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Apios americana

Apios americana, sometimes called the American groundnut, potato bean, hopniss, Indian potato, hodoimo, America-hodoimo, cinnamon vine, or groundnut (not to be confused with other plants in the subfamily Faboideae sometimes known by that name) is a perennial vine that bears edible beans and large edible tubers.

Description
The vine of American groundnut can grow to 1 - 6 m long. It has pinnate leaves 8 - 15 cm long with 5–7 leaflets. The flowers are usually pink, purple, or red-brown, and are produced in dense racemes 7.5 - 13 cm in length. The fruit is a legume (pod) 5 - 13 cm long. In botanical terms, the tubers are rhizomatous stems, not roots.

Genetics
The species is normally 2n=2x=22, diploid, but both diploid and triploid forms exist. Only diploids are capable of producing seeds; triploids will produce flowers but not seeds. Thus, triploids are entirely dependent on tuber division for propagation whereas diploids can be propagated through both seeds and tubers. Other than seed production, there are no easily identifiable differences between diploids and triploids. Triploids are generally found in the northern part of American groundnut's range whereas diploids predominate in the southern part of the range. Triploids have been identified in Canada (in New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario) and the United States (in Connecticut, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and Iowa). A few diploids have been found in the northeastern part of the range, such as along the Black River in Central Ontario. All samples tested in the Southeastern United States have been found to be diploid.

Distribution and habitat
The plant's natural range is from southern Canada (including Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick) down through Florida and west as far as the border of Colorado.

Ecology
The species is a larval host for the Epargyreus clarus.

Nitrogen fixation
American groundnut fixes its own nitrogen, which could be a great advantage in comparison to other roots crops, such as potatoes, true yams, and sweet potatoes. These do not fix their own nitrogen and require large applications of nitrogen fertilizer or cover cropping with nitrogen fixing plants. American groundnut can be nodulated by bacterial strains that are normally found in symbiosis with soybeans or cowpeas.

Research has been done on the potential of the soybean strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum to nodulate American groundnut. It was found that plants nodulated with B. japonicum yielded ~30% better than unnodulated plants if no nitrogen fertilizer was used. It was also determined that nodulated plants partitioned more carbon into non-edible shoots when they were given nitrogen fertilizer, whereas unnodulated plants responded to nitrogen fertilizer with greater tuber yields than nodulated plants. This data suggests that nitrogen fertilization may be required to maximize tuber size and yields in A. americana.

Domestication
American groundnut is generally considered to be an undomesticated crop. In her 1939 description of the Native American use of American groundnut, Gretchen Beardsley states that several historical sources describe the "cultivation" of American groundnut by indigenous peoples. She dismisses the ambiguous term "cultivation" as perhaps referring to transplantation of tubers near a settlement. She quotes the historical author Waugh on this subject of cultivation: "sometimes planted in suitable locations, though they are not, strictly speaking, cultivated." Subsequent authors on the American groundnut have followed Beardsley's interpretation of "cultivation" when referring to the early use by Indigenous peoples of American groundnut. However, recent evidence suggests that North American indigenous peoples likely intervened significantly as cultivators of the native plants of the region, in a manner similar to contemporary Western permaculture practices. So, from a permacultural perspective, Native Americans may well have "cultivated" the groundnut. Evidence suggests it was cultivated by the Shawnee tribe with corn and squash in a method known as three sisters gardening. Apios would provide nitrogen for the heavy-feeding squash.

In 1985, Dr. William J. Blackmon, Dr. Berthal D. Reynolds, and their colleagues at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, began a program of deliberate domestication of American groundnut. Their primary goal was to develop an American groundnut that can produce a significant yield in a single season. Early trials identified LA85-034 as a promising cultivar, with "elongate tubers of uniform, medium size with light brown skin and little extra rhizomatous material". By 1988, they had collected wild seeds and tubers from 210 plants found in 19 states, although the bulk of their selections came from the state of Louisiana. From these wild materials, and a small number of single crosses, they rigorously selected for plants that met their primary breeding goals of larger tuber size, denser tuber set, single season production, and productivity in untrellised cultivation. The American groundnut domestication program at Louisiana State University continued in various forms until the mid-1990s. Cultivars from this program can still occasionally be found available from small seed companies.

From 1985 to 1994, an Apios breeding program took place that resulted in the collection of over 200 wild accessions. These accessions underwent hybridization and selection, and over 2,200 lines were assessed. Of these lines, only 53 genotypes were kept for further analysis. Three different locations and three different growing conditions—field, pots, and grow-bags—were used. There was significant variation found among almost all of the 20 genotypes in the field growing condition. Inter-node length, plant vigor, and stem diameter during plant growth were positively correlated with the plant yield below ground. There were four distinct genotypic clusters found in this collection of Apios lines. Several genotypes yielded large plants in all locations, maxing up to 1.5 kg of subterraneous tuber. This suggests that the plant has a good ability to adapt and grow in a wide variety of locations and conditions. Furthermore, the superior germplasm identified in this project may be suitable as cultivars, and will aid in further development of Apios lines as a crop.

The largest germplasm collection of A. americana cultivars today is found at Iowa State University under the direction of Dr. Steven Cannon. It is maintained there for scholarly and academic use. Research continues at Iowa State on the domestication of American groundnut.

Despite these efforts at domestication, the American groundnut remains largely uncultivated and underused in North America and Europe. There are challenges to breeding and domesticating this plant, as well. There seems to be a partial self-incompatibility with Apios breeding and manual pollinations, resulting in rare seed-sets. Disadvantages in Apios as a crop are its vining habit. The crop has small tuber size for most genotypes. These sizes are typically smaller than 50 g; however, some do average around 100 g. The tuber plant is difficult to harvest because of the "beads on a string" arrangement on stolons, which extend for over a meter.

In Japan and South Korea
The only place in the world today where American groundnuts are commercially farmed in any significant quantities is in Japan. Before the American groundnut was introduced to Japan, the people on the main island of Honshu and the northern island of Hokkaido were already familiar with a native, wild plant called hodoimo (A. fortunei), which was occasionally eaten as an emergency food. American groundnut was introduced, accidentally or deliberately, to Japan during the Meiji period (1868–1912). One theory is that it was accidentally brought to Japan as a stowaway weed among apple seedlings imported from North America. Another theory is that American groundnut may have been deliberately brought to Japan in the middle of the Meiji period as an ornamental flower.

It has become a culinary specialty of the Aomori Prefecture, where American groundnut agriculture is centered. It has been eaten there for more than one hundred years. Although American groundnut agriculture is primarily identified with agriculture in the Aomori prefecture, it is grown in the nearby prefectures of Akita and Miyagi as well. In addition, it is known to be grown in the southern part of Honshu in the Tottori prefecture. Radioactive testing records following the Fukushima nuclear disaster record cesium testing of American groundnut agricultural products in the central prefecture of Tochigi.

An important part of the spread and popularization of American groundnut consumption in Japan has been the efforts of Dr. Kiyochika Hoshikawa to promote the cultivation of this crop in Japan, and the flurry of scientific articles on the health benefits of eating American groundnut tubers. Japanese websites that sell American groundnut continue to emphasize its health benefits in their marketing efforts. There are reports of American groundnut cultivation in South Korea as well, where it is grown for its nutritional benefits.

Toxicity
Studies in rats suggest that raw tubers should not be consumed. They contain harmful protease inhibitors that are denatured by cooking.

Uses
The tubers and seeds can both be cooked and eaten.

By Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The tubers have traditionally been a staple food among most Indigenous peoples of the Americas within the natural range of the plant. In 1749, the travelling Swedish botanist Peter Kalm writes, "Hopniss or Hapniss was the Indian name of a wild plant, which they ate at that time... The roots resemble potatoes, and were boiled by the Indians who ate them instead of bread." Strachey in 1612 recorded observations of the Indigenous peoples in Virginia: "In June, July, and August they feed upon roots of tockohow, berries, groundnutts, fish, and greene wheate..." In Eastern Canada, the Jesuit missionary, Le Jeune, observed that the Indigenous peoples there would, "eat, besides, roots, such as the bulbs of the red lily; ... another that our French people call 'Rosary' because it is distinguished by tubers in the form of beads." The early author Rafinesque observed that the Cree were cultivating the plant for both its tubers and seeds. The author Brinton wrote in 1885 in regards to the Lenape people, "Of wild fruits and plants they consumed the esculent and nutritious tubers on the roots of the Wild Bean, Apios tuberosa... which the Indians called hobbenis..." In 1910, Parker writes that the Iroquois were consuming significant quantities of groundnuts up until about thirty years before his writing. The Paris Documents of 1666 record that the sixth tribe of the second division of the Iroquois were identified as, "that of the Potatoe, which they call Schoneschironon" and an illustration of tubers is found in the Paris Documents with the explanation, "This is the manner they paint the tribe of the Potatoe." The author Gilmore records the use of groundnuts by the Caddoan and Siouan tribes of the Missouri river region, and the authors Prescott and Palmer record its use among the Sioux. The Indigenous peoples would prepare the tubers in many different ways, such as frying them in animal fat or drying them into flour. Many tribes peel them and dry them in the sun, such as the Menomini who have traditionally built scaffolds of cedar bark covered with mats to dry their tubers for winter use. The Menomini are recorded as having dried the tubers in maple syrup or making a preserve of Groundnut tubers by boiling them in maple syrup. The Potawatomi have traditionally boiled their tubers. The traditional Meskwaki and Chippewa preparation involves peeling, parboiling, slicing, and drying the tubers. The Chippewa have historically used them as a sort of seasoning in all their foods.

By Europeans
The Europeans learned to use the American groundnut from the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. As a result, the American groundnut became interwoven with the history of the American colonies and Europe. The early traveler John Brereton was sustained by the "good meat" and "medicinable" qualities of American groundnut during his travels in New England in 1602. In 1613, the followers of Biencourt at Port-Royal ate the tubers to help them survive in the New World. The American groundnut was an important factor in the survival of the Pilgrims during the first few winters of their settlement. In 1623 the Pilgrims, "having but a small quantity of corn left," were "enforced to live on groundnuts... and such other things that the country afforded... and were easily gotten..." The Pilgrims were taught to find and prepare American groundnut by the Wampanoag people. The groundnut was likely eaten at the harvest festival of November 1621 that is regarded as the first Thanksgiving, although only venison was specifically named as a food item at this meal by a Pilgrim eyewitness account.

Philosopher Henry David Thoreau commented on the nutty flavor and dry texture in October 1852.

It is believed that American groundnut may have been shipped to Europe as early as 1597. It was listed in 1885 as a European garden crop. In 1845 it was evaluated as a possible alternative potato crop in Ireland during the Great Famine. These early introductions to Europe appear to have resulted in little or no assimilation of the new food into the European diet. A primary reason for this lack of assimilation was that the two-year cycle for an acceptable tuber yield did not match the cropping systems that were familiar to Europeans.

Nutrition
The tubers are highly palatable with culinary characteristics of a potato, although the flavor can be somewhat nuttier than a potato and the texture can be finer. These tubers contain roughly three times the protein content of a potato (16.5% by dry weight), and the amino acid balance is good with the exception of cysteine and methionine. A. americana tubers were found to have a protein concentration of 15 - 30 mg/g, similar to that of other species in the genus, A. carnea and A. fortunei. However, A. americana had larger levels of genistein than the other two species. The fatty acid content of tubers is approximately 4.2% to 4.6%, with linoleic fatty acids predominating. The fresh weight of a tuber is 36% of carbohydrate (primarily starch). The tubers are also an excellent source of calcium and iron. Calcium content is tenfold greater than a potato and iron is twofold greater than a potato, although vitamin C was considerably less than a potato. The tuber and the flower also contain monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. The tuber has more of these types of carbohydrates than the soybean, potato, and sweet potato.

In addition, the tubers appear to have numerous health-promoting factors. Hypertensive rats that were fed powdered tubers as 5% of their total diet had a 10% decrease in blood pressure and also a reduction in cholesterol and triglycerides. It has been shown that the tubers contain genistein and other isoflavones that have various health benefits, including an anti-carcinogenic function against colon, prostate, and breast cancer. Genistein-7-O-gentiobioside is a novel isoflavone that is found in the American groundnut. Extract from the American groundnut was shown to drive the anti-oxidative pathway in cells although it did not have anti-oxidative activity itself. Human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells were pretreated with the extract of A. americana for 24 hours. Subsequent analysis showed an increase in expression of heme oxygenase-1, a protein induced during oxidative stress. The American groundnut, like soybean, is a great source of isoflavone.

Furthermore, a study on A. americana and its flower shows that the flower of the particular plant is not toxic to mice. Consumption of the flower was shown to lower plasma glucose levels in diabetic mice. The flower was shown to have an inhibitory activity on maltose and an anti-hyperglycemic effect in mice, suggesting that not only is it a viable and novel food source for the general population, but also in the prevention of diabetes.

title: Apios americana


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User talk:Jahsensie

Welcome!

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August 2013
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title: User talk:Jahsensie


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George Hyde Fallon

George Hyde Fallon (July 24, 1902 – March 21, 1980), a Democrat, was a U.S. Congressman who represented the 4th congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1945, to January 3, 1971. Until Steny Hoyer's reelection in 2007, Fallon held the position's longevity record.

Growing up, Fallon attended public schools, Calvert Business College, and Johns Hopkins University. He engaged in the advertising sign business and made his entry into politics by becoming chairman of the Democratic state central committee of Baltimore, Maryland, in 1938.

He was elected to the Baltimore City Council from the third council district, serving from May 1939 to December 1944 when he resigned to take office as a Congressman. In 1944, he won election as a Democrat to the Seventy-ninth the twelve succeeding congresses, serving from January 3, 1945, to January 3, 1971. While in congress, Fallon was chairman of the Committee on Public Works from the 89th through 91st Congresses. Fallon was also one of the congressmen wounded during the 1954 United States Capitol shooting. Fallon did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto, and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Fallon was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1970 to the Ninety-second Congress after being labeled by conservationists as one of the dirty dozen for his record as the twelfth most anti-environmental congressman at that time. Fallon retired to Baltimore, where he died in 1980. He is interred in Greenmount Cemetery.

He was also the primary sponsor of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956.

title: George Hyde Fallon


text:
Slobodna Dalmacija

Slobodna Dalmacija (lit. 'Free Dalmatia', where Free is an adjective) is a Croatian daily newspaper published in Split.

The first issue of Slobodna Dalmacija was published on 17 June 1943 by Tito's Partisans in an abandoned stone barn on Mosor, a mountain near Split, while the city was occupied by the Italian army. The paper was later published in various locations until Split was liberated on 26 October 1944. From the following day onward, Slobodna Dalmacija has been published in Split.

Although it was originally viewed as a strictly Dalmatian regional newspaper, during the following decades Slobodna Dalmacija, grew into one of the largest and most widely read daily newspapers of Yugoslavia, with its circulation reaching a zenith in the late 1980s. Slobodna Dalmacija owed much of that success to its humour section. Many of the most popular Croatian humourists, like Miljenko Smoje, Đermano Ćićo Senjanović and the trio that later founded the Feral Tribune, began their careers there.

Another reason for this success was the editorial policy of Joško Kulušić, who used the decline of Communism to allow the paper to become a forum for new political ideas. In the early 1990s Slobodna Dalmacija established a reputation as a newspaper with a politically diverse group of columnists, both left-leaning and those who supported the government. However, the ruling right-wing Croatian Democratic Union tried discredit it, calling the journalists too "liberal", "communist" or "Yugoslav". At that time it had a circulation of 90,000 to 100,000 copies.

In 1992, the government initiated proceedings against the paper, which would ultimately result in one of the most notorious scandals in recent Croatian history. Slobodna Dalmacija was privatised, which resulted in Miroslav Kutle, a Zagreb businessman, becoming the new owner. After a brief attempt to prevent the handover by strike, the paper was formally taken over in March 1993.

