text:
Lammbock

Lammbock is a 2001 German stoner film. The protagonists of the movie are two pizza delivery men who decide to up their income by adding marijuana to the menu and get into trouble after attracting the attention of an undercover cop. There are numerous subplots, and the movie is essentially divided into various chapters, each dealing with different episodes. It is filmed in and around the Franconian city of Würzburg and in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia.

Plot
Kai and Stefan are two friends who own a gourmet pizza delivery business as a front for selling cannabis. Stefan is finishing law school and preparing to take the Bar examination to become a lawyer under the behest of his father, who is a judge. They visit their outdoor cannabis growing operation only to discover that aphids are destroying their plants. They visit a head shop and meet Achim, who informs them that he knows how to get rid of aphids, handing them a tub full of Aphidoletes aphidimyza. However, unbeknownst to the protagonists, Achim is an undercover police officer.

After much debate, the duo decide to bring Achim to the plantation so that he can help with the aphid problem, using an adulterant on the plants called "Brain cell massacre," which, according to Achim, is used in Kazakhstan plantations. On the way to the growing area, they try to pick psychedelic mushrooms, convinced that nobody will be suspicious of mushrooms on a pizza. They test them out on Achim while he is at the plantation, stating that they already tried some. Achim is poisoned by the mushrooms and goes into a convulsive state, when suddenly a hunter is spotted nearby. The "Brain cell massacre" is used to knock Achim out, and he is locked in the protagonists' trunk, along with the hunter who discovered the cannabis plantation as well as the harvested crop itself.

After narrowly avoiding an unrelated police search, the duo confront Stefan's father and confess their situation. Though Stefan's father becomes upset, he calls the chief of police, whom he befriended when he was a public prosecutor. With the help of the chief of police, the duo get off the hook, and Stefan takes his bar exam only to walk out at the last minute to pursue his lifelong dream of owning a cafe on a beach.

Cast

 * Lucas Gregorowicz as Stefan Becker
 * Moritz Bleibtreu as Kai
 * Marie Zielcke as Laura Becker
 * Julian Weigend as Achim
 * Elmar Wepper as Vater Becker
 * Alexandra Schalaudek as Gina
 * Christof Wackernagel as Ausbilder Walter
 * Antoine Monot, Jr. as Schöngeist
 * Wotan Wilke Möhring as Frank
 * Nils Brunkhorst as Dopex
 * Alexandra Neldel as Jenny
 * Christoph Künzler as Jäger
 * Peter Fieseler as Tim
 * Thomas Schende as Dr. Kollmann
 * Anya Hoffmann as Elena Kollmann

Trivia

 * The director was heavily influenced by Quentin Tarantino and Kevin Smith. The characters Frank and Schöngeist bear a striking resemblance to Smith's duo Jay and Silent Bob.
 * German soccer player Mehmet Scholl is repeatedly referenced in the movie's dialogue, posters in the movie and as a player in a soccer video game that the two protagonists play.
 * In the beginning of the film Stefan drives on the Old Main Bridge (the bridge crossing the river Main) in Würzburg, even though it is only accessible to pedestrians.
 * The original film location of the pizzeria is in Cologne, where it is still existing. The university scenes were shot at the Technical University of Cologne.

Sequel
After asking followers of his Facebook page whether they want to see a sequel of the 2001 film and receiving great approval, Bleibtreu announced the film Lommbock in November 2015, scheduled for release on March 23, 2017. Filming began in August 2016, and Lommbock premiered in Germany 23 March 2017

title: Lammbock


text:
1998 in country music

This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1998.

Events

 * January 10 — "Retro Country USA," a weekly two-hour syndicated radio program spotlighting major country hits of the 1980s (along with some from the 1970s and early 1990s), premieres. The show is initially hosted by Tampa radio personality Ken Cooper, and later "Big" Steve Kelly.
 * February 25 — Johnny Cash's album, Unchained, wins a Grammy Award for Best Country Album. The album had been a critical success but was largely ignored by mainstream country radio, a fact Cash and producer Rick Rubin pick up on when they purchase a full-page advertisement in Billboard magazine. The ad, which appeared in March, featured a young Cash displaying his middle finger and sarcastically "thanking" radio for supporting the album.
 * June 30 — The divorce of Vince and Janis Gill (of Sweethearts of the Rodeo) is finalized.
 * December — The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts honors Willie Nelson for his lifetime contributions to the arts. Nelson is the first primarily country performer so honored.

