text:
Caridina

Caridina is a genus of freshwater atyid shrimp. They are widely found in tropical or subtropical water in Asia, Oceania and Africa. They are filter-feeders and omnivorous scavengers. They range from 0.9 to 9.8 mm (C. cantonensis) to 1.2–7.4 mm (C. serrata) in carapace length.

Taxonomy and species

There is evidence for hybridization between sympatric taxa, requiring care when interpreting molecular phylogenetic analyses that do not use a large number of specimens.

As of March 2022, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists the genus Caridina as having 340 species. These include the following species:

 * Caridina ablepsia Guo, Jiang & Zhang, 1992
 * Caridina acuta Liang, Chen & W.-X. Li, 2005
 * Caridina acutirostris Schenkel, 1902
 * Caridina africana Kingsley, 1883
 * Caridina alba J. Li & S. Li, 2010
 * Caridina alphonsi Bouvier, 1919
 * Caridina amnicolizambezi Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina amoyensis Liang & Yan, 1977
 * Caridina angulata Bouvier, 1905
 * Caridina angustipes Guo & Liang, 2003
 * Caridina anislaq Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina annandalei Kemp, 1918
 * Caridina apodosis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
 * Caridina appendiculata Jalihal & Shenoy, 1998
 * Caridina aruensis Roux, 1911
 * Caridina bakoensis Ng, 1995
 * Caridina bamaensis Liang & Yan, 1983
 * Caridina baojingensis Guo, He & Bai, 1992
 * Caridina barakoma de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina batuan Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina belazoniensis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina boehmei Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013
 * Caridina boholensis Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina brachydactyla De Man, 1908
 * Caridina brevidactyla Roux, 1919
 * Caridina breviata N. K. Ng & Cai, 2000
 * Caridina brevicarpalis De Man, 1892
 * Caridina brevispina Liang & Yan, 1986
 * Caridina bruneiana Choy, 1992
 * Caridina buehleri Roux, 1934
 * Caridina buergersi Karge, von Rintelen & Klotz, 2010
 * Caridina buhi Cai & Shokita, 2006
 * Caridina bunyonyiensis Richard & Clark, 2005
 * Caridina burmensis Cai & Ng, 2000
 * Caridina butonensis Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013
 * Caridina caerulea von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina calmani Bouvier, 1919
 * Caridina camaro Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina cantonensis Yü, 1938
 * Caridina caobangensis S.-Q. Li & Liang, 2002
 * Caridina carli Roux, 1931
 * Caridina cavalerieioides Liu & Liang in Liang, 2004
 * Caridina caverna Liang, Chen & W.-X. Li, 2005
 * Caridina cavernicola Liang & Zhou, 1993
 * Caridina cebuensis Cai & Shokita, 2006
 * Caridina celebensis De Man, 1892
 * Caridina celestinoi Blanco, 1939
 * Caridina chauhani Chopra & Tiwari, 1949
 * Caridina choiseul de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina chishuiensis Cai & Yuan, 1996
 * Caridina clavipes Guo & Liang, 2003
 * Caridina clinata Cai, X. Q. Nguyên & Ng, 1999
 * Caridina cognata De Man, 1915
 * Caridina confusa Choy & Marshall, 1997
 * Caridina congoensis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina cornuta Liang & Yan, 1986
 * Caridina costai de Silva, 1982
 * Caridina crassipes Liang, 1993
 * Caridina crurispinata Gurney, 1984
 * Caridina cucphuongensis Đăng, 1980
 * Caridina curta Liang & Cai, 2000
 * Caridina demani Roux, 1911
 * Caridina demenica Cai & Li, 1997
 * Caridina dennerli von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina denticulata
 * Caridina dentifrons N. K. Ng & Cai, 2000
 * Caridina devaneyi Choy, 1991
 * Caridina dianchiensis Liang & Yan, 1985
 * Caridina disjuncta Cai & Liang, 1999
 * Caridina disparidentata Liang, Yan & Wang, 1984
 * Caridina ebuneus Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina edulis Bouvier, 1904
 * Caridina elisabethae Karge, von Rintelen & Klotz, 2010
 * Caridina elliptica Cai & Yuan, 1996
 * Caridina elongapoda Liang & Yan, 1977
 * Caridina endehensis De Man, 1892
 * Caridina ensifera Schenkel, 1902
 * Caridina evae Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina excavata Kemp, 1913
 * Caridina excavatoides Johnson, 1961
 * Caridina fasciata Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993
 * Caridina fecunda Roux, 1911
 * Caridina feixiana Cai & Liang, 1999
 * Caridina fernandoi Arudpragasam & Costa, 1962
 * Caridina fijiana Choy, 1983
 * Caridina flavilineata Đăng, 1975
 * Caridina formosae Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993
 * Caridina fossarum Heller, 1862
 * Caridina fusca Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
 * Caridina gabonensis Roux, 1927
 * Caridina ghanensis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina glaubrechti von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina glossopoda Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993
 * Caridina gordonae Richard & Clark, 2005
 * Caridina gortio Cai & Anker, 2004
 * Caridina gracilipes De Man, 1892
 * Caridina gracilirostris De Man, 1892
 * Caridina gracillima Lanchester, 1901
 * Caridina grandirostris Stimpson, 1860
 * Caridina guangxiensis Liang & Zhou, 1993
 * Caridina gueryi Marquet, Keith & Kalfatak, 2009
 * Caridina guiyangensis Liang, 2002
 * Caridina gurneyi Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
 * Caridina hainanensis Liang & Yan, 1983
 * Caridina hanshanensis Tan, 1990
 * Caridina harmandi Bouvier, 1906
 * Caridina hodgarti Kemp, 1913
 * Caridina holthuisi von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina hongyanensis Cai & Yuan, 1996
 * Caridina hova Nobili, 1905
 * Caridina huananensis Liang, 2004
 * Caridina hubeiensis Liang & S.-Q. Li, 1993
 * Caridina hunanensis Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993
 * Caridina imitatrix Holthuis, 1970
 * Caridina intermedia de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina jalihali Mariappan & Richard, 2006
 * Caridina jeani Cai, 2010
 * Caridina jiangxiensis Liang & Zheng, 1985
 * Caridina johnsoni Cai, Ng & Choy, 2007
 * Caridina kaombeflutilis Richard & Clark, 2010
 * Caridina kempi Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
 * Caridina kilimae Hilgendorf, 1898
 * Caridina kunmingensis Z.-Z. Wang & Liang, 2001
 * Caridina kunnathurensis Richard & Chandran, 1994
 * Caridina laevis Heller, 1862
 * Caridina lamiana Holthuis, 1965
 * Caridina lanceifrons Yu, 1936
 * Caridina lanceolata Woltereck, 1937
 * Caridina lanzana Holthuis, 1980
 * Caridina laoagensis Blanco, 1939
 * Caridina laroeha Klotz & von Rintelen, 2013
 * Caridina leclerci Cai & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina leucosticta Stimpson, 1860
 * Caridina leytensis Blanco, 1939
 * Caridina liangi Jiang, Guo & Zhang, 2002
 * Caridina liaoi Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina lilianae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
 * Caridina lima Liang, Guo & Gao, 1993
 * Caridina linduensis Roux, 1904
 * Caridina lineorostris Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina lingkonae Woltereck, 1937
 * Caridina lipalmaria Richard & Clark, 2010
 * Caridina liui Liang & Yan, 1986
 * Caridina lobocensis Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina loehae Woltereck, 1937
 * Caridina longa Liang & Yan, 1985
 * Caridina longiacuta Guo & Wang, 2005
 * Caridina longicarpus Roux, 1926
 * Caridina longidigita Cai & Wowor, 2007
 * Caridina longifrons Cai & Ng, 2007
 * Caridina longirostris H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
 * Caridina lovoensis Roth-Woltereck, 1955
 * Caridina lufengensis Cai & Duan, 1998
 * Caridina lumilympha Richard & Clark, 2010
 * Caridina macrodentata Cai & Shokita, 2006
 * Caridina macrophora Kemp, 1918
 * Caridina maculata L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
 * Caridina maeana de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina mahalona Cai, Wowor & Choy, 2009
 * Caridina malawensis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina malayensis Cai, Ng & Choy, 2007
 * Caridina mariae Klotz & von Rintelen, 2014
 * Caridina marlenae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
 * Caridina masapi Woltereck, 1937
 * Caridina mathiassi Silas & Jayachandran, 2010
 * Caridina mauritii Bouvier, 1912
 * Caridina mayamareenae Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
 * Caridina mccullochi Roux, 1926
 * Caridina medifolia Cai & Yuan, 1996
 * Caridina mengae Liang, 1993
 * Caridina mengaeoides Guo & Suzuki, 1996
 * Caridina menghaiensis Cai & Dai, 1999
 * Caridina meridionalis L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
 * Caridina mertoni Roux, 1911
 * Caridina mesofluminis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina mindanao Cai & Shokita, 2006
 * Caridina minidentata Cai & Anker, 2004
 * Caridina minnanica Liang, 2002
 * Caridina modiglianii Nobili, 1900
 * Caridina moeri Roth-Woltereck, 1984
 * Caridina mongziensis Liang, Yan & Z.-Z. Wang, 1987
 * Caridina multidentata Stimpson, 1860
 * Caridina nana de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina nanaoensis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
 * Caridina natalensis Bouvier, 1925
 * Caridina natarajani Tiwari & R. S. Pillai, 1968
 * Caridina neglecta Cai & Ng, 2007
 * Caridina nguyeni S.-Q. Li & Liang, 2002
 * Caridina nilotica (Roux, 1833)
 * Caridina norvestica Holthuis, 1965
 * Caridina novaecaledoniae Roux, 1926
 * Caridina nudirostris Choy, 1984
 * Caridina okiamnis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina okinawa Cai & Shokita, 2006
 * Caridina oligospina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999
 * Caridina opaensis Roux, 1904
 * Caridina palawanensis Cai & Shokita, 2006
 * Caridina panikkari Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
 * Caridina papuana Nobili, 1905
 * Caridina paracornuta Cai & Yuan, 1996
 * Caridina pareparensis De Man, 1892
 * Caridina paratypus de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina parvidentata Roux, 1904
 * Caridina parvirostris De Man, 1892
 * Caridina parvocula Gurney, 1984
 * Caridina parvula von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina paucidentata Wang & Liang, 2005
 * Caridina paucidentata L.-Q. Wang & Liang, 2005
 * Caridina pedicultrata Guo & Choy, 1994
 * Caridina peninsularis Kemp, 1918
 * Caridina petiti Roux, 1929
 * Caridina pingi Yü, 1938
 * Caridina pingioides Yü, 1938
 * Caridina piokerai de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina pisuku de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina plicata Liang, 2004
 * Caridina poarae de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina poso Klotz, Wowor & von Rintelen, 2021
 * Caridina prashadi Tiwari & R. S. Pillai, 1971
 * Caridina pristis Roux, 1931
 * Caridina profundicola von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina propinqua De Man, 1908
 * Caridina pseudodenticulata Hung, Chan & Yu, 1993
 * Caridina pseudonilotica Richard & Clark, 2005
 * Caridina pseudoserrata Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
 * Caridina qingyuanensis Guo & He, 2007
 * Caridina rajadhari Bouvier, 1918
 * Caridina rangoona Cai & Ng, 2000
 * Caridina rapaensis Edmondson, 1935
 * Caridina richtersi Thallwitz, 1892
 * Caridina roubaudi Bouvier, 1925
 * Caridina rouxi De Man, 1915
 * Caridina rubella Fujino & Shokita, 1975
 * Caridina rubropunctata Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
 * Caridina samar Cai & Anker, 2004
 * Caridina sarasinorum Schenkel, 1902
 * Caridina schenkeli von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina semiblepsia Guo, Choy & Gui, 1996
 * Caridina serrata Stimpson, 1860
 * Caridina serratirostris De Man, 1892
 * Caridina shenoyi Jalihal & Sankolli in Jalihal, Shenoy & Sankolli, 1984
 * Caridina sikipozo de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina shilinica Liang & Cai, 2000
 * Caridina similis Bouvier, 1904
 * Caridina simoni Bouvier, 1904
 * Caridina sinanensis Xu, Li, Zheng & Guo, 2020
 * Caridina sodenensis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina solearipes Guo & De Grave, 1997
 * Caridina songtaoensis Liang, 2004
 * Caridina spathulirostris Richters, 1880
 * Caridina spelunca Choy, 1996
 * Caridina sphyrapoda Liang & Zhou, 1993
 * Caridina spinalifrons Guo & De Grave, 1997
 * Caridina spinata Woltereck, 1937
 * Caridina spinipoda Liang, Hong & Yang, 1990
 * Caridina spinosipes Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999
 * Caridina spinula Choy & Marshall, 1997
 * Caridina spongicola Zitzler & Cai, 2006
 * Caridina steineri Cai, 2005
 * Caridina striata von Rintelen & Cai, 2009
 * Caridina subventralis Richard & Clark, 2005
 * Caridina sulawesi Cai & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina sumatianica Cai & Yuan, 1996
 * Caridina sumatrensis De Man, 1892
 * Caridina sundanella Holthuis, 1978
 * Caridina susuruflabra Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina temasek Choy & Ng, 1991
 * Caridina tenuirostris Woltereck, 1937
 * Caridina tetrazona Chen, Chen, & Guo, 2020
 * Caridina thambipillai Johnson, 1961
 * Caridina thermophila Riek, 1953
 * Caridina thomasi von Rintelen, Karge & Klotz, 2008
 * Caridina timorensis De Man, 1893
 * Caridina togoensis Hilgendorf, 1893
 * Caridina tonkinensis Bouvier, 1919
 * Caridina trifasciata Yam & Cai, 2003
 * Caridina troglodytes Holthuis, 1978
 * Caridina troglophila Holthuis, 1965
 * Caridina tumida L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
 * Caridina tupaia de Mazancourt, Marquet & Keith, 2019
 * Caridina turipi de Mazancourt et al. 2020
 * Caridina typus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837
 * Caridina uminensis Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
 * Caridina umtatensis Richard & Clark, 2009
 * Caridina unca Gurney, 1984
 * Caridina valencia Cai, Choy & Ng, 2009
 * Caridina venusta L. Wang, Liang & F. Li, 2008
 * Caridina vietriensis Đăng & Ðỗ, 2007
 * Caridina villadolidi Blanco, 1939
 * Caridina vitiensis Borradaile, 1899
 * Caridina weberi De Man, 1892
 * Caridina williamsi Cai & Ng, 2000
 * Caridina woltereckae Cai, Wowor & Choy, 2009
 * Caridina wumingensis Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
 * Caridina wyckii (Hickson, 1888)
 * Caridina xiangnanensis X.-Y. Liu, Guo & Yu, 2006
 * Caridina xiphias Bouvier, 1925
 * Caridina yilong Cai & Liang, 1999
 * Caridina yulinica Cai & N. K. Ng, 1999
 * Caridina yunnanensis Yü, 1938
 * Caridina zebra Short, 1993
 * Caridina zeylanica Arudpragasam & Costa, 1962
 * Caridina zhejiangensis Liang & Zheng, 1985
 * Caridina zhongshanica Liang, 2004

