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User talk:Hermione1980/Chapter

Uh-oh...
I posted this chapter without reading the preexisting chapters, and I think I'm stepping on other chapters' toes with the opening bit with the Margrets arriving. If you have any suggestions, leave them here on the talk page, and I'll try to incorporate them. Hermione1980 23:53, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There are conflicts, but I think that may even be good at this point. We'll be able to compare stories and chose the most appropriate way to go.  I think the fact the host (and victim) goes to bed early is the most debatable point.  Since he was pretty drunk when Christopher arrived (Chapter 1), that may be a good reason.  And your scene with Christopher acting as host could be moved to when/where the Margrets join the others after their late supper.  We should start making a timeline maybe?? Sounds like some other editors listed on the discussion page are starting to read the material, so we should all get some feedback.  I'm pleased to see some activity, in whatever fashion.  Thanks for stepping in and starting to write.  Please give comments on my chapter as well.  WBardwin 06:08, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

said said
Story's cool - but how about looking in a thesaurus and getting some synonyms for the word "said". --Wonderfool t(c)e)

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Talk:Naples Plague (1656)

Source?
I know of no materials on this particular plague, although it could be related to the movement of Crusaders during that time period. If so, the causal agent could be typhoid. Medieval scholars, please take a look. WBardwin 23:56, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The Middle Ages were long over, as were the Crusades proper, in spite of later attempts to revive the "crusading spirit". The struggle against Ottoman domination of the Eastern Med though was still in full swing, see Cretan War (1645–1669). This was a continuation of the Crusades, but here we're getting into fancy discussions over the extended definition of that category of anti-Muslim wars. So a connection to the trade with the East, most certainly, but not with the mediaeval Crusades. Arminden (talk) 11:27, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

Title misspelling
Title of this page is misspelled. Should be Naples'_Plague. 87.213.32.150 11:34, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Corrected.--Trulexicon (talk) 10:46, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Wrong. It stands for "Plague in Naples", not for "Plague belonging to Naples". No genitive, so no apostrophe-s. Arminden (talk) 11:06, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naples Plague (1656)


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Wazir Akbar Khan

Wazīr Akbar Khān (Pashto/Dari: ; 1816–1847), born Mohammad Akbar Khān and also known as Amīr Akbar Khān, was a Barakzai prince, general, emir for a year, and finally wazir/heir apparent to Dost Mohammad Khan until his death in 1847. His fame began with the 1837 Battle of Jamrud, while attempting to regain Afghanistan's second capital Peshawar from the Sikh Empire.

Wazir Akbar Khan was militarily active in the First Anglo-Afghan War, which lasted from 1839 to 1842. He is prominent for his leadership of the national party in Kabul from 1841 to 1842, and his massacre of Elphinstone's army at the Gandamak pass before the only survivor, the assistant surgeon William Brydon, reached the besieged garrison at Jalalabad on 13 January 1842. Wazir Akbar Khan became the emir of Afghanistan in May 1842, and ruled until Dost Mohammad Khan's return in 1843. In 1847 Wazir Akbar Khan died of cholera.

Early life
Akbar was born to an Afghan Pashtun family as Mohammad Akbar Khan in 1816 to Dost Mohammad Khan, the future ruler of Afghanistan. His mother was Mermən Khadija Popalzai. Dost Mohammad Barakzai had 16 wives, 27 sons (including Wazir Akbar Khan) and 25 daughters.

Adult life
in 1834, Akbar Khan partook in the campaign to Jalalabad, led by his father, Dost Mohammad Khan. Following this, in December 1834, he advanced into the Khyber pass, skirmishing with different Sikh outposts on a number of occasions before meeting Hari Singh Nalwa in battle. The Sikhs were defeated, suffering around 150 dead and wounded, forcing their withdrawal to Peshawar.

In 1837 Dost Mohammad Barakzai's Muslim forces, under the command of his son Wazir Akbar Khan, fought the Sikhs at the Battle of Jamrud, fifteen kilometers west of present-day Peshawar. Dost Mohammad Khan did not follow up this battle by retaking Peshawar, however, but instead contacted Lord Auckland, the new British governor-general in India, for help in fighting the Sikh Empire. With this letter, Dost Mohammad formally set the stage for British intervention in Afghanistan, which would lead to the so-called "Great Game" with Imperial Russia for control over influence in Afghanistan.

Akbar Khan led a revolt in Kabul against the British Indian mission of William McNaughten, Alexander Burnes and their garrison of 4,500 men. In November 1841, he besieged Major-General William Elphinstone's force in Kabul.

Elphinstone accepted a safe-conduct for his British force and about 12,000 Indian camp followers to Peshawar; they were ambushed and annihilated in January 1842. At least one set of British war memoirs bore witness to Akbar Khan’s double dealing, saying that, during the retreat, Akbar Khan could be heard alternately commanding his men, in Persian to desist from, and in Pashto to continue, firing. In May 1842, Akbar Khan captured Bala Hissar in Kabul and became the new emir of Afghanistan. When Dost Mohammad Khan returned and became the emir in 1843, Akbar Khan was in such a powerful position that he managed to become the wazir and heir apparent to Dost Mohammad. In September 1847 there was a cholera outbreak in Kabul. Akbar Khan contracted the disease and died shortly after.

In fiction
The historical figure Akbar Khan plays a major role in George MacDonald Fraser's novel Flashman.

title: Wazir Akbar Khan


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SWAT vehicle

A SWAT vehicle, police armored vehicle, or police rescue vehicle is a non-military armored vehicle used by police tactical units to respond to incidents. They are most often in configurations similar to military light utility vehicles, infantry mobility vehicles, or armoured personnel carriers. They are generally designed to have armor that can sufficiently block high-caliber rounds, space to carry the unit's equipment, and sufficient passenger seating; some also allow for additional personnel to hang onto the side of the vehicle in transit.

Production
A SWAT vehicle may simply be an unarmored van, SUV or truck used to transport equipment or officers or used as a command post. Other more specialized vehicles may be armored personnel carriers or MRAPs designed allow officers to operate in situations where armed confrontation is likely. Early versions of SWAT vehicles were based on production vans such as the International Harvester Metro Van.

Specialized heavy-duty commercial vehicles can be up-fitted and built solely as SWAT vehicles, such as the Lenco BearCat, a popular SWAT vehicle used by police forces across North America and worldwide.

Ambulances and armored trucks can also be converted into SWAT vans or trucks. De-militarized armored personnel carriers can be used for this purpose, as is the case with the Phoenix Police Department which used an M113 armored personnel carrier as part of its inventory, or the Florida Highway Patrol which has three Cadillac Gage Commandos.

France
Among other armoured vehicles, the SWAT units of the French National Police RAID and Research and Intervention Brigade (BRI) are equipped with different armoured vans, such as Panhard PVP, former armored cash transport car, and infantry mobility vehicles such as Nexter Titus.

Germany
Armoured police vehicles were first introduced after World War I by German police forces, who had more than hundred armoured vehicles called Sonderwagen (German for special automobile). Nowadays the Federal Police and the state police forces still maintain armoured vans, like Sonderwagen 4 and Sonderwagen 5. The federal police recently also ordered the LAPV Enok in addition to its Mowag Eagle and ATF Dingo. The SEK special state police units use armored vehicles like the LAPV Enok and the Survivor R.

Japan
Riot Police Units have been operating some series of Armoured buses (警備車), mainly used as mobile shelters and barriers. More heavily-armored vehicles called Special Armored Vehicles (特型警備車) were introduced in the 1960s. The first deployed model was called Type F-3, based on Mitsubishi's cab-after-engine trucks. They were initially treated as idlers because there are only few reports of gun violence in Japan, but they were highly appreciated during the Asama-Sansō incident in 1972 and their significance were widely recognized.

After several model changes, Type PV-2 based on the Mitsubishi Fuso Canter is now deployed nationwide, mainly for anti-firearms squads. There are also simplified versions called Special Armored Van (特型遊撃車), and much larger Heavy Special Armored Vehicle (銃器対策警備車); the latter is dedicated to the Special Assault Teams.

United Kingdom
Police in the United Kingdom, particularly the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), has a great number of police role armoured vehicles based upon a range of base platforms including the Land Rover Defender and the OVIK Crossway. The internal security situation in Northern Ireland demands that the police operate up to 450 armoured vehicles which are optimised for public order duties. The PSNI uses OVIK Pangolin armoured public order vehicles. UK Police are seeing upgrades within their fleet across the different forces, with West Yorkshire Police acquiring two Lenco Bearcats, popular with United States Law Enforcement agencies.

United States
SWAT units may also employ ARVs (Armored Rescue Vehicle ) for insertion, maneuvering, or during tactical operations such as the rescue of civilians, officers, firefighters, and/or military personnel pinned down by gunfire. To avoid detection by suspects during insertion in urban environments, SWAT units may also use modified buses, vans, trucks, or other seemingly normal vehicles. During the 1997 North Hollywood shootout, LAPD SWAT commandeered an armored cash-delivery truck, which they used to extract wounded civilians and officers from the raging firefight with the heavily armed bank robbers.

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Machine coordinate system

In the manufacturing industry, with regard to numerically controlled machine tools, the phrase machine coordinate system refers to the physical limits of the motion of the machine in each of its axes, and to the numerical coordinate which is assigned (by the machine tool builder) to each of these limits. CNC Machinery refers to machines and devices that are controlled by using programmed commands which are encoded on to a storage medium, and NC refers to the automation of machine tools that are operated by abstract commands programmed and encoded onto a storage medium.

