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User talk:Dustypagoda

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! KHM03 22:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Mr. Arkadin
Hello, please post more than just a template when you create an article—it is necessary to have at least a couple introductory sentences to give a basic description of the subject matter. Otherwise, it risks speedy deletion for having no content. Thanks! Postdlf 05:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:WellesArkadin.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:WellesArkadin.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:WellesOthello.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:WellesOthello.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 09:12, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:MacBeth Welles.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:MacBeth Welles.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 07:15, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dustypagoda


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Decimate inc.

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:38, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Decimate inc.
Non-notable band; website reveals a demo CD, a few MP3s, and that they're looking for a lead singer, which seems a bad sign for their immediate prospects of becoming encyclopedic. CDC  (talk)  22:27, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 03:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete just more amateur bandcruft. jglc | t | c 16:04, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Thecharmedmuse

Hi Maddy

 * hugs* Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 22:29, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thecharmedmuse


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Kremersite

Kremersite is a rare mineral which is a hydrated multiple chloride of iron, ammonium and potassium with the formula: (NH4,K)2FeCl5·H2O. Kremersite is a brown-red to orange mineral that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. It is a water-soluble mineral that is found around volcanic fumaroles. Occurs at Vesuvius, Italy and Mount Etna, Sicily. It was discovered in 1853 and named for the German chemist, Peter Kremers (born 1827).

title: Kremersite


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barry Laughlin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:38, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Barry Laughlin
No evidence of notability. CDC  (talk)  22:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 03:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as above. Vegaswikian 06:47, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, likely vanity. Created by User:Barry Laughlin. Only page that links here is the redirect Barry Laughlin & Asociados (IMO should be deleted too), created by the same user, original with the same text as the Barry Laughlin article. -- Infrogmation 07:09, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Krennerite

Krennerite is an orthorhombic gold telluride mineral which can contain variable amounts of silver in the structure. The formula is AuTe2, but specimen with gold substituted by up to 24% with silver have been found ([Au0.77Ag0.24]Te2). Both of the chemically similar gold-silver tellurides, calaverite and sylvanite, are in the monoclinic crystal system, whereas krennerite is orthorhombic.

The color varies from silver-white to brass-yellow. It has a specific gravity of 8.62 and a hardness of 2.5. It occurs in high temperature, hydrothermal environments.

Krennerite was discovered in 1878 near the village of Săcărâmb, Romania, and first described by the Hungarian mineralogist Joseph Krenner (1839–1920).

title: Krennerite


text: File:Transformers-them-movie-soundtrack.jpg


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American Buffalo (play)

American Buffalo is a 1975 play by American playwright David Mamet that had its premiere in a showcase production at the Goodman Theatre, Chicago. After two additional showcase productions, it opened on Broadway in 1977.

Plot
Act I takes place at about 11 a.m. Don, who owns the junk shop where the entire play takes place, has sold a buffalo nickel to a customer for $90 but now suspects it is worth considerably more. He and his young gofer, Bob (sometimes called Bobby), plan to steal the coin back. Bob has been keeping watch on the customer's house and reports that he has left for the weekend with a suitcase. Teach, a poker buddy of Don's, arrives and learns of the scheme. He persuades Don that Bob is too inexperienced and untrustworthy for the burglary, and proposes himself as Bob's replacement. Teach suggests they steal the whole coin collection and more. Don insists on their poker buddy Fletcher going with Teach. Teach continues to argue that he can do the job without Fletcher.

Act II takes place a little before midnight on the same day. Teach and Don make final preparations for the burglary while waiting for Fletcher, who is late. Teach tells Don that Fletcher is a liar and a cheater at cards, and prepares to go commit the burglary on his own. Don tries to persuade him not to take his gun with him when Bob appears at the store. He attempts to sell Don a buffalo nickel, similar to the one Don had sold the customer. When asked where he got the coin, Bob is evasive. Teach suspects that Bob and Fletcher have organized and completed their own burglary behind Don and Teach's backs. He asks Bob where Fletcher is. Bob tells him that Fletcher was mugged by "some Mexicans" and is in a hospital, but when Don calls the hospital, they have no record of his admission. Bob claims that he must have been mistaken about the name of the hospital, but the suspicious Teach strikes him on the head with a metal object. Another friend calls, corroborating Bob's story and naming the correct hospital. Don calls the hospital and confirms that Fletcher has been admitted with a broken jaw. Bob confesses that he made up the story about the customer leaving with a suitcase, and that he bought the second nickel from a coin dealer in order to make up with Don for his failure to keep tabs on the customer. Don admonishes Teach for wounding Bob and orders him to get his car so they can take him to the hospital.

Style
As is emblematic of Mamet's writing style, the play's dialogue is sometimes terse and often vulgar. Teach says "cunt" numerous times and both Don and Teach say "fuck" even more. Racial slurs are also used. By way of contrast, the younger character Bobby only says "fuck" in situations of extreme duress: immediately after being beaten and his final apology to Donny. Mamet's profanity is not employed for shock value, but is rather an integral component of his characters' "profane poetry", which, according to frequent collaborator Gregory Mosher, "worked the iambic pentameter out of the vernacular of the underclass." The characters' sometimes vulgar lexicon, moreover, may be seen as psychologically necessary armor against their brutal environment.

The parenthetical stage directions are straightforward and do not provide line readings.

Productions
American Buffalo opened in Chicago at the Goodman Theatre Stage II on November 23, 1975, directed by Gregory Mosher with a cast that featured William H. Macy (Bobby), Bernard Erhard (Teach), and J.J. Johnston (Donny).

The play premiered Off-Broadway at the Theatre at St. Clement's Church on January 26, 1976 and closed on February 7, 1976. Directed by Gregory Mosher, the cast featured Mike Kellin (Teach), Michael Egan (Donny) and J. T. Walsh (Bobby).

The play premiered on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on February 8, 1977 in previews, officially on February 16, 1977, and closed on June 11, 1977 after 122 performances. Directed by Ulu Grosbard, the cast featured Robert Duvall (Teach), Kenneth McMillan (Donny), and John Savage (Bobby). Sets were by Santo Loquasto and lighting by Jules Fisher.

The play was produced again Off-Broadway at the Circle in the Square (Downtown) in June 1981, starring Al Pacino as Teach, Thomas Waites (Bobby) and Clifton James (Donny) and directed by Arvin Brown. This production ran at the Long Wharf Theater, New Haven, Connecticut, in 1980.

The play was revived on Broadway at the Booth Theatre, running from October 20, 1983 (previews) to February 4, 1984. Directed by Arvin Brown, the cast starred Al Pacino (Walter Cole, called Teach), James Hayden (Bobby) and J. J. Johnston (Donny Dubrow). The production was nominated for the 1984 Tony Award, Revival (Play or Musical), and Pacino was nominated for the 1984 Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Actor in a Play. During the November 8 performance of this run, Hayden received a standing ovation for his performance; six hours later, he died of a heroin overdose while on the phone with his estranged wife while in his Upper West Side apartment. He was replaced by his understudy, John Shepard.

The play was presented at the Donmar Warehouse, London, from January 28, 2000 to February 26, starring William H. Macy (Teach), Philip Baker Hall (Donny) and Mark Webber (Bobby), directed by Neil Pepe. This production transferred to Off-Broadway at the Atlantic Theatre Company in March 2000 and closed on May 21, 2000. (Mamet and Macy are co-founders of the Atlantic Theatre Company.)

Another production was in April/May 2002 at Royal Exchange, Manchester, directed by Greg Hersov. It featured Mike McShane as Donny, Ben Keaton as Teach, and Paul Popplewell as Bobby. Ben Keaton won Best Actor and Paul Popplewell was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Manchester Theatre Awards (M.E.N.) & TV Awards.

The play was revived on Broadway in 2008 and starred Cedric the Entertainer, Haley Joel Osment, and John Leguizamo, but it closed after eight performances.

The play was produced at Wyndham's Theatre in the West End, London, directed by Daniel Evans and starring John Goodman as Donny, Damian Lewis as Teach, and Tom Sturridge as Bobby. The show ran from 17 April to 27 June 2015.

Another revival on Broadway, directed by Neil Pepe and starring Laurence Fishburne, Sam Rockwell and Darren Criss at the Circle in the Square Theatre was set to begin previews in March 2020 with an official opening on April 14, but the show suspended production due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2021, it was reported that the production would begin previews on March 22, 2022 with an official opening set for April 14. In the end, the production with the aforementioned cast & director began a 16-week run on March 22, 2022 with a final performance set for July 10, 2022. Sam Rockwell was nominated for a 2022 Tony Award for Best Lead Actor in a play for his performance as Teach.

Critical response
Critic Frank Rich, in reviewing the 1983 production for The New York Times, called it "one of the best American plays of the last decade." Rich had previously reviewed the 1981 Off-Broadway production, calling the play "brilliant", and noting: "The play, though, is the thing. Working with the tiniest imaginable vocabulary – words like nothing, great, and no, as well as those of four letters – Mr. Mamet creates a subterranean world with its own nonliterate comic beat, life-and death struggles, pathos and even affection... In American Buffalo, he has created a deceptively small-scale tragedy that is packed with the power to explode the largest of American myths."

Awards and nominations
The 1975 production won the Obie Award, Best New Play and Performance (Mike Kellin). The production won the 1977 New York Drama Critics' Circle Award, Best American Play.

The 1977 Broadway production was nominated for two Tony Awards: Best Direction of a Play and Best Scenic Design (Santo Loquasto). It received four Drama Desk Award nominations, including Outstanding New Play (American), and won for Outstanding Set Design.

J. J. Johnston received a Theatre World Award for his portrayal of Donny.

The 1983 revival was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award, Outstanding Actor in a Play (Pacino).

