text:
Bushwhacker Luke

Brian Wickens (born 8 January 1947) is a New Zealand professional wrestler. He is best known for his appearances in the World Wrestling Federation (later, WWE) under the ring name Bushwhacker Luke, where he teamed with Bushwhacker Butch as The Bushwhackers. He is also known for his appearances under the ring name Luke Williams for promotions such as NWA New Zealand, Stampede Wrestling, Pacific Northwest Wrestling, Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling, Southwest Championship Wrestling, and the Universal Wrestling Federation, where he teamed with Butch as "The Kiwis" and "The Sheepherders".

Along with Butch, Luke held championships including the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship, NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship, NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship, and UWF World Tag Team Championship. The duo were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2015 and the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 2020.

Early career (1962–1974)
Luke Williams started wrestling for NWA New Zealand (later known as All-Star Pro Wrestling) with his friend and long term tag team partner Butch Miller in 1962 where he achieved a great deal of regional success. After working Australasia and the Eastern Circuit (Singapore, Malaysia, and Japan), the duo was booked in North America in "Grand Prix" (Quebec, The Maritimes, Ontario, and Vermont), a very successful promotion owned by the famous Vachons and Edouard Carpentier, in 1972 by fellow New Zealander Steve Rickard, who was also the booker for "NWA Hawaii". Luke and Butch worked in Canada for Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling billed as The Kiwis (Butch was known as "Nick Carter" and Luke was known as "Sweet William"). The first recorded title that the Kiwis won was in 1974, when the duo beat Bob Pringle and Bill Cody for the Stampede International Tag Team Championship on 6 January 1974. The Kiwis lost the titles to Tokyo Joe and the Great Saki, only to regain them a short time later. The Kiwis lost the titles for good when Stan Kowalski and Dutch Savage defeated them and kept the titles away from them in subsequent rematches.

The Sheepherders (1974–1981)
After leaving Stampede Wrestling, the Kiwis began doing double duty in Japan for International Wrestling Enterprise (IWE). They would disband in 1975. Miller temporarily retired from the sport as Williams continued working for IWE until 1976 and was inactive until 1979. The Kiwis reunited working in NWA Pacific Northwest as well as the Canadian-based International All-Star Wrestling around 1979–1980 as "the Kiwi Sheepherders". In 1979, the team won the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship on three occasions between 21 July and 5 August 1980, before they left the territory. On 22 September, the Sheepherders lost the gold to Dutch Savage and Stan Stasiak, only to regain them a week later. On 11 February 1980, the Sheepherders became double champions when they downed Dutch Savage and Stan Stasiak, this time for the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship. Top faces Rick Martel and "Rowdy" Roddy Piper teamed up in May, to take the NWA Canadian tag title from the Sheepherders and, in effect, run the duo out of the Northwest region by August, gaining the NWA Pacific Northwest tag titles when the Sheepherders left the promotion.

The next stop for the Sheepherders was a brief stay in the Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling territory run by Jim Crockett. In MACW, the two won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship by beating Matt Borne and Buzz Sawyer for the gold. The Sheepherders held onto the gold for close to three months before dropping it to Dewey Robertson and Rocky Johnson on 12 December. After losing the titles, Luke and Butch headed for warmer weather as they traveled to Puerto Rico and began working for the World Wrestling Council as Los Pastores. While in Puerto Rico, the team won the WWC North American Tag Team Championship twice while touring the island.

The New Sheepherders (1981–1983)
After the team left WWC, Butch decided that he wanted to return closer to home and went to Australia to wrestle. Luke remained in the United States determined to keep the "Sheepherders" name on everyone's lips by teaming up with "Lord" Jonathan Boyd (formerly of the Royal Kangaroos). The duo of Williams and Boyd quickly gained a reputation of one of the most violent, hard-hitting teams in the business. One of the first people to feel the wrath of the "new and improved" Sheepherders was Robert Fuller in South Eastern Championship Wrestling. In December 1981, the Sheepherders won the NWA Southeast Tag Team Championship that had been vacated when Robert Fuller and Jos LeDuc split. After winning the title, Boyd and Williams became embroiled in a bitter feud with Robert Fuller and various partners including his brother Ron Fuller and his cousin Jimmy Golden (later known as Bunkhouse Buck). One act that made the Sheepherders the most hated men in SECW for a while was when the duo kayfabe attacked and injured Jimmy's father Billy Golden. After almost 10 months with the title, the Sheepherders were finally defeated by Fuller and Golden; this ended the feud on a high note for the face duo, as the Sheepherders were "run out" of the territory.

Boyd and Williams moved slightly more north as they began to work in the Memphis based promotion Continental Wrestling Association owned and operated by Jerry Jarrett and Jerry Lawler. In the CWA, the Sheepherders would start a feud that stood as their most memorable, bloody, and brutal as the team kicked off a long running feud with The Fabulous Ones (Stan Lane and Steve Keirn). The "pretty boy", well-polished Fabulous Ones and the ugly, brawling savage Sheepherders were the perfect opponents and repeatedly drew big gates all over the country. The matches started out pretty evenly, but soon turned brutal and often without a definite winner. In late 1982, the Sheepherders won the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship from Lane and Keirn, which only turned the intensity of the matches up a notch. Between late December and mid-February, the two teams traded the belts back and forth 4 times with the Fabulous Ones ending up with possession of them in the end. On 28 March, the Sheepherders wrestled their last match in the Mid-South Coliseum before leaving the CWA.

Boyd and Williams resurfaced in Southwest Championship Wrestling only weeks later, continuing their brutal and destructive ways. Their first target was the reigning Southwest Tag Team Champions "The Grapplers" (Len Denton and Tony Anthony). In May, the Sheepherders won the gold from the duo through nefarious means; before the match Williams and Boyd had bribed the Grapplers' manager Don Carson and promised he would become a tag team champion, Carson turned on the Grapplers mid match to ensure the Sheepherders' victory. The Sheepherders run with the gold was short lived; Jonathan Boyd legitimately broke his leg in a car accident in June which forced the SWCW to name Bobby Jaggers as a replacement. After Williams and Jagger lost a non-title match to Bob Sweetan and Sweet Brown Sugar, Williams turned on Jaggers and the titles were vacated. While Boyd was out with the broken leg, Williams was reunited with his old tag-team partner, Butch straight from Australia.

Butch returns (1983–1988)
Luke and Butch stayed with the SWCW through the rest of 1983 and into 1984. There, the two again came head-to-head with the Fabulous Ones; this time the prize was the SWCW World Tag Team Championship. The Fabulous Ones had supposedly won the titles in Australia, which is generally believed to be a fictitious tournament invented by the SWCW. The Sheepherders defeated the Fabs on 4 March and held the titles until the SWCW abandoned the tag team titles in September 1984. The next major stop for the Sheepherders was a return to Puerto Rico and the WWC, this time competing as "The Sheepherders" instead of "Los Pastores". On 6 January 1985, the team defeated Invader I and Invader III for the WWC North American Tag Team Championship in Bayamón, Puerto Rico. Butch and Luke lost and then regained the titles from Invaders I & III in March and held on to the gold until August when the Invaders won the tag team title back for good.

When Luke and Butch returned to main land USA and signed on with Bill Watts’ UWF, they quickly cemented their status by beating Ted DiBiase and Steve Williams for the UWF Tag Team Championship on 16 March 1986. The Sheepherders worked for Bill Watts on and off over the next couple of years, taking time out to participate in the first ever Jim Crockett Memorial Tag Team Cup where they made it to the third round. In the third round, the Sheepherders clashed with the Fantastics in an out-of-control brawl that ended in a double DQ. The winners of this match would have gone on to face eventual tournament winners The Road Warriors in the next round. Back in the UWF for their big "Mid South Superdome Show", the Sheepherders clashed with the Fantastics once more. This time, Luke and Butch lost in a "New Zealand Boot camp" match to the UWF Tag champs.

After being unable to beat the Fantastics on several occasions, the Sheepherders traveled back to Puerto Rico during the summer for a six-week run with the WWC World Tag Team Championship on 3 August. When their short run with WWC ended, Luke and Butch sought new challenges and traveled to Florida where they worked for Championship Wrestling from Florida. In Florida the Sheepherders came across their old arch enemies the Fabulous Ones, instantly rekindling their violent feud. This feud saw Luke and Butch end the Fabulous Ones' first reign with the NWA Florida United States Tag Team Championship; they kept the titles away from the Fabs until Lane and Keirn finally got the better of them on 30 November.

In 1987, the Sheepherders returned to the CWA once more. On 10 January, the New Zealanders beat the up-and-coming team of Badd Company (Pat Tanaka and Paul Diamond) for the CWA/AWA International Tag Team Championship. Unfortunately, they lost them back to Badd Company as fast as they had won them. After the quick run with Badd Company, the Sheepherders again became entangled in a feud with the Fabulous Ones in a rivalry that seemingly would never end. In what turned out to the last series of matches between the Sheepherders and the Fabulous Ones, the Fabs dominated the matches and again "ran off" the Sheepherders.

