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California State Route 4

State Route 4 (SR 4) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California, routed from Interstate 80 in the San Francisco Bay Area to State Route 89 in the Sierra Nevada. It roughly parallels the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a popular area for boating and fishing, with a number of accesses to marinas and other attractions. After crossing the Central Valley, the highway ascends up the Sierra foothills. It passes through Ebbetts Pass and contains the Ebbetts Pass Scenic Byway, a National Scenic Byway.

Route description

SR 4, an east–west highway, begins in Hercules at San Pablo Avenue next to the Interstate 80 junction as part of John Muir Parkway. (The actual parkway extends a bit past the western terminus.) The road is an expressway from its starting point until it approaches Martinez, at which point it becomes a full freeway (the California Delta Highway) passing Concord, Pittsburg, and Antioch. The John Muir National Historic Site is located directly north of Route 4 on Alhambra Avenue in Martinez. Alhambra Avenue at SR 4 is also the site of the Franklin Canyon Adobe. Two gauges of BART tracks run in the median of the freeway from the Port Chicago Highway interchange in Concord to just east of the Hillcrest Avenue interchange in Antioch, where the light rail line currently ends at the Antioch station. After Antioch, the freeway turns southward at its intersection with State Route 160, turning into a suburban and rural road bypassing the Bay Area's rapidly growing and outermost eastern suburbs (Oakley, Brentwood and Discovery Bay, California); and continues east across Victoria Island. This section is also known as the John Marsh Heritage Highway.

Route 4 east continues to Stockton, where it briefly joins I-5 and then enters a separate freeway (known locally as the Crosstown Freeway) routing almost directly through downtown Stockton. The route then runs concurrent with State Route 99 before running eastward into the Sierra through Angels Camp, one of the richest quartz mining sections of the Mother Lode and home of "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", and Calaveras Big Trees State Park. The route runs through the 8050 ft Pacific Grade Summit on its way up to the 8730 ft Ebbetts Pass and ends at State Route 89 10 mi west of Topaz Lake, on the California–Nevada border. However, "To SR 4" signage continues along southbound SR 89 north to near its intersection with SR 88 in Woodfords, including reassurance shields for both SR 89 and SR 4 on top of the mileage sign just south of town. The portion from Arnold to its terminus is designated the Ebbetts Pass Scenic Byway, which is eventually one lane.

Through the mountains, SR 4 is not suitable for large trucks, buses, or RVs, as it becomes very steep and eventually single-track, with no center dividing line shortly after the Mount Reba Turnoff to Bear Valley Ski area, with tight switchbacks. Ebbetts Pass is not plowed for snow, and thus closes during the winter months, often from November through as late as May, blocking through traffic between the Mount Reba Turnoff and Markleeville.

SR 4 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and from just west of Stockton to SR 49 is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 4 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System; however, it is only a scenic highway as designated by Caltrans from a point east of Arnold to SR 89, meaning that it is a substantial section of highway passing through a "memorable landscape" with no "visual intrusions", where the potential designation has gained popular favor with the community. SR 4 is also known as part of the John Muir Parkway from I-80 in Hercules to I-680 near Martinez, named for the environmentalist John Muir. The stretch through Franklin Canyon was once known as "Blood Alley".

History
Although segments of Route 4 had been part of the state highway system since 1909, Route 4 was officially designated as such between US Route 40 (now Interstate 80) and State Route 99 in 1934. Prior to that date, the then-existing segment was officially known as the "Borden Highway", and the bridge over the San Joaquin River is still referred to as the "Borden Highway Bridge" in tidal tables. Construction of Route 4 did not finish until 1935, however.

The portion of Route 4 from US Route 40 to State Route 24 was added to the highway system in 1933 as Legislative Route Number (LRN) 106. East of the concurrency with State Route 24 to State Route 49, Route 4 was designated as LRN 75 from 1931 to 1934. Finally, the segment from State Route 49 to State Route 89 was signed as LRN 24 from 1909 to 1934.

In the 1970s, a significant portion of the Filipino American community of "Little Manila" in Stockton was demolished when the "Crosstown Freeway" was constructed, displacing what was once the largest population of Filipinos outside of the Philippines. The freeway, while not yet designated SR 4, was initially constructed from a long-term temporary west end at Fresno Avenue, past I-5, up to a temporary east end at Stanislaus Street, essentially becoming a "freeway to nowhere." In 1993, construction of the Crosstown Freeway from Stanislaus Street to SR 99 was finally completed. It is officially the Ort J. Lofthus Freeway for which it is named after the local civic leader lobbied to get construction of the freeway finished. SR 4, which originally was routed on Charter Way (now Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard) and portions of Mariposa and Farmington Roads, transferred its designation onto the Crosstown between I-5 and SR 99. In December 2016, the Crosstown Freeway west of I-5 (though technically not part of SR 4) was extended to Navy Drive via a viaduct bypassing the Boggs Tract neighborhood in Stockton. The connection to Fresno Avenue was subsequently closed to traffic permanently. This was to alleviate heavy traffic to and from the Port of Stockton that plagued the Boggs Tract neighborhood for several decades. Despite being in the planning books for decades, it is unclear if the Crosstown Freeway past Navy Drive will ever be extended to SR 4 west of Stockton.

From 1998 to 2009, a road built by the State Route 4 Bypass Authority, named the State Route 4 Bypass, opened in three phases, bypassing Route 4 in Oakley and Brentwood to the south and west. Many of the signs and local maps designated this extension as simply "Bypass Road". A section of Marsh Creek Road was widened to serve as the connection between the bypass built by the authority and the original Route 4 towards Stockton. In 2012, Caltrans handed over authority for State Route 4 in Oakley and Brentwood to the respective cities. In return, it gained control of the bypass and the upgraded section of Marsh Creek Road, which officially became State Route 4.

In 2004 voters passed a half cent tax increase to fund widening from 4 to 8 lanes from Loveridge Road to Hwy 160. The project lasted from 2010 to 2016 through Pittsburg and Antioch, with the final configuration as three mixed use lanes and one High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane in each direction and auxiliary lanes between interchanges as far as the interchange with Route 160. The median accommodates the eBART extension of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system. In early March 2016, reconfiguration of the interchange of SR 4 and SR 160 was officially opened, allowing westbound SR 4 traffic to access northbound SR 160 directly and southbound SR 160 to access eastbound SR 4.

From SR 160 to the Balfour Road interchange it continues as a multi-lane freeway. In 2011, Caltrans awarded $25 million toward upgrading the section from Lone Tree Way to Sand Creek Road to a full freeway and constructing an interchange at Sand Creek Road. Sand Creek interchange opened in 2015 and Balfour Road in 2018. The portion from Balfour Road to Vasco Road is single-lane each way and has a signal-controlled grade crossing at Marsh Creek Road.

The freeway segment of SR 4 in Stockton is part of a proposed route to upgrade SR 99 into I-7 or I-9. Under one proposal, the new interstate would go along SR 99 from the split with I-5 at Wheeler Ridge north through Fresno to Stockton, where the proposed route would then turn west via the SR 4 freeway to a terminus at I-5.

In 2016, Pittsburg moved to install surveillance cameras along their portion of the route, in response to a series of 20 freeway shootings in the area that had taken the lives of six people, and injured 11, in the past year.

Angels Camp business route
State Route 4 Business is a locally maintained business loop within the city of Angels Camp, California. It was established in August 2013 to attract customers to businesses along the parent route's former alignment, prior to the completion of the Angels Camp Bypass. It runs along South Main Street (co-signed with State Route 49), between State Route 4 and Vallecito Road, then turns east along Vallecito Road.

SR-4/I-680 interchange improvements
On February 1, 2019, the Brentwood Press newspaper reported that officials representing the Contra Costa Transportation Authority (CCTA) and the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) had held a groundbreaking ceremony to start a project that is intended to reduce congestion at the SR 4/I-680 interchange just outside Martinez. The multiphase project will widen SR 4 by adding a third lane in each direction, beginning at Morello Avenue in Martinez and ending at the merge of SR 4 and SR 242. It will also include replacing the 50-year-old Grayson Creek Bridge, which has outlived its serviceable life and does not meet current bridge safety codes. The project will impact about 4 miles of SR 4. Although no schedule or end date has been announced, the officials said that the estimated cost is about $136 million (in 2018 dollars).

title: California State Route 4


text: User talk:195.225.245.196

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:195.225.245.196


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Odder Municipality

Odder Municipality (Odder Kommune) is a municipality (Danish: kommune) in the Central Denmark Region on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in Central Denmark south of Aarhus. It is a part of the greater Aarhus area. The municipality covers an area of 225.04 km², including the islands of Alrø and Tunø. It borders Aarhus Municipality to the north, Skanderborg Municipality to the north-west and Horsens Municipality to the west. It also connects to Hedensted Municipality across Horsens Fjord to the south, and connects to Samsø Municipality through a ferry route.