Types of Machine Coordinate Systems
The absolute coordinate system uses the cartesian coordinate system, where a point on the machine is specifically defined. The cartesian coordinate system is a set of three number lines labeled X, Y, and Z, which are used to determine the point in the workspace that the machine needs to operate in. This absolute coordinate system allows the machine operator to edit the machine code in a way where the specifically defined section is easy to pinpoint. Before putting in theses coordinates though, the machine operator needs to set a point of origin on the machine. The point of origin in the cartesian system is 0, 0, 0. This allows the machine operator to know which directions are positive and negative in the cartesian plane. It also makes sure that every move made is based on the distance from this origin point.

The relative coordinate system, also known as the incremental coordinate system, also uses the cartesian coordinate system, but in a different manner. The relative coordinate system allows the machine operator to define a point in the workspace based on, or relative to, the previous point that the machine tool was at. This means that after every move the machine tool makes, the point that it ends up at is based on the distance from the previous point. So, the origin set on the machine changes after every move.

The polar coordinate system does not use the cartesian coordinate system. It uses the distance from the point of origin to the point, and the angle from either the point of origin or the previous point used. This means that the polar coordinate system can be used in tangent with either the absolute coordinate system or the relative coordinate system. This just has to be specified within the code of the machine being used. The points in the polar coordinate system can be measured using a rule and protractor to get an approximate point, or the machine operator can use trigonometry to find the exact number needed for the machine to work.

title: Machine coordinate system


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User talk:Magidin

Barnstars
Impressed with your catch!--Tomwsulcer (talk) 03:19, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Compliment
I think it's awesome that you're watching both the Four Horsemen of the Supreme Court and nerdy stuff like Harry Potter and such. I figured nobody would be watching the Horsemen, so I watched them myself.RafaelRGarcia (talk) 22:06, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Supreme Court of the United States
I think you and I were trying to accomplish the same thing at the same time. in any case I give up, its your show now. Good Luck. Awg1010 (talk) 21:11, 28 August 2008 (UTC)

Replied on my talk page. Foofighter20x (talk) 23:35, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Hey - I just saw the improvements that you made to my edit of the Supreme Court wikipage. I like your wording of the Roe v. Wade bit, better than the way I tried to do it. Congrats and thanks. Raymondwinn (talk) 17:47, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Hugo Black
Yo.Please consider my nomination of Hugo Black as a good article. In return, I would surely review one of your own in the future. Peace. RafaelRGarcia (talk) 01:16, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Associate Justice Article
Magidin: Could you please amend your messages on the talk page to avoid interleavings? It makes it harder to read. I agree that the article is fine the way it is. I don't think I distorted your position, because what you wrote in correction was the same as what I understood when I read it, but, if you were concerned that what I said was not right, thank you for correcting it. In any case, I still agree with you. Non Curat Lex (talk) 05:39, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for clarifying, Magidin. Under my previous and mistaken belief that I had done wrong by you, I was feeling bad. There certainly are certain editors whose tone is very questionable. In this case, the suspect editor's tone is already a subject of administrative discussion. See [|here] and [|here]. I think he is skating on thin ice above the warm waters of hell. In any case, even though I can sit there and debunk his self-styled (and self-defeating) legal arguments on the "life tenure" issue, it's very costly to me in terms of productivity. I know how silly it is, and yet, if no one speaks up about it, wikipedia will bend to his will. I'm not sure what to do about it. I think I just have to hope that this guy grows up, or that he regresses so far he earns a perma block. (Note that in fact, he did get a perma block from a zealous admin, but Lar and I argued for his reprieve).

 * Thank you also for fixing up the talk page. Non Curat Lex (talk) 19:42, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Hello
Hi, I've started a page on Dalet School - a private school - and was hoping you could help since you have a lot of experience in this area. I would greatly appreciate your advice. In Citer (talk) 16:27, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Also I have done an article on Obadiah School which I have included references on. I would be pleased to have you as an aid for the article, thank you. In Citer (talk) 16:32, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Reply
What do you mean, ornery? Anyway, you yourself have stated that whether or not the paragraph in question was original research was disputable and that it is a basic summing up of the information in that now now horribly dull, citation ridden section. Don't let IllaZilla sway you, he's an cultural plebeian who cares more about policies than he does creativity. And don't call Verifiability Not Truth on me, that policy's a joke! See WP:IGNORE. --Jupiter Optimus Maximus (talk) 19:51, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Frankly Maggy, you've lost me completely and it looks like I've lost you completely. Kindly refrain from insulting my creativity and superior intellect, it's patently obvious who the plebeian is in this equation and it's not me. People are making it harder and harder for me to not be insulting. I'm not actually trying to be amusing though if you find me so then I'm flattered. "Idiot" and "cultural plebeian" were actually honest observations, not attempts at creativity. Furthermore if being forthright and refusing to be bullied constitutes "making an ass" of myself then hand me the punch and let's get this party started! --Jupiter Optimus Maximus (talk) 22:26, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Sonny? Oh I'm writing that down. Yes, don't worry, you're free of me. I'll be taking my business elsewhere. --Jupiter Optimus Maximus (talk) 08:50, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, Maggy, the fact is that by insulting my intelligence, you insult your own and I feel I've rather overestimated your mental faculties already. The paragraph in question belongs in that article and I will be re-adding it. People can't erase every trace of me from every article simply because they feel like it. --Jupiter Optimus Maximus (talk) 15:41, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Removing Picture from United States Supreme Court article
I don't understand why would you remove a picture of a sitting President and Vice President pictured with SCOTUS members. It's pretty rare to see. While it's encouraged to remove or add content to the encyclopedia, please discuss drastic and "opinionated" changes like what you did on the talk page to gain consensus. Thank you.  miranda   22:50, 21 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I second that point, requesting SCOTUS photo portraits. Shouldn't we have some illustrations when very appropriate? and they are such in this case. Dogru144 (talk) 00:07, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Re: My edit to James Clark McReynolds
Thanks for your friendly assistance. If I understand you correctly, does that mean that the DEFAULTSORT tags for Robert McCallum, Jr. and Brien McMahon (incidentally, not names pulled out of thin air, but, like James Clark McReynolds, former Assistant Attorneys General) are incorrect? --avocat (talk) 20:10, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, I certainly appear to have stepped in it... I don't know whether there are conflicting standards, lack of consensus, or lack of awareness of the issue. From a glance at this page - http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Living_people&from=MacAlmon%2C+Terry - it looks like the problem is pretty widespread!--avocat (talk) 03:21, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * *sigh* All I wanted to do was put the Assistant Attorneys General in proper alphabetical order . . . ;-)  --avocat (talk) 03:34, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Thanks!
I'm really glad that you're also editing Fermat's Last Theorem. I'll do my best to hold up my end, but please remember that I'm not a mathematician — you'll have to expect a few amateurish errors! Proteins (talk) 20:13, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

In your opinion...
Does this person strike you as incredibly similar to our old acquaintance Jupiter Optimus Maximus (aka Illustrious One, aka YourLord)? The contribution history seems very similar to me, with similar patterns (unreferenced psychoanalysis of fictional characters, adding categories related to such, concern over List of fictional narcissists, etc.). Also he identifies as being from Chester, England, and all of JOM's previous IPs trace to the same general area (Manchester, Liverpool, & Chester, which are adjacent to each other). There's enough of a similarity here for me to consider opening up a SPI, but I thought I'd ask for second opinions first. --IllaZilla (talk) 21:28, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

Case opened at Sockpuppet investigations/YourLord. Comments are welcome. --IllaZilla (talk) 23:25, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

James C. McReynolds
Thanks for catching that. I was so caught up in trying ot get the substantive info right I didn't see it. FWIW, I do know better, but it was an inadvertence. Kind of like trying to drive and talk on a cell phone at the same time -- different control centers which are mutually exclusive. Cheers. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 17:09, 2 June 2009 (UTC) Stan
 * Mainly what I wanted to accomplish was to get a line citation to the Michael Ariens article. You moved it and that's "well and fine".  I think that paper and electronic citations can coexist, and will make the article better.  It is, BTW, a very well done article.  I have a few additions that might deal with some areas  not in the article, but I've got to leave that for another day and get back to work.  7&6=thirteen (talk) 17:39, 2 June 2009 (UTC) Stan
 * And actually, I was referring (at the time) to the bad grammar. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 17:41, 2 June 2009 (UTC) Stan
 * Magidin, Plagiarism is the sincerest form of flattery. But paraphrasing is required here.  It really is multitasking, and limited processing power (selective focus) is an issue.  That's part of why everything needs to be rewritten, edited, rewritten.  Louis Brandeis said, "There is no such thing as good legal writing.  There is only good legal rewriting."  And that is true here, too, even on this low cal stuff.  I use editing as a way to do something, while I am processing 'in background' the stuff that pays the bills.  7&6=thirteen (talk) 18:50, 2 June 2009 (UTC) Stan

FYI, I fixed the broken link in James Clark McReynolds per your request. It has some good information which might be useful to paraphrase. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 20:23, 2 March 2010 (UTC) Stan

Flipism
I was looking at your user page, and I think you might be able to help this article. Thanks in advance. 7&6=thirteen (talk) 17:17, 2 June 2009 (UTC) Stan

Cardozo
Thank you for restoring all that info from the Benjamin Nathan Cardozo article! That knucklehead keeps deleting or changing the info to suit his/her own POV. I wasn't looking forward to restoring all that info as I have forgotten to copy it down elsewhere.The Original Historygeek (talk) 03:35, 3 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks for the instructions. I had tried a couple of things and it didn't work.The Original Historygeek (talk) 16:03, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Cardozo to Stevens
You said, "That bit of trivia shouldn't be in the lead paragraph" when deleting the bit about the oldest of the ninth longest serving .... Isn't that claim inconsistent with the other similar superlatives or near-superlatives in the same paragraph? Cordially, Dogru144 (talk) 00:04, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Nina Totenberg
As a neutral third party, I'm curious what you think about the disagreement over the Hunt article. I can provide the relevant articles via email if you like. Gamaliel (talk) 16:03, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Supreme Court
I am wondering why Magidin is attempting to remove legitimate OP-EDs about the Supreme Court from the Supreme Court page...seems like a version of censorship you are practicing--please explain (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 03:48, 30 January 2010 (UTC).

