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Great Wymondley

Great Wymondley is a village and former civil parish situated near Hitchin, now in the parish of Wymondley, in the North Hertfordshire district, in the county of Hertfordshire, England. Despite the names, Great Wymondley is a smaller settlement than its neighbour, Little Wymondley. In 1931 the parish had a population of 285.

Landscape
The village is set in an agricultural landscape which is protected within the Green Belt. The soil is boulder clay above chalk.

Field system
In the late 19th century the historian Frederic Seebohm, who lived in Hitchin, studied the layout of local villages, including Wymondley's field system. In publications such as The English Village Community (1883), he looked at continuity between Roman and English villages. Seebohm was aware that there was a Roman road east of Wymondley, passing through Graveley on the way to Baldock. He was also aware of research that had been done on the work of Roman land surveyors (known as gromatici) elsewhere in the Roman Empire. As well as aligning roads, Roman land surveyors were involved in organising field boundaries.

Seebohm argued that Wymondley's open field system, as recorded on detailed manorial maps, incorporated old boundaries and in particular fossilised Roman boundaries. He suggested that the dimensions of the fields to the west of the Roman road reflect the use of an ancient unit of measurement called the jugerum. Assuming the validity of this analysis, which according to Michael Wood has been confirmed at least in part by later scholars, one implication is that there was continuity in the way the land was managed before and after the Anglo-Saxon settlement of this part of Hertfordshire. Toponyms also supply some evidence for continuity, for example the village of Wallington near Baldock appears to have been named by the Anglo-Saxons after its Romano-British population.

History
Wymondley appears in the Domesday Book with a recorded population of 58 households. This figure does not distinguish between Great and Little Wymondley, but scholars have been able to derive data about the separate villages from the Domesday record.

Great Wymondley was a separate civil parish until 1 April 1937, when it merged with neighbouring Little Wymondley to form a single parish called Wymondley.

Ruins
There are two scheduled monuments in the parish:
 * Wymondley Roman Villa. The remains are situated near Ninesprings in the valley of the River Purwell. It has been partly excavated.
 * Great Wymondley Castle. The earthworks of a motte-and-bailey castle and associated manorial enclosure 20m east of St Mary's Church.

Extant buildings
The Church of St Mary the Virgin is Grade I listed. It has a Norman nave and chancel, the latter being an apse built of small rounded stones.

Delamere House is an elegant Elizabethan building. There are also a number of thatched cottages, including a row of terraced cottages each named after one of King Henry VIII's wives.

title: Great Wymondley


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Kuzbass

Kuzbass (sometimes spelled Kuzbas) is short for Kuznetsk Basin. It may refer to:
 * Kuznetsk Basin
 * Kuzbass Region, another name for the Kemerovo Oblast
 * Kuzbass Autonomous Industrial Colony
 * Metallurg-Kuzbass, a Russian football club from Novokuznetsk
 * KUZBASS Kemerovo, a Russian football club from Kemerovo
 * Kuzbass Kemerovo Bandy Club, a Russian bandy club

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kuzbass


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Bendish

Bendish is a hamlet located in the parish of St Paul's Walden in Hertfordshire. In the 18th century, Bendish was a small town. It is about 3 miles east of Luton, 5 miles south of Hitchin and 4.5 miles north of Harpenden. Many services such as the grocers, the 3 pubs and the Church have all closed.

Bendish is not a nucleated hamlet, due to the effects of rural to urban migration through the unemployment of residents as of the result of mechanisation. Farmers' houses were knocked down, leading to the somewhat staggered placing of the current houses today. There is no longer an active telephone box, but a post box is still in operation.

title: Bendish


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Utai

Utai may refer to

 * Wutai Shan, a sacred mountain in northern China,
 * Utai (Star Wars), a fictional alien species in the Star Wars franchise.

title: Utai


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Talk:Solid state

so if solid state simply means the lack of transistors, why does my university offer all kinds of crazy quantum mechanics type courses for this discipline? it seems that everything we use is a "solid state" device.

 * That's a different meaning of the word. See solid-state physics. StuRat 22:28, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solid state


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Apirak Kosayodhin

Apirak Kosayodhin (อภิรักษ์ โกษะโยธิน;, born March 30, 1961) is a former Thai business executive and former governor of Bangkok. In the gubernatorial elections on August 29, 2004 he won with 40% of the votes. He was re-elected on October 6, 2008, in the gubernatorial elections with 45% of the vote, but he resigned a month later after being indicted on charges of corruption.

After the resignation, he became an advisor to Prime Minister of Thailand, Abhisit Vejjajiva. In December 2010, he became the 2nd Bangkok district Member of Parliament, with 69% of the vote. After the 2011 National Election, he became the 8th Party-list MP of the Democrats Party of Thailand. He also became the deputy-leader of the Party and the Shadow Minister of Commerce.

Born in Nonthaburi in a Thai Chinese family, he studied at Triam Udom Suksa School and Chiang Mai University, where he received a bachelor's degree in Food Science and Technology in 1983. Beginning his professional career at the Thai branch of Pizza Hut, he worked at several companies as manager and director. 2002–2004 he was among other posts CEO of TA Orange (currently known as True Move) and member of the Board of Directors of the Stock Exchange of Thailand.

Governor of Bangkok
In 2004 the Democrat Party nominated him as their candidate for the Bangkok governor election, which he won gaining 40% of all votes. Paveena Hongsakul, an independent candidate with the unofficial support of the ruling Thai Rak Thai party, came in second-place with 16% of the vote.

Critics have noted the lack of tangible impact Apirak had in his role as city governor. Some policies, for instance "smart" traffic signs and bus stops flopped and his Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project has yet to come into service. However, he was lauded for being able to push the extension of BTS Skytrain routes, which are currently under construction. Another notable project Apirak was successful in implementing is the Bangkok Art and Culture Centre at Pathumwan intersection which opened in 2008.

After two years in office, poll respondents gave him high marks for diligence and dedication to work. But he received his lowest marks for seeing projects through to completion. His traffic and transport initiatives also received flunking marks. Overall, 57% of Bangkokians felt he had met expectations.

Apirak's so-called smart taxi stops were met with derision. The 150 stops that were in operation by October 2005 looked like bus stops. If people were waiting, a red light became visible to nearby cabs. If no taxis passed by, would-be passengers could press a button and a call centre would direct cabs to the stand. A BMA study found the stops had a success rate of only 38.6%. Although 189,549 smart taxis had been hailed, the study showed that only 73,168 stopped to pick up passengers. Many stops stood empty and unused. However, Apirak's smart traffic signs have been a mild success, giving motorists more information about traffic conditions ahead and is mild relief from the stress of driving in the city.

The military junta's Assets Examination Committee (AEC) did not charge Apirak over the controversial purchase of fire-fighting equipment for the city. Sithichok Rawdkrutha, an AEC member, lodged a complaint with AEC Chairman Nam Yimyaem over the decision and noted that he suspected Apirak of dereliction of duty or malfeasance for giving the nod to the purchase, for which he allegedly received 500 million baht in kickbacks. Apirak has protested his innocence by pointing to the fact that the deal was originally signed by the former Bangkok governor Samak Sundaravej. Apirak claims to have been forced by the ex-governor's agreement to continue the project.

Re-election
Despite the hanging allegations Apirak won re-election on the October 5, 2008 with 45% of the vote or 991,018 of the votes cast.

Resignation
On November 11, 2008 the National Counter Corruption Commission announced that Apirak was indicted together with other officials including former Governor and Prime Minister Samak. On the 13 Apirak announced in front of television cameras his resignation saying: "Like the Democrat Party, I support a move that will perpetuate politics-for-people," he continued "I have complete confidence in my innocence. I am ready to see my case go through the judicial system. I am confident that I will receive justice in the end,". Abhisit Vejjajiva Leader of the Democrat party was quoted saying: "Apirak's decision set a standard many people want to see in Thai politics. It's praiseworthy and he deserves moral support from society," His resignation immediately set out a by-election for the next governor. Currently he is a close adviser to PM Abhisit Vejjajiva.

Court's ruling
Then on September 10, 2013, the Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Person Holding Political Position ruled that Mr.Apirak is found not guilty, on the ground that Mr.Apirak had followed all the procedure stated in the contract which came into force before he came into the office. Afterward he re-negotiated with the contractor and was able to save Bangkok Administration in the amount of 250 million bahts.

Advisor to the Prime Minister
After his resignation from the Bangkok Governor position, Mr. Apirak became the advisor to Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva, from Democrats Party of Thailand. He played an important part in many policies, such as relieving the Thai economic during the 2008-2012 global recessions, “Moving Thailand Forward” project, decentralizing power to the local offices and government, Creative Economy project, and push forward the “Social Enterprise” businesses. Moreover, Mr. Apirak was entrusted by the Prime Minister to relieve the flood and political unrest victims in 2010.

Member of the Parliament of Thailand
In December 2010, Mr. Apirak ran for the seat of district 2 Bangkok MP (Member of the Parliament) for the Democrats Party of Thailand. As a result, Mr. Apirak won with 71,072 votes (68.67% of the voter turnout) on December 12, 2010.

Thai National Election 2011
Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva dissolved the Parliament in May 2011, which leads to a National-wide election in Thailand. As a deputy-leader of Democrats Party of Thailand, Mr. Apirak was entrusted by the party to overlook the election campaign in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand. Although the election result ended with a victory for the Pheu Thai Party (265-159) national wide, Democrats Party of Thailand had a successful campaign in Bangkok with a victory of 23–10.

Post-Election 2011
Mr. Apirak became the 8th Party-list MP of the Democrats Party of Thailand. He was also reelected by the Party's members to become a deputy leader of the Party. Once the Shadow Cabinet is formed by Democrats Party of Thailand, Mr. Apirak is appointed as the Shadow Minister of Commerce, mainly overseeing the cost of living and consumer economy of the people.

