text:
Mary Paley Marshall

Mary Marshall (née Paley; 24 October 1850 – 19 March 1944) was an economist who in 1874 had been one of the first women to take the Tripos examination at Cambridge University – although, as a woman, she had been excluded from receiving a degree. She was one of a group of five women who were the first to be admitted to study at Newnham College, the second women's college to be founded at the University.

Childhood
Paley was born in the village of Ufford, near Stamford, Lincolnshire, second daughter of the Reverend Thomas Paley and his wife Judith. Her father was Rector of Ufford and a former Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. She was a great-granddaughter of the theologian and philosopher William Paley.

Education
She was educated at home, excelling in languages: in 1871, after performing well in entrance exams, she earned a scholarship to become one of the first five students at the recently founded Newnham College in Cambridge. She took the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1874, and was classed between a first and second-class, though as a woman she was debarred from graduation. Paley sat the exam with Amy Bulley. They were some of the first women to take tripos examinations and they sat the exams in Marion and Benjamin Hall Kennedy's drawing room. Paley described Professor Kennedy as excitable, but he would sometimes doze whilst invigilating. The only evidence she was given of her work was a confidential letter from her examiners. Women sitting the tripos examination was a milestone for Cambridge University and the importance can be gauged by the people involved. The people who delivered Paley and Bulley's papers were Alfred Marshall, Henry Sidgwick, John Venn and Sedley Taylor. She was to pass with honours but this did not entitle her to an official degree. Cambridge was to resist recognising its own women graduates; a restriction that was, later, to be supported by her future husband.

Life
In 1875 she was a 25-year-old economics lecturer at Newnham College. Paley had established herself financially as she was the first women lecturer at Cambridge University. She was stylish and known for wearing clothes made from the fashionable prints designed by the Pre-Raphaelites.

In 1876, Paley became engaged to Alfred Marshall who had been her economics tutor, and was at that time a strong supporter of higher education for women. In 1878 they moved to found the teaching of economics at University College, Bristol. Mary was one of the first women lecturers, although her salary was taken from her husband's pay as a Professor. In 1883 she followed him to Oxford, before the couple returned to Cambridge where they built and moved into Balliol Croft (renamed Marshall House in 1991) on Madingley Road. Mary lectured on economics, and was asked to develop a book from her Cambridge lectures. Mary and Alfred wrote The Economics of Industry together, published in 1879. Alfred disliked the book, however, and it eventually went out of print, even though there was moderate demand for it. Alfred had also changed his mind about women students at Cambridge. He wrote pamphlets and letters objecting to a mixed university, and in 1897 a university law was passed preventing women from being given a Cambridge degree.

There is no record of her publicly disagreeing with her husband's support for the university's discrimination against women. She taught at Newnham and Girton until 1916 and the university did not recognise its own would-be women graduates, with a formal degree, until over 30 years after she retired.

Mary was a friend of Newnham's principal Eleanor Sidgwick. In 1890 Marshall became a member of the Ladies Dining Society several of whom were associated with Newnham College. The society was started by Louise Creighton and Kathleen Lyttelton; other members of the society included Eleanor Sidgwick, the classicist Margaret Verrall, Newnham lecturers Mary Ward and Ellen Wordsworth Darwin, the mental health campaigner Ida Darwin, Baroness Eliza von Hügel, and the US socialites Caroline Jebb and Maud Darwin. She had close links with women working in charity, encouraging Eglantyne Jebb (Caroline Jebb's niece by marriage) to enter this field as an assistant to her friend Florence Keynes; Eglantyne Jebb went on to found Save the Children.

Mary's husband Alfred became increasingly obstructive to the cause of women's education, believing that women had nothing useful to say. When Cambridge began to consider giving women degrees, he decided to object to the idea despite the views of friends and colleagues. Mary was nevertheless devoted to her husband, and an important unofficial collaborator in his own economic writings.

According to James and Julianne Cicarelli, who wrote a book entitled Distinguished Women Economists, she was listed by John Maynard Keynes in his Essays on Biography. The Cicarellis say that “Keynes held her in the highest regard and considered her an intellectual and thinker every bit as significant to the historical development of economics as her husband or any of the other economists about whom he wrote.”

After her husband died in 1924, Mary became Honorary Librarian of the Marshall Library of Economics at Cambridge, to which she donated her husband's collection of articles and books on economics. She worked there as a librarian for twenty years until her doctors ordered her to stop, which she did reluctantly. She continued to live in Balliol Croft until her death on 19 March 1944 at the age of 93. Her ashes were scattered in the garden. Her husband is buried in the Ascension Parish Burial Ground.

Mary Marshall's reminiscences were published posthumously as What I Remember (1947).

