text:
Talk:Thammasat University

I think TU's Official motto isn't mean that she want to be the Leader of the society. In my opinion, means TU want to make society the better way together with the university. I, however, really don't know exactly official motto in english. So if it's proper to be like that. Just don't mind.

well, yes, I also agree, but it is quite difficult if one can translate that motto in Thai to match with sound and meaning into English. It is sort of vague, that Eng motto...

As I understand, there is no official motto; the one previously provided was the administrative vision statement and doesn't really qualify as a motto in the context of the word. I have removed it from the page (since it makes little sense as translated).--Paul C 22:45, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

ใครชอบเข้ามาเปลี่ยนภาษาตลกๆอ่ะครับ
ต้องพิจารณาด้วยนะครับ ถ้าหากคุณต้องการเข้ามาเปลี่ยน ไม่แน่ใจเปิดพจนานุกรมหรือถามeducatedเจ้าของภาษาก่อนนะครับ ไม่งั้นมันจะเละเทะ

Part of the article now under the overview section needs clean-up. The descriptive tone also needs to be edited for NPOV.--Paul C 17:57, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Support merge
The faculty stub is small and needs help, which it'll more like get if it's part of the main TU article. Wisekwai 20:20, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Mergers
OK, I've merged the three small articles on the faculties to this page, but left the much longer article on the Institute of Technology, and the stub on the College of Innovative Education, since it does not really add anything to the article. Hopefully, they'll do well on this page. -- Con  Dem Talk 03:06, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Thammasat and NIDA
from http://www.tu.ac.th/intro/about/ :
 * The Institute of Public Administration, offering a postgraduate program, was established in 1955. It was transferred to the National Institute of Development Administration in 1966.

Tha Phrachan/Prachan spellings
There're two spellings of Tha Phrachan in this page, "Tha Phrachan" and "Tha Prachan"

 * 1) which one is officially correct ? (say, by the local authority, Bangkok Metro, etc.)
 * 2) which one is prefered by the university ? (to use as its own campus name)

-- Bact 05:07, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

"Faculty of Engineering" section contains unnecessary details
I don't think we need information like IELTS scores and discount fee percentage here. -- 58.136.73.216 06:06, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Tu(big).jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 02:48, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

6 October 1976 Massacre?
Shouldn't there be a section in this article dedicated to the 6 October 1976 Massacre which occured on the grounds of Thammasat University? —Preceding unsigned comment added by OnTheMantle (talk • contribs) 06:33, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Also, in the text mentioning this massacre, it says images of the hanging were doctored to make the actor look like the crown prince. However on the article about the massacre, it says there is no proof the images were doctored and all surviving original versions look the same. I'm not informed about this topic whatsoever so I have no idea which is true. --86.138.228.53 (talk) 12:56, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * There are no cites for "Several newspapers printed photographs of the mock hanging with, however, one of the students retouched to resemble Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn, an act of lèse-majesté." Anyone got any? How am I meant to know if this is true or not without cites? What about a cite for the resemblance to Varairalongkorn being the trigger for the attack? 124.171.198.7 (talk) 03:01, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

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Support of Fascism
It would be great if someone could include Thammasat's recent history and its slide towards supporting more and more fascism and military juntas in Thailand. It's fact that the head of Thammasat is a member of the Junta-appointed government. In addition, a retired professor who is the wife of a former top Thai general has been assisting in the running of the Liberal Arts faculty. It is unclear what her influence is. There are also many faculty who participated in groups who supported the overthrow of previous elected governments. The campus had military and police on campus monitoring students yet there was no outcry of civil rights violations by the administration or most faculty. The evidence is clear that Thammasat has accepted the current dictatorship since before the takeover. The university promotes itself as offering more freedom and as being more open and tolerant of alternative ideas but these days that is absolutely not true. Thammasat is a supporter of fascism. NaturalEquality (talk) 05:14, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Strong accusations. Got sources? Seligne (talk) 08:36, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

→ Well, as I noted the head of TU has two jobs. One is heading the university and the other is in the NLA, the junta's regime. There was no resistance to this from staff. I know there are staff members who are against this but TU has a lot of ultra royalists throughout the various faculties who put fear in the air. At this point, there is peace and quiet but it wasn't as if there weren't many who would like to have said something earlier on. You can do a search to see how many faculty members fled abroad or stayed abroad as the coup occurred. Dr Somsak, probably the most outspoken professor had to flee. Thammasat tried to take away his pension as he had not reported back to Thailand at the start of the following semester after initially going abroad. Where was Thammasat's protection for alternative views then. It let the junta threaten its people. This went on prior the coup even happening. Thammasat is not a university that protects free speech. The first term after the coup, a few students tried to protest on campus at some of the buildings with classrooms. The university leaders let plainclothes military hunt them down on campus. One Thammasat student was arrested by plainclothes soldiers or police just outside the campus gate on another occasion. Some of these events were covered in the media so there should be evidence there too. The best way to find out more about what happened on campus would be to talk to staff, teachers, cleaners, security guards and students but of course questions will infuriate the fanatical fascist staff who don't want a different version of the truth to come out. Still, the evidence of the Head of Thammasat in the NLA says enough. Mahidol university had a faculty dean who was planning on working for the junta's regime as well but there there was enough resistance to stop him from doing it. The history is there. Overall, Thammasat is open to fascism of the present military junta in control of Thailand. NaturalEquality (talk) 05:45, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * See for example this Bangkok Post article. I won't characterise the criticism as the university supporting Fascism/dictatorship/whatever. It's more like the administration failing to live up to the university's traditionally claimed reputation as a bastion of liberty. --Paul_012 (talk) 14:48, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

"Economic Corridor Comprehensive Healthcare Industry Zone" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Economic Corridor Comprehensive Healthcare Industry Zone. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. signed,Rosguill talk 22:19, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thammasat University


text:
Geoffrey Toone

Geoffrey Toone (15 November 1910 – 1 June 2005) was an English character actor and former matinee idol, born in Ireland. Most of his film roles after the 1930s were in supporting parts, usually as authority figures, though he did play the lead character in the Hammer Films production The Terror of the Tongs in 1961.

Life and career
Toone was born in Dublin, Ireland to English parents and was educated at Charterhouse School and Christ's College, Cambridge. He served in the Royal Artillery during World War II, but was invalided out in 1942. Toone's notable appearances include:
 * As Sir Edward Ramsay in the musical film The King and I (he dances with Deborah Kerr in the banquet sequence, much to the annoyance of the King).
 * As retired boxer and pimp Denny Lipp in "Jeff", a noteworthy 1960 episode of the TV series The Westerner, produced, directed and co-written by Sam Peckinpah. The episode also featured in a small role Warren Oates, who became a Peckinpah stalwart.
 * The BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who:
 * As Temmosus in the film of Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965)
 * As Hepesh in the television story The Curse of Peladon in 1972.
 * In Freewheelers as the Nazi officer Karl von Gelb who continually tries to avenge Germany's World War II defeat.
 * As R. A. Crichton in "The Greasy Pole", a 1981 episode of Yes Minister.
 * As Lord Ridgemere, owner of the stately home where Delboy and Rodney dropped a chandelier in the Only Fools and Horses episode, "A Touch of Glass".
 * As Lord Bittlesham, a recurring character in the TV adaptation of P. G. Wodehouse's Jeeves and Wooster.

Death
He died from natural causes, aged 94, at Denville Hall in Northwood, London. At the time of his death, Toone was one of the last survivors of the Old Vic theatre company of the 1930s, having appeared alongside the likes of John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier in productions of Shakespeare. At the time, he was also the longest-lived actor to have appeared in Doctor Who. For many years he had shared a house with his close friend, the actor Frank Middlemass. "To their general amusement", they were often mistaken to be lovers, but in fact were not.

Selected filmography

 * Queer Cargo (1938) .... Lieutenant Stocken
 * Luck of the Navy (1938) .... Commander Clive Stanton
 * Night Journey (1938) .... Johnny Carson
 * Sword of Honour (1939) .... Bill Brown
 * Poison Pen (1940) .... David
 * An Englishman's Home (1940) .... Peter Templeton
 * Hell Is Sold Out (1951) .... Swedish Consulate Clerk
 * The Woman's Angle (1952) .... Count Cambia
 * The Great Game (1953) .... Jack Bannerman
 * The Man Between (1953) .... Martin Mallison
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955) (Season 1 Episode 5: "Into Thin Air" aka "The Vanishing Lady") - Basil Farnham
 * Captain Lightfoot (1955) .... Captain Hood
 * Diane (1956) .... Duke of Savoy
 * The King and I (1956) .... Sir Edward Ramsey
 * Johnny Tremain (1957) .... Major Pitcairn
 * Zero Hour! (1957) .... Dr. Baird
 * Murder at Site 3 (1959) .... Sexton Blake
 * Once More, with Feeling! (1960) .... Dr. Richard Hilliard
 * The Entertainer (1960) .... Harold Hubbard
 * The Terror of the Tongs (1961) .... Captain Jackson Sale
 * Captain Sindbad (1963) .... Mohar
 * Echo of Diana (1963) .... Colonel Justin
 * Dr. Crippen (1963) .... Mr. Tobin
 * Blaze of Glory (1963) .... Roche
 * The River Line (1964) .... Julian
 * Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965) .... Temmosus
 * The Scarlet Pimpernel (1982) .... Marquis de St. Cyr
 * The Stone Carriers (1982) .... Narrator

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Geoffrey Toone


text:
Evaluation apprehension model

The evaluation apprehension theory was proposed by Nickolas B. Cottrell in 1972. He argued that we quickly learn that the social rewards and punishments (for example, in the form of approval and disapproval) that we receive from other people are based on their evaluations of us. On this basis, our arousal may be modulated. In other words, performance will be enhanced or impaired only in the presence of persons who can approve or disapprove of our actions.

