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Talk:Molvanîa

Move the article
The book is called Molvania, and always references the country as Molvania - the accent/grave is only used on the title cover. — mæstro t/c 11:01, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

What sort of dipshit files a lawsuit when they find out that a fictional nation, which the book they've been reading has described as the closest thing to hell on Earth, really is fictional? I think that bit must be a joke. It out to be cut out. I've been reading the actual book, and I have to tell you that I'm glad there's no place that's actually as bad as it describes, even as I laugh my fool head off. Wareq
 * Agreed - until somebody provides a source for the lawsuit claim, I'm treating it as an urban legend. Captainmax 23:35, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Could they have assumed Moldavia? That is how in English the former Soviet republic was known before the way its known today, Moldova. Moldavia-Molvania can look the same on first glance. Celtmist 9-10-05
 * In English, Moldavia is the Romanian part of Moldova, which has the historical continuity and the nucleas land. Moldova is the now independent republic. In Romanian, the name Moldova is used for both regions. --Candide, or Optimism 12:46, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

The authors of this book try hard to be satirical yet instead, only look stupid. The purpose of writing any travel book is to site observations where-as these authors did nothing but display ignorance. For example: Two types of architecture, ancient ruins from the Roman Empire and Soviet style communist tower blocks complete with their non-reinforced concrete. The joke is, Rome is associated with splendour whilst soviet communism paints a grim picture. Indeed this is how people in the 'West' including myself were systematicly tought to look at Eastern Europe. But whilst it emerges that some eastern European countries did BETTER for themselves under the socialist regime, one can hardly say that life is all beauty in South America and Central Asia in many of the countries which had 'pro-west/anti-Moscow' governments. I first visited Bulgaria in 1986 and was shocked. Shocked at how clean the streets of Sofia were, shocked at the scrict policy towards litter-bugs (people who throw garbage). I was amazed how natural the life was, how people knew how to enjoy themselves and make the most of what they had whilst a few corrupt individuals, anticipating the end of the Socialist rule, are preparing to corrupt the nation and cause the collapse of President Zhivkov. Ask todays Bulgarians how much better 'capitalism' is. I'll say nothing, they'll do the talking here. I do not say that life was great for all countries at all times in socialism. The beauties of Roman architecture. where in the world we still have ruins from a bygone era, can anyone tell me which is ugly? Which works of human cultural achievement are unsightly from before the 20th century? It seems everything is beautiful. At the same time, what 'nice' work is there in the aftermath of World war II? Plain basic, box shaped buildings. Was it only Soviet states which developed a taste for this luxury? I should be a tour guide, showing the authors of Molvania the miles and miles of post-war crumbling, dirty, apocalyptic concrete that composes Londons east-end (and much of the rest of London), but here in Plaistow where I live in particular, or try Tower Hamlets. Please remind me when London was under Soviet rule; atleast in Romania and Poland these buildings were in straight lines, with shops, trade, sport centres, flower shops etc along the bottom rows, with people sitting outside having a beer, or a coffee, or lunch etc. I lived in Brooklyn, new York in the early 80s, what did they have? Torn cinemas, lines of prostitutes,  drinking houses desinged for nightly brawls. I returned to visit my cousins in Brooklyn in 2003 and it seems they still love their 'Soviet style buildings'. Even Paris has not escaped post-war concrete, nor Rome, nor Munich. The reason it is more apparent in central (sorry, 'Eastern') Europe is that being the venue for WWII there was so much damage and immediate demand to rehouse millions of people in such a short time. London was the same, hence my flat here on the 18th floor overlooking west Ham Uniteds Upton Park. But I still don't understand why they had to pick on Eastern Europe. Could it not have been a pro-fascist state during WWII with a puppet 'capitalism' regime? One praised by Washington whilst a 'moderate' dictator uses military control to prevent uprisings by the residents who wish to re-nationalize the natural resources and stop the profits lining the pockets of Western Business Giants whilst the poor population sweats to earn next to nothing? For such an 'experienced' group of authors and yet they have never come accross this kind of thing. How good were Portugal and Spain for the first three decades after World War II? The book was promising but so much more could have been done to even the balance, thus ridicule the stereotypes rather than promote them. AlfredG aug'13'2005

What the hell are you talking about? TheOne

Molvania tells the truth
I lived for two years in Prague, and I did not meet a single person who said things were better in the old days. In 40 years of Communism, the government did not make a single quality women's sanitary product or sheet of decent toilet paper. You couldn't get fresh fruit in the winter, and getting bananas meant traveling across town and waiting in line for half an hour. Apartment buildings would go without hot water for a month every summer. People horded goods because no one knew what there would be a shortage of next. People were jailed for playing rock and roll music or for signing a petition calling on the government to respect its human-rights obligations. Religion was supressed -- the Communists destroyed Bratislava's synagogue. Hundreds of people were shot trying to leave the country.

That's why Czechs and Slovaks are among the most-vocal opponents of Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba. Only Westerners who never had to live under Communism can say it wasn't so bad.

Of course, there's a lot of problems with the rest of the world. Crap Towns, a book about the worst places to live in the UK, is a lot of fun, as a similar book about the US would be. But 40 years of Communism undoubtedly left a scar on the former Soviet Bloc that will take decades to heal. Mwalcoff 07:15, 15 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe you had it bad in Czechoslovakia under Soviet occupation, but the golden age of Socialism is fondly remembered in all ex-Yugoslav states, like Slovenia, Macedonia, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Bosnia; it is true that ex-Yugoslavia had more freedoms and much higher standards of living than Czech republic or Poland (which was dirt cheap and a bag of Vegeta could get you far in these days), but it is also true that even today in Slovenia, which has still the highest standard of living, GDP per capita etc of all ex-communist countries, Tito's years are remembered as better times. Transition hit especially hard east of the yugoslavia even harder than the war, so nostalgia for Tito's era is very much alive. Slovinan (talk) 03:07, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Maybe all of these losers who wear che guavera tshirts should find out what its like to live in a real 'socialist paradise' Ikfaldu Dod 16:07, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Neoimperialism is greater evil than communism. The only reason Cuba is so poor is because of US sanctions. It has nevertheless better health care and education than US; your imperialist POV is noted!Slovinan (talk) 03:07, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

 * It amazes me to think people believe now that "Communism wasn't so bad..." but tell me, if it was so good then why:

- did it result in people emigrating from Communist governments? - did it culminate in barbarism unparalelled since WWII in the form of the Khmer Rouge?? Everton4Life

 * They did not emigrate from Yugoslavia, which had open travel arrangements with the west - anyone was free to travel anywhere they wanted, red Yugoslav passport didn't require visa for east or west and we traveled more freely than people from west (or east of course); anyone was free to leave, yet most stayed and did not emigrate (much more people emigrated these areas in the post communist times).Slovinan (talk) 03:12, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Communism is many things. China is communist and is experiencing economic growth unseen in the west, taking over US rapidly, though it was feudal state few decades ago; under Stalin, USSR quickly industrialised to become superpower, sending first man into space etc, and USSR was second only to US by GDP. Standard of living was perhaps lower, but many perks existed that do not in capitalist countries; the Yeltsin disaster is reason why people love Putin in Russia and fondly remember Soviet days of glory. But communism is not only China, USSR and Soviet satelites (colonies) - it is also former Yugoslavia that had very high standard of living (that fell due to war and transition, only Slovenia managed to go relatively unaffected and kept the standard, which is still much higher than in any former Easter European country), combining western freedom (repression is much lower than in the Soviet Bloc) with free education, health care and socialist equality like it exists in Cuba today (lower standard than some Nordic countries, but Slovenia had more relaxed times in the Tito's era than today). Also, there is Vietnam, endlessly exploited and abused by the western imperialists, which is rapidly developing, like China (and also quite different from North Korea, which is a Stalinist state). Western imperialists believe their simplistic propaganda and racist prejudices against Russians and Slavic people, and this "Molovania" is nothing but bunch of racist hateful prejudices by hypocritical west. Read Slavoj Zizek for a more nuanced views of communism, which is far lesser evil than imperialism and colonialism - USSR was in fact not only a communist/socialist country, but also imperialist (Russian imperialism), and Soviet satelite states like Albania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria or Hungary were suffering because of imperialist Soviet exploitation, not due to socialist ideology which is nowadays applied in many countries like France or Sweden in issues like health care and education. Slovinan (talk) 03:07, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

 * There is a difference between "good" and "not so bad". The whole purpose many chose to go left in the early 20th century is because they weren't too good to begin, this led ordinary working masses to look to the left. Like all systems, the eastern European regimes had their faults, but I see that even today, many people now in the EU crave for the days before 1990, many are disillusioned by this "pro-West" opportunity and find themselves living worse. Sure you get a few rich people in the former Soviet countries, and rich they are like the average person could never imagine. Becoming rich was not possible in the old system, now there is nobody to ask questions "where did you get that new car from?". Which one of you is going to say that Roman Abramovich earnt his money from working hard 7 days a week in the pits from the age of 3. Who here believes that Romania's former leader Iliescu can afford to splash out as he does because of the goodness of POST-Ciausescu Romania? Perhaps so, what about the other 30 million Romanians? Sure the Czech Republic has seen a lot of improvement since 1990, a wonderful airport they have in Prague, who paid for it? Grants from the stable countries did. But what has any of this got to do with the points you lot made? "People get shot for leaving" and "them what wear Che Guevara T-shirts". Many people believe in the doctrines of socialism, it doesn't mean that they believe in military dictatorships. Does a system have to be communist for it to be a military dictatorship? Must a Sheikh be cast as a Leninist before he stones women for adultery and bans cinema? Today there are 5 countries with Communist governments, are the other 200 countries all great countries to live in? I'm not looking for battles here and I know that when a country is bad, it's bad. But let's nbot kid ourselves that "Communism" drives a rich stable country into a poor instable one. Balkantropolis 12:34, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

