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User talk:Boddah

Welcome Please feel free to leave any questions / messages below...

Template:Did you know nominations/All Saints Church, Huntsham
Nominated for DYK?  Jolly  Ω   Janner  07:31, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

I've tagged the following sentence needing verification: "Charles Troyte's son was the decorated soldier and MP for Tiverton Sir Gilbert Acland-Troyte, his grave and that of his father and grandfather lie in the churchyard." While I can verify that he was MP for Tiverton, the other stuff is proving difficult. I'm wondering if you could offer any help?  Jolly  Ω   Janner  20:36, 21 February 2016 (UTC)

Hi, thanks for showing an interest in my contribution. From Sir Gilbert's own entry you can see DSO, CMG etc but not sure I can reference the location of the graves other than having been to the graveyard myself and seen them first hand. Thanks.

Wikimedia Commons
I'd recommend uploading your photographs to https://commons.wikimedia.org/. Almost all free files useful to Wikipedia are uploaded there, so it makes categorisation and searching much easier. It should automatically detect your account and have a similar upload process to Wikipedia.  Jolly  Ω   Janner  23:35, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

DYK for All Saints Church, Huntsham
— Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 12:02, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Main Page
Check out the Main Page after 1pm today!  Jolly  Ω   Janner  04:33, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Wow, thanks for nominating! Boddah (talk) 14:01, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

DYK for Huntsham Court
— Coffee //  have a cup  //  beans  // 13:57, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Ben Fogle
Hi Boddah - I visited this article this afternoon - one you started a long time ago - and it's kind of a mess. I thought you might like to revisit it - bring it up to date and make it more BLP appropriate. If not then I guess I'll move on. Mark  Dask  21:31, 26 October 2017 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Boddah


text:
Elymus repens

Elymus repens, commonly known as couch grass, is a very common perennial species of grass native to most of Europe, Asia, the Arctic, and northwest Africa. It has been brought into other mild northern climates for forage or erosion control, but is often considered a weed.

Other names include common couch, twitch, quick grass, quitch grass (also just quitch), dog grass, quackgrass, scutch grass, and witchgrass.

Description
It has creeping rhizomes which enable it to grow rapidly across grassland. It has flat, hairy leaves with upright flower spikes. The stems ('culms') grow to 40–150 cm tall; the leaves are linear, 15–40 cm long and 3–10 mm broad at the base of the plant, with leaves higher on the stems 2–8.5 mm broad. The flower spike is 10–30 mm long, with spikelets 1–2 cm long, 5–7 mm broad and 3 mm thick with three to eight florets. The glumes are 7–12 mm long, usually without an awn or with only a short one.

It flowers at the end of June through to August in the Northern Hemisphere.

Taxonomy
Various taxonomic subdivisions of this species have been proposed. Moreover, it is assigned to various genera (Elymus, Elytrigium, Agropyron). In a recent classification, three subspecies are distinguished, one of these with an additional variety:
 * Elytrigia repens subsp. repens. Throughout most of the range of the species.
 * Elytrigia repens subsp. repens var. repens. Awns usually absent or if present, very short.
 * Elytrigia repens subsp. repens var. aristata (Döll) P.D.Sell. Awns present, up to 15 mm long.
 * Elytrigia repens subsp. elongatiformis (Drobow) Tzvelev (syn. Elytrigia elongatiformis (Drobow) Nevski). Central and southwestern Asia, far southeastern Europe (Ukraine).
 * Elytrigia repens subsp. longearistata N. R. Cui. Western China (Xinjiang).

Hybrids are recorded with several related grasses, including Elytrigia juncea (Elytrigia × laxa (Fr.) Kerguélen), Elytrigia atherica (Elytrigia × drucei Stace), and with the barley species Hordeum secalinum (× Elytrordeum langei (K. Richt.) Hyl.).

Ecology
The foliage is an important forage grass for many grazing mammals. The seeds are eaten by several species of grassland birds, particularly buntings and finches. The caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use it as a foodplant, e.g. the Essex skipper (Thymelicus lineola).

Eradication
Couch grass has become naturalised throughout much of the world, and is often listed as an invasive weed. It is very difficult to remove from garden environments, as the thin rhizomes become entangled among the roots of shrubs and perennials, and each severed piece of rhizome can develop into a new plant. It may be possible to loosen the earth around the plant, and carefully pull out the complete rhizome. This is best done in the spring, when disturbed plants can recover. Another method is to dig deep into the ground in order to remove as much of the grass as possible. The area should then be covered with a thick layer of woodchips. To further prevent re-growth, cardboard can be placed underneath the woodchips. The long, white rhizomes will, however, dry out and die if left on the surface. Many herbicides will also control it.

Applications
The dried rhizomes of couch grass were broken up and used as incense in medieval northern Europe where other resin-based types of incense were unavailable. Elymus repens (Agropyron repens) rhizomes have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine against fever, internally as a tea, syrup, or cold maceration in water, or externally applied as a crude drug.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elymus repens


text: Category:Geography of Niger

title: Category:Geography of Niger


text:
Huon Gulf languages

The Huon Gulf languages are Western Oceanic languages spoken primarily in Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. They may form a group of the North New Guinea languages, perhaps within the Ngero–Vitiaz branch of that family.

Unusually for Oceanic languages, two North Huon Gulf languages, Bukawa and Yabem, are tonal. The only other tonal Oceanic languages are found in New Caledonia.

Classification
According to Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002), the structure of the family is as follows:

 * North Huon Gulf linkage
 * Markham family
 * South Huon Gulf linkage
 * Numbami

Proto-Huon Gulf
Proto-Huon Gulf was reconstructed by Malcolm Ross in 1988 in Proto-Oceanic and the Austronesian Languages of Western Melanesia. It is reconstructed on the basis of shared phonological, morphosyntactic and lexicosemantic innovations relative to Proto-Oceanic, such as the pervasive lenition of Proto-Oceanic *p to *v, the acquisition of a final *-c in some words, the idiosyncratic change of Proto-Oceanic *boRok 'pig' to Proto-Huon Gulf *boR, and the loss of all verb-deriving prefixes such as *pa- 'causative', *paRi- 'reciprocal', *ma- 'stative', and *ta- 'intransitive'.

Vowels
The vowels of Proto-Huon Gulf, according to Ross, are:

Consonants
The consonants of Proto-Huon Gulf, according to Ross, are:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" | !Labiovelar !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Uvular ! rowspan="2" |Stop ! voiced ! voiceless ! colspan="2" |Nasal ! colspan="2" |Fricative ! colspan="2" |Approximant
 * +Consonants
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }
 * }

title: Huon Gulf languages


text:
Marsk

Marsk could refer to:

 * The Danish and Swedish form of Marshal, a military or civilian rank in many countries.
 * Marske (horse), sometimes spelt 'Marsk', an 18th-century racehorse and sire of the famous Eclipse.
 * Marske, Richmondshire, a village near Richmond in North Yorkshire
 * Marske-by-the-Sea, a village in Redcar and Cleveland in north-east England.

title: Marsk


text:
Newton MRT station

Newton MRT station  is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South (NSL) and Downtown (DTL) lines. It is located in Newton, Singapore, at the junction of Scotts Road and Bukit Timah Road near Newton Circus. The station serves the offices and condominiums around Newton Circus including Goldbell Towers and Scotts Highpark, and it is within walking distance to the Newton Food Centre.

The NSL station opened on 12 December 1987 as part of the line's extension to Outram Park via Raffles Place station. The NSL station is designated as a Civil Defence Shelter with a reinforced structure. With the opening of DTL Stage 2 on 27 December 2015, Newton became a interchange station. An additional entrance, designed by SAA Architects, serves the new DTL station, which features an artwork Newton by Messymsxi as part of the network's Art-in-Transit programme.

North South line
The contract for the design and construction of Newton Circus station was awarded to a joint venture between French Dregages et Travaux Publics and Sembawang Shipyard at S$43 million (US$ million) in January 1984. The station was one of the stations on the line designated as a Civil Defence Shelter. To facilitate the construction, the segment of Scotts Road from Newton Circus to Orchard Road had to be diverted for about 28 months. In September, the station name was shortened to "Newton", and the site was shifted slightly towards Scotts Road instead of being underneath Newton Circus. On 21 May 1985, Newton station was one of four stations affected by flooding in the area.

During the construction, jet grouting was used to strengthen the soil, which required lane closures along Scotts Road. This was to address the varying ground conditions around the site. Voids were also discovered during the construction (on 21 October 1985 and 18 May 1986), which led the closure of Scotts Road for safety reasons.

The station had an open house on 14 and 15 November 1987, which drew small crowds of about 1,200 people on the first day of its preview. The station opened for service on 12 December when the line extension to Outram Park station was completed. In light of the extension, a new bus stop along Scotts Road was built to serve commuters at the station.

Downtown line
The station was first announced to be an interchange station with the DTL when the DTL2 (Downtown line Stage 2) stations were unveiled on 15 July 2008. Contract 920 for the design and construction of Newton station and tunnels was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. Ltd at a contract value of S$355.7 million (US$ million) in September 2009. Construction of the station was targeted to complete by 2015. Four 6.35 m diameter EPS machines were used to construct the bored tunnels. The station opened on 27 December 2015 along with the other DTL2 stations.

