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History of Shrewsbury

The town of Shrewsbury in Shropshire, England, has a history that extends back at least as far as the year 901, but it could have been first settled earlier. During the early Middle Ages, the town was a centre of the wool trade, and this was a peak in its importance. During the Industrial Revolution, comparatively little development took place in the town, although it did serve as a significant railway town after the development of rail transport in the area. The town today retains much of its historic architecture.

Foundation
Evidence of Neolithic occupation dating back before 2,000 BC of a religious form, was discovered in 2017 in the grounds of a church, the medieval Church of the Holy Fathers in Sutton, making it Britain's oldest place of worship.

It is believed the area of Shrewsbury was settled in the 5th century by refugees from the nearby Roman City of Viroconium Cornoviorum, but the first physical evidence dates from the 7th century Saxons.

Shrewsbury was probably founded as a town in the 8th century by the Saxon rulers of Mercia, who needed a fortified burh to control the Severn river-crossing on the road between the burhs of Hereford and Chester. It replaced the large Roman fortified town of Viroconium Cornoviorum only 5 miles to the southeast at modern day Wroxeter. Unfortunately no records survive of the exact date of foundation. Shrewsbury comes from the Saxon name "Scrobbesbyrig". Within the river loop Roman coins and pottery have been found, potentially indicating either small scale settlement or a route across the meander. Natural fords existed across the River Severn near to the present day English and Welsh Bridges which would have permitted travel across the meander. The ford near the Welsh Bridge existed just downstream of where the bridge is today, where Water Lane in Frankwell meets the river (this lane being one of the town's most ancient street alignments). Where the English Bridge is, the confluence of the Rea Brook with the Severn creates a wide, shallow area of water which was readily fordable. It is here, where the present day street "Coleham Head" exists, that an island known as Coleham Island existed. It is believed to be a possible site of early Saxon settlement.

The earliest written mention of the town existing is from the year 901, when it was described as being a city. At that time it was part of the Kingdom of Mercia and was an important border post between the Anglo-Saxons and the Britons in Wales. By the reign of Athelstan (925–939) coinage was being issued, indicating that the town was fortified at this point as having a mint at this time required by law that the location be fortified. It grew in stature quickly and became the county town of Shropshire by the beginning of the 11th century. By 1066, the mid-11th Century, the town consisted of more than 250 houses, and had four churches: St Chad's, St Mary's, St Alkmond's, and St Julian's, of which at least the first three were minsters.

Middle Ages
The Normans built a wooden fort at Shrewsbury, but in 1069, an alliance of Welshmen and the men of Cheshire laid siege to it. A force led by Brian of Brittany and William fitz Osbern was sent to relieve the garrison, but before they arrived, the rebels had burned the town and dispersed. Roger de Montgomery, a relative of William the Conqueror, was created first Earl of Shrewsbury, and in 1074 began building a castle where the present Shrewsbury Castle is now, as well as founding the Abbey (1083). The castle was built on a defensive site occupying the only land entry into Shrewsbury, the rest of the town being enclosed by a loop in the River Severn. Later the settlement was walled for added protection, the remains of which can be found throughout the town, most notable remains of the wall are on the side of the town wall gardens along the river.

The centre of Shrewsbury is located in a meander of the River Severn and the town is located only 9 miles from the Welsh border. The town centre has a pronounced hill on the north side of the meander where the neck of the meander is, upon which sits the castle, though the present day castle dates from the 13th century. The original town probably only occupied the summit of the hill, but it was probably extended southwards in the 13th century, as the town received a grant in 1218 of murage, a toll to build town walls, the first in England. It also received one of the earliest grants of pavage in 1266, "for paving the paving of the new market place" removed from the churchyard of St Alkmund and St Juliana. There are many well-preserved half-timbered black-and-white houses here, among them the Abbot's House of c.1500 on Butcher Row, and Rowley's House (onetime home to the Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery) on Barker Street.

The town fell to Welsh forces led by Llywelyn the Great in 1215 and again in 1234; after both attacks the defences were greatly increased. In 1283 Edward I held a Parliament, the first to include a House of Commons, at Shrewsbury Abbey to decide the fate of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last free Welsh ruler of Wales. Dafydd was executed – hanged, drawn and quartered – for high treason in Shrewsbury.

Shrewsbury is often regarded as having reached its height in the late Middle Ages, in terms of its national and economic significance. This was largely down to its position as a centre of the woollen trade, being a centre for the finishing of Welsh cloth. Shrewsbury merchants bought cloth, which had been woven and fulled but not finished, such as friezes and plains, in Oswestry market. After finishing, much of it was sent by road to London for sale.

16th and 17th Centuries
Later, after the formation of the Church of England, it is believed that the town was offered the status of cathedral city by Henry VIII, as the part of a proposed "Diocese of Shropshire". Reputedly, the citizens of the town rejected this offer, preferring to remain a "first of towns", this being the source of the term "Proud Salopian", that refers to a resident proud of Shrewsbury the way it is.

As a result, a number of grand edifices, including the Ireland's Mansion (built 1575) and Draper's Hall (1658), were constructed. It was also in this period that Edward VI gave permission for the foundation of a free school, which was later to become Shrewsbury School, initially built in Castle Gates, a site it occupied until moving to its present site in the suburb of Kingsland in 1882.

The first history of Shrewsbury was written in 1616 by Oliver Mathews, a Welsh apothecary and burgess of Shrewsbury, though later historians such as Hugh Owen and John Brickdale Blakeway describe it as containing "strange and unauthorised assertions".

During the English Civil War, the town was a royalist stronghold and only fell to Parliament forces after they were let in by a traitor at the St Mary's Water Gate (now also known as Traitor's Gate). During this period (1640s and 50s) Richard Baxter the English Puritan church leader, (born at nearby Rowton in 1615) was an energetic campaigner for the establishment of a University, which would only have been the third in England, in Shrewsbury, utilising the then Shrewsbury School buildings, but insufficient funding prevented success.

The town has, historically, produced some significant food products, including the most popular recipe for Simnel cake and Shrewsbury Biscuits (or Shrewsbury Cakes), an often lemon flavoured biscuit, which were originally produced in a bakery in the centre of the town.

Industrial Revolution
The town did not experience the same massive growth that other English towns experienced during the industrial revolution and few large factories grew up in the town. Despite this, the world's first iron-framed building, the Ditherington Flax Mill was built in the town in 1797. During the 1830s and 1840s, the town decreased in population mainly due to the lack of good transport links and little industry. The railways, however, became a major employer by the end of the 19th century, as Shrewsbury became an important railway town. Today, the town is still not heavily industrial and the railways no longer play such a major part in employing its people.

20th Century
The town was scarcely bombed in World War II, the only deaths occurring in 1940 when a woman and two grandchildren were killed when a cottage was hit in Ellesmere Road, so many of its ancient buildings remain intact and there was little redevelopment apart from some significant cases of lack of building conservation and the losses of many important medieval buildings including the Victorian market hall that were replaced with mid-century buildings not befitting a medieval county town, in the 1960s and 1970s.

The town played a role in the Cold War, hosting a regional headquarters of the Royal Observer Corps (HQ 16 Group ROC) in the town until the Corps was dissolved in 1995. Located near the Abbey on Holywell Street, the protected and atomic-bomb hardened Nuclear reporting blockhouse was jointly built by the Home Office and MOD in 1962 and operated continuously until 1992, and is now a veterinary practice.

It is known as the "town of flowers" and an alternative name is Salop (Salopia is the alternative name for the county). Shrewsbury's Welsh name is Amwythig.

21st century
The town had borough status for many centuries and it was run by the Corporation of Shrewsbury. Between 1974 and 2009 the two local authorities were Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council (the district level authority) and Shropshire County Council (the county level). Since 1 April 2009 however the town no longer has borough status and the sole local council is the county-wide unitary authority Shropshire Council. With this reorganisation, the town was parished and now has a town council.

title: History of Shrewsbury


text: Category:Papal vestments

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Papal vestments


text:
Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America

The Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) was a supra-national level dialogue with the stated purpose of providing greater cooperation on security and economic issues. The Partnership was founded in Waco, Texas, on March 23, 2005, by Prime Minister of Canada Paul Martin, President of Mexico Vicente Fox, and U.S. President George W. Bush. It was the second of such regional-level initiatives involving the United States following the 1997 Partnership for Prosperity and Security in the Caribbean (PPS).

Since August 2009, the SPP is no longer active. It has been largely superseded by the annual North American Leaders' Summit, an event that was established as part of the SPP.

Organization
The SPP was neither a treaty nor a trade agreement.