The truth indeed
It wasn't my purpose to introduce a political theme here but I have to say something in response to the above observation by the user Mwalcoff: I never did for one minute suggest that the period under socialism (for that is what it was, not communism) was by any means a Golden Age for the countries to have experienced it. I know for a fact that many countries today feel that times were a lot worse. The two former republics which composed Czechoslovakia are an example. I don't know about Slovakia so much, their economy deteriorated severely for the next few years after 1993 regardless what Lonely Planet writers and U.S State Department statistics reveal, this is something you have to take from me and believe it; the Czech Republic and Hungary claim that life is now better and that is their choice. I go to Budapest quite often and life doesn't look that lovely to me even now - the fact is that Eastern Europe as a stigma, as it were, predates 20th century socialism. It just happens that the western side of the continent is in fact on the whole more developed than its east. But back to my point, I know Romania and Bulgaria very well now. I can also say that I knew these countries at least towards the end of their socialism period, that is to say that I did visit Romania three times whilst Ciausescu was president and Bulgaria about four times when Todor Zhivkov was in power. Life WAS comfortable for the masses, save for propoganda being spat from hidden corners by their political opponents - I am not praising Zhivkov for his democratic visions. But there can be no question that for most Bulgarians, life was better before and this includes the former Turks (ethnic Turks forced to relinquish their identity and become Slav-Bulgarians). Where-as you could have left your doors unlocked all night, slept on the streets etc, you soon developed a system where there were bandits robbing cars whilst people were driving them and now the Police will pick you up and fine you for sleeping out in the open. And whatever you say, in an age where people are supposed to be now better informed about the realities of life outside their sheltered homes, this book comes along and opens a whole new can of worms. Just as people begin to visit these countries to learn that things were not quite as bad as they have been shown, here comes a book that makes a joke on the principles that it is worse than is humanly possible. Try writing a book about a forgotten Scandinavian kingdom, descended from Vikings, a seafaring nation, an early member of the EEC - the joke wouldn't stretch would it? These former republics in socialism would have been poorer than the rest of Europe (on the whole) whether they had socialist governments or not - it is only a matter of distribution of ownership, the rest of it has nothing to do with the actual system - there are dictatorships around the world in pure capitalist societies where one isn't only shot trying the leave the country, but is shot for hoping to STAY in the country. At the same time, there was Yugoslavia, now although Yugoslavia was rather excluded from Eastern Europe for those 40 or so years (not a memember of Comecon, the the Bloc etc), Josef Broz (Tito) still allined himself to the economical east and the system in Yugoslavia was very similar to the rest of Eastern Europe. Yet the northernmost republic of Slovenia still boasted a standard of living equal to that of neighbouring Austria (by 1989 it was claimed that life had infact emulated Austria and Italy's north). I went to Slovenia as late as this year (May 2005) and I can say that the country is very beautiful as it is far ahead of Slovakia and the Czech Republic, however not better than Austria. Of course, if socialism was the guilty cause of Slovenia not developing even more, perhaps now they'd boast a standard of living better than the Swiss. The Czech Republic has moved forward since independence, but so too have Norway, Canada, Australia and Belgium - all western nations have moved forward and so the position of most of eastern Europe remains what it was in relation to the rest of the world. Two things to top this off, Prague and its people represent a minor elite within the former socialist block, they may have always been opposed to the system - according to people in Slovakia, the Prague residents never did much to try to make the old system work but in any case, try more rural areas of the Czech Republic, they may not have been very sympathetic towards Moscow since the 1968 failed uprisings but they are certainly not throwing parties and rallying around the flag in the country's marvelous achievements since 1993, unemployment as never seen before, crime as neevr seen before, poverty as socialism never permitted. By the way, it might be worth me saying that my wife was born in present day Czech Republic. Finally, we are concentrating on one area whereby the book focuses on all areas of general ignorance, such as the Balkan-7 conference which Molvania is said to have joined: a confederation of landlocked states. Landlocked states indeed, the Balkan is just a peninsula, nowadays used to mean the former Yugoslavia but actually discludes Slovenia and much of northern Croatia but incorporates Albania, Bulgaria and Greece as well as the European part of Turkey. But lets be 'Molvanian stereotypes' and say that the Balkan is all of Eastern Europe. The joke is that since so many countries have broken away, many have no access to the sea. In the Balkan, I count one such example, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Though Serbia does not have sea access, it remains a constituent republic within Serbia & Montenegro, and her sister republic Montenegro does have over 100 kilometres of access to the Adriatic. Bosnia on creation (in post-WWII Yugoslavia) was granted 5km of sea access covering the port town of Neum, little it may be but none-the-less discludes it from being landlocked. So apart from Moldova, the Czech and Slovak republics, Hungary and Belarus, the rest of the Eastern European countries, even the newly formed ones, all have sea access. I guess Molvania would make seven there. But outside of the former Soviet Block we have Lichtenstein, Andorra, San Marino, The Vatican, Luxembourg, Austria and Switzerland - a real 7 without the fictional creation. What do you think about that? I'll leave anyone to get back at me and I'll respond in the near future. user:AlfredG

Lighten up! They're all going to be like this
This discussion is way off-topic. Granted Molvania is an uncharitable depiction of Eastern Europe, and doubtless Phaic Tan might cause offence to people in Southeast Asia, but judging by the locations of other fictitious countries that the authors have, nowhere (except North America) is going to be immune from ridicule or scorn. 'Pfaffländ' is set in Scandinavia - will we have people indignant about the depiction that part of the world too?

I find both Lonely Planet and Rough Guides written by self-important windbags - it's nice to see someone deflate the likes of them! Quiensabe 2005-08-29 05:41 UTC
 * I dunno if they'll make Pfaffländ, its just one of those fake books mentioned to make Jetlag Travel Guides more authentic. On they other hand, they've made San Sombrèro (mentioned at the back of Molvania) into the third book.--Greasysteve13 14:38, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

I think people are missing the point of Jetlag travel guides here. They're not meant to ridicule any country or region, but rather ridicule the travel guide genre. It's true that they take probably the worst cliches about the regions concerned (Eastern Europe, South-East Asia, Central America) and greatly exaggerate them- of course the more cynical amongst us will say that everything has a certain element of truth to it. --Everton4Life

Agreed
All right, you win Quinsabe, but only because I like your last remark. Lonely Planet authors being windbags, that is true. But back to the original topic, the book 'Molvania' - my other main critisizm is that it is generally all the same, all the way through it is a sequence of clauses followed by a punchline as it were. They don't vary in length, it's like 1-2-3-4-Punchline, 1-2-3-4-Punchline, right the way through. User:AlfredG 29-08-05

 * I think you're taking this way to seriously. It's parody. It's satire. It's ruthless. It's funny. — mæstro t/c 14:45, 9 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Having re-read the book, it is clear to me AlfredG's observation is simply not true. Format (talk) 07:39, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Taking it too seriously
The comments here are too much! The book is a send up of travel books and their formulaic ways of appearing to provide vague facts and info about the country, trying to describe complex societies in one paragraph and inevitably failing, and dredging up ancient customs and presenting them as if they are still common in the modern world when obviously they wouldn't be. I assumed the name Molvanîa was inspired by Moldavia in Dynasty (1981 TV series). In the Doctor and the Medics video for their cover of Waterloo the country Moldavia (or soemthing very similar) is on the Eurovision Song Contest voting panel. Asa01 00:22, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Racial villification
When talking about the national anthem, the article says, " The third verse is now considered optional due to Australian laws against racial vilification." But my copy of the book says that the third verse is optional due to EU laws against racial villification. I will change the article to conform with the book (Besides, why would a nation in eastern Europe follow Australian laws)--Fantastic fred 15:17, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I would think that they adapted this wording for each of the various editions of the book. So the Australian version speaks of Australian laws, versions published in EU countries of EU laws, etc. SchnitteUK (talk) 11:25, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

The Borders
Wouldnt it have to border Austria? IloveTrains (talk) 07:42, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No because it is only a joke. Format (talk) 07:39, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Article is about the book
Article opener changed as this article is about the book and not just the country. The fictional country is within the book. The article goes beyond the fictional country describing items of the travel guide unrelated to the country (adverts for other travel guides). Format (talk) 04:00, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Rotated Map
Why is the rotated map shown alongside the map from the book? --75.36.142.117 (talk) 03:45, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

 * This version of the page makes the reason for the rotated map clear. One picture had since disappeared. Format (talk) 06:21, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Reminded me more of England !

 * Actually it seems it was a joke against Moldova, which is presumably why it was deleted !
 * File:Geomorph-Mol.png has an interesting history ... perhaps it has no origins in the book ?
 * --195.137.93.171 (talk) 15:44, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

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Festuca

Festuca (fescue) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the grass family Poaceae (subfamily Pooideae). They are evergreen or herbaceous perennial tufted grasses with a height range of 10 - 200 cm and a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. The genus is closely related to ryegrass (Lolium), and recent evidence from phylogenetic studies using DNA sequencing of plant mitochondrial DNA shows that the genus lacks monophyly. As a result, plant taxonomists have moved several species, including the forage grasses tall fescue and meadow fescue, from the genus Festuca into the genus Lolium, or alternatively into the segregate genus Schedonorus.

Because the taxonomy is complex, scientists have not determined how many true species belong to the genus, but estimates range from more than 400 to over 640.

Fescue pollen is a significant contributor to hay fever.

Taxonomy
The genus Festuca represents a major evolutionary line of the tribe Poeae. The ancient group has produced various segregates that possess more advanced characteristics than Festuca, including racemose inflorescences and more annual habits.

The word "festuca" is a Latin word meaning "stem" or "stalk" first used by Pliny the Elder to describe a weed. The word Festuca first appears to describe grasses in Dodoens' "Stirpium historiae pemptades sex, sive libri XXX" in 1583. However, the plant Dodoens described as Festuca altera is truly Bromus secalinus. Other authors before Linnaeus used the name to describe other various species of Bromus. In the first edition of "Genera Plantarum", Linnaeus describes seven species of Festuca, five of which are truly Bromus grasses with the other two being Festuca gigantea and Festuca pratensis. In 1753 the genus is accepted as first being formally described, in Linnaeus' "Species Plantarum". Eleven species were described, with F. ovina being the type species. Of these eleven, one species was Danthonia, one Poa, and one Koeleria. The first major monograph on the genus was Hackel's "Monographia Festucarum Europaearum" in 1882. Since Linnaeus' publications, seven genera have been proposed for groups of perennial fescues and fifteen for annual fescues, all with varying degrees of acceptance. For example, in 1906 the subgenus Vulpia was introduced for North American species. The annual habit and shorter anthers of Vulpia has since been enough to distinguish Vulpia as a separate genus from Festuca.

