text:
Mercedes-Benz W125

The Mercedes-Benz W125 was a Grand Prix racing car produced by German auto manufacturer Mercedes-Benz to race during the 1937 Grand Prix season. Designed by head designer Rudolf Uhlenhaut, the car was used by Rudolf Caracciola to win the 1937 European Championship and W125 drivers also finished in the second, third and fourth positions in the championship.

The W125 was powered by a supercharged double overhead camshaft 5663 cc capacity 94 x inline 8 which produced 595 horse power (444 kW) in race trim. Its highest test bed power measured was 637 BHP (646 PS) at 5,800 rpm, with 245 BHP (248 PS) developed at a mere 2,000 rpm. In 1938, the engine capacity of supercharged Grand Prix cars was limited to 3000cc, and the W125 was replaced by the Mercedes-Benz W154.

The W125 was considered the most powerful road racing car ever for three decades until large capacity American-built V8 engines in CanAm sportcars reached similar power in the late 1960s. In Grand Prix racing itself, the figure was not exceeded until the early 1980s (when Grand Prix racing had become known as Formula One), with the appearance of turbo-charged engines.

The W125 reached race speeds of well over 300 km/h in 1937, especially on the AVUS in Berlin, equipped with a streamlined body.

In land speed record runs, a Mercedes-Benz W125 Rekordwagen was clocked at 432.7 km/h over a mile and a kilometre. This car was fitted with a DAB V12 engine (82 x 88 mm) of 5,576.75 cc (5.6L, 340.31 CID) with a power of 726 hp (736 PS) at 5,800 rpm. The weight of this engine caused the car to weigh over the 750 kg maximum limit, so it never appeared in Grand Prix.

Concept
Due to the uncompetitiveness of their W25 car, Mercedes pulled out of the 1936 Grand Prix Season midway through the year in order to concentrate on designing a car that would see them return to the top of the rankings. A new racing department ('Rennabteilung') was set up within Mercedes-Benz in order to work on the car. Rudolf Uhlenhaut, previously a production car engineer for the company, was selected to lead the design team in late 1936. Uhlenhaut had not previously designed a racing car, but had significant experience testing road cars on the Nürburgring race track, experience which allowed him to adapt his knowledge relatively easily to racing cars.

When testing the old W25 car, Uhlenhaut remarked that the suspension was too stiff, preventing the wheels from following the road. During the test session, a wheel came off the car, yet Uhlenhaut continued to drive the car as if nothing had happened. This stiffness caused the chassis to flex and the rear axle to bend by up to 7–10 cm (3-4 inches) under braking. The brief for the new car included a stiffer chassis and more travel on the suspension to avoid the problems experienced in the 1936 car.

Chassis and suspension
The W125 had a much stiffer tubular frame construction compared to the previous W25 model. This was achieved using oval tubes made of nickel-chrome molybdenum steel which flexed considerably less than the frame used in the W25.

The bodywork of the W125 was aluminium, which like its predecessor was left unpainted in its bare silver colour. This brought Mercedes' cars during this period (and rivals Auto Union, whose cars were the same colour) the nickname of Silver Arrows, the racing colours of Germany being silver (German racing colours were white but stripped paint to the aluminium for weight savings).

Engine and transmission
In the absence of any limitation on engine size (and only a 750 kg total car weight limit to work against), Mercedes designed a supercharged double overhead camshaft 5.7 litre inline 8 engine for the W125. Bore & stroke were 94 x  and actual displacement was 5662.85 cc. Utilizing a Roots type blower the M125 produced 632 lbft of torque at the start of the season. The engines built varied in power, attaining an output between 560 and 595 horse power (418-444 kW) at 5800 rpm- an incredible figure for the time. Fuel used was a custom mix of 40% methyl alcohol, 32% benzene, 24% ethyl alcohol and 4% gasoline light. The engine weighed 222 kg (490 lbs) - approximately 30% of the total weight of the car, and was mounted in the front of the car. The engine ran rough, but if it started running smooth, the crankshaft would begin to crack.

Like its W25 predecessor, the W125 used a 4-speed manual transmission. The gearbox design was changed to a constant mesh type, which provided better reliability compared to the sliding mesh transmission of the M25. In a constant mesh gearbox, the transmission gears are always in mesh and rotating, but the gears are not rigidly connected to the shafts on which they rotate. Instead, the gears can freely rotate or be locked to the shaft on which they are carried. The previous sliding mesh transmission required the gears to be spinning at roughly the same speed when engaged; otherwise, the teeth would refuse to mesh.

Racing history
The W125 made its first competitive outing in May at the 1937 Tripoli Grand Prix with Mercedes-Benz entering four cars. German Hermann Lang won his first Grand Prix motor race to give the W125 a victory on its debut and provide Mercedes with their first victory over rivals Auto Union since May 1936. The next race was held at the AVUS motor-racing circuit in Germany, a 12 mi long circuit consisting of two long straights of approximately 6 mi length joined at either end by a curve. As such, it was possible for a car to reach its top speed. Mercedes entered two W125 cars, a streamliner which was modified from the original design to increase its top speed on the straights and a standard car driven by Richard Seaman in case of problems with the streamliner. The streamliner had a top speed 25 km/h (16 mph) faster than the regular car. On lap three of the race, the streamliner retired while leading due to a gearbox failure. Seaman's regular W125 finished in fifth position. At the Eifelrennen held at the Nürburgring circuit, Mercedes entered five W125's, including one driven by Christian Kautz fitted with the new suction carburettor supercharger system. Kautz finished in ninth, while teammates Rudolf Caracciola and Manfred von Brauchitsch finished in second and third places. For the next race, Mercedes split their entries between two races which occurred within a week of another. Two cars were sent to the USA to compete in the Vanderbilt Cup, one of which was fitted with the suction carburettor supercharger used on Kautz's car, and three cars went to Belgium to compete in the first round of the 1937 European Championship. Richard Seaman finished second in the Vanderbilt, and third and fourth place were achieved in the Belgian Grand Prix. Following Seaman's success in the Vanderbilt with the new supercharger system, it was fitted to all of the W125s.

The following two races were also both part of the European Championship. The next round in Germany saw both Mercedes and rivals Auto Union competing on home soil. Mercedes triumphed, as Rudolf Caracciola took his first victory of the year and Manfred von Brauchitsch followed him home in second position. In the next round at Monaco, the positions were reversed as von Brauchitsch won and Caracciola finished in second. A third Mercedes W125, driven by Christian Kautz, took third place.

The non-championship Coppa Acerbo in Italy was the next event the W125 entered. During practice Richard Seaman crashed into a house and destroyed his car. Therefore, only von Brauchitsch and Caracciola started the race. During the race, Seaman took over from Caracciola and despite an engine fire, he finished the race fifth. von Brauchitsch fared better finishing in second position. The Swiss Grand Prix was the penultimate round of the 1937 European Championship. Like in Monaco, Mercedes W125s finished in the top three places, Caracciola taking the win with Hermann Lang in second and von Brauchitsch third. The final round of the championship marked a return to Italy, where at the Livorno Circuit, Caracciola held off teammate Lang to win the race by 0.4 seconds and become European Champion. von Brauchitsch retired from the race and took second place overall in the Championship. Kautz and Lang took third and fourth places meaning Mercedes drivers occupied the top four positions in the championship table.

The W125 entered into two non-championship events before the end of the season. The Masaryk Grand Prix in Czechoslovakia gave the W125 its final victory when Caracciola won the race, von Brauchitsch finished second and Seaman came in third. The race was marred as Hermann Lang had crashed into spectators on lap five, resulting in twelve injuries and two deaths. The final competitive race Mercedes entered the W125 into was the 1937 Donington Grand Prix. Rosemeyer prevailed, von Brauchitsch finished in second place and Caracciola in third while both of the other W125s failed to finish. The British ERA were outclassed, failing to get classified in their home race.

Retirement from racing
1938 saw changes in the rules, with the maximum limit on weight being replaced with a maximum limit on engine capacity and a minimum weight for the car being introduced; the W125 was no longer eligible for entry without major modification. Instead, Mercedes-Benz developed a new car, the W154, and the W125 was withdrawn from racing.

European Championship
(results in bold indicate pole position)

Non-championship results
†Seaman's car was destroyed in practice and did not start. During the race, Seaman took over Caracciola's car and finished fifth.

title: Mercedes-Benz W125


text: User:Dbenbenn/movies/good

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Dbenbenn/movies/good


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Noa Briqualon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge with List of minor Star Wars characters. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:28, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Noa Briqualon
Minor Star Wars character that appeared in only one movie. Only 43 Google hits, see. JamesBurns 06:24, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Take a stand against fancruft. And not just because he's an Ewok. :) -- Barfooz  (talk)  06:34, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * He isn't an Ewok, if he was played by Wilford Brimley :), but I have to wonder where all of this detail comes from. Merge into Minor Star Wars characters or something similar.  RickK 06:37, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into one of the various star wars minor character articles -SocratesJedi | Talk 06:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, no particular need to merge. Kappa 07:02, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Appearing in only one of the movies, shouldn't make any character minor per se, but the lack of Google hits on a Star Wars character suggest, the nominator is right about this one. Merge into the List of minor Star Wars characters or transwiki to the Star Wars Wiki. Make sure there's sources too. Mgm|(talk) 07:27, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge. — Phil Welch 09:43, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge The information isn't bad, but this really doesn't deserve its own page. Oracleoftruth 10:33, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I think this is 500% more interesting and important to most people than a random county in Kansas gren 10:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge at least people live in counties in Kansas (not that I like our myriad US geo-stubs). This does not deserve a separate article.
 * Merge. Minor character as per WP:FICT. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 10:56, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, minor character from the Ewoks TV movie, not one of the films. We don't have separate articles for the minor characters from The Simpsons, so why anyone would think this warrants a separate character I don't know. Average Earthman 20:34, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge freestylefrappe 20:24, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jade Jagger

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:55, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jade Jagger
Not notable in her own right. RickK 06:25, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, 68,600 google hits. Kappa 07:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, cleanup and expand. 68,000 hits makes this entry notable to me. Megan1967 09:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. may not be deserve to be notable, but is. Nateji77 09:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Dunc|☺ 09:52, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, agree with Nateji77. — Chameleon 10:41, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable - she shouldnt be, but sadly she is. no reason to get rid of. UkPaolo 16:22, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable in fashion named by Time Magazine as one of the 25 most influential people in fashion in 2002. Capitalistroadster 00:03, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep based on Capitalistroadster's research, if nothing else. Postdlf 17:12, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
List of extreme points of Brazil

This is a list of the extreme points of Brazil.

Latitude and longitude
The following points are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.

