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North Region (Cameroon)

The North Region (Région du Nord) makes up 66,090 km2 of the northern half of The Republic of Cameroon. Neighbouring territories include the Far North Region to the north, the Adamawa Region to the south, Nigeria to the west, Chad to the east, and Central African Republic to the southeast. The city of Garoua is both the political and industrial capital. Garoua is Cameroon's third largest port, despite the fact that the Bénoué River upon which it relies is only navigable for short periods of the year.

Major ethnic groups include the Fula or Fulani (Fulɓe; Peul), who are Islamic pastoralists, and numerous Muslim and animist speakers of Adamawa, Chadic, and Nilo-Saharan languages. French is the language of formal education, and Fulfulde, the language of the Fulbe, is widespread as a lingua franca.

2008 Presidential Decree
In 2008, the President of the Republic of Cameroon, President Paul Biya signed decrees abolishing "Provinces" and replacing them with "Regions". Hence, all of the country's ten provinces are now known as Regions.

Land
Bands of alternating metamorphic and sedimentary rock interspersed with granite characterise the north's geology. Granite covered in volcanic basalt makes up the southernmost reaches, which form part of the Adamawa Plateau. A series of faults lies north of this and separate the plateau from the band of metamorphic stone to its north. Random granite deposits also characterise this area. The Mayo Rey and Vina River cut north of this portion, leaving deposits of sedimentary stone except in the granite east. North of this lies a band of sedimentary alluvium, clay, limestone, and sandstone. Faults tentatively follow the Bénoué River north of this and form a barrier to split the remainder of the province, with metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, mica, and schists dominating to the south and sedimentary stone making up the north. Another large band of metamorphic rock makes up the territory northwest of the Bénoué basin. The Mandara Mountains, which run roughly north–south at the province's Nigerian border, are irregular in that they are volcanic, composed mostly of crystalline and metamorphic rock and granite.

The Adamawa Plateau divides the province into two main soil types. Those to the north are mostly shallow and ferruginous, brown or brownish red in colour. On the plateau itself, they are mostly ferralitic or lateritic. The region's annual rainy/dry cycle erodes the landscape and aids in the formation of iron deposits called duricrust or hardpans near the surface. in addition, the area between the Vina and Mbere Rivers and the Mayo Deo valley is hydromorphic, while the volcanic Mandara and Atlantika Mountains, other high points in the province, and the Mayo Oulo valley are composed of relatively young soils high in raw mineral content. The bottom of the Bénoué basin is alluvial soil.

Drainage
All rivers in the province experience a tropical regime, with a period of high water during the rainy season during which flooding may occur. The Bénoué, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Kébi, and Mayo Godi are particularly susceptible to this (mayo is the Fulfulde word for river). In contrast, however, the rivers mostly dry up during the dry season, many disappearing completely into the sand. Animals and humans must dig during this period to retrieve water. This means that the port of Garoua on the Bénoué is only functional during a small portion of the year.

The Bénoué River (Benue) serves as the North's primary waterway, as it passes through the port at Garoua. It flows down from the Adamawa Plateau and is enlarged by the Mayo Rey, the Mayo Kebi (which flows into the area from Chad), the Mayo Louti (which flows down from the Mandara mountains) and other rivers. Its valley forms the main part of the Bénoué Depression. Several smaller tributaries also flow into the Bénoué. All of these waterways form part of the Niger basin.

The Lagdo Reservoir is formed by a dam at Lagdo that traps waters from the Benoue and its smaller tributaries the Mayo Godi, Mayo Rey, Mayo Sina, Mayo Oldiri, and others, many of which rise on the Adamawa Plateau. The reservoir provides an important source of hydroelectric power for Cameroon's three northern provinces. Local villagers also use it as a source of fish, and both the lake and the river are used for irrigation.

Another significant river is the Vina, which rises in the Adamawa Province, flows through the North, and then empties into the Logone River in Chad. It is swelled by the Mbéré River east of Touboro. Before this, the Mbéré forms the province's southeastern border with Chad for several kilometers. These are the only major rivers in the province that form part of the Chad basin.

Relief
The Bénoué Depression constitutes the North Province's primary land feature. This basin runs along the Mayo Kébi and Bénoué River and has an elevation of between zero and 200 metres. The valleys surrounding the various rivers that feed the Kébi and later Bénoué reach elevations only slightly higher than this, averaging 200–500 metres in the north and 500–1000 metres in the south (the dividing line is at about 8˙ N). Garoua lies at about 235 metres. Farther north is the Kaélé Elevation. A major fault runs north of the Bénoué, roughly parallel to it.

South of the Bénoué Depression lies the Adamawa Plateau. This descends to the Depression in escarpments and peaks of between 1000 and 2000 metres that follow a major fault. Past this frontier region, the plateau slopes south and southeast into the Adamawa Province and Chad.

The North's third significant land feature is the Mandara Mountains and their southern extension, the Atlantika Mountains, the likely results of tectonic activity. These chains form most of the western edge of the province, with peaks as high as 1000 metres. The mountains continue north into the Far North Province and Nigeria, though their elevations gradually drop to as low as 500 metres. The surrounding terrain is hilly. The North's highest elevation is Hosséré Vokré (Vokne), an isolated peak of 2,049 metres.

Climate
From the bénoué Depression south, the North experiences tropical climate of the Sudan type. Average rainfall is between 900 and 1500 mm per year, decreasing from south to north due to elevation. Garoua, the major city, thus receives between 500 and 1000 mm per year. Rainfall in the Bénoué Depression is unpredictable, though it rarely drops to less than 1000 mm in any one year. North of the Bénoué Depression, a Sahel climate prevails. Here, the dry season lasts longer, and temperatures reach even higher levels. Provincial temperatures average 24 °C in the south along the plateau. In the Depression, they rise to 26 °C. North of the reservoir, temperatures climb as high as 28 °C.

Seasons follow a wet/dry pattern, with rough divisions in November (dry) and April (wet). The year begins under the influence of the harmattan winds in the dry season. In this period, temperatures are at their highest and rainfall is virtually nonexistent. This period of stifling heat continues until April, which brings with it torrential rains and lower temperatures. Rains ease up in June, though temperatures remain lower and humidity relatively high. Then in November, the province becomes drier and temperatures cool as a shadow of winter sets in.

Plant and animal life
The North Province is a land of savanna. This begins with wooded savanna on the Adamawa Plateau with its thick grasses and isolated copses of trees. This territory was once more heavily forested, but repeated burning and livestock trampling has left this original vegetation only in the valleys. Moving north, the wooded savanna gradually gives way to Sudan savanna or parkland savanna in the Bénoué Depression. Here grass cover thins out, and trees become fewer and more isolated, and stunted shrubs become more prevalent. Common species include acacia, baobab, and various palms. Most of these have adapted to the region's harsh dry season and seasonal burning by growing thick bark and shedding their leaves during this period. This area has been categorised by the World Wildlife Fund as part of the East Sudanian savanna ecoregion.

After centuries of human habitation and manipulation, very little of the North's indigenous wildlife survives. Of the countless species that once roamed the area, today only hippopotami, jackals, various monkeys such as baboons, and various species of reptile exist in human-inhabited areas. The region's full diversity of species is today only extant in the handful of protected areas. The Bénoué National Park (Parc National de la Bénoué) protects 1,800 square kilometres southeast of Garoua at the province's centre. It shelters many large mammal species, including hartebeest, hippopotami, kob, and waterbuck, as well as smaller numbers of buffalo, giant eland, elephants, lions and reptiles such as crocodiles. It has been a protected area since 1968.

