text:
Talk:Donald A. Wollheim

Tolkien debacle
Guys, I seem to remember credible people telling me that Wollheim's thinking in the Tolkien debacle was -- he was unaware of the Houghton Mifflin editions until after the Fellowship came out. Since at the time any book not published in America within a year of its English publication entered the public domain here, he acted believing these books to be in the public domain and had one of those horrible 'oops' moments when Houghton Mifflin contacted the publisher. I do not believe in objectivity, and frankly admit to being biased in this matter, and most of my sources on this subject are either dead or explicitly not talking to me for reasons irrelevent here (Don D'Ammassa). Does anyone have information which would explicitly contradict this? What is on the article page is speculation as to his motives, I'm not -- given my biases -- about to challenge without more concrete evidence than I have. I think there should be more evidence or it should be dropped. --Jplatt39 18:06, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The consensus in the industry is that he knew there was no loophole (which was the courts' ruling, too) and just hoped to get away with it. The current version of the article is much more polite about his role than some of the earlier versions, which were less polite/forgiving and more denuncatory in tone. -- Orange Mike 20:17, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't believe that any such consensus existed when this occurred and imputing criminal motive, as the earlier versions of this text did, without specific facts skates close to defamation. People played a lot more fast and loose with copyrights back in the 60's. The court case referenced here was almost 30 years after the fact. Beamdriver 00:29, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd have to check the fanzines of the era, but the people I know who were active back then seem to agree that he thought he'd get away with it, rather than he thought he was right. We're agreed, I see, that the current version is much safer and polite than the earlier versions. (The court case was 30 years after the fact because of "the law's delay"; but that's irrelevant to the question of the original act and motivation.) -- Orange Mike 14:49, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Terry Carr, who was working for Donald Wollheim at Ace at the time, published a lengthy, complicated and detailed explanation of what happened in one of the major fanzines at the time: it may have been Lighthouse or Warhoon, I don't now (50 years later...) recall. His points were, if I remember correctly, that: 1) Ten years had passed and no US paperback edition had been licensed, although attempts had been made by US paperback houses to acquire the rights; 2) During this ten year period the necessary steps to secure a valid US copyright were not taken. Houghton-Mifflin did not really publish a US hardcover edition--what they did was to sell the Allen & Unwin edition sewn in a Houghton-Mifflin binding; 3) Tolkien's contract with Allen & Unwin failed to anticipate the possible sale of US paperback rights (perhaps based on their experience with the Hobbit, which up to that point never had a US paperback and was a perennial strong seller in the Houghton-Mifflin hardcover edition, which kept going back to press for endless printings--mostly Christmas gifts to children). Consequently they completely fouled up the licensing of any US paperback edition, since somebody who was in a position to block the sale (either A&U, Houghton-Mifflin, or Tolkien himself, I don't recall which) would not have received any of the money if the sale went through, so that it was impossible to get the parties to agree; 4) Wollheim was fairly certain that Allen & Unwin had imported more than 500 copies (either in sheets or bound, I don't recall) into the US, and believed that this triggered an obscure loophole in the US copyright convention with the UK which was in effect at that time, because no separate steps had been taken to protect copyright in the US; 5) Wollheim therefore believed that he was cutting an insoluble Gordian knot by forcing the issue and presenting them with a fait accompli.  At any rate, that is my recollection of Carr's defense. Perhaps someone can dig up the original article and correct my vague memory of it?  71.183.15.246 (talk) 21:03, 25 January 2016 (UTC)
 * Postscript to the above: I may be thinking of an article by Donald Wollheim (not Carr) entitled "The Ace Tolkiens" which appeared in Lighthiouse #13 (August 1965), edited by Terry Carr. In Lighthouse #14 (October 1966) Carr says that he has letters about the matter on hand but he is not going to print them and is cutting off all further discussion, because the debate was going on elsewhere. By "elsewhere" he may have been referring to Niekas #15, where remarks Wollheim made at a party were (evidently) quoted and commented on: apparently Wollheim said something to the effect that he couldn't approach them with an offer first because in order to have had something to negotiate with he would have had to let the cat out of the bag about the screwed up copyrights, which he believed they (and everyone else) were completely ignorant of. 71.183.15.178 (talk) 00:08, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

1966 letter from Tolkien to Sterling Lanier

10th January, 1966

Dear Mr. Lanier, Thank you very much for your kind letter and for the useful enclosures which reached me about Christmas time. I sent the Science Fiction newsletter to my publishers in London. You will be interested to hear that on Christmas Eve (a good date) I at last received a letter directly from Ace Books, very specious and slightly glutinous, but it offered to discuss terms for royalties. I sent this also to my publishers who deal with such matters, and who have an equal interest with myself in the matter of royalties. I hope your work on the "figures" goes to your satisfaction. With very best wishes for 1966, Yours sincerely, J.R.R. Tolkien Sterling Lanier, Esq. Chilton Books

71.183.15.178 (talk) 23:57, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Wollheim's legal claim has never been tested in court. The court ruling to which hostile amateurs keep referring was made under later, changed law.  The changes (effected to meet treaty obligations) allowed some lost copyrights to be recovered. —SlamDiego←T 02:55, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

The following is quoted from "The Clubhouse" on amazing stories.com:

"Legend has it that Wollheim, an editor at ACE books, simply pirated the British edition of LOTR without permission and was first to publish it in North America. The truth, as revealed in an article titled THE ACE TOLKIENS, which he wrote for LIGHTHOUSE #13, is more nuanced.

According to Wollheim, LOTR first appeared in the United States in a very limited hardcover edition put out by Houghton Mifflin the same year it was first published in Great Britain, 1954.

“One glance at the first page startled me,” writes Wollheim. “No copyright, no date of publication. Just the line ‘printed in Great Britain,’ although the name of the publisher was an American firm and the place of publication the U.S.A. It was apparent that this first American edition consisted simply of sheets printed in England and imported.”

