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Ameloblastoma

Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign or cancerous tumor of odontogenic epithelium (ameloblasts, or outside portion, of the teeth during development) much more commonly appearing in the lower jaw than the upper jaw. It was recognized in 1827 by Cusack. This type of odontogenic neoplasm was designated as an adamantinoma in 1885 by the French physician Louis-Charles Malassez. It was finally renamed to the modern name ameloblastoma in 1930 by Ivey and Churchill.

While these tumors are rarely malignant or metastatic (that is, they rarely spread to other parts of the body), and progress slowly, the resulting lesions can cause severe abnormalities of the face and jaw leading to severe disfiguration. Additionally, as abnormal cell growth easily infiltrates and destroys surrounding bony tissues, wide surgical excision is required to treat this disorder. If an aggressive tumor is left untreated, it can obstruct the nasal and oral airways making it impossible to breathe without oropharyngeal intervention. The term "ameloblastoma" is from the early English word amel, meaning enamel and the Greek word blastos, meaning germ.

Types
Four types of ameloblastoma have been described by the WHO 2017 classification:

 * Conventional (solid/multicystic) type ameloblastoma
 * Unicystic ameloblastoma
 * Peripheral/extraosseous ameloblastoma
 * Metastasizing ameloblastoma

Conventional ameloblastoma
Previously known as solid/multicystic ameloblastoma. Usually presents with multiple large cystic areas.

Unicystic ameloblastoma
Ameloblastoma with a single cyst cavity account for around 10% of ameloblastomas. Present in younger patients in their second and third decades of life, often in relation to unerupted third molar.

Metastasising ameloblastoma
Histologically atypical ameloblastoma can, rarely, lead to metastasis, usually in the lung. 'Metastasis' look histologically identical to the primary tumour and are benign in nature.

Peripheral ameloblastoma
The peripheral subtype composes 2% of all ameloblastomas.

Presentation
Ameloblastomas can be found both in the maxilla and mandible. Although, 80% are situated in the mandible with the posterior ramus area being the most frequent site. The neoplasms are often associated with the presence of unerupted teeth, displacement of adjacent teeth and resorption of roots.

Symptoms include a slow-growing, painless swelling leading to facial deformity. As the swelling gets progressively larger it can impinge on other structures resulting in loose teeth and malocclusion. Bone can also be perforated leading to soft tissue involvement.

The lesion has a tendency to expand the bony cortices because the slow growth rate of the lesion allows time for the periosteum to develop a thin shell of bone ahead of the expanding lesion. This shell of bone cracks when palpated. This phenomenon is referred to as "Egg Shell Cracking" or crepitus, an important diagnostic feature.

Maxillary ameloblastomas can be dangerous and even lethal. Due to thin bone and weak barriers, the neoplasm can extend into the sinonasal passages, pterygomaxillary fossa and eventually into the cranium and brain. Rare orbital invasion of the neoplasm has also been reported.

Histopathology
Conventional ameloblastomas have both cystic and solid neoplastic structures.

Solid structure
Solid areas contain fibrous tissue islands or epithelium that interconnect through strands and sheets. The epithelial cells tend to move the nucleus away from the basement membrane to the opposite pole of the cell. This process is called reverse polarization. Two main histological patterns most often occur: follicular and plexiform. Other less common histological variants include acanthomatous, basal cell, and granular cell patterns.

Follicular
The most common follicular type has an outer arrangement of columnar or palisaded ameloblasts-like cells and inner zone of triangular shaped cells resembling stellate reticulum from the bell stage of tooth development.

Plexiform
The plexiform type has epithelium that proliferates in a "Fish Net Pattern". The plexiform ameloblastoma shows epithelium proliferating in a 'cord like fashion', hence the name 'plexiform'. There are layers of cells in between the proliferating epithelium with well-formed desmosomal junctions, simulating spindle cell layers. The ameloblasts cells can be less prominent.

Cystic structure
Large cysts up to a few centimetres in diameter can be found. In follicular type, cysts develop in the stellate reticulum and in the plexiform type, cysts are caused by degeneration of connective tissue stroma.

Desmoplastic ameloblastoma
A distinctive histological variant of conventional ameloblastoma. Found in near equal frequencies in both maxilla and mandible. Resemble a fibro-osseous lesion with no obvious ameloblasts whilst dominated by dense collagenous tissue (desmoplastic). In one center, desmoplastic ameloblastomas represented about 9% of all ameloblastomas encountered. A systematic review showed a predilection for males and predominance in fourth and fifth decades in life. 52% desmoplastic ameloblastomas showed mandibular involvement, with a tendency to anterior region. Majority of tumours were found to have ill-defined margins radiographically.

Diagnosis
Ameloblastoma is tentatively diagnosed through radiographic examination and must be confirmed by histological examination through biopsy.

Radiographically, the tumour area appears as a rounded and well-defined lucency in the bone with varying size and features. Numerous cyst-like radiolucent areas can be seen in larger tumours (multi-locular) giving a characteristic "soap bubble" appearance. A single radiolucent area can be seen in smaller tumours (unilocular). The radiodensity of an ameloblastoma is about 30 Hounsfield units, which is about the same as keratocystic odontogenic tumours. However, ameloblastomas show more bone expansion and seldom show high density areas.

Lingual plate expansion is helpful in diagnosing ameloblastoma as cysts rarely do this. Resorption of roots of involved teeth can be seen in some cases, but is not unique to ameloblastoma.

Differential diagnosis

 * Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
 * Central giant-cell granuloma
 * Odontogenic myxoma

Treatment
While chemotherapy, radiation therapy, curettage and liquid nitrogen have been rarely effective in cases of ameloblastoma, surgical resection or enucleation remains the most definitive treatment for this condition. However, in a detailed study of 345 patients, chemotherapy and radiation therapy was contraindicated for the treatment of ameloblastomas. Thus, surgery is the most common treatment of this neoplasm. A case of giant ameloblastoma was recently reported and managed with total mandibulectomy and pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction. A systematic review found that 79% of desmoplastic ameloblastoma cases were treated by resection. Conservative treatment requires very careful case selection.

Surgical resection
The aim of treatment and surgery is to remove the entire tumour with a margin of surrounding tissue (block resection) for a good prognosis. Preferable removal includes 10mm of normal bone around the neoplasm. Larger ameloblastomas can require partial resection of the jaw bone followed by bone grafting. There is evidence that the treatment of conventional ameloblastoma is best done by bone resection. A systematic review found that 79% of desmoplastic ameloblastoma cases were treated by resection.

Enucleation
Smaller mandibular neoplasms have been enucleated where the cavity of the tumour is curetted, allowing preservation of the bone cortex and the lower border of the mandible. Although, recurrence rate for this type of treatment is higher. Unicystic ameloblastomas—called intraluminal unicystic or plexiform unicystic ameloblastomas can be enucleated, as the epithelium is only limited to the inner cyst wall and lumen.

Radiation and chemotherapy
Radiation is ineffective in many cases of ameloblastoma. There have also been reports of sarcoma being induced as the result of using radiation to treat ameloblastoma. Chemotherapy is also often ineffective. However, there is some controversy regarding this and some indication that some ameloblastomas might be more responsive to radiation that previously thought.

Follow-up and recurrence
Persistent follow-up examination including radiographs is essential for managing ameloblastoma. Follow-up should occur at regular intervals for at least 10 years. Follow up is important, because 50% of all recurrences occur within 5 years postoperatively.

Recurrence is common, although the recurrence rates for block resection followed by bone graft are lower than those of enucleation and curettage. Follicular variants appear to recur more than plexiform variants. Unicystic lesions recur less frequently than "non-unicystic" lesions. A low recurrence rate of around 10% can be seen in unicystic ameloblastomas. Recurrence within a bone graft (following resection of the original tumor) does occur, but is less common. Seeding to the bone graft is suspected as a cause of recurrence. The recurrences in these cases seem to stem from the soft tissues, especially the adjacent periosteum. Recurrence has been reported to occur as many as 36 years after treatment. To reduce the likelihood of recurrence within grafted bone, meticulous surgery with attention to the adjacent soft tissues is required.

Molecular biology
BRAF V600E gene and SMO gene mutations have been found in ameloblastomas. V600E mutation is also seen in other malignant and benign neoplasms, which activate the MAP kinase pathway required for cell division and differentiation but is the most commonly seen mutation in ameloblastoma. 72% of BRAF mutations are found in the mandible. A recent study discovered a high frequency of BRAF V600E mutations (15 of 24 samples, 63%) in conventional ameloblastoma. These data suggests drugs targeting mutant BRAF as potential novel therapies for ameloblastoma.

SMO mutations lead to the activation of the hedgehog pathway giving similar results as V600E but is less frequently seen. 55% of SMO mutations are found in the maxilla.

Evidence shows that suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 may inhibit the local invasiveness of ameloblastoma, however, this was only demonstrated in vitro. There is also some research suggesting that α5β1 integrin may participate in the local invasiveness of ameloblastomas.

Epidemiology
People with African heritage have been shown to have a higher incidence compared to Caucasians, with the site often being in the midline of the mandible. The annual incidence rates per million for ameloblastomas are 1.96, 1.20, 0.18 and 0.44 for black males, black females, white males and white females respectively. Ameloblastomas account for about one percent of all oral tumors and about 18% of odontogenic tumors. Men and women are equally affected, though women average four years younger than men when tumors first occur, and tumors run larger in females.

title: Ameloblastoma


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User:Macscotland

Macscotland is an American living in Scotland since the summer of 2001.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Macscotland


text:
Dan Gleeson

Daniel Edwin Gleeson (born 17 February 1985) is an English former professional footballer who played as a right back.

