text:
Godfrey I, Count of Louvain

Godfrey I (Godfried, c. 1060 – 25 January 1139), called the Bearded, the Courageous, or the Great, was the Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Brussels and Leuven (Louvain) from 1095 to his death and Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1106 to 1129. He was also Margrave of Antwerp from 1106 to his death.

Biography
Godfrey was the son of Henry II (c. 1020–1078) and Adela of Orthen (or Betuwe), a daughter of Count Everard of Orthen. He succeeded his brother Henry III who died wounded in a tournament in 1095, and only had young daughters. His widow Gertrude married Theodoric II, Duke of (upper) Lorraine.

He first came into conflict in 1096 with Otbert, Bishop of Liège, over the county of Brunengeruz that both claimed. In 1099, Emperor Henry IV allotted the county to the bishop, who entrusted it to Albert III, Count of Namur. Godfrey arbitrated a dispute between Henry III of Luxembourg and Arnold I, Count of Loon, over the appointment of the abbot of Sint-Truiden.

Godfrey was in favour with the emperor and defended his interests in Lorraine. In 1102, he stopped Robert II of Flanders "the Crusader", who was invading the Cambraisis. After the death of the emperor in 1106, his son and successor, Henry V, who had been in rebellion, decided to avenge himself on his father's partisans. Duke Henry of Lower Lorraine was imprisoned and his duchy confiscated and given to Godfrey. After Henry escaped from prison, he tried to retake his duchy and captured Aachen, but ultimately failed.

In 1114, during a rift between the emperor and Pope Paschal II, Godfrey led a revolt in Germany. In 1118, the emperor and the duke were reconciled. In 1119, Baldwin VII of Flanders died heirless and Flanders was contested between several claimants, one of whom, William of Ypres, had married a niece of Godfrey's second wife. Godfrey supported William, but could not enforce his claim against that of Charles the Good. Also dead in that year was Otbert. Two separate men were elected to replace him and Godfrey again sided with the loser.

By marrying his daughter Adeliza to Henry I of England, who was also the father-in-law of the emperor, he greatly increased his prestige. However, Henry V died in 1125 and Godfrey supported Conrad of Hohenstaufen, the duke of Franconia, against Lothair of Supplinburg. Lothair was elected. Lothair withdrew the duchy of Lower Lorraine and granted it to Waleran of Limburg (c. 1085 – 1139), the son of Henry, whom Henry V had deprived in 1106. Nonetheless, Godfrey maintained the margraviate of Antwerp and retained the ducal title (which would in 1183 become Duke of Brabant).

After the assassination of Charles the Good in 1127, the Flemish succession was again in dispute. William Clito prevailed, but was soon fraught with revolts. Godfrey intervened on behalf of Theodoric of Alsace, who prevailed against Clito. Godfrey continued to war against Liège and Namur.

Godfrey spent his last years in the abbey of Affligem. He died of old age on 25 January 1139 and was buried in the left aisle of the abbey church. He is sometimes said to have passed in 1140, but this is an error.

Family and children
He married Ida of Chiny (1078–1117), daughter of Otto II, Count of Chiny, (c. 1065 – after 1131) and Adelaide of Namur. They had several children:

 * Adeliza of Louvain (b. 1103 – d. abbey of Affligem, 23 April 1151) married Henry I, King of England and later William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel (1109 – before 1151).
 * Godfrey II of Louvain (b. 1107 – d. 13 June 1142), Duke of Lower Lotharingia (Lower Lorraine), Landgrave of Brabant, Count of Brussels and Louvain. He married Lutgardis of Sulzbach (d.a. 1163), daughter of Berenger I of Sulzbach.
 * Clarissa (d. 1140).
 * Henry (d. in the abbey of Affligem, 1141), monk.
 * Ida (d. 1162) married to Arnold I, Count of Cleves (d. 1147).

Later, he married Clementia of Burgundy (c. 1078 – c. 1133), daughter of William I, Count of Burgundy, and widow of Robert II, Count of Flanders. They had no children.

By an unknown mistress he had one son:

 * Joscelin of Louvain, married Agnes De Percy and had issue.

title: Godfrey I, Count of Louvain


text:
Talk:Petronius

anecdotes
I heard an interesting anecdote about how Petronius commited suicide. Supposedly he fell out of favor with Nero, so at the begining of one evening he slit his wrists and tied off his vein with a turniquette. He invited his friends over and told jokes, and whenever they didn't laugh he let out a little blood. Sounds very funny and classy, and I heard this from an intelligent person, but I can't be sure if it's true. Citizen Premier 15:31, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I've heard of a joke dying, but this is taking it too far! (BTW: Corrected some trivial formatting this date.) Charlie (Colorado) 22:45, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

I heard this quote: We trained hard. . . but it seemed that every time we were beginning to form up into teams we would be reorganized. I was to learn later in life that we tend to meet any new situation by reorganizing; and a wonderful method it can be for creating the illusion of progress while producing confusion, inefficiency, and demoralization. Petronius Arbiter, 210 B.C. --69.15.40.98 21:38, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The date's wrong and the name's wrong. Otherwise, it's a nice quote. Had Petronius been born in the 20th century and joined a basketball team, he might well have said this shortly before slitting his wrists. And rew D alby  09:28, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

The anecdote about Petronius' death is probably true, it's narrated from Tacitus in his work "Annales" and it sounds like this: "[Petronius] incisas venas, ut libitum, obligata aperire rursum ed adloqui amicos, non per seria aut quibus gloriam constantiae peteret."="[Petronius] as to satisfy a whim, opened again his veins, which were already cut and tied off, and he talked with his friends, not about serious matters or matters with whom he could obtain self-confidence" (I apologise for my english since i'm italian)

“disputed” tag
There were twelve Petronius in those times, but only two “Petronius Arbiter”. The first, Gaius Petronius Arbiter, was Nero’s fashion adviser. The second, Titus Petronius, was an obscure poet who had been in Marseilles and lived in Nero’s and Domitian’s times. Recent scholarship tends to distinguish between the two, considering the latter the most likely candidate for the paternity of the Satyricon.

This can only mean that the present article confuses two different persons and that it should be divided in twain. —Cesar Tort 08:25, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There certainly has to be an article on A. Nero's fashion adviser. If the author of the Satyricon could be distinguished as a person with a biography different from A, there would then have to be an article on him too (B). But what evidence is there, really, for the obscure poet who lived in Marseille in Nero’s and Domitian’s times? He sounds like fiction to me. In what recent scholarship is he mentioned? Is he simply a fictional construct from the Satyricon text? And rew D alby  10:08, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

I have three different editions of the Satyricon, all in Spanish with introductions at the beginning. Two of them cast serious doubts about the identification of Nero’s adviser with the author. But you are right: the Marseille poet was so obscure that they seem to be speculating. Perhaps it’s wise to remove the tag (and reinsert it only if some of us can find a reliable source in English about Titus Petronius Arbiter)? For the moment I will merely quote León Ignacio, who wrote the prologue of the Ediciones 29 edition of the Satyricon. I am quoting him in Spanish since you say in your user page that you understand it. As to Nero’s adviser, León Ignacio wrote:

Es de suponer, no obstante, que el autor no trabajaría a marchas forzadas, como si debiera concurrir a un premio literario, y que dedicó años a esta tarea.

No olvidemos que lo que ahora se conoce no son más que fragmentos del original y que, por las referencias a hechos anteriores que se encuentran en el texto así como por los comentarios de la época, se calcula que en un principio se componía de veinte tomos.

Por tanto, muy bien pudo comenzarla mientras reinaba Calígula, seguirla con Nerón y no ver la luz pública hasta el siguiente. De no tratar hechos contemporáneos, de todos conocidos, no valía la pena mencionar tantos nombres.

Sin embargo, estas fechas no aclaraban gran cosa, pues, por entonces, había unos doce Petronios. Su número se redujo un poco a causa del Arbiter. De éstos, sólo quedaban dos.

Durante mucho tiempo se creyó que se trataba de Cayo Petronio Turpilano, del que habla Tácito en sus escritos. Fue un cortesano aficionado a las artes, que se ganó por completo el favor de Nerón, tanto por sus vicios como por su ingenio y su elegancia. Es decir, una especie de Oscar Wilde con toga. De él, dice Tácito que […].

Tanto el apodado de arbiter elegantorum, como sus inclinaciones artísticas, convencieron a muchos de que este Petronio era el autor de El Satiricón. Además, el personaje resultaba tan novelesco que Enrique Sienkiewicz le hizo aparecer en Quo Vadis? Llegaron incluso a suponer que la crónica de los devaneos de Nerón, que le envió a modo de despedida, era el libro que ahora nos ocupa.

Es difícil imaginar, no obstante, que, mientras se le escapaba la sangre por las venas cortadas, le quedasen ánimos para escribir una obra en veinte tomos, aparte de que, como ya he dicho, el arbiter es aquí un apodo que ni siquiera se incluye completo en el encabezamiento.

De ser éste el autor de El Satiricón, lo escribiría años antes de su muerte.

El otro candidato a la paternidad de la obra es un oscuro poeta llamado Tito Petronio Arbiter, natural de Marsella, que vivió en tiempos de Nerón y Dioclesiano.

A favor de éste, se alegan los indudables conocimientos literarios que se exponen en la novela, que delatan más al intelectual preocupado por su profesión, que al cortesano cínico y frívolo que pretende distraerse. Además, como se verá, se trata de un trabajo demasiado concienzudo para no ser obra de un profesional, aunque, excepcionalmente, pueda darse el caso a la inversa.

Por otra parte, la acción no se desarrolla en Roma, sino en las provincias y casi ninguno de los hombres son latinos. Parece como si el autor hubiese tenido interés en mostrarnos la realidad del imperio, que no conocían en la capital, donde, según costumbre, se preocupaban tan sólo por el área comprendida entre las siete colinas.

Este era el mundo del Petronio marsellés.

Por desgracia, según se ha visto, no se ha aclarado quién en realidad es el autor de El Satiricón y la polémica puede durar mucho. Sea quien fuere, escribió una de las grandes obras de la literatura mundial.

Julio Picasso, the scholar that translated the Satyricon for Spain’s Ediciones Cátedra in 1984, says similar things in his introduction of Petronius’ work. —Cesar Tort 18:05, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you so much for typing all of this, Cesar, it is extremely interesting.