The 2022 revival was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play (Sam Rockwell), Best Direction of a Play (Neil Pepe), Best Scenic Design of a Play (Scott Pask).

Film adaptation
The play was also adapted to a 1996 film, with Dennis Franz (Don), Dustin Hoffman (Teach), and Sean Nelson (Bobby).

title: American Buffalo (play)


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Capital Shakers

Capital Shakers are a former New Zealand netball team that were based in Wellington. Between 1998 and 2007, Shakers played in the Coca-Cola Cup/National Bank Cup league. Between 2000 and 2002, Shakers were semi-finalists three years in succession. Ahead of the 2008 season, Shakers merged with Western Flyers to form the new ANZ Championship team, Central Pulse.

Founding members
In 1998, together with Auckland Diamonds, Bay of Plenty Magic, Canterbury Flames, Counties Manukau Cometz, Northern Force, Otago Rebels, Southern Sting, Waikato Wildcats and Western Flyers, Shakers, were founding members of the Coca-Cola Cup/National Bank Cup league.

Irene van Dyk era
Between 2000 and 2002, Shakers were semi-finalists three years in succession. They finished third in 2000 and fourth in 2001 and 2002. Between 2000 and 2002, Irene van Dyk played for Shakers. In 2000, van Dyk's scored 367 goals from 396 attempts with a 93% shooting success rate as she helped a Shakers team coached by Lois Muir and captained by Noeline Taurua reach their first semi-final. However, they subsequently lost 50–35 to Canterbury Flames. In 2001, with a team coached by Tanya Dearns, captained by Gail Parata and featuring Debbie Matoe, Frances Solia, Jodi Te Huna and van Dyk, Shakers defeated Southern Sting 51–48 in a Round 4 match. It ended a winning run of 18 matches over two years for Sting. During the 2001 season, van Dyk had a 91% shooting success rate as she played a major role in leading Shakers to their second semi-final. However, they lost 60–49 to Sting. In 2002, Shakers qualified for their third semi-final. However, they were once again defeated by Sting, losing 68–49.

Merger
Ahead of the 2008 season, Shakers merged with Western Flyers to form the new ANZ Championship team, Central Pulse.

Stats
Source:

Internationals

 * New Zealand
 * England
 * Karen Aspinall
 * Helen Lonsdale
 * Olivia Murphy
 * Amanda Newton
 * Hong Kong
 * Victoria Smith
 * Samoa
 * Gene Solia-Gibb
 * Frances Solia
 * South Africa
 * Leana de Bruin
 * Irene van Dyk

ANZ Championship players

 * Jamilah Gupwell
 * Megan Hutton
 * Brigette Tapene

Sources:

title: Capital Shakers


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User:Chamdarae

Hi! I'm Chamdarae, aka Hyun-Sung or Richard. For more information see my meta page, or my Korean or Cornish pages.

Articles I've started (but which need more work)

 * Itelmen language
 * Kawésqar language
 * Kerek language
 * Cacaopera language
 * Miskito language
 * Matagalpa language
 * Sumo language
 * Stepan Krasheninnikov

Other articles I've contributed to

 * Tungusic languages
 * Chukchi language
 * Yaghan language

Articles to work on / write

 * Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages
 * Itelmen (need more complete description, especially showing the difference between 'Itelmen' and 'Kamchadal')
 * Chukchi language (need more complete description, including table)
 * Yeniseian languages (tone down claim of relationship with Burushaski)
 * Paleosiberian languages
 * Misumalpan languages
 * Ulwa language
 * Category:Language stubs
 * Language isolates
 * Chon languages
 * Taranaki

ko:User:Chamdarae kw:User:Chamdarae

title: User:Chamdarae


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Talk:Coronation Crown of George IV

Untitled
A proper copyright free page on this crown has been added at the temp page. Whoever wrote the original page may well be a newbie who didn't know the copyright rules Wikipedia must obey. I don't think it was a deliberate copyright violation, but should be deleted nevertheless because of its clear breach of copyright. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 22:30, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Coronation Crown of George IV


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Fort Peck Community College

Fort Peck Community College (FPCC) is a public tribal land-grant community college in Poplar, Montana. The college is located on the Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Reservation in the northeast corner of Montana, which encompasses over two million acres. The college also has a satellite campus in Wolf Point.

History
FPCC was chartered by the Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes in 1978. The decision to found FPCC was based on the reservation's need to provide opportunities for post-secondary education and community service in their home communities. In 1994, the college was designated a land-grant college alongside 31 other tribal colleges. FPCC was granted accreditation by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities in December 1991.

Academics
FPCC offers 25 associate degree and vocational programs for local residents and businesses. FPCC is a two-year degree-granting community college that offers programs to meet the career goals of its students and the training needs of the reservation:

 * Associate of Arts,
 * Associate of Science, and
 * Associate of Applied Science degrees, and
 * one-year vocational training certificates.

FPCC also offers associate degrees and certificates in over 30 fields of study.

Partnerships
FPCC holds accreditation by the Northwest Association of Schools and Colleges, Commission on Colleges. The institution is a member of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) and American Association of Community Colleges (AACC). The college is a member of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) and American Association of Community Colleges (AACC).

FPCC's articulation agreements with four-year institutions Rocky Mountain College, Montana State University - Northern, and the University of Montana, allow students to earn bachelor's degrees in
 * elementary education,
 * business, technology,
 * information technology and
 * psychology.

title: Fort Peck Community College


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Sarita Choudhury

Sarita Catherine Louise Choudhury (born 18 August 1966) is a British actress. She made her screen debut starring in the romantic drama film Mississippi Masala (1991). She later appeared in American and international film productions, including A Perfect Murder (1998), Restless (1998), She Hate Me (2004), The War Within (2005), Lady in the Water (2006), Midnight's Children (2012), The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), A Hologram for the King (2016), and The Green Knight (2021).

Choudhury played the leading roles in a number of films, most notably the experimental film Fresh Kill (1994), the historical erotic romance Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1996), the drama For Real (2009), and the supernatural horror film Evil Eye (2020). On television, she starred as Mira Berenson in the Showtime thriller series Homeland (2011–2017), and as Kith Lyonne in the Netflix superhero series, Jessica Jones (2019). In 2021, Choudhury began starring as Seema Patel in the HBO Max comedy-drama series, And Just Like That....

Early life
Choudhury was born in Blackheath, London, England, and is of half Bengali Indian and half English descent. Her mother, Julia Patricia (née Spring), is English, and her father, Prabhas Chandra Choudhury, a scientist, is Indian. They married in 1964 in Lucea, Jamaica. Choudhury studied economics and film at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. She has one younger brother, Kumar Michael Choudhury, and one older brother, Chandra Paul Choudhury.

Career
Choudhury made her big screen debut starring opposite Denzel Washington in the 1991 romantic drama film Mississippi Masala directed by Mira Nair, for which she received her Screen Actors Guild (SAG) card. She was still working as a waitress in Manhattan's East Village to make ends meet while the film was in theatres. The film was positively received by critics. After her debut film Mississippi Masala became an art house hit, Choudhury acted as a Pakistani country-western singer in the British comedy film Wild West (1992), a Chilean maid who is raped in Bille August's adaptation of The House of the Spirits, and a lesbian mother in the experimental film Fresh Kill directed by Shu Lea Cheang. After appearing in the American comedy film The Perez Family and the made-for-television drama Down Came a Blackbird in 1995, Choudhury starred as Tara, the Indian princess in the historical erotic romance film Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (1996) directed by Mira Nair. The film generated controversy at the time of its release and was banned in India due to its erotic theme and sexual content. The following years, she acted primary in American productions, notable playing the recurring role on the NBC police drama series, Homicide: Life on the Street for five episodes during the 1998–99 season as Dr. Kalyani, a medical examiner. In 1998, she appeared in the crime thriller film A Perfect Murder and the romantic drama film Restless. The following year, she had a minor role in the thriller film Gloria directed by Sidney Lumet. She had a recurring roles on the short-lived television dramas Deadline (2000) and 100 Centre Street (2001–2002), and later appeared in the comedy films It Runs in the Family (2003) and She Hate Me (2004).

In 2005, Choudhury starred in the independent political drama film The War Within and the following year appeared in the psychological thriller Lady in the Water by M. Night Shyamalan. In 2007, she played the role of the King's mistress, Helen Pardis, in the NBC short-lived drama series, Kings. The series was based upon the Biblical story of King David but set in modern times. Her character's Biblical counterpart was Rizpah, a concubine of King Saul. She worked with independent film director Sona Jain in the 2009 drama film For Real. In an interview with The Statesman, she said, "After Mississippi Masala and Kama Sutra I started getting offers in New York... doing theatres... I just went with the flow. One fine day, I thought that I haven't been back to India, haven't shot there and that's something I wanted to. There were Bollywood offers but it was not until Sona's script that made me look at India." The film had a commercial release in September 2010. In 2011, Choudhury was cast as Saul Berenson's wife, Mira in the Showtime political thriller series, Homeland. She was promoted to series regular during the third season. Along with cast, she received Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. After Homeland, she co-starred in the romantic comedy-drama film, Learning to Drive (2014), and played Egeria, the Capitol's Minister of Interior in The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015). In 2015–2016, she appeared as the Deputy White House Political Director Sophia Varma in the NBC crime drama series Blindspot. In 2016, she starred opposite Tom Hanks in the comedy-drama film A Hologram for the King.

Choudhury appeared in the independent films The Last Photograph (2017) and After Louie (2018), and was a regular cast member during the third and final season of Hulu drama series, The Path in 2018. In 2019, she starred as Kith Lyonne in the Netflix series Jessica Jones and the following year appeared in the Hulu miniseries Little Fires Everywhere. In 2020, she played the leading role in the supernatural horror film Evil Eye. She also starred in the Spanish drama film It Snows in Benidorm (2020), and appeared in the science fiction drama After Yang and The Green Knight (2021).