The taxonomy of the genus is ultimately problematic and controversial, as evidenced by the large number of small genera closely related to Festuca. Often distinguishing species within the genus requires the analysis of highly specific morphological differences on characters such as ovary pubescence or leaf sclerenchyma patterns. This distribution of sclerenchyma tissue is an important distinguishing character between species, and though species can be locally distinguished without analyzing these characteristics, to distinguish the genus as a whole the analysis is necessary.

Description
Festuca grasses are perennial and bisexual plants that are densely to loosely cespitose. Some grasses are rhizomatous, some lack rhizomes, and rarely species are stoloniferous. The culms of the grasses are typically glabrous and smooth, though some species have scabrous culms or culms that are pubescent below the inflorescences. The leaf sheaths range from open to the base to closed to the top. Some species have sheaths that persist over years and typically have deciduous blades, and some species have sheaths that quickly shred into fibers and decay in senescence and typically have blades that are not deciduous. Species lack auricles. The membranous ligules measure 0.1-8 mm and are typically longest at the margins. The ligules are typically truncate and ciliate, though they can occasionally be acute or erose. The flat and conduplicate leaf blades are involute or convolute and are sometimes glaucous or pruinose. The abaxial surfaces of leaf blades are glabrous or scabrous and occasionally pubescent or puberulent. The adaxial surfaces of leaf blades are typically scabrous, though occasionally are hirsute or puberulent. The abaxial sclerenchyma tissue forms longitudinal strands that vary in presence from the margins and opposite of the midvein to adjacent to some or every lateral vein. These longitudinal strands occasionally merge into interrupted or continuous bands. Bands of confluent strands that reach veins are known as "pillars". The adaxial sclerenchyma tissue sometimes forms strands that are opposite or extend to epidermal veins. Some strands form "girders" together with the abaxial sclerenchyma tissue that connect epidermides at some or all veins.

The inflorescences of species are open or contracted panicles, occasionally racemes, with one to two (rarely three) branches at their lower node. The branches are erect and begin to spread during anthesis, and occasionally lower branches are reflexed. The spikelets have two to twelve mostly bisexual florets. The rachillas are typically either scabrous or pubescent, but can occasionally be smooth and glabrous. The subequal or unequal glumes are ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate, and are typically exceeded by the florets. The lower glumes are as long or shorter than their adjacent lemmas and have one (rarely two or three) veins, and the upper glumes have three (rarely four or five) veins. The calli are typically glabrous and smooth, but can be occasionally scabrous or rarely pubescent. The chartaceous or sometimes coriaceous lemmas have somewhat dorsally rounded and distally keeled bases. The lemmas typically have five (rarely six or seven) veins. The lemmas have acute to attenuate apices that are occasionally doubly pointed, and terminal awns or mucros. The bidentate paleas are shorter to longer than the lemmas, with scabrous-ciliate veins. The regions between the veins are smooth and glabrous near the base of the paleas and become scabrous or puberulent distally. All grasses have three anthers. The ovaries are glabrous with occasionally hispidulous apices on which hairs persist when ovaries become caryopses. The oblong caryopses have adaxial grooves. The linear hila vary in length from half as long to as long as the caryopses.

Uses
Some fescues are used as ornamental and turf grasses and as pasture and hay for livestock, being a highly nutritious stock feed. Festuca rubra and F. rubra subsp. commutata are used as lawn grasses, and these species, F. arundinacea, and F. trachyphylla are used in parks, deforested areas, and sports fields for land stabilization. F. saximontana and F. idahoensis are used as rangeland grasses for livestock, and fescues often provide good forage for native wildlife. F. ovina and its various subspecies are the most important grazing fescues for North America, and F. arundinacea is one of the most important hay and pasture grasses in Europe. Fescue is easily established on bare ground, outcompeting other plants and persisting over several years, and so is often used in soil erosion control programs. Tall fescue (F. arundinacea) is good for this purpose, and one cultivar, 'Kentucky 31', was used in land reclamation during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US. Fescues have been used as building material, as rope and as a variety of other things in indigenous Ethiopian communities, in particular the Guassa Community Conservation Area where it is referred to as 'Guassa Grass'. The grasses F. amethystina, F. cinerea, F. elegans, F. glauca, and F. pallens are all grown as ornamentals.

Fescue is sometimes used as feed for horses. However, fescue poisoning, caused by ergot alkaloids produced by the endophytic fungus Epichloë coenophiala, is a risk for pregnant mares. During the last three months of pregnancy fescue poisoning increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, retained placenta, absent milk production, and prolonged pregnancy. Incorporating legumes into the fescue can be a way to increase livestock gains and conception rates, even if the fescue is infected.

Infrageneric ranks
Infrageneric ranks:

 * Festuca sect. Amphigenes	 (Janka) Tzvelev
 * Festuca sect. Aristulatae	 E.B. Alexeev
 * Festuca subg. Asperifolia	 E.B. Alexeev 1981
 * Festuca sect. Atropis	 (Trin.) 1936
 * Festuca sect. Aulaxyper	 Dumort.
 * Festuca subg. Austrofestuca	 Tzvelev	1971
 * Festuca sect. Banksia	 E.B. Alexeev 1984
 * Festuca [unranked] Bovinae Fr. ex Andersson 1852
 * Festuca sect. Bovinae	 (Fr. ex Andersson) Hack. 1882
 * Festuca sect. Breviaristatae	 Krivot.	1960
 * Festuca sect. Bromochloa	 Drejer

Species
Species include:

 * Festuca abyssinica
 * Festuca actae
 * Festuca alatavica
 * Festuca aloha – aloha fescue
 * Festuca alpina – alpine fescue
 * Festuca altaica – northern rough fescue, Altai fescue
 * Festuca altissima – wood fescue
 * Festuca amethystina – tufted fescue
 * Festuca ampla
 * Festuca amplissima
 * Festuca arenaria – rush-leaf fescue
 * Festuca argentina
 * Festuca arizonica – Arizona fescue, pinegrass
 * Festuca armoricana
 * Festuca arundinacea – tall fescue
 * Festuca arvernensis – field fescue
 * Festuca baffinensis – Baffin Island fescue
 * Festuca beckeri
 * Festuca brachyphylla – alpine fescue, rock fescue
 * Festuca breviglumis – Swallen
 * Festuca brunnescens
 * Festuca burnatii
 * Festuca caerulescens
 * Festuca caldasii
 * Festuca californica – California fescue
 * Festuca callieri
 * Festuca calligera – southwestern fescue
 * Festuca campestris – mountain rough fescue
 * Festuca caprina
 * Festuca chimborazensis
 * Festuca cinerea
 * Festuca circinata
 * Festuca contracta – tufted fescue
 * Festuca cretacea
 * Festuca cumminsii
 * Festuca chrysophylla
 * Festuca dahurica
 * Festuca dasyclada – oil shale fescue
 * Festuca densipaniculata
 * Festuca dimorpha
 * Festuca djimilensis
 * Festuca dolichophylla
 * Festuca donax
 * Festuca drymeja
 * Festuca durissima
 * Festuca earlei – Earle's fescue
 * Festuca edlundiae – Edlund's fescue
 * Festuca elegans
 * Festuca elmeri – coast fescue
 * Festuca eskia
 * Festuca extremiorientalis
 * Festuca filiformis – fine-leaved sheep's fescue
 * Festuca flacca
 * Festuca frederikseniae
 * Festuca gautieri – bearskin fescue
 * Festuca gigantea – giant fescue
 * Festuca glacialis
 * Festuca glauca – blue fescue, gray fescue
 * Festuca glumosa
 * Festuca gracillima
 * Festuca hallii – plains rough fescue
 * Festuca hawaiiensis – Hawaii fescue
 * Festuca heterophylla – various-leaved fescue, shade fescue
 * Festuca hyperborea – boreal fescue
 * Festuca hystrix
 * Festuca idahoensis – Idaho fescue, blue bunchgrass
 * Festuca indigesta
 * Festuca jubata – Macaronesia fescue
 * Festuca juncifolia
 * Festuca kingii – spike fescue
 * Festuca komarovii
 * Festuca kurtziana
 * Festuca laxa
 * Festuca lemanii – confused fescue
 * Festuca lenensis – tundra fescue
 * Festuca ligulata – Guadalupe fescue
 * Festuca litvinovii
 * Festuca longifolia – blue fescue
 * Festuca longipes
 * Festuca lucida
 * Festuca magellanica
 * Festuca mairei – Atlas fescue
 * Festuca matthewsii – alpine fescue tussock
 * Festuca minutiflora – smallflower fescue
 * Festuca molokaiensis – Moloka'i fescue
 * Festuca monticola
 * Festuca muelleri
 * Festuca multinodis
 * Festuca nigrescens – alpine Chewing's fescue
 * Festuca novae-zelandiae – fescue tussock
 * Festuca occidentalis – western fescue
 * Festuca octoflora
 * Festuca ovina – sheep's fescue
 * Festuca pallens
 * Festuca pallescens
 * Festuca panciciana

