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Talk:Shaun Hutson

Untitled
Original page editor's note 4/6/2005

As I create this entry I am somewhat bemused as to author not being present within wikipedia until now.

I personally began reading his work in 1992/1993 as a natural progression from teen horror novels, and the classification of his books are fully justified as adult horror. Shaun Hutson takes horror to another level which young audiences would be unable to stomach. The agonising details and precise writing will leave the reader truly horrified as to what is unfolding and is without a doubt 'the stuff nightmares are made of'. They are written in a spellbinding manner which leaves the reader unwilling to continue with the graphic material, yet at the same time it forces you to read on against you're own better judgement (ha,ha, tell me that lines a joke!LOL). Don't be surprised if you skip read a few sentences.

Not one for the faint hearted or the mentally capable.

Poor quality
This article, frankly, is a mess. The narrative structure is not organized in any coherent fashion. It resembles more a collection of desultory and disparate facts arranged almost randomly. The use of a the dreaded trivia section only adds to the flaws in this piece.

I believe the editor, or others with an interest this author and/or his work, need to do a complete rewrite. If that is not done, in my opinion, the article should be deleted for falling woefully short of any encyclopedic standard whatsoever.

I was not even aware of Hutson until accidentally running across (what is apparently) his web page in a Google search completely unrelated to him.

If his work is of any quality, he and his oeuvre certainly deserve better than this article.

 * My God ! Perhaps Sean Hutson wrote the article himself then ??!! :-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 113.88.14.239 (talk) 12:13, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Changes made
Changed the statement "His works have often been extremely gritty and violent" by rewriting it to: "His works have often been described as extremely gritty and violent" to remove POV. If the characterization of his works is to remain, clearly, critical citations are needed to back this up. However accurate it may be, without third-party citations, it is merely an editor's opinion and one I believe violates NPOV.

Changed the spelling of "calibre" to the correct spelling "caliber." American English, after all, is the international language. And every text-editor program with a spellchecker will flag the word as a misspelling. E.g. Microsoft Word, which has 95% of this market.

While the statement that Hutson is a fan of "Liverpool F.C." is desultory and seemingly unrelated in the way it is written, I left it in.

However, I changed it to clarify that "LFC" is a British soccer team. Given the almost complete lack of a fan base for professional soccer in the United States, despite from the popularity of the American flavor of amateur soccer played by children, some North American readers will not be aware of the nature of this team. Clarification is, therefore, necessary.

With growth in popularity of NFL--rules football, the use of the term soccer must be used to distinguish that game from the former one; especially given the increasingly popularity of football in the UK and elsewhere around the world.

PainMan (talk) 20:18, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

It's about a UK author, so stop trying to change it to US spellings. It's FOOTBALL not SOCCER too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.71.51.130 (talk) 14:45, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Notability
After a review of hits generated by Google search and specific book entries in amazon.com, the subject of this article does not appear to meet WP:CREATIVE. I have found no editorial reviews of the subject's work other than blog entries, publisher's notes, and one short reference in Bookweek. The article is unreferenced (other than a link to a website that the subject contributes to directly). If this author is notable, can someone please add references to support that claim? Bongo matic  01:07, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Shaun Hutson has written FIFTY novels over the last quarter of a century. I think he is notable - lol!. I'll see if I can dig out more refs. Gilgamesh007 (talk) 15:02, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Hank Wagner writes him up in Supernatural Fiction of the World from Greenwood Press, and there's an enthusiastic overview by David Mathew of his work in Horror, Ghost & Gothic Writers (St James Press). Ramsey Campbell (talk) 12:45, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Link
Under the list of biographies, the "Death day" links to something completly unrelated to either Shaun or his books, not sure how to remove the incorrect link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Qzertyy (talk • contribs) 09:56, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Shaun Hutson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liquid Tension Experiment 2

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 14:09, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Liquid Tension Experiment 2
Submitted by Andrew pmk 05:11, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC).
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 05:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or merge with Liquid Tension Experiment. It seems to me clear that the band is notable (64,000+ hits on google for "Liquid Tension Experiment"). The album certainly deserves to be covered and should not be deleted.  If you want to merge it with the band page, I guess that is OK but it should really be kept as a separate article and cleaned up with the album format. see WP:ALBUMS.  DS1953 06:02, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If kept I recommend a rename to Liquid Tension Experiment (album) according to naming policy. If the mentioned links are relevant to the band I'd say this deserves an article. Keep or merge (rename first, so redirecting is possible). Mgm|(talk) 11:41, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * COMMENT: Hm, we seem to have two different albums by the same name. Can anyone clarify why this is the case. Maybe we need to disambiguate using (1998 album) and (1999 album) instead. Mgm|(talk) 11:44, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, there are two albums, so you have the band, album # and album #2 all with the same name except that the second album has a "2" in the name. DS1953 13:18, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep rename and expand. There seems to be some interest in this album. Capitalistroadster 07:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I added much more album info, and will do the same for their first album.  If needed I'll add more to the article about the band to distinguish the pages. I'm new, so I'm not knowledgeable on all the processes here, so let me know what needs to be changed.  LTE is linked to from the Dream Theater site, and is somewhat historic to the band. They occasionally play some of the tracks live today.  Justabaldguy 00:53, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Change my vote to Keep. Adequately cleaned up. Andrew pmk 01:15, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:210.80.182.230

title: User talk:210.80.182.230


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Safety (EP)

Safety is the first extended play and public release by British rock band Coldplay. It was recorded at Tottenham's Sync City Studios with Nikki Rosetti between 1 and 2 February 1998, following their debut live performance at The Laurel Tree. Phil Harvey financed the sessions for £1,500 and received a box with 500 copies on 19 May 1998. Most of them were given away to record labels, friends and family, but around 150 were sold on the open market.

According to Harvey, his father and an Oxford roommate were the ones to help him fund Safety. The latter originally bought a copy of it for around £3. On 25 May 1998, the band managed to sell 50 units of the extended play to their public at Dingwalls. All three of the songs appeared unaltered on subsequent Coldplay releases: "Bigger Stronger" and "Such a Rush" were featured on The Blue Room, while "No More Keeping My Feet on the Ground" was used as a B-side for their breakthrough hit "Yellow".

Packaging
The album artwork is a photograph of lead singer Chris Martin taken by John Hilton, a friend of the band. His long exposure shot captured Martin's moving head perfectly framed by a safety door sign at one of the band's gigs and inspired the EP's title.

Track listing
All songs written by Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion and Chris Martin.

Personnel

 * Coldplay
 * Chris Martin – vocals, keyboards, acoustic guitar, songwriting, production
 * Jonny Buckland – electric guitar, songwriting, production
 * Guy Berryman – bass guitar, songwriting, production
 * Will Champion – drums, songwriting, production

 * Technical personnel
 * Nikki Rosetti – production, engineering
 * Phil Harvey – management
 * John Hilton – photography
 * Kut & Payste Studios – sleeve design

title: Safety (EP)


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Wind Power Production Incentive

The Wind Power Production Incentive, or WPPI, was a program of the Canadian Government that promoted the generation of electricity from wind power in Canada to reduce the amount of greenhouse gas that would otherwise enter the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels.