A number of phylogenetic studies have questioned the monophyly of Caridina.

Threats and Conservation
As of March 2023, the IUCN Red List lists 56 Caridina species as threatened, with 18 listed as critically endangered, 5 listed as endangered, and 33 listed as vulnerable. Of these, two (Caridina apodosis and Caridina yilong) are listed as possibly extinct and one (Caridina dennerli) is listed as possibly extinct in the wild.

title: Caridina


text:
Briar Patch

Briar Patch or variants may refer to:

 * a thicket formed by thorny plants
 * Briar Patch, a place in the fictional Br'er Rabbit stories
 * Briar Patch (Star Trek), a fictional region of space
 * "Briar Patch", a 1989 story by Dean Ing in the Man-Kzin Wars series
 * "Briarpatch", a song by Devin the Dude from the 2004 album To tha X-Treme
 * The Briar Patch, a 1973 book by Murray Kempton about the trial of the Panther 21
 * Briarpatch, a Canadian news magazine
 * Briarpatch, a 1984 novel by Ross Thomas
 * Briarpatch (TV series), an American TV series based on the novel
 * Briarpatch, a 2011 novel by Tim Pratt

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Briar Patch


text: User talk:68.46.71.104

title: User talk:68.46.71.104


text:
Making the Band

Making the Band is an ABC/MTV reality television series that exists in separate iterations, each focusing on a specific music act. It spawned musical acts O-Town, Da Band, Danity Kane, Day26, and Donnie Klang. Except for the first iteration of the series featuring O-Town, all seasons of Making the Band have been overseen by Diddy, acting as the man of the house who makes the final decision on who will be in the band.

MTV announced on July 15, 2019, that the series was revived and would premiere in 2020, which was then postponed to 2021 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic. However, this never materialized.

Making the Band: O-Town
The first iteration of Making the Band started on March 24, 2000, and aired for three seasons, finishing on March 30, 2002. It centered around the musical group O-Town.

