki Melartin

Erkki Gustaf Melartin (7 February 1875, Käkisalmi – 14 February 1937, Helsinki) was a Finnish composer, conductor, and teacher of the late-Romantic and early-modern periods. Melartin is generally considered to be one of Finland's most significant national Romantic composers, although his music—then and now—largely has been overshadowed by that of his contemporary, Jean Sibelius, the country's most famous composer. The core of Melartin's consists of a set of six (completed) symphonies, as well as is his opera, Aino, based on a story from the Kalevala, Finland's national epic, but nevertheless in the style of Richard Wagner.

Melartin's other notable works include the popular wedding tune, Festive March (1904; from the incidental music to the play, Sleeping Beauty); the symphonic poem, Traumgesicht (1910); the Violin Concerto in D minor (1913); the Kalevalic symphonic poem for soprano and orchestra, Marjatta (1914); The Blue Pearl, Finland's first large-scale ballet (1930); and a set of four string quartets, composed between 1896 and 1910. In addition, a number of Melartin's songs for solo voice and piano have found a lasting place in the Finnish repertoire. Two additional projected symphonies, the Seventh and Eighth, might have further solidified his reputation, both within Finland and internationally, but the development of each was cut short by Melartin's death, at age 62.

Career
As well as composing, Melartin also taught and directed music at the Helsinki Music College, later the Helsinki Conservatory. His students included composer and conductor Heidi Sundblad-Halme. As conductor of the Vyborg Orchestra in 1908–11, and despite chronic health problems, Melartin toured extensively (as far as North Africa and India), conducting the first performance of Gustav Mahler's music in Scandinavia, the slow movement of the Resurrection symphony in 1909.

Although Melartin was chiefly a lyricist, the symphony was central to his musical output. He wrote six symphonies (1902–1924) and was the first Finnish composer to bear Mahler's influence. The fourth symphony uses a vocalise like that of Carl Nielsen's Sinfonia Espansiva. The fifth is a Sinfonia brevis ending in a fugue and chorale, while the sixth, harmonically more advanced than the other five, advances stepwise from a C minor first movement – with evocations of Mahler's Resurrection symphony – to an E-flat major finale. His musical output also includes an opera, Aino (based on the character from the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala), a violin concerto, four string quartets, and many piano pieces. His works therefore are divided mainly into large-scale works for orchestra, and chamber pieces for much smaller groups and soloists. Despite working in the same time period as Jean Sibelius he was not influenced by the more famous composer's style, and his work has been largely overshadowed by that of Finland's most revered composer.

The Juhlamarssi (Festive March) from his ballet Sleeping Beauty is the most popular wedding march in Finland.

Stage

 * Aino, Opera in 2 acts, Op. 50 (1912)
 * Sininen helmi (The Blue Pearl), Ballet, Op. 160 (1930)
 * Prinsessa Ruusunen (Sleeping Beauty), incidental music, Op. 22 (1904)

Orchestral

 * Symphony No. 1 in C minor, Op. 30 No. 1 (1902)
 * Siikajoki, Symphonic Poem, Op. 28 (1903)
 * Symphony No. 2 in E minor, Op. 30 No. 2 (1904)
 * Prinsessa Ruusunen (Sleeping Beauty), Suite from incidental music, Op. 22 (1904, 1911)
 * Symphony No. 3 in F major, Op. 40 (1906–07) / Score, preface in English
 * Traumgesicht, Symphonic Poem, Op. 70 (1910) / Score, preface in English
 * Patria, Symphonic Poem, Op. 72 (1911)
 * Marjatta, Symphonic Song for soprano and orchestra Op. 79 (1014) / Score, preface in English
 * Symphony No. 4 "Kesäsinfonia" (Summer Symphony) in E major, Op. 80 (1912) / Score, preface in English
 * Lyric Suite No. 3 "Impressions de Belgique", EM144 (1915-1916)
 * Symphony No. 5 "Sinfonia brevis" in A minor, Op. 90 (1915) / Score, preface in English
 * Symphony No. 6, Op. 100 (1924)
 * Divertimento, Op. 152 (1928)
 * Intermezzo, Op. 147 (1929)
 * Sininen helmi, Suite from the ballet, Op. 160 (1930)
 * Symphony No. 7 "Sinfonia gaia", Op. 149 (1935–1936, part 1 ready, sketches for other parts)
 * Symphony No. 8, Op. 186 (1936–1937, unfinished and fragmental)
 * Symphony No. 9, OP. 188 (1930's, just some structural plans exist)
 * Concerto in D minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 60 (1913)

Chamber music

 * String Quartet No. 1 in E minor, Op. 36 No. 1 (1896)
 * Sonata for violin and piano (1899)
 * String Quartet No. 2 in G minor, Op. 36 No. 2 (1900)
 * String Quartet No. 3 in E♭, Op. 36 No. 3 (1902)
 * String Quartet No. 4 in F, Op. 62 (1910)
 * Nocturne for violin and piano, Op. 64 No. 1
 * Kuusi helppoa kappaletta (6 Easy Pieces) for cello (or violin) and piano, Op.121
 * String Trio, Op. 133 (1927)
 * Sonata for flute and harp, Op. 135a (1927)
 * Sonata for brass, Op. 153 (1929)
 * Trio for flute, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 154 (1929)
 * Pieni kvartetto (Little Quartet) for four horns, Op. 185

Piano

 * Marionetteja (Marionnettes), Suite for piano 4 hands, Op. 1 (1899)
 * 2 Ballads, Op. 5 (1899)
 * Lastuja I (Chips I), 6 pieces, Op. 7 (1900)
 * 3 Pieces, Op. 8 (1899)
 * Lastuja II (Chips II), 6 pieces, Op. 9 (1900)
 * Skizzer, 5 Pieces, Op. 11
 * Legend II, Op. 12 (1900)
 * Lastuja III (Chips III), 5 pieces, Op. 34 (1906)
 * Lastuja IV (Chips IV), 5 pieces, Op. 48 (1907)
 * Surullinen puutarha (The Melancholy Garden), 5 Pieces, Op. 52 (1908)
 * Lyric Pieces, Op. 59 (1909)
 * 4 Pieces, Op. 75
 * 9 Little Pieces, Op. 76
 * Album Leaves, Op. 83
 * 4 Sonatinas, Op. 84
 * 24 Preludes, Op. 85 (1913–20)
 * Noli me tangere, Op. 87 (1914)
 * 3 Pieces, Op. 98 (1916?)
 * Skuggspel, 7 Pieces, Op.104
 * Fantasia apocaliptica, Op. 111 (1921)
 * 6 Pieces, Op. 118 (1923)
 * No. 2 The Mysterious Forest

 * 6 Pieces, Op. 123 (1924–1925)

Vocal

 * 3 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 13
 * Kansanlaulua Käkisalmelta (Folk Songs from Kexholm), Op. 55
 * 5 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 69
 * 3 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 77
 * 3 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 86
 * 4 Songs for voice and piano, Op. 95

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Erkki Melartin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Edward Sterck

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Edward Sterck
No evidence of notablilty, probably a vanity page. You 20:58, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * speedy no real nontent --Doc (?) 21:44, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've deleted it — clearly a speedy candidate. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Andrew Sheridan

Andrew John Sheridan (born 1 November 1979 in Petts Wood, Bromley, England) is a retired English rugby union player who played as a loosehead prop.

Sheridan is 1.95 m tall, which is unusually tall for a prop, and weighs 128 kg. He is known for his great physical strength – he is a near-elite class powerlifter and able to bench press 225 kg and squat 275 kg.

Sheridan announced his retirement from rugby in September 2014, due to a series of neck injuries.