title: Mary Paley Marshall


text:
Talk:Hydroxyapatite

Name
the international association of mineralogy strongly recommends the word hydroxylapatite rather than hydroxyapatite. I suggest this article is renamed to hydroxylapatite. Bedrupsbaneman 16:32, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This is insane... There is ONE CORRECT NAME: hydroxylapatite. Why making two articles on ONE compound????? Please, start reading the references........ Eudialytos (talk) 09:41, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry - my mistake.Eudialytos (talk) 21:47, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Should Hydroxyapatite be listed as an alternate name? Is it an older spelling? RJFJR 18:42, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't know about it being older but the alternate spelling is certainly in use in solid-state chemistry and quite a few of the medical articles I've read also call it Hydroxyapatite. If anyone can get a source for that recommendation then it's worth mentioning in the article IMHO --Edith The Hutt 16:10, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that this is a case of two different sciences using two different names for the same thing. The medical profession seems to se hydroxyapatite.  On the other hand the offical name of the mineral is Hydroxylapatite per the dictate of the International Mineralogical Association, the governing body of Mineralogy.  Kevmin 04:06, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it is pretentious to use an irregular spelling as the primary spelling for an article on a biomedical material, relying on an international association of mineralogy to set the standard. It is appropriate for them to control the usages of mineralogical names, such as whether a beryllium aluminum garnet should be called beryl, or one with a chromium color center should be called emerald while a similar green with an iron color center is not emerald, but it is not in their purview, with respect to mainstream chemistry to make up new names or spellings.  Hydroxyapatite has been the proper spelling in chemical publications for longer than the mineralogy group has been in existence and it is acknowledged the preferred spelling in medical publications, and I would think that teeth had more to do with medical studies than with rocks.173.54.37.223 (talk) 18:44, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
 * As this article is primarily about the mineral, the accepted mineral name is appropriate. If you want, you could start a medical article or add to the bone mineral stub. Vsmith (talk) 20:32, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't start a medical article, because I'm a mineralogist and not a medician. However, as the bones (teeth included) are largely comprising a mineral, this is the matter I am working with. The more, as my work adds and is very often related to the nomenclature and systematics of minerals - exclusively governed by the IMA and not IUPAC or any other commissions or associations - it is the IMA rules to be used for correct naming of minerals. Also, I will not provide Wikipedia with any more articles, for the reasons (fraud behaviour) explained in my page & talk page.Eudialytos (talk) 09:20, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The name "hydroxyapatite" - the wrong one - is, unfortunately, notoriously used in the medical literature. It is time, and - possibly - place to change it. So is true for "minerals" in drinking water - a typical mental shortcut, which is, again, wrong, as there are no minerals in drinking water (it contains mineral substances, not minerals, and yes, there is a difference). Eudialytos (talk) 09:36, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The name "hydroxyapatite" - the wrong one - is, unfortunately, notoriously used in the medical literature. It is time, and - possibly - place to change it. So is true for "minerals" in drinking water - a typical mental shortcut, which is, again, wrong, as there are no minerals in drinking water (it contains mineral substances, not minerals, and yes, there is a difference). Eudialytos (talk) 09:37, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree with the anonymous editor 173.54.37.223, and I disagree with . The article is not primarily about the mineral, in the sense of a substance found in rocks. In fact, I think the only place you find it in geology would be recent "fossils", which would more accurately be described as skeletal remains. In old deposits, which may come from bone originally, fluoride replaces much of the hydroxide, so it is no longer hydroxyapatite. So I think we should move the article to Hydroxyapatite. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 07:34, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I have never encountered the use of the term with an ell in the middle in any chemistry textbook. Hydroxyapatite should be the name used consistently in the article. The lead should include the alternative name as aka Hydroxylapatite Petergans (talk) 08:42, 11 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Absolutely not.
 * "Hydroxyapatite" is WRONG. Again, point by point:
 * Bones are made of a MINERAL ---> the nomenclature proper for MINERALS (mineralogy) must be used --> IMA ([International Mineralogical Association] : List of Minerals (mineralogy-ima.org)) ---> the ONLY CORRECT name is H Y D R O X Y L A P A T I T E.
 * Using the name "hydroxyapatite" equals to lacking knowledge in mineralogy, and/or ignorance.Eudialytos (talk) 09:23, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The name "hydroxyapatite" - the wrong one - is, unfortunately, notoriously used in the medical literature. It is time, and - possibly - place to change it. So is true for "minerals" in drinking water - a typical mental shortcut, which is, again, wrong, as there are no minerals in drinking water (it contains mineral substances, not minerals, and yes, there is a difference).\
 * Resume:
 * the only correct name is HYDROXYLAPATITE. Eudialytos (talk) 09:39, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You do not seem to understand what is a mineral.
 * It doesn't matter if a mineral occurs in a bone, bladder stones, rocks, the Moon, or elsewhere.
 * There is ONLY ONE correct name for a mineral species. And this is/was set by the IMA - International Mineralogical Association, not IUPAC or any medical associations/commisions.
 * As such, EACH case of the COMPOUND we are talking about, which is, Ca5(PO4)3(OH) (ideally), is H Y D R O X Y L A P A T I T E.
 * Using the WRONG name "hydroxyapatite" is, simply, an ignorance.
 * Again, references:
 * [International Mineralogical Association] : List of Minerals (mineralogy-ima.org)
 * Hydroxylapatite: Mineral information, data and localities. (mindat.org)
 * Eudialytos (talk) 09:26, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Are you kidding me?
 * Basically you say: this is Wikipedia, here we constitute our own science.
 * Or: let's forget about the scientific institutions: if a name was used in a wrong version, let's keep doing it this way.
 * Is really Wikipedia to repeat errors, or, maybe, to bear correct terms & knowledge?
 * The name "hydroxyapatite" - the wrong one - is, unfortunately, notoriously used in the medical literature. It is time, and - possibly - place to change it. So is true for "minerals" in drinking water - a typical mental shortcut, which is, again, wrong, as there are no minerals in drinking water (it contains mineral substances, not minerals, and yes, there is a difference). Eudialytos (talk) 09:38, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * It doesn't matter if the name is given by a medical worker, mineralogist, or anyone else. We are talking about a SINGLE, THE SAME, mineral species. And its name is hydroxyLapatite, not "hydroxyapatite". If we talk about, say, a bacteria, we will always write Escherichia coli, right? Even though in, e.g., Polish it is pronounced differently, this is not a basis for writing it "Eszerichia koli".
 * Again, References:
 * [International Mineralogical Association] : List of Minerals (mineralogy-ima.org)
 * Hydroxylapatite: Mineral information, data and localities. (mindat.org)
 * Eudialytos (talk) 09:08, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The name "hydroxyapatite" - the wrong one - is, unfortunately, notoriously used in the medical literature. It is time, and - possibly - place to change it. So is true for "minerals" in drinking water - a typical mental shortcut, which is, again, wrong, as there are no minerals in drinking water (it contains mineral substances, not minerals, and yes, there is a difference). Eudialytos (talk) 09:37, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * "Hydroxyapatite" is, simply, a WRONG name. At most, it can be treated as a synonym.
 * Refs.:
 * [International Mineralogical Association] (mineralogy-ima.org)
 * [International Mineralogical Association] : List of Minerals (mineralogy-ima.org)
 * Hydroxylapatite: Mineral information, data and localities. (mindat.org) Eudialytos (talk) 09:31, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The name "hydroxyapatite" - the wrong one - is, unfortunately, notoriously used in the medical literature. It is time, and - possibly - place to change it. So is true for "minerals" in drinking water - a typical mental shortcut, which is, again, wrong, as there are no minerals in drinking water (it contains mineral substances, not minerals, and yes, there is a difference). Eudialytos (talk) 09:36, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Tooth enamel use
The tooth enamel page says it's made of hydroxylapatite. Can someone add to this article why this substance isn't used for dental fillings? It would seem like a natural choice if the substance is identical. (I also asked this over at the dental fillings talk page, and that article would benefit from the answer to this question, if anyone knows.) Tempshill 06:30, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * IIRC it's about 90% hydroxylapatite yes, I'd speculate it's got something to do with the difficulty of forming it and that HAp in tooth enamel has a pretty distinctive microstructure which is very difficult to reproduce. That and maybe the fact you want to replace dentin too, I'm not a dentist or a bio-materials engineer so I couldn't really comment on that aspect. --Edith The Hutt 16:10, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * On usage of hydroxylapatite for small fillings: http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7058
 * --Md2perpe 14:07, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Specific gravity imprecision
Hello,

