text:
Template talk:Template sandbox heading

Usage
This template is a reminder for use in the template testing pages: Template:Template sandbox, Template:X1, Template:X2, and Template:X3.

When done editing those pages this template should be replaced there.

TfD'd
This template was listed for deletion on Templates for Deletion. The decision was to keep this template. Please see Templates for deletion/Log/Not deleted/June 2005 for more information. -Frazzydee|✍ 20:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Red links
Can you remove the red links under the "Sandbox Projects" header? Thanks. --- RockMFR 23:19, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Protected edit request fulfilled.¤~Persian Poet Gal (talk) 05:20, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Modification Requested
On the line, "You may also use the template...", the template Template:Template sandbox should be added to the list of experimental templates. --EoL talk 18:16, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * ✅ Done - Nihiltres { t .l } 22:16, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Extend "noinclude", please
I'd like to have the moved to the end of the template. Otherwise, all the introductory text is displayed whenever invoking a prototype template using template sandbox. I can work around this by adding my own ... around the invocation of this template, but that shouldn't be necessary when one is learning templates. Wdfarmer (talk) 07:25, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * With some esoteric use of meta-templates, it is currently possible to transclude a noinclude tag (effectively allowing a single layer of transclusion, but no further), which would seem to have the effect you desire. It works by passing the tag as a parameter to another template, something akin to the subst=subst: trick used in some maintenance templates. Is this a good solution? Leaving up for discussion. – Luna Santin  (talk) 08:46, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * My request is much simpler. I just want the beginning template experimenter to be able to enter a template into the template sandbox, and then invoke it from the normal sandbox by , without seeing all that template sandbox welcome text displayed as a result of the invocation.  To achieve that, it's currently necessary for the user to add ... around the boilerplate text at the top of the template sandbox, ignoring the warnings that tell him not to alter that area. Wdfarmer (talk) 09:18, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps I'm not understanding you correctly, but as I read it you're suggesting we wrap the entire template in noinclude, which seems to defeat the purpose of having a template. I'm probably mistaken or missing something, but it's hard to reply beyond that until you clarify. :) – Luna Santin  (talk) 10:01, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah, yes, I see now that you're correct. What I really want to do is change the default state of template sandbox from

This sandbox is itself a template. This sandbox is for experimenting with templates.

If you defined parameters such as  :
 * First:
 * Second:
 * Name:

 * to

This sandbox is itself a template. This sandbox is for experimenting with templates.

If you defined parameters such as  :
 * First:
 * Second:
 * Name:

 * How can I request that? Wdfarmer (talk) 10:16, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Luna, at least your second use of echo did have a positive effect for me while it was in effect; the header didn't appear when I invoked template sandbox from my sandbox. It's back now, after your revert. Wdfarmer (talk) 21:33, 12 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Not done I agree with this change, but don't think it can be managed by changing this page. You'd have to somehow persuade the sandbox bots to change the text they reset the sandbox to; try asking at the bot owner's talkpage, or maybe WP:BONB --ais523 20:34, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Not knowing the bot's owner, I looked at WP:BONB but I think my request wouldn't fit in there.  Instead, I've posted it at Template talk:Template sandbox, in hopes the responsible person is monitoring that page. Wdfarmer (talk) 23:50, 18 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Follow-up: The User:SoxBot IV cleaning bot appears to have implemented my request. It has cleared the template sandbox including my requested changes, except that it includes the blank line before "If you defined parameters...". That's good enough for me. :) Thanks to the bots creator and owner, User:Soxred93. Wdfarmer (talk) 12:34, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Incorrect display of sandbox project
Please remove undefined from 'word association'.--209.244.31.53 (talk) 03:58, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. --- RockMFR 19:31, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Edit request (make template collapsible)
Hi. On smaller screens/windows, the message this template displays can cover much of the display. This can be irritating when a test template is transcluded. Please, therefore, make it collapsible, especially as it's something that doesn't need to be in constant view once its content has been registered. Thanks. Sardanaphalus (talk) 00:45, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

PS Ditto the "If you defined parameters such as ..." message that follows it. Sardanaphalus (talk) 00:46, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Big change, it needs other opinions. Thanks, PeterSymonds  (talk)  10:55, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response. I think, however, that trying to establish a consensus before making this change might not be the most effective way to proceed, as, by their nature, these test pages are only used momentarily. Instead, how about a WP:BRD approach? If it's met with WP:SILENCE, there's the consensus. Sardanaphalus (talk) 13:27, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Edit request
Please change the line "For uses of sandboxes, see the article sandbox." to "For uses of sandboxes, see the article sandbox (software development)." Sandbox is a disambiguation page, and the link is not helpful to inexperienced users. --Russ (talk) 15:56, 12 November 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ Rjd0060 (talk) 16:00, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Possible error
The final line reads: For a sandbox of your own, create a user subpage here.. The final here links to create or open a user page/sandbox. (e.g. for me). But the subpage should not be capitalised, my regular sandbox is User:DePiep/sandbox. This behaviour also happens when transcluded, e.g. on page -DePiep (talk) 13:18, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

✅ here into here. -DePiep (talk) 10:40, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

Draft:Sandbox as target
I've changed the target sandbox over to Draft:Sandbox since it has VisualEditor enabled. Topic raised at WP:VPT with no objections. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 22:46, 1 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Template sandbox heading


text:
Brian Sipe

Brian Winfield Sipe (born August 8, 1949) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) from 1974 to 1983. He then played in the United States Football League (USFL) for two seasons.

Sipe was born and raised in California. He competed in the 1961 Little League World Series for El Cajon, California, and attended Grossmont High School. Although mostly sidelined for the first several years of his NFL career, Sipe was eventually recognized as one of the better quarterbacks in Browns history, winning the league's Most Valuable Player Award in 1980. He was a college football star under head coach Don Coryell at San Diego State University, where he studied architecture and became the team's quarterbacks coach in 2009, remaining in that role for five years, through 2014.

National Football League
Drafted in the thirteenth round of the 1972 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns, Sipe spent the first two years of his career as a member of the teamʼs reserve squad, seeing no action on the field.

In 1974, Sipe started four games after helping the Browns come back from a 12-point deficit against the Denver Broncos on October 27. However, after winning just one of these four contests (a 21–14 victory against the New England Patriots on November 11), he was replaced by Mike Phipps.

The team's disastrous 1975 season saw Sipe enter the starting lineup after three consecutive losses in which the Browns were outscored 124–26. Sipe's three starts saw the Browns become more competitive, but still resulted in a trio of defeats, sending him back to the sidelines. The following year, he finally moved into a consistent starting role following an opening game injury to Phipps on September 12, 1976. As the team's signal caller that season, he led them to a 9–5 record, a six-game improvement over the previous season. 1976 was the team's second year under head coach Forrest Gregg.

During the first half of the 1977 season, Sipe led the team to five wins in their first seven games. However, on November 13 of that year, Sipe suffered a season-ending shoulder injury at Three Rivers Stadium against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the second quarter of the team's 35–31 defeat. With Phipps gone to the Chicago Bears, the Browns turned to back-up quarterback Dave Mays, who went 1–3 as a starter. The 1977 season also saw a head coaching change as Gregg was fired and defensive coordinator Dick Modzelewski took over for the final game. Sipe came back the following year to throw for more than 2,900 yards and 21 touchdown passes, but the team's overall inconsistency resulted in an 8–8 finish.

Serving as the catalyst for many thrilling moments during the 1979 and 1980 seasons, Sipe helped the team earn the nickname "Kardiac Kids." The designation was in recognition of their tendency to produce heart-stopping comeback victories in the final minutes of many games. Over the course of these two seasons, Sipe led the Browns to eight comebacks and eleven game-winning drives in the fourth quarter or overtime.

Sipe led Cleveland to a 4–0 start in 1979, including a season opening overtime win over the New York Jets.

1980 Most Valuable Player award season
In 1980, Sipe passed for 4,132 yards and 30 touchdowns, helping to lead the Browns to their first postseason berth since 1972. Individually, his efforts earned him the NFL Most Valuable Player award and a selection to the 1981 Pro Bowl. To this day, it is still the Browns single season passing yards record, as well as the only time a Browns quarterback threw for 4,000 yards in a season.

At the end of the divisional playoff game the Browns played against the Raiders, the Browns trailed by a score of 14–12. After the Browns forced the Raiders to turn the ball over on downs on the Browns' 15-yard line, Sipe led the Browns back down the field, reaching the Raiders 13-yard line in 9 plays. With just 49 seconds remaining, the Browns could have kicked a game-winning field goal, but due to the brutally cold and windy weather in Cleveland that day, which made a field goal attempt significantly more risky than usual, Browns' head coach Sam Rutigliano instead opted to pass the ball. Sipe attempted a pass to tight end Ozzie Newsome, but it was intercepted in the end zone by Raiders safety Mike Davis. That play brought the Browns' season to a heartbreaking close, while the Raiders went on to win Super Bowl XV over the Philadelphia Eagles. The play call - "Red Right 88" – was immortalized in Cleveland sports infamy.

1981 and 1982 seasons
Despite throwing for 3,876 yards the following season, Sipeʼs Browns struggled to a 5–11 mark. In 1982, Sipe and the Browns won just two of the team's first six games in the strike-marred NFL season, and Sipe was benched in favor of third-year signal caller Paul McDonald.

United States Football League
Sipe regained his starting role the following year, but angered Browns management by negotiating with New Jersey Generals of the United States Football League during the season. Sipe finished the 1983 season with 3,566 passing yards and 26 touchdown passes. Sipe had led Cleveland to a 9–7 record and the team just missed qualifying for the American Football Conference playoffs. He then signed with the Generals and played for them in 1984, before concluding his career with the Jacksonville Bulls in 1985. Sipe's contract with the New Jersey was a three-year deal for $600,000 annually.

Post-playing career
Sipe lives in San Diego and coached the football team at Santa Fe Christian School in Solana Beach, California, where he helped the Eagles to four CIF titles and a combined record of 75–21–1. Sipe was hired on January 18, 2009, as the quarterbacks coach for his alma mater, San Diego State. Sipe served in that role through the end of the 2014 season.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brian Sipe


text:
Endovenous laser treatment

Endovenous laser treatment (ELT) is a minimally invasive ultrasound-guided technique used for treating varicose veins using laser energy commonly performed by a phlebologist, interventional radiologist or vascular surgeon.