The 2,200 square kilometres Bouba Njida National Park (Parc National de Bouba Ndjida) is southeast of Garoua on the Chad border. Cameroon created the park in 1968 to protect the black rhinoceros and Derby eland. Many experts today say that the rhinoceros is now extinct in the area today. Other animals in the park include buffalo, elephants, giraffes, leopards, lions, and hippopotami.

Farthest south is Faro National Park (Parc National du Faro), which protects 3,300 square kilometres of terrain straddling the Adamawa Plateau and the Bénoué Depression. The park houses many reptile species as well as elephants, giraffes, and hippopotami. Today, however, poachers have wiped out much of the park's animal population.

Settlement patterns
The North Province is moderately populated, averaging 12 to 25 people per km2 in most areas. This density jumps to 25 to 50 people in the river valleys west of the Lagdo Reservoir and in the Bénoué Depression. North of Garoua and in the Mandara Mountains, where large populations of non-Muslim (often known collectively by the derogatory name Kirdi) were forced to flee years ago, density peaks at 50 to 100 people per km2. Due to the major port located there, Garoua was at one point Cameroon's third largest city, though its population is 235,996 (2005 Census). The city is today a mélange of the region, with large populations of Fulbe, non-Muslim Northerners and immigrants from Southern Cameroon, as well as from neighboring Chad and Nigeria.

Dwelling units differ from ethnic group to ethnic group, but many follow a fairly common pattern. The house of the chief often forms the centre of a village, and houses are grouped around it with granaries nearby to help the villagers survive the dry season. Various fields of crops in turn surround homes. A common house type is a round building with a cone-shaped roof. However, houses of cement brick and roofed in sheet metal are quite common in larger settlements. Villages are often clustered along the main roads.

In contrast to the province's various settled peoples, the Mbororo Fulbe are nomadic and live in portable, tent-like huts (again, Mbororo is a derogatory word). They do establish semi-permanent settlements called ruga, however, to care for the aged and for women to raise children while their husbands are out to pasture.

People
With the exception of small populations of Hausa, Shuwa Arabs, and expatriate Westerners in Garoua, the ethnic groups of the North speak languages of three major language families: Niger–Congo ('Adamawa'), Chadic, and Central Sudanic.

The Adamawa-language speakers occupy the majority of the territory. The Mbum inhabit much of Faro division and a large southeastern portion of Mayo-Rey division, with the Dii occupying the vast area in between. The land west of the Mayo Rey is home to several peoples on a roughly south–north axis: Chamba, Fanbe, Gimbe, Komandera, and Vere. The Doayo live east of the river, and the Ndupa, Dugun, another group of Chamba, and the Voko of Poli village neighbour them to the south. The Mond capital is at Rey Bouba, and the Mundang and Mambeya live on the Chadian border at the northeast of Bénoué division. Four Fali groups, with territories in the Bénoué and Mayo-Louti divisions, form the last member of the Adamawa group: the Fali proper, the Fali Bussime, the Fali Durbeyi, and the Fali Kangu.

At the province's borders live various Chadic-language-speaking peoples. The Njanyi begin this band at the northwest of the Bénoué division. The Gude lie to their north. Then, from west to east, the northern border is home to the Gawar, Daba, and Guidar. The Bata and Zim complete the Chadic speakers, with three separate concentrations of the former along the Nigerian border in Bénoué and Faro divisions, and two areas of the latter at the border with Chad and straddling the Bouba-Njida park. The Bata are further divided into the riverain Bata (west of Garoua and along the Bénoué river and into Nigeria) and the inland Bata (or Njirai), who inhabit the Zummo-Malabo Hills.

As the only ethnic group in the province to speak a Central Sudanic language, the Ngambay make up the third linguistic group. They live in a large territory on the border with Chad between the Vina River and the Mayo Godi.

Though relatively newcomers to the region, the Fulbe or Fulani are the North Province's most numerous ethnic group. Their territory stretches through most of the province's centre, primarily in the Bénoué and Mayo Rey divisions. The Fulbe follow two distinct ways of living. The nomadic Fulbe, known to others but not themselves as Mbororo, are cattle herders. They roam the province's grasslands and south into the Adamawa Province, and their settlements are never more than semi-permanent. Mbororo are typically tall, thin people with a mixture of Semitic and African features. In contrast, those Fulbe who have settled are known as sedentary or town Fulbe. They outnumber their pastoral brethren, and they have over many years intermarried with their Sudanese neighbours, whom they now resemble. The North's Fulbe also recognize two main lineages, the wollarbe and yillarga. The groups are traditionally rivals, though they often unite for common cause.

Most North Province peoples speak their own distinct languages. Those with the most speakers include Daba, Dii, South Fali, Gidar, Adamawa Fulfulde (spoken by Cameroon's Fulbe), and Ngambay. Due to the Fulbe's numerical superiority and historical domination, Fulfulde is widely spoken as a lingua franca. French is the language of formal instruction.

Religion
Islam is the dominant religion in the north due to the cultural and political domination of the Fulbe. Those ethnic groups who resisted the Fulbe are collectively referred to by the pejorative term Kirdi ("pagans"), though they are not culturally homogenous and do not necessarily identify as a group. Non-Muslim groups include the Chamba and Fali. Some ethnic groups, such as the Mbum and the Guidar, are divided between Muslims and Christians.

Economy
As Cameroon's third busiest port, Garoua has long been a site of commercial development in the region. Despite the fact that the port is new but a shade of its former self, Garoua remains the economic centre of the North Province and of Cameroon's Grand North in general. The city is today a crossroads for goods travelling to and from Cameroon, Chad, and Nigeria. The port is only viable during the wet season (July to October).

Sustenance farming
Many of the North's ethnic groups farm on small plots for subsistence. The chief among these are the Mbum and Duru. Sorghum, millet (both fast- and slow-growing), and maize are the staple crop throughout most of the province, though manioc (cassava) is also important on the Adamawa Plateau, and rice is especially popular in cities. Other crops include yams along the Lagdo Reservoir and at Tcholliré and groundnuts in the Mayo-Rey division.

Farmers often create their fields by burning an area of its vegetation during the dry season. Only fruit trees or trees useful for animal fodder or firewood are kept, such as baobab, faidherbia, and karita. Crops are planted at the first rains. Traditional farms are laid out in concentric circles centred on the village. These are surrounded by hedges or fences aimed at keeping out livestock. In the Mandara Mountains, these circular plots follow the slope of the mountains in terraces. Virtually nothing grows during the long dry season, so most food must be ground and stored in granaries for use during the rest of the year. Dry season sorghum (Muskwari) is grown along the river banks, relying on the moisture left behind as the rivers recede.

Commercial agriculture
Cotton grows well in the North's river valleys and constitutes the major cash crop. Most cotton farms in the region are under the management of the  (SODECOTON), which was established in 1974. Groundnuts are also important in the southern half of the province, especially at the edge of the Adamawa Plateau. The plateau is generally unsuited to commercial crops due to its hard soils.

Livestock
Cattle are an integral part of the Fulbe way of life, particularly for the pastoral Wodaabe, who place great importance on the number of cattle an individual owns. They roam throughout the province and beyond while their town cousins keep animals around the province's central and northern settlements. The two major breeds are the humpbacked zebu, both the brown and white Fulani zebu, herded by the town Fulbe, and the leaner, lighter-coloured Bororo zebu, herded by the Wodaabe. Primary transhumance routes run through the Faro division and the southeast of the Mayo Rey division and eventually lead to Yaoundé, Douala, or farther south. Modern ranching occurs around the town of Faro, an endeavor made possible by the eradication of the tsetse fly from the region in 1974. Other livestock raised include sheep and goats in the Faro division and on the border northeast of the Mayo Rey division. Most of these are long-legged breeds of sheep and goats that are larger and taller than those of most of the rest of Cameroon. Horses and donkeys are used as beasts of burden and transportation throughout, and the Bata are renowned for their expert skills at horse breeding. Fowl are common, particularly in the northern portions.

