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List of career achievements by Wayne Gretzky

This is a list of career achievements by Wayne Gretzky in the National Hockey League (NHL). Upon his retirement on April 18, 1999, he held or shared 61 NHL records, including 40 regular season, 15 playoff and 6 All-Star records. As of today, 24 seasons after retirement, he still holds or shares 57 NHL records.

Winning four Stanley Cups (1984, 1985, 1987 ,1988), Gretzky set records in both regular season and post-season play, holding the record for most career regular season goals (894), assists (1,963), points (2,857) and hat-tricks (50). The next closest player in total points for the regular season is Jaromir Jagr at 1,921, thus he had more career assists than any other player has total points.

Gretzky scored his first 1,000 points faster (424 games) than any other player in NHL history, and scored the second 1,000 faster (433 games) than any player other than himself. His point total including regular season and playoffs stands at an imposing 3,239 (1,016 goals, 2,223 assists).

Gretzky still maintains the record for the most career playoff goals (122), assists (260), points (382), hat-tricks (10) and game-winning goals (24). His 47 playoff points in 1985 are still the most for a single postseason. His record of 31 playoff assists held for 36 years before being broken by Connor McDavid in game four of the 2024 Stanley Cup Finals.

Below is a list of official records Gretzky held or shared on April 18, 1999.

Regular season records (40)

 * 1) Most goals: 894 in 1,487 games
 * 2) Most goals, including playoffs: 1,016 in 1,487 regular season games including 122 playoff goals
 * 3) Most goals, one season: 92 in 1981–82, 80-game schedule
 * 4) Most goals, one season, including playoffs: 100 in 1983–84, 87 goals in 74 regular season games and 13 goals in 19 playoff games
 * 5) Most goals, 50 games from start of season: 61 in 1981–82 (October 7 to January 22, 80-game schedule) and 1983–84 (October 5 to January 25), 80-game schedule
 * 6) Most goals, one period: 4 (tied with ten other players) February 18, 1981
 * 7) Most assists: 1,963
 * 8) Most assists, including playoffs: 2,223
 * 9) Most assists, one season: 163 in 1985–86, 80-game schedule
 * 10) Most assists, one season, including playoffs: 174 in 1985–86, 163 assists in 80 regular season games and 11 assists in 10 playoff games
 * 11) Most assists, one game: 7  (tied with Billy "The Kid" Taylor) February 16, 1980; December 11, 1985; February 15, 1986
 * 12) Most assists, one road game: 7 (tied with Billy "The Kid" Taylor)  December 11, 1985
 * 13) Most points: 2,857 in 1,487 games (894 goals, 1,963 assists)
 * 14) Most points, including playoffs: 3,239 in 1,487 regular season and 208 playoff games. (1016 goals, 2223 assists)
 * 15) Most points, one season: 215 in 1985–86, 80-game schedule (52 goals, 163 assists)
 * 16) Most points, one season, including playoffs: 255 in 1984–85; 208 points in 80 regular season games and 47 points in 18 playoff games
 * 17) Most overtime assists, career: 13
 * 18) Most goals by a centre, career: 894
 * 19) Most goals by a centre, one season: 92 in 1981–82, 80-game schedule
 * 20) Most assists by a centre, career: 1,963
 * 21) Most assists by a centre, one season: 163 in 1985–86, 80-game schedule
 * 22) Most points by a centre, career: 2,857
 * 23) Most points by a centre, one season: 215 in 1985–86, 80-game schedule
 * 24) Most assists in one game by a player in his first season: 7 on February 15, 1980
 * 25) Highest goals-per-game average, one season: 1.18 in 1983–84, 87 goals in 74 games
 * 26) Highest assists-per-game average, career (300 min.): 1.321 -- 1,963 assists in 1,487 games
 * 27) Highest assists-per-game average, one season: 2.04 in 1985–86, 163 assists in 80 games
 * 28) Highest points-per-game average, one season (among players with 50-or-more points): 2.77 in 1983–84, 205 points in 74 games
 * 29) Most 40-or-more goal seasons: 12 in 20 seasons (Broken by Alexander Ovechkin in 2023)
 * 30) Most consecutive 40-or-more goal seasons: 12 from 1979–80 to 1990–91
 * 31) Most 50-or-more goal seasons: 9 (tied with Mike Bossy and Alex Ovechkin)
 * 32) Most 60-or-more goal seasons: 5 (tied with Mike Bossy)
 * 33) Most consecutive 60-or-more goals seasons: 4 from 1981–82 to 1984–85
 * 34) Most 100-or-more point seasons: 15
 * 35) Most consecutive 100-or-more point seasons: 13 from 1979–80 to 1991–92
 * 36) Most three-or-more goal games, career: 50 -- 37 three-goal (hat trick) games; nine four-goal games; four five-goal games
 * 37) Most three goal games, one season: 10, in 1981–82 and 1983–84
 * 38) Longest consecutive assist scoring streak: 23 games in 1990–91, 48 assists
 * 39) Longest consecutive point-scoring streak: 51 games in 1983–84 (October 5 to January 28, 61 goals, 92 assists for 153 points)
 * 40) Longest consecutive point-scoring streak from start of season: 51 in 1983–84; 61 goals, 92 assists for 153 points (October 5 to January 28)

Playoff records (15)

 * 1) Most playoff goals, career: 122
 * 2) Most playoff assists, career: 260
 * 3) Most assists, one playoff year: 31 in 1988 (19 games). Since broken by Connor McDavid
 * 4) Most assists in one series: 14 (at the time tied with Rick Middleton and since broken by Leon Draisaitl) in 1985 Conference Finals (six games vs. Chicago)
 * 5) Most assists in final series: 10 in 1988 (four games, plus suspended game vs. Boston)
 * 6) Most assists, one playoff game: 6 (tied with Mikko Leinonen) on April 9, 1987
 * 7) Most assists, one playoff period: 3 — Three assists by one player in one period of a playoff game has been recorded on 70 occasions, five of them by Gretzky
 * 8) Most points, career: 382
 * 9) Most points, one playoff year: 47 in 1985 (17 goals and 30 assists in 18 games)
 * 10) Most points in final series: 13 in 1988 three goals and 10 assists (four games plus suspended game vs. Boston, three goals)
 * 11) Most points, one playoff period: 4 (tied with nine other players)
 * 12) Most short-handed goals, one playoff year: 3 (tied with five other players) 1983
 * 13) Most short-handed goals, one playoff game: 2 (tied with eight other players) April 9, 1983
 * 14) Most game-winning goals in playoffs, career: 24 (tied with Brett Hull)
 * 15) Most three-or-more goals games (hat trick): 10 (eight three-goal games, two four-goal games)

All-Star records (6)

 * 1) Most All-Star game goals, career: 13 (in 18 games played)
 * 2) Most All-Star game goals, one game: 4 (tied with three players) 1983 Campbell Conference
 * 3) Most All-Star game goals, one period: 4 1983 Campbell Conference, third period
 * 4) Most All-Star game assists, career: 12 (tied with four others)
 * 5) Most All-Star game points, career: 25 (13 goals, 12 assists in 18 games)
 * 6) Most All-Star game points, one period: 4 (tied with Mike Gartner and Adam Oates) 1983 Campbell Conference, third period (four goals)

Record updates
Since Gretzky's retirement, five of his records have been broken, and he has gained one.