The first season aired on ABC. Making the Band was the last new series, and the only series that was not a sitcom, to air during the original run of the TGIF block. The block ended its run upon the end of the series' first season in 2000. Making the Band was then relocated to cable television network MTV, where two additional seasons aired. Future iterations of the show also aired on MTV. O-Town's return for additional seasons marked the first time the main cast of a reality show returned for a second season.

Season 1
In 1999, Lou Pearlman, the man responsible for the formation of the Backstreet Boys and NSYNC, embarked on a nationwide talent search, cutting auditions in eight cities down to 25 young men, and eventually to eight finalists. These eight young men would compete for five spots in Pearlman's newest boy band creation, to be signed to his record label, Transcontinental Records.

The season chronicled the competition between the men in typical reality-show fashion. It featured on screen choreography by Ramon Del Barrio. Midway through the first season, three of the eight men (Paul Martin, Mike Miller and Bryan Chan) were eliminated, leaving Ashley Parker Angel, Jacob Underwood, Erik-Michael Estrada (not to be confused with American actor Erik Estrada), Trevor Penick, and Ikaika Kahoano. These five were set to become O-Town and the process of producing their first CD began. Several episodes later, however, Kahoano left for reasons that weren't exactly clear. Kahoano later stated that he "did not respect the other members on a musical or personal level" and described the experience as "wack". He later joined Making the Band semi-finalist Mike Miller and Bryan Chan to form the boy-band LMNT. Selecting from the original group of 25 semi-finalists, the remaining four members of the band chose Dan Miller to be Kahoano's replacement. With the final member of O-Town in place, the remainder of the first season tracked the development and struggles with the new band.

Seasons 2–3
The second and third seasons continued to track the development of O-Town as a pop group, following tours, performances, and other seminal events in the band's history. Such events included the development of their second CD, O2, their transition to a new record label, Clive Davis' J Records, and an ongoing struggle to "prove themselves" as legitimate artists.

Making the Band 2: Da Band
The second iteration of Making the Band started on October 19, 2002, and aired for three seasons, finishing on April 29, 2004. It centered around the musical group Da Band and was filmed in various spaces around Manhattan all designed by noted visual artist and designer Ron Norsworthy.

Season 1
In 2002, a new talent search had begun, this time by P. Diddy. Diddy sought to find the best rappers and singers from which to assemble a new hip-hop group. After weeks of selection and training P. Diddy chose the members of the band (Sara Rivers, Dylan Dilinjah, Frederick (Freddy P) Watson, Rodney (Chopper) Hill, Lloyd (Ness) Mathis and Lynese (Babs) Wiley) on the first season of Making the Band 2.

Orlando (OG) Goodman, Walter (Hammin) Anderson, Kimberly (Mysterious) Bert now known as Misty Blanco, Belinda (Pocahantas) Carter, Damone Coleman, Jamie Huy, Yazmin Mendez, Jonessa Monique, Mina Monroe, Allah Ricks and Jamirah Turner did not make the cut.

Season 2
For several weeks, the contestants lived together and were subjected to difficult tasks, including walking from Midtown Manhattan to Brooklyn to purchase cheesecake for Diddy and reciting the Notorious B.I.G.'s Juicy and the Sugarhill Gang's Rapper's Delight out loud in the Bad Boy Records office. Many altercations between members also took place throughout the season. The finalists were then named Da Band.

Their debut album, Too Hot for TV, was released in September 2003. Their first single was "Bad Boy This, Bad Boy That", and their second was "Tonight". The album was certified gold, selling 600,000 copies.

Season 3
Da Band effectively ended its career at the end of the third season of the show, when P. Diddy dissolved the group during the season finale. However, he still wanted to work with Babs and Ness, calling them hip hop's next "Bonnie and Clyde". Babs went on the promote the underground rap battle "Queen of the Ring" featured on YouTube and Ness was able to release a song called "My Hood" under the name E. Ness, though it did not chart. Though not selected to be chosen to stay at the end of season 3, Diddy also kept Chopper, now known as Young City. Chopper was then signed to Bad Boy South. Sara Stokes, Frederick and Dylan John were the remaining three members of Da Band to be dropped completely from Bad Boy.

Making the Band 3: Danity Kane
The third iteration of Making the Band started on March 3, 2005, and aired for three seasons, finishing on August 10, 2006. It centered on the musical group Danity Kane. Home base interiors were again designed by Ron Norsworthy.

Season 1
After the failure of Bad Boy's Da Band, P. Diddy returned with Making the Band 3 in 2004. This time, he was on the look for the next girl group. With the help of Laurieann Gibson, Doc and Johnny, he set out on a multi city search to find girls who had everything: a great voice, dancing ability and most importantly the looks. The theme song "Oh La La" was recorded by Bad Boy singer Cheri Dennis.

Results
Roxanne was cut by Laurie Ann.

Season 2
The band performed at the Backstreet Boys concert at the Nissan Pavilion on August 6, 2005. There were two groups. Group one, named "SHE (She Has Everything)", included Aubrey, Melissa, Denosh, Jasmine, and Kelli. Group two, named "Chain 6", included Aundrea, Dawn, Shannon, Wanita, Dominique, and Taquita. During dress rehearsal, group one was the favorite according to Dave, Laurie Anne and Doc. However, the first group was booed as they gave their performance because Denosh started off key on the a cappella which led Aubrey to go off key in the beginning of the song. The second group won, as many screaming girls yelled for them.

The song that each contestant sang in the studio "Tell Me" was actually used by Diddy on his album Press Play. Instead of one of the members of the group who originally sang the song on the show appearing on the track, the vocals are done by Christina Aguilera.

Results
The finale took place on Tuesday, November 15, 2005, where the 11 contestants left competed for five spots in the band. The 11 finalists; Aundrea, Aubrey, Dawn, Jasmine, TaQuita Thorns, Denosh, Wanita, Shannon, Melissa, Kelli, and Dominique, were sent home for three months, told to polish up, and return for the final stretch. When the girls returned after their three-month hiatus, they had to perform numerous acts such as radio interviews, a photo shoot, and dance all of their old dance routines. As Diddy's crew chooses the group, all of the girls went on a last dinner.

They decided on the name Danity Kane. The band's self-titled debut album was released in stores on August 22, 2006, and peaked at #1 on the Billboard charts within its first three weeks of release.

Making the Band 4: Day26 and Donnie Klang
The fourth iteration of Making the Band started on June 18, 2007, and aired for three seasons, finishing on April 23, 2009. It focused on the musical acts Day26 and Donnie Klang. Season 1 was filmed in a midtown Manhattan with interiors designed by noted visual artist and designer Ron Norsworthy.

Season 1
Diddy begins his search for an all-male super group. This all-male band is widely believed to be the new version of 112 or New Edition as reported earlier in the season. The season began on June 18, 2007, at 9:00 p.m. The band was finally made on August 26, 2007, consisting of five males from their late teens to their early-to-mid-20s.

Diddy's Call-Out

 * Given Solo Contract with Bad Boy
 * Made the Band
 * Eliminated
 * Entered the House
 * Safe
 * Finalists
 * Quit'''

Season 2
Season 2 showed the Making the Band 4 winners and Donnie's debut albums along with Danity Kane's second album coming together. There was a "Making the Band" tour with Danity Kane, the Making the Band 4 winners, and Donnie. They all moved into the same house and record their new albums and got to know each other a lot more. This was the debut of Danity Kane's second album and Making the Band 4 winners.

The Making the Band 4 boys have a song out called "Got Me Going" (lead single off their debut album). Danity Kane has a confirmed lead single called "Damaged". Fans voted between it and another song, "Pretty Boy". Donnie Klang also has out a song called "Take You There". Both "Damaged" and "Got Me Going" were released to all digital music stores on January 29, 2008.

The group's official name was revealed as Day26 On the February 4, 2008 episode of TRL the boys explained that Day 26 is the band name because August 26, 2007 was the day that they became a band.

Season 3
The third season premiered on August 19, 2008, and the series finale aired on April 23, 2009. Season 3 would feature the shows stars on a U.S. Tour, the Making the Band Tour. On August 12, 2008, there was a 1-hour special that aired on MTV called "Making the Band's Greatest Hits". The special was hosted by Aubrey from Danity Kane, Donnie Klang and Robert from Day26, looking back on past events throughout the seasons of Making the Band 3 and 4.

Instead of "making a band" the show's focus turned into a The Real World-type show, focusing on friendships, relationships, and drama in and out of the studio and the industry.

