text:
User talk:Skylooker~enwiki

I have reported you to WP:AN/3RR. In the future, please discuss any such changes in the articles talk-page. gkhan 15:32, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Three revert rule
You have been blocked for 24 hours under the three revert rule. If you wish to appeal please contact another administrator or the mailing list.Geni 16:02, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Armenian people
Skylooker, if you continue to revert the article without discussion, you will get blocked! I don't want that, and I know you don't want that. Please start up a discussion, either on the Talk:Armenian people or at my talk page. Please respond, this edit-warring is stupid! gkhan 19:31, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Skylooker. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Skylooker~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:45, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:58, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Skylooker~enwiki


text:
Starve Island

Starve Island is an island of the U.S. state of Ohio located in Lake Erie. The 2 acre island is about a mile (1.6 km) south of South Bass Island. In normal weather conditions it is visible for only a mile or two, as some rocks and a few shrubs poking up from the lake, and is the second smallest of the Lake Erie Islands (the smallest is Turtle Island). The island can be seen from the top of Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial in Put-in-Bay.

It is said that the island gets its name from a sailor's fate upon the island following a shipwreck. Variant names for the island include Dinner Island and Glacial Island.

The Starve Island Reef is located approximately one mile further south of Starve Island at 41.61278°N, -82.81556°W. Island and reef are both located in Put-in-Bay Township, Ottawa County, Ohio.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Starve Island


text: Category:Oto-Manguean languages

title: Category:Oto-Manguean languages


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Various Unicode-related pages

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep Special Romanian Unicode characters, transwiki others. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 13:47, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Various Unicode-related pages
The pages in question are: Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999, Table of Unicode characters, 1000 to 1999, Table of Unicode characters, 32 to 9999, Table of Unicode precomposed characters, Unicode 1-50, Unicode 51-75, Unicode 76-100, Unicode 101-125, Unicode 126-150, Unicode 151-175, Unicode characters 0-31, Unicode characters 32-63, Unicode characters 64-95, Unicode characters 96-127, Unicode characters 160-191, Unicode characters for the Arabic alphabet, and Special Romanian Unicode characters.

I think all of these belong in Wikisource because they are not encyclopedic (and probably mostly auto-generated anyway). But at the very least, many of them should be merged together; some of them overlap. — Timwi 15:34, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree to move or delete, with exception of Special Romanian Unicode characters which shows the difficulty of unifying versus separating charcters. --Pjacobi 15:43, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * Delete or Transwiki/Delete. Also, at over 400 K, Table of Unicode characters, 32 to 9999 needs to be broken into managable chunks, first. Niteowlneils 17:16, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Possibly Keep and reorganize (along the lines of the officially listed ranges in the standard), unless deletion or transwiki should be a precedent for all tables of encodings. (Examples: tables appearing in article ASCII, Code page 437, members of Category:Character sets, etc.)  Presumably Unicode tables are broken up because: (1) They are officially broken into ranges by the standard and (2) combining them into one page, especially including them all in the Unicode page, makes the page too large.  I don't think Unicode is any less notable than, say, ASCII -- so are the encodings unencylopedic because of their number?  How does it compare with pages like Table of divisors or Scottish Football League Tables, 1893-94?  Note: There are other related pages that don't have Unicode in the title, like Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics character table. --Tabor 18:13, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * For purpose of reorganizing, one suggestion would be list of character blocks in Unicode 4.0 --Tabor 18:22, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think all character set tables should be moved to Wikisource (why is that a problem? We can link there from here). Yes, I also think Table of divisors should be moved to Wikisource. And I would have listed Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics character table too if it had had a Category:Unicode tag in it. — Timwi 20:23, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sounds like Wikisource material to me. Radiant_* 20:29, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Please folks, before casting a summary vote:
 * Read Special Romanian Unicode characters. This is a genuine article about a special character encoding problem, with a tiny table.
 * I don't agree to mass execution of charset articles. In typical charset articles, there is a 128 entry table summarizing the charset which seems valid article content. Anyway, that would require separate VfDs or a policy discusson.
 * The other articles Timwis listed are indeed a stillborn attempt, strange selection of character ranges, etc.
 * Pjacobi 20:41, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

 * Keep Special Romanian Unicode characters; it's not autogenerated. --Prosfilaes 22:00, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Should the similar articles in Chinese, Japanese, French and Norwegian Wikipedia be moved to Wikisource? (I am the one who created Table of Unicode precomposed characters and zh:Unicode& etc, and I do not oppose the move of such articles to Wikisource. Nevertheless please copy/move/transfer those articles to Wikisource as well, if such decision is made. --Hello World! 14:20, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Special Romanian Unicode characters, transwiki the rest. Perhaps a case for Wikidata in the long run? -- The Anome 14:24, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Special Romanian Unicode characters. For the others, transwiki to Wikisource or keep. However, delete redundant tables. Eric119 23:19, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Extreme keep. I just wonder on what basis User:Pjacobi, User:The Anome voted to keep only one and transwiki the rest!! Because of the difficulty of unifying versus separating charcters?! If it's the case, than the same applies to many others. Cheers and respect -- Svest 01:19, May 29, 2005 (UTC) Wiki me up™
 * Unicode characters 160-191 etc. are only subsets of the offical Unicode code charts, no article prose was written, and it may be hard, but not impossible to make this into an article. OTOH Special Romanian Unicode characters already is a (short) article. And ISO 8859-10, KOI8-U, or Kamenicky encoding -- to name a few -- are also articles, and I'd consider it a needless exercise in purity to force removing their charset tables. --Pjacobi 15:42, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * This is what I talked about. The same applies to many others. One is Unicode characters for the Arabic alphabet! Could you please recheck if it's prose or no prose? It's not about being short, prose or whatever, it's about their usage. I use that almost daily and I would not like to look for it somewhere else, just like you do. Cheers -- Svest 21:16, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Uh, yes, Unicode characters for the Arabic alphabet has potential, too, but in its current state, almost all important information is missing, let alone the difficult points. And the table formatting is abyssimal. Keep that one, too. --Pjacobi 12:19, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

 * Keep all, useful to have in encyclopedia. Grue 14:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep useful pages. JamesBurns 11:08, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * At least some of the articles should be merged or re-organized. For example, there are overlappings between Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999 and Unicode 126-150, Unicode 151-175 etc, just name a few.--Hello World! 03:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:WikiProject Sports

title: Category:WikiProject Sports


text: Category:Belarusian ice hockey players

title: Category:Belarusian ice hockey players


text:
Talk:Famous helicopter accidents

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Famous helicopter accidents. The final result was Move to List of people who died in helicopter accidents. --Deathphoenix 15:37, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Famous helicopter accidents


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Year 292,471,208,678 problem

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge/redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:10, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Year 292,471,208,678 problem
Little more than a silly joke - arguably it could be speedied. It's certainly not a problem. sjorford →•← 15:37, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep until the year 292,471,208,678, or the sun burns out, or else BJAODN. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:06, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, it was a joke on my part. Ha, ha. 16:59, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Cute but not worthy of BJAODN Shoaler 17:16, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia isn't a crystal ball. Capitalistroadster 18:23, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, because even if it is a joke it's accurate and weirdly interesting.
 * I don't even think it's accurate, to be honest. The Year 2038 problem article mentions that 64-bit arithmitic will put the limit at some date approximately 290 billion years ahead of 1970... So all I did was check Integer (computer science) for the signed limits for 64-bit signed integers (9,223,372,036,854,775,807), converted that from seconds to years (292,471,208,678)... without really knowing much about whether one bit was used for positive/negative... plus, I rounded up. Someone with a little more expertise in this can find the exact second at which 64-bit signed interger time will fail around 292 billion years from now. 22:57, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, interesting. Christopher Parham (talk) 19:22, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * Delete. Stupid, and not amusing. Quale 19:46, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Unix time. Accuracy is not a criterion for keeping, and interesting is in the eye of the beholder.  RickK 20:07, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nonsensical. Radiant_* 20:29, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; 292 billion years from now the Earth will no longer exist. Seriously!
 * Comment made by 67.86.88.191
 * What about Ultimate fate of the universe?
 * Question made by Christopherparham
 * Delete. Joke. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 21:03, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Year 2038 problem and delete. It shouldn't be more than a footnote to that article. --W(t) 21:35, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * Delete 292 billion years into the future? HA! That is insane considering how the universe is only 6 billion years old. Revolución 23:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge I agree with TonySidaway, RickK, and Weyess: Merge with BJAODN or Year 2038 problem or Unix time Johntex 04:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Speculation de luxe. Sjakkalle 06:51, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * We have 292 billion years to fix this problem. Read Sun, and know that by then, Earth won't be around to care that there is any problem.  We can merge this over to Unix time, though; I think that this might be an interesting piece of trivia to add there. --Idont Havaname 07:18, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Unix time. JamesBurns 11:10, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Theoretically a real problem, but considering the sun is likely to go nova before the problem becomes acute, its encyclopedic significance is nonexistent.   — J I P | Talk 11:15, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages

title: Category:Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages


text:
Stranocum

Stranocum  is a small village and townland in north County Antrim, Northern Ireland. The villages of Dervock and Armoy are nearby and the town of Ballymoney is about 5 mi away. It had a population of 297 people (110 households) in the 2011 Census. (2001 Census: 285 people)

The village is west of the River Bush and is mostly on the gentle hill down to the river. Although mainly a commuter village it does have some services. These include a supermarket and petrol station, a vehicle service garage, animal feeds mill, trout farm, Bushvalley Primary School and a park.

Transport
Stranocum railway station opened on 18 October 1880, shut for goods traffic on 24 March 1924, and shut altogether on 3 July 1950. It was on the Ballycastle Railway, a narrow gauge railway that ran for 17 mi between Ballycastle and Ballymoney. This was part of the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway (BNCR), later Northern Counties Committee (NCC), main line to Londonderry.

