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Bomb the Bass

Bomb the Bass is an electronic music alias of English musician and producer Timothy Simenon.

As a name, Bomb the Bass came from Simenon's approach to collaging and mixing sounds whilst DJing in the mid- to late 1980s; he says "samples were either scratched in live or sampled and looped on top of the rhythm section. So the concept was one of bombing the bass line with different ideas, with a collage of sounds. Bombing was a graffiti term for writing, like people would 'bomb' trains or whatever."

History
Bomb the Bass had originally started out as the Rhythm King All Stars, a project which would see the back catalogue of Rhythm King Records mixed into a 12 inch medley for the clubs, by producers Tim Simenon (a housemate of label founder James Horrocks) and Pascal Gabriel. However, as the back catalogue of the company was at that point small, the duo used a number of other records and samples from other companies, with the record evolving into "Beat Dis". Simenon then decided to change the name of the project from the Rhythm King All Stars to Bomb the Bass, with Simenon and Gabriel using the names DJ Kid 33 and Emilio Pasquez to give the impression that the record was an American import. When the record was released by Rhythm King records in the UK (on their Mister-Ron sublabel) it debuted at number five and peaked a week later at number two on the chart of 21 to 27 February 1988, giving Bomb the Bass the chance to appear on Top of the Pops (in a performance that also included Adele Nozedar from Indians in Moscow, who was working for the record company at the time).

Pushing the needle: The accelerated success of "Beat Dis"
While the bass line and drum tracks of "Beat Dis" were written by Simenon, the rest of the track was compiled from samples. Having already taken a part-time sound course at the School of Audio Engineering in Holloway, Simenon was able to build "Beat Dis" himself - assisted in the process by producer Pascal Gabriel, who went on to experience his own success as co-producer of S'Express and a wide variety of other artists.

According to the BBC, which featured "Beat Dis" on their clip-based TOTP2 show, the track contains an alleged 72 samples, including lifts from hip hop like Public Enemy, funk (including The Jimmy Castor Bunch), and Ennio Morricone. Also featured were dialogue clips from the television shows Dragnet and Thunderbirds. Talking to Sound on Sound magazine many years later, Simenon said of the track's construction: "I suppose I was tuned in to what was current at the time and was able to pick and choose what I wanted with some knowledge of how it should be applied."

He co-produced Neneh Cherry's "Buffalo Stance" after a chance encounter with Jamie Morgan of band Morgan-McVey in London nightclub The Wag, where Simenon was doing a DJ set including the track's first incarnation, a Morgan-McVey B-side called "Looking Good Diving With The Wild Bunch." Simenon expressed interest in reworking the track, before alerting Morgan to the approach of a crazed stalker who was trying to kill him. Morgan informed Cherry's record company of Simenon's interest in the track, and a deal was struck for him to produce what became "Buffalo Stance".

Along with Trevor Horn, he co-produced "Krazy", a remix of the song "Crazy" by Seal.

Computer Games: Xenon 2 Megablast
The Bitmap Brothers cooperated with Tim Simenon to include the 1988 Bomb the Bass hip hop track "Megablast (Hip Hop on Precinct 13)" as theme music for the video game Xenon 2 Megablast, which is also the origin of the game's subtitle. In turn, this song uses samples from Sly and the Family Stone song, "You Can Make It If You Try", and its theme seems heavily inspired by The Splash Band track "The End (Disco Version)" released in 1984, which is itself based on the theme of John Carpenter's film Assault on Precinct 13.

There are two versions of the track in the game: a nearly faithful rendition (only missing a few spoken lines) as the loading music, and a simplified version as the in-game background music. The Amiga version of the loading music is based on the same track, but significantly different, with such changes as helicopter sound effects at the beginning and end.

The game was one of the first instances of a computer being programmed to play a pop single with reasonable accuracy. Sections of the music were sampled and then re-sequenced (by computer game musician David Whittaker). In the cartridge-based console versions, the music is radically simplified, being purely synthesised and lacking the voice samples of the computer versions.

Into Unknown Territory
In February 1991, the first single from Bomb the Bass' new album Unknown Territory, "Love So True" was released with vocals from Loretta Heywood. It suffered under hastily imposed (and unofficial) censorship broadcast regulations, as the outbreak of the First Gulf War prompted UK broadcasters, especially the main national music station BBC Radio 1, to blacklist a variety of songs and acts deemed potentially controversial due to their content or titles. The band name Bomb the Bass was considered to fall into this category, along with that of Massive Attack, and so the record had to be released under Simenon's own name, making it chart low in the United Kingdom at number 84.

Following the success of "Winter in July", Unknown Territory was the band's most well received release to date. Reviewing the album at the time, music writer and author Simon Reynolds attempted to outline a new genre in the making, suggesting that, by moving beyond mere dance tracks into fully cohesive albums, the band were venturing into progressive dance.

Break from the beat: Bomb the Bass as production outfit
In the mid 1990s, Simenon signed Bomb the Bass and his Stoned Heights imprint to Island Records' dance and hip-hop label 4th & B'way Records. This partnership saw the 1995 album Clear reach the UK albums chart and the Justin Warfield featuring single "Bug Powder Dust" reach number 24 in the UK singles chart

Interviewed for Sound on Sound magazine in 1995, Simenon agreed with the interviewer when it was suggested that, with this more frenetic side of his work, he was looking to "combine the art of sampling with the energy of rock and roll."

Another record released by Island in 1995 was Gavin Friday's Shag Tobacco, which Simenon produced and which spawned the track "Angel" (which found its way onto the hugely successful soundtrack of the Romeo + Juliet movie). This album caught the attention of Dave Gahan and Martin Gore of Depeche Mode, who were on the look out for a new producer. Gahan said, "There was loads of names being thrown at us (to produce Depeche Mode's next album after Songs of Faith and Devotion), but in the end we picked (Simenon) because Martin (Gore) and I really liked the Gavin Friday album that he did. Shag Tobacco is an absolutely brilliant album, (and) we really loved the sounds he produced".

The resulting album, Ultra, was released in April 1997. Quoted in the biography, Depeche Mode: Black Celebration by Steve Malins, Simenon confessed, "I just felt fucked by the end of the recording, and I carried on working in January and February 1997, which was the worst thing I could have done. I started to feel really ill. So I took a break and had a few months off. I was just mentally and physically exhausted".

The work in question, which took the form of recording sessions with Jack Dangers from Meat Beat Manifesto, did not surface for many years, leaving a further single with Depeche Mode, "Only When I Lose Myself" as the last major Simenon outing for many years: "It'd been non-stop for more than 10 years, and I was just burnt out. It all just caught up, and took its toll; just left me feeling very, very uninspired".

1990s become 2000s, become Electric Tones
The Tracks EP was recorded in collaboration with Jack Dangers, from Meat Beat Manifesto, and the first actual Bomb the Bass material to be released via Electric Tones. With all tracks co-credited to Bomb the Bass & Jack Dangers, the recording sessions were listed as having taken place years earlier, in 1998.

Future Chaos: Bomb the Bass in the 21st century
It was originally thought that "Butterfingers" (featuring Fujiya & Miyagi) would be the first single released from Future Chaos, as an animated short film for the track surfaced on YouTube in March 2008. The clip, which was produced by Perish Factory visualises the new minimal sound of the band by featuring an animated Minimoog - as used on the track.

Reviewing "Butterfingers", Daily Music Guide described it as showing "the new Bomb the Bass plug straight into a place where scuffed Formica is sexier than leather, and red LED is the font of all knowledge. Having worked through all those zeroes and ones only to come up wanting, Bomb the Bass have seemingly gone back to come forwards once again, with the result being a track that easily lives up to the sum of its parts."

Bomb the Bass confirmed they would perform their first London gig in almost 20 years, at the London Astoria on 4 June 2008; and are also billed as appearing at the UK dance music festival, The Big Chill, on 2 August 2008, in Ledbury, Herefordshire and the Zürich festival, Lethargy '08.

In an online interview with Tim Simenon in May 2008, it was remarked that Future Chaos was to be released in August 2008. In the same interview, Simenon commented that the album had taken so long to complete partly because he had wanted to change direction, to take on a more simplistic, less cluttered feel - necessitating a restart and re-record.

Back to the racks, Back to Light: BTB from 2009–2010
In September 2009, using Twitter, Simenon revealed that work was almost complete on the follow-up to Future Chaos. Around the same time and also via Twitter, Jakeone of Toob announced he had just completed remix duties on a new track called The Infinites. Back to Light was released in March 2010.

Touring, In the Sun, Mega Dis and break-up
Bomb the Bass spent most of 2011 and 2012 touring and recording their next album with drummer Christian Eigner. In 2012, the official BTB online shop was opened, with instrumental versions of "Future Chaos" and "Back to Light" being made available to purchase, along with a compilation album Rare and Unreleased. The new album In the Sun was released in May 2013 on Simenon's own label O*Solo Recordings. The band celebrated their 25th anniversary by releasing a mega mix Mega Dis as a digital single in October 2013.

After that, Tim Simenon went to form a short lived band Ghost Capsules. Since the release of In the Sun, Bomb the Bass quietly dissolved. Simenon relocated to Prague and went for other ventures. In 2020, he confirmed that he has finished working in the music industry.

Compilation albums

 * The CD Singles (Rhythm King Records, 1989)
 * Beat Dis – The Very Best of Bomb the Bass (Camden, 1999)

EPs

 * Clear Cut (Morr Music, 2001) (with Lali Puna)
 * Tracks (Electric Tones, 2001) (with Jack Dangers)
 * Mega Dis (O*Solo Recordings, 2013)

title: Bomb the Bass


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All We Can

All We Can is the operating name for the Methodist Relief and Development Fund, an international development and emergency relief organisation. It is based at Methodist Church House in London, which is also the Methodist Church of Great Britain's headquarters.

Its activities include:
 * Responding to humanitarian crises with emergency relief and helps communities to be better prepared for disasters
 * Engaging in global education to inform, challenge, motivate and enable people to take a stance against poverty and injustice.

