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Parliament of Scotland

The Parliament of Scotland (Pairlament o Scotland; Pàrlamaid na h-Alba) was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland from the 13th century until 1707. The parliament evolved during the early 13th century from the king's council of bishops and earls, with the first identifiable parliament being held in 1235 during the reign of Alexander II, when it already possessed a political and judicial role.

A unicameral institution, for most of its existence the Parliament consisted of the three estates of clergy, nobility, and the burghs. By the 1690s it comprised the nobility, the shires, the burghs, and various officers of state. Parliament gave consent for the raising of taxation and played an important role in the administration of justice, foreign policy, war, and the passing of a broad range of legislation. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, such as General Councils or Conventions of Estates, which could both carry out much business dealt with by parliament, but lacked the powers and ultimate authority of a full parliament.

The Parliament of Scotland was dissolved in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union between Scotland and England. With the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May 1707, the parliaments of Scotland and England were succeeded by the new Parliament of Great Britain. Under the Acts of Union 1800, the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland merged to become the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Long portrayed as a constitutionally defective body that acted merely as a rubber stamp for royal decisions, modern research has found that the Parliament of Scotland played an active role in Scottish affairs. In the 15th and early 16th centuries Parliament was a powerful counter-weight to the power of the Stewart kings. Parliament provided counsel and aid to successive monarchs, while also successfully opposing unpopular royal policies.

Three Estates
The members were collectively referred to as the Three Estates (Thrie Estaitis), or "three communities of the realm" (tres communitates), until 1690 composed of:
 * the first estate of prelates (archbishops, bishops, abbots, and other senior clerics)
 * the second estate of the nobility (dukes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, lords of parliament and lay tenants-in-chief)
 * the third estate of burgh commissioners (representatives chosen by the royal burghs)

The first estate comprised the archbishops of St Andrews and Glasgow, the bishops of Aberdeen, Argyll, Brechin, Caithness, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Galloway, Isles, Moray, Orkney and Ross and, at different periods, various abbots, priors, archdeacons, and deans. After the reformation in 1559, ecclesiastical representation continued in parliament, with the archbishop of St Andrews and the bishops of Dunblane and Dunkeld providing a Catholic clerical presence until April 1567, alongside the Protestant bishops of Galloway, Orkney and Moray. Thereafter, only Protestant archbishops and bishops were allowed to sit in parliament, alongside those representing abbeys and priories. The clerical estate was abolished between 1639 and 1662, and then again from 1689 when bishops themselves were removed from the Church of Scotland, as a result of the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William II. When no members of the First Estate remained, the Second Estate was then split, to retain the division into three.

From the 16th century, the second estate was reorganised by the selection of Shire Commissioners: this has been argued to have created a fourth estate. During the 17th century, after the Union of the Crowns, a fifth estate of officers of state (see Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland) has also been identified. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be "the Three Estates".

A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the office of Member of Parliament in the Parliament of England of the time, namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility. Because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber, in contrast to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons.

Origins
The Scottish parliament evolved during the Middle Ages from the King's Council. It is perhaps first identifiable as a parliament in 1235, described as a "colloquium" and already with a political and judicial role. In 1296 we have the first mention of burgh representatives taking part in decision making. By the early 14th century, the attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and Robert the Bruce began regularly calling burgh commissioners to his Parliament. Consisting of The Three Estates – of clerics, lay tenants-in-chief and burgh commissioners – sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for taxation (although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the medieval period), but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, before c. 1500 by General Council and thereafter by the Convention of Estates. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making – but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament. The Scottish parliament met in a number of different locations throughout its history. In addition to Edinburgh, meetings were held in Perth, Stirling, St Andrews, Dundee, Linlithgow, Dunfermline, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Inverness and Berwick-upon-Tweed.

Lord Chancellor
The Lord Chancellor was the presiding officer of the Parliament of Scotland, as was the case in the English House of Lords. As the Lord Chancellor was also the principal Officer of State, the Keeper of the Great Seal, the presiding officer of the Privy Council, and a judge of the College of Justice, the office never developed into a parliamentary office similar in nature to that of the Speaker of the House of Commons in England. An act of 1428 which created a "common speaker" proved abortive, and the Lord Chancellor remained the presiding officer. Until 1603 the Lord Chancellor presided in the presence of the monarch, and their role was largely procedural, with debate conducted through him. In the absence of the monarch after the Union of the Crowns in 1603, Parliament was presided over by the Lord Chancellor in the presence of the Lord High Commissioner. In 1638 the Covenanters replaced the Lord Chancellor with a President of the Parliament chosen by the members. After the Restoration, the Lord Chancellor was made ex-officio president of the parliament, his functions including the formulation of questions and putting them to the vote.

Lords of the Articles
From the early 1450s until 1690, a great deal of the legislative business of the Scottish Parliament was usually carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the "Lords of the Articles". This was a committee chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed. In the past, historians have been particularly critical of this body, claiming that it quickly came to be dominated by royal nominees, thus undermining the power of the full assembly. Recent research suggests that this was far from always being the case. Indeed, in March 1482, the committee was taken over by men shortly to be involved in a coup d'état against the King and his government. On other occasions the committee was so large that it could hardly have been easier to control than the full assembly. More generally, the committee was a pragmatic means to delegate the complicated drafting of acts to those members of parliament skilled in law and letters – not unlike a modern select committee of the UK Parliament – while the right to confirm the act remained with the full assembly of three estates. The Lords of the Articles were abolished in 1690 as part of the revolutionary settlement.

Crown
At various points in its history, the Scottish Parliament was able to exert considerable influence over the Crown. This should not be viewed as a slow rise from parliamentary weakness in 1235 to strength in the 17th century, but rather a situation where in particular decades or sessions between the thirteenth and 17th century, parliament became particularly able to influence the Crown, while at other points that ability was more limited. As early as the reign of David II, parliament was able to prevent him pursuing his policy of a union of the crowns with England, while the 15th-century Stewart monarchs were consistently influenced by a prolonged period of parliamentary strength. Reverses to this situation have been argued to have occurred in the late 16th and early 17th centuries under James VI and Charles I, but in the 17th century, even after the Restoration, parliament was able to remove the clergy's right to attend in 1689 and abolish the Lords of the Articles in 1690, thereby limiting royal power. Parliament's strength was such that the Crown turned to corruption and political management to undermine its autonomy in the latter period. Nonetheless, the period from 1690 to 1707 was one in which political "parties" and alliances were formed within parliament in a maturing atmosphere of rigorous debate. The disputes over the English Act of Settlement 1701, the Scottish Act of Security, and the English Alien Act 1705 showed that both sides were prepared to take considered yet considerable risks in their relationships.

Before 1400
Between 1235 and 1286, little can be told with certainty about Parliament's function, but it appears to have had a judicial and political role which was well established by the end of the century. With the death of Alexander III, Scotland found itself without an adult monarch, and in this situation, Parliament seems to have become more prominent as a means to give added legitimacy to the Council of Guardians who ran the country. By the reign of John Balliol (1292–96), Parliament was well established, and Balliol attempted to use it as a means to withstand the encroachments of his overlord, Edward I of England. With his deposition in 1296, Parliament temporarily became less prominent, but it was again held frequently by King Robert Bruce after 1309. During his reign some of the most important documents made by the King and community of the realm were made in Parliament—for instance the 1309–1310 Declaration of the Clergy.

By the reign of David II, the "three estates" (a phrase that replaced "community of the realm" at this time) in Parliament were certainly able to oppose the King when necessary. Most notably, Parliament repeatedly prevented David from accepting an English succession to the throne. During the reigns of Robert II and Robert III, Parliament appears to have been held less often, and royal power in that period also declined, but the institution returned to prominence, and arguably enjoyed its greatest period of power over the Crown after the return of James I from English captivity in 1424.

15th century
By the end of the Middle Ages the Parliament had evolved from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls into a "colloquium" with a political and judicial role. The attendance of knights and freeholders had become important, and burgh commissioners joined them to form the Three Estates. It acquired significant powers over particular issues, including consent for taxation, but it also had a strong influence over justice, foreign policy, war, and other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Much of the legislative business of the Scottish parliament was carried out by a parliamentary committee known as the Lords of the Articles, chosen by the three estates to draft legislation which was then presented to the full assembly to be confirmed.