After leaving Memphis, the Sheepherders returned to Puerto Rico and the WWC. Here the Sheepherders started a bloody feud with Chris and Mark Youngblood that drew big crowds in Puerto Rico. The feud saw Luke and Butch win the WWC World Tag Team titles on 4 April and then defend them tooth and nail until the Youngbloods regained the gold on 10 May in a cage match. After their spring run with WWC, the Sheepherders returned to Florida and instantly became challengers for Mike Graham and Steve Keirn's NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. On 26 June, Luke and Butch added that title to their collection by brawling and cheating. Their run with the Florida titles came to an end on 29 August when Keirn and Graham regained the titles.

After losing the Florida titles, Luke and Butch returned to the UWF and started a second run with the UWF World Tag Team Championship after beating Brad Armstrong and Tim Horner on 16 October. The Sheepherders held the UWF tag team titles until the UWF was bought out by Jim Crockett and merged into Jim Crockett Promotions to form the forerunner of WCW. When the UWF merged Luke and Butch began working for JCP, participating in the third Jim Crockett, Sr. Memorial, Tag Team Tournament Cup losing to The Midnight Express (Bobby Eaton and Stan Lane) in the second round. At Clash of the Champions II, the Sheepherders faced off against the NWA United States Tag Team Champions the Fantastics, but did not win the gold. At Clash of the Champions III, the Sheepherders lost to Steve Williams and Nikita Koloff despite the interference of Rip Morgan. Just as it looked like the Sheepherders were going to face the Fantastics in the finals of a tournament to crown new United States tag team champions, Luke and Butch signed with Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation.

The Bushwhackers (1988–1996)
Luke and Butch signed on with the WWF in the midst of its aggressive national expansion giving them a national and international exposure unlike anything they had ever had before. The team changed their name to The Bushwhackers and changed their violent style to a comedic style which was an instant hit with the fans. The comedy act involved licking, arm motions, and more. The Bushwhackers made their debut on a matinee house show on 26 December 1988 facing The Bolsheviks.

In February, the Bushwhackers began a feud with The Fabulous Rougeau Brothers, the first feud to really feature the Bushwhackers on WWF television. The two teams took their conflict to WrestleMania V, which saw the Bushwhackers victorious in their WWF Pay Per View debut as a team. The WrestleMania match was not the end of the Bushwhackers/Rougeau feud, as the teams clashed again on 14 October Saturday Night's Main Event XXIII (taped 21 September); again, the Bushwhackers were victorious. The Bushwhackers and the Rougeaus clashed twice more, first at the 1989 Survivor Series and again at the 1990 Royal Rumble; the Bushwhackers got the best of the Rougeau brothers both times.

During this time, the Bushwhackers were featured in a long series of comedic vignettes, usually subjecting "Mean" Gene to their wild and wacky ways (and sardine eating antics). These vignettes were often featured on Coliseum Home Video releases where they served as the "link" between matches.

By 1990, the Bushwhackers were established as a solid mid-card comedy act feuding with the newly established heel team known as Rhythm and Blues (The Honky Tonk Man and Greg Valentine). The Bushwhackers' WrestleMania VI appearance came at the expense of Rhythm and Blues as they showed up during a segment, attacked Honky Tonk Man and Valentine, and then broke R & B's guitars to the delight of the crowd. At Survivor Series 1990, Luke and Butch teamed up with Nikolai Volkoff and Tito Santana to form "The Alliance" and take on Sgt. Slaughter, Boris Zhukov, and the Orient Express team dubbed "The Mercenaries". The Bushwhackers eliminated the Orient Express but were eliminated themselves as well.

At the 1991 Royal Rumble, Luke set a rather unfortunate record as he lasted a total of 4 seconds. Using the trademark arm-swing entrance, he climbed into the ring, walked across in a straight path, and was thrown over the top rope by Earthquake. In a televised 6-man tag-team match, the Bushwhackers teamed with Tugboat against Earthquake and the Nasty Boys; Tugboat turned on his partners after a few minutes of action and joined Earthquake in laying the two New Zealanders out cold. After the heel turn Tugboat changed his name to Typhoon and together they became known as "The Natural Disasters". The Bushwhackers demanded a chance to get even with the big team but were easily defeated at the 1991 SummerSlam PPV. After destroying the Bushwhackers, the Disasters targeted André the Giant who was at ringside on crutches due to an injury. The assault was stopped by the Legion of Doom who ran off the Natural Disasters.

After the Natural Disasters began feuding with the Legion of Doom, the Bushwhackers came across a team that was the total opposite of what they were. Luke and Butch the fun loving, "working class" guys started a feud with the rich, snobby bratty Beverly Brothers (Blake Beverly and Beau Beverly). The two teams first clashed at the 1991 Survivor Series where they were on opposite sides in a 4 on 4 elimination match. On that night, the Beverly Brothers got the upper hand and eliminated both Luke and Butch. The Beverly Brothers' manager The Genius kept interfering in the matches so the Bushwhackers brought in a manager of their own, the nerdy Jamison. Unfortunately even the addition of Jamison was not enough to prevent the Beverly Brothers from winning at Royal Rumble 1992. In 1993, the Bushwhackers were used to "put over" the newly signed team the Headshrinkers (Fatu and Samu) and made a few appearances in comedy matches alongside midget "Tiger" Jackson (later Dink "The Clown") against the Beverly Brothers and "Little" Louie.

In November, Luke and Butch helped Doink the Clown in the clown's feud with Bam Bam Bigelow. Luke and Butch, as well as Mo and Mabel, all appeared at Survivor Series 1993 wearing the trademark green wig and facepaint associated with Doink the Clown. The Bushwhackers and Men on a Mission defeated Bigelow, Bastion Booger, and the Headshrinkers in a match that played more for laughs than serious wrestling. The team also faced another recently signed team: Steven Dunn and Timothy Well also known as Well Dunn. By 1995, the Bushwhackers were used almost exclusively to put over teams such as The Blu Twins. They also worked for United States Wrestling Association in Memphis, Tennessee.

In March 1996, the Bushwhackers return were beaten in the first round of a tournament for the tag titles by eventual winners The Bodydonnas (Skip and Zip). When the Bushwhackers returned in 1996, it was a slightly revamped version that ignored the fact that both members were from New Zealand as they displayed traditional Australian Stereotypes, including being accompanied to the ring by a giant kangaroo mascot. On 14 September, the Bushwhackers made their last appearance while under contract with the WWF.

Late career (1996–2002)
After leaving the WWF, the team made special appearances in the independent circuit. This included a return to WWC for its 24th-anniversary show, where they were billed as the Sheepherders and took on old rivals Invaders I & II. They also appeared at Terry Funk's WrestleFest in Amarillo to celebrate "50 years of Funk", where they lost to old rivals Mark and Chris Youngblood.

They made two appearances for Extreme Championship Wrestling in April 1998. They wrestled Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman to a no contest. Then wrestled Chris Chetti and Jerry Lynn.

In 1999, Luke and butch participated in a "wrestling nostalgia" PPV called Heroes of Wrestling as the Men from Down Under. They took on and defeated former WWF Tag Team Champions The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff. They also wrestled in the UK in 2000, mainly for All Star Wrestling where they appeared in six man tags, teaming with Frank Casey who for some years had been performing as tribute act the "British Bushwhacker." Luke and Butch made one of their last appearances as active wrestlers on 1 April 2001, when they participated in the "Gimmick Battle Royal" at WrestleMania X-Seven. On 15 June, the team returned to Memphis one last time, fighting The Moondogs to a double Disqualification on a special "Mid-South Clash of the Legends" show. Butch retired in 2001 after suffering a neck injury.

In 2002, Luke started working behind the scenes as a booker in IWA Puerto Rico, retiring from active competition.

Return to wrestling (2007–present)
Luke made appearances with Ring of Honor starting with the final two shows in 2007, Rising Above and Final Battle. Luke hosted the Luke Williams show for Ring of Honor podcasts where he interviews ROH wrestlers.

In December 2007, Wickens again appeared on a wrestling program as Bushwhacker Luke. Wrestler Eric Young hosted a party on the Christmas-themed episode of Impact, and his family turned out to be the Bushwhackers. On 9 January 2008 in Adrian Michigan Luke made his in-ring return after 6 years out of the ring. He teamed with Big Chuck Wagon and lost to the BNU in the first round of a tag team titles tournament for Championship International Wrestling.

On 26 July 2008 in Detroit, Michigan Luke participated in the first ever Honor Rumble where the winner received a future ROH World Title shot. He was eliminated by Necro Butcher.

