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Grand Bleu de Gascogne

The Grand Bleu de Gascogne is a breed of hounds of the scenthound type, originating in France and used for hunting in packs. Today's breed is the descendant of a very old type of large hunting dog, and is an important breed in the ancestry of many other hounds.

Description
The Grand Bleu de Gascogne is an imposing large dog, a typical hunting pack hound of the oldest type, with a lean and muscular body, long legs, slightly domed head, long drop ears, and drooping lips. Size is 65 to 72 cm (25.6 to 28.3 ins) at the withers, females slightly smaller. Dogs of this breed should show an attitude of calm strength and nobility.

The colour of the coat is white mottled with black, giving a slate blue overall appearance. There are black patches on either side of the head, with a white area on top of the head which has in it a small black oval. Tan "eyebrow" marks are over each eye. Faults are deviations in appearance that have an effect on the health and working ability of the dog, as well as an absence of expected features of colour, structure, and size, indicating that a dog with such faults should not be bred. Faults include aggression or fearfulness, anatomical malformation, and lack of type.

Although these are large dogs, "Grand" does not necessarily refer to the size of the dogs. "In most cases it is simply a label for a pack that is used for larger game". Today. the breed is used in hunting boar, deer, and other game. The Grand Bleu de Gascogne is a very large dog weighing 80-120 lbs

Health and temperament
No unusual health problems or claims of extraordinary health have been documented for this breed. Temperament of individual dogs may vary.

History and use
The Grand Bleu de Gascogne ancestors were contemporaries with the St Hubert Hound and English Southern Hound, Comte de Foix kept a pack in the 14th century and Henry IV of France kept a pack in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

The Grand Bleu de Gascogne has a long history in the US, the first dogs were bred there in the 18th century; more Grand Bleus are now in the US than France. General Lafayette presented a pack of seven Grand Bleus to George Washington in 1785, who compared their melodious voices to the bells of Moscow.

The Grand Bleu de Gascogne is noted for its focus on the hunt, as well as a good nose and distinctive, sonorous, deep howl, the breed is "instinctively a pack hound". In the past, it was used to hunt deer, wolves, and boar; in the field it is considered a rather slow and ponderous worker and today is predominantly used to hunt hares.

The Grand Bleu de Gascogne has had a significant influence on the development of several breeds of scent hounds. After the French Revolution, it was used to revitalise the old Saintongeois, creating the Gascon Saintongeois, and the Bluetick Coonhound is considered a direct descendant of the Grand Bleu. The Grand Bleu de Gascogne was used by Sir John Buchanan-Jardine in the development of the Dumfriesshire Hound; in Britain, any native hounds with blue marbled coats are still referred to as 'Frenchies' after this breed.

title: Grand Bleu de Gascogne


text: Talk:Tupolev Tu-4

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tupolev Tu-4


text:
User:Limulus

Interesting Items

 * Limulus
 * Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense
 * WP:ABF

Articles I've Done Significant Work On
(though not necessarily recently)

 * Anderson Cooper
 * Carl Linnaeus, and related articles:
 * Animalia Paradoxa
 * Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus
 * Expedition to Lapland
 * Linnaeus (disambiguation)
 * Flibe Energy and Closed-cycle gas turbine
 * Gee Gee James
 * Harris, Saskatchewan
 * Internet Explorer for UNIX
 * Judith Reisman
 * Krampus (mostly images and IPC section)
 * Krampus in North American popular culture
 * No-analog (ecology)
 * Pandora's Promise
 * List of pro-nuclear environmentalists
 * Pirate Baby's Cabana Battle Street Fight 2006
 * Toxicofera (formerly "Venom clade" :)
 * Template:Actinides vs fission products
 * Template:Ra to Es by HL
 * Voodoo Science

Thorium
By 1946, only eight years after the discovery of nuclear fission, three fissile isotopes had been publicly identified for use as nuclear fuel:

 * Uranium-235, which is already fissile, but occurs as <1% of natural uranium
 * Plutonium-239, which can be bred from non-fissile Uranium-238 (>99% of natural uranium)
 * Uranium-233, which can be bred from non-fissile Thorium-232 (~100% of natural thorium; about four times more common than uranium )

Th-232, U-235 and U-238 are primordial nuclides, having existed in their current form for over 4.5 billion years, predating the formation of the Earth; they were forged in the cores of dying stars through the r-process and scattered across the galaxy by supernovas. Their radioactive decay produces about half of the earth's internal heat.

For technical (outlined in a section below) and historical reasons, the three are each associated with different reactor types. U-235 is the world's primary nuclear fuel and is usually used in light water reactors. U-238/Pu-239 has found the most use in liquid sodium fast breeder reactors. Th-232/U-233 is best suited to molten salt reactors (MSR).

Alvin M. Weinberg pioneered the use of the MSR at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The Aircraft Reactor Experiment in 1954 and Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment from 1965 to 1969 both used liquid fluoride salts; the latter notably demonstrated the use of U-233 as a fuel source. Unfortunately for MSR research, Weinberg was fired and the MSR program closed down in the early 1970s, after which research stagnated in the United States.

Sorensen-related

 * Energy From Thorium Sorensen's website "Devoted to the discussion of thorium as a future energy resource, and the machine to extract that energy–the liquid-fluoride thorium reactor."
 * Thorium Energy Alliance Conference Proceedings
 * Kirk Sorensen - A Global Alternative @ TEAC4 Kirk Sorensen's presentation at Thorium Energy Alliance Conference #4 in Chicago.
 * Manchester Report: Thorium nuclear power
 * Uranium Is So Last Century — Enter Thorium, the New Green Nuke
 * Forbes article: Is Thorium the Biggest Energy Breakthrough Since Fire? Possibly.

Thorium in India (map)
For Occurrence of thorium based on File:India-locator-map-thorium2012.svg updated with

title: User:Limulus


text:
People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy

The People's Party for Reconstruction and Democracy (Parti du Peuple pour la Reconstruction et la Démocratie or PPRD) is a political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is the political structure established by the former president of the country, Joseph Kabila.

In the 2006 general election, the PPRD won 111 out of 500 seats in the lower house of parliament and became the largest party in parliament. The 2006 general election was the first free election since the 1960s. On November 27, 2006, the presidential candidate supported by the PPRD, Joseph Kabila, was declared the winner of the 2006 Presidential elections, by the Supreme Court of Justice. In the 19 January 2007 Senate elections, the party won 22 out of 108 seats.

In the 2011 general election, the PPRD lost nearly half of its seats in the lower house of parliament, dropping to 63 out of 500 seats. Nevertheless, the PPRD retained its position as the largest party in parliament.

The party was the leading component of the Alliance of the Presidential Majority, which was the majority bloc in the National Assembly during the presidency of Joseph Kabila.


text: Category:Dutch chemists

title: Category:Dutch chemists


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Serb People's Party (Croatia)

Serb People's Party (Srpska narodna stranka) was one of the political parties that represent ethnic Serb minority in Croatia.

1990s
The party was founded in early 1991 by ethnic Serb politicians opposed to the radical and secessionist policies of Republic of Serbian Krajina. As the conflict in Croatia escalated, SNS quickly found itself in a precarious position. Its base was limited to the territories under Croatian government control, where ethnic Serbs were increasingly subjected to a variety of abuses, often under tacit or open support by authorities. The SNS, on the other hand, never criticised the government of Franjo Tuđman. In return, the state-controlled media described the SNS as the only legitimate representative of Croatian Serbs and its leader Milan Đukić was appointed to many important government posts, including assistant minister of interiors, vice-speaker of Sabor and presidential advisor.

In the mid-1990s, the SNS gradually began to distance itself from Tuđman's government and became more vocal in representing the interests of ethnic Serbs. This became evident after Operation Storm, during which the home of Milan Đukić in Donji Lapac was torched by Croatian military and police units. Following the Erdut Agreement that reintegrated eastern Slavonia into Croatia in 1997/1998, Tuđman found more suitable and more legitimate partners in ethnic Serb politicians from eastern Slavonia that would join the newly formed Independent Democratic Serb Party.

2000s
The rivalry between the SNS and SDSS gradually manifested itself on the former Krajina territories where those two parties fought for the votes of Serb refugees who returned to Croatia. Although the SNS had the upper hand at first and came into position to form the first Serb-dominated local government in Donji Lapac, SDSS proved not only as better organised, but also more acceptable for Croatian political mainstream. In the 2003 parliamentary elections, SNS failed to enter Croatian Parliament and lost all three Serb seats to the SDSS.

With the death of Milan Đukić, the party chose Milan Rodić to succeed as President in 2007.

2010s
The party established the Serb Solidarity coalition with several minor parties as an alternative to the politics of Independent Democratic Serb Party. In 2013, Zoran Kojić succeeded as the party president.

title: Serb People's Party (Croatia)


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Walter Stapledon

Walter Stapledon (died 15 October 1326) was an English cleric and administrator who was Bishop of Exeter from 1308 and twice served as Lord High Treasurer of England, in 1320 and from 1322 to 1325. He founded what became Exeter College, Oxford and contributed liberally to the rebuilding of Exeter Cathedral, where his tomb and monument survive. He was killed by a mob during the London uprising.

Origins

Born on a 1 February in or before 1265, his parents were William and Mabel Stapledon, from a gentry family who lived in the Devon parish of Cookbury. His elder brother was Richard Stapledon (died 1326), a judge and politician.

Career
Educated at Oxford, where he was awarded a master's degree in 1286 and a doctorate in 1306, he entered the service of Bishop Bitton in Exeter in 1300 and succeeded him in 1308. As well as duties in the diocese, he had already been on royal duty in Aquitaine and from then on combined his episcopal activities, which he never neglected, with service as a royal adviser and envoy. He was sent often to France and also to the Low Countries, as well as taking part in negotiations with Scotland. From 1313 he sat in Parliament and from 1315 was a member of the Privy Council.

With the country subject to increasing tensions under the stormy rule of King Edward II, he accepted the difficult post of Treasurer in 1320. After the king was forced to exile the Despensers, a move he considered unwise, he resigned in 1321 and gave his reasons in a letter which annoyed the king. Reappointed in 1322, he faced increasing problems in raising revenue from a country suffering from civil wars and the cost of external wars in Scotland and Aquitaine. Though a truce was negotiated with the Scots, he was party to seizures of lands in England, including estates of Queen Isabella. She was already antagonistic to Stapledon, accusing him of abandoning her when she fled with her son to France and now regarded him as an enemy. Removed from office in 1325, after Isabella invaded England he went to London, where the people of the city were intensely hostile to him and his brother. After his house was looted and burned, both were murdered in the street on 15 October 1326 and his head was sent to the queen.