Y Care International (YMCA's international development and relief agency) and All We Can announced a formal partnership on 1 September 2021 through which the two organisations will aim to "combine their efforts to tackle poverty, inequality and injustice in some of the world's most vulnerable communities". Y Care International will continue as a separate charitable body, but in future all its services will be fulfilled by All We Can.

Name
The charity's name derives from an apocryphal quote attributed to John Wesley, the founder of Methodism: Do all the good you can. By all the means you can. In all the ways you can. In all the places you can. At all the times you can. To all the people you can. As long as ever you can.

Recognition
It is recognised as one of the UK's best charities to work for, having been named in the top five "Best Charities to Work For" by Third Sector 2020, where its child-friendly practices were especially recognised, and is known as one of the sector's most pioneering NGOs in development work and humanitarian aid, shortlisted for the Civil Society Awards 2019.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: All We Can


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Talk:Home guard

The usage of is under discussion, see Talk:Armia Krajowa, where it is proposed that  be renamed to "Home Army" -- 65.94.171.126 (talk) 08:11, 26 May 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 28 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved (closed by non-admin page mover)  SITH   (talk)   10:04, 4 January 2019 (UTC)

Home Guard → Home guard – Per MOS:MILTERMS and consistent with Republican guard and others. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 08:34, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Support Rreagan007 (talk) 00:51, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Home guard


text: User talk:82.45.5.67

title: User talk:82.45.5.67


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barrett Lyon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:12, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Barrett Lyon
vanity page Biot 19:07, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC) vanity page Alexander Guy 19:32, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC) Delete. Vanity. User:Gates 17:34, Jun 14, 2005 (PST)
 * Delete: vanity page Heat- 19:24, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.--Kross 19:39, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Definite vanity. Some kid using Wikipedia as his playground. jglc | t | c 19:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Big pic always gives it away. --Etacar11 22:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.  Xunil 15:57, Jun 14, 2005 (PST)*
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Iron Mike

Iron Mike is the de facto name of various monuments commemorating servicemen of the United States military. The term "Iron Mike" is uniquely American slang used to refer to men who are especially tough, brave, and inspiring; it was originally a nautical term for a gyrocompass, used to keep a ship on an unwavering course. Because the use of the slang term was popular in the first half of the 20th century, many statues from that period acquired the Iron Mike nickname, and over the generations the artists' titles were largely forgotten. Even official military publications and classroom texts tend to prefer the nickname to the original titles.

Quantico, Virginia
Quantico, Virginia’s Iron Mike is officially titled Crusading for Right. It depicts a World War I Marine holding a 1903 Springfield rifle, wearing a pack with a bayonet.

At the end of the war, US Army General John J. Pershing commissioned the French sculptor Charles Raphaël Peyre (sometimes Raphael Charles, 1872—1949) to commemorate the service of the US Army’s "doughboys". The sculptor, unaware of the differences between the branches of service, used a Marine private as a model and included the Eagle, Globe and Anchor insignia on the helmet. When Pershing saw the finished product, he insisted that the insignia be removed. The artist would not allow his work to be censored, so the army declined to buy the statue.

Finally, Marine Corps General Smedley Butler raised enough money to buy the statue and had it installed in front of the headquarters building at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. The statue was begun in 1918 and first exhibited at the Exposition des Beaux Arts of the Grand Palaise des Champs-Élysées, in Paris in May 1919. Marine Officers and Enlisted donated money to purchase the statue, and it was sited in front of the Base Headquarters, Building 1019, in Quantico, Virginia, some 75 miles from DC and a bit off the tourist trail. Three tablets were erected in the memory of the officers and men of the 6th Machine Gun Battalion, 5th Regiment and 6th Regiment, United States Marines, "who gave their lives for their country in the World War in 1918" by the Thomas Roberts Reath, Marine Post No. 186, American Legion, on November 10, 1921. On December 8, 1921, the statue was dedicated.

Today, the original statue stands at the Marine Corps Base Quantico in front of Butler Hall, home of the Marine Corps Training and Education Command. A reproduction with the name "Iron Mike" on its pedestal stands in front of the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia.

Belleau, France

The Iron Mike at the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Memorial at Belleau Wood battlefield is a bronze relief on granite, simply entitled The Marine Memorial. It was sculpted by Felix Weihs de Weldon, the artist who had earlier designed the giant Marine Corps War Memorial in Washington, D.C. The monument was erected in the heart of the forest to honor the 5th and 6th Marine Regiments of the 4th Marine Brigade which fought there for twenty days in June 1918. Dedicated on November 18, 1955, this Iron Mike is the only memorial in Europe dedicated solely to the United States Marines.

Below the statue is a commemorative plaque with a large Eagle, Globe, and Anchor. The plaque includes a brief history of the battle with text in both English and French. The four ton monolith of bon accord granite, the same as used in the base of the Marine Corps War Memorial, came from Karlshamn, Sweden. Together with the seven foot tall Marine with bayonet, admired by the senior French present at its dedication as "very powerful and forceful ... fully embodying the spirit of the Marines," and accompanying plaque, the monument weighs about 9000 lb.

The battle was the bloodiest of the U.S. Marine Corps' history at that point and the 5th and 6th Regiments were awarded the French Fourragère and Croix de Guerre. Following the war, as noted on the plaque, the French government renamed the forest "Bois de la Brigade de Marine." Officiating at the monument's dedication ceremony was then Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr., who had fought and was wounded at Belleau Wood 37 years earlier. Also in attendance, were three other Marine General Officers who had also fought at Belleau Wood. Together the four Generals, Shepherd, William A. Worton, Gerald C. Thomas, and Alfred H. Noble, made for a unique gathering of senior Marines in Europe.

Parris Island, South Carolina

Parris Island's Iron Mike is depicted carrying a Maxim machine gun over his right shoulder and an M1911 pistol in his raised left hand, created as a memorial to all of the Parris Island graduates who were killed during World War I.

The statue itself is approximately life-sized, standing about 8 ft high from the heel of his boot to the muzzle of his pistol, and is mounted on a 5 ft granite base. It was created by Robert Ingersoll Aitken, the sculptor of the pediment on the United States Supreme Court Building, and cast in bronze. Officially entitled Monument to U.S. Marines, this Iron Mike was dedicated in 1924 in a ceremony presided over by Commandant John A. Lejeune. Due to changes and construction around Parris Island, Iron Mike was relocated in 1941 and it now stands in front of the Parris Island Headquarters and Service Battalion Barracks.

The bronze plaque, mounted on the base, reads: "In memory of the men of Parris Island who gave their lives in the World War, erected by their comrades."

Fort Liberty, North Carolina
Fort Liberty’s The Airborne Trooper is the newest Iron Mike statue. Known as the "Home of the Airborne," Fort Liberty (formerly Fort Bragg) hosts the 82nd Airborne Division as well as the XVIII Airborne Corps. Sculpted by Leah Hiebert in 1960 and 1961, using Sergeant Major James Runyon as a model, the statue depicts a World War II-era Airborne trooper with a Thompson submachine gun at the ready. The vision of former XVIII Airborne Corps Commander, Lt. Gen. Robert F. Sink, the statue was not named for any one man or unit, but rather dedicated to all paratroopers; past, present and future. Omar Bradley, Matthew Ridgway, Anthony McAuliffe, Maxwell Taylor, Thomas Trapnell, and William Westmoreland were among the fifteen generals who attended the dedication ceremony. Originally installed at the southern entrance on Bragg Boulevard, the Airborne Trooper was moved to the traffic circle in front of the post headquarters in 1979 to prevent vandalism and increase visibility. (35.1482°N, -78.99095°W)

Fort Liberty’s original Iron Mike stood 16 ft tall from boot heel to the top of his helmet and weighed 3235 lb. The original statue was made from polyester strips dipped in epoxy and stretched over a steel frame. Due to deterioration, it was replaced in 2005 with a bronze version. The original was refurbished and was moved to the Airborne & Special Operations Museum in Fayetteville, North Carolina on June 14, 2010. (35.05655°N, -78.88551°W)

A digital model of the original was created and used as a guide for the new version to ensure faithful replication of Hiebert's design. A ceremony to dedicate the new version was held September 23, 2005.

President George W. Bush spoke in front of the statue on July 4, 2006.

La Fiere replica
A replica of The Airborne Trooper stands above the bridge at La Fiere in Normandy, where on June 6–9, 1944 members of 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment and 325th Glider Infantry Regiment, both elements of the 82nd Airborne Division, fought a fierce battle against repeated German attacks. The small stone bridge over the Merderet River was a key point for the Germans to take in order to break up the American landing at Utah Beach, while at the same time being key to the Americans so that they could expand their beachhead in Normandy. Over the course of the battle, the Germans attacked the lightly armed Americans with both infantry and armor but were never able to cross the bridge. The monument was unveiled on June 7, 1997.

University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

The University of Minnesota's Twin Cities campus also has a statue known as Iron Mike. Designed by Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson and installed in 1906, the statue stands in front of the armory at 15 Church Street. Also known as the "Student Soldier Memorial", this Iron Mike is a monument to alumni who served in the Spanish–American War. The statue is 9 ft tall and stands on a 6 ft granite base, depicting a soldier clad in a period uniform with a campaign hat and a Krag-Jørgensen rifle.

The actual name of the sculpture is The Hiker. Thirty-nine copies of Kitson's Hiker are still in existence, spread across the United States from Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine to Capitol Park in Sacramento, California. The University of Minnesota's "Iron Mike" is one of the oldest Hikers in the U.S., possibly rivaled by one in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

Others
There are many other similar statues throughout the United States, most of them World War I monuments. The most well-known is a sculpture by Ernest Moore Viquesney entitled Spirit of the American Doughboy. While the original statue design itself never received the nickname "Iron Mike", residents of some of the locales in which the copies can be found refer to their local monuments as such.

The U.S. Army Infantry Center at Fort Moore has a World War II monument entitled Follow Me. It is often mistakenly referred to as "Iron Mike."

