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User:Edward/Scratchpad

Possible copyvio

 * Richard "Dick" Hickock
 * Perry Smith

Current politcal issues

 * Smoking ban
 * French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
 * War on Terrorism
 * Hunting Act 2004
 * Five economic tests
 * Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–2005
 * Affirmative action
 * Racial and Religious Hatred Act
 * Future energy development
 * Illegal immigration
 * School dinners
 * Hubbert peak theory
 * Sustainability
 * Licensing Act 2003
 * Separation of church and state
 * Prohibition (drugs)
 * European Union arms embargo on China
 * British national identity card
 * Gambling Act 2005
 * NHS Foundation Trust
 * Top-up fees
 * Affordable housing
 * 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Multi Fibre Arrangement

Cite sources
All aritcles should have sources.

Air traffic controller

 * Pushing Tin

Auto racing

 * Days of Thunder (NASCAR)
 * Driven (Champ Car)
 * The Fast and the Furious (2001 film) (street racing)

Bank robbery

 * Heat

Casino

 * Casino

Ballet

 * Center Stage

Cheerleading

 * Man of the House (2005)
 * Bring it On Again (2003)
 * Sugar & Spice (2001)
 * Bring It On (2000)
 * Cheerleader Camp (1987)
 * The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders appeared in a movie of the same name in 1979, and a sequel in 1980. Both were made-for-TV movies.
 * Cheerleaders Wild Weekend (1979)
 * Revenge of the Cheerleaders (1977)
 * The Swinging Cheerleaders (1974)
 * The Cheerleaders (1973)

Corporate raiding

 * Other People's Money
 * Wall Street

Domestic service

 * Gosford Park

Firefighter

 * Backdraft

Fisherman

 * The Perfect Storm

Hacker

 * Sneakers
 * WarGames
 * Hackers

Humanitarian aid

 * Beyond Borders

Mountain rescue

 * Cliffhanger (film)

Music journalism

 * Almost Famous

Naval aviatation

 * Top Gun

Music industry

 * Empire Records
 * High Fidelity
 * Josie and the Pussycats (film)

Nightclub

 * Coyote Ugly

Sports agent

 * Jerry Maguire

Stock trading

 * Wall Street
 * Boiler Room

Storm chasing

 * Twister (film)

Stripper

 * Showgirls
 * Striptease (film)

Pirate radio

 * Pump Up the Volume

Pornography

 * Boogie Nights

Law

 * The Firm (film)
 * The Client

SWAT

 * S.W.A.T.

United States Marshals Service

 * The Fugitive
 * U.S. Marshals (movie)
 * Eraser

Software engineering

 * Antitrust
 * Office space

Salt
From http://www.saltworks.us/salt_info/si_gourmet_reference.asp
 * Black salt
 * Celtic salt
 * Coarse salt
 * Flake salt
 * Fleur de sel
 * French sea salt
 * Grey salt
 * Grinder salt
 * Hawaiian sea salt
 * Italian sea salt
 * Kosher salt
 * Organic salt
 * Sea salt
 * Smoked sea salt
 * Table salt

-ometer
Accelerometer - Actinometer - Alcoholometer - Alethiometer - Anemometer - Atmometer - Audiometer - Auxanometer - Avometer - Barometer - Bolometer - Ceilometer - Chronometer - Clinometer - Comptometer - Cyclometer - Declinometer - Densitometer - Diffractometer - Disdrometer - Drosometer - Drumometer - Dynamometer - Electrometer - Eudiometer - Eurobarometer - Galvanometer - Gasometer - Glucometer - Gnathodynamometer - Goniometer - Gonioreflectometer - Gravitometer - Heliometer - Hemocytometer - Hydrometer - Hygrometer - Hypsometer - Inclinometer - Infiltrometer - Inkometer - Intervalometer - Katharometer - Keratometer - Lagometer - Macrometer - Magnetometer - Manometer - Microbolometer - Micrometer - Monometer - Nephelometer - Nilometer - Odometer - Opisometer - Orchidometer - Osmometer - Paleothermometer - Pedometer - Photometer - Piezometer - Plastometer - Potentiometer - Potometer - Profilometer - Psophometer - Pupilometer - Pycnometer - Pyranometer - Pyrgeometer - Pyrometer - Radiometer - Reflectometer - Refractometer - Respirometer - Rheometer - Saccharometer - Salinometer - Scatterometer - Scintillometer - Sclerometer - Seismometer - Siriometer - Snickometer - Sonometer - Spectrofluorometer - Spectrometer - Spectroradiometer - Speedometer - Spherometer - Sphygmomanometer - Spirometer - Swingometer - Sympiesometer - Tachometer - Tensiometer - Tensometer - Thermometer - Tribometer - Variometer - Viscometer

Wikipedia:Featured pictures/Places/London
See Featured pictures/Places

title: User:Edward/Scratchpad


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Belarusian Social Sporting Party

The Belarusian Social Sporting Party (BSSP; Белорусская социально-спортивная партия; Беларуская сацыяльна-спартыўная партыя) was a political party in Belarus that supported the government of President Alexander Lukashenko. It was founded on 6 November 1994 and was led by Vladimir Alexandrovich.

History
On 6 November 1994, the Constituent Assembly of the party was held, which was registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Belarus on 9 December 1994. (registration certificate No. 003), re-registered on 13 September 1999 (registration certificate No. 012).

In the parliamentary elections, the party did not nominate candidates on party lists, but only by collecting signatures.

In the 1995 Belarusian parliamentary election, the party received one deputy mandate. In the elections to the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus five years later, only the party chairman V. A. Aleksandrovich won the election from the BSSP, who was elected in the first round on 15 October 2000 from the Mendeleevsky electoral district of Minsk.

In 2015, the deputy chairman of the party, Elena Klyuikova, confirmed that the party deliberately does not nominate candidates for the parliamentary elections, because "work in parliament involves giving up the main activity".

On 4 September 2023 the Belarusian Social Sporting Party was liquidated by the Supreme Court of Belarus.

Declared goals
Assistance in strengthening an economically developed, socially oriented, stable state through the improvement of social norms, the unification of the progressive forces of Belarus for the implementation of social programs that favor the growth of the spiritual, cultural and economic potential of the Belarusian people; attracting public attention to the problems of educating the younger generation, promoting the ideas of citizenship, patriotism and a healthy lifestyle, attracting citizens to participate in local self-government, to solving social problems facing society.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Belarusian Social Sporting Party


text:
User talk:Milletyummy!

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Ambush Commander 19:57, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Milletyummy!


text:
User:Semorrison/Alexander Polynomial data

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5_1
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Supernal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 03:16, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Supernal
Un-encyclopedic dic def, already transwikied to Wiktionary. Delete. Eliot 19:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. DS1953 02:53, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 09:54, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Henry reaction

The Henry reaction is a classic carbon–carbon bond formation reaction in organic chemistry. Discovered in 1895 by the Belgian chemist Louis Henry (1834–1913), it is the combination of a nitroalkane and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a base to form β-nitro alcohols. This type of reaction is also referred to as a nitroaldol reaction (nitroalkane, aldehyde, and alcohol). It is nearly analogous to the aldol reaction that had been discovered 23 years prior that couples two carbonyl compounds to form β-hydroxy carbonyl compounds known as "aldols" (aldehyde and alcohol). The Henry reaction is a useful technique in the area of organic chemistry due to the synthetic utility of its corresponding products, as they can be easily converted to other useful synthetic intermediates. These conversions include subsequent dehydration to yield nitroalkenes, oxidation of the secondary alcohol to yield α-nitro ketones, or reduction of the nitro group to yield β-amino alcohols.

Many of these uses have been exemplified in the syntheses of various pharmaceuticals including the β-blocker (S)-propranolol,  the HIV protease inhibitor Amprenavir (Vertex 478), and construction of the carbohydrate subunit of the anthracycline class of antibiotics, L-Acosamine. The synthetic scheme of the L-Acosamine synthesis can be found in the Examples section of this article.

Mechanism
The Henry reaction begins with the deprotonation of the nitroalkane on the α-carbon position forming a nitronate. The pKa of most nitroalkanes is approximately 17. Although this structure is nucleophilic both at the deprotonated carbon and at the oxy-anions of the nitro group, the observed result is of the carbon attacking the carbonyl compound. The resulting β-nitro alkoxide is protonated by the conjugate acid of the base that originally deprotonated the nitroalkyl structure, giving the respective β-nitro alcohol as product.

It is important to note that all steps of the Henry reaction are reversible. This is due to the lack of a committed step in the reaction to form product. It is for this reason that research has been geared towards modifications to drive the reaction to completion. More information about this can be found in the modification section of this article.

Stereochemical Course
The figure below illustrates one of the commonly accepted models for stereoselection without any modification to the Henry reaction. In this model, stereoselectivity is governed by the size of the R groups in the model (such as a carbon chain), as well as by a transition state that minimizes dipole by orienting the nitro group and carbonyl oxygen anti each other (on opposite sides of the molecule). The R groups play a role in the transition state of the Henry reaction: the larger the R groups on each of the substrates, the more they will tend to orient themselves away from each other (commonly referred to as steric effects).

Due to the reversibility of the reaction and the tendency for easy epimerization of the nitro-substituted carbon atom (among a number of factors), the Henry reaction will typically produce a mixture of enantiomers or diastereomers. It is for this reason that explanations for stereoselectivity remain scarce without some modification of the reaction. In recent years, research focus has shifted toward modifications of the Henry reaction to overcome this synthetic challenge.