Odder Municipality was not merged with any adjacent municipality under the municipal reform of 2007.

The municipality includes the inhabited islands of Alrø and Tunø, as well as the uninhabited islands of Pollerne, Søby Rev and Hov Røn.

History
Odder is first mentioned in 1363. In the middle ages, Odder was not a municipality but instead a Hundred called Hads Hundred. Denmark has historically been divided into syssels in the middle ages, and Hads Hundred was part of Løversyssel. After the Reformation Hads Hundred was placed under the Aarhusgaard Fief. It became a fief of its own in 1548, with the fief's capital set at the Åkær Manor. Hads Hundred was part of Skanderborg Fief from 1597-1650, after which it turned into Åkær County in 1660. That county was dissolved after a year, and Hads Hundred was put under Skanderborg County. It came under Aarhus County in 1799.

The two parish municipalities of Torrild and Odder were merged in 1965. In the 1970 Danish Municipal Reform, the following parish municipalities were merged to form the current Odder Municipality: Alrø, Gosmer-Halling, Gylling, Hundslund, Saksild-Nølev, Odder, Randlev-Bjerager, Torrild, Ørting-Falling and Tunø. The 2007 municipal reform did not change anything for Odder Municipality.

Historical divisions
The table below shows the historical municipal subdivisions of Odder Municipality.

Towns
Below are all settlements in the municipality with populations of at least 200 people (populations as of 2020).

Odder

Odder is located centrally in the northern part of the municipality. It borders the forests of Dyrehave, Vejlskov and Præstelund to the south, and the forests of Bøgebjerg and Balle Skov to the north-west. It is surrounded by fields in all other directions.

Odder is the administrative center of the municipality, and the location of the municipality's town hall. The eastern edge of the town is bordered by the botanical garden and zoo known as The Ecological Garden (Danish: Den Økologiske Have). South of that are a series of schools and the Grundtvigianism church Odder Grundtvigske Valgmenighedskirke. Further west, but still south of Odder River (Danish: Odder Å) is Odder Station and Odder Church. The culture center Pakhuset is located near the train station. The road Rosengade is a pedestrian street with many shops, restaurants and facilities. Odder Rådhus is located north of the street. Odder Museum is located further west, bordering Odder River. North of the river, and along the western part of the town are residential areas. The northern parts of the town include a sizable industrial quarter.

Near the center of the town is a sports facility called Spektrum Odder. It includes three sports halls, swimming pools, football stadiums and a café.

Hou
Hou (also spelled Hov) is located 10 km south-east of Odder. It borders Kattegat to the south and east, and the narrow strait of Hov Løb between the town and the island of Hov Røn. The forest of Halling Skov borders Hou to the south-west. Hou is other than that surrounded by fields.

In Hou is a marina and harbour, with daily ferry departures to Samsø and Tunø. The marina is a popular tourist destination.

Saksild
The coastal town of Saksild is located 6 km east of Odder and borders the Kattegat. Saksild is best known for its popular beach. Saksild Beach (Danish: Saksild Strand) stretches for 8 km south to the ferry town of Hou and can be as wide as 30 meters. The beach has garnered popularity due to its white sand, grassy banks and shallow clear water.

Villages
There are two settlements on the island of Tunø: the main village of Tunø By and the smaller settlement of Løkkegårde. Tunø is a popular tourist destination.

There are three settlements on Alrø: Alrø By, Sønderby and Løkken. A dam from 1929 connects Alrø to the mainland. Alrø Church is located in Alrø By.

Rude Strand is located north of Hou and east of Odder. The Rude Strand Tumulus (Danish: Rude Strand Langhøj) is located here.

Norsminde Fjord, north-west of Odder, cuts the village of Norsminde in two, with the northern part of the village located in Aarhus Municipality and the southern part in Odder Municipality. The northern part is called Norsminde, while the southern part is called Kysing Næs or Norsminde Strand. The ruins of Kysing Church is located in Kysing Næs.

In addition to these villages, there are a number of smaller settlements in the municipality. These are all the settlements with populations of less than 200 people:

Nature
Odder Municipality is home to many forests, and its coastal location on Kattegat make it home to a long coastline with many breeding sites for birds.

A hilly area west of Hou has been protected since 1959. Another 368 acres south of Odder has been protected since 1979.

Near the center of the town of Odder is a protected nature area known as Stampmølledalen, home to a forest and the brook Stampmøllebækken. It has been protected since 2000, to ensure free access to nature for the citizens of Odder, as well as to preserve the area home to the common kingfisher, a rare species in Denmark. The white-throated dipper can also be found in Stampmølledalen during the winter.

18 acres of coast on the peninsula of Gyllingnæs has been protected since 1985. The area is known as Horskær and is home to many birds, including several of the birds of prey found in Denmark, such as common kestrel, common buzzard and western marsh harrier.

The northern coast along Horsens Fjord, by Vorsø and Alrø, has been protected in five stages. In Odder Municipality, the protected area include Uldrup Bakker, Sondrup Plantage, Åkær Å, Hestehave, Bavnhøj, Skablund Skov and the surrounding areas. The total protected area, across both Odder and Horsens Municipality span 2,100 acres.

Søby Rev are a series of small islands and islet located in Kattegat south of Hou. They span 7,5 acres. The vegetation consist mainly of grass and leymus arenarius.

There are a series of smaller islands and islets in the municipality. A number of small uninhabited islands and islets, known as Pollerne, are located east of Alrø.

Norsminde Fjord
Norsminde Fjord borders the municipality to the north-east, and 50 acres in Odder Municipality has been protected since 1970. The fjord is an important area for birds, and has a varied surrounding nature that includes hills and beach meadows. The fjord itself span 187 acres. The fjord is home to a large amount of birds, though is not used for breeding by any birds. It is rich in food, so it is a popular foraging spot for coot, wigeon, mallard, tufted duck, teal, mute swan, lapwing, golden plover, dunlin and oystercatcher. The white-tailed eagle, and a series of other birds of prey, can be found in the area. The western marsh harrier is one of the few birds that breed in the fjord. In total, more than 200 species of birds has been registered seen in the fjord.

The dykes along the fjord are mainly covered in crataegus. The vegetation in the fjord itself is dominated by ulva lactuca, which can at times block out the sun for other plants in the water. The ulva lactuca is very resistant, and is a sign of pollution from the surrounding agriculture.

Hou Røn
Hou Røn is an island of 2 acres located 2 km south-east of Hou. The island first appeared in the 1930s, and has at times been entirely flooded or split into several islands. It grew together to form the current island over time, and is today covered in vegetation. The island is a breeding spot for many birds, including common eider, mallard, oystercatcher, great black-backed gull, European herring gull and red-breasted merganser. At one point rats had invaded the island, but they were removed from the island again by a local hunter. Hunting on the island is forbidden while birds are breeding.

Alrø
Alrø is a flat island, with the highest point of the island being only 14 meters above sea level. With many parts of the island lying below sea level, the island can at times be split into two. The island span 8 km², and most of the land is used for agriculture. This also means that there is barely any forests, though roe deer and several other mammals still live on the island. The European hare thrive on the island's fields. The raccoon dog is also found on the island. The greylag goose and white-tailed eagle breed on the island, and great cormorant is also commonly seen.

Tunø

Nearly the entire island of Tunø has been protected since 1965. The protected area amounts to 3.5 km² or 348 acres in total, and only excludes Tunø By and a small part of the harbour. The island is hilly, with forests, bogs and stony beaches. A valley splits the island in two, and it has historically been two separate islands. The valley is today covered in forests.