Methods
Endovenous laser treatment treats varicose veins using an optical fiber that is inserted into the vein to be treated, and laser light, normally in the infrared portion of the spectrum, shines into the interior of the vein. This causes the vein to contract, and the optical fiber is slowly withdrawn. Some minor complications can occur, including thrombophlebitis, pain, hematoma, edema and infection, which can lead to cellulitis.

EVLT has the same meaning as ELT, but it is a trademark name owned by Diomed and used as the name for their 910 nm laser treatment unit for ELT. The 810 nm laser is the original laser fiber wavelength as pioneered by Dr. Luis Navarro, Dr. Carlos Bone and Dr. Robert Min, at the Vein Treatment Center in New York, New York. Subsequently, various other fibers with different wavelengths have become available. The varying wavelength each aim to maximize local damage to a component of the varicose vein or the blood contained in it while minimizing damage to adjacent tissues.

During the procedure, a catheter bearing a laser fiber is inserted under ultrasound guidance into the great saphenous vein (GSV) or small saphenous vein (SSV) through a small puncture. The catheter is then advanced, also under ultrasound guidance, to the level of the groin or knee crease. Dilute local anesthesia is injected around and along the vein (perivascular infiltration) using ultrasound imaging to place the local anesthetic solution around the vein, mostly in a sub-facial location. This technique derives from the tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) method long used and proven safe and effective for some methods of liposuction. The laser is activated whilst the catheter or laser fiber is slowly withdrawn, resulting in obliteration of the saphenous vein along its entire length. The treatment, which is performed without sedation, usually takes between 1 and two hours, and the patient walks out under his or her own power. The leg is bandaged and/or placed in a stocking that the patient wears for up to three weeks afterwards.

Foam sclerotherapy or ambulatory phlebectomy is often performed at the time of the procedure or within the first 1–2 weeks to treat branch varicose veins. However, some physicians do not perform these procedures at the time of the ELT because the varicose veins can improve on their own as a result of reduced reflux from the great saphenous vein.

Complications
Complications of endovenous laser treatment can be categorized as minor, or serious. Minor complications include bruising (51%), hematoma (2.3%), temporary numbness (3.8%), phlebitis (7.4%), induration (46.7%), and a sensation of tightness (24.8%). More serious complications include skin burns (0.5%), deep venous thrombosis (0.4%), pulmonary embolism (0.1%), and nerve injury (0.8%). These rates of complications are derived from the Australian MSAC review of all available literature on the procedure. Retinal damage is a serious but very rare complication (<1%) that can occur during the use of lasers. If the fiber breaks or if the laser is activated when the laser is outside of the body, reflected laser light may cause a focal permanent retinal deficit or "blind spot" or scotoma. The nominal hazard zone (NHZ) or space within which the level of direct, scattered, or reflected laser radiation exceeds the maximum permissible exposure (MPE), varies by the wavelength of the laser and is shorter (17 inches) with the newer 1470 nm laser. Use of appropriate protective eyeware specific to the wavelength laser being used prevents accidental injury.

Clinical evaluations
A 2005 report from one practice, summarising results of 1,000 limbs treated over a 5-year period with EVLT showed that 98% of the treated vessels at up to 60 months follow-up remained closed, with complications and side effects such as temporary paresthesia and DVTs below 0.5%.

The Australian Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) in 2008 has determined that endovenous laser treatment for varicose veins "appears to be more effective in the short term, and at least as effective overall, as the comparative procedure of junction ligation and vein stripping for the treatment of varicose veins." It also found in its assessment of available literature, that "occurrence rates of more severe complications such as DVT, nerve injury and paresthesia, post-operative infections and hematomas, appears to be greater after ligation and stripping than after EVLT". A study of 516 treated veins over 69 months by Elmore and Lackey reported a success rate of 98.1%.

Endovenous thermal ablation (EVTA) by radiofrequency or laser is a safe and effective treatment of refluxing great saphenous veins (GSVs) and has replaced traditional high ligation and stripping in official recommendations of various leading Vascular Societies in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Postoperative instructions
Patients are usually fitted with Class 3 (30-40mmHg) graduated compression stockings and/or bandages for up to 12 hours weeks. Duplex ultrasound is used during follow-up to assess the success of treatment, if there is a need for additional sclerotherapy or any deep vein thrombosis that has formed as an EHIT secondary to procedure.

title: Endovenous laser treatment


text:
File:JackInABox.jpg

Fair use rationale for Jackinabox
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

title: File:JackInABox.jpg


text:
Talk:Noobelf

This page should NOT be deleted because there is one noobelf spamming in it. It's a legitimate article that applies to anyone who has ever played warcraft III, as well as those interested in internet culture.

 * As a person who's been playing Warcraft III since it came out (in europe) I can tell you: NEVER in my life have I EVER heard any play get referred to as a 'noobelf' and it is my personal assesment that it is a term made up by the original poster of this article. And I personally feel that it should be deleted on the basis that it is quite simply too obscure to have a place on Wiki. Furthermore it is not NPOV-compliant and it lacks an encyclopedic structure.

Robrecht 8 July 2005 16:37 (UTC)

I'm totally disputing this
This article is:

Extremely obscure, it has no true relevance to anything outside a single game, more over the term itself is obscure. While the behaviour referred to in the article does occur and I'm aware of it myself, 'noobelf' or 'noobelfing' is NOT common terminology used for this behaviour.

Furthermore the article is in NPOV violation, since it repeatedly states opinions and uses opionated language and made up words such as 'This perplexing view arises' and 'overpoweredness', 'underpowedered' and the whole tirade against Blizzard Employee T Caldwell.

On the whole this article is an attempt made by one group of people to make derisive comments about another group of people, all the while trying and failing to make it sound like an informative piece.

I'm putting this one up for deletion. Robrecht 23:35, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Noobelf


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The King's Demons

The King's Demons is the sixth and final serial of the 20th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was originally broadcast on BBC1 on 15 and 16 March 1983. This serial introduced Kamelion, voiced by Gerald Flood, as a companion.

The serial is set in an English castle in 1215. In the serial, the alien time traveller the Master (Anthony Ainley) uses the robot Kamelion to imitate King John of England as part of the Master's plot to have the real King John overthrown and thus prevent the signing of Magna Carta.

Plot
In 1215, the Court of King John of England is at the castle of Sir Ranulf Fitzwilliam to extort more taxes, and when the lord refuses to pay the King insults him. To defend his honour his son Hugh takes on the King's champion, Sir Gilles Estram, in a joust. The latter wins easily, though the joust is disturbed by the arrival of the TARDIS. The Fifth Doctor, Tegan, and Turlough are greeted as demons and welcomed by the King.

Having established the date, the Doctor concludes the King is not himself – in fact, he is not the King at all, as he is actually in London taking the Crusader’s Oath. Sir Geoffrey de Lacy, the cousin of Sir Ranulf, arrives at the castle and confirms he knows the King is in London. Sir Gilles is about to torture him as a liar during a royal banquet when the Doctor intervenes. It seems the King's champion is not who he claims to be, either: Sir Gilles sheds his disguise and reveals himself to be the Doctor's nemesis, the Master. He flees in his own TARDIS, which had been disguised as an iron maiden.

The King knights the Doctor as his new champion, and he is given run of the castle. After a series of mishaps, including the death of Sir Geoffrey at the Master's hands, the Doctor confronts the King and the Master and discovers the truth. The monarch is really Kamelion, a war weapon found by the Master on Xeriphas, which can be mentally controlled and used to adopt disguises and personas. Disguised as King John, the Master intends that Kamelion will behave so appallingly so as to provoke a rebellion and topple the real King from his throne, thus robbing the world of Magna Carta, the foundation of parliamentary democracy. It is a small plan on the Master's usual scale, but nevertheless particularly poisonous to the normal progress of Earth society.

The Doctor resolves the situation by testing the Master in a battle of wills for control over Kamelion. He takes control of the robot and steals it away in the TARDIS, thus foiling the Master's scheme. Kamelion reverts to its robot form and thanks the Doctor for his assistance and rescue. Kamelion asks to stay aboard the TARDIS, though Tegan seems unsure. When the Doctor suggests returning Tegan to Earth, Tegan however says she still wants to stay. The crew then head off for the Eye of Orion.

Production
The story was repeated on BBC1 on consecutive Fridays 6–13 July 1984, achieving viewing figures of 3.3 and 5.0 million respectively. The working titles for this story were The Android, The Demons, A Knight's Tale and Demons Keeper. Part One of this story was billed by the BBC as the six hundredth episode of Doctor Who.

This story marked the first appearance of Kamelion as voiced by Gerald Flood. Freelance effects designer Richard Gregory and software designer Mike Power gave a demonstration of the robot prototype for Nathan-Turner and Saward. Nathan-Turner was so impressed he commissioned scriptwriter Terence Dudley to develop a storyline to introduce Kamelion into the series. Shortly after filming, however, Power died in a boating accident and no one was able to continue his work. Subsequently, Kamelion made only two appearances before being written out of the series.

In the story, the Master disguises himself as Sir Gilles Estram, Estram being an anagram of "Master". To hide Ainley's return, Sir Gilles was credited in the Radio Times as having been played by "James Stoker", an anagram of "Master's Joke".

This story marks the last appearance of the TARDIS console room set, which had been in use since The Invisible Enemy. A new console room would debut in the next story, "The Five Doctors", although the console itself would be reused as the Second Doctor's console in The Two Doctors.

According to the extensive production documentation released from the archive as part of the Season 20 - The Collection Box Set in September 2023, Eleanor Bron was offered the part of Queen Isabella. Bron was later cast as Kara in the Season 22 story Revelation of the Daleks.

In print
A novelisation of this serial, written by Terence Dudley, was published by Target Books in February 1986.

Home media
The King's Demons was released on VHS in November 1995 in a box set along with a special edition of the subsequent serial "The Five Doctors" and a postcard book. It and Planet of Fire were released in a Kamelion-themed DVD box set on 14 June 2010. In September 2023, the story was released again in an upgraded format for Blu-ray, being included with the other stories from Season 20 in the Doctor Who - The Collection Box Set.

title: The King's Demons


text: User talk:83.88.173.87

title: User talk:83.88.173.87


text:
Sherrington (crater)

Sherrington is a small lunar impact crater that intrudes into the southwest outer rim of the much larger crater Langemak. To the south-southwest is Kondratyuk. Sherrington is located on the Moon's far side and it cannot be viewed directly from the Earth.