Fort Lewis, Washington, is home to a statue entitled The Infantryman, which is often referred to as "Iron Mike". Located at Tacoma Avenue and 41st Division Road (since 1992), and set with a backdrop of Mount Rainier, the 18 ft statue was erected in 1964 to memorialize the soldiers of the 4th Infantry Division. Its design, an early Vietnam-era U.S. infantryman equipped with the M14 rifle, was inspired by the "Iron Mike" at Fort Liberty, and is made from the same fiberglass-on-iron as the original there. Despite a history centered on infantry training, it was the first monument on Fort Lewis dedicated to the infantryman.

In 1935 the Spirit of the CCC, later nicknamed Iron Mike, was the first major statue honoring the Civilian Conservation Corps. Designed by Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project sculptor, John Palo-Kangas, the statue was typical of the art-deco style of that period. Unveiled by President Franklin D. Roosevelt at CCC Company 1917 in Griffith Park, Los Angeles, California, the original statue has since disappeared, but was replaced in 1993 with a bronze reproduction sculpted by Jim Brothers.

Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow has a ridge that is used during training that is nicknamed "Iron Mike" due to the steepness of the terrain and determination it takes to run up without stopping. Another running course at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Camp Horno, shares the name as well.

title: Iron Mike


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Gyrus

In neuroanatomy, a gyrus (: gyri) is a ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci (depressions or furrows; : sulcus). Gyri and sulci create the folded appearance of the brain in humans and other mammals.

Structure
The gyri are part of a system of folds and ridges that create a larger surface area for the human brain and other mammalian brains. Because the brain is confined to the skull, brain size is limited. Ridges and depressions create folds allowing a larger cortical surface area, and greater cognitive function, to exist in the confines of a smaller cranium.

Development
The human brain undergoes gyrification during fetal and neonatal development. In embryonic development, all mammalian brains begin as smooth structures derived from the neural tube. A cerebral cortex without surface convolutions is lissencephalic, meaning 'smooth-brained'. As development continues, gyri and sulci begin to take shape on the fetal brain, with deepening indentations and ridges developing on the surface of the cortex.

Clinical significance
Changes in the structure of gyri in the cerebral cortex are associated with various diseases and disorders. Pachygyria, lissencephaly, and polymicrogyria are all the results of abnormal cell migration associated with a disorganized cellular architecture, failure to form six layers of cortical neurons (a four-layer cortex is common), and functional problems. The abnormal formation is commonly associated with epilepsy and mental dysfunctions.

Pachygyria (meaning "thick" or "fat" gyri) is a congenital malformation of the cerebral hemisphere, resulting in unusually thick gyri in the cerebral cortex. Pachygyria is used to describe brain characteristics in association with several neuronal migration disorders; most commonly relating to lissencephaly.

Lissencephaly (smooth brain) is a rare congenital brain malformation caused by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to 24th weeks of fetal gestation resulting in a lack of development of gyri and sulci.

Polymicrogyria (meaning "many small gyri") is a developmental malformation of the human brain characterized by excessive folding of the gyri and a thickening of the cerebral cortex. It may be generalized, affecting the whole surface of the cerebral cortex or may be focal, affecting only parts of the surface. Polymicrogyria may be caused by mutations within several genes, including ion channels.

Notable gyri

 * Superior frontal gyrus, lat. gyrus frontalis superior
 * Middle frontal gyrus, lat. gyrus frontalis medius
 * Inferior frontal gyrus, lat. gyrus frontalis inferior with 3 parts: pars opercularis (Brodmann area 44) pars triangularis (Brodmann area 45), and pars orbitalis (orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus)
 * Superior temporal gyrus, lat. gyrus temporalis superior
 * Middle temporal gyrus, lat. gyrus temporalis medius
 * Inferior temporal gyrus, lat. gyrus temporalis inferior
 * Fusiform gyrus, lat. gyrus occipitotemporalis lateralis
 * Parahippocampal gyrus, lat. gyrus parahippocampalis
 * Transverse temporal gyrus
 * Lingual gyrus lat. gyrus lingualis
 * Precentral gyrus, lat. gyrus praecentralis
 * Postcentral gyrus, lat. gyrus postcentralis
 * Supramarginal gyrus, lat. gyrus supramarginalis
 * Angular gyrus, lat. gyrus angularis
 * Cingulate gyrus lat. gyrus cinguli
 * Fornicate gyrus

title: Gyrus


text:
Chaff algorithm

Chaff is an algorithm for solving instances of the Boolean satisfiability problem in programming. It was designed by researchers at Princeton University. The algorithm is an instance of the DPLL algorithm with a number of enhancements for efficient implementation.

Implementations
Some available implementations of the algorithm in software are  and  , the latter one being the most widely known and used. zChaff was originally written by Dr. Lintao Zhang, at Microsoft Research, hence the “z”. It is now maintained by researchers at Princeton University and available for download as both source code and binaries on Linux. zChaff is free for non-commercial use.

title: Chaff algorithm


text:
6th Parachute Division (Germany)

The 6th Parachute Division (6. Fallschirmjäger-Division) was a Fallschirmjäger (airborne) division of the German military during the Second World War, active from 1944 to 1945.

The division was formed officially in France in June 1944, commanded by Rüdiger von Heyking. It contained several regiments:
 * 16th (later transferred to Poland, May 1944),
 * 17th,
 * 18th Fallschirmjäger Regiments,
 * and the 6th Fallschirmjäger Artillery Regiment.

Many members of the division would be the final cadre to receive parachute training.

The 16th Regiment was temporarily added later in the war, but was then transferred to the Eastern Front before the division saw combat, and would later be re-designated as 3rd Fallschirm-Grenadier-Regiment and assigned to Fallschirm-Panzergrenadier Division 2 Hermann Göring. The remainder of the division was sent into combat in Normandy in Kampfgruppe strength only. By July the 17th and 18th regiments had taken heavy losses in both men and materials. The surviving members were withdrawn to the Netherlands to rebuild, and saw combat there later in the year, particularly during Operation Pheasant. In early 1945, it fought in the Battle of the Reichswald, and surrendered to Allied forces in May.

Commanding officers

 * Generalleutnant Rüdiger von Heyking, 1 May 1944 – 3 September 1944
 * Oberst Harry Herrmann, 3 September 1944 – 1 October 1944
 * Generalleutnant Hermann Plocher, 1 October 1944 – 8 May 1945

title: 6th Parachute Division (Germany)


text:
Sulcus (morphology)

In biological morphology and anatomy, a sulcus (: sulci) is a furrow or fissure (Latin fissura, : fissurae). It may be a groove, natural division, deep furrow, elongated cleft, or tear in the surface of a limb or an organ, most notably on the surface of the brain, but also in the lungs, certain muscles (including the heart), as well as in bones, and elsewhere. Many sulci are the product of a surface fold or junction, such as in the gums, where they fold around the neck of the tooth.

In invertebrate zoology, a sulcus is a fold, groove, or boundary, especially at the edges of sclerites or between segments.

In pollen, a grain that is grooved by a sulcus is termed sulcate.

Liver

 * Ligamentum teres hepatis fissure
 * Ligamentum venosum fissure
 * Portal fissure, found in the under-surface of the liver
 * Transverse fissure of liver, found in the lower surface of the liver
 * Umbilical fissure, found in front of the liver

Lung

 * Azygos fissure, of right lung
 * Horizontal fissure of right lung
 * Oblique fissure, of the right and left lungs

Skull

 * Auricular fissure, found in the temporal bone
 * Petrotympanic fissure
 * Pterygomaxillary fissure
 * Sphenoidal fissure, separates the wings and the body of the sphenoid bone
 * Superior orbital fissure

Other types

 * anal fissure, a break or tear in the skin of the anal canal
 * anterior interventricular sulcus
 * calcaneal sulcus
 * coronal sulcus
 * femoral sulcus or intercondylar fossa of femur
 * fissure (dentistry), a break in the tooth enamel
 * fissure of the nipple, a condition that results from running, breastfeeding and other friction-causing exposures
 * fissured tongue, a condition characterized by deep grooves (fissures) in the tongue
 * gingival sulcus
 * gluteal sulcus
 * Henle's fissure, a fissure in the connective tissue between the muscle fibers of the heart
 * interlabial sulci
 * intermammary sulcus
 * intertubercular sulcus, the groove between the lesser and greater tubercules of the humerus (bone of the upper arm)
 * lacrimal sulcus (sulcus lacrimalis)
 * malleolar sulcus
 * palpebral fissure, separates the upper and lower eyelids
 * patellar sulcus or intercondylar fossa of femur
 * posterior interventricular sulcus
 * preauricular sulcus
 * radial sulcus (musculospiral groove)
 * sagittal sulcus
 * separatoral sulcus (depression behind the brow ridges of some primates)
 * sigmoid sulcus
 * skin fissure, a linear-like cleavage of skin, sometimes defined as extending into the dermis
 * sulcus arteriæ vertebralis
 * sulcus subtarsalis in the eyelid
 * sulcus tubae auditivae
 * tympanic sulcus
 * urethral sulcus
 * ventral median fissure, of the spinal cord

Brain

 * Broca's fissure: found in the third left frontal fold of the brain.
 * Burdach's fissure: connects the brain's insula and the inner surface of the operculum.
 * Calcarine sulcus or Calcerine fissure: extends from the occipital of the cerebrum to the occipital fissure.
 * Callosomarginal fissure: found in the medial surface of the cerebrum.
 * Central sulcus or Rolando's fissure'': separates the brain's frontal and parietal lobes.
 * Clevenger's fissure: found in the inferior temporal lobe of the brain
 * Collateral fissure: found in the inferior surface of the cerebrum.
 * Fissure of Bichat: found below the corpus callosum in the cerebellum of the brain.
 * Lateral sulcus or Fissure of Sylvius: separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain from the temporal lobe.
 * Hippocampal sulcus: a sulcus that extends from the brain's corpus callosum to the tip of the temporal lobe.
 * Horizontal fissure or Transverse fissure: found between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. Note that a "transverse fissure" can also be found in the liver and lungs.
 * Longitudinal fissure or Medial longitudinal fissure: which divides the cerebrum into the two hemispheres.
 * Occipitoparietal fissure: found between the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain.
 * Wernicke's fissure: separates the brain's temporal and parietal lobes from the occipital lobe.
 * Zygal fissure: found in the cerebrum.

