text:
User talk:Traianus

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Victor 12:14, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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re: Japanese names
Yes, I realize this, but this is the English wiki... I don't think we have a specific standard for this, although I think the general consensus is to write names in English order. -- EmperorBMA|話す 01:59, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh that's no problem, but I think either style is valid for modern people judging by the Manual of Style on Japanese Names. The family name capitalization is not according to this... -- EmperorBMA|話す 02:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The rule is open for negotiation, but you'd have to start a discussion over there. For what its worth, I think both sides were considered, but I didn't pay much attention to that specific debate. You may want to talk with Taku about this though, since this seems to be his area. -- EmperorBMA|話す 02:44, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oh and by the way: 宜しくお願いします。ようこそ英語のWIKIPEDIAへ。 (If this sounds odd, I am a bit of a hobbyist ^^; )

Hi! Regarding that, Morinosuke Chiwaki is more common than Chiwaki Morinosuke, so I moved to Western order, BUT with the name in Japanese order next to the Kanji. (Morinosuke Chiwaki (血脇守之助 Chiwaki Morinosuke, March 1870-24 February 1947)WhisperToMe 08:47, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the new articles
Hi Traianus, and thank you for posting your articles about neighborhoods of Tokyo. I started Category:Neighborhoods of Tokyo and am always eager to learn more about the history and culture of the area. Fg2 06:01, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Image:Hijiri-zaka.jpg
Other text-only images have been listed there too. --Mnd 15:50, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Scenery of the Tuki no Misaki of 1400 years agoi.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Scenery of the Tuki no Misaki of 1400 years agoi.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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AfD nomination of Hebi zaka
I've nominated Hebi zaka, an article you created, for deletion. We appreciate your contributions, but in this particular case I do not feel that Hebi zaka satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion; I have explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Hebi zaka and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Hebi zaka during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. (Note: This AfD applies to all the -zaka articles you created.) Sandstein 22:10, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

Japanese word format
Could you please use the following format when entering Japanese words in the wikipedia?

english (kanji) → english (kanji)

Japanese names: Junichiro Koizumi (小泉純一郎) → Junichiro Koizumi (小泉純一郎)

In a sentence: Kamezuka Kōen (亀塚公園) sits on the seaward side of the slope. → Kamezuka Kōen (亀塚公園) sits on the seaward side of the slope.

ありがとう. . . --Kunzite 02:31, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:綱坂.JPG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:綱坂.JPG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Nv8200p talk 14:23, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Image:綱の手引き坂.JPG listed for deletion
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Articles for deletion nomination of Tsuki no Misaki
I have nominated Tsuki no Misaki, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Tsuki no Misaki. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. armagebedar (talk) 05:53, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Traianus! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:40, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Takeyama You -

AfD nomination of Takamatsu Junior High School
An article that you have been involved in editing, Takamatsu Junior High School, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/. Thank you.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Chris (クリス • フィッチュ) (talk) 03:36, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Yō Takeyama
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Yō Takeyama. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:11, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Yō Takeyama
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title: User talk:Traianus


text:
Andreas Kalvos

Andreas Kalvos (Ἀνδρέας Κάλβος, also spelled Andreas Calvos; commonly in Italian: Andrea Calbo; 1 April 1792 – 3 November 1869) was a Greek poet of the Romantic school. He published five volumes of poetry and drama - Canzone... (1811), Le Danaidi (1818), Elpis patridos (1818), Lyra (1824) and New odes (1826). He was a contemporary of the poets Ugo Foscolo and Dionysios Solomos. He was among the representatives of the Heptanese School of literature. No portrait of him is known to exist.

He is featured prominently in the Museum of Solomos and Eminent Zakynthians.

Biography
Andreas Calvos was born in April 1792 on the island of Zacynthos (then ruled by the Venetian Republic), the elder of the two sons of Ioannes Calvos and Andriane Calvos (née Roucane). His mother came from an established, landowning family. His younger brother, Nicolaos, was born in 1794. In 1802, when Andreas was ten years old, his father took him and Nicolaos, but not his wife, to Livorno (Leghorn) in Italy, where his brother was consul for the Ionian Islands and where there was a Greek community. The two boys never saw their mother again. In 1805 Calvos's mother obtained a divorce on the grounds of desertion; and shortly afterwards remarried. In Livorno, Andreas first studied ancient Greek and Latin literature and history.

In Livorno in 1811 he wrote his Italian Hymn to Napoleon, an anti-war poem that he later repudiated (this is how we know of its existence, as the poem itself was not saved). Around the same time he lived for a few months in Pisa, where he worked as a secretary; and then moved to Florence, a centre of intellectual and artistic life of the time.

In 1812 his father died, and Kalvos's finances became deeply strained. However, during that year he also met Ugo Foscolo, the most honoured Italian poet and scholar of the era, and, like Calvos, a native of Zacynthos. Foscolo gave Calvos a post as his copyist, and put him to teaching a protégé of his. Under the influence of Foscolo Kalvos took up neoclassicism, archaizing ideals, and political liberalism. In 1813 Kalvos wrote three tragedies in Italian: Theramenes, Danaïdes and Hippias. He also completed four dramatic monologues, in the neoclassical style.

At the end of 1813, because of his 'advanced' views, Foscolo withdrew to Zurich in Switzerland. Kalvos remained in Florence, where he again became a teacher. In 1814 he wrote another Italian ode, 'To the Ionians', expressing his sympathy with the plight of his fellow-countrymen, and at this period made a close study of the works of Rousseau. He also, it seems, embarked on a love affair with a woman.

In 1816 Calvos broke off his affair and went to join Foscolo in Switzerland. That year he also learned that his mother had died a year before, a thing that saddened him deeply, as can be seen in his Ode to Death.

By the end of 1816 the two poets travelled together to Britain, and continued their association in London until February 1817, when for an unknown reason they quarrelled and separated. Foscolo later said that Calvos had exploited him, but it is possible that the younger poet had begun to find Foscolo's patronage irksome. Kalvos earned a living by giving Italian and Greek lessons, and translating the Anglican liturgy into Italian and Greek. In 1818 and 1819 he gave lectures on the pronunciation of ancient Greek. He composed and published a modern Greek grammar, 'Italian Lessons, in four parts' and dealt with the syntax of an English-Greek dictionary.

After several love affairs, he married Maria Theresa Thomas, with whom he had one daughter; but his wife died on 17 May 1819 and his daughter shortly afterwards. By the end of 1819 Calvos had a love affair with a student, Susan Fortune Rideout, but her parents did not approve, and it was considered too soon after his wife's death for them to think of marrying. During that time he may have attempted to commit suicide.

At the beginning of 1820 Calvos left Britain. In September 1820, while returning to Florence, he stopped a short while in Paris.

in Florence he became involved in the movement of the Carbonari, and was arrested and expelled on 23 April 1821. He retreated to Geneva, finding support in the philhellene circle of the city. He worked again as a teacher of foreign languages, while publishing of a manuscript of the Iliad, that however was not successful. Carried away in the enthusiasm of the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence he composed several poems in Greek, and in 1824 published Lyra, a collection of ten Greek odes. Almost immediately the odes were translated into French, and found a favourable reception.

At the beginning of 1825 Kalvos returned to Paris, where in 1826 he published ten more Greek odes, Lyrica, with the financial aid of philhellenes.

In the end of July 1826 Calvos decided to travel to Greece himself, and, as he said in the dedication to his 1826 odes, to expose his heart to Musulman fire. He landed at Nauplion; but was soon disappointed by the rivalries and hatreds of the Greeks and their indifference to himself and his work. In August the same year he withdrew to Cercyra (Corfu).

There he taught in the Ionian Academy (Ionios Akademia) as a private tutor, until he was appointed to the Academy in 1836. He was director of the Corfiot Gymnasium (Kerkyraiko Gymnasio) during 1841, but resigned by the end of the year. He also contributed to local newspapers. For many years he and the poet Dionysios Solomos were both living on Corfu, but the two do not appear to have known each other. This is probably due to his wayward character. The fact he was not recognized in his homeland is perhaps also owed to that. After 1826, Calvos published no more poetry.

In the end of 1852 Kalvos left Corfu, and returned to Britain. On 5 February 1853 he married Charlotte Augusta Wadams, a woman twenty years younger than he. They settled at Louth, Lincolnshire, where they ran a school for girls.

