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Coulter counter

A Coulter counter is an apparatus for counting and sizing particles suspended in electrolytes. The Coulter counter is the commercial term for the technique known as resistive pulse sensing or electrical zone sensing. The apparatus is based on the Coulter principle named after its inventor, Wallace H. Coulter.

A typical Coulter counter has one or more microchannels that separate two chambers containing electrolyte solutions. As fluid that contains particles or cells is drawn through the microchannels, each particle causes a brief change to the electrical resistance of the liquid. The counter detects these changes in the electrical resistance.

Coulter principle
The Coulter principle states that particles pulled through an orifice, concurrent with an electric current, produce a change in impedance proportional to the volume of the particle traversing the orifice. This pulse in impedance originates from the displacement of electrolyte caused by the particle.

The Coulter principle relies on the fact that particles moving in an electric field cause measurable disturbances in that field. The magnitudes of these disturbances are proportional to the size of the particles in the field. Coulter identified several requirements necessary for practical application of this phenomenon:
 * The particles must be suspended in a conducting liquid.
 * The electrical field must be physically constricted so that the movement of particles in the field causes detectable changes in the current.
 * The particles must be dilute enough so that only one at a time passes through the physical constriction.

If multiple particles pass through the constriction simultaneously, their impedance profiles will overlap, resulting in an artifact known as coincidence. The apparatus cannot differentiate between one large particle and multiple small overlapping particles, causing anomalies in the resulting data.

A variety of experimental devices have been designed based on the Coulter principle. A few of these devices have been commercialized, with the most well-known applications being in the medical industry, particularly in hematology to count and size the various cells that comprise whole blood. All implementations of the Coulter principle have compromises between sensitivity, noise shielding, solvent compatibility, speed of measurement, sample volume, dynamic range, and reliability of device manufacture.

Development
Wallace H. Coulter discovered the Coulter principle in the late 1940s, though a patent was not awarded until October 20, 1953. Coulter was influenced by the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which motivated him to improve and streamline complete blood counting for use in large scale screening, as would be necessary in the event of a nuclear war. Partial funding of the project came from a grant award from the Office of Naval Research.

Coulter was awarded US Patent No. 2,656,508, Means for Counting Particles Suspended in a Fluid. This Coulter counter is an analytical instrument which employs the Coulter principle for a specific task, most commonly counting cells. The most commercially successful application of the Coulter principle is in hematology, where it is used to obtain information about patients' blood cells. Coulter counters can also be used in the processing and manufacturing of paint, ceramics, glass, metals, and food. They are also routinely employed for quality control.

Cells, being poorly conductive particles, alter the effective cross-section of the conductive microchannel. If these particles are less conductive than the surrounding liquid medium, the electrical resistance across the channel increases, causing the electric current passing across the channel to briefly decrease. By monitoring such pulses in electric current, the number of particles for a given volume of fluid can be counted. The size of the electric current change is related to the size of the particle, enabling a particle size distribution to be measured, which can be correlated to mobility, surface charge, and concentration of the particles.

The amount and quality of data obtained varies greatly as a function of the signal processing circuitry in the Coulter counter. Amplifiers with lower noise thresholds and greater dynamic range can increase the sensitivity of the system, and digital pulse height analyzers with variable bin widths provide much higher resolution data as compared to analog analyzers with fixed bins. Combining a Coulter counter with a digital computer allows capture and analysis of many electrical pulse characteristics, while analog counters typically store a limited amount of information about each pulse.

As electric current detectors became more sensitive and less expensive, the Coulter counter became a common hospital laboratory instrument for quick and accurate analysis of complete blood counts (CBC). The CBC is used to determine the number or proportion of white and red blood cells in the body. Previously, this procedure involved preparing a peripheral blood smear and manually counting each type of cell under a microscope, a process that typically required a half-hour.

A Coulter counter played an important role in the development of the first cell sorter, and was involved in the early development of flow cytometry. Some flow cytometers continue to utilize the Coulter principle to provide information about cell size and count.

Formats
While a Coulter counter can be designed in a variety of ways, there are two chief configurations that have become the most commercially relevant: an aperture format and a flow cell format.

The aperture format is the most-used configuration in commercial Coulter counters, and is suited to testing samples for quality control. In this setup, a small aperture (hole) of specific size is created in a material such as a jewel disk (made of the same material as jewel bearings in watches). This disk is then embedded in the wall of a glass tube, which is then referred to as an aperture tube. The aperture tube is placed in a conducting liquid such that the aperture is completely submerged, and a pump at the top of the tube draws liquid through the aperture. Electrical current is passed through electrodes on either side of the aperture tube; because glass is an electrical insulator, all of this current flows through the aperture. After recording baseline data, the sample to be analyzed is slowly added to the conducting liquid and drawn through the aperture. Variations in conductivity, caused as sample particles pass through the aperture, are recorded as electrical pulses and analyzed to determine the characteristics of the particles and the sample as a whole.

The flow cell format is most commonly implemented in hematology instruments, and some flow cytometers. In this format, electrodes are embedded at either end of a flow channel and the electric field is applied across the channel. This arrangement allows for continuous sample analysis and can be combined with other instrumentation (when equipped with a sheath flow to keep particles centered in middle of the flow channel). This can permit additional measurements to be performed simultaneously, such as probing the particle with a laser. The major disadvantages of the flow cell format are that it is much more expensive to manufacture and is typically fixed to a single channel width, whereas the aperture format offers a wide variety of aperture sizes.

Microfluidic approaches have been used to apply the Coulter principle to lab-on-a-chip particle detection. These techniques allow much smaller pores (holes) to be fabricated than can easily be achieved using in the aperture format. These approaches, known by the generic phrase microfluidic resistive pulse sensing, have allowed the extension of the Coulter principle to the deep sub-micron range, allowing, for example, the direct detection of virus particles in fluid.

Experimental considerations
There are a number of common considerations in creating a test methodology with Coulter counters.

Coincidence
Anomalous electrical pulses can be generated if multiple particles enter the aperture simultaneously. This situation is known as coincidence. This occurs because there is no way to ensure that a single large pulse is the result of a single large particle or multiple small particles entering the aperture at once. To prevent this situation, samples must be fairly dilute.

Particle path
The shape of the generated electrical pulse varies with the particle's path through the aperture. Signal artifacts can occur if the electric field density varies across the diameter of the aperture. This variance is a result of both the physical constriction of the electric field and also the fact that the liquid velocity varies as a function of radial location in the aperture. In the flow cell format, this effect is minimized since sheath flow ensures each particle travels an almost identical path through the flow cell. In the aperture format, signal processing algorithms can be used to correct for artifacts resulting from particle path.

Conductive particles
Conductive particles are a common concern but rarely affect the results of an experiment. This is because the conductivity difference between most conductive materials and ions in liquid (referred to as the discharge potential) is so great that most conductive materials act as insulators in a Coulter counter. The voltage necessary to break down this potential barrier is referred to as the breakdown voltage. For those highly conductive materials that present a problem, the voltage used during a Coulter experiment can be reduced below the breakdown potential (which can be determined empirically).

Porous particles
The Coulter principle measures the volume of an object, since the disturbance in the electric field is proportional to the volume of electrolyte displaced from the aperture. This leads to some confusion amongst those who are used to optical measurements from microscopes or other systems that only view two dimensions and also show the boundaries of an object. The Coulter principle, on the other hand, measures three dimensions and the volume displaced by an object.

Direct current and alternating current
The Coulter counter as invented by Wallace Coulter applies a direct current (DC) in order to count particles (cells), and produces electrical pulses of amplitude dependent on the size of cells. The cells can be modelled as electrical insulators surrounded by a conductive liquid which block a portion of the electrical path thus increasing the measured resistance momentarily. This is the most common measuring system using the Coulter principle.

Subsequent developments were able to extend the information obtained by using alternating current (AC) in order to probe the complex electrical impedance of the cells rather their simply counting their number. The cell may then be approximately modelled as an insulating cell membrane surrounding the cell's cytoplasm, which is conductive. The thinness of the cell membrane creates an electrical capacitance between the cytoplasm and the electrolyte surrounding the cell. The electrical impedance may then be measured at different AC frequencies. At low frequencies (well below 1 MHz) the impedance is similar to the DC resistance. However, higher frequencies in the MHz range can be used to probe the thickness of the cell membrane (which determines its capacitance). At much higher frequencies (well above 10 MHz) the impedance of the membrane capacitance drops to the point where the larger contribution to the measured impedance is from the cytoplasm itself (the membrane is essentially "shorted out"). Thus, by using different frequencies, the apparatus can become sensitive to the internal structure and composition of the cells.

Hematology
The most successful and important application of the Coulter counter is in the characterization of human blood cells. The technique has been used to diagnose a variety of diseases and is the standard method for obtaining red blood cell counts (RBCs) and white blood cell counts (WBCs) as well as several other common parameters. When combined with other technologies such as fluorescence tagging and light scattering, the Coulter principle can help produce a detailed profile of a patient's blood cells.

Cell count and size
In addition to clinical counting of blood cells (cell diameters usually 6–10 micrometers), the Coulter counter has established itself as the most reliable laboratory method for counting a wide variety of cells, ranging from bacteria (<1 micrometer in size), fat cells (about 400 micrometers), stem cell embryoid bodies (about 900 micrometers), and plant cell aggregates (>1200 micrometers).