Making His Band
Diddy announced that he was searching for musicians for a Making the Band spin-off titled Making His Band, where he would be searching for guitarists, drummers, backup singers, etc. to form his own personal live band. This new season premiered on July 27, 2009.

On September 2, 2009, this series was placed on hiatus. On September 12, 2009, the show returned and aired the last five episodes on a new Saturday time slot. Reasoning for this included a delay in Diddy's album release date as well as generally low ratings overall for the program.

Awards
In 2010, Making His Band was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for "Outstanding Reality Program" during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards.

title: Making the Band


text:
Joseph Kimhi

Joseph Kimchi or Qimḥi (1105–1170) (יוסף קמחי) was a medieval Jewish rabbi and biblical commentator. He was the father of Moses and David Kimhi, and the teacher of Rabbi Menachem Ben Simeon and poet Joseph Zabara.

Grammarian, exegete, poet, and translator; born in southern Spain about 1105; died about 1170. Forced to leave his native country owing to the religious persecutions of the Almohades, who invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 1146, he settled in Narbonne, Provence, where he spent the rest of his life. The Hachmei Provence were under the considerable influence of the neighboring Spanish Jewish community to the south at the time.

Kimhi is known to have written commentaries on all the books of the Bible, though only fragments of his work have survived until today. The foundation of his work is a literal reading of the Masoretic Text ("𝕸") and its grammatical analysis, interspersed with contemporary philosophical musings. This reflects his opposition to a christological reading of the text, which highlights allegory. In fact, Kimhi participated in several public debates with Catholic clergy, in which he highlighted his own method of reading biblical texts. His opposition to the contemporary Christian reading can be found in his Book of the Covenant (ספר הברית).

His son David, though but a child at the time of his father's death, may also be considered one of his pupils, either directly through his works, or indirectly through the instruction David received from his elder brother Moses.

Relations with Ibn Ezra
Abraham ibn Ezra, who in his wanderings visited Narbonne in 1160, may have possibly met Joseph. The latter followed Ibn Ezra in some particulars, e.g., in the use of the stem שמר for the paradigm of the verb. Both scholars worked at the same time and along the same lines to popularize Judeo-Arabic science among the Jews of Christian Europe by excerpting from and translating Arabic works. Although ibn Ezra was Kimhi's superior in knowledge, the latter can rightly claim to have been the first successful transplanter of Judeo-Arabic science in the soil of Christian Europe. His diction is elegant and lucid, the disposition of his material scientific, his treatment of his subject even and without digressions; so that his works are much better adapted for study than those of Ibn Ezra, which lack all these qualifications.

Relations with Rabbeinu Tam
Another famous contemporary of Kimhi was Jacob ibn Meïr, called Rabbeinu Tam, of Ramerupt, who was the greatest Talmudic authority of the day. This scholar, wishing to settle the literary quarrel between the followers of Menahem ben Saruq and of Dunash ben Labraṭ, had written a book of decisions (הכרעות hakhraʻot), in which he took the part of Menahem. These decisions did not satisfy Kimhi. Feeling himself better able than Rabbeinu Tam to pass judgment in the case, he wrote the Sefer ha-Galui in 1165.

This work falls into two parts: the first treats the differences between Menahem and Dunash; the second contains independent criticisms on the former's dictionary. In the introduction, Kimhi apologizes for daring to come forward against so eminent a man as the leading Talmudic authority of his time. Hearing that the ignorant among the people will attack him on that account, he puts into their mouths the words which Abner, the captain of Saul, spoke, when David cried out to the king: "Who art thou that criest to the king?" ('I Sam. 26,14').

His fears were realized; Benjamin of Canterbury, a pupil of Rabbeinu Tam, made observations on the Sefer ha-Galui, defending his teacher. He also called Kimhi in a contemptuous sense HaQore "The Crier" because the latter ventured to cry his contradictions to the "king," i.e., Rabbeinu Tam.

Grammarian and lexicographer
In Kimhi's grammatical works Sefer Zikkaron (edited by Bacher, Berlin, 1888) and Sefer haGalui (edited by Matthews, ib. 1887) he is dependent on Judah ben David Hayyuj for the treatment of his subject, but in his explanations of words he relies mainly on Jonah ibn Janah.

On the whole, he is not original; in minor points, however, he goes his own way, becoming therein the model for future generations. Thus he was the first to recognize that the hif'il has also a reflexive and an intransitive meaning; he was also the first to arrange a list of nominal forms, to indicate eight verb classes, and to classify the vowels into a system of five short and five long ones. In his works he pays frequent attention also to the language of the liturgy. In his etymological explanations he seeks for analogies in Bible, Talmud, Targum, and in Arabic. In cases where such analogies are wanting or unsatisfactory he is guided by the principle, "The unknown must be deduced from the known." Not seldom he explains difficult words on the basis of phonetic laws laid down by himself.

Exegete
Of his exegetical works few have been preserved. Mention is made of his Sefer hatTorah, a commentary on the Torah; his Sefer hamMiḳnah, a commentary on the Nevi'im; and his Ḥibbur halLeḳeṭ of unknown contents. A commentary by him on the Song of Songs exists in manuscript; his commentary on the Book of Proverbs has been published by Dob Bär ans Dubrowo under the title Sefer Ḥuqqah (Breslau, 1868); and variants to the badly printed text are given by Eppenstein in ''Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl.'' v. 143 et seq.

A fragment of his commentary on the Book of Job has been published by Schwarz in his Tiqwat Enosh (Berlin, 1868); the remaining portions, by Eppenstein in "R. E. J." xxxvii. 86 et seq. Many exegetical remarks are scattered throughout Kimhi's grammatical works. His method is mostly that of the peshaṭ, i.e., literal interpretation. He frequently follows the Spanish school, without, however, reading into the Scriptural text the scientific knowledge of his own time. He pays a great deal of attention to the context, a point usually neglected by Aggadists. His explanations are short and terse. While criticizing at times some untenable explanations of his predecessors, he accepts such as seem to him to be correct. He is the first eclectic of the Hachmei Provence.

Poet
Ḳimḥi tried his hand also at writing poetry. His liturgical hymns and other poems which have come down are distinguished by beauty of form and elegance of language. He retains importance as one of the Provençal poets. His poems met with consideration at the hands of later generations and were frequently quoted by them. He is the first known author to write poems in the Magen Avot genre, and apparently is the inventor of the genre, which later became popular in Germany.

Translator
He translated Bahya ibn Paquda's ethical work Hobot halLebabot from Arabic into Hebrew, and he turned Solomon ibn Gabirol's Mibḥar hapPeninim into metrical form under the title Sheqel haqQodesh. Of the translation, only a fragment has been preserved, which was published by Jellinek in Benjacob's edition of ibn Tibbon's translation of that work (Leipsic, 1846); the "Sheqel" is still unprinted. In his translation, aiming chiefly at elegance of expression, Ḳimḥi does not keep to the original. He works too independently and, carrying into the work his own spirit, he often obscures the thought of the author. Notwithstanding its defects, his translation is not without merit. It has contributed to a better understanding of the Arabic authors, and is, therefore, to be considered in a certain sense as supplementing the works of the Tibbonides.

Apologete
Ḳimḥi's apologetic work "Sefer ha-Berit" contributed to Jewish polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages, though it was not printed until a fragment was published in "Milḥemet Ḥobah" (Constantinople, 1710). This work was written at the request of one of his pupils who wished to have a collection of all the prophetic passages in Scripture that might serve as aids in refuting those persons who denied the Torah. It is in the form of a dialogue between a loyal Jew and an apostate. The loyal Jew claims that the true religion of the Jew may be recognized by the moral conduct of the individual; all Jews are intent on carrying out in their lives the Decalogue; they give no divine honors to any one besides God; do not perjure themselves; commit no murder; and are not robbers. Their children are educated in the fear of God; their women are chaste; the Jews are hospitable toward one another, perform works of charity, and redeem captives—all virtues which are not found in such a high degree among non-Jews. The apostate admits all these claims, but points out that Jews demand high interest on loans. This objection the loyal Jew meets with the statement that non-Jews also are usurers, and that they impose upon members of their own faith, while rich Jews lend money to their coreligionists without any interest whatever. The "Sefer ha-Berit" is of importance as showing the moral condition of the Jews at that time, and as bearing testimony to the conditions of those days, in which the Jews in the Provence could freely express themselves not only with regard to their own religion, but also with regard to the religion of their neighbors.

title: Joseph Kimhi


text:
Sef Gonzales

Sef Gonzales (born 16 September 1980) is a Filipino Australian man who was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for the July 2001 murders of his father Teodoro "Teddy" Gonzales (46), his mother Mary Loiva Gonzales (43), and his sister Clodine Gonzales (18), in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. As a result of notoriety surrounding the sale of the house where the crimes occurred, the New South Wales government made it illegal to not disclose information related to the history of a property.