The initial SPP Working Groups were the Manufactured Goods and Sectoral and Regional Competitiveness Working Group, E-Commerce & ICT Working Group, Energy Working Group, Transportation Working Group, Food & Agriculture Working Group, Environment Working Group, Financial Services Working Group, Business Facilitation Working Group, Movement of Goods Working Group, and Health Working Group. The Transportation Working Group was formed to analyze border trade and traffic flows. The U.S. Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR) led the SPP Health Working Group, in order to improve the ability of three countries to mutually assist each other during public health emergencies, to exchange information for policy planning, and to improve product safety.

Goals
The stated goals of the SPP were cooperation and information sharing, improving productivity, reducing the costs of trade, enhancing the joint stewardship of the environment, facilitating agricultural trade while creating a safer and more reliable food supply, and protecting people from disease.

Announced funding
On 26 February 2008, Canada's Minister of Finance Jim Flaherty, announced his government's 2008 budget, which included "$29 million over two years to meet priorities under the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America".

Trilateral summit meetings
As part of SPP, an annual trilateral summit was held between the leaders of the three countries. Following the cancellation of the SPP in 2009, meetings continued as the North American Leaders' Summit.

 * March 23, 2005 - Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
 * A video of the Waco SPP Trilateral Summit News Conference is available online.

 * March 31, 2006 - Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico
 * Meeting between Mexican President Fox, Canadian Prime Minister Harper, and U.S. President Bush. A U.S. White House press release regarding the Cancun SPP Trilateral Summit is available online.

 * August 20–21, 2007 - Montebello, Quebec, Canada
 * The United States, Canada, and Mexico had a major trilateral summit meeting regarding SPP at the Château Montebello in Montebello, Quebec. This conference was described as a public relations event with the purpose of promoting the SPP among investors and to reassure the public about the initiative. The summit was also noteworthy because a short five minute video uploaded to YouTube led to the eventual police admission of the use of undercover officers disguised as protesters at the summit. Critics charged that the undercover officers were agents provocateurs sent to disrupt the protest by inciting violence: "This circumstance is unique because it was among the very first occurrences in Canada where user-generated footage uploaded to video-sharing site YouTube elicited an official police response offered in defence of police tactics".

 * April 21–22, 2008 - New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
 * In his 2008 State of the Union address, President George W. Bush announced that a summit on the SPP would be held from April 21–22, 2008, in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to the White House, the summit focused on improving the SPP initiatives and on discussing "hemispheric and global issues of importance to North America".

 * August 9–10, 2009 - Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico

North American Competitiveness Council
The North American Competitiveness Council (NACC) was an official tri-national working group of the SPP. It was created at the second summit of the SPP in Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico, in March 2006. The SPP is an agreement between the leaders of the United States, Canada and Mexico to work towards a more integrated North American economy and security region. Composed of 30 corporate representatives from some of North America's largest companies, the North American Competitiveness Council has been mandated to set priorities for the SPP and to act as a stable driver of the integration process through changes in government in all three countries.

The NACC became inactive in 2009.

History
While the North American Competitiveness Council was officially born on March 31, 2006, at the second annual summit of the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America, its seeds were planted three months earlier. On January 10 and 11, 2006, United Parcel Service, the Council of the Americas and the North American Business Committee convened a "public/private sector dialogue on the SPP" in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. The meeting was attended by 50 government officials and business leaders from Canada, the U.S. and Mexico, including officials from the Canadian Privy Council Office, the Mexican Presidency, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and corporate reps from ExxonMobil, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Tyco, and FedEx.

According to an account of the meeting from the Council of the Americas, attendees discussed "marrying policy issues with business priorities", and that "one critical factor in the success of the SPP will be the active engagement of the North American business community." Private sector supporters of the SPP "need to build a genuine constituency for North American integration if it is to move forward successfully", says the Council of the Americas report. "Leadership from governments that recognizes the importance of business issues to the overall social welfare empowers the private sector to engage substantively and pragmatically on trade and security issues without undue deference to political sensibilities."

On March 15, 2006, North American business leaders met in Washington, D.C., with U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez, Canadian Deputy Minister of Industry Suzanne Hurtubise and Dr. Alberto Ortega from the Mexican Presidency. According to a backgrounder from the Council of the Americas, the government officials were interested in "the views of the North American business community on priorities for the SPP, as well as recommendations from business leaders on how the SPP can help their companies be more competitive in the global market, how SPP can reduce the cost of doing business, and any specific recommendations to cut red tape or eliminate unnecessary barriers to trade in North America." Business leaders were also asked about the possible creation and institutionalization of a North American Competitiveness Council. There was unanimous support.

Just over two weeks later, U.S. President George W. Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and former Mexican President Vicente Fox met in Cancún for the second annual summit of the Security and Prosperity Partnership. The leaders were each accompanied by five private sector representatives who pledged their commitment to the SPP process and helped set the agenda for the North American Competitiveness Council (NACC). They decided that the council would be composed of 30 CEOs, ten from each country, who would meet annually with senior government officials to advise them on corporate priorities for the SPP.

The NACC was officially launched on June 15, 2006, at a joint press conference held by Carlos Gutierrez, Mexican Economy Minister Sergio García de Alba and Canadian Industry Minister Maxime Bernier. According to a Council of the Americas report, the purpose of institutionalizing the North American business community's involvement in the SPP process was, "so that the work will continue through changes in administrations." The NACC will make sure that, "governments look to the private sector to tell them what needs to be done." According to a Canadian press release, the NACC "has a mandate to provide governments with recommendations on broad issues such as border facilitation and regulation, as well as the competitiveness of key sectors including automotive, transportation, manufacturing and services."

The NACC met again in Washington, D.C., on August 15, 2006. The meeting was chaired by Ron Covais, President of the Americas for Lockheed Martin, and was co-hosted by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the Council of the Americas – both U.S. NACC co-secretariats. The U.S. business leaders outlined their key priorities as "standards and regulatory cooperation, border security and infrastructure, supply chain management, energy integration, innovation, and external dimensions", but the NACC as a whole eventually agreed on three overall priorities: border crossing facilitation (to be handled by the Canadian NACC members), regulatory convergence (to be handled by the U.S. NACC) and energy integration, which the Mexican NACC members would handle.

The North American Competitiveness Council met with SPP ministers for the first time on February 23, 2007, in Ottawa. At that meeting, the business council released a preliminary report containing over 50 recommendations for continental integration, including a North American resource pact and intensified regulatory convergence between all three countries.

On July 26, 2007, the conservative, non-partisan U.S. government watchdog Judicial Watch notified Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez that it was seeking access to the meetings and records of the North American Competitiveness Council (NACC) under the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) – the federal open meetings law (5 U.S.C App. 2 §3(2)). "Specifically", said Judicial Watch in a press release, the group, "seeks to attend and/or participate in meetings of the NACC and its U.S. component subcommittees."

The NACC met again with SPP ministers and NAFTA leaders on August 21, 2007, at the Chateau Montebello hotel in Quebec, Canada. It was the only non-governmental organization with full access to the meeting, the third Security and Prosperity Partnership Leaders Summit since March 2005. The group of CEOs released another report praising the Canadian, Mexican and U.S. governments for moving quickly on NACC recommendations for a North American Regulatory Cooperation Framework and Intellectual Property Action Plan. The NACC report explained that the group is prepared, "to move beyond our initial report" and would be "pleased to engage on other strategic issues affecting the competitiveness and security of the North American economies."

The SPP has scheduled a meeting in New Orleans on April 21–22, 2008, where the three government leaders will meet with corporate leaders from each of the three nations to discuss "harmonization" of policies, in order to integrate environmental, energy, labor, and other standards for the benefit of these large corporations and for the purported benefit of mutual security.

Media coverage
Until the February 23, 2007, NACC/SPP meeting in Ottawa, there had been very little media coverage of the North American Competitiveness Council, its mandate or its meetings. In fact, the only mainstream North American source to write about the NACC has been Canada's Maclean's magazine, which ran a story on September 13 by Luiza Savage called "Meet NAFTA 2.0."

Savage described the NACC as a "cherry-picked group of executives who were whisked to Cancún in March by the leaders of Canada, the U.S. and Mexico, and asked to come up with a plan for taking North American integration beyond NAFTA." She quoted Annette Verschuren, president of Home Depot Canada, who called the Cancún meeting "an intimate discussion" and "a lot of fun [because] there were no reporters, just a freewheeling discussion on the things that drive you crazy."