The rim of this crater is elongated along the western side, giving it a slight tear-drop shape. The rim is free from significant wear and the inner walls slope down relatively sharply to the interior floor.

title: Sherrington (crater)


text:
Board of Supervision of Estate Agents (Sweden)

Swedish Board of Supervision of Estate Agents (Fastighetsmäklarnämnden) is a Swedish government agency that answers to the Ministry of Finance. The agency is located in Karlstad, Värmland's County.

It handles tasks related to the state supervision of real estate agents.


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Cafestol

Cafestol is a diterpenoid molecule present in coffee beans. It is one of the compounds that may be responsible for proposed biological and pharmacological effects of coffee.

Research into biological activity
Coffee consumption has been associated with a number of effects on health and cafestol has been proposed to produce these through a number of biological actions. Studies have shown that regular consumption of boiled coffee increases serum cholesterol whereas filtered coffee does not. Cafestol may act as an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor and pregnane X receptor, blocking cholesterol homeostasis. Thus cafestol can increase cholesterol synthesis.

Cafestol has also shown anticarcinogenic properties in rats.

Cafestol also has neuroprotective effects in a Drosophila fruit fly model of Parkinson's disease.

title: Cafestol


text:
Talk:The King's Demons

Untitled
stub ready at The King's Demons/Temp. Please delete this page and move that page here. Tim! (talk) 17:27, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. --khaosworks 16:14, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Outside References
I'm not sure how to clean this up. The comment states that the oldest known iron maiden is the Iron Maiden of Nuremberg, "which was built in 1515." Except, if you click through to the iron maiden article, it says the Nuremberg's history was a hoax, and no references to the iron maiden can be found before 1793! What do y'all think is the best way to phrase this? -- DrGaellon (talk | contribs) 23:40, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Lead Section Discussion
It says that there is not enough information in the lead section, however any other information can easily be found on the side bar and need not be repeated. Many of the other serials of Doctor Who have just as little information, so why does this one provoke a lack of information prompt? Lineov (talk) 02:18, 8 October 2011 (UTC)Lineov

TV Series Set in the Middle Ages
Should this really be in this category, considering that it is not an actual TV Series, but just a part of a larger series? Of course that category is pretty bad anyway, I just deleted three fantasy series from it because they don't have any business being on there. Kirschkuchen (talk) 22:50, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:The King's Demons


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National Board of Fisheries (Sweden)

Swedish National Board of Fisheries (Fiskeriverket) was a Swedish government agency within the Ministry of Rural Affairs. It was located in Gothenburg and was the central government authority for fisheries in Sweden. It was established in 1948. It ceased to exist on 1 July 2011.

title: National Board of Fisheries (Sweden)


text:
Oscillococcinum

Oscillococcinum (or Oscillo) is a homeopathic preparation marketed to relieve flu-like symptoms, although it does not provide any benefit beyond that of a placebo.

Oscillococcinum is promoted according to the homeopathic principle that "like cures like", and that a disease can be cured by small amounts of the substance that cause similar symptoms. Boiron is its sole manufacturer. Oscillococcinum is used in more than 50 countries, being particularly popular in France, and has been in production for over 65 years.

Oscillococcinum was originally proposed by the French physician Joseph Roy, on the basis of his misidentification of a supposed oscillating bacterium he named oscillococcus in victims of the Spanish flu epidemic of 1917–1918. Roy said he had seen the same bacterium in cancer sufferers, and proposed a homeopathic preparation (which he claimed to have isolated in a duck) as a remedy for the Spanish flu. The microbes Roy said he saw have never been independently observed by any other researcher. In addition, it is now known that influenza is caused by a virus and not a bacterium.

The preparation is derived from duck liver and heart, diluted to 200C—a ratio of one part duck offal to 10400 parts water. Homeopaths claim that the molecules leave an "imprint" in the dilution that causes a healing effect on the body. There is no evidence that supports this mechanism or efficacy beyond placebo.

Origin and history
The word Oscillococcinum was coined by the French physician Joseph Roy (1891–1978) in his 1925 book Towards Knowledge and the Cure of Cancer. Roy wrote that while on military duty during the Spanish flu epidemic of 1917 he had observed an oscillating bacterium in the blood of flu victims, which he named Oscillococcus.

Roy subsequently claimed to have observed the microbe in the blood of patients that had viral diseases like herpes, chicken pox, and shingles. He thought it to be the causative agent of diseases as varied as eczema, rheumatism, tuberculosis, measles, and cancer. Roy searched for the "bacterium" in several animals until he felt that he had found it on the liver of a Long Island duckling. Believing he had also detected it in the blood of cancer patients, he tried a vaccine-like therapy on them, which was unsuccessful.

The microbe has never been independently observed by another researcher, and it remains unclear what, if anything, Roy actually saw. Moreover, medical science has since disproved Roy's "universal germ" theory: rheumatism, for example, is not caused by bacteria, and measles is caused by a virus far too small for Roy to have observed in his optical microscope.

The modern preparation is created from the heart and liver of Muscovy duck (see the preparation section for the details).

In France, the selling of all products manufactured according to the Korsakovian principle of dilution was forbidden until 1992, with the exception of Oscillo, thanks to a special measure made for it. , Oscillococcinum was one of the top ten selling drugs in France, was publicised widely in the media, and was being prescribed for both flu and the common cold. , sales in the United States totalled US$15 million per year; Oscillo also sells widely in Europe.

In 2019, the McGill Office for Science and Society released a survey of 150 pharmacies in Montreal, Quebec, finding that two thirds of them carried Oscillococcinum.

Preparation
The ingredients of a one-gram tube of Oscillococcinum are listed as follows:
 * Active ingredient: Anas Barbariae Hepatis et Cordis Extractum (extract of Muscovy duck liver and heart) 200CK HPUS 1 × 10−400 g which is much less than the mass of a proton (1.67 ×  10−24 g).
 * Inactive ingredient: 0.85 g sucrose, 0.15 g lactose (100% sugar).

The 200CK indicates that the preparation entails a series of 200 dilutions of the starting ingredient, an extract from the heart and liver of a Muscovy duck. Each step entails a 1:100 dilution, where the first mixture contains 1% of the extract, the second contains 1% of the first mixture, etc. The K indicates that it is prepared by the Korsakovian method, in which rather than 1% of the preparation being measured out at each stage and then diluted, a single vessel is repeatedly emptied, refilled, and vigorously shaken (in homeopathic terminology "succussed"), and it is simply assumed that 1% remains in the vessel each time. This series of dilutions would result in one molecule of the original substance being present in 10400 molecules of solute; for comparison, the atmosphere of the entire planet Earth is estimated to constitute around 1.04×1044 molecules (i.e. one molecule of duck offal per 10356 Earth atmospheres).

Oscillococcinum is generally considered harmless. When Boiron (the company that makes oscillococcinum) spokeswoman Gina Casey was asked if a product made from the heart and liver of a duck was safe, she replied: "Of course it is safe. There's nothing in it."

Efficacy
There is no compelling scientific evidence that Oscillococcinum has any effect beyond placebo. None of its active ingredient is present in a dose of the final product, nor is there any credible evidence that duck liver is effective in relieving (or causing) flu symptoms in the first place. Homeopaths claim the diluted molecules leave an "imprint" in the remedy, but there is no known mechanism for how this could occur. Homeopathy as a whole is widely considered to be pseudoscience.

As Robert L. Park, a critic of alternative medicine, explains, some of the characteristics of flu may suggest that Oscillococcinum works. Since the flu normally goes away on its own in a variable number of days, the natural course of the disease is a potential source of error in assessing the efficacy of any intervention: if one takes any medication, and then one's flu goes away, there is a tendency to attribute this to the medication even though the infection would have resolved anyway, which is an example of the informal fallacy post hoc ergo propter hoc. Someone who gets over a mild strain of flu may attribute the mildness to the efficacy of the homeopathic preparation and not to the fact that it was a mild strain, and might recommend it to other people, spreading its popularity. Also, the most likely explanation for its effectiveness with flu symptoms is that patients are misdiagnosing the symptoms of several rhinovirus diseases or of allergies to several hundred substances, and attributing them to a flu infection that they do not have.

A 2005 review of flu treatments (vaccine, medicine, homeopathy) concluded that the popularity of Oscillococcinum in France was unsupported by any evidence of efficacy. In a 2007 review, the effectiveness of non-mainstream remedies against seasonal flu could not be established beyond reasonable doubt, and the evidence was found to be sparse and limited by "small sample sizes, low methodological quality, or clinically irrelevant effect sizes", and that the results strengthened using conventional approaches for treating flu. A Cochrane review published in December 2015 found that there was insufficient evidence to make a conclusion about whether Oscillococcinum was useful for influenza.

Lawsuits and criticisms
The non-profit educational organizations Center for Inquiry (CFI) and the associated Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) have petitioned the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), criticizing Boiron for misleading labeling and advertising of Oscillococcinum. "One petition complains that Boiron's packaging for Oscillococcinum lists the alleged active ingredient – duck liver and heart – in Latin only. Another petition complains that Boiron's web ad for this product implies that it has received FDA approval." Ronald Lindsay, CFI and CSI president and chief executive officer, contended that, "If Boiron is going to sell snake oil, the least they can do is use English on their labels."

A class action lawsuit was filed against Boiron on behalf of "all California residents who purchased Oscillo at any time within the past four years". The lawsuit charged that Boiron "falsely advertises that Oscillo has the ability to cure the flu because it contains an active ingredient it claims is proven to get rid of flu symptoms in 48 hours". The lawsuit also stated that the listed active ingredient in Oscillococcinum (Oscillo) "is actually Muscovy Duck Liver and Heart ... and has no known medicinal quality." A settlement was reached, with Boiron denying any wrongdoing and agreeing to make several changes to its marketing of the product. These changes included adding to their packaging notices like "These 'Uses' have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration" and "C, K, CK, and X are homeopathic dilutions."

Since 2011, at least two class action lawsuits on behalf of customers who purchased Oscillococcinum have been filed against Boiron in the United States, alleging that Boiron falsely advertises that Oscillo has the ability to cure the flu. A proposed settlement was reached in August 2012. While the settlement was challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by one class member who opposed the settlement, on February 24, 2015, the Ninth Circuit issued a decision upholding approval of the class action settlement.

