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Carpenter ant

Carpenter ants (Camponotus spp.) are large ants (workers 7 to 13 mm) indigenous to many forested parts of the world.

They build nests inside wood, consisting of galleries chewed out with their mandibles or jaws, preferably in dead, damp wood. However, unlike termites, they do not consume wood, but instead discard a material that resembles sawdust outside their nest. Sometimes, carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees. They also commonly infest wooden buildings and structures, causing a widespread problem: they are a major cause of structural damage. Nevertheless, their ability to excavate wood helps in forest decomposition. The genus includes over 1,000 species. They also farm aphids. In their farming, the ants protect the aphids from predators (usually other insects) while they excrete a sugary fluid called honeydew, which the ants get by stroking the aphids with their antennae.

Description
Carpenter ants are generally large ants: workers are 4–7 mm long in small species and 7–13 mm in large species, queens are 9–20 mm long and males are 5–13 mm long. The bases of the antennae are separated from the clypeal border by a distance of at least the antennal scape's maximum diameter. The mesosoma in profile usually forms a continuous curve from the pronotum through to the propodeum.

Habitat
Carpenter ant species reside both outdoors and indoors in moist, decaying, or hollow wood, most commonly in forest environments. They cut "galleries" into the wood grain to provide passageways to allow for movement between different sections of the nest. Certain parts of a house, such as around and under windows, roof eaves, decks and porches, are more likely to be infested by carpenter ants because these areas are most vulnerable to moisture. Carpenter ants have been known to construct extensive underground tunneling systems. These systems often end at some food source – often aphid colonies, where the ants extract and feed on honeydew. These tunneling systems also often exist in trees. The colonies typically include a central "parent" colony surrounded and supplemented by smaller satellite colonies.

Food
Carpenter ants are considered both predators and scavengers. These ants are foragers that typically eat parts of other dead insects or substances derived from other insects. Common foods for them include insect parts, "honeydew" produced by aphids, and extrafloral nectar from plants. They are also known for eating other sugary liquids such as honey, syrup, or juices. Carpenter ants can increase the survivability of aphids when they tend them.

Most species of carpenter ants forage at night. When foraging, they usually collect and consume dead insects. Some species less commonly collect live insects. When they discover a dead insect, workers surround it and extract its body fluids to be carried back to the nest. The remaining chitin-based shell is left behind. Occasionally, the ants bring the chitinous head of the insect back to the nest, where they also extract its inner tissue. The ants can forage individually or in small or large groups, though they often opt to do so individually. Different colonies in close proximity may have overlapping foraging regions, although they typically do not assist each other in foraging. Their main food sources normally include proteins and carbohydrates. Instances of carpenter ants bleeding Chinese elm trees for the sap have been observed in northern Arizona. These instances may be rare, as the colonies vastly exceeded the typical size of carpenter ant colonies elsewhere. When workers find food sources, they communicate this information to the rest of the nest. They use biochemical pheromones to mark the shortest path that can be taken from the nest to the source. When a sizable number of workers follows this trail, the strength of the cue increases and a foraging trail is established. This ends when the food source is depleted. The workers will then feed the queen and the larvae by consuming the food they have found, and regurgitating the food at the nest. Foraging trails can be either under or above ground.

Although carpenter ants do not tend to be extremely aggressive, they have developed mechanisms to maximize what they take from a food source when that same food source is also visited by competing organisms. This is accomplished in different ways. Sometimes they colonize an area near a relatively static food supply. More often, they develop a systemic way to visit the food source, with alternating trips by different individual ants or groups. This allows them to decrease the gains of intruders because the intruders tend to visit in a scattered, random, and unorganized manner. The ants, however, visit the sources systematically so that they reduce the average crop remaining. They tend to visit more resource-dense food areas in an attempt to minimize resource availability for others. That is, the more systematic the foraging behavior of the ants, the more random that of its competitors.

Contrary to popular belief, carpenter ants do not actually eat wood, as they are unable to digest cellulose. They only create tunnels and nests within it.

Some carpenter ant species can obtain nitrogen by feeding on urine or urine-stained sand. This may be beneficial in nitrogen-limited environments.

Symbionts
All ants in this genus, and some related genera, possess an obligate bacterial endosymbiont called Blochmannia. This bacterium has a small genome, and retains genes to biosynthesize essential amino acids and other nutrients. This suggests the bacterium plays a role in ant nutrition. Many Camponotus species are also infected with Wolbachia, another endosymbiont that is widespread across insect groups. Wolbachia is associated with the nurse cells in the queen's ovaries in the species Camponotus textor, which results in the worker larva being infected.

Nesting
Carpenter ants work to build the nests that house eggs in environments with usually high humidity due to their sensitivity to environmental humidity. These nests are called primary nests. Satellite nests are constructed once the primary nest is established and has begun to mature. Residents of satellite nests include older larvae, pupae, and some winged individuals, such as male ants (drones), or future queen ants. Only eggs, the newly hatched larvae, workers, and the queen reside in the primary nests. As satellite nests do not have environmentally sensitive eggs, the ants can construct them in rather diverse locations that can actually be relatively dry. Some species, like Camponotus vagus, build the nest in a dry place, usually in wood.

Nuptial flight
When conditions are warm and humid, winged males and females participate in a nuptial flight. They emerge from their satellite nests and females mate with a number of males while in flight. The males die after mating. These newly fertilized queens discard their wings and search for new areas to establish primary nests. The queens build new nests and deposit around 20 eggs, nurturing them as they grow until worker ants emerge. The worker ants eventually assist her in caring for the brood as she lays more eggs. After a few years, reproductive winged ants are born, allowing for the making of new colonies. Again, satellite nests will be established and the process will repeat itself.

Relatedness
Relatedness is the probability that a gene in one individual is an identical copy, by descent, of a gene in another individual. It is essentially a measure of how closely related two individuals are with respect to a gene. It is quantified by the coefficient of relatedness, which is a number between zero and one. The larger the value, the more two individuals are "related". Carpenter ants are social hymenopteran insects. This means the relatedness between offspring and parents is disproportionate. Females are more closely related to their sisters than they are to their offspring. Between full sisters, the coefficient of relatedness is r > 0.75 (due to their haplodiploid genetic system). Between parent and offspring, the coefficient of relatedness is r = 0.5, because, given the event in meiosis, a certain gene has a 50% chance of being passed on to the offspring.

Genetic diversity
Eusocial insects tend to present low genetic diversity within colonies, which can increase with the co-occurrence of multiple queens (polygyny) or with multiple mating by a single queen (polyandry). Distinct reproductive strategies may generate similar patterns of genetic diversity in ants.

Kin recognition
According to Hamilton's rule for relatedness, for relative-specific interactions to occur, such as kin altruism, a high level of relatedness is necessary between two individuals. Carpenter ants, like many social insect species, have mechanisms by which individuals determine whether others are nestmates or not. They are useful because they explain the presence or absence of altruistic behavior between individuals. They also act as evolutionary strategies to help prevent incest and promote kin selection. Social carpenter ants recognize their kin in many ways. These methods of recognition are largely chemical in nature, and include environmental odors, pheromones, "transferable labels", and labels from the queen that are distributed to and among nest members. Because they have a chemical basis for emission and recognition, odors are useful because many ants can detect such changes in their environment through their antennae.

The process of recognition for carpenter ants requires two events. First, a cue must be present on a "donor animal". These cues are called "labels". Next, the receiving animal must be able to recognize and process the cue. In order for an individual carpenter ant to be recognized as a nestmate, it must, as an adult, go through specific interactions with older members of the nest. This process is also necessary in order for the ant to recognize and distinguish other individuals. If these interactions do not occur in the beginning of adult life, the ant will be unable to be distinguished as a nestmate and unable to distinguish nestmates.

Kin altruism
Recognition allows for the presence of kin-specific interactions, such as kin altruism. Altruistic individuals increase other individuals' fitness at the expense of their own. Carpenter ants perform altruistic actions toward their nestmates so that their shared genes are propagated more readily or more often. In many social insect species like these ants, many worker animals are sterile and do not have the ability to reproduce. As a result, they forgo reproduction to donate energy and help the fertile individuals reproduce.

Pheromones
As in most other social insect species, individual interaction is heavily influenced by the queen. The queen can influence individuals with odors called pheromones, which can have different effects. Some pheromones have been known to calm workers, while others have been known to excite them. Pheromonal cues from ovipositing queens have a stronger effect on worker ants than those of virgin queens.

Social immunity
In many social insect species, social behavior can increase the disease resistance of animals. This phenomenon, called social immunity, exists in carpenter ants. It is mediated through the feeding of other individuals by regurgitation. The regurgitate can have antimicrobial activity, which would be spread amongst members of the colony. Some proteases with antimicrobial activity have been found to exist in regurgitated material. Communal sharing of immune response capability is likely to play a large role in colonial maintenance during highly pathogenic periods.

Polygyny
Polygyny often is associated with many social insect species, and usually is characterized by limited mating flights, small queen size, and other characteristics. However, carpenter ants have "extensive" mating flights and relatively large queens, distinguishing them from polygynous species. Carpenter ants are described as oligogynous because they have a number of fertile queens which are intolerant of each other and must therefore spread to different areas of the nest. Some aggressive interactions have been known to take place between queens, but not necessarily through workers. Queens become aggressive mainly to other queens if they trespass on a marked territory. Queens in a given colony can work together in brood care and the workers tend to experience higher rates of survival in colonies with multiple queens. Some researchers still subscribe to the notion that carpenter ant colonies are only monogynous.

