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User talk:UnpluggedCrazy

Tremors
Oy.

Look, it's great that you're this enthusiastic about the Tremors page, and yes, you have added a lot of info, but... would you look at other Wikipedia articles, and get a proper feel for the style we're trying for? Encyclopedic. Neutral. Not wacky. Okay? Thanks.DS 22:44, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Earl Bassett 2.jpg
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Earl Bassett.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Earl Bassett.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 06:47, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:UnpluggedCrazy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Popcorn trick

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. (The writing made me chuckle: off to BJAODN.) Mindspillage (spill yours?) 16:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Popcorn trick
Unencyclopaedic, orphan. Orange Goblin 22:44, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this as nn porn-hoax. Describes a process by which a man on a date at a movie sticks his penis thru the bottom of the popcorn bag and offers the bag to his date; 580 googles for "popcorn trick" +penis. Meelar (talk) 23:14, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. 500 Google hits is a lot for a childish, moronic prank, especially if you consider that it's probably known by many names. The person who wrote this needs to grow up, but it sounds to me like he's describing a significant social phenomenon. The fact that it's engaged in by idiots is neither here nor there. Isaac R 00:28, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as non-notable. I would expect a "significant social phenomenon" to have far more than 580 Google hits. The fact that it doesn't suggests it is no more than a demented figment of the oversexed and underimaginative middle-school-dropout set. --FCYTravis 01:21, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless evidence is provided of this actually being frequently done. The logistics seem a little unpractical. --W(t) 01:23, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Delete While I have heard of this "prank", I doubt it is done nearly as much as it is talked about. Denni ☯ 02:01, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Comment towards notability. This phenomenon was referenced, I believe, on "Chappelle's Show", in such a context that the implication was that the audience would understand and be familiar with it. — Phil Welch 02:08, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Addition: I just happen to be watching "Chappelle's Show", and they just had this sketch again, where it was called "penis in the popcorn", which gathers 72 google hits when it's all in one quote. — Phil Welch 05:08, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable. Megan1967 04:43, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and wikify/cleanup. It may be stupid but it does seem like a very commonsocial phenomenon. In reference to its notability, it was even done in a Blink 182 music video as well as the above noted Chappelle's Show and the audience in both knew about it beforehand. I also agree with Isaac R that 500 Google hits is massive since this is a social phenomenon with no prior label or name and thus is harder to google for. -CunningLinguist 05:33, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, one of the all-time classics. Agree with Isaac R that it does not carry a singular name (making it difficult to get google results in large amounts), but I remember many references to it, including as Phil stated in "Chappelle's Show" and in french film "Le boum" --- Da 'Sco Mon 05:44, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Idiotic.  Certainly this "prank" has appeared more than once in popular culture, but there's nothing encyclopedic to look up about it.  Each appearance tells you everything there is to know about it.  Quale 07:44, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopaedic. JamesBurns 11:40, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unencyclopedic. CDC   (talk)  01:33, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's hardly something we want to promote, but that does not mean we should delete all references to it either.  Almafeta 19:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment that's not true, the encylopedia does not promote anything. An article just needs to meet a minimum criteria. Vegaswikian 23:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article does not establish notability. Gamaliel 19:13, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable prank. --Calton | Talk 06:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I think the article's as much a prank as the prank described. -- Cyrius|✎ 22:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NN. not encylopedic and the other reasons above. Vegaswikian 23:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable prank. Leanne 10:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Philadelphia Atoms

The Philadelphia Atoms were an American soccer team based out of Philadelphia that played in the North American Soccer League (NASL). They played from 1973 to 1976, at Veterans Stadium (1973–75) and Franklin Field (1976). The club's colors were blue and white. The club was succeeded by the Philadelphia Fury in 1978.

History
The Atoms were founded by Philadelphia construction mogul Thomas McCloskey in 1973 at the urging of Kansas City Chiefs and Dallas Tornado owner Lamar Hunt. Playing a largely American line-up, they won the NASL title in their first year of existence by defeating Hunt’s Dallas club 2–0. After this championship match, Philadelphia goalkeeper and Ridley Park, Pennsylvania native Bob Rigby became the first soccer player to be featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated.

The Atoms could not sustain the success of their first season as the club missed the playoffs in each of their remaining three NASL campaigns. Attendance began to flag and, after the 1975 season, the team was sold to a group of Mexican clubs, which included Club Deportivo Guadalajara. Fielding a primarily Mexican side (almost 30 years before Chivas USA would try a similar approach in Major League Soccer), attendance continued to wane and the club folded after the 1976 season.

Although Clive Toye reports in his recent book that the franchise was sold to an ownership group from Montreal, he apparently confuses the fate of the next Philadelphia NASL team for that of the Atoms; the Atoms were, in fact, going to be relocated to San Antonio by their Mexican owners, who planned to replace the San Antonio Thunder franchise (which itself had just relocated to Honolulu to play as Team Hawaii). This plan never came to fruition, and the Philadelphia franchise was placed into receivership by the NASL.

The franchise was removed from receivership two years later when the Philadelphia Fury began their three-year run in Philadelphia in 1978.

The Atoms were also part of what is considered by soccer historians to be the birth of modern indoor soccer in the United States. On February 11, 1974, they hosted the Soviet Red Army team at the Spectrum in an exhibition match. That night, 11,790 roaring fans watched the reigning league champions hold their own into the final period before the Russians finally pulled away for a 6–3 victory. The following year the NASL staged its first league-wide indoor tournament, and within a few years both the NASL and the MISL were playing full indoor seasons.

In 2017 a new team began play in the American Soccer League called Philadelphia Atoms SC. The club claims the heritage and colors of the original Atoms.

Honors
NASL championships
 * 1973

NASL Division Titles
 * 1973 Eastern Division

NASL Rookie of the Year
 * 1975 Chris Bahr

NASL Coach of the Year
 * 1973 Al Miller

NASL Leading Goaltender
 * 1973 Bob Rigby (GAA: 0.62)

U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 1990 Manfred Schellscheidt
 * 1995 Al Miller
 * 2007 Bobby Smith

All-Star first team selections
 * 1973 Chris Dunleavy, Jim Fryatt, Andy Provan
 * 1974 Chris Dunleavy
 * 1975 Bobby Smith

All-Star second team selections
 * 1973 Roy Evans, Bob Rigby, Bobby Smith, Derek Trevis
 * 1974 Bob Rigby, Derek Trevis
 * 1975 Bob Hope, Tony Want
 * 1976 Bobby Smith

All-Star honorable mentions
 * 1973 Barry Barto, George O'Neill
 * 1974 Jim Fryatt, Bobby Smith

Head coaches

 * Al Miller (1973–1975)

title: Philadelphia Atoms


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User:McDogm/Pats Schedul

During the Fall 2005 season the NFL defending champion Patriots will play each division member home and away, each team in the AFC West once, and each team in the NFC South once. The team will also play the Indianapolis Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The team will enjoy two appearances on ABC Monday Night Football.

The season begins on Thursday, September 8, 2005 and ends on Sunday January 1, 2006. The cardinal number of the game corresponds to each intervening weekend. Only the Patriots and the Raiders are playing on Thursday, September 8. The rest of the teams begin play 3 days later on September 11. Opening day of the 2005 NFL season falls on the fourth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 airplane attacks in New York City and Washington, DC. This is not the reason for the season opener to fall on the prior Thursday; the NFL normally opens with a marquee game a few days before opening Sunday.

The Patriots play at Gillette Stadium in Foxboro, Mass, a town close to Boston, Mass.

Pittsburgh

 * Ben Roethlisberger's second year may go as well as his first. Pittsburgh didn't seem to be focused on New England during the playoff game in January 2005.  Look for Big Ben to be a lot smarter this season.

Indianapolis

 * The Colts are not a pleasing team to face. Peyton is better than Roethlisberger at this point.  The professional rankings currently name Pittsburgh, Indianapolis and New England as the elite in the league with San Diego a fourth.  Peyton Manning has 7 defeats at Gillette Stadium which is where this season's meeting is to be played.  New England is the only team he has not easily beaten in the past.

San Diego

 * Last season's surprise is expected to do well again this year.

Atlanta and Denver

 * Atlanta and Denver are excellent teams. QB Michael Vick of Atlanta is outstanding.

New York Jets

 * Rounding out the serious opponents list is New York who play with New England in the AFC East division. Going against New York is the strong affinity between New England and New York culturally, based on proximity and the strong contingent of New England born and New England educated people living in the big city, including the bulk of its investment banking community.

Schedule

 * 1) Oakland Raiders at home on Thursday - opening day for NFL 2005
 * 2) Carolina Panthers
 * 3) Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 4) San Diego Chargers at home
 * 5) Atlanta Falcons
 * 6) Denver Broncos
 * 7) Bye week - no game
 * 8) Buffalo, NY Bills at home
 * 9) Indianapolis Colts at home - Monday Night
 * 10) Miami Dolphins
 * 11) New Orleans Saints at home
 * 12) Kansas City Chiefs
 * 13) New York Jets at home
 * 14) Buffalo Bills
 * 15) Tampa Bay Buccaneers at home
 * 16) New York Jets - Monday Night
 * 17) Miami Dolphins at home

The NFL Playoffs begin the next week. According to Las Vegas oddsmakers the Patriots are expected to make the playoffs.

title: User:McDogm/Pats Schedul


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Tosiwo Nakayama

Tosiwo Nakayama (中山 利雄) was the first President of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). He served two terms from 1979 until 1987.

Biography
Nakayama was born on November 23, 1931, on Piserach Island, part of Nomwunweito Atoll in what is now Chuuk State. At the time of his birth it formed part of the Japanese-administered South Seas Mandate. He had a Japanese father and a native mother. and was the older brother of FSM's ambassador to Japan, Masao Nakayama.