There aren't many birds on the island, though with the notable exception of the black guillemot. The island is home to one of Denmark's largest populations of black guillemot, a rare bird in Denmark. The other birds on the island are eurasian woodcock, western marsh harrier, common pheasant, grey partridge and common gull. The European green toad can be found on the island, and the nearby island of Samsø is the northernmost habitat for the frog in Europe. The mammals on the island are few, with only roe deer, European hare, European hedgehog, harbor seal, mice and rats. The harbour porpoise can be seen off the island's coast. The common blue butterfly is found on Tunø, though is rare in the rest of Denmark.

The Tunø Knob Offshore Wind Farm is located off the coast of Tunø.

Politics
The municipality is part of Business Region Aarhus and of the East Jutland metropolitan area, which had a total population of 1.378 million in 2016. Odder municipality was not merged with other municipalities as part of the extensive Municipal Reform of 2007. The mayor has since 2014 been Uffe Jensen of Venstre.

On the table below is an overview of all elections held in Denmark since the 2007 Municipal Reform. The percentages in the table are the local results from Odder Municipality. The party with the most votes received is shaded in their respective color. In all but one election the largest party has been either the Social Democrats or Venstre, with the two parties being approximately the same size in most elections. The one exception was in the 2014 European Parliament election where the largest party in the municipality became the Danish People's Party. This was the case in most of the country, and the first time in Denmark's history that the party had been the largest party in a nationwide election.

Municipal council
Odder's municipal council consists of 19 members, elected every four years.

Below are the municipal council elected since the municipality's creation in 1970.

Mayors
Since the 1970 municipal reform, the mayors of Odder Municipality have been:

Economy
The largest industries in Odder Municipality are healthcare, education, retail, construction and food services.

Companies with their headquarter in Odder Municipality include a stroller factory called Oddervognen. The company has existed since 1925, and is the only stroller factory remaining in Denmark. ProTruck is a company that sell forklifts and similar specialized vehicles, and is also located in Odder.

Demographics
There are 22,844 people living in Odder Municipality (2020). 49.27% are men and 50.73% are women.

Below is the age distribution of the municipality.

Education
There are 7 ground schools, 4 efterskoler and 3 independent schools in the municipality. There are also 3 gymnasiums, 4 folk high schools and 1 youth school in the municipality. One of the ground schools, Vestskolen, is split into two department: Skovbakken and Vestermarken.

There are 2 libraries in the municipality: one in Odder and one on Tunø.

Transport
The Odder Line is a former railroad, today a light rail, connecting Aarhus and Odder. It originally also connected Odder and Hou, but that stretch was shut down in 1977. The rail was renovated and turned into a light rail in 2008.

There are three ferry routes from Odder Municipality. Cykelfærgen connects Alrø and the town of Snaptun in Hedensted Municipality. Samsøfærgen connects Hou and the town of Sælvig on Samsø. Tunøfærgen connects Hou and Tunø.

Sights
The sights of the municipality are mostly found in the town of Odder, though with churches found in many smaller towns and villages across the municipality.

 * The Ecological Garden (Danish: Den Økologiske Have) is a botanical garden, vineyard, forest and zoo located in Odder. It was established in 1991. The animals in the garden include various types of livestock, shetland ponies, budgerigars and cockatiels. The garden has a herbal garden with various medicational herbs.
 * Odder Town Hall (Danish: Odder Rådhus) is the town hall for the municipality. It is located in Odder and was built in 1972. It was expanded in 1980.
 * Odder Museum is located centrally in Odder, next to Odder Water- and Steam Mill (Danish: Odder Vand- og Dampmølle), which is part of the museum. The museum has 400 m² of exhibitions, mainly focussed on local history. The mill is from 1883 and stands as it did when production stopped in 1955.
 * Bjørnkær's Ruins (Danish: Bjørnkærs Ruiner) are the ruins of a castle and fortification from the middle ages, located 2 km west of Hou. The castle was built in the 1200s, and ruined sometime in the 1300s. It was rebuilt and remained in use until the late 1400s. The ruins are locally known as Marks Stig's Castle (Danish: Marsk Stigs Borg), though there is no evidence that Marsk Stig lived there.
 * Rude Strand Tumulus (Danish: Rude Strand Langhøj) is a tumulus located near Rude Strand. It originates from around 3500 BC and stone coffins remain inside the tumulus.

 * Kysing Church is the ruin of a church located in Kysing Næs, the southern part of Norsminde. The church was built in the 1200s, but was abandoned in the 1700s and began to disintegrate. The cemetery was used until the 1850s. A bust of Frederick VII was placed on the ruins in 1875 and the ruins were turned into a monument, dedicated to the Second Schleswig War. The ruins were protected in 1981.

Castles and manors

 * Dybvad is a manor located south-east of Ørting. It is known to have existed from the 1500s. It belonged to the Aakær Manor until 1536, where it was taken over by the crown along with Aakær. Dybvad has been a part of Aakær for most of its history, with short breaks. It split up from Aakær in 1914. The manor own 514 acres.
 * Gersdorffslund is a manor located west of Hou. The manor was established in 1674 from the farms of Porsborg and Højby, both known to have existed from the Middle Ages. Both farms were a part of Aakær Manor until 1660 where the crown gave Aakær and its territory to Joachim Gersdorff, as a replacement for his lost territory in Scania after the Dano-Swedish War. When Gersdorff died shortly after, in 1661, his manors were inherited by his heirs. Porsborg and Højby were inherited by Margrethe Gersdorff, his daughter, who married Gregorius Rathlou. Margrethe Gersdorff and Gregorius Rathlou established the new manor of Gersdorffslund from their territory in 1674.

 * Gyllingnæs is a manor located south of Gylling, on a peninsula between Kattegat and Horsens Fjord. The area was covered in oak trees until 1797, where a number of farmers bought and cultivated the land. In 1801 the area of Gyllingnæs was owned by the Aakær Manor, but was sold to John Smith from England. John Smith, who lived in Altona, began construction of a house, which was finished in 1803. When he bought the nearby church in 1810, the house officially became a manor. The manor acquired more land through the years. A new main building was constructed in 1865, and in 1933 the former main building was destroyed in a fire. The manor is today owned by owner of Bestseller Troels Holch Povlsen. The manor own 646 acres, with mostly forests and agricultural land.
 * Rathlousdal is a manor located outside of Odder, to the south-west. It was originally a farm called Loverstrup, but was established as a manor in 1570.
 * Rodsteenseje is a manor located outside of Odder, to the south-east. It was formerly named Hovedstrup, but renamed to Rodsteenseje in 1681. The manor originates from around year 1300. IT was in 2012 bought by the owner of Aakær.

 * Aakær (also spelled Åkjær) is a manor located between the villages of Hundslund and Ørting, south of Odder. The manor is known to have existed from at least 1350, and was sold to the bishop of Aarhus, Bo Mogensen, in 1398. It became the main farmhouse in Hads Hundred for the bishops, and they began expanding the manor. In 1536, after the Reformation, the territory of the bishops was taken by the crown, including Aakær. Aakær became the seat of a newly established fief in 1548, with the fief named after the manor. The crown continued expanding Aakær and in 1660 nearly all manor houses in Hads Hundred belonged to Aakær. After the Dano-Swedish War ended in 1660, Denmark was forced to hand over several manors in Scania to Sweden. Among those were manors owned by Joachim Gersdorff, who as replacement was given manors by the crown, including Aakær. Gersdorff died shortly after, in 1661, and his son Frederik Gersdorff took over Aakær. He wasn't interested in the manor though, and sold it to his brother-in-law Jørgen Bielke in 1674. The manor changed hands many times and lost territory over the years. In 1803 it was bought by Henrik Reventlow, who began buying back the lost territory. The manor owns 1,240 acres.

Churches
See List of churches in Odder Municipality

Events
Hou Harbour Festival (Danish: Hou Havnefestival) takes place in Hou every year in the second weekend of July. The festival take place around Hou Harbour, and includes food, live music, sport and entertainment. The sport events include swimming contests in the harbour.

Sondrup Market is a yearly flea market. It takes place the first saturday in July in Hundslund. In addition to the flea market, Sondrup Market also has live music and entertainment. The organization responsible for the market also arranges other smaller markets in Hundslund across the year.

Until 2020 a yearly music festival took place on Tunø. It had been held yearly since 1987, but was ended by the festival's board in 2020.

