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Talk:Cannibal Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death

AfD result
Article has been kept following this VfD debate. Sjakkalle 11:07, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Removal of "needs infobox" tag
This article has had its infobox tag removed by a cleanup using AWB. Any concerns please leave me a message at my talk page. RWardy 19:31, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Piranha Women
According to Christine Lavin, the original title of this was Piranha Women in the Avocado Jungle of Death. Can anyone manage to work that in to the article properly?--uɐɔlnʌɟoʞǝɹɐs 21:37, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There will need to be reliable source to support this. Aoba47 (talk) 16:40, 2 October 2017 (UTC)


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Kimberly Stewart

Kimberly Alana Stewart (born August 20, 1979) is an American socialite, television personality, and model. She is the daughter of the British singer Rod Stewart and the American actress and model Alana Stewart.

Early life
Stewart was born on August 20, 1979, in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California. She is the second of Rod Stewart's eight children and second of Alana Stewart's three children. She is of Scottish and English descent through her father, who moved to the United States in 1975. She spent several years studying acting with coaches Janet Alhanti and Ivana Chubbuck. Stewart studied in London with theatre coaches Barbara Houseman (Central School of Speech and Drama/Royal Shakespeare Company coach) and Penny Dyer (Rada and Central School of Speech & Drama coach) and with singing coach Mark Meylan, who works with The Royal National Theatre.

She is close to both her parents, and also to George Hamilton, the father of her older half-brother Ashley Hamilton. She and her brother Sean both consider George to be their stepfather due to his close friendship with their mother.

The Realm by Kimberly Stewart
In January 2021, Stewart started The Realm by Kimberly Stewart, a luxury organization company based in Los Angeles, New York, and Palm Beach. Stewart and her team offer organization, declutter, unpacking, and design services for closets, bedrooms, bathrooms, pantries, kitchens, offices, garages, and more.

Acting
Stewart has worked as an actress and brand ambassador. Stewart's American television work includes a leading role in Going to California, written by Scott Rosenberg and directed by Ted Demme, and appearing in one episode of Judd Apatow's series, "Undeclared." Stewart's first film was James Toback′s Black and White, which also starred Robert Downey Jr. and Jared Leto. In 2011 Stewart starred in the movie Homecoming, written and directed by Sean Hackett.

Fashion
Stewart has appeared on the covers for Tatler and German Vanity Fair, which Bryan Adams shot; and she has worked with fashion companies including Tommy Hilfiger, American Vogue, L'uomo Vogue, Elle, Italian Vogue, Vanity Fair, MaxMara, Richard Tyler, Catherine Malandrino, underwear line Ultimo, Tatler, InStyle, House of Field, and Chrome Hearts.

Stewart realized an early ambition, at age 19, when she launched her own fashion collection – "Pinky Starfish." Known for its dresses made from French vintage fabrics, the range was sold in Tracey Ross, Lisa Kline and Barney's.

Modeling
On September 9, 2008, the Atlanta-based band Elevation released a music video for its single, "Razoreyes", starring Stewart.

Stewart posed nude in 2008 in the British society magazine Tatler, along with Peaches Geldof, daughter of the Boomtown Rats' Bob Geldof, and Leah Wood, daughter of the Rolling Stones' Ronnie Wood. The photographer was Canadian rocker and photographer Bryan Adams. Stewart had previously posed nude with a crucifix in Italian Vogue.

Personal life
On April 11, 2011, Benicio del Toro's publicist announced that Stewart was pregnant with their child. Stewart gave birth to a daughter, Delilah Genoveva Stewart on August 21, 2011. Delilah is Rod Stewart's first grandchild.

Filmography

 * Film

 * Television

 * Music videos

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kimberly Stewart


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Bishop Dwenger High School

Bishop Dwenger High School is a co-educational college preparatory high school in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States. Dwenger is named after Joseph Gregory Dwenger, the second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend.

Academic awards

 * Catholic High School Honor Roll - America's Top 50 (2006)
 * National Blue Ribbon School (2004)
 * Indiana 5 Star School (2018)

Athletics
The Bishop Dwenger athletic program has won state championships in the following sports:

 * Cheerleading (1998, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2016, 2019)
 * Gymnastics (1995, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2012)
 * Football (1983, 1990, 1991, 2015, 2018)
 * Girls' soccer (2005, 2006, 2020)
 * Softball (2010)
 * Rugby (2004, 2015)
 * Ice hockey (2014, 2019)
 * Volleyball (2020)

Notable alumni

 * Tom Dixon (born 1961), former professional football player
 * Tyler Eifert (born 1990), NFL Free agent
 * Jason Fabini (born 1974), former NFL offensive lineman
 * Stephanie Smith (born 1975), former NFL Cheerleader for the Indianapolis Colts
 * Eddie Gallagher (born 1979), former US Navy SEAL pardoned by President Trump from war crimes charges
 * Sarah Killion Woldmoe (born 1992), professional soccer player; plays for Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)
 * Andrea Russett (born 1995), Internet personality
 * Kimberly Brubaker Bradley (born 1967), author
 * Michael Y. Scudder (born 1971), United States Circuit Judge, appointed by President Trump in 2018
 * Joe Tippmann (born 2001), NFL offensive lineman for the New York Jets
 * Robert Morris, Indiana State Representative

title: Bishop Dwenger High School


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Category:Regional Wikipedian notice boards

For general information about regional notice boards, see Regional notice boards.


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Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend

The Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend (Dioecesis Wayne Castrensis–South Bendensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in north-central and northeastern Indiana in the United States.

The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Fort Wayne is the primary cathedral in the diocese and Saint Matthew's Cathedral in South Bend is the associate cathedral.

Bishop Kevin C. Rhoades was appointed bishop of Fort Wayne-South Bend by Pope Benedict XVI on November 14, 2009, and was installed on January 13, 2010.

Territory
The Diocese of Fort Wayne–South Bend encompasses 14 Indiana counties: Adams, Allen, DeKalb, Elkhart, Huntington, Kosciusko, LaGrange, Marshall, Noble, Steuben, St. Joseph, Wabash, Wells, and Whitley.

Early history
The Indiana area was part of the French colony of New France during the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. It was explored by French fur traders and missionaries under the Bishop of Quebec. It became British territory after the French Indian War ended in 1763; however, the British government refused to allow American colonists to enter the region.

Several years after the American Revolution in 1789, Pope Pius VI erected the Diocese of Baltimore, covering the entire United States. John Francis served as vicar-general in the west from 1798 until his death in 1804. In 1808, Pope Pius VII erected the Diocese of Bardstown, with jurisdiction over the Indiana Territory and other areas in the Midwest. In 1832, Stephen Badin established a mission at South Bend in what was now the State of Indiana.

Diocese of Vincennes
In 1834, Pope Gregory XVI erected the Diocese of Vincennes, encompassing all of Indiana and the eastern third of Illinois. The pope named Simon Bruté of Mount St. Mary's College in Emmitsburg, Maryland, as its first bishop. In 1835, Bruté was at South Bend in the course of a 600-mile visitation of the diocese. M. Ruff from Metz in France was assigned to St. Mary's Church in Fort Wayne. Ruff was fluent in English, French, and German. St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church in Lagro was first constructed in 1838, as was St. Vincent de Paul in Logansport and St. Charles Borromeo in Peru. Bruté died in 1839.