Exploding ants
In at least nine Southeast Asian species of the Cylindricus complex, including Camponotus saundersi, workers feature greatly enlarged mandibular glands that run the entire length of the ant's body. They can release their contents suicidally by performing autothysis, thereby rupturing the ant's body and spraying a toxic substance from the head, which gives these species the common name "exploding ants". The enlarged mandibular gland, which is many times the size of that of a normal ant, produces a glue. The glue bursts out and entangles and immobilizes all nearby victims.

The termite species Globitermes sulphureus has a similar defensive system.

Selected species

• Camponotus aeneopilosus Mayr, 1862 – golden tail sugar ant

• Camponotus amaurus (Espadaler, 1997)

• Camponotus americanus

• Camponotus anderseni

• Camponotus atriceps – Florida carpenter ant (cf. C. floridanus)

• Camponotus bishamon

• Camponotus chromaiodes – red carpenter ant

• Camponotus cinctellus – shiny sugar ant

• Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787)

• Camponotus consobrinus – banded sugar ant

• Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862

• Camponotus cruentatus (Latreille, 1802)

• Camponotus daitoensis

• Camponotus detritus Emery, 1886 – Namib Desert dune ant

• Camponotus empedocles – glossy sugar ant

• Camponotus fellah (Dalla Torre, 1983)

• Camponotus ferrugineus – red carpenter ant

• Camponotus festinatus (Buckley, 1866)

• Camponotus flavomarginatus Mayr, 1862

• Camponotus floridanus, Florida carpenter ant, genome 90% sequenced

• Camponotus haroi (Espadaler, 1997)

• Camponotus herculeanus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Hercules ant

• Camponotus japonicus Mayr, 1866 – Japanese carpenter ant

• Camponotus kaura

• Camponotus ligniperda, a common species in Europe

• Camponotus modoc Wheeler, W. M., 1910 – western carpenter ant

• Camponotus monju

• Camponotus nearcticus (Emery) – smaller carpenter ant

• Camponotus nigriceps (Smith, 1858) – black-headed sugar ant

• Camponotus novaeboracensis

• Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer) – black carpenter ant

• Camponotus reburrus Mackay, in Mackay & Barriga, 2012

• Camponotus punctulatus (Mayr) – Tacuru ant

• Camponotus saundersi

• Camponotus schmitzi Stärke, 1933 – diving ant

• Camponotus sericeiventris

• Camponotus sericeus

• Camponotus silvestrii Emery, 1906

• Camponotus taino

• Camponotus tortuganus (Emery) – Tortugas carpenter ant

• Camponotus triodiae

• Camponotus universitatis Forel, 1890

• Camponotus vagus Scopoli, 1763

• Camponotus variegatus (Smith, F., 1858) – Hawaiian carpenter ant

As pests
Carpenter ants can damage wood used in the construction of buildings. They can leave behind a sawdust-like material called frass that provides clues to their nesting location. Carpenter ant galleries are smooth and very different from termite-damaged areas, which have mud packed into the hollowed-out areas. Carpenter ants can be identified by the general presence of one upward protruding node, looking like a spike, at the "waist" attachment between the thorax and abdomen (petiole). Control involves application of insecticides in various forms including dusts and liquids. The dusts are injected directly into galleries and voids where the carpenter ants are living. The liquids are applied in areas where foraging ants are likely to pick the material up and spread the poison to the colony upon returning.

As food
Carpenter ants and their larvae are eaten in various parts of the world. In Australia, the Honeypot ant (Camponotus inflatus) is regularly eaten raw by Indigenous Australians. It is a particular favourite source of sugar for Australian Aborigines living in arid regions, partially digging up their nests instead of digging them up entirely, in order to preserve this food source. The honey also has antimicrobial properties which the aboriginal population use to their advantage to cure colds.

In North America, lumbermen during the early years in Maine would eat carpenter ants to prevent scurvy, and in John Muir's publication, First Summer in the Sierra, Muir notes that the Northern Paiute people of California ate the tickling, acid gasters of the large jet-black carpenter ants. In Africa, carpenter ants are among a vast number of species that are consumed by the San people.

title: Carpenter ant


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Rounds (album)

Rounds is the third solo album by British electronic musician Kieran Hebden, released under his alias Four Tet on 5 May 2003 by Domino Recording Company. Wanting to make a more personal record, Hebden recorded and produced the album in his North London flat over ten months using a desktop computer and a home hi-fi system. Its ten tracks feature elements of hip hop, jazz and folk; apart from a guitar part recorded for "Slow Jam", the music is composed from between 200 and 300 samples, many processed beyond recognition.

Rounds produced two singles and one EP. Critics praised its unique fusion of electronic and organic styles, and Metacritic lists it as the fourth best-reviewed album of 2003. Several publications included Rounds on "best albums of the decade" lists. In May 2013, on the tenth anniversary of its release, Domino reissued Rounds with a bonus disc including a 2004 live performance.

Background and recording
After being a member of Fridge since 1995, Kieran Hebden began releasing solo records under the name Four Tet in 1998. His first release was the "Thirtysixtwentyfive" single, followed by the albums Dialogue in 1999 and Pause in 2001. The albums were influenced by hip hop, jazz and electronic music. Hebden felt his output had sounded too much like his influences and wanted to make a record that was more personal and harder to define. He drew on influences including Pete Rock, DJ Premier, Jim O'Rourke, Timbaland, the Neptunes and Rodney Jerkins.

Hebden recorded Rounds over ten months in his North London flat, using a desktop computer and a home hi-fi system. With the exception of a guitar part recorded for "Slow Jam", he composed the music exclusively from a file of samples he had assembled over several years. The album uses between 200 and 300 samples; each song is built from between 20 and 30 samples heavily processed with the software packages AudioMulch and Cool Edit Pro, in many cases beyond recognition. The nine-minute track "Unspoken" was originally based on a sample from the Tori Amos song "Winter" but was reworked when Hebden failed to get sample clearance. Hebden also used a Creative Labs microphone to record the guitar part for "Slow Jam" and some sounds from television and sequenced the results in Cakewalk Pro Audio 9.

After spending the early part of his career naming his songs with random words, Hebden decided to use more meaningful titles. "As Serious as Your Life" takes its name from a 1977 Val Wilmer book about free jazz in New York City. Hebden was given a copy of the book by his father and said: "I did hope that some kid would get interested and ask what the title was and then check out the book, so it's a bit like leaving little trails for people." He was inspired to title the album Rounds after hearing that his sister had been singing a musical round, telling an interviewer: "It seemed totally relevant; a round is all about repetition and phasing, which is the essence of what I've been doing since I've been making music."

Music
Rounds contains ten instrumental tracks with a total running time of 45 minutes, which Colin Joyce of Spin called a "folktronica tapestry". Clash noted that Four Tet helped pioneer the folktronica genre with Pause and Rounds. Sound on Sound writer Sam Inglis said that the album was a "blend of fragile acoustic fragments, brutal beats and glitchy electronica"; The Age described it as "electronic music that sounds deceptively organic." Guardian critic David Peschek, who noted the influence of hip hop, R&B and folk music, wrote that "Rounds invents its own dizzying, unlikely genres." Pitchfork's Piotr Orlov characterised Rounds as an IDM album with production indebted to hip hop music in both its "collage approach" and emphasis on "steady grooves".

John Bush of AllMusic found the album contained elements of electronic and experimental music combined with "a dreamy melodicism sure to endear it to indie pop fans." Dusted critic Michael Crumsho noticed the influence of folk and jazz, writing that Hebden had "taken his earlier nods to other specific genres and turned them into something wholly his own." PopMatters Adrien Begrand noted how "Hebden shifts the focus from hip-hop beats, jazz influences, and far-reaching sonic adventurousness, to a more spare, focused sound" that contributed to Rounds original sound. Nick Southall, in his review for Stylus Magazine, stated that "it is more of the same, but 'the same' for Four Tet is perpetual evolution and motion."

"Unspoken" was named by several critics as the album's centrepiece   Begrand described it as "virtuosic laptop music". NME critic Tony Naylor thought that "As Serious as Your Life" was one of the album's more straightforward songs. The closing track, "Slow Jam", was described by Begrand as a "warm, wide-eyed, watching-the-sun-rise song" that features chiming guitars and a sample of a child's squeaky toy.

Release
The track "She Moves She" was released as a 12-inch single on 31 March 2003, with "Cradle" on the B-side. Rounds was released on double vinyl and compact disc by Domino on 5 May 2003, spending one week on the UK Albums Chart at number 60. The second single, "As Serious as Your Life", was released in October 2003 on 7- and 12-inch formats featuring remixes and a 23-minute live version; a second 12-inch of the same song, containing a remix by Jay Dee featuring rapping by Guilty Simpson, was released on 18 November 2003. An EP, My Angel Rocks Back and Forth, was released in May 2004, containing Rounds tracks, two remixes, and the unreleased songs "I've Got Viking in Me" and "All the Chimers", plus a DVD of music videos for "My Angel Rocks Back and Forth", "She Moves She", "As Serious as Your Life" and Pause single "No More Mosquitoes".

Domino reissued Rounds in May 2013 on double vinyl, CD, and download. The CD and vinyl releases include a bonus CD of live material recorded in 2004 previously only available on the limited edition 2004 live album Live in Copenhagen 30th March 2004.

Reception
Rounds received critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews and ratings from mainstream critics, the album received a metascore of 89 based on 26 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".

AllMusic reviewer John Bush wrote that "though Rounds is experimental by nature" it "offers something for nearly every audience that could approach it." Michael Crumsho of Dusted found the album "a musical salvo from an artist who's confidently coming into his own", describing it as "a cozy, evocative soundtrack that's as intricate as it is beautiful." In his review for The Guardian, David Peschek described the album as "a trove of bewitching melody and subtle invention", and wrote that "Rounds succeeds not only as a meticulously conceived piece of art but also as a moving expression of human warmth." In NME, Tony Naylor wrote that the album was "extraordinary", "essential" and "full of remarkable sonic ideas." Andy Beta, writing for Pitchfork, praised the record's "internal order" that "allows it to stand out against previous laptop explorations of immense record collections".