Sport
The Odder Idræts- og Gymnastikforening (Odder IGF) football club is set in Odder. The club is housed in a stadium called Spektrum Park, located in Odder. Apart from football, Spektrum Park and Odder IGF also provides access and facilities for other sports such as badminton, basketball, handball, table tennis, tennis and skateboarding. Also located in Spektrum Park are swimming facilities, with the swimming pool hosting occasional events as well as providing facilities for the municipality's schools and kindergartens.

Parishes
There are 14 parishes in Odder Municipality. Shown in the table below are the populations of each parish, as well as the percentage of that population that are members of the Church of Denmark. All numbers are from 1 January 2020.

Symbols

The coat of arms of Odder Municipality is a slightly modified version of the town of Odder's coat of arms. It features a golden oak twig with two leaves and an acorn on red background. Two white wavy lines cross the coat of arms and come together at the top. The white lines represent the rivers surrounding Odder. The coat of arms was adopted in 2009.

Public thought and politics

 * Gustav Adolph Hagemann (1842 on Rodsteenseje — 1916), engineer
 * Karen Jeppe (1876 in Gylling — 1935), social worker known for her work with Ottoman Armenian refugees and survivors of the Armenian Genocide
 * Knud Enggaard (born 1929 in Odder), politician
 * Elvin J. Hansen (born 1950 in Torrild), politician and former mayor of the municipality
 * Kirsten Brosbøl (born 1977 in Odder), politician
 * Mette Dencker (born 1978 in Odder), politician and MF

Art

 * Rasmus Andersen (1861 in Ørting — 1930), sculptor
 * Ejler Bille (1910 in Odder — 2004), artist
 * Jane Muus (1919 in Odder — 2007), painter
 * Jens Jørn Spottag (born 1957 in Odder), actor
 * Morten Nørgaard (born 1990 in Odder), singer

Sport

 * Hans Christian Nielsen (1928 in Odder — 1990), football player
 * Niels Fredborg (born 1946 in Odder), cyclist
 * Mogens Jeppesen (born 1953 in Gylling), handball player
 * Henrik Mortensen (born 1968 in Odder), football player
 * Jakob Fenger-Larsen (born 1971 in Odder), football player
 * Torben Grimmel (born 1975 in Odder), sport shooter
 * Pernille Harder (born 1977 in Odder), badminton player
 * Juliane Rasmussen (born 1979 in Odder), rower
 * Louise Pedersen (born 1979 in Odder), handball player
 * Steffen Ernemann (born 1982 in Odder), football player
 * Thomas Mogensen (born 1983 in Odder), handball player
 * Thomas Kvist (born 1987 in Odder), cyclist
 * Anders Skaarup Rasmussen (born 1989 in Odder), badminton player
 * Steffen Jensen (born 1989 in Odder), rower
 * Morten Ring Christensen (born 1990 in Odder), athlete
 * Mathias Bay-Smidt (born 1996 in Odder), badminton player

title: Odder Municipality


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Talk:Chocolate milk

invention

 * So apparently it was Invented in Jamaica and brought back to Ireland?**
 * "While in Jamaica, Sloane was introduced to cocoa as a drink favoured by the local people. He found it 'nauseous' but by mixing it with milk made it more palatable. He brought this chocolate recipe back to England"

Sources stating its from Jamaica & — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.162.229.236 (talk) 03:00, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

CM
I have never heard of chocolate milk being called "CM". Maybe this is regional slang, but even so, it should be cited and explained further. Thank you, MontySpurling 00:28, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

ROFL, I just saw this page and was about to post this same thing but you already said it. I've never heard it called "CM". Maybe it's a British thing. 68.2.143.22 03:29, 27 October 2006 (UTC)

Calcium Myth?
There has to be a citation on the calcium myth section, as I recall chocolate mlk is still a good source of calcium. TostitosAreGross 21:38, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

It is still a good source of calcium. I've added in a new part telling why.

Temperature
"This mixture should be stored at 0.5 to 4 °C (33 to 39 °F)." where are these numbers from? and isn't 0.5°C a little too cold?
 * If I recall correctly from my grocery days, most dairy cases (particularly orange juice) recommended 33-35°F, and never more than 38°F. Most of the milk came in crates, so they didn't have the temperature recommendations. 68.228.155.76 01:53, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge
It seems kind of unnecessary for chocolate milk to have an article of its own. --Mentaka 14:43, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Object It seems reasonable to me. There is too much information for a subsection in the milk article. Rintrah 15:38, 13 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Object --EarthPerson 01:24, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Object --Agahnim 4:53, 10 October 2007 (PST) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.9.138.45 (talk)

Hot chocolate?
Hot chocolate isn't just chocolate milk that's been heated up. It's a totally different beverage. Or am I wrong about this? Simulato 06:16, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * You could put a disputed or POV tag on the article—that would make me laugh pretty hard. Seriously, though, if you can find evidence for this, you're welcome to mend the article accordingly. Rintrah 07:08, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia's hot chocolate article itself seems to back me up on this, so I've changed the wording. If anyone disagrees I suppose the article will have to be tagged... chocolate milk is a very polarising topic, after all. *laughs* Simulato 09:29, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

I have never seen "hot chocolate" made by heating chocolate milk. Completely different beverage. Batvette (talk) 23:59, 3 September 2016 (UTC) Batvette (talk) 23:59, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

"Other ways to drink chocolate milk"
''Some companies have created a straw in which stirring is not necessary. You simply place the straw into plain milk, and when you drink it, it will taste like chocolate.'' ''Unfortunately, in 2003, this method was recalled because the flavoring pellets were toxic. However, the original prototype was improved and the pellets are now relatively safe. You must proceed with caution however, because the true effects of the pellets are not completely validated. In a recent study of 475 Californians, 52% had some type of negative feedback associated with the pellets, most noticeable stomach pain.''

This needs sources and I'm not totally sure it's relevant in the article. Also needs some rewriting to make it suitably encyclopaediac. Simulato 19:43, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Recorvery after a workout?
This section reads just like an infomercial.

- I'm glad I'm not the only one to notice this.Skexe (talk) 01:58, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

this article is among the worst I have seen on wikipedia and that section was the most offensive part, I deleted it. Maybe someone can replace it with something relevant and coherent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.238.206.77 (talk) 07:01, 2 November 2011 (UTC) added a scientific study results with reference which state that it is a recovery drink.

Removed marketing section
The marketing section was not appropriate content or tone for an encyclopaedia. As has been mentioned, it read like an infomercial. Simulato (talk) 10:35, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Culture or the United States?
Why bother to have a culture section if your just gonna talk about American canteens. There ARE over 250 other countries on earth ya know...! Talk about them as well or remove this section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.188.149.134 (talk) 12:22, 14 December 2008 (UTC)
 * This article I think refers to a product that in other countries may be known by another name. E.g. in the UK we would call it chocolate milkshake (Milkshakes here are made with milk and flavourings - not icecream).
 * I have removed the section, if there are any objections state them below --124.188.149.134 (talk) 00:42, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

American Bias
This article seems to have a little bit of an American bias. The page should either reflect the fact that this is mostly American, or include more european or at least non-western references. 71.169.41.167 (talk) 22:57, 2 March 2010 (UTC)
 * You are, of course, welcome to add a globalize/USA template to the page if you think so. Be Bold!  —   pd_THOR  undefined | 23:11, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Supplements section
Is the lower part of the about just chocolate, or chocolate milk? It seems unclear. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Isething (talk • contribs) 04:37, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Looking for someone to nominate this article for GA status
Does anyone think this article is up to GA status?--Bigpoliticsfan (talk) 23:35, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

Dead link in first citation
I'm not completely sure how to fix the first citation correctly and I don't want to mess anything up. If anyone knows how to do it with the proper formatting, an up-to-date version of the page can be found here: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/science-of-natural-history/biographies/hans-sloane/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.203.27.9 (talk) 01:49, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Bias/Unencyclopedic Language
Specifically in the Nutritional Values section. A few examples: "Chocolate milk contains 9 essential nutrients, B vitamins for energy to get you going, and the combination of five bone building nutrients-calcium, Vitamin D, phosphorus, protein and potassium." - "Energy to get you going" does not belong in an encyclopedia. This is definitely not written from a neutral point of view and reads like an advertisement. "Contrary to popular belief, chocolate milk has been proven in several studies to actually be healthier than white milk." - "Proven in several studies" is a ridiculous statement considering studies don't ever prove anything. "The importance of magnesium in all of these bodily functions is due to the fact that nerve impluses need to accurately transmit messages throughout your body during exercise." - Not only is this information irrelevant to the subject of the article, but it's also extremely informal ("your body") and sounds like propaganda written for children.

