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Virtual Magic Kingdom

Virtual Magic Kingdom, also known as VMK, was a massively multiplayer online game developed by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts and Sulake and published by The Walt Disney Company. It was a virtual representation of the Disneyland-style theme parks, containing areas and minigames which were based on real park scenery and attractions. The beta version opened publicly on May 23, 2005, with new lands opening up through 2007.

VMK initially launched as part of the Happiest Celebration on Earth promotional campaign, commemorating Disneyland's 50th anniversary. Despite no long-term intentions, it gained popularity and eventually became a long-term venture on its own. The target audience of the game was children between the ages of 8 and 14, although VMK was designed to be enjoyed by guests of all ages. Due to the young age of the game's target users, it was patrolled by paid staff who watched out for inappropriate behavior and language. Because of the need for human monitors, the time that the game was open had to be limited; it was open to the public daily between 7:00am–10:00pm PST (10:00am–1:00am EST, 3:00pm–6:00am UTC).

Virtual Magic Kingdom was closed by Disney on May 21, 2008. Many fans asked Disney if VMK was going to reopen. This prompted Disney to post a message on the VMK homepage that the game was a promotion, and was closed, and that there were "no plans" to reopen VMK in any form. The VMK homepage now redirects to the main Disney games site. An unofficial fan recreation named MyVMK was launched in 2013.

Early history (1995–2004)
In 1995, Disney Interactive greenlit a pitch from Imagineering art director Terry Dobson to create a CD-ROM adventure game set at a Disney theme park. In this iteration, which was the first to be called Virtual Magic Kingdom, a stylized park would be overrun by villains during a special after-hours visit. The project was overseen by Roger Holzberg. The game was developed from 1996 to 1998, but was ultimately cancelled. The work on the Fantasyland portion was repurposed into the 1999 game Disney's Villains' Revenge.

Holzberg and Dobson reunited at Imagineering, then were recruited separately for a new Parks and Resorts Online unit around 2003. After being introduced to Sulake, who were attempting to expand beyond their breakout service Habbo Hotel (now Habbo), they collaborated on a pitch demo set in Adventureland. According to Holzberg, the new pitch leaned heavily on its value to sell tickets to Disney parks.

Launch (2005–2008)
The beta version opened publicly on May 23, 2005, with three virtual lands to explore: Main Street, U.S.A., Fantasyland, and Adventureland. This "beta" designation was removed on June 27. The Tomorrowland game area was made available on October 5, and Frontierland opened on December 12. The rest of Tomorrowland opened on April 4, 2006, and New Orleans Square, the final land added, opened on January 8, 2007.

On June 24, 2005, the Parks and Resorts Online team filed a patent for their integration of real-life and virtual theme park rewards in VMK.

Closure
Disney closed VMK on May 21, 2008, at 1:00 AM EST. Immediately after the press release, changes were made to prevent the creation of any new accounts.

Online petitions were created to attempt to change Disney's decision, and some players attempted to arrange a protest outside of the entrance to Disneyland, and approximately a dozen people showed up. On Thanksgiving weekend of 2008, suspicion arose when emails from VMK's server were sent out saying they were testing the player's account. These emails were proved to be false. Ultimately, these actions had no effect, and VMK was shut down as scheduled. The VMK website was updated with information to quell repeated rumors that the game would be resurrected (and at one point, provided promotional [free] subscriptions for other Disney Online games), but was taken down entirely in November; the VMK URL currently directs users to the "Games" section of Disney.com instead of the VMK homepage.

Holzberg claimed in 2021 that VMK was "cannibalizing" the activity of Toontown Online and other Disney-related online services.

A fan-made recreation of the game launched in 2013 as MyVMK has amassed a community of former players and is still presently operating. It has no affiliation with the Walt Disney Company.

Gameplay
The Virtual Magic Kingdom consisted of "Disney Lands", each depicted in isometric projection, and each with a distinct theme.

No more than 15 characters could occupy a room at any time. If a player tried to enter a guest room which already contained fifteen characters, they would be put into a queue to wait to enter. A player could request a free "VMK pass" if there were more than five people in the queue for a room; this allowed them to walk around freely in other rooms until it was their turn to enter. The public rooms all had multiple "instances", named after compass directions (such as the "North-East-East" instance), and each instance could have up to fifteen characters in it. When moving around the public rooms, a character would be randomly placed in an instance of a room unless the player checked the "Advanced Mode" box, in which they could select a specific instance for their character to enter.

During October, all the rooms along Main Street were decorated for Halloween. In 2005, the decorations were left up until December; in 2006 and 2007, Christmas décor appeared immediately after Halloween.

Players whose characters met in the same room at the same time could become "friends": one issued an invitation to the other, and if the other accepted, then each player would always be able to see when the other was online and in what game location, and would be able to jump instantly to the other character's location (unless blocked by a 'friends only' flag on the room, the presence of the friend's character within a game, or a 'special entrance' room). Either player could remove someone from their friends list at any time.

Guest rooms and awards
When a player first created their character in the game, they were given one free "guest room", which they could name and decorate with items. If the player was creating their character in a real-life park, then they were given another room (one of each available choice), as a bonus. Several other kinds of rooms were also available; a player could purchase/get them in the game. Players could set some of their items to be movable by their guests, a feature added sometime in late 2007 or early 2008.

In-game shops sold a wide variety of items, such as posters, couches, water fountains, and rugs, which could be used to decorate guest rooms. Some of these items were sold only for a limited time, and some could only be obtained as prizes for completed quests. Pictures taken with the in-game camera could be hung on guest room walls, or put into a photo book for public view.

Players could also create games in their rooms (as long as the games followed VMK guidelines of appropriateness), and award some of their own items to players. Among the most popular of these were "Cute or Boot", best described as a beauty pageant/fashion contest, "Falling Chairs", a game where the owner of the room dropped chairs while other players raced to them, and "Don't Hit the Floor!" in which a maximum of six contestants stood on boxes. Two variations of "Cute or Boot" were "Dress Like Me!", a game where players tried to dress like the game's owner, and "Wear that hat!", where players wore the same hat as the owner. Another popular game was "Design a Room!", where the owner filled rooms with items that could be moved, and the object was for players to design the best room. A less popular one was "Survivor", where the owner asked a question and the first person to answer it correctly wins a point.

Guest room owners had the ability to remove ("boot") a player from their room if the player was causing problems. Players that were "booted" had to wait set period of time before returning to the room.

If a character was in their own room, then they could be found by the Guest Rooms "search" button (which searched on the names of room owners as well as the names of rooms). Other than this, there was no way within the game to find out whether a particular other character not on a player's friends list was online or where they were located.

In the New Orleans Square land, there was an exclusive room based on the VIP Exclusive Disney Club, located in the real New Orleans Square, Club 33. This room was used for staff events and open to some guests who had won the best guest room award.

Each week, VMK staff awarded a Best Guest Room Award, Best Game Room Award, and a Best Quest Award pin to the owners of guest rooms chosen to be superlative in originality and creativity. Winners of Best Guest Room not only got the Best Guest Room Award, but they also were allowed to "rent" Club 33 for a party, which a VMK host helped the winner organize. Several players earned the Best Guest Room, Best Game Room, or Best Quest award more than once; the VMK staff awarded the VIP pin to these outstanding players.

A player could set their guest rooms so that only people on their friends list could enter. On January 8, 2007, "tickets" were added; a room owner was then able to sell (for 10 credits) or trade tickets to allow entry to their rooms. The tickets appeared as single-use pins.

In March 2007, VMK Staff began "Room Makeovers", where VMK staff would go into randomly selected guest rooms, or guest rooms submitted by online players, and give the room a makeover if it was in need of one. Before and after pictures of the players' room were then posted each week on the VMK Newsletter.

During the month of April, VMK staff awarded a 'Best Pirate Room' award because April was 'Pirate Month'. Prizes included a "Seagull Nest Hat", a "Crow Barstool" and the seat that went with it, and a "Flaming Ransacked Window".

Some rooms were available in the Virtual Magic Kingdom from the shop button, others were available from quests, and some had limited availability built-in. Players were encouraged to get guest rooms when quests came out, because that could be the only time they would ever be available. For example, the Tron Guest Room was from a quest that was available only for a time, so players who did not finish the quest by a certain date, never received the Tron Guest Room. There were also codes for certain guest rooms.

In June 2007, "pay-to-play" guest/game rooms were disallowed because it was considered scamming, though games like "Pirates of the Caribbean" were still allowed to ask for the minimum 21 credits.

In January 2008, three new guest rooms were added to Main Street: Main Street Magic Shop in Central Plaza, Main Street Magic Shop Checkers (a new game at the Magic Shop), and the Penny Arcade on Main Street.