Early career
Born on 1 November 1979 in Petts Wood, Bromley, England, Sheridan started playing rugby union at the age of nine with Old Elthamians, where he played for five years. In 1991, he went to Dulwich College and there he worked his way through the Surrey age group teams and was capped by both the England U16 and U18 Group Schools teams as a lock.

He joined Richmond in the 1998–99 season and as they folded he won a place in the England U21 squad that played in the 1999 SANZAR tournament in Argentina.

Bristol and positional change
On his return from the SANZAR tournament he joined Bristol Shoguns, where he made around 80 appearances. His physique also caused problems; slightly short for a lock, he was also too heavy to be lifted in the line-out (a key area of second row play), meaning that if he played there, a tall back row forward (such as Dean Ryan) had to fill in; he was also not mobile enough to play in the back row himself; as a result it was decided to switch him to loosehead prop, despite his being very tall for that position. Sheridan was switched from lock to loosehead prop by New Zealander Peter Thorburn while at Bristol. He showed his versatility by also playing at Number 8.

Sale Sharks
After Bristol were relegated in the 2002–03 season, Sheridan joined Sale. In his first season at Sale, Sheridan played in the final of the 2004 Powergen Cup. Sheridan started for Sale as they defeated Pau in the final of the 2004–05 European Challenge Cup. Sheridan helped Sale Sharks to top the League in the 2005–06 season. An injury sustained earlier in the season meant Sheridan could not play in the final, as Sale defeated the Leicester Tigers to become Premiership champions for the first time.

Toulon
In 2012, he signed for French 14 club Toulon. In May 2013 he started as Toulon won the 2013 Heineken Cup Final by 16–15 against Clermont Auvergne.

Early international career and debut
In 2000 he was a squad member on England's tour to South Africa. During 2001/02 Sheridan played for England A against France A and Ireland A. In 2003 Sheridan was selected to represent England A at the 2003 Churchill Cup in Canada, as well as fixtures against the US and Japan. In December 2003, he played for the England XV that took on the Barbarians immediately following England's 2003 Rugby World Cup success. He finally won his first cap for England in November 2004, coming on as a replacement against Canada.

2005 Lions Tour
He was somewhat controversially selected for the 2005 Lions tour of New Zealand, as many felt with only one cap to his name he was unlikely to feature heavily. On the 2005 tour, he was sent to the sin-bin after attempting to punch Luke McAlister following a clash of heads in the game against New Zealand Māori. Sheridan did not feature in the Test series.

First start for England
However, he established his reputation later that year in England's November Test against Australia, playing the main role in out-classing the Australian front row. Neither of his opposite numbers finished the match. First, Al Baxter proved unable to deal with Sheridan's power, and was eventually sin-binned late in the second half for collapsing a scrum after being warned for repeated scrum violations. Shortly afterwards, Matt Dunning, who was forced to move opposite Sheridan, was stretchered off after a scrum with what was feared to be a serious neck injury; however, scans showed no structural damage to Dunning's neck. Due to the sin-binning and Dunning's injury, the referee ordered uncontested scrums for the last 10 minutes of the match. He faced Carl Hayman of the All Blacks the next Saturday, who gave him a tough time at the scrum by scrumming very low, negating Sheridan's raw power.

2006 injury
During a 23–21 victory over South Africa on 20 November 2006, Sheridan suffered a broken right ankle and ligament damage. The injury ruled him out for the rest of the 2006/07 season.

2007 Rugby World Cup
He won 'Man of the match' against Australia in the Quarter final of the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Sheridan played the full 80 minutes in the 2007 Rugby World Cup Final.

2009 Lions Tour
Sheridan was included in the squad for the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa. Sheridan played in two Tests, starting the third and final Test.

Outside rugby
In 2010, Sheridan recorded and released an acoustic rock album, entitled "Where We Go From Here". The acoustic album features Andrew on guitar, along with piano, drum and vocal accompaniment, and was recorded at the local Cotyso Studios after Sheridan's wife contacted the owner.

title: Andrew Sheridan


text:
Who Needs Enemies? (song)

"Who Needs Enemies?" is the third and final single released from The Cooper Temple Clause's debut album, See This Through and Leave. It peaked at number twenty-two on the UK Singles Chart.

Music video
In the video, the band seem to be performing the song fairly calmly in their studio, but suddenly launch into destroying it completely. It collapses at the end.

CD1

 * 1) Who Needs Enemies?
 * 2) Before The Moor
 * 3) One Quick Fix

CD2

 * 1) Who Needs Enemies?
 * 2) Lapitu (Bedtime Story)
 * 3) Not Quite Enough

CD3

 * 1) Who Needs Enemies?
 * 2) Jesus, You Smoke Too
 * 3) Who Needs Enemies? (video)

title: Who Needs Enemies? (song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The thirty-six men sect

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:32, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The thirty-six men sect
Vanity, hoax, joke... Usual deletion stuff. Sarg 20:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, but move to bad jokes and other deleted nonsense please! -- Zantastik   talk   21:36, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete unverifiable - probably hoax --Doc (?) 21:49, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Frjwoolley 21:59, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as nonsensical bad joke. -) --Idont Havaname 03:27, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Carbonate County, Colorado

Carbonate County was a county of the state of Colorado that existed for only two days in 1879. Carbonate County was created by renaming Lake County, Colorado.

History
On 8 February 1879, the Colorado General Assembly renamed Lake County as Carbonate County. Two days later on 10 February 1879, the Colorado General Assembly split Carbonate County into the new Chaffee County and the renamed Lake County.

title: Carbonate County, Colorado


text:
User talk:Group6

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 21:00, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
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Image Tagging Image:Changemanagement.jpg
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Nomination of Helpdesk and incident reporting auditing for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Helpdesk and incident reporting auditing is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Helpdesk and incident reporting auditing until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Gbawden (talk) 09:20, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Group6


text: User talk:84.137.83.209

title: User talk:84.137.83.209


text:
Patti Russo

Patricia Russo (May 20, 1964) is an American singer and songwriter. She is perhaps best known as Meat Loaf's former female lead vocalist, as she toured the world with his band Neverland Express between 1993 and 2013. Since then, she has embarked on a solo career.

Career (1993–2013)
Patti Russo is featured as Meat Loaf's duet partner on numerous albums, singles and videos. Russo has also been featured as Meat Loaf's opening act, debuting her own original material. She debuted her solo song "Bring Me a Bible and a Beer" during Meat Loaf's shows on the 2008 Casa de Carne Tour. Russo has recorded duets on all of Meat Loaf's albums since 1995.

Russo has also sung lead vocals with groups such as Trans-Siberian Orchestra (TSO) and Queen. She sang the role of Theresa, Beethoven's Immortal Beloved, on the TSO album Beethoven's Last Night and was featured with TSO as a soloist on the soundtrack to the Jim Carrey movie How the Grinch Stole Christmas. She performed with the rock group Queen, singing lead at the Queen's Day Festival in Amsterdam and at their induction into the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She toured as a soloist with the Jon Tiven Band (in Italy) and the SAS Band (in the United Kingdom). Russo is featured as a lead vocalist in the SAS Band's new DVD Motown 2 Memphis. In 2009–2010, Russo performed in Cher's Las Vegas shows.

As a songwriter, Russo's song "Take Good Care of My Heart" is featured as the theme song in the Warner Brothers feature South Beach Dreams. The song was co-produced by composer-producer Fred Weinberg. She also co-wrote the Meat Loaf single "Runnin' for the Red Light (I Gotta Life)". Her song "Bible and a Beer", co-written with guitarist Jon Tiven, was recorded by jazz singer Betty Harris. Russo's own original recordings can be found on her Spotify page.

As an actress, Russo played the lead role of Esmeralda in the London production of Notre Dame de Paris. She played the character of "Killer Queen" in the Las Vegas version of the musical We Will Rock You, based on the music of Queen. She guest-starred in the New York City musicals The 12 and The Rock Tenor and the Night of Broadway benefit shows.