 * Festuca paradoxa – cluster fescue
 * Festuca parciflora
 * Festuca perennis– (historical) perennial and Italian ryegrass
 * Festuca petraea – Azorean fescue
 * Festuca picturata
 * Festuca pilgeri
 * Festuca polycolea
 * Festuca porcii
 * Festuca pratensis – meadow fescue, English bluegrass
 * Festuca procera
 * Festuca psammophila
 * Festuca pseudoeskia
 * Festuca pseudodalmatica
 * Festuca pseudodura
 * Festuca pseudovina – pseudovina
 * Festuca pulchella
 * Festuca punctoria
 * Festuca purpurascens
 * Festuca pyrenaica
 * Festuca quadriflora
 * Festuca richardsonii – arctic fescue
 * Festuca riccerii
 * Festuca rigescens
 * Festuca rivularis
 * Festuca rubra – red fescue
 * Festuca rubra subsp. commutata – Chewing's fescue
 * Festuca rupicaprina
 * Festuca rupicola – furrowed fescue
 * Festuca saximontana – Rocky Mountain fescue
 * Festuca scabra – munnik fescue
 * Festuca scabriuscula
 * Festuca scariosa
 * Festuca sclerophylla
 * Festuca sibirica
 * Festuca sinensis
 * Festuca sodiroana
 * Festuca sororia – ravine fescue
 * Festuca spectabilis
 * Festuca stricta
 * Festuca subulata – bearded fescue
 * Festuca subuliflora – crinkle-awn fescue
 * Festuca subulifolia
 * Festuca subverticillata – nodding fescue
 * Festuca tatrae
 * Festuca thurberi – Thurber's fescue
 * Festuca trachyphylla
 * Festuca vaginalis
 * Festuca vaginata
 * Festuca valesiaca – Volga fescue
 * Festuca varia
 * Festuca venusta
 * Festuca versuta – Texas fescue
 * Festuca violacea
 * Festuca viridula – green fescue
 * Festuca vivipara – viviparous fescue
 * Festuca viviparoidea – northern fescue
 * Festuca washingtonica – Washington fescue
 * Festuca weberbaueri
 * Festuca xanthina
 * Festuca yalaensis

Subgenus Schedonorus

 * Proposed for inclusion in genus Lolium

 * Festuca arundinacea (syn. Festuca elatior, Lolium arundinaceum) – tall fescue
 * Festuca gigantea (Lolium giganteum) – giant fescue
 * Festuca mazzettiana (Lolium mazzettianum)
 * Festuca pratensis (Lolium pratensis) – meadow fescue

title: Festuca


text:
The Paseo (Pasadena)

The Paseo is an outdoor mall in Pasadena, California, covering three city blocks with office space, shops, restaurants, a movie theater, and 400 loft-style condominiums (called Terrace Apartment Homes) above.

It is located in downtown Pasadena between Colorado Boulevard to the north and Green Street to the south. Paseo Colorado is just east of and connected by a pedestrian bridge, the Garfield Promenade, to Old Town Pasadena, and west of the center of downtown. The mall is located across Green Street from the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in the Pasadena Conference Center. As of 2014, the mall is currently without an anchor retail chain stores since both Macy's and a Gelson's Markets had closed in 2013.

History
The site was originally occupied by a shopping mall called Plaza Pasadena, which opened in 1980 and featured three anchor stores: J.C. Penney, The Broadway, and May Company California. It was built by The Hahn Company at a cost of $115 million on an 11-acre site and had featured over 120 stores. The development was designed by Charles Kober & Associates and the resulting design was awarded a Progressive Architecture Magazine Design Award in 1979.

May Company closed its store there in 1989, and the space was divided among smaller stores.

In 1998, following the conversion of the Broadway store to Macy's and the closure of J.C. Penney, the developers announced plans to tear down the mall and replace it with an outdoor center.

Paseo Colorado opened in September 2001, retaining the Macy's store from the original development and added a supermarket and movie theater complex. Two years later, the outdoor center was sold to Developers Diversified Realty Corp. for $114 million.

In November 2010, the Paseo Colorado saw the opening of Noor, a 16,000 sq ft event space featuring state-of-the-art audio/visual and lighting and seating for up to 350 guests for banquets in its large ballroom, the Sofia, and 140 guests for banquets in its smaller ballroom, the Ella.

On January 3, 2013, Macy's announced their store at Paseo Colorado would close in early spring 2013. At the time of the store closure, there were plans to demolish the Macy's building and replace it with a multi-story hotel.

In March 2013, Gelson's announced that they would close their store at Paseo Colorado on July 21, 2013. This store had been at this location since Paseo Colorado first opened 12 years prior.

By late 2014, the mall was in the process of obtaining the necessary local governmental licenses to replace the vacant Macy's Department Store with a Hyatt Place hotel and mixed-use condominium complex. After obtaining the necessary permits, DDR began the demolition process in August 2015.

In January 2016, DDR sold the retail development to Cypress Equities of Dallas.

It was renamed The Paseo in 2017.

In April 2023, it was announced that Regal Cinemas had acquired the lease to the former Arclight Cinemas at the mall and that it would reopen as part of the company's chain.

On June 1, 2023, Regal Cinemas opened its doors at the former Arclight Cinemas.

title: The Paseo (Pasadena)


text: Category:Metz

title: Category:Metz


text: Category:United States defense policymaking


text:
Krisztinaváros

Krisztinaváros (Krisztina town) (Christinenstadt) is a neighborhood in central Budapest, situated just west of Castle Hill, north of Tabán. It is named after Archduchess Maria Christina, daughter of Maria Theresa, who interceded for buildings to be erected in this area. The history of Krisztinaváros is inseparable from that of the neighboring old Tabán, Naphegy and Gellérthegy.

The central features are Krisztina tér and the entrance to the Castle Hill tunnel. It is also home to the Tabán Cinema, a small cinema that presents art films and documentaries. (Despite its name, this cinema belongs to Krisztinaváros, not Tabán.)

Monuments

 * Krisztina Tér Church
 * Gesztenyéskert, a huge park with chestnut trees, previously the old Krisztinaváros Cemetery
 * Mom park, with modern office buildings and Novotel Szálló (Hotel Novotel).

Historical cafés and restaurants

 * Philadelphia Kávéház

Notable residents

 * Dezső Szabó, author
 * Géza Ottlik, writer
 * Sándor Márai, Hungarian writer and journalist.
 * Vilmos Aba-Novák, painter

title: Krisztinaváros


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/9 O'clock gun

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 02:35, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

9 O'clock gun
Article does not establish notability. RickK 08:17, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, historic, presumably loud enough for people to want to know what it is. Kappa 09:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Like Kappa said, its historic and super notable if its a civic institution. -CunningLinguist 09:08, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Vancouver, and fix capitalization. Radiant_* 12:24, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge per Radiant. Scimitar 14:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge, per Radiant. Vancouver surely isn't the only city that uses loud noises as a time signal.  Time signal currently redirects to radio clock.  Might be an idea to try and find more examples of similar practices.  Smerdis of Tlön 15:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Edinburgh comes to mind. Anyway well done on the edits. Radiant_* 13:15, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * I have taken the text from this article, added details about similar signals, and restored a bit of information about shortwave time services &c to time signal, which is no longer a redirect. Suggest redirecting to that article.  Smerdis of Tlön 16:34, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Time signal, now that Smerdis has put a good article there. The general concept is notable; I'm not yet convinced that the name "nine o'clock gun" (under any spelling and capitalization) is the most appropriate for Vancouver's example.  As in the previous VfD item, Ted Kennedy is loud, but that's not why he has a WP article either.  Barno 20:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Vancouver, British Columbia. Vegaswikian 02:17, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Vancouver, British Columbia. JamesBurns 09:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge As as someone who lives in Vancouver, I know this is at least sugnificant enough to others who live in Vancouver. I sure learned something new from the current page. I believe that this could be considered a stub. If one was to mearge it, it should be merged with Stanley Park, not Vancouver. -Zhatt 10 June 2005
 * Merge with Vancouver, British Columbia.--Herrhav0k 14:04, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. A merge to Vancouver would be silly. That is a huge article and has little room for such trivia. - SimonP 02:35, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Category talk:United States defense policymaking

Untitled
Changing name of "Defense Policy" to "United States defense policymaking." --Rev Prez 08:17, 30 May 2005 (UTC)


text: Category:United States national security policy


text:
User:Anshul

Hello! And welcome, stranger, to my user page. My name is Anshul Khandelwal. I currently live my life as a geek, programmer and a hobbyist mathematician in Mumbai, India. I have been reading, using, talking about and editing wikipedia anonymously since 2003 and as User:Anshul since 2005, though I still do most of my minor edits anonymously. I truly believe in the free and open sharing of ideas and it's been a sheer pleasure to see wikipedia and the whole open movement  grow into what it has over the years.

Please do not edit this page. Direct all comments to my User talk page. Click here to leave me a message.

About me
My interests usually hover around in the ε-neighborhood of  AI,  math, economics, atheism, morality and pretty much all things related to good science fiction. Oh and board games.

If for whatever reason you want to know more about me, you can find me at my blog.

title: User:Anshul


text:
Agricultural produce market committee

An Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) is a marketing board established by state governments in India to ensure farmers are safeguarded from exploitation by large retailers, as well as ensuring the farm to retail price spread does not reach excessively high levels. APMCs are regulated by states through their adoption of a Agriculture Produce Marketing Regulation (APMR) Act.

Prior to independence in 1947, the major concern of government policy related to agricultural marketing was to keep the prices of food for the consumers and agro-raw materials for the industry in check. However, after independence, there came a need to protect the interest of farmers and to provide them incentive prices to augment the production of agricultural commodities. Common throughout the country were problems of local money lenders extorting high amounts of foodgrains from the farmer, at throwaway prices, as interest. Recognizing the defects that farmers faced—such as losses in terms of undue low prices, higher costs of marketing, and considerable physical losses of the produce in the agricultural marketing system—the Indian Government introduced several mandatory regulations in hopes of establishing a mechanism to monitor the market conduct. Regulation and development of primary agricultural produce markets was taken up as an institutional innovation, and construction of well laid out market yards was considered as an essential requirement for regulating the practices in primary wholesale markets.

History
The concept of a agriculture produce market regulation programme in India dates back to the British Raj: raw cotton was the first farm produce to attract the attention of the Government due to the anxiety of British rulers to make available the supplies of pure cotton at reasonable prices to the textile mills of Manchester (UK). Consequently, India's first regulated market (Karanja) was established in 1886 under the Hyderabad Residency Order, with the first legislation being the Berar Cotton and Grain Market Act of 1887, which empowered British residents to declare any place in the assigned district a market for sale and purchase of agricultural produce and constitute a committee to supervise the regulated markets. This Act became the model for enactment in other parts of the country.

An important landmark in the agricultural marketing scene in the country has been the recommendation of the 1928 Royal Commission on Agriculture for regulation of marketing practices and establishment of regulated markets. One of the measures taken to improve the situation was to regulate the trade practices and to establish market yards in the countryside. In pursuance, Government of India prepared a Model Bill in 1938 and circulated it to all states; however, not much headway was made until India's independence.

