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Wikipedia:Cleanup process/Old instructions

Front matter

 * Most comments here are first impressions, not considered analyses of an article. Thinking deeply before listing an article here is suggested, but it is definitely not a requirement either.
 * Limit comments to a few words only; verbose comments will be edited for brevity.
 * Be specific. Saying "needs work" is not enough.
 * New entries go at the top.
 * Begin your comments with a "-" to separate it from the previous one, but:
 * If you have made or are reporting a change to the page in question, use a "+" instead (e.g. "+ fixed the first paragraph", "+ deleted" or "+ stubbified")
 * The comment "delete" or "VFD" is a vote to move this page to VfD, not to delete it immediately. Please list such entries in bold.
 * If you think an article meets the criteria for speedy deletion, write "delete immediately".
 * Edit conflicts can be mitigated by copying your own text before you submit it, so you can paste and repost it quickly.
 * Remove listings once stated problems have been resolved.
 * Unresolved old listings can be moved as appropriate to Pages needing attention, Duplicate articles, or Requests for expansion Sign with your sig only—no timestamp please (to do this, type --

Reasons for listing an article here include
 * 1) It is a substub, and might need removal or merging with a broader article
 * 2) It needs extensive formatting, proofreading, or rephrasing in comprehensible English.
 * 3) It is a candidate for "speedy deletion" according to the deletion policy, but you're not a sysop and can't delete articles (a sysop may see it and delete it, or it may be improved into a decent article).
 * 4) You think it should be deleted (copyvio, unsalvageable POV), but aren't sure, and don't want to mistakenly put it on VfD (it will be moved to the appropriate page by somebody else).
 * 5) It needs to be changed urgently for some reason.

Style notes:
 * When adding an article below, include a brief reason why you are putting it here. Try to keep your comments short, but also keep them specific.  Saying an article "needs work" is completely uninformative.
 * Keep things moving. The cleanup page should be regularly maintained and should not become stagnant: we don't want it to grow too large, and we don't want entries to be ignored.
 * Daily headers are added to keep the page moving.
 * After fixing an article listed here, or moving it to VfD or another meta-page, please remove it from this list.

Removing Entries
To remove an entry, you should fix it first; but common sense should govern how large the cleanup page gets and how long entries are left there. A good rule of thumb is to keep the page size below 30k, and to reduce size by summarising past discussion rather than removing old entries when possible (this is not VfD; comments are not sacred).

When an entry is removed, it can be:
 * fixed - someone cleaned up its immediate or mentioned faults;
 * just removed - it had its chance, but nobody can fix it right now;
 * moved to VfD (or the appropriate sub-page)
 * moved to pages needing attention, if the topic clearly requires an article, but the current article is weak.
 * moved to Requests for expansion if it is still to short for the importance of its subject matter.

Some common types of entry follow, together with advice on how to handle them:

 * Harmful content (nonsense, personal essays/opinions, accuracy problems, or severe unedited bias): may be fixed by paring down content until nothing objectionable remains.

 * Bad article, perhaps listed on VfD, but an unlikely candidate for deletion - leave here; try to improve. Cleanup works on a longer timescale than VfD.
 * It is not always obvious whether an entry falls into this category or the one below; when in doubt, leave the entry here.

 * Bad article, likely candidate for deletion - move the entry to VfD. If it isn't voted for deletion it will generally be moved back here, somewhat improved.
 * Again, if in doubt, leave it here even if it is on VfD.

 * Raw text dump - remove only after the article has been wikified, reworded with better encyclopedic style, verified for accuracy, weeded for useless or unremarkable information, AND NPOVed.

 * Request for NPOV, fact checking or other faults which could make the article actively harmful - don't remove unless you're sure the article is fixed.

 * Request for expansion of a sub-stub - remove once it's a valid stub, or move it to Requests for expansion if you think the topic needs more than a stub (see below).

 * Request for expansion of an otherwise fine stub. Most requests of this sort can be moved to Requests for expansion.

 * Request for expansion of a non-stub, long-term reworking of an article, or better completion of a list, template, or overview - after a week, can be moved to Requests for expansion. RPE works on a longer timescale than cleanup.

 * An article subject to an edit war or other active dispute - leave the entry here until it is a few days old, to draw attention to the problem. After a week it can be removed, since the dispute resolution process will fix the problem if possible.

Above all, fix things you know how to fix. If you're looking for something to do, aggressively target entries in the following places:

 * Today - if an article can be dealt with immediately, that's the perfect outcome.
 * About a week old - beyond a week, an entry is clearly treading water, so try to deal with it before then.
 * The end of the page - the article is approaching its last chance to be fixed via the cleanup process; it may be now or never.

Stay frosty
Unlike VfD, it doesn't really matter whether an article is on cleanup or not.

If the fact that an article is on cleanup upsets you, you may be reading too much into it. Most articles need improvement; someone just happened to stumble over this one. One way or another, it will be off cleanup in a few weeks. And since cleanup comments must be short, assume notes like "horrible" or "?!" or "eek" are hasty abbreviations for "could be better", not abbreviations for "this is the worst article I've ever seen, and I hate whoever helped write it".

If the fact that a particular article is not on cleanup upsets you, list it again. But if it has already gone from the top of cleanup to the bottom and "fallen off", it may be better to think of another solution rather than just trying cleanup again.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Subtended angle

In geometry, an angle is subtended by an arc, line segment or any other section of a curve when its two rays pass through the endpoints of that arc, line segment or curve section. Conversely, the arc, line segment or curve section confined within the rays of an angle is regarded as the corresponding subtension of that angle. It is also sometimes said that an arc is intercepted or enclosed by that angle.

The precise meaning varies with context. For example, one may speak of the angle subtended by an arc of a circle when the angle's vertex is the centre of the circle.

title: Subtended angle


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1134nyc

1134NYC was an art collective based in Brooklyn, New York City. The 1134nyc bomb logo was created by Mint and Hek. The name 1134 was chosen due to some members from the collective being in a graffiti crew titled 1134. The NYC was added to the logo in order to separate the newly formed art collective from the graffiti crew. It began as a collective of artists and designers including MINT&SERF (MIRF), GOAL, HEILS, BOO, CH, CECS, VYELS, KEVS and OUCH (RIP). Over the years more artists and musicians joined and collaborated with 1134NYC on different art related projects in galleries, clubs and streets. The logo has appeared on a plethora of art object; shirts, street signs, stickers and canvases. 1134NYC has also been referenced in China Doll, a Team Facelift song off Manhattan album to be released on Duck Down records.

They are known for their public art, graffiti, laser-cut stickers and stencils.

The stencils, which feature the number 1134 and a bomb, were mistaken for a terrorist threat in 2004. "Some theorized the '1134' referred to November 3, 2004, the day after Election Day, while others postulated it was a Europeanization of the date of the Madrid bombings on March 11, 2004. All thought that the “NYC” appearing in the bomb was a reference to a planned attack, communicated by the stenciled logo they spotted on the city streets."

They have also contributed to Mass Appeal Magazine, a special edition of the book, Autograf by Peter Sutherland (ISBN 1-57687-203-3), and foreign magazines and books.

About Mint&Serf:

Mikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall are New York based visual artists. With financial backing from Red Bull N.A. they launched The Canal Chapter in 2005, a multi-disciplinary art gallery in SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, that created a platform for many emerging artists such as Team Facelift, Lance de los Reyes, Jordan Seiler, Harif Guzman, Victor Timofeev and many others. After the success of The Canal Chapter, they launched The Stanton Chapter in May 2008, a gallery in Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Mikhail Sokovikov and Jason Aaron Wall have exhibited extensively throughout the United States and abroad. They have created commissioned work for Ace Hotel, Nike, Red Bull, Ogilvy & Mather, Adidas, Yahoo, Boost Mobile, PowerHouse Books among other clients.

Mint&Serf curated original art work for the Ace Hotel in New York City. They invited some of their friends to create original pieces for the project. Artists include: Brian Procell, Enjoy Banking, Faust, Machine (Team Facelift), Mosco, PegLeg, Pork, Pablo Powers, Jordan Seiler, Stephen Holding, Sean Vegezzi and Tristan Eaton.

title: 1134nyc


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Talk:Sea of Okhotsk

Edited section on the "sea freezing" because there were some incorrect implications and statements in it. 1) The sea never freezes in the sense of freezing solid.  It becomes covered with ice floes. 2)  Icebergs are mountain-shaped chunks of ice broken loose from ice shelves. This is not what covers the sea of Okhotsk... it becomes covered with large, flat ice floes. 3) According to automated monitoring sites on the internet, the whole of the sea does not freeze.  Rather, floes form in the north part, break loose, and drift southward.  Usually the sea is only partially covered, and the cover is mobile.

Traditional Japanese name
I removed the claim that the traditional Japanese name of the sea was Hokkai. I checked reliable Japanese dictionaries (Kōjien and Daijirin) but none of them say that the word hokkai specificly referred to the body of water between Kuril and Sakhalin. Also, as old as in the official translation of Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) (千島樺太兩島交換條約), the sea was referred to only by the Russian word. If the sea had a Japanese name, it should be written in kanji like Kuril Islands (千島群島), Sakhalin Island (樺太島) or Saint Petersburg (此特堡府) in the treaty. --Sushiya (talk) 00:59, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Name
This sea is named after Okhota River. The right name is Sea of Okhota.--95.69.130.14 (talk) 00:10, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

Notable Ports: Yuzhno Sakhalinsk
Yuzhno Sakhalinsk is not a sea-port, it lies inland with no connection to the sea. The nearest sea-port is Khorsakov about 40 km south of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. 84.212.138.57 (talk) 20:20, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Moved this content from the Notable ports section. imars (talk) 15:09, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

bathymetric map
The interesting map labeled "Depths" needs to specify the units being used. If one opens the linked page File:Okhotsk.gif, it is no longer clear that it a bathymetric map.

