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Zhuge Dan

Zhuge Dan (died 10 April 258 ), courtesy name Gongxiu, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. When he held key military appointments throughout his middle to late career, he was involved in all of the three rebellions which broke out in Shouchun (around present-day Shou County, Anhui) between 251 and 258. During the second rebellion, he actively assisted the Wei regent Sima Shi in suppressing the revolt. After the rebellion, the Wei government put him in charge of Shouchun. As the Sima clan became more powerful and established themselves as the de facto rulers of Wei, Zhuge Dan feared that he would end up slain like Wang Ling and Guanqiu Jian – the leaders of the first two rebellions – so he started the third rebellion against Sima Zhao, who succeeded Sima Shi as regent of Wei in 255. Although he received some support from Wei's rival state Eastern Wu, his rebellion was eventually suppressed by Wei imperial forces and he met his end at the hands of Hu Fen, a military officer under Sima Zhao.

Early career
Zhuge Dan was from Yangdu County (陽都縣), Langya Commandery, which is in present-day Yinan County, Shandong. He was a descendant of Zhuge Feng (諸葛豐) and a cousin of Zhuge Jin and Zhuge Liang. He started his career as a Gentleman of Writing (尚書郎). There was once when he and Du Ji, a Supervisor (仆射), test-rode a boat in the river. The boat capsized after being hit by a wave and both men were thrown overboard. When the huben guards came to save him, Zhuge Dan told them to save Du Ji first. He lost consciousness later, drifted to the shore, and eventually recovered.

Later, Zhuge Dan became the Prefect (令) of Xingyang County (滎陽縣) and then served as a Gentleman (郎) in the Ministry of Personnel (吏部). During this time, when his colleagues recommended people to him, he would publicly reveal what they told him in private before giving jobs to the people they recommended. When he evaluated officials' performance, he would take into account what others said regardless of whether it was positive or negative. As a result, his colleagues were especially careful when they recommended people to him.

After gaining some experience in the Ministry of Personnel, Zhuge Dan was then reassigned to be a Palace Assistant Imperial Secretary and Master of Writing (御史中丞尚書). He was close friends with Xiahou Xuan and Deng Yang. They enjoyed much praise from other officials and the citizens in the imperial capital. Later, someone told the Wei emperor Cao Rui that Zhuge Dan and his friends, along with other "celebrities", were engaging in superficial and fame-seeking behaviour. Cao Rui felt disgusted and wanted to discourage such behaviour among his subjects, so he removed Zhuge Dan from office.

After Cao Rui's death in 239, Cao Fang became the new Wei emperor. He restored Zhuge Dan as Palace Assistant Imperial Secretary and Master of Writing, and subsequently promoted him to Inspector (刺史) of Yang Province and General of Illustrious Martial Might (昭武將軍).

Battle of Dongxing
In 251, Wei imperial forces led by the regent Sima Yi suppressed a rebellion by the Wei general Wang Ling. After that, the Wei imperial court appointed Zhuge Dan as General Who Guards the East (鎮東將軍), granted him imperial authority, put him in charge of military affairs in Yang Province, and enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Shanyang Village (山陽亭侯). After Sima Yi died later that year, his son Sima Shi succeeded him as regent and continued to control the Wei government.

Around early or mid 252, Zhuge Dan pointed out to Sima Shi that Eastern Wu forces had been making incursions on Wei territory and had constructed a large dam, complete with exterior defences, at Dongxing (東興; southeast of present-day Chaohu, Anhui). He suggested to Sima Shi to send Wang Chang and Guanqiu Jian to lead troops to attack and destroy the dam. Later that year, Sima Shi devised a strategy for launching a three-pronged attack on Eastern Wu. He sent Wang Chang to attack Nan Commandery (南郡; present-day Jingzhou, Hubei), Guanqiu Jian to attack Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei), and Hu Zun and Zhuge Dan to lead 70,000 troops to attack the Dongxing dam. In response, the Wu general Zhuge Ke led 40,000 troops to Dongxing to counter the invaders. The Battle of Dongxing concluded with a tactical victory for the Wu forces. Zhuge Dan was reassigned to the position of General Who Guards the South (鎮南將軍) after he returned from the battle.

Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's Rebellion
In early 255, the Wei generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui) because they were unhappy with the Sima family's control over the Wei government. Both of them were close to the former Wei regent Cao Shuang and his followers, who were ousted from power in a coup in 249 by Sima Yi. Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin sent a messenger to Zhuge Dan, urging him to rally troops in Yu Province to support them. However, Zhuge Dan executed the messenger and publicly announced that Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin had rebelled.

Sima Shi personally led Wei imperial forces to deal with the rebels. He ordered Zhuge Dan to lead troops from Yu Province and advance to Shouchun via Anfeng Ford (安風津). After Sima Shi quelled the revolt, Zhuge Dan and his forces were the first to enter Shouchun. By then, the civilian population of Shouchun, numbering over 100,000, had fled into the countryside or escaped to Eastern Wu for fear of being killed.

The Wei imperial court appointed Zhuge Dan as Senior General Who Guards the East (鎮東大將軍), with honours equivalent to those of the Three Ducal Ministers, and ordered him to oversee military affairs in Yang Province. Earlier on, when news of Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's rebellion reached Eastern Wu, the Wu regent Sun Jun, along with Lü Ju, Liu Zan and others, had led Wu forces to Shouchun to support the rebels. However, by the time they showed up, Wei forces had recaptured Shouchun so the Wu forces retreated. Zhuge Dan sent his subordinate Jiang Ban (蔣班) to lead troops to attack the retreating Wu forces. Jiang Ban killed Liu Zan in the ensuing battle and obtained his official seal. For his achievements, Zhuge Dan was promoted from a village marquis to a county marquis – "Marquis of Gaoping (County)" (高平侯) – and awarded 3,500 taxable households to form his marquisate. The Wei government also changed his appointment to "Senior General Who Attacks the East" (征東大將軍).

Making preparations to rebel
As Zhuge Dan was close friends with Xiahou Xuan and Deng Yang (鄧颺) – both were Cao Shuang's associates – and had witnessed the downfall of Wang Ling and Guanqiu Jian, he felt very uneasy and was worried that he would become a victim of the Sima family's purges. Thus, when he was stationed in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui), he attempted to increase his popularity among the masses in the Huai River area by being very generous. He also used his personal wealth to bribe his subordinates and hire thousands of mercenaries as bodyguards. He even pardoned criminals who committed capital offences.

Around the winter of 256, Zhuge Dan found an excuse to entrench himself further in Shouchun and build up his defences. He wrote to the Wei imperial court, claiming that he heard that Eastern Wu forces were planning to attack the Huai River region. He asked for 100,000 troops and permission to build more defensive structures in the area. At the time, as Sima Shi had died in 255, his younger brother Sima Zhao had taken over the reins of power as the regent of Wei. Jia Chong suggested to Sima Zhao to keep a close watch on the generals who were guarding strategic locations throughout the Wei Empire and assess whether they were loyal to him. Sima Zhao heeded his words and sent him to Shouchun to meet Zhuge Dan. Jia Chong told Zhuge Dan, "Many wise men in Luoyang hope to see the Emperor abdicate in favour of a better ruler. You already know this. What do you think?" Zhuge Dan replied sternly, "Aren't you Inspector Jia's son? The State has treated your family generously for generations. How can you betray the State and let it fall into the hands of others? I can't stand this. If there is trouble in Luoyang, I'll die for the State." Jia Chong remained silent. After returning to Luoyang, Jia Chong told Sima Zhao, "Zhuge Dan has high prestige and popularity in Yang Province. If you summon him here and he doesn't obey, it's a small problem. But if you don't summon him, it'll become a big problem." Around the early summer of 257, Sima Zhao issued an order in the imperial court's name, ordering Zhuge Dan to return to Luoyang to serve as Minister of Works (司空) in the central government. While the order ostensibly promoted Zhuge Dan to a prestigious ministerial office (one of the Three Ducal Ministers, in fact), it was actually a move to remove him from power in Shouchun and put him under Sima Zhao's control in Luoyang.

Rising in revolt
When Zhuge Dan received the order, he knew that Sima Zhao was suspicious of him and became fearful. According to the Shiyu, he suspected that Yue Lin (樂綝), the Inspector (刺史) of Yang Province, had instigated Sima Zhao to remove him from power in Shouchun and summon him to Luoyang. He then led a few hundred soldiers to Yue Lin's office to kill him. When he arrived, he saw that the gates were closed so he shouted at the guards, "Weren't you my subordinates last time?" He then forced his way in and killed Yue Lin. Another account from the Wei Mo Zhuan (魏末傳) mentioned that Zhuge Dan hosted a party after receiving the order and lied that he wanted to take a day off from work and go outside Shouchun. He brought along 700 soldiers with him. When Yue Lin heard about it, he ordered the city gates to be shut. Zhuge Dan then ordered his men to force the gates open, set fire to the Inspector's office, and killed Yue Lin. He then wrote a memorial to the imperial court, accusing Yue Lin of secretly collaborating with Eastern Wu and claiming that he executed Yue Lin after discovering his treachery. The historian Pei Songzhi believed the Wei Mo Zhuan account to be untrue, given how it described Zhuge Dan's behaviour. In any case, Zhuge Dan killed Yue Lin and started a rebellion in Shouchun against the Wei government.