In September 2013 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada Luke teamed with Odjig Thundercloud and defeated the Royal Guards to capture the Victory Commonwealth Wrestling Tag Team Championships.

On 23 February 2015, it was announced by WWE that The Bushwhackers would be 2015 inductees into the WWE Hall of Fame. On 28 March 2015, they both attended the event to accept their induction.

In February 2018, the Bushwhackers reunited for one last tour of their native New Zealand. On 10 February, Bushwhacker Luke defeated Simon Seven at UCW's Invasion show, in Christchurch as well as defeating James Shaw at IPW's Kiwi as mate show, in Auckland.

On 11 September 2021, Luke defeated Gangrel at an event honoring the heroes of 9/11 in Ocala, Florida.

As of 2023, Luke stills wrestles at 76.

Other media
The Bushwhackers released their autobiography "The Bushwhackers: Blood, Sweat & Cheers", along with writer John E. Crowther, on 27 September 2022.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Allied Powers Wrestling Federation
 * APWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Can-Am Wrestling
 * Can-Am Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * CWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Butch Miller
 * Championship Wrestling from Florida
 * NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Jonathan Boyd
 * Flemish Wrestling Force
 * Flemish Wrestling Cup (2013)
 * International Wrestling Association
 * IWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Laredo Wrestling Alliance
 * LWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2012)
 * NWA All-Star Wrestling
 * NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship (Vancouver version) (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Pacific Northwest Wrestling
 * NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Butch Miller
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Class of 2020 - Inducted as a part of The Bushwhackers with Butch Miller.
 * Ring Around The Northwest Newsletter
 * Tag Team of the Year (1979–1980) with Butch Miller
 * Southeast Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jonathan Boyd
 * NWA Southeastern United States Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Sooner World Class Wrestling
 * SWCW Championship (1 time)
 * Southwest Championship Wrestling
 * SCW Southwest Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Jonathan Boyd (1) and Bobby Jaggers (1)
 * SCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Stampede Wrestling
 * NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (2 times) - with Butch Miller
 * Steeltown Pro Wrestling
 * SPW Provincial Championship (1 time)
 * Ultimate Championship Wrestling
 * UCW Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with The Honky Tonk Man and The Maritime Menace
 * Ultimate Championship Wrestling (Virginia)
 * UCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * United States Wrestling League
 * USWL Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Butch Miller
 * Universal Wrestling Federation
 * UWF World Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Butch Miller
 * Victory Commonwealth Wrestling
 * VCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Odjig Thundercloud
 * World Wide Wrestling Alliance
 * WWWA Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Butch Miller
 * World Wrestling Council
 * WWC North American Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Butch Miller
 * WWC World Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Butch Miller
 * WWE
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2015) - as a member of The Bushwhackers
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #363 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the PWI Years in 2003.
 * PWI ranked him #71 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Butch Miller in 2003.
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Worst Tag Team (1992, 1994) with Butch Miller
 * Worst Worked Match of the Year (1993) with Butch Miller and Men on a Mission vs. The Headshrinkers, Bastion Booger, and Bam Bam Bigelow at Survivor Series

title: Bushwhacker Luke


text:
User:Pablo-flores/u:eng

ŋ

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Pablo-flores/u:eng


text:
Bruce Hart (wrestler)

Bruce Edward Hart (born January 13, 1950) is an American-born Canadian retired professional wrestler, promoter, booker, trainer and school teacher. He is a second-generation wrestler and a member of the Hart wrestling family, being the second child of Stu and Helen Hart. He is best known for his time in Stampede Wrestling and several appearances for WWE, often with his brothers Bret and Owen.

As a wrestler Hart carried a number of championships, including the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship and participated in WWF's Survivor Series.

Early life
While his mother was pregnant with Hart she and her husband Stu suffered an automobile accident. This resulted in his older brother Smith being cared for by their maternal grandparents for almost two years while Helen recovered in the hospital.

He is of Greek descent through his maternal grandmother and Irish through his maternal grandfather. His father was mainly of Scots-Irish descent but also had Scottish and English ancestry. Hart is a dual citizen of Canada and the United States.

Headlining and injury (1972–1977)
Bruce Hart began his wrestling training in 1971, at the age of 21, in his father's training school "The Dungeon". Trained by Stu Hart, Bruce, like the rest of his family, was trained in and focused on a technically sound, amateur wrestling style.

He debuted in 1972, in his fathers Calgary promotion, Stampede Wrestling, tag teaming with Dan Kroffat in the main event, against North American Champion Kendo Nagasaki (the original masked British version) and his manager "Gorgeous" George Gillette (billed in Canada as "Lord Sloane of Kensington Gore".) For the next six months he remained a headline performer for the promotion, working against the likes of John Quinn, Benny Ramirez, Frank Butcher, Tor Kamata, Chatti Yokuchi and Yasu Fuji. In June 1973, he suffered a serious shoulder injury which sidelined him for 9 months and nearly finished his career. He returned in the summer of 1974, and continued as performer in Western Canada. Hart kept wrestling on and off but had relatively few matches until after 1977.

Time in England and Germany (1977–1978)
He traveled to the United Kingdom in 1977, where he wrestled under the name "Bronco" Bruce Hart for the London based Joint Promotions.

While there, he met a young Tom Billington and offered him an opportunity to wrestle for Stampede, which Billington declined. After a falling out with Joint Promotions, Billington, using the ring name Dynamite Kid, traveled to Canada and joined Stampede. Dynamite quickly became a huge star in Western Canada. As a result, Hart invited Billington's younger cousin, David Smith, to also come to Western Canada. Smith, who originally wrestled as Young David, later became known as Davey Boy Smith (after British lightweight boxing champion - Dave Boy Green) after Hart decided that it was a better ring name.

In 1978 Hart and Billington worked together as a tag team in the German promotion Catch Wrestling Association, they wrestled against Angel Grey and Michael Seitz. Hart also worked in singles matches against Seitz.

While working in Germany, Hart observed the German system of yellow cards to signify formal warnings (as with "Public Warnings" in British wrestling and "Avertisements" in French wrestling) three of which resulted in a red card and disqualification. He would subsequently bring this system back to Stampede where it was also imposed.

Booking and work in Japan (1979–1984)
From 1979 until 1984, Hart was in large part in charge of matchmaking and talent development, selling out regularly and producing a myriad of successful wrestlers, including: Jake Roberts, the Junkyard Dog, Jim Neidhart, "Dr. D." Dave Shultz, Honky Tonk Man, Bad News Allen (aka Bad News Brown) and Bret "the Hitman" Hart, the period was one where the company was generally breaking even.

In 1979 Hart won his first championship, the Stampede World Mid-Heavyweight Title from Dick Steinborn. In 1980 Hart won two championships, the World Mid-Heavyweight Title for a second time and the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Title. By the end of 1982 Hart won the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship two times and then a third time by the beginning of 1983.

In 1983 Hart worked for New Japan Pro Wrestling in their NJPW Bloody Fight Series. There he worked in singles matches against wrestlers such as Kengo Kimura, Kantaro Hoshino, Ryuma Go, Kuniaki Kobayashi and in tag team matches with wrestlers such as Bad News Allen and Tony St. Clair against Akira Maeda and Kengo Kimura with the former and against Isamu Teranishi and Rusher Kimura with the later as well as participating in three man tag matches with Dick Murdoch and Tony St. Clair against Antonio Inoki, Osamu Kido and Seiji Sakaguchi. Hart later in the year returned to Stampede. In March 1984 while back in Stampede Hart became Stampede International Tag Team Champion together with Davey Boy Smith.

Hart returned to New Japan in early April 1984 for the NJPW Big Fight Series where he primarily wrestled in singles matches, several of which were with Norio Honaga but also against other wrestlers such as Nobuhiko Takada, Tatsutoshi Goto, Masanobu Kurisu, Makoto Arakawa, Fumihiro Niikura, Isamu Teranishi. He also took part in one known tag match, partnering with Hercules Ayala against Haruka Eigen and Kantaro Hoshino.

Near the end of 1984, Bruce's father, Stu, accepted an offer from WWF president, Vince McMahon, to sell the promotion for $1,000,000, plus 10% of all subsequent WWF gates in Western Canada to the WWF. As part of the deal, several Stampede superstars, including Bret Hart, Dynamite Kid, Davey Boy and Neidhart also joined the WWF. However, several months later, Bruce violated the terms of the agreement by assisting a rival promotion in the territory, leading McMahon to renege on the deal.