Particle characterization
Coulter counters have been used in a wide variety of fields for their ability to individually measure particles, independent of optical properties, sensitivity, and dependability. The principle has been adapted to the nanoscale to produce nanoparticle characterization techniques known as microfluidic resistive pulse sensing as well as one commercial venture which sells a technique it terms tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS). TRPS enables high-fidelity analysis of a diverse set of nanoparticles, including functionalized drug delivery nanoparticles, virus-like particles (VLPs), liposomes, exosomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and microbubbles.

title: Coulter counter


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User talk:Chubs

Do you think earth quakes are kool?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chubs


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Crown of Prussia

"Crown of Prussia" may refer to:

 * the Crown of Frederick I
 * the Crown of Wilhelm II, also known as the Hohenzollern Crown
 * Crown of Prussia, a synecdoche (naming the whole by the part) for King of Prussia

title: Crown of Prussia


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Andy O'Brien (footballer)

Andrew James O'Brien (born 29 June 1979) is a former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. Born in England, he won 26 caps for Republic of Ireland between 2001 and 2006 and was a member of Ireland's 2002 World Cup squad. He retired from international duty in 2006.

Bradford City
Born in Harrogate, England, O'Brien began his footballing career at St John Fisher Catholic High School, Harrogate, under the stewardship of his manager, Max Mills. He joined Leeds United's academy and played in the same youth side as Harry Kewell and Jonathan Woodgate, however O'Brien was released by Leeds at the age of 14. His talent as a defender was spotted by Bradford City and joined their junior ranks in 1994. He made his senior debut in October 1996 against Queens Park Rangers. He soon became a regular in the Bradford City first team, and helped the Bantams to promotion to the FA Premier League during the 1998–99 season.

He was a regular in the Bradford City side during its two years in the Premier League, forming a partnership with club captain David Wetherall in central defence. In 2000–01, City were in financial difficulties and facing relegation when Newcastle United bid for O'Brien. After 133 league appearances he moved to St James' Park in March 2001 for a club record £2 million fee, equalling the same fee Des Hamilton had also left Bradford City to Newcastle.

Newcastle United
He quickly became a central figure in the Magpies defence, making more than 170 league and cup appearances in the ensuing four years. His performances also earned O'Brien a call-up to the Republic of Ireland national football team. One of his first games saw him score an equaliser in a north-east derby with Sunderland, while in his first full season the club secured a place in the Champions League qualifiers. The following season the club bought defenders Titus Bramble during the summer and Jonathan Woodgate in the January transfer window and it looked like O'Brien would be third choice but over the following year manager Bobby Robson settled on O'Brien and Woodgate as his central defensive partnership.

Despite several years as a solid defender at Newcastle, O'Brien suffered from poor form in the latter part of the 2004–05 campaign, as Newcastle finished a disappointing 14th in the Premier League. However, his reputation was such that Portsmouth paid £2 million to bring him to Fratton Park.

Portsmouth
O'Brien was Alain Perrin's first signing for Portsmouth. Although he started the season poorly, his form improved as the campaign wore on. However injury forced him to miss the conclusion of his first season. He fell down the Portsmouth first-team list with the arrival of Sol Campbell and the good form of club captain Linvoy Primus.

Bolton Wanderers
There were rumours that Sunderland's Irish boss Roy Keane would sign the centre back. This came after Keane signed many Irish players to represent Sunderland. Instead he signed for Bolton on 13 August 2007.

O'Brien quickly settled at the Reebok Stadium and impressed the fans in his first few appearances as part of the Wanderers squad including a dominating performance in the UEFA Cup tie against FK Rabotnicki and in the Premier League against Tottenham Hotspur.

O'Brien after captaining the team in a Uefa Cup game against Sporting Lisbon he said that he is having the time of his life at Bolton.

In May 2008, his efforts were recognised by Wanderers supporters when he was named as The Bolton News Player of the Season following a poll held by the newspaper.

On 7 October 2008, O'Brien signed an extension to his contract at Bolton until 2011 and once again reaffirmed his happiness at the Reebok Stadium.

On 11 April 2009, O'Brien scored his first goal in four and a half years, and his first goal for Bolton, against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge. After being a regular starter under Gary Megson, O'Brien found himself on the substitutes bench when Owen Coyle took over, with Gary Cahill and Zat Knight the preferred central defender partnership. After Middlesbrough offered to loan O'Brien from Bolton, Owen Coyle rejected the loan move preferring to keep O'Brien as backup

Leeds United
During the 2010–11 season, O'Brien picked up a hamstring injury for Bolton in the Premier League game against Aston Villa. O'Brien joined Leeds United on an initial one month's loan on 29 October 2010. Manager Simon Grayson said of the move "Andy has had a fantastic career, and has great experience. He's a leader and will be a valuable member of the squad for the next [month]." The move saw O'Brien re-join the club he started his career at, he was released by Leeds 17 years earlier as a 14-year-old. O'Brien was given squad number 40 and made his debut for against Scunthorpe United. In November 2010, O'Brien revealed that he would be interested in possibly making his loan move to Leeds permanent. O'Brien scored his first goal for Leeds with a header against Hull City. On 24 November, the loan was extended until 4 January 2011.

After a two-game spell on the sidelines with injury, O'Brien returned to Leeds' starting lineup against Leicester City. O'Brien scored two own goals against his former club Portsmouth. On 30 December, manager Simon Grayson confirmed he wanted to sign O'Brien permanently. O'Brien was also subject of interest from Cardiff City.

On 1 January 2011, O'Brien signed a permanent deal with Leeds United on a $2 1/2$-year contract, which took effect after his loan deal came to an end on 4 January 2011. He turned down a lucrative offer from Cardiff City, opting to move permanently to Leeds. On 8 January, O'Brien put in an impressive performance to help earn Leeds a 1–1 draw against Arsenal, Leeds were 1–0 up when Robert Snodgrass scored a second half penalty, Arsenal equalised in the 90th minute when Cesc Fàbregas scored a penalty. O'Brien picked up an injury in the FA Cup replay against Arsenal and subsequently missed the game against his former club Portsmouth. O'Brien scored his second goal for Leeds in the 3–2 loss against Millwall.

2011–12 season
After picking up a hip injury during the 2011–12 pre-season he missed all the pre-season games, to return against his former club Newcastle United. Then stepped up his recovery against Leicester City in a behind closed doors friendly. The summer also saw O'Brien take the number 5 shirt after previously occupying the number 40 shirt. O'Brien started for Leeds the opening day of the season as they crashed to a 3–1 defeat against Southampton, with O'Brien at fault for the second goal when his backwards header was converted by Adam Lallana. He was given a torrid time against his former club Bradford City and was substituted to loud jeers in the second half with Leeds 2–1 down. Leeds went on to win the game 3–2. O'Brien dropped out of the Leeds squad for the following game on 13 August against Middlesbrough in a match Leeds lost 1–0.

After nearly three months out of the side, O'Brien returned to the Leeds team due to the suspension and injury of Tom Lees and Darren O'Dea and helped Leeds keep a clean sheet against Leicester City on 6 November. O'Brien was linked with a loan move to West Ham during November, however manager Simon Grayson revealed he wasn't looking to send O'Brien out on loan.

After Leeds 2–1 win against Burnley on 19 November, manager Simon Grayson revealed post match, that O'Brien had come to him the day before the game and refused to play for Leeds ever again. Grayson subsequently stated that O'Brien's career at Leeds was now over due to his refusal to play, however, it later emerged O'Brien's refusal to play was down to the fact he was at time suffering from depression and was "not in the right state of mind" when he stated he would no longer play for Leeds. After manager Simon Grayson was sacked, O'Brien played his first game for Leeds as a substitute against Coventry City.

He was transfer listed by Neil Warnock at the end of the 2011–12 season and told to find a new club. On 4 May 2012, O'Brien lost his squad number, when the number 5 shirt previously occupied by him was given to new signing Jason Pearce.

Vancouver Whitecaps
On 1 August 2012, O'Brien moved to Canadian MLS club Vancouver Whitecaps FC on a free transfer from Leeds United. Having signed a two-year contract, he made his debut on 8 August against Real Salt Lake. In his second MLS season, having already made 25 appearances in his first year of service, it was announced that he had signed a one-year extension with the Whitecaps. After the conclusion of the 2014 campaign, O'Brien entered into contract talks with the Whitecaps, but the two sides were unable to reach an agreement. After 50 appearances for the club, it was announced that Whitecaps were "moving in a different direction," and thanked O'Brien publicly on Twitter.

International career
O'Brien has dual British-Irish citizenship, and despite representing England at under 18 and under 21 level, he elected to represent the Republic of Ireland at under 21 and senior level. O'Brien's performances for Newcastle led to him being called up to the Republic of Ireland national football team, earning his first cap against Estonia in Tallinn in 2001. He later became a regular in the Irish squad, and was included as part of their 2002 World Cup squad. He scored his first, and ultimately only, goal for Ireland to give his country a 1–0 win against Portugal on 9 February 2005.

After being picked for the squad to face Brazil on 6 February 2008, he did not report for training on 3 February 2008 and Ireland caretaker manager Don Givens received a message from O'Brien announcing his retirement from international football. He played 26 games for Ireland, with his last coming against Cyprus on 7 October 2006.

