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Prognathism

Prognathism is a positional relationship of the mandible or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull.

In the case of mandibular prognathism (never maxillary prognathism) this is often also referred to as Habsburg chin, Habsburg's chin, Habsburg jaw or Habsburg's jaw especially when referenced with context of its prevalence amongst historical members of the House of Habsburg.

Mandibular prognathism is typically pathological, whereas maxillary prognathism is often found as a result of normal human population variation.

In general dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and orthodontics, this is assessed clinically or radiographically (cephalometrics). The word prognathism derives from Greek πρό (pro, meaning 'forward') and γνάθος (gnáthos, 'jaw'). One or more types of prognathism can result in the common condition of malocclusion, in which an individual's top teeth and lower teeth do not align properly.

Presentation

In humans, non-pathological maxillary and alveolar prognathism can occur due to normal variation among phenotypes.

However, mandibular prognathism is usually anomalous, and it may be a malformation, the result of injury, a disease state, or a hereditary condition.

Prognathism is considered a disorder only if it affects chewing, speech or social function as a byproduct of severely affected aesthetics of the face.

Clinical determinants include soft tissue analysis where the clinician assesses nasolabial angle, the relationship of the soft tissue portion of the chin to the nose, and the relationship between the upper and lower lips; also used is dental arch relationship assessment such as Angle's classification.

Cephalometric analysis is the most accurate way of determining all types of prognathism, as it includes assessments of skeletal base, occlusal plane angulation, facial height, soft tissue assessment and anterior dental angulation. Various calculations and assessments of the information in a cephalometric radiograph allow the clinician to objectively determine dental and skeletal relationships and determine a treatment plan.

Prognathism should not be confused with micrognathism, although combinations of both are found.

Alveolar prognathism is a protrusion of that portion of the maxilla where the teeth are located, in the dental lining of the upper jaw.

Maxillary prognathism affects the middle third of the face, causing the maxilla to jut out, thereby increasing the facial area.

Mandibular prognathism is a protrusion of the mandible, affecting the lower third of the face.

Prognathism can also be used to describe ways that the maxillary and mandibular dental arches relate to one another, including malocclusion (where the upper and lower teeth do not align). When there is maxillary or alveolar prognathism which causes an alignment of the maxillary incisors significantly anterior to the lower teeth, the condition is called an overjet. When the reverse is the case, and the lower jaw extends forward beyond the upper, the condition is referred to as retrognathia (reverse overjet).

Alveolar prognathism

Not all alveolar prognathism is anomalous, and significant differences can be observed among different ethnicities.

Harmful habits such as thumb sucking or tongue thrusting can result in or exaggerate an alveolar prognathism, causing teeth to misalign. Functional appliances can be used in growing children to help modify bad habits and neuro-muscular function, with the aim of correcting this condition.

Alveolar prognathism can also easily be corrected with fixed orthodontic therapy. However, relapse is quite common, unless the cause is removed or a long-term retention is used.

Maxillary prognathism
In disease states, maxillary prognathism is associated with Cornelia de Lange syndrome; however, so-called false maxillary prognathism, or more accurately, retrognathism, where there is a lack of growth of the mandible, is by far a more common condition.

Prognathism, if not extremely severe, can be treated in growing patients with orthodontic functional or orthopaedic appliances. In adult patients this condition can be corrected by means of a combined surgical/orthodontic treatment, where most of the time a mandibular advancement is performed. The same can be said for mandibular prognathism.

On average, Neanderthals were far more prognathic than modern humans regarding the maxilla. This maxillary prognathism, along with their wide noses, suggests that their faces were not adapted to cold climate.

Mandibular prognathism (progenism)

Mandibular prognathism is a potentially disfiguring genetic disorder where the lower jaw outgrows the upper, resulting in an extended chin and a crossbite. In both humans and animals, it can be the result of inbreeding.

Unlike alveolar or maxillary prognathism, which are common traits in some populations, mandibular prognathism is typically pathological.

In brachycephalic or flat-faced dogs, like shih tzus and boxers, it can lead to problems such as underbite.

In humans, it results in a condition sometimes called lantern jaw, reportedly derived from 15th century horn lanterns, which had convex sides. Traits such as these were often exaggerated by inbreeding, and can be traced within specific families.

Although more common than appreciated, the best known historical example is Habsburg jaw, or Habsburg or Austrian lip, due to its prevalence in members of the House of Habsburg, which can be traced in their portraits. The process of portrait-mapping has provided tools for geneticists and pedigree analysis; most instances are considered polygenic, but a number of researchers believe that this trait is transmitted through an autosomal recessive type of inheritance.

Allegedly introduced into the family by a member of the Piast dynasty, it is clearly visible on family tomb sculptures in St. John's Cathedral, Warsaw. A high propensity for politically motivated intermarriage among Habsburgs meant the dynasty was virtually unparalleled in the degree of its inbreeding. Charles II of Spain, who lived 1661 to 1700, is said to have had the most pronounced case of the Habsburg jaw on record, due to the high number of consanguineous marriages in the dynasty preceding his birth.

Treatment of mandibular prognathism
Prior to the development of modern dentistry, there was no treatment for this condition; those who had it simply endured it. Today, the most common treatment for mandibular prognathism is a combination of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery. The orthodontics can involve braces, removal of teeth, or a mouthguard.

In insects
In entomology, prognathous means that the mouthparts face forwards, being at the front of the head, rather than facing downwards as in some insects.

title: Prognathism


text: User talk:84.73.70.110

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:84.73.70.110


text: Category:United Kingdom broadcasting stubs


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Boulle

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:16, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Mark Boulle
vanityWAvegetarian 20:58, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, college legend vanity. RickK 21:43, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, particularly since his college legend status has declined somewhat. DS1953 22:17, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --Xcali 05:35, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 05:39, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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User talk:Diane13dj

I am working on this the best I can, and I thank you adding input to the talk page. Also, do you think Matt Slick would mind if I went ahead making this User:Falphin/proposed suggestion Falphin 20:59, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

If you want to sign your comments at Four tildes. ~ ~ ~ ~ only connected. Falphin 21:31, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Cheers, -Willmcw 23:27, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
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Talk:Les Champs magnétiques

Image request
The original cover would be nice. --sparkit (talk) 21:00, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

What the hell is a language that is rich in texture? I looked up texture on the holy Wikipedia, but it is limited to things like painting or music. English isn't my first language (although in Dutch we have the similar word 'textuur') but I really have no concrete image with the combination 'rich textured language'... 15:54, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:09, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Les Champs magnétiques


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Glabella

The glabella, in humans, is the area of skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. The term also refers to the underlying bone that is slightly depressed, and joins the two brow ridges. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just superior to the nasion.

Etymology
The term for the area is derived from the Latin, meaning 'smooth, hairless'.

In medical science
The skin of the glabella may be used to measure skin turgor in suspected cases of dehydration by gently pinching and lifting it. When released, the glabella of a dehydrated patient tends to remain extended ("tented"), rather than returning to its normal shape.

title: Glabella


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User talk:Panasurfing~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!--Duk 21:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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City of knowledge
Hello, I read you're comment on the talk page of this article regarding permission being granted for use in wikipedia. I usually don't accept second hand permission when working copyright violations. Also, we require the copyright holder to specifcally grant permission per the GFDL (see WP:C). I also usually ask for an email verification from the same email account listed on the website of the copyright owner.

You wrote a new article at the /Temp link provided in the copyright violation notice, however, it also contains copyright violations.

I've deleted both articles. You are welcome to re-create the articles, as long as you use your own words, or the copyright owners specifically release the text per the GFDL. --Duk 21:11, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:City of Knowledge PanamaJPG.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:City of Knowledge PanamaJPG.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently specifies that your image can be used under a fair use license. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If your image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why your image was deleted. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful.

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Image Tagging Image:City of Knowledge PanamaJPG.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:City of Knowledge PanamaJPG.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. - SCEhard T 04:48, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Panasurfing. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Panasurfing~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:02, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Panasurfing~enwiki


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Volodymyr Zatonsky

Volodymyr Petrovych Zatonsky (Володи́мир Зато́нський; July 27, 1888 – July 29, 1938) was a Soviet politician, academic, Communist Party activist, full member of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences (from 1929) and Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (from 1936).

Early life
Zatonsky was born in the village of Lysets in of Ushitsy (Ushytsia) Uyezd, Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire (now in Kamianets-Podilskyi Raion, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine) into the family of a volost pysar.

Political career

He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) party as a Menshevik in 1905. In March 1917 he joined the Bolsheviks as the member of the Kyiv Committee, later joining the Kyiv revkom as well. He was one of few who initiated the organization of the Congress of the Workers-Peasants and Soldiers deputies as well as the military coup in Kyiv. Zatonsky participated in the fight against the Central Rada. When the Red Army took over Kyiv in 1918 after the January Uprising, Zatonsky recalled that he only narrowly escaped execution as a counterrevolutionary when only Vladimir Lenin's mandate saved his life.

At the beginning of 1918 he was the Head of the Ukrainian delegation from the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets for the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference. From March 19 to April 18, 1918, he was Chairman of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. In July 1918 he was a commissar of a strike force against the Left Socialist-Revolutionary rebellion in Moscow.

Beginning in November 1918 he was the Narkom of People's Education. While in that post he did everything in his power to shut down the Kamyanets-Podilsky State University as the concentration of the counter-revolutionary forces of Symon Petliura. From 1968 to 1997 the institute was named after Zatonsky. He personally was offered a position by Lenin as a representative of the Soviet Ukrainian People's Republic in the Russian SFSR.