Major Flood Crisis 2011
In September–December 2011, Thailand faced the worst flood crisis in its history with 65 provinces and 16 million people were affected, along with 815 fatalities. Mr. Apirak and Democrats Party of Thailand, with the help of Seni Pramoj Foundation, set up Asa-Thai (Thai volunteer) group to help aid and relieve the flood victims all over the country. By the end of the Flood Crisis, Asa-Thai was able to send aid to 31 provinces with 130,000 relief bags, 4,500,000 meal boxes, set up 2 emergency shelters for the victims, etc.

On March 3, 2013 he participated at the 2013 Bangkok governor election.

Royal decorations

 * 2011 – Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
 * 2008 – Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
 * 2005 – Order of the Direkgunabhorn 5th class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Member (Fifth Class) of The Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn
 * 2004 – The Boy Scout Citation Medal - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg The Boy Scout Citation Medal (1st Class)

title: Apirak Kosayodhin


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Diatribe of a Mad Housewife

"Diatribe of a Mad Housewife" is the tenth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox Network in the United States on January 25, 2004. Marge is inspired to write a romance novel, though after Homer hears rumors that Marge is secretly in love with Ned Flanders due to the storyline of the novel, he grows jealous. Meanwhile, Homer buys an ambulance and becomes an ambulance driver.

Plot
After his reckless driving causes an accident, Homer is fired from his job at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. Homer attempts to become a car salesman but ends up purchasing a 1959 ambulance; he begins acting as a paramedic. Meanwhile, Marge is inspired to write a novel after a visit to a bookstore and begins to write about whaling times. The main characters in Marge's novel are inspired by herself, Homer (who is the villain), and Ned Flanders, while romance is the central theme; she had originally intended for the Homer-inspired character to be the romantic hero, but was dissuaded when Homer asked her to use the computer to take down a dinner order. She completes the book, titled The Harpooned Heart, and after it receives positive reviews, she decides to get it published. Helen Lovejoy soon begins to spread rumors that the novel is based on Marge's life.

After Homer is teased by several people, who imply that Ned is Marge's secret love, Homer decides to read the book. However, after falling asleep on page one and lying to Marge that he had read the book and approved of it, he listens to the audiobook version (read by the Olsen Twins). After arguing with Marge, Homer decides to confront Ned. Lisa tells Bart that she fears that Homer and Ned's altercation may end the same way as The Harpooned Heart, in which both the hero and villain died. When Ned flees, Homer chases him in his ambulance. Ned is sure Homer is going to kill him when he is cornered, but is stunned when Homer drops to his knees and begs Ned to show him how to be a good husband. Marge arrives in a panic but is relieved that Homer and Ned are speaking. Homer declares that the book was a wake-up call for him. Homer and Marge then decide to create a novel, titled "Who Really Killed JFK".

Production
In the episode, reclusive author Thomas Pynchon has a cameo "appearance", his face hidden by a paper bag with a question mark on it. This is intended to satirise the author's "own carefully crafted anonymity". His appearance on The Simpsons was "his only sanctioned authorial image in decades". He later appeared in the season 16 episode "All's Fair in Oven War".

Dr. Marvin Monroe appears in this episode. He had not been seen since early seasons. Harry Shearer, who plays him, did not like doing the voice as it hurt his throat. The character had been subtly suggested to be dead and mentions in this episode that he has just "been very sick".

The Psychology of the Simpsons: D'oh! cites a section of dialogue from the episode to illustrate its point that "Homer and Marge don't seem to be very good at communicating before making important decisions".

Critical reception
DVDMG commented that the episode over-explained a decent joke – about Moby-Dick – making it lose its funniness. The site added that "'Diatribe' takes two lackluster premises to combine into a forgettable show". In 2009, The A.V. Club included the episode in its list of "10 Simpsons episodes from the past 5 seasons that stand among the series’ best." The article commended Robin J. Stein's writing as well as Pynchon's and the Olson twins' cameos while pointing out the episode "travels a well-worn path in the Simpsons story arc."

title: Diatribe of a Mad Housewife


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Jon Finkel

Jon Finkel (born May 18, 1978) is an American Magic: The Gathering and poker player. Finkel is one of the most decorated players in the history of professional Magic: The Gathering play and is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all-time. During his career he has won three Grand Prix events and made the Top 8 of a record 16 Pro Tour events, winning three of those. In the year 2000, he became the Magic: The Gathering World Champion, as well as playing for the United States National Team, which won the team portion of the competition.

Career
Finkel was born in Brockport, New York, but moved with his family to Woking, UK, in the summer of 1992 and learned about Magic: The Gathering shortly thereafter at a local game shop named Fun and Games. After he returned to the New York area in 1995 Finkel quickly made friends with the "OMS brothers", Steven and Daniel O'Mahoney-Schwartz.

In 1996 the first Pro Tour was held in New York. Finkel competed in the Junior Division of the tournament, made it to the Top 8, and won a $1,000 scholarship. After reaching another Top 8 in the Junior Division of Pro Tour Columbus Finkel had his first appearance in the senior competition of the Pro Tour at the 1996 World Championship in Seattle. A ninth-place finish earned him $3,200.

Finkel had three Top 16 finishes in the 1996–97 season, but never made it to the finals. His first Top 8 appearance was at Pro Tour Chicago 1997. In the same season Finkel won his first Grand Prix title in Rio de Janeiro, his first Pro Tour title in New York; finished third at US Nationals and the World Championship, and eventually claimed the Pro Player of the Year title.

The 1998–99 season opened with Finkel winning another Grand Prix in Boston and making his third consecutive Top 8 appearance, a feat only once before achieved by Scott Johns. Finkel finished the season second to Kai Budde in the Pro Player of the Year race. At the first Team Pro Tour in Washington the following season Finkel finished third with his friends and teammates Daniel and Steven O'Mahoney-Schwartz. After some mediocre finishes in the middle of the season Finkel won the US Nationals as well as the team and the individual portion of the World Championship. Eventually Finkel finished third in the Pro Player of the Year race. Later in 2000 Finkel also won the Magic Invitational, giving him the chance to design his own Magic card. His creation,, debuted in the Odyssey set and was later reprinted in Time Spiral and Modern Masters 2015 edition.

After two additional Top 8 appearances in the 2000–01 season Finkel's performances dropped in the 2001–02 season. Two Top 8s in 2002–03 were followed by another drop in 2003–04 and eventually by Finkel retiring from professional play. In 2005 he was inducted into the Hall of Fame as the vote leader of the inaugural class. This allowed him to attend further Pro Tours without having to qualify. In 2008 Finkel thus attended and won Pro Tour Kuala Lumpur, becoming the first player to win a Pro Tour after his induction into the Hall of Fame. Magic head designer Mark Rosewater commented on the occasion, "[Finkel] is the most naturally gifted player the game has ever seen. His accomplishments are rivaled by only one other man [Budde]".

In recent years, Finkel, like fellow Magic players David Williams and Noah Boeken, has been playing in high-level poker tournaments. He currently works as a managing partner at the hedge fund Landscape Capital Management.

As of 2021, Finkel was the Treasurer of the board of directors of Gamers Helping Gamers, a nonprofit organization that assists aspiring college students who play Magic: The Gathering by awarding them tuition scholarships.

Accomplishments
In addition, Finkel was inducted into the Hall of Fame as the class of 2005 vote leader. Finkel holds the highest vote percentage of any inductee.

In popular culture
Finkel is the subject of a 2005 biography by author David Kushner, entitled Jonny Magic & the Card Shark Kids—How a Gang of Geeks Beat the Odds and Stormed Las Vegas. The book recounts Finkel's rise to Magic stardom and his subsequent exploits as a poker player and Blackjack card counter.

In 2011, Alyssa Bereznak, an intern for tech website Gizmodo wrote an article about two dates she had with Finkel, which was picked up by Forbes, The Washington Post and CBS. The article was critical of Finkel for not revealing he played Magic on his OkCupid dating profile, eliciting negative comments against the writer from a number of people involved in tech and geek culture, notably actress Felicia Day and Playboy Playmate of the Year Sara Jean Underwood.

title: Jon Finkel


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Michael Barone

Michael Barone may refer to:

 * Michael Barone, American businessman and convicted felon, see Arrest of Omi in a Hellcat
 * Michael Barone (pundit) (born 1944), American political expert and conservative commentator
 * Michael Barone (radio host) (born 1946), host of American Public Media programs
 * Michael Barone (photographer), American art photographer
 * Mike Barone (born 1936), American jazz trombonist and big band leader
 * Michael Barone, a character on the American television sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond played by Sullivan Sweeten

title: Michael Barone


text:
Paspalum notatum

Paspalum notatum, known commonly as bahiagrass, common bahia, and Pensacola bahia, is a tropical to subtropical perennial grass (family Poaceae). It is known for its prominent V-shaped inflorescence consisting of two spike-like racemes containing multiple tiny spikelets, each about 2.8 - 3.5 mm long.

This grass is low-growing and creeping with stolons and stout, scaly rhizomes. The stolons are pressed firmly to the ground and root freely from the internodes, forming a dense sod. The flat, tough-textured leaves are usually hairless, with blades 2 – wide. They are flat, folded, and inrolled, tapering to a fine point. The leaf bases at the terminus of each rhizome usually have a purplish hue. The stems reach 20 – tall.

The terminal dual racemes are each attached to the top of a slender stem or with one slightly below the other. There is occasionally a third. The spikelets closely overlap in two rows. They are broad, rounded, smooth and shiny. Inside each spikelet is a tiny flower. The tiny, black, featherlike stigmas and black stamens can be seen dangling at the tips of the flowers.

