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Dillo Day

Dillo Day is an annual all-day music festival at Northwestern University that takes place at the end of spring quarter on the Lakefill. Started in the 1972/73 school year, it is organized by Mayfest Productions, a Northwestern student group, and is the largest student-run music festival in the country. Northwestern lists Dillo Day as one of its most notable traditions.

History
The festival has its roots in May Day, or Mayfete. Mayfete was a time when students would celebrate the "renunciation of the May Queen of the temporal world for a spiritual one," according to a 1951 history of the event. Although little is known about the early days, May Day was originally a celebration of the women of Northwestern. The crowning of the May Queen was the central event, and the pomp included a Maypole dance and cotillion. May Day expanded to May Week in 1946 to accommodate a women's sing, men's sing, and an honors ceremony.

Armadillo Productions was created in 1972 by two students from Austin, Texas, to honor the official animal of their home state and a concert venue there. They held a “I Don’t Think We’re in Kansas Anymore” festival and fair that had costumes, games, a treasure hunt, and special events. It was held every year until 1976 when it was cancelled due to weather and financial difficulties; but returned the following year as Armadillo Day. That same year, a 10-day assortment of campus programming called Mayfest began, which included Armadillo Day, Greek Week and A&O's Spring Festival. The first outdoor Mayfest concerts were produced by A&O featuring Robert Gordon 5.22.81 and Muddy Waters 5.23.81, staged on one lakefront stage and offered at no cost to students. Mayfest Productions eventually formed from A&O Productions, solely producing the Saturday concert event on the shores of Lake Michigan that is known today as Dillo Day. Mayfest Productions has earned a reputation for booking major industry artists, and is annually one of the largest and most competitive clubs at Northwestern.

Organization
The festival features a main stage, second stage, food trucks, beer garden, and Dillo Village that hosts art from students and Chicago-area artists, as well as various other games and activities. Dillo Day is open to all Northwestern University students, faculty, and staff. Students are each permitted to bring one additional guest, and a limited number of tickets are reserved for purchase by Evanston residents and Northwestern alumni. The second stage is curated in partnership with an additional campus organization-- currently Northwestern's Black student alliance, For Members Only, who has provided Dillo Day with a historic all-Black lineup on the stage for the past 3 years. In addition to Dillo Day, beginning in 2016, Mayfest Productions hosted annual Battle of the Bands and eventually Battle of the DJs competitions in the weeks leading up to the festival. The winners of these respective events perform on the main stage of Dillo Day that year.

On May 30, 2020, Mayfest Productions hosted Digital Dillo, a virtual replacement for the annual music festival due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Those within the Northwestern community received a link to a livestream where they could watch live artist performances and participate in Q&A sessions with them. The following year, Dillo Day was held as a hybrid festival. This once again featured virtual artist performances and live Q&A's, but also had in-person components across campus the entire week of the festival similar to the original Mayfest. This included Mayfeast, a collection of food trucks outside Deering Library; Mayfit, a thrift shopping event at Norris University Center; Dildo Day, a variety of sex/body positivity events; student art installations on the Lakefill where the festival is traditionally held; a silent disco outside Norris featuring Chicago area DJ's; and screenings of artist performances on and off-campus.

Past lineups
1981
 * Robert Gordon
 * Muddy Waters

1983
 * The Ramones

2001

 * The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
 * Black-Eyed Peas
 * Nymb
 * Dismemberment Plan
 * All Mighty Senators

2002

 * Béla Fleck and the Flecktones
 * Mystic
 * The Slackers
 * Jephreee
 * The Pages
 * Local Age

2003

 * Robert Randolph and the Family Band
 * The Crystal Method
 * Blackalicious
 * Steel Train
 * Idlewild
 * Troubled Hubble

2004

 * The Wailers
 * Gavin Degraw
 * The Pharcyde
 * The Ms
 * Michael Tolcher

2005

 * George Clinton and the Parliament Funkadelics
 * The Black Keys
 * Matt Nathanson
 * Acceptance

2006

 * Ben Folds
 * Robert Randolph and the Family Band
 * Mae
 * High End Trio

2007

 * Cake
 * The Roots
 * Lupe Fiasco
 * Pete Francis
 * Office

2008 2009
 * Common
 * Broken Social Scene
 * Ted Leo and the Pharmacists
 * Third Eye Blind
 * The Cool Kids
 * A DJ set by Northwestern University alumnus William Butler, member of Arcade Fire
 * A DJ set by Flosstradamus
 * Clash Gordon
 * DJ Sicarii
 * N.E.R.D
 * Estelle
 * Tally Hall
 * Mike Posner
 * The Decemberists

2010
 * Regina Spektor
 * Guster
 * Practical Tactical
 * Rhymefest
 * Super Mash Bros
 * Nelly

2011
 * B.o.B
 * Chiddy Bang
 * New Pornographers
 * N.A.S.A.
 * Kill the Noise
 * Guns & Sons
 * Peter Bjorn and John

2012
 * Cold War Kids
 * Kendrick Lamar
 * Reel Big Fish
 * Big Boi
 * Steve Aoki

2013
 * Walk the Moon
 * Danny Brown
 * Smash Mouth
 * Lunice
 * Wiz Khalifa

2014

Main Stage
 * Chance The Rapper
 * 2 Chainz
 * Ryan Hemsworth
 * OK Go
 * Cults

WNUR x IndieU Stage
 * Tink
 * The GTW
 * Sirr Tmo
 * Teen Witch Fan Club
 * RUNNING

2015 (Note: Dillo Day was canceled in 2015 due to weather)

Main Stage

 * Charli XCX
 * Odesza
 * Miguel
 * A$AP Ferg
 * Saint Motel

WNUR Stage

 * Sicko Mobb
 * Cakes da Killa
 * Ben Aqua
 * Archie Powell & The Exports
 * K Rizz

2016

Main Stage

 * Schoolboy Q
 * Cashmere Cat
 * Anderson .Paak & The Free Nationals
 * The Mowgli's
 * Hayden James

WNUR Stage

 * Derrick Carter
 * Smino
 * Mister Wallace
 * Colleen Green
 * Akenya

Battle of the Bands Winner

 * DIAL UP

2017

Main Stage

 * MGMT
 * Gramatik
 * Little Simz
 * DRAM
 * Porches

WNUR x Nongshim Stage

 * Marie Davidson
 * MikeQ
 * Downtown Boys
 * Chynna Rogers
 * Bunny

Band & DJ winner (respectively)

 * Prez Harris & Friends
 * Onnij x Ouyang

 * 2018

 * Main Stage
 * Young the Giant
 * TOKiMONSTA
 * Whitney
 * Joey Bada$
 * Daniel Caesar

 * WNUR x Nongshim Stage
 * Cupcakke
 * Dos Santos
 * Violence
 * Jasmine Infiniti
 * Guerilla Toss

 * Band & DJ winner (respectively)
 * Wop St. Bass Ritual
 * EJ3

 * 2019

 * Main Stage
 * Hippo Campus
 * Teyana Taylor
 * Anna Lunoe
 * Daya
 * A$AP Ferg

 * FMO Stage
 * Monique Heart
 * Kota the Friend
 * DFree Da Vinci
 * Caleborate
 * Amindi

 * Band & DJ winner (respectively)
 * FIZZ
 * Luminosity

Note: due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there were no student acts during the 2020 livestream.
 * 2020