In the brain, a sulcus is a groove formed in the stage of gyrification by the folding of the cortex. There are many sulci and gyri formed. A larger than usual sulcus may instead be called a fissure such as the longitudinal fissure that separates the two hemispheres.

title: Sulcus (morphology)


text:
Tvertsa

The Tvertsa (Тверца́) is a river in Vyshnevolotsky, Spirovsky, Torzhoksky, and Kalininsky Districts, as well as in the cities of Torzhok and Tver in Tver Oblast, Russia, a left tributary of the Volga. It is 188 km long, and the area of its basin 6510 km2. The principal tributaries of the Tvertsa are the Malaya Tigma (left), the Shchegrinka (right), the Osuga (right), the Logovyazh (left), and the Kava (left).

The Starotveretsky Canal, which is 2.9 km long and a part of the Vyshny Volochyok Waterway, is considered Tvertsa's riverhead, which connects the river with the Vyshny Volochyok Reservoir. The latter drains up to 80 percent of its water from the river Tsna into the Tvertsa. The Tvertsa flows south, crosses the western part of Spirovsky District, and south of Torzhok turns east. There, the river enters Kalininsky District and flows towards the city of Tver. In the northern outskirts of the city, the Tvertsa turns south. Its mouth is located in the city center of Tver. The Tvertsa River freezes up in November through early January and stays under the ice until late March or April.

The towns of Torzhok and Vyshny Volochyok are located on the Tvertsa River. The city of Tver is located at its confluence with the Volga. Since the Middle Ages the Tvertsa has been a part of a waterway connecting the Baltic Sea and the Volga, which runs along the rivers Neva, Volkhov, and Msta.

The drainage basin of the Tvertsa includes the southwestern part of Vyshnevolotsky District, the western parts of Spirovsky and Likhoslavlsky Districts, the major part of Torzhoksky District, the eastern part of Kuvshinovsky District, and the northwestern part of Kalininsky District, all of Tver Oblast, as well as the town of Torzhok and parts of the cities of Vyshny Volochyok and Tver.

title: Tvertsa


text:
Talk:Esteghlal F.C.

Hejazi's club during the WC '78
For the last time: Hejazi was NOT a member of Taj/Esteghlal, when Iran played the WC 1978, because he had moved to Shahbaz in 1977 MiNeum71 (talk) 07:42, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Esteghlal FC is the official name, as per their official website. It was originally moved by copy-paste, which I've reverted. sjorford →•← 19:14, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 19:00, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Esteghlalnewlogo.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 20:35, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Fixing
Is it possible to fix the information, that Nasser Hejazi was not a member of Taj/Esteghlal when participating at the World Cup 1978? — Preceding unsigned comment added by MiNeum71 (talk • contribs) 22:01, 20 July 2012 (UTC)
 * This confirms he did not join Esteghlal until 1980. GiantSnowman 19:47, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

Hello. Please add "Asian Blue Giant" in that's Nickname(s). this there are from first for it Thank a lot. Npd1060 (talk) 05:34, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

Locking the webpage
I think the page should be locked to unknown users, because of high risk of vandalism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SadeghFrz (talk • contribs) 06:08, 9 November 2012 (UTC)

Lonies
Mehdi Karbalaei and Mohammad Khalili joined Khoneh Be Khoneh on loan in summer transfer window and now Mehdi Karbalaei released. There is no direct references in Internet but there is other ways to proof it. When a player transferred with loan conditions, their names remain in mother teams squad list, it is a rule and mentioned according to FFIRI Status and Transfer Regulation [Chapter 4 - article 16 - clause 1]. Their names are still on Esteghlal's IranLeague.ir profile that mean they are joined to Khoneh Be Khoneh on loan [Like Alireza Naghizadeh who plays in Siahjamegan on loan from Gostaresh or Ali Mohsenzadeh who plays in Khoneh Be Khoneh on loan from Naft Tehran (proofed players on loan of this season)] Mehdi Karbalaei released from Esteghlal yesterday but Mohamamd Khalili is still in Khoneh Be Khoneh camp in Kish, so I add his name in Players on loan part .— Pedrum M. (talk) 09:10, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

http://90tv.ir/news/197106/note

MuyXmuy (talk) 17:52, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

womens part of the club
Esteghlal was the first club in Iran that established women's team.please add a section about it.Simsala111 (talk) 04:55, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 January 2017
151.242.137.35 (talk) 16:23, 3 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: According to the page's protection level you should be able to edit the page yourself. If you seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Sir Joseph (talk) 17:11, 3 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160603215011/http://www.fcesteghlal.ir/news/item/823 to http://www.fcesteghlal.ir/news/item/823

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Semi-protected edit request on 17 April 2018
"Please change Esteghlal has the most wins in the Tehran derby with 25 victories to Esteghlal has the most wins in the Tehran derby with 26 victories." Ehsannabiyouni (talk) 16:37, 17 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. L293D (☎ • ✎) 19:17, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

I don't have an English source for that but it is already on another page on Wikipedia. Page "Tehran Derby" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_derby correctly shows that Esteghlal has 26 wins. Ehsannabiyouni (talk) 04:52, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussions at the nomination pages linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:45, 9 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Nasser-hejazi.jpg (discussion)
 * Taj 1970 AFC Championship.jpg (discussion)
 * Tajgirls1.jpg (discussion)

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 * Docharkhe Savaran(Esteghlal) F.C - 1947.jpg

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 * TAJ Ladies ( 1970 -1974).jpg

Semi-protected edit request on 2 September 2020
image : Esteghlal_FC._Official_Logo.png Mexarimo (talk) 15:48, 2 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  Seagull123  Φ  20:44, 2 September 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 June 2021
Typo correction 86.16.134.153 (talk) 02:44, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. melecie   t  05:13, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

Daneshgar’s captaincy
The 4th captain of the team is Mohammad Daneshgar. 5.214.64.205 (talk) 19:38, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

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 * Esteghlal.svg

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 * Esteghlal Club Championship Kit in 2022.png

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 * Esteghlal Tehran FC.png

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More citations needed - 11 November 2023
Much of this article is unsourced or poorly sourced. Adakiko (talk) 19:28, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * History section
 * 1945–69: early years, The Crown One for a fairly lengthy section
 * 1970–78: champion of Asia and Iran No citations
 * 1979–2001: revolution and post-revolution
 * 2001–present: Iran Pro League Era
 * Crest and symbols and estate: Unsourced
 * Colours: Unsourced
 * Rivalries: Unsourced
 * Supporters: Unsourced
 * Players: Unsourced / poorly sourced
 * Current squad: Unsourced
 * Out on loan: Unsourced
 * Reserve squad: Unsourced
 * Club captains: Unsourced
 * Many more sections have no or few citations

title: Talk:Esteghlal F.C.


text:
International Science Olympiad

The International Science Olympiads are a group of worldwide annual competitions in various areas of the formal sciences, natural sciences, and social sciences. The competitions are designed for the 4-6 best high school students from each participating country selected through internal National Science Olympiads, with the exception of the IOL, which allows two teams per country, the IOI, which allows two teams from the hosting country, and the IJSO, which is designed for junior secondary students. Early editions of the Olympiads were limited to the Eastern Bloc, but later they gradually spread to other countries.

Overview
The Olympiads themselves are separate competitions each with its own organizing body, even though they are loosely grouped together as "ISOs". The aims of each ISO are to promote a career in science; to challenge the brightest students from around the world; and to compare the various teaching systems of each country. Although the competitions are aimed for secondary school pupils, the standards of the exams are extremely high.

International Science Olympiads
Science Olympiads are international student competitions. There are 12 commonly recognized International Science Olympiads:

title: International Science Olympiad


text:
Talk:Shoulder riding

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Shoulder riding. The final result was Redirect to Human pony.

Note: although this was already done by 219.111.147.78 out of process on 22:59, 6 Jun 2005 and 12:46, 8 Jun 2005, I am letting this redirect stand. Let this be an official notice that I, as a vote closer, am taking responsibility for this particular action on June 8. --Deathphoenix 19:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shoulder riding


text:
José Macías

José Prado Macías Salazar (born January 25, 1972) is a retired utility man who played in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers, Montreal Expos and Chicago Cubs in all of parts of seven seasons spanning 1999–2005. Listed at 5' 10", 173 lb., Macías was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed. He was born in Panama City, Panama. He is currently the bench coach for the Guerreros de Oaxaca of the Mexican League.

Career
Macias was a reliable and versatile player, being able to cover several positions competently and adapt while maintaining the highest performance standards for the team. He was used mostly at third base, but also played in the middle infield and all three outfield positions. Eventually, he pitched in his home country of Panama and was ready to serve as an emergency catcher if need, as he expressed a desire to play all nine positions in a game if at any point his team can afford it.

Macias was released by the Cubs during the offseason in 2005. He then signed with the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters of Japan, where he played in 2006. After that, he signed a Minor League contract with the Milwaukee Brewers and played the entire 2007 season with their Triple-A affiliate, the Nashville Sounds, and then agreed to a minor-league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2008, but was released during spring training. As a result, Macías signed a contract to play in the Mexican League with the Diablos Rojos del Mexico for that season and joined the Piratas de Campeche from 2009 to 2010.

In between, Macías played winter ball with the Leones del Caracas and Tiburones de La Guaira clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, and for the Algodoneros de Guasave, Mayos de Navojoa, Tomateros de Culiacán and Yaquis de Obregón of the Mexican Pacific League, retiring in 2011.

Macías currently serves as the bench coach for the Guerreros de Oaxaca of the Mexican Baseball League.

title: José Macías


text:
Chico Regional Airport

Chico Regional Airport, formerly known as Chico Municipal Airport, is 4 mi north of Chico, in Butte County, California, United States. The airport covers 1475 acre, has two runways and one helipad. Its fixed-base operator, Northgate Aviation provides fuel, maintenance, flight training, and charter flights. Though an operational airport with that meets Federal Aviation Regulations Part 139 standards, the airport has not seen active commercial air service since SkyWest Airlines ended service to San Francisco at the end of 2014.

Past airline service and Pacific Express
Airlines at Chico were American Airlines regional affiliate American Eagle, Hughes Airwest, Pacific Express, Reno Air Express and WestAir operating as United Express.