The link to a page from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U.S. of A. does not work. However it should be noted the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U.S. of A. usually uses fathoms, but I was not able to confirm this for this particular case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.206.40.4 (talk) 20:47, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sea of Okhotsk


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Cartesian theater

"Cartesian theater" is a derisive term by philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett, made known in his 1991 book Consciousness Explained, to refer pointedly to a defining aspect of what he calls Cartesian materialism, which he considers to be the often unacknowledged remnants of Cartesian dualism in modern materialist theories of the mind.

Dennett's former teacher Gilbert Ryle, in his book The Concept of Mind (1949), had also ridiculed the conception of the mind as a "private theater" or "second theater" in Cartesian dualism.

Overview
Descartes originally claimed that consciousness requires an immaterial soul, which interacts with the body via the pineal gland of the brain. Dennett says that, when the dualism is removed, what remains of Descartes' original model amounts to imagining a tiny theater in the brain where a homunculus (small person), now physical, performs the task of observing all the sensory data projected on a screen at a particular instant, making the decisions and sending out commands (see Homunculus argument).

The term "Cartesian theater" was brought up in the context of the multiple drafts model that Dennett posits in Consciousness Explained (1991): "Cartesian materialism is the view that there is a crucial finish line or boundary somewhere in the brain, marking a place where the order of arrival equals the order of "presentation" in experience because what happens there is what you are conscious of. ... Many theorists would insist that they have explicitly rejected such an obviously bad idea. But ... the persuasive imagery of the Cartesian Theater keeps coming back to haunt us—laypeople and scientists alike—even after its ghostly dualism has been denounced and exorcized."

title: Cartesian theater


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Category:Ukrainian historians

Do not include in this category historians who study the History of Ukraine but are not of Ukrainian nationality. For example, James Mace is an American historian who studied Ukrainian history. People in this category should be placed in Category:Historians of Ukraine.

title: Category:Ukrainian historians


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User talk:Gims

Hi I saw you uploaded Image:Fellatio.gif. Are you the copyright holder for this work? We need permission to use it in wikipedia. If you could update the information on it, that would be great. Thanks! Oh, and welcome to wikipedia! --Gmaxwell 07:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gims


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Cecil Clementi

Sir Cecil Clementi (1 September 1875 – 5 April 1947) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Hong Kong from 1925 to 1930, and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements from 1930 to 1934.

Early life and education
Born in Cawnpore (presently Kanpur), India, Clementi was the son of Colonel Montagu Clementi, Judge Advocate General in India, and his wife, Isabel Collard. He attended St Paul's School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied Sanskrit and the classics. In 1896, he achieved a first-class result in mods, and was awarded a Boden Scholarship in Sanskrit in 1897. He received honorable mentions for the Hertford (1895), Ireland (1896) and Craven (1896) scholarships.

Clementi was proxime accessit (runner-up) for the Gaisford Greek Prose prize in 1897, and obtained his B.A. (2nd class lit. hum., i.e. classics) in 1898. He was also proxime accessit for the Chancellor's Latin Essay prize in 1899, and obtained his M.A. in 1901.

Early colonial service
In 1899, Clementi placed fourth in the competitive examinations for the civil service, which allowed him his choice of postings. His choice was Hong Kong, and upon his arrival he was sent up to Canton, where he was a land officer until forced to return to Hong Kong by the events of the Boxer Rebellion. Clementi's facility with languages was demonstrated when he passed the Cantonese examination in 1900, and the Pekingese examination six years later, in 1906.

After serving as an Assistant Registrar General in 1901, Clementi joined as a member of the Board of Examiners in Chinese, in 1902. In 1902, Clementi was seconded for special service under government of India and was created J.P. in that same year. A year later, he was seconded for famine relief work in Kwangsi (Guangxi). A year afterwards, Clementi was appointed Member of Land Court, Assistant Land Officer and Police Magistrate at New Territories, Hong Kong, a position he served in until 1906.

Due to his performance in the services, Clementi was promoted to Assistant Colonial Secretary and Clerk of Council, in 1907. While he was in that position, Clementi represented the Hong Kong government in the International Opium Conference at Shanghai, in 1909. A year later, he became the Private Secretary to the Administrator at that time, Sir Francis Henry May. Clementi eventually became Acting Colonial Secretary and Member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong. He would remain there until 1912.

Clementi played a part in the founding of the University of Hong Kong. Indeed, he wrote the words, in Latin, of the University Anthem, first performed 11 March 1912.

In 1913, Clementi was appointed colonial secretary of British Guiana, a post he held until 1922. From there he was named the colonial secretary of Ceylon, where he served until 1925. Each position imparted considerable responsibility, and on more than one occasion he was in charge of administering the entire government of his area of responsibility. Whilst in Ceylon he served as president of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1924.

Governor of Hong Kong
In 1925, Clementi was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, a position to which his fluency in Cantonese suited him well and in which he served until 1930. During his tenure, the Canton–Hong Kong strike, which crippled the Hong Kong economy, was resolved and Kai Tak Airport entered operation (it would operate until Hong Kong International Airport opened and took over as the main airport in 1998). He also notably ended the practice of Mui Tsai, the traditional Chinese "female maid servitude" system which often resulted in the abuse of young servant girls. He also appointed Shouson Chow, a prominent Chinese merchant, as the first unofficial member of the Executive Council. At the same time, he increased the numbers of official and non-official ("Unofficial") members in the Legislative Council from eight to ten (including the Governor) and from six to eight, respectively. He invited one Chinese and one Portuguese (Jose Pedro Braga) to be Unofficials.

Clementi opposed Kuomintang's 1926 Northern Expedition against northern Chinese warlords and advocated British arms support to Peking, a move rejected by London. To counter the growing radicalization of the Chinese intelligentsia against colonialism and imperialism after the May Fourth Movement, he proposed a revised school curriculum in Chinese language that stressed loyalty and traditional Chinese values. He advocated for the training of more teachers in the Chinese language and the establishment of a Chinese Department at the University of Hong Kong.

Governorship of the Straits Settlements
After his tenure as Governor of Hong Kong ended, Clementi went on to serve his last post in the Colonial Services as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Straits Settlements, which included Singapore, and High Commissioner for the Malay States, from 5 February 1930 to 17 February 1934. He handed over to Sir Andrew Caldecott, who become acting Governor, and left for England due to his illness. The position of Governor was later filled by Sir Shenton Thomas on 9 November 1934.

Six years later, in 1940, Clementi became the Master of the Mercers' Company.

Personal life
Clementi was the nephew of the Cecil Clementi Smith (1860–1916), Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner in the period 1887 to 1893. He was also the great-grandson of the Italian-born musician Muzio Clementi.

Clementi married Marie Penelope Rose Eyres, daughter of Admiral Cresswell John Eyres, in 1912. The couple had one son, Cresswell, and three daughters.

Clementi died in High Wycombe, England, on 5 April 1947.

Honours

 * C.M.G., 1916
 * K.C.M.G., 1926
 * G.C.M.G., 1931
 * K.St.J., 1926
 * Fellow, Royal Geographical Society (F.R.G.S.)
 * Member, Royal Asiatic Society (M.R.A.S.)
 * Honorary Fellow, Magdalen College, Oxford, 1938
 * Recipient, Cuthbert Peek Award of the Royal Geographical Society, 1912
 * Honours LL.D. degree, Hong Kong University, 1925

Publications

 * Cantonese Love Songs. Clarendon Press (1904)
 * Summary of Geographical Observations taken during a Journey from Kashgar to Kowloon. Noronha & Co. (1911)
 * Pervigilium Veneris, The vigil of Venus. Blackwell (1911)
 * Bibliographical and other studies on the Pervigilium Veneris. Blackwell (1913)
 * The Chinese in British Guiana. The Argosy Company Limited (1915)
 * Elements in Analysis of Thought. Blackwell (1933)
 * A Constitutional History of British Guiana. Macmillan (1937) – a definitive work on the constitution of colonial British Guiana

Namesakes

 * Clementi Secondary School, Hong Kong
 * Clementi Road, Hong Kong
 * Cecil Clementi Street, Kanpur
 * Sir Cecil's Ride (金督馳馬徑), Hong Kong
 * Clementi Town Secondary School, Singapore
 * Clementi, Singapore
 * Cecile Mountain, Cameron Highland, Malaysia
 * Clementi MRT station, Singapore

title: Cecil Clementi


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List of environmental disasters

This article is a list of environmental disasters. In this context it is an annotated list of specific events caused by human activity that results in a negative effect on the environment.

Agricultural

 * Africanized bees, known colloquially as "killer bees"
 * Mismanagement and shrinking of the Aral Sea
 * "Dirty dairying" in New Zealand
 * Dust Bowl in central United States (1930s)
 * Great sparrow campaign; sparrows were eliminated from Chinese farms, which caused locusts to swarm the farms and contributed to a famine which killed 38 million people.
 * Gulf of Mexico dead zone
 * Salinity in Australia
 * Salinization of the Fertile Crescent
 * Salton Sea California, U.S.

