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Jahn–Teller effect

The Jahn–Teller effect (JT effect or JTE) is an important mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking in molecular and solid-state systems which has far-reaching consequences in different fields, and is responsible for a variety of phenomena in spectroscopy, stereochemistry, crystal chemistry, molecular and solid-state physics, and materials science. The effect is named for Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller, who first reported studies about it in 1937.

Simplified overview
The Jahn–Teller effect, sometimes also referred to as Jahn–Teller distortion, describes the geometrical distortion of molecules and ions that results from certain electron configurations. The Jahn–Teller theorem essentially states that any non-linear molecule with a spatially degenerate electronic ground state will undergo a geometrical distortion that removes that degeneracy, because the distortion lowers the overall energy of the species. For a description of another type of geometrical distortion that occurs in crystals with substitutional impurities see article off-center ions.

Transition metal chemistry
The Jahn–Teller effect is most often encountered in octahedral complexes of the transition metals. The phenomenon is very common in six-coordinate copper(II) complexes. The d9 electronic configuration of this ion gives three electrons in the two degenerate eg orbitals, leading to a doubly degenerate electronic ground state. Such complexes distort along one of the molecular fourfold axes (always labelled the z axis), which has the effect of removing the orbital and electronic degeneracies and lowering the overall energy. The distortion normally takes the form of elongating the bonds to the ligands lying along the z axis, but occasionally occurs as a shortening of these bonds instead (the Jahn–Teller theorem does not predict the direction of the distortion, only the presence of an unstable geometry). When such an elongation occurs, the effect is to lower the electrostatic repulsion between the electron-pair on the Lewis basic ligand and any electrons in orbitals with a z component, thus lowering the energy of the complex. The inversion centre is preserved after the distortion.

In octahedral complexes, the Jahn–Teller effect is most pronounced when an odd number of electrons occupy the eg orbitals. This situation arises in complexes with the configurations d9, low-spin d7 or high-spin d4 complexes, all of which have doubly degenerate ground states. In such compounds the eg orbitals involved in the degeneracy point directly at the ligands, so distortion can result in a large energetic stabilisation. Strictly speaking, the effect also occurs when there is a degeneracy due to the electrons in the t2g orbitals (i.e. configurations such as d1 or d2, both of which are triply degenerate). In such cases, however, the effect is much less noticeable, because there is a much smaller lowering of repulsion on taking ligands further away from the t2g orbitals, which do not point directly at the ligands (see the table below). The same is true in tetrahedral complexes (e.g. manganate: distortion is very subtle because there is less stabilisation to be gained because the ligands are not pointing directly at the orbitals.

The expected effects for octahedral coordination are given in the following table:

w: weak Jahn–Teller effect (t2g orbitals unevenly occupied)

s: strong Jahn–Teller effect expected (eg orbitals unevenly occupied)

blank: no Jahn–Teller effect expected.

The Jahn–Teller effect is manifested in the UV-VIS absorbance spectra of some compounds, where it often causes splitting of bands. It is readily apparent in the structures of many copper(II) complexes. Additional, detailed information about the anisotropy of such complexes and the nature of the ligand binding can be however obtained from the fine structure of the low-temperature electron spin resonance spectra.

Related effects
The underlying cause of the Jahn–Teller effect is the presence of molecular orbitals that are both degenerate and open shell (i.e., incompletely occupied). This situation is not unique to coordination complexes and can be encountered in other areas of chemistry. In organic chemistry the phenomenon of antiaromaticity has the same cause and also often sees molecules distorting; as in the case of cyclobutadiene and cyclooctatetraene (COT).

The Jahn–Teller theorem
The JT theorem can be stated in different forms, two of which are given here:

 * "A nonlinear polyatomic system in a spatially degenerate electronic state distorts spontaneously in such a way that the degeneracy is lifted and a new equilibrium structure of lower symmetry is attained."

Alternatively and considerably shorter:
 * "... stability and degeneracy are not possible simultaneously unless the molecule is a linear one ...".

Spin-degeneracy was an exception in the original treatment and was later treated separately.

The formal mathematical proof of the Jahn–Teller theorem rests heavily on symmetry arguments, more specifically the theory of molecular point groups. The argument of Jahn and Teller assumes no details about the electronic structure of the system. Jahn and Teller made no statement about the strength of the effect, which may be so small that it is immeasurable. Indeed, for electrons in non-bonding or weakly bonding molecular orbitals, the effect is expected to be weak. However, in many situations the JT effect is important.

Historic developments
Interest in the JTE increased after its first experimental verification. Various model systems were developed probing the degree of degeneracy and the type of symmetry. These were solved partly analytically and partly numerically to obtain the shape of the pertinent potential energy surfaces (PES) and the energy levels for the nuclear motion on the JT-split PES. These energy levels are not vibrational energy levels in the traditional sense because of the intricate coupling to the electronic motion that occurs, and are better termed vibronic energy levels. The new field of ‘vibronic coupling’ or ‘vibronic coupling theory’ was born.

A further breakthrough occurred upon the advent of modern ("ab initio") electronic structure calculations whereby the relevant parameters characterising JT systems can be reliably determined from first principles. Thus one could go beyond studies of model systems that explore the effect of parameter variations on the PES and vibronic energy levels; one could also go on beyond fitting these parameters to experimental data without clear knowledge about the significance of the fit. Instead, well-founded theoretical investigations became possible which greatly improved the insight into the phenomena at hand and into the details of the underlying mechanisms.

While recognizing the JTE distortion as a concrete example of the general spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism, the exact degeneracy of the involved electronic state was identified as a non-essential ingredient for this symmetry breaking in polyatomic systems. Even systems that in the undistorted symmetric configuration present electronic states which are near in energy but not precisely degenerate, can show a similar tendency to distort. The distortions of these systems can be treated within the related theory of the pseudo Jahn–Teller effect (in the literature often referred to as "second-order JTE"). This mechanism is associated to the vibronic couplings between adiabatic PES separated by nonzero energy gaps across the configuration space: its inclusion extends the applicability of JT-related models to symmetry breaking in a far broader range of molecular and solid-state systems.

Chronology:

 * 1934: Lev Landau, in discussion with Edward Teller, suggested that electronic states of certain degenerate nuclear configurations are unstable with respect to nuclear displacements that lower the symmetry (see 'An historical note' by Englman ).
 * 1937: Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller formulated what is now known as the Jahn–Teller theorem.
 * 1939: John Hasbrouck Van Vleck extended the Jahn–Teller theorem to ions in crystals. As attempts to observe the Jahn–Teller effect experimentally had been unconvincing, he noted that 'it is of great merit of the Jahn–Teller effect that it disappears when not needed'.
 * 1950–2: Brebis Bleaney and co-workers first obtained unambiguous experimental evidence of the Jahn–Teller effect, by carrying out electron paramagnetic resonance studies on paramagnetic ions in crystals
 * 1957–8: Öpik and Pryce showed that spin–orbit coupling can stabilise symmetric configurations against distortions from a weak JTE. Moffitt et al. and Longuet-Higgins et al. argued that the states of JT systems have inextricably mixed electronic and vibrational components, which they called vibronic states, with energies very different to the electronic states.
 * 1962–4: Isaac Bersuker and Mary O’Brien investigated tunnelling in the lowest-energy vibronic states, the so-called tunnelling splitting, and the dynamic nature of the JT effect. The article by O'Brien shows the influence of the geometric phase factor (later called Berry phase) on the ordering of the vibronic states.
 * 1965: Frank Ham realised the effect of coherent dynamics on the measurement of observables. This influence can be described in terms of reduction factors multiplying orbital operators and specific formulae were proposed for the magnetism of JT ions.
 * 1984: Generalization of the concept of geometric phase by Berry (or Berry phase as it is also known) provided a general background to aid understanding of the rotation-dependent phase associated with the electronic and vibrational wavefunction of JT systems, as discovered by Longuet-Higgins, and further discussed by Herzberg and Longuet-Higgins, Longuet-Higgins, O'Brien, and Mead and Truhlar.
 * 1990s: Advances in computing power meant that ab initio methods including those based on the Density Functional Theory started to be used to solve JT problems.

Relation to important discoveries

 * In 1985, Harry Kroto and co-workers discovered a class of closed-cage carbon molecules known as fullerenes. Buckminsterfullerene (C60), which has icosahedral symmetry, becomes JT-active upon addition or removal of one electron. The ordering of energy levels may not be the same as that predicted by Hund's rule.
 * Discovery in 1986 by Bednorz and Müller of superconductivity in cuprates with a transition temperature of 35 K, which was higher than the upper limit allowed according to standard BCS theory, was motivated by earlier work by Müller on JT ions in crystals.
 * Colossal magnetoresistance, a property of manganese-based perovskites and other materials, has been explained in terms of competition between dynamic Jahn–Teller and double-exchange effects.
 * Peierls theorem, which states that a one-dimensional equally spaced chain of ions with one electron per ion is unstable, has common roots with the JT effect.

Symmetry of JT systems and categorisation using group theory
A given JT problem will have a particular point group symmetry, such as Td symmetry for magnetic impurity ions in semiconductors or Ih symmetry for the fullerene C60. JT problems are conventionally classified using labels for the irreducible representations (irreps) that apply to the symmetry of the electronic and vibrational states. For example, E ⊗ e would refer to an electronic doublet state transforming as E coupled to a vibrational doublet state transforming as e.

In general, a vibrational mode transforming as Λ will couple to an electronic state transforming as Γ if the symmetric part of the Kronecker product [Γ ⊗ Γ]S contains Λ, unless Γ is a double group representation when the antisymmetric part {Γ ⊗ Γ}A is considered instead. Modes which do couple are said to be JT-active.