Promoting (1985–1990)
As a result, near the end of 1985, Stu Hart decided to re-open the promotion with Bruce running most of it. Initially, the promotion, which had been hurt by the loss of most of its well-known wrestlers, struggled to remain afloat. As a consequence, Bruce chose to feature a new, edgier and more hard core style of wrestling - featuring villains: the Karachi Vice (Makhan and Vokhan Singh and the Great Gama), the Viet Cong Express (Hiroshi Hase and Nubohiko Niikura) Jason the Terrible, the masked Zodiak (Barry Orton) and younger babyfaces, such as Owen Hart, Ben Bassarab, Chris Benoit, Jushin Thunder Liger and the tag team Bad Company (Bruce Hart and Brian Pillman). In short order, the promotion would survive for the next several years, drawing reasonable gates and turning out a number of performers who would go on to have decent careers in other companies after the promotion's collapse. Despite this, the promotion suffered backstage due to Bruce and his father Stu having grave disagreements about how to handle storylines. The promotion shut down in 1989 when Stu's promoter's license expired and they could not afford to pay for a new one.

During this period Hart won five titles, the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship for the fifth time, the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship for the sixth time, the Stampede International Tag Team Championship for the third time with Brian Pillman as Bad Company, the Stampede International Tag Team Championship for the fourth time, again with Brian Pillman and the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship for the seventh time.

World Wrestling Federation (1992–1994)
Hart has made several appearances with his brothers Bret and Owen in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Bruce made his first appearance on the August 16, 1992, episode of WWF Superstars, where he sided with Davey Boy Smith in the run-up to SummerSlam 92. Bruce made his first in-ring appearance at the 1993 Survivor Series pay-per-view, teaming with his brothers Bret, Owen and Keith to take on Shawn Michaels and his "Knights" (The Red Knight, The Blue Knight and The Black Knight). The Knights theme was used as the team was supposed to be led by Jerry "The King" Lawler, who was having legal troubles at the same time as his feud with Bret Hart and was replaced by Michaels. The Hart Brothers won the match, with Owen being the only team member eliminated.

Owen's failure ignited a lengthy feud between Bret and Owen that would last for several years. The Owen and Bret feud was originally conceived as a feud between Bret and Bruce but Bret proposed to make it between him and Owen instead as he believed the dynamic for them would be superior. At the 1994 SummerSlam, the two brothers competed in a Steel Cage match for the WWF Championship. Bruce and several Hart brothers interfered in the match by climbing the cage. Bruce also appeared on an episode of Monday Night Raw in the summer of 1994.

Ultimate Championship Wrestling (1996–1997)
In 1996 Bruce Hart made a comeback to the ring with the independent New York based promotion Ultimate Championship Wrestling (UCW), where he wrestled with the likes of Chris Chavis, his brother-in-law Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart, Falcon Coperis, and Marty Jannetty and feuding with wrestlers such as Tiger Khan.

In UCW Hart was involved in and developed an nWo type storyline in which he and former WWE wrestlers portrayed greedy lazy fat-cat type villains who looked down on and used the younger rookie talent at the shows to make money and gain power in the promotion.

Hart was instrumental in the development of the young talent of the UCW.

Return to World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1997, 2010)
Bruce's next WWF appearance was at In Your House 16: Canadian Stampede when he interfered in the main event which pitted The Hart Foundation (Bret Hart, Owen Hart, British Bulldog, Brian Pillman and Jim Neidhart) against Stone Cold Steve Austin, Ken Shamrock, Goldust and Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal). Bruce played a key role in the finish of the match as he scuffled with Austin, allowing Owen to score the pinfall victory over Austin.

Bruce's next and most recent appearance in the renamed WWE was at WrestleMania XXVI, where he was the surprise Special Guest Referee for his brother Bret's first WWE match in 13 years, a No Holds Barred Lumberjack match against the WWE chairman Vince McMahon. McMahon thought that Bruce and the rest of Hart family were on his side, but they all turned on him and helped Bret win the match.

Promoting Stampede Wrestling (1999–2005)
Hart has attempted to revive Stampede Wrestling numerous times. In the late 90s Hart collaborated with his brother Ross Hart as promoters and bookers, this incarnation of Stampede Wrestling featured many third-generation members of the Hart family, including Natalya Neidhart, Teddy Hart and David Hart Smith.

In 2001 Hart won the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship for the first time. In 2002 he won four titles, the Stampede International Tag Team Titles a fifth time with his nephew Teddy Hart, the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship for the eight and last time, the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship as well as the Stampede International Tag Team Championships for the last time with TJ Wilson.

One of Hart's last matches for his and Ross's incarnation of Stampede Wrestling was in June 2003 in a match for the Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Title against Duke Durrango which Hart lost, leaving over the title to Durrango.

Teaching and miscellaneous work (1990–present)
In 2011 Hart wrestled in a Four-On-Three-Handicap-Match for Stampede Next Generation Stampede Wrestling together with his nephew Teddy Hart and Hal Eagletail against Big Jess, DerRic Super Starlight, The Inuit Warrior and Wyatt Beaver.

In 2012 Hart wrestled his last match for Real Canadian Wrestlings 9th Anniversary Show in a Six-Man-Tag-Team-No-Disqualiication where he wrestled against Andrew Hawks, Kid Kash and nephew Teddy Hart together with Heavy Metal and Tommy Lee Curtis.

He was a trainer at the original Hart Brothers University wrestling school during the 1990s. In June 2013, Hart resurrected the wrestling school. He continues to train wrestlers at the school together with his sons Torrin and Bruce Jr. in his hometown of Calgary, AB. Some of the wrestlers he has trained include Chris Benoit, David Hart Smith, Natalya, Teddy Hart and Tyson Kidd.

Since 2014 Hart has a weekly column and runs a podcast for the multimedia website PWP Nation formerly co hosted by wrestler and journalist Jordan Garber and Jay Alletto.

Other media
Hart has appeared on several wrestling documentaries, including the 2010 documentary Survival of the Hitman which is about his younger brother Bret Hart and the WWE released Hart and Soul: The Hart Family Anthology in which he has a segment dedicated to his career.

He was also present on the stage when his father Stu Hart was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.

Personal life
In 2011 Hart published an autobiography entitled Straight from the Hart.

Family
He has five children with his ex-wife, Andrea Hart: daughters Brit and Lara and sons Torrin, Bruce Jr. and Rhettger Hart. Rhett was born three months premature and suffers from cerebral palsy. Two of Bruce Hart's sons, Bruce Jr and Torrin, have been involved in pro wrestling.

Hart and his wife Andrea separated for a period from 2000 and Andrea started a relationship with Hart's former brother-in-law Davey Boy Smith until Smith's death in 2002. Andrea and Hart later reconciled but separated again after a time. Andrea died on December 27, 2019, at the age of 52.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Canadian Wrestling Hall of Fame
 * Class of 2001
 * Polynesian Pacific Wrestling
 * NWA Polynesian Pacific Tag Team Title (1 time) – with Keith Hart
 * Prairie Wrestling Alliance
 * Prairie Wrestling Alliance Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 366 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1997
 * Ranked No. 481 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * Stampede Wrestling
 * NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (2 times) – with Davey Boy Smith
 * Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship (8 times)
 * Stampede International Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brian Pillman (2) and Teddy Hart (1)
 * Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Stampede World Mid-Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)

title: Bruce Hart (wrestler)


text:
Talk:Filipendula ulmaria

Classification
Now considered to be in Filipendula. The article needs to be edited. WormRunner | Talk 14:53, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Etymology
In the article: "The name ulmaria means "elmlike", an odd epithet as it does not resemble the elm (Ulmus) in any way."

The leaves are a bit like the leaves of elm, which is where the name comes

 * There needs to be some specific reference for the taxonomical confusion. I am unsure if there is a different species called meadowsweet at spirea alba, or not. Philthecoffeejerk 20:24, 13 August 2006 (UTC). Meadowsweet was in the Spireas but is now reclassified as Filipendula, neither Spirea Alba or Filipendula Alba seem to be listed. As for the naming as Ulmaria it is vastly unlikely to be named after the N American Slippery Elm just because both contain some salyciates, it is most likely that similarity of leaf shape to common European Elm that would be noted by the scientific namers so I am removing some implausible and un-verified detail from the main text

Uses
In this sentence "This plant contains the chemicals used to make Aspirin, a small section of root, when peeled and crushed smells like Germaline, and when chewed is a good natural remedy for relieving headaches", I believe the author is referring to Germolene. Phersh (talk) 19:14, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Also, the sentence could do with a rewrite, as it's far from clear. There seem to be two statements: "the plant contains the chemicals used to make aspirin" and "a section of root ... smells like Germolene"; what is the connection between the two? Are the chemicals contained in the root? 86.149.153.198 (talk) 20:23, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:40, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Mention in Chaucer
and in Chaucer's The Knight's Tale it is known as Meadwort and was one of the ingredients in a drink called "save." Has anybody got a definitive reference to this. I've searched the entire Tales in both modern and middle english for medword, meadwort and save. Nothing turns up. The drink Mead itself is mentioned a few times but Meadowsweet seems to be missing. Pan narrans (talk) 00:04, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Filipendula ulmaria. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20121213144520/http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=48639 to http://www.globaltwitcher.com/artspec_information.asp?thingid=48639

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:25, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

Fly species
Cite said "Musca" which is very broad, but also mentioned Calliphoridae. Please double-check. Kortoso (talk) 17:48, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023
— Assignment last updated by IAMPLANTMAN (talk) 21:22, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Filipendula ulmaria


text:
User talk:RastNim

Welcome!