In 2021, Choudhury joined the cast of HBO Max comedy-drama series And Just Like That..., a Sex and the City revival series. She plays Seema Patel, a real estate broker who becomes a new friend for Carrie Bradshaw. Choudhury received wide press coverage for her performance in the series. Some of critics dubbed her as "the new Samantha Jones". The A.V. Club named her the best part of the series. After her And Just Like That... performance, HBO Max announced that Choudhury will be starring and executive producing the family drama series The Colony based on the 2019 film Stray Dolls.

title: Sarita Choudhury


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Kabaka of Buganda

Kabaka is the title of the king of the Kingdom of Buganda. According to the traditions of the Baganda, they are ruled by two kings, one spiritual and the other secular.

The spiritual, or supernatural, king is represented by the Royal Drums, regalia called ''Mujaguzo. A''s they always exist, Buganda will always have a king. Mujaguzo, like any other king, has his own palace, officials, servants and palace guards. The material, human prince has to perform special cultural rites on the Royal Drums before he can be declared king of Buganda. Upon the birth of a royal prince or princess, the Royal Drums are sounded by drummers specially selected from a specified clan as a means of informing the subjects of the kingdom of the birth of a new member of the royal family. The same Royal Drums are sounded upon the death of a reigning king to officially announce the death of the material king. According to Buganda culture, a king does not die but gets lost in the forest. Inside Buganda's royal tombs such as the Kasubi Tombs and the Wamala Tombs, one is shown the entrance of the forest. It is a taboo to look beyond the entrance. Additionally, there is another specific tradition of the Baganda concerning the two kings who rule the Kingdom of Buganda that began after the death of Kabaka Tebandeke (c. 1704). When Kabaka Tebandeke died, he was succeeded by two kings of Buganda; the first was his cousin Kabaka Ndawula Nsobya (c. 1724 – c. 1734) who became the material king and the second was his only surviving biological son Juma Katebe who became the spiritual king. Juma Katebe (sometimes spelt Juma Kateebe) held the spiritual priesthood which was originally part of the throne of the Kabaka. Since the death of Kabaka Tebandeke, the two lines of kings have been in perpetual succession to date. Juma Katebe is king over the spirits or the spiritual forces of the Buganda kingdom. The current reigning spiritual king is also named "Juma Katebe" after the name of the historical only surviving biological son of Kabaka Tebandeke who was named Juma Katebe. When the coronation of the material king is done, the coronation of the spiritual king (Juma Katebe) is also done. The Juma Katebe, the spiritual king, is involved in the traditional procedures to crown the new material king after the death of a reigning material king. The Juma Katebe’s spiritual power originates from Kabaka Tebandeke. The Juma Katebe regularly visits the "masiro" or palace tomb or burial ground of Kabaka Tebandeke located in Bundeke, Merera in Busiro (part of Wakiso district of Uganda) to perform special religious ceremonies.

Election of kings
Buganda has no concept equivalent to the Crown Prince. All the princes are equally treated prior to the coronation of a new king following the death of a reigning monarch. However, during the period of a reigning king, a special council has the mandate to study the behavior and characteristics of the young princes. The reigning king, informed by the recommendation of the special council, selects one prince to be his successor. In a secret ceremony, the selected prince is given a special piece of bark cloth by the head of the special verification council. The name of the "king-to-be" is kept secret by the special council until the death of the reigning king. When all the princes and princesses are called to view the body of the late king lying in state, the selected prince lays the special piece of bark cloth over the body of the late king, revealing himself as the successor to the throne.

By tradition, Baganda children take on the clan of their biological fathers. It is a common misconception that the Kabaka (king) of Buganda takes his clan from his mother. Some go as far as saying that Buganda's royal family was matrilineal. Neither of these assertions is true.

The Kabaka has his own clan which is called the royal clan "Olulyo Olulangira". Members of this clan are referred to as abalangira for males and abambejja for females. The misconception arose in part because the royal clan has no totem which is something that all other Baganda clans have. However, the totem should not be confused with the clan. The totem is just a symbol but the clan is a matter of genealogy. The royal clan has its own genealogy traced along the patrilineal line, extending all the way back to Kintu.

The firstborn prince, by tradition called Kiweewa, is not allowed to become king. That was carefully planned to protect him against any attempted assassinations in a bid to fight for the crown. Instead, he is given special roles to play in the matters of the royal family and kingdom. Thus, the name of the possible successor to the throne remains secret.

Kings of Buganda
The following are the known Kings of Buganda, starting from around 1300 AD.

 * 1) Kato Kintu, early fourteenth century
 * 2) Chwa I, mid fourteenth century
 * 3) Kimera, c. 1374
 * 4) Ttembo, c. 1404 – c. 1434
 * 5) Kiggala, c.  1434–c.  1464 and c.  1484–c.  1494
 * 6) Kiyimba, c.  1464–c.  1484
 * 7) Kayima, c.  1494–c.  1524
 * 8) Nakibinge, c.  1524–c.  1554 Brief Interregnum, c.  1554–c.  1555
 * 9) Mulondo, c.  1555–1564
 * 10) Jemba, c.  1564–c.  1584
 * 11) Suuna I, c.  1584–c.  1614
 * 12) Sekamaanya, c.  1614–c.  1634
 * 13) Kimbugwe, c.  1634–c.  1644
 * 14) Kateregga, c.  1644–c.  1674
 * 15) Mutebi I, c.  1674–c.  1680
 * 16) Juuko, c.  1680–c.  1690
 * 17) Kayemba, c.  1690–c.  1704
 * 18) Tebandeke, c.  1704–c.  1724
 * 19) Ndawula, c.  1724–c.  1734
 * 20) Kagulu, c.  1734–c.  1736
 * 21) Kikulwe, c.  1736–c.  1738
 * 22) Mawanda, c.  1738–c.  1740
 * 23) Ndugwa I, c.  1740–c.  1741
 * 24) Namuggala, c.  1741–c.  1750
 * 25) Kyabaggu, c.  1750–c.  1780
 * 26) Jjunju, c.  1780–c.  1797
 * 27) Semakookiro, c.  1797–c.  1814
 * 28) Kamaanya, 1814–1832
 * 29) Suuna II, 1832–1856
 * 30) Muteesa I, 1856–1884
 * 31) Mwanga II, 1884–1888 and 1889–1897
 * 32) Kiweewa, 1888
 * 33) Kalema, 1888–1889
 * 34) Daudi Chwa II, 1897–1939
 * 35) Mutesa II, 1939–1967 (abolition) or 1969 (death) Second Interregnum; Monarchy abolished under the 1967 Ugandan Constitution, 1967–1993
 * 36) Muwenda Mutebi II, 1993–present

Quotes
"The Kiganda Monarchy in its purest form ended with Suuna; under Mutesa I, it was scorched; and under Mwanga it was destroyed."
 * G.N. Uzoigwe, Britain and the Conquest of Africa, 1974

"Whatever else divided the Baganda; they were united under the institution of Kabaka and derived their pride from service to the Kabaka and nation."
 * Samwiri Lwanga Lunyiigo, Mwanga II, 2011

title: Kabaka of Buganda


text: Category:Kenpō

title: Category:Kenpō


text: User talk:70.18.9.247

title: User talk:70.18.9.247


text:
Talk:Quake II engine

Quake II
A lot of details about the Quake II engine are at Quake II. This needs to be sorted out and all information that is more relevant for this article needs to be moved here. Just FYI. I'll probably go over both articles throughout the week. K1Bond007 22:35, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Half-Life
The Half-Life engine used very small portions of the Q2 code, from what I understand, it was networking. I added that, but perhaps someone can clear up exactly how much of each engine went into that game? (though it was definitely very Q1 with a lot of Valve code)
 * I don't know what was used, but you are right that it was mostly a heavily modified Q1 engine with some Q2 code. We should probably just remove it from the intro altogher. K1Bond007 05:27, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Also Quake
This article is misleading, as id tech 2 seems to include both the Quake engine and the Quake 2 engine. Who is like God? (talk) 21:32, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

id Tech 2 = Quake 1 & 2
People often confuse id Tech 1 for the engine used for Quake 1, which was actually id Tech 2. id Tech 1 is the engine used for Doom and Doom II. Accordingly, I'm getting rid of the section stating that half-life's goldsrc was not based on id Tech 2. It was. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.88.65.205 (talk) 23:53, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Infobox updates
Hey everyone. Yesterday I updated the infobox to include more detailed information. I'll try to make the infobox information and detail consistent for the Quake and Quake 2 pages as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BenjaminRose1991 (talk • contribs) 23:56, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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PlayStation
IGNPSX: Are you using a brand new engine to create Quake II on the PlayStation, and if so, what are its strengths, and how will it make Quake II unique on the PlayStation?

Chris: For Quake II we're using a completely new engine.

Source: http://www.ign.com/articles/1998/12/31/the-real-quake-ii-interview — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.141.113.148 (talk) 15:10, 10 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quake II engine


text:
Bobby Gould in Hell

Bobby Gould in Hell is a play by the American playwright David Mamet. It premiered Off-Broadway in 1989 and also ran in London in 1991. The one-act play (45-minutes) updates the life of character Bobby Gould, from Mamet's 1988 play Speed-the-Plow.

Plot overview
The play shows Bobby Gould, introduced in Mamet's 1988 play Speed-the-Plow, and his time in Hell after he dies. Gould is subjected to questions from a devilish personage referred to simply as "The Interrogator." The Interrogator has had to interrupt a fishing trip in order to question Gould and he is consequently displeased. Through the course of the play, Gould confronts whether or not he is a "bad man."