The specific gravity is quoted as 3.08 in the text, but between 3.14 and 3.21 in the cartouche. Which one is right?

24.37.29.254 (talk) 20:25, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Provided references give both, but it is more likely the larger value . Lower one (3.08) might be due to porosity. Materialscientist (talk) 22:35, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 29 July 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Consensus to move, therefore, moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Dreamy Jazz talk | contribs 18:38, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

Hydroxylapatite → Hydroxyapatite – See the comments under arguing for the form without the "l" in the middle. Problem is, the Hydroxyapatite redirect has been modified a few times, so we cannot do a simple rename anymore. Eric Kvaalen (talk) 15:20, 29 July 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Dekimasu よ! 16:44, 5 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Support' this move 2601:541:4500:1760:95FF:79E9:370A:6174 (talk) 19:35, 5 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Support The letter l in hydroxy l apatite is completely wrong. Petergans (talk) 08:27, 11 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Support The letter l in hydroxy l apatite is completely wrong per above. --Smokefoot (talk) 00:24, 12 August 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Equation for Byphasic Hydroxyapatite is Incomplete
The equation is given as
 * Ca10−x(PO4)6−x(HPO4)x(OH)2−x → (1−x) Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 + 3x Ca3(PO4)2

I attempted to add a simple equation for x as a function of Ca/P and its inverse. Using this equation, I got
 * $$Ca/P = \frac{10-x}{6-x}$$

and
 * $$x = \frac{6\cdot(Ca/P) - 10}{(Ca/P) - 1}$$

The equation for Ca/P from x is obvious from inspection, and the second equation, for x from Ca/P, is a simple inversion of the equation for x. But, the first line of this section says that Ca/P varies from 1.67 to 1.5 as x varies from 0 to 1, but the first equation has Ca/P varying from 1.67 to 1.8, so the formula for byphasic hdrolyapatite is incomplete -- the variable x in the formula actually has a scaling for each term that is not given. Since the valence of the calcium ion is +2 and the valence of the phosphate ion is -3, perhaps the formula should begin Ca10-3x(PO4)6-2x...

If this is correct, the statement "(where x is between 0 and 1)" is incorrect. I could infer a correction from elementary inorganic chemistry but, to be sure that the scalings for the HPO4 and OH ions are corre3ct, a knowledgeable correction from a mineralogist is invited here.

-- motorfingers : Talk 20:24, 15 September 2019 (UTC)

Hydroxyapatite crystal structure
In the figure the orthophosphate anions are shown incorrectly as archimedian pyramids with a phosphorus at the apex. They should be tetrahedral with the phosphorus in the center. Moreover the four PO bonds are equivalent in orthophodphate, like the four SO bonds in sulfate, even though the corresponding acids deviate from perfect tetrahedral symmetry. CharlesHBennettW (talk) 14:59, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hydroxyapatite


text: User talk:81.225.51.238

title: User talk:81.225.51.238


text: User talk:207.163.117.20

title: User talk:207.163.117.20


text:
User talk:Magda.

Magda, please stop spamming those links. If you want to inform the world, please write in the article body instead of simply advertising your website. JFW | T@lk  16:34, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * If you carry on I will block your access on Wikipedia. JFW | T@lk  20:43, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Magda.


text:
Kepínski (crater)

Kepinski is a lunar impact crater on the Moon's far side. It lies to the northwest of the larger crater Vernadskiy, and northeast of Meggers. Its name comes from Polish astronomer Felicjan Kępiński.

Kepinski has an outer rim that is marginally eroded due to subsequent impacts, especially along the southwest side. The inner walls are relatively featureless, sloping down to the interior. The floor is prominently occupied by a concentric, bowl-shaped crater. This feature is offset slightly to the northwest of Kepinski's midpoint. The diameter of this concentric feature is less than half that of Kepinski, although it also has a small outer rampart.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kepinski.

title: Kepínski (crater)


text:
Islamic Circle of North America

Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) is an Islamic North American grassroots umbrella organization. It seeks to propagate Islam and promote the Islamic way of life among American Muslims. It has links to the Jamaat-e-Islami in South Asia.