Kalvos died on 3 November 1869 in Louth. His widow died in 1888. They were buried in the graveyard of St Margaret's church, Keddington, near Louth.

In June 1960 the poet George Seferis, who at that time was Greek ambassador to Britain, arranged for Calvos's remains to be transferred to Zacynthos, where they rest in the church of St Nicolas.

Works

 * Ελπίς Πατρίδος (Hope of Homeland)
 * Λύρα -- ᾨδαὶ Ἀνδρέα Κάλβου ['Lyre – Odes of Andreas Calvos'] (1824 Geneva) (text at Greek Wikisource)
 * Λυρικά [= 'Lyrics'] (1826)
 * Hippias
 * Le Danaidi (1818)
 * Theramenes (1813)
 * The Seasons (Le Stagioni -- Giovanni Meli)
 * Italian Lessons in Four Parts (1820)
 *  ᾨδὴ είς Ἰονίους Ode agli Ionii [= 'Ode to the Ionians'] (1814)
 * Σχέδιο Νέων Ἀρχῶν τῶν Γραμμάτων [= 'A Plan of New Principles of Letters']
 *  Ἀπολογία τῆς Αὐτοκτονίας [= 'A Defence of Suicide']
 *  Έρευνα περὶ τῆς Φύσεως τοῦ Διαφορικοῦ Ὑπολογισμοῦ [= 'Introduction to Differential Calculus'] (1827)
 * Ugo Foscolo, Grazie [publication of unpublished abstracts] (1846)
 * Canzone (1811)
 * Βιβλίον τῶν Δημοσίων Προσευχῶν [= 'Book of Common Prayer'] (1820)
 * Γραμματικὴ τῆς Νέας Ἑλληνικῆς Γλώσσης [= 'Grammar of the modern Grek language'] (1822)
 * Ἐπίκρισις Θεολογική [= 'Theological Criticism'] (1849)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Andreas Kalvos


text:
User talk:Itaguy

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Victor 12:17, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Thanks!
...will do my best. ;)
 * Please remember to sign your posts on talk pages. Typing four tildes after your comment ( ~~~~ ) will insert a signature showing your username and a date/time stamp, which makes it clear who said what, and when. Thank you. --Victor 12:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's try.. :) Itaguy 12:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thing is, you should try to keep this thing organized. Indent replies with one more colon than the previous entry. Also, you put your tildes directly in front of the text. You don't put a new line between them. :) --Victor 12:23, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the advice. :)Itaguy 12:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do you use Firefox? There is a Firefox extension that makes Wikipedia editing easier. It helps you with adding formatting tags and other neat things like that. I use it. It's quite nice. It even adds a toolbar to the browser with stuff that you might need, including links to your user page, etc. Try it out. --Victor 12:29, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually I use Opera most of the time. Anyway I also have Firefox installed, so I will try it out and see how it goes.--Itaguy 12:35, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Artemisia Gentileschi
Greetings:

I have added some reference sources to the article. Would you think of requesting more peer reviews so that the article can continue to improve? Mabibliophile 15:39, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Hi Itaguy,

Thanks for the translation from the Italian version of Artemisia Gentileschi. I've started to merge the information for the previous English version and make other copyedits. Despite its smaller size, it looks like the English version has some information to offer back to the Italian article. In particular, in relation to the details of the rape trial of 1612.

Thanks again. -- Solipsist 20:35, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem. :) But I think that the part about she being the first female painter of that kind of subjects is wrong, as specified later in the article (The Woman and the painter section). Unfortunately I do not know that much about her so I'm just following what the italian article says about this matter. --Itaguy 21:00, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think you are right. I've seen other comments that there were at least two earlier female Rennaisance painters. -- Solipsist 22:13, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi Itaguy,

I too thank you for the translation! I modified a lot of grammar, it was not necessarily incorrect before, I am just trying to improve readability -- I hope you don't mind =). I will finish the rest later.  Italian is next on my list of languages to learn, and man, Artimesia Gentileschi is amazing isn't she?!  Have a nice day!, and thanks for the tilde tilde tilde tilde tip on your talk page -- I didn't know that! dikaiopolis 05:53, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Hello! My pleasure. :) Most of the errors were typos. I did the translation in a couple of hours and english is not my first language, so I was sure about the presence of some errors there and there. The good thing about Wikipedia is that someone will correct them, as you did ;) (although the "readability", excluding obvious grammatical errors - is pretty subjective). Thanks for your contribution!--Itaguy 12:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Itaguy


text:
User talk:Gerweck

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Victor 12:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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November 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. We welcome and appreciate your contributions, but we cannot accept original research. Original research also encompasses novel, unpublished syntheses of previously published material. Please be prepared to cite a reliable source for all of your information. In this context, the word "illegitimate" is your value judgment, and not supported with citation. BusterD (talk) 18:12, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hi -- I'd like to explain what is wrong with your edit summary for the change you made. In psych terminology, "reinforcement" means anything that increases the incidence of a behavior; things that decrease the incidence are "punishment". "Positive reinforcement" means increasing the incidence by following occurrences with something good; "negative reinforcement" means increasing the incidence by following occurrences with the removal of something bad. So this is in fact negative reinforcement, as the article said before you changed it. Regards, Looie496 (talk) 22:12, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

Your WP:User page
, It is time for you to add something (anything) to your WP:User page. It will get the red out of the history of your edit. Happy editing. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 12:15, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

Please elaborate
...on this edit. I don't find your edit summary makes much sense. Given the original sentence is a bit confused, your edit doesn't make the meaning any clearer. If you like I can send you the source. Tom Reedy (talk) 18:05, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Gerweck


text:
User:BleachInjected

I'm Bleach Injected (Matt Thompson). I'm a significant human being because I am very cool. This is logical because arguing with it is illogical (this is illogical).

title: User:BleachInjected


text:
Advising bank

An advising bank (also known as a notifying bank) advises a beneficiary (exporter) that a letter of credit (L/C) opened by an issuing bank for an applicant (importer) is available. An advising bank's responsibility is to authenticate the letter of credit issued by the issuer to avoid fraud. The advising bank is not necessarily responsible for the payment of the credit which it advises the beneficiary of. The advising bank is usually located in the beneficiary's country. It can be (1) a branch office of the issuing bank or a correspondent bank, or (2) a bank appointed by the beneficiary. An important point is the beneficiary has to be comfortable with the advising bank.

In case (1), the issuing bank most often sends the L/C through its branch office or correspondent bank to avoid fraud. The branch office or the correspondent bank maintains specimen signature(s) on file where it may counter-check the signature(s) on the L/C, and it has a coding system (a secret test key) to distinguish a genuine L/C from a fraudulent one (authentication).

In case (2), the beneficiary can request the applicant to specify his/her bank (the beneficiary's bank) as the advising bank in an L/C application. In many countries, this is beneficial to the beneficiary, who may avail themselves of the reduced bank charges and fees because of special relationships with the bank. Under normal circumstances, advising charges are standard and minimal. In addition, it is more convenient to deal with the beneficiary's own bank over a bank with which the beneficiary does not maintain an account.

title: Advising bank


text:
User talk:KeasbyKnights

Keasbey has two Es in itIan Moody 12:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:KeasbyKnights


text:
Kaplan

Kaplan may refer to:

Places

 * Kapłań, Poland
 * Kaplan, Louisiana, U.S.
 * Kaplan Medical Center, a hospital in Rehovot, Israel
 * Kaplan Street, in Tel Aviv, Israel
 * Mount Kaplan, Antarctica
 * Kaplan Arena, at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia

Other uses

 * Kaplan (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Kaplan College, now Brightwood College, a system of for-profit colleges in the United States
 * Kaplan Educational Foundation, a non-profit educational support entity
 * Kaplan Foundation, dedicated to the music of Gustav Mahler
 * Kaplan, Inc., a for-profit education company
 * Kaplan Business School, a subsidiary of Kaplan located in Australia
 * Kaplan Financial Education, a division of Kaplan, Inc.
 * Kaplan International Languages, a division of Kaplan, Inc.
 * Kaplan University, a former subsidiary of Kaplan, Inc., now known as Purdue University Global

