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Western Harbour Crossing

The Western Harbour Crossing (WHC) is a dual three-lane immersed tube tunnel in Hong Kong. It is the third road tunnel to cross Victoria Harbour, linking reclaimed land in Yau Ma Tei in West Kowloon with Sai Ying Pun on Hong Kong Island. It was constructed by the Western Harbour Tunnel Company Limited (WHTCL), which also operated the tunnel from 1993 to 2023 under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) on a 30-year franchise contract with the Hong Kong government.

The tunnel is the first three-lane road tunnel in Asia to be constructed using submerged pipe. It was built as part of the Airport Core Programme, which included other infrastructure projects to support the Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok. The tunnel carries on the Route 3 designation from the West Kowloon Highway and connects to Route 4 on Hong Kong Island.

Background
By the early 1980s, commuters made 120,000 trips at the Cross-Harbour Tunnel (CHT) every day, beyond its designed capacity of 80,000 daily trips. Population growth was also projected to reach 6.34 million in 2001 from 5.125 million in 1981. The Hong Kong government launched the Second Comprehensive Transport Study in the late 1980s, which said cross-harbour trips would increase greatly – person-trips would increase by 86% from 1.4m to 2.6m, and goods-vehicle-trips by 129% from 34,000 to 78,000 by 2001.

Also, with the development of the Hong Kong International Airport, it was to be an important component of the strategic Airport Core Programme linking it to the Kwai Tsing Container Terminals and Hong Kong Island. There are 10 km of associated roads (40 km of lanes) and 17 bridges.

The Government announced in 1990 that the tunnel project would be financed as a private venture, with bidding initially scheduled to be called in April 1991. As the project was to span the change in sovereignty of Hong Kong, the support of both the British and Chinese was necessary. In September 1991, the British and Chinese governments signed the Memorandum of Understanding committing their firm support for building the new airport at Chek Lap Kok and its connecting infrastructure. Since mid-1991, private sector companies interested in the project started looking for partners to form consortia. The formal tendering exercise was launched in March 1992 and ended in early July 1992.

In early 1992, two consortia appeared to be vying for the contract. However, one week before the closing date for tenders, Cross Harbour Tunnel Company and CITIC decided to merge their bids. Cross Harbour Tunnel Company, with Wharf Holdings as its major shareholder, dissolved its own consortium in favour of joining with CITIC group; the contractors of the CHT team were dropped. At the close of the tender, the Government was disappointed that there was only one bidder. Upon this news, two new consortia of construction companies proposed to build the project for the Government if the Government decided to pull the tender and run the project itself. In 1993, the Western Harbour Crossing Ordinance (Cap. 436) was enacted to govern the construction and operation of tunnel. Having decided to rely on the private sector, the government opted for a build–operate–transfer (BOT) model, for 30 years. Tenders for the project were invited, and was won by the Western Harbour Tunnel Company (WHTCL). The franchise was awarded for 30 years, ending August 2023. The Western Harbour Crossing Bill was also passed to award the franchise to the Western Harbour Tunnel Company to build and operate WHC.

WHTCL's largest shareholder is The Cross-Harbour (Holdings) Limited (CHHL), which has a 50% stake. Its other shareholders are CITIC Limited and Kerry Properties Limited, which hold 35% and 15% effective interests in WHTCL respectively through a joint venture company.

On 5 June 2019, an Australian-based fund manager, Lanyon Asset Management Pty Limited, made a cash offer to acquire the 50% interest in the WHTCL from CHHL.

On 11 June 2019, Lanyon's offer was rejected by CHHL.

Lanyon cited this was in the best interest of CHHL shareholders.

Construction
The project team consisted of John Mundy (project manager), John Porter of Nishimatsu (project director), Kazutoshi Torakai of Kumagai Gumi (technical director), K.C. Tsui (JV construction manager for the mechanical and electrical works), Sandy Hone (JV deputy project manager and construction manager for the civil works), Knud Poulsen (engineering manager), Alex Peling (commercial manager), Robert Lloyd, Eric Granville and Don Ramanaynke (the Government's Highways Department Western Harbour Link Office engineers). The project cost was HK$7.5bn, funded privately. The project was completed in 1997.

The pipe itself is 2 km long.

Toll and congestion
The initial toll for private cars projected by the consortium was $30. The franchisee traffic forecast in January 1997 made before the tunnel opened was between 50,000 and 70,000 vehicle trips daily during the first year of operation. The actual number of daily trips did not exceed 47,000 and averaged at 20,000.

Toll adjustment mechanism
The Government and the consortium agreed on the toll and its future adjustment where the starting toll for private cars was proposed to be at HK$30. The agreed automatic adjustment mechanism would allow the franchisee to maintain the target rate of return of between 15% and 18.5%. The operator could also increase the tunnel toll by HK$10 whenever its IRR fell below 15%.

Legislators, principally from the pan-democrat camp but including the Liberal Party, criticised the mechanism as being too generous in favour of the franchisee and were unwilling to approve the deal. The government feared that revision at LegCo would adversely impact project viability and force re-opening of negotiations with the consortium. Underlying that were fears the consortium and its banks may withdraw from the project, so wanted the bill voted through as a package.

One week before the final LegCo vote on the deal, in response to legislators' fears, the Liberal Party proposed an amendment that both the Government and the consortium found to be an acceptable compromise: to preserve the HK$30 opening toll, but the return on investment would be capped at 16.5% (instead of 18.5%) for the first three years after the tunnel opened; amounts above that would be transferred the toll stability fund to reduce the need for future toll rises. On 21 July 1993, the legislative council approved by 35 to 19 the amendment proposed by the Liberal Party.

Any changes in tolls must be gazetted. The toll adjustment mechanism allows the franchisee to apply for an increase its tolls on six specified dates during the franchise period depending on revenues achieved. Toll increases and revenue appropriation according to following scenarii were envisaged:
 * 1) if the actual net revenue generated falls below the upper net revenue projection, the operator may apply for an increase in tolls;
 * 2) if the net revenue exceeds the upper estimated net revenue but is less than the maximum estimated net revenue, the company would be entitled to the upper estimated net revenue plus half of the excess and the balance, and the remaining half of the excess is transferred to a 'toll stability fund';
 * 3) if the actual net revenue is greater than the maximum estimated net revenue, the company is entitled to the upper estimated net revenue plus half of the excess between upper estimated net revenue and maximum estimated net revenue; the surplus is transferred to the Toll Stability Fund;
 * 4) If traffic levels and revenue fall below projections, the operator is permitted to bring forward the date of a toll increase according to the mechanism rules. However, the right to increase tolls will be deferred if the revenue received is above the forecast, and a rate of return is over the range specified.

Congestion
Due to severe congestion experienced at the Cross Harbour Tunnel and the feeder roads to the WHC, there were calls for reduced tolls at the Western Harbour Crossing by letting the Government of Hong Kong buy back the tunnel from the current owners of the tunnel, WHTCL, so that it can control tolls and ease traffic congestion in the Cross Harbour Tunnel area. To that end, lawmakers passed a non-binding motion in 2008 for the HK Government to address the situation. However the consultant hired by the Government to find a solution to the traffic problem did not suggest the Western Harbour Crossing have lower tolls. The consultants said that lowering tolls would result in a very high increase in traffic volume, with severe congestion on the exit to Route 4 during rush hour. This solution would only be possible when the construction of the Central–Wan Chai Bypass is completed.

After the 30 year franchise expired in August 2023, the Government, as the new owners of the tunnel, reduced the prices for private cars and taxi.

Sport events
Western Harbour Tunnel has been a place for many events. Before the Western Harbour Tunnel is officially open to public, in 1997, Walk for Millions was held in Western Harbour Tunnel. Participants can participate in the walk by soliciting donation from friends and relatives.

Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon
Standard Chartered Hong Kong Marathon is a sport event which held in Western Harbour Tunnel since 1999. Western Harbour Tunnel Company is one of the sponsors of this event. Started from 2001, the tunnel southbound route was closed and used as one of the routes in the game.

Hong Kong Cyclothon
Hong Kong Cyclothon is another sport event sponsored by Sun Hung Kai Properties and supported by Hong Kong Tourism Board. This event launched on 2015. Western Harbour Tunnel southbound tube was one of the routes in the game. After the game in 2015, the event arranged the route. In the past few years, Lin Cheung Road and slip of West Kowloon Highway were closed to facilitate the races. Based on the road closure on nearby roads, Western Harbour Tunnel had relevant road arrangement.

Transport
, there are 75 bus routes passing through the tunnel.

title: Western Harbour Crossing


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Cartierville Airport

Cartierville Airport (formerly ) was an airport in Saint-Laurent, Quebec, now a borough of Montreal. The airport (Bois-Franc Field when it opened in 1911 and during World War I) was decommissioned in 1988 and turned into the Bois-Franc neighbourhood. It was located next to Route 117 (now Boul. Marcel Laurin, formerly Laurentian Blvd.) and the terminal buildings were accessed via Boul. Henri-Bourassa (formerly Rue Bois Franc), near the present Bois-Franc Train Station on the Deux Montagnes Commuter Rail Line.