Adrien Begrand's review in PopMatters found that Rounds is "a remarkable record" and that "sublime, computer-crafted recordings like Rounds provides in spades are making the most exciting sounds right now in 2003." In Spin, Will Hermes described the album as a "varied trip" and noted "a darker vibe suggesting the influence of Hebden's labelmate Dan Snaith of Manitoba." Stylus Magazine writer Nick Southall recognised Hebden's "perpetual evolution and motion," declaring that "this is simply a great record of beautiful music." Robert Christgau's review of Rounds for The Village Voice argued that Hebden "imagines an aural space in which electronic malfunction is cute rather than annoying or ominous," using "the computer as music box." Tom Ridge of The Wire stated that "nothing here sounds like an exercise in genre plundering," and that "Hebden has devised a musical identity that is distinctly different from his work with Fridge, but both projects share a passion for defying boundaries."

Accolades
Rounds was ranked number four on the Metacritic list of highest-scoring albums of 2003, and was named as one of the best albums of 2003 by many publications, including the NME, The Wire, The Observer, Prefix, Pitchfork, Drowned in Sound, Collective, The Face, Q and Uncut.

Several publications rated Rounds as one of the best albums of the decade, with Pitchfork placing it at number 123 on their list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s. On similar lists, Drowned in Sound placed it at number 13, Beats Per Minute placed it at number 99, and No Ripcord at number 48. GQ rated it as one of the 40 best albums of the 21st century.

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes of Rounds.

 * Kieran Hebden – music, production

Additional personnel
 * Guy Davie – mastering
 * Matt Cooper – layout, design
 * Jason Evans – photography

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rounds (album)


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Hazelbury Bryan

Hazelbury Bryan is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated in the Blackmore Vale, approximately 5 mi southwest of the small town of Sturminster Newton. The parish includes the hamlets of Droop, Kingston, Parkgate, Pidney, Pleck, Wonston and Woodrow. In the 2011 census the parish had 480 dwellings, 454 households and a population of 1,059.

In 1201 the village name was spelled Hasebere. The name is derived from the Old English hæsel and bearu, meaning a hazel grove or wood, plus the manorial name of the Bryene or de Bryan family; Sir Guy de Bryan, of Woodsford Castle, gave his surname to the village in the 14th century when he married the daughter of the First Earl of Salisbury.

The original settlement in the village is the hamlet of Droop, which is the location of the parish church. The church dates mostly from the 15th century, though it is perhaps the third building to have existed on the site. The other hamlets in the village are believed to have originated as a result of the Black Death twice afflicting the original settlement, and the villagers responding by burning it and rebuilding several smaller settlements on higher ground nearby.

The geology of the parish consists of Oxford clay in the northwest, a band of Corallian limestone and sand running from southwest to northeast, and Kimmeridge clay in the southeast. Drainage consists of several small streams flowing northwest and north into the River Lydden and northeast into the River Stour.

Hazelbury Bryan civil parish is the most populous parish within the electoral ward of Lydden Vale, which extends from Fifehead Neville parish in the north to Mappowder in the south and Glanvilles Wootton in the west. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 1,967.

Businessess there include The Antelope Pub and SPAR Red Barn.There is also Alec's Field,a park with a pavillion and a play park.

The only buses that go to Hazelbury Bryan are a school bus that goes to Sturminster Newton High School and back as well has a minibus for Hazelbury Bryan Primary School

title: Hazelbury Bryan


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Kings Langley railway station

Kings Langley railway station is almost under the M25 motorway near Junction 20. It serves the village of Kings Langley, and the nearby villages of Abbots Langley and Hunton Bridge. The station is 21 miles north west of London Euston on the West Coast Main Line. The station and all services calling at the station are operated by London Northwestern Railway.

The station was opened in 1839.

Services
All services at Kings Langley are operated by London Northwestern Railway.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London Euston
 * 2 tph to Milton Keynes Central

During the peak hours, a number of additional services between London Euston, Tring and Bletchley call at the station.

A number of early morning and late evening services are extended beyond Milton Keynes Central to and from Northampton and Birmingham New Street.

History
In July 1837 the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) opened the first part of its new railway line between London Euston Station and Boxmoor (now Hemel Hempstead). The line was fully opened between Euston and Birmingham Curzon Street in September 1838. Kings Langley had no station of its own, the nearest station being at Boxmoor or Watford. Local industrialist John Dickinson used his influence to convince the L&BR to open a station at Kings Langley, and in 1839 Kings Langley railway station opened.

From 1909 the station was known as Kings Langley & Abbots Langley, becoming Kings Langley on 6 May 1974.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 5 January 1847, a collision occurred between two trains of the LNWR due to fog. Two people died.
 * On 1 October 1854, the late-running 17:40 Rugby to London coal train operated by LNWR arrived at King's Langley to drop off a wagon for the station. As the train departed, a coupling failed, separating thirteen wagons from the train. Due to repairs on the coupling, none of the guards were guarding the line for oncoming trains. Shortly thereafter, the 21:15 goods train also from Rugby to London collided with the coal train's stranded portion just north of the station. The fireman of the goods train tried to jump off of his train before the collision, but his leg was crushed and it was amputated.
 * On 13 March 1935, an express meat train from Liverpool to London was brought to a halt at Kings Langley due to a defective vacuum brake. Due to a signalman's error a milk train ran into its rear. Wreckage spread across all four lines, with the result that a few minutes later the Camden to Holyhead freight collided with the debris, followed a few seconds later by the Toton to Willesden coal train. Contemporaneous newsreel footage shows the aftermath of the four-fold accident. All four lines were blocked for some time, William Buckley, the milk train's driver was killed and the guard of the meat train and fireman of the goods train were injured. The signalman of King's Langley Block had accepted the meat train from the previous block at Nash Mills at 23:03, but did not receive the train and had a phone call with the Nash Mills signalman at 23:05 to ask about the train, in which he believed that the train Nash Mills wanted him to take was a passenger train that passed earlier, so he cleared his signals for the milk train, not realizing that the meat train had entered his section and broken down due to a vacuum brake failure and was only just proceeding when the milk train collided.
 * On 21 April 1963, the 12:20 Holyhead to Euston express running on the up fast line collided with a rail-mounted crane whose boom was projected over the up fast line north of the station. The express struck the crane at a glancing blow, derailing the British Rail Class 40 hauling the train and four carriages. The accident was caused by the failure of the workman supervising the crane work, as he had arranged to guard the crane's work despite not being able to communicate with the signalmen who would stop the trains. A restaurant staff member aboard the express was slightly injured.

title: Kings Langley railway station


text:
Talk:Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana

leak
What's so bad about mentioning it was leaked? They did that for Half Life 2 jerk

Because it promotes piracy? Though, admittedly, I've never heard of a game called "Half Life 2 jerk". Unless you intended the "jerk" to be an insult, in which case you're not only breaking the rules for Wikipedia under Behavior Guidelines, you also didn't punctuate correctly. Also, sign your comments. Another rule you broke. Thank you for your time. Nezu Chiza 23:17, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

This article really needs an overhaul, especially after the game has come out. I'd like to point out that the errors were far more severe than just translation issues, as a huge lockup was discovered as well. Also, the sentence comparing the game's graphics to be "in line with other games by NIS" is completely erroneous, since the only relation this has to any other NIS games is in the english localization. The graphics had nothing to do with NIS at all. Let's avoid fanboy logic in our wiki articles... --69.175.138.102 7 July 2005 05:50 (UTC)

Well, there are two things that keep me busy: 1. What is this family name thing with Lita? It's shown very early in the game, that Lita is an artificial human, created by Iris (also reffered as her daughter O_o"). The second question I have reffers to Lilith, it is not mentioned where Iris originally came from, only that she lived years ago in Avenberry. While it is obvious somehow, that Iris isn't human (her robe is just too long, she looks too sacred xD), I can't remember to have read anything about a Mana Spirit called Lilith, or a Creation Mana Element (even the Time Element can be used...even if the player can get only 25 Units of it O_o"). Well just some questions, don't blame me for my english, I'm German x)

Maybe the Lilith stuff is mentioned in AI2 (I've yet to play it, but I know that Vieze is most likely considered Iris' adoptive mother since she was a child in that game which is why they have the same name). But I don't know if we should have stuff from the second game in the article for the first. Teefa 20:27, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi, uh I have included this game on an article about game that have a Japanese voice option included in them: Japanese voice option video games but found it a little difficult to wriggle the internal link into the article. If anyone who is more intimately involved in this page's creation can figure out a way to get it in there please do so. There aren't a whole bunch of games that include a Japanese voice option and it makes this game (and the whole Atelier Iris series) special. So uh, thanks... Axiszen (talk) 03:27, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

voice actor
does any one know who did klein kiesling's voice acting? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.95.141 (talk) 16:54, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Characters, general overhaul
The characters heading is overcrowded. Owing to the game's nature, what with numerous mana alongside the already abundant cast expected from a Gust title, these should perhaps be migrated to their own page. Another solution is removing the mana entirely, though ideally we can furnish their descriptions more. Kaschimmel (talk) 00:31, 2 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atelier Iris: Eternal Mana


text:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during the French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion itself. There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated or motivated by a small group of revolutionary radicals. These policies, which ended with the Concordat of 1801, formed the basis of the later and less radical laïcité policies.

