text:
Talk:Spanish conjugation

Move suggestion
I'm thinking this should be moved to Spanish conjugation. — Chameleon 21:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Spanish verb conjugation would be better IMHO. My advice: check other "conjugation" articles. There's Latin conjugation and Portuguese verb conjugation, but I don't know what else. --Pablo D. Flores 02:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "Y verb conjugation" is redundant. They should all be at "Y conjugation".  — Chameleon 08:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't agree. It is kind of redundant, but only in the sense as "lawn mower" is redundant (what else are you going to mow?). Do you think "noun declension" is redundant too? "Spanish verb conjugation" shows up 7650 times in Google; "Spanish conjugation" only a 10% of that. "Verb conjugation" alone pops up more than 75000 times (12000 times in a USENET group search). I'm not a fan of Google for this, but see Google test. I also believe "XXX verb conjugation" is a more suggestive title, because it works well with main articles called "XXX verbs". I do agree that "paradigm" might be too much of a word. --Pablo D. Flores 11:08, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "Lawnmower" is more of a fused compound, sometimes even written as one word. "Verb conjugation" isn't. "Noun declension" isn't a good analogy because there is "adjectival declension" too.  "Spanish verb conjugation" just has an annoying extra word to type.  "Conjugation" already has four syllables and eleven letters, more than "lawnmower" has even including its redundant "lawn".  The only good argument is that Google has more results for "Spanish verb conjugation", but that just shows that people say a lot of redundant stuff.  They say "P[ersonal]I[dentification]N[umber] number" too.  — Chameleon 12:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * As you say, people say a lot of redundant stuff. "Verb conjugation" is redundant and yet it is used throughout language teaching sites, linguistics sites, etc., and it is common use, exactly like "PIN number". I'm not sure there's a specific Wikipedia policy on this, but as long as a name is common use and not inaccurate or POV, I think it should be OK to title an article like that. I have no emotional attachment to "verb conjugation", so I'm fine with either title. If you still choose to move the page to the new title, please check the inward links. --Pablo D. Flores 13:32, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Great article and I like it just where it is. Dratman (talk) 03:18, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Here's why the redundancy of "verb conjugation" is a good thing: There are readers who don't know that conjugation is limited to verbs.  There are Wikipedia editors who don't know it!  I've just come from correcting a Wiki article that referred to "conjugating" Spanish past participles used as adjectives (i.e. gender/number agreement).  Keep novice readers in mind.  Kotabatubara (talk) 15:31, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

Negative imperatives needed?
For completeness, shouldn't the tables contain the negative imperative forms, which are different for tú and vosotros? Perhaps this point is made in another article, but since this article is supposed to be a more or less comprehensive summary of verb forms, I would think these forms should be included here.Tawagoto 03:59, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * All that is needed is to say that the negative imperative makes use of the subjuntivo: "no ames", "no temas", "no partas". You provably mean tu and vos; yes, its same for both. Mariano (t/c) 09:35, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I meant "tu/vos" AND "vosotros". According to the "Spanish verbs" article, the negative imperative for vosotros is different from the positive imperative.  I understand that the negative imperative forms for tu/vos and vosotros make use of the respective present subjunctive forms.  However, since this is an otherwise comprehensive table useful as a quick-glance reference, we might as well fill in the forms explicitly.  (After all, by the previous poster's reasoning, we could skip the Imperative cells altogether and explain in a footnote that the positive "tu" imperative is the same as the third person present indicative, and so on, but that would defeat the purpose of the table.)  Tawagoto 13:16, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

tú / vos
The tables seem incomplete in this regard. I book I have entitled "1001 Pitfalls in Spanish" (Barron's, (c) 1986) makes the following points:

 * 1) The present indicative of the vos form varies from the tú form.  This is already reflected in the tables of the regular verbs here.  However, the vos form (indeed, the heading vos) is missing from most of the irregular verb tables.
 * 2) The present SUBJUNCTIVE form also varies.  This is not included in any of the tables.  For regular verbs, the forms would be amés, temás, partás.
 * 3) The affirmative IMPERATIVE also varies.  You drop the -d of the vosotros imperative form and accent the final vowel: amá, temé, recibí.
 * 4) The negative imperative is the same as the present subjunctive, although the tú form can also be used: no amés (no ames); no temás (no temas); no partás (no partas).

I would be grateful if someone who knows what he/she is doing could fill these forms in. Tawagoto 19:51, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * in Rioplatense Spanish, the vos person is conjugeted as tu for for the present subjuntive. I don't think the negative imperative can be used with the affirmative form; if so, it is surely not used.
 * I will add the affirmative imperative for vos. Mariano (t/c) 08:34, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * When yo uthink you know your language...
 * I haven't been able to complete the table with Affirmative and Negative imperatives of vos for the verbs haber and ir. I can't think an example of a phrase with Haber in imperative, except Hete aquí (which I'm not sure to be the case) Anyway, I don't known how would that be for vos, perhaps just the same.
 * For ir, well, to send someone somewere we say andá (andar). I don't know how to selve this 2 examples. Mariano (t/c) 11:36, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks good. (Having forgotten to log in...) I separated the imperative row into affirmative and negative rows for the other verb tables.  Please feel free to check these.  I wasn't sure about the the reflexive forms for the negative imperative of estar, so you may want to fill them in.  Thanks.  Tawagoto 12:48, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Some things
1. I put the Spanish names of conjugation forms, only the first verb if you don't agree or it must be changed.

2. Conditional is also indicative.

3. The pronouns must be after the imperative:

come tú/vos, comed vosotros.

4. what about composed forms, such as present perfect?--Daniel bg 16:20, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

imperative of haber
As far as I can tell, the tú form of the imperative of haber should be "hé," not "he." Also, I'm a bit confused about the imperative of haber, in general. I don't understand how it could be translated, and sites vary in their explanations. One site claims that haber doesn't even exist in the imperative form. There are also some confusing notes on http://www.123teachme.com/learn_spanish/interrogative_pronouns_adjectives, which states the following:

"Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in modern Spanish, except in Héme, héte, héle, aquí, etc. (here I am, here thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.

In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. negative being used instead, as:

 * =Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak).
 * No habléis (do not (you) speak).]"

Can anyone clarify this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.38.224.100 (talk • contribs)

 * I believe the imperative negative is quite covered. For the imperative of Haber, it is true that it is not (commonly) used. We should find a qualified source on the topic first (RAE?) --Mariano (t/c) 11:46, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Suggestion External Link
Found a nice site which I think will compliment this article. Not so much on the theory, rather the Spanish read along(on the Español tab), and the Spanish verb trainer. http://www.spanishdaddy.com/Presente.aspx What do you think? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.46.202.189 (talk) 09:31, 21 March 2007 (UTC).

I've been trying to do some editing lately, but I was told to come here to discuss my edits, so here I am. I am just a bit confused about which sites can and can't be added to the external links. I added one cool site to the section and it was removed almost straight away, yet there are other sites with far less content linked from here. I'm going to re-add the site and if anyone has any problems, please bring it up with me here before removing it, thanks. Lumpeseckel 01:14, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

So the link has been removed again. I still fail to see how one person can make the decisions. What gives one person right to include/delete links as they see fit? It's not right. Lumpeseckel 03:27, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Yacer - to lie
Maybe it should be clarified that yacer means "to be in a horizontal position" rather than "to give false information". --ReiVaX 11:39, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

Is there really any reason to have this verb on this list, anyway? 70.253.203.14 (talk) 23:24, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

In accordance with the aforementioned statement, if yacer is 'hardly used in colloquial speech' it deserves no place on this list; at the very least a verb such as conocer which follows similar rules. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Captain Cusack (talk • contribs) 03:35, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Infinitive vs imperative
I think the rarity of the historical second-personal plural imperative form in everyday speech is greatly exaggerated in this article. It probably varies from place to place, but there are certainly areas with enough people who use it casually to make it very unlikely for an observer not to hear it often, and consequently it's easily felt as different from the infinitive, despite their common confusion (where the infinitive prevails because modern Spanish speakers find it easier to pronounce a final r than a d). Also, I think some of them do use íos (dismissed here as obsolete) as the pronominal form for ir, which is no surprise, since rather few people know the RAE prescribes idos. In fact, idos looks like an awkward invention made only to supply, without admitting it, the consonant those who substitute the infinitive—iros—for the second-person plural imperative tend to insert. Anyone with the habit of using verbs in the -d imperative and its pronominal form without this consonant, unless they know this odd RAE prescription and are making a conscious effort to conform to it, will readily say íos. They probably won't even feel any difference between ir and any other verb in this regard. I don't know why the RAE does not accept íos fully.