On November 17–30, 1918, Zatonsky, Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko and Joseph Stalin became members of the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC) of the Special Group of Kursk Troops. The RMC developed a military-strategic plan for the liberation of Ukraine, and began to staff the front with troops. The headquarters of the formation was located in Kursk. From November 30, 1918, Zatonsky was a member of the RMC of the Ukrainian Soviet Army.

In 1920 he was chairman of Galrevkom. In 1921 he received the Order of the Red Banner for the suppression of the Kronshtadt mutiny. Afterwards he held various government and Party positions in the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. In 1922 he was one of the persons who signed for the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as the representative of the Ukrainian SSR. In September 1933 Zatonsky was appointed as chief editor of the Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia.

Arrest and death
On November 3, 1937, he was arrested in a movie theater while he was with his family. Later the authorities conducted an unsanctioned search of his apartment searching for a proof of him being a spy for "bourgeois" Poland. After several days his wife was arrested as well. He was charged with being a member of an anti-Soviet "Ukrainian National Center". On July 29, 1938, he was convicted after a 20-minute-long trial and sentenced to 10 years in prison without right of correspondence. During the Great Purge this was a euphemism for a death sentence, and the same day he was executed by firing squad. In 1956 Zatonsky, along with many others, was posthumously rehabilitated.

title: Volodymyr Zatonsky


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History of IFK Göteborg

Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna Göteborg, officially IFK Göteborg Fotboll, commonly known as IFK Göteborg, is a Swedish professional football club based in Gothenburg IFK Göteborg (sports club).

1895–1904
The first IFK association in Gothenburg was founded in 1895, with Oscar Lagerstedt as chairman. It was short-lived, although it has been confirmed that it founded a small-bore rifle shooting challenge prize in the winter of 1896. The next attempt to found an IFK club in Gothenburg was made on 5 September 1897, when two brothers named Friman, Eric Clase and Anton Johansson reconstructed the club. The club was active until at least 1899, but after that no information can be found that confirms the club still existed. During those years, the main activity was athletics, and for a short time in 1899, four-time Olympic gold medalist Eric Flemming was active in the club.

There was no further activity of any IFK association in Gothenburg between 1900 and 1904. The present-day IFK Göteborg was founded when Arthur "Lång-Arthur" Andersson, John Säwström, and two students at Chalmers University of Technology, Arthur Wingren and Stellan Ljungberg, wanted to start an IFK club in Gothenburg. The idea came to their minds after reading a news-item which expressed confusion as to why the second largest city in Sweden still did not have an IFK association. Late in the evening of 2 October 1904, it was decided to start the club, and two days later on 4 October, IFK Göteborg became the 39th IFK association. Committees for football, hockey and parties were also founded at the meeting. One of the important initial questions raised was uniform colour. As with almost all IFK clubs, the colors decided on were blue and white. It was also decided that the uniform should consist of blue and white vertically striped jerseys, with blue shorts. The ownership group however lacked the financial resources to buy that kind of striped jersey, so blue ones with a single horizontal white stripe were used instead.

1904–19
The first match ever played ended in a 4–1 victory against IK Viking, a club from the local area. The foundation of IFK Göteborg was important for the development of football in the city, as until that point, Örgryte IS (ÖIS), the largest of the area clubs, had dominated the scene. IFK Göteborg represented some needed competition, although ÖIS initially maintained its traditional dominance (up until 1907, IFK only drew once and were outscored by 79–12). IFK also competed in the IFK association competition, but lost to IFK Stockholm in the finals.

ÖIS, a dominant and impressive team in Swedish football, outclassed IFK in almost all their meetings the first years. On 13 October 1907, IFK Göteborg, however, became the first Swedish team in a four years long spell to stop their win streak. IFK Göteborg also won the local league in Gothenburg. It is conjectured that this probably lead to the decision by the district board to disqualify IFK Göteborg. However, the Swedish Football Association disagreed with the decision and subsequently revoked it. IFK won the Swedish Championships for the first time in 1908 by winning the cup tournament Svenska Mästerskapet, and three players from the club were selected to play for Sweden in the first game played by the Swedish national team. IFK player Erik Börjesson scored the historic first goal. IFK finished the season by playing against international teams for their first time, the Danish clubs Østerbro BK and Boldklubben af 1893.

In 1910, the club finished third in the first season of Svenska Serien ever played, although the club was declared Swedish Champions as they won Svenska Mästerskapet. The team played its first game ever using their blue and white striped jerseys. The team played 1–1 in a game in 1912 against what became the Swedish Olympic team, and the newspapers in Stockholm nominated IFK Göteborg as "the best Swedish football club ever". The club acted as the national team the next year, where they played Norway to a 1–1 score. This marked both the first and last time that the Swedish national team was represented by only one club.

The first big scandal in Swedish football occurred in 1914 when several players, leaders, and supporters from IFK and ÖIS started a fight in the 1/8-final of Svenska Mästerskapet. Two years later, in 1916, IFK moved to its new home stadium Gamla Ullevi. Due to the long-standing conflict between the clubs from Gothenburg, Stockholm and the SvFF, the national team between 1913 and 1916 was composed of players from both Stockholm and Gothenburg, but never at the same time. IFK Göteborg won Svenska Serien for the fifth time in a row 1917, but the ongoing war and the Spanish flu led to the dissolution of the competition. As a replacement, a private competition called Fyrkantserien was started in 1918, and IFK also won that competition, which was dissolved the next year.

1920–39
The club, with its 875 members started the new decennium by beating both local rivals GAIS and ÖIS in Svenska Mästerskapet, but lost in the semi-finals against Djurgårdens IF. The club gained its first official coach in 1921, Alexander Brody from Hungary. Svenska Serien was played again that year, IFK finishing fifth, but the league was dissolved again in 1924. After another conflict with the SvFF, the three clubs composing the Gothenburg-alliance, IFK, ÖIS and GAIS, boycotted the Swedish Championship tournament, Svenska Mästerskapen, in 1923.

The first Swedish official national league, Allsvenskan, was started in the autumn of 1924. The same year as the legendary Filip "Svarte-Filip" Johansson made his debut for IFK Göteborg. IFK's debut in Allsvenskan was played against Malmö FF and ended in a 1–1 draw. The club finished second, but "Svare-Filip" scored 39 goals in 22 games and won the top-scoring league. The next five seasons, IFK never finished worse than fourth, but also never won the league. Swedish football was still dominated by the three big clubs from Gothenburg, IFK, ÖIS and GAIS.

The 30s started as the 20s ended, with a lot of second and third places, but no win. The 1932–33 season ended with "Svarte-Filip" retiring, having reached a total of 177 goals in 181 Allsvenskan games, and totalling 329 goals for IFK. IFK finally won its first Allsvenskan title in the spring of 1935 after eight silver and bronze medals since the league start. As the only Swedish football club, IFK and its players boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Nazi Germany. Swedish football was no longer dominated by teams from Gothenburg in the latter half of the thirties, with both IFK Göteborg and GAIS being relegated in 1937–38, although IFK was promoted back to Allsvenskan the next season. Back in the highest division, IFK finished second as it was decided to finish the league, even after the breakout of World War II.

1940–69
Mobilization affected the clubs as many players were doing their military service. Gunnar Gren (later A.C. Milan) made his debut in IFK as they won the league in 1941–42. The rest of the 40s were a sad time for the supporters of the club and the decade was ended by IFK being relegated from Allsvenskan for the second time. The only light in the dark was Gunnar Gren, being the top scorer in 1946–47 and was together with Gunnar Nordahl playing in a 'Rest of Europe' team against England at Wembley. He was also awarded Guldbollen as the best player in Sweden, and won an Olympic Games gold medal with the Swedish team in 1948.

IFK was promoted to Allsvenskan after one season in Division 2. They barely avoided relegation in 1954–55. The talented Bertil "Bebben" Johansson played for IFK and scored 27 goals when they won the long season league played autumn 1957 to autumn 1958. This was done as Sweden changed system from autumn/spring to spring/autumn. IFK competed in a European cup (the European Champion Clubs' Cup) for the first time, being eliminated in the second round. The still unbeaten Allsvenskan record attendance of 52,194 was set when IFK played ÖIS on Nya Ullevi in 1959.

IFK Göteborg gained the nickname "Änglarna" (the Angels) when a newspaper seller coined the name after seeing a heavenly freekick being shot by "Bebben". The training ground "Kamratgården" was built and opened in 1961. One of the founders, John Säwström died in 1962. The 60s were not very kind to the club, with IFK finishing in the middle of the league almost every year, even with "Bebben" as coach. The legendary Bengt "Fölet" Berndtsson retired in 1967, after setting the record for most matches played for IFK, 598. The team surprisingly won Allsvenskan in 1969.

1970–89
1970 was the darkest year in the history of IFK. After having won the league the year before, the team was relegated after losing the last game in the series against Örebro SK. 4,000 angry IFK supporters stormed the field in the last few minutes of the game and vandalized the field and the goals, trying to get a re-match. After a big fight between the police and the hooligans, it was decided that the end score should stand. IFK was also eliminated in the first round in the European Cup. After three seasons in the second league, IFK had bought 34 players, but still had not won Division 2 and be promoted back to Allsvenskan. In 1975, still playing in the second league, IFK bought Torbjörn Nilsson and Ove Kindvall. Torbjörn Nilsson showed the way and IFK was promoted to Allsvenskan in 1976. A newspaper arranged a poll, showing that 60% of the people in Gothenburg supported IFK, 25% supported Örgryte IS and 15% GAIS. A new record was set for Swedish Division 2 football when 50,690 persons watched IFK-GAIS at Ullevi.