Wollheim wondered why. He suggested “Perhaps the American publisher, figuring that the book was too obscure to take the trouble, had decided to bring in just a few hundred copies and not bother with copyright complications…”

Unfortunately “the darned books continued to sell steadily, though quietly, through the years, going into small printing after small printing. Somewhere along the line, somebody started to worry about the lack of a U.S. copyright and inserted a line in later editions which said the work was copyright under the Berne Convention.”

What was left unstated was that the U.S.A. was NOT a signatory and it didn’t apply to America.

As fantasy began to grow in popularity, more and more SF&F paperback publishers, including ACE, inquired of Houghton Mifflin if they could purchase reprint rights from them. They always said no. Only Wollheim, it seems, was aware Houghton Mifflin didn’t have the rights in the first place. Wollheim pondered the implications.

Why not contact Tolkien or his agent directly?

“Please bear in mind that this paperback book industry is very, VERY competitive – and that we were in possession of what might be a very valuable commercial secret. To let the cat out of the bag could well be disastrous and could lead to other editions appearing at virtually the same time. We had no sensible course to follow but to go ahead, in top secrecy, to prepare our editions. Which we did, and the result you know.”

ACE published LOTR in early 1965. It became a runaway hit.

What about accusations of piracy? Some from Tolkien himself. Wollheim had this to say:

“Literary piracy means infringement of copyright – and we have infringed no copyrights. [Because there were none.] Dr. Tolkien, apparently, simply was never told the score about his U.S. editions. He should reserve his anger for the source of his deprival.”" 172.56.2.86 (talk) 04:30, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

Betsy
Daughter Betsy Wollheim took over DAW in 1985, is married to Peter Stampfel, and probably deserves her own article. http://www.villagevoice.com/1999-07-27/music/parent-with-parrots/ might be a place to start in terms of references. - Jmabel | Talk 16:14, 30 June 2012 (UTC)

 * In the Sébastien Lifshitz film Casa Susanna(2022), Betsy Wollheim outs her own father Donald Wollheim as a transvestite who maintained a discreet secret life, going to the Casa Susanna once a year to express his desire to cross-dress, with the full knowledge of his wife. This ought to go into the article, to give a full and rounded picture of the real Donald Wollheim.
 * Nuttyskin (talk) 22:34, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Mass market, paperback original
We mention "mass market" in section 4, DAW Books. Somewhere we should link mass market paperback, probably in the preceding section re Ace Books. (or Avon?)

We should also mention and link paperback original where it is first appropriate. (Ace? not Avon, i infer from reading what we say here)

And perhaps the combination mass market paperback original. --P64 (talk) 16:43, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

Recognition

 * second new section posted in one session

I created section 5, Recognition, comprising with hidden WP:COMMENT: ''including one at the 1975 World SF Convention and runner-up to Ian & Betty Ballantine at the 1975 World Fantasy Convention. This source lists four more during the 1980s. A laundry list is not appropriate but another editor may be able to choose wisely.'' with hidden comment: ''apparently he was the third person inducted primarily for his work as editor or publisher, after the inaugural 1996 pair Hugo Gernsback and John W Campbell. This is a hidden comment because only apparent, not yet EVIDENT.''
 * brief reiteration of Silverberg's argument that leads sec 3, Wollheim as editor and publisher
 * the last two paragraphs of sec 4, DAW Books, which were tacked on there after "his death"
 * mention of "several special awards" with Locus ref
 * 2002 hall of fame induction with official ref

Someone may be able to cover what the comments indicate, using the same sources (not to mention doing better with other sources, of course).

--P64 (talk) 17:00, 26 March 2013 (UTC)

no bio
The article lacks even the barest information about his early life, such as who his parents were or what they did for a living. Religion? Were they middle class? What was his education? High school? College?--76.169.116.244 (talk) 01:00, 21 September 2015 (UTC)

 * He was also recently featured in a PBS documentary about Casa Susanna, an early resort haven for crossdressing and transgender people.
 * https://www.pbs.org/video/casa-susanna-kvwect/ Cwaterous (talk) 15:40, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Donald A. Wollheim


text:
Veterinary Disciplinary Board (Sweden)

The Swedish Veterinary Disciplinary Board (Veterinära ansvarsnämnden) was a Swedish government agency that answered to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Consumer Affairs. The agency tried cases of professional misconduct among veterinarians. It was located in Jönköping.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Veterinary Disciplinary Board (Sweden)


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File:Londonxi.JPG

Fair-use rationale

 * 1) obtained from the club website
 * 2) low resolution image
 * 3) no non-copyright version available, by definition
 * 4) the logo is only being used for informational purposes
 * 5) its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it is the primary means of identifying the subject of this article

title: File:Londonxi.JPG


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Leilehua High School

Leilehua High School is a public, co-educational, college preparatory high school in Wahiawa, Hawaii on the island of Oahu. It is part of the Hawaii State Department of Education, nationally recognized as a Blue Ribbon School by the United States Department of Education, and fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). The school was first established in 1924, when Hawaii was still a territory and located close to present day Schofield Barracks. The graduating class of 1928 totaled 15 students, all dependents of military personnel. It relocated to its present 32 acre campus in the historic town of Wahiawa in 1949. The campus has sculptures by Satoru Abe, Bumpei Akaji, Claude Horan, Rick Mills, Jacob Sakaguchi, and Ken Shutt.

Approximately 25% of the student body are from military families stationed at Schofield Barracks, Wheeler Army Airfield, and NCTAMS PAC (U.S. Navy) in Whitmore Village.

History

1949: The Schofield High and Grammar School and Leilehua High School were combined and built on its present 32 acre (129,000 m²) site.

1973: Leilehua won its first state basketball championship under coach Richard Townsend. The roster included Rick Wagner, who later played at football at the University of Hawaiʻi.

1984: Leilehua won its first Oahu Prep Bowl under coach Hugh Yoshida. Leilehua defeated Saint Louis 10-0.

1996: Leilehua earned a maximum six-year term of accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC).

2004: Leilehua High School named its stadium after its former football coach Hugh Yoshida.