Naturally, this whole issue affects only the regions where the vosotros verb forms are still in use (most of Spain, and little more). However, the imperative forms used with vos (in the cases where they haven't been replaced by the tú ones) haven't taken on the -r from the infinitive—they've solved the difficulty in pronouncing the final d simply by dropping it (cantad → cantá), which is also what most dialects of Spanish tend to do with any other final d (verdad, David, majestad, pared). Splibubay (talk) 17:33, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

vos?
I am a very experienced Spanish speaker. I've been speaking since I was 7, and my mother is as good as a native speaker. However, because of where I learned to speak (and from whom, I suppose), I've never heard of the usage of voseo until now. Not saying it doesn't exist, I've done my research. but what I'm proposing is that we just link the first occurrences of tú and vos in this article for people who are coming at this not knowing the difference, if what I just said made any sense. --- cymru lass (hit me up)⁄(background check) 18:35, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Vos
Hi, I wanted to share my suggestions for editing the form "vos" in the page. Please note that I am not experienced in the language but have come across this from a trustworthy source, "Real Academia Espanola" (http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=vos ) and it might be worth considering.

From what I understand (and again, I might be wrong), the "vos" as described/conjugated in these examples (on the Wiki page) and often spoken in various Latin American countries are a variant form of "vos" as it should be used. The actual usage should be with the "eis" ending. For example (and these are quoted directly from the Real website): "Vos, don Pedro, sois docto; vos, Juana, sois caritativa." In the colloquial Spanish described on the Wiki page, the form would take "sos" rather than "sois," and the same holds true for verbs like "amais" changed to "amas" or "teneis" changed to "tenes." In the colloquial Spanish of "vos," the "i" of "eis" is taken out.

I have come across this in many prayers as well, where "vos" is used to speak to God. Take the following example: "Dios y Señor mío, yo os doy infinitas gracias por todos los favores que hicisteis al glorioso San Ramón No-nacido; por cuyos méritos os suplico humildemente, que así como fuisteis tan liberal con el glorioso santo cardenal, lo seáis en esta ocasión conmigo, concediéndome el despacho de la petición que solicito en esta novena, para más serviros y amaros. Amén" ( http://www.devocionario.com/santos/nonato_2.html emphasis added). In the colloquial Spanish, "hicisteis" would take the form "hicistes," and the same holds true for the other examples in the prayer.

Feel free to take this with a grain of salt in case any of this is incorrect, but it might be worth observing.

70.72.44.213 (talk) 21:05, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

 * The given link (which has been changed to http://lema.rae.es/drae/?val=vos) says that there are two forms of vos. One is tono elevado, used for royalty and God, and the other is used in some countries (almost all of the Americas, but not Spain). Therefore, the actual usage is no with the "éis" ending (useful for God), but with the "és" ending (useful for normal people), as you can see in amar (amas / amás). Pablo.cl (talk) 22:04, 15 November 2012 (UTC)

Principal parts aren't mentioned here at all
I noticed that this article doesn't mention anything about the principal parts of Spanish verbs. Will this information be added in the future? Jarble (talk) 18:18, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I will repeat what I said about "principal parts" on the Talk page of Spanish verbs:

The term "principal parts" is much used in the tradition of English grammar, to help learners keep track of irregular verbs like "go"/"went"/"gone" (as opposed to regular ones like "help"/"helped"/"helped"). For English it is a practical concept, because the forms that change are seen as whole words. But in Spanish the forms that change are the "stems" of verbs (which are bound to "endings"). So the information you are looking for is in the article, but it is called by other terms, such as "stem-changing". I'm deleting the note at the top of the article that says "This article is missing information about principal parts of Spanish verbs" etc. "Principle parts" are not part of the Spanish grammatical tradition. See the article Principal parts, where it says "In Spanish, verbs are traditionally held to have only one principal part, the infinitive, by which one can classify the verb into one of three conjugation paradigms (according to the ending of the infinitive, which may be -ar, -er or -ir)." Kotabatubara (talk) I don't know why the "quadruple tilde" signature failed to include time data: approx. 00:10, 21 June 2014 (UTC)

Ser and estar "rule of thumb"
This so-called rule of thumb is actually a big misconception that keeps spreading and confusing learners of the language. As the Nueva Gramática de la Lengua Española, 37.7d, puts it, the correct rule of thumb, still with its exceptions but much more precise, is to regard statements built with "ser" as describing an inherent, context-independent, characteristic of the thing it references. On the other hand, sentences built with estar describe a context-, situation-dependent state of what's referenced.

In fewer words, the rule of thumb is the following: ser is for inherent characteristics while estar for states. Apolo399 (talk) 15:51, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

"Conocer" an irregular verb?
I don't understand why conocer is listed as an example of an irregular verb. The only way in which it differs from regular verbs is the addition of the letter z in some forms of the present indicative, present subjunctive, and the imperatives (i.e. whenever the "ending" does not begin with e or i). But surely that's always the rule for verbs whose infinitives end in -_cer or -_cir (with a vowel in the _ position)? I can't think of any example of a verb that doesn't follow this rule (except for those which are irregular anyway, like decir). And if that's the "default" rule, surely it should count as regular?

For the same reason we don't usually consider verbs that end in -guir (like distinguir) to be irregular, even though the u is sometimes dropped, again whenever the "ending" does not begin with e or i (yo distingo).

I think we should remove that example from the list, or perhaps replace it with another one that's irregular.

~ 88.211.86.26 (talk) 12:57, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish conjugation


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Talk:Los Angeles Rams

Player identification
Can somebody identify who #77 is in this photo? From left to right it's George Farmer, Vince Ferragamo, and Kent Hill. Gary Jeter was #77 in 1983, but this was in 1982 (based on who was in other pictures from the same series of photos, playing for the Falcons), and it doesn't look like Jeter anyway. I can't find a reference to a player #77 in 1982.  Acroterion   (talk)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reasons for deletion at the file description pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:12, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Losangeles rams unif22.png
 * Rams uniform evolution.png

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:55, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Losangeles rams unif22.png (discussion)
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Notable fans
Village Pump Discussion Village pump (policy)

Should Notable fans section be governed with the same guidelines as WP:IPC In popular culture" sections should contain verifiable information with sources that establish its significance to the article's subject. On the grounds each entry should have a reliable source that supports the fandom?  -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:30, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't see why not. Though if I'm being honest, I'd rather that section not exist at all. Hey man im josh (talk) 11:42, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed, not very Encyclopedic. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 20:02, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That. It can be reasonable content like at Diriliş:_Ertuğrul, but on the whole a section for that seems a bad idea. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 07:38, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I guess, but man: this is WP:FANCRUFT at its cruftiest. The prose in the Culture section seems okay; the list of 29 semi-celebs (who apparently live in the LA area, and go to the local team's games, as one does) seems completely unwarranted. — JohnFromPinckney (talk / edits) 21:06, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It looks like I'm the 5th to reply, with apparant unanimous agreement to eliminate the section. ✅ Alsee (talk) 09:13, 21 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Already done, I know, but add me to the unanimity in opposition to the notable fans section existing at all. --Hammersoft (talk) 17:30, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanx all, removal is much better than my first thought. Cheers,   -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 17:43, 23 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Might I consolidate the list with one of the current fan pages for the Rams? PontiacAurora (talk) 19:01, 1 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Consolidate as in "To make stronger or more solid."? You can link the source so people can have an opinion, but wouldn't that be a WP:ABOUTSELF and/or WP:SPS source? Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 20:06, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

Change at the begging of 49ers rivalry section
it says 49ers started in 1950,but that's the year they started in the NFL before that they played in the aafc since 1946. 2601:644:4700:5800:ADB4:3B87:CCA0:819A (talk) 23:32, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 January 2024
Matt Lafleur was offensive coordinator for Los Angeles rams in 2017 not his brother Mike. You even have on Mike Lafleur’s page here that he was with San Francisco at the time not Los Angeles. Pro football reference confirms this information, along with your own pages of each respective coach 2600:1012:B16E:8A73:B8D4:AFA4:DFC5:8161 (talk) 04:19, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * X mark.svg Not done It's unclear what edit you wish to make. The only mention of either Lafleur on the page is the current staff, which correctly identifies Mike as the current OC. oknazevad (talk) 10:28, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Los Angeles Rams


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Demu

Demu may refer to:

 * Dému, a village in France
 * Demǔ 地母, "Mother Earth", Chinese goddess
 * Diesel electric multiple unit (DEMU)
 * The alien antagonists of The Demu Trilogy by F.M. Busby
 * Demu, used in East Africa to refer to a woman

title: Demu


text: Talk:Paternal aunt

title: Talk:Paternal aunt


text:
User:ElMatador

Hi, my name is Ahmed Mohamed(born February 15, 1983). I live in Cairo, Egypt. Currently, I'm attending Ain Shams University, majoring in Computer Engineering. I read about almost anything, and have a variety of interests in history, politics, military, computers and sports.  I've just started my involvement in Wikipedia, as i see it as a very ambitious project and I hope to be a good contributer in the future.

title: User:ElMatador


text:
Talk:Efed

The terms fed an efed seem to be used interchangebaly, is this accurate? Should it be consistent just for ease of readers?

title: Talk:Efed


text:
User talk:Cutlerish

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
 * Try the Tutorial, and feel free to experiment in the test area.
 * If you need help, post a question at the Help Desk
 * Follow the Simplified Ruleset
 * Eventually, you might want to read the Manual of Style and Policies and Guidelines.
 * Remember Neutral point of view
 * Explore, be bold in editing pages, and, most importantly, have fun!