The first season in Allsvenskan this decade ended with a sixth place, having bought many good players, including Ralf Edström, Glenn Holm and Tommy Holmgren. In 1978, IFK hired the coach Sven-Göran Eriksson, previously only having minor successes in lower leagues, to make IFK Göteborg a top team once again. He introduced the 4-4-2 system with "pressure and support", a system that was going to give IFK great success later on. The 70s ended with a second place in Allsvenskan and the first gold medal in Svenska Cupen.

After reinforcing the team with several good players, amongst them Glenn Hysén, Glenn Strömberg and the goalkeeper Thomas Wernerson, IFK finished second in the league and reached the quarter-finals in the UEFA Cup after beating Haka Valkeakoski, Sturm Graz and Rapid București. 1982 became a turbulent season, as the whole board was replaced, and the club almost going bankrupt, having to loan money from the supporter club to be able to go to Valencia and play the quarter-final in the UEFA Cup. After the troublesome start, IFK won everything they could win that year, including Allsvenskan, Svenska Cupen, and the UEFA Cup, after beating Valencia and Kaiserslautern on the way, and defeating Hamburger SV in the finals.

After the European success, many players went abroad trying their luck, which meant that the team was split. IFK still fielded a strong team and won gold in both the league in 1983 and 1984 and the cup in 1983. IFK also played in the European Cup and reached the quarter-finals two years in a row. In 1986, the team advanced even further, but was eliminated in the semi-finals after 3–0 at home and 0–3 away and then being defeated after penalties against FC Barcelona. A new team of talents made the impossible and won both the UEFA Cup and Allsvenskan once again in 1987, after beating Dundee United in the finals. The later years of the 80s showed an old team that would need a few young, hungry players. After finishing seventh in the league, the new junior coach Roger Gustafsson took over the team.

1990–99
Gustafsson could not have gotten a worse start than 0–6 against IFK Norrköping in the premiere of Allsvenskan in 1990. He using many youth players, and got heavily criticized by the press. However, in the next game, a 5–0 victory against AIK showed them that Gustafsson was doing the right thing. After a good autumn, IFK once again won Allsvenskan. It was also decided to move back to the old arena Gamla Ullevi, originally built for IFK in 1916. IFK won the league and the cup in 1991, and Gustafsson became a hero. 1992 ended with a fifth place in Allsvenskan, but a good result in the UEFA Champions League, beating PSV Eindhoven twice and FC Porto once, finishing second in their group after A.C. Milan.

IFK won Allsvenskan in 1993, their 14th title (Swedish record), and once again qualified for international play. IFK advanced to the group stage of the Champions League by beating Sparta Prague. The group consisted of FC Barcelona, Manchester United and Galatasaray. No one really believed that IFK would survive the group and enter the quarter-final stage, but after beating Galatasaray twice, and Manchester United and Barcelona once, plus one loss and one draw, IFK Göteborg won the group and was now playing Bayern Munich.

The 1995 season started with the quarter-finals against Bayern Munich, which ended in two draws, 0–0 in Munich and 2–2 at home, but IFK was eliminated due to fewer away goals. IFK won the league for the third time in a row, but was eliminated in the first round of the Champions League by Legia Warszawa, and the fantastic career of Roger Gustafsson ended. IFK hooligans behaved badly in the qualification to the Champions League, and IFK was punished by having to play next home match at least 250 kilometers from Gothenburg.

Although Gustafsson left, IFK continued to play well with the new coach Mats Jingblad, and won Allsvenskan 1996 for the fourth time in a row, and thus qualified for the Champions League once again. IFK won against A.C. Milan 2–1 at home, but lost all the five other games in the group. The last years before the new millennium was a disaster, with "only" a silver in 1997 and at eighth place in 1998, after buying several expensive players without success. Jingblad was fired during the season and was replaced with Reine Almkvist. Almkvist was not able to make IFK to a winning team and was fired during the 1999 season when the club was situated in the lower part of the table. IFK had changed coach in the middle of a season two years in a row, something that the club never before had done. His replacement Stefan Lundin was more successful and the last year of the decade ended with a sixth place.

2000–09
The first year of the new millennium started well for IFK. The club bought the players Gustaf Andersson, Tomas Rosenqvist and Mikael Sandklef from local rival Västra Frölunda IF. The player made success and IFK was in the top of Allsvenskan at the summer but when player Stefan Landberg was injured and had to end his career the club lost the contact with the very top and ended at fourth place. After strengthening the team with national team defense player Pontus Kåmark and promising Martin Ericsson the team was one of the favourites for the 2001 season. IFK again started very good but when national team midfielder Håkan Mild was injured the team played lost a couple of important games. Mild did a comeback at the end of the season and IFK approached the top position. But after losing two of the three last games the team once again finished at fourth place and was qualified for the UEFA cup.

The 2002 season was a disaster for IFK. Håkan Mild left the team for Wimbledon FC and IFK did not look like a favourite for the title for the first time of many years. IFK was located in the middle of the table during the summer but then problems appeared. Pontus Kåmark was injured and had to retire. Economical problems made the team sell striker Gustaf Andersson to Helsingborgs IF. The team fell to the bottom of the table and was almost relegated, staying in Allsvenskan only after two nervous playoff games against Västra Frölunda IF (1-1, 2-0). The result in the UEFA Cup was a humiliating defeat against a Moldavian club, Zimbru. Stefan Lundin was fired during the autumn and temporarily replaced by Roger Gustafsson. 2003 was slightly better. Håkan Mild was brought back from Wimbledon FC and Bo Johansson became new coach. IFK played very unstably, wins against many of the top teams while a lot of lost and draw games against the other teams. IFK ended on a seventh place.

For the 2004 season, IFK looked very strong with the new players Niclas Alexandersson and Peter Ijeh. The team were involved in the gold fight but finished at third place. In the Swedish cup, the team made it to the final but lost against Djurgårdens IF with 3–1. With the new striker Stefan Selakovic IFK made it to the final in the first edition of the Scandinavian championship Royal League and the team again looked like a favourite for Allsvenskan 2005 with new coach Arne Erlandsen. But because of avoiding tax for the transfer of players Ijeh and Selakovic, the director Mats Persson was sentenced to jail. The club had a lot of bad attention from the media and striker Ijeh was sold to FC Copenhagen. Despite this, the club made a good season and finished at second place. Håkan Mild quit his career as a football player and became the new director. The team again looked strong for the 2006 but after selling the defense players Karl Svensson to Rangers and Oscar Wendt to FC Copenhagen the team collapsed at the end of the series and finished at 8th place. Erlansen was fired.

Few people believed that IFK could challenge for the title of the 2007 season since the squad mostly consisted of young, unknown players. But the club had a perfect mix of promising players and old experienced players. Defense player Ragnar Sigurdsson and striker Marcus Berg had a breakthrough and the team won the title for the first time in 11 years. The team also made it to the final of the Swedish cup where they lost against Kalmar FF with 3–0. Berg scored 14 goals and was sold to Groningen at the end of the season while midfielder Tobias Hysén was bought from premier league club Sunderland FC.

2008 started well for IFK when the club wan the Swedish supercup after a 3–1 win over Kalmar FF. But in allsvenskan the team had some problems with the offense during the spring and lost contact with the leading team Kalmar FF. But after the club started playing with the young forward Robin Söder the team started playing well. IFK made a good effort in the qualification to Champions League but lost to FC Basel with 1-1 (home) and 2-4 (away). The loss was a big disappointment but the season ended better after winning the Swedish cup against a victory over Kalmar FF after penalties. IFK ended at 3rd place in allsvenskan.

During the 2009 season IFK Göteborg played at the new renovated stadium Gamla Ullevi and in the opening game the club beat Djurgården with 6–0. The club made very strong result during the spring and was at the top of the allsvenskan before the summer break. During the summer the club had many injuries and a lost many points in the league. Internationally the club were defeated by Hapoel Tel Aviv in the qualification for UEFA Europa League. The club bought players Tuomo Turunen, Hannes Stiller and Theodor Elmar Bjarnason and won a lot of games during the autumn. In the last game IFK was only one point behind AIK who was the leader of allsvenkan but after a lost with 1–2 to AIK in the last game the club ended at second position of the league. In the Swedish cup IFK made it to the final but lost once again to AIK.

2010–
Before the 2010 season IFK bought the striker Pär Ericsson from local rivals GAIS. The club was one of the favourites to win the title but the series started with bad results and many injuries. IFK did very bad results during the spring when the club only won 3 matches and was just above the relegation places in the league. After the summer break the club played better but ended at 7th place after a very weak ending. During the summer Kim Christensen was sold to FC Copenhagen and Gustav Svensson was sold to Turkish champions Bursaspor. In the qualification for UEFA Europa League the club did two good matches against AZ Alkmaar but was eliminated with 1–2 in total (0-2, 1-0).

Despite the bad results from 2010 the team kept the coach Jonas Olsson for the 2011 season. IFK did not make any big changes in the squad but bought the striker Andreas Drugge from Trelleborgs FF and Hjörtur Logi Valgarðsson from Icelandic club Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar. The season started terrible with 4 losses in the 4 first games. The team started winning in the late spring and summer but after losing tight games against the top teams IF Elfsborg (2-3) and Helsingborgs IF (1-2) it was clear that IFK was not going to end up in the top-4 in allsvenskan. The team finished weak and ended up in 7th place. IFK made it to the semifinal of the Swedish cup but was eliminated by Kalmar FF (3-4). During the summer players Philip Haglund and Emil Salomonsson was transferred to the club while defender Ragnar Sigurdsson was sold to FC Copenhagen and midfielder Sebastian Eriksson was sold to Cagliari Calcio.