In 1955 he was awarded a Trust Territory Scholarship that allowed him to study for two years at University High School and for two years at the University of Hawaii. Upon his return in 1958 from his formal education experience he was appointed as the Supervisor of Adult Education. He was later appointed as the Political and Economic Advisor to the District Administration. Later he served his people in the Truk District Legislature and was President of that assembly from 1960 to 1961.

After his term in Truk, he was appointed as the Micronesian Advisor to the United States Delegation to the United Nations Trusteeship Council after which he returned to Micronesia by way of Europe and Asia. In 1962 he was elected by the people to the Council of Micronesia and served there until 1963. In the following year, he was appointed as the Assistant District Administrator for Public Affairs - Truk. On September 10, 1963, he married Miter Haruo in Chuuk.

In 1965 he was elected to the House of Delegates of the Congress of Micronesia. During the organizational meeting of that body, he was again elected President of the Senate. He also served as a member of the Truk District Scholarship Committee, the Truk Review Advisory Board, the Truk District Recreational Committee, the Truk Board of Education, as well as many other boards and committees.

In May 1979, statehood was declared for Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae as the Federated State of Micronesia, and an elected Congress was seated. From their number, Nakayama was elected President of the new nation.

He oversaw the orderly transfer of governmental functions from the United States of America from 1979 to 1986 and served on until 1987, his maximum constitutionally allowable term. In October 1987 he took a position with the Bank of Guam, Chuuk Branch as the Vice President for Governmental Affairs, a position he held until December 2003.

His health began to fail in 1992 when he had his first stroke from which he recovered well. In 1998 he had quintuple bypass surgery. Sometime later he had laser surgery on one of his eyes which left him partially blind. In the summer of 2005, he underwent surgery for a pacemaker in order to stimulate his weak heart. Three days after that surgery he had an additional stroke that left him paralyzed and unable to speak though he was completely cognizant. The 14th Congress of the FSM passed a bill in July 2006 that allocated money to help the family with mounting medical bills. In February 2007 he was admitted in the hospital in Honolulu, Hawaii. He subsequently died on 29 March.

title: Tosiwo Nakayama


text:
Talk:Henry Alfred Bishop

Alfred Bishop
Is "Alfred Bishop," where this entry was originally, actually Henry Alfred Bishop's grandfather? There was so little content here before, and Henry's career didn't quite match that of an inheritor, that I have just moved it. I did some research and couldn't find anything on an "Alfred Bishop" that founded railroads or whose son was William B. (Henry's father). Demi T/C 22:45, 2005 May 28 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Alfred Bishop


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Philadelphia Fury (2011–2019)

The Philadelphia Fury was an American soccer team based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that last competed in the National Independent Soccer Association (NISA). The club formerly competed in the American Soccer League and is currently owned by Martin E. Judge and Matt Driver. The team continues to sport the colors of the original NASL team.

Kit, crest, and colors
Like the team name, the current iteration of the club uses both the original colors and crest of the original North American Soccer League team.

History
The original Philadelphia Fury was an expansion franchise in the original North American Soccer League and played for three seasons in Veterans Stadium starting in 1978. Among the club's investors were rock musicians Mick Jagger, Rick Wakeman, Peter Frampton and Paul Simon. They were the NASL's second attempt in Philadelphia, the first being the Philadelphia Atoms (1973–76). Although never posting a winning season, they did make the playoffs in two of their three seasons. Attendance declined with each season and in 1980, the club was sold and moved to Montreal, becoming the Montreal Manic.

After the team ceased operations, the Fury name remained dormant until 2011 when the teams Intellectual property rights were purchased by Matt Driver, a former player and coach. The team began play in 2012 as an amateur team in the regional adult league the United States Club Soccer's National Adult League. However, soon after the re-founding of the team it joined the American Soccer League, a league created and ran by Driver. The team played its games in Southern New Jersey.

In 2016, it was reported that the Fury were attempting to join the now defunct North American Soccer League (NASL) in a partnership with Driver, investors from the United Arab Emirates, and Spanish club SD Eibar. This deal would have also seen the ASL become a development league for the NASL. However, in 2018 the NASL went on hiatus after not receiving division II sanctioning and losing many of its teams to the USL Championship and the NPSL.

In 2019 it was reported that the Fury and Driver were again attempted to join a professional soccer league, this time it was the new National Independent Soccer Association. It was further reported that the team would play their inaugural season at the historic Franklin Field in West Philadelphia. In June 2019, it was reported that the primary benefactors of the team would be Martin Judge and the Judge Group with Judge serving as the Chairman of the Board and Driver serving as the team's CEO and Sporting Director.

It was announced that the Fury would take part in the inaugural NISA season. The regular season is split into two halves, fall and spring, with playoffs at the end. The fall season, named "NISA Showcase", will feature 8 teams, with the East and West champions earning berths into the 2020 playoffs. While more teams are expected to compete in the Spring half in the season, the Fury will take part in both the second half "full" season and the fall "NISA Showcase." On September 18, 2019, it was announced that the Fury's lead investor had pulled out of the project, and the team would pull out of the NISA Showcase in order to reorganize for the Spring Season, though the team has since been inactive.

title: Philadelphia Fury (2011–2019)


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William L. Brooks

William L. "Buffalo Bill" Brooks (c. 1832 – July 29, 1874) was a western lawman and later outlaw.

Brooks was born in Ohio around 1832 where he later became a buffalo hunter in the late-1840s or early-1850s whose success equaled fellow buffalo hunter William F. Cody earning the same nickname of Buffalo Bill. During the late 1860s, Brooks had killed several men in various gunfights, and was briefly hired as a stage driver for the Southwestern Stage Co., before becoming the marshal of Newton, Kansas in 1872. Although he was reported to have been around 40 years old, several biographers have claimed Brooks was in his 20s.

With Brooks success in Newton he was soon offered a position in Dodge City as town marshal where he was later involved in 15 gunfights during his first month. In one case one of the men killed had four brothers who came after Brooks in revenge. As the brothers arrived in town Brooks was said to have killed all four men with four shots each. By the following year Brooks had cleared the city of most major criminals. Brooks however killed several men in questionable circumstances including one incident where he killed a man over an argument with a local dance hall girl. After backing down from gunfighter Kirk Jordan, Brooks left town shortly after.

According to legend, Brooks went to Butte, Montana where he attempted to become the city marshal but, in part because of Brook's reputation, was instead passed over in favor of Morgan Earp. Confronting Earp over his defeat, Brooks was shot in the stomach and Morgan was shot in the shoulder.

Records show however that, shortly after leaving Dodge City, Brooks returned to his old position as a stage driver for the Southwestern Stage Co. in early 1874. Several months later however the company had lost a mail contract to a rival company and Brooks lost his job. In June several mules and horses owned by the rival company had been stolen and Brooks, with two other men, were arrested the next month. It was charged that Brooks had apparently attempted to weaken the rival company and win back the mail contract for the Southwestern Stage Company. Brooks was lynched while awaiting trial on July 29, 1874.

title: William L. Brooks


text: User:Scorilo

title: User:Scorilo


text:
New Valley Project

The New Valley Project or Toshka Project consists of building a system of canals to carry water from Lake Nasser to irrigate part of the sandy wastes of the Western Desert of Egypt, which is part of the Sahara Desert.

History
In 1997, the Egyptian government decided to develop a new valley (as opposed to the existing Nile Valley) where agricultural and industrial communities would develop. It has been an ambitious project which was meant to help Egypt cope with its rapidly growing population.

Project
The canal inlet starts from a site 8 km to the north of Toshka Bay (Khor) on Lake Nasser. The canal is meant to continue westwards until it reaches the Darb el-Arbe'ien route, then northwards along the Darb el- Arbe'ien to the Baris Oasis, covering a distance of 310 km. But as of April 2012, the canal is still 60 km short of the Baris Oasis. The Mubarak Pumping Station in Toshka is the centerpiece of the project and was inaugurated in March 2005. It pumps water from Lake Nasser to be transported by way of a canal through the valley, with the idea of transforming 2340 km2 (588,000 acres) of desert into agricultural land. The Toshka Project has now been revived by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Half of the land will be given to college graduates, 1 acre each, funded by the Long Live Egypt Fund.

The essential problem is that the Western Desert's high saline levels and the presence of underground aquifers in the area act as a major obstacle to any irrigation project. As the land is irrigated, the salt would mix with the aquifers and would reduce access to potable water. There is also the difficulty that the clay minerals found in the soil are posing technical problems to the big wheeled structures moving around autonomously to irrigate the land. Often their wheels get stuck in a little bowl created by wet clay that dried, and the irrigation machines come to a standstill. The only objective met up to April 2012 is the diversion of water from Lake Nasser into what little of the Sheikh Zayed Canal has been built.

The Toshka Lakes are a by-product of the rising level of Lake Nasser and lie in the same general region as much of the New Valley Project.

title: New Valley Project


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Department of Conservation and Recreation

The Department of Conservation and Recreation (DCR) is a state agency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States, situated in the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. It is best known for its parks and parkways. The DCR's mission is "To protect, promote and enhance our common wealth of natural, cultural and recreational resources for the well-being of all." The agency is the largest landowner in Massachusetts.

History and structure
The Department of Conservation and Recreation was formed in 2003 under Governor Mitt Romney, when the former Metropolitan District Commission (MDC) and Department of Environmental Management (DEM) were merged to form the DCR. The DCR is under the general management of the Commissioner of the DCR. The general administration divisions; Human Resources Division, the Financial Division, and External and Legislative Affairs, report directly to the Commissioner. DCR is responsible for the stewardship of its lands, from general maintenance—such as emptying trash barrels, cutting grass, and making building improvements—to landscape-level management.

DCR also provides services beyond its boundaries, for example, Bureau of Forest Fire Control is available to aid and assist local cities and towns during natural disasters as well as periods of high fire danger, while its Bureau of Forestry administers forest management on both state and private lands. It also manages its land through the help of partners, including road repairs occasionally implemented by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation at the request of DCR. Police protection has been provided by the Massachusetts Environmental Police and the Massachusetts State Police after the MDC's police department was merged into the State Police in 1992. The DCR also maintains its own Bureau of Ranger Services which provides for public safety, search & rescue, and enforces violations on DCR owned and managed property. In addition to partnering with state agencies, DCR coordinates with local and national volunteer organizations, such as the Mystic River Watershed Association, Friends of the Middlesex Fells, Appalachian Mountain Club, and local student organizations.