During the five-year field trial projects were performed to test the performance based on various weather conditions. Provision of economic incentives was guaranteed for up to 1,000 MW of newly installed capacity by 2007. New installations in 2003 included the MacBride Wind Farm (75.9 MW) in Alberta, the North Cape Wind Farm Expansion (5.3 MW), and the Aeolous Wind Turbine (3 MW) in PEI, the Parc éolien du Renard (2.25 MW) in Quebec, the Cypress Hill Wind Farm Expansion (4.6 MW) in Saskatchewan, and the Ontario Place Wind turbine (0.75 MW) in Ontario. The government paid about half the excess cost of producing electricity from wind, compared to conventional sources, for the first 10 years of a project. The Canadian WPPI Program started in 2002 and ended on March 31, 2007, after a change of government. A different program partly replaced it.

A wind farm costs about the same to build per watt of nameplate capacity as a coal-fired power station of similar rating, but the economies of scale are fewer for a wind farm due to the lower quantity of power produced over the life of a station. Depending on location, wind farms may produce nearly full power output only about 28% of the time, whereas a base-loaded coal-fired station runs at full output more than 85% of the time. The WPPI provided a direct subsidy per kilowatthour of wind energy produced, from 1.2 cents down to 0.8 cents depending on the startup date of a project. Measures were taken to distribute the incentive across the country. The total estimated cost of the program was (CDN) $260 million. The program lived a short 5 year life.

Project description
The Canadian government launched the Wind Power Production Incentive in 2002, intending to boost Canada's installed wind capacity by 500% over five years. The program lasted fifteen years and cost Canada 260 million dollars (170 million U.S. dollars), and it was expected to earn roughly 1.5 billion Canadian dollars (1 billion U.S. dollars) of capital investments across the country.

An internal audit in 2006 observed that capacity factors were overestimated by applicants, so less capacity was supplied than intended.

Project history
In 2002, Canada upheld the Kyoto Protocol, a nationwide pledge to help maintain and reduce greenhouse gas based on the theory that society has caused global warming. Canada set goals to increase renewable resources for energy diversification, further the development of technology in all aspects, create new jobs and increase the amount of trade internationally. Canada is supported by provincial and federal governments because of their increased development of incentive programs such as arctic energy alliances, gas distribution ,and a variety of business programs. The Wind Energy Research and Development (WERD) program is the study of kinetic energy transformed into electricity. As a part of National Resources Canada, this program is Canada's main resource for technical support.

Program failures, superseding, and lasting effects
The Wind Power Production Incentive lost its funding in 2006, five years into its planned 15-year lifespan. It was ultimately replaced the following year in part by a newer, more forward-thinking program, ecoEnergy for Renewable Power. The Wind Power Production Incentive was created as an immediate response to Canada's upholding of the Kyoto Protocol. It was one of two programs formed to address the motives of the Kyoto Protocol along with the Renewable Energy Deployment Initiative (REDI), which focused on smaller-scale production and renewable heat. During the life of these programs, their shortcomings began to surface. These shortcomings were the product of government officials reacting too hastily to newly evidenced environmental concerns resulting from the burning of fossil fuels for energy.

Through further research and testing, the concept of relying solely on wind power for Canada's energy needs proved to be inefficient and impractical. The superseding program, ecoEnergy for Renewable Power, uses government funding and tax incentives to encourage the production of various renewable energy sources such as low-impact hydro, biomass, photovoltaic and geothermal energy in addition to the wind power Canada was already heavily invested in. The more diversified approach limits the risks involved with becoming too heavily dependent on a single energy source. These risks include increased costs and unexpected decreases in the production of a particular energy source which could cause an energy crisis. EcoEnergy for Renewable Power is part of a larger program called the ecoACTION Clean Air Agenda, which planned to reduce Canada's greenhouse gas emissions by 17% from 2005 to 2020.

The Wind Power Production Incentive program was not a complete failure, but merely a premature and under-informed attempt at a large issue. The economics of the program proved quite prolific. Government funding was rewarded with substantial increases in wind power production amounting to 924 MW of clean wind energy. Much of this blueprint created by the WPPI was carried over into the new program with updated logistics. "The ecoEnergy for Renewable Power program will provide an incentive of one cent per kilowatt hour for up to 10 years to eligible projects constructed over the next four years that generate clean electricity from renewable sources" (Brown), a 0.2 cent per kilowatt hour decrease from the initial WPPI incentive. While also being expanded to include incentives for the production of more renewable energy sources, ecoEnergy retained the long-term incentives to provide security for those who participated in the program. The Renewable Energy Deployment Initiative was similarly supplanted by ecoENERGY for Renewable Heat, which "will provide $36 million over four years to increase the adoption of clean renewable thermal technologies for water heating and space heating and cooling" (Brown).

The Wind Power Production Incentive changed the way government officials, energy production companies, and consumers think about clean energy. It jump-started the industry and laid the blueprint for future clean energy acceleration programs in Canada and across the world. Wind energy's share of Canada's total energy consumption has grown at an average rate of 40% annually. Although wind power still accounts for less than 1% of Canada's total energy consumption, the programs the WPPI laid the path for have helped renewable energy sources take on about 11.1 percent of Canada's total energy consumption.

title: Wind Power Production Incentive


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History of Khuzestan province

Khuzestan province is located in southwestern Iran. Its history extends from the pre-Aryan ancient Elamite civilization to the modern-day Islamic Republic.

Prehistory
Susiana plain, centered around Susa in the north of Khuzestan province, has been the subject of the longest and the most extensive archaeological research in Iran. Just to the northwest in Ilam province, there's also the Deh Luran plain, that was culturally very similar.

Susiana plain
Unlike southern Mesopotamia, early settled life in Susiana was dominated by a single site: Chogha Mish. It was abandoned around 4800 BCE, perhaps because of increased activity of nomadic pastoralist groups in the lowlands. For several centuries afterward there was a transitional phase during which Chogha Do Sar, 9 km to the southwest, was the largest settlement in the region. Susa was founded around 4400 BCE as a cluster of several hamlets that later merged to become a single larger town. It may have competed with Chogha Do Sar for a while before ultimately becoming the main settlement in the region.

Zohreh River plain
From 2015 to 2020 the Zohreh Prehistoric Project has been directed by Abbas Moghaddam. In the Zohreh River plain, they have discovered a very large site of Chega Sofla dating from 4,700 to 3,700 BC. It is located close to Sardasht, Khuzestan, in the proximity to Makran coast. These peoples used bricks in the construction of their tombs. Here we find the oldest example of using bricks in tomb construction so far found. These tombs are built with mud bricks and baked bricks, which is quite unusual for that time, as well as in stone.

Large quantities of luxurious pottery and a big variety of copper tools and other copper objects have been found. Many cultural similarities with Susa, in the lower Zagros Mountains, Iran, have been identified.

A discovery of 71 unusual conical-shaped stelae had been announced at Tall Chegah-e Sofla in 2020. These stelae are dating from the late fifth-millennium BC. The height of the stelae varies between 81 cm and 32.5 cm. Some of the stelae have no carvings, but most of them are carved with various figures, such as of humans, goats, and eyes. These carved eyes can be oval or circular. Many stelae also carry some simple geometrical designs. Originally they were set upright, but were found as all stacked together as a group.

Twenty samples of metal objects, whitish beads and rock fragments were discovered at Chega Sofla, and investigated by scientists. They identified the earliest man-made enstatite beads in Iran, as well as the silver objects that may be some of the world's most ancient. The copper-based artifacts found were also analyzed. Besides copper, they contained arsenic, antimony, nickel, as well as lead.

Authors determined that most of the raw materials at the site were imported from farther distances, such as from the central or northwest Iran.

