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Bela Lugosi filmography

Bela Lugosi (1882–1956), best known for the original screen portrayal of Bram Stoker's Dracula in 1931, performed in many films during the course of his 39-year film career. He appeared in films made in his native Hungary, Germany and New York before re-locating to Hollywood in 1928. Films are listed in order of release. (see Bela Lugosi for his biography.)

1910s
This is a list of confirmed film roles Lugosi has performed in. Some films from other filmography sources have not been included here such as Star Film's Casanova (1918), Lulu (1918) and Lili (1917), all of which had announced that Lugosi would appear in them, but Lugosi was apparently dropped from the cast before production began.

Television/ Radio

 * Intimate Interviews (1932) interviewed on radio by Dorothy West
 * Hollywood on Parade No. A-8 (1933) a 10-minute comedy skit/ short subject with Bonnie Poe as Betty Boop
 * Universal's Black Cat Contest (March 1934) this newsreel showed Karloff and Lugosi trying to pick the winner of Universal's "Black Cat Contest"
 * Screen Snapshots Episode 34 (1934) this newsreel shows Lugosi playing chess with Boris Karloff
 * Hollywood Movie Parade (1934) a short featurette co-starring Jackie Cooper
 * Baker's Broadcast (1937) Lugosi and Karloff sang "We're Horrible, Horrible Men" on this radio show with Ozzie and Harriet
 * Texaco Star Theater (Nov. 15, 1939) Lugosi appeared with Burgess Meredith on this "Dracula on Sunnybrook Farm" radio episode
 * Black Friday Newsreel (Jan. 18, 1940) - Lugosi shown being hypnotized by his friend Manly Hall for his death scene in Black Friday (1940); film is lost
 * Kay Kayser Radio Show (Sept. 25, 1940) with Karloff and Peter Lorre
 * The Milton Berle Show TV show (mid-1940s) Texaco Star Theatre
 * Play Broadcast Quiz Program (May 2, 1941) Chicago radio show
 * Screen Snapshots (1943) Lugosi is shown in this newsreel donating blood during World War II
 * Suspense Radio Show (Feb. 2, 1943) episode called "The Doctor Prescribed Death"
 * Texaco Star Theater: The Fred Allen Show (Apr. 25, 1943) Lugosi did a radio comedy sketch with Fred Allen
 * Mail Call (March 11, 1944) Lugosi appeared with Orson Welles and Edward Everett Horton on this radio show
 * Mystery House Radio (1944) Lugosi was to host a syndicated radio series; a pilot was apparently made with Lugosi and John Carradine called "The Thirsty Death", but it is unknown if it ever aired; the program is considered lost.
 * Which Is Which? Radio Show (Feb. 14, 1945) with host Ken Murray
 * Country Fair Radio Show (July 31, 1945) with host Jack Bailey
 * Command Performance produced by the Armed Forces Radio Service (July 16, 1946) Lugosi did a "Superman" skit with Bob Hope, Paulette Goddard and Sterling Holloway (Lugosi played the villain named Dr. Bekini)
 * The Rudy Vallee Show Radio Show (Oct. 22, 1946) Lugosi did a short comedy skit in which he played a vampire called "The Bat"
 * Exploring the Unknown Radio Show (Mar. 9, 1947)
 * The Adventures of Ellery Queen Radio Show (Mar. 19, 1947) crime drama
 * Quick As a Flash Radio Show (May 18, 1947)
 * The Bill and Fan Show Albany N.Y. Radio show (Aug. 4, 1947) Lugosi interviewed while at Saratoga Racetrack
 * Backstage at the Spa Theater Schenectady TV station (August 6, 1947) Lugosi interview
 * Hollywood Soundstage Albany Radio show (Aug. 7, 1947) Lugosi interviewed by Cathy Rice
 * Candid Microphone Radio Show (Oct. 24, 1947) starring Alan Funt
 * The Guy Lebow Show Radio (Summer, 1948) Lugosi interview
 * The Abbott and Costello Show Radio Program (May 5, 1948) Lugosi did a haunted house skit with Lou Costello and Sidney Fields
 * The Martha Deane Radio Show N.Y. City radio show (Aug.9, 1948) Lugosi interview
 * Variety Show Los Angeles TV show (Aug. 18, 1948) Lugosi appeared in a pre-filmed TV special
 * Night of Stars Event Madison Square Garden, NY (Nov. 15, 1948) appeared live with Boris Karloff and Peter Lorre in support of Israel
 * Herb Shrimer Time WCBS Radio, NYC (Nov. 22, 1948)
 * Surprise Theater Los Angeles TV show (Aug. 31, 1949) broadcast an episode starring Lugosi
 * Tales of Fatima N.Y. Radio show (Sept. 10, 1949) appeared with Basil Rathbone in "Man in the Shadows" (radio play)
 * Art Linkletter's House Party N.Y. Radio show (Oct. 6, 1949) Lugosi interview
 * Suspense N.Y. TV show (episode "The Cask of Amontillado" October 11, 1949) as General Fortunato
 * Texaco Star Theatre TV show (Oct. 27, 1949) Lugosi wears his cape and attempts to hypnotize Milton Berle in a skit; co-starred Olsen and Johnson; this 60-minute program exists today on DVD
 * Crime Does Not Pay N.Y. Radio show (Dec. 12, 1949) Lugosi plays a demented arsonist named Nick Segadin in "Gasoline Cocktail" episode (prerecorded)
 * Celebrity Time N.Y. TV show with Arlene Francis (January 22, 1950) this show was rerun on Dec. 22, 1950
 * Bonnie Maid Versatile Varieties N.Y. TV show (January 27, 1950)
 * Starlit Time (May 21, 1950) Lugosi appeared on this musical-variety TV show
 * Little Old New York WPIX-TV show (June 1, 1950) starring Ed Sullivan
 * The Bill Slater Show WOR-TV show (June 7, 1950)
 * Candid Microphone CBS Radio Show (June 27, 1950) starring Allen Funt
 * Murder and Bela Lugosi WPIX-TV show (Sept. 18, 1950) Lugosi did this one-hour program in which he provided the commentary about a number of his old horror films while clips were shown; historian Gary Rhodes thinks some of this "Lugosi host" footage found its way into the 1959 British Lugosi film Lock Up Your Daughters (a lost film today) (click section "1940-1959" on source page)
 * The Paul Winchell Show N.Y. TV (Oct. 2, 1950) as Count Dracula
 * The Robert Q. Lewis Show (shown Dec. 24, 1950) CBS-TV, Bela meets Santa Claus skit
 * Okay, Mother ABC Radio Show (December 28, 1950) Lillian Lugosi was interviewed by Dennis James
 * The Betty Crocker Magazine Show of the Air Radio Show (Jan. 29, 1951)
 * The Johnny Olson Luncheon Club Radio Show (Feb. 7, 1951)
 * Bela Lugosi's Horror and Magic Stage Show (Dec. 16, 1950 - March 17, 1951) (traveled throughout NY and NJ)
 * Crime Does Not Pay Radio Show (Feb. 18, 1951) Episode called Gasoline Cocktail (a rerun)
 * The Charlie Chester Show recorded in England (April 14, 1951) BBC-TV
 * Ship’s Reporter (December 11, 1951) Lugosi shipboard interview by Jack Mangan upon his return from England; this newsreel was aired around Christmastime
 * The House of Wax Premiere (April 16, 1953) appeared live in front of the Paramount Theater when the film premiered in L.A.; some footage of the event appeared in a Pathe newsreel released theatrically on April 27, 1953.
 * You Asked For It California TV show (July 27, 1953) performed his "Vampire Illusion"; rebroadcast on East Coast Aug. 9, 1953
 * The Spade Cooley Show (KTLA Radio, Halloween, 1953) Lugosi guest-starred with comedian Ukie Sherin (Lugosi's dialogue director on the film Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla).
 * The Red Skelton Show (June, 1954) co-starring Lon Chaney Jr. and Maila (Vampira) Nurmi; Ed Wood was there and acted as Lugosi's dialogue coach backstage
 * Metropolitan State Hospital Interview (August 1, 1955) interview filmed upon his medical release
 * The Tom Duggan Show (Summer, 1956) Lugosi was interviewed about his drug addiction and cure
 * The Black Sleep Theatrical Premiere (appeared live at the theatre on June 27, 1956)
 * Lugosi, The Forgotten King (a 1985 documentary)

Stage Play credits (in U.S. only)
(Note* - Lugosi appeared in at least 172 plays in his native Hungary between 1902 and 1918)