As the 10/28 runway's threshold was very close to Bois-Franc Boulevard (now Boul. Henri-Bourassa West), a traffic light was installed and automobile traffic was stopped by Air Traffic Control whenever a plane was about to take off from runway 28 or land on runway 10. In 1928 Reid Aircraft Company (and shortly by Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Company as Curtiss-Reid) opened a plant to make Curtiss-Reid Rambler, then in 1935 Noorduyn opened an aircraft plant followed by Canadian Vickers in 1942. At one time, Canadair Plant One used the airfield to fly off completed CL-215, CL-415, Challenger bizjets and Canadair Regional Jets. The airport was closed to private and commercial passenger traffic in the 1980s when it became apparent that traffic from the nearby Dorval Airport was making it hazardous for chartered flights and flight schools to operate on the site. This left Bombardier as the sole user.

Prior to Bombardier's acquisition of Canadair, Canadair had already acquired title to the airport, and had initiated a subdivision development planning.

Among the aircraft test-flown there was the Canadair CL-84 Dynavert tilt-wing VTOL airplane.

Airport statistics

 * Runway length: 8792 ft.
 * Runway elevation: 120 ft.
 * WAC: 906

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cartierville Airport


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Life and Times (TV series)

Life and Times was a series of biographical documentary films broadcast by CBC Television, CBC Country Canada and CBC Newsworld. The program premiered in 1996, and ran until 2007.

The show centred primarily on Canadian public figures, such as actors, musicians, comedians, writers, business people and politicians. Figures profiled in the first season included Mordecai Richler, Craig Russell, Lucy Maud Montgomery, Farley Mowat, Roberta Bondar, Anne Murray, Peter Lougheed, Daniel Igali, Karen Kain, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Bob White and Don Cherry, while profiles in the second season included Emily Carr, Burton Cummings, Peter Gzowski and Gilles Villeneuve.

Hosted by Gordon Pinsent in its first two seasons, Ann-Marie MacDonald became the show's host in its third season and remained as host for the rest of the program's run.

The show won many awards during its run, including Gemini Awards and Leo Awards.

title: Life and Times (TV series)


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File:Koenig-manometric-flame-device.gif

1862 Manometric flame apparatus of Karl Rudolf König. It was used to visualize sound waves. Source of illustration: Zimmermann, E. (1903). ''XVIII. Preis- Liste über psychologische und physiologische Apparate'' (p. 105). Leipzig, Germany: Eduard Zimmermann

title: File:Koenig-manometric-flame-device.gif


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Henry May

Henry May may refer to:
 * Henry May (American politician) (1816–1866), U.S. Representative from Maryland
 * Henry May (New Zealand politician) (1912–1995), New Zealand politician
 * Henry May (VC) (1885–1941), Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Henry Allan Roughton May (1863–1930), English army officer
 * Henry F. May (1915–2012), American historian
 * Henry May (co-operative activist) (1867–1939), British co-operative activist
 * Henry John May (priest) (died 1893), Dean of St George's Cathedral, Georgetown, Guyana

title: Henry May


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YCV

YCV can mean several things:

 * IATA airport code for the Cartierville Airport in Saint-Laurent, Quebec.
 * Young Citizen Volunteers (disambiguation), multiple uses
 * YCV is also an acronym for the Yonsei Computer Volunteers, an extracurricular organization in Yonsei University, South Korea, which has been devoted to the assistance of Yonsei University students' use of personal computer and the maintenance of computer labs in the school.
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Aircraft transportation barge (YCV)

title: YCV


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Bimah

Bimah or Bimmah may refer to:

 * Bema or, in Jewish contexts, bimah: an elevated platform, a dais; also "stage" in Modern Hebrew
 * Bimah Prefecture in Togo, West Africa
 * Bimah, Oman, a village in Al Hamra Province, Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate, Oman 23.20806°N, 57.38139°W
 * Bimmah, Oman, a village in eastern Muscat Governorate near Bimmah Sinkhole, Oman 22.99°N, 59.13833°W

title: Bimah


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Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Trey Stone

Trey Stone editing as an anon
Trey Stone is editing as an anon User:64.7.89.54. He is up to his old tricks, but this time mostly getting away with it, since I seem to be the only one who knows what's going on. 172 01:49, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am certainly following the situation closely, and do agree with you that this anon IP is Trey. Do you know if Trey is blocked? as I could find no reference to this. If not he is clearly not doing wrong merely by editing anonymously as Trey has not edited since the beginning of the month, though you were right to revert the talk page edits, SqueakBox 02:03, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * He and his sockpuppets have been blocked so many times that it's hard to keep track of. I can't think of any good faith reason, though, explaining why he has been editing as an anon lately. 172 02:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

the wily 172 found me up. "up to my old tricks," all right. like reverting his intellectually bankrupt edits. J. Parker Stone 05:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mistaken identity
I agree with Tony S that Trey and Kapil are very different people, and that asserting they are the same makes a farce of the Rfc. Does Trey speak good Spanish? We know he is in California, and has never edited about Bogotá, a favourite of Kapil. From Kapil's talk page it appears he has been at a Colombian wikipedia meeting. It quite simply doesn't fit that they are the same person, and alleging they are in the face of the evidence weakens the whole Rfc process. If we convict people on absurd statements we are in danger of being considered a kangaroo court, SqueakBox July 4, 2005 15:53 (UTC)

 * First, the purpose of an RfC is not to convict anyone. It has no administrative force. It is simply a mechanism to draw attention to either an article or a user.
 * Second, I personally don't think that Kapil and Trey Stone are the same person, but at the same time I don't think it is proper for Trey Stone (or Kapil) to remove the allegation. Hence, I support Carlton's and Davenbelle's revert of Trey Stone's attempt to remove it, but I won't revert Tony Sidaway's deletion. -- Viajero | Talk 4 July 2005 20:08 (UTC)

 * I, too, do not believe that they are the same user; my purpose in adding the line to the *long* list of Trey Stone socks (as a "could be") was to document that the discussion of the two had occured. Trey has no business removing this; neither do Kapil or Tony. Trey has no right to edit outside of the response and discussion sections. — Davenbelle 08:41, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * whatever man. just remember that the sock thing all took place in December. J. Parker Stone 05:49, 18 July 2005 (UTC)


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Sulfur lamp

The sulfur lamp (also sulphur lamp) is a highly efficient full-spectrum electrodeless lighting system whose light is generated by sulfur plasma that has been excited by microwave radiation. They are a particular type of plasma lamp, and one of the most modern. The technology was developed in the early 1990s and appeared promising, but was not a commercial success by the late 1990s. Since 2005, lamps are again being manufactured for commercial use.

Mechanism
The sulfur lamp consists of a golf ball-sized (30 mm) fused-quartz bulb containing several milligrams of sulfur powder and argon gas at the end of a thin glass spindle. The bulb is enclosed in a microwave-resonant wire-mesh cage. A magnetron, much like the ones in home microwave ovens, bombards the bulb, via a waveguide, with 2.45 GHz microwaves. The microwave energy excites the gas to five atmospheres pressure, which in turn heats the sulfur to an extreme degree forming a brightly glowing plasma capable of illuminating a large area. Because the bulb heats considerably, it may be necessary to provide forced air cooling to prevent it from melting. The bulb is usually placed at the focus of a parabolic reflector to direct all the light in one direction.

It would be impossible to excite the sulfur using traditional electrodes since the sulfur would quickly react with and destroy any metallic electrode. A patent pending to employ coated electrodes is discussed in Future prospects below. The absence of electrodes allows for a much greater variety of light-generating substances to be used than those used in traditional lamps.

The design life of the bulb is approximately 60,000 hours. The design life of the magnetron has been improved by the Germany/England based Plasma International so it can also last for that same period.

The warm-up time of the sulfur lamp is notably shorter than for other gas discharge lamps, with the exception of fluorescent lamps, even at low ambient temperatures. It reaches 80% of its final luminous flux within 20 seconds, and the lamp can be restarted approximately five minutes after a power cut.

The first prototype lamps were 5.9 kW units, with a system efficiency of 80 lumens per watt. The first production models were 96.4 lumens per watt. Later models were able to eliminate the cooling fan and improve luminous efficacy to 100 lumens per watt.

By comparison, cost-effective commercially available LED chips are available with around 160 lumens per Watt (2023) efficacy, with a typical light output depreciation of 10% after 50,000 hours, dependent on operating environment.

Quality of emitted light
The sulfur plasma consists mainly of dimer molecules (S2), which generate the light through molecular emission. Unlike atomic emission, the emission spectrum is continuous throughout the visible spectrum. As much as 73% of the emitted radiation is in the visible spectrum, with a small amount in infrared energy and less than 1% in ultraviolet light.

The spectral output peaks at 510 nanometres, giving the light a greenish hue. The correlated color temperature is about 6,000 kelvins with a CRI of 79. The lamp can be dimmed to 15% without affecting the light quality.

A magenta filter can be used to give the light a warmer feel. Such a filter was used on the lamps at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

The addition of other chemicals in the bulb might improve color rendition. Sulfur lamp bulbs with calcium bromide (CaBr2) added produce a similar spectrum plus a spike in red wavelengths at 625 nm. Other additives such as lithium iodide (LiI) and sodium iodide (NaI) can be used to modify the output spectra.

History
The technology was conceived by engineer Michael Ury, physicist Charles Wood and their colleagues in 1990. With support from the United States Department of Energy, it was further developed in 1994 by Fusion Lighting of Rockville, Maryland, a spinoff of the Fusion UV division of Fusion Systems Corporation. Its origins are in microwave discharge light sources used for ultraviolet curing in the semiconductor and printing industries. The Fusion UV division was later sold to Spectris plc, and the rest of Fusion Systems was later acquired by the Eaton Corporation.