Boiron's legal threats against Samuele Riva for writing criticisms on his website were rebuffed by his web hosting company, and the debacle was described as producing a Streisand effect against Boiron.

title: Oscillococcinum


text:
Gold(III) chloride

Gold(III) chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is an inorganic compound of gold and chlorine with the molecular formula Au2Cl6. The "III" in the name indicates that the gold has an oxidation state of +3, typical for many gold compounds. It has two forms, the monohydrate (AuCl3·H2O) and the anhydrous form, which are both hygroscopic and light-sensitive solids. This compound is a dimer of AuCl3. This compound has a few uses, such as an oxidizing agent and for catalyzing various organic reactions.

Structure
AuCl3 exists as a chloride-bridged dimer both as a solid and vapour, at least at low temperatures. Gold(III) bromide behaves analogously. The structure is similar to that of iodine(III) chloride.

Each gold center is square planar in gold(III) chloride, which is typical of a metal complex with a d8 electron count. The bonding in AuCl3 is considered somewhat covalent.

Properties
Gold(III) chloride is a diamagnetic light-sensitive red crystalline solid that forms the orange monohydrate, AuCl3 · H2O; the anhydrous and monohydrate are both hygroscopic. The anhydrous form absorbs moisture from the air to form the monohydrate which can be reversed by the addition of thionyl chloride.

Preparation
Gold(III) chloride was first prepared in 1666 by Robert Boyle by the reaction of metallic gold and chlorine gas at 180 °C:
 * 2 Au + 3 Cl2 → Au2Cl6

This method is the most common method of preparing gold(III) chloride. It can also be prepared by reacting gold powder with iodine monochloride:
 * 2 Au + 6 ICl → 2 AuCl3 + 3 I2

The chlorination reaction can be conducted in the presence of tetrabutylammonium chloride, the product being the lipophilic salt tetrabutylammonium tetrachloraurate.

Another method of preparation is via chloroauric acid, which is obtained by first dissolving the gold powder in aqua regia to give chloroauric acid:
 * Au + HNO3 + 4 HCl → H[AuCl4] + 2 H2O + NO

The resulting chloroauric acid is subsequently heated in an inert atmosphere at around 100 °C to give Au2Cl6:
 * 2 H[AuCl4] → Au2Cl6 + 2 HCl

Decomposition
Anhydrous AuCl3 begins to decompose to AuCl (gold(I) chloride) at around 160 °C, however, this, in turn, undergoes disproportionation at higher temperatures to give gold metal and AuCl3:
 * AuCl3 → AuCl + Cl2 (160 °C)
 * 3 AuCl → AuCl3 + 2 Au (>210 °C)

Due to the disproportionation of AuCl, above 210 °C, most of the gold is in the form of elemental gold.

Gold(III) chloride is more stable in a chlorine atmosphere and can sublime at around 200 °C without any decomposition. In a chlorine atmosphere, AuCl3 decomposes at 254 °C yielding AuCl which in turn decomposes at 282 °C to elemental gold. This fact that no gold chlorides can exist above 400 °C is used in the Miller process.

Other reactions
AuCl3 is a Lewis acid and readily forms complexes. For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to form chloroauric acid (H[AuCl4]):
 * HCl + AuCl3 → H+ + [AuCl4]−

Chloroauric acid is the product formed when gold dissolves in aqua regia.

On contact with water, AuCl3 forms acidic hydrates and the conjugate base [AuCl3(OH)]−. A Fe(2+) ion may reduce it, causing elemental gold to be precipitated from the solution.

Other chloride sources, such as KCl, also convert AuCl3 into [AuCl4]−. Aqueous solutions of AuCl3 react with an aqueous base such as sodium hydroxide to form a precipitate of Au(OH)3, which will dissolve in excess NaOH to form sodium aurate (NaAuO2). If gently heated, Au(OH)3 decomposes to gold(III) oxide, Au2O3, and then to gold metal.

Gold(III) chloride is the starting point for the chemical synthesis of many other gold compounds. For example, the reaction with potassium cyanide produces the water-soluble complex, K[Au(CN)4]:
 * AuCl3 + 4 KCN → K[Au(CN)4] + 3 KCl

Gold(III) fluoride can be also produced from gold(III) chloride by reacting it with bromine trifluoride.

Gold(III) chloride reacts with benzene under mild conditions (reaction times of a few minutes at room temperature) to produce the dimeric phenylgold(III) dichloride; a variety of other arenes undergo a similar reaction:
 * 2 PhH + Au2Cl6 → [PhAuCl2]2 + 2 HCl

Gold(III) chloride reacts with carbon monoxide in a variety of ways. For example, the reaction of anhydrous AuCl3 and carbon monoxide under SOCl2 produces gold(I,III) chloride with Au(CO)Cl as an intermediate:
 * 2 AuCl3 + 2 CO → Au4Cl8 + 2 COCl2

If carbon monoxide is in excess, Au(CO)Cl is produced instead.

However, under tetrachloroethylene and at 120 °C, gold(III) chloride is first reduced to gold(I) chloride, which further reacts to form Au(CO)Cl. AuCl3 is also known to catalyze the production of phosgene.

Applications
Although gold(III) chloride has no commercial uses, it has many uses in the laboratory.

Organic synthesis
Since 2003, AuCl3 has attracted the interest of organic chemists as a mild acid catalyst for various reactions, although no transformations have been commercialised. Gold(III) salts, especially Na[AuCl4], provide an alternative to mercury(II) salts as catalysts for reactions involving alkynes. An illustrative reaction is the hydration of terminal alkynes to produce acetyl compounds.

 * Example of gold-catalyzed alkyne hydration reaction.svg

Gold catalyses the alkylation of certain aromatic rings and the conversion of furans to phenols. Some alkynes undergo amination in the presence of gold(III) catalysts. For example, a mixture of acetonitrile and gold(III) chloride catalyses the alkylation of 2-methylfuran by methyl vinyl ketone at the 5-position:

 * Alkylation reaction of 2-methylfuran with methyl vinyl ketone.svg

The efficiency of this organogold reaction is noteworthy because both the furan and the ketone are sensitive to side reactions such as polymerisation under acidic conditions. In some cases where alkynes are present, phenols sometimes form (Ts is an abbreviation for tosyl):

 * AuCl3 phenol synthesis.svg

This reaction involves a rearrangement that gives a new aromatic ring.

Another example of an AuCl3 catalyzed reaction is a hydroarylation, which is basically a Friedel-Crafts reaction using metal-alkyne complexes. Example, the reaction of mesitylene with phenylacetylene:

 * Hydroarylation_reetz.png

Gold(III) chloride can be used for the direct oxidation of primary amines into ketones, such as the oxidation of cyclohexylamine to cyclohexanone.
 * Example of oxidation by AuCl3.png

This reaction is pH sensitive, requiring a mildly acidic pH to proceed, however, it does not require any additional steps.

In the production of organogold(III) compounds, AuCl3 is used as a source of gold. A main example of this is the production of monoarylgold(III) complexes, which are produced by direct electrophilic auration of arenes by gold(III) chloride.

Gold nanoparticles
Gold(III) chloride is used in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, which are extensively studied for their unique size-dependent properties and applications in fields such as electronics, optics, and biomedicine. Gold nanoparticles can be prepared by reducing gold(III) chloride with a reducing agent such as sodium tetrafluoroborate, followed by stabilization with a capping agent.

Photography
Gold(III) chloride has been used historically in the photography industry as a sensitizer in the production of photographic films and papers. However, with the advent of digital photography, its use in this field has diminished.

Natural occurrence
This compound does not occur naturally; however, a similar compound with the formula AuO(OH,Cl)·nH2O is known as a product of natural gold oxidation.

title: Gold(III) chloride


text:
Metadata (CLI)

Metadata, in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), refers to certain data structures embedded within the Common Intermediate Language (CIL) code that describes the high-level structure of the code. Metadata describes all classes and class members that are defined in the assembly, and the classes and class members that the current assembly will call from another assembly. The metadata for a method contains the complete description of the method, including the class (and the assembly that contains the class), the return type and all of the method parameters.

A CLI language compiler will generate the metadata and store this in the assembly containing the CIL. When the run-time executes CIL it will check to make sure that the metadata of the called method is the same as the metadata that is stored in the calling method. This ensures that a method can only be called with exactly the right number of parameters and exactly the right parameter types.

The Windows Runtime application platform, present in Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8, makes use of the CLI metadata format to describe component interfaces for code written in any of the supported programming languages. A difference in use within the Common Language Runtime is that an assembly typically does not contain any CIL instructions.

Attributes
Developers can add metadata to their code through attributes. There are two types of attributes, custom and pseudo custom attributes, and to the developer these have the same syntax. Attributes in code are messages to the compiler to generate metadata. In CIL, metadata such as inheritance modifiers, scope modifiers, and almost anything that isn't either opcodes or streams, are also referred to as attributes.

A custom attribute is a regular class that inherits from the  class. A custom attribute can be used on any method, property, class or entire assembly with the syntax:  as in:

Custom attributes are used by CLI extensively. Windows Communication Framework uses attributes to define service contracts, ASP.NET uses these to expose methods as web services, LINQ to SQL uses them to define the mapping of classes to the underlying relational schema, Visual Studio uses them to group together properties of an object, the class developer indicates the category for the object's class by applying the  custom attribute. Custom attributes are interpreted by application code and not the CLR. When the compiler sees a custom attribute it will generate custom metadata that is not recognised by the CLR. The developer has to provide code to read the metadata and act on it. As an example, the attribute shown in the example can be handled by the code:

The name of the class is mapped to the attribute name. The Visual C# compiler automatically adds the string " " at the end of any attribute name. Consequently, every attribute class name should end with this string, but it is legal to define an attribute without the -suffix. When affixing an attribute to an item, the compiler will look for both the literal name and the name with  added to the end, i. e. if you were to write   the compiler would look for both   and. If both exist, the compiler fails. The attribute can be prefixed with " " if you don't want to risk ambiguity, so writing  will not match. Using the attribute invokes the constructor of the class. Overloaded constructors are supported. Name-Value pairs are mapped to properties, the name denotes the name of the property and the value supplied is set by the property.