The first example of an enantioselective nitroaldol reaction was reported in 1992 using Shibasaki catalysts. One of the most frequently employed methods for inducing enantio- or diastereoselectivity in the Henry reaction is the use of chiral metal catalysts, in which the nitro group and carbonyl oxygen coordinate to a metal that is bound to a chiral organic molecule. Some metals that have been used include zinc, cobalt, copper, magnesium, and chromium. A depiction of this coordination is illustrated above.

General Features
One of the many features of the Henry reaction that makes it synthetically attractive is that it utilizes only a catalytic amount of base to drive the reaction. Additionally a variety of bases can be used including ionic bases such as alkali metal hydroxides, alkoxides, carbonates, and sources of fluoride anion (e.g. TBAF) or nonionic organic amine bases including TMG, DBU, DBN, and PAP. It is important to note that the base and solvent used do not have a large influence on the overall outcome of the reaction.

Limitations
One of the main drawbacks of the Henry reaction is the potential for side reactions throughout. Aside from the inherent reversibility of the reaction (or "retro–Henry") that can prevent the reaction from proceeding, the β-nitro alcohol also has the potential to undergo dehydration. For sterically hindered substrates, it is also possible for a base-catalyzed self-condensation (Cannizzaro reaction) to occur. A general scheme of the Cannizzaro reaction is depicted below.

Modifications
There have been a series of modifications made to the Henry reaction. Of these some of the most important include employing high-pressure and sometimes solvent free conditions to improve chemo- and regioselectivity and chiral metal catalysts to induce enantio-or diastereoselectivity. The aza-Henry reaction is also used to produce nitroamines and can be a reliable synthetic route for the synthesis of vicinal diamines.

Perhaps one of the most synthetically useful modifications to the Henry reaction is the use of an organocatalyst. The catalytic cycle is shown below.

Benjamin List described that while this is a broad explanation, his brief review illustrates that this is a plausible mechanistic explanation for almost all reactions that involve an organocatalyst. An example of this type of reaction is illustrated in the Examples section of this article.

In addition to the previously mentioned modifications to the Henry reaction there are a variety of others. This includes the conversion of unreactive alkyl nitro compounds to their corresponding dianions which will react faster with carbonyl substrates, reactions can be accelerated using PAP as base, utilization of the reactivity of aldehydes with α,α-doubly deprotonated nitroalkanes to give nitronate alkoxides that yield mainly syn-nitro alcohols once protonated, and finally generation of nitronate anions in which one oxygenatom on the nitro group is silyl-protected to yield anti-β-nitro alcohols in the presence of a fluoride anion source when reacted with an aldehyde.

Examples

 * Industrial Application
 * In 1999, Menzel and coworkers developed a synthetic route to obtaining L -acosamine, the carbohydrate subunit of the anthracycline class of antibiotics:
 * Synthesis of L-acosamine.svg

 * Industrial Application
 * An enantioselective aldol addition product can be obtained in asymmetric synthesis by reaction of benzaldehyde with nitromethane and the a catalyst system consisting of zinc triflate as a Lewis acid, diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), and N-methylephedrine (NME) as and as a chiral ligand. A diastereoselective variation of this reaction is depicted below.
 * HenryRReactionApplication.png

 * Total Synthesis
 * In 2005, Barua and coworkers completed the total synthesis of the potent aminopeptidase inhibitor, (–)-bestatin, in an overall yield of 26% overall yield employing Shibasaki's asymmetric Henry reaction as the key step. (illustrated below)
 * Best1.png

 * Organocatalysis
 * In 2006, Hiemstra and coworkers explored the use of quinine derivatives as asymmetric catalysts for the reaction between aromatic aldehydes and nitromethane. Through the use of particular derivatives, they were able to induce direct enantioselection through the use of the proper catalyst.
 * Chinchura.png

 * Biocatalysis
 * In 2006, Purkarthofer et al. found that (S)-hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis catalyzes the formation of (S)-β-nitro alcohols. In 2011, Fuhshuku and Asano showed that the (R)-selective hydroxynitrile lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana could catalyze the synthesis of (R)-β-nitro alcohols from nitromethane and aromatic aldehydes.

title: Henry reaction


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Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus

The Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus (LDPB, Ліберальна-дэмакратычная партыя Беларусі, Либерально-демократическая партия Беларуси) is a political party in Belarus. It was created in 1994 as the Belarusian successor of the Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union.

Despite claiming to be a "constructive and democratic opposition" the party de facto supports the current president, Alexander Lukashenko (much like the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia with Vladimir Putin).

In the legislative elections, 13–17 October 2004, the party won 1 out of 110 seats. Its candidate in the presidential election of 2006, Sergei Gaidukevich, won 3.5% of the vote.

Party leader Gaidukevich was a member of the House of Representatives from 2004 to 2008. He was later a member of the Council of the Republic from 2016 to 2019.

Ideology
Despite the name, the party does not support liberalism or liberal democracy. Rather, according to political scientist Pippa Norris, the LDPB is an extremist party, dedicated to the restoration of the Soviet Union and Russian-Belarusian unionism. The party is opposed to NATO, the European Union and what it calls "international monopolies". It gathers its main support from ex-servicemen mainly from the time of the Soviet Union, from nostalgics of the Soviet Union, and those who favor closer ties or even union with Russia; it is especially strong in Minsk, Vitebsk and some other regional cities.

The LDPB has no democratic structure and was run by Sergei Gaidukevich from 1994 to 2019, when he was succeeded by his son Oleg Gaidukevich. Its main domestic ally was the Belarusian Patriotic Party until it was banned in 2023.

title: Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus


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Republican Party of Labour and Justice

The Republican Party of Labour and Justice (RPTS; Республиканская партия труда и справедливости; РПТС; Рэспубліканская партыя працы і справядлівасьці; РППС) is a political party in Belarus founded by Ivan Antonovich in 1993. The chairman is. The party is considered to be supportive of the government of president Alexander Lukashenko.

Activities
Politispolkom, of the Republican Party of Labor and Justice, unanimously declared the results of the referendum on 16 March 2014 in the Crimea legitimate and supported the will of the inhabitants of Sevastopol. The party has also called for the president Lukashenko to accept the results of the referendum.

At the extraordinary XIII Congress of the Republican Party of Labor and Justice, held on 12 December 2020, Vasily Zadnepryany, who had headed the RPTS since 2006, was expelled from its members. Alexander Alexandrovich Stepanov became the acting chairman of the RPTS.

Electoral performance
At the Belarusian parliamentary election in 1995, the party obtained 1 out of 198 seats. At the legislative election in 2000, it gained 2 out of 110 seats in the House of Representatives. The following elections in 2004 and 2008 were not successful for the party; however, in 2012, it won one seat.

As a result of elections to the local Councils of Deputies of the Republic of Belarus (2014), 36 people were elected. Two members of the party are members of the Minsk City Council of Deputies.

In the 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election, it won a total of 6 seats to Belarus' House of Representatives.

title: Republican Party of Labour and Justice


text:
Puyango

Puyango may refer to:

 * Puyango River, the name in Ecuador for the Tumbes River, flowing from Ecuador through Peru to the Pacific Ocean
 * Puyango Canton, Ecuador
 * Puyango Petrified Forest, Ecuador

title: Puyango


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Synoptic climatology

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Woohookitty 06:07, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Synoptic climatology
Transwikied dictdef. Obscure enough article name that I don't see the need to redirect to Climatology, so Delete. Eliot 20:01, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Not knowing the proceedure here, I'd like to add my vote to be counted or not. The article theme is not obscure, per se, but somewhat meaningless, climatology being the study of periods much longer than synoptic weather patterns. Delete. Daniel Collins 3 July 2005 04:11 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Red House, Buntingford

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 22:05, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Red House, Buntingford
Non-notable building. --InShaneee 20:01, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed, delete. -- claviola (talk to me) 20:06, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Buntingford or keep. Kappa 20:47, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC) Keep, listed building. Kappa 06:01, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's a Grade II Listed Building (buildings of special interest). Other buildings in that group include the BT Tower and Centre Point. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:40, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Listing is not an argument for keeping. The BT Tower and Centre Point would be notable even if they weren't listed (and they weren't until quite recently). I vote below.  --RobertG ♬ talk 09:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, buildings are Listed because they are notable. James F. (talk) 23:57, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Heritage listed buildings because of special interest status are notable. Capitalistroadster 01:53, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Listed buildings. DS1953 02:52, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless evidence is given for its notability apart from its listing. Listing is not an attempt by the government to provide a useful list of historic buildings; it is to make planning permission harder to achieve when applying to alter such buildings. The Red House is only Grade II listed (the lowest), I believe.  To give an idea of the scale of the task Wikipedia is taking on if this is kept, in South Buckinghamshire alone (not a large UK local authority) there are probably about 1000 listed buildings , including "2 Milestones at No. 82 flanking gateway, Oxford Road, Denham" and "Milestone 18 miles from London (outside Capswood Business Centre), New Denham", also "No 93a High Street, Burnham" and "Garden wall and entrance of Old Rectory, Rectory Road, Taplow".  --RobertG ♬ talk 09:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment While the list isn't intended "to provide a useful list of historic buildings", its actual intent of "[making] planning permission harder to achieve when applying to alter such buildings" involves the compilation of such a list. These are important buildings and if someone wants to write an encyclopedia article about one, so much the better. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 09:10, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Such buildings in my sentence referred to "listed buildings" not "historic buildings". I still think that a built structure is not necessarily notable because it is listed, however in this case on reflection perhaps I did get carried away.  Changing vote to neutral.  --RobertG ♬ talk 10:35, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There are ~ 500k Listed Buildings. See, erm, Listed building, and the stats I added a few years ago. James F. (talk) 02:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That will be an issue if and when someone ever programs a bot to enter them all. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 08:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep From the article Listed building: listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical or cultural significance. Sounds like the definition of notable. Dsmdgold 23:47, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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June 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

June 13 - Eastern Orthodox Church calendar - June 15

All fixed commemorations below celebrated on June 27 by Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.