After 1424, Parliament was often willing to defy the King – it was far from being simply a "rubber stamp" of royal decisions. During the 15th century, Parliament was called far more often than, for instance, the English Parliament – on average over once a year – a fact that both reflected and augmented its influence. It repeatedly opposed James I's (1424–1437) requests for taxation to pay an English ransom in the 1420s and was openly hostile to James III (1460–1488) in the 1470s and early 1480s. In 1431, Parliament granted a tax to James I for a campaign in the Highlands on the condition that it be kept in a locked chest under the keepership of figures deeply out of favour with the King. In 1436, there was even an attempt made to arrest the King "in the name of the three estates". Between October 1479 and March 1482, Parliament was conclusively out of the control of James III. It refused to forfeit his brother, the Duke of Albany, despite a royal siege of the Duke's castle, tried to prevent the King leading his army against the English (a powerful indication of the estates' lack of faith in their monarch), and appointed men to the Lords of the Articles and important offices who were shortly to remove the King from power. James IV (1488–1513) realised that Parliament could often create more problems than it solved, and avoided meetings after 1509. This was a trend seen in other European nations as monarchical power grew stronger – for instance England under Henry VII, as well as France and Spain.

16th century
Like many continental assemblies the Scottish Parliament was being called less frequently by the early sixteenth century and might have been dispensed with by the crown had it not been for the series of minorities and regencies that dominated from 1513. The crown was also able to call a Convention of Estates, which was quicker to assemble and could issue laws like parliament, making them invaluable in a crisis, but they could only deal with a specific issue and were more resistant to the giving of taxation rights to the crown.

Parliament played a major part in the Reformation crisis of the mid-sixteenth century. It had been used by James V to uphold Catholic orthodoxy and asserted its right to determine the nature of religion in the country, disregarding royal authority in 1560. The 1560 parliament included 100 lairds, who were predominantly Protestant, and who claimed a right to sit in the Parliament under the provision of a failed shire election act of 1428. Their position in the parliament remained uncertain and their presence fluctuated until the 1428 act was revived in 1587 and provision made for the annual election of two commissioners from each shire (except Kinross and Clackmannan, which had one each). The property qualification for voters was for freeholders who held land from the crown of the value of 40s of auld extent. This excluded the growing class of feuars, who would not gain these rights until 1661. The clerical estate was marginalised in Parliament by the Reformation, with the laymen who had acquired the monasteries sitting as "abbots" and "priors". Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567, but a small number of Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate. James VI attempted to revive the role of the bishops from about 1600. A further group appeared in the Parliament from the minority of James VI in the 1560s, with members of the Privy Council representing the king's interests, until they were excluded in 1641. James VI continued to manage parliament through the Lords of the Articles, who deliberated legislation before it reached the full parliament. He controlled the committee by filling it with royal officers as non-elected members, but was forced to limit this to eight from 1617.

In the second half of the sixteenth century, Parliament began to legislate on more and more matters and there was a marked increase in the amount of legislation it produced. During the reign of James VI, the Lords of the Articles came more under the influence of the crown. By 1612, they sometimes seem to have been appointed by the Crown rather than Parliament, and as a result the independence of parliament was perceived by contemporaries to have been eroded.

During the 16th century, the composition of Parliament underwent a number of significant changes and it found itself sharing the stage with new national bodies. The emergence of the Convention of Royal Burghs as the "parliament" of Scotland's trading towns and the development of the Kirk's General Assembly after the Reformation (1560) meant that rival representative assemblies could bring pressure to bear on parliament in specific areas.

Following the Reformation, laymen acquired the monasteries and those sitting as "abbots" and "priors" were now, effectively, part of the estate of nobles. The bishops continued to sit in Parliament regardless of whether they conformed to Protestantism or not. This resulted in pressure from the Kirk to reform ecclesiastical representation in Parliament. Catholic clergy were excluded after 1567 but Protestant bishops continued as the clerical estate until their abolition in 1638 when Parliament became an entirely lay assembly. An act of 1587 granted the lairds of each shire the right to send two commissioners to every parliament. These shire commissioners attended from 1592 onwards, although they shared one vote until 1638 when they secured a vote each. The number of burghs with the right to send commissioners to parliament increased quite markedly in the late 16th and early 17th centuries until, in the 1640s, they often constituted the largest single estate in Parliament.

The first printed edition of the legislation of the Parliament, The New Actis and Constitutionis, was published in Edinburgh in 1542 by the printer Thomas Davidson under commission from James V.

17th century
Victory the same year in the early stages of the 1639–1652 War of the Three Kingdoms brought the Covenanters to power, with bishops being expelled from both kirk and Parliament. Control of the executive was taken from the Crown, many of the constitutional changes being copied by the English Parliament.

However, the Scots were increasingly concerned at their loss of political and economic power since 1603. In an effort to mitigate this, during the 1642–1645 First English Civil War, the Covenanters agreed the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant. One outcome was the creation of the Committee of Both Kingdoms, a union of English and Scottish parliamentary leaders; opposed by English Royalists and Oliver Cromwell, it was suspended in 1645. In 1647, the Scots agreed to restore Charles to the English throne; their failure in the 1648–1649 Second English Civil War led to his trial and execution by the English Rump Parliament and officers of the New Model Army.

Following the execution the Scots accepted Charles II as king in 1649 but their attempt to put him on the English throne was defeated in the 1649–1651 Anglo-Scots War. As a result, Scotland was incorporated into the Protectorate (see Cromwell's Act of Grace and Tender of Union) and a brief Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union (1653–1659).

An independent Parliament was restored in 1661, sometimes known as the "Drunken Parliament". The term was coined by John Welsh and he was put in trial for it. The restored body passed the 1661 Rescissory Act, which effectively annulled all Parliamentary legislation since 1633. It generally supported Charles and initially did the same when James succeeded in 1685; when it refused to pass his measures, James suspended it and resorted to rule by decree.

The deposition of James in 1689 ended a century of political dispute by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown. The Claim of Right which offered the crown to Mary and her husband William, placed important limitations on royal power, including the abolition of the Lords of the Articles. It has been argued that unlike its English counterpart, the Scottish parliament never became a true centre of national identity. The 1707 Acts of Union created a combined Parliament of Great Britain, which sat in Westminster and largely continued English traditions without interruption.

Robert Burns famously claimed Union was brought about by Scots "bought and sold for English gold" and bribery certainly played a prominent role. However, it was also driven by the same trends the Scots attempted to manage in the 1640s, worsened by the events of the 1690s; this was a time of economic hardship and famine in many parts of Europe, known in Scotland as the Seven ill years. Combined with the failure of the Darién scheme in 1698, it allowed Anne to achieve her great-grandfather's ambition of a unitary state. Parliament was dissolved, 45 Scots being added to the 513 members of the House of Commons and 16 to the 190 members of the House of Lords.

Chamber layout
The layout of the parliamentary chamber varied over the history of the parliament, due to the venue in which parliament met, the number of estates present and the total number of members in attendance. The arrangements became more settled following the opening of Parliament House in 1639. The chamber was arranged in a square, non-confrontational layout where all the members looked in upon the throne. As parliament was also the highest court in the kingdom, a court bar – the inner bar – was located before the throne for accused to present themselves. There was also an outer bar beyond which only members or invited individuals could pass onto the floor of the chamber. The Lord High Constable was responsible for the outer security of Parliament House, including the doors and the keys to the chamber, and their authority extended to the outer bar before the actual floor of the chamber. The Earl Marischal maintained order within the chamber, and their authority extended from the outer bar to the inner bar, at the foot of the throne. The Constable had a small corps of guards, and the Marischal was attended by four macers who kept order on the floor of the chamber and guarded the Honours.

The monarch or the Lord High Commissioner sat upon the elevated throne at the southern end of Parliament Hall, below which, on chairs, sat the Lord Chancellor (the presiding officer) and the officers of state. On the benches to the right of the throne, at the end closest to the throne, sat the archbishops and bishops until the abolition of the episcopacy in 1689. From then onwards all of the benches to the right of the throne were occupied by the more junior earls and lords of parliament, with the end section of these benches that was farthest from the throne occupied by the non-voting eldest sons and heirs of the nobles, where they could observe business with an eye to their future responsibilities. On the benches to the left of the throne sat the dukes, marquesses, senior earls, viscounts, and senior lords of parliament. On the benches facing the throne sat the burgh commissioners to the right and the shire commissioners to the left. In the middle of the chamber were three tables: on the table nearest the throne were placed the Honours of Scotland (the Crown, sceptre and sword of state), the presence of the Honours signifying crown acceptance of the power of Parliament. The Lord High Constable and the Earl Marischal were seated on either side of this table. At the middle table sat the Lord Advocate, the Secretary of State, and the Lord Clerk Register (the senior clerk of parliament), along with the six clerks of Session and Parliament. At the third table, nearest to the burgh and shire commissioners, sat the senators of the College of Justice who, though unable to vote, could provide legal advice.