Please explain the removal of a legitimate OP-ED by a legitimate author in a legitimate publication. Thank you very much. Tibet 111 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tibet111 (talk • contribs) 04:10, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Thank you for your thoughtful explanation. Appreciate it. Tibet111 (talk) 04:15, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

The insertion of a OP-ED from a major national publication and written by a respected author about a paticular case of the Supreme Court seems to me to be a legitimate addition to the Supreme Court page. Your deletion of such material detracts from the goals of Wikipedia, in my humble opinion. Your comment that this article is spam is also not accurate.

In any case, you did give a thoughtful explanation about your reasons for your removal of the article about the case. I appreciate that you seem to be a reasonable person. Tibet111 (talk) 04:15, 30 January 2010 (UTC)

Footnoting template?
I noted on the Supreme Court page you very quickly and efficiently converted the footnote moved to the end of the sentence into a standard format. Do you have software that gives you a template for that? I've been typing footnotes by hand, which is tedious. ElijahBosley (talk ☞)  19:47, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Use of European American and White American on U.S. Supreme Court pages
Greetings! In light of your previous work on these articles, please weigh in on the discussion at Talk:Supreme Court of the United States. Cheers! bd2412 T 23:25, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Chronology of Harry Potter Series
I noticed your comment on a recent edit you made on the Severus Snape page. Apparently, there was someone who got his panties in a wad about the non-encyclopaedic nature of the page and asked for it to be deleted. Which, of course, screws up a lot of other HP articles. Ccrashh (talk) 14:29, 29 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I also contacted the admin who processed the deletion and asked if someone would scour the HP articles for mention of the now-deleted article (I assume a bot would do that). Ccrashh (talk) 15:26, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

WPHP Goals
I've posted some goals for WikiProject Harry Potter on the improvement page for this year. Feel free to add and comment! -- Glimmer721  talk  23:28, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

Barnstar
Thanks!! - Simon Dodd { U·T·C·WP:LAW } 20:44, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
I noticed your comments on my UserTalk page regarding my recent edit to the Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States. In the interest of avoiding a potentially-contentious debate on the article Talk page, I have self-reverted the edit in question. --TommyBoy (talk) 20:32, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

SCOTUS
I left you a message on the SCOTUS Talk page. Mistakefinder (talk) 07:50, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

Hi
Thanks for taking a total amateur like me seriously over at Monomorphism. I'm trying to teach myself some advanced math and physics as a hobby, and Wikipedia is an excellent starting point.

I am writing on User:YohanN7/Group Structure and the Axiom of Choice for the fun of it. I hope it will some day be good enough to become an article. Perhapce you could have a look at it if you get the time? I'm also (more seriously) working on improvements for Representation theory of the Lorentz group. I have a draft in User:YohanN7/Representation theory of the Lorentz group to replace the current section Representation theory of the Lorentz group.

Best regards, Johan YohanN7 (talk) 21:52, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

Hi Magidin, would you like help with Sysco article?
Hi Magidin, we worked briefly together on the John Paul Stevens article, and I like to think by working together we came up with a better result than we would have individually.

Okay, about the Sysco article:

1) There's been a scandal primarily reported by NBC Bay Area in which Sysco was caught using unrefrigerated drop sites.  So, I think it's an important subject in its own right.  For example, how can such a major corporation make such a clumsy mistake?

2) And a Sysco employee has briefly participated here at wikipedia by making edits.  And so far, just fine.  I thanked this new wiki member for jumping in and helping out.  The person said they wanted to be transparent and share that they are a Sysco employee.  I told them the Conflict Of Interest policy in which a paid advocate is asked to suggest changes on the Talk page.  So far, no issue.  Their their edits did in fact help out.  But potentially for the future, I think the best solution is to invite more people into the tent.

So, if you want to help out with Sysco, please, by all means, jump in. The water is fine. :>) FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 18:54, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

DeMorgan
Hi Magidin, thanks for the comment. Perhaps "debunking" was a little stronger than what I meant to say, would you find "ridiculing" an acceptable replacement? Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 04:34, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Sorry, I made this change moments before I saw your reply. I'd rather not weaken the statement further ... I believe that DeMorgan's intent is quite clear. I will support the current statement with an Underwood Dudley citation when I get back to my library and can look up the exact wording. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 05:24, 15 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I did think "debunking" gave the wrong impression, but I'm willing to go along with your current wording. Magidin (talk) 05:38, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

Good catch on judge
Hi Magidin, Appreciation for you good catch on the Sotomayor typo. During the last week, I have been adding the material from 3 new books on the Roberts court there and am almost done. The Sonia Sotomayor article could probably use a good top-to-bottom read through after the two or three dozen edits which I have made there during this past week. Possibly you could give it a once over when/if time allows, and only if this field is of interest to you. Cheers. LawrencePrincipe (talk) 02:25, 18 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Magidin, My appreciation for your note from the other day. It would be a good target if you might be able to look at some of the citations on Sonia Sotomayor as you mention these, when and if time allows. This link checklinks report might also have some ideas for first order targets, etc. Cheers. LawrencePrincipe (talk) 00:14, 20 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Magidin, Thanks for your comment and clarification on Talk at Sotomayor. I really thought your comment was on target; "I've been keeping half an eye on the changes; to be honest, I was planning to wait until they subsided before trying to wade in and do clean-up (from my lay-person point of view, at any rate)". My very brief update (now that things have returned back to a relative state of normalcy on that page), is that I am deeply immersed in the updates to the deadlinks in the footnotes, while all the items in the list of User:WastedTime on the Talk page of Sonia Sotomayor still need to be addressed (and many more that accumulated before I first looked at the page 3-4 weeks ago). It occurred to me that since I'm in the footnotes alone and not the text, that there is a chance for you to start in on the "clean-up" you referred to whenever time allows for you; it looked like all the Talk page participants there would like to see this. Many of the deadlinks there, I am finding, have not been updated since 2009! Cheers. LawrencePrincipe (talk) 13:31, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

Please Contact Me
Hello! I am working on a news feature story about the use of "comprised of" in articles. I notice that you took issue with the change early in this campaign. Are you by chance in the Bay Area? Could you please reach out to me at your earliest convenience at Keltym@CBSNews.com Thank you! NOLANY (talk) 23:00, 16 March 2015 (UTC)

Guidance
Hello Magidin,

I noted your comment on my contribution to "Talk:Limit of a function".

I'm new to using the talk pages and obviously got it wrong. Part of the problem may have been that I failed to indent (I thought this would be automatic - I have corrected it), so it may not have been obvious that I was trying to comment on the previous (unsigned) suggestion to (in effect) change "Let p be a limit point ..." to "Let p be an adherent point ..." in the section "Functions on topological spaces".

The point I was trying to make was that this change would be nonstandard and unworkable (hence a bad idea).

I'm not sure how I would make the point that it is unworkable without discussing the subject. I've removed the examples and the extraneous point at the end. Is this more in line with what you'ld expect and is it still clear (or as clear, at any rate)?

regards, Martin Rattigan — Preceding unsigned comment added by Martin Rattigan (talk • contribs) 23:39, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Catholicism
FYI. Catholic liturgical rites. I think this list is incomplete. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 19:50, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Proofs of Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares. - Euler's proof by infinite descent - Third Part
Hi just checking if you were aware I had at the time of the edit added an additional comment to account for 9 = 3^2 + 0 in my own Talk page since there doesn't appear to be a Talk page for that topic. I feel accounting for zero squares should require more care because if we allow for zero then we could as well say that 9 is a sum of N squares as 9 = 3^2 + (0 + 0 ... + 0)(N-1 times). It also causes confusion in other area's of the proof. As for the idea that this is a quote it is a very loose one certainly not a direct translation of Euler's letter or papers. Although Integers are mentioned in the title section it is not clear whether the domain in Euler section is Integer or Natural Numbers due to the ambiguous use of the word number. Specifying that the numbers are Integers would also resolve the issue instead of my inital suggestion of changing the word from number to prime, change all instances of the ambiguous word "number" to "Integer". Personally I still think using the Domain of Natural Numbers and word prime would be a better way to go. Rhuaidhri (talk) 18:40, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