 * Little Miss Bluebeard (June, 1921) - Lugosi and his 2nd wife Ilona von Montagh met while co-starring in this NY City play, performed in Hungarian language
 * Torveny (The Law) - Lugosi and Ilona von Montagh co-starred in this Hungarian language play in Bridgeport, Connecticut in September 1921 (Lugosi directed the play as well)
 * Liliom - Lugosi and von Montagh co-starred in this Hungarian language play in NY City in September 1921; the two were married that month
 * Sarga Liliom - (late 1921) performed in New York in Hungarian language
 * Getto (February 1922) performed in New York in Hungarian language; also directed by Lugosi
 * A demarkacio szinmu (circa March 1922) - performed in New York in Hungarian language
 * The Tragedy of Man - opened April 8, 1922 (N.Y. City) Lugosi played Adam and also directed this play in Hungarian language; co-starred Ilona von Montagh
 * The Red Poppy - opened Dec 20, 1922 (Greenwich Village) in his first English language play, Lugosi starred as Fernando; co-starred Estelle Winwood and Arthur Lubin.
 * Die Sorina (November 1923) performed at Columbia University in N.Y. City in Hungarian language; Lugosi also directed this play
 * The Right to Dream (1924) Lugosi was contracted to direct this N.Y. play by producer Irving Davis, but Davis quickly fired him after deeming him not talented enough; Lugosi sued Davis in court on May 21, 1924, for breach of contract, but lost the case.
 * The Werewolf - opened June 1, 1924 (Chicago) Lugosi left this play after only one week (played Vincente, a butler)
 * Forradalmi nasz (February 1925) performed in N.Y. City in the Hungarian language
 * Arabesque - Oct 20, 1925 - Nov 07, 1925 (N.Y. City); played an Arab sheik
 * Open House - Dec 14, 1925 - Feb 10, 1926 (N.Y. City); played Sergius Chernoff, a Russian
 * The Devil in the Cheese - Dec 29, 1926 - May 1927 (N.Y. City) played both Father Petros and Cardos the bandit; co-starred Fredric March and Dwight Frye; 165 performances
 * Dracula - Oct 05, 1927 - May 19, 1928 (N.Y. City) as Dracula; co-starred Edward Van Sloan and Bernard Jukes as Renfield
 * Dracula - June 24, 1928 - Sept. 15, 1928 (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland) with Bernard Jukes as Renfield; Lugosi relocated to California in 1928.
 * Dracula - May 19, 1929 - Aug. 17, 1929 (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland) with Harry Walker as Renfield; all told 265 performances
 * Murdered Alive - April 2, 1932 - May 5, 1932 (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Los Angeles) played Dr. Orloff, a mad sculptor
 * Dracula - May 29, 1932 - June 5, 1932 (Portland, Oregon) with Perry Ivins as Renfield (who also directed the play)
 * Murder at the Vanities - Sep 8, 1933 - Mar 10, 1934 (N.Y. City) played Siebenkase; co-starred Olga Baclanova and Robert Cummings; 298 performances
 * Tovarich - opened Mar. 22, 1937 - May 15, 1937 (San Francisco, Los Angeles) played Commissar Gorotchenko
 * Stardust Cavalcade Revue - March 30, 1940 to May 2, 1940 (Ohio, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New York City and Washington DC) toured with Ed Sullivan and Arthur Treacher (Lugosi appeared again in several summer tours reprising scenes from Dracula between 1940 and 1946. )
 * One Night of Horror - May 2–8, 1941 (Chicago) a spook show Lugosi put on for the premiere of his film, The Invisible Ghost
 * Dracula - opened April 30, 1943 - June 26, 1943 (East Coast tour/ Plymouth/ Boston)
 * Arsenic and Old Lace - Aug. 5, 1943 - Sept. 22, 1943 (San Francisco, Los Angeles) played Jonathan Brewster
 * Arsenic and Old Lace - Jan. 29, 1944 - June 3, 1944 (East Coast tour) played Jonathan Brewster
 * No Traveler Returns - Feb. 26, 1945 - March 19, 1945 (San Francisco, Seattle) played Bharat Singh, a Hindu servant; co-starred Ian Keith
 * That We May Live - Dec. 17–18, 1946 - a two-day show at the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium
 * A Nightmare of Horror - Feb. 7–8, 1947 (San Diego) a two-night spook show held at San Diego's Orpheum Theater
 * Three Indelicate Ladies - April 10, 1947 - April 19, 1947 (New Haven, Boston) played Francis O'Rourke, co-starred Ray Walston
 * Arsenic and Old Lace - June 30, 1947 - July 5, 1947 (Pennsylvania) played Jonathan Brewster
 * Dracula - July 14, 1947 - Aug. 2, 1947 (Connecticut, Long Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Connecticut) co-starred Simon Oakland as Van Helsing and Ray Walston as Renfield in some towns
 * Arsenic and Old Lace - Aug. 5, 1947 - Aug. 10, 1947 (Sarasota Springs, N.Y.) with Richard Boone as a policeman
 * Bill Neff's Madhouse of Mystery - mid-1947 (California) - a spook show play in which Lugosi appeared at various movie theaters
 * The Tell-Tale Heart - Nov. 19, 1947 - Dec. 23, 1947 (Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan) a 40-minute one-man spook show scripted by Lugosi's agent Don Marlowe (consisting of Lugosi doing a monologue with a beating heart heard throughout); apparently Marlowe made a 16-inch transcription disc recording of the show, which is today considered lost.
 * Promotional Appearances for Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (June 1948) appeared in a live stage act with Glenn Strange dressed as the Monster (L.A., San Francisco and San Diego)
 * Dracula July 8, 1948 - Aug. 7, 1948 (Colorado, Pennsylvania, Connecticut)
 * Arsenic and Old Lace - August 9, 1948 - August 14, 1948 (Sea Cliff, NJ) Lugosi first met producers Richard and Alex Gordon at this show
 * The Bela Lugosi Company Vaudeville Show - Aug. 20, 1948 -Oct. 29, 1948 (Detroit, Miami and Atlantic City) a traveling vaudeville act put on at various movie theaters
 * Nightmare of Horror Stage Show (early 1949) appeared with Glenn Strange, as Dracula and the Frankenstein Monster (San Diego, Los Angeles)
 * Arsenic and Old Lace - July 11, 1949 - Aug. 21, 1949 (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania)
 * The Bela Lugosi Company Vaudeville Show - Nov. 16 - Nov. 23, 1949 (St. Louis, Wichita) - a traveling vaudeville act in which Lillian Lugosi played a small role onstage (the hypnotized maid in a "Dracula" skit)
 * Dracula - Mar. 20, 1950 - March 25, 1950 (St. Petersburg, Florida); July 4, 1950 - July 7, 1950 (Vermont)
 * The Devil Also Dreams - July 24, 1950 - August 26, 1950 (Massachusetts, New York, Canada) played the butler Alexander Petofy
 * Bela Lugosi's Horror and Magic Stage Show - Dec. 6, 1950 - March, 1951 (New York, New Jersey) - a traveling vaudeville act that ended when Lugosi had to leave for England in April
 * Dracula - Apr. 30, 1951 - mid-September, 1951 (England) Lugosi and Lillian toured England in this low-budget production in 1951
 * Arsenic and Old Lace - Jan. 19, 1954 - Jan. 25, 1954 (St. Louis)
 * The Bela Lugosi Revue (Feb. 19, 1954 - Mar. 27, 1954) a one-hour stage act (performed at least 3 times per day) at the Silver Slipper Saloon, Las Vegas; directed and co-written by Ed Wood
 * The Devil's Paradise - June 8, 1956 - June 9, 1956 (Los Angeles) Lugosi plays an unnamed narcotics smuggler

title: Bela Lugosi filmography


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Leukodystrophy

Leukodystrophies are a group of, usually, inherited disorders, characterized by degeneration of the white matter in the brain. The word leukodystrophy comes from the Greek roots leuko, "white", dys, "abnormal" and troph, "growth". The leukodystrophies are caused by imperfect growth or development of the glial cells which produce the myelin sheath, the fatty insulating covering around nerve fibers. Leukodystrophies may be classified as hypomyelinating or demyelinating diseases, respectively, depending on whether the damage is present before birth or occurs after. While all leukodystrophies are the result of genetic mutations, other demyelinating disorders have an autoimmune, infectious, or metabolic etiology.

When damage occurs to white matter, subsequent immune responses can lead to inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), along with the loss of myelin. The degeneration of white matter can be seen in an MRI scan and is used to diagnose leukodystrophy. Leukodystrophy is characterized by specific symptoms, including decreased motor function, muscle rigidity, and eventual degeneration of sight and hearing. While the disease is fatal, the age of onset is a key factor, as infants have a typical life expectancy of 2–8 years, while adults typically live more than a decade after onset. Treatment options are limited, although hematopoietic stem cell transplantations using bone marrow or cord blood seem to help in certain leukodystrophy types, while further research is being done.

The combined incidence of the leukodystrophies is estimated at 1 in 7,600. The majority of types involve the inheritance of an X-linked recessive, or X-linked dominant trait, while others, although involving a defective gene, are the result of spontaneous mutation rather than genetic inheritance.

Symptoms and signs
Some specific symptoms vary from one type of leukodystrophy to the next, but the vast majority of symptoms are shared as the causes for the disease generally have the same effects. Symptoms are dependent on the age of onset, which is predominantly in infancy and early childhood, although the exact time of onset may be difficult to determine. Hyperirritability and hypersensitivity to the environment are common, as well as some tell-tale physical signs including muscle rigidity and a backwards-bent head. Botox therapy is often used to treat patients with spasticity. Juvenile and adult onsets display similar symptoms including a decrease or loss in hearing and vision. While children do experience optic and auditory degeneration, the course of the disease is usually too rapid, causing death relatively quickly, whereas adults may live with these conditions for many years. In children, spastic activity often precedes progressive ataxia and rapid cognitive deterioration which has been described as mental retardation. Epilepsy is commonplace for patients of all ages. More progressed patients show weakness in deglutition, leading to spastic coughing fits due to inhaled saliva. Classic symptomatic progression of juvenile X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is shown in the 1992 film, Lorenzo's Oil.

