text:
Kim Sozzi

Kim Sozzi is an American dance-pop singer from Long Island, New York.

Career
Kim Sozzi's career began in 1999 when she signed a contract on Columbia Records for her first major album, Life Goes On. Her first single from the album was "Til I Cry You Out Of Me", followed by "Letting Go" which was on the soundtrack for the TV show Dawson's Creek. Both singles were successful, but the album was shelved and never released. Another single, "Feelin' Me", was a popular dance track.

As part of the group MYNT, Kim Sozzi released the single "How Did You Know" followed by an album, Still Not Sorry, which featured Kim Sozzi on vocals on some tracks. Kim Sozzi later left the group to pursue her solo career.

Kim Sozzi signed with Ultra Records and released a new single, "Alone", a cover of the Heart song, and another single "Break Up" which achieved some success in the US and the UK. In 2008, she released "Like a Star". "Feel Your Love" was released at the end of 2008, becoming Kim Sozzi's most successful single, peaking at No. 1 on the Billboard Dance Airplay Chart. "Just One Day" was released on July 21, 2009, on Ultra Records. She also made a song with Jim Johnston "You Can Look But You Can't Touch" for the WWE Divas Nikki and Brie, The Bella Twins, which is now solely attributed to Nikki.

Albums

 * 1999: Life Goes On
 * 2007: Still Not Sorry
 * 2009: Just One Day

EPs

 * 2011: EP 1
 * 2011: EP 2

Singles

 * "Til I Cry You Out of Me" (Teaching Mrs. Tingle) (Soundtrack) (from Life Goes On)
 * "Letting Go" (Dawsons Creek) (Soundtrack) - (from Life Goes On)
 * "Feelin' Me" - Edel Records
 * "Every 1's a Winner" (as Kim Styles) - (from The German Album)
 * "Show Me the Way" (as Kim Styles feat. José Carreras) - (from The German Album)
 * "How Did You Know" (Soundtrack) - (from Still Not Sorry) (No. 3 Billboard Dance Charts)
 * "Stay" - (from Still Not Sorry)
 * "Alone" - (from Just One Day)
 * "Break Up" - (from Just One Day) (No. 23 UK Singles Chart June 2007)
 * "Like a Star" - (from Just One Day)
 * "Feel Your Love" - (from Just one Day) (No. 1 Billboard Dance Charts)
 * "Kiss Me Back" - (from Just One Day) (No. 1 Billboard Dance Charts 12/9/2009)
 * "Secret Love" - (from Just One Day) (No. 1 Billboard Dance Charts 2/22/2010)
 * "Just One Day" - (from Just One Day)
 * "Rated R" - standalone digital single
 * "Little Bird" - standalone digital single (No. 15 Billboard Dance Charts)
 * "Crystallized" - standalone digital single
 * "Never Say Goodnight"
 * "How Did You Know" - standalone digital single

Music videos

 * "Every 1's a Winner"
 * "Break Up"
 * "Feel Your Love"

title: Kim Sozzi


text: User talk:Goodnewsfortheinsane

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Goodnewsfortheinsane


text:
Blaine Larsen

Blaine Larsen (born February 2, 1986) is an American country music artist. He was raised in Buckley, Washington. At age fifteen, he recorded his debut album In My High School on Giantslayer Records, an independent record label. The album was re-issued in 2005 as Off to Join the World by BNA Records. Blaine's second album, Rockin' You Tonight, was issued in June 2006, also on BNA. Larsen's two albums for that label have produced five chart singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, of which the highest-peaking was "How Do You Get That Lonely" at number 18. Larsen left BNA in 2009, in favor of Treehouse Records and consequently with Stroudavarious Records, but is now unsigned.

Career
Larsen was introduced to music very early. By age 10, Larsen had begun singing along to country karaoke tapes, and by age 13 he learned to play guitar as well. When Larsen was a junior in high school, he and his family made a trip to Nashville, Tennessee, where Larsen recorded a demo CD composed mainly of cover songs. This CD also included a song that he had co-written with his school teacher. Nashville songwriters Rory Lee Feek and Tim Johnson discovered Larsen's demo CD. They then flew him back Nashville again to hold a recording session with him, and by 2004, his debut album In My High School was released on Feek and Johnson's label, Giantslayer Records. The album's lead-off single, which was the title track, received some airplay particularly in Seattle also reaching 60 on the country charts that year.

After "In My High School" began receiving airplay, Sandy Conklin, an employee at BMG in Seattle sent a note to Joe Galante, head of the BMG labels in Nashville, recommending Larsen. Galante auditioned him and agreed to sign him at the end of 2004. Larsen was signed to BMG-affiliated BNA Records label. BNA then added a bonus track to In My High School, re-releasing the album in early 2005 under the title Off to Join the World. Larsen had co-written six of the ten songs on the album. BNA also released two more singles from the album: "How Do You Get That Lonely", which peaked at number 18. It was followed by "The Best Man" at number 36.

In 2006, Larsen released his second studio album, also a joint effort between BNA and Giantslayer. Entitled Rockin' You Tonight, this album produced two more chart singles for Larsen: the 24 "I Don't Know What She Said" and the 42 "Spoken Like a Man". The former was co-written by Warner Bros. Records artist Lane Turner. Rockin' You Tonight also included covers of Mac Davis "Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me" and Mark Chesnutt's "I'm in Love with a Married Woman", as well as a duet with Gretchen Wilson entitled "Lips of a Bottle". He also recorded separately a cover of "I Wish That I Could Fall in Love Today" on a tribute album to Barbara Mandrell. He also toured with renowned artists opening for their shows, including Brad Paisley, Rascal Flatts and Kenny Chesney. He charted with a cover of "Away in a Manger", and also co-wrote the track "I Gotta Get to You" on George Strait's album Twang.

Larsen exited BNA in 2008, and signed to Treehouse Records, a label founded by his management company, in June 2009. He was the first artist to sign for the label. After one year of operations, Treehouse Records merged in Stroudavarious Records. Larsen's next album Not Too Bad was tipped to be under the new label. A lead-off single from the prospective album, entitled "It Did," made its chart debut in August 2009. It was followed by "Chillin'" (a minor Top 40 hit) and "Leavin'," but the album was eventually shelved after Stroudavarious folded into J&R Records without signing Larsen.

Personal life
Larsen was born in Tacoma, Washington. When he was five years old, his parents divorced; he, his mother Jenny, and his sister Lindsey then moved to Buckley, Washington. His father often promised to visit or call, but he never did. A family friend named Woody who worked side jobs as a contractor took Blaine Larsen with him on weekend jobs. One of those jobs, converting Larsen's grandmother's garage into a living space, led to romance between Woody and Blaine's mother Jenny. They later married, and Woody legally adopted Larsen just before he turned 18. Larsen wrote the autobiographical song "The Best Man" about his own family.

Flying has been one of Larsen's biggest passions and he is a pilot. He never took any singing lessons, but his step father encouraged him to sing and learn to play the guitar.

Larsen married Sammie in December 2005. They had their first daughter Zoe in April 2008. They had their second child, a son they named Noble in April 2011.

Larsen became an ambassador for Compassion International and in 2010 went to a one-week trip with the organization to Colombia, also sponsoring one of the Colombian kids he met during his mission.

title: Blaine Larsen


text:
Talk:Vehicles & Animals

Fair use rationale for Image:Vehiclesandanimals.athlete.album.cover.jpg
Image:Vehiclesandanimals.athlete.album.cover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 05:21, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vehicles & Animals


text: User talk:69.157.96.206

title: User talk:69.157.96.206


text:
Talk:Butadiene

Butadiene
I would have preferred if this article had stayed on the Butadiene page, instead of being moved to 1,3-Butadiene.
 * A lot of people who talk about 1,3-butadiene simply called it butadiene; probably most people. The 1,3-isomer is usually understood.
 * I think it's a good idea up to bring up front the fact that what most people call butadiene is actually 1,3-butadiene and that that a different 1,2-butadiene exists.
 * Some may call the compound buta-1,3-diene, adding another complication to the works.

Otherwise the article can be written as before, covering 1,3-butadiene in detail with a Table of Properties and minimally mentioning 1,2-butadiene without a Table of Properties.