After the war ended in 1995, Slobodna Dalmacija was faced with serious financial problems. In the late 1990s the newspaper was again taken over by the government. However, it retained its distinctively hard-line nationalist stance, even during the first year of Prime Minister Ivica Račan's left-of-center government.

In 2005 Slobodna Dalmacija was reprivatised again. This time it was sold to Europapress Holding, making it a sister paper of Jutarnji list.

In 2014 it was bought by Marijan Hanžeković along with EPH and became more of a right-wing newspaper. There have been situations where left oriented journalist were forbidden to write what they want (such as Damir Pilić in 2015). EPH fired journalists from the liberal spectrum such as Boris Dežulović) while several far-right journalists were hired.

Editors-in-chief

 * 1943–44: Šerif Šehović
 * 1944–45: Neven Šegvić
 * 1945–46: Petar Šegvić
 * 1946–47: Antun Maštrović
 * 1947–49: Božidar Novak
 * 1949: Branko Karadžole
 * 1949–51: Vladimir Pilepić
 * 1951: Igor Radinović
 * 1951–53: Igor Pršen
 * 1955–57: Nikola Disopra
 * 1957–65: Sibe Kvesić
 * 1965–73: Hrvoje Baričić
 * 1973–78: Marin Kuzmić
 * 1982–83: Joško Franceschi
 * 1983–93: Joško Kulušić
 * 1993–94: Dino Mikulandra
 * 1994–96: Josip Jović
 * 1996–97: Krunoslav Kljaković
 * 1997–98: Miroslav Ivić
 * 1998–2000: Olga Ramljak
 * 2000–01: Josip Jović
 * 2001–05: Dražen Gudić
 * 2005–08: Mladen Pleše
 * 2008–10: Zoran Krželj
 * 2010–14: Krunoslav Kljaković
 * 2014–17: Ivo Bonković
 * 2017–21: Jadran Kapor
 * 2021–present: Sandra Lapenda-Lemo

title: Slobodna Dalmacija


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Meth mouth

Meth mouth is a colloquial term used to describe severe tooth decay and tooth loss, as well as tooth fracture, acid erosion, and other oral problems that are often symptomatic to extended use of the drug methamphetamine. The condition is thought to be caused by a combination of side effects of the drug (clenching and grinding of teeth, dry mouth) and lifestyle factors (infrequent oral hygiene, frequent consumption of sugary drinks, as well as neglecting regular dental cleanings and preventive care), which may be present in long-term users. However, the legitimacy of meth mouth as a unique condition has been questioned because of the similar effects of some other drugs on teeth. Images of diseased mouths are often used in anti-drug campaigns.

The condition is difficult to treat, and may involve fillings, fluoride to fight tooth decay and drugs that increase saliva for dry mouth, as well as oral hygiene instruction. It can be dangerous for active methamphetamine users to undergo dental surgery because of the cardiac problems that can result from the interaction of local anesthetic with the drug.

Signs and symptoms
Methamphetamine (informally referred to as "meth") is a stimulant drug with a high potential for addiction in its recreational users. It incurs physical and psychological side effects that users find desirable. Other side effects (like bruxism and stimulant psychosis) can result in users neglecting their dental health, eventually leading to advanced tooth decay (caries) and gum infections. Further, a common side effect of stimulant drugs is xerostomia, which accelerates tooth decay.

, methamphetamine is the most discussed illegal drug in dental literature for its extensive effect on users' dental health. The teeth of some methamphetamine users appear to be dark and extensively eroded. The epithet "meth mouth" is the result of these superficial presentations of advanced tooth decay and gum infection. Caries often occur in the cervical regions of teeth, where the tooth surface narrows at the junction of the crown and the root; decay is primarily centered on the buccal (cheek) side of the teeth, and on tooth surfaces that are adjacent to incisors and canines. Eventually, the coronal tooth area (near the crown) can be affected by the decay and erosion. The dental caries of meth mouth often progress slowly, perhaps because their advancement is hindered by intermittent hygienic practices. The decay can lead to tooth fractures and severe pain. In some cases, teeth are permanently damaged and must be removed. Along with malnutrition and weight loss, the dental effects of methamphetamine use contribute to the appearance of premature aging seen in some users.

Methamphetamine users sometimes experience soreness in the joint of the jaw and dental attrition (tooth wear) due to bruxism, a common side effect of stimulant drugs. This bruxism can occur continuously. Chronic use of the drug might also cause trismus, the inability to open the jaw.

The effects of meth mouth are similar to those of Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disease that causes a lack of saliva, which results in tooth decay.

Causes

The hypothesized causes of meth mouth are a combination of MA side effects and lifestyle factors which may be present in users:

 * Dry mouth (xerostomia)
 * Clenching and grinding of the teeth (bruxism)
 * Infrequent oral hygiene
 * Frequent consumption of sugary, fizzy drinks
 * Caustic nature of methamphetamine

The dental effects of long-term methamphetamine use are often attributed to its effects on saliva. The reduction in saliva increases the likelihood of dental caries, enamel erosion, and periodontal disease. Although it is clear that use of the drug decreases saliva, the mechanism by which it does so is unclear. One theory is that the drug causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of the blood vessels) in salivary glands, decreasing salivary flow. This constriction is thought to be due to the activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors by both methamphetamine itself and norepinephrine, the levels of which are dramatically increased by methamphetamine use. These factors can be compounded by dehydration, which occurs in many methamphetamine users after drug-induced increases in metabolism. The characteristics of the saliva produced during use of the drug, which includes high protein content, may also contribute to the sensation of dry mouth.

Long-term methamphetamine use can cause parafunctional habits, routine actions of a body part that are different from their common use, which can result in tooth wear and exacerbate periodontal diseases. One such habit that may affect the development of meth mouth is bruxism, particularly as the drug's effects wane and stereotypy occurs, a phase that is often referred to as "tweaking". This bruxism may be due to a drug-induced increase in monoamines. Other behaviors of long-term methamphetamine users that may cause or accelerate the symptoms of meth mouth are the failure to pay attention to oral hygiene and excessive food intake during binges, especially sugary foods; the drug's users often report strong cravings for sugar and consume large amounts of high-sugar beverages. The altered mental state that accompanies methamphetamine use lasts longer than that of some other common drugs, increasing the amount of time the user engages in drug-induced behavior.

Hydrochloric acid is used in methamphetamine's manufacturing process, but academic reviews have not supported the idea that the acid contributes to dental decay. Speculation that oral consumption of the drug causes tooth decay by raising the acidity of users' mouths is also unsupported. Meth mouth is generally most severe in users who inject the drug, rather than those who smoke, ingest or inhale it.

Treatment
The damaging effects of meth mouth on the teeth and gums for the most part are irreversible, although, if treated at an early stage, they can be dramatically reduced through the habitual use of common hygienic practices; Under normal circumstances, the user will not seek a remedy until the damage has already begun to take control causing severe mouth pain and general discomfort. Because many drug users lack the access to dental treatment, due to affordability and poverty, it is important to take medical precautions to prolong the lifespan of the mouth, and health in general. Those who are willing to seek dental treatment should seek professional advice as soon as possible if they are experiencing any painful symptoms relatable to meth mouth from abusing methamphetamine. Providing dental treatment to individuals who use methamphetamine can be dangerous, because the potential combination of local anesthetic and methamphetamine can cause serious heart problems. There is also an increased risk of serious side effects if opioid medications are used in the patient's treatment.

Treatment of meth mouth usually attempts to increase the flow of saliva, halt tooth decay, and encourage behavioral changes.

Toothpaste with fluoride is very important to the restoration of dental health. Prescription fluoride rinses can adequately treat the condition as well. Sialogogues, drugs that increase the amount of saliva in the mouth, can be used to treat dry mouth and protect against dental health problems. Pilocarpine and cevimeline are sialogogues approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat low salivation caused by Sjögren syndrome and may have the potential to effectively treat dry mouth caused by methamphetamine use.

Uncertainty
There have not been any controlled studies on meth mouth, and several of its aspects are unclear. Although the condition has been popularized by media coverage and case reports, no systematic studies have been conducted to conclusively tie methamphetamine use to symptoms that are commonly described as meth mouth. There are few ties between dental scholars and those who study drug use, and it can be difficult for dental researchers to find methamphetamine users to study.