Mini-games
The following minigames were available to play throughout the lands in the Virtual Magic Kingdom:
 * Magic Checkers: Revealed to the VMK public in January 2008, this game was essentially checkers and was playable by two players at a time per room. Like most other games in VMK, Magic Checkers offered a reward of credits and items. The amount of credits awarded by this game increased depending on the amounts won. The players were able to buy single use Magic Pins for this game to get an advantage over the other players.
 * Pirates of the Caribbean: Two to eight players, on two teams, either played a game of "Ship Battle" where one team must sink the other, or a game of "Capture the Flag" where one team must bring the opposing team's flag to their base before the other team. Once the game was over, both teams were rewarded with credits for their efforts. After every three wins on one level, a player received a treasure chest magic key that would open a chest corresponding to the level on which the player won the key. The prizes the player was awarded were from a list of randomly chosen pirate-related prizes that corresponded to the level the key was awarded in.
 * Castle Fireworks Remixed: Fireworks were launched into the sky and the player had to click on each one with the correct symbol to detonate it. Pins and credits were awarded based on a player's performance.
 * Jungle Cruise Photo Safari: The player piloted a safari boat and took photos of animals while avoiding obstacles. After the first time playing the game, 20 credits are awarded per game, no matter what the player's score.
 * Street Party Music Game/Monorail Music Game: A player could sequence music loops into a song for characters to dance to. Credits were awarded for editing songs and for playing them.
 * The Haunted Mansion Game: The Purple team and the Green team, with up to four players each, competed to capture ghosts in the mansion.
 * The VMK Trading Card Game: The basic version of the VMK Trading Card Game was released on August 17, 2007. In this version, the player began with a random deck of cards and played a computer opponent in a sort of Rock, Paper, Scissors game. Other versions, along with customizable decks and rewards for winning, were released later as time went on. The game was never fully released due to technical issues and the game closing.

There were also several places in Tomorrowland where credits could be earned. In Nautilus Grotto and Shipwreck Graveyard, a player could collect shells that randomly popped up under water and receive one credit for every pearl they found. This game required the Diving Suit magic pin, which could be obtained from an in-game quest. Another place to earn credits was the Autopia Space Race and the Mars race tracks. In this game, a player drove over trophies to collect them, while also driving over gas cans to keep from running out of gas. For every trophy collected, a player received one credit. This game required one of the four available Autopia car magic pins, which could be obtained from an in-game quest. It also required an Autopia Driver's License.

The following minigames were available to play in the Tomorrowland Arcade until waterpark overlay:
 * Airlock Escape: A puzzle game with some similarity to ChuChu Rocket!; successful completion of all fifteen levels rewarded the player with Deep Sea Diving Boots, Deep Sea Diving Jacket, and Deep Sea Diving Trousers (Deep Sea Diving Helmet could be purchased in the Inner-Space store).
 * Blast in Space: An action game similar to Asteroids; the player piloted a spaceship to shoot rocks, and then received awards for passing all sixteen levels.
 * Hyperspace Mountain: An action game where the player collected six "modules" throughout nine sectors and received the awards.

Events
Virtual Magic Kingdom occasionally held special events at which prizes were given out. Special events included:
 * Parade and Scavenger Hunt (beta period): Players were told to gather on Main Street and "parade" along its length. Some parade "leaders" were awarded the Dancing Inferno Magic pin, later considered rare to other players. Then a few staff members "hid" themselves in some rooms in the game, and the first people to find each of them were awarded prizes.
 * Room Decorating Event: Players were told to decorate their rooms to be judged for prizes. For a Celebration theme, players commemorated Disneyland's 50th anniversary. For a Space theme, players offered an interpretation of what "space" meant to them. Prizes were also given for answering trivia questions.
 * Dreams Month (September 2007): Hosts would be randomly walking around the park including guest rooms and handing out prizes. Some of these prizes included the Dreams room, which looks like Sleeping Beauty's castle, dream ears, dream pin, dream furniture, and many other items. Hosts would randomly walk around and players waiting in one room all day had difficulty finding them, therefore, players were encouraged to play VMK as they would normally to possibly win a prize.
 * Haunted Maze Event (October 2005): An easy maze, a medium maze, and a difficult maze were available for players to find their way through. Successfully completing the maze would award a prize. However, the event was plagued by server problems, resulting in queues of half an hour or more to get into the mazes, and some players were not able to enter the mazes at all or were bumped offline in the middle of them.
 * Gift-Giving Event (December 2005): A player could spend 500 credits to purchase a mystery gift which was given (in the game) to someone of their choosing on December 24. The gift turned out to be a green holiday wreath.
 * Yeti Quest (February 2006): Players could visit designated rooms to find photos; by stringing together the first letter of each pictured item, a player could spell the location where the Yeti was hiding, and submit the location for prizes. The answer was "Injun Joe's Cave", and everyone who sent in a correct answer won a snow carpet.
 * Ride-A-Thons: VMK staff occasionally hosted "Ride-A-Thons", in which they prepared rides for players to enjoy. When a player reached the end of a ride, he was given a ride piece with which to create their own ride. Several rides usually ran at the same time to handle capacity. The more a player rode, the more of a single prize a player would receive, depending on the event.
 * Make-A-Room: VMK staff occasionally hosted "Make A Ride Rooms", which allowed players to go into a certain teleporter and design a room. The player with the best design got a prize, and soon many other players started the same game. A blue flag would be placed in the room once the ride was judged.
 * Gingerbread Room Competition (December 2007): Players constructed a room using furniture items released during the month of December. The rooms were judged and the winners were given prizes that included a new shirt and hat that are different on boys than on girls.
 * Captain Blackheart's Treasure Hunt Quest (March 29 - April 1, 2008): The biggest VMK quest ever. The quest consisted of 75 different tasks, and required the player to navigate VMK, answer Disney Pirates of the Caribbean-related questions, and play games. The prize awarded was 75,000 credits and some items that were not immediately obtainable. There was also a smaller version of the quest, called Captain Blackheart's Mini Treasure Hunt Quest. The smaller quest awarded 1000 credits. Captain Blackheart, as he is called, also hosted a small quest, but still quite large with the prize of 56,000 credits and many valuable items.

In-game
In-game quests involved a series of tasks for a player, such as finding a specific room or an item in the room, changing one's outfit, saying a specific word, or winning a certain number of points in a minigame. There were two types of in-game quests: 'Q Button' quests, which players could start from anywhere in the game by pressing a button marked 'Q' on the game's taskbar; and kiosk quests, which were linked to a 'quest kiosk' item owned by a particular player or staff member. Successful completion of a quest usually awarded a prize. Each character could only complete each quest once. The Quests were timed and whoever completed the quest fastest would win a prize.

In-park
For the first two years of the game, there was an in-park quest program which permitted players to earn special in-game prizes at Disneyland and Walt Disney World resorts. These quests were mostly eliminated in mid-2007, with the exception of an activity sheet and quest which was handed out to guests waiting in line at the Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage attraction at Disneyland until around January 2008.

Hidden Mickeys
There were fifty Hidden Mickeys in the game, appearing as mouse-eared logos embossed onto scenery in rooms. Hunting for Hidden Mickeys could be a difficult task, as they were faint and rather difficult to see, and it could take time to earn enough credits to buy film to photograph the hidden Mickeys in-game. Almost every room had at least one, and some contained two.

Credits and pins were awarded after finding certain numbers of Hidden Mickeys (a Bronze Mickey pin for finding ten, a Silver Mortimer pin for finding thirty, and a Gold Oswald pin and 500 credits for finding all fifty). Completing this hunt originally awarded a printable PDF coupon with a code for the Gold Design set of items, which could be obtained by redeeming the coupon at Disneyland or the Magic Kingdom.

The locations of the Hidden Mickeys were changed on December 12, 2005. The new hunt was called "Hidden Mickey Quest Part II", and the new prize pins had "Part II" appended to their names.

Character profiles
A new player began by registering an account at the VMK website. The player then set up a character (an avatar) and selected the character's gender and appearance (shirt, shoes, pants, hair, hat, face, and colors for skin and hair). The player chose a name for the avatar, but until the VMK staff approved the name they requested, their name was "Guest" followed by the number of player that they are (e.g. Guest7402548). If the name was not approved, the VMK staff would let the player create another name. The player also selected a "guest room", their own themed area which could be decorated with furniture, posters, a boat canal, train tracks, game items, or other material. One room was provided for free, and additional rooms could be purchased later with in-game credits. The player could enter a few lines of text, known as a "signature", which were displayed in the character's publicly visible profile. The character was then given a few tradeable items (mostly T-shirts), and was placed in the game.

A player could also choose from a list of randomly selected "adjective-adjective-noun" names presented to them; if they chose one of these names, it did not need undergo staff approval.

Items
There were many in-game items which were buyable. Other could be won or gained from the parks. These items included furniture, clothing, and pins. Most were tradeable, some were not.

Badges
Badges were icons that appeared at the top of a player's information window and were visible to other players. Badges could not be traded:
 * Born In Park: given to a character created at Disneyland or the Magic Kingdom. This was a green badge with a cutout silhouette of the Disneyland castle (this was also the symbol of VMK).
 * VIP: given via a prize card's code; the card was given after completing the in-park quests to become eligible for the special park tour. This badge was sometimes received by winning a mini-game or Host event. Note that this is different from the VIP pin, which was given the second time a player won a Best Guest Room or Best Game Room award. The badge was purple with white VIP lettering in the middle.
 * Here from Day 1: given to a character created during the "beta" stage (prior to June 27, 2005). This was a gold badge with a prominent "1" displayed in the middle.
 * VMK Staff: paid employees who helped safeguard players and/or hosted VMK games and events. This badge was the quintessential smiling Mickey Mouse face as seen at the start of the old cartoons.
 * Testers: VMK staff that tested out items, and were seen around with their name as "QA_". Testers also held the VMK Staff badge.
 * Community Leader: volunteers who helped with the game; their names began with "CL_" (discontinued on October 24, 2007). This badge was a blue badge with Mickey's sorcerer hat. After it was discontinued, former community leaders did not have the badge or the CL_ at the beginning of their title.