Feelings of concern about evaluation nearly always occur when in the presence of others. However, in 1968, Cottrell tried to separate these variables in an experiment. He found that there was no social facilitation effect on three well-learned tasks performed by a participant when there were two other persons (part of the study) blindfolded and supposedly preparing for a perception study. The participants would perform the same as the participants who were to perform the three well-learned tasks alone. Dominant responses (sharper and quicker) were given mainly by participants who had to perform the three tasks in the presence of spectators who seemed interested and who were able to see the participant perform the tasks.

People may experience evaluation apprehension when they are part of a negatively stereotyped group and involved in a stereotype-linked activity. For example, women taking a math test may not perform to their full potential because of concerns regarding women's stereotyped difficulties with math. In this situation, evaluation apprehension is called stereotype threat. Stereotype threat can also occur in private, whereas evaluation apprehension cannot.

Evaluation apprehension can affect subjects' behavior in psychological experiments, and can lead to invalid causal inference. Rosenberg defined evaluation apprehension as "an active, anxiety-toned concern that he [the subject] win a positive evaluation from the experimenter, or at least that he provide no grounds for a negative one." As a result, subjects have conformed less in conformity studies and exhibited quicker conditioning in conditioning studies as part of a positive self-presentation.

Other research on evaluation apprehension has shown that, when they must make a choice, subjects are more concerned with presenting themselves in a favorable light (this has been called the apprehensive hypothesis, the "good subject role").

Concern with giving a positive self-presentation is also implicit in the social desirability bias. This bias is the tendency to give the "socially desired response" (e.g., a response that would typically be considered well-adjusted) in answering items on personality measures. This response set is important for personality researchers because it threatens valid interpretation of test results.

The manipulation of evaluation apprehension
To study the causal influence of evaluation apprehension in experimental designs, experimenters frequently have to try to manipulate this variable. By creating differing levels of evaluation apprehension, researchers can assess its effect on, and interaction with, other variables, such as self-esteem and manifest anxiety. To heighten participants' evaluation apprehension, experimenters create situations in which participants perceive themselves as being publicly judged. For example, Kim et al. (2010)'s tested the effect of apprehension on making positive self-evaluations. Specifically, they studied the effect of evaluation apprehension between two groups: people from collectivistic cultures and people from individualistic cultures. To manipulate evaluation apprehension, they raised and lowered the level of evaluation apprehension depending on if participants were alone or with a group of people when they were asked to make positive self-evaluations.

An indirect manipulation of evaluation apprehension is demonstrated in Leary et al. (1987)'s study of evaluation apprehension on social-esteem and self-esteem. One's social-esteem is how one is evaluated by others, or at least how one perceives that one is being perceived by others. Until recently, scholars hypothesized that the model of social-esteem directly contrasted the model of self-esteem, one's evaluation of oneself. There is some consensus that social-esteem is influenced by evaluation apprehension given that they are both related to a person's apprehension of being evaluated by others. However, recent research shows that evaluation apprehension can also influence general self-esteem. Leary et al. conducted an experiment in which participants were told that they would be taking a test that could threaten their ego and that either "only they, only another individual, both they and the other individual, or no one would see their test score". By varying the perceived audience, the researchers indirectly manipulated evaluation apprehension. Leary et al. thus hoped to create conditions that tested the effects of differing levels of evaluation apprehension on social-esteem and self-esteem. Before the test began, the participants were all assessed on their level of evaluation apprehension. The purpose of the study was then to determine how one's evaluation apprehension was affected by a threat to one's self-esteem, social-esteem, both, or neither.

The results of Leary et al. (1987)'s study showed a significant increase in evaluation apprehension for participants with both the self-viewing condition and the peer-viewing condition. Participants in the peer-viewing condition were told that they would be evaluated by others; participants in the self-viewing condition were told that they would be evaluated by themselves. This effect was similarly found for the self-viewing and social-viewing condition, but not for the condition in which no one would view the results. These results demonstrate that one may be able to alter evaluation apprehension by manipulating social-esteem and self-esteem.

Evaluation apprehension as a moderator
Recent research has shown that there is a negative correlation between social desirability and manifest anxiety. Studies have demonstrated that evaluation apprehension may moderate this relationship. When evaluation apprehension is lowered, a much smaller relationship between these two variables is found. Therefore, evaluation apprehension is positively correlated to the relationship between social desirability and manifest anxiety. This does not imply that evaluation apprehension is the reason why a person has more anxiety when they have more social desirability. However, this correlation does imply that someone with high desirability is more likely to have manifest anxiety when there is high evaluation apprehension rather than in cases of low evaluation apprehension.

Other studies have revealed that there is a relationship between collectivism and corruption. Recent research has shown that evaluation apprehension may moderate this association. Collectivistic values and one's willingness to act in a corrupted way positively correlate in some studies and negatively correlate in others. Researchers are unsure how to interpret these mixed results. However, Huang et al. (2015) believed that evaluation apprehension was the third variable that was moderating the relationship. They hypothesized that there would be a negative correlation between collectivism and corruption when evaluation apprehension was high because of the fear of being judged for being corrupt by the other people of one's culture. On the other hand, they hypothesized that there would be a positive correlation when evaluation apprehension was low because people would have low fear of judgment from others for being corrupt. Therefore, the researchers conducted an experiment that tested the relationship between collectivism and corruption with the independent variable being evaluation apprehension. All of the conditions in the experiment contained situations where collectivistic values and one's willingness to act corruptly were tested, the conditions only differed in the amount of evaluation apprehension they contained. Numerous experiments were completed by Huang et al. and the experiment based on bribery scenarios found corroborating results with the experiment based on a bribery game containing real money. Both experiments produced significant results which indicate that collectivism only facilitated corruption when there was low evaluation apprehension. Although this is only one study, the fact that high levels of evaluation apprehension inhibit collectivism facilitating corruption provides further supporting evidence that evaluation apprehension can sometimes act as a moderator.

The effects of evaluation apprehension on behavior
The presence of evaluation apprehension can cause some people to act abnormally. Their behavior may be altered from the norm by increasing evaluation apprehension even if the rest of the context remains unchanged. Evaluation apprehension can change behavior both beneficially and detrimentally in laboratory and work settings. Recent research has suggested that at times the true effects of a treatment being tested in an experiment can be influenced by evaluation apprehension. Sometimes, the participants' knowledge that they are in an experiment leads them to experience evaluation apprehension. Their apprehensive feelings of being evaluated results in them acting in a different manner than they would in normal life, thereby leading to false data.

Evaluation apprehension can affect the behavior of people differently depending on their culture and other factors. Research indicates that evaluation apprehension is a primary determinant of individual differences in the ability to make positive self-evaluations among Western and Eastern cultures. Western cultures tend to be more individualistic in nature and therefore the people of those cultures have an easier time making public, positive self-evaluations. The individualistic nature of those cultures encourages people who reside in them to make public, positive self-evaluations because of a lack of social/societal judgment when they do. Eastern cultures, on the other hand, tend to be more collectivistic in nature and therefore the people of those cultures are less likely to make public, positive self-evaluations than they are to make private self-evaluations. This may be due to evaluation apprehension. The collectivistic nature of those cultures discourages praising oneself, so such people are discouraged from public self-praise from fear of being evaluated negatively. Studies have revealed that when these people are in a more private setting where they do not have evaluation apprehension they are more likely to make positive self-evaluations.

Benefits and detriments of evaluation apprehension
Although it is commonly believed that evaluation apprehension is largely detrimental, research demonstrates that evaluation apprehension can have both positive and negative effects on social interactions. Evaluation apprehension can be useful at times in spite of its tendency to create anxiety. At high levels, evaluation apprehension can inform people that the situation is important and that they should focus attention on whatever stressor is causing the heightened levels of evaluation apprehension. Research indicates that a person is less easily distracted when they have a heightened level of evaluation apprehension and can therefore be more easily persuaded. Eliminating such distraction creates a higher level of understanding of the presented argument. At the same time, this heightened level of attention can create anxiety. Thus, evaluation apprehension leads to an amplified level of attention that is both beneficial and detrimental.

title: Evaluation apprehension model


text:
ArmaLite AR-50

The ArmaLite AR-50 is a .50 BMG, single-shot, bolt-action anti-materiel rifle manufactured by ArmaLite.

Design
The AR-50 rifle utilizes its weight and a large, fluted muzzle brake to reduce recoil. The AR-50 weighs approximately 34 pounds and is a single-shot bolt-action rifle. The barrel is thick and rigid to prevent it from flexing. All AR-50 barrels use 1:15 right hand rifling.

The receiver features Armalite's octagonal design, strengthening the receiver against flexing. The receiver is bedded to the V-shaped stock, while the barrel is free-floated above the forend. The three-piece AR-50 stock is constructed from aluminum. It features an extruded forend and a skeleton butt stock with a removable and vertically adjustable butt plate.

ArmaLite updated the rifle to the AR50-A1B model, which featured a smoother action and a more heavily reinforced muzzle brake. The newer bolt stop could be depressed by hand to release the bolt. The AR50-A1B was designed for long-range shooting, primarily firing the .50 BMG round.