Deaths

 * January 7 — Owen Bradley, 82, legendary record producer for top artists. (respiratory illness)
 * January 17 — Cliffie Stone, 80, music executive and bassist.
 * January 19 — Carl Perkins, 65, top picker and rockabilly artist. (complications from multiple strokes)
 * January 24 — Justin Tubb, 62, singer-songwriter who fused honky-tonk and rockabilly in the 1950s.
 * February 19 — Grandpa Jones, 84, banjo player, old-time country/gospel singer, comedian and regular on "Hee Haw" (stroke)
 * February 25 — Rockin' Sidney Simien, 59, rhythm and blues, Zydeco, and soul musician best known to country audiences for his 1985 hit, "My Toot Toot." (cancer)
 * April 6 — Tammy Wynette, 55, top country female vocalist of the 1960s and 1970s, best known for hits "D-I-V-O-R-C-E" and "Stand By Your Man." (blood clot)
 * April 16 — Rose Maddox, 71, female honky-tonk and rockabilly pioneer who fronted the Maddox Brothers and Rose (kidney failure)
 * May 7 — Eddie Rabbitt, 56, prolific songwriter and pop-country vocalist who once had 35 Top 10 hits in as many releases. (lung cancer)
 * May 22 – Royce Kendall, 62, sang alongside daughter, Jeannie Kendall, of The Kendalls. (stroke)
 * June 10 — Steve Sanders, 45, member of the Oak Ridge Boys from 1987 to 1995; replaced and succeeded by William Lee Golden. (suicide)
 * July 6 — Roy Rogers, 86, actor, singer and "King of the Cowboys." (congestive heart failure)
 * October 2 — Gene Autry, 91, actor and "The Singing Cowboy" (lymphoma).

Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame inductees

 * Carlton Haney
 * Chubby Wise

Country Music Hall of Fame inductees

 * George Morgan (1924–1975)
 * Elvis Presley (1935–1977)
 * E.W. “Bud” Wendell (born 1927)
 * Tammy Wynette (1942–1998)

Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame inductees

 * Ray Griff
 * Bill Anderson

Grammy Awards

 * Best Female Country Vocal Performance — "You're Still the One," Shania Twain
 * Best Male Country Vocal Performance — "If You Ever Have Forever in Mind", Vince Gill
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal — "There's Your Trouble", Dixie Chicks
 * Best Country Collaboration with Vocals — "Same Old Train", Clint Black, Joe Diffie, Merle Haggard, Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss, Patty Loveless, Earl Scruggs, Ricky Skaggs, Marty Stuart, Pam Tillis, Randy Travis, Travis Tritt and Dwight Yoakam
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance — "A Soldier's Joy" Vince Gill and Randy Scruggs
 * Best Country Song — "You're Still the One", Shania Twain and Robert John "Mutt" Lange
 * Best Country Album — Wide Open Spaces, Dixie Chicks
 * Best Bluegrass Album — Bluegrass Rules!, Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder

Juno Awards

 * Best Country Male Vocalist — Paul Brandt
 * Best Country Female Vocalist — Shania Twain
 * Best Country Group or Duo — Leahy

Academy of Country Music

 * Entertainer of the Year — Garth Brooks
 * Song of the Year — "Holes in the Floor of Heaven", Steve Wariner and Billy Kirsch
 * Single of the Year — "This Kiss", Faith Hill
 * Album of the Year — Wide Open Spaces, Dixie Chicks
 * Top Male Vocalist — Tim McGraw
 * Top Female Vocalist — Faith Hill
 * Top Vocal Duo or Group — Dixie Chicks
 * Top New Male Vocalist — Mark Wills
 * Top New Female Vocalist — Jo Dee Messina
 * Top New Vocal Duo or Group — Dixie Chicks
 * Video of the Year — "This Kiss", Faith Hill (Director: Steven Goldmann)
 * Vocal Event of the Year — "Just To Hear You Say That You Love Me", Faith Hill with Tim McGraw

ARIA Awards
(presented in Sydney on October 20, 1998)
 * Best Country Album - My Own Sweet Time (Shanley Del)

Canadian Country Music Association

 * CMT Maple Leaf Foods Fans' Choice Award — Shania Twain
 * Male Artist of the Year — Paul Brandt
 * Female Artist of the Year — Shania Twain
 * Group or Duo of the Year — Leahy
 * SOCAN Song of the Year — "Born Again in Dixieland," Jason McCoy, Naoise Sheridan, Denny Carr
 * Single of the Year — "You're Still the One," Shania Twain
 * Album of the Year — Come on Over, Shania Twain
 * Top Selling Album — Come on Over, Shania Twain
 * Video of the Year — "Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)", Shania Twain
 * Wrangler Rising Star Award — Bruce Guthro
 * Vocal Collaboration of the Year — "Your Love", Michelle Wright and Jim Brickman

Country Music Association

 * Entertainer of the Year — Garth Brooks
 * Song of the Year — "Holes in the Floor of Heaven", Steve Wariner and Billy Kirsch
 * Single of the Year — "Holes in the Floor of Heaven", Steve Wariner
 * Album of the Year — Everywhere, Tim McGraw
 * Male Vocalist of the Year — George Strait
 * Female Vocalist of the Year — Trisha Yearwood
 * Vocal Duo of the Year — Brooks & Dunn
 * Vocal Group of the Year — Dixie Chicks
 * Horizon Award — Dixie Chicks
 * Music Video of the Year — "This Kiss", Faith Hill (Director: Steven Goldmann)
 * Vocal Event of the Year — "You Don't Seem to Miss Me," Patty Loveless with George Jones
 * Musician of the Year — Brett Mason