Russo's television credits include The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Show with David Letterman, The View, Entertainment Tonight, Don't Forget the Lyrics, Qcheck, Huckabee, Lopez Tonight, The USA Music Challenge, Top of the Pops, Brit Awards, American Music Awards, Party in the Park- Hyde Park UK, Prince's Trust - UK, Pres. Clinton's 2nd Inaugural Ball - Washington, D.C., NRL Grand Finals - Sydney, AFL Grand Finals - Melbourne, Night of the Proms - Belgium, Germany, Netherlands. Russo has been featured with Meat Loaf in numerous MTV and VH1 music specials including The History of Meat Loaf Live, Live in the Neighborhood, On Tour (PBS), Behind the Music, VH1: Storytellers, Hard Rock Live, Live in Mexico City and Guilty Pleasure Live.

Russo has performed for numerous charitable benefits including Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, Covenant House, The Painted Turtle, The Prince's Trust, breast cancer research, Hurricane Katrina relief, Blythedale Children's Hospital, Rock Against Cancer, Starkey Hearing Foundation, and Queen AIDS charity concert.

Solo career (2014–present)
Russo pursued a solo career afterwards. She started with the release of an EP and a live tour in April 2014.

HOW ARE YA, 5-0H! tour
Russo's first tour – HOW ARE YA, 5-0H! – kicked off at The Brook in Southampton on April 10, 2014.

Typical setlist

 * 1) "It's a Beautiful Day"
 * 2) "Don't Stop Me Now"
 * 3) "I'd Lie for You (And That's the Truth)"
 * 4) "Bring Me a Bible and a Beer"
 * 5) "In the Tomatoes"
 * 6) "Black Velvet"
 * 7) "Dead Ringer for Love"
 * 8) "Vision of You"
 * 9) "Here We Are"
 * 10) "Baby Love"
 * 11) "I Don't Give a Damn"
 * 12) "Whole Lot of Nothing"
 * 13) "Long Train Running"
 * 14) "One Door Opens"
 * 15) "River Deep - Mountain High"

Russo also appeared at the Isle of Wight Festival in the Strongbow Garden on Sunday 15 June 2014 and at Sommerfest in Norway in August 2014. She performed 5 shows in 2015 in Wavendon, Bury St. Edmunds, London, Southampton, and Leeds.

In summer 2015 Russo released a new single, titled "When it Comes to Love", with Belgian producers and DJs Regi and Lester Williams. The song was written by Russo and Tonino Speciale and recorded in summer 2014 and was initially being considered for the 2015 James Bond film Spectre. Remixed by Regi and Lester Williams featuring Patti's original vocals, When it Comes to Love was released on 31 August.

In 2017, Russo toured as a lead vocalist with Symphonic Rhapsody of Queen.

title: Patti Russo


text:
User talk:62.252.64.16

Speedy deletion nomination of User:Gorbechov's Emo Fringe

A tag has been placed on User:Gorbechov's Emo Fringe requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Cabayi (talk) 07:59, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Orion Optics

The article Orion Optics has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (companies) requirement. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 10:48, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.252.64.16


text:
Midlothian (UK Parliament constituency, 1708–1918)

Edinburghshire (also known as Midlothian) was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1918.

It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

The seat is most famous as the location of William Ewart Gladstone's upset victory in the Midlothian Campaign of 1880, regarded as the birth of the modern political campaign in the United Kingdom. After Gladstone's victory it became the first non-English constituency to be represented by a serving prime minister.

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Edinburghshire.

Boundaries
As first used, in the 1708 general election of the Parliament of Great Britain, the constituency covered the county of Edinburgh, except the burgh of Edinburgh, which was covered by the Edinburgh burgh constituency. 1708 boundaries were used also for all subsequent elections of that parliament.

In 1801 the Parliament of Ireland was merged with the Parliament of Great Britain to form the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The first general election of the new parliament was the general election of 1802. There was no change to the boundaries of any pre-existing Westminster constituency, and 1802 boundaries were used also in the general elections of 1806, 1807, 1812, 1818, 1820, 1826, 1830 and 1831.

For the 1832 general election, as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1832, the constituency was redefined. The boundaries of counties and burghs for parliamentary purposes ceased to be necessarily those for other purposes, but nominally the Edinburghshire constituency consisted of the county of Edinburgh minus the burghs of Edinburgh, Leith, Portobello, and Musselburgh. Edinburgh was again covered by the Edinburgh constituency, and Leith, Portobello and Musselburgh were covered by the Leith Burghs constituency.

1832 boundaries were used also in the general elections of 1835, 1837, 1841, 1847, 1852, 1857, 1859, 1865, 1874, 1880, 1886, 1892, 1895, 1900, 1906, January 1910 and December 1910.

For the 1918 general election, as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1918, the area of the Edinburghshire constituency was mostly divided between the Midlothian and Peebles Northern and Peebles and Southern Midlothian constituencies. By this date, the county of Edinburgh had been renamed as the county of Midlothian.

The Midlothian and Peebles Northern constituency consisted of the Calder and Suburban districts and part of the Lasswade district of the county of Midlothian, and the Peebles and Southern constituency consisted of the county of Peebles, the Gala Water district and part of the Lasswade district of county of Midlothian, and the burghs of Bonnyrigg, Lasswade, and Penicuik in county of Midlothian.

The rest of the county of Midlothian was covered by the Edinburgh Central, Edinburgh East, Edinburgh North, Edinburgh South, Edinburgh West and Leith constituencies.

History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system. There were 56 voters in 1708, 68 in 1710, about 80 between 1715 and 1754, 84 in 1764, 104 in 1774, 93 in 1788, 95 in 1790 rising to 123 in 1811, 174 in 1820, 168 in 1826 and 165 in 1830. The seat was redefined for the 1832 general election and replaced for the 1918 general election.

1840s
Ramsay resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election.

1850s
Hope's death caused a by-election.

1880s
Gladstone's appointment as Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer required a by-election.

Gladstone's appointment as Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer required a by-election.

1890s

Gladstone's appointment as Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Lord Privy Seal required a by-election.

1910s


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The Tempest (Dryden and D'Avenant play)

The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island is a comedy adapted by John Dryden and William D'Avenant from Shakespeare's comedy The Tempest. The musical setting, previously attributed to Henry Purcell, and probably for the London revival of 1712, was very probably by John Weldon.

The Dryden–D’Avenant adaptation premiered at the Duke's Theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, on 7 November 1667, and published in 1670. It is written partly in blank verse and partly in a sort of rhythmic prose. The play was revised and revived a number of times, and adapted as an opera by Thomas Shadwell in April 1674; Shadwell's revision had a musical score created by a team of composers that included Matthew Locke and Pelham Humfrey. This was the version of The Tempest most familiar to audiences up until William Macready's enormously successful production of Shakespeare's original on 13 October 1838. Shadwell's version was revived in 1701, in 1702 through 1704, in 1706 through 1708, in 1710, in 1712 through 1717, and more than 20 times between 1729 and 1747.

Dryden and D'Avenant keep a great deal of Shakespeare's verse, but generally tone the play down, simplifying grammar and language occasionally, removing much of the "mythic resonance" of the original, and adding a fair amount of their own invention. The added elements include new characters – Hippolito, a man who has never seen a woman, and Dorinda, a second daughter of Prospero. Hippolito and Dorinda, predictably, fall in love; their love parallels that between Miranda, Shakespeare's maiden who has never seen a man, and Ferdinand, son to the Duke of Mantua (or to the King of Naples in Shakespeare's version). Ariel is given an ethereal girlfriend in Milcha (Shadwell expanded her role in 1674). Even Caliban gets a sister.