The French Revolution initially began with attacks on Church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many Christians could identify, since the Gallican Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France. During a one-year period known as the Reign of Terror, the episodes of anti-clericalism became some the most violent of any in modern European history. The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the Church, abolished the Catholic monarchy, nationalized Church property, exiled 30,000 priests, and killed hundreds more. In October 1793, the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoned from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason, and the Supreme Being were scheduled. New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic Cult of the Supreme Being and the atheistic Cult of Reason, with the revolutionary government briefly mandating observance of the former in April 1794.

Before 1789
In 18th-century France, the vast majority of the population adhered to the Catholic Church, which had been since the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the only religion officially allowed in the kingdom. Small minorities of French Protestants, mostly Huguenots and German Lutherans in Alsace, and Jews still lived in France. The Edict of Versailles, commonly known as the Edict of Tolerance, had been signed by Louis XVI on 7 November 1787. It did not give non-Catholics in France the right to openly practice their religions but only the rights to legal and civil status, which included the right to contract marriages without having to convert to the Catholic faith. At the same time, libertine thinkers had popularized atheism and anti-clericalism.

The Ancien Régime institutionalised the authority of the clergy in its status as the First Estate of the realm. As the largest landowner in the country, the Catholic Church controlled vast properties and extracted massive revenues from its tenants; the Church also had an enormous income from the collection of compulsory tithes. Since the Church kept the registry of births, deaths, and marriages and was the only institution that provided hospitals and education in most parts of the country, it influenced all citizens.

Between 1789 and 1792
A milestone event of the Revolution was the abolition of the privileges of the First and Second Estate on the night of 4 August 1789. In particular, it abolished the tithes gathered by the Catholic clergy.

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 proclaimed freedom of religion across France in these terms: "Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law."

"Article X – No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law."

On 10 October 1789, the National Constituent Assembly seized the properties and land held by the Catholic Church and decided to sell them to fund the assignat Revolutionary currency.

On 12 July 1790, the assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the French government. It was never accepted by the Pope and other high-ranking clergy in Rome.

New policies of the revolutionary authorities
The programme of dechristianization waged against Catholicism, and eventually against all forms of Christianity, included:

An especially notable event that took place in the course of France’s dechristianization was the Festival of Reason, which was held in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November 1793.
 * destruction of statues, plates and other iconography from places of worship
 * destruction of crosses, bells and other external signs of worship
 * the institution of revolutionary and civic cults, including the Cult of Reason and subsequently the Cult of the Supreme Being (spring 1794)
 * the enactment of a law on 21 October 1793 making all nonjuring priests and all persons who harbored them liable to death on sight

The dechristianization campaign can be seen as the logical extension of the materialist philosophies of some leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire, while for others with more prosaic concerns it provided an opportunity to unleash resentments against the Catholic Church (in the spirit of conventional anti-clericalism) and its clergy.

The Revolution and the Church
In August 1789, the state cancelled the taxing power of the Church. The issue of Church property became central to the policies of the new revolutionary government. Declaring that all Church property in France belonged to the nation, confiscations were ordered and Church properties were sold at public auction. In July 1790, the National Constituent Assembly published the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that stripped clerics of their special rights—the clergy were to be made employees of the state, elected by their parish or bishopric, and the number of bishoprics was to be reduced—and required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal, deportation or death.

French priests had to receive Papal approval to sign such an oath, and Pius VI spent almost eight months deliberating on the issue. On 13 April 1791, the Pope denounced the Constitution, resulting in a split in the French Catholic Church. Over fifty percent became abjuring priests ("jurors"), also known as "constitutional clergy", and nonjuring priests as "refractory clergy". In September 1792, the Legislative Assembly legalized divorce, contrary to Catholic doctrine. At the same time, the state took control of the birth, death, and marriage registers away from the Church. An ever-increasing view that the Church was a counter-revolutionary force exacerbated the social and economic grievances and violence erupted in towns and cities across France.

In Paris, over a forty-eight-hour period beginning on 2 September 1792, as the Legislative Assembly (successor to the National Constituent Assembly) dissolved into chaos, three Church bishops and more than two hundred priests were massacred by angry mobs; this constituted part of what would become known as the September Massacres. Priests were among those drowned in mass executions (noyades) for treason under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Carrier; priests and nuns were among the mass executions at Lyons, for separatism, on the orders of Joseph Fouché and Collot d'Herbois. Hundreds more priests were imprisoned and made to suffer in abominable conditions in the port of Rochefort.

Anti-Church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor, the National Convention, as well as by département councils throughout the country. Many of the acts of dechristianization in 1793 were motivated by the seizure of Church gold and silver to finance the war effort. In November 1793, the département council of Indre-et-Loire abolished the word dimanche (Sunday). The Gregorian calendar, an instrument decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, was replaced by the French Republican Calendar which abolished the sabbath, saints' days and any references to the Church. The seven-day week became ten days instead. It soon became clear, however, that nine consecutive days of work were too much, and that international relations could not be carried out without reverting to the Gregorian system, which was still in use everywhere outside of France. Consequently, the Gregorian Calendar was reimplemented in 1795.

Anti-clerical parades were held, and the Archbishop of Paris, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel, was forced to resign his duties and made to replace his mitre with the red "Cap of Liberty". Street and place names with any sort of religious connotation were changed, such as the town of St. Tropez, which became Héraclée. Religious holidays were banned and replaced with holidays to celebrate the harvest and other non-religious symbols. Many churches were converted into "temples of reason", in which Deistic services were held. Local people often resisted this dechristianisation and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again. Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety denounced the dechristianizers as foreign enemies of the Revolution, and established their own new religion. This Cult of the Supreme Being, without the alleged "superstitions" of Catholicism, supplanted both Catholicism and the rival Cult of Reason. Both new religions were short-lived. Just six weeks before his arrest, on 8 June 1794, the still-powerful Robespierre personally led a vast procession through Paris to the Tuileries garden in a ceremony to inaugurate the new faith. His execution occurred shortly afterward, on 28 July 1794.

By early 1795, a return to some form of religion-based faith was beginning to take shape and a law passed on 21 February 1795 legalized public worship, albeit with strict limitations. The ringing of church bells, religious processions and displays of the Christian cross were still forbidden.

As late as 1799, priests were still being imprisoned or deported to penal colonies. Persecution only worsened after the French army led by General Louis Alexandre Berthier captured Rome in early 1798, declared a new Roman Republic, and also imprisoned Pope Pius VI, who would die in captivity in Valence, France in August 1799. However, after Napoleon seized control of the government in late 1799, France entered into year-long negotiations with new Pope Pius VII, resulting in the Concordat of 1801. This formally ended the dechristianization period and established the rules for a relationship between the Catholic Church and the French state.

Victims of the Reign of Terror totaled somewhere between 20,000 and 40,000. According to one estimate, among those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals about 8 percent were aristocrats, 6 percent clergy, 14 percent middle class, and 70 percent were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, rebellion, and other purported crimes. Of these social groupings, the clergy of the Catholic Church suffered proportionately the greatest loss.

Anti-Church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor, the National Convention, as well as by département councils throughout the country. The Concordat of 1801 endured for more than a century until it was abrogated by the government of the Third Republic, which established a policy of laïcité on 11 December 1905.

Toll on the Church
Under threat of death, imprisonment, military conscription, and loss of income, about twenty thousand constitutional priests were forced to abdicate and hand over their letters of ordination, and six thousand to nine thousand of them agreed or were coerced to marry. Many abandoned their pastoral duties altogether. Nonetheless, some of those who had abdicated continued covertly to minister to the people.

By the end of the decade, approximately thirty thousand priests had been forced to leave France, and several hundred who did not leave were executed. Most French parishes were left without the services of a priest and deprived of the sacraments. Any non-juring priest faced the guillotine or deportation to French Guiana. By Easter 1794, few of France's forty thousand churches remained open; many had been closed, sold, destroyed, or converted to other uses.

Victims of revolutionary violence, whether religious or not, were popularly treated as Christian martyrs, and the places where they were killed became pilgrimage destinations. Catechising in the home, folk religion, syncretic and heterodox practices all became more common. The long-term effects on religious practice in France were significant. Many who were dissuaded from their traditional religious practices never resumed them.

In English

 * Aston, Nigel. Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804 (Catholic University of America Press, 2000), pp 259–76
 * Byrnes, Joseph F. Priests of the French Revolution: Saints and Renegades in a New Political Era (2014)
 * Furet, François and Mona Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989), pp 21–32
 * Gliozzo, Charles A. "The Philosophes and Religion: Intellectual Origins of the Dechristianization Movement in the French Revolution". Church History (1971) 40#3
 * Kley, Dale K. Van.  The Religious Origins of the French Revolution: From Calvin to the Civil Constitution, 1560-1791 (1996)
 * Lewis, Gwynne. Life in Revolutionary France. London : New York : Batsford; Putnam, 1972. ISBN 978-0-7134-1556-8
 * McManners, John. The French Revolution and the Church (Greenwood Press, 1969) . ISBN 978-0-313-23074-5
 * Tackett, Timothy. Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791 (1986)
 * Lewis, Gwynne. Life in Revolutionary France. London : New York : Batsford; Putnam, 1972. ISBN 978-0-7134-1556-8
 * McManners, John. The French Revolution and the Church (Greenwood Press, 1969) . ISBN 978-0-313-23074-5
 * Tackett, Timothy. Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791 (1986)
 * Tackett, Timothy. Religion, Revolution, and Regional Culture in Eighteenth-Century France: The Ecclesiastical Oath of 1791 (1986)

In French

 * La Gorce, Pierre de, Histoire Religieuse de la Révolution Française. 10. éd. Paris : Plon-Nourrit, 1912–5 v.
 * Langlois, Claude, Timothy Tackett, Michel Vovelle and S. Bonin. Atlas de la Révolution française. Religion, 1770–1820, tome 9 (1996)


text:
Everything Ecstatic

Everything Ecstatic is the fourth album by Four Tet, released on 23 May 2005.