RPM Big Country Awards

 * Canadian Country Artist of the Year — Shania Twain
 * Best Country Album — Come On Over, Shania Twain
 * Best Country Single — "Little Ol' Kisses", Julian Austin
 * Male Artist of the Year — Paul Brandt
 * Female Artist of the Year — Terri Clark
 * Group of the Year — Leahy
 * Outstanding New Male Artist — Bruce Guthro
 * Outstanding New Female Artist — Beverley Mahood
 * Outstanding New Group or Duo — Montana Sky
 * Canadian Country Video — "Little Ol' Kisses", Julian Austin
 * Top Country Composer(s) — Julian Austin

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1998 in country music


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Honjelhinelsmith

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted (nonsense) --cesarb 02:20, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Honjelhinelsmith
Nonsense, User:80.43.97.69 created it and keeps removing the speedy tag. --Etacar11 21:21, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks like a speedy delete to me, even if User:80.43.97.69 does remove the notice. DS1953 22:27, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't know what else to do, he/she removed the speedy tag the minute I put it back up, several times. Maybe its bedtime now... --Etacar11 22:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Nyanza

Nyanza may refer to:

 * Nyanza, Rwanda
 * Nyanza District, the district surrounding Nyanza, Rwanda
 * Nyanza Province, Kenya
 * Nyanza Lac, Burundi
 * Nyanza, the Bantu word for lake, in particular:
 * Lake Albert (Africa) (Albert Nyanza)
 * Lake Edward (Edward Nyanza)
 * Lake Victoria (Victoria Nyanza)
 * Nyanza, an unincorporated area in the Municipality of the County of Victoria, Nova Scotia
 * SS Nyanza (1907), an Edwardian cargo steamship still trading on Lake Victoria in East Africa
 * Nyanza (Company), a dye manufacturing company in Ashland, MA that went bankrupt in 1978
 * , a hue

title: Nyanza


text:
Gorakshep

Gorak Shep, also spelled Gorakshep (Nepali: गोरकशेप, गोरक्षेप), is a settlement nestled on the periphery of a frozen lakebed blanketed with sand in Nepal, sharing its name with the locale. Situated at an elevation of 5,164 meters (16,942 feet) near Mount Everest, it remains uninhabited for most of the year, reopening only for the Mount Everest trekking season.

Trekking
Gorak Shep is inside the Sagarmatha National Park, the homeland of the Sherpa people, famous for their skills as guides and mountaineers. It is the final stop on most common treks to Everest Base Camp from Lukla, following what the Dalai Lama dubbed "the steps to heaven."

This route takes trekkers from Lukla to Namche Bazaar, Tengboche, Pangboche, Dingboche, Lobuche, and on to Gorak Shep. Most trekkers stay overnight there, as their trekking permits will not allow them to camp at Everest Base Camp. Gorak Shep is the last village with accommodation on the Everest base camp trek.

Gorak Shep was the original Everest Base Camp, being used by the Swiss mountain climbers in their attempt to climb the Everest in 1952. Later the camp was moved closer to the mountain, just below the Khumbu Ice Fall. Climbing time from Gorak Shep to the Everest Base Camp ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 hours, depending on the weather, acclimatization and physical conditioning of each individual.

At this altitude, few people feel comfortable and many start to suffer symptoms of altitude sickness or acute mountain sickness (AMS).

Gorak Shep also provides a base for ascent of Kala Patthar, 5,550 meters (18,209 ft) which provides both views of Everest and the highest altitude that most will reach without a climbing permit from the Nepal Mountaineering Association.

Climate
The best times for trekking are in spring (March and April) and autumn (October and November), when Everest visibility is ideal and the temperature is not excessively cold. In autumn, competition for bed spaces in the lodges can be intense and some trekkers may need to sleep on the floor of the dining room lodge.

During the winter, in the months from December to February, it is possible to do trekking, but the vast majority of accommodations are closed, the trails are snow-covered and the cold is very intense.

Gorak Shep means "dead ravens," because of the complete lack of any kind of vegetation in the area.

title: Gorakshep


text: User talk:128.54.78.94

title: User talk:128.54.78.94


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Star Dancer

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:44, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Star Dancer
Delete article. It's a vanity-type page for a work by an unpublished, non-notable author. MakeRocketGoNow 21:23, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete "Published online" almost invariably means "not really published". There are a few different things called "Star Dancer" which could probably have an article, but this ain't one of them. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  21:49, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 23:18, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User:Shimi925

Hello

title: User:Shimi925


text:
Surface plasmon resonance

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon that occurs where electrons in a thin metal sheet become excited by light that is directed to the sheet with a particular angle of incidence, and then travel parallel to the sheet. Assuming a constant light source wavelength and that the metal sheet is thin, the angle of incidence that triggers SPR is related to the refractive index of the material and even a small change in the refractive index will cause SPR to not be observed. This makes SPR a possible technique for detecting particular substances (analytes) and SPR biosensors have been developed to detect various important biomarkers.

Explanation
The surface plasmon polariton is a non-radiative electromagnetic surface wave that propagates in a direction parallel to the negative permittivity/dielectric material interface. Since the wave is on the boundary of the conductor and the external medium (air, water or vacuum for example), these oscillations are very sensitive to any change of this boundary, such as the adsorption of molecules to the conducting surface.