Brazil

 * Northernmost point: Monte Caburaí, Roraima (5.26958°N, -60.20962°W)
 * Northernmost town: Uiramutã, Roraima
 * Southernmost point: Arroio Chuí, Rio Grande do Sul (-33.75094°N, -53.39452°W)
 * Southernmost town: Chuí, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Easternmost point: Ilha do Sul, Ilhas de Martim Vaz, Espírito Santo (-20.49722°N, -28.84768°W)
 * Easternmost town: Vila dos Remédios, Fernando de Noronha (-3.845°N, -32.41083°W)
 * Westernmost point: Serra do Divisor, Acre (-7.53473°N, -73.98306°W)
 * Westernmost town: Mâncio Lima, Acre

Brazil (mainland)

 * Northernmost point: Monte Caburaí, Roraima (5.26958°N, -60.20962°W)
 * Northernmost town: Uiramutã, Roraima
 * Southernmost point: Arroio Chuí, Rio Grande do Sul (-33.75094°N, -53.39452°W)
 * Southernmost town: Chuí, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Easternmost point: Ponta do Seixas, Paraíba (-7.15475°N, -34.79301°W) - also the easternmost point of the Americas
 * Easternmost town: João Pessoa, Paraíba (-7.15778°N, -34.79389°W)
 * Westernmost point: Serra do Divisor, Acre (-7.53473°N, -73.98306°W)
 * Westernmost town: Mâncio Lima, Acre

Acre

 * Northernmost town: Mâncio Lima
 * Southernmost town: Epitaciolândia
 * Westernmost town: Mâncio Lima
 * Easternmost town: Acrelândia

Alagoas

 * Northernmost town: Jacuípe
 * Southernmost town: Piaçabuçu
 * Westernmost town: Delmiro Gouveia
 * Easternmost town: Maragogi

Amapá

 * Northernmost town: Oiapoque
 * Southernmost town: Vitória do Jari
 * Westernmost town: Laranjal do Jari
 * Easternmost town: Amapá

Amazonas

 * Northernmost town: São Gabriel da Cachoeira
 * Southernmost town: Lábrea
 * Westernmost town: Atalaia do Norte
 * Easternmost town: Nhamundá

Bahia

 * Northernmost town: Curaçá
 * Southernmost town: Mucuri
 * Westernmost town: Formosa do Rio Preto
 * Easternmost town: Jandaíra

Ceará

 * Northernmost town: Jijoca de Jericoacoara
 * Southernmost town: Penaforte
 * Westernmost town: Granja
 * Easternmost town: Icapuí

Espírito Santo

 * Northernmost town: Mucurici
 * Southernmost town: Presidente Kennedy
 * Westernmost town: Dores do Rio Preto
 * Easternmost town: Conceição da Barra

Goiás

 * Northernmost town: São Miguel do Araguaia
 * Southernmost town: Itajá
 * Westernmost town: Mineiros
 * Easternmost town: Mambaí

Maranhão

 * Northernmost town: Carutapera
 * Southernmost town: Alto Parnaíba
 * Westernmost town: São Pedro da Água Branca
 * Easternmost town: Araioses

Mato Grosso

 * Northernmost town: Apiacás
 * Southernmost town: Alto Taquari
 * Westernmost town: Colniza
 * Easternmost town: Santa Terezinha

Mato Grosso do Sul

 * Northernmost town: Corumbá
 * Southernmost town: Mundo Novo
 * Westernmost town: Corumbá
 * Easternmost town: Paranaíba

Minas Gerais

 * Northernmost town: Montalvânia
 * Southernmost town: Camanducaia (the southernmost urban seat of a municipality, however, is Extrema)
 * Westernmost town: Carneirinho
 * Easternmost town: Salto da Divisa

Pará

 * Northernmost town: Almeirim
 * Southernmost town: Santana do Araguaia
 * Westernmost town: Oriximiná
 * Easternmost town: Viseu

Paraíba

 * Northernmost town: Belém do Brejo do Cruz
 * Southernmost town: São Sebastião do Umbuzeiro
 * Westernmost town: Cachoeira dos Índios
 * Easternmost town: João Pessoa

Paraná

 * Northernmost town: Jardim Olinda
 * Southernmost town: General Carneiro (the southernmost urban seat of a municipality, however, is Palmas)
 * Westernmost town: Foz do Iguaçu
 * Easternmost town: Guaraqueçaba

Pernambuco

 * Northernmost town: Itapetim
 * Southernmost town: Petrolina
 * Westernmost town: Afrânio
 * Easternmost town: Goiana

Piauí

 * Northernmost town: Ilha Grande
 * Southernmost town: Cristalândia do Piauí
 * Westernmost town: Santa Filomena
 * Easternmost town: Pio IX

Rio de Janeiro

 * Northernmost town: Porciúncula
 * Southernmost town: Paraty
 * Westernmost town: Paraty
 * Easternmost town: Campos dos Goytacazes (the easternmost urban seat of a municipality, however, is São João da Barra)

Rio Grande do Norte

 * Northernmost town: Tibau
 * Southernmost town: Equador
 * Westernmost town: Venha-Ver
 * Easternmost town: Baía Formosa

Rio Grande do Sul

 * Northernmost town: Alpestre, Rio Grande do Sul
 * Southernmost town: Santa Vitória do Palmar (the southernmost urban seat of a municipality, however, is Chuí)
 * Westernmost town: Barra do Quaraí
 * Easternmost town: Torres

Rondônia

 * Northernmost town: Porto Velho
 * Southernmost town: Cabixi
 * Westernmost town: Porto Velho
 * Easternmost town: Vilhena

Roraima

 * Northernmost town: Uiramutã
 * Southernmost town: Rorainópolis
 * Westernmost town: Amajari
 * Easternmost town: Caroebe

Santa Catarina

 * Northernmost town: Itapoá
 * Southernmost town: Praia Grande
 * Westernmost town: Itapiranga
 * Easternmost town: Florianópolis

São Paulo

 * Northernmost town: Populina
 * Southernmost town: Cananéia
 * Westernmost town: Rosana
 * Easternmost town: Bananal

Sergipe

 * Northernmost town: Canindé de São Francisco
 * Southernmost town: Cristinápolis
 * Westernmost town: Poço Verde
 * Easternmost town: Brejo Grande

Tocantins

 * Northernmost town: São Sebastião do Tocantins
 * Southernmost town: Paranã
 * Westernmost town: Lagoa da Confusão
 * Easternmost town: Mateiros

Elevation

 * Highest elevation point: Pico da Neblina 2,994 m (9,823 ft) 0.8°N, -66.03333°W
 * Lowest elevation point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

title: List of extreme points of Brazil


text:
User talk:Turkishguy

Hey, glad to see another fan of Dunyayi :) That movie is classic! --Sherurcij 06:27, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem
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Image:Dunyayi kurtaran adam blue robot.jpg
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title: User talk:Turkishguy


text:
User:HannesKuittho

Scheduling Process Real Time

title: User:HannesKuittho


text: User:Dbenbenn/movies/bad

title: User:Dbenbenn/movies/bad


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jobs and Wozniak

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Redirect to Apple Computer. --Deathphoenix 19:18, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jobs and Wozniak
I should hope people are able to cope with only looking up one entry at a time. --W(t) 06:31, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Delete. -SocratesJedi | Talk 06:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Apple Computer. RickK 06:45, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Apple Computer. Gazpacho 07:26, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this substub is about the people, not the company. Therefore, I don't think a redirect to Apple computer is correct. I'd rather redirect to both the people, but that's impossible. Mgm|(talk) 07:29, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect as per MGM. — Phil Welch 09:42, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Apple Computer. I would rather have a redirect than somebody try to recreate this article again after it's deleted. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 10:59, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * A redirect doesn't prevent anybody from recreating the article. It's just another page that happens to say #REDIRECT, and can be edited into anything you want.Isaac R 18:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, do not redirect! This article is pointless, so would a redirect be. People can look up either person independently. UkPaolo 16:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I see lots of votes for "Redirect" but not a single justification for same. Isaac R 17:41, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, since there is an obvious relation between the founders and their company. In other words, the reason is implicit. --Sn0wflake 23:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Highly unlikely anyone would search for this term as opposed to either individual alone. Denni ☯ 01:28, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Redirect per RickK. -- Un  focused  04:57, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Denni. --Angr/undefined 05:34, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect. James F. (talk) 09:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete no redirect, nothing added by this title and nobody is likely to be searching for it. Links to Apple computer from both Jobs and Wozniak articles will be sufficient.Mozzerati 20:44, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Konzerthaus, Vienna

The Konzerthaus is a concert hall located in Vienna, Austria, which opened in 1913. It is situated in the third district just at the edge of the first district in Vienna. Since it was founded it has always tried to emphasise both traditional and innovative musical styles.

In 1890, the first ideas for a Haus für Musikfeste (House for music festivals) came about. The idea of the new multi-purpose building was to be more interesting to the broader public than the traditional Vienna Musikverein. In addition to the concert hall, the first drawings by Ludwig Baumann for the Olympion included an ice-skating area and a bicycle club. In an attached open air area, 40,000 visitors would be able to attend events. Although the drawings were not accepted, today an ice skating area is situated right next to the building.

The Konzerthaus was finally built between 1911 and 1913. The architects were Fellner & Helmer; the work was done in cooperation with Ludwig Baumann.

Performance facilities
The building is about 70×40 meters and had originally three halls, in which there can be simultaneous concerts, since they are sound-proofed. The original Art Nouveau building was partly destroyed during renovations and adaptions, but the building was reconstructed from original sketches in the 1970s. A historic organ was installed in the Konzerthaus by the Austrian firm Rieger in 1913. Between 1997 and 2000 the house was completely renovated.

 * Großer Saal (Great Hall), with 1,840 seats
 * Mozartsaal (Mozart Hall), with 704 seats
 * Schubertsaal (Schuber Hall), with 336 seats
 * Berio Saal (Berio Hall) was added during the latest renovations and seats up to 400 people

Program
The Konzerthaus has the Vienna Symphony, the Vienna Chamber Orchestra, the Wiener Singakademie and the Klangforum Wien in residence. Several subscriptions also include concerts by the Vienna Philharmonic and other organizations.

The Wiener Konzerthausgesellschaft also conducts several festivals during the year:
 * Early Music Festival Resonanzen in January
 * the Vienna Spring Festival Wiener Frühlingsfestival in April and May
 * the Internationale Musikfest in May and June
 * Wien Modern in the Fall

Directors

 * Hugo Botstiber (1913–1938)
 * Armin Caspar Hochstetter (1938–1945)
 * Friedrich Reidinger (1940–1945) (representing Hochstetter, excused for military service)
 * Egon Seefehlner (1946–1961)
 * Peter Weiser (1961–1977)
 * Hans Landesmann (1978–1984)
 * Alexander Pereira (1984–1991)
 * Karsten Witt (1991–1996)
 * Christoph Lieben-Seutter (1996–2007)
 * Bernhard Kerres (2007–present)

History
The Historic Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans of Austrian and Hungarian Soldiers was held at the Konzerthaus on January 12, 1918. Its patrons were Kaiser Charles and Empress Zita, with posters designed by Josef Divéky.

Awards

 * Zero Project Awardee 2023 - SommerMusikWoche – Inclusive Music Programme

title: Konzerthaus, Vienna


text:
American Boychoir School

The American Boychoir School was a boarding/day middle school located in Princeton, New Jersey, and the home of the American Boychoir. The school originated as the Columbus Boychoir in Columbus, Ohio. In 1950, the school relocated after receiving property in Princeton, New Jersey from the Lambert estate. The relocated school was renamed the American Boychoir School. It remained in this location until the sale of Albemarle in 2012. The school served boys in grades 4–8, many of whom came from across the United States and from many countries. It was one of only two boychoir boarding schools in the United States, the other being Saint Thomas Choir School in New York City. The school provided opportunity to boys from across the world to experience the rich world of music. The Boychoir toured across the contiguous United States, through Canada, as well as internationally, allowing students to gain diverse cultural perspective while performing at the professional level. The American Boychoir performed with numerous orchestras, frequently including the New York Philharmonic as well as the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra.

In 2002, the school was embroiled in a scandal due to allegations of sexual abuse of students by faculty and other students. The school served as the basis for a fictionalized choir in the 2014 film Boychoir.