Broken

 * Gretzky's record of 15 regular season overtime assists has now been surpassed by over 40 players. Patrick Kane is the current record holder at 26 assists in regular season overtime.
 * Joe Sakic (16), Mark Messier (14), and Ray Bourque (13) have passed Gretzky's record (12) for most All-Star game assists.
 * In the second round of the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs, Leon Draisaitl recorded 15 assists to break Gretzky's record of 14.
 * On March 21, 2023, Alexander Ovechkin broke Gretzky's record for most 40-or-more goal seasons, with his 13th.
 * On June 15, 2024, Connor McDavid recorded his 32nd assist in his 22nd game of the 2024 playoffs to break Gretzky's record of 31 assists in a playoff year. McDavid finished the 2024 playoffs with 34 assists in 24 games.

Set
Gretzky finished his career with a 1.921 points per game average. At the time, Mario Lemieux held the record at 2.005. After Lemieux returned to the NHL, from 2000 to 2005, his average fell to second place, and Gretzky took the record.

Unofficial records
Along with his numerous official records, Wayne Gretzky also has many "unofficial" ones. These other records — though not recognized by the NHL Official Guide and Record Book — are still significant.

NHL scoring

 * Youngest player to score 50 goals in a season (19 years, two months)
 * Most points by an NHL player in his first year: 137. Because of Gretzky's season played in the WHA, he was not considered a rookie in his first year, so the rookie record belongs to Teemu Selanne with 132.
 * Most assists by an NHL player in his first year: 86. The rookie record is held jointly by Peter Stastny and Joe Juneau with 70 assists. Note that the record book gives Gretzky the record for most assists and points in a game as a first year player, but not the season totals.
 * Most 200-or-more point seasons: 4. Gretzky owns the official record for most 100 point seasons. He is the only player to reach 200 points in a season.
 * Most consecutive 200 point seasons: 3
 * Most 70-or-more goal seasons: 4. The NHL has a record for most 60 goal seasons, but not 70. Eight players have achieved 70 goals, and Brett Hull did so three times.
 * Most consecutive 70 goal seasons: 4
 * Most 80-or-more goal seasons: 2
 * Most 90-or-more goal seasons: 1. Gretzky is the only player to achieve this.
 * Fastest 50 goals from start of season: 50 goals in 39 games. The mark of 50 goals in 50 games is a rare event, achieved by only five players. The quickest, 50 goals in 39 games, is often labelled as the most difficult one to break of all of Gretzky's records. The NHL has an official record for the most goals in first 50 games, but not the fastest 50 goals.
 * Fastest 100 points: 34 games in 1983–84
 * Most seasons averaging at least 1 point per game: 19
 * Most consecutive seasons averaging at least 1 point per game: 19
 * Most seasons averaging at least 2 points per game: 10
 * Most consecutive seasons averaging at least 2 points per game: 9
 * Most game-winning goals in the playoffs: 24 (tied with Brett Hull)
 * Most game-winning assists in one season: 23
 * Most game-winning assists in regular season career: 234
 * Most game-winning points in regular season career: 325
 * Highest career game-winning points per game average: 0.2185
 * Most 100-or-more assist seasons: 11
 * Most consecutive 100-or-more assist seasons: 11
 * Most seasons leading in even strength goals: 4
 * Most career even strength goals: 617
 * Most seasons leading in short-handed goals: 5
 * Most seasons leading in assists: 16
 * Most seasons leading in points: 11
 * Most seasons leading in both goals and assists: 5 (this was only achieved 7 other times in history, with Gordie Howe (2) and Mario Lemieux (2) accounting for 4 of those other occurrences).
 * Most seasons leading the league in goals, assists and plus/minus: 4 (no other player has done this, although plus/minus was only counted since 1967).
 * Most seasons leading in goals created: 7
 * Most seasons leading in assists per game: 12
 * Most seasons leading in points per game: 11
 * Most seasons leading in total goals on-ice for: 8
 * Most short-handed regular season career goals: 73
 * Most short-handed goals career (regular season and playoffs) : 85
 * Most 10+ shorthanded goals in a season : 2
 * Most shorthanded assists career (regular season) : 76
 * Most shorthanded assists career (playoffs) : 13
 * Most shorthanded assists career (regular season and playoffs) : 89
 * Most shorthanded points career (regular season) : 149
 * Most shorthanded points career (playoffs) : 24
 * Most shorthanded points career (regular season and playoffs) : 173
 * Most scoring championships (Art Ross Trophy): 10
 * Largest margin of victory in the scoring race: 79 (in 1983–84)
 * Most seasons where he was his team's leading scorer: 19
 * Highest plus/minus in a single playoff year: +28 (1984–85)
 * Highest plus/minus by a forward, single season: +100 (1984–85)
 * Highest plus/minus by a forward, career: +520
 * Highest plus/minus by a centre in playoff career: +67
 * Most MVP awards (Hart Memorial Trophy): 9
 * Most trophies in career: 31
 * Former mark as youngest player to score three or more goals in an All-Star Game was passed by Dany Heatley in 2003.
 * Most official NHL records: 61 on retirement, 58 at present (, 19 years after his last game)

Major league scoring

 * Most NHL and WHA regular season assists: 2,027 — Gretzky's 1,384th career assist occurred on November 2, 1990, in Washington's 4–3 win over the Kings, breaking the record held by Gordie Howe.
 * Most NHL and WHA regular season points: 2,967 — Gretzky broke the record held by Gordie Howe on March 9, 1992, with an assist on a first period goal by Tony Granato to make the game score Los Angeles 2, Toronto 0 (final was 4–1). It was his 2,359th career point on 1,567 assists and 792 goals.
 * Most NHL and WHA goals, regular season (940) and playoff (132): 1,072 (one more than Gordie Howe), with Gretzky's final goal on March 29, 1999, being the game-winner with 2:07 remaining in the Rangers' 3–1 win over the New York Islanders
 * Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff assists: 2,297
 * Most NHL and WHA regular season and playoff points: 3,369

Milestones
Source: Big Mouth Sports

The following are NHL milestone records:
 * Only player to reach 2,000 career points
 * Only player to reach 3,000 career points, regular season and playoffs combined
 * Only player to reach 1,000 career goals, regular season and playoffs combined
 * Only player to reach 2,000 career assists, regular season and playoffs combined

Goals

 * Youngest to score 100 goals (20 years, 40 days) (March 15, 1981)
 * Fastest and youngest to 200 goals (242 games)- modern record, Cy Denneny scored 200 goals in 181 games (21 years, 256 days) (October 9, 1982)
 * Fastest and youngest to 300 goals (350 games), (22 years, 321 days) (December 13, 1983)
 * Fastest and youngest to 400 goals (436 games), (23 years, 352 days) (January 13, 1985)
 * Fastest and youngest to 500 goals (575 games), (25 years, 299 days) (November 22, 1986)
 * Fastest and youngest to 600 goals (718 games, one fewer than Mario Lemieux), (27 years, 302 days) (November 23, 1988)
 * Fastest and youngest to 700 goals (886 games), (29 years, 342 days) (January 3, 1991)
 * Fastest and youngest to 800 goals (1116 games), (33 years, 53 days) (March 20, 1994)

Assists

 * Fastest to 100 assists (92 games) (November 7, 1980)
 * Fastest and youngest to 200 assists (165 games), (20 years 264 days) (October 18, 1981)
 * Fastest and youngest to 300 assists (229 games), (21 years 43 days) (March 13, 1982)
 * Fastest and youngest to 400 assists (290 games), (21 years 362 days) (January 23, 1983)
 * Fastest and youngest to 500 assists (352 games), (22 years 325 days) (December 17, 1983)
 * Fastest and youngest to 600 assists (416 games), (23 years 307 days) (November 29, 1984)
 * Fastest and youngest to 700 assists (478 games), (24 years 267 days) (October 20, 1985)
 * Fastest and youngest to 800 assists (527 games), (25 years 11 days) (February 8, 1986)
 * Fastest and youngest to 900 assists (584 games), (25 years 320 days) (December 12, 1986)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,000 assists (645 games), (26 years 282 days) (November 4, 1987)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,100 assists (706 games), (27 years 276 days) (October 28, 1988)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,200 assists (774 games), (28 years 65 days) (April 1, 1989)
 * Fastest, youngest, and only one to 1,300 assists (846 games), (29 years 50 days) (March 17, 1990)