Shadwell's 1674 operatic version of Dryden and D'Avenant's adaptation was mocked by Thomas Duffet in his farce The Mock Tempest, or the Enchanted Castle, also in 1674.

title: The Tempest (Dryden and D'Avenant play)


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Zarumilla River

The Zarumilla River is a river in South America that marks the border between Peru and Ecuador. It is named after the Peruvian town of Zarumilla. It is part of the Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves Sanctuary and its currents, sediments, and tides strongly influence the geomorphology of the area. It empties into the Gulf of Guayaquil.

The largest towns on its banks are Huaquillas, in the Ecuadorian province of El Oro, and Aguas Verdes in the Tumbes Region of Peru; both towns are connected by an international bridge. The water flows through a canal as the river passes these populated areas. Pollution is a problem in this part of the river, as people from both countries discharge their waste into the canal.

Border issues
In 1998, during El Niño, the river changed its course, moving 1 square kilometre of land into its eastern margin. Ecuadorians took advantage of this situation, saying that the river is the natural border marker and therefore gives them rights in the affected area. The Peruvians argued that the area is sovereign Peruvian soil.

title: Zarumilla River


text:
The Man Without a Past

The Man Without a Past (Mies vailla menneisyyttä) is a 2002 Finnish comedy-drama film produced, written, and directed by Aki Kaurismäki. Starring Markku Peltola, Kati Outinen and Juhani Niemelä, it is the second installment in Kaurismäki's Finland trilogy, the other two films being Drifting Clouds (1996) and Lights in the Dusk (2006). The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 (the only Finnish film so far) and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
A man arrives in Helsinki at night by train and falls asleep on a park bench. While there, he's assaulted by three criminals. He ends up in a coma and is declared dead at the hospital. After the doctors leave, he awakens and leaves the hospital in bandages. The Nieminen family, residing in an abandoned shipping container at the port, discover him by the sea in the morning. They take him in, nurse him back to health, but he's lost his memory, not even recalling his own name.

The marginalized residents of the harbor come to the aid of the man as he embarks on a fresh start. Anttila, a tough harbor guard involved in providing makeshift homes in empty shipping containers, arranges one for the man. Despite his efforts to find work, the man faces setbacks due to his lack of memory and inability to recall his name, leading to his rejection from the employment office. However, he meets Irma, who volunteers with the Salvation Army, who helps him secure a job at their thrift store. While working there, he convinces the Salvation Army band to incorporate rhythm music into their performances and persuades their leader to join as a vocalist. Alongside this, a romantic relationship develops between the man and Irma.

Observing welders at the shipyard triggers a recollection for the man—he realizes he's a welder by trade. He's offered a job, but to get on the shipyard's payroll, he needs to open a bank account. However, the bank refuses due to his lack of a name. Adding to his troubles, he becomes an unwitting witness to a bank robbery. Despite his attempts to explain his situation to the police, they don't believe him, and he ends up in jail. A lawyer from the Salvation Army intervenes, however, securing his release. Later, the man encounters the bank robber at a bar, who shares his motive—a grudge against the bank for bankrupting his earthmoving company and leaving his employees unpaid. Promising to deliver the stolen money to the employees, the man leaves. Afterwards, the bank robber shoots himself.

The man's identity is unveiled by the police when his wife from Nurmeksa recognizes him in a newspaper article about the bank robbery. Irma, shocked by this revelation, ends their relationship, leaving the man feeling dejected. He returns to Nurmeksa where he reunites with his wife and discovers that their marriage fell apart due to his gambling addiction. He decides to go back to his newfound life in Helsinki.

Upon his return to the harbor, he crosses paths with the three criminals who attacked him earlier. However, the harbor residents, led by Anttila, rally together to confront and defeat them. Eventually, the man and Irma reconcile, and they stroll hand in hand through the harbor, accompanied by the song "Muistatko Monrepos'n" sung by Annikki Tähti.

Cast

 * Markku Peltola as M
 * Kati Outinen as Irma
 * Juhani Niemelä as Nieminen
 * Kaija Pakarinen as Kaisa Nieminen
 * Sakari Kuosmanen as Anttila
 * Annikki Tähti as Manager of Flea Market
 * Anneli Sauli as Bar Owner
 * Elina Salo as Dock Clerk
 * Outi Mäenpää as Bank Clerk
 * Esko Nikkari as Bank Robber
 * Pertti Sveholm as Police Detective
 * Matti Wuori as himself (lawyer)
 * Aino Seppo as Ex-wife
 * Janne Hyytiäinen as Ovaskainen
 * Antti Reini as Electrician

Production
The Man Without a Past was co-produced by the Finnish companies Sputnik and YLE, the German companies Bavaria Film Studios and Pandora Filmproduktion and the French company Pyramide Productions.

Critical reception
The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 98%, based on 99 critics, with an average rating of 7.98/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Kaurismäki delivers another droll comedy full of his trademark humor." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 84 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Roger Ebert awarded the film three-and-a-half stars out of 4, saying he "felt a deep but indefinable contentment". Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter said the film "contains not one false note. It is the work of an artist fully in control of his art." Barbara Scharres of the Chicago Reader said that Kaurismäki "perfects his trademark formula of deadpan humor and arctic circle pathos in this brilliantly ironic 2002 comedy."

title: The Man Without a Past


text:
Cytochrome b6f complex

The cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol/plastocyanin reductase or plastoquinol/plastocyanin oxidoreductase; ) is an enzyme found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae, that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin:
 * plastoquinol + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + 2 H+ [side 1] $$\rightleftharpoons$$ plastoquinone + 2 reduced plastocyanin + 4 H+ [side 2].

The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. During photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex is one step along the chain that transfers electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, and at the same time pumps protons into the thylakoid space, contributing to the generation of an electrochemical (energy) gradient that is later used to synthesize ATP from ADP.

Enzyme structure
The cytochrome b6f complex is a dimer, with each monomer composed of eight subunits. These consist of four large subunits: a 32 kDa cytochrome f with a c-type cytochrome, a 25 kDa cytochrome b6 with a low- and high-potential heme group, a 19 kDa Rieske iron-sulfur protein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster, and a 17 kDa subunit IV; along with four small subunits (3-4 kDa): PetG, PetL, PetM, and PetN. The total molecular weight is 217 kDa.

The crystal structures of cytochrome b6f complexes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Mastigocladus laminosus, and Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 have been determined.

The core of the complex is structurally similar to the cytochrome bc1 core. Cytochrome b6 and subunit IV are homologous to cytochrome b, and the Rieske iron-sulfur proteins of the two complexes are homologous. However, cytochrome f and cytochrome c1 are not homologous.

Cytochrome b6f contains seven prosthetic groups. Four are found in both cytochrome b6f and bc1: the c-type heme of cytochrome c1 and f, the two b-type hemes (bp and bn) in bc1 and b6f, and the [2Fe-2S] cluster of the Rieske protein. Three unique prosthetic groups are found in cytochrome b6f: chlorophyll a, β-carotene, and heme cn (also known as heme x).

The inter-monomer space within the core of the cytochrome b6f complex dimer is occupied by lipids, which provides directionality to heme-heme electron transfer through modulation of the intra-protein dielectric environment.

Biological function
In photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex functions to mediate the transfer of electrons and of energy between the two photosynthetic reaction center complexes, Photosystem II and Photosystem I, while transferring protons from the chloroplast stroma across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen. Electron transport via cytochrome b6f is responsible for creating the proton gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP in chloroplasts.

In a separate reaction, the cytochrome b6f complex plays a central role in cyclic photophosphorylation, when NADP+ is not available to accept electrons from reduced ferredoxin. This cycle, driven by the energy of P700+, contributes to the creation of a proton gradient that can be used to drive ATP synthesis. It has been shown that this cycle is essential for photosynthesis, helping to maintain the proper ratio of ATP/NADPH production for carbon fixation.