Hi. Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style
 * What Wikipedia is not
 * Wikiquette

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Sarg 14:53, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ze premade welcome messages (^) are pretty, no? Just want to say hello myself, noticed one of your LotR contributions. =) -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 02:16, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh yes. You may want to try catagorizing your new articles. This page has the main Middle Earth category, for example (with subcategories from that). If you want an example of how to do it, just try any article from there, edit it, and go to the bottom. Good luck on the ol' Wikipedia. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 02:19, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * It was premade, but it was made with Wikilove :) Sarg 08:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Block?
I don't believe I have blocked you--you don't show up on the block log, for example. It's probably a server error--the same sort of thing happened to me a few weeks ago, in which someone was told they were blocked by me, but I had never done so. I deeply regret the error, and I hope minor server troubles don't turn you off the encyclopedia. With luck, they'll be fixed pretty soon--I believe a bug report has already been filed about this. Best wishes, Meelar (talk) 17:02, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

About the Bootcamp
I'm pretty sur the Bootcamp is at 12 PM Eastern Standard Time so, yes, you'll have to be there at an entirely different hour :( However, I don't know the current status of the Bootcamp (that's why I didn't add it to the welcoming message per se). Try contacting Sj for more information on the subject. Oh, and happy editing! Sarg 19:36, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"Teeth of Mordor" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Teeth of Mordor. Since you had some involvement with the Teeth of Mordor redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Hog Farm (talk) 22:15, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

"Tol Brandir" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Tol Brandir. Since you had some involvement with the Tol Brandir redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Hog Farm (talk) 05:49, 9 January 2020 (UTC)

"Nibin-Nogrim" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Nibin-Nogrim. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 September 10 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Hog Farm Talk 03:36, 10 September 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:RastNim


text:
KAZA-TV

KAZA-TV (channel 54) is a television station licensed to Avalon, California, United States, serving the Los Angeles area as an owned-and-operated station of the classic television network MeTV. It is owned by Weigel Broadcasting alongside Bishop-licensed KVME-TV (channel 20) and low-power Class A MeTV+ station KHTV-CD (channel 6), Ontario-licensed Catchy Comedy outlet KPOM-CD (channel 14), and MeTV Toons affiliate KSFV-CD (channel 27). The stations share offices on Grand Central Avenue in Glendale; KAZA-TV's transmitter is located at the Mount Harvard Radio Site in the San Gabriel Mountains. KAZA-TV's primary channel is separate from the MeTV feed on the third digital subchannel of Anaheim-licensed KDOC-TV (channel 56), a Tri-State Christian Television (TCT) owned-and-operated station.

Even though KAZA-TV is licensed as a full-power station, its broadcasting radius does not reach all of Greater Los Angeles as it shares spectrum with KHTV-CD. Therefore, the station relies on cable and satellite carriage to reach the entire market.

History
The station first signed on the air on July 9, 2001, originally operating as an independent station, carrying a format of Spanish-language music videos temporarily until the launch of Azteca América on July 28. The station was founded by Visalia-based Pappas Telecasting (which initially held a 75% majority stake in the station, which expanded to 80% in 2014) and TV Azteca (which owned the remaining interest).

On November 30, 2006, NBC Universal (owner of rival KVEA, channel 52 and then-owner of KWHY, channel 22) filed a petition with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to deny KAZA's license renewal, on basis that TV Azteca controlled 51.6% of the station (above the FCC-designated 33% interest limit for foreign owned broadcasters) via loans and other interests. According to the Los Angeles Times, it is believed to be the first challenge to a license renewal sent to the FCC since 1979 (notwithstanding the two-decade long RKO General license challenges including KHJ-TV that were not fully sorted until the late 1980s).

According to the filing, NBC Universal accused TV Azteca of attempting to undermine its operations in Mexico. One example cited is the shutdown of production of the Telemundo program Quinceañera. NBC Universal accused TV Azteca of hiring undercover police officers to enforce the shutdown; the show's production was moved to Miami as a result. Two days later, Azteca chairman, Luis Echarte, insisted that the local marketing agreement is legitimate and called NBC Universal's allegations "ridiculous", citing that: "It's obviously a ploy to damage our image, given our strong performance in the U.S.," he says. "KAZA is owned by Pappas. We’ve been paying rent to Pappas to operate the station for three years."

On September 8, 2017, Pappas Telecasting and TV Azteca announced they would sell KAZA to Chicago-based Weigel Broadcasting for $9 million. On January 1, 2018, KJLA (channel 57) replaced KAZA as the Azteca America affiliate for the Los Angeles market. Weigel Broadcasting assumed operational responsibilities for KAZA as well as ownership of its license on January 3, 2018, and converted into an owned-and-operated station of Weigel-owned MeTV as "MeTV Los Angeles". Prior to the switch, the MeTV affiliation was split between the DT3 feed of Anaheim-based KDOC-TV (channel 56) and Bishop-based KVME-TV (channel 20). KVME became an affiliate of MeTV's sister network, Heroes & Icons (H&I) on January 15, 2018 until 2020 when it moved H&I to its second digital subchannel and switched its primary affiliation to Jewelry Television.

On August 31, 2018, Decades soft-launched on KAZA-DT2, ahead of it moving three days later officially from KCBS-DT2 to launch fellow Weigel network Start TV.

On February 28, 2022, subchannel 54.2 was upgraded to 720p high definition. On May 26, 2022, Story Television moved to 54.2, with Decades moving to KPOM-CD 14.1.

Analog-to-digital conversion
KAZA-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 54, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 47, using virtual channel 54.

title: KAZA-TV


text:
The Parent Rap

"The Parent Rap" is the second episode and official premiere of the thirteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 11, 2001. In the episode, Bart and his father, Homer, are sentenced by the cruel judge Constance Harm to be tethered to each other as a result of Bart stealing Police Chief Wiggum's car thanks to Homer's negligence. Eventually, Homer's wife, Marge, is fed up with the punishment and cuts the rope, which instead leads to Judge Harm sentencing them to have their heads and hands locked up in wooden stocks.

The episode was written by George Meyer and Mike Scully, who also served as the show runner for the episode, and Mark Kirkland worked as the director. The writers based the story on “a couple of incidents” in real life in which troublesome children, through alternative sentencing, were tethered to their parents. The episode marks the first appearance of the infamous and notoriously cruel Judge Constance Harm, who is voiced by actress Jane Kaczmarek.

When it was first broadcast, “The Parent Rap” was watched by 14.4 million viewers, making it the second most watched show of its timeslot that night. After its release on DVD and Blu-ray, however, the episode garnered mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
After missing the bus, Bart and Milhouse are given a ride to school by Homer, but are evicted from the car after Homer spots the opportunity to win a competition by local radio station KBBL (the prizes being $40 and a Blue Öyster Cult medallion). Being forced to walk to school, they get into trouble and are arrested for stealing Chief Wiggum's squad car. Milhouse gets off but when Bart comes to the bench, Judge Constance Harm (voiced by Jane Kaczmarek) takes over and lays down the law while Judge Snyder is on his fishing trip. Upon learning that Homer deliberately ditched Bart for the radio station prize, Judge Harm angrily sentences both of them to be tethered together. Initially, this brings Bart and Homer closer together, despite Homer disrupting Bart's education and later getting cut up by glass during a baseball game. However, things soon go wrong, such as Bart being left outside in the cold while Homer drinks at Moe's, and again when Marge and Homer try to have sex when Bart does his homework, leading father and son to fight one another. Fed up with the punishment, Marge then finally cuts the tether, only for her and Homer to be brought back before Harm and have their heads and hands locked up in old-fashioned wooden pillories, as well as being slapped on the buttocks from passing cars.

Unable to bear the punishment any longer, they break free using Ned Flanders's power tools and decide to get back at the judge by hanging an insulting banner from her houseboat. The plan goes awry when they are cornered by Harm's guard seal Poncho and accidentally sink the boat, being once again brought into court. When Bart pleads to take full responsibility for his parents' actions, Harm agrees and almost sentences Bart to five years in juvenile hall when Snyder returns from his fishing trip and declares a verdict of "Boys will be boys," dismissing the case. While driving home afterwards, Marge makes the entire family promise not to break the law again for a whole year — a promise that Homer instantly breaks when he accidentally runs over Hans Moleman.