Career
Born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Gleeson joined Cambridge United as a trainee in 2001 and his debut on 1 November 2003, in Division Three against Kidderminster Harriers. He made a total of 51 Football League and Conference appearances for Cambridge before signing for Notts County in July 2006. He rejoined Cambridge on loan in March 2007, where he has been an established player for the Conference National side. The deal was made permanent in the summer.

Gleeson scored his first senior goal in the 7–0 win against Weymouth in March 2007.

Following a great start to the 2007–08 season, he was rewarded by his first England National Game XI (England 'C') cap in November and signed a new deal to 2010.

On 19 May 2010 Gleeson joined Cambridge's Conference rivals Luton Town on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract. He was a regular in the side during the 2010–11 season, also playing in Luton's play-off final defeat to AFC Wimbledon. Gleeson played far fewer games the next season due to a combination of injury and being kept out of the team by Curtis Osano. On 30 May 2012, Luton manager Paul Buckle did not offer Gleeson a new contract, and he subsequently left the club.

On 2 July 2012, Gleeson signed for Lowestoft Town.

Personal life
He was born just minutes from the Abbey and watched Cambridge United with his family before joining the club as a scholar.

title: Dan Gleeson


text:
Salix polaris

Salix polaris, the polar willow, is a species of willow with a circumpolar distribution in the high arctic tundra, extending north to the limits of land, and south of the Arctic in the mountains of Norway, the northern Ural Mountains, the northern Altay Mountains, Kamchatka, and British Columbia, Canada.

Description
One of the smallest willows in the world, it is a prostrate, creeping dwarf shrub, only 2 - 9 cm high, and has underground branches or runners in the uppermost soil layers. The leaves are rounded-ovate, 5–32 mm long and 8–18 mm broad, dark green with entire margins. It is dioecious, with separate female and male plants. The flowers are grouped in short catkins each bearing only a few flowers. The fruit is a brownish and hairy capsule. The long runners with freely rooting stems creep in mats of mosses and lichens, which keeps them together and protects them from the wind. It grows as well in open gravel as in closed vegetation.

Fossil remains of the species from the Pleistocene ice ages are known in Europe south to southern England, the Alps, and the Carpathians.

The species has also been reported from Arizona, but this is not accepted by the USDA.

title: Salix polaris


text: User talk:65.148.147.141

title: User talk:65.148.147.141


text: Talk:Montreal-style bagel

title: Talk:Montreal-style bagel


text:
John Palmer (1785–1840)

John Palmer (January 29, 1785 – December 8, 1840) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1817 to 1819.

Biography
He was born in Hoosick, Rensselaer County, New York. After completing preparatory studies, he graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He then commenced practice in Plattsburgh, New York in 1810. Palmer also served as paymaster in the Eighth Regiment of the New York Militia during the War of 1812.

Congress
Palmer was elected to Congress as a Democratic-Republican to the fifteenth Congress (March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1819).

Later career
After leaving Congress, he was a district attorney until 1832. For part of the year 1832, he was a member of the New York State Assembly, after which he served as judge of Clinton County until 1837, when he resigned. He was elected as a Democrat to the twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1839), after which he did not run for reelection.

Death
Palmer died in St. Bartholomew in the French West Indies at the age of 55. He was buried at Saint Bartholomews Cemetery in Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy. There is a cenotaph to his memory at Riverside Cemetery in Plattsburgh.

John Palmer was the uncle of George William Palmer, also a U.S. Representative from New York.

title: John Palmer (1785–1840)


text:
Candy Barr

Juanita Dale Slusher (July 6, 1935 – December 30, 2005), better known by her stage name Candy Barr, was an American stripper, burlesque dancer, actress, and adult model in men's magazines of the mid-20th century.

During the 1950s, she received nationwide attention for her stripping career in Dallas, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas, her encounters with the law, shooting her second husband, and her sentence to a prison term for drug possession. Barr was also in relationships with Mickey Cohen and Jack Ruby.

After serving three years in prison, Barr went to South Texas. She returned to stripping in the late 1960s, and posed for Oui magazine in 1976, then retired. In the early 1980s, Barr was acknowledged in the magazine Texas Monthly as one of history's "perfect Texans", along with other Texans, including Lady Bird Johnson.

Early life
Candy Barr was born Juanita Dale Slusher on July 6, 1935, in Edna, Texas, the youngest of five children of Elvin Forest "Doc" Slusher (August 19, 1909 – May 2, 1969) and Sadie Mae Sumner (October 1, 1908 – March 11, 1945). She had four siblings: Leota (born 1927), Keleta Pauline "Kay" (born 1928), Gary (1931–72), and Forest Slusher (1933–2003).

Juanita was nine years old when her mother was killed falling from a moving car on the highway in nearby Victoria County. Her father then married Etta Agnes Holden (June 18, 1908 – January 19, 1989). Etta was divorced from Guy Goggans (1905–78) and had four children: Solon (born 1927), Nila Fae (1929–2003), Ruby Yvonne (1933–2005), and Charles Edward Goggans (1937–2003). Doc and Etta Slusher had two children together, Travis Leroy (born 1946) and Katherine Pauline "Kay" Slusher (born 1948).

Juanita's early years were reportedly scarred by the trauma of sexual abuse from a neighbor and babysitter. At 13, she ran away from home and went to Dallas, where she worked in a motel. It was there that Slusher began working as a prostitute. At the age of 14, she reportedly married her first husband, Billy Joe Debbs (or Dabbs), but the marriage came to a stop after Debbs was imprisoned for safecracking. She also worked as a waitress before becoming an exotic dancer.

Career
At age 16, Slusher appeared in one of the most famous and widely circulated of the early underground pornographic films, Smart Alec (1951). Because of the widespread "underground" distribution and popularity of the film, she has been called "the first porn star" by the media.

She originally told a men's magazine that she did the film for the money, as at the time, she said, she had a dollar. Years later, Slusher instead said that she was drugged and coerced into appearing in the movie without her consent. Shortly after the release of Smart Alec, and while still underage, she was hired as a stripper at the Theater Lounge in Dallas by Barney Weinstein for $85 a week. She was given the stage name "Candy Barr" at this time (given to her by Weinstein, reportedly because of her fondness for Snickers bars), bleached her hair platinum blond, and became famous.

She worked at Weinstein's Colony Club during her career as a porn star. Barr established herself in burlesque and striptease with her costume of a cowboy hat, pasties, scant panties, a pair of pearl-handled cap six-shooters in a holster strapped on her hips, and cowboy boots. When the Theater Lounge would close, she would go to the after-hours Vegas Club, where she became acquainted with the owner and operator, Jack Ruby, in 1952. Their friendship was very casual, however, as she never worked for him and never associated with him outside the Vegas Club and the Silver Spur Inn, which he also operated.

Barr reportedly married her second husband, Troy B. Phillips, around 1953 and had a daughter about 1954. In January 1956, Barr shot her husband when he kicked in the door of her apartment in Dallas. She was charged with assault with a deadly weapon, but the charges were later dropped. Phillips was not fatally wounded.

Barr performed for the only time on the legitimate stage in 1957, playing the role of Rita Marlowe in the Dallas Little Theater production of Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? In late October of that year, in another criminal case, Dallas police raided her apartment and found four-fifths of an ounce of marijuana, which was hidden in her bra. She was then arrested for drug possession, convicted, and given a 15-year prison sentence, However, Candy has stated it was set up and she was only holding the marijuana for a friend.

While the marijuana case turned into a series of appeals, her fame was spread nationwide and Barr became the most famous person of the strip club she worked in, earning $2,000 a week in Las Vegas and Los Angeles, as well as at the Sho-Bar Club on Bourbon Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans.

While stripping at the Largo Club on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, she met gangster Mickey Cohen and became his girl. According to Cohen in his autobiography, In My Own Words, he helped her make bail after Gary Crosby told him, "One thing about that broad, she can make ya feel like a real man." Barr accompanied Cohen to the Saints and Sinners testimonial for Milton Berle in April 1959.

The mobster, who insisted he wanted to marry her, eventually sent her and her four-year-old daughter to Mexico so she could evade arrest. He arranged for her hair to be dyed by "hairdresser to the stars" Jack Sahakian, provided her with a fake birth certificate and Social Security card, and gave her $1,200 cash. He later sent her $500 after she was established in a Mexican hideaway. She became restless there, however, and returned to the United States. During this time, her interest in Cohen foundered.

Also in 1959, she was hired by 20th Century Fox Studios as a choreographer for Seven Thieves (1960). She taught actress Joan Collins how to "dance" for her role as a stripper and was given a credit as technical advisor. Barr was quoted as saying, "Anytime Miss Collins wants to leave the movies, she has it made in burlesque." In the first of her two autobiographical books, Past Imperfect, Collins describes Barr as "a down-to-earth girl with an incredibly gorgeous body and an angelic face... [who had] taught me more about sensuality than I had learned in all my years under contract".

Barr won another chance at reversing her 15-year sentence that October when the district attorney in Dallas said the U.S. Supreme Court had informed his office that her lawyers would be given 20 days to file a motion for a rehearing.

She and hairdresser Jack Sahakian were married on November 25, 1959, in Las Vegas while she was headlining at the El Rancho Vegas Hotel. Days later, despite rumors that her arrest had been a setup designed to punish the stripper for her wantonness in conservative Dallas, Barr was arrested by the FBI when the Supreme Court denied her appeal of the marijuana conviction.

Prison term and release
On December 4, 1959, Barr entered the Goree State Farm for women near Huntsville, Texas, to serve her prison term. During her imprisonment, she was a witness in Los Angeles in mid-1961, of the tax evasion trial of her former boyfriend Mickey Cohen. She testified that he paid $15,000 to her attorneys and gave gifts to her during their engagement in 1959. She said that among the other gifts she received from him were jewelry, luggage, and a poodle. It was her understanding, she said, that Cohen was to settle a clothing bill of hers for $1,001.95.