I'm not qualified to edit this article myself, but it really needs some attention. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A000:4B41:A00:1D70:2A36:5F1C:971B (talk) 06:42, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

Heterogenous mixture, bias, unnecessary information
The "Heterogenous mixture" section below Source -> Homemade reads like a health/recipe blog and not an encyclopedia. Why is this here? Like "Dairy fats like cream contains saturated fat that is negative for the health. Instead essential fatty acids may be added like linoleic acid found in significant quantities in commonly available oils such as sunflower oil, or corn oil." is incredibly biased 198.84.225.238 (talk) 18:17, 20 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chocolate milk


text:
User talk:Shoka

--RuthRuth 22:21, 17 February 2006 (UTC)I'm working on a series of minor articles on the fortifications of Malta.

I'm not resident in Malta, though I spent a couple of years there as a child, and have been back a few of times in the last 50 years. I'm going again soon. My Maltese language skills are unfortunately limited to boy, girl and stop.

There are two very useful external sites on the fortifications or Malta, which are interesting, but are also incomplete, and seem to be moribund, I've seen no indication of recent updates.

 * http://www.educ.um.edu.mt/militarymalta/index.html is very fine work.

Also, these two pages from the other site. The homepage blows up rather horribly in my browser unfortunately.

 * http://alainlecomte.free.fr/27A0.htm
 * http://alainlecomte.free.fr/05D3.htm

This site on the terminology of fortification is also very informative:

http://www.angelfire.com/wy/svenskildbiter/madict.html

I wonder if the authors would allow wholesale import into Wikipedia  ;) ;)

Articles
My objective is to deal with each significant fortification on Malta with the aim of answering the following questions as far as I can find answers for them.

 * The name or names of the fortification, including the Maltese names in correct Maltese typography. Help Wanted :)

 * Where it is relative to other fortifications and villages.

 * GPS co-ordinates.

 * The style of fortification, watchtower, fort, battery, fortified town.

 * If it still exists.

 * Its state of repair.

 * Its original armament, eventual armament, and any remaining weaponary.

 * Its garrison

 * Which authority built it, be it private citizen, Roman, Arab, Aragonese, Knights, or British Empire.

 * Under whose direction it was built, Caeser, Grand Master, or Prime Minister.

 * Who designed it.

 * The context against which it was built, be it pre cannon, cannon or high explosives eras.

 * When it was built and how long it took to build.

 * What it cost to build, in the original coinage and modern equivalent. (possibly?)

 * What it's purpose was, what it defended, what it protected against.

 * Did it see action, and its success or failure.

 * When was it comissioned, when decomissiond.

 * Any notable events in its history.

 * Its present ownership and accessibility.

I'd like to back this with

 * Reasonable photographs of the fortification, including aerial photography to give an insight into the form to the fortification, and of any remaining armament.

 * Plans

 * Location map.

I've made a start. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortifications_of_Malta for my present progress. Plenty of room for helpers ;)

Oh, and especially assistance with my notorious inability to spell.. :(

good articles
I've enjoyed your articles and edits and thought I'd drop a line.. Trying to do some cleanup in the Maltese Geography articles. My main focus is the Maltese wikipedia, please feel free to stop by and please let any other Wikipedians who might be interested in it know about it.. We'd really like some more help. Saħħa! Srl 06:45, 10 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I moved your comment to User_talk:Srl. I'm going to see if I can find some more wikipedians.. Srl 17:54, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Help with "Defensive walls"
Hi !

I hope you can help me, or at least point me in the direction of help ! I am currently translating the german article Stadtmauer into English to add to the rather meager defensive walls article. However, the German article is riddled with specialised technical terms, and I'm not sure I always hit the mark in English. If you could have a look at it at some point (not necessarily immediately, the translation is far from finished) look at it, I would be very gratful indeed.

Regards

ACH 09:55, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Hi again, Shoka

(Do I best answer on your page or on mine ?? )

I just put up my first (draft !!) translation of the main sections of Stadtmauer into defensive walls - there are a number of issues still there, such as:
 * general copyedit, esp. caps as I get confused with German (lots of caps) and English (some caps) when translating.
 * separation of rather long list of walls at the end of the article - clutters it up in my opinion.
 * NPOV - though I tried to remove it, there was a rather strong POV in the German article so ....
 * technical terms: there were lots in the german article, and I often could not find a good translation to them quickly, so some of it is rather generic.

Thanks for the link (and indeed, the help). I'll have a look at it and see what I can do myself - however, if you think that a term ought to be put in, obviously do so (even if the term may not have been in the original !!).

ACH 21:53, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

How about on the talk page of the article?--212.159.71.40 22:14, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

^^^ Me just been logged out by wikipedia again sigh...--Shoka 23:43, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Good plan - it's on my watchlist, so feel free to leave me some messages there. ACH 10:31, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Counterscarp or Coupure
Please see Talk:Counterscarp --Philip Baird Shearer 14:06, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

more chat
testing, 123! Plumeria

--RuthRuth 22:21, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Mehmed Pasa Sokolovic
Hello!

I clarified everything on the talk page. But we could use even more sources!

I noticed a mention that Mehmed Pasa married the Sultan's wife. This is incomplete. Mehmed (as an Ottoman) had numerious wives. One of his wives you can see here mentioned: PeraAirNet --HolyRomanEmperor 21:56, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks !
Hi, It's me who have been editing the sea star article; thanks for the kind welcome :). Just quite recently I registered myself as a Wikipedia user. I really hope that I had never (accidentally, unknowingly) vandalized that article, as I've been editing that particular article for a long time.

Best Regards, Pentapod 06:59, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Teheh :D. No problem, and I do realize that vandalism is a growing problem in all wikia (yeah, it disturbs me as well. Some of them are just plain offensive and obnoxious x . Good luck for the noble job of eliminating vandalism !

Pentapod 03:43, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

Chaturanga
Thank you for pointing out about the history of Chaturanga and Xiangqi. Now I have another doubt. If Xiangqi and Chaturanga are unrelated, then Janggi (Korean Chess) is probably unrelated either, since Janggi is probably a direct descendent of Xiangqi, there are too much similarities between them. --Leeyc0 (Talk) 03:35, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh sorry, I overlooked this sentence "and related to the xiangqi and janggi". Forget the previous message, and sorry for it. --Leeyc0 (Talk) 07:32, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Mehmed
Hello, could you please explain why you changed here this? If there is something disputable, it has been LONG resolved at the talk page. Could you please revert those edits? (Plus, when he was born, it was the Serbian Orthodox Church - and not "unindentified orthodox church" as it seems). I'm not being harsh or all, but most people who have been arguing about this article were supported by biased sources and essentially heavy POV warriors and internet trolls. HRE 20:57, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Image:Malta_Tas-Silg_five.jpg
In 2005, you uploaded Image:Malta_Tas-Silg_five.jpg with the description "Copyright H.J.Moyes (harry@shoka.net) All Rights Reserved", yet gave it a GFDL tag. GFDL implies that not all rights are reserved. The license status of the image is ambiguous. Please fix this. Thanks. Kevin_b_er 06:30, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Ahh. Thanks.  The issue, to be more clear, is that the phrase is used in copyright notices to indicate that the author really gives no permission for anyone to copy the work.  Its use, however, is depriciated  as berne makes everything copyrighted by default, with a defacto 'all rights reserved' and the references I've found say the term may be meanless in berne covention countries (which includes the UK where you are, and the US where wikimedia is).  But! People take the phrase as meaning the holder has most certainly not granted any sort of copyleft license (like the GFDL) to their work.  But in fact, you have granted a fairly signifigant permission to copy through the GFDL.  Perhaps, "All other rights reserved" would be more appropreate?  I could also tell you various senarios of people who mistag the image or don't realise they're licensing their image to be edited and redistributed.  Finding a phrase that seems counter-intitutive to the nature of the GFDL is usually a red flag that the uploader may not have truely ment for it to be GFDL.  --Kevin_b_er 21:16, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps you're right Shoka, but at the moment the more people in the world who become familiar with the changes taking place in Marsaskala the better. Anyway if I need to find information about some place in this world, I would like to know as much as possible about the place. Hope you understand me.