 * I quite agree that the identification of the author with Nero's courtier is very doubtful. And I don't think any modern scholars take seriously the idea that the Satyricon is the document that Petronius sent to Nero just before he committed suicide. But I have a suspicion that the Satyricon, which has inspired so many people to the creation of fiction or near-fiction, and has inspired so many others to believe these fictions, has inspired León Ignacio, too, to say a little more than he really knows. And Julio Picasso has perhaps taken this pleasant idea more seriously than it deserves. You see, I don't know of any ancient reference to a poet of Marseille called Petronius, and, if there were such a reference, I feel that other scholars would have investigated it too.

 * I think there may be no need for the "disputed" tag. But I am sure there is need to improve the article -- specifically on the question of whether this Petronius, or some other, wrote the Satyricon -- and I think we are both going to have to work on it! Best wishes And rew D alby  18:42, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I have removed the tag. —Cesar Tort 18:58, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Other works than Satyricon attrbuted to Petronius
There are some lovely lyric poems attributed to Petronius. Since they only survive in medieval manuscripts, most scholars think they're not really his. But it's rather pleasant to imagine that he had a gentle lyrical side. Tom129.93.17.66 04:15, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

St. Petronius?
I don't think the last link to a St. Petronius in the Catholic Encyclopedia is correct. I'm going to remove it. Matthæus (talk) 01:38, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

In Film section
Removed reference to Have Gun Will Travel; if that entire episode had been a retelling of the Satyricon, this might be defensible; since it is merely a mention of it, it seems trivial in the extreme, of interest only to dedicated fans both of Petronius and of the TV show. Country Wife (talk) 23:24, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Comment moved from top
What on earth is this line about "He was also described as a top jewish neek by Juvenal and Negro (Nero)." Saboteur at work? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.242.53.142 (talk) 21:03, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I've reverted this ridiculous edit.--Noe (talk) 22:24, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Joshuus Ellius?
The article currently has Traditionally this reference is linked with Joshuus Ellius. I've never heard of Joshuus Ellius; Google finds no references to him except in pages derived from this article.

Who, if he actually existed, was Joshuus Ellius? I feel that either we should provide a reference, or delete the sentence. --Kay Dekker (talk) 16:34, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Sabotage
Unfortunately it is obvious that this page has been heavily sabotaged. Some evidence has already been cited. Let me also point out that the reference to cannabis in the first quote from Tacitus is also spurious-- at least it does not occur in any other version of the text that I have seen:

''Nam illi dies per somnum, nox officiis et oblectamentis vitae transigebatur; utque alios industria, ita hunc ignavia ad famam protulerat, habebaturque non ganeo et profligator, ut plerique sua haurientium, sed erudito luxu. Ac dicta factaque eius quanto solutiora et quandam sui neglegentiam praeferentia, tanto gratius in speciem simplicitatis accipiebantur...''

Nor is "Joshuus Ellius" a proper Latin form, and even apart from the fact that it is here inserted in a way that makes no sense whatever, one must suspect some further nanky-poo.

It is dificult to tell (given this mangling) whether this article ever had much to recommend it; but clearly it stands it is worse than useless. As has already been pointed out, it fails to distinguish among the various Petronii (Nero's courtier, the author of the Satyricon, the author(s) of the lyrics, the consul suffectus of 62 or thereabouts, and others).

In fact it fails to mention the lyrics at all.

Some of the material, furthermore, is not only very speculative, but also both anachronistic and political in a way that I for one find unacceptable in an encyclopaedia article ("his homophobic parents"). But of course this may be no more than further sabotage.

This article clearly needs to rewritten on a blank page by someone who knows more about the subject than I do.

Mjhrynick (talk) 14:28, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Most of the vandalism you refer to seems to have happened in this edit, so I restore the version previous to that edit. It may not solve all problems, but is ceratinly an improvement.--Nø (talk) 14:59, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

Quotation
What power has law where only money rules. --Pawyilee (talk) 14:29, 3 April 2011 (UTC)

Gaius ?= Petronius Arbiter :reference?
We seem to be assuming that the Roman courtier Gaius Petronius (whom la.wp redirects to Publicus Petronius Niger) is the same as the author of Satyrica, who was only identified as Petronius or Titus Petronius and by contemporaries as Petronius Arbiter or T. Petronius Arbiter. The article Satyricon does not make this assumption. Do we have a reference that establishes this? Otherwise, we should move the material on the work to Satyricon or eliminate it and make this article about the courtier as la.wp does. Do we even have a good reference to the name Gaius Petronius Arbiter? la.wp doesn't even redirect that name.--Doug.(talk • contribs) 15:35, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

We have at least two contemporary references to the name "Titus" as praenomen for Petronius Arbiter. The German Wikipeda entry on Titus Petronius Arbiter (linked to this one as "German version") cites Plinius, Naturalis historia 37, 20 and Plutarch, de adulatore et amico. Quite possibly Tacitus mixed him up, as Tacitus is the solitary source for the praenomen Gaius. Ursus Maior (talk) 12:53, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

The original source of confusion between Gaius and Titus was the mediaeval MSS where the letters T and C are both lunate and easily confused. I think I prefer Titus, as it is easier to write C in error than it is to write T in error. Talking of Tacitus is circular in a sense, as we (possibly) only know what he (or anyone else) wrote via mediaeval MSS. Vince Calegon 10:38, 15 July 2016 (UTC)

satirical novel?
The first paragraph seems to disagree with Satyricon, which (1) claims that the Satyricon is not a novel, and (2) says it's questionable whether it was satirical or not.

Crasshopper (talk) 05:06, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Petronius


text:
Street magic

Street magic falls into two genres; traditional street performance and guerrilla magic.

Traditional street performance
The first definition of street magic refers to a traditional form of magic performance – that of busking. In this, the magician draws an audience from passers by and performs an entire act for them. In exchange, the magician seeks remuneration either by having a receptacle for tips available throughout the act (known in the parlance as a "trickle show"), or by offering a receptacle for tips at the end of the show. The term "passing the hat" comes from the practice of having the hat passed before the final trick is performed, as opposed to "bottling" the audience at the end of the performance.

Street magic most often consists of what has been referred to in the past as "hand" or "pocket" magic, sleight of hand. Whether card magic or magic performed with coins, balls, scarves, or rope, even occasionally mentalism, regardless of the props involved, the ability to draw and hold an audience is cited by contemporary practitioners as a skill of greater importance than the illusions themselves.

The famous Indian Mango Tree is an old and venerated trick as performed by street magicians of the past and while it is demonstrably not of the hand magic variety, it exemplifies the fact that even large stage sized illusions can be presented in the street. In the trick, the magician apparently plants a mango seed, covers it with a cloth, makes mysterious incantations and, removing the cloth from time to time successively shows a tree of various heights, up to two or three feet. The same effect was achieved by the Apaches. Instead of a mango seed, a yucca seed was planted and watered. Covering the seed with a rawhide animal skin, the seed would apparently root, grow and finally flower within the span of but a few minutes.

Anthropologists chronicle this form of street magic from approximately 3,000 years ago – and there are records of such performers across the continents, notably Europe, Asia/South Asia and the Middle East. While it is a very old performing style, its history is not particularly well documented in print. In his diary, Samuel Pepys mentions seeing magicians performing in this fashion and one can see street magicians in depictions by Hieronymous Bosch, William Hogarth, and Pieter Brueghel. Book XIII of Reginald Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) describes magic tricks of the type performed by buskers in the 16th century.

New York based artist and magician Jeff Sheridan is regarded as one of the pre-eminent U.S. street magicians to emerge from the surge in street performance artistry which began in the late '60s. He authored the 1977 book, Street Magic, taught Jeff McBride and allegedly was one of the performers who inspired and taught the young David Blaine after Blaine saw Sheridan perform in Central Park.

Yorkshire Egg Magic is a long practised form of traditional street magic in the UK.

More recently, other performers have garnered accolades from the magic community for their contributions to the art. Jim Cellini (a.k.a. Richard Sullivan) has been a full-time street performer since the 1970s and has published a book (Cellini: The Royal Touch) and DVDs (The Art of Street Performing, volumes 1–3) on the subject. Gazzo Macee (a.k.a. Gary Osborne) has been a full-time street performer since the 1980s and has published a booklet ("The Art of Krowd Keeping" written for Gazzo by Danny Hustle and Jim Wells) and DVD (Street Cups) on the subject. Eric Evans has been a full-time professional since the 1990s and co-wrote – along with Nowlin Craver – a book on the subject (The Secret Art of Magic).

Guerrilla magic
The second category is more appropriately called "guerrilla magic". It is a relatively recent style of performing magic illusions where the magician performs a single trick or two in a public space (such as on a sidewalk) for an unpaying audience. The desired effect of this "hit and run" style of magic is to give the audience a feeling that what they are seeing is impromptu, unrehearsed, and experimental.

This style of "street magic" is associated with David Blaine (who popularized the term) and more recently, Criss Angel, Derren Brown and Cyril Takayama. The format was developed to play well on television beginning with the 1997 ABC television special David Blaine: Street Magic. Many magicians respect Blaine's choice of material and give him credit for creating an image of the contemporary magician distinct from other magicians in recent television history, such as David Copperfield or Doug Henning. However, magic historians, such as Jamy Ian Swiss note that "guerrilla magic" is primarily associated with only a few individuals who perform on television and certain magic dealers who sell effects to amateur magicians who watch these programs. Eugene Burger opined to Jamy Ian Swiss "On one level it's the ultimate trivialization of magic: accosting strangers on the street."

title: Street magic


text:
Desmoche

Desmoche (played in Nicaragua as conquién, with slight variations) is a popular rummy card game usually played for small stakes which closely resembles other games in the rummy family, like Conquian and gin rummy, more than poker. It was probably devised in Nicaragua in the first half of the 20th century.

Object
The object of desmoche is to play, in either runs or sets, exactly ten cards on the table. The game is played by 2, 3 or 4 players with a standard deck of 52 playing cards.

Deal
Any player may start out as the dealer, which then rotates from round to round in a counterclockwise fashion. The player on the dealer's right may cut the deck before the dealer deals the cards face-down starting with the player on the right and continuing until each player receives nine cards. Cards that are not dealt remain in the deck, which is placed in the middle of the table and used throughout the remainder of the game.