During the 1960s and 1970s, most of the states enacted and enforced Agricultural Produce Markets Regulation (APMR) Acts. All primary wholesale assembling markets were brought under the ambit of these Acts. Well laid out market yards and sub-yards were constructed and, for each market area, an Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) was constituted to frame the rules and enforce them. Thus, the organized agricultural marketing came into existence through regulated markets.

In 2015, the year's Union Budget proposed to create a United National Agriculture Market with the help of state governments and NITI Ayog.

Reforms
Reforms have been passed by the Government of India in the form of three acts in 2020:

 * 1) the Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act
 * 2) the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act; and
 * 3) the Essential Commodities Amendment Act' under which the monopoly of middlemen in APMCs is sought to be abolished and move towards creation of a free market. While cartelization has been a big problem in APMCs, these bills have been criticized by the farmers themselves because of the fear that these laws will lead to degradation of APMCs and eventually Minimum Support Price will be diluted.

This has led to protests by farmers in India specially Punjab, Haryana and west parts of Uttar Pradesh  and the laws were subsequently repealed in 2021.

Overview
APMCs operate on two principles: Each state that operates APMC markets (mandis) establish their markets in different places within their borders, geographically dividing the state. Farmers are required to sell their produce via auction at the mandi in their region. Traders require a license to operate within a mandi. Wholesale and retail traders (e.g. shopping mall owners) and food processing companies cannot buy produce directly from a farmer.
 * 1) Ensure that farmers are not exploited by intermediaries (or money lenders) who compel farmers to sell their produce at the farm gate for an extremely low price.
 * 2) All food produce should first be brought to a market yard and then sold through auction.

APMC Model Act, 2003
Some of the salient features of the APMC Model Act 2003 include:

 * 1) Facilitating contract farming model.
 * 2) Special market for perishables
 * 3) Allowing farmers and private persons to set up their own market.
 * 4) Relaxation of licensing norms.
 * 5) Single market fee
 * 6) APMC revenue to be used for improving market infrastructure.

However, not all states have passed the bill. Some states have passed but neither framed rules nor notified it. Thus, inter-state barriers continue.

Madhya Pradesh
The Government of Madhya Pradesh has taken several initiatives so that farmers may get a better price for their produce.

Karnataka
The Government of Karnataka has created APMCs in many towns to enable farmers to sell their produce at reasonable prices. Most APMCs have a market where traders and other marketing agents are provided stalls or godowns or shops to purchase agricultural produce from farmers. Farmers can sell their produce to agents or traders under the supervision of the APMC.There are approximately one hundred sixty two (162) Agricultural Produce Market Committee ( APMC) regulated markets all across Karnataka state. The APMC market yard have basic amenities like refreshment room/stall ,toilet, drinking water supply. Some of the bigger APMC markets have bank branch, post office, cold storage facilities.Bengaluru's APMC regulated market at Yeshawanthpur is one of the largest APMC market in South India.

Prior to 2020, farmers could not sell produce outside the APMC mechanism. The APMC system made farmers vulnerable to traders' and marketing agents' price manipulations. The Government of India has considered improving the APMC Act to benefit all parties involved.

In 2020, the Government of Karnataka passed The Karnataka Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation and Development) (Amendment) Bill, 2020, which enables farmers to trade their produce anywhere without the intervention of APMCs. It also allowed Food processing companies to buy produce directly from farmers.

Maharashtra
The Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board (MSAMB) runs 295 APMCs in Maharashtra, under the APMC Act enacted by the Government of India. In July 2016, the Maharashtra Government removed fruits and vegetables from the purview of the APMCs, urging farmers to directly bring their produce for sale in Mumbai. The government has granted 148 Direct Marketing Licenses, of which 91 are for fruits and vegetables. The APMC in Pune, meanwhile, appealed to the farmers from the state as well as from outside to bring their produce to the market and sell those directly..

Tamil Nadu
In Tamil Nadu, the Tamil Nadu State Agricultural Marketing Board, successfully running since 1977, is the regulatory board for agricultural markets. 21 market committees are established for every notified area, and 277 regulated markets are functioning under these committees for better regulation of buying and selling of agricultural produce.

Andhra Pradesh
The Andhra Pradesh (Agricultural Produce and Livestock) Markets Act Government Order was passed in Andhra Pradesh in 1966, and was amended in 1969.

title: Agricultural produce market committee


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rotazn

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Eugene van der Pijll 18:11, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rotazn
Lame neologism that sounds like it's only in use by some gaming clan. Isomorphic 08:22, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Crap. — Phil Welch 09:40, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable gaming clan. Megan1967 09:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 03:15, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rotazn


text:
Fevillea

Fevillea is a genus of the plant family Cucurbitaceae (the cucumber, squash, and pumpkin family). Some references suggest that there is only one member of this genus, Fevillea cordifolia (antidote vine). Other online sources make reference to Fevillea pedatifolia (formerly Fevillea peruviana), Fevillea trilobata, and to Fevillea passiflora.

The genus is named after the French botanist Louis Feuillée.

Fevillea consists of dioecious vines or lianas. Two subgenera exist: Fevillea and Anisosperma. It is native to the Neotropics.

title: Fevillea


text:
Talk:Main chain of the Alps

References??
No references at all for this article - without these it looks entirely like own research. WP:VERIFY WP:NOR Halsteadk (talk) 13:52, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Main Chain and Water Divide

The Main Chain of the Alps forms the main European Water Divide (between Atlantic-North Sea-Baltic Sea on one an Mediterrean-Black Sea on the other side) only on relatively shorts stretches (approx. between Furka an Lunghin Passes). In the other parts, it necessarely is also a water divide, but only of second category (mainly between Rhône and Po in the Western, between Adriatic an Black Sea in the Eastern Alps). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.228.163.82 (talk) 02:09, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Wrong Glacier lengths - for over 10 years ! :P ?
So - see my recent edits (+ the following one). I guess the glaciers have probably melted some since 2002 as well, but I doubt they were still the same length as 1911. Guess for reliability, its still best to take WP with a grain of salt, in general... 5.56.244.141 (talk) 22:03, 13 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Main chain of the Alps


text:
Three-body force

A three-body force is a force that does not exist in a system of two objects but appears in a three-body system. In general, if the behaviour of a system of more than two objects cannot be described by the two-body interactions between all possible pairs, as a first approximation, the deviation is mainly due to a three-body force.

The fundamental strong interaction does exhibit such behaviour, the most important example being the stability experimentally observed for the helium-3 isotope, which can be described as a 3-body quantum cluster entity of two protons and one neutron [PNP] in stable superposition. Direct evidence of a 3-body force in helium-3 is known:. The existence of stable [PNP] cluster calls into question models of the atomic nucleus that restrict nucleon interactions within shells to 2-body phenomenon. The three-nucleon-interaction is fundamentally possible because gluons, the mediators of the strong interaction, can couple to themselves. In particle physics, the interactions between the three quarks that compose hadrons can be described in a diquark model which might be equivalent to the hypothesis of a three-body force. There is growing evidence in the field of nuclear physics that three-body forces exist among the nucleons inside atomic nuclei for many different isotopes (three-nucleon force).

title: Three-body force


text:
Andalusian cadence

The Andalusian cadence (diatonic phrygian tetrachord) is a term adopted from flamenco music for a chord progression comprising four chords descending stepwise – a iv–III–II–I progression with respect to the Phrygian mode or i–VII–VI–V progression with respect to the Aeolian mode (minor). It is otherwise known as the minor descending tetrachord. Traceable back to the Renaissance, its effective sonorities made it one of the most popular progressions in classical music.

The Andalusian cadence can be regarded as a modulation between the Phrygian mode of a Major parent scale and the Phrygian Dominant mode of a Harmonic Minor scale, e.g. E, F, G (phrygian) or G ♯ (phrygian dominant), A, B, C, D.

Despite the name it is not a true cadence (i.e., occurring only once, when ending a phrase, section, or piece of music ); it is most often used as an ostinato (repeating over and over again). It is heard in rock songs such as "Runaway" by Del Shannon.

Origins
A popular melodic pattern of Ancient Greece offers a possible starting point for the Andalusian cadence. Called the Diatonic tetrachord, the sequence resembles the bass line of the chord progression developed centuries later. Some theorists consider that the same structure may have occurred earlier in Judah. A sequence more or less close to the Greek tetrachord structure might have been known to the Moors in Southern Spain and spread from there through Western Europe. The French troubadours were influenced by the Spanish music.

The Andalusian cadence known today, using triads, may not have occurred earlier than the Renaissance, though the use of parallel thirds or sixths was evident as early as the 13th century. One of the earliest uses of this chord sequence is seen in Claudio Monteverdi's choral work, Lamento della Ninfa. The piece begins in A minor and clearly uses the cadence pattern as a basso ostinato, resulting in Amin – Emin – Fmaj – E7. This work was first published in the Eighth Book of Madrigals (1638).

The progression resembles the first four measures of the 15th century Passamezzo antico; i – ♭VII – i – V. The use of the ♭VI chord may suggest a more recent origin than the Passamezzo antico since the cadences i – ♭VII and ♭VII – i were popular in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, (see also double tonic) while ♭VII – ♭VI arose as a result of advancement in music theory. However, the absence of the leading tone from the ♭VII chord suggests that the progression originated before the tonal system in the modal approach of the time of Palestrina, where the tonic must be approached from chord V whereas typical Baroque style would have avoided the flat VII and introduced dominant chords (♯VII or V chords, to form cadences resolving upon chord i).

Melody
A minor seventh would be added to the dominant "V" chord to increase tension before resolution (V7–i). The roots of the chords belong to a modern phrygian tetrachord (the equivalent of a Greek Dorian tetrachord, the latter mentioned above), that is to be found as the upper tetrachord of a natural minor scale (for A minor, they are: A G F E).

A remarkable fact about tetrachords was noticed since the Ancient times and rediscovered in early Renaissance: when a tetrachord features a semitone (half-step) between two of its tones, it is the semitone that will determine the melodic tendency of the given tetrachord or mode (when combining tetrachords). If the semitone falls between the highest two steps, the melody tends to be ascending (e.g. major scales); a semitone between the lowest tones in the tetrachord involves a melody "inclined" to descend. This said, the Phrygian tetrachord, borrowed from traditional music of Eastern Europe and Anatolia, is to be found also in the Andalusian cadence and sets the mentioned character (the semitone falls between [the roots of] V and ♭VI).

