text:
Harry Watson (ice hockey, born 1898)

Harold Ellis "Moose" Watson (July 14, 1898 — September 11, 1957) was a Canadian amateur ice hockey player. He was a member of the Toronto Granites team that won a gold medal for Canada in ice hockey at the 1924 Winter Olympics. He was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962, and into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1998.

Early years
Born in St. John's, Newfoundland, Watson also lived in England and Winnipeg, Manitoba before moving to Toronto at the age of 15. He played for the Whitby Athletics in the Ontario Hockey Association. He then played for St. Andrews College and was a first team all-star in 1915. Watson played for the Toronto Aura Lee before serving in the Canadian military during World War I.

Royal Flying Corps
He enlisted in the Royal Flying Corps in 1917 and served in the First World War, becoming a fighter ace. He flew a Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a to victory over an Albatros D.V on 25 January 1918, sharing the win with fellow Canadian Frank H. Taylor. By the time he scored his sixth and final win on 4 July, he had destroyed another enemy plane and sent four more down out of control.

Playing career
After the war, Watson joined the Toronto Dentals in a playoff series against the Hamilton Tigers, which the Tigers won. For the 1919–20 season, he joined the new Toronto Granites, the OHA team from the Toronto Granite Club. Led by Watson, the Granites won the Allan Cup in 1921–22 and 1922–23, with Watson named a first-team all-star in both seasons. They then represented Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics, winning the ice hockey gold medal. At the Olympics, Watson scored 36 goals in five games as the Canadian team outscored the opposition 132-3 over six games. In one game against Switzerland, Watson scored 13 goals.

He turned down several lucrative offers to play professionally in the National Hockey League. Charlie Querrie, manager of the Toronto St. Patricks, offered Watson $10,000 to join his team for the 1924–25 season, but Watson declined. His Granites teammate Hooley Smith would have a 17-year NHL career, but Watson wanted to enter the business world and retired as a player in 1924.

Coaching career
In 1930, he became coach of the Toronto National Sea Fleas senior amateur team. During the 1931 playoff season, Watson refereed several OHA games. In December 1931, during his second season behind the bench for the Sea Fleas, Watson made a brief comeback as a player at the age of 33 after one of his players was unable to make a road trip. As coach, Watson guided the team to the Allan Cup in 1932.

Honours
Watson was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962, and into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1998.

title: Harry Watson (ice hockey, born 1898)


text:
British Rail Class 45

The British Rail Class 45 or Sulzer Type 4 are diesel locomotives built by British Railways' Derby and Crewe Works between 1960 and 1962. Along with the similar Class 44 and 46 locomotives, they became known as Peaks.

Engine
The engine of the Class 45 was a marine-type, slow-revving diesel, a Sulzer 12LDA28B with a bore of 280 mm (hence the 28 in the engine designation) and a stroke of 360 mm. This gave 22 L per cylinder, or 264 L for the whole engine. The unit was turbocharged and intercooled and gave 2500 hp at 750 rpm. The engine was of the double bank type with two parallel banks of 6 cylinders, geared together to a single output shaft. Six-cylinder versions of the engine were fitted in the Class 25 locos (amongst others) and eight-cylinder versions in Class 33s. Class 45s were the updated versions of the Class 44 locomotives, the latter having a 2300 hp non-intercooled version of the same engine; i.e. the 12LDA28A. The later Class 47 had a modified version of the same engine, a 12LDA28C.

Train heating
When initially put into service, the locomotives were fitted with multi-unit working and steam-heating boilers for passenger service. In the early 1970s, fifty were fitted with electric train supply in place of their steam-heating boilers and assigned to work services on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras to Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield. These locomotives were renumbered as Class 45/1.

Locomotive auxiliary supply
The Class 45 is unusual in having a 220 volt electrical system for driving auxiliary systems and battery charging. Most British Railways diesels of the same era had 110 volt auxiliaries.

History
The Class 45s became the main traction on the Midland Main Line from 1962, and their introduction allowed considerable acceleration of the previous steam-powered service. The Class 45s remained the main source of power on the Midland Main Line up to 1982, when they were relegated to secondary services following introduction of HSTs on the route. From 1986 Class 45s virtually disappeared from the line. From the early 1980s until their withdrawal c. 1988, the class were regular performers on the North Trans-Pennine line working services from Liverpool Lime Street to York, Scarborough or Newcastle via Manchester Victoria, Huddersfield and Leeds. These trains were usually formed of early Mark 2 carriages, of up to seven in a typical train.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 6 December 1963 a freight train hauled by D94 passed at least two stop signals and collided with a goods train which was crossing the line at Stanton Gate railway station under clear signals. The front end of D94 was almost totally destroyed, causing the deaths of the driver and second man.
 * On 26 August 1976 locomotive No; 45 149, while hauling a coal train, derailed near Winchcombe due to 'unusual' activity on the line.
 * On 16 January 1982, locomotive No. 45 074 was hauling a freight train that was derailed at Chinley, Derbyshire.
 * On 4 December 1984, locomotive No. 45 147 was badly damaged in the Eccles rail crash, and subsequently moved to Patricroft where it was cut-up in March 1985.
 * On 9 March 1986, locomotive No. 45 014 The Cheshire Regiment was one of two light engines that were hit head-on by a passenger train at Chinley due to a signalman's error. One person was killed. Lack of training and a power cut were contributory factors. The locomotive was consequently withdrawn from service and scrapped.
 * On 24 April 1988, locomotive No. 45 041 split a set of points and was derailed at Edale, Derbyshire.

Withdrawal
The great majority of Class 45s were withdrawn between 1981 and 1988 after class 43 HSTs were introduced to their routes, and the last was withdrawn from service by 1989.

Naming
26 Class 45s were officially named by BR after various British Army regiments and the Royal Marines. Additionally, several were unofficially named.

Preservation
Eleven locomotives survive in preservation with examples from both batches. The majority of the preserved engines were built at Crewe Works but two, including the spares donor engine, were built at Derby Works. A summary of these follows:

 * 45041 – In operational condition at the Nene Valley Railway
 * 45060 – Undergoing engine overhaul at Barrow Hill Engine Shed
 * 45105 – Undergoing restoration at Barrow Hill Engine Shed
 * 45108 – In operational condition on loan at the East Lancashire Railway
 * 45112 – Stored at Nemesis Rail, Burton upon Trent
 * 45118 – Under overhaul at Crewe Diesel TMD
 * 45125 – In operational condition at the Great Central Railway
 * 45132 – Under overhaul at the Epping Ongar Railway
 * 45133 – Under overhaul at the Midland Railway – Butterley
 * 45135 – Under heavy repair at the East Lancashire Railway
 * 45149 – In operational condition at the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway

A twelfth example, 45015, was also sold into preservation, but not restored. Withdrawn in March 1986 with a seized traction motor, for which repair was not authorised, 45015 was heavily cannibalised for spares to keep other Class 45s working. It remained at Toton, its home shed, until at least 1999. The locomotive was moved to Shackerstone, on the Battlefield Line Railway, in 2002, still with the intention of restoration to mainline standard, despite requiring a replacement engine to be found. In 2010 the host railway gave notice to the locomotive's owner that the still unrestored 45015 needed to move to a new site. Having failed to find a buyer, 45015 was scrapped.

Model railways
Mainline Railways introduced OO gauge Class 45s in 1983; D49 The Manchester Regiment and D100 Sherwood Forester in BR green and 45048 The Royal Marines in BR blue.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: British Rail Class 45


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User:General Subwoofer

About General Subwoofer
(Disclaimer: Several of these "facts" may be embelleshed, somewhat untrue, or altogether fictional. Be warned...)

General Subwoofer is a mysterious wanderer seeking the truth... or something. Anyway, he is a 5- star General in a small European Republic. He often to comes to Wikipedia to help out and give his blessings to several video game pages. Yes, he is so awesome, he can give blessings to things.

Subwoofer has weathered may wars of questionable legitimacy, and many historians question if he is a general at all! (Which he is... kind of...) Some of his past military highlights include

 * The great Charge of the Light Brigade in Total Annihilation, when he gallantly lead a group of 15 Morties and a Razorback into the enemy's main base, and with superb leadership, won the day.

 * His heroic guidance in Fire Emblem: Blazing Sword, when he led Heath, Fiora, and Farina over the mountains, finally killing the Linus menece, and saving Hector and all of the other allies.

 * His legendary guidance in Final Fantasy Tactics Advance, when his Bangaa corp plowed through the enemy mages, beating almost impossible odds when it seemed all hope was lost.

 * The Great Sea Battle in the Green Earth campaign of Advance Wars 2- Black Hole Rising, when he beat impossible odds with Eagle after his other two CO's were barely defending themselves against the Black Hole typhoon of evil mechanized fury.

 * Etc., etc., etc.

As you can see, General Subwoofer is a spendid general, who has fought and won more wars than he can count! (Which is, mind you, a lot). So don't question him. Please.

Recent Contributions
General Subwoofer has edited a whole bunch of articles before his decision to creade a user name, which was very recently. Therefore, he has only worked on one article with his user name, which is Fire Emblem (see link above). He has done a huge amount of work on it, so please visit it

title: User:General Subwoofer


text:
Whipper Watson

Whipper Watson may refer to:
 * Whipper Billy Watson (1915–1990), Canadian professional wrestler
 * Harry Watson (ice hockey b. 1923) (1923–2002), Canadian National Hockey League hockey player
 * Bob Watson (lacrosse) (b. 1970), goaltender for the Toronto Rock of the National Lacrosse League
 * Kenan Thompson, from Kenan and Kel

title: Whipper Watson


text:
Cut (The Slits album)

Cut is the debut studio album by English punk band the Slits, released on 7 September 1979. It was recorded at Ridge Farm Studios in Rusper and produced by Dennis Bovell.

Composition
Musically, Cut works in an "innovative" fusion of punk and reggae. It also incorporates "restless [and] offbeat" art pop.

Release and reception
The album was originally released on 7 September 1979 on the Island Records label in the UK and on Antilles in the US. It reached number 30 on the UK album charts at the time. In 2004, it was voted 58th in The Observer's 100 Greatest British Albums list. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2020, Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 260 in its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and it ranked the track "Typical Girls" 381 in the same year.

Andy Kellman for AllMusic called it "entirely fun and catchy" despite its "less-than-polished nature and street-tough ruggedness". Robert Christgau applauded it, writing that "for once" there was "a white reggae style that rival[ed] its models for weirdness and formal imagination."