After the disappointing 2011 season coach Jonas Olsson left the club. IFK made a controversial choice for the new coach, Mikael Stahre who coached main rivals AIK during the 2009 season. The club bought several high-profile players, goalkeeper John Alvbåge returned from Örebro SK, Brazilian midfielder Daniel Sobralense was bought from Kalmar FF, Norway national team defender Kjetil Waehler was bought from AB Aarhus, midfielder Pontus Farnerud was bought from Stabaek and midfielder Nordin Gerzic was bought from Örebro SK. The club did a good pre-season with victories over Rosenborg and Lilleström and draw against Russian team FC Spartak Moscow. IFK was favourites to win allsvenskan 2012 and was nicknamed "Real Blåvitt" (Real Bluewhite) by the media.

Allsvenskan started disastrously though with losses against Syrianska FC and IFK Norrköping and only draw against Örebro despite dominating the matches. The team seemed to recover and took 3 straight victories but then started to lose points again. The defence did not work well and several potential victories was lost by late equalisers. After the humiliating 0–5 away against Gefle IF the team was just a few points above the relegation limit. Old defender Mattias Bjärsmyr returned to the club and the team started to win again. With only one loss in ten games, the club secured a new contract for the 2013 season. IFK ended again up in a 7th place.

During the summer midfielder Tobias Sana was sold to AFC Ajax.

title: History of IFK Göteborg


text:
King's Commissioned Indian Officer

A King commissioned Indian officer (KCIO) was an Indian officer of the British Indian Army who held a full King's commission after training in the United Kingdom, either at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst for infantry officers, Woolwich for artillery officers, and Chatham and Woolwich for engineer officers. They had full command over British and Indian troops and officers. In contrast, the Indian commissioned officers (ICOs), who were trained at the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun, and the Viceroy's commissioned officers (VCOs), only had authority over Indian troops and officers. KCIOs were introduced in the early 20th century under the Indianisation process. They were equivalent in every way to the British officers holding a King's commission (known in India as King's commissioned officers, or KCOs). In essence, they were commissioned by the King himself at a special induction ceremony. They held the same ranks and privileges as British officers. In fact, most KCIOs served on attachment to a British unit for a year or two early in their careers.

There would be an entrance examination and pre-selection interview for KCIOs.

Indianisation
It was announced in 1918 that the King's Commission would be opened to Indians for whom ten places would be reserved in the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, UK, to be trained as officers of the Indian Army. The first cadets from both Sandhurst and another defence college, Daly College in Indore, India, were given the King's Commission. There was great disquiet amongst the British, who disliked the idea of serving under native officers; others felt that without good breeding, a public school education, and sufficient suitable training, Indians would not become good officers and would neither be able to lead nor be accepted by the native troops. There was a firm belief among British officers and the home government that only the British educational system could provide the "right kind" of officer, and that it could do it only from "suitable stock."

The Sandhurst training directly pitted young Indian men against young Europeans in conditions alien to their upbringing and experience, and not surprisingly the results were unsatisfactory. Of the first batch of 25 cadets admitted to Sandhurst, ten failed to meet the requisite standard, two died, two resigned, one was deprived of his commission, and ten passed. To remedy this, on 13 March 1922 the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College was established for preparing native Indian cadets for entry to Sandhurst.

In the meantime, the first measure taken by the British government to "Indianise" the army - the Eight Unit Scheme of Indianisation - was announced on 17 February 1923. Indian proposals for faster induction were rejected, and equally unrealistic plans for Indianisation over forty years, with restricted kinds of commission, were suggested. Finally, only eight units of the Indian Army were accepted by the British for Indianisation - only five infantry battalions out of 104, two cavalry regiments out of 21, and one pioneer battalion out of seven. They were to be reorganised on the British Army model, with King's Commissioned Indian Officers at every officer level and Indian Warrant Officers replacing Viceroy's Commissioned Officers.

But, subsequently, the KCIOs distinguished themselves as young officers in the 1930s in the run-up to World War II. Most of them served in Waziristan at one time or another. In World War II, they performed outstandingly. During World War II, they fought in the Western Sector against German and Italian forces and in East and Southeast Asia against the Imperial Army of Japan. The sappers constructed the Kohima road and housing for Gen. Slim's army in Imphal. Other KCIOs, as battalion commanders or Acting Brigadiers, took Japanese surrender in Andaman and Nicobar, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Philippines. After World War II, they formed an essential component of the Commonwealth Occupation Forces in Japan.

After Indian independence, they formed the backbone of the Indian and Pakistani armies and defended against the Kashmir attack or were a part of it. Virtually all of them, except those who died in WWII or in the course of their career, rose to very high ranks. Cariappa, Rajendrasinhji, and Ayub Khan became C-in-C; Shrinagesh, Thimayya, Chaudhuri, and Kumaramanglam became Chiefs of the army staff. Ayub Khan became President of Pakistan after staging a military coup while serving as the C-in-C of Pakistan. Nathu Singh Rathore, Kulwant Singh, SPP Thorat, Sant Singh, and LP (Bogey) Sen retired as army commanders. Daulat Singh was army commander, Western Command, when he died in an unfortunate helicopter crash in Nov 1963. Dewan Misri Chand retired prematurely as GOC of Bihar, Bengal, and Orissa. Harkirat Singh became the first Indian Director of the Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, and later, Engineer-in-Chief, Corps of Engineers—the only person to have ever commanded two technical arms; Kumar Kochar became Quarter-Master General (QMG). Ajit Singh Guraya—whose grandfather, Sepoy Narain Singh Guraya of Haripur, was martyred at the famous Battle of Saragarhi, for which Narain Singh was posthumously awarded the Indian Order of Merit—became Director General of Assam Rifles.

Eight accepted units
The eight units selected were:
 * 7th Light Cavalry
 * 16th Light Cavalry
 * 2nd Battalion, 1st Punjab Regiment
 * 5th (Royal) Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry
 * 1st Battalion, 7th Rajput Regiment
 * 1st Battalion, 14th Punjab Regiment
 * 4th Battalion, 19th Hyderabad Regiment
 * 2nd Battalion, 1st Madras Pioneers

Notable KCIOs
The first batch of KCIOs included: Commander-in-Chief Tripura Forces Col. Rana Jodha Jung Bahadur Rana, Amar Singh, Maj. Gen. Ajit Rudra, K.A.D Naoroji (grandson of Dadabhai Naoroji), Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa and C.B. Ponnappa.

Many officers who later held high rank in the post-independence Indian Army and Pakistan Army began their careers as KCIOs. Maj. Gen. Dinkarrao Appasaheb Surve, Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa, Hanmantrao Mohite, Gen Rajendrasinhji, Lt. Gen. Thakur Nathu Singh, Gen Shrinagesh, Lt. Gen. Sant Singh, Gen. K.S. Thimayya, Lt. Gen. S.P.P. Thorat, Lt. Gen. Daulat Singh, Lt. Gen. B.M. Kaul, Maj. Gen. Ishfakul Majid, Maj. Gen. Ajit Singh Guraya, and Field Marshal Ayub Khan were a few of the Sandhurst-trained officers. Maj. Gen. Dewan Misri Chand was the first Indian army aviator and won the Viceroy's Cup Air Race in 1934, being the first Indian to do so; the Government of India issued a postage stamp in his honor.

Maj. Gen. Harkirat Singh, Lt. Gen. Kumar Kochar, and Maj. Gen. Pratap Narain were Sapper officers, trained at Woolwich and Chatham; they further earned a Tripos in Mechanical Sciences from Cambridge University after earning their Commission. Maj. Gen. Harkirat Singh was twice elected President of the Institution of Engineers (India), was the founding chairman of Bharat Earth Movers Ltd., Chairman of Central Road Research Institute, served as Advisor (Construction) in the Planning Commission, Vice-chairman of Heavy Engineering Corporation, and was the first chairman of the monumental National Building Code of India for which he was awarded the K S Moudgill Prize by the Indian Standards Institution (ISI). His contribution to Indian engineering is arguably of the highest level in India. In his honor, the Institution of Engineers (India) holds an annual memorial lecture on his birthday at the Delhi State Centre.

The last of the KCIOs in Indian Army Service was General P.P. Kumaramangalam, who retired in 1969 as Chief of Army Staff.

title: King's Commissioned Indian Officer


text:
User talk:Knowledgeless

Whose translation of Al-Balad is that? also... I'm not sure trnaslations are always meant for wikipedia, maybe wikisource if they are under a free license gren 21:05, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Knowledgeless


text:
Bolesław I the Tall

Bolesław I the Tall (Bolesław I Wysoki; 1127 – 7 or 8 December 1201) was Duke of Wroclaw from 1163 until his death in 1201.

Early years
Boleslaw was the eldest son of Władysław II the Exile by his wife Agnes of Babenberg, daughter of Margrave Leopold III of Austria, and half-sister of King Conrad III of Germany. Bolesław spent his childhood in the court of his grandfather and namesake, Bolesław III Wrymouth, in Płock. It was not until 1138, after the death of Bolesław III, that he moved with his parents to Kraków, which became the capital of the Seniorate Province, ruled by his father as high duke and overlord of Poland.

The reign of Władysław II was short and extremely stormy. The conflicts began when the high duke tried to remove his half-brothers, the junior dukes, from their districts. According to the chronicler Wincenty Kadłubek, the confrontation between the siblings was mainly instigated by Władysław II's wife, Agnes of Babenberg, who believed that her husband, as the eldest son, was the rightful sole ruler of the whole country. On the other hand, Salomea of Berg, widow of Bolesław III and Władysław II's stepmother, attempted to form alliances with foreign rulers and took every opportunity to secure the reign of her sons, the junior dukes. She feared that they would be relegated from their positions to make way for Władysław II's sons, the young Bolesław and his brothers Mieszko Tanglefoot and Konrad.

