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Merry Christmas (Mariah Carey album)

Merry Christmas is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey, and her first Christmas album. Released by Columbia Records on October 28, 1994, at the peak of the initial stretch of Carey's career, between Music Box (1993) and Daydream (1995), the album features cover versions of popular Christmas songs in addition to original material. Carey worked with Walter Afanasieff, with whom she wrote all of the original tracks, as well as producing Carey's interpretations of the covered material. Three singles were released from the album, of which "All I Want for Christmas Is You" went on to become one of the best-selling singles of all time and the best-selling Christmas ringtone in the United States.

Critical response to the album's contemporary Christmas theme was mixed. Some music critics complimented the "gospel and soul-inflected" vocals and even called it "Carey's best record" to date. Re-released on multiple occasions in various formats since its debut, the album has sold 5.7 million copies in the United States as of December 2019 and has been certified nine-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Internationally, it reached number one in Japan, Latvia, and Lithuania. It achieved the top-ten in 18 additional countries including Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

In 2005, the album was re-released as a special edition DualDisc. This edition included two bonus tracks, "God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen" - with a new vocal mix - and a special anniversary mix of "Santa Claus is Comin' To Town" on the CD side. The DVD side features the entire album in enhanced PCM stereo and music videos. In 2010, Carey released a follow-up, Merry Christmas II You. In 2019, a two-disc 25th anniversary deluxe edition was released, which included the original album and its bonus tracks on disc one, while disc two included a new track called "Sugar Plum Fairy Introlude", live performances from St. John The Divine, select songs from Merry Christmas II You, non-album Christmas singles, and numerous remixes. As of 2021, Merry Christmas has sold 15 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling holiday albums of all time.

Background
Carey has expressed her belief in God and the connection between music and spirituality, and felt the album was finally a way to portray her spirituality through music. After the success of Carey's previous effort, Music Box, there was speculation of a new project in the works; however it was not until October 1994, only one month before the album's release, that Billboard announced Carey would be releasing an album for the Christmas season. Initially, critics were shocked; they did not know how Carey would fare as an entertainer across genres, as she had previously only been viewed as a pop star. Nevertheless, Carey, unaffected by the speculation, continued working on and promoting the album in high spirits, confident in her work. The idea proved to be wise, earning Carey recognition in various markets including Christian radio and contemporary R&B stations, as well as extended her fame in Japan, where the album experienced much of its success.

Conception and composition
Throughout the album's development, Carey worked extensively with Walter Afanasieff, with whom she collaborated extensively on Emotions (1991) and Music Box (1993). Together, they wrote all three of the album's original songs, as well as producing most of the traditional tracks at The Hit Factory, in New York.

Merry Christmas boasted a variety of musical arrangements, sounds, and genres. Carey's goal was to provide an album that would have a "Christmas feel", providing a mixture of soulful tracks, as well as fun and joyous holiday treats. The song "Jesus Oh What a Wonderful Child", produced by Carey, Afanasieff, and Holland, was described as an arrangement of a traditional gospel standard that "really took flight". The song was recorded in a church, with many live backup singers and children playing tambourines and other melodious instruments. The goal was to produce a "real church flavored song", in which Loris Holland played the keyboards and allowed Carey's voice to "cut loose". According to Chris Nickson, Carey's love of gospel music came through on the track, writing, "[she] led the band without pushing herself forward, letting the song develop and work out, trading lines with the chorus until, after the crescendo, the musicians moved into a fast double-time to the end."

"All I Want for Christmas Is You", the album's lead single was described as an "up-tempo love song, one that could have easily been written for Tommy Mottola". "Miss You Most (At Christmas Time)", another one of the album's original tracks, was very different from its predecessor. The song was described as a "sad ballad", in line with many of Carey's previous hit singles. The song featured a synthesized orchestra, including keyboard notes courtesy of Afanasieff, during which Carey would sing to her "long-gone lover, crystallizing the way that Christmas brought memories of the past into focus." According to Nickson "Jesus Born on This Day" was the most impressive original track on the album. It was described as a "full-blown production number", which again featured synthesized orchestra, as well as a live children's choir. The song's tune was described as "solemn and hymn-like, but the arrangement, oddly, made it less religious and rather more glitzy, behind the lyrics that overtly praised Jesus."

In addition, Carey recorded a cover of "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" by Darlene Love, as well as classics such as "Silent Night", "O Holy Night" and "Joy to the World". The latter song, which was used as a promotional single, was remixed several times and sent to various clubs; adding to the album's range of listeners. Record producer and composer, Loris Holland, co-produced some of the albums gospel flavored tracks, including "Silent Night", where he arranged the backing vocals and synthesizers. Carey's rendition of "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", was deemed as "one of the more playful tracks on the album", alongside "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)".

Promotion
In the United States, Carey started promotion for Merry Christmas with a live concert at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine on December 8, 1994, performing for the first time several tracks from the album, including "All I Want for Christmas Is You", which was later performed on several of her concert tours, including the Japanese shows of Carey's Daydream World Tour (1996), Butterfly World Tour (1998), Rainbow World Tour (2000), Charmbracelet World Tour (2003) and The Adventures of Mimi Tour (2006), due to the massive success of the song in Japan, which became her best-selling single in the country. On December 25, 2001, she appeared on the Christmas special BET Christmas Remembrances Special, where she performed "Joy to the World" and her hit "One Sweet Day" with Boyz II Men. Three years later, she appeared in 2004 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade, where she performed "Joy to the World" and "All I Want for Christmas is You".

On December 3, 2008, she performed "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" at the 2008 Grammy Nomination Concert. A year later, Carey sang the So So Def remix version of "All I Want for Christmas is You" at the opening night of her Angels Advocate Tour on New Year's Eve. Other live performances of "All I Want for Christmas is You" includes the 2010 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade, Christmas In Rockefeller Center (in 2012, 2013 and 2014) and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in 2012, where she performed the song alongside Jimmy Fallon and The Roots. Carey also performed "All I Want for Christmas is You" with Michael Bublé for his third Annual Christmas Special in December 2013. She also performed the song at the 91st Annual National Christmas Tree Lighting on December 16, 2013.

During The Late Late Show with James Corden on December 15, 2016, Carey sang "All I Want for Christmas is You" on the popular feature Carpool Karaoke. Fellow singers Adele, Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, Nick Jonas, Elton John, Selena Gomez, Gwen Stefani, Coldplay's Chris Martin and the band Red Hot Chili Peppers were featured in the video. Carey also performed the song at The Wonderful World of Disney: Magical Holiday Celebration, VH1 Divas Holiday: Unsilent Night and Disney Parks Magical Christmas Celebration in 2016. In December 2019, Carey returned to The Late Late Show to perform the song for its 25th anniversary.

To celebrate the 20th anniversary of Merry Christmas, Carey embarked on her first Christmas concert residency, All I Want For Christmas Is You, A Night of Joy & Festivity, which began on December 15, 2014, at the Beacon Theatre in New York City, and ended on December 15, 2019, after completing eight legs and fifty-six shows in North America and Europe. On December 1, 2020, Carey performed a medley of "Heroes", "Hero", and "Joy to the World" at Good Morning America, two days prior to her Christmas special Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special, where she re-recorded and performed several songs from the album. The following year, she performed "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" and a new song, "Fall in Love at Christmas", during her 2021 Christmas Special Mariah's Christmas: The Magic Continues. She also performed "All I Want for Christmas is You" at the 2022 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.

Singles
Merry Christmas was supported by three commercial singles and two promotional singles, with different releases depending on the country. The album's lead single, "All I Want for Christmas Is You", was released on October 29, 1994, in Japan, and in other countries the next month. While it was not initially commercially released in the United States, Billboard described Columbia's level of promotion as unprecedented for a Christmas album. On November 14, 1994, the label released three songs to US radio stations as promotional singles: "All I Want for Christmas Is You" (top 40 and adult contemporary radio stations), "Jesus Born on This Day" (Christian and gospel stations), and "Miss You Most (At Christmas Time)" (R&B stations). The latter was also commercially released that year, including in the Philippines where it served as the lead single in that country. Originally released in 1994 as a 12-inch promotional single of dance remixes, "Joy to the World" was released in Australia as the album's third single on November 27, 1995, becoming a top-forty hit there. "O Holy Night" was released as a promotional single in 1996 and 1998, and later peaked at number 70 on the US Holiday 100 chart, and entered the charts in France, Italy and Iceland; later being certified Platinum in the United States; and Gold in Canada and Italy.

"All I Want for Christmas Is You" is Carey's biggest international hit of her career, breaking several records worldwide and topping the charts in over 25 countries, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the UK Singles chart and the US  Billboard Hot 100, becoming the best-selling Christmas song by a female artist and one of the best-selling singles of all time, selling over 16 million copies worldwide. The song was certified 14× Platinum in the US, becoming the first holiday song to achieve this. It is also Carey's best-selling single in the UK, where it was certified eight-times Platinum, becoming the highest-certified song of all time by a female artist in the country. It is also her best-selling single in Canada, Australia and Germany, where it was certified Diamond, 11× Platinum and 2× Platinum, respectively.