As an example, consider a doublet electronic state E in cubic symmetry. The symmetric part of E ⊗ E is A1 + E. Therefore, the state E will couple to vibrational modes $$Q_i$$ transforming as a1 and e. However, the a1 modes will result in the same energy shift to all states and therefore do not contribute to any JT splitting. They can therefore be neglected. The result is an E ⊗ e JT effect. This JT effect is experienced by triangular molecules X3, tetrahedral molecules ML4, and octahedral molecules ML6 when their electronic state has E symmetry.

Components of a given vibrational mode are also labelled according to their transformation properties. For example, the two components of an e mode are usually labelled $$Q_\theta$$ and $$Q_\epsilon$$, which in octahedral symmetry transform as $$3z^2-r^2$$ and $$x^2-y^2$$ respectively.

The JT Hamiltonian
Eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian of a polyatomic system define PESs as functions of normal modes $$Q_i$$ of the system (i.e. linear combinations of the nuclear displacements with specific symmetry properties). At the reference point of high symmetry, where the symmetry-induced degeneracy occurs, several of the eigenvalues coincide. By a detailed and laborious analysis, Jahn and Teller showed that – excepting linear molecules – there are always first-order terms in an expansion of the matrix elements of the Hamiltonian in terms of symmetry-lowering (in the language of group theory: non-totally symmetric) normal modes. These linear terms represent forces that distort the system along these coordinates and lift the degeneracy. The point of degeneracy can thus not be stationary, and the system distorts toward a stationary point of lower symmetry where stability can be attained.

Proof of the JT theorem follows from the theory of molecular symmetry (point group theory). A less rigorous but more intuitive explanation is given in section.

To arrive at a quantitative description of the JT effect, the forces appearing between the component wave functions are described by expanding the Hamiltonian in a power series in the $$Q_i$$. Owing to the very nature of the degeneracy, the Hamiltonian takes the form of a matrix referring to the degenerate wave function components. A matrix element between states $$\Psi_a$$ and $$\Psi_b$$ generally reads as:

 * $$H_{ab}=\langle\Psi_a|H|\Psi_b\rangle=\langle\Psi_a|H(Q_i=0)+\sum_{i}\frac{\partial V}{\partial Q_i} Q_i + ...|\Psi_b\rangle$$

The expansion can be truncated after terms linear in the $$Q_i$$, or extended to include terms quadratic (or higher) in the $$Q_i$$.

The adiabatic potential energy surfaces (APES) are then obtained as the eigenvalues of this matrix. In the original paper it is proven that there are always linear terms in the expansion. It follows that the degeneracy of the wave function cannot correspond to a stable structure.

Mexican-hat potential
In mathematical terms, the APESs characterising the JT distortion arise as the eigenvalues of the potential energy matrix. Generally, the APESs take the characteristic appearance of a double cone, circular or elliptic, where the point of contact, i.e. degeneracy, denotes the high-symmetry configuration for which the JT theorem applies. For the above case of the linear E ⊗ e JT effect the situation is illustrated by the APES

 * $$V=\frac{\mu\omega^2}{2}(Q_\theta^2 + Q_\epsilon^2) \pm k \sqrt{Q_\theta^2 + Q_\epsilon^2}$$

displayed in the figure, with part cut away to reveal its shape, which is known as a Mexican Hat potential. Here, $$\omega$$ is the frequency of the vibrational e mode, $$\mu$$ is its mass and $$k$$ is a measure of the strength of the JT coupling.

The conical shape near the degeneracy at the origin makes it immediately clear that this point cannot be stationary, that is, the system is unstable against asymmetric distortions, which leads to a symmetry lowering. In this particular case there are infinitely many isoenergetic JT distortions. The $$Q_i$$ giving these distortions are arranged in a circle, as shown by the red curve in the figure. Quadratic coupling or cubic elastic terms lead to a warping along this "minimum energy path", replacing this infinite manifold by three equivalent potential minima and three equivalent saddle points. In other JT systems, linear coupling results in discrete minima.

Conical intersections
The high symmetry of the double-cone topology of the linear E ⊗ e JT system directly reflects the high underlying symmetry. It is one of the earliest (if not the earliest) examples in the literature of a conical intersection of potential energy surfaces. Conical intersections have received wide attention in the literature starting in the 1990s and are now considered paradigms of nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics, with far-reaching consequences in molecular spectroscopy, photochemistry and photophysics. Some of these will be commented upon further below. In general, conical intersections are far less symmetric than depicted in the figure. They can be tilted and elliptical in shape etc., and also peaked and sloped intersections have been distinguished in the literature. Furthermore, for more than two degrees of freedom, they are not point-like structures but instead they are seams and complicated, curved hypersurfaces, also known as intersection space. The coordinate sub-space displayed in the figure is also known as a branching plane.

Implications for dynamics
The characteristic shape of the JT-split APES has specific consequences for the nuclear dynamics, here considered in the fully quantum sense. For sufficiently strong JT coupling, the minimum points are sufficiently far (at least by a few vibrational energy quanta) below the JT intersection. Two different energy regimes are then to be distinguished, those of low and high energy.

 * In the low-energy regime the nuclear motion is confined to regions near the "minimum energy points". The distorted configurations sampled impart their geometrical parameters on, for example, the rotational fine structure in a spectrum. Due to the existence of barriers between the various minima in the APES, like those appearing due to the warping of the, motion on the low-energy regime is usually classified as either a static JTE, dynamic JTE or incoherent hopping. Each regime shows particular fingerprints on experimental measurements.

 * Static JTE: In this case, the system is trapped in one of the lowest-energy minima of the APES (usually determined by small perturbations created by the environment of the JT system) and does not have enough energy to cross the barrier towards another minimum during the typical time associated to the measurement. Quantum dynamical effects like tunnelling are negligible, and effectively the molecule or solid displays the low symmetry associated with a single minimum.

 * Dynamic JTE: In this case, the barriers are sufficiently small compared to, for example, the zero-point energy associated to the minima, so that vibronic wavefunctions (and all observables) display the symmetry of the reference (undistorted) system. In the linear E ⊗ e problem, the motion associated to this regime would be around the circular path in the figure. When the barrier is sufficiently small, this is called (free) pseudorotation (not to be confused with the rotation of a rigid body in space, see difference between real and pseudo rotations illustrated here for the fullerene molecule C60). When the barrier between the minima and the saddle points on the warped path exceeds a vibrational quantum, pseudorotational motion is slowed down and occurs through tunnelling. This is called hindered pseudorotation. In both free and hindered pseudorotation, the important phenomenon of the geometric (Berry) phase alters the ordering of the levels.

 * Incoherent hopping: Another way in which the system can overcome the barrier is through thermal energy. In this case, while the system moves throughout the minima of the system, the state is not a quantum coherent one but a statistical mixture. This difference can be observed experimentally.

 * The dynamics is quite different for high energies, such as occur from an optical transition from a non-degenerate initial state with a high-symmetry (JT undistorted) equilibrium geometry into a JT distorted state. This leads the system to the region near the conical intersection of the JT-split APES in the centre of the figure. Here the nonadiabatic couplings become very large and the behaviour of the system cannot be described within the familiar Born–Oppenheimer (BO) separation between the electronic and nuclear motions. The nuclear motion ceases to be confined to a single, well-defined APES and the transitions between the adiabatic surfaces occur yielding effects like Slonzcewsky resonances. In molecules this is usually a femtosecond timescale, which amounts to ultrafast (femtosecond) internal conversion processes, accompanied by broad spectral bands also under isolated-molecule conditions and highly complex spectral features. Examples for these phenomena will be covered in section.

As already stated above, the distinction of low and high energy regimes is valid only for sufficiently strong JT couplings, that is, when several or many vibrational energy quanta fit into the energy window between the conical intersection and the minimum of the lower JT-split APES. For the many cases of small to intermediate JT couplings this energy window and the corresponding adiabatic low-energy regime does not exist. Rather, the levels on both JT-split APES are intricately mixed for all energies and the nuclear motion always proceeds on both JT split APES simultaneously.

Ham factors
In 1965, Frank Ham proposed that the dynamic JTE could reduce the expected values of observables associated with the orbital wavefunctions due to the superposition of several electronic states in the total vibronic wavefunction. This effect leads, for example, to a partial quenching of the spin–orbit interaction and allowed the results of previous Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) experiments to be explained.

In general, the result of an orbital operator acting on vibronic states can be replaced by an effective orbital operator acting on purely electronic states. In first order, the effective orbital operator equals the actual orbital operator multiplied by a constant, whose value is less than one, known as a first-order (Ham) reduction factor. For example, within a triplet T1 electronic state, the spin–orbit coupling operator $$\lambda \mathbf{L}.\mathbf{S}$$ can be replaced by $$\gamma \lambda \mathbf{L}.\mathbf{S}$$, where $$\gamma$$ is a function of the strength of the JT coupling which varies from 1 in zero coupling to 0 in very strong coupling. Furthermore, when second-order perturbation corrections are included, additional terms are introduced involving additional numerical factors, known as second-order (Ham) reduction factors. These factors are zero when there is no JT coupling but can dominate over first-order terms in strong coupling, when the first-order effects have been significantly reduced. Reduction factors are particularly useful for describing experimental results, such as EPR and optical spectra, of paramagnetic impurities in semiconducting, dielectric, diamagnetic and ferrimagnetic hosts.