After serving over three years of her fifteen-year sentence, Barr was paroled from the Goree Women's Unit on April 1, 1963. She left the prison, having requested that no pictures be taken and no interviews arranged. Barr had intended to return to Dallas, but her parole stipulations were too strict, so it was not permitted. Instead, she returned to her hometown of Edna, where her father and stepmother still lived. At this time, she became closer to Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby in telephone conversations. As she was having health problems when she was released from prison, she decided the best way to earn a living was by raising animals for profit. Ruby went down to Edna and gave her a pair of dachshund breeding dogs from his prized litter to help.

Twelve hours after Ruby murdered Lee Harvey Oswald, the leading suspect in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, live on national television, the FBI arrived in Edna to interview Barr. She made a statement, as Juanita Dale Phillips, regarding her knowledge of Ruby prior to Oswald being accused of the assassination of Kennedy, and Ruby's subsequent murder of Oswald. Barr later said "They thought Ruby had told me names and places and people, which he didn't." . Texas Governor John Connally pardoned her for the marijuana conviction in 1968. Barr said, "I really don't know why, unless he studied the case and knew it was an injustice whether I was a victim or not."

Comeback and later life
Barr returned to the stripping circuit in early 1966, including appearances at the Largo Club in Los Angeles and the Bonanza Hotel in Las Vegas. She also returned to the Colony Club in Dallas, Texas. She then moved to Brownwood, Texas, because her father was ill in Kerrville. She was arrested and charged with marijuana possession again in 1969 in Brownwood. Barr later said, "While my father was in the process of dying, they decided to take advantage of my situation there and busted me. I knew the marijuana wasn't there, I hadn't had any around me for three years." The district attorney in Brown County eventually dismissed the case against her for lack of evidence.

In 1972, 56 poems that she wrote while in prison were published with the title A Gentle Mind...Confused. The 41-year-old grandmother was featured in the June 1976 issue of Oui magazine. She gave an interview in Playboy soon afterward. During this period, she had a casual sexual encounter with Hugh Hefner, who characterized their affair in a 1984 interview as "a sort of Sex King and Queen kind of thing. She was wonderful." The film rights to Barr's early life story were purchased by producer Mardi Rustam in 1982. In 1984, Texas Monthly listed Barr alongside other Texans like Lady Bird Johnson as one of history's "perfect Texans".

In March 1988, it was announced that Ryan O'Neal would direct Farrah Fawcett in a biographical film about Barr based on a script by George Axelrod, who wrote the Broadway play Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? However, the biopic was never produced.

Final years and death
In 1992, Barr moved from Brownwood back to Edna. Living in quiet retirement with her animals at her rural home, she was content not to exploit or relive her past. She said she was never interested in arousing men, she just wanted to dance. On December 30, 2005, Barr died, at the age of 70, from complications from pneumonia at a hospital in Victoria, Texas.

Legacy
Candy Barr is among the inductees in the Hall of Fame of Exotic World Burlesque Museum, formerly located in Helendale, California, on Main Street in Las Vegas, Nevada. Her lip prints are part of the museum's display.

Filmography

 * My Tale Is Hot (1964) includes a four-minute clip of an exotic dance routine by Candy Barr (ca. 1956).
 * A History of the Blue Movie (1970) (clip segment from Smart Alec)
 * Changes (1971) aka Sex U.S.A.
 * Playboy: The Story of X (1998)

title: Candy Barr


text:
Lilley, Hertfordshire

Lilley is a small village and civil parish situated between Hitchin and Luton in Hertfordshire, England. Lilley stands on high ground: nearby Telegraph Hill is just over 600 feet above sea level.

The church, rebuilt in the 19th century, contains some original features and a fine Elizabethan heraldic memorial. According to tradition, Lilley was once the residence of John Kellerman, an alleged occultist described by Sir Richard Phillips as the "last of the alchemists."

Lilley lies within the parliamentary constituency of Hitchin and Harpenden. Until recently it had two public houses, the Silver Lion and the Lilley Arms. The recent closure and conversion of the Silver Lion leaves the Lilley Arms as the village's only pub. The low-lying land to the south of Lilley is called Lilley Bottom.

The Icknield Way Path passes the edge of the parish on its 110-mile course from Ivinghoe Beacon in Buckinghamshire to Knettishall Heath in Suffolk.

The village has a football team, although they presently do not play in Lilley due to lack of facilities. The village cricket club is one of the oldest in Hertfordshire, with fixtures dating back to the mid-1890s. The cricket club plays at the Geoff Banks-Smith Memorial Cricket Ground, between St Peter's Church and the village hall and are currently in North Herts League Division 2.

The church holds a flower festival every early May Bank Holiday weekend.

title: Lilley, Hertfordshire


text:
Talk:Kremlin

Untitled
Quoting from the article: "The northwestern section of the Kremlin holds the Armoury building." - as I've been to the Kremlin a few months ago, I'm pretty sure the Armoury building is in the southwestern section not the northwestern one. Proof found here - http://www.kreml.ru/en/main/kremlin/ - if you move the mouse cursor around, you'd find the armoury is in fact the most southwestern building in the Kremlin. So should be changed to southwestern?

Same again for the Arsenal, it's in the Northwestern section not the northeastern section. Proof found in the URL I supplied. I also find quite a lot of stuff are missing from the article such as the Tsar Bell etc. OK for me to fill those gaps? --EnglishDude 17:10, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know who wrote this stuff. Please be bold and fill the gaps. On the Tsar Bell, check the article on the Motorins. --Ghirla | talk 21:28, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * ok so? 168.243.90.230 (talk) 15:39, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

"Kreml" is a Mongol word
The word Kreml is a Mongol word meaning fortress, and supporting information can be found below. http://www.athenapub.com/rusarch1.htm (Journal review: Russian Archaeology (Rossiiskaia Arkheologiia))

However, someone named "Ghirlandajo" (Andrey from Yaroslavl) keeps deleting my contribution about the name. No matter you like it or not, the history stays the same. You can not change or alter it. Kreml being a Mongol word does not reduce Russian greatness or history.

It is a historic fact that there are many Mongol/Turkic words in Russian language as a result of Mongol yoke. For example, Russian war cry "Ura" is a Mongol word, adopted by Peter I. So, please stop deleting my additions. Everyone deserves to know more. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.41.91.191 (talk) 14:30, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Not only is it a Mongol word, almost every Russian today carries Mongolian genes. The Russians were once a conquered people. 86.136.200.108 (talk) 02:28, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Actually, all Russians are Mongolians and should be properly named as such. You can see from their faces that they are typical Asiatic tribe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.165.173.131 (talk) 22:04, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Wiktionary says "Ultimately from Old East Slavic кремль (kremlĭ)". 70.36.142.114 (talk) 14:43, 9 May 2014 (UTC)

No it is not a Mongol (Chinese) word. It derives from Slavic term "kremlin" or "kre mlin" or "kraj mlin-a" (place of the Mill) and means "by the Mill". It was a fortress built nearby the river. I was never in Moscow so I speculate the city is surrounded by water or river as I understand this word. To the "user" above me; 70.36.142.114, this is a typial racist claim. Secondly Russians are generally of R1a Y haplogroup. No, traces among old Slavs of N haplogroups were found. They are "blond aryans" if you are going into these Wermacht SS waters. So Heil Hitler to you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.182.65.197 (talk) 16:18, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Journalists?
a bunch of Kremlin-critical journalists dying of mysterious causes... http://www.comedycentral.com/sitewide/media_player/play.jhtml?itemId=83444 I only just now heard about this -- how much truth to it? (worthy of inclusion in the article?) 199.214.27.4 16:52, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Skyscrapers
Will the new skyscrapers being built in Moscow be visible when looking at the kremlin? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.49.197.7 (talk) 03:23, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Kremlin as government analogy
I am not an expert but it seems that the use of Kremlin to reference the government has different meanings in Soviet and modern Russia. The way I interpret things, in Soviet times Kremlin references all branches of the government while in modern times it references only the presidential branch. Given that distinction there would be two analogies to point out, the Soviet era analogy, Kremlin == Washington (and British equivalent) and the modern era analogy, Kremlin == White House, Downing Street. Can anyone confirm, deny or modify this interpretation? [[fltchr]] (talk) 17:11, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Tanks and the Foundation
On the show Life After People on the History Channel, an episode goes into how the Kremlin's foundation has been devastated by constant military parades. Shouldnt this be included in some way, shape, or form? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.36.75.51 (talk) 01:43, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

"the study of Soviet and Russian policies"
I think this should be changed, but can't really think of the best alternative - probably "politics". Kremlinology is/was more than studying any particular Soviet or Russian government's "policies", it is/was about tracking and studying everything happening in these governments and, indeed, in Soviet times, the CPSU - changes of personnel, who was on the up, who's been demoted (or worse). Anyone offer a better word than "politics"? Maelli (talk) 16:51, 6 June 2012 (UTC)