Course and timetable are dependent on the age of onset with infants showing a lifespan of 2–8 years, juveniles 2–10 years and adults typically 10+ years. Adults typically see an extended period of stability followed by a decline to a vegetative state and death. While treatments do exist, most are in the experimental phase and can only promise a halt in the progression of symptoms, although some gene therapies have shown some symptomatic improvement. The debilitating course of the disease has led to numerous philosophical and ethical arguments over experimental clinical trials, patients' rights and physician-assisted suicide.

Causes
While the more specific underlying causes of leukodystrophy are dependent upon the type, there are common pathophysiological patterns that can be seen amongst all types. First and foremost, leukodystrophy is a neurodegenerative disease that is always the result of both impairment and maintenance of myelin sheaths surrounding neuronal axons in the central nervous system as the result of a genetic mutation. Myelin is a fatty white substance that acts as an electrical insulator and coats axons in order to speed up impulses (i.e., action potentials) traveling down the axon. Thus, the natural result of a loss of this substance is decreased efficiency in impulse propagation. As myelin is produced by oligodendrocytes (a type of glial cell) in the central nervous system, an easy place to look for the cause is a mutation or malfunctioning of these cells and in other glial cells.

Genetic influence
Inherited forms of leukodystrophy are usually the result of an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, although dominant inheritance patterns are not unheard of, as in the case of adult-onset leukodystrophy. This means that the affected allele is carried on an autosomal, or non-sex, chromosome and is masked by the dominant, unaffected phenotype. In other words, for an individual to inherit the leukodystrophy phenotype, he or she must carry two of the recessive, mutant alleles. Krabbe disease and metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) are two of such type. MLD is found on human chromosome 22 at position q13.31. Another type of inherited leukodystrophy is X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). As its name implies, this type of leukodystrophy is the result of a mutation found on the X-chromosome. It is also carried in a recessive pattern. The X chromosome is a sex chromosome, and since women have two "chances" of acquiring a normal X chromosome (one maternal x, one paternal x), and males only one chance (one maternal x), this disease is more likely to be seen in males than in females. The mutation resulting in adult-onset leukodystrophy is mapped at 5q23.

Pathophysiology
Although there are nearly 40 different types of leukodystrophy, many are lacking in formal and comprehensive research. Most of the research so far has been done on five types: (1) metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), (2) Krabbe disease, (3) X-Linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), (4) Canavan disease, and (5) Alexander disease. Each type of leukodystrophy has a unique pathophysiology, but all five of these in some way affect a subset of glial cells, therefore disrupting myelin production and maintenance, and usually involve a mutation involving genes that code for enzymes necessary for the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) that are toxic to the myelin-producing cells of the central nervous system.

Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is the result of genetic defects in the enzymes associated with the cellular compartment called the lysosome. MLD is one of two leukodystophies that are also a lysosomal storage disorder. MLD is inherited in an autosomal recessive way and is the result of mutations in three different ARSA alleles that encode the enzyme arylsulfatase A (ASA or sometimes ARSA), also called sulfatide sulfatase. ASA is responsible for the breakdown of sulfatides, sphingolipids present in neuronal membranes as well as in myelin. When there is a mutation in the gene that encodes ASA, it decreases ASA production, which subsequently leads to diminished degradation of sulfatides, thus causing them to accumulate. This accumulation of sulfatides is toxic to oligodendrocytes, the myelin-producing cells of the CNS, effectively leading to a disturbance in myelin structure followed by demyelination. The pattern of inheritance of the three different alleles affects what type of MLD a person develops. Two null alleles are responsible for the infantile version, and do not allow for any production of ASA. A heterozygous individual (one null allele, one non-null allele) develops the juvenile form and has some production of ASA, while an individual with two mutated non-null alleles develops the adult form.

Krabbe disease

Like MLD, Krabbe disease is another type of leukodystrophy with autosomal recessive inheritance that is the result of a lysosomal storage disorder. It is due to a deletion in exon 16 of the GALC gene that causes a frameshift mutation leading to a premature stop codon. The GALC gene, found on chromosome 14 at position 31 (14q31), codes for the enzyme beta-galactocerebrosidase (GALC). GALC is a lysosomal enzyme responsible for the catabolism of galactolipids, especially the toxic lipid psychosine, that are widely distributed throughout the brain. A deficiency in GALC thus causes a buildup of these fatty acids, leading to an incursion by cells called "globoid macrophages" that destroy oligodendrocytes, thereby inhibiting any further myelin formation. Given the presence of globoid macrophages clustered near white matter, Krabbe disease often is called globoid cell leukodystrophy.

Canavan disease
Canavan disease is a less-studied type of leukodystrophy that, like MLD and Krabbe disease, is also inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is due to a mutation in the ASPA gene that encodes aspartoacylase, an enzyme needed to metabolize N-acetyl-L-aspartate (NAA). The mutation causes a deficiency of aspartoacyclase. NAA is involved in the formation of lipids; if it is not broken down by aspartoacylase, lipid levels in the brain increase, causing demyelination.

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
In X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a mutation occurs in the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC transporter). This leads to cerebral inflammatory demyelination caused by myelin destabilization. The inflammatory demyelination begins in the corpus callosum and slowly progresses outwards into both hemispheres. In X-ALD patients, abnormally high levels of VLCFA accumulate in various body tissues and fluids. This increased concentration then incorporates into various complex lipids where VLCFAs are not normally found. This has been found to be directly involved in the cerebral inflammation of X-ALD. It is speculated that the accumulated and embedded VLCFA in the complex lipids could lead to the destabilization of the myelin sheath and eventually to demyelination.

Alexander disease
Alexander disease is unique from the leukodystrophies mentioned above, in that it is the result of spontaneous mutation, meaning that it is not inherited. The mutation found in an affected individual is not found in either of his or her parents. Symptoms result from the accumulation of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as the result of a mutation in the GFAP gene, whose protein, rather than being found in association with lysosomes or peroxisomes, is an intermediate filament linked to the nuclear envelope. Intermediate filaments are proteins responsible for the makeup of the cellular cytoskeleton; thus, this type of mutation causes abnormal structural development of a person's cells. Cytoskeletal and transporter molecule defects have been observed in the astrocytes of affected individuals. These astrocytes contain abnormally high levels of GFAP protein,  affecting their development and function.

Diagnosis
The degeneration of white matter, which reflects the degeneration of myelin, can be seen in a basic MRI and used to diagnose leukodystrophies of all types. T-1 and T-2 weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images are the most often used approach. Electrophysiological and other kinds of laboratory testing can also be done. In particular, nerve conduction velocity is looked at to distinguish between leukodystrophy and other demyelinating diseases, as well as to distinguish between individual leukodystrophies. For example, individuals with X-ALD have normal conduction velocities, while those with Krabbe disease or metachromatic leukodystrophy have abnormalities in their conduction velocities. Multigene sequencing panels for undifferentiated leukodystrophy are offered for rapid molecular diagnosis after genetic counselling.

Types
Specific types of leukodystrophy include the following with their respective ICD-10 codes when available:
 * (E75.2) Alexander disease
 * (E75.2) Canavan disease
 * (E75.2) Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy type 7 (4H syndrome)
 * (E75.2) Krabbe disease
 * (E75.2) Metachromatic leukodystrophy
 * (E75.2) Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease

 * (E75.5) Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis

 * (G93.49) Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter

Treatment
With many different types of leukodystrophy, with many causes, treatment therapies will vary for each type. Studies and clinical trials are seeking to find therapies for each of the different leukodystrophies. Stem cell transplants and gene therapy appear to be the most promising in treating all leukodystrophies, providing they take place as early as possible, prior to extensive neurological damage.

For hypomyelinating leukodystrophies, therapeutic research into cell-based therapies appears promising. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural stem cells have been transplanted successfully and have shown to be healthy a year later. Fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity maps showed possible myelination in the region of the transplant. Induced pluripotent stem cells, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, gene correction, and transplantation to promote the maturation, survival, and myelination of oligodendrocytes seem to be the primary routes for possible treatments.

For three types of leukodystrophies (X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and Krabbe Disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy - GLD), gene therapy using autologous hematopoietic stem cells to transfer the healthy copy of the disease-causing gene with lentiviral vectors has been shown to succeed and has been used in clinical trials for X-ALD and MLD. The progression of X-ALD has been shown to be disrupted with hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy, although the proximal cause of arrested demyelination and the quantity of stem cells needed are unclear. While there continues to be an accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in the brain, this seems not to be the immediate causal factor behind the disease, as gene therapy does not correct the accumulation.

For those leukodystrophies that result from a deficiency of lysozyme enzymes, such as Krabbe disease, enzyme replacement therapy seems hopeful. However, enzyme delivery proves difficult, because the blood–brain barrier severely limits what can pass into the central nervous system. Current gene therapy research for metachromatic leukodystrophy has been reviewed with an emphasis on ex vivo transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells.