Production and cultural references
"The Parent Rap" was co-written by George Meyer and Mike Scully, and Mark Kirkland served as the director for the episode. It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on November 11, 2001. The title of the episode is a reference to The Parent Trap. Even though "Treehouse of Horror XII" - the first episode of the thirteenth season - had aired the previous week, "The Parent Rap" was considered the official premiere of the season. "The Parent Rap" was the last episode written in its production line. "As I recall, we got toward the end of the season and we had to write another episode in a hurry", said Meyer in a DVD audio commentary for the episode. Judge Constance Harm is a parody of Judge Judy.

The writing staff contributed a rough outline for the episode, and Meyer and Scully went into one of the writer's room and "basically, kind of locked [themselves] in for five days" writing the episode. Meyer and Scully both thoroughly enjoyed the writing process of the episode; "It really came together easily", stated Meyer, "...because we had known each other so long and were comfortable with each other's style". Ian Maxtone-Graham, one of the writers for The Simpsons, commented that the draft Meyer and Scully had written was "awfully good".

The episode was based on "a couple of incidents" that the writers had heard about in which troublesome children, through alternative sentencing, were tethered to their parents. The scene in which Homer and Marge get spanked by Springfield's citizens as part of their punishment was also based on an alternative sentencing, in which the sentenced had to wear certain shirts or signs that indicated whether they, for example, had not paid taxes. The scene in which Bart accidentally drives away with Chief Wiggum's police car was based on one of Scully's friends in high school, who stole a still running police car parked at a Dunkin' Donuts while the police were in the store.

The episode featured the first appearance of Judge Constance Harm, portrayed by American actress Jane Kaczmarek. At the time of the episode's airing, Kaczmarek starred on Fox's Malcolm in the Middle. The character's name was conceived by Meyer, who had always thought that Constance was a scary name.

The episode makes several references to Blue Öyster Cult's hit song "(Don't Fear) The Reaper", which also plays during the episode's end credits, and inspired the title of a later episode. Meyer later got to meet the band, who said that they were "stoked" to be referenced in a Simpsons episode.

Release
In its original American broadcast on November 11, 2001, "The Parent Rap" was seen by approximately 14.4 million viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research. The episode received a 6.9 rating/16 share among adults between ages 18 and 49, making it the second most-watched television show of the night in its demographic. The episode was listed among the 15 most watched shows in its demographic that week.

Following the episode's broadcast, as well as the home video release of thirteenth season of The Simpsons, "The Parent Rap" received generally mixed reviews from critics.

Writing for the Daily News, Eric Mink gave the episode a mixed review. "To be sure, the show has its moments", wrote Mink, "But there's not much zip here, and the show has, of all things, a warm-and-fuzzy ending... 'The Simpsons' and warm-and-fuzzy is not a healthy combination".

Nate Boss of Project-Blu described the episode as "filler" and praised the episode's concept, but criticized how the episode was executed.

Colin Jacobsson of DVD Movie Guide also gave the episode a mixed response, and wrote that "'Rap' starts with a clever – if absurd – concept", but "does little to churn good comedy out of its theme", and concluded by calling the episode "disappointing".

Jennifer Malkowski, reviewing the season for DVD Verdict, was more positive towards the episode. Giving the episode a rating of B+, Malkowski listed "The Parent Rap" among episodes in the season where "We see wacky scenarios force Homer to bond with his family, to a rather heartwarming effect".

Ron Martin of 411Mania was also favorable, calling the episode "decent".

title: The Parent Rap


text:
Commissioners of Irish Lights

The Commissioners of Irish Lights (Coimisinéirí Soilse na hÉireann), often shortened to Irish Lights or CIL, is the body that serves as the general lighthouse authority for Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and their adjacent seas and islands. As the lighthouse authority for the island of Ireland it oversees the coastal lights and navigation marks provided by the local lighthouse authorities, the county councils and port authorities.

It is funded by light dues paid by ships calling at ports in the Republic of Ireland, pooled with dues raised similarly in the United Kingdom. This recognises that a large volume of shipping, typically transatlantic, relies on the lights provided by Irish Lights.

History
Signal fires to guide shipping have long existed. Hook Head has the oldest nearly continuous light in Ireland, originally a signal fire or beacon tended by the monk Dubhán in the fifth century. Monks continued to maintain the light until the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1641.

King Charles II re-established the lighthouse in 1667. He granted a patent for the erection of six lighthouses to Robert Reading, some replacing older lighthouses, at Hook Head, Baily Lighthouse at Howth Head, Howth sand-bar, Old Head of Kinsale, Barry Oge's castle (now Charlesfort, near Kinsale), and the Isle of Magee.

In 1704 Queen Anne transferred the lighthouses around the Irish coast to the Revenue Commissioners.

The Corporation for Preserving and Improving the Port of Dublin was established under an Act of the Parliament of Ireland, the Dublin Port Act 1786 (26 Geo. 3. c. 19 (I)), entitled An Act for Promoting the Trade of Dublin, by rendering its Port and Harbour more commodious.

The Lighthouses (Ireland) Act 1810 (50 Geo. 3. c. 95) transferred responsibility for all lighthouses around Ireland's coast to the Port of Dublin Corporation, with the lighthouse operation becoming known as the 'Irish Lights Board'. The Dublin Port Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. lxxxi) reconstituted the Port of Dublin Corporation into the Dublin Port and Docks Board with responsibility purely for the port, and created the new 'Commissioners of Irish Lights' to act as the general lighthouse authority.

These acts, modified by the Irish Lights Commissioners (Adaptation) Order, 1935, remain the legislative basis for the CIL.

Irish Lights has moved its headquarters from Dublin to a purpose-built new building in Harbour Road, Dún Laoghaire.

Granuaile III
The commissioners currently have only one light tender in service named ILV Granuaile. The hull was built at Galați shipyard, Romania, in 2000 and fitted out at Damen Shipyards in the Netherlands. She is registered in Dublin and has a, has a length overall of 79.6 metres (261') and a beam of 15.99 metres (52'6"). She is the third vessel named Granuaile to have served the Commissioners. Granuaile II was in service between 1970 and 2000, and she was preceded by the first Granuaile from 1948 to 1970. Because of the automation of lighthouses, and the extensive use of helicopters by the Commissioners, CIL now need only one tender in service. The ship has diesel-electric propulsion and is extremely manoeuvrable, and is therefore ideal for her role in maintaining the automatic navigation buoys in Irish waters. In 2003 she was involved in the recovery of the fishing boat Pisces, which sank off Fethard, County Wexford, in July 2002.

Other vessels

 * Princess Alexandra (1863–1904)
 * Tearaght (1892–1928) – see Kingstown Lifeboat Disaster
 * Moya (1893–1905)
 * Ierne (1898–1954)
 * Alexandra (1904–1955)
 * Deirdre (1919–1927)
 * Nabro (1926–1949)
 * Isolda (1928–1940) (Sunk off the Saltee Islands County Wexford by German aircraft)
 * Discovery II (1947–1948)
 * Valonia (1947–1962)
 * Granuaile (1948–1970)
 * Blaskbeg (1953–1955)
 * Isolda (1953–1976)
 * Ierne II (1955–1971)
 * Atlanta (1959–1988)
 * Granuaile II (1970–2000)
 * Gray Seal (1988–1994)

Flags
The Commissioners of Irish Lights is a cross-border body, with its headquarters in Dublin. The current flag of the Irish Lights features lightships and lighthouses between the arms of the St. Patrick's Cross. The St. George's Cross was used until 1970. CIL vessels in Northern Ireland fly the Blue Ensign defaced with the commissioners' badge and those in the Republic fly the Irish tricolour.

Infrastructure
The CIL operate and maintain the majority of the aids to navigation around the Irish coastline. This includes 64 lighthouses, 20 beacons and over 100 buoys. It also operates more than 100 automatic identification system transmitters, and 23 radar beacons.

title: Commissioners of Irish Lights


text:
Michael Gorman (librarian)

Michael Gorman (born 6 March 1941 in Witney, Oxfordshire) is a British-born librarian, library scholar and editor/writer on library issues noted for his traditional views. During his tenure as president of the American Library Association (ALA), he was vocal in his opinions on a range of subjects, notably technology and education. He currently lives in the Chicago area with his wife, Anne Reuland, an academic administrator at Loyola University.

Gorman's principles of librarianship derive from core liberal, democratic and humanist values. A key influence is S.R. Ranganathan, whom he regarded as "the greatest figure of librarianship in the 20th century." He maintains that it is through focusing on core professional values that librarians will facilitate personal growth and enhance the success of their institutions.

Life and career
Gorman grew up in London, England and became interested in libraries in part through his experiences at Hendon library and particularly its Children's Library run by a pioneer in the field Eileen Colwell. He attended Ealing Technical College (now University of West London) in London from 1964 to 1966.
 * 1966 to 1977 – Head of Cataloguing at the British National Bibliography, a member of the British Library Planning Secretariat, and Head of the Office of Bibliographic Standards in the British Library.
 * 1977 to 1988 – Director of Technical Services, Director of General Services, and Acting University Librarian at Library of the University of Illinois
 * 1988 to 2007 – Dean of Library Services at the Henry Madden Library, California State University, Fresno, retiring in 2007.
 * 1999 to 2000 – President of the Library and Information Technology Association.
 * 2005 to 2006 – President of the American Library Association (ALA).