Bahia grass is native to Mexico and South America, but has been naturalized elsewhere in North America and in other regions. It prefers sandy soils and is tolerant of shade. It is also fairly hardy, tolerating saline conditions and drought.

This grass is used primarily as a forage. The nutritive value remains high when mature, but it is not very productive. It is also valued as an erosion-controlling soil stabilizer, as well as for its productivity, ease of establishment, and persistence. It makes a relatively low-maintenance turf as well, with its toleration for minimal maintenance, drought tolerance, and with less disease and insect damage than some of the other warm-season grasses.

The grass uses C4 photosynthesis.

title: Paspalum notatum


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Talk:Allagash Brewing Company

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 February 2021 and 18 May 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Calebhsimone.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:53, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

April 2007 Proposed Deletion

 * FrozenPurpleCube has prosed that this article be deleted on 12 April 2007 at proposed deletion, per failing the tests included at this |this discussion for what criteria a brewery or related article should meet before having an article.

I believe this brewery to be one of the more notible brewing operations in the Northeast, if not the entire United States. Google, for instance, returns 34,000 hits for a search of "Allagash Brewing Company." It is true that Notability (breweries) states that stand alone stub articles on breweries are not to be encouraged, but it also says "nor are they to be discouraged." Indeed, this is a unique brewery that in time will get its "full article," rather than the stub it's got now. I am deleting the proposed deletion in the hopes that more attention can be drawn to this subject, and also because it deserves a full article. Benzamin 15:00 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem with that assertion is that you still haven't established notability. Raw Google results are often not very useful, and in this case, where it's a company, there's a lot of directory sites and advertisements.  Thus I am unpersuaded that this brewery is actually notable.  I'll tag it with  for now, but if that isn't addressed, I will try AfD.  Sorry, but I just don't see how this brewery is different from any of the thousands of others out there.  FrozenPurpleCube 14:26, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Just came back from a medium-large beer and wine outlet in Central Florida (i.e. a pretty long way away from Maine), and they had something like 4 or 5 different varieties of Allagash, in decent quantity, placed at eye level alon with the other major brands of Belgian-style ales. Perhaps a fluke, but if not I'd definitely say that the company is notable.  This store didn't carry "thousands" of Belgian-style beers--it carried MAYBE half a dozen brands, Allagash was one of them and we're about as far away from Maine as possible while still remaining on the East Coast.  --Lode Runner 03:41, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum caution and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform the project members on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 07:47, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Advertisement, Citations
I'm planning to throw up a 'reads like an advertisement' tag momentarily, and if anyone has any feedback or thoughts that would be useful. Popped by to check on the year of incorporation, and discovered a lot of unfounded/uncited claims. I'm sure most of them are true, but the whole "recognized a void in the American brewing movement" statement is both unsupported and nearly impossible to verify from an encyclopedic standpoint. The whole thing needs some work from somebody who doesn't work for Allagash setting up the backbone of the article. Jacotto (talk) 18:55, 22 October 2015 (UTC)

Wrong technical statements in this article
I am the brewmaster for Two Coast Brewing in LA and almost the entire article is just plain wrong.

First of all the grain bill does not comprise of "wheat in place of barley", but 50% pale barley malt and 50% raw (unmalted) wheat. Next: "(a process known as the methode champenoise)". No, just no. When it comes to Champagne - maybe the most important part of the "methode" is shake and shake the bottles again and again in a special rig where the neck of the bottle is pointing down. This way, the yeast - after the conditioning sugar has turned into CO2 and carbonated and pressurized the bottle - will settle against the cork. The neck of the bottle is then frozen, the cork and the frozen yeast removed and a new cork is set before the ice blob can thaw and the pressure escapes. This leaves a completely clear - "polished" - beverage. In all bottle-conditioned beers, the yeast remains IN the bottle and gives the beer its characteristic cloudiness. In beer it is just simply called "bottle conditioning", that much was correct.

"Before the beer is bottled, a small amount of yeast and sugar is added and a second fermentation occurs". No on two strikes. The yeast is already IN the beer and thus the bottle, as it is packed unfiltered. No, sugar is not added, but fresh wort from an unfermented batch.

"conditioning leaves a small amount of yeast in the bottle, creating what is known as a "living" beer." Yes, the yeast stays in, see above, but nobody in brewing calls it a 'living beer' because after a couple of weeks the yeast is as dead as a doornail. In fact, brewers have to take (processes to complicated to discuss here) to make sure that the yeast does not autolyse during the planned shelf-life of the product.47.151.154.112 (talk) 00:41, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Allagash Brewing Company


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Eugenio Barsanti

Father Eugenio Barsanti (12 October 1821 – 19 April 1864), also named Nicolò, was an Italian engineer, who together with Felice Matteucci of Lucca invented the first version of the internal combustion engine in 1853, Florence. Their patent request was granted in London on June 12, 1854, and published in London's Morning Journal under the title "Specification of Eugene Barsanti and Felix Matteucci, Obtaining Motive Power by the Explosion of Gasses", as documented by the Fondazione Barsanti e Matteucci.

Biography
Barsanti was born in Pietrasanta, Tuscany. Lean and short of stature, he studied in a Catholic scientific-oriented institute near Lucca, in Tuscany, and became entered the novitiate of the Piarist Fathers or Scolopi, who were known for being open to scientific study, in Florence in 1838.

In 1841 Barsanti began teaching in the Collegio San Michele, situated in Volterra. Here, during a lecture describing the explosion of mixed hydrogen and air, he realised the potential for using the energy of the expansion of combusting gases within a motor.

Subsequently, when teaching in a college level institute in Florence he met Matteucci. Matteucci appreciated the idea for the engine, and the two men worked together on it for the rest of their lives.

On 12 June 1854, they patented their invention in London, as Italian law at that time could not guarantee sufficient international protection on the patent. The construction of the prototype was later completed in the 1860s.

The main advantage of the Barsanti-Matteucci engine was the use of the return force of the piston due to the cooling of the gas. Other approaches based on the pushing force of the explosion, like the one developed by France's Etienne Lenoir, were slower. The Barsanti-Matteucci engine was proven to be much more efficient, and won a silver medal from the institute of science of Lombardy.

In 1856, Barsanti and Matteucci developed a two-cylinder 5 HP motor and two years later they built a counter-working two-piston engine.

Barsanti thought the new engine was a great improvement over the steam engine; it was much safer and less cumbersome and quick to operate. The main target was to provide mechanical energy in factories and for naval propulsion. It was not light enough for use as automotive engine.

After some searching, Barsanti and Matteucci selected the John Cockerill foundry in Seraing, Belgium to mass-produce a 4 hp engine. Orders for soon followed from many countries within Europe.

Barsanti died suddenly at Seraing of typhoid fever, on 30 March 1864, and Matteucci was left alone to lead the business. The development of the engine failed and Matteucci returned to his first occupation, hydraulics.

When Nicolaus Otto patented his engine, Matteucci unsuccessfully argued he and his partner Barsanti were the originators.

Many documents concerning the patents of Barsanti and Matteucci’s motor are preserved in the archive of the Museo Galileo library in Florence.

title: Eugenio Barsanti


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Babette Bardot

Babette Bardot (born 1940) is a Swedish actress who appeared in Russ Meyer's films, including Common Law Cabin and Mondo Topless.

After attracting attention for her roles in Russ Meyer's films, Babette Bardot began touring the United States in 1968 as a burlesque dancer under the guidance of her husband and manager, Bob Baker. With the seductive coif of platinum blonde hair and the billing caption "44-24-38 World's Most Sensational Exotic Entertainer" her appearances included the Gayety Theatre in New York, the Town Theatre in Chicago and the Colony Club in Dallas. While covering the burlesque circuit, she became a frequent guest on TV and radio programs, including The Wally Phillips Show (WGN-Chicago), The Steve Allen Show and The Phil Donahue Show.

She toured in a number of countries, and later found a home at the Majestic Inn (on MacLeod Trail and 50th Ave South) in Calgary, Alberta. The liberal stripping laws in Alberta allowed her to fully strip; however Babette would only remove her tops while retaining a thong. She was the headliner for the hotel bar, the Majic Stik, opening during the Calgary Exhibition and Stampede to a packed house nightly for six months before departing for Las Vegas.

Although unconfirmed, Babette claimed that she was a distant relative of Brigitte Bardot and had once modeled for Pablo Picasso while in her late teens. Author David K. Frasier denies relatives to Brigitte. During the Vietnam War, her popularity and public notoriety resulted in a photo insertion in the GI newspaper Stars and Stripes.

Filmography

 * Common Law Cabin (1967) — as Babette
 * Mondo Topless (1966) — as Bouncy

title: Babette Bardot


text:
Talk:Gritty McDuff's Brewing Company

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Gordon State College

Gordon State College is a public college in Barnesville, Georgia. A member of the University System of Georgia (USG), Gordon State's spring 2023 enrollment was 2,846 students. The college campus incorporates 235 acre, which includes academic buildings, residence halls, the student activity and recreation center, an indoor swimming facility, ropes course, walking trail, outdoor basketball courts, tennis courts, athletic fields, and racquetball courts.

The 19th century
Gordon State College was founded in 1852 as the Male and Female Seminary, a private school for higher education of boys and girls. Though church-sponsored, it was not a seminary in the usual sense. During the American Civil War, boys were organized into a corps of cadets. Girls continued to attend but were never included in military programs.

In 1872, the school was renamed Gordon Institute to honor Georgia native, governor and former CSA General John B. Gordon, and its scope was extended to the elementary grades. In 1890, J.C. Woodward, who later founded Georgia Military Academy, was hired to start a military program.