 * Main Stage
 * The Regrettes
 * Rico Nasty
 * Jai Wolf

 * FMO Stage
 * Azjah
 * Yung Kaygo
 * Mir Fontane

 * 2021

 * Main Stage
 * Playboi Carti
 * Ken Car$on
 * KAYTRANADA
 * beabadoobee
 * Omar Apollo

 * FMO Stage
 * Blxst
 * Brittney Carter
 * Brandon Banks

 * Band & DJ winner (respectively)
 * Wes Park and the Blueberry Boo Boo Babies
 * Sydco (won in 2020)

 * 2022

 * Main Stage
 * Dominic Fike
 * Tinashe
 * Sean Kingston
 * Remi Wolf
 * Cochise
 * Vicetone

 * FMO Stage
 * Taylor Bennett
 * Kari Faux
 * Scorey
 * Jordan Hawkins

 * Band, DJ, and Rapper winners (respectively)
 * Poor Man's Yacht Club
 * Moondog
 * Ciel
 * 2023

 * Main Stage
 * Offset
 * TiaCorine
 * Briston Maroney
 * RINI
 * J.Worra

 * FMO Stage
 * Lil Kayla
 * BIGBABYGUCCI
 * Zeph France
 * Blvck Svm

 * Battle of the Artists Winners
 * DJ Lu
 * Muse etc.
 * Tavern

title: Dillo Day


text:
John N. Erlenborn

John Neal Erlenborn (February 8, 1927 – October 30, 2005) was an American lawyer and Republican member of the U.S. Congressional Delegations from Illinois, representing the 14th (then after 1980s redistricting the 13th) district. In all, he served 10 consecutive terms from 1965 to 1985.

Biography
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Erlenborn attended Immaculate Conception High School (Elmhurst, Illinois), Loyola University Chicago and Loyola University Chicago School of Law.

Congress
He represented his district for twenty years, from January 1965 to January 1985, a period which began with the 89th U.S. Congress. He retired after serving in the 98th U.S. Congress.

Later career
He subsequently became an adjunct faculty member of the Georgetown University Law Center, and served as a board member for the Legal Services Corporation from 1989 to 2001.

Death
He died on October 30, 2005, at age 78, after suffering from Lewy body disease.

Archives
The majority of his papers and other materials created during his time in office are held at the archives of Benedictine University.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John N. Erlenborn


text:
Vincent Ogé

Vincent Ogé (c. 1757 – 6 February 1791) was a Creole revolutionary, merchant, military officer and goldsmith who had a leading role in a failed uprising against French colonial rule in the colony of Saint-Domingue in 1790. A mixed-race member of the colonial elite, Ogé's revolt occurred just before the Haitian Revolution, which resulted in the colony's independence from France, and left a contested legacy in post-independence Haiti.

Born on Saint-Domingue into a family of the planter class, Ogé was sent at the age of eleven to the city of Bordeaux, France by his parents to be apprenticed to a goldsmith. Returning to the colony after seven years, he settled down in Cap‑Français as a coffee merchant in the employ of his uncle, acquiring partial ownership of his family's plantation. By the 1780s, Ogé's business dealings had made him the richest merchant of African descent in the city.

In 1788, Ogé travelled to France to both clear his debts and bring several lawsuits his family was engaged in before the Conseil du Roi. A year later, the French Revolution began, and he joined the revolutionary camp. After absentee white planters rejected his proposals for abolishing discriminatory colonial laws against free people of colour, he joined an advocacy group whose members demanded political representation in the national assembly.

On March 1790, deputies of the assembly approved a law granting voting rights to free people of colour in French colonies. In the same month, Ogé returned to Saint-Domingue, where he rebelled against the colonial government after it refused implement the law. The uprising was suppressed, and Ogé was captured and executed.

Early life
Vincent Ogé was born c. 1757 in Dondon, Saint-Domingue. At the time, Saint-Domingue formed the western part of the island of Hispaniola and was under French colonial rule as part of France's colonies in the West Indies. Ogé's parents were Jacques Ogé, a white Frenchman, and Angélique Ossé, a free woman of color; he also had several brothers and sisters. The Ogé family owned a coffee plantation, which was operated by a number of enslaved labourers and provided the primary source of the family's wealth. Ossé also held a contract to supply meat to the Dondon markets.

At the age of eleven, Ogé was sent to Bordeaux in France by his parents in 1768. There, he was apprenticed to a goldsmith for approximately seven years, returning to Saint-Domingue in 1775. Instead of returning to Dondon, Ogé settled down in the colonial capital of Cap‑Français, working for his uncle Vincent as a commission agent in the colony's coffee trade. During this period, Ogé acquired partial ownership of his family's slave plantation. In the 1780s, Ogé also became the owner of a merchant schooner operating out of the colony along with three of his business partners.

Ogé soon expanded his commercial network, engaging in business deals with merchants in many of Saint-Domingue's major ports and working as a real estate agent in Cap‑Français, subletting valuable properties to the colonial elite. In large part due to his business dealings, Ogé eventually became the wealthiest businessman of African descent who was active in Cap‑Français during the 1780s. However, by 1788 Ogé fell deeply in debt, owing 60,000 to 70,000 livres to his creditors, and decided to relocate to Port-au-Prince with a quantity of trade goods and several slaves.

Revolutionary activities
After settling down in Port-au-Prince, Ogé resumed working as a merchant, selling his goods and helping a ship's captain liquidate his cargo. However, he continued to acquire debt, though after six months he had earned 120,000 livres. Around the same time, Ogé made plans to travel to France and purchase goods to resell in Saint-Domingue and pay off his creditors. There was also the issue of construction efforts in Dondon leading to Ogé's family to file a number of lawsuits (over their slaves being injured by falling boulders), which Ogé hoped to bring before the Conseil du Roi.

In 1788, he travelled to France for a second time. A year later, the French Revolution began, and Ogé, who was in Paris at the time, embraced the cause of the revolutionaries. On August 1789, he approached a group of absentee planters to discuss proposals for abolishing discriminatory laws against free people of colour in Saint-Dominingue. The planter's rejection of his proposals led Ogé to join a group of free people of colour led by white lawyer Étienne de Joly, whose members demanded representation for mulatto people from the colonies in the National Constituent Assembly.

By October 1789, Ogé had enlisted as an officer in the Paris militia, joining the abolitionist Society of the Friends of the Blacks around the same period. Along with Julien Raimond, he quickly became the leaders of de Joly's group, and the public face of the political concerns of free people of colour in France. In their arguments to the National Constituent Assembly, Ogé and Raimond pushed for Black representation and total voting rights for free people of colour in Saint-Domingue. As both men were slaveholders, they expressed support for slavery's continued existence in the colonies.

On March 1790, deputies of the National Constituent Assembly approved an ambiguously worded law granting full voting rights to free people of colour in French colonies. After the law had passed, Ogé returned to Saint-Domingue, travelling in secret to avoid attracting attention from hostile planters. During his journey, he made a stop in London to consult with abolitionists in Britain, including Thomas Clarkson. After meeting with Clarkson, who was sympathetic towards Ogé's arguments for rights for free people of colour, he landed in Saint-Domingue via Charleston, South Carolina.

On October 1790, in the same month as his arrival in the colony, Ogé met with Jean-Baptiste Chavannes, a non-commissioned officer in the colonial militia. Together, the two men sent a latter to Governor Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande and the colony's assembly, demanding that the colonial government grant free people of color the full rights stipulated in the March 1790 law. However, both refused, leading to Ogé and Chavannes to conspire to overthrow the colonial government by force, gathering approximately 300 free men of color 12 miles outside Cap‑Français.