Biodiversity

 * 2006 Zakouma elephant slaughter
 * Chestnut blight
 * Indian vulture crisis due to Diclofenac
 * Deforestation of Easter Island
 * Destruction of the old growth forests
 * Devil facial tumour disease
 * Dutch Elm Disease
 * Emerald Ash Borer
 * Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef
 * Extinction of Australian megafauna
 * Four Pests Campaign of China, 1958
 * Ghost nets
 * Grounding of SS Makambo on Lord Howe Island
 * Gulf of Mexico dead zone
 * Invasive species in New Zealand
 * Introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria in Africa, devastating indigenous fish species
 * Introduction of nutria to Louisiana
 * Kudzu in the United States
 * Loss of Louisiana Wetlands
 * Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows
 * Rabbits in Australia
 * Red imported fire ants
 * Reduction in the number of the American Bison
 * Shark finning
 * The Saemangeum Seawall
 * The loss of biodiversity of New Zealand
 * The loss of biodiversity of New Zealand

Human health

 * Agent Orange use by the United States during the Vietnam War, resulting in lasting serious health effects on the Vietnamese population, such as cancer, nervous system disorders, and countless related fatalities
 * Cancer Alley
 * Goiânia accident, human deaths resulting from dismantling a scrapped medical machine containing a source of radioactivity
 * Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
 * Introduction of infectious diseases by Europeans causing the death of indigenous people during European colonization of the Americas
 * Introduction of the bubonic plague (the Plague of Justinian) in Europe from Africa in the 7th century resulting in the death of up to 60% (100 million) of the population.
 * Introduction of the bubonic plague (the Black Death) in Europe from Central Asia in the 14th century resulting in the death of up to 60% (200 million) of the population and recurring until the 18th century.
 * Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows

Industrial

 * 1912 Itai-itai disease, due to cadmium poisoning in Japan
 * 1948 Donora smog
 * 1952 The Great Smog in London
 * 1962 to 1970 Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows
 * 1970 Ontario Minamata disease in Canada
 * 1976 Seveso disaster, chemical plant explosion, caused highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations
 * 1983 Times Beach, Missouri the town was completely evacuated due to a dioxin contamination
 * 1984 Bhopal disaster (December 3, 1984, India), leak of methyl isocyanate resulted in more than 22,000 deaths.
 * 1986 Sandoz chemical spill into the Rhine river
 * 1989 Phillips Disasters
 * 1990, Release of cyanide, heavy metals and acid into the Alamosa River, Colorado, from the Summitville mine, causing the death of all aquatic life 17 miles downstream.
 * 1991, California's largest hazardous chemical spill: A 19,000-gallon (72,000 L) tank railroad car containing the pesticide/herbicide metam sodium derails from a northbound Southern Pacific freight train, tumbling off the bridge over the Sacramento River at the Cantara Loop near Dunsmuir, California, and rupturing on the rocks below, spilling the car's entire load into the river. Virtually every aquatic organism on a 40-mile (64 km) stretch of river was killed.
 * 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill of a gold mine in Romania, January 2000
 * 2001 AZF Toulouse chemical factory explosion
 * 2003 Release of sulfur dioxide at the Al-Mishraq plant in Iraq
 * 2005 Jilin chemical plant explosions
 * 2007 Release of lead dust into Esperance Harbour
 * 2008 Guangxi chemical plant explosions China
 * 2008 Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill
 * 2011 Bohai Bay oil spill China
 * 2012 Guangxi cadmium spill China, when toxic cadmium contaminated the Guangxi Longjiang river (龙江河) and water supply.
 * 2015 Shenzhen landslide China, a landslide of construction waste at Shenzhen.
 * 2018 Fujian Quangang Carbon Nine leakage event China
 * Baogang Tailings Dam China
 * Cancer Alley
 * Environmental issues with the Three Gorges Dam
 * Health issues on the Aamjiwnaang First Nation due to chemical factories
 * Love Canal toxic waste site
 * Minamata disease (1950s and 1960s) mercury poisoning in Japan
 * Kodaikanal mercury poisoning in India
 * Release of CFCs resulting in ozone depletion
 * Spring Valley, which was used as a chemical weapons testing ground during World War I.
 * Sydney Tar Ponds and Coke Ovens sites in the city of Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, known as the largest toxic waste site in North America.
 * United States Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites in the United States

Mining

 * Summitville mine in Colorado, from 1870 to 1992
 * Iron Mountain Mine in California, from 1879 to 1963
 * Argonaut Mine in California, from 1893 to 1942
 * Lead & Zinc mining in northeast Oklahoma / southeast Kansas / southwest Missouri, from 1900s to 1960s
 * Copper mining in Tasmania, from 1893 to 1994
 * Phosphate mining in Nauru, from 1906 to the 1990s
 * Phosphate mining in St. Pierre Island from 1906 to 1972
 * 1947 Centralia mine disaster, a coal mine in Illinois
 * Centralia mine fire, Pennsylvania, burning since 1962
 * Mountaintop removal mining in the US since the 1960s
 * Aberfan disaster, collapse of a coal mining waste pile in Wales, 1966
 * Tui mine, tailings dam from the now abandoned in New Zealand, 1966 to 2013
 * Darvaza gas crater in Derweze, Turkmenistan, burning since 1971
 * Uranium mining controversy in Kakadu National Park in Australia, 1981 to 2009
 * Ok Tedi environmental disaster in Papua New Guinea beginning in 1984
 * Omai gold mine tailing dam breach in Guyana, 1995
 * Marcopper mining disaster in the Philippines, March 1996
 * Doñana disaster, tailings dam breach of the Los Frailes zinc/silver mine in Spain, April 1998
 * Aitik mine, tailings dam failure in Sweden, September 2000
 * Martin County sludge spill in Kentucky, October 2000
 * Magellan Metals mine, lead dust in Australia, 2006
 * Upper Big Branch Mine disaster in West Virginia, April 2010
 * Padcal tailings spills of August-September 2012
 * Talvivaara gypsum pond leak, Finland, 2012
 * Obed Mountain coal mine spill in Alberta, Canada, October 2013
 * 2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill in Colorado, August 2015
 * Mariana dam disaster, Samarco iron ore mine tailings dam failure, Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo to the Atlantic sea. Brazil, November 2015
 * Orinoco Mining Arc, Venezuela, February 2016
 * Brumadinho dam disaster of an iron ore mine in Brazil, January 2019
 * Hpakant jade mine disaster landslide of tailings into waterway in Myanmar, July 2020

Oil industry

 * Lakeview Gusher oil spill in California, 1910 –1911
 * Leaded gasoline introduced 1920s; phased out globally by 2012.
 * Greenpoint oil spill in Brooklyn, New York, 1940s–1980
 * Mississippi River oil spill (1962–1963)
 * Torrey Canyon oil spill off the SW coast of the United Kingdom, February 1967
 * Lago Agrio oil field spills in Ecuador, since 1972 (possibly the worst of all)
 * MV Sea Star and Horta Barbosa tankers collision and oil spill into the Gulf of Oman, December 1972
 * Jakob Maersk oil spill off the coast of Portugal, January 1975
 * Environmental issues in the Niger Delta relating to the oil industry, 1976–1996
 * Arctic Refuge drilling controversy, since 1977
 * Amoco Cadiz shipwreck and oil spill off the coast of Brittany, France, March 1978
 * Ixtoc I oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico, June 1979
 * SS Atlantic Empress collision and spill near Trinidad and Tobago, August 1979
 * MT Independența collision and spill near Istanbul, November 1979
 * Nowruz oil spills into the Persian Gulf, March 1983
 * Castillo de Bellver oil spill off the coast of South Africa, August 1983
 * Odyssey tanker shipwreck and oil spill, off the coast of Nova Scotia, November 1988
 * Exxon Valdez oil spill in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 1989
 * Gulf War oil spill into the Persian Gulf, January 1991
 * MT Haven explosion and oil spill of the coast of Italy, April 1991
 * ABT Summer explosion and oil spill off the coast of Angola, May 1991
 * Mingbulak oil spill in Uzbekistan, March 1992
 * MV Braer shipwreck and oil spill at the Shetland Islands, January 1993
 * Taylor oil spill off the coast of Louisiana, since 2004
 * Sidoarjo mud flow triggered by Lapindo Brantas gas exploration in 2006; East Java, Indonesia
 * Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, April to July 2010
 * 2010 ExxonMobil oil spill in the Niger Delta in Nigeria, May 2010
 * Jebel al-Zayt oil spill in the Red Sea, June 2010
 * Xingang Port oil spill into the Yellow Sea, July 2010
 * Sanchi oil tanker collision in the East China Sea, January 2018
 * Norilsk oil spill in Siberia in Russia in between May and June 2020.
 * MV Wakashio oil spill in south Mauritius, since July 2020
 * El Palito oil spill off the coast of Venezuela, since July 2020

Nuclear

 * Chernobyl disaster in 1986 in Chernobyl, Ukraine killed 49 people and was estimated to have damaged almost $7 billion of property". Radioactive fallout from the accident concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the accident, "traces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl were found in nearly every country in the northern hemisphere".
 * Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster: Following an earthquake, tsunami, and failure of cooling systems at Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and issues concerning other nuclear facilities in Japan on March 11, 2011, a nuclear emergency was declared. This was the first time a nuclear emergency had been declared in Japan, and 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant were evacuated. Explosions and a fire have resulted in dangerous levels of radiation, sparking a stock market collapse and panic-buying in supermarkets.
 * Mayak nuclear waste storage tank explosion, (Chelyabinsk, Soviet Union, September 29, 1957), 200+ people died and 270,000 people were exposed to dangerous radiation levels. Over thirty small communities had been removed from Soviet maps between 1958 and 1991.
 * Windscale fire, United Kingdom, October 8, 1957. Fire ignites plutonium piles and contaminates surrounding dairy farms.
 * Soviet submarine K-431 accident, August 10, 1985 (10 people died and 49 suffered radiation injuries).
 * Soviet submarine K-19 accident, July 4, 1961 (8 deaths and more than 30 people were over-exposed to radiation).
 * Nuclear testing at Moruroa and Fangataufa in the Pacific Ocean
 * Fallout from the Castle Bravo nuclear test at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands
 * The health of Downwinders
 * Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Within the first two to four months of the bombings, the acute effects killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day.
 * Three Mile Island, 1979 - It is the most significant accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history. On the seven-point International Nuclear Event Scale, it is rated Level 5 – Accident with Wider Consequences.
 * Hanford Nuclear, 1986 – The U.S. government declassifies 19,000 pages of documents indicating that between 1946 and 1986, the Hanford Site near Richland, Washington, released thousands of US gallons of radioactive liquids. Radioactive waste was both released into the air and flowed into the Columbia River (which flows to the Pacific Ocean).   In 2014, the Hanford legacy continues with billions of dollars spent annually in a seemingly endless cleanup of leaking underground