Whether the drug has a unique effect on dental health has been questioned by a few academics, who note that the long-term use of several other drugs sometimes causes dental problems. Several academic reviews have contradicted this perspective, affirming meth mouth's status as a discrete condition. In favor of its unique status, these reviews cite the differences between methamphetamine-caused caries and those that occur for other reasons, such as cocaine use, as well as the scope of the tooth decay found in some long-term methamphetamine users.

According to the American Dental Association, meth mouth "is probably caused by a combination of drug-induced psychological and physiological changes resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth), extended periods of poor oral hygiene, frequent consumption of high-calorie, carbonated beverages and bruxism (teeth grinding and clenching)". As dry mouth is also a common side effect of other stimulants, which are not known to contribute severe tooth decay, many researchers suggest that methamphetamine-associated tooth decay is more due to users' other choices. They suggest the side effect has been exaggerated and stylized to create a stereotype of current users as a deterrence for new ones.

Society and culture
Although most methamphetamine users lived in Asian countries in the early 2000s, the use of the drug increased dramatically in other parts of the world in that decade. In areas where use of the drug has become common, meth mouth is often widespread. The condition is expensive to treat and has strained public health resources, prompting concerns among dental authorities in several countries about the burden of treatment.

Images of meth mouth are usually considered disturbing and have been used in anti-drug campaigns, even being placed on billboards. The condition is often mentioned in media coverage of methamphetamine, and it has been included in media portrayals of drug abuse in order to demonstrate the scope of the drug's effects or to provoke disgust in the audience. Opponents argue that the term is used to negatively stereotype methamphetamine users, and that it is falsely portrayed as inevitable or characteristic.

The drama series Breaking Bad, which centers around the production of crystal meth, features a number of minor characters who have meth mouth. The series creator Vince Gilligan has said one of his regrets about the series is that one of the lead characters, Jesse Pinkman (played by Aaron Paul), had perfect teeth because he felt this was unrealistic, given the amount of meth the character consumed.

title: Meth mouth


text:
Derek Burney

Derek Hudson Burney, OC (born 1939) for a time served as Canada's ambassador to the US, and was political strategist for both the government of Brian Mulroney and of Stephen Harper. He was for a time an executive or director in private industry. He was Chancellor of Lakehead University 2013-2017.

Early life
Burney was born in Fort William, Ontario (now known as Thunder Bay) to George William Burney (1886–1951) of Westville, Nova Scotia, and Annie Mary MacKay (1906–1995), who was born in Durban, South Africa but grew up on the Isle of Lewis in the Scottish Hebrides.

Burney attended Fort William Collegiate Institute. He then went on to study at Queen's University, where he received his B.A. degree in 1962, followed by his M.A. degree in 1964.

In the civil service
Upon graduation, Burney entered the federal public service and the Canadian diplomatic corps, subsequently serving in Japan and, as Ambassador, in Korea. From 1987 to 1989 he served as Chief of Staff to Prime Minister Brian Mulroney.

After leaving the post of Chief of Staff in 1989, Burney became Canada's Ambassador to the United States. He would serve in this position until 1993.

In private industry
Burney was then hired by Bell Canada and worked as Chairman and CEO of Bell Canada International Inc. from 1993 to 1999. He then moved to CAE Inc., serving as President and CEO until 2004. The boards of directors on which Burney has sat or now sits include CanWest Global Communications (which went bankrupt), Quebecor World Inc., Shell Canada and TransCanada Corp. He is currently the president of the board of New Brunswick Power and serves on the advisory board of Paradigm Capital.

On January 24, 2006, newly elected Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that Burney would play a key role in the transfer of power from Paul Martin's Liberals to Harper's Conservatives.

As an academic
Burney taught at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs at Carleton University.

On January 24, 2013, Lakehead University announced that Burney would become its 8th Chancellor. Burney served as chancellor of Lakehead University until 2017.

Later life
In later life, Burney began contributing his opinions in the national media. On 6 May 2020, he asked for a "full post-mortem" and specifically asked about the state of readiness of Canada before the pandemic began. He wanted to know whether the Chinese government concealed evidence of the outbreak in late 2019, and suggested an investigation of whether the WHO was complicit. He worried about the insolvency that waits next to the subsidy, and said there were "more people riding in the wagon than pulling it". On 14 May, he castigated the Trudeau government over its conduct of relations with China: "The litany of apologies and obsequiousness by Canada is one that only a lickspittle would salute."

Family
Burney's son Derek Burney Jr. was the president of Corel Corporation for several years and later worked for Microsoft before retiring in 2021. Another son, Ian Burney, is a Canadian diplomat, serving as Ambassador to Japan from 2016 to 2021.

Honours
Burney was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1993, and has been conferred honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from Lakehead University, Queen's University, Carleton University, and Wilfrid Laurier University.

Burney has a street named after him in his home town of Thunder Bay. Derek Burney Drive is home to the Confederation College Aviation Centre of Excellence, Ornge hangar and Levaero Aviation.

title: Derek Burney


text:
European Montenegro

The European Montenegro (, ; abbr. ECG) was the ruling political alliance in Montenegro headed by Milo Đukanović's Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS).

Following the internal turmoil within the DPS during late 1996 and early 1997 when the party's most prominent members Đukanović and Momir Bulatović bitterly fought behind the scenes for the control of the party, Đukanović emerged as the clear winner of the year-long power struggle. Under his leadership, DPS began entering pre-election alliances with smaller parties under the coalition banner that had a different name ahead of each parliamentary election. Besides the leading DPS, it was also consisted of two main political parties, the SDP and the LPCG. The coalition was formally dissolved in 2016. The first version of the coalition was formed ahead of the 1998 parliamentary elections in Montenegro under the name So that we live better (/). Before the 2001 elections the coalition was rebranded as Victory is Montenegro's (/). Then, before the 2002 elections the coalition was known as (Democratic) List for European Montenegro (/), and finally before the 2006 elections it became the Coalition for European Montenegro.

1998 elections
In 1998 DPS forged a wide alliance in an attempt to compete with the newly created pro-Milošević Socialist People's Party of Montenegro (SNP) led at the time by former DPS leader Momir Bulatović.

Đukanović-led DPS called for an alliance between anti-Milošević parties, stating that Milošević's political pursuits were leading FR Yugoslavia into ruin. It made a coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro (SDP) that supported outright independence and the People's Party of Montenegro (NS) that wanted Montenegro to remain in a state with Serbia. DPS's own position at the time was that Montenegro and Serbia should be in a single unified state, but they opposed Milošević's rule.

The 1998 parliamentary election on May 31 essentially turned into another showdown between Đukanović and Bulatović over a single issue – Slobodan Milošević. Đukanović's coalition won, seizing 42 of 78 total parliamentary seats. Those 42 seats were then divided up three ways according to the coalition agreement: DPS received 32 seats while its coalition partners NS and SDP got 5 each.

For DPS, it meant less actual seats belonging to the party than after the previous election when they got 45 of 71 total seats alone by themselves. However, they were now ruling through a coalition, which benefited the party's image in other ways as it created a perception of openness and pluralism.

As far as SDP was concerned getting 5 seats was a remarkable success – the party entered parliament for the first time in its history and could now influence the republic's official policy, neither of which they could dream of had they entered the election alone.

From NS perspective, getting 5 seats was not a big reason for celebration since the party had a distinct voting base at the time, meaning they would've surely got more had they entered alone, but they were now in a ruling coalition, in position to influence official policy and were happy to be there as long as DPS supported the idea of a unified state with Serbia.

Though never stable and cohesive, during its first year, the government formed by the "So that we live better" coalition was able to internally agree on basic matters and reach the minimum consensus. Big political test came in March 1999 when NATO military alliance started bombing FR Yugoslavia. Despite Montenegro being spared from the heaviest bombing, SDP and even fringe parts of DPS capitalized on the bombing to aggressively push the idea of an independent Montenegrin state. This political discourse, however, never made it into any of the government's official policy. In fall 1999, initiated by Đukanović, Montenegro drafted a document called Platforma za redefiniciju odnosa Crne Gore i Srbije (A platform for redefinition of relations within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) and sent it to Belgrade. In an atmosphere when Đukanović–Milošević relations were strained to a maximum, the platform called for major changes in the division of governing responsibilities within FR Yugoslavia. Though still officially seeing itself within a state with Serbia, Đukanović-led Montenegro wanted many things changed and redefined.