Good luck!

Meelar (talk) 21:49, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Age of "Godiva's Hymn"?
Hi! There's a discussion on at the talk page for Godiva's Hymn about the claim that the song has been around since at least 1921. Looking through the article's history, it looks like you added that information. Do you remember where you found this information? It would be pretty neat to source this article better. --07:38, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Godiva's Hymn

 * My main reason for proposing deletion is that Wikipedia is not a lyrics depository. In addition, almost all the claims made on the page are unverifiable, finally as a side reason, IMO, the whole topic is unencyclopedic and not notable. Please don't take offense to this personally as the main contributor, it has nothing to do with your edits, it's simply the topic itself. Thanks. -- pm_shef 03:17, 12 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Absolutely I do, and I think that the fact that you were able to delete those unencylopedic parts simply shows that you are an upstanding editor. There are a lot of people on here who could learn that lesson! The article as it stands now seems fine to me. -- pm_shef 16:22, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Can you help me with "Godiva's Hymn" ?
Hello, my name is John Patrick. I am a folklorist interested in talking with people that know "Godiva's Hymn" (aka the Engineer's Drinking Song). Do you know a version of the song? If yes, would you be willing to do a telephone interview about the song for folklore purposes? You can be anonymous if you like.

Please advise.

serendipitousstl (email) 17:00, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Toronto lab logo.jpg
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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 11:48, 13 July 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cutlerish


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Spanish prepositions

Prepositions in the Spanish language, like those in other languages, are a set of connecting words (such as con, de or para) that serve to indicate a relationship between a content word (noun, verb, or adjective) and a following noun phrase (or noun, or pronoun), which is known as the object of the preposition. The relationship is typically spatial or temporal, but prepositions express other relationships as well. As implied by the name, Spanish "prepositions" (like those of English) are positioned before their objects. Spanish does not place these function words after their objects, which would be postpositions.

Spanish prepositions can be classified as either "simple", consisting of a single word, or "compound", consisting of two or three words. The prepositions of Spanish form a closed class and so they are a limited set to which new items are rarely added. Many Spanish school pupils memorize the following list: a, ante, bajo, cabe, con, contra, de, desde, durante, en, entre, hacia, hasta, mediante, para, por, según, sin, so, sobre, and tras. The list includes two archaic prepositions — so (“under”) and cabe (“beside”), and it excludes vía (“by way of, via”) and pro (“in favor of”), two Latinisms that have been recently adopted into the language.

Some common Spanish prepositions, simple and compound, are listed below with their meanings.

a
A is most often translated as "to" or "at"; its main uses are the following:

 * It indicates movement to a destination:
 * Viajaron a Madrid. = "They traveled to Madrid."
 * Llegaron a Madrid. = "They arrived in Madrid."
 * It indicates a stationary point on a quantitative scale, as in telling time (but usually not a spatial location, which is normally expressed by en):
 * Llegaron a las dos. = "They arrived at two o'clock."
 * Se venden a dos dólares la libra. = "They are sold at two dollars a pound."
 * It introduces infinitives after several common verbs, including ir ("to be going to [do something]", a periphrastic future), volver ("to [do something] again"), comenzar, empezar (both "to begin"), ayudar ("to help"), aprender ("to learn"), and enseñar ("to teach"):
 * Voy a enfadarme. = "I am going to become angry."
 * Aprende no sólo a hablar sino también a escribir el castellano. = "Do not just learn to speak Spanish, but also to write it", "Learn not just to speak, but also to write Spanish."
 * It introduces a direct object referring either to a person or a personalised thing (pet, organization, vehicle). This is an example of differential object marking:
 * Veo a María. = "I see María."
 * Te quieren ver a ti. = "They want to see you."
 * It introduces indirect objects that Latin would have marked with the dative case:
 * Le envié la carta a Ana. = "I sent Ana the letter", "I sent the letter to Ana."
 * ¿Les regalaste el coche a tus padres? = "Did you give your parents the car as a gift?", "Did you give the car to your parents (as a gift)?"
 * Note that the indirect object pronoun forms le and les appear, even when the indirect object is given in full; see Spanish pronouns.
 * The preposition a is a component of many compound prepositions, detailed in Section 2.

Prepositional contraction: al (“to the”, “to”) is the contraction formed with a and el (“the”), the masculine definite article, yet the contraction is waived when the article is part of a proper noun:
 * Voy al país de mis sueños = "I am going to the country of my dreams."
 * Lo voy a mandar a El País = "I am going to send it to [the newspaper] El País.” (compare, eg, in English "Do 'not to be released' records have a copyright date?" is never contracted to "Don't to be released' records have a copyright date?")

ante
Ante could indicate that something or someone faces a situation or an effect. For example (not tangible): Ante tal dificultad, optó por rendirse means: "Facing such difficulty, (he or she) opted to give up." A tangible example: El artista hizo una caravana ante la audiencia which means: "The artist bowed for (in front of) the audience."

con
Con is usually translated as "with", both in the sense of accompaniment (con mi hermano, "with my brother") and in the instrumental sense (con un martillo, "with a hammer"). Unlike other prepositions, con combines with the prepositional pronouns mí, ti, and sí in the forms conmigo (“with me”), contigo (“with you”), and consigo (“with her-, himself”). These forms are derived historically from forms with the Latin preposition cum postposed to its object: mēcum, tēcum, etc. In an Ibero-Romance ancestor of Spanish, before the time of written records, an etymologically redundant con was prefixed to these forms. Compare the concept of inflected preposition.
 * Ven conmigo y con él ahora = "Come with me and him now."
 * Iré a la fiesta contigo = "I will go to the party with you."
 * Es raro llevar un billete de 200€ consigo = "It is unusual to carry a €200 note on oneself."

de
De is the most frequent preposition in Spanish, and vies with que to be the most frequent word in the language. It is most often translated in English by "of" or "from", but also denotes several other relationships as well. The English possessive with apostrophe-s is translated by a construction with de:
 * Es la más famosa de todas = "She is the most famous [one] of all [of them]. "
 * Soy de Madrid = "I am from Madrid."
 * La hermana de David = "David's sister."
 * Ese libro es del profesor = "That book is the teacher's."

Prepositional contraction: When de is followed by the masculine singular definite article el (“the”), together they form the contraction del (“of the”). However, de does not contract with the homophonous personal pronoun él ("him"), nor, in writing, with a proper noun; thus:
 * Soy pariente del alcalde de El Escorial, "I am a relative of the mayor of El Escorial."
 * ''Soy pariente de él, "I am a relative of his."

Typography: the uppercase form DE was configured as the siglum Đ — a typographic ligature adopted as a concise written and printed word-character, that originated as a lapidary scribal abbreviation.

The preposition de is part of many compound prepositions, such as dentro de (“within”, “inside of”) and en contra de (“against . . .”); see Section 2, below, for fuller description.

por and para
Both por and para are frequently translated into English as "for", and thus they pose a challenge for English-speaking learners of Spanish. In the broadest terms, por denotes cause or stimulus (with a retrospective focus), while para denotes destination or purpose (with a prospective focus). The following are common uses of these prepositions:

 * por
 * "somewhere in", a diffuse location in space or time:
 * Lo perdí por ahí. = "I lost it thereabout, somewhere around there."
 * "in exchange for, in place of"
 * Cambié mis euros por dólares. = "I exchanged my euros into dollars."
 * "per" (day, hour, mile, etc.)
 * Pagan un euro por hora. = "They pay one euro per hour."
 * "by means of", "by way of"
 * Es más rápido por la autopista. = "It is faster by the motorway."
 * "because of" (compare porque, "because")
 * Me multaron por exceso de velocidad. = "They fined me for speeding."
 * Mi jefe está enfermo y por eso tengo que trabajar = "My boss is sick, and therefore I have to work."
 * "for the sake of", "for the benefit of"
 * Todo lo que hago, lo hago por ti. = "Everything I do, I do [it] for you."
 * "in favor of"
 * Yo voto por el partido de derecha. = "I vote for the right-wing party."
 * "by" (the agent of a passive construction)
 * La nueva ley fue mal redactada por el partido gobernante = "The new law was badly written by the governing party."
 * "for" (a period of time; often replaced by durante)
 * Vivieron en Nueva York por tres meses. = "They lived in New York for three months."