Background
Sef Gonzales was born in 1980 in Baguio, Benguet, Philippines, to Teddy Gonzales, a lawyer, and his wife Loiva Claridades, who had married in 1977. In 1983, Sef's sister Clodine was born. After the 1990 Luzon earthquake destroyed the family's home and business, a newly built 40-room hotel (from the rubble of which Gonzales was rescued by his father), the family emigrated to Australia. The family settled in Sydney, New South Wales, and by the late 1990s, Teddy had requalified as a lawyer, set up a successful law firm specialising in immigration, and purchased a plot of land in North Ryde.

The Gonzales family appeared to be close-knit: the parents, however, were devout Catholics who had high hopes and strict expectations for their children. In particular, they had hoped their son would perform well academically, give up his musical and singing aspirations, and embark on a career in medicine or law. After attending Parramatta Marist High School, Gonzales studied medical science at the University of New South Wales but withdrew after two years. He then enrolled in law at Macquarie University.

Performing poorly in his courses and at risk of expulsion, Gonzales tried to cover up his failure by falsifying his grades. When this was revealed by his sister to his parents, they threatened to withdraw certain privileges such as the use of his prized car, a green Ford Festiva. Gonzales also argued with his mother over a girlfriend of whom she disapproved, and his family threatened to disinherit him. This, along with Gonzales' desire to inherit the family's assets, were later established by police as motives for killing his family.

The murders
On 10 July 2001, at about 4:00   p.m., Gonzales left the family's law firm, where he worked part-time, and headed to the family home. Around 4:30   p.m., armed with a baseball bat from his car and two kitchen knives from a knife block in the kitchen, he entered Clodine's bedroom and assaulted her while she was studying. There he compressed her neck while trying to strangle her, struck her head with the bat at least six times, and then stabbed her multiple times with the smaller of the knives. The cause of Clodine's death was a combination of the compression of her neck, blunt force head injuries, and abdominal stab wounds. Gonzales then waited until Loiva arrived home about 5:30   p.m. After entering the house, he attacked her with one of the kitchen knives in the living/dining room, inflicting multiple stab wounds and cuts to her face, neck, chest and abdomen. Her windpipe was then completely transected post-mortem.

At around 6:00   p.m., Gonzales' maternal aunt visited the house. She noted her nephew's and sister's cars in the driveway, but the house was dark and unusually quiet (especially given that the family kept six small dogs inside). Looking into the house, she noticed movement, and left with her son after deciding not to enter via the garage. Teddy then arrived home about 6:50   p.m. After entering the house, Gonzales attacked him with one of the kitchen knives and inflicted multiple stab wounds to his neck, chest, back and abdomen. One of the stab wounds penetrated his right lung, another penetrated his heart and another partially severed his spinal cord. Teddy sustained defensive wounds, suggesting that there was a struggle.

After killing his family, Gonzales disposed of the murder weapons and the clothing and the size   7 running shoes he was wearing at the time of the murders. He showered, changed clothes, and spray painted the words "Fuck off Asians" on a wall in the house in an attempt to fool investigating police into believing that his family had been the victims of a hate crime. Gonzales then drove to a friend's house, arriving there about 8:00   p.m. The two then went to the Sydney central business district, where they ate at Planet Hollywood and visited a nearby video game arcade. Later in the evening, after dropping his friend off, Gonzales returned home. He called emergency services at 11:48   p.m. to say he had discovered the bodies. Gonzales had also frantically run to his neighbours' house and told them that his parents had been shot.

Investigation
In the days following the murders, Gonzales appeared on television asking for the killers to come forward, saying he wanted justice and offering a reward of A$100,000. A few days after the murder, Gonzales visited the family's accountant, enquiring about his inheritance (estimated at A$1.5 million in Australia and ₱1.3 million in The Philippines). As an apparent victim of crime, he was also eligible for a A$15,000 payout. Gonzales then moved to an apartment in Chatswood and put a deposit on a A$173,000 Lexus, telling the dealership he would be using his inheritance to pay for the vehicle. It was also claimed at trial that he traded in his parents' cars and pawned his mother's jewellery. Gonzales also told relatives that he had a brain tumour and asked his godmother in the Philippines for A$190,000 for the alleged surgery, but she did not give him any money. On 20 July, at the combined family funeral, he gave the eulogy and sang "One Sweet Day", which some attendees found odd.

Based on the initial evidence, NSW Police investigators assumed that the murders were part of a robbery attempt. However, given the absence of a forced entry and despite some superficial ransacking, nothing of value was missing, including the cash in the victims' possession. Also, given the three-hour duration of the crimes it was deemed unlikely that thieves would remain in the house for that long. After noticing an emotional detachment and many inconsistencies in Gonzales' story, such as his claims of performing CPR, and no evidence of any intruders, police began to suspect that he was involved. Gonzales' clothes, for example, were found to have the same paint used to spray the graffiti and a shoe box in his room matched the shoes used in the attack. Based on this, Gonzales' internet records were searched, his phone calls began to be recorded, and he was befriended and surveilled by an undercover policeman.

In December 2001, police were able to disprove Gonzales' first alibi, that he waited in his car in the driveway before driving to another suburb and later meeting his friend on the night of the murders. Gonzales then constructed a second alibi, claiming he had taken a taxi (as his car may have been recognised) and visited a brothel at the time of the murders, but this was discredited by both the supposed taxi driver and a sex worker. Other false trails included the fabrication of an e-mail that implicated a business rival of Teddy in the murders and the staging of an attempted burglary on 30 May. A breakthrough came when Gonzales' fingerprint was matched to a series of product poisoning letters which matched address searches on his personal computer. Other evidence indicated his research into poisons, the ordering of toxic-plant seeds, and recent unexplained poisoning-like illnesses in his family. On 13 June 2002, detectives from Strike Force Tawas arrested Gonzales.

Legal proceedings
Gonzales was charged with three counts of murder and one count of threatening product contamination. He was refused bail and held on remand in Silverwater Correctional Centre. During this time, he was denied access to the family's estate to fund his defence, and sought legal aid for the murder trial which took place during April and May 2004. Prosecuted by Mark Tedeschi, the trial revealed that Gonzales had planned the murders for several months before they took place. Initially he researched the idea of poisoning his family, which led to an elaborate contamination hoax one week before the killings. The court heard of numerous lies told to his friends, family and police regarding his whereabouts at the time of the murders, suggesting that Gonzales was a pathological liar. It was found that he had committed the murders because he was fearful that, because of his poor performance in his university studies, his parents might take his car away from him and might withdraw other privileges which had been granted to him, and that he wished to be the sole beneficiary of his parents' property.

On 20 May 2004, Gonzales was found guilty of all four charges. He was sentenced on 17 September 2004 to three concurrent life sentences without parole for the murders. Justice Bruce James remarked that, "I consider that the murders show features of very great heinousness and that there are no facts mitigating the objective seriousness of the murders and hence the murders fall within the worst category of cases of murder at common law." In June 2007, Gonzales was granted approval to appeal his conviction and his sentence. The Supreme Court determined that statements taken from Gonzales by police on the night of the murders may be inadmissible, as he was not cautioned. On 27 November 2007, the appeal was dismissed as there had been no miscarriage of justice, and his convictions remained.

In March 2021, Gonzales failed in his third attempt to get a special inquiry into his convictions for the murders. Previous applications for a special inquiry into his convictions were dismissed in 2018 and 2019.

House sale
The North Ryde house, located at 6 Collins Street and built by the Gonzales family in 2000, was put on the market shortly after the murders but due to its notoriety, it remained unsold for three years. Its eventual sale aroused controversy in October 2004 when prospective buyers, a couple from Taiwan, agreed to purchase the property. However, they had not been informed of the events that took place there by the realtors, LJ Hooker, only finding them out from a newspaper.

LJ Hooker initially refused to reverse the sale as they had no legal obligation of disclosure, but eventually refunded the buyers' A$80,000 deposit due to the bad publicity it caused. The company was also fined A$21,000 by the NSW Office of Fair Trading. After this incident, the NSW government made it illegal to "fail to disclose information that could have a substantial impact on the value of a property". In November 2005, the house was sold for A$720,000 (A$80,000 less than the previous price) to a buyer who was informed of its history.

title: Sef Gonzales


text:
Heartbreak House

Heartbreak House: A Fantasia in the Russian Manner on English Themes is a play written by George Bernard Shaw, first published in 1919. The English language premiere was at the Garrick Theatre in November 1920. According to A. C. Ward, the work argues that "cultured, leisured Europe" was drifting toward destruction, and that "Those in a position to guide Europe to safety failed to learn their proper business of political navigation". The "Russian manner" of the subtitle refers to the style of Anton Chekhov, which Shaw adapts.

