text:
List of Scottish representative peers

This is a list of representative peers elected from the Peerage of Scotland to sit in the House of Lords after the Acts of Union 1707 abolished the Parliament of Scotland, where, as a unicameral legislature, all Scottish Peers had been entitled to sit.

From 1707 to 1963 there were sixteen Scottish representative peers, all elected from among the peerage of Scotland to sit for one parliament. After each dissolution of parliament, a new election of representative peers from Scotland took place, although the Irish representative peers held their seats in parliament for life.

Under the Peerage Act 1963 which came into effect in August that year, all Scottish peers were given seats in the House of Lords as of right, thus after that date no further Scottish representative peers were needed.

Since the Act of Union 1707

 * Peerage of Great Britain

Since the Act of Union 1801

 * Peerage of the United Kingdom

title: List of Scottish representative peers


text:
User:Mel Etitis/Arbtan

Please do not edit this page directly unless you wish to become a participant in this request. (All participants are subject to Arbitration Committee decisions, and the ArbCom will consider each participant's role in the dispute.) Comments are very welcome on the Talk page, and will be read, in full. Evidence, no matter who can provide it, is very welcome at /Evidence. Evidence is more useful than comments.

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Involved parties

 * User:Mel Etitis
 * User:Mr Tan
 * User:Chan Han Xiang

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Mr Tan has, since his appearance on the day that his earlier account ceased trading, acted in an arrogant way towards other editors, attacking their English and their editing skills (despite the fact that his are extremely poor). He has tried to take over articles, to the extent of blanking Zanskar and replacing it with a message to readers to choose between two linked versions. His manner to other editors is peremptory and demanding. Two RfCs (Requests for comment/Mr Tan and Requests for comment/Chan Han Xiang) have had little effect on him (beyond leading him to loudly assert that he knows that his English is poor; this hasn't affected his behaviour in any other way, though). Attempting to reason with him is like being sucked into a quicksand of obscurely worded, insistent complaints and demands, with no progress.

His approach (and style) is summed up by a couple of recent comments:
 * "This is causing in the increasing number of articles needing attention, and consensus, to me, is not perfectly reliable."
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Statement by party 2
Please limit your statement to 500 words

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Mel Etitis/Arbtan


text:
Vejle Boldklub

VB (Vejle Boldklub) is a Danish professional football club based in Vejle in Jutland. Formed in 1891, the club is one of the most successful clubs in Danish football history, having won the Danish championship five times and the Danish cup title six times.

VB is famous for being the only Danish club to develop a European Footballer of the Year winner in Allan Simonsen who won it in 1977. The club is also famous for developing several international players such as Thomas Gravesen, Tommy Troelsen, Ulrik le Fevre, and John Sivebæk. On the European stage, Vejle Boldklub has played in the UEFA Champions League in 1972–73, 1973–74, 1979–80, and 1985–86. VB has also participated in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup and the UEFA Cup three times each. VB's most memorable moments in Europe so far has been reaching the UEFA Cup Winners Cup Quarter-finals in 1977–78, facing HNK Hajduk Split in the UEFA Champions League Round of 16 in 1979–80, and beating Real Betis 1–0 in the first leg of the 1st round of the 1998–99 UEFA Cup tournament.

The club is based in the northern part of the city with the club's homeground being Vejle Stadium built in 2008. The stadium is located in Nørreskoven (the northern forest) which VB has called home since 1922. The club has played in red shirts and white shorts since 1911. The main rivals of Vejle Boldklub are AGF and AC Horsens.

On 28 June 2016, Vejle Boldklub got new ownership. Moldovan Andrew Zolotko took over the majority of shares in the club, while Klaus Eskildsen kept the remaining shares. Andrew Zolotko himself has been club chairman since 2017. In addition to the two owners – Zolotko and Eskildsen – the club's match record holder Gert E.g. also sits on the board.

History
The club was founded by 23 men from Vejle on 3 May 1891 as a cricket club. Football first became a part of the club's activities in 1902.

The first golden age
The period from 1910 to 1920 is often referred to as Vejle Boldklub's first golden age. In this period the club took part in the Jutland championship final seven times and won it four times in 1912, 1913, 1914 and 1915.

The 1950s: A golden decade
About 15,000 people were seated at Vejle Stadium on 22 May 1952, when Vejle Boldklub secured promotion to the second best Danish league in a match against Odense KFUM. One of the central players in the Vejle team was Bent Sørensen, who later went on to become the club's first national team player.

On 10 May 1956, VB in front of 25,000 people in Parken, Copenhagen, met B93 in a qualification game for a place in the best Danish league. Once again Bent Sørensen scored the winner. After this VB played in the best Danish league for 36 years, which is the record.

In 1958 the club won its first Danish championship, and also went on to win the Danish cup. This made VB the first club in Denmark to win the Double. Among the stars in the squad was Tommy Troelsen and Henning Enoksen. Tommy Troelsen was only 17 years old when he played in the final.

Normally 15,000–20,000 people attended the matches in Vejle those days. K.B. were beaten 8–3 and Odense Boldklub were sent home with a 7–2 defeat. The manager was Frits Gotfredsen and he was the man who started developing the attacking style of play that made VB the most popular club in Denmark in this period.

The 1959 season also offered great moments for the history books. The biggest triumph was without a doubt the cup win against AGF. 33,000 people came to the national arena to watch the match between the two great clubs from Jutland. VB won the game 1–0, but it has never been decided who scored the winner. Both the ball, Henning Enoksen and a couple of AGF players were in the net. However, it was a goal and VB could celebrate the club's second cup win in two years.

At the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960 four VB players were selected in the Danish side which sensationally won a silver medal. The four VB players were: Henning Enoksen, Tommy Troelsen, Poul Mejer and Poul Jensen (captain).

The 1970s: A triumphal march
In 1971 Vejle Boldklub celebrated its 80 years jubilee and the players gave the club the best birthday present possible: the Danish championship trophy and the club's first ticket to the European Champions Cup. The trophy was won through great attacking football, and there was never any doubt that VB would win it.

Danish football followers were impressed with the new top side in Danish football and thousands of people came to Vejle to enjoy the charming football of Vejle Boldklub. Among the many stars in the team were Allan Simonsen and Flemming Serritslev. The manager was once again Frits Gotfredsen. He ended his amazing career in Vejle Boldklub after this big triumph.

In the 1972 season VB went on to prove that the team was now on top of Danish football. The Danish championship in 1971 was followed up by another cup triumph and once again the Danish championship ended up in Vejle – The Double.

The title was won even more convincingly than the year before after ten straight victories in the spring half of the season. It was simply VB and the others. After the 1972 season VB's biggest star, Allan Simonsen, joined German giants Borussia Mönchengladbach, where he was named European Footballer of the Year in 1977 – so far the only Danish player in history.

In the 1975 season VB did not live up to the huge expectations in the league. However, the club delivered some great attacking football in the cup tournament and went on to win the final for the fourth time with a 1–0 victory over Holbæk. Club record holder, Gert Eg, scored with a great first timer, which qualified VB for the European Cup Winners Cup.

The 19 May 1977 Vejle Boldklub won its third cup final in only six years. The fifth cup triumph was won with a 2–1 victory against B1909. The goal scorers for Vejle was Ib Jacquet and Knud Nørregård. VB could now call itself the best cup team in Denmark – a status that was taken away from AGF.

Vejle reached the quarter-finals of the European Cup-Winners' Cup in the 1977–78 campaign.

In the following season, 1978, Vejle Boldklub underlined its top position in Danish football by winning the Danish title for the fourth time in the club's history. Manager Poul Erik Bech and his players could celebrate the victory in Vejle before the last game as AGF and Esbjerg fB could no longer catch the reds. Among the stars in the team were Alex Nielsen, Tommy Hansen and Ulrik le Fevre, who later became the first player to score Tor des Jahres in the German Bundesliga.

The 1980s: The trophies are brought to Vejle
In 1978 Vejle Boldklub became the first team to win the Danish title after the involvement of money in Danish football. But as it turned out VB would find it difficult to adapt to the new times.

However, at the start of the decade VB continued in the footsteps of the successful 1970s teams. On 28 May 1981 Boldklubben Frem was beaten 2–1 in the cup final. This meant that the beautiful trophy – which Danish clubs had been fighting for since 1955 – was brought to Vejle permanently and placed in the club house in Nørreskoven.

In 1983 Allan Simonsen – named third best player in Europe the same year – returned to Vejle Boldklub. Simonsen had a big impact on the team and was a major influence as the club went on to win its fifth Danish title in 1984. With this victory the greatest trophy in Danish football found a permanent spot in the club house in Vejle next to the cup winners trophy. Among the biggest stars in the squad were John Sivebæk, Allan Simonsen and Steen Thychosen, who became the league top scorer with 24 goals.

After some indifferent seasons VB was in 1988 taken over by four local businessmen. Once again the club started dreaming about titles and the fans were excited by the signings of star players such as Preben Elkjær, John Larsen and Keld Bordinggaard. However, the new manager Ebbe Skovdahl could not get the team to work together even though he had several star players in his side.

1991: A dark year
Vejle Boldklub's centenary was celebrated in the worst possible manner with relegation to the second tier for the first time since 1956. Many star players went to play for other clubs and a sad atmosphere of crisis descended upon Vejle. The four businessmen left the club, but ensured on their way out that it was not in dire straits. To turn things around VB hired their old star player Allan Simonsen as new manager. However, it was a thankless task for Simonsen, who started his managerial career with a defeat.

In 1994 the successful manager from 1981, Ole Fritsen, was named as the new manager of Vejle Boldklub. As a former youth coach in the club, Ole knew all about the many talented young players in VB, amongst which were Kaspar Dalgas and Peter Graulund. Ole started to build up a new team around these young players.

Vejle Boldklub was back in the top Danish league in 1995. Ole Fritsen's young team played impressive, charming and attacking football, which earned them runners-up medals in 1997 and qualification for the UEFA Cup on two occasions. For his fine work, Ole Fritsen was named Danish Manager of the Year in 1997.

2000s: Crises and rebuilding
At the beginning of the new millennium, VB was relegated from the Danish super league for the second time in the club's history. They were back after only one season in the first division, but it turned out to be a short respite as the club was relegated the same season. This proved to be the beginning of a serious crisis. In 2004, VB was almost relegated to the third tier division and the club was threatened with bankruptcy. This resulted in desperate attempts to save the club through amalgamations with clubs in the north, south, east and west.

But, in late 2004, another turning point was reached when a group of visionary businessmen reconstructed the club's finances and launched the so-called four point plan: A new stadium, promotion to the Danish super league, income through business other than football and a new sponsor strategy. In 2006, VB was back in the first division. However, the club made a dreadful start to the season with nine defeats in a row. But a successful second half of the season pointed it in the right direction and optimism returned.