 * Kaplan turbine, a propeller-type water turbine
 * William "Billy" Kaplan-Altman, known as "Wiccan," fictional comic book character

title: Kaplan


text:
User talk:Gerfriedc

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Victor 12:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Dual-mode truck ?
Is this something that doesn't exist yet? If so, it's possible someone may come along and try to delete it. Putting in references to verify that such things are being planned or built may help. Friday (talk) 19:28, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Invite to MetaCollab.net
Hi Gerfriedc, I just wanted to invite you to have a look at http://metacollab.net - it is a collaboration on collaboration towards developing a general theory of collaboration (re your edits on the collaboration & cooperation page). It's only just been launched a few weeks ago, so it's just getting started. I'd love any impressions you might have. Mark Elliott 12:46, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Biogas
Hello, Gerfriedc. I am confused about the statment in the biogas article about waste heat not being able to be used in warm climates during the summer, which makes cleaning the gas more attractive. From my experience, the majority of biogas plants don't use the waste heat at all, wastewater treatment plants being a notable exception. Also, I don't see why waste heat could not be used. Such places may not need space heating in summer, but space heating is only one form of waste heat use, and is relatively uncommon for sizeable plants. The waste heat could still be used to produce hot water or steam for residential use or for industrial processes. If you could help me understand, it would be great. Thanks, Kjkolb 04:07, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/P1010084.JPG
Where was this taken? The surrounding architecture looks fascinating. (I'm assuming that it's Vienna, as the URL on the DHL truck is an Austrian one.) BillG | Talk 15:46, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Image:Rampe bim.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Rampe bim.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Gay Cdn (talk) (email) (Contr.) 18:37, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Pyrolysis oil
I see that you did writing on the Pyrolysis oil article. I am following up on a Disambiguation quest on the word ash. When the term ash is used as a percentage of fossil fuels, as in Pyrolysis oil and Petroleum coke, does it mean the same as Ash (analytical chemistry)? Thanks! --Knulclunk 20:37, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

Low Energy Vehicle
If you are a man you will either justify your various insults regarding my behaviour (accusations of conflict of interest, lobbying, vandalism, and specifically " to insert faked fuel consumption figures in the wrong section." or apologise. I'm not really expecting you to, but I'm just giving you the opportunity to behave like a mature adult. Greg Locock (talk) 09:27, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Citing your user page: "You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war.." I think you should admit that its creating fightback if you revert the aims of an article by inserting text at inappropriate section- that's all I have to say...

--carefree (talk) 20:20, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I am not engaged in an editing war on LEnV. I am engaging with an obtuse editor who is soapboxing and engaging in WP:OR and completely failing to reference outlandish statementsa when requested at least up until yesterday.The 3R warning for Bourke Engine was fair enough, but it may interest you to know that the other editor there was blocked for 48 hours as a result of his actions in the same time period. So, you aren't going to justify your various insults? Fine. That article will now receive my full attention. Greg Locock (talk) 22:18, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Your latest edits on that page are borderline vandalism, or will at least take substantial work to make encyclopaedic.Please learn how to create proper references. Greg Locock (talk) 22:55, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

LEnV pt 2
Trust me, I will continue to remove your agenda ridden soapboxing and fairytale stories in that page. You CANNOT remove tags, and you CANNOT remove referenced statements, even if they are highly inconvenient to your POV. Greg Locock (talk) 21:43, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Speed limit
Please explain how you can state that the average speed limit in Europe is 160km/hr (99mph). Mannafredo (talk) 13:39, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

213.229.57.77
Please can you confirm, or otherwise, that you are 213.229.57.77, and have left a message on my talk page - tell the truth. Mannafredo (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 13:49, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

Gas to liquids
Hi, Gerfriedc. I made a proposal to merge Gas to liquids, Gas-to-liquids and Methanol to gasoline. You are welcome to discuss. Beagel (talk) 20:08, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

File:Man.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Man.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Burpelson AFB (talk) 01:42, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Green diesel
Hi, Gerfriede. There is a discussion to merge Green diesel article with Vegetable oil refining and/or Biomass to liquid articles. As a creator of the biomass to liquid article, your input is highly appreciated. Beagel (talk) 09:22, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

File:P7010185.JPG listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:P7010185.JPG, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Calliopejen1 (talk) 02:02, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

File:Handyauskunft.jpg listed for deletion
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Disambiguation link notification for August 19
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Disambiguation link notification for October 6
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Deleted photos
Hi Gerfriedc, The images weren't deleted because they were not yours--they were deleted because they were not found to be useful. Calliopejen1 (talk) 17:14, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Low-energy vehicle for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Low-energy vehicle is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Beagel (talk) 16:52, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Proposed deletion of File:Einstieg.jpg

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title: User talk:Gerfriedc


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Rati Agnihotri

Rati Agnihotri (born 10 December 1960) is an Indian actress, known for acting in Hindi, as well as in Telugu and Tamil language films. Her roles in the cult-tragedy film Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981) and the drama film Tawaif (1985) earned her two nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.

Early life
Agnihotri was born on 10 December 1960 in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, in "a conservative Punjabi family."

Film career
She began modelling at the age of ten. Agnihotri's first film roles were in the Tamil language films Puthiya Vaarpugal and Niram Maaratha Pookkal (1979).

In the 1980s, she also starred in a number of Hindi films. She received a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress for the 1981 film Ek Duuje Ke Liye, which was a Hindi remake of the Telugu film Maro Charitra from 1979. Other Hindi films from this period included Farz Aur Kanoon (1982), Coolie (1983), Tawaif (1985) which also led to her being nominated for the Filmfare award, Aap Ke Saath (1986), and Hukumat (1987).

After a 16-year absence, she returned to acting in 2001, in the Hindi film Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi and the Tamil film Majunu. She made her Malayalam debut in Anyar (2003), English debut in An Ode to Lost Love (2003), and Bengali debut in Aaina-te (2008).

She has also acted on the stage, in plays such as Please Divorce Me Darling (2005), and television serials, such as Sixer (2005). Agnihotri spends a lot of time in Poland, where she owns an Indian restaurant with her sister Anita.

Personal life
Agnihotri married businessman and architect Anil Virwani on 9 February 1985, This, coupled with her father's death, convinced her to leave Hindi films. In 1986, the couple's son, Tanuj Virwani, was born. He is an actor working in Hindi films and television. Agnihotri and Virwani divorced in 2015.

Nominations

 * 1982: Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Ek Duuje Ke Liye
 * 1986: Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tawaif

title: Rati Agnihotri


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Tugs (TV series)

Tugs (stylised as TUGS) is a British television series produced by Tugs Ltd., for Television South (TVS) and Clearwater Features Ltd. and first broadcast on ITV from 4 April to 27 June 1989. It was created by Robert D. Cardona and David Mitton, who had previously produced the first two series of Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends. Set in the Roaring Twenties, the series focuses on the adventures of two anthropomorphized tugboat fleets, the Star Fleet and the Z-Stacks, who compete against each other in the fictional Bigg City Port: "the biggest harbour in the world".

The theme tune and incidental music was composed by Junior Campbell and Mike O'Donnell, who also wrote the music for Thomas & Friends (from 1984 to 2003).

Despite a second series being planned in advance, when TVS Television lost its franchise to Meridian Broadcasting, the series did not continue production past 13 episodes. Following the initial airing of the series throughout 1989, television rights were sold to an unknown party, while some models and sets from the series were sold to Britt Allcroft. Modified set props and tugboat models were used in Thomas & Friends from 1991 onwards, with footage from the original programme being heavily dubbed and edited for use in the American children's series Salty's Lighthouse.

After Clearwater's liquidation in 1990, Mitton joined The Britt Allcroft Company to continue working on Thomas & Friends in 1991, while Cardona went on to direct Theodore Tugboat, a similarly natured series set in Canada. All thirteen episodes of the show were released on VHS between 1988 and 1990.

Format and production
The series consists of thirteen fifteen-minute episodes (though four exist as twenty-minute episodes on the Tugs videos), each told by the show's narrator, Captain Star (voiced by Patrick Allen). Filming and production of the series took place throughout 1987 and 1988, in Shepperton Studios, Middlesex, where Thomas & Friends was also filmed at the time.

The series was animated using live-action models, which were seen as the most realistic method of portraying real tugboats. The set featured the Clearwater Periscope lens system, a type of professional video camera used to film at the models' eye level.