When Zhuge Dan rose in revolt, he had about 100,000 troops under his command in the Huai River region. Most of these troops were stationed as part of the Wei government's tuntian policy. He also managed to recruit another 40,000 to 50,000 troops in Yang Province. He had stockpiled a year's worth of supplies and was completely capable of being self-sufficient in that region. He then sent Wu Gang (吴綱), a Chief Clerk (長史), to bring his son Zhuge Jing to seek help from Eastern Wu. In return, Zhuge Jing would remain in Wu as a hostage.

The Wu regent Sun Chen was overjoyed. He ordered Quan Yi (全懌), Quan Duan (全端), Tang Zi, Wang Zuo (王祚) and other officers to lead 30,000 Wu troops to support Zhuge Dan's rebellion. He also secretly asked Wen Qin, who had defected to Wu after Guanqiu Jian's defeat, to help Zhuge Dan. The Wu government granted Zhuge Dan imperial authority and the following appointments: Left Protector-General (左都護), Grand Minister Over the Masses (大司徒), General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍), and Governor of Qing Province (青州牧). They also enfeoffed him as the Marquis of Shouchun (壽春侯).

Battles
Among the various Wei imperial forces sent to suppress Zhuge Dan's rebellion, the army led by Wang Ji arrived at Shouchun first and started to surround the city. Before the encirclement was complete, the Wu forces led by Tang Zi and Wen Qin managed to cut across mountainous terrain in the northeast of Shouchun and enter the city to meet up with Zhuge Dan.

Around July 258, Sima Zhao reached Xiang County (項縣; present-day Shenqiu County, Henan), where he took overall command of the 260,000 troops mobilised from throughout the Wei Empire to suppress the rebellion, and advanced towards Shouchun. He remained at Qiutou (丘頭), while sending Wang Ji and Chen Qian (陳鶱) to surround Shouchun and reinforce their encirclement with defensive structures such as earth walls and moats. At the same time, he also ordered Shi Bao (石苞) and Zhou Tai to lead some troops to patrol the perimeter and guard against any forces coming to help Zhuge Dan. When Wen Qin and others attempted to break out of the siege, they were driven back by the Wei forces.

The Wu general Zhu Yi led another force to Shouchun to assist Zhuge Dan. Zhou Tai attacked Zhu Yi at Lijiang (黎漿) and defeated him. The Wu regent Sun Chen was furious with Zhu Yi's failure and had him executed.

Defections
After some time, Shouchun gradually ran low on supplies and became increasingly isolated from the outside world. Two of Zhuge Dan's close aides, Jiang Ban (蔣班) and Jiao Yi (焦彝), told their general: "Zhu Yi came with a large army but failed to achieve anything. Sun Chen executed Zhu Yi and returned to Jiangdong. He is actually putting on a front when he sent troops to help us. His decision to turn back already shows that he is adopting a wait-and-see attitude. Now, since our troops are still high on morale and eager to fight, we should focus all efforts on breaking one side of the siege. Even if we cannot drive back the enemy, we can at least allow some of our forces to escape and survive."

Wen Qin disagreed and told Zhuge Dan, "Jiangdong forces are known for having scored victories; their enemies in the north can't stop them. Sir, you have led over 100,000 men to join Jiangdong. Quan Yi, myself and the others from Jiangdong are trapped here too with you. Our families are still in Jiangdong. Even if Sun Chen doesn't want to save us, do you think our Emperor and his relatives will abandon us? There were times in the past when our enemy unexpectedly suffered a plague. Now that we have been stuck here for almost a year, if we stir up any feelings of divisiveness, a mutiny might happen. We should continue to hold out and maintain our hopes that help will arrive soon."

Wen Qin became angry when Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi repeatedly urged Zhuge Dan to follow their plan. Zhuge Dan also became increasingly frustrated with Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi and wanted to execute them. The two of them feared for their lives and realised that Zhuge Dan was destined to fail, so in December 257 or January 258, they escaped from Shouchun and surrendered to Sima Zhao.

Sima Zhao later used a ploy to persuade Quan Yi (全懌) and Quan Duan (全端) to surrender. The Quans fell for the ruse and led a few thousand men with them out of Shouchun to defect to Sima Zhao's side. Their defection caused much fear and panic among Zhuge Dan's forces.

Attempting to break the siege
In February or March 258, Wen Qin told Zhuge Dan, "Jiang Ban and Jiao Yi left because we didn't follow their idea to attack the enemy. Quan Duan and Quan Yi have defected too. The enemy must have lowered their guard. Now is the time to attack them." Zhuge Dan agreed, so he, Wen Qin and Tang Zi led their troops out to attack and attempt to break out of the siege.

Their efforts proved futile because the Wei forces, due to having constructed walls and other defensive structures earlier, were in a more advantageous position over them. The Wei soldiers rained boulders and flaming arrows on Zhuge Dan's forces; thousands were wounded or killed, and the ground was soaked with blood. Unable to break the siege, Zhuge Dan and his forces retreated back to Shouchun, which had run out of food supplies by then. Thousands of Zhuge Dan's men came out of the city and surrendered to Sima Zhao.

Downfall and death
Earlier on, Wen Qin wanted Zhuge Dan to reduce food rations and send all his men to break the siege, while he and the troops from Eastern Wu would remain behind to guard Shouchun. Zhuge Dan strongly disapproved and quarrelled with Wen Qin over this. Although they initially cooperated, they became more suspicious and distrustful of each other as the situation in Shouchun became more desperate. Zhuge Dan eventually had Wen Qin executed.

Upon learning of their father's death at Zhuge Dan's hands, Wen Qin's sons Wen Yang and Wen Hu (文虎) attempted to flee from Shouchun. After failing to persuade their men to join them, they escaped on their own and surrendered to Sima Zhao. When an officer advised Sima Zhao to execute them, Sima Zhao said, "Wen Qin's crimes don't warrant death. Although his sons should be executed, they have surrendered to us. Besides, as the city has yet to be recaptured, executing them will only harden the rebels' resolve." He pardoned Wen Yang and Wen Hu, and ordered a few hundred riders to escort them on a tour around Shouchun and announce to the rebels in the city: "See? Wen Qin's sons have been spared. What's there to be afraid of?" Sima Zhao later appointed Wen Yang and Wen Hu as military officers and enfeoffed them as secondary marquises.

By then, most of Zhuge Dan's men had lost their will to fight after being trapped in the city for months without food. Zhuge Dan, Tang Zi and the remaining officers in Shouchun were also at their wits' end. Sima Zhao came to Shouchun and personally directed his forces to press on the siege and call for battle. The defenders did not respond. Zhuge Dan then attempted to break out of the siege with a few of his subordinates. Hu Fen (胡奮), a military officer under Sima Zhao, led his men to attack Zhuge Dan and killed him. Zhuge Dan's severed head was put on display and his family members were executed. Zhuge Dan had recruited a few hundred mercenaries as bodyguards. After his death, they were rounded up and each was offered the chance to surrender and be spared, but none accepted and all were executed. The loyalty of these bodyguards towards Zhuge Dan was comparable to the loyalty of the 500 retainers towards Tian Heng (田橫). Yu Quan (于詮), a Wu officer, said, "I have received orders from my lord to lead troops to help others. I failed in my mission and can't do anything to defeat the enemy. I won't stand for this." He then removed his body armour and charged towards the enemy and was killed. Tang Zi, Wang Zuo (王祚) and the other Wu officers surrendered to Sima Zhao. The weapons and equipment captured from the Wu forces formed huge piles like hills.

Family
Zhuge Dan had at least one son and two daughters.

One of Zhuge Dan's daughters married Wang Guang (王廣), Wang Ling's son. On her wedding night, Wang Ling told her, "You resemble Gongxiu (Zhuge Dan) so much in your facial expressions!" She replied, "You can't be like Yanyun (Wang Ling), so you compare your wife to a hero!" She was most likely executed along with the rest of the Wang family after Wang Ling's downfall.

Zhuge Dan's other daughter married Sima Zhou, Sima Yi's sixth son, who became a prince during the Jin dynasty. She was then known as "Grand Consort Zhuge" (諸葛太妃). She bore Sima Zhou four sons: Sima Jin (司馬覲), Sima Yao (司馬繇), Sima Cui (司馬漼) and Sima Dan (司馬澹). Sima Jin's son Sima Rui became the founding emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty (317-420), and Zhuge Dan is related to each of the emperors of the Eastern Jin.