From 2012 to 2015, the school's location changed multiple times due to declining admissions and limited funding options. In 2015, the school filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy and ultimately closed on August 15, 2017.

Choir
The American Boychoir performed in concerts across the United States and at international venues. On average, the choir made over 200 appearances in four to five major tours annually. The choir performed with the New York Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, The St. Olaf Choir, cellist Yo-Yo Ma, trumpeter Wynton Marsalis, and several opera singers including Jessye Norman, Frederica von Stade and Kathleen Battle. The choir had television appearances on NBC's Today show and was featured on sixteen recordings.

In the 2004–2005 season, the Boychoir performed at the 77th annual Academy Awards with pop singer Beyoncé Knowles and with Jessye Norman before the United States Open (tennis) women's singles final. The choir also had tours across the United States and Canada, an appearance in Boston and at Carnegie Hall in celebration of James Levine’s inaugural season as Music Director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and six performances with the Philadelphia Orchestra.

From 2013 to 2016, the Concert Choir completed several national tours (several to the Midwest and Southern states, California and the Northwest, Texas and the Southwest), and sang at festivals in South Korea and France. The combined Training and Concert Choirs contributed to Tim Janis' The American Christmas Carol at Carnegie Hall in December, 2015. The Boychoir was featured often by the Philadelphia Orchestra; highlights included Carmina Burana in October 2013, Bach's St. Matthew Passion in April 2015, and, most recently Mahler's Symphony 8 in March, 2016.

The American Boychoir was subdivided into two choirs: the Concert Choir and the Training Choir. The Concert Choir, last conducted by Fernando Malvar-Ruiz, performed and toured regularly while the Training Choir, last conducted by Fred Meads, was made up of first-year students who receive training in order to move up to the Concert Choir when they were ready. Boys joined the choir by auditioning while visiting the school, or auditioning after Boychoir performances at concert sites or after school programs. An alumnus could join the Alumni Chorus, conducted by music director emeritus, James Litton. Auditions were required for enrollment into The American Boychoir School.

School
The American Boychoir School was a non-profit, non-sectarian organization. The school did not discriminate in its admissions, scholarship programs or activities on the basis of race, color, national or ethnic origin, gender or religion, and was an accredited member of Middle States Association. Admissions were rolling and boys often joined the student body after the school year had begun.

The school's educational program was designed to be largely interdisciplinary, with project based learning (PBL) its primary focus. Classes were small (maximum of 12 students) and boys studied in self-contained classrooms with a grade-level teacher who delivered the Language Arts, Social Studies, and Science curricula in interdisciplinary "modules." 4th and 5th grade boys studied together in a class labeled the "Lower School." The goal of all student work was authentic, summative assessment of individual and group achievement, and boys regularly reported on their learning to audiences of their peers, as well as experts in specific fields outside the school.

Mathematics instruction at the school was entirely differentiated by student and delivered with mixed methodology which included direct and dedicated Mathematics teacher instruction, textbook interaction, and a web-based Mathematics curriculum (TenMarks) that was supported by a 1:1 iPad program. Each student studied Mathematics independently (with small group instruction when warranted and appropriate) and proceeded according to his own abilities and interests; as a result, within each grade level, boys may have been working below, at, or above-- sometimes far above-- grade level.

All boys received Latin instruction. The Latin curriculum emphasized grammar and vocabulary that supported parallel Language Arts development, and simple story translation.

All boys also received Music Theory instruction at one of four levels and all new boys received keyboard training for their first year at the school.

Physical education classes were held four days per week. All boys participated.

Many graduates of the school went on to the most competitive independent high schools around the country, including Interlochen Arts Academy, Phillips Exeter Academy, Phillips Academy, Lawrenceville School, Peddie School, St. Andrew's School, and Avon Old Farms. About 20-30% of ABS graduates went on to their home public high schools.

Academics on tour
The educational program was integrated with the Boychoir's touring responsibilities throughout the school year. Modules at each grade level were developed to take advantage of the routes the boys followed when they toured. Much effort was made to match the curricula with enrichment activities while on tour, such as visits to museums, historical sites, and environmental areas that illustrated and enhanced what the boys were learning. One teacher traveled with every tour.

Summer music programs
The American Boychoir had two distinct summer music programs: Camp Albemarle and The American Boychoir Experience.

Camp Albemarle provided choruses, a musicianship training program and a small group vocal instruction training program.

The American Boychoir Experience was for boys ages 9–12 only, and provided the experience of one week in the life of an American Boychoir School student without the academic classes. The week included choral training, music theory, in addition to traditional summer camp activities. This professional experience in choral training culminated in a formal concert. An audition was necessary to participate in The American Boychoir Experience.

History

The choir and school were founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1937, by Herbert Huffman who believed that "the experience of performing the great choral literature – and performing it at the highest professional levels – could have a profound effect on the academic, social and moral development of boys". Founded as the Columbus Boychoir, the group moved to Princeton in 1950. It changed its name to the American Boychoir in 1980.

Former choir directors at the choir school include Herbert Huffman (founder), Donald Bryant, Robert W. Haley, Howard Jewell, Donald G. Hanson, John Kuzma, Jim Litton, Craig Denison, Wallace Hornady and Nathan Wadley. The choir recorded for RCA Victor during Herbert Huffman's tenure before moving to the Decca Label during the Donald Bryant years, where the choir released multiple LP's including one with Bing Crosby. Later, the boychoir would release CDs on its own Albemarle Records label. (see complete Discography below).

From 1985 to 2001, the boychoir was conducted by James Litton, an expert on children's choral techniques and vocal production. Regarded as one of America's prominent choral conductors, Litton led the boychoir in more than 2,000 concerts in 49 states and 12 nations. Litton also introduced the changing voice and established SATB sections in the choir. He helped recognize that all boys should continue singing regardless of their voice change.

In 2012, the choir's longtime home, Albemarle in Princeton, was sold under the presidency of Robert Rund and the choir moved to the Princeton Center for the Arts & Education (formerly St. Joseph's Seminary) for the 2013 and 2014 school years.

On April 10, 2015, the school filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy stating it needed $350,000 to finish the school year and $3 million to come out of bankruptcy and open for the next academic year. On April 14, 2015, the school announced it would end the school year early, on May 17, instead of reaching the normal time for graduation, the second week of June.

The school reopened on September 1, 2015, and operated during the 2015-16 school year while working to satisfy its financial obligations and emerge from the Chapter 11 bankruptcy stable and able to move forward successfully. School operations were moved to the campus of Rambling Pines Summer Camp, site of the former Princeton Latin Academy. Rambling Pines provided classroom and office space, gymnasium space, and almost 200 acres of playing fields.

The American Boychoir School closed on August 15, 2017. [1 ]

2002 lawsuit and sexual abuse allegations
In April 2002, The New York Times reported sexual abuse which had taken place at the Boychoir School several decades earlier by Choir Director Donald G. Hanson and other staff. In court documents, the American Boychoir claimed that it had no duty to protect children in their care from sexual abuse and that children who were abused were themselves negligent for not bringing the abuse to light. One of the students who had claimed that he was victimized was constitutional scholar Lawrence Lessig, who has represented another student, John Hardwicke, in his lawsuit against the school. In its court filings, the school claimed that Hardwicke, then 12, had consented to sex and said that he was negligent in not reporting the incident at the time. Many other boys have now come forward and said they were sexually abused, either by staff members or other older students enrolled at the school. This alleged abuse occurred in the 1970s, 1980s, and into the late 1990s. The school adopted new policies to protect the boys from further sexual abuse, but paid over $850,000 in settlement money to one victim to avoid further lawsuits.

On August 8, 2006, the New Jersey Supreme Court ruled against the school's appeal of a lower court decision. The school had contended that the state's charitable immunity act protected it from liability in sexual abuse lawsuits brought by former students. The court found that the Charitable Immunity Act immunizes charities for negligence only; it does not bar statutory or common-law claims that are based on willful, wanton or grossly negligent conduct. The school's lawyers requested the New Jersey Supreme Court to reconsider the decision, claiming the ruling represented a major extension of vicarious liability. On January 5, 2006, then-Governor of New Jersey Richard Codey signed bill S540/A2512 into New Jersey law, ending the Boychoir's charitable immunity defense, and making New Jersey the 48th state to allow victims of childhood sex abuse to sue churches, schools and other non-profits for the actions of their staff.