To describe the existence and properties of surface plasmon polaritons, one can choose from various models (quantum theory, Drude model, etc.). The simplest way to approach the problem is to treat each material as a homogeneous continuum, described by a frequency-dependent relative permittivity between the external medium and the surface. This quantity, hereafter referred to as the materials' "dielectric function", is the complex permittivity. In order for the terms that describe the electronic surface plasmon to exist, the real part of the dielectric constant of the conductor must be negative and its magnitude must be greater than that of the dielectric. This condition is met in the infrared-visible wavelength region for air/metal and water/metal interfaces (where the real dielectric constant of a metal is negative and that of air or water is positive).

LSPRs (localized surface plasmon resonances) are collective electron charge oscillations in metallic nanoparticles that are excited by light. They exhibit enhanced near-field amplitude at the resonance wavelength. This field is highly localized at the nanoparticle and decays rapidly away from the nanoparticle/dielectric interface into the dielectric background, though far-field scattering by the particle is also enhanced by the resonance. Light intensity enhancement is a very important aspect of LSPRs and localization means the LSPR has very high spatial resolution (subwavelength), limited only by the size of nanoparticles. Because of the enhanced field amplitude, effects that depend on the amplitude such as magneto-optical effect are also enhanced by LSPRs.

Implementations

In order to excite surface plasmon polaritons in a resonant manner, one can use electron bombardment or incident light beam (visible and infrared are typical). The incoming beam has to match its momentum to that of the plasmon. In the case of p-polarized light (polarization occurs parallel to the plane of incidence), this is possible by passing the light through a block of glass to increase the wavenumber (and the momentum), and achieve the resonance at a given wavelength and angle. S-polarized light (polarization occurs perpendicular to the plane of incidence) cannot excite electronic surface plasmons. Electronic and magnetic surface plasmons obey the following dispersion relation:

 * $$ k(\omega) = \frac{\omega}{c} \sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon_1 \varepsilon_2 \mu_1 \mu_2}{\varepsilon_1 \mu_1 + \varepsilon_2 \mu_2}} $$

where k($$\omega$$) is the wave vector, $$\varepsilon$$ is the relative permittivity, and $$\mu$$ is the relative permeability of the material (1: the glass block, 2: the metal film), while $$\omega$$ is angular frequency and $${c}$$ is the speed of light in vacuum.

Typical metals that support surface plasmons are silver and gold, but metals such as copper, titanium or chromium have also been used.

When using light to excite SP waves, there are two configurations which are well known. In the Otto configuration, the light illuminates the wall of a glass block, typically a prism, and is totally internally reflected. A thin metal film (for example gold) is positioned close enough to the prism wall so that an evanescent wave can interact with the plasma waves on the surface and hence excite the plasmons.

In the Kretschmann configuration (also known as Kretschmann–Raether configuration), the metal film is evaporated onto the glass block. The light again illuminates the glass block, and an evanescent wave penetrates through the metal film. The plasmons are excited at the outer side of the film. This configuration is used in most practical applications.

SPR emission
When the surface plasmon wave interacts with a local particle or irregularity, such as a rough surface, part of the energy can be re-emitted as light. This emitted light can be detected behind the metal film from various directions.

Analytical implementations
Surface plasmon resonance can be implemented in analytical instrumentation. SPR instruments consist of a light source, an input scheme, a prism with analyte interface, a detector, and computer.

Detectors
The detectors used in surface plasmon resonance convert the photons of light reflected off the metallic film into an electrical signal. A position sensing detector (PSD) or charged-coupled device (CCD) may be used to operate as detectors.

Applications
Surface plasmons have been used to enhance the surface sensitivity of several spectroscopic measurements including fluorescence, Raman scattering, and second-harmonic generation. In their simplest form, SPR reflectivity measurements can be used to detect molecular adsorption, such as polymers, DNA or proteins, etc. Technically, it is common to measure the angle of minimum reflection (angle of maximum absorption). This angle changes in the order of 0.1° during thin (about nm thickness) film adsorption. (See also the Examples.) In other cases the changes in the absorption wavelength is followed. The mechanism of detection is based on the adsorbing molecules causing changes in the local index of refraction, changing the resonance conditions of the surface plasmon waves. The same principle is exploited in the recently developed competitive platform based on loss-less dielectric multilayers (DBR), supporting surface electromagnetic waves with sharper resonances (Bloch surface waves).

If the surface is patterned with different biopolymers, using adequate optics and imaging sensors (i.e. a camera), the technique can be extended to surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI). This method provides a high contrast of the images based on the adsorbed amount of molecules, somewhat similar to Brewster angle microscopy (this latter is most commonly used together with a Langmuir–Blodgett trough).