Cut's mark has been noted on several musical movements. The Guardian's Lindesay Irvine saw the album explore "adventurous" sonics while maintaining a "defiant" attitude. This included a full embrace of Jamaican music influences, with which he credited the Slits as one of the first bands to do so. Indeed, PopMatters felt that Cut spoke to post-punk's appropriation of dub and reggae clearer than any other of the genre's records. Irvine argued that it inspired later post-punk acts like Culture Club to "[get] their nerve up". PopMatters said that Cut's most influential aspect was singer Ari Up's "wailing vibrato and gnashing power" that would be revamped during the movement.

Cut is credited with shaping the 1990s musical movement riot grrrl. Rolling Stone wrote that the scene's bands Bikini Kill and Sleater-Kinney came to be because of it.

Cut has been appreciated by Kurt Cobain. In his posthumously released journals, Nirvana frontman listed Cut (as "Typical Girls") as one of his 50 favorite records of all time.

Reissues
Cut was re-released on CD in Europe in 1990 and in 2000 within the Island Master series (IMCD 90 and IMCD 275). In 2004, Koch Records licensed the master to Cut from Island Def Jam (who still held the rights to the album) and reissued the album on CD for the first time ever in the United States; previously, the album had been only available to Stateside fans on CD as an English import, since the album's original American release (on the Island subsidiary Antilles, during Island's association with Warner Bros. Records) had long since gone out of print.

In 2009, Island Records released a two-disc 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition consisting of the remastered original album plus bonus tracks and selections from the band's appearances on BBC's John Peel Sessions on the first disc and a second disc entitled "unCut" with demos and alternate mixes.

Track listing
All tracks written by Viv Albertine, Tessa Pollitt, Ariane Forster (aka Ari Up) and Paloma Romero (aka Palmolive).

Side one

 * 1) "Instant Hit" – 2:43
 * 2) "So Tough" – 2:41
 * 3) "Spend, Spend, Spend" – 3:18
 * 4) "Shoplifting" – 1:39
 * 5) "FM" – 3:35

Side two

 * 1) "Newtown" – 3:48
 * 2) "Ping Pong Affair" (stylized as "ƃuoԀ ƃuᴉԀ Affair" on the record sleeve) – 4:16
 * 3) "Love und Romance" – 2:27
 * 4) "Typical Girls" – 3:57
 * 5) "Adventures Close to Home" – 3:28

Bonus tracks
 * 1) "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (Barrett Strong, Norman Whitfield) – 3:59
 * 2) "Liebe and Romanze" (Slow Version) – 4:45

2009 deluxe edition
Disc 1
 * 1) "Instant Hit"
 * 2) "So Tough"
 * 3) "Spend, Spend, Spend"
 * 4) "Shoplifting"
 * 5) "FM"
 * 6) "Newtown"
 * 7) "Ping Pong Affair"
 * 8) "Love und Romance"
 * 9) "Typical Girls"
 * 10) "Adventures Close to Home"
 * 11) "I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
 * 12) "Liebe and Romanze" (Slow Version)
 * 13) "Typical Girls" (Brink Style Dub)
 * 14) "Love and Romance" (John Peel Session 19/09/1977)
 * 15) "Vindictive" (John Peel Session 19/09/1977)
 * 16) "Newtown" (John Peel Session 19/09/1977)
 * 17) "Shoplifting" (John Peel Session 19/09/1977)
 * 18) "So Tough" (John Peel Session 17/04/1978)
 * 19) "Instant Hit" (John Peel Session 17/04/1978)
 * 20) "FM" (John Peel Session 17/04/1978)

Disc 2
 * 1) "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (Demo)
 * 2) "Instant Hit" (8-Track Demo)
 * 3) "Spend, Spend, Spend" (8-Track Demo)
 * 4) "Newtown" (8-Track Demo)
 * 5) "Adventures Close to Home" (8-Track Demo)
 * 6) "Instant Hit" (Rough Mix)
 * 7) "So Tough" (Rough Mix)
 * 8) "Spend, Spend, Spend" (Toast Version)
 * 9) "Shoplifting" (Rough Mix)
 * 10) "FM" (Rough Mix)
 * 11) "Newtown" (Rough Mix)
 * 12) "Ping Pong Affair" (Rough Mix)
 * 13) "Love und Romance" (Rough Mix)
 * 14) "Typical Girls" (Rough Mix)
 * 15) "Adventures Close to Home" (Rough Mix)
 * 16) "So Tough" (Outtake)
 * 17) "Instant Hit" (Instrumental Outtake)
 * 18) "Typical Girls" (Instrumental Outtake)
 * 19) "Spend, Spend, Spend" (Dub Version)
 * 20) "In the Beginning, There Was Rhythm" (Early Version)

Personnel
with:
 * The Slits
 * Ari Up – vocals
 * Viv Albertine – guitar
 * Tessa Pollitt – bass guitar
 * Budgie – drums
 * Bruce Smith – uncredited voice on "Love und Romance"
 * Dennis Bovell – sound effects
 * Max "Maxi" Edwards – drums on "I Heard It Through the Grapevine"
 * Neneh Cherry – uncredited backing vocals
 * Technical
 * Mike Dunne – engineer
 * Pennie Smith – photography
 * Brian Gaylor, Viv Albertine – inner sleeve cartoons
 * Rema, Stuart Henderson, the Slits – production on "I Heard It Through the Grapevine"

title: Cut (The Slits album)


text: User talk:69.47.183.98

title: User talk:69.47.183.98


text:
Terry Brown (football chairman)

Terence William Brown (born July 1942) is the former chairman and Honorary Life President of English Premier League football club West Ham United.

During his time as chairman of West Ham he was often portrayed as someone unpopular with West Ham fans. There were campaigns to remove him from his chairmanship and allegations of financial incompetence, during his chairmanship.

A group calling itself "Whistle" was created by fans of West Ham United that were critical of Brown, following the club's relegation in 2003 and the subsequent sale of many of their top players. In April 2004, the group published a dossier accusing the board of financial incompetence, and asking questions regarding the club's finances. Brown and West Ham threatened to initiate legal action towards its members. Brown denied there was a financial crisis at West Ham and urged "to ignore this nonsense and back our boys."

The group's aim was to seize control of the club and appoint a new management structure. But their attempts floundered as the existing directors retained the support of the club's major shareholders, the Warner and Cearns families. Legal proceedings were commenced against three members of Whistle. During 2004, two of the members submitted public apologies.

Brown's tenure as chairman ended in November 2006 with the sale of the club to an Icelandic consortium with businessman Eggert Magnússon as its chairman. Brown made £33.4m from the sale of his 7,392,000 shares in West Ham as part of this deal.

In his final full season as chairman he received £1,016,847 comprising salary of £490,800, bonus of £310,000, benefits in kind £13,807, and pension payments of £202,240.

On 13 August 2010, it was announced that Brown had acquired a small amount of shares from West Ham United's holding company WH Holding in conjunction with John Harris CBE and his son Daniel, known for building up the publicly listed Alba Group. Combined, their initial investment was £4,000,000. Brown is not on the West Ham board but is honorary life president.

title: Terry Brown (football chairman)


text:
Visine

Visine, also known as Vispring, is a brand of eye drops produced by Kenvue. Visine was first introduced in 1958 and was acquired by Pfizer in 1999. In 2006, Johnson & Johnson acquired Visine, along with Pfizer's entire consumer healthcare portfolio. The original formulation of Visine includes the active ingredient tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride, which is a vasoconstrictor that constricts the eye's superficial blood vessels to temporarily reduce eye redness.

Products
In addition to its original formulation, Visine is available in several varieties of eye drops for different types of eye irritation. These include formulas with antihistamines for allergy-induced irritation, to moisturizing formulations for eye dryness. These formulations use active ingredients ranging from oxymetazoline to naphazoline. Some Visine products cater specifically to contact lens wearers or to those who require artificial tears.

Adverse effects
Visine has been observed to cause stinging and burning upon application, and has a rebound effect that may cause eye redness to worsen. Prolonged use has been observed to cause blood vessels to be dilated for an extended period of time. Because of this risk, Visine usage has been recommended to be limited, unless specified by a doctor. Some formulations of Visine are not advised for contact lens wearers as the decreased blood flow to counter eye redness could further lower oxygen levels to the eye. Some Visine products are not recommended to be used by patients with glaucoma, since stimulation from lubrication can contribute to high pressure within the eye. Certain underlying health conditions that cause eye irritation are not able to be relieved by Visine and require prescription-grade eye drops.

Ingestion
A debunked urban legend claims that a few drops of Visine will cause harmless but debilitating bouts of explosive diarrhea, similar to a laxative. However, symptoms of Visine's active ingredient tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride can be severe, and can include: Oral ingestion of Visine warrants immediate medical attention or a call to a poison control center.
 * Dangerously low body temperature (hypothermia)
 * Blurred vision
 * Nausea and vomiting
 * Difficulty breathing or cessation of breathing
 * Elevated blood pressure (hypertension) followed by sudden low blood pressure (hypotension)
 * Coma
 * Seizures and tremors
 * Death

Criminal use
There have been multiple high-profile murder cases that have been alleged to utilize Visine's active ingredient tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride as a poison. In 2018, a South Carolina nurse was accused of killing her husband by adding Visine to his drinks over a period of three days. In 2019, a North Carolina paramedic was similarly accused of murdering his wife, with Visine misuse asserted as the probable cause.

Popular culture
In the film Wedding Crashers, the character Sack Lodge, portrayed by Bradley Cooper, is drugged with Visine eye drops, and is depicted as having severe gastrointestinal upset afterwards. The character John Beckwith, portrayed by Owen Wilson, uses Visine several times over the course of the film to feign crying. The movie gained notoriety for misrepresenting the effects of Visine consumption, which in actuality can be lethal.

The urban legend about Visine inducing severe diarrhea is perpetuated in the film I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell. In the movie, the main character Tucker Max, portrayed by Matt Czuchry, offends two women at a bar, prompting one of the women to squirt Visine into his beer bottle without his knowledge. After consuming the drugged liquid, Tucker, and another character, are then depicted as having severe diarrhea.

In Season 4, Episode 3 of Orange Is the New Black, an inmate poisons a fellow inmate using Visine, and the poisoned inmate is depicted as experiencing severe diarrhea shortly after.

In Season 1, Episode 5 of "Dead Boy Detectives," a high school girl poisons her boyfriend and another boy using Visine, expecting them to pass out. Instead, they convulse, bleed from their eyes, and die.

title: Visine


text:
The Varsity Match

The Varsity Match is an annual rugby union fixture played between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in England. The event began in 1872 with the first men's match, with interruptions only for the two World Wars and the COVID-19 pandemic. From 1921 to 2023 the game was played at Twickenham Stadium, London and usually took place in early December. The game is now played in March and will take place at StoneX Stadium in 2024.