Only two production models were developed, both with similar specifications: the Solar 1000 in 1994 and the Light Drive 1000 in 1997, which was a refinement of the previous model.

Production of these lamps ended in 1998. Fusion Lighting closed its Rockville, MD location in early 2002-February 2003, after consuming approximately $90 million in venture capital. Their patents were licensed to the LG Group. The Internet Archive has a copy of Fusion Lighting's defunct website. Their lamps were installed in more than one hundred facilities worldwide, but many of them have already been removed.

In 2001, Ningbo Youhe New Lighting Source Co., Ltd, in Ningbo, China, produced its own sulfur lamp version. The company's website is no longer online and may be out of business, but information on these lamps is available from its archived copy at the Internet Archive.

In 2006, LG Electronics began production of its sulfur lamps, called Plasma Lighting System (PLS).

Sulfur lamps were produced in the 2010s by Hive Lighting as the Wasp 1000. It can be identified by the mesh that surrounds the glass bulb. It was later discontinued.

Electromagnetic interference
The magnetrons in these lamps may cause electromagnetic interference in the 2.4 GHz wireless spectrum, which is used by Wi-Fi, cordless phones and satellite radio in North America. Fearing interference with their broadcasts, Sirius and XM satellite radio petitioned the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to force Fusion Lighting to reduce the electromagnetic emissions of their lamps by 99.9%. In 2001, Fusion Lighting agreed to install metal shielding around their lamps to reduce electromagnetic emissions by 95%.

In May 2003, the FCC terminated the proceeding that would have defined out-of-band emission limits for radio-frequency lights operating at 2.45 GHz, saying the record of the proceeding had become outdated and Fusion Lighting had stopped working on such lamps. The order concluded:

"We therefore decline to provide the requested relief from the Satellite Radio Licensees to prohibit operation of all RF lights in the 2.45 GHz band, as we find that the requested prohibition is overarching and is not warranted based on the circumstances. If there is evidence that any entity will seek to operate RF lights in the 2.45 GHz band and cause harmful interference to satellite radio receivers as a consequence, and our existing limits prove inadequate, we will at that time take appropriate action."

Environmental issues
Unlike fluorescent and high-intensity discharge lamps, sulfur lamps contain no mercury. Therefore, sulfur lamps do not pose a threat to the environment nor require special disposal. In addition, use of sulfur lamps has the potential to reduce the total amount of energy required for lighting.

Light distribution systems
As sulfur lamps in current production have a high output, it is often necessary to distribute the light to areas removed from the lamp. This can be achieved by using light pipes as a conduit.

Light pipes

The 3M light pipe is a long, transparent, hollow cylinder with a prismatic surface developed by 3M that distributes the light uniformly over its length. Light pipes can be as long as 40 m and are assembled on site from shorter, modular units. The light pipe is attached to the parabolic reflector of the sulfur lamp. For shorter pipes, there will be a mirror at the opposite end; for longer ones, there will be a lamp at each end. The overall appearance of a light pipe has been compared to that of a giant-sized fluorescent tube. One sulfur lamp with a light pipe can replace dozens of HID lamps. In the National Air and Space Museum, three lamps, each with a 27 m pipe, replaced 94 HID lamps while greatly increasing the amount of light delivered.

A reduced number of individual lamps may simplify maintenance and reduce installation costs but may also require a backup system for areas where lighting is critical. The light pipes allow the lamp to be placed in an easily accessible area for maintenance and away from places where the heat of the lamp may be a problem.

Secondary reflectors

A secondary reflector is a structure with a mirrored surface placed directly into the path of the beam of light as it exits the parabolic primary reflector of the lamp. A secondary reflector can have a complex geometry which allows it to break up the light and direct it to where it is desired. It can spotlight an object or spread out the light for general illumination.

At Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport near Sundsvall, Sweden, airfield lighting is provided by sulfur lamps mounted on towers 30 metres tall. The lamps are directed upward and shine their light onto wing-shaped secondary reflectors that spread the light out and direct it downward. In this way, one lamp can illuminate an area 30 by.

At the headquarters of DONG Energy, an energy company in Denmark, a single sulfur lamp directs its light onto numerous specular reflectors and diffusers to illuminate the entrance hall as well as several sculptures outside of the building.

At the entrance to University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, secondary reflectors on the ceiling are clad with highly reflective films, but shaped so as to avoid any glare. Moreover, since these films have a microprismatic surface structure that splits up the beams, the risk of glare problems is further reduced. The fact that the reflectors move the light source far away from the eye of anyone who would happen to look into them helps to further eliminate glare problems.

Indirect lighting
Indirect fixtures direct most of their luminous flux upward toward a ceiling. A highly reflective ceiling can then serve as a secondary source of diffusive, low luminance, high visual quality lighting for interior spaces. The primary advantages of indirect lighting are the opportunity to significantly reduce indirect glare potential and to eliminate direct source viewing.

At the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) headquarters building, two sulfur lamps were installed in the tops of free-standing kiosks. The 4.2 m high ceiling was retrofit with high reflectance (90%), white acoustic ceiling tile. The lamps direct their light upward, and it is reflected off the ceiling providing indirect light. Narrow, medium, or wide beam patterns can be created by choosing various reflector elements.

Direct lighting
Light pipes would not be necessary in applications such as stadium lighting, where a plain fixture can be mounted high enough so that the light can spread over a large area. The installation at Hill Air Force Base contains lamps with light pipes as well as downlight fixtures mounted high in an aircraft hangar.

Optical fibers
Optical fibers have been studied as a distribution system for sulfur lamps, but no practical system has ever been marketed.

Other uses
Sulfur lamps can be used as light sources in scientific instruments.

Future prospects
The development of an affordable, efficient, and long-lived microwave source is a technological hurdle to cost reduction and commercial success. The lamp prototypes were only available in high wattages (1000+ W), which impeded adoption in applications where light output demands were not great. The sulfur lamp has problems with the life of the magnetron and the motor that rotates the bulb and noise from the cooling fan. Because most sulfur lamps have moving parts, reliability remains a critical issue, and system maintenance may impede market adoption, however newer-design lamps which no longer require active cooling are commercially available. Researchers have had some success at eliminating the need to rotate the bulb by using circularly polarized microwaves to spin the plasma discharge instead. Other experiments have used sodium iodide, scandium iodide, indium monobromide (InBr), or tellurium as the light-generating medium.

Prominent installations
Many of the installations of the lamps were for testing purposes only, but there remain a few sites where the lamps are in use as the primary lighting source. Perhaps the most visible of these would be the glass atria in the National Air and Space Museum.

title: Sulfur lamp


text: User:CaptainJack~enwiki

title: User:CaptainJack~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/POT (Pirates of the Theatre)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:01, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

POT (Pirates of the Theatre)
Unverifiable. I was unable to find any relevant google hits. "Pirates of the Theatre" -potentiometer (to weed out mirrors of pot) turns up 30 displayed hits, of which about a third are no longer in accessible, and all of which are releases by a warez group. There isn't enough to turn it into a proper stub for the warez group, and I don't think such an article would be merited in any case. Cryptic 01:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete unless referenced. --W(t) 01:52, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Delete as unverifiable. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:58, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mr Bound 02:12, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete shiver me timbers - unverifiable. JamesBurns 10:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable. Matjlav 14:39, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Silverleaf whitefly

The silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci, also informally referred to as the sweet potato whitefly) is one of several species of whitefly that are currently important agricultural pests. A review in 2011 concluded that the silverleaf whitefly is actually a species complex containing at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable species.

The silverleaf whitefly thrives worldwide in tropical, subtropical, and less predominately in temperate habitats. Cold temperatures kill both the adults and the nymphs of the species. The silverleaf whitefly can be confused with other insects such as the common fruitfly, but with close inspection, the whitefly is slightly smaller and has a distinct wing color that helps to differentiate it from other insects.

While the silverleaf whitefly had been known in the United States since 1896, in the mid-1980s an aggressive strain appeared in poinsettia crops in Florida. For convenience that strain was referred to as (biotype B), to distinguish it from the milder infestation of the earlier known. Less than a year after its identification, strain B was found to have moved to tomatoes, and other fruit and vegetable crops. Within five years, the silverleaf whitefly had caused over $100 million in damage to agriculture in Texas and in California.

Anatomy and life cycle

Female B. tabaci will lay 50 to 400 eggs ranging from 0.10 to 0.25 mm on the under part of leaves. Female whiteflies are diploid and emerge from fertilized eggs whereas male whiteflies are haploid and emerge from unfertilized eggs. Eggs are laid in groups, being small in size with dimensions of 0.2 mm wide and 0.1 mm in height. Eggs are initially whitish in color and change to a brown color near hatching, within 5 to 7 days. After hatching, the whitefly nymph develops through four instar stages.

The first instar, commonly called a crawler, is the only mobile nymphal stage. The first instar nymph can grow to about 0.3 mm and is greenish in color and flat in body structure. The mobile nymph walks to find a suitable area on the leaf with adequate nutrients and molts into an immobile stage. The next three instars remain in place for 40–50 days, until molting into an adult. Silver exuvia, or shed skins are left on the leaves. The immobile instars appear opaquely white. Nymphs feed by stabbing into the plant with their mouth-parts and sucking up plant juices. After the fourth instar, the nymph transforms into a pupal stage where the eyes become a deep red color, the body color becomes yellow, and the body structure thickens. This is not a true pupal stage, as is found in the Holometabola, but is similar in function. Adult whiteflies are approximately four times the size of the egg, with light yellow bodies and white wings, which is attributed by the secretion of wax across its wings and body. Adult silverleaf whiteflies can reach up to 0.9 mm in length. While feeding or resting the whitefly adult folds its wings tent-like over its body.