ArmaLite manufactures the rifle in several configurations:
 * AR-50A1 chambered for standard .50 BMG
 * AR-50A1L, chambered for standard .50 BMG, left-handed version
 * AR-50-A1BNM, chambered for standard .50 BMG with refinements for using match grade ammunition
 * AR-50-A1B-416, chambered for .416 Barrett

Advertising
The Italian Minister of Culture criticized Armalite in 2014 for running an advertisement depicting Michelangelo's David holding an AR-50A1. The Minister sent a legal notice and urged Armalite to withdraw it. The Italian government holds David's copyright, and Italian law says that "the aesthetic value of the work cannot be distorted", according to the director of the Accademia Gallery. The corporate parent of Armalite, Strategic Armory Corps, issued a statement apologizing for the advertisement, which it said was in "poor taste" and had been dropped.

title: ArmaLite AR-50


text:
User talk:Aliens1234

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this:. Four tildes ( ~ ) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! sars 11:28, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Aliens1234


text:
Talk:Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience

Untitled
It appears user 194.83.138.251, at 12.02 on 21 Dec 04 borrowed the entirety of an article on the history of the Institute of Psychiatry from their in house magazine, Viewpoint, published late November 2004. The article starts on page 13 of the PDF. Found through using Google to look up some text. --Coffeelover 11:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I work there and was involved with the writing of Viewpoint at that time. If this is a copyright issue I can secure this. Please get in touch if this would be helpful. I will also ask someone to expand this. --PaulWicks 19:15, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

I've had the all clear to use this material from the journalist who wrote it, Jane Smith from Inside Out. Errr, I don't really know how to post that up in a particularly authoritative fashion, after all I might be making it up! But I'm not, honestly. I've worked with Jane on a few things and she's very nice. May I may be struck down by wiki-lightning if I'm lying. --PaulWicks 16:59, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Update: Ah, now someone else has said that we should use more current content. I will write something soon... --PaulWicks 17:32, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Could Neuropath get a mention? Notreallydavid 03:19, 8 December 2006 (UTC) (I worked in Neuroscience from '87 to '89, not that that's relevant here.)

Oh, and Psychological Medicine. Notreallydavid 03:24, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

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Commercial bandwidth

Commercial bandwidth is a term for the regular capacity of the telephone network required for intelligible speech. It was defined as 300 to 3,400 hertz, although the modern PSTN is theoretically capable of transmitting from 0 to 7,000 Hz using ISDN.

title: Commercial bandwidth


text:
Talk:Aguinaldo, Ifugao

Article has been kept following this VfD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:31, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Aguinaldo, Ifugao


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Talk:Total power exchange

There's no obvious reason why this needs the "(BDSM)" disambig so will move to correct location of Total Power Exchange as there is nothing at that title other than a redirect here (WP policy not to have bits on the end where not needed and not part of a project). --Vamp:Willow 11:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * done. all links sorted and TPE restructed / corrected too! --Vamp:Willow 11:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I agree.. Total power exchange and 24/7 would be the same thing.

Merging?
Regarding merging with 24/7 (BDSM), it would seem to me that's an aspect of TPE and therefore should be a section within here. (Or to put it another way, is there any case where 24/7 lifestyle wouldn't fall under TPE?) -RJFerret 08:14, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Re: The merge with 24/7 (BDSM), I agree with RJFerret, I am unaware of any relationship which could be qualified as 24/7 that would not fall outside of TPE. Awaiting other responses--AaronDeVore 09:01, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

The exact definition of TPE doesn't exist, but it is absolutely not the same as 24/7. 24/7 simply means the slave is living as a slave 24 hours a day, rather than merely in the bedroom, or just while at home in private. Although the definition of TPE is argued over, the basic outline is the slave having to obey all orders whatever they may be, even disregarding otherwise hard limits. It is perfectly possible to be 24/7 without TPE and there are many many 24/7 slaves who are like that, it is also possible, to be TPE without being 24/7, although this is rare. 24/7 and TPE should not be merged.

--Restepc

Wipi External Links
I changed the link to "Internally Enslaved" to match it's external link format. I believe it was a bit of an easter egg link, and problematic to take someone from wikipedia to a BDSM site without any indication. - milovoo

Is this really noteworthy, outside of a fetish community?

title: Talk:Total power exchange


text:
User:Paulo Oliveira/2005 May

Re: Bots
Everything you want to know is at Bots. There is information regarding the pywikipedia bot framework, which is written in Python. I would also be happy to collaborate on any suggestions or programs you have in mind. -- AllyUnion (talk) 23:45, 25 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, some of the pywikipedia framework has some of that done. You can look at Python's online tutorial at the Python website. -- AllyUnion (talk) 10:25, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Paulo Oliveira/2005 May


text:
User:Me and

me_and (sometimes rendered Me and for technical reasons) has been a Wikipedia editor since 2005. a WikiOgre, meaning they will switch between high and low levels of editing activity with little warning or apparent cause, depending on life outside of Wikipedia. Nonetheless they will always (eventually) see messages on their talk page.

As a long-standing editor, me_and occasionally considers adminship as an additional way to help the community, but not currently have those privileges. have pending change reviewer permissions.

For the avoidance of doubt, me_and is a single person; the only user of this Wikipedia account, and  no other Wikipedia accounts. used this handle since the late 1990s, and despite the confusion it occasionally causes, to use it for reasons of continuity.

Background
me_and grew up in Merseyside, before leaving to attend university at Worcester College, Oxford, where they initially studied for a master's degree in mathematics, before converting in their final year to mathematics and computer science. began editing Wikipedia in their first year at university.

On graduation, me_and moved to Enfield to work for Metaswitch, where to work.

In their spare time, me_and enjoys live action roleplaying, board games, and working on personal programming projects.

Interests
me_and performs a variety of work on Wikipedia. can frequently be found tidying up article formatting and style, particularly relating to citations, and will also work on content in areas where subject expertise, such as in the areas of software development or IP telephony.

Since 2013, me_and has been enjoying writing biographies of notable LGBT people, based off lists such as The Independent on Sunday ' s "Rainbow List" and The Guardian/Square Peg Media's "World Pride Power List". These articles include Paris Lees, the existence of which Lees has stated helped her get in touch with her long-lost grandfather.

Conflicts of interest
me_and tends to focus editing on areas of particular interest to them, but it is worth noting that particular conflicts of interest in certain areas. To help maintain a neutral point of view, to always include reliable sources for changes that have any chance of being controversial, regardless of whether there is any possible conflict of interest.

In the event that another Wikipedia editor thinks me_and is breaching Wikipedia's conflict of interest guidelines, me_and is happy for that editor to revert the edits as a first step without discussing it first. Nonetheless, they would appreciate a message on their talk page if such a revert is necessary.

Non-financial conflicts of interest

 * , to varying extents, the authors Frances Hardinge and Adrian Czajkowski, the singer CN Lester, and the sports person Kelly Morgan.

 * contacted the subjects of some of the biographical articles written, to let them know the article exists, to reassure them about Wikipedia's "Biographies of living persons" policy, or to ask them if they would be willing to provide a photograph suitable for Wikipedia. As a result of this, me_and has occasionally made changes to articles at the subject's request, but only when the changes have been obviously uncontroversial, or have been supported by independent, reliable sources (and  refused to make changes they could not verify met these criteria).

Financial conflicts and paid editing
me_and is an employee of Metaswitch as a software developer. In general, editing Wikipedia is not part of their job and they receive no reward from Metaswitch for doing so.

In 2015, the company's marketing department contacted me_and for help as an experienced Wikipedia editor. As a result, me_and is working on improving the article on work time. still absolutely committed to maintaining neutral point of view and remaining in line with the rules on conflicts of interest and paid editing.

In this, me_and considers their role as being essentially that of a minor Wikipedian in Residence; it is far from being his primary role in the company, but other than bringing other editors on-site, already fulfilling the core characteristics of a Wikipedian in Residence – liaising between the company and the community, helping the company understand Wikipedia and Wikipedia processes, encouraging others to become editors, etc etc.

, me_and has not made any paid edits to article space, but has begun editing at User:me_and/Metaswitch on company time. Any paid edits will be clearly flagged as such (and it can accordingly be assumed that any edits that aren't clearly flagged are not paid edits), and they strongly advocates for other editors within the company to do similarly. Additionally, they will make any potentially controversial edits through the edit request process.

Current and future projects
me_and maintains a list of things either currently working on or  planning on working on in the near future. , that list is as follows:

 * List of SIP response codes, which needs its presentation and citations cleaning up.
 * Maia (video game), which needs updating and expanding.
 * Complete the rewrite of Metaswitch at User:me_and/Metaswitch and get it moved back to article space
 * Biographies of people listed in The Independent on Sunday ' s Pink and Rainbow Lists, and other such similar award lists, which need writing or expanding. Next up are:
 * Phyll Opoku-Gyimah
 * Ashley Steel
 * Work on Boy Meets Girl (BBC TV series) and associated articles
 * Work on All About Trans
 * Finish User:me_and/Sex Workers' Opera and move it to article space
 * Write articles for red links on Dastan Kasmamytov (at a very brief glance, they all look like they meet the general notability guideline, although that hasn't been thoroughly checked)
 * Global Forum on MSM & HIV
 * Eurasian Coalition on Male Health
 * Kyrgyz Indigo
 * Labrys (organization)
 * Bishkek Feminist Collective SQ

Articles started
The below articles are ones that were initially created by me_and.

Biographies

 * Georges Azzi
 * Suran Dickson
 * Dastan Kasmamytov
 * Paris Lees
 * CN Lester
 * Riley Carter Millington
 * Tom Preston-Werner
 * Rebecca Root
 * Jonathan Rosenberg (SIP author)
 * Anthony George Watson

Others

 * All About Trans
 * Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland
 * Boy Meets Girl (BBC TV series)
 * Eisenfunk
 * Electrowerkz
 * ISO/IEC 7813
 * King George V College
 * The Lie Tree
 * Maia (video game)
 * My Transsexual Summer
 * Reiss (brand)
 * Silent Opera
 * Verdigris Deep

Significant article contributions
The below articles are those where me_and made a significant contribution to the content of an article, either through their initial article write-up, or through a significant rewrite of the article.

