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Damper (flow)

A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside a duct, chimney, VAV box, air handler, or other air-handling equipment. A damper may be used to cut off central air conditioning (heating or cooling) to an unused room, or to regulate it for room-by-room temperature and climate control - for example, in the case of Volume Control Dampers. Its operation can be manual or automatic. Manual dampers are turned by a handle on the outside of a duct. Automatic dampers are used to regulate airflow constantly and are operated by electric or pneumatic motors, in turn controlled by a thermostat or building automation system. Automatic or motorized dampers may also be controlled by a solenoid, and the degree of air-flow calibrated, perhaps according to signals from the thermostat going to the actuator of the damper in order to modulate the flow of air-conditioned air in order to effect climate control.

In a chimney flue, a damper closes off the flue to keep the weather and animals (e.g. birds) out and warm or cool air in. This is usually done in the summer, but also may be done in the winter between uses. In some cases, the damper may also be partly closed to help control the rate of combustion. The damper may be accessible only by reaching up into the fireplace by hand or with a woodpoker, or sometimes by a lever or knob that sticks down or out. On a wood-burning stove or similar device, it is usually a handle on the vent duct as in an air conditioning system. Forgetting to open a damper before beginning a fire can cause serious smoke damage to the interior of a home, if not a house fire.

Automated zone dampers
A zone damper (also known as a Volume Control Damper or VCD) is a specific type of damper used to control the flow of air in an HVAC heating or cooling system. In order to improve efficiency and occupant comfort, HVAC systems are commonly divided up into multiple zones. For example, in a house, the main floor may be served by one heating zone while the upstairs bedrooms are served by another. In this way, the heat can be directed principally to the main floor during the day and principally to the bedrooms at night, allowing the unoccupied areas to cool down.

Zone dampers as used in home HVAC systems are usually electrically powered. In large commercial installations, vacuum or compressed air may be used instead. In either case, the motor is usually connected to the damper via a mechanical coupling.

For electrical zone dampers, there are two principal designs.

In one design, the motor is often a small shaded-pole synchronous motor combined with a rotary switch that can disconnect the motor at either of the two stopping points ("damper open" or "damper closed"). In this way, applying power to the "open damper" terminal causes the motor to run until the damper is open while applying power at the "close damper" terminal causes the motor to run until the damper is closed. The motor is commonly powered from the same 24 volt AC power source that is used for the rest of the control system. This allows the zone dampers to be directly controlled by low-voltage thermostats and wired with low-voltage wiring. Because simultaneous closure of all dampers might harm the furnace or air handler, this style of damper is often designed to only obstruct a portion of the air duct, for example, 75%.

Another style of electrically powered damper uses a spring-return mechanism and a shaded-pole synchronous motor. In this case, the damper is normally opened by the force of the spring but can be closed by the force of the motor. Removal of electrical power re-opens the damper. This style of damper is advantageous because it is "fail safe"; if the control to the damper fails, the damper opens and allows air to flow. However, in most applications "fail safe" indicates the damper will close upon loss of power thus preventing the spread of smoke and fire to other areas. These dampers also may allow adjustment of the "closed" position so that they only obstruct, for example, 75% of the air flow when closed.

For vacuum-operated or pneumatically operated zone dampers, the thermostat usually switches the pressure or vacuum on or off, causing a spring-loaded rubber diaphragm to move and actuate the damper. As with the second style of electrical zone dampers, these dampers automatically return to the default position without the application of any power, and the default position is usually "open", allowing air to flow. Like the second style of electrical zone damper, these dampers may allow adjustment of the "closed" position.

Highly sophisticated systems may use some form of building automation such as BACnet or LonWorks to control the zone dampers. The dampers may also support positions other than fully open or fully closed and are usually capable of reporting their current position and, often, the temperature and volume of the air flowing past the smart damper.

Regardless of the style of damper employed, the systems are often designed so that when no thermostat is calling for air, all dampers in the system are opened. This allows air to continue to flow while the heat exchanger in a furnace cools down after a heating period completes.

Comparison to multiple furnaces/air handlers
Multiple zones can be implemented using either multiple, individually controlled furnaces/air handlers or a single furnace/air handler and multiple zone dampers. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages.

Multiple furnaces/air handlers
Advantages:
 * Simple mechanical and control design ("SPST thermostats")
 * Redundancy: If one zone furnace fails, the others can remain working

Disadvantages:
 * Cost. Furnaces cost much more than zone dampers
 * Power consumption. Operating furnaces draw power whereas a zone damper only draws power while in motion from one state to the other (or, in some cases, a very small amount of power while holding closed)

Zone dampers
Advantages:
 * Cost.
 * Power consumption.

Disadvantages: Pneumatic actuation is preferred for these dampers. It is easier to provide zone-classified solenoid valves for pneumatic actuation, as compared to electrical actuation. The physical size of such solenoid valves have come down very considerably over the years.
 * New US residential building codes require permanent access to dampers through ceiling access panels.
 * Zone dampers are not 100% reliable. Most styles of motor-to-open/motor-to-closed electrically operated zone dampers aren't "fail safe" (that is, they do not fail to the open condition). However, zone dampers that are of the "Normally Open" type are fail-safe, in that they will fail to the open condition.
 * No inherent redundancy for the furnace. A system with zone dampers is dependent upon a single furnace. If it fails, the system becomes completely inoperable.
 * Low total flow when only some dampers are open can cause inefficient operation.
 * Supply and return ducts need dampers to avoid pressurization of portions of the building.
 * The system can be harder to a design, requiring both "SPDT" thermostats (or relays) and the ability of the system to withstand the fault condition whereby all zone dampers are closed simultaneously.

Fire dampers
Fire dampers are fitted where ductwork passes through fire compartment walls and fire curtains as part of a fire control strategy. In normal circumstances, these dampers are held open by means of fusible links. When subjected to heat, these links fracture and allow the damper to close under the influence of the integral closing spring. The links are attached to the damper such that the dampers can be released manually for testing purposes. The damper is provided with an access door in the adjacent ductworks for the purpose of inspection and resetting in the event of closure.

title: Damper (flow)


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Robert Lambert Baynes

Admiral Sir Robert Lambert Baynes (4 September 1796 – 7 September 1869) was a British Royal Navy admiral who as Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station prevented the 1859 Pig War from escalating to a major conflict between the United States and the United Kingdom. Baynes joined the Royal Navy in 1810 and served in the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. He took part in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 during the Greek War of Independence. He was promoted to captain in 1828 and commanded the vessels HMS Andromache and HMS Bellerophon and served as one of the senior officers in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War. In 1857, he was made Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station.

Early career
Baynes was born to Commander Thomas Baynes of the British Royal Navy and Edith Denman in Millbrook, Hampshire. Baynes followed his father and joined the Royal Navy on 19 April 1810 at the age of 14 and was assigned to HMS Blake (1808) during the Napoleonic Wars. The ship patrolled off the coast of Catalonia where Baynes served as a midshipman until 1813. From 1813 to 1818, Baynes served in a succession of vessels; HMS Duncan (1811), HMS Royal Sovereign (1786), HMS Tonnant (1798) (flagship of Rear Admiral Alexander Cochrane) and HMS Seahorse (1794) in which Baynes took part in the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. This was followed by stints aboard HMS Cyrus and HMS Conqueror (1801), flagship of Rear Admiral Robert Plampin.

On 8 April 1818, Baynes was promoted to lieutenant and on 12 April 1819, was assigned to HMS Vigo (1810). On 2 December 1822 he was assigned shore duty at St Helena before joining HMS Briton (1812) and HMS Tartarus on the South American station. On 6 October 1826, he was assigned to HMS Asia (1824). On 8 July 1827, he was made the commanding officer of the sloop HMS Alacrity (1818) on the Mediterranean Station, but returned to Asia as second captain, which was the flagship of Vice Admiral Edward Codrington.

Navarino and command
Baynes was aboard Asia, the British flagship during the Battle of Navarino on 20 October 1827 during the Greek War of Independence from the Ottoman Empire. A joint British-French-Russian fleet attacked a larger, joint Ottoman-Egyptian fleet in Navarino Bay. Asia led the line of battle and the steady fire by the British-French-Russian fleet led to their victory. Baynes distinguished himself during the battle and was promoted to captain on 8 July 1828. He was also made a companion of the Bath, a knight in the Greek Order of the Redeemer and received two other honours.

As a post-captain, Baynes was not given a command immediately was only assigned to command the 26-gun HMS Andromache on the Cape Station beginning 2 February 1838. He remained aboard the ship until March 1843, after which he was placed on half-pay. On 8 July 1846, he married Frances Denman, the daughter of Lord Denman, Lord Chief Justice. Baynes was reactivated and from 23 September 1847 to 7 November 1850, he commanded HMS Bellerophon a troopship that was assigned first to the Western Station, then the Mediterranean. Baynes was promoted to rear admiral on 7 February 1855 and he was the third in command in the Baltic Sea during the final year of the Crimean War in 1855.