Points

 * Fastest to 200 points (117 games)
 * Fastest and youngest to 300 points (159 games), (20 years, 67 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 400 points (197 games), (20 years, 335 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 500 points (234 games), (21 years, 52 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 600 points (274 games), (21 years, 330 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 700 points (317 games), (22 years, 62 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 800 points (352 games), (22 years, 325 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 900 points (385 games), (23 years, 47 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,000 points (424 games), (23 years, 328 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,100 points (464 games), (24 years, 50 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,200 points (504 games), (24 years, 321 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,300 points (539 games), (25 years, 38 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,400 points (580 games), (25 years, 313 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,500 points (620 games), (26 years, 44 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,600 points (667 games), (26 years, 330 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,700 points (711 games), (27 years, 285 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,800 points (754 games), (28 years, 23 days)
 * Fastest and youngest to 1,900 points (803 games), (28 years, 318 days)
 * Fastest, youngest, and only one to 2,000 points (857 games), (29 years, 273 days)

Career statistics
Bold denotes career high

 * Source:

Awards
He won nine Hart Trophies, the NHL's most valuable player award, and eight of these were awarded in consecutive years from 1980 to 1987. Gretzky holds the record for most MVP awards of any player in North American professional sports.
 * Lou Kaplan Trophy (WHA rookie of the year) — 1979
 * Hart Memorial Trophy (most valuable player) — 1980–87, 1989
 * Art Ross Trophy (scoring champion) — 1981–87, 1990, 1991, 1994
 * Charlie Conacher Humanitarian Award — 1980
 * Conn Smythe Trophy (playoff most valuable player) — 1985, 1988
 * Lester B. Pearson Award (outstanding player, voted by the players) — 1982–85, 1987
 * Lady Byng Memorial Trophy (sportsmanship) — 1980, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1999
 * NHL Plus-Minus Award (best plus-minus rating; formerly Emery Edge Trophy) — 1984, 1985, 1987 (league leader in 1982 no award)
 * Stanley Cup — 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988
 * Canada Cup — 1984, 1987, 1991
 * Chrysler-Dodge/NHL Performer of the Year — 1985, 1986, 1987
 * Dodge/NHL Performance of the Year Trophy — 1989
 * Lester Patrick Trophy (outstanding service to hockey in the United States) — 1994
 * Lou Marsh Trophy (Canadian athlete of the year) — 1982, 1983, 1985, 1989
 * Lionel Conacher Award (Canadian male athlete of the year) — 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1989, 1999
 * NHL All-Star Game MVP — 1983, 1989, 1999
 * NHL MVP — Rendez-vous '87
 * Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year — 1982
 * Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year — 1982
 * New York Rangers MVP — 1997–98
 * Olympic Gold – Hockey (as Executive Director-Manager) — 2002
 * World Cup of Hockey Champion (as Executive Director-Manager) — 2004

Honours

 * 8-Time All-NHL first team (1981–87, 1991)
 * 7-Time All-NHL second team (1980, 1988–90, 1994, 1997, 1998)
 * All-WHA second team (1979)
 * In 1998, he was ranked number 1 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1999 (Three-year waiting period post retirement waived)
 * Edmonton Oilers Hall of Fame 2022 inductee
 * Named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1984, the promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada in 1999.
 * First international recipient of the Horatio Alger Award
 * Received star on Canada's Walk of Fame
 * Associated Press athlete-of-the-decade in the 1980s
 * Ranked No. 1 Canadian Athlete of the Century
 * Sports Illustrated hockey player-of-the-century
 * Ranked No. 5 in both ESPN SportsCentury's and the Associated Press's Top 100 Athletes of the 20th Century Behind Muhammad Ali, Michael Jordan, Babe Ruth, Jim Brown (ESPN) and Jim Thorpe (AP)
 * In 2007, he was ranked number 1 in The Hockey News' book The Top 60 Since 1967
 * In 2010, he was elected as an inaugural inductee into the World Hockey Association Hall of Fame in the "Legends of the Game" category.
 * Jersey number 99 retired league-wide by NHL
 * Named as the centre of the IIHF Centennial All-Star Team in 2008, and to the IIHF All-Time Canada Team
 * Inducted into the player category of the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1999.
 * Named to the inaugural class of the Order of Hockey in Canada in 2012.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Important

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:06, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Important
WP is not a dictionary. The lists will never be anything but POV. Andy M. 08:52, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --Golbez 08:53, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - per nominator. --FCYTravis 10:11, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete My mom says I'm important. Can I add myself to the list? --Xcali 17:17, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless there are articles about "important" (maybe a band,, a techincal term, etc). That's why [Wiktionary] was created, and this belongs there. (also check WP:WIN) drini ☎ 17:25, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Classic encyclopedia article. Can be infinitely expanded.  No POV that I can see, it's reporting external sources that have labelled stuff "important". --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ... except in the sections on "important places", "important professions", and "important inventions", where it isn't. Removing the unsourced material leaves just List of Askmen.com's 10 most powerful men in the world and a duplicate of List of TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century. Uncle G 02:23, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Well that's two. The article can be infinitely expanded to air hubs, ideas, world heritage sites, listed buildings, to name just four I grabbed off the first google page.  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 02:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's just one, as I said. All of your examples would be under more rational titles than "important" for English speakers, just as List of Askmen.com's 10 most powerful men in the world should be and List of TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century already is.  "Important" is an absurd title for any of those.  (The last one is actually about listed buildings, for example, as its very title tells you.)  Adjectives do not make encyclopaedia article titles.  Finding web pages about other things (such as world heritage sites and listed buildings — both of which also already have their own "lists of", note) that just happen to have the word "important" in their text does not demonstrate the contrary.  You're grasping at straws.  There's only one way that this title should be anything other than a redirect.  I've already pointed it out. Uncle G 03:21, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inchaote nontopic. Alleged topic not covered by any "classic" encyclopedia. Does not represent any well-defined single topic or concept, therefore has no potential to become encyclopedic. Dpbsmith (talk) 02:06, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Straw man argument. This isn't a "classic" encyclopedia, assuming such a thing exists. I think I've encountered this misreading of the term "classic enclypedia article" before. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 02:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't seem to be clearly about anything, and is just a collection of lists. This is what you get for not following the naming conventions (adjectives).  Only one of the lists is both (a) sourced and (b) not a substandard duplicate of an existing article, and that would be better served by being at List of Askmen.com's 10 most powerful men in the world, akin to the other list.  Excise the duplicate and unsourced contents leaving that 1 list and Rename to List of Askmen.com's 10 most powerful men in the world, adjusting the resultant redirect from the adjective important to point to the noun importance, ready for an article there or someone to decide to write about the record label. Uncle G 02:23, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Delete. All delete reasons given are persuasive and correct.  Quale 19:44, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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File:EUROPEmod3.jpg

Research - latest update

title: File:EUROPEmod3.jpg


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Washington Aqueduct

The Washington Aqueduct is an aqueduct that provides the public water supply system serving Washington, D.C., and parts of its suburbs, using water from the Potomac River. One of the first major aqueduct projects in the United States, it was commissioned by the U.S. Congress in 1852, and construction began in 1853 under the supervision of Montgomery C. Meigs and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Portions of the aqueduct went online on January 3, 1859, and the full pipeline began operating in 1864.