Industry
Garoua is the industrial heart of all of Cameroon's Grand North, and numerous factories dot the city. Among the goods produced in Garoua are beer and soft drinks, soap, cotton products such as textiles and cottonseed oil, construction materials, processed foods, and shoes. Figuil and Pitoa are smaller industrial centres. Figuil's factories produce cement and textiles, and those of Pitoa produce oils from groundnuts and cottonseeds. Guider and Touboro also have cotton gins.

Handicrafts are an important cottage industry for many of the North's inhabitants. Many of the region's craftsmen deal with fabrics, and weaving of everything from clothing to prayer mats is an important source of income. The North is also home to many skilled embroiderers who finish the many textiles produced there. An artisanat at Garoua provides a major outlet for such craftsmen to sell their wares.

Mining forms a small aspect of the North's industrial complex. Limestone deposits are situated at the province's northern bulge, and uranium deposits lie in the Bénoué Depression near Poli. Workers mine tin ore from the area northwest of the Lagdo Dam.

The Lagdo Dam and Reservoir, which holds 4 cubic kilometres of water, provides a major source of hydroelectric power for Garoua and the area north of it (including the Far North Province).

Transportation
Travel in the North is relatively easy thanks to its large network of roads, many of which are paved. However, the area where the Adamawa Province descends to the Bénoué Depression is characterised by winding turns, and traffic accidents are not uncommon. In addition, the area is accessible by air. Garoua is the site of an international airport, and aircraft may land at Poli, Tcholliré, and Guider on airstrips. Finally, the port of Garoua makes the region accessible by boat, and the Bénoué is navigable all the way to Port Harcourt, Nigeria. This waterway is impassable in the dry season, however, and road is the preferred means of transporting goods through the area.

Tourism
Tourism in the North Province is largely centred on hunting in its national parks. Of these, most travel guides recommend the 1,800 square kilometre Bénoué National Park as the most accessible and least poached. The park is popular among fishermen as well. Hunters also visit the Bouba Ndjida Park, though its thick vegetation and large number of rivers make it considerably more difficult to travel in. Faro National Park is little visited, as it is the least accessible to vehicles and it has been mostly poached out. Those who wish simply to view wildlife usually continue north to visit Waza National Park in the Far North. There is also a zoo in Garoua where many of the area's indigenous species are on view.

Administration and social conditions
The province is divided into four departments
 * 1) Bénoué, with its capital at Garoua.
 * 2) Faro, with its capital at Poli.
 * 3) Mayo-Louti, with its capital at Guider.
 * 4) Mayo-Rey, with its capital at Tcholliré.

These are in turn broken down into subdivisions. Presidentially appointed senior divisional officers (prefets) and subdivisional officers (sous-prefets) govern each respectively.

The North enjoys a relatively high level of development in infrastructure thanks mainly to its most prominent native son, Ahmadou Ahidjo, Cameroon's first president. During Ahidjo's administration, his hometown of Garoua in particular saw much governmental attention, including state-of-the-art buildings and a modern airport.

Government
The Union Nationale pour la Démocratie et le Progrès (UNDP) is the most important political party in the area due to its large base of Fulbe supporters. The UNDP has not presented much of a front in several years, however, because the ruling party, the Rassemblement démocratique du peuple camerounais RDPC, is careful to represent Fulbe interests.

Traditional political organisation
In traditional Fulbe culture, several lamidos rule over individual populations of Fulbe subjects. The government of Cameroon allows these individuals to exercise relatively wide-reaching powers, so they can make laws, judge disputes, and intern prisoners. As the Fulbe possessed an independent emirate until relatively recently, they hold this traditional political structure in high regard. However, human rights groups have pointed to these extra-governmental leaders as some of Cameroon's most egregious human-rights abusers. The prisons at Bibémi, Gashiga, Rey Bouba and Tchéboa are particularly maligned, for example, and some groups even accuse lamidos of keeping slaves from the various Kirdi ethnic groups.

Many of the North's smaller ethnic groups maintain traditional political organisation. The Bata divide themselves into several independent chiefdoms, for example. In some of these groups, however, traditional chiefs are mere figureheads. In others, the position does not exist at all.

Education
The population of the North is one of Cameroon's lesser educated due both to traditional culture and to a dearth of schools. The cultural hindrance comes from the traditional role of Fulbe women; girls marry as young as age ten or eleven, and schooling typically stops at this time. Exacerbating the problem is the fact that fewer than 300 schools exist in a province of almost 1,500 villages. This compels parents interested in educating their children to send them away for most of the year, often to large towns where they must fend for themselves or stay with relatives. However, when agriculture forms such an integral part of most of the province's citizens, such a prospect may be tenuous at best.

Health
Like schools, hospitals in the North must serve a large number of spread-out villages. Most health centres are in larger towns or cities, necessitating long-distance travel for some citizens to receive care.

Malaria is a major health concern. Similarly, fly-borne diseases such as dysentery sometimes break out, especially in more urbanised centres. Schistosomiasis is also a concern, though locals claim that the Lagdo Reservoir is free of the snails that carry the disease.

Cultural life
The Fulbe observe traditional Islamic holidays such as Ramadan and the Feast of the Ram. In addition, most of the province's non-Muslim peoples maintain a lively traditional culture that includes a number of special ceremonies, dances, and holidays. One of these is the Cock Festival, in which the nephew of the head of a family kills a cock and throws it into a fire; should the cock fall onto its right side, it is considered a good omen. The Tupuri people also perform the Gouma, or the Dance of the Cock, a cacophony of drumming and tambourines and circles of long sticks. The Lam of the Guider people is a ceremony to display marriageable girls.

Early population movements
The flood plains of the Bénoué Depression have long attracted human settlement, as archaeological finds in the area and in Garoua attest. The Paleo-Sudanese, such as the Guider, represent the region's oldest continuous inhabitants. These peoples inhabited the region well before the 8th century. By the 9th century, various Neo-Sudanese groups migrated into the territory, among them the Chamba, Doayo, Fali, Mundang, and Mbum. The Chamba and Mbum proved the most warlike, forcing other groups to assimilate or find new homes. Over the years, the Mbum became quite cohesive, with a common language, social order, and ruler.

The Bata entered the area in two main waves. The first settled along the valley of the Bénoué River (River Benue), then the second continued south to Demsa Pwa (old Demsa). During this migration, the Bata fought and absorbed other peoples whom they met. The Bata also settled the site of Garoua (along with the Fali) in the 18th century. Other groups fled the Bata and settle elsewhere, such as the Chamba, Mbum, and Vere. The Chamba continued to migrate (due partially to internal squabbling) well into the colonial period, and they founded many settlements along the way, including Donga, Suntai, and Tissa.

Some of Cameroon's other peoples lived in the territory of the North Province at one time or another. The Bali of the Northwest Province descend from the Chamba, for example. The Tikar of the Adamawa and Northwest Provinces probably migrated to their present location from the Bénoué Depression.

Kanem-Bornu period
The territory fell to the control of the Islamic Kanem Empire under Sultan (or Mai) Dunama (Dunam) II (r. 1221–1259). Thousands of cavalry subdued the area (known as Mabina) during this period. Under Kanem control, a governor presided over Mabina from the Kanem capital. The area was also nominally under the control of the kaigama, the Kanem military commander and ward of its southern provinces.