UNESCO region
According to http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/unesco-regions/ there is no Europe or Russia region, only Europe and North America, therefore I changed the UNESCO region to the proper one. Sadly it does not have a list of sites as a region, while Europe has. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.191.2.218 (talk) 14:44, 1 July 2015 (UTC)
 * As noted by, we're not restricted to following UNESCO proscriptions as there is far too much information to be carried by a few articles. Please see List of World Heritage Sites in Europe. Even there, Europe has been broken down into further regions for the sake of natural disambiguation. That is why the link stands as it is, although I do wonder whether it shouldn't point to List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe since the current link is to a WP:DAB page. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 01:14, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Many errors
The article currently has many errors and omissions with regard to the actual buildings that existed; which were demolished for which particular new buildings (significant errors here); and what is the current situation. No mention of the Presidium currently being demolished. And it requires proper book referencing on these points: some sources contradict each other on large and small points, so whomever attempts a rewrite should be diligent in their research. For example, the Church of the Savior In The Forest is sometimes termed the Savior in the Pine Forest. Engleham (talk) 18:45, 22 November 2015 (UTC)
 * You're more than welcome to improve the article yourself using reliable sources. Thank you! --Iryna Harpy (talk) 23:36, 24 November 2015 (UTC)

synecdoche
Sorry for the confusion. Why is kremlin not synecdoche? Isn't it a part representing a whole (Russia)? Benjamin (talk) 11:07, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi, . Per WP:RS, it is a metonym (see George Lakoff's "Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things"). --Iryna Harpy (talk) 21:54, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:29, 26 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Kremlin from Bolshoy kamenny bridge.jpg

Requested move 22 February 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 19:23, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

Moscow Kremlin → Kremlin – Both lowercase kremlin and Moscow Kremlin are negligible on a Google NGRAMS search compared to "Kremlin". Kremlin already redirects here, it is the clear primary topic and common name. (t · c)  buidhe  10:38, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * NGRAMS (t · c)  buidhe  10:38, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support - per WP:COMMONNAME and WP:CONCISE. BilledMammal (talk) 14:02, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. I'm surprised this article was not titled this way already. Super   Ψ   Dro  14:22, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination, BilledMammal and Super Ψ Dro. Common name, indeed. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 21:05, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. Rreagan007 (talk) 21:18, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONCISE. 'Kremlin' already redirects here. SWinxy (talk) 21:47, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support, per nom and preceding; excellent idea. Antandrus (talk) 21:51, 22 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. Very clear primary topic and common name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:59, 23 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and SNOWCLOSE.--Ortizesp (talk) 18:02, 23 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Weak Support Kremlin more academically does refer to other fortified citadels, but given the media's influence, I would not oppose the move. I would, however, recommend that the article's lead remains largely inact and mention "Moscow Kremlin" first. InvadingInvader (talk) 21:19, 26 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Per above arguments, Kremlin is a more appropriate name for it. Ralphw (talk) 00:46, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support as InvadingInvader put it, with "Moscow Kremlin" put first. Mellk (talk) 00:51, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Support Everyone calls it the Kremlin, it is like calling the White House the 'Washington White House' Randoperson1 (Randoperson1) 22:14, 27 February 2022 (UTC)
 * While I agree, I don't think that is a good comparison as there are many other such fortresses in Russia called kremlin, like Ryazan Kremlin, Kazan Kremlin, Suzdal Kremlin, and so on. Mellk (talk) 05:25, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support Almost everyone calls it the Kremlin and even those who don't will understand if you just say the Kremlin. Saying Moscow Kremlin is just unnecessary. Natalius (talk) 04:29, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Rurik dynasty is of Ukrainian origin, not Russian!
The Kremlin article says "... fortified complex in the centre of Moscow founded by Russian ruling dynasty of Rurikids".

This is false. The Rurik dynasty article literally says "The Rurikids were the ruling dynasty of Kievan Rus'". There was no such thing as Russia in the times when Rurik ruled Kyiv! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Naydeath (talk • contribs) 08:02, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Changed "Russian" to "Rus'". I'm not an expert in the topic area, so I may be wrong. If so, editors are free to revert back. QueenofBithynia (talk) 22:18, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Firstly, "Ukrainian origin" is nationalist nonsense. Secondly, the only ruling Rurikids there were when this kremlin was built were in Russia (the "RULING dynasty" of Russia) and this does not refer to origin. This is Ivan III we're talking about. Mellk (talk) 23:31, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 21 April 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) NW1223<Howl at me•My hunts> 21:07, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

Kremlin → The Kremlin – There are many kremlins throughout Russia (or the former Russian Empire); only one is the Kremlin, with a capital K.

Similar analogy to the Holocaust, which is given the definite article and capitalised, as opposed to generic use of the term holocaust. QueenofBithynia (talk) 20:20, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support - MOS:AT says "The" is allowed as a title prefix if it is an inseparable part of a name (The Hague) or title of a work (A Clockwork Orange, The Simpsons). So the question then becomes whether the name of the place is "Kremlin" or "The Kremlin". Searching Google Ngrams is slightly tricky in this case, because we'd want to exclude cases like "the Kremlin spokesperson said..." from the count for "The Kremlin". I believe the patterns Kremlin and The Kremlin should be fairly reasonable approximates that should yield very few false positives. They do fail to distinguish between the term used as a name of a building from the metonymical usage, but I think this is fine given that both usages are mentioned in the lede. The results indicates that "The Kremlin" is vastly more common over "Kremlin" alone:.
 * That’s just wrong, and the example is actually a counter-example. “The Kremlin spokesperson” is a specific one, “a Kremlin spokesperson” is an undetermined one, “Kremlin spokespeople” is a collective. In this example, the definite article the applies to spokesperson, and Kremlin without the is an attributive noun. —Michael Z. 03:14, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
 * you seem to have completely misunderstood what I wrote. Yes, including The Kremlin spokesperson in the count for The Kremlin would be incorrect. Which is the reason my search specifically excludes cases like The Kremlin spokesperson by requiring the verb construct. Ljleppan (talk) 05:17, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
 * So according to prevailing usage it would be “a Kremlin spokesperson,” and not “a The Kremlin spokesperson.” So the The is not inseparable. Yes, I misunderstood part of your statement, because it confusingly contradicts the other part. —Michael Z. 13:29, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't quite follow what you are trying to say at the start. As for inseparability and a a the constructs, even the canonical example of an inseparable the, The Hague, tends to not use it: Ljleppan (talk) 14:10, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per Ljleppan above. ╠╣uw [ talk ] 09:46, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Mellk (talk) 12:35, 22 April 2022 (UTC) I see good arguments for against so I am leaning towards oppose now. Mellk (talk) 17:28, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom; Kremlin should remain a redirect here per WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT. BilledMammal (talk) 13:41, 22 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment I seem to recall hearing the term "Moscow Kremlin" as well, specifically in contexts where "The Kremlin" might be synecdoche for the Russian government. But "The Kremlin" is most common. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 00:55, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Per Google Ngrams, Moscow Kremlin (both with and without a preceding The) is very uncommon. This is also mirrored by the previous move discussion (from Moscow Kremlin to Kremlin) above. Ljleppan (talk) 06:14, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I've changed my mind on this one. I have come across several instances in news articles of "Kremlin" being used without an article in its adjective form, as well as the fact that the article never seems to be capitalized mid-sentence the way something like "The Hague" seems to be. That, combined with our general policy on avoiding beginning article titles with "The" for searching and indexing purposes pushes me over to the oppose side. Support per above. I took a look on Britannica, and they also title their article The Kremlin, and also The Hague, but interestingly just Holocaust. Rreagan007 (talk) 16:31, 24 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose The article is not part of the name, but merely a definite article. Fails to satisfy WP:THE —Michael Z. 03:19, 25 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per User:Mzajac. Cf. White House and other presidential residences.  —  AjaxSmack  03:43, 27 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:THE. Not usually capitalised in running text. All kremlins will be referred to as the Kremlin and capitalised within their own contexts. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:33, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. As Necrothesp points out, "the" is not capitalized in running text in this context, and shouldn't be added to the title per WP:THE. I also find the White House example persuasive. Calidum  13:49, 28 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Clearly covered by WP:THE/White House guideline. Favonian (talk) 15:13, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

How to join it
How to join it now 102.90.43.43 (talk) 21:43, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kremlin


text:
Estadio Corona (1970)

The Corona Stadium (the name comes from the beer brand) was one of the smallest football stadiums in Mexico having only capacity for 20,100 seats. It was located in the city of Torreón, Coahuila. This sport facility was used mostly for football games and was the home of the club Santos Laguna. This stadium did not host any FIFA World Cup games because of its limited size and facilities. In 2004 this stadium hosted several games of the Copa Libertadores. The stadium was demolished on 2 November 2009.

title: Estadio Corona (1970)


text:
Johnny Callanan

John Callanan (20 May 1910 – 15 June 1982) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician from County Galway.

Callanan was born in Kilconnell, near Ballinasloe, County Galway, to a farming family. In the 1950s, he was an active member of the Irish farmers' youth association Macra na Feirme.

Callanan was elected to Dáil Éireann as Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare–South Galway constituency at the 1973 general election. He was then re-elected at the 1977 general election for the new Galway East constituency. He held that seat at the next two general elections, but he died in office in 1982. The resulting by-election for the seat was won by the Fianna Fáil candidate Noel Treacy.

He was an uncle of the former Galway East TD, Joe Callanan who served from 2002 to 2007.

title: Johnny Callanan


text: Category:People from Greater Poland

title: Category:People from Greater Poland


text:
Sinus Roris

Sinus Roris (Latin sinus rōris "Bay of Dew") is a dark, basaltic plain on the near side of the Moon that forms an extension of the northern edge of Oceanus Procellarum. The IAU-defined selenographic coordinates of this bay are 54.0° N, 56.6° W, and the diameter is 202 km.

Characteristics
Following traditional nomenclature for the Moon, this feature was named sinus (bay) because of its small size, but it possesses many of the same characteristics as a lunar mare (sea). Like other maria (including Oceanus Procellarum), it is a dark, basaltic area on the near side of the Moon believed to be formed by impact craters that later filled with magma, which then hardened into smooth, dark plains.

The borders of this feature are somewhat indistinct. The bay proper is framed along the western edge by the craters Markov and Oenopides, and to the north by Babbage and South. At the eastern edge it joins the Mare Frigoris.