The p-side quinol deprotonation-oxidation reactions within the cytochrome b6f complex have been implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species. An integral chlorophyll molecule located within the quinol oxidation site has been suggested to perform a structural, non-photochemical function in enhancing the rate of formation of the reactive oxygen species, possibly to provide a redox-pathway for intra-cellular communication.

Reaction mechanism
The cytochrome b6f complex is responsible for "non-cyclic" (1) and "cyclic" (2) electron transfer between two mobile redox carriers, plastoquinol (QH2) and plastocyanin (Pc):

Cytochrome b6f catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin, while pumping two protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen:

 * QH2 + 2Pc(Cu2+) + 2H+ (stroma) → Q + 2Pc(Cu+) + 4H+ (lumen)

This reaction occurs through the Q cycle as in Complex III. Plastoquinol acts as the electron carrier, transferring its two electrons to high- and low-potential electron transport chains (ETC) via a mechanism called electron bifurcation. The complex contains up to three plastoquinone molecules that form an electron transfer network that are responsible for the operation of the Q cycle and its redox-sensing and catalytic functions in photosynthesis.

Q cycle
First half of Q cycle Second half of Q cycle
 * 1) QH2 binds to the positive 'p' side (lumen side) of the complex. It is oxidized to a semiquinone (SQ) by the iron-sulfur center (high-potential ETC) and releases two protons to the thylakoid lumen.
 * 2) The reduced iron-sulfur center transfers its electron through cytochrome f to Pc.
 * 3) In the low-potential ETC, SQ transfers its electron to heme bp of cytochrome b6.
 * 4) Heme bp then transfers the electron to heme bn.
 * 5) Heme bn reduces Q with one electron to form SQ.
 * 1) A second QH2 binds to the complex.
 * 2) In the high-potential ETC, one electron reduces another oxidized Pc.
 * 3) In the low-potential ETC, the electron from heme bn is transferred to SQ, and the completely reduced Q2− takes up two protons from the stroma to form QH2.
 * 4) The oxidized Q and the reduced QH2 that has been regenerated diffuse into the membrane.

Cyclic electron transfer
Unlike Complex III, cytochrome b6f catalyzes another electron transfer reaction that is central to cyclic photophosphorylation. The electron from ferredoxin (Fd) is transferred to plastoquinone and then the cytochrome b6f complex to reduce plastocyanin, which is reoxidized by P700 in Photosystem I. The exact mechanism of the reduction of plastoquinone by ferredoxin is still under investigation. One proposal is that there exists a ferredoxin:plastoquinone-reductase or an NADP dehydrogenase. Since heme x does not appear to be required for the Q cycle and is not found in Complex III, it has been proposed that it is used for cyclic photophosphorylation by the following mechanism:
 * 1) Fd (red) + heme x (ox) → Fd (ox) + heme x (red)
 * 2) heme x (red) + Fd (red) + Q + 2H+ → heme x (ox) + Fd (ox) + QH2

title: Cytochrome b6f complex


text:
User talk:Fmierlo

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 21:05, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Fmierlo


text: User talk:84.9.73.249

title: User talk:84.9.73.249


text:
User:Rollon

Live(d) in
Kiev—>Paris—>Saint-Petersburg—>Penza—>Saint-Petersburg—>?

Education
MA in Cultural Anthropology at European University in St.Petersburg (Russia), Department of Ethnology. MA in Philology ('cum laude') National Taras Shevchenko University of Kiev.

Interests
Ethnic conflicts, migrations, nationalism; Ancient warfare, Pacific War, World War II.

title: User:Rollon


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Gruppo di intervento speciale

The Gruppo di Intervento Speciale (GIS) ("Special Intervention Group") is the special forces unit of the Carabinieri. The Carabinieri, a branch of the Italian Armed Forces responsible for both military and civil policing, formed GIS in 1978 as a police tactical unit. In 2004, GIS assumed a special operations role, evolving to a special forces unit, in addition to the police tactical unit role, becoming part of the Comando interforze per le Operazioni delle Forze Speciali (COFS ('Joint Special Forces Operational Headquarters').

The unit has taken part in counter-terrorism operations and VIP, executive and dignitary protection security. Since its inception, GIS has distinguished itself throughout Italy for efficiency and excellent preparation, and has also operated and operates in several theatres of war including the Balkans, Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Horn of Africa, as well as in all the countries where Italian diplomatic offices are at risk.

In Italy, GIS is one of three police tactical units that can operate throughout the country, the other two being Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza (NOCS) of the Polizia di Stato and Antiterrorismo Pronto Impiego (ATPI) of the Guardia di Finanza.

Roles
The Special Intervention Group is employed in high-risk special actions against terrorism. The GIS specializes in hostage rescue, prioritizing their physical safety, in the reconquest of vital targets and facilities held by terrorists, in resolutive intervention against hijacking, and in intervention in environments featuring NBCR dangers.

Domestic roles
The Special Intervention Group ensures the permanent availability of personnel to the Ministry of the Interior for immediate deployments. The Ministry of the Interior employs the GIS for the release of hostages from airplanes, ships, trains, buses and buildings. It also calls them to protect sensitive targets from terrorist or criminal attacks and to ensure surveillance and security at high-risk events (in coordination with Public Security authorities).

Aside from the permanent availability ensured to the Interior Ministry, the GIS is used by the General Command of the Carabinieri to guarantee the security of threatened personalities or to assist territorial units in crisis situations such as kidnapping and capturing criminals, fugitives or dangerous evades. The GIS also trains and certifies other Carabinieri assigned to escort duties, and provides security services to important persons.

Roles abroad
The GIS is also deployed abroad, to perform foreign hostage-rescue operations, to protect Italian embassies and consulates in highly dangerous situations, as well as for special intervention in Carabinieri deployments and operations abroad.

Occasionally they are also in charge of training foreign police personnel.

Special operations
In 2004, GIS became a special forces unit responsible for special operations, including direct action, special reconnaissance, military assistance and counter-terrorism, part of Comando interforze per le Operazioni delle Forze Speciali (COFS) of the Armed Forces, in addition to its civilian police tactical unit role. GIS can deploy overseas for special operations if requested by COFS. In 2015, laws were changed to permit the Italian foreign intelligence service Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna (AISE) to use GIS for individual missions.

Background
During the seventies of the last century (the so-called years of lead) the Italian political and civil institutions suffered a violent assault by endemic terrorist groups. Although the Government had not taken any official initiatives, units were set up in the elite units of the Armed Forces and Police for the development and experimentation of intervention techniques in crisis situations in the presence of hostages.

On 18 October 1977, the political will changed as a result of the success of Operation Feuerzauber (Magic Fire) conducted by the Germans of the GSG-9 that in Somalia succeeded in freeing 86 passengers and 3 crew members of the Lufthansa 181 flight hijacked and still in the hand of terrorists. Feasibility studies were immediately carried out.

Following this action, interior minister Francesco Cossiga on 6 January 1978 ordered the creation of the UN.I.S. (Unità di Intervento Speciale, Italian for "Special Intervention Units"), in order to support anti-terrorism investigations.

In a feasibility study conducted on 24 October 1977, the Carabinieri foresaw the establishment of the Special Intervention Group within the Battalion "Tuscania", in order to enable the Group to act both framed the larger Battalion and alone.

Establishment
The Special Intervention Group was the first to be officially established on 6 February 1978 by the General Command of the Carabinieri, within the then-Battalion "Tuscania". This unit of the Carabinieri could act both in civil and public order and in the military sphere. The Special Intervention Group was made operationally autonomous, administratively part of the Battalion and logistically supported by the Folgore Brigade.

By December 1981, the Special Intervention Group reached its full operational capability.

The public debut of the GIS took place in Trani on 29 December 1980. In the prison, a revolt led by terrorists broke out. On the building, helicopters began to whirl, from which masked men quickly fell down. They regained control of the prison in a few minutes despite the many gates welded by the rebels to hinder an intervention from outside.

