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Wine, women and song

"Wine, women, and song" is a hendiatris that endorses hedonistic lifestyles or behaviors. A more modern form of the idea is often expressed as "sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll", a phrase popularized by British singer Ian Dury in his song of the same title.

Linguistic variations
Similar tripartite mottoes have existed for a long time in many languages, for example:

Not all hendiatris including women are positive: in instead suggest three dangers rather than pleasures, and At, Avrat, Silah offers the three essentials of quite another culture.
 * Sur, Sura, Sundari
 * Пиене, ядене и някоя сгодна женица
 * Víno, ženy a zpěv
 * Vin, kvinder og sang
 * Sigarettid ja viinad ja kirglised naised
 * Viini, laulu ja naiset also more modern as Rock, ruoho ja rakkaus
 * ღვინო, დუდუკი, ქალები (wine, duduk, women)
 * Wein, Weib und Gesang
 * Bacco, tabacco e Venere
 * Piker, vin og sang
 * Wino, kobiety i śpiew
 * Putas, música e vinho verde
 * Vin, kvinnor och sång
 * Naipes, mujeres y vino, mal camino
 * Colombian Spanish: Mujeres, música y trago (Women, music and drink)
 * Colombian Spanish: Mujeres, música y trago (Women, music and drink)

Roman inscriptions mention Balnea vina Venus, such as the ambivalent: balnea vina Venus corrumpunt corpora nostra se vitam faciunt balnea vina Venus

"Baths, wine, and sex corrupt our bodies, but baths, wine, and sex make life worth living."

— epitaph of Tiberius Claudius Secundus

The following poem mentions similar ideas, using four concepts rather than three:
 * a popular Ghazal by Hafez (1325–1389):
 * "Two sweethearts,
 * Two flasks of old wine,
 * A book of verse
 * And a cosy corner in the garden."

Omar Khayyam addressed the trio in 1120 in his Rubaiyat, verse XII. For him singing was replaced by a book, but he acknowledged its importance for others.
 * A book, a woman, and a flask of wine:
 * The three make heaven for me; it may be thine
 * Is some sour place of singing cold and bare —
 * But then, I never said thy heaven was mine.
 * As translated by Richard Le Gallienne (1897)

Among rural Arabs in the days before Muhammed, free women "joined in the music of the family or tribal festivities with their instruments". It was a time of the "badawī Arab". A secular people then, for them "love, wine, gambling, hunting, the pleasure of song and romance ... wit and wisdom" were all important.

Possible origins
The Irish poet Edward Lysaght (1763–1810) used the phrase 'poetry and pistols, wine and women'.

In 1816 the English poet John Keats composed a poem, 'Give Me Women, Wine, and Snuff'.

The English couplet "Who loves not woman, wine, and song / Remains a fool his whole life long" appears in print as early as 1837, translated from German verse attributed to Martin Luther. John Addington Symonds used the phrase "Wine, Women and Song" as the title for his 1884 book of translations of medieval Latin students' songs.

The phrase in German is apparently older than in English. Symonds and the anonymous 1837 writer both provide the German text, attributing it to Luther. The attribution to Luther has been questioned, however, and the earliest known reference in German is to a folksong first printed in 1602. Bartlett's Familiar Quotations cites Johann Heinrich Voss (1751–1826) as a likely source, but any use by him would have to be a later use of the phrase.

The waltz "Wine, Women and Song" (Wein, Weib und Gesang) is Op. 333 (1869) of Johann Strauss II.

The lines Deutsche Frauen, deutsche Treue, / Deutscher Wein, und deutscher Sang (German women, German loyalty, / German wine, and German song) are found in the second verse of Das Lied der Deutschen, the third verse of which is the German national anthem.

In popular culture

 * The single "Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll" by Ian Dury, mentioned above, popularized the modern English-language successor of the phrase.
 * The British poet and mystic Aleister Crowley, in his work Energized Enthusiasm, suggests that "wine, women, and song" may be utilised towards the development of genius in the individual or the attainment of mystical states.
 * The musical trio Wine, Women and Song consists of award-winning singer/songwriters Gretchen Peters, Suzy Bogguss, and Matraca Berg.
 * AC/DC quotes the motto in the title song of their album, High Voltage (1976).
 * In The Beatles' 1964 film A Hard Day's Night, the phrase is uttered by road manager Norm, in reference to Ringo, who has escaped from the studio to go gallivanting after tiring of being teased by his bandmates: "God knows what you've unleashed on the unsuspecting South. It'll be wine, women, and song all the way with Ringo when he gets the taste for it."
 * In a wagon scene in Calvin and Hobbes, Calvin asks Hobbes if he thinks the secret to happiness is "money, cars and women" or "just money and cars".
 * "Wine, Women an' Song" is the name of the fifth song on Come an' Get It by Whitesnake
 * The Bee Gees' song "Wine and Women" starts with the sentence "wine and women and song will only make me sad". It was released as a single in 1965 in Australia and was their first top 20 on the local charts and ever in their career.
 * Swedish hard rock band Talisman featuring onetime Journey frontman Jeff Scott Soto had a song called "Women, Whiskey and Songs" on their self titled 1990 debut album.
 * The 1993 album by guitarist Adrian Legg titled Wine, Women & Waltz utilizes a variant of the phrase.
 * "Wine Women and Song" is the first song on American rock band Harvey Danger's 2005 album Little by Little....

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wine, women and song


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File:Henry Plummer (1832-1864).jpg

Henry Plummer (1832-1864). Although information as to the exact source of this photo is unavailable, it is presumed this was taken and published during the subject's lifetime, thus making it public domain in the United States.

title: File:Henry Plummer (1832-1864).jpg


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Talk:Tempering (metallurgy)

Untitled comment
i don't understand the reference to music.

is there such a thing as cryogenic tempering? - Omegatron 17:23, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Traditional blacksmiths sometimes use music to time their processes; waiting too long leaves a soft product, too little time means brittleness, so a repeatable process was necessary, and a song is easy to teach and to reproduce, without requiring any equipment or even the use of one's hands.

 * In the strict sense of the word, there is no such thing. Cryogenic treatments can have a profound effect on the "temper" (loosely speaking) of certain steels if their composition and prior heat treatment are such that they retain some austenite at room temperature, but that process is not time-sensitive at all.  The transformation from austenite to martensite (mostly accomplished through quenching) is driven farther and farther as temperature decreases, which leads to more of the harder component; in higher-alloy steels such as austenitic stainless steel, this can require very low temperatures indeed.  However, (1) the transformation between these phases is instantaneous and not driven by diffusion at all, and (2) this treatment causes more complete hardening rather than moderating extreme hardness, both of which make the word "tempering" technically incorrect.  Perhaps I should make this more clear in the article on martensite.  I wanted to make a more complete heat treatment article, but time constraints and the opinions of prior contributors have prevented me from doing so.--Joel 21:24, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Come to think, I should just make up an article on cryogenic hardening, and put in a link from the second paragraph.--Joel 21:32, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Tempered glass
This article doesn't cover tempered glass. Does an article already exist, should it be added here, or should another article be started? -- Kjkolb 05:08, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * There's a section on tempered glass referenced on the disambiguation page for temper. Is that adequete? Tom Harrison (talk) 13:58, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I don't know how I missed that. Thanks, Kjkolb 16:07, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

This article is in need of some work.
It looks like I added the first in-line references, but that's just for the picture caption. I'll come back and try work on this article soon. There are many problems with the steel tempering sections. Tempering steel is most often done in the range of 400 to 725 degrees F. Very hard steel, like hammers and cold chisels, are usually tempered between 400 and 440. Steel with a a lot of flex, like springs, are tempered from around 600 to 650 degrees F. Much above this temperature and steel loses its elasticity, and below 400 has very little effect.

Blacksmiths use a variety of techniques to judge temperature, but time is not a very reliable one, especially with old-time techniques. It's very hard to guarantee an even temperature with coal, and less so with charcoal. Tempering was most often done by judging the color of the steel, as described in the photo. The Farmer's Almanac lists how the various colors would have been applied to produce different products. I'll gather some refs and get back to this article soon. Zaereth (talk) 02:31, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Precipitation hardening
As mentioned in the above section, I plan to begin doing some work on this article soon. One of the first things that should be addressed is the precipitation hardening section. As the name suggests, precipitation hardening is not tempering. Tempering refers to an increase in toughness caused by a decrease in both hardness and brittleness. Precipitation hardening (also called aging) is just the opposite. This produces a decrease in toughness by increasing hardness and brittleness. Most precipitation hardening alloys will age at room temperature, but are sometimes "artificially aged," which means heating to a temperature that is below the A1 transformation temperature, to speed up the aging process. This is different from tempering also, in that time is the dominant factor, whereas in tempering, temperature is the dominant factor. Tempered steel must be heated to a precise temperature, but only needs to be heated long enough for the temperature to reach an equilibrium throughout the alloy. In precipitation hardening alloys, the temperature does not always need to be as precise, but must be aged for the proper amount of time at that temperature.