Notable people

 * Archibald Hutcheson (c. 1659–1740), MP for Hastings 1713–1727

title: Stranocum


text:
User:Raimo Ilaskivi

Raimo Ilaskivi, born 26.5.1928, Dr. Pol. Sc., former Lord Mayor of Helsinki (1979-91); also MP 1962-74, MEP 1996-99; in the 60´s and 70´s mg.dir. of the Industrial Bank of Finland, Finnish Bankers´ Association and Helsinki Stock Exchange. Author of 7 books and numerous articles on economic and political issues. Decorated eg. Grand Cross of the Finnish Lion, Cdr 1 Cl of The White Rose of Finland and orders of Norway, Sweden, Germany, Spain, Jordan and Nepal; military and cicil crosses and medals. Since 1999 Chancellor of the Ordo Sancti Constantini Magni (OCM) - see www.ocmonline.org

title: User:Raimo Ilaskivi


text:
Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)

The Secretary for Justice is the head of the Hong Kong Department of Justice, the chief legal advisor to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, and the chief law enforcement officer of the Government of Hong Kong. Before the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, the position was known as the Attorney-General of Hong Kong.

The Secretary for Justice, nominated by the Chinese government on the advice of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, is an ex officio member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong. The Secretary takes office after appointment by the Government of the People's Republic of China, which is responsible for Hong Kong's foreign affairs and defence. The Secretary for Justice also belongs to the Policy Committee, which is chaired by the Chief Secretary,

The Office of the Secretary for Justice was established by the Hong Kong Basic Law, which guarantees the power of the Department of Justice to control criminal prosecutions free from any interference. The position is normally held by a legal professional, and was, before July 2002, a civil service position. The Secretary for Justice, after the Chief Secretary and the Financial Secretary, is one of the three highest Principal Officials of the Government. The current Secretary for Justice is Paul Lam, SBS, SC, JP.

Role
In the course of discharging his or her duties as the chief legal advisor to the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, the Secretary for Justice is assisted by five law officers, namely:

 * the Solicitor General who heads the Legal Policy Division,
 * the Director of Public Prosecutions who head the Prosecutions Division,
 * the Law Officer (Civil Law) who heads the Civil Law Division,
 * the Law Officer (International Law) who heads the International Law Division, and
 * the Law Draftsman who heads the Law Drafting Division

(The Administration and Development Division is headed by an Administrative Officer.)

Ranking in the Hong Kong Government
The Secretary for Justice is the third in line, after the Chief Secretary and the Financial Secretary, to act for the Chief Executive when he or she is on leave, outside Hong Kong, or when the position is otherwise temporarily vacant.

The Secretary for Justice ranks fifth in the Hong Kong order of precedence.

Residence
The Secretary for Justice has an official residence at 19 Severn Road, The Peak. Opened in 1934 for use by Attorney General Hong Kong.

Pre-1997 position
Before the 1997 handover to China, the position was known as the Attorney General, and the department was known as the Legal Department and was also known as the Attorney General's Chambers. The office of the Attorney General was never localized during British rule and no Hong Kong Chinese ever held this key post.

Secretaries for Justice, 1997–present
Political party:

Deputy Secretaries for Justice, 2022–present
Political party:

title: Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)


text: Category:Vancouver Millionaires players

title: Category:Vancouver Millionaires players


text:
Fortuna Düsseldorf

Düsseldorfer Turn- und Sportverein Fortuna 1895 e.V., commonly known as Fortuna Düsseldorf, is a German football club based in Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, that competes in the 2. Bundesliga.

Founded in 1895, Fortuna entered the league in 1913 and was a fixture in the top flight from the early 1920s up to the creation of the Bundesliga in 1963. 2023–24 will be their fourth season in a row in the 2. Bundesliga since getting relegated from the Bundesliga in the 2019–20 season. Fortuna captured one German championship in 1933 and two German cup DFB-Pokal wins in 1979 and 1980. Their greatest feat in European competition was a Cup Winners Cup final in 1979 where they lost to Barcelona.

Foundation to World War II
The earliest roots of the association go back to the establishment of the gymnastics club Turnverein Flingern on 5 May 1895 in the village of Flingern, today one of the eastern quarters of Düsseldorf. Two other sides figure in the club's early history: Düsseldorfer Fußballklub Spielverein, founded in 1908, and FK Alemania 1911, which was founded in 1911 and became Fortuna 1911 the following year. In mid-1912, these two clubs merged to form Düsseldorfer Fußball-Club Fortuna 1911, which played its debut season in the Westdeutschen Spielverband in 1913–14. TV Flingern joined Fortuna to create Düsseldorfer Turn- und Sportverein Fortuna on 15 November 1919.

In the late 1920s, Fortuna won its first honours as a first tier side; it captured a district level Bezirksliga title in 1927, sent its first representative to the Germany national team in 1928 (Ernst Albrecht), and took a second Bezirksliga title in 1929. The team continued to perform well into the 1930s, winning its third and fourth district titles en route to a Western German football championship in 1931 and its greatest success, a German football championship in 1933 against Schalke 04, which was on the verge of becoming the era's dominant side in Germany. Fortuna was the first team to win the title without conceding a goal in the final rounds of the tournament. It beat Vorwärts-Rasensport Gleiwitz (9–0), Arminia Hannover (3–0), Eintracht Frankfurt (4–0) and finally Schalke 04 (3–0) en route to becoming the first national champion from the industrial Rhine-Ruhr area.

In the following season, the club began playing in Gauliga Niederrhein, 1 of 16 top-flight divisions formed in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich. Düsseldorf dominated the division through the 1930s as five-time champions between 1936 and 1940, and made losing appearances in the national championship final in 1936 (1–2 to 1. FC Nürnberg) and the final of the Tschammerpokal, the predecessor of today's DFB-Pokal, in 1937 (1–2 against Schalke 04). The club was reglegated in 1942, but returneed to the top flight the following season. In 1944–45, it began play as the combined wartime side Kriegsspielgemeinschaft TSV Fortuna/SC 99 Düsseldorf with partner Düsseldorfer Sport Club 1899, but took part in only two matches as Nazi Germany fell before the advance of Allied armies.

The most notable players of that era were Paul Janes, Germany's most capped player from 1942 to 1970 (71 caps), German team captain (1939–1942) and member of the Breslau Eleven that beat Denmark 8–0 in Breslau in 1937 and went on to win 10 of 11 games played during that year; Stanislaus Kobierski, who earned 26 caps and scored Germany's first ever FIFA World Cup goal; Ernst Albrecht; and Jakob Bender.

Post War era
After World War II, Allied occupation authorities ordered the dissolution of all sports organizations in Germany. Fortuna was re-formed in 1945 and then played most of their football in the Oberliga West (I) in the years between 1947 and the creation of the Bundesliga, West Germany's professional football league, in 1963. It played as a lower-to-mid-table side, though it also made three appearances in the DFB-Pokal final in – 1957, 1958 and 1962 – but did not the prize, losing each of those matches to Bayern Munich, VfB Stuttgart and 1. FC Nürnberg. It was also during this era that Toni Turek, goalkeeper for West Germany's "Miracle of Bern" side at the 1954 World Cup; Erich Juskowiak (30 caps and World Cup player in 1958); and later national team coach Jupp Derwall all represented Fortuna.

1960s and 1970s
Fortuna's performance was not good enough to earn them a place among the original 16 teams chosen for the newly founded Bundesliga in 1963, but the club played its way into the premier division three years later for a cameo appearance in 1966–67. Despite a sensational 2–1 away win at recent European Cup Winners' Cup winners Borussia Dortmund on its Bundesliga debut, Fortuna was immediately relegated, though only to return in 1971 for a stay that lasted 16 seasons and included two third-place league finishes (in 1972–73 and 1973–74). On 9 December 1978, Fortuna recorded a 7–1 victory against Bayern Munich, to date the highest away defeat for Bayern in its entire Bundesliga history. In addition, Fortuna continued its prosperous play in the DFB-Pokal, making another three appearances. After losing in its fifth appearance in the final in 1978 against local rivals 1. FC Köln (0–2), the club finally broke through and came away as champions in 1979, prevailing 1–0 against Hertha BSC, then repeating as champions 1980 with 2–1 victory against 1. FC Köln. During this period, the club established a record for consecutive DFB-Pokal match victories, with 18-straight between 1978 and 1981.

Fortuna is among a group of four teams which have made frequent appearances in the DFB-Pokal final only to come away empty-handed. Like 1. FC Kaiserslautern, Fortuna has just two wins against five losses. 1. FC Köln has four wins and six losses in the Cup final, while Schalke 04 has been frustrated most often, with five wins and seven losses. Four of the Düsseldorfer's losses were by a single goal and two of those were in extra time.

The club's best turn in European competition was in the 1979 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, where it finished as runners-up to Barcelona, losing 4–3 in extra time in an exciting finale at Basel. It was the first of four occasions that the Catalan club won the tournament.

Fortuna achieved its success mostly with hometown players like the famous Allofs brothers (Klaus Allofs and Thomas Allofs) or players like Gerd Zewe (440 games in the Bundesliga), Dieter Herzog, Reiner Geye, Wolfgang Seel and Rudi Bommer who joined the team as nearly unknown players and ended as internationals. Between 1960 and 1967, Peter Meyer scored 119 goals in 174 games.

1980s to the new century
Since its relegation in 1987, Fortuna has bounced back and forth between leagues, spending five more seasons in the Bundesliga in 1989–92 (after winning the 1988-89 2nd Bundesliga championship) and 1995–97 and slipping as low as Oberliga Nordrhein (IV) in 2002–04. In 2001, the club escaped relegation to tier IV only because two other clubs were denied licenses to play in tier III for financial reasons. Fortuna had its own money problems at the time but have since managed to arrange its finances more or less back into order. Between 2001 and 2003, the club was sponsored by German punk rock band Die Toten Hosen.