As well as his services to the Catholic church in the west of England and to the Crown, he also encouraged architecture, archiving and learning. With his brother Richard, in 1314 he founded Stapledon Hall at Oxford, which has since become Exeter College.

Monument
His monument in the choir on the north side of the high altar is the cathedral's most important 14th-century monument. It consists of a recumbent robed effigy of the bishop, holding in his left hand a crozier and in his right hand a book, within a gothic canopy all made of Beer stone. On the ceiling of the canopy, invisible to the casual observer but looking down onto the bishop's effigy, is a contemporary painting of Christ displaying his Five Holy Wounds. An epitaph by John Hooker was added in 1568 but later removed.

title: Walter Stapledon


text:
Template talk:Harold Pinter

Italicisation or not
I did not know about that, is it a guideline? I couldn't find anything about it anywhere, Of course if Pinter is not credited then perhaps the screenplay shouldn't be in the template? Jezhotwells (talk) 00:43, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

See the articles on the films
Added the source re: Pinter's unpublished screenplay for The Remains of the Day, which is punctuated as an unpublished work "The Remains of the Day" (as are his other unpublished screenplays) in the appropriate section there. Pinter's unpublished and/or unproduced screenplays are not published works (by definition). Format for titles of unpublished screenplays is not to use italics. This is the template for Pinter's works, not for films. --NYScholar (talk) 01:01, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Punctuation rules for rendering titles of unpublished works may be found in various Style guides, some of which are listed in the Styles template. MOS doesn't cover everything covered by published style guides; some parts are optional guidelines. There is a difference between how one punctuates the titles of unpublished screenplays and how one punctuates the titles of films (inc. those still in production and released films) in Wikipedia. --NYScholar (talk) 01:55, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

All screenplays written by Pinter (and held in his Archive in the British Library if extant copies exist) are his works, whether or not he received credit for them in released films. There are occasions on which he was paid as contracted for his work, finished the screenplays, and asked to have his name taken off the credits of a film as per his contract; these matters are documented with published sources. If he wrote a screenplay or a filmscript, it is listed in the template as such, with the appropriate punctuation of the title to indicate whether it is published or unpublished [i.e., an unpublished manuscript]; there are 3 volumes of Pinter's collected screenplays published by Faber and Faber; please consult them for more information. --NYScholar (talk) 02:29, 25 March 2009 (UTC) [typ. corrs.; updated (in brackets); added link. --NYScholar (talk) 00:45, 7 May 2009 (UTC)]

In addition to the 3 vols. of published screenplays by Pinter, some are published separately; e.g., his screenplay for The French Lieutenant's Woman. (I own the 3 vols. collection and the single vol. of that screenplay, among others; these are verified publications.) --NYScholar (talk) 02:32, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, I am trying to get my head around this - "The Remains of the Day" is unpublished - but in italics? "The Tragedy of King Lear" is in quotes and italics - what does that mean? Is there some significance in whether quotes are applied or not?  Where can I find a description of how to use this?  Some titles are un-italicised, some are un-italicised and in quotes, some are italicised, some are italicised and in quotes.  that is 4 variants and I can't figure out what the differences are. Please explain as above you are just mentioning italicisation. Jezhotwells (talk)
 * Please see the edit summary; there was an errant italics mark that created a problem; I corrected it some time ago (i.e., removed the single set of '' ). --NYScholar (talk) 02:56, 6 May 2009 (UTC) (updated. --NYScholar (talk) 00:45, 7 May 2009 (UTC)]

To answer the questions above

 * Italics are used for titles of published works that are novels, films, published screenplays of films; quotation marks are used to indicate titles of short stories and of other works of short prose fiction (generally including dramatic sketches), of poems (except for very long poems, like the Iliad, etc.), speeches (such as Pinter's Nobel Lecture, "Art, Truth and Politics"; the title of the published volume containing it is indicated as Art, Truth and Politics), and so on.
 * Though quotation marks are used for titles of (dramatic) sketches (and/or short works of prose fiction, e.g., monologues), I have found some recent published critical studies of Pinter's works are using italics for titles of dramatic sketches [i.e, treating them as titles of plays]. Because that convention may be in flux, I am retaining use of italics for published dramatic sketches (see edit. summ. done on 5/5/09). (updated.) --NYScholar (talk) 00:45, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * [Added later for others' convenience:] Additional information: from sections on "Italicized Titles" (3.8.2) and "Titles in Quotation Marks" (3.8.3): "Italicize the names of books, plays, poems published as books, pamphlets, periodicals (newspapers, magazines, and journals), Web sites, online databases, films, television and radio broadcasts, compact discs, audiocassettes, record albums, dance performances, operas and other long musical compositions (except those identified simply by form, number, and key; see 3.8.5), paintings, works of sculpture, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. … [Eliding 21 examples given.]" Quotation marks are used for "titles of unpublished manuscripts of any length" (MLA Style Manual, sec. 3.8.3 [118–19]).  Pinter's unpublished screenplays and other unpublished manuscripts are thus placed within quotation marks; see below.  --NYScholar (talk) 23:11, 6 May 2009 (UTC)]
 * I am retaining the use of quotation marks for titles of unpublished screenplays [manuscripts] by Pinter, as the titles of released films are rendered with italics. [Though one or two critical sources use italics for Pinter's unpublished screenplays for (already released) films (films based on others' screenplays), that is generally not correct.] Wikipedia's own Manual of Style (WP:MOS) does not distinguish between titles of *released* (published) films and titles of *unreleased* (unpublished) films (despite the correct format of using quotation marks for unreleased films in other encyclopedia and book publications).  Newspapers (newspaper style) often use quotation marks for films [e.g., New York Times] or no punctuation at all for titles of films and plays (some British newspapers).  Wikipedia is not a newspaper, however, and it does not follow newspaper style.  It renders titles of both unreleased and released films with italics.  [This subject (italics for film titles) has been discussed in talk page[s] of film articles (and in archived Talk:Harold Pinter). (updated) --NYScholar (talk) 23:11, 6 May 2009 (UTC)]
 * But the titles of unpublished works (unpublished screenplays, in this case) are not italicized; such titles are placed within quotation marks (to indicate that the works remain unpublished; if they become published, that would change).
 * [Please note: In the case of Victory: Pinter published his screenplay, but no film has been made of it. (There is another film of the same title, Victory, but it's not an adaptation of the novel by Joseph Conrad: Victory.)  Because Pinter's screenplay is published, its title is rendered in italics (italicized).  Sources that I added to the articles on the films for which Pinter has written screenplays are useful for understanding relationships between the original works, the screen adaptations by Pinter, and whether or not or to what degree the films have been based on his scripts; the complexities of attribution (or lack thereof, sometimes at Pinter's insistence) in credits are discussed in the sources cited.  He had his name removed in some cases, even when some (or even a lot) of his (still unpublished) script was used in the film as released; e.g., The Remains of the Day).  According to sources cited, his contract called for his being paid for his work, whether or not the script was used or whether or not his name remained in the credits for the film's screenwriting.  [In the case of his (unpublished) script/screenplay for the film The Handmaid's Tale, according to the source cited in that article, he asked to have his name removed from the credits, but he remains credited and they used his script, but the usage displeased him. (added.) --NYScholar (talk) 00:45, 7 May 2009 (UTC)]  (Published critical sources refer to the manuscripts of those unpublished screenplays held in The Harold Pinter Archive in the British Library and/or to drafts sent to the writers of the articles.)
 * For further information, please consult style guides, as listed in the Style guides (Styles) template. (updated). --NYScholar (talk) 03:36, 6 May 2009 (UTC) [I've added some references and quotations from the 3rd ed. of the MLA Style Manual for convenience of other users; the MLA Handbook provides the same style; MLA Style for such practices as italicizing titles of certain kinds of works or use of quotation marks for titles of other kinds of works and for manuscripts of any length, and its other punctuation conventions generally follow commonly-accepted usage and are an illustration of it. --NYScholar (talk) 23:11, 6 May 2009 (UTC)]

title: Template talk:Harold Pinter


text: Template:Quantum field theory

title: Template:Quantum field theory


text:
Hellhound

A hellhound is a mythological hound that embodies a guardian or a servant of hell, the devil, or the underworld. Hellhounds occur in mythologies around the world, with the best-known examples being Cerberus from Greek mythology, Garmr from Norse mythology, the black dogs of English folklore, and the fairy hounds of Celtic mythology. Physical characteristics vary, but they are commonly black, anomalously overgrown, supernaturally strong, and often have red eyes or are accompanied by flames.

Albania
In Albanian mythology, a three-headed dog, who never sleeps, guards the gates of the underworld. In some folktales, it appears as the guard of the palace of E Bukura e Dheut in the underworld.

Belgium
Oude Rode Ogen ("Old Red Eyes"), or the "Beast of Flanders", was a demon reported in Flanders, Belgium, in the 18th century who would take the form of a large black hound with fiery red eyes. In Wallonia, the southern region of Belgium, folktales mentioned the Tchén al tchinne ("Chained Hound" in Walloon), a hellhound with a long chain that was thought to roam in the fields at night.

Czech lands
Numerous sightings of hellhounds persist throughout the Czech lands.

France
In France, in AD 856, a black hound was said to materialize in a church even though the doors were shut. The church grew dark as it padded up and down the aisle as if looking for someone. The dog then vanished as suddenly as it had appeared. On mainland Normandy, the Rongeur d'Os wanders the streets of Bayeux on winter nights as a phantom dog, gnawing on bones and dragging chains along with it. In Lower Brittany, there are stories of a ghost ship crewed by the souls of criminals with hellhounds set to guard them and inflict on them a thousand tortures.

Germany
In Germany, it was believed that the devil would appear as a black hellhound, especially on Walpurgisnacht.

Greece
In Greek mythology, Cerberus, often referred to as the hound of Hades, is a multi-headed dog that guards the gates of the Underworld to prevent the dead from leaving. He was the offspring of the monsters Echidna and Typhon and was usually described as having three heads, a serpent for a tail, and snakes protruding from multiple parts of his body.

Scandinavia
In Norse mythology, Garmr or Garm (Old Norse for "rag") is a wolf or dog associated with both the Goddess Hel and Ragnarök and described as a blood-stained guardian of Hel's gate.

Catalonia
In Catalan myth, Dip is an evil, black, hairy hound, an emissary of the Devil, who sucks people's blood. Like other figures associated with demons in Catalan myth, he is lame in one leg. Dip is pictured on the escutcheon of Pratdip.

Galicia
In Galicia, the Urco was a giant black hound that led the Santa Compaña, a version of the Wild Hunt.

Canary Islands
In the religious beliefs of the Guanche people of the Canary Islands, the Tibicenas were the canine offspring or attendants of the malevolent volcano deity Guayota.