As part of Exercise Station Guard 2018, on 14 February 2018, the DTL station implemented security measures such as X-ray machines and walk-through metal detectors for screening commuters. The exercise was part of the emergency preparedness ground deployment exercise, to "test and validate" Singapore's readiness when security measures were enhanced during a national threat. In addition, the exercise also allowed the operator SBS Transit to review their security measures.

Incidents
On the morning of 13 February 2013, a fire broke out in an MRT tunnel just metres from the station, which disrupted train services on the NSL for over two hours and affected around 15,000 commuters. The fire was caused by the short-circuiting of an electric cable 5 m away from the station. Initially put out by the staff using a fire extinguisher, the fire reignited and caused smoke from the tunnel to travel to the station. The Singapore Civil Defence Force arrived at the station and managed to put it out. No one was injured during the incident.

On 7 and 8 October 2017, this station was the temporary terminus for northbound trains from Marina South Pier station during the Bishan tunnel flooding, while services were suspended between the Ang Mo Kio and Newton stations. Normal services on the NSL resumed at around 2pm on 8 October 2017.

Location
Newton station is located near Newton Circus. The NSL station is located underneath Scotts Road, while the DTL station is situated close to Newton Flyover and Bukit Timah Road. The station is close to the offices of Prudential and the UOB-Kay Hian Bank and other developments such as Balmoral Plaza, Goldbell Towers, Scotts Highpark, Sheraton Towers and Cairnhill Community Club. It also serves the Newton Food Centre and educational institutions such as Ascott Center for Excellence, Anglo-Chinese Primary School, Anglo-Chinese School (Barker Road) and the Alliance Francaise De Singapour.

Services
Newton station is an interchange station between the North South and Downtown lines. On the NSL, the station is between the Novena and Orchard stations, while on the DTL it is between the Stevens and Little India stations. The station code is NS21–DT11 as reflected on official maps.

The DTL station is not directly connected to the NSL station and hence commuters have to exit from either of the stations to transfer to another line via the 56 m underpass that connects the two existing exits along Scotts Road. The transfer is considered a "valid transfer" of a "journey" as long as it does not exceed 15 minutes.

Design
The NSL station is simply designed and functional like many of the initial MRT stations. The station has two underground levels – the concourse and platform levels – with an island platform arrangement that allows sharing of a common platform for passengers going in either direction. To give the station a distinct character, Newton station adopts the colour scheme of saffron. The NSL station has a length of 180 m with a depth of 15 m.

Newton NSL station is one of the first nine underground MRT stations to be designated as a Civil Defence (CD) shelter. As a CD shelter, the station has to be structurally reinforced against bomb attacks with layers of earth-backed, air-backed and airtight walls and slabs. The two entrances of the NSL station are designed to accommodate huge crowds entering the station and are equipped with steel sliding walls and blast locks. It has two diesel generators that provide electricity to the station when the electrical supply to the station fails, and a fully protected 300 m3 water tank to supply the station when water supply is disrupted.

Designed by SAA Architects, the round entrance serving the DTL station features a curved roof that contrasts against the flyover near the station. The roof is cladded with aluminum bands that creates "undulating curve lines" relating to the ground surface. The combined effect of the light reflecting from the roof and the bands' shadows makes the station appear "alive" during the day, while the station becomes a "beacon" at night that brings commuters towards the station. Intended to be a landmark that brings greenery to the urban landscape, it gives the locality an "energetic visual effect".

Artwork
The DTL station features "Newton" by Tan Zi Xi (alias Messymsxi) as part of the network's Art-in-Transit programme. Drawing inspiration from Singapore's and Newton's heritage, the artwork presents a speculative landscape of Singapore in 2200  drawn in black and white. Above ground, new buildings were constructed atop the preserved older buildings, as Singapore conserves its heritage while develops more spaces and amenities. The underwater landscape, which uses more organic architectural forms taking the appearance of coral reefs, is meant to be an "oasis" that contrasts against the dirty, crowded environment above ground.

According to the artist, the artwork visualises what Singapore could be in an alternate reality or parallel universe as Singapore evolves and develops upwards and downwards. Through the city's creativity and resourcefulness, the artwork explores how Singapore would utilise its limited space and resources and the fate of its past architecture and heritage.

title: Newton MRT station


text:
User talk:Meg99

 * 1) REDIRECT User:Meg99

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

"Kidnapper," listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Kidnapper,. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 February 9 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 19:45, 9 February 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Meg99


text:
Padang Besar, Malaysia

Padang Besar (often abbreviated as Padang or P.B.) is a border town located in the northern part of the state of Perlis in Malaysia as well northmost town in Malaysia. It is situated on the border with Songkhla province, Thailand, 35 kilometers northeast of Kangar and about 57 km southwest of Hat Yai. The town opposite Padang Besar in Thailand is also known as Padang Besar, although the locals here usually refer to the town as "Pekan Siam" or Siamese town. The town is a "shopping heaven" and popular destination for Malaysians because of the duty-free shopping complex in between the border checkpoints of the two countries. The town attracts several thousand visitors from Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand every weekend and during public holidays.

Border Crossing
Padang Besar is connected to Federal Route 7 and railway which lead to the border crossing into Thailand. The road and railway respectively connect directly to Padang Besar – Sadao Highway (Thailand Route 4054) and State Railway of Thailand to form part of the Trans-Asian Railway.

The Malaysian checkpoint is located to the north east of town, about 300m from the actual border where the Thai checkpoint is located. Both the Malaysian and Thai checkpoints have drive-through lanes. The Padang Besar railway station has Malaysia's only co-located or juxtaposed customs, immigration and quarantine facility for both Malaysia and Thailand and rail passengers are processed for exiting Malaysia and entering Thailand (or vice versa if traveling the other direction) in the station. The Padang Besar station in Thailand only serves as a domestic station.

Economy
Tourism, international trading and the logistics sector are the most important profit source to local citizens if compared to agriculture. Padang Besar's industry area is one of the most important industry areas in Perlis.

Tourism
Padang Besar is a popular shopping paradise since 1960, this town is frequently visited by citizens from both Malaysia and Thailand for travel and business purpose. Nowadays, this town still attracts several thousands of visitors from Peninsular Malaysia and Southern Thailand every weekend and during public holidays. Majority of Malaysians frequent Kompleks Aked Niaga Padang Besar, Pasar Padang Besar and Gapura Square. Jalan Besar (town center) is also one of the famous shopping area for Thai and Malaysian visitors.

Except for the above-mentioned shopping destinations, places of interest that can be reached within 20 minutes from Padang Besar are listed as below
 * Gua Kelam (Limestone cave)
 * Chuping (Malaysia largest sugar cane land and one the Malaysia Rally Championship circuit)
 * Perlis State Park (the only semi deciduous forest in Malaysia)
 * Timah Tasoh Lake

Demographics
Based on the research from Malaysian general election 2008, Population in Padang Besar town is around 10000, the population structure based on races are as below:
 * Malay: 73.52%
 * Chinese: 23.23%
 * Indian: 2.82%
 * Other: 0.59% (majority is Thailand Muslim from Southern Thailand)

title: Padang Besar, Malaysia


text:
Paita

Paita is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Paita Province which is in the Piura Region. It is a leading seaport in the region. Paita is located 1,089 km northwest of the country's capital Lima, and 57 km northwest of the regional capital of Piura. Starting in 2014, the city has considered ideas for separating from the Piura Region, proclaiming itself as the "Miguel Grau Region".

Geography
Paita is located at -5.09111°N, -81.10639°W on a small peninsula south of the mouth of the Río Chira on an area of 1,785 km2. Paita faces the Bay of Paita, and is sheltered from southerly winds by a headland called Punta Paita and by a large hill called Silla de Paita. 90 km to the southeast is the capital of the Piura Region, Piura, and 160 km to the south is located Chiclayo, commercial centre of the Lambayeque region.

Population
The population of Paita was 3,800 in 1906, 20,000 in 1993, 122,127 in 2007, and 168,900 in 2015.

Prehistoric era
Paleontologist Edgar Herning collected remains in 1978. He determined from his findings that the peoples here were a highly evolved cultural group, as there was evidence of primitive villages on the coast of Paita like Colan, Tayta, and Amotape from up to 9,000 years ago.

Colonial period
The city was founded on 30 March 1532 by the conqueror Francisco Pizarro, who named it San Francisco de Paita of Good Hope.

From 1578 to 1588, Paita was the Spanish capital of the northwestern Peruvian coast, before attacks from English pirates and corsairs made it necessary to relocate the capital at Piura. Paita was the port for Peru and the end terminus of the Manila Galleons connecting Latin-America with Asia.

The port of Paita is best known to many Peruvians as the former home of Manuela Sáenz, Simón Bolívar's lover.

Whaling port of call
Paita was a significant port of call for whaling ships in the first half of the 19th century. The whaling grounds west of Peru were popular with British and American whaling ships that often called at Paita for supplies and repairs. Local men were sometimes recruited to serve as crewmen on these vessels. The first vessel known to have called was the British whaleship Emilia in 1792. Sixty-four American whaleships visited in 1833 alone. So many American vessels called that in 1833 the United States government decided to establish a consulate at Paita. A hospital was established for American seamen in the 1840s. The large protected Bay of Paita provided a safe anchorage for visiting vessels and the irrigated farms of the nearby Chira Valley produced a wide range of agricultural produce for the whalers. The money they injected into the local economy provided substantial economic benefits to the town and hinterlands, and this continued till American whaling visits began to taper off in the 1860s.