2007: Leilehua won its first HHSAA Football Championship under coach Nolan Tokuda. Leilehua defeated Saint Louis 20-16.

2007, 2008: Cross Country coach Shawn Nakata led the Mules to back-to-back state titles with the help of Bryce Jenkins (the school's top runner/individual state champion).

2011: Cross Country coach Shawn Nakata made history having the first undefeated team in state history. The team was led by Elliot Estrada (state runner up) Dylan Martinez, Brandon Miya, Christopher Olverson, Joshua Castro and Freshmen brother Jordan Castro who later became the OIA 3000m champion and holder of several state records on the JV level.

Leilehua Mules football
The Leilehua Mules varsity football team is a Division I team representing the OIA Red conference, West Division. Nolan Tokuda has served as the team's head coach since 2004. The Mules have won two Division I titles in 1984 and 2007. The Leilehua football program has produced a number of NFL players such as Adrian Murrell, Al Harris, and Lauvale Sape (see notable alumni).

Rivalries

 * Mililani Trojans, Cross-Town Rival (Main)
 * Waianae Seariders
 * Radford Rams, Unity Bowl (Army vs. Navy)

Marching Band
The Leilehua High School Marching Band and Color Guard was formed in 2006 under the direction of Alan Kinoshita and had been under his direction until 2017. From 2018 the marching band has been under the direction of Aladdin Roque-Dangaran. At its largest, the band grew to include approximately 120 members composing of wind instruments, percussion, and color guard. Since its debut in 2006, the band has been able to grow and evolve from the "Class Single A(A)" division in 2006, through "Class Double A(AA)”, and "Class Triple A(AAA)" in 2013. Additionally, the band has had the wonderful opportunity to perform for the Tenri Kyoko Gakuen High School band in Japan multiple times. The band's motto is F.I.R.E is an acronym which stands for: Focus, Intensity, Respect, and Excitement. Students are taught to instill these principles not only within the band room, but also as they go out into the world post-graduation. The Leilehua High School Marching Band has been able to compete and place with top schools including: Mililani, Moanalua, and Maui High Schools. Leilehua has also been able to place consistently high in nearly every major category within their respective division.

 * Information used in this table is from the last competition from that year
 * The festival rating judges the show as a whole from Good, Excellent, to Superior.
 * Divisions are based on the number of students in a given band Single A(A) with up to approximately 60 members, Double A(AA) with up to approximately 80 members, and Triple A(AAA) anything larger than 100 members.
 * There may be a few exceptions with how a band is placed into a category at the discretion of the marching band council.

Notable alumni
Listed alphabetically by last name (year of graduation):
 * Ray Austin, NFL player
 * Errol M. Kealii Blaisdell (Errol Aken), Traditional Hawaiian Entertainer, Multiple Hoku Award Finalist & Songwriter
 * Robert Bunda, Hawaii state senator
 * Paul Dombroski, NFL player
 * Al Harris, NFL player
 * Martin Iosefo, professional rugby player with the United States national rugby team
 * Scott Loucks, MLB player (Houston Astros, Pittsburgh Pirates)
 * Bryant Moniz, Hawaii Warriors quarterback
 * Adrian Murrell, NFL player
 * Marcus Oshiro, Hawaii state representative
 * Lauvale Sape, NFL player
 * Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith, Sergeant First Class, U.S. Army; Medal of Honor recipient
 * Antonio Taguba, the second Filipino-American U.S. Army general
 * Joyce Sachiko Tsunoda, University of Hawaii community colleges administrator
 * Charles Tuaau, NFL player
 * Corinne K. A. Watanabe, judge

Filmography

 * LOST - Leilehua High School appeared in the TV hit series LOST as "Cowan Heights."

title: Leilehua High School


text:
User talk:Marbot

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Douglas Apsley National Park
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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User talk:GCNrocks223

Welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

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Collaboration of the week
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Merged Jedi Academy Trilogy novels
I noticed that your user page links to Jedi Search and Dark Apprentice. I wanted to let you know that both those pages now redirect to Jedi Academy Trilogy, if you wish to fix the links. – Mipadi 03:10, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

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Stade Mohammed V

The Mohammed V Stadium (ملعب محمد الخامس, Stade Mohammed V) is a multi-purpose stadium which is part of the Mohammed V Athletic Complex (المركب الرياضي محمد الخامس) which is named after King Mohammed V and situated at the heart of Casablanca, Morocco, in the western part of the Maârif neighborhood. The stadium has a seating capacity of 45,891, and is the oldest football stadium in Morocco.

It primarily hosts association football matches, serving as the home ground of the Morocco national football team and local rival football clubs Wydad AC and Raja CA. In 1997, the stadium set a record of attendance of 110,000 during the Casablanca football derby and a match between the Moroccan national team against Ghana. The same record attendance was repeated during Morocco's match against Argentina in 2004.

History
On March 6, 1955, the stadium was inaugurated under the name Stade Marcel Cerdan in honour of the French boxer, with a capacity of 30,000. The following year, after the independence of Morocco, it took the name of Stade d'Honneur. This stadium witnessed Morocco qualify for the 1970 FIFA World Cup, which was their first ever World Cup.

At the end of the 1970s, in preparation for the 1983 Mediterranean Games which were held in Casablanca, the stadium was closed for a major renovation; with an increase of the seating capacity, installation of an electronic scoreboard and construction of a 12,000-capacity indoor gymnasium and a 3,000-capacity Olympic-sized swimming pool around the stadium. It reopened in 1981 under its current name, Stade Mohammed V.

Today, the complex has the stadium itself, the gymnasium, the swimming pool, a 650 m2 media centre, a conference room, a meeting room, a care centre, and an anti-doping centre.

Stade Mohammed V is located right in the centre of Casablanca. The international airport in Casablanca, also named after Mohammed V, is 25 kilometres from the stadium and the Casa-Voyageurs rail station is 5 kilometres from the stadium. The stadium has a parking lot with a capacity of 1,000 cars.