England
The myth is common across Great Britain in the form of the "black dogs" of English folklore. The earliest written record of the "hellhound" is in the 11th- and 12th-century Peterborough version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which speaks of a "wild hunt" through the forest between Peterborough and Stamford.

Wales
The gwyllgi (compound noun of either gwyllt "wild" or gwyll "twilight" + ci "dog") is a mythical black dog from Wales that appears as an English mastiff with baleful breath and blazing red eyes.

Cŵn Annwn
In Welsh mythology and folklore, Cŵn Annwn ("hounds of Annwn") were the spectral hounds of Annwn, the otherworld of Welsh myth. They were associated with a form of the Wild Hunt, presided over by Gwynn ap Nudd (rather than Arawn, king of Annwn in the First Branch of the Mabinogi). Christians came to dub these mythical creatures "The Hounds of Hell" or "Dogs of Hell" and theorized Satan owned them. However, the Annwn of medieval Welsh tradition is an otherworldly paradise and not a hell or abode of dead souls.

In Wales, they were associated with migrating geese, supposedly because their honking in the night is reminiscent of barking dogs. They are supposed to hunt on specific nights (the eves of St. John, St. Martin, Saint Michael the Archangel, All Saints, Christmas, New Year, Saint Agnes, Saint David, and Good Friday) or simply in the autumn and winter. Some say Arawn only hunts from Christmas to Twelfth Night. The Cŵn Annwn also came to be regarded as the escorts of souls on their journey to the Otherworld. The hounds are sometimes accompanied by a fearsome hag called Mallt-y-Nos, "Matilda of the Night." An alternative name in Welsh folklore is Cŵn Mamau, the "Hounds of the Mothers."

Latin America
Black hellhounds with fiery eyes are reported throughout Latin America from Mexico to Argentina under a variety of names including the Perro Negro (Spanish for black dog), Nahual (Mexico), Huay Chivo, and Huay Pek (Mexico) – alternatively spelled Uay/Way/Waay Chivo/Pek, Cadejo (Central America), the dog Familiar (Argentina) and the Lobizon (Paraguay and Argentina). They are usually said to be either incarnations of the Devil or a shape-changing sorcerer.

United States
The legend of a hellhound has persisted in Meriden, Connecticut, since the 19th century. The dog is said to haunt the Hanging Hills, a series of rock ridges and gorges that serve as a popular recreation area and can also be known as a protector of the supernatural. The first non-local account came from W. H. C. Pychon in The Connecticut Quarterly, in which it is described as a death omen. It is said, "If you meet the Black Dog once, it shall be for joy; if twice, it shall be for sorrow; and the third time shall bring death."

Additionally, the term is common in American blues music, such as in Robert Johnson's 1937 song, "Hellhound on My Trail."

Arabia
Jinn, although not necessarily evil, but often thought of as malevolent entities, are thought to use black dogs as their mounts. The negative depiction of dogs likely derives from their close association with "eating the dead,' or relishing bones and digging out graves. Likewise, the jinn is often said to roam around graveyards and eat corpses.

China
The Huodou (Chinese: 祸斗) is a legendary creature originating within the minorities of southern China.

It is described as having the appearance of a large black dog that can emit flames from its mouth. Fire would break out wherever the Huodou went, so the ancients saw it as a sign of fire and often an ominous symbol. It is probably a demonized tribal symbol of southern China.

India
The Mahākanha Jātaka of the Buddhist Pali Canon includes a story about a black hound named Mahākanha (Pali; lit. "Great black"). Led by the god Śakra in the guise of a forester, Mahākanha scares unrighteous people toward righteousness so that fewer people will be reborn in hell.

His appearance portends the moral degeneration of the human world when monks and nuns do not behave as they should, and humanity has gone astray from ethical livelihood.

In Hinduism, Yama, the lord of death, has two dogs who guard the underworld. Their names are Sharvara and Shyama. The Nepali festival of Kukur Tihar, which brings dogs into temples to honor and consecrate them, is associated with this myth of Lord Yama and his two dogs.

Japan
In Japanese folklore, the Okuri-inu (送り犬) (lit. "escorting dog") is a yōkai that resembles a dog. The okuri-inu closely stalks and follows people walking along mountain paths in the nighttime. If the person falls over by chance, they will be immediately eaten up, but if they pretend to be having a short rest, they will not be attacked.

In literature

 * In Goethe's Faust, the Devil Mephistopheles first appears to Faust in the form of a black poodle, which follows him home through a field.
 * Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound of the Baskervilles
 * In Thomas Mann's novel from 1947, Doctor Faustus, the 'Faustian' hero Adrian Leverkuhn had two hounds, Suso and Kaschperl. Mephistopheles sent both hellhounds.
 * In Piers Anthony's fantasy novel On a Pale Horse, Satan sends hellhounds to attack Zane (Death) and bring him back to hell. The hounds are immortal but are dispatched by Death's magical scythe.
 * Hellhounds are the pets of Harpies in Anne Bishop's The Black Jewels Series, and hellhounds (called Shadow Hounds) appear in Anne Bishop's Tir Alainn trilogy.
 * The Witches have barghests being demonic creatures along with the Witches. Barghests, however, are always male, and Witches are always female. Barghests are never described but could be seen as dogs.
 * Hellhounds feature in Percy Jackson & the Olympians by Rick Riordan. The most prominent hellhound in the series is Mrs. O'Leary, whom Daedalus previously owned before becoming the pet of Percy Jackson.
 * Hellhounds feature in Laurell K. Hamilton's Merry Gentry series.
 * In Anthony Horowitz's book Raven's Gate, the protagonist, Matt, is pursued through a forest by demonic canines after being discovered eavesdropping on a witchcraft ritual.
 * Hellhounds (called darkhounds) appear several times in Robert Jordan's fantasy book series The Wheel of Time. Darkhounds are a particularly nasty form of Shadowspawn.
 * Hellhounds appear in Roger Zelazny's 1970 new-wave fantasy novel Nine Princes in Amber.
 * In Neil Gaiman's and Terry Pratchett's novel Good Omens, Adam (The Antichrist) receives a hellhound companion that he simply names "Dog."
 * In Christopher Moore's 2006 novel A Dirty Job, a pair of hellhounds appear to protect the main character Charlie Asher's daughter Sophie, a toddler in this book, who turns out to be The Death, with a capital D. Sophie names them Alvin and Mohammed. The hellhounds' disappearance is a plot point in the book's 2015 sequel, Secondhand Souls.

In film

 * A black-colored rottweiler serves Damien, the child anti-Christ in the 1976 film The Omen. In folklore, 'Black dog' hell hounds are believed to be supernatural servant beings of Satan.
 * Two hellhounds named Zuul and Vinz are key plot elements in the 1984 film Ghostbusters, in which they are minions of the ancient entity Gozer.
 * A hellhound named Sammael is one of the main antagonists in the first Hellboy film.
 * Hellhounds appear in the movie Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief as pets of Persephone and Hades, differing from the books' portrayal.
 * A hellhound named Thorn is the guardian of the vampire Max in The Lost Boys.
 * Hellhounds appear in the Don Bluth film All Dogs Go to Heaven. In a nightmare sequence, Charlie is sent to the abyss of the Underworld, meets a Beast called the hellhound, and is humiliated by the hellhound's demonic minions.
 * In the made-for-TV horror fantasy film, Hellhounds part of the Maneater Series, the hellhounds appear to be pets of Hades
 * In Predators and The Predator, hellhounds are extra-terrestrial dogs owned by the Yautja Species.

In television

 * Hellhounds appear in the television show Supernatural (e.g., in episode 5.10, "Abandon All Hope").
 * In Lost Tapes season 1, episode 13, the episode is about hellhounds, including the aspect that if one sees them three times, they will die.
 * Hellhounds appeared in the twentieth episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 3), "The Prom".
 * Hellhounds also appeared on Destination TV in the show Monsters and Mysteries in America during season 2. Where they were seen terrorizing a California community.
 * The MTV series Teen Wolf features a character who is a hellhound.
 * In the television series The X-Files, a hellhound is prominently featured in the 2018 episode "Familiar", where it guards the gates of the underworld in a secret Connecticut Puritan graveyard and attacks several victims.
 * Hellhounds have made a few small appearances as anthropomorphic in the pilot episode for "Hazbin Hotel" during Charlie's song "Inside of Every Demon is a Rainbow".
 * In the YouTube animated spin-off series "Helluva Boss", an anthropomorphic receptionist named "Loona". She can be seen working at a company called "I.M.P." another Hellhound named "Vortex" also makes an appearance in Season 1, episode 3, guarding Verosika. Like incubi and succubi, hellhounds have the ability to transform into humans. Hellhounds are later revealed to be the lowest-ranked species in Hell, along with Imps.
 * In Episode 9 of Inuyasha: The Final Act, "Sesshōmaru in the Underworld", Sesshomaru's mother uses her necklace, the Meido Stone, to a portal from the underworld to summon the hellhound, but it's unaffected to the Meido Zangetsuha and the beast swallowed Rin and Kohaku as it returned to the underworld, and Sesshomaru after it to save the children and killed it with the Tenseiga.