Ron Covais of Lockheed Martin told Savage that, "The guidance from the ministers was, 'tell us what we need to do and we'll make it happen,'" and that rather than going through the legislative process in any country, the Security and Prosperity Partnership must be implemented in incremental changes by executive agencies, bureaucrats and regulators. "We've decided not to recommend any things that would require legislative changes", Covais tells Savage, "because we won't get anywhere."

NACC Members
U.S. Representatives:

 * Campbell Soup Company
 * Chevron Corporation
 * Ford Motor Company
 * FedEx Corporation
 * General Electric Company
 * General Motors Corp.
 * Kansas City Southern
 * Lockheed Martin Corporation
 * Merck & Co., Inc.
 * Mittal Steel USA
 * New York Life Insurance Company
 * The Procter & Gamble Company (joined in 2007)
 * UPS
 * Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
 * Whirlpool Corporation (note: Herman Cain was incorrectly noted as being a member of the NACC/SPP in representing the Whirlpool Corporation. Herman Cain served on the board of directors for Whirlpool.  In order to be eligible to be an executive member of the NACC listed above, you must be a senior executive of the company being represented.  Jeff Fettig had been CEO of Whirlpool since 2004. )

Canadian Representatives:

 * Dominic D'Alessandro, Manulife Financial
 * Paul Desmarais, Jr., Power Corporation of Canada
 * David A. Ganong, Ganong Bros. Limited
 * Richard George, Suncor Energy Inc.
 * E. Hunter Harrison, CN
 * Linda Hasenfratz, Linamar Corporation (NACC chairperson)
 * Michael Sabia, Bell Canada Enterprises
 * Jim Shepherd, Canfor Corporation
 * Annette Verschuren, The Home Depot
 * Richard E. Waugh, Scotiabank

Mexican Representatives:

 * José Luís Barraza, President of Consejo Coordinador Empresarial (CCE) and CEO of Grupo Impulso, Realiza & Asociados, Inmobiliaria Realiza and Optima
 * Gastón Azcárraga, President of Consejo Mexicano de Hombres de Negocios (CMHN) and CEO of Mexicana de Aviación and Grupo Posadas
 * León Halkin, President of Confederación de Cámaras Industriales (CONCAMIN) and chairman of the board and CEO of four companies in the industrial and real estate markets
 * Valentín Díez, Chairman of the Mexican Business Council for Trade, Investment, and Technology (COMCE) and former Vicepresident of Grupo Modelo.
 * Jaime Yesaki, President of Consejo Nacional Agropecuario (CNA) and CEO of several Poultry companies.
 * Claudio X. González, President of Centro de Estudios Económicos del Sector Privado (CEESP) and chairman of the board and CEO Kimberly-Clark de Mexico
 * Guillermo Vogel, Vice President of TAMSA (Tubos de Acero de México)
 * César de Anda Molina, President and CEO of Avicar de Occidente
 * Tomás González Sada, President and CEO of Grupo CYDSA
 * Alfredo Moisés Ceja, President of Finca Montegrande

Criticism
In 2006, CNN anchor Lou Dobbs argued that the SPP was part of a plan to merge the United States, Canada, and Mexico into a North American Union similar to the European Union. At the time, Dobbs claimed that U.S. President Bush, who left office on January 20, 2009, was to have bypassed Congress and ultimately create a union based on a Texas highway corridor.

The Council of Canadians claimed that the SPP extended the controversial "no fly list" of the United States, made Canadian water a communal resource, and forced Canada and Mexico to adopt the United States' security policies—one of which would allow foreign military forces to neglect sovereignty in the case of a "civil emergency". It also touched on the issue of Albertan tar sands expansion to five times its current size.

On May 10, 2007, Conservative MP Leon Benoit, chair of the Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on International Trade, prevented University of Alberta professor Gordon Laxer from testifying that SPP would leave Canadians "to freeze in the dark" because "Canada itself—unlike most industrialized nations—has no national plan or reserves to protect its own supplies" by saying Laxer's testimony was irrelevant, defying a majority vote to overrule his motion, shutting down the committee meeting, and leaving with the other three out of four Conservative members; the meeting later continued, presided over by the Liberal vice-chair. After these disruptions, the National Post reported on a Conservative party manual to, among other things, usurp Parliamentary committees and cause chaos in unfavourable committees. The New Democratic Party (NDP) also criticized SPP for being undemocratic, not open to Parliament, and opaque. NDP leader Jack Layton described the process as not simply unconstitutional, but "non-constitutional", held completely outside the usual mechanisms of oversight.

Approximately thirty U.S.-based organizations also sent an open letter to Congress on April 21, 2008, criticizing the secrecy and lack of any sort of democratic oversight: "'What differentiates the SPP from other security and trade agreements is that it is not subject to Congressional oversight or approval. The SPP establishes a corporate/government bureaucracy for implementation that excludes civil society participation. ... Facing a worrisome pact pushed forward in secrecy, it is time for Congress to halt this undemocratic approach and establish a process based on openness, accountability, and the participation of civil society."

Cancellation
In August 2009, the SPP website was updated to say: "The Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) is no longer an active initiative. There will not be any updates to this site". Subsequent to this the website link does not connect and the cache website links do not work.

The NDP called this a "victory" which is "the result of the active and sustained efforts across the country, and across North America, of Canadian, Mexican, and American activists from the labour movement, civil society, progressive legislators and all those concerned and committed to build a better quality of life in our Canada and throughout North America".

Renewed discussions
On February 4, 2011, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and U.S. President Barack Obama announced a new security and prosperity initiative with plans to "pursue a perimeter approach to security in ways that support economic competitiveness, job creation, and prosperity".

On March 13, 2011, the Canadian government announced it was beginning a five-week consultation process "with all levels of government and with communities, non-governmental organizations and the private sector, as well as with our citizens on the implementation of the shared vision for perimeter security and economic competitiveness".


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Talk:Phineas Nigellus

Family Tree
There is a problem with the Nigellus's family tree, as it shows Nigellus as being Sirius's great-grandfather as opposed to his great-great-grandfather. Which is wrong, the article or the tree?
 * My mistake, didn't notice the space between grandfather and great-grandfather.

There exists a new version of the tree att http://www.hp-lexicon.org/wizards/blackfamilytree.html with references to sources, therefore the tree needs to be updated.

Phineas Nigellus, or Phineas Nigellus Black?

Although Phineas Nigellus is an ancestor of Sirius Black, I have yet to see any signs that he ever used the name Phineas Nigellus Black. Please cite your sources that show his full name as "Phineas Nigellus Black" (or "Phineas Black") by stating the book and the page number or (preferably) the chapter in which this appears. An acceptable alternative would be any official Harry Potter web site as defined under Harry Potter. Thank you. --Deathphoenix 17:35, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Phineas/ Phineus Nigellus is in a similar boat Draco Malfoy. Draco's and Phineus's mothers were Black's. Draco's last name is Malfoy. In the black tree (film adaptation) he is on the tree as Draco Malfoy. There are no magical make Blacks left so Draco gets the spot/ or his second son. If Draco would take the black mantle, he would become Draco Malfoy Black. The earlier last name would become a middle name. The same with Phineus Nigellus. His first last name was Nigellus. After he took control/the mantle, he became Phineus Nigellus Black. Sirius is listed as 'Sirius' in the tree and not as 'Sirius Orion'. Phineus Nigellus either - forcefully took control of the Blacks. - the other living males moved away - there where just females alive and Phineus took the other magical male Blackwith the last name Limette. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.91.214.164 (talk) 17:38, 9 September 2018 (UTC)

 * With my humblest apologies to both 82.38.67.106 and 65.27.147.246, I have found the citation that his full name is Phineas Nigellus Black, just by flipping open HBP to a random page. His full name is mentioned very early on in Chapter 13 (the second page of Ch. 13, pg 243 in the Canadian edition), where he calls Harry "Impertinent". I will restore the name. --Deathphoenix 04:42, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Duties of portraits
In order of the Phoenix/ch.22 st Mungos hospital, phineas' portrait refuses to help Dumbledore. The other wizards in different portraits then gang up on him, one saying he is honour bound to help, another threatening to cast a spell on him. This rather suggests that there is no magical compulsion on portraits to cooperate at all with the headmaster of hogwarts, just that they do so for for the good of the school. Sandpiper 22:39, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Least Popular Headmaster
Where does it say in the books that Phineas "is considered to be the least popular headmaster Hogwarts has ever had"? I can't recall ever reading that, but of course I could be wrong.
 * Sirius says that to Harry when he's showing him the Black family tree in an early chapter of Order of the Pheonix.Cyclone49 13:11, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Dates, spouse, family
J.K. Rowling has recently released a partial Black family tree, so I'm adding some extra info based on that. The family tree can be found here: http://www.the-leaky-cauldron.org/images/image.php?image=2006/01/closeupblackfamtree.jpg

title: Talk:Phineas Nigellus


text:
Talk:France national rugby union team

Why the South West?
Does anyone know why rugby becam so strong in the south west of France?