Division of State Parks
The Division of State Parks is responsible for the maintenance and management of over 310000 acre of state-owned forests and parks. These areas are designated as either Woodlands, Parklands, or Reserves, and are managed to maintain specific land-use characteristics. From the agency's beginning in 2003 until 2012, DCR land management was organized into three divisions: State Parks and Recreation, Urban Parks and Recreation, and Water Supply Protection. In 2012, State Parks and Urban Parks were unified into one division.

As of 2009, within the greater Boston area there are urban wilds, historic sites, and other naturally aesthetic or significant environmental properties. The origins of the collective environments in this part of the division date back to the creation of the Metropolitan Park Commission in 1893, forming the first such regional system in the United States. (see Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston for history). Lands outside of the greater Boston area includes some 29 campgrounds, over 2000 mi of trails, 87 beaches, 37 swimming, wading, and spray pools, 62 playgrounds, 55 ballfields, 145 mi of paved bike and rail trails and once private homes and estates that are now a part of the DCR's Historic Curatorship Program.

Division of Water Supply Protection
The Division of Water Supply Protection manages 150000 acre of watershed lands and is responsible for the protection of the drinking water supply for approximately 2.5 million residents of Massachusetts, primarily in Greater Boston. This division monitors lakes and ponds, well drillers, and rainfall throughout the Commonwealth.

Protected water supply areas include Quabbin Reservoir, Ware River Watershed, Wachusett Reservoir and Sudbury Reservoir.

Bureau of Engineering
The Bureau of Engineering provides professional engineering, design, and construction management services in support of DCR properties. In addition to providing engineering services for over 450000 acre of parks, forests, watersheds, beaches, 340 dams, and numerous recreational facilities, the Bureau of Engineering also manages over 525 lane miles of parkways and nearly 300 bridges and tunnels notable for their landmark stature and importance in the Commonwealth's transportation system. The Bureau of Engineering managed and/or operated a number of bridges across the Commonwealth prior to November 2009. All non-pedestrian bridges were transferred to the Massachusetts Department of Transportation on November 1, 2009 as part of a transportation reform law. Originally, a certain number of bridges listed in the act creating MassDOT were to be transferred after December 31, 2014 when ongoing construction was completed. However, a Memorandum of Agreement between DCR and MassDOT instead transferred these bridges in 2009 along with all other DCR vehicular bridges.

List of parkways
The Bureau of Engineering manages and/or operates a number of parkways across the Commonwealth, including:
 * Alewife Brook Parkway
 * Arborway
 * Birmingham Parkway
 * Blue Hills Parkway
 * Blue Hills Reservation Parkways
 * Boylston Street (Back Bay sections)
 * Breakheart Reservation Parkways
 * Cambridge Parkway
 * Carey Circle
 * Charles River Reservation Parkways
 * Charles Street (Charles Circle to Leverett Circle)
 * Chestnut Hill Drive
 * William J. Day Boulevard
 * Fellsway Connector Parkways
 * Fellsmere Park Parkways
 * Fenway
 * Fresh Pond Parkway
 * Furnace Brook Parkway
 * Hammond Pond Parkway
 * Hull Shore Drive
 * Jamaicaway
 * Land Boulevard
 * Lynn Fells Parkway
 * Lynnway
 * Lynn Shore Drive
 * Memorial Drive
 * Middlesex Fells Reservation Parkways
 * Morrissey Boulevard
 * Mount Greylock Summit Road
 * Mount Wachusett Summit Road
 * Mystic Valley Parkway
 * Nahant Beach Boulevard
 * Nantasket Avenue
 * Neponset Valley Parkway
 * North Beacon Street (Brighton & Watertown sections)
 * Norumbega Road (Weston)
 * Old Harbor Reservation Parkways
 * Old Colony Parkway
 * Park Drive
 * Parkman Drive
 * Quincy Shore Drive
 * Recreation Road (Weston)
 * Revere Beach Boulevard
 * Revere Beach Parkway
 * Riverway
 * Stony Brook Reservation Parkways
 * Storrow Drive
 * Truman Parkway
 * VFW Parkway
 * West Roxbury Parkway
 * Winthrop Parkway
 * Winthrop Shore Drive

List of dams
The Bureau of Engineering owns and manages and/or operates a number of dams and flood control facilities across the Commonwealth, including:
 * Irish Dam (Grafton)
 * Moose Hill Reservoir Dam (Spencer)
 * Pontoosuc Lake Dam (Pittsfield)
 * Unionville Pond Dam (Holden)
 * Charles River Dam (Boston)
 * Watertown Dam (Watertown)


text:
Primal

Primal may refer to:

Psychotherapy

 * Primal, the core concept in primal therapy, denotes the full reliving and cathartic release of an early traumatic experience
 * Primal scene (in psychoanalysis), refers to the witnessing by a young child of a sex act, usually between the parents, which traumatizes the child

Mathematics

 * Primal, an old mathematics term for a projective hypersurface
 * Primal problem, a component of the duality principle in mathematical optimization theory

Entertainment

 * "Primal" (Eureka episode), an episode of TV series Eureka
 * Primal (video game), an action video game for the PlayStation 2
 * Primal (TV series), a 2019 animated television series
 * Primal (2019 film), a 2019 film starring Nicolas Cage
 * Optimus Primal, a character in Transformers
 * The Lost Tribe (2010 film), a film whose Australian DVD was entitled Primal
 * Primal (2010 film), an Australian horror film directed by Josh Reed
 * Far Cry Primal, a 2016 video game

Other

 * Primal cut, several types of cuts of meat
 * Primal Pictures, the producer of 3D Interactive Anatomy Software

title: Primal


text:
John Haglelgam

John Richard Haglelgam (born August 10, 1949) is a Micronesian former politician who served as the second President of the Federated States of Micronesia.

Background and earlier life
He was born on August 10, 1949, on the island of Eauripik in Yap State. He attended Eauripik Elementary School and the Outer Islands High School on Ulithi, Yap from 1964 to 1968. In 1968, he received an AFS scholarship to spend his senior year at Beaverton High School in Beaverton, Oregon. After graduating from Beaverton High School in 1969, Mr. Haglelgam enrolled at the University of Hawaii where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science in 1973. He attended Willamette University College of Law in Salem, Oregon, for one year and returned home to run for a seat in the Congress of Micronesia House of Representatives to represent the Outer Islands of Yap. After serving a term in the House of Representatives, Haglelgam returned to the University of Hawaii at Manoa as a graduate student sponsored by the East West Center. Haglelgam was at the University of Hawaii when he was re-elected to a second term in the House of Representatives. He received a Master of Arts degree in Political Science in the spring of 1977. One year after his unsuccessful bid for reelection in 1991, Mr. Haglelgam attended Harvard’s Kennedy School where he received a master's degree in Public Administration (MPA) in 1993.

Mr. Haglelgam began his sixteen years of service to the people of Micronesia in 1974 when he successfully ran for a seat in the House of Representatives of the Congress of Micronesia. Mr. Haglelgam was a member of the House of Representatives until the ratification of the FSM Constitution in 1978. He was a member of the Interim Congress until the election for members of the First Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia in 1979. After the late Petrus Tun’s election to the FSM vice presidency, Mr. Haglelgam ran successfully as a write-in candidate for the vacant Yap’s at-large seat in the FSM Congress. Haglelgam served two terms in the FSM Congress. During his last term, he served as the floor leader.

President of the Federated States of Micronesia
On May 12, 1987, the Fifth FSM Congress elected Haglelgam as the second president of the Federated States of Micronesia to succeed the late Tosiwo Nakayama.

Haglelgam also served as Chairman of the FSM Delegation to the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference. He attended many meetings of the Conference on behalf the Federated States of Micronesia. He served as a staff member of the Micronesian Constitutional Convention in 1977. In 1981, he served as the Vice President of the Yap State Constitutional Convention.

Academia
After his unsuccessful reelection bid in 1991, Haglelgam became an instructor in the Division of Social Science at the national campus of the College of Micronesia-FSM. In February 1992, the Board of Regents of the College appointed him as Regent Professor. In the summer of 1992, Haglelgam took an educational leave from the college to attend the John Fitzgerald Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University as a Mason Fellow. At the College of Micronesia-FSM, Haglelgam teaches government and politics, Micronesian history, world history, and East Asian history. During the fall semester of 1995, Haglelgam taught at MARC at the University of Guam as a visiting professor. In 1997, he spent three months at the Australian National University as the Distinguish Senior Pacific Scholar.

Other activities
Haglelgam served as the president of the 3rd FSM Constitutional Convention in 2001.

In August 2018, Haglelgam spoke out against the Chuukese independence movement prior to the referendum scheduled for 2019. He described proponents of independence as "clinical crazy people".

Personal life
Haglelgam is married to Paula Ori from Uman Island in Chuuk Lagoon. They have two sons, William Haglelgam and John Paul Ori and one daughter, Tess P. Haglelgam. He is an active member of the Harvard Alumni Association (HAA) and the East-West Center Association.

title: John Haglelgam


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San Antonio Thunder

The San Antonio Thunder were an American soccer team based in San Antonio, Texas. Founded in 1975 as a member of the North American Soccer League, the team played two seasons in San Antonio before the franchise rights were moved to Hawaii. The team was owned by Herman Warden "Ward" Lay Jr., son of the founder of the Frito-Lay potato chip empire.