In the 2006–07 season, the stadium was renovated again with the inclusion of a semi-artificial lawn of a high standard. It reopened in April 2007.

A reform agreement was signed in 2015 between the Ministry of Youth and Sports, Royal Moroccan Football Federation, the Casablanca City Council and the Ministry of the Interior, allocating a budget of 220 million Moroccan dirhams.

This amount was mainly allocated to rehabilitate the stadium to meet international standards, such as the quality of the chairs, grass and other equipment of the other facilities, including the electronic clock, clothing stores, rest areas, the press platform and the corridors, in addition to repairs in its surroundings.

Currently, Mohammed V Stadium is built on an area of 12 hectares (12,262 square metres), and is considered a masterpiece of Moroccan sports, as it accommodates about 80,000 spectators and includes a large sports hall containing 12,000 seats, and includes facilities for many sports, such as basketball, handball, volleyball, gymnastics, and boxing, and an Olympic swimming pool.

In July, it was announced that the Mohammed-V Stadium was among the six stadiums which would benefit from a rehabilitation program with a view to the 2025 Africa Cup of Nations. This vast project which will be carried out by SONARGES includes the removal of the athletics track and an extension of the stands in order to bring it into compliance with FIFA standards.

Mohammed V Stadium is set to make history for hosting the first-ever African Football League final.

On 1 November 2023, Abdel Latif Naciri, Vice President of the Casablanca Community Council, confirmed that Mohammed V Stadium will undergo a rehabilitation process immediately after the end of the African League competitions.

International events
The stadium hosted the following international events:
 * 1983 Mediterranean Games
 * 1983 Palestine Cup of Nations for Youth
 * 1988 African Cup of Nations final
 * 1998 CAF Super Cup
 * 2000 CAF Super Cup
 * 2015 African Amateur Boxing Championships
 * 2017 CAF Champions League Final
 * 2018 CAF Super Cup
 * 2018 African Nations Championship Final
 * 2021 CAF Champions League Final
 * 2022 CAF Champions League Final
 * 2023 CAF Champions League final Second leg
 * 2023 African Football League final first leg

Incident

 * On 21 March 2016, Two people were killed in a fight among Raja CA fans during a match against Chabab Rif Al Hoceima.
 * On 29 April 2023, A 29 year old woman died near the stadium during the 2022–23 CAF Champions League quarter-final between Raja CA and Al Ahly SC.

title: Stade Mohammed V


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Awards and decorations of the United States military

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep; nomination was made in bad faith. --Carnildo 22:50, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Awards and decorations of the United States military
THIS EGOTISTICAL ARTICLE SHOULD BE DELETED. NO ONE CARES WHAT MEDALS THE EMPIRE OF AMERCA GIVES ITS MURDERING SOLDIERS. YOU BASTARDS KILL WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN IRAQ THEN RAPE YOUNG GIRLS IN AFGHANISTAN. WHO GIVES A SHIT THAT YOU GOT THE "AMERICA IS GREAT" MEDAL OR THE "BUSH RIBBON OF VALOR". YOU WILL BURN IN HELL. ALLAH AKBAR!! (Nom by User:207.245.179.141, his first edit on Wikipedia)

 * Keep, the nomination was made out of spite. Regardless of that, the page is displaying the ribbon bars of the various American medals. Most medals will not be notable enough for their own page. Other pages, like Awards and decorations of Belarus, Awards and decorations of the Soviet Union and Polish military awards and decorations, do the same thing, on a smaller scale. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 19:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This is nothing but sheer vandalism. I plan to remove the VFD tag and move for speedy deletion of this page. -Husnock 19:23, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)  By the way...KEEP
 * I do not think it is possible. I am checking to see what we can do legally. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 19:26, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * NVM, it could be done. We just had to revert it as vandalism. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 19:35, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * FOLLOWUP: I highly suspect the person who started this vfd page actually works in my office, thinks Wikipedia is a joke, and did this merely to get a rise out of people. I would highly suggest not taking this very seriously. -Husnock 19:52, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow...err...how do you know (you can email me about this one). Zscout370 (Sound Off) 19:55, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no longer any suspecting now, I know its him. The IP matches his computer. -Husnock 21:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - the text of the VFD nomination almost reads like it might have been writen by a straw-man sock puppet. At any rate, I'm certainly anti-militarism, but the medals are obviously notable.  Blackcats 19:34, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep; POV was the basis for the nomination. jglc | t | c 19:42, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment why does this deletion debate have a speedy notice at the top of it on the WP:VFD/Today page? I can't find it to remove it; records of all vfds should be archived even if they are in speedily kept as being in bad faith. Dunc|☺ 20:04, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) Just found it and removed it. Dunc|☺ 20:07, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * So can an admin come in and close the vote now, due to the nature of the nomination. If that does not happen, do we have to add the vfd tag back on the article? Zscout370 (Sound Off) 20:09, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it silly to take vfds seriously if they are flat out vandalism. If User:VandalMan goes through and slaps a hundred vfd tags on such articles as United States of America, physics, shark, and Earth, would any of those be taken seriously?  Vandal vfdss should be speedy deleted.  That said, can we put back up the speedy delete tag? -Husnock 21:02, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I do not think we can, since it will screw up the VFD page. We can petition the admins to close the debate now and remove it from the main VFD listing. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 21:09, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Obviously keep. Tombride 20:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I wonder if whatever country the nomitator is from awards medals to its soldiers. I think medals are common to just about every military force worldwide. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  20:27, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep as a badfaith nomination. --Scimitar 21:09, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I've removed the listing as clearly having been made in bad faith. --Carnildo 22:48, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Donato Giancola

Donato Giancola (born 1967 ) is an American artist specializing in narrative realism with science fiction and fantasy content, including images for Tolkien's Middle-earth. He has won many Chesley Awards and other honors for his illustrations.

Biography
Donato Giancola was born and raised in Colchester, near Burlington, in the state of Vermont. He has lived in Brooklyn with his wife and two daughters.

Giancola first majored in electrical engineering at the University of Vermont, but left for Syracuse University to seriously pursue painting in 1989. He graduated with a BFA in 1992.