Honours
Bolton Wanderers
 * The Bolton News Readers' player of the season 2007–08

Bradford City
 * Promotion: Division One (Championship) runners up 1998–99

title: Andy O'Brien (footballer)


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Talk:Bug zapper

Bug Zapper Discussion Page
Did what I could for this page if you can clean it up any better then remove the tags. Tzu7 04:41, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Favorite past time of Americians was sitting infront of the Buz zapper, drinking beer as the sun went down, watching the frogs feed under the zapper, tell the frogs croaked. (67.1.15.106 (talk) 08:49, 20 April 2013 (UTC))

"Variations" section
I changed the form of this section to make it readable and give it a clear look.

I further recommend that someone cuts the content down to make this section a bit shorter. It should be possible to cut the contect down to 2/3 of what it is now.

Things I have changed for now:
 * fixed link number 2 in the "History"-section

Changes in the "Variation"-section: --79.196.117.22 (talk) 17:43, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
 * included more breaks to make the long text easier zu read.
 * the term "Inside a Bug Zapper" looked as if it should have been a headline. I made it one and separated it from the text.
 * I tidied the list of the construction parts up and made it a bulleted list.
 * included commata to make the list grammatically correct
 * changed the "ZZZZ" sound into a "zapping" sound

Research
"This could be unhealthy, as research has shown that viruses and bacteria are released when the insects are electrocuted." Which research? (sorry if i put this comment in the wrong place)

 * Article on NEW SCIENTIST once, saying that bug bits from zapped insects can be thrown up to 8m (24 feet) from the bug zapper, unfortunately i have long lost the article --58.106.166.223 (talk) 13:57, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

Bug Zapper usage in food industry
Based on current HACCP sound practice in food production, bug zapper may not be used in the food and beverages manufacturing, preparation, and packaging area including restaurants. Bug zapper may scatter the remains of the bug on food being prepared. Glued pheromone paper with ultraviolet blue light is preferred.

Merge from pest zipper
I don't know if pest zapper describes a specific brand of a bug zapper, but both pages describe similar devices and could be merged without much loss. —Tobias Bergemann 14:25, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes merge it, the little information that can be written about this device should earn it a place with bug zapper. As their function is basically the same.-- Andeh 01:54, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

First of all, merging the pest zapper (racket) with the bug zapper (not a racket), would be incorrect. First of all, they work in entirely different ways, and their method of operation is also different. Second, rackets can be used anywhere, and they do not explode the bugs very often at all. Even if they do, most of the bug remains in one piece, so the safety warnings are fewer. In fact, the only things these two have in common is their function, and that they run on electricity. One more thing: it's "zapper", not "zipper."

Move this article to "Flying insect control methods"
Note this article is categories under pest control.

There are a number of insect catchers/zapper/dehydrators/repellers on the market. Focus on the bug zapper as the Americans like to call it for mosquitoes is incorrect. Mosquitoes use mainly Co2 and infrared to target there victims. I say mainly because they may also be using smell, but I don't remember seeing any research on the topic. Anyone who come to this article is interest firstly in control methods and then the history IMHO.

For example the heading and sub heading could be something like this. Flying insects are a significant dent on the world health and food population. They are a annoyance to most of us.
 * Mosquito control methods
 * citronella candles
 * spaying aerosol
 * spray repellents
 * propane/co2 based catchers.
 * Heat coil/led lights catchers
 * Bladder technique (liquid poison filled balloons)
 * Fly control methods
 * Liquid traps
 * Sticky paper type
 * Poisonous paper type
 * Fly spays
 * Fly swatters
 * Fly guns (look a bit like a suction cap gun only with a large flat area)
 * light attracting insects
 * Florence light types
 * Killed by high voltage
 * Killed by fan drying
 * Killed by drowning.
 * Grasshopper/Locus control methods
 * Aerial Spraying
 * Ground Spraying
 * Monitoring
 * Barrier techniques
 * Fly wire mesh/nets
 * Air blankets
 * Curtains (plastic/ropes/beads etc)
 * Ultrasound techniques
 * Protective Clothing
 * Air/Insect separation
 * Similar to dust separation where air is moves cyclonically.
 * Natural methods
 * predators
 * Repelling plants
 * Removal of habitats
 * Scientific methods
 * Introducing either sterile females or males.
 * Research Projects
 * Commercial methods
 * Gassing (i.e. cabbage treatment)
 * Methods that don't work/gimmicks
 * A see also section
 * Treatment of bits
 * diseases transmitted by flying insects
 * Collecting techniques
 * Vacuum cleaner to collect flies (they use air pressure to detect your swips but don't move if vacuumed up)
 * Nets

Our fellow man deserves to know about all the weapons at our disposal.

Anyway what do other think of the proposed outline of the article and move? --Joewski 06:54, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

I have since noticed that there are some articles on fly killing and pest control that I have outlined in the proposed article, never the less this is just a brainstorm of what the article could look like. --Joewski 07:02, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Light source types
I recently looked at bug zapper advertisements and noticed one that said their bug zapper was better than those who use a blue colored light bulb. I got one of these inventions today and noticed it has exactly a light bulb with blue colored glass. What I assume is the alternative to normal light bulb is one of those "bulbs" that have gas inside instead of a glowing wire (sorry, don't know the right word).

Perhaps this topic could be relevant to mention in the article -- the two types of possible light source. (Of course mostly I am interested for my own personal sake, since I wonder if my new bug zapper is not quite as good as those with gas light bulb instead of glowing wire bulb.) Anyway, I hope the bugs I exterminate remain in once piece... 62.16.177.8 22:02, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

working
Why do these work? why do bugs like the light? I mean, I like light too I geuss, But I'm not stickin my hands in these things. D-Fluff has had E-Nuff 21:12, 23 September 2007 (UTC)
 * A good question that calls for a new section. It's a case of anthropomorphism doctor. Insects don't like the light and aren't attracted to it either. Meggar 04:19, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thx u 4 ur insite. D-Fluff has had E-Nuff  05:26, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

Broken link
Changed the broken link to the DIY bug trap to the latest wayback archive. 76.22.48.90 (talk) 22:23, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Drawbacks
I removed the section in drawbacks relating to how insect intestines are exploded upon a 'zap' and into the air and food of people nearby. This is false. Any insect killed by most zappers are too small to have that negative of an effect that they would become airbourne and perhaps fall into the food of people nearby. Additionally, any 'intestines' of those insects that did fall would essentially be fried beyond any practical use as a toxin by virtue of the insect being electrocuted. Not to mention, the section had no citation and sounded too mythical.65.215.94.13 (talk) 18:23, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * http://science.howstuffworks.com/question682.htm - Enjoy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.176.64.198 (talk) 03:28, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This was just a study, and was never published in any scientific journal. I can set up a study of my own to prove anything that may or may not even be true; means nothing unless a real 'authority' acknowledges it.65.215.94.13 (talk) 21:37, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, it appears it was published in the journal of "Current Microbiology". See -- Bovineone (talk) 16:03, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bug zapper


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Palus Putredinis

Palus Putredinis (Latin palūs pūtrēdinis "Marsh of Decay") is a small lunar mare in the basin of Mare Imbrium. It stretches from the crater Archimedes southeast toward the rugged Montes Apenninus range located on the southeastern edge of Mare Imbrium. This region is a nearly level, lava-flooded plain bounded by the crater Autolycus and nearby highlands to the northeast and the foothills of the Montes Archimedes to the southwest. The selenographic coordinates are 27.4° N, 0.0° E, and it lies within a diameter of 180 km.

In the southern part of this area is a rille system designated Rimae Archimedes. To the south is a prominent linear rille named Rima Bradley, and to the east is the Rima Hadley, which served as the landing site for Apollo 15, and the Rimae Fresnel. Just to the northwest of the Palus Putredinis midpoint is the nearly submerged crater Spurr. Luna 2 crashed in this area on September 13, 1959.

The basalts in this mare have been interpreted as rich in radioactive elements, but low in titanium. The mare basalts sampled at the Apollo 15 landing site are, "dominated by two low‐titanium varieties, the olivine‐normative basalts (3.30 Gyr) and the quartz‐normative basalts, which are slightly older (3.35 Gyr)". Volcanic glasses show ages of 3.30–3.60 Gyr.

title: Palus Putredinis


text:
File:Adverts - Crossing The Red Sea With The Adverts album cover.jpg

Summary
The Adverts - Crossing The Red Sea With The Adverts. Original UK LP album cover:

Licensing
Original UK release album cover - album covers are fair use. Picture scanned by me Ian Dunster from original UK LP album.


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Talk:Jackie Gleason

INSANITY
I have tried to include Jackie Gleason's nickname "The Great One" for reference and it keeps getting reverted by other users. Unlike these admins, I am old enough to have actually seen Jackie Gleason live. He called himself "The Great One" and there are books written about him as such: https://www.amazon.com/Great-One-Legend-Jackie-Gleason/dp/0385415338  Grow up people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:243:CC00:FF30:5D13:4F27:654B:3211 (talk) 03:50, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Musician
The lede mentions he is a musician and there is a section devoted to this yet there is no mention of playing any instrument. I seem to recall seeing him play the piano on television but it was from the front of the piano, never showing his hands.