Uprising, capture and execution

After receiving reports of Ogé and Chavannes' activities in late October, the colonial government dispatched a force of roughly 600 militia led by a Général de Vincent to defeat the rebels. However, the rebels managed to hold their ground and repulsed the force sent against them, which was forced to retreat back to Cap‑Français. The rebels, many of whom had served in the colonial militia, organised themselves into battalions, elected officers and fortified their positions.

In response to the failure of the initial attack, a subordinate of de Vincent, Colonel Cambefort, was sent from Cap‑Français with 1,500 men to launch a second attack on the rebels. Cambefort's troops, many of them French Royal Army soldiers, routed Ogé and Chavannes' rebels, a large number of which had already deserted. Ogé and Chavannes managed to escape the colonial government and fled to the nearby Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, a Spanish colony.

On 20 November 1790, Ogé and 23 rebels, including Chavannes, were captured by the colonial authorities in the town of Hinche, surrendering after receiving guarantees of safety from the Spanish. However, the Spanish colonial authorities handed over Ogé and his associates to their French counterparts; the rebels were marched to Cap‑Français under armed guard and imprisoned. On January 1791, Ogé was interviewed by the French prosecutor Bocquet de Frévent.

In February 1791, Ogé was finally placed on trial by the colonial government in Cap‑Français. He was sentenced to death, and Ogé was executed by being broken on the wheel on 6 February in the presence of Blanchelande and several politicians from the colonial assembly. After his execution, Ogé's head was decapitated and placed onto a pike for public display, a punishment previously inflicted on rebels by the colonial government in previous slave rebellions.

Six months after Ogé's executions, rebel slaves led by Dutty Boukman rose in revolt, sparking the Haitian Revolution. Though Ogé never fought against the institution of slavery itself, his execution was frequently cited by rebel slaves during the revolution as a justification for continuing to resist the French colonial government rather than accept prospective peace treaties. After twelve years of fighting, the rebels successfully overthrew French rule in Saint-Domingue.

Personal life, family and legacy
As noted by historian Larry Chen, "Ogé's identity, even his name, has been the subject of some confusion." After his death, historians made disparate claims about Ogé's background and revolutionary activities, though they consistently remarked on the uniqueness of someone from the mostly-conservative mulatto upper class attempting to overthrow French rule by force. Garrigus also noted that Ogé's 1791 interview with de Frévent stated that his surname was actually spelt with an "Au" instead of an "O", meaning that it could've been spelt Augé or Auger instead of Ogé.

Ogé was born into a large family and had seven siblings in addition to a unknown number of whom died at a young age. He had three brothers, Joseph, Jacques, Jean-Pierre and Alexandre, the last of whom had been adopted by Ogé's parents. Ogé also had three sisters, Françoise, Angélique and a third sister whose name is unknown; prior to 1788, Françoise and Angélique had moved to Bordeaux. Though he never married, Ogé employed a housekeeper named Marie Magdeleine Garette from 1781 until 1783, when he finally paid her by deeding Garette a young slave girl.

Views of Ogé in historiography, both inside and out of Haiti, varied enormously. In 1914, American racial scientist Lothrop Stoddard dismissively wrote in The French Revolution in San Domingo that Ogé was "convinced that he was destined to lead a successful rising of his caste." Twenty-four years later, Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James denounced Ogé in The Black Jacobins as a member of the French bourgeoisie "whose gifts were unsuited to the task before him." In 1988, British historian Robin Blackburn claimed Ogé was a fellow traveller of the Freemasons in France.

Among African Americans, Ogé was positively remembered during the Antebellum Period. In 1853, the poet and abolitionist George Boyer Vashon wrote a 359-line poem titled Vincent Ogé, which included the stanzas "Thy coming fame, Ogé! Is sure; Thy name with that of L'Ouverture". A similarly positive view of Ogé prevailed in Haiti during the 19th century, and was used to promote the supremacy of Haiti's mulatto elite. This led Ogé's reputation in Haiti to collapse by the 20th century, and he was described in Haitian historiography as a "flawed and minor revolutionary figure."

title: Vincent Ogé


text:
JMP (statistical software)

JMP (pronounced "jump" ) is a suite of computer programs for statistical analysis and machine learning developed by JMP, a subsidiary of SAS Institute. The program was launched in 1989 to take advantage of the graphical user interface introduced by the Macintosh operating systems. It has since been significantly rewritten and made available for the Windows operating system.

The software is focused on exploratory visual analytics, where users investigate and explore data. It also supports the verification of these explorations by hypothesis testing, data mining, or other analytic methods. Discoveries made using JMP's analytical tools are commonly applied for experimental design.

JMP is used in applications such as data mining, Six Sigma, quality control, design of experiments, as well as for research in science, engineering, and social sciences. The software can be purchased in any of five configurations: JMP, JMP Pro, JMP Clinical, JMP Genomics and JMP Live. JMP can be automated with its proprietary scripting language, JSL.

History
JMP was developed in the mid- to late-1980s by John Sall and a team of developers to make use of the graphical user interface introduced by the Apple Macintosh. It originally stood for "John's Macintosh Project" and was first released in October 1989. It was used mostly by scientists and engineers for design of experiments (DOE), quality and productivity support (Six Sigma), and reliability modeling. Semiconductor manufacturers were also among JMP's early adopters.

Interactive graphics and other features were added in 1991 with version 2.0, which was introduced at the 1991 Macworld Expo. Version 2 was twice the size as the original, though it was still delivered on a floppy disk. It required 2 MB of memory and came with 700 pages of documentation. Support for Microsoft Windows was added with version 3.1 in 1994. Rewritten with Version 4 and released in 2002, JMP could import data from a wider variety of data sources and added support for surface plots. Version 4 also added time series forecasting and new smoothing models, such as the seasonal smoothing method, called Winter's Method, and ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average). It was also the first version to support JSL, JMP Scripting Language.

In 2005, data mining tools like a decision tree and neural net were added with version 5 as well as Linux support, which was later withdrawn in JMP 9. Later in 2005, JMP 6 was introduced. JMP began integrating with SAS in version 7.0 in 2007 and has strengthened this integration ever since. Users can write SAS code in JMP, connect to SAS servers, and retrieve and use data from SAS. Support for bubble plots was added in version 7. JMP 7 also improved data visualization and diagnostics.

JMP 8 was released in 2009 with new drag-and-drop features and a 64-bit version to take advantage of advances in the Mac operating system. It also added a new user interface for building graphs, tools for choice experiments and support for Life Distributions. According to Scientific Computing, the software had improvements in "graphics, QA, ease-of-use, SAS integration and data management areas." JMP 9 in 2010 added a new interface for using the R programming language from JMP and an add-in for Excel. The main screen was rebuilt and enhancements were made to simulations, graphics and a new Degradation platform. In March 2012, version 10 made improvements in data mining, predictive analytics, and automated model building.

Version 11 was released in late 2014. It included new ease-of-use features, an Excel import wizard, and advanced features for design of experiments. Two years later, version 12.0 was introduced. According to Scientific Computing, it added a new "Modeling Utilities" submenu of tools, performance improvements and new technical features for statistical analysis. Version 13.0 was released in September 2016 and introduced various improvements to reporting, ease-of-use and its handling of large data sets in memory. Version 14.0 was released in March 2018; new functionality included a Projects file management tool alongside the ability to use your own images as markers on your graph.

JMP was originally developed by a business unit of SAS Institute. As of 2011, it had 180 employees and 250,000 users. In January 2021, JMP Statistical Discovery, LLC became a wholly owned subsidiary of SAS.