Industry
In 1875, a railway line of 97 km length was completed from Piura to Paita, but it was destroyed in the war with Chile from 1879 to 1883 and reconstructed in 1884. A street railway opened on 30 August 1891 and ran until the late 1920s.

Today the port of Paita is Peru's fifth-largest port and an important container port. It is located in a geopolitically important position on the Pacific coast.

Paita has one of the best natural harbours on the Peruvian coast. Regular mail steamers run between Valparaíso and Panama.

Celebrations
On 24 September the Fiesta de Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes is celebrated, lasting a week and including pilgrimages in honor of the Catholic icon.

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇵🇦 Panama City, Panama
 * 🇵🇦 Balboa, Panama
 * 🇩🇪 Munich, Germany
 * 🇵🇪 Callao, Peru
 * 🇯🇵 Tokyo, Japan
 * 🇵🇪 Lima, Peru
 * 🇨🇳 Beijing, China
 * Riga, Latvia
 * Barcelona, Spain
 * 🇺🇸 New York, United States
 * 🇪🇨 Manta, Ecuador
 * 🇪🇨 Guayaquil (Guayas), Ecuador
 * 🇪🇨 Quito (Pichincha), Ecuador
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico City, Mexico
 * 🇻🇪 Caracas, Venezuela

Cultural references
The Golden Ocean by Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1954 then again in 1996, mentions the successful attack of Anson's squadron at Paita on his voyage around the world, taking a prize of merchant's gold, silver, and trade goods valued at 30,000 British pounds.

In the 1947 film Dark Passage, Humphrey Bogart's character, falsely blamed for three murders, flees to Paita, with hopes of linking up with a love interest. He tells her of "a little cafe right on the bay". Parts of the telephone conversation are used in the 1982 film Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid.

Notable people

 * Miguel Grau : National Hero of Peru and one of the most important sailors of Peru.
 * Luigi Alva : Light tenor.
 * Luciano Castillo Colonna : Peruvian politician, university professor and lawyer, founder of the Socialist Party of Peru in 1930.
 * Pilar Pallete : Hollywood actress. She is the wife of John Wayne.
 * Antonio de la Haza : Sailor and hero of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian War (1858-1860).
 * Camilo Carrillo : Politician, mathematician and sailor. He participated in the Pacific War and in the Combat of Dos de Mayo.

title: Paita


text:
North Huon Gulf languages

The family of North Huon Gulf languages is a subgroup of the Huon Gulf languages of Papua New Guinea.

It consists of three languages, all of which are distinguished by severe truncation of many inherited roots and the compensatory development of suprasegmentals on vowels: phonemic tone in Yabem and Bukawa (Ross 1993) and nasalization in Kela (Johnson 1994).

Languages

 * Yabem
 * Bukawa
 * Kela

title: North Huon Gulf languages


text:
Category talk:Mountain ranges of New Mexico

Untitled
Redundancy elimination is needed here. There is also a category "Mountains of New Mexico" that contains a different collection of ranges. Anybody?

Bill-on-the-Hill 14:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Coquimbo

Coquimbo is a port city, commune and capital of the Elqui Province, located on the Pan-American Highway, in the Coquimbo Region of Chile. Coquimbo is situated in a valley 10 km south of La Serena, with which it forms Greater La Serena with more than 400,000 inhabitants. The commune spans an area around the harbor of 1429.3 sqkm. The average temperature in the city lies around 14 C, and precipitation is low.

History
The area was originally occupied by indigenous people, who used it as a settlement and for fishing purposes. The natural harbor in Coquimbo was taken over by Pedro de Valdivia from Spain in 1550. In 1879 it was recognized as a town. The city was on the main path of totality of the Solar eclipse of July 2, 2019.

English settlement
Coquimbo was first mentioned in the English speaking world when Charles Darwin visited during his voyage on HMS Beagle, stopping in the town on 14 May 1835 describing the town as "remarkable for nothing but its extreme quietness." Starting in the mid 1800s tens of thousands of Englishmen moved to Coquimbo establishing a distinct English architectural and culinary legacy. English settlement was fueled by the gold and copper industry in the region which peaked in 1860, the same time as the construction of a large English cemetery.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Coquimbo had 163,036 inhabitants (79,428 men and 83,608 women). Of these, 154,316 (94.7%) lived in urban areas and 8,720 (5.3%) in rural areas. The population grew by 32.8% (40,270 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Coquimbo is a fourth-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-2016 alcalde was Cristian Galleguillos Vega.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Coquimbo is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Pedro Velásquez (Ind.) and Matías Walker (PDC) as part of the 8th electoral district, (together with Ovalle and Río Hurtado). The commune is represented in the Senate by Gonzalo Uriarte (UDI) and Jorge Pizarro Soto (PDC) as part of the 4th senatorial constituency (Coquimbo Region).

Economy
The city is an industrial and shipping center. It is growing quickly, registering a 32.8% growth rate from 1992 to 2002. Tourism has started to develop. It is an access point for beach towns to the south, such as Guanaqueros and Tongoy. The port is still important for shipping, especially fruit and copper from mines in the region. Wine is also produced in the area.

Sports
The city has a football team called Coquimbo Unido which plays in the Chilean Primera División B. Their home games are played at the Francisco Sánchez Rumoroso Municipal Stadium, which has a capacity of 17,750 seats. They are nicknamed "Los Piratas", because of the tradition of pirates that arrived to the coasts of Coquimbo. Their biggest rival is Club de Deportes La Serena.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Coquimbo is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Elbląg, Poland

title: Coquimbo


text:
Talk:Stella (American TV series)

This article was nominated for deletion on June 2 2005, and the consensus was to keep. See Votes for deletion/Stella (television show) for discussion. sjorford →•← 14:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

utah

Call Marcus
has no one else noticed the references to Marcus? who is marcus? why?

I can explain, if you watch the old Stella shorts, (http://www.collegehumor.com/user:398) and watch the "Turkey Hunting" episode, that is the origin of the "Who's Marcus?" joke. This episode also contains other jokes that were later re-used for the TV series.

There is no Marcus, Black just says "call Marcus" after they kill the hunting instructor and Showalter asks "who's Marcus?," and Black goes "I don't know." You just sort of have to go w/ Stella to get the humor, there's not always a meaning to everything.

added a section: recurring elements
I'm a huge fan of this show as well as the previous stuff these guys have done, so I added a sort of 'trivia' section called "recurring elements" which points out some jokes that seem integral to the series. I think the info is pretty accurate (all the elements I mention do happen throughout the series a lot) but I don't know how relevant it is, I just noticed it from watching the show and thought I'd add it.

If anyone wants to delete this section of info from it, please explain why here before you do and see what others think.

Date of show's airing
This show was definitely not on in 2003... it was on during the summer of 2005. On an unrelated note, i still miss it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.211.61.212 (talk) 02:59, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:America (US TV series) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 17:46, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stella (American TV series)


text:
Fairview Conservation Park

Fairview Conservation Park (formerly the Fairview National Park) is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located in the gazetted locality of Woolumbool about 17 km north of Lucindale in the state's Limestone Coast region.

The conservation park is located on land in sections 93, 98 and 61 in the cadastral unit of the Hundred of Woolumbool on the east side of Woolumbool Road. Sections 93 and 98 were constituted under the Crown Lands Act 1929 on 13 October 1960 as a wild life reserve. On 9 November 1967, sections 93 and 98 were proclaimed under the National Parks Act 1966 as Fairview National Park. In 1972, it was constituted as a conservation park upon the proclamation of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 on 27 April 1972. In 1984, additional land consisting of section 61 in the Hundred of Woolumbool located immediately south of the original proclamation was added to the conservation park. , the conservation park covered an area of 13.94 km2.

As of 1994, the conservation park was described as follows: "… two semi-permanent lagoons, extensive areas of seasonally inundated flats, sandy flats and ridges, and limestone ridges. A South Australian swamp paper-bark (Melaleuca halmaturorum) association, with sedges and sandy beaches characterises the lagoon edges.   Open heath and tussock grasslands cover the seasonally inundated flats, while a low open woodland of South Australian blue gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) and rough-barked manna gum (E. viminalis subsp. cygnetensis) occupies the sandy flats and limestone ridges."

As of 1994, visitor use was reported as being “not high” and consisted of “irregular use” of a picnic area by “the Naracoorte and Lucindale communities” and “bushwalking for field nature study.”

The conservation park is classified as an IUCN Category Ia protected area.

title: Fairview Conservation Park


text:
Category talk:Mountains of New Mexico

Untitled
Redundancy elimination is needed here. There is another category called "Mountain ranges of New Mexico" that has the same intention but a disjoint set of ranges listed. These two categories should be merged and cleaned up.

Bill-on-the-Hill 14:06, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Mountains of New Mexico


text:
Serangoon MRT station

Serangoon MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North East (NEL) and Circle (CCL) lines. Situated in Serangoon, Singapore along Upper Serangoon Road and Serangoon Central, the station is integrated with the Nex shopping complex and the Serangoon Bus Interchange. The station is near the Serangoon Neighbourhood Police Centre and Braddell Heights Community Hub and serves various residential estates in the area.