I think this entire section should be removed, because it is irrelevant to the article. Does anybody have any comments or suggestions? Zaereth (talk) 20:34, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * It's an archaic use, but historically "tempering" was also used to refer to hardening. Andy Dingley (talk) 21:46, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * While I agree that a section on history would be useful, I've never read that in any of my sources. Tempering is an old process; one that has been used for steel for thousands of years. This has always referred to the process used after quenching (hardening) to relieve some of the excess hardness and, along with it, some of the brittleness. (These are usually treated as separate processes, because quenched steel is not always tempered. Files, for example, are untempered.) The only other ancient process of hardening I know of is cold hammering, which was used for non heat-treatable metals like bronze, copper, and brass. Precipitation hardening alloys, as far as I know, didn't come into use until the early 1900s. The phenomenon was discovered in 1906, by A. Wilm, when after quenching an aluminum-copper-magnesium alloy, he dicovered that the hardness increased after a period of time at room temperature. Artificial aging was discovered some time after that. Zaereth (talk) 23:03, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I first came across the use of tempering to indicate hardening (although as you note, precipitation hardening dates from duralumin) when reading that dreadful Alex Weygers "Modern Blacksmith" book. However after claiming this as a mistake on Weygers' part, I was then pointed at a whole load of medieval and rather later ferrous metallurgical texts, mostly about armouring and cutlery, where "tempering" is simply used for the whole process of both hardening (by quenching) and tempering.
 * Although we shouldn't encourage this now-confusing use, we ought to note that it has been used both ways. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:02, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

 * That sounds reasonable. How about if we add a brief history section, which could cover this confusing usage. Then we could either eliminate the precipitation hardening section, or, perhaps, reduce it to a few lines to explain that, although the method is similar, the physical process involved and desired results are very different. (I pretty sure the book Practical heat treating describes this in similar terms.) That way we could dispel any confusion and keep the "main article" link. How does that sound? Zaereth (talk) 00:45, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Fine by me. Andy Dingley (talk) 00:51, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Ok, then I'll review my sources and work on this over the next couple of weeks. (I tend to work rather slowly because, like swordsmithing, Wikipedia is just a hobby for me.) I will also be adding a lot of info, and correcting many mistakes. (The description of austempering, for example, is all wrong. Austempering consists of quenching in a bath of molten lead, to well above the martensite start temperature, then holding it there until pure bainite forms, without any pearlite or martensite.) Thanks for your assistance, Andy. Zaereth (talk) 01:22, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

OK, I think I'm about finished with this article. It could probably use a section on the physics of tempering, but I'll have to read up and refresh my memory on that. I know it's a three-step process in which unstable carbides precipitate and form into stable carbides, involving terms like "lath martensite" and "plate martensite," but I'll have to read-up and ponder it some more. I'll probably keep working on this article sporadically.

I'll try getting a few more photos, or maybe a diagram or two. The interrupted quenching section could probably use a TTT diagram, similar to the one in the heat treating article, but which shows the cooling used in ausempering and martempering. If anyone here is good with graphics, any help would be appreciated. Zaereth (talk) 01:16, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Contradiction?
--Doesn't the article contradict itself at the start in terms of its definitions of hardness, toughness and brittle towards the end of the first paragraph as it mixes hardness and brittleness. If brittle is the opposite of tough it should say that heat tempering (e.g. in a furnace), to increase hardness, leaves the material overly brittle which then needs to be resolved by slow tempering (e.g. in an oven at 400 degrees Celsius) which reduces the hardness and hence brittleness of the material slightly to make the material more tough. (Bed633) 16:04 08 Febuary 2015 (GMT)

 * I'm not really seeing what you're talking about. Perhaps if you copy/paste the problem sentence(s) here it would make it easier to understand what you mean.

 * Slow tempering or fast tempering can produce the same result, depending on temperature. Hardening is actually an entirely different process, called quenching. The reduction in brittleness is a side-effect of reducing the hardness, but brittleness is not quite the opposite of toughness. Brittleness is the result of internal stresses created from uneven cooling, causing a material to respond to stress in the same way that glass does. By the time an item is tempered to a spring-hardness, most of these internal stresses are relieved and the steel is no longer brittle, meaning that it can bend before breaking, but eventually it will reach a breaking point. The hardness can still be reduced and the toughness increased, despite the fact that most of the brittleness is already gone.

 * As another analogy, take tempered glass. This method of heat-treatment causes no change in the hardness of the material. Its hardness stays the same regardless of tempering. However, the internal stresses created work against each other in such a way that both toughness and brittleness are increased. The tempered glass will be much more difficult to break, but when it does, it will shatter into a thousand pieces. Zaereth (talk) 21:20, 8 February 2015 (UTC)

I believe Spanish translation-link is wrong
After reading the articles in English and Spanish I believe they are linked wrong. This article, tempering, links to Templado_del_acero, probably because the words share the same root but I believe Quenching should correctly be linked to Templado_del_acero and this article should be linked to Revenido. Maybe someone can have a look at this. GS3 (talk) 23:25, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

 * You may be right, but I don't speak Spanish (even though I watch Bajo el Mismo Cielo quite often). Google translates revenido as "tempering" and templado del acero as "mild steel." Unfortunately, google is a bit too literal at times, for instance, translating por favor as "for favor" when it really means "please." Therefore, someone who actually speaks Spanish should correct the links, if necessary. Zaereth (talk) 22:46, 7 January 2016 (UTC)

Well, Spanish is my native language but I am not an expert in this field. Google translates revenido as "tempering", which I believe is correct, and templado del acero as "mild steel" which is only kind of wrong in that templado del acero is the quenching process and not the resultant steel. From the descriptions in each Wikipedia page I am pretty sure tempering is "revenido" and quenching is "templado" but I do not know how to correct the links to the Spanish Wikipedia so I will let someone else do it. GS3 (talk) 16:17, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I do have some expertise in this, plus a fascination with linguistics. Being curious, I did a little digging to see how the terms are used in context. From looking at a few sites like this one and comparing the usage in context, it appears that both may be correct. In English, the word "tempering" is often used to describe both hardening (quenching) and softening (tempering) of steel. Today this is more of a layman's mistake, but not so long ago only blacksmiths really understood the difference. It was really William Austen (the man that austenite was named after) that worked to sort out the difference in a scientific sense, but to this day people often use the word "tempering" to describe both techniques. (See the history section of this article.)

 * It appears that the same confusion exists in Spanish, and that the phrase templado del acero refers to the finished product rather than the process used to make it. It appears to mean both hardened steel and tempered steel, as well as mild steel, depending on the context in which it's used. (Mild steel simply has a low carbon content, and does not refer to any heat-treating technique.) It appears that the Spanish word for the tempering process is technically revenido and the word for the quenching process is temple. However, that is only based upon a little bit of research, so hopefully a Spanish-speaking expert will come along to assist. Zaereth (talk) 01:28, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

Let's do the easy part first which is the language. I am a well-educated native speaker of Spanish and I can assure you "templado del acero" in not a type of steel but a process done to steel.

If we translate "temper" as "templar" then "templado del acero" means, literally, "tempering of steel" and not "tempered steel" which would be "acero templado". That is simple grammar and does not need any further research.

I have consulted in a metal-working Spanish language forum (metalaficion) and, as can be expected, there was a lot of the discussion which went over my head but there was a simple post with which many people said they agreed and it says '' "... the English word 'tempering' and the Spanish word 'temple' lead to confusion because they are similar but they are not the same thing: 'tempering' would be 'revenido' and 'quenching' would be equivalent to 'temple'. 'Quenching' is only the cooling but is often used to describe the complete process of heating and cooling that we call 'temple' in Spanish." ''

So I guess this, even if not perfect, is closer to being correct than the earlier cross-links. GS3 (talk) 10:48, 18 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tempering (metallurgy)


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Gale W. McGee

Gale William McGee (March 17, 1915 – April 9, 1992) was a United States senator of the Democratic Party, and United States ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS). He represented Wyoming in the United States Senate from 1959 until 1977. To date, he remains the last Democrat to have represented Wyoming in the U.S. Senate.

Early life
McGee was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, on March 17, 1915. He attended public schools, and had planned to study law in college, but was forced by the Great Depression to attend the State Teachers College in Wayne, Nebraska, instead. He graduated from the Teachers College in 1936, and worked as a high school teacher while studying for a master's degree in history at the University of Colorado. He continued as a college instructor at Nebraska Wesleyan University, Iowa State College, and Notre Dame. In 1946, McGee received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Chicago.

University of Wyoming
Shortly after he received his Ph.D., McGee accepted a position as a professor of American history at the University of Wyoming. Soon after, he founded and served as chair of the university's Institute of International Affairs, which brought national dignitaries every summer through a Carnegie Foundation grant. Twenty-one teachers from Wyoming high schools were selected each summer to participate. For the next 12 years, the Institute brought international foreign policy thinkers such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Hans Morgenthau, and Henry Kissinger.

In 1952, McGee took a one-year leave of absence from the University of Wyoming to serve as a Carnegie Research Fellow in New York with the Council on Foreign Relations, where he was assigned to research the mysteries of Soviet intentions.

In 1956, because of the connections he made during his Carnegie fellowship, McGee led a group of teachers on a trip to the Soviet Union; it was the first trip of its kind.

1958 election
Active in Democratic Party politics, McGee was asked to run for the United States Congress in 1950, but declined, saying he wanted to get more in touch with Wyoming and its people. In 1955–56 he took a leave of absence from the university to work as top aide to Wyoming Democratic Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney.