For nanoparticles, localized surface plasmon oscillations can give rise to the intense colors of suspensions or sols containing the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles or nanowires of noble metals exhibit strong absorption bands in the ultraviolet–visible light regime that are not present in the bulk metal. This extraordinary absorption increase has been exploited to increase light absorption in photovoltaic cells by depositing metal nanoparticles on the cell surface. The energy (color) of this absorption differs when the light is polarized along or perpendicular to the nanowire. Shifts in this resonance due to changes in the local index of refraction upon adsorption to the nanoparticles can also be used to detect biopolymers such as DNA or proteins. Related complementary techniques include plasmon waveguide resonance, QCM, extraordinary optical transmission, and dual-polarization interferometry.

SPR immunoassay
The first SPR immunoassay was proposed in 1983 by Liedberg, Nylander, and Lundström, then of the Linköping Institute of Technology (Sweden). They adsorbed human IgG onto a 600-Ångström silver film, and used the assay to detect anti-human IgG in water solution. Unlike many other immunoassays, such as ELISA, an SPR immunoassay is label free in that a label molecule is not required for detection of the analyte. Additionally, the measurements on SPR can be followed real-time allowing the monitoring of individual steps in sequential binding events particularly useful in the assessment of for instance sandwich complexes.

Material characterization
Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance, a special configuration of SPR, can be used to characterize layers and stacks of layers. Besides binding kinetics, MP-SPR can also provide information on structural changes in terms of layer true thickness and refractive index. MP-SPR has been applied successfully in measurements of lipid targeting and rupture, CVD-deposited single monolayer of graphene (3.7Å) as well as micrometer thick polymers.

Data interpretation
The most common data interpretation is based on the Fresnel formulas, which treat the formed thin films as infinite, continuous dielectric layers. This interpretation may result in multiple possible refractive index and thickness values. Usually only one solution is within the reasonable data range. In multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance, two SPR curves are acquired by scanning a range of angles at two different wavelengths, which results in a unique solution for both thickness and refractive index.

Metal particle plasmons are usually modeled using the Mie scattering theory.

In many cases no detailed models are applied, but the sensors are calibrated for the specific application, and used with interpolation within the calibration curve.

Novel applications
Due to the versatility of SPR instrumentation, this technique pairs well with other approaches, leading to novel applications in various fields, such as biomedical and environmental studies.

When coupled with nanotechnology, SPR biosensors can use nanoparticles as carriers for therapeutic implants. For instance, in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, nanoparticles can be used to deliver therapeutic molecules in targeted ways. In general, SPR biosensing is demonstrating advantages over other approaches in the biomedical field due to this technique being label-free, lower in costs, applicable in point-of-care settings, and capable of producing faster results for smaller research cohorts.

In the study of environmental pollutants, SPR instrumentation can be used as a replacement for former chromatography-based techniques. Current pollution research relies on chromatography to monitor increases in pollution in an ecosystem over time. When SPR instrumentation with a Kretschmann prism configuration was used in the detection of chlorophene, an emerging pollutant, it was demonstrated that SPR has similar precision and accuracy levels as chromatography techniques. Furthermore, SPR sensing surpasses chromatography techniques through its high-speed, straightforward analysis.

Layer-by-layer self-assembly

One of the first common applications of surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy was the measurement of the thickness (and refractive index) of adsorbed self-assembled nanofilms on gold substrates. The resonance curves shift to higher angles as the thickness of the adsorbed film increases. This example is a 'static SPR' measurement.

When higher speed observation is desired, one can select an angle right below the resonance point (the angle of minimum reflectance), and measure the reflectivity changes at that point. This is the so-called 'dynamic SPR' measurement. The interpretation of the data assumes that the structure of the film does not change significantly during the measurement.

Binding constant determination
SPR can be used to study the real-time kinetics of molecular interactions. Determining the affinity between two ligands involves establishing the equilibrium dissociation constant, representing the equilibrium value for the product quotient. This constant can be determined using dynamic SPR parameters, calculated as the dissociation rate divided by the association rate.

$$K_{\rm D} = \frac{k_{\text{d}}}{k_{\text{a}}}$$

In this process, a ligand is immobilized on the dextran surface of the SPR crystal. Through a microflow system, a solution with the analyte is injected over the ligand-covered surface. The binding of the analyte to the ligand causes an increase in the SPR signal (expressed in response units, RU). Following the association time, a solution without the analyte (typically a buffer) is introduced into the microfluidics to initiate the dissociation of the bound complex between the ligand and analyte. As the analyte dissociates from the ligand, the SPR signal decreases. From these association ('on rate', $k_{a}$) and dissociation rates ('off rate', $k_{d}$), the equilibrium dissociation constant ('binding constant', $K_{D}$) can be calculated.

The detected SPR signal is a consequence of the electromagnetic 'coupling' of the incident light with the surface plasmon of the gold layer. This interaction is particularly sensitive to the characteristics of the layer at the gold–solution interface, which is usually just a few nanometers thick. When substances bind to the surface, it alters the way light is reflected, causing a change in the reflection angle, which can be measured as a signal in SPR experiments. One common application is measuring the kinetics of antibody-antigen interactions.

Thermodynamic analysis
As SPR biosensors facilitate measurements at different temperatures, thermodynamic analysis can be performed to obtain a better understanding of the studied interaction. By performing measurements at different temperatures, typically between 4 and 40 °C, it is possible to relate association and dissociation rate constants with activation energy and thereby obtain thermodynamic parameters including binding enthalpy, binding entropy, Gibbs free energy and heat capacity.