JMP released new structural equation modeling software in the 2020s in version 15.2. In March 2021, JMP introduced version 16 of JMP software, which improved structural equation modeling and added features to help determine the best model to use for the data being analyzed. JMP/JMP Pro 17 were released in October 2022.

JMP 18 and JMP Pro 18 are scheduled for release in early 2024.

Software
JMP consists of JMP, JMP Pro, JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics, and JMP Live. It formerly included the Graph Builder iPad App. JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics combine JMP with SAS software.

The software has a simple menu design, with information organized across either multiple windows or under multiple tabs within a single window. Additional contextual menus are generated with new output. The software's primary applications are for designed experiments and analyzing statistical data from industrial processes. JMP can be used in conjunction with the R and Python open source programming languages to access features not available in JMP itself.

JMP software is partly focused on exploratory data analysis and visualization. It is designed for users to investigate data to learn something unexpected, as opposed to confirming a hypothesis. JMP links statistical data to graphics representing them, so users can drill down or up to explore the data and various visual representations of it. When users interact with graphical objects, corresponding points in other tables will be updated accordingly. For example, a user can select points on a graph and compare it to corresponding points on the data table, to facilitate the discovery of hidden structures within the data set.

JMP has a range of capabilities related to artificial intelligence and intuitive machine learning, including support for the creation of models that incorporate predictive modelling techniques such as neural networks, advanced regression, and decision tree learning.

It is a desktop application with a wizard-based user interface, while SAS can be installed on servers. According to a review in Pharmaceutical Statistics, JMP is often used as a graphical front-end for a SAS system, which performs the statistical analysis and tabulations. JMP Pro is intended for data scientists, and has an emphasis on advanced predictive modelling and model selection. JMP Genomics, used for analyzing and visualizing genomics data, requires a SAS component to operate and can access SAS/Genetics and SAS/STAT procedures or invoke SAS macros. JMP Clinical, used for analyzing clinical trial data, can package SAS code within the JSL scripting language and convert SAS code to JMP.

JMP Scripting Language (JSL)
The JMP Scripting Language (JSL) is an interpreted language for recreating analytic results and for automating or extending the functionality of JMP software. JSL was first introduced in JMP version 4 in 2000. JSL has a LISP-like syntax, structured as a series of expressions. All programming elements, including if-then statements and loops, are implemented as JSL functions. Data tables, display elements and analyses are represented by objects in JSL that are manipulated with named messages. Users may write JSL scripts to perform analyses and visualizations not available in the point-and-click interface or to automate a series of commands, such as weekly reports. SAS, Python, R, and Matlab code can also be executed using JSL.

Notable applications
JMP is used for analytics, predictive modelling, machine learning, and data mining in various industries.

Chemical engineering
JMP is used in the chemical industry for applications such as chemometrics, and design of experiments, including response surface methodology. It is commonly used by chemical engineers as it contains multiple linear regression algorithms that work in tandem with its experimental design software.

Electronics
JMP is used in electronics manufacturing, especially in areas such as semiconductor device modeling.

Environmental sciences
In 2007, a wildlife monitoring organization, WildTrack, started using JMP with the Footprint Identification Technology (FIT) system to identify individual endangered animals by their footprints. In 2009, the Chicago Botanic Garden used JMP to analyze DNA data from tropical breadfruit. Researchers determined that the seedless, starchy fruit was created by the deliberate hybridization of two fruits, the breadnut and the dugdug.

Pharmaceutical
JMP has wide applications for the pharmaceutical industry in areas like molecular modelling, quality by design, statistical process control, and design of experiments. The software is used in pharmaceutical development by companies such as Eli Lilly and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Health care and life sciences
JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics are both widely used in medical research and bioscience. The Herzenberg Laboratory at Stanford has integrated JMP with the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS). The FACS system is used to study HIV, cancer, stem-cells and oceanography.

JMP Pro is also used by research consortium Target Malaria in Europe and Africa through a license with its lead institution, Imperial College London. Increased access to the tool has since contributed to a significant streamlining of research on several fronts: helping research teams standardize around best practices, facilitating more seamless sharing of data sets, providing a platform for visual exploratory analysis, and making possible advanced analyses that researchers were not able to perform with open-source software.

title: JMP (statistical software)


text:
Talk:Terence Francis MacCarthy

POV
In a posting on the newsgroup rec.heraldry Sean Murphy admits that he wrote the parts of this article (since deleted) that praised his own work. The rec.heraldry posting can be seen at. Outside Observer, 2 June 2005.

Terence Francis MacCarthy
No, Sean Murphy did not admit that he rewrote sections of this article mentioning his own work: he asserted it. I am glad that the links to my webpages have not been deleted, and hope they remain in the spirit of the wiki-advice to quote sources. - Sean Murphy

MacCarthy or McCarthy?
I had originally used McCarthy rather than MacCarthy due to the following reference:
 * "Terence Francis (Tadhg) McCarthy, The MacCarthy Mór, Prince of Desmond and Lord of Kerslawny (b. 1957), succeeded to the Chiefship of his Name and . . ." (The MacCarthys of Munster: The Story of a Great Irish Sept by Samuel Trant McCarthy (1922). A facsimile edition with an introduction by The MacCarthy Mór, Prince of Desmond [i.e. Terence Francis himself]. Little Rock: Gryfons, 1997. p. 523.)

Did he legally change his name after this was published? --Eoghanacht 11:53, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

Mac!
Having read almost everything he published, it is my understanding that Terence spelled and spells his surname 'MacCarthy'. The 'McCarthy' reference you quote above is correct, but is clearly a slip, as if you look at the preceding entry for his father, the spelling 'MacCarthy' is used (facsimile edition of MacCarthys of Munster, page 523). But what should settle matters is that in the Casale Monferrato court case of 1997-98 the 'Mac' form was employed: 'Terence Francis MacCarthy, The MacCarthy Mór' etc (New Book of Rights, page 63). Incidentally, if it is agreed that the spelling should be 'MacCarthy', how do you revise the heading of the article? - Sean Murphy, 7 June 2005.

 * Title changed. --Eoghanacht 18:54, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)

Mac Carthy Mór or THE MacCarthy Mór?
I am raising an esoteric (and not very important) grammatical question to which I don’t know the answer. Isn’t it inappropriate to precede a phrase like “Mac Carthy Mór “ or “O’Conor Don” with the direct article “the” according to the preferred grammatical style used these days to discuss chiefs of the name? I know that it’s tempting to insert “the” as it seems to resonate the style used when referring to a chief of the name as (to use a fake example) “The Jones.” Also, in English, saying that (for example) “the Great Jones is late for dinner” sounds more natural than saying “Great Jones is late for dinner” and thus we have a tendency to throw a “the” before Mac Carthy Mór, O’Conor Don and similar titles. Does the direct article precede these titles in the Irish language? And if not, how appropriate is it to follow that lead even though it is counter intuitive for English speakers? Thanks. - J. Dwyer, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. HouseOfScandal 19:05, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Terence Francis MacCarthy


text: User talk:167.128.54.93

title: User talk:167.128.54.93


text:
Wikipedia talk:Requests for comment/Uncle G

Its been almost 5 days since this RfC filed, and still only 1 person has certified it. The rules at the top of the page state that it can be deleted if it hasn't met the two person threshold after 2 days. So, if nobody objects the page can be deleted. Thryduulf 20:00, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's keep the page. It can be used in the future to show how much nobody mind's Uncle G's red link that much. --cesarb 00:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I wasn't familiar with the procedure for uncertified Requests for Comment until now. I've just slogged through a whole load of talk page discussion archives on the subject.  The main concerns seem to be that leaving an uncertified RFC around would be (a) a permanent black mark on my name or (b) a permanent black mark on the complainant's name.  I don't think that either is the case here.  I don't think that this is a black mark against me, and the complainant is anonymous and cannot be identified anyway (so the issue of having their name blackened doesn't even arise).  Two editors, CesarB and SWAdair, have expressed their opinions that it would be useful to keep the page around, for future reference as a historical record.  The page has existed for over a fortnight, has done no harm to Wikipedia in that time, and thus appears unlikely to do harm in the future.  As such, and given that I apparently have the final say in this, I say keep it. Uncle G 14:35, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)


text:
Akwas

Akwas by Mike Roy is a Sunday only adventure comic strip which ran from June 14, 1964, to March 28, 1965, and was syndicated through 1972. It featured the Native American character Akwas in realistic historical adventures set before Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas.