In 1958 McGee left the university to make his bid for the U.S. Senate, challenging incumbent Frank A. Barrett. He ran on a program of youth and new ideas. The race between McGee and Barrett attracted the attention of national party leaders on both sides. Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas, Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts, Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon, Senator-elect Edmund Muskie of Maine, Congressman Joseph M. Montoya of New Mexico, and former President Harry S. Truman came to the state to support McGee, whose campaign slogan was "McGee for Me!". Lyndon Johnson pledged that, if Wyoming sent McGee to Washington, he would appoint him to the prestigious Appropriations Committee. Eleanor Roosevelt even conducted a national fund-raising drive for him. Barrett received assistance from national leaders as well, including Vice President Richard Nixon. McGee ultimately defeated Barrett by a margin of 1,913 votes out of a total of 116,230 votes cast in the election.

He won the majority of the votes in seven of the 23 counties. These were the southern "Union Pacific" counties (Albany, Carbon, Laramie, Sweetwater, Uinta) Platte, just north of Cheyenne, and Sheridan in the north. McGee won the endorsement of the Wyoming AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education (COPE) and the labor vote played an important part in the election.

He became a member of the Democratic class of 1958, which was elected in the middle of President Eisenhower's second term.

First term committee assignments
Source:

Appropriations Committee - Senate Majority Leader Johnson kept his promise and appointed McGee to the prestigious committee. He and his fellow Senate freshmen, Thomas J. Dodd and Robert C. Byrd, were the first freshmen ever to receive such an appointment.

Subcommittees:
 * Agriculture - McGee served on the subcommittee during his entire tenure, becoming Chairman in the 92nd Congress
 * Commerce, Justice, Science - 86th and 87th Congress
 * District of Columbia - 86th and 87th Congress
 * Interior - McGee served on this subcommittee during his entire tenure.
 * Military Construction - 88th Congress only
 * Public Works - Joined during the 88th Congress and would remain a member of this subcommittee for the rest of his tenure
 * Treasury and Post Office - 86th & 87th Congress and rejoined in the 91st Congress as an ex-officio member for Postal Service items since he was Chairman of the Post Office and Civil Service Committee

Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee

Subcommittees:
 * Surface Transportation
 * Communications
 * Freedom of Communications - 87th Congress
 * Special Study of Federal Power Commission Procedures (chairman)

Post Office and Civil Service - Appointed in the 88th Congress, McGee would serve on the committee for the remainder of his Senate tenure, becoming chairman in the 91st Congress

Subcommittees:
 * Postal Affairs
 * Health Benefits
 * Retirement (chairman)

Special/select committees
 * Special Committee on Unemployment Problems (1959–1960)
 * Senate Select Committee on Water Resources (1959–1961)

Maiden speech
On February 19, 1959, McGee delivered his maiden speech in the Senate chamber. McGee, without notes, spoke about the pressing issues facing the nation, particularly in the context of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. He emphasized the need for bold action and a reevaluation of traditional approaches, advocating for what he termed a "war budget" to counter Soviet threats and mobilize resources effectively. McGee also stressed the importance of showcasing the strengths of capitalism through full employment and addressing social problems. His speech was met with admiration from his colleagues, establishing him as a skilled orator and earning praise from notable figures like Senator John F. Kennedy and journalist Edward R. Murrow. McGee's ability to speak without a manuscript became a hallmark of his career.

Nomination of Lewis Strauss to be Commerce Secretary (1959)
In 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated Lewis Strauss to serve as Secretary of Commerce. Previously, Strauss had served in numerous government positions in the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. At the time, the 13 previous nominees for this Cabinet position won Senate confirmation in an average of eight days.

During the Senate Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee hearings on the nomination, McGee raised concerns about the transparency of Admiral Strauss's testimony and his willingness to be candid with the committee. He also questioned Strauss's role in the Dixon–Yates contract, his relationship with banker Adolphe Wenzell and his calls to the United States Atomic Energy Commission about Argonne National Laboratory physicist David R. Inglis. McGee raised similar concerns about Secretary Strauss's involvement in a case involving Philadelphia Electric Co. and General Dynamics, as well as the accuracy of a statement attributed to him in the committee hearing report. After 16 days of hearings the committee recommended Strauss' confirmation to the full Senate by a vote of 9-8 – McGee was one of the eight opposed to the nomination.

In the 2023 film Oppenheimer McGee was portrayed by Harry Groener during the committee hearing scenes.

When the nomination was brought to the Senate floor for debate, McGee, over several days, urged his colleagues to reject Strauss's nomination. He argued that Strauss was not trustworthy and that his confirmation would set a dangerous precedent. He accused Strauss of attempting to deceive the committee during the hearings and cited several examples of Strauss's misleading testimony. McGee argued that Strauss's pattern of deception made him unfit to hold such a high-ranking position in the government. McGee also raised concerns about Strauss's views on executive privilege and the separation of powers. He believed that Strauss's views were dangerous and that his confirmation would undermine the Senate's ability to check the executive branch.

On June 19, 1959, just after midnight, the Strauss nomination failed by a vote 46–49. At the time, It marked only the eighth time in U.S. history that a Cabinet appointee had failed to be confirmed.

Senate meeting with Nikita Khrushchev (1959)
McGee, though not yet a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, expressed a strong interest in Soviet affairs. Chairman William Fulbright recognized this and invited McGee to join the committee for a meeting with Nikita Khrushchev on September 17, 1959. During the meeting, Khrushchev joked about the difficulty of speaking while drinking tea, prompting Fulbright to suggest vodka instead. Khrushchev playfully countered this stereotype, stating that if Russians only drank vodka, they wouldn't have time for achievements like launching rockets to the moon. Despite differing views, Khrushchev expressed familiarity with the senators' speeches and statements, acknowledging their presence in flesh after reading about them.

Wyoming's and McGee's role in the 1960 presidential campaign
Despite his initial preference for Lyndon Johnson, McGee developed a close friendship with John F. Kennedy during their time together in the Senate. They shared similar political views, a mutual admiration for Senator George Norris, and a cautious approach to civil rights. Kennedy appreciated McGee's support and expected his help in securing the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination.

Despite their contrasting personalities and political styles, Johnson and McGee shared a deep mutual respect and understanding rooted in their common experiences representing rural constituents and their shared commitment to public service. Johnson's promise to put McGee on the powerful Appropriations Committee was not just a political maneuver but a genuine expression of his appreciation for McGee's loyalty and ability.

During the summer of 1959, Kennedy's campaign team actively sought support from Wyoming Democrats, including McGee. However, they encountered mixed signals from McGee, with some reports indicating his support for Kennedy and others suggesting his leanings towards Johnson. Governor J.J. Hickey's support was also uncertain due to concerns about the Catholic issue. Despite these challenges, the Kennedy campaign made significant progress in Wyoming, with Teno Roncalio, the state Democratic Party chairman, expressing confidence in securing the state's full 15 votes for Kennedy.

Johnson's campaign team faced resistance in securing Wyoming's endorsement. McGee's insistence on delegate independence thwarted Johnson's efforts to impose the unit rule and secure all of Wyoming's 15 votes. As a result, Johnson's strategy shifted to preventing the unit rule and securing at least four of Wyoming's delegates. However, McGee's neutrality and Governor Hickey's decision to second Johnson's nomination caused friction between the Texan and the Wyoming senator.

McGee played a pivotal role in securing the Democratic presidential nomination for Kennedy. With Kennedy needing four more votes to clinch the nomination on the first ballot, McGee, the chairman of the Wyoming delegation, persuaded his colleagues to cast all 15 of Wyoming's votes for Kennedy, ensuring his victory. This decision cemented Wyoming's place in history and marked the end of a long day for the delegates.

Wyoming politicians like McGee and Hickey understood the importance of unpredictability in the political process. Keeping their support uncertain ensured attention and visits from major presidential candidates like Kennedy, Johnson, and Symington. However, once Kennedy won the nomination, he initially planned to skip campaigning in Wyoming due to its low electoral vote. It took persuasion from Tracy McCraken and McGee to convince Kennedy to make one last stop in the state. This visit allowed Kennedy to learn about Wyoming's economy, needs, and people, establishing relationships with key state leaders that could prove valuable in the future.

On September 23, 1960, Kennedy visited Cheyenne, Wyoming, to thank the state for its support in securing the Democratic presidential nomination. He acknowledged Wyoming's small size but emphasized its crucial role in the convention. Kennedy also demonstrated his knowledge of key Wyoming issues, such as natural resource development, and appealed to the state's voters to help him win the presidency in November.

It was closer than that on November 8. John F. Kennedy was elected president but without Wyoming's three electoral votes. They went to Richard Nixon who won the state 55 percent-45 percent.

Relationship with John F. Kennedy
Senator Kennedy endorsed McGee in his 1958 campaign and even flew to Wyoming to give him $500, the largest campaign contribution McGee received from any individual that year.

At the 1960 Democratic National Convention, McGee was the chairman of the Wyoming delegation, and he was able to secure all 15 of Wyoming's votes for John F. Kennedy. This put Kennedy over the top and gave him the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States. Kennedy initially had no plans to return to Wyoming during the general election campaign, but he was persuaded by Tracy McCraken and Senator McGee to make one last stop in the state on September 23, 1960. He spoke to a large crowd in Cheyenne and acknowledged Wyoming's role in securing his nomination.