Elam
Khuzestan was once inhabited by a people known as the Elamites, who spoke neither Indo-European languages (like the Medes and Persians of the Iranian plateau) nor Semitic languages (like the peoples of the Mesopotamian city-states). The Elamite language was not related to any Iranian languages, but may have been part of a larger group known as Elamo-Dravidian. Archaeologists and historians have documented various Elamite dynasties ranging from approximately 2700 BCE to 644 BCE.

The boundaries of Elam shifted throughout history, but Elam usually included present-day Khuzestan and areas of the Iranian plateau now part of the Iranian province of Fars. Elamite kings sometimes ruled as far afield as Babylon; sometimes they were completely subjugated by the Babylonians and Assyrians, and vice versa, as was the case for numerous dynasties that ruled Iran.

The core region of Elam appears to have been the rugged mountainous area in the Zagros mountains. The lowlands of Susiana in the west and the southeastern Zagros around Kerman province, with sites such as Tepe Sialk, Tepe Yahya, Tall-i Iblis, and Shahdad, were more on the periphery. In the eastern region, there was also an indigenous population. The main economy of Elam was based on agriculture and nomadic pastoralism, while trade with lowland Mesopotamia (especially in metals, timber, and precious stones) also played a role from the 4th millennium BCE onwards.

During the Proto-Elamite period, Susa was the lone major settlement in Susiana. In the following Old Elamite period, during the late 3rd millennium BCE, Tepe Musian (14 hectares) on the Deh Loran plain was the only other large town in Khuzestan. Then, early in the 2nd millennium BCE, Susa expanded to a size of 85 hectares and became a major political, commercial, and cultural city. Houses were built of mud brick and arranged around courtyards, and in many cases the dead were buried in tombs underneath the courtyard or the floors. Tombs like these continued to be made in Susan houses until the middle of the 1st millennium BCE. At the same time, towns and villages appeared in the lowlands as well as in the valleys in the neighboring highlands. This, combined with texts from Susa, suggests that there was a high level of agricultural development in the region then, with canals for irrigation.

During the Middle Elamite period, the Elamite kings successfully invaded Mesopotamia, and the increased use of the Elamite language in documents and inscriptions along with new artistic and architectural forms indicates their power at this time. Finds at the major sites in Khuzestan from this period attest to royal sponsorship of metalworking and other technologies. There was a growing interregional trade to accommodate the demand for luxury objects at royal courts and religious sanctuaries. Increased populations in major cities may indicate a contraction in settled agriculture, with pastoralism, trade, and plunder playing a more important role in the economy.

The main archaeological site from the first part of this period is Haft Tepe, 25 km southeast of Susa. Known as Kabnak, this site includes a funerary temple complex with vaulted underground tombs and two mud-brick terraces that may represent the eroded bases of ziggurats. A fragmentary stele indicates that the complex was maintained by the 16th-century BCE king Tepti-ahar. Adjoining the larger terrace was a workshop area including a double-chambered kiln. This area made objects from metal, bone, shell, and mosaic. Ceramics were also made here, including painted clay funerary heads which first appear here and then continue to appear throughout the period.

The main site during the second part of the Middle Elamite period is Chogha Zanbil, which was anciently known as Āl Untaš Napiriša or Dūr Untaš. It had a ziggurat and several surrounding temples, which may have been used as a sanctuary for deities throughout the realm. There was also a royal quarter with three monumental palaces, each with large courts surrounded by long halls and storerooms. The site of Chogha Zanbil may not have been extensively inhabited.

Terracotta figurines are characteristic of Elamite art during the late 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting a possible continuity of religious beliefs during this time. Sculptures of beds and nude women supporting their breasts with their hands are common during this period but do not appear to have remained common after around 1000 BCE. Sculptures of hump-backed bulls are also found at several sites, including Susa, Haft Tepe, and Chogha Zanbil. Rock-cut sanctuaries in the highlands, such as Kūl-e Fara and Šekāfta Salmān near Izeh in eastern Khuzestan, also suggest continuity of religious beliefs. Both sanctuaries have later inscriptions indicating that the area was ruled by a king named Hanni, who ruled over a state named Aapir.

Susa went into a rapid decline at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Famines appear to have had "disastrous effects" on the surrounding rural population at that time. Elamite groups may have been pushed to the valleys of eastern Khuzestan from the west by new ethnic groups (or already-present ones that had previously been subordinate). Eastern Khuzestan appears to have increased in both importance and population during this period. The only excavated site in this area is Tall-i Ghazir near Ramhormoz, surrounded by the Bakhtiari mountains.

Around the late 8th century BCE, Susa appears to have recovered and enjoyed a period of renewed prosperity. By this time, at least two other cities, Madaktu and Khidalu, had come to play important political roles.

Historians differ as to whether the Elamites could be considered "Iranian". On the one hand, the Elamites spoke a non-Iranian language and were culturally closer to the established civilizations of Sumer and Akkad than they were to the tribes of the Iranian plateau. On the other hand, the Elamites linked the old civilizations of Mesopotamia and the new peoples of the plateau, and their version of Mesopotamian civilization was a formative influence on the first indisputably Persian empire of the Achaemenids. Elam was one of the first conquests of the new Persian empire; Elamite scribes kept the Persians' records, writing them down in Elamite cuneiform. Hence one contemporary historian, Elton Daniel, states that the Elamites are "the founders of the first Iranian empire in the geographic sense". (The History of Iran, 2001, p. 26). If the Elamites are considered proto-Persians, then Khuzestan would have been one of the cradles of Persian civilization. Many experts such as Sir Percy Sykes in fact called the Elamites "the earliest civilization of Persia" (A History of Persia, p38), and Ibn Nadeem in his book al-Fehrest ("الفهرست"), mentions that all the Median and Persian lands of antiquity spoke one language. In his book, which is the most accredited account of spoken languages of Iran during the early Islamic era, Ibn Nadeem quotes the 8th century scholar Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa as having counted Khuzi among the Iranian languages and for having identified it as the unofficial language of the royalty of Iran.

In 644 BCE, the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal conquered Elam and destroyed their capital at Susa. For a time, the area was ruled from northern Mesopotamia. The area then seems to have re-established its independence. It was known as Susiana and ruled from Susa. It managed to remain independent of the burgeoning Median Empire.

The Achaemenid Empire

 * In 538 BCE Cyrus the Great conquers the Median Empire, then Susiana, then Assyria. The city of Susa is rebuilt as an Achaemenid capital.

Over the succeeding two centuries, Persian civilization established itself in Khuzestan, though the Elamite language is said to have survived for another thousand years, until the 5th century CE.

Alexander and the Seleucids

 * Main articles: Alexander of Macedon, Seleucid Empire

 * In 331 BCE, Alexander of Macedon defeats the Achaemenids at the Battle of Gaugamela and establishes the largest empire yet known. Alexander dies young and his empire is split between his successors.
 * From 305 BCE to 60 BCE, the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, rules from Seleucia on the Tigris. They repeatedly clash with the Parthian empire and eventually fall to the Parthians, in 129 BCE.

The Parthians

 * 300 BCE to 224 CE, The Parthian empire conquers much of present-day Iran and contests Mesopotamia and Khuzestan with the Seleucids and then the Roman Empire.

The Sassanids

 * 224 to 621 CE, The area was subject to Sassanid dynasty. The area is known as Xuzestan during this period.