In games

 * In Call of Duty: World at War, Call of Duty: Black Ops, Call of Duty: Black Ops II, Call of Duty: Black Ops III, Call of Duty: Black Ops IIII, and Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War, in the Zombies mode, fiery hellhounds are a type of enemy. They first appear at the start of either rounds 5, 6, or 7 and return every 4 or 5 rounds.
 * In Heroes of Might and Magic III, the hell hound is a recruitable 3rd-level unit from the Inferno town that can be upgraded into a Cerberus.
 * Hellhound is also a creature of chaos in the game Master of Magic.
 * In Neverwinter Nights, the hellhound is available as a familiar for wizards and sorcerers.
 * In Eye of the Beholder, hellhounds appear on one of the deeper dungeon levels.
 * In the video game NiGHTS: Journey of Dreams, one of the bosses for Will's dream is called Cerberus and is, as stated by Reala, a hellhound.
 * In the Pokémon franchise, the two Pokémon Houndour and Houndoom are based on the hellhound.
 * In the MMORPG RuneScape, hellhounds are a type of demon but are not tied to the underworld.
 * In the video game The Witcher, the hellhound is a boss monster.
 * Hellhounds are creatures that appear in The Elder Scrolls: Arena.
 * Hellhounds are minions of the Burning Legion in Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos.
 * Hellhounds called Skinned Hounds appear in The Elder Scrolls IV: Shivering Isles, a DLC for The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.
 * Hellhounds called Death Hounds appear in Dawnguard, the first DLC for The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.
 * In War Commander (a real-time strategy game on Facebook), "Hellhounds" refers to a rogue computer-controlled faction.
 * In Dungeon Keeper, hellhounds are a species of creature that can be attracted to your dungeon by means of the Scavenger Room. They are said to be useful guards and good at locating enemies. They are interpreted as having two heads and the ability to breathe fire.
 * In Dragon's Dogma, fire-breathing hellhounds start to appear on land after the protagonist defeats the dragon.
 * In Ultima Online, hellhounds are a type of hostile creature spawn that appears in a few dungeon areas.
 * In Don't Starve, hounds, a wolf-like enemy, are based on hellhounds.
 * In Age of Mythology, hellhounds come out of Hekate's god power, Tartarian, which creates a gate to Tartarus. In addition, the Greek titan is a three-headed hellhound resembling Cerberus, the hellhound that guards the Greek underworld.
 * Hellhounds appear in the MMORPG Anarchy Online as strong white dogs that are hard to defeat.
 * "Heck Hound," a child-friendly name change of the hellhound, is the name of a Fire spell in the MMORPG Wizard101. In the game, they also appear as pets.
 * In Devil May Cry 3, one of the first bosses is Cerberus.
 * Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones features two hellhounds- Mauthe Dhoog and Gwyllgi- as enemy classes.
 * In the Final Fantasy series, Cerberus appears as a boss and can be summoned to fight with your party with a special move in some instances. Likewise the hellhound sometimes makes an appearance in one of its mythological forms, such as Garm from Final Fantasy VI.
 * In Ogre Battle: The March of the Black Queen, the hellhound is a monster that can be recruited by Wizards and upgraded into the Cerberus (despite still having only one head due to sprite limitations).
 * In Blood, hellhounds appear as regular enemies starting in episode 3. Additionally, Cerberus appears as the boss of episode 3 and makes occasional appearances afterward. Most notably, two of them serve as the final encounter of the expansion Cryptic Passage.

Dungeons & Dragons
In the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game, the hell hound is a hyena-like creature that can breathe fire and hunts in packs. It is classified as an outsider from the Nine Hells.

The hellhound was introduced to the game in its first supplement, Greyhawk (1975). The hellhound appeared in the D&D Basic Set (1977), the D&D Expert Set (1981, 1983), and the Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia (1991). The hellhound appears in the first edition of Monster Manual. The Monster Manual was reviewed by Don Turnbull in the British magazine White Dwarf #8 (August/September 1978). As part of his review, Turnbull comments on several monsters appearing in the book, noting that the breath weapon of the "much-feared" hellhound has been altered from its previous appearance. The hellhound appeared in the second edition of the Monstrous Compendium Volume Two (1989) and reprinted in the Monstrous Manual (1993). The hellhound appeared in the third edition of Monster Manual (2000), and in the 3.5 revised Monster Manual (2003) with the Nessian warhound. The hellhound appears in the fourth edition Monster Manual for this edition under the Hound entry.

A hellhound resembles a mangy, skinny, somewhat demonic hyena-like creature with red eyes and draconic ears. It has the ability to breathe fire. However, the Fourth Edition depicts them as nearly skeletal canines wreathed in flame. The hellhound enjoys causing pain and suffering, and it hunts accordingly. A favorite pack tactic is to surround prey silently and then cause two hellhounds to close in and make the victim back into another hellhound's fiery breath. They will attack with their claws and teeth if they have to. If the prey manages to escape, the hellhounds will pursue it relentlessly. Hellhounds are also quick and agile. Another type of hellhound is the Nessian warhound. Nessian warhounds are coal-black mastiffs the size of draft horses and are often fitted with shirts of infernal chainmail. Hellhounds cannot speak but understand Infernal.

The hellhound was ranked ninth among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons For Dummies. The authors described them as the "first serious representative of a class of monsters your players will be fighting against for their whole careers: evil outsiders" and that they are interesting because they "introduce players to monsters with an area-effect attack (their fiery breath)."

title: Hellhound


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Laing Art Gallery

The Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, is located on New Bridge Street West. The gallery was designed in the Baroque style with Art Nouveau elements by architects Cackett & Burns Dick and is now a Grade II listed building. It was opened in 1904 and is now managed by Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums and sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. In front of the gallery is the Blue Carpet. The building, which was financed by a gift from a local wine merchant, Alexander Laing, is Grade II listed.

The gallery collection contains paintings, watercolours and decorative historical objects, including Newcastle silver. In the early 1880s, Newcastle was a major glass producer in the world and enamelled glasses by William Beilby are on view along with ceramics (including Maling pottery), and diverse contemporary works by emerging UK artists. It has a programme of regularly rotating exhibitions and has free entry.

The gallery's collection of paintings includes John Martin's dramatic The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, as well as works by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Edward Burne-Jones (Laus Veneris), Isabella and the Pot of Basil from 1868 by William Holman Hunt, and Ben Nicholson. Local paintings include pictures by Ralph Hedley. There is also a collection of 18th- and 19th-century watercolours and drawings, including work by J. M. W. Turner and John Sell Cotman.

title: Laing Art Gallery


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fenja

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - redirected - SimonP 14:16, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Fenja Hehtke
Fen's Reasons to Suicide

1.I have no finished education 2.I'll never have a job 3.I am too fucked up to finish me education 4.I want to to drugs really bad but I'm to afraid to do them anymore cause I'll end up in the hospital with doctors yelling at me again 5.I want to be loved so bad but I'm not 6.I lost Kenny 7.I am going nowhere in life

For the sake of myself and others I would be better off dead. I only wish I knew how to do it right, and I wish I had the guts to do it. I just have to get out of this this is all too much for me. I can't stop crying anymore, I just can't stop.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fenja


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Proprietary company

A proprietary company, the characteristic of which is abbreviated as "Pty", is a form of privately held company in Australia, Namibia and South Africa that is either limited or unlimited. However, unlike a public company there are, depending on jurisdiction, restrictions on what it can and cannot do.

In Australia, a proprietary company is defined under section 45A(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth).

The Act puts certain restrictions on proprietary companies such as not permitting them to have more than 50 members (shareholders). Another important restriction relates to fundraising. A proprietary company must not engage in fundraising that would require a disclosure document such as a prospectus, an offer information statement, or a profile statement to be issued (sec.113(3)). The Act states in which circumstances a company must issue a prospectus when attempting to raise funds. This means that a proprietary company must not offer its shares to the public.

Section 45A of the Act also distinguishes proprietary companies as either "large proprietary" or "small proprietary". The differences here relate to issues such as operating revenue, consolidated gross assets, and the number of employed persons.

Large proprietary companies are required to appoint an auditor and lodge appropriate financial statements with the Australian Securities & Investments Commission.

Proprietary limited or unlimited company
Under Australian law, a proprietary limited company (abbreviated as 'Pty Ltd') is a business structure that has at least one shareholder and up to 50, where the liability of shareholders is limited to the value of shares. Its counterparts include the public limited company (Ltd) and the Unlimited Proprietary company (Pty) with a share capital.

Under the Australian Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), a proprietary company must be either –
 * Proprietary Limited (Pty Ltd) company, limited by shares, where shareholders are afforded more protection when it comes to the level of liability they face for company debts; or
 * Unlimited Proprietary (Pty) company with a share capital, similar to its limited company (Ltd or Pty Ltd) counterpart, but where the members' or shareholders' liability is not limited.

The proprietary limited or unlimited company must have at least one shareholder, no more than 50 non-employee shareholders, and at least one director who must live in Australia. A secretary can be appointed (sec.204A), that must be at least 18 years of age. One person may simultaneously hold the positions of company director and secretary.

Proprietary limited companies are also classified as "large" or "small". A proprietary company is classified as small only if it meets at least two of the following criteria:

 * It has assets of less than $25 million at the end of a financial year.
 * It has fewer than 100 employees at the end of a financial year.
 * It has a gross operating revenue of less than $50 million for the financial year.

Most large proprietary companies have to lodge audited accounts. Small proprietary companies only have to prepare audited financial statements if ordered to do so by Australian Securities & Investments Commission or members holding five percent of voting shares and, in some cases, if controlled by a foreign company.

Company names
Proprietary companies have the word "Proprietary" in their name, thus Relays Proprietary Limited, abbreviated to Relays Pty Ltd or Relays P/L.

Other countries

 * 🇸🇬 In Singapore, a proprietary company name would be named "Relays (Private) Limited" abbreviated to "Relays Pte Ltd".
 * 🇳🇦 In Namibia and South Africa, the name of a private company ends with "(Pty) Ltd" and that of a public company ends with "Ltd".

Company number
To help identify companies more uniquely and concisely, many countries have a company number which does not change if the company changes its name.

 * 🇦🇺 Australian Company Number

title: Proprietary company


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Bernard of Italy

Bernard (797 – 17 April 818) was the King of Italy from 810 to 818. He plotted against his uncle, Emperor Louis the Pious, when the latter's Ordinatio Imperii made Bernard a vassal of his cousin Lothair. When his plot was discovered, Louis had him blinded, a procedure which killed him.

Life
Bernard was born in 797, the son of King Pepin of Italy, himself the son of the Emperor Charlemagne. In 810, Pepin died from an illness contracted at the siege of Venice. Bernard married a woman named Cunigunde, but the year of their marriage, and her origins, are obscure. Some sources refer to her as "of Laon". They had one son, Pepin, Count of Vermandois, who was born in 817.

In 817, Louis the Pious drew the Ordinatio Imperii, detailing the future of the Frankish Empire. Under this, the bulk of the Frankish territory went to Louis' eldest son, Lothair; Bernard received no further territory, and although his kingship of Italy was confirmed, he would be a vassal of Lothair, as he had been to Louis and to Charles. Certain of his counselors, including Count Eggideo, and his chamberlain Reginhard, persuaded Bernard that this arrangement threatened his position. Other names were Reginhar, the last being the grandson of a Thuringian rebel against Charlemagne, and Hardrad. Anshelm, Bishop of Milan and Theodulf, Bishop of Orléans, were also accused of being involved: there is no evidence either to support or contradict this in the case of Theodulf, whilst the case for Anshelm is murkier.

Prior to this, Bernard's relationship with his uncle appears to have been cooperative. Bernard's main complaint was the notion of his being a vassal of Lothair. In practical terms, his actual position had not been altered at all by the terms of the decree, and he could safely have continued to rule under such a system. Nonetheless, "partly true" reports came to Louis the Pious that his nephew was planning to set up an 'unlawful'—i.e. independent—regime in Italy.