Pins
A character could "wear" up to fifteen pins so that other players could see them in their profile. Some pins could be purchased from shops in the game; others could only be obtained by completing in-park or in-game quests, by winning host games, or from a Non-Playable Character (NPC) such as Esmeralda.

Usually a new pin was released on weekends of a certain month in the Emporium for a limited time. These pins usually cost 500 credits and were often a part of a set. For example, during October 2006 a set of Halloween themed pins came out, and a new pin was released every weekend. However, by Monday the pin was no longer available, making it high in value. The next weekend however, a new pin in the set was released and it started all over again.

"Magic pins" could also be worn. When activated (from the magic wand icon at the bottom of the screen, or by typing the pin's magic word), they displayed a visual effect, such as the character driving a car or turning into a snowman. Each effect had a duration of only a few seconds and had to be allowed to "recharge" for a minute or so before another use. If a player had two or more of the same kind of magic pin, they could be combined for a longer effect and shorter delay between uses. There were also single-use magic pins which disappeared after being used once (or after a specific "expiration date"). Some magic pins were very expensive and only available for a short period of time; for example, the "Turn Into Bat Magic Pin" (only available in October) was priced at 10,000 credits.

Some pins were not tradeable and could only be obtained through quests or host events. These pins included all single-use magic pins and all Tomorrowland quest pins. Any award pin, such as the best guest room award or the VIP pin, was also not tradeable. A player could check if a pin was tradeable by clicking the pin on a player's profile, which not only revealed whether a certain pin is available for trade or not, but also revealed who owned the pin and what effects (if any) the pin might have.

Clothing
When a player joined the kingdom, they received a pack of clothing along with a room and some furniture. Players that signed up at a Disney park sometimes received extra rewards.

Occasionally, the VMK shops sold special clothing items (or entire costumes). Some of these were seasonal, and some could only be purchased during a specific weekend. These items were usually expensive; due to this and their limited availability, they soon became valuable items in trading.

Some clothing items were only available to one gender. For example, boys could not have princess outfits (excluding the Princess Minnie hat), and girls could not have the Wildcats outfit.

Full costumes included spacesuits, princess outfits,(came in blue, yellow, pink) Haunted Mansion dress clothes, an Expedition Everest hiking outfit, baseball uniforms, and football uniforms.

Costume items included Mickey ears, and a variety of caps including baseball caps and a Sorcerer Mickey hat and more.

Credits
A player could earn credits, purchase them in one of Disney's Parks (the game's currency) also by visiting the Disney Characters or by playing minigames.

Another popular way to amass credits was called "Nedding". It consisted of playing the Shrunken Ned's Jungle Cruise game but trying to end the game as quickly as possible by crashing repeatedly and running out of fuel. Each time the game was played it awards 20 credits, so the credits that could be gotten from this game were limited only by the length of time someone wanted to put into it.

Accounts used specifically for getting credits and items, known in other games as multis, were called "mules" (sometimes called "clones"). Since the game let a player create new accounts freely, players created mules (named after the beast of burden) to enter multi-use codes and collect credits by visiting Disney Characters. Players could buy items with a mule's credits, and then trade these items from the mules to their main characters. Players who used mules were said to be "muling", and in the game mules were called "done keys" (donkeys) due to the limited vocabulary.

Purchased items could be "sold back" for 20% of their purchase price, but some items were not able to be sold. For example, a quest kiosk could not be sold back or traded.

Trading
Players could trade various items. Each player could put a maximum of fifteen items into a trade.

Clothing items that were only available for boys or girls could not be traded to the other gender. For example, a girl could not trade her princess outfit to a boy.

Some players tried to take advantage of the trading window to scam other players, but most of the trading window scams were short-circuited by game developers adding confirmation notices. VMK stated that if a person agreed to all of these notices, any issues a player might have with the trade were due to their own negligence.

A player could report a scammer with the "Report" button in the game, or by using the "Contact Us" link on the web site.

Safety
The game's rules were posted on the VMK web site as "VMK Values", which were intended to help the game stay "a safe, non-threatening environment" for the many players between the ages of eight and fourteen. The rules prohibited sexual or racist language, harassment, divulging personal information, and attempts to hack the system. Violations could result in a permanent ban, which prevented users from using VMK from the ISP the violation occurred on. Despite this, attempted violations were quite common, and people attempted to get around the edited speech by formulating single words out of multiple words (e.g.: saying "I'm Tree Ears Hold").

Every player had a report button on their profile. If one player thought of something that another player did as against the VMK values, that player could report them. The report was immediately sent to the VMK staff for review, and any necessary actions were taken against that player's account. Players could also send "emergency" messages to staff without clicking the report button on another player. The main reason for this was if something was wrong with the game (e.g.: "I logged in the morning, and all my credits were gone"). Action would be taken against a player's account for sending false or unnecessary reports. These were usually made in an attempt to bring a VMK staff member to their room, or in an effort for revenge.

Disney prohibited sharing personal information in the game (and its limited dictionary also added a technical obstacle to this). Disney's stated intent was to protect the safety and privacy of its members, but this also prevented members from having a legitimate way of reaching each other outside the game. Members of some Disney internet discussion forums got around this by indicating in their in-game signature a discussion board through which they could be reached.

In popular culture
VMK has been a frequently used device in The Kingdom Keepers series, written by Ridley Pearson. It serves as a rendezvous point for the main characters, as well as a communication device as the kids venture through the Disney parks. After VMK closed down in real life, Pearson incorporated the closing into the books.

title: Virtual Magic Kingdom


text:
Praefectus

Praefectus, often with a further qualification, was the formal title of many, fairly low to high-ranking, military or civil officials in the Roman Empire, whose authority was not embodied in their person (as it was with elected Magistrates) but conferred by delegation from a higher authority. They did have some authority in their prefecture, such as controlling prisons and in civil administration.

Praetorian prefects
The Praetorian prefect (Praefectus praetorio) began as the military commander of a general's guard company in the field, then grew in importance as the Praetorian Guard became a potential kingmaker during the Empire. From the Emperor Diocletian's tetrarchy (c. 300) they became the administrators of the four Praetorian prefectures, the government level above the (newly created) dioceses and (multiplied) provinces.

Police and civil prefects

 * Praefectus urbi, or praefectus urbanus: city prefect, in charge of the administration of Rome.
 * Praefectus vigilum: commander of the Vigiles (firemen and police).
 * Praefectus aerarii: nobles appointed guardians of the state treasury.
 * Praefectus aerarii militaris: prefect of the military treasury.
 * Praefectus annonae: official charged with the supervision of the grain supply to the city of Rome.

Military prefects

 * Praefectus alae: commander of a cavalry unit.
 * Praefectus castrorum: camp commandant.
 * Praefectus cohortis: commander of a cohort (constituent unit of a legion, or analogous unit).
 * Praefectus classis: fleet commander.
 * Praefectus equitatus: cavalry commander.
 * Praefectus equitum: cavalry commander.
 * Praefectus fabrum: officer in charge of fabri, i.e. well-trained engineers and artisans.
 * Praefectus legionis: equestrian legionary commander.
 * Praefectus legionis agens vice legati: equestrian acting legionary commander.
 * Praefectus orae maritimae: official in charge with the control and defense of an important sector of sea coast.
 * Praefectus socium (sociorum): Roman officer appointed to a command function in an ala sociorum (unit recruited among the socii, Italic peoples of a privileged status within the empire).

For some auxiliary troops, specific titles could even refer to their peoples:
 * Praefectus Laetorum (Germanic, notably in Gaul)
 * Praefectus Sarmatarum gentilium (from the steppes, notably in Italy)

Prefects as provincial governors
Roman provinces were usually ruled by high-ranking officials. Less important provinces though were entrusted to prefects, military men who would otherwise only govern parts of larger provinces. The most famous example is Pontius Pilate, who governed Judaea at a time when it was administered as an annex of Syria.

As Egypt was a special imperial domain, a rich and strategic granary, where the Emperor enjoyed an almost pharaonic position unlike any other province or diocese, its head was styled uniquely Praefectus Augustalis, indicating that he governed in the personal name of the emperor, the "Augustus". Septimius Severus, after conquering Mesopotamia, introduced the same system there too.

After the mid-1st century, as a result of the Pax Romana, the governorship was gradually shifted from the military prefects to civilian fiscal officials called procurators, Egypt remaining the exception.

Religious prefects

 * Praefectus urbi: a prefect of the republican era who guarded the city during the annual sacrifice of the Feriae Latinae on Mount Alban in which the consuls participated. His former title was "custos urbi" ("guardian of the city").