I think it would be a good idea to cover or at least mention as many compounds as practicable in Wikipedia, even though there may not be enough material on individual ones to merit their own articles or their own Tables of Properties. One way to do this is to cover or mention such less important compounds in related Wikipedia articles, whether it is with or without Tables of Properties. I've started writing up a list of such compounds/articles offline with recommendations on each case, but I haven't finished yet. H Padleckas 06:17, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that this article should be moved back to its common name of Butadiene. Wikipedia practice is to prefer the most commonly used name.  Anyone arguing for the present name could with the same rationale propose moving DDT to its IUPAC name 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 17:40, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

Phase
Liquid at 25C and b.p. -4C? 59.94.132.207 06:08, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It is a gas at 25 C unless pressurized. I corrected the liquid density statement to reflect that it is at -6 C. --Ed (Edgar181) 11:29, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Full Formula?
How about we put CH2CHCHCH2 somewhere? I know there's CH2=CHCH=CH2 in one of the equations, but it would be easier to have the first one, for searching the formula if someone does not know the name. 75.5.5.196 (talk) 23:59, 23 December 2007 (UTC)minidude09

belligerent
"Many of the *beligerent* nations leading up to the war.." Beligerent is not a neutral term and should be replaced by a non-offensive term. (I don't have a good one right now or I would do it) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.103.184.76 (talk) 18:53, 4 November 2008 (UTC)
 * The whole motivation theory for the invention of the butadiene-styrene copolymer replacement for rubber is not only unsourced but implausible. No one was calling Germany's Weimar Republic a belligerent in 1929 when it invented that copolymer.  Russian belligerence was largely internal at that time under Stalin.  And the US on the other side of the Atlantic had no designs on Europe---it took Pearl Harbor to drag it into WW2.  If there's a source to the contrary then supply it, otherwise the belligerence angle for the development of the copolymer needs to go.  Vaughan Pratt (talk) 04:41, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

MO scheme
I've made this if anyone's interested:

Could be useful for discussing cycloadditions (Diels-Alder reaction?).

Ben (talk) 21:07, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/16.html#health
 * In 1,3-Butadiene on 2011-05-23 01:50:54, 404 Not Found
 * In 1,3-Butadiene on 2011-05-31 15:27:31, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 15:27, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Inclusion in camping gas
This article totally fails to state why Butadiene is included as an ingredient in camping gas canisters. What characteristic does the butadiene give the gas that would otherwise be absent? 81.129.194.138 (talk) 08:12, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Don't hold your breath. Look at this under "Uses":
 * "Smaller amounts of butadiene are used to make the nylon intermediate, adiponitrile, by the addition of a molecule of hydrogen cyanide to each of the double bonds in a process called hydrocyanation developed by DuPont. Other synthetic rubber materials such as chloroprene, and the solvent sulfolane are also manufactured from butadiene. Butadiene is used in the industrial production of 4-vinylcyclohexene via a Diels Alder dimerization reaction.[16] Vinylcyclohexene is a common impurity found in butadiene upon storage due to dimerization. Cyclooctadiene and cyclododecatriene are produced via nickel- or titanium-catalyzed dimerization and trimerization reactions, respectively. Butadiene is also useful in the synthesis of cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, as it reacts with double and triple carbon-carbon bonds through the Diels-Alder reaction."
 * Wikipedia should explain the world to the layman. Nobody without a degree in chemistry would learn anything from this self-indulgent wank written by someone who doesn't know the difference between an encyclopedia and a textbook. Patrick Neylan (talk) 00:49, 30 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Please suggest changes. The opening paragraph seems straightforward with simple sentence structure:

--Smokefoot (talk) 12:36, 30 April 2021 (UTC)
 * "1,3-Butadiene (/ˌbjuːtəˈdʌɪiːn/)[4] is the organic compound with the formula (CH2=CH)2."
 * We say what it is, and we give a chemical formula, we instruct readers on the pronunciation. What else should we say in the first sentence?
 * "It is a colorless gas that is easily condensed to a liquid."
 * we describe its appearance. This info seems key and non-wonkish. You see this statement as too advanced?
 * "It is important industrially as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber."
 * that is the reason this chemical compound is used. It seems that readers might want to know why anyone cares about butadiene. Is this statement to advanced or written strangely?
 * "The molecule can be viewed as the union of two vinyl groups. It is the simplest conjugated diene."
 * that statement is admittedly jargon for readers with chemical knowledge. Wikipedia is here not just for layfolk ...

 * @Smokefoot. That wasn't the paragraph I was criticising. The paragraph I quoted is comprehensible only to qualified chemists. The only people who need to know it but don't already would be chemistry students, who should be consulting an academic textbook and not Wikipedia. Users of an encyclopedia aren't looking for: "This chemical you've never heard of is used to make these other chemicals you've never heard of via this process that you don't understand." They're more likely to want something along the lines of: "Butadiene is used to make synthetic rubbers for the manufacture of tyres, grommets and elastic bands. When mixed with propylene it is also a powerful aphrodisiac, as well as being a thickener for sauces in Thai cuisine."Patrick Neylan (talk) 16:21, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Butadiene (data page) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Butadiene (data page) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Caffeine (data page) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. DePiep (talk) 12:53, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

Formation of "Popcorn Polymer".
This may not be the place for this question. Could someone include the subject of popcorn polymer to this article? The CSB just released a video on an incident. From U-Tube description - "A CSB safety video on the November 2019 incident at the TPC Group Chemical Plant in Port Neches, Texas. A series of explosions destroyed a portion of the TPC facility, damaged nearby homes and businesses, and prompted a mandatory evacuation of residents living within four miles of the plant. Several workers and members of the public reported injuries and fires burned at the facility for over a month. The incident caused $450 million in on-site property damage and $153 million in off-site property damage to nearby homes and businesses.  Media reports indicated that the blast was felt up to 30 miles away." Link - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-3BFXpBcjc Thank You Drsayle (talk) 17:59, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * You are free to edit and include it yourself. It looks like the chem industry has been actively rummaging through Wiki, cleansing every reference to it's safety failures.47.248.163.166 (talk) 02:02, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

What's the correct nomenclature for this molecule?
The page is titled 'Butadiene', refers to the molecule as 1,3-butadiene, and says in the infobox that the preferred IUPAC name is buta-1,3-diene. It makes sense (by the discussion above) that the article is titled by the common name 'butadiene', but which (of the last two) is the correct formal name for this molecule? It seems confusing to refer to it by two different names, or by a name that isn't the preferred one. CosmicSpirol (talk) 12:06, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butadiene


text:
In the Game Trading Cards

In The Game (ITG) was a sports card manufacturing company founded by Brian H. Price in 1998 with its head office in the United States and an office in Canada. The company mainly produced ice hockey trading cards. In 2014 the right to use the "In The Game" name was transferred to Leaf Trading Cards in Dallas, Texas.

History
In The Game's first entrance into the trading card market came in the 1998-1999 season, when they produced the "Be A Player" brand trading cards in partnership with the NHL Player's Association (NHLPA). Be A Player featured one certified autograph card per pack. Since then, In The Game has expanded its production to include other sets.

In 1998, Price was asked by Ted Saskin of the NHLPA to determine what should be done with the NHLPA's Be A Player hockey product. The product was started in 1994 and was supposed to give to each of the NHLPA licensees for two years. Pinnacle Brands had the license for 1996 and 1997 but they went bankrupt and Be A Player needed a home. Price was hired by the NHLPA as a consultant to determine the fate of Be A Player. He advised Saskin that the Upper Deck Company should be given back the Be A Player brand because of collector loyalty. However, Saskin asked Price if he would come back into the hockey card market and manufacture Be A Player in partnership with the NHLPA. Price agreed and In The Game, Inc. was founded.

In 2005, in conjunction with the 2004-05 NHL lockout, the NHLPA terminated its license agreement with In The Game. Trying to prove to the NHLPA executive committee that he could leave the position of Licensing Director and take the position Executive Director, Ted Saskin gave Upper Deck a five year exclusive license to produce hockey cards and In The Game's NHLPA License was over. The company continued to produce trading card sets featuring active and retired NHL players and minor/junior hockey players. After the 2005-06 season, In The Game obtained a license to produce cards featuring players and logos under the umbrella of Hockey Canada. During the 2006-07 season, ITG produced the International Ice Signature Series along with boxed sets commemorating gold medal wins by the Canada Women's National Ice Hockey Team and Canada Men's National Junior Ice Hockey Team. However, ITG lost their American Hockey League licensing to Upper Deck in June 2014.

In 2010, ITG also made a brief foray into baseball cards, releasing one set featuring top prospects before running into further licensing issues.