For June 14th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on June 1.

Saints

 * Prophet Elisha (9th century BC)
 * Hieromartyr Cyril, Bishop of Gortyna on Crete (c. 303)  (see also: September 6, July 9)
 * Venerable Julitta (Julia) of Tabennisi in Egypt (4th century)
 * Saint Methodius the Confessor, Patriarch of Constantinople (846)

Pre-Schism Western saints

 * Saint Marcian of Syracuse, Bishop of Syracuse (c. 255)
 * Saints Valerius and Rufinus, martyrs in Soissons in France (c. 287)
 * Saint Protus of Aquileia, martyr (290-304)
 * Saint Mark of Lucera, a bishop venerated locally in the south of Italy (c. 328)
 * Saint Fortunatus of Naples, bishop (4th century)
 * Saint Dogmael, a monk who lived in Dyfed and Anglesey in Wales and also in Brittany (5th-6th centuries)
 * Saint Quintian of Rodez, a bishop in France (c. 525)
 * Saint Ætherius (Éthére), Bishop of Vienne in France (c. 6th century)
 * Saint Nennus (Nem Moccu Birn, Nenus, Nehemias), successor of St Enda as abbot of the monasteries of the Isles of Arran and Bute in Ireland (7th century)
 * Saint Psalmodius, a hermit near Limoges (7th century)
 * Saint Lotharius (Loyer), Bishop of Séez (c. 756)
 * Saint Gerold (Gervold), a monk of Fontenelle and from 787 Bishop of Evreux in France (806)
 * Saints Anastasius, Felix and Digna, Martyrs of Córdoba (853)
 * Saint Ciarán of Dissert-Kieran (Cearan), Abbot of Bellach-Duin, now Castle Kerrant, in Ireland, he was called the devout (870)
 * Saint Hartwig, twenty-first Archbishop of Salzburg in Austria (1023)
 * Saint Richard of St Vannes (Richard of Verdun), called 'Gratia Dei' ('Thanks be to God'), from a phrase he often said; monk at St Vannes in Verdun (1046)

Post-Schism Orthodox saints

 * Saint John (Mavropos), Metropolitan of Euchaita (1100)
 * Saint Mstislav-George, Prince of Novgorod (1180)
 * Saint Methodius of Peshnosha, founder of Peshnosha Monastery, disciple of St. Sergius of Radonezh (1392)
 * Venerable Niphon Kausokalybites of Mount Athos, proponent of hesychastic theology (1411)
 * Venerable Elisha of Sumsk, monk of Suma (Solovki) (15th-16th centuries)

New martyrs and confessors

 * New Hieromartyr Joseph Sikov, Priest (1918)
 * New Hieromartyrs Alexander Parusnikov and Paul Ivanov, Priests, and Nicholas Zapolsky, Deacon (1938)
 * 11 New Hieromartyrs and Martyrs of Estonia, under the Soviet occupation (1940s):
 * New Hieromartyrs Vassili Ristkok (1942), Johannes Kraav (1941), Joann Sergejev, Arteemi Vapper (1944) and Nikolai Leisman (1943), Priests;
 * New Hieromartyrs Vassili Astanin and Peeter Koslov, Deacons;
 * New Martyr Presvytera Marta Leisman (1943);
 * New Martyrs Joann Lagovski (1941), Theodor Petai (1942) and Anna Petai (1948)

Other commemorations

 * Synaxis of the Saints of Diveyevo.
 * Finding of the relics (1992) of New Hieromartyr Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev (1918)

title: June 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)


text:
Annus mirabilis papers

The annus mirabilis papers (from Latin annus mīrābilis, "miracle year") are the four papers that Albert Einstein published in Annalen der Physik (Annals of Physics), a scientific journal, in 1905. These four papers were major contributions to the foundation of modern physics. They revolutionized science's understanding of the fundamental concepts of space, time, mass, and energy. Because Einstein published all four of these papers in a single year, 1905 is called his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These four papers, together with quantum mechanics and Einstein's later theory of general relativity, are the foundation of modern physics.
 * 1) The first paper explained the photoelectric effect, which established the energy of the light quanta $$E = hf$$, and was the only specific discovery mentioned in the citation awarding Einstein the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.
 * 2) The second paper explained Brownian motion, which established the Einstein relation $$D = \mu \, k_\text{B} T$$ and led reluctant physicists to accept the existence of atoms.
 * 3) The third paper introduced Einstein's theory of special relativity, which used the universal constant speed of light $$c$$ to derive the Lorentz transformations.
 * 4) The fourth, a consequence of the theory of special relativity, developed the principle of mass–energy equivalence, expressed in the equation $$E = mc^2$$ and which led to the discovery and use of atomic energy decades later.

Background
At the time the papers were written, Einstein did not have easy access to a complete set of scientific reference materials, although he did regularly read and contribute reviews to Annalen der Physik. Additionally, scientific colleagues available to discuss his theories were few. He worked as an examiner at the Patent Office in Bern, Switzerland, and he later said of a co-worker there, Michele Besso, that he "could not have found a better sounding board for my ideas in all of Europe". In addition, co-workers and the other members of the self-styled "Olympia Academy" (Maurice Solovine and Conrad Habicht) and his wife, Mileva Marić, had some influence on Einstein's work, but how much is unclear. Through these papers, Einstein tackled some of the era's most important physics questions and problems. In 1900, Lord Kelvin, in a lecture titled "Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light", suggested that physics had no satisfactory explanations for the results of the Michelson–Morley experiment and for black body radiation. As introduced, special relativity provided an account for the results of the Michelson–Morley experiments. Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect extended the quantum theory which Max Planck had developed in his successful explanation of black-body radiation.

Despite the greater fame achieved by his other works, such as that on special relativity, it was his work on the photoelectric effect that won him his Nobel Prize in 1921. The Nobel committee had waited patiently for experimental confirmation of special relativity; however, none was forthcoming until the time dilation experiments of Ives and Stilwell (1938 and 1941 ) and Rossi and Hall (1941).

Photoelectric effect
The article "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt" ("On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light") received 18 March and published 9 June, proposed the idea of energy quanta. This idea, motivated by Max Planck's earlier derivation of the law of black-body radiation (which was preceded by the discovery of Wien's displacement law, by Wilhelm Wien, several years prior to Planck) assumes that luminous energy can be absorbed or emitted only in discrete amounts, called quanta. Einstein states,

"Energy, during the propagation of a ray of light, is not continuously distributed over steadily increasing spaces, but it consists of a finite number of energy quanta localised at points in space, moving without dividing and capable of being absorbed or generated only as entities."

In explaining the photoelectric effect, the hypothesis that energy consists of discrete packets, as Einstein illustrates, can be directly applied to black bodies, as well.

The idea of light quanta contradicts the wave theory of light that follows naturally from James Clerk Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic behavior and, more generally, the assumption of infinite divisibility of energy in physical systems.

"A profound formal difference exists between the theoretical concepts that physicists have formed about gases and other ponderable bodies, and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic processes in so-called empty space. While we consider the state of a body to be completely determined by the positions and velocities of an indeed very large yet finite number of atoms and electrons, we make use of continuous spatial functions to determine the electromagnetic state of a volume of space, so that a finite number of quantities cannot be considered as sufficient for the complete determination of the electromagnetic state of space.

... [this] leads to contradictions when applied to the phenomena of emission and transformation of light.

According to the view that the incident light consists of energy quanta ..., the production of cathode rays by light can be conceived in the following way. The body's surface layer is penetrated by energy quanta whose energy is converted at least partially into kinetic energy of the electrons. The simplest conception is that a light quantum transfers its entire energy to a single electron ...."

Einstein noted that the photoelectric effect depended on the wavelength, and hence the frequency of the light. At too low a frequency, even intense light produced no electrons. However, once a certain frequency was reached, even low intensity light produced electrons. He compared this to Planck's hypothesis that light could be emitted only in packets of energy given by hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency. He then postulated that light travels in packets whose energy depends on the frequency, and therefore only light above a certain frequency would bring sufficient energy to liberate an electron.

Even after experiments confirmed that Einstein's equations for the photoelectric effect were accurate, his explanation was not universally accepted. Niels Bohr, in his 1922 Nobel address, stated, "The hypothesis of light-quanta is not able to throw light on the nature of radiation."

By 1921, when Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize and his work on photoelectricity was mentioned by name in the award citation, some physicists accepted that the equation ($hf = \Phi + E_k$) was correct and light quanta were possible. In 1923, Arthur Compton's X-ray scattering experiment helped more of the scientific community to accept this formula. The theory of light quanta was a strong indicator of wave–particle duality, a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics. A complete picture of the theory of photoelectricity was realized after the maturity of quantum mechanics.