IMDB lists him as a composer and conductor and I will change the lede to reflect this. Arbalest Mike (talk) 15:10, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

Urantia reference was removed. (?) I'm looking for source
Websites quote an older version of this Wikipedia page where it mentions that Gleason read The Urantia Book. I am trying to find the source of that information (or was there no source - that that's why it was removed?) "Gleason was a voracious reader of books on the paranormal, including The Urantia Book, parapsychology and UFOs. He even had a house built in the shape of a UFO which he named The Mothership.  During the 1950s, he was a semi-regular guest on the paranormal-themed overnight radio show hosted by Long John Nebel, and he wrote the introduction to Donald Bain's biography of Nebel.  According to Gleason's second wife, Beverly McKittrick, he told her that U.S. President Richard Nixon took him on a secret visit to Homestead Air Force Base.  There, Gleason allegedly saw an alien spaceship and dead extraterrestrials.  After his death, his large book collection was donated to the library of the University of Miami." (from Wikipedia). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.10.225.248 (talk) 13:50, 18 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jackie Gleason


text:
User talk:William Flowers

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 16:24, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Copyright problem: Sheffield Medical School
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M William Flowers (talk) 09:24, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:William Flowers


text:
Tracey McBean

Tracey McBean is an Australian animated children's television series produced by Southern Star Entertainment and Film Australia. The show was aired from 2001 until 2006 on ABC Kids.

Overview
The main protagonist, Tracey, is a young nine-year-old girl who goes to school with her best friend Shamus. Together they use Tracey's inventions for all kinds of purposes, such as school competitions or simply for fun. Tracey lives in a house and Shamus on the 15th floor of a tall apartment building. Shamus loves gardening organically and Tracey likes inventing devices and contraptions. Tracey uses a caravan in her backyard for inventing. The caravan, white with a horizontal thick red stripe, has an antenna, and a computer and many devices and parts within. Tracey's younger sister, Megan, often annoys Tracey to the extent that she will invent something to stop this annoyance. The antagonists are the McConnolly brothers, who go to Tracey's school. They often are rivals of McBean though lacking much intelligence and often are either culprits or annoy Tracey and Shamus is some manner. Jim McConnolly is the leader, who is even powerful enough to use as a weapon or tool to add food or other items from fellow students. Jake McConnolly is the obese and usually dim-witted brother who sometimes displays an odd amount of intelligence, but only briefly for an amusing value. McBeans' arch-rival, with equal or lower intelligence, though less morals, is Laszlo, a boy science club member. In most episodes, Tracey invents a device to help her or her friends and family in a situation with good intention but this leads to a minor disaster or failure and she must work out a solution. Although based on her abilities in science and her technical knowledge the show rarely features any scientific basis for her inventions and many take on a fantastic amount of power or extremely exaggerated function.

Main

 * Tracey McBean: (voiced by Roslyn Oades) is the titular character
 * Shamus Wong: Tracey's best friend
 * Jim and Jake: The two brothers who bully Tracey.

Minor

 * Megan McBean: Tracey's younger sister
 * Mr. & Mrs. McBean: Tracey's parents
 * Gordon McBean: Tracey's brother.
 * Laszlo: Tracey's rival.
 * Morris and Sandy: Tracey's pets.
 * Mrs Carmody: Tracey's teacher.
 * Mr Longbottom: The school principal.
 * Shamus family: He has three older brothers with a father and mother.
 * Lee: The boy who is rejected as bad luck but Tracey tries to help Lee. He appears in "Bad Luck Lee".
 * Linda: The well-known player when Tracey tries to get her to join the pane. Linda appears in some episodes.
 * Jimmy McConnelly: Jim and Jack's cousin. She appears in "The McConnelly Cousin".
 * Robot Tracey: the robot was invented by herself.
 * The robot family: the robot family was invented by herself.
 * Mr. Arther: Tracey's uncle and the inventor.
 * Harvey: Shamus's friend
 * Graggle McBean: He was Price's self-insert from the future. He appears in "Traceycore 2074" Episode.

Season 1

 * 1) "Stretching Machine" & "Family Power"
 * 2) "Gordon the King" & "Lost Thing Finder"
 * 3) "Mom's Birthday" & "Multiplication"
 * 4) "Pocket Money" & "School Camp"
 * 5) "Brain Machine" & "Local Weather"
 * 6) "Stage Fright" & "Park Monster"
 * 7) "Invisible Megan" & "The Great Race"
 * 8) "Fancy Dress" & "Rainbow"
 * 9) "Robo Tracey" & "Horsing Around"
 * 10) "Zoom Boots" & "Bugs"
 * 11) "Finding the Beat" & "Gordon's Bed"
 * 12) "Gordon's Makeover" & "Ultimate Jungle Gym"
 * 13) "Fallout" & "Freckle Frenzy"

Season 2

 * 1) "Sherlock Tracey" & "Bad Luck Lee"
 * 2) "Bald Bob" & "Marble Mania"
 * 3) "Election" & "The Vegetable That Cried Wolf"
 * 4) "World Record" & "Gentleman Jim"
 * 5) "Big Things" & "The McConnelly Cousin"
 * 6) "13" & "Anti-Shamus"
 * 7) "Teddys" & "Galaxy Blazers"
 * 8) "Party On" & "Dirt Magnet"
 * 9) "Time Skip" & "Lights, Camera, Action"
 * 10) "Surfbuster" & "Zoo Story"
 * 11) "Fairy Tales" & "Swap"
 * 12) "A Trifling Master" & "On Ice"
 * 13) "Overdue" & "Jim In Charge"
 * 14) "Go!, Gordon!, Go!" & "Lost Muse"

Season 3

 * 1) "Stuck On You" & "Jurassic Tracey"
 * 2) "Jim's Curse" & "Away"
 * 3) "Clowning Around" & "Big Nick"
 * 4) "Socks" & "To The Top"
 * 5) "Boss Tracey" & "Where The Wind Blows Tracey"
 * 6) "Rubbish" & "Wild Times"
 * 7) "Come Back Kitty" & "Remote Control"
 * 8) "Quiz Show" & "Radio Jim"
 * 9) "Mystery Girl" & "Of Lice And Tracey"
 * 10) "Escape" & "Game On"
 * 11) "The Makeover" & "Inner Beauty"
 * 12) "The Snow" & "Tracey and the flying submarine"
 * 13) "The Stone Age" & "The Power Downland machine"
 * 14) "The evil Toothbrush" & "Giant Mosquitos"
 * 15) "Anti Shamus Again" & "everyone become babies?"
 * 16) "Tracey's washing machine"& "The Superhero Gordon"
 * 17) "Tracey's birthday" (15 minutes special episode)

Telecast
The show originally aired on ABC Kids in Australia. Internationally, the show also aired on Pop in the United Kingdom and Discovery Kids in the United States.

Awards

 * 2003 Australian Writers' Guild Awgie Award, Children's Television category - winner.
 * 2003 Silver Logie for Most Outstanding Children's Program - winner.
 * 2006 Australian Writers' Guild Awgie Award - winner.

title: Tracey McBean


text:
Lima Engine

Lima Engine is a Ford Motor Company automobile engine plant located in Lima, Ohio, United States.

History
The factory opened in 1957 as the site of production of Ford's MEL V8 for the Edsel car.

It subsequently produced six-cylinder engines (the 170/200/250 family), the 385-series 370/429/460 big-block V8 engines, and the 2.3/2.5 L HSC/HSO pushrod four-cylinder engines for the Ford Tempo, Mercury Topaz, and Ford Taurus.

The plant also produced the namesake Lima 2.0/2.3/2.5 L OHC four-cylinder used in the Ford Pinto, Fairmont, Mustang, Thunderbird, Aerostar, Ranger, Mercury Capri, Mercury Cougar, and 1993–2006 Mazda B-Series B2300/B2500 compact trucks.

Current products

 * 2.7L EcoBoost Nano V6
 * 3.0L EcoBoost Nano V6
 * 3.3L Duratec 33 V6
 * 3.5L Duratec 35 V6
 * 3.7L Duratec 37 V6

title: Lima Engine


text:
Coulée verte René-Dumont

The Coulée verte René-Dumont or Promenade plantée René-Dumont (French for ' [of] René Dumont') is a 4.7 km elevated linear park built on top of obsolete railway infrastructure in the 12th arrondissement of Paris, France. It was inaugurated in 1993.

Description
This Promenade plantée in Paris is an extensive green belt that follows the old Vincennes railway line. Beginning just east of the Opéra Bastille with the elevated Viaduc des Arts, it follows a 4.7 km path eastward that ends at a spiral staircase leading to the boulevard Périphérique beltway. At its west end near the Bastille, the parkway rises 10 m above the surrounding area and forms the Viaduc des Arts, over a line of shops featuring the work of specialized craftsmen. The shops are located in the arches of the former elevated railway viaduct, with the parkway being supported atop the viaduct. This portion of the parkway runs parallel to the avenue Daumesnil. The parkway crosses the Jardin de Reuilly near the rue Montgallet and descends to street level. At that point, it becomes a grassy mall and then follows the old railway direction below street level towards the east, passing through several tunnels. As it reaches the rue du Sahel, it splits, with one portion continuing to the beltway, and the other terminating in the square Charles-Péguy along the former path of a branch line that once linked to the Petite Ceinture railway. The elevated part of the route, on the viaduct, has some enclosed sections, as when it passes between modern buildings, and some open sections with expansive views. In addition to the Jardin de Reuilly and the square Charles-Péguy, the Promenade plantée also includes the Jardin de la gare de Reuilly, with its preserved but repurposed railway station, and the square Hector-Malot. The western portion of the parkway may be accessed via stairways and elevators leading up to the elevated viaduct. This portion is reserved for pedestrians. The eastern portion of the parkway is accessible via ramps and stairways and is open to both pedestrians and cyclists. The west end can be reached from Bastille by walking 300 m south on rue de Lyon, then left on avenue Daumesnil. The staircase entrance is immediately on the left where avenue Daumesnil enters rue de Lyon.