Riding of Parliament
The Riding of Parliament was an elaborate ceremonial event which formally marked the beginning and ending of a term of the Parliament of Scotland. A Riding was not held at the start of each session, but only at the downsitting (beginning) and rising (end) of Parliament. Dating from the 15th-century, the ceremony was held wherever Parliament met and involved a largely equestrian procession of the members of the Parliament, the officers of state, the Honours of Scotland, and the monarch (or the Lord High Commissioner) from the royal palace or castle to the Parliament’s place of assembly. From the beginning of the 16th-century the Riding of Parliament was usually held in Edinburgh, with the procession travelling along the Royal Mile from the Palace of Holyroodhouse to the Parliament House. The final Riding of Parliament was held on 6 May 1703, following the election of 1702.

The final form of the Riding was determined by the Parliament in May 1703. The Riding began with the transportation of the Honours of Scotland from Edinburgh Castle to the Palace of Holyroodhouse. The members of the Parliament, their servants and horses, the Lord Clerk Register, the Lord Lyon King of Arms, and the heralds, pursuivants, and trumpeters, gathered on the forecourt of the Palace to wait upon the Lord High Commissioner. The nobles were all dressed in scarlet robes. Any member of the Parliament who failed to attend the Riding without a good reason for their absence were fined or even lost their voting rights in Parliament. Security was assured by the guards of the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marischal, who were lined up from the door of Parliament House to the Royal Mile. Citizens of Edinburgh, with arms, lined both sides of the Royal Mile from Parliament Square to the Netherbow Port, and the foot guards lined both sides from the Netherbow Port to the Palace. Having carried out a thorough inspection of the Parliament House, the Lord High Constable, wearing his robes, was seated next to his guards on a chair at the Lady Steps of St Giles' Cathedral, from which he would rise and salute the members of the Parliament as they arrived in Parliament Square. The Earl Marischal, also wearing his robes and seated at the head of his guards at the door of Parliament House, received the members as they entered Parliament House.

Half an hour before the Riding began, the Lord High Chancellor (the presiding officer of the Parliament), along with the other officers of state who were noblemen, would ride up from the Palace to Parliament House, with the Lord High Chancellor having his purse and mace carried before him, and the Lord President of the Privy Council and the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal riding either side of him. When the Lord High Commissioner was ready, the Riding would begin, with the Lord Clerk Register holding the roll of Parliament and the Lord Lyon King of Arms calling the names of each member in the order in which they were to ride. The procession was headed by soldiers of the Troop of Life Guard, followed by two trumpeters and two pursuivants. Parliament then proceeded in an agreed order by estate, with the most senior riding last – burgh commissioners, shire commissioners, lords of parliament, viscounts, earls, marquesses, and dukes. The members rode up the Royal Mile two by two, with each member attended by a certain number of servants (one for every burgh commissioner, two for shire commissioners, three for every lord and viscount, four for every earl, six with every marquess, and eight for each duke). Each noble also had a trainbearer, and the noble’s servants wore over their liveries velvet coats with the noble’s coat of arms and motto embroidered on them.

The earls were followed by four trumpeters, four pursuivants, six heralds and the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Following them were the Honours of Scotland, accompanied by the macers of the Parliament and the Privy Council, with the Sword of State borne by the Earl of Mar, the Sceptre borne by the Earl of Crawford, and the Crown borne by the Earl of Forfar, on behalf of the Duke of Douglas, the hereditary bearer of the Crown. Then came the Lord High Commissioner, attended by his servants, pages, and footmen, and preceded by the Earl of Morton bearing the purse containing the commission from Queen Anne appointing the Lord High Commissioner. The Commissioner was followed by the dukes and marquesses, with the Marquess of Lorne, as colonel of the Life Guard, riding at the rear of the procession. The Lord High Commissioner was received at the door of Parliament House by the Lord High Constable and the Earl Marischal, both of whom led the Commissioner to the throne, followed by the Gentleman Usher of the White Rod, while, amid the blowing of trumpets, the Honours of Scotland were laid on the table in the centre of Parliament Hall.

Locations
Other than Edinburgh, Parliament was also held at the following locations:
 * Perth, various
 * Stirling, various
 * St Andrews, various
 * Scone Abbey, various
 * Berwick-upon-Tweed, various
 * Linlithgow Palace (1399, 1404, 1545, 1585, 1593 and 1596)
 * Dundee (1341, 1347, 1350, 1359 and 1597)
 * Aberdeen (1302, 1342 and 1362)
 * Dunfermline (1296 and 1596)
 * Roxburgh, 1255
 * Birgham, 1290
 * Lanark, 1294
 * Ayr, 1315
 * Glasgow, 1384
 * Inverness, 1428
 * Haddington, 1548
 * Falkland Palace, 1599

title: Parliament of Scotland


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Castor Oyl

Castor Oyl is a fictional character, created in 1920 by cartoonist Elzie Crisler Segar for his comic strip Thimble Theatre, now known as Popeye.

Publication history
Castor Oyl is Olive Oyl's older brother, debuting in Thimble Theatre on January 14, 1920. While initially a minor character defined chiefly by his bizarre, paradoxical antics (often alleged by other characters to be a product of insanity), Segar progressively adapted Castor into more of an ambitious, enterprising everyman figure as the strip evolved into a serialized comedy-adventure style. By 1924, Castor had arguably displaced Harold Hamgravy as the protagonist of the strip, a role he occupied until the first appearance of the Popeye character in January 1929.

In response to Castor's increasing prominence, Segar introduced a number of secondary characters acting as foils to his antics, most notably his wife Cylinda Oyl, to whom he was married from August 1926 to June 1928, his fighting cockerel Blizzard, a major character from August 1923 to January 1925, and Cylinda's father, the elderly, moneyed miser I. Canniford Lotts.

A quick-witted diminutive adventurer, Castor Oyl initially continued to be an important character in Thimble Theatre following Popeye's introduction, yet had largely exited the regular cast by the end of 1931 and played virtually no role in the Popeye theatrical cartoons produced first by Fleischer Studios and then by Famous Studios. His most prominent appearance in the series is as a member of Popeye's orchestra in the 1935 short The Spinach Overture.

Since Randy Milholland took over the strip in 2022, Castor, his wife Cylinda—with whom he has reconciled—and their daughter Deezil have started appearing in the strip again.

In the 1980 film directed by Robert Altman, Castor is a key character, and is played by actor Donovan Scott. In the film, however, he is made Olive's younger brother and is considerably less sophisticated than his comic strip counterpart.

Castor Oyl is named after castor oil, a medicine often given to children for various ailments until the mid 20th century. His mother Nana's name derives from "banana oil", an epithet similar to "baloney". His father Cole's name derives from "coal oil", a now arcane term for kerosene. His daughter Deezil's name derives from "diesel oil."

title: Castor Oyl


text:
Talk:List of monarchs of East Anglia

Untitled
Should this be standardized with the other lists of monarchs of the Heptarchy by capitalizing the Anglo-Saxon/Latin names? I would myself, but there is a discrepancy - here it says "Angliæ Orientalis", but for Essex (East Seaxe), it has "SAXONVM ORIENTALIVM". So, should it be Orientalis or Orientalium? --Golbez 01:33, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * It is intended that the page (and others) should to be brought to the standard as you rightly point out (minuscule having not been developed at the time). As for the latin, the only web-source I can find is http://www.lettres.fundp.ac.be/histoire/h2224_e.htm#Edmundus01 which mentions "Angliæ Orientalis", and I am trying to find some corroboration either way.  --JohnArmagh 05:44, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see why the names should be written in all caps. As you note, the miniscule/majescule distinction hadn't emerged yet; so if you're using some ancient source which is in all caps that was explicitly not a conscious decision and so there's no reason for us in this page to consciously adopt this affectation.