The best format is the half page; the strip is also found in a third of a page and tabloid formats, which drop one or more panels. The strip had a topper called Indian Lore and Crafts.

There were four stories: Cricket Kidnapped, The Dream Fast, Mission to the Huron, and Jessakid. Toward the end of the strip, as it appeared in fewer and fewer newspapers, Mike Roy attempted to revive interest by giving Akwas superpowers. The strip ended shortly after this.

None of the stories have been reprinted, but one Akwas strip can be seen on the cover of Comics Revue #266.

title: Akwas


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Omniphasism

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:22, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Omniphasism
Neologism - "Your search - Williams, Oregon, Omniphasism - did not match any documents." -- BD2412 talk 20:02, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete: neologism and original research. Thue | talk 20:23, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 20:39, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. You 21:35, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism.  Notability not shown. Samw 12:32, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Afton State Park

Afton State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the St. Croix River in Washington County. Its hiking trails offer views of the river, rolling glacial moraine, and bluffland it preserves. It is a popular place for birdwatching, picnics, camping, and other typical outdoor recreational activities. To deter overuse of a state park only 20 mi from downtown St. Paul, there is no vehicle access to the camping area or swimming beach.

The park is located approximately 5 mi south of the town of Afton, Minnesota. The park surrounds the unaffiliated Afton Alps ski area on three sides. The name "Afton" was given to this area by its settlers as a reference to the Robert Burns poem "Afton Water", which is about the River Afton in Scotland.

Natural history
The park lies on a glacial moraine, scribed with deep ravines running down to the St. Croix River. Sandstone outcrops have been exposed in some of the ravines. The vertical drop from the blufftop to the water is 300 ft.

A few patches of remnant prairie survived the decades of farming that took place on the blufftop. Today the former fields are being restored to prairie and oak savanna. The ravines leading down to the riverbank are thickly wooded with oak, aspen, birch, and cherry.

Cultural history
With William O'Brien State Park growing increasingly crowded in the 1960s, Minnesota was on the lookout for more recreational land near Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Very little state park–caliber land remained, especially along the scenic and well-settled St. Croix River. Therefore, it was a surprise when an undeveloped property directly on the river, containing the last beach on the Minnesota side, went on the market in 1967. Although some of the blufftop had been farmed, the steep ravines had deterred most other development. State park officials and advocacy groups acted quickly and purchased the property the next summer. Many local residents opposed the new state park, fearing the onslaught of visitors it would attract. Resistance continued after the park was authorized by legislation in 1969, and acquisition of property to fill out the park dragged on for thirteen years. Residents did achieve a few key compromises. The park entrance was moved from the north to the west side, snowmobiles were banned, and the road was shortened from its original plan. Thus the camping area and beach are only accessible by hiking. Afton State Park finally opened to the public in 1982, with the visitor center only being completed the following year.

During the 2011 Minnesota state government shutdown, all state parks were closed, leaving Afton open to a serious vandalism and burglary of three park buildings. A group of a dozen young men drove around the gate into the park, where they ransacked an administrative building and vandalized two camper cabins. The shingles of one of the latter were pried off and burned in a campfire. State parks were open to people entering on foot, and an early-morning hiker alerted authorities to the suspicious presence of vehicles. Some of the group scattered and hid, but the Washington County Sheriff's department conducted a manhunt through the park and arrested all but one of the suspects.

Recreation
Afton State Park's campground has 28 backpacking sites. The various sites are a .75 to 1.25 mi hike up a large hill. Firewood and water are provided in the campground. There is also a canoe site off of the St. Croix River open only to paddlers. The park also offers two drive-in group campsites which can each accommodate up to 40 people. In the fall of 2009, Afton opened four new camper cabins that include electricity.

There are more than 20 mi of hiking trails in the park. Some of the trails cover the tops of the bluffs, the bluffs themselves, and the floodplain of the St. Croix River. Other trails criss-cross the prairie areas of the park. A 4 mi paved trail open to bicycles extends from the park entrance to the visitor center. 5 mi of hiking trail are open to horseback riding. In winter 18 mi of trail are groomed for cross-country skiing. Many of them are quite challenging as they climb and descend steep hills. 6 mi are maintained for winter hiking and 4 mi for snowshoeing. Snowshoers can also trek anywhere in the park, provided they stay off the groomed ski trails.

The park has three picnic areas and one reservable picnic shelters. There is a visitor center with restrooms that has a wood stove for the winter months. There is a swimming beach on the river, and the park provides equipment for volleyball and horseshoes.

Trout Brook is a cold water stream that flows through the park. Restoration efforts, beginning in 2019, endeavored to improve the environment for trout and other cold water species.

title: Afton State Park


text:
User talk:Pravoka

Hi; I objected to your FA nomination due to the use of direct external links. However, if you would like, I have a script which can help with doing automatic conversion to footnotes. Would that help? Mozzerati 20:04, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)

Image:Pravoka.gif
Hello, Pravoka. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Pravoka.gif) was found at the following location: User:Pravoka. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 08:01, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

FAR listing
nominated Convention on Psychotropic Substances for a featured article review here. Please join the discussion on whether this article meets featured article criteria. Articles are typically reviewed for two weeks. If substantial concerns are not addressed during the review period, the article will be moved to the Featured Article Removal Candidates list for a further period, where editors may declare "Keep" or "Remove" the article's featured status. The instructions for the review process are here. --33rogers (talk) 02:02, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pravoka


text:
User talk:Agentathe

Hey daksha...on with the agnet business..let's start over!

title: User talk:Agentathe


text:
User talk:Chueyjoo

Image Tagging Image:170.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:170.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 02:15, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Oona.jpg
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If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 18:40, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Noemie1.jpg
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Image source problem with Image:Rowell.jpg
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title: User talk:Chueyjoo


text:
User:Bogatyr

Welcome to my page !

I am trilingual French-English-Italian and I have some notions in Russian and Ukrainian.

I am of Ukrainian origin through my grandfather, that's where my passion for Ukrainian history and culture comes from, and even Slavic in general.

Also, I'm fond of the Internet and music, I spend a maximum of time with these three passions.

My first contribution to Wikipedia is January 8, 2016.

title: User:Bogatyr


text:
Trinity Anglican Seminary

Trinity Anglican Seminary, formerly known as Trinity School for Ministry, is an Anglican seminary in Ambridge, Pennsylvania. It is generally associated with evangelical Anglicanism.