During the early years of the reign of Shapur II (309-379), Arabs crossed the Persian Gulf from Bahrain to "Ardashir-Khora" of Fars and raided the interior. In retaliation, Shapur II led an expedition through Bahrain, defeated the combined forces of the Arab tribes of Taghleb, Bakr bin Wael, and Abd Al-Qays and advanced temporarily into Yamama in central Najd. The Sassanids resettled these tribes in Kerman and Ahvaz. Arabs named Shapur II, as Shabur Dhul-aktāf (he who owns shoulders because either he pierced or dislocated captured Arabs shoulders or he had wide shoulders) after this battle. (p. 202, Encyclopædia Iranica).

It should be pointed out that the Arab presence in Iran, did not begin with the Arab conquest of the Sassanid Empire. Mutual infiltration into and out of Iran, began before the Muslim conquests and continued as a result of joint exertions of the civilized Arabs (ahl al-madar) as well as the desert Arabs (ahl al-wabar). There were tribesmen of Bakr bin Wael and Tamim(Thamim) in Khuzestan and Fars prior to the arrival of the Arab Muslim Armies. Some of these Arab groups were sedentary while others were nomadic. Some fought on behalf of the Sassanid Empire (Taghleb, Eyad), while others (Lakhmid, Shayban, Bakr bin Wael) began struggling against the Sassanids. These latter group had already won a celebrated, if limited, victory at Du Qar around 604 CE

Some local Arabs led by Al-Motanna bin Hareta Al-Shaybani helped to direct the attention of the nascent Muslim state toward Iran by converting to Islam and negotiating with Medina for support in their anti-Sassanid moves. (p. 210-211 Encyclopædia Iranica ).

Early Muslim dynasties

 * 630 CE The Arabs, united by their new faith of Islam, expand into Mesopotamia and a few years later into Khuzestan.

For several centuries, Khuzestan was part of the province of Mesopotamia and ruled by distant caliphs. Over time, most of the inhabitants adopted Islam. The Persian language absorbed thousands of Arabic loanwords and some Arabic syntax. The Persians in their turn had a deep influence on their Arab conquerors.

Khuzestan was a rich part of a thriving empire. The Karun river was dammed, and sugar-cane plantations spread over reclaimed scrublands or marshlands. Many noted Muslim scholars, scientists, artists, poets, and musicians were Khuzestanis.

 * 661 - Umayyad caliphs rule from Damascus.
 * 750 - Abbasid caliphs rule from Baghdad or Samarra.
 * 946 - 1258 The Abbasid caliphs become mere figureheads. Various Buwayhid and Seljuk Turk chieftains rule in the caliph's name, or compete to do so.

The political situation was extremely fluid and the boundaries of the various emirates and sultanates tended to disappear quickly.

In the Umayyad period, large tribes of nomads from the Hanifa, Tamim, and Abd al-Qays tribes crossed the Persian Gulf and occupied some of the richest Basran territories around Ahvaz and in Fars during the second Islamic civil war in 661-665/680-684 (Encyclopædia Iranica, p. 215, under Arab Tribes of Iran).

During the Abbasid period, in the second half of the 10th century, the Assad tribe, taking advantage of quarrels under the Buwayhids, penetrated into Khuzestan, where the Tamim tribe had been inhabiting since pre-Islamic times. However, following the fall of the Abbasid dynasty, the flow of Arab immigrants into Persia gradually diminished, but it nonetheless continued.

After the decline of the Saffarid dynasty in the late 9th century, Baghdad maintained a strong centralized control of Khuzestan until the local Baridi dynasty became relatively independent around 927. The Buyids reasserted control from Baghdad on and off from 941 until the Seljuqs gained power in 1055.

During the medieval period, one of the main economic activities in Khuzestan was the manufacturing of luxury textiles: silks, brocades, silk-wool blends, and tiraz fabric. The tiraz factories were a state monopoly and thus controlling them held political significance. This is a continuation of the earlier Sassanid trend where luxury goods were produced in imperial workshops; the Sassanids had developed a silk industry in Khuzestan, setting up workshops in Tustar, Jundi-Sabur, and Susa. During the middle ages, Tustar in particular seems to have consistently been one of the most important textile producers in the region, as it is today. Its economic importance is indicated by the fact that it was allowed to produce the Kiswah (the embroidered covering for the Kaaba) in 321 AH/933 CE — an act with enormous political importance.

Almost all the cloth-producing cities of medieval Khuzestan were located on rivers. These rivers provided a source of irrigation for the cotton, flax, and mulberry crops used in the production of textiles, and they were also used to power water mills for processing the raw materials. They also functioned as a means of transportation and supported commerce as well.

Khuzestan was also noted as a producer of sugar during this period. Contemporary accounts indicate the presence of two places with sugar refineries: Sus and Jundisabur. Al-Maqdisi wrote that Jundisabur "provided all the sugar consumed in Khorasan and Jibal", indicating that it was very important economically. Cultivation of date palms was also very widespread in Khuzestan; especially in the southern regions that are saltier and less irrigated.

Despite being a political capital of the region, Ahvaz was not a major producer of either food products or manufactured goods. Its primary function then, as now, was mostly administration and redistribution.

The Mongol invasion
From 1219 to 1335, Mongols under Genghis Khan and then his grandson Hulegu invaded from the steppes to the east of the Iranian plateau, reaching Palestine before they were stopped. Baghdad, the rich and fabled capital of the Abbasid caliphs, fell in 1258. The Middle Eastern Mongol Ilkhanate sustained itself for a century and then disintegrated. Much of Khuzestan was destroyed and left in ruins.

Safavid era
In 1393 Khuzestan was conquered by Tamerlane and afterwards seems to have been ruled by his successors, the Timurids. As the Timurid rule decayed, Khuzestan was taken over by the Msha'sha'iya, a Shi'a millenarian sect who dominated the western region of the province from the middle of the 15th century to the 19th century. According to most sources, their descendants were still to be found in the 19th century, as powerful local rulers in the city of Hoveizeh, their original center.

In 1510 Khuzestan was conquered by the Safavid dynasty. The western part of Khuzestan was called Arabistan from this point on, due to the increasing Arab population. The eastern part of Khuzestan was known as Khuzestan and was mostly inhabited by Lurs people thus sometimes incorporated into Greater Lur. It was often contested between the Safavids and the Ottoman Empire, which held the neighboring town of Basra on the other side of the Shatt al-Arab river in modern-day Iraq.

In the latter part of the 16th century, the Bani Kaab, from Kuwait, settled in Khuzestan. (see J.R. Perry, "The Banu Ka'b: An Amphibious Brigand State in Khuzestan", Le Monde Iranien et L'Islam I, 1971, p133) And during the succeeding centuries, many more Arab tribes moved from southern Iraq to the western part of Khuzestan.

For several centuries Khuzestan, as with many other Iranian provinces prior to the era of the Pahlavi dynasty, had been a semi-autonomous part of Persia under the control of an Imperial Governor-Generalate appointed by the Shah. The Zagros mountains separated the province from the central Iranian plateau. The governor-general, who resided part of the year in the cool highlands at Shushtar or Dezful, often left real exercise of power to local leaders who bid and quarrelled amongst each other for the position of tax farmer.

Of these factions, the Muhaisin clan, led by Sheikh Jabir al-Kaabi, became the strongest and under his leadership the Bani Kaab were reunified under a single authority, the capital of the tribe being moved from the village of Fallahiyah to the flourishing port city of Mohammerah. Unlike previous leaders of the Bani Kaab, Jabir maintained law and order, and established Mohammerah as a free port and sheikhdom, of which he was Sheikh. Jabir also became the Imperial-appointed governor-general of the province.