He has also taught at library schools in Britain and in the United States, most recently at the UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies.

Gorman's ideas
Gorman bases his principles of librarianship on core liberal, democratic and humanistic values. Underlying Gorman's fervent defense of his values of librarianship is a strong apprehension regarding the future of the profession.

Eight central values of librarianship
In Our Enduring Values, Gorman identified eight central values of librarianship :

 * 1) Stewardship : Gorman argues that librarians have a key role to play in preserving the human record for future generations.     He maintains that librarians must pass on their best values to future information professionals.
 * 2) Service : According to Gorman, an ethic of service should permeate all library policies and practices.   Gorman stresses the duty of librarians to serve individuals, communities and societies is best fulfilled through a combination of professional skills, empathy and personal dedication.   He argues that librarians need to act idealistically in a materialistic age.
 * 3) Intellectual Freedom : Librarians lead the fight for intellectual freedom.   Librarians, Gorman maintains, must zealously fight to protect free expression of thought, even if the ideas concerned contradict the librarian's own personal convictions.
 * 4) Privacy : The freedom to access whatever materials an individual wishes, without the knowledge or interference of others. Gorman insists that confidentiality is a "bond of trust" between libraries and their patrons.
 * 5) Rationalism : Gorman argues that libraries are "children of the Enlightenment and of rationalism" and that librarianship is a "supremely rational profession".   This principle should underpin library procedures, and encourage the logical organization and classification of stock.
 * 6) Commitment to literacy and learning : Reading is of central importance to literacy and lifelong learning.   Gorman formulates a broad definition of 'literacy' beyond the mere ability to read, write and surf the net: his concept encompasses comprehensive, 'true' reading which is fulfilling and expands the mind.
 * 7) Equity of access : Gorman argues that the 'digital divide' is but one manifestation of societal inequality and that all library services, in particular reference services, have a role to play in bridging the gap and providing equity of access.
 * 8) Democracy : Gorman describes libraries as "supremely democratic institutions". Because democracy, he insists, depends on a "well-informed electorate" the library is integral to promoting education and maintaining democracy.   If people are to exercise good judgement in electing representatives, they need to be highly informed and have access to written records: the library plays a central role therefore in maintaining democracy.

These Eight Values have been heavily influenced by the Buddhist Noble Eightfold Path.

Critique of his values
Gorman's selection and defence of his eight central values has attracted some criticism: for example, his championing of 'stewardship' as a central ethical tenet unique to librarianship, which cannot be shared by other information professionals, has been attacked as "too narrow and exclusive". His impassioned defence of intellectual freedom has also been dismissed in some quarters as "empty rhetoric" and "hyperbole". Gorman's views have also been dismissed by some as seemingly contradictory: on the one hand he praises Ranganathan's core values of library science; on the other he claims "information science" is a "bogus discipline". After a careful reading of Gorman's use of the phrase "bogus discipline," one can see that his beliefs are not in contradiction to Ranganathan, however, as he is supplying a critique of library science schools in what he views as a departure from the core values that should be taught.

Five New Laws of Librarianship
Gorman has expanded and added a more contemporary focus to Ranganathan's Five Laws of Library Science. The re-working of the classic five laws is an attempt "to meet the challenges of fast paced social and cultural changes affecting library users and the rapid proliferation of technology in library operations". The five laws are:
 * 1) Libraries serve humanity : This law encompasses the assistance of individuals and the lofty ideal of the "furtherance of the higher aspirations of mankind".   This law also implies an altruistic desire to provide quality service and to exceed the expectations of all users.
 * 2) Respect all forms by which knowledge is communicated : Gorman advocates the use of various forms of "carriers of knowledge and information".  He recommends a utilitarian approach – using whatever is more effective, cost effective, or advantageous.
 * 3) Use technology intelligently to enhance service : Librarians, Gorman argues, must welcome and integrate new technologies.   Yet he is clear that print-on-paper will remain the "pre-eminent medium for the communication of cumulative knowledge"  Technology must be used to solve problems and improve services, and achieve cost-effectiveness, rather than adopted for its own sake.
 * 4) Protect free access to knowledge : Allowing the records of the past to disappear is, from Gorman's perspective, "a kind of censorship".  It is the librarian's responsibility to ensure intellectual freedom because Gorman asserts, a "society without uncensored libraries is a society open to tyranny".
 * 5) Honor the past and create the future : Gorman advocates the need to balance nostalgia for a pre-digital past with the need to embrace new technologies, in a selective way based upon the extent to which they will enhance library service.  He points to a need to respect the accomplishments of predecessors in the field of information science, whilst celebrating new developments in the field of librarianship.

Educating the librarian
As part of his platform when running for ALA President in 2006, Gorman pledged to address what he called the education crisis.

The article "Whither Library Education?" set out his views on the current state of LIS education. He concluded that LIS education had become technocentric, male-dominated and out of touch with the needs of practitioners. This view was critiqued by Dillon and Norris, while both papers were critiqued by Pawley for their treatment of the issue of gender in librarianship.

Library and Information Science academics also responded in the professional press, questioning whether there was a crisis to address.

During his year in office, Gorman introduced an initiative intended to discuss the issue of education. Sessions were held with practitioners and academics. However, Gorman's traditional views may have led to younger librarians turning away from the idea and their views not being represented: "Whatever the case, after all that effort we still don't know what current students and recent graduates really think about the educations upon which they spend so much money".

Despite the initiative, accreditation and curricula remained unchanged at the end of Gorman's tenure.

Perspectives
Gorman's views on the Internet, digitisation of books, Google, citizen journalism, and information science are widely discussed. Two publications in particular caused heated debate, particularly within the librarian blogging community:
 * the 2004 article "Google and God's Mind", originally printed in the Los Angeles Times
 * the 2005 response article "Revenge of the Blog People!", originally printed in Library Journal.

Digitisation
In 2004 Google announced its plan to digitize the collections of five major research libraries. This would allow both Google and the libraries in question, The University of Michigan, Oxford, New York Public, Harvard and Stanford, to have access to digitized copies of millions of texts. Michael Gorman, then ALA president, responded to this announcement with an article in the Los Angeles Times 'Google and God's Mind' where he made clear his disapproval of the digitisation project. This disapproval was based on what he sees as a clear distinction between information and real knowledge. Gorman defines information as facts, data, images and quotations that can be used out of context, while real knowledge denotes literary and scholarly texts. This distinction informs Gorman's observations about online information retrieval which he characterises as being more focused on quick and easy access to facts.

In his later article, Gorman argues that to "Google boosters", speed is of the greatest import: "...just as it is to consumers of fast "food", but, as with fast food, rubbish is rubbish, no matter how speedily it is delivered". However, he suggests that real knowledge is acquired through a traditional scholarly approach to books.

Gorman later gave this opinion on digitising books: ...massive databases of digitized whole books, especially scholarly books, are expensive exercises in futility based on the staggering notion that, for the first time in history, one form of communication (electronic) will supplant and obliterate all previous forms.

Digital Initiatives Technology Librarian Peter Binkley discussed this view on his blog and also noted that a digitisation project does not necessarily involve shredding the books once they are scanned. He even suggests that Gorman himself highlights how digitised databases like Google's make it possible for users to find books and order them by inter-library loan. He also refutes Gorman's "for the first time in history" claim mentioning two previous "transformations" of information delivery over the last couple of millennia: the move from papyrus to vellum codex and the move from manuscript to the printed book. Overall, Binkley felt that, as ALA president-elect, Gorman should accept that digitisation of books is inevitable and that he should "make himself useful by working to ensure that this reformatting goes well".

In 2006, during his term as head of the ALA, Gorman attended the Online Information Conference in London, where he criticised the library profession for being "too interested in technology".

Gorman, however, is not opposed to digitising books per se, but feels that particular types of information, such as inter alia dictionaries, encyclopaedias and gazetteers are suitable candidates for digitisation, while other forms of real knowledge such as whole books (especially scholarly books) and large databases are not suitable for digitisation.

Blogging
Many of the responses to Gorman's article were voiced in the digital domain, with many library and information themed blogs criticising Gorman's opinions, although some bloggers agreed with some of Gorman's stance on digitisation. Gorman credits these responses as making him aware of blogging and leading to him writing Revenge of the Blog People!, in which he criticises the blogging medium and the opinions of his critics. This led to further heated discussion, firstly on blogs then in the professional press. Karen Schneider, an ALA member who writes the Free Range Librarian blog, dubbed the controversy "Gormangate" and shared her concerns about how his words portrayed the library profession, which was subsequently picked up by the professional press. Library Journal, which published Gorman's piece, commented on the decision to publish the piece, noting that the discussion had been beneficial and that: The power of the blogosphere as a new way to communicate ideas and spread news electronically has been reinforced for all [Library Journal staff]. The journal went on to announce that they would be carrying a technology blog on their website.