Native/original community

Research indicates that the silverleaf whitefly likely came from India. Since the whitefly is predominately associated with areas exhibiting tropical/subtropical climates, the focus shifts to how these insects attained access to crops in habitats with temperate climates. One hypothesis suggests that the transfer of decorative plants from tropical regions may have aided in the spread of the silverleaf whiteflies to temperate environments. The ability of the whitefly to adapt to various plants facilitates the spread of dangerous plant viruses, which these insects are notorious for transmitting. Plants which are affected by the whitefly include: tomatoes, squash, poinsettia, cucumber, eggplants, okra, beans, and cotton. Other common plant damages of whitefly include: removing plant sap, breakdown of the leaves of the plant, and leaf shedding.

Introduced range
The silverleaf whitefly is an invasive agricultural pest in many locations around the world, including in Florida and in California.

Commercial impact
The silverleaf whitefly is considered an invasive species in the United States as well as Australia, Africa, and several European countries. It was classified as an agricultural pest in Greece around 1889 and had a significant impact on tobacco crops there. The first silverleaf whitefly was found in the United States in 1897 on a crop of sweet potatoes.

This tiny insect causes damage to plants through feeding and transmitting plant diseases. The silverleaf whitefly feeds on its host plants by piercing the phloem or lower leaf surfaces with its mouth and removing nutrients. Affected areas of the plant may develop chlorotic spots, whither, or drop leaves. Whiteflies also produce a sticky substance called honeydew, which is left behind on the host. Honeydew can induce the growth of sooty molds, which can then reduce the plants ability to absorb light. This results in slower growth, lower yield, and poor quality plants. It also requires that crops be thoroughly washed after harvesting, which raises processing costs for the grower.

The silverleaf whitefly is also a notorious vector for plant disease. It has transmitted gemniviruses including lettuce infectious yellows virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and African cassava mosaic virus for years and over many continents and is now a vector for cassava brown streak virus disease.

Bemisia tabaci became a serious issue in crops across the southwestern United States and Mexico in the 1980s. Scientists speculate that this pest was introduced via infested ornamental plants brought into the United States at this time. Florida's poinsettia greenhouses were crippled by the pest beginning in 1986, and by 1991, the infestation had spread through Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to plague growers in California. California produces approximately 90% of the United States’ winter vegetable crop, and has incurred an estimated $500 million in crop damage due to silverleaf whitefly populations. Across the agricultural industry, this pest is thought to cost the state $774 million in private sector plant sales, 12,540 jobs, and $112.5 million in personal income. On a national scale, the United States has suffered crop and ornamental plant damages in excess of $1 billion.

This species of whitefly is a particularly devastating pest because it feeds on over 500 plant species. Common hosts are agricultural crops including tomatoes, squash, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, melons, cotton, carrots, sweet potato, cucumber, and pumpkin, and ornamental plants such as poinsettia, crepe myrtle, garden roses, lantana, and lilies. It can cause specific damage to certain host plants, like "silverleaf" on squash, irregular ripening of tomatoes, whitestalk in broccoli and cauliflower, white stem in poinsettia, and light root in carrots.

Nuclear receptors
B. tabaci like all arthropods has ecdysone receptors (EcRs) which may be useful for insecticide development. Carmichael et al., 2005 presents the X-ray crystal structure for the 1Z5X ligand-binding domain of the B. tabaci EcR.

Integrated pest management
Multiple methods of control can be used to combat these prevalent agricultural pests. Some major control methods include, application of oils, use of natural enemies such as Aphelinidae parasitoids, employment of trap crops, release of insect growth regulators, and implementation of traps.

Most of these control tools have a minimal effect on plant and soil properties. Scientists are currently focusing on targeting the whitefly through mechanisms that do not cause pollution or contamination (i.e., mechanisms other than insecticides). It is important to be able to reduce the number of B. tabaci individuals that settle on plants to decrease plant damages such as those caused by viral transmissions. This can be accomplished by reducing settling, decreasing oviposition, and abating population development.

Biological controls
Classical biological control has been the best long-term, sustainable solution to controlling these exotic pests. However, success of this method can be unpredictable.

Entomologists with the U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center identified the most common causes of death of the whitefly as predation by other insects, parasitism, and weather induced dislodgement. They emphasize the importance of exploiting the use of natural predators and have identified predators by the use of enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). It was found that the use of the biological controls and insect growth regulators produces a higher predator-to-prey ratio. Insect growth regulators, such as buprofezin and pyriproxyfen, conserve natural predators compared to conventional insecticides, which can indiscriminately kill both predator and pest populations.

Natural enemies
Predators, parasitoids, and pathogens specific to whiteflies can keep populations under control.

Species in eight arthropod orders are known to be predators of B. tabaci. These include members of the families Phytoseiidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, Anthocoridae, Nabidae, and Miridae, Chrysopidae and Coniopterygidae. There are currently four species of predators that are commercially available for control of B. tabaci: Delphastus pusillus, Macrolophus caliginosus, Chrysoperla carnea, and C. rufilabris. D. pusillus is a species of small, shiny, black beetle which sucks out the contents of the silverleaf whitefly by piercing its exoskeleton. Adult and larval stages of this beetle feed on all life stages of the pest. C. rufilabris is only able to feed on the immature stages or the larval stages of B. tabaci.

Another natural enemy of the whitefly are parasitoids, which kill their host once their development has been completed. Parasitoids in the families Platygasteridae, Aphelinidae, and Eulophidae are known to attack whiteflies. Establishment of several Old World species of Eretmocerus wasps has been attempted in the Western United States to control B. tabaci. However, differences in climate preference by these wasps reduced their effect. The best studied of these whitefly parasitoids are Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus, both of which are commercially available. The Encarsia formosa "Beltsville Strain", however, has been unsuccessful in control B. tabaci biotype B in commercial greenhouses; it is only able to control the species in small experimental greenhouses. The species Encarsia formosa works much better at controlling the whitefly species Trialeurodes vaporariorum than it does B. tabaci. Eretmocerus sp. has been found more successful at B. tabaci than the E. formosa "Beltsville Strain". The wasps are faster at searching for patches of host nymphs are consistent at controlling the population. A variable release strategy of parasitoids has been found successfully able to control populations of B. tabaci. This was done by releasing six female parasitoids per week for the first half of the growing season, and only one female per week for the remaining of the season. This improved the effectiveness of the parasitoid wasps by ensuring they were continuously available to attack the pests, but in numbers that reflected the shrinking population of pests. If natural enemies are not able to control the pest population at low levels due to a significant increase in pest, an insecticide compatible with the biological control agent could be used to assist in reducing the pest population to low levels again.

Another natural mechanism of controlling the population of B. tabaci is the use of fungal pathogens. The most commonly known pathogens to the whitefly pest are Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Aschersonia aleyrodis, Verticillium lecanii, and Beauveria bassiana. When spore solutions of V. lecanii are sprayed on eggs of B. tabaci approximately 89% to 90% of these eggs are killed. Some strains of whitefly have developed resistance to its fungal pathogens including V. lecanii.

B. bassiana is only an effective biological control agent in conditions of low temperatures (maximum of 20 C) and a humidity level greater than 96%. Not enough studies have been conducted to show the productiveness of fungal pathogen in the real world environment. Much of the success of this biological control on B. tabaci has been conducted in the laboratory. However, it can be concluded though that when the fungal pathogen is combined with an insecticide, the synergistic effect of the two will induce a higher mortality rate of the whitefly. P. fumosoroseus has a broad host range but can attack silverleaf whiteflies at a variety of life stages and these include eggs, nymphs, pupae, and adults stages. On the other hand, A. aleyrodis only infects and destroys nymphs and pupae.

Natural oils
Natural oils are another important tool in the control of B. tabaci. Currently, the most effective oil in the market is the ultra-fine oil, which is a paraffinic oil product that reduces the settlement of the adult flies, decreases oviposition, and abates the transmission of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus. The effect of ultra-fine oil can be strengthened through the combination with oils such as limonene or citronellal. Olive oil is also highly effective in controlling the number of whiteflies. Other natural oils such as cottonseed, castor, peanut, soybean, and sunflower can be effective. Peanut oil was the most effective out of this group in reducing the population. All of these oils cause direct mortality to immature life stages of the silverleaf whitefly on contact and reduce settling and ovipositon by adults when sprayed on plant leaves. The oil extracted from the seeds of sugar apple has also been found effective against the whitefly. This oil causes the silverleaf whitefly nymph to shrink in size and therefore detach from the tomato plant, leading to starvation. Sugar apple seed oil is not phytotoxic to tomato plants of any concentrations and reduces the survival rate of the pest.

Insect growth regulators
Insecticides can be costly, and have an increasing risk of resistance by whiteflies. However, the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen has been found successful in reducing whitefly populations on curbit plants including zucchini squash, cucumber, and pumpkin. This hormone is a juvenile hormone analogue, which affects hormonal balance and chitin in immature insects, and causes deformation and death during molting and pupation. This insect growth regulator does not kill adult whiteflies, and has low toxicity to mammals, fish, birds and bumblebees.