Play
After players are dealt nine cards each, but before play begins, each player chooses one card from their hand and passes it face down to the player on their right. The "Cambio" (also known as "exchange", "pass" or "trade") can be a crucial factor in deciding one's hand.

If any of the "automatic win" specifications (available below) have been met either before or after the Cambio, the player with the winning hand must declare they have won and place their cards face up on the table for the other players to confirm the automatic win.

Otherwise, normal play begins.

The player to the right of the dealer begins play by drawing a card from the deck, being careful not to place that card into the cards already in their hand. If the player can make use of the card to create a meld, they do so by placing the card on the table in front of them and adding the cards from their hand to finalize the meld, all cards in the meld must be face up. If the card cannot be immediately used, it is placed face up in the discard pile. If any other player can use that card to create a meld, they can then play it face up on the table in front of them. If more than one player can use the card, the first player in counter-clockwise order from the player who discarded it gets to take it.

If no one can use the first card drawn, a second card is then drawn by the same player to the right of the dealer. Each player only draws one card before the next person's turn for the remainder of the game.

Each player is to always maintains nine cards in their possession. This includes both the cards in the player's hand and the cards which have been played face up on the table. If a player uses a card from either the deck or the discard pile, in order to maintain a count of nine cards the player must "pay" for this card by discarding a card from their own hand. Once a player discards a card that no one can use, play continues to that player's right, regardless of whether any other player's turns seemed to have been skipped.

The only time a player will have more than nine cards is when they have won, at which time they will have exactly ten cards.

If no player has played ten cards face up on the table by the time the final card has been discarded from the deck, there is no winner and, if playing for money, the bet for the next game is added to the current pot.

Whether there is a winner or not, the player to the right of the previous dealer is now the dealer, and play continues.

Much like Poker, game play ends when a player is out of money or simply no longer wishes to continue playing.

Melds
Melds in desmoche must contain a minimum of three cards. They can be runs of the same suit (i.e. ) containing three to ten cards, or sets of three or four cards of identical rank (i.e. ). After a player has played a meld on the table, it can be added to by cards in that player's hand or by any cards that are discarded by a player that will continue the meld.

The highest run allowed is J Q K, a meld of Q K A is not allowed. A 2 3 is the smallest run allowed, but is often considered the highest valued run (see Bonuses below).

Sometimes players enforce strict rules for laying down melds, in which a player is disqualified if their cards are not arranged in the correct order. Runs must be placed in ascending order, like and not. Sets must be played with suit color alternating, i.e. not.

A player performs a desmoche, which the game is named for, by taking a card from any of their face up melds to use in another meld, but only as long as all melds that remain on the table are still valid melds (i.e:  can be used to desmoche an  to create a new meld of  because  is still a valid meld).

Winning
All automatic wins MUST be declared before the first card is drawn for game play, otherwise the win is forfeited and the game continues as normal. All automatic wins are valid if the terms are met either before or after the "Cambio". Ace is always considered the highest card for deciding upon multiple automatic wins.

 * "Peladilla": A player's hand contains no matching sets of 2 cards or higher, and no matching runs of 2 cards or higher of the same suit, i.e. . If 2 or more players have Peladilla, the player with the highest ranking card in their hand wins (i.e:  beats  because  is the highest card of the two hands.)
 * "Cuatro Cuerpos": A player's hand contains four cards of identical ranks (i.e: ). If 2 or more players have Cuatro Cuerpos at the same time, the player with the highest ranking set of four identical rank cards wins.
 * "Color": A player's hand contains only cards of the same color. (This rule is not always agreed upon, check with the players before game play if they accept Color as an instant win, sometimes Color is only accepted if all cards are the same color and same suit.)

If the players are "playing everything" as stated in the bonuses section below, all losing players must pay a bonus to the winner because they are all "Arriba del Palo".

In the Honduran variation Conquién there is not automatic wins.

Variations
When a card is discarded and more than one person can make use of the card, the person closest in the counter-clockwise rotation to the player who discarded the card gets first priority. This means that, if the person on the far left of the circle wants to use the card, and, the person in the first order of the rotation wants to use it as well, the player in the first rotation gets to have that card. Often players signify in order when a card does not "serve" them by knocking on the table.

If a card placed on the discard pile can be added to any meld currently on the table it can be forced onto the meld and the player will have to "pay" for the card by discarding from their hand. If the player discarding the card is the same person with the meld, the card can be forced back to them, but if another player wants the card, they can take it (this is sometimes debated). If the card can be added to another player's meld, and the card is not taken by a player who is earlier in the rotation, then the card is automatically added to the meld and the player is forced to "pay" for that card. For example, if a player has on the table and the card being discarded is, the card is automatically placed on that sequence if no player earlier in the rotation claims it, and the player has to pay for that card. However, this rule is not always followed.

Betting
The betting in desmoche takes place before the cards have been dealt. Every player bets the same amount for each hand, which is determined before playing. The bet can only change before cards are dealt, if all players agree upon the new bet. The bet does not get raised during the play of a hand. If a game ends without a winner, each player adds the same bet as the previous game to the pot for the next game. (This is called "Doble", "Triple", "Quadruple", etc.)

Passing
When a player realizes they cannot win and can confirm there are no cards left in the deck that can be placed on their melds already face up on the table, they are allowed to pass their turn for the remainder of the hand, at which time they can place their melds face down to prevent the other players from seeing them. (i.e: If a player's face up cards include: and, no more cards can be added to their melds because they already have their own .)

Bonuses
If the players decide "to play everything" or "jugar todo" there are possible bonuses involved with winning, the bonus is equal to the amount of the bet at the start of the hand.

 * "Mico": If the winner has a run of A 2 3, each losing player must pay a bonus. (Multiple bonuses of this type are allowed.)
 * "Arriba del Palo": If a player has not played any of their cards face up on the table before another player wins, they are considered "up the tree" and they must pay a bonus to the winner.
 * "Color": If a player wins with all cards of the same suit (i.e: or  /  / ), each losing player pays a bonus.

These bonuses are allowed to be stacked. For example, if a player wins with they are due a bonus for "Color" and for "Mico" from each player, and if any players are "Arriba del Palo" they must pay the winner for that as well.

In the Conquién game there is not bonuses.

Side games
Players can also bet on side games with separate pots of money. These games must be started before the cards are dealt. Players of the main game are not required to join the side games.

The following is a list of the side game names followed by their requirement to win.

 * "oro" (or "rombo"): Highest diamond( ♦ ) card.
 * "corazon": Highest heart( ♥ ) card.
 * "flor": Highest club(♣) card.
 * "corazon negro": Highest spade(♠) card.
 * "par rojo": Highest red pair.
 * "par negro": Highest black pair.
 * "dos par rojo": Highest set of two red pairs.
 * "dos par negro": Highest set of two black pairs.
 * "tres cuerpos": Highest three-of-a-kind (i.e: ).
 * "escalera": Highest run of three or more cards of the same suit (i.e: ).

To win a side game, the winning card(s) must be received on the deal and not on the "Cambio". If a player has a possible winner in their hand, they must announce that they have it before the "Cambio" and they must show it when the cards are played or discarded, or at the end of the game if it is still in their hand after someone else has won. For these side games, Ace is considered the highest card, and 2 is considered the lowest card. For "escalera" A 2 3 is often considered a higher run than J Q K, but this is sometimes debated.

In Honduras the only side game that is used to be played, is "oro".

Disqualification
If a player is disqualified, their cards are removed from game play and they must wait until the next hand to continue playing.

Reasons for disqualification include:
 * The dealer has dealt an incorrect number of cards to any player. (Any extra cards dealt must be returned to the deck, the dealer's cards are put aside and are not played.)
 * Any player is caught physically moving cards in the discard pile to check for cards that have already passed.
 * A player places a card into the cards in their hand, either from the deck or the discard pile.
 * A player plays melds on the table in an incorrect order (as described in the melds section above).

Enforcement of these rules depends on the players. It is not uncommon for these offenses to be immediately forgiven, with play continuing as normal without any disqualification.

title: Desmoche


text:
Darren Quinton

Darren Quinton (born 28 April 1986) was an English footballer who played as a midfielder for St Albans City.

Career
He joined Cambridge United's youth scheme at the age of 16, after leaving Ipswich Town's youth academy.

As a youth scholar in September 2003, he was loaned to Welling United where he made two appearances. He made his Cambridge United debut on 8 May 2004, the final match of the League Two season against Leyton Orient. He joined Braintree Town in March 2009, the club where his cousin Brad Quinton was captain.

He now works full-time in London and has moved back to his home in Essex.

title: Darren Quinton


text:
Alaina Capri

Alaina Capri is an actress who appeared in director Russ Meyer's films Common Law Cabin and Good Morning and... Goodbye!

Early life and career
Capri grew up in Inglewood, California, and was named Miss Muscle Beach in 1956. At age 16, she was photographed by Russ Meyer after he saw her in the newspaper. Capri studied acting at UCLA and later became part of a female pop trio, the Loved Ones, under the direction of Oliver Berliner. She appeared in an uncredited walk-on part in the 1957 Jerry Lewis film, The Delicate Delinquent.

Career with Russ Meyer
Prior to the Loved Ones leaving for an engagement in Japan, Berliner saw an ad seeking "buxom girls to put in a movie" and sent her picture to Meyer. Capri's first role with Meyer was Common Law Cabin (1967).

Capri's second and last film was Good Morning... and Goodbye! (1967). According to biographer Jimmy McDonough, Capri felt betrayed by Meyer after a scene she was told "alluded to nudity" showed more of her body than Capri was comfortable with. She told McDonough, "I was really upset. I never really talked to anybody on the set again."