Productions
Bobby Gould in Hell premiered Off-Broadway at the Lincoln Center Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater on November 27, 1989 and closed on December 31, 1989 after 32 performances. Directed by Gregory Mosher, the cast starred Treat Williams as Bobby Gould, W. H. Macy as The Interrogator and Felicity Huffman as Glenna.

The British premiere was presented by The Mandrake Theatre Company in September 1991 at the Lyric Studio, Hammersmith, in London. Directed by Aaron Mullen, the cast featured Steven O'Shea as The Interrogator, Nic d'Avirro as Bobby Gould, and Nancy Crane.

In both productions, Bobby Gould was double-billed with Shel Silverstein's The Devil and Billy Markham under the title Oh, Hell.

title: Bobby Gould in Hell


text:
Ring of Fire (anthology)

Ring of Fire is the third published book by editor-author-historian Eric Flint of the 1632 series, an alternate history series begun in the novel 1632 (February 2000). The Ring of Fire is both descriptive of the cosmic event as experienced by the series' characters, but also is at times used as the name for the series itself. The series is set in war-torn Europe during the middle of the Thirty Years' War.

Ring of Fire is a collection of short stories —half by a variety of established science fiction authors invited into the setting, half fan-fiction by enthusiasts who helped take the stand-alone novel into a series numbering works in the tens of books; all set in the universe initially created by Flint's science fiction novel 1632 written as a stand-alone novel and turned into a series by popular demand. Unlike most short works in a novel created series, the stories within are important milieu shaping creations—story threads which are formalized into the series canon for they helped establish it, and act as a spring board for further developments in the books. Many characters debut in these short stories who play an important role in subsequent longer works.

Premise of the series
The series heralds a new kind of writing, blending both shared universe and collaborative fiction writing in large series fiction. As in other shared universes, the stories are set in a milieu shared with other writers, but usually it's done with other author's stories being set safely somewhere off to the side of the main story threads. Flint demonstrated that a series could be successfully written by ignoring convention, and deliberately asking the other writers to share in creating the main threads and plot lines of the milieu. The first two novels in the series, 1632 and 1633, were written contemporaneously so that story threads started in one novel could intermingle and generate matching action or background in the other, and vice versa.

Flint is on record saying that large portions of 1633 were adjusted drastically, even thrown out and rewritten as later submissions to the 1632 series impacted the various and diverse story threads. For a fuller look on this literary development see Assiti Shards series. For the fullest enjoyment of all three books, it is best to read them in the order 1632, Ring of Fire, and then 1633. Interchanging the last two has a relatively minor cost to understanding and in appreciation that can be avoided.

Flint has stated that he intends that short stories featuring major characters, or establishing points that will be important in future novels will be collected into the Ring of Fire anthologies, and that The Grantville Gazettes anthologies will feature the stories of characters that don't establish new background for the novels. However, many of the characters or events become more important in retrospect than either the author or editor expected, so this rule is fairly weak.

"In the Navy"

 * by David Weber

Weber's short story sets up major story elements that play out in 1633 and 1634: The Baltic War. In particular, the story tells how the New United States Navy (and that of future Empire of the United States of Europe) came to be in the resource strapped days of 1632–33. Most notably, through the eyes and experiences of young Eddie Cantrell, the story begins the rehabilitation of John Chandler Simpson who was cast as quite unlikeable in 1632. Through the eyes of Simpson, Cantrell and fellow up-timers Jere Haygood and Pete McDougal we get a picture of the chaos involved in rebuilding Magdeburg after the city was sacked by Tilly's forces.

"To Dye For"

 * by Mercedes Lackey

To Dye For introduces the absent-minded purveyor of Wacky-Tabbacky Tom Stone and his three boys as he strives for respectability in the eyes of guildmaster Karl Jurgen Edelmann, father of spinster Magdalena Edelmann and main head-over-heels love interest of Tom "Stoner" Stone. As a daughter of a guildmaster, Magdelena Stone was wasting away as a spinster in her early 30s until a delegation from her town visited Grantville and she met her soul-mate, Tom Stone. His initial courting was received with favor, until her father decided "Stoner" wasn't the man of means he'd mistaken him to be.

"Stoner" is the last adult in the former 1970s "Lothlorian Commune" and had been enticed away from Pharmacology graduate school by a hippy "Chick" named Lisa. In the free love community of Lothlorien, whether "Elrond" (Ronald Stone) might be his child is a question he has long abandoned, but it is genetically certain that the "Stop sign red" colored hair of "Gwaihir" (Gerry Stone) makes him someone else's boy, who is nonetheless being raised as one of his own.

As this story opens, a glum Stoner is introduced to Dr. James Nichols by Mike Stearns, and the two have come by to pick up a horse-drawn cart load of Stoner's "patented West Virginia Wildwood Weed" (which originated in a pilgrimage to Holland) that Stoner uses as an emergency cash crop grown in his ramshackle home-made greenhouse constructed from various junk automobile sections, windows thrown in the trash, and a lot of effort and ingenuity. At the same time, interjected into this conversation are barbs by the German boy driving the horse cart just identified as 'Klaus' such as "Und Magdalena vould haf better prospects elsewhere, you haf no income, Stoner. Effen der Veed, you gifs to der Doc".

Stoner, who is particularly adept with recreational extra-sensory stimulatory compounds, especially as a pharmacological graduate school drop-out from Purdue University, refuses to take payment for the weed, saying repeatedly that he wouldn't make money off of other people's pain. Klaus turns even that negative: "Dat earns you a place in Heaffen, maybe, but on Earth, no income." The matter becomes the topic of a general family discussion after the medical visitors have left, brought up by the boys. Soon, the family conference reminds Stoner of a past fiasco at a town fair where a cloud-burst had ruined the sales of many exotically tie-dyed tee-shirts, also ruining what would have been a great day as the tee-shirts hadn't been processed to set the dye into the cloth—inadvertently dyeing many a now irate customer. But Stoner knew how to make things colorfast, he was a very good chemist, and had loads of left over dyes here and there on the grounds.

Soon, with the boys' eager help, the Stones go into the serial production of embroidery yarns. Karl Edelman is impressed and Stoner has a new life partner, one with a ruthless business savvy that he'd never had. As the story closes, Stoner is recalling the history of early organic dyes leading up to the Mauve Decade, when coal-tar dyes such as Perkin's mauve were developed and generated huge fortunes. The neat thing is it would be ecologically sound, for the dyes needed could be taken from the coal-fired power plant with the addition of scrubbers on the chimneys. Splitting the profits bothered Stoner not a bit. They would be huge.

 * impact on the milieu

In the after-story, the sequel 1634: The Galileo Affair, Magda accompanies her antibiotic analgesic and clothing dye wizard of a husband to a year-long posting to lecture at the University of Padua, as part of the Embassy sent to Venice. There, she takes her husband's wealth and shows the business acumen learned at her father's side and a shrewd judgment of men and ruthlessness which built it into a fortune, and turns the couple into the wealthiest family in Europe with the able assistance of Sharon Nichols, who builds up a considerable fortune of her own.

"A Lineman For the Country"

 * by Dave Freer

Scottish military dispatch carrier Douglas Lawrey falls in with telephone repairman Len Tanner and irascible coal mine switchboard operator Ellie Anderson. Due to their limited people skills, the technologically stranded pair have been unable to convince anyone to develop telecommunications abilities beyond Grantville. After Ellie reveals the old-tech phone she has been prototyping, Douglas talks them into forming a corporation.

While stringing the first phone line to nearby Saalfeld, Len and a downtime assistant are captured by a group planning to hijack a Grantville gun shipment. In the struggle, the prototype phone is damaged, but the trussed up Len finds the battery and wires and manages to send an SOS to Grantville.

After foiling the hijack, Ellie realizes that the old-tech phone was still too high tech for the time period. Morse keys can be manufactured quickly, and investors found to fund the telegraph wire network.

"Between the Armies"

 * by Andrew Dennis

Set before and during the Croatian attack on Grantville, this story revolves around the Catholic Church. Papal diplomat Monsignor (not yet Cardinal) Mazarini sends Jesuit Father Heinzerling to report on Grantville. Due to political issues with Rome, France and Spain, Mazarini cannot open diplomatic discussions, so when Heinzerling returns, he unofficially sends him back to be the curate for Grantville's Catholic church. Uptimer Irene Flannery, a faithful but harsh elderly widow who has always helped the church, is horrified and offended by Heinzerling's girlfriend and three children, even after Father Mazarre marries them. Irene quits her charity work and becomes entirely isolated. She refuses to take shelter during the Croatian attack, and dies in her front yard. Father Mazarre is wracked by guilt, as well as anger that the current wars all claim to be for the sake of religion. He resolves not to stand by silently any more, and sends his uptime Catholic books to the Vatican.

"Biting Time"

 * by Virginia Easley DeMarce

Veronica Richter (Hans and Gretchen Richter grandmother) gets fake teeth, opens a daycare center/preparatory academy and is courted by Henry Dreeson.

"Power to the People"

 * by Loren K. Jones

A technically plausible description of what happens at the power plant in the immediate aftermath of the Ring of Fire event. There is panic, of course, but also resourcefulness as the plant's staff struggles to recover from an event they don't understand.