Epidemiology
Currently, no research has shown a higher prevalence of most leukodystrophy types in any one place around the world. There is, however, a higher prevalence of Canavan disease in the Jewish population. One in 40 individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are carriers of Canavan disease. This extrapolates to roughly 2.5%. Additionally, due to their autosomal recessive inheritance patterns, there is no significant difference found between males and females for most types of leukodystrophy, including but not limited to metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, Canavan disease, and Alexander disease. The one exception to this is any type of leukodystrophy carried on a sex chromosome, such as X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, which is carried on the X-chromosome. Because of the inheritance pattern of X-linked diseases, males are more often affected by this type of leukodystrophy, while female carriers are often symptomatic, though not as severely affected as males.

Research
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS, under the U.S. National Institutes of Health) supports research on genetic disorders, including the leukodystrophies. NINDS also supports researchers who are working with the Global Leukodystrophy Initiative Clinical Trials Network (GLIA-CTN) which promotes advances in the diagnosis and treatment of leukodystrophies.

The European Leukodystrophy Association also supports research into leukodystrophy. As of 2020, more than 387 research projects have been funded. Each year, ELA invites the international scientific community to submit research projects in the field of genetic leukodystrophies, the cerebral white matter in premature infants, and of myelin repair.

Society
The United Leukodystrophy Foundation (ULF), incorporated in 1982, is a non-profit, voluntary health organization dedicated to funding cutting-edge research and to providing patients and their families with disease information and medical referrals.

Cure MLD is a global network of patient advocates and nonprofits dedicated to helping families impacted by metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD).

The MLD Foundation was co-founded by Dean and Teryn Suhr in 2001 after the diagnosis in 1995 of two of their daughters with MLD. MLD Foundation serves families and works with researchers, clinicians, regulators, payors, and policy-makers around the world on MLD, leukodystrophy, lysosomal, and rare disease issues.

The Leukodystrophy Alliance works to promote awareness and quality of care for those with leukodystrophy.

Jill Kelly and her husband, NFL quarterback Jim Kelly, founded Hunter's Hope Foundation to fund research after their son Hunter (1997–2005) was diagnosed with infantile Krabbe leukodystrophy.

Matthew and Michael Clark of Hull, UK had the condition. Both died, in 2013 and 2016 respectively. Their story was the subject of the Channel 4 documentary The Curious Case of the Clark Brothers.

Augusto and Michaela Odone founded The Myelin Project after their son, Lorenzo was diagnosed with Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). The 1992 film, Lorenzo's Oil is a true story about a boy with Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leukodystrophy


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Swan Island (band)

Swan Island was an American five-piece rock band from Portland, Oregon, United States. Their music was influenced by classic rock, new wave, progressive rock, and metal, as well as queercore bands from the Pacific Northwest.

The band was started in March 2004 by drummer Vincent Domini (Menagerie/DJ Automaton) and guitarist Aubree Bernier-Clarke (Half-Seas-Over). They were soon joined by guitarist Torrence Stratton, vocalist Brisa Gonzalez, and bassist Bob E. Kendrick (Shemo and owner of 16 records). Swan Island performed with Sleater-Kinney, Mary Timony, LKN, The Gossip, Tracy and the Plastics, and others on the west coast. In the summer of 2006 they performed at the week-long Homo-A-Go-Go festival in Olympia, Washington. Many of the members of Swan Island have been involved with Rock and Roll Camp for Girls.

The band's records have been reviewed at Spin Magazine, AllMusic, and PopMatters.

Discography

 * Night Owl, 3"CD on 16 Records, 2005
 * The Centre Will Hold, LP on 16 Records / Holocene Music, September 2006

title: Swan Island (band)


text:
Technical Service Medal

The Technical Service Medal (Kỹ-Thuật Bội-Tinh) was a military award of South Vietnam established in 1964. The medal was awarded in two classes and was awarded for outstanding initiative and devotion an individuals assigned staff duty.

Also known as the Republic of Vietnam Technical Service Honors Medal, the Technical Service Medal was bestowed in two classes, one for issuance to commissioned officers and the other class for warrant officers and enlisted personnel. The award appeared as a propellered disc suspended from a blue-grey ribbon. The second class version contained two vertical red lines while the first class medal displayed an additional set of thin red lines down the center of the award ribbon.

The award of the Technical Service Medal was open to both civilians and military personnel who had performed duties “as technicians or of a technical nature” and had demonstrated “outstanding professional capacity, initiative, and devotion to duty”. The decoration was therefore a “behind-the-lines” type of award, mainly awarded to those who were engaged in support and upkeep duties for units deployed to the front lines of the Vietnam War.

The two classes of the Vietnam Technical Service Medal were denoted by a slight variation in the award's ribbon bar, with the suspension medal for the decoration identical in both cases. The Vietnam Technical Service Medal was occasionally bestowed to foreigners, but not to the extent as other well known Vietnamese awards such as the Vietnam Gallantry Cross, Civil Actions Medal, and the Vietnam Campaign Medal.

The Vietnam Technical Service Medal became obsolete upon the fall of South Vietnam in 1975. The award is today only available from private dealers in military insignia.

title: Technical Service Medal


text:
Scott Cutler

Scott Michael Cutler is an American songwriter, musician, record producer, and music executive. As a member of the alternative rock band Ednaswap, he co-wrote "Torn" which was covered in 1997 by Natalie Imbruglia. Her recording became the worldwide number one airplay song, and spent 14 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay Chart in the US. "Torn" has sold an estimated four million copies, it is certified Platinum in 3 countries, and was declared the "number one radio single of the 1990s" by radio personality Rick Dees. Ednaswap released three albums between 1995 and 1998 and toured with No Doubt, Weezer, and Better Than Ezra

As a songwriter and producer, he has collaborated with some of the music industry's top female artists including Madonna, Beyoncé, Katy Perry, Sinéad O'Connor, Miley Cyrus, Kelly Clarkson, Demi Lovato, and Jordin Sparks. He co-wrote "Piano in the Dark" with singer/songwriter Brenda Russell which was nominated for Song of the Year at the 31st Annual Grammy Awards. In 2007, he won the Critic's Choice Award for Best Song for "Listen" from the motion picture adaption of Dreamgirls. The song was also nominated for Best Original Song at the 2007 Academy Awards and the 2007 Golden Globe Awards.

Pulse Recording
In 2007, Cutler created the music publisher Songs of Pulse with writer/producers Josh Abraham and Anne Preven. The company, along with Pulse Management, operates under the Pulse Recording umbrella, to which he became a partner in 2010. Pulse Recording's client roster has co-written Katy Perry's "Teenage Dream", "California Gurls", "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" and "Part of Me", Taio Cruz's "Dynamite" Phillip Phillips' "Home" and Neon Trees' "Animal" and "Everybody Talks". Pulse Recording operates two Recording studios, one based at its headquarters in Los Angeles, and one based in Burbank, California. Also in 2009, he worked with Irish pop band Westlife for a track "The Difference" included in their Where We Are album where it charted #2 in both UK Albums Chart and Irish Albums Chart. In 2012, the company established a partnership with Creative Nation, the Nashville-based music management and publishing company owned by songwriter Luke Laird and his with Beth Laird.

Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Academy Award Golden Globe Award Black Reel Awards Satellite Award
 * Song of the Year ("Piano in the Dark") (Nominee)
 * Best Song ("Listen") (Winner)
 * Best Song ("Listen") (Nominee)
 * Best Song ("Listen") (Nominee)
 * Best Song ("Listen") (Nominee)
 * Best Original Song ("Listen") (Nominee)

title: Scott Cutler


text:
Eyesburn

Eyesburn is a Serbian band that combines hardcore punk and crossover thrash with reggae music.

1994–2007
The band was formed in 1994, and the original line-up featured former Dead Ideas guitarist Nemanja "Kojot" Kojić (guitar, backing vocals), who simultaneously worked as trombonist in Del Arno Band and bass guitarist in Sunshine, Nenad Živić (vocals), former Bloodbath member Aleksandar "Alek" Petrović (drums), former Urgh! member Vladimir "Laza" Lazić (bass guitar) and Aleksandar "Gile" Radulović. The name, Eyesburn, was chosen as a comment on the Serbian TV programs which "burned the eyes".

The band's first release, the album Freedomized, was recorded live at Belgrade club KST. During this period Eyesburn mostly played in Belgrade clubs, occasionally elsewhere in Serbia. The band also started working on their first studio album, Dog Life. However, the band's vocalist Živić left the band just several weeks before the band started recording in the studio, and Kojić took over the lead vocalist position. The album featured the songs written in English language and a cover of Bob Marley & The Wailers song Exodus, which featured guest appearance by Del Arno Band vocalist Jovan Matić.

At the same time, Kojić started playing trombone as well, and the band started musical exploration of other genres, such as reggae, dub and drum & bass. On the various artists compilation Korak napred 2 koraka nazad, the band appeared with a cover version of Haustor song Šejn. Soon after, Eyesburn recorded their second album Fool Control, featuring a new guitarist, Ninoslav "Nino" Filipović. The album was produced by Saša Janković. The songs No Free Time, Foolin' I & I, Warning Dub, and others, presented the album as a form of modern rock, metal and breakbeat reggae fusion.