Kanem control did not last long. Civil war erupted upon Dunama's death, as a succession of warlords occupied the territory in an ever-shifting succession of power. The old empire was not reunited until the reign of Ali Ghaji, who came to power in 1472 and set his capital at Bornu.

Slavery and Islam are the two most enduring legacies of the Kanem-Bornu period. Slaves proved a lucrative commodity, and large numbers of them were transported from the area across the Sahara. Kanem-Bornu control brought Islam to the region between 1349 and 1385, though only a handful of elites or rulers ever converted.

Fulbe jihads
Beginning in the 13th century, small numbers of Fulbe herdsmen and settlers began streaming into the territory from present-day Nigeria. Over time, Fulbe numbers grew, and the immigrants began to shift from subservience to other ethnic groups to settling Fulbe-only settlements. They also embraced Islam beginning in the 17th century. By 1804, Fulbe numbers had reached the point where the herders had to seek new pastureland and the settlers tired of paying homage to non-Fulbe rulers. The sentiment reached its peak when Fulbe mystic Usman Dan Fodio declared a jihad in what is today northern Nigeria and Cameroon. Modibo Adama became lamido of Fumbina, charged with conquering the territory for Usman's Sokoto Empire.

In areas with sizable Fulbe populations, Adama's task proved fairly simple. The settlements at Bundang, Chamba, Chebowa, Deo, Faro, Garoua, Guringa, Kilba, Malaba, Rai, Song, Turua, and Zummo fell easily, Garoua in 1813. In other areas, Adama met with staunch resistance. He first struck at the Bata of Pema, Tepa, and Turuwa. Fulbe raiders enslaved Bata resisters in great numbers, and those Bata who could fled south to found Demsa Mosu (new Demsa) and Bata Batchama to the north. Those peoples who were unwilling to submit to Fulbe supremacy were forced to flee, many of them to the forbidding Mandara and Atlantika Mountains.

Adama allied with forces from Kanem-Bornu to pursue the Mandara people. He led the charge to conquer Guider by 1810, then he moved on the Mandara capital of Douolo. Adama took these settlements and other smaller ones. The remainder of the Mandaras fled to the mountains that today bear their name. Adama had reached well into the Adamawa Plateau by 1825.

Upon Adama's death in 1847, almost all of northern Cameroon was under the rule of various Fulbe lamidos of the Sokoto Empire. What is today the North Province fell into the Garoua-Gurin and Song-Guider districts. The centralised administration (headed from Yola in present-day Nigeria) aided communication and trade throughout the region. Slaves formed a large portion of the economy, and were traded for horses and salt. In addition, the jihads cemented Islam as the dominant religion in the area.

Non-Fulbe peoples were forced to either submit to Fulbe control (and the rule of non-native rulers) or to continue their resistance long after Adama's death. The Fali of the Bénoué Depression led the Fulbe to fortify Garoua, which they called Ribadou-Garoua. Meanwhile, the new Muslim empire attracted Muslims from other areas to immigrate, and Hausa, Bornu, and Shuwa Arabs moved in the late 19th century.

European contacts
The explorer Dr. Heinrich Barth, a German under British patronage, visited Garoua in 1851 as a guest of the emir at Yola. Dr. Gustav Nachtigal, another German, led a later expedition in 1869. Nachtigal became a guest of the sultan of Bornu, and with his permission penetrated the area south to the Adamawa Plateau, where he remained until 1873. Nachtigal took careful note of the region's various peoples, their relations with one another, and those goods or produce that might prove attractive to German interests.

Germany followed up on Nachtigal's findings by sending two Englishmen, J. H. Ashcroft and Edward E. Flegel, and a missionary named Hutchinson in 1879. The trio reached Garoua on 4 September and began the exploration of the upper Bénoué River. Flegel led a second expedition in 1882, travelling far and wide and negotiating treaties to give the Germans a monopoly on ivory in the area. He died in 1883, however, cutting the project short. Nonetheless, Germany annexed the "Kameruns" in 1884. Meanwhile, British traders set up trade in Garoua in 1890 for ivory, salt, and textiles.

German administration
Despite the new overlords, the northern territory of the Kameruns was mostly ignored; it was difficult to reach and its goods were of little priority compared to those of the southern forest zone. The only significant northern focus for the colonials was the port at Garoua. The first German administrators reached the settlement in 1901. The Germans then continued the development of Garoua as a port and a gateway from North to West Africa. In 1902, Garoua became the capital of the Ngaoundéré and Garoua administrative unit.

The Germans left much of the administration of the territory to the traditional rulers. They particularly favoured the Fulbe lamidos, and they encouraged other ethnic groups to convert to Islam and thus fall under the control of these rulers. Nevertheless, those lamidos and other rulers who showed too much independence or disregard for German supremacy were ousted or killed.

During World War I, Garoua and the surrounding territory formed a major focus of the British African front. Under Hugh Cunliffe, British troops attacked Garoua on 30 August 1914, but were repulsed. Cunliffe retreated to Yola (at this time also German territory). The Germans counterattacked, leaving Garoua defenseless. Cunliffe took the city and used it as a staging area for further gains against the Germans. After the German surrender of 1918, the present North Province territories fell under a League of Nations mandate, to be administered by France.

French administration
The French maintained a similar policy of governing the area through the Fulbe. Also like the Germans, recalcitrant rulers found themselves quickly deprived of their positions. Missionaries also entered the region, such as the Lutheran Fraternal Mission in Garoua in 1919.

Still, the French largely ignored the area except for the Bénoué port, which they enlarged in 1930. They also introduced a hardier variety of cotton (allem) in 1931. The French orchestrated further road building in the area, including a major route from Foumban to Garoua via Ngaoundéré. In addition, Garoua received a large airport. The region fell into the Mora-Garoua division, administered from Garoua.

Under André-Marie Mbida, first premier of Cameroon after France granted it self-governance in 1956, the North's Fulbe majority rose in opposition, especially against the 1957 Abong-Mbang Resolutions. The Union Camerounaise political party with its large Fulbe support base formed the nerve centre for this opposition. In the resolutions, Mbida had called for a "democratisation" of Cameroon's north, which the lamidos saw as an attack on their traditional power. They thus threatened to secede to join French Chad, which set into motion a series of events that led to Mbida's resignation. Ahmadou Ahidjo, a northern Muslim, took his place on 18 February 1958.

Post-independence
On 1 January 1960, Cameroon gained its independence with Ahidjo its first president. The period of Ahidjo's presidency proved a boon to the territory, as the native son relished great projects on Garoua and the surrounding zone, particularly in the road network. He also initiated SODECOTON to supervise and ameliorate the region's cotton-based economy.

The Northern economy, long centered on Garoua, took a severe blow during the Biafra Secessionist War, which broke out in 1967 in Nigeria and severely hampered trade along the Bénoué. Even at the war's end in 1970, the port of Garoua never fully reached its previous levels of commerce.

Under Paul Biya, Cameroon's second president, the North continued to enjoy some improvements, as Biya was careful to cater to the region's Fulbe majority. Nevertheless, upon Biya's accession to power, the Cameroonian press accused an Ahidjo collaborator named Moussa Yaya of trying to turn the northern lamidos against the new president. Biya's main change to the region came in his splitting of Cameroon's Grand North into three provinces, the Adamawa, the North, and the Far North in 1983. That same year, Biya reshuffled his cabinet, and Ahidjo retaliated by urging all northern ministers to resign from the government. Biya retaliated by dismissing all ministers who had served under Ahidjo, claiming that some of them had participated in an assassination attempt on him. The alleged plotters were tried and found guilty on 27 February 1984. Ahidjo escaped to Paris. A further affront to Biya's rule came on 6 April 1984 when members of Cameroon's Republican Guard who hailed from the north attacked various government buildings in an attempt to overthrow the government. They also failed.