"A Matter of Consultation"

 * by S. L. Viehl

"A Matter of Consultation" by veteran science fiction author S. L. Viehl expands on the character Sharon Nichols created by Flint, who becomes one of the lead characters in both 1633 and the South European thread's two novels, 1634: The Galileo Affair and 1635: The Cannon Law. Also in "A Matter of Consultation" Viehl introduces the nurse Ann Jefferson, a classmate of Nichols whom he pairs with Nichols in this story. Flint later will make her into an American poster girl of sorts in his purpose written short stories in each of the Grantville Gazettes I, II and III where she is caught up in the Siege of Amsterdam and ends up as the common subject of many famous down-time artists starting with Peter Paul Rubens and including Rembrandt, who is a virtual unknown at the time. Those three stories set canon for increased information flow and detail the beginning of a common postal system across Europe.

Viehl has Nichol's and Jefferson face off against Dr. William Harvey, the "discoverer" of the circulatory system, and the two nurses "give him some pointers", including a severe dressing down. Concurrently, Anne Jefferson meets her future husband, diplomat and mathematician Adam Olearius, who is traveling as diplomat and guide to Harvey in this story. In canonical importance, Dr. Harvey visits Grantville, and its libraries, and as a courtesy, has some medical books copied for him. While killing time he discovers encyclopedias and has pages detailing English History copied at the end of his stay. Charles I of England uses these warnings of the revolution to change England to repress the future revolution, thus setting the stage for the English international politics in the series.

"Family Faith"

 * by Anette M. Pedersen

Johannes Grünwald, an artist forced by his mother's family to become a Jesuit priest, returns hunted, poor and starving to his family estate near Grantville. Johannes is welcomed by his old playmate Frank Erbst, who is now caring for the estate.

The Grünwald family has a complex religious history. Johannes' stiff-necked Protestant brother Marcus allowed his beloved Catholic wife to raise their son Martin Catholic. After his wife's death, however, Marcus tried to force Martin and his wife Louisa to baptise their son Johann as a Protestant. To escape, Martin joined Tilly's army. Due to the turmoil of war, young Johann went missing. He is believed to be in Grantville, but Marcus regards Grantville as evil and has forbidden Frank to go there.

Johannes explains that he lost faith after the sack of Magdeburg and was unable to continue his task of drawing pictures of the war. He was arrested for heresy and blasphemy, and placed under guard. He escaped and walked to the estate, but the corpses he found in farmhouses along the way tormented him. Frank gives drawing materials to Johannes, who wrestles with his demons. When soldiers arrive on the estate, Johannes expects to be taken prisoner. However, they are Americans, and they take him back to Grantville.

"When the Chips are Down"

 * by Jonathan Cresswell and Scott Washburn

"When the Chips are Down" explores some of the issues involved in "gearing down". Larry Wild is one of the Four Musketeers introduced midway through the novel 1632, and is the central character in this tale. Larry's employment in one of Grantville's machine shops goes poorly: he demonstrates a regrettable inconsistency and an inability to pay proper and timely attention, and so breaks valuable and irreplaceable machine tool cutting heads. Most of the story involves preparations for a Christmas celebration which Larry presses forward with despite experience and difficulties. While trying to recreate a formerly enjoyed uptime snack, there are humorous adverse interactions with members of the extended family of Jeff Higgins and Gretchen Higgins, especially her formidable grandmother Veronica Richter.

"American Past Time"

 * by Deann Allen and Mike Turner

Former star high school athletes decide to start a baseball league and try to interest downtimers in the sport.

"Skeletons"

 * by Greg Donahue

Downtimer Gerd is concerned that many Germans who were formerly Tilly's soldiers have been welcomed into Grantville's army. He recognizes a trio that he served with, whose atrocities sickened him until he fled the group. The trio deserts, taking their valuable uptime guns and robbing several Grantville houses to get ammunition. Gerd knows their destination: a farm where they tortured and killed an old man for his wealth, then hid the loot in an outhouse. He ambushes them, and the loot is donated to a Grantville church.

"A Witch to Live"

 * by Walt Boyes

Veronica Junius, daughter of the burgomaster of Bamberg burned as a witch, is also been tortured and found guilty of witchery by ecclesiastical court. She escapes, but is captured. Inquisitor Eberhardt suggests taking her to Würzburg for civil trial before she can be burned, but the Captain insists on bringing her to Suhl, where she will have no friends to aid her. Jesuit Friedrich von Spee, historical author of a treatise against using torture in witchcraft trials, is asked by the prince-bishop of Mainz to observe.

Suhl has been accepted into the United States, and Veronica's previous trial is found invalid there due to the forced confession. She is sent to Grantville "for a new trial," where she is given medical treatment and comforted by Father Mazarre. She explains that in the four years since her father was burned and all his property seized, she could only support herself via prostitution. Discussing witch hunts, Mazarre recalls a historical figure that they should recruit — von Spee, who then introduces himself.

"The Three R's"

 * by Jody Dorsett

Due to the Counter-Reformation, The Unity of the Brethren church has been expelled from Liechtenstein and Bohemia, and driven underground in Poland. Trying to keep the church alive in exile, Bishop Comenius sends Deacon Billek to Grantville to see if they can help. Grantville and the Brethren agree on two important issues: religious tolerance and education. Billek finds that Grantville cannot assist the Brethren where they are, but offers sanctuary for any refugees. However, union agitator Red Sybolt is moved by their plight, and accompanies Billek on his return trip to teach the three R's: "reading, righting and revolution."

"Here Comes Santa Claus"

 * by K. D. Wentworth

Julie MacKay arranges a Christmas party for the many orphans in the area. While preparations for this event quickly snowball, three emissaries from Wallenstein are sent to find her. Meanwhile, two of the Emperor's soldiers decide to blow up Grantville's school with two powderkegs. At the denouement, the attack is foiled and Pappenheim explains that Wallenstein simply wants an alliance with Grantville and new teeth from Julie's dentist father.

"The Wallenstein Gambit"

 * by Eric Flint

Flint's novelette set in December 1632—Spring 1633, is the basis for a major plot thread in the milieu, the Eastern European thread. In the 1632-verse, Albrecht von Wallenstein was near-fatally wounded by the sniper fire of sharp shooting Julie Sims at the fictional Battle of Alte Veste. Wallenstein decides he'd prefer to ally with Gustavus and the Americans rather than face the assassination the Americans' history books have him slated for in 1634. He'd also rather not face them or Gustavus again in battle, and in particular not the American rifles which tore up his jaw and put him in declining health since he could not ingest solids. His mutilated jaw was also the reason that he allied with his former enemies as believed that only the American's medical health care could fix his jaw (see "Here Comes Santa Claus").

He plots (together with Gottfried Pappenheim) to expel imperial administrators from Bohemia and depose the absent Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria, then also king of Hungary (1625) and Bohemia (1629) whilst he was occupied opposing the Ottoman Empire while his father Ferdinand II prosecuted the Thirty Years' War triggered by his reign in Bohemia. Meanwhile, Len Tanner and Ellie Anderson (see "Lineman for the Country") come to install a telephone system for Wallenstein's residence in Prague, and a Jewish couple from Grantville settles in Prague and gains influence in Josefov, the Jewish quarter.

Wallenstein's coup succeeds, but he must take his troops out of Prague to meet Ferdinand's army in a "Second Battle of White Mountain". Mercenary chief Heinrich Holk decides to exploit their absence and attack the city. However, successors of religious hussites ("The Brethren") and the Jewish population band together as citizen defenders of Prague, led by elderly American tycoon Morris Roth, who amazes himself by becoming a popular leader: don Morris, hidalgo of Jews.

At the heart of the storyline backplot and that of Flint's Eastern European thread is the Chmielnicki Rebellion, refers to a rebellion or war of liberation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (present-day Ukraine), which raged from 1648–1654 and involved massive antisemitic pogroms. Many of the Jews targeted had fled central and western Europe because the plague years in the 14th century had inspired pogroms, as did the spread of Lutheranism which was at the heart of the Thirty Years' War.

The Khmelnytsky Uprising decimated the Jewish population and is considered to be one of the most traumatic events in Jewish history. In The Wallenstein Gambit storyline, Jewish character Morris Roth is haunted by this and hopes to prevent the prospective loss of life.

Literary significance and reception
Publishers Weekly mentions "how neatly the other authors' tales in this strong anthology dovetail with Flint's series" and how the "individual contributors concentrate less on the impact that the displaced Americans' technology makes than on how their ideas—and ideals—inspire those newly exposed to them". Jackie Cassada of the Library Journal called the book a "topnotch choice for alternate history fans and essential for libraries owning 1632 and 1633" and that these "15 stories contribute directly to the main plot lines of the series and illustrate the complex and multifaceted nature of historical fiction."

Ring of Fire was listed on the Locus (magazine) Hardcovers Bestsellers List for two months in a row during 2004, topping at number 2.

title: Ring of Fire (anthology)


text:
Talk:Ultimecia

POV?
Not to get too attached to my own edits - I'm the one who wrote most of this article - but I'm not sure why the discussion of Ultimecia's relative unpopularity as a character was considered "baldly POV." I didn't say I thought she was a bad villain; I said that she was unpopular, that she received very little characterization, and that the game was widely criticized for its lack of a compelling villain, all of which are objectively true. The fan reaction to Ultimecia seems like a valid and relevant thing to discuss. Having read over the paragraph in the history, the only part I'd consider possibly POV is the statement that "Ultimecia was a major disappointment," which could be revised to "many fans considered Ultimecia a major disappointment" or something similar.

