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Talk:List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States

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I believe Mike Nesmith had a second hit "Silver Moon". The song charted #42 Billboard/#28 Cashbox in 1970. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AldousHuxleysCat (talk • contribs) 00:25, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

I don't think T. Rex belongs on this list (due to "Telegram Sam"

And there are artists who I would not consider one hit wonders, such as Merle Haggard. If he's going to be on here, Led Zeppelin (who only had one hit single in the U.S., "The Immigrant Song" - it may not have even made the top 40) should be on here too.

T. Rex is techincally a one-hit wonder, as is Merle Haggard. Led Zeppelin are not in any way, though. They had 12 Top 40 albums and 6 Top 40 singles in the US. Carolaman 03:16, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Unchecked list?
I don't know about the US, but over here in Europe these are *not* one-hit wonders: Lou Reed, Roxy Music, Randy Newman, Boney M, ... Is the list unchecked? Btw, I understand I should read the title not as "1970 one hit wonders"??, but "One-hit-wonders with their hit in 1970".

This is a list of one-hit wonders in the US, not Europe. Note that Lou Reed isn't a one-hit wonder here in the US, but the rest are. Surprising, but true. Carolaman 19:02, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Lou Reed, believe it or not IS a One-Hit Wonder here in the states. The Velvets never had any Top 100 hits at all in their lifespan (shame too considering they are one of the most influential bands of all time). This list should read "List of 1970's One Hit Wonders" because it covers the entire decade of years 1970-1979, not just 1970. Doc Strange 12:30, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Chevy Van
That song is on this list. I'm not stupid or lazy but I'm wondering if someone could start an article for me and I'll do some improvements?--HistoricalPisces 19:07, 5 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I started Chevy Van and I need some help in categorizing it.--HistoricalPisces 17:36, 29 September 2005 (UTC)

Dan Fogelberg?
Are you crazy? Anyone who puts Dan Fogelberg on a one-hit wonders list wasn't around in the 70s. Or the 80s, for that matter.

He isn't, and it has been noted. Carolaman 19:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Warren Zevon
Removed Warren Zevon... had 3 albums that were top 40 album sales (Excitable Boy, Bad Luck In Dancing School, The Wind)

Kraftwerk & Mike Oldfield
I removed Kraftwerk from the list. They may not have sold that many records in the US but they still are one of the most influential electronic acts ever, on both sides of the pacific. I don't know any One-hit wonder who could claim that. ;)

Does Mike Oldfield belong to this list? Like Kraftwerk he's a very influential artist, despite not selling much records in the US. Velour 17:40, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, Kraftwerk are STILL one hit wonders in the US as only one of their songs ("Autobahn" - a ridiculously shortened version of it anyways) hit the Top 40. In similar lists, there is a seperate list for this. I've added italics around such artists as Ted Nugent, Patti Smith and Kraftwerk who are "artists with one charting hit who are not one-hit wonders", also known as the "Grateful Dead Syndrome" (popular bands and musical artists who have become very influential through SEVERAL albums or hits on genre specific charts or many hits abroad, but only have one top 40 single) Doc Strange 21:13, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Novelty Records (Convention '72 by The Delegates)
A Dickie-Goodman-like "break-in" record called "Convention '72" made it to number eight in November of 1972; it was done by a Tampa DJ named Bob DeCarlo and two others. It's not listed here; is this an oversite, or is there an aversion to including novelty records? (I see Disco Duck, but then again that's actually musical.) Free-world 18:40, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Sex Pistols
where should we put the Sex Pistols, they only had one entry into the US Top 100 - 1977's "Pretty Vacant" only hit #93. Doc Strange 17:05, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

One hit wonders are either one hit wonders, or they aren't.
There's a section called "One Hit Wonders Who Don't Fit The Rule." Huh? A good example is Bo Donaldson and the Haywoods, who, in addition to "Billy Don't Be a Hero", also had, in the Top 40, "Who Do You Think You Are," which was the follow-up to to "Billy Don't Be a Hero", and some other song, which hit number 39, which is, of course, still in the Top 40.

How ould a song that was in the top 20 ("Who Do You Think You Are") with a very un-shabby number 15 on the Billboard charts, make the artist a "one-hit-wonder," whether it fits "the rule" or not? By the way, what IS this so-called "rule?"

Plus, one-hit wonders include or not include, for that matter, someone such as Warren Zevon based on how many albums he sold or didn't sell? The term "one hit wonder" is pertaining to top 40 radio and not album sales. So album sales are irrelevent.

One more thing. How can a country superstar, one of the most successful country singers in history such as Merle Haggard, even be THOUGHT to be a one-hit wonder??? It's silly. It's like saying that, because he's a country star, then he doesn't exist. Just ridiculous. In my opinion, country stars, and stars from other charts as well, should never be put on ANY "one-hit wonder" chart. Ringo Starr went high (singing along with Buck Owens) on a song that went very high in the country charts, but Ringo is not considered by country fans as a "one-hit-wonder." Same with Dean Martin. It's just plain ridiculous to even CONSIDER Merle Haggard to be a "one-hit-wonder" just because he "made" the pop charts only once or even twice. Just my opinion! Davemarshall70 01:08, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Can someone other than me do all this formatting crap?
Just wondering... BlueLotas 00:07, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Candi Staton???
referenced for 28 August 1970. What about Young Hearts Run free? That HAD to have been a Top 20 at least in the USA (as well as several European countries where it went Top 5 in 1976). Plutonium27 22:09, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Yes..it was a hit. I removed her. :) ۝ ۞ ░ 04:47, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed Derek and the Dominos Layla
I removed this as the band was comprised of Eric Clapton, Delaney & Bonnie & Friends, and Duane Allman who all obviously had many big hits.--10stone5 20:56, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

I would object to this removal -- just because the lead singer or guitarist or other persons in a band had later success as a solo act or in other bands, doesn't mean that THIS particular band isn't a one-hit wonder. If Paul McCartney stared a band called "Wonderful" and it had one hit single, that's a one-hit wonder (despite the famous participant). If Rob Halford's efforts called "Fight" or "Two" had generated hit singles -- same situation, despite his body of work. I would be open to the idea that such "bands fronted by famous people with lots of other success" might merit a separate category of explanation, however. Chesspride 66.19.84.2 (talk) 11:33, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

By that logic -- FREE (with their song "All Right Now") should be removed because Paul Rodgers became famous for Bad Company. Consider the impact on the entire list for such examples. Better to leave such things be. Chesspride 66.19.84.2 (talk) 11:34, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The fact is, there are a lot of notes to get specific about many of these situations. This article has the notes.  I created a matching set of notes for List of 1980s one-hit wonders in the United States and they were removed as superfluous.  The above comment from 2007 shows these are longstanding issues that come up and need explanation. Trackinfo (talk) 16:55, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Removed Emerson, Lake and Palmer From The Beginning
Removed this as ELP was a big hit maker in the 70s with songs like Lucky Man, Karn Evil 9 Welcome Back My Friends, Trilogy, Jerusalem, Brain Salad Surgery. Its just they were hits on AOR stations since their songs were too long to play on top 40.--10stone5 21:09, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * That's STILL only one song on the Billboard Hot 100. You don't understand the idea behind One Hit Wonders Doc StrangeMailbox Logbook 15:45, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

Finished
Okay, every artist on this list now has an entry unless not properly disambiguated. The one exception is Street People; there are two groups called Street People - one is the 1970 group, about which I can find virtually no information, and the other is a disco group who had hits between '74 and '77. Both deserve their own entry but for the sake of avoiding confusion I'm not writing either right now. Chubbles 09:12, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Norman Greenbaum
Even though nobody remembers it, he technically had another song in the top 40 that reahced 20 called Canned Ham. Due to the odd criteria of the list, he shouldn't be included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.18.144.131 (talk) 23:39, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Some questions
I thought Sugarhill Gang only had one top 40 hit. Also, ELP need to be added back to the list.75.142.54.211 (talk) 05:39, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation Needed
This heading is for links requiring disambiguation and will be edited as more are found.

Blue Haze points to the Miles Davis album.Dan ad nauseam (talk) 22:21, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

Recent edits
Are these recent changed to the list of 1970's one-hit wonders in the United States justified? I don't see any of those songs on the U.S. charts. WadeSimMiser (talk) 23:26, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Mac and Katie Kissoon
i see two entries for this artist. That makes two hits…which, by the exceedingly technical criteria of this list, means they're gone. 2fs (talk) 16:17, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Looking Glass
How about Looking Glass with their song Brandy? 2001:1890:1263:AFD:F81B:80A8:EDBD:853E (talk) 17:08, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
 * The also scored Top 40 with Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne and thus are not eligible. Trackinfo (talk) 03:01, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

Do You Want to Make Music Tonight?
I don't see Labelle on the list, & their discog has them (under that name) with only the one hit, "Lady Marmalade". TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  21:30, 13 September 2015 (UTC)

Elton John?
Why is Elton John on here as a "one-hit wonder" with the song "Don't Go Breaking My Heart"? I know it makes sense with Kiki Dee, but why Elton John? Elton scored multiple hits within the top 40 and is a best-selling artist. Is the reason that he is on here because of the duet (even though he had another duet with George Michael that was a Number One in both the US and the UK, which doesn't make sense now that I mentioned this) or am I missing something? --73.240.105.185 (talk) 14:07, 14 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Corrected this so it now only lists her in the table and has a note that he was also on the song.72.68.7.45 (talk) 07:53, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

Inclusion criteria -- see 2010s discussion
Please take part in the discussion about inclusion criteria which is underway at Talk:List of 2010s one-hit wonders in the United States. Thank you. Binksternet (talk) 04:14, 6 September 2017 (UTC)

One-hit wonder inclusion criteria
If you're interested in the topic, your comments would be appreciated at Talk:List of 2010s one-hit wonders in the United States where there is a discussion with sweeping ramifications about whether the "one-hit wonder" articles will be based on charting songs or on artists described in sources. Binksternet (talk) 15:27, 18 October 2017 (UTC)


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Nikolai Rynin

Nikolai Alekseevich Rynin (23 December 1887 – 28 July 1942) was a Russian civil engineer, teacher, aerospace researcher, author, historian, and promoter of space travel.

Career
Rynin began his career in civil engineering, working in the railway industry. However, in 1906 he developed an interest in aircraft and manned flight. During his career he performed research in aeronautics, became a balloonist and aircraft pilot, taught aerospace topics as a professor in Leningrad, and wrote various books and articles on airplanes and space travel.

In the April 1918 issue of the Byloye magazine, Rynin published Nikolai Kibalchich's description of a manned, rocket-propelled ship. It had been detailed in Kibalchich's final letter, and had languished in police archives until Rynin heard rumors of the design and fished it out.

Between 1928 and 1932 he published a nine-volume encyclopedia of space travel called the Mezhplanetnye Soobschniya ("Interplanetary Communications"). He is known to have corresponded with peers in the West, including Robert H. Goddard in 1926, concerning Russian rocketry activities.