Air/land/water

 * Proliferation of plastic shopping bags
 * Hong Kong Plastic Disaster

Air

 * The 1983 Melbourne dust storm
 * The 1997 Southeast Asian haze
 * The 2005 Malaysian haze
 * The 2006 Southeast Asian haze
 * The 2016 Great Smog of Delhi
 * The 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
 * Cancer Alley
 * The Donora Smog of 1948
 * The Great Smog of 1952
 * Health problems due to the Jinkanpo Atsugi Incinerator
 * Kuwaiti oil fires
 * Yokkaichi asthma

Land

 * Dust Bowl in central United States (1930s)
 * Contaminated soils in Māpua, New Zealand, due to the operation of an agricultural chemicals factory from 1932 to 1989
 * Basin F, a disposal site in the United States created in 1956 for contaminated liquid wastes from the chemical manufacturing operations of the Army and its lessee Shell Chemicals company
 * Coastal erosion in Louisiana
 * Nigeria gully erosion crisis, since before 1980
 * Exide lead contamination at seven locations in the United States, since 1989
 * Electronic waste in Guiyu, since the 1990s
 * 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump
 * In Thathri Disaster 2023, the land and residential houses started cracking in Nayi Basti Thathri of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Water

 * Amoco Cadiz oil spill off the coast of France in 1978
 * Cheakamus River derailment which polluted a river with caustic soda
 * Deepwater Horizon oil spill
 * Diamond Alkali dumping of "bad batches" of the herbicide Agent Orange and byproducts of its production into the Passaic River during the 1960s and 1970s, contaminating river sediments with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, PCBs, and PAHs. Diamond Alkali was added to the EPA's National Priorities List in 1987 and cleanup of the Lower Passaic is still underway.
 * Draining and development of the Everglades
 * Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes in the 1990s
 * DuPont dumping of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in Parkersburg, West Virginia, USA 1951-2003.
 * Effects of polluted water in the Berkeley Pit in the United States
 * Gulf of Mexico dead zone
 * Ignition and conflagration (13 times from 1868 to 1969) of the Cuyahoga River in Ohio, United States
 * The Jiyeh Power Station oil spill in the Mediterranean region
 * Lake Okeechobee is heavily polluted and during extreme events releases large volumes of polluted water into the St. Lucie River estuary and the Caloosahatchee River estuary.
 * Loss of Louisiana Wetlands due to Mississippi River levees, saltwater intrusion through manmade channels, timber harvesting, subsidence, and hurricane damage.
 * Mercury contamination in Grassy Narrows pollution of Wabigoon River
 * Oder environmental disaster in 2022
 * Red Hill water crisis in Hawaiʻi, United States beginning in November 2021
 * Sandoz chemical spill, severely polluting the Rhine in 1986
 * Selenium poisoning of wildlife due to farm runoff used to create Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, and the artificial wetland

Marine

 * Coral bleaching
 * Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone due to high-nutrient fertilizer runoff from the Midwest that is drained through the Mississippi River.
 * The artificial Osborne Reef off the coast of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, in the United States
 * Dumping of conventional and chemical munitions in Beaufort's Dyke, a sea trench between Northern Ireland and Scotland
 * Marine debris
 * Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef
 * Nurdles, plastic pellet typically under 5mm in diameter
 * The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
 * Minamata disease, mercury poisoning in Japan
 * Mercury in fish
 * Ocean acidification due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
 * 2022 Caspian seal die-off
 * Industrial waste dumping in Central Vietnam from Formosa Ha Tinh Steel, which kills tons of marine creatures and destroys the ecosystem

title: List of environmental disasters


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sub pop

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to Sub Pop. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:05, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sub pop
Yet another imaginary music genre. It varies from pop music by attempting to find a more common element with its audience. Yeah, right. Nothing links here; let's kill it before anything does.—Wahoofive (talk) 07:30, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and/or Redirect (no merge) to Sub Pop, a well-known music label that most people typing this in would actually be looking for.   — Gwalla | Talk 07:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect without merge to Sub Pop. the wub (talk) 08:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Sub Pop. JamesBurns 11:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. Saint Etienne was on the Sub Pop label for one album and one EP. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  11:48, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect--nice pickup, Gwalla. Meelar (talk) 13:49, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect per Gwalla. Mgm|(talk) 19:22, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above. -- ericl234   talk   contribs  21:41, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sub pop


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Talk:Orchard Elementary School District

For a June 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Orchard Elementary School District

Is this the only elementary school in Alpine County? One wonders, what with Alpine County only having a population of 1200, how this one school can have 800 students. RickK 07:31, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * There is another Orchard Elementary in San Jose, and I think someone has entered the enrollment stats for that (817 according to Great Schools) by mistake. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 07:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ah, even better. This school district is in Santa Clara County. Dunno how it ended up being classified under Alpine County. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tony Sidaway (talk • contribs).

Assessment
I am marking this article as part of WikiProject Schools as List / Low. Camaron1 | Chris 14:05, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orchard Elementary School District


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Talk:Tonto (Lone Ranger character)

What Ive always found interesting was that the word 'tonto" means stupid in Spanish. Was this a purposeful racial slur? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.238.90.157 (talk • contribs)

 * And "Kemo sabe" is sound-alike for "he who does not know" in Spanish, so he did get a bit of his own back, anyway... Schissel | Sound the Note! 16:05, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * More precisely it means "Silly" as "Stupid" is cognate to "Estupido" the Spanish word and both, "Silly" and "Tonto" are milder than "Stupid" and "Estupido" respectively. Likewise "kemo sabe" sounds more like "[I] burn knows" But yep... It all sounds disparing and I doubt there is any true language to 'ffend those behind this work. -9:55 4/9/2006 GETB-

Trendle?
This article refers to somebody named "Trendle", but gives no information as to who this person is. Any clues?
 * George W. Trendle, owner of WXYZ and producer of the series. It had been removed by an earlier poster from the first sentence, but missed the later reference, and thus destroyed the meaning of the sentence. Someone had previously deleted the name and implied that Fran Striker was sole creator of The Lone Ranger. There's been controversy over who did what, but as much as Striker shaped the series and created Tonto and most of the supporting cast, he was hardly alone, and at least the concept of a Western about a lone former Texas ranger, by even the most unbiased accounts, came directly from Trendle (and the article on The Lone Ranger itself credits Trendle). -- Aleal 15:14, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tonto (Lone Ranger character)


text:
Psychic driving

Psychic driving was a psychiatric procedure of the 1950s and 1960s in which patients were subjected to a continuously repeated audio message on a looped tape to alter their behaviour. In psychic driving, patients were often exposed to hundreds of thousands of repetitions of a single statement over the course of their treatment. They were also concurrently administered muscular paralytic drugs such as curare to subdue them for the purposes of exposure to the looped messages. The procedure was pioneered by Donald Ewen Cameron, and used and funded by the CIA's Project MKUltra program in Canada.

Psychiatry and MKUltra
The psychic driving procedure was a chronological precursor to Cameron's depatterning, the latter involving massive doses of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) combined with similarly large doses of psychedelic drugs (such as LSD). The intent was to break down the subject's personality—theoretically psychic driving could then be used with some efficacy in establishing a new personality. In Cameron's depatterning, the ECT would often continue to be administered despite the manifestation of convulsive fits, which were consensually considered to be contraindications to normal and safe ECT procedure. Such biologically and psychologically devastating procedures, adopted internationally by the psychiatric establishment, were largely abolished by the time the CIA was brought before a Senate Hearing (1977) for its involvement and funding of Cameron's experimental activities—as part of the MKULTRA program. The topic of Cameron's psychic driving is dealt with in some detail in the docudrama entitled The Sleep Room (1998) directed by Anne Wheeler.

Other uses
Similar techniques are alleged to have been used in the kidnapping and death of CIA operative William Francis Buckley by Aziz al-Abub, a medical doctor from Beirut who was seen as epitomizing medical torture. Aziz al-Abub, also known as Ibrahim al-Nadhir, was known for using his medical training to refine torture techniques. His techniques were shown to be closely connected to the CIA-developed torture techniques. As with the CIA, he used drugs to make it easier to handle those he tortured, carefully determined how long to keep a prisoner hooded and when to isolate them and other techniques seen as medical torture.

In popular culture
Initially, in the hit NBC TV series Hannibal, Dr. Chilton uses psychic driving on a patient of the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, Dr. Abel Gideon (played by Eddie Izzard), to convince him that he is the main antagonist of the series, the Chesapeake Ripper. Later in the series, psychic driving is alluded to by the main character Dr. Hannibal Lecter as a means to convince FBI profiler Will Graham that he has committed a string of brutal murders during a bout of encephalitis, to throw him off the trail and keep himself safe. Dr. Lecter uses psychic driving by purposely inducing trance-like states during a therapy session, using Will Graham's encephalitis, then reinforcing his delusions that he has killed during episodes of lost time where he cannot remember his own actions.