In response to your post on my talk page I hope this clears up the issue. My objection is the to the use of the ambiguous word "number". I feel a more specific term should be used either "Integer" or "prime" as would be usual in proofs of this type (both work). Instead of changing the quoted parts you could add a qualifying statement at the top of the Euler section stating the context of the quote and that the author is refering to Integers. As to the talk page link it doesn't show as a link however having checked other pages I don't see it there for them either so it must be a problem with my browser. I see from the talk link you provided (Thanks) that I'm not the first to point out the ambiguous nature of the phrasing. Rhuaidhri (talk) 19:56, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

In response to your second and third posts to my talk page. The use of the word "number" in any mathematical proof is ambiguous as there are many different types of numbers, that  is not a subjective judgement on my part. The use of ambiguous words should be avoided if possible. Perhaps you didn't understand my last post fully so let me rephrase the last part of the suggestion. Since the word number is part of a quote I suggest that before the quote you state that number in the following section means Integer or any words to that effect of your own choosing. Again let me repeat I am not saying the passage is incorrect just ambiguous. Having said that in plain use the word "number" is usually taken to mean the Natural Numbers in which case the statement would be incorrect hence the reason I feel strongly that as the ambiguity can be easily avoided it should be. Rhuaidhri (talk) 20:55, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

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"The Honorable" Justices
Just by way of explanation, I added the honorific "The Honorable" to all living current and former SCOTUS justices after a series of edits to SCOTUS Justice articles by, in which they removed the honorific title (see, e.g. this edit to Chief Justice John Roberts, this edit to Justice Sonia Sotomayor, and this edit to Justice Anthony Kennedy). I thought it would be a good idea to add the title back to the articles for living Justices because, prior to the edits, the title existed in the infoboxes for most living Justices. However, subsequent research has revealed that sitting SCOTUS Justices do not use the title "the Honorable," while retired Justices do use the title "the Honorable" (see this guide to etiquette and this guide to United States protocol). I had been calling sitting SCOTUS Justices "the Honorable" for years! Some law schools even advise their students to address sitting SCOTUS justices as "the Honorable." I guess this just goes to show how important it is to do your research. Cheers, -- Notecardforfree (talk) 20:40, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Skilful
Oops. That's [somehow] a new one for me. :) —  Rhododendrites talk  \\ 19:41, 14 January 2016 (UTC)

Squaring the circle, deleted link in "External links"
Hi Magidin,

you were right and I understand why you've deleted the link. Do you see any other way in which this can be properly used?

Greetings from Munich

Petrus3743 (talk) 08:37, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Sorry, did not see you undid Hewitt's change of the section title earlier. It's too long, but I agree with Trovatore that it's not worth arguing with Hewitt about (that's exactly what he wants). At least he's now no longer allowed to raise that exact same issue again. —Ruud 10:56, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

SCOTUS
Hi. In articles such as POTUS and ACLU, we don't parenthetically note that the initialism or acronym is colloquial. Do you think SCOTUS is exceptional? --MZMcBride (talk) 00:56, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * ACLU is very different, because they refer to the organization by their initialism themselves; don't know about POTUS. But the issue of the SCOTUS acronym on the Supreme Court page was extensively discussed in the past; please check the archives. In any case, your edit placed the references in the wrong place: by locating them at the end of the sentence, you were giving them as if they supported the claim that the Supreme Court was the highest court in the judiciary, whereas the citations are exclusively about the use of SCOTUS as a referent. (The reason it states that it is colloquial is that the abbreviation/initialism is actually rather rare in use). Magidin (talk) 15:17, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * That Safire reference is questionable in general. I'm inclined to remove it entirely as unneeded or at least move it somewhere less obnoxious. In general, I think it looks tacky to include references mid-sentence and to include references with lead sentences. Many/most of our articles, including featured articles, avoid this. --MZMcBride (talk) 18:00, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Given that this has been discussed previously, at some length, I would suggest using the Talk page before simply removing because your obnoxiousness and tackiness threshold get crossed. Magidin (talk) 18:58, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * To save some time, here are the discussions on the archive. A brief mention here; a comment on removing it here; a suggestion to move it to the end of the paragraph here; some further discussion on the lede here; specific discussions here and here. I don't necessarily object to the removal, but given that it comes up many times, I think it best to discuss and establish some consensus first. Magidin (talk) 19:39, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Sure. Thank you for providing the archive links! I've been thinking on it more and I think we could maybe move the parenthetical to its own sentence later in the article, alleviating the concern about "SCOTUS" being featured so prominently, having a mid-sentence reference, and "cluttering" the lead sentence. I agree that the talk page would be a better venue for discussion. I'll head over there. --MZMcBride (talk) 20:19, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I put some thoughts on the talk page. If you're interested, I'd also like to discuss some of the other language used in the article. I can start separate talk page discussions for these items, of course. For example, where we say "The Court normally consists of...", I think it might be better to be more precise: "Since 19whatever and as proscribed by Congress in the something Act ...". The use of "normally" seems sort of subjective and too broad, particularly given that the Court's membership size has changed over time and didn't start as nine justices. --MZMcBride (talk) 20:35, 2 July 2016 (UTC)
 * For the latter, I think that the "normally" there refers not so much to the composition by statute, but rather to situations such as the one we are currently in: though the Court is supposed to have nine justices, in fact it currently consists only of eight justices (plus one vacancy). There's a more specific discussion under Size of the Court. That said: for other things it's probably okay to make a change, and only go to the talk page if there is a revert or objections (or to present a pre-emptive explanation-after-the-fact). Magidin (talk) 21:39, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

Category:Antisemitism in the United States
The category Category:Antisemitism in the United States inclusion criteria states that no anti-Semites go into this category. I see that Category:American critics of Judaism (as lame as it sounds) and its parents and siblings are where anti-Semites are put. If all this sounds wrong, please take that up with the category creators elsewhere: I am just following the category structures as it exists here. ThanksHmains (talk) 23:54, 3 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. Magidin (talk) 00:24, 4 December 2016 (UTC)

Merrick Garland and Religious vs. Ethnic Jews
This is in re: the discussion on the talk page of Demographics of the United States Supreme Court. As usually understood, religion is something that one practices in one's own life and is therefore is something which is in some sense chosen and may be changed. On the other hand, ethnicity is generally understood to be a fact about one's ancestry/background, and is thus something unchosen and unchangeable.

Jews, historically, were an ethnic group (literally, the descendants of Judah, although more generally the descendants of Jacob) who practiced a religion which was more or less limited to their own ethnic group (the Jews have never practiced proselytism). Usually when people stop practicing a religion, they stop identifying with that religion. However, since being Jewish involves both ethnic and religious senses, many people who do not practice the Jewish religion still identify as Jewish. Jews in the modern world tend to have a strong ethnic identity even when they do not actually practice the Jewish religion or hold Jewish religious beliefs. It is relatively common for someone to identify as both Jewish (in the ethnic sense) and atheist (in the religious sense). Something similar sometimes happens with Hispanic Catholics (or Italian Catholics) who may continue to identify as "Catholic" even when they no longer practice the religion (or believe it) because their ethnic identity is so closely tied to a religious culture. But notice that this almost never happens with protestants: if they stop practicing their denomination or religion altogether, they do not continue identifying as "Methodist" or "Lutheran" or whatnot.

The discussion of "Jewish" justices on the Supreme Court confuses the two different ways of being Jewish. It categorizes "Jewish" explicitly as a religious demographic and then classifies justices as Jewish based on purely ethnic evidence. The fact that someone has Jewish ancestors proves that they are ethnically Jewish, but it does not demonstrate that they should be considered to adhere to the Jewish religion. There ought to be more evidence to identify someone as Jewish in a religious sense then mere Jewish ancestry. With regard to Merrick Garland, the only information on Wikipedia (or its sources) regarding his being Jewish indicates that he is ethnically Jewish, but none of it tells us anything about his religious beliefs or practices. There might be similar problems with the identification of other justices as Jewish.

I hope that at least helps clarify the distinction between "religiously Jewish" and "ethnically Jewish" for you. LacrimosaDiesIlla (talk) 17:46, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