Louis the Pious reacted swiftly to the plot, marching south to Chalon. Bernard and his associates were taken by surprise; Bernard travelled to Chalon in an attempt to negotiate terms, but he and the ringleaders were forced to surrender to Louis, who had them taken to Aachen where they were tried and condemned to death. Louis 'mercifully' commuted their sentences to blinding, which would neutralize Bernard as a threat without actually killing him; however, the process of blinding (carried out by means of pressing a red-hot stiletto to the eyeballs) proved so traumatic that Bernard died in agony two days after the procedure was carried out. At the same time, Louis also had his half-brothers Drogo, Hugh and Theoderic tonsured and confined to monasteries, to prevent other Carolingian offshoots challenging the main line. He also treated those guilty or suspected of conspiring with Bernard harshly: Theodulf of Orleans was imprisoned, and died soon afterwards; the lay conspirators were blinded, the clerics deposed and imprisoned; all lost lands and honours.

A text called The Vision of the Poor woman of Laon criticizes Louis for Bernard's death.

Legacy
His Kingdom of Italy was reabsorbed into the Frankish empire, and soon after bestowed upon Louis' eldest son Lothair. In 822, Louis made a display of public penance at Attigny, where he confessed before all the court to having sinfully slain his nephew; he also welcomed his half-brothers back into his favour. These actions possibly stemmed from guilt over his part in Bernard's death. It has been argued by some historians that his behaviour left him open to clerical domination, and reduced his prestige and respect amongst the Frankish nobility. Others, however, point out that Bernard's plot had been a serious threat to the stability of the kingdom, and the reaction no less a threat; Louis' display of penance, then, "was a well-judged gesture to restore harmony and re-establish his authority."

title: Bernard of Italy


text:
Vesicle

Vesicle may refer to:

 * In cellular biology or chemistry
 * Vesicle (biology and chemistry), a supramolecular assembly of lipid molecules, like a cell membrane
 * Synaptic vesicle

 * In human embryology
 * Vesicle (embryology), bulge-like features of the early neural tube during embryonic brain development
 * Auditory vesicle
 * Optic vesicles

 * In human anatomy and morphology
 * Seminal vesicle
 * Vesicle (dermatology), a liquid-filled cavity under the epidermis, commonly called a blister

 * In non-human morphology
 * Subsporangial vesicle
 * Juice vesicles, the pulp found in the endocarp of common citrus members

 * In geology
 * Vesicular texture, a small enclosed cavity found in some volcanic rock, such as basalt

title: Vesicle


text:
Talk:Vesicle (disambiguation)

The vesicles are the mail trucks for the Golgi Bodies. They deliver the proteins throughout the cell. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.176.73.94 (talk) 04:31, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * See also Talk:Vesicle (biology)

title: Talk:Vesicle (disambiguation)


text:
Category:Compositions by Claudio Monteverdi

Compositions by Claudio Monteverdi


text:
Talk:Gillian Clarke

The revert
I reverted a much more detailed biographical description which was supplied by an anonymous user, because it was word-for-word taken from http://www.gillianclarke.co.uk/pages/biographypage.htm -- right down to fancy character for the apostrophe and no space in M.Phil (why someone corrected a UK "centre" to "center", though, is beyond me). --Telsa 10:23, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bit about Barry entered as Gillian was reading poetry and reminiscing about her childhood earlier today at the 2012 Barry Arts Festival. She mentioned that her mother, a Welsh speaker, moved to Manchester (she was a nurse), and "gave up" the Welsh language - as that there seemed to be an assumption in those days that "the English" were posh, and "the Welsh" were not.

90.198.63.2 (talk) 00:07, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gillian Clarke


text:
Rakahanga

Rakahanga is part of the Cook Islands, situated in the central-southern Pacific Ocean. The unspoilt atoll is 1,248 km from the Cook Islands' capital, Rarotonga, and lies 1,111 km south of the equator. Its nearest neighbour is Manihiki which is just 44 km away. Rakahanga's area is 4 km2. Its highest point is approximately 5 metres above sea level. The population was 83 in the 2016 Census of Population & Dwellings, with a density ratio of 32 people per square kilometer. Since 2014 Rakahanga's electricity has been 100% solar generated. The Rakahanga-Manihiki language differs from Cook Islands Maori.

Geography
There are four main islands and seven motus or islets in the Rakahanga lagoon. The northern island is divided into three: Tetukono in the north and northeast, Tetaha Kiraro in the west, and Paerangi in the southwest; while the southern island is Rakahanga. The motus are: on the east, Te Motu o Umurua, Akaro, Motu Ngangie, Huananui, Motu Mahuta and Motu Okakara; while on the southwest side the islet of Te Kainga guards the widest passage into the lagoon. The north-east coast has sandy beaches. The west coast is rubble and beach rock (a conglomerate of coral and shell) over old reef rock. The atoll is densely vegetated with coconut palms.

Rakahanga is just over 4 square kilometres in size. Its highest point is about 5 metres (17 feet) and like the other Northern Cook Island atolls, Rakahanga is in danger from rising sea levels. Its large lagoon is shallow with poor sea water circulation, which is unfavourable for coral growth. The natural entrances to the lagoon are narrow and shallow, passable only by canoes and small boats with skilled captains. A deeper channel was created in about 2015 under a Harbour Improvement program.

Rakahanga's settlement is on the northwest side of the southern islet and consists of five adjoining villages (which might represent the lineages living in the same village: )

 * 1) Purapoto
 * 2) Niteiri
 * 3) Numahanga
 * 4) Teruakiore
 * 5) Matara (main settlement and seat of the Rakahanga Island Council)

Climate
Rakahanga has a uniform temperature pattern with daily variations ranging from a minimum of 26 °C/ 79 °F to a maximum about 31 °C/88o F. It is generally dry between May and October and hot and humid between November and April. The latter period is the cyclone (hurricane) season, although such events are relatively rare. It is dryer in La Niña cycles, when water shortages can be acute.

Maori settlement
Rakahanga was first inhabited about 1350 AD. According to oral histories, the original population descended from just two people. Toa was a defeated warrior banished from Rarotonga, and his wife Tapairu was either the sister or the daughter of a Rarotongan chief. She may have been the one with the navigational skills to locate the tiny atoll, which some accounts claim was discovered by her brother Huku. The couple settled on the motu of Te Kainga, near the south west entrance to the lagoon.

Genealogy histories show Toa and Tapairu had four daughters. Toa married each of these daughters in an attempt to produce a male child. Finally, a union with a grand-daughter produced a son, and the youngest daughter produced another boy. Parent-child marriages appear to have been banned after that. Rakahanga was isolated from wars and infectious diseases, and the population grew rapidly. By the sixth generation, the community had split into two tribes under separate arikis (chiefs) and a tuha whenua (Land Distributor) was appointed to arbitrate disputes. By the ninth generation there were four tribal groups, still based around two ariki.

Despite dividing into tribes, there are no records of wars. Te Kainga remained the only site of habitation in Rakahanga. Pearl shell was plentiful there, used in tools such as saws, chisels and fishhooks. The rest of the atoll was reserved for food production, primarily based on the coconut palm, pandanus and puraka, a type of taro.

The population eventually outstripped the food supply. This led to the practice of moving between Rakahanga and the larger but less fertile atoll of Manihiki, which was previously uninhabited. Every few years the entire community would make the dangerous inter-atoll crossing, allowing the vacated atoll to restore. When on Manihiki, the tribal groupings lived on separate motus under their ariki in villages called Tauhuna and Tukoa.

Contact with Europeans
It is believed that Ferdinand Magellan encountered Rakahanga in 1521, but this cannot be substantiated by historians who have researched the island's history. One of the last great Spanish voyages of exploration, under the command of Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, came upon the island on 2 March 1606. He noted in a record of the voyage: "The land is divided among many owners, and is planted with certain roots, which must form their bread. All the rest is a large and thick palm grove which is the chief sustenance of the natives. Some 500 inhabitants were seen assembled on the beach". A Franciscan friar, Fray Martin de Munilla, was so struck with admiration that he called it the island of beautiful people (gente hermosa). De Quiros described the inhabitants as "the most beautiful white and elegant people that were met during the voyage".

Russian oceanic explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen visited Rakahanga on 8 August 1820, on ships Vostok and Mirni. He took its coordinates and charted its position with accuracy; he named this atoll "Grand Duke Alexander Island", after Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaievich who would later become tsar Alexander II. According to Bellingshausen: "The inhabitants (of Rakahanga) came out in canoes and challenged us to fight by throwing stones and spears at the ship."

"The density of its cocoanut [sic] groves has excited the astonishment of all mariners who have visited it," according to a report written in 1874.

Missionary period
In 1849 two missionaries came to Manihiki, and then on to Rakahanga. Tairi was from Rarotonga, and Apolo was from Aitutaki, and they were sent by the London Missionary Society which sought to spread the Scriptures using the vernacular. Within a few years most of the population had been baptised and given new names. In 1855, a visiting Rarotongan missionary, Maretu, was concerned at the loss of life on the ocean voyages between the atolls, and decided part of the population should live permanently on Rakahanga and the remainder stay on Manihiki. Maretu wrote that the people "all raised their hands in agreement. That's how it was agreed that the two islands would live separately. The people went home in great joy". Rakahanga’s population then became about 500. Maretu also asked that the settlement be moved from Te Kainga to its present location so it could be set out "in an orderly pattern".

London Missionary Society practice was to set up schools to teach reading and writing based on the Bible. The schools established on Rakahanga and Manihiki taught the alphabet that missionaries had created for the Rarotongan language, which has two fewer consonant sounds than Rakahangan/Manihikian.

The missionaries quickly came to control almost all aspects of island life, although the ariki were still nominally chiefs. Frederick Moss visited Manihiki in about 1886 and observed, "The king, be it said, has no direct power. That has fallen into the hands of the native missionaries whose holy office, combined with greater education and experience, makes him the real ruler of the people." Heads of households elected representatives called Turimen, who "decide the law, sit as judges and act as policemen", but according to Moss, "The native missionary pulls the wires." Games and dances were "rigidly repressed by missionary law," and sinners were punished with fines and by being put in stocks for days at a time. The missionaries had to counter the influence of European traders, who sold alcohol and tobacco along with general merchandise in return for pearl shell, copra and the fine rito mats for which Rakahanga/Manihiki was already famous.

British protectorate and incorporation into New Zealand
Commander Clarke of HMS Espiegle (1880) declared Rakahanga and Manihiki British protectorates on 9 August 1889, almost a year after the islands in the Southern Group. The British appointed as the Cooks Islands chief administrator a New Zealand MP, Frederick Moss, However, the 'parliament' he formed only had representatives from the Southern Group. Being under the protection of the British appears to have meant little in practice for Rakahanga.

The London Missionary Society's control of Rakahanga ended when both the Northern and Southern Groups were included within New Zealand's boundaries in 1901 with the support of the ariki provided they could approve which NZ laws would apply. Island Councils were established on major islands, including Rakahanga, with Resident Agents who reported to the Resident Commissioner in Rarotonga. The Rakahanga Resident Agent in 1903 was a teacher at the missionary school. After visiting the atoll in 1904, the Resident Commissioner reported, "On Rakahanga there is evidence of very bad feeling, and many land disputes." He suggested this was due to over-officiousness on the part of the Rakahanga Island Council.