The 20th century
In 1907, the name changed to Gordon College. In 1916 the U.S. Department of War named Gordon College a junior military unit. In 1928, Gordon added the first two years of college to its program. In 1933 the state offered the former Georgia Industrial College campus to Gordon College. The high school and junior college departments moved to the new campus, while the elementary school moved into the former high school building. Gordon College was known as Gordon Military College from the mid-1930s until 1972.

In the 1950s, ownership of the school passed to the city of Barnesville, which consolidated its government-funded public schools for whites in grades 8-12, while continuing to bus black students to racially segregated Lamar County schools. City girls were enrolled as regular students. City boys were permitted to opt out of military participation, but almost all were organized into a corps of cadets under military discipline. Military cadets from other places were permitted to enroll by paying tuition; attracted by low tuition rates, many cadets came from Latin America.

Gordon State experienced financial problems in the 1960s, and in 1970 the trustees approached the state about making the college part of the university system. The secondary school was separated and the cadet corps disbanded, and on July 2, 1972, Gordon Military College officially became part of the USG as Gordon Junior College, an associate-level college. In 1986, "junior" was dropped from the school's name.

The 21st century
In 2006, the school was designated a four-year state college to offer baccalaureate programs within the USG's state college sector.

On August 8, 2012, the Board of Regents approved the change of the name of Gordon College to Gordon State College.

Academics
Gordon State College offers Bachelor of Arts, Associate of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Associate of Science degrees as well as a Nexus degree in film production.

Athletics
Gordon State College competes in Region XVII of the National Junior College Athletic Association at the NJCAA Division I level as a member of the Georgia Collegiate Athletic Association (GCAA). Men's sports include baseball, basketball, and club football while women's sports include soccer, softball, and volleyball; the college also fields a co-ed golf team. There are also a variety of intramural sports.

Before the 1980s, the athletic teams at Gordon State were the Bulldogs. Through the mid-1980s, Gordon State's teams were known as the Generals, a nod to General Gordon. The teams are now called the Highlanders.

Notable alumni

 * Rufus C. Harris, Tulane president
 * William D. Pawley, United States ambassador to Peru and Brazil; businessman
 * Richard B. Russell Jr., governor of Georgia
 * Clyde W. Simpson, Member of the Florida House of Representatives

title: Gordon State College


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User talk:Desireisthis

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Robojames 15:29, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Tennis scoring system

The tennis scoring system is a standard widespread method for scoring tennis matches, including pick-up games. Some tennis matches are played as part of a tournament, which may have various categories, such as singles and doubles. The great majority are organised as a single-elimination tournament, with competitors being eliminated after a single loss, and the overall winner being the last competitor without a loss. Optimally, such tournaments have a number of competitors equal to a power of two in order to fully fill out a single elimination bracket. In many professional and top-level amateur events, the brackets are seeded according to a recognised ranking system, in order to keep the best players in the field from facing each other until as late in the tournament as possible; additionally, if byes are necessary because of a less-than-full bracket, those byes in the first round are usually given to the highest-seeded competitors.

A tennis match is composed of points, games, and sets. A set consists of a number of games (a minimum of six), which in turn each consist of points. A set is won by the first side to win six games, with a margin of at least two games over the other side (e.g. 6–4 or 7–5). If the set is tied at six games each, a tie-break is usually played to decide the set. A match is won when a player or a doubles team has won the majority of the prescribed number of sets. Matches employ either a best-of-three (first to two sets wins) or best-of-five (first to three sets wins) set format. The best-of-five set format is usually only used in the men's singles matches at Grand Slam tournaments.

Description
A game consists of a sequence of points played with the same player serving. A game is won by the first side to win at least four points and have a margin of two points or more over their opponent. Normally, the server's score is always called first and the receiver's score second. Score calling in tennis is unusual in that (except in tie-breaks) each point has a corresponding call that is different from its point value. The current point score is announced orally before each point by the umpire, or by the server if there is no umpire.

For instance, if the server has won three points so far in the game, and the non-server has won one, the score is "40–15".

When both sides have won the same number of points within a given game—i.e., when each side has won one, or two, points—the score is described as "15–all" and "30–all", respectively. However, if each player has won three points, the score is called as "deuce", not "40–all". From that point on in the game, whenever the score is tied, it is described as "deuce" regardless of how many points have been played.

However, if the score is called in French (for example at the French Open), the first occurrence of "40–all" in a single game may be called as such ("40–A", "quarante–A", or "quarante partout"). Thereafter, "deuce" ("égalité" in French) is used for all other occurrences when the score returns to "40–all" within the same game.

In standard play, scoring beyond a "deuce" score, in which the players have scored three points each, requires that one player must get two points ahead in order to win the game. This type of tennis scoring is known as "advantage scoring" (or "adv"). The side that wins the next point after deuce is said to have the advantage. If they lose the next point, the score is again deuce, since the score is tied. If the side with the advantage wins the next point, that side has won the game, since they have a lead of two points. When the server is the player with the advantage, the score may be called as "advantage in". When the server's opponent has the advantage, the score may be called as "advantage out". These phrases are sometimes shortened to "ad in" or "van in" (or "my ad") and "ad out" (or "your ad"). Alternatively, the players' names are used: in professional tournaments the umpire announces the score in this format (e.g., "advantage Nadal" or "advantage Williams").

In the USTA rule book (but not the ITF rules), there is the following comment: "   'Zero', 'one', 'two', and 'three' may be substituted for 'Love', '15', '30', and '40'. This is particularly appropriate for matches with an inexperienced player or in which one player does not understand English."

For tie-breaks, the calls are simply the number of points won by each player:

History
The origins of the 15, 30, and 40 scores are believed to be medieval French. The earliest reference is in a ballad by Charles D'Orleans in 1435 which refers to quarante cinq ("forty-five"), which gave rise to modern 40. In 1522, there is a sentence in Latin, "we are winning 30, we are winning 45". The first recorded theories about the origin of 15 were published in 1555 and 1579. However, the origins of this convention remain obscure.

Some believe that clock faces were used to keep score on court, with a quarter move of the minute hand to indicate a score of 15, 30, and 45. When the hand moved to 60, the game was over. However, in order to ensure that the game could not be won by a one-point difference in players' scores, the idea of "deuce" was introduced. To make the score stay within the 60 ticks on the clock face, the 45 was changed to 40. Therefore, if both players had 40, the first player to score would receive ten, and that would move the clock to 50. If that player scored a second time in a row, they would be awarded another ten and the clock would move to 60, signifying the end of the game. However, if the player failed to score twice in a row, then the clock would move back to 40 to establish another "deuce".

Although this suggestion might sound attractive, the first reference to tennis scoring (as mentioned above) is in the 15th century, and at that time clocks measured only the hours (1 to 12). It was not until about 1690, when the more accurate pendulum escapement was invented, that clocks regularly had minute hands. Therefore, the concept of tennis scores originating from the clock face could not have come from medieval times.

However, the clock at the Wells Cathedral in England, which dates from 1386, had an inner dial with 60 minutes and a minute indicator and chimed every quarter hour. Likewise, the clock erected in 1389 at Rouen, France, chimed every fifteen minutes. By the end of the 14th century, the most advanced clocks would have marked minutes and chimed on the quarter hours. Clock faces like these would likely have been familiar to the English and French nobles by 1435 and 1522. It is not hard to imagine that they might have used a mock-up of a clock face to keep score, and that they would score by quarter hours since that is when the clocks chimed.

Another theory is that the scoring nomenclature came from the French game jeu de paume (a precursor to tennis which initially used the hand instead of a racket). Jeu de paume was very popular before the French Revolution, with more than 1,000 courts in Paris alone. The traditional court was 90 feet (pieds du roi) in length with 45 feet on each side. The server moved 15 feet closer after scoring, another 15 feet after scoring again, and an additional 10 feet by scoring a third time. (For reference: the French foot is 6.5% larger than the imperial foot.)

The use of "love" for zero probably derives from the phrase "playing for love", meaning "without stakes being wagered, for nothing". Another explanation is that it derives from the French expression for "the egg" (l'œuf) because an egg looks like the number zero. This is similar to the origin of the term "duck" in cricket, supposedly from "duck's egg", referring to a batsman who has been called out without scoring a run. Another possibility comes from the Dutch expression iets voor lof doen, which means to do something for praise, implying no monetary stakes. Another theory on the origins of the use of "love" comes from the notion that, at the start of any match, when scores are at zero, players still have "love for each other".

Alternative ("no-ad") game scoring
A popular alternative to advantage scoring, nowadays used at exhibition matches as well as professional tournaments in doubles, is the "no-advantage" or "no-ad" scoring, created by James Van Alen in order to shorten match playing time. No-advantage scoring is a method in which the first player to reach four points wins the game in all circumstances. No-ad scoring eliminates the requirement that a player must win by two points after a tie. Therefore, if the game is tied at deuce, the next player to win a point wins the game. This method of scoring was used in most World TeamTennis matches. When this style of play is implemented, at deuce the receiver chooses from which side of the court he or she desires to return the serve. However, in no-ad mixed doubles play, each gender always serves to the same gender at game point and during the final point of tiebreaks.

Handicap scoring
In the early 20th century, it was common for tournaments to have handicap events alongside the main events. In handicap events, the lesser-skilled player is given a certain number of points in each game. This is done so that players of different skill levels can have a competitive match. These handicaps consisted of two numbers separated by a period: "A.B", where "A" is the player's starting score and "B" is the number of games where the player receives an extra point.

For example, a player with a handicap of "15.2" would start every game with a score of "15". In each series of six games, the player would also receive an extra point in two of the games. Therefore, they would start two out of every six games with "30" and the remaining four out of six games with "15".

These handicap ratings where a player receives points can be denoted with an "R" in front, where the "R" indicates the player is receiving points. It is also possible to have a handicap system where the player owes points due to being higher-skilled, in which case the same two-number system is also used. These owed handicaps are denoted with an "O" in front that is short for "owed".