In 2014, the assets owned by In The Game and the In The Game trade name were sold to Leaf Trading Cards in Dallas, Texas.

title: In the Game Trading Cards


text:
User talk:Squidd

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski // talk 20:36, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * How to write a great article
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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

title: User talk:Squidd


text: Talk:Turkish invasion of Cyprus

title: Talk:Turkish invasion of Cyprus


text:
Talk:Caesium fluoride

Reaction
Why isn't this compound created by reacting caesium straight with fluorine?

 * Seems like it be made that way, and maybe someone has even tried it. However, both Cs and F2 are extremely hazardous materials due to their reactivity. If the goal is "create a given thing from any starting material one wants", it's more practical to pick easier-to-handle stuff. Consider that if you want gaseous H2O, you could set off a giant hydrogen explosion, but in practice, most people would just boil a pot of water. DMacks 05:37, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, making both Cs metal and F2 gas is very energy intensive. In theory, the energy could be recovered when they are reacted, but this would be inefficient.  The above comment is right; cesium and fluorine would cause a violent explosion if mixed. --71.227.190.111 00:21, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

I am a tenth-grade Chemistry student, and I was wondering what the result of the ionic bonding of Cesium (explodes in water) and Fluorine (the most reactive element) is. Thank you Wikipedia :-) --- Dralwik|Have a Chat My Great Project 02:49, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

GA Review
Re-reviewing this article to see if it continues to meet the current Good article criteria.

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
 * 1) It is stable.
 * 2) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b lack of images (does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * a Pass/Fail:
 * a Pass/Fail:

I have converted the outdated reference formatting to inline citations, per WP:CITE. The article meets the citation requirement of the GA criteria. This article will keep its GA status. Cheers! Dr. Cash 06:05, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Francium Fluoride
Does it exist? 89.100.206.201 (talk) 17:27, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Not for long. Francium's extreme radioactivity would make that problematic. Jokem (talk) 02:44, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Theoretically, it exists; it's even quite possible that it's been made. However, Fr is so hard to come by that it's unlikely to have been made on a scale where you could see it, and I'm sure it's properties are mostly unknown.  Walkerma (talk) 04:09, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Lead Section
The lead section needs work. Please help by checking and providing citations for the claims to ionic character and electronegativity. Also, please rewrite the leader in encyclopedic style. Kmva (talk) 19:49, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Caesium fluoride


text:
1911 Atlantic hurricane season

The 1911 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively inactive hurricane season, with only six known tropical cyclones forming in the Atlantic during the summer and fall. There were three suspected tropical depressions, including one that began the season in February and one that ended the season when it dissipated in December. Three storms intensified into hurricanes, two of which attained Category 2 status on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. Storm data is largely based on the Atlantic hurricane database, which underwent a thorough revision for the period between 1911 and 1914 in 2005.

Most of the cyclones directly impacted land. A westward-moving hurricane killed 17 people and severely damaged Charleston, South Carolina, and the surrounding area in late August. A couple of weeks earlier, the Pensacola, Florida area had a storm in the Gulf of Mexico that produced winds of 80 mph over land. The fourth storm of the season struck the coast of Nicaragua, killing 10 and causing extensive damage.

Season summary
The Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) officially recognizes six tropical cyclones from the 1911 season. Only three attained hurricane status, with winds of 75 mph or greater. The third hurricane of the season was the most intense storm, with a minimum central air pressure of 972 mbar. A week after its dissipation, another hurricane formed with wind speeds that matched the previous storm, but with unknown air pressure. Three weak tropical depressions developed and remained below tropical storm force; the first formed in February and the third in December. The first storm to reach tropical storm intensity developed on August 4, and the final tropical storm of the year dissipated on October 31.

The early 1900s lacked modern forecasting and documentation. The hurricane database from these years is sometimes found to be incomplete or incorrect, and new storms are continually being added as part of the ongoing Atlantic hurricane reanalysis. The period from 1911 through 1914 was reanalyzed in 2005. Two previously unknown tropical cyclones were identified using records including historical weather maps and ship reports, and information on the known storms was amended and corrected. These storms are referred to simply by their number in chronological order, since tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean were not given official names until much later.

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 35, below the 1911–1920 average of 58.7. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.

Tropical Storm One
Identified by its lack of associated frontal boundaries and closed circulation center, the first tropical cyclone of the 1911 season formed on August 4 over southern Alabama in the United States. At only tropical depression strength, it tracked eastward and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean the next day. Several days later, while located near Bermuda, the depression became a tropical storm and turned northeastward. The storm lasted several more days until dissipating on August 11. The storm produced heavy rainfall on the Bermuda, but no gale-force winds were reported. The storm was unknown until the 2005 Atlantic hurricane database revision recognized it as a tropical storm.

Hurricane Two
Based on ship observations in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico, a low-pressure area developed north of Key West in early August. It developed into a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on August 8, and strengthened into a tropical storm at 06:00 UTC on August 9 while moving northwestward off the west coast of Florida. Gradual intensification continued, and at 06:00 UTC on August 11 the storm strengthened to hurricane status. At 22:00 UTC on August 11, the hurricane reached its peak intensity and concurrently made landfall near the border between Alabama and Florida as a small tropical cyclone. During this time, the storm's maximum sustained winds were estimated at 80 mph (130 km/h), making it the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. A lull in the storm accompanied the nearby passage of its eye before conditions once again deteriorated. Although the lowest barometric pressure measured on land was 1007 mbar (hPa; 29.74 inHg) in Pensacola, Florida, the storm's pressure was estimated to be much lower at 982 mbar (hPa: 29.00 inHg). After making landfall, the hurricane weakened and slowly drifted westward, weakening to a tropical depression over Louisiana on August 13, before dissipating over Arkansas by 12:00 UTC the next day.

While developing in the Gulf of Mexico, the tropical cyclone brought light rainfall to Key West, amounting to 1.82 in over two days. The hurricane's outer rainbands affected the Florida panhandle as early as August 10, producing winds as strong as 80 mph in Pensacola, where it was considered the worst since 1906. During the afternoon of August 11, the United States Weather Bureau issued storm warnings for coastal areas of the gulf coast where the hurricane was expected to impact. Upon making landfall, the storm brought heavy precipitation, peaking at 10 in in Molino, Florida, although the heaviest rainfall was localized from Mississippi to central Alabama. Some washouts occurred during brief episodes of heavy rain as the storm drifted westward after landfall. Strong winds in the Pensacola area downed telecommunication lines and disrupted power, cutting off communication to outside areas for 24 hours. A pavilion on Santa Rosa Island had a third of its roof torn, and some other buildings inland were also unroofed. Offshore, twelve barges were grounded after being swept by the rough surf. Heavy losses were reported to timber after they were swept away when log booms failed. Damage figures from the Pensacola area were conservatively estimated at US$12,600, considered lighter than expected, although there were some deaths.

Hurricane Three
Over a week after the dissipation of the previous hurricane, the third storm of the season developed on August 23 and slowly tracked west-northwestward. After attaining hurricane status, the storm turned more towards the northwest, and several days later reached its peak wind speeds of 100 mph (155 km/h); a barometric pressure of 972 mbar (hPa) was reported. The center passed inland a few miles north of Savannah, Georgia, on August 28; upon making landfall, the hurricane rapidly degenerated. It deteriorated into a tropical depression on August 29 and persisted over land until dissipating a couple of days later.

The hurricane, relatively small in size, caused widespread damage between Savannah and Charleston, South Carolina. Savannah itself received only minor damage, although the storm's center passed close by. Along the coast of Georgia, torrential rainfall caused numerous washouts on railroads. Crops, livestock and roads in the area took heavy damage. At Charleston, winds were estimated at 106 mph after an anemometer, last reporting 94 mph, failed, and 4.90 in of precipitation fell over three days.

The storm raged for more than 36 hours, causing severe damage; the winds unroofed hundreds of buildings, demolished many houses and had an extensive impact on power and telephone services. Tides 10.6 ft above normal left a "confused mass of wrecked vessels and damaged wharfs", according to a local forecaster in Charleston, while six navy torpedo boats were ripped from their moorings and blown ashore. In total, 17 people were killed in the hurricane, and property damage in Charleston was estimated at $1 million (1911 USD, $ 2014 USD).