Pacific Station and final years
He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station in on 8 July 1857, with his flag aboard HMS Ganges (1821). Baynes arrived as the gold rush in the British Pacific Northwest was happening and the Royal Navy was expected to enforce the laws enacted by the Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas. While Baynes was away at Callao, Peru, the San Juan border dispute erupted. On 27 July 1859, United States troops under the command of Brigadier-General William Selby Harney landed on San Juan Island off the Colony of Vancouver Island at the behest of 22 American settlers who claimed to be threatened. The settlers had killed a pig that belonged to the Hudson's Bay Company, and feared British punishment. San Juan Island was British territory, and though the British Ambassador to the United States Lord Lyons initially sought to conquer an American-held island that the British also laid claim to, he ordered Baynes to assist but not to escalate the issue. Douglas also sought military intervention, who demanded the landing of Royal Marines on the island. Baynes refused and his patient handling of the situation led to joint-occupation of the island until a formal decision could be made. In 1872, the British recognized American sovereignty over the island.

After the gold rush and the San Juan dispute, Baynes sought to transfer the headquarters of the Pacific Station to the North Pacific. Esquimalt was Baynes' suggestion in 1859, to which the Admiralty agreed in 1862. On 18 April 1860 he was made a knight commander of the Bath. He remained Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station until 1861. He returned to the United Kingdom and never held command again, though he was promoted to vice-admiral of the blue on 5 August 1861. He was made vice admiral of the red in 1863 and admiral in 1865.

Baynes Sound in British Columbia is named for him, and the town of Ganges on Saltspring Island and the waters offshore, Ganges Harbour, are named for his flagship, Ganges. He died in Upper Norwood on 7 September 1869, and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Lambert Baynes


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Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) suggests that local species diversity is maximized when ecological disturbance is neither too rare nor too frequent. At low levels of disturbance, more competitive organisms will push subordinate species to extinction and dominate the ecosystem. At high levels of disturbance, due to frequent forest fires or human impacts like deforestation, all species are at risk of going extinct. According to IDH theory, at intermediate levels of disturbance, diversity is thus maximized because species that thrive at both early and late successional stages can coexist. IDH is a nonequilibrium model used to describe the relationship between disturbance and species diversity. IDH is based on the following premises: First, ecological disturbances have major effects on species richness within the area of disturbance. Second, interspecific competition results in one species driving a competitor to extinction and becoming dominant in the ecosystem. Third, moderate ecological scale disturbances prevent interspecific competition.

The hypothesis is ambiguous with its definitions of the terms "intermediate" and "disturbance". Whether a given disturbance can be defined as "intermediate" inherently depends on the previous history of disturbances within a given system, as well as the component of disturbance that is evaluated (i.e. the frequency, extent, intensity, or duration of the disturbances).

Disturbances act to disrupt stable ecosystems and clear species' habitat. As a result, disturbances lead to species movement into the newly cleared area. Once an area is cleared there is a progressive increase in species richness and competition takes place again. Once disturbance is removed, species richness decreases as competitive exclusion increases. "Gause's Law", also known as competitive exclusion, explains how species that compete for the same resources cannot coexist in the same niche. Each species handles change from a disturbance differently; therefore, IDH can be described as both "broad in description and rich in detail". The broad IDH model can be broken down into smaller divisions which include spatial within-patch scales, spatial between-patch scales, and purely temporal models. Each subdivision within this theory generates similar explanations for the coexistence of species with habitat disturbance. Joseph H. Connell proposed that relatively low disturbance leads to decreased diversity and high disturbance causes an increase in species movement. These proposed relationships lead to the hypothesis that intermediate disturbance levels would be the optimal amount of disorder within an ecosystem. Once K-selected and r-selected species can live in the same region, species richness can reach its maximum. The main difference between both types of species is their growth and reproduction rate. These characteristics attribute to the species that thrive in habitats with higher and lower amounts of disturbance. K-selected species generally demonstrate more competitive traits. Their primary investment of resources is directed towards growth, causing them to dominate stable ecosystems over a long period of time; an example of K-selected species the African elephant, which is prone to extinction because of their long generation times and low reproductive rates. In contrast, r-selected species colonize open areas quickly and can dominate landscapes that have been recently cleared by disturbance. An ideal examples of r-selected groups are algae. Based on the contradictory characteristics of both of these examples, areas of occasional disturbance allow both r and K species to benefit by residing in the same area. The ecological effect on species relationships is therefore supported by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

History
David Wilkinson gives a thorough history of the hypothesis in his paper titled, "The disturbing history of the intermediate disturbance". In this paper, he explains that the idea of disturbance relating to species richness can be traced back to the 1940s in Eggeling 1947, Watt 1947, and Tansley 1949. Though studies supporting the hypothesis began in the 1960s, the first concrete statements of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis didn't occur until the 1970s. The hypothesis was initially illustrated using what has been referred to as a "hump-backed model", which graphed the proposed relationship between diversity and disturbance. This graph appeared first in Grime's 'Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation' where it was used to show the relationship between species density and both environmental stress and intensity of management. The graph appears again in Horn's 'Markovian properties of forest succession' and Connell's 'The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle'. Though Grime was the first to provide a model for the relationship and Horn was the first to explicitly state the hypothesis, Connell is generally cited in text books and journals as the founder of the hypothesis.

The hypothesis caused concern among the marine science community because of the discrepancy with the 1976 Competition/Predation/Disturbance model proposed by Menge and Sutherland In this model, low disturbance influences high predation and high disturbance creates low predation, causing competitive exclusion to take place. Menge & Sutherland formulated a new model, one that incorporated Connell's ideas in a two part graph published in The American Naturalist (1987). This model proposes that predation, competition, and disturbance are all responsible for shaping the diversity of a community under certain circumstances.

Research regarding the effects of intermediate disturbance is ongoing. More recently, the intermediate disturbance hypothesis has been examined in marine and freshwater ecosystems and protist microcosms.

Support and critiques
Debates over the validity of the IDH are ongoing within the discipline of tropical ecology as the theory is tested in various ecological communities. Other evidence exists for and against the hypothesis. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis has been supported by several studies involving marine habitats such as coral reefs and macroalgal communities. In shallow coastal waters off of south-west Western Australia, a study was conducted to determine whether or not the extremely high diversity observed in macroalgal communities was due to disturbance from waves. Using a numerical wave model to estimate the forces caused by waves, researchers were able to determine that there was a significant relationship between species diversity and disturbance index; this is consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Furthermore, diversity was lower at exposed offshore sites where disturbance from waves was highest, and at extremely sheltered site where disturbance from waves was minimized. The study provided evidence that biodiversity in microalgal reef communities possess some relationship with their proximity to the outer edge of lagoon systems typical of the Western Australian coast. While this study may have been localized to the Western Australian coast, it still provides some evidence to support the validity of the IDH. Research using an individual-based, eco-evolutionary system demonstrates disturbance on small spatial scales increases species richness.

Additionally, a study done in the Virgin Islands National Park found that species diversity, in some locations, of shallow coral reefs increased after infrequent hurricane disturbance. In 1982, reefs in Kona, Hawaii were reported to have an increase in diversity after a moderate storm, although the effects of the storm varied with the reef zones. In 1980, Hurricane Allen increased species diversity in shallow zones of the Discovery Bay Reef in Jamaica because the more dominant corals were reduced; giving the other types a chance to propagate following the disturbance. Similar findings have been reported in shallow reefs in which dominant species of coral have suffered more damage than the less common species. While more long-term studies are required to completely support the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, the studies that have been conducted thus far have proven that IDH does have some validity while attempting to describe the relationship between diversity and the rate of occurrences of disturbance in an area. Moreover, a study was conducted in Fynbos, South Africa to test the intermediate disturbance hypothesis over different spatial scales ranging from 1 m^2 to 0.1 hectares. Fynbos is a place where fire is one of the most prevailing disturbance. However, the intermediate fire frequency regime had lower species richness than did the frequently burned sites. It was also found that community heterogeneity was highest at the least frequently burned sites and lowest at the sites that experienced an intermediate fire frequency.

Even though the IDH was designed for species-rich environments, like tropical rainforests, "most studies that evaluate the IDH are based on limited data with: few species, a limited range of disturbance and/or only a small geographic area, compared with the scale of interest". In this experiment, Bongers, Poorter, Hawthorne, and Sheil evaluate the IDH on a larger scale and compare different tropical forest types in Ghana. Their dataset consisted of 2504 one-hectare plots with a total of 331,567 trees. These plots were divided classified into three forest types: wet (446 plots), moist (1322 plots), and dry forest (736 plots). They found that diversity does peak at intermediate level of disturbance but little variation is explained outside dry forests. Therefore, disturbance is less important for species diversity patterns in wet tropical rain forests than previously thought. The number of species was about the same for each forest type, and wet forests had only slightly fewer pioneer species, slightly more shade-tolerant and an equal number of pioneer light-demanders compared with the moist and dry forests. Their results generally supported the IDH as an explanation of why diversity varies across sites, but concluded that disturbance is less important for species richness patterns in wet tropical rain forests than previously thought.