Kennedy visited Wyoming in the fall of 1963 accompanied by McGee. The President gave a speech to 12,000 at the University of Wyoming War Memorial Fieldhouse (including a young Richard Cheney, then a student at the university), in which he challenged the audience to take advantage of opportunities to serve their country. He also mentioned the need for Americans to make choices about the use of resources, fiscal policy, the space race, and the development of ocean resources.

McGee met with Kennedy in the Oval Office in November 1963 – one week before the tragedy in Dallas - to tape video and take photos for McGee's upcoming re-election campaign.

Rise of the John Birch Society
As Bircher influence grew in Wyoming in the 1960s, McGee emerged as a prominent national figure challenging the John Birch Society. The media, impressed by his speeches, began scrutinizing Founder Robert Welch and his tactics. McGee's appearance on a combative talk show, "Open End," further fueled the debate. He criticized the JBS founder on the Senate floor and warned about their infiltration into communities.

Bircher followers disrupted events, and the society advertised aggressively in Wyoming, dominating local radio. McGee actively engaged in debates with Birchers, intentionally putting himself in their crosshairs. Despite facing threats and violence, he continued his fight against right-wing extremism.

McGee cautioned President Kennedy not to deal with the extremists prematurely, believing it could be a winning issue for 1964. He warned about the appeal of the extreme right-wing ideology to the population in the West.

Food Marketing Study (1963)
McGee voiced concerns about falling cattle prices and record-high food prices driven by national grocers, believing they were monopolizing the market at the expense of western communities. In 1963, he proposed legislation authorizing the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate large chain stores for antitrust violation. the Senate Commerce Committee held hearings where witnesses described intimidating tactics by the chains. President Johnson supported the idea but preferred a bipartisan commission to study the food industry. The final report in June 1966 didn't directly address antitrust violations but highlighted concerns about industry concentration and recommended increased scrutiny of mergers and acquisitions. It also suggested empowering farmers and ranchers through Agricultural Marketing Boards.

1963 railroad strike
In 1963, Congress acted for the first time in peacetime to impose compulsory arbitration in a major labor dispute. President Kennedy sent Congress a bill to submit a dispute over the railroads' attempts to eliminate "featherbedding" to the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was to impose an interim solution binding on the parties for two years.

During Congressional consideration of the President's legislation, McGee offered an amendment to remove these less controversial questions from arbitration and make the Senate bill conform with the House bill, thereby expediting passage to avoid the strike. Congress cleared the bill on August 28, 1963, that created a seven-member board to arbitrate the major issues in the dispute and prohibited the railroads from issuing "anti-featherbedding" rules. The arbitrated settlement was imposed for two years, and no strikes or lockouts were allowed during that time. The President signed the bill into law (PL 88-108) six hours before the strike was to begin on August 29, 1963.

Overseas trips (1959-1964)
As a member of the Senate Appropriations Committee and strong defender of US foreign aid programs, McGee embarked on several fact-finding trips to various regions around the world:

1959 - Traveled to the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia with Senator Albert Gore, Sr. (D-TN) to assess the effectiveness of US foreign aid programs and the growing Arab refugee crisis. McGee and Gore met with Egyptian Prime Minister Nasser, Jordanian Prime Minister Majali, Israeli Prime Minister Ben-Gurion, India Prime Minister Nehru, South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem.

1960 - In May, McGee was part of a Congressional Delegation to the annual Bilderberg Conference in Switzerland. After the trip he reported to constituents that the focus of concern at the meeting was the strained relations between the East and West due to the U-2 incident, which caused the collapse of the summit between President Eisenhower and the Soviets. In November, McGee joined a delegation of senators and President-elect Kennedy's brother, Ted Kennedy, on a trip to Africa to witness the challenges of independence and the Cold War's influence on the continent. From a cafe in the Congo, McGee witnessed the arrest of Patrice Lumumba

1961 - McGee traveled to West Germany twice. In November, McGee led a delegation to visit eight South American countries to evaluate the conditions for the Alliance for Progress, a US-led initiative to promote economic and social development in Latin America.
 * In September, McGee and Sen. Ed Muskie traveled to Berlin to appear on the public affairs program All of America Wants to Know with West Germany Mayor Willie Brandt, Sir William Hayter, Deputy Under Secretary of State for Great Britain, and Eugene Lyons, Reader's Digest Moscow correspondent. The episode was filmed at the Brandenburg Gate.
 * In October, as part of a CODEL with Commerce Secretary Luther Hodges for the German Industries Exhibition. McGee met with Mayor Willie Brandt and Allen Lightner.  Lightner told McGee he had spent summers in Atlantic City, Wyoming.  The CODEL also visited Spain

1962 - McGee received reports of Soviet military shipments to Cuba and in the run up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, he inspected US military facilities at Guantanamo Naval Base. At the end of 1962, McGee joined Senators Frank Church and Frank Moss on an inquiry into US spending in Southeast Asia. They found that the situation in Laos was concerning, while the situation in Vietnam showed signs of improvement.

1963 - In July, McGee traveled to the Dominican Republic to evaluate foreign aid programs.

First senate term legislation signed into law
PL 86-444 - (S. 2434) An Act to revise the boundaries and change the name of the Fort Laramie National Monument April 29, 1960

PL 86-448 - (S.J. Res. 150) a Joint resolution permitting the Secretary of the Interior to continue to deliver water to lands in the Third Division, Riverton Federal reclamation project. May 6, 1960

PL 86-450 - (S. 1751) An Act to place certain lands on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming in trust status. May 6, 1960

PL 87-151 - (S. 1085) An Act to provide for the disposal of certain Federal property on the Minidoka project, Idaho; Shoshone project, Wyoming; and Yakima project, Washington. August 17, 1961

PL 87-175 - (S. 702) An Act to exchange certain lands in Wyoming with the town of Afton. August 30, 1961

PL 87-422 - (S. 875) An Act to authorize and direct the Secretary of Agriculture to convey to the State of Wyoming for agricultural purposes certain real property in Sweetwater County, WY. March 20, 1962

PL 87-479 - (S.J. Res 151) An Act Authorizing continued delivery of water for the years 1962 and 1963 to land of the third division, Riverton Federal reclamation project, Wyoming June 8, 1962

PL 87-516 - (S. 536) An Act to adjust certain irrigation charges against non-Indian-owned lands within the Wind River irrigation project, Wyoming

PL 88-10 - (S. 982) An Act permitting the Secretary of the Interior to continue to deliver water to lands in the third division, Riverton Reclamation Project, Wyoming. April 18, 1963

PL 88-291 - (S. 1299) An Act to defer certain operation and maintenance charges of the Eden Valley Irrigation and Drainage District March 26, 1964

PL 88-354 - (S.J. Res 71) a Joint resolution to authorize and direct the conduct by the Federal Trade Commission of a comprehensive investigation of chainstore practices which may be in violation of the antitrust laws. July 2, 1964

PL 88-494 - (S. 51) An Act to authorize the Secretary of Agriculture to relinquish to the State of Wyoming jurisdiction over those lands within the Medicine Bow National Forest known as the Pole Mountain District. August 26, 1964

PL 88-568 - (S. 770) An Act to provide for the construction, operation and maintenance of the Savery-Pot Hook, Bostwick Park, and Fruitland Mesa participating reclamation projects under the Colorado River Storage Project Act. September 2, 1964

1964 election
In the historically Republican state of Wyoming, the 1964 election proved exceptional as Democrats nearly matched Republicans in financing and ran a highly effective campaign. Despite being the only incumbent above the county level, McGee was re-elected, and Democrats also gained control of the state House of Representatives and secured the single seat in the United States House of Representatives.

The shift in Wyoming's political behavior was not solely due to President Johnson's landslide victory. Two years prior, Wyoming Republicans focused on defeating Senator McGee and overlooked other races. Their preoccupation with McGee's defeat weakened their overall campaign. In contrast, McGee's strategy concentrated on discrediting the Wyoming Republican party and its actions, such as the passage of a right-to-work law, supporting a Court of the Union, repealing the income tax law, and aligning with Barry Goldwater, which led to the party's defeat.

Organized labor played a significant role in the election, working closely with effective Democratic county organizations to help Senator McGee secure a significant plurality. Media, especially television, also played a major role in the campaign, with McGee using a documentary and effective advertising to his advantage.

The election also saw increasing political self-consciousness among minority ethnic groups, such as the Native American vote in Fremont County. City voting patterns showed increasing Democratic margins, hinting at a potential shift in traditional Republican control.

Second term committee assignments
Appropriations Committee

Subcommittees:
 * Agriculture
 * Commerce, Justice, Science - 89th Congress
 * Interior
 * Labor, Health, Education and Welfare
 * Public Works

Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee until 1966

Subcommittees:
 * Surface Transportation
 * Communications
 * Special Subcommittee on the Textile Industry
 * Special Subcommittee on Freight Car Shortage
 * Special Subcommittee on Federal Power Commission Procedures (chairman)

Foreign Relations Committee - In March 1966, McGee and Sen. Russell Long (D-LA) exchanged seats; Long took McGee's seat on the Commerce Committee. Due to GOP gains in the 1966 elections, McGee lost his seat for the 90th Congress, but returned in the 91st Congress after Sen. Eugene McCarthy quit the committee.