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Praefectus


text:
User:EDM

fr:Utilisateur:EDM

title: User:EDM


text:
User talk:Whitty78

Welcome!

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 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Please be more careful
You doubled most of the Saint Paul, Minnesota in the edit you made on May 31st. I luckily found it and fixed it before too many edits came between. Please be more careful in the future. If you have any questions, feel free to ask on my talk page. Thanks. JesseW 22:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whitty78


text:
Capistrano (software)

Capistrano is an open-source tool for running scripts on multiple servers; its main use is deploying web applications. It automates the process of making a new version of an application available on one or more web servers, including supporting tasks such as changing databases.

Capistrano is written in the Ruby language and is distributed using the RubyGems distribution channel. It is an outgrowth of the Ruby on Rails web application framework, but it is also used to deploy web applications written using other languages, for example, PHP.

Capistrano is implemented primarily for use on the UNIX shell command line. A user may choose from many Capistrano recipes, e.g. to deploy current changes to the web application or roll back to the previous deployment state.

Originally called SwitchTower, the name was changed to Capistrano in March 2006 due to a trademark conflict. The original author, Jamis Buck, announced on February 24, 2009 that he is no longer the maintainer of the project.

Internals
Capistrano is a utility and framework for executing commands in parallel on multiple remote machines, via SSH. It uses a simple domain-specific language borrowed in part from the tool Rake. It also supports tunnelling connections via some gateway machine to allow operations to be performed behind VPNs and firewalls.

Capistrano was originally designed to simplify and automate deployment of web applications to distributed environments, and originally came bundled with a set of tasks designed for deploying Ruby on Rails applications. The deployment tasks are now (as of Capistrano 2.0) opt-in and require clients to explicitly put "load 'deploy'" in their recipes.

Example Capfile
This defines a single task, called "xml_libs", and says that it should be executed only on the "www.capify.org" host. When executed, it will display all files and subdirectories in /usr/lib that include the text "xml" in their name. Assuming the capfile is in the current directory, the user would execute that task like this: cap xml_libs

title: Capistrano (software)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Camp Lo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. – ugen64 01:52, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Camp Lo
Non-notable. User:Luigi30 (Υσηρ ταλκ ΛυηγηΛ) 22:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 22:21, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 69 000 Google hits and a listing at RollingStone.com have to count for something. Certainly more notable than some of the high schools we keep. Denni ☯ 02:02, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Camp Lo


text:
Guaranda

Guaranda is a city in central Ecuador. It is the capital of Bolívar province located in the Andes mountains. The city is connected by road with other hubs, including Riobamba, Babahoyo and Ambato.

Guaranda is a market town located in a valle – a deep valley in the high Andes, serving a vast hinterland of agricultural settlements ("comunidades") peopled by Quechua Indians. Its climate is subtropical, with a long (May – October) dry season ("estio"). Its population is mainly mestizo, but includes many people of different ethnicities. This nucleus has been intermarrying for almost five centuries, forming a compact population linked by family connections. Since the 1990s, the indigenous majority has seized political power and most of the local elected officers are of Quechua origin.

The city has a population of 30,755 (2022 census) and is growing. It has severe electrical and water supply problems. Water is drawn from high surface sources, mostly from the Chimborazo glacier, and is of good drinking quality. The city is also known for its week-long carnival and for its "Pajaro Azul" alcoholic drink.

History
The city was founded by Spanish explorers in 1571 and officially recognized on November 11, 1811. It celebrates its independence day on November 10, commemorating the day the city definitively declared its independence from the Spanish.

Guaranda weathered earthquakes in 1674 and 1775, sustaining significant damage, but rebuilding both times. After the 1775 earthquake, it took almost four years to rebuild the city.

The city was declared an official Ecuadorian cultural center on October 23, 1997, reflecting the historic architecture of the urban center.

Geography
Like Rome, Guaranda is built upon seven hills. It lies at an altitude of about 2668 m. From the city, Chimborazo is in view most days.

The downtown area is situated around Parque Libertador Simon Bolivar, named for the heroic liberator, Simon Bolivar. In the park, a statue of Bolivar designed by famous Ecuadorian artist Oswaldo Guayasamín can be found.

Parishes
Guaranda, including urban and rural area, has around 65,000 parishioners in eleven parishes.

Urban

 * Angel Polibio Chávez
 * Gabriel Ignacio Veintimilla
 * Guanujo

Rural

 * Facundo Vela
 * Julio Moreno
 * Salinas
 * San Lorenzo
 * San Luís de Pambil
 * San Simón
 * Santa Fé
 * Simiatug

Sister cities

 * 🇰🇵 Haeju, North Korea
 * 🇺🇸 Johnson City, Tennessee, United States

title: Guaranda


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pesco-vegetarian

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (but redirected instead by me). – ugen64 01:53, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pesco-vegetarian
Dicdef. User:Luigi30 (Υσηρ ταλκ ΛυηγηΛ) 22:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Information is mentioned in Vegetarianism but should be elaborated there while this article is deleted. Hence, merge into Vegetarianism if you can even call it that. In fact, I'll go do that now. --M412k 22:44, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Scratch that; this is wholly mentioned in Pesco/pollo vegetarianism. Delete.--M412k 22:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete should be pisco, and is already discussed in the vegetarianism article--nixie 22:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Henry Arthur Herbert (1756–1821)

Henry Arthur Herbert the elder (c. 1756 – 21 June 1821, Westminster) was a major landowner in County Kerry, Ireland, and a member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge and studied law at the Middle Temple.

Henry Arthur was the son of Thomas Herbert, who had amassed a fortune by exploiting the copper mines of the Muckross Peninsula and Ross Island areas of the Lakes of Killarney in Kerry. The Herbert family had originally come from Montgomeryshire in Wales in the 17th century. In 1770 the Herberts inherited the large estates of the MacCarthy family in the Killarney area.

He was Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Kerry and Tralee in Ireland between 1806 and 1813. He commenced the building of Muckross House on his estate in Killarney.

He died in Westminster in 1821. He had married Elizabeth, daughter of George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville. They had a son, Charles John.

He should not be confused with his grandson, also Henry Arthur Herbert (the younger), who married Mary Balfour Herbert with whom he built the present Muckross House. Henry Jnr became Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1857 to 1858 and hosted Queen Victoria on her visit to his estate at Muckross in 1861.

title: Henry Arthur Herbert (1756–1821)


text:
Shute Harbour

Shute Harbour is a coastal locality and harbour in the Whitsunday Region of Queensland, Australia. It has port facilities and transport options for people seeking to access the Whitsunday Islands and holiday destinations.

In the, Shute Harbour had a population of 113 people.

Geography
The Proserpine–Shute Harbour Road (State Route 59) enters the locality from the north-west (Mount Rooper), and terminates at the harbour carpark.

Shute Harbour has the following coastal features (from west to east):

Apart from the harbour services, the only other land use is a small residential area on the Coral Point peninsula.
 * Shute Bay (-20.2963°N, 148.7769°W)
 * Rooper Inlet, a bay (°N, °W)
 * Shute Harbour (-20.2907°N, 148.7891°W)
 * Coral Point (-20.2909°N, 148.7937°W)

History
Shute Harbour takes its name from Shute Island which is about 500 m south-east of the headland of Shute Harbour. The island was named by in May 1881 by Captain John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear of HMS Alert, possibly after a crew-member of that ship.

When the Proserpine Shire Council decided to construct tourist facilities in the area in October 1960, they created a town called Shutehaven. On 31 January 1987, the town of Shutehaven was amalgamated into the larger town of Whitsunday.

Whitsunday Regional Council opened the renovated Shute Harbour Marine Terminal in mid December 2021. However, there were criticisms about the safety of the public boat ramp facilities, particularly that the jetty did not float but became submerged at high tide, forcing boat users to wade through water that might contain crocodiles or the dangerous Irukandji jellyfish. In August 2023, it was announced that a review of the boat ramp would be undertaken.

Demographics
In the, Shute Harbour had a population of 122 people.

In the, Shute Harbour had a population of 113 people.

Education
There are no schools in Shute Harbour. The nearest government primary school is Cannonvale State School in Cannonvale to the west. The nearest government secondary school is Proserpine State High School in Proserpine to the south-west.

Harbour facilities
The harbour is busy with many small boats. Commercial operators provide a range of services including bareboats and charter yachts, day tours, scheduled ferries, and water taxi and seaplane services.

A public boat ramp is available on Shute Harbour Road for launching private boats (-20.293°N, 148.7851°W). It is managed by the Whitsunday Regional Council.

There is also a public fishing jetty.