Bishop Célestin de la Hailandière, Bruté's coadjutor bishop and successor, offered land at South Bend to Edouard Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross to build a college. Sorin arrived in South Bend in November 1842, and began the school using Badin's old log chapel. This was the start of the University of Notre Dame. In 1840, Julian Benoit purchased the land in Fort Wayne for the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. Benoit routinely covered over a dozen mission stations by canal boat or horseback.

Diocese of Fort Wayne
In 1857, Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Fort Wayne, taking its territory from the Diocese of Vincennes. The pope appointed John Luers of the Diocese of Cincinnati as the first bishop of Fort Wayne.

Luers founded St. Patrick's Parish in Chesterton in 1858, as well as St. Paul's Parish in Valparaiso. In 1863, Luers held a synod of priests at the University of Notre Dame in which he established the laws and constitution for the diocese. That same year, due to the large German-speaking population in the diocese, Luers invited the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ, a German religious order, to come to the diocese. He established an orphanage in Rensselaer for children who had lost their parents during the American Civil War. He also founded the Catholic Clerical Benevolent Association of the Diocese of Fort Wayne for the support of elderly and sick priests. Luers died in 1871.

In 1872, Pope Pius IX appointed Joseph Dwenger as the second bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne. He helped establish Immaculate Conception parish in Celina in Mercer County. In 1875, he erected an orphan asylum and a trade school for boys at Lafayette. Dwenger was a zealous promoter of the parochial school system. In 1886, he erected an asylum for orphan girls at Fort Wayne. Dwenger died in 1893 after 21 years as bishop of Fort Wayne.

To replace Dwenger, Pope Leo XIII in 1893.appointed Bishop Joseph Rademacher of the Diocese of Nashville. Rademacher died in 1900. The next bishop of Fort Wayne was Herman Alerding of the Diocese of Vincennes, named by Leo XIII in 1900. At Alerding's request, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth came to the diocese in 1902 to work in the parochial schools. The Sisters of St. Francis of Maryville arrived in 1906; they had charge of the Wabash Railway hospital at Peru, known as St. Ann's Hospital. The Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Heart opened Sacred Heart Hospital in Garrett, Indiana in 1901; it later became Garrett Community Hospital.

During World War I, Alerding established the Fort Wayne Diocesan War Council. Under Alerding's administration, the number of diocesan priests rose from 109 in 1900 to 210 in 1925. In 1900, the diocese had 102 churches with resident pastors, 39 mission churches, and 73 parochial schools; in 1924, there were 148 churches with resident pastors, 31 mission churches, and 106 parochial schools. Alerding died in 1924.

John F. Noll was appointed the fifth bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne by Pope Pius XI in 1925. As a bishop, he built a preparatory seminary, several high schools, and an orphanage. During the Great Depression, Noll reorganized the system of Catholic charities. In 1944, the diocese became suffragan to the newly elevated Archdiocese of Indianapolis. In 1944 and 1956, the diocese lost territory to the newly formed dioceses of Lafayette and Gary, respectively.

After Noll died in 1956, Pope Pius XII named Auxiliary Bishop Leo Pursley as his replacement. In 1960, Pope John XXIII renamed the diocese as the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend.

Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend
After Pursley retired in 1976, Pope Paul VI appointed Auxiliary Bishop William McManus of the Archdiocese of Chicago as the next bishop of Fort Wayne-South Bend. He retired in 1985. The next bishop was Auxiliary Bishop John Michael D'Arcy from the Archdiocese of Boston, named by Pope John Paul II in 1985. D'Arcy served as bishop until his retirement in 2009.

The current bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend is Kevin C. Rhoades, previously bishop of the Diocese of Harrisburg. Rhodes was appointed in 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI.

Reports of sex abuse
In 2008, court papers revealed that Bishop Pursley in 1972 wrote to Bishop John Marshall of the Diocese of Burlington about Reverend Edward Paquette. Paquette wanted to transfer from Fort Wayne-South Bend to Vermont. In his letter, Pursley warned Marshall that Paquette had been accused of molesting boys and should, if accepted in Vermont, be kept away from children. Marshall allowed Paquette to transfer, but ignored Pursley's advice to restrict him. In 2008, the Diocese of Burlington paid out a $8.7 million settlement to a Vermont sexual abuse victim of Paquette.

In September 2018, Bishop Rhoades released a list of 18 priests and deacons who previously served the diocese and were credibly accused of sexually abusing minors.

In 2018, the Pennsylvania Grand Jury investigation of sexual abuse in the church revealed information about Reverend William Presley who faced allegations of sexual abuse in the 1970s when he was assigned to the University of Notre Dame and again later in Pennsylvania. In 2006, Rhoades (then Bishop of Harrisburg) wrote to the Vatican asking that Reverend William Presley be laicized. In his letter, Rhoades termed Presley as a "sexual predator" and a danger to the Catholic community. Rhoades reported him to law enforcement, but did not report him to the general public, fearing scandal.

Bishops of Fort Wayne

 * 1) John Henry Luers (1857–1871)
 * 2) Joseph Gregory Dwenger (1872–1893)
 * 3) Joseph Rademacher (1893–1900)
 * 4) Herman Joseph Alerding (1900–1924)
 * 5) John F. Noll (1925–1956) – elevated to Archbishop ad personam in 1953

Bishops of Fort Wayne–South Bend

 * 1) Leo Aloysius Pursley (1956–1976) (diocese name changed in 1960)
 * 2) William Edward McManus (1976–1985)
 * 3) John Michael D'Arcy (1985–2009)
 * 4) Kevin Carl Rhoades (2009–present)

Auxiliary bishops

 * Leo Aloysius Pursley (1950-1955)
 * Joseph Robert Crowley (1971-1990)
 * John Richard Sheets, S.J. (1991-1997)
 * Daniel R. Jenky, C.S.C. (1997-2002), appointed Bishop of Peoria

Other diocesan priests who became bishops

 * John George Bennett, appointed Bishop of Lafayette in Indiana in 1944
 * Andrew Gregory Grutka, appointed Bishop of Gary in 1956

Colleges and universities

 * Ancilla Domini College – Donaldson
 * Holy Cross College – Notre Dame
 * Saint Mary's College – Notre Dame
 * University of Notre Dame – Notre Dame
 * University of Saint Francis – Fort Wayne

High schools

 * Bishop Dwenger High School – Fort Wayne
 * Bishop Luers High School – Fort Wayne
 * Marian High School – Mishawaka
 * Saint Joseph High School – South Bend