Zhuge Dan's son, Zhuge Jing, was sent as a hostage to Eastern Wu in 257 in return for support from Wu forces for his father's rebellion. He remained in Wu and served as Minister of War (大司馬). In 280, after the Jin dynasty conquered Wu, Zhuge Jing went into hiding in the home of his sister (the one who married Sima Zhou). The Jin emperor Sima Yan (Emperor Wu) considered Zhuge Jing his relative (Sima Zhou was an uncle of Emperor Wu) and knew that Zhuge Jing was hiding in his sister's home, so he paid them a visit. When Zhuge Jing heard that the emperor had come to visit him, he hid in the latrine and refused to come out. The emperor insisted on seeing him and said, "Today, we finally meet each other again." Zhuge Jing replied tearfully, "I regret not being able to cover my body in paint and remove the skin from my face before I meet Your Majesty again!" Emperor Wu appointed him as a Palace Attendant (侍中), but he refused to accept, returned to his hometown and lived the rest of his life as a commoner. Zhuge Jing had two sons: Zhuge Yi (諸葛頤) and Zhuge Hui (諸葛恢). Zhuge Yi served as Minister of Ceremonies (太常) during the Jin dynasty and was favoured by Emperor Yuan. Zhuge Hui served as Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令), and had his own biography in the Book of Jin (volume 77).

In popular culture
Zhuge Dan is first introduced as a playable character in the seventh installment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series.

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Industrial production in Shōwa Japan

Industrial production was a defining characteristic of Shōwa Japan. It originated from the country's attempt to be Westernized.

Overview
Industrialization first appeared in the textile industries, especially cotton and silk production, which were based in home workshops in rural areas. By the 1890s, Japanese textiles dominated the home markets and competed successfully with British products in China and India, as well. Japanese shippers were also competing with European traders to carry these goods across Asia and even to Europe. As in the West, the textile mills employed mainly women, half of them under age twenty. They were sent there by their fathers, and they turned over their wages to their fathers. Japan largely skipped water power and moved straight to steam powered mills, which were more productive and created a demand for coal.

1907 saw the greatest number of labor disputes in a decade, with large-scale riots at Japan's two leading copper mines, Ashio and Besshi, which were only suppressed by the use of troops. None of these early unions were large (the metalworkers union had 3,000 members, only 5% of workers employed in the industry), or lasted longer than three or four years, largely due to strong opposition from employers and the government's anti-union policies, notably the Public Order and Police Provisions Law (1900).

Despite this, Japanese citizens were able to advance through the ranks of society more easily due to the abolishment of the feudal system. Citizens were also more educated, with leaders sending thousands of students to the United States and Europe to gain new knowledge. The government also recruited more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science, mathematics, technology, and foreign languages in Japan (O-yatoi gaikokujin).

From 1918 to 1921, a wave of major industrial disputes marked the peak of organized labour power. A prolonged economic slump that followed brought cutbacks in employment in heavy industry. By 1928, the GNP of Japan at current prices peaked at ¥16,506 million. In the mid-1930s, the Japanese nominal wage rates were a tenth of those in the United States (based on mid-1930s exchange rates), while the price level is estimated to have been about 44% that of the US.

In the 1930s, the Japanese economy suffered less from the Great Depression than most industrialized nations, its GDP expanding at a rapid rate of 5% per year. Manufacturing and mining came to account for more than 30% of GDP, more than twice the value for the agricultural sector. Most industrial growth, however, was geared toward expanding the nation's military power.

Beginning in 1937 with significant land seizures in China, and to a greater extent after 1941, when annexations and invasions across Southeast Asia and the Pacific created the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, the Japanese government sought to acquire and develop critical natural resources in order to secure economic independence. Among the natural resources that Japan seized and developed were: coal in China, sugarcane in the Philippines, petroleum from the Dutch East Indies and Burma, and tin and bauxite from the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. Japan also purchased the rice production of Thailand, Burma, and Cochinchina. According to a 2020 study, Japan used its imperial power to boost its industrialization.

During the early stages of Japan's expansion, the Japanese economy expanded considerably. Steel production rose from 6,442,000 tons to 8,838,000 tons over the same time period. In 1941 Japanese aircraft industries had the capacity to manufacture 10,000 aircraft per year. Much of this economic expansion benefited the "zaibatsu", large industrial conglomerates.

Over the course of the Pacific War, the economies of Japan and its occupied territories all suffered severely. Inflation was rampant; the Japanese heavy industry, forced to devote nearly all its production to meet military needs, was unable to meet the commercial requirements of Japan (which had previously relied on trade with Western countries for their manufactured goods). Local industries were unable to produce at high enough levels to avoid severe shortfalls. Furthermore, maritime trade, upon which the Empire depended greatly, was sharply curtailed by damage to the Japanese merchant fleet over the course of the war.

By the end of the war, what remained of the Japanese Empire was wracked by shortages, inflation, and currency devaluation. Transport was nearly impossible, and industrial production in Japan's shattered cities ground to a halt. The destruction wrought by the war eventually brought the Japanese economy to a virtual standstill.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Industrial production in Shōwa Japan


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Talk:Fasori Gimnázium

What does Sárospatak and Pannonhalma have to do with this article and to which Radnóti Gimnázium does this article refer? (I'm sure there must be a dozen of them.) Alensha 18:55, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The intended reason was that Sárospatak and Pannonhalma also have historically famous secondary schools (although Sárospatak is not currently among the very best ones). Perhaps separate articles could deal with the schools themselves, rather than the cities/towns. – Radnóti Gimnázium is mentioned here because it is also among the best Hungarian secondary schools (always in the top 10). It is meant as the one in Budapest. I thought the most illustrious Hungarian secondary schools could be linked to each other in the Wikipedia, if they have a solid recognition. – The most recent source (in Hungarian): -- Adam78 09:25, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I thought the category would be enough to link the schools together, but linking them is a good idea too. Should we also have a list of the best schools? (It changes every year and there's not always an agreement on what makes a school one of the best ones.) Which Sárospatak high school did you mean? (The town's article mentions only the teacher's college, I'm not sure if it was also a high school in the past.) Also, all the other non-English school names are translated, maybe we should use "high school" instead of "gimnázium" in the titles to keep consistency? Alensha 12:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

1) Yes, we could have a list of the best schools, and in this case this list would suffice as a link under the individual schools. However, it should be possibly defined in such a way to exlude future disputes. 2)As to your suggestion that their list changes every year and there isn't always agreement: that's why I wrote "if they have a solid recognition". I suppose there are a few schools which have a stable position and reputation. I'm not sure we should keep an up-to-date (or whatever) list of the best schools of the current year. Perhaps we could compare the official statistics to select the most solid ones which were in the top 10 ten years ago as well as today. 3) I meant the Calvinist College of Sárospatak. 4) I'm against translating the names of non-English schools into English, since Hungarian education considerably differs from both UK and US education, which differ from each other themselves (for example, "high school" means a 6-year education to my knowledge, and is not in use in the UK), so we can only illustrate and/or explain their function and role. 5) Because of the above, I'm not sure whether "high school" or "secondary school" (which seems like a more general term) would suit better to these Hungarian schools, or even "grammar school". But in my opinion, these could be applied certainly not in the article title, only in the explanation. Adam78 13:25, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I wrote an article about Education in Hungary, we can link there to explain gimnázium. The list on nol.hu only has 10 schools, there's a longer list at with more information. – Alensha 15:52, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Grain boundary

In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. They are also important to many of the mechanisms of creep. On the other hand, grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material, so reducing crystallite size is a common way to improve mechanical strength, as described by the Hall–Petch relationship.

High and low angle boundaries
It is convenient to categorize grain boundaries according to the extent of misorientation between the two grains. Low-angle grain boundaries (LAGB) or subgrain boundaries are those with a misorientation less than about 15 degrees. Generally speaking they are composed of an array of dislocations and their properties and structure are a function of the misorientation. In contrast the properties of high-angle grain boundaries, whose misorientation is greater than about 15 degrees (the transition angle varies from 10 to 15 degrees depending on the material), are normally found to be independent of the misorientation. However, there are 'special boundaries' at particular orientations whose interfacial energies are markedly lower than those of general high-angle grain boundaries.

The simplest boundary is that of a tilt boundary where the rotation axis is parallel to the boundary plane. This boundary can be conceived as forming from a single, contiguous crystallite or grain which is gradually bent by some external force. The energy associated with the elastic bending of the lattice can be reduced by inserting a dislocation, which is essentially a half-plane of atoms that act like a wedge, that creates a permanent misorientation between the two sides. As the grain is bent further, more and more dislocations must be introduced to accommodate the deformation resulting in a growing wall of dislocations – a low-angle boundary. The grain can now be considered to have split into two sub-grains of related crystallography but notably different orientations.

An alternative is a twist boundary where the misorientation occurs around an axis that is perpendicular to the boundary plane. This type of boundary incorporates two sets of screw dislocations. If the Burgers vectors of the dislocations are orthogonal, then the dislocations do not strongly interact and form a square network. In other cases, the dislocations may interact to form a more complex hexagonal structure.

These concepts of tilt and twist boundaries represent somewhat idealized cases. The majority of boundaries are of a mixed type, containing dislocations of different types and Burgers vectors, in order to create the best fit between the neighboring grains.