Preliminary studies for the NEL in the late 1980s included a tentative line alignment serving the Serangoon area. The station was confirmed in 1996; its construction involved the erection of the road viaduct above Upper Serangoon Road. In October 1999, it was announced that the station would interchange with the CCL. The NEL station was completed in June 2003. During the construction of the CCL tunnels, ground settlement caused the NEL station to sink, leading to a brief halt in excavation works. The CCL platforms opened in May 2009 as part of Stage 3 of the CCL.

The station has eight entrances, four of which are triangular and enclosed in cubic structures. The station features three artworks as part of the MRT network's Art-in-Transit programme. The NEL platforms and concourse display woodcut prints as part of Eng Joo Heng's artwork Memories of Childhood. The CCL station's concourse features the painting View of Life by Sarkasi Said, while the CCL platforms contain a set of art seats entitled Matrix.

North East line
In preliminary studies for the North East line (NEL), it was planned for the line to serve the Serangoon area, traveling along Serangoon Road and Upper Serangoon Road. The line was not considered financially viable in 1989; it was only in 1996 that the government approved plans to construct the line "immediately".

Serangoon station was among the 16 NEL stations announced by communications minister Mah Bow Tan in March 1996. The contract for the construction of Serangoon station, and 2.5 km of bored tunnels, was awarded to a joint venture consisting of Wayss & Freytag AG, Econ Corporation and Chew Eu Hock Construction Co Ltd. The S$317 million (US$0 million in ) contract included the construction of the adjacent Woodleigh station and the vehicular viaduct along Upper Serangoon Road. The station opened on 20 June 2003.

To facilitate the station's construction, the Paya Lebar Methodist Church and Braddell Heights Community Centre were relocated. As part of the Serangoon town centre's redevelopment, the area had also been designated for commercial developments. The church moved to a larger site of 6260 m², allowing it to expand its premises. The community centre relocated closer to the town centre, sharing premises with the Singapore National Wushu Federation. A few public facilities were taken over, and new carpark lots and a new basketball court were built as replacements.

As workers diverted Upper Serangoon Road for the construction works, the road capacity was maintained using the adjacent road reserve spaces. The scope of the project also involved building the new road viaduct above Upper Serangoon Road. Hence, the works had to be carefully scheduled to take into account the various technical aspects of each part of the project. The tunnels were bored first, and the station's roof slab was finished afterward. The pillars for the road viaduct were installed above ground after the roof slab was completed.

The area's grassroots leaders conveyed residents' complaints about the construction noises to the Land Transport Authority (LTA). In response, the LTA explained the work progress and assured the residents that the inconvenience was temporary; the completion of the MRT station would make the area more convenient. The contractors monitored the surrounding residential buildings to ensure that the foundations were not affected.

Circle line

In October 1999, it was announced that Serangoon station would interchange with a proposed MRT line linking Buona Vista and Paya Lebar via Bishan and Serangoon. Provisions were made for the existing NEL station to link with the future Circle line (CCL) platforms. In January 2003, the LTA announced that Serangoon CCL station would be constructed as part of CCL Stage 3 (CCL3). The 5.7 km segment consisted of five stations, between the Bartley and Marymount stations, and was expected to be completed by early 2008. The contract for the construction of the CCL station was awarded to a joint venture of Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co (Singapore) Pte Ltd, Woh Hup and Alpine Mayreder. The S$155.95 million (US$ million) contract included the construction of 3.8 km of bored tunnels.

Due to a build-up of pressure while boring the CCL tunnels, white foam appeared at the junction of Serangoon Avenue 2 and Avenue 3, leading to the temporary closure of one lane at the junction in February 2005. Tunneling works were suspended to ease the pressure build-up. As the tunnels underneath the NEL station were being excavated later that month, the contractors encountered a large amount of groundwater that seeped into the work site. This led to ground settlement and the sinking of the NEL station by 1 cm. Excavation works were suspended as water was being pumped out. As a precautionary measure, NEL trains had to slow down when arriving or departing from the station. A new tunnel design was implemented, with new construction methods such as jet grouting and a more comprehensive monitoring system to detect any further settlement of the NEL tunnels and the viaduct.

With the Nicoll Highway collapse in April 2004, the opening of the entire line was expected to be delayed to 2010, as the LTA hoped to open all five stages at one go. In January 2008, transport minister Raymond Lim announced that CCL3 would open ahead of schedule in the middle of 2009. As later announced by the transport minister in February 2009, CCL3 opened for service on 30 May 2009.

As part of a joint emergency preparedness exercise by the LTA and train operators SBS Transit and SMRT, security screenings were held at this station on 7 December 2021. The screening machines deployed for the exercise included metal detectors and X-Ray machines to check commuters' belongings. Such exercises were conducted to test established response protocols and maintain vigilance for quicker and more effective responses during emergencies and heightened security situations.

Station details
Serangoon station is an interchange on the NEL and the CCL; its official station code is NE12/CC13. On the NEL, the station is between the Woodleigh and Kovan stations. On the CCL, the station is between the Bartley and Lorong Chuan stations. The station serves the Serangoon area. The NEL station is underneath Upper Serangoon Road at the junction with Serangoon Central, while the CCL station is underneath the Nex shopping complex.

The station has eight entrances. Four of the entrances are triangular, each encased in a cubic structure which are painted in different colours to mark each entrance. The station is integrated with the Serangoon Bus Interchange and the commercial development of Nex as part of the Serangoon Integrated Transport Hub. Surrounding the station are educational institutions such as St. Gabriel's Secondary School, Yangzheng Primary School and Zhonghua Secondary School, alongside public amenities such as Serangoon Neighbourhood Police Centre, Braddell Heights Community Hub, Braddell Heights Fire Post, Marine Parade Town Council and the Serangoon Central Post Office. Residential developments around the station include Sunshine Terrace, La Belle and Forest Woods Residences.

The NEL and CCL platforms are wheelchair-accessible. A tactile system, consisting of tiles with rounded or elongated raised studs, guides visually impaired commuters through the station, with dedicated routes that connect the station entrances to the platforms or between the lines. There are wider fare gates that allow easier access for wheelchair users into the station. The pair of travellators linking the NEL and CCL platforms are one of the longest in the Singapore MRT network at 73 m.

The NEL station is designated as a Civil Defence (CD) shelter. It is designed to accommodate at least 7,500 people and can withstand airstrikes and chemical attacks. Equipment essential for the operations in the CD shelter is mounted on shock absorbers to prevent damage during a bombing. When electrical supply to the shelter is disrupted, there are backup generators to keep operations going. The shelter has dedicated built-in decontamination chambers and dry toilets with collection bins that will send human waste out of the shelter.

Station artwork
The station displays three artworks as part of the MRT network's Art-in-Transit programme – a showcase of public artworks on the MRT network.

Memories of Childhood
Eng Joo Heng's Memories of Childhood is a series of woodcut prints displayed in silk screens or vitreous enamel wall panels at the NEL platforms and concourse. Various children are depicted as playing with dragonfiles and puppies. Eng intended for his work to connect to various generations and allow observers to look back happily at their childhoods, with the older generation passing on to their children stories about the kampung days.

Through his former work as a printmaker at a Parisian art studio, Eng had explored the possibilities of printmaking and used the technique for this work. The artist enjoyed the simplicity of the technique, which did not require complex tools or machinery and could be done anywhere. He felt that the wood textures produced would leave a strong impression on commuters. His early sketches on paper had more specific symbolism related to the theme of childhood but were later revised to more generic images for all commuters to appreciate. Primary colours were predominantly used, giving vibrancy to the artwork. The colours also reflect children's crayon drawings and their view of the world, as well as the colours used at the station's entrances. The work was crafted during school holidays and weekends, as Eng preferred to work in daylight to have a better view of his work.

View of Life
Displayed at the CCL concourse level, View of Life by Sarkasi Said is a batik painting of various colours in strokes intending to express movements of change and nature. Inspired by the lalangs that used to grow in the Serangoon area, the work was intended to reflect the artist's love of batik painting.

Feeling that Singapore's development was underappreciated, Sarkasi decided to create a painting that reflects the "optimism, joy and vitality" of the country's achievements. Initially, the artist wanted to do an impressionist painting, but eventually decided to challenge commuters to think of art "beyond just aesthetics", giving them a learning experience on art as they "communicate what they see" from the work. The type of each brush stroke on the painting depended on the artist's movements and character. The coloured wax was splashed on the white canvas. Using wax-resist, the artist treated each splash with chemicals to dye the colour on the canvas made of thick denim material.

Created in Sarkasi's studio in Indonesia, the work involved nature. The dyes needed sunlight to bring out the colour, with varying weather conditions affecting how the colours came out. With concerns of possible damage the painting might face due to constant exposure to commuter traffic, a photographed digital copy was installed at the station. Even if the original work was protected by glass, the panels might still break. The painting was photographed, printed and laminated before being mounted on the station walls. The original was donated to the museum at the National University of Singapore. Some of the panels were mounted upside down, but Sarkasi corrected the panels' alignments.