Man-made traps and covers
Traps offer a pesticide free method of control of B. tabaci. The Light-Emitting Diode Equipped CC trap (LED-CC) was developed by plant physiologist Chang-Chi Chu and Thomas Henneberry. Originally, the trap was used to monitor population of silverleaf whitefly populations, but as the trap was improved it was used in control programs to limit whitefly pest populations. The trap itself includes a green LED light that attracts and traps the whiteflies. The LED device works best at night, and is inexpensive and durable. In addition, the LED does not harm predators and parasitoids of the whitefly.

Another technique used to reduce virus damage include the use of floating row covers, which are covers used to keep plants from exposure from pests. Field studies conducted in Australia have shown that the use of floating row covers coupled with insect growth regulators increase the yield of harvested fruit and quality and reduce virus damage to cucurbits.

Trap crops
Another important control is the use of other crops as a source of trap crops. Squashes can act as trap crops for the silverleaf whitefly due to the flies’ attraction to these crops. Silverleaf whiteflies are actually more attracted to the squash crop than they are to the tomato plant. When squash serves as a trap crop, the tomato yellow curl leaf virus can be controlled and limited. Scientific experiments show in the fields that growing squash crops around the areas where tomato plants can be found is a useful manipulation in regulating the silverleaf whitefly population as well as the transmission of TYLCV. Other plants that can serve as trap crops include cantaloupe and cucumber.

Cultural controls
Through a cultural control method, different planting areas can limit the amount of B. tabaci infected plants. Planting different host crops away from each other will decrease the number of plants the flies will be able to infect. Thus, the best control is to maximize the distance and time interval between host crops. Good sanitation in winter and spring crops is also required for the maintenance and control of the fly population. Weeds and host crop residues must be removed immediately to avoid infestation. Silver/aluminum cover mulches can repel the adult silverleaf whitefly. Thus, when planting seeds, placing a reflective polyethylene mulch on planting beds will significantly reduce the rate of colonization.

Cultural controls are very important to crops such as vegetables and fruit. For example, in the family Cucurbitaceae, vegetables such as watermelon and squash contract squash vein yellowing virus (SqVYV) by the silverleaf whitefly. The SqVYV virus discovered by plant pathologist Benny Bruton and Shaker Kousik is essentially a crippling disease of the watermelon, which leads to the vine of the watermelon to collapse, causing the death of the watermelon before harvest. Kousik and pathologist Scott Adkins at ARS Subtropical Plant Pathology Research Unit worked together in screening the watermelon germplasm for resistance to SqVYV as to search for potential sources of resistance in wild-type watermelon. Kousik examined different combinations of insecticides and silver plastic mulch that could be used to reduce the whitefly populations.

title: Silverleaf whitefly


text: User talk:68.62.26.151

title: User talk:68.62.26.151


text:
Talk:Fab Morvan

Birth Location
Fab Morvan says in his recent Moth podcast (A Voice of My Own) said he was born in Paris. Perhaps he just said that to simply his story, but is there a second source for his birth location: http://themoth.org/

12:21, 24 August 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.93.164.51 (talk)

I would think that "would-be singer" violates NPOV, considering that Fabrice actually can sing. --Beau99 01:55, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like an anonymous user added those comments back in April, I removed them. Zerbey 18:47, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Edits to article by noted IP address
The above IP address corresponds to a SBC/PacBell DSL line located in Irvine, California, part of the Greater Los Angeles Area.--み使い Mitsukai 21:24, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Irvine is pretty big. Surely you aren't just going by that? Recury 19:46, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

What type of session musician was he? Was he successful? Did he appear on any known records?

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:52, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=B52x7gjwrj6ix

title: Talk:Fab Morvan


text:
User:Haukurth/Test

 * Þorsteinn Erlingsson
 * Thorsteinn Erlingsson

Macrons
Ā ā ṓ ō ū ē ǣ ī ǫ́ &AEligmcac; &omcac;

Links

 * Sebastian de Olmedo
 * Thaleischweiler-Froschen
 * Framhaldsskolinn i Vestmannaeyjum

More links

 * Skírnismál
 * Atlakviða
 * Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar (eftir Snorra)
 * Ragnars saga Loðbrókar
 * Flóres saga og Blankíflúr
 * Fóstbræðra saga
 * Grettis saga
 * Sturla Þórðarson: Íslendingasaga
 * Eysteinn Ásgrímsson: Lilja
 * Hallgrímur Pétursson
 * Ólafur á Söndum
 * Skíðaríma
 * Steinunn Finnsdóttir
 * Arngrímur Jónsson: Crymogæa
 * Jón Vídalín: Vídalínspostilla
 * Jón Indíafari
 * Jón Bjarnason: Saga af Parmes Loðinbirni
 * Gísli Konráðsson: Sagnaþættir
 * Bjarni Thorarensen
 * Jónas Hallgrímsson
 * Benedikt Gröndal: Sagan af Heljarslóðarorrustu
 * Grímur Thomsen
 * Steingrímur Thorsteinsson
 * Matthías Jochumsson
 * Einar Benediktsson
 * Hulda (poet)
 * Gunnar Gunnarsson: Saga Borgarættarinnar I.
 * Þórbergur Þórðarson: Bréf til Láru
 * Halldór Laxness: Sjálfstætt fólk
 * Sigfús Daðason
 * Hannes Sigfússon
 * Vilborg Dagbjartsdóttir
 * Ingibjörg Haraldsdóttir
 * Indriði G. Þorsteinsson: 79 af stöðinni
 * Svava Jakobsdóttir: „Saga handa börnum“
 * Einar Már Guðmundsson: Fótspor á himnum

Even more links

 * Martinus saga
 * Snorra-Edda
 * Færeyinga saga
 * Hákonar saga góða
 * Lokasenna
 * Sonatorrek
 * Möttuls saga
 * Sturlu saga
 * Ragnars saga loðbrókar
 * Guðmundar saga Arasonar (Arngr. Brandsson)
 * Þorsteins þáttr skelks
 * Lilja
 * Nítíða saga

title: User:Haukurth/Test


text:
Axle load

The axle load of a wheeled vehicle is the total weight bearing on the roadway for all wheels connected to a given axle. Axle load is an important design consideration in the engineering of roadways and railways, as both are designed to tolerate a maximum weight-per-axle (axle load); exceeding the maximum rated axle load will cause damage to the roadway or railway tracks.

Railway use
On railways, a given section of tracks is designed to support a maximum axle load. The maximum axle load is determined by train speeds, weight of rails, density of sleepers and fixtures, amount and standard of ballast, and strength of bridges and earthworks. Higher operating speeds can be achieved by reducing axle loads and increased load-carrying capacity. Operating above the specified load can cause catastrophic failure of track components. The diameter of the wheels also affects the maximum axle load of a Talgo RD wagon.

United Kingdom
The standard rail weight for British railways is now 113 lb/yd. Before the 1990s, most diesel locomotives were built to a maximum axle load of 19 LT so the maximum locomotive weight was 76 LT for a four-axle locomotive and 114 LT for a six-axle one. Higher axle loads are now permitted, e.g. the Class 67 locomotive is a four-axle machine weighing 90 t, giving 22.5 t on each axle.

Australia
The Fortescue railway uses 68 kg/m rail on concrete sleepers and has a maximum axle load of 40 t, which was the highest axle load of any railway in the world. In 2011, it was proposed to increase the axle load of the railway to 42 t.

Kenya
In 2022, sixteen new metre-gauge locomotives were supplied by CRRC with axleloads of 12.5 tonnes, 14 tonnes, and 18 tonnes respectively.

Bridge loading
Bridges may have to carry several locomotives or wagons at the same time. especially on longer spans; in that case they require separate calculation of maximum allowable axle load. A weak bridge may limit the axle load of the full line. Theodore Cooper developed the E10 loading system for calculating the strength of bridges.

Roadway use
The term axle load is also applicable to trucks, and this context is made more complex by some trucks having more than two wheels per axle. The axle load remains the same, but the load borne by the individual wheels is reduced by having more contact area (more wheels, larger tires, lower tire pressure) to distribute the load.

title: Axle load


text:
Talk:Howard Baker

Untitled
To John Kenney: I took off your line that began "Although..." because it did not have an ending. Please add it back with the complete thought. I would love to see it. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 01:57, 14 June 2005 (talk)

 * Ah, yes - I had read somewhere that Baker's statement was originally intended to defend Nixon by suggesting that he hadn't known about things. But I couldn't find confirmation, so I wasn't going to add it.  And then I forgot and added the half-completed sentence. john k 04:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Calling Howard Baker a "distinguished American statesman" is an opinion and not a fact. I am not slamming Baker, but it's not an appropriate description.--Susan Nunes — Preceding unsigned comment added by SusanNunes (talk • contribs) 04:07, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, and I've removed that phrase, along with making other edits. JamesMLane 08:14, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

In re Statesman
I don't see how he isn't distinguished and a statesman. He was President Reagan's Chief of Staff, a United States Senator, the Senate Majority Leader, and Ambassador to Japan. Sounds both distinguished and statesmanlike to me. (On a side note, Dr. Annis is a friend and former professor of mine.) Steven (talk) 15:40, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Fixing mechanical items, mainly confused pronoun reference and deleting material not related to Baker
Lots of good info here! 'Went through this and made mechanical corrections, especially relating to complex sentence construction pronoun reference and some dangling modifiers. Also, 'deleted several sentences that talk about other people but don't relate to Baker himself. If it's going to be in THIS article, it should be tied in to make it relevant to Baker. Paavo273 (talk) 05:11, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Lead is too long
The lead is too long for the article. It repeats too much, word for word, of the article content. I am going to remove redundant material.