Image:SriLanka Sigiriya gardens.jpg listed for deletion
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Image:SriLanka Sigiriya gardens2.jpg listed for deletion
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Guthrie rolling bridge details
I am considering a merge of Guthrie rolling bridge into retractable bridge, but I want to make sure that I understand the concept. As the creator of the article, could you explain a bit more clearly how this works and if the merge would be appropriate? Please see WikiProject Bridges talk. -- INTRIGUE B LUE (talk|contribs) 05:45, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

My Vandalism
I'm very sorry about my recent vandalism. I had multiple editing windows open and changed the link in the wrong one Yeti man5 15:31, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Image:Malta_StAngelo_seven.jpg listed for deletion
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Answer
Nope, Milesheva isn't far from Bajica Sokolovic's birthplace. --PaxEquilibrium 20:40, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Wignacourt towers
Thanks for adding them. However, we now have two listings for St. Mary's Tower, one with and one without an article. I checked the first website you listed at the top, and he only has six Wignacourt towers, though he mentions that seven exist. So either there are six, or we are missing one. Any ideas? Regards, Acad Ronin 20:49, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Posted reply to your talk page. Score is Wignacourt 6 Lascaris 1 in the building stakes, 5 and 1 in the survival stakes. (One Wignacourt tower was completely destroyed by the British in the late 19th centuary).--Shoka 21:39, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Seastars
I requested a move back to seastars and then realized that that fight has been fought and lost. It's rather like using 'data' as a singular for me. We loose credibility as an encyclopedia when we stoop to the level of a popularity contest. I suppose that's the disadvantage of consensus; sometimes the popular is also simply wrong. O well, thanks for fighting your piece of it Dmccabe (talk) 01:00, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Babbitt page
Is there anything that can be done to clarify the step by step instructions on your Babbitt page? I didn't quite follow it.

BTW, I added a reference to a brochure I saw (brother-in-law has it) from In-Place Machining on the "Rebabbitting" that they do. LP-mn (talk) 22:34, 14 February 2009 (UTC)

Malta fortification pics
Hello Shoka, I started a small set of articles about fortifications in Malta yesterday. You can find them here:[]. I used different sources and references, and so also your English wikipedia articles. Well done! I would like to use also your photographies, but unfortunately you loaded them up to the English wikipedia only. Could you please move them to wiki commons? Regards 84.175.182.111 (talk) 21:14, 25 July 2009 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Shoka


text: File:Highlander film Connor MacLeod.jpg

title: File:Highlander film Connor MacLeod.jpg


text:
EMD SD40T-2

The SD40T-2 is a model of diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division in the United States. The SD40T-2 is equipped with a 16-cylinder EMD 645E3 diesel engine producing 3000 hp. 312 SD40T-2s were built for three railroads in the United States between April 1974 and July 1980. This locomotive and the SD45T-2 are popularly called tunnel motors, but EMD's term is SD40-2 with "cooling system modifications" because they were designed for better engine cooling in mountainous areas. The difference between this locomotive and its non-tunnel motor cousin, the SD40-2, are the radiator air intakes are located lower down at the rear of the locomotive.

This locomotive model was purchased by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, the Southern Pacific Railroad, and its subsidiary Cotton Belt. Southern Pacific's version has a 4400 usgal fuel tank and is 70 ft long. Rio Grande's version has a smaller 4000 usgal fuel tank.

Preservation

 * Denver and Rio Grande Western #5371 is preserved at the Utah State Railroad Museum in Ogden, Utah.
 * Denver and Rio Grande Western #5401 is preserved at the Colorado Railroad Museum in Golden, Colorado.
 * From 2010 to 2019, Union Pacific #2921 (formerly Southern Pacific #8385) was preserved at the Boone and Scenic Valley Railroad in Boone, Iowa. In 2020, the locomotive was traded to Midwest Locomotive Leasing (MWLX) for general service.SD40-2 vs SD40T-2.jpg

title: EMD SD40T-2


text:
James Curley (astronomer)

James Curley (26 October 1796 – 24 July 1889) was an Irish-American astronomer.

He was born at Athleague, County Roscommon, Ireland. His early education was limited, though his talent for mathematics was discovered, and to some extent developed, by a teacher in his native town. He left Ireland in his youth, arriving in Philadelphia on 10 October 1817. Here he worked for two years as a bookkeeper and then taught mathematics at Frederick, Maryland.

In 1826 he became a student at the old seminary in Washington, DC, intending to prepare himself for the Catholic priesthood, and at the same time taught one of its classes. The seminary, however, which had been established in 1820, was closed in the following year and he joined the Society of Jesus on 29 September 1827. After completing his novitiate he again taught in Frederick and was sent in 1831 to teach natural philosophy at Georgetown University. He also studied theology and was ordained priest on 1 June 1833. His first Mass was said at the Georgetown Visitation Monastery, Georgetown, where he afterwards acted as chaplain for fifty years.

He spent the remainder of his life at Georgetown, where he taught natural philosophy and mathematics for forty-eight years. He planned and superintended the building of the Georgetown Observatory in 1844 and was its first director, filling this position for many years. One of his earliest achievements was the determination of the latitude and longitude of Washington, D.C. in 1846. His results did not agree with those obtained at the Naval Observatory, and it was not until after the laying of the first transatlantic cable in 1858 that his determination was found to be near the truth.

Father Curley was also much interested in botany. He is best remembered, however, as a teacher. He wrote Annals of the Observatory of Georgetown College, D.C., containing the description of the observatory and the description and use of the transit instrument and meridian circle (New York, 1852).

title: James Curley (astronomer)


text:
User talk:198.252.245.194

Please do not persistently make edits that are simply and factually wrong, such as on diabetes mellitus and Synthroid. Wikipedia is not served with edits of this type; you are encouraged to edit constructively. JFW | T@lk  22:12, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

RE: Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Hall Monitor 22:26, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Please stop your disruptive editing. If your vandalism continues, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --CalendarWatcher (talk) 17:16, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

December 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to VANOS has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. Alansohn (talk) 21:45, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Barack Obama
His biographical article (at, not surprisingly, Barack Obama) declares him to be 'African-American'. If you'd like to try out your argument, click on Talk:Barack Obama and give it a shot. However, given that this particular argument has brought up there and shot down multiple times, I don't expect you to have much luck. Nonetheless, there and not Talk:January 20 is where you want to make that argument. And until you persuade those editors to make a change, attempts to insert 'Biracial' will be reverted, full stop. ---CalendarWatcher (talk) 15:56, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

More specifically, you'll want to go here first. --CalendarWatcher (talk) 15:57, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

February 2010
Welcome to Wikipedia, and thank you for your contributions. However, please be aware of Wikipedia's policy that biographical information about living persons must not be libelous. Any controversial statements about a living person added to an article, or any other Wikipedia page, must include proper sources. Thank you. The Thing //  Talk  //  Contribs  16:23, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you didn't make the edit, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to contribute to the encyclopedia, but when you add content (particularly if you change facts and figures), as you have to the article Eustace Mullins, please cite a reliable source for the content you're adding or changing. This helps maintain our policy of verifiability. Take a look at Citing sources for information about how to cite sources and the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Thank you. ''Biographies of living person are a sensitive subject. Please review the policies (WP:BLP). Deaths of such individuals need reliable sources. Haste makes waste rather then rushing to mark someone as dead, it might be better to redirect that energy into improving the article as it is until a death can be properly established. That would be a more fitting tribute. Again, thank you.'' GcSwRhIc (talk) 17:20, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
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April 2016
Hello, I'm Qpalzmmzlapq. An edit you recently made to Latin profanity seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want more practice editing, the sandbox is the best place to do so. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. Qpalzmmzlapq |  talk  |  contribs  17:20, 7 April 2016 (UTC)
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April 2018
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February 2021
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title: User talk:198.252.245.194


text:
Talk:Dessert

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Clemson University supported by the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 14:44, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Whuang20.

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Desserts
Dessert 27.34.47.142 (talk) 10:58, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
I can't view the OED citation. The Vaughan citation doesn't mention the word.