Hurricane Four
The next storm formed well to the east of the Lesser Antilles on September 3 and moved westward, attaining tropical storm status about a day later. The storm slowed and curved toward the southwest, nearing the northern coast of Colombia before pulling away from land and strengthening into a hurricane. It further intensified to Category 2 status before striking Nicaragua on September 10. Quickly weakening to a tropical storm, the cyclone continued westward across Central America and briefly entered the eastern Pacific Ocean. It dissipated shortly thereafter. In the town of Corinto, a report indicated the deaths of 10 people and 50 additional injuries. About 250 houses were destroyed, leaving approximately $2 million (1911 USD, $ 2014 USD) in damage. Data on this storm is extremely scarce; as such, only minor revisions could be made to its chronology in the hurricane database.

Tropical Storm Five
The fifth official tropical cyclone of the year was also previously unknown until contemporary reassessments. It exhibited some hybrid characteristics, and may have qualified for subtropical cyclone status according to the modern classification scheme. On September 15, the storm formed over the central Atlantic and initially moved westward. It gradually intensified as it turned northwestward, and on September 19 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone southeast of New England. The system was subsequently absorbed by a more powerful frontal boundary approaching from the northwest.

Tropical Storm Six
The final storm was first observed as a disturbance near Puerto Rico in the Caribbean Sea in late October. The disturbance was the precursor to a tropical depression which developed over the southern Bahamas and headed west-southwestward across Cuba, where, at Havana, winds blew from the southeast at 44 mph. It became a tropical storm on October 27 and drifted southwestward. Near the eastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula, the storm turned sharply northward. An area of high pressure over the United States prevented the cyclone from turning eastward toward Florida, and it continued into the Gulf of Mexico. However, on October 31, the storm curved eastward and moved ashore over northern Florida. The storm decreased in intensity as it passed into the Atlantic. The storm's circulation center remained poorly defined throughout its course. It was long believed to have developed south of Cuba, although a reevaluation of ship data indicated the depression had actually formed east of the island. On October 26, the Weather Bureau hoisted hurricane warnings along the east coast of Florida from Key West to West Palm Beach, and on the west coast up to Tampa.

Tropical depressions
In addition to the six officially recognized tropical storms and hurricanes, three tropical depressions in the 1911 season have been identified. The first developed in February from a trough of low pressure in the open Atlantic and progressed westward. Although a ship dubiously reported winds of over 50 mph in association with the system, a lack of supporting evidence precludes its designation as a tropical storm. The cyclone dissipated by February 21. The second depression evolved from an extratropical cyclone in mid- to late May, becoming a tropical cyclone on May 22 northeast of Bermuda. It persisted for three days as it meandered around the same general area before being absorbed by another non-tropical storm. The modern-day documentation of this system was also hindered by a lack of data. On December 11, the third tropical depression formed near the Turks and Caicos Islands. It progressed westward and was situated just north of eastern Cuba the next day. The system began to weaken on December 13 and dissipated shortly thereafter.

title: 1911 Atlantic hurricane season


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Premie

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:55, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Premie
Non notable 198.214.51.1 20:38, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Useful disambig, as it is; otherwise it should be redirected to premature birth. -- BD2412  talk  21:04, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Comment, given the anon's edit history, it seems likely to me that the anon is concerned with "Premie" as a term to denote "Prem Rawat", rather than with any aspect of notability. No vote. func (talk) 00:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Anon seems to be on a campaign of Vfd'ing right and left. ≈ jossi ≈ 04:44, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Both meanings are common and the disambiguation entry is appropriate. Dpbsmith (talk) 12:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Premie


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jedi Temple Website

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:41, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jedi Temple Website
A Star Wars fansite. It reads like advertising, and of course is far below the line of notability. Was speedy tagged but the creating user removed the tag, and added to the article. Hedley 20:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * "Over 50 visits each day". Delete. Martg76 21:11, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, self-promotion. — Trilobite (Talk) 22:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, think I. Non-notable and advertisement, it is gkhan 22:35, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Force is not with them. — Phil Welch 23:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-promotion. K1Bond007 03:22, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Self-promotion of a three week old, non-notable fansite. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this and the image too. Nestea 11:42, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep/Revamp. All it needs is a major revamp.SGCommand
 * Delete. We shouldn't even HAVE to vote. Let's have someone pull a Palpatine and bypass democracy, no? MJR
 * Revamp/Delete Perchaps we could make a single 'star wars websites' page or something. If not, delete it. The article is self-promotion. CaptainAmerica 02:58, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Songs by lyricist

title: Category:Songs by lyricist


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rui Cruz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:37, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rui_Cruz
no such notorious poet exists. the name and photo match that of a notorious portuguese surfer that is being slandered and made fun of in this manner. Lord KRISHNA 20:42, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete With phrases like "Despite being hated and considered an idiot by almost everyone he mett due to his dificul personality people also realized his potential," this looks like an attempt at slander. There's no Rui Cruz on Portuguese Wikipedia and I can't find a mention of the supposed work on google.  I don't speak Portuguese but the last two lines look like "I am Rui Cruz the man who seduces".  Hardly poetry. michael 07:46, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I was going to abstain because google is not reliable (as shown with some deletion attempts on old Persian poets) but I don't trust the user who created this. In fact I think other things like Image:WJSidis.jpg might also be fakes (and have no copyright tags.... gren 10:43, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete There is no such poet. This page is a prank. - There is no school called Rui Unas (Rui Unas is portuguese comediant/entertainer) - "Panilas Ltd" literally means "Faggot Ltd" - "Que Ganda Mambo" means "What a big schlong" Inepu 12:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * What a big schlong! Funny, but a definite case for delete. It's not even written in good English. --Ben davison 13:56, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete UkPaolo 16:44, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. I wonder if he's related Samuele de Gaunt? Perhaps we could make a family tree of these non-existant Portuguese poets?  Or maybe not.     — P Ingerson  (talk)  22:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete badly written hoax. - Etacar11 00:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 03:22, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. Megan1967 09:45, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Pierre Gendron (academic)

Pierre Raoul Gendron, (May 1, 1916 – February 16, 1984) was a Canadian academic who was the first dean of the Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences at the University of Ottawa from 1953 until 1962.

As president of the board of directors of Dow Breweries, Gendron convinced the brewer to fund a planetarium in Montreal, overseeing the creation of the Dow Planetarium.

In 1970, he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada "for his scientific and administrative contribution to industry and his service to his community".

title: Pierre Gendron (academic)


text:
Talk:Copper(I) chloride

Precautions
The article says  Avoid bringing CuCl into contact with alkynes. Why? RJFJR 15:58, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry I missed this till now. It forms a copper(I) acetylide, and such things can be very explosive. Walkerma 03:15, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

GA Sweeps Review
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good Articles' Sweeps Review. As of September 23, 2007, this article continues to meet the GA criteria, and will continue to be listed. I made a few minor changes, mainly converting the citations to inline citation format. Cheers! Dr. Cash 18:49, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

Color on Copper(I) chloride image appears wrong.
Copper(I) Chloride should, as described in the article, be white (The crystals are clear). The image however shows green crystals. I suspect this is an image of Copper(II) chloride which in fact does have green crystals. 68.208.176.4 (talk) 20:45, 27 March 2008 (UTC) MCK

 * It is CuCl, but as noted at copper(II) bromide, samples are usually coloured due to the presence of copper(II) impurities.

 * Ben (talk) 21:11, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is almost certainly due to surface oxidation. All older samples of CuCl look bright green from the CuCl2 present.  The original picture used in this article was Image:Copper%28I%29_chloride.jpg, one of my early efforts;  that picture was taken using a freshly opened bottle of almost-new CuCl, and so the sample is lighter in colour, but the picture is not nearly as good as Ben's.  If I take some more pictures, I'll see if I can get one showing a lighter colour.  Walkerma (talk) 21:18, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Oxidation states
The article states that "copper can exist in multiple redox states, including I, II, and III." This contradicts the transition metal article, which claims copper can only exist in oxidation states I and II. Which is correct? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.227.48.248 (talk) 00:14, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Cu(III) is rare but does exist: http://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en-us&q=Cu(III)&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8.

 * So this article is correct. Cu(II) and Cu(I) are miles more common than Cu(III).