British and Russian interventions
Throughout the 19th century, Russia and Britain contended for control of Persia. Both attempted to influence or intimidate the Qajar Shahs. Russia dominated the northern parts of Iran while Britain dominated the south. Khuzestan was an area of particular interest to Britain, originally because of its strategic location, and later due its vast oilfields. For more than a century, Britain was a dominant influence in the area.

 * 1856–1857 Anglo-Persian War Following a trivial dispute between the British ambassador to Persian and the Shah's prime minister, Britain declares war and sends troops up through the Persian Gulf. They march through Khuzestan and up the Karun River as far as Ahvaz. The Persian government concedes and at the Treaty of Paris, Persia surrenders Herat and surrounding territories to Afghanistan. British troops withdraw from Khuzestan.
 * 1870 End of construction for the Indo-European telegraph line from Calcutta to London. The line passes through Iran.
 * 1878 The British establish a consulate at Bushehr, just down the Persian Gulf coast from Khuzestan.
 * 1888 The British firm of Lynch Brothers is granted a concession to run a line of steamers on the Karun River, as far to Ahvaz.
 * 1908 Oil discovered in Khuzestan.
 * 1909 The Anglo-Persian Oil Company is founded. The company constructs drill rigs, refineries, large industrial facilities, and British-style housing for overseers. The Arab character of the western region of the province is diluted by immigration from other parts of Iran. The area becomes one of the more prosperous areas of Persia. The oil company pays royalties to the Qajar Shah as well as to the provincial governor-general, Sheikh Khaz'al Khan of Mohammarah.
 * 1914–1918 During World War I, Britain lands troops in Khuzestan, using it as a staging area for an invasion of Ottoman territories in what is now Iraq.
 * 1921 British officials support a coup mounted by Colonel Reza Khan, which overthrows the Qajar dynasty and eventually establishes the Pahlavi dynasty in 1925. The British believed that Reza Khan would be more effective at holding the country together and resisting Russian (now Bolshevik) incursions from the north.
 * 1925 Reza Khan is crowned the new Shah and has Sheikh Khaz'al deposed, who is held under house arrest in Tehran. Reza Shah attempts to forcibly settle the tribal groups of Khuzestan and impose strict central government control.
 * 1929 The Trans-Iranian Railway is built across the Karun River at Ahvaz.
 * 1936 Sheikh Khazal dies in Tehran. The province is renamed Khuzestan, a return to the name of the province before the Safavid era. (see origin of the name Khuzestan).
 * 1939–1945 During World War II, Britain again wishes to use Khuzestan for military purposes. The Persian government objects. In 1941, Britain participated in Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran which overthrowed Reza Shah and replaces him with his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. A British military base is again established in Khuzestan.

Modernization and turmoil

 * 1951–1954 Under the democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company is nationalized. Mosaddegh is ousted in a joint CIA/MI6-organized coup (dubbed Operation Ajax), which installs the formerly exiled Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to the throne as the de facto dictator, and the oil companies resume control. However, they now pay higher royalties to the Iranian government.
 * 1946–1979 As with his father before him, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi attempts to modernize Iran by imposing strict central government control and limiting local autonomy and culture. Minority languages are suppressed and not allowed to be taught in schools. The government seized the settled tribal lands of the Arabs and Lurs for the oil industry or government purposes. Ethnic discontent simmered during Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign. However, overt expression of unhappiness was limited, as the state energetically suppressed dissent.

The Iranian Revolution
Rampant corruption, oppressive secret police, and autocratic rule made the Pahlavi shah less and less popular. His attempts to modernize Iran and break the power of the Shi'a clergy antagonized religious leaders and devout Iranians. In 1979, a loose alliance of students, parties from both the left and the right, and Shi'a Islamists forced the Shah from power. The Shi'a clergy eventually seize power and establish the theocratic Islamic Republic.

Following the revolution, there were several regional uprisings. Khuzestan was hit by a wave of unrest led by Arabs demanding both autonomy and an end to discrimination. The uprising was suppressed by Iranian security forces, with more than a hundred dead on both sides.

The Iran–Iraq War
Disruption in the central government made various Iranian regional separatists bolder. In 1980, six Khuzestani Arab separatists temporarily seized the Iranian embassy in London (see Iranian Embassy Siege).

Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi dictator, supported the separatists. Initially, it emerged they wanted autonomy for Khuzestan. Later they demanded the release of 91 of their comrades held in Ayatollah Khomeini's jails. Only after the incident was over did it emerge that Iraq had trained and armed the gunmen to embarrass Iran, and it would become a prelude to the Iran–Iraq War.

Soon after the embassy drama in 1980, Iraqi troops invaded Khuzestan. They expected that the Arab inhabitants would welcome them as liberators, and that the Iranian army would be too weak to resist them. Both expectations were delusory. After initial gains, the Iraqis were repulsed and pushed back to the old borders. The war ended in 1988.

Aftermath
Khuzestan was devastated by the war. What used to be Iran's largest refinery at Abadan was destroyed, never to fully recover. Many of the famous palm plantations were annihilated, cities were destroyed, and historical sites were demolished. Many of the inhabitants were forced to flee into neighboring provinces, which struggled to cope with the influx of refugees. Not all of the refugees have been able to return to their former homes.

The central government has made some repairs in major urban centers and rebuilt a few tourist attractions, such as Shush Castle. There is a new steelworks in Ahvaz, and a new dam on the Karun River. However, some sites, such as the city of Khorramshahr, are still desolate ruins.

Khuzestanis have protested, claiming that oil revenues from their province are used elsewhere and they are left to cope with the aftermath of the war as best they can. There has been much unrest among Arabic-speaking and Arab-heritage Khuzestanis, who claim that they face discrimination. Riots and mass arrests made international news in 2005.

References and further reading

 * History of Persia (2 volumes), Sir Percy Sykes (1915)
 * Tarikh-e Pahnsad Saal-e Khuzestan (Five Hundred Year History of Khuzestan) by Ahmad Kasravi
 * Jang-e Iran va Britannia dar Mohammerah (The Iran-British War in Mohammerah) by Ahmad Kasravi
 * Tarikh-e Bist Saal-e Iran (Twenty Year History of Iran) by Hossein Maki (Tehran, 1945–47)
 * Hayat-e Yahya (The Life of Yahya) by Yahya Dolatabadi (Tehran, 1948–52)
 * Tarikh-e Ejtemai va Edari Doreieh Qajarieh (The Administrative and Social History of the Qajar Era) by Abdollah Mostofi (Tehran, 1945–49) ISBN 1-56859-041-5 (for the English translation)
 * Amin al-Rayhani, Muluk al-Arab, aw Rihlah fi al-bilad al-Arabiah (in two volumes, 1924–25), Vol 2, part 6 on Kuwait.
 * Ansari, Mostafa -- The History of Khuzistan, 1878-1925, unpublished PhD. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1974
 * Khuzestan: The First Front in the War on Iran? by Zoltan Grossman
 * Khuzestan: The First Front in the War on Iran? by Zoltan Grossman

title: History of Khuzestan province


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Talk:History of Khuzestan province

I started rewriting the history section of Khuzestan and soon found that I had more than a section's worth of material. This article still needs pictures, references, and external links. Zora 05:16, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Why the indentation?
I put it there, to set off the argumentative part. If you think it doesn't work, if a different format would be better, I'm OK with changing it. Zora 04:31, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Major revisions due
I just got my copy of a 1974 U of Chicago dissertation on the history of Khuzestan, which seems to be based in large part on old, unpublished records. It's fascinating and shows up a bunch of stuff I wrote as inaccurate. I'll finish reading the dissertation and then do a major revision. Zora 04:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Correcting info re Bani Ka'b, Muhammarah
I had written the article using inaccurate info from a web source. The source conflated the sheikhs of the Bani Ka'b and the sheikhs of Muhammarah. This is WRONG, per an unpublished doctoral dissertation I ordered. I have corrected it. Still need to add the ref for the dissertation. Also found a copy of a Gertrude Bell memorandum on the politics of Khuzestan, need to add that.