Many selenographers have taken liberties with the dimensions of Sinus Roris. Lunar maps often indicate a much larger region for this bay than the official dimensions. These can range out as far as the craters Gerard and Repsold to the west, Harpalus to the east, and as far south as 44° N latitude, approaching Mons Rümker.

The area where the official coordinates place this bay has a generally higher albedo than the mare to the south, most likely due to deposits of ejecta from impacts to the north.

Early concepts of a Moon landing promoted by Wernher von Braun envisaged the establishment of a permanent lunar base in the Sinus Roris region. These concepts lead, in much modified form, to Project Apollo.

Arthur C. Clarke's 1961 novel A Fall of Moondust is set in a fictional "Sea of Thirst" located within Sinus Roris.

title: Sinus Roris


text:
List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago

This is a list of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago.

Trinidad

 * Caroni River
 * Lalland River
 * Oropouche River
 * Salybia River
 * Mathura River
 * Maracas River
 * Shark River
 * Caura River
 * Valencia River
 * Caparo River
 * Marchine River
 * Hondo River
 * Maraval River
 * Blue Basin River
 * Diego Martin River
 * San Juan River
 * St. Joseph River
 * Covigne River Gorge
 * Marianne River
 * Shark River
 * Yarra River
 * Chaguaramas River
 * Moruga River
 * Maturita River
 * Pilote River
 * Jack River
 * Santa Cruz River
 * Tunapuna River
 * Macoya/Trantrill River
 * Tacarigua River (Caura River)
 * Arouca River
 * Oropuna River
 * Mausica River
 * Arima River
 * Talparo River
 * Tumpuna River
 * Guanapo River
 * El Mamo River
 * Aripo River
 * Cumuto River
 * Guayamare River
 * Couva River
 * Guaracara River
 * Tarouba River
 * Cipero River
 * Guapo River
 * Cunupia River
 * Ravine Sable River

Tobago

 * Courland River
 * Coffee River
 * Castara River
 * Bloody Bay River

 * Cook River (Tobago)
 * Bacolet River
 * Sandy River
 * Hillsborough West River
 * Hillsborough East River
 * Goldsborough River
 * Richmond River (Great Dog River)
 * Belle River
 * Roxborough River
 * Queens River
 * Kings Bay River

title: List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago


text:
Black Family Channel

Black Family Channel (launched in 1999 as MBC Network) was an American cable television network which featured programming aimed at African-American audiences. The network's schedule included a variety of programs including religious programs, sports, music, talk shows, and children's programs. During much of the time of its existence, it was the only fully black-owned and operated cable television network (BET was bought by Viacom in 2001, and TV One was owned by Comcast and Radio One at the time) in the United States.

The network was started by noted Florida attorney and philanthropist Willie E. Gary, former all-star baseball player Cecil Fielder, four-time heavyweight boxing champ Evander Holyfield, Marlon Jackson of The Jackson 5, and broadcast television veteran Alvin James through their business venture Major Broadcasting Corporation.

The channel started off as Major Broadcasting Cable (MBC) Network. The name was rebranded Black Family Channel on October 1, 2004 in hopes that it would better identify the channel's content.

BFC would effectively be run by actor/director Robert Townsend, who developed original programming for the network, including its most notable effort—the children's educational game show, Thousand Dollar Bee, in which every kid would participate in sort of tournament rounds of spelling challenges toward which the champion would receive a $1,000 bond for their college education.

Unlike its primary rival, the Viacom-owned BET, Black Family Channel avoided rap and hip hop-based programming (they showed gospel music instead). The network was available in up to 16 million households in the United States.

On April 24, 2007, BFC announced that they would cease as a cable channel, effective April 30, 2007, as part of a deal in which BFC's programming and subscriber base would be sold to the Gospel Music Channel. On May 1, 2007, the deal was closed.

The station was an associate member of the Caribbean Cable Cooperative.

Over-the-air coverage
Formerly, the network was also carried on two low-power television stations, W23BC serving the Jackson, MS media market, and WRCX-LP, which serves the Dayton, Ohio area. W23BC has since affiliated with Colours TV and (more recently) America One. WRCX has since affiliated with Ion Television.

title: Black Family Channel


text:
The Wild Geese

The Wild Geese is a 1978 war film starring an ensemble cast led by Richard Burton, Roger Moore, Richard Harris and Hardy Krüger. The film, which was directed by Andrew V. McLaglen, was the result of a long-held ambition of producer Euan Lloyd to make an all-star adventure film in the vein of The Guns of Navarone or Where Eagles Dare. The plot concerns a group of European mercenaries fighting in Africa. The screenplay by Reginald Rose was based on Daniel Carney's unpublished novel The Thin White Line.

The film is named after the Wild Goose flag and shoulder patch used by Michael "Mad Mike" Hoare's Five Commando, ANC, which in turn was inspired by a 20th-century Irish mercenary army Wild Geese. Carney's novel was subsequently published by Corgi Books under the film's title.

The novel was based upon rumours and speculation following the 1968 landing of a mysterious aeroplane in Rhodesia that was said to have been loaded with mercenaries and "an African president" believed to have been a dying Moïse Tshombe. McLaglen and Lloyd would go on to produce The Sea Wolves with several returning cast members.

Plot
Allen Faulkner, a former British Army colonel turned mercenary, arrives in London to meet merchant banker Sir Edward Matheson. The latter proposes an operation to rescue Julius Limbani, the imprisoned President of a southern African nation who is due for execution by General Ndofa. President Limbani is held in a remote prison in Zembala, guarded by a regiment of General Ndofa's troops known as the "Simbas".

Faulkner accepts the assignment and begins recruiting forty-nine mercenaries, including officers he had worked with previously: Capt. Rafer Janders, a skilled tactician, and Lt. Shawn Fynn, a former Irish Guards officer and pilot. Fynn also brings in Pieter Coetzee, a former soldier in the South African Defence Force who wishes only to return home and buy a farm. The mercenaries fly to Swaziland, where they are whipped into shape. With training complete, Janders exacts a promise from Faulkner to watch over his only son, Emile, should he not survive.

Because of an unexpected development, Faulkner is given only a day's notice to launch the mission. On Christmas Day, the fifty-man mercenary group parachute into Zembala by a HALO jump. One group rescues an alive, though sick, Limbani from a heavily guarded prison, while another group takes over a small, nearby airfield to await pick-up. Back in London, however, Matheson cancels the extraction flight at the last moment, having secured copper mining assets from General Ndofa in exchange for President Limbani. Stranded deep in hostile territory, the abandoned mercenaries fight their way through bush country, pursued by the Simbas. Many men, including Coetzee and Witty, are killed along the way.

The mercenaries make their way to Limbani's home village, hoping to start a rebellion, but understand that his people are too ill-equipped to fight. An Irish missionary living there informs the group of an old Douglas Dakota transport aircraft nearby that they can use to escape. As the Simbas close in, the mercenaries suffer heavy casualties holding them off in a climactic battle while Fynn starts the Dakota's engines. Janders is shot in the leg and unable to board the departing airplane. Faulkner is forced to kill him to spare him from capture and torture. The thirteen surviving mercenaries from the original fifty eventually manage to land at Kariba Airport, Rhodesia, but Limbani dies from a gunshot wound sustained during the escape, ultimately rendering the entire mission a failure.

Some months later, Faulkner returns to London and breaks into Matheson's home to confront him. Faulkner takes the half a million dollars in Matheson's safe to compensate the survivors and the families of those who were killed in Zembala. Faulkner then kills Matheson and makes a swift getaway with Fynn. Faulkner fulfils his promise to Janders by visiting Emile at his boarding school.

Cast

 * Richard Burton as Colonel Allen Faulkner
 * Roger Moore as Lieutenant Shawn Fynn
 * Richard Harris as Captain Rafer Janders
 * Hardy Krüger as Lieutenant Pieter Coetzee
 * Stewart Granger as Sir Edward Matheson
 * Jack Watson as Regimental Sergeant Major Sandy Young
 * Frank Finlay as Father Geoghegen
 * Kenneth Griffith as Medic Arthur Witty
 * Jeff Corey as Mr. Martin
 * Barry Foster as Thomas Balfour
 * Winston Ntshona as President Julius Limbani
 * Ronald Fraser as Sergeant Jock McTaggart
 * John Kani as Sergeant Jesse Blake
 * David Ladd as Sonny
 * Ian Yule as Sergeant Tosh Donaldson
 * Patrick Allen as Rushton
 * Brook Williams as Samuels
 * Percy Herbert as Keith
 * Jane Hylton as Mrs. Young
 * Paul Spurrier as Emile Janders
 * Patrick Holt as Skyjacker

Development
The film was based on a novel, The Thin White Line, which Euan Lloyd read prior to publication. He optioned it and hired Reginald Rose to write the screenplay in June 1976. The budget was US$9 million.

United Artists was enthusiastic about the film, but insisted Lloyd give the director's job to Michael Winner. Lloyd refused and instead chose Andrew V. McLaglen, son of Victor McLaglen, a British-born American previously known mainly for making westerns. Euan Lloyd had a friendship with John Ford, whom McLaglen remembered as having recommended him to direct the film. This would have been impossible as John Ford died in 1973, years before the novel on which the film was based came into existence. The finance for the film was raised partly by pre-selling it to distributors based on the script and the names of the stars who were set to appear.