Founding and first season
On June 25, 1974, San Antonio, Texas was announced as the location of the North American Soccer League's 17th franchise for the following season, with Herman Warden "Ward" Lay Jr. paying a reported fee of $250,000 to join the league. In late September, the team name of Thunder was chosen from 1,500 suggested and the team hired former Rochester Lancers and Los Angeles Aztecs head coach Alex Perolli to manage the team. Originally slated to play at Alamo Stadium, the team and San Antonio Independent School District (SAISD) could not come to a rental agreement and the team signed a lease to play their home games at North East Stadium. In Late January 1975 the Thunder traded the contract rights to Sergio Velazquez and their 1976 and 1977 first round draft picks to the Los Angeles Aztecs in return for seven players including Luis Marotte and Renato Costa. The next week the team traded Costa to the Dallas Tornado for Bob Ridley, before acquiring two more Aztec players by trade a few weeks later, and cutting Ridley by the end of the month. By mid March it was reported that the team had sold 775 season tickets, but would end up being fourth in the league in season ticket sales. Before the season began, the team added Jado Hasanbegović, Chris Carenza, Dan Counce, and Mark Stahl to the roster.

The Thunder opened their season at home defeating the Dallas Tornado 2–1 in front of 5,142 fans. It was the first game in NASL history to be decided by a sudden death goal. In mid May, it was reported that defender Dan Califano quit the team due to a personality conflict with coach Perolli and the team had made a total of eight roster changes, including releasing all of the team's goalkeepers, after just four matches. On May 22, 1975, team owner Ward Lay announced he was assuming full control of the team and would be responsible for all player decisions. A few weeks later, with the team having lost eight straight games, on June 9 Perolli was replaced as head coach by California State University, Chico Wildcats coach Don Batie. After winning four games in six, including a three games in a row, the team won only one more game the rest of the season, ending the season with a six-game losing streak. The Thunder ended the 1975 North American Soccer League season with 6 wins and 16 losses and in last place in the Central Division. For the team's eleven home games they averaged 4,411 fans, about 2,000 less than the Thunder had expected.

Bicentennial season
Shortly after the conclusion of the season, it was announced that Don Batie would return to coach the team for the 1976 season having signed a one-year contract. On September 10, the team posted its performance bond with the league confirming it would participate in the 1976 season with team owner Ward Lay stating they team had lost money the previous season, but was on a solid financial footing. On December 10, 1975, Jim Smith, General Manager of the Houston Aeros replaced Mike Boyle as Thunder GM. In late January 1976, Scottish forward Jim Forrest was signed as a player-coach to assist Batie, the first of several Scottish players who would join the team before the season including Aberdeen F.C. goalkeeper Bobby Clark, Billy Semple, and captain of the 1966 FIFA World Cup winning England national team Bobby Moore. In February 1976 it was announced that the team would play its home matches at Alamo Stadium

Two weeks before the season, the Thunders hosted the New York Cosmos led by Pelé who had signed with the New York team the previous year for $2.8 million for two years, with the San Antonio team reportedly paying $25,000 for the visit. In what was considered an upset, the Thunder defeated the Cosmos 1–0, with rookie goalie Peter Mannos saving a shot made by Pelé. On July 13, 1976, GM Jim Smith stated that unless the SAISD gave the club a say in marketing and concessions at Alamo Stadium that it needed financially that the team would abandon the stadium and probably leave San Antonio. The Thunder finished the season with a record of 12 wins and 12 losses, finishing fourth in the Pacific Conference Southern Division and missing out on qualifying for the playoffs by one point. Attendance for the season averaged 5,064

Demise and relocation
Less than a week after the season had concluded, Don Batie announced his resignation as head coach of the Thunder to return to coaching the California State University Chico Wildcats. It was reported the Thunder has lost $600,000 during its two seasons of operations and was considering relocation with Atlanta mentioned as a possible destination for the franchise. During a press conference on September 16, 1976, owner Ward Lay announced that GM Jim Smith had resigned and that due to lack of local support were considering a move to Hawaii. The following week it was reported that Lay was looking for an investment of $500,000 for a 50% share of the team. In late October, team owner Ward Lay said that he had been approached by governor of Hawaii and the Mayor of Honolulu about moving the team to the island state. League sources also stated that, pending the Thunder relocating the owners of the Philadelphia Atoms were interested in relocating their franchise to Texas city. On November 18, 1976, the move to Hawaii was made official with the team public relations director and Ward Lay appearing at an event in Honolulu and posting a sign in its San Antonio office window stating "Mahola, San Antonio. Aloha, Hawaii" (English "Thank you, San Antonio. Hello Hawaii).

Players

 * 🏴 Bob McNab (1976)
 * 🏴 Bobby Moore (1976)
 * Tommy Callaghan (1976)
 * Bobby Clark (1976)
 * Derek Currie (1976)
 * Jim Forrest (1975,1976)
 * Jim Henry (1976)
 * Harry Hood (1976)
 * Neil Martin (1976)
 * Billy Semple (1976)
 * Eddie Thomson (1976)

title: San Antonio Thunder


text:
Social season (United Kingdom)

The social season, or season, refers to the traditional annual period in the spring and summer when it is customary for members of the social elite of British society to hold balls, dinner parties and charity events. Until the First World War, it was also the appropriate time to reside in the city (generally meaning London) rather than in the country in order to attend such events.

In modern times in the United Kingdom, "the Season" is known to encompass various prestigious events that take place during the spring and summer. According to The Sloaney magazine's online guide "Sloaney Season", it starts with Cheltenham Festival (March), and includes the Grand National (April), The Boat Race (April), Badminton Horse Trials (May), Chelsea Flower Show (May), Epsom Derby (June), Royal Ascot (June), Test matches at Lord's (July), Wimbledon (July), Henley Royal Regatta (July), Edinburgh International Festival (August) and others, ending with Goodwood Revival (September).

Social season of London
The London social season evolved in the 17th and 18th centuries, and in its traditional form it peaked in the 19th century. In this era the British elite was dominated by families of the nobility and landed gentry, who generally regarded their country house as their main home, but spent several months of the year in the capital to socialise and to engage in politics. The most exclusive events were held at the town mansions of leading members of the aristocracy. Exclusive public venues such as Almack's played a secondary role. The Season coincided with the sitting of parliament; it began some time after Christmas and ran until midsummer, roughly late June. Some sources say it began at Parliament's Easter session break.

The social season played a role in the political life of the country: the members of the two Houses of Parliament were almost all participants in the season. But the Season also provided an opportunity for the children of marriageable age of the nobility and gentry to be launched into society. Debutantes were formally introduced into society by presentation to the monarch at royal court during the Court Drawing Rooms and Queen Charlotte's Ball until the practice was abolished by Queen Elizabeth II in 1958 - reportedly at Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh's insistence. Queen Charlotte's Ball ceased to function in 1976, but has been relaunched since, by former debutante Jennie Hallam-Peel, without the monarch's involvement, and with more limited uptake; debutantes instead curtsy to "Queen Charlotte's Birthday Cake".

The traditional Season went into decline after the First World War, when many aristocratic families gave up their London mansions. From then on, more society events took place at public venues, making it harder to maintain social exclusivity. The opulent coming-out party held for the 17 year-old Lady Sarah Consuelo Spencer-Churchill on 7 July 1939 at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, less than two months before World War Two was declared, has been styled by some as "the last season ever". Socialite Henry (Chips) Channon noted in his diary: “I have seen much, travelled far and am accustomed to splendour, but there has never been anything like tonight”.

Many events that take place far from central London (though generally within the Home Counties) came to be regarded as part of the social season, including Royal Ascot and the Henley Royal Regatta. The events that now constitute the London social season are increasingly hosted or sponsored by large companies (i.e. "corporate hospitality"). Western dress codes still apply to certain events in the season, especially those in which the King maintains an official role.

Arts

 * Glyndebourne Opera Festival
 * The Proms
 * Royal Academy Summer Exhibition
 * West End theatre

Horticulture

 * Chelsea Flower Show

Equestrianism

 * Royal Ascot
 * Cheltenham Gold Cup
 * Badminton Horse Trials
 * Grand National
 * Royal Windsor Horse Show
 * Epsom Derby
 * Glorious Goodwood
 * Cartier Queen's Cup

The Crown

 * Trooping the Colour
 * Garter Service of the Order of the Garter
 * Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo

Sport

 * Boat Race
 * Henley Royal Regatta
 * Guards Polo Club
 * The Championships, Wimbledon
 * Cowes Week
 * Imperial Meeting
 * Lord's Test cricket match

Although several of these events are not actually held in London, such as the Hurlingham Polo Association at Guards Polo Club, the organisers of most events attempt to avoid date clashes, so it is generally possible to visit all of them in the same year.

The traditional end of the London Season is the Glorious Twelfth of August, which marks the beginning of the shooting season. Society would retire to the country to shoot birds during the autumn and hunt foxes during the winter before coming back to London again with the spring. For some time there was also the "Harrogate Season", where members of the upper classes would stop at Harrogate Spa to take in the waters on their way from London up to their shooting estates in the north.

Dress codes
Many events of the season have traditional expectations with regard to Western dress codes.
 * At Royal Ascot, for example, hats are compulsory in most enclosures, and to be admitted to the Royal Enclosure for the first time one must either be a guest of a member or be sponsored for membership by two members who have attended for at least six years as a member. This continues to maintain a socially exclusive character for the Royal Enclosure. Gentlemen are required to wear either black or grey morning dress with waistcoat and a top hat. A gentleman must remove his top hat within a restaurant, a private box, a private club or that facility's terrace, balcony or garden. Hats may also be removed within any enclosed external seating area within the Royal Enclosure Garden. Ladies must not show bare midriffs or shoulders and must wear hats. In the Queen Anne Enclosure (formerly known as the Grandstand), gentlemen are required to wear lounge suits with ties and ladies must wear a hat.
 * At Henley Royal Regatta, in the Stewards' Enclosure gentlemen must wear a lounge jacket and tie. Rowing club colours on a blazer or cap are encouraged, as is the wearing of boaters. A lady's skirt hem must reach below the knee and is checked before entry by the Stewards' Officers. Both ladies and gentlemen will be turned away if they fail to comply with the dress code, regardless of their prestige in rowing or elsewhere. Hats are encouraged but not required for ladies. When a student protested being denied entry to the Stewards' Enclosure for failing to meet the dress code, saying she had worn the dress "in the Royal Enclosure at Ascot and nobody said anything", a spokesman defended the dress code, saying "The intention is to maintain the atmosphere of an English Garden party of the Edwardian period by wearing a more traditional dress." Members must display their enamel badges at all times.
 * At polo matches, it is usual for gentlemen to wear a blazer and always white trousers. Ladies should wear flat shoes, as the tradition of "treading in the divots" (pressing back into place the clods of turf thrown up by the horses’ hooves) precludes wearing heels. The famous Club House at Guards Polo Club in Windsor Great Park is for the use of club members only, who wear individually made gold and enamel badges. Members' guests are given special gold-embossed tags.