Discography

 * I Hear America Singing (2013), Albemarle Records AR 1008, The American Boychoir, Fernando Malvar-Ruiz, Litton-Lodal Music Director
 * Journey On...Passport to a World of Music (2010), Albemarle Records AR 1007, The American Boychoir, Fernando Malvar-Ruiz, Litton-Lodal Music Director
 * ACDA concert, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with other choirs (2009)
 * St. Matthew Passion (2008), Kurt Masur, The American Boychoir, Westminster Choir College and the New York Philharmonic
 * Harmony: American Songs of Faith (2007), Albemarle Records AR 1006. The American Boychoir, St. Olaf Choir, and Alumni Chorus of the American Boychoir School. Fernando Malvar-Ruiz, Litton-Lodal Music Director; Anton Armstrong, Conductor; James Litton, Music Director Emeritus
 * Columbus~American Boychoir (2007), 70th Anniversary Compilation
 * A Princeton Christmas for the Children of Africa (2007), The American Boychoir, Princeton Day School Choir Madrigal Singers, The Princeton Girlchoir, The Princeton High School Choir, The Princeton University Chapel Choir, the Tartantones of Stuart Country Day School of the Sacred Heart, The Westminster Choir, and the Westminster Concert Bell Choir of Westminster Choir College, All proceeds benefit the UN World Food Program
 * Messe Basse (2004), Albemarle Records AR1005, The American Boychoir, James Litton, Conductor; Scott Dettra, Organ
 * Voices of Angels (2004) Albemarle Records, The American Boychoir, James Litton and Fernando Malvar-Ruiz, Conductors
 * The Lost Christmas Eve (2004) Lava/Atlantic Records 93146-2 distributed by Atlantic Records, Trans-Siberian Orchestra (The American Boychoir is heard on Track 5, Remember), Gold sales of this album were certified by the Recording Industry Association of America in 2005
 * Benjamin Britten: A Ceremony of Carols(2003), Albemarle Records 1003, The American Boychoir, Vincent Metallo, Conductor; John Charles Schuker, Organ; Barbara Ann Biggers, Harp
 * Lullaby, Music for the Quiet Times (2002), Albemarle Records 1002, The American Boychoir, James Litton, Music Director
 * American Songfest (2002), Albemarle Records 1001, The American Boychoir, Vincent Metallo, Music Director
 * Kurt Masur at the New York Philharmonic (special edition) (2001), The American Boychoir with the New York Choral Artists, The Philharmonic-Symphony Society of New York, Inc.; Kurt Masur, Music Director
 * Litton Live! – The Farewell Concert (2002) American Boychoir 103 The Concert Choir, the Training Choir, and the Alumni Chorus, James Litton, Music Director
 * Mass & Vespers for the Feast of Holy Innocents (2000), LINN Records CKD 152, James Litton, Music Director; Members of the New York Collegium
 * The Prayer Cycle by Jonathan Elias (1999), Sony SK60569, The American Boychoir with Alanis Morissette, James Taylor, Salif Keita, Perry Farrel and Nusrat Fateh Ali Kahn
 * Fast Cats and Mysterious Cows (Songs from America) (1999), Virgin Classics 7243 5 45368 2 3, The American Boychoir with James Litton, Music Director; Patricia Petibon, Soprano; Catherine King, Mezzo-Soprano
 * Christmastime (1998), Reunion Records 02341 0015 2, Michael W. Smith, The American Boychoir is featured on Track 3 Christmastime; Track 6 Medley: Sing We Now of Christmas; O Come O Come Emmanuel, Emmanuel; and Track 11 Carols Sing.
 * Wide Awake (1998), Miramax, Original motion picture soundtrack composed by Edmund Choi
 * Grace (1997), Sony Classical SK 62035, The American Boychoir with Kathleen Battle, The American Boychoir performs with Ms. Battle on Track 3, Mozart's Laudate Dominum.
 * Sing! (1997), ABS Recordings E-2200, The American Boychoir, James Litton, Music Director
 * Carol (1996), EMI CDC 7243 5 56180 2 3, The American Boychoir with the Albemarle Consort of Voices and orchestra, James Litton, Conductor
 * In the Spirit (1996), Phillips 454 985-2, The American Boychoir with Jessye Norman, David Robertson, Conductor, The American Boychoir is heard on Away in a Manger, Of the father's Love Begotten and Mary Had a Baby.
 * By Request (1996), EMI CDC 7243 5 55247, The American Boychoir, James Litton, Music Director, A collection of selections from The American Boychoir's tour programs performed either a capella or with piano.
 * Hymn (1995), EMI CDC 55064 2 9, The American Boychoir with Stephen Curtis Chapman, Twila Paris, the Albemarle Consort of Voices, and the St. Luke's Chamber Ensemble, James Litton, Music Director, Orchestrated and arranged by Ron Huff and Tom Mitchell
 * In Search of Angels (1994), Windham Hill Records 01934 11153-2, The American Boychoir featuring Patty Larkin, Jane Siberry, k.d. lang, Tim Story, and others, Soundtrack from PBS Special. Choir sings Jesus Christ, the Apple Tree.
 * Interview with the Vampire (1994), Geffen GEFD 24719, Original motion picture soundtrack, composed by Elliot Goldenthal
 * Lost in the Stars (1992), MusicMasters Classics 01612-67100-2, American Boychoir Chorister Jamal Howard sings the role of Alex in this recorded revival of the passionate musical based on Alan Paton's Cry, the Beloved Country, Julius Rudel, Conductor of the Orchestra of St. Luke's.
 * A Carnegie Hall Christmas Concert (1992), SONY Classical SK 48235, The American Boychoir featuring Kathleen Battle, Frederica von Stade, Wynton Marsalis, André Previn, Conductor of the Orchestra of St. Luke's
 * Trumpets Sound, Voices Ring (1991), MusicMasters 523153F, The American Boychoir with the Atlantic Brass Quintet, William Trafka, Organ; Thomas Goeman, Piano and Harpsichord, James Litton, Music Director
 * Trumpets Sound, Voices Ring (single CD version) (1991), MusicMasters 01612-67076-2, The American Boychoir, James Litton, Music Director
 * Dixit Dominus (1991), MusicMasters 01612-67084-2, The American Boychoir with the Albemarle Consort of Voices, and the Eighteenth Century Ensemble, James Litton, Music Director
 * Hymnody of Earth (1990), MusicMasters 01612-67058-2, A ceremony of songs for choir, hammer dulcimer and percussion composed and arranged by Malcolm Dalglish (b. 1953) with inspiration and lyrics from Wendell Berry
 * The American Boychoir On Tour (1990), Ocaso HR006CD, The American Boychoir; Thomas Goeman and Wallace Hornady, Piano, James Litton, Conductor, Selections from The American Boychoir tour repertoire
 * Leonard Bernstein, Chichester Psalms; Charles Davidson, I Never Saw Another Butterfly (1988), Music Heritage Society MHC 312514Y, The American Boychoir with The American Symphony Orchestra
 * The American Boychoir with Jessye Norman – Christmastide (1987), Philips 420 180-2, released on video, The American Boychoir with the New York Choral Society and the Empire Chamber Ensemble, Robert De Cormier, Conductor
 * On Christmas Day (1987), Ocaso HR002, The American Boychoir with the Cathedral Symphony Orchestra and the New York Vocal Consort, James Litton, Conductor
 * Go West Young Man, Michael W. Smith (1986), The American Boychoir and other choirs, Reunion Records
 * Britten Ceremony of Carols (1983), Pro Arte Digital, The American Boychoir with Ruth Negri, Harp; Harriett Wintergreen, Piano; Paul-Martin Maki, Organ, John Kuzma, Music Director
 * This is my Country (1983), Pro Arte Digital, The American Boychoir, John Kuzma, Music Director
 * Messiah (1981), Smithsonian Collection, The American Boychoir with Smithsonian Chamber Players and Normal Scribner Chorus, conducted by James Weaver. Soloists: Carole Bogarde (soprano), Elvira Green (alto), Jeffrey Gall (counter-tenor), Charles Bressler (tenor), and Leslie Guinn (bass)., Performed on original instruments; the only American men-and-boys recording of Handel's Messiah
 * Benjamin Britten War Requiem (1975), Kalvier Records, The American Boychoir with The William Hall Chorale and Vienna Festival Symphony Orchestra, William Hall, Conductor, First American recording
 * Felix Mendelssohn Elijah (1970), RCA Red Seal, The Columbus Boychoir with The Philadelphia Orchestra, Shirley Verrett, Soprano; Richard Lewis, Bass; Eugene Ormandy, Conductor., Robert Haley, Director, Recorded April 8–9, 1969. Released September 1970.
 * Leonard Bernstein Kaddish Symphony, Private Label (1966), The Columbus Boychoir, Donald Bryant, Music Director
 * Columbus Boychoir School 25th Anniversary Concert, June 5, 1965 (1965), Private issue, The Columbus Boychoir, Donald Bryant, Music Director, Live concert recording, Westminster Choir College
 * Columbus Boychoir Christmas Concert, December 1964 (1964), Private issue, The Columbus Boychoir, Donald Bryant, Music Director, Live concert recordings, Alexander Hall (Princeton), 12-inch LP recordings of excerpts from Christmas portion of Handel's Messiah (+Hallelujah), 10-inch LP recording of Christmas carols
 * Firestone presents Your Favorite Christmas Carols (1963), Columbus Boychoir with Risë Stevens, Brian Sullivan, and the Firestone Orchestra and Chorus, Donald Bryant, director
 * Family Christmas Favorites, c. 1962, Decca, The Columbus Boychoir with Bing Crosby, Donald Bryant, Conductor
 * The Columbus Boychoir, c. 1962, Donald Bryant, Music Director
 * Christmastime, c. 1960, Decca, The Columbus Boychoir with other choirs, Donald Bryant, conductor
 * Singing for the Joy of It (1961), Decca DL 74135, The Columbus Boychoir, Donald Bryant, Music Director
 * Joy to the World, c. 1960, Decca DL 78920, The Columbus Boychoir, Donald Bryant, Music Director
 * The Columbus Boychoir, c. 1960, Gothic, The Columbus Boychoir with the Princeton Chamber Orchestra, Nicholas Harsanyi, Conductor; Joanna Richard, Soprano; Rachel Armstrong, Alto, Donald Bryant, Conductor
 * Festival of Song (1955), Decca DL 8106, The Columbus Boychoir, Herbert Huffman, Music Director
 * Arrigo Boito Mephistofele “Prologue” (1954), RCA, The Columbus Boychoir with the NBC Symphony Orchestra, Arturo Toscanini, Conductor; Nicola Moscona, Bass., Herbert Huffman, Conductor, Taken from the broadcast of March 14 (1954)
 * Amahl and the Night Visitors, Original Cast of the NBC telecast (1951), RCA 6485-2-RG, American Boychoir chorister Chet Allen
 * The Lord’s Prayer; O Holy Night, c. 1950, RCA Victor, The Columbus Boychoir, Herbert Huffman, conductor
 * Favorite Christmas Carols, c. 1947, The Columbus Boychoir, Herbert Huffman, Music Director
 * The Columbus Boychoir – May 6, 1947, concert, Herbert Huffman, Music Director

Notable alumni

 * Van Dyke Parks, American composer, arranger, record producer, instrumentalist, singer-songwriter, author, and actor
 * Douglas Ahlstedt, operatic tenor
 * Chet Allen, child actor and singer
 * Anton Armstrong, choral conductor
 * Greg Lyne, American choral conductor, arranger, composer, and vocal educator
 * Cameron Carpenter, organist
 * David Karsten Daniels, singer songwriter
 * Lawrence Lessig, academic and political activist
 * James Westman, baritone

title: American Boychoir School


text:
User talk:BankyEdwards

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 06:35, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
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WikiProject LDS
Hello! I noticed you were on the list of members in the LDS WikiProject, and I was wondering if you were still interested in helping out there. You see, over the past few months, it appears that it has slowly drifted into inactivity. But you CAN help. Please consider doing both of the following:

 * 1) Take ONE thing form the To-Do list and do it. Once you're done with it, remove it from the list, and from the< >< >, so we know its done. Keep the page on your watchlist. We have a backlog going for more than half a year. Please help to work on it, and remove it.
 * 2) Vote on the LDSCOTF, and work on it!
 * 3) Tell your friends (esp. LDS friends, & esp. Wikipedian friends) about this WikiProject, and enocourage them to join (and be active).

Remember: your involvement in this WikiProject is just that - involvement! Please help us out.

(Note: I'm sending this out to everyone who's name was on the membership list, so I will NOT be watching this page for a response. If you want to contact me, do it on MY talk page, please.)

Thanks for all that you do -Trevdna 15:50, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Ping
Dina 03:58, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Info for the forthcoming Jim Ringer article
All Music Guide page

All Music bio (by Sandra Brennan): At one time, it appeared as though singer/songwriter Jim Ringer would be a major star; instead, he wound up as a cult figure with a small but devoted following. He was born in Yell County in the Arkansas Ozarks; during the Dust Bowl years of the 1930s, his family migrated to California's Central Valley. It was a rough life, and by 18, Ringer was serving a three-year prison sentence. For a few years afterward, he was a transient hopping freight trains from job to job until 1969, when he became a professional musician. Two years later, he was a hippie in Berkeley, where he and 12 other friends bought a 1948 Chevy school bus and formed the Portable Folk Festival; the group spent 1971 touring the country and performing. Near the end of the year, Ringer began performing with Kenny Hall & the Sweet's Mill String Band; he cut an album with them in 1972. That year, he also cut his first solo album, Waitin' for the Hard Times to Go, for Folk-Legacy Records. After meeting singer Mary McCaslin in 1972, Ringer teamed up professionally and personally with her, but continued to play individually too. In 1973, Ringer signed to Philo and released Good to Get Home. Two more albums followed in the subsequent three years. After he and McCaslin were married, they recorded a duet for Philo called "The Bramble and the Rose." Ringer signed to Flying Fish in 1981 and recorded Endangered Species, which produced the highly touted "Whiskey and Cocaine" and featured performances by the Dillards, the Burrito Brothers, and the Hot Band. He and McCaslin split up in 1989, and three years later, Ringer died on St. Patrick's Day.