Today, VB draws together the most successful businesses in south-east Jutland, which makes the club potentially one of the wealthiest in Danish football. And where the club earlier had to look in vain for local support, today it is seen as an attractive investment.

In spring 2008, Vejle Boldklub opened the gates to its new modern stadium. It retains the name of Vejle Stadium and is still located in Nørreskoven.

On 5 June 2008, VB achieved a record in scoring the highest number of points to win the Danish 1st Division. Promotion to the Superliga was secured with 78 points from 30 matches.

By the 32nd round of the 2008–09 season, it was clear VB would be relegated to play in the Danish 1st Division during the 2009–10 season.

2010–12: Merger with Kolding FC
On 8 December 2010, Vejle Boldklub announced that the club known as Vejle Blodklub would merge with Kolding FC and from July 2011 would be known as Vejle Boldklub Kolding. This would mark an end for Vejle Boldklub and the beginning of yet another Danish fusion club.

2012: Resurrection
In November 2012 Kolding IF withdrew from the agreement with Vejle Boldklub. This resulted in the dissolution of Vejle Boldklub Kolding, and Vejle Boldklub inherited the merger club's licence in the Danish 1st Division for the upcoming 2013–14 season.

2013–16: Fighting to return to the Danish Superliga
From the start of the season in the summer of 2013, Vejle Boldklub once again played under the name VB in the Danish tournament. After four seasons in the 1st division the club was still chasing a promotion to the Danish Superliga, but neither the seasons 2013–14 and 2014–15 were any great success. In the first season, VB built a new team under head coach Tonny Hermansen, but was only able to secure a middle position. A couple of players from outside the club came in the following season, but the results did not improve and VB changed coach in the autumn of 2014. Swedish Klebér Saarenpää got better results and what for a long time looked like a bad position in the lower half, was saved with a good spring. Especially the Faroese Jóan Símun Edmundsson became a great player for VB and he secured the club many points in the spring.

In the 2015–16 season, it was again the ambition was yet again to fight for promotion. Despite the strengthening of the team with several new players up to the season, the Vejlensers chased after AC Horsens, Silkeborg and Lyngby who eventually secured promotion for most of the season. Profile Jóan Símun Edmundsson only played in the autumn before he was sold to Odense Boldklub. In the spring, the VB head coach changed six games before the end of the season. Sports director Steen Thychosen took over the responsibility in a last attempt to catch up with the top teams, but it turned out not to be enough. VB defeated AC Horsens in all three matches of the season – especially the match at Vejle Stadium in March is one of the most memorable matches in Nørreskoven in the decade. After 0–0 at the break, VB won 4–3 on Anders Kaagh's match winning goal in the match's overtime.

2016–present: Zolotko era
On 28 June 2016, Vejle Boldklub got a new owner. Moldovan Andrew Zolotko took over the majority of shares in the club, while Klaus Eskildsen kept the remaining shares. In the summer of 2016, Swedish Andreas Alm took over as head coach of Vejle Boldklub. The former AIK Stockholm coach took over a brand new VB squad, where there were only six players returning from the 2015–16 season. A large number of players from Europe, South America and Africa came in and in record time – three weeks from the first training session to the season premiere – a new VB team had to get ready. The results over the autumn were mixed for the new and young VB team, but there was plenty of talent in the team. In particular, the Brazilian Dominic Vinicius, the goalkeeper Pavol Bajza, the Ivorian D'Avila Ba Loua, Jacob Schoop and the young talents Agon Mucolli and Christian Kudsk shone, but as the season progressed, the Vejlens did not escape the relegation zone. Survival was secured in the 31st round, and then the work could start on shaping the team that was to chase the promotion in the following season.

Italian Adolfo Sormani took over as head coach in Nørreskoven in the summer of 2017 and with the experienced Italian also came a sporting upgrade. Jacob Krüger was hired in the position of technical director and he put a strong squad together around the Italian coaching staff. Defensive profiles like Mads Greve and Rasmus Lauritsen came from competing 1st division clubs, midfielder Ylber Ramadani came from Albanian football. Tunisian Imed Louati and Brazilian Allan Sousa, who had joined VB in February 2017, had gradually become accustomed to Danish football and the two offensive players, together with Dominic Vinicius, played a major role in the coming season. VB started strongly in the new season and took a top position all fall.

During the winter break, the first player sales came under the new owners, when Vejle Boldklub made a transfer of four players. They were Oliver Drost (AC Horsens), Victor Wernersson (IFK Gothenburg), Wang Xin (Guangzhou R&F) and Dominic Vinicius (Beijing BSU). Despite the four departures and a difficult start to the spring of 2018, Vejle Boldklub secured the direct promotion to the Super League ahead of competing clubs such as Esbjerg fb, Viborg FF and Vendsyssel FF. It all culminated in the 33rd round on the road against Thisted FC, where VB won 2–0.

After a nine-year absence, Vejle Boldklub made a comeback to the Superliga in the 2018–19 season. After a great start to the season with five points in the first three games, the team came down to earth during the autumn season. Before the season, the Swedes Gustaf Nilsson and Melker Hallberg, the Irishman Sean Murray, young Adam Jakobsen, while Vladlen Yurchenko and Nathan Oduwa joined during the autumn. VB was good in many matches, but after the autumn was the team had only won four matches.

The squad was strengthened during the winter break with Kjartan Finnbogason, Malte Amundsen, Branko Ilic and Mathias Hebo, but even though the Vejle team was good in many matches, the results were not forthcoming. In March – after a defeat to FC Copenhagen – Italian Adolfo Sormani handed over the responsibility to Constantin Gâlcă. The Romanian and his staff improved the results when VB continued in the relegation group against AGF, SønderjyskE and AC Horsens. Despite eight points in six games, VB ended up last in the pool and had to compete in two matches against Hobro IK for access to the next play-off round for survival. After 1–0 in Hobro, VB lost 0–2 at Vejle Stadium. Vejle Boldklub's comeback season was a sportive disappointment, but VB had a strong hold on the audience. There were 5,800 spectators on average for the team's matches and it placed 7th out of 14 teams in the league based on spectators.

In February 2020, Vejle Boldklub presented a record profit of 11.5 million for the financial year 2019. The impressive result came after the relegation to the 1st division. A number of player sales, in particular, helped to create a substantial result. In 2019, VB sold players such as Rasmus Lauritsen, Gustaf Nilsson, Bubacarr "Steve" Trawally and youth player Andreas Jungdal, but CEO Henrik Tønder pointed out that there was also growth in core areas such as sponsorship and matchday income.

Vejle Boldklub quickly put aside the disappointment of the relegation, and began the work of creating a potential top-tier team. Contracts were extended with profiles such as Jacob Schoop, Kjartan Finnbogason, Tobias Mølgaard and Sergiy Gryn after the relegation, while the squad was strengthened with Diego Montiel, Indy Groothuizen and Lucas Jensen. After the first few rounds, the Finn Juhani Ojala was brought in. The results were fluctuating in July and August, but as the autumn progressed, VB was the best and most stable team in the league. In November, Viborg FF and Vejle met for a showdown in Viborg and the last match of the decade was also one of the most memorable. Down 0–2, VB won 4–3 in a true fireworks display and ended the fall at the top of the second-tier NordicBet LIGA. The fine results continued in the spring season, which ended with 13 matches in two months after the resumption of the NordicBet LIGA after the corona break in Danish football.

Honours

 * Danish Championship
 * Winners (5): 1958, 1971, 1972, 1978, 1984
 * Runners-up: 1965, 1974, 1996–97
 * Danish Cup
 * Winners (6): 1957–58, 1958–59, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1980–81
 * Runners-up: 1967–68

Europe
1973 was the year when Vejle Boldklub made its debut in the European Champion Clubs' Cup. Vejle was put up against one of the biggest clubs in Europe at the time: Anderlecht from Belgium. Vejle gave the Belgians a good match, but the reds could not keep Anderlecht from progressing in the tournament.

The highlight of Vejle Boldklub's European history came in 1978, when the club went all the way to the quarter-finals in the UEFA Cup Winners Cup, where VB lost out to Dutch side FC Twente.

In the 1985–86 season, Vejle lost to eventual Champions' Cup winners FC Steaua București, after a first-leg tie: 1–1, 1–4.

The last time Vejle Boldklub played in Europe was in 1998–99, when the reds were drawn with Real Betis in the first round of the UEFA Cup. Betis came to Denmark with a great team including the star player Denílson. But against all odds VB won the first match against the Spanish stars as Peter Graulund scored the winner in the dying minutes of the game. However, in Sevilla VB could not follow up on the good result and lost 5–0.

Notable players
1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s
 * 🇩🇰 Poul Mejer (1950)
 * 🇩🇰 Poul Jensen (1953)
 * 🇩🇰 Knud Herbert Sørensen (I) (1954)
 * 🇩🇰 Tommy Troelsen (1957)
 * 🇩🇰 Henning Enoksen (1957)
 * 🇩🇰 Bent Sørensen (1957)
 * 🇩🇰 Johnny Hansen (1962)
 * 🇩🇰 Karsten Lund (1962)
 * 🇩🇰 Ole Fritsen (1963)
 * 🇩🇰 Ulrik le Fevre (1965)
 * 🇩🇰 Jørgen Markussen (1966)
 * 🇩🇰 Flemming Serritslev (1966)
 * 🇩🇰 Iver Schriver (1970)
 * 🇩🇰 Allan Simonsen (1971)
 * 🇩🇰 Knud Herbert Sørensen (II) (1971)
 * 🇩🇰 Gert Eg (1973)
 * 🇩🇰 Ib Jacquet (1975)
 * 🇩🇰 Ulrich Thychosen (1975)
 * 🇩🇰 Steen Thychosen (1977)
 * 🇩🇰 Alex Nielsen (1978)
 * 🇩🇰 John Sivebæk (1980)
 * 🇩🇰 Troels Rasmussen (1980)
 * 🇩🇰 Finn Christensen (1981)
 * 🇩🇰 Peter Kjær (1984)
 * 🇩🇰 Jacob Svinggaard (1985)
 * 🇩🇰 Henrik Risom (1986)
 * 🇩🇰 Johnny Mølby (1987)
 * 🇩🇰 Brian Steen Nielsen (1988)
 * 🇩🇰 Preben Elkjær (1988)
 * 🇩🇰 Keld Bordinggaard (1989)
 * 🇩🇰 John Larsen (1989)
 * 🇩🇰 Jacob Laursen (1989)