Brownian motion
The article "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen" ("On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"), received 11 May and published 18 July, delineated a stochastic model of Brownian motion.

"In this paper it will be shown that, according to the molecular kinetic theory of heat, bodies of a microscopically visible size suspended in liquids must, as a result of thermal molecular motions, perform motions of such magnitudes that they can be easily observed with a microscope. It is possible that the motions to be discussed here are identical with so-called Brownian molecular motion; however, the data available to me on the latter are so imprecise that I could not form a judgment on the question..."

Einstein derived expressions for the mean squared displacement of particles. Using the kinetic theory of gases, which at the time was controversial, the article established that the phenomenon, which had lacked a satisfactory explanation even decades after it was first observed, provided empirical evidence for the reality of the atom. It also lent credence to statistical mechanics, which had been controversial at that time, as well. Before this paper, atoms were recognized as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists debated whether atoms were real entities. Einstein's statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave experimentalists a way to count atoms by looking through an ordinary microscope. Wilhelm Ostwald, one of the leaders of the anti-atom school, later told Arnold Sommerfeld that he had been convinced of the existence of atoms by Jean Perrin's subsequent Brownian motion experiments.

Special relativity
Einstein's Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper (On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies), his third paper that year, was received on 30 June and published 26 September. It reconciles Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. This later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity.

The paper mentions the names of only five other scientists: Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, Heinrich Hertz, Christian Doppler, and Hendrik Lorentz. It does not have any references to any other publications. Many of the ideas had already been published by others, as detailed in history of special relativity and relativity priority dispute. However, Einstein's paper introduces a theory of time, distance, mass, and energy that was consistent with electromagnetism, but omitted the force of gravity.

At the time, it was known that Maxwell's equations, when applied to moving bodies, led to asymmetries (moving magnet and conductor problem), and that it had not been possible to discover any motion of the Earth relative to the 'light medium' (i.e. aether). Einstein puts forward two postulates to explain these observations. First, he applies the principle of relativity, which states that the laws of physics remain the same for any non-accelerating frame of reference (called an inertial reference frame), to the laws of electrodynamics and optics as well as mechanics. In the second postulate, Einstein proposes that the speed of light has the same value in all frames of reference, independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.

Special relativity is thus consistent with the result of the Michelson–Morley experiment, which had not detected a medium of conductance (or aether) for light waves unlike other known waves that require a medium (such as water or air), and which had been crucial for the development of the Lorentz transformations and the principle of relativity. Einstein may not have known about that experiment, but states, "Examples of this sort, together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the "light medium", suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of absolute rest."

The speed of light is fixed, and thus not relative to the movement of the observer. This was impossible under Newtonian classical mechanics. Einstein argues, "the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good. We will raise this conjecture (the purport of which will hereafter be called the "Principle of Relativity") to the status of a postulate, and also introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable with the former, namely, that light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body. These two postulates suffice for the attainment of a simple and consistent theory of the electrodynamics of moving bodies based on Maxwell's theory for stationary bodies. The introduction of a "luminiferous ether" will prove to be superfluous in as much as the view here to be developed will not require an "absolutely stationary space" provided with special properties, nor assign a velocity-vector to a point of the empty space in which electromagnetic processes take place.

The theory ... is based—like all electrodynamics—on the kinematics of the rigid body, since the assertions of any such theory have to do with the relationships between rigid bodies (systems of co-ordinates), clocks, and electromagnetic processes. Insufficient consideration of this circumstance lies at the root of the difficulties which the electrodynamics of moving bodies at present encounters."

It had previously been proposed, by George FitzGerald in 1889 and by Lorentz in 1892, independently of each other, that the Michelson–Morley result could be accounted for if moving bodies were contracted in the direction of their motion. Some of the paper's core equations, the Lorentz transforms, had been published by Joseph Larmor (1897, 1900), Hendrik Lorentz (1895, 1899, 1904) and Henri Poincaré (1905), in a development of Lorentz's 1904 paper. Einstein's presentation differed from the explanations given by FitzGerald, Larmor, and Lorentz, but was similar in many respects to the formulation by Poincaré (1905).

His explanation arises from two axioms. The first is Galileo's idea that the laws of nature should be the same for all observers that move with constant speed relative to each other. Einstein writes, "The laws by which the states of physical systems undergo change are not affected, whether these changes of state be referred to the one or the other of two systems of co-ordinates in uniform translatory motion."

The second axiom is the rule that the speed of light is the same for every observer. "Any ray of light moves in the "stationary" system of co-ordinates with the determined velocity c, whether the ray be emitted by a stationary or by a moving body."

The theory, now called the special theory of relativity, distinguishes it from his later general theory of relativity, which considers all observers to be equivalent. Acknowledging the role of Max Planck in the early dissemination of his ideas, Einstein wrote in 1913 "The attention that this theory so quickly received from colleagues is surely to be ascribed in large part to the resoluteness and warmth with which he [Planck] intervened for this theory". In addition, the spacetime formulation by Hermann Minkowski in 1907 was influential in gaining widespread acceptance. Also, and most importantly, the theory was supported by an ever-increasing body of confirmatory experimental evidence.

Mass–energy equivalence
On 21 November Annalen der Physik published a fourth paper (received September 27) "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?" ("Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?"), in which Einstein deduced what is sometimes described as the most famous of all equations: $E = mc^{2}$.

Einstein considered the equivalency equation to be of paramount importance because it showed that a massive particle possesses an energy, the "rest energy", distinct from its classical kinetic and potential energies. The paper is based on James Clerk Maxwell's and Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's investigations and, in addition, the axioms of relativity, as Einstein states,

"The results of the previous investigation lead to a very interesting conclusion, which is here to be deduced.

The previous investigation was based "on the Maxwell–Hertz equations for empty space, together with the Maxwellian expression for the electromagnetic energy of space ..."

The laws by which the states of physical systems alter are independent of the alternative, to which of two systems of coordinates, in uniform motion of parallel translation relatively to each other, these alterations of state are referred (principle of relativity)."

The equation sets forth that the energy of a body at rest ($E$) equals its mass ($m$) times the speed of light ($c$) squared, or $E = mc^{2}$.

"If a body gives off the energy $L$ in the form of radiation, its mass diminishes by $L/c^{2}$. The fact that the energy withdrawn from the body becomes energy of radiation evidently makes no difference, so that we are led to the more general conclusion that

The mass of a body is a measure of its energy-content; if the energy changes by $L$, the mass changes in the same sense by $L/(9 × 10^{20})$, the energy being measured in ergs, and the mass in grammes.

...

If the theory corresponds to the facts, radiation conveys inertia between the emitting and absorbing bodies."

The mass–energy relation can be used to predict how much energy will be released or consumed by nuclear reactions; one simply measures the mass of all constituents and the mass of all the products and multiplies the difference between the two by $c^{2}$. The result shows how much energy will be released or consumed, usually in the form of light or heat. When applied to certain nuclear reactions, the equation shows that an extraordinarily large amount of energy will be released, millions of times as much as in the combustion of chemical explosives, where the amount of mass converted to energy is negligible. This explains why nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors produce such phenomenal amounts of energy, as they release binding energy during nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, and convert a portion of subatomic mass to energy.

Commemoration
The International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) resolved to commemorate the 100th year of the publication of Einstein's extensive work in 1905 as the World Year of Physics 2005. This was subsequently endorsed by the United Nations.

title: Annus mirabilis papers


text:
Town Creek (Mississippi)

Town Creek, also known as Old Town Creek or West Fork Tombigbee River, is a tributary stream of the Tombigbee River. Its mouth is approximately two miles east of Amory in northeast Mississippi.

title: Town Creek (Mississippi)


text:
Doc Cheatham

Adolphus Anthony Cheatham, better known as Doc Cheatham (June 13, 1905 – June 2, 1997), was an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and bandleader. He is also the grandfather of musician Theo Croker.

Early life
Doc Cheatham was born in Nashville, Tennessee, United States, of African, Cherokee and Choctaw heritage. He noted there was no jazz music there in his youth; like many in the United States he was introduced to the style by early recordings and touring groups at the end of the 1910s. Cheatham started playing music when he was 15, first on the cornet and soon after the trumpet, taking trumpet lessons from Fisk University professor N. C. Davis. He also played saxophone and drums. abandoned his family's plans for him to be a pharmacist (although retaining the medically inspired nickname "Doc") to play music, performing in Nashville's African American Vaudeville theater. Cheatham later toured in band accompanying blues singers on the Theater Owners Booking Association circuit. His early jazz influences included Henry Busse and Johnny Dunn, but when he moved to Chicago in 1924, he heard King Oliver. Oliver's playing was a revelation to Cheatham. Cheatham followed him around. Oliver gave young Cheatham a mute, which Cheatham treasured and performed with for the rest of his career. A further revelation came the following year when Louis Armstrong returned to Chicago. Armstrong would be a lifelong influence on Cheatham, describing him as "an ordinary-extraordinary man."

Working with the name bands
Cheatham played in Albert Wynn's band (and occasionally substituted for Armstrong at the Vendome Theater), and recorded on sax with Ma Rainey before moving to Philadelphia in 1927, where he worked with the bands of Bobby Lee and Wilbur de Paris, before moving to New York City the following year. After a short stint with Chick Webb, he left to tour Europe with Sam Wooding's band.