 * para
 * "intended for" (a purpose or recipient); "so that" (with a clause of purpose)
 * dinero para pagar el café = "money to pay for coffee"
 * Estas flores son para ti. = "These flowers are for you."
 * Lo lavé para que lo guardaras. = "I washed it so you could keep it."
 * "toward" (a destination; informal, replaces a and hacia)
 * Voy para el sur. = "I am going [to the] south."
 * "by" (a certain time)
 * Para esta época del año siempre llueve. = "By this time of the year, it always rains."
 * "in order to"
 * Fuimos a la tienda para comprar tortillas. = "We went to the store to buy tortillas."
 * "for, considering that..." (to express a comparison)
 * Para una persona tan joven, se queja demasiado. = "For such a young person, he complains too much."
 * "about to" (in the expression estar para, "to be about to [do something]")
 * Yo estaba para salir, cuando sonó el teléfono = "I was about to leave, when the telephone rang."

In fast spoken language, the preposition para often is clipped to pa/pa’, as in the colloquial Amos pa’lante. (“Let’s go forward.”)—compare the standard Vamos para adelante. (“Let us go forward.")

según
Según translates as "according to". With some uses of según, part or all of the object of the preposition is omitted and merely implied. Often the missing words can be taken as lo que ("what"): Popular speech uses it alone, as an equivalent of "It depends."
 * Según dice, es un buen libro. "According to what he says (according to him), it is a good book."
 * Según convenga. "As may be required."
 * Q: ¿Te gusta el cine francés? ("Do you like French cinema?")
 * A: Según. ("It depends.")

Regional colloquial usage of the preposition según, with que, expresses evidential mood, indicating hearsay or non-commitment ("supposedly", "it is said").
 * Según que tiene SIDA. "They say that he has AIDS."

sin
Sin translates as "without":
 * Un té sin leche, por favor = "A tea without milk, please."
 * Se metió en la cama sin despertarla = "He got in bed without waking her."

When the object of the preposition sin is a clause introduced by que (alternatively interpreted as a compound conjunction, sin que), the verb in the clause must be in the subjunctive mood:
 * Se metió en la cama sin que se despertara = "He got in bed without her waking up."
 * No se puede poner a esos niños en la misma habitación sin que se peleen. = "You cannot put those children in the same room without their fighting."
 * Los ladrones entraron sin que los notase nadie = "The thieves entered without anyone noticing them."

Compound prepositions
Some compound prepositions duplicate the meaning of a simple preposition, but often with a more formal tone or with greater specificity. For example, de acuerdo con ("in accordance with") is equivalent to según ("according to"). En dirección a ("in the direction of") is more ponderous than hacia ("toward"). The English counterpart of Spanish en may be either "on" or "in", while dentro de specifies "within". "Because of" is only one of several possible meanings of por, but por causa de conveys that meaning exclusively. In some cases the compound preposition denotes a literal spatial relationship, while the corresponding simple preposition expresses a figurative version of that relationship: thus, debajo de una mesa ("under a table") vs. bajo un régimen ("under a regime"), or delante de un edificio ("in front of a building") vs. ante un tribunal ("before a court of law").

The list of compound prepositions is much longer than that of the simple ones, and only some representative examples are listed here.

Spanish compound prepositions can be composed of:

 * a preposition + noun + preposition:
 * por causa de / a causa de / en razón de = "because of"
 * sin perjuicio de = "notwithstanding", "without prejudice to"
 * con respecto a = "with respect to", "regarding"
 * a favor de = "in favour of"
 * en contra de = "against . . ." (e.g. en mi contra, en tu contra, en su contra, etc.)
 * en lugar de / en vez de = "instead of", "in lieu of"
 * etc.
 * or of an adverb + preposition:
 * después de = "after"
 * debajo de = "beneath", “underneath”
 * antes de = "before" (i.e. “prior to”)
 * junto a = "beside", "alongside"
 * delante de = "in front of" and “[positioned] before”
 * etc.

Other Spanish compound prepositions include the following:

 * tras de = "behind"
 * a fuerza de = "by dint of"
 * junto a = "next to"
 * encima de = "above"
 * detrás de = "behind"
 * en medio de = "in the middle of"
 * en pos de = "in pursuit of"
 * con rumbo a = "headed for"
 * con destino a = "on the way to"
 * a través de = "across"

Serial prepositions
In certain cases, Spanish prepositions can be used serially, that is, two—or occasionally even three—in succession, as in the following examples:

a por
In Spain the sequence a por, used mainly with verbs of movement, such as ir and salir, can be used to mean "in search of", or "to go fetch [something]". Many speakers consider it to be incorrect and prefer to replace it with por alone, but according to the Real Academia Española, there is no normative reason to condemn the use of a por. In some contexts, a por expresses a clearer meaning than por:
 * Subí por la escalera = "I went up the stairs" or "I went up the ladder"
 * Subí a por la escalera = "I went up for the ladder"

para con
This compound means "toward" in the context of an attitude or demeanor toward someone or something:
 * Es muy generoso para con los necesitados = "He is very generous toward/with the needy".
 * No tengo pruritos para con ellos = "I have nothing against them".

Other possible serial combinations of prepositions include the following:
 * por en medio de = "through the midst of"
 * por delante de = "somewhere in front of"

Translating English postpositions into Spanish
The English language features three types of adpositions, prepositions (preceding), postpositions (following), and circumpositions (enclosing), which allow constructions such as “ in the box”, “ on the airplane”, and “ out of Africa”, as in Spanish. However, the postposition “three years ago ” is as impossible in Spanish usage as “ago three years” is in English. Thus, Spanish prepositions function exclusively as such, and these examples express equivalent concepts by using other mechanisms:

 *  Hace tres años = “three years ago ” (“It makes three years.”)
 *  Dentro de tres años = “three years hence ” (“Within [a period] of three years.”)
 *  A tres kilómetros = “three kilometres away ” (“To/Some three kilometres [from here].”)

title: Spanish prepositions


text:
Talk:Mani Ratnam

Mentioning Caste
Dear Editors! There has been a discussion on India Portal related to mentioning of caste of subjects. The point is that mentioning caste of people, who have nothing to do with their caste, is found to be unnecessary by few editors. Hence the caste of the subject person needs to be deleted from the biography. I am not deleting the caste as of now but am only posting this here so that the regular editors of this article are well aware of it beforehand and no edit-wars take place. For details of discussion held on the portal please refer Wikipedia_talk:Noticeboard_for_India-related_topics. Your views if any are welcome there or even here. And.... as the reasons of exclusion of caste pointed out were "irrelavant to notability of subject person", "privacy of the subject person", "inclusion of caste is like branding individuals", etc. other information included in the article which also fall under these cases will also be removed after discussions. Examples of it included religion, non-notable spouse's and children's and parents' information, previous occupation, lived in places, non-notability related educational qualification, etc. Your views on this are also welcome here or at the India portal. -Animeshkulkarni (talk) 10:08, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Not here, please. There is a community discussion taking place at WT:INB and I would advise people to read the entire discussion before forming an opinion because the above summary is incorrect. Nothing more need be said here. - Sitush (talk) 01:55, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

New Discussion
In respect to the correction (or change) I am starting this discussion on "year" and "location born" of the person in the article. After coming across acceptable and valid sources I want to present them here and start the debate. Here you go, (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6). One thing I must say considering 1956 (june) that time all are referred to as Madras Province. So this should have overshadowed and hence Madurai should have been left behind (As used in the current source at infobox). Also I can see source 1, 5 and 6 shows year (1955), which again brings us to a different scene. But one thing for sure is from all these links here, he was born in Madurai, ie., Madras Province. Even if we assume, let's say 1955 (june) by those times the place is again called Madurai in Madras. So doubts on location is clear. Lastly coming to year, if you see big then, source 1, 5 and 6 are actually the film festival events which to my knowledge is the most accurate and reliable ones considering those facts should have been produced in accordance with the persons involved at the film festival event with their knowledge (what I mean is participants(Ratnam) must have been contacted during or before the event by the organizers(Film festivals) to release his/her Biography. So totally 3 film festival events conveys Year 1955. So I believe we can go with it trusting it fully along with the location of Madurai. Ungal Vettu Pillai (talk) 02:45, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 09:16, 24 April 2015 (UTC)