Pair-wise epitope mapping
As SPR allows real-time monitoring, individual steps in sequential binding events can be thoroughly assessed when investigating the suitability between antibodies in a sandwich configuration. Additionally, it allows the mapping of epitopes as antibodies of overlapping epitopes will be associated with an attenuated signal compared to those capable of interacting simultaneously.

Magnetic plasmon resonance
Recently, there has been an interest in magnetic surface plasmons. These require materials with large negative magnetic permeability, a property that has only recently been made available with the construction of metamaterials.

Graphene
Layering graphene on top of gold has been shown to improve SPR sensor performance. Its high electrical conductivity increases the sensitivity of detection. The large surface area of graphene also facilitates the immobilization of biomolecules while its low refractive index minimizes its interference. Enhancing SPR sensitivity by incorporating graphene with other materials expands the potential of SPR sensors, making them practical in a broader range of applications. For instance, the enhanced sensitivity of graphene can be used in conjunction with a silver SPR sensor, providing a cost-effective alternative for measuring glucose levels in urine.

Graphene has also been shown to improve the resistance of SPR sensors to high-temperature annealing up to 500 °C.

Fiber-optic SPR
Recent advancements in SPR technology have given rise to novel formats increasing the scope and applicability of SPR sensing. Fiber optic SPR involves the integration of SPR sensors onto the ends of optical fibers, enabling the direct coupling of light with the surface plasmons as the analytes are passed through a hollow SPR core. This format offers enhanced sensitivity and allows for the development of compact sensing devices, making it particularly valuable for applications requiring remote sensing in the field. It also offers an increased surface area for analytes to bind to the inner lining of the fiber optic.

title: Surface plasmon resonance


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Riedesel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:43, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Riedesel
Vanity, un-notable surname written by an author of the same name. I've left a friendly message on their talk page. -- UkPaolo 21:25, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, how do you know the name is un-notable as I had no chance to complete it? Yours truly, the author-to-be, would not appear in it. Paul Riedesel, Ph.D.
 * I accept your point. I see that you have just added further info to the article, and it is clear there are historical connections, which perhaps do merit a Wikipedia entry. Still not entirely convinced about creating an article on your own surname, though, however notable, and Wikipedia is not a genealogy site for you to post family history, however detailed or interesting. It's nothing personal - if you view the page history you'll note I even wikified the original version of the article for you! Personally, I think it would be better suited to your own user page, but we'll see other Wikipedians valued comments and how the vote works out... UkPaolo 22:05, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, a notable German noble family. Please allow articles more than ten minutes to grow after they were cretated, especially when authored by a new user. Zocky 22:20, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I allowed time for the article to grow - I watched the article and commented when further info was added to the page. However, I maintain that the information is promotion of the user's surname (and their website, linked at the end of the article). Yes its accurate, detailed, and maybe even interesting, but I'm not sure it is what Wikipedia should be about. It sets a huge precedent for people with numerous surnames to start generating articles - plenty of people know their family history these days. Are we now saying that providing there was nobility somewhere in the past, such genealogy articles are wanted? UkPaolo 07:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I share the last name to be sure, but have no personal connection with any of the noble Riedesels until 1400 or earlier. And yes my web site is focused on genealogy, but this article includes next to no genealogical information.--Paul Riedesel 12:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Weak keep, seems notable and encyclopedic. Tufflaw 22:33, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, precedent and discussion of names calls for articles on names to be disambiguation pages, not etymologies on the meanings and histories of names. RickK 22:52, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I see numerous entries in the Category:German nobility that are not dissimilar. --Paul Riedesel 23:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I don't see this as an etymology on the meaning and history of the name (I don't necessarily agree that should be excluded in any event). Its an article on a family that at this point appears to merit an article. DS1953 00:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * www.riedesel.org claims that the Riedesels ruled a state within the Holy Roman Empire until Napoeonic times. If that information is accurate, it is definite keep.
 * Forgot to sign this vote. Martg76 22:24, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I see that the German Wikipedia de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedesel includes a similar article on this family.--Paul Riedesel 17:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
File:Skeletal muscle tmp.jpg

Photo montage created by Raul654. Clockwise, from top left:

1) Bodybuilder picture from
 * Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Bodybuilder2.jpg
 * License: GFDL

2) Bone/Muscle group picture.
 * Source: http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/illu_muscle_structure.jpg from http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit4_2_muscle_structure.html
 * License: Public domain

3) A muscle fiber. Created by Raul654 using Rama's myofibril drawing for use in this picture
 * Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muscle_schematics_2.jpg

4) A myofibril. Drawn by Rama and modified by user:Raul654
 * Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muscle_schematics_2.jpg
 * License: GFDL

5) A single sarcomere. Drawn by Rama and modified by user:Raul654
 * Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muscle_schematics_2.jpg
 * License: GFDL

6) An actin/myosin crossbridge. Drawn by Rama and modified by user:Raul654
 * Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Muscle_schematics_6.jpg
 * License: GFDL

title: File:Skeletal muscle tmp.jpg


text: Category:Subdivisions of Kyrgyzstan

title: Category:Subdivisions of Kyrgyzstan


text:
Rabbit Hole (play)

Rabbit Hole is a play written by David Lindsay-Abaire. It was the recipient of the 2007 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play premiered on Broadway in 2006, and it has also been produced by regional theatres in cities such as Los Angeles, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. The play had its Spanish language premiere in San Juan, Puerto Rico in Autumn of 2010.