Sometimes there is ambiguity concerning to what you are affixing the attribute. Consider the following code:

What has been marked as orange? Is it the, its return value, or perhaps the entire assembly? In this case, the compiler will default, and treat the attribute as being affixed to the method. If this is not what was intended, or if the author wishes to clarify their code, an attribute target may be specified. Writing  will mark the return value as orange,   will mark the entire assembly. The valid targets are,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   and.

A pseudo-custom attribute is used just like regular custom attributes but they do not have a custom handler; rather the compiler has intrinsic awareness of the attributes and handles the code marked with such attributes differently. Attributes such as  and   are implemented as pseudo-custom attributes. Pseudo-custom attributes should never be used by ILAsm, as it has adequate syntax to describe the metadata.

Metadata storage
Assemblies contain tables of metadata. These tables are described by the CIL specification. The metadata tables will have zero or more entries and the position of an entry determines its index. When CIL code uses metadata it does so through a metadata token. This is a 32-bit value where the top 8 bits identify the appropriate metadata table, and the remaining 24 bits give the index of the metadata in the table. The Framework SDK contains a sample called metainfo that will list the metadata tables in an assembly, however, this information is rarely of use to a developer. Metadata in an assembly may be viewed using the ILDASM tool provided by the .NET Framework SDK.

In the CIL standard, metadata is defined in ILAsm (assembly language) form, an on-disk representation form for storage, and a form that is embedded into assemblies of the Portable Executable (PE, .exe or .dll) format. The PE form is based on the on-disk form.

Reflection
Reflection is the API used to read CLI metadata. The reflection API provides a logical view of metadata rather than the literal view provided by tools like metainfo. Reflection in version 1.1 of the .NET framework can be used to inspect the descriptions of classes and their members, and invoke methods. However, it does not allow runtime access to the CIL for a method. Version 2.0 of the framework allows the CIL for a method to be obtained.

Other metadata tools
Besides the System.Reflection namespace, other tools are also available that can be used to handle metadata. The Microsoft .NET Framework ships a CLR metadata manipulation library that is implemented in native code. Third-party tools to retrieve and manipulate metadata include PostSharp and Mono Cecil can also be used.

title: Metadata (CLI)


text:
Cleopatra Selene II

Cleopatra Selene II (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Σελήνη; summer 40 BC – c. 5 BC; the numeration is modern) was a Ptolemaic princess, Queen of Numidia (briefly in 25 BC) and Mauretania (25 BC – 5 BC) and Queen of Cyrenaica (34 BC – 30 BC ). She was an important royal woman in the early Augustan age.

Cleopatra Selene was the only daughter of Greek Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Roman Triumvir Mark Antony. In the Donations of Antioch and of Alexandria, she was made queen of Cyrenaica and Libya. After Antony and Cleopatra's defeat at Actium and their suicides in Egypt in 30 BC, Selene and her brothers were brought to Rome and placed in the household of Octavian's sister, Octavia the Younger, a former wife of her father.

Selene married Juba II of Numidia and Mauretania. She had great influence in Mauretania's government decisions, especially regarding trade and construction projects. During their reign, the country became extremely wealthy. The couple had a son and successor, Ptolemy of Mauretania. Through their granddaughter Drusilla, the Ptolemaic line intermarried into Roman nobility for many generations.

Childhood

Cleopatra Selene was born approximately 40 BC in Egypt, as Queen Cleopatra VII's only daughter. Her second name ("moon" in Ancient Greek) opposes the second name of her twin brother, Alexander Helios ("sun" in Ancient Greek). She was raised and highly educated in Alexandria in a manner appropriate for a Ptolemaic princess. The twins were formally acknowledged by their father, Triumvir Mark Antony, during a political meeting with their mother in 37 BC. Their younger brother, Ptolemy Antony Philadelphos, was born approximately a year later. Their mother most likely planned for Selene to marry her older half-brother Caesarion, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar, after whom he was named.

Over the next two years, Antony bestowed a great deal of land on Cleopatra and their children under his triumviral authority. In 34 BC, during the Donations of Alexandria, huge crowds assembled to witness the couple sit on golden thrones on a silver platform with Caesarion, Cleopatra Selene, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphus sitting on smaller ones below them. Antony declared Cleopatra to be Queen of Kings, Caesarion to be the true son of Julius Caesar and King of Egypt, and proceeded to bestow kingdoms of their own upon Selene and her brothers. She was made ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya. Neither of the children were old enough to assume control of their lands, but it was clear that their parents intended they should do so in the future. This event, along with Antony's marriage to Cleopatra and divorce of Octavia Minor, older sister of Octavian (future Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus), marked a turning point that led to the Final War of the Roman Republic.

In 31 BC. during a naval battle at Actium, Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian. By the time Octavian arrived in Egypt in the summer of 30 BC, the couple had sent the children away. Caesarion went to India, but en route he was betrayed by his tutor, intercepted by Roman forces and executed. Cleopatra Selene, Alexander Helios, and Ptolemy Philadelphos were sent south to Thebes, but were apprehended by Roman soldiers en route and brought back to Alexandria. Meanwhile, their parents committed suicide as Octavian and his army invaded Egypt. The deaths of their mother Cleopatra VII and older half-brother Caesarion left Selene and Alexander as the nominal heirs to the throne of Egypt until the kingdom was officially annexed by the Roman Empire two weeks later, bringing the Ptolemaic Dynasty and the entirety of pharaonic Egypt to an end.

Life in Rome
When Octavian returned to Rome he brought the captured Cleopatra Selene and her surviving brothers with him as captives. During his triumph celebrating his conquest of Egypt, he paraded the twins dressed as the moon and the sun in heavy golden chains, behind an effigy of their mother clutching an asp to her arm. The chains were so heavy that the children were unable to walk in them, eliciting unexpected sympathy from many of the Roman onlookers.

Once Egypt had ceased to exist as an independent kingdom, there remained the question of what to do with Selene and her brothers. In the absence of any surviving relative, responsibility for the children passed to Augustus, who in turn gave the siblings to Octavia to be raised in her household on the Palatine Hill. They were members of an extended family that included their half-brother Iullus Antonius (their father's son with his late wife Fulvia), their half-sisters, both called Antonia (daughters of their father with Octavia), and Octavia's older children from a previous marriage, Marcus Claudius Marcellus and his two sisters Claudia Marcella Major and Claudia Marcella Minor. Cleopatra Selene is the only known surviving member of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Her brothers are not recorded in any further historical accounts and are presumed to have died, possibly from either illness or assassination.

Marriage and issue

Octavia arranged for Cleopatra Selene to marry the intellectual King Juba II of Numidia, whose father had committed suicide in 46 BC. He was sent to be raised in Caesar's household; on Caesar's death in 44 BC custody passed to Octavian, the future Augustus. The marriage likely took place in 25 BC and was commemorated in an epigram that survives in its entirety:

The couple had two children:
 * Ptolemy of Mauretania born in 10 BC He was named after his mother's dynasty and her younger brother. In naming her son, Cleopatra created a distinct Greek-Egyptian tone and emphasized her role as heiress of the Ptolemies in exile.
 * A daughter, whose name has not survived, is mentioned in an inscription. It has been suggested that she was the Drusilla who was the first wife of Antonius Felix, but this woman was more likely a granddaughter through Ptolemy instead.

A hoard of Selene's coins has been dated at 17 AD. It is traditionally believed that she was alive to mint them, but this would mean that her husband married Princess Glaphyra of Cappadocia during Selene's lifetime. Historians generally assume that Juba wouldn't have taken a second wife as a thoroughly Romanized king, arguing that if he married Glaphyra before 4 AD, then his first wife must have already been dead. However, even contemporary client kings with Roman citizenship took multiple wives. It is possible that Selene and Juba separated for a time, but that their rift was mended after Juba's divorce from Glaphyra.

Queen of Mauretania
In 25 BC, Augustus decided to confer on Juba II and Selene the newly created client kingdom of Mauretania since Numidia was, after a brief period of status as the Roman client kingdom under king Juba II (30 - 25 BC) once again directly annexed to the Roman Empire as the part of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis. The young rulers renamed their new capital Caesarea (modern Cherchell, Algeria), in honor of the Emperor.

Mauretania was a vast territory, but lacked organization. Cleopatra Selene is said to have exercised great influence on the policies which Juba promoted. She imported many important advisers, scholars, and artists from her mother's royal court in Alexandria to serve in Caesarea. Through the couple's influence, the Mauretanian kingdom flourished.

Economy
Cleopatra supported Mauretanian trade. The kingdom developed a significant export throughout the Mediterranean region, particularly with Spain and Italy. Their products included fish, grapes, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from shellfish. Tingis (modern Tangier), a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern Strait of Gibraltar), became a major trade centre. The value and quality of Mauretanian coins became recognised throughout the Roman Empire.

Building projects
Cleopatra's promotion of architecture marks a transition between the Hellenistic style and Roman. The construction and sculptural projects at Caesarea and Volubilis display a mixture of Ancient Egyptian, Greek and Roman architectural styles. These buildings included a lighthouse in the style of Pharos of Alexandria in the harbour, a royal palace situated in the seafront, and numerous temples dedicated to Roman and Egyptian deities. Her vigorous promotion of her mother's legacy stood in sharp contrast to the negative image being disseminated in contemporary Augustan poetry.

Death
The couple ruled Mauretania for almost two decades until Cleopatra's death at the age of 35. Controversy surrounds her exact date of death. The following epigram by Greek epigrammatist Crinagoras of Mytilene is considered to be her eulogy:

If this poem isn't simply literary license, Selene's death seems to have coincided with a lunar eclipse. If so, astronomical correlation then can be used to help pinpoint the date of her death: Lunar eclipses occurred in 9, 8, 5 and 1 BC and in AD 3, 7, 10, 11 and 14. The event in 5 BC most closely resembles the description given in the eulogy. However, the date of her death is not ascertainable with any certainty. Zahi Hawass, former Director of Egyptian Antiquities, believes Cleopatra died in 8 AD.

Selene was placed in the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania in modern Algeria, built by her and Juba east of Caesarea and still visible. Juba died in 23 AD and was buried in the same tomb. There is a fragmentary inscription dedicated to the couple as the "King and Queen of Mauretania". Their remains have not been found at the site, perhaps due to tomb raids, possibly shortly after the mausoleum's construction; or because the structure was meant to serve as a memorial and not as a place of burial.