The system is owned and operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and has been in continuous use ever since. It is listed as a National Historic Landmark. The Union Arch Bridge, which carries a portion of the aqueduct, is also listed as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Design and facilities
The centerpiece of the Aqueduct is a 12-mile (19 km) pipeline that connects the system's dam at Great Falls with the Dalecarlia Reservoir on the border with Montgomery County, Maryland. Portions of the Aqueduct went online on January 3, 1859, and the full pipeline began operating in 1864. The pipeline runs along what is now MacArthur Boulevard, traversing some of the higher cliffs along the Potomac River.

The Union Arch Bridge carries the pipeline and MacArthur Boulevard over Cabin John Creek and the Cabin John Parkway near the community of Cabin John, Maryland. This bridge was the longest masonry arch bridge in the world for 40 years.

The Dalecarlia Reservoir serves as a primary sedimentation basin. A portion of the water from the reservoir is treated at the nearby Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant and distributed to municipal water mains. The remainder of the water from the reservoir flows to the Georgetown Reservoir in the Palisades neighborhood of Washington. This facility serves as an additional sedimentation basin, and then the water flows through the Washington City Tunnel to the treatment facility at the McMillan Reservoir, after which it is pumped through city mains. The Dalecarlia Reservoir was modified in 1895 and 1935 to improve water quality and increase water supply.

System expansion
The system originally used a single pipe for water delivery, and did not have any water purification plants, relying instead on the reservoirs to act as settling basins. By the turn of the 20th century, however, Washington's growth and the high amount of sediment in the Potomac's water kept the reservoirs from doing their jobs well, and so the first treatment plant, a massive slow sand filter bed system, was installed at McMillan Reservoir, and was completed in 1905. Improvements in the early 1900s were planned and supervised by Army engineer Henry C. Newcomer. The regular use of chlorine as a disinfectant began in 1923 at the McMillan plant. The McMillan plant was not replaced until 1985, when a rapid sand filter plant was opened next to it.

In the 1920s, the aqueduct was upgraded with the addition of a second pipe from Great Falls to Dalecarlia, along with several new reservoirs and a pumping station, A rapid sand filter plant was built at Dalecarlia Reservoir, which went online in 1927. The Dalecarlia plant is the larger of the two plants in the system, having been upgraded in the 1950s, and is the plant that serves the Virginia communities that use the Aqueduct.

In 1926, Congress approved selling water from the aqueduct to Arlington County, Virginia. A new water supply pipe was constructed at Chain Bridge and service to Arlington began in 1927. Additional pipes were built as Arlington's population grew, including one under the Potomac River. In 1947, Congress approved adding the city of Falls Church, Virginia, to the aqueduct system, and nearby portions of Fairfax County, Virginia, were added in the 1960s.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built an additional intake and pumping station at Little Falls in 1959.

Operations and service area
The Aqueduct is a wholesale water supplier, and the communities it serves are responsible for billing customers and managing water mains. The service area is:
 * Washington, D.C., and most of the federal installations in the city through the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority
 * Arlington County, Virginia
 * Falls Church, Virginia, and part of Fairfax County, including McLean

title: Washington Aqueduct


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Odontodactylus

Odontodactylus is a genus of mantis shrimp, the only genus in the family Odontodactylidae. Mantis shrimp of the genus Odontodactylus can not only detect circular polarisation of light, but can also detect polarised light reflecting off their telson and uropods.

The genus Odontodactylus contains the following species:
 * Odontodactylus brevirostris (Miers, 1884)
 * Odontodactylus cultrifer (White, 1850)
 * Odontodactylus hansenii (Pocock, 1893)
 * Odontodactylus havanensis (Bigelow, 1893)
 * Odontodactylus hawaiiensis Manning, 1967
 * Odontodactylus japonicus (de Haan, 1844)
 * Odontodactylus latirostris Borradaile, 1907
 * Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linnaeus, 1758)

title: Odontodactylus


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Talk:Hawaiian Pidgin/Hawaiian English

Note

 * The article Hawaiian English has been redirected to Hawaiian Pidgin. This talk page is left as evidence of the reasoning behind that decision.
 * (and if someone can find an appropriate template to indicate that, go ahead and replace my statement above.) — Arthur Rubin |  (talk) 05:57, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Huh?
I have to wonder whether it's a good idea to call "Hawaiian English" one of the official languages of Hawai'i, when the State Constitution at http://www.hawaii.gov/lrb/con/conart15.html just calls it English. I think it is reasonable to make the point that it may constitute its own dialect, but until that dialect is named by the state government in its constitution, it's probably unwise to say it's an "official" language. Bugmuncher 03:33, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Absolute NONSENSE
I strongly agree with Bugmuncher. Whoever wrote the line that "Hawaiian English" is an "official" language under "state law" needs to either (1) quote the law, or (2) delete the deliberate deception. (Writing is not accidental; it is deliberate.)

Speaking as a person who holds a Ph.D. in Linguistics, the claim that the alleged mandatory use of okinas and kahakos effectively creates a dialect of American English is absolute NONSENSE. It's equivalent to claiming that ee cummings created a dialect of American English by merely writing in all lowercase.

This article is an embarrasment to Wikipedia. It should be swiftly deleted. Agent X 20:28, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Instead of putting in a citation needed stamp after every phrase, I think it would be clearer just to put a box at the top. It's a little jarring to read the article with all those stamps and, to be honest, after reading your comments, it sounds like it was done out of spite. Perhaps that was not your intention, but that's how it came out. I'm going to remove the little tags and put one at the top of the article.--Stella luna 16:20, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * First, I did not put a tag "after every phrase". So you have misrepresented what I did. I put the tags at specifically selected points where a supporting citation is needed. It so happens that the article/stub lacks even one citation, and it makes numerous unsupported (false) claims.

 * Second, it is not "clearer just to put a box at the top", in terms of knowing exactly where supporting citations are needed. The box fails to pinpoint any specific claims, and for that reason, is inferior to the use of specifically placed tags.

 * As for "spite", that's an irrelevant, subjective perception on your part. Nonsense and false claims should not masquerade as a Wikipedia article, nor stub. Agent X 21:20, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Constitution of the state of Hawaii, Article XV, Section 4
The relevant text is quoted here:

"OFFICIAL LANGUAGES

Section 4. English and Hawaiian shall be the official languages of Hawaii, except that Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law. [Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978]" (italic added for emphasis)

1. As correctly noted above by Bugmuncher, there is NO SUCH THING as "Hawaiian English" in "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii". It is "English", NOT "Hawaiian English", that is an official language of the State of Hawaii. The stub/article makes a FALSE statement and misrepresents the law.

2. Hawaiian language is NEVER REQUIRED in any State of Hawaii activities UNLESS specifically "provided by law". There are NO STATE LAWS requiring the use of Hawaiian language. The stub/article makes another FALSE statement, and again misrepresents the law.

3. The mere optional use of a macron and an opening single quote (so-called `okina), by certain enthusiasts (zealots), does NOT create a "dialect" of English.

4. The claim that use of the two marks is preferred by the majority of Hawaii's people is the DELUSION of an "okina lunatic".

5. The stub/article uses the word "Standard" to describe "Hawaiian English". There is NO SUCH THING as "Standard Hawaiian English". Where are the alleged "standards"? Where are they published? Who has the authority to fabricate such "standards"?

6. The stub/article has NOT ONE reference, and NOT ONE citation. According to Citing Sources, "any material that is challenged and has no source may be removed by any editor". According to Verifiability, "The obligation to provide a reputable source lies with the editors wishing to keep the material, not on those seeking to remove it."