Does it have anything to do with British links to the region both historic and related to the wine trade?

KH 2/6/05

Not a clue. Logically Northern France would have a more suitable climate, perhaps it has something to do with the poularity of other competiting sports such as soccer (more popular in the North).GordyB 17:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

From Vichy France: Talking about the Vichy Governments occupation of France.
 * Initially it ruled an unoccupied zone in Southern France and some French colonies

Perhaps theres something there? POds 04:32, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

That explains why union is much more popular than league in France but does not explain why both rugby codes have their heartland in the South. I don't think either form of rugby has ever been extremely popular in Northern France and so Vichy France has nothing to do with it IMO.GordyB 12:13, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Nothing to do with Vichy, rugby union became popular in the South West a long time before that time, imported there by wine merchants who went to the Bordeaux region. Bordeaux was the first team, not from Paris, to win the French championship
 * Dingy 06:20, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Better late than never but according to this article, rugby was considered sinful by the Catholic church (due to the violence) and became popular in the "irreligious South West" partly to annoy the church.GordyB 12:57, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Recent fixture, and Upcoming fixtures lists
Please contribute to the discussion about this at the WikiProject Rugby union talk page here. - Shudda   talk  22:03, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Current squad
I have modified it, now similar to the FR version. Dingy 02:55, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Is it possible to link the current squad each year or season as we might see a couple of superstars that can be moved to the Notable Players section in the future? Pbhartje (talk) 15:02, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Notable players
Modified to have a list and Table in line with the French version. I hope that you can agree with that, an introduction will be added to justify the selection Dingy 14:58, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think those in the table are great. The other list should probably be removed as ten is enough for a list of notable players. - Shudda   talk  04:04, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Maybe we can work on turning this section into a couple paragraphs like the ABs page? Cvene64 10:25, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

History - Modern era
Maybe this section heading should be Professional era? I also think it should be summarised as it's probably got undue weight compared with the other history sections. Is this a good idea or do people think it's better to expand the rest of the history instead? - Shudda   talk  04:22, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The modern section basically describes all the recent preformances. I think the other sections should be expanded a little, but the Modern section should be cut down by around 30% imo. Cvene64 10:25, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Expand the other sections if you can, I have tried my best with them. I don't think you should cut back relevant data because of undue weight. We should have as much data as possible as long as it is relevant.GordyB 15:06, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * We may find if this article goes through an FAC that this is brought up though, thats is why I mentioned it. I think that Cvene64 is right, we expand the other sections then cut it down around 30%. - Shudda   talk  22:24, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * That's so far away that we need not worry about it.We're not even close to Good status surely.GordyB 22:51, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Aim high I say! The guts of the article is there, needs a copy-edit, some additions, and referencing. We may as well prevent or resolve problems now rather then once lots of work has been done on the article. The thing is, if it's going to be bought up in an FAC then lets deal with it rather then sweep it under the carpet. - Shudda   talk  23:04, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Ironically I have now come across a new source of information for the page and the history section is much bigger than it was and will only get bigger. I think the history section should be summarised (the summary in the lead-in would do as a start) and we should link to a history article. I'll wait for responses before doing anything.GordyB 14:19, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * You've done really good work, congratulations. What about leaving it for now, so that it gets edited whilst it's the collaboration. When the collaboration is over, or it's clear nothing is being done to improve the history section then we can split up the article. Is this a good idea? Or should we split it up now? -  Shudda   talk  23:07, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's split it when the collaboration is over.GordyB 23:19, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I dunno about the move, it kind of takes the heart out of the whole article. In any case, the history section should be at least five times longer than it is right now (see all the sports team articles at WP:FA that have split historys and you'll see what the stanard is). Also, the references should be added in here as well, and that great photo against Wales. I think a proper summary should have been written first. But oh well. Good job with the article though guys! Hopefully this can be an FA soon. Goldman07 16:44, 1 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Okay I just did the history. I guess it was a good move, the history page is really big! I'll add in all references for that section soon as well and in the Home grounds section also. Could someone look at doing the players section like the All Blacks one (and the lead needs to be expanded a little)? Goldman07 17:53, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

Logo
Does anyone have a better logo that can be used in the infobox? The current one is actually a photograph not a logo. The FFR website has one but it is too small...? Cvene64 10:28, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You could import the one used in the french version (infobox) Dingy 01:41, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The French page infobox uses the logo for the union, not that used by the team on their jerseys. --Bob 01:43, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorted: cf Image:France Rugby Logo.png Saebhiar Adishatz 23:47, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Players
I think we should redo this section like All Blacks as that is featured, so it is probably the best way to go. Any thoughts on this? Goldman07 06:15, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Work to do
The article is looking much better then before we started the collaboration. The history section looks very good now that it's been split off, and the other sections are coming along. I'm going to create a todo list, please feel free to add to it. I think the major thing that needs to be added is a coaches section, as well maybe a section on the club versus country issues? Comments are welcome. - Shudda   talk  10:55, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I am trying to compile a list of French rugby coaches, obviously the role has not always been a clearly defined one, with selectors, coaches, managers, and also technical directors it's very confusing about who is actually coach. Anyway I've started a list that can be viewed at my sandbox, expand it if you can. References would be good also. You can check it out here. Thanks. - Shudda   talk  05:49, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd just like to point out that I think it's amusing that this article does not mention what is likely the only way men in North America have ever heard of French rugby (or more specifically, gay and bi men): the Dieux du Stade calendar! Somewildthingsgo 06:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * You might find it amusing but this article wasn't written for gay or bi men in North America that don't like rugby.GordyB 07:29, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The Wikipedia I use is written for everyone. Somewildthingsgo 08:37, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Very well, I demand that the Lumberjack song be added to the page on Canada since that is about the only thing that Britons associate with Canada.GordyB 09:44, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Dieux du Stade is related to the Stade Français, not the national team. Conscious 08:42, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * GordyB's comments are of course a bit strange, but Conscious is completely right. Somewildthingsgo is thinking about the club Stade Français. It has no more to do with the French national Rugby team than Calgary Flames has to do with the Canadian national hockey team. JdeJ 14:39, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * My point is that what may seem incredibly important to a minority group may in fact be rather irrelevant to a subject matter. Barry Manilow is largely famous in the UK for having a large nose but is that really that relevant?GordyB 15:51, 17 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It was a joke! But thanks for the clarification. Somewildthingsgo 19:26, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

GA review
Excellent article, easily passes the GA criteria. Well done! --Phill talk Edits 14:52, 24 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reviewing it. Appreciate it. - Shudda   talk  23:27, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Notable players
To reduce the list to those in the Hall of fame is a mistake and shows that you don't really know the FR team. The list coming from the french version (Featured article) made more sense, and had also defined criteria for the choice. I regret the change Dingy 23:27, 28 June 2007 (UTC) (one of the main contributors on the FR version)
 * Evidently the French and English-language Wikipedias have different criteria for Featured Article status. There was no way this article would get FA status with the notable players as they were. I don't like the section as it stands but unless you know of a French hall of fame or an all-time France XV then it will have to stand as it is.GordyB 14:55, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry Dingy but GordyB is right. We were getting accused of Original research and unfortunately there was not a set criteria before we changed it to Hall of Fame members. If there is a better way of doing it without being guilty of original research then please let us know! - Shudda   talk  00:53, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your answers. In the FR text we gave our criteria (number of caps and distinctions) and then our list, the selection corresponds better to what people in FR consider as the more notable players. It was well accepted as the article became a Featured article. Sometimes it is easier to contribute in french, sometimes not. Dingy 01:08, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Basically the translation that was here said that ten players had been picked based upon their achievements in the game. This is probably original research and I can understand why it was bought up at the FAC. Using International Rugby Hall of Fame members removes any possibility of original research because the notability is decided by an independent group and not us as contributors. The All Blacks notable players section was done like this and so it probably makes sense to have the French team's article the same (even if it wasn't original research). Also, doing it this way prevents endless arguments about who should be in the list. This is why I proposed doing it this way in the All Blacks article - because people kept adding and removing names from the notable players list and there were stupid edit-wars. But like I said above, if their is another way we can come up with a list of notable players without the original research accusations then please do say. - Shudda   talk  01:38, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