Modal vs. tonal

A rigorous analysis should note that many chord progressions are likely to come from an epoch prior to early Baroque (usually associated with birth of tonality). In such cases (also, that of the Andalusian cadence), explanations offered by tonality "neglect" the history and evolution of the chord progression in question. This is because harmonic analyses in tonal style use only two scales (major and minor) when explaining origins of chord moves. In exchange, the luxuriant modal system (i.e., the entirety of musical modes ever created and their specific harmonies – if existing ) offers various plausible origins and explanations for every chord move. However, most classical (Baroque or subsequent) and popular music which makes use of the given chord progression might treat it itself in a tonal manner.

A number of musicians and theorists (including renowned guitarist Manolo Sanlúcar) consider the Andalusian cadence as a chord progression built upon the Phrygian mode. Since tonality took the first chord in the progression for a tonic ("i"), the Phrygian notation (modal) of the cadence writes as following: iv – ♭III – ♭II – I (or, more commonly, but less correctly, iv – III – II – I ). Though tonal functions have little in common with the Phrygian mode, the four chords could be roughly equalized. (The Phrygian mode is like a natural minor with step two lowered; however, step three switches between major and minor third, an equivalent to the subtonic/leading tone conflict in the tonal acceptation.) Thus, the "iv" corresponds to a subdominant chord, while "♭III" is the mediant and "I" is the tonic. The "♭II" chord has a dominant function, and may be thought of as a tritone substitution of "V", i.e., the Neapolitan sixth chord. (The only purpose for highlighting these "functions" is to compare between the modal and tonal views of the cadence. The mode involved in the cadence is not a pure Phrygian, but one whose third step occurs in both instances, minor and major third. This is unacceptable in tonality; hence, tonal functions cannot be used. A common mistake occurs when the given mode is thought of as major, given that the tonic chord is major. However, the Phrygian mode features a minor third and the "I" chord may be taken for a borrowed chord, i.e., a Picardy third.)

When the VI chord, which may be added between III and ♭II (iv–III–VI–♭II–I) and cadenced upon, is the most characteristic contrasting tonal area, similar by analogy to the relative major of a minor key.

Another modification gives the progression a more characteristically modal sound by simply replacing the VII with a vii chord. This alters the progression slightly; Amin – Gmin – Fmaj – E7. It can be found in "Chanela", by DiMeola / McLaughlin / De Lucia. Although this example is in the key of B minor, the applied principle is the same.

Harmonic peculiarities
The tonal system sets three main functions for the diatonic tertian chords: tonic (T), dominant (D) and subdominant (SD). Any sequence through different functions is allowed (e.g. T→D, SD→D), except for D→SD. A tonal scale's degrees are as following: "I" and "VI" are tonic chords (of which, "I" is stronger; all final cadences end in "I"), "V" and "VII" are dominants (both feature the leading tone and "V" is more potent), "IV" and "II" are subdominant chords ("IV" is stronger). ("III" isn't given a precise function, although it may replace a dominant in some cases.) All sequences between same-function chords, from the weaker member to the stronger (e.g. VII – V), are forbidden. When using the natural minor, dominant chords exchange their leading tone for a subtonic; as a result, their dominant quality is strongly undermined.

A tonal insight on the Andalusian cadence leads to considering the "♭VII" a local exception: the subtonic it uses for a root should be, however, re-replaced by the leading tone before returning to "i". (The leading tone is heard in the "V" chord, as the chord's major third.) A "♭VII" would leave the dominant category (compare: "♮VII") and start acting to the contrary. That is, a "♭VII" chord would now prefer moving to a subdominant rather than to a tonic chord. Yet, the Andalusian cadence brings about a limit condition for tonal harmony, with a ♭VII – ♭VI chord move.

The Andalusian is an authentic cadence, because a dominant chord ("V") comes just before the tonic "i". (Using modal harmonies, the third, and not the fourth chord – "♭II" – acts as the dominant, substituted to tritone. Even so, the cadence stays authentic. The fourth chord itself is the tonic, so the cadence need not return to the tonal tonic, i.e. modal "iv".)

Basic keys
The standard tuning in guitars causes most flamenco music to be played only in a few keys. Of those, the most popular are A minor and D minor (equivalent to E and A Phrygian, respectively). They are as follows:
 * por arriba, which corresponds to A minor, where an Andalusian cadence consists of the chord progression Am – G – F – E
 * por medio names the D minor key, in which the Andalusian cadence is built from a Dm – C – B♭ – A progression

Derivative keys
Using a capotasto or scordature, other keys can be obtained, mainly derived from the two basic keys. Flamenco guitarist Ramón Montoya and singer Antonio Chacón were among the first to use the new keys, which have distinctive names:

Popular music
Songs of the early 1960s, such as the Ventures' 1960 hit "Walk, Don't Run", used the bass structure from the iconic Andalusian cadence for a surf rock hit; however, the first chord is A Major not A minor as is a common misconception about the song. Other notable examples from popular music are "Stray Cat Strut" by The Stray Cats, "Good Vibrations" by The Beach Boys, "Like a Hurricane" by Neil Young, "Happy Together" by The Turtles, "California Dreamin" by The Mamas and the Papas, and "Sultans of Swing" by Dire Straits.

The Andalusian cadence is featured in the chorus of Michael Jackson's "Smooth Criminal", and it also builds the basis for the middle section in Paco de Lucía's signature track, "Entre dos Aguas", where this progression is played in the key of E minor.

In addition, the I–♭VII–♭VI–V chord progression is the primary structure of "Hit the Road Jack".

Altered progressions

 * Reordered or repeated chords
 * "California Dreamin'" (1965) by The Mamas & the Papas, where two chords have changed places: i (– i2) – VI – VII – V$5 4-3$. (Note: the "i2" notation represents a tonic chord whose seventh falls in the bass; a "$5 4-3$" notation suggests a suspended chord resolving to a triad )
 * Foreign chords, bassline unchanged
 * Progression by fourths or the addition of VI between III and ♭II: Am–G7–C–F–E or iv–III7–VI–♭II–I.
 * Dominant chord substituted
 * A most unusual way of altering the cadence can be heard in Pink Floyd's "Comfortably Numb" (1979), where the "V" chord is skipped for a "iv". It is as follows: i – VII – VI (– VI2) – iv (and back to "i"). The resulting progression is on the edge between tonal and modal, where the subtonic doesn't change back into a leading-tone, but the obtained cadence is suitable for tonality (called plagal or backdoor ).

Modern usage
The integration of the traditional Andalusian cadence and Renaissance-style practices of musical composition and song are evident in modern musical genres such as rock and pop. Flamenco music, a style of music and dance that was popularized in the Andalusian regions of Spain, has also been incorporated into modern pop and rock music. Specific examples include the usage of the cadence in "La leyenda del tiempo" by Camarón de la Isla. Other recent uses of the cadence are apparent in flamenco inspired rock songs such as "Ya no me asomo de la reja", 'La que vive en la Carrera", and the bassline of "Negras las intenciones".

title: Andalusian cadence


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Talk:Lists of etymologies

Research report
etymology is not a good word to do a research report on/ (unsigned comment by 168.9.128.160 on 020706)
 * You should have chosen "Scientology" as your word. It's an -ology, but people tell you what to think.  Etymology is a little more tricky.--Hraefen 20:01, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Umm, Old Norse words are loan words, but they come very early in the spectrum. However, by the time of Old Norse, Anglish was already established. I understand your point though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.165.35.34 (talk) 13:36, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Technically, Indo-European refers to the family of languages with a common linguistics ancestor: proto-Indo-European. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Flyer27 (talk • contribs) 14:02, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletions
Editors of this list might be interested that the following articles were recently proposed for deletion. Please advertise on other places where editors are interested in lists of words. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 15:04, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * List of English words of Bengali origin
 * List of English prefixes

starting a new logistics company
dear sir,

please provide us a name for a new logistics company to be started. should start from letter J or K —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.252.210.50 (talk) 04:30, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Etymology
The etymological reference of words gives us idea about how words are formed.It is also helpful to remember many words.The root meaning is same for all the words which are formed from the origin word. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.17.73.13 (talk) 05:50, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Most of the words in english are formed from greek,latin languages.The words in english also formed from names of famous scientists. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.241.146.17 (talk) 05:54, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * For example chrono means time in greek ,the words chronograph,Chronological means sequentialy order based on time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.17.73.13 (talk) 06:01, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of etymologies


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King's College, Lagos

King's College, Lagos (KCL) is a secondary school in Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria. It was founded on 20 September 1909 with 10 students on its original site at Lagos Island, adjacent to Tafawa Balewa Square. The school admits only male students although historically some female HSC (A-Level equivalent) students were admitted before the establishment of Queen's College Lagos, popularly known as King's College's sister school. King's College conducts exams for the West African School-Leaving Certificate and the National Examinations Council.

History
In 1908, the Nigerian Acting Director of Education in Lagos, Henry Rawlingson Carr advised Governor Walter Egerton on a detailed scheme of education in Lagos. Carr's suggestions and proposals were the basis for the formation of King's College. Carr convinced the London Board of Education that King's College's education mission would not overlap but supplement the education initiatives of missionary societies. As a result, some authors regard Henry Carr as the "architect of King's College". On 20 September 1909 King's School (as it was then called) came into being. There were 10 pioneer students which included J.C. Vaughan, Isaac Ladipo Oluwole, Frank Macaulay, Daniel Adeniyi Onojobi, Herbert Mills (from the Gold Coast), O.A. Omololu and Moses King. Oluwole was the first senior prefect of the school. The school building was erected and furnished at a cost of £10,001. It consists of a hall to accommodate 300 students, 8 lecture rooms, a chemical laboratory and an office.

The philosophy of King's School was "'to provide for the youth of the colony a higher general education than that supplied by the existing Schools, to prepare them for Matriculation Examination of the University of London and to give a useful course of Study to those who intend to qualify for Professional life or to enter Government or Mercantile service.'"