IDH has been subject to criticism since its inception but not to the degree that other species density hypotheses have been. Recently there has been a call for a critical reassessment of IDH. Criticisms have focused on the increasing amount of empirical data that disagrees with IDH. This can be found within approximately 80% of over 100 reviewed studies that are examining the predicted peak of diversity in intermediate disturbance levels. The rationales behind these discrepancies have been leveled at the simplicity of IDH and its inability to grasp the complexity found within the spatial and intensity aspects of disturbance relationships. In addition, many IDH proven circumstances have been suggested to be a reflection of skewed research methods based on researchers looking for humped diversity-disturbance relations only in systems where they believed it has occurred. Other criticisms are suggesting several subtle theoretical issues with IDH. First, while disturbances weaken competition by reducing species densities and per-capita growth rates, it also reduces the strength of competition needed to push per capita growth into a negative territory and reduce density to zero. Second, intermediate disturbances slow competitive exclusion by increasing the long-term average mortality rate, and thereby reducing the differences in the average growth rates of competing species. The difference in the growth rates between competitively superior and inferior species determines the rates of competitive exclusion; therefore intermediate disturbances are affecting species' abundance but not coexistence. Third, intermediate disturbances temporarily affect relative species fitness. However, no matter what the rate of disturbance is, the species with favored fitness will out-compete the rest of the species.

Several alternative hypotheses have been proposed. One example is by Denslow, who states that the species diversity in a disturbance-mediated coexistence between species is maximized by the presence of a disturbance regime resembling the historic processes. This is because species generally adapt to the level of disturbance in their ecosystem through evolution (whether disturbance is of high, intermediate or low level). Many species (e.g. ruderal plants and fire-adapted species) even depend on disturbance in ecosystems where it often occurs.

title: Intermediate disturbance hypothesis


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Talk:Regulatory regions

I made a stab at wikifying this page, but I'm not a biochemist. I tried to explain what I disocvered by Googling terms while still remaining true to the original author's informal style. It need much more fleshing out and some fact checking. --71.111.69.227 04:27, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

That was me. --KSnortum 04:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Regulatory regions


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Vinclozolin

Vinclozolin (trade names Ronilan, Curalan, Vorlan, Touche) is a common dicarboximide fungicide used to control diseases, such as blights, rots and molds in vineyards, and on fruits and vegetables such as raspberries, lettuce, kiwi, snap beans, and onions. It is also used on turf on golf courses. Two common fungi that vinclozolin is used to protect crops against are Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. First registered in 1981, vinclozolin is widely used but its overall application has declined. As a pesticide, vinclozolin is regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). In addition to these restrictions within the United States, as of 2006 the use of this pesticide was banned in several countries, including Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. It has gone through a series of tests and regulations in order to evaluate the risks and hazards to the environment and animals. Among the research, a main finding is that vinclozolin has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor with antiandrogenic effects.

Use in the United States
Vinclozolin is manufactured by the chemical company BASF and has been registered for use in the United States since 1981. The following is a compilation of data indicating the national use of vinclozolin per crop (lbs AI/yr) in 1987: apricots, 124; cherries, 3,301; green beans, 13,437; lettuce, 24,779; nectarines, 1,449; onions, 829; peaches, 15,203; plums, 163; raspberries, 3,247; and strawberries, 41,006. In 1997, two applications totaling 285 pounds each, were applied to kiwifruit in California to prevent the gray mold and soft rot caused by Botrytis cinerea. In general, the United States has seen an overall decline in the national use of vinclozolin. In 1992, a total of approximately 135,000 pounds were used. However, in 1997 this number dropped to 122,000 and in 2002 it was down to 55,000 pounds.

Preparation and application
The following chemical reactions are used to make vinclozolin: One method combines methyl vinyl ketone, sodium cyanide, 3,5-dichloroaniline, and phosgene. This process involves formation of the cyanohydrin, followed by hydrolysis of the nitrile. Vinclozolin is also prepared by the reaction of 3,5-dichlorophenyl isocyanate with an alkyl ester of 2-hydroxy-2-vinylpropionic acid. Ring closure is achieved at elevated temperature.

Vinclozolin is then formulated into a dry flowable or extruded granular. It can be applied by through the air (aerial), through irrigation systems (chemigation), or by ground equipment. Vinclozolin is also applied to some plants, such as decorative flowers, as a dip treatment where the plant is dipped into the fungicide solution and then dried. It is also common to spray a vinclozolin solution using thermal foggers in greenhouses.

History of regulations in the US
All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be registered by U.S. EPA. Pesticides that were first registered before November 1, 1984, were reregistered so that they can be retested using the now more advanced methods. Because vinclozolin was released in 1981, it has gone through both preliminary and a subsequent reregistration. Below is a list of the history of regulations for vinclozolin:
 * A Data Call-In (DCI), requiring data on product and residue chemistry, toxicity, environmental fate, and ecological effects, have been requested in 1991, 1995 and 1996.
 * Agricultural Data Call-In (AGDCI), to estimate what happens to workers after they apply the fungicide, was issued in 1995.
 * In April 1997, BASF proposed a new use for vinclozolin and thus all risks were reevaluated under the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA).
 * In June 1998 the EPA put a new safety factor on vinclozolin. BASF voluntarily cancelled vinclozolin use on some fruits and turf.
 * On July 18, 2000 the EPA established that certain meat, bean and dairy products have a 3-year time-limited tolerances for vinclozolin and its metabolites. This led to a phase-out of most domestic food uses for vinclozolin. In September 2000, the EPA received objections to the issued tolerance for beans.
 * Other measures that BASF has taken to reduce risks: cancel use on decorative plants and set up new restrictions on turf which state that the application to turf restricted to golf courses and industrial sites.
 * BASF has proposed to immediately eliminate or phase-out uses such that only use on canola and turf will remain after 2004.

Means of exposure
The U.S. EPA has examined dietary (food and water), non-dietary, and occupational exposure to vinclozolin or its metabolites. In general, fungicides have been shown to circulate through the water and air, and it possible for them to end up on untreated foods after application. Consumers alone cannot easily reduce their exposure because fungicides are not removed from produce that is washed with tap water. A key example of exposure to vinclozolin is through wine grapes which is considered to account for about 2% of total vinclozolin exposure. It has been determined that people may be exposed to residues of vinclozolin and its metabolites containing the 3,5-dichloroaniline moiety (3,5-DCA) through diet, and thus tolerance limits have been established for each crop. Although vinclozolin is not registered for use by homeowners, it is still possible for people to come into contact with the fungicide and its residues. For example, golfers playing on treated golf courses, and families playing on sod which has been previously treated may be at risk for exposure. Occupationally, workers can be exposed to vinclozolin while doing activities such as loading and mixing.

Antiandrogen
As part of the reregistration process, the U.S. EPA reviewed all toxicity studies on vinclozolin. The main effect induced by vinclozolin is related to its antiandrogenic activity and its ability to act as a competitive antagonist of the androgen receptor. Vinclozolin can mimic male hormones, like testosterone, and bind to androgen receptors, while not necessarily activating those receptors properly. There is evidence that vinclozolin itself binds weakly to the androgen receptor but that at least two of its metabolites are responsible for much of the antiandrogenic activity. When male rats were given low dose levels (>3 mg/kg/day) of vinclozolin, effects such as decreased prostate weight, weight reduction in sex organs, nipple development, and decreased ano-genital distance were noted. At higher dose levels, male sex organ weight decreased further, and sex organ malformations were seen, such as reduced penis size, the appearance of vaginal pouches and hypospadias. In the rat model, it has been shown that the antiandrogenic effects of vinclozolin are most prominent during the developmental stages. In utero, this sensitive period of fetal development occurs between gestation days 16-17. Embryonic exposure to vinclozolin can influence sexual differentiation, gonadal formation, and reproductive functions. In bird models, vinclozolin and its metabolites were shown in vitro and in vivo to inhibit androgen receptor binding and gene expression. Vinclozolin caused reduced egg laying, reduced fertility rate, and a reduction in successful hatches. Androgens also play a role in puberty, and it has been shown an antiandrogen like vinclozolin can delay pubertal maturation. Antiandrogenic toxins are also known to alter sexual differentiation and reproduction in the rabbit model. Male rabbits exposed to vinclozolin in utero or during infancy did not show a sexual interest in females or did not ejaculate. Since the androgen receptor is widely conserved across species lines, antiandrogenic effects would be expected in humans. In vertebrates, vinclozolin also acts as a neuroendocrine disruptor, affecting behaviors tied to locomotion, cognition, and anxiety.

Progesterone and estrogen effects in rats
In rats, vinclozolin has been shown to affect other steroid hormone receptors, such as those of progesterone and estrogen. Just as with androgens, the timing of the exposure to vinclozolin determines the magnitude of the effects related to these hormones. In a study with rats, in vitro research showed the ability of two vinclozolin metabolites to bind to the progesterone receptor. However, the same study in vivo using adult male rats showed no effects. When mice experienced vinclozolin exposure in utero, male offspring exhibited up-regulated estrogen receptor and up-regulated progesterone receptor. In females, vinclozolin down-regulated expression of estrogen receptors and up-regulated progesterone receptor expression. This result causes virilization and the feminization of males and masculinization of females.