Cheatham returned to the United States in 1930, and played with Marion Handy and McKinney's Cotton Pickers, before landing a job with Cab Calloway. Cheatham was Calloway's lead trumpeter from 1932 through 1939. According to a personal discussion with Doc Cheatham, he studied with Max Schlossberg for six months in 1931. "I approached the topic, at Sweet Basil's, because his tone was like Schlossberg's; I had heard Schlossberg, my grand uncle, play once, at home, in 1936." [Norman M. Canter, M.D.]

He performed with Benny Carter, Teddy Wilson, Fletcher Henderson, and Claude Hopkins in the 1940s; after World War II he started working regularly with Latin bands in New York City, including the bands of Perez Prado, Marcelino Guerra, Ricardo Ray (on whose catchy, hook-laden album Jala, Jala Boogaloo, Volume II, he played exquisitely (but uncredited), particularly on the track "Mr. Trumpet Man"), Machito, and others. The first time Cheatham joined Machito's band, he was fired because he could not cope with clave rhythm. Cheatham eventually got the hang of it though. In addition to continuing Latin gigs, he played again with Wilbur de Paris and Sammy Price. He led his own band on Broadway for five years, starting in 1960, after which he toured with Benny Goodman.

In 1959, the U.S. State Department funded a trip for bandleader Herbie Mann to visit Africa, after they heard his version of "African Suite". The grueling 14-week tour took place between December 31, 1959, to April 5, 1960. Band personnel included Herbie Mann, bandleader, flute and sax; Johnny Rae, vibist and arranger; Don Payne, bass; Doc Cheatham, trumpet; Jimmy Knepper, trombone; Patato Valdés congas; and Jose Mangual, bongos. Destinations listed on the official itinerary included Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia.

Later work
In the 1970s, Cheatham made a vigorous self-assessment to improve his playing, including taping himself and critically listening to the recordings, then endeavoring to eliminate all clichés from his playing. The discipline paid off, and he received ever-improving critical attention.

His singing career began almost by accident in a Paris recording studio on May 2, 1977. As a level and microphone check at the start of a recording session with Sammy Price's band, Cheatham sang and scatted his way through a couple of choruses of "What Can I Say Dear After I Say I'm Sorry". The miking happened to be good from the start and the tape machine was already rolling, and the track was issued on the LP Doc Cheatham: Good for What Ails You. His singing was well received and Cheatham continued to sing in addition to play music for the rest of his career.

Cheatham toured widely in addition to his regular Sunday gig leading the band at Sweet Basil in Manhattan's Greenwich Village in his final decade. During one of his frequent trips to New Orleans, Louisiana, he met and befriended young trumpet virtuoso Nicholas Payton. In 1996, the two trumpeters and pianist Butch Thompson recorded a CD for Verve Records, Doc Cheatham and Nicholas Payton. The Recording Academy nominated Cheatham for Best Jazz Instrumental Solo and Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group.

In 1998, he posthumously won a Grammy Award for Best Improvised Jazz Solo for "Stardust" on his CD, Doc Cheatham and Nicholas Payton. His wife Amanda and daughter Alicia accepted the Grammy on his behalf.

Death
Doc Cheatham continued playing until two days before his death from a stroke, eleven days shy of his 92nd birthday.

Discography

 * 1961 Shorty & Doc with Shorty Baker (Swingville)
 * 1973 Adolphus Doc Cheatham (Jezebel)
 * 1975 Hey Doc! (Black & Blue)
 * 1976 Doc and Sammy (Sackville)
 * 1977 Good for What Ails Ya (Classic Jazz)
 * 1979 Black Beauty (Sackville)
 * 1979 John, Doc and Herb (Metronome)
 * 1982 I've Got a Crush on You (New York Jazz)
 * 1982 It's a Good Life (Parkwood)
 * 1982 Too Marvelous for Words (New York Jazz)
 * 1983 The Fabulous Doc Cheatham (Parkwood)
 * 1985 At the Bern Jazz Festival (Sackville)
 * 1985 Highlights in Jazz (Stash)
 * 1987 Tribute to Billie Holiday (Kenneth)
 * 1988 Dear Doc (Orange Blue)
 * 1988 Tribute to Louis Armstrong (Kenneth)
 * 1988 Doc Cheatham and Sammy Price in New Orleans with Lars Edegran's Jazz Band (GHB)
 * 1992 Eartha Kitt/Doc Cheatham/Bill Coleman with George Duvivier & Co. (DRG)
 * 1992 Echoes of New Orleans (Big Easy)
 * 1992 You're a Sweetheart (Sackville)
 * 1993 Live (Natasha Imports)
 * 1993 The Eighty-Seven Years of Doc Cheatham (Columbia)
 * 1995 Duets and Solos
 * 1995 Swinging Down in New Orleans (Jazzology)
 * 1996 Live at Sweet Basil (Jazzology)
 * 1997 Doc Cheatham & Nicholas Payton with Nicholas Payton (Verve)
 * 1997 Mood Indigo: A Memorial (Viper's Nest)
 * 1999 At the Vineyard on a Cold Sunday in January
 * 2000 Live at the Windsor Jazz Series 1981 (Jazzology)
 * 2003 Meets the Swiss Dixie Stompers Plus Two (Jazzology)
 * 2011 From Dixie to Swing (Traditions Alive, 2011)
 * 2013 Live in New York 1985 with George Kelly (City Hall/Squatty Roo, 1985, 2013)

With Benny Carter With Dizzy Gillespie With Herbie Mann With Jay McShann With Sammy Price
 * Legends (MusicMasters, 1993)
 * To Diz with Love (Telarc, 1992)
 * Flute, Brass, Vibes and Percussion (Verve, 1959)
 * The Common Ground (Atlantic, 1960)
 * Our Mann Flute (Atlantic, 1966)
 * The Big Apple Bash (Atlantic, 1979)
 * Fire (Black & Blue, 1975)

title: Doc Cheatham


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User:Lonewolff

Not entirely sure what to put here at the moment, but I'm sure I will think up something after looking at other people's Untill I do finally put something on here, the best place to find out about me is My Website

title: User:Lonewolff


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Vickers Vigilant

The Vickers Vigilant was a British 1960s era MCLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile used by the British Army. It was also licence-built in the United States by Clevite for the US Marine Corps, and sometimes known as Clevite rounds in this case.

Development began at Vickers-Armstrongs' in 1956 as a private project to give the company's Weybridge Guided Missile Department something to do after the cancellation of Red Dean. By 1960 it had completed development and an extensive testing program, but the War Office remained disinterested as they wished for the Weybridge department to be disbanded as part of the ongoing formation of British Aircraft Corporation. On several occasions the Office explicitly stated they did not want to provide any encouragement to the team as this might make it harder to close the division down in the future.

After considerable debate spanning several years, the project eventually won an initial order as it was the only suitable design to arm the Ferret armoured car. By this time the War Office had already decided that their ultimate weapon for this role would be the Swingfire, but it would not be available until 1966 at the earliest. An order for several thousand Vigilant was placed late in 1961 as an "interim weapon". The order immediately resulted in several additional orders from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya and Abu Dhabi, along with Vigilant-armed Ferret sales to the UAE and Yemen. The order also sealed the US decision to license Vigilant for local production.

Swingfire did not arrive until 1969, and during that time the medium-range man portable version had been dropped. This left the Vigilant in use with the infantry and airborne forces well into the 1970s. Approximately 18,000 were produced in total.

Previous efforts
Vickers-Armstrongs had been developing guided missiles from the earliest stages of UK research in the field, setting up the Guided Weapons Department at Weybridge (Brooklands) in Surrey. By the mid-1950s had been involved in four projects, all of which were cancelled. The last, the Red Dean/Red Hebe air-to-air missile was so delayed and over-designed that the company began to have a bad reputation with the Ministry of Supply, especially with John Clemow, the Director.

When Red Hebe was cancelled in the aftermath of the 1957 Defence White Paper, the company's guided missile department had no remaining projects. Unwilling to give up on the missile field, George Edwards led an effort to find a new project that could be undertaken with company funds alone. This led them to the ideas of John Housego and Jal Daboo for a lightweight anti-tank missile. They were already aware of the British Army's unhappiness with the recently deployed Malkara anti-tank missile, and felt there was an opportunity here. In 1956, Edwards convinced the board to take up the development of a replacement for Malkara using a new guidance system developed in-house.

Earlier designs

Malkara was one of the earliest anti-tank missiles, and had several problems. Primary among these was the Army's ongoing interest in the use of large high-explosive squash head (HESH) warheads instead of the more common high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) used by most anti-tank weapons of the era. For any given level of penetration, HESH required much more explosive, and Malarka's need to deal with main battle tanks demanded a 57 lb warhead. Combined with the long desired range, 3000 yd, the missile ended up being 206 lb, far too heavy to make it man portable.

The guidance system was also less than ideal. This consisted of a small joystick that the operator used to guide the missile while visually comparing its position with the target, aided by a bright flare on the missile. When the operator pushed the stick to the right, for instance, it operated the control surfaces to turn the missile to the right. The problem was that the missile would continue moving to the right after the control was released, eventually crossing the line of sight, continuing onto the right side of the target, and then requiring left input to stop this motion. This often led to the operator repeatedly overcorrecting the path of the missile, which required significant amounts of training to overcome. The same basic guidance system was used by most contemporary designs like the ENTAC, SS.10 and SS.11, and the Cobra, as well as the US Army's experimental Dart that was not put into production.