The New Zealand Government slowly improved the infrastructure, for example installing a large concrete water tank in 1912 and a Courthouse in 1917. Medical officers called in every six months or so. A government school was not established until 1951, after the islanders had built a teacher's house. The school taught from kindergarten to Year 10, following a New Zealand curriculum for what were termed Maori schools. English was compulsory, although the teachers were not necessarily fluent speakers.

Self rule 1965
Rakahanga was established as a single electorate when the Cook Islands became self-governing in 1965. Pupuke Robati was the first elected representative. One ariki initially represented both Rakahanga and Manihiki in the House of Ariki because it was claimed that there had been no ariki on Rakahanga since 1901. Robati disputed this, saying there were two ariki families. Robati became Prime Minister briefly in 1987. His daughter Tina Pupuke Browne, leader of the Cook Islands Democratic Party, gained the seat following a legal challenge after the 2018 elections.

Rakahanga's political candidates have often resided outside Rakahanga when elected, including Pupuke Robati. However, voters can only be registered if they have lived in the electorate for at least 3 months before an election. This condition led to an electoral challenge to the Rakahanga election result in 2010.

With EU and New Zealand funding, 100% solar generated power was made available to all residents in 2014, and new roofing, guttering and water tanks have been installed on all occupied houses. Mobile telecommunications were provided in 2007 and upgraded in 2013.

The island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act for the United States, a claim which was only ceded in a treaty between the U.S. and the Cook Islands in 1980.

Flora and fauna
The atoll is a green sea turtle nesting site. Coconut crabs are protected and their harvesting is constrained to certain seasons. The outer reef is a good fishing spot. Each January, a tuna fishing contest takes place and boats return with 200 or more fish a day. Humpback whales have been confirmed on rare occasions.

Colonies of white terns nest along the lagoon. Frigate birds and brown boobies are other common sea birds. Feral cats and rats were introduced by Europeans. Pigs and poultry are farmed and also exist in feral populations. Dogs are prohibited on the atoll.

Indigenous ngangie and toa trees are found all over on the islets. Coconut palm trees are predominate, however, and their fruit are rarely collected nowadays. Large breadfruit trees line village paths and pandanus trees thrive. Since the 1997 cyclone, an invasive burr weed (probably of the species soliva sessilis) has become increasingly prevalent.

Maori
Polynesian believed gods had a physical manifestation. No gods appear to have been brought by Toa and Tapairu when they settled on Rakahanga, and it took seven generations (about 150 years) before some travellers returned with two gods. Later, a piece of red wood washed up which was believed to be a third god. Paved areas called maraes were constructed outside the villages for religious gatherings. Minor prohibitions were practiced to avoid displeasing the gods, such as dietary restrictions related to protecting species of significance to a tribal group.

London Missionary Society/Cook Islands Christian Church
In 1849 a whaling ship rescued some Rakahangan/Manihikian castaways and deposited them on the distant island of Aitutaki. The London Missionary Society took the opportunity of returning them, accompanied by two missionaries. Six years later, according to the missionary Maretu: "At that time some people still worshipped the frigate bird and a species of land crab. They now realised they were useless. They discarded them and came to [Bible study] class wishing to be accepted later as church members so they would be joined to the vine of life."

A large church was built from coral rock and lime made from soft coral, materials also introduced into house building. The relocated village was arranged around straight paths of crushed-coral. The missionaries introduced papaya and breadfruit trees, as well as new technologies, including cotton materials and European style boat building techniques. They built the first gaol and policed not only sexual practices but "heathen customs" such as  the wearing of earrings.

The London Missionary Society name was dropped around 1960 and the Cook Islands Christian Church became an autonomous entity with an act of the Cook Islands Parliament in 1968. The large white church with its intricate wood carving remains the dominant building on the atoll, and the majority of the population attend at least one service per week.

Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic religion, although dominant in nearby Tahiti, was not practiced on Rakahanga until 1926. The first priest, Father Joachim Kerdral, oversaw the building of a church and a small priest's house on leased land. A Catholic school was also established, taught by the priest or by ex students. By 1935 a third of the population had converted to Catholicism. Father Joachim left in 1937 and was not replaced permanently until 1955, and then only for four years. The congregation largely returned to the London Missionary Society Church, or became Seventh Day Adventists. Rakahanga's last permanent priest was Father Placido Rovers, who arrived in 1971 and was buried on the island in 1980. The church was rebuilt twice after damage from high seas during cyclones, and is now in ruins.

Seventh Day Adventists
In 2018, about a quarter of the population were Seventh Day Adventists. Prominent members include Toka Hagai who was twice elected to Parliament.

Population
Between 800 and 1200 people lived on Rakahanga and Manihiki when the missionaries arrived in 1849. Rakahanga had about 400 residents during the missionary period until 1901. A 1916 decrease in population was caused by migration to Rarotonga in search of employment. Since the last half of the 20th century there has been a continued decline through migration to Rarotonga, New Zealand and to a lesser extent, Australia.

The number of residents varies as families may migrate temporarily. A survey in 2011 counted 79 residents on the island whereas one in 2012 counted 102. In 2018 there were 61 people on the electoral roll and 83 people in the 2016 Census (down from 127 in the 2008 Census). The government school, which opened in 1951 for all students up to Year 10, has an enrolment of less than 20.

Culture
Chants, stories, drumming and dance were central to Rakahangan/Manihikian culture. An early 20th century visitor claimed that dancing was the peoples' "chief reason for existing," and described them as the most accomplished singers and dancers "in the whole South Pacific". Inlay pearl shell inlays decorated traditional double canoes. The Cook Islands Christian Church has many examples of this fine inlay work that was used to decorate furniture.

Tribes
The atoll is populated by two Whakaheo tribes, the Matakeinanga and Tukuwhare. Each one has 7 subtribes, divided in 7 groups:

Economy
Until recently, the economy of Rakahanga was dominated by the coconut palm. Prior to European economic involvement, coconut palms were valuable property, to be passed down to families along with land. Every part of the palm had a role, as a food, building material, clothing material, fuel, or for making baskets and netting.

Visiting trading ships brought the first need for tradeable goods. Pearl shell and copra (dried coconut meat, a source of coconut oil) could be exchanged for manufactured goods which were largely sourced from New Zealand. By the 1890s European traders were living on Rakahanga, buying copra and selling general merchandise. By 1904 the Island Council had ownership interests in at least one trading store. In the 1930s the major store belonged to the New Zealand trading firm of A. B. Donald, which also owned schooners to transport the copra. This store operated until the 1970s. In the second half of the twentieth century the international copra market declined and the price dropped to almost a quarter, making the Rakahangan industry unviable. In 2001 90% of those employed were in the public sector.

Dried fish are a potential export. Rito hats, mats and baskets, traditionally woven by women from the ribs of coconut leaves, remain in demand in Rarotongan markets because of their high quality. These are made using the same techniques which in 1874 were described as producing "highly prized" mats "in the manufacture of which they are more skilful than any other people of the Pacific". In the 1950s and again in the 1990s attempts were made to establish a pearl industry. However, the lagoon is shallow with poor water flow. Some Rakahangans benefit from the black pearl industry in Manihiki through part-ownership or employment.

There is no tourist accommodation on Rakahanga although homestays can be arranged. Access to the atoll remains very difficult. AirRaro offers fortnightly (usually) flights between Rarotonga to Manihiki. Both the Manihiki and Rakahanga communities operate outboard motor boats between the atolls, a trip which takes up to 3 hours depending on conditions. The alternative is a 3–6 day voyage on one of the trading ships which run on sparse schedules from Rarotonga or sometimes Tahiti. An airstrip built on Rakahanga's western coast in 1982 was damaged beyond repair by waves in the next cyclone

People and events
Julian Dashwood, writing under the name Julian Hillas, lived on Rakahanga in the mid1930s and was briefly married to an islander, Tupou. At least one of his articles about Rakahanga was published. The novel he wrote while on the atoll, White Natives, was never published, although an account of his stay is in his autobiography.

Rakahanga gained international attention when a raft on a Kon-Tiki like expedition led by Frenchman Eric de Bisschop smashed on the reef in 1958. de Bisschop was killed and buried on the atoll. A few weeks later a French naval group retrieved the body which was reburied with honours in Tahiti.

Pupuke Rabati was prime minister of the Cook Islands from 1987 to 1989.

title: Rakahanga


text:
Talk:Proprietary company

Rename
I am to new a member to rename this page. The correct title should be Proprietary Companies.

What I have put down are the most important points. In my jurisdiction the corporations act is fairly light on these forms of corporations.

Proprietorships
The term 'proprietorship' is, as far as I know, a generic term referring to private ownership. 'Sole proprietorship' is "the oldest, most common, and simplest form of business organization." Why, I wonder, is 'proprietary company', then, used in the manner here, to refer to a country-specific legal status? User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 02:40, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

This is a legal term of art in Australia, which is why it has been used here. I defintiely think the articles should be merged. 199.172.169.7 10:28, 15 March 2007 (UTC) Marcin

I don't come from south Africa but this company type also applies there and the abbreviation pty is common.Sparcosso (talk) 15:42, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

I removed a swear word inserted at the beginning of the article by somebody — Preceding unsigned comment added by Plarter (talk • contribs) 14:05, 14 June 2011 (UTC)

I do come from South Africa and I trained as a Chartered Accountant there and I now live and work as an accountant in Australia. I think that its not quite right that we include the South African conception of a proprietary company in this page. The use of the word "proprietary" is incidental in South Africa, they don't talk of "proprietary" and "public" companies as they do in Australia, they talk of "private" and "public". If we are going to bundle the South African private companies in with this definition, then you have to bundle all private company definitions for all countries into it. Pkearney (talk) 05:47, 14 June 2014 (UTC)

not new zealand to have pty ltd moniker...
despite new zealand being formerly a state from australia, then why the business structure for new zealand company is different? (Eg lacking pty mark).182.253.54.79 (talk) 18:40, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proprietary company


text:
Shikao Suga

Shikao Suga (スガ シカオ) is a Japanese musician and singer-songwriter from Tokyo known for writing the theme songs for several anime, movies and commercial ads. His name in kanji is 菅 止戈男. He uses katakana as his professional name.

Prior to career
Suga went to Kosei Gakuen Male High School (ja) in Suginami, Tokyo. After graduating from Tokyo Keizai University in 1989, he worked as a "salaryman" for four years in the advertisement industry.(ja)

Beginning and major debut
By 1993, at 27, he had set his mind on becoming a musician. He already had a number of lyrics written. He made his first indie single, "0101", which he released using his birth name in kanji.