Each model was mounted on a wheeled chassis, which were then pulled through the water using transparent string. Remote control devices were initially tested in operating the machines, but the tugboats became too heavy and unable to move through the water. Remote controls were instead used to power other devices, such as the moving eye features of the models and some cranes.

Throughout the series, the two fleets primarily contest contracts to dock and tow larger sailing vessels and objects, including ocean liners, tramp steamers and schooners. Various other contractual obligations were also completed by the two fleets, including transportation of stone, munitions and logging fell.

Star Fleet
The Star Fleet are the show's protagonists, who aim to work together to achieve contracts in the port. The models were styled upon the Crowley Maritime Corporation, founded in San Francisco in 1892. They are led by Captain Star, who narrates the series. The fleet consists of Ten Cents, Big Mac, O.J., Top Hat, Warrior, Hercules and Sunshine.

Another tugboat, Boomer, is briefly a member of the Star Fleet after being found floating at sea. Boomer believes himself to be jinxed, and he certainly seems to bring trouble with him wherever he goes. After numerous nasty accidents, Captain Star sells Boomer, who is later made into a houseboat. It is unknown whether he remains part of the fleet after this. The adventures of Boomer are central to the episode "Jinxed". Grampus (a naval submarine who appears throughout the series) is purchased from the Navy by Captain Star to work for the Star Fleet. It is also unknown whether this remains after the conclusion of the series.

Z-Stacks
The Z-Stacks are the show's antagonists, who are frequently seen trying to sabotage the good work of the Star Fleet. They take on the more risky contracts in the port, at the attraction of a higher pay. The models' design was taken from the Moran Tugs of New York City. They are led by Captain Zero. The fleet consists of Zorran, Zebedee, Zak, Zug and Zip. As with the Star Fleet, Boomer also briefly worked for the Z-Stacks after being sold by the former. Despite this, Boomer was also cast out of the Z-Stacks after his explosives barge spontaneously detonated.

Voice cast

 * Patrick Allen as Captain Star/Narrator
 * Simon Nash as Ten Cents
 * Sean Barrett as Big Mac, Hercules, Zebedee, Captain Zero, Izzy Gomez, Sea Rogue, Fire Tug, and Blair
 * Timothy Bateson as O.J., O. Krappenschmitt, Big Mickey, Lord Stinker, Little Ditcher, and Eddie
 * John Baddeley as Top Hat, Zip, Puffa, Shrimpers, Pirate Tug #2, and the Quarry Master
 * Mike O’Malley as Warrior, Bluenose, Frank, Mighty Mo, Sea Rogue's Uncle, Scuttlebutt Pete, Jack the Grappler, the Princess Alice, Navy Ship, Nantucket, Johnny Cuba, and Pirate Tug #1
 * Shaun Prendergast as Sunshine, Zak, and Philbert the Bell Buoy
 * Chris Tulloch as Zorran and Shrimpers
 * Nigel Anthony as Zug, Burke, and Davy Jones
 * Lee Cornes as Grampus, Billy Shoepack, Coast Guard, Boomer, and the Fuel Depot Manager
 * JoAnne Good as Lillie Lightship, Sally Seaplane, and Pearl
 * Sue Glover as S.S. Vienna

Director David Mitton also plays an old tramp steamer named Old Rusty in Episode 6.

Episodes
Tugs first aired on Children's ITV in the United Kingdom, and then on New Zealand's Channel 2 and Australia's ABC TV. Talks of a second series were never finalised, and eventually all plans to create a follow-up were dropped. Redubbed and heavily edited footage aired later as part of American children's series Salty's Lighthouse, which aired in 1997.

The series also aired in Japan with Japanese voice-overs.

Merchandise, music, and home video releases
A number of items of Tugs merchandise were produced surrounding the series' release in the early 1990s, including:

 * Ertl models - Ten Cents and Sunshine models were produced by toy company Ertl. The full Star Fleet cast were originally to be produced, but only these two were made. None of the Z-Stacks were produced.
 * Photo books
 * 2 hardback annuals
 * 1 hardback dot-to-dot
 * Jigsaw sets
 * A bed cover
 * A Tugs-themed board game
 * Collector's edition thimbles
 * Card game
 * Publicity pack

In line with the series being released in Japan, a range of Japanese merchandise was also released, such as models of the set and characters, videos, books and an LCD game.

Music
The music for Tugs was composed by Mike O' Donnell and Junior Campbell on various synthesizers. Pete Zorn played the saxophone in the theme.

UK VHS releases
A number of VHS versions of the series were released between 1988 and 1993 in the United Kingdom and Japan. All 13 episodes were originally twenty-minutes long, but were edited to fifteen minutes for television broadcasts, most likely due to time slot issues. Three of these videos contained three fifteen-minute episodes, while two contained two twenty-minute episodes. In addition, a number of original scenes were extended/deleted for the videos, including an alternate opening title sequence. Those released included:

 * "Sunshine"/"Pirate"
 * "Munitions"/"4th of July"
 * "Trapped"/"Ghosts"/"High Winds"
 * "High Tide"/"Warrior"/"Bigg Freeze"
 * "Jinxed"/"Quarantine"/"Up River"

A four episode, 65-minute version was released in 1993:

 * "Trapped"/"Ghosts"/"High Winds"/"4th of July"

Australian VHS releases

 * Castle Vision (1992)

DVD
Tugs has not yet been released on DVD as a series. In 2005, however, footage from the show was included as part of an episode of Salty's Lighthouse on the DVD Toddler Time.

In April 2024, to mark the 35th Anniversary of the series first broadcast, Tugs: The Exhibition, licensed by Sanctuary Records, a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management, released the fifteen minute broadcast version of Sunshine (limited to 150 copies) which included a DVD insert with behind the scenes photos taken during the production of the episode, and a booklet containing a script for the 15 minute version, the footage being taken from a U-Matic sub master tape.

Two follow up releases featuring the episodes "Pirate" and "Trapped" were confirmed for a release on April 14th, with presumed plans that the Exhibition group is to release all episodes as singular releases throughout the year.

TUGS: The Exhibition
In 2012, having long been presumed destroyed, the original models from the series were located and purchased by a group of fans via eBay UK. In early 2013, they established 'The Star Tugs Company Ltd' (now renamed TUGS: The Exhibition) - a dedicated non-for-profit trust aiming to preserve, restore and display the various models and props used in the production. As of 2020, the exhibition owns the majority of the leading and supporting cast (with the exception of Top Hat, Grampus, Lord Stinker, Little Ditcher, The Two Rail Barges Eddie and Frank, and Sally Seaplane, whose whereabouts are unknown), several alternate faces for the characters, various props and other related assets to the series. In March 2022, Tugs The Exhibition announced that they had been the first group to be officially licensed by rights holders following the successful reconciliation of the rights to the series.

The exhibition was held in a railway coach, situated at Butterley station at the Midland Railway - Butterley in Derbyshire, England and is open to the public at special 'TUGS' weekends.

title: Tugs (TV series)


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Caplan

Caplan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Amanita Caplan, Sense8 character
 * Arthur Caplan, American bioethicist
 * Bryan Caplan (born 1971), American economist
 * David Caplan (born 1964), Canadian politician
 * Elinor Caplan (1944-2019), Canadian politician
 * Frank Caplan (1911–1988), American toymaker
 * Fred H. Caplan (1914–2004), West Virginia Supreme Court Justice
 * Gerald Caplan (born 1938), Canadian political academic
 * Irwin Caplan (1919–2007), American cartoonist
 * Lizzy Caplan (born 1982), American actress
 * Melvyn Caplan, British Conservative politician
 * Philip Caplan, Lord Caplan (1929–2008), Scottish lawyer and judge
 * Ralph Caplan (born 1925), American design consultant
 * Twink Caplan, American actress

title: Caplan


text:
Talk:Jill of the Jungle

Untitled
About this piece of text: "Duke Nukem 2 was released around the same time, however the game appears to be a hasty upconvert of one which was produced originally in 16-color EGA."
 * Retodon8

I'm not sure if I'm reading that right. Does the word "one" refer to the original Duke Nukem game? Either way, it seems to imply Duke Nukem 2 utilizes VGA and a 256 colour palette, which it does not; it's just 16 colours (with a different palette for the intro alone). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Retodon8 (talk • contribs) 12:25, 3 June 2005 (UTC)