Description
In tennis, a set consists of a sequence of games played with alternating service and return roles. There are two types of set formats that require different types of scoring.

An advantage set is played until a player or team has won at least six games and that player or team has a two-game lead over their opponent(s). The set continues, without tiebreak(er), until a player or team wins the set by two games. Advantage sets are no longer played under the rules of the United States Tennis Association, nor in the Australian Open starting from 2019; and since 2022 for all other tournaments, including the French Open, the Fed Cup, and the Olympics. From 2019 to 2021, Wimbledon used a unique scoring system for the last set where the players continued to play after 6–all until a player earned a two-game lead (as in an advantage set); however, if the players reached 12–all, a seven-point tiebreaker was played to determine the winner. Mixed doubles at the Grand Slams (except for Wimbledon, which is a best-of-three sets format) have the third set replaced by a super tiebreak—sometimes referred to as a "best-of-two" format.

A tie-break set is played with the same rules as the advantage set, except that when the score is tied at 6–6, a tie-break game ("tiebreaker") is played. Typically, the tiebreaker continues until one side has won seven points with a margin of two or more points. However, many tiebreakers are played with different tiebreak point requirements, such as 8 or 10 points. Often, a seven-point tiebreaker is played when the set score is tied at 6–6 to determine who wins the set. If the tiebreak score gets to 6–6, then whichever player to win the best of two points wins the set.

Unlike games, set scores are counted in the ordinary manner (1, 2, 3, etc.), except that the state of having won zero games is called "love". The score is called at the end of each game, with the leading player's score first (e.g. "A leads 3–2"), or as "X–all". When a player wins a set, it is called as "game and first set", "game and second set", etc.

In doubles, service alternates between the teams. One player serves for an entire service game, with that player's partner serving for the entirety of the team's next service game. Players of the receiving team receive the serve on alternating points, with each player of the receiving team declaring which side of the court (deuce or ad side) they will receive serve on for the duration of the set. Teams alternate service games every game.

Comparison
Advantage sets sometimes continue much longer than tie-break sets. The 2010 Wimbledon first-round match between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut, which is the longest professional tennis match in history, notably ended with Isner winning the fifth set by 70–68. The match lasted in total 11 hours and 5 minutes, with the fifth set alone lasting 8 hours, 11 minutes.

Nevertheless, even tie-break sets can last a long time. For instance, once players reach 6–6 set score and also reach 6–6 tiebreaker score, play must continue until one player has a two-point advantage, which can take a considerable time. Sets decided by tiebreakers, however, are typically significantly shorter than extended advantage sets.

The set is won by the first player (or team) to have won at least six games and at least two games more than his or her opponent. Traditionally, sets would be played until both these criteria had been met, with no maximum number of games. To shorten matches, James Van Alen created a tie-breaker system, which was widely introduced in the early 1970s. If the score reaches 6–5 (or 5–6), one further game is played. If the leading player wins this game, the set is won 7–5 (or 5–7). If the trailing player wins the game, the score is tied at 6–6 and a special tiebreaker game is played. The winner of the tiebreak wins the set by a score of 7–6 (or 6–7).

Scoring a tiebreak game
At a game score of 6–all, a set is often determined by one more game called a "twelve-point tiebreaker" (or just "tiebreak"). Only one more game is played to determine the winner of the set; the score of the resulting completed set is 7–6 or 6–7 (though it can be 6–all if a player retires before completion).

Points are counted using ordinary numbering. The set is won by the player who has scored at least seven points in the tiebreak and at least two points more than their opponent. For example, if the point score is 6–5 and the player with six points wins the next point, they win both the tiebreak (seven points to five) and the set (seven games to six). If the player with five points wins the point instead (for a score of 6–all), the tiebreak continues and cannot be won on the next point (7–6 or 6–7), since no player will be two points ahead. In the scoring of the set, sometimes the tiebreak points are shown as well as the game count (e.g., 7–610–8). Another way of listing the score of the tiebreak is to list only the loser's points. For example, if the set score is listed as 7–6(8), the tiebreak score was 10–8 (since the eight is the loser's score, and the winner must win by two points). Similarly, 7–6(3) means the tiebreak score was 7–3.

The player who would normally be serving after 6–6 is the one to serve first in the tiebreak, and the tiebreak is considered a service game for this player. The server begins his or her service from the deuce court and serves one point. Subsequently, the serve changes to the first server's opponent. Each player then serves two consecutive points for the remainder of the tiebreak. The first of each two-point sequence starts from the server's advantage court and the second starts from the deuce court. In this way, the sum of the scores is even when the server serves from the deuce court. After every six points, the players switch ends of the court; note that the side-changes during the tiebreak will occur in the middle of a server's two-point sequence. Following the tiebreak, the players switch ends of the court again, since the set score is always odd (13 games).

An alternative tie-break system called the "Coman Tie-Break" is sometimes used by the United States Tennis Association. Scoring is the same, but end changes take place after the first point and then after every four points. This approach allows the servers of doubles teams to continue serving from the same end of the court as during the body of the set. It also reduces the advantage the elements (e.g. wind and sun) could give playing the first six points of a seven-point tiebreak on one side of the court. Another tie-break system, called the "super tiebreaker", consists of one player reaching a total of 10 points. The player must win by two points so there is no limit to the highest number of points. A typically close score may look like 10–8.

At Wimbledon, a tie-break was not played in the final set until the score reaches 12–all. At the Australian Open, a tie-break was played in the final set at 6–all, but continued until one player had ten points, and was leading by two. The US Open used a conventional, "first to seven" tie-break at 6–all in the final set. The French Open was the only Grand Slam or professional tournament where a final-set tie-break was not played, and it was played as an advantage set until the 2022 edition. In March 2022, the French Open and all other Grand Slams adopted the “10-point tie-break” when the final set reaches 6–all.

History of the tiebreak
The tiebreaker—commonly shortened to just "tiebreak"—was invented by James Van Alen and unveiled in 1965 as an experiment at the pro tournament he sponsored at Newport Casino, Rhode Island, after an earlier, unsuccessful attempt to speed up the game by the use of his so-called "Van Alen Streamlined Scoring System" (VASSS). For two years before the Open Era, in 1955 and 1956, the United States Pro Championship in Cleveland, Ohio, was played by VASSS rules. The scoring was the same as that in table tennis, with sets played to 21 points and players alternating five services, with no second service. The rules were created partially to limit the effectiveness of the powerful service of the reigning professional champion, Pancho Gonzales. Even with the new rules, however, Gonzales beat Pancho Segura in the finals of both tournaments. Even though the 1955 match went to five sets, with Gonzales barely holding on to win the last one 21–19, it is reported to have taken 47 minutes to complete. The fans attending the matches preferred the traditional rules, however, and in 1957 the tournament reverted to the old method of scoring.

Van Alen called his innovation a "tiebreaker", and he proposed two different versions: the "best-five-of-nine-points" tiebreaker and the "best-seven-of-twelve-points" tiebreaker.

The "best-five-of-nine-point" tiebreaker lasts a maximum of nine points, and awards victory in the set to whichever player or team first reaches five points, even if the other player or team already has four: the margin of victory can be a single point. Because this tiebreaker must end after a maximum of nine points, Van Alen also called it a "sudden-death tiebreaker" (if and when the score reaches 4–all, both players face simultaneous set point and match point). This type of tiebreaker had its Grand Slam debut at the 1970 US Open, where it was employed until 1974. It was also used for a while on the Virginia Slims circuit and in American college tennis. This format is still used at the World TeamTennis.

The "best-seven-of-twelve-point" tiebreaker lasts a minimum of seven points. This is the most familiar and widely used tiebreaker today. Because it ends as soon as either player or team reaches seven points and has a lead of at least two points, it can actually be over in as few as seven points. However, due to this required two-point margin, this tiebreaker can go beyond 12 points—sometimes well beyond. Because of this, Van Alen derisively likened it to a "lingering death", in contrast to the "sudden-death tiebreaker" that he recommended and preferred.

The impetus to use some kind of a tie-breaking procedure gained force after a monumental 1969 struggle at Wimbledon between Pancho Gonzales and Charlie Pasarell. This was a 5-set match that lasted 5 hours and 12 minutes, and took two days to complete. In the fifth set, the 41-year-old Gonzales won all seven match points Pasarell had against him, twice coming back from 0–40 deficits. The final score was 22–24, 1–6, 16–14, 6–3, 11–9 for Gonzales.

The tiebreaker gave tennis a definite "finish line".

 * In what follows, the "final set" means the fifth set for best-of-five matches, and the third set for best-of-three matches.

In 1970, the US Open introduced the nine-point tiebreaker rule for all sets that reach 6–6, both in singles and in doubles. The 12-point tiebreaker format was introduced in 1975.

In 1971, Wimbledon put into effect a 12-point tiebreaker when the score in a set reached 8–8 in games unless the set was such that one of the players could achieve a match victory by winning it.

In 1979, Wimbledon changed their rules so that a (12-point) tiebreak would be played once any set except the final set reached 6–6 in games.

In 1989, the Davis Cup adopted the tie-break in all sets except for the final set, and then extended it to the final set starting in 2016.

In 2001, the Australian Open adopted the tiebreak at 6–6 in the final set in men's and women's doubles matches. The French Open followed in 2007.

In 2001, the Australian Open replaced the deciding third set of mixed doubles with an eighteen-point "match tiebreak" (first to ten points and win by two points wins the match). Despite some criticism of the change by fans and former pros, the US Open (from 2003) and the French Open (from 2007) have followed the Australian Open in using the same format for mixed doubles. Wimbledon continues to play a traditional best-of-three match.

Likewise, the ATP Tour introduced a match tiebreak format for doubles tournaments in 2006. The WTA Tour adopted that rule in 2007.