History
In the mid 1970s, several prominent evangelical-leaning Episcopal clergy and lay leaders became disillusioned with what they considered the liberal theology and "theological relativism" of the existing Episcopal seminaries. Some members of this group had been involved with the charismatic movement that began in the mid-1960s in some parishes, while others, many associated with the Fellowship of Witness, held to a more traditional Anglican Evangelicalism. These advocates for conservatism in the Episcopal Church of the United States began to meet and plan a new seminary with a curriculum based on orthodox Protestant theology and evangelical principles.

In 1976, Alfred Stanway, a retired Australian missionary bishop to Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), accepted the call to become the first dean of TSM. Beginning with 17 students and meeting in rented space, Trinity held its first classes in September 1976. Stanway served for two years before retiring. His successor, John Rodgers, oversaw major growth during his 12-year tenure. In 1989, William C. Frey resigned as Bishop of Colorado to become the third dean and president. In 1996, Peter C. Moore, a founding board member and noted evangelical leader, became the fourth dean and president. Paul F. M. Zahl was elected Trinity's fifth dean in 2004. He stepped down in May 2007, and Rodgers came out of retirement to serve as interim dean and president for one year. English evangelical Justyn Terry was named the school's dean in August 2008 and remained in office until returning to his homeland. He now serves as academic dean of Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, England. In May 2016 Laurie Thompson was asked to serve as the interim dean. Subsequently, the board invited Thompson to become the seventh dean and president. He was installed on the eve of St. Patrick, March 16, 2017, at St. Stephen's Church in Sewickley. Sarah Lebhar Hall was the preacher on Joshua 1: 1–12. In May 2022, Thompson retired. On October 4, 2022 at St. Stephen's in Sewickley, C. Bryan C. Hollon was installed as the eighth Dean and president at Trinity.

In 2007, Trinity dropped the word "Episcopal" from its name on some of its publications and printed materials. The school's official name, however, remained unchanged. The modification was made in acknowledgment of the growing number of realigning Anglican bodies sending students to the seminary, including the Anglican Church in North America, the Anglican Mission in the Americas, the Reformed Episcopal Church and the Convocation of Anglicans in North America, the latter two of which are sub-provinces of the ACNA (see Anglican realignment).

Trinity has "board members, faculty, staff, students and alumni on both sides" of movements to realign. Trinity remains, however, an independent institution, neither owned nor controlled by any diocese, parish or province. Trinity disaffiliated with The Episcopal Church in January 2022.

Trinity now serves 150 full-time and part-time students on its campus in Ambridge and 75 more in online degree programs. Many former professors have become bishops in the Episcopal Church or other Anglican bodies around the world.

On June 3, 2024, the school officially changed its name to Trinity Anglican Seminary.

Evangelical leadership
Founded by leaders of the evangelical wing of the Episcopal Church, TSM has become a central player in the renewal movement in the Episcopal Church. The majority of its over 1,000 graduates who currently serve as clergy and lay leaders are evangelical. Some of the alumni, faculty, and trustees of the school have been among those who support conservative theology within the Episcopal Church, advocating historic views on matters such as the virgin birth, deity of Jesus, and the literal resurrection of Jesus, as well as moral stances such as opposition to abortion and an affirmation of a traditional Christian view of marriage. Some of the graduates of this institution have assumed leadership positions within the Anglican realignment movement, been deposed by the Episcopal Church, and are now members of the Anglican Church in North America.

Although unquestionably evangelical, the seminary includes students, faculty, and staff from among evangelical, charismatic, and Anglo-Catholic wings of Anglicanism, as well as members of other conservative Christian denominations.

Ecumenical relations
Although it is an Anglican seminary, Trinity School for Ministry is home to students from a wide variety of denominations. TSM maintains an M.Div. with a Presbyterian track, with students from the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. The North American Lutheran Seminary of the North American Lutheran Church has also been located at TSM since its founding in 2013.

Academic information
TSM is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada and is a charter member of the Evangelical Council for Financial Accountability.

Degree programs

 * Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)
 * Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
 * Master of Arts in Religion (M.A.R.)
 * Master of Sacred Theology (S.T.M.)

Diploma and certificate programs

 * Diploma in Anglican Studies – available on campus or online
 * Diploma in Christian Ministry – available on campus or online
 * Certificate in Christian Ministry

Archbishops

 * Benjamin Kwashi (born 1955), GAFCON general secretary and archbishop of Jos in the Church of Nigeria
 * Hector "Tito" Zavala (born 1954), presiding bishop of the Anglican Church of South America and the Anglican Church of Chile

Bishops

 * David Bryan (born 1957), American bishop suffragan of the Anglican Diocese of the Carolinas
 * Alex Farmer (born 1966), American bishop of the Gulf Atlantic Diocese
 * Daniel G. P. Gutierrez (born 1964), American bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania
 * Jim Hobby, American bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Pittsburgh
 * William H. Ilgenfritz (born 1946), American bishop of the Missionary Diocese of All Saints
 * Mark J. Lawrence (born 1950), American bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina
 * John E. Miller III (born 1949), American bishop in the Anglican Mission in the Americas and the Gulf Atlantic Diocese
 * Samson Mwaluda, Tanzanian bishop of the Diocese of Taita–Taveta in the Anglican Church of Tanzania
 * Ryan Reed (born 1967), American bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Fort Worth (ACNA)
 * John Rucyahana (born 1945), Rwandan bishop of the Diocese of Shyria in the Anglican Church of Rwanda
 * Scott Seely (born 1981), American bishop suffragan in the Anglican Diocese of All Nations
 * Jackson Sosthenes, Tanzanian bishop of the Diocese of Dar es Salaam in the Anglican Church of Tanzania
 * Jeremiah Taama, Tanzanian bishop of the Diocese of Kajiado in the Anglican Church of Tanzania
 * Steven Tighe (born 1956), American bishop of the Anglican Diocese of the Southwest
 * Christopher Warner (born 1969), American bishop of the Anglican Diocese of the Mid-Atlantic
 * Michael Williams, American bishop suffragan in the Jurisdiction of the Armed Forces and Chaplaincy
 * Jacob Worley, American bishop of Cascadia
 * Mark Zimmerman (born 1954), American bishop of the Anglican Diocese of the Southwest

Other

 * Ann B. Davis (1926–2014), American actress
 * Rebecca Margaret Nyegenye, Ugandan cleric, provost of All Saints' Cathedral, Kampala
 * Julia Duin, American journalist

Notable faculty

 * Gregory Brewer is Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central Florida.
 * Paul House is associate dean and professor of divinity at Beeson Divinity School of Samford University.
 * Terence Kelshaw served as Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of the Rio Grande from 1989 until his retirement in 2005.
 * William C. Frey, Dean and President, Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry, 1989–1996
 * Grant LeMarquand was Area Bishop of the Horn of Africa
 * David Mills is executive editor of the journal First Things.
 * John H. Rodgers Jr. was dean and president from 1978 to 1990 and a major participant in the Anglican realignment as a bishop.

title: Trinity Anglican Seminary


text:
Fitchburg Railroad

The Fitchburg Railroad is a former railroad company, which built a railroad line across northern Massachusetts, United States, leading to and through the Hoosac Tunnel. The Fitchburg was leased to the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1900. The main line from Boston to Fitchburg is now operated as the MBTA Fitchburg Line; Pan Am Railways runs freight service on some other portions.

Early history

A horse-drawn railroad from Boston to Brattleboro, Vermont, via Fitchburg was proposed in 1828.