1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
 * 🇩🇰 Jesper "Krølle" Mikkelsen (1993)
 * 🇩🇰 Alex Nørlund (1993)
 * 🇩🇰 Thomas Gravesen (1995)
 * 🇩🇰 Kaspar Dalgas (1995)
 * 🇩🇰 Peter Graulund (1995)
 * 🇲🇰 Dejvi Glavevski (1995)
 * 🇩🇰 Thomas Sørensen (1996)
 * 🇩🇰 Erik Boye (1997)
 * 🇩🇰 Ulrik Balling (1999)
 * 🇩🇰 Christian Keller (1999)
 * 🇩🇰 Jesper Olesen (2000)
 * 🇩🇰 Steffen Kielstrup (2001)
 * 🇩🇰 Mads Beierholm (2001)
 * 🇧🇷 Baré (2002)
 * 🇳🇬 Adeshina Lawal (2004)
 * 🇩🇰 Brian Nielsen (2005)
 * 🇩🇰 Bora Zivkovic (2007)
 * 🇸🇪 Pablo Piñones-Arce (2008)
 * 🇩🇰 Jimmy Nielsen (2009)
 * 🇩🇰 Alexander Scholz (2010)
 * 🇩🇰 Peter Ankersen (2010)
 * 🇫🇴 Viljormur Davidsen (2013)
 * 🇦🇱 Arbnor Mucolli (2016)
 * 🇧🇷 Dominic Vinicius (2016)
 * 🇧🇷 Allan Sousa (2017)
 * 🇦🇱 Ylber Ramadani (2017)
 * 🇩🇰 Wahid Faghir (2020)
 * 🇮🇷 Saeid Ezatolahi (2020)
 * 🇫🇷 Hugo Ekitike (2021)
 * 🇷🇺 German Onugkha (2021)
 * 🇩🇰 Oliver Provstgaard (2022)
 * 🇪🇸 Raúl Albentosa (2022)
 * 🏴 Nathan Trott (2022)

Recent history

 * {|class="wikitable"

! Season ! ! Pos. ! Pl. ! W ! D ! L ! GS ! GA ! P !Cup !Notes
 * -bgcolor="#efefef"
 * 1996–97
 * SL
 * align=right bgcolor=silver|2
 * align=right|33||align=right|14||align=right|12||align=right|7
 * align=right|57||align=right|38||align=right|54
 * 1997–98
 * SL
 * align=right |4
 * align=right|33||align=right|16||align=right|4||align=right|13
 * align=right|53||align=right|51||align=right|52
 * 1998–99
 * SL
 * align=right |6
 * align=right|33||align=right|14||align=right|5||align=right|14
 * align=right|54||align=right|48||align=right|47
 * 1999–00
 * SL
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|33||align=right|7||align=right|11||align=right|15
 * align=right|38||align=right|68||align=right|32
 * 5th round
 * Relegated
 * 2000–01
 * 1D
 * align=right bgcolor=silver|2
 * align=right|30||align=right|17||align=right|8||align=right|5
 * align=right|73||align=right|37||align=right|59
 * 5th round
 * Promoted
 * 2001–02
 * SL
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|33||align=right|6||align=right|10||align=right|17
 * align=right|38||align=right|72||align=right|28
 * 4th round
 * Relegated
 * 2002–03
 * 1D
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|30||align=right|15||align=right|4||align=right|11
 * align=right|65||align=right|58||align=right|49
 * 5th round
 * 2003–04
 * 1D
 * align=right |12
 * align=right|30||align=right|8||align=right|6||align=right|16
 * align=right|44||align=right|59||align=right|30
 * 3rd round
 * 2004–05
 * 1D
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|30||align=right|14||align=right|7||align=right|9
 * align=right|59||align=right|51||align=right|49
 * 3rd round
 * 2005–06
 * 1D
 * align=right bgcolor=gold|1
 * align=right|30||align=right|19||align=right|6||align=right|5
 * align=right|62||align=right|32||align=right|63
 * 3rd round
 * Promoted
 * 2006–07
 * SL
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|33||align=right|6||align=right|7||align=right|20
 * align=right|35||align=right|64||align=right|25
 * 3rd round
 * Relegated
 * 2007–08
 * 1D
 * align=right bgcolor=gold|1
 * align=right|30||align=right|25||align=right|3||align=right|2
 * align=right|80||align=right|24||align=right|78
 * Quarter-finals
 * Promoted
 * 2008–09
 * SL
 * align=right |11
 * align=right|33||align=right|4||align=right|13||align=right|16
 * align=right|30||align=right|59||align=right|25
 * 3rd round
 * Relegated
 * 2009–10
 * 1D
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|30||align=right|7||align=right|12||align=right|11
 * align=right|33||align=right|34||align=right|33
 * Semi-finals
 * 2010–11
 * 1D
 * align=right |3
 * align=right|30||align=right|14||align=right|10||align=right|6
 * align=right|49||align=right|32||align=right|52
 * 2nd round
 * 2011–12
 * 1D
 * align=right |3
 * align=right|26||align=right|12||align=right|8||align=right|6
 * align=right|58||align=right|32||align=right|44
 * Quarter-finals
 * 2012–13
 * 1D
 * align=right |3
 * align=right|33||align=right|16||align=right|10||align=right|7
 * align=right|46||align=right|29||align=right|58
 * 4rd round
 * 2013–14
 * 1D
 * align=right |7
 * align=right|33||align=right|12||align=right|11||align=right|10
 * align=right|49||align=right|38||align=right|47
 * Quarter-finals
 * 2014–15
 * 1D
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|33||align=right|11||align=right|12||align=right|10
 * align=right|41||align=right|46||align=right|45
 * 3rd round
 * 2015–16
 * 1D
 * align=right |5
 * align=right|33||align=right|16||align=right|5||align=right|12
 * align=right|56||align=right|46||align=right|53
 * 2nd round
 * 2016–17
 * 1D
 * align=right |9
 * align=right|33||align=right|10||align=right|11||align=right|12
 * align=right|49||align=right|46||align=right|41
 * 2nd round
 * 2017–18
 * 1D
 * align=right bgcolor=gold|1
 * align=right|33||align=right|18||align=right|11||align=right|4
 * align=right|47||align=right|24||align=right|65
 * 2nd round
 * Promoted
 * 2018–19
 * SL
 * align=right |13
 * align=right|32||align=right|6||align=right|10||align=right|16
 * align=right|34||align=right|53||align=right|28
 * 4rd round
 * Relegated
 * 2019–20
 * 1D
 * align=right bgcolor=gold|1
 * align=right|33||align=right|20||align=right|8||align=right|5
 * align=right|63||align=right|31||align=right|68
 * 2nd round
 * Promoted
 * 2020–21
 * SL
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|32||align=right|9||align=right|11||align=right|12
 * align=right|42||align=right|50||align=right|38
 * Quarter-finals
 * }
 * 2nd round
 * 2016–17
 * 1D
 * align=right |9
 * align=right|33||align=right|10||align=right|11||align=right|12
 * align=right|49||align=right|46||align=right|41
 * 2nd round
 * 2017–18
 * 1D
 * align=right bgcolor=gold|1
 * align=right|33||align=right|18||align=right|11||align=right|4
 * align=right|47||align=right|24||align=right|65
 * 2nd round
 * Promoted
 * 2018–19
 * SL
 * align=right |13
 * align=right|32||align=right|6||align=right|10||align=right|16
 * align=right|34||align=right|53||align=right|28
 * 4rd round
 * Relegated
 * 2019–20
 * 1D
 * align=right bgcolor=gold|1
 * align=right|33||align=right|20||align=right|8||align=right|5
 * align=right|63||align=right|31||align=right|68
 * 2nd round
 * Promoted
 * 2020–21
 * SL
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|32||align=right|9||align=right|11||align=right|12
 * align=right|42||align=right|50||align=right|38
 * Quarter-finals
 * }
 * 2020–21
 * SL
 * align=right |10
 * align=right|32||align=right|9||align=right|11||align=right|12
 * align=right|42||align=right|50||align=right|38
 * Quarter-finals
 * }
 * }

Note: SL = Danish Superliga, 1D = Danish 1st Division

Achievements

 * 43 seasons in the Highest Danish League
 * 17 seasons in the Second Highest Danish League
 * 9 seasons in the Third Highest Danish League

Coaches 1990–present

 * 🇩🇰 Ebbe Skovdahl (1990–1991)
 * 🇩🇰 Allan Simonsen (1991–1994)
 * 🇩🇰 Ole Fritsen (1994–1999)
 * 🇩🇰 Poul Erik Andreasen (2000)
 * 🇩🇰 Keld Bordinggaard (2001–2002)
 * 🇩🇰 Frank Petersen (2002–2003)
 * 🇩🇰 Henrik Brandenborg (2003)
 * 🇩🇰 Steen Thychosen (2003)
 * 🇩🇰 Jens Tang Olesen (2004)
 * 🇩🇰 Hans Lauge and Mogens Nielsen (2004)
 * 🇩🇰 Frank Andersen (2004–2005)
 * 🇩🇰 Lasse Christensen and Jesper Søgaard (2005)
 * 🇩🇰 Kim Poulsen (2006–2007)
 * 🇩🇰 Ove Christensen (2007–2009)
 * 🇩🇰 Lasse Christensen and Ole Schwennesen (2009)
 * 🇸🇪 Mats Gren (2009–2011)
 * 🇩🇰 Viggo Jensen (2011)
 * 🇩🇰 Nicolai Wael (2011–2013)
 * 🇩🇰 Kim Brink (2013)
 * 🇩🇰 Tonny Hermansen (2013–2014)
 * 🇸🇪 Klebér Saarenpää (2014–2016)
 * 🇩🇰 Steen Thychosen (2016)
 * 🇸🇪 Andreas Alm (2016–2017)
 * 🇮🇹 Adolfo Sormani (2017–2019)
 * 🇷🇴 Constantin Gâlcă (2019–2021)
 * 🇩🇰 Carit Falch (2021)
 * 🇩🇰 Peter Sørensen (2021–2022)
 * 🇭🇷 Ivan Prelec (2022–)

Captains 2003–present

 * 🇩🇰 Klaus Eskildsen (2003)
 * 🇩🇰 Peter Degn (2003)
 * 🇩🇰 Carsten Hemmingsen (2004)
 * 🇩🇰 Steffen Kielstrup (2005)
 * 🇩🇰 Jakob Bresemann (2005–2006)
 * 🇩🇰 Bora Zivkovic (2006)
 * 🇸🇪 Klebér Saarenpää (2007)
 * 🇩🇰 Bora Zivkovic (2007–2008)
 * 🇩🇰 Jimmy Nielsen (2008–09)
 * 🇩🇰 Steffen Kielstrup (2010–2012)
 * 🇩🇰 Jens Berthel Askou (2012–2013)
 * 🇩🇰 Henrik Bødker (2013–2015)
 * 🇩🇰 Niels Bisp Rasmussen (2015–2016)
 * 🇩🇰 Steffen Kielstrup (2016–2017)
 * 🇩🇰 Jacob Schoop (2017–2022)
 * 🇭🇷 Denis Kolinger (2022)
 * 🇪🇸 Raúl Albentosa (2022–present)

title: Vejle Boldklub


text:
Tolga Seyhan

Tolga Seyhan (born January 17, 1977) is a Turkish former footballer. He was born in Giresun, a city on the Black Sea.