Other songs from the album also achieved success worldwide:
 * Her version of Darlene Love's "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" reached the top-twenty on the US Holiday 100 chart, and the top-forty in Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and the Netherlands; and was certified Platinum in the United States and Canada, Gold in Australia, and Silver in the United Kingdom.
 * Her version of "Santa Claus is Comin' to Town" peaked at number 26 in Hungary, at number 45 on the US Holiday 100, and at number 142 in South Korea; and was also certified Gold in Australia, Canada and the United States.
 * Her version of "Silent Night" also charted at number 95 in the Netherlands.
 * "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" / "Gloria (In Excelsis Deo)" also charted on the US Holiday 100 at number 54, and was certified Platinum in the United States.

Critical reception
In the Los Angeles Times, Chris Willman wrote that Carey "attempts her share of girl-group pop amid the quasi-gospel melisma, though still not evidencing as much personality as talent in either style". The New York Times journalist Jon Pareles was more critical in his review. "Regardless of backup, Ms. Carey oversings, glutting songs with her vocal tics—like sliding down from the note above the melody note—and turning expressions of devotion into narcissistic displays." Chris Dickinson from the Chicago Tribune called the singer a "trilling songbird" and "over-the-top irritant" throughout the album, particularly on "All I Want for Christmas Is You", where she "sounds like a bush-league Petula Clark". The newspaper later named it the seventh worst Christmas album ever.

J. D. Considine was more enthusiastic in The Baltimore Sun. In his opinion, Merry Christmas "may look like just another attempt to cash in on Christmas cheer, but is actually the work of someone who genuinely loves this music". Considine said while Carey's gospel and soul-inflected vocal exercises worked well with the traditional songs, "the album's real strength is the conviction she brings to otherwise corny fare like "Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town", while the way she augments "Joy to the World" with a bit of the Three Dog Night hit is pure genius." Steve Morse from The Boston Globe argued that it was perhaps Carey's best record, on which she abandoned the overly polished sound of her previous albums and "cut loose with unbridled soul".

Retrospective reception
In a retrospective review, Barry Schwartz of Stylus Magazine believed Merry Christmas may have been "the definitive Mariah Carey album", finding the singer at "her absolute creative and commercial peak, her voice still a marvel, her songs and performances still undeniably brilliant". AllMusic editor Roch Parisien deemed "All I Want for Christmas Is You" the record's highlight while lamenting Carey's "high opera" pretensions on "O Holy Night" and her dance/club rendition of "Joy to the World".

Commercial performance

Merry Christmas was released in the United States on November 1, 1994, and debuted at number thirty on the US Billboard 200 with 45,000 copies sold in its first week. In its fifth week, the album peaked at number three, with sales of 208,000 copies, but experienced its highest sales in its sixth week (when it was at number six), with another 500,000 copies sold. The album was the second best-selling holiday album that year with a total of 1,859,000 copies sold. It remained in the top twenty for eight weeks and on the Billboard 200 for thirteen weeks, reentering the chart three times; peaking at number 149 the first time, 115 the second and at 61 the third (it has spent a total of 113 weeks on the chart). On December 8, 2023, Merry Christmas was certified nine-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of nine million copies in the US. As of December 2019, the album has sold 5.7 million copies in the US and is one of the best-selling holiday albums in the United States. In 2021, the album was named by Billboard as the third Greatest Holiday Album of All Time.

Merry Christmas became Carey's first number-one album in Japan, where the album experienced its highest sales, where it sold 2.8 million copies and became the fourth best-selling album by a non-Asian solo artist.

In Europe, Merry Christmas experienced success, peaking at number one in Latvia and Lithuania; at number two in Germany, Sweden and the Netherlands; at number three in Italy; at number four in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland; and at number five in Hungary and Estonia. It also reached the top-ten in Finland, Greece, Portugal, and the European Top 100 Albums. To date, Merry Christmas was certified 4× Platinum in Denmark; 3× Platinum in Norway; 2× Platinum in Italy; Platinum in the Netherlands; and Gold in Austria, Germany, Iceland and Switzerland. In the United Kingdom, Merry Christmas peaked at number 32 on the UK Albums chart, and it was certified Platinum. Additionally, Merry Christmas became the first Christmas album to reach number one on the UK R&B Albums chart, as the album topped the chart during the week of November 8, 2019, becoming Carey's eleventh number-one album on the chart, replacing Kanye West's Jesus Is King, and being replaced by Post Malone's Hollywood's Bleeding.

In Australia, the album peaked at number two, and was certified seven-times Platinum, denoting shipments of 490,000 copies and finishing 11th on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) 1994 End of Year Chart. Merry Christmas has sold 15 million copies worldwide, and stands as one of the best selling holiday albums in world history.

Track listing
All tracks are produced by Walter Afanasieff and Mariah Carey, except where noted.

Notes
 * undefined signifies a co-producer

Sample credits
 * "Joy to the World" contains an interpolation of "Joy to the World" by Three Dog Night (1971)

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Musicians

 * 3D – children's choir (7)
 * Mariah Carey – background vocals (6–8, 10), lead vocals
 * Walter Afanasieff – claps (10), Hammond B-3 organ (3, 6, 8), keyboards (2–9), synthesizer (2, 3), tambourine (10)
 * David Daniels – children's choir (7)
 * Melonie Daniels – background vocals (1–10)
 * Nathan Daniels – children's choir (7)
 * Wayne Daniels Jr. – children's choir (7)
 * Bernard Davis – drums (10)
 * Omar Hakim – drums (4, 8)
 * Loris Holland – Hammond B-3 organ (1, 9, 10), piano (1, 9, 10)
 * Dann Huff – guitar (2–4, 6, 8)
 * Randy Jackson – bass guitar (4, 8)
 * Kirk Lyons – bass guitar (10)
 * Cindy Mizelle – background vocals (9)
 * Tobitha Shinique Owens – children's choir (7)
 * Greg Phillinganes – piano (4, 8)
 * Lenny Pickett – baritone saxophone (4), tenor saxophone (4)
 * Kelly Price – background vocals (1–10)
 * Shanrae Price – background vocals (1–10)
 * David Silliman – percussion (4, 8)
 * Janaye Walton – children's choir (7)
 * Jazzmin Walton – children's choir (7)
 * Jodi Walton – children's choir (7)
 * Buddy Williams – drums (1)

Production

 * Walter Afanasieff – drum and rhythm programming (2, 3), orchestral programming (5, 7, 9)
 * Christopher Austopchuk – art direction
 * Billy B. – make-up
 * Dana Jon Chappelle – music recording (2–8)
 * Gary Cirimelli – Macintosh, digital, and synthesizer programming (2–9)
 * Robert Clivillés – drums, percussion, and bass programming (6)
 * David Cole – drums, percussion, and bass programming (6)
 * Brian Devine – hair
 * Daniela Federici – photography
 * Gus Garces – assistant engineering
 * David Gleeson – assistant engineering (2, 7)
 * Mick Guzauski – mixing
 * Jay Healy – music recording (1, 9–11), vocal recording
 * June Hong – design
 * Bob Ludwig – mastering
 * Mike Scott – assistant engineering
 * Dan Shea – additional programming (2, 7)
 * Andy Smith – assistant engineering
 * Chris Theis – assistant engineering (11)
 * T.D. Valentine – home photos
 * Basia Zamorska – stylist

Certifications and sales
! scope="row"|Iceland (FHF)
 * Gold
 * 2,500‡

title: Merry Christmas (Mariah Carey album)


text:
Richard T. Renshaw

Richard T. Renshaw (March 22, 1822 – March 22, 1879) was an officer in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.

Biography
Renshaw entered the Navy as a midshipman on January 26, 1838, and was commissioned acting master September 10, 1851. Resigning June 29, 1852, Renshaw reentered the Navy at the beginning of the Civil War as a lieutenant on May 13, 1861. He served in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron commanding side-wheel gunboat USS Louisiana (1861) during the war, winning promotion to commander on September 22, 1862.

Renshaw stayed in the Navy following the Civil War. He was promoted to captain on September 20, 1868. He retired December 10, 1874, and died five years later on March 22, 1879.

Namesake
The first USS Renshaw (1862) was named for him and his elder brother, William B. Renshaw.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Richard T. Renshaw


text:
Theory Z

Theory Z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y. Theories X, Y and various versions of Z have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development.

McGregor's Theory X states that workers inherently dislike and avoid work and must be driven to it, in contrast to Theory Y which states that work is natural and can be a source of satisfaction when aimed at higher order human psychological needs.

One Theory Z was developed by Abraham H. Maslow in his paper "Theory Z", which was published in 1969 in the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. A second theory is the 3D theory which was developed by W. J. Reddin in his book Managerial Effectiveness (1970), and a third theory is William Ouchi's so-called "Japanese management" style, which was explained in his book Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge (1981) responding to the Asian economic boom of the 1980s.

For Ouchi, Theory Z focused on increasing employee loyalty to the company by providing a job for life with a strong focus on the well-being of the employee, both on and off the job. According to Ouchi, Theory Z management tends to promote stable employment, high productivity, and high employee morale and satisfaction.