The play deals with the ways family members survive a major loss, and includes comedy as well as tragedy. Cynthia Nixon won the 2006 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play for her performance as Becca in the New York production, and the play was nominated for several other Tony awards.

Characters (in order of appearance)
Becca—Howie's wife in her late 30s. She is usually a very responsible and sensible person but makes some rash decisions throughout the play because of grief. Howie accuses her of subconsciously trying to "erase" Danny by selling the house, packing up his artwork, and getting rid of their dog, even erasing the most recent home video of Danny.

Izzy—Becca's irresponsible but well-wishing sister. She is unwed but in a relationship with Auggie. She is pregnant throughout the play. Tension is created as Becca's mourning for her lost child lingers, and she is suspicious of Izzy's ability to raise her own.

Howie—Becca's husband in his late 30s. He is very caring but has a hard time dealing with Danny's death, which causes him to be angry and depressed, though he hides it as much as possible. He obsessively watches home movies of Danny and thinks that the best way to move on is to try for another child. He attends group grief counseling meetings. It is implied that he has an affair with a woman from this group. He does not want to meet with Jason, whom he blames for Danny's death.

Nat—Izzy and Becca's mother. She is the voice of reason for her daughters. She helps Howie and Becca in the moving process and provides motherly experience to Becca. Her son (Becca's brother, Arthur), a heroin addict, hanged himself at the age of 30. Becca, however, does not want to hear this, as she feels that the deaths are not comparable. She eventually realizes that her mother has gone through this as well, and accepts the comfort.

Jason Willette—17-year-old boy who accidentally hit Danny with his car, leading to Danny's death. He lives with his mom; his father's whereabouts are never revealed, but the script suggests he's dead. He enjoys science fiction and writes a story about wormholes to other dimensions in Danny's memory, which he publishes in the school's literary magazine. He sends this story to Becca and Howie. He later shows up at the open house, wanting to talk to Howie and Becca. Howie chases him away, but he later meets with Becca. He blames himself for Danny's death.

Other characters mentioned
Danny—Killed at age 4. Son of Becca and Howie. Heard on a video Howie watches at night. He is on a beach in the video.

Taz—Dog that Danny followed into the street. He is never seen in the play but is heard barking on multiple occasions. Becca doesn't want him (because he reminds her of Danny), but Howie loves him.

Rick and Debbie—friends of Becca and Howie who have a daughter, Emily, Danny's age. Debbie avoids Becca after the accident, but Rick and Howie still play squash together.

Reema—Izzy's friend, a waitress at Calderone's. She sees Howie there with a woman, who is revealed to be a woman from his grief counseling.

Auggie—Izzy's boyfriend and the baby's father. He had a girlfriend when he began a relationship with Izzy.

Arthur—Izzy and Becca's brother, Nat's son. Committed suicide at age 30 after battling heroin addiction.

Broadway production
Rabbit Hole premiered on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre in a Manhattan Theatre Club production on January 12, 2006, in previews, officially on February 2, 2006, and closed on April 9, 2006, after 77 performances. Directed by Daniel Sullivan, the cast featured Cynthia Nixon (Becca), John Slattery (Howie), Tyne Daly (Nat), John Gallagher, Jr. (Jason) and Mary Catherine Garrison (Izzy).

While John Gallagher, Jr. was in this show, he was in rehearsals for Spring Awakening.

The play was originally commissioned by South Coast Repertory, Costa Mesa, California, and first presented at its Pacific Playwrights Festival reading series in 2005.

The play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for 2007. The play received five 2006 Tony Award nominations: for Best Play, Best Direction of a Play, Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play (Tyne Daly) and Best Scenic Design of a Play (John Lee Beatty). Cynthia Nixon won the 2006 Tony Award, Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play.

Other productions
The Spanish version Los universos paralelos premiered at the Teatro Palacio Valdés de Avilés on 17 March 2017. The production moved to the Teatro Español in Madrid from 20 de September to 15 de October 2017. It starred Malena Alterio, Daniel Grao, Carmen Balagué, Belén Cuesta and Itzan Escamilla and was directed by David Serrano. In 2018 the company toured around Spain visiting cities such as Vigo, Burgos, Gijón, Roquetas de Mar, San Sebastián, Ponferrada, León, Aranda de Duero among several others.

Film adaptation
The movie adaptation, directed by John Cameron Mitchell, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010, and received a limited theatrical release in December 2010. Nicole Kidman stars as Becca Corbett, the character originally played by Nixon. She is also credited as producer of the film. Aaron Eckhart plays Howie Corbett. Other cast members include Dianne Wiest, Tammy Blanchard, Giancarlo Esposito and Sandra Oh.