Club career
Tolga started out his career as a striker at Giresun Şafakspor. He continued at this position for a number of years and at several clubs including Sivasspor, Düzcespor and Çanakkale Dardanelspor. It was here that he was originally moved to defence, and he took it in his stride as he made the position of central defence his own.

He soon joined Malatyaspor and was extremely impressive as Malatyaspor defied expectations to remain in the Turkish Süper Lig in their first season in the top flight, in the 2001/2002 season. The next season was even more impressive as a late season run enabled Malatyaspor to claim a UEFA Cup place for the next season. By this point, Tolga had made his first appearances for the Turkey national team and was being courted by many clubs, but remained with Malatyaspor for the beginning of the next season.

When the Malatyaspor manager Ziya Doğan left to join Trabzonspor in January 2004 he took Tolga with him. Tolga has since developed into one of the best defenders in Turkish football.

Eighteen months later, Tolga was bought by the Ukrainian team Shakhtar Donetsk.

Tolga is a powerful big defender who uses his frame to stifle opponents in the air and on the ground. He is very quick for his size and despite playing in defence still impresses with the number of goals he scores, obviously due to his experience in playing for many years as a striker. Tolga obtained Ukrainian championship and is thinking about a comeback to Trabzonspor.

In July 2006, Galatasaray had made an agreement with Tolga to play for them, on loan for one season.

In July 2010, he returned to where he was born, Giresun, for a one-year contract with Giresunspor, playing in Turkish 1st division "Bank Asya League". Giresunspor's board decided to give him the captain armband.

Club
Trabzonspor
 * Turkish Cup: 2003–04

title: Tolga Seyhan


text:
James Richardson (explorer)

James Richardson (3 November 1809 in Boston, Lincolnshire – 4 March 1851 in Ngurutua near Kukawa, Bornu) was a British explorer known for his expeditions into the Sahel region of the Saharan desert.

Richardson was educated for the evangelical ministry. His early training and enterprising temper produced in adult life an ambition to propagate Christianity and suppress the slave trade in Africa. He attached himself to the British Anti-Slavery Society, and under its auspices he went out to Malta, where he took part in the editing of a newspaper and also engaged in the study of the Arabic language and of geography, with a view to systematic exploration.

Richardson made an expedition in 1845 from Tunis and Tripoli in Libya to Ghadames and Ghat in Libya in the middle of the Sahara. Here he collected information about the Tuareg and arrived after nine months back again in Tripoli. After he had published Travels into the great desert of Sahara (2 Books. London 1849), he succeeded to convince the British government to equip an expedition into Sudan and to Lake Chad. In March 1850, Richardson went for the second time to Ghat accompanied by Heinrich Barth and Adolf Overweg. His party were the first Europeans to cross the stony elevated plain of the Hammada. James Richardson died of unknown illness on this journey on 4 March 1851 in Ngurutua, a six-day journey away from Kukawa near Lake Chad. His travel notes and diaries were published by Bayle Saint John as Narrative of a Mission to Central Africa (1853) and Travels in Morocco (1859).

title: James Richardson (explorer)


text:
Lull (band)

Lull is a dark ambient project of former Napalm Death drummer Mick Harris, which he founded in 1990.

History
Mick Harris began the project Lull in 1990, when he acquired a sampler, a reverb pedal and a 4-track recorder. After leaving the grindcore band Napalm Death, Harris wanted to create dark ambient music. Aaron Turner of Isis and Mamiffer described the Lull album Way through Staring as "the first really minimal music I encountered that really captivated me".

Studio Albums

 * 1992 - Dreamt About Dreaming
 * 1993 - Journey Through Underworlds
 * 1994 - Cold Summer
 * 1996 - Continue
 * 1997 - Way Through Staring
 * 1998 - Moments
 * 2001 - Brook (with Origami Arktika)
 * 2008 - Like a Slow River
 * 2022 - That Space Somewhere

EPs

 * 1994 - Chime / Gerbarra
 * 1994 - Silenced / Outerbounds
 * 1994 - Echoed Currents / Shooting Star Crash
 * 1994 - The Passing / Iceberg
 * 1995 - Time Box
 * 2008 - Circadian Rhythm Disturbance (with Beta Cloud)

Compilation Albums

 * 2003 - Collected (Rare and Unreleased tracks)

title: Lull (band)


text:
Henry Vansittart

Henry Vansittart (3 June 1732 – 1770) was an English colonial administrator, who was the Governor of Bengal from 1759 to 1764.

Life
Vansittart was born in Bloomsbury in Middlesex, the third son of Arthur van Sittart (1691–1760), and his wife Martha, daughter of Sir John Stonhouse, 3rd Baronet. His father and his grandfather, Peter van Sittart (1651–1705), were both wealthy merchants and directors of the Russia Company. Peter, a merchant adventurer, who had migrated from Danzig to London about 1670, was also a director of the East India Company. The family name is taken from the town of Sittard in Limburg, the Netherlands. They settled at Shottesbrooke in Berkshire.

Educated at Reading School and at Winchester College, Henry Vansittart joined the society of the Franciscans, or the Hellfire Club, at Medmenham. His elder brothers, Arthur and Robert, were also members of this fraternity.

In 1745, at the age of thirteen, he entered service of the East India Company as a writer and sailed for Fort St David in Madras. Here he showed himself very industrious, made the acquaintance of Robert Clive and rose rapidly from one position to another, although he spent three years back in England from 1751.

He returned to India in 1754 and became a member of the Council of Madras in 1757. He helped to defend the city against the French in 1759, and was appointed to replace Clive, on Clive's recommendation, as President of the Council and Governor of Fort William in Bengal in November 1760.

He arrived in Bengal in July 1760, finding himself in a difficult political position, including a serious lack of funds. He deposed the Nawab of Bengal, Mir Jafar, and replaced the Nawab with the Nawab's son-in-law, Mir Kasim, which increased the influence of England in the province. Vansittart was, however, less successful in another direction. Practically all the company's servants were traders in their private capacity, and as they claimed various privileges and exemptions this system was detrimental to the interests of the native princes and gave rise to an enormous amount of corruption. Vansittart sought to check this, and in 1762 he made a treaty with Mir Kasim, but the majority of Vansittart's council were against him and in the following year this was repudiated. Reprisals on the part of the subadar were followed by war and, annoyed at the failure of his pacific schemes, Vansittart resigned on 28 November 1764 and returned to England.

To defend his conduct in Bengal, Vansittart published three volumes of papers as A Narrative of the Transactions in Bengal from 1760 to 1764 (London, 1766). His conduct was attacked before the board of directors in London, but events seemed to prove that he was in the right, and in 1769 he became a director of the company. In 1768 he had been elected to a seat in Parliament for Reading.

Clive had returned to India and exposed the rampant corruption. Vansittart, Luke Scrafton, and another official, Francis Forde, were sent to India to examine the administrative problems and reform the whole government in India. The mission left England in September 1769, visited Cape Town where they were last reported, embarking, on 27 December 1769, but the ship in which they sailed, the frigate Aurora, was lost at sea, apparently foundered with all hands. The captain had decided to navigate the Mozambique Channel, despite bad weather.

Family
Vansittart married Emilia Morse (died 1819), daughter of Nicholas Morse, Governor of Madras, in 1754. They had five sons (Henry, Arthur, Robert, George, and Nicholas), and two daughters, (Emilia and Sophie). They resided in England at Foxley's Manor in Bray, Berkshire.

Of the sons:

 * Henry, the eldest (1756–1787), married Catherine Maria Powney.
 * Robert Vansittart, scored the first recorded cricket century in India, 102 for Old Etonians v. Rest of Calcutta in 1804.
 * The youngest, Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley, was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 12 May 1812 to 31 January 1823.

title: Henry Vansittart


text:
Gregory Breit

Gregory Breit (Григорій Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер, Григорий Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер; July 14, 1899 – September 13, 1981) was an American physicist born in Mykolaiv, Russian Empire (now Mykolaiv, Ukraine). He was a professor at New York University (1929–1934), University of Wisconsin–Madison (1934–1947), Yale University (1947–1968), and University at Buffalo (1968–1973). In 1921, he was Paul Ehrenfest's assistant in Leiden University.

Biography
He was born in the city of Mykolaiv in the family of the book publisher Alfred Schneider. After the death of his mother in 1911, his father left for the United States of America. Until 1915, Gregory studied at the Mykolaiv Oleksandrivska gymnasium. In 1915, he followed his father to USA. He studied at Johns Hopkins University: in 1918 he obtained a Bachelor degree, in 1920 a Master degree, and in 1921 he earned a PhD in physics. In 1921-1922, he worked as a researcher at Leiden University. In 1922-1923, he was a research fellow at Harvard University. From 1923 to 1924, he was an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota. In 1925, while at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Breit joined with Merle Tuve in using a pulsed radio transmitter to determine the height of the ionosphere, a technique important later in radar development.

Together with Eugene Wigner, Breit gave a description of particle resonant states with the relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution in 1929, and with Edward Condon, he first described proton-proton dispersion. He is also credited with deriving the Breit equation. The Breit frame of reference is named after him. He was one of the first to notice the zitterbewegung (jittery motion) in the solutions of the Dirac equation.

In 1934, together with John A. Wheeler, Breit described the Breit–Wheeler process. In 1939 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In April 1940, he proposed to the National Research Council that American scientists observe a policy of self-censorship due to the possibility of their work being used for military purposes by enemy powers in World War II.

During the early stages of the war, Breit was chosen by Arthur Compton to supervise the early design of the first atomic bomb during an early phase in what would later become the Manhattan Project. Breit resigned his position in 1942, feeling that the work was going too slowly and that there had been security breaches on the project; his job went to Robert Oppenheimer, who was later appointed to scientific director of what became Project Y, the design and testing of the weapon.