In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon via the border towns of the North Region, East Region, and Adamawa Region.

title: North Region (Cameroon)


text: User talk:194.131.224.2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:194.131.224.2


text:
Talk:Adam Rapacki

Untitled
there is no e in diplomat
 * You could have fixed that yourself - Skysmith 10:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adam Rapacki


text:
Electronic organizer

An electronic organizer (or electric organizer) is a small calculator-sized computer, often with an built-in diary application and other functions such as an address book and calendar, replacing paper-based personal organizers. Typically, it has a small alphanumeric keypad and an LCD screen of one, two, or three lines.

They were very popular especially with businessmen during the 1990s, but because of the advent of palmtop PCs in the 1990s, personal digital assistants in the 2000s, and smartphones in the 2010s, all of which have a larger set of features, electronic organizers are mostly seen today for research purposes. One of the leading research topics being the study of how electronics can help people with mental disabilities use this type of equipment to aid their daily life. Electronic organizers have more recently been used to support people with Alzheimer's disease to have a visual representation of a schedule.

History
The electronic diary or organizer was first patented by Indian businessman Satyanarayan Pitroda in 1975.

Casio digital diary
Casio digital diaries were produced by Casio in the early and mid 1990s, but have since been entirely superseded by mobile phones and PDAs.

Other electronic organizers
While Casio was a major role player in the field of electronic organizers there were many different ideas, patent requests, and manufacturers of electronic organizers. Rolodex, widely known for their index card holders in the 1980s, Sharp Electronics, mostly known for their printers and audio visual equipment, and lastly Royal electronics were all large contributors to the electronic organizer in its heyday.

Features

 * Telephone directory
 * Schedule keeper: Keep track of appointments.
 * Memo function: Store text data such as price lists, airplane schedules, and more.
 * To do list: Keep track of daily tasks, checking off items as you complete them.
 * World time: Find out the current time in virtually any location on the globe.
 * Secret memory area: The secret memory area keeps personal data private. Once a password is registered, data is locked away until the password is used to access the secret area.
 * Alarm
 * Metric conversion function: Conversion between metric units and another measurement unit.
 * Currency conversion function
 * Game: Some machines included a game such as Poker or Blackjack.

title: Electronic organizer


text:
Gully (disambiguation)

A gully is a small valley.

Gully or The Gully may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Gully (album), a 2003 album by Indian band Euphoria
 * Gully (film), a 2019 film
 * Gully Foyle, protagonist of the novel The Stars My Destination by Alfred Bester
 * A character in the Battle Chasers comic book series
 * Agent Gully, a character in the British web series Corner Shop Show

Places

 * Gully, Minnesota, a small city in the United States
 * Gully Township, Polk County, Minnesota, United States
 * The Gully (Atlantic), an undersea canyon off the eastern coast of North America

People

 * Gully (surname)

Other uses

 * A storm drain
 * Gully, a fielding position in the sport of cricket; see slip
 * Gully, the mascot of Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
 * "The Gully", nickname of a key ravine in the Moro River Campaign in Italy in World War II
 * The Gully, an internet magazine co-founded by Kelly Cogswell and Ana Simo

title: Gully (disambiguation)


text: User talk:71.128.8.206

title: User talk:71.128.8.206


text: Category:362 deaths

title: Category:362 deaths


text:
Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3

Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 is the second and final studio album by the Traveling Wilburys, a group consisting of George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Bob Dylan and Tom Petty. It was released on October 29, 1990, as the follow-up to their 1988 debut, Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1. The band members again adopted pseudonyms for their contributions, using new names from the fictitious Wilbury brothers.

History
Though it was their second release, the album was mischievously titled Vol. 3 by George Harrison to play a joke on fans. According to Jeff Lynne, "That was George's idea. He said, 'Let's confuse the buggers.

As the dynamics within the band had shifted with Roy Orbison's death, the four remaining members all adopted new Wilbury pseudonyms: Spike (George Harrison), Clayton (Jeff Lynne), Muddy (Tom Petty) and Boo (Bob Dylan). With Harrison and Lynne producing again, the sessions were undertaken in the spring of 1990. An additional track, a cover of "Nobody's Child", was recorded and released in June 1990 as a charity single in aid of Olivia Harrison's Romanian Angel Appeal. The song was also the title track of a multi-artist fundraising album compiled by the Harrisons, Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal. Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3 was dedicated to the memory of "Lefty Wilbury" (Roy Orbison).

Released on October 29 in the UK, and on October 30 in the US, the album was less positively received than Vol. 1, yet still saw a fair measure of success. In the United States, "She's My Baby" (with guest guitarist Gary Moore) and "Inside Out" became radio hits, charting at number 2 and number 16, respectively, on Billboard's Album Rock Tracks chart. The album peaked at number 14 in the UK and number 11 in the US, where it was certified platinum by the RIAA.

Comparing the two Wilburys albums, a reviewer in The New York Times wrote in November 1990: "The superstar pop group stays close to 50's and 60's rock roots, drawing on blues, doo-wop, rockabilly and Buddy Holly. But their second album is faster, jokier, lighter and meaner than the first." Rolling Stone described the blending of the four participants' musical styles as "seemingly effortless", and said that the album showed they continued to enjoy their collaboration. In the years following Vol. 3, there was speculation about further Wilbury releases. Since Harrison was viewed as the de facto leader of the group, his death in November 2001 ended the possibility of any future projects.

When Harrison's distribution deal with Warner Bros. expired in 1995, ownership of his Dark Horse Records catalog and the two Wilburys albums reverted to him, and the albums went out of print. On June 12, 2007, Vol. 1 and Vol. 3 were reissued by Rhino Records as The Traveling Wilburys Collection, packaged together with bonus tracks and a DVD.

Personnel

 * Traveling Wilburys
 * Clayton Wilbury (Jeff Lynne) – acoustic and electric guitars, bass, keyboards, lead and backing vocals
 * Spike Wilbury (George Harrison) – acoustic, electric and slide guitars, mandolin, sitar, lead and backing vocals
 * Boo Wilbury (Bob Dylan) – acoustic guitar, harmonica, lead and backing vocals
 * Muddy Wilbury (Tom Petty) – acoustic guitar, lead and backing vocals

Additional personnel
 * Buster Sidebury (Jim Keltner) – drums, percussion
 * Jim Horn – saxophones
 * Ray Cooper – percussion
 * Ken Wilbury (Gary Moore) – lead guitar on "She's My Baby"
 * Eric Idle (as Prof. "Tiny" Hampton) - liner notes

Engineered by Richard Dodd

title: Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3


text:
User talk:RicKKK

Hi,

The user account for User:RicKKK has been suspended indefinitely for violating Wikipedia naming policy. Wikipedia policy states that one should "avoid usernames that are offensive, inflammatory, or confusing." and also one should "avoid choosing a username that is the name of a celebrity, or a political, military, or religious figure or event or known Wikipedia user." Your old account is an impersonation of registered user RickK and cannot be used. You can create a new user account with a name that doesn't violate the aforementioned Wikipedia policies. Thanks Bumm13 10:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:RicKKK


text:
User talk:Harðor~enwiki/Archive

= Notice =

Please don't post here, but on my Talk-page  instead. This page is for reference only, and normally won't be read.