Recent seasons
In 2008–09, Fortuna competed in the newly established 3. Liga, finishing second and gaining automatic promotion to the 2. Bundesliga, where it finished fourth in its comeback season, 2009–10. In this season, Fortuna was the only side unbeaten in home-matches in the three top German (nationwide) leagues.

After a promising 2009–10 season, the 2010–11 season began poorly for Fortuna. After the first six games of the season, the club was in last place, having lost every match. During these first six matches, the club scored only two goals – one of which was an own-goal by the other side. Despite this discouraging start, Fortuna bounced back and finished the season in seventh place. 2011–12 began very differently: after the first half of the season, Fortuna was in first place in the table with a remarkable record of 12 wins, 5 draws and 0 losses. The "Herbstmeister" title gave the team and the fans hope that this could be the year Fortuna returned to the Bundesliga. The second half of the season was more challenging, as Fortuna was unable to maintain its pace: it suffered four losses and a number of draws, slipping to third place in the final standings. Nonetheless, this was sufficient for them to qualify for the two-game relegation playoff against the third-last place team in the Bundesliga – Hertha BSC. The first game of the relegation was played on 10 May 2012 in Berlin, with Fortuna winning 2–1. Fortuna drew the deciding game which was played on 15 May in Düsseldorf. Hertha fans, however, threw firecrackers at the field and the players, and one minute before the match ended, overexcited Fortuna fans stormed the field.

The promotion to the Bundesliga represented an extraordinary personal achievement for team captain Andreas Lambertz, as he became the first player in German football history to be promoted three times with the same club, from the then fourth-tier Oberliga to the Bundesliga. For striker Sascha Rösler, it marked the fourth time in his career that he was promoted from the Second Division into the Bundesliga.

Coming with the recent promotion, the club achieved a new record in German football history, becoming the only German club that has been relegated from the Bundesliga to a fourth-tier league (time period of downfall: 1997–2002) and promoted again to the Bundesliga afterwards (time period of ascent: 2004–2012).

Fortuna started the 2012–13 Bundesliga season strongly, ranking fifth after five games and concerns about relegation seemed to have been put to rest. However, Fortuna's 1–0 home win over Greuther Fürth on 16 February would prove to be the club's final victory of the season. The season concluded with Fortuna playing in Hannover 96, a match Fortuna lost 0–3. This defeat, combined with an Augsburg win over Greuther Fürth and a bizarre and unlikely victory by Hoffenheim over second-place Borussia Dortmund, resulted in Fortuna dropping two places. Fortuna finished 17th and were again reglegated to the 2. Bundesliga.

Fortuna's relegation was the result not only of this unlikely series of occurrences on the final day of the season, but also a poor conclusion to the year. Of its final eight matches, it did not win a single one; just one win would have secured its position for the following season's Bundesliga. This poor performance contributed to the dismissal of head coach Norbert Meier.

Reglegation to the 2. Bundesliga led to a period of generally disappointing performance. Fortuna spent the years between 2013 and 2017 in the middle of the table, often battling against relegation and rarely challenging for promotion back to the Bundesliga. During these years, the club went through a series of coaching changes, with Oliver Reck, Frank Kramer, and former player Mike Buskens among others leading the club at various points. Success however remained elusive.

In March 2016, Friedhelm Funkel – a native of Neuss – took over as coach of Fortuna Düsseldorf. In his first game as coach, Funkel led the club to a 4–3 win against 1. FC Kaiserslautern, ending a month-long winless streak. Funkel's start as coach marked the beginning of a period of increased stability and success for Fortuna.

At the start of the 2017–18 season, two of Fortuna's strongest performers from the previous year, goalkeeper Michael Rensing and forward Ihlas Bebou, were both lost from the club with Rensing suffering two broken ribs and Bebou transferring to Bundesliga side Hannover 96. A further setback was that Funkel's assistant Peter Hermann asked to be released from his contaract with Fortuna in order to reojoin his mentor Jupp Heynckes upon his return to Bayern. With these three losses, it appeared that the 2017–18 season could be difficult for Fortuna. However, the club started extremely strongly: on the fourth day of the season, Fortuna had climbed to first place in the table, with a draw and three wins. For the remainder of the year, they would not drop below third place, benefitting from particularly strong play by Rensing's replacement in goal, Raphael Wolf, newly acquired Belgian forward Benito Raman, striker Rouwen Hennings, and midfielder Florian Neuhaus. A late-season slump saw Fortuna lose three games in succession in early April, but Fortuna won their next two matches, securing promotion to the Bundesliga. In the final game of the season, with promotion already secured, Fortuna defeated 1. FC Nürnberg 3–2 with a last-minute goal thereby securing first place and the 2. Bundesliga Championship, their second title after 1988–89. For coach Friedhelm Funkel, this marks the sixth time he had led a club to promotion—a German record.

Fortuna Düsseldorf's return to first-division football in 2018–19 was greeted with great enthusiasm by their supporters. The first half of the season was marked by inconsistent play. Fortuna played remarkably well against top Bundesliga sides, taking a point from Leipzig and defeating Hoffenheim and first-place Borussia Dortmund. Most encouraging was an away draw against the defending champions Bayern Munich, when Fortuna came back after trailing 2–0 and 3–1, to secure a 3–3 draw in the 93rd minute, with Dodi Lukebakio scored all three of Fortuna's goals. However, Fortuna failed to play well against clubs lower in the table, losing to Augsburg, Nürnberg and Mainz, and only managing a draw against Stuttgart. Fortuna Düsseldorf entered the mid-winter break in 14th place in the table, concoluding the first half of the season with three successive wins against Freiburg, Dortmund and Hannover. Fortuna Düsseldorf enjoyed a better second half of the season, with away wins over Augsburg, Hertha Berlin and one of their best performances in recent times, a storming display in a 0–4 win at Schalke 04. A 4–1 win at home to Werder Bremen and a 3–1 victory over Borussia Mönchengladbach were highlights at home, whilst other home wins over VfB Stuttgart, Nürnberg and a final day defeat of Hannover 96 ensured a 10th-place finish in the Bundesliga. This achieved Fortuna Düsseldorf's highest league finish since the 1989–90 Bundesliga season, where they finished 9th.

Sponsorship
For the 2017–18 season, online sports betting website Tipbet renewed its agreement as Premium Partners of Fortuna. The deal involves marketing campaigns to raise brand awareness, while regular promotions are organised.

Honours
The club's honours are as follows:

Domestic

 * German championship: 1933
 * Runners-up: 1936
 * 2. Bundesliga (II): 1988–89, 2017–18
 * Regionalliga West (II): 1965–66
 * Oberliga Nordrhein (III): 1993–94

Cup

 * DFB-Pokal: 1978–79, 1979–80
 * Runners-up: 1936–37, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1961–62, 1977–78

International

 * European Cup Winners' Cup
 * Runners-up: 1978–79
 * Intertoto Cup: 1967, 1984, 1986
 * Trophy Ciudad de Palma: 1989

Regional

 * Western German championship (I): 1930–31
 * Gauliga Niederrhein/Berg-Mark (I): 1926–27, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1930–31, 1931–32, 1932–33, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1946–47
 * Western German Cup (I–II): 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1961–62, 1970–71 (II)

Reserve team

 * German amateur football championship (III): 1976–77

League history

 * 1913–1914 C-Klasse (3rd tier) – Champions: 1914
 * 1914–1918 B-Klasse (2nd tier) – Champions: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918
 * 1918–1919 A-Klasse (1st tier)
 * 1919–1920 A-Klasse (2nd tier) – Champions: 1920
 * 1920–1921 Gauliga Berg Mark (1st tier)
 * 1921–1922 A-Klasse (2nd tier)
 * 1922–1933 Gauliga Berg Mark (1st tier) – Champions: 1927, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1933
 * 1933–1942 Gauliga Niederrhein (1st tier) – Champions: 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940
 * 1942–1943 Bezirksklasse (2nd tier) – Champions: 1943
 * 1943–1944 Gauliga Niederrhein (1st tier)
 * 1944–1946 no contests (WW II)
 * 1946–1947 Bezirksliga Berg Mark (1st tier) – Champions: 1947
 * 1947–1949 Oberliga West (1st tier)
 * 1949–1950 2. Liga West (2nd tier)
 * 1950–1960 Oberliga West (1st tier)
 * 1960–1961 2. Liga West (2nd tier)
 * 1961–1963 Oberliga West (1st tier)
 * 1963–1966 Regionalliga West (2nd tier) – Champions: 1966
 * 1966–1967 Bundesliga (1st tier)
 * 1967–1971 Regionalliga West (2nd tier)
 * 1971–1987 Bundesliga (1st tier)
 * 1987–1989 2. Bundesliga (2nd tier) – Champions: 1989
 * 1989–1992 Bundesliga (1st tier)
 * 1992–1993 2. Bundesliga (2nd tier)
 * 1993–1994 Oberliga Nordrhein (3rd tier) – Champions: 1994
 * 1994–1995 2. Bundesliga (2nd tier)
 * 1995–1997 Bundesliga (1st tier)
 * 1997–1999 2. Bundesliga (2nd tier)
 * 1999–2000 Regionalliga West/Südwest (3rd tier)
 * 2000–2002 Regionalliga Nord (3rd tier)
 * 2002–2004 Oberliga Nordrhein (4th tier)
 * 2004–2008 Regionalliga Nord (3rd tier)
 * 2008–2009 3. Liga (3rd tier)
 * 2009–2012 2. Bundesliga (2nd tier)
 * 2012–2013 Bundesliga (1st tier)
 * 2013–2018 2. Bundesliga (2nd tier) – Champions: 2018
 * 2018–2020 Bundesliga (1st tier)
 * 2020–present 2. Bundesliga (2nd tier)

Recent seasons
The last five seasons are shown.