 * @MAX SyncUp
 * Be like Bill
 * Boy Meets Girl (BBC TV series)
 * Cow tipping
 * Paris Lees
 * CN Lester
 * List of SIP response codes
 * Maia (video game)
 * Kelly Morgan (athlete)
 * Anthony George Watson

Significant other contributions

 * Birth based on age as of date

Source access
me_and has access to the below resources, and happy to take requests to look up information.

 * Direct subscriptions:
 * Which?
 * Resources available to University of Oxford Alumni, including:
 * JSTOR
 * The Wall Street Journal
 * The Economist
 * Publications from Cambridge University Press, Palgrave Macmillan and Emerald
 * Resources available to Bodleian Library readers, including:
 * The Bodleian Libraries themselves
 * Some University of Oxford college and department libraries
 * Resources available through the Enfield Library Service, including:
 * The Oxford English Dictionary
 * Encyclopædia Britannica Online
 * LexisNexis
 * Ancestry.co.uk
 * Findmypast
 * TheGenealogist
 * The Financial Times
 * The Times Digital Archive
 * British Newspaper Archive

Tools
To help editing Wikipedia, me_and has created a small number of useful tools:

 * User:me_and/Common citations has lists of citations that me_and may want again for projects working on, including both displayed versions and code versions ready to copy-paste. Thanks to transclusion trickery, there are different subpages to provide different date formats for compliance with the Manual of Style.

Opinions
me_and prefers to use List-defined references for citations; in the progress of writing a short essay on their reasoning.

title: User:Me and


text:
Telethon Kids Institute

The Telethon Kids Institute is an Australian medical research institute focused on the prevention of paediatric disease and the development of improved treatments to improve the health and wellbeing of children. Telethon Kids has developed a particular focus on Aboriginal health and has more than 500 staff, post-graduate students and visiting scholars. Telethon Kids is located in the suburb of Nedlands, in the Perth Children's Hospital building. Telethon Kids is an independent not-for-profit, non-government organisation with close affiliations with the University of Western Australia and the Perth Children's Hospital. It is named after the Channel Seven Perth Telethon.

Established in 1990 by Professor Fiona Stanley, the director of the institute since July 2012 is Professor Jonathan Carapetis. Stanley presently holds the role of Patron.

Research
Research at the Telethon Kids Institute is grouped around four major research focus areas:
 * Aboriginal Health
 * Brain & Behaviour
 * Chronic Diseases of Childhood
 * Early Environment

The Telethon Kids Institute is committed to ensuring that the benefits of its research are translated into real therapies and policies to improve the health and wellbeing of children. Since its establishment in 1990, researchers at the Institute have published more than 2600 scientific papers and advocated on behalf of children and families. Some highlights include:

 * Discovering that folate can prevent spina bifida;
 * Hib meningitis vaccination;
 * Improving outcomes for Aboriginal babies and children;
 * Researching IVF outcomes;
 * Leading the world in the understanding, treatment and prevention of asthma;
 * Developing programs to reduce youth suicide;
 * Determining causes for cerebral palsy;
 * Improving the life chances for children with cystic fibrosis;
 * Increasing survival rates for children with leukaemia.

The institute is a research hub for prominent scientists such as Patrick Holt, as well as the home of one of the largest longitudinal cohort studies, the Raine Study, which has been following the lives of thousands of children for more than 20 years.

Location
Telethon Kids is co-located with the Perth Children's Hospital within the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre site in, Western Australia, with which it collaborates closely. The new building is adjacent to the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital. The institute moved in 2018 after the closure of the Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, and moved to the current site to continue to enhance collaboration with researchers and other clinicians located at the new site.

Ongoing collaborations exist with the University of Western Australia (UWA) Department of Paediatrics, Curtin University and the Channel Seven Perth Telethon, a major funding partner.

History
Formed in 1990 on the grounds of Princess Margaret Hospital (old nurses quarters) when Professor Fiona Stanley and a group of population scientists (epidemiologists) from UWA joined a group of lab based researchers from the hospital and formed the WA Research Institute for Child Health (WARICH). By 1994, due to rapid success and expansion, it became clear that a purpose-built facility was required. A$11.2 million was raised from West Australian corporates and individuals through a capital campaign (where money was pledged over a 5-year period) with the state and federal governments then matching this with A$11.2 million each. The land was purchased from Perth Modern School, construction began in 1998, and the building was opened in February 2000. The original A$11.2 million raised through the capital campaign was invested in a capital account which earns interest to maintain infrastructure.

Channel 7's Telethon was the biggest single donor to the capital campaign (A$5 million over 5 years) and in recognition of this, the name was changed to the Telethon Institute for Child Health Research.

2016 immunisation seminar
In May 2016 the Telethon Kids Institute held an informational immunisation seminar in Perth. Anti-vaccination activists reportedly hijacked the event, "abusing researchers and branding them liars" and forcing the event to close early. An editorial in The West Australian called it an "ugly disruption" and said that "those who oppose vaccination programs, especially through the use of the tactics displayed on Monday, should examine their consciences".

title: Telethon Kids Institute


text:
Heinrich Ehrler

Heinrich Ehrler (14 September 1917 – 4 April 1945) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. As a fighter ace, he is credited with 208 enemy aircraft shot down in over 400 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front, with nine claims over the Western Front which included eight in the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter.

Born in Oberbalbach, Ehrler grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany as one of 12 children in his family. He joined the military service in the Wehrmacht in 1935, initially serving with the artillery and anti-aircraft artillery. He participated in the Spanish Civil War and following the outbreak of World War II transferred to the Jagdwaffe (fighter force). Following flight training, he was posted to the 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77–77th Fighter Wing), and later reassigned to 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5–5th Fighter Wing).

Scapegoated for the loss of the German battleship Tirpitz, Ehrler was court-martialled, stripped of his command and sentenced to three years and two months  (honorable imprisonment). Ehrler's sentence was later commuted and his loss of rank rescinded, and in February 1945 he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7–7th Fighter Wing). According to his fellow pilots, Ehrler thereafter flew in the increasingly desperate air battles without the purpose and dedication that had made him one of the Luftwaffe's most successful aces. On 4 April 1945, he claimed his last three victories by shooting down two Allied bombers and destroying a third by ramming with his damaged aircraft having run out of ammunition.

Early life and career
Ehrler was born on 14 September 1917 in Oberbalbach, today part of Lauda-Königshofen, in the district of Tauberbischofsheim of the Grand Duchy of Baden. He was one of eight children of a laborer. When his mother died, his father married again. The second marriage added four more children to the family.

Following a vocational education as a butcher, Ehrler joined the military service of the Wehrmacht on 29 October 1935. He initially served with the 7th battery of Artillerie-Regiment 25 (25th artillery regiment) in Ludwigsburg, a regiment of the 25th Infantry Division. He then transferred to the Luftwaffe where he served with Flak-Regiment 8 (8th anti-aircraft artillery regiment) from 7 April to 1 November 1936.

From 2 November 1936 to 15 August 1937, Ehrler served with the 3./Flakabteilung 88 (3rd company of the 88th anti-aircraft department) of the Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil War. Following this assignment, he then served with the 14./Flak-Regiment 5 (14th company of the 5th anti-aircraft artillery regiment) from 24 August 1938 to 1 August 1939. He was then posted to 1./Reserve-Flakabteilung 502 (1st company of the 502nd reserve anti-aircraft battalion) on 2 August 1939.

World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Ehrler, who was still serving with the anti-aircraft artillery, requested transfer to the fighter force of the Luftwaffe on 3 January 1940. His transfer request was accepted and he underwent flight training from 1 February to 4 November 1940. During this training period he was promoted to Feldwebel (staff sergeant) on 1 July and to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 January 1941.

On 1 February 1941, Ehrler was posted to 4. Staffel (4th Squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77–77th Fighter Wing), later redesignated to 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5–5th Fighter Wing), based in Norway. There, he scored his first victory in May 1941 and was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) on 19 September 1941. JG 77 supported X. Fliegerkorps (under Luftflotte 5) in operations against Britain from bases in Norway, often providing fighter cover for Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber attacks against British shipping. JG 77 was restructured as JG 5 Eismeer in January 1942.

War on the Arctic Front
Ehrler claimed his second victory on 19 February 1942. He led a patrol of three aircraft of 4. Staffel and shot down a Polikarpov I-18. On 30 April, 4. Staffel flew a combat air patrol along the Kirov Railway (Murman Railway). Near Loukhi, they encountered six Hawker Hurricane fighters from the 17 GvSAP (Gvardeyskiy Smeshannyy Aviatsionnyy Polk—Guards Composite Aviation Regiment). Three Hurricane fighters were shot down, including one by Ehrler. On 17 May, he claimed a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter aircraft shot down. Ehrler was escorting Ju 87 dive bombers from I. Gruppe of Sturzkampfgeschwader 5 to the area of Kandalaksha. However, the aircraft shot down was a misidentified Hurricane fighter from 760 IAP (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk) piloted by Serzhant A. I. Bazarov. In late May, Ehrler was transferred to 6. Staffel of JG 5 which was based at Petsamo.