Rynin died from a combination of starvation and illness during the German siege of Leningrad, as did fellow spaceflight promoter Yakov Perelman.

The crater Rynin on the Moon is named after him.

Interplanetary Communications
Rynin's encyclopedia contains the following nine volumes:

 * Dreams, Legends, and Early Fantasies
 * Spacecraft in Science Fiction
 * Radiant Energy: Science Fiction and Scientific Projects
 * Rockets
 * Theory of rocket propulsion
 * Superaviation and superartillery
 * K. E. Tsiolkoviskii; life, writings, and rockets
 * Theory of space flight
 * Astronavigation; theory, annals, bibliography, index.

They are available in English from NASA as follows:

 * Rynin, N.A. Interplanetary Flight and Communication. Washington, D.C.: NASA and NSF, 1970–71. (NASA TT F-640, TT F-642 through TT F-648) (Holdings: Vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 3; Vol. II, Nos. 4 and 6, Vol. III, Nos. 7, 8 and 9).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nikolai Rynin


text:
Talk:Clear Creek High School (League City, Texas)

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infobox required. Pics and more refs useful. More alumni? welcome Victuallers 12:01, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

it's been edited to only show "useful information"

I can't believe you guys put yourselves into the page. You know who you are. Chill out. --71.169.251.107 (talk) 00:26, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Notable Alumni
To the IP editor that re-instated Ed Buckner: Firstly, it is never appropriate to assume what another editor's motive in editing may be. See WP:AGF. Secondly, what you may know or what may be on some wall at the school somewhere both would fall under the catagory of WP:OR. We do not publish material based on OR. Thirdly, I will quote you the appropriate section of the school article guidelines from WP:SCH/AG. "All alumni information must be referenced. See Footnoting for technical help. Individual alumni need a citation to a) verify that they did indeed attend the school, and b) verify the statement of their notability in their short one or two line description. When alumni have their own articles in mainspace, it is not necessary for their notability to be referenced, as long as it is done in the biographical articles. Be sure to check the existing biography article to ensure that it demonstrates alumni status with a cited reference." Clear enough? Until someone adds a WP:RS reference showing he attended this school to either his bio or to the entry at this school's Notable Alumni list, his name will continue to be reverted. Please make sure you understand WP:RS. Thank you. John from Idegon (talk) 02:44, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

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Talk:Bashibazouk

At 17:54 on 6 Jun 2005 I replaced the nonsense by a proper (but short) description. Anthony Appleyard 17:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bashibazouk


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Legend of Crystania

Legend of Crystania (レジェンド・オブ・クリスタニア) is a Japanese media franchise of RPGs, novels, anime and manga by Ryo Mizuno and Group SNE. The novels by Mizuno and others were published from 1993 to 2002, based on Mizuno's RPG "replays" serialized in the Japanese magazines Comptiq and later in Dengeki-Oh (Blitz King) from November 1989 to January 1998 issues.

A full-length Japanese animated motion picture Legend of Crystania: The Motion Picture (はじまりの冒険者たち レジェンド・オブ・クリスタニア) (screened as a double feature together with Slayers The Motion Picture) and a manga illustrated by Akira Himekawa were made in 1995. Radio drama (later re-released as Drama CD) adapting the same story was released earlier in 1993. Video game Legend of Shinou Christania, and tabletop RPG materials were also released. The film has been released on VHS on September 22, 1998 and on DVD on February 8, 2000 in North America by ADV Films.

The film's sequel, the three-part original video animation (OVA) series Legend of Crystania: The Chaos Ring, was released in 1996. These episodes were released on VHS on November 11, 1998 and on DVD on March 19, 2002 in North America by ADV Films.

Overview
The series takes place in the same fantasy world as Ryo Mizuno other series Record of Lodoss War and Rune Soldier, albeit on a different continent. It focuses on the land which Ashram sailed to after the Lodoss series, a continent called Crystania which is under the rule of the animal gods. Ashram is the king of the people of Marmo, the cursed island in Record of Lodoss War. The plot of Crystania centers on Pirotess's (now called Sheru) quest to free Ashram from Barbas, although many new characters are introduced in the course of the story and the main character of the first series is Redon, a prince of the kingdom of Da'nan, a peninsula to the north of Crystania. Other main characters are Rails, Boakes and Luth.

Novels
The series ran from 1993 to 2002. The first several novels were published by Kadokawa Shoten. Later releases were published by MediaWorks, a former division of Kadokawa Shoten. The first four novels were written by Record of Lodoss War author Ryo Mizuno and illustrated by Satoshi Urushihara. Later novels were written mostly by other authors and illustrated by various artists.

 * Crystania: Legend of the Drifters 1  (漂流伝説クリスタニア1, Hyōryū Densetsu Kurisutania 1) (June 1993)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Drifters 2  (漂流伝説クリスタニア2, Hyōryū Densetsu Kurisutania 2) (December 1993)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Drifters 3  (漂流伝説クリスタニア3, Hyōryū Densetsu Kurisutania 3) (December 1994)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Drifters 4  (漂流伝説クリスタニア4, Hyōryū Densetsu Kurisutania 4) (February 1996)
 * The First Adventurers: Legend of Crystania (はじまりの冒険者たちレジェンド・オブ・クリスタニア, Hajimari no Bōkenshatachi Rejendo Obu Kurisutania) (July 1995)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Gods’ King 1 (神王伝説クリスタニア(上), Shin'ō Densetsu Kurisutania (ue)) (January 1996)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Gods’ King 2 (神王伝説クリスタニア(下), Shin'ō densetsu kurisutania (shita)) (June 1996)
 * Crystania: Legend of Heroes (英雄伝説クリスタニア, Eiyū Densetsu Kurisutania) (November 1997)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Ant Emperor (蟻帝伝説クリスタニア, Ari-tei Densetsu Kurisutania) (August 1998)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Gilded (黄金伝説クリスタニア, Kogane Densetsu Kurisutania) (April 1999)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Seal (封印伝説クリスタニア, Fūin Densetsu Kurisutania) (August 2000)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Dark (暗黒伝説クリスタニア, Ankoku Densetsu Kurisutania) (December 2000)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Mercenaries: The Battle of the Other World (傭兵伝説クリスタニア 異界の決戦, Yōhei Densetsu Kurisutania Ikai no Kessen) (March 2002)

Short stories

 * Crystania: Legend of the Seal (August 1995) (prelude)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Mercenaries (April 1997) (prelude)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Mercenaries: Omens of the Dark Clouds (March 2001)
 * Crystania: Legend of the Mercenaries: Visitors from the Past (June 2001)

In 1995 The Black Knight (黒衣の騎士, Kokui no Kishi) was released. Though technically part of the Record of Lodoss War novel series its epilogue details Ashram leaving Lodoss island, his group´s sail to Crystania and the deal with Barbas.

Music

 * Opening Theme: "Haruka na Inori" (遥かな祈り) by Hitomi Mieno
 * Ending Theme: "Hikari no Chizu" (光の地図) by Hitomi Mieno

Music

 * Opening Theme: "The Map of Light" by Hitomi Mieno
 * Ending Theme: "Save My Love" by Satoko Shimonari

English voice cast

 * Adam Dudley – Rumiss
 * Aimee McCormick – Rio
 * Amber Allison – Aderishia
 * Amy Bizjak – Jenoba, Pegleg Boy
 * Bill Wise – Garudi
 * Charles C. Campbell – Rome
 * David Jones – Obier
 * Edi Patterson – Pirotess / Sheru
 * Gary Dehan – Lizard Captain
 * Gray G. Haddock – Cavalry Captain, Grib
 * Jason Phelps – Nasare
 * Jay Sefton – Redon
 * Jessica Schwartz – Raifan
 * Joe Hamilton – Kwairde
 * John Hoff – Matisse
 * Ken Webster – Ashram
 * Kevin Remington – Boakes
 * Larry Goode – Lizard A, Soldier A, Villager A
 * Lauri Raymond – Lady Meira
 * Robert Rudie – Lord Haven
 * Snowden Henry – Lizard B, Soldier B, Villager B
 * Steve Sanders – Muha
 * Susan Cotton – Lizard C, Soldier C, Villager C
 * Tom Bartling – Lizard D, Soldier D, Villager D
 * Tom Byrne – Barbas

title: Legend of Crystania


text:
Pierre Carl Ouellet

Carl Joseph Yvon Ouellet (born December 30, 1967) is a Canadian professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, PCO (originally a contraction of his long-term former ring name Pierre Carl Ouellet, but now standing for Perfect Creation One). He is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he is a former member of the Honor No More stable.

Ouellet is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation and World Championship Wrestling as one-half of The Quebecers/The Amazing French Canadians with Jacques Rougeau (with whom he held the WWF Tag Team Championship on three occasions). After retiring in 2011, Ouellet returned to the ring in 2016, undergoing a career renaissance with the gimmick of "part beast-turned-man, part old-time strongman". From 2018 to 2021, Ouellet wrestled for Ring of Honor (ROH), where he was a ROH World Champion, ROH World Tag Team Champion, and ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champion. Other promotions Ouellet has wrestled for include Extreme Championship Wrestling, the International Wrestling Association, and Major League Wrestling.

Early career (1987–1993)
Carl Ouellet debuted in 1987. He worked on the independent circuit – at one point forming a tag team with "Evil" Eddie Watts known as the "Super Bees".

He also worked in South Africa and Germany.

In January 1993, Ouellet began wrestling for the International Wrestling Association in Puerto Rico. While working in Puerto Rico, he was offered a try-out with the World Wrestling Federation.

The Quebecers (1993–1994)
In 1993, Ouellet joined the World Wrestling Federation as the tag team partner of Jacques Rougeau. As one half of The Quebecers, Ouellet adopted the name "Pierre" and dressed like Mounties. This was a reference to Jacques's previous gimmick, The Mountie, which had been banned in Canada due to concern that the heelish character of The Mountie would lead to children mistrusting legitimate Mounties. The Quebecers sang their own entrance theme, in which they stated that, contrary to appearances, "We're not the Mounties". Later in the year they were joined by manager, Johnny Polo.

The Quebecers held the WWF Tag Team Championship on three occasions. On September 13, 1993, they defeated the Steiner Brothers for the tag titles (under "Province of Quebec Rules", which provided for titles changing hands on disqualifications). They were defeated by the 1-2-3 Kid and Marty Jannetty on January 10, 1994, and again by Men on a Mission on March 29 (during a tour of England) but each time regained the titles within days. They lost the belts a third and final time to The Headshrinkers on the May 2 episode of Monday Night Raw in Burlington, Vermont. After losing to The Headshrinkers at a house show in July, that led to Pierre's sneak attack on Jacques. The feud culminated in the former partners' wrestling one another in Rougeau's retirement match on October 21, 1994, in Montreal, main-eventing a sold-out house show. After Jacques retired, Ouellet worked in house shows.