 * Ben (talk) 00:43, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Move
Copperchloride

A DOUBT
sir,
 * can i know the structure of Cu2Cl2 ? Cuprous Chloride in dimeric form? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.248.80.57 (talk) 15:17, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Older books often talk about cuprous chloride as Cu2Cl2, but you don't see this any more. I think you're right - it was seen as dimeric - but now I think that view is largely discredited, though that is merely my supposition.  Walkerma (talk) 02:23, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Semiconducting Properties
To "smokefoot".

Why did you revert out my additions re the semiconducting properties of CuCl ? I see no reason given,. So far is I know the reference to Dr. Lucas' Ph.D thesis is correct, and the material is also available from many other references. The compound has very interesting semiconducting properties, and these deserve mention in any article on the material.

I also feel that its double salt with NH4Cl has interesting optical properties and should also be mentioned. I won't waste the time mentioning this if you are going to revert the edit again for unstated reasons.

Should the material be incorrect, or need further substantiation, please be so kind as to inform me of at least the reason for the reversion. Although there have been different figures given for some properties such as the bandgap value, I believe the figures to be reasonably substantiated.

If my contribution is inadequate, perhaps you might feel that you can make your own contribution to the article on this interesting facet of the material's properties. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gpecke (talk • contribs) 02:30, 9 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Your contribution was definitely NOT inferior, just inappropriate in my humble opinion. Here are some comments:
 * your material appeared highly specialized for an overview of CuCl.
 * WIkipedia seeks more contextualized sources than PhD theses (see WP:SECONDARY), we are not a mechanism to report cutting edge research - that function is fulfilled by journals and blogs.
 * The work is close to original research (see WP:OR): readers of Wikipedia seek general information, not to hear that a PhD candidate thinks that the lattice matching of CuCl and Si could be useful.  If we listed that kind of info for all compounds, each article would be very long list of possible uses (we chemists have great imaginations, as I am sure you can understand!).
 * But since you obviously have a lot of knowledge, perhaps you would be willing to contribute more general information, such as on polymorophs of CuCl, or the nature of gas-phase CuCl, the band gap of CuCl, or perhaps other general topics.ones
 * Thank you again for leaving a note and I hope that my deletion did not overly sour your to this project. --Smokefoot (talk) 03:07, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

To Smokefoot:
I feel you have not bothered to do any literature survey at all on the topic. The comments I have included are based on long established properties of the material, not any recently discovered ones. I have included the reference to Dr Lucas' thesis because of his very wide ranging review of the properties of CuCl, as well as a broad literature review, not because of any cutting edge research he has done. May I suggest you look at it?

What you seem not to realize is that CuCl has encouraged very wide interest over many years for properties other than its merely chemical ones. The lattice matching with silicon is important because it permits integration with the widely established low cost integrated circuit industry.

I hoped by inclusion of a short summary to stimulate general interest in a material with promise, and also give a short introduction as to why.

Should you feel some abbreviation or alteration is necessary or useful, then fine, but it is a pity to shut the door on a whole interesting field, and not a narrow one as you claim.
 * You do not understand the concept of generality. Look at the references in the current article - they are largely to books, general sources.  Once CuCl becomes "integration with the widely established low cost integrated circuit industry." then the information is of general interest.  Otherwise good luck with publishing and patenting in the open literature, where ideas are vetted. If you have general sources to "long established properties" (your term) then describe those properties, citing the general sources.  And Wikipedia is not a forum to "stimulate general interest in a material with promise", unless that "interest" is so broad as to be notable.  Otherwise, as I said before, ten thousand scientists (me included) would submit lists about our favorite compounds to "stimulate interest".  Another way to think about the topic - if you do research on a compound, then you are probably too biased to write about that material very objectively.  The same idea applies to me too, all editors think that their compound is under-rated in novelty or is insufficiently noticed in our busy world.  This is the reason that I encourage you to demonstrate your breadth and write about another general topic.  If the semiconducting properties of CuCl become truly important, this area will be discussed by other authors because of the heavy, heavy weight of broad importance. --Smokefoot (talk) 11:43, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

Obviously our opinions differ. I referrred to a lesser known paper because I believe it to be one of the best general references. I still believe you have not bothered to look at it, or your opinion might be different. As to "generality" there are many long standing references to CuCl's unusual semiconducting properties, including Gmelin from nearly 100 years ago. Perhaps you might take the trouble to get an opinion from someone who has a less narrow perspective than your own. The fact that you use your ability to revert any reference to these properties acts more to your discredit than to the improvement of the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.243.103.7 (talk) 21:10, 9 August 2010 (UTC) 123.243.103.7 (talk) 04:33, 10 August 2010 (UTC) Gpecke (talk) 11:14, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Usage in forensic science?
The November 1931 issue of Popular Science (p.23) mentions the use of copper chloride in identifying serial numbers that have been filed off of guns. I would love to add this information, but the article does not specify which copper chloride compound it is referring to (I or II). Would someone read the article and verify where to put it? Here is the Google book link: Popular Science (Nov 1931). Thanks.--Metron4 (talk) 05:04, 5 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I would put that link into the forensics or a gun-related article. A lot of various copper chlorides is used in the world, and I would doubt that this application rises above a very tiny niche (but fascinating) app.  --Smokefoot (talk) 05:20, 5 February 2011 (UTC)

NFPA 704 Rating
Is there a citation somewhere for the safety diamond ratings? I'm reading the MSDS that's in the article but only find it as a "2" on the health rating. --Diadophus (talk) 17:47, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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Wrong formula
The image with cyclooctadiene incorrectly shows CuCl2. Chemical Engineer (talk) 16:18, 17 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Looks like CuCl2 is reduced in situ by SO2 to generate (perhaps finely divided or solubilized form of) CuCl. --Smokefoot (talk) 16:35, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

Thanks. Chemical Engineer (talk) 20:45, 17 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copper(I) chloride


text:
User:Tommy Kronkvist

 * Hi fellow Wikipedian, and welcome to my user page!

I'm a Finland-Swede amateur ichthyologist born in Finland, now based in Uppsala, Sweden. My first edit as a registered Wikimedia user was made back in March 29, 2005 when I created the page Nothobranchius at the Swedish Wikipedia. Thirteen years later (August 30, 2018) I created the Wikispecies page Danio tinwini which also constitutes as my 100,000th contribution to the Wikimedia community. About five years after that (in May 2, 2023) I created the article Siri (programvara) on Swedish Wikipedia, which was my 300 000th edit to Wikimedia as a whole. My global account information for all of Wikimedia can be found here (including detailed user statistics for all of the Wikimedia sister projects I participate in).

Nowadays most of my wiki-work contributes to Wikispecies where I'm an admin ("sysop"), bureaucrat and interface admininistrator, (verify) to the Swedish language version of Wikivoyage where I'm an admin and interface admininistrator, (verify) and to Wikidata. (I made my my 100,000th edit to Wikidata in May 2021 .) I'm also one of the administrators at Wikimedia Sverige, ( verify ) the national Wikimedia chapter of Sweden that hosted Wikimania 2019 in Stockholm. My global account information for all of Wikimedia can be found here.

I'm also registered at Phabricator, (user page ) a development collaboration tool used for Wiki software development, and administer the official. My personal Twitter account can be found here: PixelHermit.

sv:Användare:Tommy Kronkvist de:Benutzer:Tommy Kronkvist

title: User:Tommy Kronkvist


text:
American Railway Association

The American Railway Association (ARA) was an industry trade group representing railroads in the United States. The organization had its inception in meetings of General Managers and ranking railroad operating officials known as Time Table Conventions, the first of which was held on October 1, 1872, at Louisville, Kentucky. In 1875, the group changed its name to General Time Convention and in October 1892, to American Railway Association. In January 1919, ten separate groups of operating officers were amalgamated with the association and carried on their activities as divisions, sections or committees of the larger group.

On October 12, 1934, the ARA ceased to exist, having joined with several other railroad industry trade groups to merge into the Association of American Railroads.

Officers

 * 1890–1896, Henry S. Haines, President
 * 1907, W. C. Brown, President
 * 1915, J. T. King, President
 * 1917, W. W. Atterbury, President
 * 1921, Daniel Willard, Chairman of the Board
 * 1921, R. H. Aishton, President

title: American Railway Association


text:
Templeborough

Templeborough (historically Templebrough) is a suburb of Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. The suburb falls within the Brinsworth and Catcliffe ward of Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council. The area takes its name from the remains of the Roman fort found there which were mistakenly believed to be that of a Roman Temple.