The NYT citation is the only one that supports the "désservir" etymology, but not having the Krondl book to hand, I have no way to tell what he's based that claim on. That NYT article quotes Krondl as saying: "“The French noun dessert originates with the verb desservir, or un-serve". But I believe the French verb should have an accent aigue, thus: "désservir". This discrepancy renders the NYT or Krondl claim questionable; if your French orthography is incorrect, then your etymological claims are also open to question.

I've found both these words in searches, both with and without the accent. I don't know which is the correct orthography.

Who removed the accent? The NYT reviewer, or Krondl? Does the French word for "dessert" have an accent, or not? If it does, then the NYT review is pretty useless as a source.

FWIW, My Concise Oxford English Dictionary (7th edition) confirms desservir (but with no accent). French wikipedia has "dessert" and "desservir" without accents. Perhaps some native French speaker could clarify, and provide a better citation?

MrDemeanour (talk) 17:14, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dessert


text:
Ry Municipality

Until 1 January 2007 Ry municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Aarhus County on the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 152.44 km2, and had a total population of 11,244 (2005). Its last mayor was Jonna Grønver, a member of the Venstre (Liberal Party) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Ry.

The municipality was created in 1970 as the result of a kommunalreform ("Municipality Reform") that merged a number of existing parishes:
 * Alling Parish
 * Dover Parish
 * Gammel Rye Parish
 * Låsby Parish
 * RyParish
 * Tulstrup Parish

Ry municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with Galten, Hørning, and Skanderborg municipalities to form the new Skanderborg municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 416 km2 and a total population of 49,469 (2005).

The towns of the former municipality
Ry, also known as Ry Station, is located between the lakes of Gudensø, Juulsø and Knudsø along the Guden River (Gudenå). It is a relatively new town that developed around the railroad tracks. The original town in the area is now known as Old Rye (Gammel Rye).

Old Rye is located 3 km west of Rye. During the Middle Ages it was one of the most important towns in the area. It had the royal status and privileges of being a merchant town, and is thus named in 1536. Starting in the 15th century until 1687, Old Rye was an area Court of Justice.

The town had a major impact on Danish history in 1534, when King Christian III was chosen there. Denmark was attacked by Lübeck when Frederik I died in 1533. This led to the three-year civil war fought between 1534-1536 called The Count's Feud (Grevens fejde), which ushered in the Danish Reformation.

The town's location at the crossroads for traffic between East Jutland and West Jutland, along with the royal glass production facility in nearby Glarbo until ca. 1600, have helped secure the town's position in the years after the Reformation. There is mention in 1553 of a royal coach maker in the area, and there used to be a royal hunting lodge in the area, but it was torn down in 1617. The town has suffered fire several times, f. ex. 1613, 1618 and 1660.

St. Søren's Church in Old Rye is at the site of a holy spring, and has had the reputation for bringing about miracles. In the Middle Ages many pilgrimages were made here. It is here that King Christian III was chosen in 1534. From 1579 a market was held on the site on the saint's day. According to legend, St. Søren was a local farmer who became a bishop in Cologne.

In the 19th century Old Rye became a center for the production of wooden shoes, and today there is a Wooden Shoe Museum located at the site of a historic windmill (1872) in the town.

With the establishment of the railroad from Skanderborg to Silkeborg in 1871, the area's growth, however, became centered on the station town Ry.

Låsby can trace its origin to Viking times.

Other attractions
Himmelbjerget (affectionately translated as "Heaven Mountain"), located in the former municipality, is one of the highest points of elevation in Denmark at 147 meters. The high hill is a popular destination for its beautiful nature and magnificent views. One can sail to Himmelbjerget from Ry, or from Silkeborg on the historic steamship Hjejlen ("The Golden Plover").

On top of the hill is a 25 meter tall tower that was erected to honor King Frederik VII and his role in giving the Danish people a constitution in 1849. Close to the top are more monuments, most honoring individuals, but also one to commemorate women's right to vote in 1915.

The Hotel Himmelbjerget, formerly Hotel Julsø, is the highest located hotel in Denmark, and displays historic memorabilia from the area. It used to house a museum dedicated to Jodle Birge, Danish country-western entertainer.

To the east of Old Rye is a ca. 23 hectares conservation area of heather-covered hills and oak scrub. There is also Gallows Hill, the site of beheadings during the times when Court was held in Ry.

Nearby Mossø is Denmark's second largest lake.

title: Ry Municipality


text:
Voodoo Highway

Voodoo Highway is the second studio album by the American hard rock band Badlands. After their first album, drummer Eric Singer left the band to join KISS, and was replaced by drummer Jeff Martin, who had previously sung lead vocals in the bands Surgical Steel and Racer X. Bassist Greg Chaisson was instrumental in getting his friend Jeff Martin the gig with Badlands. They had earlier played in the Phoenix, AZ bands Surgical Steel and St. Michael together and teamed up again in the Blindside Blues Band and RedSea following the demise of Badlands.

The song "Joe's Blues" is named after then Terriff and future Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Joe Holmes who worked as a guitar tech for Jake E Lee during the recording of Voodoo Highway. Ray Gillen briefly joined Holmes in Terriff after leaving Badlands in 1992.

In 2005, American Idol star Bo Bice made the second to last round with his a cappella rendition of the album's closing track, "In a Dream". He lost the season to Carrie Underwood, but judge Simon Cowell believed that Bice would have won, had he saved "In a Dream" for his final performance.

Personnel

 * Badlands
 * Ray Gillen – lead vocals, second harmonica on track 7
 * Jake E. Lee – guitars, Moog bass, organ, piano, güiro, tambourine and percussion
 * Greg Chaisson – electric and acoustic basses
 * Jeff Martin – drums, assorted percussion, first harmonica on track 7, backing vocals

 * Production
 * James A. Ball – co-producer, engineer, mixing at Westlake Audio, Los Angeles
 * Brad Aldridge, Michael Malina – mixing engineers
 * Gina Immel, Mike Gunderson, Steve Harrison – assistant engineers at Rumbo Recorders
 * Chris Kupper – assistant engineer at Indigo Ranch and Studio II
 * Greg Calbi – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York

title: Voodoo Highway


text:
Coly

Coly (En Còli) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Coly-Saint-Amand.

title: Coly


text: File:ThomasShippAbramSmith.jpg

title: File:ThomasShippAbramSmith.jpg


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/United States Senate/archive1

United States Senate
Self-nomination. -- Emsworth 22:15, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support- great article, non-biased and explains history, procedures, etc. clearly. Flcelloguy 02:56, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support- excellent information covering every aspect of the Senate. I wish there were more than just three pictures, but that's just my personal preference. Brendan OShea 03:22, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support- very good article. I've refered to it more than once myself. I may hunt for more good PD pictures to add if I have the time, but I think it's ready for FA status now. --Satori 04:26, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Well written, and importantly, not too long. As good as if not better than Canadian Senate, a featured article. Harro5 08:27, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Phil s 10:05, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support: Up to Emsworth's usual standard Giano | talk 12:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this is your best so far!

 * Support- Explains the Senate very well, and is not overly long. It's neutral, and it's a great article. Matjlav 17:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Object mildly. I would like to see specific sources cited for some assertions.  I have marked up the article accordingly. This is a pleasure to read so I would be happy to see the citations in comments or using Template:Inote. --Theo  (Talk) 18:11, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've added the relevant sources. Also, I would like to thank everyone for the support; I don't believe that any of my previous nominations has been received with such kind remarks. -- Emsworth 19:20, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support wholeheartedly. --Theo (Talk) 07:27, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: Would someone please edit the gallery of portraits to lines of 3 images each? As they are now, they are slightly too wide for 800x600 screens. Mgm|(talk) 19:07, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support, well done. Phoenix2 19:24, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Please remove the image gallery. It is unnecessary, a separate page could be made to discuss minorities in the Senate, this is not appropriate and distracts from the prose. Images should be related to the prose, and the history section does not discuss any of the individuals in the image gallery. Deus Ex 00:09, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * In view of changes, Support Deus Ex 00:34, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 04:55, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Tough it could be more grounded in recent literature on the politics of Congress, such as the work of Barbara Sinclair, Terry Moe, and Morris Fiorina. 172 06:06, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Noseeme

I am a frequent user of Wikipedia, and created this account simply to correct and/or improve articles when I see fit. Wikipedia is a great resource for information, so I figured I would try and give back to the community.