Post Office and Civil Service - McGee became chairman of the full committee in the 91st Congress

Subcommittees:
 * Postal Affairs
 * Health Benefits
 * Retirement
 * Special Subcommittee To Study Post Office Department Sectional Center Program

Banking Committee - 90th Congress Only

Subcommittees:
 * Production and Stabilization
 * Securities
 * Small Business

Key events
He strongly supported President Lyndon B. Johnson's views on the Vietnam War. On March 6, 1965, CBS News aired an hour-long TV special titled "Vietnam: Hawks and the Doves" that featured a debate between McGee and Senator George McGovern for the full hour. It was moderated by Charles Collingwood. Hanson Baldwin of the New York Times and former Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs (1963–64) Roger Hilsman also participated. During the debate, McGee called for "planned escalation;" Baldwin contemplated massive bombing campaign and a naval blockade of North Vietnam. It appeared that Hilsman agreed that troops should be sent, but didn't think it would make a difference. McGovern was all alone in arguing against military intervention. At the conclusion on the debate, Collingwood summarized that McGee was a "hawk" on Vietnam, McGovern a "dove" and Hilsman was a "chicken hawk."

Also that year, after over 10 years as a member of the Appropriations Committee, McGee was named chairman of the Foreign Operations Appropriations subcommittee.

In March 1966, McGee was appointed to the Foreign Relations Committee where he would serve until 1967 and then was reappointed in 1969 and served until he left the Senate. He believed in the policy of containing communism, and his pro-military views were accented by his firm support for foreign aid. Johnson strongly considered appointing Senator McGee to be Ambassador to the UN after the resignation of Arthur Goldberg.

In 1968, McGee wrote The Responsibilities of World Power, which warned against isolationism and urged the United States to accept its power and position imposed upon it in the aftermath of World War II. The book further argued that the U.S. had a responsibility to be a Pacific power, to act as a counterweight to China, and to support free nations in their efforts to remain nonaligned or western allies but not to fall into the Communist fold. The work was nominated for a Woodrow Wilson Foundation award.

Named chairman of Post Office and Civil Service Committee
In 1969, McGee became chairman of the Post Office and Civil Service Committee. McGee introduced several Civil Service bills aimed at addressing various aspects of federal employee compensation and retirement benefits. He advocated for legislation to allow federal agencies to cover expenses related to recruiting prospective employees, extend pay rate preservation for certain postal workers, provide additional supergrades in the civil service, and revise the civil service retirement system. McGee also played a role in negotiating and advancing bills concerning salary increases for federal officials, including the Vice President and Speaker of the House. During Congressional consideration of the Economic Stabilization Act, Title II of He emphasized the importance of fair and equitable treatment for federal workers, addressing issues such as inflation, pension benefits, and salary adjustments. McGee supported measures to establish a Federal employee pay comparability system, aiming to align salaries with private sector wages while retaining Congress's authority over adjustments.

He was also directly involved in the passage of the Postal Reorganization Act which was influenced by the U.S. postal strike of 1970, the largest wildcat strike in history. The Act abolished the then United States Post Office Department, which was a part of the cabinet, and created the United States Postal Service, a corporation-like independent agency with an official monopoly on the delivery of mail in the United States.

Second senate term legislation signed into law (1965-1970)
PL 89-760 - (S. 84) An Act to provide for reimbursement to the State of Wyoming for improvements made on certain lands in Sweetwater County, Wyo., if and when such lands revert to the United States. November 5, 1966

PL 89-364 - (S.J. Res. 9) A Joint resolution to cancel any unpaid reimbursable construction costs of the Wind River Indian irrigation project, Wyoming, chargeable against certain non Indian lands. March 8, 1966

PL 89-763 - (S. 476) An Act to amend the act approved March 18, 1950, providing for the construction of airports in or in close proximity to national parks, national monuments, and national recreation areas, and for other purposes. November 5, 1966

PL 89-664 - (S. 491) An Act to provide for the establishment of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, and for other purposes. October 15, 1966

PL XX-XXX - (S. 554/H.R. 441) An Act authorizing the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs to convey certain property to the city of Cheyenne, Wyo. November 8, 1965

PL 89-387 - (S. 1404) Uniform Time Act of 1966, An Act to make uniform dates for daylight savings time. April 13, 1966

PL 89-70 - (S. 3046/H.R. 13161) Elementary and Secondary Education Act Amendments, To strengthen and improve programs of assistance for our elementary and secondary schools. November 3, 1966

1970 election
McGee's bid for reelection in 1970 was targeted by Republicans as one of the top seven races in the country. Republican leaders recruited Congressman John Wold to again take on McGee, despite Wold being defeated by McGee in the 1964 election.

McGee faced a primary challenger for the Democratic nomination because of McGee's support for continued military action in Vietnam. McGee won nomination overwhelmingly by 24,508 votes.

McGee again promoted his seniority in the Senate and his committee assignments (Appropriations, Foreign Relations, and Post Office and Civil Service) that benefited the State. To charges that he was a big spender of federal monies, he pointed out that he helped bring over $349 million in federal aid to Wyoming in the previous year and that if that was big spending he was "for it."

President Nixon, during a September 1970 meeting with aides in the Oval Office, suggested that Vice President Spiro Agnew lump all of the Democratic candidates together, except for Gale McGee, who he said they could not "in good conscience" go after in the same way. Agnew supported Wold's campaign but never specifically mentioned McGee by name. The Denver Post chided the Vice President for speaking against McGee considering it was McGee who helped Nixon solve a major postal strike and continued to support military action in Vietnam. The same newspaper reported that in 1969, McGee voted with the Nixon Administration 69 percent of the time and 24 percent against, while Wold only supported the Administration on issues 49 percent of the time, and opposed 28 percent.

McGee won re-election receiving 67,207 votes to Wold's 53,279. McGee won eleven of the 23 counties he picked up in 1964 but added for others and increased his margin of victory in Natrona County, Wyoming – a moderately strong Republican county and Wold's home base. McGee continued to have strong support of organized labor, carrying big margins in the southern "Union Pacific" counties.

Third Senate term
In his third term he continued to be a leading member of the committees on which he served. He was Chairman of Western Hemisphere Affairs subcommittee of the Foreign Relations Committee.

McGee was a voice of moderation in the affairs of the Watergate scandal and the impeachment proceedings of President Richard Nixon. Against the wishes of many of his constituents, McGee stood on principle and fought hard for positions unpopular in Wyoming in support of gas rationing and the 55-mile per hour speed limit in the era of the first Arab oil embargoes.

"Champion" of Congressional recess
In 1965, Senator McGee began calling for a mandated August recess for Congress. It was not until 1969 that his idea gained enough support amongst his colleagues that they gave it a test run - the Senate recessed from August 13 to September 3. Finally, on August 6, 1971, as mandated by the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970, the Senate began its first official August recess.

Clear cutting of timber
During the 92nd Congress, McGee pushed vigorously for the implementation of his bill which would impose a two-year moratorium on clearcutting of timber on public lands until a study of the practice could be conducted by an independent commission. Clearcutting is a timber harvest method whereby all trees and the undergrowth in a given area are completely destroyed. Al- though McGee did not obtain passage of his bill, it was on the basis of his legislation that the Senate Interior Subcommittee on Public Lands demanded that the U.S. Forest Service stop permitting the timber industry to clear-cut at will in the National Forests. McGee has termed the recent action by the Senate Interior Subcommittee on Public Lands as "but one more step toward the establishment of a national policy setting down guidelines restricting the use of clearcutting as an acceptable timber harvest practice when such use would be detrimental to the environment, recreation, wildlife, and other concerns."

Protection of bald and golden eagles
In his third Senate term, McGee gave up the gavel of the Foreign Operations Appropriations Subcommittee to become Chairman of Agriculture, Environmental and Consumer Protection Appropriations Subcommittee. He would remain chairman of that subcommittee until he left the Senate. At an August 1971 hearing held by McGee's subcommittee, a Wyoming helicopter pilot testified that sheep ranchers paid him to fly near eagles which they killed with shotguns. About 500 bald eagles were destroyed in this manner, the pilot said. The Wyoming Woolgrowers Association had claimed that 8,000 lambs were lost to eagles annually, and the group's president declared he had seen eagles kill grown sheep and antelope. Conservationists disputed the figures and said that eagles seldom touched lambs unless they were already dead. A University of Montana study of prey items collected from 40 golden eagle nests over a three-year period found evidence of only one dead lamb and one dead sheep, with no proof they had been killed by eagles. In October 1972, Congress approved legislation strengthening the penalties imposed for violations of Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940.

Voter registration by mail
In 1972, McGee introduced S. 352, which would allow eligible voters to register by mail in federal elections. The bill would establish a new Voter Registration Administration as part of the U.S. Census Bureau to administer the registration program. Under the procedure, postcard forms would be mailed to all postal addresses and residences, and the cards would have to be returned to local registration agents no later than 30 days before a federal election. Processing of the forms would be paid for by the Voter Registration Administration. McGee believed and argued that existing methods discouraged registration citing the fact that 62 million people did not vote in 1972 election, nearly half of all Americans eligible to vote.

Opponents believed that the proposal would destroy the two-party system, lead to increased fraud, and cost too much to implement. The Nixon administration formally opposed the bill citing the potential for fraud and cost but McGee's committee reported the bill with only Hiram Fong, the committee's ranking Republican member, opposing. During floor debate In spring 1973, the bill was filibustered for almost a month. The 13th successful cloture vote since in the Senate came after two earlier attempts to terminate a four-week filibuster on the voter registration bill (S 352) failed. Had the May 9 vote also fallen short, McGee had warned opponents of S. 352 during floor debate that there would have been another cloture vote, and "if necessary there'll be another and another and another."