The staff of the college consists of three Europeans (a principal who gives instruction in English Language, Literature and Latin, a Mathematical and Science Master) with two African assistant teachers. Occasionally, members of the Education Department were engaged as lectures of the evening classes.

The government awarded three scholarships and three exhibitions annually based on merit. The beneficiaries of the scholarships are entitled to free tuition and a government grant of 6 pounds per annum. Conversely, holders of exhibitions receive free tuition; only Hussey Charity Exhibitions tenable at the college was established for indigent students out of the investment proceeds of the premises of the defunct Hussey Charity.

The average attendance of students as at the end of 1910 was 16. This rose to 67 as at the end of 1914.

In 1926, The Development of the Education Department, 1882–1925 was published. Chapter 1, "Annual Report on the Education Development, Southern Provinces, Nigeria, for the year 1926" unearthed interesting facts about the school.

It reads, in part, "...1909 is chiefly noticeable for the opening of King's College as a Government Secondary School under the headmastership of a Mr. Lomax who was seconded from the Survey Department, and who was assisted by two European Masters. The number of boys on the roll was 11. In 1909, Mr. Hyde-Johnson was appointed headmaster of King's College, but nine months later, he succeeded Mr. Rowden as Director of Education...."

That the first headmaster of the college was Mr. Lomax is an outstanding revelation, outstanding because the general conception has always been that Mr. Hyde-Johnson who held that position. Until 1954 when the first edition of the brief history of the college was written, the popular myth was that Mr. Hyde-Johnson was the first principal of King's College. Except for the few surviving foundation students, there was hardly any Old Boy who had ever heard of Mr. Lomax; this pioneer's name was curiously sunk in obscurity.

An insight into life at K.C. in its early years is provided by F.S. Scruby's article dated 24 February 1924 in the Mermaid titled 'Further Glimpse of the Past':

 * "It revived many memories which are never very dormant to read Ikoli's very flattering recollections of my all too short 'regime' at K.C. Having taught the young Australian out in the 'Bush' in sunny New South Wales and spent holidays in Fiji and the Pacific Islands, it was the pleasurable anticipation that I came to Lagos and was a great disappointment to me to have to resign the post so soon.

 * "It is a curious thing that Ikoli should have noticed that some boys run the risk of being spoiled. To this day Old Boys from Schools in which I taught in England before going to Lagos remind me of the lasting impression that was made on them when they showed any symptoms of such deterioration. The feasts so generously described in the December number were really only meeting s of the Matriculation class- Oluwole, Vaughan and Macaulay- who use to come up to my quarters once or twice a week to read Shakespeare.

 * "In looking back on the Physical Training, I am afraid Okoli has taken off his rose-coloured spectacles. The Sergeant of the W.A.R.F.F. who used to come and give lessons were really not very old on peppery. He was a very good Instructor and very fond of boys but the fact remains that P.T. was not popular, and one small boy in particular used to come and report to me regularly that he was 'sore-footed', and take his big dose from the bottle and an hour's work as well. It was my great ambition that a cadet Company should be formed at K.C. as the first company of a Lagos Cadet Battalion School were circularized by the Education Department, but the scheme fell through.

 * "It is a great joy though it is not a matter of Surprise to know that K.C. has prospered during the last 13 years with the development of the House System and Inter-house Sports."

Though originally established in 1909, King's College is now one of 104 unity schools in Nigeria managed by the federal government to bring together children from different geographic, ethnic, and socio-economic backgrounds to build Nigeria's future, especially in the aftermath of the Biafran War.

Houses and classes
There are four houses in the school named after former principals. Hyde-Johnson's House (red), Panes' House (blue), Mckee-Wright's House (yellow) and Harman's House (green). It has ten arms per class (as of the 2017–2018 session), They are A, Alpha, C, D, E, F, G, H, J and K. King's College Lagos makes use of the Greek letter Alpha instead of the letter B as the second arm of their classes.

Campuses
Due to population constraints, the school was divided into two campuses, with the junior school moving into the premises of the former Federal School for Arts and Sciences (F.S.A.S) on Victoria Island. (The school administration was still under the control of one principal and ultimately under the control of the Federal Ministry of Education.) This meant that the junior classes of the school (classes 1–3) were now in the Victoria Island "Annex," as that campus came to be known.

Presently, King's College, Lagos has a senior school. The seniors are now split as follows: SS1 to SS3 boys are found in the Main Camp (Tafawa Balewa Square), while JSS1 to JSS3 boys are found in the annex campus (Victoria Island). The former PKC, Otunba 'Dele Olapeju, assumed office in January, 2010 and bowed out of service in November, 2015. He moved the senior students from the annex to the main campus. Today, King's College is wearing a new look. He has erected a number of structures both at the main campus and at the annex campus. The students' results are now online, with parents and guardians being able to follow up on their children/wards' academic and extra-curricular activities using the students' log-in details which have been given to them.

Prefects
As of the 2023-2024 session, King's College Lagos had 44 prefect positions. This team of prefects was led by their version of a 'Headboy', the School Captain. The current School Captain for the 2023-2024 Academic Session is Oke Abdulrahman.

Education and social life of student
King's College Lagos has proved its educational quality for centuries and has passed the test of time. Unproven information reports that King's College Lagos performed at a 90% success rate in May/June 2015 WASSCE. Socially, KC proves to be one of the best, as yearly activities such as the inter-house sports competition, the annual bi-lateral games with Achimota School Ghana, and the King's College/Queen's College Graduation ball for outgoing SS3 students have become prominent social events in King's College.

The annual KIGS cup is an important sporting event. It is an elite quadrangular cricket tournament with four schools participating - King's College, Igbobi College, Government College Ibadan and St. Gregory's College.

The annual Ikoyi Run is also one of King's College's major sporting event. Ikoyi Run is a marathon with the four houses competing.

There is also an annual inter-house athletics competition with the four houses competing.

Uniform
The school uniform consists of a white shirt (long-sleeved for those in the senior school and short-sleeved for those in the junior school), a school tie and/or a school badge, white trousers, black belt, socks and black laced shoes and a blue blazer. The wearing of the blazer became compulsory under Principal Mr. S. M. Onoja.

Principals
The first principal of the school was a Mr Lomax, while the first African principal was Rex Akpofure. The current principal of the school is Ali Andrew Agada. Some other principals were:
 * Lomax (1909–1910)
 * Henry Hyde-Johnson (1910)
 * Frank Sutherland Scruby (1911–1914)
 * Charles McKee Wright (1914-1917)
 * J.A. de Gaye (1917–1919)
 * D.L. Kerr (1919)
 * H.A.A.F. Harman (1919–1925)
 * W.M. Peacock (1926–1931)
 * J.N. Panes (1931–1936)
 * A.H. Clift (1936–1947)
 * H.H. Jeffers (Acting Principal, 1941–1942)
 * A.D. Porter (1947)
 * G.P. Savage (1948)
 * J.R. Bunting (1949–1954)
 * P. H. Davis (1957 to 1964)
 * Rex Akpofure (1964–1968) (first indigenous principal)
 * R. S. G. Agiobu-Kemmer (1968–1975)
 * M.O. Imana (1975–1978)
 * Augustine A. Ibegbulam (1978–1985)
 * S. O. Agun (1985–1992)
 * S. A. Akinruli (1992–1994)
 * S. I. Balogun
 * Sylvester M. Onoja
 * Yetunde Awofuwa
 * Akintoye A. Ojemuyiwa
 * Otunba Oladele Olapeju
 * Anthony Thomas
 * Ibezim Elizabeth
 * Agada Ali Andrew

 * 1. Following the departure of Onoja, Yetunde Awofuwa who happened to be the most senior ranked teacher was appointed as Acting Principal of the school. She was never fully confirmed as a principal of the school. She later left to become principal of the Federal Government Girls College, Oyo. She was the first and only female principal of the school.

Prominent alumni

 * Simeon Adebo, Administrator, lawyer, and diplomat
 * Lateef Adegbite, Secretary-General of the Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs
 * Wale Adenuga, film producer
 * Adetokunbo Ademola, former Chief Justice of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
 * Claude Ake, Professor of Political Economy, International scholar and Social crusader
 * Sam Akpabot, music composer
 * Ephraim Akpata, Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria
 * Rotimi Alakija, Nigerian disc jockey, record producer and recording artist.
 * Sola Akinyede, Federal Senator 2007–2011
 * Cobhams Asuquo, African music producer
 * Hakeem Bello-Osagie, CEO Etisalat Nigeria
 * Russel Dikko, physician and former Federal Commissioner for Mines and Power
 * Alex Ekwueme, former Vice President of Nigeria
 * Arnold Ekpe, banker
 * Chief Anthony Enahoro, journalist and democracy advocate
 * Ibrahim Gambari, United Nations representative
 * Akanu Ibiam, Governor of the Eastern Region and Medical doctor
 * Asue Ighodalo, Lawyer and partner at Banwo and Ighodalo
 * Oladipo Jadesimi, businessman
 * Lateef Jakande, former Governor of Lagos State and former Federal Minister of Works & Housing
 * Adetokunbo Lucas, physician and international expert on tropical diseases
 * Vincent I. Maduka, President of the Nigerian Society of Engineers (1992–1993)
 * Audu Maikori, Lawyer, entrepreneur, activist, and youth leader, CEO Chocolate City Music
 * Samuel Manuwa, Surgeon and administrator
 * Babagana Monguno, Nigerian National Security Adviser
 * Gogo Chu Nzeribe, Nigerian trade unionist and a leader of the nation's communist movement
 * Audu Ogbeh, former PDP Chairman and Minister of Agriculture
 * Adebayo Ogunlesi, current chairman and managing partner of Global Infrastructure Partners
 * Emeka Ojukwu, Governor of the Eastern Region of Nigeria & Head of State of the defunct Republic of Biafra
 * Lateef Olufemi Okunnu, Lawyer and University Administrator
 * Kole Omotosho, Author and academic
 * Victor Ovie Whisky, Chairman of the Federal Electoral Commission (FEDECO)
 * Adeyinka Oyekan, Oba of Lagos from 1965 to 2003
 * Atedo Peterside, banker, entrepreneur and the founder of Stanbic IBTC Bank Plc
 * Christopher Oluwole Rotimi, retired Nigerian Army Brigadier General, diplomat and politician.
 * Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, Emir of Kano, and former Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria
 * Bukola Saraki, Former President of the Senate of Nigeria, and former Governor of Kwara State
 * Fela Sowande, Musicologist and composer
 * Udoma Udo Udoma, Federal Senator (1999–2007) and Chairman of UAC of Nig. Plc
 * Shamsudeen Usman, former Finance Minister of Nigeria
 * Olumide Akpata, President Nigerian Bar Association
 * James Churchill Vaughan, co-founder and first president of the Lagos Youth Movement in 1934

title: King's College, Lagos


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Talk:Østfold

Smaalenene
I believe only the interior municipalities of Østfold are part of Smaalenene. At least that's what several websites dedicated to the area seem to assert. --Leifern 08:30, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Symbol
Uh...the symbol of Østfold does not represent bear puke...