Following the 141st match in 2023, Oxford have 62 wins, and Cambridge maintain the lead with 65; 14 games have ended in draws. Varsity matches between Oxford and Cambridge are also arranged in various other sports. For example, the first recorded water polo match in history was played between Oxford and Cambridge in 1891.

The women's rugby Varsity Match was first played in 1988 and has taken place at Twickenham on the same day as the men's game since 2015. Cambridge won the 2019 match, repeating their 8–5 victory of 2018.

History
The history of The Varsity Match extends back to early 1872. It was a year after the first ever rugby international (Scotland v England). Both Cambridge and Oxford sent officials to meet and arrange a match between each other. At The Parks, Oxford, they played a 20 a-side version of the game (as opposed to today's 15 a-side games; the teams would be set to 15 a-side in 1875 ). Oxford won the inaugural meeting. In that first match, Oxford wore dark blue jerseys (the same as today, though at some stages they wore white), however, Cambridge played in pink, changing to their blue and white in 1876.

The second Varsity Match in 1873 was played at Parker's Piece in Cambridge, but since then it has always been played in London. The Oval in Kennington staged seven matches, three games were played at Richardson's Field in Blackheath and another Blackheath venue, Rectory Field, hosted four games before Queen's Club in Kensington became the regular venue from 1887 to 1920. The 1878 and 1879 matches were postponed due to fog.

In 1919, the players were apparently invisible due to fog. In 1921 the match was moved to the Rugby Football Union's famous home ground, Twickenham. The official Varsity Match was not played during wartime although a series of matches were played during the Second World War, resulting in nine wins for Cambridge, two wins for Oxford and one draw. All these games were played either at Oxford or Cambridge. The hundredth match in 1981 was played at Twickenham with a three to four-inch layer of snow covering the pitch; it had snowed overnight and the snow could not be removed in time for the game.

In 2013 Oxford's Sam Egerton was sent off for an off-the-ball incident and became the first player to be dismissed in the history of the match. Oxford's 43–6 win in 2014 was the biggest victory in the history of the fixture and gave them a fifth successive victory for the first time ever. Cambridge have recorded five wins in a row on three separate occasions, 1972–76, 1980–84 and 1994–98. Oxford's win in the 2015 match was their sixth successive win in the fixture, a record for either side.

In 2021, the event was rebranded as The Varsity Matches in order to reflect the continued integration of the women's fixture.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 139th match was postponed to March 2021. It was then further postponed to 4 July 2021 and relocated to Welford Road Stadium, Leicester. The 140th match was played at Twickenham in April 2022. The 2024 matches were played at StoneX Stadium.

Referees
There was not a referee until the 1881 match, when Mr H. H. Taylor officiated. Prior to this each game had two umpires, one from each university. The record number of appearances is held by former RFU secretary Rowland Hill along with Welshman Gwynne Walters both with seven games. Other notable International referees who have controlled this fixture are Englishmen G. H. Harnett (6) Cyril Gadney (6) and H.L. Ashmore (5), along with Welshmen Albert Freethy (6) and Clive Norling (5). Up until the start of the professional era, one of the unique aspects of the Varsity game was that the referee was not appointed by the RFU but agreed upon and invited by the two captains. This tradition ended after the 1997–98 season, along with that of the previous year's captains returning to act as touch judges (a continuation of the original custom of each university appointing an umpire), when the RFU Referees' committee decided that touch judges could only be qualified officials and that the RFU should appoint the referee. Now there is also a television match official.

Sponsors
In 2001 the MMC Trophy replaced the Bowring Bowl, established in 1976, as the prize. 2005 was the last year Marsh & McLennan Companies (MMC) sponsored the match. Subsequent sponsors have been Lehman Brothers from 2006 to 2007, Nomura Group from 2008 to 2011 and Pol Roger and Glenfarclas distillery since 2012. The clothing manufacturer Jack Wills sponsored the clothing until 2014 Investment bank Jefferies Group were announced as the title sponsor for The Varsity Matches 2022.

Notable participants
Many of those who have played in the Varsity Match have gone on to win international honours; a number of others played in the Match after earning international honours. These include:

 * 🏴 Paul Ackford (lock, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Charlie Amesbury (full-back, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Simon Amor (scrum-half, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Rob Andrew (fly-half, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Stuart Barnes (fly-half, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Phil de Glanville (centre, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Huw Davies (fly-half, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Phil Davies (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Mark Denney (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Simon Halliday (centre, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Alastair Hignell (full-back, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Damian Hopley (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Martin Purdy (lock, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Ben Ransom (full-back, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Marcus Rose (full-back, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Chris Sheasby (number 8, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Oliver Tomaszczyk (prop, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Victor Ubogu (prop, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Tony Underwood (wing, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Dom Waldouck (centre, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Ben Woods (flanker, Cambridge)
 * 🇮🇪 David Humphreys (fly-half, Oxford)
 * 🇮🇪 Tyrone Howe (wing, Oxford)
 * 🇮🇪 Mike Gibson (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🇮🇪 David Quinlan (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Joe Ansbro (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Simon Danielli (wing, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Gavin Hastings (full-back, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Simon Holmes (openside flanker, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Stuart Moffat (full-back, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Rob Wainwright (flanker, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Gerald Davies (wing, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Onllwyn Brace (fly-half, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Eddie Butler (number 8, Cambridge)
 * 🏴 Gareth Davies (fly-half, Oxford)
 * 🏴 Jamie Roberts (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🇮🇹 Marco Rivaro (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🇯🇵 Kensuke Iwabuchi (Cambridge)
 * 🇯🇵 Toshiyuki Hayashi (Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Thomas Baxter (fly-half/flanker, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Roger Davis (Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 James Horwill (lock, Cambridge)
 * 🇦🇺 Tom Lawton Snr (fly-half, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Brendon Nasser (number 8, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Bill Ross (hooker, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Ainslie Sheil (Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Brian Smith (fly-half, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Troy Coker (number 8, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Bob Egerton (wing, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Joe Roff (wing, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 Dan Vickerman (lock, Cambridge)
 * 🇦🇺 Ian Williams (wing, Oxford)
 * 🇦🇺 David Dix (lock, Cambridge)
 * 🇳🇿 Chris Laidlaw (scrum-half, Oxford)
 * 🇳🇿 David Kirk (scrum-half, Oxford)
 * 🇳🇿 Mark Ranby (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🇳🇿 Anton Oliver (hooker, Oxford)
 * 🇳🇿 Mark Robinson (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🇿🇦 Tommy Bedford (Oxford)
 * 🇿🇦 Nick Mallett (Oxford)
 * 🇿🇦 Nick Koster (flanker, Cambridge)
 * 🇿🇦 Flip van der Merwe (lock, Cambridge)
 * 🇿🇦 Anton van Zyl (lock, Oxford)
 * 🇨🇦 Matthew Guinness-King (centre, Cambridge)
 * 🇨🇦 Gareth Rees (fly-half, Oxford)
 * 🇨🇦 Kevin Tkachuk (prop, Oxford)
 * 🇨🇦 Andrew Bibby (wing, Oxford)
 * 🇨🇦 Stan McKeen (flanker, Oxford)
 * 🇺🇸 Nate Brakeley (lock, Cambridge)
 * 🇺🇸 Raymond Burse (wing, Oxford)
 * 🇺🇸 Gary Hein (wing, Oxford)
 * 🇺🇸 Don James (prop, Oxford)
 * 🇺🇸 Will Johnson (prop, Oxford)
 * 🇺🇸 Ray Lehner (prop, Oxford)
 * 🇺🇸 Doug Rowe (scrum-half, Cambridge)
 * 🇺🇸 Adam Russell (lock, Oxford)
 * 🇺🇸 Kurt Shuman (full-back, Oxford)

1987 Rugby World Cup winning All Blacks captain David Kirk played in the 1987 and 1988 Varsity Matches after ending his international career to take up a Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford. Brian Smith represented Australia in the 1987 Rugby World Cup and played in the 1988 and captained 1989 Varsity match for Oxford, before continuing his international career with Ireland 1990–1991.

Former Wallaby Joe Roff played in the 2006 and 2007 Varsity Matches for Oxford after retiring from professional rugby, captaining the side in 2007. Five former or current internationals played in the 2008 Varsity Match. The most notable were retired All Black hooker Anton Oliver for Oxford and former Wallaby lock Dan Vickerman for Cambridge, with Oxford also fielding current Canada flanker Stan McKeen and Cambridge fielding former All Black centre Mark Ranby and former United States scrum-half Doug Rowe. Vickerman captained Cambridge in the 2009 Match, in which McKeen and Rowe also played.

For the 2015 match, Wales and British & Irish Lions centre Jamie Roberts played for Cambridge University as he studied for his master's degree in medical science at the university.