Agent X 09:11, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Citecheck needed for Further Reading section
I checked a few of the resources that were helpfully added to the Further Reading section a few days ago. The ones I was able to find with my university library access were talking about Hawaiian Creole English or a Pidgin dialect, rather than the subject of this article, which supposedly differs in only a few minor ways (accent when speaking and use of native phonic symbols when writing) from standard American English. Because of this, I have removed those citations and will now add them to the appropriate article, where they may be more useful. I suggest that the rest of the Further Reading be checked by those with access to resources I do not have. Andrew Levine 23:27, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia policy and justification for removing content
The policy states: In accordance with Wikipedia policy, I am challenging and removing content from this stub/article which lacks citations to reputable published sources. Agent X 13:08, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

The following content was removed by me. Agent X 13:15, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hawaiian English is the standard of the English language as used in the U.S. state of Hawaii.

The following content was removed by me. Agent X 13:24, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Under Hawaii state law, Hawaiian language words and names (including the name of the state) are represented in full Hawaiian phonics when written in an English context, including the okina and the kahakō in spelling. Otherwise, it is the same as the American English of the continental United States. Hawaiian English is not to be confused with Hawaiian Pidgin, a dialect that developed among multi-ethnic local residents since the 19th century.

 * As a written standard, English with Hawaiian phonics is used in all state publications and widely in regional magazines and newspapers. It has a somewhat lesser impact as a spoken language standard, as a portion of Hawaiian residents—particularly those who were not born in, raised in, nor have roots in the islands—speak Hawaiian words and names with a more anglicized pronunciation more common to the continental United States. However, Hawaiian English still has an accent which is noticeably different from that of general American English.

The following content was removed by me. Agent X 13:38, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

 * English dialects by continent
 *
 * de:Hawaiisches Englisch
 * ro:Engleza hawaiiană
 * fi:Havaijin englanti

title: Talk:Hawaiian Pidgin/Hawaiian English


text:
Kenta Kobashi

Kenta Kobashi (小橋 健太) (born, March 27, 1967) is a Japanese professional wrestling promoter and retired professional wrestler. He started his career in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) in 1988, where he became one of the promotion's top stars, holding the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship three times, and winning the Champion Carnival in 2000. Kobashi left All Japan in June 2000, taking part in a mass exodus led by Mitsuharu Misawa, which led to the formation of Pro Wrestling Noah.

Widely regarded as one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time, Kobashi worked for Noah for thirteen years, and had the longest singular GHC Heavyweight Championship reign of all time, holding the championship for 735 days between 2003 and 2005. Overall, Kobashi was a four-time world champion and an eight-time tag team champion.

Kobashi spent many of the later years of his career sidelined due to various injuries. He underwent numerous surgeries on his arms and legs in the early-mid 2000s before retiring from in-ring action in May 2013. Kobashi continues to make sporadic appearances in both Noah and All Japan, while also promoting his own shows under the Fortune Dream banner.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (1988–2000, 2009)
Kobashi practiced judo and rugby union during high school in Fukuchiyama. He practised body building after his graduation while working "regular" jobs. He applied and was accepted to All Japan Pro Wrestling's (AJPW) dojo on June 20, 1987. He was trained there by Dory Funk Jr., Giant Baba, Kazuharu Sonoda and Masanobu Fuchi. Kobashi debuted as a professional wrestler in Ryūō, Shiga on February 26, 1988. He was booked by Shohei "Giant" Baba to lose his first 63 matches (all singles bouts). It was all part of Baba's master plan: even in defeat, the fiery, charismatic Kobashi shined and his gutsy, never-say-die efforts earned him the Rookie of the Year award from the Japanese press. Kobashi won his first match in May 1989 (against Jim Crockett Promotions jobber Mitch Snow). During 1989, when The Road Warriors were in AJPW, they taught Kobashi the "Road Warrior Workout". He first gained some prominence as member of Mitsuharu Misawa's faction during Misawa's feud with Jumbo Tsuruta.

Kobashi during this period played dual roles according to who his partners and opponents were. When teamed with the higher ranking Misawa or Toshiaki Kawada, Kobashi would play the gutsy underdog. At the same time, when teamed with the much smaller Tsuyoshi Kikuchi, he would play a "big brother" role, coming in to try to save the day after Kikuchi had been worked on for a while by the opponents. Eleven months later he won his first title, the All Asia Tag Team Championship with Tiger Mask II (Misawa); however, shortly after removing the mask, Kobashi and Misawa would vacate the title. Over the next two years, Kobashi held the All Asia belts with Johnny Ace twice and with Kikuchi once. The title win with Kikuchi over Dan Kroffat and Doug Furnas took place before a rabid crowd in Kikuchi's hometown of Sendai on May 25, 1992; the match quickly gained legendary status among tape-traders, and was voted 1992's Match of the Year by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter. In 1993, he became Misawa's main tag partner in the middle of the year when Kawada became Misawa's main rival. He gained his first singles victory over a former Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion, when he defeated Terry Gordy in May of that year. On December 3, 1993, Kobashi gained his first pin over Kawada, won his first World's Strongest Tag Determination League, and won his first World Tag Team Championship. Kobashi received his first shot at the Triple Crown Championship against then-champion Steve Williams on September 3, 1994, but lost at Nippon Budokan, Tokyo. Kobashi's singles matches around this time with Kawada, Misawa and Stan Hansen are amongst his most highly regarded. In tag competition he had strong efforts with opponents as diverse as rookie Jun Akiyama to elderly legend and promotion owner Giant Baba. Over the next few years Kobashi continued to gain more honors, but his position in the company did not truly change. In the 1994 Champion Carnival he gained his first singles victory over Hansen. His next title challenge was against Kawada in January 1995. This led to a 60-minute time limit draw, and is regarded as the greatest 60 minute bout in wrestling history by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter. On June 9, 1995, Kobashi and Misawa lost the tag title to Akira Taue and Toshiaki Kawada. The match is also notable because it won the best match of the year award from Tokyo Sports. He suffered the first of many knee injuries in mid 1995, but worked through it. In the early part of 1996 the company elevated Jun Akiyama by making him Misawa's main tag partner. While this was good for Akiyama and lead to some fresh tag matches, it left Kobashi without a real tag partner for most of the year, mostly having partnerships between The Patriot, Johnny Ace, where the trio was called G.E.T ("Global, Energetic & Tough") and rookie Hawaiian wrestler, Maunakea Mossman.

Kobashi defeated Akira Taue on July 24, 1996, to capture his first Triple Crown. He lost the championship to Misawa on January 20, 1997, in a very highly regarded match. In March 1997 in the Champion Carnival he gained his first pinfall victory over Misawa. At the end of the Carnival, Kobashi qualified for the finals for the first time. However, instead of the traditional one on one contest to settle the carnival, a one night 3 way round robin was held due to Kobashi, Kawada, and Misawa all having finished the Carnival round robin with the same score. In the first match Kobashi went to a 30-minute draw with Misawa. However, this match left both men greatly weakened and Kawada was able to quickly gain his first singles pin over Misawa in the next match that gave Kobashi little time to rest. In the final match Kawada defeated Kobashi to gain his second Carnival title. In October 1997 Kobashi won his first World Tag title without Misawa when he and Johnny Ace defeated Gary Albright and Steve Williams. In the same month he challenged Misawa for the Triple Crown in another memorable match, but again Misawa defeated him. While Kawada would finally end his quest to defeat Misawa for the Triple Crown at AJPW's May Tokyo Dome show called AJPW 25th Anniversary, in 1998, Kobashi would replace Kawada as Misawa's top rival. On June 12, 1998, Kobashi defeated Kawada to begin his second Triple Crown reign. Shortly before his victory he again suffered a major knee injury which he would not give time to heal, which nearly ended his career, and during that time, Johnny Ace turned heel on Kobashi to form his own stable called "The Movement". He lost the championship again to Misawa on October 31.