However, after the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000 (which many saw to be a positive sign in future relations between Montenegro and Serbia and a way to quickly repair the damaged relationship), contrary to expectations, DPS made a complete turnaround and now suddenly started pushing for complete independence thus completely abandoning the platform they wrote just a year earlier. Consequently, the mainstream of the ruling coalition started to openly support the idea of an independent Montenegro and this became an official government policy, all of which caused huge international outrage and outright opposition from the European Union.

In the resulting crisis, the pro-unity People's Party left the government dissatisfied with DPS' turnaround. Subsequently, inner quarrels between DPS CG on one side and LSCG on the other came out over filling in NS CG's vacant occupation in the government. NS subsequently joined the newly formed pro-Yugoslavian Together for Yugoslavia of Predrag Bulatović of the reformed SNP, which based itself on countering this alliance's newfound independent ideology, emphasizing the necessity of keeping the state together with Serbia. Additionally, LSCG also withdrew from the government, on the allegations that DPS was not sincere in decisions to make Montenegro independent and that it was stalling it. The rump DPS-SDP of the once greater alliance lost control over the government. New elections were scheduled in 2001.

2001 elections
It ran on the 2001 Montenegrin parliamentary election as the "Victory is Montenegro's" (composed of the rump remains of the once large coalition; Democratic Party of Socialists and its sole partner, SDP). The coalition lost parliamentary majority, winning just 36 of 77 seats (30 for DPS and 6 for SDP). Contrary to everyone's expectation, the now opposing, once former ally, Liberal Alliance supported it to form a minority government under Filip Vujanović. But closer aligning of LSCG with the Together for Yugoslavia bloc distanced it from the minority coalition. The government signed the Belgrade Agreement in 2002, by which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was transformed into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and the Republic of Montenegro re-integrated into political structure with its great sister-republic. According to the agreement, the Deputy President of DPS Svetozar Marović became the country's first President. The frustrated pro-independence Liberal Alliance withdrew its support and crashed Vujanović's government. New elections were scheduled for 2002.

2002 elections
As the "List for European Montenegro" (composed out of Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, Social Democratic Party of Montenegro, Civic Party of Montenegro, Liberal Democratic Party and the People's Concord of Montenegro), it won the 2002 Montenegrin parliamentary election receiving 39 of 75 seats in the Parliament of the Republic of Montenegro. DPS CG received 31 seat, SDP CG 7 and GP 1. NSCG received no seat as promised, but entered the later in 2003 elected Parliament of Serbia and Montenegro with one seat as compensation. LDP because of insufficient share in the total parliament, LDP was excluded completely.

2006 elections
In the 2006 election the alliance "For European Montenegro" won with 41 out of 81 seats. 32 seats were supposed to go DPS and 8 to SDP. The Coalition's seats were split 33 for DPS, 7 for SDP and 1 for HGI.

2009 elections
Coalition for a European Montenegro won the absolute majority in the 2009 election. The result translates to 47 out of the 81 seats in the Parliament. The turnout among the nearly 500,000 registered voters was around 67 per cent. Milo Đukanović secured his sixth term as the Prime Minister with 50.8% of the vote.

2012 elections
In the 2012 election this alliance is formed by DPS, SDP and the Liberal Party of Montenegro. The result of 2012 election was a victory for the ruling Coalition for a European Montenegro led by Đukanović, which won 39 of the 81 seats. Đukanović secured his seventh term as the Prime Minister with 45.60% of the vote.

2016 DPS–SDP split
On 22 January 2016 SDP's president Ranko Krivokapić announced that SDP will leave the coalition with DPS and will support the non-confidence vote against the government of Đukanović on 25 January. In this way, after 18 years, the coalition between these two parties ended.

title: European Montenegro


text: Category:Political parties in Montenegro


text:
Social Democratic Party of Montenegro

Social Democratic Party of Montenegro ( or just the Social Democratic Party, abbr. SDP) is a nationalist and social democratic political party in Montenegro. It is the only party in Montenegro to have full membership in the Socialist International. From 1998 until the 2016 coalition split, it was a minor coalition partner of the Democratic Party of Socialists, that led Montenegro from the introduction of the multi-party system until the 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election.

History
On 14 July 1991, members of Union of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia (SRSJ) from four coastal municipalities in the SR Montenegro, Herceg Novi, Kotor, Tivat and Budva, who were subsequently joined by reformists from Cetinje, formed the first regional Montenegrin political party - the Alliance of Reformists of the Montenegrin Coastline with Miodrag Marović as President. On 7 July 1992, the League united with Žarko Rakčević's Party of Socialists desiring to create a major Montenegrin party, forming the Social Democratic Party of Reformists (SDPR). Finally, on 12 June 1993, the Independent Organization of Communists of Bar, the Alliance of Reform forces of Yugoslavia for Montenegro and the Party of National Tolerance merged into it, forming the Social Democratic Party of Montenegro and uniting the forces that opposed the policies of the Milošević regime during the Yugoslav wars. Eventually, Yugoslav People's Party and Old Yugoslav People's Party also merged into SDP in the following years. Notable founders include Žarko Rakčević, Dragiša Burzan and Ljubiša Stanković.

When the policies of the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) turned towards the goal of full independence for Montenegro, DPS and SDP started working closely together to achieve this goal. Allying itself with the DPS and Đukanović ahead of the 1998 parliamentary elections allowed the SDP to enter the parliament for the first time in its history. Since the 1998 election, SDP has continued to a minor coalition partner of DPS and a part of every Montenegrin government between 1998 and 2015. The goal of restoration of the Montenegrin independence was achieved following the victory in a referendum held on 21 May 2006. President of the Parliament of Montenegro from 2003 to 2016, Ranko Krivokapić, officially proclaimed the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006.

Following the shift of the party towards a more critical and independent political course, in Autumn 2015 the pro-DPS faction of SDP formed a new party named Social Democrats of Montenegro (SD). On 22 January 2016, SDP officially left the ruling coalition with DPS and announced its support for a vote of no confidence against the government of Milo Đukanović on 25 January 2016. In the following 2016 parliamentary election SDP ran independently for the first time since 1996, and retained its parliamentary status, winning 5.23% of votes.

At the 2018 presidential elections, SDP nominated its MP Draginja Vuksanović, who was the first female presidential candidate in the history of Montenegro. Vuksanović finished third, winning 8.2% of the votes. On 29 June 2019, after Krivokapić resignation, Vuksanović was elected new president of the Party, making her the only female president of a Montenegrin political party, at the time. On this occasion, former President Krivokapic has been named honorary president.

Positions held
Major positions held by Social Democratic Party of Montenegro members:

title: Social Democratic Party of Montenegro


text:
Pattern (sewing)

In sewing and fashion design, a pattern is the template from which the parts of a garment are traced onto woven or knitted fabrics before being cut out and assembled. Patterns are usually made of paper, and are sometimes made of sturdier materials like paperboard or cardboard if they need to be more robust to withstand repeated use. The process of making or cutting patterns is sometimes compounded to the one-word patternmaking, but it can also be written pattern(-)making or pattern cutting.

A sloper pattern, also called a block pattern, is a custom-fitted, basic pattern from which patterns for many different styles can be developed. The process of changing the size of a finished pattern is called pattern grading.

Several companies, like Butterick and Simplicity, specialize in selling pre-graded patterns directly to consumers who will sew the patterns at home. These patterns are usually printed on tissue paper and include multiple sizes that overlap each other. An illustrated instruction sheet for use and assembly of the item is usually included. The pattern may include multiple style options in one package.

Commercial clothing manufacturers make their own patterns in-house as part of their design and production process, usually employing at least one specialized patternmaker. In bespoke clothing, slopers and patterns must be developed for each client, while for commercial production, patterns will be made to fit several standard body sizes.