Modern developments
For a long time, applications of JT theory consisted mainly in parameter studies (model studies) where the APES and dynamical properties of JT systems have been investigated as functions on the system parameters such as coupling constants etc. Fits of these parameters to experimental data were often doubtful and inconclusive. The situation changed in the 1980s when efficient ab initio methods were developed and computational resources became powerful enough to allow for a reliable determination of these parameters from first principles. Apart from wave function-based techniques (which are sometimes considered genuinely ab initio in the literature) the advent of density functional theory (DFT) opened up new avenues to treat larger systems including solids. This allowed details of JT systems to be characterised and experimental findings to be reliably interpreted. It lies at the heart of most developments addressed in section.

Two different strategies are conceivable and have been used in the literature. One can

 * 1) take the applicability of a certain coupling scheme for granted and limit oneself to determine the parameters of the model, for example from the energy gain achieved through the JT distortion, also termed JT stabilisation energy.
 * 2) map parts of the APES in whole or reduced dimensionality and thus get an insight into the applicability of the model, possibly also deriving ideas how to extend it.

Naturally, the more accurate approach (2) may be limited to smaller systems, while the simpler approach (1) lends itself to studies of larger systems.

Small molecules and ions
The JT distortion of small molecules (or molecular ions) is directly deduced from electronic structure calculations of their APES (through DFT and/or ab initio computations). These molecules / ions are often radicals, such as trimers of alkali atoms (Li3 and Na3), that have unpaired spins and in particular in (but not restricted to) doublet states. Besides the JTE in 2E′ and 2E″ states, also the pseudo JTE between an E state and a nearby A state may play a role. The JT distortion reduces the symmetry from D3h to C2v (see figure), and it depends on the details of the interactions whether the isosceles triangle has an acute or an obtuse-angled (such as Na3) minimum energy structure. Natural extensions are systems like NO3 and NH3+ where a JT distortion has been documented in the literature for ground or excited electronic states.

A somewhat special role is played by tetrahedral systems like CH4+ and P4+. Here threefold degenerate electronic states and vibrational modes come into play. Nevertheless, also twofold degeneracies continue to be important. The dynamics of Jahn-Teller distortion in CH4+ has been characterized by transient X-ray absorption spectroscopy, revealing that symmetry breaking occurs within ten femtoseconds in this prototypical system.

Among larger systems, a focus in the literature has been on benzene and its radical cation, as well as on their halo (especially fluoro) derivatives. Already in the early 1980s, a wealth of information emerged from the detailed analysis of experimental emission spectra of 1,3,5- trifluoro- and hexafluoro (and chloro) benzene radical cations. The Jahn–Teller effect in the 1,3,5-trifluoro benzene radical cation is discussed in Section 13.4.2 of the textbook by Bunker and Jensen. For the parent benzene cation one has to rely on photoelectron spectra with comparatively lower resolution because this species does not fluoresce (see also section ). Rather detailed ab initio calculations have been carried out which document the JT stabilization energies for the various (four) JT active modes and also quantify the moderate barriers for the JT pseudorotation.

Finally, a somewhat special role is played by systems with a fivefold symmetry axis like the cyclopentadienyl radical. Careful laser spectroscopic investigations have shed useful light on the JT interactions. In particular they reveal that the barrier to pseudorotation almost vanishes (the system is highly "fluxional") which can be attributed to the fact that the 2nd-order coupling terms vanish by symmetry and the leading higher-order terms are of 4th order.

Coordination chemistry
The JTE is usually stronger where the electron density associated with the degenerate orbitals is more concentrated. This effect therefore plays a large role in determining the structure of transition metal complexes with active internal 3d orbitals.

The most iconic and prominent of the JT systems in coordination chemistry is probably the case of Cu(II) octahedral complexes. While in perfectly equivalent coordination, like a CuF6 complex associated to a Cu(II) impurity in a cubic crystal like KMgF3, perfect octahedral (Oh) symmetry is expected. In fact a lower tetragonal symmetry is usually found experimentally. The origin of this JTE distortion it revealed by examining the electronic configuration of the undistorted complex. For an octahedral geometry, the five 3d orbitals partition into t2g and eg orbitals (see diagram). These orbitals are occupied by nine electrons corresponding to the $$d^9$$ electronic configuration of Cu(II). Thus, the t2g shell is filled, and the eg shell contains 3 electrons. Overall the unpaired electron produces a 2Eg state, which is Jahn–Teller active. The third electron can occupy either of the orbitals comprising the eg shell: the mainly $$3z^2-r^2$$ orbital or the mainly $$x^2-y^2$$ orbital. If the electron occupies the mainly $$3z^2-r^2$$ level, which antibonding orbital the final geometry of the complex would be elongated as the axial ligands will be pushed away to reduce the global energy of the system. On the other hand, if the electron went into the mainly $$x^2-y^2$$ antibonding orbital the complex would distort into a compressed geometry. Experimentally elongated geometries are overwhelmingly observed and this fact has been attributed both to metal-ligand anharmonic interactions and 3d-4s hybridisations. Given that all the directions containing a fourfold axis are equivalent the distortion is equally likely to happen in any of these orientations. From the electronic point of view this means that the $$3z^2-r^2$$ and $$x^2-y^2$$ orbitals, that are degenerate and free to hybridise in the octahedral geometry, will mix to produce appropriate equivalent orbitals in each direction like $$3x^2-r^2$$ or $$3y^2-r^2$$.

The JTE is not just restricted to Cu(II) octahedral complexes. There are many other configurations, involving changes both in the initial structure and electronic configuration of the metal that yield degenerate states and, thus, JTE. However, the amount of distortion and stabilisation energy of the effect is strongly dependent on the particular case. In octahedral Cu(II), the JTE is particularly strong because

 * 1) the degenerate orbitals display a strongly antibonding σ character
 * 2) Cu is a transition metal with a relatively strong electronegativity yielding more covalent bonds than other metals which allows to increase the JT linear coupling constant.

In other configurations involving π or δ bonding, like for example when the degenerate state is associated to the t2g orbitals of an octahedral configuration, the distortion and stabilisation energies are usually much smaller and the possibility of not observing the distortion due to dynamic JT effects is much higher. Similarly for rare-earth ions where covalency is very small, the distortions associated to the JTE are usually very weak.

Importantly, the JTE is associated with strict degeneracy in the electronic subsystem and so it cannot appear in systems without this property. For example, the JTE is often associated to cases like quasi-octahedral CuX2Y4 complexes where the distances to X and Y ligands are clearly different. However, the intrinsic symmetry of these complexes is already tetragonal and no degenerate eg orbital exists, having split into a1g (mainly $$3z^2-r^2$$) and b1g (mainly $$x^2-y^2$$) orbitals due to the different electronic interactions with axial X ligands and equatorial Y ligands. In this and other similar cases some remaining vibronic effects related to the JTE are still present but are quenched with respect to the case with degeneracy due to the splitting of the orbitals.

Spectroscopy and reactivity
From spectra with rotational resolution, moments of inertia and hence bond lengths and angles can be determined "directly" (at least in principle). From less well-resolved spectra one can still determine important quantities like JT stabilization energies and energy barriers (e.g. to pseudorotation). However, in the whole spectral intensity distribution $$P(E)$$ of an electronic transition more information is encoded. It has been used to decide on the presence (or absence) of the geometric phase which is accumulated during the pseudorotational motion around the JT (or other type of) conical intersection. Prominent examples of either type are the ground (X) or an excited (B) state of Na3. The Fourier transform of $$P(E)$$, the so-called autocorrelation function $$C(t)$$ reflects the motion of the wavepacket after an optical (= vertical) transition to the APES of the final electronic state. Typically it will move on the timescale of a vibrational period which is (for small molecules) of the order of 5–50 fs, i.e. ultrafast. Besides a nearly periodic motion, mode–mode interactions with very irregular (also chaotic) behaviour and spreading of the wavepacket may also occur. Near a conical intersection this will be accompanied/complemented by nonradiative transitions (termed internal conversion) to other APESs occurring on the same ultrafast time scale.

For the JT case the situation is somewhat special, as compared to a general conical intersection, because the different JT potential sheets are symmetry-related to each other and have (exactly or nearly) the same energy minimum. The "transition" between them is thus more oscillatory than one would normally expect, and their time-averaged populations are close to 1/2. For a more typical scenario a more general conical intersection is "required".

The JT effect still comes into play, namely in combination with a different nearby, in general non-degenerate electronic state. The result is a pseudo Jahn–Teller effect, for example, of an E state interacting with an A state. This situation is common in JT systems, just as interactions between two nondegenerate electronic states are common for non-JT systems. Examples are excited electronic states of NH3+ and the benzene radical cation. Here, crossings between the E and A state APESs amount to triple intersections, which are associated with very complex spectral features (dense line structures and diffuse spectral envelopes under low resolution). The population transfer between the states is also ultrafast, so fast that fluorescence (proceeding on a nanosecond time scale) cannot compete. This helps to understand why the benzene cation, like many other organic radical cation, does not fluoresce.

To be sure, photochemical reactivity emerges when the internal conversion makes the system explore the nuclear configuration space such that new chemical species are formed. There is a plethora of femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopic techniques to reveal details of these processes occurring, for example, in the process of vision.

Solid-state problems
As proposed originally by Landau free electrons in a solid, introduced for example by doping or irradiation, can interact with the vibrations of the lattice to form a localized quasi-particle known as a polaron. Strongly localized polarons (also called Holstein polarons) can condensate around high-symmetry sites of the lattice with electrons or holes occupying local degenerate orbitals that experience the JTE. These Jahn–Teller polarons break both translational and point group symmetries of the lattice where they are found and have been attributed important roles in effects like colossal magnetoresistance and superconductivity.