Pre-Theory Z
Abraham Maslow, a psychologist and pioneer in human motivation, developed a theory of motivation based upon human needs that had three assumptions. First, human needs are never completely satisfied. Second, human behavior is purposeful and motivated by a need for satisfaction. Third, these needs can be classified according to a hierarchical structure of importance from the lowest to highest (Maslow, 1954):
 * 1) Physiological need
 * 2) Safety needs
 * 3) Belongingness and love needs
 * 4) The esteem needs – self-confidence
 * 5) The need for self-actualization – the need to reach your full potential

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory helps the manager to understand what motivates an employee. By understanding what needs must be met in order for an employee to achieve the highest level of motivation, managers are then able to get the most out of production.

Theory X and Theory Y were both developed by Douglas McGregor, a social psychologist interested in the characteristics of successful organizations. McGregor's book, The Human Side of Enterprise (1960), described Theories X and Y based upon Maslow's original hierarchy of needs. McGregor grouped the hierarchy into a lower order (Theory X) needs and a higher-order (Theory Y) needs. He suggested that management may need to motivate employees, but better results could be gained by using Theory Y, rather than Theory X (Heil, Bennis, & Stephens, 2000).

Maslow's Theory Z
Late in his career Maslow focused increasingly on self-transcendence as a human phenomenon and concern. As he explained in his seminal paper titled Theory Z, the motivation for transcendence literally 'transcends' his original hierarchy of needs. So, for example, some people who achieve self-actualization — the highest level of his original pyramid — also achieve a transcendent life orientation, while other self-actualizers do not. On the other hand, some people, like the proverbial "starving artist," value self-transcendence ahead of all material values, including self-actualization (in the sense of being materially "successful"). Hence, for Maslow transcendence is not so much an extension of his original pyramid as an orthogonal dimension.

Theory X, Y and Z all play a role in how a company should manage successfully. Maslow believed the ideal organization would harness the human drive for self-transcendence, as well as the motivations of his original pyramid.

title: Theory Z


text:
Phototropin

Phototropins are blue light photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses across many species of algae, fungi and higher plants. Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light environment. When phototropins are hit with blue light, they induce a signal transduction pathway that alters the plant cells' functions in different ways.

Phototropins are part of the phototropic sensory system in plants that causes various environmental responses in plants. Phototropins specifically will cause stems to bend towards light and stomata to open. In addition phototropins mediate the first changes in stem elongation in blue light prior to cryptochrome activation. Phototropins are also required for blue light mediated transcript destabilization of specific mRNAs in the cell.

Phototropins also regulate the movement of chloroplasts within the cell, notably chloroplast avoidance. It was thought that this avoidance serves a protective function to avoid damage from intense light, however an alternate study argues that the avoidance response is primarily to increase light penetration into deeper mesophyll layers in high light conditions. Phototropins may also be important for the opening of stomata.

Enzyme activity
Phototropins have two distinct light, oxygen, or voltage regulated domains (LOV1, LOV2) that each bind flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The FMN is noncovalently bound to a LOV domain in the dark, but becomes covalently linked upon exposure to suitable light. The formation of the bond is reversible once light is no longer present. The forward reaction with light is not dependent on temperature, though low temperatures give increased stability of the covalent linkage, leading to a slower reversal reaction.

Light excitation will lead to a conformational change within the protein, which allows for kinase activity. There is also evidence to suggest that phototropins undergo autophosphorylation at various sites across the enzyme. Phototropins trigger signaling responses within the cell, but it is unknown which proteins are phosphorylated by phototropins, or exactly how the autophosphorylation events play a role in signaling.

Phototropins are typically found on the plasma membrane, but some phototropins have been found in substantial quantities on chloroplast membranes. One study found that phototropins on the plasma membrane play a role in phototropism, leaf flattening, stomatal opening, and chloroplast movements, while phototropins on the chloroplasts only partially affected stomatal opening and chloroplast movement, suggesting that the location of the protein in the cell may also play a role in its signaling function.

title: Phototropin


text:
Northeast Airlines Flight 823

Northeast Airlines Flight 823 was a scheduled flight from New York City's LaGuardia Airport to Miami International Airport, Florida, which crashed shortly after takeoff on February 1, 1957. The aircraft operating the service was a Douglas DC-6 four-engined propeller airliner, registration which entered service in 1955.

Accident sequence
While originally scheduled to depart at 2:45pm, delays due to snowfall pushed departure back to 6:01pm. At takeoff, with a nearly full complement of 95 passengers and 6 crewmembers (3 flight crew and 3 stewardesses), the plane weighed in at 98,575 lb, just 265 lb below maximum takeoff weight. Despite some sliding of the nosewheel on snow-covered pavement, the airplane was cleared to take off via runway 04 (040° magnetic heading), departing to the northeast of the field.

After what was described as a normal takeoff roll, the aircraft lifted off. Upon establishing a positive rate of climb, the landing gear and wing flaps were retracted, and the engine power was reduced to the maximum except for takeoff (METO) setting. The aircraft was now gaining altitude, flying on instruments without outside visibility as it headed over Flushing Bay. While the aircraft's clearance instructed that it proceed northeast on a heading of 40° (runway heading), the airplane began a gradual turn to the left. When it had reached a heading of 285° (nearly due west), it overflew Rikers Island. Its altitude was insufficient to clear the trees on the island, and the aircraft crashed, coming to rest within 1,500 ft of the point of first impact. The duration of the flight from takeoff to crash was approximately 60 seconds. The crash resulted in 20 fatalities and 78 injuries among the passengers and several injuries but no fatalities among the crew.

Recovery
Shortly after the crash, Rikers Island department personnel and prison trusties (inmates whose good behavior had earned the guards' trust) alike ran to the crash in order to help survivors. As a result of their actions, of the 57 inmates who assisted with the rescue effort, 30 were released and 16 received a reduction of six months by the N.Y.C. Parole Board. Governor W. Averell Harriman also granted commutation of sentence to 11 men serving definite sentences: two received a six months reduction; one workhouse and eight penitentiary definites became eligible for immediate release.

Investigation
An investigation by the Civil Aeronautics Board was hampered by a lack of information about what transpired aboard the aircraft in its final minute, as flight data and cockpit voice recorders had not yet been routinely installed in commercial aircraft. The Board found that the probable cause of the accident was "The failure of the captain to: 1) properly observe and interpret his flight instruments, and 2) maintain control of his aircraft." In layman's terms, the captain lost spatial awareness when he entered the clouds seconds after takeoff, and therefore didn't detect or correct the airplane's deviation from its desired course.

In popular culture
The flight was the featured story in a book on aviation written by Alvin Moscow, Tiger on a Leash. Told from the hindsight of 1961, it discussed many aspects of passenger flight of the time.

title: Northeast Airlines Flight 823


text:
Talk:Lionel Tate

Felony Murder
Please make sure you actually *understand* the felony murder rules used against Tate before editing that section. Under these rules Tate was convicted without the prosecution having to prove that he intended to kill or injure, or realized that his acts are likely to kill or injure, or even that a typical child of his age would or should realize this.

Please do not censor these facts. If you find them difficult to believe, educate yourself -- you can start with some of the references. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shores of bohemia (talk • contribs) 04:12, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Yep, I agree. That guy completely confused me KING GRIM LOL YO WHATS UP (talk) 07:25, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Pro wrestling Defense
Why no mention of the fact of his defense was thrown out? Or that it turned out later to have been basically invented by Tate's attorney or any of the aftermath involving WWE settling with the PTC for three million dollars regarding what was said in a video that the PTC sent to WWE's advertisers that was produced by them and included Tate's lawyer? Okay maybe WWE's slander suit against the PTC might not be relevant, but the facts that he wasn't watching pro wrestling, had a history of aggression before this happened and even when he was in custody, should be. If I can find sources I might go ahead and expand this article. EDIT: Whoops, forgot to sign in. PHOENIXZERO (talk) 07:57, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Adult or juvenile prison
There's no mention in the article as to whether he went to adult prison or juvenile hall after his convection at 14. Is it that if a juvenile is tried as an adult in the US then he will automatically go to adult prison upon conviction? 83.226.206.82 (talk) 22:34, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Kids in Florida (and AFAIK the rest of the U.S.) go to ADULT jail automatically upon being charged "as adults" -- so of course they go to ADULT prison upon conviction if it includes a prison. Typically there are bans on mixing with ADULT inmates before conviction and some restrictions after conviction, but the institutions are designed for adults, not children; in Florida children as young as 13 were mixed freely with adult inmates until about 2001 when some restrictions were implemented due to newspaper exposes of the abuses suffered by child inmates in Florida's adult prisons. Tate's conviction came soon after these exposes and perhaps partly because of that he was transfered to juvenile prison after several weeks. If I find reference to that I'll add it to the article. Shores of bohemia (talk) 10:28, 30 June 2011 (UTC) "Critics, such as the various groups listed in the Amicus Brief attached to Tate's appeal, assert that convicting preteen children of 1st-degree murder without having to prove these children intended any harm, not to mention serious injury or death, is unacceptable." But he wasn't preteen he was 13? House Tules (talk) 08:43, 28 February 2020 (UTC)HouseTules

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Request for update
I am not a regular Wikipedia editor, but the final line of the article where it states Tate is currently incarcerated at Charlotte is incorrect. According to the FDC website he is at Hamilton C.I. The link is as follows: http://www.dc.state.fl.us/offenderSearch/detail.aspx?Page=Detail&DCNumber=L24475&TypeSearch=AI Can someone with more expertise in editing please fix this? Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.220.168.102 (talk) 00:45, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lionel Tate


text:
Slipstream genre

The slipstream genre is a term denoting forms of speculative fiction that blends together science fiction, fantasy, and literary fiction or do not remain in conventional boundaries of genre and narrative. It directly extends from the experimentation of the New Wave science fiction movement while also borrowing from fantasy, psychological fiction, philosophical fiction and other genres or styles of literature.