Discography:

1972 Waitin' for the Hard Times to Go (Folk-Legacy) 1973 Good to Get Home (Philo) 1975 Any Old Wind That Blows (Philo) 1977 Tramps & Hawkers (Philo) 1981 Endangered Species	(Flying Fish) 1996 The Best Of Jim Ringer: The Band Of Jesse James (Philo)

Review of Bramble & The Rose: http://www.acousticmusic.com/fame/p01383.htm Mary McCaslin Site: http://www.marymccaslin.com/ Interview with Kenny Hall mentioning Jim Ringer: http://www.lineonline.org/kenny.html Interview with Dave Alvin mentioning Jim Ringer: http://www.omahacityweekly.com/article.php?id=1200 More stories about Jim: http://julianwinston.com/music/steel_wool.php

title: User talk:BankyEdwards


text:
Australian workplace agreement

An Australian workplace agreement (AWA) was a type of formalised individual agreement negotiated between an employer and employee in Australia that existed from 1996 to 2009. Employers could offer a "take it or leave it" AWA as a condition of employment. They were registered by the Employment Advocate and did not require a dispute resolution procedure. These agreements operated only at the federal level. AWAs were individual written agreements concerning terms and conditions of employment between an employer and employee in Australia, under the Workplace Relations Act 1996. An AWA could override employment conditions in state or territory laws except those relating to occupational health and safety, workers' compensation, or training arrangements. An AWA was required to meet only the most minimal Australian Fair Pay and Conditions Standard. Agreements were not required to include effective dispute resolution procedures, and could not include prohibited content. Agreements were for a maximum of five years; approved, promoted and registered by the Workplace Authority; operated to the exclusion of any award; and prohibited industrial action regarding details in the agreement for the life of the agreement. The introduction of AWAs was a very controversial industrial relations issue in Australia.

During a Senate Estimates hearing on 29 May 2006, Peter McIlwain, Head of the Office of the Employment Advocate detailed that from a sample of 4 per cent, or 250, of the total 6,263 AWAs lodged during April 2006 after WorkChoices was introduced, that: 100% removed at least one protected Award condition; 64% removed annual leave loadings; 63% stripped out penalty rates; 52% cut out shift loadings; 40% dropped gazetted public holidays; and 16% slashed all award conditions and only the Government's five minimum conditions were satisfied.[6]

New AWAs were banned under the Fair Work Act 2009.

Coverage
As of May 2004, AWAs had achieved coverage of about 2.4% of the workforce. Mining companies pushed the agreements with some success, offering substantial increases in pay to workers who chose to sign an AWA.

According to OEA statistics, as of 31 December 2004, 1,410,900 persons were covered under Union Certified Agreements, 168,500 under non-union Certified Agreements, and 421,800, or over 21%, were covered by AWAs. By 31 December 2005 this had risen to 1,618,200 under Union Certified Agreements, 185,300 under non-union Certified Agreements, and 538,200 Australian Workplace Agreements. Australian Bureau of Statistics figures published in March 2005 showed hourly wages of workers on AWAs were two percent lower than the hourly wages of workers on registered collective agreements, mostly negotiated by unions. For women, AWAs paid 11% less per hour than collective agreements.

"The most common methods of setting pay for all employees were registered collective agreement (38.3%), unregistered individual arrangement (31.2%) and award only (20.0%). Unregistered collective agreement (2.6%) and registered individual agreement (2.4%) were the least common methods of setting pay. The remaining 5.4% of employees were working proprietors of incorporated businesses."

In the federal public service the Department of Employment and Workplace Relations reported that as of 31 December 2004, out of 124,500 public and parliamentary service permanent staff, there were 11,085 AWAs (covering 1928 Senior Executive Service (SES), where AWAs are compulsory, and 9,157 other employees). The rest of the permanent staff were covered, as at 30 March 2005, by 101 certified agreements, of which 70 were union enterprise agreements and 31 non-union enterprise agreements.

According to a report in The Australian newspaper in March 2007, about five per cent of the total workforce were at that time employed on AWAs, with about 32 per cent of miners employed on AWAs, but this figure was much higher in Western Australia where up to 52 per cent were on AWAs. Rio Tinto pioneered individual employment contacts under the common law in the 1980s in Western Australia with productivity improvements of between 20 and 35 per cent, according to Rio Tinto managing director Charlie Lenegan.

Opposing views
The union movement saw AWAs as an attempt to undermine the collective bargaining power of trade unions in the negotiation of pay and conditions of their members. Unions argued that the ordinary working person has little to no bargaining power by themselves to effectively negotiate an agreement with an employer, hence there is inherently unequal bargaining power for the contract. For exceptional individuals in a workplace, or industries with a labour shortage, the union movement argues that common law contracts are sufficient. They also believe that while commercial law and common law provides for fairness and equality of bargaining power, AWAs were designed to entrench inequality between an employer and their workforce with regard to pay and conditions. The policy of the ACTU was that AWAs should be abolished and that the bargaining system should contain collective bargaining rights.

Most unions warned their members to be very cautious about signing AWAs, and if they did so, to appoint the union as their bargaining agent. For example, the Australian Services Union warned members:

"AWAs are about one thing: tipping the balance of power more firmly towards your employer and away from you."

In the Western Australian Parliament in May 2005, the Labor Minister for Consumer and Employment Protection stated his belief that AWAs were being used to reduce wages and conditions of employment in Western Australia.

The Howard Government and most business groups maintained that AWAs were mutually beneficial for employers and employees, often promoting the view that 'flexibility' is paramount:

"AWAs give employers and employees flexibility in setting wages and conditions, and enable them to agree on arrangements that suit their workplaces and individual preferences. AWAs offer an employer and employees the opportunity to make an agreement that best suits the specific needs of individual employees. An existing employee cannot be forced to sign an AWA."

In April 2007 The Sydney Morning Herald reported that it had received unpublished Government spreadsheets that showed 27.8% of the agreements had stripped away conditions that were intended to be protected by law. The spreadsheets were based on a sample of AWA agreements.

In response to ongoing criticisms of WorkChoices and AWAs, then-Prime Minister John Howard announced the introduction of a new "fairness test" with an advertising campaign in May 2007 targeting women and youth which did not mention specifically either WorkChoices or AWAs. However, the changes were not retrospective, leaving tens of thousands of workers on contracts that have removed conditions without the compensation that would be required under the current test. Howard stated:

"Can I just say that it was never intentional that it should become the norm that penalty rates and overtime loadings should be traded off without proper compensation. The fairness test will guarantee in a very simple way that will not occur."

On 19 March 2008, a bill was passed in the Senate that prevented new AWAs from being made, and set up provisions for workers to be transferred from AWAs into intermediate agreements.

title: Australian workplace agreement


text: User talk:69.231.85.97

title: User talk:69.231.85.97


text:
McWane Science Center

The McWane Science Center (formerly known as the McWane Center) is a science museum and research archive located in downtown Birmingham, Alabama, United States. The state-of-the-art hands-on science center, aquarium, and 250-seat IMAX Dome Theater is housed in the historic and refurbished Loveman's department store building. It opened to the public on July 11, 1998.

On the lower level, the World of Water exhibit showcases more than 50 species of marine and freshwater aquatic life. There is a touch tank with different species of small sharks and rays. There are also shark teeth that can be observed under a microscope and different displays about water pollution.

The Alabama Collections Center (on the second floor) is the home of more than 500,000 items from the former Red Mountain Museum and Discovery Place. The center houses precious minerals, fossils, and Native American artifacts, the most noteworthy including the world's fourth-largest collection of mosasaurs; the Appalachiosaurus (similar to Tyrannosaurus); and the state fossil of Alabama, the Basilosaurus cetoides (an 80 ft fossil whale).

For smaller children there is the Itty Bitty Magic City exhibit (on the second floor), featuring a climbing structure, a water play area, an area specifically for toddlers, and an area with smaller versions of common buildings in a city. The model buildings are all made to help younger children learn skills, or to connect with their parents. One example is a model grocery store where children can learn about the main food groups while "shopping" with their parents. The exhibit opened on May 16, 2015, and was a remodeling of an older early childhood play place with the same name previously located on the third floor.

The McWane Science Center is named after the McWane family and McWane, Inc., both of which helped fund the center. It was built on the site of the former Louis Saks department store.

title: McWane Science Center


text:
Bill Bowerman

William Jay Bowerman (February 19, 1911 – December 24, 1999) was an American track and field coach and co-founder of Nike, Inc. Over his career, he trained 31 Olympic athletes, 51 All-Americans, 12 American record-holders, 22 NCAA champions and 16 sub-4 minute milers.

Bowerman disliked being called a coach, and during his 24 years at the University of Oregon, the Ducks track and field team had a winning season every year but one, attained 4 NCAA titles, and finished in the top 10 in the nation sixteen times. As co-founder of Nike, he invented some of their top brands, including the Cortez and Waffle Racer, and assisted in the company moving from being a distributor of other shoe brands to one creating their own shoes in house.

Early life
Born in Portland, Oregon, Bowerman's father Jay was a former governor; his mother, Elizabeth Hoover Bowerman, had grown up in Fossil. The family returned to Fossil after the parents divorced in 1913. Bowerman had an older brother and sister, Dan and Mary Elizabeth "Beth"; and a twin brother, Thomas, who died in an elevator accident when he was two years old.

Bowerman attended Medford and Seattle schools before returning to Medford for high school. He played in the high school band and for the state-champion football team in his junior and senior years. Bowerman first met Barbara Young, the woman he married, while a high school student in Medford.

In 1929, Bowerman attended the University of Oregon to play football and study journalism. At the suggestion of longtime track coach Bill Hayward, he also joined the track team. He was a member of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity. After graduating, he taught biology and coached football at Franklin High School in Portland in 1934. In 1935, Bowerman moved back to Medford to teach and coach football during which won a state title in 1940.

Bowerman married Barbara Young on June 22, 1936. Their first son, Jon, was born June 22, 1938. William J. Bowerman, Jr. ("Jay") was born November 17, 1942. Their third son, Tom, was born May 20, 1946.

Military career
Bowerman had been in the ROTC and Army Reserve, and then joined the United States Army as a 2nd Lieutenant in the days following the Pearl Harbor attack. He was assigned to Fort Lawton in Washington and served a year there before being assigned to the 86th Mountain Infantry Regiment at Camp Hale in Leadville, Colorado. He was in the 87th Mountain Infantry Regiment, the regiment became a part of the 10th Mountain Division.

Bowerman's duty entailed organizing the troops' supplies and maintaining the mules used to carry the supplies in the mountains. On December 23, 1944, the division arrived in Naples, Italy and soon moved north to the mountains of northern Italy. During his overseas service, Bowerman was promoted to commander of the 86th Regiment's First Battalion at the rank of Major. Bowerman negotiated a stand-down of German forces near the Brenner Pass in the days before the surrender of the German army in all of Italy. For his service, Bowerman received the Silver Star and four Bronze Stars. He was honorably discharged in October 1945.

Coaching career
After the war, Bowerman returned to his position at Medford High School. The family then moved to Eugene where he became the head track coach at his alma mater, the University of Oregon, on July 1, 1948.