In 2014, experimentalists proposed a way to validate an idea by Breit and John A. Wheeler that matter formation could be achieved by interacting light particles ("Breit–Wheeler process"). Breit was associate editor of the Physical Review four times (1927-1929, 1939-1941, 1954-1956, and 1961-1963).

He was elected in 1923 a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1964. In 1967, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Archival collections

 * Gregory Breit Papers (MS 1465). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library
 * Alvin M. Saperstein student notes of lectures given by Gregory Breit, 1952-1954, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 * George O. Zimmerman collection of lecture notes by Gregory Breit and Lars Onsager, circa 1960-1961, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
 * Gregory Breit selected papers [microform, (bulk 1950-1973), Niels Bohr Library & Archives ]

title: Gregory Breit


text:
District Council of Robe

The District Council of Robe is a local government area located in the Limestone Coast area of South Australia. The main offices are in Robe, the town after which the council is named. The district relies on a mix of agriculture, fisheries and tourism as major components of its economy.

History
The district's coastline, like much of South Australia, was explored by Captains Nicolas Baudin and Matthew Flinders in 1802, with Freycinet of Baudin's expedition naming Guichen Bay after Admiral de Guichen.

The first major town was officially founded and named 'Robe' by the Government of South Australia in 1846 after Major Frederick Holt Robe, Governor of South Australia who had selected the site in 1846.

It was the first major town to be established in the south east of the colony. Greytown on Rivoli Bay had been surveyed a few months earlier and was the site of a small settlement but Robe was the first administrative centre and was the focus of public and commercial life in the area.

The District Council of Robe was proclaimed on 28 October 1869.

By the 1880s, the district began a slow decline, and increasingly relied on its fishing and agricultural industries as its status as a major port and industrial hub decreased.

Economy
The district still is heavily reliant on the fishing and agricultural industries, with rock lobster one of the main catches in the area.

The district has a variety of agricultural industries, with cereal crops, beef cattle and sheep prominent. The district also has a wine industry associated with the Mount Benson wine region.

Tourism has been an increasingly important part of the economy, with up to 15,000 tourists every year. The town has a large number of historic buildings, as well as natural attractions. The town is listed as one of the state's historical towns in the Heritage Conservation Branch's Master Interpretation Plan.

Geography
Robe is the major town in the district; however, the council also includes the localities of Boatswain Point, Greenways and Mount Benson, and parts of Bray, Clay Wells, Nora Creina and Reedy Creek.

title: District Council of Robe


text:
Isao Aoki

Isao Aoki (青木 功) is a Japanese professional golfer. He was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2004.

Career
Aoki was born in Abiko, Chiba, Japan. He was introduced to golf while caddying at the Abiko Golf Club as a schoolboy. He turned professional in 1964. He went on to win more than fifty events on the Japan Golf Tour between 1972 and 1990, trailing only Masashi "Jumbo" Ozaki on the list of golfers with most Japan Golf Tour wins. He won the Japan Golf Tour money list five times in six years: 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, and 1981. His career earnings are 980 million yen.

In 1983, Aoki won the Hawaiian Open on the U.S.-based PGA Tour, the first Japanese and Asian player to win on the tour, and the Panasonic European Open on the European Tour. He also won the prestigious World Match Play Championship in England in 1978, which was not a European Tour event at that time, and picked up a win on the PGA Tour of Australasia. Aoki is also one of the nine players in the history of the Open Championship to shoot a round of just 63 shots (which he achieved in the third round of the 1980 event). Despite this being the joint-best round in the history of the tournament at the time, Aoki would only finish tied for 12th that year.

Aoki played 165 times on the PGA Tour between 1974 and 1999, primarily from 1981 to 1990. His best finish in a major championship was a second-place finish to Jack Nicklaus (by two strokes) in the 1980 U.S. Open. That finish, combined with his recent record in Japan and around the globe, meant that Aoki would finish 1980 ranked third in the unofficial McCormack's World Golf Rankings, a position he would hold at the end of 1981. After the Official World Golf Rankings debuted in 1986, he was ranked in the top-10 for several weeks in 1987.

In December 1984 after receiving an invitation from Gary Player, Aoki traveled to South Africa to participate in the Million Dollar Challenge. Aoki did this in spite of the efforts of the Japanese government to dissuade him from making the trip.

As a senior, Aoki has played primarily in the United States on the Champions Tour, winning nine times between 1992 and 2003. He has eight senior victories outside the United States, including five victories in the Japan Senior Open where he shot his age, 65, during his most recent triumph in 2007.

PGA of Japan Tour wins (51)
 * Note: Tournament shortened to 36/63 holes due to weather. 1Co-sanctioned by the Asia Golf Circuit

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (4–9)

Other wins (8)

 * 1971 Kanto Pro Championship (Japan)
 * 1972 Kanto Pro Championship (Japan)
 * 1973 Gold Beck
 * 1977 Jun Classic
 * 1978 Colgate World Match Play Championship (England)
 * 1982 Old Sones Invitational, Daikyo Open
 * 1987 Fred Meyer Challenge (with Payne Stewart)

Senior PGA Tour wins (9)
 * Note: Tournament shortened to 36 holes due to weather.

Senior PGA Tour playoff record (1–4)

Japan Senior PGA Tour wins (9)

 * 1994 Japan Senior Open
 * 1995 American Express Grand Slam, Japan Senior Open
 * 1996 Japan Senior Open
 * 1997 Japan Senior Open
 * 2000 N. Cup Senior Open
 * 2002 N. Cup Senior Open
 * 2007 Japan Senior Open
 * 2008 Kinojo Senior Open

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut (3rd round cut in 1977 Open Championship) "T" = tied

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (1988 Masters – 1990 U.S. Open)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (five times)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} CUT = missed the halfway cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in senior major championships
Results not in chronological order before 2012.

{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut DQ = disqualified "T" indicates a tie for a place Note: The Senior British Open Championship did not become a major until 2003.

Team appearances

 * World Cup (representing Japan): 1973, 1974
 * Alfred Dunhill Cup (representing Japan): 1985, 1999, 2000
 * Nissan Cup/Kirin Cup (representing Japan): 1985, 1987, 1988
 * UBS Warburg Cup (representing the Rest of the World): 2001, 2002
 * Dynasty Cup (representing Japan): 2003 (non-playing captain), 2005 (non-playing captain)

Honours

 * Member of the World Golf Hall of Fame (2004)
 * Medal with Purple Ribbon (2008)
 * Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette (2015)

title: Isao Aoki


text:
The Grates

The Grates were an Australian indie rock band, which formed in Brisbane, Queensland in 2002 with Patience Hodgson on lead vocals, John Patterson on guitars and backing vocals and Alana Skyring on drums. Their first two albums, Gravity Won't Get You High (2006) and Teeth Lost, Hearts Won (2008), both reached the ARIA Albums Chart top 10. The third studio album, Secret Rituals (2011), peaked at No. 11. Their highest charting singles "Science Is Golden" (2006) and "Burn Bridges" (2018) reached the ARIA top 100. A video album, Til Death Do Us Party: Live at the Forum (2007), peaked in the ARIA Top 40 Music DVDs chart. Hodgson and Patterson married in November 2012 and were proprietors of Southside Tea Room in Morningside from 2012 to 2019. The Grates disbanded in 2020.

2002-2004: Formation and "Trampoline"
The Grates were formed in 2002 in Brisbane by Patience Hodgson on lead vocals, John Patterson on guitars and backing vocals and Alana Skyring on drums. Patterson and Skyring had attended Alexandra Hills State High School. In 1999, they met Cleveland District State High School student, Hodgson, in year 12 at a drama class, which all three attended at the local TAFE to avoid physical education classes. Hodgson discovered her singing voice at a karaoke bar, where she performed "A Whole New World" (from Aladdin). According to Patterson the rendition "was less than stellar". The three were watching rage in 2002 when they decided to form a group. They independently released a limited number of a six-track extended play, The Grates in that year. After several rehearsals Hodgson, with her then-boyfriend, travelled to Scotland for a year where they planned a two-piece band, Prix Divers. Hodgson, Patterson and Skyring kept in contact and swapped ideas for songs. Patterson and Skyring each played in bands, Zombie Crime Boss and Clifton, as well as forming short-lived groups together or with others.

Once back in Australia Hodgson rejoined Patterson and Skyring to rehearse in Patterson's garden shed. Patterson described their band roles, "[Hodgson] couldn't play an instrument, so she was the singer. I was bored of playing keyboards so I started playing guitar, and [Skyring] just drums however she wants." They deliberately chose not to have a regular bass guitarist, according to Craig Mathieson of The Age this indicates "they've shown a disdain for convention." They performed under a different name each night – they might trick regular customers into thinking they were a new band instead of the same "shitty" one. During 2003 they independently issued three more EPs Crocodile, four-track Black Dog Black Dog and Pyrate Kids.

In January 2004 they first performed as the Grates at Ric's bar, Brisbane. Subsequent noise restrictions limited live performances at that venue, Patterson recalled "It's pathetic. Ric's is our favourite place to play in Brisbane... We played our first couple of shows there about a year ago and miss playing there terribly." According to Australian music journalist, Ed Nimmervoll, "They name the Pixies and Weezer as influences." Whereas Tammy la Gorce of AllMusic opined their early material were "Ramones and Yeah Yeah Yeahs-influenced songs." Musicologist Ian McFarlane added X-Ray Spex as another influence, whereas the group create "one hell of a racket with their... blasts of indie punk rock."

Later in 2004 they sent a rough demo of "Trampoline" to national youth radio station, Triple J, which was accompanied by a hand-written biography and press release. It was co-written by Hodgson, Patterson and Skyring. They used an 8-track recorder with two cheap microphones in Patterson's shed. The track received high rotation on Triple J. Mathieson described it as "a kinetic pop mantra where Hodgson skewers alternative rock's predilection for sultry female vocalists." "Trampoline" was used for a Just Jeans "Shortcuts" TV ad.

During 2004 they supported tours by Rocket Science, the Tremors, TISM and then Regurgitator. They were signed to Dew Process in 2004 and released a four-track extended play, The Ouch. The Touch. (February 2005). Kathryn Kernohan of FasterLouder felt it was "a perfect taster... you couldn't ask for a stronger selection of tracks. It gives an indication of how good you'd be live, and it leaves me hanging out for an album." ''The Ouch. The Touch'' peaked in the top 100 on the ARIA Singles Chart.

2005-2007: Gravity Won't Get You High
In April 2005 Hodgson explained her song writing style, "My attitude used to be just make up some shit that fits in and we'll be sweet, but now I want to work on the lyrics... I think when Daniel Johns first got some success, he didn't really know about music history, so he studied it, but I don't feel like I need to know. I just pick up stuff as we go along."