Matrix
The CCL platforms of Serangoon station feature a set of "art seats" entitled Matrix. Though the platform seats are intended to be works of art, they are designed to remain functional and practical. This work by Lui Honfay and Yasmine Chan, along with Rain, was selected through the International Art Seats Design Competition in 2006. Matrix consists of a series of benches engraved with the station name in a dot-matrix style on the seat surface. The dot-matrix system was adopted as it was flexible enough to be mass-produced for use in many stations. The intriguing combination of signage and seat "impressed" the judges who awarded it the top prize.

title: Serangoon MRT station


text:
Talk:Guadiana

Also name
Respondig to the previous entry, Odiana is not a vernacule form. It is rather the correct Portuguese form, according to the systemic orthography rules of portuguese. The prefix "Guadi/Odi" both derive from the Arabic "Wadi" meaning roughly "river". If one notices it, that prefix "Wadi" in Castillian/Spanish is always transliterated as Guadi(e), therefore you have Spanish Rivers called Guadalete, Guadalquivir, Guadelupe, and so forth; But in Portuguese is gave origin to "Odi", therefore you have Portuguese rivers named Odeleite, Odiáxere, Odeceixe, and so forth. Logically, and applying the same rules, in Portuguese it is supposed to be "Odiana", not "Guadiana", which is a foreign form. However in practice that is not the case, and the form "Guadiana" is the current form and most Portuguese would not even had heard of the "Odiana" form, which is somewhat archaic, thereafter. This is so possibly due to the fact that the river is mostly a border river, and that proximity to Spain in those parts, has influenced the naming of the River, even on the Portuguese side of the border.

name
Guadiana or Odiana, both names are correct; Odiana is the vernacule form, that you may find in numerous portuguese documents, maps, for example, throughout the centuries.

Problem!
How can the river be 342 miles wide? Does it mean the basin? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.175.92.184 (talk) 20:17, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The problem is still there, i guess it means meters, someone correct it with the right value or it should be deleted. --Iagocasabiell (talk) 15:50, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

Since it was impossible and also unsourced, I deleted it. The main problem in the article is that many individual claims about quantities lack citations to specific sources. It will take a lot of time and effort to track down reliable sources for all the claims. Thanks for noting this particular whopper. Finetooth (talk) 04:11, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

Confusing
This sentence is not clear: "The Guadiana covers a length of 76 kilometres, 818 kilometres of travel distance, of which 578 kilometres are within Spanish territory, 140 kilometres within Portugal, while 100 kilometres are shared between the two nations; ..."

In addition, the following statement is not correct: "The river's basin extends from the eastern portion of Extremadura to the southern provinces of the Algarve;..." The Guadiana basin also stretches east to Castilla - La Mancha. In fact the river's source(s) is (are) located in that region.

--200.12.130.224 (talk) 17:00, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

Thanks. I deleted the 76-kilometer claim. As you say, it makes no sense as written. I have no idea what it means. As for the basin, a main-stem watershed or basin includes all of the tributary watersheds. I don't see a contradiction here necessarily. However, the watershed section, like much of the rest of the article, lacks inline citations to reliable sources that can be checked for verification. If you have access to sources and can improve the article by citing them, please do. It would be most appreciated. Finetooth (talk) 04:20, 6 October 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Guadiana


text:
Thomas Dale

Sir Thomas Dale (c. 1570 – 19 August 1619) was an English soldier and colonial administrator who served as deputy-governor of the Colony of Virginia in 1611 and again from 1614 to 1616. Dale is best remembered for the energy and the extreme rigour of his administration in Virginia, which established order and in various ways seems to have benefited the colony, although he was criticised for high-handedness. He is also credited with the establishment of Bermuda Hundred, Bermuda Cittie, and the Cittie of Henricus.

Early career
From about 1588 to 1609, Thomas Dale was in the service of the Low Countries (the Netherlands and parts of modern Belgium) with the English army originally under Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. Because of his ability and ambition, he became friends with many people in positions of authority. In 1599 Thomas Dale was recruited by the Earl of Essex for England's army and was knighted by King James to become "Sir Thomas Dale of Surry" on 16 June 1606.

While Dale was still serving in the Low Countries, on the recommendation of the eldest son of King James, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the States-General of the United Netherlands consented "that Captain Thomas Dale (destined by the King of Great Britain to be employed in Virginia in his Majesty's service) may absent himself from his company for the space of three years, and that his said company shall remain meanwhile vacant, to be resumed by him if he think proper."

Leading the Virginia Colony
Five years later, the Virginia Company of London sent Sir Thomas Dale to act as deputy-governor or as "Marshall of Virginia" (a new position) for the Virginia Colony under the authority of Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (Lord Delaware). Sent with three ships, on 19 May 1611, he arrived at Jamestown (named after King James) with men, cattle, and provisions. He found the conditions unhealthy and greatly in need of improvement. Dale immediately called for a meeting of the Jamestown Council and established crews to rebuild Jamestown.

He served as acting Governor for 3½ months in 1611 and again for a two-year period between 1614 and 1616. In the interim, he served as the Marshall of the colony, initially serving directly under Deputy Governor Sir Thomas Gates. Effectively, for five years, he was the highest ranking law enforcement officer in Virginia. He exhibited a certain stern efficiency which was perhaps the best support and medicine that could have been devised.

It was during his administration that the first code of laws of Virginia, nominally in force from 1611 to 1619, was effectively tested. This code, entitled "Articles, Lawes, and Orders Divine, Politique, and Martiall" (popularly known as Dale's Code), was notable for its pitiless severity and seems to have been prepared in large part by Dale himself.

Perhaps Dale's most lasting reform was economic. In 1613, without stockholder consent, Dale abandoned the communal agriculture which had proved unsatisfactory, and he assigned 3-acre (12,000 m2) plots to its ancient planters and smaller plots to the settlement's later arrivals. Measurable economic progress was made, and the settlers began expanding their planting to land belonging to local native tribes. Not only did food production increase markedly, but the following year John Rolfe succeeded on his plot in raising the first hybrid tobacco − the key to the colony's future.

Seeking a better site than Jamestown, Thomas Dale sailed up the James River (also named after King James) to the area now known as Chesterfield County. He was apparently impressed with the possibilities of the general area where the Appomattox River joins the James River, and there are published references to the name "New Bermuda" although it apparently was never formalised. (Far from the mainland of North America, the archipelago of Bermuda had been established as part of the Virginia Colony in 1612 following the shipwreck of the Sea Venture in 1609.)

A short distance further up the James, in 1611, he began the construction of a progressive development at Henricus on and about what was later known as Farrars Island. Henricus was envisioned as possible replacement capital for Jamestown and was to have the first college in Virginia. (The ill-fated Henricus was destroyed during the Indian Massacre of 1622, during which a third of the colonists were killed.)

In addition to creating the new settlement at Henricus, Dale also established the port town of Bermuda Hundred and "Bermuda Cittie" (sic). He began the excavation work at Dutch Gap, using methods he had learned while serving in Holland.

In 1614, Governor Thomas Dale sent 20 men, under Lieutenant William Craddock, to the area across the Chesapeake Bay from mainland Virginia now known as the Eastern Shore to establish a salt works and to catch fish for the colonists. They intended to make salt by boiling down the sea water. They settled along Old Plantation Creek at a place named "Dale's Gift" on the mainland, but they established the salt works on Smith Island, which is located adjacent to the southern portion of the Eastern Shore in present-day Northampton County near Cape Charles.

Return to England
Governor Dale sailed back to England in the spring of 1616 aboard the Treasurer. Accompanying him on what was considered an investor-relations journey were John Rolfe, his wife Rebecca (Pocahontas), and their one-year-old son, Thomas Rolfe. Samuel Argall commanded that ship. Queen Anne and others were reportedly charmed by Rebecca, and investment in the Virginia Company was enhanced. However, soon after leaving London, as John Rolfe and his wife sailed down the Thames River, Rebecca became very ill and died on 21 March 1617 before returning to Virginia. In December that year, Sir Henry Savile wrote to the courtier Sir Dudley Carleton, recommending Dale for office, following his service in Virginia.

In 1618, Dale was appointed commander of a squadron of six ships, which the East India Company sent out in April to maintain their interests against the aggressive policy of the Dutch and for the relief of Nathaniel Courthope, who was reportedly beleaguered on the island of Run. Dale arrived at Bantam in November 1618, and on 23 December he engaged the Dutch fleet off Jacatra (now Jakarta). After a sharp action, he put it to flight and laid siege to the Dutch fort at Jacatra, in the swamps around which he seems to have contracted the sickness of which, in the course of the following summer, he died at Masulipatnam in India.

