text:
User talk:Kearnonthecob7

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You (Talk) 00:34, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
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LSU images
The images you uploaded for Louisiana State University were deleted for lack of proper sourcing or improper licensing. (LSU sports is not GFDL). Please re-upload with proper tags. See Image copyright tags -Thanks Nv8200p talk 22:51, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:LSULaw2.jpg
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Image Tagging Image:Int-theater-seating-050311.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Int-theater-seating-050311.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Image Tagging Image:Ext-over-autohotel-050311.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Ext-over-autohotel-050311.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Nv8200p talk 00:15, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Flag.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Flag.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Have a look at for some background on image usage, copyright and tagging on Wikipedia
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Regards, Dethomas 15:45, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Pics06.jpg

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title: User talk:Kearnonthecob7


text:
Jewish Relief Agency

The Jewish Relief Agency (JRA) is a charitable organization and independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization which serves over 6,000 diverse low-income individuals across Greater Philadelphia.

JRA's work is fueled by volunteers who serve those in need in a variety of ways – including, packing and delivering a box of food, giving seniors and the disabled rides to the doctor and grocery store, making friendly visits to isolated members of the community, and more. JRA volunteers come from many backgrounds, age groups, and abilities. This includes a wide range of community organizations including Jewish camps, Hillel branches, synagogues and churches, colleges, schools, corporations and others. On an average, 1,000 volunteers participate monthly to pack and deliver food packages at JRA's Food Distributions.

Founding and history
In an attempt to fill the aid gap they saw in the Greater Philadelphia Jewish community, the Agency was founded in September 2000 by Marc Erlbaum and Rabbi Menachem Schmidt. They began with three volunteers serving 19 Russian speaking families with just one U-haul truck and purchased food from BJs. Today, JRA serves over 6,000 individuals of all backgrounds in more than 3,200 households.

Services and volunteer opportunities
JRA provides many services to its recipients, and primarily through volunteer participation. JRA recipients are eligible for services if their household income is within 150% of the Federal Poverty Level and they live in JRA's service area (some exceptions may apply based on need).

JRA services include the following:

 * A monthly supplemental box of Kosher pantry staples and fresh produce (from September through May)
 * Donated household items, toiletries, kids' apparel, diapers and adult incontinence supplies.
 * Other services, dependent on volunteer availability.

JRA expansion locations
Various communities, inspired by JRA's work in the Greater Philadelphia region, have opened JRA programs in their locations including Chicago, Greenwich, Connecticut, Pittsburgh, MetroWest New Jersey, and South Jersey. These programs are operated independently of the Philadelphia organization.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jewish Relief Agency


text: Category:Norwegian television series

title: Category:Norwegian television series


text:
Bill Green

Bill or Billy Green may refer to:

Politics and law

 * Bill Green Jr. (1910–1963), American politician
 * Bill Green (New York politician) (Sedgwick William Green, 1929–2002), U.S. Representative from New York
 * Bill Green III (born 1938), American politician
 * Bill Green IV (born 1965), American politician in Pennsylvania

Association football (soccer)

 * Bill Green (footballer, born 1950) (1950–2017), English professional footballer and manager
 * Billy Green (footballer, born 1881) (1881–1951), English football goalkeeper
 * Billy Green (footballer, born 1927) (1927–1996), English football defender

Australian rules football

 * Bill Green (footballer, born 1914) (1914–1981), Australian rules footballer for Essendon
 * Bill Green (footballer, born 1932), Australian rules footballer for Richmond
 * Billy Green (Australian footballer) (1910–1995), Australian rules footballer for St Kilda

Other sports

 * Bill Green (basketball) (1940–1994), American college basketball player
 * Bill Green (hammer thrower) (born 1960), American Olympic hammer thrower
 * Bill Green (sprinter) (1961–2012), American sprinter
 * Billy Green (athlete) (1904–1981), British Olympic sprinter

Others

 * Bill Green (entrepreneur), American entrepreneur and author
 * Bill Green (musician) (1925–1996), American jazz musician
 * Bill Green (RAF officer) (1917–2014), British pilot during the Battle of Britain
 * Billy Green (scout) (1794–1877), Canadian soldier
 * Billy Joe Green, Anishinaabe rock and blues musician from Canada
 * Bill Green, a character in the Disney Channel TV show Big City Greens

title: Bill Green


text:
User talk:SteveHartmanII

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You (Talk) 00:35, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:SteveHartmanII


text:
Talk:Best Of – Volume I (Van Halen album)

Untitled
THIS VERSION OF ERUPTION IS CUT RESPECT THE ORIGINAL VERSION. THIS LENGHT IS 1:40 (DONT HAVE DRUMS INTRODUCTION) NOT 1:42 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.50.54.75 (talk) 04:44, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Best of Volume I.jpg
Image:Best of Volume I.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 01:45, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Title
Note other albums on disambiguation page The Best Of, Volume 1, cf. The Best Of, Volume 2 In ictu oculi (talk) 10:43, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Best Of – Volume I (Van Halen album). Armbrust The Homunculus 08:31, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Best Of - Volume I → Best Of – Volume I (Van Halen album) – WP:NC. In ictu oculi (talk) 10:24, 3 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Was originally templated as open to any suggestions, changed per 3 users following In ictu oculi (talk) 16:14, 6 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Suggest Best Of - Volume I (Van Halen album) per WP:DISAMBIGUATION and WP:SONGDAB. Google Books results show that nearly every reliable source calls this album Best Of - Volume I (or 1):
 * Guitar World
 * Gear Secrets of the Guitar Legends
 * The Rough Guide to Rock
 * The Encyclopedia of Popular Music
 * Christgau's Consumer Guide
 * Everybody Wants Some
 * Billboard
 * Legends of Rock Guitar
 * I Love Rock 'n' Roll (Except When I Hate It)
 * Rock Tracks
 * The Guitar and Rock Equipment
 * Entertainment Weekly
 * The Great Rock Discography
 * Brandweek
 * MySQL Bible
 * The Virgin Encyclopedia of Eighties Music
 * vs. Google Books results for Best of Van Halen, Volume 1 (or One):
 * The New Rolling Stone Album Guide
 * Eddie Van Halen
 * Rock Song Index
 * British Hit Singles and Albums
 * So, Best Of - Volume I is the WP:COMMONNAME and satisifies WP:AT. Searches for "best of volume i" and "best of volume 1" show that the Van Halen album does not predominate usage of that term overall, so we need to disambiguate per WP:DAB. Guidance at WP:SONGDAB tells us that if there is more than one album with the same title, we use (bandname album) to disambiguate, which is the case here. Dohn joe (talk) 13:56, 3 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Support I'm fine with that. In ictu oculi (talk) 15:52, 3 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Rename to "Best Of – Volume I (Van Halen album)" (please note the use of a dash rather than a hyphen). I don't think this album is the primary topic for "open to any suggestions" :-) —BarrelProof (talk) 05:08, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose as proposed - the proposed title is horrific. Face-smile.svg Support Best Of – Volume I (Van Halen album). Red Slash 20:50, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Support. Sounds reasonable.--Cúchullain t/ c 15:47, 7 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.


text:
Contradictions Collapse

Contradictions Collapse is the debut studio album by Swedish extreme metal band Meshuggah. The album was released on 1 May 1991 by Nuclear Blast. Contradictions Collapse was originally titled (All This Because of) Greed. The album leans more towards a thrash metal and alternative metal sound than the band's later works, featuring heavy riffs and influences of industrial dance in the drum patterns. It was re-released as a digipak with an incomplete version of Meshuggah's second EP, None, in 1998, with no liner notes or lyrics included in the booklet.

Critical reception
Allmusic critic Steve Huey wrote: "Although it's not quite as accomplished as their later work, it's certainly a worthwhile listen, especially for devoted fans."

Track listing
The first 4 tracks from the None EP were included as bonus tracks on the 1998 reissue.

Meshuggah

 * Jens Kidman − rhythm guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (tracks 1, 4, 6, and 9)
 * Fredrik Thordendal − lead guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5, and 7)
 * Peter Nordin − bass guitar
 * Tomas Haake − drums, backing vocals, spoken vocals (track 8)

title: Contradictions Collapse


text:
Talk:Charles Flato

Hunchback dwarf?
Pitchka: Is that for real about being a hunchback dwarf & walking with a cane? If true, we may have to soften it up to make it more politically correct. Thanks. Nobs01 00:37, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's true. The drummer Chick Webb was also a hunchbacked dwarf minus the cane. How else is one to say it? Isn't it a valid point of interest to know that he was handicapped. There is nothing wrong with being hunchbacked or a dwarf in and of itself. I don't know the whole medical explanation of why some dwarves have bent spines but it seems that some do have hunchbacks caused by a bent spine. Nowadays they probably operate. Dwain 01:38, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Well, I was thinking of something more heroic, perhaps, "like Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Flato overcame a physical impairment from birth commonly known as "hunchback syndrome" by using a cane to support his dwarflike frame", or something like that. Just a proposal. thx. Nobs01 01:51, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Personally, I don't think there's a need for that. By writing it up like that it gives the impression that there is something wrong with the fact that he was a hunchbacked dwarf and used a cane which there isn't. That short description is sticking to the simple facts. Dwain 02:04, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Charles Flato was not a hunchback dwarf
Charles Flato was my father's older brother. I was surprised to hear that he was a spy for the soviets. He and my father were not at all close as adults. I'm not sure my dad even knew this. The part about him being a hunchbacked dwarf is inaccurate. Actually Charles contracted polio as a child and was quite deformed and hunchbacked as a result; he was not a dwarf. He did in fact walk with a cane.