How to refer to him
His real name is Gopala Ratnam Subramaniam, meaning Ratnam is not a patrimony. So I think it should qualify as a surname, and referring to him as "Mani" instead of "Ratnam" may not sound formal, per WP:SURNAME. Moreover, in Conversations with Mani Ratnam, he is referred to as simply "Ratnam" for most of the book. Kailash29792 (talk) 07:16, 2 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Media in the south mostly refer to him as 'Mani Ratnam' or simply 'Mani'. Ratnam is indeed his father's name. Most South Indians prefix 'patronyms' to their actual names (eg., Lakshmipathy Balaji, Ravichandran Ashwin). The guideline says 'However, where a person does not have a surname but a patronymic (like many Icelanders, some Mongols, and those historical persons who are known by names-and-patronymics instead of surnames) then the proper form of reference is usually the given name.' To be more precise, 'Iyer' qualifies more than 'Ratnam' as his surname. Hope this helps. — Vensatry (Talk) 07:58, 2 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Quoting Conversations with Mani Ratnam is really irrelevant here. The book is not even a biography. — Vensatry (Talk) 07:59, 2 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't think you've read the book. It is a series of interviews between Baradwaj Rangan and him (I've met the former; though "Rangan" is not legally his surname, he professionally uses it as such), which go like "RANGAN: ; RATNAM: ". So Mani Ratnam, being the co-author of that book, would have approved being referred to by his last name. And to an extent, the book may not be a complete biography, but Mani Ratnam does talk at great lengths about his experiences in life in it. Kailash29792 (talk) 08:25, 2 December 2015 (UTC)
 * First of all let me tell you, the book is not a biography, but just a series of interviews: . Technically, Mani Ratnam is not a co-author. May be it was your assumption, but we cannot base our arguments based on a single book. — Vensatry (Talk) 08:41, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

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Advert/Resume style writing.
Cyphoidbomb, please take note of the writing style in this article. There are paragraphs that don't seem to follow an encyclopedic tone.PlutoniumBackToTheFuture (talk) 09:32, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It would probably be more helpful if you went through the article and noted specific problems here on the talk page for other editors to process. I've added a few clarification requests to the lead, but I don't have time to go line-by-line on an article that doesn't particularly interest me. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 15:11, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * {ping|Cyphoidbomb|PlutoniumBackToTheFuture}} Not seeing anything too bad. We are allowed a little license to make the prose interesting. AIRcorn (talk) 19:07, 2 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Cyphoidbomb, the content you added has been removed without proper explanation. I am restoring the 'BY WHOMs, s, Citation Needed etc that you had added to the article.PlutoniumBackToTheFuture (talk) 16:49, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:57, 30 June 2021 (UTC)
 * மணி ரத்னம், சுஹாசினி - Film Maker Mani Ratnam and his wife Suhasini.jpg

title: Talk:Mani Ratnam


text:
Talk:2005 Dutch European Constitution referendum

Untitled
I'm afraid I removed this pretty pie chart: On two main grounds: I'm probably offending the person who made it, for which due apologies, but I really really hate redundant pictures. It's a pet peeve. I'm getting treatment for it. JRM · Talk 21:51, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * The captions aren't even English.
 * It's redundant and mildly insulting my intelligence, such as it is. You are not going to convince me a glitzy 3D highlighted pie chart comparing all of two percentages aids the understanding.

What the hell happened to this article? Someone vandalised the hell out of it.--Zorbo 13:52, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Is that bit about the alledged bias in the Internet stemwijzer really necessary and deserving of the prominence it gets in the article? It looks like some kind of conspiracy theory.

The Netherlands would become "the Switzerland of Europe.". I think this is not quite correct, there is only one Switzerland of Europe. :-)

Math
"Only in 26 of the 467 Dutch municipalities was there a majority on the subject. In 446 municipalities, the majority voted against." 26 + 446 = 472, not 467. 71.235.184.247 (talk) 23:38, 10 May 2019 (UTC)


text:
Cornflower blue

Cornflower blue is a shade of medium-to-light blue containing relatively little green. This hue was one of the favorites of the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer.

The most valuable blue sapphires are called cornflower blue, having a medium-dark violet-blue hue.

Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle reported a blue dye produced from the cornflower. This was also called Boyle's Blue and Cyan Blue. This dye color, however, was not widely commercialized.

X11
Cornflower blue is a defined color in the X Window (X11) color scheme. As such, it is a color available as a named color for webpages.

HTML
CornFlowerBlue is an HTML color name, its hexadecimal code is #6495ED.

Crayola
Cornflower is a Crayola color with hexadecimal code #93CCEA. It was originally introduced in 1958, in the box of 48 crayons. The color is also called light cornflower.

RAL
Cornflower Blue RAL code is RAL 270 50 40

Microsoft XNA
Cornflower blue is the default clear color used in the XNA framework.

Bavarian Infantry Uniform Color
Coat color of Bavarian infantry in the early 19th Century especially found in the Napoleonic Era.

In popular culture
The German popular song "Kornblumenblau" (literally "cornflower blue") humorously glorifies extreme drunkenness, blau being German slang for "drunk" and cornflower blue being an intense shade of the color.

In Chuck Palahniuk's Fight Club, Cornflower blue is a color associated with the Narrator's boss; it is revealed that he chose that particular shade of blue to highlight an icon.

title: Cornflower blue


text:
Spanish pronouns

Spanish pronouns in some ways work quite differently from their English counterparts. Subject pronouns are often omitted, and object pronouns come in clitic and non-clitic forms. When used as clitics, object pronouns can appear as proclitics that come before the verb or as enclitics attached to the end of the verb in different linguistic environments. There is also regional variation in the use of pronouns, particularly the use of the informal second-person singular vos and the informal second-person plural vosotros.

Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns in Spanish have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject (nominative), a direct object (accusative), an indirect object (dative), or a reflexive object. Several pronouns further have special forms used after prepositions. Spanish is a pro-drop language with respect to subject pronouns. Like French and other languages with the T–V distinction, Spanish has a distinction in its second person pronouns that has no equivalent in modern English. Object pronouns come in two forms: clitic and non-clitic, or stressed. With clitics, object pronouns are generally proclitic, but enclitic forms are mandatory in certain environments. The personal pronoun "vos" is used in some areas of Latin America, particularly in Central America, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, the state of Zulia in Venezuela, and the Andean regions of Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador.

The table below shows a list of personal pronouns from Peninsular, Latin American and Ladino Spanish. Ladino or Judaeo-Spanish, spoken by Sephardic Jews, is different from Latin American and Peninsular Spanish in that it retains rather archaic forms and usage of personal pronouns.

1 Only in countries with voseo (Argentina, Uruguay, Eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and across Central America: El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, southern parts of Chiapas in Mexico) 2 Primarily in Spain; other countries use ustedes as the plural regardless of level of formality. A disused equivalent of vuestro(s)/vuestra(s) is voso(s)/vosa(s).

Note: Usted and ustedes are grammatically third person even though they are functionally second person (they express you / you all). See Spanish personal pronouns for more information and the regional variation of pronoun use.

Demonstrative pronouns

 * Near the speaker ("this"): éste, ésta, esto, éstos, éstas (from the Latin, , )
 * Near the listener ("that"): ése, ésa, eso, ésos, ésas (from the Latin, , )
 * Far from both speaker and listener ("that (over there)"): aquél, aquélla, aquello, aquéllos, aquéllas (from the Latin, , )

According to a decision by the Real Academia in the 1960s, the accents should be used only when it is necessary to avoid ambiguity with the demonstrative determiners. However, the normal educated standard is still as above. Foreign learners may safely adhere to either standard. There is also no accent on the neuter forms esto, eso and aquello, which do not have determiner equivalents.

Relative pronouns
The main relative pronoun in Spanish is que, from Latin. Others include el cual, quien, and donde.

Que
Que covers "that", "which", "who", "whom" and the null pronoun in their functions of subject and direct-object relative pronouns:
 * La carta que te envié era larga = "The letter [that] I sent you was long" (restrictive relative pronoun referring to direct object)
 * La carta, que te envié, era larga = "The letter, which I did send you, was long" (non-restrictive relative pronoun referring to direct object)
 * La gente que no sabe leer ni escribir se llama analfabeta = "People who cannot read or write are called illiterate" (relative pronoun referring to subject)
 * Esa persona, que conozco muy bien, no es de fiar = "That person, whom I know very well, is not trustworthy" (non-restrictive relative pronoun referring to direct object)

Note from the last example that unlike with other relative pronouns, personal a does not have to be used with que when used as a personal direct object.