There are regular bus services available to and from the port which take the winding road through Conway National Park towards the harbour from Proserpine, Cannonvale and Airlie Beach.

title: Shute Harbour


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neyo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. – ugen64 01:54, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Neyo
Non-notable Starwarscruft. User:Luigi30 (Υσηρ ταλκ ΛυηγηΛ) 22:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Merge and redirect to List of minor Star Wars characters. --bainer (talk) 00:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge, clone commanders are notable. According to Google, a real character.-LtNOWIS 04:00, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neyo


text:
Talk:Half page (comic strip)

Page title
When I first saw this as a new Wikipedia page while studying RC, I speculated that it was most likely someone making a Wikipedia half-page as opposed to a full page as a test. Can anyone suggest a new title to clarify that this is not what it is?? Georgia guy 22:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Half page (comic strip)


text:
Cellcom (Israel)

Cellcom (סלקום) is an Israeli telecommunications company. Founded in 1994, most of the company's business is centered on wireless service. Its current CEO is Daniel Sapir. As of June 2016, Cellcom had 2.812 million subscribers.

The company is traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the symbol CEL, and is part of the Tel Aviv 35 Index.

History
Cellcom's entry into the Israeli market caused a revolution in wireless services in the country, as it offered service at rates which were a fraction of those charged by Pelephone, which until Cellcom's launch held a monopoly on cellular services in Israel. Its launch was not without problems though and during 1995, Cellcom subscribers experienced widespread service disruptions of unknown origin. After an intensive investigation, the cause was finally traced to a software bug in Motorola's MicroTAC Alpha handsets – which were ubiquitous on its network at the time.

Network
Cellcom operates 5G network (shared with Golan Telecom, WeCom, Walla Mobile), along with OTT service called Cellcom TV, IPTel landline service, international dialing service (013), and acts as one of the billing agencies for electrical power in Israel.

Cellcom initially operated a TDMA network nationwide in the 850 MHz band, but after winning tenders for GSM-1800 frequencies it began offering GSM services, and eventually sought to replace the 850 MHz TDMA frequencies it owns with standard 900 MHz GSM frequencies, but Pelephone and Partner petitioned the Ministry of Communications to deny this for technical reasons. This put Cellcom at a disadvantage since, though most of its users had converted to GSM, they were not able to make use of the lower frequency's better in-building penetration and greater cell reach.

With its entry into 3G wireless services, Cellcom demonstrated the first mobile video call in Israel. Since the beginning of 2006, Cellcom has been deploying a 3G UMTS-2100 network nationwide, which by the end of 2007 covered than 87% of the population. Cellcom was the first in Israel to launch an HSDPA network (also called "Generation 3.5") nationwide.

In 2011, Cellcom began to deploy UMTS services in the 850 MHz band, employing unused capacity in that frequency range since by then it had very few TDMA customers remaining. The Israeli Ministry of Communications has approved Cellcom's plan to shut down the TDMA-850 network on 31 December 2011. In August 2014, Cellcom launched an LTE network in the 1800 MHz band.

Controversy and criticism
In 2009, Cellcom launched an ad campaign showing Israel Defense Forces soldiers playing football across the Israeli West Bank barrier. Ahmad Tibi, an Arab-Israeli member of the Knesset, called on Cellcom to withdraw the commercial.

A major service outage across the country on 1 December 2010 impacted on Cellcom's Q4 results. The company decided to refund customers with one week's worth of calls and messages although the customers never actually received their refund, says Daniel Martinez of The Jerusalem Post.

On 18 May 2021, Cellcom ceased its operations for one hour in support for Jewish-Arab coexistence and solidarity with Palestinians. Many thousands of Israelis cancelled their service in response.

Involvement in Israeli settlements
On 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of 112 companies helping to further Israeli settlement activity in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the occupied Golan Heights. These settlements are considered illegal under international law. Cellcom was listed on the database on account of its "provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements" and "the use of natural resources, in particular water and land, for business purposes" in these occupied territories.

On 5 July 2021, Norway's largest pension fund KLP said it would divest from Cellcom together with 15 other business entities implicated in the UN report for their links to Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank.

title: Cellcom (Israel)


text:
Slate gray

Slate gray is a gray color with a slight azure tinge that is a representation of the average color of the material slate. As a tertiary color, slate is an equal mix of purple and green pigments.

Slaty, referring to this color, is often used to describe birds.

The first recorded use of slate gray as a color name in English was in 1705.

Light slate gray
Displayed at right is the web color light slate gray.

Dark slate gray
Displayed at right is the web color dark slate gray.

In human culture
Computers
 * The exterior shells of supercomputers are often colored various shades of slate gray.
 * The iPhone 5 and the iPad Mini comes in a dark slate gray colored aluminum body contrasted with black.
 * Western Electric used the term SLATE for the color instead of gray in their 25-pair (and multiples) cable for pairs 5-10-15-20-25.

Transportation Military
 * The S New York City Subway service bullet, used in three out of the system's services, is colored slate gray.
 * The Fleet Air Arm aircraft Temperate Day Scheme in the World War Two was dark slate gray over extra dark sea gray on top sides and Sky on undersides. This scheme was referred as "slime over sludge".

title: Slate gray


text:
User talk:Loobidah

Don't attack people by posting stuff like "You suck" on their userpage. If you do this again, you'll be blocked from editing. Mgm|(talk) 22:11, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loobidah


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Isaac de Pinto

Isaac de Pinto (10 April 1717 – 13 August 1787) was a Dutch merchant and banker of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin who was one of the main investors in the Dutch East India Company, as well as a scholar and philosophe who concentrated on Jewish emancipation and national debt. Pinto published mainly in French and once in Portuguese. According to historian Richard Popkin, Pinto "was one of the very few Jews of the eighteenth century, before Moses Mendelssohn, able to operate and express himself in the mainstreams of European culture."

Life
Pinto had his brit milah on 18 April 1717; this likely means he was born on 10 April and received his Bar Mitzvah in 1730. On 29 December 1734, the 17-year-old Pinto was married to Rachel Nuñes Henriques; the couple never had any children. In 1748, Pinto helped William IV of Orange, sending or lending him money to defeat the French at Bergen op Zoom. In return he asked for the removal of measures against Jewish merchants forbidding them to sell clothes, gherkins or fish on the street. He proposed opening the guilds to Jews, and sending the poorest to Surinam. In 1750, he was appointed president of the Dutch East India Company by the stadtholder. In 1755 he was visited by Frederick the Great, travelling incognito through the Netherlands; together they visited Gerrit Braamcamp.

Pinto was a man of broad learning, but he did not begin to write until nearly forty-five, when he acquired a reputation by defending his co-religionists against Voltaire. In 1762, he published his Essai sur le Luxe at Amsterdam. In the same year, Pinto published Apologie pour la Nation Juive, ou Réflexions Critiques and sent a manuscript copy of this work directly to Voltaire. Antoine Guenée reproduced the Apologie at the head of his Lettres de Quelques Juifs Portugais, Allemands et Polonais, à M. de Voltaire.

In 1761, Isaac and his brother Aron went bankrupt, potentially as a result of raising loans of around 6 million guilders for the British government in either 1759 or 1761; his brother sold his house on Nieuwe Herengracht. Pinto moved to Paris, where he met with James Cockburn, Lord Hertford, Mattheus Lestevenon, David Hume John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford and Denis Diderot. Then he moved to The Hague and lived in a mansion at Lange Voorhout; he and his family were invited to the palace when the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his sister Nannerl performed. In 1767, he went to London, meeting with Lord Bute and receiving a pension for his advice on the Treaty of Paris (1763), as the British had gained influence over the French in India through his suggestion. In 1768, Pinto sent a letter to Diderot on Du Jeu de Cartes. His Traité de la Circulation et du Crédit, in which he convinced many people that England was not on the verge of bankruptcy, was published in Amsterdam in 1771.

Pinto opposed Raynal after the publication of Raynal's book on global colonization L'Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (The Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies). He disagreed with Hume, Vivant de Mezague and Mirabeau. His treatise was twice reprinted, besides being translated into English by Philip Francis (politician) and into German by Carl August von Struensee, the Prussian minister of finance. His Précis des Arguments Contre les Matérialistes was published at The Hague in 1774. He seems also to have had Jean-Paul Marat pushed from the stairs and ordered to leave his house. In 1776, he wrote against the American Revolution; he did, however, approve of the Boston Tea Party. Around 1780, he wrote against an alliance of the Dutch Republic with France, although this alliance was later realized in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1785).

Legacy
Various authors, both contemporary and later, commented on Pinto's writings. One of them, Karl Marx, derisively referred to Pinto - whom he regarded as a major exponent of the free-market liberalism he criticized - as the "Pindar of the Amsterdam stock exchange" for his glorification of the Dutch financial system.

title: Isaac de Pinto


text:
Chin Music

Chin music is a slang term with several meanings.

"Chin Music" may also refer to:

Music

 * Chin Music, a 1993 cassette by Buck 65 (performing as Stinkin' Rich)
 * "Chin Music", a song on the 2009 album Travels with Myself and Another by Future of the Left
 * "Chin Music", a song on the 2011 album Volume 2: High and Inside by The Baseball Project
 * "Chin Music", an instrumental track on the 2013 album Sticky Wickets by Irish cricket-pop band The Duckworth Lewis Method

Publishing

 * Chin Music Press, a Japanese/American book publishing company
 * Chin Music, a children's novel about baseball by Canadian author Gregory David Roberts
 * "Chin Music", a short story by Bram Stoker from his collection Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party

Other

 * Superkick, a wrestling finishing attack referred to by wrestler Shawn Michaels as the "Sweet Chin Music"

title: Chin Music


text:
John F. Kennedy University

John F. Kennedy University was a private university based in California with offices in San Jose, California. The university was founded in 1965 to offer degrees and certificates for non-traditional higher education students, taught mostly by adjunct faculty. In April 2009, the university became an affiliate of the National University System initially as an independent university. The institution closed in 2020 with programs transferred to other National University schools.