Legacy

Cleopatra was survived by her husband and their son Ptolemy, who ruled Mauretania together until Juba's death in AD 23. Ptolemy then reigned until 40, when he was executed by Emperor Caligula, his mother's great nephew, who was probably jealous of Mauretania's wealth. Caligula's successor, Emperor Claudius, took advantage of Ptolemy's lack of heirs and assumed control of Mauretania, turning it into the Roman provinces of Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Tingitana. Thereafter, Cleopatra, Juba and Ptolemy were mostly forgotten.

One of the two satellites of the asteroid (216) Kleopatra was named Cleoselene in her honor.

In fiction

 * Cleopatra Selene is mentioned in the novels by Robert Graves, I, Claudius and Claudius the God.
 * Cleopatra Selene is a significant character in Wallace Breem's historical novel The Legate's Daughter (1974), Phoenix/Orion Books Ltd. ISBN 0-7538-1895-7
 * Cleopatra's Daughter by Andrea Ashton (1979) tells of Cleopatra Selene's early life.
 * The Memoirs of Cleopatra by Margaret George (1997) ISBN 0312154305 mentions Cleopatra Selene's birth and early life with her mother.
 * Querida Alejandría by María García Esperón (Bogotá 2007: Norma, ISBN 958-04-9845-8), is a novel in the form of a letter by Cleopatra Selene to the people of Alexandria.
 * Cleopatra's Daughter by Michelle Moran (2009) tells the story of Cleopatra Selene's early life, from the demise of her parents through her life in Rome until her marriage to Juba II of Numidia.
 * Lily of the Nile, Song of the Nile, and Daughters of the Nile, a trilogy by Stephanie Dray, tells the life story of Cleopatra Selene mixed with magical fantasy.
 * Cleopatra's Moon by Vicky Alvear Shecter (2011) is a novel for teens about Cleopatra Selene. The book ends with Cleopatra's marriage to Juba II.
 * Cleopatra Selene and her twin Alexander appear briefly in the television series Rome.
 * Selene, córka Kleopatry by Natalia Rolleczek is a novel about Cleopatra Selene and her brothers from the death of their parents until her marriage.
 * Selene is a lead character in Michael Livingston's 2015 historical fantasy novel The Shards of Heaven.
 * Cleopatra Selene is a major character in "The Daughters of Pallatine Hill", by Phyllis T. Smith (2016)
 * Though identified simply as the daughter of the most famous Cleopatra, a character calling herself Patra appears in the third Night Huntress book as a vampire living in modern times, and is the novel's antagonist.
 * Cleopatra Selene is the subject of the episode "Cleopatra's Daughter" in the docudrama television series Queens of Ancient Egypt which aired in 2023 on Sky History in the U.K. and Curiosity Stream in the U.S. She is portrayed as a child and adult by Fatima Ezzahra Fatih and Daiana Madeira, respectively.

title: Cleopatra Selene II


text:
Siddington, Cheshire

Siddington is a civil parish in Cheshire, England. It consists of farms; a picnic site; Redesmere, a half-mile long lake; and the Capesthorne Estate. The village is at the crossroads of the A34 with the B5392 approximately halfway between Alderley Edge and Congleton. The civil parish includes the hamlet of Capesthorne.

Redesmere Lake
Redesmere, created as a feeder reservoir for the ornamental lakes of Capesthorne Hall in the late 18th century, once had an island. According to popular belief the island floated, and it is marked as such on the 1842 One Inch Ordnance Survey map, though the 1964 1:2500 Ordnance Survey map shows that it had become joined with the bank by then. Local legend says that it came into being as a result of a vow by a knight who believed his lady was unfaithful, and that he would not look on her face again until the island floated. Soon after he fell ill, but she remained loyal to him and nursed him back to health. There then followed a storm which tore the island from the bottom of the lake, and it floated ever since, clearing the lady's name.

The writer Alan Garner included a reference to the Floating Island of Redesmere in his novel The Weirdstone of Brisingamen.

Angling is also popular on the lake but it is strictly controlled by Prince Albert Angling Society. The lake is stocked with carp, pike and various silverfish such as roach and bream.

Redesmere is a popular location for feeding ducks and other water birds, with information, parking and benches next to the water's edge.

title: Siddington, Cheshire


text:
User:DannPM31

Name: Daniel

Born: Jan 1986

Sex: Male

Location: Lenexa, KS, USA

Areas of Study: Finance and Economics (Undergraduate Declared Majors)

Sub-Concentration: Mathematics

Future Plans: MA in Economics, PhD in Finance

title: User:DannPM31


text:
User talk:Bayang

Hi! I like your edits. Have you checked out am: yet? - Mustafaa 17:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I would like some script templates to be deleted. Armn, Cyrs, Ethi, Geor are only used by you, so if you could use Template:User iso15924 the individual ones could be deleted. The parameterized template does not work in the babel box. I think it's better to only have one central template handling all the script stuff, so it's easier to change if needed one day. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 01:30, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Religion
Hi, I was just looking at the Baha'i faith and saw that you are a follower of this religion. I have never heard of this faith before so I was just wondering if you could tell me about this religion's role in the United States. Are there any Baha'i churches in America (besides the one in IL)? Do you have any famous church members who I might recognize. Please let me know if you have anything to tell me. Thanks, (LonghornJohnny 03:36, 24 September 2006 (UTC))

 * Thanks for answering so soon. I will also look for more Baha'i stuff on Wikipedia. (LonghornJohnny 01:51, 28 September 2006 (UTC))

Juche
Yes you are correct about Juche, however Juche is a form of socialism, the DPRK's own constitution refers to "juche socialism" on several occasions, so both are technically correct :) --Frogsprog 11:55, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

KFA
yes I am a member of the KFA UK, why do you ask? --Frogsprog 11:56, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Images
Hi Bayang, would you have any pictures of the World Centre that you have taken yourself that you could upload at commons.wikimedia.org on a free license? Regards, -- Jeff3000 04:46, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Tigre
Can you expand the Tigre article into other languages, or at least give it a shot? Thanks eh. Interlaker 16:25, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Please help-Amharic language request
Hello! The Graphic Lab is working on artwork related to Ethiopia, and we need some help to get the proper Amharic language text into the artwork. Please visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphic_Lab/Images_to_improve#Ethiopia_Scout_Association and see if you can help! Thanking you in advance, Chris 07:22, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Islam_and_other_religions
There is a section of this topic for the Sikh religion but there is none for the Baha'i Faith. I hope someone could write on this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikenassau (talk • contribs) 19:04, August 25, 2007 (UTC)

WP meetup
-- phoebe/ (talk) 05:59, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

ويكيبيديا مصرى

 * I have put a proposal and started an active project for ويكيبيديا مصرى wikipedia Masri. If this may interest you, I would be very grateful for any help you can offer in this project, many thanks.--Ghaly (talk) 19:27, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

 * To vote on the proposal please press here.--Ghaly (talk) 19:23, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia Campus Ambassador needed
Hi! My name is Annie Lin - I'm the Campus Team Coordinator at the Wikimedia Foundation. I'm contacting you because you're listed as a resident of San Francisco, and we're currently looking for a friendly Wikipedian to teach students in a University of San Francisco class how to use/edit Wikipedia. This is a role titled the "Wikipedia Campus Ambassador," and you'll basically be doing in-class presentations about Wikipedia, running Wikipedia labs/workshops, and in general providing face-to-face Wikipedia help for the professor and the students in the class. The time commitment is about 3-5 hours a week (with variations throughout the semester), and for this particular University of San Francisco class, most of the workload will be between March and May.

Please let me know if you're interested!

Thanks. Annie Lin (Campus Team Coordinator, Wikimedia Foundation) (talk) 18:54, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Rencong (disambiguation) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Rencong (disambiguation) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Rencong (disambiguation) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. 1234qwer1234qwer4 (talk) 18:13, 26 April 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bayang


text: Talk:Prince Makonnen

title: Talk:Prince Makonnen


text:
Category:Resident Evil games

Video games in the Resident Evil series.

title: Category:Resident Evil games


text:
Henry Marshall Tory

Henry Marshall Tory (January 11, 1864 – February 6, 1947) was the first president of the University of Alberta (1908–1928), the first president of the Khaki University, the first president of the National Research Council (1928–1935), and the first president of Carleton College (1942–1947). His brother was James Cranswick Tory, Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (1925–1930).

Early life
Born on a farm near Guysborough, in Guysborough County, Nova Scotia, his mother was a major factor in his educational ambition. At 22, he registered for Honours Mathematics and Physics in 1886 at McGill University and received an Honours B.A. with gold medal in 1890, despite his mother's desire for him to attend Mount Allison University to study Arts and Theology.

After graduating, he studied theology and received a B.D. from Wesleyan College, affiliated with McGill. He spent the next two years preaching at a church. In 1893, he married Annie Gertrude Frost of Knowlton, Quebec, who has never had any mentions outside of being a good hostess.

Career
Tory became a lecturer in mathematics at McGill University in 1893, and he received an M.A. in Mathematics in 1896. He received a D.Sc. degree in 1903 and was promoted to associate professor of mathematics. In 1906, he set up the McGill University College of British Columbia, which was absorbed into the University of British Columbia in 1915. From 1908 to 1929, he was the first president of the University of Alberta. During World War I, Tory, initially somewhat reluctantly, became a colonel in the Canadian Expeditionary Force in 1916. After a tour of the front lines in France, he returned to England and proceeded to set up and run what came to be known as the Khaki University, enrolling over 50,000 Canadian student soldiers by the end of the Great War.

Tory returned to Alberta in 1919 and resumed his position as president of the University of Alberta. Nearing retirement, on June 1, 1928, he accepted an appointment as the first President of the Council and Chief Executive Officer of the National Research Laboratories (which was later called the National Research Council of Canada). From 1939 to 1940, he was president of the Royal Society of Canada, just after his wife's death in 1938.

From 1942 until his death in 1947, he was the first president of Carleton College (which later became Carleton University).

Legacy
The Henry Marshall Tory Building and the Tory Theatre at the University of Alberta were named in his honour, as was the Tory Building at Carleton University. The Henry Marshall Tory Medal at the University of British Columbia was established in 1941.