I have been doing a major clean-up of the article.--FeralOink (talk) 20:30, 10 June 2018 (UTC)

Typo Issue - not sure how to resolve
This article contains the following line: "Watergate reporter Bob Woodward white that then, both the majority Democrats and minority Republicans agreed"... I'm not sure what word "white" is supposed to actually be. Maybe "writes"? EricTN (talk) 22:56, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:31, 6 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Howard baker jr.jpg

title: Talk:Howard Baker


text:
The Amazing Spider-Man (1990 video game)

The Amazing Spider-Man is a platform game featuring the Marvel comic book character Spider-Man. The game was developed by Oxford Digital Enterprises and released in 1990 for Commodore 64 and Amiga, and later ported to IBM PC compatibles, Amstrad CPC, and Atari ST. The title was published by Paragon Software in North America and by Empire Software in Europe.

Plot
The plot involves Spider-Man's wife, Mary Jane, being kidnapped by Mysterio. To save her, Spider-Man must navigate through various environments and puzzles divided into separate acts, representing Mysterio's obsession with film. The various rooms are often parodies of film genres.

Development
In December 1990 issue of British gaming magazine The One, Rick Yapp from Oxford Digital Enterprises was interviewed about The Amazing Spider-Man's development. Yapp explained how platforming was added during the development stage of the game and it was not included in its original design: "The platform idea wasn't part of the original brief. It just seemed to fit in quite nicely with the ability to swing on webs properly. And we thought a straight beat 'em up was a bit boring for someone of Peter Parker's intelligence". Yapp also added that Spider-Man's sprite was downscaled to make room for more animations: "The reason we've done that is that we can have a massive animation table in there. Because he can be shown in all orientations, such as walking along ceilings and crawling up walls, there's 256 frames of animation just for the Spider-Man sprite".

The Amazing Spider-Man's movie studio setting was partially concepted due to the team wanting to incorporate movie references into the game. The Amazing Spider-Man's music is stated to be "not really" based upon music from previous Spider-Man media. The MS-DOS version of the game supports AdLib sound cards and enables game's speed manual setting, thus allowing faster computers to run the game faster. All ports of the game have a feature where, in specific rooms, the player may save the game to RAM as opposed to the hard disk.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Judd Winick

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy KEEP   — Gwalla | Talk 21:55, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Judd Winick
This page is not a biographical/career history article about Judd Winick. Instead, it is a PR piece that looks like it was largely copied from the back cover of one of his books, complete with quotes from reviewers and a list of awards. 68.84.241.191 01:58, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising & C&P. Geogre 02:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Mea culpa.  I should have checked the history.  (I noticed that the nominator was an IP, but I didn't put 2 and 2 together.)  Geogre 12:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I will revert back to this version by User:62.252.192.12. The history shows that this article has been developing since 7 July 2004 and the part that looks like advertising was just added last month while deleting some of the bio/career history that nominator wishes for.  Double Blue  (Talk) 03:03, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and revert per DoubleBlue.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:00, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Seems to be notable cartoonist. Capitalistroadster 05:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Definite keep. RickK 05:26, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per DoubleBlue. JamesBurns 10:35, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Don't know why it should be deleted. unsigned vote by
 * Keep one of the few RW people who is notable. --Etacar11 17:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep with the article in its current form; this discussion can be closed. jglc | t | c 19:34, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Flcelloguy 20:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this too please Yuckfoo 20:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and add information about Juniper Lee, his latest project. Haikupoet 02:39, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Thái Nguyên province

Thái Nguyên is a province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It is a mountainous, midland province with a land area of 3521.96 km2 and a population of 1,350,345 as of 2023, with 445,505 people in urban areas and 904,849 people in rural areas. Its multi-ethnic society is composed of eight ethnic groups.

With its rich mineral resources and salubrious climate, the province offers significant opportunities for industrial development for both domestic and foreign investors. Thái Nguyên is also known as an educational centre and ranks 3rd nationwide, having 21 universities and colleges. The province is also the centre of tea industry in the country with an area of 16,000 ha. (second only to Lâm Đồng) with a production of 100000 t per year. Its dried tea production is 25000 t per year. The tea produced here is considered to have the finest quality throughout Vietnam.

Demographics
According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Thái Nguyên province as of 2019 was 1,286,751 with a density of 364 people per km2 over a total land area of 3526.64 km2. The male population during this period was 629,197 while the female population was 657,554. The rural population was 876,484 against an urban population of 410,267 (about 47% of the rural population).

There are about 50 ethnic groups in Thái Nguyên recognized by the Vietnamese government. Each ethnicity has their own language, traditions, and subculture. The largest ethnic groups are: Vietnamese (70.13%), followed by Tày, Nùng, Sán Dìu and Sán Chay

Demographic distribution varies greatly: population density in the highlands and mountainous regions is low, while that of urban areas is very high. Vo Nhai District has lowest population density with 72 inhabitants/km2 and Thái Nguyên city has the highest with 1,260 inhabitants/km2.

Geography
Thái Nguyên borders six provinces: Bắc Kạn, Vĩnh Phúc, Tuyên Quang, Lạng Sơn, Bắc Giang, Hanoi. Thái Nguyên is the gateway for socio-economic exchange with the Red River delta. It is 50 km from Noi Bai international airport, 200 km from the Chinese border, 75 km from the center of Hanoi and 200 km from Hai Phong. The exchange is carried out via road, rail and waterways in the province Main water features include the Công River and Núi Cốc Lake. Thái Nguyên has many mountain ranges running from south to north. Their structure is made of strongly decayed rocks with many caves and valleys. In the southwest is the Tam Đảo mountain range, located on the northern fringe of the Red River Delta. The range spans some 80 kilometres, with its highest peak of 1,529 metres (note other sources state 1,590 or 1,592 metres) and many cliffs running from northwest to southeast.

The Tam Đảo mountain region is protected by the Tam Đảo National Park, established in 1996, which is one of the largest national parks in the country. There are over 20 peaks with the park area, others of note include Thien Thi at 1,375 m, Thach Ban at 1,388 m and Phu Nghia at 1,300 m. Sharp peaks with sloping sides and numerous, deep partitions are characteristic of the topology. The boundary of the national park is located at an altitude of 100 m around the Tam Đảo range. There is a larger buffer zone (which has area of approximately 535 km2) which surrounds the national park which has an altitude below 100 m. Seventy per cent of the area of the park is covered by natural and artificial forest. The natural forest is about 220 km2 and the human altered forest is about 30 km2

There are two other mountain ranges in the province, both running in a northwest–southeast direction; the Ngan Son range running from Bắc Kạn to Võ Nhai District and the Bac Son range. Many of the mountains of Thái Nguyên province provide shelter for a considerable part from monsoon winds.

Climate
With terrain sloping from high mountains to the low zones and midlands, in terms temperature in winter, Thái Nguyên has three climatic sub-zones. A cold sub-zone in Võ Nhai District, a temperate subzone including Định Hóa, Phú Lương and southern Võ Nhai districts and a warm subzone which includes Đại Từ, Đồng Hỷ, Phú Bình, Phổ Yên districts, Thái Nguyên City and Sông Công City.

The average temperatures in the hottest and the coldest months are 28.9 °C in June and 15.2 °C in January. The lowest recorded is 13.7 °C. Total number of sunny hours in a year is ranges between 1,300 and 1,750, which is equally distributed for months in a year. The climate is divided into 4 distinct seasons: Spring - Summer - Autumn - Winter. The average rainfall per annum lies in the range of 2,000 to 2,500 mm; it rains most in August and least in January. Generally speaking, Thái Nguyên's climate is favourable for developing agriculture and forestry.

Soil structure
The total land area is 3534.45 km2 and can be divided into three classes. Mountainous land accounts for 48.4% area and is formed from the decaying of magma, rocks and sedimentary rock. Hilly land accounts for 31.4% area and is made of condensed sand, clay and ancient alluvia. Hill land in some places such as Đại Từ, Phú Lương is 120 to 200 metres high and more with a sloping gradient of 5° to 20° and is an ideal place for planting industrial crops and perennial fruit trees. Field land accounts 12.4%, a part of which is scattered along streams and can be easily exposed to severe meteorological conditions (such as sudden floods and droughts) and is difficult to harvest. Of the total land area, 2,207.89 km2 (65.22% of natural area) are used and 1,096.69 km2 (30.78% of natural area) are unused. Of unused land area, only 17.14 km2 area is cultivable; bare land and deserted hills occupy 412.5 km2. A major problem faced by Thái Nguyên province is to recover deserted areas.

Economy and development
Farming, aquaculture and industries are some of the important economic activities of the province. In 2008, as against the national figure of 7,592 cooperatives of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery cooperatives, there are only 83 agriculture cooperatives in the province. There were 638 farms as against the national number of 120,699 in 2008. The output value of agriculture produce at constant 1994 prices in the province was 1667.1 billion đồngs against the national value of 156681.9 billion đồngs. The province produced 410,400 tonnes of cereals as against the national production of 43.68 million tonnes. The per capita production of cereals in the province was 356.9 kg as against the national figure of 501.9 kg in 2007. In 2007, the industrial output of the province was a meagre 11,987.5 Bhilldongs against the national output of 1.47 million Bhilldongs.