Roman fort
A Roman fort was first built on the site in earth and wood in the first century AD (most likely between the years 43 to 68 ), and was later rebuilt in stone. It is thought to have been occupied until the Roman withdrawal from Britain c. 410, but its original name has never been ascertained. The Roman road called Icknield Street (sometimes Ryknild or Riknild Street) crossed the River Don at a ford close to the fort. There was also a road named Batham Gate that ran southwest from the fort to Navio a signal station at Brough-on-Noe in Derbyshire. The double bank that surrounded the fort was still visible in 1831 although it is believed that stone blocks from the site were regularly carried off and re-used in nearby buildings.

Archaeological excavations of part of the fort and bath house were carried out in 1877 by the Rotherham Literary and Scientific Society headed by local historians, J. D. Leader and John Guest. They found evidence that the fort had been burned to the ground and rebuilt twice. Coins discovered during this excavation ranged in date from the time of the emperors Augustus to Constantine I.

In 1916 the site of the fort was acquired by Steel, Peech and Tozer's steelworks in order to expand their works to meet the demand for steel during the First World War. The plans for the steelworks required the site to be levelled, and 10–15 feet of soil were removed from the area of the fort, destroying all archaeological remains. However, before the works were constructed, an archaeologist specialising in Roman remains, Sir Thomas May, was invited by Rotherham Corporation to re-excavate the fort over the course of eight months from November 1916 to July 1917.

A tile stamped with the stamp of Cohors IV Gallorum found on the site dates to either the time of Domitian (81–96) or Trajan (98–117). The Fourth Cohort of Gauls are known to have occupied the fort, as evidenced by the clay tiles and carved Roman tombstones discovered on the site. The remains include one of the earliest known memorials to a named British female.

Notable among the finds were: Finds from both excavations are now housed in Clifton Park Museum in Rotherham. The original stone columns from the Roman granary at Templeborough Fort were re-erected in Clifton Park in 1922.
 * the tombstone of a soldier inscribed DIS M CINTVSMVS M COH IIII GALLORVM POS MELISVS ("To the spirits of the departed and Cintusmus, a soldier of the Fourth Cohort of Gauls, [this memorial was] placed by Melisus")
 * the tombstone of a veteran inscribed DIS MANIBVS CROTO VINDICIS EMERITO COH IIII GALLORVM ANNORVM XXXX MONIMENTVM FECIT FLAVIA PEREGRINA CONIVNX PIENTISSIMA MARITO PIENTISSIMO TITVLVM POSVIT ("To the spirits of the departed and Crotus Vindex, veteran of the Fourth Cohort of Gauls, forty years old, this monument was made and its inscription set down by Flavia Peregrina, a most faithful wife for a most faithful husband")
 * the tombstone of a Dobunni woman inscribed DIS M VERECVD RVFI LIA CIVES DOBVNNA ANNOR XXXV EXCINGVS CONIVX CONIVGI KARISSIMAE POSIT DE SVO ("To the spirits of the departed and to Verecunda Rufilia, a citizen of the Dobunni, thirty-five years old, her husband Excingus placed this for his dearest wife")

Templeborough steelworks
Steel, Peech and Tozer, known locally as "Steelos" was one of the largest manufacturers in the Rotherham area. In 1918 they merged with Samuel Fox and Company, based in Stocksbridge and Appleby-Frodingham Steel Company in Scunthorpe creating United Steel Companies (USC). The Templeborough steelworks was reputed to be a mile long. At its height in the mid-20th century, the company employed 10,000 people. In the 1950s as Templeborough's open hearth furnaces had become outdated USC set up “Operation SPEAR” (Steel Peech Electric Arc Reorganization), to introduce six modern electric arc furnaces to replace the 14 open hearth furnaces. This resulted in Templeborough Melting Shop becoming the largest electric arc steel making plant in the world: they were capable of producing 1.8 million tons per year. USC also employed the cybernetician Stafford Beer to run a simulation of a "cybernetic factory".

After nationalisation in 1967 it became part of the British Steel Corporation. The steelworks closed in 1993 and has since been partly converted into a museum—the £46 million Magna Centre. The only remaining Steel, Peech and Tozer plant is Brinsworth Strip Mills, located on Sheffield Road, which is now part of Liberty Speciality Steels.

title: Templeborough


text:
User:Zirk

Pages I've started:

Reichsacht

Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia

Council Learned in the Law

Ambrosius Blarer

Major edits:

Imperia

Konstanz

Petrus Canisius

Edmund Dudley

title: User:Zirk


text:
User talk:Fratus~enwiki

What's with the image you uploaded? Wikipedia isn't a file storage area, so I hope you intend on using it in an article. Otherwise it may be deleted. CryptoDerk 20:46, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Fratus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Fratus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:56, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:01, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Fratus~enwiki


text:
Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited

Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited, also known as CF(L)Co or CFLco is a Canadian electric company. The company was founded in 1961 and is based in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited operates as a subsidiary of Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro.

History
CF(L)Co was originally formed in 1958 as a subsidiary of British Newfoundland Development Corporation (BRINCO) and known as the Hamilton Falls Power Corporation, it built and operated the Churchill Falls hydroelectric complex.

In 1961, the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador granted the Hamilton Falls Power Corporation a 99-year lease to the 67,340 square kilometers watershed of the Upper Churchill. The Hamilton Falls Power Corporation became known as the Churchill Falls Corporation in 1965 when the name of the falls was changed to commemorate former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

CF(L)Co began construction on Churchill Falls Generating Station in 1966 and on May 12, 1969, signed a power contract with Hydro-Québec. The agreement committed Hydro-Québec to buy most of the plant's output at one-quarter of a cent per kilowatt-hour—the exact rate is 0.25425¢ per kilowatt-hour until 2016 and 0.20¢ for the last 25 years of the contract —to build and maintain power lines to carry the power to market and to enter into a risk-sharing agreement whereas the Quebec Crown corporation would cover part of the interest risk and buy some of BRINCO's debt, in exchange for an increased share in CF(L)Co.

The 5,428-megawatt generating station delivered its first kilowatt hours on December 6, 1971 and its 11 turbines were fully operational by June 1974. In 1974 the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador purchased a controlling interest in CF(L)Co from BRINCO and turned it over to the Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission. The Commission had a 65.8% share in the corporation and the remaining 34.2% was owned by Hydro-Québec.

Legal battle
In 1967, the year CF(L)Co qualified for Crown Corporation status, the Newfoundland Government initiated proceedings in the Newfoundland Supreme Court to recall 800 megawatts (MW) of the Churchill Falls power from CF(L)Co based upon the lease granted to the corporation in 1961. By 1980, the case had not been resolved, and in that year the Newfoundland Legislature passed the Re Upper Churchill Water Rights Reversion Act to reclaim the water rights granted to the corporation.

Both legislations and the contract itself were subject to protracted legal battles between the two neighboring provinces, ending up before the Supreme Court of Canada. The court declared the Upper Churchill Water Rights Reversion Act ultra vires in 1984, and twice affirmed the validity of the 1969 contract in 1988.


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User talk:Fudoggie

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 20:46, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Fudoggie


text: Category:Kelly Clarkson songs

title: Category:Kelly Clarkson songs


text: User talk:69.161.164.78

title: User talk:69.161.164.78


text: User talk:83.146.13.125

title: User talk:83.146.13.125


text:
Talk:EWTN

Proposed merge of National Catholic Register into EWTN

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. HueMan1 (talk) 01:07, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

It has verification and notability issues, and is owned by EWTN Softlemonades (talk) 20:12, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, on the grounds are best served by having the distinct history of the paper, over 95-years-worth, discussed separately from the media conglomerate. Klbrain (talk) 09:49, 13 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose Although EWTN owns NCR, the two organizations are separate. NCR was founded 54 years before EWTN. The article discusses the NCR as a separate entity, and it also doesn't meet the requirements to be merged WP:MERGEREASON. EXANXC (talk) 14:12, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose – This paper is the last remnant of an entire chain of newspapers that would be difficult to merge into either EWTN or Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Denver. Minh Nguyễn 💬 03:35, 28 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose, it has verification issues but it does not have notability issues and verification issues are not grounds to merge on. Horse Eye's Back (talk) 15:57, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:EWTN


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John Stoughton

John Stoughton (18 November 1807 – 24 October 1897) was an English Nonconformist minister and historian.