Tie-break sets even for final sets are now nearly universal in all levels of professional play. All tournaments outside the four Grand Slams have used tie-break sets since at least 2006. The US Open has had it since the 1970s, and was the only major tournament to use a tiebreak in the final set for singles from 1970 to 2018. Final set tie-breaks were adopted by the Australian Open in 2019 for singles (2001 for doubles), the French Open in 2022 for singles (2007 for doubles), Wimbledon in 2019, Fed Cup in 2019, Davis Cup in 2016, and the Olympics in 2016.

However, the details of final set tie-break sets in Grand Slam tournaments were not uniform until 2022. After criticism of two lengthy semifinals in the 2018 Men's singles, Wimbledon announced the 2019 Championships would use final-set tiebreaks if the score reached 12–12. The first was in the Men's doubles third round, with Henri Kontinen and John Peers defeating Rajeev Ram and Joe Salisbury. Shortly following Wimbledon's final set tiebreak introduction announcement, the Australian Open introduced (for their 2019 tournament) a "super-tiebreak" at 6–6 for both singles and doubles (but not mixed doubles) in the final set, replacing the previous format in singles in which the final set would continue until one player was ahead by two games. The new format for the final set is similar to the "12-point tiebreaker", but with the winner being the first to ten points instead of seven (and they must still win by two points). Tennis Australia has called this a "10-point tiebreak". Prior to 2022, the French Open remained the only grand slam tournament that did not use any form of a tie-break for singles in the final set.

This led to each of the four grand slam events having four different final-set scoring systems, and at times also across singles and doubles. This ended in March 2022, when the ATP, WTA, and ITF announced that final-set tiebreaks in all Grand Slams matches (except mixed-doubles) will have a 10-point tiebreak when the set reaches six games all (6–6). The IOC employed this format since the 2020 Summer Olympics in 2021; however, the 13th game of every set has a 7-point tiebreaker.

Summary of current scoring rules in professional tennis
In summary from the above, since 2007 all non-major tournaments (ATP and WTA) have best-of-three matches. Singles have three tie-break sets where tie-breaks follow the 12-point format at 6 games all. Doubles and mixed doubles have two tie-break sets as in singles but the deciding set is a match tie-break of the 18-point format.

Since 2022, all majors have tie-breaks in all sets (but see the match tie-break in mixed doubles) at six games all. In the deciding set, the tie-break is of the 18-point format, otherwise it is the usual 12-point format. Mixed doubles follow the 18-point match tie-break format in the deciding set except for Wimbledon, which uses a regular tie-break set with a 10-point tie-break in the third and deciding set at six games all. All matches are best of three except for men's singles, which is best of five. Wimbledon has best-of-five in the last of round of qualifying for men's singles, otherwise all qualifying matches are best-of-three.

Alternative set scoring format
While traditional sets continue until a player wins at least six games by a margin of at least two games, there are some alternative set scoring formats.

A common alternative set format is the eight or nine game pro set, which is played until one player wins eight or nine games (instead of six) with a margin of two games. The tie-break is therefore played at eight or nine games all. While this format is not used in modern professional matches or recognized by the ITF rules, it was supposedly used in early professional tours. It is commonly utilized in various amateur leagues and high school tennis as a shorter alternative to a best-of-three match, but longer than a traditional tie-break set. In addition, eight-game pro sets were used during doubles for all Division I college dual matches until the 2014–2015 season.

Another alternative set format is the "short sets", which is played until one player wins four games with a margin of two games. In this format, a tie-break is played at four games all. The ITF experimented with this format in low level Davis Cup matches, but the experiment was not continued. Nevertheless, this alternative remains as an acceptable alternative in the ITF rules of tennis.

Another alternative set format is seen in World TeamTennis, where the winner of a set is the first to win five games, and a 9-point tie-break is played at 4–4.

Description
The winner is the side that wins more than half of the sets, and the match ends as soon as this is achieved. Men's matches may be the best of either three or five sets, while women's and mixed doubles matches are usually best of three sets.

The alternation of service between games continues throughout the match without regard to sets, but the ends are changed after each odd game within a set (including the last game). If, for example, the second set of a match ends with the score at 6–3, 1–6, the ends are changed as the last game played was the 7th (odd) game of the set and in spite of it being the 16th (even) game of the match. Even when a set ends with an odd game, ends are again changed after the first game of the following set. A tiebreaker game is treated as a single game for the purposes of this alternation. Since tiebreakers always result in a score of 7–6, there is always a court change after the tiebreaker. That change would occur in the next set.

The score of a complete match may be given simply by sets won, or with the scores in each set given separately. In either case, the match winner's score is stated first. For example: in the former, shorter form, a match might be listed as 3–1 (i.e. three sets to one). In the latter form, this same match might be further described as "7–5, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 7–6(8–6)". (As noted above, an alternate form of writing the tiebreak score lists only the loser's score—e.g., "7–6(6)" for the fourth set in the example.) This match was won three sets to one, with the match loser winning the second set on a tiebreaker. The numbers in parentheses, normally included in printed scorelines but omitted when spoken, indicate the score of the tiebreaker game in a set. Here, the match winner lost the second-set tiebreaker 4–7 and won the fourth-set tiebreaker 8–6.

Total points won
Because tennis is scored set by set and game by game, a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of points and/or games played.

Consider a player who wins six games in each of two sets, all by a score of game–30. The winner has scored 4×12 = 48 points and the loser 2×12 = 24. Suppose also that the loser wins four games in each set, all by a score of game–love. The loser has scored 4×8 = 32 points and the winner zero in those games. The final score is a win by 6–4, 6–4; total points 48–56.

An example of this in actual practice was the record-breaking Isner–Mahut match in the Wimbledon first round, 22–24 June 2010. American John Isner beat Nicolas Mahut of France (6–4, 3–6, 6–7(7–9), 7–6(7–3), 70–68) despite Mahut winning a total of 502 points to Isner's 478.

Total games won
Likewise, a player may lose a match despite winning the majority of games played (or win a match despite losing the majority of games). Roger Federer won the 2009 Wimbledon final over Andy Roddick (5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14) despite Roddick's winning more games (39, versus Federer's 38). Roger Federer lost the 2019 Wimbledon final, despite winning more games (and points, in fact) than Novak Djokovic.

Announcing the score
When playing a match, it is usually best to report each score out loud with one's opponent to avoid conflicts. During a game, the server has the responsibility to announce the game score before serving. This is done by announcing the server's score first. If, for example, the server loses the first three points of the service game, the server would say "love–40". This is to be done every time.

After a set is complete, the server, before serving for the first game of the next set, announces the set scores so far completed in the match, stating their own scores first. If the server has won the first two sets and is beginning the third, the server would say, "two–love, new set". If the server had lost the first two sets, the server would say, "love–two, new set". After completing the match, either player, when asked the score, announces their own scores first.

Example
As an example, consider a match between Victoria Azarenka and Ana Ivanovic. Azarenka wins the first set 6–4, Ivanovic wins the next set 7–6 (winning the tiebreak 7–4), and Azarenka wins the final set 6–0.

At the end of each set, the umpire would announce the winner of each set:
 * Game, first set, Azarenka.
 * Game, second set, Ivanovic.

At the completion of the match, the result would be announced as:

 * Game, set, match, (Victoria) Azarenka, two sets to one, six–four, six–seven, six–love.

The result would be written as:

 * 🇧🇾 Victoria Azarenka defeated 🇷🇸 Ana Ivanovic 6–4, 6–7(4–7), 6–0

The score is always written and announced in respect to the winner of the match. The score of the tiebreak is not included in announcing the final result; it is simply said "seven–six" or "six–seven" regardless of the score in the tiebreak.

If a match ends prematurely due to one player retiring or being disqualified (defaulting), the partial score at that point is announced as the final score, with the remaining player as the nominal winner. For instance, the result in the final of the 2012 Aegon Championships was written and announced as follows:

 * Marin Čilić defeated 🇦🇷 David Nalbandian 6–7(3–7), 4–3 (default)
 * Code violation, unsportsmanlike conduct, default, Mr. (David) Nalbandian.

Variations and slang
During informal play of tennis, especially at tennis clubs in the U.S. (and other English-speaking countries), score announcements are frequently shortened with the use of abbreviations. For example, a score 15 is replaced with "five", or in some cases "fif". "Love" is often substituted to indicate "zero". Similarly, the scores of 30 and 40 may sometimes be spoken as "three" or "four" respectively. A score of 15–all may sometimes be announced as "fives". To further confuse score announcements, a score of 30–all (30–30) may often be called "deuce", and the following point referred to as "ad in" or "ad out" (or "my ad" or "your ad"), depending on which player (or team) won the point. The logic for this is that a 30–all score is effectively the same as deuce (40–40), in that one must win the next two points to win the game.

Scorecards
For formal scorekeeping, the official scoring the match (e.g., the chair umpire) fills out a scorecard, either on paper or electronically. The scorecard allows the official to record details for each point, as well as rule violations and other match information. Standard markings for each point are:

An additional dot is marked in a score box to indicate a missed first serve fault.
 * – point won
 * A
 * – point won via ace
 * D
 * – point won via double-fault
 * C
 * – point won via code violation
 * T
 * – point won via time violation
 * }
 * C
 * – point won via code violation
 * T
 * – point won via time violation
 * }
 * }

title: Tennis scoring system


text:
Talk:Jon Finkel

Untitled
Some of the questions that need to be answered in this article:
 * A player of what? Golf? Tennis?
 * What do we mean by 'highly successful'? What has he won? Is there a ranking system?
 * Some basic biographical facts would be useful. When was he born? What nationality is he?