= Anglo-Saxon Wikipedia = Aaargh, I appear to have created duplicate articles for all the months... changing them to redirects. Harðor 13:00, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Hi Harðor, welcome to Anglo-Saxon wikipedia! Feel free to contribute articles on all and everything; don't worry too much if you're not sure what Old English to use within an article. You're quite right about this being a new project: it was started within the last two weeks.

You may want to read H%C3%BA t%C3%B3 %C3%A1dihtenne trametas and H%C3%BA_secge_ic. The first of these describes James's conventions for the encyclopedia; one of these is that: So, as an example, 'month' is monaþ rather than monað.
 * þ is used for unvoiced th (e.g. the th in Modern English thin)
 * ð is used for voiced th (e.g. the th in Modern English that)

Thanks very much for your contributions on the months thus far. It's too bad you went to the trouble of doing all that work before hitting upon the existing content, but hopefully you'll be the last to experience that for the months thanks to your redirects. If you're wondering what pages the encyclopedia has already, you might look at Special:Newpages or Special:Recentchanges.

Thanks again! --Saforrest 13:38, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for the introduction and the links, this will really help a lot.. One question though, is there also a list of templates? I also made a "Months of the Year" template, which didn't exsist due to me using the word "Cálend" instead of "Monaþ"... for example, are there taxoboxes already etc etc? Harðor 13:58, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

To my knowledge, there's no list of templates anywhere. There might be an auto-generated one somewhere; I couldn't find one on Special:Specialpages, which is where I would hope it would be, but you might try digging a bit. As for taxoboxes, they are in use (see Strýta), though they haven't been fully Englisced.

As for templates that exist, we have Template:Stycce (stub), a bunch of things like Template:HáligmónaþGerímbóc for monthly calendars, Template:Dagas þ& for days of the week, and a few more. --Saforrest 16:14, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Wiki-list
Hey, ús helpe gif þu forðie þá wici-getale (wikipedia-l@Wikimedia.org), and sprece ymbe úserne Wicipǽdian, and his micelnesrím... --James 22:05, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Vandal
What'd the vandal do to the article on Bush? --James 20:12, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Added "IQ: 20" to the info box. --Saforrest 21:32, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Englalande
Hi Harðor,

You hadn't done anything with Englaland for awhile, so I went ahead and added a couple of Landbox entries (for religion, currency, and national anthem) anyway. I also removed the statement asking people not to edit the page.

I understand it's annoying to have someone rush in and make some edits when you have another scheme in mind, but I'd prefer that requests to not edit pages not stick around for too long (e.g. at most a few days), because we should encourage editing whenever possible. That said, I very much like the Landbox design you put in place, and I'll try to emulate it everywhere else we have that kind of structured data. Cheers, --Saforrest 02:31, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

= Cherokee Wikipedia =

Cherokee script
Hi Harðor,

Would you happen to know the name of the Cherokee script in Cherokee? I'd like the proper name for the map on the writing systems page. (If you know, please post there or on my talk page. I'm equipped to display Cherokee.)

Thanks, kwami 08:10, 2005 August 30 (UTC)

= English Wikipedia =

I noticed your posting of Image:Acrididae.gif. You said that you couldn't find any copyright info, and therefore throught it was okay to post. I happened to find a copyright notice that specifically disallowed copying, which is part of why I marked it a copyright violation and asked for its deletion. But in the future, if you can't find the copyright notice, it's still copyrighted by default. Therefore, don't copy unless you have specific permission. Copying without there being a copyright notice is still illegal. Thanks for your cooperation. Superm401 19:26, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Allright, I will see to it. Thanks for the warning!

Portals and divs
It's a flaw in the Wikiportal design. I'll see what I can do. ℬ astique ▼ talk 18:15, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anglo-Saxon on your user page
"Hwæt! Ic eom Harðor. Ic eom Dutsce leorningscniht in Physica (Englisc: Brian). Ealde sprǣcan bēoð hobby mīn."
 * This should be "Hwæt! Ic eom Harðor. Ic eom Niðerlendisc leornungcniht in Physica (Englisc: Brian). Ealda sprǣca sind mīn glīw."
 * The feminine plural is mostly -a, and adjectives agreeing with those nouns also end in -a, so ealda cwēne/leornunga/etc.
 * The plural of the verb "to be" is "sind." Using "bēoð" indicates the future, so you would have said "old languages will be a hobby of mine"
 * A pastime is either "glīw" or "gamen"

--JamesR1701E 07:24, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

= Gothic Wikipedia =

Hoi, bedankt voor je commentaar en advies... ja ben het met je eens, erg inactief, maar goed wat wil je met een uitgestorven taal hè. Mijn Gotische kennis is toch niet veel, het blijft bij Atta unsar haha, maar goed, in ieder geval bedankt voor je reactie! Servien

India
Hi Brian. This is a cool language and the font looks great. I was interwiking the India page. Is it possible that you write a line for India and link it up on India? I'll add the images once you link it from en:. Thanks, w:User:Nichalp 19:18, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for adding the gothic rendering of India. It looks great. PS I did not find any online link where I could learn more about this language. Regards, w:User:Nichalp 05:28, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info regarding the Goths + my name. I'm speculating, but I think the Goths could have heard of India, as it was known from before Alexander's time. As for Romance languages, I know a bit of French (but I'm a bit rusty I may add). I can however figure out the relationships between words and sentences in other Latin based languages (cyrillic included) and get a rough idea on what they mean. What kind of a font is this? It does not follow the unicode numbering and I had to modify my registry to see the script. 59.183.23.2 18:45, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

= Dutch Wikibooks =

Welkom bij de Nederlandstalige wikibooks, BrahnTelpefin. Ik zag dat je ook in de Engelse Wikipedia actief bent, dus ik sla de uitleg maar over. Maar als je nog vragen hebt, kan dat in de Lerarenkamer. Groeten, Mtcv 3 aug 2004 08:31 (UTC)

Hoi, goed werk met die cursus Gotisch! Ik heb wel een opmerking: de pagina's Oefeningen Les 1 en Antwoorden Oefeningen Les 1 zijn te algemeen (het zou over elke cursus kunnen gaan). Zou je de titel zo willen wijzigen dat 'Gotisch' in de titel staat? Bijv. Gotisch: Oefeningen Les 1 of Gotisch - Oefeningen Les 1 of Oefeningen Gotische Les 1. Bedankt! Mtcv 4 aug 2004 10:07 (UTC)

Tuurlijk wil ik dat. Ik vrees alleen dat ik weer allemaal lege pagina's creeer, zoals toen ik de titelpagina en inhoud etc. aanpaste naar de Nederlandse spelling met een t ipv. een th, resulterend in een Gotische In en een Gothisch - Inhoudsopgave... Hoe kan ik die verwijderen? Ze staan nu in de lijst met te verwijderen pagina's, wat geheel correct is, maar is er ook een manier om fouten direct recht te zeteen? Verder was ik inderdaad al van plan dit te weizigen, zo gauw als ik wist dit zonder al deze bijverschijnselen te doen. Ik dacht eerst dat gekoppelde pagina's een apparte map zouden krijgen ofzo, maar toen ik mijn fout inzag was het al te laat om het direct goed te doen. Ik zal dit dus inderdaad zo spoedig mogelijk doen, en heb er ook geen bezwaar tegen als het door iemand anders wordt gedaan. In dat geval is de geprefereerde titel: "Gotisch - Oefening Les 1" en "Gotisch - Antwoorden Oefeningen Les 1"