Giancola describes himself and his work as a "classical-abstract-realist working with science fiction and fantasy" and lists Hans Memling, Jan van Eyck, Velázquez, Caravaggio, Vermeer, Piet Mondrian, Rembrandt, Rubens and Titian as his favorite artists.

Giancola has illustrated cards for the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game. He has been described as a "cult hero" among fantasy collectible card game players. In 2008, the Bennington Banner referred to him as "arguably the most popular and successful sci-fi/fantasy artist working today".

In 2021 U.S. Postal Service announced that a "three ounce" stamp featuring Ursula K. Le Guin would be issued later that year, featuring a portrait of Le Guin based on a 2006 photograph, against a background scene from The Left Hand of Darkness, created by Giancola and art director Antonio Alcalá. His paintings of J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy world have been described as making him "the Caravaggio of Middle-earth".

Chesley Awards
Giancola has been awarded a Chesley Award from the Association of Science Fiction & Fantasy Artists in the following years:
 * 1997: Best Cover Illustration, Paperback
 * 1999, 2001: Best Product Illustration
 * 2002: 4 awards inc Best Cover Illustration
 * 2004: Best Cover Illustration
 * 2005: joint winner Best Cover Illustration
 * 2006: Best Cover Illustration
 * 2007: Best Monochrome Work
 * 2008: 5 awards inc Best Cover Illustration
 * 2009: 2 awards inc Best Cover Illustration
 * 2011: Best Interior Illustration
 * 2014: Best Color Work
 * 2015: Best Product Illustration
 * 2016: Best Color Work
 * 2017: Best Product Illustration

Other

 * 2004 Art Renewal Center, International Salon, first place, figurative category.
 * 2004 World Fantasy Award for Best Artist.
 * 2006, 2007, 2009 Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist; also nominated six times.
 * 2008 Hamilton King Award for Excellence, Society of Illustrators.
 * 2024 Tolkien Society Award for Best Artwork for "Frodo's Inheritance".

Art exhibitions

 * Donato Giancola: From Middle Earth to Outer Space and Beyond, Huntsville Museum of Art, 2013-2014.
 * Magical Adventures: Fantasy Art from The Frank Collection, University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
 * Illustrators, The Society of Illustrators Annual Exhibition of Illustration, 128 East 63rd Street, New York, New York. 1999-2004.
 * The Art of 'The Lord of the Rings', Exhibition of book cover and interior illustration, Bailey/Howe Library, University of Vermont, 2002.

Books

 * Middle-Earth: Visions of a Modern Myth (2010), Underwood Books.
 * Middle-Earth: Journeys in Myth and Legend (2019), Dark Horse Books. ISBN 978-1-50671-086-0

title: Donato Giancola


text:
Phra Lak Phra Ram

'Phra Lak Phra Ram' ( ພຣະລັກພຣະຣາມ, pʰrāʔ lāk pʰrāʔ ráːm) is the national epic of the Lao people, an adaptation of the ancient Indian epic Ramayana.

Ramayana reached Laos much later than Cambodia (Reamker) and Thailand (Ramakien) which caused the loss of its original Hindu influence and affected local adaptation. Similar to some Malay versions of the Hikayat Seri Rama, the epic has lost the association with Hinduism and is instead considered a Jataka tale (the Dasaratha Jataka), a previous lifetime of the Buddha.

Names
Phra Lak Phra Ram is named after two principal characters, the brothers Phra Lak, or Lakshaman, and Phra Ram, or Rama. Since Phra Ram is considered the hero, it is believed the altered name was chosen for euphony. Veteran dance performers of Luang Prabang, however, say that Phra Lak comes first in deference to his voluntary assistance of Phra Ram, whose actions were obligatory to his kingship. Since it is also considered a Jataka tale, it is referred to as Phra Ram Xadôk ( ພຣະຣາມຊາດົກ, pʰrāʔ ráːm sáː dók). It was also called Rammakien ( ຣາມມະກຽນ, Ráːm māʔ kian), which is the name for other regional varieties of the Ramayana in general.

Introduction to Laos
Lao legends attribute to the introduction of the Phra Ram Xadôk via the first king of Lan Xang, Chao Fa Ngoum, who arrived with his soldiers, artists, dancers, concubines, poets from musicians from Angkor who would have been familiar with the Reamker. Yet Indic civilizations knew of what is now Yunnan in China, as "Gandhara" no later than the second century B.C. Hindu culture, language and religion spread into that part of the world incident to the cultural achievements of the Sahavahanas (230 BC–AD 220.) Though definitive dates cannot be established for the gradual Tai inland migration from China, transmission of the epic likely occurred much sooner than the traditional date. Tai tribes definitely settled on the fringes of highly Indianized kingdoms of the Mon and Khmer culture, adopting much of Indic learning and knowledge. As those kingdoms receded, the Lao came to venerate the earlier Hindu temples, often decorated in Ramayana and the Mahabharata motifs, such as at Vat Phou in Champassak.

Earlier versions remained somewhat similar to other versions, but by the 18th century, the versions are completely localised. Although Theravada Buddhism was known to the Mekong River Tai tribes as early as the 7th or 8th century B.C., it wasn't until the 14th or 15th centuries that a re-invigorated Theravada Buddhism supplanted earlier animist, Hindu, or Mahayana Buddhist loyalties. This would have also seen introduction of the Dasaratha Jataka, an ancient Buddhist crystallisation of the story. By the 18th century, the manuscripts are completely adapted to Lao culture and Theravada Buddhist religion.

Religious significance
Although the Hindu nature of the Ramayana epic was lost in Laos, it was not completely erased. Indra, Shiva, and Brahma are present in the Phra Ram Xadôk. Lao culture has always been oral and visual, and oral tales were often codified into elaborate dance-dramas by the royal courts. Great influence in dance came from Khmer, Thai, and even Javanese culture, with a slight native flair. In khône and lakhone dance-dramas, the symbolism, costumes, and story are also more attuned to and influenced by Khmer, Thai, and Javanese traditions.