Transgenerational effects
In rats, vinclozolin has been demonstrated to have trangenerational effects, meaning that not only is the initial animal affected, but effects are also seen in subsequent generations. One study demonstrated that vinclozolin impaired male fertility not only in the first generation that was exposed in utero, but in males born for three generations and beyond. Furthermore, when affected males were mated with normal females, some of the offspring were sterile and some had reduced fertility. After three generations, male offspring continued to show low sperm count, prostate disease and high rates of testicular cell apoptosis. Other studies conducted experiments where rat embryos were exposed to vinclozolin during sex determination. F1 (first generation) vinclozolin treated males were bred with F1 vinclozolin treated females. This pattern continued for three generations. The initial F0 mother was the only subject that was directly exposed to doses of vinclozolin. F1-F4 generation males all showed an increase in the prevalence of tumors, prostate disease, kidney disease, test abnormalities and immune failures when compared to the control group. F1-F4 females also showed an increased incidence of tumors and kidney disease. Furthermore, transgenerationally transmitted changes in mate preference and anxiety behavior have also been observed in rats following exposure to vinclozolin. It has been reported that these transgenerational reports correlate with epigenetic changes, specifically, an alteration in DNA methylation in the male germ line. However, these transgenerational changes have not been successfully reproduced by BASF scientists, the manufacturer of vinclozolin

Links to cancer
The U.S. EPA has classified vinclozolin as a possible human carcinogen. Vinclozolin induces an increase in leydig cell tumors in rats. The 3,5-DCA metabolite is thought to possess a mode of tumor induction based on its similarity to p-choroaniline.

Environment
Laboratory test indicate that vinclozolin easily breaks down and dissipates in the environment with the help of microbes. Of its several metabolites 3,5-dichloroaniline resists further degradation. In terrestrial field dissipation studies conducted in various states, vinclozolin dissipated with a half-life between 34 and 94 days. Half-lives including residues can reach up to 1,000 days. Residues may accumulate and be available for future crop uptake.

Alternative fungicides
Since the phase-out of vinclozolin, farmers are faced with fewer options to control gray and white mold. The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station has carried out efficacy trials for gray and white mold. Research has showed potential alternatives to vinclozolin. Trifloxystrobin (Flint), iprodione (Rovral), and cyprodinil plus fludioxonil (Switch) control gray mold. Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) was as effective as vinclozolin in controlling white molds. Switch was the most promising alternative to vinclozolin for controlling both gray and white mold on pods and for increasing marketable yield.

title: Vinclozolin


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Contagious (song)

"Contagious" is a song by the Isley Brothers. It was released as a single from their 2001 album Eternal. The song was written and produced by R. Kelly, who was also featured on the song, and also features vocals by R&B singer Chanté Moore.

The video plays as a mini soap opera depicting a man who goes home and finds out his woman has been cheating on him with another man. The song is taken to another level during the breakdown of the song, where the two men, Mr. Biggs and Kelly, meet once again after their previous collaboration on Kelly's 1995 single "Down Low (Nobody Has to Know)" (although they also collaborated on Kelly Price's 1998 single "Friend of Mine"). In the middle of the second verse, Ron Isley goes down memory lane after saying "The down low happened to me all over again"; additionally, the third verse starts with Mr. Biggs asking R. Kelly "What the hell is going on between the sheets in my own home?", reprising their meeting in the Kelly Price song as well as the title of his own hit "Between the Sheets", and R. Kelly accuses Mr. Biggs (who recalls seeing him before) of mistaken identity.

"Contagious" rose to number 19 on the pop singles chart and number 3 on the R&B singles chart and made the Isleys the first group to score a hit in six consecutive decades on Billboard's Hot 100. The breakthrough helped their 2001 album Eternal go double platinum.

In 2002, the song won a Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Group, Band or Duo.

R. Kelly makes a cameo in the 2003 follow-up song "Busted" that is told from the prospective of Mr. Biggs and his current partner. In the video, he is seen returning the woman to Mr. Biggs's home before she is confronted about the affair.

Single track listing

 * 1) "Contagious" (Clean Radio Edit) - 4:27
 * 2) "Contagious" (Radio Edit) - 4:27
 * 3) "Contagious" (LP Version) - 5:46
 * 4) "Contagious" (Instrumental) - 5:46
 * 5) "Contagious" (A Capella) - 5:41

title: Contagious (song)


text:
Talk:California State Route 123

San Pablo Avenue
This avenue parallel with Interstate 80 is independently notable under the name San Pablo Avenue, since that is what it has commonly been known for many decades in the East Bay. State highway number pedantry, which few people in real pay attention to, should be given the amount of attention that reliable sources devote to the numbering of this road. Essentially every reliable source calls it "San Pablo Avenue", and so should Wikipedia. Cullen328 (talk) 06:07, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Do you have examples of these sources? --Rschen7754 06:17, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Sure, . This and this and this and this and this and this and this and this and this whole book published by UC Berkeley. I know that it is original research but I have spent a lot of time in the past 50 years driving along San Pablo Avenue and I have had hundreds of customers nearby. Everyone calls it San Pablo Avenue and nobody I have ever met calls it Route 123. Cullen328 (talk) 17:42, 11 September 2022 (UTC)
 * See Talk:California State Route 123/Archive 1. My request to rename this article to San Pablo Avenue back then failed. The opposition back then questioned the independent notability of San Pablo Avenue as a whole, and preferred that this article should only be about the segment that is designated as Highway 123. Zzyzx11 (talk) 10:09, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:California State Route 123


text:
User:Earck

I'm from Podunk. Beware the rougher urban districts after dark.

title: User:Earck


text:
Azadeh Moaveni

Azadeh Moaveni (Persian: آزاده معاونى, born 1976) is an Iranian-American writer, journalist, and academic. She is the former director of the Gender and Conflict Program at the International Crisis Group, and is Associate Professor of Journalism at New York University's Arthur L. Carter Institute of Journalism. She is the author of four books, including the bestselling Lipstick Jihad and Guest House for Young Widows, which was shortlisted for numerous prizes. She contributes to The New York Times, The Guardian, and The London Review of Books.

Education
Moaveni was born in Palo Alto, California, to Iranian parents, who left Iran before the 1979 revolution. She was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where she studied politics and history. At Oakes College, the center of the university's History of Consciousness program, she ran programming at Bayit Elie Wiesel, and served as editor-in-chief of the university's newspaper, City on a Hill Press. She received a Fulbright Fellowship, and studied Arabic at the American University in Cairo.

Career
Moaveni began reporting in Cairo, as a journalist for The Cairo Times, run by the human rights activist and editor Hisham Kassem, and later for Al-Ahram Weekly, where she worked with editor Khaled Dawoud, writing about the region and books. She first travelled to Iran as a journalist in 1999, reporting for Al-Ahram on the 1999 student uprising. She spent the next three years based in Tehran for Time magazine, first as a reporter covering youth culture and the Iranian reform movement, and then later as a correspondent around the region, covering Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Egypt. In May 2001, she reported on the Israeli withdrawal from southern Lebanon, and interviewed Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrullah. Based in New York for Time, she reported on diplomacy at the United Nations, and the inspections regime in Iraq.

Shortly before the US invasion of Iraq, Moaveni joined the Los Angeles Times, and reported the unfolding war and its aftermath for the paper. She travelled in the convoy of Ayatollah Baqer al-Hakim from Tehran through Najaf, as the Shia Iraqi opposition in exile returned to the country after the fall of Saddam Hussein. In the Baghdad bureau of the Times, she reported on the looting of the Baghdad museum, the political revival in Iraqi Kurdistan, and how the growing insecurity in Baghdad led to girls being kept home from school.

In 2005, Moaveni published Lipstick Jihad, a memoir that recounted her foray through Iranian youth culture in the restless heyday of the Iranian reform movement and a vibrant women's rights movement. A bestseller translated into multiple languages, the book remains a widely read core text in university classes across disciplines from Middle East studies to journalism to gender studies. It was described by Michiko Kakutani as "[The] sense of being an outsider in two worlds may have made daily life difficult for Ms. Moaveni, but it also makes her a wonderfully acute observer, someone keenly attuned not only to the differences between American and Iranian cultures, but also to the ironies and contradictions of life today in Tehran.

As a columnist for Time, she spent the next two years living in Tehran, writing about gender issues and motherhood. She collaborated with Nobel Peace Laureate Shirin Ebadi, and wrote her memoir Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution of Hope, published in 2006. The book was translated into over twenty languages, and recounts Ebadi's life story as Iran's first female judge, and her support of a revolution that stripped her of that role. It charts how human rights lawyers and journalists sought to change discriminatory laws throughout the 1990s using the court of public opinion. The New York Times found it "fast-paced, suspenseful, and spare", and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer called it " the most important book you could read this year".

Moaveni's book Honeymoon in Tehran, published in 2010, explores the disillusionment of a generation coming of age under the Ahmadinejad years. Through stories of meeting underground musicians, race car drivers, young radicals, and scholars, she explores "the cultural identity crisis and class frustration that pits Iran's next generation against the Islamic system". Booklist called it the "perfect blend of political commentary and social observation".

In 2014, Moaveni joined journalism faculty at Kingston University and taught as Senior Lecturer, while freelance reporting for Foreign Policy, and The Financial Times.

In late 2015, she published a front-page story in The New York Times on Syrian women defectors from the Islamic State that was a finalist for a Pulitzer in International Reporting. The story revealed industrial-scale recruitment of women by the militant group, and emerged from research Moaveni conducted for her fourth book, Guest House for Young Widows: Among the Women of the Islamic State. In 2018, Moaveni was named a New America Fellow.