My mother, sisters and I once visited him briefly with my father and grandmother at his home on the Cape. He was a very strange man, and did not particularly like children. During the visit (I was a teenager) I had little or no conversation with him at his choice.

I believe he and his wife were divorced sometime in the 1950's. My mother mentioned Charles was a Communist, but I was shocked to hear that he was actually a spy. My father and he certainly had nothing in common other than being birthed by the same parents, as my father was an extremely honest and moral man who served in the US Navy during WWII.

 * Thank you for clearing up the detail about his not being a dwarf, I will remove that reference. Thanks also for your personal details. No one should try to insinuate that your father had anything to do with his brother's apparent spying. Feel free to edit the article yourself. Dwain 03:51, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

rotolo?
it's important rotolo here just because she was famous... or it's important the car, or she was an spy too, it's more important whath his nephew said here,..., dwarf is a disease,..., not just because somebody is short or little means that is dwarf,..., show a picture to see him — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.202.232.89 (talk) 13:33, 10 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Charles Flato


text:
Rich Koz

Rich Koz (born March 12, 1952) is an American actor and broadcaster best known for his portrayal of horror-movie host Svengoolie, as well as his early '90s children's cartoon showcase The Koz Zone. Koz is also the host of the syndicated Stooge-a-Palooza program. In 2021, he was inducted into the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards' Monster Kid Hall of Fame.

Beginnings
Koz got his start in broadcasting at WMTH-FM, the high school radio station at Maine East in Park Ridge, Illinois. While Koz was at Northwestern University, he sent the original Svengoolie, Jerry G. Bishop, material for the horror-movie program. Bishop subsequently invited Koz to join the show's staff.

When the show was cancelled in 1973, Bishop and Koz worked together doing mornings on WMAQ radio in Chicago, and Koz worked with radio legend Dick Orkin on commercials and syndicated features, including "ChickenMan Returns for the Last Time Again." When Bishop left for San Diego in 1978, he gave Koz permission to create a show known as Son of Svengoolie, now simply known as Svengoolie.

Son of Svengoolie
In June 1979, on WFLD-TV Ch. 32, Koz began as Son of Svengoolie, winning numerous local Emmy awards, and having his show syndicated to sister stations in Philadelphia, Detroit, Boston, and San Francisco for a brief period. In 1986, after the station was acquired by the News Corporation, WFLD canceled Svengoolie, believing the show not dignified for a network affiliate. He did some freelance radio, including stints as a fill-in at WGN radio.

The Koz Zone
From 1989 to 1993, Koz returned to WFLD (now "Fox 32") to host a new hosted movie show where he appeared to be "breaking in" to the Fox signal (a take-off of an actual event where WGN and WTTW had their signals pirated). The show was originally untitled, but viewers were asked to address letters to "Lose Weight by Selling Real Estate, No Money Down" until the show adopted the name The Koz Zone.

The show featured cartoons presented by Koz, interspersed by sketch comedy bits. This show won him his next local Emmy, and later became the daily Koz Zone for Kids. Koz also did mornings on WCKG radio for a brief period, co-hosted live 4 July and New Year's Eve programming, and became weekend and fill-in weather anchor for Fox 32 News.

1995–present
In 1995, Koz came back on the air as part of the launch team for newly independent station WCIU-TV, Channel 26. He became Svengoolie (after Jerry G. Bishop—the original Svengoolie from 1970 to 1973—told him he could drop the "Son of" because he was "all grown up now") and resumed weekly horror movie shows, along with numerous other duties. Koz, having won numerous regional Emmy Awards, was admitted to the NATAS/Emmy "Silver Circle" for "outstanding contributions to Chicago television". Starting in 2011, he began to be seen nationwide when his Svengoolie show became a regular Saturday night staple on the MeTV classic TV network.

In his Son of Svengoolie persona, Rich Koz is also known for the early 1980s 3-D broadcast of Revenge of the Creature (the sequel to Creature from the Black Lagoon) that resulted in a civil action lawsuit by people who felt they didn't get enough 3-D for the 89 cents they spent for the cardboard glasses.

In November 2012, Koz suffered a heart attack at his home. He had previously suffered a heart attack at his home a decade earlier, in March 2002.

title: Rich Koz


text:
Talk:The California Raisins

Why that picture?
It looks like he's giving a very particular salute... Could we maybe not have that and get a group pic on there? It's not even a good picture even if you don't think it looks wrong 2600:1702:B0:4BE0:9D04:9968:E522:63A4 (talk) 05:40, 30 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The California Raisins


text:
User talk:Michael Trigoboff

Michael Trigoboff's Talk Page

Welcome
Hello, , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type   on your user page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- MOE .RON   talk  23:17, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

 * Thanks, Moeron. Anyone who's interested can go and see a number of interactions between me and Moeron at Talk:Deadhead. Michael Trigoboff 01:44, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Deadhead
I noticed that you re-added information that I had removed that could be considered original research. There was a discussion about the removal at Talk:Deadhead. If you have any questions or concerns, let me know on my talk page or make comments at the talk page. Cheers! -- MOE .RON   talk  23:23, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Again, I must implore you that this information is original research and WP:POV. Also, please see the discussion at Talk:Deadhead for further explanation of why it can't be used. Cheers! -- MOE .RON   talk  18:54, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Moe.ron's editing is not nearly as clean as he would claim. Material that he likes, he will leave in with an "unsourced" tag.  Material that he doesn't like, he will delete over and over.  Both classes of material are equally unsourced and equally pov/not pov.   Wasted Time R 21:24, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michael Trigoboff


text:
Beaulieu Road railway station

Beaulieu Road railway station is located at the point where the South West Main Line from London Waterloo to Weymouth crosses the B3056 road from Beaulieu to Lyndhurst in Hampshire, England. It is 88 mi down the line from Waterloo. Beaulieu Road is the least-used station in Hampshire, according to the official passenger statistics.

History
Opened by the Southampton and Dorchester Railway (S&DR) on 1 June 1847, as it was the closest point to nearby Beaulieu and Hythe from the main line.

The station was closed by the London and South Western Railway (which had absorbed the S&DR in 1848) on 1 March 1860, and reopened on 1 November 1895. It was destaffed in the early 1960s.

Services
In 1981 (a timetable typical of the 1980s) the station was served by an hourly stopping service from London to Bournemouth on Mondays to Saturdays. At that time, in contrast to today, the station had no service on Sundays.

Nowadays the station is served by London Waterloo to Poole stopping services operated by South Western Railway. As of the December 2007 timetable, on Mondays to Fridays trains call only during the morning peak and late afternoon. From May 2008, a late morning service has also been added in each direction. In 2013 there were down trains, towards Poole, every two or three hours on Monday to Friday, the last being 20:44, but only three up trains (08:08, 11:38 and 18:38). On Saturdays there were five up and six down services. On Sundays, however, there was a better service, with trains to and from Poole calling hourly throughout the day.

The May 2016 timetable is essentially the same as that of 2013, though an extra weekday London-bound departure has been added at 13:38.

As of summer 2021 there is an hourly service on Sundays, two-hourly service on Saturdays, and approximately two-hourly Monday to Friday though with a gap in up services in the mid-afternoon between 13:37 and 17:38.

Even on Sundays, however, services to and from Brockenhurst are much more frequent than those to Beaulieu Road.

The New Forest Tour summer open top bus service stops adjacent to Beaulieu Road.

title: Beaulieu Road railway station


text:
User talk:69.143.240.74

Proposed deletion of Plastic pants

The article Plastic pants has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Has no visible verifiable references from reliable sources, and no encyclopedic tone."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. — Jeff G. ツ 12:49, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Plastic pants for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Plastic pants is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Plastic pants until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. — Jeff G. ツ 02:07, 28 March 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:69.143.240.74


text:
User:The Shadow Treasurer

User Phase52010 has hijacked this page in March 2010 by posting complete and absolute rubbish and his reasoning for removing my previous remarks.

I have now removed Phase52010's remarks as he was being abusive. Phase52010 has the cheek to accuse me of posting abuse with my previous remarks and that is absolute rubbish.