Paramagnetic impurities in semiconducting, dielectric, diamagnetic and ferrimagnetic hosts can all be described using a JT model. For example, these models were used extensively in the 1980s and 1990s to describe ions of Cr, V and Ti substituting for Ga in GaAs and GaP.

The fullerene C60 can form solid compounds with alkali metals known as fullerides. Cs3C60 can be superconducting at temperatures up to 38K under applied pressure, whereas compounds of the form A4C60 are insulating (as reviewed by Gunnarsson ). JT effects both within the C60 molecules (intramolecular) and between C60 molecules (intermolecular) play a part in the mechanisms behind various observed properties in these systems. For example, they could mean that the Migdal–Eliashberg treatment of superconductivity breaks down. Also, the fullerides can form a so-called new state of matter known as a Jahn–Teller metal, where localised electrons coexist with metallicity and JT distortions on the C60 molecules persist.

Cooperative JT effect in crystals
The JTE is usually associated with degeneracies that are well localised in space, like those occurring in a small molecule or associated to an isolated transition metal complex. However, in many periodic high-symmetry solid-state systems, like perovskites, some crystalline sites allow for electronic degeneracy giving rise under adequate compositions to lattices of JT-active centers. This can produce a cooperative JTE, where global distortions of the crystal occur due to local degeneracies.

In order to determine the final electronic and geometric structure of a cooperative JT system, it is necessary to take into account both the local distortions and the interaction between the different sites, which will take such form necessary to minimise the global energy of the crystal.

While works on the cooperative JTE started in the late fifties, it was in 1960 that Kanamori published the first work on the cooperative JTE where many important elements present in the modern theory for this effect were introduced. This included the use of pseudospin notation to discuss orbital ordering, and discussions of the importance of the JTE to discuss magnetism, the competition of this effect with the spin–orbit coupling and the coupling of the distortions with the strain of the lattice. This point was later stressed in the review by Gehring and Gehring as being the key element to establish long-range order between the distortions in the lattice. An important part of the modern theory of the cooperative JTE, can lead to structural phase transitions.

Many cooperative JT systems would be expected to be metals from band theory, as to produce them, a degenerate orbital has to be partially filled and the associated band would be metallic. However, under the perturbation of the symmetry-breaking distortion associated to the cooperative JTE, the degeneracies in the electronic structure are destroyed and the ground state of these systems is often found to be insulating (see e.g. ). In many important cases like the parent compound for colossal magnetoresistance perovskites, LaMnO3, an increase of temperature leads to disorder in the distortions which lowers the band splitting due to the cooperative JTE, thus triggering a metal–insulator transition.

JT-related effects: Orbital ordering
In modern solid-state physics, it is common to classify systems according to the kind of degrees of freedom they have available, like electron (metals) or spin (magnetism). In crystals that can display the JTE, and before this effect is realised by symmetry-breaking distortions, it is found that there exists an orbital degree of freedom consisting of how electrons occupy the local degenerate orbitals. As initially discussed by Kugel and Khomskii, not all configurations are equivalent. The key is the relative orientation of these occupied orbital, in the same way that spin orientation is important in magnetic systems, and the ground state can only be realised for some particular orbital pattern. Both this pattern and the effect giving rise to this phenomenon is usually denominated orbital-ordering.

In order to predict the orbital-ordering pattern, Kugel and Khomskii used a particularisation of the Hubbard model. In particular they established how superexchange interactions, usually described by the Anderson–Kanamori–Goodenough rules, change in the presence of degenerate orbitals. Their model, using a pseudospin representation for the local orbitals, leads to a Heisenberg-like model in which the ground state is a combination of orbital and spin patterns. Using this model it can be shown, for example, that the origin of the unusual ground insulating ferromagnetic state of a solid like K2CuF4 can be traced to its orbital ordering.

Even when starting from a relatively high-symmetry structure the combined effect of exchange interactions, spin–orbit coupling, orbital-ordering and crystal deformations activated by the JTE can lead to very low symmetry magnetic patterns with specific properties. For example, in CsCuCl3 an incommensurable helicoidal pattern appears both for the orbitals and the distortions along the $$z$$-axis. Moreover, many of these compounds show complex phase diagrams when varying temperature or pressure.

title: Jahn–Teller effect


text:
Talk:False awakening

(untitled)
Has anyone read, Ursula Le Guin's, The Lathe Of Heaven? The False Awakening, seems to be what the main character George Orr is experiencing. He seems to have the capacity to do Lucid dreaming, only he does not have control, and he changes reality from dream to dream. It seems possible that he is in the state of false awakening and thinks that he is awake when he is not. The book was written in the 1970's and projects into the future (our now) What do you think about it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.72.140.25 (talk • contribs) 30 May 2005

Popular References
I enjoy the 'pop culture' part of interesting topics such as this. Does someone want to do some research and start a list of popular references to false awakenings? (songs, tv, film etc)

I can remember one Calvin and Hobbes strip right now ... he gets out of bed, dressed, eats breakfast and trudges out to the curb to go to school .. and then wakes up. cheater (talk) 23:17, 27 February 2009 (UTC)

https://proxy.duckduckgo.com/iu/?u=https%3A%2F%2Fs-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com%2F736x%2F2d%2Ffa%2Fba%2F2dfabafe12bffd2246565fa84d36009c--lucid-dreaming-cartoon-quotes.jpg&f=1

This has been used in a number of films. I can only recall the start of Star Trek: First Contact I think it was had Picard waking from a dream, only to wake up again. phocks (talk) 04:15, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

In the first plotline of the comic book Sandman, the main character Dream (or Morpheus, etc. The King of Dreams.) punishes someone with eternal false awakening, essentialy. Krilia (talk) 23:28, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Could Echo's "Attic nightmare" in the Dollhouse episode "The Attic" be considered such a false awakening? --V2Blast (talk) 05:13, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

How dare you guys... you've all neglected a very important episode of Spongebob Squarepants! The episode is called "Doing Time", and involves Mrs. Puff's false awakenings (although it isn't clear if she is ever sleeping. She just kind of fades out in the middle of being awake... I think...?) However, I might be able to find it in myself to forgive you guys since you included the Rugrats episode. Very good article in all :) Peglegpenguin (talk) 23:11, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

How could anyone forget Inception? Brony Empire, yea (talk) 05:52, 9 October 2011 (UTC)

Am I missing something obvious or really no one has thought of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland? It looks to me as a good example of continuum 89.216.128.90 (talk) 22:37, 17 April 2016 (UTC)

Accuracy of this line
"Like a lucid dream, the dreamer can think very clearly during a false awakening. " What if a person normally can't think very clearly upon awakening? I mean, if a false awakening is governed by a person's subconscious sense of reality, wouldn't a person's false awakening stay true to reality and have the person thinking groggily, almost as limited as when still normally asleep?
 * A false awakning may last many long minutes, the morning rituals can take you all thwe way to work. so although you may usually feel a little disoriented in the mornings, this line IS accurate. -- Procrastinating@ talk2me 09:10, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

'Unwonted' versus 'unwanted' in Celia Green quote
Please note, the correct form is 'unwonted'; I have checked it against the original, in Green, Lucid Dreams, 1968, p.121.Ranger2006 14:36, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Further on ‘unwonted’ versus ‘unwanted’: ‘unwonted’ means ‘out of the ordinary’(wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn) or ‘unaccustomed’ (www.mindmagi.demon.co.uk/Bacon/reference/glossary.htm ) so makes sense here, as well as being what is in the original text.Ranger2006

Reading
Is there a citation on the not being able to read in dreams thing? I could swear I have done it as part of a false awakening. --Isra1337 11:58, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

I don't think I have ever read in a dream, I've looked at a book and known what it said, but the process of reading wasn't there. More specifically, i remember vividly having a dream about a roller coaster, and i was trying to read the instruction manual to it, but the words were all blurred, i tried to open my eyes further and this resulted in me waking up.. weird. Don't know if the same sort of thing would happen in a false awakening. (i've had a few false awakenings but they were all fairly surreal - like a platform game to get downstairs to breakfast - good fun though.) 213.48.15.234 12:34, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Reader note : I reguarly read in dreams, where I see entire sentences etc, so I can verify that this "purportedly reading in dreams is difficult or impossible" line is incorrect.   I remember as a child watching an animated cartoon of Batman where Batman was lost in a dream and he realised when he couldnt read - and everything blurred.  The cartoon explained that it was impossible to read in a dream.  I for years thought that was a fact that was made up for the show, only to find that it is a common misbelief.
 * I regularly read in dreams, too - not long books, but little blurbs, like I'd have the Sporting News and read in "transactions" aboutsome baseball team promoting an 82-year-old shortstop, or something. Perhaps this is a type of dream like lucid dreaming that not everyone has - like not everyone dreams in full color, from what I understand, yet I do.

I also regularly read in dreams, and from what I read in this article it is spot on -in fact I laughed out loud because it's so true. I've read whole paragraphs only to re read them and have them say somthing entirely different. also random letters, numbers and symbols pop up in odd places. I've spoke about this with my family who all experience dreaming differently. my mum for instance, never 'sees' any visual image in dreams, let alone read text. 60.242.72.197 (talk) 13:52, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Hello Isra1337!