Grade schools

 * Christ the King – South Bend
 * Corpus Christi – South Bend
 * Holy Cross – South Bend
 * Holy Family – South Bend
 * Huntington Catholic – Huntington
 * Most Precious Blood – Fort Wayne
 * Our Lady School – Fort Wayne
 * Our Lady of Hungary – South Bend
 * Queen of Angels – Fort Wayne
 * Queen of Peace – Mishawaka
 * Sacred Heart – Warsaw
 * Saint Adalbert – South Bend
 * Saint Aloysius – Yoder
 * Saint Anthony de Padua – South Bend
 * Saint Bavo – Mishawaka
 * Saint Bernard – Wabash
 * Saint Charles Borromeo – Fort Wayne
 * Saint John the Baptist – Fort Wayne
 * Saint John the Baptist – New Haven
 * Saint John the Baptist – South Bend
 * Saint John the Evangelist – Goshen
 * Saint Joseph – Garrett
 * Saint Joseph – Mishawaka
 * Saint Joseph – South Bend
 * Saint Joseph (St. Mary of the Assumption) – Decatur
 * Saint Joseph (St. Rose of Lima) – Monroeville
 * Saint Joseph (Hessen Cassel) – Fort Wayne
 * Saint Joseph-St. Elizabeth Ann Seton (St. Joseph – St. Elizabeth Ann Seton) – Fort Wayne
 * Saint Jude – Fort Wayne
 * Saint Jude – South Bend
 * Saint Louis (Besançon) – New Haven
 * Saint Mary of the Assumption – Avilla
 * Saint Mary of the Assumption – South Bend
 * Saint Matthew Cathedral School – South Bend
 * Saint Michael – Plymouth
 * Saint Monica – Mishawaka
 * Saint Pius X – Granger
 * Saint Therese – Fort Wayne
 * Saint Thomas the Apostle – Elkhart
 * Saint Vincent de Paul – Elkhart
 * Saint Vincent de Paul – Fort Wayne

Catholic radio within the diocese

 * WRDF "Redeemer Radio" 106.3 FM in Fort Wayne
 * WRDI "Redeemer Radio" 95.7 FM in South Bend

Ecclesiastical Province of Indianapolis

 * See: List of the Catholic bishops of the United States


text:
Talk:Paw Paw, Michigan

Comment
Should the first line be rephrased as a disambiguation notice rather than an 'alternate use' notice? Jpers36 14:46, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

The page should include Wechter guitars

Who are the people that keep removing relevant information from this page, and why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.69.137.26 (talk) 01:09, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

La Cantina is a Paw Paw landmark.
This outstanding family owned and operated business is over 75 years old. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.173.255.184 (talk) 08:52, 19 June 2010 (UTC) http://lacantinapawpaw.com/?mth=home —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.173.255.184 (talk) 08:53, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Paw Paw is home to several wineries.
St Julian Wine Co 716 South Kalamazoo Street, Paw Paw - (269) 657-5568 9 reviews, directions, hours, and more » Warner Vineyards, Inc. 706 South Kalamazoo Street, Paw Paw - (269) 657-3165 3 reviews, directions, hours, and more » Wine & Harvest Festival 111 East Michigan Avenue, Paw Paw - (269) 655-1111 Directions and more » —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.173.255.184 (talk) 08:56, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
 * - www.stjulian.com
 * - www.warnerwines.com
 * - www.wineandharvestfestival.com

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Siegel zero

In mathematics, more specifically in the field of analytic number theory, a Landau–Siegel zero or simply Siegel zero (also known as exceptional zero ), named after Edmund Landau and Carl Ludwig Siegel, is a type of potential counterexample to the generalized Riemann hypothesis, on the zeros of Dirichlet L-functions associated to quadratic number fields. Roughly speaking, these are possible zeros very near (in a quantifiable sense) to $$s=1$$.

Motivation and definition
The way in which Siegel zeros appear in the theory of Dirichlet L-functions is as potential exceptions to the classical zero-free regions, which can only occur when the L-function is associated to a real Dirichlet character.

Real primitive Dirichlet characters
For an integer $q ≥ 1$, a Dirichlet character modulo $q$ is an arithmetic function $\chi\colon \mathbb{Z}\to\mathbb{C}$ satisfying the following properties: That is, $m$ is the lifting of a homomorphism $\widetilde{\chi}:(\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z})^{\times} \to \mathbb{C}^{*}$.
 * (Completely multiplicative) $\chi(mn) = \chi(m)\chi(n)$ for every $n$, $n$;
 * (Periodic) $\chi(n+q) = \chi(n)$ for every $χ$;
 * (Support) $\chi(n) = 0$ if $$\mathrm{gcd}(n,q) > 1$$.

The trivial character is the character modulo 1, and the principal character modulo $q$, denoted $\chi_0~(\mathrm{mod}~q)$, is the lifting of the trivial homomorphism $(\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z})^{\times}\ni a \mapsto 1 \in \mathbb{C}^{*}$.

A character $\chi~(\mathrm{mod}~{q})$ is called imprimitive if there exists some integer $d\neq q$  with $d\mid q$  such that the induced homomorphism $\widetilde{\chi}\colon (\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z})^{\times} \to \mathbb{C}^{*}$  factors as
 * $$(\mathbb{Z}/q\mathbb{Z})^{\times}\twoheadrightarrow (\mathbb{Z}/d\mathbb{Z})^{\times} \xrightarrow{\widetilde{\chi'}} \mathbb{C}^{*}$$

for some character $\chi'~(\mathrm{mod}~{d})$ ; otherwise, $\chi~(\mathrm{mod}~{q})$ is called primitive.

A character $\chi$ is real (or quadratic) if it equals its complex conjugate $$\overline{\chi}$$ (defined as $$\overline{\chi}(n) := \overline{\chi(n)}$$), or equivalently if $\chi^2 = \chi_0$. The real primitive Dirichlet characters are in one-to-one correspondence with the Kronecker symbols $(D|\,\cdot\,): \mathbb{Z} \to \{-1,0,1\}$ for $D\in\mathbb{Z}$  a fundamental discriminant (i.e., the discriminant of a quadratic number field). One way to define $(D|\,\cdot\,)$ is as the completely multiplicative arithmetic function determined by (for $p$ prime):
 * $$\bigg(\frac{D}{p}\bigg)=\begin{cases}1, &(p)\text{ splits in } \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D}), \\ -1, &(p)\text{ is inert } \cdots, \\ 0, &(p)\text{ ramifies } \cdots, \end{cases} \quad \bigg(\frac{D}{-1}\bigg) = \text{sign of } D.$$

It is thus common to write $\chi_D := (D|\,\cdot\,)$, which are real primitive characters modulo $|D|$.

Classical zero-free regions
The Dirichlet L-function associated to a character $\chi~(\mathrm{mod}~q)$ is defined as the analytic continuation of the Dirichlet series $L(s,\chi) = \sum_{n\geq 1} \chi(n) n^{-s}$  defined for $\mathrm{Re}(s)>1$, where s is a complex variable. For $$\chi$$ non-principal, this continuation is entire; otherwise it has a simple pole of residue $\prod_{p\mid q}(1-p^{-1})$ at $s = 1$ as its only singularity. For $\mathrm{Re}(s)>1$, Dirichlet L-functions can be expanded into an Euler product $L(s,\chi) = \prod_{p} (1 - \chi(p)p^{-s})^{-1}$ , from where it follows that $L(s,\chi)$ has no zeros in this region. The prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions is equivalent (in a certain sense) to $L(1+it,\chi) \neq 0$ ($\forall t\in\mathbb{R}$ ). Moreover, via the functional equation, we can reflect these regions through $s\mapsto 1-s$ to conclude that, with the exception of negative integers of same parity as $χ$, all the other zeros of $L(s,\chi)$  must lie inside $$\{0<\mathrm{Re}(s)<1\}$$. This region is called the critical strip, and zeros in this region are called non-trivial zeros.