The Allied Convoy PQ 16, consisting of 35 merchant vessels headed from Hvalfjörður in Iceland to Murmansk from 21 to 30 May. At the same time, Convoy QP 12 with 15 freighters left Murmansk heading for Iceland. The convoys were sighted by German reconnaissance aircraft on 25 May 1942. Over the following five days, the convoys came under multiple attacks from Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30–30th Bomber Wing) and Kampfgeschwader 26 (KG 26–26th Bomber Wing). Ehrler claimed his first aerial victory with 6. Staffel on 28 May. On a fighter escort mission for Ju 87 dive bombers heading to Murmansk, he claimed the destruction of one of two Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters lost by 19 GvIAP (Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment—Gvardeyskiy Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk). On 30 May 1942, JG 5 engaged in combat again. In total, JG 5 claimed 43 fighter aircraft and 7 bombers shot down. Matching these claims against Soviet records, the figures appear to be inflated. That morning at 09:20, Ehrler, Feldwebel Rudolf Müller, Unteroffizier Hans Döbrich and another pilot each claimed a Hurricane fighter shot down. At the time and in the same area of this encounter, Podpolkovnik (lieutenant colonel) Boris Safonov, commander 2 GvSAP of the Soviet Naval Aviation, was shot down in his P-40 and killed in action. Between 12:35 and 14:00 on 2 June, Ehrler flew on mission providing fighter escort for Ju 87 attacking Murmansk. On this mission, the Germans encountered Hurricane and P-40 fighters. Ehrler claimed a P-40 destroyed. However, Soviet record only document the loss of two Hurricanes from 2 GvSAP.

Squadron leader
Ehrler was made Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 6. Staffel of JG 5 after the former squadron leader Oberleutnant Hanns-Diether Hartwein was killed in action on 21 August 1942. Ehrler claimed his 45th and 46th aerial victory on 2 September. On 4 September, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). The presentation was made by the Fliegerführer Nord Oberst Alexander Holle at Petsamo, later known as Pechenga. On 19 September, on a mission to Murmashi, Ehrler claimed two Hurricanes destroyed, taking his total number of aerial victories to 60.

In combat near the Kirov Railway on 9 January 1943, Ehrler claimed two Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3s and a Hurricane shot down. He was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 February 1943. In the afternoon of 27 March, II. Gruppe and III. Gruppe provided fighter escort for Messerschmitt Bf 110s and Focke-Wulf Fw 190s attacking the Soviet airfield at Murmashi. The flight encountered 30 Soviet fighters over Shonguy and Murmashi. In this engagement, the Germans claimed fourteen aerial victories, among them five by Ehrler. Soviet records document the loss of six aircraft. The next day, he was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold).

On 1 May 1943, Ehrler was promoted to Hauptmann (captain). On 8 June 1943, Ehrler was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 40th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. On 1 August, Ehrler was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler at the Wolf's Lair, Hitler's headquarters in Rastenburg. Six other Luftwaffe officers were presented with awards that day by Hitler, Hauptmann Egmont Prinz zur Lippe-Weißenfeld, Hauptmann Manfred Meurer, Oberleutnant Theodor Weissenberger, Oberleutnant Joachim Kirschner, Hauptmann Werner Schröer were also awarded the Oak Leaves, and Major Helmut Lent received the Swords to his Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.

Ehrler claimed aerial victories 113 to 115 on 18 August 1943. These were his first claims after the Oak Leaves presentation. Ehrler took off at 14:10 from Pontsalenjoki, heading north where he claimed two P-40s destroyed. During this mission, he lost his wingman Feldwebel Christian Stolz who was shot down by anti-aircraft artillery fire. Later that day, Ehrler shot down a Lavochkin La-5 northeast of Loukhi airfield.

Group and wing commander
On 1 September 1943, Ehrler was unofficially appointed Gruppenkommandeur (Group Commander) of III. Gruppe of JG 5. The position had to be backfilled following Major Günther Scholz's promotion to Geschwaderkommodore (Wing Commander) of JG 5 thus succeeding Oberstleutnant Gotthard Handrick. Ehrler's command of 6. Staffel was passed on to Oberleutnant Weissenberg. Ehrler then went on vacation for approximately one month. Following his return, Ehrler claimed his first aerial victory as Gruppenkommandeur and 116th in total over a P-40 on 24 September. On 25 November, following ten days of relative quiet, the Soviet Air Forces conducted a coordinated attack on Titovka, the Høybuktmoen airfield at Kirkenes, and the Luostari airfield near Pechenga. Titovka was attacked by sixteen Ilyushin Il-2s and six P-40s, escorted by six Yakovlev Yak-1s and four Yakovlev Yak-9s. Høybuktmoen was hit by twelve Petlyakov Pe-2s escorted by twelve Bell P-39 Airacobras and six Yak-9s. The Luostari airfield was struck by sixteen Il-2s and six P-40s, protected by fourteen Yak-1s and six Hurricanes. That day, Ehrler claimed two P-40s and two Il-2 ground attack aircraft, taking his total to 120 aerial victories.

In 1944, III. Gruppe flew its first mission in force on 29 January. That day, all three Staffeln took off at 11:40 and encountered a number of Yakovlev Yak-7 fighters from 122 IAD PVO (Istrebitel'naya Aviatsionnaya Diviziya Protivo-Vozdushnoi Oborony—Fighter Aviation Division of the Home Air Defense) south of Murmashi. During this encounter, III. Gruppe pilots filed four claims including Ehrler's 121st aerial victory. However, Soviet records only account for the loss of one aircraft. On 13 March, a German convoy left Kirkenes while an inbound convoy was arriving. That day, III. Gruppe was continuously in the air, providing fighter protection for the ships. Ehrler increased his total number of aerial victories to 124 that day after he claimed a P-40 at 13:35 followed by a P-39 and an Il-2 shortly after.

Ehrler was credited with nine aerial victories in a 24 hours period on 25/26 May 1944, bringing his tally up to 155. Parts of III. Gruppe were ordered to relocate from Pechenga to Svartnes at 17:17 on 25 May. At 21:00, 19 Bf 109s under the leadership of Ehrler were scrambled from Svartnes to fend off approximately 80 Soviet aircraft attacking a German convoy. During this encounter III. Gruppe claimed 33 aerial victories, including twenty Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers, eight P-40s and five P-39s. However, Soviet records only account for five losses that day. Ehrler claimed four victories in this engagement which took his total to 150 aerial victories. The next day, Ehrler again led 19 Bf 109s from III. Gruppe in defense of the German convoy. This time the Germans reported combat with approximately 100 Soviet aircraft and claimed 40 aerial victories, among them five by Ehrler. Again, Soviet records do not match this figure, they document the loss of nine aircraft.

On 30 May 1944, Ehrler unintentionally made a crash landing in Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 411963—factory number) at Pechenga airfield and sustained minor injuries in the accident. On 1 June 1944, 9. Staffel was officially detached from III. Gruppe and subordinated to II. Gruppe which had left Finland in April 1944 and fought in Reichsverteidigung (Defense of the Reich). Not every pilot of 9. Staffel was impacted by this order. Some pilots stayed in Pechenga and formed a newly created Kommandostaffel (commando squadron), later renamed to Eismeerstaffel (Arctic Sea squadron).

On 1 August, Ehrler was appointed Geschwaderkommodore of JG 5, replacing Oberstleutnant Scholz who given the position of Jagdfliegerführer Norwegen. In consequence of this decision, Oberleutnant Franz Dörr was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe and Leutnant Walter Schuck was given command of 7. Staffel, redesignated to 10. Staffel. On 9 November, Ehrler left his command post at Banak, heading to Bardufoss airfield to get firsthand information about organizational changes and training progress. There, he learned that many pilots were still unfamiliar with the Fw 190; not even the more senior pilots had flown the aircraft. Additionally, he learned that the new pilots lacked combat experience, nor had they been trained in formation flying. Subsequently, Ehrler ordered the 9. Staffel to train on the Fw 190 while he placed the junior pilots in the Kommandostaffel. To oversee these activities, he postponed his return to 12 November.

Sinking of the Tirpitz
On 12 November 1944 the Royal Air Force (RAF) launched Operation Catechism, the raid which sank the battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz. Avro Lancaster bombers from No. 617 and No. 9 squadrons were sent to Håkøya, a little west of Tromsø, where the Tirpitz was based. At the time, Ehrler was based at Bardufoss with 12 operational Fw 190 A-3s. Ehrler, who had gone to Bardufoss to assist with training a large influx of inexperienced pilots and helping veterans convert to the Fw 190, did not know the exact location of the battleship and had been told she was based near Tromsø. At no time was the commander informed his unit's sole responsibility was the protection of the ship.

The command and control center at Bardufoss was informed shortly before 08:00 that three Lancasters had been sighted at 07:39 in the vicinity of Mosjøen heading east. Shortly later, a second bulletin informed that a further Lancaster was sighted heading northeast. The reason for this delay in communication was that the message had been routed from Mosjøen to Fauske and then to the Luftwaffe headquarters at Narvik. The communication officer in charge, Leutnant Leo Beniers, immediately forwarded this information to Tromsø. At 08:18 the Luftwaffe fighter control center was informed which issued an air alarm for the area of Bodø. At 08:34 a further four Lancasters were reported but plotted in the wrong Planquadrat (PQ—grid reference) of the Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz). Due to this error, neither Ehrler nor Dörr were informed of the approaching bombers.