Life after Russ Meyer
Capri left show business after Good Morning... and Goodbye! to become a school teacher. She was terrified that someone would find out about her film career, and Meyer protected her anonymity. Capri was in attendance at Meyer's funeral in 2004.

title: Alaina Capri


text:
EMD GP15

The EMD GP15 is a 4-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between June 1976 and April 1983. Intended to provide an alternative to the rebuilding programs that many railroads were applying to their early road switchers, it is generally employed as a yard switcher or light road switcher. There were 3 variants made: the GP15-1, the GP15T, and the GP15AC. The GP15-1 and GP15AC are powered by a 12-cylinder EMD 645E engine, which generates 1,500 hp. The GP15T differs in that it uses a turbo charged 8-cylinder instead of the roots blown 12-cylinder to generate the same horsepower. The GP15AC differs from the others as it uses an AC alternator connected to the engine instead of a DC generator to drive the traction motors. The radiator section is similar to those found on the EMD SD40T-2 and EMD SD45T-2 "tunnel motors," leading some observers to incorrectly identify the units as such or as GP15Ts, and giving them the nickname "baby tunnel motors". A number of GP15-1s remain in service today for yard work and light road duty.

GP15-1
The GP15-1 was the most popular variant as it did not contain either of the newer technologies of the other two variants (turbocharging or AC control). EMD built a total of 310 units for American railroads in this variant between June 1976 and March 1982.

The Missouri Pacific Railroad purchased more units than the other three buyers combined. For spotting purposes, the MP models have a number of visually distinguishing features, though not all were applied consistently to the MP units:

 * The MP units have a grab iron ladder mounted on both sides of the long hood end;
 * MP's initial order of GP15-1s rode on Blomberg M trucks rather than the more common Blomberg B (all subsequent units were delivered with Blomberg B trucks) — and, while the standard Blomberg B truck carries two brake shoes per wheel, many MP units were equipped with only a single brake shoe per wheel;
 * #1555–#1574 were outfitted with the standard 81" nose, while the remaining units (all built in December 1976 or later) came with an 88" nose;

GP15T
EMD built 28 examples of a variant, the GP15T, between October 1982 and April 1983. It was a very close cousin to the GP15-1, but used a turbocharger in order to generate more power from a smaller engine. Power was provided by an 8-cylinder diesel engine that generated 1,500 hp, the same as the GP15-1, but with four fewer cylinders.

28 examples of this locomotive model were built for American railroads. The Chessie System received the majority of them as C&O 1500–1524 (25 units), while the rest went to the Apalachicola Northern Railroad in Florida as AN 720–722 (3 units).

GP15AC
The GP15AC is a variant built between November and December 1982. This model differs from the GP15-1 due to Missouri Pacific specifying new AR10 AC alternators instead of rebuilt D32 DC generators. The only external difference between the GP15AC and the GP15-1 is a straight side sill (shared with the EMD GP15T) not related to the transmission difference.

34 examples of this locomotive model were built in total: 30 for Missouri Pacific Railroad, and four for Venezuela's IFE.

Rebuilds
Union Pacific has rebuilt 22 of their GP15-1's into GP15N 's at their Jenk's shop. These units received a microprocessor control system to increase adhesion, control options, and extend the life of the locomotive.

Preservation
In 2021, CSX donated GP15T #1507 (built 1982 as C&O #1507) to the B&O Railroad Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. It is the first GP15 class locomotive to be preserved.

title: EMD GP15


text: User talk:61.247.255.120

title: User talk:61.247.255.120


text:
Turnip moth

Agrotis segetum, sometimes known as the turnip moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller in 1775. It is a common European species and it is found in Africa and across Eurasia except for the northernmost parts.

It is a cutworm in the genus Agrotis, which possibly is the genus that includes the largest number of species of cutworms.

Common names
It is usually known as the common cutworm in English. It is sometimes called the turnip moth in the United Kingdom.

Description
This is a very variable species with the fore-wings ranging from pale buff through to almost black. The paler forms have three dark-bordered stigmata on each fore-wing. Antennae of male bipectinated (comb like on both sides) with moderate length branches. The main feature distinguishing it from other Agrotis species is the shade of the hind-wings, pure white in the males and pearly grey in the females. The wingspan is 32–42 mm.

Edward Meyrick, an English schoolteacher who is especially notable for his study of the microlepidoptera, had this to say about the species: "Wingspan 33–41 mm. Antennae in male bipectinated. Fore-wings brownish, sometimes reddish tinged, with darker fuscous strigulae mixed with black scales, sometimes wholly darker suffused; sub-basal, first, and second lines edged with dark fuscous, second sometimes with dots only; spots outlined with black, orbicular and reniform centred with fuscous; subterminal line faint or whitish sprinkled, followed by darker suffusion. Hind-wings white, termen brownish. Larva pale grey or greyish ochreous, sometimes pinkish tinged; dorsal, subdorsal, and spiracular lines usually indicated by dark edges, subdorsal sometimes grey head pale, with two brown marks; plate of 2 more or less brown."

Agrotis segetum is difficult to certainly distinguish from its congeners. See Townsend et al.

 * Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel, 1766)
 * Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758

Distribution
It is possible it has been spread by the international trade in nursery stock.

Behaviour
In the British Isles, two broods are produced each year, the adults flying in May and June and again in August and September. It is known to migrate some distances. The species is nocturnal and is attracted to light and nectar-rich flowers. The species overwinters as a caterpillar.

Larval behaviour and damage
Agrotis segetum is one of the most important species of noctuid moths whose larvae are called cutworms. The larvae are generally grey, sometimes tinged with purple. They attack the roots and lower stems of a huge range of plants (see list below) and can be a particularly serious pest of root vegetables and cereals. Attacking the lower stems often results in cutting down seedlings, which is why this species is classed as a cutworm.

Recorded host plants
The following is a partial list of genera and other taxa on which the larvae of the turnip moth have been recorded, whether feeding in situ, incidentally, in a laboratory or home breeding situation, or simply having been recorded (perhaps erroneously) in a field of crops. It is striking that the list includes such a sheer variety of plants including resinous, aromatic, and toxic species such as conifers, Eucalyptus, and Nicotiana:

 * Acacia
 * Allium
 * Apium – celery
 * Arachis – peanut
 * Asparagus
 * Beta – beet
 * Brassica
 * Camellia
 * Casuarina
 * Cedrus – deodar cedar
 * Chrysanthemum
 * Cichorium – chicory
 * Coffea – coffee
 * Cucurbita
 * Eucalyptus
 * Fragaria – strawberry
 * Glycine – soybean
 * Gossypium – cotton plant
 * Hagenia
 * Helianthus – sunflower
 * Hibiscus – bissap
 * Indigofera
 * Lactuca
 * Lycopersicon – tomato
 * Malus – apple
 * Medicago – alfalfa
 * Nicotiana – tobacco
 * Picea – Sitka spruce
 * Pinus – pine
 * Pisum – pea
 * Pseudotsuga – Douglas-fir
 * Rheum – rhubarb
 * Rumex
 * Saccharum – sugar cane
 * Secale – rye
 * Sesamum – sesame
 * Solanum – potato
 * Sorghum
 * Spinacia – spinach
 * Tectona – teak
 * Trifolium – clover
 * Triticum – wheat
 * Vigna – urad bean
 * Vitis – grape
 * Zea – maize

Diseases
As with any other noctuid, assorted diseases, predators, and parasitoids attack Agrotis segetum, mainly in the egg and larval stages.

A fungus called Tarichium megaspermum (from the order Entomophthorales) has been found within the infested larvae of the turnip moth. The fungus had killed the insects and left a finely granular mass consisting of large amounts of thick-walled spores.

Spread and control
The insect is not believed to be present in the United States, where the government has been making efforts to prevent its introduction on imported food crops.

Cultural methods such as fallowing land before sowing, to starve the larvae can be effective, and in suitable conditions, ploughing land during the dry season to kill larvae and pupae, and expose them to predators, has been effective in maize fields in South Africa.

Insecticides of various kinds have been used with success for many decades. Baits based on sweetened bran, finely spread, have met with some success.

A Betabaculovirus virus species, "Agrotis segetum granulovirus DA", was first isolated in the USSR in the late 1960s, but despite some research in the 1970s, as of 2017 it has not been found to be commercially viable as a biocontrol for crops.

title: Turnip moth


text:
Talk:Organon

Source for claim
The text I am reorganising has the claim:
 * his publishers (e.g. Andronicus of Rhodes in 50 BC) collected these works and may have even attributed some affixes from Theophrastus or Eudemos (e.g. the 10.-15. chapters of Categories are maybe written by Theophrastus) to him.

I've removed the above until I have a source for it. --- Charles Stewart 15:07, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Postscript The claim I mean is the existence of work by [Theophrastus]] or Eudemos in the categories. --- Charles Stewart 15:08, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added back a date with reference for Andronicus. For the "affixes" claim we might want to ask Gubbubu, who is the editor that added it. Paul August ☎ 19:47, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Other omitted text
The following text also added by Gubbubu (see above) has also been omitted:

 * "Scientific relevancy of Organon is so great: in that we can find the first ontological category theory (relevant in some branches of intensional logic), the first development of formal logic, the first known serious scientific inquisitions on the theory of (formal and informal) reasoning, the foundations of modal logic, and some antecedents of methodology of sciences.:

Was this intentional? The writing could be cleaned up a bit, but if accurate this information seems relevant, but it should probably be sourced as well. In any case some assessment of the historical importance of the work would be good. Paul August ☎ 19:47, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I moved this text to Aristotelian logic (I thought my edit summary said that, but I guess I was rather vague). I've been trying to make this article very narrow: what is in the books, how they are organised, how they came to be organised, with exegesis of their comment and broader discussions of their significance going in the other two articles. --- Charles Stewart 20:18, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sorry I missed that. As long as the content hasn't gone missing — that was my main concern — I'm satisfied ;-) I've added a bit to the lead to say that "historical significance" is discussed in Aristotelian logic. By the way the article is much improved. Paul August ☎ 21:07, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Some questionable assertions
1. "The Organon was not always popular during the Hellenistic era. Stoic logic was predominant, particularly the work of Chrysippus (none of whose work has survived)." This is a bit sweeping-assertionish, of the sort you might find in a school essay. "the Norman conquest was a Good Thing, but some people weren't keen on it".

2. "In the Enlightenment there was a revival of interest in logic as the basis of rational enquiry, and a number of texts, most successfully the Port-Royal Logic, polished Aristotelian term logic for pedagogy. "  What does the last bit mean? In what sense was there a "revival" of interest in logic, in the sense that there was less interest before? This is highly questionable in light of the extensive work in the 16C counter-reformation.