Origin
The term was invented by Richard Dorsett according to an interview with renowned cyberpunk author Bruce Sterling in Mythaxis Review. He said:

"It was invented by my friend the late Richard Dorsett while the two of us were discussing a category of non-genre fantasy books that we had no name for. 'They're certainly not mainstream,' I said, and 'Why not slipstream?' he suggested, and I thought it was a pretty good coinage."

Sterling later described it in an article originally published in SF Eye #5, in July 1989, as "a kind of writing which simply makes you feel very strange; the way that living in the twentieth century makes you feel, if you are a person of a certain sensibility." The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction credits Sterling with inventing the related term of "slipstream sf" for works that "make use of sf devices but which are not Genre SF".

Concept
Slipstream fiction has been described as "the fiction of strangeness", or a form of writing that makes "the familiar strange or the strange familiar" through skepticism about elements of reality. Illustrating this, prototypes of the style of slipstream are considered to exist in the stories of Franz Kafka and Jorge Luis Borges.

Science fiction authors James Patrick Kelly and John Kessel, editors of Feeling Very Strange: The Slipstream Anthology, argued cognitive dissonance is at the heart of slipstream, and it is not so much a genre as a literary effect, like horror or comedy. Similarly, Christopher Priest, in his introduction to Anna Kavan's genre-defying but arguably slipstream novel Ice, writes "the best way to understand slipstream is to think of it as a state of mind or a particular approach, one that is outside of all categorisation. ... slipstream induces a sense of 'otherness' in the audience, like a glimpse into a distorting mirror."

Characteristics
In slipstream, characteristics of works of fiction considered under the term include disruption of the principle of realism, avoidance of being a traditional fantasy story, and being a postmodern narrative. As an emerging genre, slipstream has been described as nonrealistic fiction with a postmodern sensibility, exploring an awareness of societal and technological change and psychological breakdown previously shown by science fiction authors during the time of postmodernism, as well as poets and experimental authors in modernism.

In her 2012 volume Walking the Clouds: An Anthology of Indigenous Science Fiction, Grace Dillon identified a current of Native American Slipstream that predates and anticipates the timeframe for slipstream, notably including Gerald Vizenor's 1978 short story "Custer on the Slipstream".

Other SF authors and fans claim "that slipstream is a term that lumps together metafiction, magical realism, surrealism, experimental fiction[,] counter-realism", and postmodern writing, and/or applies to a story with themes coming from one or more of these literary influences.

title: Slipstream genre


text:
Talk:Chapel Island

Note for someone who has time: There is another "Chapel Island", between Whiddy Island and the town of Bantry, Ireland. It may not be noteworthy enough for a page of it's own, but it's still worth listing all the other places with the same name as the island in this page. 192.171.162.101 16:32, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It probably is noteworthy. If and when someone writes an article about it then this page could be renamed to a disambig' page, or a disambig' link could be put on this page to the new page about the Irish Chapel Island. Could you Start a Stub on your Chapel Island? Arcturus 16:12, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chapel Island


text:
User:Dancer In The Dark~enwiki

Pendenciero!

title: User:Dancer In The Dark~enwiki


text:
HMS Exmouth

Five ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Exmouth, after Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth:

 * HMS Exmouth (1854) was a 90-gun screw propelled second-rate ship of the line launched in 1854. She was lent to the Metropolitan Asylums as a training ship in 1877 and was broken up in 1905.
 * HMS Exmouth (1901) was a Duncan-class battleship launched in 1901, sold in 1920 and broken up in 1922.
 * HMS Exmouth (1905) was the training ship, launched in 1905. She was requisitioned as a depot ship from 1939 to 1945, and then returned to use as a training ship . She was broken up in 1978.
 * HMS Exmouth (H02) was an E-class destroyer launched in 1934 and sunk by a U-boat in 1940.
 * HMS Exmouth (F84) was a Blackwood-class frigate launched in 1955 and broken up in 1979.

title: HMS Exmouth


text:
Azanian People's Liberation Army

The Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), formerly known as Poqo, was the military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress, an African nationalist movement in South Africa. In the Xhosa language, the word 'Poqo' means 'pure'.

After attacks on and the murder of several white families the APLA was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation by the South African National government and the United States, and banned.

APLA was disbanded and integrated into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in June 1994.

Etymology
In 1968 the "Azanian People's Liberation Army" (or APLA) replaced the defunct name "Poqo", which means pure in Xhosa, a local South African language, as the armed wing of the PAC. Its new name was derived from Azania, the ancient Greek name for Southern Africa.

The name Azania has been applied to various parts of southeastern tropical Africa. In the Roman period and perhaps earlier, the toponym referred to a portion of the Southeast African coast extending from Kenya, to perhaps as far south as Tanzania.

Formation and early resistance
Poqo was founded in 1961 following the massacre of PAC-led protestors at the hands of police outside the Sharpeville police station the previous year. Potlako Leballo, the chairman of the PAC at the time of the formation of its military wing in the 1960s, modelled APLA on the Chinese People's Liberation Army, with Templeton Ntantala as his deputy.

Members of Poqo targeted the town of Paarl in the Western Cape on 22 November 1962, when a crowd of over 200 people armed with axes, pangas and other home-made weapons marched from the Mbekweni township into Paarl and attacked the police station, homes and shops. Two white residents, Frans Richard and Rencia Vermeulen were killed. This attack was followed by the murder of a family camping at Bashee River in the Transkei on 4 February 1963. Norman and Elizabeth Grobbelaar, their teenage daughters Edna and Dawn, together with Mr Derek Thompson, were hacked to death in their caravans.

Leballo had planned a massive revolt for 8 April 1963, but Basotholand police managed to track down and raid the PAC's headquarters, seizing a complete list of Poqo members. In the following government crackdown, nearly 2000 Poqo members were sent to prison, almost wiping out the entire organization. Consequently Poqo ceased to be an important participant in the anti-Apartheid struggle during the remainder of the 1960s.

In 1968, the Poqo was renamed APLA and unsuccessfully attempted to form diplomatic and political ties to foreign states and movements. It received some support from China, which attempted to shift the group toward Maoism. PAC leaders, who had been vehemently anti-communist, nevertheless accepted the aid by attempting to rationalize it as being due to the fact that the Chinese were "non-white" and that their value system had not been "tainted by European thought" as they deemed the South African Communist Party to have been. The result was the formation of a small Maoist faction within the APLA that contrasted the strong anti-communist currents within the PAC as a whole. However, the organization's ties with China were short-lived and the pro-Chinese members were soon after purged from the group.

Leadership struggles in exile
After the Soweto uprising in 1976, a number of students went into exile in APLA camps elsewhere on the African continent. In 1976, APLA received 500 recruits, including 178 Basotho, for a new Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA), to be formed as an offshoot of the exiled-Basutoland Congress Party under the leadership of Matooane Mapefane, who was a senior instructor of APLA in Libya. Ntantala's original group of 70 APLA soldiers felt threatened by the influx of new recruits, leading Ntantala to attempt a coup against then commander, Potlako Leballo in Dar es Salaam. This was prevented by LLA soldiers, a move which exacerbated tensions within two PAC factions, the "Diplomat-Reformist" (DR) and "Maoist-Revolutionary" (MR) factions. Vusumzi Make's appointment as Leballo's successor sparked a mutiny at Chunya, an APLA camp in Tanzania, on 11 March 1980, during which several APLA forces were killed and the rest further factionalised and confined to different camps; many escaped to Kenya. Leballo himself relocated to Zimbabwe in late 1980 along with senior intelligence and air force personnel from the MR faction. Pressure from Tanzania, however, resulted in his deportation in May–June 1981, as well as the deportation or imprisonment of the others. Make was replaced by John Nyathi Pokela (who was released from Robben Island in 1980), but his ineffectual term of office was marred by further mutinies, executions and assassinations. Following Pokela’s death, Leballo made a comeback through support from Libya, North Korea and Ghana. After his sudden death in January 1986, the DR faction, outmaneuvered by the ANC, fell into disarray leaving behind the legacy of a semi-national socialist political front.