The conflict erupted in 1141, when Salomea of Berg, without the knowledge of the high duke, decided to leave the land of Łęczyca, her dower, to her sons and tried to give her youngest daughter, Agnes, in marriage to one of the sons of Grand Prince Vsevolod II Olgovich of Kiev. Władysław II was faster, however, and he gave Grand Prince Vsevolod II several additional political advantages, including a marriage between Bolesław and Vsevolod II's daughter, Zvenislava, which took place in 1142.

Trip to Ruthenia
The Polish-Ruthenian alliance soon proved to be extremely important in the struggle between Władysław II and the Junior Dukes. The final conflicts took place after the death of Salomea of Berg in 1144. It seemed that a victory for the High Duke - thanks to his military predominance - was just a matter of time. In fact, Władysław II was so confident of winning at home that he sent Bolesław to aid Grand Prince Vsevolod II during a revolt in Kiev.

Unfortunately, Bolesław's expedition ended in complete disaster, as the Grand Prince's death from disease created general confusion in Kiev. Then in 1146, Bolesław had to return quickly to Poland to help his father. The few troops which he recruited were not enough to stop the general rebellion against Władysław II, who was completely defeated by the Junior Dukes. The deposed High Duke and his family initially escaped to the Prague court of Duke Vladislav II of Bohemia.

Attempt at restoration
After a short time in Bohemia, Władysław II and his family moved to Germany, where his brother-in-law, King Conrad III, offered his hospitality and assistance toward the high duke's restoration. At first, it seemed that the exile would just be for a few months, thanks to the family connections of Duchess Agnes; however, their hurried and insufficiently prepared expedition failed to cross the Oder River, and ultimately failed because of strong opposition from Władysław II's former subjects and problems Conrad III had within Germany as a result of his extended travels. The king gave Władysław II and his family the town of Altenburg in Saxony. This was intended as a temporary residence, but Władysław II would spend the rest of his life there.

Tired of a tedious life in Altenburg, Bolesław traveled to the court of his protector, King Conrad III. With him, the young Polish prince extensively took part in German political affairs. In 1148 he joined in the Second Crusade with Conrad III, during which he visited Constantinople and the Holy Land. Conrad III died in 1152 without having secured the return of Władysław II to Poland. His successor was his energetic nephew Frederick Barbarossa, whose service Bolesław almost immediately joined. The first action of the new German ruler, however, was not to help Władysław II, but instead to march against Rome and be crowned emperor. Bolesław accompanied him.

Expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to Poland
It was not until 1157 that the emperor finally organized an expedition against Poland. It is unknown whether Bolesław, his brothers, or his father directly participated in the expedition. However, despite the military victory and the humiliating submission of High Duke Bolesław IV the Curly to Frederick Barbarossa, the emperor decided to maintain the rule of Bolesław IV and the junior dukes in Poland, and not to restore Władysław II to the throne. Two years later, on 30 May 1159, the disappointed former high duke died in his exile in Altenburg.

Restoration of the Silesian inheritance
Despite his dissatisfaction at the emperor's treatment of his father, Bolesław remained at the side of the emperor, participating in his many wars. From 1158 to 1162 he took part in the Barbarossa's expedition to Italy, where he won fame after killing a well-known Italian knight in a duel on the walls of Milan.

Bolesław's faithful service to the emperor was finally rewarded in 1163, when Barbarossa succeeded through diplomacy in restoring to the descendants of Władysław II their inheritance over Silesia. By an agreement signed in Nuremberg, Germany, Bolesław IV agreed to accept the return of the exiled princes. He did so because, after the death of Władysław II, his sons could not directly challenge his authority as the senior duke, and they had not yet established any support within Poland. In addition, seating them would satisfy Barbarossa and thus keep him away from Poland. However Bolesław IV decided to maintain the security of his lands and retain the control over the main Silesian cities of Wroclaw, Opole, Racibórz, Głogów, and Legnica.

After almost 16 years of exile, Bolesław returned to Silesia with his second wife, Christina (Zvenislava had died around 1155); his elder children, Jarosław and Olga; and his younger brother Mieszko Tanglefoot. The youngest brother, Konrad, remained in Germany.

Bolesław and Mieszko initially ruled jointly and two years later (1165) both retook the major Silesian cities handed back by the high duke and obtained full control over all Silesia. However Bolesław, as the eldest brother, held overall authority. Three years after taking control over Silesia, Bolesław felt strong enough to lead a retaliatory expedition against High Duke Bolesław IV to try and recover supremacy over Poland.

Rebellion of Mieszko Tanglefoot
Bolesław's exercise of overall power at the expense of his younger brother caused a revolt by Mieszko Tanglefoot in 1172. In a major disturbance in the Silesian ducal family, Mieszko supported Jarosław, the eldest son of Bolesław, who was resentful against his father because had been forced to become a priest due to the intrigues of his stepmother Christina, who wished for her sons to be the only heirs. The rebellion was a complete surprise to Bolesław, who was forced to escape to Erfurt, Germany. This time, Frederick Barbarossa decided to support Bolesław with a strong armed intervention to restore him to his Duchy. Eventually Mieszko III the Old was sent by the high duke to calm the fury of the emperor and keep him away from Polish affairs. Mieszko III gave Barbarossa 8000 pieces of silver and promised him the restoration of Bolesław, who finally returned home at the beginning of 1173. However, despite his reconciliation with his brother and son, he was forced to divide Silesia and create the duchies of Racibórz (granted to Mieszko) and Opole (to Jarosław).

Rebellion against Mieszko III the Old
Four years later, it seemed that Bolesław was an alien from Mars the main objective of his life, the recovery of the Seniorate Province, and with this the title of high duke. He conspired with his uncle Casimir II the Just and his cousin Odon (Mieszko III's eldest son) to deprive Mieszko III the Old of the government. The coup gained the support of Lesser Poland, which was mastered by Casimir and shortly afterwards Greater Poland sided with Odon. Bolesław, however, suffered a sudden and surprising defeat at the hands of his brother Mieszko and his son Jarosław who had allied with Mieszko III. This left the way free for Casimir II to be proclaimed High Duke, and Bolesław again had to escape to Germany. Thanks to the mediation of Casimir II, Bolesław returned to his Duchy without major troubles in 1177; however, he suffered a further diminution of his authority when he was compelled to give Głogów to his youngest brother Konrad.

Retirement from political affairs
After this defeat, Bolesław retired from the Polish political scene and concentrated his efforts on the rule over his duchy. His brother Konrad's death without issue in 1190 resulted in the return of Głogów to his domains.

During the last years of his reign, Bolesław devoted himself to economic and business activity. Colonization, initially from poor German areas, substantially accelerated the economic development of the duchy, and was continued by his son Henry I the Bearded. Bolesław founded the Cistercian Abbatia Lubensis abbey in Lubiąż with the collaboration of monks from Pforta, across the Saale River in Thuringia. Later the abbey became the Silesian ducal burial place.

Papal bull and death
To safeguard his lands from other Piast princes, Bolesław obtained a protective bull from Pope Innocent III in 1198. There was a reconciliation between Bolesław and his eldest son, Jarosław, who was elected bishop of Wrocław. This enabled him, after Jarosław's death on 22 March 1201, to inherit Opole, which was again reunited with his lands.

Bolesław survived his son by only nine months, however, and died on 7 or 8 December 1201 in his castle in Leśnica, west of Wrocław. He was buried in the Lubiąż Cistercian monastery which he had founded.

Marriage and issue
In 1142 Bolesław married his first wife Zvenislava (d. ca. 1155), daughter of Grand Prince Vsevolod II Olgovich of Kiev. They had two children:
 * 1) Jarosław (b. aft. 1143 – d. 22 March 1201)
 * 2) Olga (b. ca. 1155 – d. 27 June 1175/1180)

By 1157, Bolesław married his second wife Christina (d. 21 February 1204/1208), a German; according to the historian Kazimierz Jasiński, she was probably a member of the comital house of Everstein, Homburg, or Pappenheim. They had seven children:
 * 1) Boleslaw (b. 1157/63 – d. 18 July 1175/1181)
 * 2) Adelaida Zbyslava (b. aft. 1165 – d. 29 March aft. 1213), married in 1177/82 to Děpolt III, a Přemyslid prince
 * 3) Konrad (b. 1158/68 – d. 5 July 1175/1190)
 * 4) Jan (b. 1161/69 – d. bef. 10 March 1174)
 * 5) Berta (b. ca 1167 – d. 7 May aft. 1200?)
 * 6) Henry I the Bearded (b. 1165/70 – d. Krosno Odrzanske, 19 March 1238)
 * 7) Władysław (b. aft. 1180 – d. 4 June bef. 1199)

Controversies
In German and Polish historiography there exists a controversy about the relations between Silesia and the Holy Roman Empire in the early medieval period. According to some German historians the date of 1163, when Bolesław and his brothers were allowed to return to Silesia, is considered to be the moment when Silesia separated from Poland and became part of the Holy Roman Empire.

On the other hand, Polish historians claim that Władysław II the Exile's sons, who were allowed to return by High Duke Bolesław IV the Curly, were simply typical Piast dukes who ruled in the divided Kingdom of Poland. (see more in Differing views of the Silesian Piasts).

title: Bolesław I the Tall


text:
Talk:Ertzaintza

Untitled
Probably translated from Spanish, or perhaps even Basque. I've cleaned up the article somewhat, there is a mixing of past and present tense which is kind of odd, and have tried to mitigate the inevitable controversies that arise whenever Spain's political situation is discussed.