University of Oregon
Bowerman's "Men of Oregon" won 24 NCAA individual titles (with wins in 15 of the 19 events contested) and four NCAA team crowns (1962, 1964, 1965, and 1970), and posted 16 top-10 NCAA finishes in 24 years as head coach. His teams also boasted 33 Olympians, 38 conference champions and 64 All-Americans. At the dual level, the Ducks posted a 114–20 record and went undefeated in 10 seasons. In addition, Bowerman coached the world record setting 4 mi relay team in 1962. This team consisted of Archie San Romani, Dyrol Burleson, Vic Reeve, and Keith Forman with a time of 16:08.9. Six years later, an Oregon Track Club team of Roscoe Divine, Wade Bell, Arne Kvalheim and Dave Wilborn improved the record to 16:05.0. Among athletes that Bowerman coached are: Otis Davis, Steve Prefontaine, Kenny Moore, Bill Dellinger, Mac Wilkins, Jack Hutchins, Dyrol Burleson, Harry Jerome, Sig Ohlemann, Les Tipton, Gerry Moro, Wade Bell, Dave Edstrom, Roscoe Divine, Matt Centrowitz, Arne Kvalheim, Jim Grelle, Bruce Mortenson, Phil Knight and Mel Renfro. Renfro was a track and football All-American, had a successful NFL career with the Dallas Cowboys and is in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Bowerman disliked being called a coach; he saw himself as more of a teacher. He expected his squad to excel in the classroom, and urged his charges to apply the lessons they learned on the track to everyday life.

In 1972, Bowerman stepped back from day-to-day coaching activities to conduct fundraising for renovating the Hayward Field grandstands that would be necessary for the consideration of hosting the U.S. Olympic Trials again in 1976. He also ran unsuccessfully for a House seat in the Oregon Legislature in 1970 as a Republican, losing by only 815 votes out of 61,000 cast.

Bowerman officially retired as head coach on March 23, 1973, and assistant coach Bill Dellinger was immediately promoted.

United States Olympic Track program
Bowerman created a training program for adjusting athletes for the high altitude that they would experience at the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games. This successful program led to his selection as the 1972 Munich Olympic track and field head coaching position, even though American miler favorite Jim Ryun lost to Kenyan Kip Keino, citing altitude as part of the reason for this upset. Bowerman coached members of teams from Norway, Canada, Australia, and the United States.

During the Munich Massacre at the 1972 Olympics in West Germany, where Bowerman was frequently blamed for a dismal performance by the U.S. track team, Israeli race walker Shaul Ladany escaped the PLO terrorists, and then awakened Bowerman and alerted the West German police. Bowerman called the U.S. consulate for a detachment of Marines to protect the U.S. Olympic compound, in which lived two high-profile Jewish athletes: swimmer Mark Spitz and javelin thrower Bill Schmidt.

Running
During a trip to New Zealand in 1962, Bowerman was introduced to the concept of running as a fitness routine, including people of an advanced age, through a running club organized by his friend and coaching colleague Arthur Lydiard. Bowerman brought this concept back to the United States, and began to write articles and books about running. He also created a running program in Eugene that became a national model for fitness programs. A Jogger's Manual, a three-page guide, was published shortly after Bowerman returned from New Zealand. In 1966, along with cardiologist W.E. Harris, Bowerman published a 90-page book titled Jogging. The book sold over a million copies and was credited with igniting the jogging phenomenon in the United States. The new crop of older athletic people contributed to the evolution of the sport of track and field to create a new division for these masters athletes. Due to the popularity of Jogging, Harris and Bowerman published a 127-page book in 1967.

Athletics West is an American running team formed by Bill Bowerman, Phil Knight and Geoff Hollister in 1977. At the time, America had no definitive running program for young athletes to continue competing outside of college. The formation and success of Athletics West, together with the success and popularity of American runners like Craig Virgin (charter member), Steve Prefontaine, Frank Shorter and Bill Rodgers helped inspire the 1970s running boom.

Nike
According to Otis Davis, a student athlete who Bowerman coached at the University of Oregon, who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics, he was one of the guinea pigs for whom Bowerman customized shoes prior to being a cofounder of Nike. Davis states ‘I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine."

In 1964, Bowerman entered into a handshake agreement with Phil Knight, who had been a miler under him in the 1950s, to start an athletic footwear distribution company called Blue Ribbon Sports, later known as Nike, Inc. Knight managed the business end of the partnership, while Bowerman experimented with improvements in athletic footwear design. Bowerman stayed in Eugene, keeping his coaching job at the University of Oregon, while Knight operated the main office from Portland. Bowerman and Knight initially began importing the Onitsuka Tiger running shoes from Japan to sell in the United States. Initially, the partnership was 50-50, but shortly afterwards Bowerman wanted it changed to 51–49, with Knight having the higher ownership. He did this to avoid potential gridlock and have one of them be in charge of final decisions.

Bowerman's design ideas led to the creation of a running shoe in 1966 that was ultimately named "Nike Cortez" in 1968, which quickly became a top-seller and remains one of Nike's most iconic footwear designs. Bowerman designed several Nike shoes, but is best known for ruining his wife's Belgian waffle iron in 1970 or 1971, experimenting with the idea of using waffle-ironed rubber to create a new sole for footwear that would grip but be lightweight. Bowerman's design inspiration led to the introduction of the so-called "Moon Shoe" in 1972, so named because the waffle tread was said to resemble the footprints left by astronauts on the Moon. Further refinement resulted in the "Waffle Trainer" in 1974, which helped fuel the explosive growth of Blue Ribbon Sports/Nike. While Bowerman was experimenting with shoe design, he worked in a small, unventilated space, using glue and solvents with toxic components that caused him severe nerve damage. The nerve damage to his lower legs left him with significant mobility problems; as Kenny Moore notes in his book Bowerman and the Men of Oregon, Bowerman had rendered himself unable to run in the shoes that he had given the world.

Bowerman was obsessed with shaving weight off his athletes' running shoes. He believed that custom-made shoes would weigh less on the feet of his runners and cut down on blisters, as well as reduce the overall drag on their energy for every ounce he could remove from the shoe. By his estimation, removing one ounce (28 g) from a shoe, based on a six-foot gait for a runner, would translate in a reduction of 55 pounds (25 kg) of lift over a one-mile (1.6 km) span.

Knight once said of Bowerman's importance to the company, "If coach (Bowerman) isn't happy, Nike isn't happy."

Bowerman reduced his role with the company in the late 1970s and began passing down his stake in the company to other employees shortly before the IPO launched.

Legacy
Bowerman is a member of the National Distance Running Hall of Fame, the USA National Track and Field Hall of Fame, the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame, Oregon's Athletic Hall of Fame, the RRCA Distance Running Hall of Fame, and the National Inventors Hall of Fame. His statue and stopwatch grace the northwest corner of Hayward Field, home of the Prefontaine Classic at the University of Oregon. A biographical film, Without Limits, about the relationship between record-breaking distance runner Steve Prefontaine and his coach Bill Bowerman was made in 1998, and Bill Bowerman was played by Donald Sutherland. The headquarters for Nike is located on Bowerman Drive in homage to the company's co-founder. Also in his honor, the company created the "Bowerman Series" of performance running shoes, designed to provide longer-lasting, more training-focused products to compete with such running brands as Asics and Saucony.

In 2009, the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association created The Bowerman, an award that is given to the most outstanding collegiate male and female track & field athlete in a given calendar year. Inaugural winners of the award were Oregon's Galen Rupp and Colorado's Jenny Barringer. The Bowerman trophy was designed by Tinker Hatfield, a Nike employee and former Oregon student-athlete coached by Bowerman.

Death
In declining health in late 1999, Bowerman died at age 88 at his home at an assisted care facility in Fossil, Oregon.

title: Bill Bowerman


text:
Every Man Has a Woman

Every Man Has a Woman is a tribute album to Yoko Ono for her 50th birthday. It contains covers of her songs from the albums Approximately Infinite Universe (1973), Double Fantasy (1980), Season of Glass (1981), and It's Alright (I See Rainbows) (1982). The album was purportedly one of John Lennon's projects, but he died before he could see its completion. The liner notes for the vinyl LP feature an essay by Ono entitled "A Crystal Ball".

Another tribute album to Ono in a similar vein entitled Yes, I'm a Witch was released to very positive reviews in 2007, featuring such artists as Peaches, Cat Power and The Flaming Lips.

Track listing
All words and music by Yoko Ono
 * 1) "Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him" – 3:32 - John Lennon produced by John Lennon, Yoko Ono and Jack Douglas
 * 2) "Silver Horse" – 3:07 - Harry Nilsson produced by Harry Nilsson and Rick Riccio
 * 3) "I'm Moving On" – 2:47 - Eddie Money produced by Andy Johns and Eddie Money
 * 4) "Nobody Sees Me Like You Do" – 3:23 - Rosanne Cash produced by Rodney Crowell and Rosanne Cash
 * 5) "Dogtown" – 3:26 - Alternating Boxes produced and arranged by Guy Manganiello
 * 6) "Goodbye Sadness" – 3:22 - Roberta Flack produced by Ralph MacDonald and Roberta Flack
 * 7) "Walking on Thin Ice" – 3:46 - Elvis Costello and The Attractions (with The TKO Horns) produced  by Allen Toussaint
 * 8) "Wake Up" – 2:22 - Trio produced by Klaus Voormann
 * 9) "Dream Love" – 3:46 - Harry Nilsson produced by Harry Nilsson and Rick Riccio
 * 10) "Now or Never" – 3:44 - Spirit Choir produced by John Lennon, Yoko Ono and the Plastic Ono Band
 * 11) "Loneliness" – 3:42 - Harry Nilsson produced by Harry Nilsson and Rick Riccio
 * 12) "It's Alright" – 2:27 - Sean Lennon produced by Yoko Ono and Sean Lennon

Singles

 * "Every Man Has a Woman Who Loves Him" (John Lennon) / "It's Alright" (Sean Lennon) (7")
 * "Silver Horse" / "Dream Love" (Harry Nilsson) (7")
 * "Loneliness" (Harry Nilsson) (7")
 * "Dogtown" (Alternating Boxes) (12")

title: Every Man Has a Woman


text:
User:Imaek/Templates

Here will eventually be a list of templates I've worked on.

=Stubs=

Biolgoy Stub Notice
Added the butterfly back in:

Example:

=External Links=

Classic Cat
Created

Example: Piano Concerto No. 2 at Classic Cat

title: User:Imaek/Templates


text:
Szemerédi regularity lemma

In extremal graph theory, Szemerédi’s regularity lemma states that a graph can be partitioned into a bounded number of parts so that the edges between parts are regular. The lemma shows that certain properties of random graphs can be applied to dense graphs like counting the copies of a given subgraph within graphs. Endre Szemerédi proved the lemma over bipartite graphs for his theorem on arithmetic progressions in 1975 and for general graphs in 1978. Variants of the lemma use different notions of regularity and apply to other mathematical objects like hypergraphs.

Statement
To state Szemerédi's regularity lemma formally, we must formalize what the edge distribution between parts behaving 'almost randomly' really means. By 'almost random', we're referring to a notion called $ε$-regularity. To understand what this means, we first state some definitions. In what follows $G$ is a graph with vertex set $V$.

Definition 1. Let $X, Y$ be disjoint subsets of $V$. The edge density of the pair $(X, Y)$ is defined as:

 * $$d(X,Y) := \frac{\left| E(X,Y) \right|}{|X||Y|}$$

where $E(X, Y)$ denotes the set of edges having one end vertex in $X$ and one in $Y$. We call a pair of parts $ε$-regular if, whenever you take a large subset of each part, their edge density isn't too far off the edge density of the pair of parts. Formally,

Definition 2. For $ε > 0$, a pair of vertex sets $X$ and $Y$ is called $ε$-regular, if for all subsets $A ⊆ X$, $B ⊆ Y$ satisfying $|A| ≥ ε|X|$, $|B| ≥ ε|Y|$, we have

 * $$\left| d(X,Y) - d(A,B) \right| \le \varepsilon.$$

The natural way to define an $ε$-regular partition should be one where each pair of parts is $ε$-regular. However, some graphs, such as the half graphs, require many pairs of partitions (but a small fraction of all pairs) to be irregular. So we shall define $ε$-regular partitions to be one where most pairs of parts are $ε$-regular.