The economy of the province is largely dictated by its capital city, Thái Nguyên, which is the fastest growing city of North Vietnam. The city is the gateway to northwest Vietnam. It is famous for its tree plantations. Its historical importance is due to the fact that Ho Chi Minh resided here in the Phu Dinh village of Dinh Hoa district when he planned Dien Bien Phu. Before he moved to Hanoi, he came here from Tan Trao and declared independence. The city is also the centre of heavy industries of northern Vietnam. Thái Nguyên Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), which is located in Thái Nguyên city, is one of Vietnam's top 20 state-owned companies, and has made a sizable contribution to Vietnam's economy. The city is located on the bank of the Cầu River has a geographical area of approximately 17707 ha and its population was 228,064 in 2005.

Samsung Electronics has their largest mobile phone factory in Thai Nguyen, employing over 60,000 people.[9] The factory has operated since 2014 and has an area of 100 ha.[10]

Thai Nguyen's export experienced a ten-fold increase to over US$23 billion in the 2013 – 2017 period. The province hosted nearly 7,200 businesses in 2020 with a combined capital value approaching US$5.4 billion.

As per Thai Nguyen's Department of Industry and Trade, for the first three quarters of 2020, the province's total industrial gross output exceeded US$27 billion, while the domestic economic sector achieved US$1.8 billion. Both of these were over 70 percent of the province's annual target. In the same period, foreign-invested enterprises generated close to US$23 billion, an increase of 2.3 percent over the previous year.

Among the province's industries, the electronics and high-tech domains delivered the best results. Their production increased by over 16 percent year-on-year for laptops, while earphone manufacturing grew by five percent.

The socioeconomics of Thai Nguyen has seen remarkable development. In the first three quarters of 2020, industry and construction covered nearly 60 percent of the province's economy while the services sector accounted for roughly one-third of the economy. In the same period, the province's GDP per capita reached US$4,260, while industrial production rose by over 16 percent, and local exports grew by over 13 percent.

Thai Nguyen has also experienced significant development in infrastructure and labor productivity. Recently, the province experienced an influx of sustainable ventures. In 2020, over ten investment certificates were granted to eco-friendly and energy-efficient ventures, with a combined worth of over US$30 million.

Over the past decade, Thai Nguyen attracted a considerable amount of foreign direct investment. Samsung's establishment of a mobile phone manufacturing complex in the province has dramatically boosted Thai Nguyen's FDI. The province achieved over 13 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) during the 2015–2020 period.

As per the Foreign Investment Agency (FIA), in August 2020, the province hosted over 172 foreign-invested projects. Together these enterprises added over US$8 billion in registered capital. This made Thai Nguyen among the country's top 10 localities in terms of international investment inflow.

In a bid to attract investors with industrial expertise, the province is concentrating on improving the local investment climate. Thai Nguyen has prioritized timely issuance of government policies, guidance, and support for financiers. Local authorities have also shown a keen interest in high technology industries and ancillaries.

In December 2020, Hong Kong's electronic firm, DBG Technology, was awarded an investment certificate by provincial authorities to set up a US$80 million manufacturing facility. This facility will manufacture laptops, cameras, phones, audio equipment, and home appliances. It is expected to generate a revenue of US$110 million annually, employing over 10,000 workers.

In the same month, China's Trina Solar received Thai Nguyen's approval to produce photovoltaic cells and solar power. With investment exceeding US$200 million, this facility has a planned capacity of over 250 million products a year. The plant is expected to begin operations from June 2021 and add over 1,800 jobs.

In November 2020, South Korean touchscreen manufacturer Samju Vina, injected capital to add a second plant in Thai Nguyen. This funding should raise its regional production per month from 20 million to 35 million units.

For enhancing its overall competitiveness, Thai Nguyen is actively encouraging the private and high-tech sectors to develop production clusters and connect value chains.

Industrial zones
Thai Nguyen's six industrial parks are spread over 1400 hectares of land area, five of which have already received funding. The province is promoting infrastructure investment in its 105-hectare Quyet Thang Hi-Tech Industrial Park that is situated eight kilometers away from Thai Nguyen city center.

The province's plans include 35 industrial clusters with an area of nearly 1,260 hectares. The province has called for investment in 11 of these clusters, which have a planned area of over 280 hectares. The province aims to attract investment in secondary industries that complement the Samsung group and increase its localization degree.

Specifically, industries in electronics, electric, software, high precision mechanical, and textile are favored. The investment locations promoted by Thai Nguyen include the industrial zones in Yen Binh, Diem Thuy, and Song Cong. These, along with the province-wide industrial clusters, are equipped with appropriate technical infrastructure to establish enterprises.

To raise funds, Thai Nguyen provincial authorities encouraged investors to lease land for 50 years for a one lump sum payment. Consequently, these efforts led to the collection of US$65 million to develop industrial parks.

The Diem Thuy Industrial Park is one such example and features 77 projects with combined investment exceeding US$1.1 billion. This park's projects are modern, eco-friendly, and employ over 20,000 locals.

Irrigation and hydroelectric power
Núi Cốc reservoir is 25 km west of Thái Nguyên city. It covers an area of 2500 ha with 23 m deep waters that can store 175 million cubic metres. The lake waters feeds an irrigation canal and a small hydroelectric power station with three units of 630 KW capacity each, for a total output of about 2 GWh. The irrigation system was built in 1977. However, the power plant construction on the irrigation canal was started in Jan 2008 and the plant commissioned in Jan 2010. A 22 kV transmission line carries the power to a nearby grid.

Transport
Two railway lines serve Thái Nguyên Province, and particularly the city of Thái Nguyên. The first line connects Hanoi Railway Station to Quán Triều Railway Station (Quán Triều Ward), and the second connects Lưu Xá Railway Station (Phú Xá Ward) to Hạ Long Railway Station, Hạ Long, via a railway junction at Kép in Bắc Giang province. Both lines were built after the First Indochina War; unlike most railway lines in Vietnam, which were established in metre gauge, the 163 km Luu Xa–Hạ Long line was built at standard gauge, and the 75 km Hanoi–Quán Triều line was built at mixed gauge. The rail spur connecting Luu Xa and Kép was a strategic line constructed between October 1965 and December 1966 by a railroad engineering division of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, who operated in North Vietnam repairing railway lines at the request of Ho Chi Minh.

Administrative divisions
Thái Nguyên is subdivided into 9 district-level sub-divisions and 178 commune-level sub-divisions:

Attractions
There are several tourist attractions in the province. Some of the ones outside the capital city are listed below.

Núi Cốc Lake is the most popular attraction. Tour boats circle the lake, recounting local legends and visiting some of the 89 islands within it. Several islands feature historic remains, protected breeding sites for birds, or feral goats. In March 2007, an eco-tourism park was developed beside the lake. It features musical fountains, an animal park, and a Fairy Tale House Underworld and Water park.
 * Núi Cốc Lake

Phuong Hoang (Phoenix) cave is one of the largest caves in Vietnam, located at a distance of 40 km from Thái Nguyên city. The cave has four chambers where stalagmite and stalactite formations can be seen. Two of the caves admit some sunlight when the sun is at the right angle. Otherwise, artificial light is required to see the Hisinterior.
 * Phuong Hoang cave

Historical Safe Zone
Historical Safe Zone (An toàn khu – ATK) locates in Định Hóa district. This was the place where president Ho Chi Minh had lived for several years in The Resistance War against France (1945 -1954)

Besides its famous tea, the province is known for such local culinary specialties as bún chả and phở noodle dishes, Định Hóa rice, Dầy cake, and hill chicken. But its most famous food is Bánh chưng from Bờ Đậu village about 10 km north of Thái Nguyên City in Phú Lương District, where both sides of the road are lined with shops selling the local specialty made from glutinous rice cake, mung bean puree, and pork wrapped in aromatic leaves (usually Stachyphrynium placentarium, sometimes banana) and tied up with string made from a kind of bamboo, which can be used to slice the rice cake into portions for sharing. Tết is the village's busiest season.
 * Distinctive cuisine

title: Thái Nguyên province


text:
Tish

Tish is a feminine given name and a nickname, frequently for Letitia or variations thereof. Tish is also an uncommon surname, accounting for around 500 people in the 2000 US Census and 550 in the 2010 US Census, around 95% of whom self-identified as white.