Phase5's remarks was about TV shows. TV shows only represent a third of my interests the other two thirds being made of audios and books. I dare for him to say something like "audios are just audios".

Phase5 has been harassing me everywhere I go and would like the Wikipedia staff to stop Phase5 from posting on this page again.

title: User:The Shadow Treasurer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Woo (film)

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:00, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Woo (film)

 * Finishing this old nomination. --Dmcdevit·t 07:21, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

I feel that it was a huge mistake for me to create this article! (preceding unsigned comment by 67.86.88.191 00:43, June 15, 2005 UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 09:29, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Yawn.  -- Visviva 15:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable film. 23skidoo 15:54, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Commercially distributed film. Capitalistroadster 17:32, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep Upon looking at the IMDB, I dare say that it would be notable for a B movie given that Tupac was a proposed actor. I therefore think it should noted and expanded upon. Hello World! 19:11, July 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * keep' and expand it too Yuckfoo 23:34, 19 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Gunnerside

Gunnerside is a village in North Yorkshire, England. It is situated in Swaledale, on the B6270 road, 3 mi east of Muker and 6 mi west of Grinton. The village lies between the River Swale and its tributary, Gunnerside Beck, and is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

History
The name of the village derives from an Old Norse personal name Gunnar and sætr meaning hill or pasture.

Gunnerside Ghyll (or Gunnerside Gill), a smaller valley running northwards, at right angles to the Swale valley (Swaledale), was the site of a major lead mining industry in Swaledale from the 17th century to the late 19th century. The beck that runs through the narrow valley, also called Gunnerside Gill, or Gunnerside Beck, rises between Rogan's Seat and Water Crag, and runs for 8 km emptying into the River Swale at the site of Gunnerside New Bridge. The bridge carries the B6270 over the River Swale south of the village; it was rebuilt several times during the 19th century due to flooding. The current structure dates from around 1892 and is now grade II listed.

The area attracts many ramblers who use the foot tracks for exploring the area. Some decide to visit The Old Working Smithy & Museum, established in 1795, for a modest admission fee. The site contains historic items.

Gunnerside is served by a Methodist Chapel, a part-time post office, a weekly market, a restaurant and some shops selling food items. The chapel was founded in 1789, but rebuilt in 1866. The structure is now grade II listed. A private building to the north of the crossroads in the village was the site of a Medieval corn mill, and in the early 20th century, a bus garage. At the foot of Gunnerside Ghyll is the Kings Head public house.

The village primary school is one of two sites of the Reeth and Gunnerside Schools. At the last Ofsted inspection in 2023, the primary school was rated as Good.

Local employment centres on tourism,  clockmaking, hill farming, gamekeeping and construction, the latter concerned chiefly with the maintenance of traditional stone-built field walls, houses and field barns. The latter, also known as laithes, are typically referred to as "cow'uses" or cow houses in Swaledale.

Notable people

 * John Close, poet, was born in the village in 1816

title: Gunnerside


text:
Law & Order (franchise)

Law & Order is a media franchise composed of a number of related American television series created by Dick Wolf and produced by Wolf Entertainment. They were originally broadcast on NBC, and all of them deal with some aspect of the criminal justice system. Together, the original series, its various spin-offs, the TV film, and crossover episodes from other shows constitute over 1,000 hours of programming.

Shared characters and fictional organizations, such as Hudson University and the New York Ledger tabloid newspaper, serve as connecting links between the shows. Many supporting characters, such as district attorneys, psychologists, and medical examiners are also shared among the shows. Occasionally, crossovers of main characters or shared storylines between two of the shows will occur. A few major characters have also left the cast of one show within the franchise only to eventually join another. The music, style, and credits of the shows tend to be similar, with the voiceover in the opening of every series performed by Steven Zirnkilton. The shows share the iconic "dun, dun" sound effect of a jail cell locking, created, along with the theme songs, by Mike Post. Past episodes of the American series are in syndication with local over-the-air stations, along with cable channels such as USA Network and Bravo (both owned by the franchise's production company, NBCUniversal), TNT, WGN America, Ion Television, and AMC Networks' SundanceTV and WeTV, showing episodes sometimes up to six times a day. Its ubiquity on the NBCUniversal fledgling streaming platform Peacock ("...19 zillion reruns...") was noted by The Wall Street Journal in January 2024.

In October 2012, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit showrunner/executive producer Warren Leight said of the future of the Law & Order franchise, "[Dick Wolf and I] sometimes talk in general terms of where (the franchise) could go. I'm curious to see if there's another iteration somewhere down the line," he says. "We try hard to maintain a certain level of quality which I think is why the shows sustained in reruns so well. And I'd like to believe there's room for another generation in some way." In February 2015, NBC was purported to have interest in bringing back the flagship Law & Order as a limited series. On September 28, 2021, NBC announced that a 21st season had been ordered.

Law & Order (1990–2010; 2022–present)

 * seasons, episodes (September 13, 1990 – May 24, 2010; February 24, 2022 – present)

Law & Order, a crime procedural, features both a police investigation of a crime discovered during the cold open, and a prosecution case set forth by the New York County District Attorney, at the Manhattan DA's office. The first thirty minutes of an episode typically features a lead detective trio. On May 14, 2010, NBC announced that it was canceling the original series, although various spin-offs would continue. The series finale aired on May 24, 2010. Wolf briefly attempted to continue the series on cable, but the series "moved into the history books".

On September 28, 2021, NBC announced that a 21st season had been ordered. At the start of season 23, the police team consists of Senior Detective Vincent Riley (Reid Scott), Junior Detective Jalen Shaw (Mehcad Brooks) and Lieutenant Kate Dixon (Camryn Manheim), while the counterparts on the legal side are: Executive Assistant District Attorney Nolan Price (Hugh Dancy), Assistant District Attorney Samantha Maroun (Odelya Halevi) and Manhattan District Attorney Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston). However, Waterston departed the series during the middle of the season and was replaced by Manhattan District Attorney Nicholas Baxter (Tony Goldwyn).

Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999–present)

 * seasons, episodes (September 20, 1999 – present)

SVU follows the cases investigated by NYPD Captain Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) and her Manhattan Special Victims Unit colleagues. The show's focus is on detectives who investigate sexually based crimes and crimes against children, the elderly, and the disabled. At the start of season twenty-five, these detectives included characters Sgt. Odafin Tutuola (Ice-T) and Det. Joe Velasco (Octavio Pisano), while Peter Scanavino co-stars as ADA Dominick Carisi Jr..

Law & Order: Organized Crime (2021–present)

 * seasons, episodes (April 1, 2021 – present)

Organized Crime follows the cases investigated by former SVU detective Elliot Stabler (Christopher Meloni) as part of the task force within the Organized Crime Control Bureau headed by Sergeant Ayanna Bell (Danielle Moné Truitt). The show's focus is on detectives who investigate mobsters and other criminal syndicates. On March 31, 2020, NBC ordered a 13-episode season of a then-untitled Special Victims Unit spin-off starring Christopher Meloni as Stabler, now in an NYPD organized crime task force. Meloni had previously starred on SVU from 1999 to 2011. The show's title was confirmed to be Law & Order: Organized Crime. Writer Craig Gore was fired from the series in June following backlash from a social media post. When NBC announced its fall schedule on June 16, Organized Crime was the only new show on the schedule, slotted for Thursdays at 10 p.m. Eastern. Due to filming stoppages related to COVID-19, the season was shortened to eight episodes and premiered on April 1, 2021. At the start of season four, other detectives included characters detective Jet Slootmaekers (Ainsley Seiger) and detective Bobby Reyes (Rick Gonzalez).

Law & Order Toronto: Criminal Intent (2024–present)
A Canadian series based on Criminal Intent was announced in early June 2023. On October 16, 2023, the cast names were announced: Aden Young, as Detective Sergeant Henry Graff, Kathleen Munroe as Detective Sergeant Frankie Bateman, Karen Robinson as Inspector Vivienne Holness, K. C. Collins as Deputy Crown Attorney Theo Forrester, Nicola Correia-Damude as Forensic Pathologist Dr. Lucy Da Silva, and Araya Mengesha as tech expert Mark Yohannes. The series will have Canadian talent both in front of and behind the camera, including the writing and production departments. While the show will be part of the Law & Order universe, it has yet to be determined whether any crossovers will occur.

The series premiered on 22 February 2024 and is expected to run for 10 episodes.

Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2001–2011)

 * 10 seasons, 195 episodes (September 30, 2001 – June 26, 2011)

Criminal Intent focuses on high-profile cases investigated by the Major Case Squad. Special attention is given to the actions of the criminals pursued, often including scenes from the victim's or perpetrator's lives not involving the police, thereby providing a hint as to the "criminal intent". The detectives depicted (Vincent D'Onofrio and Kathryn Erbe for the majority of the series, including the final season) will often attempt to infiltrate the mind of the suspect. Julia Ormond and Jay O. Sanders also star in the tenth season of the series. Unique to the franchise, pairs of detectives alternate episodes during seasons 5–8. On July 15, 2011, USA Network co-president Jeff Wachtel confirmed Law & Order: CI would end with its tenth season.