3. "During this period, while the logic certainbly was based on that of Aristotle, Aristotle's writings themselves were less often the basis of study. There was a tendency in this period to regard logical inference as trivial, which in turn no doubt stifled innovation in this area." This is true of early modern writing, but not altogether true (e.g. the work of Hamilton).

4. "These examples illustrate the general tendency during the period between the 13th century and the 19th century to accept without question the work of Aristotle." This is not true, and moreover contradicts the earlier assertion that "Aristotle's writings themselves were less often the basis of study".

5. " The dogmatism created by the Scholastics in favor of Aristotle took a long time to disappear." More 1066 and-all-that!!

6. " There is, however, a mostly pedagogical interest in term logic deriving from its close structure to the actual forms of reasoning encountered in natural language." In what sense "pedagogical"??

Dbuckner 12:42, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

transferred text
Rick Norwood writes "you may want to correct the following paragraph from Aristotelian logic":

 * There was a tendency in this period to regard logical inference as trivial, which in turn no doubt stifled innovation in this area. Immanuel Kant thought that there was nothing else to invent after the work of Aristotle, and a famous logic historian called Karl von Prantl claimed that any logician who said anything new about logic was "confused, stupid or perverse." These examples illustrate the general tendency during the period between the 13th century and the 19th century to accept without question the work of Aristotle. He had already become known by the Scholastics (medieval Christian scholars) as "The Philosopher." The dogmatism created by the Scholastics in favor of Aristotle took a long time to disappear.

It is beyond correction. It betrays a complete ignorance of anything that happened between the 17th and the 19th century. Which was why I slapped the warning template on that article. One could correct it, but there is so much of this stuff it would be pointless. Wikipedia seems to be good at some things, bad at others (philosophy in particular). Dbuckner 06:39, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If I suspected for a moment you really believed in what you say, then you would have long since departed. But since you're still here, I should say it's useful to have a critical eye on the text, so thanks for that. Still, if you can't bring yourself to fix it, then someone else will be happy to. Lucidish 16:01, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * "These examples illustrate the general tendency during the early modern period to accept with little question the work of Aristotle."

Unfortunately, this does not make the paragraph more accurate. Quite the opposite. Here is an early modern source that will give you an idea of the early modern view on Aristotle. Dbuckner 21:57, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * "The web site you are trying to access has exceeded its allocated data transfer."
 * My knowledge here is quite slim, and so my knowledge-base is quite likely not enough to aid in making the repairs. I've contacted the original author of the text, and hope he will show up here shortly.
 * On the subject, the only thing that I personally know of that broke with the Aristotelian tradition is on the topic of infinitessimals and the continuous. John Bell writes: "The early modern period saw the spread of knowledge in Europe of ancient geometry, particularly that of Archimedes, and a loosening of the Aristotelian grip on thinking". Do you have other things in mind as well? Lucidish 23:24, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The idea that the early modern period represented a complete break with the scholastic or Aristotelian tradition is something most undergraduates will learn if they are studying the early modern period. Any textbook dealing with Locke will cover this.  For example, the first page of Pringle Pattison's introduction to the Essay:

 * "We still meet in his [Locke's] pages the attitude of mind familiar to us in Bacon and other pioneers of modern philosophy, the same disparaging criticism of scholastic philosophy and the Aristotelian logic, the same revolt against tradition and authority in all its forms".

 * What you and the author you mentioned need to do is to read some elementary books on the history of philosophy (or enroll at a university or similar institution that deals with these matters, if you are sufficiently interested). What you shouldn't be doing (if I may suggest it) is trying to write encyclopedia articles on the subject.  Dbuckner 07:51, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * My edit was not one which was meant to assert much, but rather to quell what I saw as the most glaring of absurdities (having to do with 18th and 19th centuries, in which the development of calculus was a prime example). The original author, again, has been invited to defend their position, out of charity. If they do not, then a full and complete edit may be done.
 * Your suggestion in this particular vein has been noted and discarded, mostly because you obviously didn't understand the point of the edit. Your suggestion, taken in a more general vein, has long been made, and long been discarded. You have a tendency to engage in POV pushing, even after having been presented with evidence which emphatically refutes you on your own terms, as with the Blackburn affair; or cogent counter-arguments are present, as with the "racism" affair. Ignorance is excusable, but a systematic disregard for reason is not: the former may have its errors mended, while the latter commits itself to error out of a love of it; and the latter is, of course, the real and lasting threat to any educational resource. Lucidish 17:48, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Edited again. Still waiting for Charles Stewart. Lucidish 19:02, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, what are you going on about? Your edit said "These examples illustrate the general tendency during the early modern period to accept with little question the work of Aristotle. "  I commented that not only was this wrong, it was very wrong.  I'm also moving this back to the the philosophy talk page.  It is relevant not to Aristotle's logic but to the whole early modern thing.  Dbuckner 19:53, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well that's just wrong, but I suppose having the same conversation repeated won't hurt anyone. Lucidish

Books
How is a comparison of the quality of libraries in Muslim and non-Muslim Europe germane to the Organon?

"Lost in Western Europe"
"Aristotle's works on logic are the only significant works of Aristotle that were lost in Western Europe; his other books were ignored in Western Europe"

Should 'lost' say something else? Njál 21:31, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Concise remarks on De interpretatione as being at the origin of the logical square and of modal logic
The logical square, also called square of opposition or square of Apuleius has its origin in the four marked sentences to be employed in syllogistic reasoning: Every man is white, the universal affirmative and its negation Not every man is white (or Some men are not white), the particular negative on the one hand, Some men are white, the particular affirmative and its negation No man is white, the universal negative on the other. Robert Blanché published with Vrin his Structures intellectuelles in 1966 and since then  many scholars think that the logical square representing four values should be replaced by the logical hexagon which by representing six values is a more potent figure because it has the power to explain more things about logic and natural language. The study of the four propositions constituting the square is found in Chapter 7 and its appendix Chapter 8. Most important also is the immediately following Chapter 9 dealing with the problem of future contingents. This chapter and the subsequent ones are at the origin of modal logic. Perhaps Blanché's hexagon is particularly useful in the domain of modal logic in so far as it explains clearly the nature and importance of the bilateral possible. The notion of bilateral possible is crucially important to understand both logic and natural language when applied to modal values. (Jean KemperN (talk) 06:42, 3 January 2011 (UTC))

http://erssab.u-bordeaux3.fr          here    http://www.grammar-and-logic.com/dossiers.php  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jean KemperN (talk • contribs) 06:44, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

(Jean KemperN (talk) 06:56, 3 January 2011 (UTC))

The article logical hexagon created by Gregbard
I have created an article for Logical hexagon and refactored a large amount of material contributed by User:Jean KemperNN. The material is wonderful, but I think it is more appropriate in its own article.Greg Bard (talk) 22:59, 14 November 2010 (UTC) (Jean KemperN (talk) 06:48, 3 January 2011 (UTC))

Latin titles
Sources for the titles in Latin: (a) Aristotelis Opera by August Immanuel Bekker, (b) Categoriae et Liber de interpretatione by Lorenzo Minio-Paluello, (c) Analytica Priora et Posteriora by William David Ross, (d) Topica et Sophistici elenchi by W. D. Ross. --Omnipaedista (talk) 23:42, 10 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't their original Greek titles be listed as well? 64.106.20.130 (talk) 16:47, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Organon


text:
Frustration of purpose

Frustration of purpose, in law, is a defense to enforcement of a contract. Frustration of purpose occurs when an unforeseen event undermines a party's principal purpose for entering into a contract such that the performance of the contract is radically different from performance of the contract that was originally contemplated by both parties, and both parties knew of the principal purpose at the time the contract was made. Despite frequently arising as a result of government action, any third party or even nature can frustrate a contracting party's primary purpose for entering into the contract. The concept is also called commercial frustration.

For example, if Joe gets a mortgage for a new home, suppose after three years, the home is destroyed, through no fault of Joe's. Without a hell or high water clause, Joe might be exempt from the remainder of the mortgage, as the principal purpose of the contract, to have a home to live in, has been compromised. However, he might still have a foreclosure on his credit rating.

Frustration of purpose is often confused with the closely related doctrine of impossibility. The distinction is that impossibility concerns the duties specified in the contract, but frustration of purpose concerns the reason a party entered into the contract. An example is if entrepreneur Emily leases space from landlord Larry so that she can open a restaurant that serves only Tibetan Speckled Lizard meat. If the city rezones the property to forbid commercial uses or if the property is destroyed by a tornado, both Larry and Emily are excused from performing the contract by impossibility.

However, if the Tibetan Speckled Lizard suddenly goes extinct, Emily may be excused from performing the contract because Larry knew her primary purpose for entering into the lease was to serve Tibetan Speckled Lizard, and the purpose has been frustrated. In the second scenario, the parties could still carry out their obligations under the lease, but one of them no longer has a reason to.

The Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Section 265, defines frustration of purpose: "Where, after a contract is made, a party's principal purpose is substantially frustrated without his fault by the occurrence of an event the non-occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made, his remaining duties to render performance are discharged, unless the language or circumstances [of the contract] indicate the contrary."

A circumstance is not deemed to be a "basic assumption on which the contract is made" unless the change in circumstances could not have been reasonably foreseen at the time the contract was made. As a result, it is rarely invoked successfully. Successful invocations usually come in waves during times of substantial tumult, such as after the passage of Prohibition, when bars and taverns no longer had a reason for their leases, or during major wars, when demand for many consumer goods and services drops far below what is normal.

If the defense is successfully invoked, the contract is terminated, and the parties are left as they are at the time of the litigation.

In English law
The English case of Taylor v Caldwell established the doctrine of frustration, alleviating the potential harshness of "sanctity of contract". Here, two parties contracted on the hire of a music hall, for the performance of concerts. Subsequent to contract, but prior to the dates of hire, the music hall burned down. Since the contract was impossible to perform, Judge Blackburn held that the absolute liability set forth in Paradine v Jane would not apply here, as there was an implied term that the music hall would be in existence at the date of the planned concerts.