Arts and entertainment

 * Tish Bellomo, former backing vocalist of rock group Blondie
 * Tish Ciravolo, bass player and guitar maker
 * Tish Cohen (born 1963), Canadian writer
 * Tish Daia (1926-2003), Albanian composer
 * Leticia Tish Hinojosa (born 1955), American folksinger
 * Tish Hyman (born 1983), American singer-songwriter and rapper
 * Tish Murtha (1956–2013), British social documentary photographer
 * Tish Rabe, American children's book author

Sport

 * George Marsden (boxer) (1911-1980), British boxer
 * Tish Pike, later name of Patricia Prain (born 1933), New Zealand alpine skier

Other

 * Tish of Chaghaniyan, early 8th century ruler of the Principality of Chaghaniyan
 * Letitia Baldrige (1926–2012), American etiquette expert and public relations executive, White House Social Secretary for First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy
 * Tish Howard (born 1946), July 1966 Playboy Playmate of the Month
 * Letitia James (born 1958), African-American lawyer, activist and politician, New York City Public Advocate
 * Letitia Tish Sommers (1914-1985), American author and women's rights activist
 * Lutitia "Tish" Harrison Warren (born 1979), American author and Anglican priest

Surname

 * Gideon Tish (born 1939), Israeli footballer
 * Gyaldem Tish, stagename of Opare Leticia, Ghanaian musician

Fictional characters

 * Letitia Carberry, the protagonist of six novels by Mary Roberts Rinehart
 * Petratishkovna "Tish" Katsufrakis, on the animated television series The Weekenders
 * Tish Jones, a recurring character in the television series Doctor Who
 * Morticia Addams, female lead character in The Addams Family
 * Clementine “Tish” Rivers, protagonist of James Baldwin novel If Beale Street Could Talk (1974)

Other uses

 * Tish, a gathering of Hasidic Jews
 * Tish (2023 documentary), 2023 documentary about Tish Murtha

title: Tish


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Postmodernasty

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:02, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Postmodernasty
Neologism. --W(t) 01:59, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree, the original author wrote on the talk page pretty much admitting just that. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 02:06, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Mr Bound 02:12, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Nonce word. Geogre 02:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * DeleteAdmitted neologism. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 02:54, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Nonsense. --FCYTravis 03:37, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vandalism. Matjlav 14:40, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:212.123.204.115

title: User talk:212.123.204.115


text:
Redondo Peak

Redondo Peak (Tewa: Tsiku'mup'in) is a conspicuous summit in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. It is located entirely within the Valles Caldera National Preserve. It is the second highest summit in the Jemez after Chicoma Mountain. It is the most visually prominent peak in the range when viewed from the south, for example, from Albuquerque. From many other directions it is less prominent or not visible, due to its location in the center of the Valles Caldera, well away from the caldera's rim.

Redondo Peak is an example of the volcanic feature known as a resurgent dome. It was formed shortly after the caldera-forming eruption of 1.25 million years ago, but it is not itself an eruptive feature. The summit of the mountain is composed of tuff ejected by the caldera-forming eruption, rather than of subsequent volcanic ejecta. It is forested all the way to its summit.

Cultural significance
Redondo Peak is sacred to various Pueblo peoples of New Mexico and, as a result, hiking and other recreational activities on the mountain are sharply restricted as of 2008. The summit area is occupied by a shrine that was studied and excavated by anthropologist William Boone Douglass in the early 20th century and remained in use well into the 20th century. The shrine and its immediate surroundings are closed to visitors.

The Tewa name, Tsiku'mup'in, likely means 'obsidian covered mountain' i.e. 'mountain covered with pieces of obsidian' (tsi'i, obsidian; ku'mu, to be covered; p'in, mountain).

title: Redondo Peak


text: Category:Marquesses in the Peerage of Great Britain


text:
Cartmanland

"Cartmanland" is the sixth episode of the fifth season of the animated sitcom South Park, and the 71st episode overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on July 25, 2001.

In the episode, Eric Cartman inherits a million dollars from his deceased grandmother and uses it to purchase his own amusement park, which he names Cartmanland. The resulting success causes Kyle Broflovski to have a hemorrhoid and lose his faith in God.

Plot
Eric Cartman's grandmother dies and leaves $1 million to him in her will. Rather than share it with his relatives, invest the money or donate it to charity, Cartman purchases North Park Funland, an amusement park owned by Frank Fun. As Frank signs the park over to Cartman, he admits it has been a financial failure. Cartman is not worried, as he plans to open the park exclusively for himself so he can avoid standing in long lines. The deal is finalized, and he changes the name of the park to Cartmanland.

Meanwhile, Kyle Broflovski begins to question his faith in God upon learning of Cartman's fortune, on account of the various atrocities Cartman has committed. The stress caused by this discovery also gives Kyle an inflamed hemorrhoid. He and Stan Marsh attempt to sneak into Cartmanland, defying Cartman's expulsion of any guests, but Kyle's hemorrhoid pops as he and Stan try to climb over the perimeter fence, and Cartman angrily sends them away. The hemorrhoid becomes infected, causing Kyle, who is now hospitalized, to fully lose his faith as his health begins to deteriorate. His parents attempt to cheer him up by telling him the Biblical story of Job, but they leave out the ending where Job receives even greater wealth and a happy family, leaving Kyle horrified that God would allow a good man to suffer so badly just to settle a dispute with Satan.

Cartman tries to hire a security guard for the park after what happened, but the man he chooses insists on receiving a salary instead of being paid in free rides. Having now spent his entire inheritance, Cartman has no choice but to let a few people into the park each day in order to pay the guard. Expenses for ride maintenance, refreshments, utilities, and added security begin to mount over the next few days, forcing Cartman to sell more and more tickets to cover them. Business experts misinterpret Cartman's attempts to keep the park to himself as a genius marketing ploy and the popularity of the park soars. Kyle falls deeper into despair upon hearing these reports and flatlines, losing all will to live.

Infuriated by the long lines of attendees that now fill the park, Cartman demands that Frank buy it back from him. Frank agrees and gives Cartman his money back. As Cartman is leaving the park, IRS agents intercept him and seize $500,000 of his money for failing to document the park's cash flow. The agents take the rest on behalf of Stuart and Carol McCormick, who have sued Cartman over their son Kenny's death on one of the rides. Finding himself $13,000 in debt, Cartman pleads for Frank to return the park to him, but Frank refuses due to the park's newfound success. Stan persuades Kyle's doctor to bring him to the park to see Cartman's miserable state as he rants, cries, and throws rocks and gets sprayed with pepper spray by the security guard he hired. As a crowd gathers to watch Cartman's misery, Kyle's hemorrhoid subsides and he almost instantly recovers, now with both his faith in God and will to live renewed.

Production
In the DVD commentary for the episode, Parker and Stone highlight it as another example (after "Scott Tenorman Must Die") of the show's change in style towards simpler ideas which consist only of an A-Plot, with no subplot, and "not try[ing] to do too many things at once." Parker mentions that they almost did not make the episode, as they did not believe that there was enough story and that it was too "basic and easy." Parker also said they were concerned that the idea of Cartman inheriting a million dollars and buying a theme park was cliché. However, as they were in the middle of the run and had no other stories ready for production, they decided to proceed with the idea. Parker said he realized while they were making the episode that "as long as you have the basic easy cliché thing as the overall thing, then you can get into the scenes and have a lot of fun with scenes and get original in there." Cartman figuring out how many visitors he needed to pay his staff was based on Sid Meier's Civilization.

Both this episode and "Scott Tenorman Must Die" appear on The Cult of Cartman DVD.

The security guard whom Cartman hires, and who uses pepper spray, was previously the lead mall cop in the season four episode "Something You Can Do with Your Finger". He is also featured in the 2014 South Park video game The Stick of Truth as the first boss, guarding Tolkien Black's mansion and using his pepper spray on the player character unless they wear a gas mask. He also appears in the sequel of The Stick of Truth, The Fractured but Whole which was released in 2017.

Home media
"Cartmanland," along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park: the Complete Fifth Season, was released on a three-disc DVD set on February 22, 2005. The sets include brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode. Cartmanland was also released as part of The Cult of Cartman, a 2008 DVD compilation of Cartman-centric episodes.

title: Cartmanland


text:
Abraham George Silverman

Abraham George Silverman (1900 — 1973) was a mathematician and statistician who was a member of the Soviet Ware Group.

Biography
Silverman graduated from Harvard University.

In the early days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, he worked for the Railroad Retirement Board in Washington, D.C., as director of research. From there he found employment in the Federal Coordinator of Transport, the United States Tariff Commission and the Labor Advisory Board of the National Recovery Administration. During World War II, Silverman was a civilian economic adviser and Chief of Analysis and Plans to the Assistant Chief of the Army Air Forces Air Staff for Material and Services Division, assigned to the Pentagon.

Silverman allegedly supplied documents from the Pentagon to the Silvermaster group of Soviet spies. Silverman knew Greg Silvermaster to be a conduit for Communist Party USA General secretary, Earl Browder.

In 1941, Silverman was on loan to the US Treasury Department and worked for a period of time on the frozen funds policy. Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury Harry Dexter White used Silverman to supply documents to Soviet intelligence in the latter part of 1942 and early 1943. Presidential Assistant Lauchlin Currie furnished Silverman with oral information, including information that the United States was on the verge of breaking Soviet codes. Irving Kaplan of the War Production Board was also giving Silverman information to be transmitted to the Soviet Union. As the war progressed, the volume of material increased. Silverman worked closely with Lud Ullman, who also worked at the Pentagon and did the photographing of stolen documents prior to being turned over to the Golos network.

In August 1945 Silverman left the Pentagon to work for the French Supply Council in Washington D.C., an office of the new French government.

Silverman and Silvermaster learned much about U.S. policies and about Lauchlin Currie and Harry Dexter White's own views through their association. Currie appears to have been involved in carrying out orders from President Roosevelt to get U.S. intelligence services to return Soviet cryptographic documents to the Soviet Union and to cease decoding operations.

The code name "Aileron" appears in the Venona project and was identified as Silverman. Aileron was possibly a reference to Silverman’s Air Force position.

title: Abraham George Silverman