Jean-Pierre LaFitte (1995)
In March 1995, Ouellet was repackaged as "Jean-Pierre LaFitte", the supposed descendant of the pirate Jean LaFitte. As a pirate he wore an eyepatch over his blind right eye. He engaged in a three-month feud with Bret Hart and stole the mirrored sunglasses that Hart handed to fans at ringside. After LaFitte stole Hart's trademark leather jacket, the enemies faced one another at In Your House 3 on September 24, 1995, where Hart forced Ouellet to submit by using the Sharpshooter. In his Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Dave Meltzer described this pay-per-view match as the "show saver" and an "excellent match." Hart later recalled, "In a lot of ways, I loved working with guys like him. He was a guy, that when he threw you in the ropes, he really threw you in the rope...everything he did was power, and at the same time he was a very safe guy.... He took a lot of pride in his work, he really wanted to have a great match with me...And so we worked really hard, and it was a really good match."

Ouellet's WWF career came to an end after an alleged legitimate conflict with The Kliq, a backstage group including main-event wrestlers Shawn Michaels and Diesel. According to Shane Douglas, who was working with the company at that time, a match pitting LaFitte against Nash, then the WWF Champion, in a house show in LaFitte's hometown Montreal was booked to end without a clean finish, with Lafitte winning by either DQ or countout, enabling the WWF to return to Montreal for a rematch at a later time. However, due to backstage politicking by Shawn Michaels the booking was reversed into a clean pinfall for Diesel. In turn, LaFitte refused to be pinned by Diesel and the match ended in a double-countout. Due to his refusal to put Diesel over, LaFitte was buried due to the Kliq's influence. Ouellet left the WWF in November 1995.

World Championship Wrestling (1996–1997)
In September 1996, Ouellet reunited with Jacques Rougeau and moved to World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where the duo was known as The Amazing French Canadians. They wore more traditional wrestling gear, but failed to duplicate the success they had found in the WWF. They had the distinction of losing to Arn Anderson and Steve "Mongo" McMichael in Anderson's last match.

The Amazing French Canadians were managed by Col. Robert Parker (who began dressing in a French Foreign Legion uniform), and they began feuding with Harlem Heat as a result of tension between Parker and Harlem Heat's manager, Sister Sherri. After Harlem Heat defeated the Amazing French Canadians at World War 3 on November 24, 1996, Sherri won the right to fight Parker for three minutes. Parker was beaten down by Sherri, but the rivals later reconciled and fell in love with one another.

In April 1997, Ouellet won a 'patch match' against The Giant in a house show in Montreal via disqualification. He made his final appearance with WCW on the June 16, 1997, episode of Nitro, with he and Jacques losing to Harlem Heat.

Catch Wrestling Association (1997)
From September to December 1997, Ouellet wrestled for the Catch Wrestling Association in Hanover and Bremen in Germany. Wrestling as "Jean-Pierre LaFitte", he competed in both the Catch Cup and the International Catch Cup.

Return to WWF (1998–2000)
Along with Jacques, Ouellet was rehired by the WWF in January 1998. Ouellet competed in the Brawl for All tournament, but lost in the first round to "Dr. Death" Steve Williams. The Quebecers took part in the tag team battle royal at WrestleMania XIV, but disbanded once again soon afterward. Along with other WWF employees such as Bart Gunn and Vader, he worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling as part of a talent loan, and spent time in the WWF's Memphis based developmental territory, Power Pro Wrestling, where he was known as "Kris Kannonball". He left the WWF once more when his contract expired in January 2000, unhappy with the way he was being used.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (2000)
Ouellet began working for Extreme Championship Wrestling in mid-2000, squashing jobbers for several weeks before losing to Justin Credible in a match for Credible's ECW World Heavyweight Championship.

Return to WCW (2000)
Ouellet and Rougeau had a second run in WCW in August 2000, briefly joining Team Canada at the New Blood Rising pay-per-view. Rougeau—who had additionally served as a guest referee in Lance Storm's win over Mike Awesome—left immediately afterwards, upset with the WCW creative team's plans for him, while Ouellet worked two more dates in Canada and was awarded the WCW Hardcore Championship by Storm on August 14 as Storm held three different titles at the same time. He lost the title that same night to Norman Smiley.

Due to working visa issues, Ouellet could not work in the US, and had to be released back to Canada soon after.

Independent circuit (2000–2005)
Between 2000 and 2003, Ouellet appeared with Rougeau's International Wrestling 2000 promotion. He headlined an event in the Verdun Auditorium in Montreal on December 29, 2000, facing King Kong Bundy in front of an audience of 4,000. In the summer of 2003 Ouellet decided to begin wrestling in the Quebec area once more.

Ouellet returned to the Puerto Rican promotion International Wrestling Association, this time wrestling as Jean-Pierre Laffite. He was brought in by Savio Vega to join his stable, The corporation. Immediately he feuded with then-IWA Intercontinental Champion Ricky Banderas, a feud that lasted around 3 months. He was managed by José Chaparro, another member of Vega's Corporation. At Summer Attitude, after a losing effort to Ricky Banderas. In April 2005 defeated Banderas to win IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship for first time in his career. Lafitte left IWA.

NWA Total Nonstop Action / Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003, 2005–2007)
In November 2003, Ouellet debuted in NWA Total Nonstop Action as "X", a masked wrestler who competed primarily in the X Division as he had a feud with Christopher Daniels and Sonjay Dutt. He left after two months.

In February 2005, Ouellet began hosting the French version of TNA Impact! from the RDS studios with Marc Blondin, replacing Michel Letourneur. He even had a war of the words against comedian Jean-René Dufort (of Infoman fame), to which Dufort responded by adopting the wrestling gimmick "La Punaise Masquée" (The Masked Tick) and "challenging" Ouellet to a match. However, Dufort backed out before the match could take place. In October 2007 he quit the company and was replaced by Sylvain Grenier.

Other WWE appearances (2007, 2008)
In October 2007, Ouellet wrestled a dark match for World Wrestling Entertainment under the name of "Carl Ouellet" at the ECW / SmackDown! tapings. He was defeated by Tommy Dreamer.

In July 2008, Ouellet lost to Charlie Haas on Monday Night Raw in a dark match. In an interview with Slam! Sports on August 6, 2008, Ouellet declared that he would like another stint with the WWE.

Independent circuit (2005–2011)
In the mid-2000s, Ouellet wrestled for the Montreal-based International Wrestling Syndicate and the Hull-based CPW International promotion, under the "Pierre Carl Ouellet" name once again.

Ouellet also wrestled for All-Star promotions in Britain alongside his friends and tag team partners with Rene Dupree. Ouellet has mainly been working a lot of Tag Team matches with Rene Dupree, Robbie Dynamite, Hannibal and Mikey Whiplash. He defeated Sylvain Grenier in an RDS battle on June 21, 2008, in Hawkesbury, Ontario Canada with Marc Blondin serving as the special referee. He then defeated long-time rival Kevin Nash on May 30, 2009, at the International Wrestling Syndicate's 10th Anniversary show by making him submit via an armbar.

Ouellet retired from professional wrestling on February 8, 2011.

Return to the independent circuit (2016–2018)
On May 21, 2016, Ouellet made his return to professional wrestling at an MWF event, entitled "Collision," in Valleyfield, Quebec, Canada, defeating Jake Matthews, following a cannonball. On November 5, 2017, Ouellet, as "Quebecer" Jean-Pierre Lafitte, defeated Hannibal to win the Great North Wrestling Canadian Championship in Rockland, ON. On May 25, 2018, Ouellet was defeated by Hannibal via disqualification in a Great North Wrestling Championship rematch in Pembroke, ON. Post-match, Ouellet was stripped of the championship for his assault on GNW President, Michael Andrews. Under a new gimmick as a "French Frankenstein" as Ouellet described it, he became a regular name in several independent promotions. On April 2, 2018, Ouellet defeated Walter at Game Changer Wrestling's (GCW) Joey Janela's Spring Break 2 in New Orleans. Ouellet's performance and online footage of his unconventional workout regimen impressed the independent wrestling audience, and led to many higher-profile bookings.

On June 18, 2018, Ouellet was announced as the first of twenty-four participants for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's (PWG) annual Battle of Los Angeles tournament. At 2018 Battle of Los Angeles – Stage One on September 15, he made his company debut, losing to Brody King in the Opening Round. Two nights later, at 2018 Battle of Los Angeles – Final Stage, he led a losers' ten-man tag team match, in which Team PCO (Ouellet, Darby Allin, Dan Barry, Jody Fleisch and Puma King) defeated Team DJ Z (DJ Z, Adam Brooks, David Starr, T-Hawk and Timothy Thatcher).

Ring of Honor (2018–2021)
On December 1, 2018, Ouellet announced his exclusive signing with Ring of Honor. He debuted for ROH at the December 15 tapings joining up with Marty Scurll and Brody King in a new stable called Villain Enterprises. At Honor Reigns Supreme 2019, Villain Enterprises defeated Silas Young and the Briscoe Brothers. PCO and King would then go on to win the 2019 ROH Tag Wars Tournament during the ROH Road To G1 Supercard tour in February 2019, and on March 15, 2019, he and King defeated the Briscoes to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship for the first time in a Las Vegas street fight at the ROH 17th Anniversary Show. The following night at the Ring of Honor Wrestling tapings, PCO, King and Scurll defeated The Kingdom to win the ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship, making PCO a double champion within a 24-hour span. At the G1 Supercard, PCO and King dropped the ROH World Tag Team Championship to the Guerrillas of Destiny in a winner takes all four-way tag team match also including the Briscoe Brothers and Evil and Sanada, with G.O.D.'s IWGP Tag Team Championship belts also on the line. In a Six Man Tag title defence, PCO would get the winning fall over ROH World Champion Matt Taven, which gave him a future title opportunity.

On April 27 at the 2019 Crockett Cup event, PCO and King won the eight-team tournament (winning three matches in the same night) to not only win the Crockett Cup Trophy, but also win the vacant NWA World Tag Team Championship as well. At War of the Worlds, PCO challenged ROH World Champion Matt Taven for the championship, however he was defeated. The following night, PCO continued his feud with Taven by attacking Taven following his win over Mark Haskins. PCO would then compete in a Four Corner Survival match to determine the #1 contender for the ROH World Championship which was won by Jeff Cobb. At State of the Art, PCO competed in a DEFY or DENY match for the ROH World Championship which was won by Taven. At Death Before Dishonor XVII, PCO defeated Kenny King in a First-round match in the Final Battle ROH World Championship #1 contender tournament. At Glory By Honor XVII, PCO defeated fellow member of Villain Enterprises Marty Scurll in the finals of the tournament to become the #1 contender for the ROH World Championship. At Final Battle, PCO defeated Rush to become the ROH World Champion, in the process once again becoming a double champion in ROH, as well as becoming a world champion for the first time in his career. After his title win, Villain Enterpraises feuded with Rush's La Facción Ingobernable, retaining the World title against Dragon Lee, but losing against Rush on February 29. at Best in the World, PCO and Danhausen defeated The Bouncers (Brian Milonas and Beer City Bruiser).