Awards and nominations

 * Awards
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama
 * Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play – Cynthia Nixon
 * Nominations
 * Tony Award for Best Play
 * Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play – Tyne Daly
 * Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play – Daniel Sullivan
 * Tony Award for Best Scenic Design of a Play – John Lee Beatty

title: Rabbit Hole (play)


text: Wikipedia:Picture of the day/June 5, 2005


text:
Talk:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh

Untitled
Based on the excessive vandalist history of the IP address from which the "son of a tin box" statement came from, and the complete lack of prior history from the other random IP which restored this edit, and additionally a complete lack of verifiable references to back the claim, which could not be verified either via Google, I am once again reverting out the nickname comment.

If you have acceptable evidence that this is true, please offer it forth before restoring it once again. Otherwise, I will assume based on prior editor history (and lack thereof in the other) that this is more vandalism.

--Girolamo Savonarola 21:27, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

Anachronism
"In April 1982 and after Iran-Contra scandal, he was arrested along with a group of army officers and clerics (including son-in-law of religious leader Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari), all accused of plotting the assassination of Khomeini and the overthrow of the Islamic Republic."

The Iran-Contra Affair didn't begin till 1983: See THE IRAN-CONTRA AFFAIR, 1983-1988 66.234.220.195 (talk) 03:15, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:27, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Sadegh Ghotbzadeh.jpg

title: Talk:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh


text: Wikipedia:POTD/June 5, 2005

title: Wikipedia:POTD/June 5, 2005


text:
Talk:Leica Digilux 1

Untitled
Why not a single entry, Leica Digilux, with information on these and future models? --Wetman 21:29, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leica Digilux 1


text: Category:Provinces of Zambia

title: Category:Provinces of Zambia


text:
Chronica Hungarorum

Chronica Hungarorum (Latin for "Chronicle of the Hungarians") (A magyarok krónikája), also known as the Thuróczy Chronicle, is the title of a 15th-century Latin-language Hungarian chronicle written by Johannes de Thurocz by compiling several earlier works in 1488. It served as the primary source for the history of medieval Hungary for centuries.

History
The historical knowledge of future generations of people was based on the Thuróczy Chronicle, because it was the most complete medieval Hungarian history at that time. The chronicle itself was the result of historiographical construction of the predecessor Hungarian chronicles over the previous centuries from the time of the Ancient Gesta. According to Thuróczy, he worked from contemporary works of the time of King Charles I (1301–1342) and King Louis I (1342–1382), which also based on older chronicles. The basic premise of the Hungarian medieval chronicle tradition that the Huns, i.e. the Hungarians coming out twice from Scythia, the guiding principle was the Hun-Hungarian continuity.

"No one doubts that the mother of the Huns, namely the Hungarians, was Scythia: Even at the beginning of their exodus from Scythia, the famous fighting virtue glowed in them, and now, in our day, their swords are flashing over the head of the enemy."

King Matthias of Hungary was happy to be described as "the second Attila". In the prologue of his chronicle, Thuróczy set the goal of glorifying Attila, which was undeservedly neglected, moreover, he introduced the famous "Scourge of God" characterization to the later Hungarian writers, because the earlier chronicles remained hidden for a long time. Thuróczy worked hard to endear Attila, the Hun king with an effort far surpassing his predecessor chroniclers. He made Attila a model for his victorious ruler, King Matthias of Hungary (1458–1490) who had Attila's abilities, with this he almost brought "the hammer of the world" to life.

The chronicle describes the history of Hungarians from the earliest times to 1487. The chronicle contains hand-colored woodcuts depicting 41 Hungarian kings and leaders. The Augsburg edition of the Chronica Hungarorum from 1488 is the first known print made with gold paint.

The images are listed together with the title of the chapter in the same order as their appearance in the chronicle. Appendix at the end of the chronicle from Master Roger: A mournful song about the destruction of the Tatars in Hungary.

title: Chronica Hungarorum


text:
Talk:Tiberius Claudius Balbillus

Apparently not a self-sustaining entry. Her biography should be where? under Orosius? --Wetman 21:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiberius Claudius Balbillus


text:
User talk:JimMorris

Welcome to Wikipedia
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Image tagging
Hi, please make sure to include a so called "copyright tag" tamplate on images you upload. Images that lack source or copyright "tags" will be deleted. If the status of the image is obvious like Image:Es-sm.gif someone else might fix them for you naturaly, like I just did. Don't count on this however, it creates extra work, and if the status is non-obvious it image will end up deleted. Thanks. --Sherool (talk) 22:28, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:ESMol2.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ESMol2.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging for Image:ESMol1.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:ESMol1.jpg. The image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to indicate why we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging for Image:Mol.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mol.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Rtl4 new.gif
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:Rtl4 new.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

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Fair use rationale for File:ESMol1.jpg
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File:European School logo.png listed for discussion
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Proposed deletion of ICommune

The article ICommune has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails web notability guidelines and the general notability guideline. Source searches show no significant coverage and the article itself admits that their 'about us' page is the only coverage accessible to 'outsiders'."

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title: User talk:JimMorris