Aaron Dilloway's 2010 album Psychic Driving Tapes is based on the concept, and heavily utilizes tape loops in its composition.

title: Psychic driving


text: User talk:67.150.124.173

title: User talk:67.150.124.173


text:
User:MissMaya

Maya says "you are what you think"

title: User:MissMaya


text:
Brigitte Zypries

Brigitte Zypries (born 16 November 1953) is a German lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Between 2017 and 2018, she served as Minister for Economics and Energy in the government of Chancellor Angela Merkel; she was the first woman to hold that office in German history.

Zypries had previously been Parliamentary State Secretary since December 2013, charged with the coordination of Germany's aviation and space policies. She was Federal Minister of Justice of Germany from 2002 to 2009 and State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of the Interior from 1998 to 2002.

Early life and education
Zypries studied law at the University of Giessen from 1972 to 1977, and took her first legal state exam in 1978. Then followed in-service training in the regional court district of Gießen, and in 1980 the second state exam. Until 1985 she worked at the University of Giessen.

Early career

 * 1985–1988: Assistant head of division at State Chancellery of Hesse
 * 1988–1990: Member of academic staff at the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
 * 1991: Head of division of the State Chancellery of Lower Saxony
 * 1995–1997: Head of department of the State Chancellery of Lower Saxony
 * to 1998: Active in the Ministry for Women, Labour and Social Affairs of Lower Saxony

State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of the Interior, 1998–2002
Following the 1998 federal elections, in the first cabinet of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, Zypries became State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of the Interior under Otto Schily. From September 1999, she chaired the State Secretary Committee for the management of the Federal Government program "Modern State – Modern Administration".

Federal Minister of Justice, 2002–2009
Following the 2002 federal elections, Zypries became Federal Minister of Justice in the second cabinet of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, succeeding Herta Däubler-Gmelin. Between 2007 and 2009, she was also one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state (Föderalismuskommission II), which had been established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany.

In 2003, Zypries represented the German government before the Federal Constitutional Court when the Free Democratic Party challenged a German law allowing authorities to eavesdrop on conversations in private homes. While law-enforcement officials and the government argue that the law helps fight organized crime and terrorism, opponents contend it violates constitutional privacy guarantees and has not allowed authorities to crack a single major case.

In 2005, the German government suffered a major setback in its efforts to combat terrorism after the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the country's implementation of the European Arrest Warrant was unconstitutional. The court said the EU idea was compatible with Germany's constitution, but that the law drafted by Zypries was sloppily written and did not go far enough in framing the leeway offered to prosecutors by the European Arrest Warrant. Just hours after the ruling, German police released terrorism suspect Mamoun Darkazanli, who had been held awaiting extradition to Spain where he is believed to have been linked to al-Qaida activities. When German economics minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg decided to outsource the drafting of new bankruptcy legislation in 2009, Zypries criticized that Guttenberg wasted taxpayers' money and that it was the responsibility of her ministry, not his, to oversee the preparation of the legislation. In 2010, the Constitutional Court ruled that a law requiring telecommunications companies to retain data from telephone, email and Internet traffic is unconstitutional; the law had been introduced by Zypries as implementation of an EU guideline.

In the negotiations to form a government following the 2005 federal elections, Zypries led the SPD's delegations in the working groups on justice, consumer protection, and internal affairs; her co-chairs from the CDU/CSU were Wolfgang Bosbach, Horst Seehofer and Wolfgang Schäuble, respectively.

After German prosecutors had issued arrest warrants in 2007 for 13 suspected CIA operatives believed to have been involved in the abduction of Khaled el-Masri in North Macedonia in late 2003 as well as in his being taken via Baghdad to a secret CIA prison in Afghanistan in January 2004, Zypries soon decided not to further pursue the CIA agents. Though their names were still on an Interpol wanted persons list, the United States stated that it would not recognize its validity. Zypries explained that the US government had made clear to her that it would neither arrest nor hand over the agents. In the end, she concluded that, given the slim chances of success, it made no sense to even try to get them extradited.

On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, Zypries participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the governments of Germany and Israel in Jerusalem in March 2008.

In the case of Richard Williamson in 2009, Zypries said that the German government was willing to press charges against the bishop if he did not clearly retract his comments.

In 2009, Zypries led the resistance to the Google Books Library Project in Germany. In the daily Stuttgarter Nachrichten, she accused Google of behaving in a "simply unlawful" way.

Member of Parliament, 2009–2017
Between 2009 and 2013, Zypries served on the German Bundestag’s Committee on the Election of Judges (Wahlausschuss), which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. From 2009, she was also a member of the parliamentary body in charge of appointing judges to the Highest Courts of Justice, namely the Federal Court of Justice (BGH), the Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG), the Federal Fiscal Court (BFH), the Federal Labour Court (BAG), and the Federal Social Court (BSG).

Ahead of the 2013 elections, Peer Steinbrück included Zypries in his shadow cabinet for the Social Democrats’ campaign to unseat incumbent Angela Merkel as chancellor. During the campaign, Zypries served as shadow minister for consumer protection. In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the elections, she led the SPD delegation in the working group on digital policy; her co-chair was Dorothee Bär of the CSU.

Following the formation of the grand coalition in December 2013, Zypries was appointed Parliamentary State Secretary in the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy. In January 2014, she became the government's coordinator for aviation and space policies.

In February 2014, Zypries accompanied German President Joachim Gauck on a state visit to India – where they met with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Sonia Gandhi, among others – and Myanmar.

In June 2016, Zypries announced that she would not stand in the 2017 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy, 2017–2018
In a cabinet reshuffle following the nomination of Frank-Walter Steinmeier as candidate for the federal presidency, Zypries was appointed Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy on 27 January 2017. She succeeded Sigmar Gabriel, who took the office of Minister for Foreign Affairs from Steinmeier.

During her time in office, Zypries led the government's efforts to save Germany's then second-largest airline Air Berlin. When the company filed for bankruptcy protection in August 2017, she authorized a bridging loan of 150 million euros ($176 million) to allow Air Berlin to keep its planes in the air for three months and secure the jobs of its 7,200 workers in Germany while negotiations with Lufthansa continue.

In the negotiations to form a fourth coalition government under Chancellor Angela Merkel following the 2017 federal elections, Zypries led the working group on economic affairs, alongside Thomas Strobl and Alexander Dobrindt.

Later career
From 2019 to 2023, Zypries served as ombudsperson for BDIU, the national association of Germany's credit management, debt collection and debt purchase sector. In 2020, she took on a similar role in implementing the settlement agreed between Volkswagen and the Federation of German Consumer Organisations (VZBV) following the company's emissions scandal. In 2021, she was appointed to co-chair – alongside Theo Waigel – an independent expert commission established by audit firm Ernst & Young to assess its involvement in the Wirecard scandal.

Since 2023, Zypries has been serving as ombudsperson at German private credit bureau Schufa.

Corporate boards

 * Bombardier Transportation, member of the supervisory board (since 2019)
 * Deutsches Institut für Service-Qualität (DISQ), chairwoman of the advisory board (since 2019)
 * KfW, ex-officio deputy chairwoman of the board of supervisory directors (2017–2018)
 * RAG-Stiftung, ex-officio member of the board of trustees (2017–2018)
 * Deutsche Bahn, member of the supervisory board (2016–2017)
 * German Investment Corporation (DEG), ex-officio member of the supervisory board (2013–2017)
 * Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), ex-officio member of the supervisory board (2013–2017)
 * DB Mobility Logistics, member of the supervisory board (2013–2015)

Non-profit organizations

 * German Table Tennis Association (DTTB), Member of the Ethics Commission (since 2020)
 * betterplace.org, Member of the supervisory board (since 2018)
 * Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, member of the political advisory board (since 2018)
 * Christliches Jugenddorfwerk Deutschlands, member of the board of trustees
 * Deutsche Nationalstiftung, member of the board of trustees
 * German Poland Institute, member of the board of trustees
 * HSE Foundation, member of the board of trustees
 * German Israeli Lawyer's Association (DIJV), president
 * German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), Department of Gender Studies, member of the Circle of Supporters
 * Friedrich Ebert Foundation, member of the board of trustees
 * Gustav Heinemann Civic Award of the SPD, member of the board of trustees
 * Institute for Sports, Business & Society (ISBS) at the EBS University of Business and Law, member of the board of trustees
 * Das Progressive Zentrum, member of the Circle of Friends
 * Rotary Club, member
 * National Paralympic Committee Germany, chairwoman of the board of trustees (2009–2015)
 * Aktive Bürgerschaft, member of the board of trustees (-2014)
 * Federal Agency for Civic Education, alternate member of the board of trustees (2010–2013)
 * Magnus Hirschfeld Foundation, alternate member of the board of trustees (2011–2013)
 * German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation (IRZ), member (2009–2013)
 * German Association for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (BVMW), member of the political advisory board (2009–2013)
 * Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik (ZRP), co-editor (2009–2013)

Political positions
Zypries is considered a proponent of regulating more tightly access to Internet platforms such as Google, Facebook, Amazon.com and Apple Inc.’s iTunes. A joint letter to the European Commission in November 2014, signed by Zypries and her French counterpart Axelle Lemaire on behalf of the German and French governments, suggested “essential” digital platforms should potentially be brought under existing rules for telecoms markets, a standalone regulation or specially tailored antitrust rules.

Zypries is a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reformation of the United Nations.

Controversies
Ending a nasty diplomatic dispute between the United States and Germany, Zypries announced at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2006 that the German government was dropping its decades-long resistance to opening the archives kept at the International Tracing Service in the town of Bad Arolsen.