In popular culture
"London is the capital of shops and of speculation, the government is made there. The aristocracy inscribes itself there only during sixty days, it there takes its orders, it inspects the government kitchen, it passes in review its daughters to marry, and equipages to sell, it says good-day and goes away promptly ; - it is so little amusing that it supports itself only for the few days called the season."
 * A London Season features in Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility and is often a key plot device in Regency romance novels.
 * The 1927 novel Lucia in London by E. F. Benson is set during the London season in the 1920s.
 * The 1938 novel Death in a White Tie by Ngaio Marsh is set during the London season.
 * Eliza Doolittle's first public tryout and debut into high society in My Fair Lady, the musical film version of George Bernard Shaw’s book Pygmalion, uses the idea of Ascot Racecourse as a setting.
 * The novel The Leopard by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, and the 1963 film of the same name by Luchino Visconti, portray the Palermitan season during the Risorgimento.
 * The events of Julian Fellowes's novel Past Imperfect take place during the 1968 season in London.
 * In the 2003 film What a Girl Wants, Lord Henry Dashwood invites his new-found daughter Daphne to attend the London Season.
 * The 2009 young-adult novel The Season by Sarah MacLean portrays a young woman entering her first London Season.
 * Vincente Minnelli's The Reluctant Debutante
 * In the British period drama Downton Abbey the outspoken youngest daughter of the fictional Earl of Grantham, Lady Sybil, is presented as a debutante at court in London during her first season. The family are also portrayed to move to London for the duration of the season, returning to their country seat at the end of it. The show's 2013 Christmas Special (set in the summer of 1923) focuses on cousin Lady Rose McClare's debutante ball and presentation at court.
 * Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray; and his plays Lady Windermere's Fan, An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest.
 * In Michel Faber's The Crimson Petal and the White, the Season is part of the plot.
 * The Malory-Anderson Family Saga series of historical romance novels by Johanna Lindsey is set primarily in London, the first one opening in 1817. Throughout the series, one Season or another and the balls thrown during them, are mentioned in dialogue and are sometimes central to the plot lines themselves.
 * Honoré de Balzac's novel The Muse of the Department contains a description of the London Season:
 * Most of the Regency Romance novels by Georgette Heyer feature the London Season.
 * The Royal Ascot racecourse was used as a filming location in the James Bond film A View to a Kill (1985), in which Bond was beginning his mission to defeat the villainous Max Zorin, whose horse was racing there.
 * The events depicted in the Netflix period drama series Bridgerton take place during the London Season. Julia Quinn's Bridgerton novels, on which the Netflix series is based, also primarily take place in London during the Season.
 * The London Season is an important part of the board game ''John Company.

title: Social season (United Kingdom)


text:
Birmingham High School

Birmingham Community Charter High School (formerly Birmingham High School) is a charter high school in the neighborhood/district of Lake Balboa in the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles, California, United States. It was founded in 1953 as a 7–12 grade combined high school and became solely a senior high school in 1963. The school has a Van Nuys address and serves Lake Balboa, parts of Encino, and Amestoy Estates. It is within the Los Angeles Unified School District but operates as an internal charter school.

History
The land of Birmingham High School was a US Army hospital called Birmingham General Hospital from August 24, 1943, until March 31, 1946. From 1946 to 1950 the hospital was named the Birmingham Veterans Administration Hospital when it was turned over to the Veterans Administration. In 1952, the hospital was sold to the Los Angeles City Schools for $1.00. The hospital was named after Brigadier General Henry Patrick Birmingham (1854–1932), with the World War I US Army Medical Corps. The school opened in 1953, during the immediate post-World War II era. Originally it served children grades seven to 12 from families newly settled in the San Fernando Valley. As of the 1960s the families were middle-class, and many of them had settled in the San Fernando Valley from the East Coast and the Midwest.

It was in the Los Angeles City High School District until 1961, when it merged into LAUSD.

On November 13, 1992, a 17-year old student was stabbed twice in the back from a gang-related fight. He was immediately treated and sent to Northridge Hospital Medical Center for non-life threatening wounds.

By 2006, the student demographics became majority Latino and Hispanic. The same year, Marsha Coates, the principal, established "small learning communities" and a ninth-grade academy in order to cater to incoming students.

Charter designation
On July 1, 2009, the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) voted to allow the high school to become a charter school under the name Birmingham Community Charter High School. Prior to the approval, the school officials had fought over whether the school should become a charter for months. Some school officials had advocated creating an alternate school sponsored by the teacher's union on the same campus. About 66% of the faculty members of the school supported the charter change. After the charter was approved, 91 teachers continued to teach at Birmingham while 34 decided to leave to work at other LAUSD schools. This meant the Spanish, science, and history departments had a high level of turnover.

Because of the divisions within teachers and other staff members, the faculty and staff of the magnet program received permission from LAUSD to split from Birmingham. In 2009, Daniel Pearl Magnet High School was formed as an independent high school within the Birmingham campus. Connie Llanos of the Los Angeles Daily News said that Pearl "got off to a rocky start." During the first year as a standalone school, one third of the students left. Some left due to conflicts with Birmingham staff and students; some Birmingham students and staff members tormented Pearl students. Some left because Pearl was so small; they wanted a more comprehensive high school experience. Pearl moved into its own facility next to Birmingham in 2010.

In 2012, LAUSD officials accused the school of failing to adequately respond to allegations of racial discrimination and mishandling disabled student services and expulsion, and the LAUSD officials attempted to return Birmingham to direct district control. Birmingham officials stated that they were unaware of serious problems at their school.

Campus
The school is located in the Lake Balboa area, which was previously a part of Van Nuys. The site was previously a military hospital.

As of 2009, Birmingham has the largest high school campus in the LAUSD, at 53 acres. The campus is in proximity to Reseda.

Attendance boundary
Its attendance boundary includes Lake Balboa, and portions of Van Nuys, Encino, Tarzana, and Reseda.

Academics
In 2006 Mitchell Landsberg of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "It would be easy to see Birmingham as just another bad public school. But for many students, it's not." He cited the Daniel Pearl Journalism Magnet, the "dedicated core of teachers" and the "variety of honors and Advanced Placement classes." Landsberg stated that despite the demographic changes that came before 2006, "academic standards have not suffered; if anything, a Birmingham diploma today is more difficult to obtain than it was a generation ago."

Demographics
In 2009 the school had 2,700 students. That year, Mitchell Landsberg of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Birmingham is in some ways the quintessential Los Angeles school, with demographics and student performance that come close to mirroring the city as a whole."

In September 2001 there were 1,100 9th graders entering Birmingham High School; this class would become the Class of 2005. Over 350 of the students in this class, over the course of the years, switched to other schools to study. About half of the switching students remained at traditional high schools and the other half went to independent study, vocational school, or other alternative educational settings. In June 2005 there were 521 graduating students of the Class of 2005, fewer than half of the starting number. Media attention to this rate of graduation resulted in a nighttime meeting with parents.

In a period prior to 2006 students zoned to overcrowded high schools were bused to Birmingham. 102 students who were zoned to Belmont High School were instead a part of the Birmingham Class of 2005.

As of 2006 there were almost 4,000 students attending the school. Landsberg wrote that there had been ethnic conflicts between Latino and African-American students and between Latino and Armenian students the same year.

From 2016 to 2017, about 3,145 students enrolled at Birmingham High School, making it a large school. Birmingham is ranked one of the top 10 largest schools in California. The school offers their students college course classes known as AP courses to prepare students for college. These courses include: Art History, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Human Geography, Psychology, United States Government and Politics, English Language and Composition, European History, Human Geography, Spanish Literature and Culture, Statistics, Studio Art: 2-D Design, Studio Art: Drawing, and United States History.

Academic performance
In 2006 Mitchell Landsberg of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Many students thrived at Birmingham", but "many others struggled, or gave up and quit." As of that year, he stated that the school "sent its share of students to good colleges -- Cal State and UC campuses, even the Ivy League." In the Class of 2005, about 75% had intentions to partake in higher education. Over 60 students from that class went to the University of California campuses.

In 2006 the LAUSD gave the official four-year graduation rate of Birmingham High as being almost 80%, with an official dropout rate of 3.5%. A Civil Rights Project at Harvard University/University of California, Los Angeles published a report in the northern hemisphere Spring of 2005 that stated that the four year graduation rate at Birmingham was 50%.

In 2009, 9% of students were rated as proficient or higher in mathematics and 34% were rated as proficient or higher in English. In 2008 9% received this rating in mathematics and 36% received this rating in English.

Student discipline
In 2006, principal Marsha Coates stated, "We have 20, 30 kids or so who are constantly out of class. They're on campus, they're not dropouts and they haven't disappeared. They just roam." Despite the school giving out tickets to truants and a new attendance system implemented on November 6, 2005, as of 2006 there were still truant students walking in the halls of the school.