Expansion of the scope
In the following years, the GIS expanded its tasks: in December 1988 the Group, on the proposal of its own commander, was tasked with prevention and counter-sabotage activities, as well as with the support of the Carabinieri territorial organization, sensitive targets surveillance, and high-risk interventions and round-ups against organised crime.

In 1994, the tasks of the Group were further expanded, including support for the capture of prominent fugitives, in anti-drug operations and in operations aimed at executing orders of the judicial authorities in the presence of environmental characteristics that entail considerable difficulties in execution. An underwater component was also set established and the use of the unit in support of the Italian embassies at risk was also approved.

2004: special forces unit
The GIS, because of the minor terrorist emergency, since 2000, has operated mainly in the military, and since 26 November 2004, it has been part of the Special Forces, along with COMSUBIN, 9th Paratroopers Assault Regiment and the 17º Stormo Incursori.

The decision of converting the GIS into a special forces unit was taken as a consequence of the large overseas deployment of its operators, which distinguished themselves for competence and resolution in various scenarios of war. Already after its creation, the group operated alongside Italian troops in Lebanon during the Lebanese Civil War, and since that moment they become an important part of the Italian military actions around the globe.

Organization
The GIS headquarters is in Livorno.

The exact number of operating personnel is confidential information, but the Group is organized at a company level.

The GIS is divided into:

The largest combat section, in turn, is divided into three detachments consisting of teams of four men: a commander, an explosive specialist, a climbing specialist and an equipment specialist.
 * A command section
 * An administrative section
 * A training and exercise section
 * A section of exploration, reconnaissance, and target acquisition
 * A combat section
 * A section of selected shooters

At any moment there is a detachment ready to leave the base in 30 minutes. For this purpose, there are always some Agusta-Bell AB 412 supplied with the Carabinieri and a 46th Air Force Aircraft of the Air Force that is located in nearby Pisa, which can supply the C-130 Hercules when needed. The remaining can be used within three and twenty-four hours of the alarm. In the most urgent cases, an advanced core precedes the operating section in order to plan the intervention strategy based on first-hand information.

The exploration, reconnaissance and scouting section is in turn made up of teams of three men: two fighters armed with Mauser 86 SR and an explorer equipped with a semiautomatic HK PSG-1. During longer actions, men can become the explorer.

Publicly known missions
As of late 2018, the Special Intervention Group has been involved in more than 600 special operations:
 * 28 December 1980, prison of Trani: Blitz inside the prison where some communist brigades members were barricaded. At the end of a violent gunfight, 18 police members were liberated. Many were wounded among special forces, prisoners and terrorists, but no victims.
 * 25 August 1987, Elba Island, Porto Azzurro Prison (Livorno): 6 men sentenced for life, among them the terrorist Nero Mario Tuti, take 11 prisoners, 17 prison guards, and 5 civilians as hostages. After a few hours, members of GIS and NOCS entered in the building, and injured all six terrorists.
 * 24 June 1989, Oria (Brindisi): Roberto Di Giovanni, 26 years old, suffering from a mental disorder that worsened after his mother died, barricaded himself in a house with a pistol and a couple of hunting rifles and shot 200 rounds at civilians and later against the police, killing one person and injuring 10, among them 4 Carabinieri and a policeman. Any negotiation was useless because he shot at everything that moved. When the night came, GIS entered the house with the use of gas and after hand-to-hand combat arrested Roberto.
 * December 1989, San Luca (Reggio Calabria): the capture of the 'ndrangheta member Strangio, during the investigation on the seizure of Cesare Casella
 * 17 April 1990, Santa Margherita Ligure (Genova): Liberation of Patrizia Tacchella.
 * 16 January 1995, Segrate (Milan): Liberation of Raffaele Alessi.
 * 9 May 1997, Venice: Liberation of the San Marco bell tower from Militia of the Republic of Venice, mass media "Serenissimi", that reached San Marco square with a home made armored vehicle and a camper.
 * 18 December 1999, Alicudi Island (Messina): Antidrug operation at sea.
 * 7 June 2000, Turin: liberation of Rosa Laura Spadafora.
 * 10 June 2000, Torre Annunziata (Naples): capture of the absconding camorrista Ferdinando Cesarano.
 * 18 April 2002, Kabul, Afghanistan: escort for the former Afghan King Mohammed Zahir Shah.
 * 30 November 2002, Ostia (Rome):capture of the absconding Tunisian Faid Isa Kamalfa, barricaded in a Villa.
 * 13 November 2003, Nasiriyah: Iraq Support to the operation after the attack against the Italian army base that caused 28 death.
 * 6 April 2004, Nasiriyah: Iraq some members of the GIS take part to the battle of the bridges against Mahdi soldiers.
 * 14 March 2005, Corato, (Bari): An arsenal, used probably by a gang specialized in assaulting bank trucks, was impounded by Carabinieri. The GIS made an incursion inside an abandoned country house where there were six people within them and absconding; all were natives of Calabria and specialized in gun-running, the drug trade and extortion. Militaries found ten Kalashnikov rifles, body armor, camouflage uniforms and lights. Near the building were parked some sports cars. During the operation, one of the criminals attempted to fire but was stopped by a member of the special forces.
 * 28 June 2005, Bogogno, Novara: night blitz to capture Angelo Sacco, that the previous day killed three people and injured eight.
 * February 2006, security during the Torino Winter Olympic Games.
 * 27 April 2006, Nasiriyah: Iraq new attack against an Italian military base with five deaths. Security operation assured by GIS
 * 5 June 2006, Nasiriyah: Iraq attack against Italian armoured vehicles. One death. GIS is called to investigate.
 * 22 August 2008, antidrug operation in Poggiomarino (Napoli) against Camorra Narcos. Impounded 100 KGS of pure cocaine.
 * 18 July 2009, fraction Bosco di Nanto, Vicenza: blitz to capture Battista Zanellato, 84 years old, who barricaded himself in his own house a few hours after killing a police officer.
 * 1 October 2009, Naples: blitz to capture the Mafia boss, 34 years old, supposedly the Lord of the Camorra clan Gionta of Torre Annunziata. The fast raid of the Special Forces in the house of those absconding in front of Palazzo Fienga, a stronghold of the clan, allowed the securing of the zone before the start of a firefight.
 * 6 November 2009, Città di Castello: blitz to capture a South African citizen, who a few hours before killed a Polish man. During the raid, one GIS member was slightly injured.
 * 10 December 2009, Mestre: blitz to free a Chinese citizen that went missing a few days before. He was captured by a Chinese gang and imprisoned in a loft in Piave Street.
 * 29 May 2010, Comacchio: blitz to capture Mario Cavalieri, barricaded in his home. The previous day he had punched a female officer. After a siege of 30 hours around his home in Spina Street in Comacchio, Mario Cavalieri surrendered to the GIS at 16:45.
 * 23 October 2010, Agrigento: blitz to capture the Mafia boss Gerlandino Messina, wanted since 1999. At the moment of his arrest, he was in possession of weapons.
 * 30 June 2011, Collegno: blitz in the loft of Santo Guglielmino (85 years old), who barricaded himself for 15 hours, with hostages: the cohabitant Rosa Colusso and an 86-year-old woman. During the blitz he killed Rosa and committed suicide.
 * 3 November 2011, Herat, Afghanistan: in the Esko International headquarters after a Taliban commando broke out. According to well-informed sources, the hostages who fell into the hands of the terrorists in the occupied buildings were 18, including three Italians, while the troops who quickly surrounded the area belonged to the rapid reaction force, a couple of Italian infantry platoons and air riflemen (Aeronautica Militare), kept in constant pre-alarm to cope with sudden needs. Activated immediately was also the antiterrorist component of Task Force 45, which has its base and its command within Camp Arena. Less than 20 men of the Gruppo di intervento speciale and the operational group Navy raiders COMSUBIN planned and executed the blitz, which developed in the late morning. Seemingly, the use of helicopters was made in a simultaneous attack on buildings controlled by terrorists, penetrating through doors, windows and roofs. The precise fire of the raiders killed all the terrorists, as confirmed by Noor Khan Nekzad, spokesman for the Afghan police. The blitz was defined as impeccable by numerous military analysts.
 * 7 December 2011, Vandoies di Sopra: blitz in the Villa of Erwin Heinrich Purer, to arrest "King of Evasions" Max Leitner.
 * 3 May 2012, Romano di Lombardia, near Bergamo: An armed man barricaded himself in the main seat of the Italian Tax office and taking hostages. After 30 minutes the man freed all the hostages except one. At 17:30 GIS arrived to control the situation.
 * 2 November 2013, Rovigo: with a night blitz of less than three minutes, GIS breached the home of Costa di Rovigo and captured three people, two men and a woman, that had been barricaded for 33 hours with the sworn threat of burning down the building.,The action saw two GIS teams (15 operators).
 * 9 February 2014, Inveruno, near Milan: a joint action between GIS, Lombardy Federal Police and ROS to capture Domenico Cutrì, boss of 'Ndrangheta' gang. After being sentenced to life for murder—just five days before—he escaped from Gallarate, during transport, with the help of other members of the gang. The action was the fastest in Italian history—just eight seconds were needed to arrest the criminal.
 * 7–9 January 2015, Paris: collaboration with the French police and protection of the most important sites after a terrorist attack in France.
 * 8 December 2015 – 20 November 2016 Rome: According to Interior Minister Angelino Alfano GIS and Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza operators were kept in alert during the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy.
 * 26–27 May 2017, Taormina (Sicily): GIS in service to assure the security of World Leaders during the G7 Italian Presidency.
 * 24 December 2017, Naples: arrest of the criminal so-called "O Fantasma", wanted for attempted murder.
 * 3 May 2018, Qualiano: After a siege of 10 hours, GIS operators breached the inside the home of Pasquale De Falco that the same day killed his mother. The man was arrested unharmed.
 * 27 November 2018, Mugnano di Napoli: the Carabinieri of the GIS contributed to the arrest of Antonio Orlando, considered to be the regent of the "Orlando-Nuvoletta-Polverino" clan. Orlando, inserted in the list of most wanted criminals in Italy, was a fugitive for 15 years.
 * 7 May 2019: Afragola: GIS operators contributed to arrest of abscond Giuseppe Monfregolo, 40 years old, considered as an important member of the "Amato-Pagano" clan, based around Arzano area.
 * January 2021-30 June 2022, Mali: GIS operators, part of the Takuba Task Force, have participated in anti-jihadist operations in the Sahel.
 * 24 February 2022-ongoing, Kyiv: GIS operators were deployed in order to defend the Italian embassy in the Ukrainian capital.
 * 16 January 2023, Palermo: GIS operators involved in the capture of the Sicilian mafia boss Matteo Messina Denaro.
 * 20 January 2023, Palermo: GIS operators employed to investigate one of the hideouts used by boss Matteo Messina Denaro during his period on the run.