Return to Impact Wrestling/TNA (2022–present)
At Hard To Kill, on January 8, 2022, PCO made his return to TNA, now known as Impact Wrestling, appeared along with Matt Taven, Vincent, Mike Bennett, and Maria, attacking Eddie Edwards, Rich Swann, Willie Mack, Heath and Rhino. On January 13, it was revealed that PCO had signed a contract with Impact. on the January 27 episode of Impact Wrestling, PCO defeated Chris Sabin. At No Surrender, Honor No More (Matt Taven, PCO, Mike Bennett, Vincent, and Kenny King) defeated Team Impact (Chris Sabin, Rhino, Rich Swann, Steve Maclin, and Willie Mack) in a 10-man tag team match to remain in Impact. At Sacrifice, PCO lost to Jonah. At Multiverse of Matches, PCO and Moose lost to Josh Alexander and Jonah. On the April 14 episode of Impact Wrestling, PCO lost to Jonah. On April 24 PCO defeated Jonah in a Monsters Ball match in Poughkeepsie NY for a TV episode to be aired on May 5.

On October 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, PCO would turn face by leaving Honor No More attacking his partners after Eddie Edwards quoted, "PCO is nothing but a bitch!" On April 16, 2023, at Rebellion, PCO defeated Edwards in a Last Rites match to end their rivalry. On October 24, with Impact rebranding themselves under the revived Total Nonstop Action (TNA) Wrestling entering the following year, PCO was announced as the first signee of its new area.

Lucha Libre AAA (2023)
PCO made his Mexico debut on March 19, 2023, for Lucha Libre AAA At the Lucha Libre World Cup in Guadalajara, Mexico.

Personal life
Ouellet lost vision in his right eye at the age of 12 after an accident with a pellet gun.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Black Label Pro
 * BLP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Catch Wrestling Association
 * CWA World Tag Team Champion (1 time) – with Rhino Richards
 * CPW International
 * CPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dangerous Dan
 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA Intercontinental Championship (1 time)
 * Game Changer Wrestling
 * GCW Extreme Championship (1 time)
 * Great North Wrestling
 * GNW Canadian Championship (1 time)
 * International Wrestling Syndicate
 * IWS World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Tag Team Royal Rumble (2004) – with Sid Vicious
 * Jonquiere Championship Wrestling
 * JCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 * World Cup Lucha Libre World Cup Award (1 time)
 * Men's MVP (2023)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brody King
 * Crockett Cup (2019) – with Brody King
 * North Pro Wrestling
 * NPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 393 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Ranked No. 31 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2020
 * Ranked No. 83 of the top 100 tag teams of the PWI Years with Jacques Rougeau in 2003
 * Ring of Honor
 * ROH World Championship (1 time)
 * ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brody King and Marty Scurll
 * ROH World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brody King
 * Tag Wars (2019) – with Brody King
 * ROH World Championship No.1 Contendership Tournament (2019)
 * ROH Year-End Award (2 times)
 * Holy S*** Moment of the Year (2019)
 * Faction of the Year (2019) – with Villain Enterprises
 * Top of the World Wrestling
 * TOW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Al Snow
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WWF Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Quebecer Jacques
 * Xtreme Zone Wrestling
 * XZW Ironman Championship (1 time)

title: Pierre Carl Ouellet


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Latrodectus geometricus

Latrodectus geometricus, commonly known as the brown widow, brown button spider, grey widow, brown black widow, house button spider or geometric button spider, is one of the widow spiders in the genus Latrodectus. As such, it is a 'cousin' to the more infamous Latrodectus mactans (black widow). L. geometricus has black and white patterns on the sides of its abdomen as well as an orange-yellow colored hourglass shape marking. Their eggs are easily identified by points that project from all over the egg sacs. L. geometricus are found all over the world, but are believed to originate in Africa or South America. Their bites, though painful, are not considered to be dangerous.

Taxonomy
L. geometricus derives its name from the geometric patterning on its abdomen. However, the spider's coloring can and does darken over time and the pattern may become obscured.

Similar widows include the L. rhodesiensis, a brown-colored relative of L. geometricus which is native to Zimbabwe. Both species are collectively known as brown button spiders throughout southern Africa.

Description
L. geometricus is slightly smaller and generally lighter in color than the black widow species; the color can range from tan to dark brown to black, with shades of grey also possible. Like the black widow species in the United States, L. geometricus has a prominent hourglass-shaped marking on the underside of the abdomen; the brown widow's hourglass, however, is usually a vivid orange or a yellowish color. Unlike the black widow, L. geometricus has a black-and-white geometric pattern on the dorsal side of its abdomen. They also have stripes on their legs.

Brown widows can be located by finding their egg sacs, which are easily identifiable. They resemble a sandspur, having pointed projections all over, and they are sometimes described as "tufted", "fluffy", or "spiky" in appearance. Eggs hatch in approximately 20 days. Female brown widows lay about 120–150 eggs per sac and can make 20 egg sacs over a lifetime.

Predators
Because L. geometricus is dispersed all around the globe, they have many predators. Brown widows are commonly preyed upon by different types of wasps, including mud daubers and digger wasps.

Geographic distribution
The brown widow has a cosmopolitan distribution. The World Spider Catalog gives its native distribution as Africa, with introductions to the Americas, Poland, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Japan, China, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Hawaii. It is thought by some researchers to originate in South Africa, although this is uncertain, as specimens were discovered in both Africa and South America. They are usually found around buildings in tropical areas. They can compete with populations of the black widow spider. It is found in many areas of South Africa, the United States (including Hawaii), Australia, Japan, the Dominican Republic, and Cyprus.

Threat to native species
As of 2012, researchers at the University of California, Riverside, suggested that the brown widow spider, newly established in Southern California, may in fact be displacing black widow spiders from the region, competing and/or fighting for territory. While certainly not definitive, this evidence does suggest that the brown widow is likely to be more hostile and aggressive towards its relative, the black widow, than the black widow is towards it. If that proves to be true, humans may be positively affected since brown widow bites are less toxic than those of black widows, thus posing less of a threat as they displace black widows over time.

Toxicology
Like all Latrodectus species, L. geometricus has a neurotoxic venom. The venom acts on nerve endings causing the very unpleasant symptoms of latrodectism. However, brown widow bites are usually not very dangerous; usually much less dangerous than those of L. mactans, the black widow. The effects of the toxin are usually confined to the bite area and surrounding tissue, unlike the black widow's. Mere toxicity of the venom is not the only factor in dangerousness. Brown widow bites are minor compared to black widow bites because they cannot deliver the same amount of venom as the black widow. The LD50 of L. geometricus venom has been measured in mice as 0.43 mg/kg, and separately again as 0.43 mg/kg (with a 95% confidence interval of 0.31–0.53).

title: Latrodectus geometricus


text:
User talk:Ar81

Greetings
I'm new to Wikipedia. So the best I can say is "Hello!" you whores :o)

title: User talk:Ar81


text: User talk:130.157.122.179

title: User talk:130.157.122.179


text:
Planet Us

Planet Us (pronounced Planet-uss) was a short-lived supergroup that formed in 2002 with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, Neal Schon on guitar, Michael Anthony on bass, and Deen Castronovo on drums. The band later recruited a fifth member—famed guitarist Joe Satriani—when their original choice, Slash, turned them down. The band's name Planet Us has been alternatively spelled as Planet US in various publications.

History
In 2002, with some down time between Journey albums and Van Halen still unreformed at this point, the members decided to kickstart a separate project. The band was announced in early 2002 yet Schon and Castronovo were still recording and subsequently toured with Journey that summer, while Hagar was touring with David Lee Roth in the successful 'Sans Halen' tour. The new group then planned to reconvene in the Fall but the initial recording sessions scheduled in San Francisco were again delayed until January 2003 while Castronovo recovered from an illness.

In the end, only two songs were written and recorded under the Planet Us name: "Vertigo" and "Peeping Through a Hole" and neither was officially released by the band itself. "Vertigo" was originally intended for the first Spider-Man movie; however, it was turned down by Sony (correctly, says Sammy) for being "too f—in' heavy!" "Peeping Through a Hole," a very dark song about an abused child, was later re-recorded by another of Neal Schon's projects, Soul SirkUS with Jeff Scott Soto on vocals, and released as "Peephole" on the Soul SirkUS "World Play" CD.

In an interview from late 2005, Neal Schon described how material he had originally written for Planet Us ended up on the Soul SirkUS project instead: "There was a couple songs that did end up on Journey's Generations that I wrote during the same time period that I wrote that material like "Faith in the Heartland" and "Out of Harm's Way". They were all written in the same month. I wrote about twenty songs that month and it was all going to be for the project that I was doing with Sammy Hagar. ... I wanted to do something with this material that I had written with Planet Us. So, I decided to re-group and put it out with some guys that I think are 'happening'. And that's what I did. I sent Jeff (Scott Soto) all my material and he wrote all the vocals. When he got eight songs done, we went into the studio and knocked it out in a couple of days."

The band only appeared live four times, the first being at the 25th annual Bammies (aka the California Music Awards) on Saturday, April 27, 2002 in Oakland, California. After Sammy Hagar took the stage playing three songs with his band the Waboritas he announced a few friends and Schon, Anthony, and Castronovo took the stage. They then played "Vertigo" and "Peeping Through a Hole" publicly for the first time. Hagar and Anthony had performed at the Bammies years earlier as Los Tres Gusanos.

The second and third appearances also occurred when Schon, Anthony, and Castronovo joined Hagar on tour, this time at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas on May 17 and May 18, 2002. Both nights they ended Hagar's headlining show with performances of their only two songs.

Their fourth and final performance occurred on March 12, 2003 on the syndicated radio show Rockline hosted by Bob Coburn. Sammy introduced the band's recently expanded line-up with Joe Satriani on guitar and after briefly explaining the origin of the 'side project' they played "Vertigo" to end the night.

Planet Us never finished their planned album likely due to the busy nature of its members at the time. Hagar and Anthony returned to Van Halen with much fanfare in 2004 and subsequently went on a world tour. In frustration, Schon and Castronovo took the material written for Planet Us and formed Soul SirkUS with Soto, touring the results before returning to their regular duties in Journey.

Epilogue
In 2008, Hagar released the songs "Vertigo" (now renamed to "Psycho Vertigo") and "Peephole" on his Cosmic Universal Fashion album. In the liner notes Hagar states: "Neal Schon has been a friend for years. We have talked about working together but the time had never been quite right. A few years ago we finally wrote a couple of songs, "Psycho Vertigo" and "Peephole", and decided to go into the studio and record. I called Michael Anthony to play his bass while Neal enlisted Deen Castronovo to play drums. I had a home studio in my basement where we worked out these two tracks. We were really excited about the way things were going and had already decided to call ourselves Planet Us. Then the phone rang and the Van Hagar reunion was an idea that was just too irresistible to pass up. I am happy these tracks are finally coming out."

Planet Us was the second project that Hagar and Schon formed, the first being the short-lived Hagar Schon Aaronson Shrieve from the mid-1980s. Although it seems unlikely that they will regroup and produce a proper album, Neal Schon has left the door open stating "If he (Hagar) calls me up and says 'Schon – let's go'. I'm gone and it'll be fun."