Spin-offs / Rip-offs
Could warrant a mention of engine licensee Onesimus (someone has since done so), Epic feel-alike Xargon and blatant copycat Vinyl Goddess from Mars. (Vixen, on the other hand, appears to be an inspiration to the whole transforming-babe-platformer genre.) It also might be worth mentioning that Jill warranted a level dedicated to her in Epic Pinball! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pseudo Intellectual (talk • contribs) 00:56, 28 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Except that, according to Moby Games, Vixen was released in 1988. It's possible Jill of the Jungle was inspired by Vixen.  But then again, it could'a been inspired by any number of other things, movies, TV shows, comics, or otherwise, I guess. ~ Doc Lithius 12:01, 1 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Its worth noting that Xargon was a significant improvement on Jill of the Jungle graphically. At the least, it offered significantly better resolution. MyNameWasTaken (talk) 23:57, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

External link
Did anyone ever check the first link? When I tried it, it did not work, and apart from that, my virus scanner warned me for a virus in the downloaded file. - Dick Bos (talk) 22:49, 9 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Have you scanned the file with a service like virustotal.com? I just tried it then and it says the file was first scanned in 2009 and there were no viruses then, and still none now.  Typically relying on only one virus scanner does not give good results, which is why it is good to scan with a few - VirusTotal scans against (at the time of writing) 54 different virus scanners and they all said the download link was clean. -- Malvineous (talk) 07:28, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jill of the Jungle


text:
Pietro Fontana (engraver)

Pietro Fontana (1762 – 18 September 1837) was an Italian engraver.

Born in Bassano del Grappa, he worked in Rome and specialized in subjects dealing with the Vatican and the Papacy. He was a member of the Accademia di San Luca. He started his career as a student of Raffaello Morghen, and is best known for his complete series of engravings of the sculptures of Canova.

He died in Rome in 1837.

title: Pietro Fontana (engraver)


text:
Nicholas Van Dyke (politician, born 1738)

Nicholas Van Dyke (September 25, 1738 – February 19, 1789) was an American Founding Father, lawyer, and politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He served in the Delaware General Assembly, in the Continental Congress, where he signed the Articles of Confederation, and as president of Delaware.

Early life and family
Van Dyke was born at Berwick, his family's home in St. George's Hundred, New Castle County, Delaware, near the present location of Delaware City. He was the son of Nicholas and Rachael Alee Van Dyke, whose father, Andrew Van Dyke, had moved there from Long Island in New York in 1704. Young Nicholas was educated at home, then read law in Philadelphia where he was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1765.

Van Dyke returned to New Castle where he lived with his family and began a law practice. He married twice, first in 1766 to Elizabeth Nixon who died in 1770, two weeks after the birth of their son Nicholas. After her death he married Charlotte Stanley. They made their home in New Castle and had several more children. They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church.

Professional and political career
Van Dyke entered political life in 1774 as a member of the Boston Relief Committee in Delaware. He then was a member of the Delaware Constitutional Convention of 1776 and served in the State Council for two years beginning with the 1776–77 session. That same year he was appointed judge of Delaware's Admiralty Court, and on February 22, 1777, he was elected to the Continental Congress to replace John Evans who had declined to serve. He remained in Congress through 1781 and signed the Articles of Confederation for Delaware. For five sessions, from 1778–79 until he became president of Delaware in 1783, he served in the State House and was the speaker in the 1780–81 session.

A few months after John Dickinson resigned as president of Delaware in 1782, the Delaware General Assembly held a special vote to choose a successor to the conservative President John Cook. The conservative faction tried to elect John McKinly, who had been the first president, but the Patriot faction won by electing Van Dyke. He took office February 1, 1783, and served until October 27, 1786.

It was during his tenure as president of Delaware that the American Revolution officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in September 1783. In an attempt to solve one problem resulting from the war, Van Dyke proposed and carried out a plan to pay Delaware's portion of the war debt. Another difficult unresolved war problem was the fate of Loyalist Cheney Clow. Arrested in 1778, tried for and acquitted of treason in 1782, he was then charged with the murder of a member of the posse sent to capture him in 1778. Though there was no evidence that Clow actually killed the man, in May 1783 a jury convicted him and sentenced him to death. Unable politically to pardon Clow, but aware that many responsible people, including Caesar Rodney's brother, Thomas Rodney, believed the man innocent, Van Dyke postponed the execution indefinitely.

Van Dyke returned to the State Senate for single session tenures in 1786–87 and briefly until his death in the 1788–89 session, when he was the speaker.

Death and legacy
Van Dyke died at Berwick and was buried there. Later his remains were removed to the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery at New Castle.

His son, also Nicholas, later represented Delaware in the U.S. House and U.S. Senate. His daughter, Nancy Ann, married Kensey Johns at a 1784 wedding in the Amstel House in New Castle that was attended by General George Washington. Their son, Kensey Johns Jr., would later serve in the U.S. House.

Much of the property surrounding Van Dyke's original home Berwick was taken in 1829 for the Chesapeake & Delaware Canal, but the house remained through the American Civil War. All the remaining lands and home are believed to have been taken when the canal was expanded in 1929. His New Castle home, now known as the Amstel House, still stands on Fourth Street in New Castle and is open to the public.

No known portrait of Nicholas Van Dyke exists.

Almanac
Elections were held October 1 and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State Legislative Councilmen had a three-year term and State Assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the Continental Congressmen for a one-year term and it chose the State President for a three-year term.


text:
Pietro Fontana (engineer)

Pietro Fontana (22 April 1638 – 16 February 1714) was an early 18th-century engineer and architect. He was secretary of the Accademia degli Ottusi di Spoleto (known later as the Accademia Spoletina) and founded the Società Agraria Spoletina.

title: Pietro Fontana (engineer)


text:
Dobrzyń nad Wisłą

Dobrzyń nad Wisłą (Dobrin an der Weichsel) is a town in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. It lies on the Vistula River in the vicinity of Włocławek. As of December 2021, the town has a population of 2,025.

Foundations
The settlement of Dobrzyń dates back to the Middle Ages. A stronghold existed at the site since 9th century, and later also a castle was erected. It became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. The oldest known mention of Dobrzyń (as Dobrin) comes from 1065.

In the 11th century there was a castellan stronghold here. From 1228, Konrad I of Masovia allowed the military knights called the Dobrzyń brothers. The crusading Order of Dobrzyń was granted Dobrzyń as a base in 1228, although the knights were later incorporated into the Teutonic Order.

High Middle Ages
The 13th and 14th century was tumultuous time for the town. Despite the town being accorded city rights by the beginning of the 13th century, and being the capital of a principality until the beginning of the 14th century, it bore the brunt of the conflicts between the state of Poland and the Teutonic Knights to the north. A castle was constructed by the Order of Dobrzyń. In 1235, the castle returned to the Mazovian dukes. In 1329, it was taken by the Teutonic Knights, who returned it to Poland after signing the Treaty of Kalisz in 1343. However, the Castle was destroyed in 1409. It was also sacked by Daniel of Galicia, who was King of Galicia in 1240.

A city was founded here before 1230 probably based on the Lübeck law. In 1230 document records that Wojciech was village leader from an unspecified town, identified in the literature with Dobrzyń.

In 1239, the village administrator of Dobrzyń called Konrad is recorded. A village governor of Dobrzyń called Gocwin, is recorded with the erroneous date of 1296 (the correct year is 1306).

Some time before 1319, the governance of the village changed from an appointed administrator to a town council. In 1322, the head of the village Council, called Lemko, was mentioned.

The letter of the bishop of Warmia claims that in 1323, Lithuanians attacked the duchy of Dobrzyń and "Captured the town of Dobrzyń, destroying it by fire to its foundations; in it they killed two thousand people, while in the land itself of Dobrzyń — six thousand people of both sexes, also seven priests and forty other clerics whom... oh sorrow! they led away to perpetual slavery. Also they slew two monks of the order of St. Benedict, and burned ten parish churches, not counting chapels..."

The date of the attack is presumed to be on September 14, 1323. Chronicler Peter of Dusburg gives a figure up to 2000 people died in the sack. It took a long time for the town to recover from the attack, although the town retained its municipal rights. it was no longer a duchy.

During the raid of the Teutonic Order, the stronghold in Dobrzyń was attacked again in March 1329, when the towns mayor was killed by a catapult stone. In March 1329, after the siege, the Teutonic Knights occupied the castle in Dobrzyń. After the peace of Kalisz between Kazimier the Great and the Teutonic Knights, Dobrzyń returned to Poland.