I could probably expand more in some sections, but at least I removed the inaccurate stuff. Zora 10:24, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Lar/Lur?
Noticed the revert today. Probably should have been listed as revert in the comments. Regardless, neither Lar nor Lur points to a valid city or or province or region article. Do you mean Lorestan? William Allen Simpson 12:32, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Is that how it's spelled in Wikipedia? The sources I have mention the Lur tribe, and the area that they inhabit as Luristan. I think that's more standard. If I've got a Lar anyplace, that's a mistake. Zora 13:41, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Lar is a city in Fars province. "Lur" does not exist as a place name. "Lorestan" or "Lurestan" however seems to match best. --Zereshk 22:13, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Zereshk reverting and delinking
OK, we'll handle this in specifics:
 * "Muhammarah, a thriving port said to have been founded early in the 18th century"
 * Are you saying that this name is inaccurate? Cite sources.

 * "The Karun river (then known as the Dujayl)"
 * Are you saying that this name is inaccurate? Cite sources.
 * --William Allen Simpson 17:46, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Zereshk reverting to bad text

 * "Many experts such as Sir Percy Sykes ...."
 * Badly written and formatted (a serious error worthy of deletion).
 * Inserted book references that are best footnotes.
 * Inserted accolades not appropriate to an encyclopedia.
 * Contradicts the paragraph in which it is inserted.
 * Makes no link between language "Khuzi" and "Elamite", the subject of the section.
 * --William Allen Simpson 17:56, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "Badly written" is a poor excuse to delete something. Instead FIX IT. (why do I have to repeat this everyday?)
 * The "instered book references" constitute evidence and sourcing, that are requirements for any good article according to WP policies.
 * If it contradicts the paragraph, well then ask its author to calrify what she exactly meant. That section was rewritten and jumbled up by User:Zora. However, I think the paragraph is pretty clear.
 * "Khuzi" was the language of the Elamites. It's as relevant as can get.--Zereshk 04:35, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
Article is sloppy, badly written, and is filled with Zora's personal opinions. Needs to be cleaned up. SouthernComfort 03:13, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Also, the article seems to have been written in a template format, to be fleshed out later. A great deal of this information, particular concerning the Elamites, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanids, etc. is already in other articles anyway. SouthernComfort 03:28, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

All the same, the info should be there, if only so people can find the other, fuller accounts. Sloppy and badly written? -- other people would disagree with you as to my prose. POV? Zereshk and I went over this article with a finetooth comb and he signed off on it.

You resist any description of your POV as "Persian nationalism" -- as far as you're concerned,, it's just the TRUTH -- but if you're going to try to turn the article in a version of "Khuzestan has always been Iranian, Iran goes back to the dawn of history", then I'm going to resist, and insist that you present your version as one POV, not the TRUTH. You have been completely intolerant of any views but your own, but this is not the Wikipedia way. The WP way is to include all notable views. Your views are Persian; mine are Western academic. OK, they both should be there. All statements to be sourced. Zora 07:43, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * "Western academic"? LOL. You have used only one source - an unpublished PhD dissertation from a Persian Iranian who attended the University of Chicago. A dissertation that is filled with numerous errors and mistakes. All you can do is attack me as a "Persian nationalist" - on the contrary, it is you who is intolerant and spiteful. You claim that you and Zereshk went over this article and came to agreements, and yet you still attack him as a "Persian nationalist." Give me a break. I'm going to involve plenty of other editors here because I am tired of your endless tirades and rants that has been going on for almost a year and continued even when I was unable to edit on WP due to Katrina. You have no respect for anyone expect your own fringe viewpoints (especially when you claim that Khuzestan isn't even an Iranian province). Go to History of California or any other American article and attempt to impose your views there and let's see what the response will be. SouthernComfort 08:17, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, I was not even planning to rewrite the entire article - again it is you who is intolerant and spiteful in not assuming good faith. The fact is (and there is plenty of evidence here on this page) that the article is filled with errors. I have corrected many of them, and I hope others get involved to clean this mess up. SouthernComfort 08:31, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

SC, I've been too busy to deal with this article (or the Khazal Khan article, which you've been filling with vitriol) but I'll get to them when I can. If you haven't read the dissertation, how do you know that it is full of mistakes? The University of Chicago is a respected institution. Dissertations must be read and approved by three professors. The dissertation didn't set off any alarm bells for me -- it seemed to be thoroughly researched in British AND Iranian archives.

A while ago, I talked with some folks at the Village Pump re the use of non-English sources. They suggested that if you are going to base your argument on sources that are unavailable to other editors, that you be careful to quote, in Farsi, than add an English translation. That way your statements can be checked. Of course, that goes for me too. I need to go back and when I add alternate versions, add the Ansari cites.

If there's a conflict re facts or interpretations, the WP way is to give both sides. When I start working on this again, I'll try to pick out the points of disagreement and then make room for arguments from both sides. We don't decide FOR the readers, if there's a controversy; we let them decide. Perhaps we can work together if we make sure that all POVs are represented. Zora 05:49, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Firstly, you based this entire article on that dissertation - the fact that this article was filled with so many errors and contradictions is proof enough that it is severely flawed. For example, the claim that the Muhaisin were a separate tribe from the Bani Kaab. That is blatantly false. The Bani Kaab (in Arabistan) had dissolved into a number of clans/subtribes that warred with each other. Jabir reunited them under a single banner. That is a vital, important fact that Ansari is mistaken about (if he was actually claiming that the Muhaisin were a separate tribe). That's just one example. I could go on but this would end up being an essay.

 * But you haven't given any cites. You expect me to just believe you. I need some proof.

 * Secondly, your dissertation is only one source. There are numerous sources out there regarding Khuzestan. Go read the unpublished dissertation by William Strunk about Sheikh Khaz'al's rule in Mohammereh - it TOTALLY verifies everything in that article and what I've set down here, and Strunk used British and Qajar Persian administrative sources. And it is in the English language and from an American university. It is missing a few crucial details, however - for example, there is no mention of Reza Shah's ordering the murder of Khaz'al, though there is significant mention of the plot against Maz'al (which implicated not only Khaz'al, but all the Muhaisin chiefs). Again, you are using only one source against many others and that is not the WP way.

 * Sure, I can order Strunk -- when I'm in funds again. I've been meaning to do so.

 * Thirdly, it's "Persian," NOT "Farsi." You constantly make this mistake and it is irritating to no end. We're speaking English here. It would be appreciated if would adhere to standard English conventions in both articles and discussions.