If the dislocations in the boundary remain isolated and distinct, the boundary can be considered to be low-angle. If deformation continues, the density of dislocations will increase and so reduce the spacing between neighboring dislocations. Eventually, the cores of the dislocations will begin to overlap and the ordered nature of the boundary will begin to break down. At this point the boundary can be considered to be high-angle and the original grain to have separated into two entirely separate grains.

In comparison to low-angle grain boundaries, high-angle boundaries are considerably more disordered, with large areas of poor fit and a comparatively open structure. Indeed, they were originally thought to be some form of amorphous or even liquid layer between the grains. However, this model could not explain the observed strength of grain boundaries and, after the invention of electron microscopy, direct evidence of the grain structure meant the hypothesis had to be discarded. It is now accepted that a boundary consists of structural units which depend on both the misorientation of the two grains and the plane of the interface. The types of structural unit that exist can be related to the concept of the coincidence site lattice, in which repeated units are formed from points where the two misoriented \ In coincident site lattice (CSL) theory, the degree of fit (Σ) between the structures of the two grains is described by the reciprocal of the ratio of coincidence sites to the total number of sites. In this framework, it is possible to draw the lattice for the two grains and count the number of atoms that are shared (coincidence sites), and the total number of atoms on the boundary (total number of site). For example, when Σ=3 there will be one atom of each three that will be shared between the two lattices. Thus a boundary with high Σ might be expected to have a higher energy than one with low Σ. Low-angle boundaries, where the distortion is entirely accommodated by dislocations, are Σ1. Some other low-Σ boundaries have special properties, especially when the boundary plane is one that contains a high density of coincident sites. Examples include coherent twin boundaries (e.g., Σ3) and high-mobility boundaries in FCC materials (e.g., Σ7). Deviations from the ideal CSL orientation may be accommodated by local atomic relaxation or the inclusion of dislocations at the boundary.

Describing a boundary
A boundary can be described by the orientation of the boundary to the two grains and the 3-D rotation required to bring the grains into coincidence. Thus a boundary has 5 macroscopic degrees of freedom. However, it is common to describe a boundary only as the orientation relationship of the neighbouring grains. Generally, the convenience of ignoring the boundary plane orientation, which is very difficult to determine, outweighs the reduced information. The relative orientation of the two grains is described using the rotation matrix:

 * $$ R = \begin{bmatrix} a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13}

\\ a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} \end{bmatrix} $$

Using this system the rotation angle θ is:

 * $$ 2\cos\;\theta\;+1 = a_{11} + a_{22} + a_{33} \,\! $$

while the direction [uvw] of the rotation axis is:

 * $$ [(a_{32}-a_{23}),(a_{13}-a_{31}),(a_{21}-a_{12})] \,\! $$

The nature of the crystallography involved limits the misorientation of the boundary. A completely random polycrystal, with no texture, thus has a characteristic distribution of boundary misorientations (see figure). However, such cases are rare and most materials will deviate from this ideal to a greater or lesser degree.

Boundary energy

The energy of a low-angle boundary is dependent on the degree of misorientation between the neighbouring grains up to the transition to high-angle status. In the case of simple tilt boundaries the energy of a boundary made up of dislocations with Burgers vector b and spacing h is predicted by the Read–Shockley equation:

 * $$ \gamma _s = \gamma _0 \theta (A - \ln \theta) \,\! $$

where:

 * $$\theta = b / h \,\! $$

 * $$\gamma_0 = Gb/4\pi(1-\nu) \,\! $$

 * $$A = 1 + \ln(b/2\pi r_0) \,\! $$

with $$G$$ is the shear modulus, $$\nu$$ is Poisson's ratio, and $$r_0$$ is the radius of the dislocation core. It can be seen that as the energy of the boundary increases the energy per dislocation decreases. Thus there is a driving force to produce fewer, more misoriented boundaries (i.e., grain growth).

The situation in high-angle boundaries is more complex. Although theory predicts that the energy will be a minimum for ideal CSL configurations, with deviations requiring dislocations and other energetic features, empirical measurements suggest the relationship is more complicated. Some predicted troughs in energy are found as expected while others missing or substantially reduced. Surveys of the available experimental data have indicated that simple relationships such as low $$\Sigma$$ are misleading:

It is concluded that no general and useful criterion for low energy can be enshrined in a simple geometric framework. Any understanding of the variations of interfacial energy must take account of the atomic structure and the details of the bonding at the interface.

Excess volume
The excess volume is another important property in the characterization of grain boundaries. Excess volume was first proposed by Bishop in a private communication to Aaron and Bolling in 1972. It describes how much expansion is induced by the presence of a GB and is thought that the degree and susceptibility of segregation is directly proportional to this. Despite the name the excess volume is actually a change in length, this is because of the 2D nature of GBs the length of interest is the expansion normal to the GB plane. The excess volume ($$\delta V$$) is defined in the following way,

 * $$\delta V = \left ( \frac{\partial V} {\partial A} \right)_{T,p,n_i}, $$

at constant temperature $$T$$, pressure $$p$$ and number of atoms $$n_i$$. Although a rough linear relationship between GB energy and excess volume exists the orientations where this relationship is violated can behave significantly differently affecting mechanical and electrical properties.

Experimental techniques have been developed which directly probe the excess volume and have been used to explore the properties of nanocrystalline copper and nickel. Theoretical methods have also been developed and are in good agreement. A key observation is that there is an inverse relationship with the bulk modulus meaning that the larger the bulk modulus (the ability to compress a material) the smaller the excess volume will be, there is also direct relationship with the lattice constant, this provides methodology to find materials with a desirable excess volume for a specific application.

Boundary migration
The movement of grain boundaries (HAGB) has implications for recrystallization and grain growth while subgrain boundary (LAGB) movement strongly influences recovery and the nucleation of recrystallization.

A boundary moves due to a pressure acting on it. It is generally assumed that the velocity is directly proportional to the pressure with the constant of proportionality being the mobility of the boundary. The mobility is strongly temperature dependent and often follows an Arrhenius type relationship:

 * $$ M = M_0 \exp \left (- \frac{Q}{RT} \right ) \,\! $$

The apparent activation energy (Q) may be related to the thermally activated atomistic processes that occur during boundary movement. However, there are several proposed mechanisms where the mobility will depend on the driving pressure and the assumed proportionality may break down.

It is generally accepted that the mobility of low-angle boundaries is much lower than that of high-angle boundaries. The following observations appear to hold true over a range of conditions:
 * The mobility of low-angle boundaries is proportional to the pressure acting on it.
 * The rate controlling process is that of bulk diffusion
 * The boundary mobility increases with misorientation.

Since low-angle boundaries are composed of arrays of dislocations and their movement may be related to dislocation theory. The most likely mechanism, given the experimental data, is that of dislocation climb, rate limited by the diffusion of solute in the bulk.

The movement of high-angle boundaries occurs by the transfer of atoms between the neighbouring grains. The ease with which this can occur will depend on the structure of the boundary, itself dependent on the crystallography of the grains involved, impurity atoms and the temperature. It is possible that some form of diffusionless mechanism (akin to diffusionless phase transformations such as martensite) may operate in certain conditions. Some defects in the boundary, such as steps and ledges, may also offer alternative mechanisms for atomic transfer.

Since a high-angle boundary is imperfectly packed compared to the normal lattice it has some amount of free space or free volume where solute atoms may possess a lower energy. As a result, a boundary may be associated with a solute atmosphere that will retard its movement. Only at higher velocities will the boundary be able to break free of its atmosphere and resume normal motion.

Both low- and high-angle boundaries are retarded by the presence of particles via the so-called Zener pinning effect. This effect is often exploited in commercial alloys to minimise or prevent recrystallization or grain growth during heat-treatment.

Complexion
Grain boundaries are the preferential site for segregation of impurities, which may form a thin layer with a different composition from the bulk and a variety of atomic structures that are distinct from the abutting crystalline phases. For example, a thin layer of silica, which also contains impurity cations, is often present in silicon nitride.

Grain boundary complexions were introduced by Ming Tang, Rowland Cannon, and W. Craig Carter in 2006.

These grain boundary phases are thermodynamically stable and can be considered as quasi-two-dimensional phase, which may undergo to transition, similar to those of bulk phases. In this case structure and chemistry abrupt changes are possible at a critical value of a thermodynamic parameter like temperature or pressure. This may strongly affect the macroscopic properties of the material, for example the electrical resistance or creep rates. Grain boundaries can be analyzed using equilibrium thermodynamics but cannot be considered as phases, because they do not satisfy Gibbs'definition: they are inhomogeneous, may have a gradient of structure, composition or properties. For this reasons they are defined as complexion: an interfacial material or stata that is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its abutting phases, with a finite and stable thickness (that is typically 2–20 Å). A complexion need the abutting phase to exist and its composition and structure need to be different from the abutting phase. Contrary to bulk phases, complexions also depend on the abutting phase. For example, silica rich amorphous layer present in Si3N3, is about 10 Å thick, but for special boundaries this equilibrium thickness is zero. Complexion can be grouped in 6 categories, according to their thickness: monolayer, bilayer, trilayer, nanolayer (with equilibrium thickness between 1 and 2 nm) and wetting. In the first cases the thickness of the layer will be constant; if extra material is present it will segregate at multiple grain junction, while in the last case there is no equilibrium thickness and this is determined by the amount of secondary phase present in the material. One example of grain boundary complexion transition is the passage from dry boundary to biltilayer in Au-doped Si, which is produced by the increase of Au.