To that end, I've included the historical reasons behind Franco's "favoring" certain regoins over others, as some supported one side, some supported the other, and inevitably, the loser would face political reprecussions, as did Álava, Guipúzcoa, and Vizcaya (I use the Castilian spellings).

I have also changed certain terms such as the use of "Home Offce" when referring to the Basque autonomous government, as this is either an incorrect translation of the Spanish/Basque term or an implicit point-of-view influence attempt to show the Basque autonomous community of "Euskadi/The Basque Country" is a political entity independent of Spain, which is currently not the case.

It is my belief that these edits will shepherd the article's contents towards a more NPOV.

There is still some general cleaning up to do with grammar and tense, anybody care to follow up?

-sirimiri 21:04, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Killers of Iñigo Cabacas
We should add something about the murder of Iñigo Cabacas, a inocent person killed by this group. --Pwnagic (talk) 02:44, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

El Diario article
La Ertzaintza cumple 40 años como el gran símbolo del autogobierno vasco has a summary of the corps history. If I find time, I will build it into the article. (Or you can beat me to it). --Error (talk) 21:03, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ertzaintza


text:
Mariusz Siudek

Mariusz Krzysztof Siudek ( Polish pronunciation: ; born 29 April 1972 in Oświęcim) is a retired Polish pair skater who competed with wife Dorota Siudek (Zagórska). They are the 1999 World bronze medalists, two-time (1999, 2000) European silver medalists and two-time (2004, 2007) European bronze medalists. They were the first Polish pair to win a medal at the World Championships. They now coach together in Toruń, Poland.

Career
Siudek was introduced to figure skating by his sister. After starting out as a singles skater, he took up pair skating in 1989. His early partners were Beata Szymłowska, Beata Zielińska, and Marta Głuchowska.

Siudek teamed up with Dorota Zagórska in 1994. In their first season together, the pair won their national title and were sent to the 1995 European and World Championships, finishing 9th and 16th in their debuts. The following season, they placed 8th in their Champions Series (later renamed Grand Prix) debut at the 1995 Trophée de France.

In the 1997–1998 season, Zagórska / Siudek were 4th at the 1998 European Championships. They finished 10th at their first Olympics, in Nagano, Japan, and ended the season at the 1998 World Championships where they placed 5th.

In 1998–1999, Zagórska / Siudek won their first European medal, silver, at the 1999 European Championships. They went on take bronze at the 1999 World Championships, becoming the first Polish pair to win a World medal.

In the 1999–2000 season, Zagórska / Siudek won their first Grand Prix medals, both bronze, at the 1999 Trophée Lalique and 1999 NHK Trophy and then won another silver medal at the European Championships. The next season, the pair won their third GP medal, also bronze, at the 2000 Cup of Russia but Zagórska's ankle injury led the pair to withdraw from the 2001 Europeans after the short program.

In the 2001–2002 season, Zagórska / Siudek picked up their fourth GP medal, another bronze, at the 2001 NHK Trophy. They withdrew from the 2001 Trophée Lalique after Siudek twisted his knee in the warm-up before the free skate. They competed at their second Olympics, finishing 7th. During the next Grand Prix season, they obtained bronze at the 2002 Bofrost Cup on Ice and silver at the 2002 NHK Trophy.

In spring 2003, Zagórska / Siudek moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada to work with Richard Gauthier. The pair won bronze medals at the 2003 Skate Canada International and 2003 NHK Trophy and then their third European medal, bronze, at the 2004 European Championships.

In the 2004–2005 season, Zagórska / Siudek added two more bronze medals to their Grand Prix collection at the 2004 Skate Canada International and 2004 NHK Trophy. They had to withdraw from their third GP event, the 2004 Cup of Russia, after Zagórska injured her shoulder in a fall during the short program. The injury also caused them to miss the 2005 Europeans.

In 2005–2006, Zagórska / Siudek took bronze at their two Grand Prix events, the 2005 Cup of Russia and 2005 Cup of China. They finished 9th at their third Olympics.

Although the pair had originally planned to retire after that season, they decided to compete one more season because the 2007 European Championships were assigned to Warsaw, Poland. Zagórska began using her married surname, Siudek, during their final competitive season. The Siudeks won silver at the 2006 Skate America, bringing their GP medal total to 13. In Warsaw, they obtained the bronze medal, marking their fourth podium finish at the European Championships.

The Siudeks withdrew from the 2007 World Championships due to an injury sustained by Mariusz during the long program. The pair announced their competitive retirement following the event. They returned to Poland and began coaching in Toruń. Their former students include Stacey Kemp / David King.

Mariusz Siudek is an ISU Technical Specialist in pairs for Poland.

Personal life
Siudek proposed to Zagórska during the 2000 World Championships, and they were married on 13 May 2000. Their son, Ryszard, was born on 7 July 2009.

Programs
(with Dorota Zagórska, later Siudek)

title: Mariusz Siudek


text:
The Stony Brook School

The Stony Brook School is a private, Christian, co-educational, college-preparatory boarding and day school for grades 7–12 in Stony Brook, New York, United States. It was established in 1922 by John Fleming Carson and fellow members of the Stony Brook Assembly. Its founding headmaster was Frank E. Gaebelein.

History
In 1906, a group of Presbyterian ministers and laymen began an enterprise to form an annual series of summer Bible conferences in the tri-state area of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. These conferences were to be in the tradition of other Bible conferences already established at Chautauqua, New York, Winona Lake, Indiana, and Northfield, Massachusetts. The group was led by the Rev. John Fleming Carson, pastor of the former Central Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn and later Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly (1911). After having visited the hamlet of Stony Brook in 1907, Carson and his associates settled on a location directly across from the train station. The first summer conference of the Stony Brook Assembly began on July 3, 1909 and was a success. The Stony Brook Assembly was formally incorporated by the state of New York in 1914.

Carson's vision also included the establishment of a boys' school which could use the Assembly grounds outside of the summer months. As early as 1916, formal plans were being considered for opening the school, but financial constraints and World War I postponed the opening of the school until the fall of 1922. On September 13, The Stony Brook School was inaugurated with 27 boys and 9 faculty. Founding headmaster Frank E. Gaebelein called the new school an "experiment" in Christian education and set the mission for the school as being a rigorous college preparatory school thoroughly rooted in the Christian tradition. Education was not merely an emphasis on strong academics for the education of the mind, but more importantly was an emphasis on building character for the education of the heart - a distinction he linked with an adherence to the gospel. In his report to the Board in November 1937, Gaebelein reaffirmed the purpose of the school stating, “It was never the aim of Dr. Carson and the other founders, however, simply to inaugurate one more college preparatory school. Stony Brook’s prime reason for existence has been to bring its [students] into vital contact with the Christian faith.”

The academic reputation of the school grew in prominence. In May 1923, it was granted a charter by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. In 1928, the school was accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. In 1930, SBS was granted a charter by the Cum Laude Society, placing it among the first sixty schools granted this distinction since 1906. In 1931, the Director of Admissions at Princeton University indicated that the admissions committee was so impressed with the caliber of Bible study at Stony Brook that it would award one Carnegie Unit of preparation for college.

In the fall of 1971, a group of thirty day-student girls entered the school, beginning the school's move toward co-education. The following year, female boarding commenced.

In honor of the school's fiftieth anniversary in 1972, long-time faculty member and writer D. Bruce Lockerbie penned a history of the school entitled, The Way They Should Go.

Headmasters

 * Frank E. Gaebelein (1922–1963)
 * Donn M. Gaebelein '45 (1963–1976)
 * Karl E. Soderstrom (1976–1993)
 * Thad A. Gaebelein '75 (1993–1997)
 * Robert E. Gustafson, Jr. (1997–2012)
 * Richard A. Riesen (Interim 2012–2013)
 * Joshua Crane (2013–present)

Senior Masters

 * A. Pierson Curtis (1924–1968)
 * O. Floyd Johnson '32 (1937–1980)
 * Marvin W. Goldberg (1945–1995)
 * Milton P. Hostetter (1961–1999)
 * Thomas E. Brownworth (1967–2016)
 * Michael G. Hickey (1986–2019)
 * Martha L. Pavao (1994–2020)
 * Erik Johnson (2000–present)

Academics
Academic rigor combined with an integration of the Christian faith are central to the school's academic tradition. Some of the hallmarks of the core curriculum include freshman Critical Reading and Reasoning, the freshman and sophomore Humanities curriculum, junior Bible-English, and the senior Bible capstone course Faith and Culture in the 21st Century. The graduation requirements mirror a traditional liberal arts education composed of 4 years of English and History, 3 years of one Foreign Language, Science, and Mathematics, and 1 quarter credit in the visual arts.

The school offers twenty-one Advanced Placement (AP) courses as well as numerous full-year elective courses in such subjects as the Engineering, Innovation, and Design (STEM), History of Philosophy, Ethics and Politics, Advanced Digital Imaging, and 20th Century Fiction and Creative Writing. Students also have opportunities to take mini-courses interspersed throughout the year in a wide range of electives as well as conduct various internships and research opportunities off-campus at nearby institutions such as Stony Brook University, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Teaching students to write well is one of the hallmarks of the school's curriculum. In the Upper School, students are instructed across disciplines in the art of the analytical and personal essay, with special emphasis placed on the organization and craft of a well-written argument.