See my website at: deviantART: noseeme

title: User:Noseeme


text:
Werecat

A werecat (also written in a hyphenated form as were-cat) is an analog to "werewolf" for a feline therianthropic creature.

Etymology
Ailuranthropy comes from the Greek root words ailouros meaning "cat", and anthropos, meaning "human" and refers to human/feline transformations, or to other beings that combine feline and human characteristics. Its root word ailouros is also used in ailurophilia, the most common term for a deep love of cats.

Ailuranthrope is a lesser-known term that refers to a feline therianthrope.

Depending on the story in question, the species involved can be a domestic cat, a tiger, a lion, a leopard, a lynx, or any other type, including some that are purely mythical felines. Werecats are increasingly featured in popular culture, although not as often as werewolves.

Europe
European folklore usually depicts werecats as people who transform into domestic cats. Some European werecats became giant domestic cats or panthers. They are generally labelled witches, even though they may have no magical ability other than self-transformation. During the witch trials, all shapeshifters, including werewolves, were considered witches whether they were male or female.

Africa
African legends describe werelions, werepanthers or wereleopards. In the case of leopards, this is often because the creature is really a leopard deity masquerading as a human. When these gods mate with humans, offspring can be produced, and these children sometimes grow up to be shapeshifters; those who do not transform may instead have other powers. In reference to werecats who turn into lions, the ability is often associated with royalty. Such a being may have been a king or queen in a former life.

In Africa, there are folk tales that speak of the "Nunda," or the "Mngwa," a big cat of immense size that stalks villages at night. Many of these tales say it is more ferocious than a lion and more agile than a leopard. The Nunda are believed by some to be a variation of therianthrope that, by day, is a human, but by night becomes the werecat. No actual evidence of such a creature existing has ever been documented, but in 1938 a British administrator named William Hitchens, working in Tanzania, was told by locals that a monstrous cat had been attacking people at night. Huge paw prints were found to be much larger than any known big-cat, but Hitchens dismissed the case, believing it more likely to be a lion with gigantism.

Asia
Mainland Asian werecats usually become tigers. In India, the weretiger is often a dangerous sorcerer, portrayed as a menace to livestock, who might at any time turn to man-eating. These tales travelled through the rest of India and into Persia through travellers who encountered the royal Bengal tigers of India and then further west. Chinese legends often describe weretigers as the victims of either a hereditary curse or a vindictive ghost. Alternatively, the ghosts of people who had been killed by tigers could become a malevolent supernatural being known as "Chang" (伥), devoting all their energy to making sure that tigers killed more humans. Some of these ghosts were responsible for transforming ordinary humans into man-eating weretigers. Also, in Japanese folklore there are creatures called bakeneko that are similar to kitsune (fox spirits) and bake-danuki (Japanese raccoon dog spirits). In Thailand a tiger that eats many humans may become a weretiger. There are also other types of weretigers, such as sorcerers with great powers who can change their form to become animals.

In both present-day Indonesia and Malaysia there is another kind of weretiger, known as Harimau jadian. Linguist and writer Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad for example has compiled oral stories of a famous weretiger named Dato' Paroi fabled to have led the flock of all tigers that roamed in his home area of Negeri Sembilan. In Malaysia too, Bajangs have been described as vampiric or demonic werecats. The Kerinchi Malays of Sumatra were reputed to have the ability to transform into weretigers.

In the central area of the Indonesian island of Java the power of transformation is regarded as due to inheritance, to the use of spells, to fasting and willpower, to the use of charms, etc. Save when it is hungry or has just cause for revenge it is not hostile to man; in fact, it is said to take its animal form only at night and to guard the plantations from wild pigs. Variants of this belief assert that the shapeshifter does not recognize his friends unless they call him by name, or that he goes out as a mendicant and transforms himself to take vengeance on those who refuse him alms. Somewhat similar is the belief of the Khonds; for them the tiger is friendly, and he reserves his wrath for their enemies. A man is said to take the form of a tiger in order to wreak a just vengeance.

The Americas
The foremost were-animal in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures was the were-jaguar. It was associated with the veneration of the jaguar, with priests and shamans among the various peoples who followed this tradition, wearing the skins of jaguars to "become" a were-jaguar. Among the Aztecs, an entire class of specialized warriors who dressed in the jaguar skins were called "jaguar warriors" or "jaguar knights". Depictions of the jaguar and the were-jaguar are among the most common motifs among the artifacts of the ancient Mesoamerican civilizations.

N. W. Thomas wrote in the 11th ed. of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911) that, according to Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794–1868), the kanaima was a human being who employed poison to carry out his function of blood avenger, and that other authorities represent the kanaima as a jaguar, which was either an avenger of blood or the familiar of a cannibalistic sorcerer. He also mentioned that in 1911 some Europeans in Brazil believed that the seventh child of the same sex in unbroken succession becomes a were-man or woman, and takes the form of a horse, goat, jaguar or pig.

In the US, urban legends tell of encounters with feline bipeds; beings similar to the Bigfoot having cat heads, tails, and paws. Feline bipeds are sometimes classified as part of cryptozoology, but more often they are interpreted as werecats.

Occultism and theology
Assertions that werecats truly exist and have an origin in supernatural or religious realities have been common for centuries, with these beliefs often being hard to entirely separate from folklore. In the 19th century, occultist J. C. Street asserted that material cat and dog transformations could be produced by manipulating the "ethereal fluid" that human bodies are supposedly floating in. The Catholic witch-hunting manual, the Malleus Maleficarum, asserted that witches can turn into cats, but that their transformations are illusions created by demons. New Age author John Perkins asserted that every person has the ability to shapeshift into "jaguars, bushes, or any other form" by using mental power. Occultist Rosalyn Greene claims that werecats called "cat shifters" exist as part of a "shifter subculture" or underground New Age religion based on lycanthropy and related beliefs.

title: Werecat


text:
User talk:ColoradoZ

Welcome!

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title: User talk:ColoradoZ


text:
John Slater

John Slater may refer to:

Business and government

 * John Slater (industrialist) (1776–1843), (American) father of John Fox Slater, brother and partner of Samuel Slater
 * John Fox Slater (1815–1884), American philanthropist, son of John Slater (industrialist)
 * John Slater (art director) (1877–1914), art director at Doulton's Burslem factory
 * John Slater (New Zealand politician), former President of the New Zealand National Party and current President of Citizens and Ratepayers Now
 * John Slater (British politician) (1889–1935), British Conservative MP for Eastbourne, 1932–1935
 * John Slater (Canadian politician) (1952–2015), Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
 * John J. Slater Jr. (1925–1998), American lawyer and politician in Massachusetts
 * John Slater & Co. of Forestdale, Rhode Island

Others

 * John C. Slater (1900–1976), American physicist and theoretical chemist
 * J. D. Slater (born 1954 or 1955), filmmaker and composer
 * John Slater (actor) (1916–1975), British actor specialising in Cockney parts
 * John Slater (cricketer) (1795–?), English cricketer
 * John Slater (figure skater) (1935–1989), British figure skater and ice dancer
 * John Slater, former guitarist with Blaze Bayley
 * John Slater (trade unionist) (1920–1974), British trade union leader
 * John Samuel Slater (1850–1911), British professor of civil engineering

title: John Slater


text:
Rønde Municipality

Until 1 January 2007 Rønde municipality was a municipality (Danish, kommune) in the former Aarhus County on the east coast of the Jutland peninsula in central Denmark. The municipality covered an area of 101 km2, and had a total population of 7,111 (2005). Its last mayor was Vilfred Friborg Hansen, a member of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne) political party. The main town and the site of its municipal council was the town of Rønde.

The municipality was created in 1970 as the result of a kommunalreform ("Municipality Reform") that merged a number of existing parishes:
 * Bregnet Parish
 * Feldballe Parish
 * Thorsager Parish

Rønde municipality ceased to exist as the result of Kommunalreformen ("The Municipality Reform" of 2007). It was merged with Ebeltoft, Midtdjurs, and Rosenholm municipalities to form the new Syddjurs municipality. This created a municipality with an area of 693 km2 and a total population of 40,196 (2005). The new municipality belongs to Region Midtjylland ("Mid-Jutland Region").

title: Rønde Municipality


text: Category:Thomas Jefferson

title: Category:Thomas Jefferson