Pattern making
A patternmaker typically employs one of two methods to create a pattern.

The flat-pattern method is where the entire pattern is drafted on a flat surface from measurements, using rulers, curves, and straight-edges. A pattern maker would also use various tools such as a notcher, drill, and awl to mark the pattern. Usually, flat patterning begins with the creation of a "sloper" or "block" pattern: a simple, fitted garment made to the wearer's measurements. For women, this will usually be a jewel-neck bodice and narrow skirt, and for men, an upper sloper and a pants sloper. The final sloper pattern is usually made of cardboard or paperboard, without seam allowances or style details (thicker paper or cardboard allows repeated tracing and pattern development from the original sloper). Once the shape of the sloper has been refined by making a series of mock-up garments called toiles (UK) or muslins (US) or Nessel in German, the final sloper can be used to create patterns for many styles of garments with varying necklines, sleeves, dart placements, and so on. The flat pattern drafting method is the most commonly used method in menswear; menswear rarely involves draping.

The draping method involves creating a mock-up pattern made of a strong fabric (such as calico) in a linen weave. The fabric is far coarser than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim. However, it is still very cheap, owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance. Then, by pinning this fabric directly on a form, the fabric outline and markings will be then transferred onto a paper pattern, or the fabric itself will be used as the pattern. Designers drafting a sculpted evening gown or dress which uses a lot of fabric--typically cut on the bias--will use the draping technique, as it is very difficult to achieve this with a flat pattern. This method is also used for collars.

Each pattern manufacturer has their own size ranges. A distinction is made between a basic pattern, a first pattern, and a production pattern. Patternmakers grade the first cuts to the desired size with the aid of CAD software (computer-aided design). The production pattern must contain all the information necessary for production and all the necessary parts. The collections are produced in sets of sizes. The customer has the garment altered after purchase, if necessary.

Pattern digitizing
After a paper/fabric pattern is completed, very often patternmakers digitize their patterns for archiving and vendor communication purposes. The previous standard for digitizing was the digitizing tablet. Nowadays, automatic options such as scanners and camera systems are available.

Fitting patterns
Mass market patterns are made standardized, so store-bought patterns fit most people well. Experienced dressmakers can adjust standard patterns to better fit any body shape. A sewer may choose a standard size (usually from the wearer's bust measurement) that has been pre-graded on a purchased pattern. They may decide to tailor or adjust a pattern to improve the fit or style for the garment wearer by using French curves, hip curves, and cutting or folding on straight edges. There are alternate methods of adjusting a pattern, either directly on flat pattern pieces from the wearer's measurements, using a pre-draped personalized sloper, or using draping methods on a dress form with inexpensive fabrics like muslin.

Some dress forms are adjustable to match the wearer's unique measurements, and the muslin is fit around the form accordingly. By taking it in or letting it out, a smaller or larger fit can be made from the original pattern.

Creating a sample from canvas is another method of making patterns. Canvas fabric is inexpensive, not elastic and made from Urticaceae. It is easy to work with when making quick adjustments, by pinning the fabric around the wearer or a dress form. The sewer cuts the pieces using the same method that they will use for the actual garment, according to a pattern. The pieces are then fit together and darts and other adjustments are made. This provides the sewer with measurements to use as a guideline for marking the patterns and cutting the fabric for the finished garment.

Pattern grading
Pattern grading is the process of shrinking or enlarging a finished pattern to accommodate it to people of different sizes. Grading rules determine how patterns increase or decrease to create different sizes. Fabric type also influences pattern grading standards. The cost of pattern grading is incomplete without considering marker making.

Parametric pattern drafting
Parametric pattern drafting implies using a program algorithm to draft patterns for every individual size from scratch, using size measurements, variables and geometric objects.

Standard pattern symbols
Sewing patterns typically include standard symbols and marks that guide the cutter and/or sewer in cutting and assembling the pieces of the pattern. Patterns may use:
 * Notches, to indicate:
 * Seam allowances. (not all patterns include allowances)
 * Centerlines and other lines important to the fit like the waistline, hip, breast, shoulder tip, etc.
 * Zipper placement
 * Fold point for folded hems and facings
 * Matched points, especially for long or curving seams or seams with ease. For example, the Armscye will usually be notched at the point where ease should begin to be added to the sleeve cap. There is usually no ease through the underarm.
 * Circular holes, perhaps made by an awl or circular punch, to indicate:
 * A dart apex
 * Corners, as they are stitched, i.e. without seam allowances
 * Pocket placement, or the placement of other details like trimming
 * Buttonholes and buttons
 * A long arrow, drawn on top of the pattern, to indicate:
 * Grainline, or how the pattern should be aligned with the fabric. The arrow is meant to be aligned parallel to the straight grain of the fabric. A long arrow with arrowheads at both ends indicates that either of two orientations is possible. An arrow with one head probably indicates that the fabric has a direction to it which needs to be considered, such as a pattern which should face up when the wearer is standing.
 * Double lines indicating where the pattern may be lengthened or shortened for a different fit
 * Dot, triangle, or square symbols, to provide "match points" for adjoining pattern pieces, similar to putting puzzle pieces together

Many patterns will also have full outlines for some features, like for a patch pocket, making it easier to visualize how things go together.

Patterns for commercial clothing manufacture
The making of industrial patterns begins with an existing block pattern that most closely resembles the designer's vision. Patterns are cut of oak tag (manila folder) paper, punched with a hole and stored by hanging with a special hook. The pattern is first checked for accuracy, then it is cut out of sample fabrics and the resulting garment is fit-tested. Once the pattern meets the designer's approval, a small production run of selling samples is made and the style is presented to buyers in wholesale markets. If the style has demonstrated sales potential, the pattern is graded for sizes, usually by computer with an apparel industry specific CAD program. There are a wide variety of pattern making and grading/marker making programs, each with their own features. Following grading, the pattern must be vetted; the accuracy of each size and the direct comparison in laying seam lines is done. After these steps have been followed and any errors corrected, the pattern is approved for production. When the manufacturing company is ready to manufacture the style, all of the sizes of each given pattern piece are arranged into a marker, usually by computer. A marker is an arrangement of all of the pattern pieces over the area of the fabric to be cut that minimizes fabric waste while maintaining the desired grainlines. It's sort of like a pattern of patterns from which all pieces will be cut. The marker is then laid on top of the layers of fabric and cut. Commercial markers often include multiple sets of patterns for popular sizes. For example: one set of size Small, two sets of size Medium and one set of size Large. Once the style has been sold and delivered to stores – and if it proves to be quite popular – the pattern of this style will itself become a block, with subsequent generations of patterns developed from it.

Standard designing and adjusting tools

 * Hip curve
 * L-Square
 * French curves
 * Pattern notcher
 * Dress forms
 * Slopers - Bodice, skirt, trousers, etc.

Retail patterns

Home sewing patterns are generally printed on tissue paper and sold in packets containing sewing instructions and suggestions for fabric and trim. They are also available over the Internet as downloadable files. Home sewers can print the patterns at home or take the electronic file to a business that does copying and printing. Many pattern companies distribute sewing patterns as electronic files as an alternative to, or in place of, pre-printed packets, which the home sewer can print at home or take to a local copyshop, as they include large format printing versions. Modern patterns are available in a wide range of prices, sizes, styles, and sewing skill levels, to meet the needs of consumers.

The majority of modern-day home sewing patterns contain multiple sizes in one pattern. Once a pattern is removed from a package, you can either cut the pattern based on the size you will be making or you can preserve the pattern by tracing it. The pattern is traced onto fabric using one of several methods. In one method, tracing paper with transferable ink on one side is placed between the pattern and the fabric. A tracing wheel is moved over the pattern outlines, transferring the markings onto the fabric with ink that is removable by erasing or washing. In another method, tracing paper is laid directly over a purchased pattern, and the pieces are traced. The pieces are cut, then the tracing paper is pinned and/or basted to the fabric. The fabric can then be cut to match the outlines on the tracing paper. Vintage patterns may come with small holes pre-punched into the pattern paper. These are for creating tailor's tacks, a type of basting where thread is sewn into the fabric in short lengths to serve as a guideline for cutting and assembling fabric pieces.