Southwest Airways and its successors provided the only airline service into Chico from 1947 until June 1979. Two airlines flew jets from Chico: Hughes Airwest with Douglas DC-9s and, from 1982 to 1984, Pacific Express with BAC One-Elevens. Both airlines flew to San Francisco. Hughes Airwest also flew direct DC-9s to Seattle, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Portland, San Jose, and other cities. Prior to the DC-9 service, Air West flew Fairchild F-27s to San Francisco and Portland. From 1982 to 1984, Pacific Express operated one BAC One-Eleven departure a day to San Francisco with some flights making a stop in Sacramento. According to the February 1, 1984, timetable, the airline had a daily morning BAC One-Eleven nonstop to Sacramento continuing to San Francisco, Bakersfield and Santa Barbara. Other airlines included American Eagle, Reno Air Express and WestAir which flew smaller turboprops such as the BAe Jetstream 31 mainly to San Francisco or San Jose.

Service flown by SkyWest Airlines operating as United Express with Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias nonstop to San Francisco ended on December 2, 2014. The airport now has no scheduled passenger air service.

Pacific Express was based in Chico, but ceased all flight operations in early 1984. Pacific Express flew to 22 cities in California, Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington with BAC One-Elevens and Boeing 737-200s. The airline had ordered new BAe 146-200s but never took delivery. Several of these BAe 146s were acquired by Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA). Pacific Express briefly had a code sharing agreement with Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) when the airline operated as Pan Am Pacific Express.

History
The City of Chico built a small airport on 160 acre of land 5 mi north of the city in the late 1930s and leased the facility to a fixed-base operator. The airport was expanded in 1941 to help serve the needs of the United States military, on 11 September 1941, when the City Council of Chico signed a lease with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (representing the War Department) for the use of 1045 acre of land at $1 per year with an option to buy. The city also provided all utilities and service roads to the field. Between four and five million dollars were allocated for construction of all needed facilities in a very short time, as at other bases. Eventually 140 buildings as well as runways, aprons and service roads were built.

Chico Army Airfield was under the command of the 10th Army Air Force Base Unit, AAF West Coast Training Center, Army Air Forces Training Command. Chico AAF also had five auxiliary landing fields:
 * Orland Auxiliary Field No. 1    39.72111°N, -122.14556°W now the Haigh Field Airport
 * Kirkwood Auxiliary Field No. 2 39.78889°N, -122.12528°W (no remains, abandoned)
 * Vina Auxiliary Field No. 3     39.94833°N, -121.99139°W (now private Deer Creek Ranch Airport, 3000 ft square mat field)
 * Campbell Auxiliary Field No. 4 39.90278°N, -121.92861°W (abandoned all-way field, slight traces of runways)
 * Oroville Auxiliary Field No. 5  39.58278°N, -121.64°W (abandoned all-way field, slight traces of runways)
 * Siskiyou County Army Airfield 41.78139°N, -122.46806°W (now Siskiyou County Airport)

On 15 April 1942 the first cadre of permanent troops who managed the field moved in. The field was opened as the Chico Army Flying School on April 15, 1942. The first cadets arrived on April 25, 1942, from Moffett Field where they had completed part of their basic flying in addition to their primary training. Basic training at Chico began on July 28, 1942.

An all black company was assigned to the Field in August 1942. The first WACs arrived in October 1943. A cadre of black WACs was housed on an eleven-acre site across Cohasset Road from the Field. WASPS (Women's Army Service Pilots) frequently delivered planes to the field. At its peak Chico Army Air Field had about 4,000 personnel. In the first two years, it trained 5,500 cadets and thousands of ground personnel.

In April 1944 the mission of the field was changed from basic flying training of cadets to training of fighter pilots. An April 24, 1944, the field was transferred from the Western Flying Training Command to the IV Fighter Command.

The new command brought in pilots who had completed their basic and advanced training and received commissions prior to coming to Chico. Here they were to be taught tactics of combat flying using Bell King Cobra (P-63) planes, later switching to the twin-engine Lockheed P-38 Lightnings. These were all propeller planes. In May 1945 jet training was introduced on the P-59 jet trainers, and in July the P-51 `Mustangs. On August 25, 1945 IV Fighter Command was replaced by the 21st Bombardment Wing. Its function was to process both personnel and aircraft for overseas assignment. In October 1945 the wing was redesignated the First Staging Command. Now the planes being processed were B-29 Superfortress bombers and crews.

Chico Army Air Field was deactivated on December 31, 1945. The property was excessed and transferred by the U.S. Army to the General Services Administration (GSA) for disposal. The lease on 1,045.3 acres was terminated on June 8, 1948. The lease termination agreement included the transfer of all U.S. Government constructed improvements to the City of Chico. GSA transferred the 10.97 acres to the City of Chico by deed dated January 28, 1949. The total acreage disposed was 1,056.27.

Honorary Naming
On May 19, 1992, the City of Chico City Council unilaterally adopted Resolution No. 146 91-92, formally naming Chico Airport "The Jean Morony Airfield" in honor of local judge and aviation advocate Jean Morony. Judge Morony is often credited as being one of the forefathers of aviation in Butte County, having been directly involved with the establishment of US Army Air Corps training activities in Chico and later as one of the key-figures in Chico aviation affairs spanning the mid-to-late-20th century. As of 2023, this name is not in regular use, however remains recognized by a plaque at the Chico Regional Airport passenger terminal.

Strategic Air Command
On 30 January 1959 the Air Force announced plans to conduct surveys in the vicinity of Beale Air Force Base to determine the feasibility for missile bases. A Titan-I ICBM was located on the north side of the airport from 1962 to 1965, part of Beale AFB's 851st Strategic Missile Squadron system of several ICBMs centered around Marysville. Its formal designation was Beale 851-C. The last missile was lowered into the Chico complex 4C on April 20, 1962.

The Chico missile complex had two accidents in 1962. On 24 May during a contractor checkout, a terrific blast rocked launcher 1 at the complex, destroying a Titan I and causing heavy damage to the silo. On 6 June trouble again struck as a flash fire at another silo killed a worker. After the investigation, the Air Force concluded that the two separate explosions occurred because of a blocked vent and blocked valve. The silo was repaired and put back into operational service.

Today, the site has all three launch silos capped, but some development has taken place on the launch area, with a retention pond, some trees, and some single-story buildings being erected. It appears to be in use for some type of quarrying/grading material which is transported to construction sites in the Chico area.

In Popular Culture
Top Gun: Maverick was filmed in the foothills outside Chico in July 2019 for the final scenes between the F-14 and two SU-57's, which was performed using two L-39's and CGI. The film crew spent 10 days filming and secretly used the Chico Airport for a staging area.

2022 Renaming Effort
On November 15, 2022, the Chico City Council passed a motion to rename Chico Municipal Airport to Chico Regional Airport. “The purpose of renaming the airport is to represent the entire area it serves and will serve when air service returns,” said Erik Gustafson, Director of Public Works Operations and Maintenance. “We are not innovators on this. Commonly airports are renamed to gain a larger market share.” The City hired an airport marketing firm that agreed on the word “regional” adding value and keeping “Chico” to associate incoming travelers with known Chico amenities.

Ground Transportation
Butte Regional Transit offers weekday bus service from Oroville and Chico to the airport via the #52 bus.

title: Chico Regional Airport


text:
Holographic Versatile Card

The Holographic Versatile Card (HVC) was a proposed data storage format by Optware; the projected date for a Japanese launch had been the first half of 2007, pending finalization of the specification, however as of March 2022, nothing has yet surfaced. One of its main advantages compared with discs was supposed to be the lack of moving parts when played. They claimed it would hold 30GB of data, have a write speed 3 times faster than Blu-ray, and be approximately the size of a credit card. Optware claimed that at release the media would cost about ¥100 (roughly $1.20) each, that reader devices would initially cost about ¥200,000(roughly $2400) while reader/writer devices would have cost ¥1 000,000 (roughly $12000, as per exchange rate of Apr 2011) each.

title: Holographic Versatile Card


text:
Amygdaloid

Amygdaloid, derived from the ancient Greek for almond, may refer to:
 * The amygdala in the brain
 * Any shape resembling an almond nut
 * Amygdule, or amygdale, a mineral filled vesicle in volcanic rock, amygdaloidal texture
 * Amygdaloid Island, an island in Lake Superior

title: Amygdaloid


text:
Darwin's frog

Darwin’s frog (Rhinoderma darwinii), also called the Southern Darwin's frog, is a species of Chilean/Argentinian frog of the family Rhinodermatidae. It was discovered by Charles Darwin during his voyage on HMS Beagle. on a trip to Chile. In 1841, French zoologist André Marie Constant Duméril and his assistant Gabriel Bibron described and named Darwin's frog. The diet of R. darwinii consists mostly of herbivore invertebrates. R. darwinii is currently classified as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Darwin’s frog is most known for its unique method of brooding. The male will facilitate development of its tadpoles inside its vocal sac. This male brooding makes Darwin’s frog distinct from other frog species (as the only other frog that has this behavior is the R. rufum, which may be extinct).

Size
Darwin's frog is a small species with a snout–to–vent length of 2.2 to 3.1 cm. The snout is elongated into a fleshy proboscis which gives the head a triangular shape. The limbs are relatively long and slender. The front feet are not webbed, but some of the toes on the back feet usually are.

Coloration
The upperparts of this species are variably colored in brown or green. Some brown individuals may have weakly defined V-shaped markings on the back, have central upperparts that are distinctly lighter brown than the flanks, or have whitish front limbs. Females are typically brown and tend to stay on substrates that match this color. Males are far more variable and occur on a wider range of substrates; in particular, brooding males often are often partially or completely green above. The throat is brownish and the remaining underparts are black with large white blotches in a pattern that is unique to each individual. In captivity, male R. darwinii have been shown to change color. These frogs that were initially brown changed to green over a year. This change in color is believed to be due to the green color of the environment these frogs were kept in.