Some versions explicitly announce that it is a Jataka tale, while others are generally assumed to be so. Phra Lak and Phra Ram are the epitome of moral leadership, ethics, selflessness, and living true to dharma. Pha Ram is associated with a previous life of Siddartha Gautama, while his cousin Hapmanasouane (Ravanna) is often compared to Buddha's cousin Phra Thevathat or Buddha's final impasse to enlightenment, Phra Man. The parallels include their religious knowledge and generally moral superiority but also their ruin by greed and desire. Hampanasouane as Mara, the personification of worldly desires who tried to tempt the Buddha during meditation, can be seen in both their searches for lust, power, and material gain. The cosmology and some elements are taken from the Tripitaka, such as the greater role of Indra vis-à-vis Shiva, and Indra asking riddles of religion and Buddhist thought to a young Hapmanasouane. Although important, religiously, it is subordinate to the greater and more chronologically recent Jataka tales of Phra Vet and the annals of the lifetime of Siddhartha Gautama.

Animistic elements are not as apparent in the Phra Lak Phra Ram, but it is noteworthy to point out that the scenery takes place along the Mekong River. She is a great goddess and ancestral spirit that is as sacred and quintessentially 'theirs' as the Ganges is to India and a personification of water, bounty, and life. It was also the King of the Nagas that suggested Phra Ram's father move the capital from Maha Thani Si Pan Phao (modern-day Nong Khai, Thailand) across the bank to Chantaboury Sri Sattanak (modern-day Vientiane). Like most animistic elements, the Nāga is seen in both Buddhist and Hindu-influenced contexts, but worship of nagas predates Indian influence in the region, and are common in folktales of Laos and Isan. A unique version of the Phra Lak Phra Ram, the Khwai Thoraphi focuses very much on Sankhip and Palichane's fight with the water buffalo. It was often read at temple, probably in Buddhism's attempt to replace Lao spirit propitiation ceremonies that involved water buffalo sacrifice.

Influence on culture and art
The importance of Phra Lak Phra Ram to Lao culture can be seen in how ubiquitous it is. It is a mainstay of dance and drama, song, painting, sculpture, religious texts, and manuscripts. It is also seen in the more common arts, such as classical morlam, folklore, and village dances. Scenes from court dancers were performed on Lao New Year celebrations, and other Buddhist holidays. The texts are commonly read during sermons. And the tales themselves have been deeply interwoven into local folklore, myth, and legend. Sculpture, lacquerware, carvings, and paintings adorn temples and palaces. The chapters have been intricately crafted into song and dance and accompanying music. Through the Buddhist elements, Lao beliefs of morality and karma are re-affirmed. The first half of Lao versions also establish the mythology for the creation of the Lao polities, land features, and waterways, and it serves as a transmission of culture.

Main characters
Phra Ram ( ພຣະຣາມ, pʰrāʔ ráːm) Phra Lak ( ພຣະລັກ, pʰrāʔ lāk) Nang Sida ( ນາງສີດາ, náːŋ sǐː daː) Thôtsakane or Hapmanasouane ( ທົດສະກັນ, tʰōt sáʔ kan; ຮາບມະນາສວນ , hȃːp māʔ naː sŭaːn)
 * Son of Thattaratha, brother of Phra Lak, husband of Nang Sida.
 * Son of Thattaratha, brother of Phra Ram.
 * Daughter of Thôtsakane and Nang Chanta, incarnation of Nang Souxada.
 * Soun of Viloun Ha, incarnation of Thao Loun Lo.

Heavenly characters

 * Phra In ( ພຣະອິນ, pʰrāʔ ʔìn)
 * Chief of the gods, mentor of Thao Loun Lo.
 * Phra Isouane or Tapboramèsouane ( ພຣະອີສວນ, pʰrāʔ ʔiː sŭaːn; ຕັບບໍຣະເມສວນ , táp bɔː rāʔ méː sŭaːn)
 * A god who falls to the earth and is the first ruler of Inthapatha Maha Nakhone.
 * Phra Phrôm or Phrômmachak ( ພຣະພຣົມ, pʰrāʔ pʰróm; ພຣົມມະຈັກ , pʰróm mā tɕák)
 * Prince of Muong Thoay, father of several lesser wives of Phra Lak and Phra Ram.
 * Nang Souxada ( ນາງສຸດຊາດາ, sút sáː daː)
 * Wife of Indra who is defiled by Hapmanasouane and vows to seek vengeance in her next life as Nang Sida.
 * Phra Athit ( ພຣະອາທິດ, pʰrāʔ ʔàːtʰīt)
 * The sun god, has affair with Nang Khaysi who bears the sons Sanghkip and Palichane.
 * Phagna Khrout ( ພະຍາຄຸດ, pʰāʔ ɲáː kʰūt)
 * Garuda replaces Jatayu.
 * Manikap ( ມະນີກາບ, māʔ níː kȁːp)
 * The Pegasus-like vahana, or deity mount, of Indra.
 * Phagna Nak ( ພະຍານາກ, pʰāʔ ɲáː nȃːk)
 * King of the Nagas, protector and deity founder of Chao Si Sattanak.

Monkeys
Divine parentage makes these monkeys special. The more formal term for this class of humanoid simians is vanone ( ວານອນ, váː nɔ́ːn). Because of this the male ones take the noble title Thao ( ທ້າວ, tʰȃːo).
 * Hanoumane or Hounlamane ( ຫະນຸມານ, háʔ nū máːn; ຫຸນລະມານ , hŭn lāʔ máːn)
 * Son of Pha Ram and Nang Phéngsi, aids in the search for Nang Sida and the battle with Hampanasouane.
 * Sangkhip ( ສັງຄີບ, săŋ kʰȋːp)
 * Switches the role of Valmiki's Vali, son from the rape of Nang Khaysi by Phra Athit, brother of Palichane.
 * Palichane ( ພະລີຈັນ, pʰāʔ líː tɕan)
 * Switches the role of Valmiki's Sugriva, sone from the rape of Nang Khaysi by Phra Athit, brother of Sangkhip.
 * Nang Phéngsi (ນາງແພງສີ, náːŋ pʰɛ́ːŋ sǐː)

Textual
Due to the fragile nature of organic matter in hot, humid weather, most of these texts have been mostly lost or destroyed. Nevertheless, several texts have been uncovered at Vat Phra Kèo in Vientiane, Vat Kang Tha in Ban Bo Ô, Ban Naxone Tay, Ban Hom, and Vat Nong Bon, in Laos; Roi Et in Thailand, now housed in Bangkok; and a manuscript of the Vientiane version in Phnom Penh. Of these, only Ban Hom and Ban Naxone Tay have complete versions preserved.