Internationals for the Germany national team
Twenty-five Fortuna players have made appearances with the national side earning 240 caps between them. With the exception of Erich Juskowiak, all players debuted as Fortuna players:

 * Ernst Albrecht (1928–34) 17 caps
 * Klaus Allofs (1978–81) 21 caps (56 caps overall)
 * Jakob Bender (1933–35) 9 caps
 * Manfred Bockenfeld (1984) 1 cap
 * Rudi Bommer (1984) 6 caps
 * Kurt Borkenhagen (1952) 1 cap
 * Theo Breuer (1933) 2 caps
 * Jupp Derwall (1954) 2 caps
 * Reiner Geye (1972–74) 4 caps
 * Hans Heibach (1938) 1 cap
 * Dieter Herzog (1974) 5 caps
 * Günter Jäger (1958) 1 cap
 * Paul Janes (1932–42) 71 caps

 * Erich Juskowiak (1953–59) 30 caps (31 caps overall)
 * Stanislaus Kobierski (1931–41) 26 caps
 * Kurt Krüger (1940) 1 cap
 * Matthias Mauritz (1959) 1 cap
 * Paul Mehl (1936) 2 caps
 * Hans Neuschäfer (1956) 1 cap
 * Wolfgang Seel (1974–77) 6 caps
 * Bernhard Steffen (1958–60) 2 caps
 * Anton Turek (1950–54) 20 caps
 * Willi Wigold (1932–34) 4 caps
 * Gerd Zewe (1978–79) 4 caps
 * Felix Zwolanowski (1940) 2 caps

Coaches

 * 🇩🇪 Kuno Klötzer (July 1963 – June 1967)
 * 🇩🇪 Otto Knefler (July 1968 – June 1970)
 * 🇩🇪 Heinz Lucas (July 1970 – April 1975)
 * 🇩🇪 Manfred Krafft (April 1975 – April 1976)
 * 🇩🇪 Sepp Piontek (July 1975 – April 1976)
 * 🇩🇪 Dietrich Weise (July 1976 – June 1978)
 * 🇩🇪 Hans-Dieter Tippenhauer (July 1978 – October 1979)
 * 🇩🇪 Otto Rehhagel (October 1979 – December 1980)
 * 🇩🇪 Heinz Höher (December 1980 – June 1981)
 * 🇩🇪 Jörg Berger (July 1981 – October 1982)
 * 🇩🇪 Willibert Kremer (October 1982 – April 1985)
 * 🇩🇪 Dieter Brei (April 1985 – April 1987)
 * 🇩🇪 Gerd Meyer (April 1987 – June 1987)
 * 🇧🇦 Aleksandar Ristić (July 1987 – December 1990)
 * 🇦🇹 Josef Hickersberger (December 1990 – August 1991)
 * 🇩🇪 Rolf Schafstall (August 1991 – January 1992)
 * 🇩🇪 Hans-Jürgen Gede (January 1992 – March 1992)
 * 🇩🇪 Horst Köppel (January 1992 – August 1992)
 * 🇵🇱 Rudolf Wojtowicz (interim) (August 1992)
 * 🇧🇦 Aleksandar Ristić (August 1992 – November 1996)
 * 🇵🇱 Rudolf Wojtowicz (November 1996 – September 1997)
 * 🇩🇪 Uli Maslo (September 1997 – April 1998)
 * 🇧🇦 Enver Marić (interim) (April 1998 – June 1998)
 * 🇩🇪 Klaus Allofs (July 1998 – April 1999)
 * 🇩🇪 Peter Neururer (April 1999 – June 1999)
 * 🇩🇪 Jürgen Gelsdorf (July 1999 – May 2000)
 * 🇷🇴 Tim Kamp (interim) (May 2000 – June 2000)
 * 🇧🇦 Aleksandar Ristić (July 2000 – January 2001)
 * 🇩🇪 Uwe Fuchs (January –April 2001)
 * 🇷🇴 Tim Kamp (April 2001 – April 2002)
 * 🇩🇪 Stefan Emmerling (April –June 2002)
 * 🇷🇸 Slavko Petrović (July 2002 – May 2003)
 * 🇩🇪 Uwe Weidemann (May –June 2003)
 * 🇮🇹 Massimo Morales (July 2003 – November 2004)
 * 🇩🇪 Uwe Weidemann (November 2004 – November 2007)
 * 🇩🇪 Wolf Werner (interim) (November –December 2007)
 * 🇩🇪 Norbert Meier (January 2008 – June 2013)
 * 🇩🇪 Mike Büskens (June – November 2013)
 * 🇩🇪 Oliver Reck (interim) (November and December 2013)
 * 🇩🇪 Lorenz-Günther Köstner (January 2014 – June 2014)
 * 🇩🇪 Oliver Reck (June 2014 – February 2015)
 * 🇩🇪 Taşkın Aksoy (interim) (April 2015 – June 2015)
 * 🇩🇪 Frank Kramer (July 2015 – November 2015)
 * 🇩🇪 Peter Hermann (interim) (November 2015 – December 2015)
 * 🇩🇪 Marco Kurz (December 2015 – March 2016)
 * 🇩🇪 Friedhelm Funkel (March 2016 – January 2020)
 * 🇩🇪 Uwe Rösler (January 2020 – June 2021)
 * 🇩🇪 Christian Preußer (July 2021 – February 2022)
 * 🇩🇪 Daniel Thioune (February 2022 – )

Stadiums

 * Lichtplatz (1908–19)
 * Vennhauser Straße (1919–30)
 * Paul-Janes-Stadion (1930–53, 1970–72, 1975–76 (Evasive), 2002–05, 2005–07 (Evasive))
 * Rheinstadion (1953–70, 1972–2002)
 * LTU Arena/Esprit Arena/Merkur Spiel-Arena (since 2005)
 * Lena-Arena (April–May 2011)

Records and firsts

 * 1928: first German team to visit Africa for friendly competition
 * 1960: first German team to sign an African player (Charles Gyamfi)
 * 1978 – 7 Dec.: Fortuna obtained a 7–1 victory against Bayern Munich, to date the worst away defeat for Bayern in its entire Bundesliga history.
 * 1978 – 1981: consecutive DFB-Pokal match victories (18)
 * 2009: Fortuna set an all-time attendance record for third-level football in Germany: 50,095 visitors saw a 1–0 victory against Werder Bremen U23 that meant promotion into the 2. Bundesliga.

Rivalries and fan culture
Fortuna's fiercest rivalry is with 1. FC Köln, which stems from the geographic proximity of Düsseldorf and Cologne as well as the historic rivalry between the two cities. However, in recent seasons, the clubs have rarely played in the same division, meaning that head-to-head encounters have become rarer. The 2013–14 season marked the last time the two clubs met in competitive matches when both played in the Second Division. For the 2018–19 season, Fortuna was promoted to the 1. Bundesliga precisely as 1. FC Köln was demoted from the Bundesliga to the Second Division, again avoiding the "Rheinland Derby".

Fortuna's other historic rivals are Rot-Weiss Essen, Bayer 04 Leverkusen, and Wuppertaler SV. During the 1970s, all four clubs played in the Bundesliga. Both Essen and Wuppertal have since dropped to lower leagues. Bayer Leverkusen, on the other hand, has emerged as a powerful force in the Bundesliga. Leverkusen's financial support from the Bayer chemical conglomerate has led to many Düsseldorf fans criticizing the club as "plastic" and inauthentic, without any real tradition. During the seasons when they both played in the Second Division, Fortuna's matches against MSV Duisburg and Borussia Mönchengladbach were hotly contested and were often referred to as "Lower Rhein Derbys". Fortuna Düsseldorf and Rot-Weiss Essen have played one another 59 times, and many fans still regard this as a heated rivalry, but direct matches have been rare in recent years. Fortuna also has inter-city rivalries with Düsseldorf SC99 and TuRU Düsseldorf, yet these have also lost their intensity. During the post-war years, no other club within the Düsseldorf city limits has ever played in a higher division than Fortuna.

Because of the dominance of FC Bayern München in recent decades, Fortuna also has a competitive rivalry with the Bavarians. Although Düsseldorf has not mounted a serious challenge for the Bundesliga championship since the early 1970s, matches between Fortuna and FC Bayern have been fiercely contested. In a 1975 match, Bayern led at halftime 4–2, but Fortuna came back to win 6–#5. On 9 December 1978, Fortuna defeated FC Bayern 7–1, an outcome which, to this day, remains FC Bayern's worst-ever away loss. During the 1985–86 season, Fortuna was the only team to win both of its games against the eventual champions from Munich, winning 4–0 and 3–2. The band Die Toten Hosen, many of whose members are enthusiastic fans of Fortuna Düsseldorf, have celebrated the team's success against FC Bayern in their song "Bayern", which appears on their album Immortal. The last Bundesliga game was a draw after Munich had led 3–1. Fortuna scored two goals to make it 3–3 in the last 10 minutes.

The club has a particular strong affiliation with English Premier League side Ipswich Town, with their supporters making annual visits to see them at their home ground, Portman Road, since 2006. Ipswich fans have also done the same, with some coming to cheer Düsseldorf on at the Merkur Spiel-Arena.

Fortuna Düsseldorf enjoys a strong a spirited fan base, and supporters in the "ultra" curve of the stadium are well known for their elaborate choreographed displays and enthusiastic support for their club, which occasionally includes the lighting of "Bengalos" or fireworks in the stands.

Members of the band Die Toten Hosen, including lead singer Campino, are often present at Fortuna matches at home and on the road, and when Fortuna celebrated its recent 2. Division championship in front of thousands of fans at Düsseldorf's city hall on 14 May 2018, the band appeared with them. The band is also highly regarded by the club for serving as sponsors during the 2001–02 and 2002–03 seasons, when the club had been relegated to the Regional League and faced financial difficulty.