Effect to the electronic structure
Grain boundaries can cause failure mechanically by embrittlement through solute segregation (see Hinkley Point A nuclear power station) but they also can detrimentally affect the electronic properties. In metal oxides it has been shown theoretically that at the grain boundaries in Al2O3 and MgO the insulating properties can be significantly diminished. Using density functional theory computer simulations of grain boundaries have shown that the band gap can be reduced by up to 45%. In the case of metals grain boundaries increase the resistivity as the size of the grains relative to the mean free path of other scatters becomes significant.

Defect concentration near grain boundaries
It is known that most materials are polycrystalline and contain grain boundaries and that grain boundaries can act as sinks and transport pathways for point defects. However experimentally and theoretically determining what effect point defects have on a system is difficult. Interesting examples of the complications of how point defects behave has been manifested in the temperature dependence of the Seebeck effect. In addition the dielectric and piezoelectric response can be altered by the distribution of point defects near grain boundaries. Mechanical properties can also be significantly influenced with properties such as the bulk modulus and damping being influenced by changes to the distribution of point defects within a material. It has also been found that the Kondo effect within graphene can be tuned due to a complex relationship between grain boundaries and point defects. Recent theoretical calculations have revealed that point defects can be extremely favourable near certain grain boundary types and significantly affect the electronic properties with a reduction in the band gap.

Relationship between theory and experiment
There has been a significant amount of work experimentally to observe both the structure and measure the properties of grain boundaries but the five dimensional degrees of freedom of grain boundaries within complex polycrystalline networks has not yet been fully understood and thus there is currently no method to control the structure and properties of most metals and alloys with atomic precision. Part of the problem is related to the fact that much of the theoretical work to understand grain boundaries is based upon construction of bicrystal (two) grains which do not represent the network of grains typically found in a real system and the use of classical force fields such as the embedded atom method often do not describe the physics near the grains correctly and density functional theory could be required to give realistic insights. Accurate modelling of grain boundaries both in terms of structure and atomic interactions could have the effect of improving engineering which could reduce waste and increase efficiency in terms of material usage and performance. From a computational point of view much of the research on grain boundaries has focused on bi-crystal systems, these are systems which only consider two grain boundaries. There has been recent work which has made use of novel grain evolution models which show that there are substantial differences in the material properties associated with whether curved or planar grains are present.

title: Grain boundary


text: User talk:69.196.102.172

title: User talk:69.196.102.172


text: User:Akapsycho

title: User:Akapsycho


text:
Howard F. Ahmanson Sr.

Howard Fieldstad Ahmanson Sr. (July 1, 1906 – June 17, 1968) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder of an insurance and savings and loan association, H.F. Ahmanson & Co. He made his fortune during the Great Depression selling fire insurance for property under foreclosure. He also bought real estate and invested in oil.

Early life
Ahmanson was born on July 1, 1906, in Omaha, Nebraska. When his father died in 1925, he moved with his mother to Los Angeles, California. He enrolled at the University of Southern California, graduating in 1927 with a B.S. in Business Administration. In college, he began selling fire insurance for National American Fire Insurance, a company founded by his father. Enlisting in the United States Navy in 1943, he spent a year in Washington, D.C., as a procurement officer.

Career
Ahmanson launched his career by selling fire insurance in the late 1920s. During the Great Depression, he specialized in fire insurance on foreclosed properties and began buying real estate, which began to build his fortune. Through the rest of the decade, his business grew as he specialized in serving savings and loans. In 1944, while still on active duty in the Navy, he acquired control of National American Fire Insurance. After returning to Los Angeles in 1945, he began investing in savings and loans. In 1947, he bought Home Building and Loan (later known as Home Savings). In an era when state and federal regulations limited branching, Ahmanson and his top executive, Kenneth D. Childs took advantage of the home construction and real estate boom around Los Angeles to make Home Savings and Loan the largest thrift in the United States.

Political activism
Involved with the California Republican Party since the mid-1930s, Ahmanson began to take a more active role in 1954 when his long-time friend Goodwin Knight ran for governor. With the Republican National Convention slated to be held in San Francisco in 1956 and the possibility that two favorite sons—Knight and Richard Nixon—might be running for president, Ahmanson became the focal point for a bitter fight within the party when Knight picked him to become vice chairman of the party. Although Ahmanson was elected to the position, the fight further poisoned the relationship between Knight and Nixon. After a heart attack, Ahmanson was forced to relinquish the position and withdraw from political leadership.

Philanthropy
Beginning in the mid-1950s, Ahmanson began to play a major role in the cultural life of Los Angeles. He served on the board of the Museum of Science and Industry, helped found the support organization for the Los Angeles County Art Institute (also known as the Otis Art Institute), gave $2 million to help fund the construction of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, provided a major gift to support construction of the Los Angeles Music Center, and provided generous funding to his alma mater, the University of Southern California. He gave $1 million in 1962 to help fund the development of a biosciences research center.

He also influenced the cultural life of Southern California when he hired the artist Millard Sheets in 1953 to begin designing Home Savings' branches. Sheets integrated the work of local muralists, ceramic and glass artists into the design of the buildings.

Yachting
A successful yachtsman, he bought his first racing vessel in 1948 and named it Sirius. For years, he sailed out of the Newport Harbor. He was a multiple winner of the San Diego to Acapulco Race. In 1961, he and his crew aboard the M class yacht Sirius II (formerly Barlovento) won the Transpac race to Honolulu. His crew included USC President Norman Topping, architect William Pereira and architect Bill Ficker who later was skipper of Intrepid, winner of the 1970 Americas Cup.

Personal life
On June 24, 1933, he married Dorothy Johnston Grannis (1907-1979) in Los Angeles. In 1950 they had a son, Howard Fielstad Ahmanson Jr. The couple divorced in 1962. On January 14, 1965, he married Caroline Leonetti Ahmanson, a fashion consultant who was a regular on the Art Linkletter show.

Death
He died on June 17, 1968, while traveling with his wife and son in Belgium. A major portion of his assets went to the Ahmanson Foundation in Los Angeles.

title: Howard F. Ahmanson Sr.


text: User talk:70.179.62.51

title: User talk:70.179.62.51


text:
Maple Grove Township, Cheboygan County, Michigan

Maple Grove Township was a civil township in Cheboygan County in the U.S. state of Michigan.

The township was created from the southern half of Forest Township in 1909. Maple Grove Township last reported a population of 10 at the 1940 census. In 1942, it merged back into Forest Township due to a low population.

History
Maple Grove Township was first established on October 28, 1909. It was set aside from the southern 36 sqmi survey township area of Forest Township in the southeastern corner of Cheboygan County.

Although the township was created prior to the 1910 census, the new township went unreported in that decennial census. In the 1920 census, the population was recorded at 63. The township recorded a population of 33 in the 1930 census. In the 1940 census, the township recorded only 10 residents. Because of its very low population, the township returned back to Forest Township in 1942, at which time Maple Grove Township ceased to exist.

Geography
Although the township never had any precise area measurements, it occupied the southern 36 sections of Forest Township, which is a survey township area approximately equal to 36 sqmi total.

The township contained Dorsy Lake (or Duby Lake) and Silver Lake. The Black River also flowed through the township. The rural township had no major roadways, although M-33 was created in 1919 and ran near the eastern edge of the township.


text:
Talk:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

Greek and Indo-Greek Empire extended eastward only to Afghanistan/Pakistan
According to most maps and Greek historical accounts, Greeks only conquered Afghanistan and the regions which now consitute modern day Pakistan. indo-greeks referred to the intermarriage of Greeks with the inhabitants of the Indus valley basin which is also exclusively located in Pakistan. To infer that the Greeks ruled over northern india is an innaccurate statement. Please correct this fact. Cheers  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.63.220.229 (talk) 17:04, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

As I have advertised on the discussion page for the Indo-Greek Kingdom: here comes a major revision of the chronology of the kings after Demetrius I. Here are the reasons for my changes:

1. Pantaleon. He is  definitely not a son of Demetrius I. The portraits on the pedigree coins of Agathocles show him as a middle-aged man. If he died in 185 BCE, he was in the very least born before 215 BCE. Demetrios I is described by Polybius (Histories 12.34) to be a young unmarried man in 206 BCE. Very possibly, Pantaleon was older than Demetrius!

2. Demetrius I. This brings us to the latters reign. Many Bactrian coins depict wrinkled, middle-aged men and obviously experience was seen as a valuable asset for a king, but none of all of the coins bearing the name Demetrius show an aged portrait. This points towards a rather short reign, not the 30 years between 200-170 BCE which was the previous suggestion!