In popular culture
Birmingham High School has been used as the backdrop for numerous music videos, commercials, and television shows, such as the music video for Simple Plan's song "Can't Keep My Hands off You", Missy Elliott's song "Gossip Folks", Gwen Stefani's song "Hollaback Girl", Corbin Bleu's song "Push It to the Limit," Eminem's "No Love", Lil Wayne's "Prom Queen", and Charli XCX's "Break the Rules". In 2007 an episode of America's Next Top Model was filmed there, also two more episodes were filmed there, one in 2008, and later in 2013. Other shows filmed at Birmingham High School include Nip/Tuck, NCIS, Cold Case, Scrubs, The Office, Ghost Whisperer and Monk. The movie “The Boy Next Door” with Jennifer Lopez

The school's football field was used as a set for the shoot of the music video for Angels & Airwaves' song "Everything's Magic". The track surrounding the football field served as the location for the relay race scene starring Kirk Cameron in Like Father Like Son. An episode of Full House was filmed there, with Danny, Jessy, and Joey running a race around the track. In addition, Fanny Pak of America's Best Dance Crew comes to the dance studio to practice before they go on tour.

In June 2009 Los Angeles Schools superintendent Ramon C. Cortines objected to photographs of the school's football team posing with comedian Sacha Baron Cohen in his guise as Brüno that appeared in GQ magazine. Although Cortines gave discipline against principal Marcia Coates and athletic director Rick Prizant, Cortines stated that the discipline could not be enforced, because, since Birmingham was becoming a charter school, Coates and Prizant would no longer be LAUSD employees.

Miranda Cosgrove's music video for "Dancing Crazy" was filmed on the football field. The hit show on MTV, Awkward, has also been filmed at Birmingham.

Sports
The school's athletic nickname is the Patriots. Originally the nickname was the Braves. Native Americans in the San Fernando Valley had campaigned against the use of the "Braves" mascot at Birmingham High, as part of a national movement to remove Native American mascots. They met with the Los Angeles School Board because, according to Paul Kivel, author of Uprooting Racism: How White People Can Work for Racial Justice Ð 3rd Edition, they "met with so much intransigence at the high school". The LAUSD school board voted to remove Native American mascots and logos from all schools.

The school was told that it needed to change its mascot by June 28, 1998. The students voted for the new mascot to be the "Blue Devil". Gerald Kleinman, the principal at the time, stated that the school's mascot committee believed the "Blue Devil" was an inappropriate choice and overruled the students, instead choosing the "Patriot".

Football

 * Under coach Ed Croson, the football team won CIF Southern Section championships in 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2008, with contributions from future NFL players Malik Jackson, Mychal Rivera, and Donovan Carter, as well as standouts such as Milton Knox, Marquis Jackson (Malik's twin brother), and TJ Rosas.

Basketball

 * From 2003 to 2007, the basketball coach was Andre McCarter, MVP for the Rochester, New York Zeniths of the Continental Basketball Association in the 1978–79 season. McCarter played on UCLA's national championship teams in the early 1970s under John Wooden.

Soccer

 * In 2006, the Birmingham boys' soccer team won its first L.A. city section championship by upsetting the undefeated Canoga Park Hunters with a final score of 4–2. The team was coached by E.B Madha and led by seniors Eric Moran, Rene Alveranga, Juan Davila and team scoring leader Oscar Garcia. Birmingham has won 5 division 1 city title championships (2006, 2014, 2019, 2021 and 2023) and is one of the premier high school soccer programs in the San Fernando Valley.
 * In soccer, alumni Michael Erush was honored as the 1999 Los Angeles Times and Los Angeles Daily News All-Region Player of the Year, and was a 2000 NSCAA High School All-America selection. He was three-time All-Northwest Conference, and two-time All-Valley and All-West Valley League, as well as All-America honorable mention as a senior. He was inducted into the Birmingham Community Charter Athletic Hall of Fame.

Lacrosse

 * During the 2008–09 school year, Birmingham introduced a lacrosse team. In May 2015, the boys' and girls' lacrosse teams were the only teams to win a California Interscholastic Federation (CIF) city championship that year. The Patriots were also victorious over Palisades with a score of 11–1 for the girls and with a score of 9-4 for the boys, which was the second consecutive City championship for the girls' team.

Wrestling

 * In 2013, the Birmingham wrestling team won their first L.A. City Section Championship in school history.

Cross country running

 * In 2010 the Birmingham cross country team went on to win both the boys' and girls' L.A. City Section Championship, adding to head coach Scott King's 16 city championships in his time at Birmingham.

 * The track surrounding the football field was home to the CIF Los Angeles City Section Championships until 2014.

Baseball

 * From 2017 to 2019, Birmingham Varsity baseball won back to back to back L.A. City section open division championships which was led by coaches Matt Mowry, Gus Rico, Paul Blair, and Alex Gamez.

Notable alumni

 * Govind Armstrong - Chef
 * Larry Bell – artist
 * Lisa Bonet – actress
 * Damon Buford – Major League Baseball player
 * Mick Burrs – poet
 * Marc Cohen – ABC radio talk show host
 * Tim Conway Jr. – radio personality, The Tim Conway Jr. Show
 * Ronnie Eckstine – actor
 * Michael Erush (born 1984) - soccer player and coach
 * Jordan Farmar (born 1986) – basketball player (transferred to and graduated from William Howard Taft High School in Woodland Hills)
 * Raymond E. Feist – novelist
 * Sally Field – actress; played Gidget in 1965
 * Mossimo Giannulli – clothing designer, founder of Mossimo (graduated from HS in Orange County)
 * Terry Gilliam – director, actor, Monty Python
 * Jay Golden – academic, sustainability leader
 * David Gregory – journalist
 * Bill Handel – radio personality, KFI 640 AM
 * Jermaine Jackson (1973) – singer, songwriter
 * Malik Jackson – NFL player
 * Marquis Jackson – NFL player
 * Jeremy Licht – actor
 * Linda Lingle – governor of Hawaii
 * Michael Milken – financier, philanthropist
 * Tamera Mowry – actress
 * Tia Mowry – actress
 * Robert Newman – actor, Guiding Light
 * Michael Ovitz – talent agent
 * Daniel Pearl – journalist
 * Ken Poulsen – baseball player, member of "Impossible Dream" 1967 Boston Red Sox American League championship team
 * Michael Richards – actor (graduated from high school in Ventura County)
 * Sally Ride – physicist and former NASA astronaut (graduated from Westlake School for Girls)
 * Mychal Rivera – NFL player
 * Paul Rodriguez Jr. – professional skateboarder
 * Daniel Rotman - entrepreneur
 * David S. Rubin – curator, art critic, artist
 * Peter Schlesinger - artist
 * Bobby Sherman – actor
 * Mickey Sholdar – actor
 * Judee Sill – singer, actor
 * Pamela Skaist-Levy – clothing designer, founder of Juicy Couture
 * Leland Sklar - bassist
 * Chris Taylor – Wisconsin State Assembly member and Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge
 * Karrueche Tran – model and actress
 * Karen Valentine – actress, Room 222
 * Barry Van Dyke – actor
 * Billy Warlock – actor
 * Cindy Williams – actress
 * Jeron Wilson – professional skateboarder
 * Hasan Zaidi – Harvard Brain Surgeon,

Notable faculty

 * Hy Cohen (1931–2021) – Major League Baseball player

title: Birmingham High School


text:
San Diego Toros

The San Diego Toros were a professional soccer team based in San Diego, California. Founded in 1967 as the Los Angeles Toros, the team was one of the ten charter members of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). When the NPSL and the rival United Soccer Association (USA) merged in 1968 to form the North American Soccer League (NASL), the team was relocated to San Diego as a member of the new league. While in Los Angeles, the Toros played its home matches at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and at Balboa Stadium when it moved to San Diego. The team folded at the conclusion of the 1968 NASL season.

History
In 1966 several groups of entrepreneurs were exploring the idea of forming a professional soccer league in United States. Two of these groups merged to form the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) and franchise rights were awarded to ten ownership groups, with one given to Los Angeles Rams owner Dan Reeves. The Toros secured a lease at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which would also host the Los Angeles Wolves of the rival USA during the 1967 season.

The Toros began the season on April 16, 1967, with a home 3-2 win against the New York Generals in front of a crowd of over nine thousand. The team finished the season in fifth place in the Western Division with a record of 7 wins 10 loses and 15 draws with an average attendance for the season of 3,595. Dan Reeves sold the team to a group that included Bill Cox who acted as general manager.

With the merger of the NPSL with the United Soccer Association it was announced that Los Angeles would be one of the 20-teams in play in the North American Soccer League (NASL). Prior to the 1968 season, the Toros were moved to San Diego to avoid the league having two teams in the same market of Los Angeles playing their home games at Balboa Stadium. Midway through the 1968 NASL season, Cox took a position with the St. Louis Stars and sold the team to Emilio Azcárraga Milmo. The team finished the season in first place of the Pacific Division with a record of 18 wins, 8 loses and 6 draws earning the highest points total in the league. The team defeated the Kansas City Spurs with an aggregate score of 2 - 1 over 2 matches in the Conference Finals, but were defeated by the Atlanta Chiefs with an aggregate score of 3 - 0 in the NASL Final 1968. The Toros were one of 12 teams that folded between the 1968 and 1969 NASL seasons.

Year-by-year
Source:

title: San Diego Toros


text:
Talk:Social season (United Kingdom)

Las Madrinas
I have a reference from the Los Angeles Times for the Las Madrinas ball; just need to find the clipping. PKM 22:50, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Parliament in the U.S.
When does the sitting of Parliament occur in the United States?