From the article: "The logo of Østfold refers to the airborne puke of the vomiting bear of Eidsberg. The reason for this, is to remember that Eidsberg once was the capitol of Norway. Østoldinger like to hang on to this memory."

The truth from Østfold's website "Symbolikken i Østfold fylkeskommunes våpenskjold er valgt ut ifra fylkets navn og geografisk plassering. Den skrått oppadgående solfiguren på rød bunn spiller på forestillinger fra en svunnen kultus, og er uløselig knyttet til forestillingen om den livgivende sol og naturens grokraft. Den flammeformede strålen betyr varme, de to rette spissene symboliserer lyset."

 * Haha! Well, I for one am amused. Anyway, try asking this fellow, since he's the one who inserted that hillarious claim into the article. //Big Adamsky 20:37, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Dialect
The county slogan: "The heartland of Scandinavia". The local dialect is characterized by the geographical proximity to Sweden. The dialect has a low status elsewhere in the country. Many people reckon it sounds rather stupid, and feels that it gives signals of being a dialect spoken by simple, low range people [1]. This is why increasingly more people are turning away from the original dialect to a more neutral form. [2]

Needs NPOV-ing; I can't read the source articles though (in Norwegian). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Blodulv (talk • contribs) 05:16, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I removed the section wich referred to two articles in Norwegian about the dialects of Østfold. The section made claims wich were not supported by the articles, and since they are written in Norwegian, they are not verifiable for non-Norwegian readers. The form and subject of the section was also not suitable for an encyclopedic entry about a county. Anabiose (talk) 21:54, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Østfold


text: Category:Malta geography stubs

title: Category:Malta geography stubs


text: User talk:193.188.46.63

title: User talk:193.188.46.63


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Weight throw

Two sports have events that fall under the name of weight throw (caitheamh cuideam) one being the track and field event and the other being the Scottish highland games events.

The track and field event is most popular in the United States as an indoor equivalent to the hammer throw event, which can only be held outdoors. The 35 lb weight throw (men) and 20 lb weight throw (women) are not recognised by World Athletics.

The Scottish Highland Games contain two weight throwing events. In the one event the weight, 28 lb or 56 lb, is thrown in a similar manner to a discus. In the other event, the 56 lb weight gets thrown over a bar for height.

Weight throw for distance
The 56-pound weight throw was conducted twice at the Olympic Games, in 1904 and in 1920.

All-time top 25

 * O = Outdoor performance
 * A = affected by altitude

International competition
The event, held outdoors and indoors, is a World Championship and world record event in World Masters Athletics. Outdoors, it is also the final event of the Throws pentathlon. Masters athletics has different weight specifications for different age groups.

Indoor event
The weight throw is an indoor track and field event, predominately in the US. The technique implemented to throw the weight is similar to that of the hammer throw in outdoor competition. In international competition, the men's weight is a 35 lb ball (25 for high school) with a D-ring or triangle handle attached directly to the weight. The technique in wide use is to start in a throwing circle with the thrower's back to the landing area. The weight is then swung overhead to gain momentum before transitioning into the spinning position. The thrower then turns heel to toe up to four times across the ring and toward the front of the circle. At the front of the circle, the thrower releases the weight over his/her shoulder and into the landing area. The landing area is a sector of 34.92° which is identical to the Hammer throw, Discus throw and Shot Put. Because of the demands of the landing area, USATF rules allow for the event as part of an indoor meet to be held outdoors. The world best for men is 25.41 m (outdoor) and 25.86 m (84'10") (indoor) and is held by American Lance Deal. For women, who throw a weight of 20 lb, the world best is 24.57 m (80'07½") (outdoor) set by Brittany Riley of Southern Illinois University on 27 January 2007 and 25.60 m (indoor), by Gwen Berry, on 4 March 2017.

The weight throw event has had an enduring history in American track and field. It was a national championship event for men outdoors from 1878 to 1965. Despite the decline of such outdoor contests in the United States, the event has been a mainstay of the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships: the men's 35 lb event has been held from 1932 to present and a women's 20 lb weight throw event was introduced in 1991. The weight throw is also present on the event programme of the NCAA Men's and NCAA Women's Indoor Track and Field Championships.

The Superweight Throw uses implements similar in construction to the regular weight throw but with heavier implements. The event was part of two Olympic Games in 1904 and 1920. Though no longer officially sanctioned by World Athletics, it still is contested as a novelty event at various competitions, including the USATF Master's Indoor Championship.

Highland Games
In the Highland Games, the weight throw consists of two separate events, the light weight and the heavy weight. In both cases, the implement consists of a steel or lead weight (usually spherical or cylindrical) attached by a short chain to a metal handle. The handle may be a d-ring, a triangle or a ring. The size of the weight depends on the class of the competition.

For advanced male athletes, the light weight is 28 lb, or two stone (12.7 kg). The heavy weight is 56 lb, or four stone (25.4 kg). For all female athletes, the weights are 14 and 28 lb (6.35 and 12.7 kg). For male master class or senior athletes, the weights are 28 and 42 lb (12.7 and 19.05 kg).

The weight is thrown one-handed from a rectangular (4.5 feet by 9 feet) area behind a toe board or trig. The athlete must stay behind the trig at all times during the throw. The techniques vary, but usually involve a turning or spinning motion to increase momentum before the release. Each athlete gets three attempts, with places determined by the best throw.

 * Weight Throw Record (28 lb): Gregor Edmunds, 95 ft 10 in Markinch, Scotland, 2011.

Weight throw for height
The weight over the bar, or weight throw for height (cuideam thairis air a 'bhàr, tilgeil cuideam air son àirde), is contested at highland games in Scotland and elsewhere, and at track and field events in Ireland.

The weight is thrown one-handed over a bar set at increasing heights above the thrower. Similar to the high jump or pole vault, the thrower has three attempts for each successive height. Places are determined by maximum height reached with the fewest misses.

The size of the weight varies with the competition class. Advanced male athletes throw a 25 kg (56 lb. or four stone) weight, female athletes throw a 12 kg (28 lb.) weight and male master class or senior athletes throw a 19 kg (42 lb). weight. There are two techniques for this event. The classic technique swings the weight between the legs before pulling the weight up and directly overhead. The alternate technique (which is not allowed in some games) involves a spinning motion, with the athlete throwing from the side.

Ireland
Athletics Ireland recognises the weight throw for height and distance. The weight is 56 lbs at senior level, and 35 lbs in underage level. It is mainly a men's event, though women's weight throw for distance is contested at university level. The height event proceeds in a manner similar to the high jump and pole vault, with throwers required to clear a bar progressively raised. The Irish records are:
 * height: 4.94 m (Sean Breathnach, 2022)
 * distance: 9.16 m (John Menton, 1998)

In Ireland, a 56 lb weight is used for both height and distance weight throw events.

title: Weight throw


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Yoko Ono "Season of Glass" 1981

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Talk:Multicast

Simply Bad Writing
It seems that the writer of this article does not have a good grasp of English and/or of writing in general. I would prefer an article written by a native speaker who can construct a grammatically correct sentence.

PCI
PCI and PCI Express Multicast discussion is entirely missing from this article- it would be useful to include at least a pointer to this important feature for multi-computing architectures and switches. -- bvh

XCAST
I managed to find a little information on this japanese development, yet most links point to 404. Is this technology more than just a legend? What happened to the IBM implementation? Is there an XCAST for IPv4 at all? Do implementations only exist for FreeBSD? ---SymlynX 04:28, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Update: XCAST appears to be an IP Multicast compatible API that explicitely lists the distribution tree rather than using the regular mechanisms of IP Multicast. Yet it seems to do a multicast type of distribution. Hard to tell if this is properly placed here or rather in the IP Multicast article. What do you think? Should we mention it at all if it doesn't seem to be neither available nor in use? --SymlynX 16:07, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * There's now a paragraph on Xcast in Multicast. ~Kvng (talk) 17:28, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Do XMPP and SMTP multicast?
In a protocol extension numbered XEP 0033 XMPP authors claim the word multicast for a syntax sending one message to multiple recipients in an equivalent way to SMTP's Cc: headers. If this isn't improper use of the word multicast, we must also mention SMTP being a multicast protocol as it operates exactly in the same way. Opinions? --lynX

 * This would be considered an application layer multicast. We can add this to the examples given in that section. I don't think that's necessary. ~Kvng (talk) 17:28, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Multicast in TCP?
Is it possible to do multicasting with TCP? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.180.136.16 (talk) 22:46, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * If you mean 'Can u do _IP_ multicast with TCP', no. plain TCP requires the sender & receiver to establish a 3 way handshake and this is only between two parties. TCP also uses other mechanisms for flow control etc which are geared towards a two party only config. Having said that TCP maybe used to setup multicast topologies in higher layers (see above discussions on IRC etc). There might also be other reliable & possiblly connection oriented layer 4 protocols that support IP multicast.  203.173.11.157 (talk) 09:29, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Not only is “multicast TCP” nonsensical, I TCP tarpit anyone who tries in my firewall. 2001:470:D:468:51A1:B3B1:4729:2DD5 (talk) 18:32, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Reliable multicast is the proposed means for achieving TCP-like behavior from multicast. ~Kvng (talk) 17:28, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Multicast