Definition 3. A partition of $$V$$ into $$k$$ sets $$\mathcal{P}=\{V_1,\ldots,V_k\}$$ is called an $$\varepsilon$$-regular partition if
 * $$\sum_{(V_i,V_j)\text{ not }\varepsilon\text{-regular}} |V_i||V_j|\leq\varepsilon|V(G)|^2$$

Now we can state the lemma:

"Szemerédi's Regularity Lemma. For every $ε > 0$ and positive integer $m$ there exists an integer $M$ such that if $G$ is a graph with at least $M$ vertices, there exists an integer $k$ in the range $m ≤ k ≤ M$ and an $ε$-regular partition of the vertex set of $G$ into $k$ sets."

The bound $M$ for the number of parts in the partition of the graph given by the proofs of Szemeredi's regularity lemma is very large, given by a $O(ε^{−5})$-level iterated exponential of $m$. At one time it was hoped that the true bound was much smaller, which would have had several useful applications. However found examples of graphs for  which $M$ does indeed grow very fast and is at least as large as a $ε^{−1/16}$-level iterated exponential of $m$.

Proof
We shall find an ε-regular partition for a given graph following an algorithm:

 * 1) Start with a partition
 * 2) While the partition isn't ε-regular:
 * 3) *Find the subsets which witness ε-irregularity for each irregular pair.
 * 4) Refine the partition using all the witnessing subsets.

We apply a technique called the energy increment argument to show that this process stops after a bounded number of steps. To do this, we define a measure which must increase by a certain amount in each step, but it's bounded above and thus cannot increase indefinitely. This measure is called 'energy' as it's an $$L^2$$ quantity.

Definition 4. Let $U, W$ be subsets of $V$. Set $$ |V| = n $$. The energy of the pair $(U, W)$ is defined as:

 * $$q(U,W) := \frac{|U||W|}{n^2}d(U,W)^2$$

For partitions $$\mathcal{P}_U=\{U_1,\ldots,U_k\} $$ of $U$ and $$ \mathcal{P}_W = \{W_1,\ldots,W_l\} $$ of $W$, we define the energy to be the sum of the energies between each pair of parts:

 * $$q(\mathcal{P}_U,\mathcal{P}_W) := \sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^lq(U_i,W_j) $$

Finally, for a partition $$\mathcal{P}=\{V_1,\ldots,V_k\}$$ of $V$, define the energy of $$\mathcal{P}$$ to be $$q(\mathcal{P},\mathcal{P})$$. Specifically,

 * $$q(\mathcal{P})=\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^kq(V_i,V_j)=\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^k\frac{|V_i||V_j|}{n^2}d(V_i,V_j)^2$$

Note that energy is between 0 and 1 because edge density is bounded above by 1:

 * $$q(\mathcal{P})=\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^k\frac{|V_i||V_j|}{n^2}d(V_i,V_j)^2\leq\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^k\frac{|V_i||V_j|}{n^2}=1$$

Now, we start by proving that energy does not decrease upon refinement.

Lemma 1. (Energy is nondecreasing under partitioning) For any partitions $$\mathcal{P}_U$$ and $$\mathcal{P}_W$$ of vertex sets $$U$$ and $$W$$, $$q(\mathcal{P}_U,\mathcal{P}_W)\geq q(U,W)$$. Proof: Let $$\mathcal{P}_U=\{U_1,\ldots,U_k\}$$ and $$\mathcal{P}_W=\{W_1,\ldots,W_l\}$$. Choose vertices $$x$$ uniformly from $$U$$ and $$y$$ uniformly from $$W$$, with $$x$$ in part $$U_i$$ and $$y$$ in part $$W_j$$. Then define the random variable $$Z=d(U_i,W_j)$$. Let us look at properties of $$Z$$. The expectation is

 * $$\mathbb{E}[Z]=\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^l\frac{|U_i|}{|U|}\frac{|W_j|}{|W|}d(U_i,W_j)=\frac{e(U,W)}{|U||W|}=d(U,W)$$

The second moment is

 * $$\mathbb{E}[Z^2]=\sum_{i=1}^k\sum_{j=1}^l\frac{|U_i|}{|U|}\frac{|W_j|}{|W|}d(U_i,W_j)^2=\frac{n^2}{|U||W|}q(\mathcal{P}_U,\mathcal{P}_W)$$

By convexity, $$\mathbb{E}[Z^2]\geq\mathbb{E}[Z]^2$$. Rearranging, we get that $$q(\mathcal{P}_U,\mathcal{P}_W) \ge q(U,W)$$ for all $$U,W$$.$$\square$$

If each part of $$\mathcal{P}$$ is further partitioned, the new partition is called a refinement of $$\mathcal{P}$$. Now, if $$\mathcal{P}=\{V_1,\ldots,V_m\}$$, applying Lemma 1 to each pair $$(V_i,V_j)$$ proves that for every refinement $$\mathcal{P'}$$ of $$\mathcal{P}$$, $$q(\mathcal{P'}) \ge q(\mathcal{P})$$. Thus the refinement step in the algorithm doesn't lose any energy.

Lemma 2. (Energy boost lemma) If $$(U,W)$$ is not $$\varepsilon$$-regular as witnessed by $$U_1\subset U,W_1\subset W$$, then,

 * $$q\left(\{U_1,U\backslash U_1\},\{W_1,W\backslash W_1\}\right)>q(U,W)+\varepsilon^4\frac{|U||W|}{n^2}$$

Proof: Define $$Z$$ as above. Then,

 * $$Var(Z) = \mathbb{E}[Z^2]-\mathbb{E}[Z]^2 = \frac{n^2}{|U||W|}\left(q\left(\{U_1,U\backslash U_1\},\{W_1,W\backslash W_1\}\right)-q(U,W)\right)$$

But observe that $$|Z-\mathbb{E}[Z]|=|d(U_1,W_1)-d(U,W)|$$ with probability $$\frac{|U_1|}{|U|}\frac{|W_1|}{|W|}$$(corresponding to $$x\in U_1$$ and $$y\in W_1$$), so

 * $$Var(Z) = \mathbb{E}[(Z-\mathbb{E}[Z])^2] \geq \frac{|U_1|}{|U|}\frac{|W_1|}{|W|}(d(U_1,W_1)-d(U,W))^2 > \varepsilon\cdot\varepsilon\cdot\varepsilon^2$$ $$\square$$

Now we can prove the energy increment argument, which shows that energy increases substantially in each iteration of the algorithm.

Lemma 3 (Energy increment lemma) If a partition $$\mathcal{P}=\{V_1,\ldots,V_k\}$$ of $$V(G)$$ is not $$\varepsilon$$-regular, then there exists a refinement $$\mathcal{Q}$$ of $$\mathcal{P}$$ where every $$V_i$$ is partitioned into at most $$2^k$$ parts such that

 * $$q(\mathcal{Q})\geq q(\mathcal{P})+\varepsilon^5.$$

Proof: For all $$(i,j)$$ such that $$(V_i,V_j)$$ is not $$\varepsilon$$-regular, find $$A^{i,j}\subset V_i$$ and $$A^{j,i}\subset V_j$$ that witness irregularity (do this simultaneously for all irregular pairs). Let $$\mathcal{Q}$$ be a common refinement of $$\mathcal{P}$$ by $$A^{i,j}$$'s. Each $$V_i$$ is partitioned into at most $$2^k$$ parts as desired. Then,

 * $$q(\mathcal{Q}) = \sum_{(i,j)\in[k]^2} q(\mathcal{Q}_{V_i},\mathcal{Q}_{V_j}) = \sum_{(V_i,V_j)\text{ }\varepsilon\text{-regular}}q(\mathcal{Q}_{V_i},\mathcal{Q}_{V_j})+\sum_{(V_i,V_j)\text{ not }\varepsilon\text{-regular}}q(\mathcal{Q}_{V_i},\mathcal{Q}_{V_j})$$

Where $$\mathcal{Q}_{V_i}$$ is the partition of $$V_i$$ given by $$\mathcal{Q}$$. By Lemma 1, the above quantity is at least

 * $$\sum_{(V_i,V_j)\text{ }\varepsilon\text{-regular}}q(V_i,V_j)+\sum_{(V_i,V_j)\text{ not }\varepsilon\text{-regular}}q(\{A^{i,j},V_i\backslash A^{i,j}\},\{A^{j,i},V_j\backslash A^{j,i}\})$$

Since $$V_i$$ is cut by $$A^{i,j}$$ when creating $$\mathcal{Q}$$, so $$\mathcal{Q}_{V_i}$$ is a refinement of $$\{A^{i,j},V_i\backslash A^{i,j}\}$$. By lemma 2, the above sum is at least

 * $$	\sum_{(i,j)\in[k]^2}q(V_i,V_j)+\sum_{(V_i,V_j)\text{ not }\varepsilon\text{-regular}}\varepsilon^4\frac{|V_i||V_j|}{n^2}$$

But the second sum is at least $$\varepsilon^5$$ since $$\mathcal{P}$$ is not $$\varepsilon$$-regular, so we deduce the desired inequality. $$\square$$

Now, starting from any partition, we can keep applying Lemma 3 as long as the resulting partition isn't $$\varepsilon$$-regular. But in each step energy increases by $$\varepsilon^5$$, and it's bounded above by 1. Then this process can be repeated at most $$\varepsilon^{-5}$$ times, before it terminates and we must have an $$\varepsilon$$-regular partition.

Graph counting lemma
If we have enough information about the regularity of a graph, we can count the number of copies of a specific subgraph within the graph up to small error.

Graph Counting Lemma. Let $$H$$ be a graph with $$V(H)=[k]$$, and let $$\varepsilon>0$$. Let $$G$$ be an $$n$$-vertex graph with vertex sets $$V_1,\dots,V_k\subseteq V(G)$$ such that $$(V_i,V_j)$$ is $$\varepsilon$$-regular whenever $$\{i,j\}\in E(H)$$. Then, the number of labeled copies of $$H$$ in $$G$$ is within $$e(H)\varepsilon|V_1|\cdots|V_k|$$ of

 * $$\left(\prod_{\{i,j\}\in E(H)}d(V_i,V_j)\right)\left(\prod_{i=1}^k|V_i|\right).$$

This can be combined with Szemerédi's regularity lemma to prove the Graph removal lemma. The graph removal lemma can be used to prove Roth's Theorem on Arithmetic Progressions, and a generalization of it, the hypergraph removal lemma, can be used to prove Szemerédi's theorem.

The graph removal lemma generalizes to induced subgraphs, by considering edge edits instead of only edge deletions. This was proved by Alon, Fischer, Krivelevich, and Szegedy in 2000. However, this required a stronger variation of the regularity lemma.

Szemerédi's regularity lemma does not provide meaningful results in sparse graphs. Since sparse graphs have subconstant edge densities, $$\varepsilon$$-regularity is trivially satisfied. Even though the result seems purely theoretical, some attempts have been made to use the regularity method as compression technique for large graphs.

Frieze-Kannan regularity
A different notion of regularity was introduced by Frieze and Kannan, known as the weak regularity lemma. This lemma defines a weaker notion of regularity than that of Szemerédi which uses better bounds and can be used in efficient algorithms.