History
This Promenade Plantée is built on the former tracks of the Vincennes railway line, which, beginning in 1859, linked the Gare de la Bastille train station to Verneuil-l'Étang, after passing through Vincennes. It ceased operation on December 14, 1969; part of the line beyond Vincennes was integrated into Line A of the RER, while the Paris-Vincennes section was completely abandoned. Beginning in the 1980s, the area was renovated. In 1984, the Bastille station was demolished to make way for the Opéra Bastille. The Reuilly section was designed in 1986; it incorporates the old commercial rail depot of Reuilly into a group of park areas. The Promenade Plantée was put into place at the same time in order to reuse the rest of the abandoned line between the Bastille and the old Montempoivre gate to the city. Landscape architect Jacques Vergely and architect Philippe Mathieux designed the parkway, which was inaugurated in 1993. The arcades of the Viaduc des Arts were renovated in 1989 by architect Patrick Berger, as was the new square Charles-Péguy.

Paris' promenade was the first project in the world to repurpose elevated old railway lines into urban gardens. Other repurposing projects have now been completed or are underway. The first phase of the High Line, a similar park on an old railway-viaduct in the West Side of Manhattan in New York City, was completed in 2009. The second phase was completed in 2011, bringing the total length of the High Line to 1.6 kilometres (1 mi); the third phase opened in September 2014, completing the park. Chicago has recently opened the nearly 4.8 kilometre (3-mi) Bloomingdale Trail, which runs through several city neighborhoods and allow bicycles.

In popular culture
The Promenade Plantée appears in the film Before Sunset, directed by Richard Linklater in 2004 with Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy. It is also mentioned in the science fiction novel Olympos, by Dan Simmons.

title: Coulée verte René-Dumont


text:
Highland (band)

Highland was a German dance/hip hop project.

History
Their music is recognizable for using Italian and sometimes Latin lyrics together with hip hop beats and rapping performed in English. The members of the act were the singer Nicole Heiland and the rappers Dean "Dirty-D" Burke and Patrice "Lady Scar" Gansau. Their music is written and produced by Mike Michaels, Mark "MM" Dollar and Mark Tabak, who are also behind the artists and bands such as Music Instructor, The Boyz and Ayman. Dean Burke has also worked with Music Instructor and Lunatics. Highland as an act; however, existed only for a few years. The lyrics of the tracks were written by Hardy Krech, Mark Nissen and Toni Berardi. The project was produced by Hardy Krech and Mark Nissen (Elephant Music) and co-produced by Triple M. and Andreas Pohle.

Their first single, "Bella Stella", the refrain of which was performed in Italian by Nicole Heiland and the raps performed by Dean Burke and Patrice "Lady Scar" Gansau in English, was released in late 1999, which eventually became a hit entering the top-10 both in Germany and Austria, also reaching number 12 in Switzerland. In 2000, they released the album also entitled Bella Stella, which peaked at number 52 in Germany and number 87 in Switzerland. Three more singles were released: "Se Tu Vuoi", which structure-wise followed the same technique as its predecessor peaking at number 20 on the German single chart and number 12 on the Swiss chart, their third single "Solo Tu" charted moderately reaching number 47 in Germany and 62 in Switzerland, this single; however, differed from the former two singles. It was a pleasant europop dance track with only Nicole Heiland's refrain performed in Italian as usual and the spoken/singing produced in English by Patrice "Lady Scar" Gansau. The fourth single "Veni Vidi Vici" (which sounded very much like the first two singles) consisted (on the album version) out of only female rap produced by Gansau and the refrain performed in Italian by Heiland, while the radio version and extended mix also contained male rap produced by Dean Burke. The track managed to chart only in Germany eventually peaking at 59 position on the single chart.

In 2001, Highland also released the single Magic Fortuna, which was based on "O Fortuna", a movement from Carl Orff's Carmina Burana. The song comprised Eurodance tunes as well as Heiland's vocals (in Latin) performed along with other male-vocals in the background. The single peaked at number 33 in Germany and charted moderately in other German-speaking countries peaking at number 80 in Switzerland and 66 in Austria.

The act released their second album Dimmi Perché in 2008. It featured remastered versions of some of their previous hits, this time without the rap performances, and eight new songs. Dean Burke contributed to new material, but Patrice Gansau was not featured on the album. While somewhat formulaic (Occhi Blue very closely resembles Se Tu Vuoi, as one example), the original songs had plenty of fresh ideas, some of them similar to the works of Highland's fellow German group, Lesiëm.

Nicole Heiland was involved in the short-lived gothic pop rock band Heiland with guitarist and vocalist Martin Otto.

title: Highland (band)


text:
German State Crown

In 1871 a design and a model for a new state crown (Staatskrone) were created to reflect the new German Empire. The model was based upon the Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and was kept in the Hohenzollern museum at Schloss Monbijou in Berlin, until it disappeared during World War II. It has never re-surfaced. No final crown was ever made. However, the design was used as a heraldic device for the German Kaisers from 1871 until Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication in 1918. The crown was most used as an heraldic symbol, in the German coat of arms and the Emperor's personal standard.

A drawing of the crown is used as an emblem by a German monarchist group called "Tradition und Leben" ("tradition and life").

Crowns for the Empress and Crown Prince were also designed and wooden models made.

title: German State Crown


text:
List of music video television channels

Music video stations between pulled off and now aired all over the world include the following:

 * 2TV
 * 4Fun TV
 * 4Fun Dance
 * 4Fun Kids
 * 4Music (defunct)
 * 40 TV (defunct)
 * ALT TV (defunct)
 * ART Music (defunct)
 * Arabica TV (defunct)
 * Aghani Aghani TV (defunct)
 * Alfa Fann (defunct)
 * Alfa Music Now (defunct)
 * Astro Hitz (defunct)
 * Aux (defunct)
 * Berbère Music
 * BET (owned by Paramount, music video programming discontinued as of December 20, 2014)
 * BET Hip-Hop
 * BET Jams
 * BET Soul
 * Bindass
 * BN Music
 * Box Hits (defunct)
 * bpm:tv (defunct)
 * C4 (defunct)
 * Cable Music Channel (defunct)
 * Channel O
 * Channel [V] (defunct)
 * Channel [V] Australia (defunct)
 * Canal+ Gita
 * Citra Dangdut
 * Clubland TV
 * CMC-TV
 * Country Music Channel (defunct)
 * CMT (owned by Paramount)
 * CMT Music
 * Croatian Music Channel
 * CStar
 * CStar Hits France
 * DeeJay TV
 * Deluxe Music
 * Deluxe Dance by Kontor
 * Deluxe Flashback
 * Deluxe Lounge
 * Deluxe Rap
 * Deluxe Rock
 * Disco Polo Music
 * EBS Musika
 * ERT Music (streaming only)
 * Eska Rock TV
 * Eska TV
 * Eska TV Extra
 * Fly Music (defunct)
 * Foxtel Smooth (defunct)
 * Fuse (music video programming discontinued)
 * FM TV (aka First Music Television) (Lebanon)
 * Free TV (defunct)
 * Gaan Bangla
 * Gospel Music Channel (defunct)
 * Great American Country
 * Go TV
 * GTV (music video programming discontinued)
 * Hayat Music
 * Heartland
 * International Music Feed (defunct)
 * JUCE TV (defunct)
 * Juice TV (defunct)
 * Junior Music
 * Kerrang! TV (defunct)
 * Kiss TV (defunct)
 * Kiss TV (Romania)
 * Klan Music
 * M6 Music
 * Magic (defunct)
 * Max (defunct)
 * MAD TV
 * MBC M
 * MBC 4 (defunct)
 * MCM
 * MCM TOP
 * Mnet
 * MTV (owned by Paramount)
 * MTV2 (music video programming discontinued as of the year of 2017)
 * MTV Global
 * MTV Beats
 * Club MTV
 * MTV Hits
 * MTV Live (America)
 * MTV Live (International)
 * MTV 80s
 * MTV 90s
 * MTV 00s
 * MTV Tres
 * MTV Classic
 * MTV Classic UK (defunct)
 * MTVU
 * MuchMore (defunct)
 * MuchMusic (music video programming discontinued)
 * Musimax
 * MusiquePlus (defunct)
 * Music 24 (defunct)
 * Music Box (defunct)
 * Music Box Slovakia (defunct)
 * Music Channel Romania
 * Music Choice (on-demand only)
 * Music On! TV
 * Music TV
 * Música por Movistar Plus+
 * Musik Indonesia
 * MUZU.TV (defunct)
 * MyHits
 * Mazzika (defunct)
 * Mazazikh TV (Egypt)
 * Melody Hits (defunct)
 * Melody Tunes
 * Melody Arabia
 * Myx
 * Nat Geo Music (defunct)
 * NME TV (defunct)
 * NickMusic (owned by Paramount)
 * NickMusic (Europe & South Africa)
 * Now 70s
 * Now 80s
 * Now Rock
 * NRJ 12 (music video programming discontinued)
 * NRJ Hits
 * Nogoum FM TV (defunct)
 * Nuta Gold
 * Nuta.TV
 * Nusantara
 * Óčko
 * Óčko Star
 * Óčko Expres
 * Óčko Black
 * Persian Music Channel
 * Pink Hits
 * Pink N Roll
 * Pink Music
 * PopAsia
 * Polo TV
 * Polsat Music
 * Power TV
 * Q TV (defunct)
 * QMusic
 * R101 TV
 * RadiantTV
 * Radio 105 TV
 * Radiofreccia TV
 * Radio Italia TV
 * Radio Italia Trend TV
 * Radio Kiss Kiss TV
 * Radio Monte Carlo TV
 * Radio Zeta TV
 * Rai Radio 2 Visual
 * Rebel
 * Retro Music Television
 * Revolt
 * RFM TV
 * Ritmoson Latino
 * Rotana Clip
 * Rotana Mousica
 * RTM Muzik Aktif (defunct)
 * RTL 102.5 TV
 * RTS Muzika
 * SBS M
 * Scuzz (defunct)
 * Schlager Deluxe
 * Šláger 1
 * Šláger 2
 * Šláger Premium
 * Sense TV (defunct)
 * Sony Mix (defunct)
 * Sony Rox (defunct)
 * Spirit Television
 * Star Maa Music
 * Star Vijay (defunct)
 * Starz TV (defunct)
 * Stingray Now 4K
 * Stingray Hits! 4K
 * TeleHit
 * The Country Network
 * The Loop
 * TMF (defunct)
 * Tempo TV (defunct)
 * The Box (defunct)
 * The Tube Music Network (defunct)
 * Trace Urban
 * Trace Latina (defunct)
 * Trace Vault
 * TRT Müzik
 * True Music
 * theCoolTV (defunct)
 * TVU Music Television
 * UTV Romania
 * [V] (defunct)
 * Vevo (Internet and streaming only)
 * VH1 (owned by Paramount, music video programming discontinued as of January 1, 2016)
 * VH1 Europe (defunct)
 * VH-1 Deutschland (defunct)
 * VH1 India
 * VH1 Italy (defunct)
 * VH1 Poland (defunct)
 * VH1 Classic Europe (defunct)
 * Videomusic (defunct)
 * Virgin Radio TV
 * VIVA (defunct)
 * VOX Music TV
 * Wanasah
 * XITE
 * The Worship Network (defunct)
 * TNT Music
 * TV 538
 * Zee Muzic (defunct)
 * Zee Vajwa (defunct)
 * ZUUS Country
 * ZU TV