So - could the information from that paragraph be restored while removing any apparent bias? I don't want to just revert to my version of the article without hearing some other opinions, so I open it up here. 68.226.239.73

 * The problem is that there's a thin line between stating a fact and stating an opinion, and it seemed, to me, that the paragraph in question was doing far more of the latter than the former. Stating that Ultimecia was unpopular is fine. However, to state that "she received very little characterization" is trickier: that's a literary criticism argument, and it needs to be supported to be any other than POV. Which, I hasten to add, is likely very possible to do, but was simply not present anywhere in the paragraph. The wording, too, was rather leading ("simply ridiculous," "simply insane," "no possible motivation," "bizarre," "weak point in the Final Fantasy series"), which led me to conclude (perhaps incorrectly) that the paragraph was simply bald editorializing attempting (and failing) to hide behind the "popular reaction" idea. It's the "everyone agrees" device, namely, trying to pass off a personal editorial reaction as something more broadly applicable than it is. Which is manipulative and, more importantly, entirely unencyclopedic.
 * The first key, IMO, would be to "de-adjective" the thing: drop the more evocative terms and phrases (some of which I've listed above) and stick to the facts. Avoid sensationalism: while pointing out that a lot of people reacted poorly to Ultimecia has its place, stating that she is (even "arguably") "the single least popular villain in the entire Final Fantasy series" does not. That's a very broad claim, and if you want to make it, you'll need to have some sort of citation to support it. Given that citing fan reaction is tricky, at best, it's probably more sensible to shy away from such statements to begin with. The references to Sephiroth and Kefka, in this context, are also inappropriate: a similar argument regarding what, exactly, Kefka's motivations were (other than being "simply insane") could just as easily be made, and one could just as well point out that "not appearing until the very end of the game" is more the rule than the exception for the series, as well (Chaos, Dark Cloud, Zeromus, Garland, etc.). It serves little purpose, anyway. The article is about Ultimecia, not the broader topic of Final Fantasy VIII, and conjecture as to it being a "weak point" in the series is inappropriate (and extremely contentious, to boot).
 * In short, tread very lightly: it's fair to point out that Ultimecia's past and motivations are murky, and that many fans find the absence of such details disappointing. It's even fair, perhaps, to suggest that she may not be entirely sane, provided such conjecture is kept to a bare minimum, and only brought insofar as it can be supported by the game itself (her speech mannerisms and actions, basically). But that really seems to be more of a ground-up rewrite than a revision, and that was why I dropped the paragraph entirely. Trying to salvage something useful from it struck me as being too difficult to be worthwhile. That said, I've dropped in a new paragraph which gets at what I personally feel is appropriate. Feel free to do with it what you will, but I hope I've provided at least some food for thought. I do appreciate your engaging in conversation on this, though, and I apologize if my edit came off as too brusque.
 * I'm adding a note below that I started to write, but which got preempted by your own comment. While some of the details may be redundant now, my basic point remains, so I'm going to include it, anyway. If something doesn't make sense in light of what I've talked about above, it's because I've probably changed my mind in response to your own comments above :-) – Seancdaug 23:39, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * And I'm sorry if I came across as offended; I was just puzzled by the deletion of what I considered one of the more relevant things to know about Ultimecia. As you noted below, without that discussion, it's much more of an article about the "Is Rinoa Ultimecia?" controversy than an article on Ultimecia herself.
 * I definitely do understand where it could have come across as editorializing hidden under the "everyone agrees" device; I've come across my share of that on Wikipedia. For whatever it's worth, I personally don't consider FF8 "a weak point in the Final Fantasy series" at all; on the contrary, on any given day it's a toss-up whether I'll consider FF8 or FF7 my favorite Final Fantasy game. :-) However, there are an awful lot of fans and critics who have described it as one of the weakest entries in the series, and almost every major storyline-related criticism I've heard revolves around Ultimecia and her lack of backstory and motivation.  And even among others who like the game, I've seen a great deal of criticism and little to no defense of Ultimecia as a character.  That's why I considered it an important thing to note in any discussion of Ultimecia, just as I'd consider it a problem if the article on Sephiroth failed to note his enduring popularity with fans. 68.226.239.73

 * You've got a point, from a critical standpoint the key villain's slimness in the plot really is a weakness. What we really need is citable sources, for example critiques and reviews of the game from reasonably large (Insert-Credit.com?) sites. Sockatume 00:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The key villian's slimness in the plot? What? Is it completely forgotten that Edea is not Edea for the first portion of the game but actually Ultimecia? She wasn't just "making Edea do bad things" - she'd totally taken control of her body and was controlling her. Edea, as she is first presented to us, is Ultimecia with a different name and form. Until Ultimecia finally releases her, all of "Edea's" actions can be attributed to the Sorceress from the future.

 * Likewise, her motivation seems simple enough - she plainly states that in her time, she (and perhaps all sorceresses) have been condemned and persecuted, likely because of her role in history as the 'evil Time Compressor Sorceress ruler from the future'. Since she (and others like her one presumes) are being condemned for crimes that she personally has not committed yet, she naturally gets royally p*ssed and decides "You know what, to hell with you - I am that big bad evil sorceress spoken of in history". She then proceeds to become the "Big Bad" of the world - and then, suffering from incredible hubris, she thinks she's going to be able to conquer destiny and her fate through Time Compression, when instead she just ends up fulfilling it. Beautiful imho... the only major flaw with FF8s plot was the execution of the "We all grew up in the same Orphanage" revelation.

 * I'm sorry if that appeared overly confrontational, I just feel affronted on poor Ultimecia's behalf... she gets such a bad rep...(195.92.168.173 06:01, 13 January 2006 (UTC))

Fancruft?
A while ago, I redirected this article back to the main Final Fantasy VIII article, because I didn't see that there was really enough to justify a seperate entry. As things currently stand, there's certainly a good deal of information here now, but I'm not really sure how much of it really qualifies as encyclopedic. I removed an entire paragraph of completely inappropriate POV pushing, and now the article really doesn't consist of much more than the Rinoa/Ultimecia theory. Now, I've always been something of a proponent of that particular theory, but I don't kid myself that it's anything more than base fanwank, and while I can justify mentioning the theory as part of discussing the fan community of the game, I'm skeptical that an indepth, pro/con outline of the thing is something we should be including here. On the other hand, it's a well-written summary, so I'm hesitant to just cut it entirely. But if all we can come up with for this article is fannish editorializing and (admittedly well-written) theorizing, I don't see what the point is, really. Maybe we should move it over to the Final Fantasy wiki linked from the main Final Fantasy article? – Seancdaug 23:39, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd back a VfD for this. Really, it's not a major-enough issue to be worth a Wikipedia article. Fascinating (I'd not considered it but it makes a great deal of sense, nice subtle addition to the story), but it should be put in a follow-up external reference rather than part of the Wikipedia itself. Sockatume 00:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The main reason I ended up re-creating this article is because the "Is Rinoa Ultimecia?" theory kept coming up in other FF8 articles; I deleted a long, disorganized discussion of it in the Rinoa Heartilly article and a short summary of it in the main Final Fantasy VIII article, replacing both with short references and links to this article.  If nothing else, I figured that the fact that it kept coming up meant that a single, organized summary of the argument would be useful.
 * Personally, I don't buy the theory, but I think that it's plausible enough, widespread enough, and important enough to players' interpretations of the game that it's useful to have it discussed on Wikipedia. But my personal Wikipedia philosophy generally leans to the inclusionist side of things; we're not, as they say, a paper encyclopedia. :) 68.226.239.73
 * Generally I would agree, except that it feels... wrong... in this particular case. There are, it seems to me, two major issues: one, how deeply do we want to get into the question on Wikipedia, and two, where is the best place to do it. Personally, I think it does deserve a mention, but agree with Sockatume that the nitty-gritty details should probably be moved elsewhere (like the aforementioned FF Wiki, which is in desperate need of some lovin' :-) ) and just linked from here. And it seems like whatever we do keep can be fit into the Rinoa Heartilly article just as easily as it can here. While Rinoa is an important enough character to have her own article, Ultimecia really isn't, and given the composition of the article at present, it kind of shows.... :-/ – Seancdaug 01:41, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Square confirmation
Alright, so I did some digging. A note about the near-mythical "official Square confirmation" that Rinoa was not Ultimecia that was supposedly available on Final Fantasy Online. First of all, if we're going to cite something like this, we really need to link to the source. After quite a bit of digging, I was finally able to turn up an external link to here. It's not a letter from a Square employee. It's a refutation of the idea by, as far as I can, a fan who claims to be reasonably well connected. Which, I want to be clear, I have no problem with: it makes a decent case, and it might well be worth linking to, anyway. The idea that it was a letter from Square seems to stem from the fact that the author claims to have spoken to a Japanese designer of the game, who denies the connection. Now, I'm personally not interested in whether or not the writer was telling the truth or not, and I have no real reason to doubt him. But, even so, this is quite clearly not a credible source for an encyclopedia. It's third-hand information, first of all ("he said she said he said..."), and we've got no information on who this employee is, or why his or her words should be taken as reliable. There's a rather substantial credibility gap here, and the information itself is probably not even notable. It is, after all, fan speculation, and we have gone to (IMO) great lengths to point that out. That it's not "official" should, really, be blindingly obvious. The frequent attempts to inject this dubious "official" denial into the article is somewhat pointless, and, I think, risks bringing Wikipedia into the sort of fan debate that can never be effectively NPOV. So I removed the note. Now, if I am mistaken, and if there is, in fact, another letter that is actually verifiable, then there might be a case for restoring the information. But if this is the case, can we please have some sort of external weblink as a reference, guys? – Seancdaug 19:14, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

"Eyes on Me" on Ultimecia's piano
So, uh, can anyone besides the person who put it in the article confirm or deny this buisness about playing "Eyes on Me" on the piano in Ultimecia's castle to unlock a "hidden guardian?" I certainly don't remember doing any such thing, and I did get all the party's abilities unlocked - but maybe I've just forgotten. I did a bit of digging on Google, and none of the walkthroughs I've looked at mention this. 68.226.239.73

Proof that Rinoa's not Ultimecia
Hey, folks. Sorry for not bringing this up in here sooner, but there's proof now that Rinoa's not Ultimecia, uncovered by myself and a translator named "DarkAngel," owner of the Gunshot Romance website (a Final Fantasy VII: Before Crisis English translation site), and a staff member at AdventChildren.net.