Characters

 * Ellie Dunn
 * Nurse Guinness
 * Captain Shotover
 * Lady Utterword
 * Hesione Hushabye
 * Mazzini Dunn
 * Hector Hushabye
 * Boss Alfred Mangan
 * Randall Utterword
 * Burglar (Billy Dunn)

Plot summary
Ellie Dunn, her father, and her fiancé are invited to one of Hesione Hushabye’s infamous dinner parties, to be held at the house of her father, the eccentric Captain Shotover, an inventor in his late eighties who is trying to create a "psychic ray" that will destroy dynamite. The house is built in the shape of the stern of a ship. Lady Utterword, Shotover's other daughter, arrives from Australia, but he pretends not to recognise her. Hesione says they are running out of money. Shotover needs to invent a weapon of mass destruction. His last invention, a lifeboat, did not bring in much cash. Ellie intends to marry businessman Boss Mangan, but she really loves a man she met in the National Gallery. Unfortunately, her fiancé is a ruthless scoundrel, her father's a bumbling prig, and it turns out that the man she's in love with is Hector, Hesione's husband, who spends his time telling romantic lies to women. Marriage to Mangan will be the sensible choice.

A burglar is captured. They say they do not want to prosecute him, but he insists he will turn himself in unless they pay him not to. It turns out that the burglar is one of Shotover's old crewmen. He confesses that he is not a real burglar. He deliberately gets himself captured to get charitable assistance from his victims. Shotover laments that the younger generation have lost their romance. Ellie suggests that she should marry Shotover, but he says he's already married to a black Jamaican wife, though it's possible she's now dead.

Lady Utterword says that everything will be put to right if only they get some horses. Every English family should have horses. Mangan declares that he is to head a government department, but Ellie suddenly announces that she cannot marry him as she is now Shotover's "white wife". Shotover predicts that the ship of England will founder, as the captain is drunk and the crew are all gambling. The maid enters with news that an air-raid is about to happen. The lights are switched off, but Hector switches them back on to demonstrate his lack of concern about the threat. A bomb lands in the garden, blowing up Shotover's store of dynamite and killing Mangan and the burglar who were hiding there. When it is over everyone says how bored they are. They hope the bombs will come again tomorrow.

Relation to Chekhov
In the preface to the play Shaw acknowledges his debt to Chekhov, in particular to The Cherry Orchard. He writes that in comparison to himself, Chekhov was "more of a fatalist, had no faith in these charming people extricating themselves. They would, he thought, be sold up and sent adrift by the bailiffs; therefore he had no scruple in exploiting and even flattering their charm."

Critics have taken very different views about Shaw's adaptation of Chekhov. Louis Kronenberger says that Shaw "turns Chekhov into a sort of literary Hyde Park soapbox dialectic for the theatre...We should be brow-beaten indeed to accept the idea that in Heartbreak House there is more than the merest hint or tiny reflection of Chekhov's true method, none of that pure, pains-taking economy and drawing, none of that humility of vision, none of that shy certainty of intuition. And Mr. Shaw's play has none of the variety in emotional rhythm that Chekhov's has, either in tone or in profound self-revelation among the characters."

Louis Crompton, in contrast, says that,

"Shaw's avowed literary strategy, as we have seen, was to appeal to the most highly developed taste of the intelligentsia he was attacking. Shaw knew that Captain Shotover, his spokesman in the play, must first of all, like Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, hold his audience spellbound if he was to strike home with his message. As Shaw himself put it, 'The funny old captain, having lured them into his ship by his sallies, ties them up to the gangway and gives them a moral dozen.' The result is Chekhov reorchestrated, so to speak, with tubas and drums added, to allow for the playing of a Dies Irae at the end. Heartbreak House is thus a redistillation of Chekhov and at the same time a passing beyond him, for Chekhov's world is static and directionless. Though his characters often talk grandly and eloquently about the future of humanity, it is obvious that they are not going to act on their convictions, and Chekhov records their orations with a sympathy that is undercut with humorous skepticism. His aim is to present men and women to us dramatically, not to point the way. As a result some critics have exalted his detachment into an end in itself and attacked Shaw as the perverter of the master. But this is to ignore the fact that Chekhov himself found the lack of commitment in contemporary writing its greatest failure and contemporary nihilism the age's bane."

Thomas Whitaker says that Shaw differs markedly from Chekhov by presenting his characters as mercurial "rhetorical puppets" which gives them a "surprisingly rich vitality... a heartbroken adolescent can instantly become a cynic on the prowl, a maternal confidante can also be a seductive hostess and an emasculating wife, a philandering lapdog can be a shrewd judge of character and an offstage hero, and a mad hatter can be a mad Lear and a mad Shaw."

Society
The house could arguably be a metaphorical reference to a ship which must be guided capably, not only by its crew, but also its passengers. Each character in the house represents to some degree a facet of Edwardian British society, Mangan being the nouveau riche capitalist, Hesione the flighty Bohemian, Ellie a struggling member of the bourgeoisie and so on. Shaw divides the Edwardian upper-class into two facets: the traditional country-based gentry and aristocracy (those of Horseback Hall) and the Rentier (property owner) upper middle-class (those of Heartbreak House). The "horsey set" are identified with activity, most of it pointless; the rentiers with passivity, equally pointless. Both groups share the delusion that their worlds could continue to travel in tandem forever, which they did until Sarajevo.

Character traits
One of Shaw's most important and evident themes is reality versus appearances. By the end of the play, each character is revealed to be nothing like who they appeared to be in the beginning. Mangan, who was reported to be "a Napoleon of industry" is revealed in the third act to be virtually penniless and incapable of running his own businesses. It is in fact Mazzini who runs Mangan's businesses although he at first appears mild and incompetent.

Fate
Mazzini's belief in fate ruling his life reinforces his feeble ability to control his situation and according to the captain dooms the ship to destruction unless competent navigation can be learned:

Captain Shotover: "Navigation. Learn it and live; or leave it and be damned." (p. 141)

Play in performance
The play was first performed in New York at the Garrick Theatre in November 1920, with Albert Perry as Shotover and Elizabeth Risdon as Ellie Dunn. It was first presented in England on 18 October 1921, at the Royal Court, with Ellen O'Malley as Ellie and Brember Wills as Shotover. Edith Evans played Lady Utterword. Heartbreak House is not often performed due to its complex structure; however it is argued that the genius of the play cannot be fully appreciated without seeing it in performance. Its subject-matter is the ignorance and indifference exhibited by the upper and upper-middle classes to the First World War and its consequences. The self-indulgence and lack of understanding of the high-class characters are central issues in British society at the time that the play illuminates.

A prominent production in America was at the Pasadena Community Playhouse in 1938, directed by Hale McKeen, with Gilmor Brown as Captain Shotover and George Reeves (then George Bessolo) as Hector Hushabye.

In 1965 the play was staged by the Edinburgh Gateway Company, directed by Victor Carin.

It was directed by John Schlesinger in a production by the National Theatre at the Old Vic in 1975 with Anna Massey, Colin Blakely, Eileen Atkins, Patience Collier and Kate Nelligan.

In 1981 it was produced at the Royal Exchange, Manchester directed by Jonathon Hales with Eleanor Bron and Lynsey Baxter

During their 1982–83 season, the Guthrie Theater had a production starring Julianne Moore

An uncut, star-studded production at London's Haymarket Theatre in 1982, directed by Trevor Nunn, brought the play back to prominence in England. The cast was led by Paul Scofield (Shotover) and Vanessa Redgrave (Hesione), with Daniel Massey (Hector), Felicity Kendal (Ariadne), Imogen Stubbs (Ellie), David Calder (Boss Mangan), Oliver Ford Davies (Dunn) and Joe Melia as the Burglar.

A major Broadway revival was mounted in 1984, with an all star cast headed by Sir Rex Harrison as Shotover (a role for which he was nominated for a Tony), and featuring Amy Irving, Rosemary Harris, Dana Ivey, George N. Martin and Tom Aldredge.