Given a graph $$G=(V,E)$$, a partition of its vertices $$\mathcal{P} = \{ V_1, \ldots, V_k\}$$ is said to be Frieze-Kannan $$\epsilon$$-regular if for any pair of sets $$S,T \subseteq V$$:

\left| e(S,T) - \sum_{i,j=1}^k d(V_i, V_j) |S\cap V_i| |T\cap V_j|\right| \leq \epsilon |V|^2 $$

The weak regularity lemma for graphs states that every graph has a weak $$\epsilon$$-regular partition into at most $$4^{\epsilon^{-2}}$$ parts.

This notion can be extended to graphons by defining a stepping operator. Given a graphon $$W$$ and a partition $$\mathcal{P}$$ of $$[0,1]$$, we can define $$W_{\mathcal{P}}$$ as a step-graphon with steps given by $$\mathcal{P}$$ and values given by averaging $$W$$ over each step.

A partition $$\mathcal{P}$$ is weak $$\epsilon$$-regular if:

\| W - W_{\mathcal{P}} \|_{\square} \leq \epsilon $$ The weak regularity lemma for graphons states that every graphon has a weak $$\epsilon$$-regular partition into at most $$4^{\epsilon^{-2}}$$ parts. As with Szemerédi's regularity lemma, the weak regularity also induces a counting lemma.

Algorithmic applications
One of the initial motivations for the development of the weak regularity lemma was the search for an efficient algorithm for estimating the maximum cut in a dense graph. It has been shown that approximating the max-cut problem beyond 16/17 is NP-hard, however an algorithmic version of the weak regularity lemma gives an efficient algorithm for approximating the max-cut for dense graphs within an $$\epsilon n^2$$ additive error. These ideas have been further developed into efficient sampling algorithms for estimating max-cut in dense graphs.

The smaller bounds of the weak regularity lemma allow for efficient algorithms to find an $$\epsilon$$-regular partition. Graph regularity has further been used in various area of theoretical computer science, such as matrix multiplication and communication complexity.

Strong regularity lemma
The strong regularity lemma is a stronger variation of the regularity lemma proven by Alon, Fischer, Krivelevich, and Szegedy in 2000. Intuitively, it provides information between non-regular pairs and could be applied to prove the induced graph removal lemma.

Statement
For any infinite sequence of constants $$\epsilon_0\ge \epsilon_1 \ge ...>0$$, there exists an integer $$M$$ such that for any graph $$G$$, we can obtain two (equitable) partitions $$\mathcal{P}$$ and $$\mathcal{Q}$$ such that the following properties are satisfied:

 * $$\mathcal{Q}$$ refines $$\mathcal{P}$$, that is every part of $$\mathcal{P}$$ is the union of some collection of parts in $$\mathcal{Q}$$.
 * $$\mathcal{P}$$ is $$\epsilon_0$$-regular and $$\mathcal{Q}$$ is $$\epsilon_{|\mathcal{P}|}$$-regular.
 * $$q(\mathcal{Q})<q(\mathcal{P})+\epsilon_0$$
 * $$|\mathcal{Q}|\le M$$

Proof
We apply the regularity lemma repeatedly to prove the stronger version. A rough outline:

 * Start with $$\mathcal P_0$$ be an $$\epsilon_0$$ regular partition

 * Repeatedly find its refinement $$\mathcal Q$$ that is $$\epsilon_{|\mathcal P|}$$ regular. If the energy increment of $$\mathcal Q \le \epsilon_0$$, we simply return $$(\mathcal P, \mathcal Q)$$. Otherwise, we replace $$\mathcal P$$ with $$\mathcal Q$$ and continue.

We start with $$\mathcal P_0$$ be an $$\epsilon_0$$ regular partition of $$G$$ with $$\le M(\epsilon_0)$$ parts. Here $$M(t)$$ corresponds to the bound of parts in regularity lemma when $$\epsilon=t $$.

Now for $$i=0, 1, \cdots$$, we set $$\mathcal{P_{i+1}}$$ to be an $$\epsilon_{|P_i|}$$regular refinement of $$\mathcal{P_i}$$ with $$\le M(\epsilon_{|P_i|})|\mathcal P_i|$$ parts. By the energy increment argument, $$q(\mathcal P_{i+1}) \ge q(\mathcal P_{i})$$. Since the energy is bounded in $$[0, 1]$$, there must be some $$i \le 1/\epsilon_0+1$$ such that $$q(\mathcal P_{i+1})- q(\mathcal P_{i}) < \epsilon_0$$. We return $$(\mathcal P_i, \mathcal P_{i+1})$$ as $$(\mathcal P, \mathcal Q)$$.

By our choice of $$\mathcal P_{i+1},$$ the regular and refinement conditions hold. The energy condition holds trivially. Now we argue for the number of parts. We use induction to show that $$\forall i$$, there exists $$M_i$$ such that $$|\mathcal P_i| \le M_i$$. By setting $$M_0=M(\epsilon_0)$$, we have $$|\mathcal P_0|\le M_0$$. Note that when $$|P_i|\le M_i$$, $$|P_{i+1}| \le M(\epsilon_{|P_i|})|\mathcal P_i| \le M(\epsilon_{|M_i|}) M_i$$, so we could set $$M_{i+1}=M(\epsilon_{|M_i|}) M_i$$ and the statement is true for $$i+1$$. By setting $$M=\max_{i\le 1/\epsilon_0+2} M_i$$, we have $$|P|, |Q| \le M.$$

Remarks on equitable
A partition is equitable if the sizes of any two sets differ by at most $$1 $$. By equitizing in each round of iteration, the proof of regularity lemma could be accustomed to prove the equitable version of regularity lemma. And by replacing the regularity lemma with its equitable version, the proof above could prove the equitable version of strong regularity lemma where $$\mathcal{P}$$ and $$\mathcal{Q}$$ are equitable partitions.

Statement
For any infinite sequence of constants $$\epsilon_0\ge \epsilon_1 \ge ...>0$$, there exists $$\delta>0$$ such that there exists a partition $$\mathcal{P}={V_1,...,V_k}$$ and subsets $$ W_i \subset V_i$$ for each $$i$$ where the following properties are satisfied:

 * $$|W_i|>\delta n$$
 * $$(W_i,W_j)$$ is $$\epsilon_{|\mathcal{P}|}$$-regular for each pair $$1\le i\le j\le k$$
 * $$|d(W_i,W_j)-d(V_i,V_j)|\le \epsilon_0$$ for all but $$\epsilon_0 |\mathcal{P}|^2$$ pairs $$1\le i\le j\le k$$

Motivation
The corollary explores deeper the small energy increment. It gives us a partition together with subsets with large sizes from each part, which are pairwise regular. In addition, the density between the corresponding subset pairs differs "not much" from the density between the corresponding parts.

Proof of corollary
We'll only prove the weaker result where the second condition only requires $$(W_i,W_j)$$ to be $$\epsilon_{|\mathcal{P}|}$$-regular for $$1\le i< j\le k$$. The full version can be proved by picking more subsets from each part that are mostly pairwise regular and combine them together.

Let $$r=\epsilon_0^3/20$$. We apply the strong regularity lemma to find equitable $$\mathcal P$$ that is a $$r$$ regular partition and equitable $$\mathcal Q$$ that is a $$r/|P|^4$$ regular refinement of $$\mathcal P$$, such that $$q(\mathcal Q)-q(\mathcal P) \le r$$ and $$|\mathcal Q|\le M$$.

Now assume that $$P=\{V_1, \cdots, V_k\}$$, we randomly pick a vertex $$v_i$$ from each $$V_i$$ and let $$W_i$$ to be the set that contains $$v_i$$ in $$\mathcal Q$$. We argue that the subsets $$W_i$$ satisfy all the conditions with probability $$> 0$$.

By setting $$\delta = \frac{1}{2M}$$ the first condition is trivially true since $$\mathcal Q$$ is an equitable partition. Since at most $$\frac{r}{|P|^4}\binom{n}{2}\le \epsilon_0\frac{|V_i||V_j|}{3|P|^2}$$ vertex pairs live between irregular pairs in $$\mathcal Q$$, the probability that the pair $$W_i$$ and $$W_j$$ is irregular $$\le \frac{1}{3|P|^2}$$, by union bound, the probability that at least one pair $$W_i$$, $$W_i$$ is irregular $$\le 1/3$$. Note that

$$\begin{align}r&\ge q(\mathcal Q)-q(\mathcal P)\\&=\sum_{i, j}\frac{|V_i||V_j|}{n^2}\mathbb E|d(W_i, W_j)-d(V_i, V_j)|^2\\ &\ge \sum_{i, j}\frac{1}{4|P|^2}\mathbb E|d(W_i, W_j)-d(V_i, V_j)|^2\\&=\frac{1}{4|P|^2}\mathbb E\sum_{i,j} |d(W_i, W_j)-d(V_i, V_j)|^2 \end{align}$$

So by Markov's inequality $$P(\sum_{i,j} |d(W_i, W_j)-d(V_i, V_j)|^2\ge 8|P|^2r)\le 1/2$$, so with probability $$\ge 1/2$$, at most $$\epsilon_0 |P|^2$$ pairs could have $$d(W_i, W_j)-d(V_i, V_j) \ge \epsilon_0$$. By union bound, the probability that all conditions hold $$\ge 1-1/2-1/3 >0$$.

History and extensions
first introduced a weaker version of this lemma, restricted to bipartite graphs, in order to prove Szemerédi's theorem, and in he proved the full lemma. Extensions of the regularity method to hypergraphs were obtained by Rödl and his collaborators  and Gowers.

János Komlós, Gábor Sárközy and Endre Szemerédi later (in 1997) proved in the blow-up lemma that the regular pairs in Szemerédi regularity lemma behave like complete bipartite graphs under the correct conditions. The lemma allowed for deeper exploration into the nature of embeddings of large sparse graphs into dense graphs.

The first constructive version was provided by Alon, Duke, Lefmann, Rödl and Yuster. Subsequently, Frieze and Kannan gave a different version and extended it to hypergraphs. They later produced a different construction due to Alan Frieze and Ravi Kannan that uses singular values of matrices. One can find more efficient non-deterministic algorithms, as formally detailed in Terence Tao's blog and implicitly mentioned in various papers.

An inequality of Terence Tao extends the Szemerédi regularity lemma, by revisiting it from the perspective of probability theory and information theory instead of graph theory. Terence Tao has also provided a proof of the lemma based on spectral theory, using the adjacency matrices of graphs.

It is not possible to prove a variant of the regularity lemma in which all pairs of partition sets are regular. Some graphs, such as the half graphs, require many pairs of partitions (but a small fraction of all pairs) to be irregular.

It is a common variant in the definition of an $$\varepsilon$$-regular partition to require that the vertex sets all have the same size, while collecting the leftover vertices in an "error"-set $$V_0$$ whose size is at most an $$\varepsilon$$-fraction of the size of the vertex set of $$G$$.

A stronger variation of the regularity lemma was proven by Alon, Fischer, Krivelevich, and Szegedy while proving the induced graph removal lemma. This works with a sequence of $$\varepsilon$$ instead of just one, and shows that there exists a partition with an extremely regular refinement, where the refinement doesn't have too large of an energy increment.

Szemerédi's regularity lemma can be interpreted as saying that the space of all graphs is totally bounded (and hence precompact) in a suitable metric (the cut distance). Limits in this metric can be represented by graphons; another version of the regularity lemma simply states that the space of graphons is compact.

title: Szemerédi regularity lemma