The requirement of "impossibility" in Taylor v Caldwell was modified in the 1903 case of Krell v Henry, which concerned a party who had rented a room for the purpose of watching the coronation procession of Edward VII. The king fell ill and the coronation was indefinitely postponed. The hirer refused to pay for the room, so the owner sued for breach of contract; and the hirer then countersued for the return of his £25 deposit. The court determined that the cancellation of the coronation was unforeseeable by the parties, and discharged the contract, leaving the parties as they were: the hirer lost his one-third deposit, and the owner lost the rest of the rent. The court reasoned that the doctrine of "impossibility" could not be applied in this case because it was technically possible for the hirer to take possession of the flat and sit on the balcony. However, the owner knew the only reason the hirer would want to rent the flat was to watch the procession; had the hirer actually gone to the flat and sat on the balcony, he would have seen nothing of interest. Thus, the purpose of the contract had been frustrated by an outside event (the King's illness and consequent cancellation of the parade), justifying termination (but not rescission) of the contract.

In Australian law
The Australian case of Codelfa Construction Pty Ltd v State Rail Authority of NSW, The case of Codelfa is a pre-eminent case in Australian law of frustration of a contract, applying a tripartite test, namely, an obligation under the contract is incapable of being performed, without fault of either of the parties (eg, the parties didn't cause the frustrating event to occur), because the circumstances have rendered performance to be radically different.

Frustration will not be recognised if:
 * The event was provided for within the contract.
 * The event should have been reasonably foreseeable.
 * The event was caused by one of the parties to the contract.

title: Frustration of purpose


text:
Marge vs. Singles, Seniors, Childless Couples and Teens, and Gays

"Marge vs. Singles, Seniors, Childless Couples and Teens, and Gays" is the eighth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 4, 2004. After Lindsay Naegle forms an anti-children group, Marge fights back with a group led with Mr. Burns' power. It was written by Jon Vitti and directed by Bob Anderson.

This episode earned Nielsen ratings of 6.7/10.

Plot
When Bart and Lisa fight over what to watch on TV, they accidentally change the channel to a show hosted by a children's singer and guitarist named Roofi, a parody of Canadian-Armenian children's singer/songwriter Raffi Cavoukian. This does not appeal to Bart and Lisa, but Maggie adores the show, and after Bart and Lisa accidentally say there is a CD so that they can get the TV back, Marge buys the disc and plays it everywhere, much to the annoyance of Bart, Lisa, and Homer, all the while Marge is oblivious to their feelings due to pleasing the obsessed Maggie. Marge goes as far as to even buy tickets to the concert, which is to be held at Cletus Spuckler's farm, in a parody version of the original Woodstock concert. However, because the concert was oversold, it ends up packed, and the Teletubbies are the opening act, dismissed by Marge as repetitive. As it starts to rain, Roofi appears on stage to sing "The Nonsense Song", but is then hit in the face with a baby bottle, abruptly cuts the show short and gets on a helicopter. Soon, the babies riot against the police sent to contain them, an event referred to in the news as the "Tot Offensive," as reported by Kent Brockman.

In response to the disaster, all the adults of Springfield who do not have children (single people, the elderly, couples who do not have children, teenagers, and homosexuals) are up in arms, because Kabul has declared they will no longer be Springfield's sister city and Mayor Quimby forcibly takes $1 million from the audience to cover the damages. Lindsay Naegle arrives to form an anti-youth group named "Singles, Seniors, Childless Couples and Teens and Gays Against Parasitic Parents" (SSCCATAGAPP) to rid the town of anything that provides comfort to families. A statue of America's deadbeat dads is erected, a school bus ignores kids waiting at the stop to take senior citizens on a gambling junket, and a new ordinance allows children who act up in public to be tasered.

A furious Marge lobbies to get an initiative: "Families Come First", as she lobbies "Proud Parents Against Singles, Seniors, Childless Couples and Teens, and Gays" (PPASSCCATAG). Her lobbying efforts do poorly initially, and she fends off a $50,000 offer from America's tobacco lobby, but fair support grows after Mr. Burns loans his signature on Marge's petition because he cares about children (specifically, their "supple young organs"). Other Springfield residents follow his lead, and Proposition 242 gets on the ballot. When the opposition slanders Marge with an ad where an actress posing as Marge says even she is against Prop 242, Homer tries to help with the campaign but screws up badly by placing the wrong information on bumper stickers and buttons for the voters, and his Rudy Giuliani-featuring advertisement is also a disaster. Bart and Lisa soon concoct a plan. When everyone goes to the voting polls, they are stopped in their tracks by the (literally) infectious hugs of children. Proposition 242 passes easily, and Homer decides to celebrate by dumping his kids at an R-rated movie with no supervision while he and Marge go to some nice place alone.

Critical reception
CinemaSentries gave the episode a positive review, writing "Marge Vs. Singles, Seniors, Childless Couples and Teens and Gays is a great example of the way the show used to be able to find hilarity in mocking both sides of an issue when it spoofs both the grueling life of a parent and the grueling lives of those without children who have to put up with the problems caused by other people's kids."


text:
Joseph Campanella

Joseph Anthony Campanella (November 21, 1924 – May 16, 2018) was an American character actor. He appeared in more than 200 television and film roles from the early 1950s to 2009. Campanella was widely known for his roles as Joe Turino on Guiding Light from 1959 to 1962, Lew Wickersham on the detective series Mannix from 1967 to 1968, Brian Darrell on the legal drama The Bold Ones: The Lawyers from 1969 to 1972, Harper Deveraux on the soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1992, co-host of Science International from 1976 to 1979, and his recurring role as Jonathan Young on The Bold and the Beautiful from 1996 to 2005.

He narrated the Discover science series on the Disney Channel from 1992 until 1994. Campanella voiced the character of Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard on Spider-Man: The Animated Series (1994–1997).

Campanella was nominated for a Daytime and Primetime Emmy Award and a Tony Award throughout his career.

Early life
Campanella was born in Manhattan, New York City to Sicilian immigrants Philip and Mary O. Campanella. His father was a pianist and his mother was a homemaker and dressmaker. He was the younger brother of actor Frank Campanella (1919–2006) and had another brother named Philip. The family lived in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. He and his brothers grew up speaking Italian before learning English. The Campanella family was staunchly Catholic.

Campanella served in the United States Navy during World War II as a landing craft commander. At 18, he was one of the youngest commanders in the Navy, serving from 1944 to 1946. He later graduated from Manhattan College in 1948, and attended Columbia University, where he studied drama. Before starting his acting career, he worked as a radio sportscaster in Lewistown, Pennsylvania.

Career
Campanella appeared in such television shows as Combat!, Decoy, The Eleventh Hour, The Doctors, The Fugitive, Mission: Impossible,  Marcus Welby, M.D., Gunsmoke, The Big Valley, Alias Smith and Jones, A Man Called Ironside (pilot), The Untouchables,  Police Story, The Road West, The Invaders, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Rockford Files, The Golden Girls, Mama's Family, Lois & Clark And ''Baywatch.

Campanella had a recurring role from 1959 to 1962 as a criminal named Joe Turino on the long-running CBS daytime drama Guiding Light. He had a recurring role as Dr. Ted Steffen on the medical drama The Doctors and the Nurses from 1964 to 1965. One of his most popular roles was as Lew Wickersham in season 1 (1967–1968) of the television series Mannix, serving as the head of the detective agency Joe Mannix (Mike Connors) worked for. He was let go from his role after the first season due to a reworking of the program's concept. He appeared as attorney Brian Darrell from 1969 to 1972 in The Bold Ones: The Lawyers. In 1973, he played an old flame of Mary Richards (Mary Tyler Moore) on The Mary Tyler Moore Show, the twenty-second episode of season 3, titled "Remembrance of Things Past". He played Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Captain Monty Ballard in the crime drama television film Sky Hei$t in 1975.

Campanella played Ann Romano's (Bonnie Franklin) ex-husband, Ed Cooper, in eight episodes of One Day at a Time (1975–1984) and Barbara Stanwyck's love interest in the first season (1985–1986) of Aaron Spelling's short-lived Dynasty spinoff, The Colbys. He appeared in a second-season episode of The Golden Girls as a detective. He had a prominent role as Harper Deveraux on the soap opera Days of Our Lives from 1987 to 1988, had a recurring role as a doctor in Beauty and the Beast (1989–1990), a recurring role as Jimmy Everett on General Hospital from 1991 to 1992, and a recurring role on The Bold and the Beautiful from 1996 to 2005.

Campanella hosted the Canadian educational program Science International between 1976 and 1979, which aired on Nickelodeon as What Will They Think Of Next? He also appeared in the independent comedy, For Heaven's Sake.

On Broadway, Campanella was featured in three productions during the 1960s. His first, The Captains and the Kings, opened in January 1962 and lasted only seven performances. In February 1962, he was cast in A Gift of Time with film stars Henry Fonda and Olivia de Havilland. It was written and directed by Garson Kanin, and he received a Tony nomination as Best Featured Actor in a Play. His last Broadway performance was in the musical Hot Spot in 1963, which starred Judy Holliday. The show was not well received and delayed its opening four times, resulting in a run of 58 previews and 43 regular performances.

For a time Campanella provided the voice-over for BMW commercials in the United States, intoning, "BMW — the ultimate driving machine". For several years beginning in the 1970s, He was a spokesman for NAPA Auto Parts.

Campanella voiced the character of Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard on Spider-Man: The Animated Series (1994–1997). He narrated the Discover science series on the Disney Channel from 1992 to 1994. His final film roles were that of Donald Meeks in For Heaven's Sake (2008) and in Lost Dream (2009) as Emil.

Throughout his career, Campanella was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his work in A Gift of Time in 1962. In 1968, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role as Wickersham in Mannix. In 1989, Campanella was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his role as Deveraux in Days of Our Lives.

Personal life
Campanella met his wife, Kathryn Jill Bartholomew, a singer and dancer, in 1963 while he was playing the leading man in Hot Spot on Broadway. They married on May 30, 1964, and had seven sons: Philip (b. 1965), Robert Yale (b. 1966), Joseph Anthony Jr. (b. 1967), Dominic Peter (b. 1969), Anthony F. (b. 1974), John Mario (b. 1977), and Andrew Michael (b. 1979).

Campanella died at the age of 93 on May 16, 2018, at his home in Sherman Oaks, California of complications from Parkinson's disease.

title: Joseph Campanella


text:
Good Morning and... Goodbye!