3. The sub-king concept. With Demetrius I dead before the 170s, there is no need to consider all of the other kings his sub-kings and brothers. Euthydemus II, Agathocles and Antimachus might well have begun their reigns after the death of Demetrius I. The only king who might have been a "sub-king" IMHO is Apollodotus I, who reigned in India only and generally did not strike portraits (see discussion on http://groups.yahoo.com/group/seleukids message 1265, I am egil4870) Otherwise sub-king concept yearns for support from all sides! The kings all use the title Basileos, which explicitly means "independent king" and was not used by neither the Diadochs, the Attalids or Diodotus I until long after they seized power

4. Agathocleia. To my knowledge, nobody knows who her father was, even though my default guess should be Agathocles rather than Demetrius, shouldn't it?

5. Demetrius II. I have redirected this king from "Demetrius II of Bactria" to "Demetrius II of India", for reasons stated in his article. I have also added a short clausul on the ambiguity of the coins of the two (or three) kings with that name. Numismatics is, after all, the main source for knowledge of these kings.

6. Menander. I have yet to see any proof that he was related to the Euthydemids. He might well have been a governor of Sialkot, appointed by Eucratides but rebelling during the chaos after his death in the 140s.

Best Regards Sponsianus

Upon looking closer at the coins of Pantaleon published here, I noticed that he did strike coins with portrait and Zeus in his lifetime! This coin is totally unknown to me, and I have browsed through all net collections for years. It seems that PHG has taken this rare finding from Bopearachi (whose books are only published in French, which I don't speak!) This revelation does of course change my view of Pantaleon. He is still not the son of Demetrius I, but he is very likely to have been a brother! My apologies are due. Sponsianus

Jun 10 I have now substituted the passage where Euthydemus is said to have conquered certain Parthian satraps. This is anachronistic: the Parthian empire and its satrapies simply did not exist yet! The Parthian satrapies were not created until after they were taken from the Bactrian during the reign of Eucratides! "In the beginning, Arsaces was weak, and so were his followers." (Justin) Sponsianus

> PERSIANS NAMING OF THE GREEKS & THE VARIOUS GREEKS TRIBES

There are several types of Yauna in the Achaemenid Royal Inscriptions:

(1) Yaunβ in general: the same as the Greeks known as "Ionians", i.e., those living in Asia Minor. They can already be found in the Behistun Inscription, when the Persian rule had not yet reached Europe. This identification is 100% certain.

(2) Yaunβ takabarβ, the 'Greeks with shield-shaped hats'. First mentioned in DNa ( http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/DNa.html ), where they are distinguished from the "normal" Yaunβ: an almost certain reference to the Macedonian sunhats.

(3 and 4) "The Yaunβ, near and across the sea": another division, for the first time found in DSe ( http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/DSe.html ) and in a slightly different form in the Daiva Inscription by Xerxes (XPh: http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/XPh.html ). The obvious reading is "the Asian Yauna and the European Yauna", i.e., -again- Asian Greeks and Macedonians.

On the other hand, Persian inscriptions are fairly stereotypical, and the fact that there is a small difference between the precise wording of DSe and XPh suggests that there is a difference. Perhaps, there is a difference between the "Yauna across the sea" and the sunhat-Yaunβ. If this is correct, the Yauna across the sea must be either Cypriot Greeks (but why didn't Darius, who seems to have subdued Cyprus, mention them?) or the Thessalians, Boeotians, and Athenians - nations that Xerxes could claim to have conquered.

(5) There is a seal from the age of Xerxes ( http://www.livius.org/a/1/greece/yauna_seal.jpg ) in which the great king defeats someone looking like a Yauna. It is unique, because a second man appears to have a hand in the killing, and this man looks like a Yauna. Is this the Macedonian king Alexander who helps killing a Thessalian/Boeotian/Athenian??

Such instances are extremely rare since only a handful of original Persian texts have survived.There are of references by Darius I in the Behistun Inscription to Sardis (OP Sparda), Ionia (OP Yauna) and Cappadocia (OP Katpatuka). There are also a couple of statements concerning the Greeks and their tribes in the Babylonian tablets.

Great stuff!
I want to say I love this article, its really interesting! I always wondered what happened in that part of the world after Alexander...who knew that the Greek settlers were setting up their own little kingdom, and contacting China!?

Once again a fascinating article. Well done! PJB 13:58, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

As I see the portrets of all coins are not greeks - see profiles - noses. Or greeks have to be in all history everywhere. For what reason. Firdt time I read something connected greeks and baktrians( in greece) or balgharas (in hindu). It is simmple to understand from where the name cames. You can check into the ancient armenians manuskripts for that, also in iranians, indians.

Parthia vs Bactria
I recall to have read passages suggesting that Bactria was much stronger than the Parthian kingdom, is this acceptable or is that pov? Mallerd 11:54, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

You're right about that. Justin, Epitome of Pompeius Trogus book 41 wrote just so. In the beginning, Parthia was undeniably a weaker state than Bactria, but Justin's works are generally considered rather confused (he lived centuries after the events) and should IMHO not be presented without thorough commentary. --Sponsianus (talk) 10:03, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

BC/AD usage versus BCE/CE usage in dates
I created this topic because I am personally concerned that more and more people are using the BCE/CE abbreviations to denote dates rather than the time-honored BC/AD abbreviations. I am concerned because I believe that it is a POV bias against Christians. One could argue that perhaps I am biased against non-Christians or secularists because I wish to continue using abbreviations which have a specific religious connotation to them. In my defense, that is not the reason why I am bringing this to light. Rather, I am doing it for two reasons, they are:

1) To continue what history has given us for posterity's sake, and

2) To keep a uniform system of referencing in Wikipedia for article tidiness

For now, I will not edit any articles with BCE/CE in them until or if I get a general feel of consensus by Wikipedia users.

Discuss - USMarinesTanker 1055, 20071221 (MST)

If more people are using BCE/CE, like you yourself just said, then whats the big deal? Most people aren't going to be comfortable with "Before Christ" & "In the Year of (Our) Lord", the same way you wouldn't be comfortable with the Islamic calendar or the Buddhist calendar. ʄ! •¿talk?  19:18, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

 * This article originally used BC/AD notation. Then about four years ago we had this edit where User:PHG took it upon himself to change to CE/BCE. Note his edit summary "some more info". Recently I've been looking into this issue and it seems that there's a concerted effort to sneak in BC --> BCE changes right across the project. Wikipedia policy is to defer to the choice of the editor making the first major edit, and not to change the format without broad consensus. I see no broad consensus here, and even though the edit was made a long time ago, given the issue has been raised here again, I believe the original usage should now be restored. If it is not, then it gives carte blanche to those who wish to eliminate BC/AD usage from Wikipedia. See also the discussion at Talk:Kabul for a similar instance. 82.20.19.200 (talk) 12:05, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Ha good luck... the BCE/CE way is just neutral. Really it's not a big deal if people innocently use the old BC/AD style —people will know what they are talking about— but why get hung up on it? And aggressively promote its use? Take it from me, you will only encourage people who prefer the other way to kick back twice as hard, thus making it futile. ʄ! •¿talk?  12:47, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Well, the reality is that I am the one who created this article in July 2004, and that as I was un-stubbing it I introduced BCE/CE in most of the text (with one or two cases when BC/AD remained). A few months later, there was some discussion with a user called Jguk who asked for consistency, and we implemented BCE/CE systematically. Thereofore, it is the very creator of this article (me) who corrected himself to BCE/CE, as a more consistent and neutral dating method. Now, the policy on Manual of style is first to give priority to the most stable form, and indeed BCE/CE in this article has been stable for nearly four years now. We should therefore continue with it. It is only when there is not an established usage in the article that the initial non-stub format can be invoked. Even in this case, the article was quite arguably BCE/CE from its initial non-stub stage. Regards to all PHG (talk) 13:01, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi PHG, Yes I noticed you created the article, but I don't see the relevance of that fact. Here's the article immediately prior to the BC --> BCE changes . It's not a stub, and it looks pretty stable to me. I won't change this article, but I would ask you, and others of a similar persuasion, not to make BC --> BCE (or indeed BCE --> BC) changes, just to satisfy your personal POV. Incidentally, half of this problem can easily be solved. Years from 1 don't need any annotation, AD or CE. Would you support the removal of CE notation from this article on that basis? 82.20.19.200 (talk) 15:40, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Map of Greco-Bactria in 150 BC
I've recently finished a draft map of "Greco-Bactria & the Indo-Greeks in 150 BC", which can be viewed (for now) at www.WorldHistoryMaps.info. It shows Greco-Bactria near the end of Eucratides' reign, and shows the Indo-Greeks in the early years of Menander's reign.