War operations
GIS has been involved in various multinational operations, both war and peacekeeping, since its creation. What follows is a list of confirmed operations in which GIS operators took part.

 * 1982–1984   Lebanon, Multinational Force in Lebanon, investigation and protection activities.
 * 1989–1990   Namibia, UNTAG, protection for the Italian personnel in the area.
 * 1991        Turkey, Operation Provide Comfort, support to the Italian search and rescue unit.
 * 1992        Cambodia, UNTAC, protection for the Italian personnel in the area.
 * 1994        Israel, TIPH, protection for the Italian personnel in the area.
 * 1996–2003   Bosnia, IFOR, SFOR, GIS operators fight alongside NATO troops in the area.
 * 1996        Palestine, TIPH, protection for the Italian personnel in the area.
 * 1997        Albania, Operation Alba, support to the Italian operations in Albania and counter rebel activity.
 * 1999–2000   Kosovo, Kosovo War, peacekeeping operations and fight against crime.
 * 2003–2004   Iraq, Operation Ancient Babylon, various combat and investigation activities.
 * 2002–2008   Afghanistan, War in Afghanistan, counter talibans operations.
 * 2008–2021 Afghanistan, ISAF, later RSM, GIS operators become part of the Italian Task Force 45 for special operations against insurgents.

Training

Being an elite unit, the path that candidates have to make to access it is particularly hard and selective from the first phase which includes interviews and psycho-physical visits.

The competition announcement (interpellation in jargon) was opened, in 2011, to members of the Carabinieri who are no more than 33 years old. It is therefore no longer an indispensable condition to be of the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania".

The course is called "G.I.S. operator with the military patent of raider", because at the end of the training process the military receives the military patent of raider, as happens in the other three Italian Special Forces already mentioned.

The carabinieri who apply are sent to the 1st Tuscania Regiment. The first selection phase for the GIS involves an interview with a senior GIS officer who verifies motivation, a key element in becoming part of the department, followed by an examination by psychologists and medical doctors. This first selection is passed by 40 per cent of the candidates.

Paratroopers course (nine months)
The survivors then begin a very hard training process for the patent of Paracadutisti at the  Tuscania  of about nine months duration (this training is almost identical to the one carried out by the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania", therefore those who come from the latter are directly introduced to the second phase, namely the specialized one for the GIS).

The course includes:
 * military parachuting course (launch with tie rope)
 * training in the operational use of ropes
 * operational first aid course (CLS)
 * land guidance and navigation techniques
 * personal defence course (multiple techniques derived from different martial arts, applied to possible operational situations)
 * NBCR course on operations in contaminated environments
 * techniques of masking, camouflage, tactical movement, overcoming obstacles, ability to survive and operate safely in harsh environments
 * patrol and platoon training (standard operating procedures for minor units, amphibious operations, reconnaissance, acquisition of targets, picketing, guerrilla techniques, anti-guerrilla warfare and special operations)
 * survival techniques, evasion, resistance to interrogation and escape
 * training in the use of weapons and special materials (shooting with short, medium, long arms, use of various accessories, explosive or special materials, full knowledge of communications equipment, including satellite, supplied to the department)
 * combat and patrolling techniques in urban areas (MOUT / FIBUA / FIWAF)
 * Military Police techniques, Counter-IED, HUMINT and for use in multinational units and commands.

The carabinieri who finish the training period cited, about 30 per cent of the initial candidates, are admitted to the 45-week course divided into a  Basic Course  of 18 weeks (exceeded by more than 50 per cent of candidates) and to a 27-week "Specialized Course". Only at this point does the soldier become operational and an effective member of the department.