The video for lead single "Smile Around the Face" features actor Mark Heap.

Track listing

 * 1) "A Joy" – 3:07
 * 2) "Smile Around the Face" – 4:30
 * 3) "Fuji Check" – 0:23
 * 4) "Sun Drums and Soil" – 6:14
 * 5) "Clouding" – 1:43
 * 6) "And Then Patterns" – 4:42
 * 7) "High Fives" – 5:06
 * 8) "Turtle Turtle Up" – 2:09
 * 9) "Sleep, Eat Food, Have Visions" – 7:43
 * 10) "You Were There With Me" – 5:52

DVD edition
A DVD edition of the album, featuring a video for each of the tracks, was released on 7 November 2005 and comes with a bonus CD of previously unreleased material, Everything Ecstatic Part 2, the track listing of which is as follows:
 * 1) "Turtle Turtle Up (extended version)" – 16:16
 * 2) "Sun Drums and Soil (part 2)" – 5:31
 * 3) "Watching Wavelength" – 4:31
 * 4) "This is Six Minutes" – 6:03
 * 5) "Ending" – 0:50

Everything Ecstatic Part 2 was later released separately on vinyl through Domino Records.

title: Everything Ecstatic


text:
Talk:Bellatrix Lestrange (character)

Bella & Voldy
anyone get the idea that she's in love w/ him? I certainly did(esp. the My Lord... My Lord(about 5 times in book 7)thing). 75.4.70.10 18:58, 15 August 2007 (UTC)eddisford
 * Yep. It was pretty clear throughout DH, and then Jo confirmed Bella's love for Voldemort in that chat. TakaraLioness 03:39, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * But can someone confirm this line
 * Often times, she would show her loyalty to the Dark Lord by means of sexual pleasure.
 * because I can't find any reference in the interview linked which says anything of the sort. That she was in love, yes; but sexual pleasure?  Whassallthaddabout?  Wooster (talk) 10:08, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Fancruft, I think that's the word for it. TakaraLioness 15:04, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

HA!! yes, i knew it!! (what about rodolphus?ha.)I thought this was it all along but i didn't know if my hyper imagination was being hyperer than usual.about the sexual pleasure thing..never heard anything about it but i definetly(ok how do i spell that? argh.)thought that..would have brought it up w/ my friends but that's not really the sort of thing we like to talk about.Eddisford 23:57, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Dead or captured?
Can I have a citation please?

 * I think you seriously need to read the last chapter again if you believe Molly didn't kill her. "Aiming to kill", fall of Voldemort's last best luietenant, ect. She so obviosly died, otherwise she would have been revived by Voldemort and Voldemort would not have gone after Molly.
 * Well, it's all on page 736 of the U.S. edition of the book... It's pretty much implied that she was killed. Even the other Wikipedia articles have her in the death list. TakaraLioness 18:13, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That's just it though, isn't it? It's implied that she was killed. But never stated conclusively. She may have just been severely injured and returned to Azkaban. Until JKR talks about it in an interview, we have to assume that she's alive. Faithlessthewonderboy 21:06, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I suppose that's true. I also suppose that the other articles stating that she's dead will need to be informed. TakaraLioness 22:28, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm doing my best! :P It's tough, especially at Molly Weasley. People like to make assumptions and then try to add them to Wikipedia. Nothing we can do except reverting their edits. Faithlessthewonderboy 04:57, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Make ASSUMPTIONS???!!! Bella is DEAD! Accept it1
 * You're right. I just re-read my copy of Deathly Hallows; somehow, I missed the line that said, "Molly killed Bellatrix." But yes, assumptions. Look up the word; technically, we're both making an assumption, regardless of who is right. The difference is, there is so far no proof that your assumption is correct, and therefore it is unacceptable to add it to Wikipedia. Oh, and "accept it?" It's not like I'm in some kind of denial, I don't care if she's dead. We just don't know yet. Stop reading between the lines. Faithlessthewonderboy 20:43, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, with any luck, Jo'll clear it all up in due time... TakaraLioness 23:54, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Let's hope so! :] Faithlessthewonderboy 00:09, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I think she's dead. Both women aiming to kill, Harry knowing what was about to happen, the comparison to Sirius' death, and Voldemort being angry because of "The fall of his lieutenant", all indicate that Bella is dead. I think that you're taking all this stuff way too literal. Lord Opeth 01:17, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Kind of like how people thought that Sirius and Dumbledore weren't really dead. TakaraLioness 01:20, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There is very little doubt in my mind that she is dead. But Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and every bit of information has to be verifiable, and this simply is not. Plain and simple, Rowling never said that Bellatrix died. Did she? Almost certainly. But this isn't the place for reading between the lines. If it isn't stated explicitly, it doesn't belong. Faithlessthewonderboy 02:39, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

How about someone write 'presumably killed?' Why should there even be cause for debate? DH clearly says both women fought to kill and we see Bellatrix hit in the chest by a CURSE. Not only that, she was hit right above the heart-even a stunning spell could kill her then, and Voldemort's rage? There's a 99.999999 percent chance Bella died

 * Writing that she was "presumably killed" is speculative, and therefore doesn't belong. Yes, she was hit by a curse...so? And in the previous book the elderly McGonogall was hit by four stunning spells at once and managed to survive, so where's the rationale saying that such a spell could kill Bellatrix. No one is saying that she isn't dead, but it is never stated that she is. Only information that is 100% verifiable belongs in an encyclopedia. 99.999999% isn't good enough. Faithlessthewonderboy 16:37, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

It did all but scream that she was dead and I don't believe stunners were ever referred to as 'curses.' You have them both fighting to kill, and Molly wins, what does that tell you? It's simple logic: Bella is dead.

 * That is an assumption. Correct though it may be (and almost certainly is), it is still an assumption. And on WP we are interested in verifiability, not truth. WP:V Faithlessthewonderboy 18:40, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

No, it really isn't an assumption. It's simple logic.
 * Well, until Jo states that she's dead, Wikipedia'll have to assume she's not (and change its other articles to say that she's not dead)... TakaraLioness 22:34, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Why do we have to 'assume' anything? If she was alive, Jo would have mentioned it in the novel. She's shown losing a fight to the death which was clearly described as such.
 * I hope that Rowling gives an interview and specifically states that she's dead, and soon. But until then, the assumption is in saying that she's dead, not the other way around. You're right, Rowling doesn't tell us she's still alive, but that's not the point. She doesn't tell us Cho Chang survived either, so should we say that she's dead? No. The last we saw of Bellatrix, she was alive and until stated otherwise, that's what this article should say. Faithlessthewonderboy 22:00, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Trying to force your opinion down peoples' throats when truth contradicts you is just plain foolish. She's shown losing a duel to the death-where both combatants are FIGHTING TO KILL, verifiable enough for you? She's shown struck with a CURSE-things that tend to be fatal when fired in death duels... So, all the evidence points to her death. YOU are making an assertion she's alive. Where's the burden of proof? The article should state her as killed, because that's what she clearly was. Oh, and unlike Cho Chang, Bellatrix was defeated in what was described as a fight with both people aiming to kill with a direct comparison to Sirius's death. You want to make an argument for her being alive? I'd love to hear it.

 * As I've said time and again, I have very little doubt that she is dead. Unfortunately, the book simply does not say if she was killed. Yes, it says they were fighting to the death; does that mean that the duel inevitable ended with one killing the other? Surely it would have had Bellatrix won, but would Molly go out of her way to kill her opponent if it wasn't necessary? We don't know what spell she was hit with; is it beyond the realm of possibility that Molly hit her with a stunning spell (or something similar) that knocked her out, and eliminated the need for murder? I don't think so. Again, this is admittedly far-fetched, but per WP:V WP is concerned with verifiability, not truth. Surely we have seen other duels to the death which did not end in a death: Harry and Voldemort in the graveyard in GoF, Dumbledore and Voldemort in OotP, etc. And wouldn't you say that every one of the duels that took place at the Battle of Hogwarts was a duel to the death? I doubt any of the Death Eaters would have hesitated to kill anyone they were fighting. And since we never hear of most of their fates, who's to say they're still alive? The burden of proof is on those asserting their belief that she is dead. Where has it been conclusively, 100% stated? It hasn't yet, that I know of. Hopefully JKR will soon tell us that she is dead, but until that happens, the book is just too vague. And let's not get personal. I'm not "trying to force [my] opinion down peoples' throats" nor am I being "foolish." Faithlessthewonderboy 04:07, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