Attacks on white civilians
After 1986, APLA rejected the MR faction's concept of the guerrilla as a social reformer and instead adopted an ultimately disastrous rallying cry of "One Settler, One Bullet". In the 1990–94 period, the organisation became known for its attacks on civilians despite the progress in negotiations at the Convention for a Democratic South Africa.

Operation Great Storm
In 1991 APLA launched Operation Great Storm, a violent paramilitary campaign aimed at displacing white farmers to reclaim land for black Africans and obtaining arms and funding. Initially APLA attacked and robbed farmsteads in the Free State and Eastern Cape provinces resulting in a number of farm deaths. Attacks would later expand to urban civilian targets such as churches, hotels and drinking establishments. The APLA’s chief commander, Sabelo Phama, declared that he "would aim his guns at children - to hurt whites where it hurts most."

Phama proclaimed 1993 as "The Year of the Great Storm" and sanctioned the following attacks on civilians:

 * King William's Town Golf Club on 28 November 1992, killing four people.
 * Highgate Hotel in East London on 1 May 1993, killing five people.
 * Saint James Church massacre in Kenilworth on 25 July 1993, killing 11 people during a church service.
 * Heidelberg Tavern Massacre in Observatory on 31 December 1993, killing four.
 * Mdantsane on 11 March 1994, killing three Iranians at a Baha'i Faith meeting for being 'white'. APLA took responsibility for the attacks, stating that: "The men were shot to show there is no role in the new South Africa for any one of the race that invented apartheid or suppressed the black masses."

In total thirty-two applications were received for attacks on civilians. In these incidents, 24 people were killed and 122 seriously injured.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission concluded that the PAC-sanctioned action directed towards white South Africans were.

End of the armed struggle
In April 1992, PAC President Clarence Makwetu declared during the PAC's Annual Congress that his party would now not oppose participation in the multi-racial negotiations to end the apartheid. In spite of their failure to achieve their goals at the negotiations, the PAC decided to participate in the 1994 elections, and PAC leader Clarence Makwetu ordered APLA to end its armed struggle.

Post-1994
In 1994, APLA was disbanded and absorbed into the new South African National Defence Force, although members of the MR-faction refused to accept this agreement. Attempts by MR officers to regroup in Vietnam, North Korea, and China were unsuccessful, although links were maintained with the Tamil Tigers and Maoist groups in Nepal and India. Occasional propaganda leaflets distributed within South Africa focus on disparity of wealth and the issue of land.

title: Azanian People's Liberation Army


text: User:NeonMerlin/boxes

title: User:NeonMerlin/boxes


text:
Talk:Aetherius Society

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: https://www.aetherius.org/spiritual-optimism/. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, and, if allowed under fair use, may copy sentences and phrases, provided they are included in quotation marks and referenced properly. The material may also be rewritten, providing it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Therefore, such paraphrased portions must provide their source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Edwardx (talk) 10:16, 26 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aetherius Society


text:
Talk:Panagia

Title vs Item
Perhaps we could have two sections to this article. The first could be about the Panagia, the Theotokos and why the Orthodox Church celebrates her by this title, and the second could be about a panagia, an engolpion of her, as worn by a bishop. JHCC 16:35, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Panagia/Panajia
User:Caa896 copied the entire article to another article entitled Panajia. Since this is just an alternate transliteration, I've changed that page to a redirect to this, as well as adding a couple of details. JHCC 01:32, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

a note about the transliteration (google test):

Panaghia about 24800 results Panagia about 127000 results Panajia about 11200 results.

I believe we should add a line clarifying even further the meaning of this title: Panagia is holy on everything, on all aspects.MATIA 23:43, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Merge
This should be merged with Our Lady of the Sign Johnbod 03:02, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

"St. Mary"
Second paragraph says "...the standard western Christian designation of "St. Mary"... I was raised Catholic and have many Protestant friends. In my entire life (I'm 66) I have never heard Mary called "St. Mary." Don't know where author gets justification for this statement. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.232.200.227 (talk) 13:49, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Panagia


text:
User talk:NeonMerlin/archive 1

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
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And here's something to know; please understand the difference between a user page and a user talk page. Georgia guy 16:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Block
Thanks for your e-mail. I'm surprised that you were affected by the block on ; I'd understood that opening an account meant that IP-address blocks wouldn't affect you. I'll ask around, and try to find out what happened. The block has expired now, so I assume that everything's OK? Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 18:56, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Blocked?
Are you currently able to edit? You should be. The block on User:38.116.192.13 is still in effect, but there is no block on your username. If you can't edit, something's funny. android 79  05:44, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Alice obstrum
This article makes no sense, and it reads like patent nonsense. Is it? - SimonP 03:43, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Please don't do such things, it is considered vandalism. - SimonP 20:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Danger
Template:Danger has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at Templates for deletion. Thank you. --cesarb 02:16, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Brainwashing and Mind Control
Please take part at the merge vote under Talk:Mind control --Irmgard 16:19, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Cotw-screen.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Cotw-screen.gif. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images on Wikipedia is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. You can get help on image copyright tagging from Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags. --OrphanBot 04:10, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The game itself has been released PD, and I took the screen shot myself. Does that mean I hold the copyright, or is the screen shot ineligible? Seahen 04:39, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That's an interesting question, actually - I just asked on WPT:ICT. Just thought you'd be interested in knowing. :) -- Schnee (cheeks clone) 00:42, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've put it back, because I'm at least sure it's fair use or better, if I don't uphold copyright to it (which I don't). Seahen 00:52, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Convention of using Nuvola icons
Where can I read more about it? --logixoul 06:55, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Pardon my French, but when exactly has such a standard been passed? I don't see any reason to change the icons of a random selection of stubs, since editors and stub sorters are used to them. It is a particularly bad idea regarding the flags, since some of us at WP:WSS (particularly me) have been working hard in bringing order to the original mess regarding the flag icons. It'll look very bad when articles are double- or even triple-stubbed, if some of these stubs use a "straight" flag and others a waving flag. Such articles are all over the place. For what I can see, the Nuvola package doesn't have icons for all nations, particularly not icons of a similar design. Moreover, it would have been a nice idea to debate any largescale edits with WP:WSS since we're the ones maintaining the stub templates. Regards. Valentinian (talk) 16:19, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've reverted the edits to the templates using flags. Please do not undo them unless consulting with WP:WSS first. At the moment, the system is consistent, and we'd like to keep it that way. Regards. Valentinian (talk) 16:43, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Image:Mariostar.gif
Moved to Image talk:Mariostar.gif Seahen 22:48, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Template:Windows-stub
is not fair use. It is GFDL, because it is part of, which in turn is part of the GFDLed Nuvola icon set. This means it is free to use on Template:Windows-stub. If you have any further questions, I would appreciate them on my talk page. Seahen 19:59, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You can't claim "GFDL" while at the same time infringing on someone else's trademark. The item in question is a near-perfect copy of a trademarked logo, and as such isn't considered a "creative work" under United States copyright law.  It's actually a form of trademark infringement, which can open up Wikimedia to litigation, and that can't be allowed.  You're going to find that Wikipedia will put up a lot of resistance to such an image being used, so please, don't bother with this.  Warrens 23:36, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If I'm infringing on a trademark with this logo, then so is David Vignoni (creator of Nuvola), who claims he can release the above icon under the GFDL. Seahen 00:15, 17 April 2006 (UTC)
 * You may want to learn more about U.S. fair use doctrine before making such claims. One of the central points of fair use doctrine is the quantity or percentage of the original copyrighted work that makes up the new work. Refer to Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, and Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters, among other decisions. Thus it is entirely possible that the first image is copyright infringement, but the second image falls under fair use. The trademark issue is completely separate. Kaldari 07:21, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Userbox
Here you go, though may I please suggest you tone down the wording before reusing it? (By the way, I would have subst'ed it onto your userpage, but my browser froze trying to load it. That page is huge.) Dmcdevit·t 03:29, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Then this is what I'll use. Seahen 20:42, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

User Box 2
Are you an Icon maker? I need a new User Box Due to the fact I was looking at the history of the Wikipedia "Icon"-article page today, I was on your User Page. I thought I'd contact you because I'd like to find someone to make a new User Box. Personally, I have no experience or expertise/knowledge for attempting to make one myself (not an artist at all).

I'd like to see a User Box for: "users who enjoy Cross-Country Skiing" As you may guess, these are pastimes that some of us in the North enjoy, and I believe there would be others with User Pages who also enjoy this recreation/sport and might put the Box on their page.

Thanks for considering my request. Joel Russ 16:17, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Code monkey question
Just out of curiousity, why the change of image? was the second drawing Len did, and (in both his opinion and mine) better fits the song than does. As to which more resembles the typical code monkey, I'd say the both have issues. The code monkeys I've seen tend to dress in button-up shirts and slacks; generally it's the hackers who are the ones programming without any pants... scot 15:01, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I chose the first, because it was in full colour and contained additional elements (such as the code backdrop and the computer monitor). But it doesn't have to be one or the other. I see three other options:

 * The article could use both images, despite their similarities.
 * I could rework [[Image:Code Monkey.jpg|50px]] (the license allows derivs), colouring it and adding some code similar to what's in [[Image:Code Monkey colour.jpg|50px]].
 * We could use a different image altogether, but we'd probably have to settle for fair use.
 * What do you think should be done? Seahen 03:43, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I could swear I replied to this last week; maybe the "Save page" request didn't go through...