Academics
The institution was organized as a collegiate university comprising four constituent colleges which conferred undergraduate and graduate degrees in museum studies, business, psychology, law, and medicine. The university did not own a traditional campus and instead taught either through distance education or blended learning. Physical locations of the university for blended learning programs were typically housed in leased office sites and business parks.

College of Undergraduate Studies
John F. Kennedy University College of Undergraduate Studies was accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission (formerly known as the Western Association of Schools and Colleges). The college offered certificate programs, undergraduate degrees, and graduate degrees, including a JD-MBA dual degree and MBA. The college also housed the university's experimental Institute of Entrepreneurial Leadership (IEL) which offered certificate programs and low-cost office spaces. The Sanford Institute of Philanthropy was also housed at the college.

Museum Studies
The graduate program in Museum Studies at John F. Kennedy University had roots at Lone Mountain College in San Francisco and included visionary leadership with program directors Diane Frankel; Gail Anderson; and Marjorie Schwarzer. A preeminent, high-touch professional program that was well respected in the field. The program offered master degrees and certificates in museum collection management and registration, education and intrepretation, and later the program developed a dual-MBA/collections and dual MBA/education program.

College of Psychology and Holistic Studies
The College of Psychology and Holistic Studies was a graduate institution which offered certificates, master's, and doctoral degrees. The college held experiential learning curriculums through three community-based clinical internship programs. The counseling psychology program housed student-operated art camps which taught self-confidence and self-expression to elementary-aged children. The Family Resiliency Project, also under the counseling psychology program, operated with Californian school districts for family counseling and childhood behavioral therapy. The Solt Evans LEAP Project in the Sports Psychology program provided disadvantaged youth life skills lessons through athletics. The college also operated three University Counseling centers in California which provided affordable, confidential access to mental health services.

College of Law
John F. Kennedy University College of Law offered four-year, part-time program, and three-year programs. The college housed a Housing Advocacy and Legal Clinic offered free legal services to elderly locals at risk of eviction. The college had an enrollment of 160 students at the time of closure.

Although it conferred the Juris Doctor degree, the college was accredited by the Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar of California rather than the more professionally recognized American Bar Association. The lack of ABA accreditation limited the ability of graduates to take bar exams and practice as attorneys outside the state of California. The college had a California Bar first-attempt pass rate of 33% in October 2020.

title: John F. Kennedy University


text:
Joseph Donaldson

Joseph Cameron Donaldson (January 12, 1891 – April 27, 1973 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He was briefly a member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, serving from 1949 to 1951.

The son of Joseph Donaldson and Elizabeth Wallis, he was born in Brandon, Manitoba. Donaldson worked for the Hudson's Bay Company from 1926 to 1929. He then worked for meat companies in the United States and returned to Brandon in 1936. Donaldson owned and operated Brandon Packers from 1940 until 1956, when he sold the company. The two men who purchased the company, D. Hubert Cox and Hugh Paton, were later convicted of conspiracy to defraud and conspiracy to steal in connection with the sale.

Donaldson was elected to the Manitoba legislature for the Brandon City constituency in the 1949 provincial election. He was elected as a Progressive Conservative, supporting the coalition government led by Liberal-Progressive Premier Douglas Campbell.

The Progressive Conservative Party left the coalition government in the summer of 1950. Donaldson disagreed with this decision, and chose to sit as an independent. He resigned his seat on April 18, 1951, and did not seek a return to the legislature thereafter. He nonetheless remained active in the Progressive Conservative Party, and nominated Reginald Lissaman as the party's candidate for Brandon City in the 1953 provincial election.

He died in Brandon at the age of 82.

title: Joseph Donaldson


text:
Sailosi Kepa

Sailosi Wai Kepa (4 November 1938 – 1 March 2004) was a Fijian statesman, judge, and diplomat.

Hailing from the village of Nukuni on the island of Ono-i-Lau, Kepa was one of many distinguished public figures to hail from the Lau archipelago. He was educated at Draiba Fijian School and Lelean Memorial School, before enrolling in Nasinu Teachers College in 1959. He went on to receive a Diploma in Teaching of English from the University of Sydney in 1966. In 1972, he received a Law degree from the renowned Middle Temple in London, England.

Kepa's legal career was a distinguished one, which took him into politics, diplomacy, and the judiciary. After joining the Department of Justice as a magistrate in 1969 (serving Suva, Sigatoka, Nadi, and the Northern Division), he became Chief Magistrate in 1980. He also became Director of Public Prosecutions in November that year. He went on to become Fiji's High Commissioner to London in 1985, and Minister for Justice and Attorney General in 1988. He served in this role until 1992, when he became a High Court judge. In 1998 he was appointed the first Chairman of Fiji's Human Rights Commission. His last official post was as Fiji's Ombudsman, a post he held from 2001 till his retirement in August 2003.

In his younger years, Kepa made a name for himself as a rugby player. He was later rewarded by being made Chairman of the Fiji Rugby Union from 1983 to 1986. He was granted life membership in 1994.

Kepa was married for many years to Ro Teimumu Kepa, an Adi (Fijian chief) and politician in her own right, who is the Roko Tui Dreketi (Paramount Chief) of the Burebasaga Confederacy and served as Minister for Education from 2001 to 2006 in the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase. Since 2014, she has been Leader of the Social Democratic Liberal Party, and since the general elections in September that year, Leader of the Opposition. They had three children: Sailosi Jr., Asenaca, and Tupoutu’a.

title: Sailosi Kepa


text:
I'SOT

I'SOT, which stands for In Search of Truth, is a Pentecostal/Bible-based offshoot Christian religious group founded in the late 1960s by E. Marie White (also known as E. Marie Tolbert) in Santa Cruz, California, United States. The group was named after a religious tract published by Mrs. White in Gilroy, California.

The I'SOT community's main branch is in Canby, California, with a second branch in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. Canby is known for the I'SOT's nativity scenes prominently displayed along the town's main street, California State Route 299.

Of the several thousand onetime dedicated members to pass through the group, a small group of about 75 to 100 active members are still living today in the small rural town of Canby in Modoc County, California and a few isolated places in the northwest.

Criticisms
Allegations of physical and sexual abuse brought against members by clients of I'SOT's Group Home/Foster Home during the late 1980s prompted an investigation by State of California Department of Social Services Community Care Licensing Division. The final report was filed July 26, 1991. That investigation found a "preponderance of the evidence" that members of I'SOT had physically and sexually abused residents of the group home between 1978 and 1990. I'SOT's application for renewal of their license to operate the Group Home was denied, after which they appealed the decision and lost. The Group Home was sold to Environmental Alternatives, but many I'SOT members still work there.

title: I'SOT


text:
Talk:Fracture

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Lwcheung.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:45, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Earlier comments
Wow, this has been a big month for this article. Good job, guys! Would someone care to mention transgranular vs. intergranular? I used to know this, but I've forgotten a lot and don't want to embarrass myself writing false information.--Joel 22:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I strongly feel against what Mbuehler had added laterly. apparently he/she was promoting his/her own work, not to introduce knowledge to the public. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hhspiny (talk • contribs) 03:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Rupture
What is refered to here as "Ductile Fracture" is what I know as "Rupture." The topics are sufficiently different that I think a seperate rupture article should be started and the ductile fracture stuff moved there. --Yannick 01:40, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed —BenFrantzDale 05:45, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Fracture in geology
Does fracturing in geology include information that isn't in this article? A lot of geological articles are linked here. -- Kjkolb 09:35, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I made a new article, Rock fracture, to address the specific context of fractures in geology. I'll try and re-direct geology related links there; and please, contribute to that article. +mwtoews 03:23, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Different formula for critical stress
Hi there, I am looking at the formula for critical stress required for crack propogation in this article and it does not match what I have in my college text book.

I have not figured out how to use greek letters yet, but basically the formula I have is

(Critical Stress)=sqrt(2*(Modulus of elasticity)/(specific surface area)/(Pie*(half crack length)))

This formula is according to William D Callister Jr, in his book Materials Science and Engineering.

I actually like the formula given by wikipedia a little bit better because it includes the radius of the crack tip in the calculation, however I think that it might be appropriate to include this alternate formula which, eleminates the interatomic distance as well as the crack tip diameter as well so as to be a little bit more complete.

But this is my first time ever typing into wikipedia, so I was just wondering what all you other experts in material science think about this idea? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hobojaks (talk • contribs) 03:32, 27 March 2007 (UTC).