The book DOES say she was killed. It's obvious from the text. It says clearly 'Both women were fighting to kill.' As in 'Molly is also fighting to kill Bellatrix.; Also, the stunning spell is never described as a 'curse.' This is seriously reaching for your point. Also, when was any other of those duels to the death ever described with BOTH opponents fighting to kill? In fact, Dumbledore says he won't kill Tom: "Merely taking your life would not satisfy me, I admit..." We kinda see Harry is clearly not trying to kill Voldemort in GoF-he uses Expelliarmus, instead of those unforgivable curses he'd learned... The burden of proof, I'm afraid, still rests upon you, since you're claiming there's 'no proof' Bella died when that's not true. I'm afraid this is forcing an opinion down other peoples' throats by apparently refusing to even look at ANYTHING the book doesn't say in huge bold letters The book isn't vague whatsoever. It says clearly this is a duel to the death. It says and I quote: "Both women were fighting to kill." It harkens clearly to Harry remembering the death of Sirius when Bella gets overconfident and realizing what's about to happen, Bella is struck on her chest by a curse from a woman described as fighting to kill. Voldemort goes into a rage at Bella's 'fall'-since when would 'fall' mean anything but a death in a pitched battle to the death? It's plain ridiculous to claim the book doesn't assert she was killed. With this, the burden of proof is clearly upon anyone who claims there's doubt on the matter. We don't have any other Death Eaters- Dolohov aside- whose defeats are written in a manner to show a decisively fatal end, either, so that argument is very weak. Again: seems that the burden of proof is on the detractors here....tell me, how does your 'possible' explanation make any sense when just a paragraph or two before, Molly was described as fighting to kill Bellatrix and hits her with a curse? A stunning spell is not described as a curse...in fact, most of the 'fatal' spells tend to be curses...it's clear and definite Bellatrix died. Everyone who has read the book knows this. Honestly, I'm sorry if I come across as rude, I don't mean to be at all. It just seems odd to me there's any controversy on this. That they were both aiming to kill one another should at the least be mentioned in the article

 * Don't sweat it, I'm sure you weren't being intentionally rude. We just have to remember that we are arguing about a children's book, after all. :P I've tried to make this clear, but perhaps I'm still not getting it across so I'll repeat it: I am not arguing that Bellatrix is alive! But for inclusion in WP, a fact has to be stated conclusively with absolutely no room for interpretation. If you or another editor would like to include that they were described as fighting to the death, I'd be fine with that. But it just isn't stated that she's dead, no matter how obvious it is. As far as the stunning spell goes, I was using that as an example (and that's why I also said "or something similar"). I think we agree that Molly used the Avada Kedavra and killed Bellatrix. But it just doesn't say that. It's equally plausible that Molly caught her with a curse that knocked her unconscious; this would have caused her to "fall" and would have enraged Voldemort, since he would then be fighting alone. Again, I don't believe this to be the case, but as there are two possible we can't just pick the one we think is more likely, we need to wait until JKR tells us exactly what happened. Verifiability, not truth WP:V. As for Dolohov, that's a whole other can of worms. I would actually argue that he is not dead; it says that he "[fell] with a scream at Flitwick's hands." What suggests that he was killed? But that's a whole other story...

As for Dumbledore and Voldemort, of course killing Voldemort wouldn't have satisfied him, after everything he had done! Does that mean he wasn't prepared to kill him? Surely he wouldn't have just let him be taken off to Azkaban. As a compromise, why don't we word the article to say something like "It is unclear whether the curse with which Molly hits Bellatrix is fatal." Faithlessthewonderboy 17:59, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

I get that you don't believe Bella's alive, but that it's not verifiable that she's dead seems a bit odd to me...there doesn't seem to be any room for interpretation, save a few people who theorize she's alive...there are also people who theorized Ron was Dumbledore, that Harry and Hermione were siblings, etc... As for Dolohov: Dolohov is stated as 'falling with a scream' at Flitwick's hands. Since we both agree, outside of the debate, that Bella is dead, 'fall' is used to specify that she's dead...we know Dolohov killed fan favorite Lupin, and that 'falling' at someone's hands in the middle of a pitched battle can leave little interpretation. Rowling never uses such a term with the other Death Eaters. Rookwood is 'stunned', Yaxley is 'slammed to the ground'...Dolohov is the only high profile Death Eater whose defeat is described in such a way and his 'scream' seems to indicate a death cry. As for Molly and her curse: DH's text does clearly state Molly was fighting to kill and hits Bella with a curse. Stunning spells are never referred to as 'curses.' If Bella was just knocked out, Voldemort could easily have used a spell to reinvigorate her. Again: It doesn't just say a duel to the death...it says Molly Weasley is fighting to kill, as is Bellatrix. That alone should provide verifiability that Bellatrix is dead. If we compromise, then we should put that Molly is fighting to kill Bellatrix, because a lot of people might be confused by the ambiguity of such a clear subject

 * I know that direct quotes are generally to be avoided, but how about we directly quote the relevant passage, thereby taking our interpretation out of it and letting the reader see exactly what Rowling wrote and make up their own mind? As for Dolohov, the "falling with a scream" line indicates to me that he survived. AK is the only curse we know of that would cause instant death, and those hit with it don't scream, they simply die. I would say that it's far more likely that Flitwick used a body bind curse or something of that nature to incapacitate him, but not kill him. And sure, there were tons of baseless theories floating around, but there was never anything to suggest that Dumbledore was a time traveling Ron (aside from both having red hair, I guess); on the other hand, Bella was obviously very much alive, so even if we think she's dead, it's not completely ridiculous to argue that she's alive (just mostly ;)). Faithlessthewonderboy 22:07, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Which passage are you mentioned? And as we saw with Neville in Sorcerer's Stone, a Full Body Bind renders you no time to so much as scream-same with Harry in HBP, the vocak cords are also paralyzed...we know there're other ways to kill someone than an AK, but in a pitched battle, if a high profile Death Eater who killed a beloved character falls with a scream, that implicates some rigor mortis in his near future...there are also other curses that we've seen can be fatal-Sectum Sempra for one....and we have mentions of Aurors killing Death Eaters, and I doubt they used the AK to do it. And given he's the Charms professor, Flitwick could do anything from flying a knife into Dolohov or just used a fatal spell....and except for Aberforth and Arthur Weasley. whose opponents were merely stunned, Flitwick is the only adult to finish a Death Eater. And honestly, I think your directly quoting the relevant passage, or close to there as we can get, is a good idea....also on the matte

 * To be fair, we've never seen Sectum Sempra kill anyone. And while it certainly could, it would be a slow, agonizing death. The fact of the matter is that there are probably hundreds (if not thousands) of spells, curses and jinxes out there, and we know of very few. And sure, Flitwick could have killed Dolohov in any number of ways, but I don't think that means he did. There are other ways to incapacitate an opponent, and I can't see little Flitwick murdering someone unnecessarily. He could have used the Cruciatus Curse, for instance. And we're told that during the first war that Crouch Sr authorized Aurors to use the Unforgivable Curses, so I'm sure that many a Death Eater saw the business end of the AK. Well I don't have the time right now, but later this afternoon I'll write something up with the direct quote and post it here on the talk page to see what others think. Faithlessthewonderboy 17:12, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

Of course, I don't mean to say Flitwick used Sectumsempra...however, it could be used to slash one's throat, or go for a quick kill...in a master hand, like Snape's? Not comparable to a quick clumsy attack by Harry. And Flitwick, I remind you, is a Hogwarts professor, a dueling champion and was a friend of Remus Lupin, the man Dolohov killed earlier. And given the 'dark' nature of the AK, do you really see men like Moody or Kingsly using it on another human being? And NP, take your time -Also, Faithless...perhaps we should change a bit of Dolohov's bio to reflect the current controversy? There is evidence going that he's dead, and that he's a live....we can't automatically assume one since both are unverifiable as it stands...we should have the article reflect the controversy and let readers make up their own minds.

 * Well that's actually the reason why I like stating (in both cases) that the characters (Bella & Dolohov) were defeated rather than killed, because whether they are alive or dead, saying that they were defeated is true either way. On the other hand saying that they're dead is being very specific and doesn't allow any wriggle room. I mean, we both agree that Bella is dead; but saying that Molly defeated her is just as accurate, right? And I'm willing to bend on Bella because honestly there is plenty of reason to believe that she's dead, but I'm afraid I'd still have to fight you on Dolohov. I know there are plenty of people who think he is dead, but I just really don't think there's any evidence pointing to Antonin's death. He wasn't described as fighting to the death and he screamed when he fell, so we know that at least he didn't die right away. Anything more is just speculating. So while we can work on Bellatrix, I think for the sake of accuracy as well as brevity, we should stick with saying that Dolohov was defeated. As for your other comment, are you suggesting that the tiny, elderly schoolteacher is capable of murder, but the grizzled old battle tested Auror isn't!? :P BTW, I'm still going to work on what we talked about, I've just come down with a bug and have been neglecting my Wiki-ing for the past couple days. Faithlessthewonderboy 07:20, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, but when we list people like Rookwood and Greyback as merely 'defeated', confusion does arise. 'Defeat' only means that they lost the battle, but doesn't really cover the status of alive or dead and given the controversy, it's likely to cause serious confusion. And on Dolohov, consider this: We both agree Bella is dead. The evidence for Dolohov is the falling with a scream...now, I'm certain Moody would kill a Death Eater-he helped kill Rosier- but using the Avada Kedavra on them? When he was praised as never sinking to the level Crouch brought other Aurors to? I also doubt Flitwick and Moody would see killing an enemy in the middle of a raging battle as murder.I think the evidence for Antonin's death, though, has more for it then against it, not least of which: 1. He's the only one described as 'falling' in the battle...except Bellatrix, who was very likely killed 2. Flitwick, as a dueling master and Charms expert wouldn't need to, or want to use dark magic as the Avada Kedavra to kill him 3. A scream has often been used to mean a death scream, when you fall at someone's hands. 4. Dolohov's the man who killed Remus Lupin....would Jo really just carelessly write him off in such an ambiguous way where he can go back to Azkaban-a place he endured for over a decade with the Dementors, nevermind when they've been removed. At the very least, it's quite a piece of controversy that I hope JK'll confirm sooner or later. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * "Defeated" is insufficient. The description in the book so clearly implies death that it's ridiculous that the wikipedia article cannot reflect it.  Either the article should state "presumed dead" or an entire section should describe the reasoning behind her status.  Considering there's only one person on this discussion with the view than she isn't dead, I think that's unnecessary.  I'll let this sit for a little while and see other's opinions, but the article is insufficiently clear as written and needs clarification.  Either "presumed dead" or a more detailed description is required.  Agrippina Minor 21:07, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