Royal Ascot dress code
Hmm. Why does the Royal Ascot section on dress codes state that there's no bare shoulders to be shown by women, and yet the picture accompanying that section clearly show a woman in sleeveless dress? Nijyo (talk) 05:21, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
 * The dress code applies the the Royal enclosure only (the most exclusive area of the venue). The picture is just a general one from Royal Ascot - indeed the woman with the sleeveless dress would not be able to enter the Royal enclosure, but can attend Royal Ascot Kurt O'Sys (talk) 16:12, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view
It's not meant to. And how can it ever? It's a thing that is confined to the Anglosphere, and pre-war France. Or even just London the Home Counties, Hollywood and Manhattan. --94.2.63.58 (talk) 21:39, 11 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Hello, thanks for the comment. Actually, there is a "season" in the U.S., though much of it may be historic now. So it is perfectly fitting for this article to have a little note at the top suggesting that other editors might like to try their hand at globalizing it. I imagine there will be other countries with their own "seasons." BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 21:48, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Another option would be to retitle (move) this article to "London season" or something like that. BeenAroundAWhile (talk) 21:53, 27 July 2018 (UTC)

Photo contradicts text
Am I the only one who notices that the Ascot section says that women may not show bare shoulders, but the picture of the women at Ascot clearly shows a woman who is doing so? 24.185.57.182 (talk) 16:53, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

Globalize cleanup template
I added the template because despite references to the American social season in the literature/pop culture section and the external links, there's no other detail about it. Nadhika99 (talk) 07:44, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

London Season - Equestrianism
Difficult to believe that Cheltenham racing (mid-March) or Grand National (has been in march but usually early April) is part of the London season. Neither have much in way of dress code in the way that Royal Ascot and Glorious Goodwood has. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brianatc (talk • contribs) 10:21, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Social season (United Kingdom)


text:
DCR

DCR may refer to:

Computing

 * .dcr, a raw image format
 * Decision Composite Residuosity in cryptography, see Computational hardness assumption
 * Design Change request, also Document Change request and Database Change request
 * Device control register, a hardware register that controls some computer hardware device like a peripheral or an expansion card

Railways

 * DCRail, a British freight operating company
 * Delmarva Central Railroad, a short-line railroad serving Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia on the Delmarva Peninsula
 * Dubois County Railroad, a Class III short-line railroad serving Dubois County in southern Indiana, United States

Engineering

 * DC Resistance of an inductor, see Equivalent series resistance
 * Direct-conversion receiver
 * Dynamic compression ratio, referring to the compression ratio of a combustion engine

Other

 * Dacryocystorhinostomy, a surgical procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose
 * Dale Coyne Racing, an American auto racing team
 * Debt Coverage Ratio, another term for Debt service coverage ratio (DSCR)
 * Digital cable ready, indicating that a television is capable of receiving cable TV without a set-top box
 * Deglaciation Climate Reversal, see Younger Dryas
 * Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts), a state agency best known for its parks and parkways
 * Diploma of the College of Radiographers, abbreviated as DC(R), a qualification that was formerly awarded by the College of Radiographers, see Society and College of Radiographers
 * Distributed Constraint Reasoning, see Distributed constraint optimization
 * Division CuiRassée, a French armoured division in the Battle of France in 1940, see List of French divisions in World War II
 * Dropped Call Rate, a term in telecommunications denoting the percentage of calls which due to technical reasons were cut off before the speaking parties had finished their conversation and before one of them had hung up
 * Dual Cycle Rifle, a NATO calibre revolver-type assault rifle
 * Durham College Rowing, an organization representing all college boat clubs in Durham University
 * Dynamic contrast ratio, referring to the contrast ratio property of a display system
 * ISO 639-3 code for the extinct language Negerhollands.

title: DCR


text:
Lars Gullin

Lars Gunnar Victor Gullin (4 May 1928 – 17 May 1976) was a Swedish jazz saxophonist.

Career
Lars Gullin was born in Visby, Sweden. He was a child prodigy on the accordion. At age thirteen, he played clarinet in a military band and later learned the alto saxophone, but, after moving to Stockholm in 1947, became a professional musician as a pianist. He planned on a classical career, studying privately with classical pianist Sven Brandel. Although he actually filled the baritone chair in Seymour Österwall’s band in 1949 by chance, it was enough for him to decide that it was an instrument with possibilities, influenced too by hearing the American baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan for the first time on the Birth of the Cool recordings. He worked as a member of Arne Domnérus’s septet (initially co-led by the trumpeter Rolf Ericson) for two years from 1951; the group mainly performed at Nalen, a leading dance spot in Stockholm.

At the same time, Gullin began to work with visiting American musicians, recording with James Moody, Zoot Sims and Clifford Brown. Most importantly, he first performed with Lee Konitz in 1951, an association which was to be repeated several times in future years.

Gullin formed his own group in 1953, probably the only regular group he was to lead. It was short-lived, breaking up that November, after Gullin was responsible for causing the group to be involved in an automobile accident, although no one was seriously hurt. The next year, 1954, he won the best newcomer award in the American DownBeat magazine, after two March 1953 Swedish sessions were leased and issued by Contemporary Records as a 10” LP. Later Gullin albums were leased to Atlantic Records in the United States. Gullin toured several European countries with Chet Baker in October 1955, in a group which was marred by tragedy; it was Gullin who found the body of the group's pianist Dick Twardzik, victim of a heroin overdose, on 21 October, in a Paris hotel room.

The remainder of Gullin’s career was blighted by his own narcotics problems, and sometimes he survived on artists' grants from the Swedish government. He was restricted by illness for much of the later part of 1958. During most of 1959, Gullin, was active in Italy, he played with Chet Baker again and with the jazz alto saxophonist (and businessman) Flavio Ambrosetti, making radio broadcasts with him in Lausanne, Switzerland.

In the 1960s, he continued to work occasionally with leading American players, including Archie Shepp, with whom he recorded in 1963. One of his last major statements was his Aeros aromatic atomica suite recorded in 1973.

Gullin died of a heart attack, brought on by his long-term addiction to methadone. A recording jointly led by Lee Konitz and pianist Lars Sjösten, Dedicated to Lee … Play the Music of Lars Gullin was recorded in 1983, and issued by Dragon Records, who have issued 11 CDs of Gullin's recordings. The film Sven Klang's Combo (Sven Klangs kvintett, 1976) is a fictionalised version of the Swedish jazz scene of the 1950s, and the saxophonist Lars is based on Gullin.

His son, Peter Gullin, (12 April 1959, Milan, Italy – 7 October 2003, Uppsala, Sweden) was also a baritone saxophonist and composer. The elder Gullin’s composition "Peter of April" was dedicated to him. The tune "Danny's Dream" was dedicated to his first son Danny Gullin and "Gabriella" to his daughter, Gabriella Gullin (born 1961), a composer and conductor.

As leader or co-leader

 * 1953 Piano Holiday (Metronome)
 * 1953 Modern Sounds (Contemporary)
 * 1954 Lars Gullin (Contemporary)
 * 1954 Danny's Dream (Dragon)
 * 1955 Gullin's Garden (EmArcy)
 * 1955 Lars Gullin (EmArcy)
 * 1955 Lars Gullin with the Moretone Singers (EmArcy)
 * 1955/56 Lars Gullin With Chet Baker (issued on Dragon Records in 1992)
 * 1956 Baritone Sax (WEA)
 * 1958 Swings (East-West)
 * 1958 Fine Together: The Artistry of Lars Gullin (Sonet)
 * 1963 The House I Live In (SteepleChase) – co-led with Archie Shepp
 * 1964 På Gyllene Cirkeln (At the Golden Circle, EMI, not issued until 1979)
 * 1971 Jazz Amour Affair (Odeon/Parlophone)
 * 1973 Like Grass (Odeon)
 * 1975 Lars Gullin Quintet Featuring Bernt Rosengren (Storyville)
 * 1976 Aeros Aromatica Atomica Suite (Odeon)
 * 2016 The Liquid Moves of Lars Gullin (Sonorama)

As sideman
With Arne Domnérus With Rolf Ericson With Stan Getz With Bengt Hallberg With Quincy Jones With Nils Lindberg
 * Arne Domnérus And His Orchestra 1950/1951 With Rolf Ericson Featuring Lars Gullin (Dragon, 2003)
 * Rolf Ericson & The American Stars 1956 with Ernestine Anderson (Dragon, 1995)
 * Imported from Europe (Verve, 1958)
 * All Star Sessions 1953/54 (Dragon, 2007)
 * Jazz Abroad (EmArcy, 1955)
 * Sax Appeal (Barben, 1960) – originally issued as by The Swedish Modern Jazz Group, reissued as by Lindberg on Sax Appeal & Trisection (Dragon, 1992)

title: Lars Gullin


text:
Kavangoland

Kavangoland was a bantustan and then later a non-geographic ethnic-based second-tier authority, the Representative Authority of the Kavangos, in South West Africa (present-day Namibia), intended by the apartheid government to be a self-governing homeland for the Kavango people.

Bantustan (1968-1980)
After the legal framework was established in 1968 as the Development of Self-Government for Native Nations in South-West Africa Act, 1968 (Act No. 54 of 1968), Kavangoland was set up in 1970 and self-government was granted in 1973. The Kavango Legislative Council had its administrative headquarters in Rundu; its first session opened in October 1970 in the presence of the South African Minister for Bantu Administration and Development.

Representative authority (1980-1999)
Following the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference the system of Bantustans was replaced in 1980 by Representative Authorities which functioned on the basis of ethnicity only and were no longer based on geographically defined areas.

The Representative Authority of the Kavangos had executive and legislative competencies, being made up of elected Legislative Assemblies which would appoint Executive Committees led by chairmen.

As second-tier authorities, forming an intermediate tier between central and local government, the representative authorities had responsibility for land tenure, agriculture, education up to primary level, teachers' training, health services, and social welfare and pensions and their Legislative Assemblies had the ability to pass legislation known as Ordinances.

Transition to independence (1989-1990)
Kavangoland, like other homelands in South West Africa, was abolished in May 1989 at the start of the transition to independence.