El que
When que is used as the object of a preposition, the definite article is added to it, and the resulting form (el que) inflects for number and gender, resulting in the forms el que, la que, los que, las que and the neuter lo que. Unlike in English, the preposition must go right before the relative pronoun "which" or "whom":

 * Ella es la persona a la que le di el dinero = "She is the person [that/whom] I gave the money to"/"She is the person to whom I gave the money"
 * Es el camino por el que caminabais = "It is the path [that] you all were walking along"/"It is the path along which you all were walking"

In some people's style of speaking, the definite article may be omitted after a, con and de in such usage, particularly when the antecedent is abstract or neuter:
 * La aspereza con [la] que la trataba = "The harshness with which he treated her"
 * No tengo nada en [lo] que creer = "I have nothing to believe in"/"I have nothing in which to believe"

After en, the definite article tends to be omitted if precise spatial location is not intended:
 * Lo hiciste de la misma forma en que lo hizo él = "You did it [in] the same way [that/in which] he did it" (note also how "in" with the word forma is translated as de when used directly, but then changes to en when used with the relative pronoun)
 * La casa en que vivo = "The house in which I live" (as opposed to La casa en la que estoy encerrado = "The house inside which I am trapped")

Lo que
When used without a precise antecedent, lo que has a slightly different meaning from that of el que, and is usually used as the connotation of "that which" or "what":
 * Lo que hiciste fue malo = "What you did was bad"
 * Lo que creí no es correcto = "What I believed is not right"

El cual
The pronoun el cual can replace [el] que. It is generally more emphatic and formal than [el] que, and it always includes the definite article. It is derived from the Latin, and it has the following forms: el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales, and the neuter lo cual. It can be used as a formal, emphatic replacement for que in non-defining clauses, for both subjects and direct objects, and it can also be used as a formal, emphatic replacement for el que as the object of some prepositions. Moreover, it is often preferred to el que entirely in certain contexts. In non-defining clauses, the fact that it agrees for gender and number can make it clearer to what it refers. The fact that it cannot be used as the subject or direct object in defining clauses also makes it clear that a defining clause is not intended:
 * Los niños y sus madres, las cuales eran de Valencia, me impresionaron = "The children and their mothers, who were from Valencia, impressed me" (los cuales would have referred to the children as well and not just their mothers)

When used as a personal direct object, personal a must be used:
 * Esa persona, a la cual conozco yo muy bien, no es de fiar = "That person, whom I know very well, is not to be trusted"

In such situations as well as with the object of monosyllabic prepositions, the use of el cual is generally purely a matter of high style. This is used sparingly in Spanish, and foreigners should thus avoid over-using it:
 * Es el asunto al cual se refería usted = "It is the matter to which you were referring"

In more everyday style, this might be phrased as:
 * Es el asunto al que te referías = "It is the matter to which you were referring"

After multisyllabic prepositions and prepositional phrases (a pesar de, debajo de, a causa de, etc.), however, el cual is often preferred entirely:
 * Un régimen bajo el cual es imposible vivir = "A régime under which it is impossible to live"
 * Estas cláusulas, sin perjuicio de las cuales... = "These clauses, notwithstanding which..."

El cual is further generally preferred entirely when, as the object of a preposition, it is separated from its antecedent by intervening words. The more words that intervene, the more the use of el cual is practically obligatory:
 * Es un billete con el que se puede viajar [...] pero por el cual se paga sólo dos euros = "It is a ticket with which you can travel [...] but for which you pay just two euros"

Cual
The bare form cual is used as the relative adjective ("in which sense", "with which people", etc.), which only inflects for number:
 * en cual caso = "in which case"
 * a cual tiempo = "at which time"
 * cuales cosas = "which things"

Quien
The pronoun quien comes from the Latin, "whom", the accusative of , "who".

It too can replace [el] que in certain circumstances. Like the English pronouns "who" and "whom", it can only be used to refer to people.

It is invariable for gender, and was originally invariable for number. However, by analogy with other words, the form quienes was invented. Quien as a plural form survives as an archaism that is now considered non-standard.

For subjects
It can represent a subject. In this case, it is rather formal and is largely restricted to non-defining clauses.

Unlike el cual, it does not inflect for gender, but it does inflect for number, and it also specifies that it does refer to a person:
 * Los niños con sus mochilas, quienes eran de Valencia, me impresionaron = "The children with their rucksacks, who were from Valencia, impressed me" (the use of quienes makes it clear that los niños is referred to; que could refer to the rucksacks, the children, or both, los cuales would refer to either the children or both, and las cuales would refer only to the rucksacks)

As the object of a preposition
Quien is particularly common as the object of a preposition when the clause is non-defining, but is also possible in defining clauses:
 * Ella es la persona a quien le di el dinero = "She is the person to whom I gave the money"
 * José, gracias a quien tengo el dinero, es muy generoso = "José, thanks to whom I have the money, is very generous"

Donde, a donde, como and cuando
Donde is ultimately from a combination of the obsolete adverb onde ("whence" or "from where") and the preposition de. Onde is from Latin, which also meant "whence" or "from where", and over the centuries it lost the "from" meaning and came to mean just "where". This meant that, to say "whence" or "where from", the preposition de had to be added, and this gave d'onde. The meaning of d'onde once again eroded over time until it came to mean just "where", and prepositions therefore had to be added once more. This gave rise to the modern usage of donde for "where" and a donde for "to where", among others. Note that all this means that, etymologically speaking, de donde is the rather redundant "from from from where", and a donde is the rather contradictory "to from from where". This tendency goes even further with the vulgar form ande (from adonde), which is often used to mean "where" as well. In the Ladino dialect of Spanish, the pronoun onde is still used, where donde still means "whence" or "where from", and in Latin America, isolated communities and rural areas retain this as well.

Como is from, "how", the ablative of , "what way".

Cuando is from, "when".

Location and movement
Donde can be used instead of other relative pronouns when location is referred to. Adonde is a variant that can be used when motion to the location is intended:
 * El lugar en que/en el que/en el cual/donde estoy = "The place where I am"/"The place in which I am"
 * Voy a[l lugar] donde está él = Voy al lugar en el que está él = "I am going [to the place] where he is"
 * Iré [al lugar] adonde me lleven = Iré al lugar al que me lleven = "I will go wherever they take me"/"I will go to whatever place to which they take me"

Manner
Como can be used instead of other relative pronouns when manner is referred to:
 * La forma/manera en que/en la que/como reaccionasteis = "The way that/in which/how you reacted" (en que is the most common and natural, like "that" or the null pronoun in English; but como is possible, as "how" is in English)

Note that mismo tends to require que:
 * Lo dijo del mismo modo que lo dije yo = "She said it the same way [that] I did"

Time
Cuando tends to replace the use of other relative pronouns when time is referred to, usually in non-defining clauses.

 * Non-defining:
 * En agosto, cuando la gente tiene vacaciones, la ciudad estará vacía = "In August, when people have their holidays, the town will be empty"
 * Defining:
 * Sólo salgo los días [en] que no trabajo = "I only go out the days that I am not working"

Note that just que, or at the most en que, is normal with defining clauses referring to time. En el que and cuando are rarer.

Cuyo
"Cuyo" is the formal Spanish equivalent for the English pronoun "whose". However, "cuyo" inflects for gender and number (cuyos m. pl., cuya f. sg., or cuyas f. pl.) according to the word it precedes. For example:

 * Alejandro es un estudiante cuyas calificaciones son siempre buenas = "Alejandro is a student whose grades are always good"

"cuyo" in this example has changed to "cuyas" in order to match the condition of the following word, "calificaciones" f. pl.

In Old Spanish there were interrogative forms, cúyo, cúya, cúyos, and cúyas, which are no longer used. ¿De quién...? is used instead.

In practice, cuyo is reserved to formal language. A periphrasis like Alejandro es un estudiante que tiene unas calificaciones siempre buenas is more common. Alejandro es un estudiante que sus calificaciones son siempre buenas (example of quesuismo) can also be found even if disapproved by prescriptivists.

Cuyo is from, the genitive (possessive) form of.

Notes on relative and interrogative pronouns
Relative pronouns often have corresponding interrogative pronouns. For example:

 * ¿Qué es esto? = "What is this?"
 * Ese es el libro que me diste = "That's the book that you gave me"

In the second line, que helps to answer what qué was asking for, a definition of "this".

Below is a list of interrogative pronouns and phrases with the relative pronouns that go with them:

 * qué – what, que – that, which
 * quién – who, whom (after prepositions), quien – who, whom (after prepositions)
 * a quién – whom (direct object), to whom, a quien – whom (direct object), to whom
 * de quién – whose, of whom, cuyo – whose, of whom

title: Spanish pronouns


text:
Emergency (organization)

Emergency (stylized as EMERGENCY in all caps) is a humanitarian NGO that provides free medical treatment to the victims of war, poverty, and landmines. It was founded in 1994. Gino Strada, one of the organization's co-founders, served as EMERGENCY's Executive Director. It operates on the premise that access to high-quality healthcare is a fundamental human right.