 * I think either of the first two would work. I used the low-color image because it does better fit the "Code Monkey" song, which is about an under-appreciated programmer (sense 3, frustrated "Don't ask me, I'm just a code monkey" type usage).  The color drawing looks more to me like a sense 1 code monkey, due to the blank stare.  I put in a link to a ThinkGeek Code Monkey T-shirt which looks more like a sense 2 use (though I object to being called a  "sixer").  scot 15:09, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Template:User The Sims
Hi there, noticed you recently changed the language used on the above mentioned template. Was there a reason for this? It really should remain in english and I cannot see a reason why changing the template to a foreign language is suitable. Enigmatical 01:21, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not a foreign language, it's Simlish! Seahen 01:39, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well in the future it might be a good idea to actually include a description of your edit so that people understand what you are doing. Enigmatical 01:31, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

in Sildenafil
What picture(s) are needed? DMacks 04:35, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Just a pill, and maybe the packaging as well. Seahen 23:20, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Game
Why does your bot tell me that the "Definitions" heading and the Template:Wiktionary that follows it are out of order?! Seahen 03:26, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Someone inappropriately used subst: on an 1911 Britannica template, causing a link to "Category:1911 Britannica" to appear directly above the "Definitions" header, where it does not belong. Someone has subsequently fixed it. -- Beland 18:19, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I substed it so that I could change "article" to "section." Why wasn't there a Template:Sect1911 or anything until just now?

Category:Aspergian Wikipedians
Category:Aspergian Wikipedians which you have included on your user page has been proposed for deletion you can comment at Categories for deletion. The is also a proposal to create an association to meet the needs of users with mental health conditions. --Salix alba (talk) 18:56, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Re: Merge Template
Wait can you refresh my memory of what you are referring to?- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 11:18, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

The focus of the Strategy game article was really the computer games and only gave peripheral attention to other forms. The Game of strategy article really focused on the what the purpose and objective of a general type of game. I feel that what was said in one wouldn't necessarily apply in the other.- Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg | Talk 11:28, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

Re:Unblocking
If your IP is blocked, there's unfortuantly nothing we can do. Sorry, hopefull the block will expire soon. Sasquatch t|c 04:52, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:MS Sam.ogg
Thanks for uploading Image:MS Sam.ogg. The image description page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 01:05, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Game
No, it wasn't exactly copyediting, I shouldn't have called it that in the summary. However, the reason I did the replacements was to create consistency, I really hate to see hedgehogs when it is very easy to make it hedgehogs. I think the latter is more aesthetically pleasing. Emmett5 20:33, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the advice, I'll stop being so indiscriminate in piping. Emmett5 21:43, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Image:Ambigram Wikipedia.png
Sorry, the image Image:Ambigram Wikipedia.png does not belong on WP:IFD, as it is a Commons image. since April 29, it appears. If you want it deleted, I suggest deletion requests on Commons. Thank you for your understanding. -- WC  Quidditch  ☎   ✎  23:11, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject Award
I noticed that you added your PUA for the WikiProject Computer and video games to the wikiproject page. The reason I did this is because of no support or a lack of consensus during the debate about the award for your project. You can check out the archive. The informal protocol is that all awards posted to the barnstar, wikiproject or award pages be vetted first. I suggest you post the award again and get some support for your proposal. --evrik 15:40, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Thank You
Hello Seahen and thank you for the welcome and compliment concerning my editing of Game. Part of the hassle of Wikipedia (to me) is how a world of people who all use grammar differently must constantly compromise on how articles should be written. All of the WP guidelines in the universe won't change members' needs to rearrange as they see fit even if the change is incorrect. However, I suppose it balances out most often. Just as you did not agree with all of my edits, I did not agree with all of yours (though your edits did show me one big mistake my rephrasing made/missed), but checks and balances is what the site is all about! Best regards, CobraWiki 17:57, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Protocols image
Seahen, the 2005 edition of the Syrian Protocols was obviously not available in 1923, and it is the 2005 edition that we want to illustrate. SlimVirgin (talk) 17:04, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Why the 2005 Protocols? The book itself hasn't changed since it was first published, has it? If not, then the article could depict the same book just as well with an older cover. Seahen 17:08, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Signpost updated for July 10th
You are receiving this message because you have signed up for the Signpost spamlist. If you wish to stop receiving these messages, simply remove your name from the list.

Signpost delivered by: RoyBoy 800 04:58, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Red link
I've deleted the redirect you created at red link; that page is used on various Wikipedia pages as an example of, well, a red link. Placing a redirect, or any other content, there makes the link blue, which rather defeats the point. For further discussion, see Talk:Red link. —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 14:10, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Exactly what on Talk:Red link persuaded you to do this? I see no such suggestion there. —Ilmari Karonen (talk) 17:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I made the relevant talk page comment after I finished the batch of edits. I had been under the false impression that the edits themselves would take a trivial amount of time, on the order of 15 minutes, but they took much longer. I guess I'm not accustomed to the slower 'Net connection at my mom's house. Seahen Neon Merlin  18:35, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Umm, huh? That doesn't answer his question. There was no edit war going on. One user simply complained about why his content was deleted, until he was informed of the reason. Also, when undertaking a project, it is considered polite to discuss it first, and get group opinions before beginning the editing process. -- kenb215 00:12, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * That user wasn't the first to attempt to create the page, and if we keep using red link as an example red link, he won't be the last. Seahen Neon Merlin  02:19, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

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Signpost updated for July 17th
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Question in it.wiki
Hi, I have preferred to answer here. Ciao --Biopresto 13:31, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Requests for protection
Hi, there. I'm just informing you that you placed your request for protection at WP:RFP at the incorrect location in the 'fulfilled/denied requests' section at the bottom, instead of the 'new requests' section at the top. I moved it to the proper location once, but it appears you accidentally missed it and now there are two listings for it. :) Cowman109 Talk 03:50, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Article creation
Please do not create 'The weather in London' as an article again. This is deliberately left as an uncreated article, linked from some pages to show that it is a title inappropriate for Wikipedia. See Talk:The weather in London for details. PS: Since you ask, it's over 30 degrees, bright sunshine, though there are some clouds. The temperature is slightly lower than yesterday. David | Talk 14:28, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've raised this at the administrator's noticeboard. David | Talk 14:58, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

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Toursim in Japan
Hi NeonMerlin,

You put a copyright violation template on the article Tourism in Japan, to which I contributed. My contributions are certainly original, and they are present in the external web site. So, I think the copying is in reverse, that is, the external site copied the Wikipedia article. What do you think?

Fg2 21:22, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:NeonMerlin/archive 1


text:
User talk:195.92.40.49

 * This IP address is part of the range 195.92.0.0 - 195.92.255.255 owned by Cable & Wireless Worldwide. It is used to provide internet access for UK Government departments via one-to-many network address translation - and by bona fide editors, as well as by vandals, as evidenced below. See also 62.25.106.209.

August 2014
This IP address is back in the news, see Talk:Kris Hopkins.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 16:05, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

September 2014
Hello, I'm TheEpTic. I wanted to let you know that I undid one of your recent contributions, such as the one you made with this edit to British Jews, because it didn’t appear constructive to me. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. TheEpTic (talk) 18:00, 30 September 2014 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

January 2015
Please do not add or change content, as you did to Ross Drummond (footballer), without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. GiantSnowman 12:54, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

June 2015
Hello, I'm Panyd. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Right-wing dictatorship because it did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks. PanydThe muffin is not subtle 15:33, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * If this is a shared IP address, and you did not make the edits, consider creating an account for yourself so you can avoid further irrelevant notices.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: User talk:195.92.40.49


text:
Virtual Kasparov

Virtual Kasparov is a chess video game developed by Titus Interactive Studio, published by Titus Interactive and distributed in Europe by Virgin Interactive for the PlayStation and Game Boy Advance. Game can be played against beginners, novices, champions, or personality players. Games that Garry Kasparov played during his career, as well as interviews about his chess career, can be viewed in the game.

Game Boy Advance version
The main mode of the Game Boy Advance is the story mode. The player starts with two continents to play on, Africa and the Americas. After four players on one continent are beaten, a fifth opponent is unlocked. When four players from both Africa and the Americas are defeated, two new continents are unlocked Asia (sans Russia) and Europe (sans Russia). Once four players from both Asia and Europe are defeated the player is granted access to the subcontinent of Russia. There are a total of 31 opponents in Virtual Kasparov. Opponents are of various ages, backgrounds, experience levels, and geographic locations. Every opponent has a short backstory in story mode.

Critical reaction
The Game Boy Advance version received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Steve Butts of IGN said the same handheld version "suffer[s] from some considerable shortcomings, most notably in the area of presentation. The AI is still good enough to make the game enjoyable and challenging, but the lack of some key features leaves you feeling somewhat unsatisfied."