The nearly 100 per cent attendance for the May 9 vote, plus three switches in favor of cloture on the third try, gave the cloture motion the necessary two-thirds vote. John C. Stennis (D Miss.) was the only senator to miss the vote. Earlier efforts to shut off the talkathon on the bill failed by two and three votes, respectively. The April 30 vote was 56–31; the May 3 vote was 60–34. On May 9, cloture succeeded by a one-vote margin, 67–32. Two Republicans and one Democrat switched from opposition to support for cloture on the May 9 67–32 vote. The Republicans were Robert T. Stafford (Vt.) and Milton R. Young (N.D.); both had voted against cloture on the two previous cloture motions. The Democrat was Russell B. Long (La.), who opposed cloture on the May 3 vote. In addition, supporters of cloture gained four of five new votes of members who did not vote May 3: Alan Bible (D Nev.), Mark O. Hatfield (R Ore.), Joseph M. Montoya (D N.M.) and William B. Saxbe (R Ohio). John Sparkman (D Ala.), one of the other two members (along with Stennis) who did not vote May 3, cast the only additional vote against cloture. Final passage of S. 352 was successful on May 9, 1973, by a vote of 57–32.

The legislation died after the House failed to take action on the bill.

27th U.N. General Assembly (1972)
A long-time supporter of the United Nations, McGee was appointed by President Richard Nixon to a four-member congressional delegation to represent the United States at the United Nations' 27th General Assembly in 1972. His chief assignment at the Assembly was to get the United Nations members to agree to lower the U.S.'s share annual dues from 31 percent to 25 percent - a difference of $13 million. Both the House and Senate had already passed measures to limit the United States' contribution to the U.N. But each country's share is ultimately decided by a majority of the 130 member nations. Through the efforts of McGee, along with U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. George Bush, the U.N. assembly approved the reduction, with 80 nations voting to support the resolution.

Candidate for director of CIA
A July 10, 1975 memo from then White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld to President Gerald Ford listed McGee as one of many potential candidates to be director of Central Intelligence. Rumsfeld listed "pros and cons" of each candidate (including George Bush, Lee Iacocca, and Byron White and others). The memo thought McGee was a strong defender of the intelligence community, respected within the foreign affairs community, and well-regarded for his independence. On November 4, 1975, William Colby was replaced as CIA Director by George Bush in a major shakeup of President Ford's administration termed the Halloween Massacre.

1976 election
In his 1976 bid for a fourth term, McGee was defeated by Republican challenger Malcolm Wallop, who ran an expensive television advertising campaign attacking McGee for, among other positions, his opposition to state right-to-work laws, and problems with the U.S. Postal Service, based on McGee's chairmanship of the U.S. Senate committee overseeing the Postal Service. The margin of defeat was almost ten percentage points.

United States ambassador to the Organization of American States
After his defeat by Malcolm Wallop, McGee was nominated by President Jimmy Carter as United States ambassador to the Organization of American States. After approval by the Senate, he was sworn in on March 30, 1977, at a ceremony in the Roosevelt Room in the White House by Judge John Sirica. His former colleague from the U.S. Senate, Vice President Walter Mondale, was in attendance as were former U.S. secretaries of State Henry Kissinger and William P. Rogers, former United States Ambassador to South Vietnam Ellsworth Bunker, Under Secretary of State Warren Christopher, National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, and senators John Sparkman and William Fulbright.

During his tenure, McGee headed the U.S. delegation to four OAS assemblies and lobbied for the successful approval of the 1978 Panama Canal Treaty.

Life after public service
- In 1981, McGee formed Gale W. McGee Associates, a consulting firm specializing in international and public affairs activities. The firm offered a broad range of political and economic services to both domestic and international companies with a special emphasis on developing new business opportunities with the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean. He was also president of the consulting firm of Moss, McGee, Bradley, Kelly & Foley, which was created with former U.S. Senator Frank Moss. McGee later served as president of the American League for Exports and Security Assistance, Inc. in 1986. He was a senior consultant at Hill & Knowlton, Inc. from 1987 to 1989.

- In 1985, Secretary of State George Shultz asked McGee to serve on a panel headed by Robert D. Ray to review U.S. policy towards Indochinese refugees. In the wake of the 1975 collapse of the South Vietnamese government, more than 1.6 million Indochinese people had become refugees. The panel issued recommendations in 1986.

The Papers of Gale McGee are housed at the University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center. Collection includes digital materials relating to McGee's career as a U.S. senator, his work at the University of Wyoming and the Organization of American States, and his post public service and personal life.

Personal life
McGee married Loraine Baker in 1939 and together they had four children: David, Robert, Mary Gale and Lori Ann. Senator McGee died on April 9, 1992, in Washington, D.C. He is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Congressional
In January 2007, the Wyoming congressional delegation introduced federal legislation (H.R. 335, S. 219) to rename the U.S. Post Office in Laramie, Wyoming as the "Gale W. McGee Post Office." The United States House of Representatives passed the legislation by voice vote on January 29, 2007. The United States Senate passed the legislation by Unanimous consent on February 7, 2007. The President signed the bill into law on March 7, 2007.

Biography
In 2018, Potomac Books/Nebraska press published McGee's biography, The Man in the Arena: The Life and Times of U.S. Senator Gale McGee written by Rodger McDaniel. The book won Best Nonfiction Book of the Year from the Wyoming State Historical Society

Movie portrayal
McGee was portrayed by Harry Groener in the 2023 film Oppenheimer.

title: Gale W. McGee


text:
User:Die~enwiki

Time to live. let me rise your life. let me take your soul and realease it.

title: User:Die~enwiki


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User talk:Die~enwiki

Let me wake you, let me live you. you no longer belong to death.

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, Die, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If not, the door's right over there... no, a little more to your left... Yes. You seem to have a sense of humor, but to be sure that it corresponds to the kind of humor that is accepted on this site! Anyone is welcome to contribute, so come help out! If the current colonization doesn't suit your fancy, then browse our rewrite and idea categories. We have lots of articles just sitting around for someone to improve, so don't be afraid - dive right in!

If you need help, ask me on my talkpage, or ask an administrator on their talkpage. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian, and remember: Have fun with it. We're all here to have a good time. Please sign your name on talkpages using four tildes Die (talk) 17:50, 28 March 2009 (UTC) or use the "sign" button above the edit box. Again, welcome! - BurbankCA (talk) 17:01 28, March 2009 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:Scott Stapp

Scott stapp Controverises
Why was Scott stapp controversies removed? All the information contained on the page was correct and no bias was written against him, mearly the facts being presented.
 * I'm not sure why it was removed but i agree with you. I'll think i'll add it back if someone can't give a good reason for removing the info instead of simply merging it. --M vopni 00:18, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

I have removed the link to the forty second video. It is not to be restored pending further legal action. Danny 16:01, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

what has your life been like and some the the experiances that you have been through

 * Who wrote this article, his publicist or his mom? No mention of the guy being drunk as hell at concerts or on blow?  How about the show where fans DEMANDED THEIR MONEY BACK because Stapp was so tore up that he could barely remember the words?  I call re-write!  -HX

There seems to be a great deal of hearsay information and/or gossip in this section unsupported by any citation(s)/link(s). '''Much of it should be assessed for removal. ''' —Preceding unsigned comment added by Michaelgamer (talk • contribs) 23:31, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I didn't delete the section, but, the only real controversy is that Scott Stapp attracted an audience that usually avoided the rock scene, and this has apparently caused a major problem for those listeners being introduced to rock ( because they thought he stood against what they didn't like about it ), and the veteran elitists ( because they felt he was tainting the genre ). He really didn't do anything that other artists haven't done, yet he gets a "controversy" section while Britney Spears, of all people (who has dipped out on shows), doesn't get one. I mean, controversies aside, Scott Stapp, as a single man, managed to relatively quickly produce 3 albums each with hit songs that even extremely successful artists had to compete with.  And whenever he gets a bit of credit, its because christian buddies are backing him up.  I'm not even religious and its plain to me that he goes under-appreciated. Neveos (talk) 10:23, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

POV
This article is not near wikipedia standards. Im going to put the POV banner and ive already placed a Wikify Banner on here. This article sounds more like a biography, and it is not near the format and way we need to keep wikipedia running. I dont believe anyone who reads this article as their sole source on this person would have a fair and neutral view of them. This is why we need to keep wikipedia neutral. This is far from it. Itll be hard to salvage the information out of it, and hopefully somebody can help me do that. -PlasticMan, 9/13/05

no problem. the stuff was removed.--Alhutch 23:50, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

I don't think it was removed. This article is a complete disgrace - it reads like a biography written by a fan, mixing fact and legend in a tone that would be unfitting of a high school essay, let alone an encyclopaedia. --83.70.242.32 (talk) 18:09, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

FSU
Just recently somebody reverted an edit about Stapp attending FSU. But according to Yahoo! Music, Stapp did attend FSU. "Stapp had been studying law at Florida State University, but eventually dropped out to pursue music, a decision that led to conflict with his anti-rock & roll parents."[http://launch.yahoo.com/ar-270468-bio--Creed Creed Biography on Yahoo! Music] ONEder Boy 02:43, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This page indicates he dropped out of FSU and got kicked out of Lee. This page  mentions only FSU as does this . There are many more pages out there stating he attending FSU before dropping out. I don't see why it should be removed from the article. Heezy 20:39, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * He's even listed as an alumni on the FSU page. ONEder Boy 03:51, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

You Know... That Story
Shouldn't this have some mention of that incident where someone got his mobile phone number and his sister drove him to some dive so he could pickup and the girl with the mobile phone and everyone else in the bar had a big laugh at him and his wifebeater?