2000s
In 2001, "Fool Control" and the track "Rizlu imaš, ličnu kartu nemaš" appeared on the soundtrack for the film Munje! in which the band appeared as a club band. As a result of their growing popularity, they received an invitation for the pre-election tours "IT'S TIME" and "USE IT (your brain)". The band started performing in former Yugoslav republics and became one of the most active bands in Serbia. During 2001, and 2002, Eyesburn performed at the EXIT festival in Novi Sad.

In late 2001, Dejan Utvar "Uti" joined the band and the band released the CD Gabau!, featuring eight songs, two of which, "No Free Time" and Foolin' I & I were recorded live in Belgrade on 22 June 2001. As guests on the album appeared Disciplin A Kitschme drummer Will Parker, percussionist Leša, and Kanda, Kodža i Nebojša vocalist Oliver Nektarijević. iN 2002, with the Jamaican dub poet Ank Steadyspear, the band recorded the album Cool Fire – Eyesburn meets Ank Steadyspear. The album was recorded separately, as Ank Steadyspear sent the already recorded vocal sections over the Internet, and the band recorded the music to the recordings. The band appeared live with Ank Steadyspear as an opening act for Lee Scratch Perry.

In 2003, the band released the album Solid, produced by Saša Janković, which was more hardcore punk-oriented than the previous release. Some people even consider it as a better release than Fool Control. At the end of 2003, Dušan Petrović joined the band, bringing new sound of saxophone which will later on influence the future releases. The band's growing popularity lead to an invitation from Max Cavalera to record together the song "Moses" on the Soulfly album Prophecy and play on the 2004 Prophecy Europe Tour. Kojić also appeared on the Soulfly album Dark Ages, on the song Innerspirit.

In March 2005, the line-up changed, when Lazić and Filipović left the band and Vukašin Marković joined the band (playing trombone and providing backing vocals) and Dalibor Vučić (playing bass). Kojić would not play trombone anymore and would be on guitar. The new album was recorded by the lineup which included Kojić, Dalibor Vučić (bass, clarinet), Aleksandar Petrović, Vukašin Marković (trombone), Dušan Petrović (baritone saxophone). How Much for Freedom?, recorded in the Novi Sad M Studio and Zemun Cameleon Studio and produced by Boban Mulunović, featured the cover version of Bob Marley & The Wailers song "So Much Trouble In The World". The album was released under the PGP-RTS record label in Serbia and Austria.

In 2007, the band went on hiatus, and Kojić pursued a solo career.

2011
In the spring of 2011, the band reunited in the lineup: Aleksandar Petrović "Alek" (drums), Vladimir Lazić "Laza" (bass), Nemanja Kojić "Kojot" (vocals, trombone), Dušan Petrović (saxophone), Aleksandar Nikić "Lale" (guitar), Zoran Đuroski "Đura" (guitar) and Vukašin Marković (trombon, backing vocals). The reunited Eyesburn had their first performance on 17 June 2011, at Belgrade's SKC, on a concert which was a part of the Jelen Top 10 Tour. In the fall of 2011 the 3 new songs were uploaded on YouTube: Juvenile, Dance and My Friend.

 2012–2014

Winter of 2012 marked the departure of Alek from the band so Dejan Miljković "Boske" came to replace him on drums. At this time Eyesburn was very active live, having more than 60 shows in period between 2012 and 2014 in Serbia and neighboring countries. August saw the release of a new single Sudden Fall . On 15 September 2012, Eyesburn performed on Warrior's Dance festival, organized by British group The Prodigy and Exit festival, on Novi Sad's Petrovaradin fortress. In the fall band entered the studio to record new album. December marked the release of a single titled Hold This Way, one of the most played songs live.

At the end of June Eyesburn released a new single Frontline along with an official music video. Week later, the band released their seventh studio album, Reality Check. The album included some songs that were released before: Dance, My Friend, Sudden Fall, Hold This Way and Frontline. It was produced by Miloš Mihajlović and mastered by Jens Bogren. The band went on a tour in Slovenia in March 2014. In July Vukašin Marković left the band. Peacefull War got it's official video in August. In December that year Eyesburn held a 20 year anniversary concert in SKC which marked the guest appearances of Goran Guraj "G", Dejan Utvar "Uti", Aleksandar Petrović Alek, Vukašin Marković and Nenad Živić. New Compilation was released, XX Years: Coming to You Live & Direct from Creation, which contained some lesser known and never released songs.

 2015–2016

In the Winter of 2015 a new lineup was announced and Vladimir Lazić, Aleksandar Nikić, Dejan Miljković and Dušan Petrović left the band. New lineup consisted of Nemanja Kojić "Kojot" (vocals, trombone), Zoran Đuroski "Đura" (guitar), Slobodan Đukić "Jimi Triple-B" (bass, backing vocals) and Boris Usanović (drums). This marked the end of saxophone appearance in the band after 11 years. Band returned to "heavier" sound similar to the first album. In December 2015, Eyesburn would release a single called Dream is Over.

In July 2016, Kojić announced that the band will end their activity. The last show was performed at 50. Gitarijada in Zaječar with Alek (drums), Laza (bass), Kojot (vocals, guitar, trombone) with Lale on some songs (guitar). Band went on a hiatus after.

2019–present
In late 2018. the band announced reunion with the lineup from last show in 2016: Aleksandar Petrović "Alek" (drums), Vladimir Lazić "Laza" (bass), Nemanja Kojić "Kojot" (vocals, trombone) and Aleksandar Nikić "Lale" (guitar). Band rerecorded War Control and released it as a music video in March. First live show after reunion happened in Hala sportova Ranko Žeravica with Vukašin Marković as a guest. Luka Matković would sometimes play on guitar instead of "Lale" till the end of the year.

In late 2020 the band released Fool Control on vinyl (remastered by Luka Matković in Citadela Studio), marking the 20th anniversary of the album. In July 2021 Eyesburn had a recording session for Balkanrock Sessions, they recorded five songs and told interesting facts about their music life. In September 2021 Eyesburn received the first official tribute release Only We Can Solve This Problem, on which tracks were covered by Serbian bands such as Discord, Downstroy, Brat, Quasarborn, Senshi, etc. The online edition was published by Serbian Metal Portal.

The sixth full-length studio album titled Troops of Light was released for Mascom Records in July 2022. The track "Aware (Bam Bam)" was chosen for the first (video) single. The band would take a break from live shows due to sickness of members for about 9 months. 20 years since the original release of Solid, the same label reissued it for the first time on LP in March 2023. In July 2023, 10 years after original release, the band reissued double LP Reality Check.

Studio albums

 * Dog Life (1998)
 * Fool Control (2000)
 * Gabau! EP (2001)
 * Solid (2003)
 * How Much for Freedom? (2005)
 * Reality Check (2013)
 * Troops of Light (2022)

Live albums

 * Freedomized (1995)

Single (not released on albums)

 * Dream is Over (2015)

Collaborations, compilations and tribute albums

 * Cool Fire (with Ank Steadyspear; 2002)
 * XX Years: Coming to You Live & Direct from Creation (2014)
 * Only We Can Solve This Problem (Tribute to Eyesburn) (2021)

Other appearances

 * "Silence Of The Twilight" (Witness Of The 1st Discussion; 1995)
 * "Šejn" (Korak napred 2 koraka nazad; 1999)
 * "Rizlu imaš, ličnu kartu nemaš" / "Fool Control" (''Muzika iz filma 'Munje!'; 2001)
 * "Junglezburn" (Metropolis 2002; 2002)

title: Eyesburn


text:
Matt Stevens (rugby union)

Matthew John Hamilton Stevens (born 1 October 1982) is a retired rugby union player who played club Rugby in England, South Africa and France and won 44 caps for between 2004 and 2012. Born in Durban, South Africa, to English parents, he played both prop positions, and most of his England appearances were at tighthead. Now based in Cape Town, Stevens is a hospitality expert and property developer.

Early life
Stevens was born on 1 October 1982 in Durban, South Africa. His parents are Georgina Hamilton and Russel Stevens, and. has 1 brother, Greg Stevens, as well as 2 half-sisters, Claire Roode and Sarah Stevens. He was educated at Kearsney College and was very involved at school, including their very successful choir. He played his youth rugby in South Africa. He earned representative honours for Western Province, South African Universities and the Junior Springboks at Under 18 and Under 19 level, before deciding to move to England to pursue his university studies.

Rugby career
At Bath University, he soon came to the attention of the local club and made his first appearances at the end of the 2002–03 season.

He went on to represent England Under-21s at the 2003 Rugby World Cup, held in Oxfordshire, impressing the first team coaches and winning a place on the summer tour to New Zealand and Australia. He made his first Test appearance as a replacement against the All Blacks before helping Bath to the top of the Premiership table in the 2003–04 season. Stevens was known for popping up in the back line during matches for Bath, and has quite a turn of pace for a front-rower.

He made his Six Nations debut in 2005 and a series of eye-catching displays led to his selection for the 2005 Lions tour to New Zealand. He played in six games for the unbeaten midweek team, but was unable to force his way into the Test side.