History
ICNA is an offshoot of the Muslim Students' Association (MSA), and was founded by immigrants from South Asia. In 1971, a number of South Asian MSA members who had been involved in Islamic movements in their home countries developed an Islamic study circle (halaqa), in Montreal. This Halqa Ahbab Islami would become the predecessor of ICNA. The "Sisters Wing", its women's group, was established in 1979.

It is smaller and more conservative than the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), holding separate sessions at its national conventions for women. In 2002 it allowed a woman to address its annual convention for the first time. Its headquarters are in Jamaica, New York, and includes classrooms, a reading room, and a small mosque, and it has offices in Detroit, Michigan, and Oakville, Ontario.

Views
According to ICNA, its goal "shall be to seek the pleasure of Allah through the struggle of Iqamat-ud-Deen establishment of the Islamic system of life as spelled out in the Qur'an and the Sunnah of Muhammad."

ICNA seeks to promote Islam and the Islamic way of life in the United States. They are active on the issues of War in Afghanistan and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Initially ICNA was composed of Muslim Americans of Indo-Pakistani descent who had split from ISNA.

According to Hossein Nasr, ICNA has been influenced by the ideals of Abul A'la Maududi of Pakistan, and is structured similar to the Jamaat-e-Islami, which Mawdudi founded. However, it is a separate entity from Jamaat-e-Islami. John Esposito wrote in 2004 that it had links to Jamaat-e-Islami.

ICNA strongly condemned the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt and immediately called for punishment to the fullest extext of the law for anyone who engages in terrorism. In 2011, ICNA welcomed President Barack Obama's counter-terrorism initiatives.

Activities
Its major Dawah activities include a toll-free number for non-Muslims (1-877-WhyIslam), and dawah: field trips, distribution of Islamic literature, through mosques, by mail, through media, in prisons, campus support, flyers online, and through email. WhyIslam.org is an ICNA program.

When the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy broke, ICNA condemned the depiction of any prophet, from Adam to Moses to Jesus to Mohammed.

As of 2002, a dozen mosques were affiliated with ICNA.

Annual convention
ICNA's annual convention is one of the largest gatherings of American Muslims in the United States, drawing thousands of people. The 33rd annual convention, co-sponsored by the Muslim American Society, was held at the Renaissance Waverly Atlanta Hotel in Georgia. The 2007 ICNA-MAS convention, the 32nd annual convention, was reportedly attended by over 13,000 people. The 38th Annual ICNA-MAS Convention, which was themed "Islam: The Pursuit of Happiness", was attended by a record 18,000 people at the Hartford Convention Center in Connecticut.

The conventions have been held in Baltimore since 2015. An estimated 20,000 Muslims attended the 42nd ICNA-MAS convention in 2017. Many sessions addressed concerns arising from the spike of Islamophobic hate crimes in the community, such as "Combating Islamophobia", "Asserting Your Rights Under Trump Presidency", and "Working through Challenging Times".

ICNA has participated in interfaith dialogue with the U.S. Bishops' Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs.

In January 2017, Javaid Siddiqi was elected ICNA president.

In January 2021, Mohsin Ansari was elected ICNA president.

Why Islam?
Why Islam?, headquartered in Somerset, New Jersey, is a community outreach project of the ICNA, with the objective of providing information about Islam, and debunking what it describes as popular misconceptions. Why Islam? was established in 2000. The project seeks to provide information about Islam, by dispelling popular stereotypes and common misconceptions about Islam and Muslims through various services and outreach activities. In an effort to promote peaceful co-existence and remove hatred in society through encouraging understanding, Why Islam? offers opportunities for dialogue and answers to people’s queries about Islam.

Controversy
In 2009 and 2010, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) accused ICNA of inviting extremist and anti-Semitic speakers to its conferences that serve as platforms for extremist views. ICNA responded to ADL's allegations by saying that its conferences have always been held under the objective of rejecting extremism. ICNA's statement also supported the defense of human rights for Jewish and Israeli people, but demanded the defense of human rights for Palestinians as well.

title: Islamic Circle of North America


text:
Katma Tui

Katma Tui is a comic book superhero, an extraterrestrial from the planet Korugar, and a member of the intergalactic police force known as the Green Lantern Corps. She is the Green Lantern successor of the supervillain Sinestro and the predecessor of Sinestro's daughter, Soranik Natu.

Publication history
Katma Tui first appeared in DC Comics' Green Lantern (vol. 2) #30 (July 1964) and was created by writer John Broome and artist Gil Kane.

Fictional character biography
Katma Tui hails from the planet Korugar, in the area of space designated Sector 1417 by the Guardians of the Universe, beings from the planet Oa who oversee and administer the Green Lantern Corps. Korugar is also the homeworld of the renegade former Green Lantern Sinestro, who uses his Green Lantern powers to enslave the planet, and rule over it as a tyrant, unbeknownst to his Guardian superiors. Tui eventually leads a rebellion against Sinestro, and even testifies against him before the Guardians. Sinestro is imprisoned in the antimatter universe, on the planet Qward. Green Lantern Tomar-Re nominates Tui as Sinestro's replacement as Green Lantern of Sector 1417, and Tui accepts. The people of Korugar, however, come to view the Green Lantern symbol as one of oppression and pain, and see Tui as a monster for joining them. Tui is now known among her people as "Katma Tui the Lost", as seen in Green Lantern Corps: Recharge #1 (November 2005).