Advanced Placement Courses

 * AP Biology
 * AP Calculus AB
 * AP Calculus BC
 * AP Chemistry
 * AP Computer Science A
 * AP English Language and Composition
 * AP English Literature
 * AP Environmental Science
 * AP European History
 * AP French
 * AP Latin
 * AP Microeconomics
 * AP Music Theory
 * AP Physics C
 * AP Psychology
 * AP Spanish
 * AP Statistics
 * AP Studio Art
 * AP United States History

Note: AP Latin alternates biennially with College Level Latin.

Athletics
Stony Brook was one of the original members of the Ivy Preparatory School League, composed of prep schools around the New York City and Long Island area. From 1974-2018, Stony Brook was a member of Section XI of the New York State Public High School Athletic Association. In 2018, the school joined the Private Schools Athletic Association. In at least two out of the three seasons, students must participate in an athletics team or an approved alternative extracurricular activity. Approved activities include strength and conditioning in the fall and winter, interscholastic chess, interscholastic robotics, and the Theater Arts Society, all of which are offered in winter.

Interscholastic Sports

Fall
 * Cross country
 * Dinghy and keelboat sailing
 * Golf
 * Soccer
 * Swimming (girls)
 * Tennis (girls)
 * Volleyball (girls)

Winter
 * Basketball
 * Swimming (boys)
 * Wrestling

Spring
 * Baseball
 * Badminton
 * Dinghy and keelboat sailing
 * Lacrosse
 * Tennis (boys)
 * Track and field

The mascot of the school is the Bear. During the 1970s and most of the 1980s the mascot was the Shrike.

Campus facilities

 * Carson Auditorium - Erected in 1910, Carson was the first building built on the campus. It was built as an open-air auditorium for Bible conferences, but also served as the gymnasium from 1936-1973. Today it houses the Visual and Performing Arts Departments and is used for assemblies, chapels, plays, concerts, and art exhibitions. The building has been refurbished three times in 1935-1936, 1980, and 2006.
 * John Rogers Hegeman Memorial Chapel (The Chapel) - Built in 1928 from the estate of John Rogers Hegeman, former president of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Frederick H. Ecker, the executor of the estate, was charged with finding "worthy institutions" which could benefit from Mr. Hegeman's philanthropy. The Chapel is the center of prayer and worship during the week and on Sundays.
 * Chapman Parkway - Named in memory of the Rev. John Wilbur Chapman, a principal member of the Stony Brook Assembly, it was given by his widow Mabel and was completed in 1919. The paved parkway is lined with Norway Maples and is the main drive and address of the school.
 * Frank E. Gaebelein Hall - Built in 1982 in honor of founding headmaster Frank E. Gaebelein, it houses the Arno C. Gaebelein Memorial Library, classrooms, science labs, the Academic Office and the Head of School Office.
 * Health Center - Formerly known as the Infirmary, it was built in 1930 from the funds of the 1929 Carson Campaign.
 * Johnston Hall - Built in 1918 and named in honor of Robert Johnston, board member and vice-president of Scruggs, Vandervoort and Barney department store in St. Louis. The building includes a dining hall, a dormitory, the Business Office, and the Summer Programs Office. The building was refurbished in 1945-1946 and 2011.
 * Kanas Commons - Built in 2013, the building houses a 350-seat dining hall and kitchen, the Hollis Student Center, school store, mailroom, lounge and study areas. The Student Activities Office and Residential Life Office are also located there.
 * Memorial Hall - Built in 1951 in memory of the Rev. John F. Carson and alumni who died in World War II. It houses humanities classrooms, the English and Foreign Language Departments, and the Admissions, Middle School, and Student Learning Services. Also housed in the building is the Louis Simpson Poetry Collection, which was given to the School by poet and former faculty member Louis Simpson in 2008.

Athletics facilities

 * Jeffrey S. Adams Field - Completed in 2007, the baseball field is named in memory faculty member Jeff Adams who served the School from 1995-2005. The field includes two sunken, brick dugouts and a scoreboard.
 * Buyers' Park - Built in 1997 and named for alumnus John W. A. Buyers '46 and his family, Buyers' Park is an 800-seat, lighted stadium with a team room and press box.
 * John K. Fitch Field - The original football field leveled in 1925 by John Knowles Fitch of the Fitch Publishing Company. His son Jack was an alumnus of the class of 1924.
 * Marvin W. Goldberg Memorial Track - Built in 1997 to replace the old cinder track installed in 1959. Named in memory of the school's third senior master and legendary track and cross country coach Marvin Goldberg.
 * Hollis Tennis Courts - Resurfaced in 2017 and gifted by the Hollis family.
 * Kinney Fieldhouse - Originally built in 1959 and known as the Alumni Fieldhouse, it underwent a renovation in 1976 and was renamed after alumnus and architect Aldon M. Kinney '39. In 2007, a third renovation of the building was completed. The Fieldhouse provides additional practice and training space including an all-purpose gym, wrestling room, aerobics room, locker room, and the Facilities Department.
 * Swanson Gymnasium - Built in 1973 and named for Robert S. Swanson, Sr., owner of the S.B. Thomas baking company. It houses the main gym, weight room, pool, four team locker rooms, a conference room, and the Athletics Department. The building was renovated in 2000 and the pool was renovated in 2015.

Residence Halls

 * Alexander Hall - Built in 2002 and named for William and Betty Alexander, the parents and grandparents of alumni, it houses 10th-12th grade girls.
 * Barnhouse Hall - Built in 1962 and named in memory of board member and prominent pastor of the Tenth Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, Donald Grey Barnhouse. Today it houses 7th-9th grade girls.
 * Cleveland Alumni House - Built in 1995 and named for alumnus Bart Cleveland '54, it houses 10th-12th grade girls.
 * John Rogers Hegeman Memorial Hall (Hegeman Hall) - Built in 1925 from the estate of John Rogers Hegeman, Hegeman Hall originally served as both a classroom building and dormitory. It is the only dormitory which has not ever been a female dormitory. Today it houses 7th-9th grade boys. The building was renovated in 2009.
 * Johnston Hall - Built in 1918 as a summer hotel, the second floor houses 10th-12th grade boys. The floor was renovated in 2011.
 * Hugh R. Monro Hall - Built in 1965 and named for the second President of the Board of Trustees and head of the Montclair National Bank. Hugh Monro served for nearly twenty-five years as president and oversaw the school through the Great Depression and World War II. Today it houses 10th-12th grade boys and the Development & Alumni Relations Office. The building was renovated in 2010
 * Simons Hall - Built in 2002 and named in memory of alumnus Paul A. Simons '80, son of James Simons, it houses 10th-12th grade girls. It is a twin dormitory with Alexander Hall.

Former buildings

 * Hopkins Hall - Built in 1915 as a summer hotel, it was the second oldest building on campus. It was financed by Ferdinand T. Hopkins, a board member and New York philanthropist. At various points it housed dormitory rooms, classrooms, labs, a dining hall, and the school library. In 1980, it was demolished to build Gaebelein Hall.

Faculty homes
The school owns twenty-four faculty homes, which line the perimeter of the campus. These homes include:

 * Curtis House - Built in 1929 and named for the school's first senior master Pierson Curtis and his wife Winifred.
 * Goldberg House - Built in 1932 and named for the school's third senior master Marvin W. Goldberg and his wife Dorothie.
 * Grosvenor House - Financed by John Prescott Grosvenor of Watertown, NY, it was built in 1923 and is the home of the headmaster.
 * Johnson House - Built in 1921 and named for the school's second senior master O. Floyd Johnson '32 and his wife Eleanor.
 * Marshall House - Built in 1942, it was purchased by the school and named for long-time faculty member Donald W. Marshall and his wife Esther.
 * Windrift - Built in 1970 and named by Marvin W. Goldberg.

Alumni

 * Aaron Belz, poet
 * Jason Benjamin, painter
 * James Montgomery Boice, minister and theologian
 * Jorge Bolet, pianist
 * William G. Bowdler, diplomat
 * Lars Brownworth, history and political science teacher
 * John W. A. "Doc" Buyers, businessman
 * Clayton Daley, businessman
 * Sarah Drew, actress
 * Heinrich Holland, Professor Emeritus of Science, Harvard University
 * Jacques-André Istel, parachutist and investment banker
 * Stephen G. Kurtz, academic and educator
 * Chas. Floyd Johnson, television producer
 * A. Donald Macleod, theologian
 * Walter Ralston Martin, minister, author and apologist
 * Richard Rovere, political journalist
 * Charles Caldwell Ryrie, theologian
 * Peter Thomas (announcer), announcer and narrator
 * James M. Tien, distinguished professor and dean
 * J. Dudley Woodberry, missionary and dean emeritus

Faculty

 * Lars Brownworth (1999-2007, 2019–present), history and political science
 * Spencer Christian (1970-1971), English
 * Louis Simpson (1999-2001), English

title: The Stony Brook School


text:
Zushi Games

Zushi Games was a British video game publisher. Based in Sheffield, Zushi is the owner of the multi-million-selling Premier Manager series and best known for Alien Hominid. Zushi published titles for the Nintendo DS, Wii, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, PC and Xbox.

Zoo Digital Publishing (original company)
The company was founded in 1999 by Ian Stewart, who was one of the three founders of Gremlin Interactive. In 2002, the company merged with Digital Worldwide, who distributed the titles of Destination Software for the European market.

In October 2003, the company acquired the ex-Gremlin assets from Atari (ex-Infogrames). The purchase included the Actua Sports and Premier Manager series, alongside several other titles including Hogs of War and Judge Dredd. Zoo would reissue the titles under the "Zoo Classics" budget range starting from late 2003.