A shoulder injury during the 2006 Six Nations would rule Stevens out for over a year, with his next international action coming in the second test of England's summer tour of South Africa in 2007. Stevens was then included in the England squad for the 2007 World Cup, starting three pool games and featuring in all others as a replacement – appearing in the final as a replacement for captain Phil Vickery.

He devoted much of his time out of the game to a coffee shop, Jika Jika, with friend and Bath team-mate Lee Mears. After opening the flagship cafe in Bath in 2009, the pair opened a further 3 cafes in Bath, Bristol and London. Stevens confirmed in January 2010 that he would join Saracens and duly linked up with the English Premiership club at the start of 2011.

He made his debut for Saracens and went on to a central role as the Watford-based club claimed their first Premiership title with victory over Leicester in the final at Twickenham in May 2011. Two days later Stevens was recalled to the England setup with a place in the England Saxons squad for the Churchill Cup and the promise of a shot at securing a spot in Martin Johnson's Rugby World Cup squad.

Stevens finally made his return to the senior England side as he started England's first World Cup warm-up match against Wales at Twickenham, and he did enough to secure a place on the plane to New Zealand. Following an injury to first-choice loose-head Andrew Sheridan, Stevens took the No.1 jersey.

Stevens kept his place in the England set-up under Stuart Lancaster's leadership and played in all five of their matches during the 2012 Six Nations.

In the summer of 2012 Stevens opted to retire from Test rugby to spend more time with his young family. Even so, impressive performances for Saracens and the ability to play on both the tight and loose-head side of the scrums meant that he was a surprise inclusion in Warren Gatland's Lions squad for the tour to Australia, despite not having played international rugby for over a year.

In February 2014, it was revealed that Stevens would return to South Africa after the conclusion of the 2013–14 English Premiership season to join the in August of that year on a two-year deal.

On 18 June 2015, Stevens made his move to France to join with European champions Toulon in the Top 14 from the 2015–2016 season. He was injured towards the end of his first season at Toulon and underwent shoulder surgery in early 2016. Stevens retired from Rugby in May 2016.

Personal life
In 2006, Stevens appeared on The X Factor: Battle of the Stars on ITV. He was mentored by Sharon Osbourne and reached the final only to be defeated by Eastenders star Lucy Benjamin. Due to his appearance on the show, he raised over £125,000 for the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and in October 2006 he was invited to meet the statesman in Johannesburg.

He holds a BSc in politics with economics from the University of Bath.

After retiring from Rugby, Stevens moved to Cape Town, South Africa with his wife, India and twin daughters Ava, a talented netball and waterpolo player, and Coco, who loves singing and acting and is a member of the Cape Town Opera Children's Chorus. From 2017 – 2020 Stevens was the General Manager at one of South Africa's oldest and most beloved wine estates Boschendal. During his time at Boschendal, he created some of the estate's most popular attractions including The Tree House and the Friday Night Market as well as steering its flagship restaurant The Werf into South Africa's Top 20 Restaurants and winning the Eat Out Sustainability Award in 2018.

Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Stevens left his position at Boschendal to pursue new property development projects in Cape Town and the wider Western Cape areas.

title: Matt Stevens (rugby union)


text: User talk:69.228.89.168

title: User talk:69.228.89.168


text:
Lindlar catalyst

A Lindlar catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst consisting of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate or barium sulfate then poisoned with various forms of lead or sulfur. It is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes (i.e. without further reduction into alkanes). It is named after its inventor Herbert Lindlar.

Synthesis
Lindlar catalyst is commercially available but can also be created by reducing palladium chloride in a slurry of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and adding lead acetate. A variety of other "catalyst poisons" have been used, including lead oxide and quinoline. The palladium content of the supported catalyst is usually 5% by weight.

Catalytic properties
The catalyst is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes (i.e. without further reduction into alkanes). The lead serves to deactivate the palladium sites, further deactivation of the catalyst with quinoline or 3,6-dithia-1,8-octanediol enhances its selectivity, preventing formation of alkanes. Thus if a compound contains a double bond as well as a triple bond, only the triple bond is reduced. An example being the reduction of phenylacetylene to styrene.

Alkyne hydrogenation is stereospecific, occurring via syn addition to give the cis-alkene. For example the hydrogenation of acetylenedicarboxylic acid using Lindlar catalyst gives maleic acid rather than fumaric acid.

An example of commercial use is the organic synthesis of vitamin A which involves an alkyne reduction with the Lindlar catalyst. These catalysts are also used in the synthesis of dihydrovitamin K1.

title: Lindlar catalyst


text: User talk:82.197.78.74

title: User talk:82.197.78.74


text:
IDX Systems

IDX Systems Corporation (IDX) was a healthcare software technology company that formerly had headquarters in South Burlington, Vermont, United States. It was founded in 1969 by Robert Hoehl, Richard Tarrant, and Paul Egerman. IDX was acquired by General Electric and incorporated into its GE Healthcare business unit in 2006. A portion of the former IDX business (along with other software assets) were sold by GE to private equity firm Veritas Capital in 2018. The resulting company was named Virence. In 2019, Virence was merged into athenahealth.

Products
Prior to its acquisition by GE Healthcare, IDX had four primary lines of business:

Flowcast was the original application produced by IDX. It is a revenue cycle management system for medium to large physician groups, hospitals, and integrated delivery networks, and includes scheduling, billing and collections modules. It is written in the MUMPS programming language and runs on InterSystems Caché. Flowcast was renamed Centricity Business after the product was acquired by GE Healthcare. The product is now owned by athenahealth.

Groupcast was a financial management system for smaller-to-medium size provider groups. It was renamed Centricity Group Management after being acquired by GE Healthcare. The product is now owned by athenahealth.

Carecast was a system used primarily by large hospitals and medical centers as an integrated clinical and financial application. Known as "Lastword" before IDX re-branded it, the system was developed in the 1980s by Seattle-based PHAMIS, Inc., a company acquired by IDX in 1997. Carecast also came in a regionalized version currently used at the University College Hospital in London. The main Carecast code-base is written in COBOL, TAL, C and Java and runs on Tandem/NonStop Tandem Computers hardware. Upon acquisition by GE Healthcare, it was renamed Centricity Enterprise. In 2015, GE Healthcare announced it would sunset the Centricity Enterprise product.

Imagecast was a radiology information system which enables "filmless" radiology image workflow. It is now marketed and supported by GE as Centricity RIS-IC.

GE buyout
On September 29, 2005, General Electric's Healthcare division announced it would acquire IDX for US$44 a share. The deal was valued at US$1.2 billion. The purchase was finalized January 4, 2006.

title: IDX Systems


text: User talk:68.35.79.2

title: User talk:68.35.79.2


text:
Arrondissement of Melun

The arrondissement of Melun is an arrondissement of France in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region. It has 59 communes. Its population is 283,360 (2019), and its area is 617.1 km2.

Composition
The communes of the arrondissement of Melun, and their INSEE codes, are:

 * 1) Andrezel (77004)
 * 2) Argentières (77007)
 * 3) Beauvoir (77029)
 * 4) Blandy (77034)
 * 5) Boissettes (77038)
 * 6) Boissise-la-Bertrand (77039)
 * 7) Boissise-le-Roi (77040)
 * 8) Bombon (77044)
 * 9) Cesson (77067)
 * 10) Champdeuil (77081)
 * 11) Champeaux (77082)
 * 12) Le Châtelet-en-Brie (77100)
 * 13) Châtillon-la-Borde (77103)
 * 14) Chaumes-en-Brie (77107)
 * 15) Combs-la-Ville (77122)
 * 16) Coubert (77127)
 * 17) Courquetaine (77136)
 * 18) Crisenoy (77145)
 * 19) Dammarie-les-Lys (77152)
 * 20) Échouboulains (77164)
 * 21) Les Écrennes (77165)
 * 22) Évry-Grégy-sur-Yerre (77175)
 * 23) Féricy (77179)
 * 24) Fontaine-le-Port (77188)
 * 25) Fouju (77195)
 * 26) Grisy-Suisnes (77217)
 * 27) Guignes (77222)
 * 28) Lieusaint (77251)
 * 29) Limoges-Fourches (77252)
 * 30) Lissy (77253)
 * 31) Livry-sur-Seine (77255)
 * 32) Machault (77266)
 * 33) Maincy (77269)
 * 34) Le Mée-sur-Seine (77285)
 * 35) Melun (77288)
 * 36) Moisenay (77295)
 * 37) Moissy-Cramayel (77296)
 * 38) Montereau-sur-le-Jard (77306)
 * 39) Nandy (77326)
 * 40) Ozouer-le-Voulgis (77352)
 * 41) Pamfou (77354)
 * 42) Pringy (77378)
 * 43) Réau (77384)
 * 44) La Rochette (77389)
 * 45) Rubelles (77394)
 * 46) Saint-Fargeau-Ponthierry (77407)
 * 47) Saint-Germain-Laxis (77410)
 * 48) Saint-Méry (77426)
 * 49) Savigny-le-Temple (77445)
 * 50) Seine-Port (77447)
 * 51) Sivry-Courtry (77453)
 * 52) Soignolles-en-Brie (77455)
 * 53) Solers (77457)
 * 54) Valence-en-Brie (77480)
 * 55) Vaux-le-Pénil (77487)
 * 56) Vert-Saint-Denis (77495)
 * 57) Villiers-en-Bière (77518)
 * 58) Voisenon (77528)
 * 59) Yèbles (77534)

History
The arrondissement of Melun was created in 1800. In 1993 it lost the two cantons of Roissy-en-Brie and Pontault-Combault to the new arrondissement of Noisiel (since 1994 Torcy). In 2006 it lost the canton of Rozay-en-Brie to the arrondissement of Provins. At the January 2017 reorganisation of the arrondissements of Seine-et-Marne, it lost 10 communes to the arrondissement of Fontainebleau, 15 communes to the arrondissement of Provins and seven communes to the arrondissement of Torcy.