From the end of the 13th and at the beginning of the 14th century (1288-1327 and 1343-1352) The town was the seat of the dukes of Dobrzyń. From 1380 the town was a fief of Władysław Opolczyk, who in 1392 gave in pledge to the Teutonic Knights. Thanks to the purchase of the pledge in 1404, the town returned to the kingdom of Poland. The Castle was besieged and burnt by the Teutonic Knights on August 18, 1409. The Dukes of Dobrzyń ruled the town again from 1379 to 1391.

Władysław Jagiełło gave the rights to Dobrzyń to pledge to the Teutonic Knights, causing a legal conflict between Poland and the Teutonic Order which only ended on June 10, 1405, when Dobrzyń was bought by Poland.

But Dobrzyń was on August 20, 1409, captured by the Teutonic Knights again this time using artillery. The town was burned.

Dobrzyń was returned to Poland at the First Peace of Toruń in 1411. The town became the seat of a judicial court at this time. Dobrzyń was a royal town of the Polish Crown administratively located in the Inowrocław Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Polish Crown. Around 1388, a Franciscan monastery was founded in the city. In 1390, Władysław Opolczyk gave them some ground, and in 1395 Wojciech from Chełmica Mała of the Nałęcz family with his family gave monks 60 monies for the construction of a monastery church.

The semi legendary Nawojka is said to have been born here in the early 1400s, the daughter of the mayor.

The first historically recorded sejmik (local parliament) of the nobility of Dobrzyń Land was held in Dobrzyń in 1434.

Modern Era
The town flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to grain trade with the major Polish city of Gdańsk. Polish Kings granted the town various privileges in 1580 and 1587. Dobrzyń suffered during the Swedish Deluge, when it was looted and burned.

A Jewish community was established in the town in about 1765, and Jews at one time made up one-third of the total population, but most left for Britain and the United States in the years around 1900, with none remaining today.

In 1793, Dobrzyń was annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland. In 1807, it was incorporated into the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and in 1815 it became part of Congress Poland, later forcibly integrated into the Russian Empire. In 1864, the town faced repressions from the Russian authorities after the unsuccessful Polish January Uprising. The Franciscan monastery was closed and the Franciscans were deported. During World War I, from 1915 to 1918, the town was occupied by Germany. In 1918 Poland regained independence, and the town became automatically part of the reborn state.

During the Polish–Soviet War, in July 1920, a Jewish pro-Polish committee of the Council for State Protection (Rada Ochrony Państwa) was established, whose members were local wealthy Jews and rabbis, and also a Polish recruitment office was established. The town was captured by the Soviets on 14 August 1920, and occupied for several days.

During World War II, from 1939 to 1945, the town was under German occupation, and the Germans changed its name to Dobrin an der Weichsel. Poles and Jews were subjected to arrests, expulsions and murder. As part of the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans arrested and murdered Polish teachers, also in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Jews were expelled.

Currently, it is a local commercial and service center with few industrial plants (footwear factory, fishing cooperative, slaughterhouse, mill).

Famous people

 * Adam Adamandy Kochański, 17th-century mathematician
 * Marian Kowalski, 19th-century astronomer
 * Nawojka, semi-legendary girl of the 15th century
 * Samuel Vigoda (1895–1990), Polish-US Jewish cantor

title: Dobrzyń nad Wisłą


text: User talk:85.206.194.232

title: User talk:85.206.194.232


text:
Shear zone

In geology, a shear zone  is a thin zone within the Earth's crust or upper mantle that has been strongly deformed, due to the walls of rock on either side of the zone slipping past each other. In the upper crust, where rock is brittle, the shear zone takes the form of a fracture called a fault. In the lower crust and mantle, the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature make the rock ductile. That is, the rock is capable of slowly deforming without fracture, like hot metal being worked by a blacksmith. Here the shear zone is a wider zone, in which the ductile rock has slowly flowed to accommodate the relative motion of the rock walls on either side.

Because shear zones are found across a wide depth-range, a great variety of different rock types with their characteristic structures are associated with shear zones.

General introduction
A shear zone is a zone of strong deformation (with a high strain rate) surrounded by rocks with a lower state of finite strain. It is characterised by a length to width ratio of more than 5:1.

Shear zones form a continuum of geological structures, ranging from brittle shear zones (or faults) via brittle–ductile shear zones (or semibrittle shear zones), ductile–brittle to ductile shear zones. In brittle shear zones, the deformation is concentrated in a narrow fracture surface separating the wall rocks, whereas in a ductile shear zone the deformation is spread out through a wider zone, the deformation state varying continuously from wall to wall. Between these end-members, there are intermediate types of brittle–ductile (semibrittle) and ductile–brittle shear zones that can combine these geometric features in different proportions.

This continuum found in the structural geometries of shear zones reflects the different deformation mechanisms reigning in the crust, i.e. the changeover from brittle (fracturing) at or near the surface to ductile (flow) deformation with increasing depth. By passing through the brittle–semibrittle transition the ductile response to deformation is starting to set in. This transition is not tied to a specific depth, but rather occurs over a certain depth range - the so-called alternating zone, where brittle fracturing and plastic flow coexist. The main reason for this is found in the usually heteromineral composition of rocks, with different minerals showing different responses to applied stresses (for instance, under stress quartz reacts plastically long before feldspars do). Thus differences in lithology, grain size, and preexisting fabrics determine a different rheological response. Yet other, purely physical factors, influence the changeover depth as well, including:
 * geothermal gradient, i.e. ambient temperature.
 * confinement pressure and fluid pressure.
 * bulk strain rate.
 * stress field orientation.

In Scholz's model for a quartzo-feldspathic crust (with a geotherm taken from Southern California), the brittle–semibrittle transition starts at about 11 km depth with an ambient temperature of 300 °C. The underlying alternating zone then extends to roughly 16 km depth with a temperature of about 360 °C. Below approximately 16 km depth, only ductile shear zones are found.

The seismogenic zone, in which earthquakes nucleate, is tied to the brittle domain, the schizosphere. Below an intervening alternating zone, there is the plastosphere. In the seismogenic layer, which occurs below an upper stability transition related to an upper seismicity cutoff (situated usually at about 4–5 km depth), true cataclasites start to appear. The seismogenic layer then yields to the alternating zone at 11 km depth. Yet big earthquakes can rupture both up to the surface and well into the alternating zone, sometimes even into the plastosphere.

Rocks produced in shear zones
The deformations in shear zones are responsible for the development of characteristic fabrics and mineral assemblages reflecting the reigning pressure–temperature (pT) conditions, flow type, movement sense, and deformation history. Shear zones are therefore very important structures for unravelling the history of a specific terrane.

Starting at the Earth's surface, the following rock types are usually encountered in a shear zone: Both fault gouge and cataclasites are due to abrasive wear on brittle, seismogenic faults. Mylonites start to occur with the onset of semibrittle behaviour in the alternating zone characterised by adhesive wear. Pseudotachylites can still be encountered here. By passing into greenschist facies conditions, the pseudotachylites disappear and only different types of mylonites persist. Striped gneisses are high-grade mylonites and occur at the very bottom of ductile shear zones.
 * uncohesive fault rocks. Examples being fault gouge, fault breccia, and foliated gouge.
 * cohesive fault rocks like crush breccias and cataclasites (protocataclasite, cataclasite, and ultracataclasite).
 * glassy pseudotachylites.
 * foliated mylonites (phyllonites).
 * striped gneiss.

Sense of shear
The sense of shear in a shear zone (dextral, sinistral, reverse or normal) can be deduced by macroscopic structures and by a plethora of microtectonic indicators.

Indicators
The main macroscopic indicators are striations (slickensides), slickenfibers, and stretching– or mineral lineations. They indicate the direction of movement. With the aid of offset markers such as displaced layering and dykes, or the deflection (bending) of layering/foliation into a shear zone, one can additionally determine the sense of shear.

En echelon tension gash arrays (or extensional veins), characteristic of ductile-brittle shear zones, and sheath folds can also be valuable macroscopic shear-sense indicators.