Jersey
What should the jerseys in the template be now? The current ones are a bit different? Goldman07 00:51, 7 September 2007 (UTC) The description of the jerseys doesn't match the illustrations. 113.210.56.142 (talk) 10:24, 15 April 2016 (UTC)

Flag icons
The icons for the flags of England and Scotland aren't appearing on this page (or on others). I don't know if the files have been deleted or whether the wiki-linking is the problem. Hopefully someone more knowledgable can fix the problem. 86.129.140.67 13:38, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's probably your browser or something similar, I have no such problem.GordyB 14:04, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * A-ha see what you mean now. Apparently there is a database issue and the icons come and go.GordyB 16:18, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've noticed this also - for me, the English, Italian and Scottish aren't displaying. This must affect a lot of other articles so I hope this gets fixed soon. It does not give a good impression.--86.149.55.115 12:01, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * See the site notice - we're experiencing technical difficulties. Raul654 19:38, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Name
Why is it called the 'France national rugby union team' not the 'French national rugby union team'. This makes more sense in English?Ozdaren 05:31, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Because there are standard naming protocols and this is the pattern.GordyB 07:27, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah I wasn't editing when the naming conventions were decided upon, but they exist and it's easiest if we stick to them. - Shudde   talk  08:39, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I suspected such. Thanks. Ozdaren 12:12, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

XV of the rooster?
First time I see this nickname... Is it me, or has this nickname just been invented by the IP who contributed to the "XV of the cock" just before? --Stormy Ordos 22:32, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Apparently England are "XV of the rose"; Scotland "XV of the something or other" and Ireland are "XV of the shamrock". I can only guess that somebody French has been adding translations of the teams' nicknames in French.GordyB 22:41, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * It's not a commonly known name. I've never heard of it myself. - Shudde   talk  22:42, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Nor me. I don't think it exists.GordyB 22:56, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * No XV of the rooster, in French we say XV de France, or Les Bleus. Next Saturday : Allez les Bleus !Dingy 23:35, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

why Les tricolores?
I'm just wondering: why are they called les tricolores and not the les tricouleurs? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Arthurian Legend (talk • contribs) 14:58, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

In french language, la couleur, colorer, colore, bicolore (2x), tricolore (x3)... are respectively the Name, Verb, Adjective, Adjective (2x), Adjective (3x), ... Ddfree 08:05, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't want to be picky... but shouldn't it be Cockerel and not Roosters? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.249.128.129 (talk) 15:39, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Cockerel (UK)=Rooster (USA). Both will translate the same French word.GordyB (talk) 19:08, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Succession box discussion
A discussion has been started about the breadth and formatting of succession boxes for national rugby union teams at WikiProject Rugby union. Please see the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Rugby union. - Shudde   talk  22:35, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

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FA concerns
Looking at this one as part of the ongoing FA sweeps. There is significant uncited text, it is unclear how the tables are cited, and the post-2010 stuff is very underdeveloped. This article needs significant work against the FA criteria, or a featured article review may be necessary. Hog Farm Talk 02:44, 13 April 2021 (UTC)

Lack of development, especially in history sections etc.
There is an extremely small amount of information/history on the team - not much more than a couple of world cup results since 2011. Also, the History of the France National Rugby Team article is even more undeveloped - very little information at all since 2011. Maybe the French language version of the article should be used as a reference, as that is obviously much more adequately detailed. Jhadden23 (talk) 18:28, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:France national rugby union team


text:
Talk:Emerging church/Misc Discussion

Misc. Discussion
I understand the relevance of the last sentence on Home Churches but I can't see the need for the HomeChurch.org link, especially as it is duplicated on the House Church page. Unless anyone here objects I will come back in a few days and remove that link. Danthompson

Done. Danthompson

Dude, add it back :) it's all good ginkworld

---

There's a typo within the main text, but I don't really know how to fix it. When I click the hyperlink [edit] button, i only have access to the links, nothing else. So, whoever has the power to edit the main body, this is for you...

the sentence --

"While every individual experiences his or her own unique journey through this deconstruction process."

should/could be changed to--

"Each individual experiences his or her own unique journey through this deconstruction process."

ok, hope this helps,

Bruce (metaphysicsman@hotmail.com)

ok, it works now...
ok, it works now...

I just tried one last time to edit the Emerging Church article and viola! it actually let me do it. Kinda weird; I don't understand why it did not let me do it before.

I'm also trying to get the feel of how to use these various features in this Wiki deal. I don't know how to do what Dan Thompson did in terms of leaving a hyperlink in his comments. I also notice in the history section how some of the editors where identified in this way, but my edits as well as several others just had a number. Is there some way that we could leave our names?

Bruce

To get your name to show up in the Edit History for a page, you need to sign up with Wikipedia for an account. There should be a "Log In/Register" button at the top-right of your screen (or something to that effect; I'm logged in ATM, so I can't see it). Otherwise, it logs everything under your IP address (the numbers you mentioned). But if you mean the hyperlinks in the articles, I really suggest going through the basic walkthrough. Click on "Help" there in the left column, then "Modifying a Wikipedia page" in the ToC that comes up, then go through the Tutorial (first link in that section) --WestonWyse 19:38, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emerging church/Misc Discussion


text:
User talk:Iloveshopping

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

Daniel Smith 17:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iloveshopping


text:
Joseph Murumbi

Joseph Zuzarte Murumbi (18 June 1911 – 22 June 1990) was a Kenyan politician who was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kenya from 1964 to 1966, and its second Vice-President between May and December 1966.

Early life
Murumbi was born as Joseph Murumbi-Zuzarte. He was the illegitimate son of a Goan trader, Peter Nicholas Zuzarte, by the daughter of a Maasai medicine man. His parents broke up when he was a toddler. His father married a Goan widow named Ezalda Clara Albuquerque, who already had nine children. He was then sent away to India for his schooling at the age of six. He went to Good Shepherd Convent School and then St. Joseph's High School, both in Bangalore. He completed his schooling at St. Pancras European Boys High School in Bellary.

Political career
After returning to Kenya from England, where he had worked as a translator for the Moroccan Embassy in London, Murumbi became a member of the Kenya African Union political party, amidst a political ferment in East Africa caused by the beginning of the withdrawal from the African continent of the British Empire. A declaration of the State of Emergency in Kenya on 20 October 1952 saw the detention of senior figures of the Kenya African Union's leadership, and Murumbi found himself thrust into the center of the party's leadership as its acting Secretary-General. He played a key role in securing legal counsel for the detainees arrested in the emergency crackdown, and, together with Pio Gama Pinto, raised objections to the continuance of British Imperial dominion in Kenya through Indian newspapers such as the Chronicle. In March 1953, however, Murumbi was forced to flee the country to avoid arrest by the British authorities. With the assistance of the Indian High Commissioner Apa Pant, Murumbi flew to India on an agricultural scholarship and spent time in India, Egypt and the United Kingdom building political connections and raising awareness of the detentions of prominent Kenyans by British authorities. Murumbi spent much of this period working with sympathetic nationalists in the Indian Government, which allowed him to write extensively in the Indian press and broadcast on All India Radio.

Ministerial career
After Kenya became independent of British imperial rule in 1963, Murumbi participated in the writing of its first governmental constitution, and held the office of its Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1964 to 1966, touring the globe to set up numerous ambassadorial offices in foreign capitals for the newly created nation. He subsequently served as the Republic's Vice President in a government led by Jomo Kenyatta in 1966 for nine months. However, around this time Murumbi became uneasy with what he perceived as Kenyatta's increasing authoritarianism in dealing with political opponents, and the increasing corruption that he witnessed rapidly developing within the new Kenyan government order, and subsequently his concerns were borne out when Kenyatta began to use government power to engage in land grabbing in the late 1960s and 1970s. Murumbi also became further alienated from the new Kenyan governing order when Pio Gama Pinto, a close personal friend and key political philosophical mentor of Murumbi's, was murdered in April 1965 after he had become a public critic of it. As Pheroze Nowrojee stated:

''The assassination of Pinto illustrated to Murumbi the shocking extent to which the new government had departed from its promises. His feeling, evidently, was that these were not the principles for which so many had suffered, and his departure (from the new political order in power) was only a matter of time.''

After resigning from the office of the Vice-President in November 1966 through which was officially announced at the time to be on account of ill health, Murumbi withdrew from politics.

Later life
After leaving politics Murumbi became the acting chairman of the Kenyan National Archives, and later co-founded 'African Heritage' with Alan Donovan, which went on to become the largest Pan-African art gallery on the continent.