Will Grigoratos of PlayStation Illustrated was pleased with the PlayStation version's 2D graphics, but felt the "3D mode leaves a lot to be desired." Grigoratos called the tutorial for chess beginners "excellent", but concluded the game to ultimately be "a run-of-the-mill chess game, with a few neat frills".

title: Virtual Kasparov


text:
File:BlindJim.jpg

Licensing
Model for The University of Mississippi's controversial mascot, "Colonel Reb."

title: File:BlindJim.jpg


text:
User:Bloomfield

See:
 * Administrators' noticeboard/Archive73 (Jan 2007)
 * Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive522 (March 2009)
 * Requests for checkuser/Case/Bloomfield (Jan 2007 + Dec 2008)
 * Requests for checkuser/Case/Kidsunited (Dec 2007)
 * Articles for deletion/Tõnu Trubetsky (June 2008)

title: User:Bloomfield


text: User talk:209.66.201.6

title: User talk:209.66.201.6


text:
User talk:Vindication!

yeah, um, this is me, and im cool.

neils a gigantic whoremonger, who needs to stop blowing his pet goldfish

title: User talk:Vindication!


text:
USS Renshaw (1862)

The first USS Renshaw was a schooner in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.

Renshaw, a new schooner still unrigged, was captured by a boatcrew from USS Louisiana (1861) in the Tar River some 5 miles above Washington, North Carolina, on 20 May 1862. The members of the expedition named the prize, taken without papers, for Louisiana's commanding officer, Comdr. Richard T. Renshaw. R. T. Renshaw, soon renamed Renshaw so that she might also honor his brother, the late Comdr. William B. Renshaw, was placed in service as an ordnance hulk and formally purchased by the Navy from the Boston Prize Court on 28 October 1862.

She served in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron through the remainder of the Civil War and was sold at Norfolk, Virginia on 12 August 1865.

title: USS Renshaw (1862)


text:
Siege of Corinth

The Siege of Corinth (also known as the First Battle of Corinth) was an American Civil War engagement lasting from April 29 to May 30, 1862, in Corinth, Mississippi. A collection of Union forces under the overall command of Major General Henry Halleck engaged in a month-long siege of the city, whose Confederate occupants were commanded by General P.G.T. Beauregard. The siege resulted in the capture of the town by Federal forces.

The town was a strategic point at the junction of two vital railroad lines, the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. Former Confederate Secretary of War LeRoy Pope Walker called this intersection "the vertebrae of the Confederacy." General Halleck argued: "Richmond and Corinth are now the great strategic points of the war, and our success at these points should be insured at all hazards." Another reason for the town's importance was that, if captured by Union forces, it would threaten the security of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and render Southern control of the track west of that East Tennessee bastion meaningless.

The siege ended when the outnumbered Confederates withdrew on May 29. This effectively cut off the prospect of further Confederate attempts to regain western Tennessee. The Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant took control and made it the base for Grant's operations to seize control of the Mississippi River Valley and especially the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant later recalled in his memoirs the importance Corinth held in the cause of a Union victory in the region: "Corinth was a valuable strategic point for the enemy to hold, and consequently a valuable one for us to possess ourselves of." General C. S. Hamilton later recounted that the importance of Corinth was summed up as such: "The Confederate armies had been driven from the Ohio River, almost out of the States of Tennessee and Kentucky a steadying back for a distance of 200 miles Federal occupation reaching the Gulf States where chivalrous foes had been sure Yankee would never set foot." Sherman too later wrote of the importance that Corinth held after the Second Battle of Corinth was concluded: "In Memphis I could see its effects upon the citizens, and they openly admitted that their cause had sustained a death-blow."

With the siege of Corinth completed, Federal troops had the opportunity to strike towards Vicksburg or Chattanooga, but it was after the Second Battle of Corinth that October that Grant struck for Vicksburg. The Siege of Corinth was described by General Sherman as a change in the tactics in West Tennessee: "The effect of the battle of Corinth was very great. It was, indeed, a decisive blow to the Confederate cause in our quarter, and changed the whole aspect of affairs in West Tennessee. From the timid defensive we were at once enabled to assume the bold offensive."

Military situation
Following the Union Army victory at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6–7, Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck amassed three Union armies —the Army of the Tennessee, the Army of the Ohio, and the Army of the Mississippi— for an advance on the vital rail center of Corinth, Mississippi. Made cautious by the staggering losses at Shiloh, Halleck embarked on a tedious campaign of offensive entrenchment, fortifying after each advance. By May 25, 1862, after moving five miles in three weeks, Halleck was in position to lay siege to the town. Confederate morale was low and Beauregard was outnumbered two to one. The water was bad. Typhoid and dysentery had felled thousands of his men. At a council of war, the Confederate officers concluded that they could not hold the railroad crossover. Sickness had claimed the lives of as many men as the Confederacy had lost at Shiloh.

Union
The Department of the Mississippi, commanded by Maj. Gen. Henry Halleck, was divided into three wings. Each wing corresponded to one of the three armies under his command. It totaled 120,172 men “present for duty."

 * The Army of the Mississippi, designated the “Left Wing,” commanded by Maj. Gen. John Pope, totaled 21,510 men “present for duty”.
 * The Army of the Ohio, designated the “Center Wing,” commanded by Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, totaled 48,108 men “present for duty.”
 * The Army of the Tennessee, designated the “Right Wing,” commanded by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, totaled 50,554 men “present for duty.”

Confederate
The Army of Mississippi, commanded by General P. G. T. Beauregard, who also held overall command of all Confederate forces at Corinth, consisted of 45,440 men on April 30. It was divided into four corps:

 * I Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk,
 * II Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg, included the divisions of Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham and Maj. Gen. Jones M. Withers.
 * III Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee, included the brigades of Col. Robert G. Shaver, Brig. Gen. Patrick Cleburne, Brig. Gen. S. A. M. Wood, and Brig. Gen. John S. Marmaduke.
 * The Reserve Corps, commanded by Brig. Gen. John C. Breckinridge.

The Army of the West, commanded by Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn, consisted of 12,901 men under the divisions of Maj. Gen. Samuel Jones, Maj. Gen. Sterling Price, and Maj. Gen. John P. McCown.

Monterey
The federal division under Stanley moved south down the road to Corinth to search for the enemy on April 29, 1862. Brigadier General Elliot with 16 companies of cavalry including the 2nd Iowa Cavalry Regiment and part of the 2nd Michigan Cavalry Regiment, made contact with Confederate pickets of Forrest's 3rd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment who retreated rapidly leaving some infantry of Patton Anderson's brigade in camp unprepared. The 2nd Iowa captured 11 men in its dash. Then 2nd Iowa entered Monterey and captured more of the enemy. The 2nd Iowa continued until it came to a bridge opposed by Washington's Louisiana Battery and Colonel Kelly's men of 3rd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment. The 2nd Iowa charged into canister fire and lost one killed and three wounded. The 2nd Iowa retired some distance away. Kelly reported one or two of his men killed and no mention of captured.

Farmington
Of Halleck's wing commanders John Pope proved to be the most aggressive during the campaign. Pope led the army's Left Wing and was furthest away from Halleck's headquarters. On May 3 Pope moved forward and captured the town of Farmington only a few miles from Corinth. Instead of moving the Center Wing under Don Carlos Buell forward, Halleck ordered Pope to withdraw and realign with Buell. General Pierre G. T. Beauregard ordered Earl Van Dorn to attack Pope's advanced wing on May 9. Pope made a successful withdrawal and rejoined with Buell. General Braxton Bragg of the Confederate States Army (CSA), who also participated in the attack, had 25,000 men. The Union Army had 12,000 troops on hand. Van Dorn's corps, barely engaged, had 9 casualties. Daniel Ruggles's division of Bragg's Corp, on the other hand, which bore the brunt of the fighting, suffered casualties of 8 dead, 89 wounded and two missing or captured. The Union Army had 16 killed, 148 wounded and 14 missing or captured.

The 8th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment was ordered to draw the enemy out as to count their numbers and they withdrew to a swamp north of town. Wisconsin 8th reported 5 killed, 14 severely wounded, and 19 slightly wounded. Old Abe the Screaming Eagle accompanied the Wisconsin 8th Infantry.

The 5th Minnesota Infantry Regiment arrived in Corinth on May 24 and reported to  Gen. John Pope,  in  the field  before  Corinth,  Miss.,  and  were  assigned  to  the  Second  Brigade,  First  Division,  Army  of  the  Mississippi. The regiment  had  hardly  time  to  establish  its camp  and  realize  its  surroundings  before  it  was  brought  into  action. On the 28th  of  May,  four  days  after  it  had  reached  the  front,  it  participated  in  the  tail end of the battle  of  Farmington,  contributing a number of killed and wounded.