 * I agree, the Denny's story should be included in his bio, it was notable enough and some mainstream sites picked up the story too. Also, there should be some mention of that concert in chigaco ( at least i think it was chicago) where Stapp was too drunk he couldn't even sing 1 song and the fans sued to try and get a refund from Creed after the show was cancelled. --M vopni 02:55, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

What happened to the 311 fight
It should be on this page and not on the Creed (band) page for the sollo fact that it was a fight between Scott Stapp and 311 and not a fight between Creed and 311

Album Sales
"However, these standards are very high, as "disappointing" sales in contrast to Creed is a record that has been certified Double Platinum."

This line implies that his album went double platinum. I'm not sure what it sold but if the highest it got on the chart was #19, I'm betting it didn't. Does anybody know how much it actually sold? --M vopni 00:30, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Why is there a picture of Charles Barkley with Stapp's name under it?219.199.100.195 14:42, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * User:ThR enody being a funny vandal (not) Glen  09:35, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

That was pretty much hilarious, sry2say. -- Robotronical

Clean up
I was wondering if this page needs a clean up tag. This page seems kind of ehh.... compared to other pages on Wiki.

I'm no dedicated Scott Stapp historian or anything but the statement early in the article 'his father was a tyrant' may need revision. Unless that was his actual occupation...which I doubt. KingNothing63 (talk) 05:07, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Birth name and other things
I could have sworn this page previously stated that Scott Alan Stapp was NOT his birth name, that his name was Anthony Scott Flippen, hi stepfather adopted him and he took the last name and changed his first and middle names so his initials wouldn't be ASS. This was on the page for a very long time. Also, there's other information on his early life that is missing. Was it really unsourced on the page so long that it was later removed...? CallidoraBlack (talk) 18:46, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Family section
rather than put a [cite] tag on the last sentence in the family section regarding subject's friendship with a non-family member, I'm just going to remove it. Before you put it back, (a) CITE A SOURCE. NO ORIGINAL MATERIAL. and (b) be sure to add how the coach is related to subject. 75.88.23.101 (talk) 15:04, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Prolific songwriting duo
"Tremonti and Stapp have been collectively recognized as one of the most prolific songwriting teams in all of rock music". By whom, Stapp's mum? By the little girls who write for MTV and clearly need a dictionary? That is hilariously inaccurate. Creed have one album. One. This is as far from a prolific body of work as it gets. Nobody with an entry-level knowledge of music will be able to read that and contain their laughter. This is not doing wiki's reputation any favours. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.91.9.144 (talk) 04:53, 16 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Creed has four albums. 63.248.26.218 (talk) 21:09, 2 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Shows how much you know.  Besides, you didn't even sign your comment! TJD2 (talk) 18:46, 8 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm calling BS as well, as I did not interpret the MTV bio as saying that. 108.248.24.226 (talk) 20:38, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

legal issues
http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1517207/intoxicated-scott-stapp-sparks-melee-with-311.jhtml

should this be included? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.101.12.20 (talk) 15:21, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

68th Greatest Metal Singer?
If his enumeration was the 68th greatest Bollywood film it might be easier to take that number with a straight face. While I don't doubt there have been tens or hundreds of thousands of singers who have performed music in the metal genre, I'd be somewhat surprised if the total number of metal bands that have released professional albums is as high as 1500, a little less than one new metal band per week since Iron Maiden released "The Number of the Beast". The fact that the cited source could cobble together a list of 100 notable metal singers is impressive, but does not really indicate that all of the 100 were of high or even fair quality.

As it stands the reference looks like an attempt by Stapp's agent to create a false impression of high critical regard in people with poor reading comprehension and math skill. While the information is strictly correct, I'd suggest it runs afoul of NPOV since people favorable to Stapp will see it as praise and people unfavorable to him will see it as a subtle insult.

98.225.182.131 (talk) 22:28, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * This is not a forum. Your opinions don't belong here. It's a properly cited source.--98.209.42.117 (talk) 07:31, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

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Legal troubles & Art of Anarchy
I recently added the Art of Anarchy-related lawsuit (2018) to the Legal Troubles section but today realized it was already mentioned under Art of Anarchy: 2016 - Present. Should it be under both sections? One section? Which one? I look forward to improving my contributions to Wikipedia. Dogscatsbirds (talk) 19:21, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

Urinating incident
No mention of his public urination at a publicist's dinner? This was reported on NPR, I believe, and also on another national talk-radio show. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:6080:21F0:6140:5D8:54E5:408B:60EC (talk) 13:06, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

Legal Troubles "[sic]"
The usage of "[sic]" within the paragraph under Legal Troubles beginning "In 2015..." is incorrect, as the spelling and usage of the phrase "...a big sigh..." are both correct. 2601:CD:4000:610:9C28:4627:69E5:8532 (talk) 21:17, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scott Stapp


text:
User talk:Bebasmendengarkan~enwiki

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title: User talk:Bebasmendengarkan~enwiki


text:
Talk:King Fahd Causeway

Dam
I deleted the word 'dam.' I am no expert on construction, but don't dams hold something back? This has the sea on both sides. Paul, in Saudi 17:27, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Viaducts
Article claim 2 viaducts on the way (without sources), but structurae claims 5 viaducts with exact informations. Can someone clarify situation? --Jklamo 01:55, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Using GoogleEarth i verified, that structurae datas are correct and i modified article according that. --Jklamo 02:37, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Name
I think it should be renamed to King Fahad Causeway, I also have a photo taken on the bridge it self, let me know if you want me to upload it. Radiant guy (talk) 22:54, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Expansion cost query
The figure given of $5.3m for a major project expansion as described above seems oddly low -- whatever the 'local newspapers' cited may reportedly be cited quoting! Note, meanwhile, that another regional media source reported the preliminary estimated headline project cost to be Saudi riyals 1.06bn. Source: http://www.alaswaq.net/articles/2010/08/14/36515.html [SR/USD rate currently = USD 0.27. Source: FX rates search via Google, as of mid-Feb 2011]. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.93.170.100 (talk) 22:07, 15 February 2011 (UTC)

Causeway? Or a (low) bridge?
Is it a causeway, like a dyke, or a bridge near the sea surface? 14.0.208.87 (talk) 00:15, 23 December 2012 (UTC)
 * It is a combination of multiple bridges and causeways. --Jklamo (talk) 00:25, 23 December 2012 (UTC)

Construction details
The article claims the road "was built using 350,000 m3 (12,000,000 cu ft) of concrete along with 47,000 metric tonnes of reinforced steel." What is "reinforced steel"? The author is probably thinking of reinforcement steel, but arguable not all the steel in the bridge is used for reinforcement of concrete. ehn (talk) 15:19, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.arabnews.com/news/531026. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and according to fair use may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 16:47, 19 September 2014 (UTC)

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Sam Torrance

Samuel Robert Torrance (born 24 August 1953) is a Scottish professional golfer and sports commentator. He was one of the leading players on the European Tour from the mid-1970s to the late 1990s, with 21 Tour wins. Torrance was a member of European Ryder Cup teams on eight occasions consecutively; on Cup-winning teams four times. He was also part of the winning Scotland team at the 1995 Dunhill Cup. He was the winning non-playing captain of the European Ryder Cup team in 2002. Torrance was honoured with the MBE (1996) and OBE (2003), for his outstanding contributions to golf.

Early life
Torrance was born and grew up in Largs on the west coast of Scotland, playing golf at Routenburn Golf Club, near his family home. His father Bob (1932-2014) was a highly respected golf instructor who coached son Sam from childhood.

Torrance represented Scotland against England at Boy's International Match at Hillside, Southport, England in August 1970.

He turned professional at the age of 17, and his first job was at Sunningdale, where he used to play for money with members, which was much needed because he was paid only £5 a week as an assistant professional.

European Tour
In 1970, Torrance joined the tour, which officially became the European Tour in 1972. He achieved his first professional win in 1972, and won the Sir Henry Cotton Rookie of the Year award in the same year. He recorded his first European Tour win in 1976.

He won 21 times on the European Tour; only fellow Scot Colin Montgomerie has accumulated more European Tour titles without winning one of golf's four major championships. His best finish on the European Tour Order of Merit was second, which he achieved in 1984 and 1995. In total, he finished in the top-10 on the list 10 times. He previously held the record for the most career appearances on the European Tour, with 706. At the 2020 Hero Open, Miguel Ángel Jiménez passed Torrance for most starts on the European Tour.

Torrance played in The Open Championship 28 times, with a best finish of tied 5th in 1981 at Royal St George's Golf Club in Sandwich, England.

On his first visit on the PGA Tour of Australasia, at the time named the PGA Tour of Australia, Torrance finished second to George Serhan at the 1980 New South Wales Open in beginning of November and the week after he won the Australian PGA Championship at Royal Melbourne Golf Club, beating Seve Ballesteros by two strokes. The year after, Torrance came back to Australia, capping a second-place finish in October, after losing in a playoff to Eamonn Darcy at the 1981 CBA West Lakes Classic.