 * As for the orientalis/orientalium: I can't tell by the above discussion whether the two of you don't know Latin and are discussing the proper form; or whether you do know Latin and are discussing the proper formula. If the former, I'd be happy to explain; if the latter, I have to say that I doubt we should assume modern precision of formula in that era. Things were much more flexible then. Doops | talk 20:24, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Raedwald
According to this page, Raedwald lived and reigned until 617. But there seems to be some discrepancy, as according to Raedwald of East Anglia and Bretwalda, Raedwald lived and reigned until 627. Is there some question in the historical record, or is there a typo here? --Deville (Talk) 15:35, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Two Aethelreds?
The list containts two Aethelreds with different dates for each, but both end up pointing to the same destination article. I assume these are two different kings?
 * the list has two Aethelstan, but both end up pointing to the same destination article. I assume these are two different kings?Håbet 17:44, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Guthrum II?
There's only one Guthrum on the list of East Anglian rulers in the Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. The list ends with Eohric. There's only one Guthrum in the index to Swanton's Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England had another Guthrum, this one, but his floruit is under Æthelstan. Angus McLellan (Talk) 22:33, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

The old source tell something like: 916 king Guthrum died. And it is perhaps all we know about he. You can as a historian opt for between sure and unreliable informations, but the weakness by wikipedia is the amateurs have need to include all informations.Haabet 04:04, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Several references note Guthrum II, such as Ashley (Mammoth Book of British Kings & Queens, p466-467), Lappenburg (A History of England Under the Anglo-Saxon Kings p87) and Walker (Mercia and the making of England, p110), and he is also noted in Kessler's History Files, Nash Ford's EBK site and Britannia.com. I have yet to see any primary source as yet, and have just noted that there is now a Guthrum II page. I extrapolated the contemporary title, please feel free to delete if it is not appropriate - after all, it is a wiki site for experts and amateurs alike. Regards Robinboulby (talk) 19:28, 17 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I think a #REDIRECT to List of monarchs of East Anglia, and a heading on bottom is better then "delete", because deleted pages by sources will been re-created again and again.Haabet 21:04, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Chart added
-easily amended to included any changes to regnal dates--Amitchell125 (talk) 21:55, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Major revision
The article now contains sources and references, etc. I cannot find the source for the contemporary names - can anyone help? --Hel-hama (talk) 16:30, 7 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry I can't help, but I think you've done a really good job so far.--Brianann MacAmhlaidh (talk) 08:06, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of monarchs of East Anglia


text:
Karp's 21 NP-complete problems

In computational complexity theory, Karp's 21 NP-complete problems are a set of computational problems which are NP-complete. In his 1972 paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", Richard Karp used Stephen Cook's 1971 theorem that the boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete (also called the Cook-Levin theorem) to show that there is a polynomial time many-one reduction from the boolean satisfiability problem to each of 21 combinatorial and graph theoretical computational problems, thereby showing that they are all NP-complete. This was one of the first demonstrations that many natural computational problems occurring throughout computer science are computationally intractable, and it drove interest in the study of NP-completeness and the P versus NP problem.

The problems
Karp's 21 problems are shown below, many with their original names. The nesting indicates the direction of the reductions used. For example, Knapsack was shown to be NP-complete by reducing Exact cover to Knapsack.

 * Satisfiability: the boolean satisfiability problem for formulas in conjunctive normal form (often referred to as SAT)
 * 0–1 integer programming (A variation in which only the restrictions must be satisfied, with no optimization)
 * Clique (see also independent set problem)
 * Set packing
 * Vertex cover
 * Set covering
 * Feedback node set
 * Feedback arc set
 * Directed Hamilton circuit (Karp's name, now usually called Directed Hamiltonian cycle)
 * Undirected Hamilton circuit (Karp's name, now usually called Undirected Hamiltonian cycle)
 * Satisfiability with at most 3 literals per clause (equivalent to 3-SAT)
 * Chromatic number (also called the Graph Coloring Problem)
 * Clique cover
 * Exact cover
 * Hitting set
 * Steiner tree
 * 3-dimensional matching
 * Knapsack (Karp's definition of Knapsack is closer to Subset sum)
 * Job sequencing
 * Partition
 * Max cut

Approximations
As time went on it was discovered that many of the problems can be solved efficiently if restricted to special cases, or can be solved within any fixed percentage of the optimal result. However, David Zuckerman showed in 1996 that every one of these 21 problems has a constrained optimization version that is impossible to approximate within any constant factor unless P = NP, by showing that Karp's approach to reduction generalizes to a specific type of approximability reduction. Note however that these may be different from the standard optimization versions of the problems, which may have approximation algorithms (as in the case of maximum cut).

title: Karp's 21 NP-complete problems


text: User talk:24.91.23.254

title: User talk:24.91.23.254


text:
Tim Dog

Timothy J. Blair (January 3, 1967 – February 14, 2013), better known by his stage name Tim Dog, was an American rapper from the Bronx, New York, who rose to notoriety during the early 1990s with his debut LP Penicillin on Wax and the diss track "Fuck Compton". Tim had already appeared on songs with the Ultramagnetic MCs and went on to form a duo, Ultra, with member Kool Keith. "Fuck Compton" appeared in XXL magazine's "Top 25 Diss Tracks of All Time" and earned Tim Dog critical acclaim from progressive hip-hop producer Blockhead, who said Tim Dog's "The Dog's Gonna Getcha" (off Penicillin on Wax) is "quite possibly the hardest song ever made." Nas references Tim Dog on his track "Where Are They Now?" from his 2006 album Hip Hop Is Dead, and despite Tim Dog's feud with Dr. Dre, Eminem (whom Dre had discovered) name-checked him on the track "Ricky Ticky Toc".

On February 14, 2013, the media reported that Tim Dog died of complications from diabetes. By May 2013, he was under investigation for allegedly faking his death to avoid charges of grand larceny, and a warrant was issued in Mississippi for his arrest. However, on September 15, 2014, it was finally confirmed by NBC News that Tim Dog had indeed died on February 14, 2013, as had been initially reported. A death certificate was filed in DeKalb County, Georgia, putting an end to speculation that he was still alive and trying to avoid his court-mandated debts.

Biography
During the early 1990s, seminal rap group N.W.A and several other West Coast rap artists were becoming popular within the hip hop community and magazines such as Word Up! and The Source provided significant coverage to artists from Los Angeles. The success of N.W.A and their focus on the South Central L.A. suburb of Compton via their platinum album Straight Outta Compton had spawned a number of similar rap groups from the region; heavily influenced by their image and lyrics. The success of artists such as Compton's Most Wanted, Tha Alkaholiks, and DJ Quik led to a period in hip hop where gangsta rap.

Penicillin on Wax included several additional diss tracks aimed at both Compton artists and then-popular artists such as Kid 'n Play and Kwamé. The intro used the same beat as N.W.A's Efil4zaggin album intro. Tim taunted, "I stole your beat and made it better, to show the whole world that you ain't nothing but a bunch of pussies," before a number of disparaging answering machine messages supported Tim's position as he rapped, "Wearing all that black, driving them cars, but you still look wack!" In another skit, "DJ Quik Beat Down," Tim Dog "physically assaulted" DJ Quik. Since the release, incoming responses came the following years from west coast artists Snoop Dogg, DJ Quik, Compton's Most Wanted, Penthouse Players Clique, Rodney O & Joe Cooley, and Tweedy Bird Loc.

Tim followed up with his second album Do or Die in 1993. The album represented Tim's shift of focus away from confrontation with the West Coast and instead concentrated on hardcore East Coast rap. The album contained a shout-out to Tupac Shakur whom Tim thanked for assisting him when involved in a potentially violent situation when touring in California.

In 1994, Tim Dog released the EP Bitch with a Perm. The second track, "Dog Baby", was another diss to Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg.

Tim Dog moved to the UK in 1995 and worked with UK artist Apache Indian, producing the hit single "Make Way for the Indian". Tim then toured with Kool Keith and recorded several other tracks, including his August 2005 collaboration with Percee P, "NY to the UK."

Tim Dog had been the head of "Rap Legends Recordings" and previously co-founded Our Turn Records in Los Angeles with Eddie Pugh, President of Black Music Sony Records. Previously, he was the CEO President of Big Xity Entertainment based in New York and BMC Management based in Atlanta.

Legal issues and death
In 2011, Tim Dog pleaded guilty to grand larceny for conning a woman, Esther Pilgrim, out of $32,000 in an online dating scam. He was sentenced to five years' probation and ordered to pay restitution of $19,000 to Pilgrim. The case was featured on the June 15, 2012, episode of Dateline NBC, which clarified that it was a best interest plea (Alford plea) to theft.

Tim Dog reportedly died of complications from diabetes on February 14, 2013. However, the funeral was canceled and no death certificate or autopsy existed. His family also stayed away from the media claiming religious reasons as a justification for their shunning of the press and wanting to mourn in private. After Pilgrim alleged in May 2013 that Tim Dog's "reported death" may have been a scheme by Tim Dog to avoid payments to her, she came public demanding further investigation about his death. A warrant was issued in Mississippi for his arrest in case he was still alive.

On September 15, 2014, it was finally confirmed by NBC News that Tim Dog had indeed died on February 14, 2013, as had been initially reported. A death certificate was filed in Dekalb County, Georgia, putting an end to speculation that he was still alive and trying to avoid his court-mandated debts.

Discography

 * 1991: Penicillin on Wax
 * 1993: Do or Die
 * 1994: Bitch with a Perm (EP)
 * 1996: Big Time (with Kool Keith as Ultra)
 * 2003: Immortal
 * 2006: BX Warrior
 * 2009: Project X: Iconic (with Kool Keith)

title: Tim Dog


text: User talk:67.175.238.10

title: User talk:67.175.238.10


text:
Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht

Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht (born 30 June 1980) is an Iranian football coach and former player.

He has played for Aboomoslem, Esteghlal, Al-Wasl, Persepolis, Steel Azin, Saba Qom, Paykan, Damash Gilan, Khoneh Be Khoneh, and the Iran national team, for which he scored 14 goals.