 * While talking about "lapsed Catholics" is quite common, the closest parallel among Jews is "non-observant Jew" or "non-practicing Jew". Which includes them among the ranks of Jews. Common parlance does not generally distinguish between them, and the distinction that was attempted with Garland seemed to be that unless he goes to Temple on a regular basis, he should not be identified as jewish. Under that standard, you should remove Brandeis and Cardozo from the list, as well. I would also challenge your assertion about Protestants, since it is in fact quite common in my experience for people who do not practice their particular denomination to still claim to be a part of it. Thank you for the history lesson about judaism and how Jews fit in the modern world, though; it's not like I went to Jewish private School for 15 years as a kid... oh, wait, I did. (Okay, that was perhaps unwarrantedly sarcastic for what seems to be an honest attempt from you at providing context; it's just that you are assuming a level of ignorance on my part that is actually incredibly inaccurate; it comes pretty close to mansplaining.) Magidin (talk) 18:23, 28 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry I offended you, but if you went to Jewish private school, surely you were already aware of the ways in which Jewish identity has both ethnic and religious components. Personally, I don't care if Merrick Garland goes to Temple or not; I think the relevant point is whether he thinks of himself as an adherent of Judaism the religion in any sense at all (observant, non-observant, whatever), as opposed to only a member of the Jewish people in an ethnic sense. My point was that the only evidence Wikipedia seems to have for his being Jewish deals with his ancestry and his childhood. This would be like claiming that someone is still a resident of the state they were born and raised in quite apart from any evidence of where they've lived since they turned 18 (and even that, like outward religious practice or lack thereof, would not be definitive since one may legally be a resident of a state other than the state that one seems to live in). He may consider himself Jewish (practicing or not), but he might also consider himself an atheist or as adhering to some other religion. I have no idea, but Wikipedia doesn't seem to have any idea either. And surely a hypothetical justice who was born to a Jewish family and raised Jewish but converted to and practiced some other religion as an adult would not be counted as an adherent of Judaism the religion. I just think it would be helpful for the article to confront more directly the relatively unique ethno-religious hybrid nature of Jewishness. By contrast, this concern does not seem to arise with its discussion of Catholic justices (obviously Clarence Thomas is not being counted as Catholic because of his ethnic background, and whatever complaints conservatives might have about her, Sonia Sotomayor does actually seem to identify herself as a (lapsed) Catholic). But I guess if nobody else thinks it's an issue, I can leave it. LacrimosaDiesIlla (talk) 20:08, 28 April 2017 (UTC)
 * My main irritation here was that, since you took it to my talk page, you were addressing me and only me, perhaps asking what I found confusing, or trying to gauge my level of knowledge first would have been a bit more appropriate than simply assuming that I was wholly and completely ignorant and thus providing me with a lecture. A "confrontation" about the rather difficult and subtle issues of who is or is not "Jewish", religiously Jewish vs. ethnically Jewish, etc., is certainly not appropriate for the page on the Demographics of the Supreme Court. If anything is to be there, it would have to be at most a pointer to some source on the issue that is directly relevant to the Supreme Court and not to the general argument: think the paragraph on Cardozo in the Hispanic heading; there isn't a discussion of why sephardic jews should or should not be considered "hispanic", there is just an indication of disagreement among historians, and three citations to evidence this. Is there any citation indicating disagreement among historians or demographers of the Supreme Court on whether any of the typically-identified-as-Jewish justices (Brandeis, Cardozo, Frankfurter, Goldberg, Fortas, Ginsburg, Breyer, or Kagan) should really be described as Jewish in the religious sense or not? I am not aware of any. I was also not aware of any such disagreement regarding Garland, and most sources described him simply as Jewish; so trying to argue that he should not (or that we should question whether he should) be considered Jewish because we don't have any information demonstrating that he considers himself a "religious jew" as opposed to an "ethnic jew" one seem like OR or PoV-pushing. Compare with Gorsuch, where the discussion of whether he considers himself Catholic or Episcopalian was actually in the news and there were articles about it. Of course, whether Garland describes himself as "religiously Jewish" (a self-description that in my experience is, at best, exceedingly rare; people say "Jewish", or "Jewish background", etc) is moot. And your arguments about Garland apply just as well to Cardozo, who identified himself in later life as an agnostic who was proud of his "Jewish heritage". So, are you advocating for removing Cardozo from the discussion of Jewish justices? You are trying to engage in an ethnographic argument about just what the word "jew" should or should not mean, and neither my talk page nor the Demographics of the Supreme Court page are the appropriate location for that discussion. Magidin (talk) 20:53, 28 April 2017 (UTC)
 * You make a lot of good points. I'm sorry for having bothered you, but I do appreciate the thoroughness of your replies and the time you took to write them. I'm pretty new to the Wikipedia editing community, so this has been a learning experience for me. Thanks for giving me some guidance. You've definitely helped me understand better both how the editing community works and how Wikipedia understands and practices its own mission. I think I've learned some lessons here I can apply in the future. LacrimosaDiesIlla (talk) 14:31, 29 April 2017 (UTC)

Snape
WP:LEADCITE says that it is not necessary per se to have citations in the lead for non-controversial things unlikely to be challenged, if said information shows up in the body of the article. That Washington Post review is repeated in the reception part of the article, with a citation. If you'd like, I'll go ahead and just put a citation on it. I was being lazy because I generally don't use citations in leads. --haha169 (talk) 01:11, 29 September 2017 (UTC)
 * No worries, thanks for being thorough! I was just being lazy, it probably should have just been cited in any case. --haha169 (talk) 06:24, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

James C. McReynolds
I checked into your edits on McReynolds. You are correct that McReynolds did not clerk for Justice Jackson when Jackson was on the Supreme Court. 2600:1700:7822:6190:98AD:B7CE:DD3C:B031 (talk) 18:47, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Chinese remainder theorem
You ring please. I should have written about it. I would correct the changes. Best regards, Alpha-Gamma (talk) 17:23, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the bad english. I'm not going to fix anything. All the way around. I wanted to say that I could have corrected my mistakes if you had told me about it. It is a pity that Wikipedia uses very poor possibilities in depicting mathematical formulas. With the best, Alpha-Gamma (talk) 20:02, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * This option is better?

\left \{ \begin{align} x &\equiv a_1 \pmod{n_1} \\ &\vdots \\ x &\equiv a_k \pmod{n_k}, \end{align} \right. $$ With the best, Alpha-Gamma (talk) 20:34, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for explanations. I didn't know. I so didn't think earlier. Is over what to think. With the best, Alpha-Gamma (talk) 23:33, 23 July 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for taking up your time. That's my last question. I want to still achieve beauty. Following the source, don't you think it would be better?

\begin{array}{rcl} x & \equiv & a_1 \pmod{n_1} \\ & \vdots &                \\ x & \equiv & a_k \pmod{n_k}, \end{array} $$ The disadvantage of this option is that there are spaces around the congruence symbol. System congruency better to not imagine it. Again, sorry for my persistence. With the best, Alpha-Gamma (talk) 10:00, 24 July 2018 (UTC)
 * No, that option is not better because it has way too much space surrounding the symbols. You could use eqnarray instead, which does not include anywhere near as much space, but there is no point. The align environment is specifically designed for aligning equations. So that's what should be used. Look, I've been using TeX and LaTeX for over 30 years. Trust me. Magidin (talk) 17:41, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the answer. I got it. With "eqnarray" at me it hasn't turned out as it is necessary. As well as I promised you any more I won't disturb. Thanks, good-bye, Alpha-Gamma (talk) 20:53, 24 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Well excuse please. I slept badly now, wanted to solve a problem. I have tried the last option? How about you?

\begin{align} x &\equiv a_1 \pmod{n_1} \\ &\ \ \vdots           \\ x &\equiv a_k \pmod{n_k}, \end{align} $$ I before it was mistakenly have sent the letter of D.Lazard. He has told that it isn't really good, but is tolerant. Therefore I have slightly improved this primitive option:

\begin{align} x &\equiv a_1 \pmod{n_1} \\ &\vdots           \\ x &\equiv a_k \pmod{n_k}, \end{align} $$ Sorry. Alpha-Gamma (talk) 19:10, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
 * So that's two times you said you were done but came back with minor tweaks on something that is really minor. Just to try to align the vertical dots. Really? Don't you have something better to do with your time? Magidin (talk) 22:25, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

 * You — are absolutely right. Farewell. Alpha-Gamma (talk) 06:59, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

Supreme Court of the US Talk Page
I added a section to the Supreme Court of the United States talk page that you will most likely want to comment on. BobRoberts14 (talk) 19:33, 13 June 2019 (UTC)BobRoberts14

Sotomayor article
Interestingly, the same editor (Snooghanssnoogans) who removed my mention of the "wise Latina" remarks from the lede of the Sotomayor article is making the opposite argument to include mention of sexual allegations in the lede of the Kavanaugh article. We can't have it both ways. GlassBones (talk) 14:03, 4 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I tried to make my argument neutral and non-partisan; in fact, I'm a liberal. My comments and points were summarily ignored. It is patently clear to me that both you and other users involved in this particular kerfuffle are not doing so out of a desire to improve the articles in question, but simply as a proxy for partisan fights. Both your comments and those of that user are steeped in partisan, one-sided justifications. I have no interest in participating under those conditions. Magidin (talk) 16:05, 4 February 2020 (UTC)
 * -I appreciate your position. I am basically a libertarian who leans conservative on some issues. I guess I tend to argue more conservatively, since so many editors here argue with a very liberal bias. GlassBones (talk) 20:11, 4 February 2020 (UTC)

New Message
Hi! I have never contacted anyone on Wikipedia before, so appologies in advance if I do anything wrong. I was just reading the page on SCOTUS and I think the paragraph about justices who previously clerked for other justices is incomplete - it does not include Barrett's clerkship for Scalia. I can't edit the page but it says you were the last editor, so I was wondering if you could address it? Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:241:80:1960:8101:A1BF:1DB3:8D1D (talk) 01:28, 7 November 2020 (UTC)
 * For the record, this is not how you do it. You should go to the talk page of the page in question and raise the issue. Also, if you are adding material to a talk page, add it at the bottom (use the "New Section" button on top), not at the top. Magidin (talk) 17:00, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Picture of Supreme Court
Per your comments at [], now that the new picture is on the SCOTUS website at [] are you able to upload the new photo to []. Thanks. Nerguy (talk) 17:32, 7 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The new photo has been put up by another editor. It was put up 18 hour before you wrote the above. Magidin (talk) 17:37, 7 May 2021 (UTC)
 * My apologies I had not noticed.Nerguy (talk) 17:46, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