After 2 years struggling to have a major recording label, by age 30, he was signed up by Office Augusta, with his debut single ヒットチャートをかけぬけろ("Hit Chart o Kakenukero") being released later. His EP album Clover, released in 1997, shows his J-Pop music has jazz, funk and soul influence. His work in Office Augusta began displaying his name as スガシカオ, in katakana.

Growth to International artist
"Yozora no Mukō", the song he wrote the lyrics to, and was sung by SMAP, has appeared in several Japanese music textbooks. Both SMAP's "Yozora no Mukō" (1998) and KAT-TUN's "Real Face" (2006) either debuted at or reached quickly the top spot in the Oricon charts, and sold over 1 million units each. (YnM)

Several of his songs have been used in anime and live action dramas and movies adapted from manga. Honey and Clover included songs from his album "Clover", like "Hachigatsu no Serenade", "Tsuki to Knife" and "Yubikiri". Suga provided the song "Aozora Pedal" for the live version movie, starring Arashi's Sho Sakurai. The song would become Arashi's 17th single. The song "Manatsu no Yoru no Yume" appeared in the first Death Note live action movie as an insert song. His song "Yūdachi" was used as the closing theme for the movie Boogiepop and Others, and as the opening theme for the 2000 anime series Boogiepop Phantom. "Hajimari no Hi" was used as the first opening theme to Letter Bee, and after a year and three months, he released "Yakusoku", which would be the opening for the "Letter Bee" sequel, Letter Bee Reverse. In 2019's live action adaptation of the manga "Yotsuba ginkō Harashima Hiromi ga mono mōsu!~ Kono hito (on'na) ni kakero ~", his song "Tōi yoake" would be the first song he's written as a theme song for a TV Tokyo dorama. On June 26, 2022, it was revealed that he would provide the song "Monster disco", arranged by Hyadain, which would serve as ending for Digimon Ghost Game's episodes, from ep 32 on. Starting April 7, 2023, Suga's song "Hachimitsu" (ハチミツ) will serve as ending song for Isekai's new anime series.

He also did the theme songs to the XXXHOLiC anime series from CLAMP, including its movie xxxHOLiC: Manatsu no Yoru no Yume (Sanagi ~theme from xxxHOLiC the movie~), its first TV series season (Jūkyū-sai), and from "XXXHOLiC Kei", its second season (Nobody Knows). "Sofa" was the song used in the OVA "xxxHOLiC: Shunmuki" on February 17, 2009. In February 2013, XXXHOLiC live action drama started on Wowow, and Suga's "Aitai" was used as its opening theme song. In 2015, CLAMP made the drawings for the music video for "あなたひとりだけ 幸せになることは 許されないのよ" (Anata hitori dake shiawase ni naru koto wa yurusarenai no you, also known as "Anayuru"), including in it images of characters from "XXXHOLiC", to celebrate his debut anniversary. Suga's 2013 album "Aitai" cover and artist photos were made by Photographer and Film Director Mika Ninagawa

His songs have also been included in non-manga movies, like Dark Water ("Aozora") and Sweet Little Lies ("Ame agari no asa ni").

Other programs, like NTV's news program News Zero ("Shunkashuutou", October 6, 2006, to December 27, 2007) have also used Sugs's songs.

They have appeared as well in countless of TV ads, like those of insurance agency Sony Sompo, and some car brands and housing businesses. For Chica Umino's seinen manga series, March Comes in Like a Lion, his song "Kizashi" was used in the commercial ad for the manga, and has appeared in it, as requested by Umino herself.

After 2020, Suga has participated in projects related to the medical industry, starting with the song "Anata e" which he shared on his YouTube. In February 2024, his song "Anata e no tegami" was used as theme song for Leverage's Levwell's campaign,   while his song "Kakusei" (included in his album "Innocent") was used in November 2023 in Jolly Good's "Hirake Iryou" campaign cm. in which he also appears.

His name and songs have also been mentioned in other anime, series and books.

In Gintama, his name was mentioned on episode 115, and his song "Progress", which is theme song of NHK's "Professional Shigoto no Ryuugi" has also been included in all sorts of parodies, including in Gintama's "Shirogane no Tamashii" arc 2nd season's episode 9, episode 69 of Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion The Animation, and in Arashi's program "Arashi ni Shiyagare" (June 30, 2018), in a parody of "Professional" in the section "Sakurai Sho no asakatsu", headed by member Sho Sakurai.

His name has also been included in Haruki Murakami's novel After dark, with reference to his song "Bakudan juice".(Bjz)

In 2019, director Makoto Shinkai twitted about his admiration for Suga, and that he "borrowed" the last name for the character Keisuke Suga from his newest anime movie, Weathering with You....スガさんは「思春期にこんな大人に出会いたかったな」という人で、須賀というキャラクターにお名前お借りいたしました笑. ありがとうございます！ July 27, 2019

Tours at home and abroad
Suga started appearing at concert venues in 1997 as part of a caravan of artists that either were mostly invited by radio station events, like "Akasaka Live" (TBS Radio) or "Meet the World Beat" (FM802), or were self-promoted by the agency to which he belonged, like in all the "Augusta Camp" series, as part of Fukumimi, up until 2012, in which he appeared as guest, since he had retired from Office Augusta in 2011.

His first live tour as a solo artist was in 1998, in the "Shikao & The Family Sugar Tour '98". "Family Sugar" was the name given to the support band he had from 1997 to 2007(ja).

From 2007 on, Suga has had the support of other groups of musicians. One under the "Funk Fire" name, which was the name also of a concert series in larger venues. Another group (with no name) has been supporting him from 2015 on, both for his live tours as well as other events and festival concerts.

He has also had tours playing the guitar by himself. Most of the concerts in this series are called "Hitori Sugar". The first one of the series was on October 22, 2006. For the 2020 Hitori Sugar Tour, Suga posted on his official site a series of recommendations about coronavirus health-related information for people planning to go to live concerts, mainly because of the concerns of the spread of the virus throughout Asia. In 2009 he made his first trip overseas, to London. It was to be the first time he appeared before a non-Japanese audience.

In September 2017 he made his official first appearance in the American Continent, participating in the Greenroom Festival in Hawaii, which he repeated the following year.

In December 2017 he made his first trip within Asia, visiting Singapore on the 8th and Taiwan on the 17th, under the tour named "Suga Shikao Asia Circuit 2017". On the December 26 he ended the tour in the city of Tokyo.

Other activities
Suga is also a music producer, DJ, and radio personality. His radio stint began shortly after his debut.

In 1997 he headed FM NORTHWAVE's "スガシカオのヒットチャートをかけぬけろ" (Suga Shikao no Hitto Chaato wo Kakenukero"). From October 3, 2005, until March 27, 2006, he hosted a radio program called Night Stories Monday on J-Wave radio station, which was downloadable as a podcast. He additionally BayFM and FM802. He often appears as special navigator. On April 5, 2020, Suga began a new weekly radio program on J-Wave, called "Mercedes Benz the Experience".

In 2012, Suga translated the lyrics for Hedwig and the Angry Inch, which started performances September 28, at Zepp DiverCity Tokyo, with Mirai Moriyama in the lead.

In 2017 he celebrated his music career's 20th anniversary with a musical festival that he named "Sugafes", which also featured renowned artists such as Dohatsuten, Pornografitti and Mr. Children. Sugafes was made in collaboration with Atsushi Shikano, from Viva la Rock Festival, as an added special.

On August 12, 2017, he made his acting debut on the WOWOW drama Plage (プラージュ (小説)). He also had a cameo in the last episode of the TV Tokyo drama "Yotsuba ginkou...", appearing as himself.

In March 2022, Suga performed as a guest artist at the Japanese touring ice show Fantasy on Ice alongside fellow singers Kohmi Hirose and Harumi (singer). He sang his 2006 single "Gogo No Parade" in the show opening and performed in collaboration with figure skater and two-time Olympic gold medalist, Yuzuru Hanyu, to the song "Real Face" amongst others.

Starting April 9, 2023, Suga was one of the voice coaches on the Japanese edition of the singing competition program "The Voice".

As a songwriter for other artist
He has provided work to other artists:
 * Kyoko: Ijimete Mitai (music, lyrics), Happy Birthday (music, lyrics)
 * Smap: Koko ni Iru Koto (music, lyrics, arrangement), Yozora no Mukō (lyrics), Ringo Juice (lyrics)
 * Chisato Moritaka: Tanpopo no Tane (music, arrangement), Mahiru no Hoshi (music)
 * KAT-TUN: Real Face, Real Face #2 (lyrics), Kimi no yume  boku no yume (lyrics and music)
 * Arashi: Aozora Pedal (music, lyrics)
 * Kamenashi Kazuya: Ai ni Tsuite (music, lyrics)
 * JUJU: Hoshizukiyo (music, lyrics)
 * Sayaka Yamamoto: Melody (music, lyrics)
 * Little Glee Monster: Hikaru kakera (music, lyrics)
 * Akihito Okano (Pornografitti) Sono saki no hikari e (lyrics). Theme song for The Seven Deadly Sins the Movie: Cursed by Light
 * Garnidelia's Toku: Houga (lyrics)
 * Idolish7: Boys and Girls (lyrics, music)
 * Cosmos People "Kimi wa itsudemo" ("君はいつでも") (lyrics) (release August 2023, digital)

As member of groups and special units
He was a member of Fukumimi, a band formed by artists from the same label (Office Augusta); it consisted of Shikao Suga, Masayoshi Yamazaki, Kyoko (杏子), and later on Chitose Hajime, COIL, Araki Yuko (mi-gu), Sukima Switch and others.

During his years at Office Augusta, he toured around the country with a back up band called Shikao and the Family Sugar. The members were Suga Shikao (Vocal & Rhythm Guitar, Lyrics & Composition), Mori Toshiyuki (Keyboard & Band Master, Arrangement), Numazawa Takashi (Drums), Matsubara Hideki (Bass), Mamiya Takumi (Lead Guitar), Otaki Yuko and Saito Kumi (chorus). Activities stopped in 2007 (jp), just after the celebration of his 10th debut anniversary.

In 2006 he was part of a group of singers all born in 1966. The unit was called Roots 66. And they had a special event called [ROOTS 66 DON'T TRUST OVER 40] on April 2. Ten years later, in 2016, they reunited for an event called [ROOTS 66 -Naughty50-]. In 2017, they lent their voices for the ending theme of the second season of the anime Osomatsu san, called レッツゴー!ムッツゴー!～6色の虹～ ("Let's go! Muttsu go! ~ Rokushoku no niji").