Law & Order: Trial by Jury (2005–2006)

 * 1 season, 13 episodes (March 3, 2005 – January 21, 2006)

Trial by Jury, starring Bebe Neuwirth, Amy Carlson, and Jerry Orbach, followed the preparation by the legal teams, both prosecution and defense, for a jury trial. This was the first Law & Order spin-off to be canceled due to low ratings. Orbach's death (which occurred while the show was in production) was another factor in the show's cancellation.

Law & Order: LA (2010–2011)

 * 1 season, 22 episodes (September 29, 2010 – July 11, 2011)

Originally titled Law & Order: Los Angeles, LA was the first American Law & Order series set outside of New York City. As with the original series, the first half hour of the show focused on the police investigation of a crime discovered in the cold open; the second half took place at the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office and focused on the prosecution of the criminal suspect(s). On May 13, 2011, Law & Order: LA was canceled by NBC after only one season, but its final episode didn't air until July 11, 2011.

Law & Order True Crime (2017)

 * 1 season, 8 episodes (September 26 – November 14, 2017)

In April 2016, Wolf and NBC announced they were working on True Crime, a scripted anthology series that will follow one significant true-to-life case per season. Season one, titled Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders stars Edie Falco as Leslie Abramson, Gaston Villanueva and Gus Halper as Lyle and Erik Menéndez. It premiered on September 26, 2017, and concluded its first season on November 14. The series is currently on hiatus.

Law & Order: Hate Crimes
In September 2018, NBC announced that it had given an order of 13 episodes for a new installment of the franchise, titled Law & Order: Hate Crimes, which would be introduced on Law & Order: SVU. Later, on March 4, 2019, NBC said that the series would be heading back into redevelopment to flesh out the concept and such an introduction on SVU would not take place. The series was once again touted in 2020 as part of a multi-year contract signed with creator Dick Wolf. The series would likely move to Peacock due to language concerns as of June 2020.

Law & Order: For the Defense
NBC had given a straight-to-series order to Law & Order: For the Defense on May 3, 2021, a new legal drama from creator Wolf that would take a look inside a criminal defense firm. The premise of the ordered series was to put defense attorneys under the microscope, along with the criminal justice system, with every week delivering the promise of a contemporary morality tale. On May 14, NBC announced that the series would premiere during the 2021–22 television season, leading off a trio of Law & Order franchise series on Thursdays in the same manner as the network's Wednesday Chicago grouping. On July 15, multiple trade publications reported that NBC and Wolf had mutually agreed to scrap the series, which had not yet cast any roles, and that a different spin-off (later revealed as the revival of the original series) was in the works.

TV film
The Law & Order franchise has one TV film, Exiled: A Law & Order Movie (1998). Chris Noth reprises his role as Mike Logan, as the film explores what happened to the character following his departure from the original series.

TV special
A TV special titled The Paley Center Presents Law & Order: Before They Were Stars premiered on November 12, 2020, preceding the premiere of SVU season 22.

Video games
The franchise has also spawned a series of video games for the PC, which feature appearances by then-current cast members of the TV series.

The typical course of most of the games follows the original series' format with the player investigating a crime with interviews of witnesses and examination of evidence. After the arrest is made, the player then prosecutes the case with challenges such as selecting appropriate questions for witnesses on the stand, recognizing improper questions to raise objections and selecting the most persuasive arguments for the judge to allow certain evidence in court.

 * Law & Order: Dead on the Money
 * Law & Order: Double or Nothing
 * Law & Order: Justice Is Served
 * Law & Order: Criminal Intent
 * Law & Order: Legacies

Crossovers
The following table lists all the crossover stories in the Law & Order franchise.

John Munch crossovers
The character John Munch, who originated on Homicide: Life on the Street, is notable for either appearing in or being referenced in a wide variety of other series, ranging from appearing in the science fiction series The X-Files, to the sitcom Arrested Development, to being referenced by name in the UK crime drama Luther. Whether or not this places these series in the Law & Order universe is a matter of debate.

Other related series
New York Undercover (1994–1998)
 * Co-created by Kevin Arkadie and Dick Wolf, NYU was implicitly a part of the same universe as the franchise, as psychologist and psychiatrist characters from L&O appeared in the series and there were glimpses of the franchise's fictional newspaper, the New York Ledger.

Deadline (2000–2001)
 * Also created by Dick Wolf, featured reporters based at the New York Ledger.

Conviction (2006)
 * This series starred Stephanie March as Alexandra Cabot, Anson Mount as Jim Steele, Eric Balfour as Brian Peluso, J. August Richards as Billy Desmond, Milena Govich as Jessica Rossi, Julianne Nicholson as Christina Finn, and Jordan Bridges as Nick Potter. March reprises her role of Cabot originally from SVU and is now the Homicide Bureau Chief ADA. Cabot would return to SVU after this show's end. The series features a larger ensemble cast of young ADAs, with no police, therapists or medical examiners in lead roles. After its cancellation, two of the show's actresses, Milena Govich and Julianne Nicholson, went on to star in Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent respectively as Detectives Nina Cassady and Megan Wheeler.

Foreign adaptations
The franchise, as a result of its popularity, has led to the adaptation of scripts from the American series into foreign-produced series. These are:

Paris enquêtes criminelles (Paris Criminal Investigations)
 * 3 seasons, 20 episodes (May 3, 2007 – November 6, 2008)

Paris Criminal Investigations follows the format of Law & Order: Criminal Intent, adapted to Paris and the French legal system, with detectives from the Prefecture of Police DRPJ and the Ministère public attempting to secure a conviction. The series stars Vincent Pérez, Sandrine Rigaux, Jacques Pater, Hélène Godec, Laure Killing, and Audrey Looten. The show is also aired in Germany on ZDF, under the title Law & Order: Paris.

Закон и Порядок. Отдел оперативных расследований (Law & Order: Division of Field Investigation)
 * 4 seasons, 84 episodes (2007–2011)

 Division of Field Investigations follows the format of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, set in Moscow and adapted to the Russian justice system. The series stars Ivan Oganesyan, Alisa Bogart, Dmitry Brusnikin, Alexander Naumov, Valery Troshin, and Xenia Entelis.

Закон и Порядок. Преступный умысел (Law & Order: Criminal Intent)
 * 4 seasons, 84 episodes (2007–2011)

Criminal Intent follows the format of Law & Order: Criminal Intent, set in Moscow and is adapted to the Russian Justice System. The series stars Mikhail Homyakov, Igor Lagutin, Elena Kovalchuk and Boris Mironov.

Law & Order: UK
 * 5 series, 53 episodes (February 23, 2009 – June 11, 2014)

UK follows the format of the original Law & Order show but adapts it to the new setting of London, with detectives from the Metropolitan Police CID and the Crown Prosecution Service attempting to secure a conviction. The series stars Bradley Walsh, Jamie Bamber, Harriet Walter, Ben Daniels, Freema Agyeman, Bill Paterson, Paul Nicholls, Dominic Rowan, Georgia Taylor, Peter Davison, Sharon Small, Paterson Joseph, and Ben Bailey Smith.

Code of Law
 * 5 seasons, 59 episodes (September 20th, 2012 – June 22nd, 2020)

This unofficial rip-off by Mediacorp Channel 5 follows the format of the original Law & Order series, but changes the setting to Singapore in the 2010s, with detectives from the Singapore Police Force and "the best criminal lawyers in town" who "fight to present the best case in court for the Accused". The series stars Sunny Pang and Fauzie Laily as the detectives and Keagan Kang and Joanne Peh in the legal side. Code of Law also has two spin-off series, a Malay-language series entitled Forensik and an English-language series entitled Derek, and a spin-off movie entitled Derek: The Movie. It also had a prequel, The Pupil, which aired for two seasons of 26 episodes between January 7, 2010 and November 8, 2011, and which in turn was based on the Law & Order spinoff, Conviction.

Setting
Most of the American series have been filmed almost entirely in the New York City area. The fictional Hudson University is a recurring location across multiple series in the franchise, based on an amalgam of Columbia University and New York University, with some other colleges appearing as additional filming locations. Hudson University has also appeared less frequently in many other television series and movies, and is a fictional college in the DC universe.

The original Law & Order series has filmed a few episodes in the Los Angeles area and Baltimore; these episodes or portions of episodes were set in the cities in which they were filmed and concerned multi-jurisdictional investigations or extradition. Law & Order: LA expanded the franchise to a new main city, the new series' namesake. L&O: LA was canceled after one season.