As a result of the reorganisation of the cantons of France which came into effect in 2015, the borders of the cantons are no longer related to the borders of the arrondissements. The cantons of the arrondissement of Melun were, as of January 2015:

 * 1) Brie-Comte-Robert
 * 2) Le Châtelet-en-Brie
 * 3) Combs-la-Ville
 * 4) Le Mée-sur-Seine
 * 5) Melun-Nord
 * 6) Melun-Sud
 * 7) Mormant
 * 8) Perthes
 * 9) Savigny-le-Temple
 * 10) Tournan-en-Brie

title: Arrondissement of Melun


text: User talk:81.153.200.87

title: User talk:81.153.200.87


text:
User talk:Tomunist

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 20:54, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Tomunist


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Disaster recovery and continuity

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was this article was eventually redirected to Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Auditing. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:11, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Disaster Recovery and Continuity
I'm sure an article can be written about Disaster recovery and business continuity, but this smells like a copyvio of the cited sources, which unfortunately I can't track down, and otherwise it's a How-to. Maybe more appropriate at Wikibooks. But I'm really not sure what to do with it. Can anyone advise? For now: Transwiki to Wikibooks unless someone can prove it's a copyvio. Mgm|(talk) 20:54, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It looks like it was cut-and-pasted from somewhere. The original poster is an anonymous user and there is no follow-up edits to suggest the person came back to revise. I don't know if it's a copyvio but I'm willing to bet it's some sort of term paper. Conditional delete vote ONLY if this is indeed original research or a copyvio.23skidoo 21:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep for now. See Votes for deletion/Log/2005 June 5 above. This is part of a class project and several related pages have been put on VfD over the last week or so. Not a copyright violation or a cut-and-paste. Someone has responded and they have been working on it. See also Votes_for_deletion/IT_Audit_Resources.  Let's give it a little time.  The topic is certainly legitimate although the presentation is very un-wikilike. - DS1953 21:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * By the way, original writing is obviously not the same as original research within the meaning of what Wikipedia is not (WP:NOT). As long as it is really research (i.e., supported by legitimate verifiable sources), the fact that someone has done their own homework should be acceptable. - DS1953 21:25, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak delete, reassess later, or merge with Disaster recovery. Rather problematic.  The current content seems to belong at Wikibooks.  Disaster Recovery and Continuity is an inept title, and the content appears to actually be about auditing disaster recovery plans.  If the content were appropriate to the title, it would belong at Disaster recovery. --Tabor 22:21, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, we are the group in charge of this section for the class project, and have moved the information in this topic to Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Auditing. Therefore, this article here can be deleted. - Group6 25:34, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've redirected to save the edit history per GFDL requirements. Mgm|(talk) 04:58, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've fixed the redirect... I guess we can shelve this VfD discussion, too. --Joy [shallot]   18:13, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Concordia University Texas

Concordia University Texas is a private university in Austin, Texas. The university offers undergraduate, graduate, and online degrees as well as an adult degree program for part-time and returning students.

Concordia University Texas was affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and a member of the Concordia University System (CUS)—the six-member association of LCMS colleges and universities—until November 2022, after which it adopted a new governance structure independent from the LCMS and CUS. As a Lutheran university, Concordia's stated mission is to develop Christian leaders.

History
Concordia was founded in 1926 as Lutheran Concordia College of Texas, a four-year high school that prepared young men for careers in ministry and teaching. The school opened with 26 students on its original site along East Avenue (now Interstate 35) on the then northern outskirts of Austin, Texas. In 1929, a two-story classroom building, later called the Music Building, and still later known as College Central, was built.

Concordia was founded by members of Texas's Wendish immigrant community. The original main building, Kilian Hall, is named for John Kilian, founder of the first Texas Lutheran church associated with the LCMS and leader of a large group of Wends (also called Sorbs) who settled in the Serbin area. Today, between 10 and 15 percent of Concordia's faculty, staff and students are of Wendish heritage.

Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, many buildings were added to the campus, such as Hirschi Memorial Library in 1949 and Kramer Hall, the college's first fully air-conditioned classroom building, in 1950, but dedicated on February 25, 1951. Also in 1951, Concordia started using a two-year junior college curriculum.

Building developments on campus continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s. The campus built its chapel, named Birkmann Memorial Chapel, in 1952. Texas Hall, which housed dining services and faculty offices was dedicated in 1953. Studtmann Hall, an all-girl's dormitory opened in 1955. The first Beto Hall on the Concordia campus was built in 1969 and housed science labs. In the early 21st century, this building was converted into the school's mail services facility.

In 1955, Concordia admitted women as students for the first time and the institution changed its name to Concordia Lutheran College in 1965. In 1969, the four-year high school program was disbanded and Concordia's curriculum expanded to four years after receiving permission to award Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1980.

Concordia joined the Concordia University System (CUS) in 1993. The CUS represents the colleges and universities run by the LCMS. In 1995, the name of the institution was changed to Concordia University at Austin. The Accelerated Degree Program (ADP), with sites in Austin, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio, within the College of Adult Education, was launched in 1995 to offer working adults the opportunity to earn a degree. Harms Hall, a dormitory, opened in January 2000, more than doubling campus resident capacity. The first graduate program was developed during this period.

In 2002, Thomas E. Cedel, a former fighter pilot and colonel in the United States Air Force was named president of the university.

In 2007, Concordia University at Austin changed its name to Concordia University Texas.

Relations between the University and the LCMS leadership declined throughout the 2010s and 2020s. While multiple issues were involved, loosely speaking the Board of Regents wanted to refocus around the more successful aspects of the school, such as business, education, and nursing training. This would potentially mean making cuts to the religion program, which has seen far fewer students in preseminary education than in earlier decades. In November 2022, the Concordia University Texas Board of Regents voted "to adopt a structure whereby Concordia University Texas will be governed solely by its Board of Regents, rather than the historic governance directed by the bylaws of Synod." This vote was accompanied by amending the institution's certificate of formation with the state of Texas, effectively reorganizing its board and removing any governance control by the LCMS. This change in governance was reaffirmed by the Board of Regents in April 2023. In September 2023, the LCMS filed a complaint in federal court seeking to overturn this action.

New campus
In 2005, the Board of Regents approved the relocation of the Concordia University Texas campus. Since its founding the school had occupied a 23 acre campus near downtown Austin. The new campus is located in northwest Austin on 384 acre of land. Construction began in the spring of 2007, and the new campus opened in September 2008, with its formal dedication on October 26, 2008.

The city of Austin allowed the demolition of the former campus. A developer bought the space with plans to construct a mixed-use development; however, the developer filed for bankruptcy in 2011.

The site for Concordia's new campus is the former Schlumberger Austin Systems Center. The site, formerly a research and development facility, had six buildings connected by covered walkways and encircled by a nature trail. The six buildings, named with the letters A–F, while extensively renovated, retain their basic design and features, including solid oak trim, large windows, sky lights, and atria.

Three new structures were built prior to occupation of the new campus: student housing, a fieldhouse, and a front entry/guard house. In addition to the new structures, 600 additional parking spaces and new roads were built to handle the increased campus traffic. In 2014, Concordia broke ground on a softball field that was completed in 2016.

The campus includes a 250 acre nature preserve that has springs, wetlands, caves, dense trees, and wildlife. A 10-A federal permit is required and only one other higher education institution carries one. The inclusion of the nature preserve allows Concordia to devote time to urban environmentalism in the Austin community. The Concordia University Nature Preserve is part of the Balcones Canyonlands Preserve, a system of preserves in western Travis County that provides habitat for a number of rare and endangered plant and animal species such the Golden-cheeked warbler and Black-capped vireo, two rare species of songbirds that breed in Central Texas.

In 2013, Thomas E. Cedel, announced his retirement from Concordia University Texas. In 2014, the former dean of the College of Business, Don Christian, was named chief executive officer.

Academics
Concordia University Texas has majors, minors, and programs of study within four colleges: Business & Communication, Nursing (accredited by the Texas Nursing Board and CCNE ), Education, and Arts & Sciences. Concordia is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges.