Legacy

 * Thomas Dale High School in Chesterfield County, Virginia is named after him.
 * The Dale Magisterial District of Chesterfield County is also named in his honor.
 * Due to the severity of his legal regime, Governor Dale appears as one of the "jury of the damned" in the 1937 short story, The Devil and Daniel Webster. The story alleges that Dale "broke men on the wheel".
 * Dale was voiced by Hugh Dignon in the Animated Hero Classics 1994 direct-to-video episode, Pocahontas.
 * Dale's Pale Archeological District includes the location of a defensive palisade built by him in 1613 around the original settlement at Bermuda Hundred.
 * John and Rebecca/Pocahontas Rolfe's only son Thomas was named after him.

title: Thomas Dale


text:
Talk:Holy shit

For a May 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Holy shit

title: Talk:Holy shit


text:
Category:Mountains of Niger

The mountains of Niger.

title: Category:Mountains of Niger


text:
List of peers 1210–1219

Peerage of England

 * Earl of Surrey (1088)||William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey||1199||1240||
 * Earl of Warwick (1088)||Henry de Beaumont, 5th Earl of Warwick||1203||1229||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Devon (1141)||William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon||1193||1217||Died
 * Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon||1217||1245||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Leicester (1107)||Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester||1204°||1218||Died
 * Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester||1218||1265||
 * Earl of Chester (1121)||Randolph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester||1181||1232||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Hertford (1135)||Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford||1173||1217||Died
 * Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford||1217||1230||
 * Earl of Arundel (1138)||William d'Aubigny, 3rd Earl of Arundel||1193||1221||
 * Earl of Derby (1138)||William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby||1190||1247||
 * Earl of Norfolk (1140)||Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk||1177||1221||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Oxford (1142)||Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford||1194||1214||Died
 * Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford||1214||1221||
 * Earl of Salisbury (1145)||William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury||1196||1226||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Pembroke (1189)||William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke||1189||1219||Died
 * William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke||1219||1231||
 * rowspan=3|Earl of Essex (1199)||Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex||1199||1213||Died
 * Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex||1213||1216||
 * William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex||1216||1227||
 * Earl of Hereford (1199)||Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford||1199||1220||
 * Earl of Winchester (1207)||Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester||1207||1219||Died
 * Earl of Norfolk (1140)||Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk||1177||1221||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Oxford (1142)||Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford||1194||1214||Died
 * Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl of Oxford||1214||1221||
 * Earl of Salisbury (1145)||William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury||1196||1226||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Pembroke (1189)||William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke||1189||1219||Died
 * William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke||1219||1231||
 * rowspan=3|Earl of Essex (1199)||Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex||1199||1213||Died
 * Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex||1213||1216||
 * William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex||1216||1227||
 * Earl of Hereford (1199)||Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford||1199||1220||
 * Earl of Winchester (1207)||Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester||1207||1219||Died
 * rowspan=3|Earl of Essex (1199)||Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex||1199||1213||Died
 * Geoffrey FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 2nd Earl of Essex||1213||1216||
 * William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex||1216||1227||
 * Earl of Hereford (1199)||Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford||1199||1220||
 * Earl of Winchester (1207)||Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester||1207||1219||Died
 * William FitzGeoffrey de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex||1216||1227||
 * Earl of Hereford (1199)||Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford||1199||1220||
 * Earl of Winchester (1207)||Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester||1207||1219||Died
 * Earl of Winchester (1207)||Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester||1207||1219||Died
 * Earl of Winchester (1207)||Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester||1207||1219||Died

Peerage of Scotland

 * Earl of Mar (1114)||Gille Críst, Earl of Mar||Abt. 1178||Abt. 1220||
 * Earl of Dunbar (1115)||Patrick I, Earl of Dunbar||1182||1232||
 * rowspan=3|Earl of Angus (1115)||Gille Críst, Earl of Angus||1197||Abt. 1210||Died
 * Donnchadh, Earl of Angus||Abt. 1210||1214||Died
 * Máel Coluim, Earl of Angus||1214||1240||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Atholl (1115)||Henry, Earl of Atholl||Abt 1190||1210||Died
 * Isabella, Countess of Atholl||1210||Abt. 1231||
 * Earl of Buchan (1115)||Margaret, Countess of Buchan||Abt. 1195||Abt. 1243||
 * Earl of Strathearn (1115)||Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn||1171||1223||
 * Earl of Fife (1129)||Máel Coluim I, Earl of Fife||1203||1228||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Menteith (1160)||Muireadhach I, Earl of Menteith||Abt. 1190||Abt. 1213||Died
 * Muireadhach II, Earl of Menteith||Abt. 1213||Abt. 1230||
 * Earl of Lennox (1184)||Ailín I, Earl of Lennox||1184||1220||
 * Earl of Carrick (1184)||Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick||1186||1250||
 * Earl of Ross (1215)||Fearchar, Earl of Ross||1215||1251||New creation
 * }
 * Earl of Strathearn (1115)||Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn||1171||1223||
 * Earl of Fife (1129)||Máel Coluim I, Earl of Fife||1203||1228||
 * rowspan=2|Earl of Menteith (1160)||Muireadhach I, Earl of Menteith||Abt. 1190||Abt. 1213||Died
 * Muireadhach II, Earl of Menteith||Abt. 1213||Abt. 1230||
 * Earl of Lennox (1184)||Ailín I, Earl of Lennox||1184||1220||
 * Earl of Carrick (1184)||Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick||1186||1250||
 * Earl of Ross (1215)||Fearchar, Earl of Ross||1215||1251||New creation
 * }
 * Earl of Lennox (1184)||Ailín I, Earl of Lennox||1184||1220||
 * Earl of Carrick (1184)||Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick||1186||1250||
 * Earl of Ross (1215)||Fearchar, Earl of Ross||1215||1251||New creation
 * }
 * Earl of Ross (1215)||Fearchar, Earl of Ross||1215||1251||New creation
 * }
 * }

Peerage of Ireland

 * Earl of Ulster (1205)||Hugh de Lacy, 1st Earl of Ulster||1205||1242||
 * rowspan=2|Baron Athenry (1172)||Robert de Bermingham||1172||1218||Died
 * Peter de Bermingham||1218||1244||
 * }
 * Peter de Bermingham||1218||1244||
 * }
 * }

title: List of peers 1210–1219


text:
R. Velu

Rangasamy Velu (born 25 July 1940), is an Indian politician of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) party. He has been elected to 14th Lok Sabha as Union Minister of State, Railways from Arakkonam Lok Sabha constituency of Tamil Nadu from 2004 to 2009. He started his political career as Officer of Indian Administrative Service and worked as Additional Registrar, Cooperative Societies; also served as member, Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission. He also worked as District Collector; Director of Municipal Administration and Joint Commissioner, Revenue Administration. He has a PhD in disaster management, he also has a bachelor of Law degree and master of business administration degree. He was educated in the Voorhees college Vellore, Madras Law College, Madras University and Madras Christian College and was a resident of Bishop Heber Hall. He has published his autobiography in Tamil named ‘en vazhkai payanam’. He is from Vanniyar community.

Current life
Shri Velu now is a retired IAS officer. He is still active in politics in the PMK.

title: R. Velu


text:
Japanese cruiser Ōyodo

Ōyodo (大淀) was a light cruiser built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II, and was the only ship of her class completed before the end of the war. Designed to command submarine operations, she was obsolete upon completion in 1943. The ship was used as a transport and to escort the navy's capital ships for the rest of the year. Ōyodo was lightly damaged by American aircraft in early January 1944 during one transport mission and returned home several months later to begin conversion to serve as the flagship of the Combined Fleet.

The ship reverted to her previous roles when the headquarters of the Combined Fleet was moved ashore in September. The following month, she participated in the Battle off Cape Engaño, where she escorted the Japanese carriers attempting to decoy the American carrier fleet supporting the invasion of Leyte away from the landing beaches. Afterwards, the ship was transferred to Southeast Asia and engaged American forces in the Philippines in December where she was slightly damaged by American bombers. In early 1945, Ōyodo participated in Operation Kita, during which she transported aviation gasoline and other strategic materials back to Japan. The ship was damaged by American carrier aircraft in March and repairs were completed two months later. She was sunk with the loss of about 300 men during American airstrikes in July. After the war, Ōyodo was salvaged and scrapped in 1947–1948.

Background
The IJN's concept of submarine warfare was to use long-range submarines in squadrons (sentai) to attack enemy units at extended ranges. These submarines would be coordinated by a cruiser, which would use reconnaissance aircraft to provide targeting information. Originally, it was intended that the Agano-class cruisers would be able to serve in this role, but they proved unsatisfactory. By the late 1930s, the Japanese Navy had defined the need for seven cruisers to support its seven submarine squadrons. Funding for the first two vessels was approved under the 1939 4th Replenishment Program, of which only one, Ōyodo, was begun. Construction of the second ship, intended to be named Niyodo, was suspended on 6 November 1941 because Ōyodo still occupied her intended slipway and was finally cancelled on 3 August 1942.

Design and description
Ōyodo's design was derived from that of the Aganos. Ōyodo retained the same general hull design with a flush deck and bulbous bow, but her superstructure and armament differed to suit her different role. Ōyodo had a length of 189.73 m overall, a beam of 16.6 m and a draft of 6.1 m. The ship displaced 10987 t and had a metacentric height of 1.38 m at deep load. Her crew numbered 33 officers and 532 enlisted men as completed.

Ōyodo was powered by four geared steam turbine sets, each driving a single three-bladed 3.6 m propeller, using steam provided by six Kampon water-tube boilers that operated at a pressure of 30 kg/cm2 and a temperature of 350 °C. The turbines were designed to produce 110000 shp for a speed of 35 kn. The ship exceeded her designed speed during her sea trials reaching 35.31 kn from 115950 shp. She stowed 2445 t of fuel oil, which gave her a range of 10,600 nmi at 18 kn. Ōyodo had three turbo generators of 400 kW capacity and two 270 kW diesel generators.