The year of 1998 would end with Kobashi gaining another career milestone as he with Akiyama, teaming as "Burning", captured his first World's Strongest Tag Determination League championship. As January began Kobashi was kicking off a new rivalry against Vader. He won the World's Strongest Tag Determination League again with Akiyama in December 1999. In February 2000 he defeated Vader to earn his third Triple Crown reign. Then in April 2000 he won his first Champion Carnival while in the course of the tournament gaining his first televised singles victory over Misawa. In mid-2000 Misawa left the company to form Pro Wrestling Noah; Kobashi, along with all but three All Japan native workers, followed Misawa. He was the reigning Triple Crown champion at the time, and the championship was thus vacated.

On August 30, 2009, Kobashi returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling for one night only, competing in his first match for the company in nine years. Kobashi teamed with Akihiko Ito and fellow AJPW alumnus Tsuyoshi Kikuchi in a losing effort to Satoshi Kojima, KAI and Hiroshi Yamato at Pro Wrestling Love in Ryogoku, Volume 8.

Pro Wrestling Noah (2000–2013)
During this period, Kobashi's knee injuries were beginning to worsen to the point that he desperately needed time off to heal. However, he was needed to establish Noah as a viable promotion, and was given a marquee position on the first two shows. On August 5, 2000, he teamed with Akiyama to defeat Misawa and Taue in a two out of three falls match in the main event of the promotion's first show, and then lost to Akiyama on the second show the next day (Kobashi legitimately passed out while being captured in Akiyama's "King Crab Lock" submission and was unable to finish the match). Noah struggled to organize itself without any titles during this period. At the biggest Noah show of the year on December 23, 2000, Kobashi defeated Akiyama, avenging his loss earlier that year. Unfortunately for Kobashi the next month his knees finally deteriorated to the point he could no longer work through the pain and he was forced to take 13 months off for healing. He went through multiple knee surgeries during this time.

His return match was on February 24, 2002, and featured Kobashi reforming his pairing with Misawa to face Akiyama and New Japan Pro-Wrestling's (NJPW) Yuji Nagata. His knees again gave out on him during the match. After taking another five months to recuperate he returned and Noah began to slowly build towards him winning their top prize, the GHC Heavyweight Championship.

On March 1, 2003, Kobashi defeated his rival Mitsuharu Misawa in a match for the GHC Heavyweight Championship. Kobashi's reign spanned for over two years and included 13 successful defenses. Notable defences included: against Masahiro Chono at New Japan's May 2, 2003, Tokyo Dome event, against Yuji Nagata on September 12, 2003, against Yoshihiro Takayama on April 25, 2004, and against Jun Akiyama in the main event of Noah's first Tokyo Dome show on July 10, 2004. During his reign he won the Wrestling Observer Newsletter's Wrestler of the Year award in both 2003 and 2004. In March 2005 he finally lost the championship to Takeshi Rikio. Despite the loss of his title Kobashi remained Noah's top wrestler, the rest of the year was highlighted by matches with outsiders such as Genichiro Tenryu and Kensuke Sasaki (the latter on July 18, 2005, in the Tokyo Dome), and in the following year he had praised matches against junior heavyweights such as KENTA (March 5, 2006) and Naomichi Marufuji (April 23, 2006). Kobashi holds the distinction of having competed in a total of 23 5-Star Matches as rated by Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer, second only to his long-time rival, Misawa. In late 2005, Kobashi made his first appearance in North America with Harley Race's World League Wrestling promotion, defeating then WLW champion Wild Wade Chism. His second and third North American appearances were for Ring of Honor, where he defeated Samoa Joe in a memorable singles match (given a full 5-stars by the Wrestling Observer as well as their Match of the Year award for 2005), and teamed with Homicide to defeat the tag team of Low Ki and Samoa Joe. Kobashi also traveled to Europe, where he had matches in Germany, and at Universal Uproar in England, in November 2005. After winning the GHC Tag Team Championship on June 4, 2006, Kobashi became inactive in the sport due to cancer, resulting in his partner Tamon Honda returning the belts on September 26, 2006. On December 10, at the Nippon Budokan, Kobashi appeared before the fans and announced that he would return "without fail".

On September 8, 2007, news broke that Kobashi would make his return on the December 2, 2007, Budokan Hall event where he would team up with Takayama to face Akiyama and Misawa. On the card, Misawa would pin Kobashi with an avalanche Emerald Flowsion, but the fans still gave Kobashi a rousing ovation.

In September 2008, Kobashi underwent emergency surgery on both of his arms. The surgery was successful, and Kobashi was expected to make a full recovery. Kobashi was expected to be out of action for up to a year, but he would return to the ring less than six months later. Prior to returning to the ring, Kobashi stated that he wanted to start in opening matches, and rebuild himself to a main event player.

Kenta Kobashi made his return to wrestling on March 1, 2009, at Nippon Budokan with Pro Wrestling Noah, defeated Masao Inoue in the opening match of the card with his signature lariat. Kobashi won the GHC Openweight Hardcore Championship from Makoto Hashi on June 8, 2009, in Hachiōji, Japan during Noah's Southern Navigation tour.

On December 23, 2009, Kobashi was seriously injured in a three-way match against Honda and Kikuchi. He was sidelined for 19 months with nerve damage in his right arm. Kobashi made his return on July 23, 2011, teaming with Go Shiozaki in a tag team match, where they were defeated by Akitoshi Saito and Jun Akiyama. On August 27, 2011, he debuted new ring gear, mixing black and orange, at the NJPW/AJPW/Noah All Together show at Budokan Hall, teaming up with AJPW's Keiji Mutoh, defeating NJPW's Takashi Iizuka and Toru Yano. On October 6, it was announced by Noah that Kobashi had stepped down from his position as an Executive Vice President of the promotion. On December 3, 2012, Noah released Kobashi from his contract. The news sparked shockwaves, as Atsushi Aoki, Go Shiozaki, Jun Akiyama, Kotaro Suzuki, and Yoshinobu Kanemaru spoke out, declaring their intent of not signing with Noah after their contracts expire in January, out of loyalty to Kobashi. On December 9, 2012, Kobashi attended Noah's Ryōgoku Kokugikan event and during an in-ring interview, revealed he planned to retire in a Noah ring in 2013. Noah and Kobashi seemingly came to an agreement to let him retire as opposed to forcing him to leave the promotion. Despite this change in plans, Noah confirmed on December 19 that Akiyama, Shiozaki, Suzuki, Kanemaru and Aoki all would be leaving the promotion after December 24. On January 23, 2013, Kobashi announced that his retirement match would take place on at Nippon Budokan. Kobashi's retirement event, Final Burning in Budokan took place on May 11. His retirement ceremony was held after the second match on the show and was attended by former Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, legendary NTV announcers Akira Fukuzawa and Kazuo Tokumitsu, former colleagues Akira Taue, Hiroshi Hase, Masahiro Chono, Mitsuo Momota, Toshiaki Kawada, and Stan Hansen via video message, along with many others. In the main event, Kobashi teamed with Jun Akiyama, Keiji Mutoh, and Kensuke Sasaki in an eight-man tag team match, where they defeated his protégés Go Shiozaki, Kenta, Maybach Taniguchi, and Yoshinobu Kanemaru, with Kobashi pinning Kanemaru with a moonsault for the final win of his career. The event at Nippon Budokan was attended by 17,000 fans and aired live across Japan on the television network BS Sky! and in movie theaters.