Satriani, Hagar and Anthony would later join forces for another band named Chickenfoot; that band formed in 2009.

title: Planet Us


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Nanson's method

The Borda count electoral system can be combined with an instant-runoff procedure to create hybrid election methods that are called Nanson method and Baldwin method (also called Total Vote Runoff or TVR). Both methods are designed to satisfy the Condorcet criterion, and allow for incomplete ballots and equal rankings.

Nanson method
The Nanson method is based on the original work of the mathematician Edward J. Nanson in 1882.

Nanson's method eliminates those choices from a Borda count tally that are at or below the average Borda count score, then the ballots are retallied as if the remaining candidates were exclusively on the ballot. This process is repeated if necessary until a single winner remains.

If a Condorcet winner exists, they will be elected. If not, (there is a Condorcet cycle) then the preference with the smallest majority will be eliminated.

Nanson's method can be adapted to handle incomplete ballots (including "plumping") and equal rankings ("bracketing"), though he describes two different methods to handle these cases: a theoretically correct method involving fractions of a vote, and a practical method involving whole numbers (which has the side effect of diminishing the voting power of voters who plump or bracket). This then allows the use of Approval-style voting for uninformed voters who merely wish to approve of some candidates and disapprove of others.

The method can be adapted to multi-winner elections by removing the name of a winner from the ballots and re-calculating, though this just elects the highest-ranked n candidates and does not result in proportional representation.

Schwartz in 1986 studied a slight variant of Nanson's rule, in which candidates less than but not equal to the average Borda count score are eliminated in each round.

Baldwin method
Candidates are voted for on ranked ballots as in the Borda count. Then, the points are tallied in a series of rounds. In each round, the candidate with the fewest points is eliminated, and the points are re-tallied as if that candidate were not on the ballot.

This method actually predates Nanson's, who notes it was already in use by the Trinity College Dialectic Society.

It was systematized by Joseph M. Baldwin in 1926, who incorporated a more efficient matrix tabulation and extended it to support incomplete ballots and equal rankings, by counting fractional points in such cases.

The two methods have been confused with each other in some literature.

This system has been proposed for use in the United States under the name "Total Vote Runoff", by Edward B. Foley and Eric Maskin, as a way to fix problems with the instant-runoff method in U.S. jurisdictions that use it.

Satisfied and failed criteria
The Nanson method and the Baldwin method satisfy the Condorcet criterion. Because Borda always gives any existing Condorcet winner more than the average Borda points, the Condorcet winner will never be eliminated.

They do not satisfy the independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion, the monotonicity criterion, the participation criterion, the consistency criterion and the independence of clones criterion, while they do satisfy the majority criterion, the mutual majority criterion, the Condorcet loser criterion and the Smith criterion. The Nanson method satisfies and the Baldwin method violates reversal symmetry.

Both the Nanson and the Baldwin methods can be run in polynomial time to obtain a single winner. For the Baldwin method, however, at each stage, there might be several candidates with lowest Borda score. In fact, it is NP-complete to decide whether a given candidate is a Baldwin winner, i.e., whether there exists an elimination sequence that leaves a given candidate uneliminated.

Both methods are computationally more difficult to manipulate than Borda's method.

Use of Nanson and Baldwin
Nanson's method was used in city elections in the U.S. town of Marquette, Michigan in the 1920s. It was formerly used by the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne and in the election of members of the University Council of the University of Adelaide. It was used by the University of Melbourne until 1983.

title: Nanson's method


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1000 Broadway

1000 Broadway is a 24-story office building in Portland, Oregon. The distinguishing feature of the building is a series of rings that form a dome over the center portion of its roof. Because of this, the building is nicknamed "The Ban Roll-on Building".

The architectural firm of Broome, Oringdulph, O'Toole, Rudolph, and Associates designed the building. It was also Portland developer Tom Moyer's first major project. It reportedly cost US$90 million to build the tower. 1000 Broadway opened to the public in 1991.

The half-block lot formerly hosted the Broadway Theater, an art deco movie house. Plans to restore and include the old marquee never came to fruition. However, a 4-screen multi-plex movie theater was built inside the new tower. Originally the new theater was operated by Act III Theaters, which had been formed from the chain started by Moyer. The 1000 Broadway theater, along with all Act III theaters, was later acquired by Regal Cinemas in 1998, which in turn closed the 1000 Broadway four-plex in September 2011.

title: 1000 Broadway


text:
User talk:Robotgirl

Possibly unfree Image:Steverolston_beach.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Steverolston_beach.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MetsBot 20:03, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Robotgirl


text:
Jim McIngvale

James Franklin McIngvale (born February 11, 1951), also known as "Mattress Mack", is an American businessman. He is known for owning and operating the Gallery Furniture retail chain, based in Houston, Texas.

Early life and education
McIngvale was born on February 11, 1951, in Starkville, Mississippi. He graduated from Bishop Lynch High School in Dallas, attended the University of Texas at Austin, and later attended North Texas State University, now University of North Texas, in Denton where he played football at both.

Business career
McIngvale is best known for his energetic, fast-paced sales pitches, typically ending with some variant of his catchphrase "saves you money!" His distinctive sales style originated from an incident that occurred early on in Gallery Furniture's history. Faced with financial difficulties, McIngvale invested all his remaining money, approximately $10,000, in a television commercial to be aired on two Houston stations. While watching the commercial being produced, he became dissatisfied and ad-libbed a sales pitch, speaking rapidly because of the limited amount of time available. The commercial proved very effective, and his sales increased dramatically afterward. In 1999, McIngvale spoke to the British Deming Association annual conference about the influence of W. Edwards Deming on his business methods.

McIngvale co-authored the book Always Think Big with Thomas Duening and John Ivancevich, which was published in 2002, and chronicles the ups and downs of his entrepreneurial career.

In May 2009, the Houston Chronicle reported that McIngvale refused to pay $48,000 in taxes to the Greater Northside Management District that were assessed from 2005 to 2007. He did, however, pay taxes to the district in 2008. His Northside facility is within the district's boundary. McIngvale said the management district does not do enough to maintain the area; he described the management district's taxation policies as "taxation without representation." The district sued McIngvale to try to force him to pay the taxes, and McIngvale said he was willing to dispute the charges in court.

Philanthropic efforts
In August 2017, McIngvale opened his stores to people affected by Harvey, a hurricane that flooded the city.

When Tropical Storm Imelda flooded Houston in 2019, McIngvale once again opened the doors of Gallery Furniture and partnered with Crisis Clean-Up to provide free meals and shelter at the North Freeway location.

During the 2021 Texas power crisis and winter storms, McIngvale allowed people to shelter from the cold and spend the night at Gallery Furniture. Also in 2021, in the wake of evacuation and destruction due to Hurricane Ida which hit the Gulf Coast (and particularly Louisiana and New Orleans), McIngvale began to shelter Louisianan residents at Gallery Furniture as well as provide warm meals and amenities for free. He also organized a supply donation drive and caravan into south Louisiana to deliver supplies to the area. In 2024, he did it again after Hurricane Beryl struck Houston, opening up his business for people to use air conditioning and charge their phones. As of July 9, 2024, 3,000 people were fed by Mack.

Political donations and positions
McIngvale has primarily donated to Republican candidates for office including Donald Trump, Ted Cruz, Lauren Boebert and Madison Cawthorn.

In 2010, McIngvale supported the Tea Party movement. He funded full-page ads for the Tea Party that appeared in the Houston Chronicle. He was a guest speaker along with many local conservative radio hosts for The North Houston Tea Party Patriots at Sam Houston Race Park.

During the 2015 Houston mayor's race, McIngvale endorsed conservative candidate Bill King over Sylvester Turner. Turner won the election.

In 2018, McIngvale endorsed the reelection of Republican U.S. Representative John Culberson and appeared in commercials supporting the congressman. Culberson lost the election to Lizzie Fletcher. In February 2020, after endorsing Bill King for mayor in 2015, McIngvale endorsed the reelection of Democratic mayor Sylvester Turner. During the 2022 Texas Attorney General election, McIngvale backed unsuccessful challenger George P. Bush against incumbent Ken Paxton.

Governor Greg Abbott named McIngvale to the Strike Force to Open Texas – a group "tasked with finding safe and effective ways to slowly reopen the state" amid the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020.

After Joe Biden was declared the winner of the 2020 presidential election, McIngvale did not issue payouts to customers, who correctly predicted that Biden would win. Speculation emerged that McIngvale had concerns about voter fraud in the 2020 election. However, in January 2021, two months after the election, McIngvale sent out checks to those who predicted Biden would win. He said the delay was due to the fact he believed the results of the election could change, but conceded those odds were always "very small."

McIngvale paid for the funeral of Jocelyn Nungaray in 2024, stating that "if [the killers] wouldn't have been here, she would still be alive," in reference to the allegation that the two people arrested for the murder were illegal immigrants. He also criticized Harris County prosecutors in comparison to neighboring Montgomery County, which he believes is tougher on criminals.

Personal life
McIngvale and his wife, Linda, have four children. He lives in the Northgate Forest community in an unincorporated area of Harris County, Texas. Ericka Mellon of the Houston Chronicle said that he was "one of Northgate's most recognizable residents."

In 1992, McIngvale and his wife were executive producers of the action-comedy film Sidekicks starring Chuck Norris and Jonathan Brandis; in return, Norris did several television advertising commercials for Gallery Furniture, owned by Jim and Linda. In June 2019, McIngvale suffered a possible transient ischemic attack.

During the 2022 World Series, McIngvale attended Game 3 at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia. Phillies fans brought up the Astros sign stealing scandal and accusations of their second baseman Jose Altuve cheating. McIngvale responded by repeatedly yelling "fuck you" at the fans. After the incident, McIngvale referred to Philadelphia sports fans as the "worst fans ever."

Sports gambling
On February 3, 2022, McIngvale placed an unsuccessful $4.5 million wager on the Cincinnati Bengals to win Super Bowl LVI. It officially set the record for the largest mobile wager in sports betting history.

As a result of the Houston Astros claiming the 2022 World Series championship, Mack was awarded $75 million in total sports betting payouts, the highest total in sports betting history.

McIngvale has lost $9.2 million betting on the last two CFP National Championship games. In 2022, he bet $6.2 million on the Alabama Crimson Tide to defeat the Georgia Bulldogs; Georgia won, 33–18. A year later, he once again bet against the Bulldogs, putting $3 million on the TCU Horned Frogs to pull an upset. Georgia instead won a second straight championship, 65–7, to date the biggest blowout ever in an FBS bowl game.

title: Jim McIngvale


text:
Mark Ridley

Mark Ridley may refer to:

 * Mark Ridley (physician) (1560–1624), English physician and mathematician
 * Mark Ridley (zoologist) (born 1956), English zoologist

title: Mark Ridley


text:
Bad Liebenzell

Bad Liebenzell (Swabian: Bad Liabazell) is a spa town in the Nagold River valley, the northern part of the Black Forest. It was first mentioned in 1090 and is the heart of the Liebenzeller Mission (a religious movement).