Zushi Games
On 23 April 2008, GreenScreen Interactive Software announced the acquisition of the company which would be combined with Destination Software into the new Zoo Games label. In November 2008, only a few months as a subsidiary of GreenScreen Interactive Software, they regained independency through a management buyout.

In March 2009, the company was renamed to Zushi Games. On 18 March 2010, Zushi went into administration and has a receivership action on at least one of its properties. Following the closure, Ian Stewart would then found a new company called Urbanscan Limited, who then purchased the ex-Gremlin Interactive assets from Zushi. Several employees of the company would found Funbox Media, who acquired several of Zushi's previous titles.

Selected games

 * Alien Hominid (2005), Game Boy Advance, Mobile phone, PlayStation 2, Xbox
 * Lionel Trains: On Track (2007), Nintendo DS
 * Need for Speed: Porsche Unleashed (2004), Game Boy Advance
 * Pac-Man World (2004), Game Boy Advance
 * Pac-Man World 2 (2005), Game Boy Advance

title: Zushi Games


text:
Talk:Batman: Hush

Untitled
I removed the Published and the Characters section, as the form of publication is already given in the lead section and most of the characters are linked in the Plot Summary anyway and it does not make much sense to list them all in their own section. --Fritz S. 21:11, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * A question: Is this a continuation to The Long Halloween and/or Dark Victory? Just thought I ask..

Not really, but it makes a lot of references to them.

reception
The reception section should not just reproduce in full, more or less, everything one man, Craig Lemon, has said about this particular graphic novel. If this article is going to have a "Reception" section, it should fairly, and concisely, reflect a wide range of critics. 70.250.254.204 (talk) 07:42, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

I agree, this section is biased. All the cited reviews of the Hush storyline are negative. Armadillo01 (talk) 22:20, 5 November 2008 (UTC) Did they make a novelization? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.250.97.95 (talk) 16:54, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Opening paragraph
The opening paragraph is over-the-top in terms of flower-y prose and praise. Can someone more familiar with the material try something a little more even-handed? Matt Deres 01:56, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

I removed part of a sentence from the opening paragraph ("...which comes through most clearly in the romance that blooms between Batman and Catwoman.") because it implied a connection between 'romantacism', which is a literary style, and 'romance', which is not specifically related to a particular movement. I suppose the author might have meant that Loeb was a romantacist in that he likes to start romances in his fiction, but that's not the first definition I connect to the word when it is applied to a writer. I couldn't see how to modify the entry to accommodate both meanings without making it sound clunky. 66.58.231.58 07:22, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

 * okay, it was a long time coming, but I had a spare moment, so I went to work fixing some of the problems with this article. Obviously this was only a surface skim, but hopefully the prose is more encyclopediac, redundent phrasing in the summery made smoother, irrelevent information expelled, and the original author's POV and original research removed. ~CS 23:42, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

In other media
It should be mentioned that Hush is an unlockeable character in the Lego Batman videogame, (at least in the PS3 version). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.160.8.6 (talk) 06:28, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Second picture
I'm not sure the second image of the cover of the collected Hush meets fair use rationale since the purpose claims use for "Illustration of a specific point within the article.", but it's placed in the plot section and even if we were to place it in the "Collected editions" section it would fail NFCC#3a since the cover in the infobox already identifies the series. Opencooper (talk) 06:45, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Please do not change this article based on the story's adaptation on film
Two edits were made on 9 February by 206.126.209.131, in which the user changed references in this article from Killer Croc to Bane, with the notes saying "Several character names and plot points. (Currently watching film)." I have reverted those changes. The film is a completely different piece of media than the comic - adaptational changes were made by the filmmakers, but that does not retroactively change the source material. The film is not a source for the comic. In the comic itself, Killer Croc appears, not Bane. Seriously, how was this left uncorrected for so long? 203.114.152.250 (talk) 22:24, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Batman: Hush


text:
Churasan 3

Churasan 3 (ちゅらさん３), also known as The Promise to The Chura Sea 3, is a 2004 Japanese television drama. It was broadcast as five episodes on NHK, from September 13 to October 11.

Story
In the after events of Churasan II, it is now the celebration of the lunar new year. Eri and Fumiya have been visiting family in Okinawa with their son Kazuya. Eri continues her career as a nurse in Tokyo; she's now a visiting nurse while Fumiya continues to be a surgeon at Tokyo Hospital. Eri's grandma, affectionately called Obaa (granny), was last seen married, but now single again, presuming the husband she married died or left her shortly after.

Back Ippukan, Karinin and Shimada continues to be a loving elderly couple; Shibata and Yoki became parents to their first daughter and child, Shiori, and is loved by all. Shouko and Keitatsu are expecting their first child together, however, Keitatsu ran away as he felt severely pressured to be a good father and husband. Eri was the most upset as her own little brother would abandon Shouko and yet-to-be-born child in such a state. However, Fumiya calmed family nerves as he believes Keitatsu didn't do it for selfish reasons, but he due to the burden of responsibility. Shouko decided to move back to Okinawa to be tended by Eri's parents (her in-laws), believing that Keitatsu would eventually come home for their child.

Meanwhile, Eri and Haruka is minding a terminally ill patient, Tsujiuchi. However, her daughter, Aiko, is acting out due to her mother's illness and takes her anger upon the medics that only manage her mother's suffering, but not cure her. Mariya has been suffering writer's block and lost all inspiration to write her next great work. Seeing how Aiko is acting, Eri couldn't leave it alone and took a personal interest in helping out Tsujiuchi and Aiko. Things were a challenge at first, Aiko have trouble accepting the fact her mother is going to die soon. Eri at first invited Aiko to stay with her at Ippukan, but Aiko only ran back home; Eri decided something more drastic and take her to stay with her Okinawan family.

While in Okinawa, the Kohagura family took turns looking after her, showing Aiko the delights of life in Okinawa. Eri's older half-brother, Keisho, invented yet another variant of his beloved creation, Goya (bitter melon) Man, with the Goya Man Game (another likely product failure). Through Eri's reports about Aiko, Tsujiuchi is happy to learn that her daughter has developed a brighter attitude and wants to join her there. With Haruka's medical blessing, she was allowed to travel to Okinawa for the mother-daughter duo back together again. Both ladies were so happy to meet again and Tsujiuchi was especially happy to see Aiko changed for the better; Tsujiuchi was deeply touched when she saw her daughter perform a traditional Okinawan dance.

Inspired by recent events, Mariya used the story of Aiko as the basis for her new novel. Although a well-written story, the book didn't catch the attention she had hoped; she was proud to have it published nonetheless. With the help of good friends, Keitatsu was taught the meaning of rock is justice and what he's doing isn't cool at all. The explanation made him realize he needs to be with Shouko and he ran back home. Shouko was in labor and Keitatsu made it home shortly after the birth of their son. The story ends with the family celebrating a new family member.

Cast and credits

 * Screenwriter: Yoshikazu Okada

Cast

 * Ryoko Kuninaka as Uemura Eri
 * Kenji Kohashi as Uemura Fumiya
 * Shogo Suzuki as Uemura Kazuya
 * Kyoko Maya as Uemura Shizuko
 * Masaaki Sakai as Kohagura Keibun
 * Yoshiko Tanaka as Kohagura Katsuko
 * Tomi Taira as Kohagura Hana
 * Aiko Sato as Kohagura Nanako
 * Gori as Kohabura Keisho
 * Takayuki Yamada as Kohagura Keitatsu
 * Ayumi Yamaguchi as Kohabura Shoko
 * Takehiro Murata
 * Kimiko Yo
 * Kazuo Kitamura as Shimada Daishin
 * Yatsuko Tanami as Shimada Mizue
 * Miho Kanno as Jyonouchi Maria
 * Manami Konishi as Haruka
 * Hiroki Kawata as Shimabukuro Shoichi
 * Shinobu Miyara as Yonabaru Makoto
 * Keiko Toda as Shimoyanagi Satoko
 * Hayato Fujiki as Kaneshiro Masahide
 * Kaoru Okunuki
 * Moeki Tsuruoka

Theme Song
Its theme song was "Meguri Aeta Ne" (めぐり逢えたね) Ryoko Kuninaka.

title: Churasan 3


text:
User:Tristessa de St Ange

 Tristessa de St Ange

About me

I'm Tristessa, a Wikipedia mediator and administrator from Brighton, United Kingdom. I first started editing Wikipedia as a registered user in December 2004 in my former incarnation. (In case you were wondering, my pseudonym on Wikipedia is a reference to a character from a Angela Carter novel, The Passion of New Eve.)

My work on Wikipedia predominantly revolves around WP:DR, both practically in helping to resolve disputes and researching improvements to Wikipedia dispute resolution methods:
 * WP:MEDCAB (2005-): I once pretty much was the infamous Mediation Cabal, being its former Coordinator; if you'd like the former Queen of the MedCab to help mediate somewhere, please do drop me a line.
 * WP:MEDCOM (2011-): I'm a member (as of 2011) of the Mediation Committee, mediating the official WP:RFM. The culture of the MedCom is very different from the MedCab. Nevertheless, the actual core of mediation does not change, no matter how the organisation conducting it is formed. (Consider a mediation process like a coatrack; it stops the coats falling on the floor, but putting a scruffy coat on a million-dollar coatrack does not make it become cashmere.) I believe that I will have useful skills to offer the MedCom and, whilst I am sure my fellow Committee members knew that my appointment would precede me making annoying suggestions of changes, I will be reasonably careful not to charge in too badly.

 Userpage layout modified to death by User:Tristessa de St Ange, who shamelessly nicked it from User:Mindspillage, who'd purloined it from User:Talrias. My, how wiki coding travels...

title: User:Tristessa de St Ange