In her first mission, which occurs during her probationary period as a Lantern, Tui and Korugaran scientist Imi Kann destroy an amoeba-like alien that threatens Korugar. Tui and Kann fall in love, and she decides to leave the Corps. Hal Jordan, the Green Lantern of Earth, manages to persuade her not to.

Tui goes on to become an exemplary Green Lantern on a number of adventures, including a prison breakout on the Guardians’ prison planet, her struggle against the telepathic influence of the alien Ffa’rzz the Mocker and her kidnapping by a group of terrorists who mistake her for Hal Jordan's love Carol Ferris. She is involved in the war against Krona, Nekron, the Weaponers of Qward, and the Anti-Green Lantern Corps. She successfully recruits Rot Lop Fan, who has no concept of 'color', being sightless. Tui helps defeat the extra-dimensional entity known as Maaldor, who had cut off the Lanterns from the Main Battery that powered them. She is involved in the events of the series Crisis on Infinite Earths and many subsequent conflicts with Sinestro.

Marriage
When Hal Jordan resigns from the Corps for Carol Ferris, Tui is infuriated, given that Jordan had persuaded her to give up Imi Kann for the Corps. When John Stewart initially turns down the offer of replacing Jordan as Green Lantern of Earth, Tui, projecting her anger towards Jordan upon Stewart, dismisses him as a coward, which provokes Stewart into changing his mind. Tui would eventually train Stewart and work closely with him on a number of missions. The two soon fall in love, and with the blessings of the Guardians they marry. During the first Green Lantern Corps story arc at the Citadel on Earth, Tui works with a large contingent of Lanterns who find themselves based in California. This grouping includes Kilowog, Ch'p and Arisia.

Death
Katma Tui is slain by the villain Star Sapphire while she is unpowered, being sliced to death in her kitchen. Star Sapphire did this simply to make a point to Hal Jordan.

During the Green Lantern: Mosaic series, John Stewart becomes involved with a new society, various alien citizens placed together on one planet by an ex-Guardian, who had gone insane from loneliness. His efforts elevate him to become the first mortal Guardian of the Universe, known as The Master Builder. As his reward for this new level of awareness, John is reunited with his late wife, Katma Tui. However, tragedy strikes once again and Hal Jordan, possessed by Parallax, destroys both the Guardians and the Central Power Battery, robbing John of his newfound powers and his resurrected wife.

The Blue Lantern Saint Walker uses his blue power ring to calm John Stewart's rage from Red Lantern. By reading his psyche, the ring discerns that creating an image of Katma Tui would best serve this purpose. After being surrounded by the illusion of flying with his late wife for several moments, Stewart emerges with the belief that he would be able to see Katma again.

During the Blackest Night event, Katma Tui is resurrected as a Black Lantern before being killed again by John Stewart and Fatality.

In DC Rebirth, Hal meets with Katma while traveling to the Emerald Space, an afterlife for fallen Green Lanterns.

Other versions
An alternate universe incarnation of Katma Tui appears in Batman: In Darkest Knight.

In other media

 * Katma Tui makes a non-speaking appearance in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "In Brightest Day...".
 * Katma Tui appears in the Justice League episode "Hearts and Minds", voiced by Kim Mai Guest. This version is a Green Lantern trainer, similar to Kilowog, and previously trained John Stewart as well as Kyle Rayner.
 * Katma Tui makes a non-speaking appearance in the Justice League Unlimited episode "The Return".
 * Katma Tui makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Day of the Dark Knight!".
 * Katma Tui appears in the Duck Dodgers episode "The Green Loontern", voiced by Tara Strong.
 * Katma Tui appears as a character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure.
 * Katma Tui appears in Legion of Super Heroes in the 31st Century #6.

title: Katma Tui


text:
Durell

Durell may refer to:

Persons

 * Birgitta Durell (1619–1683), Swedish industrialist
 * C. V. Durell (1882–1968), schoolmaster who wrote mathematical textbooks.
 * Daniel Meserve Durell (1769–1841), U.S. Representative from New Hampshire
 * Durell Peaden, a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 2nd District since 2001.
 * Durell Taylor, American football player
 * Edward Durell Stone (1902–1978), American modernist twentieth century architect.
 * Edward Henry Durell, the 25th mayor of New Orleans (1863).

Other

 * Durell Software UK producer of Accounting software, previously well known for ZX Spectrum games.

title: Durell


text:
Puńsk

Puńsk (Punskas) is a village in the Podlaskie Voivodeship in northeastern Poland, seat of the Gmina Puńsk in the Sejny County. It is located only 5 km from the border with Lithuania.

Early history
The oldest traces of humans in Puńsk territory date back to about 10,000 years BC.

Middle Ages
In the early medieval ages it was inhabited by the Baltic Yotvingians.

Lithuanian Crusade
In the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights mostly exterminated the local Balts with only few of them surviving. Nowadays only some castle hills (e.g. in Šiurpilis), mounds (e.g. in Eglinė), cemeteries (e.g. in Szwajcaria), village names (e.g. Zervynai, Krosna) and archaeological excavations remind us about their existence. Later on the Suwałki Region became overgrown with forests. Lithuanian Grand Dukes hunted there. In the early 15th century the people from Merkinė and Punia started to colonize this territory again. The lake was named Punia, from which the village derived its name. Initially, it might have been called Puniškės after Punia, which over time became Puńsk. It was one of the first settlements in this territory. At the same time the other ones were created, such as: Beržininkai, Seinai or Kreivėnai.

Modern era
In 1597, the Seivai forester, Stanisław Zaliwski built the church in Puńsk, and here was the parish established. Later on the Lithuanian chancellery published the document of the king Sigismund I the Old, which stated that Puńsk's parish priest can only be a Lithuanian-speaking person.