Only two modern printed editions exist. The most noted is Sachchidanda Sahai's version, mostly based on the Vat Phra Kèo version. It was printed in 1973 by the patronage of the Indian Embassy in Vientiane. Vietnamese scholar Vo Thu Tinh also published a 1972 version adapted from the manuscript of Vat Kang Tha, and is depicted at Vat Oup Muong in Vientiane. This version has been criticised for being too simplified.

Sister texts
In addition to the Phra Lak Phra Ram, other similar stories are known from Laos.

- In a version of the Tai Lu people preserved in Louang Phrabang, Sita is born as Indra's wife Sujata, who is raped by Ravana and reborn as Ravana's daughter On Hi Slap.
 * Phrômmachak

 * Kuay Toraphi
 * Langka Noy

title: Phra Lak Phra Ram


text:
Talk:Vigil Honor

Removal
I removed the following: "On a average, one out of every fifty to one hundred Order of the Arrow members can expect to be elected as a Vigil Honor Scout during tenure with the OA." I felt that this was both inaccurate and apocryphal. I also removed the stub warning, as I feel the article is well filled out. I'll upload a picture of my Vigil Sash later today, hopefully ArrowmanCoder 18:12, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User Box
I see there is a user box for Vigil Honor wikipedians. Can someone please explain how we can edit the box to get our Vigil Name/translation in it? --Emb021 20:31, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Never mind. Found it.  here is the full box: , which shows you how to put the stuff in it.  --Emb021 20:35, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vigil Honor


text:
User talk:Aaliyahismygurl

hey lisha date_7/28/05

title: User talk:Aaliyahismygurl


text:
Norfolk Collegiate School

Norfolk Collegiate is a coeducational independent day school in Norfolk, Virginia for students in pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. Norfolk Collegiate is accredited by the Virginia Association of Independent Schools (VAIS). It's also a member of the Tidewater Conference of Independent Schools, which includes 10 private schools from the Hampton Roads region of Virginia, as well as a member of the Virginia Independent Schools Athletic Association.

History
Norfolk Collegiate was founded in 1948 as a Carolton Oaks School in Wards Corner section of Norfolk, Virginia. It began as a kindergarten and preschool in a cottage home in Norfolk. By 1963, the school had graduated its first class of seniors, and 10 years later it changed its name to Norfolk Collegiate School to more accurately reflect its college-preparatory mission.

Today, the school is home to 600 students and 100 faculty and staff on two campuses, the middle and upper school (Grades 6-12) at 7336 Granby Street, Norfolk, and the lower school (Pre-K3-Grade 5) at 5429 Tidewater Drive, Norfolk.

The school has several signature programs and learning spaces, such as the lower school's farm-to-table Outdoor Learning Lab, AP Capstone Program, Learning to Evaluate Action Program, the FIRST robotics programs, Design Thinking & Computing, MakerLabs and Summer Internship Program for juniors and seniors.

The middle and upper school is home to the Meredith Center for the Arts, which showcases the school's arts and technology programs and serves as a venue for the Hampton Roads community. It houses a 425-seat theater, communication arts suite, digital arts classrooms, chorus rooms, MakerLab and more.

The latest addition to the school came in September 2015 with the opening of its $2.6 million athletic complex which features two 70x110 yard, competition-sized, pre-lined artificial, lighted turf fields.

Athletics
Norfolk Collegiate's athletic program offers daily physical education for students in kindergarten through grade 12 and focuses on fitness and nutrition. For student-athletes, an additional focus is placed on healthy competition, teamwork, accountability, goal setting and effective communication in team and individual sports.

The athletic program offers more than 50 teams in nearly 20 sports for students in grades 6-12. Students in kindergarten through grade 5 are offered enrichment sports, such as karate, dance, soccer, as well as sport clinics throughout the year. Student-athletes compete in the fall, winter and spring seasons at the middle school, junior varsity and varsity levels.

Collegiate offers the following athletic teams:
 * Sailing (co-ed)
 * Cross Country and Track (co-ed)
 * Tennis (boys and girls)
 * Golf (co-ed)
 * Basketball (boys and girls)
 * Baseball
 * Softball
 * Wrestling
 * Swimming
 * Lacrosse (boys and girls)
 * Field Hockey
 * Soccer (boys and girls)
 * Crew
 * Cheerleading
 * Volleyball

In 2015, the school added a $2.6 million athletic complex becoming the first K-12 school in the Hampton Roads with side-by-side, competition-size turf fields with lights. The 70x110 yard turf fields are pre-lined for soccer, field hockey, women's lacrosse and men's lacrosse. Made of nearly 164,500 square feet of TurfField Classic Slit Film two-inch with an infill mix, the fields also have 6 Musco® lights to allow for night competitions. Bleachers flank the fields and provide seating for 500 spectators, while scoreboards make following game action a breeze. A batting cage offers a designated hitting area for the school's softball and baseball teams.

Student Services
Norfolk Collegiate offers its students myriad opportunities to become involved and to become leaders in the school from student clubs and academics, to the arts and athletics, the opportunities abound for students to become engaged in the life of the school. At the core of the Collegiate experience is integrity, which is guided by the student-led Honor Council. From enrichment programming offered to lower school students to the more than 50+ student-led clubs and sports in the middle and upper school, students may expand their experiences and develop their leadership skills through a variety of avenues.