Good Morning and... Goodbye! is a 1967 American exploitation film directed by Russ Meyer. It features Alaina Capri, Karen Ciral, as well as Meyer regular Jack Moran, who co-wrote the script.

Plot
In a country town, farmer Burt is married to the much younger Angel but cannot satisfy her sexually. Angel has an affair with a construction worker, Stone. Lana is Burt's 17 year old daughter to another woman. She tries to seduce Ray but he is more interested in Angel, so Lana winds up with Stone. Burt meets a sorceress in the forest who rejuvenates his sexual drive, leading him to be reunited with Angel. Lana winds up with Ray. Stone is beaten up by the husband of one of his earlier conquests.

Cast

 * Alaina Capri as Angel
 * Stuart Lancaster as Burt
 * Pat Wright as Stone
 * Haji as The Catalyst
 * Karen Ciral as Lana
 * Don Johnson as Ray
 * Tom Howland as Herb
 * Megan Timothy as Lottie
 * Toby Adler as Betty
 * Sylvia Tedemar as Go-go dancer
 * Cara Peters as Nude opening runner

Production
The cast included regular Meyer actress, Haji, who recalled: "I did all my own costuming. I got up hours ahead of time to put those costumes together. I would just go out with a big bag and collect rose petals! I was late one morning for breakfast, and Russ -- he would sit at the head of the table -- he said, 'Where were you?!' I shook the bag and said, 'I was in the woods cutting down my costume!' I'd tape rose petals in my hair, on my breasts, and between my legs, and that would be my costume. I glued dead bugs on my cheeks and put green sticks and moss in my hair."

Reception
The New York Times reviewed a Meyer film for the first time. It said Meyer "makes his points to the point of redunancy."

Roger Ebert later wrote that the film, along with Common Law Cabin, was "not among Meyer's best later work. The plots are too diffuse to maintain dramatic tension, the acting is indifferent, and there is an uncharacteristic amount of aimless dialogue. In retrospect, however, these films can be seen as Meyer's gradual disengagement from plot."

The film was banned in Chicago but this ban was overruled.

title: Good Morning and... Goodbye!


text:
Anchusa

The genus Anchusa belongs to the borage family (Boraginaceae). It includes about 35 species found growing in Europe, North Africa, South Africa and Western Asia. They are introduced in the United States.

They consist of annual plants, biennial plants and perennial plants with the general characteristics of the borage family. They are commonly herbaceous. The leaves are simple or undulate, covered with stiff hairs.

The small radially symmetrical flowers are sapphire blue and retain their colour a long time. The plants show numerous flowers with five sepals, united at their bases, and five petals forming a narrow tube facing upwards. The flowers grow in several axillary cymes, simple or branched, or are clustered at the end. The flowers are much frequented by bees.

The genus Anchusa is commonly used in trough or rock gardens.

The roots of Anchusa (just like those of Alkanna and Lithospermum) contain anchusin (or alkanet-red), a red-brown resinoid colouring matter. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether.

Anchusa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Coleophora pennella.

Taxonomy
There are four subgenera: Buglossum, Buglossoides, Buglossellum and Anchusa.

The first two form one subclade, the other two each a separate subclade. The subclade of the subgenus Anchusa (containing Anchusa capensis) is largely unresolved.

If we consider Anchusa s.l., then it includes the subgenus Limbata, which diverges markedly in its floral morphology.

The subgenera Buglossum, Buglossellum and Buglossoides clearly need new independent entities, while the subgenus Anchusa needs a narrower concept. This way taxonomy and phylogeny with respect to Anchusa can become completely analogous.

The following genera are synonyms for Anchusa: Buglossum Mill., Hormuzakia Gusul, Lycopsis L. and Phyllocara Gusul. The genus Anchusella Bigazzi et al. is sometimes included in Anchusa.

Species

 * Anchusa aegyptiaca (L.) A. DC.
 * Anchusa aggregata Lehm.
 * Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb.: small bugloss, bugloss, annual bugloss
 * Anchusa atlantica Ball
 * Anchusa aucheri A. DC.
 * Anchusa azurea P.Mill.: Italian bugloss, large blue alkanet
 * Anchusa barrelieri (All.) Vitman: Barrelier's bugloss
 * Anchusa caespitosa Lam.
 * Anchusa calcarea Boiss.
 * Anchusa capellii Moris
 * Anchusa capensis Thunb.: Cape bugloss, Cape forget-me-not
 * Anchusa cretica Miller
 * Anchusa crispa Viv. (status vulnerable to endangered in France and Italy)
 * Anchusa davidovii Stoj.
 * Anchusa formosa sp. nov.: (Sardinia)
 * Anchusa gmelinii Ledeb.
 * Anchusa hispida Forsskål
 * Anchusa hybrida Ten.
 * Anchusa italica Retz.
 * Anchusa leptophylla Roemer & Schultes
 * Anchusa leucantha sp. nov. (Greece)
 * Anchusa littorea Moris
 * Anchusa macedonica Degen & Dörfler
 * Anchusa mairei Gușuleac
 * Anchusa milleri Sprengel
 * Anchusa ochroleuca M.Bieb.: yellow alkanet
 * Anchusa officinalis L.: true alkanet, bugloss, common bugloss, corn bugloss, field bugloss (type species)
 * A. officinalis L. ssp. intacta (Griseb.) Selvi & Bigazz
 * Anchusa ovata Lehm.
 * Anchusa procera Besser
 * Anchusa pseudogranatensis (Br.-Bl. & Maire) Sennen & Mauricio
 * Anchusa puechii Valdés
 * Anchusa pusilla Gușuleac
 * Anchusa samothracica
 * Anchusa sartorii Gușuleac
 * Anchusa sempervirens: evergreen alkanet
 * Anchusa spruneri Boiss.
 * Anchusa strigosa Banks & Sol.
 * Anchusa stylosa M.Bieb.
 * A. stylosa M.Bieb. ssp. spruneri (Boiss.) Selvi & Bigazzi
 * Anchusa subglabra A. Caballero
 * Anchusa thessala
 * Anchusa tiberiadis Post
 * Anchusa undulata L.
 * A. undulata subsp. granatensis (Boiss.) Valdés
 * A. undulata subsp. lamprocarpa Br.-Bl. & Maire
 * A. undulata subsp. viciosoi Laínz
 * A. undulata ssp. sartorii (Gu ul.) Selvi & Bigazzi
 * Anchusa variegata (L.) Lehm.
 * Anchusa velenovskii (Gușuleac) Stoj.

title: Anchusa


text:
Talk:Carol Lay

Photo
I couldn't really fit this photo in the article once I added the drawing. Once we have more copy, we should re-add this. —Chowbok 03:27, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Carol Lay


text: User talk:81.154.27.240

title: User talk:81.154.27.240


text: Category:Gniezno

title: Category:Gniezno


text:
Talk:Concert march

Untitled
I've never heard of any of those so called "most performed" composers. What about Sousa?

Although Sousa wrote marches to be played in a concert environment, techically, they are not considered concert marches, but rather quick-step, military marches. See differences in article.

Also, the "most performed" composers list is in need of some additions, however, the composers listed now are indeed some of the more widely accepted concert march writers.

title: Talk:Concert march


text:
Schönfeld (crater)

Schönfeld is a lunar impact crater that is located just beyond the northwestern limb of the Moon, on the far side from the Earth. This part of the surface can sometimes be brought into view during periods of favorable libration and illumination, although not much detail can be discerned. This crater is located to the north of Avicenna and the huge walled plain Lorentz. To the northwest lies the crater Rynin and to the northeast is McLaughlin.

This is a small, bowl-shaped feature with a generally circular, sharp-edged rim, although there is a slight elongation at the northern tip. The inner walls are simple slopes that run down to the featureless interior floor. Schönfeld partly overlies an older, crater-like feature of comparable dimensions along its western side.

title: Schönfeld (crater)


text:
Bank of the State of Georgia

The Bank of the State of Georgia was organized in Atlanta on April 1, 1873. The founders were Francis M. Coker (who served as president), Lemuel P. Grant, developer Thomas G. Healey, and future mayor Robert F. Maddox. The bank was liquidated in May 1917.

title: Bank of the State of Georgia


text:
Geojedo

Geojedo, or Geoje Island, is the principal island of Geoje, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea. It is joined to land by two bridges from nearby Tongyeong. Gohyeon is the largest town on the island.

Geojedo covers an area of 383.44 km2, the second largest island in South Korea, after Jeju Island. The landscape features several peaks: Gara (580 m), Daegeum (437.5 m) and Guksabong (400 m). Geojedo is known for its rich deposits of granite. The southern belt of Geojedo, together with part of Namhaedo in Namhae County, belongs to Hallyeo Maritime National Park.

Geojedo features several natural harbors. Shipbuilding is the largest industry on the island. The second and third largest shipyards in South Korea are both located on the island, Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering (DSME) in the city of Okpo, and Samsung Heavy Industries (SHI) in the city of Gohyeon (Geoje City).

The Busan–Geoje Bridge was opened in December 2010 and provides a more direct connection to the city of Busan.

Etymology
The name comes ;.

History
During the Three Kingdoms period, Geojedo corresponded to one of the twelve states of Byeonhan (변한) state called Dokno (독로국; 瀆盧國). During the Silla period (신라시대), King Gyeongdeok in 757 A.D. first started to use the name Geoje County (거제군) to refer to the island.

In the Korea and Joseon dynasty period, after the area called Giseong (기성현) was divided from Geoje 거제현 in 1914, the Geoje area was mistakenly called Tongyeong (통영군). During this period, the island was a strategic location between Japan and the Korean Peninsula, and therefore suffered invasion by the Japanese.

When the Japanese invaded Tongyeong in 1592, the Navy Headquarters of Three Provinces was established in Geoje which served as a command for many naval battles in the area. Included in these were the battle of May 1592; Admiral Yi Sun-sin led Korean forces to a much celebrated naval victory at Okpo, Geojedo (옥포해전), as well as on the 28th of July, 1592 at Gyeonnaeryang (견내량해전) also known as the Hansan Great victory (한산대첩). In the year 1597 the first and only naval defeat to the Japanese in Korean history took place at Chilcheon, Geoje (칠천량해전).