I think the only real "down-side" of the map is that it doesn't quite show either Empire at its actual greatest extent. For example, this was about 17 years after Mithridates I of Parthia took Herat and Merv from Greco-Bactria. Also, Menander was only a few years into his reign and hadn't yet begun his campaigns against the Sungas. Nevertheless, I believe the map will serve this article well because it depicts both the Greco-Bactrians and the Indo Greeks at a key point in their existence - shortly before Bactria was overrun by the Tochari (Yuezhi).

Anyway, please review the map of "Greco-Bactria & the Indo-Greeks in 150 BC", and let me know if it's acceptable for this article, etc. Thank you in advance, Thomas Lessman (talk) 00:30, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

 * As usual, a fine map. This is however hardly a map over Eucratides' kingdom; he probably did not rule in Sogdiana (at least not all of it), and his Indian dominions are somewhat uncertain as well. There is no known greatest extent, as Sogdiana was probably lost in the 3rd century, while the "Indian" territories were added sometimes after 200 BCE, but soon become independent, and partially reconquered once more by Eucratides. Sponsianus (talk) 21:50, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

Greater Iran tag
this kingdom not only covered modern-day Afghanistan but other countries like Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, eastern parts of modern-day Iran. The only logical thing to do is to remove the current Afghanistan tag and to replace it with the Greater Iran tag.--Inuit18 (talk) 02:55, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * First read Talk:History_of_Afghanistan. Second, the Kingdom's capital was Balkh which is part of current Afghanistan. In other words, the kingdom was based in what is now Afghanistan and it covered Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, eastern parts of modern-day Iran and maybe other regions as well. Greater Iran tag is irrelevant.  (Ketabtoon (talk) 03:13, 27 October 2009 (UTC))

Afghanistan did not exist back then and it was part of Greater Iran. Afghanistan's template is irrelevant because it only covers modern Afghanistan not all of Bactria.--Inuit18 (talk) 03:20, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I have added "History of Afghanistan" template and I will quote User:Bejnar to explain why?

 * It has been determined by a consensus of neutral editors and administrators that the articles under the various countries'' listed on the Template:History of Greater Iran should receive templates specific to those countries, and NOT the History of Greater Iran template. Please do not impugn the valid use of that template by insisting on placing it on these articles.  The more specific history template prevails.  In this case, that means the use of the  History of Afghanistan template.

''

 * It is not relevant when the use of the word Afghanistan started, that is not how the history articles of current countries are done. Editors shorting the Template:History of Afghanistan do not do so in accordance with the way that country history articles are written in the Wikipedia. We have already covered this extensively, the History of Iran is not just about the time periods where Persia was called Iran; it is not just since the invasion of the Aryans. It is about the land area that now is covered by Persia. The History of India is not just since the British arrived, it is the history of the land area that now is covered by India. Similarly, the History of Afghanistan has little to do with the use of the name, it is the history of the land area that now is covered by Afghanistan. Why is that so hard to grasp? Why do you think that so many of the history articles start out with Pre-historic sections? That is before writing, and in most cases the people who gave the land its current English name had not yet invaded. Look at the History of Iran article, and accept that the same general principles apply here.

 * How would you feel if the hypothetical template "History of Greater Macedonia" replaced the template "History of Greater Iran". Under Alexander it was all Macedonian, and the Greek influence persists, in some things, to this day.  Think about it.

 * I hope every one understands why.  (Ketabtoon (talk) 16:34, 27 October 2009 (UTC))

spelling
This article should be entitled "Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom", for consistency with "Achaemenid", "Plataea" &c in the text. Deipnosophista (talk) 09:23, 15 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom


text:
User:SeventyThree/TLA disambiguation

This is about TLA disambiguation.

Problem: How to remove links to disambiguation pages on TLAs?

Wikipedia: page is Disambiguation and abbreviations

Curent disambiguation methods
'A' has multiple meanings, but one is clearly dominant. Put an article on this at A, and link to 'A (disambiguation). A(disambiguation) has a list of possible meanings. Problem with this: wrong links to 'A' are hard to find within the mass of correct links to A. Failure of the 'disambiguation pages with links' script.

'B' has multiple meanings, but none are obviously dominant. Make B a disambiguation page, and re-link stuff to the correct article. Create 'B (disambiguation)', which redirects to B. Use this for links which should point to the disambiguation page (e.g. list of TLAs). Problem with this: lack of double redirects means that a redirect page that should link to the disambiguation page has to go straight there, not via 'B (disambiguation).

'C' has multiple meanings, but none are obviously dominant. Create 'C (disambiguation)' as a dismabiguation page, and redirect C to it. Re-link re-link stuff to the correct article. Links which should point to the disambiguation page go the 'C (disambiguation)'. Problem with this: any further links to C are not picked up by the 'disambiguation pages with links' script.

title: User:SeventyThree/TLA disambiguation


text:
Talk:WJBK

Adding unreferenced entries of former employees to lists containing BLP material
Hello, Please do not add unreferenced names as entries to the list of former employees in the article. Not including this type of material in articles abides by current consensus and its inclusion is strongly discouraged in our policies and guidelines. The rationales are as follows:

 * 1) WP:NOT tells us, Wikipedia is "not an indiscriminate collection of information." As that section describes, just because something is true, doesn't necessarily mean the info belongs in Wikipedia.
 * 2) As per WP:V, we cannot include information in Wikipedia that is not verifiable and sourced.
 * 3) WP:NLIST tells us that lists included within articles (including people's names) are subject to the same need for references as any other information in the article.
 * 4) Per WP:BLP, we have to be especially careful about including un-sourced info about living persons.

If you look at articles about companies in general, you will not find mention of previous employees, except in those cases where the employee was particularly notable. Even then, the information is not presented just as a list of names, but is incorporated into the text itself (for example, when a company's article talks about the policies a previous CEO had, or when they mention the discovery/invention of a former engineer/researcher). If an article already exists in Wikipedia for the person you're considering adding to the list, it is generally considered sufficient to demonstrate their inclusion in a list of past employees is appropriate. 70.48.216.22 (talk) 21:33, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on WJBK. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130829004251/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf to http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-06-1082A2.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:53, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Dan Miller
Dan Miller I was Josh Allen apology the way he treated him and his first game of the Troit Lions this year and Detroit Lions end up losing the game welcome to the NFL rookie 2603:7080:8400:23B1:D959:EC64:45DC:BD1F (talk) 19:24, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:WJBK


text: Category:1972 elections

title: Category:1972 elections


text:
Charles Douglas Jackson

Charles Douglas (C. D.) Jackson (March 16, 1902 – September 18, 1964) was a United States government psychological warfare advisor and senior executive of Time Inc. As an expert on psychological warfare he served in the Office of War Information in World War II and later as Special Assistant to the President in the Eisenhower administration.

Life and career
Jackson was born in New York City. After graduation from Princeton University in 1924, he entered the private sector. In 1931, Jackson took a position with Time Inc. In 1940, he was President of the Council for Democracy. From 1942 to 1943, he served as special assistant to the Ambassador to Turkey. From 1943 to 1945, he served with the OWI. From 1944 to 1945 he was Deputy Chief at the Psychological Warfare Division, SHAEF.

After the war, he became Managing Director of Time-Life International from 1945 to 1949. He later became publisher of Fortune Magazine. From 1951 to 1952, he served as president of the anticommunist Free Europe Committee. He was a speech writer for Dwight Eisenhower's successful 1952 presidential campaign. He was assigned to be Eisenhower's liaison between the newly-created CIA and the Pentagon.

From February 1953 to March 1954, Jackson served as adviser to the President on psychological warfare. He worked closely with the Psychological Strategy Board and was a member of the Operations Coordinating Board. He was also a member of the Committee on International Information Activities, which was known, after its chairman, William Harding Jackson, as the Jackson Committee.

During 1953 and 1954, Jackson was key in establishing the Bilderberg Group and ensuring American participation. He attended meetings of the group in 1954, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, and 1964.

Jackson was a defender of Radio Free Europe, stating, "Over the years, Radio Free Europe has never, in a single broadcast or leaflet, deviated from its essential policy, and did not broadcast a single program during the recent Polish and Hungarian developments which could be described as an 'incitement' program."

He later served in a position at the United Nations. From 1958 to 1960, he served as a speechwriter and White House manager after the departure of Sherman Adams and the death of John Foster Dulles. In 1960, he was publisher of Life magazine.

Jackson became acquainted with Whittaker Chambers at Time Inc. He developed a harsh opinion of Chambers as a psychopath. During the first two years of the Eisenhower administration, Jackson urged strong action by the President in dealing with personalities like Senator Joseph McCarthy and Chambers. In Jackson's opinion, they were damaging the anticommunist cause with self-serving and unstable behavior. Sherman Adams, Chief of Staff urged a more moderate, political approach, which the President followed.