title: List of music video television channels


text:
User talk:Primpwatcher

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 16:27, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
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 * How to write a great article
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Several upcoming Wikipedia events in Kentucky
  Meet up with Wikipedians in Kentucky! All are welcome to attend!

Lexington, KY Wiki Loves Pride 2015

 * Lexington Pride Festival : June 27, 2015. Location: Lexington Pride Festival venues. Take photographs of the Lexington Pride Festival and upload them to Wikimedia Commons.
 * Wiki Loves Pride edit-a-thon : June 30, 2015. 7:00 pm. Location to be determined.

Lexington, KY/Wiknic 2015
Meet up for a picnic with other Wikipedian in Kentucky on July 25, 2015 from 12:00-3:00pm.

Sign up on event pages. Sydney Poore/FloNight♥♥♥♥ 00:42, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:56, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:40, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Keisha (actress) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Keisha (actress) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Keisha (actress) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Spartaz Humbug! 17:38, 9 January 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Mike Horner (actor) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Mike Horner (actor) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Mike Horner (actor) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Meligirl5 (talk) 19:38, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Primpwatcher


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Roycehalluc.JPG

University of California
I am choosing to nominate this image because it shows what Los Angeles really is. I know that some parts of Los Angeles aren't perfect but when you look at this beautiful building you see why it can be a great place.

The image is used on the Los Angeles and University of California which was uploaded by Satyriconi. - • Thorpe • 16:28, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. - • Thorpe • 16:28, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Okay but not really striking. Junes 16:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Nice photo, but nothing special. -- Silversmith Hewwo 17:53, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Not sure that is really is illustrative of either Los Angeles or University of California. Also, no licensing information. --CVaneg 18:31, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Represents neither the best of LA nor UC. Chicago god 18:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose no licensing information and picture isn't that informative or striking anyway. - Mgm|(talk) 20:48, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose Although the color and sharpness are good, this is a poor architecture shot, as it suffers from severe "keystoning" (e.g. the building looks like it's leaning backwards) Alight 20:04, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not that great. Enochlau 01:18, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose -- building looks like it is leaning backwards. - Longhair | Talk 01:45, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.png|15px]] Oppose --Fir0002 09:43, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Cool picutre, nothing amazing, also no licensing. -- IanMcGreene 22:12, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.png|15px]] Oppose--ZeWrestler 16:44, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This link is Broken 1 July 2005 02:38 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Roberto z.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Flcelloguy 16:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

wiki skills and human body
Please test your wiki skills in the WP:sandbox or in a subpage of your own /sandboxd. I've redirected your the human body. You're edits can be retrieved from the history if you should want them. --MarSch 17:45, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Roberto z.


text:
Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts

Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts is the debut studio album by English punk rock band the Adverts. It was released on 17 February 1978 by record label Bright.

Background
Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts was recorded at Abbey Road Studios. The album title was coined by Jane Suck.

Release
The album was preceded by the single "No Time to Be 21", which reached No. 34 on the UK Singles Chart. Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts reached No. 38 on the UK Albums Chart.

Critical reception
In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Dave Thompson called the album "a devastating debut" and "one of the finest albums not only of the punk era but of the 1970s as a whole". Trouser Press said that "in its own way", the album "is the equal of the first Sex Pistols or The Clash; a hasty statement that captures an exciting time".

Legacy
In March 2003, Mojo magazine ranked Crossing the Red Sea No. 17 in its list of the 50 greatest punk albums. The album featured in The Guardian's list "1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die".

Personnel

 * The Adverts
 * T. V. Smith – vocals
 * Gaye Advert – bass guitar, vocals
 * Howard Pickup – guitar, vocals
 * Laurie Driver – drums

 * Technical
 * John Leckie – production
 * Nicholas De Ville – design
 * Martin Durrant – cover photography

title: Crossing the Red Sea with The Adverts


text:
Talk:Fission-fragment rocket

Comments
How could this be possible that it would get an ISP close to that of an antimatter rocket? In antimatter, all of the mass gets converted to energy. In fission, only a very small percentage of the mass in the reactants gets converted to energy. Sounds like someone misread their source.

Hmm, looking some more, I found the problem: There's one extra zero in that ISP :)  Check out http://www.batse.msfc.nasa.gov/colloquia/abstracts_summer05/rsheldon2.html for a reference. 129.255.141.196 (ISP is roughly 1/10th MN/kg) 16:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Project 242
Is this someway related to the fission-fragment motor by Carlo Rubbia named "PROGETTO 242" (project 242), from Italian Space Agency? See http://www.crs4.it/Areas/cfd/P242.pdf and http://www.rai.it/Contents/eventi/600/ASIProgetto242.ram.

 * It does seems similar but I'm not sure if it's the exact same thing as in this article. Whatever it is, this "Project 242" probably deserves its own article.--Hibernian 18:57, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Clean up
Well written article. Organizing into distinct components and starting reference section. --Rev Prez 14:34, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

A Few Silly (and non-technical) comments
I have a few (obvious) questions concerning the fission-fragment idea :

1) What are the "Numerous technological challenges" referred to within the "design considerations" section?

2) Is the Specific Impulse of the device impeded by the fact that the nuclear reactions which are considered for the fission-fragment design are forced to rely upon the fissioning of HEAVY nuclear materials (I suspect that, if a way were found to utilise nuclear fusion, it might actually be possible to obtain a higher specific impulse than with even the fission-fragment design - my calculations on this point are probably going to be rusty, though they assume that a nuclear fusion reactor would have to rely on a lower mass of reactants in order to release the same amount of energy that a nuclear fission reaction would, with the obvious proviso that a nuclear fusion reactor would be of comparable mass to a nuclear fission reactor at some point in the future).

3) Does anyone with more experience than myself envision that the separation of highly energetic heavy nuclear materials from the fissioning masses used in this engine decision could somehow be used in order to `catalyse'/speed-up or act as a sufficient source of energy to initiate a D-T nuclear fusion reaction (I suspect that, as you are planning to use magnetic confinement techniques anyhow, and it is possible that some nuclear fission reactions will produce the kinds of temperatures needed to initiate and maintain nuclear fusion, then it should be reasonable to assume that a `mixed' fission-fusion nuclear reaction would actually increase the specific impulse to an even higher amount - but, as any good blagger, I haven't actually done the maths, yet).

4) " The axial magnetic field is too weak to affect the motions of the dust particles but strong enough to channel the fragments into a beam which can be decelerated for power, allowed to be emitted for thrust, or a combination of the two. "

Obviously, just use a feedback system to channel the `low-grade' output from the initial nuclear suspension reaction (for those particles which are travelling in the wrong direction and can only be used for power generation via some sort of magnetic deceleration/heating process) in order to yield more energy from the those particles that are travelling in the `right' direction (that way, further `secondary' and tertiary nuclear nuclear reactions could be made to occur at the exhaust possibly increasing the specific impulse a little amount here dependent upon the fission fuel reaction that is being dealt with >).

> I think that the secondary nuclear reactants can be fed in at the exhaust stage for the nanoparticle design (without comprising thrust via, say, reducing the exhaust temperature or inducing reactions which could somehow induce `negative momentum change' due to the fact that the momentum transfer occurs at the `point of fuel fission'. I am uncertain as to whether this is correct).