Effects on casting
With some frequency, actors have appeared on the various series that make up the franchise, usually as different (sometimes very different) characters. This is because filming occurs in the New York City area and thus draws from the same pool of actors. Some prominent examples of the same actor playing different roles in different episodes are:

 * S. Epatha Merkerson playing a maid whose child was killed in a season 1 episode of the original L&O before joining the cast in season 4 as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren and going on to be the longest-serving cast member of the parent series. Merkerson also plays Sharon Goodwin in the Chicago franchise, which has shared numerous crossovers with SVU.
 * Camryn Manheim appeared in three episodes of the original L&O in the first, third, and fourth seasons as three different characters before joining the main cast as Lieutenant Kate Dixon in the series' 21st season after being rebooted in 2022.
 * Diane Neal playing a female rapist in an earlier season of Special Victims Unit before becoming the Assistant District Attorney for that series.
 * Annabella Sciorra playing a criminal defense attorney in Trial by Jury and later Det. Mike Logan's (Chris Noth) partner in Criminal Intent.
 * Jerry Orbach playing a defense attorney on the original series before joining it as Det. Lennie Briscoe.
 * Ice-T playing a pimp known as Seymour Stockton in the franchise's only film, Exiled: A Law & Order Movie, before taking on the role of Tutuola on SVU.
 * Anthony Anderson playing Detective Lucius Blaine in a seventh-season episode of SVU before playing Bernard on the original Law & Order.
 * Annie Parisse played an exotic dancer in season 12 before joining the cast as Alexandra Borgia at the start of season 15.
 * Jeremy Sisto played a defense attorney in the last episode of season 17 before joining the cast as Cyrus Lupo at the start of season 18. Sisto also plays Jubal Valentine in the FBI franchise.
 * Kelli Giddish played two different characters on Criminal Intent and SVU before joining the show in season 13 as Amanda Rollins.
 * Raúl Esparza played different characters on Law & Order and Criminal Intent before joining SVU in its 14th season as Assistant District Attorney Rafael Barba.
 * Peter Scanavino played multiple characters in Law & Order, Criminal Intent, Trial by Jury and SVU before joining the cast in season 16 as Dominick Carisi.
 * Rick Gonzalez played a burglar in a season 1 episode of SVU before joining Organized Crime in season 3 as Detective Bobby Reyes.

Also due to the New York filming, a number of actors appearing in  Law & Order shows have had regular or recurring roles on soaps. Most notable is Tamara Tunie, who simultaneously played both medical examiner Melinda Warner on SVU as well as (until 2007) District Attorney Jessica Griffin on As the World Turns. Likewise, New York theater actors have also been frequently cast.

Also as the result of sharing the same pool of New York–based television actors, the series' casts have had significant overlap with that of the former HBO series Oz. This is perhaps most pronounced in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, whose cast has included three regularly credited actors (Christopher Meloni, BD Wong and Dean Winters), as well as two recurring actors (J. K. Simmons and Mike Doyle) who were also regularly credited actors on Oz, also Kathryn Erbe from Oz starring in Law & Order: Criminal Intent. Similarly, Law & Order: UK sees significant overlap with other programs' casts; most prominently series regulars Freema Agyeman and Peter Davison, who starred in Doctor Who as companion Martha Jones and the Fifth Doctor as well as Bradley Walsh who joined the show at the same time as Jodie Whittaker the Thirteenth Doctor as her companion Graham O'Brien.

Episode count
Episode count current as of August 2023

 * Notes

title: Law & Order (franchise)


text: User talk:81.178.130.30

title: User talk:81.178.130.30


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The International Music Industry and the Internet

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 10:40, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

The International Music Industry and the Internet
Looks like a personal essay. The same user/author(?) also added Sociology of Wikipedia via Rorty and Berger, which I wikified a little and moved to Wikipedia namespace as it may be interesting to wikipedians.--Nabla 00:44, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Delete. OR, WP:NOT crystal ball. Massive unwikified text dump of a speculative essay, much of which is unattributed quotes. Looks like someone's homework. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  01:03, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as an essay. Mr Bound 02:01, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Android79 -EDM 04:39, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete concur with other votes, doesn't conform to wikipedia layout standards. Srcrowl 05:16, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - POV essay. Blackcats 09:44, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Original research. 23skidoo 15:36, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per android.  StopTheFiling 18:22, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep If wikify-able. I have done some edits to remove the layout objections, but this is quite obviously someone's term paper. However, I think there is useful information here which is not original research, but collation of many articles already out there on paper. --Habap 19:08, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wikipedia is not a soapbox or a place for OR, however, I think there is much to save from this essay that is verifiable and NPOV. It will require a great deal of trimming and cleaning-up but could be the start of a very good article. Double Blue  (Talk) 22:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think a lot of those issues may already be covered in other articles, but if somebody wants to take the time to re-write this, then I'll change my vote to "keep." Blackcats 01:59, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This article needs major cleanup. It's obviously full of POV and the conclusion lets us know it's somebody's research paper. Keep iff it's had major revision by the end of the voting period, otherwise delete.  RickK 05:03, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I just realized something. As I said, this article reads like somebody's homework... what if it is a rough draft of some student's paper, and we are cleaning it up for him/her? Could be... A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  16:01, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV original research. JamesBurns 06:32, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I think it could be useful if someone were willing to remove the arguments, take out the stuff that makes it a research paper and make it NPOV. I got tired after trimming it down and also trying to do the same with SoGamed. I think it should get tagged for NPOV, Cleanup and wikify rather than deletion. --Habap 18:33, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Despite the work that various editors have tried, still not good enough. Delete.DS 14:21, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Template talk:Flag IOC

Name parameter
Why doesn't parameter work with this template? Several Olympic Parade of Nations pages state that "The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.", which is not true, but would be true if the parameter worked. August-54 (talk) 16:27, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * What do you mean? Primefac (talk) 16:29, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * For example, in the 2004 Summer Olympics national flag bearers page, code shows, even though the name shown should be "Syrian Arab Republic" (IOC's official designation for this country). August-54 (talk) 16:53, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Is it likely that a country would have two (or more) official names over the years? For example, XYZ country is named "Republic of XYZ" in 2004 but then "XYZ Republic" in 2008, but normally just "XYZ". I ask because I'd rather hard-code them and if there's only one official designation that would make the coding easier. Primefac (talk) 20:19, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
 * There are some cases that there have been multiple official names. Libya's official IOC name today is just "Libya", while in the Muammar Gaddafi era (from 1977 to 2011) it was "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya". August-54 (talk) 12:55, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

Singapore
Hello! Can you check regarding the Singapore flag at the 1956 Summer Olympics. I think they used the flag until 1959. Yours sincerely, Sondre --88.89.14.227 (talk) 21:59, 17 March 2022 (UTC)
 * That is the flag at Singapore at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Primefac (talk) 13:23, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Mongolia
Hello! Can you check regarding the Mongolian flag at the 1992 Winter Olympics?. I think they used the new flag without the socialist star. . Yours sincerely, Sondre --88.89.14.227 (talk) 16:00, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=1999&v=q2JE3ZDgpFY shows the starred version. Primefac (talk) 13:23, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Philippines
Hello! Can you check the Filipino flag at the 1936 Summer Olympics. Mainly because they switched to their new flag in March of that year. Yours sincerely, Sondre --88.88.4.178 (talk) 14:38, 9 May 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅. Primefac (talk) 13:27, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Flag of South Africa in 1928
Hello! Can you check regarding the South African flag at the 1928 Olympics?. I see that you use the Red Ensign for the Dominion but in May of that year got the flag until 1994. Yours sincerely, Sondre --88.88.4.178 (talk) 20:09, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅. Primefac (talk) 20:20, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Bahamas
Hello! Can you check regarding the Flag of the Bahamas at the 1964 Summer Olympics?. I think they used the flag until 1973 during that games?. Yours sincerely, Sondre --88.88.4.178 (talk) 20:46, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Genuinely not sure what you're asking about here. Primefac (talk) 08:42, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Flag of South Africa in 1912
Hello! Can you check regarding the South African flag at the 1912 Summer Olympics?. I think they used the flag from 1910 to 1912. I see that the flag from 1902 to 1910 during that games. Yours sincerely, Sondre --88.88.4.178 (talk) 12:50, 15 June 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅, as the flag was adopted in 1910, so it would seem reasonable that it was in use at the Olympics in 1912. Primefac (talk) 08:46, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Hungary
Hello! Can you check regarding the Hungarian flag at the Olympics?. I think they used the flag until 1918 in the Olympic Games until 1912?. Yours sincerely, Sondre 88.88.4.178 (talk) 11:56, 30 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't know which flag, I don't know where I would check. If you want to make requests for changes that aren't obvious (e.g. "they changed the flag in 2000 but the template doesn't show the change"), especially for these historical changes, please provide evidence. "I think they..." is not adequate. Primefac (talk) 07:49, 4 July 2022 (UTC)