The proof comes mainly from the Final Fantasy VIII Ultimania Guide, which states that Witches (Sorceresses) do not have unlimited lifespans.

Here's a full presentation of my own article on the matter, as posted on RPGamer's Forum: Linkage.

Squall of SeeD

 * To be fair, I have never once heard that unlimited lifespans was a requirement for the theory to work, and I'm sure that someone who actually wanted to could argue around it. To be even more fair, this is entirely original research, and it's well and truly outside the purview of Wikipedia. I've chopped the entire section down to size, and eliminated most of the "evidence" for and against. I think it's fair to point out that the theory exists, that it's basically fannish speculation, and that it's not supported by everyone. Beyond that, we're really getting into NPOV (not to mention questionable notability) territory. – Seancdaug 08:29, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "To be fair, I have never once heard that unlimited lifespans was a requirement for the theory to work, and I'm sure that someone who actually wanted to could argue around it."

That's the core principle behind the entire theory, cited in every incarnation of the theory since 1999. Remember, Ultimecia lives far into the future, many generations beyond anyone's normal lifespan. For that matter, arguing around this point is stepping outside the realm of reasonable assumption, and ignoring Occam's Razor. Simply arguing around it isn't enough without it being plausible or reasonably assumed. As you say in the new rendering of the article, all the alleged evidence is highly debatable, and in some cases, altogether non-existant.

To properly cite the concept in an encyclopedia venue, it should at least offer not just some information regarding how the belief arose, but point out a flaw in the logic based on information that is currently known, don't you think? If you'd prefer that not be in the body of the article itself, I wouldn't mind putting my article on my website so that it could serve as an external link. There's simply so much information involved in the theory that to even bother citing the concept requires -- for the benefit of readers -- some demonstration of all the evidence for and against the matter.

- Squall

 * I suspect we're getting a little far afield here, as the relative merits of the theory are not valid for Wikipedia discussion, nor do I particularly care one way or the other. I would point out, though, that there is a basic logical fallacy in your argument (at least, as it's presented here): granting that sorceresses are not immortal, it is logical to assume that being a sorceress doesn't give Rinoa a longer lifespan than anyone else in the game. However, this does not disprove anything. Assuming that Rinoa needs to be particularly long-lived to eventually become Ultimecia is reading extra material into the script: we know that Ultimecia is from the future, but we don't really know how far in the future, nor do we know for certain that she lived linearally through the intervening years. Indeed, given that time travel, of a sorts, plays into the endgame in a major way, and given that we know that Ultimecia is capable of a form of time travel already (her influence over past sorceresses). It also assumes that just because all sorceresses are not immortal, that there is no way for a particularly skilled (or particularly lucky...) sorceress to find a way to extend her lifespan. Not all mages can cast Firaga is not the same thing as saying that no mages can cast Firaga. I frankly think you're reading way too much into a single sentence fragment. Which is pretty much tradition for this particular argument, but it is certainly not going conclusively disprove anything.
 * But that's beside the point, really. The problem isn't your reasoning, nor your conclusions. The problem is that it is inherently unencyclopedic, particularly in the way it was phrased (we have absolutely no authority to declare something right or wrong in a context such as this). In truth, so was the "for" side, which is why I chopped most of that out as well. If you want to host it on an external site, that's a different story, although it may still run into many of the same problems: the next time a partisan comes by and objects to your particular presentation of the case, and adds his/her own link to "demonstrate all the evidence for and against," and we wind up with dozens of links to non-notable and only vaguely informative websites. But I wouldn't object at the moment, if that's what you want to do.... – Seancdaug 18:54, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

To whoever keeps reinserting this "proof" in the article: please stop. It is not "proof," and, at best, it only refutes a specific form of the theory. As an encyclopedia, Wikipedia cannot insert itself into fan debates as some sort of arbiter. It's a fan theory, it's highly unlikely that it was intended by the developers, and it's controversial. If we can't keep neutral on the matter, then we're probably better off losing this article entirely, IMO. – Seancdaug 02:18, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Ultimecia/Rinoa
(Found this on List of FFVIII characters and moved here)

There does seem to be strong evidence for this this rumour and you can see where the theroies come from,watch the ending on youtube and you'll see things like Ultimecia imposed on Rinoa etc. If the theme of the game is love then Squall,in this instance does not care what might happen in the future because he is in love now. You have to remember what people ARENT saying i.e the creators and what theyre implying is very strong in Japan culture.
 * I heart the List of Final Fantasy IX characters article. It presents everything that really happened in the game - I couldn't find any fan speculation so far. We should keep this article that way. As a start, this Ultimecia OR will be moved to its own article. Bluerfn 09:18, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

Someone again added that Ultimecia is Rinoa, with so-called evidence. I checked the supposed source, and it came from an editorial in RPGamer.com. Again, this is fancruft/original research. I think I understand that Wikipedia does not allow OR, am I right? And as much as I also believe Ultimecia maybe Rinoa, there is no verifiable source for this. So this is OR, which does not warrant any place in wikipedia, right? 私はBluerfnです 17:37, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

This so called strong evidence is an entire series of assumptions that are so wrong its a joke. The first is that Rinoa is immortal, which is stated in the FFVIII Ultimania Guide published by Square that sorceresses have normal lifespans, Adel wouldn't need a successor if sorceresses are immortal (Ellone is kidnapped because of this in the game). Second is Rinoa's wings going from angel white (there's a lot of emphasis on this in the game) to black, there's no evidence of her being "an evil sorceress" in the game, if you watch the opening video, the wings change as Squall gets injured during the duel. It may be a warning of the fated sorceress fights (Edea and Ultimecia), (Rinoa, if you notice is worried about her powers until Edea tells her about having a knight, and everything changes, she's calmer). The third assumption is that Rinoa's words with Squall about stopping time on the Ragnarok somehow supports this theory, she didn't want to leave Squall and be stuck in space(She even goes with the Esthar officials to do just that to protect people in case she gets possessed, doesn't sound like an evil sorceress does it?). The four assumption is that Rinoa forgets Squall (after becoming Ultimecia) and tries to kill Squall and of course as she's being defeated give him the lecture about time (Rinoa didn't know him in childhood nor does she hate SeeD's (She's in love with the Commander of SeeD, Squall, after all.) The next assumption is that Ultimecia wants to get Squall back through Time Compression (if he's dead from her acts how can she get him back?). Also Ultimecia doesn't have a knight which is why she is assumed to be crazy (Rinoa does have one and so is sane), more importantly Ultimecia is called "she" by Rinoa, and has "hate in her heart" not suiting to Rinoa's free spirit (she doesn't want to alienate people), Ultimecia also tries to kill Rinoa and Squall (no evidence is given to say Rinoa would have continued to use GF's and forgotten her past and Squall). Ultimecia's accent is not present in Rinoa's speech, she spits out words with C's perfectly so where would she have acquired it?. As for the assumption that Ultimecia's castle is in Edea's house (it floats or else why would it have chains keeping it down?) and it matches the opening words of the game of the protagonists being Fated Children. Edea's House is not enterable. The appearance assumption is also wrong (all FF8 women's faces look alike) and what I find most interesting is that Ultimecia has gray hair. The Griever necklace assumption is also shot down because Rinoa doesn't know what is on his ring, and if you scan Griever it says "In Squall's mind, the strongest GF." Two more pieces of evidence are also important, the first is Ultimecia can't be Rinoa or else they can't fight each other in her castle, Ultimecia does't recognize Squall at all (Rinoa would since use of GF's are debatable. In fact Rinoa doesn't seem to be affected by memory loss due to GF use she remembered the Deling City incident and Squall doesn't (In the flower field scene) and Rinoa is possessed by Ultimecia twice which would explain Squall's image in Time Compression (Remember past, present and future are all mixed up) and Squall did see Rinoa's possession by Ultimecia through Ellone on Lunar Base and it could be it as simple as he remembering that along with everything at once (Time Compression is sometimes just unexplainable). The second piece of very important evidence is that FF8 is a love story (like fairy tales they have happy endings and Rinoa being evil and crazy beings her out of character context.) If anyone reads the Rinoa Heartilly article and looks at the sources, and reads the articles on Flare Gamer it says that Normura likes Rinoa alot (why have her be the antagonist? Is it too show his liking for the character to have Rinoa supposely become Ultimecia?) By the way Rinoa's alive after Time Compression and the world is safe and Ultimecia is dead after giving her powers to Edea. If Square wanted to make a link between the characters why not have Ultimecia give her powers to Rinoa? (If I might add, not all sorceresses give up there powers in fact all of them except Adel, Ultimecia and Edea (Rinoa is excluded) die without giving up their powers and Rinoa received Edea's powers after Ultimecia gave Rinoa the sorceress embodiment power but Edea has her powers until she goes to the Lunatic Pandora after catching it she gets thrown out and stops being a sorceress and Rinoa receives Edea's sorcery and becomes a sorceress). Lastly, Rinoa can't be Ultimecia for all these reasons and this theory is false. Ultimecia is just a sorceress from the future who is not loved and so created her end herself. Saying that Rinoa is Ultimecia is like saying since no one knows where Necron came from, then I guess he must be Zidane right? -Eileen-

Note
I'm getting rid of original research that is on this Wikipedia article that shouldn't be. It is the cause of many disputes that will probably never end because neither side can be proved or disproved. However, I will be starting a Talk page about all kinds of Final Fantasy theories so it will appear there for analysis. -Eileen-
 * Eileen, I'm restoring the text above, simply because other users probably don't like their comments blanked. I'd suggest continuing the discussion here. Regards, alphachimp.  20:37, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultimecia


text: Category:Ugandan monarchies

title: Category:Ugandan monarchies


text:
Talk:Linear discriminant analysis

Special case in "LDA for two classes" is inconsistent. Also, is the definition of c necessary?
In the section "LDA for two classes", the "additional simplifying homoscedasticity assumption" is made so that $$ \Sigma_0=\Sigma_1=\Sigma$$. However, $$ \Sigma_0$$ and $$ \Sigma_1$$ appear in the equation for c. This should simplify if they are replaced with $$ \Sigma$$. Moreover, is the explicit expression for c even necessary? If T can be any number, then so can c. Hence, it would seem that all the constants added to T are unnecessary. That is, it would be equivalent if we just wrote $$ \vec w \cdot \vec x > T $$ in place of $$ \vec w \cdot \vec x > c $$ where $$ c = T + ... $$ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Llmmnnoopp (talk • contribs) 15:43, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Is T usually 0? It disappears when the LDA is introduced. Unhandyandy (talk) 18:44, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

Notation
The arrow notation for vectors in this article looks really ugly. No statistics text would use that. In this article, it would be easy enough just to have a box containing definitions for each symbol. E.g. x,w,\mu = vectors ...