After Abraham Zapruder took the famous film in Dallas on November 22, 1963, Jackson purchased it on behalf of Time/Life to "protect the integrity of the film." Upon viewing it on Sunday morning, he ordered it locked in a vault at the Time/Life building in Manhattan.

title: Charles Douglas Jackson


text:
Talk:Biomineralization

Since the word biomineralisation also can be spelled biomineralization I created the article biomineralization just to catch those that punch in the word biomineralization but cannot find any article on biomineralisation because the wiki search engine only looks at the title word, and thus miss any list of synonyms inside the body of text. Bedrupsbaneman 19:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Biomineralization was brought back here to reflect the correct spelling of the topic. 68.197.211.117 (talk) 02:30, 28 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Copy/paste move reverted. The article has been at the "s" spelling for several years and was started that way. Please read WP:ENGVAR. Vsmith (talk) 15:58, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Biogenic minerals
I propose merging Biogenic minerals into Biomineralization. The former is simply the result of the latter, so they are not really two different subjects; and some of Biogenic minerals is already covered better in Biomineralization. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 21:13, 31 August 2017 (UTC)
 * There being no response, I will proceed with the merger. As I will be doing a full-content merge, this page will look rather disorganized for a short while. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 15:07, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Done. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 16:10, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

"List of minerals" section is wrong
The substances listed there are not minerals (beside opal, pyrite and marcasite). They are rocks or mineraloids.22:26, 8 December 2017 (UTC)Eudialytos (talk)
 * Thanks for pointing this out. It looks like the list is a mixture of biogenic minerals and places they can be found. I can make a quick fix to that. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 21:22, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * However, I see this list as more of a placeholder waiting for a more comprehensive treatment of each subject. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 21:40, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks Eudialytos (talk) 18:31, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biomineralization


text: User talk:69.157.102.164

title: User talk:69.157.102.164


text:
Sub Sub

Sub Sub were an English dance act from Handforth, Cheshire composed of Jimi Goodwin and twin brothers Andy and Jez Williams.

The threesome met at school in 1985 and became regulars at The Haçienda while composing their own material together. They had an underground 12" single ("Space Face" in 1991) and moderate commercial success in the early 1990s on Rob Gretton's label Rob's Records, including the single "Ain't No Love (Ain't No Use)" (featuring guest vocalist Melanie Williams) which reached No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart. The trio's only album, Full Fathom Five, was released in September 1994.

After a fire destroyed their recording studio on Blossom Street in the Ancoats area of Manchester on the Williams twins' birthday in 1996, they started as the more indie-oriented act Doves in 1998. An unreleased collection of tracks meant to be featured on the band's second album was issued in 1998 as Delta Tapes.

Albums

 * Full Fathom Five (Rob's Records, ROB 30; September 1994)
 * 1) "Coast"
 * 2) "Angel" (featuring Nina Henchion)
 * 3) "Valium Jazz"
 * 4) "Southern Trees" (featuring Gill Jackson)
 * 5) "Inside of This"
 * 6) "Ain't No Love (Ain't No Use)" (featuring Melanie Williams)
 * 7) "Flute Track"
 * 8) "Swamp"
 * 9) "Respect" (featuring Nina Henchion)
 * 10) "Past"

 * Delta Tapes (compilation album; Cortex Records, February 1998)
 * 1) "Crunch"
 * 2) "This Time I'm Not Wrong" (featuring Bernard Sumner)
 * 3) "Lost in Watts"
 * 4) "Jaggernath"
 * 5) "Firesuite"
 * 6) "Smoking Beagles" (featuring Tricky)
 * 7) "Clear Blue Water"
 * 8) "Heads Will Roll"
 * 9) "Past"

Singles and EPs

 * "Space Face" (January 1991), Ten Records
 * "Space Face" (Todd Terry Remixes) (January 1991), Ten Records
 * Coast EP (June 1992), Rob's Records
 * "Ain't No Love (Ain't No Use)" (March 1993), Rob's Records
 * "Ain't No Love (Ain't No Use)" (On Remixes) (March 1993), Rob's Records
 * "Respect" (February 1994), Rob's Records
 * "Angel" (August 1994), Rob's Records
 * "Southern Trees" (January 1995), Rob's Records
 * "Smoking Beagles" (December 1996), Rob's Records
 * "This Time I'm Not Wrong" (August 1997), Rob's Records

Chart positions

title: Sub Sub


text:
The Secret Life of Words

The Secret Life of Words is a 2005 Spanish-Irish drama film written and directed by Isabel Coixet and starring Sarah Polley, Tim Robbins, Javier Cámara and Julie Christie. It was released on 15 December 2006.

Plot
Taciturn, partially deaf Hanna (Polley) is a Yugoslavian native working in a factory in Northern Ireland. She is forced to use annual leave by her boss, who tells her that her co-workers have been offended by her work diligence. After overhearing a conversation about a need for a nurse, she takes on a job as private nurse for burn victim Josef (Robbins). He is bedridden on an offshore oil rig after a fire on the rig, and has severe burns and is temporarily blinded. The rig is not operational awaiting an investigation, and few people remain on board.

Hanna talks very little, and especially does not want to talk about herself. Despite his pain, Josef is constantly making jokes, some of them humorous sexual advances. Hanna's care for him includes holding the urinal and washing his entire body. As they get closer, they start sharing their experiences. Unbeknownst to him, she listens over and over again to a message on his mobile phone from a mysterious woman who was in love with him.

Hanna learns from a colleague that Josef was injured while trying to save a man who committed suicide by jumping into the oil-rig fire. Some other tragic connection between the two men is implied. He tells about a near-drowning experience because he cannot swim. Eventually Josef confides to Hanna his greatest secret guilt, and she tells him about her previous life in the former Yugoslavia. She describes in detail the horrors she endured during the Balkan Wars (Yugoslav Wars), including being kidnapped and repeatedly raped. She shares experiences of the other women, including one that was forced to shoot her own daughter, and the slow and agonizing death of her best friend. She tells of her own repeated torture and lets him feel the scars on her body from the wounds inflicted on her.

Josef is not getting better, and at Hanna's initiative he is air-lifted off the oil rig to be taken to a hospital. When the helicopter lands, Josef wants Hanna to accompany him, but she walks away without a word. However, she leaves behind a backpack (apparently intentionally), and it contains enough information to give Josef a chance to find her. After he recovers, Josef travels to Denmark to visit a counselor that Hanna had seen after fleeing the war, seeking to learn more about her. He then tracks her down at the factory in Northern Ireland where she works. They talk, and at first she keeps her distance, saying she couldn't be with him because she thinks one day she could drown them both in her sorrow. When he tells her that he will "learn to swim," she reciprocates the love. Later, Hanna is shown in a home with the voice of a young girl explaining that Hanna now has two sons, whom the narrator refers to as her brothers, indicating that the woman Hanna described as having been forced to kill her own child was, in fact, herself. The voice of her daughter ends the film with the hope that Hanna will one day be able to live completely in the "now" and no longer be haunted by the past.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 69% based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 6.20/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

V.A. Musetto of the New York Post compared the film to Breaking the Waves by Lars von Trier, stating that "Coixet's riff stands on its own thanks to thoughtful performances by Polley and Robbins". Jonathan Holland of Variety magazine praised Sarah Polley for her role "as a woman in a state of extreme isolation", adding that "[The Secret Life of] Words looks likely to make itself heard at fests and on the international arthouse circuit".

According to Stephen Holden of The New York Times, the film is as "powerful as anything I can remember feeling in a recent film".

Awards and nominations
The film was nominated for five Goya Awards and won four of them, including best film of the year:
 * Won: Best Director (Isabel Coixet)
 * Won: Best Film
 * Won: Best Original Screenplay (Isabel Coixet)
 * Won: Best Production Supervision (Esther García)
 * Nominated: Best Supporting Actor (Javier Cámara)

Polley was nominated as Best European Actress by the European Film Academy for her performance in this film.

title: The Secret Life of Words


text:
User talk:62.254.64.14

Proposed deletion of Cybergirl

The article Cybergirl has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Appears to fail WP:NTV and WP:GNG"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Donald D23  talk to me  14:46, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:62.254.64.14


text:
User talk:Mdev05

Well I am a Web Designer with a passion to create a dent on this planet, before I die. And I am sure that I will do it.

Here are few of my creations on www.

www.strapp.net www.devzstudio.com www.searchsaathi.com and many more...

--Mdev05 19:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mdev05


text:
Zvonimir Šeparović

Zvonimir Šeparović (14 September 1928 – 30 January 2022) was a Croatian jurist and politician.

Biography
Šeparović was a professor of Criminal Law at the University of Zagreb and rector of the University from 1989 to 1991. He was also known as the pioneer of victimology and a vocal opponent of death penalty.

Although he lacked any formal party or political affiliation, in 1991, he became foreign minister in the "National Government" of Franjo Gregurić. In 1992, he became the Permanent Representative of Croatia to the United Nations. He remained active in public life and did at one point become both a member of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) as well as a member of the party's Central Committee.

In 2000, he entered the presidential race as an independent candidate, opposed to the official HDZ candidate Mate Granić. He finished last and, immediately after being informed about projected results, urged his supporters to vote for Dražen Budiša in the second round.

Personal life and death
Šeparović was married to Branka, a Croatian Radiotelevision reporter. He died on 30 January 2022, at the age of 93.

title: Zvonimir Šeparović