Winners
Results and information available on Varsity Match website

Men's

 * 1872: Oxford
 * 1873: Cambridge
 * 1873: Draw
 * 1874: Draw
 * 1875: Oxford
 * 1876: Cambridge
 * 1877: Oxford
 * 1879: Draw
 * 1880: Cambridge
 * 1880: Draw
 * 1881: Oxford
 * 1882: Oxford
 * 1883: Oxford
 * 1884: Oxford
 * 1885: Cambridge
 * 1886: Cambridge
 * 1887: Cambridge
 * 1888: Cambridge
 * 1889: Oxford
 * 1890: Draw
 * 1891: Cambridge
 * 1892: Draw
 * 1893: Oxford
 * 1894: Draw
 * 1895: Cambridge
 * 1896: Oxford
 * 1897: Oxford
 * 1898: Cambridge
 * 1899: Cambridge
 * 1900: Oxford
 * 1901: Oxford
 * 1902: Draw
 * 1903: Oxford
 * 1904: Cambridge
 * 1905: Cambridge
 * 1906: Oxford
 * 1907: Oxford
 * 1908: Draw
 * 1909: Oxford
 * 1910: Oxford
 * 1911: Oxford
 * 1912: Cambridge
 * 1913: Cambridge
 * 1914-1918 Not held due to WWI
 * 1919: Cambridge
 * 1920: Oxford
 * 1921: Oxford
 * 1922: Cambridge
 * 1923: Oxford
 * 1924: Oxford
 * 1925: Cambridge
 * 1926: Cambridge
 * 1927: Cambridge
 * 1928: Cambridge
 * 1929: Oxford
 * 1930: Draw
 * 1931: Oxford
 * 1932: Oxford
 * 1933: Oxford
 * 1934: Cambridge
 * 1935: Draw
 * 1936: Cambridge
 * 1937: Oxford
 * 1938: Cambridge
 * 1939-1944 Not held due to WWII
 * 1945: Cambridge
 * 1946: Oxford
 * 1947: Cambridge
 * 1948: Oxford
 * 1949: Oxford
 * 1950: Oxford
 * 1951: Oxford
 * 1952: Cambridge
 * 1953: Draw
 * 1954: Cambridge
 * 1955: Oxford
 * 1956: Cambridge
 * 1957: Oxford
 * 1958: Cambridge
 * 1959: Oxford
 * 1960: Cambridge
 * 1961: Cambridge
 * 1962: Cambridge
 * 1963: Cambridge
 * 1964: Oxford
 * 1965: Draw
 * 1966: Oxford
 * 1967: Cambridge
 * 1968: Cambridge
 * 1969: Oxford
 * 1970: Oxford
 * 1971: Oxford
 * 1972: Cambridge
 * 1973: Cambridge
 * 1974: Cambridge
 * 1975: Cambridge
 * 1976: Cambridge
 * 1977: Oxford
 * 1978: Cambridge
 * 1979: Oxford
 * 1980: Cambridge
 * 1981: Cambridge
 * 1982: Cambridge
 * 1983: Cambridge
 * 1984: Cambridge
 * 1985: Oxford
 * 1986: Oxford
 * 1987: Cambridge
 * 1988: Oxford
 * 1989: Cambridge
 * 1990: Oxford
 * 1991: Cambridge
 * 1992: Cambridge
 * 1993: Oxford
 * 1994: Cambridge
 * 1995: Cambridge
 * 1996: Cambridge
 * 1997: Cambridge
 * 1998: Cambridge
 * 1999: Oxford
 * 2000: Oxford
 * 2001: Oxford
 * 2002: Cambridge
 * 2003: Draw
 * 2004: Oxford
 * 2005: Cambridge
 * 2006: Cambridge
 * 2007: Cambridge
 * 2008: Oxford
 * 2009: Cambridge
 * 2010: Oxford
 * 2011: Oxford
 * 2012: Oxford
 * 2013: Oxford
 * 2014: Oxford
 * 2015: Oxford
 * 2016: Cambridge
 * 2017: Cambridge
 * 2018: Oxford
 * 2019: Cambridge
 * 2020 Not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 2021: Oxford
 * 2022: Oxford
 * 2023: Cambridge
 * 2024: Cambridge

Women's

 * 1988: Cambridge
 * 1989: Oxford
 * 1990: Oxford
 * 1991: Oxford
 * 1992: Oxford
 * 1993: Oxford
 * 1994: Oxford
 * 1995: Oxford
 * 1996: Oxford
 * 1997: Oxford
 * 1998: Oxford
 * 1999: Oxford
 * 2000: Oxford
 * 2001: Oxford
 * 2002: Cambridge
 * 2003: Cambridge
 * 2004: Oxford
 * 2005: Cambridge
 * 2006: Oxford
 * 2007: Oxford
 * 2008: Cambridge
 * 2009: Cambridge
 * 2010: Cambridge
 * 2011: Cambridge
 * 2012: Oxford
 * 2013: Oxford
 * 2014: Oxford
 * 2015 (March): Cambridge
 * 2015 (December): Cambridge
 * 2016: Oxford
 * 2017: Cambridge
 * 2018: Cambridge
 * 2019: Cambridge
 * 2020 Not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic
 * 2021: Cambridge
 * 2022: Draw
 * 2023: Oxford
 * 2024: Cambridge

title: The Varsity Match


text: User talk:70.118.70.151

title: User talk:70.118.70.151


text:
Talk:Tory Belleci

Closed deletion listing
This article was listed for deletion on 27 May, 2005. The discussion was closed with the result of no consensus. This article will not be deleted. You can view the discussion, which is no longer live: Votes_for_deletion/Tory Belleci. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Being bold
I'm being bold and redirecting. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tory Belleci is a popular cultural personality. For as long as Mythbusters is a cultural phenomenon, we should keep the principals in their own page and list secondary personalities on List of MythBusters cast members --Thoughtfix 18:42, 3 May 2006 (UTC) Pictures needed
 * Tory is also a well known and popular special effects artist who was well known at least in the circle. He made appearances on television and in magazines during his tenure working for Industrial Light and Magic, where he worked on Star Wars: Episode One. He deserves his own page.--The reverend 02:18, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The article in not currently up for deletion. All the stuff regarding deleting/redirecting this article occurred a year ago. Look at the dates. Why won't people use their eyes?--Drat (Talk) 03:59, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I realize, but the argument had not been presented in the talk page, and was worth note.--The reverend 01:07, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Counterstrike
The reason I removed the Trivia item was because the fact that Tory (I wasn't thinking when I wrote Grant) plays Counterstrike is unimportant. On top of that, it was speculatory anyway.--Drat (Talk) 11:11, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Why was this moved from Tory, I wonder? Fairly typical example of Naming_conventions_%28common_names%29, I'd have thought.

Requested move
Salvatore Belleci → Tory Belleci — Its his far more common nickname. wikipedia naming policy —DAVID CAT 23:27, 13 April 2007 (UTC) Nominator did not create a discussion space; completing nomination on his behalf. Dekimasu よ! 06:53, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Support Tory is going to be a more likely search term for anyone who wants to look him up and most biography articles are by the common name of the individual (Tori Spelling for a relevant example). -- Will Mak  050389  14:34, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. --Stemonitis 06:26, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Personal Beliefs
Why don't we include the irrelevant fact of whether or not he believes in God or not, just like we've done for some reason on Adam and Jamie's pages?? --Promus Kaa 15:38, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm posting this late, but if one is dissatisfied with a decision for an article, do comment on that article's talk page instead of spreading the fallout elsewhere. Also, do push your actual opinion there instead of acting like this. These kind of comments won't achieve much good. — Northgrove 03:39, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

How about another late opinion on this issue: unless it's something he's explicitly discussed in an interview or some other source, it's not really relevant. Adam and Jamie have both made statements about being skeptics/nonreligious, and (at least in Adam's case) connected it to their work on the show, thus it is perfectly reasonable to include this in their articles.

But back to Tory: for whatever it's worth, he can be seen wearing a cross or crucifix around his neck in the Underwater Blow Dart segments of "Return of the Ninja" (2008 season), though IMO it doesn't mean anything in the world of Wikipedia without any sourceable commentary from Tory himself. 173.26.226.151 (talk) 03:52, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * this article in his hometown newspaper confirms tory as a 'devout christian'. --Kaini (talk) 00:31, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Name Spelling
His nickname is spelled Tori not "Tory" like on here. 71.3.176.254 15:04, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No, it's Tory. You may be thinking of the furry fandom member: Tori Belliachi 81.153.111.37 (talk) 03:53, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

His own website with his portfolio and so on spells it "Tory," in support of that spelling.98.204.230.50 (talk) 23:57, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

In fact, it's spelled that way on this very page and this page also explicitly references his website, which spells it "Tory" not only in body text but in the URL itself, so I have no idea why the URL for this page has it spelled another way. Can someone with stronger Wiki-fu than I fix that? I mostly do minor edits and don't get into management stuff like that.98.204.230.50 (talk) 23:59, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
 * As ALL of the sources spell it "Tory", I've restored that spelling. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 04:41, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

 * He can frequently be seen wearing garments marked "Tory" on the show.137.205.100.185 (talk) 08:50, 21 November 2016 (UTC)

Recent changes
I have restored my edits over an IP's mostly unexplained objections. Here are the details the IP is objecting to:

1) I have removed the birth name "Salvatore Paul Belleci". This is the only change the IP explained ("This is idiotic, as his name CLEARLY is Salvatore Paul Belleci, and I did some research and found there is only one person with that name in the world, let alone california"). The source used demonstrates clearly that someone named "BELLECI, SALVATOR P" was born 10/30/1970 in Monterey (where "Paul" came from is unclear). We do not know that "Tory Belleci" was named "Salvator Belleci" at birth. Many celebrities use stage names. It is not at all unusual for people to use their middle name in place of their first or nicknames that are completely unrelated to their birth names.

2) I have removed the birth date using the same source. If, somehow, we managed to otherwise determine that his birth name was "Salvatore Paul Belleci" (which we have not), we would not have an indication that this particular "BELLECI, SALVATOR P" is the same person, even if the IP searched the birth records of the entire world since the beginning of recorded time.

3) I have removed the conflicting unsourced claims that he is an atheist and a Christian. Enough said.

4) I have removed "He attended San Francisco State University." from the lede. This is mentioned later and is not a significant aspect of his notability. As such, it does not need to be in the lede section. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 15:37, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 * As there has been no discussion to the contrary, I have restored my version. If reverted without sourcing, I will remove any/all unsourced claims that he is an atheist, devout Christian, Orthodox Jew, apathetic agnostic, etc. as a WP:BLP issue. Any other issues reverted without discussion/sourcing I will let stand for a day or so, then revert with escalating warnings, as needed. Thanks. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 02:45, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * No discussion. I'm changing it back. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 17:35, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Well, we've progressed a bit from the unsourced claims. Now we have an IP editor using a site that cites...um...this article. Wikipedia cannot be a source for itself. Similarly, a would-be source that cites Wikipedia cannot be used as a source for Wikipedia. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 07:16, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Due to the one sided nature of discussion and high revert rate, I've fully protected this article for one week.  This isn't an endorsement of any version of the article, it is just the state I found it in when I discovered the problem.  After the protection ends, if edit warring continues and the non-communicative parties stay non-communicative, blocks will likely follow.   Dennis Brown -  2¢    ©   Join WER 18:18, 28 November 2012 (UTC)
 * New additions: IMDb is not a reliable source for biographical info. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 03:56, 7 May 2013 (UTC)

Now we have a copyright violation youtube video with Belleci answering "yes" to the question "Is your first name 'Salvatore'?" (we're guessing at the spelling here) used as a source to say that his name is "Salvatore Paul Belleci". A couple of problems: We cannot link to a blatant copyright violation, per V. Oh, and where did "Paul" come from? Additionally, please note that previous claims you've made do not agree with this one. Remember that "BELLECI, SALVATOR P" born in 1970 was, urm, "obviously" this Tory Belleci and was used to source "Savatore Paul Belleci"? - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 02:33, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * His verified twitter account has a post on Oct. 30, 2012 mentioning it's his birthday: – Connormah (talk) 02:33, 26 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The October 30th tweet thanking people for the birthday wishes tells us his birthday is on or a bit before October 30th and no hint of a year. Not much help. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 16:27, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Early work taken from official bio?
The "Early work" section of this page replicates almost verbatim the text on Tory's own website's "Bio" page. Should this section be re-written and paraphrased? Metheglyn (talk) 00:37, 21 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. That is waaaay too close. - Sum mer PhD  (talk) 02:28, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tory Belleci


text:
Annie Edson Taylor

Annie Edson Taylor (October 24, 1838 – April 29, 1921) was an American schoolteacher who, on her 63rd birthday, October 24, 1901, became the first person to survive a trip over Niagara Falls in a barrel. Her motives were financial but she never made much money from her adventure. She died penniless and her funeral was paid for by public donations.