Besides illustrating the finished garment, pattern envelopes typically include charts for sizing, the number of pieces included in a pattern, and suggested fabrics and necessary sewing notions and supplies.

Ebenezer Butterick invented the commercially produced graded home sewing pattern in 1863 (based on grading systems used by Victorian tailors), originally selling hand-drawn patterns for men's and boys' clothing. In 1866, Butterick added patterns for women's clothing, which remains the heart of the home sewing pattern market today.

title: Pattern (sewing)


text:
Ted Atkinson

Theodore Frederick Atkinson (June 17, 1916 – May 5, 2005) was a Canadian-born American thoroughbred horse racing jockey, inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1957.

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His sister was Ruth Atkinson Ford. Ted Atkinson as a child emigrated with his family across the border to upstate New York. He began his career in thoroughbred horse racing in 1938 and first gained national recognition in 1941, when he rode War Relic to an upset win in the Narragansett Special over the 1941 U.S. Triple Crown winner Whirlaway. For 12 of his 21 years in the sport, Atkinson was contract rider for the wealthy New York City Whitney family's Greentree Stable. In 1944, he was North America's leading jockey in both number of wins and money earned. He repeated the feat in 1946, when he became the first rider to achieve purse earnings of more the $1 million in a single season.

Riding Greentree's colt Capot, Atkinson just missed winning the U.S. triple Crown in 1949 when he finished second in the Kentucky Derby then won both the Preakness and the Belmont Stakes. Capot shared Horse of the Year honors with Coaltown, after beating the older horse in the Pimlico Special. Atkinson was also the jockey for all of Hall of Famer Tom Fool's races, guiding the colt to a perfect season of 10 wins in 10 starts, including the New York Handicap Triple and winning the Horse of the Year honors in 1953.

In 1957, Ted Atkinson was voted the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award and that same year became the first active jockey elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. He was then invited to appear on the CBS television's The Ed Sullivan Show. In an article on jockey Eddie Arcaro, TIME magazine wrote that: "He [Arcaro] also gives a large share of credit to gentlemanly Jockey Ted Atkinson, who helped raise the standard of sportsmanship on New York tracks."

Following his retirement in 1959 as a result of a back injury, Atkinson became a racing official and served as State Steward in Illinois from 1961 until 1976.

Atkinson, who had been fighting a lengthy cancer-related illness, died at his home near Beaverdam, Virginia after several strokes, a few weeks short of his 89th birthday.

title: Ted Atkinson


text:
User:King Nine

King Nine
Hello, I'm King Nine. I live in Southern California and am a college undergrad. It was an incomplete article concerning a Twilight Zone episode that encouraged me to become a Wikipedia member and finally help contribute to the community that I had been mooching off of for so long. Thus the chosen handle.

As a Wikipedian I consider myself an Inclusionist. My main areas of interest are cinema and literature, but through steady perusal of Wikipedia I have garnered a certain love for quantum mechanics, among other subjects.

title: User:King Nine


text: Category:Scheduled monuments

title: Category:Scheduled monuments


text:
Talk:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad

History
2nd para,last sentence
 * It opened in 1848, using trackage rights over the New York and Harlem Railroad (later part of the New York Central Railroad system) from Williamsbridge south to Grand Central Terminal, which served as the New Haven's New York City terminal.

Shouldn't it be Woodlawn instead of Williams Bridge? That's where the lines connect now. Keotaman 11:59, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you're right; the PRR Chronology and common sense agree with you. I changed the article. --NE2 15:51, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Full list of lines

 * Hell Gate Line, Hell Gate Bridge to New Rochelle

 * Shore Line, Woodlawn to Boston
 * New Canaan Branch, Stamford to New Canaan (New Canaan Line)
 * Danbury Branch, South Norwalk to Danbury - continued south from South Norwalk to Rowayton too (Danbury Line)
 * ?, Branchville to Ridgefield
 * ?, Bethel to Litchfield (Shepaug Valley Line, at least north of Hawleyville)
 * ?, Bridgeport to Botsford
 * Waterbury Branch, Devon to Waterbury (part of Naugatuck Line)
 * ?, Derby to Ansonia
 * Watertown Secondary, Waterbury to Watertown
 * Torrington Secondary, Waterbury to Torrington - continued north from Torrington to Winsted (part of Naugatuck Line)
 * Terryville Secondary, Waterbury to Plainville (part of Highland Line)
 * ?, Waterbury to Cromwell
 * Maybrook Branch, Derby Junction to Campbell Hall (Maybrook Line, at least west of Danbury, part of Highland Line from Danbury to Hawleyville)
 * ?, Hawleyville to Waterbury (part of Highland Line)
 * ?, Hawleyville to Brookfield
 * Pittsfield Branch, Danbury to Pittsfield (Berkshire Line)
 * ?, Housatonic to State Line
 * Beacon Secondary, Hopewell Junction to Beacon
 * ?, New Haven to Derby
 * Canal Secondary, New Haven to Plainville (part of Canal Line)
 * Holyoke Secondary, Plainville to Holyoke (part of Canal Line south of Westfield)
 * ?, Farmington to New Hartford
 * Florence Secondary, Westfield to Florence - continued northwest from Florence to Williamsburg (part of Canal Line south of Northampton)
 * ?, Northampton to Turners Falls (part of Canal Line)
 * ?, South Deerfield to Shelburne Falls
 * New Britain Secondary, Plainville to Hartford (part of Highland Line)
 * Middletown Secondary, New Haven to Portland (part of Air Line)
 * Laurel Secondary, Middletown to Laurel - continued southeast from Laurel to Old Saybrook (part of Valley Line)
 * Portland Secondary, Middletown to Portland - continued northeast from Portland to Willimantic (part of Air Line)
 * Wethersfield Secondary, Middletown to Hartford (part of Valley Line)
 * Norwich Branch, Groton to Worcester (Norwich and Worcester Line)
 * ?, Mechanicsville to Blackstone (part of Air Line)
 * Southbridge Secondary, Webster to Southbridge
 * ?, Wood Valley Junction to Hope Valley
 * ?, Kingston to Narragansett
 * ?, Wickford Junction to Wickford
 * Pontiac Secondary, Cranston to Pontiac - continued west to Hope
 * ?, Cranston to Warwick
 * Washington Secondary, Providence to Washington - continued west from Washington to Plainfield (part of New York and New England Line)
 * ?, Providence to Douglas (Pascoag Line)
 * Bristol Secondary, Providence to Bristol
 * East Junction Secondary, East Providence to East Junction
 * ?, Warren to Fall River
 * ?, Woodlawn to Saylesville
 * Providence and Worcester Branch, Boston Switch to Worcester (Providence and Worcester Line)
 * ?, Valley Falls to East Providence
 * Slatersville Secondary, Woonsocket to Slatersville - continued west from Slatersville to Harrisville
 * ?, Attleboro to North Attleborough
 * Attleboro Secondary, Attleboro to Whittenton
 * New Bedford Branch, Whittenton to New Bedford - continued northwest from Whittenton to Mansfield (New Bedford Line)
 * Dighton Secondary, Taunton to Dighton - continued south from Dighton to near Somerset
 * Newport Secondary, Myricks to Newport (Fall River Line and Newport Line
 * Watuppa Secondary, New Bedford to Fall River
 * Lowell Branch, Mansfield to Lowell
 * Fitchburg Branch, Framingham to Fitchburg
 * ?, Marlborough Junction to Marlborough
 * ?, Pratt Junction to Sterling Junction
 * Stoughton Branch, Canton Junction to Easton - continued south from Easton to Whittenton (Stoughton Line)
 * ?, Raynham to Taunton
 * Franklin Branch, Readville to Franklin (part of Midland Line)
 * ?, Islington to Dedham
 * Wrentham Secondary, Norwood to Wrentham - continued south from Wrentham to Adamsdale (Wrentham Line)
 * Milford Secondary, Franklin to Milford - continued north from Milford to Ashland
 * ?, Franklin to Blackstone (part of Midland Line)
 * ?, Franklin to Valley Falls
 * ?, East Thompson to Webster
 * Dedham Secondary, Readville to Dedham
 * Dorchester Branch, Readville to Boston
 * Needham Branch, Forest Hills to Newton Upper Falls (part of Charles River Line between West Roxbury and Needham Junction)
 * ?, West Roxbury to Dedham
 * Cliquot Secondary, Needham Junction to Millis - continued southwest from Millis to Woonsocket (part of Charles River Line)
 * Milton Secondary, Boston to Milton - continued west from Milton to Mattapan (part of Old Colony Main Line north of Neponset)
 * ?, Fields Corner to Milton
 * ?, Neponset to Braintree (part of Old Colony Main Line)
 * Boston Freight Terminal Branch, Boston to Boston Freight Terminal