That day, Ehrler had preemptively ordered 9. Staffel of JG 5 at Bardufoss airfield on three-minute readiness while the Kommandostaffel was still undergoing training and had been placed on 15-minute readiness. Ehrler, who had planned to fly to Alta, entered his command post at 08:50, unaware of the unfolding events. As he was just about to leave the command post, Tirpitz signaled that they heard aircraft engine noise of unknown origin and altitude, Tirpitz did not report approaching enemy bombers. At 09:18, Ehrler ordered cockpit readiness for 9. Staffel and placed the Kommandostaffel on three-minute readiness. The situation remained unclear for Ehrler until 09:21–09:23 when a second aircraft noise message arrived. He then at 09:23 sounded the alarm and scrambled 9. Staffel. In parallel, Dörr who was alarmed by the fighters taking off, arrived at the command post and took charge of the Kommandostaffel. Ehrler was airborne at 09:25 while takeoff of 9. Staffel was delayed by five minutes due to a landing Junkers Ju 52. Adding to the confusion, when the British aircraft were detected by the German air defence staff at Tromsø, they asked the airfield command if any fighter aircraft were ready for takeoff. The JG 5 staff replied affirmatively, but they thought the enquiry concerned the flight to Alta. The naval officers on board Tirpitz were notified Erhler was airborne before the British began their attack at 09:38.

Ehrler was already airborne when he realized that his radio transmitter was not working. Unable to communicate with his command center nor with the other pilots, he was unsure in what direction to fly. He decided to continue flying to Alta. At 09:30, Oberleutnant Werner Gayko, the commander of 9. Staffel, finally took off, followed by the other aircraft. At 09:42, Ehrler reached the vicinity of Storsteinnes when he observed to his left a distant mushroom-shaped cloud and anti-artillery bursts. He then decided to head towards the smoke before heading west, hoping to cut off the bombers. He searched the coast heading northeast and southwest, and then to Malnes and to the vicinity of Heia before finally flying to Alta. When it finally became clear that the target was the Tirpitz, it was too late for the fighters to intercept, and the Tirpitz was destroyed with much loss of life. 9. Staffel also did not find the bombers and returned to Bardufoss airfield.

After this unsuccessful action, Ehrler and Dörr faced a court martial hearing in Oslo on the grounds of not having understood the seriousness of the attack. The allegations included delaying scrambling the fighters, leaving the squadron and falsely claiming that Ehrler's radio had ceased to operate, preventing him from leading the squadron against the enemy aircraft. Ehrler and Dörr were both made responsible for the loss and tried before the 2nd senate of the Reichskriegsgericht on 17, 18 and 20 December 1944 under the chair of Generalrichter Dr. Ernst Reuter. Both were charged with cowardice before the enemy, a charge which had to be dropped. Ehrler was also charged for having abnormal ambition. The court believed that Ehrler abandoned his command post to claim his 200th aerial victory thus disobeying a direct order from the Reichsmarschall which demanded that such a mission should have been led from the ground. While Dörr was acquitted from all charges, Ehrler was found guilty, relieved of command, demoted and sentenced to three years imprisonment for insubordination. In addition, the court concluded that Ehrler lacked the necessary experience to lead a fighter unit on the Western Front. Ehrler had been recommended for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern) prior to the loss of Tirpitz, but the award was not approved.

The sentence may have been politically motivated. Dönitz was now in the ascendant over Göring, who ultimately court-martialled Ehrler, perhaps to placate the commander-in-chief of the navy. Ehrler's combat record likely saved him from execution. Ehrler was not helped by persistent rumours that he was on unofficial leave with a girlfriend in Oslo as nearly a thousand sailors died.

Schuck, one of his junior officers, appealed to Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. On 12 January 1945 Terboven hand-delivered Schuck's affidavit in support of Ehrler to Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe. Further investigations and testimonies indicated that the aircrews did not know that the Tirpitz had been moved to the new location at Håkøya a couple of weeks earlier, and Heinrich Ehrler was a convenient scapegoat for the failure to protect Tirpitz. The investigation concluded the reason for the failure was poor communication between the Kriegsmarine and the Luftwaffe. Ehrler was exonerated. On 1 March 1945, Hitler officially pardoned Ehrler, the Führer HQ announced his return to front-line service, where he would have the chance to "rehabilitate himself." Ehrler's sentence was commuted and his loss of rank rescinded. He was reassigned to a Messerschmitt Me 262 fighter squadron in Germany.

Defense of the Reich and death
Ehrler was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 7 (JG 7–7th Fighter Wing) on 27 February 1945 under the command of Major Weissenberger, his former comrade from JG 5. JG 7 was equipped with the Me 262 jet fighter, and was given the task of Reichsverteidigung. During the next five weeks, Ehrler claimed further eight aerial victories while flying with the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of JG 7. On 21 March 1945, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force attacked various Luftwaffe airfields in Germany with approximately 1,300 heavy bombers, escorted by 750 fighter aircraft. That day, Ehrler for the first time flew the Me 262 operationally and claimed the destruction of a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bomber. The next day, the Eighth Air Force again targeted various military installations and airfields in Germany. Flying from Parchim airfield, Ehrler claimed another B-17 bomber shot down. On 23 March, the Fifteenth Air Force headed for Ruhland where the Schwarzheide synthetic fuel factory (Synthesewerk Schwarzheide or Hydrierwerk Brabag) was based. The bombers came under attack by 14 Me 262s from JG 7 over Chemnitz. In this encounter, Ehrler shot down two B-24 Liberator bombers. The next day, he claimed his fifth aerial victory while flying the Me 262, making him a jet ace. That day, 1,714 bombers, escorted by approximately 1,300 fighter aircraft, targeted 18 Luftwaffe airfields. In the vicinity of Dessau, Ehrler attacked bombers from the 463rd Bombardment Group and 483d Bombardment Group and shot down a B-17. On 31 March, the USAAF Eighth Air Force targeted the oil refineries at Zeitz and Bad Berka, as well as other targets of opportunity. In parallel, the RAF Bomber Command bombed the Blohm & Voss shipyards in Hamburg. In the afternoon, Ehrler claimed a North American P-51 Mustang fighter, escorting B-17s and B-24s to their target areas.

Various authors present conflicting information regarding Ehrler's last aerial victories, as well as date and cause of death. Depending on source, his last combat and death occurred on either 4 or 6 April 1945. In one account presented by Forsyth, Ehrler was shot down by a P-51 northeast of Scharlibbe. According to both Boehme and Forsyth, the Luftwaffe combat report signed by Weissenberger and Schuck, a former JG 5 pilot, dates his death on 6 April. In addition, Boehme points out that the report does not reveal the cause of death. On 7 April, a body was recovered near Stendal. An autopsy indicated that it was Ehrler who was then buried at Stendal on 10 April. Forsyth states that the USAAF reported no combat with Me 262s on 6 April. Subsequently, Forsyth speculates that this combat may have taken place on 4 April and that the report is incorrectly labeled. The authors Morgan and Weal concur with the events presented by Boehme, while Heaton, Mathews and Foreman are more in line with Forsyth, stating Ehrler was killed in action on 4 April 1945.

On 4 April, RAF Bomber Command targeted Nordhausen with 243 Lancaster bombers while the USAAF Eighth Air Force sent 950 B-17s and B-24s to Luftwaffe airfields at Kaltenkirchen, Parchim, Perleberg, Wesendorf, Faßberg, Hoya, Dedelstorf and Eggebek, as well as the U-boat yards at Finkenwerder and shipyards at Kiel. This bomber force was protected by 800 escort fighters. In the Forsyth account, Ehrler claimed his final two aerial victories on this date. On 6 April, the Eighth Air Force attacked Halle, Leipzig and Gera with a force of 641 heavy bombers, escorted by 600 P-51s and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters. According to Boehme, Ehrler claimed two B-17s shot down from this attack force before being killed. Alternatively, both authors report that Ehrler may have died while ramming an enemy bomber. According to Ehrler's final received transmission, he radioed "Theo, I've just used all my ammunition. I'm going to ram. Good bye. See you in Valhalla." Schuck who followed the radio transmission exchange over the loudspeaker in the operations room recalls Ehrler's last words slightly differently. He believes they were: "Theo, Heinrich here. Have just shot down two bombers. No more ammunition. I'm going to ram. Auf Wiedersehen, see you in Valhalla!"

On 11 December 2018, the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, a Swiss, German-language daily newspaper, published an article by the missing in action researcher Uwe Benkel. According to this article, Benkel, aided by relatives, found remnants of Ehrler's Me 262 and body. A recovery of the remains is planned, an event desperately awaited by Ehrler's brother.

Aerial victory claims
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Ehrler was credited with 208 aerial victories. While Spick lists Ehrler with 209 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. Of these, ten were claimed over the Western Allies and the remaining 199 on the Eastern Front. Obermaier lists him with 208 aerial victories claimed in over 400 combat missions. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Ehrler was credited with more than 182 aerial victories. This figure includes at least 173 claims made on the Eastern Front and 9 on the Western Front, including seven four-engined bombers and eight victories with the Me 262 jet fighter. However, the authors indicate that the records for JG 5 are incomplete. They speculate that the actual number of confirmed victories could also be as low as 150 to 175.

Awards

 * Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold
 * Iron Cross (1939)
 * 2nd Class (19 September 1941)
 * 1st Class (21 January 1942)
 * Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 20 July 1942 as Leutnant and pilot
 * German Cross in Gold on 18 March 1943 as Leutnant in the 6./Jagdgeschwader 5
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 4 September 1942 as Leutnant and pilot in the 6./Jagdgeschwader 5
 * 265th Oak Leaves on 2 August 1943 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the III./Jagdgeschwader 5

title: Heinrich Ehrler


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Deen Castronovo

Deen Joseph Castronovo (born August 17, 1964) is an American drummer and singer best known for being a member of classic rock band Journey and hard rock acts Bad English and Hardline. He currently plays drums and shares lead vocals for the bands Journey, Generation Radio, and Revolution Saints. He has been a touring and studio player for Ozzy Osbourne, Steve Vai, Paul Rodgers, and Black Sabbath bassist Geezer Butler's GZR.