Futsal
Since 1 June 2015, Fortuna Düsseldorf has its futsal department. Since then, the Futsal department has developed into one of the strongest in Germany. They took part in the Deutsche Futsal Meisterschaft 2021 of the DFB as the winner of the Futsalliga West in the 2020–21 season and is one of the founding members of the Futsal Bundesliga.

title: Fortuna Düsseldorf


text:
Accessory (legal term)

An accessory is a person who assists, but does not actually participate, in the commission of a crime. The distinction between an accessory and a principal is a question of fact and degree:
 * The principal is the one whose acts or omissions, accompanied by the relevant mens rea (Latin for "guilty mind"), are the most immediate cause of the actus reus (Latin for "guilty act").
 * If two or more people are directly responsible for the actus reus, they can be charged as joint principals (see common purpose). The test to distinguish a joint principal from an accessory is whether the defendant independently contributed to causing the actus reus rather than merely giving generalised and/or limited help and encouragement.

Elements
In some jurisdictions, an accessory is distinguished from an accomplice, who normally is present at the crime and participates in some way. An accessory must generally have knowledge that a crime is being committed, will be committed, or has been committed. A person with such knowledge may become an accessory by helping or encouraging the criminal in some way. The assistance to the criminal may be of any type, including emotional or financial assistance as well as physical assistance or concealment.

Relative severity of penalties
The punishment tariff for accessories varies in different jurisdictions and has varied at different periods of history. In some times and places accessories have been subject to lesser penalties than principals (the persons who actually commit the crime). In others accessories are considered the same as principals in theory, although in a particular case an accessory may be treated less severely than a principal. In some times and places accessories before the fact (i.e., with knowledge of the crime before it is committed) have been treated differently from accessories after the fact (e.g., those who aid a principal after a crime has been committed but had no role in the crime itself). Common law traditionally considers an accessory just as guilty as the principal(s) in a crime, and subject to the same penalties. Separate and lesser punishments exist by statute in many jurisdictions.

Conspiracy
In some situations, a charge of conspiracy can be made even if the primary offense is never committed, so long as the plan has been made, and at least one overt act towards the crime has been committed by at least one of the conspirators. For example, if a group plans on forging bank checks, and forges the checks but ultimately does not attempt to cash the checks, the group might still be charged with conspiracy due to the overt act of forgery. Thus, an accessory before the fact will often, but not always, also be considered a conspirator. A conspirator must have been a party to the planning of the crime, rather than merely becoming aware of the plan to commit it and then helping in some way.

A person who incites another to a crime will become a part of a conspiracy if agreement is reached and may then be considered an accessory or a joint principal if the crime is eventually committed.

In the United States, a person who learns of the crime and gives some form of assistance before the crime is committed is known as an "accessory before the fact". A person who learns of the crime after it is committed and helps the criminal to conceal it, or aids the criminal in escaping, or simply fails to report the crime, is known as an "accessory after the fact". A person who does both is sometimes referred to as an "accessory before and after the fact", but this usage is less common.

Criminal facilitation
In some jurisdictions, criminal "facilitation" laws do not require that the primary crime be actually committed as a prerequisite for criminal liability. These include state statutes making it a crime to "provide" a person with "means or opportunity" to commit a crime, "believing it probable that he/she is rendering aid to a person who intends to commit a crime."

Knowledge of the crime
To be convicted of an accessory charge, the accused must generally be proved to have had actual knowledge that a crime was going to be, or had been, committed. Furthermore, there must be proof that the accessory knew that his or her action, or inaction, was helping the criminals commit the crime, or evade detection, or escape. A person who unknowingly houses a person who has just committed a crime, for instance, may not be convicted of being an accessory offense because they did not have knowledge of the crime.

Exceptions
In many jurisdictions a person may not be charged as an accessory to a crime committed by one's spouse. This is related to the traditional privilege not to testify against an accused spouse, and the older idea that a wife was completely subject to the orders of a husband, whether lawful or illegal.

In most jurisdictions an accessory cannot be tried before the principal is convicted, unless the accessory and principal are tried together, or unless the accessory consents to being tried first.

Usage
The term "accessory" derives from the English common law and has been inherited by those countries with a more or less Anglo-American legal system. The concept of complicity is, of course, common across different legal traditions. The specific terms accessory-before-the-fact and accessory-after-the-fact were used in England and the United States but are now more common in historical than in current usage.

The spelling accessary is occasionally used, but only in this legal sense.

History
The English legal authority William Blackstone, in his Commentaries, defined an accessory as: "II. AN accessory is he who is not the chief actor in the offense, nor present at its performance, but is someway concerned therein, either before or after the fact committed."

- Book 4 chapter 3

He goes on to define an accessory-before-the-fact in these words: "As to the second point, who may be an accessory before the fact; Sir Matthew Hale 12 defines him to be one, who being absent at the time of the crime committed, does yet procure, counsel, or command another to commit a crime. Herein absence is necessary to make him an accessory; for such procusence is necessary to make him an accessory; for if such procurer, or the like, be present, he is guilty of the crime as principal."

and an accessory-after-the-fact as follows: "An accessory after the fact may be, where a person, knowing a felony to have been committed, receives, relieves, comforts, or assists the felon. Therefore, to make an accessory ex post facto, it is in the first place requisite that he knows of the felony committed.18 In the next place, he must receive, relieve, comfort, or assist him. And, generally, any assistance whatever given to a felon, to hinder his being apprehended, tried, or suffering punishment, makes the assistor an accessory. As furnishing him with a horse to escape his pursuers, money or victuals to support him, a house or other shelter to conceal him, or open force and violence to rescue or protect him."

Canada
The Criminal Code has several sections which deal with accessory to offences:

"21. (1) Every one is a party to an offence who

(2) Where two or more persons form an intention in common to carry out an unlawful purpose and to assist each other therein and any one of them, in carrying out the common purpose, commits an offence, each of them who knew or ought to have known that the commission of the offence would be a probable consequence of carrying out the common purpose is a party to that offence.

23. (1) An accessory after the fact to an offence is one who, knowing that a person has been a party to the offence, receives, comforts or assists that person for the purpose of enabling that person to escape."

For these purposes, abetting means "to encourage or set on" and an abettor is "an instigator or setter on, one who promotes or procures a crime to be committed..."

Note that under s. 21(2), the words "ought to have known" indicating objective knowledge have been ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in cases where the principal offence requires subjective foresight of the consequences, such as murder (R v Logan, [1990] 2 SCR 731).

France
Article 121-6 states that "the accomplice to the offence, in the meaning of article 121-7, is punishable as a perpetrator". Article 121-7 distinguishes, in its two paragraphs, complicity by aiding or abetting and complicity by instigation. It thus states that: "The accomplice to a felony or misdemeanor is the person who, by aiding or abetting, facilitates its preparation or commission. Any person who, by means of a gift, promise, threat, order or an abuse of authority or powers, provokes the commission of an offence or gives instructions to commit it, is also an accomplice. It follows from this article that in order to incur liability as an accomplice, that person must have participated in the unlawful act of the principal and must have intended the principal to succeed. The theory of assumed criminality requires that the participation of an accomplice must be linked to an offence actually committed by a principal."

Norway
Each penal provision in the Norwegian criminal code specifies if it is criminal to aid and abet. Further, when the attempt is criminal, participating in that attempt is criminal.

England and Wales
The law governing complicity in criminal offences originally arose from the common law, but was codified in section 8 of the Accessories and Abettors Act 1861 (as amended by s.65(4) Criminal Law Act 1977), which states: "Whosoever shall aid, abet, counsel, or procure the commission of any indictable offence, whether the same be an offence at common law or by virtue of any Act passed or to be passed, shall be liable to be tried, indicted, and punished as a principal offender."

The significance of presence
Mere presence at the scene of a crime is not enough, even where the defendant remains at the scene to watch the crime being committed. In R v Coney (1882) 8 QBD 534, where a crowd watched an illegal prize fight, it was held that there must be active, not mere passive, encouragement. Hence, even though the fight would not have taken place without spectators prepared to bet on the outcome, the spectators were acquitted because their presence was accidental. It would have been different if they had attended at the scene of a crime by prior agreement because their mere presence would be an encouragement. Similarly, in R v J. F. Alford Transport Ltd (1997) 2 Cr. App. R. 326 it was held a reasonable inference that a company, knowing that its employees are acting illegally and deliberately doing nothing to prevent it from being repeated, actually intends to encourage the repetition. This will be a natural inference in any situation where the alleged accessory has the right to control what the principal is doing.

Mens rea
A mens rea is required even when it is not required for the principal offender (for example, when the principal commits a strict liability offence). The defendant must intend to do the acts which he knows will assist or encourage the principal to commit a crime of a certain type. In R v Bainbridge (1960) 1 QB 129 the defendant supplied cutting equipment not knowing exactly what crime was going to be committed but was convicted because the equipment supplied was not used in the ordinary way, but for a criminal purpose instead. The accomplice must also know of all the essential matters that make the act a crime, but need not know that the act would amount to a crime because ignorance of the law is no excuse. In National Coal Board v Gamble (1959) 1 QB 11 the operator of a weighbridge was indifferent as to whether the principal committed the offence which is generally not a sufficient mens rea, but the NCB was convicted because the act of the employee was an act of sale (see vicarious liability).

Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority (1986) AC 112 is an example of a type of case where the uncertainties of the precise meaning of intention effectively confer a sometimes-welcome discretion on whether to impose responsibility. That case concerned the question of whether a doctor giving contraceptive advice or treatment to a girl under the age of 16 could be liable as an accessory to a subsequent offence of unlawful sexual intercourse committed by the girl's sexual partner. The Lords held that generally this would not be the case (the action was a civil one for a declaration) since the doctor would lack the necessary intention (even though he realised that his actions would facilitate the intercourse). One rationale for the decision would be that a jury would not infer intention in such circumstances if they thought that the doctor was acting in what he considered to be the girl's best interests.

Scotland
In Scotland, under section 293 of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, a person may be convicted of, and punished for, a contravention of any enactment, notwithstanding that he was guilty of such contravention as art and part only.

United States
U.S. jurisdictions (that is, the federal government and the various state governments) have come to treat accessories before the fact differently from accessories after the fact. All U.S. jurisdictions have effectively eliminated the distinction between accessories before the fact and principals, either by doing away with the category of "accessory before the fact" entirely or by providing that accessories before the fact are guilty of the same offense as principals. The Model Penal Code's definition of accomplice liability includes those who at common law were called accessories before the fact; under the Model Penal Code, accomplices face the same liability as principals. It is now possible to be convicted as an accessory before the fact even though the principal has not been convicted or (in most jurisdictions) even if the principal was acquitted at an earlier trial.

However, modern U.S. jurisdictions punish accessories after the fact for a separate criminal offense distinct from the underlying crime and having a different (and less severe) punishment. Some states still use the term "accessory after the fact"; others no longer use the term, but have comparable laws against hindering apprehension or prosecution, obstruction of justice, tampering with evidence, harboring a felon, or the like. Such crimes usually require proving (1) an intent to hinder apprehension or prosecution and (2) actual aid in the form of either (a) harboring the criminal, (b) providing specified means (such as a disguise) to evade arrest, (c) tampering with evidence, (d) warning the criminal of impending arrest, or (e) using force or deception to prevent the arrest.

Federal law has followed both these trends. The U.S. Code effectively treats as principals those who would traditionally have been considered accessories before the fact at common law: "(a) Whoever aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures the commission of an offense, is punishable as a principal.

(b) Whoever willfully causes an act to be done which if directly performed by him or another would be an offense, is punishable as a principal."

However, federal law treats accessories after the fact differently from principals. Accessories after the fact face a maximum of only half the fine and half the prison time that principals face. (If the principal faces the death penalty or life imprisonment, accessories after the fact face up to 15 years' imprisonment.) Federal law defines accessories after the fact as persons who provide criminals with certain aid in order to hinder a criminal's apprehension or prosecution: "Whoever, knowing that an offense against the United States has been committed, receives, relieves, comforts or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his apprehension, trial or punishment, is an accessory after the fact."

title: Accessory (legal term)


text: Category:Fantasy genres

title: Category:Fantasy genres


text:
Mad TV (video game)

Mad TV is a television station management simulation video game published in 1991 by Rainbow Arts. The game puts the player in the role of a new program director for a TV station. The player is in charge of selecting programming and earning advertising for the station, while simultaneously trying to marry Betty, an attractive woman working in the building.

Gameplay
The main interface of the game involves moving a thin man through a multistory building via mouse clicks. By clicking on various doors, the player's character can enter other locations, which are portrayed in cut scenes. Each day is timed, and after eight game hours the day of programming ends.

For each day, the player must program seven hours of television and provide an advertisement block for each of those programs. The game offers many options to fill programming, such as purchasing the rights to classic movies and shows, or by producing your own shows. However, programming must be regularly cycled, otherwise it gets stale with the audience and produces low ratings.

Advertising is also offered via contracts, which require certain rating marks to pay out. For example, a contract for Nike might pay better than one for a local business, but the Nike contract will require substantially more viewers. Access to more viewers can be achieved by buying more transmitters and satellites.

The player competes against two other television stations, run by computer-controlled program directors, in the same building. These program directors inhabit the same space and locations as the player, and they can directly influence the game by outbidding the player for certain movies or sabotaging programming lineups.

The eventual goal of the game is to win Betty's love. She is a cultural reporter who works on the top floor of the building. The other television station directors are also competing for Betty. Her affection rises when the player airs her culture program or buys her gifts, ranging from fur coats to diamond rings. Furthermore, Betty's love depends indirectly on the reputation the player has (which in turn depends on several factors such as ratings). Her affection level will never outrun the player's reputation level, so there is no use in simply pleasing her and neglecting the audience. Unfortunately cultural programs are not popular; airing only Betty's favorites will cause bankruptcy. The player has to balance his budget.

The game suffers from text translation issues, resulting from its origin as a game originally produced in Germany. Much of the in-game text features typos and Denglisch.

Legacy
The sequel, Mad TV 2, was only released in Germany. In 2001 Mad TV and also Mad TV 2 were released as freeware.

title: Mad TV (video game)


text:
User:Cortes~enwiki

Pages started: Tom Herr, Britt Burns

Pages added to: Hal McRae, Ty Cobb, Sam Crawford, Robert Morris College, Andrea de Cesaris

title: User:Cortes~enwiki


text:
User talk:Ho~enwiki

???
Is this a male or female?

C2 aaron

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ho. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ho~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:35, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:53, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ho~enwiki


text:
University of Trento

The University of Trento (Italian: Università degli Studi di Trento) is an Italian university located in Trento and nearby Rovereto. It has been able to achieve considerable results in didactics, research, and international relations according to CENSIS (Centro Studi Investimenti Sociali) and the Italian Ministry of Education.

History
The University of Trento was founded in 1962 as a Higher University Institute for Social Sciences. It then became the first Faculty of Sociology in Italy. The impact on the city was quite contradictory: the university was seen both as a motivating force for cultural openness and the creation of a new leading class, but also as a fracturing element of protest.

In order to expand the educational opportunities of the University of Trento, in 1972 the Faculty of Science was founded and in 1973 so was the Faculty of Economics. The academic project was expanded in 1984 with the Faculties of Arts and Humanities and Law and in 1985 with the Faculty of Engineering. In 2004 the Faculty of Cognitive Sciences was founded. In 2017 there was the addition of the C3A, Center Agriculture, Food and Environment, with the collaboration of the University of Trento and the Edmund Mach Foundation.

Departments

 * Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO
 * Civil, Environmental and Mechanical engineering
 * Economics and Management
 * Faculty of Law
 * Humanities
 * Industrial engineering
 * Information engineering and Computer science
 * Mathematics
 * Physics
 * Psychology and Cognitive science
 * Sociology and Social research

Centres
The didactic and scientific activities are concentrated around three main "areas": the city area, with the Departments of Economics and Management, Sociology and Social research, Humanities, the Faculty of Law and the School of International Studies; the hill area, with the Departments of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Information Engineering and Computer Science, Industrial Engineering, Mathematics, Physics and CIBIO - Centre for Integrative Biology; the Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science and CIMeC - Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences in Rovereto.
 * C3A - Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environment
 * CIMEC – Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences
 * CIRM – International Center for Mathematical Research
 * SSI – School of International Studies

Doctoral schools

 * Biomolecular Sciences
 * Cognitive and Brain Sciences
 * Comparative and European legal studies
 * Economics and Management (within the School in Social Sciences)
 * Engineering of Civil and Mechanical Structural Systems
 * Environmental engineering
 * Humanities
 * Information and Communication Technology
 * International Studies
 * Local Development and Global Dynamics (within the School in Social Sciences)
 * Materials, Mechatronics and Systems Engineering
 * Mathematics
 * Physics
 * Psychological Sciences and Education
 * Sociology and Social Research (within the School in Social Sciences)
 * Space Science and Technology (national doctorate program)

Internationalization
Special importance has been given to the International dimension of the university ever since its first years. The university has focused on the development of strategic international alliances in the view of complementarity.

The university has partnerships with prestigious universities and research centers all over the world and is part of important cooperation networks (for instance Consorzio Time, Asea-Uninet GE4).

Aside from the LLP-Erasmus project, since 1997 the university has also supported double degree agreements. The most recent one is the double degree in Civil Engineering with the University of Tongi China (May 2008): students can achieve a Master in Civil Engineering and the two year Master course in Civil Engineering in Trento. The university is part of the Erasmus Mundus programme and the Erasmus Mundus External cooperation window (now called action 2 of Erasmus Mundus II).

The university has a number of bilateral agreements with universities in Asia, America, the Middle East and Oceania. There is collaboration for development co-operation with African and Latin American universities. Foreign Tenured scholars and Visiting professors are 10% of the total number of professors. Collaboration with Germany brought Trento to the Italian seat of the Italian-German University, an institution that deals with coordination for advanced training and research between Italian and German universities.

Reputation and rankings
In 2012, the University of Trento celebrated its first 50 years: a tradition that brings it to be acknowledged as one of the leading universities in Italy, as indicated by several national rankings: the quality of the University of Trento was confirmed by the first national evaluation carried out by MIUR (The Ministry of Education, Universities and Research) and published in the summer of 2009. The University of Trento, according to the ministerial criteria, proved to have reached the best national standards for the quality of its research and teaching. With this result the university earned the title of “the most virtuous university in Italy”.

The 2013 Report by ANVUR (Italian National Agency for the Evaluation of the university system) UniTrento ranks first in the category of scientific production of medium-sized universities.

In the yearly CENSIS results, made in junction with the Grande Guida, and published by La Repubblica, the University of Trento is always in the very first positions. In the last edition (2015-2016) it is confirmed the second place in the mid-size universities (between 10 and 20 thousand students), an improvement of the score from 97,8 to 99,8.

By the last Sole 24 Ore ranking of the best Italian State Universities, the University of Trento is the second.

In the 2015-2016 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the University of Trento placed #198 in the world.

In the Best University Under 50 Years Old by Times Higher Education World University Ranking, the University of Trento was ranked #37 in the world.

The Department of Computer Science of Trento U was ranked top 50 in Europe through Microsoft Academic Ranking, and was placed #92 in the world by Times Higher Education World University Ranking 2020.