University Histories

 * William Hardy Alexander, The University of Alberta: A Retrospect 1908-1929
 * Walter Johns, History of the University of Alberta
 * John Macdonald, The History of the University of Alberta, 1908-1958
 * Scott Rollans Echoes in the Halls: An Unofficial History of the University of Alberta (Association of Professors Emeriti of the U of A, University Of Alberta, 1999)
 * Ellen Schoeck, I Was There: A Century of Alumni Stories about the University of Alberta, 1906–2006
 * William C. Gibson Wesbrook & His University (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press)
 * George Woodcock & Tim Fitzharris. The University of British Columbia – A Souvenir. (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1986).
 * H. Blair Neatby Creating Carleton: The Shaping of a University (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, October 1, 2002)
 * Paul Axelrod Scholars and Dollars: Politics, Economics, and the Universities of Ontario 1945-1980 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, September 1, 1982)

title: Henry Marshall Tory


text:
Talk:Exotic baryon

Comments
Not enough material here for an independent page. Bambaiah 17:34, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Blow it out your butt. It's enough information, and it's good information.  Aside, which article would you have it rather be on?

 * I think that Bambaiah made this comment when this page was completely different. At that time there was probably a large overlap with the page on pentaquarks and he decided to make this page a redirect to that page. I deleted the redirect and wrote most of the current page, Bambaiah also made some edits.Count Iblis 16:17, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The article doesn't actually define what an exotic baryon is, just one criterion that must be true. A bound state of 51 quarks and 6 antiquarks would not be an exotic baryon. A bound state of 30 quarks and 27 antiquarks would be. Can you discern why, based on the information in this article? No. So, still not enough material for an independent page. Maybe someone who actually knows what they're talking about can waste their precious time rewriting the article, instead of the jokers above. --76.224.69.253 13:50, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the article is pretty clear about what exotic baryons are. Now, I'm a physicist and I think Bambaiah is too, so we are certainly not "jokers" who don't know what they are talking about. A rigorous clear cut defintion would be nonsensical, because "exotic" is inherently an imprecise term. The article simply reflects this and is therefore accurate. This is something we encouter often when writing about physics. Even when writing in peer reviewed journals, you'll often prefer to use inaccurate vague language over of very rigorous precise language to make the text easier to read. Count Iblis 14:08, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed rename to "Exotic hadron"
There is an inconsistency across our articles on subatomic particles. Here are some definitions in the present articles:

 * From lede to Hadron: "In particle physics ... hadrons are categorized into ... baryons, made of three quarks and mesons ... made of [two quarks] ... Hadrons containing more than three quarks (exotic hadrons) have been discovered in recent years ... [continues discussing "tetraquark state (an exotic meson)" and "two pentaquark states (exotic baryons)..."]

 * From lede to Baryon: "A baryon is a composite subatomic particle made up of three quarks ... as distinct from mesons, which are composed of [two quarks]. Baryons and mesons belong to the hadron family of particles, which are the quark-based particles."

If our main articles on these particles state that a meson is defined as a 2-quark hadron, and a baryon as a 3-quark hadron, then by definition a hadron with 4 or 5 quarks can't be a baryon, it's something else.

I do see online, that some papers refer to hadrons with >3 quarks as exotic baryons, while other papers refer to them as exotic hadrons. Whatever various authors might individually call these particles, our articles should be consistent - we can't/shouldn't tell a reader that a baryon is defined as having 3 quarks, and also that baryons can have 4 or 5 quarks. Tentatively, it looks like the majority of WP:RS tend to prefer this kind of nomenclature:

 * 2 quarks - meson
 * 3 quarks - baryon
 * 4 quarks - tetraquark AKA exotic something
 * 5 quarks - pentaquark AKA exotic something

I think the last 2 would be best described as "exotic hadrons", since there doesn't seem to be a consensus among reliable sources overturning decades of definitions of a baryon as being a hadron that has 3 quarks.

There's a possibly related inconsistency over at Chronology of the universe, where the article states that baryogenesis took place long before the first hadrons were able to form (states baryons able to form [baryogenesis] at about 10^-11 sec, but also says that the first hadrons "can form" only at about 10^-6 to 1 sec). That's got to be incorrect - if anyone can work out what it's trying to say, please do fix it!

To fix the inconsistency generally, would other editors be OK if we standardize by renaming this article to "Exotic hadron", which appears more correct (and is already used in our article "Hadron"), and similarly correcting elsewhere?

FT2 (Talk 18:13, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia doesn't get to dictate how words are defined. Tetraquarks are exotic mesons, pentaquarks are exotic baryons. Defining mesons as two-quark states and baryons as three-quark states is technically incorrect, but very common. Please look at the first paper to propose the quark model, which states "Baryons can now be constructed from quarks by using the combinations (qqq), (qqqqq̅), etc., while mesons are made out of (qq̅), (qq̅qq̅), etc.", as well as the PDG  if you want a more modern source. BTW, there is already a page called exotic hadron. — dukwon (talk) (contribs) 21:57, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

 * dukwon - in that case, since the discovery of tetraquark+ quark hadrons, it sounds like the practical definition of a baryon has extended to cover "a hadron with an odd number >= 3 of quarks", and of a meson as "a hadron with an even number >= 2 of quarks", with >= 4 sometimes qualified as "exotic". Is that more in line with recent usage? FT2 (Talk 03:40, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Almost. A glueball (no quarks) would be an exotic meson, as would a qq̅ state with a valence glue component (hybrid meson). The most general definition is that mesons are hadrons that are bosons, baryons are hadrons that are fermions. Exotic hadrons are anything that doesn't fit in the "standard" qq̅ or qqq pictures. — dukwon (talk) (contribs) 08:56, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exotic baryon


text:
User:Deadhippo

An Irish Man in Japan. deadhippo.com - Yokohama Living

title: User:Deadhippo


text: User talk:203.142.148.164

title: User talk:203.142.148.164


text:
Swedish Board of Agriculture

The Swedish Board of Agriculture (Statens jordbruksverk, commonly known as Jordbruksverket) is a Government agency in Sweden that answers to the Ministry of Agriculture. The agency headquarters is located in Jönköping.

It is responsible for agriculture, horticulture and reindeer husbandry, and functions as the Swedish government's expert authority in the field of agricultural and food policy.

title: Swedish Board of Agriculture


text:
Amil

Amil Kahala Whitehead (born September 19, 1973) is an American former rapper and singer. Based in New York City, she signed with Jay-Z's Roc-A-Fella Records, in a joint venture with Columbia Records in 1997. The following year, she appeared alongside Ja Rule on his single "Can I Get A..." for the Rush Hour film soundtrack.

Amil's debut studio album, All Money Is Legal (2000), peaked at number 45 on the US Billboard 200 chart and spawned the singles "I Got That" (featuring Beyoncé) and "4 da Fam" (featuring Jay-Z, Memphis Bleek and Beanie Sigel). The album was met with mixed critical reception and she parted ways with the labels shortly after.

Early life
Amil was born on September 19, 1973, in New York City, to a white mother and a black father. Amil's parents abandoned her at an early age, and she was then adopted and raised by her aunt. As a teenager, Amil gave birth to a son, with her then boyfriend Kendall Morgan. Amil's aunt and adoptive mother died in 1994. A year later, Morgan was killed in a stabbing incident and Amil started dealing drugs to financially support herself. During this time, she used music as an emotional outlet.

Career
In 1997, Amil was a member of Major Coins, an all-female group. The group met Jay-Z, who was looking for a woman to provide vocals on his third album, Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life. Jay-Z asked Amil to freestyle and liked it, and selected her for the role.

When Major Coins broke up, Amil decided to follow a solo career with Jay-Z's label, Roc-A-Fella Records, and joined the 1999 Hard Knock Life Tour. After the tour, she appeared on songs with Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Jermaine Dupri, AZ, DJ Kay Slay, LL Cool J, and Funkmaster Flex.

She has appeared on Jay-Z songs such as "Nigga What, Nigga Who", "Can I Get A...", "Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)", "S Carter", "You, Me, Him and Her", and "Pop 4 Roc". In August 2000, Amil released her debut solo album, All Money Is Legal. The album featured the single "I Got That", a duet with Beyoncé, and All-Star Roc-A-Fella single "4 Da Fam". The album also featured Jay-Z, Memphis Bleek, Carl Thomas, Eve, and Beanie Sigel.

Album sales were disappointing, and the singles did not sell well either. Following that album, her last Roc-A-Fella/Def Jam single, "Hey Papi", a song from the soundtrack to the feature film Nutty Professor II: The Klumps, was released. In 2002, Amil had a small role in State Property.

In 2005, Amil temporarily re-formed "Major Coinz" and released songs on the mixtape circuit including the single "Glamorous Life" which was featured on MTV's Mixtape Monday.

In 2008, Amil released mixtapes titled Az Iz and Amil Returns: The Lost Classics Edition, delivering lyrically with songs such as the emotional "Tears of a Teenage Mother" and the Caribbean vibed "Don't Worry".

Amil released the song "Stop" in July 2012. The song was intended to promote the rapper's unreleased mixtape, A Time to Kill. Amil released the song "Remember" in 2014. It was also intended to promote a mixtape titled Another Moment in Life, which remains unreleased.

title: Amil


text:
Serbian cuisine

Serbian cuisine (српска кухиња / srpska kuhinja) is a Balkan cuisine that consists of the culinary methods and traditions of Serbia. Its roots lie in Serbian history, including centuries of cultural contact and influence with the Greeks and the Byzantine Empire, the Ottomans, and Serbia's Balkan neighbours, especially during the existence of Yugoslavia. Historically, Serbian food develops from pastoral customs that involved the keeping of sheep in mountain highlands, in a climate and regional context that favoured animal husbandry over vegetable farming; Serbian food is therefore traditionally richer in animal products and basic grains—corn, wheat and oats—than fresh vegetable dishes. Following the abandonment of widely practiced pastoral lifestyles, Serbian food emerged through the Middle Ages heavily dependent not on lamb or mutton, but on the keeping of pigs for the annual cull and the production of various cured meats, such as sausages, bacon and ham products.

The Serbian government has passed laws banning the production and import of genetically modified foods, a legislative decision which has been applauded by environmentalists but caused a long-running dispute with the World Trade Organization, preventing Serbia from being able to join the WTO.