Microscopic indicators consist of the following structures:
 * asymmetric folds.
 * foliations.
 * imbrications.
 * Crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO).
 * mantled and winged porphyroclasts. Well-known examples are theta (Θ)-objects and phi (Φ)-porphyroclasts, as well as sigma (σ)- and delta (δ)-winged objects.
 * mica fish (foliation fish).
 * pressure shadows
 * pull-aparts.
 * quarter structures.
 * shear band cleavages.
 * step-over sites.

Width of shear zones and resulting displacements
The width of individual shear zones stretches from the grain scale to the kilometer scale. Crustal-scale shear zones (megashears) can become 10 km wide and consequently show very large displacements from tens to hundreds of kilometers.

Brittle shear zones (faults) usually widen with depth and with an increase in displacements.

Strain softening and ductility
Because shear zones are characterised by the localisation of strain, some form of strain softening must occur, in order for the affected host material to deform more plastically. The softening can be brought about by the following phenomena:
 * grain-size reductions.
 * geometric softening.
 * reaction softening.
 * fluid-related softening.

Furthermore, for a material to become more ductile (quasi-plastic) and undergo continuous deformation (flow) without fracturing, the following deformation mechanisms (on a grain scale) have to be taken into account:
 * diffusion creep (various types).
 * dislocation creep (various types).
 * dynamic recrystallization
 * pressure solution processes.
 * grain-boundary sliding (superplasticity) and grain-boundary area reduction.

Occurrence and examples of shear zones
Due to their deep penetration, shear zones are found in all metamorphic facies. Brittle shear zones are more or less ubiquitous in the upper crust. Ductile shear zones start at greenschist facies conditions and are therefore restricted to metamorphic terranes.

Shear zones can occur in the following geotectonic settings:
 * transcurrent setting – steep to vertical:
 * strike-slip zones.
 * transform faults.
 * compressive setting – low-angle
 * recumbent fold nappes (at the base of).
 * subduction zones.
 * thrust sheets (at the base of).
 * extensional setting – low-angle
 * metamorphic core complex detachments.

Shear zones are dependent neither on rock type nor on geological age. Most often they are not isolated in their occurrence, but commonly form fractal-scaled, linked up, anastomosing networks which reflect in their arrangement the underlying dominant sense of movement of the terrane at that time.

Some good examples of shear zones of the strike-slip type are the South Armorican Shear Zone and the North Armorican Shear Zone in Brittany, the North Anatolian Fault Zone in Turkey, and the Dead Sea Fault in Israel. Shear zones of the transform type are the San Andreas Fault in California, and the Alpine Fault in New Zealand. A shear zone of the thrust type is the Moine Thrust in northwestern Scotland. An example for the subduction zone setting is the Japan Median Tectonic Line. Detachment fault related shear zones can be found in southeastern California, e.g. the Whipple Mountain Detachment Fault. An example of a huge anastomosing shear-zone is the Borborema Shear Zone in Brazil.

Importance
The importance of shear zones lies in the fact that they are major zones of weakness in the Earth's crust, sometimes extending into the upper mantle. They can be very long-lived features and commonly show evidence of several overprinting stages of activity. Material can be transported upwards or downwards in them, the most important one being water circulating dissolved ions. This can bring about metasomatism in the host rocks and even re-fertilise mantle material.

Shear zones can host economically viable mineralizations, examples being important gold deposits in Precambrian terranes.

Literature

 * Passchier CW & Trouw RAJ. (1996). Microtectonics. Springer. ISBN 3-540-58713-6
 * Ramsay JG & Huber MI. (1987). The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Volume 2: Folds and Fractures. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-576902-4
 * Scholz CH. (2002). The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65540-4

title: Shear zone


text:
Push technology

Push technology, also known as server Push, refers to a communication method, where the communication is initiated by a server rather than a client. This approach is different from the "pull" method where the communication is initiated by a client.

In push technology, clients can express their preferences for certain types of information or data, typically through a process known as the publish–subscribe model. In this model, a client "subscribes" to specific information channels hosted by a server. When new content becomes available on these channels, the server automatically sends, or "pushes," this information to the subscribed client.

Under certain conditions, such as restrictive security policies that block incoming HTTP requests, push technology is sometimes simulated using a technique called polling. In these cases, the client periodically checks with the server to see if new information is available, rather than receiving automatic updates.

General use
Synchronous conferencing and instant messaging are examples of push services. Chat messages and sometimes files are pushed to the user as soon as they are received by the messaging service. Both decentralized peer-to-peer programs (such as WASTE) and centralized programs (such as IRC or XMPP) allow pushing files, which means the sender initiates the data transfer rather than the recipient.

Email may also be a push system: SMTP is a push protocol (see Push e-mail). However, the last step—from mail server to desktop computer—typically uses a pull protocol like POP3 or IMAP. Modern e-mail clients make this step seem instantaneous by repeatedly polling the mail server, frequently checking it for new mail. The IMAP protocol includes the IDLE command, which allows the server to tell the client when new messages arrive. The original BlackBerry was the first popular example of push-email in a wireless context.

Another example is the PointCast Network, which was widely covered in the 1990s. It delivered news and stock market data as a screensaver. Both Netscape and Microsoft integrated push technology through the Channel Definition Format (CDF) into their software at the height of the browser wars, but it was never very popular. CDF faded away and was removed from the browsers of the time, replaced in the 2000s with RSS (a pull system.)

Other uses of push-enabled web applications include software updates distribution ("push updates"), market data distribution (stock tickers), online chat/messaging systems (webchat), auctions, online betting and gaming, sport results, monitoring consoles, and sensor network monitoring.

Web push
The Web push proposal of the Internet Engineering Task Force is a simple protocol using HTTP version 2 to deliver real-time events, such as incoming calls or messages, which can be delivered (or "pushed") in a timely fashion. The protocol consolidates all real-time events into a single session which ensures more efficient use of network and radio resources. A single service consolidates all events, distributing those events to applications as they arrive. This requires just one session, avoiding duplicated overhead costs.

Web Notifications are part of the W3C standard and define an API for end-user notifications. A notification allows alerting the user of an event, such as the delivery of an email, outside the context of a web page. As part of this standard, Push API is fully implemented in Chrome, Firefox, and Edge, and partially implemented in Safari.

HTTP server push
HTTP server push (also known as HTTP streaming) is a mechanism for sending unsolicited (asynchronous) data from a web server to a web browser. HTTP server push can be achieved through any of several mechanisms.

As a part of HTML5 the Web Socket API allows a web server and client to communicate over a full-duplex TCP connection.

Generally, the web server does not terminate a connection after response data has been served to a client. The web server leaves the connection open so that if an event occurs (for example, a change in internal data which needs to be reported to one or multiple clients), it can be sent out immediately; otherwise, the event would have to be queued until the client's next request is received. Most web servers offer this functionality via CGI (e.g., Non-Parsed Headers scripts on Apache HTTP Server). The underlying mechanism for this approach is chunked transfer encoding.

Another mechanism is related to a special MIME type called, which was introduced by Netscape in 1995. Web browsers interpret this as a document that changes whenever the server pushes a new version to the client. It is still supported by Firefox, Opera, and Safari today, but it is ignored by Internet Explorer and is only partially supported by Chrome. It can be applied to HTML documents, and also for streaming images in webcam applications.

The WHATWG Web Applications 1.0 proposal includes a mechanism to push content to the client. On September 1, 2006, the Opera web browser implemented this new experimental system in a feature called "Server-Sent Events". It is now part of the HTML5 standard.

Pushlet
In this technique, the server takes advantage of persistent HTTP connections, leaving the response perpetually "open" (i.e., the server never terminates the response), effectively fooling the browser to remain in "loading" mode after the initial page load could be considered complete. The server then periodically sends snippets of JavaScript to update the content of the page, thereby achieving push capability. By using this technique, the client doesn't need Java applets or other plug-ins in order to keep an open connection to the server; the client is automatically notified about new events, pushed by the server. One serious drawback to this method, however, is the lack of control the server has over the browser timing out; a page refresh is always necessary if a timeout occurs on the browser end.

Long polling
Long polling is itself not a true push; long polling is a variation of the traditional polling technique, but it allows emulating a push mechanism under circumstances where a real push is not possible, such as sites with security policies that require rejection of incoming HTTP requests.