As director of the Gender and Conflict Project at the International Crisis Group, Moaveni reported and conducted field research on women's militancy and peace-building, gender dynamics of deadly conflict, and inclusive peace negotiations. Her fieldwork appeared in a 2019 documentary about women fleeing Boko Haram, which followed her and a colleague working in displacement camps in Maiduguri, Nigeria, speaking to women who often sought to return to the group. The following year, she travelled again to northeast Syria to report in Al-Hol and Al-Roj detention camps, speaking to women and children formerly affiliated with the Islamic State.

Her report on their plight, and the refusal of Western governments to repatriate their citizens, has been widely cited in years of advocacy around the subject. Her piece about a lost orphan in al-Hol published in The New York Times, "This Baby Is Going to Die", led the newspaper's website for two days.

Moaveni is Associate Professor of Journalism at NYU's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute, where she runs the program in Global Journalism.

Books

 * Lipstick Jihad: A Memoir of Growing up Iranian in America and American in Iran, PublicAffairs, 2005 ISBN 978-1586481933
 * Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope, Random House, 2006 ISBN 978-1400064700
 * Honeymoon in Tehran: Two Years of Love and Danger in Iran, Random House, 2009 ISBN 978-1400066452
 * Guest House for Young Widows: Among the Women of ISIS, Random House, 2019 ISBN 978-0399179754

Awards

 * 2019 Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction, shortlist (Guest House for Young Widows, shortlist)
 * Folio Rathbones Prize (shortlist)
 * Orwell Prize for political writing, longlist
 * New York Times Notable Book
 * Maria Grazia Catulli prize

title: Azadeh Moaveni


text:
Talk:Galápagos (novel)

oversize human brain
This isn't worthy of placement on the article page, but I think it's an interesting opinion for readers to consider.

"the only true villain in my story: the oversize human brain"

Vonnegut's consistently proven himself something of a master of satire and sarcasm, and it is my opinion that this line is bitingly sarcastic. Consider how Leon suggests this, in that it almost seems as if he is choking, trying to reassure himself. I think Vonnegut wishes us more appalled than anything, and it is my opinion that he values thought more than a lot of things.

 * Well, it's closely related to the "bad chemicals" idea that suffuses Breakfast of Champions, so I'm not sure it's completely sarcastic. Vonnegut's own mother committed suicide by swallowing Draino, it is reported; I think he does recognize that the brain is at least sometimes its own enemy. --Rpresser 03:26, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

I think Vonnegut would be the first to admit that he didn't quite pull off what he wished to with Galapagos. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.103.81.34 (talk) 10:00, 2 October 2016 (UTC)

NPOV dispute
the paragraph in question is purely editorial in nature and should be removed/rewritten. --67.101.96.249 01:45, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it was from a book review and was introduced as such...

Fair use rationale for Image:Galapagos(Vonnegut).jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 18:37, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Galapagos.png
Image:Galapagos.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:38, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Kanka-bono girls
No mention to de Kanka-bono girls as characters. Certainly they are very important for the future of humankind in the plot. --87.222.96.183 (talk) 08:34, 27 June 2012 (UTC)

Stephen Jay Gould
In his 1989 book Wonderful Life, he says this about Galapagos:
 * Kurt Vonnegut's Galapagos (1985) is an even more conscious and direct commentary on the meaning of evolution from a writer's standpoint. I feel especially gratified that a cruise to the Galapagos, a major source of Vonnegut's decision to write the book, should have suggested contingency as the cardinal theme taught by Darwin's geographic shrine. In Vonnegut's novel, the pathways of history may be broadly constrained by such general principles as natural selection, but contingency has so much maneuvering room within these boundaries that any particular outcome owes more to a quirky series of antecedent events than to channels set by nature's laws.  Galapagos, in fact, is a novel about the nature of history in Darwin's world.  I would (and do) assign it to students in science courses as a guide to understanding the meaning of contingency.

I'm not sure if it is appropriate to mention that in the article but I thought I'd drop it here. Jstuby (talk) 20:17, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Galápagos (novel)


text:
Āryāvarta

Āryāvarta (Sanskrit: आर्यावर्त, lit. "Land of the Aryans", ) is a term for the northern Indian subcontinent in the ancient Hindu texts such as Dharmashastras and Sutras, referring to the areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and surrounding regions settled by Indo-Aryan tribes and where Indo-Aryan religion and rituals predominated. The limits of Āryāvarta extended over time, as reflected in the various sources, as the influence of the Brahmanical ideology spread eastwards in post-Vedic times.

Ganges-Yamuna doab

The Baudhayana Dharmasutra (BDS) 1.1.2.10 (perhaps compiled in the 8th to 6th centuries BCE) declares that Āryāvarta is the land that lies west of Kālakavana, east of Adarsana, south of the Himalayas and north of the Vindhyas, but in BDS 1.1.2.11 Āryāvarta is confined to the doab of the Ganges-Yamuna. BDS 1.1.2.13-15 considers people from beyond this area as of mixed origin, and hence not worthy of emulation by the Aryans. Some sutras recommend expiatory acts for those who have crossed the boundaries of Aryavarta. Baudhayana Srautasutra recommends this for those who have crossed the boundaries of Aryavarta and ventured into far away places.

The Vasistha Dharma Sutra (oldest sutras ca. 500–300 BCE) I.8-9 and 12-13 locates the Āryāvarta to the east of the disappearance of the Sarasvati River in the desert, to the west of the Kālakavana, to the north of the Pariyatra Mountains and the Vindhya Range and to the south of the Himalayas.

Patanjali's (mid-2nd century BCE) defines Āryāvarta like the Vashistha Dharmasutra. According to Bronkhost, he "situates it essentially in the Ganges plan, between the Thar desert in the west and the confluence of the rivers Ganges (Ganga) and Jumna (Yamuna) in the east."

From sea to sea
The Manusmṛti (dated between 2nd cent. BCE to 3rd cent. CE) (2.22) gives the name to "the tract between the Himalaya and the Vindhya Ranges, from the Eastern Sea (Bay of Bengal) to the Western Sea (Arabian Sea)".

The Manava Dharmasastra (ca.150-250 CE) gives aryavarta as stretching from the eastern to the western seas, reflecting the growing sphere of influence of the Brahmanical ideology.

Loss of northwest India
The post-Vedic period of the Second Urbanisation saw a decline of Brahmanism. With the growth of cities, which threatened the income and patronage of the rural Brahmins; the rise of Buddhism; and the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327-325 BCE), the rise of the Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE), and the Saka invasions and rule of northwestern India (2nd c. BC - 4th c. CE), Brahmanism faced a grave threat to its existence.

The decline of Brahmanism was overcome by providing new services and incorporating the non-Vedic Indo-Aryan religious heritage of the eastern Ganges plain and local religious traditions, giving rise to the Hindu synthesis.

Other regional designations
These texts also identify other parts of the Indian subcontinent with specific designations. The Manusmṛti mentions Brahmavarta as the region between the Sarasvati and the Drishadvati in northwest India. The text defines the area as the place where the "good" people are born, the twice-born who adhere to the Vedic dharma, in contrast to the mlecchas, who live outside the Aryan territory and Vedic traditions. The precise location and size of the region has been the subject of academic uncertainty. Some scholars, such as the archaeologists Bridget Allchin and Raymond Allchin, believe the term Brahmavarta to be synonymous with Aryavarta.

Madhyadesa extended from the upper reaches of the Ganges and the Yamuna to the confluence of the two rivers at Prayaga, and was the region where, during the time of the Mahajanapadas, the Kuru Kingdom and Pañcāla existed. The entire region is considered sacred in the Hindu mythology as gods and heroes mentioned in the two epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, lived here.

Political history
Kanyakubja or modern day Kannauj was a central city of Aryavarta and was used as capital-city from 510 CE to 1197 CE under Maukharis, Harshavardhana, Varmans, Pratiharas and Gahadavala dynasty.

The Gurjara-Pratihara king in the tenth century was titled the Maharajadhiraja of Aryavarta.

title: Āryāvarta


text:
Belmiro de Azevedo

Belmiro Mendes de Azevedo (17 February 1938 – 29 November 2017) was a Portuguese entrepreneur, ranked by Forbes as the 605th richest person in the world (2008), as well as the 3rd richest in Portugal, with an estimated wealth of US$ 2 billion. He owned a controlling stake in Sonae SGPS, one of the largest business groups in Portugal, which also operates in Spain, Greece, Germany, Italy, Turkey and Brazil.

Sonae is a Portuguese leader in real estate and retailing and also has investments in telecommunications, tourism, venture capital, and the media. In 2006, Sonae launched an unsuccessful hostile bid to control Portugal Telecom (PT), the number one Portuguese telecommunications operator.

Azevedo, a carpenter and a tailor's son from Marco de Canaveses, had a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Porto and an MBA from Harvard University.

Azevedo's shares were acquired to the estate of late banker Afonso Pinto de Magalhães who, through his bank Banco Pinto de Magalhães, fully owned Sonae. Magalhães put Azevedo in charge of Sonae during the turbulent years following the 1974 Carnation Revolution that culminated in the seizure of the company by the Government. It was the success in keeping the company running during these years, plus the also successful reclaiming of the company ownership, that led the deceased banker's family to cede the control of Sonae to Azevedo, but not before a protracted legal battle between him and the banker's sons, whom Azevedo accused of incompetence and cockiness.