Post-retirement (2013–present)
On March 17, 2013, Kobashi made an appearance for All Japan Pro Wrestling to promote his retirement match. Before the main event, Hiroshi Hase announced that he would be resigning as Pacific Wrestling Federation (PWF) chairman to focus on the National Diet and that Kobashi would be replacing him, after his retirement on May 11. On September 8, Kobashi appeared as a color commentator at All Japan splinter promotion Wrestle-1's inaugural event. On October 27, it was confirmed that Kobashi would not be joining All Japan after all, when Dory Funk Jr. was announced as the new PWF chairman.

On February 14, 2014, Kobashi announced that starting June 8, he would begin producing his own independent events under the brand "Fortune Dream". The inaugural event featured wrestlers from various promotions, including All Japan Pro Wrestling, Big Japan Pro Wrestling, Kaientai Dojo, Pro Wrestling Zero1 and Wrestling New Classic.

On May 10, 2015, Kobashi returned to Noah to serve as a "special witness" for a GHC Heavyweight Championship match between champion Minoru Suzuki and challenger Naomichi Marufuji. Kobashi's role included making sure that the Suzuki-gun stable did not interfere in the match.

In September 2023, he made an appearance for DDT Pro Wrestling's Shinkansen specialty match between Minoru Suzuki and Sanshiro Takagi. Notably, during the appearance, he did a gyaku-suihei chop (knife-edged chop) on Suzuki, who also won the match later on. He assumed the role of a ticket checker on the Shinkansen train. Other wrestlers who appeared in the match included the now-DDT signed Jun Akiyama, Kazunari Murakami and Hikaru Sato.

Personal life
Kobashi married his girlfriend of 14 years, singer Mizuki Mai, on October 2, 2010. In August 2015, Mai gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter.

Legacy
Kobashi has the fifth-most 5-star matches (as rated by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter) with 23, behind Kazuchika Okada (27), Kenny Omega, Mitsuharu Misawa (25) and Will Ospreay (40). In 2002, he was inducted by Dave Meltzer into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame as the third inductee of the 2002 and the 148th inductee for his accomplishments in All Japan Pro Wrestling. For his last match on May 11, 2013, he was presented a replica of the GHC Heavyweight Championship belt as a farewell gift after his retirement match at Final Burning. He held the GHC Heavyweight Championship for a total of 735 days (the longest time held by any one competitor) with the second most successful defenses with 13. Del Wilkes considered him as the greatest wrestler of all time, and Eddie Kingston labeled him a "perfect wrestler".

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Japan Pro Wrestling
 * All Asia Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Tiger Mask II/Mitsuharu Misawa (1), Johnny Ace (2), and Tsuyoshi Kikuchi (1)
 * Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 * World Tag Team Championship (6 times) – with Mitsuharu Misawa (2), Johnny Ace (2), and Jun Akiyama (2)
 * Champion Carnival (2000)
 * January 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (1993)
 * One Night Six Man Tag Team Tournament (1999) – with Jun Akiyama and Kentaro Shiga
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1993–1995) – with Mitsuharu Misawa
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League (1998, 1999) – with Jun Akiyama
 * World's Strongest Tag Determination League Fresh Award (1991) – with Tsuyoshi Kikuchi
 * International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2023
 * Nikkan Sports
 * Match of the Year (1997) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on October 21
 * Match of the Year (1998) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on October 31
 * Match of the Year (2003) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on March 1
 * Match of the Year (2004) vs. Jun Akiyama on July 10
 * Match of the Year (2005) vs. Kensuke Sasaki on July 18
 * Match of the Year (2007) with Yoshihiro Takayama vs. Mitsuharu Misawa and Jun Akiyama on December 2
 * Outstanding Performance Award (1996)
 * Fighting Spirit Award (1997, 2007, 2008)
 * Wrestler of the Year (1996, 1998, 2004, 2005)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 4 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1996, 2000, and 2004
 * Ranked No. 33 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Ranked No. 6 of the top 100 tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Mitsuharu Misawa in 2003
 * Pro Wrestling Noah
 * GHC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * GHC Openweight Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 * GHC Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Tamon Honda
 * One Day Six Man Tag Team Tournament (2002) – with Kenta and Kentaro Shiga
 * Tokyo Sports
 * Comeback Award (2007)
 * Lifetime Achievement Award (2013)
 * Match of the Year (1995) with Mitsuharu Misawa vs. Akira Taue and Toshiaki Kawada on June 9, 1995
 * Match of the Year (1997) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on October 21, 1997
 * Match of the Year (1998) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on October 31, 1998
 * Match of the Year (2003) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on March 1, 2003
 * Match of the Year (2004) vs. Jun Akiyama on July 10, 2004
 * Match of the Year (2005) vs. Kensuke Sasaki on July 18, 2005
 * Match of the Year (2007) with Yoshihiro Takayama vs. Mitsuharu Misawa and Jun Akiyama on December 2, 2007
 * Match of the Year (2011) with Keiji Mutoh vs. Takashi Iizuka and Toru Yano, All Together, August 27
 * Rookie of the Year (1989)
 * Tag Team of the Year (1993, 1994) with Mitsuharu Misawa
 * Tag Team of the Year (1999) with Jun Akiyama
 * Wrestler of the Year (1996, 1998)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Best Box Office Draw (2004, 2005)
 * Best Wrestling Maneuver (1998) Burning Hammer
 * Match of the Year (1992) with Tsuyoshi Kikuchi vs. Doug Furnas and Phil Lafon on May 25
 * Match of the Year (1998) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on October 31
 * Match of the Year (1999) vs Mitsuharu Misawa on June 11
 * Match of the Year (2003) vs. Mitsuharu Misawa on March 1
 * Match of the Year (2004) vs. Jun Akiyama on July 10
 * Match of the Year (2005) vs. Samoa Joe on October 1 at Joe vs. Kobashi
 * Most Improved Wrestler (1990)
 * Most Outstanding Wrestler (1993, 1994)
 * Tag Team of the Year (1995) with Mitsuharu Misawa
 * Tag Team of the Year (1999) with Jun Akiyama
 * Wrestler of the Year (1996, 2003–2005)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2002)

title: Kenta Kobashi


text:
86 (MBTA bus)

Route 86 is a local bus route in Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville, Massachusetts, operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) as part of MBTA bus service. It operates on a circumferential route between Sullivan Square station and Reservoir station (Cleveland Circle) via Union Square, Somerville, Harvard Square, and Brighton Center. In 2018, it had the 18th-highest weekday ridership on the system, though it ranked 37th by number of weekday trips. A 2018–19 MBTA review of its bus system found that route 86 had infrequent and unreliable service, including irregular scheduled headways, despite its high ridership and significance as a crosstown connecting route.

Transit service on three portions of the modern route date back to horsecar lines opened in the 19th century, with the section between Union Square and Sullivan Square opened in 1858. Two of those sections were converted to electric streetcars in the 1890s. Three overlapping bus routes (later designated 63, 86, and ) were established between 1925 and 1931, replacing circumferential streetcar services and creating new connections. Route 86 ran between Union Square, Allston and Union Square, Somerville until it was extended to Sullivan Square in 1977 and 1981 to supplement route 91. In 1989, the western end was extended to Cleveland Circle, replacing route 63.

In December 2024, the eastern half of the route is planned to become part of route, with route 86 running only between Reservoir and Harvard.

Route
Route 86 runs between Sullivan Square station at Sullivan Square on the East Somerville / Charlestown, Boston border and Reservoir station at Cleveland Circle on the Brookline / Brighton, Boston border. From the Sullivan Square busway, it runs west along Cambridge Street / Washington Street, with short jogs on Prospect Street and Somerville Avenue at Union Square. It continues west along Washington Street / Kirkland Street, then diverts onto Quincy Street and Cambridge Street to reach Harvard Square. Westbound buses run on the surface through the square on Massachusetts Avenue, Brattle Street, and Eliot Street; eastbound buses enter the Harvard Bus Tunnel via Eliot Street and Bennett Street, and loop around Flagstaff Park to reach Cambridge Street. South of Harvard Square, the route runs south on John F. Kennedy Street / North Harvard Street to Barry's Corner, west on Western Avenue, and south on Leo M. Birmingham Parkway and Market Street to Brighton Center, then south on Chestnut Hill Avenue to the Reservoir station busway.