ConcernedScientist 13:58, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) has this been removed?
 * 2) absolutely; a fusion design will outperform the FFR, especially in terms of overall spacecraft performance. However, we actually know how to build a FFR.
 * 3) hmmm. well I can't say for sure, but my guess would be "no" based on poisoning of the fuel load (quenching). The last thing you want is high-z materials entering the fuel anywhere, the effect on radiative cooling is overwhelming.
 * 4) I think a system like this would be used on any such design, not just this "new" one. Neutrons will be unaffected (well, polarized maybe) and continue the reaction within the reactor, but the small chunks of fuel and carbon that break off are highly ionized and suitable for magnetic direction (well, that's basically the whole idea!). Of course they have actually tried this in the "real world", and last time I checked there are still no operational MHD generators in commercial use...
 * Maury 22:47, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

 * 1) No. Understandably.
 * 2) Your point about how we know how to build a FFR might seem problematic to some (the basic design is on the page, though it is uncertain how many people understand it and to what level of detail).
 * 3) Your comments upon radiative cooling are not eminently clear to me. However, if you are stating that the addition of impurities to a D-T mixture would impede nuclear fusion reactions as the endothermic nature of the fusion of heavy nuclei would have the effect of cooling down the D-T mixture, then I imagine that this may be correct (though the proportion of fast-fissioning nuclei added to a D-T plasma mix and the probability of any resultant endothermic interactions are points for which a detailed analysis would be required).

My imaginings were that, upon the initiation of a nuclear fusion reaction, where the variety of nuclei masses of a fast-fission generated plasma were injected into a D-T plasma stream in an attempt to maintain high plasma temperatures from the fast-fission plasma injection...Rather than IMPEDE a D-T nuclear fusion reaction, the injection of such plasmas (with the impurities associated with a fissioning decay series which is yet to progress to finality), would be beneficial due to the fact that the presence of neutrons over a wide range of energy levels would cause the various fission decay products of the injected FF (fast fission) plasma to fission exothermically - thus increasing the heating effect of the plasma.

If the addition of impurities were a FUNDAMENTAL problem, mixing in cool D-T with the FF plasma and then using a mass spectrometer method to separate heavy and light nuclei would offer a way of generating high temperature D-T plasma which would either self-fusion, or aid in the maintenance of a fusion reaction (especially if one were to consider the use of magnetic confinement techniques for increasing the pressure experienced by such a plasma). Having not done calculations, I would not be able to say whether either of these approaches is correct or useful. Though qualitatively, they may be useful.

In retrospect, does your point about radiative cooling relate to the differing CONDUCTIVITIES of the D-T plasma, and the injected FF plasma, or the effect of the free-electrons within the injected plasma to radiate heat when combined within a mixture? I am uncertain of how well-bound the injective electrons would be within a D-T plasma/FF plasma mix, and what effect this might have on  "radiative cooling". My presumption is that the vast majority of FF injected plasma is THERMAL plasma so that its injection can maintain fusion, but even without this, allowing its temperature to normalise with a "low-temp" D-T mix, and then siphoning off the low-z mixture should enable a high temperature plasma which will fusion of its own accord upon an appropriate (EM field induced) pressure increase.

 * 4) I forsee issues with the internal sides of a FF rocket being hit by the Fast-Fission fragments even with magnetic confinement. If you look at the picture for the dusty plasma bed reactor, and assume that we have an electro-magnetic coil for the field (so that the field lines are parallel to the presumed direction of motion of the rocket), then particles headed for the side of the reactor will spiral in such a way that they would travel a greater distance before hitting the internal sides of the FF rocket engine.  BUT, they will still hit the internal sides of the engine.  These could still be used for energy, but perhaps arranging the density of the nanoparticles in a particular way would help ensure that more of the nanoparticles end up producing thrust parallel to the desired direction.

ConcernedScientist (talk) 19:17, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Time line question
It is my understanding that many of these types of propulsion research programs regardless of how close they did get to creating these types of engines was abandoned decades ago. If the space race is on again as the media states these days why has no one continued these obviously efficient designs for interplanetary travel? I mean think of the advancement we have made since the 60's when we stopped the last attempts at these designs. 75.170.175.110 (talk) 04:42, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, for one, no one has mentioned how much fuel this would take, and I assume it would be a LOT. Uranium isn't cheap. I can't imagine this costing less than a few hundred billion, maybe a few trillion, maybe more than the GDP of Earth. Also, with exhaust speeds of 5% of the speed of light, using a ridiculously oversimplified notion that the speed at all times = top speed (since I don't know the equation for calculating this otherwise, actual times of transit may be much higher), it would take 150 years to reach the nearest star with a planet (Bernard's Star). We could go to Alpha Centauri in a mere century, but unless it surprises us and has planets, we couldn't do much more than point our cameras at the star and take very boring pictures that look much like pictures of the sun. There are a ridiculous amount of projects with much more scientific validity that we could take on, rather than sending a probe to take pretty pictures and confirm things we already know through other methods. Or did you mean sending humans? In which case, LOL.24.179.56.142 (talk) 01:19, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

24.179.56.142: in the time since you wrote this, a planet has been discovered orbiting the nearby star Proxima Centuari, which is about the same distance as Alpha Centauri, about 4.5 ly away. :) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b 2600:6C52:6200:381F:6041:AA5D:5681:8198 (talk) 04:42, 13 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Of course, the AIAA paper cited does mention how much fuel this would take, and your assumption is astoundingly wrong -- only 180kg fuel (perhaps a million dollars fuel cost) to send a 10-ton spacecraft to 550 AU (minimum distance to use the sun as a gravitational lens) in 10 years, and 75.170.175.110 said "interplanetary" implying even shorter distances, so even shorter trip times and/or less fuel. Even a 50 year Alpha Centauri mission with the same 10t spacecraft, while considered "probably not feasible", comes out to only 240t of fuel, or perhaps a billion dollars' worth.
 * WRT interstellar flight, it seems you're wrongly equating exhaust speed to maximum speed -- rockets don't work by "pushing off" something, but by conservation of momentum, and will continue to accelerate as long as they are firing. Not that it matters -- any such tech would need to be proven and refined on interplanetary missions before we could reasonably talk of scaling it up to interstellar probes. 50.102.164.125 (talk) 09:32, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fission-fragment rocket


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Corona (optical phenomenon)

In meteorology, a corona (plural coronae) is an optical phenomenon produced by the diffraction of sunlight or moonlight (or, occasionally, bright starlight or planetlight) by individual small water droplets and sometimes tiny ice crystals of a cloud or on a foggy glass surface. In its full form, a corona consists of several concentric, pastel-colored rings around the celestial object and a central bright area called an aureole. The aureole is often (especially in case of the Moon) the only visible part of the corona and has the appearance of a bluish-white disk which fades to reddish-brown towards the edge. The angular diameter of a corona depends on the sizes of the water droplets involved; smaller droplets produce larger coronae. For the same reason, the corona is the most pronounced when the size of the droplets is most uniform. Coronae differ from halos in that the latter are formed by refraction (rather than diffraction) from comparatively large rather than small ice crystals. The diffraction pattern is called an Airy disk.

Pollen coronae
Pollen suspended in the air can also cause diffraction of sunlight that produces coronae. Because pollen grains are not always spherical, the resulting pollen coronae often have characteristic elliptic shape and brighter spots in them. They can be seen during blooming season where there is significant source of pollen like forests. They are more easily seen during sunset or sunrise as there is less sun glare and the light path through pollen laden atmosphere is longer.

title: Corona (optical phenomenon)


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File:SD Teucro.gif

Summary
Courtesy of www.asobal.es

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Greetings from Mercury

Greetings From Mercury was a Belgian jazz fusion group led by saxophonist Jeroen Van Herzeele. The group included the members of the Jeroen Van Herzeele Trio, plus bassist Otti Van Der Werf, rapper Steve Segers and sound engineer/producer/sitarist Michel Andina, who recorded all their albums and played on the last two. They released their first album, Greetings From Mercury, under Van Herzeele's name.

Members

 * Jeroen Van Herzeele - tenor saxophone
 * Peter Hertmans - guitar
 * Otti Van Der Werf - bass
 * Stéphane Galland - drums
 * Steven Segers - rap
 * Michel Andina - sitar

Discography

 * Greetings From Mercury (1998)
 * Continuance (1999)
 * Heiwa (2002)

title: Greetings from Mercury


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Flashback (narrative)

A flashback (sometimes called an analepsis) is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point in the story. Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story's primary sequence of events to fill in crucial backstory. In the opposite direction, a flashforward (or prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future. Both flashback and flashforward are used to cohere a story, develop a character, or add structure to the narrative. In literature, internal analepsis is a flashback to an earlier point in the narrative; external analepsis is a flashback to a time before the narrative started.

In film, flashbacks depict the subjective experience of a character by showing a memory of a previous event and they are often used to "resolve an enigma". Flashbacks are important in film noir and melodrama films. In films and television, several camera techniques, editing approaches and special effects have evolved to alert the viewer that the action shown is a flashback or flashforward; for example, the edges of the picture may be deliberately blurred, photography may be jarring or choppy, or unusual coloration or sepia tone, or monochrome when most of the story is in full color, may be used. The scene may fade or dissolve, often with the camera focused on the face of the character and there is typically a voice-over by a narrator (who is often, but not always, the character who is experiencing the memory).