He was married to Maria Margarida Carvalhais Teixeira and had three children: Duarte Paulo Teixeira de Azevedo, born 31 December 1965 and married to Nicole Katharina Gerkrath, his father's successor in the company business, Maria Cláudia Teixeira de Azevedo and Nuno Miguel Teixeira de Azevedo, who also followed his father's footsteps in the family business.

He died in the CUF Hospital in Porto, on 29 November 2017.

title: Belmiro de Azevedo


text: File:Princechaos.jpg

title: File:Princechaos.jpg


text:
Dental alveolus

Dental alveoli (singular alveolus) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connects the roots of the teeth and the alveolus is called a gomphosis (plural gomphoses). Alveolar bone is the bone that surrounds the roots of the teeth forming bone sockets.

In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla, the premaxilla, and the mandible.

Etymology
1706, "a hollow", especially "the socket of a tooth", from Latin alveolus "a tray, trough, basin; bed of a small river; small hollow or cavity", diminutive of alvus "belly, stomach, paunch, bowels; hold of a ship", from PIE root *aulo- "hole, cavity" (source also of Greek aulos "flute, tube, pipe"; Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Russian ulica "street", originally "narrow opening"; Old Church Slavonic uliji, Lithuanian aulys "beehive" (hollow trunk), Armenian yli "pregnant"). The word was extended in 19c. anatomy to other small pits, sockets, or cells.

Socket preservation
Socket preservation or alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is a procedure to reduce bone loss after tooth extraction to preserve the dental alveolus (tooth socket) in the alveolar bone. A platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane containing bone growth enhancing elements can be stitched over the wound or a graft material or scaffold is placed in the socket of an extracted tooth. The socket is then directly closed with stitches or covered with a non-resorbable or resorbable membrane and sutured.

Pathology
The swelling of the dental alveoli can result in alveolitis, causing pain and discomfort to the mouth.

title: Dental alveolus


text:
Lipstick Jihad

Lipstick Jihad: A Memoir of Growing Up Iranian in America and American in Iran (ISBN 1-58648-193-2) is Iranian-American writer Azadeh Moaveni's first book, published on February 4, 2005.

The book tells the story of the author's first-person experiences in Iran where she worked as a reporter after living in the United States her entire life. The book is part of a growing movement of female writers within the Iranian diaspora, including such other authors as Marjane Satrapi, Firoozeh Dumas, Nahid Rachlin, and Azar Nafisi.

title: Lipstick Jihad


text:
Talk:Dental alveolus

Untitled
Saw the fake article on the RFD list and created a simple stub on it. Someone actually in the dental business should expand on it. —Staeiou (talk) 11:38, June 5, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dental alveolus


text:
Canadian airspace

Canadian airspace is the region of airspace above the surface of the Earth within which Canada has jurisdiction. It falls within a region roughly defined as either the Canadian land mass, the Canadian Arctic or the Canadian archipelago, and areas of the high seas. Airspace is managed by Nav Canada and detailed information regarding exact dimensions and classification is available in the Designated Airspace Handbook which is published every fifty-six days by Nav Canada.

Canadian Domestic Airspace
The "Canadian Domestic Airspace" includes all of Canada and extends out over the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic oceans. It is broadly divided into the "Northern Domestic Airspace" (NDA) and the "Southern Domestic Airspace" (SDA).

There are three main differences between the two areas, the most important of them being that the NDA is designated as a "standard pressure" region while the SDA is an "altimeter setting" region. This means that pilots operating in the SDA will calibrate their altimeters to atmospheric pressure according to information available at airports and through weather services. Conversely, in the NDA, pilots calibrate their altimeters to 29.92 inHg regardless of the actual atmospheric pressure. This is done because weather information is not available for all areas of the far north, so it is better that all pilots use a standard setting in order to avoid collisions.

Another major difference between the NDA and SDA is that magnetic declination is not used in the NDA. Because the North Magnetic Pole is close to the NDA (and was formerly within it), magnetic declinations can be very large and changeable from year to year. This is further complicated by the fact that magnetic north wobbles every day in an elliptical path as much as 50 mi. For these reasons, "true" tracks are always used in the NDA while magnetic tracks are frequently used in the SDA for convenience.

The final difference between the NDA and the SDA has to do with the location of Class A airspace in each region. This is explained in more detail below.

Canadian Domestic Airspace is the second-largest air navigation service by volume of air traffic in the world, after the United States.

Airspace classes
There are seven classes of airspace in Canada, each designated by a letter (A through G).

 * Class A airspace exists exclusively between Flight Level 180 and FL600. Only aircraft flying in terms with Instrument Flight Rules may fly in Class A airspace. It includes, therefore, the Southern Control Area, the Northern Control Area FL230 and above and the Arctic Control Area FL270 and above. It may also include any other airspace so designated by the Minister on either a permanent or temporary basis.
 * For entry into Class A airspace, an aircraft needs a functional Mode C transponder and an IFR clearance.
 * Class B airspace is any controlled airspace between 12501 ft or at and above the MEA, whichever is higher, up to 17999 ft. Occasionally, Class B airspace exists in other locations, though this is unusual.
 * For entry into Class B airspace, an aircraft needs a functional Mode C transponder and either an IFR or a CVFR (Controlled VFR) clearance.
 * Class C airspace is usually a control zone (CZ) for a large airport. These areas usually have a 10 nmi radius and a height of up to 12,500 ft above aerodrome elevation (AAE).
 * For entry into a Class C control zone, an aircraft needs a functional Mode C transponder and an ATC clearance.
 * Class D airspace is usually a control zone for smaller airports or aerodromes that has a 5 nmi radius and a height of 3000 ft AAE. Airports in extremely busy airspace may have only a 3 nmi radius control zone.
 * For entry into a Class D control zone, an aircraft needs to contact ATC. Some Class D control zones require transponders, and NORDO flight is not permitted at night in a Class D zone.
 * Class E airspace is used for low-level flight routes and for aerodromes with very little traffic. ATC is available, but is not required. Some Class D control zones change to Class E at night if the control tower shuts down. It is also high level controlled airspace above FL600. See Other Important Features Below
 * Any aircraft may fly in Class E airspace.
 * Class F airspace is special use airspace. Any Class F zone will be designated either CYR, CYD, or CYA. CYR stands for restricted, CYD means danger (usually used for CYR areas over international waters), and CYA stands for advisory. CYA zones will also have a letter identifying the type of activity in the zone: A – aerobatics, F – aircraft testing, H – hang gliding, M – military, P – parachuting, S – soaring, T – training.
 * For entry into a CYR or CYD zone, an aircraft needs the permission of the operating authority. Pilots may enter CYA zones at their discretion, but are encouraged to avoid them unless taking part in the activity.
 * Any airspace that is not designated is Class G airspace. This airspace is uncontrolled, and ATC is not usually available (though exceptions are made).
 * Any aircraft may fly in Class G airspace.

Airspace classes A through E are controlled. Class F can be controlled or uncontrolled. Class G is always uncontrolled. Airspace is managed by Transport Canada and detailed information regarding exact dimensions and classification is available in the Designated Airspace Handbook which is published every fifty-six days by NAV CANADA.

Other important features of control zones and controlled airspace
Some control zones have unique procedures because of terrain or air traffic demands. These procedures are published in the Canada Flight Supplement. From the supplement "Class E* All high level controlled airspace above FL600 within the SCA, NCA and ACA. Also, low level airways, low level fixed RNAV routes, CAEs, transition areas or CZs established without an operating control tower may be classified Class E airspace." So uncontrolled airports like Sarnia (CYZR) and others may appear to be mischaracterized as control zones since the Canadian Air Regulations (CARs) define a CZ as "controlled airspace that is so specified in the Designated Airspace Handbook (DAH) and that extends upwards vertically from the surface of the earth up to and including 3,000 feet AGL, unless otherwise specified" in that handbook.

However, this apparent conflict is resolved since the DAH is specifically authorized to define airspace classification. The CARs definition of controlled airspace is "...within which air traffic control service is provided;". So when air traffic control is not provided it appears it should not be a control zone. The DAH defines Class G airspace as "Airspace shall be classified G if it has not been designated A, B, C, D, E or F." There is actually no definition of "uncontrolled airspace" other than that, so by inferred definition CYZR is controlled airspace below 700 ft to 5 nmi beneath a Class G, transition airspace out to 15 nmi). The 700 ft is the base of this overlaying Class E transition airspace which is controlled up to FL125. DAH also defines "Class B, C, D or E equivalent" airspace but that specifically refers MTCAs which are military terminal control areas.

Bottom line is the CARs definition of CZ and controlled airspace specifically allows the DAH to further define certain "Class E uncontrolled airports" as a control zone as long as they have at least one navigation aid and an instrument approach procedure that originates in Class E transition controlled airspace.