Overview

National dishes of Serbia include sarma (a mix of ground pork or beef with rice rolled in leaves of cabbage), gibanica (an egg and cheese pie made with filo dough), pljeskavica (a ground beef or pork patty), ćevapi (grilled meat), paprikaš (a soup made of paprika), gulaš (soup of meat and vegetables usually seasoned with paprika and other spices) and Karađorđeva šnicla (a schnitzel). The national drink is rakia (various traditional fruit brandies).

With Serbia being located on the crossroads between East and West, its cuisine has gathered elements from different cooking styles across the Middle East and Europe to develop its own hearty gastronomy with an intricate balance of rich meats, vegetables, breads, cheese, fresh pastries, and desserts. It has much in common with the cuisines of neighboring Balkan countries; its flavors are mild, fresh, and natural. Seasonings are usually salt, black pepper, and paprika, while ingredients are known for being fresh and high-quality. Seasonal food is an important element of Serbian cuisine, thus many dishes are strongly associated with a specific time of the year.

The average Serbian eats three meals a day: breakfast, lunch, and dinner—with lunch being the largest. However, traditionally, only lunch and dinner existed, with breakfast being introduced in the second half of the 19th century.

A number of foods which are usually bought in the West are often made at home in Serbia. These include rakija, slatko, jam, jelly, and various pickled foods—notably turšija, ajvar, or sausages. The reasons for this range from economical to cultural. Food preparation is a strong part of the Serbian family tradition.

History

"William, archbishop of Tyre, who visited Constantinople in 1179, described the Serbs: 'They are rich in herds and flocks and unusually well supplied with milk, cheese, butter, meat, honey, and wax'''.'"

Krušedol monk of the Serbian Orthodox Church Jerotej, wrote the oldest modern Serbian cookbook in 1855.

The first published cookbook in Serbia is The Big Serbian Cookbook (Велики српски кувар), written by Katarina Popović-Midzina in 1877.

The best known Serbian cookbook is Pata's Cookbook (Патин кувар), written by Spasenija Pata Marković in 1907; the book remains in publication even today.

An old Serbian legend says that during the time of the 14th-century Serbian Empire, under the rule of Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, meals in the Serbian palace were eaten with golden spoons and forks. Historians say that medieval Serbian cuisine mainly consisted of milk, dairy, produce, and vegetables. Not a lot of bread was eaten, but when it was, the rich ate bread made from wheat and the poor ate bread made from oats and rye. The only meat consumed was wild game, with cattle reserved for agricultural use.

Breakfast
Breakfast in Serbia is an early but hearty meal, rich in calories and carbohydrates, meant to provide one with an abundance of energy to start the day. Bread is frequently served with butter, jam, yogurt, sour cream, or cheese, accompanied by bacon, sausage, salami, eggs, or kajmak. Serbians often stop by a bakery in the morning for fresh pastries such as pogačice, paštete, kifle (which in Serbian usage may or may not be crescent-shaped, and may be sweet, but may also be sprinkled with salt crystals), kiflice, perece, buhtle, pletenice, štapići, zemičke, đevreci, mekike, and uštipci. Other common breakfast dishes include burek, kačamak, and cicvara (types of polenta) and popara, proja (cornbread), and čalabrca. Before breakfast most people usually have a cup of kafa, or espresso, and with the breakfast itself either tea, milk, milk coffee, or chocolate milk is served.

Appetizers
Meza is an assortment of small dishes and appetizers, though, unlike the Middle Eastern meze, it does not usually include cooked dishes, and is therefore more similar to Italian antipasto. A Serbian meza typically includes slices of cured meats and sausages, cheeses, olives, fresh vegetables, and zimnica. Meza is served either to accompany alcoholic drinks or as a starter before a soup on bigger meals.

Soups
Soups are eaten as an entrée at almost every lunch. They are considered to be very important for good health. There are two types of soups in Serbian cuisine: thin soups called supa, and thicker soups with roux or eggs called čorba. The most common ones are simple pottages made of beef, offal or poultry with added noodles. Lamb, veal, and fish soups are considered delicacies.

Main course
The main course is most commonly a meat dish. Besides roštilj (barbecue) which is very popular, braising, stewing, and roasting in an oven are the most common cooking methods.

Roštilj (barbecue)
Grilling is very popular in Serbia. Grilled meats are the primary main course dishes offered in restaurants. They are commonly served as mixed grill on large oval plates. They are often also eaten as fast food. The cities of Leskovac and Novi Pazar are especially famous for their barbecue.

Bread
Bread is a staple of Serbian meals, and it is often treated almost ritually. A traditional Serbian welcoming is to offer the guest with bread and salt; bread also plays an important role in religious rituals. Many Serbs believe that it is sinful to throw away bread regardless of how old it is. Although pasta, rice, potato, and similar side dishes did enter the everyday cuisine over time, many Serbs still eat bread with meals.

In most bakeries and shops, white wheat bread loaves (typically 0.5 kg) are sold. In modern times, black bread and various graham bread variations have regained popularity. In many rural households bread is still baked in cast iron ovens, usually in bigger loaves.

Salads
In Serbia, salads are eaten as a side dish with the main course. The simplest of salads consist of sliced lettuce, cabbage, tomato, cucumber or carrot, olives with oil, vinegar, salt, and spices.

Dairy
Dairy products are an important part of the Serbian diet. Fermented products such as sour milk, kajmak, yogurt and pavlaka are common breakfast foods, consumed daily. White cheeses, called sir are much more common in Serbia than yellow cheeses. There are numerous varieties, some of which have been awarded for their quality, such as the white cheese with walnuts from Babine, which won the 2012 "best autochtonic cheese" award. Serbian Pule cheese, made from donkey milk, is the most expensive cheese in the world. Although less common, several yellow cheese are locally produced.

Meat products
Traditional Serbian meat products are simple ham, bacon, dry ribs, and a kind of pork rinds called čvarci. They are usually produced every autumn or in early winter, during an event called svinjokolj, where pigs are slaughtered and meat is preserved for the winter. Cured meats, bacon, salo, čvarci, sausages such as krvavica, and kulen are produced. Offal and cheaper cuts of meat are utilized as well, and made into processed products such as švargla.

Serbian meat products—especially those which attained protected designation of origin status—include:

 * Smoked ham (šunka)
 * Beef or pork (užička pršuta), from Užice
 * Pastrma
 * Zlatibor prosciutto (zlatiborska pršuta), from Zlatibor
 * Pečenica
 * Salo
 * Užice bacon (užička slanina), from Užice
 * Dry ribs
 * Čvarci, pork rinds
 * Duvan čvarci
 * Valjevo duvan čvarci (valjevski duvan čvarci), from Valjevo

Various kinds of sausages and similar more complex meat products were created under Austrian influence in Vojvodina. They include:

 * Sausage (kobasica)
 * Srem sausage (sremska domaća kobasica), from Srem
 * Srem salami (sremska salama), from Srem
 * Požarevac sausage (požarevačka kobasica), from Požarevac
 * Petrovac sausage (petrovačka kobasica), from Petrovac
 * Srpska kobasica (Serbian sausage)
 * Njeguški pršut
 * Srem kulen, from Srem
 * Blood sausage (krvavice)
 * Head cheese (švargla)

Pies
Pies are very popular in Serbia. They are eaten either for breakfast, dinner, or as a snack. They are most commonly made with thin layers of phyllo dough. There are several methods of preparation and numerous types of fillings, both sweet and savory. Serbian pies are usually named after either the preparation method or the filling.

One variety of pie that is not made with phyllo is the štrudla, which, in turn, is not similar to strudel, but rather to a nut roll.

Sweets and desserts
Sweets are served at the end of meals. Sweets and desserts enjoyed in Serbia typically include both Middle Eastern and European ones, as well as some authentically Serbian ones. Besides the ones mentioned here, pies with sweet fruit fillings are also common.

Non-alcoholic
Domestic coffee (or Serbian coffee) is the most commonly consumed non-alcoholic beverage in Serbia. It is mostly prepared at home, rather than bought in coffee shops, and preferably consumed in the company of friends or family. Slatko, ratluk, and raki may be served alongside coffee. The majority of the Serbian population starts a day with a cup of coffee in the morning. Herbal teas are consumed as a medication, rather than a beverage. Yogurt and kefir are commonly consumed dairy beverages. They frequently accompany savory pastries. A beverage made from maize, called boza or kvas, was once popular, but today is rarely consumed.

A number of fruit juice and mineral water brands are produced locally. The Knjaz Milos mineral water is considered a national brand.

Rakija
Rakija is a general term for distilled beverages made from fruits. There are numerous varieties, which are usually named after the type of fruit they are made from. Comparatively many people brew their own rakija. Loza, made from grapes, is considered the national drink.

Beer
Beer has become recently popular and is enjoyed in Serbia, even outpacing the traditional raki and wine. The largest brewery in the country is Apatinska pivara.

Wine
There are nearly 110,000 hectares of vineyards in Serbia, producing about 645,000 tons of grapes annually, with South Serbia producing the most. Because of that, Serbia is internationally recognized as a great wine producer.

title: Serbian cuisine


text:
Loren Toews

Loren James Toews (born November 3, 1951) is a former National Football League (NFL) player.

Toews graduated from Del Mar High School in San Jose, California and later University of California, Berkeley where he received his degree in biological sciences. In 1972, Toews was named the "most inspirational player" on the team at Berkeley and given the Stub Allison Award, named after California football coach Leonard B. "Stub" Allison.

That following year, in 1973 Toews was drafted in the eighth round by the Pittsburgh Steelers where he played as a linebacker for 11 seasons. While playing for the Steelers, Toews attended the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Business and obtained his MBA degree in 1981.

Toews was a four-time Super Bowl champion, and starter in Super Bowl XIII. In Super Bowl IX he replaced an injured Andy Russell for most of the second half, filling in admirably. Toews moved to left inside linebacker in 1982 when the Steelers switched to the 3–4 defense, while incumbent middle linebacker Jack Lambert moved to right inside linebacker and retained the "Mike" role as the Steelers signal-caller on defense.

Toews retired from professional football at spring camp in 1984 having played in 57 consecutive games up to the last game of the previous season.

Toews has a wife, Valerie and is also the father of three children: Aaron, Jocelyn and Cassandra. Aaron was a defenseman on the Northeastern University hockey team from 1996-1998. Jocelyn owns an independent record label called Lujo Records.

Toews lives in the San Francisco Bay Area where he and his younger brother Jeff (who also played in the NFL as an offensive lineman) buy and sell real estate.

title: Loren Toews