The African nation in the film is not named, but it is clearly meant to be Zaire (the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo). The film's promotional literature made the link clear as The Wild Geese was promoted at the time as the story of "50 steelhard mercs who undertake a terrifying mission in dangerous, sweltering Central Africa-very much like the Old Congo-to rescue and bring out a deposed and imprisoned black president". The film's villain, General Ndofa, described in the film as an extremely corrupt and brutal leader of a copper-rich nation in central Africa, was a thinly disguised version of President Mobutu Sese Seko. Likewise, the character of Julius Limbani, the deposed pro-Western leader who was imprisoned following the hijacking of an airliner was based upon Moïse Tshombe. Finally, the film's hero, Colonel Allen Faulkner, described as a British mercenary living in South Africa, was based on Colonel Michael "Mad Mike" Hoare. Like Faulkner, Hoare was a former British Army officer living in South Africa who worked as a mercenary and had been hired to fight for the Tshombe government in the Congo in 1964-1965. Hoare served as the film's "military and technical adviser" and very much approved of the film, which he praised as a realistic depiction of the mercenary sub-culture.

Casting
Although Lloyd had both Richard Burton and Roger Moore in mind for their respective roles from a relatively early stage, other casting decisions were more difficult. As the mercenaries were mostly composed of military veterans (some of whom had fought under Faulkner's command before), it was necessary to cast a number of older actors and extras into these physically demanding roles. A number of veterans and actual mercenary soldiers appeared in the film.

Northern Irish actor Stephen Boyd, a close friend of Lloyd's, was originally set to star as Sandy Young, the sergeant major who trains the mercenaries before their mission. However, Boyd died shortly before filming commenced and Jack Watson was chosen as a late replacement. He had previously played a similar role in McLaglen's 1968 film The Devil's Brigade.

Lloyd had offered the part of the banker Matheson to his friend Joseph Cotten, but scheduling difficulties meant that he also had to be replaced, this time by Stewart Granger.

Burt Lancaster originally hoped to play the part of Rafer Janders who in Carney's book was an American living in London. Lancaster wanted the part substantially altered and enlarged. The producers declined and in his place chose Richard Harris. Lloyd initially had reservations about casting Harris because of his wild reputation – he was blamed for Golden Rendezvous going over budget by $1.5 million due to his drinking and rewriting the script. The insurers only agreed to Harris' casting if Lloyd put up his entire salary as guarantee, Harris put up half of his $600,000 fee, and that the producer would sign a declaration at the end of every day saying Harris had not held up filming due to drinking, misbehaving or rewriting lines. According to Lloyd: "I'd already made enquiries about the hold ups on Golden Rendezvous". I discovered the blame was not entirely Richard's. So, as I wanted him for the part, I took the gamble. And it was a gamble. If he'd misbehaved and he'd started losing days it would have come out of my pocket". Harris did not know about the arrangement until the end of the shoot.

Hardy Krüger was not the first actor considered for the role of Pieter Coetzee. Lloyd originally thought of Curd Jürgens, but felt that Hardy seemed to fit. Krüger was also impressed by the script scenes played with Limbani.

Moore later quipped that "I was the only wild member of the cast. Harris and Burton were on the wagon and Krüger never emerged from his room with his lady". Moore's character was nearly offered to O. J. Simpson after confusion on the American financier's part regarding the character being described as black Irish. To Lloyd's surprise, Moore told him to cut his character's number of lines because he had no intention of trying to out-perform either Burton or Harris; the character retained his core expositions but became more of a stoic action figure in the final production.

Lloyd hesitated before offering the role of Witty, the gay medic, to his longtime friend Kenneth Griffith. When finally approached, Griffith said "Some of my dearest friends in the world are homosexuals!" and accepted the part.

Percy Herbert, who played the role of Keith, was a veteran of World War II, in which he had been wounded in the defence of Singapore, then captured by the Imperial Japanese Army and interned in a POW camp.

Alan Ladd's son David Ladd and Stanley Baker's son Glyn Baker also had roles in the film. Ladd played the drug-dealing nephew of a London-based mob boss (Jeff Corey), and Baker played the young mercenary Esposito. With the cast made up from so many veteran actors, Baker claimed that the only reason he stayed alive in the plot so long was that he was one of the few actors young and fit enough to carry President Limbani for any period of time. David Ladd's character's girlfriend in the film was played by Anna Bergman, the daughter of Ingmar Bergman.

Ian Yule, who played Tosh Donaldson, had been a real mercenary in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. He was cast locally in South Africa. He then brought his former commanding officer, Michael "Mad Mike" Hoare, who had led one legion of mercenaries, 5 Commando, Armée Nationale Congolaise (not to be confused with 5 Commando, the Second World War British Commando force), in the Congo Crisis of the 1960s, to be the technical adviser for the film. a role which he shared with Yule.

John Kani played Jesse Blake, a mercenary who had previously served with Faulkner and was struggling to live before the chance to work with Faulkner again. Palitoy based the figure "Tom Stone" (part of the Action Man team) on the character Blake after looking at the pre-production photos and posters of the film. Subsequently, some modifications to the figure were made. Kani made his debut in the film after years of acting and stage performances with Winston Ntshona. Ntshona was Limbani in the film and continued to make many more films with Kani after The Wild Geese.

Kani and Ntshona say they both turned down roles in the film at first after hearing it would be about mercenaries, only to change their mind after reading the script. As Kani commented: "The film could not come at a better time. We know exactly what is happening in Africa today and a movie that devotes – out of 120 minutes – even three quarters of a minute to say we need each other and to say that a white man can be just as much an African as a black man, that's important".

Rosalind Lloyd, who played Heather, is Euan Lloyd's daughter. Her mother, actress Jane Hylton, played Mrs Young. Susan Hunt, Richard Burton's wife at the time of filming played an Egyptian Girl Flirting with Col. Faulkner,

Filming
Principal filming took place in South Africa in the summer and autumn of 1977, with additional studio filming at Twickenham Film Studios in Middlesex. Roger Moore estimated location filming in Africa took about three months with the unit taking over a health spa near Tshipise in Northern Transvaal (now Limpopo); shooting also took place at Messina Border Region. The fictional country is said to lie on the border with Burundi, Rhodesia and Rwanda and Zambia, Uganda and Swaziland are also mentioned to be close by.

The rugby scenes were filmed over a period of two days at Marble Hill Park in Twickenham with extras drafted in from nearby Teddington Boys' School. Marble Hill Close near Marble Hill Park was also used as a location.

Most of the military equipment used in the film came from the South African army, but some special weaponry needed to be imported from Britain, as Lloyd commented: "Even though the stuff couldn't fire real bullets, it was held up for weeks by the British government because it was going to South Africa". South Africa was subjected to a mandatory arms embargo imposed by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 418 in 1977.

Soundtrack
The music, by Roy Budd, originally included an overture and end title music, but both of these were replaced by "Flight of the Wild Geese", written and performed by Joan Armatrading. All three pieces are included on the soundtrack album, as well as the song "Dogs of War" that featured lyrics sung by the Scots Guards to Budd's themes. Budd used Borodin's String Quartet No. 2 as a theme for Rafer. The soundtrack was originally released by A&M Records then later released under licence as a Cinephile DVD.

Release
The Wild Geese, enjoyed a Royal premiere in support of Scope, with most of the stars of the film present along with John Mills. The film was a considerable commercial success in Britain and other countries worldwide. It was one of the most popular movies of 1978 at the British box office with distributors gross of £495,633.

Although it grossed $3,630,250 in its first 10 days of release in the United States and Canada from 550 theatres, the film was only partially distributed in the United States because of the collapse of its American distributor Allied Artists and the movie lacked a marketable American star. It went on to earn theatrical rentals of $3.5 million there.

It was also popular in Germany, receiving the Goldene Leinwand for having over 3 million admissions.

Reception
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 67% approval rate with a weighted average of 6.40/10 from 9 critics. The film also won a Golden Screen Award. As for the negative side of its reviews, it was chosen as "Dog of the Year" by film critic Gene Siskel, who accused the film of being "deadly dull" and claimed that it "exploits racism as some kind of sporting entertainment".

However, the production was subject of controversy because of its portrayal of black characters and the decision to film in South Africa during apartheid. Anti-apartheid campaigners protested at the film's London premiere. Warned of the protest, producer Lloyd brought copies of newspaper articles reporting the film's premiere in the black township of Soweto where it had been received with enthusiasm and approval. In Ireland, the Irish anti-apartheid movement protested outside cinemas that showed the film.

In a later interview actor Hardy Krüger complained about how his character was portrayed in the film: "For this kind of a delicate story in Africa with an element of battle in it, there has to be some shoot-out. But Euan Lloyd, a man I respect very much, chose to hire Andrew McLaglen who's basically a director of westerns. He brought this element into The Wild Geese that didn't really belong there – the shoot 'em up cowboy kind of thing. It overwhelmed the basic theme. There are certain directors, and Andrew is one, who, when it comes to the editing, always puts a moment in the film when somebody talks. I'm a listener as an actor – a reactor – and it was very important to me to listen. I played the whole part like that: I'm listening to this black man on my shoulder, and it's by listening that I'm beginning to understand that I'm the dumb Boer and he's the intelligent man who we all need. So Andrew butchered my performance by not understanding that you can play a part by listening. My character didn't really come out, because you didn't see the transformation. I don't know why Euan allowed him to do it."

Sequel
Euan Lloyd produced a sequel, Wild Geese II (1985), based on the novel Square Circle (later republished as Wild Geese II), also by Daniel Carney. Burton was planning to reprise his role as Colonel Allen Faulkner, but he died days before filming began. Roger Moore had also considered reprising his role in the sequel, but declined. In the sequel, Edward Fox played Alex Faulkner (the Burton character's brother), who is hired to break Nazi war criminal Rudolf Hess (played by Laurence Olivier) out of Spandau Prison so he can appear for a media interview.