 * Ik zie dat je het al gedaan hebt. Ik weet niet wat er gisteren is misgegaan, maar vandaag ging het goed. Je kan foute pagina's niet zelf verwijderen, die moet je op die verwijderlijst zetten. Bij dit soort foutjes kan je die het best onderaan zetten, bij kandidaten directe verwijdering. Dan kan een moderator hem meteen verwijderen. De reden is, dat andere gebruikers dan ook kunnen controleren wat er gebeurt. Ik zal Oefeningen Les 1 en Antwoorden Oefeningen Les 1 nu verwijderen. Mtcv 4 aug 2004 13:35 (UTC)

= Dutch Wikimedia =

eerste nl.wikimedia.org ontmoeting
ik zou iedereen graag willen uitnodigen te overwegen of zij een rol willen en/of kunnen spelen in de oprichting van een nederlandse wikimedia-organisatie. een eerste ontmoeting wordt momenteel georganiseerd, zie daarvoor hier, op de nl.wikimedia.org wiki. er zijn nog vele stappen te nemen, en meer wikianen nodig, om e.e.a. op verantwoorde wijze verder te ontwikkelen. Radiant_ >|< 10:50, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Harðor~enwiki/Archive


text:
Emmy Göring

Emma Johanna Henny "Emmy" Göring (24 March 1893 – 8 June 1973) was a German actress and the second wife of Luftwaffe Commander-in-Chief Hermann Göring. She served as Adolf Hitler's hostess at many state functions and thereby staked a claim to the title of "First Lady of the Third Reich", a title also sometimes conferred upon Magda Goebbels.

Early life
She was born Emma Johanna Henny Sonnemann in Hamburg, Germany on 24 March 1893 to a wealthy salesman. After schooling, she became an actress at the National Theatre in Weimar.

On 13 January 1916, Sonnemann married actor Karl Köstlin in Trieste, Austria-Hungary. Thereafter, she was known as Emmy Köstlin. In her autobiography, Göring said that she and Köstlin soon realized that they were more suited as friends and soon separated. They eventually divorced in 1926.

Marriage to Hermann Göring
On 10 April 1935, she married the prominent Nazi and Luftwaffe chief Hermann Göring, becoming Emmy Göring. It was also Göring's second marriage; his first wife, Carin, had died in October 1931. She was given an unsolicited membership to the Nazi Party during Christmas 1938.

Their daughter, Edda, was born on 2 June 1938. Edda was reported as being named after the Countess of Cortellazzo and Buccari, eldest child of Benito Mussolini. Time reported: "Herr and Frau Göring became her fast friends." However, in her autobiography, Göring said her daughter was named after one of her friends.

Hermann Göring named his country house Carinhall after his first wife, while referring to his hunting lodge at Rominten (now Krasnolesye) – the Reichsjägerhof – as "Emmyhall".

"First Lady of the Third Reich"
Emmy Göring served as Hitler's hostess at many state functions prior to the Second World War. This and her claim to be the "First Lady of the Third Reich" created much animosity between herself and Hitler's future wife, Eva Braun, whom she snubbed and openly despised. Hitler consequently issued angry instructions to Hermann Göring demanding that Emmy treat Eva with more respect; one of the outcomes of Emmy's condescending attitude toward Eva was that she was no longer invited to Hitler's Bavarian retreat, the Berghof. As for Eva Braun, she allegedly never forgave Emmy for having assumed the role of "First Lady of the Reich".

As wife of one of the richest and most powerful men in Europe, she received much public attention, was constantly photographed, and enjoyed a lavish lifestyle well into the Second World War. Her husband owned mansions, estates and castles in Austria, Germany and Poland and was a major beneficiary of the Nazis' confiscation of art and wealth from Jews and others deemed enemies by the Nazi regime. Her husband celebrated their daughter's birth by ordering 500 planes to fly over Berlin (he stated he would have flown 1,000 planes as a salute for a son).

After the end of the war, a German denazification court convicted her of being a Nazi and sentenced her to one year in jail. When she was released, 30 percent of her property was confiscated, and she was banned from the stage for five years.

Later years and death
Some years after her release from jail, Emmy Göring secured a very small flat in a building in the city of Munich and remained there for the rest of her life. In her final years, she suffered from sciatica. She wrote an autobiography, An der Seite meines Mannes (1967), published in English as My Life with Goering in 1972.

Emmy Göring died in Munich on 8 June 1973 at the age of 80. She is buried at Munich Waldfriedhof.

Selected filmography

 * William Tell (1934)

title: Emmy Göring


text:
Talk:Joinery

Global view
Hi wood is boring —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.145.24.133 (talk) 15:15, 5 October 2009 (UTC) Adding a global view to this subject is analogous to trying to add a global view to "cooking" because all aspects of wood joinery - the woods, tools, techniques, names, and uses - are tied to specific cultural traditions or customs.

Joinery
Why is this article not called "Joinery" or why is there not an article called Joinery? Is it to avoid ambiguity or is it because "Joinery" is mainly an American word, or is there another reason? It seems to me that the name of this article should be changed to Joinery, but it doesn't much matter since there is a disambiguation page for Joinery that points here.--VegKilla 20:45, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes joinery probably is mainly, but not exclusively a modern North American term, while for the Brits and Australians (and in the US in the past), it means finish carpentry. This is a constant problem in the titles of woodworking articles, where the same thing is called by different names in different places and times, while different things are called by the same name. The best we can do is make sure that all bases are covered by disambiguation pages and redirects and trying to use names that are understood by all. There is no authority out there that can say: "This is the correct name for this gizmo."Luigizanasi 15:02, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree this is a reoccurring problem, It might be an interesting or project for a woodworking historian to write an article on the history of woodworking terms. This might help a newcomer to woodworking navigate the disambiguation challenges. I often come across both regional and historic differences as I learn more about wood working, some are quite interesting and some are humorous. For example clamp (US) vs. cramp (UK). As I understand it they are one and the same in woodworking. However to me a cramp is something I get when I eat too much, so now you know what part of the world I come from. --Maxelrod (talk) 00:45, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

List of terminology
When reading this article I found myself having a good idea what certain terms meant (eg end grain) but not absolutely sure. Perhaps a list of such terms together with an explanation would be useful? reetep 10:52, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Graphical Index
A graphical index of joint types would be nice. I know some of the names, and a lot of what joints look like, but I'm not sure which goes with which.

I added some pictures, I think they're up to standard. I hope so. 17:40, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

The picture Image:BoxJoints.PNG is beautiful, but the dovetail joint image is not quite right. I will see if I can get a sketch of something on the talk page soon to show it a little clearer.--VegKilla 20:51, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Box combing
The joint shown in he external link in the finger joint article is not is not box combing. That would require a row of several of the joints shown. The point about box combing is that it simulates a multiple dovetail but is easy to contrive by machine. It is therefore a cheap dovetail joint for drawers and boxes. It relies on glue for remaining together and each part of the joint looks like a comb with stubby teeth. (RJP 18:52, 4 August 2005 (UTC))
 * The link in the finger joint article shows a weird version with only one finger, which I have never seen before. See (the first Google hit I got), and you will agree that what is called a finger joint in North America is the same as a box-comb in the UK. Your description of a box comb is exactly what is called a finger joint in North America (or at least, what I have always seen them called in my rather voluminous woodworking library). I will fix the finger joint article.  Luigizanasi 22:22, 4 August 2005 (UTC)
 * As to the American names for joints, I take your word for it. :-)(RJP 09:48, 5 August 2005 (UTC))

Dovetail joint in the image
Number 5 in the image is not a dovetail joint.