In 1647, the king Władysław IV Vasa approved Puńsk's civic rights according to the Magdeburg rights and gave it a coat of arms with Saint Peter's image. At that time the parish of Puńsk belonged to the Diocese of Vilnius, and later (from 1795) to the bishopric of Wigry. There was a school and a hospital by the church.

In 1795, there lived 583 people in Puńsk and 748 people were registered in 1827.

Puńsk was annexed by Prussia in the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. In 1807 it became part of the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, within which it was administratively located in the Łomża Department. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it became part of Congress Poland, soon forcibly integrated into the Russian Empire.

In 1827, Puńsk had 748 inhabitants. In 1852 Puńsk lost its civic rights. In 1881, there lived 1,200 people in the whole parish. Then the parish of Puńsk was divided into three separate units: in Smolany, Becejły and Puńsk. In 1910, there were 74 villages with 7,044 people that belonged to the parish of Puńsk.

People of Puńsk area suffered from the tsar's repressions. There were secret schools. The forbidden, illegal Lithuanian press and books were secretly transferred across the German-Russian border by the book smugglers (knygnešiai). Povilas Matulevičius was the most famous book smugglers in the region

Interwar period
After World War I, when both Lithuania and Poland regained independence, there were fights between them over the Suwałki Region. In April 1919 Puńsk and its territory became a part of Poland. The border has remained unchanged since the summer of 1920.

Similarly to the situation in other disputed areas, including the Vilnius region, a referendum which would determine which country the inhabitants of Puńsk wanted to belong to was not held. Through 8 decades the language situation has changed to the advantage of Polish.

As part of Poland, new local regulations were introduced by the government, and Lithuanians were repressed by them. During the interwar period, there were several active societies, for example St. Casimir's Society dealt with the matters of church, Rytas maintained schools, and Talka was a co-operative society. The vast majority of commerce and business belonged to Jews. They made up the greater part of Puńsk inhabitants at that time. Some extant old houses, the building of synagogue and a big cemetery nearby Puńsk remind of their former presence.

Anti-Semitism was rampant, and many of the Jewish residents fled Polish rule. One such family was Rafalin. David Rafalin, a graduate of the Slobodka Yeshiva, became a rabbi in Cuba in 1929, then in 1933, he moved to Mexico, where he was a rabbi for 46 years. In 1931, most of the Jewish section of Puńsk was destroyed by a fire.

World War II
During World War II, Puńsk was occupied by Germany, who incorporated it directly into the province of East Prussia. The invaders started to introduce a new order. It was decided to make a clean sweep of undesirable people in the Suwałki Region. The unsuitable ones for Germanisation were killed and the favourable ones had been left to become assimilated. It was also decided to colonize this area and populate it with Germans in accordance with the Lebensraum policy, and resettle many indigenous Lithuanians to Lithuania, which was then occupied by the Russians. According to the agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union on 10 January 1941, about 70% of people were expelled from the territory. Most of them returned after the German occupation ended.

In Yad Vashem's Central Database of Shoah (Holocaust) Victims, more than six dozen Jewish inhabitants of Puńsk are listed as being murdered during World War II. Some were killed in the village itself, while others were deported to camps and ghettos in German-occupied Poland and neighboring Lithuania.

With the end of German occupation, the village was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s.

Contemporary history
After the war Lithuanian social and cultural life in this region became more active again. In 1956, there was established LVKD (The Social and Cultural Association of Lithuanians). Its task was to weld Lithuanians who were scattered not only in the Suwałki Region but all over Poland. Lithuanian schools and cultural centre were established. The ensembles of the Lithuanian Culture Centre in Puńsk perform in Poland and abroad. These are:

 * choreographic ensemble Jotva (established in 1951),
 * folk band Klumpė (1956),
 * choir Dzūkija (1957)
 * and barn theatre group.

The important role in propagation of national awareness is played by the Publishing House and its periodical Aušra. The Puńsk impact crater on Mars was named after the village in 1976.

In 1993, LLB (Lithuanian Society in Poland) was established. One year later its offshoot - Lithuanian Youth Society was created. These organizations connect all of Lithuanians and represent their interests in and out of country.

In 1994, Poland and Lithuania signed an agreement about friendship and neighbourly cooperation. New possibilities have appeared in order to communicate with Poland.

Demographics
According to the census of 2021, it had a population of 1,352. Over 75% of the population of Puńsk is Lithuanian. With Lithuanian Culture House, Lithuanian high school and print house, Puńsk is the main centre of the Lithuanian minority in Poland.

title: Puńsk


text:
East Africa Protectorate

East Africa Protectorate (also known as British East Africa) was a British protectorate in the African Great Lakes, occupying roughly the same area as present-day Kenya, from the Indian Ocean inland to the border with Uganda in the west. Controlled by the United Kingdom in the late 19th century, it grew out of British commercial interests in the area in the 1880s and remained a protectorate until 1920 when it became the Colony of Kenya, save for an independent 10 mi coastal strip that became the Kenya Protectorate.

Administration
European Christian missionaries began settling in the area from Mombasa to Mount Kilimanjaro in the 1840s, nominally under the protection of the Sultanate of Zanzibar. In 1886, the British government encouraged William Mackinnon, who already had an agreement with the Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the African Great Lakes, to establish British influence in the region. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Company being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the dependency. It administered about 150 mi of coastline stretching from the Jubba River via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan. The British "sphere of influence", agreed at the Berlin Conference of 1885, extended up the coast and inland across the future Kenya. Mombasa was the administrative centre at this time.