On a rare visit on the U.S.-based PGA Tour, in October 1983, trying to tune up for the Ryder Cup match to be played in Florida later the same month, Torrance finished tied first after 72 holes at the 1983 Southern Open at the Green Island Country Club in Columbus, Georgia. This was the first time he ever made the cut on a PGA Tour tournament. He eventually lost in a playoff against Ronnie Black on the fourth extra hole.

The year after, he was again close to victory on another continent. He lost in a playoff on the Japan Golf Tour to home player Masahiro Kuramoto at the 1984 Bridgestone Tournament at Sodegaura Country Club, Chiba, Japan. That year he also finished in second place at the Malaysian Open, tying Australia's Terry Gale for second, two behind Taiwan's Lu Chien-soon. Torrance reached another second place in Japan at the 1987 Casio World Open, losing by two strokes to American David Ishii, after leading or tying the lead after each of the first three rounds.

Torrance played for Europe in the Ryder Cup eight times, from 1981 to 1995 consecutively; the Cup is contested every two years. In 1985 he sank the winning putt on the 18th green at The Belfry, England, which deprived the Americans of the trophy for the first time in 28 years. He also was a member of Cup-winning teams in 1987 (first-ever win for Europe on American soil), 1989 and 1995. In 2002, he was the non-playing captain on the European team which won the 2002 Cup at The Belfry. This made him the second European to sink the winning putt and captain a winning team at separate Ryder Cups, after Seve Ballesteros in 1987 (as a player) and 1997 (as captain). He was also named a vice-captain for the 2016 Ryder Cup at Hazeltine by captain Darren Clarke.

Torrance represented Scotland eleven times at the World Cup and nine times at the Alfred Dunhill Cup.

Team Scotland twice finished second in the World Cup with Torrance on the two-man-team, 1984 with Gordon Brand Jnr and 1987 with Sandy Lyle. Individually, Torrance finished tied 5th at the 1978 World Cup in Hanalei, Hawaii and 3rd at the 1995 World Cup of Golf at the Mission Hills Golf Club in Shenzhen, China.

He was part of the winning Scotland team, with Colin Montgomerie and Andrew Coltart, at the 1995 Dunhill Cup at the Old Course at St Andrews in Scotland. The home team beat Zimbabwe in the final 2–1, where Torrance won over Mark McNulty.

Senior Career
In 2003, upon turning 50, Torrance became eligible to play in senior tournaments, and he picked up his first win on the European Senior Tour in 2004. He finished first on the European Senior Tour's Order of Merit in 2005, 2006 and 2009, but never won a senior major. His best finish was lone 5th in the Senior Open Championship, achieved in 2009, which was the same result as his best finish in The Open and a regular major.

Torrance retired from competitive golf after playing his last event on the European Senior Tour, at the time named the Staysure Tour, in October 2017.

During his prime, Torrance was known for long driving and accurate short iron play, often played in a daring style.

Torrance was also an early user of the broomhandle putter. After a disappointing 1988 season on the greens, Torrance experimented with the long putter that was already being used successfully in the U.S. He debuted his version, which anchored on the chin rather than the midriff, at the 1989 Jersey Open and subsequently finished in the top five. He has used it relatively successfully ever since.

Personal life
Torrance married English actress Suzanne Danielle in 1988. They have four children.

Torrance's father Bob also coached Sam's son Daniel who played golf to a high level, competing with Sam at the Dunhill Links Championship in the Pro Am competition, winning it once.

Awards and honors
Torrance was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1996 Birthday Honours. He was promoted to an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2003 New Year Honours, for services to golf. In the June 2023 Graduation Ceremonies at University of St Andrews, Torrance was awarded Doctor of Laws (LLD), in recognition of his outstanding career in, and contribution to, golf.

Books, broadcasting career
Torrance is the author or co-author of several golf books; Play It Again, Sam: The Autobiography (2001), An Enduring Passion: My Ryder Cup Years (2003), Sam: The Autobiography of Sam Torrance, Golf's Ryder Cup Winning Hero (2003), With Friends Like These: A Selective History of the Ryder Cup (2006), Out of Bounds: Legendary Tales From the 19th Hole (2012).

Torrance has worked as a commentator for BBC Sport golf coverage. Along with Kelly Tilghman, he also provided commentary for Tiger Woods PGA Tour 09.

Torrance has appeared on the sport personality quiz show A Question of Sport five times since 2005. In October 2006, he took over nine minutes to consider with his teammates Ally McCoist and Michael Holding the question, "Who is the only golfer from Europe or the United States to have won two majors without making a Ryder Cup appearance", eventually correctly answering John Daly. On 17 March 2008, he competed with Sharron Davies and team captain Phil Tufnell in the 37th season of A Question of Sport, and made history by achieving the first-ever perfect score on the show since it started in 1970.

He is a supporter of Celtic and Manchester United football clubs.

European Tour wins (21)
 * Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.

European Tour playoff record (4–2)

PGA Tour of Australasia wins (1)
PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (0–1)

Other wins (11)

 * 1972 Lord Derby's Under-25 Match Play Championship, Radici Open (Italy)
 * 1975 Scottish Uniroyal Tournament
 * 1978 Scottish Professional Championship
 * 1979 Skol Tournament
 * 1980 Scottish Professional Championship
 * 1982 Skol Tournament
 * 1985 Scottish Professional Championship
 * 1991 Scottish Professional Championship
 * 1993 Scottish Professional Championship
 * 2006 Hassan II Golf Trophy

European Senior Tour wins (11)
European Senior Tour playoff record (1–1)

Playoff record
PGA Tour playoff record (0–1)

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (0–1)

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1973, 1977 and 1978 Open Championships)

"T" indicates a tie for a place

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 10 (1980 Open Championship – 1988 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (twice)

Results in senior major championships
Results are not in chronological order before 2016. {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut

"T" indicates a tie for a place.

Note: Torrance never played in the Senior Players Championship.

Team appearances

 * Ryder Cup (representing Europe): 1981, 1983, 1985 (winners), 1987 (winners), 1989 (tied and retained trophy), 1991, 1993, 1995 (winners), 2002 (winners, non-playing captain)
 * World Cup (representing Scotland): 1976, 1978, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995
 * Double Diamond International (representing Scotland): 1973 (winners), 1976, 1977
 * Hennessy Cognac Cup (representing Great Britain and Ireland): 1976 (winners), 1978 (winners), 1980 (winners), 1982 (winners), (representing Scotland) 1984
 * Alfred Dunhill Cup (representing Scotland): 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1995 (winners), 1999
 * Four Tours World Championship (representing Europe): 1985, 1991 (winners, captain)
 * UBS Cup (representing the Rest of the World): 2001, 2002, 2004
 * Seve Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2013 (non-playing captain)

title: Sam Torrance


text:
Lakpa Gelu

Lakpa Gelu (ल्हाक्पा घेलु) (born June 23, 1967), often spelled Lhakpa, is a Nepalese Sherpa climber born in Jubing - 1, KhariKhola, Solukhumbu, Nepal. He is known for holding a world record for the fastest climbing of Mount Everest (the world's tallest mountain at 8,848 meters, known to the Nepalese as "Sagarmatha") in only 10 hours 56 minutes and 46 seconds. Gelu's record-breaking trip was his tenth trip to the summit of the mountain.

Personal life
Lhakpa Gelu was born around June 23, 1967 in the Solukhumbu of Nepal. The ethnic Sherpa community in Nepal does not record exact birth dates, though, so it is impossible to know his precise birth date.

Lhakpa Gelu comes from a family of climbers. His older brother died in 1991 while climbing Annapurna, and his youngest brother has also climbed Mount Everest. He is married to Fulli and has three children.

In December 2006, Lhakpa Gelu moved to Utah. Despite his mountaineering accomplishments, Lhakpa struggled financially, as Sherpas are paid far less than Western guides. In Utah, he had difficulty finding work as a mountain guide, so instead he had to work at a coffee house, installing signs, and delivering pizzas while searching for employment as an expedition guide.

In 2008, Lhakpa began working as a guide for Alpine Ascents International, where he has guided expeditions up Mount Rainier and Aconcagua.

Speed climb of Everest
Gelu started for the summit at 5:00 p.m. on May 25, 2003, and reached on the summit at 3:56:46 a.m. on May 26. He returned to Base Camp at 11:20 a.m. on the 26th. (It is also reported that upon reaching the top, Gelu hoisted the Nepalese flag on a 6 ft brass pole.) The total time of his climb from Base Camp to the summit and back to Base Camp was 18 hours 20 minutes.

The record he beat (12 hours 45 minutes) was set just a few days earlier on May 23, 2003 by 25-year-old Pemba Dorjie, a Sherpa from Rolwaling Himal.

Lakpa Gelu was the climbing Sardar of the 12-member "Jubiläums Expedition Mt. Everest 2003". He began his ascent of Everest from the Southeast Ridge under the leadership of Eckhard Schmitt, a 56-year-old mountaineer from Schaftlach, Germany.

Other ascents
In addition to over a dozen Everest summits, Lhakpa has also summitted Cho Oyu and Ama Dablam in the Himalayas.

In 2007, Lhakpa climbed Everest to raise money for an elementary school in his hometown in Nepal and to increase public awareness of the contributions of the Sherpa people to Himalayan mountaineering.

title: Lakpa Gelu