On 3 June 2007, Zypries caused some controversy by saying at a meeting of G8 justice ministers in Munich that it should be assumed that missing British child Madeleine McCann was abducted by a gang that passes on children to be abused.

In response to a 2007 meeting between chancellor Angela Merkel and the Dalai Lama, China canceled a high-level meeting on the protection of intellectual property rights of Chinese legal experts and Zypries in retaliation. A statement from the German Justice Ministry later said the meeting was called off "for technical reasons." The opposition Green Party, which was in coalition with then-Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's Social Democrats from 1998 to 2005, also praised Merkel's stance.

title: Brigitte Zypries


text:
User talk:Will 19

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Will 19


text:
Talk:Penalty kick (rugby)

Page is a redirect to Penalty (rugby) following this VfD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penalty kick (rugby)


text:
Bear claw

A bear claw is a sweet, yeast-raised pastry, a type of Danish, originating in the United States during the mid-1910s. In Denmark, a bear claw is referred to as a kam. France also has an alternate version of that pastry: patte d'ours (meaning bear paw), created in 1982 in the Alps. The name bear claw as used for a pastry is first attested in March 1914 by the Geibel German Bakery, located at 915 K Street in downtown Sacramento. The phrase is more common in Western American English, and is included in the U.S. Regional Dialect Survey Results, Question #87, "Do you use the term 'bear claw' for a kind of pastry?"

Ingredients and shape
Most Danishes include the same basic ingredients such as eggs, yeast, flour, milk, sugar, and butter. The bear claw is also made with "sweet dough" which is "bread dough with more shortening than usual". One of the differences between most Danishes, besides taste, is seen in their shape. A bear claw is usually filled with almond paste, and sometimes raisins, and often shaped in a semicircle with slices along the curved edge, or rectangular with partial slices along one side. As the dough rises, the sections separate, evoking the shape of a bear's toes, hence the name. A bear claw may also be a yeast doughnut in a shape similar to that of the pastry. Such doughnuts may have an apple pie-style filling, or other fillings such as butter pecan, dates, cream cheese, grape or cherry.

Production
A bear claw can be made by hand or by machine. Bear claw can be hand-made by using a bear claw cutter that was invented in 1950 by James Fennell. A 1948 patent describes the process of assembling the bear claw as rolling out the dough, layering filling onto it, folding the dough over, cutting small incisions to create the claw-like look, and finally cutting the dough into separate pastries. The pastry can be curved into a half-circle at this point, which causes the "toes" to separate.

Health and nutrition
Similar to other pastries, the bear claw is typically high in carbohydrates and fats. Example nutrition information can be seen from a version produced by the restaurant chain Panera Bread.

title: Bear claw


text: User talk:82.74.108.147

title: User talk:82.74.108.147


text:
Talk:Berryessa (disambiguation)

Untitled
I reverted the 07:01, Jun 6, 2005 edit because of the POV nature of the statement, but I'm not sure about the link. Could someone assess it for appropriateness? Oh yeah, and I kinda meant to say 'rv POV edit', not NPOV.--DooM Drat 07:41, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Berryessa (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Cartesian theater

A start.

-- ArtificioSapiens

Dualism?
Loxley, Dennett asserts that the theater is present in materialistic theories as a remnant of Descartes' dualism. Even if you don't agree with this, it's your job to neutrally report it, and perhaps neutrally report criticisms, if any. If you have any reference for your claim that the theater does not apply to dualism, please offer it. Also, you erased an explanatory paragraph that I inserted for the purpose of explaining some of the background of these terms. I don't know why you did this, but I reverted it. If you have specific problems with that paragraph, address them in specific. Alienus 20:41, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

In your latest bit of vandalism, you misleading claim that Dennett is "redefining" Cartesian materialism to suit his desires. As far as I can tell, Dennett is the one who coined the term, so he was the first to define it. Anyone else's definition qualifies as a redefinition. I won't bother repeating myself about your recurring instantaneity error, except to point out that you still don't seem to understand what Dennett is claiming, so you need to go educate yourself before you try to contribute on these issues. The stuff about regress is an especially bad case of miscomprehension. Please stop with the vandalism. If you genuinely want to make these pages better, as opposed to merely force them to lean towards your bias, you'll participate in discussion here in Talk. Alienus 12:13, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Dennet invented the "Cartesian theatre". Cartesian materialism, is a different thing, it was mentioned by Cabanis 1802, in Rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme. Marx also mentions it.

 * I believe the term "Cartesian materialism" was first identified with the work of Thomas Hobbes in the seventeenth century. Unlike Hobbes, Dennett is an eliminativist, he is against the idea that the mind is in the skull. The point about regress is extremely important because it explains why Dennett has gone to such great lengths to develop an argument that is not based on regress. loxley 13:15, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

What did Dennet say?
This article and dispute might be helped by tracing Dennett's initial use of the term "Cartesian theater" in Consciousness Explained (hereafter CE)

In CE, ch. 1, p. 17 of the first paperback edition:
 * The Multiple Drafts model of consciousness ... is an alternative to the traditional model, which I call the Cartesian Theater. (emphasis mine)

In CE ch. 2, p. 39, he says that:
 * the exclusive attention to specific subsystems of the mind/brain often causes a sort of theoretical myopia that prevents theorists from seeing that their models still presuppose that somewhere, conveniently hidden in the obscure "center" of the mind/brain, there is a Cartesian Theater, a place where "it all comes together" and consciousness happens. This may seem like a good idea, an inevitable idea, but until we see, in some detail, why it is not, the Cartesian Theater will continue to attract crowds of theorists transfixed by an illusion.

My definition of the term "Cartesian theater" would be:

 * Term coined by Daniel Dennett in Consciousness Explained for any single, specific place in the brain presupposed by a model of consciousness to be the place where perceptions are presented and "consciousness happens".

This seems to be to be a factual, NPOV definition of the term, suitable for use in the opening sentence of the article. In the article itself, one could discuss his use of the term in CE (and elsewhere?) when characterizing models other than his own, as well as the use of the term by others. I don't think the "Cartesian theater" itself is a "straw man", but claiming that a particular model of consciousness presupposes a "Cartesian theater" might well be a straw man argument if the model does not, in fact, presuppose such a thing.

 * The cartesian theatre is not a straw man argument in itself, it only becomes a straw man argument when Cartesian materialism is characterised as the cartesian theatre. There are several types of cartesian materialism and, in its general sense of "the mind is the brain" the cartesian theatre is a non-sequitur. We must be careful to characterise Dennett's ideas as proposals made by Dennett, not as accurate summaries of the whole field. loxley 12:49, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

I haven't read CE in a while, so I may be missing some things that quick skimming has missed. But, I hope this is a valuable contribution to the discussion.

Gwimpey 07:09, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for getting involved. What you've proposed so far would be an improvement over the current state of things, so feel free to implememnt it.  Take a look at the closely related Cartesian materialism article for more on these issues.  I think it would be easiest if we took this one article at a time. Alienus 10:04, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

I've observed the recent wave of changes by Loxley, and they're still very, very POV. In particular, it accuses Dennett of redefining the term to serve his own purposes. This is about as POV as saying Protestants redefine Christianity to exclude the Pope. In any case, I'm not going to fight a war on all fronts at once. I'm currently focusing on Cartesian materialism, and I'll move on to other articles as earlier one settle down. Alienus 16:36, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I have changed "redefine" to "define". This paragraph is not POV, it is a factual account. Please outline why you believe the last paragraph is POV using the last paragraph as an example rather than Christian politics. loxley 16:57, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Loxley, I don't see your changes as constructive. The Cartesian theater is NOT at all about presentism, nor does the stuff about self-reference apply. I'm reverting it unless you show me some relevance. Alienus 23:38, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The text that you have contributed about the regress argument is irrelevant to the Cartesian theatre. Please tell me where in Dennett's definition:

 * "Cartesian materialism is the view that there is a crucial finish line or boundary somewhere in the brain, marking a place where the order of arrival equals the order of "presentation" in experience because what happens there is what you are conscious of. [...] Many theorists would insist that they have explicitly rejected such an obviously bad idea. But [...] the persuasive imagery of the Cartesian Theater keeps coming back to haunt us — laypeople and scientists alike — even after its ghostly dualism has been denounced and exorcized. [p.107, original emphasis.]"

 * the regress argument applies. The interesting thing about the Cartesian theatre argument is that it is NOT the regress argument. I will edit your contribution so that it is relevant. loxley 15:35, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Your changes were wrongly intentioned, but mostly harmless. If you read at least CE and DDI, you'd know that he's arguing against any theory that concentrates all the hard work of thinking on a single "consciousness module", which then becomes a homunculus that cannot be explained.  He's referred to this as misguided boxology, for example, and he's argued extensively against Chalmers' the notion of the "hard problem", which Dennett says is just a side-effect of precisely thise unequal distribution of mental labor.
 * However, the article did go on a bit long about infinite regress, and you added this tedious reference to the claim that regress is unavoidable, and so on. Your changes cut a lot of excess weight, so I've left them alone, with the exception of removing the reference to presentism.  As far as I can tell, it has nothing to do with anything. Alienus 04:42, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Is this term relevant outside of Dennett's work?
Not being familiar with the philosophical or cognitive science literature, I am wondering if this term is used at all by people other than Daniel Dennett (other than when referring to Dennett's work)? It seems to be a metaphor that Dennett chose to highlight certain features of some models of consciousness, but is it now a term that people in the field would use generally? If not, does it deserve its own article, or should it be merged into another, such as Cartesian materialism, Consciousness Explained, or Multiple Drafts Model?