Club career
In 2006, Vahedi Nikbakht joined Persepolis. In his second season, he won the league and had the best season of his career with nine goals and seven assists. In January 2008, Vahedi Nikbakht was invited to go on a trial with Sheffield United.

For the second half of the 2009–10 season, he joined Steel Azin.

He terminated his contract with Gahar Zagros and joins Damash Gilan.

On 1 July 2013, Vahedi Nikbakht returned to Esteghlal after seven years, signing a one-year contract.

International

 * Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first.

Honours
Esteghlal
 * Iran Pro League: 2000–01, 2005–06; runner-up: 2001–02, 2003–04
 * Hazfi Cup: 1999–00, 2001–02; runner-up: 1998–99, 2003–04

Persepolis
 * Persian Gulf Cup: 2007–08
 * Hazfi Cup runner-up: 2006

Paykan
 * Azadegan League: 2011–12

Iran
 * Asian Games: 2002
 * WAFF Championship: 2004
 * AFC–OFC Challenge Cup: 2003

title: Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht


text: Template:Municipalities of the district of Brugg


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Doreen Chanter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:47, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Doreen Chanter
Was a back up singer in the 1970s, does not meet music or biography criteria, delete--nixie 01:38, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a redirect to Chanter Sisters - This site makes the parenthetical note of Doreen and Irene Chanter that "The Chanter sisters' stellar credits include work with Elton John, Long John Baldry, Chris Farlowe, Phil Manzanera, Roxy Music, John Miles, The Secret Policeman's Ball, Van Morrison, Roger Waters, Meatloaf, Joe Cocker and many other famous names." That pushes them over the notability bar for me. -- BD2412 talk 01:59, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * After additional research, it is clear that the subject of this article is notable in her own right apart from her work with her sister. -- BD2412 talk 13:18, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable (if obscure) musician. Formerly in The Chanters, Birds of a Feather (Elton John played on their album!), The Chanter Sisters, and tons of backup work.  She's worked with Sting, Eric Clapton, Roger Waters, Phil Collins...  Trust me, she's notable.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  02:04, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if not expanded, or make it a redirect. Keep if proper material is added.  At this time, it is still a trivia trap.  Geogre 02:05, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep: Excellent rewriting, folks. I wish VfD weren't so often Cleanup, but I'm always happy to see a bad article turn good. Geogre 11:33, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a redirect to Chanter Sisters --Wetman 02:12, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep member of Chanter Sisters and of touring bands for acts such as Roger Waters and Joe Cocker. Appeared on records by her band and on other notable artists (please see . Capitalistroadster 04:29, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable artist. JamesBurns 08:02, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or redirect per BD2412 and Starblind. Mgm|(talk) 08:54, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I have expanded article establishing notability according to Wikimusic project guidelines. Capitalistroadster 10:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Codex Beneventanus

The Codex Beneventanus (British Library, Add MS 5463) is an 8th-century illuminated codex containing a Gospel Book. According to a subscription on folio 239 verso, the manuscript was written by a monk named Lupus for one Ato, who was probably Ato, abbot (736–760) of the monastery of San Vincenzo al Volturno (Saint Vincent on the Volturnus), near Benevento. The unusual odd number of Canon Tables suggests these seven folios were prepared as much as two centuries earlier than the rest of the codex.

The codex contains the Vulgate version of the four Gospels, the canon tables of Eusebius of Caesarea, the letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus (Novum opus), the prologue of St. Jerome to the Gospels (Plures fuisse), and prologues and chapter lists for each of the Gospels. The text is written on vellum in two columns in uncial script with no division between words. The running titles are in small uncials while the incipits and explicits are in capitals. The incipits and explicits are written in alternating lines of red and black ink. The subscription of Lupus is written in uncials, and also has alternating lines of red and black ink. The text contains additional punctuation and annotations in a 10th-century Beneventuan hand.

There are 240 folios of 355 by 275 mm. The folios are generally gathered into quires of eight folios each. There are a few gatherings of ten folios and a few gatherings are lacking one or more folios. The rear flyleaf (folio 240) is a piece of vellum from another manuscript and contains a fragment of a commentary on the Epistle to the Romans written in a 9th-century Carolingian minuscule that has 10th century Beneventan punctuation.

The manuscript has decorated canon tables, initials, and incipits and explicits. The canon tables are underneath arches decorated with gold, red and blue. Both sides of folio 4 have decorated arches, but are otherwise blank. Each of the Gospels begins with an initial which is decorated in green, red, and gold. The incipits and explicits are decorated with green red and black ivy leaves.

The manuscript was owned in the 8th century by the monastery of St. Vincent on the Voturno, and may have been produced there. By the 13th century it was associated with St. Peter's convent in Benevento. In the first half of the 18th century it was owned by Richard Mead, and was used by Richard Bentley in his collation of New Testament texts. Dr. Mead may have acquired the manuscript in the 1690s when he traveled to Italy, however, the manuscript did not appear in the catalog of the sale of his library in 1754–55. The manuscript was later owned by Anthony Askew (d. 1754). It was purchased by John Jackson in 1785 at the sale of Askew's manuscripts. The British Library purchased it in 1794 at the sale of Jackson's manuscripts.

Gallery
 Image:CodexBeneventanusFolio1vBlankCanonTable.jpg|Folio 1 verso, a blank canon table.

Image:CodexBeneventanusCanonTable.jpg|Canon Table

Image:CodexBeneventanusFolio5rJeromeLetter.jpg|Folio 5r, Letter of St. Jerome to Pope Damasus

title: Codex Beneventanus


text:
Das EFX

 Das EFX is an American hip hop duo. It consists of emcees Dray (also known as Krazy Drayz, born Andre Weston,  September 9, 1970) and Skoob (also known as Books and Boogie Bang, born William "Willie" Hines, November 27, 1970). They named themselves "DAS" standing for "Dray and Skoob" and "EFX" meaning "effects". They rose to popularity in the early 1990s due to the duo's stream of consciousness lyrical delivery, which became one of the most influential lyrical styles in rap music at the time; as well as their affiliation with EPMD's Hit Squad. Their style combined intricate rhymes, sometimes mixed with made up words (especially ending with "-iggedy"), delivered with a fast-paced flow and numerous pop culture and hip hop culture references.

History
Skoob hails from Brooklyn, New York City, while Dray hails from Teaneck, New Jersey. The duo met at Virginia State University in 1988 and began performing together. Das EFX caught the attention of EPMD at a local talent show where, despite losing the competition, they did well enough to convince EPMD to sign them to a recording contract. The duo gained critical and commercial fame with the release of their landmark debut album Dead Serious, which highlighted their unusual rapping style (which they nicknamed "sewage").

Dead Serious went platinum and its lead single, "They Want EFX," (which contains samples from James Brown's "Blind Man Can See It" and Malcolm McLaren's "Buffalo Gals") reached the top ten on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart, the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. Follow-up singles "Mic Checka" and "Straight Out the Sewer" did not chart on the Hot 100, but reached No. 1 and No. 3 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, respectively.

The duo also made a guest appearance on the remix of Ice Cube's smash hit single "Check Yo Self". The song reached No. 20 on the Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Rap Tracks chart. The track peaked at #36 on the UK Singles Chart in August 1993 and sold over one million copies in the U.S.

As their career progressed, Das EFX's once-distinctive and unique lyrical delivery was imitated by several other artists and became more commonplace. Derailed by the popularity of their own style, the duo slowed down their fast-paced flow, eliminated the iggedy suffix and downplayed their cartoonish content on their second album, Straight Up Sewaside.

Around the time of their third album Hold It Down (which was far less commercially successful than their debut release), Das EFX found themselves caught in the middle of EPMD's ugly breakup. They ended up siding with PMD (Parrish Smith), and it led to a three-year absence from recording. They returned in 1998 with the album Generation EFX and followed up in 2003 with the album How We Do.

After a hiatus, the group went on an international tour with DJ Rondevu in 2006. In 2007, Krazy Drayz appeared on the East Coast remix of Nas' "Where Are They Now", alongside eleven other old-school rap artists: Dres, Monie Love, Chip Fu, Positive K, EST of Three Times Dope, Father MC, DoItAll of Lords of the Underground, DJ Spinderella, Rob Base, Mike G. of the Jungle Brothers, and Redhead Kingpin.

Das EFX toured the globe again in 2010. They reissued How We Do under the alternate title Old School Throwback on Spotify and other streaming services in 2015; both versions of the album featured Sean Paul on a song “The Memories Remain” which deals with the death of Skoob’s father.