Another important feature of Canadian airspace is the air defence identification zone (ADIZ) that surrounds North America.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
The terminal control areas of the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon are located within Canadian airspace. They are as follows:
 * The class E airspace ranges from 6000 feet AGL to 12,500 feet within the area demarcated by a line beginning at 47.3325°N, -55.95444°W and ending at 46.93139°N, -56.12028°W, then running clockwise along a circle with a radius of 10 miles centred on 46.76306°N, -56.17417°W.
 * The Control Area for Saint Pierre is the airspace to 2000 feet (2000 feet AAE) within a circle with a radius of 6 miles centred on 46.76306°N, -56.17417°W.
 * The area above 12,000 feet is controlled by Nav Canada.

title: Canadian airspace


text:
Ana de la Reguera

Anabell Gardoqui de la Reguera (born 8 April 1977) is a Mexican actress. She has starred in telenovelas, films, the HBO television series Eastbound & Down and Capadocia, the Amazon television series Goliath, and the 2006 comedy ''Nacho Libre.

Early life
Reguera was born in Veracruz, Mexico. Her mother, Nena de la Reguera, was a Miss Veracruz who became a journalist and television personality. Reguera began taking classes in classic ballet and later began performance arts studies at Instituto Veracruzano de la Cultura. She left Veracruz to study at Televisa's CEA, and later studied with Juan Carlos Corazza in Spain and then in Los Angeles with Aaron Spicer, Lisa Robertson, and Joan Scheckel.

Telenovelas
Reguera's acting career began with her role in the telenovela Azul (1996) followed by Pueblo chico, infierno grande (1997), with Verónica Castro, for which she received the Heraldo award for best female acting, and Desencuentro which was her third telenovela under the direction of Ernesto Alonso.

Tentaciones (1998) marked her beginning with the production company Argos Comunicación. She was immediately offered a role in Tentaciones and Todo por amor, for which she received the Palmas de or award.

Cara o Cruz was the first telenovela to be co-producted between Argos Comunicación and Telemundo. Reguera played María Salome in the telenovela Gitanas.

Television
In 2014, Reguera was cast in the Netflix crime drama Narcos as Elisa.

Reguera played the role of Lorena Guerra in the HBO series Capadocia. It ran for three seasons, beginning in 2008. The series received good reviews and awards.

Other television credits include Eastbound & Down, Twin Peaks, Power, From Dusk Till Dawn and The Blacklist.

Reguera played the role of Marisol Silva in season 2 of Goliath as part of the main cast, and in season 3 as a recurring character. Season 2 aired in 2018 on Amazon Prime, while season 3 aired in 2019 on the same service.

Theater
Reguera participated in El Cartero, directed by Raúl Quintanilla, for which she received two awards from the Mexican Association of Theatre Journalists. She then played Desdemona in Othello and Danna in the play Nadando con Tiburones, alongside Demián Bichir and Alfonso Herrera.

Film
Her introduction to film was in Por la libre. Later she appeared in Ladies Night alongside Ana Claudia Talancón, for which she received an MTV Movie Award for 'Favorite Actress'. At the 40th Diosas de Plata Awards of the Mexican Cinema, she received the Dolores del Rio award. In 2005 she played the starring role in Gitanas which aired on Telemundo.

She is known for her role as Sister Encarnación in Nacho Libre. She played Sam Rockwell's wife Maria in Cowboys & Aliens.

She won a CANCACINE and Imagen Award for her role in Backyard, a 2009 Mexican crime film directed by directed by Carlos Carrera which was Mexican Choice for foreign film at the Oscars.

In 2010, she played the historical Josefa Quintana, a mistress of Mexican Independence War hero Miguel Hidalgo, played by Demián Bichir, in the film Hidalgo: La historia jamás contada.

Reguera played Carla in MGM's teen romance Everything, Everything.

She also appeared in Zack Snyder's film Army of the Dead and later also starred in The Forever Purge.

Other ventures
In 2006, Reguera hosted the MTV Video Music Awards Latin America. She also co-hosted the 2018 Latin Grammy Awards alongside Carlos Rivera.

Reguera has been the face of CoverGirl, to be one of the company's official faces.

Charity
In September 2010, Reguera founded VeraCruzANA, a civil association. VeraCruzANA supports the underprivileged community in Veracruz, Mexico. It seeks to generate employment by promoting projects and programs that contribute to the development of community.

In 2017, Reguera served as chair of the ONE Children's Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded by Claudia Pinto in the city of Los Angeles, which gave birth to Los Angeles en Mexico, a movement created by Reguera, Karla Souza, Kate del Castillo and Olga Segura, after the Puebla earthquake that hit Mexico on September 19, 2017.

title: Ana de la Reguera


text:
Halfmoon Bay, British Columbia

Halfmoon Bay (xwilkway in she shashishalhem) is a small community in British Columbia, Canada, within the shíshálh swiya (the lands, birthplace, or "Territory" of the shíshálh Nation), and Electoral Area B of the Sunshine Coast Regional District. The population consists of approximately 2,800 people, including a large number of seasonal residents. The community is named for the large scalloped bay on which it sits, which is sheltered by South Thormanby Island and Vancouver Island.

The community can be access via Redrooffs Road, so-named after a popular local resort which once featured a cluster of cabins, all with red roofs. Some homes are also located off Highway 101.

Halfmoon Bay Elementary School, the community's only elementary school, has 200–300 students ranging from kindergarten to grade seven. The school performs extremely well for one of its size, achieving BC Foundation Skills Assessment (FSA) scores above those of many private schools. Halfmoon bay secondary students may choose to attend one of the three local high schools: Pender Harbour Secondary, Chatelech Secondary, and Elphinstone Secondary.

Halfmoon Bay was once named Priestland Bay after the Priestland family who settled in the area in 1899. Its present-day English name comes from the shape of the bay.

Climate
Halfmoon Bay has a warm Mediterranean climate (Csb) near an Oceanic climate (Cfb)

title: Halfmoon Bay, British Columbia


text:
Phyllis Benjamin

Phyllis Jean Benjamin (30 August 1907 – 9 April 1996), Labor Party politician, was a member of the  Tasmanian Legislative Council in the electorate of Hobart from 10 May 1952 until her retirement on 22 May 1976.

Born Phyllis Allsopp, she married Albert Benjamin in Sydney on 10 March 1926.

In 1948, their daughter, Jill Benjamin, married Bill Neilson who went on to become Premier of Tasmania.

She stood for the division of Hobart as a Labor candidate when sitting member John Soundy retired on 10 May 1952. She won the division easily with 1,433 votes; the next highest candidate received only 563 votes. From 1951 to 1953 she was President of the Federated Association of Australian Housewives.

Despite her sex, Benjamin was reported as one of the "36 faceless men" reported to be in control of the Australian Labor Party in the lead up to the 1963 Australian federal election.

From 1968 to 1969, Benjamin was Leader of the Government in the Legislative Council, as one of only four representatives of her party in that chamber. She was the first woman to hold the position in any Australian legislative council.

title: Phyllis Benjamin


text: Category:Ukiyo-e

title: Category:Ukiyo-e


text:
Jackson Plan

The Jackson Plan or Raffles Town Plan, an urban plan of 1822 titled "Plan of the Town of Singapore", is a proposed scheme for Singapore drawn up to maintain some order in the urban development of the fledgling but thriving colony founded just three years earlier. It was named after Lieutenant Philip Jackson, the colony's engineer and land surveyor tasked to oversee its physical development in accordance with the vision of Stamford Raffles for Singapore, hence it is also commonly called Raffles Town Plan. Raffles gave his instructions in November 1822, the plan was then drawn up in late 1822 or early 1823 and published in 1828. It is the earliest extant plan for the town of Singapore, but not an actual street map of Singapore as it existed in 1822 or 1827 since the plan is an idealised scheme of how Singapore may be organised that was not fully realised. Nevertheless, it served as a guide for the development of Singapore in its early days, and the effect of the general layout of the plan is still observable to this day.

The plan is currently on display in the Singapore History Gallery at the National Museum of Singapore.

Origin
Sir Stamford Raffles founded the colony in 1819, and before he left Singapore, he wrote to William Farquhar giving instructions on how the colony may be organised. Farquhar governed Singapore from 1819 until 1823, and with limited funds, he chose a pragmatic approach to allow the colony to flourish. Under the sheer volume of trade that passed through her port, some instructions were disregarded and the town grew haphazardly. Upon his final return to colony in October 1822, Raffles was displeased by the disorderliness of the town and that Farquhar had not followed closely the instructions he gave. For example, Farquhar allowed merchants to encroach on designated government area – he permitted the erection of houses and godowns on the Padang and on the nearby banks of the Singapore River, within an area Raffles specified not to be permanently appropriated by individuals. In response, Raffles formed a Town Committee, consisting of a merchant, Alexander Laurie Johnston; a civil servant George Bonham; and Captain Charles Edward Davis of the Bengal Native Infantry, who acted as president of the committee. They were assisted by Lieutenant Philip Jackson who drew up the layout plan of the city according to Raffles' instructions.