In 2005, the band appeared at the Big Day Out, Meredith, Splendour in the Grass, Falls Festival and Homebake. They supported the Go! Team on their tour over late 2005 to early 2006.

In April 2006, the band released their debut album, Gravity Won't Get You High, which peaked at No. 9 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was recorded in Chicago with Brian Deck (Holopaw, Iron and Wine, Josh Ritter) producing. Nimmervoll noticed that "Some songs had been with them for a long time, others were wtitten just days before going into the studio." It was released in the UK and the United States in June. Nate Dorr of PopMatters opined that it provided "an infectious variety... At times, there's a sense of catchy frivolity to the proceedings, but it can easily be forgiven... sheer excitement of hearing such unbridled enthusiasm in an emerging talent. And they are talented." Pitchfork's Sean Fennessey felt "electric Hodgson, who sounds like she's riding a jet-fueled pogo on almost every song, is joined by guitarist John Patterson and drummer Alana Skyring, who make a sweet, playful style of basement band music."

The lead single, "19 20 20", was released in March 2006. It was followed by "Science Is Golden", which was released in September 2006 and reached the ARIA Singles Chart top 60. The third single, "Rock Boys", was issued later that year. Four of the album's tracks were listed in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2006: "Lies are Much More Fun" (No. 71), "Inside Outside" (No. 42), "Science is Golden" (No. 17) and "19 20 20" (No. 10). During 2006 they performed at the Big Day Out (Australian leg), headlined a national tour in the first half of the year, supported Sleater-Kinney on their Australian tour, supported the Zutons on their UK tour, supported the Young Knives, and then Arctic Monkeys in their tours of Australia.

On 13 October 2006 they performed at the Forum Theatre, Melbourne, which was issued as a live DVD, Til Death Do Us Party, on 30 April 2007. Mess+Noise's Ben described how Hodgson's "a genuine livewire, swanning across the stage in a flouncy white dress, all red-cordial energy and child-like abandon. But her voice, in a live setting, is a tuneless thing. The harmonies and the melodies of the recording just aren't there." He felt that Patterson's guitar work is "bare too, skipping between clangy clean sounds and high-school-band distortion" while Skyring's "drums are solid, in the Meg White style, but she still looks like the whole thing – her, being here, behind these drums, and all those people, out there, pogoing – is a surprise."

2008-2011: Teeth Lost, Hearts Won & Secret Rituals
The Grates' second album, Teeth Lost, Hearts Won, was released on 2 August 2008, which peaked at No. 6. According to the Dwarf.com website's reviewer it "needs good set of speakers and an appropriate setting to really be appreciated. When you have seen a band like this live, the expectation is that they will try and capture some of that vibe – and for some reason – unless this sucker is played loud, the vibe is totally lost." Its lead single, "Burn Bridges", was released in July 2008, which reached the top 100. It was followed by "Aw Yeah" (October 2008). The Grates were listed onto the Triple J Hottest 100, 2008 with three tracks: "Burn Bridges" (No. 34), "Aw Yeah" (No. 80) and "Carve Your Name" (No. 83).

In mid-2009 the Grates travelled to New York where they performed and continued song writing for six months. Skyring left the band in 2010 to study a baking course at Institute of Culinary Education, New York; initially the Grates continued as a two-piece with Hodgson and Patterson writing tracks together in that city.

Local US musician, Ben Marshall, joined the band on drums in New York to finish recording their third album, Secret Rituals (17 June 2011), which peaked at No. 11. Matt Shea of Mess+Noise felt it was "a little like a ledger of artistic assets: for the band to come out on top, the final statement needs to show a positive balance of improved songwriting over receding whacked-out style." The Alphabet Pony's reviewer found the work had "benefited from this increased sensibility, and the time taken to marinate in the creative hub of Brooklyn has done wonders for their revitalised sound... It's classic Grates sound, brought kicking and screaming into 2011 – but it's in the conflict between the old stuff and the new stuff that's the killer." Marshall toured with the band in Australia in June to July on the Secret Rituals tour with auxiliary member, Miranda Freeman on bass guitar and keyboards. Freeman is Hodgson's former high school mate. The Grates premiered its lead single, "Turn Me On", on Triple J in April 2011 and it was streamed on their official Facebook page. Marshall was also on their Summer's Breath tour later that year in October and November. On the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2011, "Turn Me On" was listed at No. 54.

2012–2020: Dream Team and final years
Marshall left the Grates in 2012 due to commitments back in the US. The Grates took a hiatus from live shows soon after, to focus on the opening their cafe, bar Southside Tea Room. Their new drummer, Ritchie Daniell, who drummed for Brisbane indie rock band The Trouble with Templeton and currently Hatchie, officially joined The Grates in 2013 to play their live shows.

In December 2014, The Grates released their fourth studio album, Dream Team, on their own label, Death Valley. Everett True of The Guardian described how it "sounds more 'grown up' – what with the hyper-energetic brat-pop Grates of old switched for something a little more refined, more radio-friendly – there are still enough moments of euphoria to lift it above the mundane." He was disappointed by its "solid, muscly bloke drumming... Not everything has to be treated like it's an anthem." It did not reach the ARIA top 100, although it appeared on the ARIA Digital Albums top 50 and debuted at #48 on the Australian iTunes chart.

At the 2015 Queensland Music Awards, the band won Best Rock Artist for their song "Holiday Home".

In 2018, Skyring officially rejoined the band. They went on tour that year to commemorate the 10-year anniversary of Teeth Lost, Hearts Won.

The Grates played their final shows as part of the 2020 Hotter Than Hell festival alongside Everclear, Unwritten Law and Frenzal Rhomb.

Other projects
Skyring joined Neil and Sharon Finn's group, Pajama Club in May 2011, for live performances. That group had recorded their self-titled album, which appeared in September 2011. Skyring, as a member of Pajama Club, completed a tour of UK and US. In May 2012 Hodgson and Patterson opened Southside Tea Room, a bar and cafe, located at Morningside. It received positive reviews and hosted various events: markets, gigs, and craft tutorials. Daniell initially worked as a barista at the cafe. Southside Tea Room closed in 2019. Hodgson and Patterson had been dating for several years before marrying in November 2012. As of 2019, the couple have two children. Hodgson and Patterson separated in 2020.

Members

 * Patience Hodgson – lead vocals (2002–2020)
 * John Patterson – guitar, backing vocals, keyboards (2002–2020)
 * Alana Skyring – drums (2002–2010, 2018–2020)
 * Ritchie Daniell – drums (2013–2018)

Touring members
 * Conan Thorogood – keyboards (2005–2006)
 * Dan Condon – keyboards (2006–2009)
 * Ty Jontz – keyboards (2009–2010)
 * Miranda Freeman – bass guitar, keyboards (2011)
 * Ben Marshall – drums (2011–2013)
 * Jack Richardson – guitar <(2015–2016)
 * Owen Penglis – bass guitar (2015–2016)
 * Daniel Hanson – drums (2020)

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

 * 2006
 * The Ouch. The Touch.
 * Best Performing Independent Single / EP
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982.

! Ref.
 * 2012
 * "Turn Me On" (Patience Hodgson / John Patterson)
 * Song of the Year
 * Song of the Year

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. The Grates have been nominated for three awards.

 * rowspan="2"| 2006
 * rowspan="2"| Gravity Won't Get You High
 * Breakthrough Artist - Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * 2007
 * Til Death Do Us Party
 * Best Music DVD
 * Nominated
 * Til Death Do Us Party
 * Best Music DVD
 * Nominated

Australian Music Prize
The Australian Music Prize is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award.

 * 2006
 * Gravity Won't Get You High
 * Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

J Award
The J Award is an award given by Australian youth radio station Triple J to Australian Album of the Year. It is judged by the music and on-air teams at triple j, Unearthed and Double J.

 * 2006
 * Gravity Won't Get You High
 * Australian Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 2008
 * Teeth Lost, Hearts Won
 * Australian Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Australian Album of the Year
 * Nominated

Queensland Music Awards
The Queensland Music Awards (previously known as Q Song Awards) are annual awards celebrating Queensland, Australia's brightest emerging artists and established legends. They commenced in 2006.

(wins only)
 * 2007
 * "Science is Golden"
 * Published song of the Year
 * Won
 * 2012
 * themselves
 * The Courier-Mail People's Choice Award Most Popular Group
 * Won
 * 2015
 * "Holiday Home"
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * }
 * Rock Song of the Year
 * Won
 * }

title: The Grates


text:
1927–28 in Swedish football

The 1927-28 season in Swedish football, starting August 1927 and ending July 1928:

Division 2 Uppsvenska Serien 1927–28

Uppsvenska

Mellansvenska

Östsvenska

Västsvenska

Sydsvenska

Norrländska Mästerskapet 1928

 * Final

National team results
🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Douglas Krook - Henning Helgesson, John Persson, Torsten Johansson - Charles Brommesson, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Åke Hansson, Gunnar Holmberg, Verner Andersson - Charles Brommesson, Sven Rydell, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Filip Johansson, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Henning Helgesson, Gunnar Holmberg, Verner Andersson - Charles Brommesson, Sven Rydell, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Filip Johansson, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Anders Rydberg - Herbert Lundgren, Gunnar Zacharoff - Henning Helgesson, Sven Friberg, Nils Nilsson - Heinrich Brost, Sven Rydell, Harry Lundahl, Tore Keller, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Einar Jonasson - Knut Bergqvist, Yngve Forsblom - Erik Hedihn, Thure Svensson, Einar Snitt - Ernst Lööf, Ragnar Jacobsson, Ejnar Persson, John Kling, Bertil Pettersson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Einar Jonasson - Knut Bergqvist, Yngve Forsblom - Hugo Eliasson, Thure Svensson, Einar Snitt - Ernst Lööf, John Kling, Ejnar Persson, Bror Ljunggren, Bertil Pettersson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Einar Jonasson - Knut Bergqvist, Yngve Forsblom - Hugo Eliasson, Thure Svensson, Einar Snitt - Ernst Lööf, John Kling, Ejnar Persson, Bror Ljunggren, Bertil Pettersson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Anders Rydberg - Axel Alfredsson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Henning Helgesson, Sven Friberg, Torsten Johansson - Ernst Lööf, Sven Rydell, Harry Lundahl, Tore Keller, Gösta Dunker.

title: 1927–28 in Swedish football


text:
Talk:BL 5.5-inch medium gun

Alternate specs found
GENERAL PARTICULARS:

Calibre: 5.5 inches (140 mm) Weight: 5850 kg (5 3/4 tons approx.) Shell weight: 36.3 kg (80 lbs) high explosive. Smoke and illuminating also fired Rate of fire: 3 rpm Muzzle velocity: 510 metres/second (1673 f/s) with Charge 4 Number of charges: 4 Maximum range: 16,400 metres (17935 yards) Elevation: 45° Traverse: 30° right and left Detachment: 10

GraemeLeggett 14:32, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Korea
Korean service has just been removed. Can we source the actual units that served with this gun? 74 Medium Battery (Battleaxe) from Hong Kong was an obvious one, probably the most famous.