Death
In 1982 he seriously injured himself in a fall at his home, and was reliant upon a wheelchair in his final years. He died on 22 June 1990 in his 79th year. Murumbi's body was buried in Nairobi City Park. The unmarked grave was subject to neglect, vandalism and theft through the late 1990s and early 2000s, and had at one time been threatened with being lost altogether when a building development scheme was considered for the site of the grave, until it was protected by the creation around it of a memorial garden named after him.

Personal life
Murumbi married Sheila, a librarian whom he met whilst he was a political exile from Kenya in England in the late 1950s. They lived in Kenya subsequently on an estate in the Muthaiga district. She died in 2000.

Legacy
He was an avid art collector, and during his life acquired over 50,000 books and sheaves of official correspondence. The Kenya National Archives established a library containing some of the 8000 rare books (published before 1900) entrusted to them upon the death of Murumbi. The Kenya National Archives also created the 'Murumbi Gallery' within the same building, displaying the different African artifacts that were collected by him through his life.

title: Joseph Murumbi


text:
Critical mass (software engineering)

In software engineering, critical mass is a stage in the life cycle when the source code grows too complicated to effectively manage without a complete rewrite. At the critical mass stage, fixing a bug introduces one or more new bugs.

Tools such as high-level programming languages and techniques such as programming in the large, code refactoring and test-driven development, exist to make it easier to maintain large, complicated programs.

title: Critical mass (software engineering)


text:
Bhoj Wetland

The Bhoj Wetland consists of two lakes located in the city of Bhopal, the capital of the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The two lakes are the Bhojtal (Upper Lake) & the Lower Lake, which lie to the west of the city center. The Bhojtal has an area of 31 km2, and drains a catchment or watershed of 361 km2. The watershed of the Bhojtal is mostly rural, with some urbanized areas around its eastern end. The lower lake has an area of 1.29 km2. Its catchment is 9.6 km2 and is mostly urbanized; the Lower Lake also receives subsurface seepage from the Bhojtal.

The Bhojtal was created by Paramara Raja Bhoj (1005-1055), ruler of Malwa. He established Bhopal (also named after him) to secure the eastern frontier of his kingdom. The lake was created by constructing an earthen dam across the Kolans River. The Kolans was formerly a tributary of the Halali River; with the creation of the Bhojtal and a diversion channel, the upper reach of the Kolans River and the Bhojtal now drain into the Kaliasot River. Bhadbhada dam was constructed in 1965 at the southeast corner of the Bhojtal; it now controls the outflow to the Kaliasot river.

The Lower Lake was created in 1794 by Nawab Chhote Khan, Minister of Nawab Hayath Mohammad Khan, to beautify the city. It is also contained behind an earthen dam, and drains into the Halali River via the lower reach of the Kolans River, presently known as the Patra Drain. Both the Kaliasot and Halali Rivers are tributaries of the Betwa River.

The lakes are home to a diverse flora and fauna, including many waterbirds. They have been designated a wetland of international importance under the international Ramsar Convention since August 2002.

title: Bhoj Wetland


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Alberto Hurtado

Alberto Hurtado (born Luis Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga on January 22, 1901 in Viña del Mar, Chile – August 18, 1952 in Santiago, Chile), popularly known in Chile as Padre Hurtado (Spanish for "Father Hurtado"), was a Chilean Jesuit priest, lawyer, social worker, and writer, of Basque ancestry. He founded the Hogar de Cristo foundation in 1944. He was canonized on October 23, 2005, by Pope Benedict XVI, becoming his country's second saint.

Early life and education
Alberto Hurtado was born in Viña del Mar, Chile, on January 22, 1901, to an aristocratic family. After the death of his father when Alberto was four years old, his mother, with just two small sons, decided to sell their large estate. Unfortunately the buyer defrauded her. The family, now impoverished, was forced to live with a succession of relatives.

From an early age, Hurtado experienced what it meant to be poor and without a home. Thanks to a scholarship, he was able to attend the prestigious, all-boys, Jesuit school of St. Ignacio, Santiago, Chile (1909–17). During this time, he volunteered at the Parroquia Nuestra Señora de Andacollo, Santiago, a Catholic parish and school in a poor neighborhood of Santiago, where he assisted in the office and was librarian. From 1918 to 1923, he attended the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, studying in its law school and writing his thesis on labour law. After interrupting his studies for obligatory military service, he earned his degree in August 1923.

Hurtado entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1923. In 1925 he went to Córdoba, Argentina, where he studied humanities. In 1927 he was sent to Barcelona, Spain, to study philosophy and theology. When the Jesuits were suppressed in Spain in 1931, he continued his studies in theology at Louvain, Belgium. He was ordained a priest there on August 24, 1933, and in 1935 he obtained a doctorate in pedagogy and psychology.

Educator
Before returning to Chile, Hurtado visited social and educational centers in Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. He returned to Chile in January 1936 and took up his post as professor of religion at Colegio San Ignacio and of Pedagogy at the Catholic University of Santiago. He was entrusted with the Sodality of Our Lady for the students, and he involved them in teaching catechism to the poor.

Conservative Catholics in Chile had difficulty accepting the church's social teachings. As late as 1931, the official organ of the party aligned with the church hierarchy refused to publish the papal encyclical Quadragesimo anno and considered it "an orientation directed to other parts of the world but not Chile."

In 1936, Hurtado authored an article entitled The Priesthood Crisis In Chile, which addressed the problem of the shortage of priests in Chile; his analysis was criticized as "exaggerated". He criticized the quality of catechism instruction offered in Chile and wrote that young men often signed up as catechists but lacked the necessary certificate.

Social apostolate
In 1940, Hurtado was appointed diocesan director of the Catholic Action youth movement and he served as its national director from 1941 to 1944. Also in 1941, Hurtado authored Is Chile a Catholic Country? The book published statistics demonstrating a lack of priests assigned to the working class and rural populations, and it reported on parishes that had one priest assigned to 10,000 laypeople spread across huge geographic areas. He advocated an increase in the number of priests and better education for them. Almost half of Chile's clergy were foreigners, including missionaries from the United States and Canada, who rode circuits of towns to administer the sacraments. Most Chileans regarded devotion to the Virgin and the saints as more important than attending Mass or receiving the Eucharist, which they could not do regularly.

In the book, Hurtado published the results of a 1939 survey of Chilean religious practices and reported that only 9% of Chilean women and 3.5% of Chilean men regularly attended Mass. The book was heavily criticised by more conservative Catholics, who accused Hurtado of being a Communist.

Keeping in mind his own origins, and ever grateful for the help he and his family had received when they were in great difficulties, Hurtado was led to active social involvement. His strong faith was transformed into action with his founding of an organization similar to Boys Town in the United States. His shelters, called Hogar de Cristo (Home of Christ), took in all children in need of food and shelter, abandoned or not. He also purchased a 1946 green pickup truck and monitored the streets at night to help those in need that he could reach. His own charisma brought him many collaborators and benefactors. The movement was a huge success. The shelters multiplied throughout Chile and it is estimated that between 1945 and 1951 more than 850,000 children received some help from the movement.

Labor movement and social doctrine of the church
In 1947, Hurtado entered the labor movement. Inspired by the social teaching of the church he founded the Chilean Trade Union Association, meant to train leaders and instill Christian values in the labor unions. He wrote three books: Social Humanism (1947), The Christian Social Order (1947) and Trade Unions (1950). He served as a confessor to the Falange Nacional, the precursor to the modern Christian Democratic Party. To disseminate the social teaching of the church and help Christians reflect and act on the serious social problems faced by Chile, he founded in 1951 the periodical Mensaje ("Message"). He published numerous articles and books on labor issues in relation to the Catholic faith.

Death
Deeply spiritual, Hurtado was untiring in his work for the workers and the youth, combining intellectual reflection and practical actions. Ever optimistic and joyful, he had also an attractive personality that brought many people to Christ and the Catholic Church, young and old, intellectuals and manual workers.

In 1952, Hurtado was stricken with intense pain and rushed to the hospital. He was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Day after day the media kept the country informed of Hurtado's state of health. Before his death he had become a national hero. After a brief battle with the illness, he died in Santiago.

Veneration
Hurtado was beatified on October 16, 1994, by Pope John Paul II and canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on October 23, 2005. Hurtado was one of the first people to be elevated to sainthood during the papacy of Pope Benedict XVI; he was also the second Chilean saint, after Teresa of Los Andes.

Hurtado is one of the most popular and cherished saints in his country, Chile. An indication of his lasting popularity was the presence in Saint Peter's Square, on the day of Hurtado's canonization, of a very large contingent of Chilean people, led by the highest authorities of the country, starting with President Ricardo Lagos and some high-ranking Chilean politicians who actually had been Hurtado's students during his school teacher time, like Senator Gabriel Valdés.