The wiki page of False Awakenings gives a brief summary of what False Awakenings are and how they are followed by a lucid dream. I find that the Pop Culture section helps the reader fully understand that the dreamer dreams they are awake and thinks they are carrying out their normal routine until they actually awake up and realize they were dreaming during the duration of their rituals. However, this page is lacking a lot of information about how the brain responds during a dream, as the brain is most active at night. It is understandable that a lot of information is simply unable to be obtained as dreams are a very subjective topic.

The quotation that user Diza provides fits very well with your question though it is not cited. A dream does not abide by rules; anything can be done. “The dreamer may be able to exert some control over the dream” (Lucid Dreaming, 2005) and these lucid dreams are sometimes helpful for therapy and treatment for nightmares and sleeping problems (Zadra, Donderi, &Pihl, 1992). For the page itself, I feel the explanation of ‘continuum’ would benefit more in the section about ‘types of false awakenings.’ The addition of factors that may contribute to the occurrence of False Awakenings, such as physical, mental, emotional and biological factors can help the reader narrow down why this may be occurring. Even better, if a study from professionals or therapists who have previously done research in this field before with correlational data was included, more connections can be made with not only lucid dreams but other types of dreams in that same fashion.

These additions would greatly impact the wiki page and perhaps draw a bigger audience and spark a new interest.

-User: treese28

References

Lucid dreaming. University of Montreal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Centre de recherché. Retrived March 11, 2005, from http://www.crhsc.umontreal.ca/dreams.ld.htm.

Weiten, W. & McCann, D. (2010). Psychology: Themes and Variations. Toronto, Ontario. Nelson Education Ltd.

Zarda, A. L.,& Donderi, D. C., & Pihl, R. O. (1992). Efficacy of lucid dream induction for lucid and non-lucid dreamers. Dreaming, 2, 85-89.

--64.229.96.54 (talk) 00:19, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

re deletion of unreferenced sentence
I have deleted the sentence flagged as in need of citation, as it is not clear what evidence could be produced for the assertion the sentence contained.Ranger2006 (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 14:20, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Music video all about false awakening
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Z_Ys3BO_4M Never heard of the guy myself but great material for the popular culture section as the video doesn't just show the general idea it also conveys the feeling and lots of experiencer-only details perfectly. Please add him if you know him enough to add a sentence or two! 78.148.57.124 (talk) 15:08, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Why..
Why does the article say that a false awakening can be called inception? It makes no sense! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.192.210.5 (talk) 19:26, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

I agree that this makes no sense. I could find nothing to back up this use of the word "inception." Notaste4accounting (talk) 07:04, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

 * it was a added a few days ago, but i'm removing it for now. i'm guessing someone got it from Inception (film): "In the film Inception the dream-within-a-dream and the false awakening are central to the plot" k kisses 03:11, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I have removed it (again?) "Inception" in the movie refers to the artificial implantation of an "original" idea via dreams, and has nothing to do with false awakenings as such. Ironwolf (talk) 12:10, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

Realism and unrealism
Under the "Realism and unrealism" section is the line "oddly, normal types of foods gone missing." - This neither makes sense or has a reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.208.53.205 (talk) 06:46, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

What about an actual "dream within a dream".
By that, I mean one where the sleeper is having a dream, and in the dream itself they go to bed and "fall asleep" (assuming they don't wake up, as falling asleep in a dream sometimes leads to actually waking up) and go into a deeper dream, in other words, dreaming that they are asleep and dreaming, then eventually "wake up" back into the original dream. A false awakening is not a dream within a dream because the sleeper did not fall asleep into another dream and wake back up into that one. Has there been much discussion and research on this subject? And this really wouldn't be a false awakening because the sleeper fell asleep from the original dream and returned back to it, they did not start in another dream and dream about waking up. Often, these deeper layer dreams are extremely surreal and abstract (it's as if the subconscious mind is trying to simulate its own creations) and make about as much sense as Wackyland from the Warner Bros cartoons. I try to tell people about this and they always assume I mean a false awakening, which means that it's apparently a not very well-known phenomenon. MVillani1985 (talk) 01:02, 21 March 2013 (UTC)

AT false awakening
Hi wikipedia. In the episode "King Worm" of Adventure Time, Finn has a false awakening, as does Jake. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jawshewah (talk • contribs) 14:39, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

A possible reason for this phenomenon?
All my life (nearly 60 now) I have had dreams. They are lucid dreams - I know I am dreaming, it is like going to the movies. Except for once. At that time, I had what this article describes as a Type 2 False Awakening.

I woke up, from a mildly unpleasant bad dream, then realized to my horror that it was not a bad dream, that it was actually happening. Then I woke up again, this time for real. It had only been a dream, and a false awakening. Nothing had actually happened.

With the benefit of hindsight and much subsequent medical investigation and treatment, I now realize that this would have occurred very close to the time that my cancer would have started growing. For 30 years now I have wondered whether this was a coincidence. Or not.

It is embarrassing but I do wet my bed from time to time because of false awakenings.
Its that caused by sleep deprivation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.241.145.156 (talk) 03:37, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

references and example
Hi, thank you for creating a wikipedia page about the false wakening. It is really a interesting topic. I understand that this topic might not be popular and researches about this topic are not easily found. However, I think more specific references from research would be pretty helpful for reader to understand the concept. By giving only the name of celebrity like ceclia green might not fully illustrate the point of view comprehensively. It might be a little be vague to show the power and credibility of the celebrity as a reference. Also showing the summary about a movie or a novel you mentioned about having the example of false wakening might be useful for reader to fully understand the topic.Here are my suggestions. Rayray411 (talk) 19:16, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

Educational assignment, March 2024
User:Rathod Dharmarajsinh has mentioned that they are editing Wikipedia as part of "a wikiproject of medical related under guidance of 'Amin Azzam'" and that this is a "medical students related project", and other students have joined in editing the article, so I'm flagging this here. The group's tutor does not appear to have created a course page as is recommended. --Belbury (talk) 19:34, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

PEER REVIEW
Add your thoughts about the edited contents.... Rathod Dharmarajsinh (talk) 11:59, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:False awakening


text:
Cuttino Mobley

Cuttino Rashawn Mobley (born September 1, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association from 1998 to 2008. He played college basketball for the Rhode Island Rams, earning conference player of the year honors in the Atlantic 10 in 1998. Mobley was selected in the second round of the 1998 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets and was named to the NBA All-Rookie Second Team. He has played in the 3x3 basketball in the Big3.

Early life and college career
Cuttino, also known as the "Cat", attended Incarnation of Our Lord grade school in the Olney section of Philadelphia. After graduating from grade school, Mobley attended Cardinal Dougherty High School, transferred to Maine Central Institute in 1992, and graduated in 1993.

After high school, he attended the University of Rhode Island from 1993 to 1998 and redshirted his first year. At Rhode Island, he helped lead the Rams team to an Elite Eight appearance in the 1998 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament and graduated with a degree in communication studies.

Houston Rockets (1998–2004)
He was selected in the second round (41st overall) of the 1998 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets. Mobley started at the shooting guard position, where he and Steve Francis formed one of the NBA's elite scoring backcourts. Mobley played with them for six seasons before getting traded in 2004.

Orlando Magic (2004–2005)
Cuttino Mobley was traded to the Orlando Magic along with Steve Francis and Kelvin Cato for Tracy McGrady, Juwan Howard, Reece Gaines, and Tyronn Lue in the 2004 offseason. He only played 23 games with the Magic.

Sacramento Kings (2005)
Mobley was traded to the Sacramento Kings, along with Michael Bradley for Doug Christie. Mobley ranked third in the league in three-point percentage during the 2004–2005 season.

Los Angeles Clippers (2005–2008)
Mobley signed a five-year US$42 million deal with the Clippers on July 14, 2005. Besides being known for his three-point shooting, he also relied heavily on his post-up game. In addition, he also ran the Clutch City shootout contest in Houston during his Rockets years. Mobley, along with Sam Cassell and Elton Brand, led the Clippers to the 2006 NBA playoffs.

On January 28, 2005, Mobley's home was burglarized. Thieves stole $500,000 in cash, jewelry, and other items from Mobley's Bel-Air, California home.

On November 21, 2008, Mobley and Tim Thomas were traded to the New York Knicks for Zach Randolph and Mardy Collins. Mobley averaged 13.9 points per game as a member of the Clippers. This deal was delayed, for during Mobley's physical, the Knicks discovered he has a heart condition. Because the Knicks initially made the deal for salary cap reasons, they decided to finalize the deal regardless. However, on November 28, 2008, it was reported that the heart condition "may be career-ending."

Power (2017–present)
In 2017, Mobley became the co-captain of Power in the BIG3; a 3-on-3 concept professional basketball league featuring former NBA players and prospects.

At the end of the 2017 inaugural season Mobley received the Best Dressed Award.

Coached by hall-of-famer Nancy Lieberman, Mobley and his team became the 2018 BIG3 champions when they defeated 3's Company.

In 2021, after Corey Maggette's retirement, Mobley took over the role of team captain.

As of the start of the BIG3 2022 season, Mobley is still a member of Power and is their current team captain.

Retirement
On December 10, 2008, Mobley announced his retirement due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that was disclosed in a physical exam. This is the same heart illness suffered by Reggie Lewis, who died in 1993, and Hank Gathers, who died in 1990. Although he retired as a Knick, Mobley did not play a game for the team before retiring.

On April 5, 2010, the New York Knicks announced Mobley's formal release after the league approved their request for luxury tax relief.

Personal life
Mobley is the cousin of former NFL linebacker John Mobley, and the fourth cousin of Michelle Obama.

In 2008, Mobley was named the recipient of the Philadelphia Sports Writers Association "Native Son" Award.