The Charlestown Branch Railroad was incorporated April 4, 1835, as a short branch from the Boston and Lowell Railroad near Lechemere Point in Cambridge, across the Miller's River to the Charlestown waterfront, ending at Swett's Wharf (Sweet's Wharf in some sources ) right before the Charlestown Navy Yard. It opened in January 1840 with horse-drawn trains.

The Fitchburg Railroad was incorporated March 3, 1842, to run from Boston to Fitchburg, and bought land next to the Charlestown Branch in May 1843. Construction began on May 20, and the first section to Waltham opened on December 20, 1843, operated by the Charlestown Branch until May 1, 1844. Further sections opened to Concord June 17, 1844, Acton October 1, 1844, Shirley December 30, 1844, and Fitchburg March 5, 1845. The new track next to the Charlestown Branch opened in August 1844; the Fitchburg Railroad leased the Charlestown Branch itself on September 1, 1845, and outright bought the branch on January 31, 1846.

The original Charlestown terminal was southwest of City Square, west of the Warren Bridge (42.37°N, -71.063°W). In 1848, the line was rerouted over a new bridge across the Charles River to a downtown Boston terminal on the north side of Causeway Street between Haverhill Street and Beverly Street; the original Charlestown Branch remained in use for freight. North Union Station replaced that terminal in 1893; it remained extant until the 1920s.

In 1854, Henry David Thoreau wrote in his work Walden about his skepticism of the Fitchburg Railroad near Walden Pond. Although Thoreau often resented the noisy trains, he found the railroad line itself fascinating: he frequently studied the vegetation growing along the tracks, as well as the soil layers visible in a railroad cut. He often walked along the tracks to reach Concord from Walden Pond.

A third track was added between Waltham and in 1886. The Boston and Maine Railroad leased the Fitchburg for 99 years from July 1, 1900, as its Fitchburg Division.

Grade crossing eliminations

The railroad was originally constructed with a number of level crossings in Somerville. The diamond crossing of the Boston and Lowell Railroad was replaced with the Lowell elevated onto "Red Bridge" in 1857. Washington Street and Prospect Street were raised onto bridges in the 19th century; Sacramento Street and Kane Street were cut (with pedestrian "subways" under the tracks) in the 1890s. Planning to eliminate the eleven remaining grade crossings in Somerville, five of which were on the Fitchburg Route mainline, began in 1900.

In 1906, the city engineer proposed to raise 1.8 miles of the line between Beacon Street and Somerville Avenue to eliminate the five level crossings, but that scheme was not adopted. The Somerville Avenue crossing of the Fitchburg Route and the parallel Grand Junction Branch was replaced by a road bridge in 1908–09, followed by Webster Street in 1911. A road bridge carrying Dane Street and an underpass carrying Medford Street were completed in early 1913, leaving only Park Street.

Numerous grade crossings were eliminated throughout the state in the 1930s; those on the Fitchburg Route included Boston Post Road (Route 20) at Stony Brook in 1930 and at Beaver Brook in 1936, Mohawk Trail in Littleton in 1932, and Leominster–Shirley Road in Lunenburg around 1936. In 1935, the city requested that the Park Street grade crossing be replaced with a bridge as part of a Works Progress Administration-funded grade crossing elimination program. It was not, and the location has continued to see collisions. The tracks were lowered through Waverley Square in 1952 to eliminate a pair of grade crossings there.

Cuts
Service was cut back from Troy to Williamstown on January 19, 1958. Cheshire Branch and Maynard–South Acton service ended on May 18 amid systemwide cuts. Service west of Greenfield ended on December 30, 1958; stops dropped at that time were Williamstown, North Adams, Hoosac Tunnel, Zoar, Charlemont, and Shelburne Falls. On June 14, 1959, seven stops between Greenfield and Fitchburg (Montague, Lake Pleasant, Erving, Royalston, Baldwinville, East Gardner, and South Ashburnham) plus Stony Brook were dropped as part of another round of systemwide cuts. The four daily round trips west of Fitchburg were discontinued on April 23, 1960, ending service to Greenfield, Millers Falls, Athol, Orange, and Gardner.

On January 18, 1965, service was cut back to West Concord, but was restored to Ayer on June 28, 1965. On March 1, 1975, it was cut back to South Acton. The MBTA bought the line from Boston to Fitchburg, along with many other lines, from the B&M on December 27, 1976. Service was restored to Fitchburg and beyond to Gardner on January 13, 1980. Gardner service was ended on January 1, 1987, when Amtrak took over the MBTA contract, due to a dispute between Amtrak and Guilford; the MBTA only owned the trackage to Fitchburg. Service was re-extended to Wachusett station in 2016.

Guilford Transportation took over the former B&M in June 1983. The Fitchburg Line west of the old Stony Brook Railroad, which now junctions east of the old Ayer Junction, now serves as part of Pan Am Railways' main line between Mattawamkeag, Maine, and Mechanicville, New York.

Harvard
The Harvard Branch Railroad was incorporated and opened in 1849, splitting from the Fitchburg in Somerville and running to Harvard Square. It was never leased or owned by the Fitchburg, and was never successful, closing in 1855.

Lexington
The Lexington and West Cambridge Railroad was chartered in 1845 and opened in 1846 as a branch from the Fitchburg near the present-day Alewife Brook Reservation area (now considered part of North Cambridge) to Lexington. The Fitchburg operated it from opening, leasing it from 1847 to 1859. In 1868 it was reorganized as the Lexington and Arlington Railroad and bought by the Boston and Lowell Railroad in 1870. The connection to the Fitchburg was cut (but reopened in 1927). Passenger service ceased in January 1977 due to a blizzard, never to resume. Freight operation ended in 1981, and the line was formally abandoned in 1991 to make way for the Minuteman Commuter Bike Trail.

Watertown
The Watertown Branch Railroad was incorporated 1847, first as an independent short line RR, but was quickly taken over by the Fitchburg. It ran from the main line in Cambridge through Watertown to Waltham. It opened in 1851 and was soon the main passenger line between Boston and Waltham and one of the few branch lines to be double tracked. Passenger service on the line ended in 1938. The middle section of the line in the Watertown Square area was abandoned in 1960. This split the branch in two. The west side of the branch was mostly abandoned in 2000. The east side of the branch contained only one customer, Newly Weds Foods. The last delivery made was in early 2007, with the last move occurring on the line in early 2008. The entire branch is now either abandoned or out of service, and the east side of the right-of-way was converted to a rail trail - the Watertown-Cambridge Greenway.

Marlborough
The Lancaster and Sterling Railroad was incorporated in 1846 and immediately merged with the Fitchburg Railroad. It was built from a junction at South Acton roughly southwest to Hudson, opening in 1850. The Marlborough Branch Railroad was incorporated in 1852 and opened in 1855, continuing the line from Hudson south to Marlborough. It was leased by the Fitchburg in 1853 and bought outright in 1863. This branch made South Acton a major junction and service point on the Fitchburg Route. A turntable and engine house existed in South Acton to service trains well into the 20th century. Passenger service from Marlborough ceased in 1932, and the section between Maynard and Hudson was abandoned in 1943. The section between Hudson saw its last passenger traffic via the Central Massachusetts Railroad in 1939, but it was not abandoned until 1980. Passenger service to Maynard via the Fitchburg mainline in South Acton ceased in 1958. The line was formally abandoned in 1979. It has been converted into the Assabet River Rail Trail.