 * It's not a mistake. It's a difference of opinion as to whether it's Iran/Persia or Farsi/Persian. According to one writer, "In recent years the word Farsi, the Arabized form of "Parsi," the name of the language in Persian, has become the standard word used by many English and non-English speakers to refer to modern Persian. Some Iranian authorities have actually encouraged this and have engaged in a systematic attempt to change the name of the language in the international communities to Farsi." I don't have an opinion. I use whatever word other people are using. Some people take offense if you use Persia/Persian and some people take offense if you don't. Farsi is more common in English now. If you take it as a mistake or an insult, that's your problem. Zora 09:07, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Fourth point - one of the texts (The Administrative and Social History of the Qajars) has been translated into English and it is a massive tome and is currently in print. Most decent university libraries carry it. It is considered the standard reference for information regarding the Qajar era, particularly the latter half, and uses an incredible range of sources to illustrate every single detail of how Qajar-era Persia functioned. If you really care about this subject matter (and have respect for it), you must read this book.

 * Found it at Mazda Publishers. $89. We do NOT have a decent university library here. From the publisher's description, however, I don't think that memoirs necessarily trump diplomatic correspondence.

 * Fifth point - concerning the other works, I am assuming you want scans of the pages in order to verify the information - for that you will have to wait, because we're talking about hundreds of pages here. Some of us do have lives, and WP is not one of my priorities. You will recall that Katrina literally devastated this city. For once in your life be a "mensch." My recommendation is that you order the books (they are easily available from Persian booksellers online - use Google to find which ones have it) and have them professionally translated (or have a friend translate them) if you want immediate results. Or better yet, contact the people at Ahwaz Studies - perhaps they might be willing to share their knowledge with you. After all, they accept Kasravi as a source quite easily - and you will recall, if you have read Bani-Torofs lecture, that he also quite willingly cites Kasravi and thinks quite highly of the man as a historian. These are Khuzestani Arabs who accept Persian-language sources and even prefer them due to the level of detail and accuracy - the very same ones you are quick to condemn.

 * No, I'm not saying page scans. I'm saying that you should supply QUOTES, in Persian (if that's the word you prefer), and translations. That way, another Iranian could check your translation.

 * I'm not saying that Kasravi shouldn't be accepted as a source -- I believe that he has to be used with CAUTION. He had a strong POV and everything he saw was filtered through that POV. Of course, so do most observers, so you have to question everything based on observations or memoirs.

 * I'm not rejecting Persian texts either. Sheesh, I speak in shades of grey and you translate into white and black. Look, you can't just STATE things and say, "This is proved in such-and-such source, which you don't have and you can't read, but TRUST me." No, I can't trust you.

 * I would be using Persian texts if I could, and I would be asking you for help, if you were willing to collaborate. But you don't seem to be able to accept that WP allows different POVs to exist. Zora 09:07, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sixth point - WP articles are not supposed to be university term papers. I suspect that you see yourself as a "scholar" and wish to write articles here in such a fashion since the article was previously filled with your own speculations and opinions. I am afraid that you are mistaken. If you want to clutter this article with endless quotes from numerous POVs (and there are more than just two POVs, especially with a province as complex and diverse as Khuzestan), which seems to be the direction you want to take this article in, I will definitely resist, and others will as well because that's not what WP is about.

 * It's precisely what it's about. When there's a dispute, we give all sides. Zora 09:07, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Again, you are imposing one source - ONE unpublished and error-filled source against numerous others, all published works, which you claim are not reliable. That's fine. Since you don't like Persian-language sources, request Strunk's dissertation from the Ahwaz Studies people which will completely contradict Ansari and then let's see what you think then. Also, ask them to help you with translations of Kasravi. Also, what you are suggesting sounds dangerously like a POV fork, which is against WP guidelines.

 * It would be a POV fork if I set up a separate article. It is the norm for an article to contain several views of the matter. Zora 09:07, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If, after all that, you still insist on Ansari's flawed work, we will have to come to some other agreements, because there is no way I am accepting totally incorrect conclusions like the "Muhaisin were not Bani Kaab" or some spin that Khaz'al was a saint (both Khaz'al and Reza Khan were uncannily similar - despots often are). That is certifiably ridiculous. SouthernComfort 08:35, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I never said that Khaz'al was a saint. You are the one insisting he was a devil. So far as I can tell, he was a not-very-admirable but typical-of-his-time-and-place person. He should be depicted in grey, not in stark black or stark white. Zora 09:07, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well then, it's settled. When you're back "in funds," you will order Strunk and maybe the other one and then we'll see what new problems you can come up with. And yes, I do take your attitude as an insult, but after all, this is not surprising as you clearly have no respect for Iranians, no matter their ethnic background, which has been evident for almost a year now. C'est la vie. So, go read those books and have a good time. If you will excuse me, I have a life and a girlfriend to get back to after spending so much time here on WP dealing with this nonsense. As I said, if you need anything else, go contact Ahwaz Studies. They will be more than glad to help you. SouthernComfort 09:14, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't think it's "settled". You can't tell me not to edit the article until I come up with $140 and then read two books. I think there's ample reason to believe that your version is POV, and needs to be countered with a different POV. I'll work on it when I can. Zora 10:07, 6 February 2006

Romans/Byzantines, Sassanids
The border swung wildly. It was usually the bank of the Euphrates, but sometimes the Romans/Byzantines got as far as Susa, and sometimes the Persians got as far as Damascus and Jerusalem. The fighting went on for centuries. Don't think of it as if it were a modern border, that stays in the same place barring unusual circumstances. There was no U.N. then. Zora 00:56, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi:
 * Just give me a source which mentions that. Romans came as far as Susa but that was during the reign of Parthians, not Sassanids.
 * I reverted your change because the claim is not supported by any source and by WP:V I can remove any claim which is unsourced.Behaafarid 09:34, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

"However, the Sassanids are frequently in conflict with the Roman and then the Byzantine empires, which sometimes advance as far as Susa" (That's the claim).

al-Muqaffa quote
In the 'Elam' section, Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa is quoted as saying:
 * "The Iranian languages are Fahlavi (Pahlavi), Dari, Khuzi, Persian, and Suryani (Syriac)."

This is false/misleading for multiple reasons: I've replaced the quotation with a paraphrase "Ibn Nadeem quotes the 8th century scholar Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa as having counted Khuzi among the Iranian languages and for having identified it as the unofficial language of the royalty of Iran." Thats all that neccessary/pertinent in this article. It also avoids listing Syriac as an Iranian language, which otherwise raises questions of how qualified a linguist al-Muqaffa was.
 * 1) The insertion of interpretation is not "legal" in a direct quote unless clearly identified as such, which is not the case here.
 * 2) The link behind 'Pahlavi' says Middle Persian. This is essentially correct for the 8th century context, but misleading/problematic in general. When Middle Persian is meant then it should say Middle Persian and not be confused with Pahlavi. In the post-conquest context (and only for such a context), Fahlavi/Pahlavi means Middle Persian written in Pahlavi script (as opposed to being written in Arabic script).
 * 3) The quotation includes the word "Persian." There is no way al-Muqaffa used that word. Not only is that inconsistent with the names used before, in the 8th century [New] Persian did not exist yet (or rather would not have been identified as a language distinct from [Middle] Persian). Having already mentioned Fahlavi, why should al-Muqaffa mention Persian again? If he said anything at all, he would have been Farsi, which by that time meant [Middle] Persian written in Arabic script (hence distinct from the post-conquest understanding of Fahlavi as Middle Persian written in Pahlavi script).
 * -- Fullstop

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That infamous game
The following text is based on a past version of WP:NFT, and additional versions of the game are being added as they are identified.