Some photos of 5.5s in high angle: http://www.riv.co.nz/rnza/pg/kor/awkor1.htm

Andy Dingley (talk) 23:20, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

Andy it appears that you are right in that according to this web page the 74th Medium Battery of the 32nd Medium Regiment Royal Artillery, which were equipped with 5.5s, served in Korea from February 1953 until some indeterminate point in the future. However I have as of yet been unable to find if any other unit deployed to Korea equipped with 5.5s other than the 98th Medium Battery which apparently which deployed to Korea shortly after the armistice was signed.

http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-artillery/32nd-regiment-ra.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrniceguy101 (talk • contribs) 15:52, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Huh?

In the 'Description' section, para 2, there is this: 'During World War II the PL Locks and AC Slide Boxes used with 0.5 inch tubes were replaced by PK Locks and Y Slide Boxes using 0.303&nbsp'. I'm sure it is all very interesting, but what is a 'PL Lock' and a 'Slide Box' and so on? I have no idea and I'm sure I won't be the only reader of this article who is equally baffled.

RASAM (talk) 14:08, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Huh indeed! I have added a tag. I have no idea what it means and I am no newcomer to military hardware. An extreme use of jargon imo. Irondome (talk) 14:36, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Artillery of this size (over 105mm) would be "BL" (Breech Loading) rather than "QF" (Quick Firing) - i.e. bagged charges rather than a one-piece brass case. So there also needs to be an obturator in the breech block to seal it and a firing tube placed separately in the breech to fire it. The breech block itself would be a interrupted screw breech, rather than sliding.
 * In the middle of this breech block is a '"lock", the thing that holds and fires the firing / primer / igniter tube. This lock both closes the cover enclosing the tube and also controls the firing pin (or electrical firing) for the primer tube. The lock isn't mounted directly on the breech though, but on the 'slide box' (rectangular thing beneath) which allows the lock to move so that it can't be loaded until the main breech is closed. The lock and slide box are effectively a rifle-calibre breech all of their own.
 * The piece is fired through an operating handle on the lock, pulled by a lanyard. The same handle also opened and closed the lock.
 * At the outbreak of WWII, all [sic] of the BL artillery used the same 0.5 inch diameter tubes, and the same lock and slide box, the PL lock and the AC slide box. They weren't a 5.5-specific component. "Tube, Vent, Percussion Mk 6 (0.5-inch)" was quite an old design and so it was replaced by the smaller calibre "Tube, Percussion Mk 3 (0.303-inch)". This required a corresponding new design of PK lock and Y slide box. The operation was slightly different too, in that the lock was now cocked by pulling the lanyard to fire the piece, rather than during loading. The handle became much smaller, enough to recognise in photos. The large handle can be seen in WWI and in some early desert campaign WWII photos, but most WWII footage will be the later PK lock with the small handle. Andy Dingley (talk) 14:49, 29 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Tubes and primers for ammunition

 * Thanks for the heroic attempt to simplify things Andy! I have attempted to clarify in a few words your excellent explanation. Simon. Irondome (talk) 15:37, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

surviving examples
There is also on in Newhaven Fort, Sussex UK 2A02:C7F:A108:5600:64B2:3432:803B:B2EC (talk) 15:51, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:BL 5.5-inch medium gun


text:
Talk:Neversoft

Spider-Man using Big Guns engine?
I thought it used the THPS engine? At least, that's what I remember from magazines of the time. --Nick R 13:26, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spider-Man and THPS both used an engine the grew from Apocalypse, which in turn was based on the Big Guns code. Spider-Man and THPS began development at the same time. MickWest 14:44, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tony Hawk Games Wiki
Help is needed at the Tony Hawk Games Wiki, which can be found here. It is very lonely. There are only about 3 users on there. If anyone of you join, and have questions, please see this user page. --98.148.171.15 (talk) 00:25, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Article vandalism for removing ports
OK, this needs some explaination because someone is removing Neversoft's ports of their games after I explained why and that is classed as vandalism. I have done research on these ports and they are all valid ports developed by Neversoft themselves. Can someone please stop that person from vandalising them again? --81.153.18.66 (talk) 20:20, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Neversoft. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100216142213/http://www.bingegamer.net:80/2010/rumor-layoffs-loss-of-guitar-hero-at-neversoft/ to http://www.bingegamer.net/2010/rumor-layoffs-loss-of-guitar-hero-at-neversoft

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Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:59, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neversoft


text:
Kugaaruk Airport

Kugaaruk Airport, formerly known as Pelly Bay Townsite Airport, is located at Kugaaruk (formerly known as Pelly Bay) in Nunavut, Canada. It is operated by the government of Nunavut.

History
The airport was built by the Government of Canada in 1968 as Pelly Bay Townsite Airport and renamed in 1999.

Facilities
The terminal building a tower are the only building at the airport.

title: Kugaaruk Airport


text:
Kugluktuk Airport

Kugluktuk Airport is located at Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut.

title: Kugluktuk Airport


text:
Lupin Airport

Lupin Airport was an airport located at Lupin Mine, Nunavut, Canada, that was operated by Echo Bay Mines Limited. The airport closed sometime after the mine closed in 2005, but the runway is still present on the property.

History
In the 1950s and 60s this area was known as Contwoyto Lake. Nearby (at location 65 degrees 29' 12.61"N, 110 degrees 21'1.33"W) is an island where there was a small (four person) camp operated by Pacific Western Airlines of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (since merged with Canadian Pacific Airlines, subsequently bought by Air Canada). Operating expenses for the facility were paid for by the Canadian Federal Government. The island was unofficially known as Alcatraz Island and the smaller one West of it was called Wolf Island.

During the 60s there was a Quonset hut for living quarters and a small shed which housed a diesel generator, a backup generator, fuel, and a small tractor. There was no official landing strip, just a dirt strip for emergencies. Planes landed on the lake using floats in the summer and skis in winter. There was a very short emergency strip on land, but it was really too short for safety. The main function of the station was to operate a radio beacon (sending WO in Morse Code for radio-location purposes) and a secondary but very important function was to radio weather observations hourly to Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.

During the 1980s, the Lupin Mine was an operating gold producer under its owner, Echo Bay Mines.

The mine itself was entirely constructed out of materials flown into the airport, primarily on a cold-war era Hercules C130 that the mining company had obtained for that specific purpose. Once the mine was up and running, the company replaced the Hercules with a converted Boeing 727 commercial jetliner. The Boeing had been converted to operate as a combination cargo and passenger craft. The typical flight carried the aircrew, miners and contractors. The cargo was usually a very large load of diesel along with the parts, equipment and other supplies needed to operate the mine.

Edmonton and Yellowknife were the primary logistical support centers for the mine. Supply and personnel flights into the Lupin Airport usually originated in Edmonton. A stopover for refueling normally occurred at Yellowknife and it could happen on the way to or from the mine. By this time the landing strip had been upgraded and lengthened to support the landing and takeoff requirements of a 727. The Hercules used to build the mine apparently worked fine on the original dirt strip, and it did so until the runway was upgraded.

The upgraded runway had a gravel base and it was maintained with graders and snow removal equipment for year-round operation. It also had modern (for the time) navigation equipment and it operated as a fully operational airport complete with metal detectors and baggage handling facilities. Besides supporting the mine, during this period the airport was also an emergency landing strip for other aircraft operating in Canada's far north. To support emergency operations, the commercial jet operated by the mining company was also used to bring parts and other supplies for stranded or damaged aircraft.

As a precaution against an emergency landing, or worse, a crash in sub-zero arctic weather, passengers going to the airport were also required to bring extreme weather clothing on board. This clothing was treated as personal luggage and was stored during flight in the overhead compartments where it was available for immediate retrieval in the event of an emergency. The requirements included a proper arctic parka with a hood, full size winter boots and mittens. Gloves were of course allowed, but mittens were required. The aircraft also carried significant emergency supplies to support crash survivors if need be. Fortunately, and mostly due to the experienced professionals who made up the Echo Bay air service, these measures were never needed. Considering the amount of diesel fuel that was typically on board, this was especially fortunate. But the extreme clothing requirements were quite a surprise to first time visitors who were accustomed to air travel elsewhere.

title: Lupin Airport


text:
Nanisivik Airport

Nanisivik Airport, formerly, was located 8 NM south of Nanisivik, Nunavut, Canada, and was operated by the Government of Nunavut. Although Nanisivik Mine closed in September 2002, the airport was in operation until 2011 and served the community of Arctic Bay. This was due to the small size of Arctic Bay Airport. However, on January 13, 2011, First Air transferred all scheduled air services to Arctic Bay's newly-expanded airport.

The airport was about 19 km directly southeast of Arctic Bay, but the road between them is 32 km and a one way taxi fare was $40.00.

Conversion to naval station
On August 8, 2007, CBC News reported that Canadian Forces documents showed plans to convert the site into a naval station. The plan, which would turn the former mine's existing port into a deepwater facility, would cost $60 million and it was expected that Prime Minister Stephen Harper would make an announcement during his stop in Resolute.

On August 10, 2007, Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced construction of a new docking and refueling facility in Nanisivik for the Canadian Forces, in an effort to maintain a Canadian presence in Arctic waters during the navigable season (June–October). The choice for Nanisivik as a site was partially based on its location within the eastern entrance to the Northwest Passage, and as there is an existing deep-water berthing facility at the site, and a "jet-capable" airstrip nearby.

Detailed planning for the project began in August 2007, with environmental studies and assessments will be being carried out in the summer of 2008. Construction at the site is expected to begin in the summer of 2010, with early operating capability available in 2012. The facility was planned to be fully operational by 2015, but now delayed until at least 2018.

The re-opening of the Nanasivik Airport is unlikely to be needed as a helicopter pad is planned for the naval station site. However the old runway is not marked with an X and could be used as an emergency landing strip.

title: Nanisivik Airport


text:
Pond Inlet Airport

Pond Inlet Airport is located at Pond Inlet, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

title: Pond Inlet Airport


text:
Qikiqtarjuaq Airport

Qikiqtarjuaq Airport is located at Qikiqtarjuaq, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

This airport is a popular stop for pilots ferrying turboprop aircraft between Canada and Europe. It is considerably closer to Greenland (Kangerlussuaq Airport, 767 km) than is Iqaluit Airport (2912 km). Jet fuel is available from the airport fuel supplier. Avgas may be available from the town council, but this needs to be confirmed in advance.