In 2023, Mobley periodically works for Fox Sports as a sports analyst.

title: Cuttino Mobley


text: File:Hullolympiques.jpg

title: File:Hullolympiques.jpg


text:
California State Route 8

Two highways in the U.S. state of California have been signed as Route 8:

 * Interstate 8 in California, part of the Interstate Highway System
 * California State Route 8 (1934-1964), now SR 26

title: California State Route 8


text:
Eric Evans (rugby union, born 1921)

Eric Evans, (1 February 1921 – 12 January 1991) was the captain of the England rugby union team from 1956 to 1958.

Early life
Evans was born on Edge Lane in Droylsden and attended Audenshaw Grammar School. He first played for Old Aldwinians RUFC in the late 1930s and during the war joined Sale RUFC. After the war he qualified as a sports master at the then Loughborough College, later joining Openshaw Technical College in Manchester.

England career
Evans was awarded his first England cap in 1948, becoming best known as a hooker. In 1956 he was named England captain at the age of 34, the oldest player to lead England, and in 1957 led his country to their first Grand Slam since 1928.

At the end of the 1957-8 season, he retired from international rugby, having been capped 30 times. Under his captaincy England won nine of their thirteen games.

Post international career
Evans continued to play for Sale after his international retirement, finishing his playing career with them in the 1962-3 season. He was chairman of Old Aldwinians RUFC from 1957 to 1959 and president from 1960 to 1966.

In 1967, Evans become the first president of the Glengarth Sevens at Davenport Rugby Club, a position that he held for 21 years.

Honours
On 15 June 1982, he received the Member of the Order of the British Empire from Her Majesty the Queen at Buckingham Palace. This award was for his career in Rugby Union Football and charitable work for the disabled at the Glengarth home for disabled children.

title: Eric Evans (rugby union, born 1921)


text:
Talk:Danni Ashe

Before the Web, there was Danni
Danni's presence on the Net predates the Web. I believe she was the first nude model ever to post pictures of herself on the Usenet  newsgroups. But I don't remember the exact timeframe, so can't authoritatively update the article. Anyone? - Rlw (Talk) 19:36, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * There is an interview at http://www.ainews.com/InnerView/Danni_Ashe1.phtml, where Ashe claims to have "got onto the Internet in early 1995" and subsequently found that "my pictures were all over the newsgroups" (presumably after having posted them herself).

Ms. Ashe did upload to Newsgroups but cannot be claimed as the very first (though I know of no one who predates her). She ran ads in magazines before getting online and was part of a community of early web adopters linked to the adult industry.87.194.2.51

Stub?
I don't think this article qualifies as a stub anymore. Should the template be removed? LeoDV 09:30, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Link rather than embed?
Because of the (painted) nudity, for this article I would suggest that the image of the painted Danni Ashe should be linked rather than embedded (or replaced with a non-nude image) in accord with this tentative Wikipedia guideline: "it may be preferable not to embed possibly offensive images in articles, but rather use a [[media:image name]] link with an appropriate warning. On the other hand, if the page title already tells the reader what to expect (e.g. Erotic art in Pompeii), such a warning may be unnecessary." Though she is a porn star, not everyone knows who she is before they open the article. If the title were "Danni Ashe (pornography)" or something of the kind, that would be different. Objections? --Flex 21:33, August 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've uploaded the less-naked Image:Danni Ashe in jacket.jpg and added that to the article. tregoweth  22:19, September 7, 2005 (UTC)

Good work! --Flex 14:01, September 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * That was a retarded idea. The Wikipedia is not censored.  I have added the image back into the article.  65.95.124.63 00:24, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

5'2", natural 32FF???
That is absolutely amazing.

"WOW.Though she is a porn star, not everyone knows who she is before they open the article. If the title were "Danni Ashe (pornography)" or something of the kind, that would be different. Objections? --Flex 21:33, August 25, 2005"

Your accusations regarding her character are based on what and useful how? As for being 'self-proclaimed' she was given the award by Guiness World Records in London. It's well documented - most famously by Howard Stern. 87.194.2.51

Danni.com not "softcore"
I removed the language at the beginning referring to Danni's site as "softcore" and removed this statement:

"Her success was particularly noteworthy as Ashe’s website was built on softcore adult material without images of men or explicit sexual activity."

The part about there being no images of men is true, but there's plenty of explicit sexual activity between women as even a cursory tour of the preview pages of her site would reveal. (In fact, the following statement is taken directly from the tour page: "Danni.com's original video features include some of the best- known stars, the hottest newcomers in explicit sexual action!")

Its true that there are now some definitions of "softcore" that define it as anything other than material showing penetration by men, but that's not common useage of the term. Iamcuriousblue 21:52, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Softcore - according to the adult industry - means no penetration, no insertion and no sex. By that count Danni Ashe has only ever been softcore. Her site as of 2006 is not being run by her and should not be used to make assumptions about her career. 87.194.2.51

Danni.de Fansite?
I klicked the Danni.de side and I could not identify it as a (german) Fansite. In Fact there is nothing about Danni and it is only a site gaining profit of Danni's Name. I think the link should be erased! It's not even german! It is only ad.

As an ex-colleague of Ms. Ashe you should be aware her personal security rests on her identity being obscured. Though perfect security's impossible highlighting the fruits of careful research into her identity is a deliberate attempt to disclose information she makes an effort to obscure. Wikipedia should take the responsible view unless there's a clearly demonstrated benefit to the public which outweighs the ease with which personal information can be exploited by Dannis numerous obsessive fans. 87.194.2.51

Danni Ashe is a stagename, it's dangerous for nude models and performers to be public about their personal information. 87.194.2.51

 * It's dangerous for nude models and performers to be public period. But they do it anyway, presumably to make money or to get attention or both.  I wonder if Ms. Ashe would be willing to return her millions in exchange for the anonymity that she enjoyed prior to her becoming an Internet queen or even prior to her setting foot on stage in the very beginning.  I think that she of all people is now in a position to do some good by publicly renouncing the life of nude modeling that now seems to threaten her security, and then donating much of her earnings to a charity that might help keep young women from entering the business.  Such steps might help all of us feel more sympathy for her current lack of anonymity and security. TruthPolice 22:32, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

It's not wikipedia's job to be responsible. If her name can be verified then it belongs in the article. Someone should find out her name so we can get it on here.

 * It's not hard to find out. In fact, her real name has in the past been included in the article, but it was subsequently removed by folks like 87.194.2.51 who thought it shouldn't be included.TruthPolice 20:34, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Her safety is largely irrelevant, on the other hand, her real name is very relevant. Wikipedia is not responsible for maintaining her safety.

Penthouse buys Danni.com
I corrected the reference to Penthouse's buying of Danni.com. The article had implied that Danni herself sold the company. But the souce in question clearly implies that, as of 2006, Danni hasn't been involved in the company at all "for a couple years", and it nowhere implies that Danni herself sold it or made any money from the transaction. The fact is that she had already sold it in 2004.TruthPolice 21:26, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Real name
Can someone please point to a reliable source for Danni's "real name"? Tabercil 23:59, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Grr. Yes and no. :-(. After looking around a bit, I can point to a reliable source: ; it's an SEC filing. But it's pretty clearly a Primary Source. I can point to a couple of Secondary Sources:   ... but they're generally not considered sufficiently Reliable Sources for highly controversial information. So if someone honestly believes that Danni Ashe considers her real name private information, we should probably remove it. :-( --AnonEMouse (squeak) 14:57, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Then, there's a chain that can be built by following the marriage to this and they both seem like reliable sources, but it's original research. Sigh. Dump it. I don't think we need to go as far as deleting revisions, it's on the IMDB, which is rather popular itself, so we're not keeping any secrets, but we can't cite it reliably, so I can't see keeping it in the article. As some guy wrote once, we can keep the marriage link, that's at least something. --AnonEMouse (squeak) 15:17, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * And it gets more interesting... the edit I was referring to back then was done by User:Danniashe, and that user is now tagged as being a sockpuppet. So I would guess then that there is no immediate requirement to remove her name. Tabercil 16:45, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * How is putting 2 and 2 together "original research"? Are you trying to say that Wikipedia cannot make a perfectly valid and correct inference, but instead must wait for some "reliable" source (like some newspaper or something) to state the point explicitly?  I don't see how the latter counts as more reliable than the former, especially when the valid and correct inference is itself backed up by legit sources.  TruthPolice (talk) 18:13, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * By the way, if you haven't noticed, danni.com itself has a May 1997 article here by Roger Ebert in which Danni is said to be married to a "Bert" who is "a senior vice president of a national theater chain". This is clearly Bert Manzari who "served as Senior Vice President, Head Film Buyer of Landmark" from 1982 to April 1998.  Also, a search on intelius.com will reveal a clear relationship between Leah N. Manzari and Bert L. Manzari, and shows that Leah is the same age as Danni.  You might call this "original research", or you might call it "putting 2 and 2 together".  Let the reader be the judge.TruthPolice (talk) 18:29, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, WP:SYN describes what you refer to as original research. Vinh1313 (talk) 20:08, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Then all the worse for Wikipedia....TruthPolice (talk) 17:20, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Here's a reference link for her real name - http://www.mademan.com/chickipedia/danni-ashe/;
 * and the second one - http://www.realnameof.com/porn-stars
 * and the third one - http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0038809/bio
 * (I don't know how to insert references so if anybody could do it). Anyway I hope this is enough. --ArkinAardvark (talk) 17:06, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

For the record, IMDb is a perfectly acceptable AND reliable source for basic info like names, birthdates, etc. Its fact checked by paid staff before its posted live, its the rumor and trivia garbage that is completely suspect and User posted. --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 16:56, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia is incorrect when it lists the birth name of this individual as "Leah Manzari". That is her married name (to Bert Manzari). I have done some research, but have never been able to determine her maiden/birth (last) name and I don't know that she has ever revealed it. Her real (current) name is no big secret.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 12:48, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Lawsuit update
Hi All - I'm trying to update the lawsuit section which is pretty out of date. I'm new and am trying to learn the right way to post. See below for what I've tried so far. Thanks!