 * Main Line Springfield, New Haven to Springfield (Springfield Line)
 * Berlin Secondary, Berlin to New Britain
 * ?, Berlin to Middletown
 * Willimantic Secondary, Hartford to Willimantic (part of New York and New England Line)
 * Armory Secondary, East Hartford to Springfield (Armory Line)
 * ?, Melrose to Rockville
 * Manchester Secondary, Manchester to South Manchester
 * Rockville Secondary, Vernon to Rockville
 * Plainfield Secondary, Willimantic to Plainfield (part of New York and New England Line)
 * ?, Willimantic to Putnam (part of Air Line)
 * Griffins Secondary, Hartford to Griffins - continued west from Griffins to Poughkeepsie (Central New England Railway)
 * ?, Tarriffville to West Springfield
 * ?, Collinsville Junction to Collinsville
 * Suffield Secondary, Windsor Locks to Suffield

 * Middleboro Branch, Braintree to Buzzards Bay (Middleboro Line north of Middleboro, part of? Cape Cod Line south of Middleboro)
 * West Quincy Secondary, Braintree to West Quincy - continued north from West Quincy to North Quincy
 * Nantasket Secondary, Braintree to Nantasket Junction - continued south from Nantasket Junction to Kingston (South Shore Line)
 * ?, Nantasket Junction to Hull (Nantasket Line)
 * Plymouth Secondary, Braintree to Plymouth (part of Old Colony Main Line)
 * West Hanover Secondary, North Abington to West Hanover - continued east from West Hanover to Hanover
 * Randolph Secondary, Braintree Highlands to Randolph - continued south from Randolph to Stoughton Junction
 * ?, Matfield to Easton
 * East Bridgewater Secondary, Westdale to East Bridgewater - continued north from East Bridgewater to Whitman
 * East Taunton Branch, Middleboro to Cotley
 * ?, Middleboro to Myricks
 * ?, West Wareham to Fairhaven
 * Falmouth Secondary, Buzzards Bay to Falmouth - continued south from Falmouth to Woods Hole
 * Hyannis Secondary, Buzzards Bay to Hyannis
 * South Dennis Secondary, Yarmouth to South Dennis - continued north from South Dennis to Provincetown
 * ?, Harwich to Chatham

Edit this if you want; I think I included all lines except some in New York. --NE2 15:43, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

This site may help fill in the gaps above; this article could certainly use this type of content. -- Beland (talk) 01:24, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

Torrington and Winsted
One of the "hundreds" of smaller railways bought up and merged into the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad was apparently the Torrington and Winsted Street Railway (currently a redlink). James Alldis served as its president from 1899 to 1906, when it was sold to the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, per the following document:National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: James Alldis House. I don't see this railroad or the cities of Torrington, Connecticut or Winsted, Connecticut mentioned in the current article. Not saying this railroad is more important than other railroads merged in, but if there was an expansion of the current article to cover more, this could be mentioned. --doncram (talk) 21:11, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Hmm, seems to be mentioned within Connecticut Company article, tho with an apparent typo that i fixed. --doncram (talk) 21:25, 13 February 2010 (UTC)

Yale Bowl trains and Fordham
I've read somewhere recently, that the NH moved from Woodlawn (NYC station) to Fordham (NYC station) because of the closer proximity to Football games between Yale and Fordham University. Any info on the exact year for this? ---User:DanTD (talk) 23:14, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
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System map typos
, thanks for fixing "Worchester". My mistake in thinking you were simply removing the map; perhaps next time you might announce your intentions in the edit summary? In any case, that's not the typo I thought you were deleting the map for. Perhaps you could also change "fright" to "freight" in the legend? PRRfan (talk) 19:53, 6 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Funny, I was just adding a note here to what I had found - and apologies for not making my intention clearer. Upon closer examination, many spelling errors are present on this map - I counted 8 city/town misspellings alone. Unfortunately, I do not have the ability to fix every problem on this map (my graphics editing skills are limited), but I would appreciate help if anyone has the ability to fix them. If not I'll give it a go in the next couple of days:

Thanks, Garchy (talk) 19:59, 6 April 2017 (UTC)
 * "Yahmouth" - should be Yarmouth
 * "Woodsocket" - should be Woonsocket
 * "Northamton" - should be Northampton
 * "Campell Hall" - should be Campbell Hall
 * "Saybrock" - should be Saybrook
 * "Middletwon" - should be Middletown
 * "Worchester" - should be Worcester
 * "Fright" - should be "freight", in legend (thanks to PRRfan for noticing this one)
 * I left a note on the original author's Commons talk page. They are still active on Commons and may be able to make the changes on their original file. Pi.1415926535 (talk) 20:41, 6 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Everything fixed, 5 min job. In case of map problems, always contact me on my user page. I can't read discussions on all the pages, where I have added maps.--Pechristener (talk) 21:19, 6 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Appreciate the quick reaction and help - also, thanks for creating the map, much appreciated. I did notice the version appears to be the same as before, but maybe it's just an upload problem? - This was cleared up with this response. Thanks again! Thanks, Garchy (talk) 21:22, 6 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the great map! PRRfan (talk) 05:13, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

Map corrections
First off, props to whoever made the map, it's great. But I have noticed some issues. (Assuming the map takes place in 1929 as it states)

 * The Danbury Branch was electrified in 1925, so it should be shown here.
 * The Ridgefield Branch was reduced to freight-only service following the 1925 electrification of the Danbury Branch, so that should be shown too.

Thanks-- Kieran207 ( talk - Contribs ) 03:07, 20 February 2021 (UTC)


text:
Along Comes Mary

"Along Comes Mary" is a song composed by Tandyn Almer, originally recorded by American sunshine pop band the Association. It was the group's first hit, released in March 1966 as the lead single prior to their debut album, And Then... Along Comes the Association, which appeared in July.

Background
"Along Comes Mary" is sung from the point of view of a once-disillusioned young man talking about the "tribulations no one ever sees" and who "curse[s] those faults in me." The singer believes Mary gives him comfort and improves his life. Both Leonard Bernstein and Tandyn Almer stated that Mary was a reference to marijuana; this association was also prevalent among many of the song's listeners. In the Young People's Concert titled What Is a Mode? Leonard Bernstein explained that the song was composed in the Dorian mode.

Bloodhound Gang version
American rock band Bloodhound Gang recorded a version of "Along Comes Mary" with new punk music to accompany the lyrics. It first appeared on the 1998 soundtrack to the film Half Baked before appearing on Bloodhound Gang's third studio album, Hooray for Boobies, the following year. "Along Comes Mary" was released as the album's first single in May 1999 and reached No. 5 in Austria, No. 6 in Germany, and No. 13 in Switzerland. The song was certified gold in both Austria and Germany.

Other covers
In 1966, Hugh Masekela included the song on his album Hugh Masekela's Next Album, and in 1967, Cal Tjader covered it for his album Along Comes Cal. That same year, Baja Marimba Band's had a minor hit with their cover of the song. In 1968, George Benson included a version on his album Giblet Gravy, and in 1986 a cover appeared on R. Stevie Moore's album Glad Music. In 1995, the Manhattan Transfer covered the song for their album Tonin', and the following year, 24-7 Spyz covered it for their album 6. In 2005, a cover of the song appeared on the Guess Who's compilation album Let's Go, and Plainsong also released a cover on their self-titled album.

title: Along Comes Mary