(207.69.138.137 07:08, 28 February 2007 (UTC) )identifcation of a dovetail joint?
I have a Desk given to me which was my great grandfathers. I am trying to id the dovetail in order to find out who may have made this piece and go from there to get futher information if anyone can help me please contact me at my E mail The dovetails in question look like the following. round holes with half shaped circles on the outer edge that connect to each other. I hope this will start a disscusion to help me locate the maker of this desk thank you any and everyone.--207.69.138.137 07:08, 28 February 2007 (UTC)Brenda Ingram --207.69.138.137 07:08, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Roundwood joint
Another traditional joint joins 2 roundwood poles by cutting both back at the joint so there is lots of area for both to touch, and tying them with a large dowel. I can't remember the name of it though. Tabby (talk) 19:12, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Dutchman
It links here, but is missing from this article. Could s.o. please add it. Thks. --99.11.160.111 (talk) 11:55, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Missing fastening methods
What about the use of splines and glue strips? The English vocabulary woodworking includes many specialized terms that need defining. Should that be in Wiktionary. They don't have a woodworking category. DCDuring (talk) 11:52, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

 * If you feel like writing it, there's scope for an article on joints with inserted keys, splines or feathers. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:41, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Missing a different type of binding
I'm no expert, so apologies in advance. In particular, my comment applies to lumber in house construction.

The binding I see in my ceiling joists is different from all those listed. It is like Butt and it is like Lap. But the two joists are parallel, one is alongside the other, and the ends overlap by a foot, and they are nailed crosswise/laterally.

Thank you for addressing this in whatever way you see fit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by HaroldHelson (talk • contribs) 01:17, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Dovetail more secure than Box joint?
I won't argue whether the dovetail is or is not "more secure than box joint", but the citation (article at woodgears.ca) draws the opposite conclusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.181.188.10 (talk) 04:39, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * It changed over time. The point of a dovetail was that it still held long after the glue had failed. Modern box joints with modern glues rely entirely on the glue, but this allows strong untapered tails so is stronger in the absolute and the glue probably lasts longer than the life of the furniture. Andy Dingley (talk) 10:24, 24 December 2019 (UTC)

The description given between box joint and dovetail is not correct. A box joint is a method of increasing surface area between two boards that would otherwise be joined with a butt joint or a miter joint. It results in a stronger joint because the glue area is higher. It's the glue that creates the strength in the joint. A Dovetail is a joint that has both the properties of increasing surface area AND due to the "dove tail" nature of the shape of the joint provides mechanical fastening in one direction. A dovetail joint is typically used in drawers where the pull of the drawer is aligned with the "dove tail" shape of the joint. That is the mechanical advantages of the joint lend strength as you try to pull the face of the drawer towards you. If you were to take the drawer out and pull the side of the drawer perpendicular to the face, the joint would provide no more mechanical advantage compared to a box joint. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.10.121.109 (talk) 03:25, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 19 March 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Also added a hatnote on top of Joinery (feel free to reword it). (closed by non-admin page mover) ~Styyx Talk ? 20:15, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

– The subject of the page is joinery, currently a disambiguation page of only two entries, this page and Joiner. There is no reason to misname this page the bulky "Woodworking joints" to disambiguate the two. Wikiuser100 (talk) 12:14, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Woodworking joints → Joinery
 * Joinery → Joinery (disambiguation)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). GeoffreyT2000 (talk) 18:43, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Hi Wikiuser100, I think your request makes sense. But I can't process it here as uncontroversial because of this previous RM. Dr. Vogel (talk) 18:13, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the ping on this. That was way back in 2012, evidently before a proper "joinery" article was written.  Andy Dingley was materially involved (on the pro-"Joinery" article name side); he has since retired from the encyclopedia. I'll have to think about the investment of time (and more importantly human capital) in making a new request for a move.  It is not insignificant.  Yours, Wikiuser100 (talk) 18:35, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONCISE. Rreagan007 (talk) 02:42, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. The word "joinery" is an old-fashioned word for finish carpentry and cabinetmaking (as opposed to rough carpentry). It does not mean "what you do with a joiner" and it didn't always even mean just "joining pieces of wood", although that was an essential part of the job. Srnec (talk) 03:05, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support as the clear primary topic of the term, and delete the disambiguation page in favor of a hatnote. BD2412  T 05:20, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support and delete dab per BD2412. MB 15:52, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Merge from Joiner
Much of the relatively short article on joiner is actually about joinery. Do we need to separate the activity from occupation? Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 15:03, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Support merge. Most of the source article could simply be brought over as a new section here. Joyous! | Talk 16:05, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Mebigrouxboy (talk)
 * Merge is complete. Joyous! | Talk 10:34, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

European focus
Ok then why does a history of joinery mention European joinery, if finish carpentry occurs the world over? Japan has a rich tradition that is not linked here. The title of this page should be "European joinery" if it is going to not have a world perspective, not assume European is the default. 142.134.91.115 (talk) 02:17, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Seconding this comment -- the article says "wood joinery techniques have been especially well-documented, and are celebrated, in the Indian, Chinese, European, and Japanese traditions" and mentions the hundreds of joins used in Japanese and Chinese woodworking, but then the list of traditional wood joints only includes the "Most-commonly referenced joints carried forward from historical Western traditions". I'd like to request others add more info about other joinery traditions and some common traditional "eastern" woodworking joints. For the record the Japanese Carpentry page is currently mostly a large list of tools used, and doesn't include any list/description of common/traditional joints. Cviu (talk) 00:58, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * There are much worse problems (the lead image is a carpenter).
 * This article is about the making of joints in wood, mostly as carpentry. There is almost nothing here on joinery, European or otherwise. The joiner page (sparse, but more accurate than this page at least) was deleted earlier in the year (as usual, without any visible discussion). Andy Dingley (talk) 11:16, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Is the distinction you're making between "joinery" and "making of joints in wood" that you expect more focus on the profession of being a person who makes these wood joints? [edit: I didn't notice there was a "Joinery as a profession" section created in the merge of the Joiner article]. Or maybe only making of joints in non-structural wood? I wouldn't interpret this article as using "joinery" in an inaccurate way but it seems like there are a lot of regional differences in terminology for woodworking -- check the first two discussions in this page.
 * I think this article could use a more in-depth/prominent discussion of etymology/terminology. Right now looks like there's just the sentence in the intro "In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work.[1]; in other locales joinery is considered a form of carpentry." (which the IP user in the thread below has taken issue with)
 * (this discussion might be more fitting in one of the other threads) Cviu (talk) 15:47, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * No, I'm saying that the rename here in March 2022 was completely wrong. But that's what happens when you have an editing community that bars woodworkers from it, and doesn't follow its own rules on sourcing because correct sources are binned in favour of incorrect cites from generalist dictionaries.
 * Joinery is not the making of joints in wood. Andy Dingley (talk) 18:47, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Alright not sure I really agree with you 100% but I wasn't involved in that and I'm also not really sure why you brought it up in the first place on this thread about the european focus of the article (seems better suited to a different/new thread). I'll refrain from commenting more on the move/terminology Cviu (talk) 02:03, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * There is no point in complaining of an article having a European bias when the whole article is so bad (it's basically not an article on joinery at all) that there's hardly even a European section. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:36, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

Basic grammar and sentence construction
"In British English joinery is... in other locales"

So called "British English" (more correctly, English) is not a "locale", so the sentence doesn't make sense.

One might surmise that the standard of English required by Wikipedia is that of a pre-teen school child. So-called Wikipedia "editors" are clearly not up to the job if such basic linguistic errors are not recognised and corrected immediately. 86.190.224.83 (talk) 22:40, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joinery


text:
File:WilliamShatner-TheTransformedMan.jpg

Summary
Cover of the William Shatner album The Transformed Man.