Another problem with all of these designs was their size. They all traced their development history to WWII-era German experiments with the Ruhrstahl X-4 in the anti-tank role. These used spoilerons as controls, with limited control authority. In order to provide enough lift to manoeuvre the missile at reasonable speeds, very large wings were needed. This resulted in bulky designs that were large and impractical for carrying manually.

Development begins
Sure that a contract for a Malkara replacement would be forthcoming, Vickers hired John Clemow, their critic, along with Howard Surtees, to head up the new effort. Development began in late 1956 under the model number 891 and given the name Vigilant, for VIsually Guided Infantry Light ANti-Tank missile.

Setting the range at 1500 yd, half that of Malkara, greatly reduced the size of the rocket motor required. They approached Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) who developed a lightweight motor with the required performance. In order to reach their desired weight, the missile would have to use a light HEAT warhead. An advanced model had been designed by the Royal Armaments Research and Development Establishment (RARDE) but had not been released to industry, so an off-the-shelf design from the Swiss firm Constructions Méchaniques de Leman (CML) was chosen instead.

The guidance system consisted of two parts. The first was a gyroscope that measured the "up" direction and changed the control outputs so that the correct control fins were actuated no matter what angle the fuselage was compared to the ground. This allowed the missile to spin along its long axis, which was used to even out any asymmetry in the rocket thrust and ensure it flew in a relatively straight line.

The second part used two gyroscopes that measured the azimuth and altitude motion, referenced to the ground plane of the first gyro. This set was the key to the improved guidance system. If the user inputs a correction to the right, for instance, this motion would be seen in the horizontal-measuring gryo. When the control was released, the guidance system would input left control until the gyro was zeroed out again. This resulted in the missile always returning to a line of flight pointed directly away from the operator. To guide the weapon, the operator controlled it left or right until it visually overlapped the target and then released the control. The missile would automatically continue along that line until it hit the target. The second gyro, measuring the vertical motion, kept the missile flying level above the ground and mostly eliminated the need for vertical corrections during flight. This system had the added advantage of eliminating the effects of wind or remaining asymmetry in thrust.

With the autopilot providing smooth control, the need for slow-acting controls seen on earlier missiles was eliminated. Instead, the new design used large conventional ailerons that could point the missile as much as 30 degrees away from the line of flight. At these sorts of angles, the rocket motor itself was producing significant control thrust, allowing the wings to be much smaller. These were in the form of long short-chord rectangles that maintained lift at very high angles of attack. This led to a much more compact design.

Another idea in Vigilant was that the missile launcher was connected by a long wire to the guidance control. This allowed the launcher to be set up in any open location while the operator moved to a location with more cover. After launch, the operator would guide the missile into his line of sight and then correct it onto the target. Although the missile left a smoke trail back to the launcher, that was far enough from the operator to offer protection. Targets could be up to 40 degrees to either side of the launch position.

Testing
Uncontrolled tests were first carried out in the summer of 1957. The first examples of the guidance system were test fired in September 1958. By this time the original germanium transistors from Texas Instruments were replaced by silicon versions, which were both less expensive and much less sensitive to temperature. Mullard, the UK subsidiary of Philips, also took up production of the same transistors that year. Further improvements the next year allowed all temperature variation to be ignored, removing the need for Zener diodes that had provided this function. Testing also demonstrated that the guidance wires were not strong enough and tended to break, leading to extensive experiments to find a solution. The rocket exhaust impinging on the wire tended to pull the wire off the spool early in flight, so the spool arrangement was changed to avoid this.

Another change was to the form of the controller. This was originally in the form of a "Sten gun" like arrangement that was designed to be fired from the hip during the testing phase, but modified for use while prone for the production version. In testing it was found that the operator would input the incorrect vertical guidance command about 50% of the time, up instead of down for instance. After some experimentation a new design was developed used that used a cup-like arrangement that the operator inserted the front of their thumb into while their fingers held a pistol-like grip. In this version, guiding the missile down was accomplished by pulling the controller down, as opposed to pushing forward as on a conventional joystick, and the problem of incorrect guidance immediately fell to only 5%.

By March 1959, thirty-five missiles had been fired in tests. By this time, US interest in replacing their SS.10 missiles was becoming serious, and the US Army intended to make a decision in early 1959. To meet the requirement, Vickers scheduled a series of twenty launches at Weybridge between 9 and 20 March 1959 that would be followed by another five at Fort Benning. It later became obvious that the test equipment at Benning was not really suitable for the tests, so a series of twenty-seven tests was carried out at Redstone Arsenal instead. Testing at Redstone noted that the flare was too difficult to see at long range in bright sunlight, and a more powerful model was developed.

Official disinterest
While testing in the US was leading to a possible order, the British Army proved not only uninterested, but in some ways, actively hostile. In a 1959 memo, it was stated that "We would not be justified in encouraging the Company to maintain their guided weapon design capacity" and while any number of studies included Vigilant in their discussions, there remained no official plan to buy a light anti-armour weapon of any sort.

This discouragement was due to the ongoing changes to the industry in the aftermath of the 1957 Defence White Paper. Duncan Sandys strongly suggested that future orders for weapons would only be given to larger companies, forcing the merger of smaller firms. Among these was the merger of English Electric and Vickers that would form the nucleus of British Aircraft Corporation (BAC), later adding Bristol Aeroplane Company and Hunting Aircraft. EE and Bristol already had their own successful missile design teams, and the government felt there would be no need for a third. Any encouragement to Vickers at this point was seen as a problem if that team would later be broken up and merged into the other two.

To break the logjam, Vickers arranged a 29 September demonstration of the system with 200 officials invited to attend. Eleven missiles were fired for seven hits. It was only at this point that the lingering problems with the wires breaking were clearly on the way to being fully solved, and changes to the simulator system and training regimen were paying off with the average miss from the aim point of only 1 ft.

The demonstration was a success in terms of starting some official consideration of supporting the project. After discussion of purchasing a dozen missiles, later enlarged to two dozen, an 11 January 1960 minute encourages this and compares Vigilant to the French SS.10, SS.11, ENTAC and German-Swiss Cobra, with the Vigilant being highly competitive with all of these. A 22 April memo represents a setback, reiterating the original concerns, followed by a 28 April memo suggesting the Army had not yet decided whether a soldier could effectively operate the system.

By this time, the formation of BAC was well underway. On 30 May, the new director of BAC's guided missile programs wrote the War Office and flatly stated that the company would be keeping the Weybridge office open. The memos continued to fly and it was not until 4 August that the War Office finally conceded the point and decided to offer small contracts to keep the effort going. The news was made public on 26 August, the newspapers noted the company has spent nearly £1 million on development and the projected price was only nearly £500 per unit.

Intro production

The Army had long expressed its concerns about the capabilities of the CML warhead against main battle tanks and both the Army and Ministry continued to consider the system in a negative light. By 1960, the Swingfire program was in its initial stages, and was already considered the ultimate anti-tank weapon. Swingfire aimed to address any shortfall in performance with a much more powerful warhead. The planned future development of a scaled-down version, "medium-range Swingfire", was intended to be a more portable version that would fill the same role as Vigilant.

At almost the same time, the Army Council noted that there was a need for new anti-tank weapons for use by the British Army of the Rhine and forces in the Middle East. In particular, they suggested there was an immediate need for an anti-tank armed version of the Ferret armoured car to serve these roles. While medium-range Swingfire could fill this role, the original Swingfire was not expected until 1966, and the medium-range version sometime after that. They compared ENTAC and Vigilant to arm Ferret and concluded Vigilant was markedly superior to ENTAC due to its guidance system. On 7 November, a contract was offered to fill the "firm and urgent requirement" for the Ferret. This led to an order for seventy additional missiles for tests starting 1961.

The matter of a wider purchase remained open and it was not until 24 November 1961 that clear signals from the Ministry of Aviation suggested they were going to fund production. BAC quickly issued a press release, which almost immediately led to several additional orders from foreign users. By this time the merger of Vickers into BAC was starting in earnest, and through the early part of 1962 the Weybridge design office closed with most members moving to Stevenage.

New warhead
As the Vigilant pushed through development and an order seemed forthcoming, in May 1962 the Army began development of a new warhead at RARDE that significantly improved penetration. This was effected primarily by moving the contact fuse to the end of a "probe" that extended forward from the front of the missile after launch, providing more stand-off distance in which an improved metal jet could form. Similar concepts are used by a number of anti-tank weapons to this day. Penetration figures for the British-designed warhead are not known, it was never released for export and only the CML versions were sold abroad.

In testing, British Aerospace found the CML warhead was able to penetrate 17 inch of typical single-layer tank armour. It also proved capable of penetrating spaced armor consisting of a 50 mm plate, a 150 mm gap, and another 100 mm plate. These sorts of armor thicknesses were much in advance of most tanks on the battlefield, which at that time were generally much thinner; even the T-72 of a decade later had maximum armor in the turret front of 280 mm.

As well as infantry use, Vigilant could be mounted on vehicles such as the Ferret and Land Rovers. For airborne troops, a lighter polystyrene foam container was developed as well.

Missile
The missile itself is 42.5 in long, divided into two roughly equal length parts. The front half contains the warhead and its nose probe trigger, and the gyroscope directly behind the warhead. The rear half holds the rocket motor and control system. The warhead is slightly wider in radius than the rear half of the missile, giving the system an overall layout similar to the RPG-7. Four rectangular narrow-chord wings run from just behind the warhead area to just in front of the extreme rear. Each fibreglass wing carries a control fin at its rear edge. The diameter of the rear section defined by the wings is somewhat larger than the warhead section. The fins were powered by hot gas tapped from the rocket engine.