Habitat and distribution
Darwin's frog is found in Chile and Argentina. R. darwinii is mainly found in the Valdivian Temperate Rain Forest which covers parts of both Chile and Argentina. In Chile, its range extends from Concepción Province to Palena Province and in Argentina from Neuquén Province and Río Negro Province. It is found in glades and forested areas at altitudes of up to about 1100 m above mean sea level, in bogs and near slow-moving streams, and in a variety of vegetation types. It appears that a mixture of grassland, mossy areas, coarse woody debris, and young trees and bushes in a mature native forest provides its optimum habitat requirements. Short vegetation increases the retention of water while decreasing the temperature of the soil and providing concealment from predators. The population is fragmented and this frog has poor dispersal ability.

The Valdivian (their typical habitat) is decreasing in the north due to pine and eucalyptus agriculture expansion. This is removing some of the habitat of R. darwinii and forcing them south. The south Valdivian is more protected and is suitable for R. darwinii inhabitance.

Dispersal-constrained species distribution models have shown a decrease of up to 40% in habitat for R. darwinii over the years 1970 to 2010. The habitat for R. darwinii is expected to increase in the coming years. However, this emerging habitat is not likely to be inhabited by R. darwinii due to its inability to translocate to these new habitats.

Climate change is also expected to play a role in the habitat availability of R. darwinii. In the coming decades, R. darwinii is expected to have a reduced dispersion by up to 56%. This means that R. darwinii will be more localized to certain habitats in the future. R. darwinii populations are especially susceptible to damage due to wildfires. Using climate change models, wildfires are expected to increase at a dramatic rate which will negatively affect the R. darwinii habitat.

Conservation
Darwin's frog has undergone significant population declines due to habitat loss and degradation, largely from conversion of native forests to tree plantations.

Since 2018, the species is classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. A 2013 study reported results of a population survey conducted from 2008–2012, which found the species at just 36 of 223 previously recorded habitat sites, with small populations at those sites. The recent change in its conservation category in IUCN from Vulnerable to Endangered, arose from the Chile's amphibian reevaluation workshop for the Red List (Soto-Azat et al., 2015). The justification for its current category is due to its limited occupation area (estimated at 264 km2), severe fragmentation of its populations and continued decline.

Since October 2021, R. darwinii has been classified as Critically Depleted by the IUCN Green Status Assessment. It was determined that the survival of the species is highly dependent on conservation activities and its recovery potential is high.

Conservation Efforts
Due to its decline in the wild, captive colonies have been established as a precaution at two zoos in Chile, the National Zoo (working with the US Atlanta Botanical Garden) and Concepción Zoo (working with the University of Concepción and Germany's Leipzig Zoo).

In 2017, the IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group formed a Binational Conservation Strategy that brought together 30 different countries. The goal of this group is to study R. darwinii in order to improve conservation efforts. The group details the unique characteristics (mouth brooding) as one justification for this increased conservation effort. The goal of the group is to understand key aspects of information related to R. darwinii by the year 2028.

Diet
The diet of R. darwinii's consists of detritivore, herbivore, and carnivore invertebrates. It has been observed to consume each type of invertebrate at a percentage consistent with their prevalence in the environment. The percentage at which carnivorous invertebrates are consumed is lower than herbivore or detritivore invertebrates. This difference can be explained because spiders are the predominant type of carnivore invertebrate prey that R. darwinii encounters. These spiders are able to evade the predation of R. darwinii effectively due to their evasion ability.

In the habitats where R. darwinii have been observed, there seem to be relatively high percentages of herbivore invertebrates. This could mean that R. darwinii seek environments with enriched herbivore invertebrates as a food source.

Rhinoderma darwinii style of predation has been characterized as "sit and wait". This method seems to conserve energy and allows R. darwinii to evade predators effectively.

Reproduction
Male R. darwinii will call to attract females in an attempt to mate. It has even been shown that male R. darwinii will call when brooding. R. darwinii use non-linear vocal phenomena (NLP) in order to attract and communicate with mates. Darwin’s frog has been shown to have distinct mating patterns based on population and body size. More research needs to be conducted in order to further explore the mating of R. darwinii. However, no brooding males have been observed copulating with females.

Additionally, females will generally lay 4-10 eggs at a time. Males can brood 5-8 tadpoles at a time. In certain cases, the female R. darwinii can lay up to forty eggs in a single leaf litter.

Parental care
The male, after about 3 to 4 weeks, notices the developing embryos beginning to move, and then he ingests the eggs and holds them in his vocal sac. Most brooding males are green colored individuals. The eggs hatch about 3 days later and the father continues to carry the tadpoles around in his vocal sac where they feed off their egg yolks and secretions produced by the wall of the sac until metamorphosis. At 6 weeks after tadpole ingestion, it was thought that the adult male does not consume food. However, in 1888 G. B. Howes dissected a brooding male R. darwinii and identified beetles and flies in its stomach. The large intestine of the adult male also resembled that of a normal individual. He concluded "that this extraordinary paternal instinct does not lead up to that self-abnegation." Following this, the small frogs hop out of the male's mouth and disperse.

In captivity, R. darwinii parents have been observed to leave the eggs unattended for around 3 weeks (some R. darwinii males will guard the eggs for these 3 weeks). Further, captive males have been shown to exhibit alloparental behavior. Foster males have been shown to take a defensive stance at the eggs (oviposition defense). They will go so far as to defend the eggs from the birth father of the eggs and will subsequently brood the kin of other males. In one experiment, the foster father ingested 8 tadpoles, and after brooding had been completed, the foster father produced 2 frogs. This means that the metamorphosis process is not 100% efficient.This observation is consistent across studies and there exist some proposed explanations for the alloparental behavior, which is especially rare among amphibians.

Two hypotheses for this behavior have been proposed:

Possible hypotheses for foster brooding

 * 1) The first hypothesis is that foster fathers can improve upon their brooding skills by practicing. Improved brooding skills would result in males that can propagate more of their genes into the next generation.
 * 2) The second hypothesis is that foster fathers can exhibit that they have had past breeding success by brooding tadpoles that aren't theirs. This means that these foster fathers are hoping that future mates will see them brooding and be more likely to mate with them.

These hypotheses propose ideas in which there is some advantage for males who brood offspring that are not theirs.

Possible hypotheses for the loss of tadpoles in metamorphosis
The loss of some tadpoles in the metamorphosis from tadpole to frog is a unique feature of R. darwinii. This observation is likely explained by these hypotheses:

R. darwinii exhibit rare behavior in terms of territoriality and parental care. In anuran species, parental care and territoriality are positively related. In R. darwinii, there is high parental care due to the ingestion of tadpoles by fathers. However, there is low territoriality exhibited by these R. darwinii males. In fact, neither females nor males of R. darwinii have been observed guarding eggs. These observations of R. darwinii were used to further develop the relationship between territoriality and parental care by establishing the role of oviposition defense. These observations suggest that anurans will exhibit territoriality with parental care if they defend oviposition sites.
 * 1) The tadpoles that did not survive were converted into nutrition for the foster male and he digested them.
 * 2) The tadpoles died in the vocal sac of the foster male. The nutrients from these dead tadpoles served as sustenance for the surviving tadpoles occupying the vocal sac of the foster male. This phenomenon of one embryo consuming another is termed adelphophagy. The vocal sac of R. darwinii does not seem to have the proper structure to facilitate adelphophagy and thus this proposal is unlikely to explain the incomplete metamorphosis observed.

Threats
Rhinoderma darwinii has been shown to be highly susceptible to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection. The amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis fungal infection, is also a probable factor.

Rhinoderma darwinii seems to be less affected by chytridiomycosis when compared to other amphibians. However, Chytridiomycosis can still infect and kill R. darwinii. Previous studies have supported the idea that chytridiomycosis could be somewhat responsible for the decrease in R. darwinii populations observed in Chile and Argentina.

In recent years, studies have shown that R. darwinii have shown variation in Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection across populations. In populations where there were high Bd infection rates, there are observed to be higher population growth rates. Similarly, in populations with low Bd infection rates, there are observed to be lower population growth rates. Populations with higher Bd infections rates seemed to have the highest reproductive rates. This means that even though many individuals are dying of Bd infection, there are more individuals being born. There exists a positive relationship between Bd infection rate and the number of juvenile individuals for R. darwinii.

This odd feature of Bd infection and R. darwinii population growth prompted further investigation. The explanation for this observation is termed the “parasite-induced plasticity” hypothesis. This hypothesis says that individuals will devote more resources towards reproduction as opposed to survival. This increased devotion towards reproduction takes place over a single generation. This plasticity is beneficial to the infected individual because the infection will take over at some point so until that point the individual will try to have as many offspring as possible.

Use in research
Rhinoderma darwinii have been used to study size variation in body size of ectotherms. Previous research supported the hypothesis that larger body sizes were tied to higher seasonality because of an idea termed starvation resistance. Starvation resistance is the idea that the larger the size of an ectotherm, the less likely it is to “starve,” as it can use its body’s mass for fuel.

However, work done on R. darwinii supports another hypothesis. The name of the hypothesis supported by the experiment that shows greater seasonality leads to longer periods of time in the cold is termed the hibernation hypothesis. These animals in the cold are likely to hibernate and under hibernation will have a lower basal metabolic rate. This will lead to lower amounts of energy expended, and thus less of the ectotherm's body mass will be lost. This explanation offers an alternative to the starvation resistance hypothesis.

Rhinoderma darwinii seem to be chosen in this research due to their broad distribution in the habitats they reside in. This allows for researchers to study the same species in different climates, an important aspect in order to make claims about the relationship between body size and seasonality/climate.

title: Darwin's frog


text:
User:Kils/gallery

Uwe Kils image gallery

title: User:Kils/gallery


text:
Gandul

Gandul may refer to:

 * Pigeon pea
 * Gândul, a Romanian daily newspaper.
 * Valkyrie, Gandul being one of the three most powerful valkyries.

title: Gandul


text: User talk:84.65.187.76

title: User talk:84.65.187.76


text:
Talk:Jobs and Wozniak

This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Jobs and Wozniak. The final result was Redirect to Apple Computer. --Deathphoenix 19:19, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jobs and Wozniak


text:
High misdemeanor

High misdemeanor is an archaic term in English Law for a number of positive misprisions, neglects and contempts. A good example of this is treason. The most important example may be that of maladministration in high office.