It operates as a crosstown/circumferential route, with MBTA subway connections at Sullivan Square (Orange Line), East Somerville (Green Line E branch), Green (Green Line D branch), Harvard (Red Line), Chestnut Hill Avenue (Green Line B branch), Cleveland Circle (Green Line C branch), and Reservoir (Green Line D branch). Connections to a number of MBTA bus routes are possible; Brighton Center, Harvard station, Union Square, and Sullivan Square are major transfer locations. Ridership turnover along the route is high, as many passengers transfer or terminate at these stations and hubs.

One-way running distances are 6.79 miles eastbound and 6.70 miles westbound. Scheduled one-way running times range from 40 minutes off-peak to 55 minutes at peak, with shorter times during early mornings and late nights. Service operates from about 5:00 am to 12:30 am on weekdays and Saturdays, and from about 7:30 am to 9:30 pm on Sundays. , weekday peak headways are 11–12 minutes, with 35-minute midday headways and 45-minute evening headways. Saturday service has 27-minute headways, while Sunday service has 35-minute headways.

Route 86 runs as a local route with standard local bus fare. In 2018, the route averaged 6,150 boardings on weekdays; average weekend ridership was 3,040 on Saturdays and 1,840 on Sundays. This made it the 18th-highest-ridership route in the MBTA bus system, with more boardings than four of the key bus routes. Despite this, it ranked 37th by number of weekday trips, leading to crowding on many trips.

Early lines
Several portions of the route originated as horsecar and streetcar lines:
 * The segment between Sullivan Square and Union Square, Somerville, was a horsecar line of the Somerville Horse Railroad (later Middlesex Railroad) opened in 1858. Electric service began on October 17, 1895; streetcars initially used Brighton, Perkins, Caldwell, and Broadway to avoid the grade crossing near Sullivan Square.  This diversion was eliminated by 1898, though the grade crossing was not replaced with a bridge until 1901.
 * The segment on Kirkland Street between Harvard Square and Beacon Street was opened as a horsecar line of the Charles River Street Railway in 1882; it was never converted to electric operation and was abandoned in the early 1890s.
 * The segments between Harvard Square and Union Square, Brighton on North Harvard Street, Western Avenue, and Market Street originated as horsecar lines of the Cambridge Railroad. The Western Avenue and Market Street segments opened as part of a line from Central Square, Cambridge in 1880, which was electrified in 1896. The North Harvard Street segment, which opened in 1883, was never electrified and was abandoned in the early 1890s.
 * A short section on Chestnut Hill Avenue between Beacon Street and Commonwealth Avenue opened in 1896 as an extension of the electric Beacon Street line. The last revenue service over those tracks ran in 1926, though it remains in use for non-revenue moves.

Bus replacements
Horsecar and streetcar operations in Boston and surrounding municipalities were consolidated under the West End Street Railway in the 1880s; it was leased by the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) in 1897. The BERy began operating bus service in 1922. A Harvard Square–Union Square, Somerville bus route began operation on August 22, 1925. It was extended from Harvard Square to Union Square, Allston on December 19.

By 1930, the Union Square–Sullivan Square segment was operated as part of a Central Square–Sullivan Square streetcar line. On February 1, the Central Square–Union Square segment was replaced by a bus route, leaving a Union Square–Sullivan Square streetcar shuttle. On November 15, that shuttle was replaced with a new bus route at the city's request, with the intention of reducing congestion in Union Square. The two bus routes were connected into a single route on February 14, 1931, again forming a Central Square–Sullivan Square route. The Sullivan–Union tracks remained in use for non-revenue equipment moves until 1951.

On June 8, 1931, the Brighton Center–Central Square streetcar line was replaced with buses and extended south to Commonwealth Avenue. Initially, only half of service operated south of Brighton Center. (The Western Avenue tracks would remain in use until 1950 for Watertown service, which is now bus route . )

Later history
In 1940–41, the BERy reassigned its public-facing route numbers. The Commonwealth Avenue–Central Square route was designated route 63, Union Square–Union Square as route 86, and Central Square–Sullivan Square as route 91. The Western Avenue segment of route 63 was eliminated in February 1943 as a wartime measure, but it was extended slightly from Commonwealth Avenue to Cleveland Circle. The Western Avenue segment was resumed in 1946, forming a Cleveland Circle–Central Square route.

The BERy was replaced in 1947 by the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA). Sunday service on route 63 ended in 1958. On July 4, 1959, the southern terminal was extended slightly from Cleveland Circle to a new busway at Reservoir station as the Riverside Line opened, though the terminus was still listed as "Cleveland Circle" in public schedules. In September 1962, the MTA through-routed several routes as part of experimental attempts to increase ridership. Route 63 was interlined with route to form a Cleveland Circle–Porter Square route, while route 91 was interlined with route  to form a Central Square–Haymarket route. Neither was successful; they returned to their previous terminals in March 1964 and June 1963, respectively. The MTA was in turn replaced by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) in 1964. Sunday service on a Union Square, Somerville–Cleveland Circle route – a combination of routes 63,, and 86 – began in June 1973. In September 1977, peak hour route 86 service was extended to Sullivan Square, supplementing route 91. The Sunday route was discontinued in April 1981, but off-peak and Saturday route 86 service was extended to Sullivan Square. At the same time, weekday evening and Saturday morning service on routes 63 and 64 was combined into a loop that followed route 64 westbound and route 63 eastbound. This loop route began running on Sundays in January 1983. From 1979 to the early 1980s, route 86 was detoured over Somerville Avenue and Dane Street west while the Washington Street bridge over the Fitchburg Line was rebuilt.

In December 1989, route 63 was discontinued, with route 86 realigned over much of the former route to form a Cleveland Circle–Sullivan Square circumferential line. Route was extended from Union Square to Harvard Square to replace the realigned segment of route 86 (supplementing it between Barry's Corner and Harvard Square), while route 70 continued serving the discontinued east portion of route 63. Sunday service on route 86 began at this time. Elderly patrons who lost their one-seat ride from Brighton to Central Square petitioned for route 63 to return. As a result, midday Cleveland Circle–Central Square service, operating as a variation of route 64, operated from December 1990 to December 1993.

Peak-hour short turn trips of route 86 were added in the 1990s. Limited-stop crosstown route was extended to Sullivan Square in September 2000, supplementing routes 86 and 91 on the Union Square–Sullivan Square segment. In September 2008, eastbound buses were rerouted through the Harvard Bus Tunnel, rather than passing through Harvard Square on the surface. Most peak-hour short turn trips were discontinued in September 2011. From April 2019 to May 2020, route 86 was detoured via Cross Street while the Lowell Line overhead bridge was rebuilt as part of the Green Line Extension project. A 2018–19 MBTA review of its bus system found that route 86 had infrequent and unreliable service, including irregular scheduled headways, despite its high ridership and significance as a crosstown connecting route. No short-term changes to the routing were recommended.

By 2022, scheduled headways were more consistent than during the 2018–19 review. In May 2022, the MBTA released a draft plan for a systemwide network redesign. The draft called for the 86 to be cut to a Harvard–Reservoir route; the Harvard–Sullivan Square segment would become an extension of route with higher frequency. A revised proposal in November 2022 kept these changes. , the change is planned to occur in December 2024.

title: 86 (MBTA bus)