Krazy Drayz released a solo album Showtime in 2012. It features Dres, Black Rob, Smif-N-Wessun, and Fredro Starr. As of 2022, Drayz’s most recent releases are collaborations with Ben Shorr, Phil Da Beat, DJ Tricky, and Kool Taj The Gr8, plus a 2019 posse cut coordinated by the Snowgoons that also featured PMD, A.G., El Da Sensei, Edo G, Outloud of Blahzay Blahzay, Craig G, Smoothe Da Hustler, and Mr. Cheeks. Skoob has not performed original material on record since Marco Polo’s remix of his solo song “How Can I Get Down”, which appeared in 2013.

Das EFX continues to record and perform to a smaller, yet very devoted, cult following.

Influence
From the time of their debut in 1992 to 1993, several elements of their style were adopted by other hip-hop artists, including Lords of the Underground, Fu-Schnickens, Kris Kross, Common and even, to a lesser extent, Public Enemy. The 1996 BLACKstreet song "No Diggity", with "diggity" meaning "doubt", bears a title phonetically identical to the track "No Diggedy" on DAS EFX's 1995 release Hold It Down.

Chappelle's Show
Comedian Dave Chappelle has made numerous references to Das EFX's unique style and lyrics in sketches of his popular Chappelle's Show. In one sketch, a teenage Chappelle tells his girlfriend, "I riggity-realize that I liggity-love you." In another, Chappelle as President Bush announced that a country named "Riggity-Row" will join the Coalition of the willing. In yet another sketch, Chappelle as a news presenter announces the opening lyrics of "They Want EFX" as a special report.

Discography

 * Dead Serious (1992)
 * Straight Up Sewaside (1993)
 * Hold It Down (1995)
 * Generation EFX (1998)
 * How We Do (2003) (reissued as Old School Throwback in 2015)

title: Das EFX


text:
Moharram Navidkia

Moharram Navidkia (, born 1 November 1982 in Isfahan, Iran) is an Iranian retired footballer, and the current head coach of Mes Rafsanjan in Persian Gulf Pro League since 2024.

He played for the club for 18 years and was its captain. He usually played as a midfielder. During his career, he dealt with consecutive injuries, which made him unable to regain his top form.

As an international player, he was the former captain of the Iran under-23 team and collected 25 caps for the senior team of Iran, before bidding his farewell in December 2009. His brother, Rasoul Navidkia is also a professional footballer who plays in Sepahan.

Early years
His original last name was Ghara Gozlu which he changed later to Navidkia. He is an ethnic Azeri originally from Marand, East Azerbaijan.

Club career
He began his career at Sepahan in 1998. From 1998 to 2002 he played as the defensive midfielder, while from 2002 and by the suggestion of Farhad Kazemi his playing post has been changed to attacking midfielder. He managed to attract attention during the 2002–03 Iran Premier League season while playing for a team many at first thought to be average, but they won the championship title at the end.

He was selected the best player of IPL for the 2003–04 season and was considered one of the best Iranian players despite his young age. Due to his potential talent, young age, and impressive performances, he was transferred to VfL Bochum even though he was injured at the time of the signing.

He was not able to recover his old form, and went back to Sepahan in 2006 on loan. After the World Cup in Germany, Navidkia signed a contract with Sepahan again. He had difficulties with the injuries during his career in Sepahan and finally in the 2009–10 season he had his most stable season after a few years. He retired from football on 17 October 2016, after playing 16 years at Sepahan.

Club career statistics

 * Last Update: 11 May 2019

 * Assist Goals

International career
He was first selected to the national team during the West Asian Football Federation tournament in 2002, which was held in Syria. He made his debut for Iran against Jordan in August 2002. His biggest achievement was winning the gold medal of the 2002 Asian Games with Iran U-23 in Busan, where he continued his impressive display during the games. He played in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification for Team Melli.

Having been selected among Iran's reserve men for the 2006 World Cup, he was called up to join the team in Germany to replace injured Sattar Zare. He bid his farewell to national team in December 2009. In May 2011, he was called up to Iran national team by Carlos Queiroz, but he rejected the offer due to his "several injuries and surgeries" which makes him unable to play for both national team and club.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first.

Player

 * Sepahan
 * Iran Pro League (5): 2002–03, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2014–15
 * Hazfi Cup (4): 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2012–13
 * AFC Champions League Runner-up: 2007

 * Iran U-23
 * Asian Games: 2002

 * Iran
 * WAFF Bronze medal: 2002

 * Individual
 * Football Iran News & Events Player of the season: 2002–03, 2012–13
 * Iranian Footballer of the Year: 2003, 2013

Manager

 * Sepahan
 * Persian Gulf Pro League: Runner-up 2020–21

 * Sepahan
 * Hazfi Cup: Runner-up 2023–24

title: Moharram Navidkia


text:
Brian Adias

Brian Gower (born June 1, 1960) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Brian Adias. He is best known for his appearances with World Class Championship Wrestling.

Early life
Gower was a classmate of Kerry Von Erich in high school and a longtime friend of the Von Erich family. Gower was ranked 5th in the nation in High School in 1978 in the shot put and earned a 4-year scholarship to the University of Texas at Arlington where he won the Southland Conference Shot Put title 4 times in a row. Indoor and outdoor in 1981 and 1982. He graduated from U.T.A. in 1982 and began his wrestling career.

Professional wrestling career
Gower was trained to wrestle by Texas-based Fritz Von Erich, debuting in 1979. Adias appeared, mistakenly billed as "Brian Adidis", at Starrcade 84 defeating Mister Ito. Fan magazines like Pro Wrestling Illustrated continued to list him in their regional rankings as Adidas for the next two years, but he was referred to as Adias in WCCW. Adias continued his alliance with the Von Erich family until the fall of 1986, when he turned heel against Mike Von Erich in a singles match which was Von Erich's first match back after a near-fatal bout with Toxic Shock Syndrome.

In an angle very similar to the one used with Chris Adams two years before, Adias declared that he wanted to succeed on his own merits, accused the Von Erichs of holding him back, and formed an alliance sometimes called the "Duo of Doom" with Al Madril. During the feud WCCW ran an angle where Kerry Von Erich, who was Brian's classmate in high school, confronted Adias regarding his actions. Still in crutches after his 1986 motorcycle accident, Kerry was attacked by Madril with Brian standing and allowing Madril to hit Kerry with the crutch several times before Marc Lowrance managed to get Kerry out of the ring. Afterwards, Kevin Von Erich came in and launched an attack on Madril. Madril and Adias would go on to win the World Class Tag Team Championship, while continuing to feud with the Von Erichs through the summer of 1987. In one incident, Kevin collapsed during an eight-man tag match involving Adias, which would set up an angle where he would develop his version of the Oriental Spike, a move made famous by Terry Gordy, calling it the "Oriental Tool".

Adias would continue his heel run into the Wild West Wrestling group but reverted to playing the babyface a few years later when the Global Wrestling Federation was launched in 1991. Adias later turned to sales work, only wrestling sporadically for the rest of the decade, before resurfacing for a while in the GWF during its run on ESPN in the early 1990s. Adias retired from wrestling completely in 2000 and is currently selling real estate and owns NTXHOMEZONE with his partner Chad Odom.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Continental Wrestling Alliance
 * CWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mike Blackheart
 * Maple Leaf Wrestling
 * NWA Canadian Television Championship (1 time)
 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Buddy Rose
 * World Class Championship Wrestling / World Class Wrestling Association
 * NWA American Tag Team Championship (1 time)- with Iceman Parsons
 * NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * WCWA Texas Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * WCWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Kerry and Kevin Von Erich
 * WCWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Al Madril

title: Brian Adias


text: User talk:69.47.65.145

title: User talk:69.47.65.145


text: User talk:71.105.58.46

title: User talk:71.105.58.46


text: Category:Marquesas Islands

title: Category:Marquesas Islands


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Cricket/Cricket subcategories

0-9

 * Category:2005 English cricket season
 * Category:2005 English cricket season matches

A

 * Category:ACC Asian XI ODI cricketers
 * Category:Agriculture Development Bank of Pakistan cricketers
 * Category:All-rounders
 * Category:Allied Bank Limited cricketers
 * Category:Allied Bank cricketers
 * Category:American cricketers
 * Category:The Ashes
 * Category:Auckland cricketers
 * Category:Australian ODI cricketers
 * Category:Australian Twenty20 International cricketers
 * Category:Australian all-rounders
 * Category:Australian batsmen
 * Category:Australian bowlers
 * Category:Australian cricket captains
 * Category:Australian cricketers
 * Category:Australian first class cricket teams
 * Category:Australian Test cricketers
 * Category:Australian wicket-keepers
 * Category:Cricket awards and rankings