One blogger, Michael Stephens, who wrote an open letter to Gorman, which he published on his blog, was so inspired by the subject that he chose to write his doctoral thesis on blogging in librarianship.

Michael Gorman went on to create blog entries of his own for the Encyclopædia Britannica Blog. In the entry "Web 2.0: The Sleep of Reason", he notes how the rise of Web 2.0 has contributed to "an increase in credulity and an associated flight from expertise". In "Siren Song of the Internet", he writes that, although the Internet has shaped our lives in many ways for the better, "we must exercise judgment, use digital resources intelligently, and import into the digital world the values that have pervaded scholarship in Western societies for many centuries". In "Jabberwiki: The Educational Response", he states that discussed how the Web offers texts that are of "doubtful or unestablishable authenticity" how using the Web for research can lead to incomplete research, and the dubious nature of Web-based learning. Finally, in "Challenging the Technophiles", Gorman argues in favor of "sustained reading of complex texts" but notes that Google and the Internet are not helpful in that endeavor.

Personal opinions and spokesmanship
Despite holding such an influential position in the American Library Association, Gorman has made it clear that many of his criticisms are personal and not representative of the ALA. For example, on technology and the Google digitisation, Gorman says: "The Google project has been enthusiastically embraced and I think that is a mistake. I am not speaking on behalf of the ALA. That has no position on the Google digitisation project. I, on the other hand, do".

While Gorman maintains that he is voicing his own opinion, it was commented that when he is identified as the president of the largest professional library organisation in North America: ...his words have huge legal, political and economic consequences for the entire information science profession.

In regards to Wikipedia, Gorman once stated that "a professor who encourages the use of Wikipedia is the intellectual equivalent of a dietician who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".

Other commentators have also noted that irrespective of his protestations, the perception on the wider world and the media is that Gorman represents the profession and this can be detrimental to public perception of librarians.

Educating people
Gorman noted with alarm the results of an adult literacy assessment, which showed that reading proficiency of college graduates has declined in the past decade. He said he has been shocked by how few new freshmen understand how to use basic library systems, or enjoy reading for pleasure. "There is a failure in the core values of education," he said. "They're told to go to college in order to get a better job -- and that's okay. But the real task is to produce educated people."

Gorman has spoken extensively on the problems facing library education, particularly in the USA. He proposes the need to restructure library education in the 21st century, focusing on changes in curricula, faculty, and diversity in library education. Gorman believes that students are too focused on learning without goals in mind and that educators are too inclined to change everything just because the internet and all its resources has arrived and that instead, it should be used as an accompaniment to existing educational methods.

The importance of the book
Since his first book (with Walt Crawford), Gorman has stressed the importance of the book in the place of the library and Gorman has suggested that only books can bestow true knowledge on the reader. He emphasises the importance of the book throughout his works. He has expressed concern at the way research has become simply typing a few works in a search engine and says that serious research is impossible to carry out using this method without the additional reading of books.

Christianity
Michael Gorman presented Our Enduring Values to the Association of Christian Libraries (ACL) and further reviews of his book have suggested that the eight proposed values which librarians should follow are more closely related to biblical theism than the humanistic beliefs Gorman believes. Further work by the ACL has developed ideas relating to the formulation of a Christian approach to library values.

Ethical beliefs
In Gorman's publications, he focuses on the importance on the preserving of information and knowledge and the importance of the librarian in helping to achieve this. In Gorman's eight values, he stresses the importance of a librarian having strong values and an ethical stance because these will help the librarian in their job. Failure is bearable because the decisions that caused that failure are based on a person's own beliefs and a person secure in their values is more likely to have higher self-esteem. The importance of librarians reflecting on their own decisions and responsibilities can be seen in Our Singular Strengths and Our Own Selves which feature meditations for librarians, which librarians can use to reaffirm their own profession.

Publications
Gorman has written extensively about librarianship and issues in library science in the professional and academic press, as well as editing and authoring several books, including:
 * Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd ed (2005) ALA Editions; 2nd edition ISBN 978-0-8389-3555-2 – Gorman was the first editor of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules second edition in 1978. AACR2 is one of the most popular cataloguing systems in the world; this guidebook accompanies the system, and aims to explain the rules for cataloguing library materials in simplified terms for practitioners and students.
 * The Concise AACR2 (2004) Facet Publishing; 4th revised edition ISBN 1-85604-540-4 – now in its fourth edition, this revision aims to explain the more generally applicable AACR2 rules for cataloguing library materials for practitioners and students who are in less complicated library and bibliographic environments. It is intended for users who do not require extensive detail, but prefer a summary of AACR2 practice.
 * Future Libraries: Dreams, Madness, and Reality (with Walt Crawford) ALA Editions ISBN 0-8389-0647-8 – co-written with Walt Crawford, Gorman argues that libraries can and should welcome advanced technologies while preserving their traditional role as service-oriented repositories of organised information and knowledge. He states that virtual libraries will destroy the impact libraries have on society, and as a result proposes what he calls a "human-oriented" approach to technology. A review in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology stated "As the chapters unfold, a wealth of important information and observations about digital technology is presented, particularly the failure of computers to correlate with the often hyperbolic gush of promise for a more economical, streamlined, and utilitarian workplace.", while another reviewer argued that some of the points from the book are ludicrous and suggests that the impact of technological advancements and the longevity of printed works has been exaggerated and instead could lead to a "dangerous complacency" within the profession.
 * Our Singular Strengths: Meditations for Librarians (1997) ALA Editions ISBN 0-8389-0724-5 – this book, precursor to Our Own Selves, is a collection of 144 meditations with a short essay and resolution.
 * Since 2008, Gorman has written articles on English for the now defunct Vocabula Review.
 * He has written essays on Dickens, paratext, P.G.Wodehouse, and James Joyce for The Caxtonian, the magazine of the Caxton Club.
 * Technical Services Today and Tomorrow (1998) Greenwood Press; 2nd revised edition ISBN 1-56308-590-9 – This book discusses the issues surrounding technology and libraries, centred on the technical services in libraries with views on its future. The four main sections deal with acquisition, bibliographic control, automation and administration. It aims to provide an overview of the way in which technical services are building on the foundations of past work to overcome the new challenges of the present, and aims to remind readers of the technical core of librarians' activities. Like many of Gorman's other books, this text is primarily intended as an academic textbook, and Philip Hider in Library Management wrote that "this book would serve as a primer for library school students".
 * Our Enduring Values: Librarianship in the 21st Century (2000) ALA Editions ISBN 0-8389-0785-7 -in this work, Gorman attempts to define the role of both library and librarians, discussing the core values of the profession. Gorman proposes eight values of librarianship which he believes are the principles which underpin the profession and, in turn, underpin democracy. The books considers the role of the library today, librarianship in the 21st century, what patrons and communities want from their libraries, the effects of new and changing technology on libraries, and ways to maintain the core values of librarianship into the future. Some professionals have criticised the book for some of the personal opinions on which Gorman focuses, and questioned its suitability as an academic textbook for the library and information sector.
 * The Enduring Library: Technology, Tradition, and the Quest for Balance (2003) ALA Editions ISBN 0-8389-0846-2 – This book discusses the issues surrounding traditional library services and the ideas of technology dominance. Gorman's argument is that to comprehend the influence of technology on society and libraries, we need to understand the history and development of technology. He claims that libraries have forever been affected by technology, suggesting we are in a significant point in the development and evolution of libraries. The book surveys the digital world and the internet, library work and the future of libraries, with special focus on reference and cataloguing. It also examines the impact of modern living on information overload and stress
 * Our Own Selves: More Meditations for Librarians (2005) ALA Editions ISBN 978-0-8389-0896-9. – 100 essays focusing on the issues central to the library profession. This is a follow-up to Gorman's earlier work, Our Singular Strengths (1997).
 * Our Enduring Values Revisited: Librarianship in an Ever-Changing World (2015) ALA Editions ISBN 978-0-8389-1300-0
 * He has been editor of the Caxtonian since 2019.

Awards

 * Margaret Mann Citation (1979)
 * Melvil Dewey Medal (1992)
 * Blackwell's Scholarship Award (1997)
 * California Library Association/Access, Collections, Technical Services Section Award of Achievement (1999)
 * Highsmith Award (2001)
 * Honorary Doctorate, Thames Valley University (2008)
 * Haycock Award (2010)
 * California Library Association/California Library Hall of Fame (2012)

Memberships

 * ALA Council 1991–1995, 2002–2006
 * ALA Executive Board until 2007
 * Fellow of the Library Association 1979
 * Honorary Fellow of CILIP 2005

title: Michael Gorman (librarian)