Legacy
"I hold that every poor man, every vagrant, every beggar is Christ carrying his cross. And as Christ, we must love and help him. We must treat him as a brother, a human being like ourselves. If we were to start a campaign of love for the poor and homeless, we would, in a short time, do away with depressing scenes of begging, children sleeping in doorways and women with babies in their arms fainting in our streets."
 * The "Hogar de Cristo" he founded still exists, and through its fight for social justice, it has become one of the biggest charity groups in Chile.
 * There is also an avenue and the San Alberto Hurtado metro station in Santiago (the closest to his main shrine, which also houses the Hogar's headquarters) named after him.
 * Alberto Hurtado University, located in Santiago and run by the Society of Jesus, preserves his name and strives to bring his legacy into contemporary education and social affairs, facilitating activities through its Center for Reflection and Social Action (CREAS).
 * St. Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia, PA, established The Hurtado Food Pantry, where a team of high school students organizes monthly food collections and deliveries, sending out thousands of pounds of food to the community. The Hurtado Cup is an intramural competition to raise the most money for a designated charitable cause.
 * Xavier High School in New York, New York, renamed a hall (in which a soup kitchen feeds over 900 meals every Sunday) and Seattle University has a Residential Learning Community named after him.
 * Jesuit High School in Portland, Oregon, opens its empty classrooms in the evenings to an ESL program called The Hurtado Center.
 * Belen Jesuit High School has started the Hurtado Experience for its ninth graders, taking them on retreats to help out the needy in Miami.
 * The famous Jesuit boarding school Clongowes Wood College, Co. Kildare. Ireland, named their Bursary Programme after him in 2007. Ten percent (10%) of the student population are educated free in the interest of the school being socially just. This is not a scholarship but a bursary for students who would benefit most from a Clongowes education in the Jesuit tradition. Currently six years in Clongowes would cost €100800.00 ( 2011/2012 figures €16800 per annum ).
 * Chilean historian Marciano Barrios Valdes considered the Catholic Action movement in Chile to be what sustained the Catholic Church's continued existence in Chile into the 1960s.
 * The Jesuit run Rockhurst High School in Kansas City, Missouri, runs an accelerated learning program for inner-city, Catholic, middle school boys named "The Hurtado Scholars Program".
 * Since 2006 the Press Club of Chile has presented the annual Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga Award (Premio Alberto Hurtado Cruchaga) to people and institutions for service to the community in the field of journalism.
 * Jesuit High School of Tampa Bay has a scholarship named after him for those students who serve in their community.
 * He is patron of the Novitiate of the USA Midwest province of the Society of Jesus.

Criticism
Members of the Conservative Party denounced what they saw as Hurtado's endorsement of the National Falange, a party founded after young social Catholics split from the conservative party. There were also attacks from the left. An anonymous article published in Policarpo in 1982 called Hurtado "the last prophet of the bourgeoisie" while it contrasts him unfavorably with the figure of Enrique Alvear who is hailed as the "first Pastor of the Church of the poor in Chile". Clotario Blest, who like Hurtado was also intellectually indebted to Fernando Vives, is reported to have distanced himself from Hurtado.

Media
During the 1990s there was a short TV series dedicated to him, named Crónica de un Hombre Santo (English: Chronicles of a Holy Man). Four actors portrayed Hurtado, from his childhood to his last years; popular telenovela actor Cristián Campos played the adult Hurtado during his ministry.

Hurtado remains very popular in Chile to this day. His Facebook fan page has more than 50,000 followers.

Main works

 * ¿Es Chile un pais católico? (English: Is Chile a Catholic country?), Santiago (Chile), 1941.
 * Humanismo social (English: Social humanism), Santiago (Chile), 1947.
 * El orden social cristiano en los documentos de la jerarquía católica (English: Christian social order in the documents of the Catholic hierarchy), 2 vol., Santiago (Chile), 1947.
 * Sindicalismo: historia-teoría-práctica (English: Syndicalism: History-Theory-Practice), Santiago (Chile), 1950.

title: Alberto Hurtado


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George Paterson Walker

George Paterson Walker (1864 – 1926) was a Scottish businessman who was the grandson of John ‘Johnnie’ Walker of the whisky brand.

Biography
He was the oldest son of whisky maker Alexander Walker and took over the family business' London office in 1888, overseeing distribution and marketing.

After their father's death in 1889, his brother Alexander stepped into the production and blending role, eventually creating Johnnie Walker Old Highland (white label) and Special Old Highland (red label) (adding them to the Extra Special Old Highland (black Label)'' created by their father in 1865).

In 1909 George saw the introduction of the Striding Man logo. And the rebranding of the whisky blends as Johnnie Walker White Label, Red Label and Black Label.

The Striding Man
George had wanted to create an advertising device that would be instantly recognisable to customers. The solution emerged during lunch one day with cartoonist of the time, Tom Browne. In response to the challenge, Browne drew the first Striding Man then and there on the back of a menu in the restaurant. The words "Born 1820, still going strong" were added.

 * 1820 was year George's grandfather John purchased a grocery and spirits shop in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland. The blend that became Black Label was actually introduced in 1865 by George's father.

title: George Paterson Walker


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Camus, County Galway

Camus or Camas is a small village in the Connemara Gaeltacht of County Galway, Ireland. It is between Casla and An Teach Dóite, and is divided into Camas Uachtair and Camas Íochtair, as well as several other townlands, such as Scríob, Gleann Trasna, Leitir Móir, and Doire Bhainbh.

The village has the highest percentage of Irish language speakers in the Gaeltacht.

Name
The names Camus and Camas are both used. However Camus, which has been in use for generations in both Irish and English, has been retained by the great majority of the population. The name in Irish refers to the shape of the nearby bay in which the tides come and go through the narrow strait at Dun Manus and enter Camus bay at an angle. The explanation of the name sometimes given - 'cam uisce' or crooked water - is etymologically unsustainable. Camus is also known in song as Camus na bhFoirnéis, meaning "Camus of the furnaces". It is believed that a small foundry was operated near the small bridge at the centre of the area in the 18th century.

Notable buildings
The former Camus national school, in Derry townland, was built in 1876. The nearby Roman Catholic church, St Mary's Church, was completed in 1897.

title: Camus, County Galway


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Talk:Viktor Krum

Previously redirected to: Talk:List of supporting Harry Potter characters

title: Talk:Viktor Krum


text: Talk:Charlie Weasley

title: Talk:Charlie Weasley


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Dialogue (Four Tet album)

Dialogue is the debut studio album by British electronic musician Kieran Hebden, released under his alias Four Tet on February 1, 1999.

Track listing

 * 1) "The Space of Two Weeks" – 5:50
 * 2) "Chiron" – 5:23
 * 3) "Alambradas" – 1:55
 * 4) "3.3 Degrees from the Pole" – 6:00
 * 5) "Misnomer" – 3:20
 * 6) "Liquefaction" – 4:58
 * 7) "She Scanned" – 3:12
 * 8) "Calamine" – 7:38
 * 9) "The Butterfly Effect" – 6:21
 * 10) "Aying" (CD only) – 4:56
 * 11) "Fume" (CD only) – 9:53
 * 12) "Charm" (CD only) – 5:04

title: Dialogue (Four Tet album)


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Talk:Fred and George Weasley

Delete on the grounds that it's not notable?
No! As i explained on Talk:Ginny Weasley, we ought to have more dedicated articles on specific HP characters.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 01:49, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fred and George Weasley


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Active Slovenia

Active Slovenia (Aktivna Slovenija) was a political party in Slovenia. The party was founded in 2004 and won 3.0% of the popular vote and no seats in the National Assembly at the parliamentary election in 2004.

Foundation
The party was formed as the result of a split in the Youth Party of Slovenia in the run up to the 2004 European election. Supporters of Active Slovenia described the decision making in the Youth Party of Slovenia as undemocratic.

A congress was held on the 8 May 2004 in Novo Mesto to form the party and elected Franci Kek as the first party leader. The party had one member of the Slovenian National Assembly on the founding of the party, Igor Štemberger, but lost this seat in the 2004 Slovenian parliamentary elections.

Merge with Zares
In 2007, the party merged with the social-liberal political party Zares, founded the same year by a split in the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia.

title: Active Slovenia


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Slovenia is Ours

Slovenia is Ours (Slovenija je naša) was a Slovenian regionalist political party, active in the Slovenian Littoral. It was composed by three local parties, active in Slovenian Istria, namely 'Koper is Ours' (led by then the mayor of Koper Boris Popovič), 'Izola is Ours' (led by then the mayor of Izola Tomislav Klokočovnik), and 'Piran is Ours', led by then the mayor Tomaž Gantar.