B

 * Category:Bahawalpur cricketers
 * Category:Bangladeshi ODI cricketers
 * Category:Bangladeshi batsmen
 * Category:Bangladeshi bowlers
 * Category:Bangladeshi cricket captains
 * Category:Bangladeshi cricketers
 * Category:Bangladeshi Test cricketers
 * Category:Bangladeshi wicket-keepers
 * Category:Barbados cricketers
 * Category:Barisal Division cricketers
 * Category:Baroda cricketers
 * Category:Batsmen
 * Category:Batting (cricket)
 * Category:Biman Bangladesh Airlines cricketers
 * Category:Bolton Association cricket clubs
 * Category:Border cricketers
 * Category:Bowlers
 * Category:Bowling (cricket)

C

 * Category:CLL cricket clubs
 * Category:Cambridge University cricketers
 * Category:Canterbury cricketers
 * Category:Chittagong Division cricketers
 * Category:Club cricket teams
 * Category:Colts Cricket Club cricketers
 * Category:Cricket World Cup
 * Category:Cricket administration
 * Category:Cricket administrators
 * Category:Cricket books and magazines
 * Category:Cricket captaincy and tactics
 * Category:Cricket captains
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 * Category:Cricket grounds
 * Category:Cricket grounds in Australia
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 * Category:Cricket grounds in Pakistan
 * Category:Cricket grounds in Scotland
 * Category:Cricket grounds in Sri Lanka
 * Category:Cricket grounds in the United Kingdom
 * Category:Cricket grounds in the West Indies
 * Category:Cricket in Australia
 * Category:Cricket in Bangladesh
 * Category:Cricket in England
 * Category:Cricket laws and regulations
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text:
Talk:Silent Alarm

Songwriting credits?
I think songwriting credits would be a useful addition to the article. They're on a lot of articles, and I, personally, have always found it interesting to know who writes the songs. I suppose it's the same for others? - 211.28.78.104 07:08, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 00:04, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

"Silent Alarm"
Apparently the album was named from this article. However, the reference pointed to the band's Myspace page, which isn't exactly specific. I was considering using the above article, but it doesn't really tie the album to the article itself. Any thoughts? Master of Puppets Care to share?  04:48, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Look over?
Any chance I can get someone to look this article over before I GAN it? GARDEN 12:58, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Printing Typos
"Price of Gasoline" and "The Pioneers" were typos on the printing of the album according to the band. When the CD is imported into iTunes, the correct titles "Price of Gas" and "Pioneers" appear, just as they are listed on the bands website: http://www.blocparty.com/releases.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ringer7 (talk • contribs) 20:54, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Any sources for the band claim?  GARDEN  22:11, 20 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah, I used to know where it was, let me see if I can find it (it might have been taken down by now). Otherwise, we can remove that part.Ringer7 (talk) 14:20, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks.  GARDEN  14:29, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorted. 220.238.144.71 (talk) 06:51, 15 December 2010 (UTC) EDIT: iTunes imports, as a generalisation, are usually wrong.

Improvements in quality
Hi, I want to increase the quality of this and would appreciate any help. If you have a look at Lions (album) and Love. Angel. Music. Baby., you will see that they are featured articles. Let's imitate their template for this. Thanks 84.13.164.2 (talk) 05:36, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yup, I'm already working toward that. I'd be very happy if you were willing to help - there aren't enough Bloc fans on this site! :D   GARDEN  20:02, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * By the way, Made in the Dark and In Utero are other album FAs by similar bands, and there are plenty GAs we could base this on, too. GARDEN  20:10, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll second that, Garden. Did some work today on all sections except 'Lyrics and Composition' which needs a lot of time. I'm quite pleased and will probably add a 'Personnel' section soon. Rafablu88 (talk) 22:25, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It does indeed - could possibly be split into a bunch of sections, like other album FAs?  GARDEN  22:29, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I've now edited 'Lyrics and composition' too. I doubt we can split it. It deals explicitly with its title. If the new sections have to be added, I reckon we have to do it from scratch.Rafablu88 (talk) 03:36, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Copyedit
I have begun copyediting this article per Rafablu88's request. Feel free to change any of my edits. If you would like to discuss any of my changes, leave a message on my talk. Washburn mav (talk) 05:30, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think I'll leave any edits till after you finish. Don't want to disturb. Rafablu88 (talk) 09:30, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

another Scotsman ref
http://living.scotsman.com/indiemusic/Raise-the-alarm-cancel-the.2602215.jp

 * So, first you lot want to secede and now you want to flood WP with your media. I'm not having it. :) Rafablu88  23:00, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Charts
Being a member and regular contributer of WP:ALBUM and Record charts, I think I can say in full confidence that this article should not have passed FAC with that charts section. Those are links, not references. Why should it be different to any other part of the article? They should be in-line citations, example. We go to the lengths of avoiding link rot by making it policy to now use proper references for reviews, instead of links - so why do we now allow these direct links in a place where for years it has been necessary to reference properly? I just don't understand. Nice work on the rest of the article anyway. k.i.a.c ( talktome  -  contribs ) 09:59, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * OK OK, I'll have a look. A simple "change it" would have sufficed. And I doubt FAC people would have vehemently been against the promotion simply based on chart links being there. Rafablu88  15:04, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry to sound like a dick, but it just annoys me when you can fail an FLC for not having a single source for a single director, but pass this without so many. Just seems like double standards. Didn't mean to attack anyone in particular, I'm even happy to help you fix it up. And nice quote :) k.i.a.c  ( talktome  -  contribs ) 15:35, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
 * That's alrite. Don't even get me started on Wiki, guidelines, comments that get nowhere etc. Remember when it was just about improving content and feeling good about it? Nope, me neither. Too long ago. Rafablu88  15:42, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

The actual silent alarm itself?
Any chance of moving this to Silent Alarm (Album) and redirecting the actual Silent Alarm article to an article depicting the Silent Alarm. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.222.129.147 (talk) 22:44, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Has been discussed before - there really isn't any point. This should explain why. GARDEN  22:50, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * We don't have an article on silent alarms? That's what I came here looking for.  I definitely don't get why this album would be the primary topic.  I had to search to find Silent Alarm (moved), which I feel like we should at least point a hatnote at.  And, on the same note, I don't get why Silent Alarm (moved) redirects to Burglar alarm, as they are commonly used to alert of a robbery, rather than a burglary.  I guess I'll have to go elsewhere to learn about those things, though.  How odd.  Heather (talk) 05:51, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * We don't, currently, have an article on them specifically. If you were to make one, I'd happy point to it with a hat. f o x   (formerly garden)  20:14, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The burglar alarm hatnote was there a while back and was removed by admin as redundant and not disam-related to this article, or indeed the primary article. PRB88 (T) 13:51, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Supposed "typos"
So, a few years back the note that "The Pioneers" was actually "Pioneers" and "Price of Gasoline" was actually "Price of Gas" was edited in, although the only source was the tracklisting on the official site, which wasn't even clear on that matter. While the Releases page stated the respective titles were "Pioneers" and "Price of Gas", the Lyrics section, archived here, listed them with the longer titles. Going through the different versions on Discogs, the only release which lists them as "Pioneers" and "Price of Gas" is the 2LP Dim Mak issue. All the other ones have them listed as "The Pioneers" and "Price of Gasoline", even the 2010 re-issue. I don't see how one could claim, with the available information, that the titles which are used basically everywhere - apart from one specific issue - are wrong. It rather suggests that actually "Pioneers" and "Price of Gas" were typos from the Dim Mak release. 79.249.108.252 (talk)

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Certifications
Thanks to the IP who added these. I'm not sure they're actually all quite ready yet, since many refer to charts from 1998 (my guess is that the chart was taken from another album article). Here's the addition:

Let's make sure they're accurate before re-adding. — fox 02:17, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Silent Alarm


text: File:Braid-FrameAndCanvas.jpg

title: File:Braid-FrameAndCanvas.jpg


text:
User talk:Fr Gregory Hallam

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! AnupamTalk 22:44, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Hello from the US
Hello, Fr. Gregory! It's good to see you here on Wikipedia. I'm not sure if you were aware, but there's an Orthodox Wiki, as well: http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/

Your American Antiochian friend, —Preost talk  contribs  01:54, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

Noticed your edit
Welcome back.--ClemRutter (talk) 13:30, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fr Gregory Hallam


text: User talk:69.14.11.4

title: User talk:69.14.11.4


text:
Talk:The Failure of the New Economics

NPOV
This article is in no way NPOV. The purpose of Wikipedia is neither to discredit nor promote Keynesian economics. Someone with a decent knowledge of the book needs to amend this article (or i will try). Isthatyou

 * I have tagged it as POV. The recent additions by the anonymous editor have made the POV much worse. LK (talk) 14:47, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Formatting
Minor formatting changes by a banned editor that are improvements shouldn't be mindlessly reverted. Please review the edits and if there is any substantive edit, then it is (of course) necessary and desirable to revert. But if they are merely corrections of typos or issues of presentation that improve the page they should be left and the sockpuppet banned. Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.105.44.218 (talk) 06:41, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Failure of the New Economics