Early life
Annie was born on October 24, 1838, in Auburn, New York. She was one of eight children born to Merrick Edson (1804–1850) and Lucretia Waring; her father owned a flour mill and died when she was 12 years old, leaving enough money to provide a comfortable living for the family. She became a schoolteacher (she received an honors degree in a four-year training course). During her studies, she met David Taylor. They were married and had a son who died in infancy. Her husband died soon after. After she was widowed, she spent her working years in between jobs and locales.

Eventually, she ended up in Bay City, Michigan, where she hoped to be a dance instructor. Since there were no dance schools in Bay City at that time, Taylor opened her own. She moved to Sault Ste. Marie in 1900 to teach music. From there, she traveled to San Antonio, Texas, then she and a friend went to Mexico City to find work. Unsuccessful, she returned to Bay City.

Niagara Falls
By 1900, Taylor had fallen upon hard times, having been burned out of her home and having lost money invested with a clergyman. She claimed to be only 42 years old at the time, suggesting that she could make money more easily if she were younger. Having always associated with "the best class of people, the cultured and the refined," Taylor believed that she needed money to hold her place in the world. In the 1900 Federal Census, she declared her year of birth as 1860. Hoping to secure her later years financially, she decided she would be the first person to ride over Niagara Falls in a barrel. Taylor used a custom-made barrel for her trip, constructed of oak and iron and padded with a mattress. Several delays occurred in the launching of the barrel, particularly because no one wanted to be involved in the stunt. Two days before Taylor's own attempt, a domestic cat was sent over the Horseshoe Falls in her barrel to test its strength to see if the barrel would break or not. Contrary to rumors at the time, the cat survived the plunge and seventeen minutes later, after she was found with a bleeding head, posed with Taylor in photographs.

On October 24, 1901, her 63rd birthday, the barrel was put over the side of a rowboat, and Taylor climbed in, along with her lucky heart-shaped pillow. After screwing down the lid, friends used a bicycle tire pump to compress the air in the barrel. The hole used for this was plugged with a cork, and Taylor was set adrift near the American shore, south of Goat Island.

The river currents carried the barrel over the Canadian Horseshoe Falls, which has since been the site for all successful daredevil stunting at Niagara Falls. Rescuers reached her barrel shortly after the plunge. Taylor was discovered to be alive and relatively uninjured, except for a small gash on her head. The trip itself took less than twenty minutes, but it was some time before the barrel was actually opened. Taylor was helped out of the barrel by Carlisle Graham, her friend and the first man to run the rapids on a raft. After the journey, Taylor told the press:

"'If it was with my dying breath, I would caution anyone against attempting the feat ... I would sooner walk up to the mouth of a cannon, knowing it was going to blow me to pieces than make another trip over the Fall.'"

Later years
She briefly earned money speaking about her experience but was never able to build much wealth. She wrote a memoir and returned to Niagara Falls to sell it. Her manager, Frank M. Russell, ran away with her barrel, and most of her savings were used towards private detectives hired to find it. It was eventually located in Chicago, only to permanently disappear some time later.

She spent her final years posing for photographs with tourists at her souvenir stand, attempting to earn money from the New York Stock Exchange, briefly talking about taking a second plunge over the cataracts in 1906, attempting to write a novel, re-constructing her 1901 plunge on film (which was never seen), working as a clairvoyant, and providing magnetic therapeutic treatments to local residents.

Death
Taylor entered the Niagara County Infirmary in Lockport, New York on February 23, claiming her age to be 57. She died on April 29, 1921, aged 82 and was interred next to her friend and fellow daredevil Carlisle Graham, in the "Stunter's Rest" section of Oakwood Cemetery in Niagara Falls, New York.

Since she died penniless, public donations were sought to pay the costs of her funeral, which was held on the 5th of May, 1921. She attributed her bad health and near blindness to her trip over the falls.

In popular culture

 * Annie Taylor's character appears in the IMAX film Niagara: Miracles, Myths and Magic.
 * Emma Donoghue has written a short story featuring Taylor's descent.
 * Composer Michael John LaChiusa wrote a musical, "Queen of the Mist", based on Taylor's life. It was premiered by Transport Group in New York City on October 18, 2011, and starred Mary Testa as Taylor.
 * In TV Murdoch Mysteries 7-1 "Murdoch Ahoy", Annie (Jillian Cook) is in Toronto for a speech, at the police station accusing her manager (Joel Rinzler) of stealing her barrel.
 * Her story also appears in "Niagara Falls Daredevil, Accidental Nuclear Bomb, Railroad Heroine", an episode of Mysteries at the Museum.
 * Lindsey Lauren Visser wrote "Annie Edson Taylor's Barrel v. Niagara Falls" for The Buffalo History Museum Podcast.
 * Wisconsin-based Americana singer-songwriter Trapper Schoepp tells Annie Edson Taylor’s story in the song “Queen of the Mist” on his 2023 album, Siren Songs, which was recorded at Johnny Cash’s cabin.

title: Annie Edson Taylor


text:
Talk:Jordan River

Category
Regarding Category:Rivers of Syria - strictly speaking, the Jordan River is not a river of Syria, as no part of it passes through Syria. It is relevant to the geography of Syria, though, since the international border of Syria with Palestine/Israel (since 1923) is 50m East of the river at parts, and the demilitarized zone between Syria and Israel from 1948 to 1967 included parts of the river. If there is no objection, I will revert back to Category:Geography of Syria.--Doron 22:29, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Makes sense to me. Jayjg (talk) 06:01, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

As the Yarmouk river is a major tributary to this river and the banias river comes from Golan Heights who the united nations and most of the world agree that it is a syrian occupied territory, I believe the latest revision by me is the most accurate. I would like to thank you Doron for the good modifications earlier. I say do not revert. 129.130.15.91 01:01, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The sentence in question refers to the Northern Jordan, not its tributaries. It is clearly specified that the sources are in Lebanon and the Golan Heights, but the Northern Jordan itself is within the boundaries of Israel according to the 1923 international border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria. The border is delineated 50 meters east of the river. During the 1948 Israeli-Arab war, Syria advanced to the bank of the Jordan (and crossed it in a few points), and the area it occupied remained a demilitarized zone according to the armistice agreement until 1967. During this period, the Jordan river became the de facto border between Syria and Israel, though no other country (as far as I know) recognizes this change of borders. The 1923 border (which, includes the whole of the Northern Jordan River within Israel) is widely recognized.--Doron 08:27, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Name of article should be "River Jordan"
In the English language, this river is known as 'the River Jordan', and the article name should reflect that. Why is it called Jordan River instead? — Nicholas (reply) @ 22:53, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * That's true afaik. Maybe Americans call it the Jordan River? 86.134.138.38 (talk) 17:40, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * “the River Jordan” is a religious imposition on language based in religious syntax. This is an unbiased public article about a geographical river, not an article centered around Judeo-Christian jargon. LissanX (talk) 22:21, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

Nickshanks is right, LissanX is wrong: 'River X' is the BE standard, not any "Judeo-Christian jargon" (see River Thames, River Bourne, River Avon, etc). We might decide to lead a discussion on whether BE or AE should have priority, but based on facts, not on individual sympathy or antypathy toward this or that "jargon". Stay healthy, Arminden (talk) 16:08, 18 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The correct course of action for this disagreement would be to publish every article on Wikipedia in both American English and British English versions, each with its own correct grammar, spelling, style and naming conventions. 147.235.207.94 (talk) 08:22, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

Pop culture/trivia section?
I stumbled across this page while prepping to write Jordan River Dam, which is in Jordan River, British Columbia, which other than being named for it has little to do with the river in the Holy Land (unless there's surfing in Galilee). But after a quick browse of the page I gotta wonder if there shouldn't be a section on pop culture, or at least a mention of the more famous spirituals, e.g. Michael Row Your Boat Ashore, We shall gather at the river and so on......I think you'll find the equivalents on Missouri River and Mississippi River, maybe the Rhine.Skookum1 (talk) 14:07, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

The river referred to in the song 'Old Man River' is not the Jordan, but the Mississippi, as that's where the action takes place. Vibeshifter (talk) 00:45, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

Substitute the song 'Without A Song' for 'Old Man River' as the Vincent Youman's tune references the Jordan river. Vibeshifter (talk) 00:50, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

Not the Great Rift Valley
The Jordan River flows in the Jordan River Valley. The Great Rift Valley is in East Africa. Moreover, most geologists consider the geologic feature which runs through the Jordan River Valley to be a transform fault, not a rift or ridge. And they do not refer to it as the "Jordan" fault or rift, but the Dead Sea Transform (DST) or Rift. It has some extensional features, but in general, it manifests left lateral motion between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. Tmangray (talk) 00:51, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Where is the Palestine mentioned on the map
Just saying. It's because of political reasons incorrect to not mention Palestine on the map. And there is no source of the map even. You could assume that on some Israeli maps Palestine could be ignored but that should explicitly be said somewhere. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.239.104.158 (talk) 14:03, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Which sources have been used to state that the Jordan Valley, which belongs to Area C of the West Bank, belongs to Israel? This statement clearly violates the Neutral Point of View, ignoring international agreements on such a sensitive issue, the predominant opinion of the international community and the area neighbouring countries, and above all the point of view of the Palestinian National Authority. --Capucine8 (talk) 15:25, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

Let's try to be neutral about naming countries
Describing the course the river takes: I addressed this and changed references from "West Bank" (per the U.N., a part of Palestine) and "Golan" (per the U.N. and all States bar Israel, part of Syria) and was told it was not neutral. The river winds its way along the internationally recognised territories (occupied or not) of all these States. It is not neutral to refuse to use the names of some of them. Frenchmalawi (talk) 00:54, 18 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Israel gets mentioned.
 * Jordan gets mentioned.
 * Palestine does not get mentioned.
 * Syria does not get mentioned.
 * Despite the UN view, it is taking sides to assume that the West Bank automatically equals Palestine, or that Syria borders the river. I don't see a compelling need to further politicize this article. The existing wording avoids having to do that. Hertz1888 (talk) 01:44, 18 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Mentioning Israel and not Palestine is neutral? Saying that the West Bank is Palestine is “taking sides”, while saying that its part of Israel is not “taking sides”? The vast majority of the Jordan River runs along the West Bank, with only a small fraction peaking out near the Sea of Galilee, which is the only part along the entire river considered to be part of Israel. If you simply want to use this article as a vehicle to promote a personal political agenda of annexing the West Bank into a new greater Israeli territory and pretend that internationally recognized borders, established georgraphical regions and universally accepted boundaries should just simply be rejected because they’re not what you want, then sorry but that’s ridiculous and not what this article is for. You might as well just jump ahead to the next step and claim the Jordan River is not part of Jordan either and is entirely within Israel. This article should list ALL related, countries and territories, Jordan, Palestine, Israel and Syria, not just the one that promotes your biased personal wants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by LissanX (talk • contribs) 22:48, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