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Coquinet (talk • contribs) 20:28, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

 * In Wikipedia parlance, "original research" means drawing a conclusion from a source that isn't explicitly stated by that source. (In your edit, the conclusions that (1) there was an out-of-court settlement, and (2) that it was favorable to Ms. Manzari are not given in the sources you cited. Thus, original research, anathema. I encourage you to find the time to slog through the policy concerning original research.) Rebb  ing  23:15, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Danni Ashe


text:
Talk:Counties of Hungary

On disambiguation techniques
There are 6 counties that have an ambiguous name: Békés county, Csongrád, Heves, Pest (county), Tolna and Veszprém County. Of these, Csongrád, Heves and Tolna need to be split, since they currently cover the county and a town. I want to open a discussion on two things: Markussep 19:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * For all these except Pest and Veszprém, the county is far more significant than the town (Pest is a special case). I think for Békés, Csongrád, Heves and Tolna the article "X" should be about the county, with a reference to "X (town)".
 * Regardless the outcome of the previous point: the disambiguated articles should have uniform titles. We have three options in use now:
 * X county - also in use for some of the former Hungarian counties in Slovakia
 * X (county) - also in use for some of the former Hungarian counties
 * X County - standard for counties in several countries

 * I think the naming should be consistent; if in one case the town is the more significant, then why is in the other case the county the more significant? Also, the counties were, in a certain way, named after the towns (actually named for the castles in these towns.) I think the counties should have "County" added to their names; not only these counties, but the others too, in order to not mess up the templates; also, if other countries use this too, it would be more consistent. Alensha 13:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

For me the criterium would be the size or historical significance of the town. It doesn't matter what was first, or what was named after what. What would the average user think of when reading "Tolna", the town or the county?

I totally agree about consistent naming. At WikiProject Subnational entities/Naming you can see the current use for other countries' subdivisions. Personally, I prefer to use the subdivision term only when it's necessary for disambiguation, like it's done for all the countries with an asterisk in the list. If you're going to move them all to X County, there's no discussion about how significant the town is, that's an advantage. About the template, do you mean "Hungarian counties"? That's easily fixed with piping. BTW I think your split of Békés created a lot of wrong links (to the town instead of the county). Markussep 14:48, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll fix those wrong links. By template I meant the Template:HungaryCities, which is added to the article of every municipality. It would be easier if the naming were consistent, else probably we'll need two versions of the template.
 * About significance: I can't really tell what would the average user think when hearing "Tolna"; all the people I know say "Tolna county", "Heves county" etc., they leave "county" off only when the name of the county is long enough even without it. I agree that by Veszprém most people mean the city of Veszprém, and by Pest most people mean Budapest (actually calling it simply Pest is somewhat incorrect but very widespread) but the others are hard to decide. I'll ask the other Hungarians about this matter. Alensha 13:39, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I made a second template for Hungarian cities, which also takes care of diacritics troubles, see for instance Gyor. I think I changed all the "troublesome" cities. About counties, let's do it like Romania, the ambiguous counties get X County there. Markussep 14:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't know whether the towns or the counties should be disambiguated by comments. Perhaps we do add the word "county" to counties in speech if they consist of only one element each. However, I wouldn't like to see them as "Tolna County", since "County" is not an official part of the name. I think I prefer the form "Tolna (county)" (also because of the option of piped linking); perhaps I could accept "Tolna county" as well, if it really has to be this way. Adam78 00:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

For me also the capital C is weird, but I'm not a native English speaker. I've gradually stopped worrying about details like that. What I do still find important is what the user sees when he/she types for instance Tolna after ../wiki/. But well, all this can be solved. I'm OK with your X (county) option (and consequently, X is about the town). Alensha? Markussep 01:53, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * X county or X (county) is fine. I prefer the one without brackets but it really doesn't matter as long as it's consistent. I agree that County with a capital C seems odd but I didn't know whether it's the proper English way to spell it. I'm fixing the links as soon as it's decided which name format will we use. Thanks for the second template.
 * I just noticed that in addition to these six counties we also have to disambiguate Nógrád because of a small town of the same name (I don't know when will it have an article but eventually it will.) Also, in several cases we also have a historical county that should be a separate article... should those be like "Nógrád (comitatus)"? Alensha 13:09, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

just to make things more complicated, it seems that Tolna is also the name of a US city... Alensha 13:48, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right, Tolna, North Dakota, population 202, and they call it a city! Let's ignore that. About historical counties, if they have the same name as present counties, let's make them part of the history section of the present county.
 * X (county) it is, I'll try to move Veszprém and Békés, after that we can start splitting the others.Markussep 14:00, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I fixed the templates in the articles, now HungaryCities2 is used where (county) is after the county name, and HungaryCities is used when the name is without (county). I also disambiguated some things, but the "what links here" sections are refreshed very slowly. Alensha 23:55, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I agree about the need for consisteny, as required by the naming conventions on places guideline:

“All place names in an administrative division should share the same form. For example, when one article has been moved from "ShortName" to "ShortName [county]", then all the [counties] within a country should be moved to that form.”

So, even if in some cases the county is the primary topic, and the city (town, castle) after which it's named is a secondary topic, the article on the county should still be the one being disambiguated, for the predictability such consistency creates far outweights the issue of "what the primary topic is".

Regarding the disambiguation technique only (excluding for the moment the issue of "primary topic"), am I reading the above discussion correctly in understanding that there's an agreement on the following: Best regards, Ev 21:28, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * When the name of the county is unique (as in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg), no disambiguation is used.
 * When the name of the county requires disambiguation, parentheses are used: Name (county) as the article's title, and having Name county & Name County as redirects.

Ok, my mistake. After reading the discussion again, I see no clear agreement yet. The three issues are:
 * 1) Do we add a qualifier (be it (county), county or County") to all 19 Hungarian counties, or only those that need disambiguation ?
 * 2) What qualifier do we use: Name (county), Name county or Name County ?
 * 3) What do we do when the county, and not the city (town, castle), is the primary topic ?

Let's see where we stand on each case: Best regards, Ev 22:10, 5 June 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) I prefer to add a qualifier to all 19 counties, because such total consistency helps readers unfamiliar with the subject (as myself). It enhances predictability & tells readers what kind of political division they are facing since the very title. But I can live with the alternative :-)
 * 2) I prefer either Name County or Name county (depending on whether the word "county" is part of the official name or not) over Name (county): because it looks better :-) especially if we are to use it in all 19 cases, including "Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg C/county". However, if we were to add a qualifier only to those counties that require a disambiguation, I won't object to using Name (county).
 * 3) Following the naming conventions on places guideline, I believe that, in this specific cases, the benefits of consistency trump "primary topic". However, at least in some cases, we can have it both ways :-) For example, in the case of "Tolna", because there are other places of that name, we can have the article on the county with qualifier, the article on the city at "Tolna, Hungary" and the "simple, plain Tolna" as a redirect to the article on the county. That is, of course, it it really is the primary topic. In principle, I prefer to have "simple, plain Tolna" as a redirect to "Tolna (disambiguation)" or as a disambiguation page itself.

 * Hi. I noticed this discussion via WP:RM, and just thought I'd offer an opinion. I personally prefer  using parentheses, as this allows the "pipe trick" to be used. That is, if you write Pest (county) with nothing after the pipe, it will appear as Pest, which allows for a little less typing. With Pest county, the only way to drop the disambiguation term (which can be desirable if writing a prose sentence) is to write Pest . Hope this helps in your final decision. Regards, --DeLarge 23:31, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi. I prefer the Name County form in each case. I think this is the best solution a we should move the articles there. - Weekshigh 07:15, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The 2005 discussion between Alensha, Adam78 and myself did lead to consensus to use "X (county)", and that's where the counties that needed disambiguation were moved to subsequently. I'm not sure how to interpret Naming conventions (places). What I think is meant is that you shouldn't use "X (county)" and "X county" within the same higher administrative division. Not that if one article needs disambiguation, all are disambiguated. Anyway, some articles (Pest, Békés and Csongrád) were moved to other forms later, which needs to be repaired. Markussep Talk 07:44, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh my God, I didn't notice the year of that discussion. As there's no consistency right now, and Alensha's last comment is dated June 4 (I missed the "2005" part), I thought the discussion was still ongoing :-)

 * I agree with your interpretation of the guideline, Markussep. That's why I don't mention that guideline when dealing with point 1, about whether to add the qualifier to all 19 counties or only to those that need disambiguation. — Personally, I prefer to use it in all cases if we use "X County" or "X county", but I don't think the guideline requires us to do so.

 * So, in short:
 * There's a previous consensus to use "X (county)" only in those cases that need a disambiguation.
 * DeLarge encourages us to use "X (county)" to take advantage of the "pipe trick".
 * Weekshigh & I (Ev) prefer to use "X C/county" in all cases.