Need for Scanning Electron Microscopy Images
This article could be improved greatly by including Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) images of the the fracture surface discussed in the paper. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.22.154.194 (talk • contribs) 17:13, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

PUT MORE CONTENT
I FEEL THAT THIS ARTICLE NEEDS MORE CONTENT. IT DOES NOT MEET MY STANDARDS. FOR EXAMPLE, TELL MORE ABOUT BONE FRACTURES.ItsJodo (talk) 04:01, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * That has a seperate article.--Perspire and breathe (talk) 14:14, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Info needed please
It's great that you list examples for each type of fracture, but thats not really explaning. Please revise this page. Thanks--Apple (talk) 08:50, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Cup-and-cone
I'm not sure saying that it results in a rough surface is accurate. This statement kind of implys a brittle fracture. More description of a cup-and-cone failure might be more desirable for this article.132.170.7.254 14:42, 23 March 2007 (UTC)Ryan

Definition
A work-hardening ductile part will fail suddenly when the engineering stress–strain curve starts going down. Is this what rupture is trying to describe? —Ben FrantzDale

Why "local"?
"A fracture is the (local) separation of an object or material into two, or more, pieces under the action of stress." Could someone kindly defend the inclusion of "(local)" as we can cite many examples where fracture goes way beyond "local". Bobkiger (talk)bobkiger —Preceding undated comment added 16:52, 13 April 2011 (UTC).

nanotu...
Brittle fracture in glass picture has same looks as nanotubes fabric. r u sure its glass? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.25.50.165 (talk) 22:14, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Missing graph
The article says that the breaking strength "is the maximum stress on the true stress-strain curve, given by point 1 on curve B". I see no curve B. JonH (talk) 09:52, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

Suggest reference to general failure modes
I suggest referring to the wide variety of failure modes such as fatigue, environmental as well as ductile and brittle. You could lead the reader to looking at existing pages with more specific information in it. Lwcheung (talk) 07:03, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Rubbery state fracture
Could someone have a look at Draft:Rubbery state fracture? This draft looks ready for mainspace, but I would appreciate if someone could perform a sanity check on it as it's way beyond my subject area. I'm a bit concerned about the fact that the phrase "rubbery state fracture" shows virtually no results on google scholar or google books. – Uanfala (talk) 00:51, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Dester12
Hi Dawnseeker200. Why you just keep reverting the text while i'm trying to put "something" in the Fracture page. Because the crack can also occur on even walls and ceilings, i have to put it in there. But then you revert it back to the standard revision leaving only surface. Please force me to put it back now. Comment a reply for any reasons why is this happen. Dester12 (talk) 19:33, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi I reverted it because of the broken English. In other words, it was less clear than the original and I didn't consider it an improvement. It did not mean to step on your toes; just trying to keep it readable and understandable. Dawnseeker2000  21:17, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay then Dawnseeker2000. But rather than cases sometimes crack can appear on walls and ceilings so we put "something" word to consider the cracks on walls and ceilings meaning in terms for American English and British English and no words are unclear. That's okay. But if not putted instead, then it only occurs on the surface, that's a big no. Once again, we used that word to indicate that a crack usually appears on walls and ceilings. Reply a message that is right with reasons please. I swear god. :( Dester12 (talk) 21:32, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * , your English languages skills are not adequate for editing the English Wikipedia. I recommend that you edit the Wikipedia in your first language. On the specific point, walls and ceilings are surfaces. The word "something" conveys no useful information, and is poor writing in this context. Cullen328 (talk) 21:44, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, okay sure Cullen328. I get it at this point. Dester12 (talk) 22:55, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Also Cullen328. It can also occur on objects like pencils, crayons, pots, etc so that's why we uses "something" word. It is true sure by writing in a reply message. Dester12 (talk) 23:07, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * All of those objects have surfaces too, . Cullen328 (talk) 23:38, 12 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Oh, okay sure. I get it Cullen328. Dester12 (talk) 14:20, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fracture


text: Category:Religion in Trinidad and Tobago


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trip Ross

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:19, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Trip Ross
This individual is not notable. He's got one website with a bunch of amateur video and original flash programming. Alltheweb and Google searches on his "company" only produce hits to his website. The guestbook on his website has only 60 entries. Not encyclopedic and likely a vanity entry. Tobycat 22:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete drini ☎ 22:25, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What Tobycat says is accurate. hydnjo talk 02:33, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 09:30, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Joke137 16:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity, not listed in IMDB. --Etacar11 17:10, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Same as above. 216.158.31.195 17:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. If this vanity article is deleted then we should also Vfd or Speedy his self-nominated birthdate of March 14 1979 as not notable. hydnjo talk 18:38, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed his birthdate from March 14, as in any case he isn't that important. ··gracefool |☺ 01:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I didn't know if I was allowed to do that. hydnjo talk 02:15, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Slugma

Fictional
... was it really necessary to add the word 'fictional' in there? Are there any people out there who sincerely would think this is a real creature? o_O;;; Almafeta 22:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems to be a rule. Someone though it was better that way.  A lot of the pages have it. Sonic Mew 09:32, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

TCG
There's a card listed as VS Slugma and I was wondering if it's worth being mentioned under TCG, although it was only released in Japan? -HurricaneJeanne 07:03, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Slugma


text:
User:Seh

Welcome to my user page. I'm just your average wikipedian. I have a masters in philosophy, and I work in publishing. best wishes seh

title: User:Seh


text:
Good length ball

A good length ball is a type of delivery in cricket that pitches at a distance from the batsman that makes it difficult to score runs. Furthermore, such a delivery is difficult for the batsman to judge whether to play on the back-foot or on the front-foot. However, the distance from the batsman which is the ideal good length varies depending on how high and fast the ball bounces on a particular pitch. The pace of the bowler is also a factor, as faster bowlers will aim to pitch the ball further away from the batsman.

title: Good length ball


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gamers Cantina

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:55, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gamers Cantina
Non notable web forum, article as it stands now is an ad. Fawcett5 22:16, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy forumcruft. ad.  --Xcali 22:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Steve McCabe

Stephen James McCabe (born 4 August 1955) is a British politician who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1997 to 2024. A member of the Labour Party, he represented Birmingham Hall Green from 1997 to 2010 and Birmingham Selly Oak from 2010 onwards.

Early life and career
Stephen McCabe was born on 4 August 1955 in Port Glasgow. He attended Port Glasgow High School before studying at Moray House College (later named Moray House School of Education, University of Edinburgh) in Edinburgh, where he was awarded a Diploma in Social Studies (Certificate of Qualification in Social Work) in 1977 and qualified as a social worker.

He worked as a social worker in Wolverhampton for six years from 1977, and from 1978 to 1982 was a shop steward with the National and Local Government Officers Association.

In 1983, he was appointed manager of the Priory in Thatcham, providing alternatives to care and custody for young people for Berkshire Social Services. He left the Priory in 1985 and returned to education, graduating with an MA in Social Work at the University of Bradford in 1986.

Following his degree, he worked as a social services lecturer at the North East Worcestershire College in Redditch. In 1989, he became a child care worker in Solihull until 1991 when he was appointed as an education adviser to the Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work (now called the General Social Care Council). He remained in this position until his election to the House of Commons.

He was elected as a councillor to Birmingham City Council in 1990 and served until 1998, during which time he was the chair of the city's technical services committee.

Parliamentary career

McCabe was elected as the Labour MP for Birmingham Hall Green at the 1997 general election with 53.5% of the vote and a majority of 8,420. He was re-elected as MP for Birmingham Hall Green at the 2001 general election with an increased vote share of 54.6% and a decreased majority of 6,648.

He served as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to Charles Clarke in his capacity as Secretary of State for Education and Skills from 2003-2004 and as Home Secretary from 2004–2005. He joined the government Whips Office in 2006 as an Assistant, and from 2007 was a Lord Commissioner to the Treasury (a full Whip).

At the 2005 general election, McCabe was again re-elected as MP for Birmingham Hall Green, with a decreased vote share of 47.2% and a decreased majority of 5,714.

In October 2006, McCabe applied for selection to the redrawn constituency of Birmingham Selly Oak, which incorporated much of his existing seat. He was duly selected by the local Labour party in January 2007.

In the 2009 expenses scandal, it was revealed that McCabe had over-claimed on his mortgage by £4,059. A three-month investigation by the parliamentary fees office resulted in McCabe calling for Commons officials to be sacked. He later said: "I did make an error in my claim and, as the letter from the fees office shows, this money was repaid in a deduction from my next claim". Between 2004 and 2008, McCabe claimed £54,699 in expenses for his second home, on which he has a £60,000 mortgage. The claims included £5,500 for a new kitchen.

At the 2010 general election, McCabe was elected to Parliament as MP for Birmingham Selly Oak with 38.5% of the vote and a majority of 3,482.

From 2013 to 2015, he served as a Shadow Minister for Children and Families as part of Ed Miliband's front bench team.

In July 2013, McCabe called for a referendum on remaining in the EU to be held "as soon as possible", stating he found himself "at odds with his party" on the issue. McCabe joined 18 other Labour MPs in backing a referendum on Europe in a House of Commons vote called by rebel Conservative MPs.

At the 2015 general election, McCabe was re-elected as MP for Birmingham Selly Oak with an increased vote share of 47.7% and an increased majority of 8,447. He was again re-elected at the snap 2017 general election with an increased vote share of 62.9% and an increased majority of 15,207. At the 2019 general election, McCabe was again re-elected, with a decreased vote share of 56% and a decreased majority of 12,414.