YPawitan 14:48, 10 December 2015 (UTC)

Machine Learning vs Stats
changed 'nmachine learning' to statitics -- FLD was invented and used my statisticians a long time before all that ML nonsense!

---

That's true, but the wording said that it's currently used (rather than was developed in) the area called machine learning, so it was not an incorrect statement (not that I'm particularly bothered by the change, but a reader looking for related techniques would be better served by being referred to machine learning than to statistics in general).

BTW: I notice two references by H.Abdi have been added by user 129.110.8.39. Looking at this user's other edits, it seems as though a lot of other statistics based articles have been edited to refer to these references, leading me to believe that this is the author trying to publicise his/her books. Is there a wikipedia policy on this situation? My gut reaction would be to remove all of the references he added.

--Tcooke 02:30, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Linear?
A few questions I had while learning about this technique that could be addressed here: What is the significance of the word discriminant in this technique?

What about this technique is linear?

The problem to be solved is the discrimination between two classes of objects/events based on a number of measurements. The discriminant is a single variable which tries to capture all of the discriminating ability of these measurements. In this case, the discriminant function is a linear combination of the measurements.

--Tcooke 12:49, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Implementation Details
I recently implemented Fisher's linear discriminant and found that internet resources (including wikipedia) were lacking in two respects
 * finding the threshold value $$c$$
 * finding the sign of $$\vec{w}$$

Most of the examples that I saw assumed that the data was centered about the origin required a zero threshold.

My solution for finding $$c$$ was to naively search for the best value for my training set. I'm sure that this approach does not give the best generalization - I would guess calculating the maximal margin would be better.

With regards to the sign; $$S=\frac{\sigma_{between}^2}{\sigma_{within}^2}= \frac{(\vec w \cdot \vec \mu_{y=1} - \vec w \cdot \vec \mu_{y=0})^2}{\vec w^T \Sigma_{y=1} \vec w + \vec w^T \Sigma_{y=0} \vec w} = \frac{(\vec w \cdot (\vec \mu_{y=1} - \vec \mu_{y=0}))^2}{\vec w^T (\Sigma_{y=0}+\Sigma_{y=1}) \vec w} $$ does not contain any information about the direction of the separator. What is the best way find the direction when using this formulation?

Are implementation details for algorithms relevant to wikipedia articles? If so, I'm sure a short note on the page would add to its usefulness.

128.139.226.34 06:58, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

LDA for two classes
This is very well written. However, a little more definition of $$\Sigma$$ and $$\Sigma^{-1}$$ might be nice. I realize they are mentioned as the "class covariances" but a formula or a ref would be great.

Also, the problem is stated as "find a good predictor for the class y .. given only an observation x." However, then the result is an enormous formula (QDA) or the simpler LDA. It would be nice to state the decision criterion in the original problem terms.

That is, the next-to-last sentence would be (I think!) something like: a sample x is from class 1 if p(x|y=1) or w * x < c. Maybe I'm wrong, but using the language of the original problem would be good.

dfrankow (talk) 21:49, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Fisher Linear Discriminant VS LDA
My understanding is that Fisher's Linear Discriminant is the ONE dimensional space which it is best to project the data onto if you are trying to separate it into classes. LDA is a much different idea in that you are actually trying to find a hyperplane which divides the data. Can someone confirm or deny this? If it is correct, then I think Fisher's LD should just be mentioned, but should have a separate article.daviddoria (talk) 13:42, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The hyperplane you mentioned is orthogonal to the one dimensional space on which to project the data. In other words, I perceive your two "different" statements of the problem to be essentially equivalent -- or at best "dual" statements of the problem.  DavidMCEddy (talk) 21:41, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

it says "which does not make some of the assumptions of LDA such as normally distributed classes or equal class covariances". I think the first part might have to be removed, or what else do the covariance matrixes then refer to? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.150.104.58 (talk) 15:32, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Multiclass LDA
The Section "Multiclass LDA" contains the following text This means that when $$ \vec w $$ is an eigenvector of $$ \Sigma^{-1} \Sigma_b $$ the separation will be equal to the corresponding eigenvalue. Since $$ \Sigma_b $$ is of most rank C-1, then these non-zero eigenvectors identify a vector subspace containing the variability between features. These vectors are primarily used in feature reduction, as in PCA.

The text only says what separation the eigenvectors will produce (their corresponding eigenvalue), but it does not say if those separation values are in some way optimal.

It also does not say why the plane spanned by the eigenvectors is a good choice for the projection plane. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.229.206.43 (talk) 23:57, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Robotics attention needed
Chaosdruid (talk) 11:10, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Refs - inline need adding
 * Check content and structure
 * Reassess

Equation seems weird
The equation for two classes seems a bit strange to me:

 * $$ (\vec x- \vec \mu_0)^T \Sigma_{y=0}^{-1} ( \vec x- \vec \mu_0) + \ln|\Sigma_{y=0}| - (\vec x- \vec \mu_1)^T \Sigma_{y=1}^{-1} ( \vec x- \vec \mu_1) - \ln|\Sigma_{y=1}| \ < \ T $$

 * Why are we summing from y=0 to y=-1? what does y=-1 even mean in this context? I thought the classes were labelled 0 and 1?
 * What do $$\ln|\Sigma_{y=0}|$$ and $$\ln|\Sigma_{y=1}|$$ even mean? What is being summed?

--Slashme (talk) 08:16, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Edit: I now realise that the Σ here is the covariance, but that article doesn't explain what the -1 means. I'd be interested to know the answer! - Of course, the -1 is the transpose of the covariance matrix. --Slashme (talk) 08:26, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
 * NO: The -1 is the inverse not the transpose of the covariance matrix.  DavidMCEddy (talk) 21:42, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

“Linear discriminant analysis” and “Discriminant function analysis”
What's the difference between “Linear discriminant analysis” and “Discriminant function analysis”? They look the same to me. DavidMCEddy (talk) 21:44, 29 May 2016 (UTC)
 * go ahead and merge. speaking as an expert who has proficiency with the aforementioned technique, try to keep as much of the content from the "Linear Discriminant Analysis" page, and just add the missing bits from "discriminant function analysis". there shouldn't be much to add. fyi: the "discriminant function analysis" page is much poorer in quality than the "discriminant analysis" page (imo). i didn't even know there was a discriminant function analysis page until you posted the merge request (thanks for that DavidMCEddy).174.3.155.181 (talk) 21:03, 31 May 2016 (UTC)
 * If someone else can take the lead in merging these articles, I can help. However, I doubt if I'll ever get the time to do it myself. DavidMCEddy (talk) 15:26, 1 June 2016 (UTC)
 * same. i wouldn't be opposed to deleting the discriminant function page entirely. it makes a lot of unusual claims, and has a lot of unreferenced ones too. maybe if you could put a tag up for deletion and see how it fares? 174.3.155.181 (talk) 17:17, 1 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Merged given the consensus for action, no opposition to a merge, and no formal deletion proposal (which I don't think would work, as the page contained appropriate references and there was some material not at the target). I may have moved more than I should, but am very happy for any overlap to be judiciously culled. Klbrain (talk) 16:12, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

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LDA vs FLDA
There seems to be a kind of confusing mixture of usages of the word LDA. In the section "Fisher's linear discriminant" it says "terms Fisher's linear discriminant and LDA are often used interchangeably", however, as far as I am aware there are two related but distinct methods going on here. One of them, used in Hastie et al, and Murphy (and used in the definition for this article) just makes the assumption that the covariance matrices are the same in each class. The other, which Murphy refers to as Fisher LDA involves dimension reduction (which I think is described in Multiclass LDA). It would be nice if someone could clearly indicate the differences, and if there is some conflicting terminology that could be mentioned in the article — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pabnau (talk • contribs) 06:03, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

log of likelihoods
In the first, more general, formula for the log of the likelihood ratio, it seems that the probability density at a point is being used, rather than some cumularive probability like P(|Z|>|z|), for an appropriate z-score analog. Why is the density appropriate here? Doesn't that make it possible to get different results just by multiplying the x's by constants? Unhandyandy (talk) 18:53, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

"Assumptions" list includes non-assumptions
Specifically "Multicollinearity: Predictive power can decrease with an increased correlation between predictor variables" is not an assumption, it's simply an observation. It doesn't belong in the assumptions. Glenbarnett (talk) 07:54, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Given there was no further discussion within the last 360 days, this non-assumption has now been removed Glenbarnett (talk) 09:54, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linear discriminant analysis