Life
He was born at Norwich. His father was an Episcopalian, his mother a member of the Religious Society of Friends. Stoughton was educated at Norwich Grammar School, and, after an interval of legal study, at Highbury Congregational College. In 1833 he became minister at Windsor, in 1843 at Kensington; in 1856 he was elected chairman of the Congregational Union. From 1872 to 1884 he was professor of historical theology in New College, Hampstead.

Stoughton contributed an account of Nonconformist modes of celebrating the Lord's Supper to the ritual commission of 1870, arranged a conference on co-operation between Anglicans and dissenters (presided over by Archbishop Tait) in 1876, was one of Dean Stanley's lecturers in Westminster Abbey and a pall-bearer at his funeral. He was elected to the Athenaeum Club in 1874 on the nomination of Matthew Arnold. He died at Ealing on 24 October 1897.

Works
Stoughton wrote works of English religious history:
 * Church and State 1660–1663 (London, 1862)
 * Ecclesiastical History of England (4 vols, London,1870)
 * Religion in England under Queen Anne and the Georges (2 vols, 1878)
 * Religion in England from 1800 to 1880 (2 vols, 1884)

He also wrote more popular works, among which were Homes and Haunts of Luther (1875), Footprints of Italian Reformers (1881), and The Spanish Reformers (1883), Our English Bible: its translations and translators. His Recollections of a Long Life (1894) was autobiographical.

title: John Stoughton


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Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (abbreviated BAS; Българска академия на науките, Bŭlgarska akademiya na naukite, abbreviated БАН) is the National Academy of Bulgaria, established in 1869.

The Academy, with headquarters in Sofia, is autonomous and consists of a Society of Academicians, Correspondent Members and Foreign Members. It publishes and circulates different scientific works, encyclopaedias, dictionaries and journals, and runs its own publishing house.

The activities are distributed in three main branches: Natural, mathematical and engineering sciences; Biological, medical and agrarian sciences and Social sciences, humanities and art. They are structured in 42 independent scientific institutes, and a dozen of laboratories and other sections. Julian Revalski has been the president of the BAS since 2016. As of 2022, its budget was 119,860 million leva (€61.28 million).

History
As Bulgaria was part of the Ottoman Empire, Bulgarian émigrés founded the Bulgarian Literary Society on 26 September 1869, in Brăila in the Kingdom of Romania, on the model of the Romanian Literary Society, that had been established in 1866. The first Statutes accepted were:

Board of Trustees
 * Nikolai Tsenov – President
 * Vasilaki Mihailidi
 * Petraki Simov
 * Kostaki Popovich
 * Stefan Beron

Acting members:
 * Marin Drinov (1838–1906) – Chairman
 * Vasil Drumev (1840–1901) – Member
 * Vasil D. Stoyanov (1839–1910) – Secretary

The following year, the Literary Society began issuing the Periodical Journal, its official publication, and in 1871 elected its first honorary member - Gavril Krastevich.

In 1878, shortly after Bulgaria's liberation from Ottoman rule, the General Assembly voted to move the headquarters of the Society from Brăila to Sofia, and on 1 March 1893 the BLS moved into its own building, right next to where the Bulgarian Parliament is seated. The BLS headquarters were completed in 1892. The building was designed by architect Hermann Mayer and was expanded during the 1920s.

The Bulgarian Literary Society adopted its present-day name in 1911, and Ivan Geshov became the Academy's first president. The BAS became a member of the Union of Slavonic Academies and Scientific Communities in 1913 and was accepted as a member of the International Council of Scientific Unions in 1931.

The BAS was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister’s Commendation for their contributions to promotion of mutual understanding between Bulgaria and Japan on 1 December 2020.

Departments
The BAS has 9 main sections, more broadly united under three main branches: Natural, mathematical and engineering sciences; Biological, medical and agrarian sciences and Social sciences, humanities and art. Each consists of independent scientific institutes, laboratories and other sections.

Mathematical Sciences

 * Institute of Mathematics and Informatics
 * Institute of Mechanics
 * Institute of Information and Communication Technologies
 * National Laboratory of Computer Virology

Physical Sciences

 * Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
 * Institute of Solid State Physics
 * Institute of Electronics
 * Institute of Astronomy
 * National Astronomical Observatory - Rozhen
 * Astronomical Observatory Belogradchik
 * Central Laboratory of Solar Energy and New Energy Sources
 * Central Laboratory for Applied Physics - Plovdiv
 * Central Laboratory of Optical Storage and Processing of Information

Chemical Sciences

 * Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
 * Institute of Organic Chemistry with a Centre of Phytochemistry
 * Institute of Physical Chemistry
 * Institute of Catalysis
 * Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems (IIES) (former Central Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources)
 * Institute of Chemical Engineering
 * Central Laboratory of Photoprocesses
 * Institute of Polymers

Biological Sciences

 * Institute of Neurobiology
 * Institute of Molecular Biology
 * Institute of Genetics
 * Institute of Physiology
 * Institute of Plant Physiology
 * Institute of Microbiology
 * Institute of Experimental Morphology and Anthropology
 * Institute of Botany
 * Institute of Zoology
 * Forest Research Institute
 * Institute of Experimental Pathology and Parasitology
 * Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction
 * Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering
 * National Museum of Natural History
 * Central Laboratory of General Ecology

Earth Sciences

 * Geological Institute
 * Geophysical Institute
 * National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
 * Central Laboratory for Geodesy
 * Central Laboratory of Mineralogy and Crystallography
 * Institute of Oceanology
 * Geographical Institute
 * Space Research Institute
 * Central Laboratory of Solar - Terrestrial Influences
 * Central Laboratory for Seismic Mechanics and Earthquake Engineering
 * Institute of Water Problems

Engineering Sciences

 * Institute of Metal Science
 * Central Laboratory of Physico-Chemical Mechanics
 * Institute of Computer and Communication Systems
 * Institute of Information Technologies
 * Institute of Control and System Research
 * Central Laboratory of Mechatronics and Instrumentation
 * Bulgarian Ship Hydrodynamics Centre

Humanities (Division 'Cultural-Historical Heritage and National Identity')

 * Institute of Bulgarian Language
 * Institute of Literature
 * Institute for Balkan Studies and Centre for Thracology
 * Institute for History Studies
 * Institute for Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum, comprising the former
 * Institute for Folklore Studies
 * Ethnographic Institute with Museum
 * Institute for Arts Studies, comprising the former
 * Centre for Architectural Studies
 * Institute of Art Studies
 * National Archaeological Institute and Museum
 * Scientific Centre for Cyrillo-Methodian Studies

Social Sciences (Division 'Man and Society')

 * Institute for Economic Studies
 * Institute for the State and Law
 * Institute for Population and Human Studies, comprising the former
 * Institute of Psychology
 * Centre for Population Studies
 * Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge, comprising the former
 * Institute of Sociology
 * Institute of Philosophical Studies
 * Centre for Science Studies and History of Science

Specialized and Supporting Units

 * Central Administration of BAS
 * Central Library of BAS
 * Scientific Archives of BAS
 * 'Prof. Marin Drinov' Academic Publishing House
 * Botanical Garden
 * National Centre on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
 * Bulgarian Encyclopaedia Scientific Information Centre
 * Social - Utility Service
 * Centre for National Security Research
 * Research Development and Implementation Association 'Scientific Instrumentation'
 * Laboratory of Telematics
 * Ph.D. Research Career Development Centre

Honours
Academia Peak and Camp Academia on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica are named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy's contribution to the Antarctic exploration.

title: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences


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Nicholas Baker (politician)

Sir Nicholas Brian Baker (23 November 1938 – 25 April 1997) was a British Conservative Member of Parliament and government minister.

He was educated at Clifton College and Oxford University. After unsuccessfully contesting the safe Labour seat of Peckham in February and October 1974, he represented the parliamentary constituency of North Dorset from 1979 until 1997. He was married to Carol d'Abo, sister of musician & broadcaster Mike d'Abo, and they adopted a son Matthew and a daughter Annabel.

He was also a Home Office junior minister under Michael Howard. In this role, he was involved in blocking Mohamed Al-Fayed's long-running attempts to attain British citizenship and in the widely publicized reprieve of a dog called Dempsey which had been threatened with death under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991.

Health problems caused Baker to resign his ministerial post, and he announced that he would not re-stand for his parliamentary seat at the 1997 general election. He died shortly before the election, having been knighted during the final weeks of his life.

title: Nicholas Baker (politician)


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Newfoundland Power

Newfoundland Power Inc. is an electric utility owned by Fortis Inc. which is the primary retailer of electric power in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The company was formed by the Royal Securities Corporation of Montreal in 1924 as the Newfoundland Light & Power Company.