With long polling, the client requests to get more information from the server exactly as in normal polling, but with the expectation that the server may not respond immediately. If the server has no new information for the client when the poll is received, then instead of sending an empty response, the server holds the request open and waits for response information to become available. Once it does have new information, the server immediately sends an HTTP response to the client, completing the open HTTP request. Upon receipt of the server response, the client often immediately issues another server request. In this way the usual response latency (the time between when the information first becomes available and the next client request) otherwise associated with polling clients is eliminated.

For example, BOSH is a popular, long-lived HTTP technique used as a long-polling alternative to a continuous TCP connection when such a connection is difficult or impossible to employ directly (e.g., in a web browser); it is also an underlying technology in the XMPP, which Apple uses for its iCloud push support.

Flash XML Socket relays
This technique, used by chat applications, makes use of the XML Socket object in a single-pixel Adobe Flash movie. Under the control of JavaScript, the client establishes a TCP connection to a unidirectional relay on the server. The relay server does not read anything from this socket; instead, it immediately sends the client a unique identifier. Next, the client makes an HTTP request to the web server, including this identifier with it. The web application can then push messages addressed to the client to a local interface of the relay server, which relays them over the Flash socket. The advantage of this approach is that it appreciates the natural read-write asymmetry that is typical of many web applications, including chat, and as a consequence it offers high efficiency. Since it does not accept data on outgoing sockets, the relay server does not need to poll outgoing TCP connections at all, making it possible to hold open tens of thousands of concurrent connections. In this model, the limit to scale is the TCP stack of the underlying server operating system.

Reliable Group Data Delivery (RGDD)
In services such as Cloud Computing, to increase reliability and availability of data, it is usually pushed (replicated) to several machines. For example, the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) makes 2 extra copies of any object stored. RGDD focuses on efficiently casting an object from one location to many while saving bandwidth by sending minimal number of copies (only one in the best case) of the object over any link across the network. For example, Datacast is a scheme for delivery to many nodes inside data centers that relies on regular and structured topologies and DCCast is a similar approach for delivery across data centers.

Push notification
A push notification is a message that is "pushed" from a back-end server or application to a user interface, e.g. mobile applications or desktop applications. Apple introduced push notifications for iPhone in 2009, and in 2010 Google released "Google Cloud to Device Messaging" (superseded by Google Cloud Messaging and then by Firebase Cloud Messaging). In November 2015, Microsoft announced that the Windows Notification Service would be expanded to make use of the Universal Windows Platform architecture, allowing for push data to be sent to Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, Xbox, and other supported platforms using universal API calls and POST requests.

Push notifications are mainly divided into two approaches, local notifications and remote notifications. For local notifications, the application schedules the notification with the local device's OS. For remote notifications, the application sets a timer in the application itself, provided it is able to continuously run in the background. When the event's scheduled time is reached, or the event's programmed condition is met, the message is displayed in the application's user interface.

Remote notifications are handled by a remote server. Under this scenario, the client application needs to be registered on the server with a unique key (e.g., a UUID). The server then fires the message against the unique key to deliver it to the client via an agreed client/server protocol such as HTTP or XMPP, and the client displays the message received. When the push notification arrives, it can transmit short notifications and messages, set badges on application icons, blink or continuously light up the notification LED, or play alert sounds to attract user's attention. Push notifications are usually used by applications to bring information to users' attention. The content of the messages can be classified in the following example categories:
 * Chat messages from a messaging application such as Facebook Messenger sent by other users.
 * Vendor special offers: A vendor may want to advertise their offers to customers.
 * Event reminders: Some applications may allow the customer to create a reminder or alert for a specific time.
 * Subscribed topic changes: Users may want to get updates regarding the weather in their location, or monitor a web page to track changes, for instance.

Real-time push notifications may raise privacy issues since they can be used to bind virtual identities of social network pseudonyms to the real identities of the smartphone owners. The use of unnecessary push notifications for promotional purposes has been criticized as an example of attention theft.

title: Push technology


text:
Talk:Benjamin West

A Certain Lameness
This is an article about a very prominent colonial who held important posts in the metropolis during the American Revolution. As such, it seems that the stance he took during the conflict would be significant. The article, however, says nothing on the subject, which renders it somewhat lame. Would any contributors have anything to offer regarding Mr. West's political positioning before/during/after the American Revolution? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.6.153.219 (talk) 01:11, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * He considered himself to be a friend of/sucked up to George III, so he couldn't be much of a revolutionary. That said, all you have to do is come up with solid evidence, e.g. reported speech, of his political views - which might be rather difficult.  Smallbones (talk) 01:33, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

I looked up this article to learn about that very issue. Really unfortunate it doesn't address this at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.210.152.1 (talk) 16:12, 7 July 2018 (UTC)

Was Benjamin West a Quaker?
I'm thinking that Benjamin West should be removed from Category:Quakers. He's listed as a "famous Quaker" on several sites but I just found this which is further supported by the following passages from Alberts' "Benjamin West: A Biography":

"[John West] had been a Quaker - every person born of Quaker parents was a member of that religious fellowship at birth - but he did not carry with him a certificate of transfer, which meant that he was not in good standing with the Society of Friends when he left England." (7)

"Sarah Pearson, too, had been a birthright Quaker, but now for some unknown reason ... she had been 'disowned', read out of meeting. The marriage ceremony, of course, was not conducted according to the rules of the Society of Friends, and so the children of John and Sarah Pearson West, of whom there were ten, were not registered at meeting and were not Quakers. The point is an important one, for Benjamin, their youngest child, was widely believed to be a Quaker..." (8) Rampart 14:28, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Given his glorification of war in the "Death of Wolfe" it isn't likely that he was a practicing Quaker. Smallbones (talk) 01:35, 21 November 2010 (UTC)

West wasn't a Quaker & that category should be removed. There's been quite a bit of scholarship disproving this, and there never was any evidence for it. He did depict his father in Quaker dress in a family portrait (and even inserted his father's likeness in his famous "Penn's Treaty with the Indians") but West never demonstrated any Quaker affiliations and, indeed, his social and political associations were quite different (his early patrons were strongly opposed to Quaker rule in Pa., for instance). Jericlifs (talk) 16:20, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Rebellion/Revolution
I am reverting Rebellion to Revolution as Revolution is the more commonly known term for the period and Rebellion might be a violation of NPOV from the side of the Brittish. Cobalty 12:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

New file File:Benjamin West by John Downman.jpg
Recently the file File:Benjamin West by John Downman.jpg (right) was uploaded and it appears to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think it would be a useful addition, please feel free to include it. Dcoetzee 01:19, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

New file File:File:Mr. West and Family by Georg Siegmund Facius.jpg|File:Mr. West and Family by Georg Siegmund Facius.jpg}}
thumb Recently the file : (right) was uploaded and it appears to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think it would be a useful addition, please feel free to include it. Dcoetzee 07:39, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Clarifying West's Engagement
The first paragraph in the section entitled "England" begins by mentioning that subsequent to August 1763 West "never returned to America". The next paragraph begins: "In 1765 he married Elizabeth Shewell, an American to whom he became engaged in Philadelphia ..." Assuming that the Philadelphia being mentioned is the major city in Pennsylvania, this might seem to be contradict the previous paragraph. Perhaps it would be clearer to change from the past tense ("to whom he became") to the past perfect ("to whom he had become"). Alternatively, one could provide the year of his engagement, if known. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rdvaldesdapena (talk • contribs) 12:29, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

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Dates
From 1746 to 1759, West worked in Pennsylvania, mostly painting portraits.
 * Are you sure he was working at the age of seven or eight? Valetude (talk) 23:59, 22 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Benjamin West


text:
Talk:Cross Country services

Birmingham
I cannot quite understand why all these lines should include Birmingham in their itinerary? There are those routes crossing the country that don't include that city. I am thinking of the TransPennine routes; the Heart of Wessex route; the East/West Coastway routes; and the Heart of Wales Line, which is certainly cross (Wales) country. The title of the article does suggest that each should be included. Peter Shearan 12:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I have now begun to expand the article, and shall include those mentioned here. The three so far are all included in Virgin's timetables Peter Shearan 07:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There has been a slight disagreement about whether or not all these services warrant the inclusion in this article - hence the explanation I have given to the term "Cross Country services". The disagreement arose over whether the only real such service was the Aberdeen - Penzance service; and the original article specified that all such services needed to pass through Birmingham. There is also the fact that the Virgin service - see here is actually more than the single line. Peter Shearan 12:00, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cross Country services