Bad Liebenzell is part of the Calw district; it in turn comprises seven sub-districts besides the town itself: Möttlingen, Unterhaugstett, Monakam, Beinberg, Unterlengenhardt und Maisenbach-Zainen. Bad Liebenzell has also had an alliance with Villaines-la-Juhel in France since 1992.

Geography
Bad Liebenzell lies to the West of the Centre of Baden-Württemberg in Nagold. The village has an elevation of 310 (Monbachtal) to 687 Metern (Gemarkung Maisenbach-Zainen) and is part of the Nature Park Schwarzwald Mitte/Nord. The City Bad Liebenzell include the former Municipalities Möttlingen, Möttlingen, Beinberg, Maisenbach, Monakam, Unterhaugstett and Unterlengenhardt. To Bad Liebenzell in the borders of 1970, also belonged next to the city the houses Monbachtal and Maisenbacher Sägemühle. Only the eponymous villages belonged to the former municipalities of Unterlengenhardt, Beinberg, Monakam and Unterhaugstett. To the village of Gemeinde Maisenbach belog also Dorf Maisenbach and Siedlung Zainen. The Siedlung Möttlingen and Gehöft Georgenau belonged to the former municipality Möttlingen. The former municipalities are localities within the meaning of the Baden-Württemberg municipal code with their own Town Council and Mayor as its Chairman.

Local council
Elections in May 2014:
 * CDU: 9 seats (− 3)
 * SPD: 5 seats (± 0)
 * Offene Liste (Open list): 7 seats (+ 2)
 * DIE Liste & Alliance 90/The Greens: 3 seats (+ 3)
 * Total: 24 seats (+2)

Coat of arms and flag
In blue under a black deer bar in a silver tent of black and gold antler floor-standing is a golden bathtub, in which a seated man to see. The bad Liebenzell town's colours are blue and white.

Economy and infrastructure
Bad Liebenzell is on the Nagoldtalbahn, a railway line from Pforzheim to Horb am Neckar on the nationwide route network.

Bad Liebenzell also has at its disposal a Grundschule (primary school), Hauptschule (secondary school), Realschule, and Förderschule. There is a primary school outside the town in the Möttlingen and Unterhaugstett districts.

The Bad Liebenzell Theological Seminary was founded in 1902 as a private instituation of the Liebenzell Mission, today known as IHL - Internationale Hochschule Liebenzell (www.IHL.eu), a private University College and Theological Seminary accredited by the federal Wissenschaftsrat (Science Council), the state of Baden-Württemberg and ACQUIN. It closely cooperates with Middlesex University London, the ETH Tabor, Marburg, the CVJM (YMCA) University of applied sciences in Kassel.

Culture and sights
Bad Liebenzell lies on the Ostweg (east way), a trail from Pforzheim to Schaffhausen, on which one can find many sights, including:

 * The Stauferburg from the 13th century is the most impressive building in Bad Liebenzell.
 * Monaturm (a mobile radio tower at 8°44'09" E, 48°47'18" N)

 * South of Bad Liebenzell, a 110kV-three phase powerline of the EnBW spans the Nagold river valley for 941 metres.
 * Mission are two remarkable buildings on the mountain of the Liebenzell: the Missionshaus, a beautiful half-timbered House was built in the years 1905 to 1907 in the shape of a cross; a small chapel and the Schleyer Castle and the Schleyer Castle (Schleyerburg), which is below the mission House.

Notable people

 * 1842, 1 June, Christoph Blumhardt (in Möttlingen), † 2 August 1919 in Jebenhausen, German theologian and politician (SPD), MdL (Württemberg)
 * Johann Blumhardt (1805–1880) worked in Möttlingen
 * Bernhard Buttersack (1858-1925), painter

title: Bad Liebenzell


text:
User:Marcg106

I've been a minor contributor since November 2004, but I only registered officially in February 2005.

I've created and initially written the articles for Mahiro Maeda, Range Murata, Speed Grapher, the Ultimate Nullifier, Hollywoodland (film), Guin Saga, Fantastic Children, Takashi Nakamura, A Tree of Palme, Ryu Jose, Karl Kerschl and Shinobu Tanno. I rewrote the article for Shoji Kawamori.

title: User:Marcg106


text:
European Aviation Air Charter

European Aviation Air Charter was an airline based in Bournemouth, United Kingdom. It operated ad hoc charter services, VIP flights, and inclusive-tour and sub-charter flights, as well as ACMI wet leases for other airlines. Its main base was Bournemouth Airport. The company went into administration on Tuesday 2 December 2008.

European Aviation Air Charter Limited held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence. It was permitted to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.

History
In late 1989, European Aviation was formed when owner Paul Stoddart purchased two BAC 1-11 aircraft and three Falcon 20 business jets (and a large assortment of spare parts for both aircraft) from the Royal Australian Air Force's 'VIP Squad' (the Canberra-based No 34 SQN). Stoddart hired Trevor Whetter from British Aerospace as his Managing Director and sold the BAC 1-11 aircraft to Okada Air in Nigeria. European Aviation were based from Bournemouth Airport.

In 1993, the company directors took the decision of changing European Aviation's name to European Aviation Air Charter, or EAC for short. That same year, twenty other BAC-111s were bought from British Airways following the British airlines absorption of Dan Air. This meant the airline could include tour groups among its charter clients. By 2000, European Air Charter had acquired eight Boeing 737 aircraft formerly of Belgian Airline, Sabena. They would be in operation with the company until 2006, with brief leases to Palmair and OzJet.

In 2001, European Air Charter had acquired seven Boeing 747 aircraft from British Airways. Later, adding an eighth from Cathay Pacific. Seven of the aircraft were utilised in long haul service to destinations such as New York City, Chicago and other United States and Canadian locations. Agreements were signed with Palmair, however by 2004 European Air Charter had disposed of their Boeing 747 aircraft. During their ownership of the 747 aircraft, they were also utilised for servicing the Minardi Formula One Team now owned by founder, Stoddart. In 2002, Stoddart was close to selling European Air Charter to the Bath Family who owned Palmair. The deal was completed, and the Bath Family continued operating European Air Charter until 2004, when founder Stoddart bought the airline back. At the time of reacquisition, European was making losses of up to $60million. Shortly after Stoddart's return, European Air Charter significantly cut aircraft numbers, and made 560 of its 600 staff redundant.

In December, 2008 the airline ceased operations.

Continued operations
Despite the charter airline business having folded in 2008, its parent European Aviation continues to trade with an extensive aircraft parts and brokerage business operating from Bournemouth Airport and Ledbury, Herefordshire. In 2018, European acquired ten Airbus A340 aircraft from Etihad Airways. In 2020, the aircraft, and owner Stoddart, made the news in the UK during the Coronavirus pandemic in 2020. The Airbus A340 aircraft were used to transport PPE from China and Malaysia back to the UK. These aircraft are now operated by a new UK airline, also owned by European, called European Cargo.

European also developed a VIP aircraft conversion in 2018, based on Boeing 737 aircraft designed for non-stop flights to Dubai.

Sponsorship
European Aviation were a regular sponsor across Formula One and Formula 3000 during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Initially with the Tyrrell team, and later Jordan Grand Prix and Arrows Grand Prix. In 2001, European Aviation owner Paul Stoddart acquired the Minardi team. It became known as European Minardi, and ran with European branding on the cars alongside the engines being branded as 'European'.

Fleet
The European Aviation Air Charter fleet consisted of the following aircraft at the time of collapse:

title: European Aviation Air Charter


text:
File:Hugh Cornwell And Robert Williams - Nosferatu album cover.jpg

Summary
Hugh Cornwell And Robert Williams - Nosferatu. Original UK LP album cover

Licensing
Original UK release album cover - album covers are fair use. Picture scanned by me Ian Dunster from original UK LP album.


text:
File:Playselftitled.jpg

Fair use in Us Against the World (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Playselftitled.jpg


text:
Victorian Village, Memphis

The Victorian Village District is an area of Memphis, Tennessee.

Geography
The Victorian Village is located in the eastern quadrant of downtown Memphis.

History
During Memphis' early period of growth in the mid-19th century, a few wealthy Memphians built grand, Victorian-style homes in what was then the outskirts of the city. The homes in Victorian Village were built from 1846 into the 1890s, and range in style from Neo-classical through Late Gothic Revival. Edward C. Jones, one of Memphis's most significant Victorian-era architects, and his partner, Matthias Harvey Baldwin, built the Woodruff-Fontaine House (1870) and renovated the Harsson-Goyer-Lee House (1871).

The Massey House, the oldest in the area (ca. 1846), was built for Benjamin A. Massey, an early Memphis lawyer.

The Mallory-Neely House (1852) was built in Italian villa style with a central tower for banker Isaac Kirtland and extensively renovated and expanded during the 1880s and 1890s. The interior is well preserved, with much of the original late-19th-century furnishings intact.

The Harsson-Goyer-Lee House (690 Adams, see photograph) was once the home of riverboat owner James Lee. It was expanded in 1871 by Charles Goyer, a founder of Union Planters Bank.

The Pillow-McIntyre House (ca. 1852) is a two-story Greek Revival home purchased in 1873 by Mexican War and Confederate General Gideon Pillow. This striking eclectic-style Victorian had been unused for years, but with the assistance of corporate and community donations it was refurbished in 2004.

The Woodruff-Fontaine House (1870) was built in French-Victorian style by Amos Woodruff, a successful carriage maker, entrepreneur and politician. The second resident, Noland Fontaine, was a factor in the Memphis Cotton Exchange. The house was deeded to the city in 1936, and in later years was used for an art school. In 1961 the art school moved, and the Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities took over the house and restored it with 19th-century regional antiques and textiles. A Victorian Gingerbread playhouse is also on the grounds.

The Snowden home in the Annesdale-Snowden Historic District dates from the same era. In 1850, Dr. Samuel Mansfield built this "Italianate villa" on his 200 acre plantation just outside Memphis. The house was situated on a knoll above what was then the stage route to Mississippi. In 1869 Colonel Robert C. Brinkley bought the estate as a wedding gift to his daughter, Annie Overton Brinkley, and her new husband, Colonel Bogardus Snowden. The estate was named Annesdale in her honor. In the first decade of the 20th century, Col. Snowden and his sons John and Robert built two subdivisions on the estate, Annesdale Park (1903), claimed to be the first in the South, and Snowden Homestead (1910). The streets in these then-affluent subdivisions were named for the Snowden children. Memphis entrepreneur Kemmons Wilson and other well-known Memphis names resided there. After World War II, the neighborhood gradually declined until it began to be gentrified in the 1970s and after it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The Snowden home is not open to the public.

Present
Some of these three- and four-story mansions now stand near the city's downtown along Adams Avenue. While most of the original homes are now gone, several remain as museums: the Magevney House (198 Adams), the Mallory-Neely House (652 Adams) and the Woodruff-Fontaine House (680 Adams). The Magevney House is currently open the first Saturday each month from 1pm-4pm with free admission. The Mallory-Neely House is open Friday and Saturday, 10:00-4:00. After 60+ years of being vacant, the Harsson-Goyer-Lee House has been renovated into a high-end Bed and Breakfast. The Woodruff-Fontaine House's hours are Wednesday-Sunday, 12:00-4:00 and is a popular venue for weddings and private parties.