Campus life
Some of the many clubs and organizations that students participate in are: Concordia University Texas Collegiate DECA, Concordia Outdoor Ministry, Service-Learning, Missions Club, Communication Club, Student Government & Leadership Association (SGLA), Concordia Youth Ministry Team (CYMT), Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Helping Hands, History Club, Preseminarians of CTX, Society for Human Resource Management, Psychology Book Club, Kinesiology Club, Financial Management Association, Education Club, Directors of Christian Education Club, Biology Club, Behavioral Sciences Club, Association for Computing Machinery, Academic Advising Consultants, Model Organization of American States (MOAS), Moot Court, and the Spirit Squad. The school newspaper, The Mullet, was first published in 2006, and in 2013 was renamed The Spin. The Spin is published once a month during the semester.

Athletics
The Concordia mascot is the Tornados and the school colors are purple and gold. Concordia's intercollegiate athletic teams participate in NCAA Division III's American Southwest Conference (ASC). Concordia adopted the Tornados mascot in 1995, the year the school renamed itself; its previous team names were the Outlaws (1926-1936), the Cardinals (1936-1951), and the Stags (1951-1995). Prior to moving to NCAA Division III and joining the ASC, the Stags/Tornados were members of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Heart of Texas Conference from 1994 to 1999.

The athletic programs at Concordia are baseball, softball, men's basketball, women's basketball, cross country, golf, men's soccer, women's soccer, track and field, volleyball, tennis and athletic training. There were four athletic facilities on the old campus (Fascholz-Keller Field (baseball), Bartholomew Park (softball), Pharr Tennis Center, Woltman Gymnasium) and one off-campus (St. Francis School (soccer)). Currently, men's and women's soccer play at Round Rock Multipurpose Complex.

In spring 2011, "Purple Out" events were started to encourage students, staff, and the community to support athletics. On designated "Purple Out" days, everyone is encouraged to wear purple and those attending a sporting event receive purple "Tornado Towels". In 2011–2012, Concordia Texas experienced its most successful year athletically. This was accomplished by winning ASC Championships in women's cross country, women's basketball, and men's baseball (second consecutive championship).

Basketball
In the 2011–2012 season, the Concordia University Texas' women's basketball team won the American Southwest Conference.

The Concordia Men's basketball team has been coached by Stanley Bonewitz Jr. since 2004. He is a former Texas Tech basketball standout. As a player, he was named Texas "Mr. Basketball" in 1995.

Baseball
The Concordia men's baseball team is coached by Clint Mokry, who was hired in December 2022 following the death of former major leaguer Tommy Boggs. Coach Boggs led the team to victory in 2011 as the ASC Conference Champions, and later to the NCAA championship tournament where they fell two games short of advancing to the College World Series. In 2012, the team recorded its best record ever and swept the ASC conference tournament to win the conference title outright for a second consecutive year. Prior to Boggs' tenure, Mike Gardner had been head coach since 1998. He retired at the end of the 2009 season as the winningest coach in school baseball history and led the team to its only appearance in the College World Series in 2002. Tornado Field, home of the baseball team, debuted on the new campus in February 2011 and was dedicated in April 2011.

Other sports
Chris Randle became the first student athlete from Concordia to qualify for the NCAA track and field championship tournament. His 6 ft high jump earned him a sixth-place finish in the tournament. Randle's participation marked the first time in school history that Concordia was represented at the NCAA Division III Championships in two sports during the same academic year, as the baseball team won the ASC title and won two games over nationally ranked opponents – Linfield and Redlands – at the West Regional.

In 2009, Concordia inducted its first Hall of Fame class, including the 2002 baseball team that played for the NCAA Division III College World Series and Atlanta Braves reliever Scott Linebrink.

In 2011, three more members were inducted: Kenneth DeBord 2002, basketball; Lisa Hintz 1988, volleyball and basketball: and Linda Lowery, who served stints as the athletic director, volleyball coach, and men's and women's golf coach from 1980 to 2008.

Alumni

 * Scott Linebrink, baseball player
 * Richard John Neuhaus, theologian and cultural commentator
 * Randy Phillips, musician, of Phillips, Craig and Dean

title: Concordia University Texas


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Gulf Air Transport

Gulf Air Transport was a small charter airline headquartered at the Acadiana Regional Airport (ARA), a former U.S. Navy military airbase located near New Iberia, Louisiana, United States. The company flew piston, turboprop and jet aircraft types, and conducted flight operations from 1979 until 1990.

History
Gulf Air Transport was founded in 1979. Initially, the management planned to obtain their own operating certificate and purchase a single Convair 440 (N4815C) from Smyrna, TN-based Music City Airways. However, after an evaluation, it was decided to buy Music City's FAA operating certificate along with their only other airplane, a Convair 340 (N3416). After changing Music City Airways name to Gulf Air Transport, management then initiated charter flight operations in support of the U.S. domestic oil and gas industry with two captains and two first officers flying the piston-powered Convairs. Next, they added a former North Central Airlines Convair 580 turboprop aircraft which they purchased in Bolivia (N511GA) which was then shortly followed by their final R2800 piston powered Convair 440 (N411GA). In 1981, a Lockheed L-188 Electra (N8355C) four engine turboprop was added to the fleet. The Electra was used for oil and gas industry charters flying offshore workers between the U.S. Gulf Coast and Santa Barbara, California, and also for gambling charters to and from Lake Tahoe, California. In addition, the company was purchasing Republic Airlines Convair 580 turboprops as Republic retired these aircraft which had been previously operated by North Central Airlines as well. On April 24, 1984, Gulf Air purchased their first jet, a Boeing 727-100 (N4620) from Pan Am, which included flight crew training at the Pan Am training center. This initial B727 was followed by the acquisition of Boeing 727-200 jetliners by Gulf Air.

The company added new contracts for the transportation of various college athletic teams as well as gambling junkets for the casino industry, especially to and from the Lake Tahoe area in California, and pursued other new charter opportunities as the oil and gas industry started cutting back in the early 1980s. The company opened new flight crew bases in Philadelphia, Dallas, Boston, and Detroit. Philadelphia was the largest base. The airline also flew numerous charters to such international destinations as Port-au-Prince in Haiti, British Guiana (now known as Guyana) in South America, Nassau and Freeport in the Bahamas, San Juan, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Croix, Aruba, Bonaire and Barbados in the Caribbean, and Cancún and Puerto Vallarta in Mexico. Domestic charter destinations included Las Vegas, St. Louis, Orlando, Lake Tahoe and Atlantic City as well as other destinations. Other domestic cities were served by short-term contracts or as the first stop on outbound flights including Baltimore, New York City, and Newark.

One-time charter flights were operated as well, including weekend sports charters, to many international destinations including Rock Sound International Airport in the Bahamas, Curaçao, Grenada and Puerto Plata in the Caribbean, Bermuda and also to Europe including London, England, Helsinki, Finland, and Warsaw, Poland. By the end of 1986, Gulf Air Transport had approximately 200 full-time employees.

In 1988, Gulf Air sent several Boeing 727-200 jetliners to Malta in the Mediterranean for a six-month "sub-service contract" with Air Malta. The flight attendants and pursers were Air Malta employees while the flight crews and aircraft maintenance technicians were Gulf Air Transport employees. The 727s were used to operate scheduled passenger airline service for Air Malta.

TransOcean Airways
About 1986, the company changed its name from Gulf Air Transport to Gulf Air, Inc. However, when starting European service, and due to the similarity of this name with Bahrain-based Gulf Air, the airline changed its name to TransOcean Airways. During this period, the former Gulf Air Transport, which was now a successful, privately held company, decided to go public and thus offered stock in the firm which then subsequently led to loss of managerial control of the company. Reportedly, former Capitol Air (not to be confused with Capital Airlines) and Arrow Air management personnel took the company in a different direction and added two stretched Douglas Super DC-8-63 jetliner from Scanair and one stretched Douglas Super DC-8-71 leased from United Airlines to the fleet. The Super DC-8-71 featured new high-bypass turbofan engines which enabled longer range operations and also produced less noise. These new managers also hired additional flight attendants to crew their new transatlantic services to Ireland, England, Italy, Finland and the Azores. However, the DC-8 jetliners were often grounded and experienced long, expensive maintenance delays that required more financial resources than TransOcean had access to. Along with a recession in the US economy in the 1980s, TransOcean began to lose money and by 1989 it had to seek protection from its creditors by entering Chapter 11 bankruptcy. The company subsequently failed to turn a profit and in March 1990 all flight operations ceased with the airline then going out of business.

Fleet details

Piston aircraft:

 * 1 Convair 340 (N3416)
 * 1 Convair 440 (N4816C)

Turboprop aircraft:

 * 4 Convair 580 (N4801C, N511CA, N7530U, N9067R)
 * 1 Lockheed L-188 Electra (N8355C)

Jet aircraft:

 * 9 Boeing 727-100
 * 3 Boeing 727-200
 * 1 Douglas DC-8-61 (stretched Super DC-8) (N29U)
 * 2 Douglas DC-8-63 (stretched Super DC-8) (N791AL) (N792AL)
 * 1 Douglas DC-8-71 (stretched Super DC-8 re-engined with new high-bypass turbofan engines) (N8091U)

title: Gulf Air Transport


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User:Gmelfi

Although I contributed with some articles in mathematics and Sicily, my contribution and my activity as wikipedian is in the Sicilian edition, where I am one of the burocrats. Please write me there.

title: User:Gmelfi