Leadership
Sebastian Kamwanga, Hompa (king) of the Gciriku and member of the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) was the Chairman of the Executive Committee from 1981 to 1989.

authors: صلاح الأوكراني

title: Kavangoland


text:
Talk:The Black Sheep (1992 film)

Disambiguation
Uh...do we need a disambig for this? There has been quite a notable song recently in French in favour of opposition against the EU Constitution....seeing how France is about to vote "no", shouldn't it be noted? -- Natalinasmpf 22:53, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello there. As creator of & main contributor to this article, I don't really have a problem with this. Would you be willing to create an article on the song or, if not enough can be said to make a full-fledged article, could you write a substantial sum-up on the disambiguation page? Thanks for your suggestion. --Liberlogos 01:50, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, so is it okay with you if I move this page to Le Mouton noir (documentary)? -- Natalinasmpf 03:14, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm quite okay with a move. But since there is only one film with that name (that we plan to discuss on Wikipedia, for now), would not the Wikipedia standard be Le Mouton noir (movie)? --Liberlogos 05:59, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, although its in a movie sort of style (from what I see), its trying to bring across a message in a "matter-of-fact" sort of attitude rather than with an artistic message, right? I mean, we might as well categorise it as such if we've thought of it as such anyway? -- Natalinasmpf 22:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Use of the Phrase Le Mounton noir
I wondered if the phrase Le Mounton noir had any significance or history outside of the title of this documentary. I've read some francophone commentators writing in English who seem to use it like it might have a certain currency or meaning in Quebec. Any light you might be able to shed on this would give greater context for the article --Simon.Pole 11:34, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Black Sheep (1992 film)


text:
Department of Environmental Management (disambiguation)

Department of Environmental Management may refer to one of environmental agencies in sub-national governments of United States:

 * Alabama Department of Environmental Management
 * Indiana Department of Environmental Management
 * Massachusetts Department of Environmental Management, now part of the Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts)
 * Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management


text:
Four-fermion interactions

In quantum field theory, fermions are described by anticommuting spinor fields. A four-fermion interaction describes a local interaction between four fermionic fields at a point. Local here means that it all happens at the same spacetime point. This might be an effective field theory or it might be fundamental.

Relativistic models
Some examples are the following:

 * Fermi's theory of the weak interaction. The interaction term has a V − A (vector minus axial) form.
 * The Gross–Neveu model. This is a four-fermi theory of Dirac fermions without chiral symmetry and as such, it may or may not be massive.
 * The Thirring model. This is a four-fermi theory of fermions with a vector coupling.
 * The Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. This is a four-fermi theory of Dirac fermions with chiral symmetry and as such, it has no bare mass.

Nonrelativistic models
A nonrelativistic example is the BCS theory at large length scales with the phonons integrated out so that the force between two dressed electrons is approximated by a contact term.

In four space-time dimensions, such theories are not renormalisable.

title: Four-fermion interactions


text:
St. Louis Stars (soccer)

The St. Louis Stars were a soccer team based in St. Louis, Missouri that played in the original North American Soccer League from 1968 to 1977. The Stars were known for playing mostly American players, many from the St. Louis area, in contrast to other NASL teams' reliance on foreign players. The team moved to Anaheim in 1978 and became the California Surf.

1960s
The St. Louis Stars, founded in 1967 as a team in the National Professional Soccer League, were the first professional soccer team in St. Louis since the shuttering of the St. Louis Soccer League, although St. Louis had a long history of strong play in amateur leagues and college soccer. The Stars were headed by St. Louis businessman Bob Hermann. Hermann later went on to become president of the NPSL, and to create the Hermann Trophy, college soccer's version of the Heisman Trophy. The Stars immediately stole the spotlight from the local amateur clubs and attracted many mainstream sports fans. The first Stars team included players from nine different countries, with nine players from Yugoslavia, and the majority of the team did not speak English. The Stars' average attendance 7,613 was the highest in the league. After the season, the NPSL merged with the rival United Soccer Association to form the North American Soccer League. The Stars became a member of the newly merged league.

Following the 1968 NASL season, the league was in trouble with ten franchises having folded. The team's owners cut back on players' salaries, and the team became semi-pro. The 1969 season was split into two halves. The first half was called the International Cup, a double round-robin tournament in which the remaining NASL clubs were represented by teams imported from the United Kingdom. The Stars were represented by Kilmarnock F.C. of Scotland. The Stars came in last for the Cup with a 2–5–1 record. For the second half of the 1969 season, the teams returned to their normal rosters, and played a 16-game schedule with no playoffs.

1970s
After the first two money-losing seasons, the team's owners cut back. The Stars became a semi-pro team, with players paid by the game and holding other jobs. Consequently, the team began to draw poor crowds, averaging fewer than 4,000 fans per game for the three seasons from 1969 to 1971.

On March 19, 1971, the Stars hosted the 1971 NASL Professional Hoc-Soc Tournament, which was the first indoor soccer tournament sanctioned by a Division One professional league in U.S. history. The Stars lost their opening match, 2–1, but rebounded, 2–0, to win the third place match up.

The Stars best season was 1972. The Stars won the Southern Division that year, defeated the Rochester Lancers 2–1 in a semifinal match held at Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis, and in Final they lost 2–1 to the Cosmos in a match played at Hofstra Stadium in New York. Pat McBride (MF) and John Sewell (DF) were named first team all-stars for the 1972 season. The team's success reinvigorated fan appeal, leading the league in attendance in 1972 with close to 8,000 fans per match, and continuing to draw over 6,000 fans each season from 1972 to 1977.

The Stars' legacy is one of developing American players, in particular drawing players from the local St. Louis area talent pool, instead of recruiting aging foreign players with high contracts. From 1969 to 1976, the Stars' squads were mostly American players. The Stars could afford to rely on local talent because at the time St. Louis had strong college teams and amateur competitions, with St. Louis University winning 10 NCAA national championships from 1959 to 1973. This strategy is one of the reasons for the Stars' longevity (lasting ten seasons during some the NASL's most turbulent times), but often the team was mediocre. On February 13, 1974, the Stars played host (and lost, 11–4) to the Red Army team at the St. Louis Arena in the final match of Russian squad's three city, North American indoor soccer tour. St. Louis went on to participate in both the 1975 and 1976 NASL indoor tournaments with little success.

In 1975 the Stars signed a foreign star in Peter Bonetti. "The Cat" was a FA Cup-winning star for Chelsea, had played for England from 1966–1970, was the backup goalkeeper to Gordon Banks on England's winning team in the 1966 World Cup, and had started one match at the 1970 World Cup. Bonetti had a solid season with the Stars, and was named a NASL first-team all-star for the 1975 season. The Stars won the Central Division in 1975, defeated the L.A. Aztecs in the quarterfinals at Busch Memorial Stadium, and lost to the Portland Timbers in the semifinals. John Sewell was named NASL Coach of the Year.

In 1977, the Stars once again recruited an English goalkeeper, Bill Glazier, who was supposed to be England's backup goalkeeper at the 1966 World Cup, but had suffered a broken leg. While Glazier had long been successful as Coventry City's #1, he struggled for form in St. Louis as John Jackson won the starting goalkeeper role for the 1977 season. In 1977 the Stars finished second in the Northern Division, qualifying for the playoffs, where they lost in the first round to Rochester at Busch Memorial Stadium. Key players for the 1977 Stars team were DF Ray Evans (NASL second-team all-star) and MF Al Trost (NASL honorable mention).

From 1967–68 and 1971–74 the Stars played at Busch Memorial Stadium and from 1969 to 1970 and 1975–77 the home games were held at Francis Field.

Move to California
By 1977, the Stars emphasis on American players had begun to erode slightly. Although the 1977 squad was still mostly American, it did include eight Englishmen. There was an attempt to return to Busch for 1978, but the Stars were not able to secure a lease to their liking. With only small Francis Field available as an option and player salaries rising sharply, there seemed little alternative but to move. So after the 1977 season, the Stars moved to Anaheim and became the California Surf. Although the California Surf retained their core group of American (mostly St. Louis) players, under English coach John Sewell the California Surf imported more English players.

It would not be until 2023, until a first division soccer team played in the St. Louis metro, when St. Louis City SC joined Major League Soccer.

Honors
NPSL Commissioner's Cup
 * 1967 runner-up

NASL championships
 * 1972 runner-up

Division titles
 * 1972 Southern Division
 * 1975 Central Division

Rookie of the Year
 * 1970 Jim Leeker
 * 1972 Mike Winter

Coach of the Year
 * 1972 Casey Frankiewicz
 * 1975 John Sewell

U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 1989 Bob Kehoe
 * 1989 Willy Roy
 * 1994 Pat McBride
 * 2001 Bob Hermann
 * 2006 Al Trost

Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 2012 Dragan Popović

All-Star first team selections
 * 1968 Casey Frankiewicz
 * 1969 Joe Puls
 * 1971 Dragan Popović
 * 1972 Pat McBride, John Sewell
 * 1975 Peter Bonetti

All-Star second team selections
 * 1970 Pat McBride
 * 1971 Casey Frankiewicz
 * 1972 Wilf Tranter
 * 1973 Pat McBride
 * 1976 Al Trost
 * 1977 Ray Evans

All-Star honorable mentions
 * 1972 Casey Frankiewicz, Joe Puls
 * 1973 John Sewell, Al Trost
 * 1977 Al Trost

Indoor All-Stars
 * 1971 Dragan Popović, Miguel de Lima

Leading scorers

 * 1967 – 🇩🇪 Rudi Kölbl (15 G)
 * 1968 – 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Frankiewicz (16 G)
 * 1969 – Tommy Ferguson (7 G)
 * 1970 – Pat McBride (7 G)
 * 1971 – 🇵🇱 Kazimierz Frankiewicz (14 G)
 * 1972 – Willy Roy (7 G)
 * 1973 – Willy Roy (7 G)
 * 1974 – Dennis Vaninger (6 G)
 * 1975 – 🏴 John Hawley (11 G)
 * 1976 – Al Trost (12 G)
 * 1977 – 🏴 Fred Binney (9 G)

Coaches

 * George Mihaljevic (1967)
 * 🇩🇪 Rudi Gutendorf (1968)
 * Bob Kehoe (1969–70)
 * George Meyer and 🇵🇱 Casey Frankiewicz (1971)
 * 🇵🇱 Casey Frankiewicz (1972–73)
 * 🏴 John Sewell (1974–78)

title: St. Louis Stars (soccer)