Armament and fire control
The ship's main battery comprised six 50-caliber 155 mm (6.1 in) 3rd Year Type guns in two triple-gun turrets superfiring forward of the superstructure. The gun was originally developed as a dual-purpose (anti-surface and anti-aircraft) weapon for the Mogami-class cruiser; when they had their triple 155 mm turrets replaced with twin 203 mm (8 in) turrets, the now-surplus turrets were mounted on Ōyodo (as well as the Yamato-class battleships). Their slow rate of fire of 5 rounds per minute and limited elevation (up to only 55 degrees) made them unsuitable for the anti-aircraft role. The guns fired 55.87 kg shells at a muzzle velocity of 950 m/s to a maximum range of 27400 m at +45 degrees of elevation. Each gun was provided with 150 rounds.

Ōyodo's heavy anti-aircraft battery consisted of eight 65-caliber 100 mm (3.9 in) Type 98 dual-purpose guns in four twin mounts. The mounts had a range of elevation from -10 degrees to +90 degrees and the guns had a muzzle velocity of 1010 m/s with their 13 kg projectiles. They had a range of 19500 m and a height of 13000 m at maximum elevation. The anti-aircraft armament was completed by eighteen 60-caliber 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns in six triple mounts. Firing 0.25 kg shells at a muzzle velocity of 900 m/s. These guns had an effective range of 1500 - 3000 m, and an effective ceiling of 5500 m at an elevation of 85 degrees. The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen-round magazines.

The ship was equipped with a director-control tower above the bridge with a Type 94 gunnery director controlling the main armament. The director was fitted with a 6 m rangefinder and the upper gun turret mounted a 8 m rangefinder. The Type 98 10 cm guns were controlled by a pair of Type 94 directors positioned at the base of the bridge and the light AA guns were provided with three Type 95 directors, all on the forward superstructure.

Aircraft
Like the Tone-class cruiser heavy cruisers, the Ōyodo-class ships were intended to be scouting cruisers and hence the entire deck of the ship aft of the superstructure was devoted to aircraft facilities. The weight saved by not fitting torpedo tubes was invested instead in a hangar that could house four floatplanes, with two more stowed on deck, and a heavy-duty 44 m catapult that was necessary for the new Kawanishi E15K Shiun floatplane (Allied reporting name "Norm") that was intended to perform reconnaissance for the submarine flotilla in areas where the enemy had air superiority. To achieve this, the plane was designed with two retractable underwing stabilizing floats and a large central float that could be jettisoned to increase speed. However, the aircraft performed poorly and only fifteen were completed before it was canceled in February 1944. Ōyodo did carry two or three Aichi E13A "Jake" reconnaissance floatplanes during her career.

Protection
The ship's armor was designed to protect against 155 mm shells and 250 kg bombs dropped from an altitude of 3000 m. It had a waterline belt had a maximum thickness of 60 mm of copper alloy homogeneous armor that protected the propulsion machinery and the bomb magazine; it extended 2.35 m above the waterline and 1.56 m below. The armored deck rested on the upper edge of the belt armor and was 30 mm thick except over the bomb magazine where it increased to 50 mm. The ends of the belt armor were closed off by 35 mm transverse bulkheads that also increased to 50 mm adjacent to the bomb magazine. The magazine itself had 35 mm sides and a 25 mm front. The steering gear aft was protected by an armored box with 40 mm sides, a 20 mm front and a 25 mm rear.

Forward of the boiler rooms, the fire-control center, the 25 mm and 155 mm magazines had armored sides. The latter magazine had 75 mm plates that tapered to 40 mm at their lower edge. The armor on the other compartments was 60 mm thick reducing to 30 mm at the bottom. The roof of these spaces was 50 mm thick over the 155 mm magazines and reduced to 28 mm over the other compartments. The main gun turrets were protected by 25 mm homogeneous armor plates and their barbettes had 20 mm or 25 mm thick plates. The sides of the conning tower were 40 mm thick and it had a roof 20 mm thick.

Construction and career
Following the Japanese ship-naming conventions for light cruisers, the ship was named after the Ōyodo River in Kyūshū. Ōyodo was laid down at Kure Naval Arsenal on 14 February 1941, launched on 2 April 1942 and completed on 28 February 1943 under the command of Captain Sadatoshi Tomioka. Completed without any radar, a Type 21 early-warning radar was installed in April 1943 while the ship was still working up.

The war had developed in ways unanticipated by the IJN and her designed role as a submarine flotilla flagship was no longer necessary or even possible, so the navy settled on using her as an ordinary light cruiser or as a transport. On 1 April, she was assigned to the Third Fleet and was transferred to the Main Body, Mobile Force, a month later. In response to the invasion of Attu Island on 11 May, Ōyodo rendezvoused with three battleships, two aircraft carriers and five heavy cruisers in Tokyo Bay on 22 May. The Americans recaptured Attu before the fleet could depart to counterattack. The following month the ship received a brief refit in Kure.

She loaded troops and supplies on 9 July at Shinagawa and, arrived at Truk, Caroline Islands, on 15 July before continuing on to Rabaul where she arrived on the 21st, returning to Truk five days later and rejoining the Third Fleet. In response to the carrier raid on Tarawa on 18 September, much of the fleet sortied for Eniwetok to search for the American forces before they returned to Truk on 23 September, having failed to locate them. The Japanese had intercepted some American radio traffic that suggested another attack on Wake Island, and on 17 October, Ōyodo and the bulk of the fleet sailed for Eniwetok to be in a position to intercept any such attack, but no attack occurred and the fleet returned to Truk.

Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa, commander of the Third Fleet, hoisted his flag aboard the ship on 6 December. On 30 December Ōyodo participated in an operation to reinforce the garrisons at Rabaul and Kavieng. While returning to Truk on 1 January 1944, Ōyodo was slightly damaged by US aircraft from two aircraft carriers of Task Group 50.2, with two crewmen killed and six wounded. The following day, she rescued 71 survivors from the transport Kiyosumi Maru, which had been torpedoed by an American submarine. Ōyodo returned to Yokosuka on 16 February following the successful American invasion of Kwajalein, and loaded torpedoes and supplies for the Japanese garrison at Saipan, which were delivered on 22 February.

Flagship of the Combined Fleet and the Battle off Cape Engaño
On 6 March, Ōyodo went into the dry dock at Yokosuka for a refit to convert her into a flagship, in which her hangar was converted into staff offices and accommodations to take advantage of her elaborate communications suite. The aircraft catapult was exchanged for the shorter (18 m) standard type, and a pair of Type 22 surface search radars were installed. 29 additional Type 96 guns were installed in six triple and eleven single mounts for a total of 47 weapons. The modifications increased her complement to 61 officers and 850 sailors. The day after the refit was finished on 31 March, Ōyodo became the flagship of the Combined Fleet. Admiral Soemu Toyoda, commander of the Combined Fleet, hoisted his flag on her on 4 May. Ōyodo remained in Japanese waters until 11 October. On 29 September, Admiral Toyoda and his staff transferred to the new underground headquarters of the IJN in Yokohama. Six additional Type 96 AA guns in single mounts were installed in early October, along with a Type 13 radar, and her Type 22 radars were modified to allow them to be used for fire control.

Ōyodo rejoined the Main Body of the 1st Mobile Fleet, commanded by Ozawa, on 5 October and departed Yokosuka on 11 October. En route, she was attacked by the submarine USS Trepang (SS-412) which fired six torpedoes, all of which missed. The ship departed Yashima anchorage on 20 October 1944 towards the Philippines as part of Operation "Sho-Ichi-Go"— which was intended to defeat the American invasion of the Philippines. Ōyodo was part of Ozawa's Northern Mobile ("Decoy") Force, which was to bait the American aircraft carrier strike force away from the main Japanese strike force by exposing the surviving Japanese carriers. Ōyodo was the only warship in Ozawa's force that had reconnaissance floatplanes, and both E13A1's performed reconnaissance and anti-submarine patrols over the fleet. On the morning of 24 October, the bulk of the few aircraft aboard the carriers were launched to attack the American carriers as a distraction. They inflicted no damage and caused the Americans to search in the direction from which they had attacked. The Americans finally spotted Ozawa's ships at 16:40, some 200 mi east of Cape Engaño, the northeastern tip of Luzon. The American carriers were spread out and it was very late in the day to launch an airstrike, so Admiral William Halsey, commander of the Third Fleet decided to mass his carriers in a position to attack the following morning. Ozawa reversed course during the night, correctly believing that the Americans would follow him north.

Although they had lost contact during the night, the Americans did find the Japanese carriers at 07:35. They had already launched an airstrike of 180 aircraft that was orbiting 50 mi ahead of the American carriers while waiting for the Japanese ships to be located. This was just the first of a total of five airstrikes that the Americans launched that day. During the first strike, Ōyodo suffered two near-misses, but at 08:48 she was hit by a bomb that damaged a boiler room. At 10:54, Vice Admiral Ozawa left the sinking aircraft carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuikaku and transferred his flag to Ōyodo. Later in the day the ship was hit by two rockets from F6F Hellcat fighter-bombers and damaged by another near-miss and Ozawa ordered his remaining forces to retire northward. Around 19:00 Ozawa learned about a force of destroyers and cruisers that sank the light carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chiyoda and drove off the Japanese destroyers rescuing survivors from some of the carriers lost earlier in the day. He ordered the two Ise-class battleship hybrid battleship/carriers and Ōyodo to reverse course and engage the Americans, but they were unable to find them, and they reversed course at 23:30 and headed for Amami Ōshima. When they arrived there on the 27th Ozawa transferred his flag to the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Hyūga

Final stages of the war
A few days later Ōyodo was sent to Manila on a transport run, arriving on 1 November. Three days later she departed for Brunei and remained in the South China Sea area for the next several months. On 24 December Ōyodo, the heavy cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Ashigara and six destroyers sortied to attack the American forces at San Jose on the island of Mindoro. They were spotted by American aircraft late the next day and Ōyodo was hit by a pair of 500 lb bombs; one failed to detonate and the other only slightly damaged the cruiser. The destroyers engaged an American convoy escorted by PT boats while the cruisers fired star shells to illuminate the area. They later bombarded a supply dump and set it on fire before returning to Cam Ranh Bay, French Indochina.