During the Korean War, UN Forces established the Geoje POW Camp in 1951 for captured North Koreans. 31 prisoners died during conflicts there. Koje Unscreened (1953), written by journalists Alan Winnington and Wilfred Burchett, focused on the poor conditions in the camp.

In 1953, Geoje became an independent county, and in the early 1970s the shipbuilding industry began producing ships, which led to population growth. In 1995, Geoje finally had a large enough population to be classified as a city (시). It is now the hub for a major driving force in Korea's economic development, the shipbuilding industry.

Geoje is the hometown of two Presidents of South Korea: Kim Young-sam (1993–1998) and Moon Jae-in (2017-2022).

It was the final port of call of the SS Meredith Victory at Christmastide 1950, when that ship evacuated some fourteen thousand North Korean civilians from Hungnam.

title: Geojedo


text:
Talk:Geojedo

Requested move 22 February 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not Moved. (non-admin closure) –Ammarpad (talk) 11:24, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Geojedo → Geoje Island – Consistency with Geoje which administers the island. "Do" means island. Same case as Talk:Jeju Island. Timmyshin (talk) 00:14, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose per standard naming of islands of South Korea. If you want to merge Geoje and Geojedo, that might be in order.  —  AjaxSmack  01:09, 22 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Keep "-do" is standard and general Korean naming form. Thanks. --Garam (talk) 12:05, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:Naming conventions (Korean). Jejudo was moved to Jeju Island because Jejudo is ambiguous whether it is Jeju Island (島; do) or Jeju Province (道; do). Geojedo is unambiguous. Sawol (talk) 10:38, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Geojedo


text:
Martinex

Martinex T'Naga is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is depicted as being from an alternate future in the 31st century, and member of the Guardians of the Galaxy.

His first appearance was in Marvel Super-Heroes #18, published January 1969.

Michael Rosenbaum played Martinex in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017) and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023).

Publication history
Martinex first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes #18 (Jan. 1969) as part of the Guardians of the Galaxy. According to Roy Thomas, all of the original Guardians of the Galaxy were created in a conference between Arnold Drake and Stan Lee, but it remains uncertain whether each individual character was created by Drake, Lee, or both. The team was featured in several Marvel titles: Marvel Two-In-One #4-5 (July-Sept. 1974), Giant Size Defenders #5, and The Defenders #26-29 (July-Nov. 1975), and writer Steve Gerber included the character when he revived the team in Marvel Presents #3-#12 (Feb. 1976-Aug. 1977).

Martinex's appearance was redesigned in Guardians of the Galaxy #7 (Dec. 1990). Writer/artist Jim Valentino commented, "No one could draw [Martinex] the same way twice. It was impossible and it was a pain in the butt. What I did was streamline him according to the planes in the body that Andrew Loomis delineated in his seminal book, Figure Drawing for All It's Worth."

Martinex appeared along with the rest of the original Guardians of the Galaxy team in the 2014 series Guardians 3000. Writer Dan Abnett described him as "the brain" of the team.

Fictional character biography
In their future, Earth had colonized several planets in its Solar System, including Pluto. Martinex was born on Cerberus Center, Pluto, although it was later revealed his ancestors were from the continent of Africa on Earth.

He grew up to become a scientist and technician. Like the other Pluvians, Martinex's body was completely covered by facets that were crystalline in appearance. This design was so that the Pluvians could withstand the extreme temperatures of their world. Martinex could also emit heat and cold from his hands. Martinex became the last surviving Plutonian after the Badoon exterminated all the other Plutonians, as he was working on Pluto's moon Charon. The Pluvians had been forewarned of the attack, but the ship they were escaping on was destroyed by the Badoon. Martinex escaped the Badoon using a telepod and teamed with Vance Astro, a human astronaut from the 20th century with psychic powers, Charlie-27, a Jovian who was the last of his race as well, and Yondu, from Alpha Centauri, to fight the Badoon as the freedom fighters, the Guardians of the Galaxy. It was later revealed Starhawk had manipulated events to bring them together.

The Guardians later teamed with the time-traveling Thing, Captain America, and Sharon Carter to retake New York City from Badoon forces. Martinex and the Guardians then time-traveled to the 20th Century and met the Defenders. They returned to the future with Starhawk and the Defenders and defeated the Badoon.

Eventually, the Guardians drove the Badoon from Earth's solar system and Martinex later became the team's reluctant leader for a time. The Guardians departed post-war Earth on a space mission, and met Nikki who joined the Guardians of the Galaxy, and they visited the Asylum planet. The Guardians then teamed with a time-traveling Thor, and battled Korvac and his Minions of Menace. Martinex and the Guardians traveled to the present era, and assisted the Avengers in battle against Korvac. He attended an Avengers membership meeting but left soon afterwards.

While looking for the shield of Captain America, the Guardians came into conflict with Taserface and the Stark. They also encountered Firelord and defeated the Stark. The Guardians then battled a team of superhumans known as Force, and Martinex was mortally injured by the member of Force known as Brawl. Much of the crystals that covered Martinex's body were shattered, but Martinex recovered with the help of fellow Guardian Starhawk. All of the exterior crystals on Martinex fell away, leaving Martinex with a new crystalline appearance, one that was less faceted, and somewhat purple in tone. The Guardians then located Haven, a lost colony of Earth founded by mutants, where they battled Rancor and her lieutenants. Martinex later met the Spirit of Vengeance.

Eventually, Martinex left the team to form a larger version of the Guardians, known as the Galactic Guardians. This team was summoned to help rescue an imperiled planet full of innocents. The Galactic Guardians were initially made up of alternate future versions of Wonder Man, Firelord, the Vision, Phoenix, and Ghost Rider. They had further adventures in their own limited series. Martinex later returns to the Guardians of the Galaxy.

Powers and abilities
Martinex is a member of the genetically engineered human colonists whose traits were designed for survival under these cold conditions from the dwarf planet Pluto. He possesses enhanced strength, stamina, and durability. His epidermis is also composed of an organic silicon crystal. Martinex has the ability to convert bodily energy into laser-like beams, which he can project from his hands, either heat stimulation (right hand) or coldness (left hand). He could even withstand all conventional forms of injury. Martinex must rest and replenish his powers after using them at maximum output for a half-hour.

Martinex possesses expertise in various areas of the 31st century technology, including physics and engineering.

Amalgam
In the Amalgam Universe, Martinex is merged with Brainiac 5 as Martinex 5.

Film

 * Martinex appears in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, portrayed by Michael Rosenbaum. This version is a member of Stakar Ogord's faction of Ravagers. Martinex visits Yondu Udonta on the planet Contraxia along with his leader to remind Yondu that he is in exile for breaking the Ravagers' code. After learning Yondu sacrificed himself to save Peter Quill, Martinex and Stakar are moved by the former's selflessness and attend his funeral. The two of them later bring the rest of their team back together to honor him.
 * Martinex appears in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, portrayed again by Michael Rosenbaum.

Video games
Martinex appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 via the "Classic Guardians of the Galaxy" DLC pack.

title: Martinex


text:
Little Wymondley

Little Wymondley is a village and former civil parish situated between Hitchin and Stevenage, now in the parish of Wymondley, in the North Hertfordshire district, in the county of Hertfordshire, England. Paradoxically, it has a larger population than its near neighbour Great Wymondley. At the 2011 Census the population of the built-up area of Little Wymondley was 995. In 1931 the parish had a population of 445.

Wymondley appears in the Domesday Book with a recorded population of 58 households. This figure does not distinguish between Great and Little Wymondley, but scholars have been able to derive data about the separate villages from the Domesday record. Little Wymondley was a separate civil parish until 1 April 1937, when it merged with neighbouring Great Wymondley to form a single parish called Wymondley.

Little Wymondley has several interesting houses, including the moated Bury of the 16th and 17th centuries, the fine 17th century Hall, the late Georgian Wymondley House, and Wymondley Priory, an early 13th century foundation turned into a house in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Church of St Mary the Virgin, Little Wymondley, is a Grade II* listed building.

From 1799 until 1832/33, Wymondley House at Little Wymondley was the location of a dissenting academy for the education of future nonconformist ministers. The academy went under various names, including Wymondley College.

title: Little Wymondley


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Otto Perry

Otto Perry (1894–1970) was an American photographer and railfan specializing in railroad photos. Perry worked as a mailman in Denver, Colorado, where he met and became friends with Louis McClure, another noted photographer.

By the time Perry died, his collection contained more than 20,000 photos, from all parts of North America. They were donated to the Western History Department of the Denver Public Library and have been made available for viewing on the internet.

title: Otto Perry


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Principalityofgalore

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. JeremyA 22:37, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:Principalityofgalore
Recreation of deleted material (see Votes for deletion/Principality of galore). User is a vandal. Delete as inappropriate use of a user page. - Mike Rosoft 15:17, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * (Audible sigh). Delete unless user revises page to at least make it predominantly a typical user page instead of a pure recreation of a deleted article. -- BD2412 talk 16:11, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete more micronaton cruft. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 16:27, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not only is it micronationcruft, it's also an advertisement. -- Captain Disdain 17:05, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete I'm pretty lenient on user's pages, but Wikipedia is not a free host or webspace provider --Xcali 17:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-promotional user page by known vandal. I listed his "contributions" at WP:VIP, even though he stopped on May 30; I couldn't tell if they'd been alerted there before now. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:32, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * In fact, I have already reported this user as a vandal. (For some reason, my report can no longer be found on the Vandalism in progress page.) - Mike Rosoft 23:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't be surprised if someone (I wonder who) removed it anonymously, but I'm too lazy to check. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  23:40, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I wasn't that lazy to check, and I found out that it was removed together with other old entries as a part of maintenance of the page. - Mike Rosoft 10:16, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete micronational cruft. JamesBurns

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Category:Districts of Scotland

This category contains articles about the historical Districts of Scotland, which were the administrative sub-units in Scotland from 1975 to 1996. For more information, see Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996.

For districts in the sense of neighbourhoods or suburbs, see Category:Areas in Scotland.

title: Category:Districts of Scotland


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Nikto

Nikto may refer to:
 * Nikto (Star Wars), a fictional species in the Star Wars franchise
 * Nikto (vulnerability scanner), computer security software
 * "Klaatu barada nikto", a phrase from the 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still

title: Nikto