The classical theorem on zero-free regions (Grönwall, Landau, Titchmarsh ) states that there exists an effectively computable real number $A>0$ such that, writing $$s=\sigma + it$$ for the complex variable, the function $L(s,\chi)$  has no zeros in the region
 * $$\sigma > 1 - \frac{A}{(\log q(|t|+2))}$$

if $\chi~(\mathrm{mod}~q)$ is non-real. If $\chi$ is real, then there is at most one zero in this region, which must necessarily be real and simple. This possible zero is the so-called Siegel zero.

The Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) claims that for every $\chi~(\mathrm{mod}~q)$, all the non-trivial zeros of $L(s,\chi)$ lie on the line $\mathrm{Re}(s)=\frac{1}{2}$.

Defining "Siegel zeros"
The definition of Siegel zeros as presented ties it to the constant $χ (mod q)$ in the zero-free region. This often makes it tricky to deal with these objects, since in many situations the particular value of the constant $χ(-1) = 1$ is of little concern. Hence, it is usual to work with more definite statements, either asserting or denying, the existence of an infinite family of such zeros, such as in:
 * Conjecture ("no Siegel zeros"): If $\beta_D$  denotes the largest real zero of $L(s,\chi_D)$, then $$1-\beta_D \gg \frac{1}{\log|D|}.$$

The possibility of existence or non-existence of Siegel zeros has a large impact in closely related subjects of number theory, with the "no Siegel zeros" conjecture serving as a weaker (although powerful, and sometimes fully sufficient) substitute for GRH (see below for an example involving Siegel–Tatsuzawa's Theorem and the idoneal number problem). An equivalent formulation of "no Siegel zeros" that does not reference zeros explicitly is the statement:
 * $$\frac{L'}{L}(1,\chi_D) = O(\log|D|).$$

The equivalence can be deduced for example by using the zero-free regions and classical estimates for the number of non-trivial zeros of $L(s,\chi)$ up to a certain height.

Landau–Siegel estimates
The first breakthrough in dealing with these zeros came from Landau, who showed that there exists an effectively computable constant $$B>0$$ such that, for any $\chi_D$ and $\chi_{D'}$  real primitive characters to distinct moduli, if $\beta, \beta'$  are real zeros of $L(s,\chi_D), L(s,\chi_{D'})$  respectively, then
 * $$\min\{\beta,\beta'\} < 1- \frac{B}{\log|DD'|}.$$

This is saying that, if Siegel zeros exist, then they cannot be too numerous. The way this is proved is via a 'twisting' argument, which lifts the problem to the Dedekind zeta function of the biquadratic field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D},\sqrt{D'})$. This technique is still largely applied in modern works.

This 'repelling effect' (see Deuring–Heilbronn phenomenon), after more careful analysis, led Landau to his 1936 theorem, which states that for every $\varepsilon > 0$, there is $C(\varepsilon)\in\mathbb{R}_{+}$ such that, if $\beta$  is a real zero of $L(s,\chi_D)$ , then $\beta < 1 - C(\varepsilon)|D|^{-\frac{3}{8} - \varepsilon}$. However, in the same year, in the same issue of the same journal, Siegel directly improved this estimate to
 * $$\beta < 1 - C(\varepsilon)|D|^{-\varepsilon}.$$

Both Landau's and Siegel's proofs provide no explicit way to calculate $C(\varepsilon)\in\mathbb{R}_{+}$, thus being instances of an ineffective result.

Siegel–Tatsuzawa Theorem
In 1951, Tikao Tatsuzawa proved an 'almost' effective version of Siegel's theorem, showing that for any fixed $0 < \varepsilon < \frac{1}{11.2}$, if $|D| > e^{1/\varepsilon}$ then
 * $$L(1,\chi_D) > 0.655\varepsilon|D|^{-\varepsilon}, $$

with the possible exception of at most one fundamental discriminant. Using the 'almost effectivity' of this result, P. J. Weinberger (1973) showed that Euler's list of 65 idoneal numbers is complete except for at most two elements.

Relation to quadratic fields
Siegel zeros often appear as more than an artificial issue in the argument for deducing zero-free regions, since zero-free region estimates enjoy deep connections to the arithmetic of quadratic fields. For instance, the identity $\zeta_{\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})}(s) = \zeta(s) L(s,\chi_D)$ can be interpreted as an analytic formulation of quadratic reciprocity (see Artin reciprocity law §Statement in terms of L-functions). The precise relation between the distribution of zeros near $χ(-1) = -1$ and arithmetic comes from Dirichlet's class number formula:
 * $$ L(1,\chi_D) =

\begin{cases} \dfrac{2 \pi}{w_D \sqrt{|D|}} \, h(D), &\text{if } D < 0 \\[.5em] \dfrac{\log\varepsilon_D}{\sqrt{D}}\, h(D), &\text{if } D > 0, \end{cases}$$ where: This way, estimates for the largest real zero of $L(s,\chi_D)$ can be translated into estimates for $L(1,\chi_D)$  (via, for example, the fact that $|L'(\sigma,\chi)| = O(\log^2 q)$  for $1-\frac{1}{\log q} \leq \sigma \leq 1$ ), which in turn become estimates for $h(D)$. Classical works in the subject treat these three quantities essentially interchangeably, although the case $D$ brings additional complications related to the fundamental unit.
 * $h(D)$ is the ideal class number of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})$ ;
 * $w_D$ is the number of roots of unity in $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})$  ($A$);
 * $\varepsilon_D$ is the fundamental unit of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})$  ($A$).

Siegel zeros as 'quadratic phenomena'
There is a sense in which the difficulty associated to the phenomenon of Siegel zeros in general is entirely restricted to quadratic extensions. It is a consequence of the Kronecker–Weber theorem, for example, that the Dedekind zeta function $\zeta_{K}(s) = \sum_{I\subseteq \mathfrak{O}_K} [\mathfrak{O}_K: I]^{-s}$ of an abelian number field $K/\mathbb{Q}$  can be written as a product of Dirichlet L-functions. Thus, if $\zeta_{K}(s)$ has a Siegel zero, there must be some subfield $F\subseteq K$  with $[F:\mathbb{Q}] = 2$  such that $\zeta_{F}(s)$  has a Siegel zero.

While for the non-abelian case $\zeta_{K}(s)$ can only be factored into more complicated Artin L-functions, the same is true:

 * Theorem (Stark, 1974). Let $K/\mathbb{Q}$ be a number field of degree $s = 1$. There is a constant $c(n)$  ($= 4$  if $K/\mathbb{Q}$  is normal, $= 4n!$  otherwise) such that, if there is a real $\beta$  in the range
 * with $\zeta_K(\beta) = 0$, then there is a quadratic subfield $F\subseteq K$ such that $\zeta_{F}(\beta)=0$ . Here, $\Delta_K$  is the field discriminant of the extension $K/\mathbb{Q}$.
 * with $\zeta_K(\beta) = 0$, then there is a quadratic subfield $F\subseteq K$ such that $\zeta_{F}(\beta)=0$ . Here, $\Delta_K$  is the field discriminant of the extension $K/\mathbb{Q}$.