 * I would propose to follow the previous consensus, and swiftly move the articles that need disambiguation back to "X (county)". Then, if somebody wants to do so (I don't), a general move of all counties from "X (county)" to "X C/county" can always be proposed at a later time. — So, may I get those articles moved back to their "X (county)" places right now ? :-) Best regards, Ev 09:37, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. Markussep Talk 11:04, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you. - Weekshigh 14:06, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you, and sorry for my previous lack of attention to details. - Ev 23:59, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Micro-regions?
Below the county (megye) level, there is another layer of administration known as "kistérség". Is the best english equivalent of this the "micro-region"? This is what I have been able to find most prevelent on English-translated megye websites. I wish to know because I will soon create an article about this layer, to include all of the proper maps. Thank you. Rarelibra 21:01, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Central Statistical Office of Hungary publishes its official yearly gazetteer in Hungarian and English. Thus English terminology of administrative division and units is well-defined.
 * See http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/other/hnk2006/tartalom.html
 * --peyerk 06:23, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, CSO uses the term subregion rather than micro-region.
 * --peyerk 16:38, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * CSO seems to be the only reference that uses that terminology - even the counties say "micro-region". Rarelibra 00:03, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:20, 9 June 2019 (UTC)
 * HUN Pest megye COA.png

Megye to vármegye renaming
Can someone knowledgeable please add information that counties were called "vármegye" in the past, then from 1950 until 2022 were called just "megye" and then since 2023 are again called "vármegye"? Thx. Johnnyjanko (talk) 07:41, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Counties of Hungary


text: User talk:81.76.107.30

title: User talk:81.76.107.30


text: File:Mostly Harmless Harmony front.jpg

title: File:Mostly Harmless Harmony front.jpg


text:
California State Route 10

Two highways in the U.S. state of California have been signed as Route 10 :
 * I-10 (CA).svg Interstate 10 in California, part of the Interstate Highway System
 * California 10 1957.svg California State Route 10 (1934-1960s), later Route 42

title: California State Route 10


text:
2002 Wimbledon Championships

The 2002 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom. It was the 116th edition of the Wimbledon Championships and were held from 24 June to 7 July 2002. It was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year.

Goran Ivanišević did not defend his title this year. Lleyton Hewitt, the World No.1, defeated David Nalbandian in the final in straight sets to win his second Grand Slam title and first Wimbledon title. He became the first Australian since Pat Cash in 1987 to win Wimbledon. Venus Williams was unsuccessful in her title defence, being defeated in the final by her younger sister Serena in the women's final.

Prize money
The total prize money for 2002 championships was £8,825,320. The winner of the men's title earned £525,000 while the women's singles champion earned £486,000.

 * per team

Men's singles
🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt defeated 🇦🇷 David Nalbandian, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2
 * It was Hewitt's 4th title of the year, and his 16th overall. It was his 2nd career Grand Slam title, and his 1st Wimbledon title.

Women's singles
🇺🇸 Serena Williams defeated 🇺🇸 Venus Williams, 7–6(7-4), 6–3
 * It was Serena's 5th title of the year, and her 16th overall. It was her 3rd career Grand Slam title, and her 1st Wimbledon title.

Men's doubles
🇸🇪 Jonas Björkman / 🇦🇺 Todd Woodbridge defeated Mark Knowles / 🇨🇦 Daniel Nestor, 6–1, 6–2, 6–7(7-9), 7–5

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Serena Williams / 🇺🇸 Venus Williams defeated 🇪🇸 Virginia Ruano Pascual / 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez, 6–2, 7–5

Mixed doubles
🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi / 🇷🇺 Elena Likhovtseva defeated Kevin Ullyett / 🇸🇰 Daniela Hantuchová, 6–2, 1–6, 6–1

Boys' singles
🇦🇺 Todd Reid defeated Lamine Ouahab, 7–6(7-5), 6–4

Girls' singles
🇷🇺 Vera Dushevina defeated 🇷🇺 Maria Sharapova, 4–6, 6–1, 6–2

Boys' doubles
Florin Mergea / Horia Tecău defeated 🇺🇸 Brian Baker / 🇺🇸 Rajeev Ram, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

Girls' doubles
🇧🇪 Elke Clijsters / 🇨🇿 Barbora Strýcová defeated 🇺🇸 Ally Baker / 🇩🇪 Anna-Lena Grönefeld, 6–4, 5–7, 8–6

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt (champion)
 * 2) 🇷🇺 Marat Safin (second round, lost to Olivier Rochus)
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi (second round, lost to Paradorn Srichaphan)
 * 4) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (semifinals, lost to Lleyton Hewitt)
 * 5) 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (third round, lost to Xavier Malisse)
 * 6) 🇺🇸 Pete Sampras (second round, lost to George Bastl)
 * 7)  Roger Federer (first round, lost to Mario Ančić)
 * 8) 🇸🇪 Thomas Johansson (first round, lost to Flávio Saretta)
 * 9) 🇪🇸 Juan Carlos Ferrero (second round, lost to Jeff Morrison)
 * 10) 🇦🇷 Guillermo Cañas (second round, lost to Feliciano López)
 * 11) 🇺🇸 Andy Roddick (third round, lost to Greg Rusedski)
 * 12) 🇨🇿 Jiří Novák (second round, lost to Wayne Arthurs)
 * 13) 🇲🇦 Younes El Aynaoui (first round, lost to Irakli Labadze)
 * 14) 🇸🇪 Thomas Enqvist (second round, lost to Mark Philippoussis)
 * 15)  Andrei Pavel (third round, lost to Nicolás Lapentti)
 * 16) 🇫🇷 Nicolas Escudé (third round, lost to  Mikhail Youzhny)
 * 17) 🇩🇪 Rainer Schüttler (third round, lost to Feliciano López)
 * 18)  Sjeng Schalken (quarterfinals, lost to Lleyton Hewitt)
 * 19) 🇦🇷 Juan Ignacio Chela (first round, lost to Fernando González)
 * 20) 🇪🇸 Tommy Robredo (first round, lost to Raemon Sluiter)
 * 21) 🇧🇾 Max Mirnyi (first round, lost to Taylor Dent)
 * 22) 🇪🇨 Nicolás Lapentti (quarterfinals, lost to David Nalbandian)
 * 23) 🇬🇧 Greg Rusedski (fourth round, lost to Xavier Malisse)
 * 24) 🇦🇷 Gastón Gaudio (second round, lost to Mikhail Youzhny)
 * 25) 🇫🇷 Fabrice Santoro (second round, lost to Adrian Voinea)
 * 26) 🇺🇸 Todd Martin (second round, lost to Arnaud Clément)
 * 27) 🇧🇪 Xavier Malisse (semifinals, lost to David Nalbandian)
 * 28) 🇦🇷 David Nalbandian (final, lost to Lleyton Hewitt)
 * 29) 🇺🇸 James Blake (second round, lost to Richard Krajicek)
 * 30)  Ivan Ljubičić (second round, lost to Wayne Ferreira)
 * 31) 🇦🇹 Stefan Koubek (second round, lost to André Sá)
 * 32) 🇫🇮 Jarkko Nieminen (second round, lost to Julian Knowle)

Women's singles

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Venus Williams (final, lost to Serena Williams)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (champion)
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Jennifer Capriati (quarterfinals, lost to Amélie Mauresmo)
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Monica Seles (quarterfinals, lost to Justine Henin)
 * 5) 🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters (second round, lost to Elena Likhovtseva)
 * 6) 🇧🇪 Justine Henin (semifinals, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 7)  Jelena Dokić (fourth round, lost to Daniela Hantuchová)
 * 8) 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud (second round, lost to Mary Pierce)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo (semifinals, lost to Serena Williams)
 * 10) 🇮🇹 Silvia Farina Elia (third round, lost to Magdalena Maleeva)
 * 11) 🇸🇰 Daniela Hantuchová (quarterfinals, lost to Serena Williams)
 * 12) 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva (fourth round, lost to Justine Henin)
 * 13) 🇺🇸 Meghann Shaughnessy (second round, lost to Miriam Oremans)
 * 14) 🇺🇿 Iroda Tulyaganova (second round, lost to Chanda Rubin)
 * 15) 🇮🇱 Anna Smashnova (first round, lost to Angelique Widjaja)
 * 16) 🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond (fourth round, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 17)  Patty Schnyder (second round, lost to Conchita Martínez)
 * 18) 🇷🇺 Anastasia Myskina (third round, lost to Amélie Mauresmo)
 * 19) 🇧🇬 Magdalena Maleeva (fourth round, lost to Elena Likhovtseva)
 * 20) 🇹🇭 Tamarine Tanasugarn (fourth round, lost to Monica Seles)
 * 21) 🇷🇺 Tatiana Panova (third round, lost to Chanda Rubin)
 * 22) 🇱🇺 Anne Kremer (second round, lost to Maja Matevžič)
 * 23)  Iva Majoli (third round, lost to Elena Dementieva)
 * 24) 🇺🇸 Alexandra Stevenson (first round, lost to Saori Obata)
 * 25) 🇫🇷 Nathalie Dechy (third round, lost to Jelena Dokić)
 * 26) 🇨🇿 Dája Bedáňová (third round, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 27) 🇯🇵 Ai Sugiyama (third round, lost to Monica Seles)
 * 28) 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez (first round, lost to Jill Craybas)
 * 29) 🇦🇹 Barbara Schett (second round, lost to Myriam Casanova)
 * 30) 🇦🇷 Clarisa Fernández (second round, lost to Els Callens)
 * 31) 🇦🇺 Nicole Pratt (first round, lost to Laura Granville)
 * 32)  Amanda Coetzer (second round, lost to Elena Baltacha)

title: 2002 Wimbledon Championships