In the year of its incorporation it purchased the assets of the St. John's Light and Power Company which had been formed originally by Robert Gillespie Reid as the St. John's Street Railway Company in 1896. Those assets included Newfoundland and Labrador's first hydro electric generating station at Petty Harbour, Petty Harbour Hydro Electric Generating Station.

After 1924 Newfoundland Light & Power Company became a subsidiary of the International Power Company, and it remained a subsidiary until 1949, when the parent company sold its shares in it to the general public.

The Newfoundland Light & Power Company supplied the general needs of the St. John's urban area and operated the city's electrical street car system. In 1948 the street railway was disbanded and the company became solely an electric company.

Newfoundland Power operates 23 hydro generating plants, three diesel plants and three gas turbine facilities for a total installed capacity of 139.4 MW.

Historical highlights

 * 1926 the company increased the generating capacity of the Petty Harbour Generating Station
 * 1931 completed a 3 MW hydro electric generating station at Pierre's Brook
 * 1931 laid two 13 kW cables across the Bell Island tickle in Conception Bay to supply the iron ore mines on Bell Island
 * 1951 purchased from Bowater's Newfoundland Pulp and Paper Mills and Bay of Islands Light and Power Company the distribution systems in Corner Brook and Deer Lake.
 * 1956 obtained from the Anglo Newfoundland Development Company the distribution system in Grand Falls, Windsor, Bishops Falls and Botwood.
 * 1958 completed a 12.5 MW hydro electric generating station at Rattling Brook.
 * 1958 obtained from the Department of Transport the distribution system in Gander.
 * 1962 converted the Grand Falls, Windsor, Bishop's Falls and Botwood distribution systems from 50 cycles (50 Hz voltage signal) to the North American standard of 60 cycles.
 * 1966 Union Electric Light and Power Company became part of the Newfoundland Light and Power Company.
 * 1966 the company had eleven generating plants with an installed capacity of 95 MW.
 * 1970 the company sold over the one billion kW·h (1 TW·h).
 * 1981 the company had twenty-one hydro stations, three gas turbines, seven diesel generating plants and one thermal power station for a total installed capacity of 241 MW.
 * 1987 shareholders of Newfoundland Light & Power Co. form Fortis Inc. as a holding company with 100% ownership of the regulated electrical utility.
 * 1990 Newfoundland Light & Power Co. changes its corporate name to Newfoundland Power.
 * 1998 the company changed its legal name from Newfoundland Light & Power Co. to Newfoundland Power Inc.

Hydroelectric Facilities
See also: List of generating stations in Newfoundland and Labrador.

title: Newfoundland Power


text:
Junkers EF 132

The EF 132 was a planned jet bomber, under development for the Luftwaffe during World War II. It was the last aircraft project development undertaken by Junkers during the war, and was the culmination of the Ju 287 design started in 1942.

Design
The shoulder-mounted wings were swept back 35° and featured a small amount of anhedral. Six Junkers Jumo 012 jet engines, each of which developed 24.5 kN (5,500 lbf) of thrust, were buried in the wing roots. Wind tunnel results showed the advantages of having the engines within the wing, rather than causing drag by being mounted below the wing surfaces. Several wooden mockups were built of the wing sections, in order to find the best way to mount the engines without wasting too much space while at the same time providing maintenance accessibility. The trailing edge flaps were designed to be split flaps, and the goal was to make the gearing and operation simple. Because of the high placement of the wings to the fuselage, an unbroken bomb bay of 12 m (39 ft 4 in) could be utilized in the center fuselage. The tailplanes were also swept back and the EF 132 had a normal vertical fin and rudder. An interesting landing gear arrangement was planned, that consisted of a nose wheel, two tandem main wheels beneath the center rear fuselage, and outrigger-type wheels under each outer wing. A fully glazed, pressurized cockpit located in the extreme fuselage nose held a crew of five. Armament consisted of two remotely-controlled twin 20 mm cannon turrets (one located aft of the cockpit, the other beneath the fuselage) and a tail barbette containing another pair of 20 mm cannons. All of this defensive armament was remotely controlled from the cockpit, and a bomb load of 4,000–5,000 kg (8,820–11,020 lb) was envisioned to be carried.

Tests and outcome
A windtunnel model was tested in early 1945, and a full-scale wooden mockup was also built at the Dessau Junkers facility. The development stage had progressed far when the Red Army reached the Dessau complex and took possession of the Junkers Ju 287, EF 131 and EF 132 designs and components. In October, 1946 the whole complex and the German engineers were transferred to GOZ No.1 (Gosoodarstvenny Opytnyy Zavod, State Experimental Plant), at Dubna in the Soviet Union, to continue development of the EF 131 and EF 132. Design work on the EF 132 continued under Dr. Brunolf Baade at OKB-1 (the design bureau attached to GOZ No.1), under order of Council of Ministers directive No.874-266, an unpowered example was constructed to gather additional data, but only slow progress was made before the project was terminated on 12 June 1948, by CoM directive 2058-805.

title: Junkers EF 132


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Infant-Free

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Postdlf 23:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Infant-Free
No article on the game (Infantry) itself on WP. And the free server thingy was/is not notable IMHO. Feydey 20:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --Xcali 23:56, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - DavidWBrooks 00:25, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Abies procera

Abies procera, the noble fir, also called red fir and Christmas tree, is a species of fir native to the Cascade Range and Pacific Coast Ranges of the northwestern Pacific Coast of the United States. It occurs at altitudes of 300 - 1500 m.

Description
A. procera is a large evergreen conifer with a narrow conic crown, growing up to 70 m tall and 2 m in trunk diameter, rarely to 295 ft tall and 2.7 m thick. The bark on young trees is smooth and gray with resin blisters, becoming red-brown, rough and fissured on old trees, usually less than 5 cm thick; the inner bark is reddish. The leaves are needle-like, 1–3.5 cm long, glaucous blue-green above and below with strong stomal bands, and a blunt to notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but twisted slightly S-shaped to be upcurved above the shoot. The cones are erect, 11 – long and 6 cm thick, with the purple scales almost completely hidden by the long exserted yellow-green bract scales; they ripen brown and disintegrate to release the winged seeds in fall. Viable seeds are only produced every few years.

The species can grow for up to 200 years.

Taxonomy
David Douglas discovered the species in the Cascade Range in the early 19th century, calling it the "noble fir".

The specific epithet procera means "tall". It is the world's tallest true fir.

Distribution
The species is native to the Cascade Range and Pacific Coast Ranges of western Washington and Oregon, as well as the extreme northwest of California. It is a high-altitude tree, typically occurring at altitudes of 300 - 1500 m, often above 600 m, and only rarely reaching the tree line.

Ecology
The species is very closely related to Abies magnifica (red fir), which replaces it farther southeast in southernmost Oregon and California, being best distinguished by the leaves having a groove along the midrib on the upper side; red fir does not show this. Red fir also tends to have the leaves less closely packed, with the shoot bark visible between the leaves, whereas the shoot is largely hidden in noble fir. Red fir cones also mostly have shorter bracts, except in A. magnifica var. shastensis (Shasta red fir); this variety hybridizes with noble fir and may itself be a hybrid between noble fir and red fir. As opposed to Shasta red fir, noble fir is shade-intolerant, leaving its lower trunk branchless.

Noble fir occurs with Douglas-fir and western hemlock at middle elevations, and with Pacific silver fir and mountain hemlock at higher elevations. It occurs in cool, humid areas similar to those occupied by Pacific silver fir. While it benefits from occasional disturbances (e.g. the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens), it is very susceptible to fire but is usually protected by its moist environment. It is relatively resistant to damage from wind, insects or diseases. Although the roots grow slowly, it can survive in very rocky soil as long as it is moist.

Uses
The Paiute used the foliage to treat coughs and colds.

The superior light and strong wood was recognized early by loggers, who called it "larch" to avoid conflating it with inferior firs. The wood is used for specialized applications such as ladders, general structural purposes and paper manufacture. It may have been used for the frames of the Royal Air Force's Mosquito bombers during World War II.

David Douglas sent noble fir seeds to Britain in 1830, introducing it to horticulturalists. It is a popular and favored Christmas tree. The prostrate grey cultivar A. procera (Glauca Group) 'Glauca Prostrata' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

title: Abies procera