The Victorian Village neighborhood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Endangered homes
The Lowenstein-Long House (1901) at 217 N. Waldran Blvd. and the Lee-Macintyre House in Victorian Village are considered to be endangered by Memphis Heritage, a non-profit preservationist group based in the city.

title: Victorian Village, Memphis


text:
Talk:Guanahatabey

Untitled
Why is some of this article written in the first person?

 * I suspect because it was lifted from some book or another.

 * I'm going to book mark this and get back to edit it when I'm not too drunk to stand.

Sorry, you're too late and I'm sober :) DirkvdM July 7, 2005 17:30 (UTC)

File nominated for deletion on commons
file:c:File:Taínos.svg Reason:No source for the base map. No authorship information, unknown copyright situation. subpage:link Message automatically deposited by a robot on 09:19, 2 January 2018 (UTC). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Harideepan (talk • contribs)

Social sudies
Jxbxh 63.143.96.229 (talk) 01:48, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guanahatabey


text:
User talk:Dvoid

Possibly unfree Image:Stfloor.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Stfloor.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MetsBot 20:03, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dvoid


text:
List of ancient Greek tyrants

This is a list of tyrants from Ancient Greece.

Abydus

 * Daphnis, c. 500 BC under Darius I (pro persian)
 * Philiscus, c. 368-360 BC (assassinated)
 * Iphiades, 360-? BC

Agrigentum (Acragas)

 * Phalaris, 570-554 BC (overthrown and roasted)
 * Telemachus, after 554 BC
 * Alcamenes, 6th/5th century BC
 * Alcandros (Alcander), 6th/5th century BC
 * Theron, 488-472 BC
 * Thrasydaeus, 472 BC (expelled and executed)
 * Phintias, c. 288-279 BC
 * Sosistratus, 279-277 BC. Later tyrant in Syracuse

Alabanda

 * Aridolis, 480 BC
 * Amyntas, after 480 BC

Ambracia

 * Gorgus, son of Cypselus, fl. 628-600 BC
 * Periander, until 580 BC, son of Gorgus and grandson of Periander of Corinth
 * Archinus, 6th century BC

Amastris

 * Amastris, until 284 BC
 * Eumenes, 284 until c. 270 BC (hands city over to Kingdom of Pontus)

Argos

 * Laphaes, 6th century BC
 * Pheidon, around 550 BC
 * Perilaus, c. 546 BC
 * Archinus, c. 395 BC
 * Aristippus the Elder, after 272 BC
 * Aristomachos the Elder, before 250-240 BC (assassinated)
 * Aristippus, 240-235 BC (killed in action)
 * Aristomachus the Younger, 235-229 BC (resigned), 224-223 BC (tortured and executed)

Assos & Atarneus

 * Eubulus, before 351 BC
 * Hermias, 351-342 BC

Astacus

 * Evarchus, c. 430-420 BC

Athens

 * Cylon, 632 BC (stoned)
 * Pisistratus, 561 BC, 559-556 BC and 546-528 BC
 * Hippias, 527-510 BC
 * Theramenes, Critias, and Charicles leading members of the Thirty Tyrants 404-403 BC
 * Lachares, 300-294 BC
 * Aristion, 88-86 BC (executed)

Byzantium

 * Ariston, c. 513 BC, pro persian, participated in the Scythian campaign of Darius I
 * Clearchus of Sparta, 411-409 BC, 404-401 BC

Cardia

 * Hecataeus, fl. 323 BC

Camarina

 * Psaumis of Camarina, fl. c. 460 BC

Cassandreia

 * Apollodorus, 279-276 BC (executed)

Catane

 * Euarchus, 729 BC-?, founder of Catane
 * Deinomenes the Younger, fl. 470-465 BC
 * Mamercus of Catane, 345-338 BC

Chalcis (Euboea)

 * Tynnondas, c. 580 BC
 * Antileon, 6th century BC
 * Mnesarchus, before 354 BC
 * Callias, c. 354-350 BC, c. 343-330 BC
 * Taurosthenes, c. 330 BC

Chersonese

 * Miltiades the Elder, 555-519 BC
 * Stesagoras, 519-516 BC (assassinated)
 * Miltiades, 516-510 BC, 496-492 BC

Chios

 * Strattis, fl. 513-480 BC

Cibyra

 * Moagetes, fl. 190 BC

Corcyra

 * Lycophron (?), before 587 BC
 * Cleonymus, 303/02 BC

Corinth

 * Cypselus, 657-627 BC
 * Periander, 627-587 BC
 * Psammetich (Psammetichus, named after Psamtik I), 587-584 BC
 * Timophanes, 364 BC (assassinated)
 * Alexander, 253-247 BC (poisoned?)
 * Nicaea, 247-245 BC (married)

Cos

 * Scythes, late 6th century BC
 * Cadmus, resigned 494 BC
 * Nicias of Cos, 1st century BC
 * Nicippus, 1st century (with Nicias)

Croton

 * Cylonius, c. 530 BC
 * Cleinias, c. 504-495 BC
 * Menedemus, until 295 BC (conquered and )

Cumae

 * Aristodemus, c. 505-490 BC

Cyme

 * Aristagoras, fl. 513-493 BC

Cyprus

 * Nicocreon, 4th century BC

Cyrene

 * Ophellas, 312-308 BC
 * Lycopus, c. 163 BC
 * Nicocrates, c. 51 BC (assassinated)
 * Leander, c. 50 BC (arrested)

Cyzicus

 * Aristagoras, c. 513 BC

Dardanos

 * Mania, killed by her son-in-law c. 399 BC

Elatea

 * Mnason, 4th century BC

Elea

 * Demylus, 5th century BC
 * Nearchus, c. 430 BC

Elis

 * Aristotimus, 272 BC (assassinated)

Ephesus

 * Athenagoras, 6th century BC
 * Pythagoras, 6th century BC
 * Pindarus, around 560 BC
 * Aristarchus, around 545-540 BC
 * Pasicles, 540-530 BC, killed when returning from a feast.
 * Aphinagorus, fl. 530 BC
 * Comas, fl. 530 BC
 * Phanes
 * Melancomas, around 500 BC
 * Hegesias, 4th century BC
 * Syrpax, until 334 BC (stoned)
 * Melancomas II, fl. 214 BC

Epidaurus

 * Procles, 640 BC

Eretria

 * Themison, fl. 366 BC
 * Plutarch, c. 355-350 BC (expelled)
 * Hipparchus, c. 345 BC
 * Automedon, c. 345 BC
 * Cleitarchus, 345-341 BC (expelled)

Gela

 * Cleander, 505-498 BC (assassinated)
 * Hippocrates, 498-491 BC
 * Gelon, 491-485 BC
 * Hieron I, 485-466 BC
 * Polyzalus, fl. c. 476 BC

Halicarnassus

 * Artemisia I of Caria, fl. 480 BC
 * Lygdamis II of Halicarnassus, fl. 469-444 BC

Heraclea Pontica

 * Clearchus, 365-353 BC (assassinated)
 * Satyrus, 353-? BC
 * Timotheus, 352-337 BC
 * Dionysius, 337-305 BC
 * Amastris, 305-284 BC (drowned by her sons)
 * Oxyathres, 305-284 BC
 * Clearchus, 305-284 BC

Hermione

 * Xenon, stepped down 229 BC

Himera

 * Terillus, early 5th century BC

Keryneia

 * Iseas, 275 BC (resigned)

Lampsacus

 * Hippoclus, c. 513 BC
 * Aeantides, fl. 515-510 BC
 * Astyanax, before 360 BC, assassinated

Larissa

 * Medius, fl. 395 BC

Leontini

 * Panaetius, c. 615/609 BC
 * Aenesidemus, 498-491 BC
 * Hicetas, c. 347-338 BC
 * Heracleides, fl. 278 BC

Lindos

 * Cleobulus, 6th century BC

Locri

 * Dionysius the Younger, 356-346 BC

Megalopolis

 * Aristodemus the Good, c. 262-252 BC (assassinated by the "philosopher tyrannicides" Ecdemus and Damophanes)
 * Lydiadas, c. 245-235 BC (joined the Achaean League)

Megara

 * Theagenes, c. 620-600 BC

Messana

 * Scythes, c. 494 BC
 * Cadmus, c. 494-490 BC
 * Anaxilas, c. 490-476 BC
 * Micythus, c. 476-467 BC (retired)
 * Leophron, c. 467-461 BC (popular revolt)
 * Hippon, c. 338 BC
 * Cios the Mamertine, c. 269 BC

Messene

 * Phyliades, before 336 BC (?)

Methymnae

 * Aristonicus, before 332 BC (tortured and executed)

Miletus

 * Amphitres, late 8th or 7th century BC
 * Thrasybulus, 7th century BC
 * Thoas, 6th century BC
 * Damasanor, 6th century BC
 * Histiaeus, 518-514 BC
 * Aristagoras, c. 513-499 BC (reintroduced democracy)
 * Timarchus, 3rd century BC

Mytilene

 * Melandrus, late 7th century BC
 * Myrsilus, late 7th century BC, (Alcaeus was against him)
 * Pittacus, fl. 600 BC (resigned after ten years)
 * Coes, c. 507-499 BC (stoned)

Naxos

 * Lygdamis, until c. 512 BC
 * Aristagoras, c. 502-499 BC

Orchomenus

 * Aristomelidas, Archaic period (?)
 * Nearchus, 234 BC (resigned)

Oreus

 * Philistides, c. 341 BC (expelled)
 * Menippus, c. 341 BC (expelled)

Parium

 * Herophantus, c. 513 BC

Pellene

 * Chaeron, after 336 BC

Pharsalus

 * Sisyphus, fl. 395 BC
 * Polydamas, until 370 BC

Pherae

 * Lycophron
 * Jason, before 370 BC (assassinated)
 * Polydorus, 370 BC (assassinated)
 * Polyphron, 370-369 BC (assassinated)
 * Alexander, 369-358 BC (assassinated)
 * Tisiphonus, 357-355/4 BC
 * Lycophron II, 355-352 BC (resigned)
 * Peitholaus, 355-352 and 349 BC (resigned, expelled)

Phlius

 * Leo, c. 540 BC
 * Cleonymus, before 229 BC (resigned)

Phocaea

 * Laodamas, c. 513 BC

Phocis

 * Aulis, fl. c. 520 BC
 * Phayllus, fl. 352 BC

Pisa

 * Damophon, before 7th century BC (?)
 * Pantaleon, fl. 660-644 BC
 * Damophon, fl. 588 BC
 * Pyrrhus, 6th century BC