Draft:List of United States federal judges who died in active service
If you're in the mood for a massive data-entry kind of task, I am filling in lines for these individuals and moving them to the lists at the top by chronological order of date of death. BD2412 T 21:42, 8 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Not right now... sorry. Magidin (talk) 21:59, 8 March 2022 (UTC)
 * No worries, and no deadline. The project has survived for 20 years without such a list. Cheers! BD2412  T 22:03, 8 March 2022 (UTC)
 * By the way, this is now done - List of United States federal judges who died in active service, and three subpages. Of course, immediately nominated for deletion by non-judge people, but it doesn't look like that will yield a consensus. BD2412  T 22:32, 17 March 2022 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Algebra II

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept, no real consensus on what to do with this one, but it could be merged somewhere. Algebra I was kept so it seems reasonable to preserve this page as well. - SimonP 14:29, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Algebra II

 * See also Votes for deletion/Algebra I

This article is about the course "Algebra II" which is being held after "Algebra I". Algebra I is up for deletion, and probably this one deserves the same fate, as it is unencyclopedic. Oleg Alexandrov 00:01, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * delete --R.Koot 00:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to algebra. -- BD2412  talk  00:34, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Delete. -Sholtar | talk 00:36, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No need for a redirect. Paul August ☎ 01:08, May 30, 2005 (UTC) Keep. I've changed my mind. I can now see some merit for keeping this article, perhaps as a redirect, if so then probably to mathematics education, as Uncle G suggests below (redirecting to elementary algebra is also a possibility and might be better than algebra). This will mean that other analogous articles (e.g. "calculus I", calculus II, calculus III) would also be desirable. Paul August  ☎ 15:21, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * For the reason given in Votes for deletion/Algebra I, Redirect to mathematics education. Uncle G 01:51, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Delete Revolución 02:31, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mathematics education. K1Bond007 03:45, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * D unnecessary, no redirect. Fawcett5 04:03, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Xcali 06:26, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Every country has different course standards. No doubt this is country specific without giving context. Since people typing such a thing aren't looking for Algebra a redirect to mathematics education seems best. (same reasoning as Algebra I). Mgm|(talk) 07:03, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encyclopedic. Sjakkalle 07:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Algebra. Nateji77 09:40, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, don't redirect. There's no subject matter called "Algebra II". We should not preserve every half-backed article concept as a redirect. The redirect doesn't make it any easier to find Algebra and might actually lead a somebody astray, since a redirect for "Algebra II" makes it slightly harder to perform a general search for that string. The fact that there are several opinions as to how to redirect should serve as a hint that a redirect is a bad idea. Isaac R 16:55, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh pshaw, there is a subject matter called "Algebra II" - I distinctly remember hating it in high school. -- BD2412  talk  22:06, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Good point. Let's keep the article, and add material about boredom and ennui in high school! Isaac R 23:10, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * As BD2412 says, there is subject matter called Algebra II. That doesn't mean that it has to be discussed separately from mathematics education as a whole, where its relationship to Algebra I (and vice versa) can be made plain. Indeed, a redirect will ensure that that doesn't happen. Moreover, what makes you think that someone going to an article with the title "Algebra II" is looking for the mathematical topic of algebra and not the teaching standard (covered in mathematics education) specifically named "Algebra II"? Uncle G 03:39, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Delete, don't redirect, per Isaac R's original point. carmeld1 00:59, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Mathematics education -- Decumanus 04:10, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Keep, Algebra I has grown into something decent, and I'm sure this one can as well. _ SimonP 13:08, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no redirect needed. Even among USA high schools, different states use different standards for what material is in the Algebra I vs. Algebra II curricula.  Universities on the semester system use a different Algebra II curriculum than ones on the quarter system.  Algebra is a real subject matter that's consistently defined; Algebra II isn't.  Barno 19:26, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Algebra II is real subject matter. That its definition varies from goverment to government is something that can be discussed in the article, as has been done with Algebra I.  Or it can be discussed in a general mathematics education article, along with the reason that so many governments have not-so-coincidentally all picked the same names (Algebra I, Algebra II, Geometry, Pre-calculus, and so forth) for these mathematics education standards, with readers sent there via a redirect. Uncle G 19:15, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * Delete. Thousand of high schools and universities have courses called Algebra II and the contents will be different for each. DJ Clayworth 20:07, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Algebra Vegaswikian 01:55, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete     16:17, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into and redirect to mathematical education. No way should this redirect to Algebra.  -R. S. Shaw 21:25, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Thea Halo

Thea Halo (born 1941) is an American writer and painter of Assyrian and Pontic Greek heritage. Born in New York City, she is the 8th child of Abraham and Sano Halo (original name Euthemia "Themia", Pontic Greek: Ευθυμία). Thea began writing poetry and short-stories in 1992 and in 2000 she published her book Not Even My Name (ISBN 0312262116), the memoir of her mother who belonged to Turkey's Pontic Greek minority, natives of the Black Sea coast region of Turkey known as Pontus.

Sano "Themia" Halo was a recipient of the New York State Governor's Award for excellence in honor of Women's History Month, "Celebrating Women of Courage and Vision."

Not Even My Name is the story of Sano (Themia) Halo's survival of the death march, at age ten, during the Greek genocide that killed her family. The title refers to Themia being renamed to Sano by an Assyrian family who could not pronounce her Greek name, after they took her in as a servant during the Greek genocide. The story is told by her daughter Thea, and includes their mother-daughter pilgrimage to Pontus, Turkey in search of Sano's home seventy years after her exile.

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Joe Sparks (video game developer)

Joe Sparks is an American video game developer, animator, songwriter, web publisher, and multimedia consultant from San Francisco, California.

Sparks created the Radiskull and Devil Doll web-cartoons published on the Macromedia Shockwave website around 2000–01. Other published media includes the videogames Total Distortion and Spaceship Warlock.

Career
Joe Sparks is a former guitarist of the Californian deathrock band Burning Image. As an original member of the band, he did attend reunion shows.

Joe Sparks was an early employee of Paracomp, which had become Macromedia in 1992. He left to found Pop Rocket, which produced the critically acclaimed video game Total Distortion, to moderate success. Pop Rocket folded in 1995, with Sparks returning to Macromedia in 1997 as a creative developer.

Sparks' work has been instrumental in the formation and lasting success of shockwave.com, mainly due to the popularity of Radiskull and Devil Doll for which he created all the graphics, animation and music.

A pioneer of the interactive web, Joe Sparks has been asked to speak at industry conferences and educational events.

He currently works as a consultant and contractor for development and design.

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Lower Largo

Lower Largo or Seatown of Largo is a village in Fife, Scotland, situated on Largo Bay along the north side of the Firth of Forth. It is east of, and contiguous with, Lundin Links.

Largo is an ancient fishing village in the parish of Largo. An excavated late 5th century cemetery points to an early settlement of the site, and there are records of the Knights Templar holding lands to the east of the town in the 12th century. It was made a "burgh of barony" by Sir Andrew Wood in 1513. This meant it had the right to erect a mercat cross and hold weekly markets, but not the extensive trading rights of a royal burgh. In 1654, Dutch cartographer Joan Blaeu mentions Largo as "Largow burne-mouth" in his Nova Fifae Descriptio.

Lower Largo is famous as the 1676 birthplace of Alexander Selkirk, who provided inspiration for Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. The house that now stands at his birthplace on 99-105 Main Street features a life-sized statue of Selkirk wearing self-made goatskin clothes, scanning the horizon. A signpost at the harbour points to Juan Fernández Islands, some 7,500 miles distant, where Selkirk lived for more than four years as a castaway.

The arrival of the railway in 1857 brought many tourists to Lower Largo's sandy beach. The village has retained many historic buildings from the 17th to 19th century, and in 1978 it was designated as a conservation area.

The Fife Coast Railway line through Lower Largo was closed in 1965 as part of the restructuring programme of British railways known as the Beeching cuts (overseen by Richard Beeching), and though it has been disused since then the viaduct that dominates the village remains an important local landmark.

The war memorial in Lower Largo was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer.

Other notable residents

 * James Clunie, British Labour Party politician
 * Rev Joseph Taylor Goodsir FRSE, theological author, born in Lower Largo and later its minister

title: Lower Largo


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Sea Gate, Brooklyn

Sea Gate is a private gated community at the far western end of Coney Island at the southwestern tip of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Located on the portion of the Coney Island peninsula west of West 37th Street, it contains mostly single-family homes, some directly on Gravesend Bay.

Police and crime
Sea Gate which is in the confines of Community District 10 is patrolled by the 60th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 2951 West 8th Street in Brooklyn, NY.

History
The area that is now Sea Gate was once known as Norton's Point. "Norton" was the name of the owner of a casino, which was situated where the Coney Island Light now stands. The neighborhood held a reputation for gambling before it was developed into a residential neighborhood.

Sea Gate was developed into a full neighborhood in 1892 by developer Alrick Man. By 1899, Sea Gate property owners included the Morgan, Dodge, and Vanderbilt families. Governor Al Smith and others frequented the Atlantic Yacht Club, whose clubhouse was designed by Stanford White. Sea Gate is surrounded on three sides by water with private beaches. In 1995, the Army Corps of Engineers completed its work of replenishing Coney beaches and building new jetties, including a long jetty at the border of Sea Gate and Coney Island.