Basic course G.I.S. (18 weeks)

 *  Physical exercises and martial arts : in addition to intense physical exercise, candidates learn martial arts (as Judo, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Muay Thai) to disarm, immobilize and, in general, to face close combat without the use of firearms
 *  Explosives : construction, use and disengagement of explosive devices
 *  Firearms : use of long and short firearms (pistols, machine guns, shotguns, assault rifles and sniper rifles), choice of the type of weapon and ammunition according to the operational scenario
 *  Special equipment : use of electronic surveillance equipment such as night vision devices, fiber optic cameras, microphones, as well as mechanical intrusion devices such as those used for breaking doors
 *  Break-in techniques : methods of breaking into buildings, vehicles, aircraft, etc.
 *  Climbing and descending techniques : climbing in different situations using ropes, ladders and other instruments; use of the fast rope technique for rapid descent from buildings or helicopters
 *  Photographic techniques : basic techniques of photography and use of cameras, video cameras, equipment for thermal and infrared recording, and image processing. Assignment to the section of the explorers/scouts will further deepen these concepts.
 *  Evaluation of objectives : collection of useful information for planning an action such as the robustness and type of materials of doors, windows and structures
 *  Shooting : shooting exercise especially against static targets using both a system known as  FATS  ( FireArm Training System ), an interactive laser system that projects images onto a screen and records all student reactions; both fire tests with real ammunition
 *  Police activities : arrest techniques
 * English
 *  Escort at high risk
 *  First aid techniques

Specialized Course G.I.S. (27 weeks)

 *  Advanced shot : shooting against moving targets and, in the presence of hostages to learn to discriminate between hostile or innocent individuals in fractions of a second; shooting from difficult positions and with both hands, either alone or in a team using real ammunition.
 *  Advanced techniques with explosives : usage of explosives in the presence of hostages, characteristics and choice of explosives and the amount and mode of use to minimize collateral damage. Use of gas and their use with grenades of 40 mm.
 *  Skiing and climbing : attended at the Alpine Center of the Carabinieri in Selva di Val Gardena and in the school of Alpini ad Aosta
 *  Quick Guide : defensive and offensive driving techniques
 *  Swimming and amphibious assault : attended at the Sub Center of the Carabinieri of Genoa-Voltri, then at the COMSUBIN of Navy to learn techniques of reconnaissance, approach, assault and amphibious combat, as well as the use of equipment for  ARO / ARA  divers, motorboats and dinghies.
 *  Infrastructures : buildings, trains, planes and buses are studied, which characterize the possible theatres of use. To this end, the GIS have a very detailed archive of sensitive objectives such as embassies, public buildings, industries, as well as specific simulacra models of vehicles and aircraft to train with.
 *  Guerrilla and counter-guerrilla tactics : to learn the techniques commonly used by terrorists such as ambushes, counter-ambushes, neutralization of opponents, and combat in urban areas.
 *  Assault on Aircraft : GIS are the main aircraft assault unit in Italy. They conduct specific exercises with life-size simulacra to learn and perfect the use of explosives and other techniques for breaking doors, use of telescopic ladders, thermal sensors and other tools and techniques applicable in those situations.

Once part of GIS, training is daily and their skills are perfected with further courses:

Strengthening courses

 * Parachuting course with the technique of free fall (TCL). It takes place at the Parachute Training Center (CAPAR) of Pisa for a period of between five and six weeks, during which launches are made from a maximum height of 3000–4000 metres (10,000 feet)
 * Advanced parachuting course, lasting 3–4 weeks, for learning the techniques for high altitude launches (of 7.000–11.000 metres) with oxygen at low altitude opening—HALO (High Altitude Low Opening)—or with opening at high altitude and sailing under sail—HAHO (High Altitude High Opening).

Courses for specialties

 * Courses for  Selected shooters : only attended by the candidates of the section  exploration, reconnaissance and selected shooters  to learn precision shooting and snipers, concealment and camouflage techniques, coordinated fire and use of different types of weaponry and crosshairs. For coordinated fire between several shooters, they train to use the Synchropy system, which allows the action manager to see what is being framed by the individual shooters and to control the simultaneous fire.
 * EOD Course (Explosive Ordinance Reclamation Operator) and IEDD Course (Improvised Explosive Ordinance Reclamation Operator)
 * Course Combat Medic. At national level, the Incursori destined for this sector obtain the qualification of "Military Rescuer" at the Medical School of Rome, after a three-week course that guarantees, among other things, a sort of legal capacity to operate within the first aid, even if with significant limitations. Special Operations Combat Medics (SOCM) Course ", performed at the ISTC in Pfullendorf and teaches basic first aid procedures, such as stopping bleeding and ensuring proper infusion and shock therapy, and especially the prestigious 18D course—Special Operations Combat Medic "of the American Green Berets. With a total duration of about one year, the latter is held at Fort Bragg and is exclusively dedicated to Special Forces (for Italy, COMSUBIN, GIS and 17º Stormo Incursori also attend the course).
 * Course FAC (Forward Air Controller), to qualify for the missions related to the direction from the ground of the airstrikes and the designation to the pilots of the objectives, held at the School of Aerospace Aeronautics, lasting five weeks (three theoretical and two practice). This qualification is limited to the elements in possession of the necessary level of proficiency in English (which can be achieved with the frequency of the advanced course at the SLEE in Perugia). As a rule, the course is followed by that of Fire Contractor for Special Operations (CF / OS), a further three weeks. All of this is a prelude to the Laser Target Marking function (FAC / LTM) for the use of the laser designators supplied with the Regiment. The training for the use of the relative laser designators takes place with courses of a couple of weeks, which are held in the main allied polygons (in Sardinia, as abroad), or even on the occasion of external missions, while the detachments are in the theatre of war.

Courses abroad
Finally, there are ongoing collaborative relationships with military departments, including foreign ones. In fact, other courses are held abroad by the International Special Training Center—ISTC in Pfullendorf, Germany, the NATO Special Forces school, and various joint exercises with the colleagues of the SF and Antiterrorism (SAS  —Great Britain, SWAT  —USA, GSG9—Germany, GIGN—France) of other countries.

Alliances
GIS has very good relations with other top class CT units in the world, among these are Great Britain's SAS, Ireland's ARW & ERU, Spain's GEO and UEI, France's GIGN, United States's Hostage Rescue Team, Germany's GSG 9 and SEK, Belgium's ESI, Austria's EKO Cobra and the Netherlands's DSI.

Weapons

 * Beretta 92FS, standard handgun
 * Caracal pistol
 * Glock 17 and 19
 * Smith & Wesson Model 28 .357 Magnum revolver (for backup in VIP Protection duties)
 * Beretta 93R
 * Benelli M1 Super 90
 * Benelli M3 - replaced the older Franchi SPAS-12, Franchi PA-3, Franchi PA-7/PA-8 series and Beretta M3P shotguns
 * Benelli M4 Super 90 - replaced the Franchi SPAS-15.
 * Beretta PM-12 series submachineguns, still in arsenal yet mostly superseded
 * Heckler & Koch MP5, the most common weapon to equip GIS operators in A5, SD3 and KA4 versions.
 * FN P90 (in limited quantities)
 * Steyr TMP (employed for VIP Protection duties)
 * Heckler & Koch MP7 (in limited quantities, most probably tested to supersede the Steyr TMP)
 * Beretta 70/90 Weapons system
 * Beretta ARX160 used by Carabinieri
 * Steyr AUG - adopted for ease of use from vehicles and helicopters, now mostly superseded
 * Bushmaster M4 carbine - procured in limited quantities jointly with the "Tuscania" Regiment to supersede the Steyr AUG
 * Heckler & Koch HK53 - mostly superseded (last seen fielded during Operation Ancient Babylon, sometimes paired with the British-made Istec ISL-201 40 mm undercarried grenade launcher)
 * Heckler & Koch G36 family of weapons - G36 with 1.5x scope and G36C
 * M203 grenade launcher, either under-carried or in Stand-alone configurations — interface/mounting system for weapons, as well as some parts (most notably the receiver) manufactured in Italy by PMAL (Polo di Mantenimento delle Armi Leggere, Italian Army arsenal) in Terni
 * SCAR-L
 * SCAR-H
 * M-249
 * Accuracy International AWP
 * HK MSG-90 and PSG1
 * Mauser 86-SR - Armed with synchrofire systems
 * Sako TRG-42
 * Barrett M82
 * Heckler & Koch HK416
 * Heckler & Koch HK417

Uniforms
The uniform utilized by this elite force is normally the dark blue, even though mimetic and desert variations exist. Its reinforcements such as helmets, knee pads, elbow pads or bulletproof jackets are composed of fireproof and insulating materials.

title: Gruppo di intervento speciale