The control system gyroscopes are placed in front of the rocket engine, just behind the warhead. The transistorized electronics are packaged into two small "fairings" placed between the wings, one for azimuth and one for altitude. These are slightly longer than the wings and serve double duty in connecting the control signals from the wires at the rear of the missile to the guidance system and gyroscopes. The rocket motor lies near the front of the wings, such that the center of gravity does not change much as the fuel burns off. It consists of a "two stage" system with 2.5 seconds of fast-burning fuel at the rear to boost it to speed, and 10 seconds of slower-burning fuel in front as a sustainer.

At the extreme rear of the missile is a canister containing the outlet pipe for the rocket in the center, with a molybdenum nozzle, and a magnesium flare wrapped around it. An igniter was inserted into the center pipe and ignited both on launch. The control wires were wrapped around the can containing the flare.

The missile reaches its maximum range of 1,375 meters in 12.5 seconds. In testing, the missile's shaped charge warhead penetrated 576 millimeters of armour of 30 to 35 HRC. Two type of warheads were provided for the Vigilant: a British developed warhead with a collapsible probe that extends on launch which can achieve maximum penetration, and one developed by Swiss firm CML with a blunter nose which has a hardened steel ring which, on oblique strikes, will dig into the armor and swing the shape charge warhead around for better penetration.

System setup
The missile system could be deployed in a number of configurations. The man-portable configuration consists of a launcher which doubles up as a transport container, a combined sight and controller, a battery and a 63 meter long cable. An optional Missile Selector Box allowed up to 6 missiles to be controlled by, and widely separated from, a single sight controller.

The launcher box is placed on the ground facing the direction of expected targets, and latches on the front and rear of the box are opened. The front cap is rotated downward on a hinge to form a footpad that raises the front of the missile into the air so that it has an initial upward velocity on launch, thereby clearing any local obstructions. The rear cap is removed entirely, it contains the spool holding the cable that attaches to the sighting system or selector box.

Guidance and control
The sight controller is a pistol grip design, with two grips. The front grip has the launch trigger, and the rear grip has a thumb joystick for steering the missile. A low-magnification (3.2x) monocular forms the sight itself. Engraved stadia lines allow simple ranging, based on a typical tank target bridging the lines once in range. There is a short delay after pulling the trigger while the gyroscopes are spun up, and then the missile launches at an angle of about 20 degrees above horizontal. After the booster burns out the missile reaches a speed where the control fins become useful, and the missile levels out several meters above the ground and begins the guided stage. The missile performs a slow roll as it flies, the roll is first imparted by the force of the wire unwinding from the spool, and later maintained by the control surfaces.

Key to the design was its "velocity control" guidance system. The gyroscopes kept the missile flying level and directly away from the launcher. Control inputs cause the missile to begin flying in the indicated direction, but when the control is released, the autopilot applies the opposite control so that the missile is once again flying directly away from the launcher. This means the operator simply has to adjust the missile until it is seen overlapping the target and then release the control input, at which point it will be flying directly at the target. After that, only minor adjustments are needed to account for accuracy and target motion. Additionally, the gyroscopes automatically correct for any wind buffeting. Vigilant gained a reputation for ease of control and high success with minimal operator training.

Former operators

 * Abu Dhabi Defence Forces
 * United Arab Emirates Army
 * 🇫🇮: Finnish Army
 * : Kuwait Army
 * 🇸🇦: Royal Saudi Land Forces
 * : British Army
 * 🇸🇦: Royal Saudi Land Forces
 * : British Army
 * : British Army

title: Vickers Vigilant


text:
René Crevel

René Crevel (10 August 1900 – 18 June 1935) was a French writer involved with the surrealist movement.

Life
Crevel was born in Paris to a family of Parisian bourgeoisie. He had a traumatic religious upbringing. At the age of fourteen, his father committed suicide by hanging himself.

Crevel studied literature and law at the University of Paris. He met Tristan Tzara and joined the Dada movement as early as 1923 (Crevel would play the "Eye" character in Tzara's play Le Coeur à Barbe, in July 1923), then got closer to André Breton and the Surrealists. During the 1923/1924 winter, a love affair between Crevel and American artist Eugene McCown began. Through McCown, Crevel mingled with a chic bohemian crowd and got to know Nancy Cunard, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Caresse and Harry Crosby, and others.

From 1924, Crevel wrote novels such as Détours and Mon Corps et moi ("My Body and Me") where he would extensively write about his fears, his revolt and his feeling of malaise. In 1926 was published La Mort difficile ("Difficult Death"), a novel where he depicts his lover McCown as "Arthur Bruggle". The publication ended their love affair, though Crevel would be close to McCown till the end of his life.

Also in 1924, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis which caused him to frequently leave Paris for sanatoriums, especially in Switzerland. The 1929 exile of Léon Trotsky persuaded him to rejoin the surrealists. Remaining faithful to Breton, he struggled to bring communists and surrealists closer together. In 1928, during a short stay in Berlin, he met Carl Sternheim's daughter, Dorothea, with whom he fell in love. Much of Crevel's work deals with his involvement as a communist and his inner turmoil at being bisexual.

Crevel killed himself by turning on the gas on his kitchen stove the night of 18 June 1935—exactly the same way as he described in his first published book —several weeks before his 35th birthday. There were at least two direct reasons: (1) There was a conflict between Breton and Ilya Ehrenburg during the first "International Congress of Writers for the Defense of Culture" which opened in Paris in June 1935. Breton, who, like all fellow surrealists, had been insulted by Ehrenburg in a pamphlet which saidamong other thingsthat surrealists were pederasts, slapped Ehrenburg several times on the street, which led to surrealists being expelled from the Congress. Crevel, who, according to Salvador Dalí, was "the only serious communist among surrealists", spent a whole day trying to persuade the other delegates to allow surrealists back, but he was not successful and left the Congress at 11:00 pm, totally exhausted. (2) Crevel reportedly had learned that he suffered from renal tuberculosis right upon leaving the Congress. He left a note which read "Please cremate my body. Loathing."

When Breton included the question "Suicide: Is It a Solution?" in the first issue of La Révolution surréaliste in 1925, Crevel was one of those who answered "Yes". He wrote "A solution that is obviously the fairest and most definitive of them all, the solution of suicide".

Original French

 * Détours (1924)
 * Mon Corps et moi (1925)
 * La Mort difficile (1926)
 * Babylone (1927)
 * L'Esprit contre la raison (1928)
 * Êtes-vous fous? (1929)
 * Le Clavecin de Diderot (1932)
 * Les Pieds dans le plat (1933)
 * Le Roman cassé et derniers écrits (1934–1935)

English translations

 * My Body and I (translation of Mon Corps et Moi; Archipelago Books, 2005)
 * Babylon (translation of Babylone), translated by Kay Boyle, North Point Press, 1985, ISBN 0-86547-191-6; Sun and Moon Press, 1996)
 * Putting My Foot in It (translation of Les Pieds dans le plat; Dalkey Archive Press, 1994)
 * Difficult Death (translation of La Mort difficile; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1986)
 * 1830 (Elysium Press, 1996)
 * The Noble Mannequin Seeks and Finds her Skin; 1934 (translation from French in 'The Surrealism Reader''); Tate Publishing 2015, ISBN 9781854376688
 * Are You All Crazy? (translation of Êtes-vous fous?; Snuggly Books, 2023)

title: René Crevel


text: User talk:80.177.9.194

title: User talk:80.177.9.194


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tandem repeat locus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep. -- Jonel | Speak 06:19, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tandem repeat locus
Transwikied dictdef, not enough information to merge. Delete. Eliot 20:03, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: This doesn't strike me as something I'd look up in a dictionary. I am curious: What is supposed to happen if someone searches for that term in WP? Could it be that we transwiki articles that are more stubs than dictdefs? Rl 20:23, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A google search doesn't turn up anything except for genetics paper abstracts in the first 10 pages, so anybody who would look it up probably already knows what it is. (That seems to be what happened with the stub listed here.) It seems to me like this is a complex topic that needs to build on a simpler topic which doesn't exist in WP right now, like repeat locus, or maybe just some information which isn't in DNA sequence yet. Eliot 20:40, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, looks like an important topic in DNA. Kappa 20:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect into DNA sequence until there's enough info to break it out into its own article. I study chemistry and I agree it's an important topic with regard to DNA. Mgm|(talk) 21:40, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable genetics topic. JamesBurns 07:07, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand: this is one the main tools for genetic fingerprinting. Bambaiah 13:12, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect until it grows. --Laura Scudder | Talk 15:43, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
People's Coalition 5 Plus

The People's Coalition 5 Plus (Narodnaja Kaalicyja Piaciorka Plus) was a political alliance in Belarus, that opposed the regime of president Alexander Lukashenko. At the legislative elections, 13–17 October 2004, the alliance won no seats. The coalition is formed by the following parties: These elections fell according to the OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission significantly short of OSCE commitments. Universal principles and constitutionally guaranteed rights of expression, association and assembly were seriously challenged, calling into question the Belarusian authorities' willingness to respect the concept of political competition on a basis of equal treatment. According to this mission principles of an inclusive democratic process, whereby citizens have the right to seek political office without discrimination, candidates to present their views without obstruction, and voters to learn about them and discuss them freely, were largely ignored.
 * Belarusian Labour Party
 * Belarusian People's Front
 * Belarusian Social Democratic Party-Assembly
 * Party of Communists of Belarus
 * United Civil Party of Belarus

This 5 Plus Coalition became the core of the wider United Democratic Forces of Belarus which in October 2005 elected Alaksandar Milinkievič as their candidate for the 2006 Presidential Election

title: People's Coalition 5 Plus


text:
Wendy house

A Wendy house, in the United Kingdom, is a children's playhouse that is large enough for one or more children to enter. Size and solidity can vary from a plastic kit to something resembling a real house in a child's size. Usually there is one room, a doorway with a window on each side, and little or no furniture other than what the children improvise.