Proposed remake
Producer Gianni Nunnari had first bought the rights to remake through his company Hollywood Gang Productions in 2007. Rupert Sanders was attached to direct. In August 2017, New Republic Pictures and Filmula attempted to produce a remake of the film with William Monahan writing the screenplay. By November 2021, the film was revealed to still be in development, with Providence Film Group and New Republic Pictures producing from the script written by William Monahan.

title: The Wild Geese


text:
Estadio Nemesio Díez

The Nemesio Díez (Nemesio Diez Stadium), is one of the oldest football stadiums in Mexico. Opened on August 8, 1954, with a capacity of 30,000, it is located in barrio de San Bernardino in the city of Toluca, State of Mexico, near capital Mexico City. It is the home of Deportivo Toluca F.C. and Deportivo Toluca F.C. (women).

This stadium has hosted two Football World Cups Football World Cup 1970 and Football World Cup 1986 one Pan American Games 1975 Panamerican Games, one FIFA World Youth Championship 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship and one Central American and Caribbean Games 1990 Central American and Caribbean Games.

The stadium sits at an altitude of roughly 8750 ft above sea level, one of the highest altitude stadiums in North America. A former nuance about this stadium is that it did not have a lighting system, which forced the local team as a tradition to play at noon.

The playing field is oriented from east to west, the only professional stadium in the country located in that position. The stadium was previously known as: Estadio Toluca 70–86, Estadio Toluca 70, Estadio Luis Gutiérrez Dosal and Estadio Héctor Barraza.

The stadium was remodelled in 2017, which brought the stadium up to modern standards, expanding the capacity to 30,000 spectators, and adding technology with greater support for screens and ambient sound, all the while preserving the English style that has characterized it, such as the proximity to the playing field.

History
During the 1940s and 1950s, Toluca played its home games at a ground near downtown Toluca known then as Tivoli. Later, wooden stands were built in the ground and it was named Campo Patria. On that same spot, in 1953, the club started building its own stadium.

The stadium was inaugurated on Sunday 8 August 1954, with a match between Deportivo Toluca F.C. and Yugoslavian team GNK Dinamo Zagreb. The game was won by Dinamo 4–1. The only goal for Toluca and also the first in the history of the stadium was scored by Enrique Sesma.

Initially, the stadium was opened as Estadio Club Deportivo Toluca. That name lasted until 1955, when it was changed to Estadio Héctor Barraza. Other names the stadium has had are: Estadio Luis Gutiérrez Dosal (1959–1970), Estadio Toluca 70 (1970–1986), Estadio Toluca 70–86 (1986–2000).

After the death of Nemesio Díez Riega, president and then owner of the club, in June 2000, the stadium name was changed to Estadio Nemesio Díez.

The now Nemesio Díez stadium has a capacity of 30,000 spectators. The stands are divided into 4 zones, Palcos, VID Palcos, Sol General, Sombra Preferente and Sombra General. There is a transmission box for the press, television and radio located in the preferred shaded area.

Renovation (2015–2017)
With an investment of 900 million MXN, the announcement to remodel The Nemesio Diez stadium by 2017 was made, when Club Deportivo Toluca celebrated its centenary and does so with a remodelled and more functional stadium.

Within the Nemesio Diez, four macro support columns that will sustain the stadium structure will be built to replace the current columns obstructing visibility. In the shadow stands, a second level will be built so the capacity, which currently stands at 22,000 will increase to 30,000.

The project also includes four giant screens at each end of the building, replacement of all seats and a sunroof in the preferred (shaded) section, to assist in the process of maintaining the natural grass in the field.

The remodelled stadium officially opened on January 15, 2017, with a league match against Club America. The first goal was scored by Gabriel Hauche for Toluca with a screamer outside the box. Toluca FC won that match 2–1.

The stadium was completed in the summer 2017 where it had been confirmed that the club would play against Atlético Madrid for the official inauguration of the remodelled stadium.

title: Estadio Nemesio Díez


text:
Haim Arlosoroff

Haim Arlosoroff (February 23, 1899 – June 16, 1933; also known as Chaim Arlozorov; חיים ארלוזורוב) was a Socialist Zionist leader of the Yishuv during the British Mandate for Palestine, prior to the establishment of Israel, and head of the political department of the Jewish Agency. In 1933, Arlosoroff was assassinated while jogging on the beach in Tel Aviv.

Biography
Haim Arlosoroff was born on February 23, 1899, into a Jewish family in Romny, Ukraine (then part of the Russian Empire). In Russia, he was known as Vitaly, the Russian equivalent of Haim. When living in Germany, he was known as Viktor. Arlosoroff's paternal grandfather was Rabbi Eliezer Arlosoroff of Romny, an author of religious commentaries on the Talmud. At the age of six, Arlosoroff encountered antisemitism for the first time, when in 1905, the Arlosoroff family home in Romny was attacked during a violent pogrom. The family fled across the German border to East Prussia. Seven years later, the family settled in Königsberg, Germany (now the Russian city of Kaliningrad). Arlosoroff thus became fluent in German, in addition to studying Hebrew with a tutor. When World War I began in 1914, the family did not possess German citizenship, and thus faced threats of deportation. The family eventually obtained permission to move to Berlin. When his father, Saul, returned to Russia on business, he was barred from returning and died there of cholera. Arlosoroff studied economics at the University of Berlin and obtained a doctorate in that subject. During his studies, he wrote articles on Zionist affairs. In Germany, he became a key leader of Hapoel Hatzair (also Ha-Po'el ha-Tza'ir, Hebrew for "The Young Worker"), a socialist political party which attracted many of the intellectuals of the time. As a result of his party affiliation, Arlosoroff was appointed editor of "Die Arbeit" (German for "The Labour"), a journal in which his writings were first published.

Arlosoroff was not religiously observant. His precociousness and his strong national feelings as a Jew can be seen in a letter he wrote at age 17 to his German literature teacher: "I am a Jew, and I feel strong and proud of my Jewishness. I feel it in my bones that I am different from a German, and it would never occur to me to deny this…. My soul yearns for the unique, ancient Hebrew culture. But I also like German culture, and perhaps I am also afraid to admit how great my love for it is…Yet, Goethe and Schiller never really touched my heart closely." In 1919, Arlosoroff published the treatise "Jewish People's Socialism", his first major written contribution relating to a nationalistic hope for the Jewish people in Eretz Israel. In his treatise, Arlosoroff distanced himself from traditional Marxist beliefs by advocating a new brand of socialism that embraced a national consciousness. Arlosoroff's contention was that the Jewish people would only be able to preserve and revive their unique cultural identities within a Jewish national homeland. Arlosoroff further professed, that through the establishment of "Jewish People's Socialism", Jews would be guaranteed public land ownership upon their return to Eretz Israel. In accord with the visions of other socialist Zionists of his time, Arlosoroff believed that ancient Biblical agricultural traditions, such as the "Sabbath Year" and "Year of Jubilee", could be restored in modern practice alongside institutional parameters established for the new Jewish nation. Arlosoroff's treatise accurately predicted a powerful resurgence of the Hebrew language would accompany the return of Jewish people to Eretz Israel.

Arlosoroff first visited Palestine in the spring of 1921. Shortly after his arrival, the Jaffa riots broke out. In the midst of Arab rioting, Arlosoroff stood in defense of Neve Shalom, a Jewish settlement adjacent to Tel Aviv and Jaffa. These events shifted Arlosoroff's focus to the need for better relations between Jews and Arabs. Following the riots, Arlosoroff called upon the Zionist establishment to no longer deny the reality of an Arab national movement existing in Eretz Israel. However, Arlosoroff's plea was not widely accepted, and he received criticism from within the ranks of his own party, Hapoel Hatzair. Arlosoroff would ultimately come to the position that strength-based compromise with neighboring Arabs would not weaken or undermine efforts to establish a Jewish national homeland.

In the 1923 Zionist Congress, Arlosoroff was elected to the Zionist Action Committee. He was only 24 years old at the time. Turning down a university position, he left Germany for the British Mandate of Palestine in 1924. In 1926 he was chosen to represent the yishuv at the League of Nations in Geneva.

Arlosoroff's hope for peaceful cooperation and compromise with Arabs would be severely tested. In 1929, the consciously aggressive Betar Youth Movement, organized under Ze'ev Jabotinsky's Union of Revisionist Zionists, took part in a coalition to assertively enforce and enlarge a Jewish presence in the proximity of the Western Wall. The activities of Betar and their associates inflamed an explosive reaction from the Arab community, in whose perception these activities had dishonoured the Muslim holy site on the adjacent Temple Mount. The violent Western Wall Uprisings of 1929 ensued, which resulted in the loss of many lives, including civilians. Instead of inciting further Arab tensions, Arlosoroff strongly criticized the Revisionists for insensitively provoking the animosity.

Political career
In 1930, Arlosoroff unified the two major Zionist socialist political parties, the Poale Zion and the Hapoel Hatzair, to form the Mapai Labour Party. Through the Mapai's political muscle, Arlosoroff was elected as a member of the Zionist Executive at the 1931 Zionist Congress. In addition, he was named Political Director of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, a position he held until his 1933 assassination.

As the Jewish Agency's Political Director, Arlosoroff first believed that the British would help settling Jews in Palestine, so he worked with the British mandatory government which was in charge of running that territory. Prior to his tenure as Political Director, Arlosoroff had already familiarized himself with the British system of rule, having written an essay titled "The British Administration and the Jewish National Home". During his years in office, Arlosoroff would develop close working relationships with Britain's High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope and British Colonial Secretary Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister.

Arlosoroff was a close friend of the Jewish scientist and statesman, Chaim Weizmann. Dr. Weizmann was considered to be among the most politically moderate of Arlosoroff's Mapai Zionist contemporaries.