"No Siegel zeros" for D < 0
When dealing with quadratic fields, the case $D>0$ tends to be elusive due to the behaviour of the fundamental unit. Thus, it is common to treat the cases $D<0$ and $D>0$  separately. Much more is known for the negative discriminant case:

Lower bounds for h(D)
In 1918, Erich Hecke showed that "no Siegel zeros" for $D<0$ implies that $h(D) \gg \sqrt{|D|}(\log|D|)^{-1}$ (see Class number problem for comparison). This can be extended to an equivalence, as it is a consequence of Theorem 3 in Granville–Stark (2000):
 * $$\text{“No Siegel zeros” for } D<0 \quad\iff\quad h(D) \gg \frac{\sqrt{|D|}}{\log|D|}\sum_{(a,b,c)} \frac{1}{a}, $$

where the summation runs over the reduced binary quadratic forms $ax^2 + bxy + cy^2$ of discriminant $D$. Using this, Granville and Stark showed that a certain uniform formulation of the abc conjecture for number fields implies "no Siegel zeros" for negative discriminants.

In 1976, Dorian Goldfeld proved the following unconditional, effective lower bound for $h(D)$ :
 * $$h(D) \gg \prod_{p\mid D} \bigg(1-\frac{2\sqrt{p}}{p+1}\bigg)\, \log|D|. $$

Complex multiplication
Another equivalence for "no Siegel zeros" for $D<0$ can be given in terms of upper bounds for heights of singular moduli:
 * $$h(j(\tau_D)) \ll \log|D|, $$

where: The number $j(\tau_D)$ generates the Hilbert class field of $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{D})$, which is its maximal unramified abelian extension. This equivalence is a direct consequence of the results in Granville–Stark (2000), and can be seen in C. Táfula (2019).
 * $h$ is the absolute logarithmic naïve height for number fields;
 * $j$ is the j-invariant function;
 * $\tau_D := (D+\sqrt{D})/2$.

A precise relation between heights and values of L-functions was obtained by Pierre Colmez (1993, 1998 ), who showed that, for an elliptic curve $E_D/\mathbb{C}$ with complex multiplication by $\mathbb{Z}[\tau_D]$, we have
 * $$ -2 h_{\mathrm{Fal}}(E_D) - \frac{1}{2} \log|D| = \frac{L'}{L}(0,\chi_D) + \log 2\pi, $$

where $h_{\mathrm{Fal}}$ denotes the Faltings height. Using the identities $h_{\mathrm{Fal}}(E_D) = \frac{1}{12}h(j(\tau_D)) + O(\log h(j(\tau_D)))$ and $\frac{L'}{L}(1,\chi_D) = -\frac{L'}{L}(0,\chi_D) - \log|D| + \log 2\pi + \gamma$, Colmez' theorem also provides a proof for the equivalence above.

Consequences of Siegel zeros existing
Although the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis is expected to be true, since the "no Siegel zeros" conjecture remains open, it is interesting to study what consequences such severe counterexamples to the GRH would imply. Another reason to study this possibility is that the proof of certain unconditional theorems require the division into two cases: first a proof assuming no Siegel zeros exist, then another assuming Siegel zeros do exist. A classical theorem of this type is Linnik's theorem on the smallest prime in an arithmetic progression.

The following are some examples of facts that follow from the existence of Siegel zeros.

Infinitude of twin primes
A striking result in this direction is Roger Heath-Brown's 1983 result which, following Terence Tao, can be stated as follows:
 * Theorem (Heath-Brown, 1983). At least one of the following is true: (1) There are no Siegel zeros. (2) There are infinitely many twin primes.

Parity problem
The parity problem in sieve theory roughly refers to the fact that sieving arguments are, generally speaking, unable to tell if an integer has an even or odd number of prime divisors. This leads to many upper bounds in sieve estimates, such as the one from the linear sieve being off by a factor of 2 from the expected value. In 2020, Granville showed that under the assumption of the existence of Siegel zeros, the general upper bounds for the problem of sieving intervals are optimal, meaning that the extra factor of 2 coming from the parity phenomenon would thus not be an artificial limitation of the method.

title: Siegel zero


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School band

A school band is a group of student musicians who rehearse and perform instrumental music together. A concert band is usually under the direction of one or more conductors (band directors). A school band consists of woodwind instruments, brass instruments and percussion instruments, although upper level bands may also have string basses or bass guitar.

School bands in the United Kingdom are generally similar to those in the US although pure brass bands are more commonplace in schools than in the US. Some countries usually prefer certain special types of bands, usually drums, over conventional ones. The school band movement in Japan is unusually strong, organized around an enormous competition system administered by the All-Japan Band Association. Many international observers of Japanese school bands consider them to be the most impressive in the world, particularly among very young students, and Japan is also home to one of the world's leading professional concert bands, the Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra.

Middle school/Elementary school bands
Although some children learn an instrument prior to entering middle school (or junior high), students in music education programs within the United States and Canada generally start daily band classes in the 6th or 7th Grade. Many band programs begin as early as 4th or 5th grade. The students usually make up a band based on their grades, which may then be broken up into sectionals to provide better instrument-specific instruction. It is sometimes required for beginner students to play a recorder for a year before learning another instrument, so that basics, such as scales, embouchure, etc. can be taught easily. Other requirements may include learning a piano or guitar to understand basic music theory, notation, etc.

A "beginning" band, consisting of the youngest students in the school, usually gives two or three concerts a year, and may participate in a local/state contest. These bands are given easy music to learn, often with many duplicate parts and simple rhythms. Students sometimes may be required to memorize the 12 major scales. Depending upon the size of the school, there may be one to three "higher level" bands after the beginning band. These bands are usually divided similarly to high school bands. Some schools require students to audition and be placed in a band according to their ability on their instrument. Others will assign students based on their performance as seen in class. Yet others will simply sort the students according to their age or grade level. Most of these decisions are decided by the conductor. These higher level bands will occasionally play in high school games and pep rallies to augment the local high school band, although in small schools they always come to these events. Beginning bands are usually used on the spot of an elective.

Instruments typically in beginning bands: Other ones like Piccolos and Bass Clarinets
 * Woodwind:
 * Flutes,
 * Clarinets,
 * Alto, Tenor, and Baritone saxophones,
 * Oboes (rare),
 * Brass:
 * Tubas,
 * Trombones,
 * Trumpets,
 * French horns,
 * Baritones, or Euphoniums
 * Percussion:
 * Drums, including Bass, Snare, and Timpani
 * Glockenspiel and/or Xylophone [often glockenspiel]
 * Cymbals
 * Tambourine
 * Slide Whistle
 * Tubular Bells

High school bands
High school bands typically challenge students musically more than those in middle school. Music is much more difficult with more complex passages, intricate rhythms and more involved phrasing. Selections also vary in style. A well-rounded band is expected to be able to play a wide variety of music, ranging from serious 'program music' to lighter 'pop-style' music. For many high school students, school bands are the main form of music education available to them in school. Marches were the first major contributions to the wind band repertoire. There are many pieces other than marches written for wind band at present, but there are some historical standards that should be included into the repertoire of advanced ensembles. Some of the most notable of these pieces are Holst's First Suite in E-flat and Second Suite in F, and Grainger's Children's March and Lincolnshire Posy among others.

Below is a list of the instrumentation in a typical concert band at the high school level. The number of instruments in each section varies, but listed below are usually the average number of members. Middle school/junior high bands are usually around the upper values for each instrument. Instrumentation in beginner bands is usually much larger than this. College and professional bands generally have smaller numbers of players. These numbers may vary widely, based on the instrument and the people playing them (as many people playing instruments such as trombones may drop out, causing others to change instruments to fill the need). Some bands have a set number of performers per section while other bands have open unlimited participation.