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B-unit

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:48, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

B-unit
vanity entry. From Google: "Your search - B-unit "Binbrook Unit" - did not match any documents." B-Unit alone doesn't give results about the school group. Although, there is a Wikipedia article called the B unit which is a railroad terminology. Redirect? Chill Pill Bill 01:56, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not sure about the redirect. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 02:08, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. Creator has a history of vandalism.  Double Blue  (Talk) 02:18, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. Was the marking of your vfd tag a minor change accidental? Double Blue  (Talk) 02:20, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yea, I have a habit of clicking "minor edit." --Chill Pill Bill 02:25, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. B-unit could refer to anything. This thing is not notable. -- BD2412 talk 02:33, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Delete intersting that they are so feared and yet there are no police reports on there vandlism/gang fightsJCS 03:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, non-notable gangcruft.  Create redirect to the railroad B unit article, which *is* notable.  Kaibabsquirrel 06:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll support that redirect. -- BD2412 talk 15:15, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect to B unit. the wub (talk) 07:51, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 08:02, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete; what kind of gang lists their names on Wikipedia, anyways? jglc | t | c 17:32, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and redirect as I hop on the bandwagon... StopTheFiling 18:23, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. "B-Unit is a gang that originated in Saint Jean de Brebeuf Catholic Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada….The school they are in is filled with B-Unit vandalism, and they are often the center of many gang fights. B-Unit is feared for over 500 kilometres from their origin." Classic! — Phil Welch 01:27, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B-unit


text:
Napoléon Champagne

Napoléon Champagne (May 4, 1861 – November 17, 1925) was mayor of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in 1908 and 1924, and a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario representing Ottawa East from 1911 to 1914.

He was born in Lower Town, Ottawa in 1861, the son of Séraphin Champagne. He studied law in Montreal and was called to the Quebec bar in 1898; he became a member of the Ontario bar in 1901. Champagne served 14 years on Ottawa city council and also served ten years as controller. In 1908, he served as mayor after D'Arcy Scott resigned to serve on the Board of Railway Commissioners. The Champagne Bath, a fitness facility, was named after him. He took over the role of mayor in May 1924 when mayor Henry Watters died while in office. Besides serving in the provincial legislature, he also made several unsuccessful attempts at representing the City of Ottawa federally. Champagne died in Ottawa after suffering a heart attack in 1925 and is buried in the Notre-Dame Cemetery.

His brother Albert served in the Canadian House of Commons.

title: Napoléon Champagne


text:
Anchorage Northern Knights

The Anchorage Northern Knights were a professional basketball team based in Anchorage, Alaska from 1977 to 1982. The team played in the Eastern Basketball Association (EBA) during the 1977–78 season. The next season, the league changed its name to the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). The Northern Knights were their division champions two years in a row (1979–1980) and won the 1980 CBA Finals. Throughout their history, the Northern Knights played their home games at West Anchorage High School Gymnasium.

History
When the Northern Knights joined the league, then known as the Eastern Basketball Association (EBA), it attracted national attention for being perhaps the most misplaced franchise in the history of professional sports. Playing in Anchorage, Alaska, the team was 5,000 miles away from its nearest competitor, as all the other teams were based in the eastern Pennsylvania–New York–New Jersey area. League officials "began to see the publicity value a team in Alaska would have for the EBA, which, with an enlarged talent pool since the ABA folded, had been trying to upgrade its image from that of a nickel-and-dime Pennsylvania mill-town circuit—which is mostly what it had been—to something on the order of baseball's Triple-A leagues," John Papnek in Sports Illustrated.

During the team's first two seasons, the Knights began their regular schedule with an extended homestand; then endured a mid-season bus trip to every CBA team in the league; then finished out the season with another homestand. The Northern Knights had the longest recorded road trip in professional sports history during the 1979–1980 season as the team traveled by bus around the contiguous United States—playing 16 games in 31 days.

The Knights experienced success in the 1977–78 season, leading the league in attendance and often playing before big crowds, although they never did sell out their home venue. They won the Western Division with a 24–7 record in 1977-78. The team advanced to the CBA Finals the following year, where they were swept in four games by the Rochester Zeniths, with whom they had begun to develop an impassioned rivalry. In 1979-80, the Northern Knights captured the CBA Championship by defeating Rochester in seven games. It was the first professional sports championship won by an Alaskan team.

Brad Davis played for the Northern Knights in the 1978–79 and 1979–80 seasons, capturing the CBA Newcomer of the Year Award in 1978–79. Davis then embarked on a long NBA career, highlighted by twelve seasons with the NBA's Dallas Mavericks, where he became the first player to have his jersey number retired by the NBA franchise. Ron Davis was a two-time CBA scoring leader; in 1979–80, he was CBA Most Valuable Player for the Anchorage squad.

Notable Northern Knights players included Freeman Blade, Tico Brown, Steve Hawes, Arvid Kramer, Steve Hayes, Brad Branson, and Al Fleming. The Knights were coached by Bill Klucas, who won the 1980 CBA Coach of the Year award. Dick Lobdell, who was the voice of the Alaska Baseball League, served as the Northern Knights play-by-play commentator.

The demise of the team came with the very nature of their expenses, as the team never turned a profit. The first two seasons saw the team pay for air fare for teams to fly out to Anchorage. The next three seasons saw a share of travel costs, but in 1982, the owners wanted to push that out, which led to a vote for the Knights to pay for all travel from Seattle to Anchorage. The success of the vote, combined with the arrest of an owner for a pyramid scheme, led to the disbanding of the team from the league.

Season-by-season standings

 * Key

 * Table

All-time roster

 * Nate Barnett
 * Norton Barnhill
 * Greg Bell
 * Freeman Blade
 * Brad Branson
 * Tico Brown
 * Roger Burkman
 * James Cornelious
 * Brad Davis
 * Harry Davis
 * Melvin Davis
 * Ron Davis
 * Paul Dawkins
 * Craig Finberg
 * Pat Flanigin
 * Al Fleming
 * Lucious Foster
 * Tony Fuller
 * Curt Gilstrap
 * Jerome Gladney
 * James Hardy
 * Herman Harris
 * Steve Hayes
 * Tony Jackson
 * Roy Jones
 * Clarence Kea
 * Andre Keys
 * Rob King
 * Larry Knight
 * Arvid Kramer
 * Edmund Lawrence
 * Rickey Lee
 * Jim Perryman
 * Keith McCord
 * Dick Miller
 * Purvis Miller
 * Charles Mitchell
 * Ron Moore
 * Alex Oliveira
 * Stan Pietkiewicz
 * John Ramsay
 * Clarence Ruffen
 * John Smith
 * Dean Tolson
 * Tony Turner
 * Jeff Tyson
 * Bernard Vaughan
 * Slick Watts
 * Dave Wear
 * Tom Wheeler
 * Connie White
 * Rudy White

 * Sources

title: Anchorage Northern Knights


text:
Cardston-Chief Mountain

Cardston-Chief Mountain was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1993 to 1997.

History
The Cardston-Chief Mountain electoral district was created in 1993 when the boundaries for Cardston were re-drawn after Pincher Creek-Crowsnest moved south.

The riding was merged with Taber-Warner in 1997 to form the riding Cardston-Taber-Warner.

title: Cardston-Chief Mountain


text:
Outro

Outro may refer to:

 * Outro (closing credits), added at the end of a motion picture, television program, or video game to list the cast and crew involved in the production
 * Outro (literary), the conclusion or epilogue of a work of literature or journalism
 * Outro (music), ending of a composition and may take the form of a coda
 * Outro (concert), recorded music played at the end of a live-music concert

Entertainment

 * Outro (album) (2002), the second album by Brazilian composer, singer and producer Jair Oliveira
 * "Outro" (M83 song), a song by French electronic music band M83 from their 2011 album, Hurry Up, We're Dreaming
 * "Outro", a song by American rock band Breaking Benjamin from their 2006 album, Phobia
 * "Outro", a song by American rapper Big Sean from his 2015 album, Dark Sky Paradise
 * "Outro", a song by American rapper Obie Trice from his 2003 album, Cheers
 * "Outro", a song by American rapper NF from his 2017 album, Perception
 * "Outro", a song by American rapper Pitbull from his 2006 album, El Mariel
 * "Outro", a song by American rapper Pop Smoke from his 2021 album, Faith
 * "Outro", a song by American rap group Death Grips from their 2018 album Year of the Snitch
 * "Outro", a track on rapper Reks' 2012 album REBELutionary
 * "Outro", the song of the Ukrainian rock band Zhadan i Sobaky

title: Outro


text: User talk:71.37.2.14

title: User talk:71.37.2.14