University of Trento and Microsoft Research open in Trento "The Centre for Computational and Systems Biology" (COSBI). The University of Trento has been increasing the number of courses available in English in parallel with its increased internationalization.

Services
In collaboration with the Opera Universitaria, Trento University offers 1500 accommodations in the San Bartolameo Campus, in student residences or flats that have special agreements with the university. The university has a central library composed of different buildings (in each Faculty) where students can consult books or borrow them, study or use the internet, with long opening hours (even until midnight), open Saturday and Sunday. With the Welcome Office, the university supports International students and researchers in the administrative procedures connected with their arrival and stay in Trento (entry visa, residence permit, health insurance, accommodation, National insurance number, etc.) and gives information as regards the modalities and documentation needed to enroll. Thanks to the Opera Universitaria, the university is able to offer students grants. Starting from academic year 2008/2009, the university radically changed its university fees system, emphasizing merit and students' efforts. Those who enroll have the chance to apply for grants up to €4000. The latest project born at the University of Trento is UNI.sport,

the new university network for sports services and facilities dedicated to the students of Trento University.

Collegio di Merito Bernardo Clesio
The University of Trento, in collaboration with Opera Universitaria and the Bank of Trento and Rovereto, opened the "collegio" in October 2010. Every year a few highly selected undergraduate and postgraduate students are admitted to the excellence facility. The admission process consists firstly in an evaluation of the curriculum of the student, then in a written test and, eventually, in a personal interview. Once admitted, the students have to: Throughout the bachelor or master period, it is furthermore required to spend at least a three-months' period abroad (taking part to an Erasmus+ project or a Bilateral Agreement for instance).
 * get at least 52 CFU (equivalent to ECTS credits) per year;
 * maintain a high average of their exams' marks;
 * participate actively to the cultural program proposed year by year by the "collegio".

University Library System
The library was created in 1962 initially as a facility to support the teaching and research activities of the Istituto Superiore di Scienze Sociali (Advanced institute of social sciences) which turned into the first Faculty of Sociology in Italy, in 1972. The system then developed following the evolution of the university, in particular in 1972, with the creation of the Faculty of Sciences, in 1973, with the opening of Economics and in 1984 and 1985 with creation respectively of the Faculty of Humanities, Law and Engineering. The library has been a member of the Bibliographic Catalogue of Trentino since 1984 thus making it possible to search its contents online. Later on the Library was included in the Trentino Library System and it became a highly specialized bibliographic and cultural centre, which is accessible not only for students and teachers of the university, but also for all citizens.

The Biblioteca Universitaria Centrale, is a newly built University library, designed by Renzo Piano. The building is divided into seven floors, distributed in four annexes. Most of the books are placed on open shelves in fifteen rooms.

Mission
The University Library System aims at:
 * acquiring, cataloguing, accessing, updating and storing the bibliographic heritage of the University of Trento
 * the development library, documentary and ITC services to support teaching and research activities
 * the continuous widening of technologically advanced systems to access and use the bibliographic information online
 * the subscription and participation in the regional, national and international coordination bodies, with other universities, library systems, research institutes, consortia and institutes

Contents (last update 1 January 2013)
The collections of sociology, ancient law books and Slave studies are particularly important.
 * No. of dissertations 1.944
 * No. of volumes 448.808
 * No. of magazines 2.718
 * No. of paper on-going and interrupted magazines 12.078
 * No. of on-going e-magazines 8.496
 * No. of on-going and interrupted e-magazines 10.947
 * No. of databases 130
 * No. of e-books 3.589

Rectors

 * 1962 – 1968 Mario Volpato
 * 1968 – 1970 Francesco Alberoni
 * 1970 – 1970 Norberto Bobbio
 * 1970 – 1972 Guido Baglioni
 * 1972 – 1978 Paolo Prodi
 * 1977 – 1978 Ezio Clementel
 * 1978 – 1990 Fabio Ferrari
 * 1990 – 1996 Fulvio Zuelli
 * 1996 – 2004 Massimo Egidi
 * 2004 – 2013 Davide Bassi
 * 2013 – 2014 Daria de Pretis
 * 2015 − 2021 Paolo Collini
 * 2021 − today Flavio Deflorian

Honorary professors

 * Imrich Chlamtac
 * Jean-Paul Fitoussi
 * Mikhail Gorbačëv, ex President of the Soviet Union
 * Tenzin Gyatso, born Lhamo Dondrub, XIV Dalai Lama
 * Václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic
 * Giorgio Napolitano, President of the Italian Republic, awarded 11 February 2008

title: University of Trento


text:
Talk:List of school districts in Ohio

Untitled
There are lists of the districts in Warren County, Ohio, Clinton County, Ohio, and Butler County, Ohio in their respective articles. PedanticallySpeaking 15:47, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

Naming conventions
Moved this from article--this is about Wikipedia, rather than Ohio school districts, so I moved it here.

 * Naming conventions (Ohio school districts)

--Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:43, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This proposal was redirected to one encompassing all U.S. schools. However, the current list doesn't fit with either standard naming convention or the proposal, so I'm altering it to conform with the former. This means that districts will be listed by name alone in most cases; in those where they may share a district name with that of another location, the format is Name (County), i.e. Springfield Local School District (Summit County). A disambiguation page should also be created, i.e. Springfield Local School District. Messes like this are what happen when editors deviate from standard naming conventions without wide acceptance. Tijuana Brass (talk) 07:54, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

This revert was because the changes made still weren't in line with standard Wikipedia naming conventions. I know it seems like a minor detail, but it adds up to become a major problem if the standard form isn't followed. Here's how the districts need to be listed:

By default:

 * District name

If the name is the same as another Ohio district:

...and the creation of a disambiguation page with the district name alone.
 * District name (County name)

The default of only the district name (with no location following) should always be used unless there's a conflict such as a shared name. If that's the case, the location must be in parentheses and only list the county name so consistency is maintained. If there's a case that is unique, like sharing a name with a district outside of Ohio, then we can discuss it here.

Remember that the general principle to follow in naming articles is to keep the title as simple as possible. This is the core issue of the mess here - there is no need for extending out district names to include the location, as no other articles share such a name. Disambiguations and extensions of article titles are only created when there's a conflict.

I'll do some more changes today to try to fix things up. Tijuana Brass (talk) 22:08, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Vocational schools
Any thoughts on adding vocational school districts? any resources?

prinzwilhelm (talk) 02:58, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Before changing the name of a district to ____ Schools...
...be aware that the official title of districts in Ohio seems to be (Location) City School District (or similar titles, i.e. substituting Local for City). However, as a matter of convenience, many districts will show their names as (Location) Schools on their websites, correspondence, etc. A redirect would be fine, and it may be appropriate to discuss title changes on a case-by-case basis, but make sure to look into what the proper name is before making any big changes. Tijuana Brass (talk) 23:05, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Their are three different types of school districts in Ohio; city, exempted village, and local. Each is a different type which has seperate forms of governing bodies for the school district, and different ways of collecting taxes. So while city and local seem like the same thing, they actually are not. --SteelRat02 (talk) 09:33, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Organization
It appears 38 state lists are alphabetical, not by County, so you might consider changing this to be consistent. RickH86 (talk) 14:44, 7 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of school districts in Ohio


text:
Turtle Island (Lake Erie)

Turtle Island is a 1.5 acre island in the western portion of Lake Erie in the United States. The island has an unusual political status, as its jurisdiction is divided between the U.S. states of Michigan and Ohio, even though the island has no residents or current use. Turtle Island is located about 5 mi northeast of the mouth of the Maumee River in Maumee Bay. Today, the island houses several abandoned structures and the ruins of Turtle Island Light, a lighthouse dating back to 1866. According to the Census Bureau, most of the island physically lies in Jerusalem Township in Lucas County, Ohio with the smaller Michigan portion being part of Erie Township in Monroe County, Michigan.

History
The Miami tribe was the first to inhabit the small island prior to 1800. They used the island primarily to gather seagull eggs. The island was named after Miami chief Mishikinakwa (c. 1747–1812), who was an influential Native American leader in the Northwest Territory during the American Revolution. Nicknamed Little Turtle, he later became popular among the American people after dissenting from his native tribe in the pursuit of peace negotiations with the Americans.

The British operated a small fort on the island around 1794 in defense of the mouth of the Maumee River, but the fort was soon abandoned. There are conflicting accounts as to who maintained control of the island during this time. Local folklore alludes to the belief that the Indians controlled the island and used it as a military fort, while others claim the British held control of it until losing it during the War of 1812. Official accounts of the history of Turtle Island date back to 1827, when the island itself was sold at a federal government auction in nearby Monroe, Michigan. Turtle Island was believed to not even be a true island on its own but rather a former extension of Little Cedar Point Peninsula. The island was bought but sold back to the United States four years later.

Early 1900s
With the completion of the Toledo Harbor Light in 1904, the shallower shipping lane around Turtle Island was rerouted to deeper waters, and the lighthouse on Turtle Island was abandoned. Turtle Island Light was officially decommissioned on May 15, 1904. Federal officials removed the components of the lighthouse but left all the structures in place. The island was sold at an auction to A. H. Merrill for $1,650 in December 1904. The island went unused and was subsequently vandalized over the next 30 years. Most of the original structures were completely stripped of their elements. In the late 1920s, the Toledo Blade reported on the status of the island by saying, “Vandals have wrecked the house, stealing everything that could be salvaged from the structure except the grim, bare walls which stand as a monument to the service this light rendered for nearly half a century.”