(outdent) I assume you're saying I'm the only one taking the view that she's not dead? If you had actually read the discussion, you would have seen that I'm not saying she's alive. The fact is that this topic has been discussed to death (here and elsewhere), and consensus has been reached. Look through the history and you'll see that many editors have reverted edits when an IP comes along and inserts that Bellatrix is dead. It's never stated conclusively in the books, and Wikipedia is concerned with verifiability, not truth. faithless  (speak)  21:48, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * My last edit said "In a duel to the death, an enraged Molly Weasley rushes forth to fight Bellatrix herself and fires a curse that finally defeats Bellatrix." It was undone by someone who said there was no evidence that Ballatrix was killed.  However, if you look at how I worded it, I put it in exactly the sale manner it was portrayed by Rowling.  We've already established that both women were fighting to kill, we know Molly won, but Rowling doesn't explicitly say Bellatrix dies.  WELL MY POST DID'T EITHER.  I think it was the most accurate portrayal.  As written, the article fails to mention that they were fighting to kill.  It's dishonest.  Agrippina Minor  —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 19:43, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Please don't "yell." I'm sure I don't have to tell you that using all caps is considered rude. As for your edit, I thought it was fair enough, which is why I didn't change it. You might want to talk it out with the editor who changed it. But I wouldn't say that the article is "dishonest." Bellatrix was defeated, wasn't she? faithless  (speak)  20:18, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It's dishonest by ommission, because it failed to mention that the characters were fighting to kill. I'm glad we've reached consensus (at least the two of us).  Agrippina Minor  —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 16:24, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

State of Mind
I have removed this section because it is lengthy speculation on the character's mental state and true relationship with Voldemort. The first paragraph is literally a user-created argument over whether she's insane or lucid. The second makes a case for devaluing her realtionship with Voldemort, with various additions that suggest she may be just as close as she says.

The evaluation of these questions should be left to reputable, critical interpretation appearing in print media. It is not Wikipedians' place to do this. I suggest any information that is deemed vital to the article be re-inserted in a proper place.

 * Although Bellatrix's state of mind before her imprisonment is not fully described, she now appears to be of unsound mind. In the Department of Mysteries, Bellatrix took ghoulish delight in recounting her crime against the Longbottoms and subsequently torturing their son, Neville. She mocked Harry Potter in a false baby voice, and was easily provoked (a temper that seems to run in her family). Bellatrix also seems paranoid; while following her sister to Spinner's End, she impulsively killed a fox for fear that it was an Animagus spy. As a whole, however, her appearance in Half-Blood Prince seems to suggest a greater degree of lucidity: she demonstrates intelligence and the capacity for critical thought in her interrogation of Severus Snape at Spinner's End (despite being easily antagonised by Snape). Her speech is passionate and at times erratic (at one point she is described as appearing 'slightly mad') and it is also clear that her views and morals remain deeply skewed. Bellatrix's behaviour is unquestionably twisted and cruel, but it is not necessarily indicative of insanity.

 * Bellatrix is also fanatically devoted to Voldemort. In Half-Blood Prince Bellatrix evidenced a pitiless disdain for Narcissa's concern for Draco when she expressed that she would have been proud - if she had a son - for him to enter into the Dark Lord's service. Bellatrix also feels that she is one of the Dark Lord's closest associates. During her duel with Harry in the Ministry of Magic, she asserted "I was and am the Dark Lord's most loyal servant, I learned the Dark Arts from him, and I know spells of such power, that you, pathetic little boy, can never hope to compete." She also splutters in her meeting with Snape at Spinners End that "The Dark Lord has, in the past, entrusted me with his most precious-", though she never clarifies this further. However, there is growing evidence that Bellatrix is not as close to Voldemort as she would like:

 * Bellatrix did not know about the prophecy until after Voldemort's defeat.
 * In Order of the Phoenix she was enraged to hear Harry call Voldemort a half-blood, suggesting she may not have known his blood-status - though her subsequent unwavering loyalty leaves room for the possibility that she was merely angry at him for blaspheming her master.
 * When Bellatrix conversed with Snape at his home, she was visibly flustered and defensive when he insinuated that Voldemort was keeping information from her.

 * Despite this withholding of information, Voldemort refers to her by the pet name "Bella". Dumbledore speculates that although many Death Eaters think themselves close to the Dark Lord, Voldemort conceals the fact that he maintains guarded relationships with his followers, essentially seeing them as tools.

Picture?
Could we find a picture of Bellatrix either a drawing from the books or a screenshot from the upcoming movie? Its not that I don't like the fan art, I just think a "real" picture of Bellatrix would be better. Clamster5 20:33, 20 November 2006 (UTC)

similarities between cruella de vil
i think there's a lot of similarities between her and cruella de vil, that movie image shows alot of that. what do you think?
 * No, because it's speculation. 68.162.169.173

Speculation removal

 * "(suggesting that the Common Laws preventing material gain through murder do not apply to wizards, or at least to the Black Family)"

This should be removed, as it is "in universe" speculation about whether wizarding law/practice supersedes muggle law. (If I asked for a citation, nothing could be provided to back it up!) It contains the weasel word "suggesting", which might as well be replaced with "I think" or "I'm guessing that". It is also completely irrelevant, because even if this statment is true it holds no bearing on the plot - this idea is not engaged at this point of the novel at all - or the subject of the article (Bellatrix). 68.162.169.173 01:25, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * How about this: "If this is the case, then British Common Law cannot apply to the wizarding world (or at least the Black Family), since that expressly precludes a murderer from inheriting from their victim." Since that is nothing less than a statement of fact (and relates to whether Bellatrix could legally inherit anyway). Michaelsanders 01:30, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Or: "Strictly, under British Common Law, she couldn't inherit anyway." Michaelsanders 01:38, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

It is still irrelevant because the question of "whether Bellatrix could legally inherit [under British Common Law]" is never engaged by the novel. (And in truth, this plot point about inheritance doesn't need much airtime. Bellatrix was barely involved despite being a key part, and the consequences of her inheritance never came to fruition. What is in the article - sans the above quoted sentence - suffices.) If I started adding useless clarifications like this to every Harry Potter article, my IP would be banned! The fact that one registered person desperatly wants their thought in the article does not mean it should be included. We're supposed to be concise and informative in our writing for Wikipedia, not verbose, meandering, or speculative. 68.162.169.173 01:50, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Pale?
Are you sure that she was pale? I distinctly recall that she was mentioned in the book as "dark". --KnowledgeLord 05:44, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * She is described as both pale and "as dark as her sister is fair". Thus, it's not clear whether her complexion is light or dark. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 130.49.145.131 (talk) 19:35, 24 January 2007 (UTC).

When it says dark it's referring to her hair. Unless they have seperate fathers brothers and sisters will always ahve the same skin colour albeit different skin tones.

Anon
 * Basically JK means she can get a nice tan when she wants to Niyant 01:20, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Bellatrix's lines
I was just wondering how you guys know Helena was joking when she said that about her lines. So she does have more than five lines in the film then. (Bigred03 03:34, 9 May 2007 (UTC))
 * I used the word 'joked' because I didn't think people would understand the word 'hyperbolized', although I own that it is not the best descriptor. I think it's pretty clear that she was exaggerating how much of her role was cut. I'll change it now, for precision of language. 68.162.131.231 15:00, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Original research, unrelated 'see also' links
Linking Esmé Squalor in Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events to Bellatrix is original research and thus is not permitted in Wikipedia. Stop repeatedly adding this and other unrelated information (Ursa) to this article. I know you're interested in the parallels between these characters, but you can't force your interests and speculations into encyclopedia entries. 68.162.131.231 15:18, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Of course what you have failed to take into account is that Wikipedia articles frequently have the names of similar characters listed in the "See also" section. The See also section in "The Master" article contains links to General Zod and Doctor Mabuse, the "See also" section in the Ra's al Ghul article has links to Fu Manchu and Fantomas, the "See Also" in the Yerk article has a link to the Goa'uld article. Esme Squalor and Ursa are similar characters to Bellatrix and so warrent a mention in the "See also" section. This is not original research at all.

YourLord
 * You have failed to take into account that these characters were first integrated into the article itself in a manner which was clearly original research. Also, linking to these characters in no way enriches this article as they are wholly unrelated to the subject (Bellatrix). "Ursa" led to a disambiguation page, not even a "related" character! It's clearly just some fan trying to force Snicket's characters into another article based on their own drawing of unsubstantiated parallels. 151.201.134.209 00:01, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm sorry, perhaps I did not make my point clear enough. When I said that they were similar characters I meant similar to Bellatrix, not to each other. All three of them are powerful but vicious women who are trusted minions of an evil male villain.

YourLord

Demon link removed from Norwegian translation
I removed the link to article about Demons in the translated Norwegian version of her name, as DeMons is not in any way related to demons in the Norwegian language - it's just a common name. (90.149.131.145 18:44, 2 July 2007 (UTC))

Suggested Removal
'''A Girl I met recently is a witch. yes they are real. Bellatrix is her role model. and Voldemort and Snape and Bellatrix are after her so she can become like them!'''

Need I say more?

Striking out ridiculous comment. Ccrashh 15:56, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Good for you.

This put a smile on my face. :] Faithlessthewonderboy 16:27, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

First Shown in Goblet of Fire
The summary box states that she first appears in the Order of the Phoenix, however she is featured in the trial of the death eaters for the torture of Neville's parents in the flashback Harry sees in the pensieve bowl in Dubledore's office. That should be fixed. I will wait and see if anyone has anything to say. It is even quoted in the first endnote as her quote in the Goblet of Fire. Agrippina Minor 18:36, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Siriuck.JPG
Image:Siriuck.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 14:43, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Why is this article protected?