Summer Programs
Norfolk Collegiate's academic year runs from late August through early June. During the summer, Norfolk Collegiate hosts programs for students, such as Chemistry and college essay writing.

College Counseling
Norfolk Collegiate is a college preparatory school that prepares its students for the world beyond Collegiate by working with each student and his/her parents to find the "right fit" college or university. College counselors guide students through the process from their freshmen year to the day they join the ranks of the more than 3,000 graduates worldwide.

Notable alumni
Some of Norfolk Collegiate's notable alumni include:

1970s
 * Don Chapman '72, Native American lead guitarist/vocalist, lead guitarist/vocalist for Firefall's Rick Roberts and Larry Burnett Reunion
 * Dr. Camden Wood Selig ’79, Old Dominion University Director of Athletics
 * Magnum T. A. (Terry Allen) '77, former NWA United States Heavyweight Champion

1980s
 * Andy Protogyrou '80, Norfolk City Councilman, Hampton Roads General District and Juvenile & Domestic Relations Substitute Judge
 * Barron Segar '80, chief development officer and executive vice president at UNICEF
 * Louise McCleary ’83 - Managing Director of Division III at NCAA
 * Ted Mathas '85, chief executive officer of New York Life Insurance Co.
 * Marcus Miller ’88, jazz percussionist, bandleader and composer
 * Jonathan Pruden '89, CEO TASTE
 * David Uy '89, Executive Director, Chinese American Museum, Washington, DC

1990s
 * Scott Weinstein '91, co-producer of "The Weekend Update" on Saturday Night Live
 * Peter Kay '92, drummer of national tribute band Wayward Sons
 * Brian Bress '93, video artist

2000s
 * David Krohn '02, baritone, Juilliard-trained opera singer
 * Zack Close ’05, executive chef
 * Keith Wright '08, professional basketball player
 * Jay Jones Jr. '06, lawyer, Delegate for the 89th District
 * Brittany Jewel McPherson '06, screenwriter
 * Spencer Tinkham ’11, contemporary sculptor

title: Norfolk Collegiate School


text:
Talk:Mazda Tribute

The timeline from 1st gen to 2nd gen is incomprehensible. The section "Revisions for 2007" starts off "...refreshed for 2005." and continues "...halt production after the 2006 model year." The section "North America (2009-present)" ends with "The 2008...unveiled at the 2007..." etc. It looks like a combination of timeline inaccuracies and confusing model years with production years. If I knew the facts I'd fix it myself, but I don't, so I hope someone else does.... 138.88.73.207 (talk) 14:54, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Why is there a photo for an Escape instead of an actual Tribute? They looks similar, but they have cosmetic differences. --LeoTheLion 18:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 'Cause no one posted a Tribute photo yet. True, the actual vehicle would be preferable...  --SFoskett 01:48, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Makes the intro seem akward --LeoTheLion 21:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There are so many problems with this article it isn't even funny. For starters, the sentence "As of March 31, 2005, 109,610 Tribute and Escape models had been sold worldwide" is complete and utter rubbish. In the year 2004 alone, 183,000 Escapes and 41,000 Tributes were sold in the US. I am therefore removing this sentence.

Secondly, the Tribute has not been discontinued after 2007. In fact, a new facelifted Tribute was just unveiled in February 2006, which will be released later in the year. Press release and photos are here: http://www.globalautoindex.com/news.plt?no=1370#. The CX7 is NOT the successor to the Tribute - they are both completely different types of vehicles and will be sold alongside each other (at least here in Australia).

I am also removing references to the Navajo (or heavily modifying them) as the Tribute is not really a successor to the Navajo. For starters, the Najavo was never available outside of North America, whereas the Tribute is a much more global vehicle. Secondly, the Navajo was a mid-size, American-built SUV, whereas the Tribute is a Japanese-built compact SUV. Completely different vehicle types.

Davez621 07:36, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

New photo of the 2007 Tribute has been put up 60.224.107.243 15:00, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

At The Mazda Dealer
The Mazda MPV had been discontinued and is not being replaced in the 2008 lineup. The Mazda Tribute has been redesigned for 2008 and a picture of the new 2008 Mazda Tribute can be seen at http://www.kingsmazda.com.

--Dj1cincy 15:20, 25 March 2007

323/Protege - Mazda3 626/Capella/Millenia - Mazda6 Tribute - CX-5 & CX-7 MPV - Mazda5 & CX-9 Miata - MX-5 -- Bull-Doser 02:55, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Crossover status
I noticed the beginning of the article classifies the Tribute as a compact SUV, but rather it should be a crossover SUV. Interestingly, the Ford Escape page is the same way. A crossover by definition is a light truck built on a unibody platform, usually front-wheel drive. The page for crossover suv also lists the Tribute and related siblings as crossovers. Just for comparison, an old Kia Sportage or Chevy Tracker would be classified as just a 'compact' SUV, since they're both built on truck platforms and are rear wheel drive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Iamjrm (talk • contribs) 02:56, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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title: Talk:Mazda Tribute


text:
Talk:Livingston Mims

Untitled
I looked in half a dozen books that mentioned him but was not able to confirm this assertion adapted from Franklin Garrett's history:

"During the United States Civil War, Mims was in the Confederate States Navy, serving as a Major on the CSS Alabama."

Everything I saw was army; So, I've removed this. Jolomo 18:15, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Livingston Mims


text:
Tsar Kaloyan, Razgrad Province

Tsar Kaloyan (Цар Калоян ) is a town in northeastern Bulgaria, situated in Razgrad Province near the town of Razgrad. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Tsar Kaloyan Municipality. As of December 2009, the town had a population of 3,856.

The village was named Torlak until 1934 when it was reverted to Tsar Kaloyan. In 1951 it was renamed Hlebarovo. In 1991 the name was reverted to Tsar Kaloyan.

title: Tsar Kaloyan, Razgrad Province


text: Category:Widget toolkits

title: Category:Widget toolkits