Woodwind
 * 1 or no Piccolo in C
 * 8-10 Flutes
 * 1-2 Oboes
 * 1 or no English Horn
 * 1-2 Bassoons
 * 1 or no E♭ Clarinet
 * 8-24 B♭ Clarinets
 * 1 or no E♭ Alto Clarinet
 * 1-2 B♭ Bass Clarinets
 * 1 or no EE♭ Contra-alto Clarinet
 * 1 or no BB♭ Contrabass Clarinet
 * 1 or no B♭ Soprano Saxophone
 * 4-6 E♭ Alto Saxophones
 * 2-3 B♭ Tenor Saxophones
 * 1-2 E♭ Baritone Saxophones

Brass
 * 8-10 B♭ Trumpets
 * 4-6 Horns in F
 * 3-9 Trombones (sometimes including 1 Bass Trombone)
 * 1-4 Baritone horns or Euphoniums
 * 1-4 Tubas

Strings
 * 1 or no String Bass or Electric Bass

Percussion
 * Percussionists playing:
 * Snare drum
 * Multi Tenor Drums or "Quads"
 * Tom-toms
 * Bass drum
 * Cymbals including crash, ride, and suspended
 * Tambourine
 * 2 playing Mallet Percussion, including orchestra bells, xylophone, marimba, chimes and vibraphone
 * 1 Timpani
 * 1 Drum kit
 * A variety of other auxiliary percussion instruments used on specific pieces, including Cabasa, Triangle, and Maracas.

In most bands, strings (besides the string bass) are not used. If they are, the band is generally considered an orchestra (in which case saxophones would generally not be used).

The first high school band in the United States was the Boston Farm and Trade School Band, founded in 1856. The oldest high school band in America is The Christian Brothers Band (Memphis) founded in 1872.

College bands
In higher education institutions, numerous colleges and universities offer band programs as formal courses, often integrated within a broader musical curriculum. These courses provide students with a structured and educational platform to develop their musical talents, fostering a deeper understanding of musical theory, technique, and ensemble performance.

These college bands distinguish themselves from their high school counterparts by their larger size and elevated musical proficiency. The expanded membership and diverse skill levels within these collegiate bands contribute to a richer and more complex musical experience. Students enrolled in these programs typically demonstrate a higher level of musical aptitude and dedication, as the collegiate setting allows for a more specialized and advanced exploration of musical concepts.

Other school bands
There are many other school band opportunities for students. Most of these fall under the jurisdiction of the director that teaches the daily band classes, whether or not the smaller groups meet daily or during school hours.

Marching band
Many schools, especially high schools in the United States, have a marching band. A school marching band may contain from 11 to over 500 students. Marching bands often practice frequently during the late summer and early fall and most often attend their school's football games, playing music in the stands, and marching a show during halftime. A show is usually between 6 and 10 minutes long, but many competitions place restrictions on length. Bands often compete in marching band competitions throughout the marching season (typically the same time as football season). Competitions vary in intensity. Some areas have many smaller, local competitions hosted by individual schools. Others host a regional competition. Others, such as Bands of America competitions are nationally known and take place in professional arenas.

In addition to their show, marching bands often march parades. Often this is limited to their city or town's municipal parades, but some bands travel to participate in well known parades, such as the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade or the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Years Day.

Jazz band
Many schools have jazz programs in addition to their concert program. Different schools have different time slots for their jazz band. Some meet as an actual class during the school day, while others may choose to practice after school or before school two or three times a week. Meeting as a class during school can often cause schedule conflicts with students' academic classes. Many times jazz band may rehearse during the study hall, free period, or part of the lunch period. Typical instrumentation for jazz ensembles will include trumpets, trombones, alto, tenor and baritone saxophones, a drum set (often called a "trap set"), guitar, bass guitar, piano, clarinet and often, a vibraphone or marimba. Many areas have jazz festivals, but the popularity of these widely vary from different regions of the country. Jazz bands are most often used as an ambassador ensemble for the band program as a whole. In addition, jazz education is seen as growing in popularity as a specialty area within school music departments.

Chamber ensembles
Schools rarely have chamber music ensembles that meet as real classes, usually depending on the region, state and budget. Most of these groups are ad hoc ensembles put together by the director or the students themselves for a contest or recital. Examples would be clarinet quartets, woodwind quintet, brass quintet, duets, and trios. Groups consisting of the entire woodwind or brass section, or even percussion section of a band are also sometimes formed.

All-region bands
Perhaps not associated with the individual school, All-Region bands are audition-only groups for the most advanced players in each school. There are many different "All-Region" bands, ranging from the most local "All-County" or "All-District"(when referring to school districts) to the more prestigious "All-State". Many states also have a level between County and State bands which varies in name according to the area. These events are often highly enjoyed by the students that attend them. Musical literature is often increased in difficulty for the concerts, providing a challenge that isn't seen at schools. Students also get to meet new players on their instrument and share stories from their own band experiences. Region bands typically last over a weekend, though some may meet for over a week before performing a concert.

Though not associated with All-State, Florida has a statewide band festival called Festival of Winds, held in Tampa at The University of South Florida in the first weekend of December. Also, Florida, Alabama, and Georgia have a band festival called Tri-State, held in Tallahassee, Florida at Florida State University in the same time period as Festival of Winds.

Modern band
Modern band is an instrumental and vocal school music program taught in a growing number of public schools systems in the U.S.  Instrumentation typically includes acoustic guitar, electric guitar, electric bass, keyboard, vocals, computers and percussion instruments. The repertoire of modern band is evolving as it draws from commercially dominant and contemporary music styles of the day such as pop, rock, disco, reggae, hip-hop and more.

Major public school systems that offer Modern Band programming include those in the New York City Department of Education, Los Angeles Unified School District, Chicago Public Schools and others. Modern band is a new movement in public school music education circles. The term "Modern Band" was coined by a music education non-profit, Music Will, which partners with school districts from economically challenged communities to expand their music programs.

'Band geek'
"Band geek" or "band nerd" is a high school stereotype of a person obsessed with playing band music. However, the term usually relates to the belief that most people who are in school bands are socially inept. The term is sometimes used to describe any student who plays an instrument and is in a band class (including students in the orchestra). "Orch dork" is a variation specifically for members of school orchestras. These terms have become a label of pride for many band members, being found on T-shirts, bumper stickers, etc.

Gender stereotypes in instrument selection
In school bands, women tend to play woodwind instruments (especially the flute) and men tend to play brass, percussion (especially drums) and the saxophone. However, this is not always the case.

These stereotypes can be avoided when band directors assess each student for musical capacity, as well as, meet with students individually to analyze their physical characteristics. For example, petite students would be more successful playing the clarinet over the tuba. Additionally, the role of gender bias in musical instrument assignment is highly debated in the field of music education. Some feel that it should be left alone while others want to combat it. One way band directors can overcome these stereotypes is to have live demonstrations from musicians playing gender atypical instruments (i.e., males playing flute, females playing tuba).