McCabe was appointed Parliamentary Chair of the Labour Friends of Israel in February 2020. He is a long-standing supporter and visited Israel as part of a delegation in 2019.

In May 2022, McCabe announced his support for sanctions against Iran to "curb their nuclear ambitions".

Due to his statements in Parliament and his role as chair of the Labour Friends of Israel, Palestine Solidarity campaign (PSC) and the local group Palestine Solidarity Selly Oak have organised protests outside his surgeries, calling on him to engage with constituents' views effectively or resign.

On 28 May 2024, he announced that he was not standing for re-election in the 2024 general election.

Personal life
McCabe married Lorraine Lea Clendon in 1991.

In 2012, he underwent open heart surgery at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham for a heart murmur. In August 2017, McCabe suffered minor facial injuries after a motorcyclist in Kings Heath, Birmingham threw a brick at him, which he reported to the police.

title: Steve McCabe


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/WA Catering

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:56, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

WA Catering
Hobby (from interview: "For now, Simon adds, "the money is good. But we can't live off of it."") for a couple high school kids. Nice to see young people doing something constructive, but 'laudable' != 'notable'. Large number of hits from a simple google due to "wa" being a common abbrev. for the US state of WAshington, Western Australia, etc.--limit it to "WA Catering" safeserv and you only get one hit (their site), "WA Catering" levitt only gets two hits, etc. Niteowlneils 22:16, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Advertising. Delete. — Phil Welch 00:30, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, advertising. Mentioned in the Boston Globe, which is nice and all, but it is still advertising. --bainer (talk) 00:51, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Eh, Userfy if at all possible. Otherwise, delete. -- BD2412 talk 02:46, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Creator is an anon. Can't userfy. Delete.  RickK 05:45, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Tenuis consonant

In linguistics, a tenuis consonant ( or ) is an obstruent that is voiceless, unaspirated and unglottalized.

In other words, it has the "plain" phonation of with a voice onset time close to zero (a zero-VOT consonant), as Spanish p, t, ch, k or English p, t, k after s (spy, sty, sky).

For most languages, the distinction is relevant only for stops and affricates. However, a few languages have analogous series for fricatives. Mazahua, for example, has ejective, aspirated, and voiced fricatives alongside tenuis, parallel to stops  alongside tenuis.

Many click languages have tenuis click consonants alongside voiced, aspirated, and glottalized series.

Transcription
In transcription, tenuis consonants are not normally marked explicitly, and consonants written with voiceless IPA letters, such as ⟨p, t, ts, tʃ, k⟩, are typically assumed to be unaspirated and unglottalized unless otherwise indicated. However, aspiration is often left untranscribed if no contrast needs to be made, like in English, so there is an explicit diacritic for a lack of aspiration in the extensions to the IPA, a superscript equal sign: ⟨p˭, t˭, ts˭, tʃ˭, k˭⟩. It is sometimes seen in phonetic descriptions of languages. There are also languages, such as the Northern Ryukyuan languages, whose phonologically-unmarked sound is aspirated, and the tenuis consonants are marked and transcribed explicitly.

In Unicode, the symbol is encoded at.

An early IPA convention was to write the tenuis stops ⟨pᵇ, tᵈ, kᶢ⟩ etc. if the plain letters ⟨p, t, k⟩ were used for aspirated consonants (as they are in English): 'pie' vs. 'spy'.

Etymology
The term tenuis comes from Latin translations of Ancient Greek grammar, which differentiated three series of consonants, voiced β δ γ, aspirate φ θ χ , and tenuis π τ κ. Analogous series occur in many other languages. The term was widely used in 19th-century philology but became uncommon in the 20th.

title: Tenuis consonant


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flavor Essence

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. – ugen64 01:56, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Flavor Essence
Not encyclopedic, probable hoax. I didn't see any google hits referring to "flavor essence" as a brand of anything. This user is known for creating such articles and needs to be blocked. Jersyko   talk   22:17, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a translation from Japanese, or possibly Chinese. Redirect to Ajinomoto, since "flavor essence" is the same as "essence of taste". But don't block this user. Kappa 22:58, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur I think thats an Ajinomoto trademark. Assuming we ever start documenting Food Science then this ought to be redirected to Flavor Chemistry. Klonimus 10:26, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge/redir as above. I don't personally see grounds for blocking here, but if you do please bring up the matter at WP:AN/I. Radiant_* 11:26, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * See Wikipedia:Requests for comment/68.170.0.238. - Jersyko  talk  15:23, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep!!! Good article.
 * I've removed the font tags. When will you ever learn that writing at size 8 won't increase the weight of your vote? You've tried it at size 10, but it was reverted, and rightly so. Do you seriously think it won't be reverted when you cast your vote at size 8? Aecis 14:23, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Original author probably confused over the EU weasel term for MSG ("Flavour Enhancer") on packaging.... its Lincruft, anyway. --Kiand 13:14, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sticking with my "translation from Japanese, or possible Chinese" theory. Kappa 13:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Arundel Mills

Arundel Mills is a shopping mall located in unincorporated Anne Arundel County, Maryland (with a Hanover mailing address). It is 59.3% owned by Simon Property Group, who manages the mall. With its 1930820 sqft GLA, it is the largest mall in the state of Maryland. Developed by The Mills Corporation, the mall is located at the intersection of Maryland Route 100 and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway (Maryland Route 295) in northwestern Anne Arundel County (hence the name "Arundel" Mills). The anchor stores are Cinemark Theatres, Books-A-Million, The Children's Place, TJ Maxx, Burlington, Off Broadway Shoe Warehouse, Sun and Ski Sports, Old Navy, MD Furniture, Bass Pro Shops, Saks Fifth Avenue, Ulta Beauty, Dave & Buster's, Yard House, and Primark.

Arundel Mills opened in November 2000 and has over 250 stores. It is the first enclosed mall to feature a Medieval Times dinner theater. In addition to 17 large anchor stores, Arundel Mills features a Dave & Buster's, the Live! Casino & Hotel, and an Egyptian-themed 24-screen megaplex theater. The cinema was the only outlet of its Muvico Theaters chain in the state of Maryland before being sold to Cinemark in March 2009.

The mall's interior layout features a "racetrack" design and, more noticeably, the outline of a boat. Sponsorships for five sections or "neighborhoods" of the mall were previously held by Coca-Cola, Comcast, Discover Card, The Baltimore Sun, and Toyota.

Anchor and department stores
As of September 2023, the mall's anchor and department stores include Bass Pro Shops Outdoor World, Books-A-Million, Burlington Coat Factory, The Children's Place, Cinemark Egyptian 24 Theatres, Dave & Buster's, Forever 21, H&M, MD Furniture, Medieval Times Dinner & Tournament, OFF 5th Saks Fifth Avenue Outlet, Primark, Sun and Ski Sports, T.J. Maxx, and Ulta Beauty.

Live! Casino & Hotel
After Maryland voters approved slot machine gambling in Maryland in 2008, The Cordish Company planned a slots parlor next to the mall. The proposal for slots at Arundel Mills was on the ballot as a referendum in the November 2010 elections; the referendum passed, and construction began on the casino shortly afterward, with the grand opening of its first phase held on June 6, 2012. Since full completion in September 2012, Live! Casino & Hotel has about 380,000 sq. ft. of floor space and 4,750 gaming slots. Live! Casino & Hotel is a free-standing facility, separated from Arundel Mills by the inner mall ring road. Although not directly connected to the mall, the casino is within walking distance of the food court entrance. Live! Casino & Hotel includes a 5,000-space parking structure at Arundel Mills with a "smart park" green-and-red-light space availability feature, such as the system used at nearby BWI Airport. Parking is available free of charge during all mall hours for Arundel Mills shoppers.

Live! Casino & Hotel includes several dining options, including The Cheesecake Factory; KOHO Korean BBQ; and a Prime Rib steakhouse. The project was to feature an Obrycki's Crab House and Seafood Restaurant, though the restaurant announced in November 2011 that it would not be opening a location there. Instead, Phillips Seafood opened a location at the site. Live! Casino & Hotel has a live music venue, operated by Annapolis-based Rams Head, which includes fixed seating for approximately 300 in a cabaret-style design with several stepped viewing levels of the stage.

In 2019, The Hall! At Live! concert venue officially opened.

The hotel itself has a restaurant, spa, salon, gift shop, and meeting rooms open to the public. Anne Arundel Community College holds their annual graduation at Live!.

title: Arundel Mills


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kenneth Burgener

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted. – ugen64 01:55, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kenneth Burgener
Non-notable admin of the non-notable weblog above. Fawcett5 22:18, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy --Xcali 22:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as short with no content. Mgm|(talk) 22:28, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Gamers Cantina cannot legitimately be speedied. However, this article can, and has been. Denni ☯ 02:09, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Irma Pince

Either this page was taken from wikicities or they took it from here...

--Ariadoss 08:55, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Merge
This article should be merged with the Minor Hogwarts Teachers, as Pince has very little appearances and importance in the series. Lord Opeth 22:06, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Irma Pince