However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895, the British government proclaimed a protectorate, the administration being transferred to the Foreign Office. In 1902, administration was again transferred to the Colonial Office. In 1897 Hugh Cholmondeley, the pioneer of white settlement, arrived in the Kenya highlands, which was then part of the Protectorate. Lord Delamere was impressed by the agricultural possibilities of the area. In 1902, the boundaries of the protectorate were extended to include what was previously the Eastern Province of Uganda. Also, in 1902, the East Africa Syndicate received a grant of 500 sqmi to promote white settlement in the Highlands. Lord Delamere now commenced extensive farming operations, and in 1905, when a large number of new settlers arrived from England and South Africa, the Protectorate was transferred from the authority of the Foreign Office to that of the Colonial Office. The capital was shifted from Mombasa to Nairobi in 1905. A regular government and legislature were constituted by Order in Council in 1906. This constituted the administrator a governor and provided for legislative and executive councils. Lieutenant Colonel J. Hayes Sadler was the first governor and commander in chief. There were occasional troubles with local tribes, but the country was opened up by the government and the colonists with little bloodshed. After the First World War, more farmers arrived from England and South Africa, and by 1919 the European population was estimated at 9,000 settlers.

On 23 July 1920, the inland areas of the protectorate were annexed as British dominions by Order in Council. That part of the former protectorate was thereby constituted as the Colony of Kenya. The remaining 10 mi coastal strip (with the exception of Witu), remained a protectorate under an agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar. That coastal strip, remaining under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar, was constituted as the Protectorate of Kenya in 1920. The East Africa Protectorate was bounded to the north by the Ethiopian Empire and the Huwan, a semi-independent vassal state of the Ethiopian Empire; to the east by the Italian Geledi, to the south by German East Africa; to the west by the Uganda Protectorate.

Development
In April 1902, the first application for land in British East Africa was made by the East Africa Syndicate – a company in which financiers belonging to the British South Africa Company were interested – which sought a grant of 500 sqmi, and this was followed by other applications for considerable areas, many of which came from prospective settlers in South Africa. In 1903, Joseph Chamberlain, then serving as Secretary of State for the Colonies, offered 5000 sqmi at Uasin Gishu in British East Africa to Zionist settlers as part of the Uganda Scheme. However, opposition to the scheme at the Sixth Zionist Congress led to the plan falling through and Chamberlain swiftly withdrew the offer. In April 1903, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, an American scout then serving as a director of the East African Syndicate, sent an expedition consisting of John Weston Brooke, John Charles Blick, Mr. Bittlebank and Mr. Brown, to assess the mineral wealth of the region. The party, known as the "Four B.'s", travelled from Nairobi via Mount Elgon northwards to the western shores of Lake Rudolf, experiencing plenty of privations from want of water, and of the danger from encounters with the Maasai. With the arrival in 1903 of hundreds of prospective settlers, chiefly from South Africa, questions were raised concerning the preservation for the Maasai of their rights of pasturage, and the decision was made to entertain no more applications for large areas of land.

In the process of carrying out this policy of colonisation a dispute arose between Sir Charles Eliot, Commissioner of British East Africa, and Lord Lansdowne, the British Foreign Secretary. The East Africa Syndicate had applied for and been pledged the lease of 500 sqmi of land. Lansdowne, believing himself bound by the pledges, decided the applications should be approved. In a separate matter, two South African applicants who were each attempting to lease 50 sqmi were declined by Lansdowne, and he refused Eliot permission to conclude the transactions. In view of this Eliot resigned his post, giving his reason in a public telegram to the Prime Minister, dated Mombasa, 21 June 1904, stating: "Lord Lansdowne ordered me to refuse grants of land to certain private persons while giving a monopoly of land on unduly advantageous terms to the East Africa Syndicate. I have refused to execute these instructions, which I consider unjust and impolitic." Sir Donald William Stewart, the chief commissioner of Ashanti (Ghana), was announced as Sir Charles' successor on the day the telegram was sent.

Legislation
In 1914, the British government banned cannabis ("bhang") in the Protectorate.

Stamps and postal history of British East Africa

The protectorate upon becoming a direct possession of British Empire in 1895 had overprinted postal stamps from India and the former Imperial British East Africa Company issued. Along with this the territory was incorporated into the Universal Postal Union. By 1896, the first line of official stamps was issued, although the protectorate's postage service was short lived as in 1901 it was merged with the Protectorate of Uganda's mail service becoming the East Africa and Uganda protectorates issuing their first stamps in 1904.

title: East Africa Protectorate


text:
Robert Kelly (character)

Robert Edward Kelly is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He most often appears in Marvel's X-Men related comic books. He is a prominent United States Senator who began his career on an anti-mutant platform and tended to be an antagonist to the X-Men team, but later began to change his views on mutants as a whole.

Publication history
The character was created by Chris Claremont and John Byrne and makes his first appearance in The Uncanny X-Men #135 (July 1980).

Fictional character biography
Senator Robert Kelly was first seen at a social gathering hosted by the Hellfire Club, where an illusion projected by the mutant villain Mastermind caused him to believe he had witnessed the X-Man Cyclops firing randomly into a crowd. He was the primary backer of the Mutant Control Act and Project Wideawake, a government program aimed at creating updated Sentinel robots that would help track down, detain and, if necessary, kill violent mutants.

Senator Kelly played a central role in the Days of Future Past storyline. His assassination by Mystique and the Brotherhood of Mutants leads to a dystopian future where mutants and other heroes were hunted down by the Sentinels and nearly totally eliminated, with the X-Men working to prevent it.

Kelly was later married to Sharon, a former maid who worked in the Hellfire Club. Kelly, in a meeting with Sebastian Shaw, was shocked when his wife walked in wearing her old servant garb as a bit of fun. Sharon was genuinely apologetic, saying she would not have done such a thing if it hadn't been just him and Shaw. Sharon was killed, shot by Master Mold during a battle between the mutant-hunting robot and Rogue. This further incited Robert's stance against mutantkind.