Movies

 * Popular films with school bands in their storylines:
 * Strike Up the Band, 1940
 * A musical regarding a teen's attempt to meet director Mr. Paul Whiteman.
 * Mr. Holland's Opus, 1995
 * A struggling composer ends up making an impact on the lives of high schoolers through music.
 * Band, 1998
 * A reflection of a school's marching band from summer camp to competition and everything in between.
 * American Pie Series, (American Pie 2 2001); American Pie Band Camp 2005)
 * Although a movie about teen angst, a male teen falls for a female "band geek".
 * Drumline, 2002
 * The members of a collegiate marching band fight their way to get noticed by its director.
 * Popular collegiate marching bands used in films
 * USC Trojan Marching Band, over 13 films and 48 Television Shows
 * UCLA Bruin Marching Band, over 20 films
 * Popular collegiate marching bands used in film soundtracks
 * University of Southern California Marching Band, 1 film
 * Los Angeles CA Marching Band, 1 film
 * Other collegiate bands in movies
 * The University of North Alabama Pride of Dixie Marching Band was featured in the 1994 Academy Award-winning movie Blue Sky

title: School band


text:
User:JK the unwise/Anti pages

Wikipedia:WikiProject Anti-war
This anti-war user page has been made redundant by WikiProject Anti-war.

Anti-War links

 * Egypt Struggles to Control Anti-War Protests Paul Schemm, Middle East Report. Examines the american anti-war movment.

title: User:JK the unwise/Anti pages


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X-Babies

The X-Babies are a group of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are depicted as being Mojo-manufactured child clones of the X-Men. They first appeared in Uncanny X-Men Annual #12 and were created by Chris Claremont and Art Adams.

Appearances
In Uncanny X-Men Annual #10 (also by Chris Claremont and Art Adams), Mojo had de-aged the X-Men (Nightcrawler, Shadowcat, Wolverine, Rogue, Magneto, Psylocke, Colossus, Storm and Longshot) into children; this is what most likely inspired the creation of the X-Babies.

In Uncanny X-Men Annual #12, the X-Men are assumed to be dead (having died in Dallas, only to be resurrected by the goddess Roma). Mojo, missing his greatest rating generators, had his people try to recreate his own version of the X-Men. After many unsuccessful attempts, the X-Babies were created. They soon rebel against Mojo. Mojo was about to kill them when he was told that their instant ratings were the highest ever recorded.

There have been several incarnations of the X-Babies over the years, usually resembling whatever the current team of X-Men is. There has also been a similar team instead based on the Avengers, called the Mitey 'Vengers, who appeared in the X-Babies Reborn one-shot. There have also been several X-Babies villain teams including the "Brotherhood of Bullies" based on the Brotherhood of Mutants (X-Babies Murderama, 1998).

In Excalibur: Mojo Mayhem (1989), Kitty Pryde, interrupted on a train trip, helps a team of X-Babies flee from a Mojo enforcer who is intent on getting them back by tricking them into signing contracts. In this incarnation, the children's childlike faults and crushes on each other are cruelly exploited by their adversary. Kitty, with backup, ends up saving the day.

Several incarnations of the X-Babies are friendly with Ricochet Rita, the good past-self of the villain Spiral. Due to Spiral's time travel abilities, Rita, the babies and Spiral can all exist at the same period simultaneously.

In X-Men #46-47 (1995), an X-Babies team is on the run from Mojo's hunters. Gambit and Bishop try to keep them alive.

In Exiles #8, it is shown that the reality-hopping Exiles encountered a version of the X-Babies. It is not stated whether these X-Babies are the creation of Mojo or the X-Men of the reality in question. In fact, no further details are given except for the narrative commentary "The less said about this, the better". The X-Baby Wolvie would then become a permanent member.

Dazzler would encounter juvenile versions of the four main villains from the "Age of Apocalypse" timelines. These entities would cause major death and destruction throughout Mojoworld.

The X-Men were once again reduced to infancy by Mojo during Uncanny X-Men #461 (2005). As kids, they were able to defeat the villains, parody lawyer-versions of the Exiles and restore their rightful ages. Juggernaut had second thoughts about returning to adulthood but was convinced to go through with it.

In the X-Babies four issue limited series (2009/2010) the X-Babies discover their position as Mojo's number one rating grabber had been usurped by the newer, cuter, but more shallow in personality 'Adorable X-Babies'.

As a tie-in to the Avengers Vs. X-Men event, a spoof comic called A-Babies Vs. X-Babies #1 (2012) has been released.

Influences
In line with Mojo being a parody of network executives, the X-Babies parody the modern trend of creating younger and junior versions of cartoon characters which began in the 1980s with Jim Henson's Muppet Babies. In comics, Superbaby and Wonder Tot had appeared in Superboy and Wonder Woman comics from the 1950s and 1960s respectively.

Current members

 * Colossus
 * Creepy Crawler
 * Cyke
 * Shadowkitty
 * Psychild
 * Shower
 * Sugah
 * Wolvie

Former members

 * Archangel*
 * Bishop*
 * Boyo
 * Charlie X
 * Dazzler*
 * Gambit*
 * Havok*
 * Iceman*
 * Longshot*

 * * Those without nicknames sometimes were referred to with "Lil'" in front of their names.

title: X-Babies


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Bambuseae

The Bambuseae are the most diverse tribe of bamboos in the grass family (Poaceae). They consist of woody species from tropical regions, including some giant bamboos. Their sister group are the small herbaceous bamboos from the tropics in tribe Olyreae, while the temperate woody bamboos (Arundinarieae) are more distantly related. The Bambuseae fall into two clades, corresponding to species from the Neotropics (subtribes Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, and Guaduinae) and from the Paleotropics (subtribes Bambusinae, Hickeliinae, Melocanninae, and Racemobambosinae).

Subtribes and genera
The 73 genera are placed in eleven subtribes:
 * subtribe Arthrostylidiinae:
 * Actinocladum, Alvimia, Arthrostylidium, Athroostachys, Atractantha, Aulonemia, Cambajuva, Colanthelia, Didymogonyx, Elytrostachys, Filgueirasia, Glaziophyton, Merostachys, Myriocladus, Rhipidocladum
 * subtribe Bambusinae:
 * Bambusa, Bonia, Cochinchinochloa, Dendrocalamus, Fimbribambusa, Gigantochloa, Maclurochloa, Melocalamus, Neomicrocalamus, Oreobambos, Oxytenanthera, Phuphanochloa, Pseudobambusa, Pseudoxytenanthera, Soejatmia,  Thyrsostachys, Vietnamosasa, Yersinochloa
 * subtribe Chusqueinae:
 * Chusquea
 * subtribe Dinochloinae:
 * Cyrtochloa, Dinochloa, Mullerochloa, Neololeba, Pinga, Parabambusa, Sphaerobambos
 * subtribe Greslaniinae:
 * Greslania
 * subtribe Guaduinae:
 * Apoclada, Eremocaulon, Guadua, Olmeca, Otatea
 * subtribe Hickeliinae:
 * Cathariostachys, Decaryochloa, Hickelia, Hitchcockella, Nastus, Perrierbambus, Sirochloa, Sokinochloa, Valiha
 * subtribe Holttumochloinae:
 * Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Nianhochloa
 * subtribe Melocanninae:
 * Annamocalamus, Cephalostachyum, Davidsea, Melocanna, Neohouzeaua, Ochlandra, Pseudostachyum, Schizostachyum, Stapletonia
 * subtribe Racemobambosinae:
 * Chloothamnus, Racemobambos, Widjajachloa
 * subtribe Temburongiinae:
 * Temburongia
 * incertae sedis
 * Ruhooglandia, Temochloa

title: Bambuseae


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Aero Contractors (United States)

Aero Contractors Ltd., was a private charter company which was based in Smithfield, North Carolina, and was said by some to have provided discreet air transport services for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

The company was founded in 1979 by Jim Rhyne, a former pilot with Air America. The company had 26 planes and 79 employees and operated from the tiny Johnston Regional Airport.