One instrument approach is available, an NDB or GNSS circling approach. Approach minimums are higher than average (2,000 ft MSL, 1,982 ft AGL) due to high terrain in the area. The runway is listed as gravel-surfaced, but is in fact a mixture of very firmly packed fine sand and gravel that has a surface texture similar to asphalt. A large overnight parking area is available, but crew must bring their own tie-down anchors. An airport advisory service, Qikiqtarjuaq Airport Radio, a Community Airport Radio Station (CARS), provides assistance to pilots during normal business hours, and provides weather observation services. An automatic weather observation service (AWOS) operates when Qikiqtarjuaq Radio is unattended. The fuel supplier at the airport can assist with all ground handling arrangements, including transportation, parking, de-icing, and accommodations.

Qikiqtarjuaq is the destination of the eponymous episode of Cabin Pressure, a BBC radio sit-com set in a one-aircraft airline.

title: Qikiqtarjuaq Airport


text:
Rankin Inlet Airport

Rankin Inlet Airport is located at Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

In December 2005 the Government of Nunavut announced that they would spend $3 million to improve the Instrument Landing System and expand the apron.

Canadian NORAD Region Forward Operating Location Rankin Inlet is located on the southwest side of the runway and shares the use of the runway when operations necessitate.

title: Rankin Inlet Airport


text:
Naujaat Airport

Naujaat Airport, formerly Repulse Bay Airport, is located at Naujaat, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

title: Naujaat Airport


text:
Narrow-gap semiconductor

Narrow-gap semiconductors are semiconducting materials with a magnitude of bandgap that is smaller than 0.5 eV, which corresponds to an infrared absorption cut-off wavelength over 2.5 micron. A more extended definition includes all semiconductors with bandgaps smaller than silicon (1.1 eV). Modern terahertz, infrared, and thermographic technologies are all based on this class of semiconductors.

Narrow-gap materials made it possible to realize satellite remote sensing, photonic integrated circuits for telecommunications,  and unmanned vehicle Li-Fi systems, in the regime of Infrared detector and infrared vision. They are also the materials basis for terahertz technology, including security surveillance of concealed weapon uncovering,  safe medical and industrial imaging with terahertz tomography,   as well as dielectric wakefield accelerators. Besides, thermophotovoltaics embedded with narrow-gap semiconductors can potentially use the traditionally wasted portion of solar energy that takes up ~49% of the sun light spectrum. Space crafts, deep ocean instruments, and vacuum physics setups use narrow-gap semiconductors to achieve cryogenic cooling.

List of narrow-gap semiconductors

 * {| class="wikitable"

!Name !Chemical formula !Groups !Band gap (300 K)
 * Mercury cadmium telluride
 * Hg1−xCdxTe
 * II-VI
 * 0 to 1.5 eV
 * Mercury zinc telluride
 * Hg1−xZnxTe
 * II-VI
 * 0.15 to 2.25 eV
 * Lead selenide
 * PbSe
 * IV-VI
 * 0.27 eV
 * Lead(II) sulfide
 * PbS
 * IV-VI
 * 0.37 eV
 * Lead telluride
 * PbTe
 * IV-VI
 * 0.32 eV
 * Indium arsenide
 * InAs
 * III-V
 * 0.354 eV
 * Indium antimonide
 * InSb
 * III-V
 * 0.17 eV
 * Gallium antimonide
 * GaSb
 * III-V
 * 0.67 eV
 * Cadmium arsenide
 * Cd3As2
 * II-V
 * 0.5 to 0.6 eV
 * Bismuth telluride
 * Bi2Te3
 * 0.21 eV
 * Tin telluride
 * SnTe
 * IV-VI
 * 0.18 eV
 * Tin selenide
 * SnSe
 * IV-VI
 * 0.9 eV
 * Silver(I) selenide
 * Ag2Se
 * 0.07 eV
 * Magnesium silicide
 * Mg2Si
 * II-IV
 * 0.79 eV
 * }
 * Tin selenide
 * SnSe
 * IV-VI
 * 0.9 eV
 * Silver(I) selenide
 * Ag2Se
 * 0.07 eV
 * Magnesium silicide
 * Mg2Si
 * II-IV
 * 0.79 eV
 * }
 * Mg2Si
 * II-IV
 * 0.79 eV
 * }

title: Narrow-gap semiconductor


text:
Resolute Bay Airport

Resolute Bay Airport is located at Resolute, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut. It is one of the northernmost airfields in Canada to receive scheduled passenger airline service (Grise Fiord Airport, which is served from Resolute, is the northernmost airport with airline service in Canada while Alert Airport is the northernmost airport in Canada and the world).

Airport
The airport has served as a major transportation hub in the Canadian Arctic. Today the airport is an important refuelling stop for aircraft passing through to other places in the high Arctic such as CFS Alert, Eureka and Mould Bay. Unlike some airports in Nunavut, Resolute is equipped with an ILS precision landing system, allowing for large commercial aircraft operations. The VOR/DME is located atop a hill near the airport. The airport is not equipped with radar; however, during 2011's Operation Nanook, a temporary radar installation was used for the duration of that exercise.

Proposed expansion
The Royal Canadian Air Force is considering a major expansion of the airport to transform it into a key base for Arctic operations. The expansion would include a 3000 m paved runway, hangars, fuel installations and other infrastructure.

The site would provide logistics for search and rescue operations according to a December 2011 briefing from the Arctic Management Office at 1 Canadian Air Division.

Airlines and destinations
Kenn Borek Air also operates charter flights.

Historical passenger airline service
Historically, the airport was served by several airlines operating direct, no-change-of-plane scheduled passenger jet service from such Canadian cities as Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Yellowknife. Airlines included Canadian Airlines, Nordair, Pacific Western Airlines and Transair. Jet aircraft operated in the past in scheduled service into the airport included Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 jetliners. First Air also operated scheduled jet service with Boeing 727-200 as well as with Boeing 727-100 and Boeing 737-200 aircraft in the past.

Nordair was serving Resolute in 1964 with Douglas DC-4 prop aircraft, with twice-weekly flights from Montreal Dorval Airport via intermediate stops in Fort Chimo (now Kuujjuaq), Frobisher Bay (now Iqaluit) and Hall Beach (now Sanirajak). In 1968, Nordair was operating nonstop service from Montreal twice a week with Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation propliners, with the southbound Constellation return flights to Montreal making an intermediate stop in Frobisher Bay, with the airline also operating twice-weekly Douglas DC-4 service to Montreal at this time via en route stops in Frobisher Bay and Hall Beach. Pacific Western Airlines was serving Resolute by 1969 with Douglas DC-6 service, flown once a week, with this flight operating a routing of Edmonton - Yellowknife - Cambridge Bay - Resolute. By 1970, Nordair had introduced Boeing 737-200 jet service direct to Montreal Dorval Airport, with three flights a week being operated via a stop in Frobisher Bay.

According to the February 1, 1976 Official Airline Guide (OAG), three airlines were flying scheduled passenger jet service into the Resolute Bay Airport at this time: Nordair, operating Boeing 737-200 flights twice a week from Montreal Dorval Airport via an intermediate stop in Frobisher Bay; Pacific Western Airlines, operating Boeing 727-100 flights twice a week on a routing of Calgary International Airport - Edmonton International Airport - Yellowknife Airport - Resolute Bay Airport; and Transair, operating Boeing 737-200 flights once a week from Winnipeg via an intermediate stop in Churchill.

The September 15, 1994 OAG listed two airlines flying scheduled jet service into the airport at that time: Canadian Airlines (which formerly operated as CP Air), operating direct Boeing 737 flights from Edmonton twice a week and also twice a week direct from Montreal; and First Air, operating direct Boeing 727 flights from Ottawa once a week in addition to nonstop 727 flights from Yellowknife once a week. Canadian Airlines flights from Edmonton International Airport made intermediate stops in Yellowknife and Cambridge Bay while its flights from Montreal Dorval Airport made intermediate stops at Iqaluit Airport and Nanisivik Airport. The First Air service from Ottawa also made intermediate stops in Iqaluit and Nanisivik. The OAG indicates that Canadian and First Air were both operating gravel kit-equipped combi aircraft versions of their respective Boeing jets on their flights into the airport, with these aircraft being capable of being flown in mixed passenger/freight configuration, and also listed local flights into Resolute from Grise Fiord, Nanisivik and Pond Inlet, operated by Kenn Borek Air with de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter: an STOL turboprop aircraft.

As of early 2022, Canadian North serves Resolute only with twin-turboprop ATR-42 aircraft. Its sole route to Resolute is from Iqaluit, with a stop at Arctic Bay. Boeing 737 jet connections are provided between Montreal/Ottawa and Iqaluit. Any future jet service to Resolute from southern Canadian cities cannot land at Arctic Bay en route, because it has only a 3,935-foot-long runway. The 6,400-foot runway at nearby Nanisivik Airport was closed to civilian air traffic on January 13, 2011, and is 9.2 miles from the new Nanisivik Naval Facility being constructed near Nanisivik. A key reason for siting the new Canadian naval base there is the prior presence of the "jet-capable" runway, which will now become part of the new naval base.

Accidents

 * On March 15, 1951, a Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Douglas C-54 Skymaster crashed on approach. There were no fatalities but the aircraft was a write-off.
 * On June 12, 1968, a Fokker F27 operated by Great Northern Airways crashed on approach to the airport. There were no fatalities but the aircraft was a write-off.
 * On August 20, 2011, First Air Flight 6560, a Boeing 737-200 charter flight transporting eleven passengers from Yellowknife, crashed while approaching the airport. Out of the fifteen people aboard, three passengers survived the crash; the four crew members perished. The extreme magnetic variation in the area was cited as a contributing factor to the crew's errors leading to the crash.

title: Resolute Bay Airport


text:
Sanikiluaq Airport

Sanikiluaq Airport is located at Sanikiluaq, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut. It is one of the few airports in Nunavut that uses magnetic headings for the runway rather than true headings.

Accidents and incidents

 * On December 22, 2012, a Fairchild Metro III twin-engine turboprop aircraft belonging to Perimeter Aviation but chartered by Kivalliq Air crashed near the end of the runway at Sanikiluaq Airport, killing a 6-month-old baby and injuring the 8 other people on board. The cause was not immediately known.

title: Sanikiluaq Airport


text:
Taloyoak Airport

Taloyoak Airport is located 0.75 NM west of Taloyoak, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut.

title: Taloyoak Airport