The play has been performed several times at the Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada: most notably in 1968 directed by Val Gielgud and with Jessica Tandy, Paxton Whitehead, Tony Van Bridge and Frances Hyland (this production was recorded and released by Caedmon Records [Caedmon TRS-335]); then in summer 2011 directed by Christopher Newton with Michael Ball as Captain Shotover, Blair Williams as Hector, Patrick McManus as Mazzini, Laurie Paton as Ariadne, Benedict Campbell as Mangan and Robin Evans Willis as Ellie. It also formed part of Chichester Festival Theatre's 50th Anniversary Season in 2012 and cast Derek Jacobi as Captain Shotover. The Denver Center Theatre Company staged it for a run 30 March to 29 April 2012.

It is available on VHS based on the 1985 television version directed by Anthony Page, with Rex Harrison as Shotover, Amy Irving as Ellie and Rosemary Harris as Hesione. Also available on DVD is the 1977 BBC Play of the Month version directed by Cedric Messina, with John Gielgud as Shotover, Lesley-Anne Down as Ellie and Siân Phillips as Hesione.

The play was performed at Shaw's Corner 25–27 July 2014, produced by Michael Friend and by the Abbey Theatre, Dublin from 14 August to 13 September 2014.

In 2018, the play was staged Off-Broadway from 28 August to 29 September. The production was directed by David Staller and produced by Gingold Theatrical Group, a New York-Based Theatre Group dedicated to presenting plays that echo Shaw's values.

Aleksandr Sokurov's loose film adaptation Mournful Unconcern (Skorbnoye beschuvstviye) was made in 1987.

Editions

 * Shaw, Bernard. Heartbreak House, Great Catherine, and playlets about the war. New York, Brentano's (1919)
 * Shaw, Bernard. Heartbreak House: A Fantasia in the Russian Manner on English Themes. With an Introduction and notes by Ward. A.C. London: Longmans Green and Co Ltd. 1961.

title: Heartbreak House


text:
M89SR sniper rifle

The M89SR sniper rifle is a gas operated semi-automatic sniper rifle produced by Technical Consultants International (TCI).

Design
The M89SR was first introduced as the Sardius M36 Sniper Weapon System (SWS) in the 1980s. The rifle is based on the American M14 rifle in bullpup configuration.

It was intended to replace the M14, though Sardius were unable to secure financing. When Sardius went out of business, Technical Consulting International (TCI) obtained the licence to produce the M36. They made some adjustments, such as adding a new carbon fiber stock, and it was renamed the M89SR (Model 89 Sniper Rifle).

The rifle is much shorter than an assault rifle even with a sound suppressor attached, making it easy to conceal. It is also relatively light, and is more accurate than other sniper rifles.

Users

 * 🇮🇱 Israel: The rifle was used by the Israel Defense Forces. Reported to be in use with Sayeret Duvdevan and Sayeret Shimshon.

title: M89SR sniper rifle


text:
Talk:European Capital of Culture

Untitled
Can only EU cities be capitals or any European city? In 2000 there were two non-EU cities among the capitals, was that a special case only? Alensha 12:45, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Apparently not, Stavanger is listed as a future city even though it's not an EU city. Joffeloff 13:13, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

"transform their cultural base" ?
Coud it be written for mortals not skilled in subtleties of marketese? Second sentence. Pavel Vozenilek 15:27, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

marketing European Capital of Culture (ECC)
HI! Could anybody be so kind and tell me where I could find the info about subj.? How the ECC marketing is done? Who is responsible? thanks a lot in advance. my e-mail is: antalija@gmail.com

Cities or Countries?
Some of the future cities named are actually countries. I think this is an error?

No the cities havn't been decided yet i think Wild ride 12:52, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Non-EU cities?
Since several non-EU cities seem to have been declared European Capitals of Culture, I removed the following paragraph:
 * Only European cities within member states of the EU have so far been named Capital of Culture — other European cities have not. However, the EU council can designate one city from a non-EU country for a given year, if that city's designation is approved unanimously in the council.

However, the rule concerning a non-EU city's need for a unanimous approval by the council may still be true; does anyone have any input on this? :: Salvo (talk) 06:01, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Copyright Issue?
I was going to try cleaning up some of the text in this article, then found that it appears to have been cut'n'pasted verbatim from the UNEECC history page. I'm not sure who has pinched the text from who though, or whether the original was copyright. JRI (talk) 12:31, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Copyright concerns
With respect to potential infringement against this source, evidence suggests that they are infringing on us. The organization in question was only founded in December of 2006. (See ) The material was first introduced in January of 2003, here, and evolved considerably over following years. A comparison of that early version to the version of early December 2007,, shows that as the text evolved, it developed towards the language used by that external site.

Take, for example, this telling paragraph from our article. In 2003, it said: As soon as 1991, the organisers of the different European Cities of Culture created a network enabling the exchange and dissemination of information, also to the organisers of future events. This network also carried out in 1994 a study on the impact of the European City of Culture since its creation.

In 2007, it said: As early as 1991, the organisers of the different European Cities of Culture created the Network of European Cultural Capitals and Months — enabling the exchange and dissemination of information, also to the organisers of future events. This network also carried out in 1994 a study on the impact of the European City of Culture since its creation. ECCM is a non profit organisation based in Luxembourg and acting in close collaboration to the European Institutions. Since 1648 to present in every Cultural Capital and in former ones a travelling exhibition "A Journey to the World: Cultural Capitals". The exhibition is inaugurated for the first time in Patras, Greece on the 27th of March 2006.

The identified source is almost identical to the latter. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 11:57, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

Hey what kind of things do yall do for fun ???????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.113.83.4 (talk) 16:42, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Country flags
Why is the UK flag not used for UK cities? It seems odd to use the home nation flags. I was wondering if this is some kind of Wikipedia policy as it's inaccurate in this context - for all other countries the national flag (ie the sovereign state flag) is used. Peeper (talk) 09:32, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Agreed. As there has been no opposition to this since March, I'm going to go ahead and change it. --Warpfactor (talk) 12:48, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

What happened to the list of past Capitals of Culture?
It seems a bit odd to have removed them, given that a large number of people may wish to check that information! 138.253.44.9 (talk) 17:37, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Edit needed: Why some years 1, then others 2 or more Caps of Cultures?
Some years have just ONE city/area, while others have TWO or more (see year 2000, where there were NINE!). An explanation of this reasoning needs to be found and incorporated into the page info, as it's a major omission in data, imo. The EU website just says "From 2011, two cities – from two different EU countries – will be European capitals of culture." But why is this not the case, as pre-2011 years somwtimes have more than one place as well... ?? Confusing to all readers. --Jimthing (talk) 00:11, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Does the EU give any type of subsidy to the awarded city?
If so, how much? Does anyone know? Thank you --C9900 (talk) 08:02, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Yep
It's only about €1.5M, grant from EU Parliament, for each City.

ESK2016 (talk) 19:39, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

Essen/Ruhr?
I'm a bit unhappy with the fact that two of the three current European Capitals of Culture (Istanbul and Pecs) get represented with pictures in this article, while Essen/Ruhr Area, the third city, has none. Could anyone change this, please? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.33.32.83 (talk) 13:52, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

2020 and further
What is the source of this information? Comission gives countries only to 2019. --Yarko (talk) 14:47, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

List of European Cities/Capitals of Culture
What is the point of having this section? It's non-exhaustive, only contains photos that are not connected to any event included in the scope of European Capital of Culture, and it offers no added information whatsoever. The article would be better off if this section was removed. 95.136.117.99 (talk) 09:01, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

T.B.A.
Why are the third cities still T.B.A.? --Lapilluminati (talk) 20:44, 15 January 2015 (UTC)

Where my Wikipedians at? --Lapilluminati (talk) 19:04, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

The map
The map is becoming difficult to use. I reduced the size of the labels, but still the cities around Benelux and neighbouring areas are still on top of one another. Meanwhile there's nothing featured in the north-east corner of the map.