In 2006 he was involved in another group, Kokua, for which he has served as vocalist and songwriter. Their first involvement was for the theme song Progress for NHK's program プロフェッショナル_仕事の流儀 (Professional Shigoto no Ryūgi, known overseas as The Professionals). In 2016, the members reunited for their 1st official album and tour.

On his debut anniversary on February 26, 2023, Suga appeared in a special live concert introducing a new funk band, "Funksaurus". Members of the band are Suga ("Bossaurus", vocals), Yoshito Tanaka ("Guitarsaurus", guitar), Ryuta Sakamoto ("Bassaurus", bass) and Gakushi ("Synthsaurus", synth). The group's first tour, starting May 11, 2023, was announced at the concert. A self-named bonus CD with songs by the group was included with the limited edition of Suga's album Innocent. On March 17, 2023, the analog version of the CD by the band was announced to be released in limited quantities on May 11, 2023.

With other singers and singer-songwriters for radio, TV, and other commercial campaigns
In 2009 he was part of the 20th anniversary celebrations of radio station FM802. He was involved in the FM802 x Docomo campaign collaboration song ''Oh! Radio, written by Kiyoshiro Imawano (which was to be his last), as part of the special unit called Radio Soul 20''. The group consisted of musicians Mao Abe, HY, Shigeru Kishida (Quruli), Shikao Suga, Bonnie Pink, Daisuke Yamamori (Rock'A'Trench), Sho Wada (Triceratops). The song aired April that year.

In 2015 he was part of the FM802 X Tsutaya Access! spring campaign, writing the song that was to be the campaign song, 「Music Train 春の魔術師」(Music Train ~ Haru no Majutsushi). Sugar & The Radio Fire is the special unit made to sing the song, and it consisted of musicians Shikao Suga, Sakurako Ohara, Yohei Kawakami (Alexandros), Kosuke Saito (Unison Square Garden), Maguro Taniguchi (Kana-Boon), Haruna (Scandal), Tatsuya Mitsumura (Nico Touches the Walls), Ryota Yamamura (Flumpool). Song aired from March 1 to May 31 that year.

In 2018, he returns as part of the FM802 x Tsutaya Access! Spring campaign as a singer, this time as part of the special unit Radio Bestsellers, with the song 「栞」(Shiori), written by Ozaki Sekaikan (CreepHyp). Radio Bestsellers was made up by musicians Aimyon, Sekaikan Ozaki (CreepHyp), Kenta Kataoka (Sumika), Gen (04 Limited Sazabys), Kosuke Saito (Unison Square Garden), Shikao Suga.

In 2019 he collaborated with Takeshi Kobayashi for Tokyo Metro's "Find my Tokyo" campaign in writing the song Boku no machi ni asobi ni kite yo (「ぼくの街に遊びにきてよ」) for its Zōshigaya _ hito kufū ga chiribamerareta machi hen (「雑司が谷_ひと工夫が散りばめられた街」篇) version. He also appears in a cameo in the video for the ad.

Studio albums

 * Clover (September 3, 1997)
 * Family (June 24, 1998)
 * Sweet (September 8, 1999)
 * 4Flusher (October 25, 2000)
 * Smile (May 7, 2003)
 * Time (November 17, 2004)
 * Parade (September 6, 2006)
 * Funkaholic (September 10, 2008)
 * Funkastic (May 12, 2010)
 * The Last (January 20, 2016)
 * Rōdō nanka shinaide kōgōsei dake de ikitai (April 17, 2019)
 * Innocent (February 1, 2023)

Mini album

 * 0101 (1995)
 * Acoustic Soul (January 15, 2014)
 * Acoustic Soul 2 (February 26, 2020) (Live concert venue and official online store limited CD)

Live, compilation and best albums

 * Sugarless (October 3, 2001)
 * The Best Hits of Live Recordings -Thank You- (November 5, 2003)
 * All Singles Best (January 24, 2007)
 * All Lives Best (October 10, 2007)
 * Sugarless II (August 10, 2011)
 * Best Hit Suga Shikao ~ 1997 – 2002 (Universal) (February 27, 2013)
 * Best Hit Suga Shikao ~ 2003 – 2011 (Sony) (February 27, 2013)
 * Live Bootleg (February 23, 2015)
 * The Best (−1997 – 2011 -) (January 20, 2016)
 * Live Bootleg 2: The Last (September 10, 2016)
 * Live Bootleg 3: Hitori Sugar Tour 2018 (February 26, 2018)
 * Free Soul ~ Suga Shikao (November 28, 2018)
 * Sugarless III (December 22, 2021)

Singles

 * Hit Chart o Kakenukero (ヒットチャートをかけぬけろ) (February 26, 1997)
 * Ōgon no Tsuki (黄金の月) (May 28, 1997)
 * Dokidoki Shichau (ドキドキしちゃう) (July 30, 1997)
 * Ai ni Tsuite (愛について) (November 21, 1997)
 * Story (ストーリー) (May 27, 1998)
 * Bokutachi no Hibi (ぼくたちの日々) (November 18, 1998)
 * Yoake Mae (夜明けまえ) (June 23, 1999)
 * Amai Kajitsu (あまい果実) (August 18, 1999)
 * Spirit (SPIRIT) (August 2, 2000)
 * Affair (AFFAIR) (October 12, 2000)
 * Hachigatsu no Serenade (8月のセレナーデ) (August 1, 2001)
 * Aozora/Cloudy (青空／Cloudy) (January 17, 2002)
 * Asymmetry (アシンメトリー) (May 29, 2002)
 * Sayonara/Kimagure (サヨナラ/気まぐれ) (February 26, 2003)
 * Himitsu (秘密) (May 12, 2004)
 * Climax (クライマックス) (August 25, 2004)
 * Hikari no Kawa (光の川) (October 27, 2004)
 * Kiseki/Natsukage/Sanagi (奇跡/夏陰/サナギ) (August 10, 2005)
 * Jūkyū-sai (19才) (April 26, 2006)
 * Manatsu no Yoru no Yume (真夏の夜のユメ) (June 21, 2006)
 * Gogo no Parade (午後のパレード) (September 6, 2006)
 * Phonoscope (フォノスコープ) (June 13, 2007)
 * Nobody Knows (NOBODY KNOWS) (May 14, 2008)
 * Kono Yubi Tomare (コノユビトマレ) (September 3, 2008)
 * Party People (July 15, 2009) No. 7 . 1st week sales – 14,639 . Total sales – 17,326
 * Hajimari no Hi ~ feat. Mummy-D (はじまりの日 feat. Mummy-D) (November 25, 2009)
 * Ame Agari no Asa ni (雨あがりの朝に) (March 17, 2010) Digital single
 * Sayonara Homerun (サヨナラホームラン) (April 28, 2010)
 * Yakusoku (約束) (February 23, 2011)
 * Re:you (June 27, 2012)
 * Festival (October 25, 2012)
 * Aitai (アイタイ) (April 10, 2013)
 * Miagete goran yoru no hoshi wo ~ feat. Daniel Ho (見上げてごらん夜の星を feat. Daniel Ho) (March 10, 2013) Charity Relief song
 * Akai mi (赤い実) (September 18, 2013)
 * Akai mi remix (赤い実 remix) (December 4, 2013)
 * Astride / Life (May 21, 2014) (Song Life was released originally only in Japan on May 7, 2014, as a digital single, later included with Astride as a whole)
 * Monaural Sekai (モノラルセカイ) (October 22, 2014)
 * Anata hitori dake shiawase ni naru koto wa yurusarenai no yo (Anayuru) (あなたひとりだけ 幸せになることは 許されないのよ (あなゆる)) (December 7, 2015
 * Ame nochi hare (雨ノチ晴レ) (May 6, 2017)
 * Happy Strike (ハッピーストライク) (May 6, 2017)
 * Twilight Twilight (トワイライト★トワイライト) (December 26, 2017)
 * Tooi yoake (遠い夜明け) (February 26, 2019) (digital)
 * Boku no machi ni asobi ni kite yo (ぼくの街に遊びにきてよ) (collaboration with Takeshi Kobayashi) (October 16, 2019) (digital)
 * Monster Disco (モンスターディスコ) (collaboration with Hyadain) (July 13, 2022)
 * Vanilla (January 18, 2023)
 * Anata e no tegami (June 26, 2024) (digital)

EPs (extended play singles)

 * Funksaurus (ファンクザウルス) (as part of funk band Funksaurus) (February 1, 2023) (CD limited edition / concert venue limited, included with limited edition of Suga's album Innocent) (May 11, 2023) (Analog)

BluRays and DVDs

 * +731 (February 26, 2002)
 * 1095 (February 26, 2002)
 * 20 Music Clips of Suga Shikao (May 12, 2004)
 * Shikao & The Family Sugar ~FAN-KEY PARADE07~ in Nippon Budokan (Shikao & The Family Sugar ~FAN-KEY PARADE '07~ in 日本武道館) (June 13, 2007)
 * Jounetsu Tairiku x Suga Shikao (情熱大陸 x スガシカオ) (July 25, 2008) (Documentary)
 * ''Suga Shikao FKT-Meeting ~Haru no Utage~ (スガシカオ FKT-Meeting ~春の宴~) (Fan Club Only)
 * The Best Music Clips of Suga Shikao 2004–2011 (August 10, 2011)
 * Live DVD "Japan – UK circuit 2009 – 2010" (March 21, 2012)
 * The Last ~ Encore ~ Live Tour 2016 at Toyosu Pit) (October 21, 2016)
 * Live Films ~ 2015 – 2016 ~ 20th Anniversary Limited Edition (April 26, 2017)
 * Sugafes! 20th Anniversary Edition (November 28, 2018)

Other songs

 * Anata e (April 29, 2020, YouTube), with guest vocalists Kazutoshi Sakurai (Mr. Children) and Akihito Okano (Porno Graffitti), in acknowledgement to those working in the medical field during the coronavirus crisis
 * Anata e no tegami (1 February 2024, Leverages' Levwell Nursing Recruitment Services new cm)

Collaboration with other artists in their albums or singles

 * Physical (BRADBERRY ORCHESTRA feat. Suga Shikao, Crystal Kay and Salyu; song single) (July 27, 2012)
 * Dance dance (Yoshito Tanaka, feat. Suga Shikao; album "The 12 Year Experiment") (February 13, 2013)
 * Fireball (Fire Horns feat Suga Shikao; album "Primal Ignition") (June 4, 2014)
 * AsianLover (Duran feat. Suga Shikao; album "Face") (July 11, 2018)
 * Smells (Yoshito Tanaka feat. Suga Shikao; album "Smells like 44 Spirit") (Self-promotion) (August 4, 2018)

Demos

 * Demo Tracks (1997)

Official sites

 * Shikao Suga official website
 * Shikao Suga official website (Speedstar Records)

title: Shikao Suga