Russell's House
As the wings of Halleck's army group began to align themselves in front of Corinth, Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman proposed a plan of attack against the Confederate brigade of Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers, which had created a strong defensive position at the Russell house along the Confederate front lines. Sherman met with generals Halleck and George Henry Thomas on May 16 to discuss his plan. Sherman planned for the brigades of Colonel Morgan L. Smith and Brig. Gen. James W. Denver to lead the attack with Maj. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut's division lending support. On May 17 the attack commenced with Denver on the right, Smith in the center and Hurlbut's reserve to the right. Chalmers offered a stubborn resistance while some of his men fired from within the Russell house. The Confederates almost succeeded with a flank attack against Smith's right but were repulsed by Colonel Thomas Kilby Smith and the 54th Ohio Infantry. As soon as a battery from the 1st Illinois Artillery deployed the advantage was in favor of the Union forces. Chalmers retreated beyond Philips Creek near the Russell house property and Morgan Smith's brigade occupied high ground on which the house stood. Sherman's losses were 10 killed and 31 wounded all of which were from Smith's brigade. Confederate losses were unknown but Sherman reported 12 dead left on the field. That same day a division under Brig. Gen. Thomas W. Sherman drove off a Confederate force covering a crossing along Bridge Creek.

Widow Surratt Farm
On May 21 Maj. Gen. William "Bull" Nelson ordered Colonel Thomas D. Sedgwick to conduct a reconnaissance-in-force against the Confederate trenches along Bridge Creek near Widow Surratt's farm Sedgwick moved forward from the Union trenches occupied by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood's division and deployed the 20th Kentucky infantry at the edge of a clearing and the 1st Kentucky infantry to the left facing a densely wooded area. Shortly after deployment the Kentuckians came under fire. The Confederate resistance was so severe Sedgwick was forced to fall back. Sedgwick brought forward artillery and the 2nd Kentucky infantry while General Wood lent cavalry support from his division. The Confederates attempted a flank attack against the 1st Kentucky but the Union artillery (personally supervised by Captain Alvan C. Gillem of Buell's staff) and the 31st Indiana infantry in reserve stabilized the line. The Confederates made three more attempts to turn the Union flank until retiring to a creek beyond the Surratt farm. General Nelson ordered Sedgwick to hold his position until nightfall, then return to the Union camp. A week later General Buell mounted an attack to gain the high ground surrounding the Surratt farm.

Double Log House
On May 27 Halleck ordered Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman to drive the Confederates from a log house along the Corinth Road and make a strong demonstration against Corinth itself if possible. At the edge of a cotton field along Sherman's front was a double log house which the Confederates had converted into a block house by removing the chinking between the logs. Sherman formed an attacking column with Morgan L. Smith's brigade on the left and James W. Denver's brigade on the right. John A. Logan's brigade (from John A. McClernand's reserve corps) and James C. Veatch's brigade (from Stephen A. Hurlbut's division) were also brought up for support. Colonel Ezra Taylor fired several artillery rounds to signal the infantry attack. Denver and Smith quickly overtook the log house by storm and secured the hilltop position. The Confederates rallied and drove in Sherman's skirmishers but the counterattack was repulsed by the main line of infantry with artillery support. The following day the rest of Sherman's division and artillery moved forward to the new position which offered a good vantage point into Corinth itself. Generals Ulysses S. Grant and George H. Thomas were both present on the field during this engagement, giving approval for the behavior of operation.

Surratt's Hill
Confederate infantry had been using a hill in the vicinity of the Widow Surratt farm for picket outposts. With all his wings in line, Halleck ordered Buell to clear the Confederates off the Surratt farm hill. Buell chose Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook's reserve division to seize the hill to be used as a staging point for a further attack against Corinth. On May 27 McCook organized his brigades into line of attack intending to overwhelm the Confederates by surprise and overwhelming force. The brigades of Brig. Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau and Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson led the advance, side by side. Colonel Frederick S. Stumbaugh's brigade followed in support of Johnson and Colonel Robert L. McCook's brigade (from Thomas W. Sherman's division) in support of Rousseau. Johnson's brigade encountered some heavy skirmishing but the hill was taken in short time. McCook's division entrenched and brought heavy artillery to the new position and immediately began to shell the Confederates. Beauregard's artillery responded with minimal effort. The engagement at the Surratt farm hill allowed Halleck to bring forward siege guns for the bombardment of Corinth.

Bridge Creek
On May 28 Maj. Gen. Nelson ordered Colonel Sedgwick to seize a Confederate-held crossing of Bridge Creek, a small tributary of the Tuscumbia River. Sedgwick moved his brigade out from the main Union trenches with the 2nd and 20th Kentucky infantry regiments in the lead. Sedgwick drove in the Confederate pickets then encountered a larger force guarding the bridge. The Kentucky infantry managed to gain hold of the eastern end of the bridge while Sedgwick ordered forward the 31st Indiana infantry and Captain John Mendenhall's artillery battery. These reinforcements and artillery forced the Confederates to abandon the bridge completely.

Retreat
With the Federal army preparing to lay siege to the town, a Confederate council of war decided to retreat. Confederate commander General P. G. T. Beauregard saved his army by a hoax. Some of the men were given three days' rations and ordered to prepare for an attack. As expected, one or two went over to the Union with that news. The preliminary bombardment began, and Union forces maneuvered for position. During the night of May 29, the Confederate army moved out. They used the Mobile and Ohio Railroad to carry the sick and wounded, the heavy artillery, and tons of supplies. When a train arrived, the troops cheered as though reinforcements were arriving. They set up dummy Quaker Guns along the defensive earthworks. Camp fires were kept burning, and buglers and drummers played. The rest of the men slipped away undetected, withdrawing to Tupelo, Mississippi. When Union patrols entered Corinth on the morning of May 30, they found the Confederate troops gone. The Union forces took control and made it the base for their operations to seize control of the Mississippi River Valley, and especially the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Aftermath
John Pope, whose aggressiveness exceeded his strategic capabilities, remarked in his memoirs that Halleck's cautious campaign failed to take full advantage of a glittering array of talented Union officers, including "Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Thomas, McPherson, Logan, Buell, Rosecrans and many others I might mention."

A Confederate army led by Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn attempted to retake the city in October 1862, but was defeated in the Second Battle of Corinth by a Union army under the command of Rosecrans. At times during the second battle, Confederate forces seemed to have the upper hand but failed to follow up on their successes, leading to a devastating defeat for Confederate forces in that region. Rosecrans had the opportunity to crush rebel forces during the battle but failed to follow up his victory, allowing Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn to escape from destruction. Corinth ultimately led to the operations that opened the Mississippi River valley, which was considered by General Chief Henry W. Halleck as, "the opening of the Mississippi River will be to us of more advantage than the capture of forty Richmonds".

Preservation
The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have preserved more than 820 acres of the Corinth battlefield through mid-2023.

Memoirs and primary sources

 * Pope, John. The Military Memoirs of General John Pope. Edited by Peter Cozzens and Robert I. Girardi. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8078-2444-5.
 * U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.

title: Siege of Corinth


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Travelcard Zone 7

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:46, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Travelcard Zone 7
Travelcard Zone 7 is a fictional Travelcard zone - it's not even that, as it doesn't appear in any noteworthy works of fiction. Something purely made up by the author. Delete. Qwghlm 16:40, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Further to the above, it's worth noting no pages link to it and there are no relevant Google results for it, . Qwghlm 16:48, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Presently on WP:VFU. Radiant_* 09:01, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I voted to undelete this, but I cannot find at all where this fictional card should be. Not notable as far as I can see. Sjakkalle 11:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC
 * Delete pending verification. I lived in London for 3 years in the 90s and have been back several times, and I never heard this expression being used. Doesn't mean it doesn't exist, of course, but needs substantiation. Closest I could Google for was a proposal tucked in a 2002 government report for an actual Zone 7 here, at page 29, points 7.12 to 7.13 but that doesn't seem to have gotten anywhere. --khaosworks 14:52, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Not widely used - Tεx  τ  urε  15:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I live in London, I've never heard this term. Even if it exists, its little more than a dictionary deinifnition unless citations of its use can be made. --TimPope 18:38, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I added the claimed joke to Travelcard Zone 6, which seemed to flow better. Make into a redirect to there, and then argue the existence/notability of the joke in its talk page. Septentrionalis 18:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Problem is, noting the joke has the same problems about verifiability - it may be a hoax, and that means the inclusion of it in the Zone 6 article is erroneous. It should not go in anywhere unless it can be verified. --khaosworks 18:53, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * It should go there, and the argument about verification should take place there; thus probably providing consensus for the deletion. Septentrionalis 21:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * My point is merely this: it should not be included as fact in an article until we can show it's factual, i.e. after the argument about verification. Otherwise we're putting in misleading and inaccurate information in an article. --khaosworks 03:59, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect without a merge to Travelcard Zones A-D. --SPUI (talk) 03:56, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: If consensus is that it's real, I would suggest merging with Travelcard or Travelcard and redirecting appropriately.
 * Keep It's relevent and used widely.
 * Really? Can you show us a cite? --khaosworks 22:41, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I've vaguely heard of the expression before. Do not merge as it is a different concept to Zones A-D altogether. JuntungWu 08:00, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, until there is some evidence that anyone uses the terms. Just claiming that it's used by Londoners and non-Londoners alike, even though it's fictional, doesn't do it without supporting documentation.  RickK 22:11, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.