Just a thought... Gwimpey 03:28, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It got 744 hits on google. People like Blakemore are beginning to popularise it.. loxley 09:59, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cartesian theater


text: User talk:217.172.152.139

title: User talk:217.172.152.139


text: User talk:67.150.38.97

title: User talk:67.150.38.97


text:
Mike Siegel

Mike Siegel (born March 16, 1945) is an American radio talk show host. Siegel is a native of New York. He has worked hosted the nationally syndicated radio program Coast to Coast AM, and worked at stations from Seattle's KVI to Boston's WRKO and hosted a webcast. He has substituted for nationally syndicated conservative talk show hosts, including Michael Reagan.

Shows
Siegel was the host of the late-night talk show Coast to Coast AM from April 2000 until January 2001. He became a frequent substitute of the show's host, Art Bell in late 1999, and when Bell announced his retirement in early 2000, he recommended Siegel to succeed him. Siegel maintained the format of the show that Art Bell had created, but his personal style was very different, and the show became less popular. Early in 2001, Bell decided to return, and Siegel left the show. Siegel hosted the show from Seattle, Washington, where he lived.

Later, Siegel hosted a daily talk show on WLIE, in Islip, Long Island. During this tenure, he promoted the movement to make Long Island the 51st state (with himself as its first Governor), and advocated "smoke-ins" to protest the county's smoking ban.

Siegel was the host of first a conservative noon-time to three pm talk show on KVI in Seattle, Washington; followed by a move to morning drive, on KTTH in Seattle, Washington. He was key in movements of the time to introduce accountability to Washington state government. He helped former Congresswoman Linda Smith and initiative to the people "King" Tim Eyman to get motor vehicle license fees reduced from 2.2% of the vehicle's value to $30 a year.

Siegel describes how he worried about his safety when he aired a discussion from Wenatchee, Washington involving some of those accused in the Wenatchee child abuse prosecutions.

In early December 2005, his contract with KTTH expired and he was replaced by David Boze and Dan Sytman in the morning.

On February 1, 2006, Siegel began hosting "Noonday" on WDAY in Fargo, North Dakota. He was replaced by other hosts, but continued as a regular substitute for WDAY general manager Scott Hennen on the Hot Talk program.

In June, 2006, Siegel was the host of a one-hour local issues radio show from 6-7 PM (Pacific) on KITZ in Bremerton Washington and KGTK in Olympia.

In April 2008, Hennen left WDAY to become owner of his own station, WZFG/1100. Upon Hennen's departure, Siegel served as host of Hot Talk on WDAY until June 2008. Siegel followed Hennen to AM 1100 and was a regular fill-in host for the Scott Hennen Show.

Siegel worked the 3-7 PM time-slot on WRKO-AM 680 in Boston, Massachusetts, beginning in September 2014, when the contract with The Howie Carr Show ended. This assignment ended on March 16, 2015, when Carr returned. Siegel started a nightly talk show on WRKO from 10 p.m. to 1 a.m. on July 30, 2018.

Appearances and honors

 * He was professor of communication at Emerson College (Boston) and Fitchburg State College (Fitchburg, Massachusetts).
 * He was a guest on Geraldo in a discussion during a proposed 51% pay raise for members of Congress.
 * He was a guest on Bill Maher's Politically Incorrect (January 2000) along with Actress Carol Alt and Rap Artist/Actor Ice Cube.
 * He appeared on Court TV on KIRO (January 2000), breaking the story of Jeff Smith, the Frugal Gourmet and accused pedophile.
 * He was recognized by Talkers Magazine as one of the 100 Most Important Talk Hosts in America.
 * He began a weekday internet radio show on Cameo Entertainment Groups' CyberStationUSA.Com, on February 1, 2010, at 3:00 pm EST.
 * In 2017, he began hosting Your Second Opinion, a podcast produced by the news and public policy group Haym Salomon Center.
 * He authors a book Airing the Wave: Talk Radio At The Dawn Of The Digital Era.

title: Mike Siegel


text:
Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria

The Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria is a miniature imperial and state crown made at the request of Queen Victoria in 1870 to wear over her widow's cap following the death of her husband, Prince Albert. It was perhaps the crown most associated with the queen and is one of the Crown Jewels on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London.

Background
Following the death of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Victoria's husband, in 1861, Queen Victoria withdrew from public life and wore a black and white ensemble colloquially known as widow's weeds, which she continued to wear until her death in 1901. Under government pressure she came back into public view in 1870. However, she declined to wear her Imperial State Crown again, partly because she found it heavy and uncomfortable to wear, and partly because it would have been impossible to wear on top of her widow's cap. The new small crown was created as a substitute, meeting both the ceremonial duties of a monarch and her own desired form of dress as a widow. It was manufactured in March 1870 by the Crown Jewellers, Garrard & Co.

Design
Although diminutive, the silver crown follows the standard design for British crowns. It is made up of two arches joining at a monde surmounted by a cross. Each of the arches runs from a cross pattée along the rim of the base. Between each cross pattée is a fleur-de-lis. Because of its small size – 9 cm across and 10 cm high – the crown possesses no internal cap. It contains 1,162 brilliant and 138 rose-cut diamonds weighing 132 carat that were taken from a large necklace belonging to the queen. Unlike coloured gemstones, diamonds were seen as acceptable to wear in mourning. The crown weighs 160 g in total.

Usage
Queen Victoria first used her new crown at the State Opening of Parliament on 9 February 1871. She often wore it minus the arches as a circlet or open crown. Following Victoria's death, the crown was placed on her coffin at Osborne House.

After Victoria
The crown had belonged to Queen Victoria personally rather than to the Crown and thus was not a part of the Crown Jewels. Victoria left it to the Crown in her will. It was subsequently worn on occasions by the queen consort, Alexandra of Denmark (1901–1910) and after her by the next queen consort, Mary of Teck (1910–1936). After the death of Mary's husband, George V, she stopped wearing the crown. When the new queen consort, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1936–1952), decided not to wear the Small Diamond Crown, it was deposited by Queen Victoria's great-grandson, George VI, in the Jewel House at the Tower of London, where it remains on public display.

title: Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria


text:
Talk:Crash (2004 film)

Untitled
Iranian shop is burgarlized. Another story missing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.240.50.133 (talk) 20:31, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Plot
Tried to pare it down a bit - a lot of details, while important to the film itself, probably aren't necessary to an encyclopedia summary. There's probably more that can be cut too. I'm wondering if the film doesn't lend itself to a linear narrative summary - something along the lines of "Crash tells several intertwining stories set in LA, including those of blah-de-blah who do such and such". If I hadn't watched the film very recently I'm not sure how clear some of the synopsis would be to read. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.79.104.24 (talk) 00:43, 14 November 2013 (UTC)

I think this scene should be mentioned in the plot, it's definitely one of the most important scenes in the movie.--Reprarina (talk) 01:33, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Final song missing..
After Maybe Tomorrow plays the credites there is a final song, a "rap". The chorus of this is (not 100% certain of the last two lines):-

These problems they're yours and mine 'cos we all pay for the crime it's time we learned to react no hiding no turning back no more excuses or lies as only truth will survive that's how we borrow the tune I'll learn tomorrow with you.

Anyone know what this is and who wrote/performed it? I can find zip about it online.

LookingGlass (talk) 14:36, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

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Talk:Brigitte Zypries

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 18:09, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Discussion
This article needs to be rewritten into an encyclopedia article. RickK 07:47, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

maybe, you're most welcome ... At least it's a start and better then the stump before. Andreas

I don't see the need of re-writing this article. It's compact and gives enough information. My only remark is : is the 'controversy' really so important to be mentionned in an encyclopedia. What she supposedly said comes out of a newspaper and newspapers are not to be trusted. Whats she supposely said is so trival and of no importance to her actual work. Rather mention her work in connection to child abduction and -abuse and her contribution to the German Presidency of the EU.

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Manfred Stolpe

Manfred Stolpe (16 May 1936 – 29 December 2019) was a German canonist, theologian and politician who served as Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs of Germany from 2002 until 2005. Before, he was Ministerpräsident of the state Brandenburg from 1990 until 2002. Stolpe was, after the state elections following German reunification, the only Social Democratic Minister-President of a state of former East Germany. Stolpe is considered to be the architect of modern Brandenburg and left office with a 74% approval rating. He is credited with forging a new identity for the state, among other things, popularizing the Brandenburglied, though controversy surrounding several failed projects and his work for the Stasi came up during his tenure. To date, Brandenburg has only had Social Democratic Minister-Presidents.

Early life and education
Stolpe was born in Stettin (today Szczecin in Poland). He and his family fled to Greifswald in 1945 to escape the advancing Soviet Red Army. He studied law at the University of Jena in German Democratic Republic (GDR) (1955–1959). In 1959 he became active in the Protestant Church in Berlin-Brandenburg, then comprising East Berlin and West Berlin and the region of Brandenburg, and was also a guest student at the Free University of Berlin from 1959 until 1961.

GDR career
Between 1962 and 1969 he was Head of the Secretariat of the Conference of Governing Bodies of the Evangelical Churches in the GDR. After this he became Head of the Secretariat of the Federation of Evangelical Churches (GDR), a post which he held until 1981. During this time he was appointed to the World Council of Churches "Commission on International Relations".

In 1982 Stolpe became Consistorial President of the Eastern Region of the then divided Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg and, as such, a member of the Conference of Governing Bodies of the Evangelical Churches in the GDR; at the same time he was one of the two deputy chairmen of the Federation of Evangelical Churches. He gave up these positions in 1990 and 1989 respectively. He was a Stasi informer for 20 years while in the church.