In 1933, A. H. Merrill transferred ownership of the island to George Merrill. He signed a lease with the Associated Yacht Club of Toledo (AYC) for them to build a series of docks and use the island for recreational purposes. However, the AYC ran out of money during the Great Depression and was forced to abandon their plans for rejuvenating Turtle Island. The AYC attempted to work with the state of Ohio to receive funding to revamp the island, but the state determined the cost of restoring the island would exceed its beneficial use by the public since the island was too small and remote. The AYC abandoned the island in 1937, and the island continued to decay with no improvements. The lighthouse keeper's headquarters were demolished, and the island suffered further damage from strong winds and waves during the 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak.

Border dispute
The small strip of land surrounding the mouth of the Maumee River was under the jurisdiction of the Michigan Territory, because the borders originally drawn up for the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set a territorial boundary as a straight line from the southernmost edge of Lake Michigan. When Ohio became the first in the Northwest Territory to gain statehood in 1803, the state's northern border did not include this important area, which was later given to the Michigan Territory when it was formally organized in 1805. Turtle Island fell under the jurisdiction of the Michigan Territory, and when the first Turtle Island Light was constructed in 1831, it was within the boundaries of the territory. When Toledo was founded in 1833, it was part of the Michigan Territory, and the Port of Toledo operated the lighthouse. Because Ohio disputed Michigan's ownership over this area, it led to the heated Toledo War, a border dispute between the Michigan Territory and the state of Ohio for the area known as the Toledo Strip. In late 1836, President Andrew Jackson intervened on behalf of Ohio and gave the Toledo Strip to Ohio in exchange for Michigan getting a portion of the Upper Peninsula when it became a state soon after on January 26, 1837.

The Toledo Strip and the city of Toledo became part of Ohio, but Turtle Island remained part of the Michigan Territory. The lighthouse was still operated by the Port of Toledo, but the island was still claimed and charted as Michigan territory within Monroe County. Control of the island was not disputed by either state, and the political status of the island was forgotten after the lighthouse was decommissioned in 1904. The state boundary of Ohio and Michigan remained unchanged from 1837 until 1973 when the status of Turtle Island was finally recognized and resolved long after tensions over the Toledo War had ended. The Supreme Court of the United States intervened, and on February 22, 1973, an agreement was reached between the two states. The state lines were redrawn for the last time to cut exactly through the center of the tiny island's 190 ft diameter sea wall at a 45° angle, while the ruins of the lighthouse itself were included in the Ohio half. The island was divided between Monroe County and Ohio's Lucas County. This was merely an act of politics, as the island had been abandoned and continually decaying for the past 70 years. The Michigan half fell under the jurisdiction of Erie Township, while the city of Toledo assumed full control over the other half.

Current status
The island remains privately owned, and Turtle Island only has remnants of structures still standing. In February 2002, the owner of the island attempted to build three new buildings on the island with the reported intent of using them for summer vacation rentals. Authorities in Monroe County issued a decree to stop the construction, because the owner failed to get the building permits to build on the Michigan side of the island. The decree was ignored, but the structures were never completely finished before they were mostly destroyed by large ice packs during the winter of 2009. Erie Township, which has jurisdiction over the Michigan half of Turtle Island, has planned to remove the now-destroyed structures from the island and clean up the remaining debris. This action has not taken place yet, because the cost of doing so would be too expensive. The township has continually debated on what to do with the island. The only thing that remains of the 1866 Turtle Island Light is the tower, although the top of the tower was blown off during a windstorm on Palm Sunday in 1965, exposing the iron spikes that once held the lantern in place. Continued efforts at restoring the lighthouse have been unsuccessful. Portions of the concrete wall constructed to originally protect the lighthouse have also eroded away, further exposing the island. Lighthouse Digest lists the decaying Turtle Island Light as critically endangered on its Doomsday List of threatened lighthouses. Even though the island is remote, it is currently closed to the public, although it is impossible for this to be enforced.

title: Turtle Island (Lake Erie)


text:
Bad Aibling

Bad Aibling is a spa town and former district seat in Bavaria on the river Mangfall, located some 56 km southeast of Munich. It features a luxury health resort with a peat pulp bath and mineral spa.

History

Bad Aibling and its surroundings were settled by Celtic tribes from about 500BC until 15BC. After Roman occupation, it was finally settled by Bavarii tribes in the 5th century AD. In 804 Bad Aibling was mentioned for the first time as "Epininga".

In mediaeval times, it was an administrative centre in the lordship of the Counts of Falkenstein. In 1166 it was mentioned in the Codex diplomaticus Falkensteinensis as "Aibilingen". After the obliteration of the Neuburg-Falkenstein dynasty, it became part of the realm of the Wittelsbach family.

In 1845 the first treatments with peat pulp were offered by the physician Desiderius Beck. Bad Aibling received the title "Bad" (spa or springs) in 1895.

In the year 1933, Bad Aibling officially became a town. After the Second World War, Bad Aibling was the site of POW Discharge Center #26, where German POWs were released from captivity to civilian status. In 1946, a DP camp housing former members of the Royal Yugoslav Army was set up on the grounds of the town's airbase. The camp was first operated by UNRRA, and later by the IRO. From 1948 onwards, the area was home to the IRO Children's Village, a DP camp for unaccompanied children and youth belonging to more than 20 nationalities. Over 2,300 inhabitants passed through this facility (the largest of its kind in the US Zone) before it was closed in late 1951. Later, the area evolved into a major centre for intelligence organizations and secret services.

In 2005 the American Bad Aibling ECHELON station (Field Station 81) closed after several decades of operation. After the departure of the NSA, parts of the station have been used by the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), with NSA employees moving to the Mangfall barracks. The radomes are still used intensively. The station is used in cooperation with the NSA, which provides the BND with search terms (such as email addresses), which then forwards the results back to the NSA.

The Thermae opened in 2007, complementing the traditional peat pulp baths with mineral water (Desiderius-Quelle). In the same year, the historical Ludwigsbad spa hotel, the nucleus of Bad Aibling's health resort business, burned down due to arson.

On 9 February 2016, a serious railway accident occurred near the town when two passenger trains collided, causing 11 fatalities.

Geography and demographics
The town of Bad Aibling, with about 18,000 inhabitants, is at 498 m above sea level and covers an area of 41.55 km2.

Bad Aibling consists of the neighborhoods (Stadtteile) of Abel, Adlfurt, Bad Aibling Mitte, Berbling, Ellmosen, Fachendorf, Gröben, Harthausen, Haslach, Heimathsberg, Heinrichsdorf, Holzhausen, Köckbrunn, Markfeld, Mietraching, Mitterham, Moos, Natternberg, Thalacker, Thürham, Unterheufeld, Weg, Westen, Westerham, Willing, and Zell.

Economy and infrastructure
In Bad Aibling there are several large spa hotels and rehabilitation hospitals that rely on peat pulp as a basic treatment. Additionally, in 2007 the new thermae were opened.

Companies based in Bad Aibling
Several companies in the pharmaceutical industry, textile manufacturing, electrical engineering, plastics manufacturing, and dairy processing are located in Bad Aibling.

Administration and public institutions

 * Municipal institutions
 * Employment office Bad Aibling
 * Institutions of the Rosenheim district office (veterinary office, motor vehicle registration authority)
 * Local court
 * Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), Federal Intelligence Service

Education

 * German football boarding school (Deutsches Fußballinternat Bad Aibling)
 * Gymnasium Bad Aibling (high school for secondary education)
 * Wilhelm-Leibl-Realschule (secondary school)
 * Wirtschaftsschule Alpenland (secondary school for economics)
 * Grund- und Hauptschulen (primary and secondary education)
 * Sonderschule (primary and secondary education for children with special needs)
 * Volkshochschule Bad Aibling (adult evening classes)

Number of inhabitants

 * 1840: 2,597
 * 1871: 3,479
 * 1900: 5,181
 * 1925: 6,218
 * 1939: 7,764
 * 1950: 10,908
 * 1961: 9,991
 * 1970: 10,860
 * 1987: 12,583 (census)
 * 2000: 16,437
 * 2010: 18,272
 * 2015: 18,408

Echelon festival
The Echelon Open Air & Indoor Festival is an electro-, techno and house-festival that has taken place in Bad Aibling annually in August since 2009. With about 25,000 visitors in 2015 it is the largest festival of its kind in Bavaria. It is located on the abandoned Bad Aibling Station which was used for the festival's eponymous global surveillance network ECHELON.

Twin town
Bad Aibling has been twinned with
 * 🇮🇹 Cavaion Veronese, Italy, since 2006.

People affiliated with Bad Aibling

 * Eleonore Baur – (1885–1981), also known as "Sister Pia", a war criminal of the Nationalsocialist era
 * Desiderius Beck – (c. 1804–c. 1877), was a Bavarian court physician. In 1845, he opened the first Bavarian brine and peat mud baths in Bad Aibling in Rose Street, later Ludwig bathroom.
 * Käthe Bierbaumer – (1884–?), Patron of the Thule Society and funder of Adolf Hitler
 * Eduard Dietl – (1890–1944), German general of World War II
 * Amelie Kober – (born 1987), German Federal Police officer and Olympic medalist in snowboarding
 * Wilhelm Leibl – (1844–1900), German realist painter of portraits and scenes of peasant life
 * Johann Sperl – (1840–1914), German painter
 * Friedrich Meggendorfer – (1880–1953), German psychiatrist and neurologist
 * Joseph Maximilian von Maillinger (1820–1901), General of Infantry of Bavarian Army
 * Franz Osten (1876–1956), German film director, who lived after the Second World War in the town
 * Klaus Wennemann (1940–2000), actor
 * Julian Weigl – (born 1995), German footballer for Sport Lisboa e Benfica

title: Bad Aibling


text:
Talk:Postgraduate education

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2021 and 8 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bntly2.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:02, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Graduate school into Postgraduate education
same concept, different regional terms, as already described in article lead fgnievinski (talk) 20:02, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Proceeding with the merge shortly. Caelum123 (talk) 02:30, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Postgraduate education