Ōyodo arrived in Singapore on 1 January 1945 and was repaired from 9 to 29 January. The following month she was assigned to Operation Kita together with the two Ise-class battleship/carriers and three destroyers. The ships were loaded with critically needed strategic war supplies (aviation gasoline, rubber, tin, zinc, and mercury) and 1,150 surplus oil workers to be ferried back to Japan. The ships sailed from Singapore on 10 February and was spotted by the British submarine HMS Tantalus (P318) the following day. Tantalus was forced to submerge by a maritime patrol aircraft and was unable to attack. On 13 February the submarine USS Bergall (SS-320) unsuccessfully attacked the ships as did the submarine USS Blower (SS-325). Later that afternoon, Ōyodo launched one of her floatplanes which spotted the submarine USS Bashaw (SS-241) on the surface ahead of the convoy. Hyūga opened fire with her main guns and forced Bashaw to submerge when one of her shells landed within 1600 m of the submarine. The convoy reached the Matsu Islands, off the Chinese coast, on the 15th and was unsuccessfully attacked by the submarine USS Rasher (SS-269) before they reached Zhoushan Island, near Shanghai, that night. The convoy reached Kure on 20 February, having evaded or escaped pursuit by twenty-three Allied submarines along the way.

Ōyodo was transferred to the Kure Training Force on 1 March, and, a few weeks later, Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher's Task Force 58 made the first carrier attack on Kure on 19 March. Three 500 lb bombs hit Ōyodo; one hit the port engine room and started fires that badly damaged the propulsion machinery compartments. Another hit the base of the funnel and destroyed the boiler uptakes and the last one detonated inside the ship. Near-misses ruptured some hull plating forward and the cruiser started to flood, but she was towed to Etajima and beached to prevent her from sinking. The bombs killed or wounded 54 crewmen. She was refloated and entered a dry dock for repairs on 23 March which were completed on 4 May.

On 24 July US Task Force 38 launched a massive attack to destroy any and all remaining units of the Japanese Navy. Ōyodo was strafed and hit by five 250 lb bombs, two of which hit near her catapult and punched holes in her deck. Two more hit amidships near the engine rooms and the last struck forward of the bridge and started a fire that could not be extinguished for two days. Four days later, a day-long attack was launched by the US carrier fleet. Ōyodo was near-missed by bombs in the morning and the shock waves from their detonations ruptured her hull plating abreast of the forward engine room and No. 5 boiler room that flooded those two compartments. The asymmetric weight of the water on the starboard side caused her to capsize to starboard in shallow water about 25 minutes later. Permission to abandon ship was granted by Captain Shoichi Taguchi before she capsized, but about 300 crewmen were killed.

Ōyodo was removed from the navy list on 20 November. Her wreck was raised on 20 September 1947 and towed to a dry dock to be demolished. The ship was scrapped from 6 January to 1 August 1948.

title: Japanese cruiser Ōyodo


text:
Kovan MRT station

Kovan MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North East line (NEL) in Hougang, Singapore. Located underneath Upper Serangoon Road, the station serves the retail development of Heartland Mall and surrounding public and private residences.

First announced in March 1996, the station commenced operations on 20 June 2003. Its construction required multiple diversions of Upper Serangoon Road. Like all stations on the NEL, Kovan station is operated by SBS Transit. The station features an artwork The Trade-off by Eng Tow as part of the network's Art-in-Transit programme.

History
The announcement of Kovan station, along with the other NEL stations, in March 1996 caught the residents around the site by "surprise", as it was assumed there would be only one station in Hougang near the Hougang Central Bus Interchange. Many of the residents were reported to be "happy" as the NEL is expected to address their "transport woes" in the Upper Serangoon area.

Contract C703 for the design and construction of the two-level Civil Defence underground stations (Kovan and Hougang) was awarded to Samsung Corporation Engineering & Construction Group at a contract sum of S$214.8 million (US$ million) in May 1997. The contract included the construction of 1.3 km twin-bored tunnels and 700 m of cut-and-cover tunnels.

As the location of the utility pipes at the site was not well documented, the contractor had to manually excavate the site using equipment to determine their location, mitigating any damage to the pipes. After the pipes were unearthed, mechanised excavation could begin. To facilitate the station's construction and further development of the site, some residences, businesses and a temple had been bought over.

During the MRT construction, a section of Upper Serangoon Road had to be realigned several times for the excavation works. Nevertheless, as the work was well-coordinated, little impact was made to the traffic as much as possible. Road capacity was "by and large" unaffected as most of the work was carried out underneath a metal decking. To avoid causing further inconvenience, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) also ensured that the carpark along Hougang Street 21 remained accessible for residents to carry out their daily activities without needing to park further away.

The station opened on 20 June 2003 along with the other NEL stations. In light of the station's opening, the retail mall (renamed Heartland Mall Kovan) next to the station was renovated greatly, thus inviting chains such as Cold Storage and Pizza Hut to operate at the mall.

Station details
The station is located in the Kovan neighbourhood underneath Upper Serangoon Road. The serves the residential developments of Kovan Melody and Kovan Residences, the retail development of Heartland Mall, and is close to the Kovan Market and Food Centre and the Paya Lebar Community Club.

Kovan station serves the North East line (NEL) between the Serangoon and Hougang stations. The official station code is NE13. The station operates between 5.51am and 12.21am daily with headways of 2.5 to 5 minutes depending on peak hours. The station has three entrances and two underground levels. The three entrances of the station have a steel structure with a curved aluminium roof intended to create a "streamlined effect". In addition, to create a spacious interior, there are no pillars in the station.

The NEL station is designated as a Civil Defence (CD) shelter. It is designed to accommodate at least 7,500 people and can withstand airstrikes and chemical attacks. Equipment essential for the operations in the CD shelter is mounted on shock absorbers to prevent damage during a bombing. When electrical supply to the shelter is disrupted, there are backup generators to keep operations going. The shelter has dedicated built-in decontamination chambers and dry toilets with collection bins that will send human waste out of the shelter.

The platforms are wheelchair-accessible. A tactile system, consisting of tiles with rounded or elongated raised studs, guides visually impaired commuters through the station. Dedicated routes connect the station entrances to the platforms or between the lines.

Public artwork
The artwork The Trade-off by Eng Tow is displayed at this station as part of the MRT network's Art-in-Transit (AiT) programme. The artwork includes two maps reflecting the "time and progress" of the Kovan area. One map, representing the past, depicts natural areas such as mangrove swamps, forests, plantations and water bodies around what are now two arterial roads, Serangoon Road and Tampines Road. The other map, representing the present, does not display vegetation, showing only the new roads, expressways and new developments. Ochre, black, dark green, red and grey colours were used to reflect earth tones. These colours were laid upon granite, a material which is indigenous to Singapore and which many Singaporeans are familiar with. The tiles were cut using computer-controlled water jets, a construction technology new to Singapore, and were connected as in a jigsaw puzzle before displayed on the platforms.

In creating the artwork, Eng contrasted the styles of the two maps to show how Singapore's way of life had improved through development, transportation and globalisation. The map depicting the past is designed in a "curvilinear and organic" style while the modern map contains a "geometrical" style. In her work, Eng also considered LTA's goal in the AiT programme – to allow commuters to interact with the artwork. The positioning of the work within a station had a somewhat ironic tone, since the station was the "embodiment" of a fast-paced lifestyle, with travellers using direct routes to their destinations without stopping.

Before commencing the concept, Eng researched the area's history through the archives. She made some discoveries that she found interesting, such as the fact that the area had been a watershed that began at Paya Lebar and ended at the Singapore River. Eng had initially wished to accompany the artwork with wall panels engraved with cartographic symbols, which in turn would be inspired by icons in older maps indicating agricultural uses, such as plantations and orchards, around the area. However, the idea was not considered feasible because of the station's mechanical and engineering criteria. Instead, the icons were inscribed in stainless steel and randomly distributed across the floor of the concourse level. Each of the three entrances has a unique symbol to "subtly" aid commuters in identifying the entrances.

The Trade-off has been "widely regarded" as one of the more "sophisticated, thoughtful artwork" on the NEL. A member of the Art Review Panel, Joseph McNally, remarked that the work had a degree of sophistication not seen in other public works. The work offers a view of the area and its heritage, while "standing on its artistic merit". Eng said she did not expect commuters to immediately understand the purpose of the work, saying that people might only discover the maps after "years of travelling" through the station. She hoped that, when commuters did notice the work, it would "light up" their commute and urge them to think about the artwork's message.

title: Kovan MRT station