Examples in English law
A number of United Kingdom statutes refer to particular crimes as being high misdemeanors:

 * Discharging or aiming firearms, or throwing or using any offensive matter or weapon, with intent to injure or alarm the Sovereign
 * Where a Roman Catholic advises the Crown on the appointment to offices of the Established Church
 * Where a Jew advises the Crown on the appointment to offices of the Churches of England, Ireland and Scotland

Blackstone describes a number of offences as being high misdemeanors, for example:

 * treasonable words
 * receiving stolen goods
 * prison break
 * maladministration of high office
 * firing of one's house in a town

A number of statutory references to high misdemeanors have subsequently been repealed, including:
 * The conviction of a returning officer for corrupt practices during an election to the Parliament of Ireland

title: High misdemeanor


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Mami

Mami may refer to:

People

 * Cheb Mami (born 1966), Algerian raï singer
 * Mami (given name), a Japanese feminine given name
 * Mami (goddess), a goddess in the Babylonian epic Atra-Hasis
 * Mami Wata, a pantheon of ancient water spirits or deities

Entertainment

 * Mámi (1937 film), Hungarian film with Sári Fedák and Piroska Vaszary
 * "Mami" (song), a 2018 song by Alexandra Stan
 * "Mami", a song by A.B. Quintanilla y Los Kumbia All Starz from the album Ayer Fue Kumbia Kings, Hoy Es Kumbia All Starz, 2006
 * "Mami", a song by Peso Pluma from the album Éxodo, 2024
 * Mami (rock opera), a 1986 Israeli rock opera

Acronyms

 * MAMI Moscow State Technical University
 * MAMI, an abbreviation for Mainz Microtron, an electron accelerator in Germany
 * Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image (MAMI), a public trust that organizes the annual international film festival

Other

 * Mami, Kerman, a village in Iran
 * Mami (hip hop), a term in hip hop for an attractive Latina woman
 * Mami soup, a type of egg noodle soup found in the Philippines

title: Mami


text:
German Salaried Employees' Union

The German Salaried Employees' Union, in German Deutsche Angestellten-Gewerkschaft (DAG) was an independent trade union based in Hamburg. It did not belong to the German Confederation of Trade Unions until it became part of ver.di, the united trade union for the services industry, in 2001.

History
The DAG was founded in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt in April 1949 when the employees' associations in the three western zones of Germany joined. The first employees' union associations were registered in the middle of the 19th century. In the Weimar Republic, up to one hundred different employees' associations joined up to form three main employees' federations: the social democratic AfA Federation (AfA-Bund), the liberal Union of Employees (Gewerkschaftsbund der Angestellten) and the Nationalist Christian Grand Association of German Employees' Unions (Gesamtverband der deutschen Angestelltengewerkschaften). The DAG considered itself as a successor to the employees' federations which existed until they were broken up by the Nazis in 1933.

The DAG established itself as a career-oriented employees' union independent of any political party. It did not belong to the German Confederation of Trade Unions and was a leading independent political organisation which influenced the Bundestag and the Cabinet of Germany in the interests of its members. One effect it had in the 1950s was to restore choice to the individual as concerned social insurance and to ensure that nearly all German employees had social insurance.

In the decades that followed, the DAG had a lasting effect on the wage system for employees and influenced their qualifications. It ran training centres, making it one of the largest providers of employee training in West Germany. Its functions were strictly divided into official and voluntary ones following a decision at the national congress in 1957.

In 1998, the DAG had 485,225 members, with about 55% being women.

In 2001 the DAG merged with four unions of the German Confederation of Trade Unions (DPG, HBV, ÖTV, IG Medien) becoming the ver.di, the united trade union for the services industry. At the time of the integration the union had about 2.9 million members.

Presidents

 * 1949: Fritz Rettig
 * 1959: Georg Schneider (acting)
 * 1960: Rolf Spaethen
 * 1967: Hermann Brandt
 * 1987: Roland Issen

title: German Salaried Employees' Union


text:
2006 Arkansas gubernatorial election

The 2006 Arkansas gubernatorial election took place on Tuesday, November 7, 2006. Incumbent Republican Governor Mike Huckabee was barred from seeking candidacy due to term limits set by the State Constitution in 1998, stating that the Governor may only serve two terms in their lifetime. Democratic State Attorney General Mike Beebe, defeated Republican former U.S. Representative Asa Hutchinson by a wide margin. This was the first open seat election since 1978. Hutchinson later won the governorship in 2014 when Beebe was term limited.

Nominee

 * Mike Beebe, Arkansas Attorney General

Nominee

 * Asa Hutchinson, former Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration, former U.S. Representative from Arkansas's 3rd congressional district (1997–2001)

Withdrew

 * Winthrop Paul Rockefeller, Lieutenant Governor

Declared

 * Rod Bryan, bass player for Ho-Hum and owner of Anthro-Pop Records

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Arkansas (Largest city: Stuttgart)
 * Calhoun (Largest city: Hampton)
 * Cleburne (Largest city: Heber Springs)
 * Cleveland (Largest city: Rison)
 * Columbia (Largest city: Magnolia)
 * Franklin (Largest city: Ozark)
 * Garland (Largest city: Hot Springs)
 * Grant (Largest city: Sheridan)
 * Howard (Largest city: Nashville)
 * Independence (Largest city: Batesville)
 * Johnson (Largest city: Clarksville)
 * Logan (Largest city: Booneville)
 * Miller (Largest city: Texarkana)
 * Montgomery (Largest city: Mount Ida)
 * Perry (Largest city: Perryville)
 * Pike (Largest city: Glenwood)
 * Prairie (Largest city: Des Arc)
 * Scott (Largest city: Waldron)
 * Sharp (Largest city: Cherokee Village)
 * Stone (Largest city: Mountain View)
 * Union (Largest city: El Dorado)
 * Van Buren (Largest city: Clinton)
 * Washington (Largest city: Fayetteville)
 * White (Largest city: Searcy)
 * Yell (Largest city: Dardanelle)
 * Cross (Largest city: Wynne)
 * Faulkner (Largest city: Conway)
 * Drew (Largest city: Monticello)

title: 2006 Arkansas gubernatorial election


text:
Talk:Richard Peters (Continental Congress)

Others
I still have to sort out the other Richard Peters, Jr. article that's now at Richard Peters. When I do I will add a short bio for his father who was a leading colonial churchman. Lou I 19:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is so weird, I almost just started this page today to link to his grandson, yet another Richard Peters (1810-1889) a founder of Atlanta. We'll need a disambig page Jolomo 19:34, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I disambiged Richard Peters and fixed all the links except the one in this article. Jolomo 20:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Now and Then (film)

Now and Then is a 1995 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Lesli Linka Glatter and written by I. Marlene King. The film stars Christina Ricci, Thora Birch, Gaby Hoffmann, Ashleigh Aston Moore, Melanie Griffith, Demi Moore, Rosie O'Donnell, and Rita Wilson. Its plot follows four women who recount a pivotal summer they shared together as adolescents in 1970.

Now and Then was filmed largely in the Country Walk subdivision off Coffee Bluff Road in Savannah, Georgia (called Shelby, Indiana, in the film, which itself is based on the real-world town of Winchester, Indiana), using the Gaslight Addition and Old Town Cemetery, highlighting the downtown area. Additional filming was done in Statesboro, Georgia, in locations including the Bulloch County Court House and the building now housing the Averitt Center for the Arts.

Although the film received unfavorable reviews upon release, it was a box office success, grossing $37.5 million against a $12 million budget. The film is considered a cult classic for its depiction of girlhood and centering of female friendships.

Plot
In 1991, four childhood friends reunite in their hometown of Shelby, Indiana, as adult women. They include science-fiction author Samantha Albertson, Hollywood actress Tina "Teeny" Tercell, gynecologist Dr. Roberta Martin, and homemaker Chrissy DeWitt, who is pregnant with her first child.

In a flashback to a memorable summer they shared in 1970, twelve-year-old Samantha seeks to raise money to purchase a tree house to place in Chrissy's backyard in their affluent suburban neighborhood, the Gaslight Addition. Each of the four girls is experiencing her own individual struggles: Samantha's parents are in the midst of a divorce, Teeny is in pursuit of stardom and is boy-crazy, tomboy Roberta is embarrassed by her developing breasts, and Chrissy is naive about sex and life in general due to her mother's overprotectiveness.

Motivated by Samantha's interest in the occult, the girls regularly sneak out at night to hold séances in the cemetery. During one, a cracked tombstone convinces them they have resurrected the spirit of a young boy identified only as Dear Johnny, who died in 1945. This sets the girls on a quest to discover what happened to him.

At a library in a nearby town, Roberta discovers an article about her mother's fatal car accident: she was hit head on, trapped in her car for an hour, and later died of massive head trauma and internal bleeding—details previously unknown to her. Samantha finds an obituary that briefly mentions Johnny and his mother tragically dying, but many of the pages are missing, leaving the cause of their deaths a mystery.

The girls also have a long-standing rivalry with the Wormer brothers, a group of neighborhood boys. Roberta later has her first kiss with Scott Wormer and swears him to secrecy.

Distraught after meeting her mother's new boyfriend over dinner, Samantha storms out of her home. She then meets with Teeny, confiding in her about her parents' divorce. Teeny comforts her and breaks her favorite necklace in two, giving one half to Samantha as a friendship bracelet. A thunderstorm breaks out as the girls head home, and Samantha accidentally drops her bracelet in a storm drain. She nearly drowns trying to retrieve it, but is rescued by Crazy Pete, a local old man who only comes out at night to ride his bicycle. This causes the girls to change their impression of Crazy Pete, who admits he only goes out at night because he prefers not to be around people.

When Samantha's grandmother refuses to tell the girls what happened to Johnny, they sneak into her attic. They discover old newspapers that reveal Jonathan Sims and his mother, Beverly Anne, were shot and killed when they interrupted a burglary; father and husband, Peter, came home to find their bodies. Roberta becomes upset and angry that two innocent people were killed and that her mother died violently, contrary to what she was told. Samantha tells them her parents are divorcing, and the girls make a pact to always be there for one another.