Template-protected edit request on 21 August 2022
File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936–1955).svg has been deleted. Can someone replace it with a suitable alternative? There are places where it is very difficult to do so manually. Sumanuil. 02:41, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: It has not been deleted, there was just some oddities with the redirect. That should be fixed (for now). Primefac (talk) 09:22, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

Adaptation in other language
Hello. I'm trying to use this template in my local Wikipedia (id.wikipedia.org). However, I find some issues (as repeatedly reported by 88.89.14.227), regarding the usage of historical flag. I guess that the issues is related with naming convention. In Bahasa Indonesia, "1924 Winter Olympics" is translated as "Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1924" ( format - in contrast to English which user  format). Is there any clues from either this template or any module that should be changed? Regards. Medelam (talk) 07:58, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
 * You would have to switch around the parameters, either explicitly or in the template that is invoking the module. The module currently uses unnamed parameters, e.g., so if you use the same module you would have to change your flagIOC template to use  . Primefac (talk) 09:12, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I think it's not about how the template is transcluded. Perhaps something about id:Modul:Country alias need to be slightly changed. At the moment, " " works there, but when I translate it, it is still not working. Regards. Medelam (talk) 09:58, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

Hello there! Regarding the Malaysian template for flagIOC i have reported many times about issues regarding historical flags there too. They use different types of formatting in the Malay and English language. I don't think transclusion is a problem. It is maybe parametering that is the issue it uses unnamed parameters. I think the Module in malaysian needs to be changed too. See what you can do about that and maybe communicate with the User:CyberTroopers. Yours sincerely, Sondre 88.88.4.178 (talk) 14:35, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Olympic flag for different Olympic games
Hello! Can you check regarding the Olympic flag which is used in the Country alias module?. I think they have used three different Olympic flags since 1920. In the 1980 Olympics for instance the countries which marched in under the Olympic flag used the flag until 1986 and in the 1992 Olympics the countries used the flag until 2010. Yours sincerely, Sondre 88.88.4.178 (talk) 15:03, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite sure what you mean. I do see that they have physically had a few different "official" flags, but they are all the same design, no? The difference is just that it is the one flying over the Games itself. Primefac (talk) 18:22, 12 October 2022 (UTC)

Edit request 30 October 2022
Some of the Afghanistan flag files used here have been deleted from Commons. Can we get them removed/replaced? Sumanuil. 02:32, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, but I need to know which ones, and which flags will replace them. Primefac (talk) 10:04, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * It's the same ones that had to be removed from Template:Country data Afghanistan, which would be Flag of Afghanistan (1974–1978).svg, Flag of Afghanistan (1978–1980).svg, and Flag of Afghanistan (1987–1992).svg. As for replacements, I'm not entirely certain. I don't know enough about the country to make that decision on my own. Sumanuil. 22:50, 30 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I got an edit request at country alias as well, so I've dealt with it for now. Primefac (talk)

Flag of Afghanistan at the Olympics
Hello! Can you check regarding the Afghan flag for the 1988 Summer Olympics and also from 1974-1978 and from 1978-1980. In the 1988 Summer Olympics they used the flag until 1992 also the same which was deleted a week ago. Yours sincerely, Sondre 88.88.4.178 (talk) 10:30, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The flag was deleted, so we cannot use it, and there is no reasonable replacement other than the flags that came before or after those flags that were deleted. Primefac (talk) 11:03, 7 November 2022 (UTC)

Singapore (2)
Hello! Can you check the Singapore flag for the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics. I think they used the flag from 1952 until 1959?. Yours sincerely, Sondre 193.161.216.9 (talk) 15:38, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Didn't I already answer this in this section above? Primefac (talk) 17:04, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

Afghanistan
Hello! Can you check regarding the Afghanistan flag at the 1988 Summer Olympics i think they used the flag until 1992?. Yours sincerely, Sondre 193.161.216.9 (talk) 15:48, 13 November 2022 (UTC)
 * You asked about this a week ago. Primefac (talk) 17:02, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

Module:FlagIOC
Hello! Is it possible for you to create a module for flagIOC with flags for both Winter and Summer Games?. That would have been useful so you can have it for the years between 1924 and 1992 and which flags were used during that games. Yours sincerely, Sondre 88.88.4.178 (talk) 11:07, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Genuinely out of curiosity, when would that ever be used? If I'm interpreting your query correctly, you would put in the code for a country, and get two flags, e.g. [[File:|22px]] . What use would that be, especially since for what I am assuming are all but a very small number of edge case (and the 1980/84 Boycott kerfuffles) you would just get two of the same flag. Primefac (talk) 12:19, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Edge cases
These edge cases may affect several related templates, so I'm not sure which module(s) would be modified, but I'll leave that up to whomever examines this.

This means that they should have File:Flag of the United States (1908–1912).svg. All other American athletes at the 1908 Summer Olympics only competed 4 July or later, and they are currently correctly displaying File:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg. Rowing007 (talk) 20:44, 17 March 2023 (UTC)
 * , etc., currently displays File:Flag of the United States (1896–1908).svg, which is only correct when referencing Jay Gould II and Charles Sands, who competed in Jeu de paume at the 1908 Summer Olympics, because both of those athletes only competed before July 4. All other American athletes at the 1908 Summer Olympics competed after July 4, so they would need to have File:Flag of the United States (1908–1912).svg. Yes, United States at the 1908 Summer Olympics states despite receiving the 46th star on July 4, 1908 after Oklahoma gained statehood, the 45-star flag was used in the early days of the games, but I think purely based on the dates, the flags should be corrected on here.
 * Sweden, and all 39 Swedish athletes who competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games should be using File:Flag of Sweden (pre-1906).svg), as the Games were held from 22 April to 2 May 1906, and Sweden only adopted its current flag (File:Flag of Sweden.svg) on 22 June 1906. From 1 November 1905 to 21 June 1906, Sweden used File:Flag of Sweden (pre-1906).svg.
 * Regarding the United States at the 1912 Summer Olympics, the following American athletes only participated 3 July or earlier:
 * Alfred Lane
 * Allan Briggs
 * Charles W. Billings
 * Cornelius Burdette
 * Daniel McMahon (sport shooter)
 * Hans Roedder
 * Harold Bartlett
 * Harry Adams (sport shooter)
 * Harry Edward Sears
 * John Dietz
 * John H. Hendrickson
 * Peter Dolfen
 * Reginald Sayre
 * Theodore Pell
 * The following American athletes participated in events at the 1908 Summer Olympics both 3 July or earlier and 4 July or later, meaning they competed under both File:Flag of the United States (1908–1912).svg and File:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg at the same Olympic Games:
 * Carl Osburn
 * Edward Gleason
 * Frank Hall (sport shooter)
 * Frederick Hird
 * James Graham (sport shooter)
 * John Jackson (sport shooter)
 * Ralph Spotts
 * Walter W. Winans
 * Warren Sprout
 * William Leushner
 * William Libbey
 * William McDonnell
 * I've done SWE because it's easy. The others I'm going to have to dig deeper into, but it is very likely that what you ask cannot be done - our granularity for flag displays is yearly, so if a country changed a flag halfway through a Games then we use the flag they used in the Opening Ceremony (and we cannot change the flag per-person since the link is with their country). Primefac (talk) 13:36, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for looking into it! For Sweden, it looks like  and   are still using the incorrect flag for the 1906 Intercalated Games. As for the US cases, maybe FlagIOC2athlete is a possible avenue? Rowing007 (talk) 15:09, 18 March 2023 (UTC)
 * FlagIOC2athlete is the same template with different parameters (which is why the talk page redirects here). flagteam and medals table use countrydata, so they'll have to be dealt with at country data SWE. Primefac (talk) 15:37, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

AIN Flag for Paris 2024
Russian AIN (Individual Neutral Athletes) have been banned from competing under the olympic flag, yet their team is still shown as having the olympic flag on pages that use template.