DJ Clayworth 15:29, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Dating

 * I think there should be some mention of how he went on a date with a total BITCH. http://gizmodo.com/5833787/my-brief-okcupid-affair-with-a-world-champion-magic-the-gathering-player --208.38.59.163 (talk) 15:04, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * No, there shouldn't be. It's not important.   lifebaka ++ 17:11, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The date itself isn't important, and the attacks on his date are certainly inappropriate. The article that his date wrote, OTOH, generated enough media attention that it might arguably be noteworthy, obviously subject to WP:NPOV. MisterFancyPants (talk) 19:09, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Can't really call attempts to add it to Wikipedia "media attention". Media attention would be other news outlets running the story. Jay32183 (talk) 00:11, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Oh, like CBS? http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-501465_162-20100604-501465.html98.206.218.218 (talk) 02:13, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * SNAP! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.209.58.18 (talk) 07:40, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

Given the newsworthiness of the current coverage, I believe that his dating situation should be covered in an objective fashion. Such as "In August 2011, Finkel's name became mentioned in national media such as CBS News and the Washington Post after [the blogger] wrote a disparaging article describing a pair of dates and denounced Finkel for failing to mention his success and World Championships of his career on his OKCupid profle on Gizmodo. The resulting outpouring of popular public sentiment supporting Finkel for being unfairly maligned as a nerd captured widespread attention, interest spurred by changing American social norms regarding dating and the Internet." - Eli Kaplan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.94.100.188 (talk) 14:10, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The "CBS News" (really a curated blog) article even says "This is typically a non-news item, except for the fact that it addresses social etiquette in an ever-evolving online culture." That tells me that its relevance is not so much to Finkel but to something like online etiquette.  Powers T 14:36, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Disagree, a few blogs mentioning this non-event does not count as newsworthy. Aside from that, your synopsis is clearly not at all objective.  If you read the article, she does not "denounce" him she merely is disappointed by the fact that it was not mentioned.  And even then, she was upset only because she wouldnt have had to waste her time and his going on a date that she knew she wouldnt be interested in.  Nearly everyone in this discussion is too close to Magic, including myself (been playing since 1994). Its all a retailiatory and defensive response to something that all Magic: The Gathering players have faced our whole lives: mockery for enjoying a game that is almost as "geeky" as it gets.  Crying about it on an Encyclopedia is not what Wikipedia is about.  Go play on www.encyclopediadramatica.com if you want to talk trash. Also, please provide some sort of proof that the support of internet trolls somehow spurred the "changing american social norms regarding dating and the internet" you speak of.  Frankly, nobody gives a crap about two dates between a shallow woman and a nerdy card playing world champion. People arent saying "man, since that whole thing with that blogger and Jon Finkel, I am SO much more careful about online dating" Let it go.  Do not include this self-aggrandizing bullcrap in the article. 68.37.178.94 (talk) 05:00, 6 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Never played Magic, think it's lame as fuck so I'm not biased by it. While that suggested wording is off, this has been covered by Forbes and the Washington Post which is frankly far more notable than winning a Pokemon tournament. The fact she publicly outed his identity (including links to this article), on a geeky website no less, is a very interesting part of the story. He's received a ton of public support. Hell, a Playboy Playmate of the Year offered to go on a date with him! It's fair to say that more people know of this guy BECAUSE of this incident (I know I do) so to not include it is, to use your word, bullcrap. --208.38.59.163 (talk) 17:51, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The date is not more notable than his championship or his hall of fame status. If those things weren't already true, her article would not have gotten any attention at all. The thing about this type of issue is that it seems significant right now because people won't shut up about it. In a few months, no one will care. People who want to read a biography about Jon Finkel, won't care that this is missing. The good sources bringing this up aren't about the date, they're about her article. So just as Powers suggested, if this is included in Wikipedia, it's significance is not to Jon Finkel, but to online etiquette. Jay32183 (talk) 03:51, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Never played Magic. In fact, I'd barely heard of it and hadn't heard of Jon Finkel until I heard this story. However, that said, I just did a Google News search on "Jon Finkel". 16 of the first 19 hits are about this event. It's been covered on Forbes, the Washington Post, CBS. If Finkel is notable at all then without question the dating thing should be mentioned, even if just briefly. I fail to see any rationale whatsoever for not including it. Robinr22 (talk) 02:55, 10 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Did you completely miss my point. None of those places would have covered this story if he weren't already famous. A random girl talks about a random guy online and nobody cares. A random girl talks about some one who already has a fan base, the fan base cares, but not for long. This is being made into a news story because people want it to be a news story, not because it is newsworthy. Since the sources don't allow for more than a single sentence, it isn't significant. Jay32183 (talk) 02:29, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * A passing reference to the fact that the incident was so widely reported would probably be worth adding. A "single sentence", like you say the sources merit, would be about right - something like "In 2011, an article about several dates Finkel had been on was picked up by Forbes, The Washington Post and CBS, evoking comments from actress Felicia Day and Playboy model Sara Jean Underwood" seems to encapsulate things. It's not like we're desperately trying to cut down on a massively bloated article here, content would be nice, and another event to point to for notability wouldn't hurt given the history of Magic players being nominated at AfD. GRAPPLE   X  02:44, 11 September 2011 (UTC)
 * @Jay32183 - You are correct that I'm not sure what your point is. Is it that, if Finkel wasn't famous, this incident wouldn't be reported on? That is entirely true but that is not the test for whether something should be included. For example, both the David Beckham and Ryan Giggs articles includes a section on their alleged extra-marital affairs. These would be entirely insignificant and would never have been reported if it wasn't for the fact that both the individuals involved are famous. The test here is not whether you personally think the information should be included. As long as the information is presented in a neutral manner, is verifiable and does not constitute original research then it doesn't cause any problems in Biographies_of_living_persons and is safe to include. The only possible issue is whether the entire article itself is notable. If it is then it seems absurd to say that what is probably the most widely reported incident involving Finkel shouldn't be included. The sentence suggested by Grapple X seems suitable and should be included. Robinr22 (talk) 02:46, 12 September 2011 (UTC)
 * There's a huge difference with the extra-marital affairs of others. Sources allow for more than a single sentence. If all you can get is a single sentence it is insignificant. Wikipedia would look stupid by including it. People wanting to research Jon Finkel years from now will not care about this issue. It has very little impact on his life or his significance. This is the type of stuff you should want to avoid. Jay32183 (talk) 03:11, 13 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I am afraid that I still don't agree. None of the issues that you mention are in any way relevant to whether the information should be included. It's not about whether it is relevant to him or whether it has any impact on his life (though I would wager that this kind of publicity would be very significant) or whether anyone will care about it in ten years time. I don't think anyone will care about the fact that he is a hedge fund manager either but that is in there. This is the only reason that I have ever heard of him. A Reddit comment thread started by him on precisely this issue recieved 4,500 comments. There are articles in Forbes, The Washington Post and CBS among others talking specifically about this issue. It has recieved far more widespread coverage than the fact that he is a Magic world champion. Wikipedia policies exist on this type of issue so as to provide consistency. Based on what you have said, I can see no reason at all why a simple sentence referring to this issue can't be included. Can you provide any reasoning based on Wikipedia policies as to why this information should not be included? If not, then I will insert the sentence above. Robinr22 (talk) 13:04, 13 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't care if you agree as long as you never add the information to the article. It does not matter how many sources cover it, because they all say the exact same thing, which is nothing. We have no meaningful content. We can get one sentence that does not contribute to anyone's understanding of Jon Finkel. Wikipedia does not include all information that can be found on the internet. Just because you didn't hear about him before this doesn't mean that this is the most significant information concerning the topic. It means you weren't paying attention to this type of information. The information is not relevant to this article, it's tangentially connected. Adding the article makes the article stupid. Keep the article intelligent. If you want to talk about stupid things, start a blog and stay away from encyclopedias. Jay32183 (talk) 00:45, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm doing my best to be reasonable here but I have to point out that it isn't up to you to be the sole arbitor of what goes in this article, especially not on the grounds that the suggested edit is "stupid". That said, in terms of my request that you provide some supporting arguments based on wikipedia policies so that I can get a better understanding of your objection, I take it your response is no? Am I right in thinking that if I, or any other editor, add this information then you will simply revert it without further discussion? If that is the case then I think it best to get some additional opinions to try and establish a consensus and avoid an edit war. I will submit a request for comment on the appropriate noticeboard.Robinr22 (talk) 03:41, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't be necessary. There seems a clear consent. I'll find the sources and add it now. GRAPPLE   X  03:44, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I've been following this discussion since the beginning, but couldn't really make up my mind on where I stand. Now that GrappleX's sentence is in the article I feel it is quite hollow although I liked it when s/he first suggested it. It doesn't really convey anything meaningful, though. What does it tell us? "Finkel has to come to the attention of CBS/Felicia Day etc. because he dated somebody". What does that say about Finkel? Nothing?! In my opinion it is okay to have that kind of information in the article, but it would probably helpful to add a second sentence to enlighten the reader what this was all about. Why did CBS etc found it worth mentioning? This might in turn give the reader some clue why it is worth mentioning in an encyclopedia. OdinFK (talk) 09:47, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It literally amazes me the amount of brain cells wasted discussing someones date on wikipedia, where the only reason attention is here is via failblog on the interwebs; http://dating.failblog.org/2011/09/14/dating-fails-poor-man-finkel/ 80.192.22.60 (talk) 17:40, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Wrong. There's been attention from major media outlets, all more notable than Failblog. Odin, we don't write why we think a media outlet covered anything, that's WP:OR, POV and frankly irrelevant.  They covered it, and they're not Steve Blog-O-Rama. The question is "Is this notable?"  The fact that it's more notable than him being a Magic The Gathering champion (The Washington Post never wrote a story about that, far as I'm aware) or a hedge fund manager. --208.38.59.163 (talk) 18:13, 15 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I think you misunderstood me. Of course I don't think we should take a look into our crystal ball to divine why CBS found it worth mentioning. Actually the paragraph about the incident was changed and right now I think it is perfectly fine. It's not just  CBS took an interest>, but just enough to give the reader an idea what this was about. OdinFK (talk) 14:21, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