I should like to note that in the summary box at top right of the article there is a reference to a "State of Palestine", which links to a description about a "de jure State of Palestine". This is inaccurate and tendentious. There is a de jure Palestinian Authority and I highly recommend that this description and linked paragraph are amended accordingly. Dori1951 (talk) 12:43, 2 July 2018 (UTC)

Hebrew and Arabic names
It seems a little odd that the Hebrew names are consistently listed before the Arabic names for a river named after an Arab country. In fact, they were originally listed that way but seem to have been arbitrarily swapped in February 2006. What gives? Skadowski (talk) 13:35, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * , Late response, but the country was named after the river (the country was originally "Transjordan" (i.e., beyond the Jordan). Note I have started a discussion section on the order below. --Erp (talk) 02:51, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

Danno uk : Why have you deleted the {citation needed| tags
Danno uk : Why have you deleted the {citation needed| tags. The Diff page

your reason:"Reverted 2 edits by Ykantor (talk): Rather than removing citations and then repeatedly claiming "this is a mistake", it would be better to correct the "mistakes" with supporting references of your."

According to this logic, every {citation needed tag} should be removed immediately, since "it would be better to correct the "mistakes" with supporting references of your." ? So, what for Wikipedia is using this tag?

Will you please un-delete the tags? Ykantor (talk) 19:46, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

BTW no citations were removed. What is the source for your claim? Ykantor (talk) 05:59, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Order of river name in different languages
Given the slow edit war going on between and /a number of IP accounts it is probably a good idea to discuss what order the river names should be in here. For reference I note that Britannica uses Arabic than Hebrew. --Erp (talk) 02:47, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
 * one option is to follow the List of country names in various languages practice and alphabetize by name/transliterated name. This leads to the Ancient Greek version first whether Hebrew or Arabic comes next depends whether we include the word (Nahr/Nahar) meaning river or not; I'm inclined to not include.  We should really have a transliteration for the Syriac.  --Erp (talk) 03:11, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

 * I reverted once, and am unconnected to the IPs - please strike your assertion. The Hebrew form predates Arabic, Syriac, and Greek. The upper part of the river is entirely in Israel (both sides), and on the bottom stretch Israel controls one side of the river. Hence, Hebrew should come first.Icewhiz (talk) 05:20, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Your points are simply false. You cannot name a river's based on what language predates what, nor should you base it on who controls a territory which is internationally known as disputed territory. Moreover, lets say I follow your infantile based logic; the rivers name is originally in Aramaic which predates the language you call Hebrew. Even a monkey would realize that your edits are coming from your personal preference and other goals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by DanielaAlonso2 (talk • contribs) 01:36, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

I guess we may be back to discussing order. I'll first note that Hebrew probably predates Aramaic in the area of the Jordan river (admittedly as closely related languages both descended from a common ancestor neither is older than the other). Arabic and Hebrew are the major languages spoken in the adjacent lands now so are the only real contenders for the first and second spots after the English name. --Erp (talk) 04:58, 13 November 2019 (UTC)

Tributaries: is "unreferenced section" tag needed?
ALL the listed tributaries have their own WP articles, with plenty of details & sources! Arminden (talk) 18:36, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

Explain Declivity in Etymology section
As per MOS:JARGON, and in the interest of the geographic importance of this article, could someone with edit rights on this page please add the parenthetic explanations `(downward slope)` after the technical geographic term `declivity`. Artemgy (talk) 09:14, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 16 April 2020
Hi, please add a link by changing

Geography
The Jordan River has an upper course from its sources to the Sea of Galilee, and a lower course south of the Sea of Galilee down to the Dead Sea. In traditional terminology, the upper course (or most of it) is commonly referred to as passing through the "Hula Valley", as opposed to "Upper Jordan Valley"; the Sea of Galilee through which the river passes is a separate entity; and the term Jordan Valley is reserved for the lower course, fed by the Yarmouk and Zarqa Rivers.

Over its upper course (fed by the Hasbani River, Banias River, Dan River, and the Iyyon Stream), the river drops rapidly in a 75 km run to the once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above sea level. Exiting the now much-diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the 25 km down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip.

into

Geography
The Jordan River has an upper course from its sources to the Sea of Galilee, and a lower course south of the Sea of Galilee down to the Dead Sea. In traditional terminology, the upper course (or most of it) is commonly referred to as passing through the "Hula Valley", as opposed to "Upper Jordan Valley"; the Sea of Galilee through which the river passes is a separate entity; and the term Jordan Valley is reserved for the lower course, fed by the Yarmouk and Zarqa Rivers.

Over its upper course (fed by the Hasbani River, Banias River, Dan River, and the Iyyon Stream), the river drops rapidly in a 75 km run to the once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above sea level. Exiting the now much-diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the 25 km down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip at Degania Dam.

(The change is at the very end,similar request for article Sea of Galilee, thx) Mws.richter ⇔ bla, бла... 07:45, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

Photo caption 1913 pic: RUSSIANS, no doubt whatsoever
The gross mistake from the Wiki Commons file has no place on an edited page. If anyone feels an urge to fight the obvious, please do go to the Wiki Commons talk-page. I have first made the correction on 1st May 2019, but in Sep. an anonymous editor mistook the "workig title" of the Wiki Commons file with a quotable "source" and reintroduced the double mistake - "Jordanian Christians". A) They're Russian, 100%. B) There were no "Jordanians" in 1913, just Ottoman Christian subjects from Southern Syria. Nobody identified them, nor did they self-identify, as Jordanians; not even as Transjordanians. Read up. Arminden (talk) 15:58, 18 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree not "Jordanian". Not so sure about Russian, I'm not an expert, but, I suspect neither are you.  The local Christians would probably have identified with their diocese or local city.  I'm modifying to be more generic and to fit what the source states. --Erp (talk) 15:38, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

Jordan River and Palestine
There is no country called Palestine. You state that the Jordan River borders the countries of Israel, Jordan, Syria and " Palestine". 70.27.248.208 (talk) 15:14, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 16:37, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 27 July 2021
Could you split this sentence?

The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity since the Bible says that the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and that Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it.

Maybe it could become

The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land, and Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it.

It would just be a little less complex if the sentence were split in two, and replacing "The Bible says that...and that..." with a single source claim ("According to the Bible") means that you don't have to remember how the "and that" statement refers back to the Bible bit. 64.203.186.112 (talk) 14:49, 27 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 10:52, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

Supposed miracles
Since I cannot edit the page myself, I bring to your attention a piece of information that should/could be added in the section about the religious meaning.

According to the Eastern Orthodox Church, on the day of the Baptism of Jesus Epiphany, only in presence of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, a supposed miracle happens in the waters of the river, which reverses its flow.

A source is at this link.--Mickey (talk) 19:37, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

Tributaries
I recently created Meshushim River. It falls into the Sea of Galilee. In he-wiki it is categorized as a tributary of the Jordan River. What is en-wiki's take on this? Loew Galitz (talk) 02:10, 10 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Tricky. We have the basin of the Dead Sea whose main tributary (and the only one I think with a Wikipedia article) is the Jordan river (and in particular the lower course of said river). The lower course is fed by several streams and by the Sea of Galilee. The Sea of Galilee is in turn fed by several streams including the upper course of the Jordan river (which in turn has several tributaries) and the Meshushim River. WikiProject_Rivers has had discussions over the years on how best to handle this (for instance Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Rivers/Archive_6), but, nothing clear in the guidelines that I could see.  As a first step I would probably treat the category Tributaries of the Jordan River as though it was a basin type category then have three subcategories, Tributaries of the upper Jordan River, Tributaries of the Sea of Galilee (or Sea of Galilee basin), Tributaries of the lower Jordan River then move the current rivers to the correct subcategory.  Or we could rename Tributaries of the Jordan River to Dead Sea basin with the same subcategories but include Jordan river also (and also have it appear under the Sea of Galilee basin).  Thoughts? --Erp (talk) 05:29, 10 January 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 2 March 2023
Citation 1 (1] Klein, Ernest, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English, The University of Haifa, Carta, Jerusalem, p. 264) brought to show the etymology of the Hebrew name ירדן to mean "to descend", does not mention the name of the river. Request for alternative source, or to scrap the given meaning entirely GabeMelvin (talk) 12:50, 2 March 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ M.Bitton (talk) 15:53, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

Occupation
Why have you removed mention of the Golan Heights occupation and kept it for the West Bank? And why have you removed mention of the occupier, Israel? Your edits go against RS phrasing which use unequivocally "Israeli-occupied Golan Heights". ,, , , ,. Makeandtoss (talk) 11:51, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I suspect because that bit of the infobox was using the physical geographical names, Mount Herman and the Golan Heights without mentioning the political states. I note that we might want to double check the source(s) of the Jordan and particular document why we have the coordinate we do, which is not very near Mount Herman.  Britannica gives three principal sources: Ḥāṣbānī, Bāniyās, and Dan; the coordinate we have might be the meeting place.  I note that Water politics in the Jordan River basin seems a bit clearer on the hydrology. Erp (talk) 15:00, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The mention wasn't removed just from infobox but also from lede. As for the coordinate, I have no idea why it points where it does, or where it should point. Makeandtoss (talk) 21:58, 27 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I've adjusted the coordinate to be where the Dan and Hasbani rivers meet and become the Jordan. Also rewrote a bit about the sources.   I added infoboxes to the articles on those two rivers.  This is still a work in progress. Erp (talk) 03:55, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 6 May 2024
Change the transliteration Nahar ha-Yarden to Nehar ha-Yarden in the Native name section. The vowels in the Hebrew word for river change from נָהָר (nahar) to נְהַר (nehar) in the construct state, so Nehar ha-Yarden is the correct transliteration while Nahar ha-Yarden is incorrect. LexicalDragon (talk) 11:51, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ M.Bitton (talk) 00:23, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 1 July 2024
The map used in this article fails to denote the Golan Heights, which the State of Israel de facto annexed in 1981 and occupies since 1967. Whether you agree with that or not, Wikipedia should reflect reality, no? You can draw it up as a dotted line to denote "disputed" territory (see Russian version of the article) if you want or as part of sovereign Israel (see Hebrew version), but it SHOULD be included, as it is on Google Maps and every respectable cartographic source. The fact that the information in your articles varies widely depending on the language is highly unorthodox for a project that considers itself an "encyclopædia". 147.235.207.94 (talk) 08:32, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Please make your request for a new image to be uploaded to Files For Upload. Once the file has been properly uploaded, feel free to reactivate this request to have the new image used. – macaddct1984 (talk | contribs) 14:12, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jordan River


text:
Cooney Weiland

Ralph "Cooney" Weiland (November 5, 1904 – July 3, 1985) was a Canadian ice hockey forward who played for the Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators, and Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). Weiland was part of the Bruins' 1928 "Dynamite Line" with Dutch Gainor and Dit Clapper, one of the earliest "named" forward lines in NHL history. He was born in Egmondville, Ontario, but grew up in Seaforth, Ontario.