Priene

 * Hieron of Priene, 300-297 BC

Proconnesus

 * Metrodorus, c. 513 BC

Rhegium

 * Anaxilas, 494-476 BC
 * Micythus, c. 476-467 BC (retired)
 * Leophron, c. 467-461 BC (popular revolt)
 * Dionysius the Younger, before 352 BC (expelled)
 * Calippus, 352/351 BC (assassinated)
 * Leptines II, after 351 BC
 * Decius Vibellius, 280-270 BC (conquered)

Samos

 * Demoteles, 7th century BC
 * Syloson, c. 538 BC
 * Polycrates, c. 538-522 BC
 * Maiandrius, c. 522 BC (reintroduced democracy)
 * Charilaus, c. 522 BC
 * Syloson, again c. 521 BC
 * Aeaces, around 513 BC, reinstalled after 494 BC
 * Theomestor, after 480 BC
 * Duris, c. 280 BC

Selinus

 * Theron, 6th/5th century BC
 * Pythagoras, 6th/5th century BC
 * Euryleon of Sparta, 6th/5th century BC (killed)

Sicyon

 * Orthagoras, from 676 BC
 * Myron the Elder, fl. 648 BC, former Olympian winning in chariot race
 * Myron the Younger?
 * Aristonymus,father of Cleisthenes
 * Isodemus
 * Cleisthenes, 600-560 BC
 * Aeschines, 560-556 BC removed by the Spartans
 * Euphron, 368-366 BC (assassinated)
 * Aristratus, fl. c. 340 BC
 * Epichares (?), fl. c. 330 BC
 * Cratesipolis, 314-308 BC (bribed)
 * Cleon, c. 300-280 BC (assassinated)
 * Euthydemus, c. 280-270 BC (expelled)
 * Timocleidas, c. 280-270 BC (expelled)
 * Abantidas, 264-252 BC (assassinated)
 * Paseas, 252-251 BC (assassinated)
 * Nicocles, 251 BC (expelled by Aratus of Sicyon)

Sigeum

 * Hegesistratus, fl. 510 BC

Sinope

 * Timesilaus, before 433 BC
 * Scydrothemis, 301-280 BC

Sparta

 * Machanidas, 210-207 BC (killed in action)
 * Nabis, 207-192 BC (assassinated by allies)
 * Chaeron, 180 BC

Sybaris

 * Telys, c. 510 BC

Syracuse

 * Gelon, 491-478 BC
 * Hieron I, 478-466 BC
 * Thrasybulus, 466-465 BC (expelled, democracy restored)
 * Dionysius the Elder, 405-367 BC
 * Dionysius II, the Younger, 367-357 BC
 * Apollocrates, 357 BC
 * Heracleides, 357 BC
 * Dion, 357-354 BC
 * Calippus, 354-352 BC
 * Hipparinus, 352-351 BC
 * Aretaeus, 352-350 BC
 * Nysaeos, 350-346 BC
 * Dionysius II, the Younger, (restored, 346-344 BC)
 * Timoleon, 345-337 BC
 * Agathocles, 320 BC (banished)
 * Acestorides, 320-319 BC
 * Agathocles, 317-289 BC
 * Hicetas, 289-279 BC
 * Thoenon, 279 BC ,See Siege of Syracuse (278 BC)
 * Sosistratus, 279-277 BC
 * Hieron II, 275-215 BC
 * Gelon II, c. 240-216 BC
 * Hieronymus, 215-214 BC
 * Adranodoros, 214-212 BC
 * Hippocrates, 213-212 BC
 * Epicydes, 213-212 BC

Tarentum

 * Aristophylidas, c. 516-492 BC

Tarsus

 * Lysias, before 67 BC

Tauromenium

 * Andromachus, fl. 344 BC
 * Tyndarion, fl. 278 BC

Thasos

 * Symmachus, c. 520 BC

Thebes

 * Leontiades, 382-379 BC (killed)
 * Archias, 382-379 BC (killed)

Zeleia

 * Nicagoras, 334 BC (conquered by Alexander the Great)

title: List of ancient Greek tyrants


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sasxsek language

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:24, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Sasxsek language
OK, I am finding that there are a shocking number of invented language articles on Wikipedia that are simply non-notable, ie: they are recent, original creations of the Wikipedians who posted them to Wikipedia. Wikipedia has a strict No original research policy, and Sasxsek language seems to be another one in violation of this. Googling shows that an overwheming number of hits to Sasxsek all lead back to Wikipedia--or one of its mirrors--as the original source. Wikipedia is not a platform for establishing the notability of anything. func (talk) 18:11, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. func (talk) 18:11, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Until notable or well known, Delete Celestianpower 18:14, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons above. Compare Ceqli and Slovio, which show authorship and for which Googling shows a certain noteworthiness outside the author's own web pages. -- Cam 19:17, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 21:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, personal conlang DopefishJustin (･∀･) 21:40, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all nonnotable conlangs! --Angr/undefined 05:54, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Almafeta 00:20, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. By the way, I have known about the language for several months, even though I have only a tangential interest in constructed languages.  That's notable enough for me.  Also I wonder about the justification for what appears as a kind of crusade against conlangs here. - Ar 19:09, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * May I ask where you heard about this language, apart from Wikipedia, a Wikipedia mirror, or another source that credits or that ultimately leads back to Wikipedia? If you are perceiving some hostility, it is only because many conlang authors have been using Wikipedia to establish the notability of their brand new conlang creation. Wikipedia is here to report on verifiable subjects, and not to support original research. func (talk) 19:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Occasional browsing of some newsgroups or mailing lists. E.g., there has been quite a lot of discussion on the alt.language.artificial newsgroup. - Ar 14:31, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Thank you for pointing this out to me, Ar. Googling for groups turns up 68 hits. Out of those, I couldn't find any where the creator of Sasxsek, Dana Nutter, wasn't involved in the thread. At the end of this page, we see a gentleman named Adam H. Kerman who states:
 * "Gosh: 18 entire posts about SASXSEK in the last three months, none of which are archived from your vanity froup. You sent the newgroup Thu, 23 Oct 2003 09:40:29 GMT, after it was pointed out that no one was discussing your artificial language on Usenet and that you should post to alt.language.artificial. Your group hasn't been picked up beyond Easynew, Newsreaders, and Altopia which create 100% of the crap alt groups (and only a selection of the legitimate groups). Why are you here with another proposal for the same froup? You don't get to retrocharter your froup. If you want to make up for your earlier mistakes, then find some discussion for your topic. Go away."
 * And then there is this link,, where a "call to arms" has been sent out to save this very conlang. These 68 usenet postings convince me even more that this is a vanity posting to Wikipedia, and that this conlang has no currently notable currancy, ie: no one is speaking it or studying it in any serious way other than Dana Nutter him- or herself. func (talk) 16:48, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As a conlanger myself, let me just say very strong Delete. Totally non-notable. Conlangers, don't spam Wikipedia with your languages (unless they truly are *notable*), it just makes the rest of us look bad. --Whimemsz 01:15, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Kill all non-notable conlang articles. (Yes, I'm a conlanger too.) This isn't even a conlang article, just some silly person calling their list of phonemes a conlang again. Plus it's an auxlang, which means it's supposed to have a considerable number of actual speakers before it could be considered notable. May no such thing ever happen. Delete. - Cymydog Naakka 19:35, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay

Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay (28 May 1712, Saint-Malo – 27 June 1759, Cádiz), was a French economist, who became an intendant of commerce. Some historians of economics believe that he coined the phrase laissez faire, laissez passer. Evidence was to be found when the French State parted the West Indies Company privilege (monopoly) on the slave trade. He is also credited with coining the term "bureaucracy". Together with François Quesnay, whose disciple he was, he was a leader of the Physiocratic School.

Gournay's father was Claude Vincent, a merchant in Saint-Malo as well as a secretary to the king. Gournay didn't write much, but had a great influence on French economic thought through his conversations with many important theorists. He became instrumental in popularizing the work of Richard Cantillon in France.

Gournay was appointed an intendant du commerce in 1751. One of the main themes of his term in office was his opposition to government regulations because of what he saw as the way they stunted commerce. He coined the term bureaucratie (literally "government by desks") to describe the situation. Gournay's disdain for government regulation of commerce influenced his disciple Turgot.

Gournay's first name is often mistakenly given as "Jean", due to an error made by Turgot in his letter to Jean-François Marmontel known as In Praise of Gournay.

A street in Saint-Malo, the Rue Vincent-de-Gournay, takes its name from him.

title: Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay


text:
New Hampshire Route 18

New Hampshire Route 18 is a 20.116 mi state highway in northwestern New Hampshire. It is a local road serving Franconia, Bethlehem, and Littleton, New Hampshire, which I-93 bypasses. Its northern extension, Vermont Route 18, continues northward from the Connecticut River to St. Johnsbury, Vermont. NH 18 closely parallels I-93 for its entire length and has several interchanges with the Interstate highway.

Route description
NH 18 begins as a spur of I-93 (the Franconia Notch Parkway) at the height of land in Franconia Notch. (U.S. Route 3 is overlapped with I-93 on the Parkway.) NH 18 proceeds to the northwest, intersecting NH 141 and NH 142, near its interchange with I-93. In downtown Franconia, NH 18 joins with NH 116 and meets the eastern end of NH 117 before leaving town and crossing into Bethlehem. NH 18 has two interchanges with I-93 in Bethlehem, joining U.S. Route 302 westbound at the second one (US 302 east provides access to downtown). The highway crosses into Littleton, splitting with NH 116 in the center of town. Just west of downtown, US 302 splits from NH 18 as well. (This intersection is signed as the northern terminus of NH 10, although this designation officially ends much further south.) Northwest of town, NH 18 joins NH 135 near another interchange with I-93. The two routes have a direct interchange with I-93 near the Connecticut River at exit 44 (I-93's last exit in New Hampshire). NH 135 splits off NH 18 before it crosses the river into Vermont (along with I-93 to its west) and becomes VT 18.

History
Route 18 was originally part of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway, a transcontinental auto trail organized in 1919 running from Portland, Oregon, to Portland, Maine, via Ontario. Within New Hampshire, the Roosevelt Highway ran 60 mi from Littleton to Conway using modern New Hampshire Route 18 from the Connecticut River to downtown Littleton, then modern U.S. Route 302 from Littleton to the Maine line.

In 1922, the New England states adopted the New England road marking system, assigning route numbers to the main through routes in the region. The Roosevelt Highway routing in New Hampshire was assigned New England Route 18. In 1926, the New England road marking system was supplanted by the national United States Numbered Highway System. Route 18 was transferred to state highway systems in Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine.

In 1935, U.S. Route 302 was designated between Montpelier, Vermont and Portland, Maine, utilizing Route 18 east of Littleton to Portland. As a result, Route 18 was truncated on the overlapped roadways and later extended along other roads to Franconia.

Road names along route
NH Route 18 uses the following local road names:

 * Franconia
 * Profile Road
 * Main Street
 * Bethlehem
 * Profile Road/Old Franconia Road
 * Main Street/Dartmouth College Road
 * Littleton
 * Bethlehem Road
 * Cottage Street
 * Main Street
 * St. Johnsbury Road

title: New Hampshire Route 18