Early life
Deen Castronovo was born in the city of Westminster, California and started drumming at the age of 6. He grew up in Salem, Oregon, where he attended South Salem High School. Castronovo said time in band during high school gave him identity and confidence. Deen cites Steve Smith, Neil Peart, Terry Bozzio, Peter Criss, John Bonham, Alex Van Halen, Kiss, Rush, Van Halen, Led Zeppelin, Phil Collins and AC/DC as musical influences.

Career
Castronovo is the former drummer for bands Wild Dogs, Bad English, Hardline, Ozzy Osbourne, and GZR. He currently plays drums and shares lead vocals for the bands Revolution Saints and Journey.

Wild Dogs (1982–1987)
Wild Dogs is an American rock band from Portland, Oregon formed loosely in 1981 by Jeff Mark, Danny Kurth, Matt McCourt, and Pete Holmes. Drummer Pete Holmes was lured away by Black 'n Blue and was replaced by Jaime St. James. The band had an appearance on a compilation series, but before a full album could be recorded with Shrapnel Records, St. James left the band to also join Black 'n Blue. It was at this point Deen was first discovered by McCourt, who recruited the local, and then only 16-year-old drummer Castronovo to join the band.

Castronovo played on the self-titled debut album Wild Dogs (1983), the followup Man's Best Friend (1984) and Reign Of Terror (1987). The band was known for its live show that featured McCourt's props and Castronovo's showmanship.

Bad English (1987–1991)
While working with Wild Dogs, Castronovo met and began working with Tony MacAlpine, which led to an introduction to future long-time collaboration partner, Neal Schon. Shortly after, Neal would invite Castronovo to audition for a new band with Jonathan Cain, John Waite and Ricky Phillips, which became Bad English. After two albums, which included being nominated for Best New Group in 1989 at the International Rock Awards, Bad English disbanded in 1991. In 1995 a Greatest Hits was released.

Hardline (1991–1992)
Again working with Neal Schon, Castronovo played drums and sang backing vocals on Hardline's debut album Double Eclipse. The album's first single "Takin' Me Down" peaked at No. 37 on Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The album's second single, a cover of the Danny Spanos song "Hot Cherie," rose to No. 25 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

Ozzy Osbourne (1995)
Castronovo appeared on the 1995 release Ozzmosis, the seventh solo studio album by Ozzy Osbourne. The album reached number 22 on the UK Albums Chart and number four on the US Billboard 200. Castronovo also toured with Ozzy on a portion of the 1995 leg of the Retirement Sucks Tour.

Journey (1998–2015, 2021–present)
Castronovo continued to be in various bands along with Schon, from Hardline to Paul Rodgers. After a 3-year stint with Vasco Rossi, he joined Journey, where he would spend the next 18 years and 5 albums as the drummer, backing and occasional lead vocalist.

While not the original drummer for Journey, Castronovo is the longest-serving drummer to date, having played on the albums Arrival (2001), Red 13 (2002), Generations (2005), Revelation (2008), Eclipse (2011) and Freedom (2022).

As a vocalist, he sang "Still They Ride", "Mother, Father" and "Keep On Runnin'" (and on rare occasions, "Faithfully" and "Where Were You") in concert in order to let the main lead vocalists take a break. In the studio, he performed lead vocals on "A Better Life" and "Never Too Late" on Generations, as well as "After Glow" on Freedom.

Castronovo was fired by Journey in August 2015 following a June 2015 domestic violence arrest. He was replaced by Omar Hakim on the band's 2015 tour, with longtime drummer Steve Smith subsequently rejoining the band.

In July 2021, Schon confirmed Castronovo's return to Journey as a second drummer alongside Narada Michael Walden. Following Walden's departure from the group in 2022, he became the sole drummer once again, though they both still appear on Freedom.

Soul SirkUS (2004–2005)
After the Planet Us project did not produce an album, Neal Schon was determined to see the material he had written come to life. At the 2004 annual NAMM Show in Los Angeles, Schon met up with Jeff Scott Soto and tested the waters with a jam session. While in Los Angeles, Schon also attended a showcase featuring Marco Mendoza. Inviting Soto, Mendoza and Castronovo to join him, the new band, Soul SirkUS, began rehearsing and eventually recorded 11 songs for their debut album, World Play. Although all the foundation tracks on the album were originally written for Planet Us, only one completed song from that band was used for Soul SirkUS debut.

In early 2005, with a completed album titled World Play (the "black sleeve" version) the band was ready to tour, but Castronovo fell ill due to extreme exhaustion. Soon after, Castronovo bowed out of Soul SirkUS based on his doctor's recommendation and was replaced by Australian drummer Virgil Donati.

Ultimate there were 3 editions of the album. The Black Sleeve version was the original with Castronovo drumming, the Green Sleeve version was an American edition remastered, the Yellow Sleeve had two versions: a European edition of remaster that included a bonus DVD, and a Japanese edition of the remaster included a bonus track. The Black Sleeve version is the only one with Castronovo.

Revolution Saints (2014–present)
While still with Journey, Castronovo, Jack Blades (Night Ranger, Damn Yankees and Shaw Blades), and Doug Aldrich (Whitesnake, Dio, The Dead Daisies) formed Revolution Saints. The band, where Deen served as lead vocalist and handled drumming duties, released its self-titled debut album on February 24, 2015. A follow-up album, Light in the Dark, was released on October 13, 2017. The album was ranked #8 on Dr. Music's 2017 "Album of the Year" list. This was followed by Restless Spirits in 2019.

In 2022, Blades and Aldrich left the band and were replaced with Jeff Pilson and Joel Hoekstra. This lineup released Eagle Flight in 2023, and Against the Winds in 2024.

Gioeli-Castronovo (2017–present)
Johnny Gioeli and Castronovo first played together on the debut Hardline album, Double Eclipse, which was released in 1992. 25 years later, the two were reunited in Italy to commence work on the debut Gioeli-Castronovo album, Set The World On Fire, available July 13, 2018. Both men have continued on their musical paths since they last saw one another, with Gioeli continuing to lead Hardline as well as being the lead singer of Crush 40 and Axel Rudi Pell's band, while Castronovo spent time with various bands.

Generation Radio (2020–2021)
In 2020, Castronovo joined the supergroup, Generation Radio. He played drums and shared lead vocals with Jay DeMarcus (Keyboards), Jason Scheff (Bass), Chris Rodriguez (Guitar), and Tom Yankton (Guitar). The band performed their first live concert on October 28, 2020, in Nashville, TN. All proceeds from the concert benefited the ACM Lifting Lives COVID Relief Fund. The group released its debut album on August 12, 2022. He left Generation Radio to rejoin Journey and was replaced on drums by Steve Ferrone

Other projects
Castronovo's first big gig came at the age of 16 with a band called The Enemy, who opened up for bands like Blue Öyster Cult and Foghat. He has played in Cacophony, Dr. Mastermind, Planet Us (a short-lived supergroup with Sammy Hagar, Michael Anthony, Joe Satriani and Neal Schon), Social Distortion, and GZR (formed by Black Sabbath bassist Geezer Butler), as well as in backing bands for Vasco Rossi, Paul Rodgers, and Matthew Ward.

He also played on the song "Smoke of the Revolution" on the Neal Schon solo album Late Nite (1989).

After working with Paul Rodgers, he began doing session work with Steve Vai, with whom he made two albums. Steve later called for him to audition for Ozzy Osbourne, which resulted in him recording Ozzmosis and doing a South American Tour with Ozzy. After Ozzy, he began doing session work for producer Michael Beinhorn, recording with Social Distortion, Geezer Butler's solo project and Hole.

He has released an instructional video entitled "High Performance Drumming" in 1991, and has been involved with the Boys & Girls Club of Salem.

In 2019, he toured with guitarist Neal Schon on the "Journey Through Time" tour, which features former members of Journey performing songs from the band's entire discography (including some no longer performed by the official Journey). He acted as the drummer and shares lead vocal duties with keyboardist Gregg Rolie.

Personal life
Castronovo was arrested on June 14, 2015, and charged with fourth-degree assault and menacing after police say he physically injured a woman. As a result, he was dropped immediately from upcoming Journey performances and ultimately replaced by Omar Hakim on the band's 2015 tour. On June 29, 2015, Castronovo was indicted by a Marion County grand jury on felony charges of rape, assault, sexual abuse, unlawful use of a dangerous weapon, and contempt of court (violation of terms of bail after the June 14 arrest). With nine of the original charges dismissed, Castronovo pleaded guilty to six charges and received a suspended sentence and four years of probation. Castronovo has since recovered from addiction and states he is sober. He is a Christian, saying he puts God first, family second, and job third, where before it was the other way around.

title: Deen Castronovo


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Harvard College v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)

Harvard College v Canada (Commissioner of Patents) is a leading Supreme Court of Canada case concerning the patentability of higher life forms within the context of the Patent Act. At issue was the patentability of the Harvard oncomouse, a mouse that had its genome genetically altered by a cancer-promoting gene (oncogene). In a 5-4 split, the Supreme Court held that the oncomouse and higher life forms in general are not patentable subject matter in Canada.