In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy devastated the neighborhood, which was inundated by ocean water and battered by strong winds. The area sustained significant damage and numerous houses were destroyed. The "Lindy Park" sea wall/bulkhead (officially known as Beach Reservation extending from Beach 48th Street to Beach 50th Street) was destroyed leaving Sea Gate, Coney Island and beyond open to any rough seas and additional damage.

Description
Sea Gate is a gated community on the Coney Island peninsula west of West 37th Street. Residents refer to Sea Gate as "the gate" and venturing into adjoining Coney Island as going "out the gate". There are no stores in the neighborhood. There are express buses to Manhattan, which take an average of 80 minutes. Sea Gate is made up of 850 single-family houses in a variety of architectural styles, including Queen Anne Style and Mediterranean.

Residents pay for private security (Sea Gate Public Safety Department) as well as sewer, beach, lifeguards, street lights, and street cleaning.

There are two points of interest in Sea Gate. Located on Beach 47th Street in Sea Gate is the 75 ft Coney Island Light, is a lighthouse built in 1890, before the area was populated. The lighthouse is the former home of Frank Schubert, the United States' last civilian lighthouse keeper, who died in 2003. The chapel in Sea Gate, once used for services and built in 1901, is a historical building now used for social events, yoga classes, and is a polling site at election times. The Chapel with its stained-glass windows is the first structure seen when entering the main security gate.

In addition to large and private beach areas, Sea Gate has two parks:
 * A playground with a basketball court and children's jungle gym pieces next to the Sea Gate Community Center on Surf Avenue.
 * Beach Reservation (as referred to on the map of Sea Gate, VI.a, 1894) is near the Coney Island Light and extends before and beyond Norton's Point. A sandy/grassy patch of land with views of Lower New York Harbor and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. It is nicknamed "Lindy Park", commemorating Charles Lindbergh.

Controversy
There have been some controversial cases involving the Sea Gate Public Safety Department.

In 2013, Christopher Simmons, a Black officer with the Sea Gate Public Safety Department filed a federal discrimination and retaliation lawsuit alleging that the Sea Gate Association's president called him a "schwartze" (a Yiddish racial slur for "black") and that he was passed over for promotion, demoted, and then fired. In 2020, residents of Sea Gate called for the head of the Sea Gate Public Safety Department to resign amid accusations of racism and nepotism. Residents also filed a lawsuit against the Sea Gate Homeowners Association, alleging non-white residents were harassed for not providing IDs, vehicles were followed outside of the boundaries of the gates, and that discrimination occurred against black members of the Public Safety force.

Another incident, in 2020, involved an off-duty New York Police Department officer being contacted by a Sea Gate Public Safety Department officer (despite not being in Sea Gate) and questioned, with the Sea Gate officer allegedly drawing his firearm twice. The NYPD (now retired) officer, took legal action.

Demographics
Sea Gate is largely populated by families living in single- and two-family houses, 54 percent being rentals. As of 2000, the median age was 38.6 years and the median household income was $41,659. In addition to city and state taxes, residents also pay dues and charges to the Sea Gate Association, which have averaged $3,000 per year.

In 1960, Sea Gate was 99 percent white, and by the 2010 census, Sea Gate was 83 percent white. The community became majority Jewish by the 1930s; prior to the 1930s, there were signs in the community reading "no dogs or Jews". Many Hasidic Jews and Russians have settled in Sea Gate, along with a small number of middle-class Black families. Tensions around race and class exist between Sea Gate and the rest of Coney Island which has a significantly larger Black and Latino population. Both Sea Gate homeowners association and their public safety department have been frequently accused of racism and have been the subject of multiple federal lawsuits.

Notable residents

 * Chaim Zanvl Abramowitz (1902–1995), "the Ribnitzer Rebbe"
 * Austin Basis (born 1976), actor
 * Mordechai Ben David and his son, Yeedle, singers
 * Jeffrey Epstein (1953–2019), Wall Street financier and convicted sex offender
 * Leonard Everett Fisher (1924–2024), writer (The Jetty Chronicles)
 * Jack Foley (1891–1967), inventor of movie sound effects techniques
 * Yossi Green (born 1955), Jewish music composer
 * Moss Hart (1904–1961), playwright and theatre director
 * Itzik Manger (1901–1969), Yiddish poet and writer
 * Ludwig Satz (1891–1944), Yiddish theater and film actor
 * Andrea Batista Schlesinger (born 1976), political writer and campaigner who was executive director of the Drum Major Institute
 * Frank Schubert (1915–2003), last civilian lighthouse keeper in the United States
 * Sandra Seacat (born 1936), actress/acting teacher and coach (lived there as Sandra Kaufman, her then-married name, for most of the 1960s)
 * Harriet Shorr (1939–2016), artist, writer, poet and professor who was known for large-scale realistic still life paintings.
 * Beverly Sills (1929–2007), opera singer
 * Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902–1991), Yiddish author
 * Ernst Steiger (1832–1917), bookseller, publisher and bibliographer.
 * Jake Steinfeld (born 1958), actor, fitness specialist and fitness trainer

title: Sea Gate, Brooklyn


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...Moji

...Moji is the debut album by the 2005 Swiss MusicStar winner, Salome. Released on May 28, 2005, the album includes the Swiss number one single "Gumpu", as well as various other pop-orientated songs.

The album entered the charts on June 12, 2005 at #2, and stayed on the album chart for just under three months.

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...Moji album cover

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Mary Ward (scientist)

Mary Ward (née King; 27 April 1827 – 31 August 1869) was an Irish naturalist, astronomer, microscopist, author, and artist. She was killed when she fell under the wheels of an experimental steam car built by her cousins. As the event occurred in 1869, she is the first person known to have been killed by a motor vehicle.

Early life
She was born Mary King in Ballylin near present-day Ferbane, County Offaly, on 27 April 1827, the youngest child of the Reverend Henry King and his wife Harriette. She and her sisters were educated at home, as were most girls at the time. However, her education was slightly different from the norm because she was of a renowned scientific family. She was interested in nature from an early age, and by the time she was three years old she was collecting insects.

Interests
Ward was a keen amateur astronomer, sharing this interest with her cousin William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse. Parsons built the Leviathan of Parsonstown, a reflecting telescope with a six-foot mirror which remained the world's largest until 1917. Ward was a frequent visitor to Birr Castle, producing sketches of each stage of the process. Along with photographs made by Parson's wife Mary Rosse, Ward's sketches were used to aid in the restoration of the telescope.

Ward also drew insects, and the astronomer James South observed her doing so one day. She was using a magnifying glass to see the tiny details, and her drawing so impressed him that he immediately persuaded her father to buy her a microscope. A compound microscope made by Andrew Ross (model 112) was purchased for £48 12s 8d. This was the beginning of a lifelong passion. She began to read everything she could find about microscopy, and taught herself until she had an expert knowledge. She made her own slides from slivers of ivory, as glass was difficult to obtain, and prepared her own specimens. The physicist David Brewster asked her to make his microscope specimens, and used her drawings in many of his books and articles.

Distinctions
Universities and most societies would not accept women, but Ward obtained information any way she could. She wrote frequently to scientists, asking them about papers they had published. During 1848, Parsons was made president of the Royal Society. Parsons, to recall, was Ward's cousin and visits to his London home meant that she met many scientists.

She was one of only three women on the mailing list for the Royal Astronomical Society (the others were Queen Victoria and Mary Somerville, a scientist for whom Somerville College at Oxford University was named).

Marriage
On 6 December 1854, she married Henry Ward of Castle Ward, County Down, who in 1881 succeeded to the title of Viscount Bangor. They had three sons and five daughters, including Maxwell Ward, 6th Viscount Bangor. Her best-known descendants are her grandson Edward Ward, the foreign correspondent and seventh viscount, and his daughter, the Doctor Who actress Lalla Ward.

Publications
When Ward wrote her first book, Sketches with the microscope (privately printed in 1857), she apparently believed that no one would print it because of her gender or lack of academic credentials. She published 250 copies of it privately, and several hundred handbills were distributed to advertise it. The printing sold during the next few weeks, and this was enough to make a London publisher take the risk and contract for future publication. The book was reprinted eight times between 1858 and 1880 as A World of Wonders Revealed by the Microscope. A new full-colour facsimile edition at €20 was published in September 2019 by the Offaly Historical and Archaeological Society, with accompanying essays. (ISBN 978-1-909822-14-6).

Her books are: A Windfall for the Microscope (1856), A World of Wonders, Revealed by the Microscope (1857), Entomology in Sport, and Entomology in Earnest (1857, with Lady Jane Mahon), Microscope Teachings (1864), Telescope Teachings (1859). She illustrated her books and articles herself, as well as many books and papers by other scientists.

Death
Ward is the first known automobile fatality. William Parsons' sons had built a steam-powered car, and on 31 August 1869 she and her husband, Henry, were travelling in it with the Parsons boys (the Hons Richard Clere Parsons and the future steam turbine pioneer Charles Algernon Parsons) and their tutor, Richard Biggs. She was thrown from the car on a bend in the road at Parsonstown (present-day Birr, County Offaly). She fell under its wheels and died almost instantly. A doctor who lived near the scene arrived within moments, and found her cut, bruised, and bleeding from the ears. The fatal injury was a broken neck. It is believed that the grieving family destroyed the car after the crash.

Legacy
Ward's microscope, accessories, slides and books are on display in her husband's home, Castle Ward, County Down. William Parsons' home at Birr Castle, County Offaly, is also open to the public.