What can we do to improve this? Multiple maps? A different template? --David Edgar (talk) 11:35, 23 May 2015 (UTC)

Tartu in Estonia...
...had been designed for 2024 https://www.kul.ee/en/news/tartu-was-chosen-european-capital-culture-2024. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.116.228.5 (talk) 15:20, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

Nova Gorica...
....had been designed for 2025 https://www.ansa.it/english/news/lifestyle/arts/2020/12/18/nova-gorica-gorizia-to-be-2025-european-capital-of-culture_404e851d-1903-47ae-a317-7864b70b8709.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.34.0.85 (talk) 16:17, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

2021 error
Hello, someone has added Stockport as 2021 city of culture, which I really don’t think is correct — Preceding unsigned comment added by 51.148.167.130 (talk) 08:04, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Information changed, according to the | official website the 2020 designations were extended and the 2021 designation has been postponed. Suonii180 (talk) 08:13, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Trencin in Slovakia will be it in 2026
https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22802005/trencin-named-2026-european-capital-of-culture.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.13.195.224 (talk) 15:56, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

Nova Goriza...
...is missing on the map. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.116.228.5 (talk) 09:54, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

For Portugal 2027...
...it has been just released a short list https://culture.ec.europa.eu/news/4-cities-short-listed-for-european-capitals-of-culture-2027-in-portugal — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.116.228.5 (talk) 12:58, 29 March 2022 (UTC)

In Italy there is also...
... "la capitale italiana della cultura" every year https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitale_italiana_della_cultura. Maybe it deserves a link in the article. Is there something similar in other european countries? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.13.209.26 (talk) 20:20, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Liepaja...
...has been designed for Latvia for 2027 https://www.km.gov.lv/lv/jaunums/eiropas-kulturas-galvaspilsetas-2027-titulu-latvija-izcina-liepaja — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.116.228.5 (talk) 14:12, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

For France 2028...
...it has been just released a short list https://culture.ec.europa.eu/news/four-cities-short-listed-for-european-capital-of-culture-2028-in-france#:~:text=Bourges%2C%20Clermont%2DFerrand%2C%20Montpellier,of%20Culture%202028%20in%20France. 62.10.142.97 (talk) 14:21, 4 March 2023 (UTC)

Ceske Budejovice in Czech Republic will be in 2028
https://www.mkcr.cz/novinky-a-media-cs-4/5331cs-soutez-o-titul-evropskeho-hlavniho-mesta-kultury-pro-rok-2028-jiz-zna-sveho-viteze 84.220.24.3 (talk) 16:22, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

Hhsbsbshzns sghshs sbshs s dbshsnw e ghee e svsysjs. Sbshs x xvxhs s x Gbb. Vv vv🥵🥵😡😤😤✉✉🥵🥵🥵ggg wveywywvwv yy wgeyeyw wvegg1 2601:249:B00:29A0:492D:835D:C544:D04D (talk) 15:51, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

List of cities - inacurracy
Why are there cities added before the founding in 1985? E.g. East Berlin 1980, Belgrade 1981, Moscow 1982, Leningrad 1983, Kyiv 1984. 2001:4646:2D53:0:1813:99D5:CA7F:475F (talk) 15:44, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:European Capital of Culture


text:
User:Cedars

Hi all!

I have left Wikipedia.

Cedars.

title: User:Cedars


text:
User talk:Imaek

WP:FILMS Newsletter
The November 2006 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. Cbrown1023 23:15, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

WP:FILMS Newsletter
The December 2006 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. Please also, if you have not already, add your name to the Member List. Cbrown1023 00:36, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Classiccat
Template:Classiccat has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. Agathoclea 21:45, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

WP:Films Newsletter
The January 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. Nehrams2020 06:56, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Films February Newsletter
The February 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. Cbrown1023 talk 23:04, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

March WP:FILMS Newsletter
The March 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. This is an automated notice by BrownBot 00:18, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

April 2007 WP:FILMS Newsletter
The April 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. This is an automated notice by BrownBot 21:21, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

May 2007 WP:FILMS Newsletter
The May 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. This has been an automated notice by BrownBot 21:55, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Dead Heat movie.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Dead Heat movie.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 02:27, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ladies_They_Talk_About.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Ladies_They_Talk_About.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —  pd_THOR  undefined | 19:43, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

June 2007 WP:FILMS Newsletter
The June 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. Please also, if you have not already, add your name to the Member List. Nehrams2020 08:18, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Page Deletion
Imaek, You recently sent me a notice saying that one of the pages I wrote had a speedy deletion tag attatched. Thank you for notifying me. I appreciate it very much. Do you perchance know who and why this tag was posted. Thanks again! HistoryQuizMan 02:15, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for also correcting the problem. I am still grateful that you alerted me of the spelling problem. I too have been working to rectify the situation. I recently posted a question on the correct Palenque page asking any user willing to help for all correct spellings of Palenque, because I have seen several experts spell it Pelenque. Maybe I'm wrong. I could be completely mistaken. However, I would like to thank you again for your helpfulness in this area. HistoryQuizMan 14:01, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:ESRB T.svg)
Thanks for uploading Image:ESRB T.svg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 19:42, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

July 2007 WP:FILMS Newsletter
The July 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. This is an automated delivery by BrownBot 18:45, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

August 2007 WP:FILMS Newsletter
The August 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. This is an automated delivery by BrownBot 04:03, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:The Kid (2000).jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:The Kid (2000).jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 05:34, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Films roll call
Hey fellow Wikipedian! Your username is listed on the WikiProject Films participants list, but we are unsure as to which editors are still active on the project. If you still consider yourself an active WP:FILM editor, please add your name to the Active Members list. You may also wish to add   to your userpage, if you haven't done so already. We also have several task forces that you may be interested in joining as well. Also, elections for Project Coordinators are currently in sign-up phase. If you would be interested in running, or would like to ask questions of the candidates, please take a look. You can see more information on the positions at WikiProject Films/Coordinators. Thanks and happy editing! An automatic notification by BrownBot 23:34, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use disputed for Image:Monster OST.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Monster OST.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:51, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Inman.svg
Thanks for uploading Image:Inman.svg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:52, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Films September 2007 Newsletter
The September 2007 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you.

Please note that special delivery options have been reset and ignored for this issue due to the revamp of the membership list (outlined in further detail in the newsletter). If you would like to change your delivery settings for future issues, please follow the above link. I apologize for the inconvenience. This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot 23:13, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:L'enfer.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:L'enfer.jpg. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Thirdship 11:38, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Detention film.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Detention film.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 09:59, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:L'Emploi du temps.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:L'Emploi du temps.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:35, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Image:Airborne.jpg)
You've uploaded Image:Image:Airborne.jpg, and indicated that it's used under Wikipedia's rules for non-free images. However, it's not presently used in any articles. Wikipedia policy requires that non-free images be either used or deleted, so if this image isn't used in an article in the next week, it will be deleted.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions.

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Only You.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Only You.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 12:04, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Films August 2008 Newsletter
The August 2008 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 00:22, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Gosford.Park.Soundtrack.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Gosford.Park.Soundtrack.jpg. You've indicated that the image is being used under a claim of fair use, but you have not provided an adequate explanation for why it meets Wikipedia's requirements for such images. In particular, for each page the image is used on, the image must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Can you please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for each article the image is used in.
 * That every article it is used on is linked to from its description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --FairuseBot (talk) 23:03, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

WP:FILMS Questionnaire
As a member of WikiProject Films, you are invited to take part in the project's first questionnaire. It is intended to gauge your participation and views on the project. At the conclusion of the questionnaire, the project's coordinators will use the gathered feedback to find new ways to improve the project and reach out to potential members. The results of the questionnaire will be published in next month's newsletter. If you know of any editors who have edited film articles in the past, please invite them to take part in the questionnaire. Please stop by and take a few minutes to answer the questions so that we can continue to improve our project. Happy editing! This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 03:54, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Synecdoche NY Michelle Williams.png
Thank you for uploading File:Synecdoche NY Michelle Williams.png. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this file on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the file description page and adding or clarifying the reason why the file qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your file is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for files used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.

If it is determined that the file does not qualify under the non-free content policy, it might be deleted by an administrator within a few days in accordance with our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you. Postdlf (talk) 15:39, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Nihil Negativum
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Nihil Negativum, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * Non-notable demo through WP:NALBUMS

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because, even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. FireCrystal (talk) 20:21, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

File:Map of Nevada colored for Prostitution.svg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Map of Nevada colored for Prostitution.svg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 19:14, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Non-free rationale for File:SLC Punk! Soundtrack.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:SLC Punk! Soundtrack.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under non-free content criteria, but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia is acceptable. Please go to the file description page, and edit it to include a non-free rationale.

If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 15:03, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

Category:Anorexia Nervosa albums
Category:Anorexia Nervosa albums, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Mike Selinker (talk) 18:39, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Monster OST.jpg

The file File:Monster OST.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-free album cover being used in a decorative manner in Monster (2003 film). Non-free album cover art is generally allowed to be used for primary identification purposes in stand-alone articles about albums, but its use in other articles is generally only allowed when the cover art itself is the subject of sourced critical commentary as explained in WP:NFC and the context for non-free use required by WP:NFCC is evident. There is no such commentary for this particular album cover anywhere in the article, and the use of soundtrack album cover art in articles about films or TV programs is generally not allowed for this reason as explained in WP:FILMSCORE."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. -- Marchjuly (talk) 04:35, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:A Smell of Honey, a Swallow of Brine.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:A Smell of Honey, a Swallow of Brine.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 02:40, 19 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Imaek