On May 31, 2005, The New York Times reported that the company was heavily involved in extraordinary rendition, the transport of terrorism suspects to countries where they can be interrogated to extract information. An Aero Contractors plane was used in the transport of Khalid El-Masri, a German citizen who was pulled from a bus on the Serbia-Macedonia border and held for three weeks. He was drugged and beaten before being flown to Afghanistan on a Boeing Business Jet operated by Aero Contractors. El-Masri was released after five months.

Aero Corporations allegedly operated under several different shell companies, including Stevens Express Leasing, Inc., Premier Executive Transport Services, Aviation Specialties, Inc., Aero LLC (Wyoming) and Devon Holding and Leasing, Inc.

A book published in September 2006, Torture Taxi: On the Trail of the CIA Rendition Flights includes many details about Aero Contractors' involvement in extraordinary rendition.

title: Aero Contractors (United States)


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Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves

The United States Office of Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves, established in 1927, is part of the U.S. Department of Energy, responsible for analyzing and monitoring the U.S.'s oil shale reserves.

The Pickett Act of 1910 authorized President William Howard Taft to withdraw large areas of potential oil-bearing lands in California and Wyoming as sources of fuel for the U.S. Navy. On July 2, 1910, President Taft set aside federal lands believed to contain oil as an emergency reserve for the U.S. Navy. The Reserves were initially under the control of the U.S. Department of the Interior, but in 1920, the U.S. Navy's Fuel Oil Office assumed responsibility for the Reserves. A year later, President Warren Harding placed the Reserves back under the Department of Interior, only to have the Teapot Dome Scandal force control back to the U.S. Navy. In 1927, the first Office of the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves was officially created in the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy maintained ownership of the Reserves until their transfer by the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 to the U.S. Department of Energy.


text:
Aero Contractors

Aero Contractors is the name of two unrelated air transport companies:

 * Aero Contractors (Nigeria), an airline based in Lagos, Nigeria
 * Aero Contractors (US), an alleged front for the CIA

title: Aero Contractors


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Apollo Tyres

Apollo Tyres Limited is an Indian multinational tyre manufacturing company headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana. It was incorporated in 1972, and its first plant was commissioned in Perambra in Chalakudy, Kerala. The company now has five manufacturing units in India, one in the Netherlands and one in Hungary. The company generates 69% of its revenues from India, 26% from Europe and 5% from other countries. Apollo announced its entry into the two-wheeler tyre segment with contract manufacturing in March 2016.

History
Apollo Tyres Ltd. was incorporated on 28 September 1972 in India as a public limited company and obtained certificate of Commencement of Business on 24 October 1972. The company was promoted by Bharat Steel Tubes, Ltd., Raunaq International Pvt. Ltd., Raunaq & Co. Pvt. Ltd., Raunaq Singh, Mathew T. Marattukalam and Jacob Thomas. In 1975, the company made its Initial public offer of equity shares and its first manufacturing facility was commissioned in Perambra Plant, Thrissur, Kerala, India in 1977, followed by its 2nd plant at Limda, Gujarat, India in 1991. The company acquired Premier Tyres Limited in 1995, which became its 3rd plant at Kochi, Kerala, India. In 2008, it started a new plant at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. A year later in 2009, the company acquired the Netherlands-based tyre maker Vredestein Banden B.V. (VBBV) for an undisclosed sum

The company focused on the production of truck tyres in India and introduced its first truck tyre, Rajdhani in India. The company expanded its operation across India and in 1996, expanded operations outside India by acquiring Dunlop's Africa operations. In 2013, it disposed of the Dunlop brand in Africa along with most of the South African operation in a sale to Sumitomo Rubber Industries of Japan. The very same year, it started its Global R&D Centre, in Enschede, the Netherlands.

In 2015, Apollo Tyres bought Germany's Reifencom tyre distributor for €45.6 million. It shifted its corporate office for Europe region to Amsterdam from Enschede, the Netherlands and opened a Global R&D Centre, Asia in Chennai, India a few months later.

In 2016, the company signed an MoU with the Government of Andhra Pradesh to set up a new factory in the state. On 9 January 2018, the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N Chandrababu Naidu laid the foundation stone for Apollo Tyres' ₹1,800-crore tyre factory in Andhra Pradesh. The plant will come up over a 200-acre site in Chinnapanduru village near Sri City in Tirupati district and produce passenger car radial (PCR) tyres with an initial capacity of 55 lakh (5.5 million) tyres per year and also truck bus radial (TBR) tyres and will serve both domestic and export markets.

The company's second plant in Europe, was inaugurated by the Hungarian Prime Minister, Viktor Orban, in April 2017.

European operations
Apollo Tyres currently sells Apollo and Vredestein (or Maloya) branded tyres in Europe. The company currently operates two tyre factories in Europe; in the Netherlands and in Hungary. The Enschede plant was acquired from Vredestein, the newly built facility southeasterly from Gyöngyöshalász was inaugurated for production on 7 April 2017.

Anti competition practices
In April 2022, the Competition Commission of India raided the headquarters of Apollo Tyres along with other tyre companies like CEAT, MRF (Madras Rubber Factory) and Continental Tyre at multiple locations. Earlier in February the anti trust watch dog had released a statement about fining these tyre companies a total of ₹1,788 crores (of which Apollo Tyres fined ₹425.53 cr.) for sharing price sensitive information among themselves to manage their cartelization of tyre prices for supplies to the public transport corporation of Haryana state. Earlier the All India Tyre Dealers Federation had complained to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs about this cartelization of these companies to increase the tyre prices. The ministry had then referred the case to the CCI.

title: Apollo Tyres


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RCT 1

RCT 1 or RCT-1 may refer to:

 * 1st Marine Regiment (United States)
 * RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)
 * Automatic knife made by Ravencrest Tactical

title: RCT 1


text:
File:Humanbot install.png

Summary
Instructions for installing User:Humanbot.

r3m0t talk 11:25, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Humanbot install.png


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Artur Hoax

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was deleted already. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Artur Hoax
Non notable hoaxes. Article is probably a hoax itself. Sjakkalle 11:25, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete because I don't think it qualifies to have an article. • Thorpe • 11:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy under the "communication" rule (they're trying to communicate with us, and did you note the "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"?). Also factually incorrect: at least one admin who had to clean up after them didn't think this was humourous at all but considered it stupid, childish, and boring. Lupo 13:17, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Claim that the vandalism described by this article was humorous is at best unverifiable. --Allen3 talk 13:37, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Article appears to have been speedy deleted.
 * 18:42, 31 May 2005 Geogre deleted "Artur Hoax" (Message to admins; message received, now cut it out.)
 * Delete drini ☎ 17:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.