Her great-granddaughter is the English actress and author Lalla Ward.

title: Mary Ward (scientist)


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JP233

The JP233, originally known as the Low-Altitude Airfield Attack System (LAAAS), is a British submunition delivery system. It consists of large dispenser pods carrying several hundred submunitions designed to attack runways.

Design and development
Development of the system began in 1977 as a 50/50 cooperative programme between Hunting Engineering (now known as INSYS) of the UK and the US Air Force. The USAF intended to use the weapon with its General Dynamics FB-111 strike aircraft; however, in 1982 rising costs led them to pull out of the programme, and the British completed development on their own for potential use with the Panavia Tornado, SEPECAT Jaguar and Hawker Siddeley Harrier.

The dispensers could be carried on wing pylons: short-finned containers for bomblets, or medium-length finned containers for mines. The F-111 was capable of carrying a pair of each type, but the Jaguar and Harrier would be able to carry only a single pair of either type. The Tornado could be fitted with a pair of much larger pods on the shoulder pylons, each containing both types of munition. Each JP233 as fitted to the Tornado was divided into a rear section with 30 SG-357 runway cratering submunitions, while the front section carried 215 HB-876 anti-personnel mines. Both types of submunitions were retarded by small parachutes.

The SG-357, which weighed 26 kilogrammes (57 pounds), was a two-stage munition. The longer, smaller-diameter forward section consists of a cylindrical high-explosive charge with a hole down the centre. The shorter, larger-diameter rear section held a shaped charge. At the front of the munition was a telescopic stand-off fusing system that created the correct detonation distance for the shaped charge. On impact, the extended fuse initiated the shaped charge, creating a metal jet which travelled through the centre of the forward charge element and then penetrated the concrete runway surface to create an underground chamber. The momentum of the cylindrical charge was enough for it to follow down through the hole created by the shaped charge before exploding some distance under the runway surface. This second explosion was intended to produce a crater with significant "heave" at the edge, making repairs much more difficult and time-consuming.

The HB-876 mines would lie scattered on the surface, making rapid repair of the runway very hazardous. The outside of the munition was surrounded by a "coronet" of spring steel strips that were held flat against the sides of the mine. After landing on the surface, a small explosive device would fire and release the coronet springs such that the mine would become "erect" on the surface, with its self-forging fragment warhead pointing vertically upwards. The cylindrical case of the mine was made from dimpled steel and on detonation would spread small steel anti-personnel fragments, rather like a hand-grenade, in all radial directions. They would explode at preset intervals or if disturbed. Standing above the surface on the coronet of spring steel legs, they would tilt toward a bulldozer blade when pushed before detonating and firing the forged fragments toward the vehicle.

Unlike most other submunition delivery systems that essentially function as free-falling bombs, the JP233 dispenser pods remained with their aircraft during operation and were jettisoned once empty.

Deployment
Deployment required the aircraft to fly low, straight and level over an enemy airfield, and when over the runway the pods would dispense their payload. During the Gulf War, it was widely reported in the popular press that Tornados were shot down by anti-aircraft artillery fire and MANPADS during delivery of the JP233 munition. In fact, none of the losses occurred during the attack phase of a JP233 mission. Only one aircraft was lost carrying the JP233, when Tornado ZA392 crashed into the ground approximately 10 mi after delivering the weapon at low level; enemy fire was not reported and it was believed that this was an incident of controlled flight into terrain.

What alarmed the crews of British and Saudi Arabian Tornados using JP233 was that the aircraft was brightly illuminated at night by the exploding munitions. Attacks using JP233 were suspended six days into the Gulf War, as the Iraqi Air Force was effectively flying no missions.

With the increasing availability of standoff attack munitions capable of the same mission with little risk to the flight crew and aircraft, and the British entry into the Land Mines Treaty (which declares the HB-876 illegal), the JP233 has been withdrawn from service.

Examples of the JP233 are in various museums. The Imperial War Museum also has films, viewable online, of tests of the JP233 Airfield Attack System and Airfield Denial System. The Cold War Gallery of the National Museum of the US Air Force has a JP233 on display, fitted to a Panavia Tornado GR1 aircraft.

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Minimal techno

Minimal techno is a subgenre of techno music. It is characterized by a stripped-down aesthetic that exploits the use of repetition and understated development. Minimal techno is thought to have been originally developed in the early 1990s by Detroit-based producers Robert Hood and Daniel Bell.

By the early 2000s the term "minimal" generally described a style of techno that was popularized in Germany by labels such as Kompakt, Perlon, and Richie Hawtin's M-nus, among others.

Origins
Minimal techno first emerged in the early 1990s. The development of the style is often attributed to a so-called "second wave" of American producers associated with Detroit techno. According to Derrick May, "while the first-wave artists were enjoying their early global success, techno also inspired many up-and-coming DJs and bedroom producers in Detroit". This younger generation included producers such as Richie Hawtin, Daniel Bell, Robert Hood, Jeff Mills, Carl Craig, Kenny Larkin, and Mike Banks. The work of several of these artists evolved to become focused on minimalism.

Robert Hood describes the situation in the early 1990s as one where techno had become too "ravey", with increasing tempos leading to the emergence of gabber. Such trends saw the demise of the soul-infused techno that typified the original Detroit sound. Robert Hood has noted that he and Daniel Bell both realized something was missing from techno in the post-rave era, and saw that an important feature of the original techno sound had been lost. Hood states that "it sounded great from a production standpoint, but there was a 'jack' element in the old structure. People would complain that there's no funk, no feeling in techno anymore, and the easy escape is to put a vocalist and some piano on top to fill the emotional gap. I thought it was time for a return to the original underground."

The minimal techno sound that emerged at this time has been defined by Robert Hood as "a basic stripped down, raw sound. Just drums, basslines and funky grooves and only what's essential. Only what is essential to make people move. I started to look at it as a science, the art of making people move their butts, speaking to their heart, mind and soul. It's a heart-felt rhythmic techno sound." Daniel Bell has commented that he had a dislike for minimalism in the artistic sense of the word, finding it too "arty". In Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music (2004), music journalist Philip Sherburne states that, like most contemporary electronic dance music, minimal techno has its roots in the landmark works of pioneers such as Kraftwerk and Detroit Techno's Derrick May and Juan Atkins. Minimal techno focuses on "rhythm and repetition instead of melody and linear progression", much like classical minimalist music and the polyrhythmic African musical tradition that helped to inspire it. By 1994, according to Sherburne, the term "minimal" was in use to describe "any stripped-down, Acidic derivative of classic Detroit style".

Los Angeles-based writer Daniel Chamberlin attributes the origin of minimal techno to the German producers Basic Channel. Chamberlin draws parallels between the productions by Richie Hawtin, Wolfgang Voigt, and Surgeon with phase music techniques used by American minimalist composer Steve Reich. Chamberlin also sees the use of sine tone drones by minimalist composer La Monte Young and the repetitive patterns of "In C" by minimalist composer Terry Riley as other influences. Sherburne has suggested that the noted similarities between minimal forms of dance music and American minimalism could easily be accidental. He also notes that much of the music technology used in electronic dance music was traditionally designed to suit loop-based compositional methods, which may explain why certain stylistic features of minimal techno sound similar to those in works by Reich that employ loops and pattern-phasing techniques.

Style
Philip Sherburne proposes that minimal techno uses two specific stylistic approaches: skeletalism and massification. According to Sherburne, in skeletal minimal techno, only the core elements are included with embellishments used only for the sake of variation within the song. In contrast, massification is a style of minimalism in which many sounds are layered over time, but with little variation in sonic elements. Today the influence of minimal styles of house music and techno is not only to be found in club music, but is becoming increasingly heard in popular music. Regardless of the style, he writes, "minimal Techno corkscrews into the very heart of repetition so cerebrally as to often inspire descriptions like 'spartan', 'clinical', 'mathematical', and 'scientific'".

The average tempo of a minimal techno track is between 125 and 130 beats per minute. Richie Hawtin suggests 128 bpm as the perfect tempo. In the early minimal techno scene, most tracks were constructed around a Roland TR-808 or Roland TR-909 drum machine. Both are still often used on today's minimal techno tracks. In contrast to minimal house, minimal techno is less afrocentric and focuses more on middle frequencies rather than deep basses.

Development
Many projects in other locations, such as those of Regis in the UK, Basic Channel in Berlin and Mika Vainio in Finland, have also made significant contributions to minimal techno.

In recent years, the genre has been heavily influenced by the microhouse genre, to the point of merging with it. It has also fragmented into a great number of difficult to categorize subgenres, equally claimed by the minimal techno and microhouse tags.

Minimal techno has found mainstream club popularity since 2004 in such places as Romania, Germany, Portugal, Japan, France, Belgium, South Africa, The Netherlands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Italy, Ireland and the UK, with DJs from a wide variety of genres incorporating differing elements of its tones. In 2003, minimal techno received widespread commercial attention when Kylie Minogue employed the sound on her number-one hit "Slow", while in years to come the work of M.A.N.D.Y. and Booka Shade would be sampled by will.i.am.

Record labels specializing in minimal techno are [a:rpia:r], Traum Schallplatten, BPitch Control, Cocoon Recordings, Kompakt, Perlon, Clink, Plus8, and Sähkö Recordings, among others.

title: Minimal techno