Recommend to create separate AIN distinction with AIN emblem as flag, as noted in

EVaDiSh (talk) 23:38, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * We don't have a flag for AIN yet; as I said in a similar discussion there are no clear guidelines for what the flag looks like so I can't even make one in the interim until an "official" flag image is posted.
 * Also, AIN does have its own distinction, as evidenced by the fact that using AIN populates all of the relevant fields correctly; the Olympic flag is a reasonable enough placeholder for places where flagIOC is being used. Primefac (talk) 10:08, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

Czechia
I noticed that the Czech Republic (CZE, 45) has the (long) political name of the country listed. There should be a (short) geography name instead. The IOC already uses this name. Vasek7 (talk) 22:32, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Bit of a cart-before-the-horse situation, we can't change the template data until the article titles are changed, which will require consensus (and yes, even if the IOC uses it, people will still argue against, as seen here). Primefac (talk) 05:38, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I seem to be running into a chicken and egg problem. I noticed that the article 2024 Summer Olympics contains a table with participating countries, where is incorrectly an official country name (Czech Republic) instead of its short name (Czechia). I tried to fix it, but the error is already in the template. The template cannot be fixed without changing the title of the article. The title of the article cannot be corrected because it is not consistent with other articles on wikipedia that still use the official name extensively. Vasek7 (talk) 21:40, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the article is Czech Republic and Czechia is a redirect. In other words, the current situation is that the WP:COMMONNAME is believed to be Czech Republic. That would need to be changed before looking at a template. Start by reviewing the lengthy discussions at Talk:Czech Republic and think about whether something has changed that would warrant starting another discussion. Johnuniq (talk) 02:06, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

Bug report
AUS displays as GBR in  in Tennis at the 1896 Summer Olympics. Can it get fixed, please? Qwerty284651 (talk) 22:10, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It appears to be properly rendering (in both locations) as AUS (linking to Australia at the 1896 Summer Olympics). What's the issue? Primefac (talk) 01:14, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This is the issue. The flagicon renders as Great Britain, i.e. GBR, on my end instead of AUS. Qwerty284651 (talk) 01:44, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Fixed it temporarily with . Not the best solution but a solution. Qwerty284651 (talk) 03:58, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Um... the flags shown by this template family are the historic flag used at that games, and per Australia at the 1896 Summer Olympics the athletes used the Union Jack. It is correct. Primefac (talk) 10:37, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, that explains it. Thanks. Qwerty284651 (talk) 10:45, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, that explains it. Thanks. Qwerty284651 (talk) 10:45, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Flag IOC


text:
List of cigar brands

This is an alphabetical list of cigar brands. Included is information about the company owning the brand name as well as a column allowing easy viewing of the source of that information.

If a brand name begins with the English word "The" or its Spanish equivalents, El, La, Los, and Las, that first word is disregarded. Brands denoted by dual personal names or by personal names preceded by the title, Don, are alphabetized by the first name of the series — thus "Don Pepín Garcia" appears under the letter D, not G. Brand names beginning with De or Del are listed under D.

title: List of cigar brands


text: Template:Flag IOC

title: Template:Flag IOC


text:
Ian Welsh

Ian McWilliam Welsh (born 23 November 1953) is a former Scottish Labour politician who works as Chief Executive of the Health and Social Care Alliance Scotland. After a brief career as a professional footballer, he was an English teacher and became a local councillor, serving twice as a Council Leader. He was very narrowly elected as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Ayr in 1999 but resigned at the end of the year, disillusioned at his failure to achieve office and having decided that he was uncomfortable with the mode of politics.

Teaching career
Welsh was born and brought up in Prestwick, Ayrshire; he attended Prestwick Academy and Ayr Academy. He was a professional football player for Kilmarnock F.C., but when his football career ended he studied English Literature and History at the University of Glasgow and obtained a Diploma in Educational Management at Jordanhill College. He was employed as an English teacher at the James Hamilton Academy in Kilmarnock in 1977. He moved on to Auchinleck Academy in 1980, and became deputy Head Teacher there in 1992.

Local government
Welsh went into politics as a councillor for Prestwick ward on Kyle and Carrick District Council in 1984. From the late 1980s chaired the Prestwick Airport Steering Group; he campaigned alongside Scottish MPs to preserve the monopoly which Prestwick then enjoyed on cross-Atlantic flights from Scotland. Welsh became council leader of Kyle and Carrick Council in 1990, holding office until Labour lost control of the council in 1992. In 1995 he was elected to South Ayrshire Council, and served as Leader of the Council until 1999. He left teaching in 1997 and after briefly working as Director of Human Resources and Public Affairs for Prestwick Airport, was appointed Chief Executive of Kilmarnock F.C.

MSP for Ayr
In the first elections to the Scottish Parliament in May 1999, Welsh won the seat of Ayr by just 25 votes (0.07%) ahead of the Conservative and Unionist candidate, Phil Gallie. The seat was the most marginal of the election, and there had to be two full recounts. He was named as member of the Education, Culture and Sport committee of the Parliament. In November 1999 he cautioned the members of the committee not to intervene in delicate negotiations over funding of Hampden Park before it had a full briefing from the Minister responsible.

Resignation
An assessment of the performance of each MSP by The Herald newspaper published in the middle of December 1999 noted that Welsh was only on leave of absence from being Chief Executive of Kilmarnock F.C., and said that he was "clearly finding the transition to 'humble' back bencher a bit hard". A week later, Welsh suddenly resigned his seat, explaining that the decision came after "considerable heart searching and extended family debate". After press speculation that he was disappointed not to have achieved high office, Welsh wrote an article explaining that as a council leader he delivered "real service to constituents, rather than the threadbare and raddled soundbites of politicians who promise everything and deliver nothing". At 230 days after election, he was the first MSP to resign from the job. The subsequent by-election was won by John Scott for the Conservatives, gaining the party their first ever constituency seat in the Scottish Parliament.

Later career
Welsh returned to his post as Chief Executive of Kilmarnock F.C., but in July 2001 was appointed as Chief Executive of Rehab Scotland. He was Chief Executive of Momentum Scotland, a charity providing rehabilitation and training for disabled people, from 2001 to 2007. He was also Chairman of Borderline Theatre Company from 2002 to 2007, and became chairman of AUFA in 2007. He was Director of UK Services for the Rehab Group from 2007 to 2011. He is Chief Executive of the Health and Social Care Alliance Scotland.

title: Ian Welsh


text:
File:S-STP-cable English.png

Licensing
de:Bild:SSTP-Kabel.png

title: File:S-STP-cable English.png


text:
Navajo (train)

The Navajo was one of the named passenger trains of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The all-coach train began daily service between Chicago-Los Angeles-San Francisco as Train No. 9 (eastbound) and Train No. 2 (westbound) on October 1, 1915, as a replacement for the railroad's Tourist Flyer. In 1936, the westbound train was renumbered from Train No. 2 to Train No. 10. The Navajo was discontinued on January 14, 1940.

In Summer 1926, Train No. 9 was scheduled to leave Chicago at 9:45 a.m. on day one, arriving in Los Angeles on the third day at 7:30 a.m. It ran via Topeka, St. John, and Pasadena and carried no diner west of Kansas City - making three meal stops a day.

In November 1939, Train No. 9 left Chicago at 1:35 a.m. on day one, arriving in Los Angeles on the third day at 11:40 a.m. - 60 hours using the same route except via Great Bend. (For several years earlier in the 1930s, westward Train No. 2 shifted to the “Southern” route via Amarillo and Belen, then both trains ran via Amarillo for a year or two before returning to the “Northern” route via “Raton Pass”.)

The Navajo name was also carried by a Santa Fe sleeper-lounge-observation cars built by the Budd Company in 1937 for the Super Chief. The car is on display at the Colorado Railroad Museum.

title: Navajo (train)


text:
New standard tuning

New standard tuning (NST) is an alternative tuning for the guitar that approximates all-fifths tuning. The guitar's strings are assigned the notes C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4 (from lowest to highest); the five lowest open strings are each tuned to an interval of a perfect fifth {(C,G),(G,D),(D,A),(A,E)}; the two highest strings are a minor third apart (E,G).

All-fifths tuning is typically used for mandolins, cellos, violas, and violins. On a guitar, tuning the strings in fifths would mean the first string would be a high B. NST provides a good approximation to all-fifths tuning. Like other regular tunings, NST allows chord fingerings to be shifted from one set of strings to another.

NST's C-G range is wider, both lower and higher, than the E-E range of standard tuning in which the strings are tuned to the open notes E2-A2-D3-G3-B3-E4. The greater range allows NST guitars to play repertoire that would be impractical, if not impossible, on a standard-tuned guitar.

NST was developed by Robert Fripp, the guitarist for King Crimson. Fripp taught the new standard tuning in Guitar Craft courses beginning in 1985, and thousands of Guitar Craft students continue to use the tuning. Like other alternative tunings for guitar, NST provides challenges and new opportunities to guitarists, who have developed music especially suited to NST.

NST places the guitar strings under greater tension than standard tuning. Standard sets of guitar strings do not work well with the tuning as the lowest strings are too loose and the highest string may snap under the increased tension. Special sets of NST strings have been available for decades, and some guitarists assemble NST sets from individual strings.

History

New standard tuning (NST) was invented by Robert Fripp of the band King Crimson in September 1983.

"'I was in the Apple Health Spa on Bleecker and Thompson back in September 1983, in the sauna at half past 10 in the morning, almost asleep, and the tuning flew over my head. At the time I couldn’t understand what it was for. I was asked to give a guitar seminar at Claymont Court in December 1984, to raise funds for the running of the estate and the children’s school. There was a click and I realized the tuning was for the guitar class.'"

Fripp began using the tuning in 1985 before beginning his Guitar Craft seminars, which have taught the tuning to three thousand guitarists.