Raffles' instructions
Raffles issued his set of instructions to the committee on 4 November 1822, some of which are as follows:

 * 1) The area between the Old Lines (a ruined city wall of ancient Singapore still visible in Raffles' time, roughly where Stamford Road now lies) and the Singapore River including a space up to 200 yard east of the Old Lines (i.e. up to where Bras Basah Road is now located) would be reserved for government use.
 * 2) The European area would be located to the east of the cantonment (the government area) as far as the ground that belonged to the Sultan. The area of the cantonment facing the sea and area southwest of the river between Circular Road and Telok Ayer Bay would be used for commerce by European and other merchants.
 * 3) Raffles expected that the Chinese would form the largest community, a large area south west of the Singapore River was therefore reserved for the Chinese except for the area intended for commercial use.  The Indians would be settled further up the river.
 * 4) The Bugis (who had already settled in Kampong Glam to the mouth of the Rochor River) and the Arabs were to be allocated areas next to the Sultan's ground.  Raffles did not believe that there would be large number of Malay settlers, but thought that they may settle at the upper banks of the river, small bays and inlets.
 * 5) The sea front would be reserved for public purposes.
 * 6) In addition to allocating land, Raffles also gave other suggestions, for example where the market should be moved to (this became the Telok Ayer Market), and that burial grounds should be placed some distance away from the town. Raffles also stipulated that the streets and buildings should be arranged in a uniform and regular manner, for example the streets should have a minimum width and intersect at right angle, and that there should be an exact number of houses on each street. His recommendations included the material as well as features of the buildings.

Raffles' instructions were incorporated into the plan, although not all of these were implemented. The committee consulted representatives from the Malay, Chinese, Bugis, Javanese, and Arab communities on the proposed resettlement of the population into their respective areas. The plan was drawn up some time in December 1822 or January 1823, and it was first published in an article by John Crawfurd as an engraving made in June 1828.

Overall layout
The plan is an idealised scheme of how Singapore may be arranged; the streets of the colony were laid out for the large part in a grid pattern, but taking into account the curves of the seashore and rivers as well as the topology of the hills. A map of 1825 shows that the actual layout of the town at that time was irregular to the south of the river, and the streets in grid pattern on the south side of the Singapore River (the Chinese kampong) shown in the Jackson Plan did not yet exist. The area west of South Bridge Road was still an undeveloped marshy land in a survey conducted by Coleman in 1829 and published in 1836, but had built up according to the maps of John Turnbull Thomson from 1846. The attempt to arrange the streets in a more regular pattern is also evident in the maps of 1836 and 1846.

Administrative and commercial zones
The area west of the European Town to the Singapore river between the Fort Canning Hill and the sea was reserved for government use, and the area on the southeast of the river designated the commercial district. Although some European merchants had constructed buildings in the area designated for government and public use before the Jackson Plan was implemented, further such privately owned buildings were not permitted. Nevertheless, the rule was still ignored for a while, for example, the Old Parliament House was originally built as a private home, but was then later acquired by the colonial government. The area now has a high concentration of public and government buildings, including Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall, National Gallery, Asian Civilisations Museum, St Andrew's Cathedral, The Arts House, as well as the Parliament House and the Supreme Court of Singapore.

The south bank of the Singapore River however was marshy and would only have become suitable for commercial purposes after the marshy land was filled in and the river embanked. A small hill once existed between what is now Raffles Place and Battery Road; under the personal supervision of Raffles in 1823, the hill was levelled, and its soil used to fill and reclaim the marshy land just to the southwest of the River. The level of Battery Road was raised, and the river bank was embanked to become the Boat Quay and the Circular Road area. An open space with a garden in the middle was created, which became the Commercial Square, later renamed Raffles Place in Raffles' honour. This section remains the financial hub of Singapore today, and together with the administrative area and other areas in the plan, evolved into the present-day Downtown Core.

Ethnic areas
The plan of Singapore divided the town into ethnic functional subdivisions. These ethnic residential areas were to be segregated into four areas.

European Town had residents who consisted of European traders, Eurasians and wealthy Asians. An area south of the Singapore River was designated the Chinese Kampong; the Chinese area was originally further down the river, but was moved up the river to make way for the new commercial district, and this Chinese district evolved into the present-day Chinatown. The Indian area, called Chuliah Kampong, was located further up the river next to the Chinese zone (the Indians however would later also settle in another area north of the river now called Little India). Kampong Glam consisted of Muslims, ethnic Malays and Arabs who had migrated to Singapore, and was further divided into three parts, for the Bugis, the Arabs and an area for the Sultan.

The division however appeared not to be strictly enforced, as may be indicated by the presence of Nagore Durgha, Al-Abrar and Jamae mosques in the Chinese Kampong with the Chinese temple Thian Hock Keng located next to Nagore Durgha. A area marked "Kling Chapel" nearer to the Indian area was reserved for an Indian place of worship, although the Indian mosques and Sri Mariamman Temple were built within the Chinese zone. The concept of different ethnic zones would be abandoned, but the distinction of each district is still noticeable to the present day.

Architecture
In addition to his proposal for the layout of the town of Singapore, Raffles also made recommendations on how the buildings may be constructed. Among many of Raffles' recommendations are that houses should be built with masonry and roof tiles to reduce fire risk. He also proposed that these buildings should have uniform and regular facades and that they should have a continuous sheltered public walkway at the front. This proposal produced the distinctive five foot ways of the local architecture of Singapore and Malaysia where by-laws were enacted requiring such walkways, and it also spread to other countries including parts of Thailand and the Philippines as well as Taiwan, Hong Kong and the port cities of southern China.

title: Jackson Plan


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of the 30 Most Influential Women of the Millennium

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:29, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

List of the 30 Most Influential Women of the Millennium
The personal opinion of the person who runs a non-notable website which we don't have an article on. The title also switches between "the 30 Most Influential" to "30 of the Most Influential". RickK 04:44, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete The source is not-notable and therefore the list itself isn't notable. This list itself is also POV.  The title gives the appearance that Wikipedia knows in some objective way which 30 women out of the billions that lived over the last thousand years were the most influential.Tobycat 05:11, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for above reasons. Postdlf 05:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Tobycat's reasoning. - DS1953 05:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete ditto. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 06:36, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per Tobycat --nixie 07:22, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If this was Time Magazine's list, or some other notable organisation, then it would be worth keeping with the source in the title - since then it wouldn't be our POV, it would be repeating someone notable's POV. However, a list produced by an organisation that appears to exist only on one obscure webpage is not. Average Earthman 08:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Delete' per Toby and Average Earthman. Mgm|(talk) 10:13, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Some fairly remakable choices and omissions in this list, too. No Queen Victoria or Elizabeth I, no Marie Curie, no Florence Nightingale, no Margaret Thatcher, no Indira Gandhi, no Joan of Arc, no Elizabeth Fry... no offence to Pauli Murray, but... Grutness...  wha?  10:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete personal speculation Fornadan (t) 11:33, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Just somebody's opinion, and a rather odd opinion it is, too (the omissions pointed out by Grutness are startling). Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:53, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, amusing but unencyclopedic listcruft. (And what about Pearl Buck, Georgia O'Keefe, Barbara McClintock, Margaret Sanger, Elizabeth Barrett Browning... And how do you compare the "influence" of a queen to that of a writer?) Dpbsmith (talk) 19:39, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
File:Adventure Island (NES) gameplay.gif

Description
A shot of the first level of Adventure Island (video game) for NES, in which Master Higgins is skateboarding.

Fair use in Adventure Island (video game)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) Hudson Soft has released no such images into the public domain, and a replacement image could not be created that would adequately provide the same information.
 * 2) The image is being used for no purpose other than to identify the subject of the article.
 * 3) The image resolution has been significantly decreased from the original, so copies made from it would be of inferior quality.
 * 4) The use of this image neither detracts from the game nor inhibits its salability in any way.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/4th Grade (South Park)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:58, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

4th Grade (South Park)
Hopelessly unencyclopedic. Might be able to merge some of this into an article on a specific episode... -- Barfooz  (talk)  04:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep It was an episode of South Park, and its in an established Wikipedia Category. The article just needs to be cleaned up a little, which I'll start on once its decided to keep or delete. Conradrock 05:34, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I just refurbished the article. It was apparently intended to be an episode summary for South Park so that's what I turned it into.  Many of the show's episodes have individual articles.  There's even a navigation template between them.  I've added content, added the template, and a stub notice as more could be added.  I think it's now a keeper.Tobycat 05:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep because someone seems to be going to the pointless trouble of writing articles on all SP episodes. A colossal waste of time, IMHO, but now it's done it would be silly to have a gap. --Angr/undefined 06:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as many TV shows have episodic articles. It may be a waste of time, but we'd have to take back possibly hundreds of articles. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 06:37, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per Toby. Mgm|(talk) 10:15, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I actually know someone who referenced a Wikipedia article on South Park in a paper for a law class. -- BD2412 talk 13:19, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * And what grade were they in? sjorford →•← 13:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Third year law student, I kid you not - the reference was quite tongue-in-cheek. -- BD2412 talk 15:06, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * Keep--thanks, Toby. Meelar (talk) 13:51, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but inappropriate as a main article. A good example of why the mainspace should allow encyclopedic subpages. Keith D. Tyler ¶ [ AMA ] 17:20, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we could just make a tag to say "this isn't a main article"? Kappa 22:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User talk:Massysett

Thanks for AfD
Procedurally, your AfD on Python philosophy is exactly correct. Whatever consensus emerges on that nomination, I will feel good that it represents a general sentiment of WP editors. LotLE × talk 05:42, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Massysett