Peterborough and Shirley
The Peterborough and Shirley Railroad was incorporated in 1845 and opened as a branch from the Fitchburg in Ayer to West Townsend in 1848, continuing to Mason, New Hampshire, in 1849 or 1850. The Fitchburg Railroad leased it in 1847 and bought it in 1860, with an extension to Greenville opening by 1876.

The Squannacook River Rail Trail is a 3.7 mile rail trail between Townsend and the Bertoxxi Wildlife Management Area. The trail opened in 2020 after the completion of tree clearing, though rails and ties were still in place. In July 2020, the state awarded $100,000 for removing tracks and paving the western third of the trail. State funding was awarded in 2022 for construction of a 0.6 mile segment in Groton.

Milford
The Brookline and Milford Railroad was incorporated and built in 1892 from the Peterborough and Shirley at Squannacook Junction north to the Wilton Railroad in Milford, New Hampshire. It was merged into the Fitchburg in 1895.

Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad
The Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad was chartered in 1844 and immediately merged the Brattleborough and Fitchburg Railroad of Vermont into itself. The first section, from Fitchburg to Baldwinville, opened in 1847 and was operated by the Fitchburg Railroad until 1849. Further extensions opened to Athol and Miller's Falls in 1848, and to Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1850. Later in 1850, a branch from Grout's Corner west to Greenfield opened. A short branch to Turner's Falls opened in 1870 or 1871.

The original main line north from Miller's Falls was leased to the Rutland Railroad in 1870, which leased itself to the Vermont Central Railroad in 1871, which became the Central Vermont Railroad in 1872. This was a continuation of the New London Northern Railroad, built south from Miller's Falls in 1867 and also leased to the Vermont Central in 1871.

In 1874 the Fitchburg Railroad leased the rest of the V&M, extending its line west to Greenfield (and beyond via the Troy and Greenfield Railroad - see below).

Ashburnham
The Ashburnham Railroad was chartered in 1871 and opened in 1874 from the V&M at South Ashburnham to Ashburnham. The Fitchburg bought it in 1885.

Turners Falls
The Turners Falls Branch connected the main line at Turners Falls Junction to Turners Falls. It opened in 1871.

Cheshire
The Cheshire Railroad was chartered in New Hampshire in 1844, consolidating with the Winchendon Railroad of Massachusetts (chartered 1845) in 1845. The first section opened in 1847, from the Vermont and Massachusetts Railroad at South Ashburnham to Winchendon; an extension to Troy, New Hampshire, also opened in 1847. Extensions to Keene, New Hampshire, and Bellows Falls, Vermont, opened in 1848 and 1849, forming a connection between the Fitchburg Railroad and the Vermont Central Railroad (via trackage rights over the V&M east of South Ashburnham).

The Cheshire Railroad was merged into the Fitchburg in 1890, becoming the Cheshire Branch. Passenger service ended in 1958, and the line was abandoned in sections, Winchendon north in 1970 (after the bankruptcy of the Rutland RR) and in 1984 for the rest.

Monadnock
The Monadnock Railroad was incorporated in 1848, but did not open from Winchendon to Jaffrey, New Hampshire, until December 1870 and to Peterborough in 1871, from which the Peterborough and Hillsborough Railroad continued the line north after 1878. The Boston, Barre and Gardner Railroad, running south from Winchendon, leased the Monadnock in 1874, but transferred the lease to the Cheshire Railroad in 1880 to keep it out of the hands of the Boston and Albany. The Fitchburg took control of the Monadnock in 1890.

Boston, Barre and Gardner
The Barre and Worcester Railroad was chartered in 1847 and reorganized in 1857 as the Boston, Barre and Gardner Railroad. It opened in 1871 between the Worcester and Nashua Railroad at Barber (from which it ran to Worcester via trackage rights) and the V&M in Gardner. An extension in 1874 took it to the Cheshire Railroad at Winchendon.

The BB&G leased the Monadnock Railroad in 1874, but reassigned the lease to the Cheshire in 1880. The BB&G was merged into the Fitchburg in 1885.

Troy and Greenfield
The Troy and Greenfield Railroad was incorporated and chartered in 1848, with a planned line from the Vermont border in Williamstown east through the Hoosac Tunnel to Greenfield. The first section opened from the state line to the west end of the tunnel at North Adams in 1859. The tunnel itself opened in 1875, before which the Troy and Boston Railroad leased the T&G. The T&G was consolidated into the Fitchburg Railroad in 1887.

The Southern Vermont Railroad was chartered in 1848 to connect the T&G across the southwest corner of Vermont to the New York state line. It opened in 1859 and was leased by the Troy and Boston Railroad, but in 1860 the T&G bought it. The Fitchburg bought the Southern Vermont directly in 1891.

The Troy and Boston Railroad was chartered in 1849 to continue the line west to Troy, New York. It was consolidated into the Fitchburg in 1887. The Troy and Bennington Railroad was organized in 1851 to build a branch from the Troy and Boston at Hoosick Junction to the Vermont state line towards Bennington. It opened in 1852, continuing as the Western Vermont Railroad (leased by the Troy and Boston from 1857 until it was reorganized into the Bennington and Rutland Railway in 1865).

Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western
The Boston, Hoosac Tunnel and Western Railway opened in 1879 between the Massachusetts state line and Mechanicville, New York. Its route closely paralleled the Troy and Boston from Johnsonville eastward. The line was further extended west to Rotterdam Junction in 1884. The Fitchburg obtained stock control of the BHT&W in 1887 and purchased it in 1892. Surveys for a planned extension of the line west to Buffalo, with a branch to Oswego, were instead used by the West Shore Railroad.

The Hoosac Tunnel and Saratoga Railway and the Saratoga Lake Railway were both chartered in 1880 and was leased by the BHT&W in 1882. In 1886 they were consolidated to form the Troy, Saratoga and Northern Railroad. The combined line was built in 1886 and 1887, with a main line from Mechanicville (never built south to Troy) north and west to Saratoga Springs, and a branch east to Schuylerville. The Fitchburg Railroad leased it in 1887.

Station and junction listing
This list shows all stations and junctions that have existed on the original Fitchburg Railroad between Boston and Fitchburg. Minor relocations of stations are not noted. A list of current stations is also available.

title: Fitchburg Railroad


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A354 road

The A354 is a primary route in England which runs from Salisbury in Wiltshire to Easton on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, a total distance of 51 mi. From Salisbury the road crosses Cranborne Chase. At Woodyates the road follows the route of Ackling Dyke, a Roman Road for a short distance. The A354 briefly merges with the A350 at the Blandford Forum bypass before crossing the Dorset Downs and merging with the A35 at the Puddletown bypass. 7 mi to the west it splits from the Dorchester bypass and runs south. The road now bypasses Upwey and Broadwey on a new section of road which has some two lane sections going north and one lane continuously going south towards Weymouth. After the old and new sections meet at Manor Roundabout the road follows down Weymouth Way alongside Radipole Lake. The final stretch runs across a short bridge over Chesil beach onto Portland. Historically the section between Dorchester and Fortuneswell was part of the A37 with the extension to Easton being the original B3154. This section of the A37 became part of the A354 in 1935 but the B3154 was only renumbered as part of the A354 in the 1980s.

Weymouth Relief Road
The project was to build a 3.75 mi single carriageway road, with crawler lane along part, linking the A354 Manor Roundabout near Radipole to the A354 at the top of the Ridgeway Hill. The main carriageway of the Weymouth Relief Road opened on Thursday 17 March 2011.

The 2012 Olympics at Portland played a major factor in making £89m funding for the road available.

title: A354 road