The organization has treated over 12 million patients since its inception, and has active operations in Afghanistan, Eritrea, Iraq, Italy, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Uganda.

Projects usually involve the construction and operation of permanent hospitals, as well as training of local staff. The original aim was to bring free, high-quality medical assistance to war victims. Over time, their projects assumed a broader view, now providing specialist and ongoing medical care in locations that require these facilities and expertise.

EMERGENCY was recognized as a non-profit organization in 1998, and received jurisdictional approval as a non-governmental organization in 1999. It has been an official partner of the United Nations Department of Public Information since 2006, and a special consultant for the United Nations Economic and Social Council since 2015.

General operations
EMERGENCY begins operations in a specific region or country based on the need for specialized medical assistance, and the absence of similar humanitarian projects in that country. Once a project is initiated, specialized international personnel construct and operate high-quality facilities, as well as first aid posts, and health centers for basic medical assistance. The organization also deals with endemic diseases such as polio and malaria and provides basic health care in these circumstances, as well as establishing social development projects, not only in war-torn areas, but also in high poverty regions. Since 2005, it has worked in Italy to provide healthcare to marginalized groups and communities.

The organization builds and manages:
 * Hospitals specifically dedicated to war victims and surgical emergencies;
 * Physical and social rehabilitation centers;
 * First aid posts for emergency treatment and to refer patients to surgical centers;
 * Healthcare centers for primary medical assistance;
 * Pediatric clinics;
 * Maternity centers;
 * Outpatient clinics and mobile clinics for migrants and people in need;
 * Centers of medical excellence

Local Staff
The aim of its projects is to transfer long-term project management to local healthcare authorities, as long as high-quality and free assistance are guaranteed. The organization has employed thousands of local staff in the countries they operate to cover both medical and non-medical positions. The organization provides both theoretical and practical training and considers this an integral part of its programs.

International branches
EMERGENCY has offices and affiliates in Belgium, Switzerland, the UK and the USA.

Afghanistan
The organization has been working in Afghanistan since 1999, where it has treated more than 8 million patients. EMERGENCY runs a Surgical Center for victims of war and landmines in Kabul, the capital. It runs a Surgical Center in Lashkar-Gah; the only free, specialized facility in the Helmand Province and in the remote areas, surrounding it with first aid posts. It operates two centers in the district of Anabah, Panjshir Valley: a medical-surgical center opened in 1999 and a maternity center opened in 2003. As with its other projects, it has established a network of First Aid Posts and Primary Health Clinics connected to the center.

Eritrea
Emergency began work in Eritrea in 2019, providing support for the cardiac clinics at the Orotta Medical Surgical National Referral Hospital in Asmara. The hospital is also linked to Emergency's Salam Centre for Cardiac Surgery through a regional cardiac surgery referral program.

Italy
The organization has been working with migrants, refugees and disadvantaged individuals in Italy since 2005. Through a network of outpatient clinics (located in Palermo, Polistena, Marghera, Castel Volturno, Naples), it has provided over 210,000 consultations. It also runs Mobile Clinics across Italy, which are intended to provide healthcare in places were access to public facilities is limited, including farming areas, refugee and migrant reception centers, and Roma camps; they are housed in converted buses, minivans and lorries. In 2020, during the Covid-19 crisis, Emergency assisted in building a field hospital in Bergamo.

The organization also plays a strong advocacy role in Italy, and its lobbying is considered to have influenced the Italian Parliament's decision to ban the production, sale, and use of landmines in 1997.

Iraq
The organization has been established in Iraq since 1995, primarily treating victims of landmines from the 1981-1988 conflict. The Sulaimaniya Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration Center provides physiotherapy, the fitting of prostheses for amputees, and vocational training courses.

In 2017, it reestablished operations at the surgical center in Erbil that it had handed over to local authorities in 2005. The decision was taken due to the hospital's proximity to the Battle for Mosul. Throughout the year, the organization provided free medical assistance to casualties of war. As the acute phase of fighting ended, the hospital was handed back to be run by local authorities, having performed 1,749 surgical operations during its intervention, mainly for bullet and shell injuries.

Search and Rescue in the Mediterranean
In December 2022, EMERGENCY began maritime search and rescue (SAR) services in the Central Mediterranean with its ship Life Support. The ship operates between the Italian island of Lampedusa and the Libyan coast, providing aid and emergency medical assistance to migrants attempting to cross in unseaworthy vessels.

EMERGENCY previously provided medical aid, cultural mediation and post-rescue assistance onboard Migrant Offshore Aid Station’s (MOAS) ship Topaz Responder in 2016, and onboard Proactiva Open Arms’ ship Open Arms between 2019 and 2022.

Sierra Leone
Emergency runs a Surgical Center in Goderich, near the capital Freetown.

During the Ebola crisis, staff were trained in containing the spread of the disease at their established surgical and pediatric center in Goderich. With the virus spreading rapidly, they opened an intensive care unit for Ebola patients - the only facility of its kind in Sierra Leone. As hospitals were overwhelmed, their center was the only surgical and pediatric center to remain open in the entire country.

Sudan
The Salam Center for Cardiac Surgery in Khartoum serves over 50,000 patients every year. The 63-bed facility was designed by Studio TAMassociati and won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2013. The Salam Center was the first facility in the African Network of Medical Excellence, a collaborative initiative with African health ministries to develop a better, more sustainable health system that addresses regional needs.

The organization also runs a network of Pediatric Centers across the country: in Mayo, a suburb that evolved from a refugee camp on the outskirts of Khartoum, since December 2005, in Port Sudan since 2011, and in Nyala. Activities in Nyala were suspended in 2011 after the kidnapping of an EMERGENCY worker in Darfur, but resumed in 2020.

Uganda
The Children’s Surgical Hospital in Entebbe is the second facility in the African Network of Medical Excellence, offering free pediatric surgery to children across the region. When the 72-bed hospital was opened in 2021, it tripled the number of pediatric surgical beds available in Uganda. The hospital was designed pro bono by architect Renzo Piano.

Completed Projects
Emergency has completed projects in Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Eritrea, Iraq, Italy, Libya, Nepal, Nicaragua, Palestine, Rwanda, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, and Sudan. Completed projects often result in the transition of Emergency-run hospitals to local health authorities.

Awards
In 2013, Open Heart, a film directed by Kief Davidson about eight Rwandan children who left their families to be operated on at the Salam Center, was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film.

On 30 November 2015, Gino Strada and EMERGENCY received the Right Livelihood Award in Stockholm, Sweden, "for his great humanity and his ability to offer medical and surgical assistance of excellence to the victims of war and injustice, continuing to denounce the causes of war without fear."

The organization was awarded the Gold Medal for Public Health by the Italian government in 2016.

In February 2017, Gino Strada and EMERGENCY were awarded the Sunhak Peace Prize in Seoul, South Korea, for treating Ebola in Sierra Leone.

In 2020, the organization won the European Economic and Social Committee's Civil Solidarity Prize for its international response to the Covid-19 pandemic, and specifically for its field hospital in Bergamo, Italy.

Books

 * Gino Strada, Green Parrots: A War Surgeon's Diary, Charta, 2005, ISBN 978-88-8158-524-3
 * Howard Zinn, Just War, Charta, 2006, ISBN 978-88-8158-572-4

In Italian

 * Gino Strada, Pappagalli verdi - Cronache di un chirurgo di guerra, Feltrinelli, 1999, ISBN 88-07-17032-9
 * Gino Strada, Buskashì - Viaggio dentro la guerra, Feltrinelli, 2002, ISBN 88-07-17069-8
 * Giulietto Chiesa, Vauro, Afghanistan anno zero, Guerini e Associati, 2001, ISBN 88-8335-242-4
 * Emergency, Medici di guerra - Inviati di pace, Guerini e Associati, 2002, ISBN 88-8335-319-6
 * Vauro, Principessa di Baghdad, Guerini e Associati, 2003, ISBN 88-8335-432-X

title: Emergency (organization)


text:
Fellowship of the New Life

The Fellowship of the New Life was a British organisation in the 19th century, most famous for a splinter group, the Fabian Society.

It was founded in 1883, by the Scottish intellectual Thomas Davidson. Fellowship members included the poet Edward Carpenter, animal rights activist Henry Stephens Salt, sexologist Havelock Ellis, feminist Edith Lees (who later married Ellis), novelist Olive Schreiner and future Fabian secretary Edward R. Pease. Future UK Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald was briefly a member. According to MacDonald, the Fellowship's main influences were Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. The Fellowship published a journal called Seed-Time.