They go to the cemetery to perform one last séancee to put Dear Johnny's soul to rest. His tombstone suddenly rises, surrounded by a bright light. However, a groundskeeper emerges from behind, chastising the girls for "playing" in the cemetery and explaining the damaged tombstone is being replaced because he was the one who cracked it. Chrissy refuses to participate in future séances, deeming them a waste of time. The entire ordeal prompts Samantha to realize her childhood is coming to an end.

While leaving, Samantha notices Crazy Pete going to the tombstone. Realizing he is Peter, she comforts him, while he advises her not to dwell on things. Some time later, the tree house is finally bought, and Samantha narrates, "The tree house was supposed to bring us more independence. But what the summer actually brought was independence from each other."

In 1991, Chrissy goes into labor and gives birth to a baby girl delivered by Roberta. Later, in their old tree house, Roberta reveals that Crazy Pete died the previous year and Samantha confesses Pete was Dear Johnny's father. The friends reaffirm their pact and vow to remain close.

Main

 * Roberta Martin (Christina Ricci/Rosie O'Donnell) is the proclaimed tomboy of the girls, stemming primarily from her upbringing in a family consisting of her father and three older brothers, her mother having been killed in a car accident when she was four. She tapes her breasts to flatten them, plays sports, and never hesitates to fight a boy. She usually leads the girls in their rivalry with the Wormer brothers, but eventually shares a kiss with Scott. Afterward, she no longer tapes her breasts, indicating that she accepts that she is growing into a woman. Her struggle to come to terms with her mother's death is highlighted in the film when she fakes her own death before her friends by pretending to have drowned while they were swimming, as well as in another instance in which Samantha recalls her having jumped off the roof and pretended to have broken her neck earlier that summer. As an adult, she is an obstetrician and lives with her boyfriend. At the end of the film, she delivers Chrissy's baby. Although it is never shown or mentioned who her boyfriend is, the film hints that it might be Scott.
 * Tina "Teeny" Tercell (Thora Birch/Melanie Griffith) lives with her rich country-club parents who are rarely around, which according to Samantha's narration, is "a typical upbringing for actors and pathological liars". She loves glamour, dressing up, and wearing makeup, and watches the films at the drive-in movie from her rooftop. Among the girls, she is the most interested in sexuality and boys and often flirts. She desires a bigger bust, and has breast implants when she is an adult. She is now a successful actress and has had multiple marriages. The limousine she arrives in is later used to transport Chrissy to the hospital when she goes into labor.
 * Samantha Albertson (Gaby Hoffmann/Demi Moore) narrates the film. She believes in the paranormal and conducts the séances in the cemetery with her friends, who for the most part believe it to be all pretend. From the outside, her home life appears normal with her parents and younger sister, Angela. However, her parents had been having marital issues for some time now, much to the point that it had reached a level of consistency that never seemed to bother her. However, this came to an abrupt change when one night, her father moves out, and within a few weeks, she learns her mother is seeing another man named Bud Kent. As an adult, she is a popular science-fiction author who has commitment issues. At age 12, she was the most invested in the mystery of Dear Johnny, whose spirit the girls believe they have resurrected from his tombstone. She alone learns the truth behind his death, and receives valuable advice that later helps her come to terms with her current struggles in life.
 * Chrissy DeWitt (Ashleigh Aston Moore/Rita Wilson) was raised by an overbearing, fastidious mother who sheltered her. Her naivete, particularly about all things sexual, is often laughed at by her friends. She is the "good girl", who chastises the others for cussing (as children and adults). Being the most responsible, she closely monitors the "tree house money" they are saving. She always questions the others' schemes, but is fiercely loyal to them. As an adult, she marries the nerdy Morton Williams, and they live in her childhood home and later have a baby girl. The pending birth of her first child brings Samantha and Teeny back to their hometown.

Supporting

 * Devon Sawa as Scott Wormer, one of the Wormer brothers who bullies the girls, but later reforms and shares a kiss with Roberta
 * Walter Sparrow as Crazy Pete, an old man who only comes out at night and scares the girls, but they later learn he is nice after he rescues Samantha. He is later revealed to be Peter Sims, the father of Jonathan and husband of Beverly Anne.
 * Cloris Leachman as Grandma Albertson, mother of Mr. Albertson and grandmother of Samantha and Angela. She becomes very upset when her son leaves and worries dearly about her granddaughters. She is an avid poker and bingo player.
 * Lolita Davidovich as Mrs. Albertson, mother of Samantha and Angela who recently got divorced and gets a new boyfriend, Bud Kent
 * Janeane Garofalo as Wiladene, a diner waitress and spiritual reader and adviser whom the girls visit to tell them that they have been contacted by Dear Johnny's spirit, to which she tells them that he and his mother, Beverly Anne, were murdered
 * Hank Azaria as Bud Kent, Mrs. Albertson's boyfriend whom she meets after her husband leaves. Angela takes a quick liking to him, but Samantha does not. He volunteers to take them to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
 * Bonnie Hunt as Mrs. DeWitt, mother of Chrissy who shelters her and uses plants and gardening to explain sex to her and also informs her that all hippies are sex fiends
 * Rumer Willis (credited as Willa Glen) as Angela Albertson, sister of Samantha who misses her father dearly but takes a quick liking to her mother's new boyfriend, Bud Kent
 * Bradley Coryell as Clay Wormer, one of the Wormer brothers who bullies the girls
 * Justin Humphrey as Eric Wormer, one of the Wormer brothers who bullies the girls
 * Travis Robertson as Roger Wormer, one of the Wormer brothers who bullies the girls
 * Brendan Fraser as the Vietnam veteran (uncredited), a soldier who fought in the Vietnam War whom the girls meet while riding their bicycles and on whom Samantha seemingly developes a crush. He informs them that although their parents are adults, they are not always right.

Soundtrack
Columbia Records released a soundtrack album on October 10, 1995. It was made up of tunes from the 1960s and 1970s.

The following songs appear in the film, but not on the soundtrack:
 * "Midnight Rider" by The Allman Brothers Band
 * "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra
 * "As I Lay Me Down" by Sophie B. Hawkins

One of the songs is anachronistic for a story set in the summer of 1970: "Knock Three Times" was released in 1971.

 * 1) "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies (2:45)
 * 2) "Knock Three Times" – Tony Orlando and Dawn (2:54)
 * 3) "I Want You Back" – The Jackson 5 (2:53)
 * 4) "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" – Stevie Wonder (2:39)
 * 5) "Band of Gold" – Freda Payne (2:53)
 * 6) "Daydream Believer" – The Monkees (2:49)
 * 7) "No Matter What" – Badfinger (2:59)
 * 8) "Hitchin' a Ride" – Vanity Fare (2:55)
 * 9) "All Right Now" – Free (5:29)
 * 10) "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" – Supremes/Temptations (3:06)
 * 11) "I'll Be There" – The Jackson 5 (3:56)
 * 12) "Now and Then" – Susanna Hoffs (5:34)

Varèse Sarabande issued an album of Cliff Eidelman's score on October 24, 1995.

 * 1) "Main Title" (3:05)
 * 2) "Remembrance" (1:57)
 * 3) "A Secret Meeting" (2:11)
 * 4) "On the Swing" (1:26)
 * 5) "It's My Mom" (2:32)
 * 6) "Spirits Are Here" (2:17)
 * 7) "Sam's Dad Leaves" (1:56)
 * 8) "It's a Girl" (1:48)
 * 9) "Roberta Fakes Death" (1:26)
 * 10) "Best Friends for Life" (3:07)
 * 11) "Pete Saves Sam" (2:29)
 * 12) "The Pact" (3:10)
 * 13) "No More Seances" (1:44)
 * 14) "Rest in Peace Johnny" (4:22)

Box office
Now and Then was released in North American theaters on October 20, 1995, ultimately grossing $37.5 million worldwide. In its opening weekend, it debuted in the number two spot and earned $7.4 million, behind Get Shorty and above the thriller Seven.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, Now and Then holds an approval rating of 33% based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 50, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times criticized the story, saying it was "made of artificial bits and pieces" whereas "What distinguished Stand by Me was the psychological soundness of the story: We could believe it and care about it." Ebert instead praised another film about girlhood The Man in the Moon for its truthful storytelling and said that in comparison this film was "a gimmicky sitcom". Alison Macor of The Austin Chronicle wrote the film is "sweet and it's often funny, but ultimately its slice-of-life approach tries too hard to incorporate current events like the Vietnam War."

Though critics were lukewarm towards the story, multiple reviews praised the four young leads' acting. Macor acknowledged "the four young actresses effectively convey that on-the-verge feeling between puberty and teen-hood". In a positive review, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote Now and Then "nicely captures the giddiness, excitement and resistance to adult responsibility that are specific to 12-year-old girls. It's not particularly deep, but it's a good-natured, sprightly comedy that ought to find its most appreciative audience among preteen girls."

Legacy
In the years since Now and Then's release, the film has gained a large cult following through home video, repeat airings on cable TV, and as a staple at girls' sleepovers.

In a New York Times piece discussing the film's cultural impact, Ilana Kaplan wrote Now and Then was ahead of its time for "giving the complexities of girlhood a weight that coming-of-age films [had heretofore] typically neglected…[The film] showed tween girls as fully realized characters who weren't written off or secondary. Tackling death and grief, along with budding sexuality gave their stories weight when narratives about female adolescence were often surface-level."

Screenwriter I. Marlene King went on to create the teen drama television series Pretty Little Liars, which she said is influenced by Now and Then. King would reunite with director Lesli Linka Glatter for Liars, with the latter directing the pilot episode and two season finales. Though King announced in 2012 she would be developing Now and Then as a series for ABC Family, the project did not come to materialize. According to King, ABC Family wanted to change the concept "so the 'now' was present day and the 'then' would be the '90s. I didn't want to do that – I felt that kind of ruins how special the movie is...I didn't want to take a chance on changing the time period. To me, there will never be a 1970s again, so to try to set it in the '90s when we had cell phones and things like that, I don't think it would work."

title: Now and Then (film)