The tuning is (from low to high): C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4. The original version of NST was all-fifths tuning. However, in the 1980s, Fripp never attained the all-fifth's high B. While he could attain A, the string's lifetime distribution was too short. Experimenting with a G string, Fripp succeeded. "Originally, seen in 5ths all the way, the top string would not go to B. so, as on a tenor banjo, I adopted an A on the first string. These kept breaking, so G was adopted." In 2012, Fripp suggested that Guitar Circle members experiment with an A string (0.007) from Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman;  if successful, the experiment could lead to "the NST 1.2", C2G2D3A3E4-A4, according to Fripp. In 2010, Fripp suggested renaming the tuning as "Guitar Craft Standard Tuning or C Pentatonic tuning".

Properties
The lowest five strings are tuned in perfect fifths from a low C. The first string is a minor third up from the E to a G. Since the lowest five strings are tuned in fifths, guitars with NST can be played with the fingerings for chords and scales used on the violin, cello, and mandolin.

The first five strings of NST have all-fifths tuning, and so its all-fifths chords are movable around the fretboard. In contrast, standard tuning has an irregular major-third interjected among its perfect fourths, which complicates the learning of chords by beginners.

The distinct open-notes {C,G,D,A,E} are the notes of the major pentatonic scale on C, which contains only consonant intervals. The C-pentatonic scale omits the open B of standard tuning and all-fifths tuning, which forms a dissonant second-interval with C. With the 1980s King Crimson, Fripp had used pentatonic harmony in "Discipline", "Thela Hun Ginjeet", and "Sartori in Tangier".

Harmonics: Overtones

"'With a note of music, one strikes the fundamental, and, in addition to the root note, other notes are generated: these are the harmonic series.... As one fundamental note contains within it other notes in the octave, two fundamentals produce a remarkable array of harmonics, and the number of possible combinations between all the notes increases phenomenally. With a triad, affairs stand a good chance of getting severely out of hand.'"

New standard tuning lists four notes (C,G,E,G) from the harmonic sequence (overtones) for the note C. When the low open-note C-string is struck, its harmonic sequence begins with the notes
 * (C,C,G,C,E,G,B♭,C).

To strengthen a given chord, Vincent Persichetti's Twentieth-century harmony recommends adding perfect fifths above the initial overtones, rather than adding higher overtones, such as B♭ and the higher C.  Persichetti's book influenced Fripp. In new standard tuning
 * C is the fundamental overtone,
 * G as a fifth reinforces C,
 * D as a fifth reinforces G,
 * A as a fifth reinforces D,
 * E both as a fifth reinforces A and as the fifth overtone reinforces C, and
 * G as the sixth overtone reinforces C.

Range
Like all-fifths tuning, NST has a greater range than the standard tuning, a perfect fifth greater (a major third lower and a minor third higher).

Chords: Perfect intervals rather than thirds
Asked whether NST facilitates "new intervals or harmonies that aren't readily available in standard tuning", Fripp responded, "Yes, that's part of it. It's more effective.  It's a more rational system, but it's also better sounding—better for chords, better for single notes." To build chords, Fripp uses "perfect intervals in fourths, fifths and octaves", so avoiding minor and major thirds. Quartal and quintal harmony was stressed from the beginning of Fripp's teaching of Guitar Craft. Fripp began a 1986 course with these directions: "Now, pick a note from the following series—[it was a series of fourths or fifths]. When you are ready—do not be in any hurry, but when you are ready play your note, then pick others and play them as the situation demands it. Your first note will be the first intentional note you have played in a week."

It is a challenge to adapt conventional guitar chords to new standard tuning. NST has wider intervals between consecutive strings than standard tuning.

"'Most songs (that is music which has both words and instrumental accompaniments) written in the [NST] have a quality of walking on long stilts. There are rarely many intervals, harmonic or melodic, in these guitar accompaniments that are closer than a major third except in the top of the voicing. Close voicings (from a single guitar) in [NST] are possible thanks to the minor third between the first and second string, and this is often the only practical place where close voicings occur with any regularity'."

Historical background
Modern quartal and quintal harmony revives the polyphonic traditions of medieval Europe. Before the common practice period, European polyphony emphasized unison intervals and octaves and also perfect fifths. From the Renaissance to 1900, Western symphonic music was diatonic, emphasizing the tertian harmony of major and minor scales, keys, and chords. Much popular music, especially rock, retains diatonic harmony.

String gauges

With traditional guitar strings, the low C may be loose and the high G may be too tight. Special gauges are therefore more suitable for NST. For steel-stringed acoustic-guitars, many Guitar-Craft participants use either an .011–.058 inch set or an .011–.059 inch set; string-sets may be purchased as a set from a manufacturer or purchased singly and assembled by the guitarist.

In 2012, a 0.007 inch gauge was being evaluated by Fripp and other members of Guitar Circle, who are considering replacing the first string's G note with an A note, the better to approximate the B note of all-fifths tuning. The 0.007 inch gauge was produced by Octave4Plus of Gary Goodman. Robert Fripp uses lighter strings for electric guitar.

Artists who use New Standard Tuning
Robert Fripp currently uses the New Standard Tuning, beginning in 1984.

Fripp has taught New Standard Tuning in his Guitar-Craft courses. In Guitar Craft and in the 2010 successor Guitar Circles, students use only New Standard Tuning. Having to use a new tuning challenges students to approach their playing with greater mindfulness and to explore new ways of musical expression.

As of 2011 there have been three-thousand graduates from Guitar-Craft. Alumni who continue to practice New Standard Tuning are called "crafty guitarists" or "crafties". Some crafty guitarists formed The League of Crafty Guitarists, which toured with Robert Fripp and have released multiple albums. Guitar-Craft and the League of Crafty Guitarists have trained guitarists who went on to form new bands, such as the Trey Gunn and the California Guitar Trio; Gunn and the California Guitar Trio have toured with Fripp as The Robert Fripp String Quintet. Other alumni of the League of Crafty Guitarists include members of Los Gauchos Alemanes, such as U.S. guitarist Steve Ball; Ball is associated with the Seattle Guitar Circle, along with League of Craft Guitarists alumnus Curt Golden. The collection A Plague of Crafty Guitarists features the following Guitar-Craft alumni, who were listed in a review by Barry Cleveland: Tobin Buttram, Nigel Gavin, Geary Street Quartet, Bill Hibbits, Janssen and Jensen, Alejandro Miniaci and From Power Trio /Project, Sur Pacifico, Playmovil, and Santos Luminosos. New Standard Tuning has been adapted for instruments besides guitar. Italian guitarist Fabio Mittino plays in New Standard Tuning. Trey Gunn (Crimson's warr guitar player from 1994 to 2003) and Markus Reuter (TUNER with Crimson drummer Pat Mastelotto) have adapted New Standard Tuning for their 8- and 10-string instruments; in 2007 Reuter used a B♭-F-C-G-D-A-C-D tuning. Finnish musician Heikki Malmberg uses a 7-string guitar tuned in New Stanard Tuning with an additional low F. Additionally, British musician Michael Linden West plays the oud in New Standard Tuning. In 2023 the band Machine Kult featured guitarist Von De Moray on 7-string guitar tuned to G-D-A-E-B-F#-F#.

title: New standard tuning


text: Talk:Open Fire (Y&T album)

title: Talk:Open Fire (Y&T album)


text:
The Revenge (film)

The Revenge is the English title for Zemsta, a film released in 2002, directed by Andrzej Wajda. This film is an adaptation of a perennially popular stage farce of the same name by the Polish dramatist and poet Aleksander Fredro.

Written in a sharp, ironic style, The Revenge portrays those national characteristics that in time brought on many of Poland's national tragedies. Written for the stage, Wajda has changed very little and transferred practically the entirety of the work to the screen.

Plot
Raptusiewicz (Janusz Gajos) resides in one half of a castle with the other half inhabited by his hated rival Rejent Milczek (Andrzej Seweryn). Raptusiewicz wishes to marry Podstolina (Katarzyna Figura), the widow of the Lord High Steward, for her money, while Podstolina herself seeks a wealthy match. Regent Milczek's wish, on the other hand, is to bring about the union of his son Wacław (Rafał Królikowski) with Podstolina. To complicate matters more, Wacław is in love with Klara (Agata Buzek) - ward and niece of Raptusiewicz, who took her in following the death of her parents - and the feeling is mutual. The plot thickens when Klara turns into Papkin's (Roman Polanski) declared object of love.

Cast

 * Roman Polanski as Józef Papkin
 * Janusz Gajos as Cześnik Maciej Raptusiewicz
 * Andrzej Seweryn as Rejent Milczek
 * Katarzyna Figura as Podstolina Hanna Czepiersińska
 * Daniel Olbrychski as Dyndalski
 * Agata Buzek as Klara
 * Rafał Królikowski as Wacław
 * Lech Dyblik as Śmigalski
 * Jerzy Slonka as priest
 * Cezary Żak as Perełka

title: The Revenge (film)