At the 2004 parliamentary election, the party won 2.6% of the popular vote and no seats. It did not participate in the 2008 parliamentary election. As of September 2008, its leader was Boris Popovič, then the mayor of Koper. The party did not participate in the early 2011 Slovenian parliamentary election on 4 December 2011. The party hasn't participated in any elections since.

title: Slovenia is Ours


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Slovenian National Party

The Slovenian National Party (Slovenska Nacionalna Stranka, SNS) is a nationalist political party in Slovenia led by Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti. The party is known for its Euroscepticism and opposes Slovenia's membership in NATO. It also engages in what many consider to be historical negationism of events in Slovenia during World War II.

History
The party was founded on 17 March 1991 by Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti, who remains the party's leader. The traditional 19th-century Kozler map of United Slovenia is one of the official party symbols.

In 1993, dissenting factions broke from the party and formed the Slovenian National Right and the National Party of Labor. Many of the dissenting members were supporters of Slovene Home Guard and objected to Jelinčič's support of the Slovene Partisans. Another split occurred in 2008, when several Slovenian National Party MPs left the party and formed the party Lipa. These splits did not seriously affect the party's structure, even though the ideologies of both SNS MPs and the party's membership tend to sometimes differ from Jelinčič's stands.

In the second democratic elections in Slovenia on 6 and 10 December 1992, the SNS received 10.2% of the vote and 12 of the 90 seats in parliament. On 10 November 1996, their share of the vote declined to 3.22% and the party won 4 seats. On 15 October 2000, the party's vote share increased to 4.38% and its seats in parliament remained steady at 4. In the 2002 presidential election, SNS leader Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti received 8.49% of the vote, placing third. On 3 October 2004, the party's share of the vote increased to 6.27% and the party won 6 seats in parliament. The party's share of the vote increased to 4.0% in the 2014 European parliamentary election compared to the previous European elections, but it did not win any seats.

In the 2007 presidential election, Jelinčič increased his share to 19.16% of the vote, but placed fourth. In Slovenian legislative elections on 21 September 2008, the party's share of the vote declined to 5.4% and its seats in parliament dropped to 5. The party's vote share dropped to 2.9% in the 2009 European parliamentary election. In the Slovenian parliamentary election on 4 December 2011, the party received 1.80% of votes and lost its representation in parliament as it did not reach the parliamentary threshold of 4%. In the Slovenian parliamentary election on 13 July 2014, the party received 2.21% of votes, but did not win any parliamentary seats. It receives support from various strands of society and has traditionally done well among young voters and residents of the regions near the Italian and Austrian borders.

On 9 March 2016, Jelinčič and Vojislav Šešelj, president of the Serbian Radical Party, signed an agreement to bring their parties closer in terms of partnership and political alliance.

In July 2020, the party reached a cooperation agreement with the 14th Government of Slovenia.

Ideology and platform
The party's ideology has been strongly anti-clerical and has advocated a firm laicist position. The party is also opposed to LGBT rights. The party opposes the privatisation of state-owned enterprises. The party opposes introducing a property tax and supports an increase in the minimum wage. The party has called for a change of the national flag and the coat of arms, feeling that they utilize symbols used by certain World War II paramilitary groups and lack a distinctly Slovenian historical character. It shows sympathy for the Slovenian resistance to fascism and for the former Yugoslav communist regime of Tito. The party supports replacing judges' lifetime mandate with an eight-year term. The party is opposed to Slovenia's membership the European Union and NATO.

Its leaders have been accused of chauvinist and even racist attitudes towards certain minorities, particularly Slovenia's Romani population. In the early 1990s, the party campaigned against allowing refugees from former Yugoslav republics into the country. The party has since moderated its rhetoric, although its leaders continue to voice strongly anti-Croat positions. Among other things, Jelinčič has proposed that four disputed villages; Bužini, Mlini, Škodelini and Škrile, be placed within the municipality of Piran to participate in Slovenian elections. He also advocates improving relations with Serbia and has opposed the independence of Kosovo. The SNS frequently demands better treatment of Slovene minorities in neighboring countries.

Although the party usually refuses to position itself within a left–right political spectrum, its president Zmago Jelinčič Plemeniti defined himself as leftist in a 2000 interview for the magazine Mladina. However, the descriptions others have given the party range from left-wing to far-right, including right-wing. According to researchers at the University of Ljubljana, the SNS combines elements of right-wing and left-wing ideology and is not strictly a left-wing, nor a right-wing party, but nevertheless leans closer to the left. The party has only participated in one governing coalition, with the conservative Slovenian Democratic Party during the third Janša premiership of 2020-2022. Over the years, the SNS has supported a combination of typically leftist economic policies (such as opposing privatization of key national enterprises) and right-wing social views, explaining the wide variance in its placement within the political spectrum.

title: Slovenian National Party


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Pause (Four Tet album)

Pause is the second album by Four Tet. It was released on 28 May 2001 in the United Kingdom and on 9 October 2001 in the United States. Pause was Four Tet's first release on Domino Recording Company; his debut album, Dialogue, had been distributed by Output Recordings.

A recording of an office setting, most prominently featuring the sounds of typing on a computer keyboard, forms a recurring motif in the album; it both opens ("Glue of the World") and closes ("Hilarious Movie of the 90's") the album, and is also present in "Harmony One".

Three tracks from Pause were later released in remixed form on Four Tet's Paws EP.

The acoustic guitar track "Everything Is Alright" is used as the theme music for the National Public Radio programme On Point.

The opening track "Glue of the World" is used in the background of the Six Feet Under episode "Someone Else's Eyes" (Season 2, Episode 9). This same track is used in the House, M.D. episode "Last Resort". It is played over the top of various scenes from the hospital as the hostages are being released and/or detained.

The second track, “Twenty Three,” contains a sample of Steven Halpern’s “Keynote E: Yellow,” and the third track, “Harmony One,” contains a sample of “Keynote F: Green.” Both are sampled from Halpern’s 1975 album Christening for Listening: A Soundtrack for Every Body.

The fourth track entitled "Parks" contains a sample of "After the Snow, The Fragrance" and "Sanzen (Moment of Truth)" both from the album Music for Zen Meditation by jazz clarinetist Tony Scott.

Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Pause has an average score of 85, based on 13 reviews, which indicates "universal acclaim". Jason Thompson of PopMatters stated that "the songs of Pause are far more interesting and multi-layered than most of your general ambient music available on the shelves today" and called the album "a mesmerizing work." Ted Kessler of NME compared Four Tet to Boards of Canada, stating that both acts create "modern music for summer in the great outdoors, away from the urban sprawl". Similarly, Tiny Mix Tapes marked out that "you could take this release and pair it up with Boards of Canada's In a Beautiful Place Out in the Country for a back-to-back hit of sunny, frolic-in-a-sunny-field goodness", concluding that while "the album doesn't have any super highs, it also doesn't have anything even remotely close to a low." AllMusic's Thom Jurek declared that Pause "offers more proof that DJ culture still has plenty to offer" and opined that "this one's a winner from start to finish."

title: Pause (Four Tet album)


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Talk:Methodological materialism

This article looks as if it were created merely for the purpose of pushing a point-of-view.

The article is confusing the idea that there exist only matter and forces in the universe with a strawman to the effect that scientists do not believe that intelligence exists in the universe. The one does not imply the other: I program neural nets and, while they can do very interesting things, and could potentially build lego structures in the sand, these things don't require me to believe that there is anything in my computer but bits being turned on and off.

Thus the lego-in-the-desert analogy, which appears to be the sole reason that this article was created, is usless, since no scientist would ever say that the lego structure couldn't have been designed. The conclusion by scientists that the lego structure was designed in no way goes against the ideas of methodological materialism, and so the analogy is pointless.

The sentence "It may seem silly ... but many scientists suddenly agree..." is obviously written to try to connect the sillyness of the lego strawman with the scientists actual position in the reader's mind, but this connection exists only in th mind of the author.

If this article were to talk about methodological materialism in a neutral manner, it should almost certainly start with references to Hobbes and Descartes, and then go on to say that the relevence of this paradigm is that the scientific world restricts its hypotheses to things which are observable and testable, and which, specifically, don't require God as an explanation. If we can stop the spread of these silly analogies in these articles we'd all be much better off, I feel. — Asbestos | Talk  17:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm game. What do you suggest for revisions? David Bergan 17:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article should be merged/redirected to Methodological naturalism. Is there an important distinction? --Rikurzhen 18:25, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methodological materialism