After some thought, I've removed the paragraph about this story. While it might have brought Finkel's name to the attention of many people who hadn't heard of him before, and received brief coverage from major news organisations, it really doesn't add anything to the article: the 'story', such as it is, is utterly trivial. It might possibly belong in the Gizmodo article (since they're the real subject of the coverage), but is it a significant event in Finkel's life or career? I don't think so. Robofish (talk) 20:27, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I am still very much against this. It is trivial. We don't add trivia to Wikipedia, which is part of Wikipedia policy. Although we shouldn't need a policy. "It's stupid and meaningless, but it's not against the rules" is a horrible way to add content. I can't see why people are having trouble understanding that. I understand everything that the people arguing for adding it are saying, and they are outright wrong on every point. Jay32183 (talk) 23:02, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * To be frank, this just screams WP:JDLI to me. The inclusion of a widely-circulated news item about the man, which concerns him centrally, and is sourced to undeniably reliable sources and therefore passes WP:V with flying colours, should not be disputed this much. Numbers suggest that inclusion is desired, and verifiability and relevance are both satisfied. As a result, I can't see any logical reason to remove it beyond "I don't like it". GRAPPLE   X  23:43, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I haven't seen a single argument that actually makes a case to remove it based on anything other than "It's stupid and trivial", which aren't really good reasons, even if you accept that it is stupid and trivial, which I don't. Incidentally, @Jay32183 Wikipedia:Trivia doesn't say that you can't include things that could be considered trivia, just that they shouldn't be presented as lists of miscellaneous information.Robinr22 (talk) 14:05, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Team Pantheon
Luis Scott-Vargas's article has a section on Team ChannelFireball. Would it make sense to have a section on the Pantheon here? Jon is more or less the captain of Team Pantheon after all. OdinFK (talk) 13:17, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Perhaps. I've mentioned Team Pantheon a few times in various career sections of pro player articles, and it would be nice to have a page to point towards. Yet it occurs less natural to me to include that in this article than LSV and Team ChannelFireball, and I seem to recollect Finkel saying he wouldn't continue to go to all the PTs going forward, which would, I think, make his Wiki article a less ideal place to add a Team Pantheon section. I can't remember where I read/heard this though; it might have been this podcast, but I'll have to listen to it again to be sure. Hahahopp (talk) 17:55, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Listened to it again, and that wasn't it. I did find where I'd read it, though; it was this article on a Swedish website (from December '14). His response to question #12 can be roughly translated to "The plan is to only go to the PTs I really want to go to. After this season, that probably means about one PT every other year". Hahahopp (talk) 18:47, 10 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jon Finkel


text:
Steven Epstein

Steven or Stephen Epstein may refer to:

 * Steven Epstein (music producer), American classical music producer
 * Steven Epstein (academic), professor at Northwestern University
 * Stephen Epstein (cardiologist), American physician

title: Steven Epstein


text:
Category:Mountains of Cuba

The mountains of Cuba.

title: Category:Mountains of Cuba


text:
Gerald M. Levin

Gerald M. Levin (May 6, 1939 – March 13, 2024) was an American media businessman. Levin was involved in brokering the merger between AOL and Time Warner in 2000, at the height of the dot-com bubble, a merger which was ultimately disadvantageous to Time Warner and described as "the biggest train wreck in the history of corporate America."

Early life and education
Levin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a Jewish family of Russian and Romanian origins. His father was a "butter-and-eggs man" and his mother was a piano teacher. He lived as a child in the suburbs of Philadelphia, in Upper Darby and then Overbrook Hills. After graduating second in his class at Lower Merion High School, where he was named to the Honor Society, he attended Haverford College. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1963.

Career and later life
Levin spent most of his career with Time Inc. (later Time Warner, then AOL Time Warner), starting there in 1972 as a programming executive for the new Home Box Office (HBO) and eventually becoming CEO of the corporation after the ouster of his nemesis Nicholas J. Nicholas Jr. Interviewed by the journalist Nina Munk, Levin would later admit: "It is absolutely true that I plotted the departure of Nick Nicholas after working with him for 20 years. And I don't have any justification for it other than I am a strange person." Levin was best known for orchestrating with Steve Case the disastrous merger between AOL and Time Warner in 2000, at the height of the dot-com bubble, which destroyed $200 billion in shareholder value as the bubble collapsed. Following the deal, CNBC named him as one of the "Worst American CEOs of All Time." According to The New York Times, the merger is used by business schools as a case study of "the worst [deal] in history." In her book about the deal, Munk writes, "The disastrous merger...epitomizes the culture of corporate America and Wall Street in the late 1990s. It records the climate in executive suites, where as long as a company's stock price kept going up and up, a CEO was all-powerful, like a king with divine rights."

Whereas Levin had once been "perhaps the most powerful media executive in the world", he largely disappeared from public view after the collapse of AOL Time Warner. In 2007, he was reported by New York (magazine) to be "presiding director of Moonview Sanctuary, a “holistic healing institute” with a full-time staff of fewer than twenty people" founded by his new wife, Laurie Ann Perlman, a clinical psychologist. In 2013, he was named chairman of a start-up called Elation Media, raising $150,000 of seed funding, according to Crowdfund Insider, to launch a "live and on-demand service" with programming topics that include "alternative medicine, world peace, visionary art, personal growth and the environment." As of July 2022, Elation TV does not appear to have launched.

Personal life
Levin was married three times and fathered five children. His first wife was Carol Needleman; they divorced in 1970. In 1970, he married Barbara J. Riley; they divorced in 2003. His third wife was Laurie Ann Perlman, ; they divorced in 2020.

Murder of Jonathan Levin
One of his children, Jonathan Levin, a 31-year-old high school English teacher at Taft High School in the Bronx, was murdered on May 31, 1997, during a robbery by one of his former students. The student, Corey Arthur, was convicted of second-degree murder and sentenced to the maximum allowed term of 25 years to life in prison in November 1998, with the judge concluding that Arthur had taken sadistic pleasure in the crime and shown no remorse. An alleged accomplice, Montoun Hart, was acquitted on the same charges in February 1999. While Hart had written a confession, jurors were not able to find out how it was obtained and felt it was unreliable.

The murder occurred after Jonathan had mentioned in the classroom that his father was Time Warner head Gerald Levin. Prosecutors said Arthur and Hart, assuming that Jonathan was wealthy, stole Jonathan's bank card and tortured him to obtain the account's PIN, obtaining about $800 from the account.

Jonathan Levin High School for Media and Communications in The Bronx, New York City, is named after the murdered teacher.

Death
Levin died at a hospital on March 13, 2024, having been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease prior to his death. He was 84.

title: Gerald M. Levin


text: Category:Geography of Cuba

title: Category:Geography of Cuba


text:
Steven Epstein (music producer)

Steven Epstein is an American record producer. The winner of 16 Grammy Awards and 2 Latin Grammys, he has been nominated 35 times. He has won the Grammy for Classical Producer of the Year 7 times. While primarily known for his work in classical music, Epstein also has Grammy nominations and wins for albums in musical theater, musical show, crossover, soundtrack, and spoken word for children.

He has worked with Yo-Yo Ma, Wynton Marsalis (classical and jazz), Plácido Domingo, Isaac Stern, Itzhak Perlman, Murray Perahia, Emanuel Ax, Bobby McFerrin, Juilliard String Quartet, Tokyo String Quartet, Fine Arts Quartet, and Punch Brothers. He has worked with the Vienna, Berlin and New York Philharmonic Orchestras, and with the Chicago, Cleveland, London, Concertgebouw, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Los Angeles Symphony Orchestras.

Early years
Epstein grew up in Queens Village, New York, and had an interest in classical music from a young age. He studied the credits of albums he listened to and imagined being in the concert hall. Tom Frost, the record producer, was a name that came up often in his collection.

In the early to mid-1960s, he was building short-wave radios (from Heathkit catalogs). He attended Martin Van Buren High School where Epstein played violin. He also performed with the New York All-City High School Orchestra. He corresponded with Tom Frost which lead to an invitation to meet. Frost advised Epstein to major in music and minor in communications because there were no programs in recording technology at the time.

Epstein attended Hofstra University from 1969 where he played with the college's orchestra and worked at the radio station, WVHC-FM, all four years (as classical music director and engineer). He used school microphones and sought out chamber groups to record. His senior year, Epstein purchased a Revox 77 tape recorder for $600. His goal was to ask Frost for a job once he graduated.

Epstein graduated in 1973 with a degree in Music Education.

Career
Epstein got an interview with Tom Frost and Tom Shepherd at Columbia Records and was later called back for a second interview. He knew there was one job, two applicants, and the other applicant was more qualified. Both of them were hired in September 1973. Epstein started as music editor for Columbia Masterworks and eventually became senior executive producer at the label. Epstein worked as an employee for 33 years with Columbia, then Sony/BMG/Masterworks. He was senior executive producer of Sony Classical. Epstein worked with engineer Buddy Graham until Graham's retirement (in 1991) and has done many recordings with engineer Richard King. As of 2006, he is a freelance producer.

Labels he recorded for include CBS Records Masterworks, Sony Classical, RCA Red Seal, Nonesuch, Deutsche Grommophon, Columbia Records, Naxos, Master Performers, and PS Classics.

He has been an adjunct professor of the Sound Recording Program at McGill University in Montreal since 1996. He teaches Classical Music Recording.

title: Steven Epstein (music producer)