Player
Weiland began playing junior hockey in Seaforth, where he spent three seasons with his hometown team. In 1923 he moved to Owen Sound, Ontario to attend school, planning a career as a druggist. He joined that city's junior team, the Owen Sound Greys, and led them to the 1924 Memorial Cup as Canadian champions. He was the club's top scorer with 68 goals in 25 games.

After the Greys lost the 1925 OHA final to Toronto Aura Lee, Weiland began a three-year stint with the Minneapolis Millers of the old American Hockey Association. That led to the start of his NHL career with Boston, where he celebrated his rookie campaign in 1928–29 with a Stanley Cup victory over the New York Rangers. It was the first Cup win in Bruins history.

In his second season during 1929–30, he scored 43 goals and 73 points in 44 games. That year, the NHL allowed forward passing for the first time, but it did not create its offsides rule until December 1929. Weiland flourished under those conditions, shattering the NHL's single-season points record of 51 which had been set two years earlier by Montreal Canadiens legend Howie Morenz. Weiland held the record alone until 1942–43, when Doug Bentley of the Chicago Black Hawks tied it, and shared it for one more year—Boston's Herb Cain broke the record with 82 points in 1943–44.

Weiland scored four goals in Boston's 7–0 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates on February 25, 1930, becoming the third Bruin to achieve the feat.

The Bruins went to the Cup final again in 1930 but were swept by Montreal. Weiland had a brief career with Ottawa and played two seasons in Detroit, reaching the Cup final for a third time in 1934. One of his fellow Red Wings that year was Teddy Graham, an old teammate from the 1924 Greys. Weiland returned to Boston in 1935 and retired in 1939 with 173 goals and 333 points in 510 career games. But he ended his NHL playing career as he had begun it; the Bruins defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs and earned their second Stanley Cup.

Coach
He then stepped behind the bench as the club's new head coach and piloted Boston to its third Cup in 1940–41. Weiland helmed the Hershey Bears of the American Hockey League for the next four seasons, then coached the league's New Haven entry for two more years. In 1950 he began his longest coaching stint, at Harvard University, where he compiled a record of 315-173-17 before retiring in 1971. That year also marked his induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

A member of the Beanpot Hall of Fame, Weiland was twice named coach of the year by the American Hockey Coaches Association, first in 1955, when he led the Crimson to third place in the NCAA tournament, and again in his final season, when his team captured the ECAC tournament. The New England Hockey Writers Association named Weiland its coach of the year five times and honored him with the Schaefer Pen Award for contribution to amateur hockey in 1962. He received the Lester Patrick Award for contribution to hockey in the United States in 1972.

Weiland coached seven All-Americans, including three-time first-team selection Joe Cavanagh '71 and two-time pick David Johnston '63. His players earned a total of 26 first team All-Ivy honors, highlighted by the 1956–57 team, which was made up entirely of Crimson players.

Four of Weiland's Harvard players helped the 1960 U.S. Olympic team win the gold medal in Squaw Valley. Among that group was Bill Cleary '56, who went on to assist Weiland and succeed him as head coach. Cleary served in that role for 19 seasons and as athletic director for 11. He earned the Hobey Baker Legend of College Hockey Award in 1993.

Cufflinks presented to Weiland after Owen Sound's Memorial Cup win in 1924 are part of a permanent junior hockey exhibit at the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto.

title: Cooney Weiland


text:
Royal Border Bridge

The Royal Border Bridge spans the River Tweed between Berwick-upon-Tweed and Tweedmouth in Northumberland, England. It is a Grade I listed railway viaduct built between 1847 and 1850, when it was opened by Queen Victoria. It was designed by Robert Stephenson (son of railway pioneer George Stephenson). It was built for the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway and is still in regular use today, as part of the East Coast Main Line. Despite its name, the bridge does not in fact span the border between England and Scotland, which is approximately three miles further north.

The bridge is 659 m long and constructed in stone except for brick soffits to the arches. It has 28 arches, each spanning 60 ft. The railway is carried 37 m above the river level. During 1989, it was electrified as a part of the wider East Coast Main Line electrification scheme. Between 1993 and 1996, the structure underwent significant repair work for the first time in a Railtrack-led project, which was partially funded by English Heritage.

Construction
The Royal Border Bridge has its origins in the ambitions of Newcastle and Berwick Railway (N&BR) company, which was formed in 1845 under the control of the prolific railway financier and politician George Hudson. Almost immediately following its founding, the N&BR's proposed line was authorised by an Act of Parliament and construction work had commenced by July 1845. While much of the line was completed within two years of this date, work upon several major structures, including the Royal Border Bridge, had barely begun.

In order to construct the line along the surveyed route, the completion of several major structures, such as the High Level Bridge in Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge itself, was necessary to traverse terrain features. In the case of the Royal Border Bridge, it was required to take the line over the River Tweed at a site close to the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland. During 1847, Hudson was instrumental in the merger of the N&BR with another of his business interests, the York and Newcastle Railway (Y&NR) to form the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway (YN&BR). This combined entity sought to complete a continuous line between the British capital cities of London and Edinburgh.

The company's chief engineer, and thus the individual most crucial to the completion of the desired line, was the noted railway engineer Robert Stephenson, who was the son of the railway pioneer George Stephenson. Regardless of Stephenson's presence at the YN&BR, the majority of the planning and engineering was undertaken by the civil engineer Thomas Elliot Harrison, albeit this work was performed under Stephenson's supervision. In particular, Stephenson typically played a hands-on role in the design of the key bridges along the envisioned route, although some of the detailed work was commonly performed by other figures as well.

The viaduct, which is constructed on a gentle curve, was a conventional masonry structure. It consists of 28 arches, 15 of which being over land to the south of the River Tweed and 13 over the river itself; these were set out in two groups separated by a stop pier. Masonry is used throughout the structure, which is complete with brickwork soffits that form the arches' undersides, and covered by stone cladding. The greatest height of the structure is 38.4 metres, which is located at the deepest point of the riverbed below. Possessing a total length of 658 metres, each of the bridge's over-arch spans measures 18.6 metres. The contract for the bridge's construction pertained to a one-mile length of the route; the non-masonry sections consist of earth embankments.

On 15 May 1847, the foundation stone for what would become the Royal Border Bridge, which was then simply referred to as the Tweed Viaduct, was laid. The Cumberland-based construction firm McKay & Blackstock were appointed to build the structure, while the civil engineer George Barclay Bruce, a former apprentice of Stephenson's, was selected to serve as the resident engineer, being responsible overseeing the day-to-day work at the site. Reportedly, the construction of the Royal Border Bridge consumed 8 million cubic feet (227,000 cubic metres) of stone; the inner part of the arches alone required 2.5 million bricks. Many of the same techniques that had been employed in the construction of Newcastle's High Level Bridge were shared with this structure as well. At the height of construction activity, the workforce is believed to have involved upwards of 2,700 men.

During the designing of the structure, particular attention was paid to the foundations of the bridge. Firmly anchoring the bridge involved the driving of many piles into the bedrock, which could be reached only by going through roughly 12 metres of dense gravel above; this task was considerably aided by the application of a patented Nasmyth steam-powered pile driver. In order to control and effectively drain away water at the site, several deep cofferdams were constructed which, along with several steam-driven pumps, worked together to keep out the water.

The first elements of the structure to be completed were the 15 land arches, along with the stop pier; during the construction of the remaining arches, this functioned as a buttress. The river piers were deliberately shaped at water level in such a manner that sheets of ice flowing in the river would be broken up on contact with the bridge; this process was aided by the embedding of several iron bars into the masonry for greater strength. This feature was covered by later alterations to the piers, which were performed as a part of measures made to accommodate for an extra rail track.

Operations
While the permanent structure was still under construction, several temporary timber viaducts were deployed and used by early train services, as well as by construction-related traffic. In this fashion, the overall route could be opened without having to wait for the completion of the Royal Border Bridge, somewhat alleviating pressure from investors. This decision proved beneficial as, while the permanent structure had been intended to be completed in July 1849, it was not ready to carry rail traffic until March 1850. On 29 August 1850, the bridge was officially opened in a ceremony officiated by the reigning monarch, Queen Victoria, and Prince Albert; it was at this event that the Queen consented for the structure to be formally named as the Royal Border Bridge.

During 1989, as a part of the East Coast Main Line electrification program, the structure was modified by British Rail to accommodate the installation of electrification gantries. As a consequence of the Royal Border Bridge having been recognised with Grade 1 listed status, the overhead line infrastructure used was specially designed for a reduced visual impact on the bridge and had to be reviewed and approved by the Royal Fine Art Commission prior to its installation. The installation allows for electric traction to traverse the bridge.

After having stood for 143 years as a major part of the East Coast Main Line, the Royal Border Bridge underwent significant maintenance for the first time during 1993. The restoration program, which was largely focused upon repairs to the 15 land based arches, was undertaken as a joint project between the newly founded railway infrastructure maintenance firm Railtrack and English Heritage.