Literature
An early example of analepsis is in the Ramayana and Mahabharata, where the main story is narrated through a frame story set at a later time. Another early use of this device in a murder mystery was in "The Three Apples", an Arabian Nights tale. The story begins with the discovery of a young woman's dead body. After the murderer later reveals himself, he narrates his reasons for the murder in a series of flashbacks leading up to the discovery of her dead body at the beginning of the story. Flashbacks are also employed in several other Arabian Nights tales such as "Sinbad the Sailor" and "The City of Brass".

Analepsis was used extensively by author Ford Madox Ford, and by poet, author, historian and mythologist Robert Graves. The 1927 book The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder is the progenitor of the modern disaster epic in literature and film-making, where a single disaster intertwines the victims, whose lives are then explored by means of flashbacks of events leading up to the disaster. Analepsis is also used in Night by Elie Wiesel. If flashbacks are extensive and in chronological order, one can say that these form the present of the story, while the rest of the story consists of flash forwards. If flashbacks are presented in non-chronological order, the time at which the story takes place can be ambiguous: An example of such an occurrence is in Slaughterhouse-Five where the narrative jumps back and forth in time, so there is no actual present time line. Os Lusíadas is a story about a voyage of Vasco da Gama to India and back. The narration starts when they were arriving in Africa but it quickly flashes back to the beginning of the story which is when they were leaving Portugal.

The Harry Potter series employs a magical device called a Pensieve, which changes the nature of flashbacks from a mere narrative device to an event directly experienced by the characters, who are thus able to provide commentary.

Film
The creator of the flashback technique in cinema was Histoire d'un crime directed by Ferdinand Zecca in 1901. An early use of the flashback technique in cinema occurs throughout D.W. Griffith's film, Hearts of the World (1918): for example, during the wall scene with the Boy at 1:33. Flashbacks were first employed during the sound era in Rouben Mamoulian's 1931 film City Streets, but were rare until about 1939 when, in William Wyler's Wuthering Heights as in Emily Brontë's original novel, the housekeeper Ellen narrates the main story to overnight visitor Mr. Lockwood, who has witnessed Heathcliff's frantic pursuit of what is apparently a ghost. More famously, also in 1939, Marcel Carné's film Le Jour Se Lève is told almost entirely through flashback: the story starts with the murder of a man in a hotel. While the murderer, played by Jean Gabin, is surrounded by the police, several flashbacks tell the story of why he killed the man at the beginning of the film.

One of the most famous examples of a flashback is in the Orson Welles' film Citizen Kane (1941). The protagonist, Charles Foster Kane, dies at the beginning, uttering the word Rosebud. The remainder of the film is framed by a reporter's interviewing Kane's friends and associates, in a futile effort to discover what the word meant to Kane. As the interviews proceed, pieces of Kane's life unfold in flashback, but Welles' use of such unconventional flashbacks was thought to have been influenced by William K. Howard's The Power and the Glory. Lubitsch used a flashback in Heaven Can Wait (1943) which tells the story of Henry Van Cleve. Though usually used to clarify plot or backstory, flashbacks can also act as an unreliable narrator. The multiple and contradictory staged reconstructions of a crime in Errol Morris's 1988 documentary The Thin Blue Line are presented as flashbacks based on divergent testimony. Akira Kurosawa's 1950 Rashomon does this in the most celebrated fictional use of contested multiple testimonies.

Sometimes a flashback is inserted into a film even though there was none in the original source from which the film was adapted. The 1956 film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's stage musical Carousel used a flashback device which somewhat takes the impact away from a very dramatic plot development later in the film. This was done because the plot of Carousel was then considered unusually strong for a film musical. In the film version of Camelot (1967), according to Alan Jay Lerner, a flashback was added not to soften the blow of a later plot development but because the stage show had been criticized for shifting too abruptly in tone from near-comedy to tragedy.

In Billy Wilder's film noir Double Indemnity (1944), a flashback from the main character is used to provide a confession to his fraudulent and criminal activities. Fish & Cat is the first single-shot movie with several flashbacks.

In John Brahm's film noir "The Locket" (1946) a unique hat trick is used (a flashback within a flashback within a flashback) to give psychological depth to the story of a woman who was allegedly a kleptomaniac, inveterate liar, and murderess but had never been punished for any of her crimes.

A good example of both flashback and flashforward is the first scene of La Jetée (1962). As we learn a few minutes later, what we are seeing in that scene is a flashback to the past, since the present of the film's diegesis is a time directly following World War III. However, as we learn at the very end of the film, that scene also doubles as a prolepsis, since the dying man the boy is seeing is, in fact, himself. In other words, he is proleptically seeing his own death. We thus have an analepsis and prolepsis in the very same scene.

Occasionally, a story may contain a flashback within a flashback, with the earliest known example appearing in Jacques Feyder's L'Atlantide. Little Annie Rooney (1925) contains a flashback scene in a Chinese laundry, with a flashback within that flashback in the corner of the screen. In John Ford's The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), the main action of the film is told in flashback, with the scene of Liberty Valance's murder occurring as a flashback within that flashback. Other examples that contains flashbacks within flashbacks are the 1968 Japanese film Lone Wolf Isazo and 2004's The Phantom of the Opera, where almost the entire film (set in 1870) is told as a flashback from 1919 (in black-and-white) and contains other flashbacks; for example, Madame Giry rescuing the Phantom from a freak show. An extremely convoluted story may contain flashbacks within flashbacks within flashbacks, as in Six Degrees of Separation, Passage to Marseille, and The Locket.

This technique is a hallmark of Kannada movie director Upendra. He has employed this technique in his movies – Om (1995), A (1998) and the futuristic flick Super (2010) – set in 2030 containing multiple flashbacks ranging from 2010 to 2015 depicting a Utopian India.

Satyajit Ray experimented with flashbacks in The Adversary (Pratidwandi, 1972), pioneering the technique of photo-negative flashbacks. He also uses flashbacks in other films such as Nayak (1966), Kapurush- O – Mahapurush ( 1965), Aranyer Din Ratri (1970), Jalsaghar(1959). In fact, in Nayak, the entire film proceeds in a non linear narrative which explores the Hero (Arindam's) past through seven flashbacks and two dreams. He also uses extensive flashbacks in the Kanchenjunga (1962).

Quentin Tarantino makes extensive use of the flashback and flashforward in many of his films. In Reservoir Dogs (1992), for example, scenes of the story present are intercut with various flashbacks to give each character's backstory and motivation additional context. In Pulp Fiction (1994), which uses a highly nonlinear narrative, traditional flashback is also used in the sequence titled "The Gold Watch". Other films, such as his two-part Kill Bill (Part I 2003, Part II 2004), also feature a narrative that bounces between present time and flashbacks.

Television
The television series Quantico, Kung Fu, Psych, How I Met Your Mother, Grounded for Life, Once Upon a Time, and I Didn't Do It use flashbacks in every episode. Flashbacks were also a predominant feature of the television shows Lost, Arrow, Phineas and Ferb, Orange Is the New Black, 13 Reasons Why, Elite and Quicksand. Many detective shows routinely use flashback in the last act to illustrate the detective's reconstruction of the culprit's plot, e.g. Murder, She Wrote, Banacek, Columbo. The television show Leverage uses a flashback at the end of each episode to show how the protagonists successfully carried out their confidence trick on the episode's antagonist.

The anime Inuyasha uses flashbacks that take one back half a century ago in the two-part episode "The Tragic Love Song of Destiny" in the sixth season narrated by the elderly younger sister of Lady Kikyo, Lady Kaede; Episodes 147 and 148.

In Princess Half-Demon, the ongoing spinoff to the anime stated above, the premiere takes us back eighteen years ago, five months since the conclusion of the original series' seventh season. Episode Fifteen "Farewell Under the Lunar Eclipse" is narrated by Riku that explains what had happened before and right after the Half-Demon Princesses were born; namely where Inuyasha and nineteen-year-old Kagome Higurashi had ended up, trapped within the Black Pearl at the border of the Afterlife for fourteen long years. Some months later, flashbacks that are memories belonging to Jaken ("The Silver-Scale Curse") and Hachimon ("Battle of the Moon, Part 1") eventually come.

In the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb, flashbacks and flash forwards often appear. In several episodes, the main antagonist Dr. Doofenshmirtz uses flashbacks as a way to explain his past. A gag in the episode "Doof Dynasty" notes that, when a character explains his or her past, their body ripples (referencing the "ripple effect" which starts a flashback in other media). The whole episode "Act Your Age" is a flash-forward of the characters as teenagers. Several other episodes also feature flashbacks of the main characters' ancestors who, as a running gag, always seem to look like the main characters with slight variations in clothing, but the exact same mannerisms and voices. (Northern Exposure episode "Cicely" used a similar device, with the main cast playing unrelated characters of 84 years before, at the founding of the village.)

Breaking Bad and its spinoff Better Call Saul frequently employ flashbacks, most often in the form of the cold open. While many of the flashbacks take place years before the events of each series, there are also cases in which new scenes set during previous episodes are shown, such as Breaking Bad's "Más" and "Ozymandias," whose openings are set during the show's pilot. The final three episodes of Better Call Saul, set in the post-Breaking Bad timeline, also include flashbacks taking place both between and during the two series' time frames.

The 2D hand-drawn animated show Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (known as Tangled: The Series during its first season) began showing flashbacks set a quarter of a century ago in the Dark Kingdom, where the heavenly Moonstone resides within for hundreds of years in the second season's premiere "Beyond the Walls of Corona", "Rapunzel and the Great Tree" and the finale "Destinies Collide."

title: Flashback (narrative)