Bitch
Is it really worth mentioning that Molly Weasley called her a bitch? Faithlessthewonderboy 05:22, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Probably not, though that was a great line. I think it's just worth mentioning the fact that Molly and Bella were dueling to the death, etc, etc. TakaraLioness 15:54, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

What was she doing when she kept repeating "My Lord".
 * No clue. I did find it very interesting though... Perhaps she was just trying to wake him up, since something did happen to him? I dunno. She did try to assist him in getting back on his feet, it seems, so maybe... Oh well. I guess we'll never know. TakaraLioness 03:33, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

I still think she's in love with him.Eddisford 00:38, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

That was definitely a great line; Molly went all Sigourney Weaver, Aliens style! "Get away from her you BITCH!" 79.73.193.183 18:04, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

isnt "it not my daughter you bitch"?
 * Yes, that's Bella's line, but the "Get away from her" line is the one from Aliens. TakaraLioness 17:11, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Google Spoiler
When searching for this characters name, there is a rather ghastly spoiler (link: http://www.google.com.au/search?q=bellatrix+lestrange&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&client=firefox-a_ "Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange casts the Avada Kedavra curse on Sirius Black in the film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ..."

I think it should be fixed... Kuzmaster 09:55, 4 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Hm... Okay... I'll change it. TakaraLioness 14:55, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Residence
Do we know that she was living at Malfoy Manor? Faithlessthewonderboy 09:00, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I suppose not, but she was always there... And she did tell Voldemort that it was an honor to have him in "our family's home." TakaraLioness 18:07, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * And she was teaching Draco Occlumency

 * She also knew that Narcissa was going to Snape's to tell him about Draco's mission. She also appears in all the scenes of the Manor. Lord Opeth 18:47, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Good points all, but it's still speculation. Faithlessthewonderboy 22:23, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Name?
I'm wondering if there is a specific meaning behind her name, as there is of so many Harry Potter characters. If I recall correctly, isn't the name Trixie derived from a latin term for a whore? That would make her name "beautiful whore".
 * Bellatrix's name means "warrior" in Latin. It's there in the article, in the Early Life section, I think. TakaraLioness 03:04, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Like almost every other Black, Bellatrix is named after a constellation. Faithlessthewonderboy 07:25, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Hair Colour and Eye Colour
What on Earth?! Eye colo(u)r and hair colo(u)r are missing from all HP characters; how, when and why?
 * I have absolutely no idea... Please sign your posts. TakaraLioness 05:08, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Those facts don't belong in infoboxes, they are too trivial. Faithlessthewonderboy 22:02, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

*Cough cough* Harry Potter *cough cough cough* Keyblade Mage 23:36, 19 September 2007 (UTC)Keyblade Mage

Images
There are currently two images of just Bellatrix from the Order of the Phoenix film. Clearly, this goes beyond the scope of fair use. My thought is to delete the one that is not in the infobox (Image:Bellatrix_HD.jpg). Anyone else? -Phi*n!x —The preceding  signed but undated. Hmm, very true. I agree we should just keep the one in the infobox. Redfur —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.196.174.178 (talk) 22:44, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * If no objections are raised, I will nominate Image:Bellatrix_HD.jpg for deletion by September 12. -Phi*n!x 19:48, 4 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm all for getting rid of the non-infbox one. It is a horrible picture and adds little to the article. asyndeton 15:22, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The image has been used for a very long time. I see no reason for nominating it. Lord Opeth 01:48, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bellatrix Lestrange (character)


text:
Paws (EP)

Paws is an EP released by Four Tet on 7 December 2001. It consists of remixes of works on his album Pause; the EP's name is a pun on the album's title.

Track listing

 * 1) "Glue of the Other World" – 7:34
 * 2) "Hilarious Movie of the 90's" (Koushik's Funny Flick) – 2:39
 * 3) "Hilarious Movie of the 90's" (Manitoba Remix) – 5:37
 * 4) "No More Mosquitoes" (Boom Bip Remix) – 5:02

title: Paws (EP)


text:
Live in Copenhagen 30th March 2004

Live in Copenhagen 30th March 2004 is a limited edition live album released by Four Tet on 10 April 2004. All copies of the album were on CD-R and only available through the Domino Records website. The final track on the album is a medley of 5 different tracks.

The album was recorded at the Rust nightclub in Copenhagen, Denmark. The cover artwork is by Kathryn Bint.

It was included in the 10th anniversary reissue of his third album Rounds.

Track listing

 * 1) "She Moves She"  – 10:39
 * 2) "Everything is Alright"  – 5:20
 * 3) "Spirit Fingers"  – 7:37
 * 4) "Glue of the World"  – 8:41
 * 5) "My Angel Rocks Back and Forth"  – 9:26
 * 6) "As Serious as Your Life"  – 15:42
 * 7) Medley  – 16:22
 * 8) * "Harmony One" intro
 * 9) * "Hands"
 * 10) * "No More Mosquitoes" (Jam)
 * 11) * "Calamine" (Radio edit Jam)
 * 12) * "Tangle" outro

title: Live in Copenhagen 30th March 2004


text: Talk:Narcissa Malfoy

title: Talk:Narcissa Malfoy


text:
North Carolina v. Alford

North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed that there are no constitutional barriers in place to prevent a judge from accepting a guilty plea from a defendant who wants to plead guilty, while still protesting his innocence, under duress, as a detainee status. This type of plea has become known as an Alford plea, differing slightly from the nolo contendere plea in which the defendant agrees to being sentenced for the crime, but does not admit guilt. Alford died in prison in 1975.

Trial and appeals
Henry Alford was a black man in the South, at the height of the civil rights movement, who had previously been convicted of murder and armed robbery. On November 22, 1963, Alford and a white woman companion rented a room at a “party house” in Winston-Salem, North Carolina and allegedly got into a fight with its proprietor, Nathaniel Young, who was also black. Later, that same evening, an assailant murdered Young with a shotgun. Henry Alford was indicted for first-degree murder in North Carolina, in December 1963. His attorney, Fred Crumpler, with six years experience, interviewed several witnesses and was convinced of Alford's guilt. Despite Alford's claims of innocence and the lack of eyewitnesses to the crime, itself, witnesses observed Alford retrieve his gun, shortly before the murder, heard him state he was going to kill the victim, and then state that he had done so, once he returned home. Alford also had a lengthy criminal history, including a prior conviction for murder. The attorney believed that Alford would probably be convicted at trial, and thus, he recommended Alford plead guilty to the lesser charge of second-degree murder, in order to avoid the death penalty. Ultimately, however, the decision was up to Alford. Before the plea was entered, the court heard sworn testimony from three witnesses. Alford pleaded guilty to second-degree murder but declared to the court that he was, in fact, innocent, and he was pleading guilty only to avoid the death penalty, which might have been applied, had he been convicted of first-degree murder.

The judge sentenced Alford to the maximum second-degree murder penalty of 30 years in prison. Alford appealed, on the constitutional ground that his plea was "the product of fear and coercion,” in violation of his constitutional rights. A federal appeals court ruled that the plea was involuntary, because it was motivated by fear of the death sentence, and the court should have rejected the guilty plea. The federal appeals court vacated the sentence of the lower court.

Majority
Justice Byron White wrote that the Court had accepted the case for review, because some states authorized conviction only for a crime “where guilt is shown,” including by means of a guilty plea that included an actual admission of guilt, but “others have concluded that they should not ‘force any defense on a defendant in a criminal case,’ particularly when advancement of the defense might ‘end in disaster,” and therefore would accept a guilty plea in Alford's circumstances.

White wrote that courts may accept whatever plea a defendant chooses to enter, as long as the defendant is competently represented by counsel; the plea is intelligently chosen; and “the record before the judge contains strong evidence of actual guilt.” Faced with “grim alternatives,” the defendant's best choice of action may be to plead guilty to the crime, White wrote, and the courts must accept the defendant's choice made in his own interests.

Dissent
In the dissent, Justice William Brennan stated that capital punishment in the United States was unconstitutional, and wrote that the actual effect of this unconstitutional threat to Alford was to induce a guilty plea. He concluded the plea should have been vacated and Alford should have been retried, writing: "the facts set out in the majority opinion demonstrate that Alford was 'so gripped by fear of the death penalty' that his decision to plead guilty was not voluntary but was "the product of duress as much so as choice reflecting physical constraint."

Commentary
Stephanos Bibas (who would be appointed as a federal judge by President Donald Trump in 2017) has spoken out against the Alford plea on the moral ground that it undermines public confidence in the accuracy and fairness of the criminal justice system, sending some people to jail who profess innocence; and that it dodges the "morality play" aspect of a criminal trial, in which the community sees that the guilty are punished.

title: North Carolina v. Alford


text:
User talk:Janardannath

janardannath is studying at iitgnow

title: User talk:Janardannath


text:
Category:Little Rock, Arkansas

__NOGALLERY__

title: Category:Little Rock, Arkansas


text:
My Angel Rocks Back and Forth

"My Angel Rocks Back and Forth" is a song by Four Tet, released on 3 May 2004 as a 12-inch single and CD single. The title track was originally part of Four Tet's previous album, Rounds. The CD edition comes with a bonus DVD of all of Four Tet's promotional videos to date.

The track was used as part of the soundtrack for Britney Spears's 2008 documentary, Britney: For the Record.

title: My Angel Rocks Back and Forth


text: Category:Catholic Church in France

title: Category:Catholic Church in France