In the months leading up to his assassination, Arlosoroff's fervor to help establish a Jewish national homeland intensified. At a Mapai Labour Council meeting occurring in January 1933, Arlosoroff strongly clashed with David Ben-Gurion and other prominent Mapai leaders regarding whether or not the Zionists should work within the British government's infrastructure to help bring about Jewish statehood. Arlosoroff warned his colleagues that if the Zionist movement maintained an isolationist policy with the British ruling authorities, Arab political influence would increase within the British Administration and cause the rights of Jewish people in Eretz Israel to suffer.

On April 8, 1933, Arlosoroff organized a historic event at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem on the Jewish Agency's behalf. The luncheon, attended by Weizmann and prominent Arab leaders of Transjordan, would be the first time Jewish Zionists and key Arabs gathered together to help promote cooperative efforts between the two groups. Arlosoroff hoped that by building an accord with the Arab sheiks of Transjordan, political relations with Arab leaders of Mandatory Palestine might be enhanced. However, not everyone was pleased with Arlosoroff's vision for Jewish/Arab collaboration, nor the possibility of a bi-nationalistic future in Eretz Israel. After the luncheon, Arab radicals openly chastised the moderate Arabs who had attended the meeting. Certain Arab leaders in Mandatory Palestine distanced themselves completely from the Transjordanian Arab delegation. Particular anger was directed at Transjordan's Emir Abdullah, the ruler over large territories in Transjordan, who had taken a leading role in the conciliation efforts. Jewish opposition to the King David Hotel meeting also became apparent as the major party of religious Zionism, Mizrachi, demanded that Arlosoroff should resign from his position at the Jewish Agency. Some radicals in the Revisionist movement went even further and questioned Arlosoroff's right to be alive.

As a result of Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, Arlosoroff directed his focus to the plight of German Jews. The Germany Arlosoroff loved growing up changed quickly and drastically upon Hitler's rise to power. In April 1933, the new regime implemented the first of many anti-Jewish laws by terminating all Jewish employees from German government positions. Also at that time, Nazi officials decreed Jewish people would not be permitted to leave the country without a specially issued exit visa. Jewish groups responded worldwide to Hitler's regime through protests and boycotts of German products. Immediately following an organized Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany on April 1, 1933, Arlosoroff contacted High Commissioner Arthur Wauchope requesting Britain's intervention in the crisis. Arlosoroff asked Wauchope to consider that supplementary immigration visas for Mandatory Palestine be granted to Jewish people seeking refuge from Hitler's Reich.

Though Hitler hated Jewish people and wanted them expelled from Germany, in 1933 the Nazis were not willing to let a large number of Jewish refugees flee to the surrounding nations. This was because Reich officials were concerned that fleeing Jewish refugees would lend large numbers to a growing international movement for the economic boycott of Nazi Germany. Adding to Hitler's worries, German financial advisers warned the Nazi government that a mass exodus of Jewish laborers from the German workforce would badly damage Germany's economic stability. The Nazis needed a convenient solution to rid themselves of Jews without a political or economic backlash.

In 1933, Arlosoroff and German Reich officials viewed the British Mandate of Palestine as a land of opportunity for very different reasons. In the eyes of the Nazi leadership, the remote British-controlled territory appeared to be a "dumping-ground" suitable to isolate thousands of anti-Hitler Jewish refugees from the world's political arena. In addition, a financial agreement with Zionist leaders for the transfer of the refugees would help bolster a German economy adversely affected by anti-Nazi boycotts. For Arlosoroff and other Zionists, however, the potential mass transfer of Germany's Jews along with their assets to Eretz Israel presented a historic opportunity to help guarantee the future establishment of a Jewish nation in Mandatory Palestine.

Arlosoroff came to feel that the British could not be trusted and that the Jews must risk angering them in order to rebuild their own homeland and save the Jews of Europe from the nationalist and authoritarian regimes under which they lived, especially in Nazi Germany.

In his efforts to help Jews escape the tyranny of Hitler, Arlosoroff would face staunch opposition from the Revisionist ranks within his own Zionist movement. Though Mapai Labour leaders attempted to prepare the way for an agreement with Germany by mitigating anti-Nazi sentiment within Zionist circles, prominent Revisionist leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky steadfastly opposed them. In a radio broadcast on April 28, 1933, Jabotinsky strongly condemned any possible pact between Zionism and Hitler. Jabotinsky upheld in his radio address the Revisionist platform for an international economic boycott on German exports, suggesting in addition that the British Mandate of Palestine should assume the lead in the boycott efforts.

Ha'avara agreement
At this point, Haim Arlosoroff visited Nazi Germany to negotiate the controversial Ha'avara Agreement. It allowed for the emigration of Jews to Palestine along with most of their property. The Germans were happy to get rid of Jews but unwilling to allow them to take their property with them. Via the agreement, the Jews had to put their money into a special bank account. This money was then used to purchase German goods for export to Palestine (and other countries). The proceeds of the sale of these goods were given to the Jews on their arrival in Palestine. For the Nazis, this helped them get rid of Jews but overcame any attempts at a boycott of German exports (especially from a moral point of view since it was the Jews themselves importing the goods). For the Zionist settlement, the influx of capital gave a much-needed economic boom in the midst of worldwide depression.

Approximately a year after Arlosoroff and German officials formalized the Ha'avara Agreement, a substantial economic reaction began to take place in Eretz Israel. As a result, many new Jewish immigrants came to dwell in the Holy Land. Prior to the Ha'avara Agreement, only several thousand Jewish workers had been immigrating to the British Mandate of Palestine on a yearly basis. After the agreement was signed, however, over 50,000 new Jewish workers made the British Mandate of Palestine their home within two years. The Ha'avara Agreement's initial impact on Jewish immigration would be widespread, as an approximate 20% of the first 50,000 new Jewish immigrants in Eretz Israel came from Germany. By 1936, just three years after the Ha'avara Agreement became effective, the population of Jewish people within the British Mandate of Palestine had doubled in size.

Over a period of time, some of Hitler's elite Nazi entourage, including Adolf Eichmann, began to deeply regret Germany's participation in the Ha'avara Agreement.

Ultimately, over 60,000 German Jews escaped persecution by the Nazis directly or indirectly through the Ha'avara Agreement. In addition, the Ha'avara Agreement transferred an approximate $100 million to the British Mandate of Palestine, which helped establish an industrial infrastructure for the soon to be Jewish nation. Ha'avara Agreement funds were also used for the purchase of land and the development of many new Jewish settlements that now help define the current boundaries of Israel.

Assassination

On 16 June 1933, just two days after his return from negotiations in Germany, Haim Arlosoroff was murdered. He was killed while walking with his wife, Sima, on a beach in Tel Aviv. Arlosoroff's funeral was the largest in the history of Mandatory Palestine, with an estimated 70,000 to 100,000 mourners. The death of Arlosoroff greatly aggravated political relations within the Zionist movement.

Abba Ahimeir, the head of an activist group with fascist tendencies, the Brit HaBirionim, was charged by the Palestine Police Force with plotting the assassination. Ahimeir was also a leader of the nationalist Zionist Revisionist faction whose publication, "Hazit HaAm" continuously attacked the Labor movement and Zionist leaders, including Arlosoroff, calling him names and stating that the Jewish people "will know how to react to such villains". Two rank-and-file Revisionists, Abraham Stavsky and Ze'evi Rosenblatt, were arrested as the actual murderers and were identified by Arlosoroff's widow. All three vehemently denied the accusation.

The district court acquitted Ahimeir and Rosenblatt but convicted Stavsky, who was eventually acquitted by the Supreme Court for lack of corroborating evidence, as the law then required. The defense accused the police of manipulating the widow's testimony and other evidence for political reasons, and expounded the theory that the murder was connected to an intended sexual attack on Sima Arlosoroff by two young Arabs. Stavsky later rose within Irgun ranks and was responsible for the procurement of the Irgun arms vessel known as the "Altalena." He was killed in the attack on the ship by the newly established Israel Defense Forces on the Beach of Tel Aviv.

In addition to theories that people connected to the revisionist movement were the perpetrators of the murder, or that it was an intended sexual attack by two Arabs, there are theories connecting it to the Soviet and Nazi regimes. The Soviet theory was promoted by Shmuel Dothan in 1991 to counter what the Russians considered as a global military plot against them.

Some 50 years after the murder, following the publication of a book on the assassination by Shabtai Teveth in 1982, the Israeli government, now led by Menachem Begin, established a formal investigative committee. As the first Israeli Prime Minister elected from the Revisionist movement, Begin had taken offense at a suggestion in Teveth's book that a Revisionist acquitted in court for Arlosoroff's murder may have actually been responsible after all.

Legacy and commemoration
Arlosoroff is buried at the Trumpeldor Cemetery in Tel Aviv. Arlosoroff's memory is honored today by the many streets named after him throughout the towns of Israel and in the names of several places in Israel: Safed, Kiryat Haim, a large neighborhood of Haifa, Giv'at Haim, a kibutz and Kfar Haim, a moshav.

An 8-foot tall bronze monument dedicated to the legacy of Dr. Chaim Arlosoroff has been erected at the Tel Aviv shoreline promenade where he was fatally wounded.

The name of Haim Arlosoroff was also used for a ship carrying Jewish refugees to Palestine, the former USCGC Unalga (WPG-53). On 27 February 1947, the Haim Arlosoroff (1,378 passengers from Sweden and Italy) was intercepted by Royal Navy destroyer HMS Chieftain, and the passengers put up fierce resistance. The ship ran aground at Bat Galim south of Haifa, just opposite a British Army camp. The crew and passengers were arrested and deported to Cyprus.

title: Haim Arlosoroff


text: User talk:70.81.247.95

title: User talk:70.81.247.95