Political career after reunification
In July 1990 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and on 14 October of that year he was elected to the Brandenburg Landtag for a seat in Cottbus. Shortly afterwards, on 1 November 1990, he was elected Ministerpräsident of the State of Brandenburg. He was re-elected twice, gaining an absolute majority of seats in the 1994 Brandenburg state election, even though he had been accused of collaborating with the Stasi, chiefly by then-Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records Joachim Gauck. He held the position until his resignation on 26 June 2002. During his time in office, he spearheaded an unsuccessful attempt to unify Brandenburg and Berlin in 1996, though the states cooperate on many matters to this day. From May 1991 to 26 June 2002 he was a Member of the SPD National Executive.

From 22 October 2002 to November 2005, he was Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs.

Personal
He married Ingrid Stolpe (born 1938), a physician who practised in Potsdam from 1965–2003, in 1961. The couple have a daughter. They both received treatment for colon cancer and breast cancer respectively, a subject on which they wrote a book and spoke on television.

Death
Stolpe died on 29 December 2019 from complications of his aforementioned colon cancer and was buried at Bornstedter Friedhof opposite the Bornstedt Crown Estate in Potsdam.

Awards
Stolpe received honorary Doctorates in Theology from the University of Greifswald (November 1989), from the University of Zurich (April 1991) and in Economics from the University of Szczecin (June 1996).

title: Manfred Stolpe


text:
Galtonia

Galtonia is a genus of plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Native to Southern Africa, the genus is named after Sir Francis Galton. According to some authorities it has been subsumed into Ornithogalum as a subgenus, while others prefer to keep it as a separate genus.

Description
These are large, vigorous perennial bulbous geophytes, with numerous wide (>5 cm) and large tapering glabrous leaves that ascend and sheathe the stem. The inflorescences are racemose, and conical or cylindrical, but sometimes corymbose. They bear nodding (rarely erect) flowers with fleshy white or greenish yellow tepals that are fused (rarely free) into a campanulate (bell like) tube that extends about half the length of the flower, but are never fragrant. The bracts are membranous and linear-acuminate, while bracteoles are absent. The pedicels are patent The Stamens, which are hidden amongst the perianth lobes where they are inserted at the base have ovate-acuminate (oval, tapering to a point at one end) filaments that are cylindrical and adnate to the perianth tube, merged at its end (occasionally free). The ovary may be black, green or yellow and or ovoid or cylindrical. The style is filiform (thread like) and white, with a stigma that is glandular and somewhat trilobed.

The fruit capsule is lanceolate, cylindrical or ovate and acute, and wider in its basal third. The capsule is triangular in section with blunt edges and bears seeds that are large and polygonal or irregularly flattened and biseriate. The seed testa is engraved into a puzzle like pattern. The globose bulbs have soft membranous tunics. Chromosome numbers: 2n=16 (12, 14 in G. saundersiae).

Taxonomy
Galtonia was first described as a new genus within Liliaceae in 1880 by Joseph Decaisne, and appeared the following year in the 1881 Kew Gardens report. He describes two species, G. candicans (Hyacinthus candicans Baker) and G. princeps (Hyacinthus princeps Baker), which are listed in an 1884 text. These were reassignments of two of Baker's species of Hyacinthus, which he distinguished as sufficiently different to justify forming a new genus, with G. candicans the type species.

By the 1870s, as Baker describes in his revision of the family, the taxonomy of Liliaceae had become vast and complicated. Baker had placed the two species of Galtonia, which at that time he considered to be Hyacinthus in the tribe Hyacintheae, one of eight tribes that he divided the Liliaceae into. Later in the 1880s, Galtonia with its two species was included as a district and separate genus in two influential taxonomic systems. In the United Kingdom Bentham and Hooker published their volume on the Liliaceae in Latin in 1883. Bentham and Hooker divided it into 20 tribes and placed Galtonia in the tribe Scilleae with 19 other genera. In the German literature the taxonomic system of Engler completed its classification of Liliaceae in 1888. He divided the family into twelve subfamilies and subordinate tribes. Galtonia was then placed in the subfamily Lilioideae and tribe Scilleae together with 21 other genera.

In 1955 a third species, G. viridiflora, was described, followed by G. regalis in 1986. For a graphical history of its circumscription, see Manning et al. 2009 Table 1. and Martinez-Azorin et al. Table 2. Various efforts were made during the twentieth century to dismember the Liliaceae, culminating in the separation of the higher orders, Asparagales and Liliales, and the emergence of Asparagaceae as a separate family, in which the Scilleae, including Galtonia, were now the Scilloideae  subfamily. Galtonia is one of the genera in the tribe Ornithogaleae, the largest tribe within the subfamily Scilloideae. Historically it was treated as part of the subfamily Ornithogaloideae of Hyacinthaceae, now obsolete terms. The preferred treatment being to consider the Hyacinthaceae as subfamily Scilloideae of Asparagaceae. The original subfamilies within Hyacinthaceae becoming tribes of subfamily Scilloideae. Thus subfamily Ornithogaloideae became tribe Ornithogaleae. The precise taxonomy of the Ornithogaloideae/Ornithogaleae has been problematic since at least the time of Linnaeus.

Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic analysis utilising plastid gene sequencing (trnL-F) brought some new clarity to the complex and controversial taxonomy of subfamily Scilloideae, with Pfosser and Speta (1999) demonstrating that the Ornithogaloideae/Ornithogaleae were one of four major clades within the subfamily. This clade also demonstrated two subclades, Ornithogaleae and Dipcadieae (which included Galtonia). Further work by Manning et al. did not support the concept of these subclades and subsumed all of the subfamily Scilloideae into the genus Ornithogalum with about 300 species. At the same time they pointed out the historical importance of Galtonia and its distinct floral characteristics and horticultural importance. In considering the circumscription of Galtonia, they pointed out that the genus was paraphyletic unless it included Ornithogalum saundersiae, but to include it created problems of morphological circumscription.

This sensu lato reduction of Speta's fourteen genera into one was not widely accepted, even though they were polyphyletic, and had a number of problems. (This also had the effect of eliminating Galtonia as a genus, under which a number of Ornithogalum species are still sold.)

Further analysis with wider sampling (70 compared to 40 taxa) and an additional plastid region (matK) revealed the presence of three clades (A, B and C) within Ornithogaleae/Ornithogalum. Consequently, a new classification was proposed with three tribes and four genera, Ornithogalum corresponding to Clade C, was placed in tribe Ornithogaleae, but further subdivided into four subgenera and further sections, with 160 species. Thus three of Speta's other thirteen genera were resurrected. Galtonia on the other hand was retained as a taxon but as a subgenus of Ornithogalum with seven species.

Subsequently, an alternative approach was suggested combining plastid gene sequences with nuclear DNA sequences, morphology and biogeography. This supported Manning et al.'s Clade C within which Ornithogalum was contained, but the very large subgenus Ornithogalum was noted to still be heterogeneous, an issue which those authors had managed by treating the subgenus in seven sections. In contrast Martinez-Azorin et al. suggested reversing the sensu lato (lumping) approach of Manning et al., reverting to separate genera (splitting), thus resurrecting Galtonia and eighteen other genera.

As of April 2015 the sensu lato approach of Manning et al. (2009) is still in use by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.

Subdivision
Manning et al. (2009) reconstructed Galtonia as a subgenus of Ornithogalum, but with two sections and a type species of O. candicans;
 * section Xanthochlora (U. Müll.-Doblies & D. Müll.-Doblies) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt (2 species; type O. xanthochlorum)
 * section Galtonia (Decne) J. C. Manning & Goldblatt (5 species; type O. candicans)

Species
The number of species has varied from four to seven.

The traditional four species were;
 * Galtonia candicans (Baker) Decne.
 * Galtonia princeps (Baker) Decne.
 * Galtonia regalis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt
 * Galtonia viridiflora Verdoorn.

and these were transferred to Ornithogalum by Manning et al. (2004). When reconstructed as a subgenus there were seven species;
 * section Xanthochlora
 * Ornithogalum haalenbergense U. Müll.-Doblies & D. Müll.-Doblies.
 * Ornithogalum xanthochlorum Baker
 * section Galtonia
 * Ornithogalum candicans (Baker) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt
 * Ornithogalum princeps (Baker) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt
 * Ornithogalum regale (Hilliard & B.L. Burtt) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt
 * Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker
 * Ornithogalum viridiflorum (I. Verd.) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt

In the system of Martinez-Azorin et al. (2011) the original four species (Galtonia sensu stricto) are maintained, together with Galtonia saundersiae (Baker) Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo & Juan as the fifth species, while the two species of section Xanthochlora, a sister clade, are transferred to a separate genus—Ethesia.

As of April 2015 The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families lists six species with their preferred synonyms;

 * Galtonia candicans = Ornithogalum candicans
 * Galtonia clavata Baker ex Mast. = Pseudogaltonia clavata (Baker ex Mast.) E.Phillips
 * Galtonia princeps =  Ornithogalum princeps
 * Galtonia regalis =  Ornithogalum regale
 * Galtonia saundersiae = Ornithogalum saundersiae
 * Galtonia viridiflora = Ornithogalum viridiflorum

Etymology
The genus Galtonia was named by Decaisne after Sir Francis Galton, who had published his account of his travels in South Africa.

Distribution and habitat
The species of Galtonia sensu stricto are distributed in the high precipitation summer rainfall, high-altitude areas of the Drakensberg, Low Drakensberg, Southern Berg and Natal Midlands of the eastern provinces of South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape) and Lesotho.

Uses

 * Galtonia viridiflora with its pale green flowers, and the white flowered Galtonia candicans or Cape Hyacinth are sold as ornamental garden plants, usually as Galtonia, while Galtonia saundersiae is more commonly listed as Ornithogalum.

Searches

 * Galtonia at Biodiversity Heritage Library

title: Galtonia