Its objective was "The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all." They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Many of the Fellowship's members advocated pacifism, vegetarianism and simple living, under the influence of Leo Tolstoy's ideas. But when some members also wanted to become politically involved to aid society's transformation, it was decided that a separate society, the Fabian Society, would also be set up. All members were free to attend both societies. The Fellowship of the New Life disbanded in 1898.

Although not a member, Patrick Geddes was influenced by some of the organisation's ideas.

Origins
Thomas Davidson was heavily influenced by the writings of Italian philosopher and priest Antonio Rosmini-Serbati. Upon studying and translating Rosmini's writings, Davidson began to formulate the idea that would lead to the creation of the Fellowship, that pure intelligence would lead to a better and higher society.

Beginning in 1883, Davidson gave several public lectures, and slowly a small group of like-minded individuals began gathering with him for meetings at his home in Chelsea, London. Between 1881 and 1885, Thomas Davidson held small meetings with this group of intellectuals. These meetings were designed to incorporate people who held similar ideals as Davidson, and to form a small society promoting the reorganisation of individual life. This reorganisation would then lead to slow progress towards a higher overall form of human society. Davidson was much more interested in discussion and meetings about this goal than scientific study or speculation.

Early intentions
Davidson was a major proponent of a structured philosophy about religion, ethics, and social reform. He was a man full of ideas and wanted these ideas to see the light of day through his new society. Maurice Adams, one of the first members of the Fellowship, wrote of Davidson " 'Intellectual Honesty' was his watchword, and what he had perhaps most at heart."

At a meeting on 16 November 1883, a summary of the society's goals was drawn up by Maurice Adams: "We, recognising the evils and wrongs that must beset men so long as our social life is based upon selfishness, rivalry, and ignorance, and desiring above all things to supplant it by a life based upon unselfishness, love, and wisdom, unite, for the purpose of realising the higher life among ourselves, and of inducing and enabling others to do the same. And we now form ourselves into a Society, to be called the Guild [Fellowship] of the New Life, to carry out this purpose."

Vita Nuova
The initial Fellowship was composed of about nine members, one of whom was Dr. Burns Gibson. He proposed a set of principles that took the form of a resolutions list. At one meeting of the Fellowship, the "Vita Nuova" was created and adopted by the group's members. This basic document formed the core set of beliefs held by the society. This is as the document appears in its original form, as seen in the Memorials of Thomas Davidson:

Vita Nuova
 * Object. The cultivation of a perfect character in each and all.
 * Principle. The subordination of material things to spiritual things.
 * Fellowship. The sole and essential condition of fellowship shall be a single-minded, sincere, and strenuous devotion to the object and principle.
 * Intercourse. It is intended in the first instance to hold frequent gatherings for intimate social intercourse, as a step towards the establishment of a community among the members.
 * Designs. The promotion, by both practice and precept, of the following methods of contributing toward the attainment of the end : (i) The supplanting of the spirit of competition and self-seeking by that of unselfish regard for the general good ; (2) simplicity of living; (3) the highest and completest education of the young; (4) the introduction, as far as possible, of manual labor in conjunction with intellectual pursuits ; (5) the organisation, within and without the Fellowship, of meetings for religious communion, and of lectures, addresses, classes, and conferences for general culture, and for the furtherance of the aims of the Fellowship.

Edward Carpenter
Edward Carpenter (1844–1929) was a founding member of the Fellowship of the New Life and was at the first meeting in 1883. He was also one of the founders of the Fabian Society, the Labour Party and one of the most well-known people of the century. He was an English poet, socialist philosopher, anthologist, and early gay rights activist. He was interested in the main ideas of the Fellowship, including politics, sexual radicalism and the works of Henry Havelock Ellis.

Henry Havelock Ellis
Havelock Ellis was present when the Fellowship of the New Life was founded in London in 1883. There is no record of his contributions to discussion, although his participation in the organisation increased after the formation of the Fabian Society.

Edith Ellis
Edith Ellis was the first woman served in secrete of the Fellowship of the New Life in 1887. She was a lecturer, writer, secretary and general factotum of Fellowship house, an experiment in communal living in which the ideals of the Fellowship of the new life were to be made manifest in Doughty Street. Before she joined, she was active in a number of cultural and political enterprises, but it was joining the Fellowship that earned her notability.

The Fabian Society
The Fabian Society, established on 4 January 1884, was a branch of Thomas Davidson's Fellowship of the New Life. The Society was named after Fabius Cunctator, a suggestion by Frank Podmore, because of Fabius' successful policy of gradual change that the society favored. The first meeting included well-known people in the socialist cause, including J. Hunter Watts, Percival Chubb, Frank Podmore, Edward Pease, Hubert Bland, Dr. Burns-Gibson, and Frederick Keddell, and although the society was a branch of the Fellowship of the New Life, Thomas Davidson shared no sympathies with Fabianism.

The Fabian Society had a more socialist movement than the Fellowship; however, it still had the individual as their base and starting point. It was geared more towards the external ideal rather than an inward one. Edward Pease said that the purpose of Fabianism was to reconstruct society to secure general welfare and happiness. Unlike the Fellowship the Fabian Society was more political and public, and their political section was influenced by Karl Marx and the Social Democratic Federation (SDF). Havelock Ellis says about the society: "an attempt to be more practical, and definitely more socialistic."

The Fabian Society's basis was to promote the transfer of land and capital to the State, equality of citizenship of men and women, and having public authority instead of private for the education and support of children. The resolutions of the Society were written by Frederick Keddell, the first secretary of the Fabian Society.

Impact
The Fellowship of the New Life was dissolved in 1898, but the Fabian Society grew to become a preeminent academic society in the United Kingdom. Another group organised the name of Fabian society by the center of the founder Sidney and Beatrice Webb. After that, many of Fabians participated in the formation of England's Labour Party in 1900. The party's constitution, written by Sidney Webb, borrowed heavily from the founding documents of the Fabian Society. As seen in the Labour Party Foundation Conference in 1900, the Fabian Society claimed 861 members and sent one delegate.

The Fabian society grew throughout 1930–1940 over many countries under the British rule, and many future leaders of these countries were influenced by the Fabians during their struggles for independence from the British. These leaders included India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Obafemi Awolowo, who later became the premier of Nigeria's defunct Western Region, and the founder of Pakistan, Barrister Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Lee Kuan Yew, the first prime minister of Singapore, had a political philosophy strongly influenced by the Fabian Society. Even in the 21st century, the Fabian Society's influence is felt through Labour Party leaders such as former prime ministers of Great Britain, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown.

title: Fellowship of the New Life


text:
Sikhote-Alin

The Sikhote-Alin (Сихотэ́-Али́нь,, , ) is a mountain range in Primorsky and Khabarovsk Krais, Russia, extending about 900 km to the northeast of the Russian Pacific seaport of Vladivostok. The highest summits are Tordoki Yani at 2077 m above sea level, Ko Mountain (2003 m) in Khabarovsk Krai and Anik Mountain (1933 m) in Primorsky Krai.

Geography
Sikhote-Alin is a temperate zone, though species typical of northern taiga (such as reindeer and the Ussuri brown bear) coexist with the Amur tiger, Amur leopard, and Asiatic black bear. The region holds very few wolves, due to competition with tigers. The longest-lived tree in the region is a millennium-old Japanese yew. It is the only known habitat of Sikhotealinia, the only living member of the beetle family Jurodidae, which have been described as the “most mysterious representatives of beetles” due to their uncertain placement within the group.

Many tributaries of the Amur River lie within the range, including the Gur.

The core zone can only be explored in a company of rangers.

History
The name is thought to be of Manchu origin ( "mountain").

In the 1910s and 1920s, Sikhote-Alin was extensively explored by Russian geographer and naturalist Vladimir Arsenyev (1872–1930), who described his adventures in several books, notably Dersu Uzala (1923), which in 1975 was turned into an Oscar-winning film by Akira Kurosawa. Largely due to his exploration and advocacy, the large Sikhote-Alin and Lazo wildlife refuges were set up in 1935 to preserve the region's unusual wildlife.

On February 12, 1947, one of the largest meteorite showers in recent history occurred in the mountains range. The Sikhote-Alin meteorite exploded in the atmosphere as it fell, raining many tons of metal on an elliptical region about 1.3 km2 in area. Craters were formed by the meteorites; the largest was 26 m in diameter.

In 2001, UNESCO placed "Central Sikhote-Alin" onto the World Heritage List, citing its importance for "the survival of endangered species such as the scaly-sided (Chinese) merganser, Blakiston's fish-owl and the Amur tiger". The World Heritage Site had a total area of 16319 km2, of which the terrestrial core zone of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik comprised 3985 km2. In 2018, the World heritage Site was expanded by 11605 km2 by including Bikin National Park under the name "Bikin River Valley".

title: Sikhote-Alin