The original was built for Wendy Darling in J. M. Barrie's play, Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up. Wendy was shot by the Lost Boy Tootles after arriving in Neverland, so Peter Pan and the Lost Boys built a small house around her where she had fallen. It was inspired by the wash-house behind Barrie's childhood home in Kirriemuir and first appeared in story form in The Little White Bird in which fairies build a house around Mamie Mannering—the prototype for Wendy—so protecting her from the cold.

A prop house was created by Barrie for the first stage production of the play in 1904. It was constructed like a tent so that it could be erected quickly during a song which Wendy starts with:

"I wish I had a darling house The littlest ever seen, With funny little red walls And roof of mossy green."

John's hat was used as a chimney and a slipper was used as a door knocker. Toy manufacturers soon created replicas of the stage Wendy house, which have become a standard toy found in British gardens ever since.

South African usage
In South Africa, Wendy houses are a form of accommodation for live-in domestic workers and is a wooden structure on the employer's property. The structure is usually erected in someone's backyard. They feature basic amenities such as electricity and running water. The corrugated iron homes, known as "shacks", are not Wendy houses. The Wendy houses, in contrast, are a more pleasant sight.

The term "wendy house" or "wendy" usually refers to the wooden temporary accommodation.

Among the more affluent population, wendy houses are used as entertainment huts, children's playhouses, or for storage.

Playhouses for children around the world
Globally, the term playhouse is more generic and more common than the term Wendy house. A few online companies offer rustic, inflatable, or corrugated iron varieties. A playhouse may become a hide-away, fort, club house in a child's imagination or simply a place to "play house" in imitation of adult behavior. Treehouses or tents sometimes serve as a playhouse or secret vantage point for children. A Cubby House is another name for playhouses. There are both indoor and outdoor children's playhouses and manufactured kits for assembly by adults or children. A playhouse may become a hide-away or club house in a child's imagination. Treehouses built by or for adults are often appropriated by children as a secret vantage point and may become a safety concern.

title: Wendy house


text:
Belarusian Labour Party

The Belarusian Labour Party (Беларуская партыя працы, Biełaruskaja Partyja Pracy) is a social-democratic political party in Belarus, that opposes the government of president Alexander Lukashenko. The leader of the party is Alaksandar Buchvostaŭ.

At the last legislative elections, 13–17 October 2004, the party was part of the People's Coalition 5 Plus (Narodnaya Kaalicyja Piaciorka Plus), which failed to secure a seat. These elections fell significantly short of OSCE commitments, according to the OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission. Universal principles and constitutionally guaranteed rights of expression, association and assembly were seriously challenged, calling into question the Belarusian authorities' willingness to respect the concept of political competition on a basis of equal treatment. According to this mission principles of an inclusive democratic process, whereby citizens have the right to seek political office without discrimination, candidates to present their views without obstruction, and voters to learn about them and discuss them freely, were largely ignored.

On August 2, 2004, the Supreme Court of Belarus liquidated the Belarusian Labour Party, and in 2005 some members split from the party to form the Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly).

The party does not have a website.

title: Belarusian Labour Party


text:
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly)

The Belarusian Social Democratic Party (Assembly) (Беларуская сацыял-дэмакратычная партыя (Грамада́), Łacinka: Bielaruskaja sacyjal-demakratyčnaja partyja (Hramada); Белорусская социал-демократическая партия (Громада́)) is a banned social-democratic political party in Belarus that opposes the government of president Alexander Lukashenko.

History
The party was founded in 2005 after the split within the BSDP (People's Assembly). It considers itself the successor of the historical Belarusian Socialist Assembly founded in 1902. Alaksandar Kazulin, a former rector of Belarusian State University, became the first party leader of the new registered party. The BSDP (People's Assembly) remained without registration and office.

At the legislative elections in 13–17 October 2004, the party did not secure any seats. These elections fell significantly short of OSCE commitments, according to the OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission. Its candidate at the presidential election of 2006, Alaksandar Kazulin, won 2.3% of the vote.

In 2011, Iryna Veshtard was elected as the new chairman of the party.

On 20 September 2023, the party was banned by the Supreme Court of Belarus.

Ideology and goals of the party
The Belarusian Social Democratic Party belongs to the community of parties associated with the Socialist International. BSDP focuses on Western European social-democratic ideology and is supported by various Western European social democratic parties. The main task of the country's foreign party promotes not only the entry of Belarus into the European Union and NATO, but also promotes the accession of Russia, Ukraine and Moldova.


text:
Juggy D

Jagwinder Singh Dhaliwal (Punjabi: ਜਗਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਧਾਲੀਵਾਲ, born 19 November 1977), is an English singer of Indian descent from Southall, London.

Music
Juggy D has been performing since the age of 14. He made his breakthrough alongside Jay Sean. Juggy D has also appeared on numerous crossover singles with musicians such as Madonna, Ricky Martin, Mary J. Blige and Craig David.

Juggy D has collaborated with Veronica Mehta and Rishi Rich in the Bollywood film Hum Tum. He, Mehta, and Jay Sean also have guest appearances in the Hindi film Kyaa Kool Hai Hum. They sing the Jay Sean song "One Night," featuring added vocals from Veronica. He also is one of the first people to experiment with Bhangraton. Juggy D's debut album, Juggy D, was released in 2004 and became the first Punjabi language album to enter the UK national charts. A version of the song "Sohniye" from the album is also featured in the 2004 Bollywood film Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart.

Juggy D's single "Come Closer" features the guest vocals of Jin Au-Yeung, a Chinese American rapper from the Ruff Ryders stable.

Juggy D collaborated with Bhangra group, DCS on the song "Oh Jaan Meri Yah", which can be found on DCS's album, Desi Culture Shock.

In 2006, Juggy D won "Best Act" at the UK Asian Music Awards.

In 2019 he won Best Collaboration at Brit Asia TV Music Awards for "Dance", with F1rstman, H Dhami, Mumzy and Raxstar.

Film work
In 2006, Juggy D, made a cameo appearance in the Britflick Cash and Curry playing a drug dealer named "Jimmy".

Albums

 * Juggy D (2004) - [UK#70]
 * Juggy D 2: Punjabi Rockstar (2012)
 * Juggy D 2: Punjabi Rockstar 2 (2018)

Singles

 * "Nahin Jeena" (2002), feat. Rishi Rich and Bally Sagoo
 * "Dance with You (Nachna Tere Naal)" (2003), feat. Jay Sean and Rishi Rich [UK#12]
 * "Sohniye" (2004), feat. Rishi Rich
 * "Billo" (2004)
 * "Push It Up (Aaja Kuriye)" (2006), feat. Jay Sean and Rishi Rich
 * "Khol Aaja (Come Closer)" (2007), feat. Jin Au-Yeung
 * "Oh Jaan Meri Yah" (2007), feat. DCS
 * "Billiyan Akhiyan" (2014), Music: Tigerstyle and song taken from "Surjit Bindrakhia"
 * "Freak" (2015), feat. Jay Sean and Rishi Rich
 * "Get Down" (2018), feat. Rishi Rich and Ikka
 * "Dance" (2019), feat Firstman, H Dhami, Mumzy Stranger and Raxstar
 * "UB1" (2022), feat Sting-A-Man, Music: Amit Rai

Film soundtracks

 * "Balle Balle", feat. Veronica Mehta and Rishi Rich, in Bride and Prejudice (2004)
 * "U 'n' I", feat. Veronica Mehta and Rishi Rich, in Hum Tum (2004)
 * "Dil Mera (One Night)", feat. Jay Sean and Veronica Mehta, in Kyaa Kool Hai Hum (2005)
 * "Mubarakan (Title Song)", with Yash Narvekar, Badshah and Sukriti Kakar, in Mubarakan (2017)

Remixes

 * "Rise & Fall" (Rishi Rich Desi Kulcha Remix) (2003) - Craig David featuring Juggy D
 * "Spanish" (Rishi Rich Desi Kulcha Remix) (2003) - Craig David featuring Juggy D
 * "Me Against the Music" (Rishi Rich's Desi Kulcha Remix) (2003) - Britney Spears and Madonna featuring Juggy D
 * "Love @ 1st Sight" (Rishi Rich Vocal Remix) (2003) - Mary J. Blige featuring Method Man and Juggy D
 * "I Don't Care" (Rishi Rich Remix) (2005) - Ricky Martin featuring Amerie, Fat Joe and Juggy D

Cameo appearances

 * "Nahin Tere Jeha Hor Disda" (2002), by Rishi Rich
 * "Me Against Myself" (2004), by Jay Sean
 * "Eyes on You" (2004), by Jay Sean feat. Rishi Rich

title: Juggy D