During early 2010, plans were mooted for the installation of a night-time illumination scheme upon the Royal Border Bridge; at the time, this measure was promoted as being a commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the death of Robert Stephenson. Originally meant to be operational by November 2010, weather conditions, particularly ice, damaged underwater cables, delaying the illumination and preventing some lights from functioning. In January 2012, Northumberland County Council filed its application for a permanent lighting system to be installed. During 2016, the bridge was fitted with colour-changing lights; the installation being completed in time for the structure's 160th anniversary.

title: Royal Border Bridge


text:
File talk:Residential Street - Bangor, NSW.JPG

Nice pic -but it's not really selling the place to me! :) Naturenet 22:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

You're not missing much anyway! When I took the photo I didn't have the thought of posting it online in mind. Before I got a digital camera, my family were never big with cameras so when we borrowed a DV camera for the weekend I just went nuts! I uploaded it to Wikipedia along with editing the page when I decided the world should know just a little bit more about my suburb. If I take the photo turning 135 degrees clockwise from where I was, there's some nice bushland. It's nothing too spectacular but I can take it and replace this photo if you want :P Dotto (talk) 02:19, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

We need a pic of the bangor tav here don't ya reckon haha

 * There's nothing wrong with it, really, it's accurate (I assume). But hey, if you live there, why not dig that camera out and see if you can find something a bit more interesting? Naturenet | Talk 08:36, 29 November 2007 (UTC)


text:
Broadleaf

Broadleaf may refer to:

 * Broad-leaved tree
 * Broadleaf forest
 * In agronomy, a term described in contrast to Poaceae. That is to say that broadleaf plants are not grasses:
 * Broadleaf weed
 * Broadleaf crop

 * A member of Magnoliopsida, informal term

title: Broadleaf


text:
Newbury bypass

The Newbury bypass, officially known as The Winchester-Preston Trunk Road (A34) (Newbury Bypass), is a 9 mi stretch of dual carriageway road which bypasses the town of Newbury in Berkshire, England. It is located to the west of the town and forms part of the A34 road. It opened in 1998.

Between January 1996 and April 1996 the clearance of approximately 360 acre of land including 120 acre of woodland, and the felling of nearly 10,000 mature trees to make way for the construction of the road, led to some of the largest anti-road protests in European history. Around 7,000 people demonstrated on the site of the bypass route in some way and over 800 arrests were made. The cost of policing the protest (known as 'Operation Prospect' and run jointly by Thames Valley Police and Hampshire Constabulary) had reached approximately £5 million by December 1996. An additional £30 million was spent on private security guards, security fencing, and security lighting while the works were in progress, of which only £7 million was budgeted for in the original contract.

The protest was known in some quarters as the "Third Battle of Newbury", a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name was chosen in reference to the English Civil War battles that took place close to the town in 1643 and 1644.

Proposals
Newbury has been on the route of north-south traffic across the River Kennet since the medieval period. A bridge on the site of the current Town Bridge has existed since at least the 14th century and the current bridge dates from 1772. As long ago as World War II this north-south traffic was considered to be of sufficient strategic importance that a second temporary bridge, the American Bridge, was built in case the Town Bridge was destroyed in an air raid. The American Bridge continued in use until it was replaced in 2001, but post-war traffic increases meant that the town centre and its bridges needed by-passing.

The first Newbury bypass was built in 1963; however, by the 1980s this in turn proved insufficient to cope with the huge volume of traffic travelling through the Newbury area. In 1981 a new road to be built to the west of Newbury, mainly following the path of the disused Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway railway line, was proposed to bypass the town centre. This route was very controversial because it ran through three Sites of Special Scientific Interest: Snelsmore Common plus the Rivers Lambourn and Kennet; Penn Wood which was part of the North Wessex Downs AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty); the English Heritage registered battlefield site of the first Battle of Newbury during the English Civil War in 1643; and The Chase, a National Trust nature reserve. It was also found that areas of the proposed bypass route were home to a rare snail, known as Desmoulin's whorl snail.

A public inquiry into the plans was held in 1988, which found in favour of the road. Opponents argued that the decision was flawed and possibly illegal as there was no Environmental Impact Assessment — a legal requirement incorporated into British law two weeks after the start of the 1988 public enquiry. However, the inquiry decision was made in accordance with legislation at the time. The plans were passed in a closed session of Parliament, after a pro forma hearing, which opponents criticised as a "lack of democracy".

The road was originally approved for construction to begin in 1994. However, the then Secretary of State for Transport, Brian Mawhinney, announced that it would be delayed pending a further review. On 5 July 1995 Mawhinney announced that the building of the road was to proceed, and then resigned half an hour later.

Protests
The bypass led to immense protests in an attempt to halt the felling of trees (including mature oak, ash, and beech) and the start of building work. A number of protesters were veterans from the Twyford Down protests over the building of the M3 motorway. Others were students, unemployed people, part-time workers and people taking time off from work to protest. In 1994, a local comprehensive school teacher, Helen Anscombe, founded "The Third Battle of Newbury", an umbrella group of organisations against the bypass. The name actually came from a meeting held by local townspeople and was the suggestion of a name by a local historian who cared deeply that the battlefields of the Civil War stayed safe to visitors.

Although the majority of local residents were in favour of building the bypass, a sizeable minority were against it. A protest group of local businesses opposed to the building of the road was formed, which named itself 'CAMBUS'. The split of opinion in and around Newbury concerning the building of the road was regularly demonstrated in the lively debate seen in the letters page of the local newspaper, the Newbury Weekly News.

Clearance work began on 2 August 1995 when bulldozers demolished six empty buildings in the path of the bypass – three houses, a railway signal box, a lodge at Mary Hare Grammar School for deaf children and a prefabricated church near Snelsmore Common.

From July 1995 protesters began to occupy the land that was scheduled for clearance, a tactic known as tree sitting, in an effort to stop the felling of trees. Many lived in tree houses, which were also known as 'twigloos', while others occupied home-made tents on the ground made from hazel branches covered with tarpaulin known as 'benders'.

The first camp was at Snelsmore Common. Around September 1995 a further encampment grew up alongside the Kennet and Avon Canal and the River Kennet. Around October 1995 protesters set up a third encampment at Reddings Copse. By December 1995 there were three further camps at The Chase, Elmore Plantation and Rack Marsh on the River Lambourn. Protesters in many of the camps claimed squatters rights through use of a Section 6 notice.

Another method used by protesters to stop the clearance work was the digging of tunnels, a tactic borrowed from the Viet Cong. A network of tunnels 10 ft down was dug at Snelsmore Common in the belief that heavy machinery would not drive over them in case they collapsed, burying the protesters inside.

Evictions of the protest camps, tree felling and undergrowth clearance work begin on 9 January 1996 and conflicts between security guards and protesters were widely reported in the British media. By the following month the number of protesters had increased and there were more than 20 camps along the route of the bypass, with names such as 'Skyward', 'Rickety Bridge', 'Granny Ash', 'Quercus Circus', 'Sea View', 'Babble Brook', 'Radical Fluff', 'Pixie Village' and 'Heartbreak Hotel'. Peter Faulding was called in by the authorities to plan and safely remove the environmental protesters from a network of tunnels along the proposed route of the Newbury Bypass.

A firm specialising in industrial rope access, Richard Turner Ltd, was hired to provide climbers to evict protesters from the trees. Professional climbers condemned the actions of the company, questioning the safety of the procedures they were using. They presented the company with a special 'downside' award at the first British Mountain Festival held at Llandudno on 17 February 1996. Andy MacNae of the British Mountaineering Council said "Climbers have an enviable environmental record, and the vast majority will be outraged at being associated with actions of this kind." Climber and writer Jim Perrin said "If we, as a community, do not disown and ostracise these mercenaries and renegades, we are undermining the reason for our own existence and helping accelerate the destruction of places we hold most dear".

On Monday 29 January there was a public meeting at the Waterside Centre in Newbury organised jointly by Friends of the Earth and the Green Party to promote the Road Traffic Reduction Bill. At the meeting, environmentalist and broadcaster Dr David Bellamy addressed the crowd of around 400 people and voiced his opposition to the building of the bypass.

On 15 February 1996 around 5,000 people from around the UK marched for 2 mi along the route from the largest camp at Snelsmore Common to Bagnor in objection to the road. Environmentalists claimed that this was the largest ever single demonstration against road-building in Britain. Two of the marchers were the television presenters Johnny Morris and Maggie Philbin, who lived nearby. The protest was peaceful and there were no arrests.

A national poll published in the Newbury Weekly News (10 March 1996) found that 53% of respondents thought that "work should stop immediately to allow time for alternatives to be tried".

Despite the protests, site clearance and road construction proceeded under heavy security provided by the Thames Valley Police led by the Assistant Chief Constable Ian Blair, the Hampshire Constabulary, and private security firms. The road was eventually finished after thirty-four months in November 1998 and now provides a high-speed section of the A34. It cost £104 million, against an original contract price of £74 million. The Highways Agency blamed the cost blow-out on the protesters.

Construction
Much of the aggregate used in the by-pass was from the decommissioned RAF Greenham Common. The runway, once one of the largest in Europe was broken up and removed (except for one centre section) as part of the effort to return the common to its former state.

The concrete structures on the bypass received the Concrete Society's Overall Award for Outstanding Structures in 1999.

Following the extensive protests over the construction of the road, environmental concerns became much more of an important issue to civil engineers. The Newbury bypass itself was built with extra environmental features in an attempt to reduce the impact of the road.

The Desmoulin's whorl snail colony, previously located at Rack Marsh in Bagnor, was moved to another location to allow construction of the road to go ahead. However, in July 2006 it was reported that the species had become locally extinct at the new site.

Outcome
Due to the cost of policing the Newbury Bypass construction, the UK Government abandoned construction plans for a further 77 bypasses across the country.

Analysis since the construction of the bypass has shown that instead of the predicted 47% reduction in road deaths due to the new road, there was a 67% increase (from 6 to 10) in the five years after it opened. However, the total number of casualties fell by 32% (from 455 to 311).

The same report concluded that the levels of traffic on the old road had not fallen as much as might have been expected, possibly because of traffic being able to use it for other reasons. In 2006, the Highways Agency defended the scheme from allegations by the Campaign to Protect Rural England that traffic had returned to previous levels: the Highways Agency's rejoinder being that the road had reduced traffic problems in the town.

In January 2016, a BBC magazine article commemorating the events of 20 years earlier showed 200,000 new trees starting to mature and the mutual respect but not affection between the former protagonists. One of the protesters, Rebecca Lush (since working for the Campaign for Better Transport) claimed the protest had enabled the incoming Labour government to look at alternatives to building more roads.

Cultural references
Musician and activist Julian Cope was a frequent visitor to the camps and would document many of the protesters struggles in his album Interpreter.

The English band New Model Army commemorated the conflict in its song "Snelsmore Wood".

Reading

 * Evans, Kate, (1998), Copse: The Cartoon Book of Tree Protesting. Orange Dog Productions. ISBN 0-9532674-0-7
 * Hindle, Jim, (2006) Nine Miles: Two Winters of Anti-Road Protest.
 * Merrick (1996), Battle for the Trees. Godhaven Ink. ISBN 0-9529975-0-9
 * Road Alert! (1997), Road Raging: Top Tips for Wrecking Roadbuilding.
 * Styles, Peter, (2008) Birds, Booze & Bulldozers. ISBN 978 0-9554634-5-7

title: Newbury bypass