Senator Kelly remained an active anti-mutant activist in the comics through the 1990s, but slowly became more open-minded and tolerant towards the mutant population, (thought to be a reference to George Wallace, and other former segregationists who renounced their past racism) promising the X-Men he would work for the rights of mutants during the early 2000s. After his life was saved by the mutant Pyro in an attack (this was when Pyro was infected with the Legacy Virus) from Post, Kelly vowed to reconsider his standing on mutants and work towards improving human/mutant relations. Despite being guarded by the X-Man Cable, he was not long afterward assassinated at a college rally (where he was speaking at the time) by the anti-mutant activist Alan Lewis who felt that Kelly betrayed their anti-mutant cause. He died in Cable's arms after Cable had been too occupied helping Jean Grey save Charles Xavier on the astral plane to realize the danger to Kelly before it was too late. With his dying breaths, he pleaded for Cable not to give up on his dream. Cable's failure to protect the reformed Kelly, coupled with the devastating loss of Moira MacTaggert who was murdered by Mystique, led Cable to leave the X-Men not long afterward.

The Box prison for mutant criminals was also known as the Robert Kelly Correction Facility where it was named in honor of him.

Creation
The character's name was chosen by Chris Claremont, in honor of his Bard College professor, the poet Robert Kelly. The latter has confirmed the connection between the two names in interviews among his students.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse, Robert Kelly was an activist for mutant-human peace who is eventually elected President of the United States. He named Magneto as Director of Mutant Affairs and enlisted the X-Men's aid in the broken country's reconstruction.

X-Men: Noir
In the X-Men Noir reality, Robert Kelly was a Republican Senator of New York who strongly defended the controversial U.S. extraterritorial prison Genosha Bay. Kelly believed through eugenics that it is necessary for containing criminals who are more exceptionally dangerous and from "infecting" the public with their criminal ways. However, in reality, Kelly's true purpose of keeping Genosha Bay was because it was the proving grounds in recruiting the next generation of ideal soldiers and government operatives.

Secret Wars
During the "Secret Wars" storyline, a version of Robert Kelly existed as the appointed Baron of the Battleworld domain known as Westchester. Kelly survived an assassination attempt by the Shadow King whom possessed Cassandra Nova (revealed to be a clone of Charles Xavier created by Apocalypse) and despite being a merely "human" and remaining publicly favorable to the X-Men, Baron Kelly was secretly one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse along with Bastion, Mystique and Exodus. He was last seen meeting with Apocalypse to plan the future for Westchester.

Television

 * Robert Jefferson Kelly appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Len Carlson. He initially runs for President of the United States on an anti-mutant campaign during the first season until he gradually changes his mind following failed assassination attempts by Mystique disguised as Gambit and kidnapped by Master Mold before being rescued by the X-Men, whom he befriends. Upon winning the election and taking office, Kelly publicly supports mutants and pardons Beast as his first presidential act. Afterwards, Kelly makes minor appearances in subsequent seasons as an ally of the X-Men.
 * Robert Kelly appears in X-Men '97, voiced by Ron Rubin.
 * Edward Kelly appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Dale Wilson. This version is the principal of Bayville High, which several X-Men and the Brotherhood of Bayville attend, following his predecessor Raven Darkholme's disappearance. After the X-Men's identities are publicly revealed, Kelly attempts to vote the mutants out of school, but the school board vote against him after the X-Men save them from the Brotherhood (who Kelly subsequently expels) to which he runs for Mayor.
 * Senator Robert Kelly appears in Wolverine and the X-Men, voiced by Richard Doyle. This version supports various anti-mutant projects, such as Bolivar Trask's Sentinel program and the Mutant Response Division (MRD), and arranged a deal where Magneto has Genosha. After Magneto closes Genosha's borders, Kelly sends Gambit to steal Magneto's helmet and cripple the nation, though Gambit only succeeds in the latter task. Magneto attempts to seek revenge, but Professor X intervenes by showing Magneto and Kelly the possible dystopian future that will take place if they continue on their current path. Shocked by this, Kelly shuts down Sentinel production, but Magneto is undeterred and has Quicksilver capture him so Mystique can take his place and help incite a war between mutants and humanity.
 * Senator Robert Kelly appears in the Iron Man: Armored Adventures episode "The X-Factor", voiced again by Dale Wilson. This version sports a beard and rabidly speaks out against mutants.

Film

 * Senator Robert Kelly appears in X-Men, portrayed by Bruce Davison. This version is a Republican from Kansas who advocates for a Mutant Registration Act. He is kidnapped by the Brotherhood of Mutants and used as a test subject for Magneto's plan to convert humans into mutants. This transforms him into a jellyfish-like mutant with stretching capabilities, but the process proves fatal due to his body rejecting the changes. The X-Men later recover Kelly, who learns to accept that some mutants are not against humanity before dying.
 * Senator Robert Kelly appears in X2, portrayed again by Bruce Davidson. Mystique takes his place to avoid arousing suspicions.

Video games

 * Senator Robert Kelly appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Peter Renaday. This version harbors a general distrust of superhumans in addition to mutants. After being captured by Arcade and imprisoned in Murderworld, players have the option of saving him in a side mission. If he is found and rescued, Kelly will support a mutant aid bill, which will allow government funding for schools dedicated to training young mutants in how to control their powers. If not, he frees himself and successfully sponsors a bill where all mutants are sent to re-education camps, where they are brutally educated in not using their powers.
 * Senator Robert Kelly appears in X-Men Origins: Wolverine, voiced by Steve Blum.

title: Robert Kelly (character)