Background
Harvard College researchers (the respondents) developed a process by which they could create transgenic animals whose genomes are altered by a cancer-promoting gene (called an activated oncogene). The researchers injected the oncogene into fertilized mouse eggs close to the one-cell stage and implanted them into a female host mouse where they developed to term. The resulting offspring were then tested for the presence or absence of the oncogene. Those with the gene are referred to as "founder" mice and are mated with unaltered mice. Offspring that contain the oncogene and have every cell in their body affected (including germ cells and somatic cells) by it are referred to as oncomice. Oncomice are useful for carcinogenic studies as they are more susceptible to carcinogens. Such mice can be given material suspected of being a carcinogen and if tumours develop, it is an indication that the material is carcinogenic.

Initial Patent Application and Trial
In 1985, the President and Fellows of Harvard College applied for a patent for an invention called "transgenic animals." In particular, they applied for a process patent for the process by which they created the mice as well as a product patent for the end product of the process, namely the "founder" mice and the oncomice, offspring whose cells are affected by the gene. These patent claims also extend to all non-human mammals whose genomes have been altered in a similar manner. Patent applications on the oncomouse were filed in many countries including the United States, Canada, Europe (through the European Patent Office) and Japan.

In March 1993, the Patent Examiner rejected the product claims (Claims 1 to 12) on the grounds that higher life forms were outside the definition of "invention" in section 2 of the Canadian Patent Act and are therefore not patentable subject matter. The process claims (Claims 13 to 26) were allowed. In August 1995, the Commissioner of Patents and the Patent Appeal Board upheld the refusal to grant a patent for the product claims. This decision was upheld by the Federal Court, Trial Division, but was overturned by a majority of the Federal Court of Appeal. The Commissioner of Patents appeals from that decision.

Federal Court of Appeal
The majority of the court reversed the decision of the Federal Court and directed the Commissioner of Patents to issue a patent covering claims 1 to 12 of the Patent Application. Speaking for the majority, Rothstein J.A. emphasized the object of the Patent Act, which is to "promote the development of inventions in a manner that benefits both the inventor and the public." He stated that the Commissioner has no discretion to refuse to grant a patent under s.40 of the Act and if a process or product satisfies the requirements of the Act, a patent must be granted. Additionally, the Patent Act does not explicitly exclude living organisms such as non-human mammals from the definition of "invention." The majority concluded that the oncomouse "must be considered to be the result of both ingenuity and the laws of nature" and is an invention within the meaning of s.2 of the Patent Act, as it is both unobvious and a new and useful "composition of matter."

Isaac J.A. in dissent, approved of the approach taken by the Patent Examiner and concluded that the Commissioner of Patents must be aware of and take into consideration the public interest. He states that in a morally divisive case such as the one at hand, the court should defer to the Commissioner's decision to refuse to grant a patent.

Leave was granted to the Supreme Court on June 14, 2001.

Supreme Court Ruling
The court found in favour of the government, ruling that higher life forms are not patentable. The opinion of the court was written by Bastarache J. with L'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier, Iacobucci, and LeBel JJ. concurring. The sole question before the court was whether the words "manufacture" or "composition of matter," in the context of the Patent Act, are broad enough to encompass higher life forms such as the oncomouse. The court found that they are not. Bastarache J. stated that the determination of the patentability of higher life forms such as the oncomouse is beyond the authority of the court and would be a massive change in the current patent regime. The majority indicated that as there are significant public policy concerns at play, Parliament is best suited to address this issue.

The Commissioner’s Power to Refuse a Patent under Section 40
Though the court believed that the Commissioner went beyond his powers in ruling against a patent on public policy reasons, the court came to the same conclusion in denying the patentability of higher life forms such as the oncomouse. The majority stated that s.40 of the Patent Act does not give the Commissioner any discretion to refuse to grant a patent on the basis of public policy considerations, echoing Pigeon J.’s statement in Monsanto Co. v. Commissioner of Patents. In terms of the standard of review, the majority believed that the question of whether higher life forms are included in the definition of "invention" in the Patent Act is reviewable on a correctness standard.

(a) The Words of the Act
In s.2, the Patent Act defines an "invention" as "any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement in any art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter." The majority concluded that although the definition of "invention" is broad, it does not include "anything under the sun that is made by man."

The majority held that the words "manufacture" and "composition of matter" are not sufficiently broad to include a higher life form such as the oncomouse. The court is of the opinion that "manufacture" denotes "a non-living mechanistic product or process" and does not imply a conscious, sentient living creature. The majority determined that the meaning of "composition of matter" can be ascertained by reference to the meaning of the words or phrases associated with them and thus is best read as not including higher life forms. The majority also referred to the Oxford English Dictionary definition of "composition" which is "a substance or preparation formed by combination or mixture of various ingredients" and concluded that the oncomouse cannot be understood in such terms. They also emphasized that higher life forms have unique qualities and characteristics that transcend the particular genetic matter of which they are composed.

More generally, the court is of the opinion that allowing patents on higher life forms would involve "a radical departure from the traditional patent regime" and it is for to Parliament to determine whether higher life forms are patentable.

(b) The Scheme of the Act
The majority determined that the Patent Act, in its current form, is "ill-equipped to deal appropriately with higher life forms as patentable subject matter" since biological life forms are living, capable of self-replication, incredibly complex, incapable of full description, and can contain important characteristics having nothing to do with the invention. Justice Bastarache identified some of the serious issues surrounding the patentability of higher life forms including: the agricultural impact on farmers who wish to save and reuse seeds, the rights of the "innocent bystander," who may come into possession of a patented organism by virtue of its ability to self-replicate and thus be subject to an infringement action, deterrence of biomedical research and innovation, and the potential for the commodification of human life, tissues and organs.

(c) The Object of the Act
The majority stated that the two central objects of the Patent Act are "to advance research and development and to encourage broader economic activity." Although those are broad objectives, they determined that Parliament did not leave the definition of "invention" open and neither the language nor scheme of the Act suit higher life forms. Thus, they held that Parliament did not intend to extend Patent monopoly rights over inventions related to higher life forms.

(d) Related Legislation: The Plant Breeders’ Rights Act
The majority used the fact that Parliament enacted the Plant Breeders’ Rights Act in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Pioneer Hi-Bred Ltd. v. Commissioner of Patents to bolster their view that Parliament did not believe the Patent Act was tailored to include higher life forms. Bastarache J. stated that since Parliament enacted specialized legislation to deal with the issues surrounding crossbred plants, a subset of higher life forms, had they wished to extend patentability to other higher life forms, they would have likely done so at the time.

Drawing the Line: Is it Defensible to Allow Patents on Lower Life Forms While Denying Patents on Higher Life Forms?
In response to the respondent's argument that drawing a line between lower and higher life forms is indefensible, Justice Bastarache stated that the line is "defensible on the basis of common sense differences between the two" and reiterates that a parliamentary response is necessary. Moreover, he stated that the distinction can also be upheld because, unlike higher life forms, a lower life form can more easily be conceptualized as a "composition of matter" or "manufacture" and microbes can be mass-produced like chemical compounds and will possess uniform properties and characteristics.

Dissent
A dissent written by Binnie J., with McLachlin C.J., Arbour, and Major JJ. concurring, agreed with the reasoning of the Federal Court of Appeal and were of the opinion that the engineered oncomouse is an "extraordinary scientific achievement" and an inventive "composition of matter" within the meaning of s.2 of the Patent Act. Additionally, Binnie J. stated that other jurisdictions with comparable legislation including the United States, Europe, Japan and New Zealand, among others, have held the oncomouse to be patentable.

Binnie J. disagreed with the view of the Commissioner of Patents that at the time the Patent Act was enacted Parliament could not have intended genetically engineered higher life forms to be patentable. He stated that Parliament could not have contemplated many other future inventions including genetically engineered lower life forms, moon rockets, antibiotics, telephones, e-mail or hand-held computers." He argued that the Patent Act does not distinguish between higher and lower life forms and such a distinction is an invention of the Patent Office. He stated that efforts to draw the line between patentable lower life forms and "unpatentable" higher life forms highlight the arbitrariness of the approach.

Justice Binnie stated that once it is conceded that the genetically altered oncomouse egg meets the criteria for patentability; there is no reason for denying patentability to the resulting oncomouse on the basis that it is not an "invention" as defined by the Patent Act. He stressed that s.40 of the Patent Act does not give the Commissioner discretion to refuse a patent on public policy considerations. Additionally, Binnie J. emphasized the fact that Parliament has repealed and avoided including provisions in the Patent Act dealing with the morality of inventions as an indication that these aspects of public policy should be dealt using other regulatory regimes. He identified the Assisted Human Reproduction Act as an example of specialized legislated enacted to deal with public policy considerations similar to the ones at play in this case.

Controversy
Justice Binnie noted that the outcome of this case takes Canada on a very different trajectory than other countries, including the United States, Japan and Europe. This fact has led some to argue that there is a risk that biotechnology investment will be reduced in the aftermath of the decision.

The majority's reasoning in drawing the line between higher and lower life forms was called by Dan Burk a "rationally indefensible distinction." He also said that the majority's conclusion that higher but not lower organisms are made of something other than a composition of matter is an "inexplicable reliance on vitalism" and "more properly a matter of religion than a matter of law."

Wendy Adams has found controversy in the court's belief in ethical neutrality in relation to animal welfare under the Canadian patent system. This idea is based on the idea that patents are fully constituted property rights, providing patentees with a default level of entitlement and would undoubtedly "skew the utilitarian calculus of animal welfare to the advantage of human animals and to the detriment of non-human animals." For that reason, Adams wrote that the ethical review of the treatment of animals should be an additional criterion for patentability. Abraham Drassinower has written that animal welfare issues that may arise in the course of patent applications are based on the fact that animals are considered property and these issues are best dealt with outside the confines of the Patent Act.


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User:Ikar.us

My images from Vienna and Moscow on commons
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