 * Often, while looking for things to do, people at school come up with a Wikipedia-related game that has already been invented:

 * Wiki Game
 * Wikirace
 * Variants of this game generally consist of challenges or competitions in which the goal is to click links from page to page so as to arrive at a particular page using the fewest possible links. As you can see, we already have this idea covered in the project namespace. We've deleted it from the article namespace numerous times:

 * 1) (more AFD discussion) ([ log])
 * 2) ([ log])
 * 3) ([ log])
 * 4) ([ log])
 * 5) ([ log])
 * 6) ([ log])
 * 7) ([ log])
 * 8) ([ log])
 * 9) ([ log])
 * 10) ([ log])
 * 11) ([ log])
 * 12) Wikipedia link game ([ log])
 * 13) ([ log])
 * 14) En/wiki/Wikipedia Racing ([ log])
 * 15) ([ log])
 * 16) Wikigame ([ log])
 * 17) ([ log])
 * 18) Five clicks to jesus ([ log]) The object here was to arrive at the page Jesus.
 * 19) Find Jesus ([ log]) Another with the object of arriving at the page Jesus.
 * 20) ([ log])
 * 21) The Hitler Game ([ log]) The object was to arrive at Adolf Hitler this time.
 * 22) The Wikipedia game ([ log])
 * 23) ([ log])
 * 24) ([ log]) See above.
 * 25) ([ log])
 * 26) The Wikipedia Game ([ log])
 * 27) Wikiwak ([ log])
 * 28) Howandy wikipedia game ([ log])
 * 29) Wikipedia challenge ([ log])
 * 30) ([ log])
 * 31) ([ log])
 * 32) ([ log])

There have been claims that the game was invented in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and possibly other countries. In some cases different people have been identified as inventing the game under the same name in different versions of the same article. In any event, please take note: this game has already been invented.

An article about this topic finally passed an AfD in November 2011:

Cite web

uselanguage

....

Creative Commons license compatibility
WP:COMPLIC

Model United Nations AfD results
Delete Articles for deletion/Model United Nations Cheadle Hulme, Articles for deletion/Robert College International Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Yale Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Singapore Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Trent Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Hong Kong International Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Ho Chi Minh City Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/William and Mary High School Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Skagerak and Nesbru Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Southern Ontario Model United Nations Assembly, Articles for deletion/Southern Ontario Model United Nations Association.

Merge Articles for deletion/Norway Model United Nations Society, Articles for deletion/Berkeley Model United Nations, Articles for deletion/Harvard Model United Nations.

Redirect Articles for deletion/Chicago International Model United Nations.

Barnstars. image

title: User:Metropolitan90


text: User talk:67.150.121.227

title: User talk:67.150.121.227


text: Portal:People's Republic of China/Picture


text: User talk:67.191.224.15

title: User talk:67.191.224.15


text:
Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway

The Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway, sometimes referred to as SHH, is the major north–south highway on the island of Trinidad, in Trinidad and Tobago. It runs for 51.2 km (31.8 mi).

It connects Chaguanas with Gandhi Village, Debe. It meets the Uriah Butler Highway at Chaguanas.

The highway was named for Sir Solomon Hochoy, the first Caribbean-born Governor of Trinidad and Tobago and the first Governor General of Trinidad and Tobago. Originally constructed as a two-lane highway in the early 1970s, it was expanded to a four-lane dual carriageway in the late 1970s.

Route
The first segment of the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway begins at Chaguanas, where traffic joins the Uriah Butler Highway. The highway begins as a four lane expressway at the Southern Main Road interchange in Downtown Chaguanas. It then runs past Brentwood/Edinburgh 500 with access from the southbound lane. After Chaguanas, the highway continues past Chase Village and then Freeport, both accessed by interchanges. At Couva, a more advanced interchange provides access to Balmain, Preysal, Downtown Couva and the Point Lisas Industrial Estate via Rivulet Road and Gran Couva. After Couva, the highway continues south through a sparsely settled hilly area before meeting Cedar Hill Road, providing access to Claxton Bay and Tortuga. It then passes the community of Macaulay, with partial access, and then Gasparillo with an interchange at Bonne Aventure Road.

As the highway nears San Fernando, it passes the Brian Lara Cricket Academy and Gasparillo Bypass Road, before providing access to Tarouba and the San Fernando Bypass at the Tarouba Link Road interchange. Further south and on the newest section of the highway, the Naparima Mayaro Road bridges over the highway just before the Corinth Interchange, which provides access to Corinth, Pleasantville, Cocoyea and Downtown San Fernando. The Golconda Interchange provides access to Golconda and La Romain via the Golconda Connector Road. After San Fernando, the first segment of the highway comes to an end soon after passing the Debe interchange, and terminates at a temporary roundabout upon meeting Gandhi Village Road.

The second continuous section of the highway is known as the Archibald-De Leon Highway. It begins at an interchange with the South Trunk Road at Mon Desir and runs until La Brea, where it diverts to the Southern Main Road before the highway restarts at Dump Road and continues to Point Fortin.

Features
For its entire length, the highway is a four-lane expressway that is entirely grade separated with the exception of the temporary southern terminus. The speed limit on the entire route is 100 kilometers per hour. It can be considered the most modern highway in the country and is up to international freeway standards.

Exit list
The following table lists the major junctions along the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway. The entire route is located in Trinidad.

Auxiliary Routes

 * Connector Road, Chase Village
 * Rivulet Road
 * Gasparillo Bypass Road
 * Tarouba Link Road
 * Golconda Connector Road
 * La Brea Connector Road

Upgrades and Extensions
In 2001, work commenced on making the highway bypass San Fernando completely. This work was completed in 2003. Further work was done in 2013 extending the highway to Debe while en route to Point Fortin. Plans are underway to extend the highway to Point Fortin. The highway's current extended route will be discontiguous from the main route as the Debe to Mon Desir segment of the highway is not currently planned to be constructed by the current administration.

Numerous upgrades to the interchanges along the highway occurred in recent years, most notably in San Fernando at the Tarouba and Golconda interchanges and in Couva at the Couva/Preysal interchange. Plans are in place for two new interchanges in Chaguanas at Endeavour and Brentwood as well as to upgrade the interchange at Monroe Road. There are also plans to add an additional lane on both the northbound and southbound carriageways from Chaguanas to Chase Village making that segment of the highway a six-lane dual carriageway. This plan was later revised and now the highway will be widened to a six-lane dual carriageway from Chaguanas to San Fernando and this will be done in 2 Phases: From Chaguanas to Couva and afterwards from Couva to San Fernando.

title: Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway


text: Category:Roads in Trinidad and Tobago

title: Category:Roads in Trinidad and Tobago


text:
Bir Uttom

Bir Uttom (বীর উত্তম) is the second highest award for individual gallantry in Bangladesh after the Bir Sreshtho and the highest gallantry award for a living individual.

Since the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, 69 people have been awarded the Bir Uttom.

Recipients
This award was declared on 15 December 1973. A total of 67 people have been rewarded for their bravery and dedication in the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971.

Lieutenant G. M. Mushfiqur Rahman Bir Uttam (1966-1989) was posted in 1 Field Artillery Regiment of Bangladesh Army in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. On 8 September 1989, he led a 17 member team of Bangladesh Army soldiers and attacked a terrorist Shanti Bahini camp. Lieutenant Rahman was injured during the clash and he died on 8 September 1989 at 8.15 am. He was posthumously awarded Bir Uttom award.

In April 2010, Brigadier General Jamil Uddin Ahmad was posthumously conferred with the Bir Uttom for being the only army officer present and who was killed while trying to counter the successful assassination attempt on President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 15 August 1975.

The following list has been prepared from the Bangladesh Gazette of 15 December 1973:

title: Bir Uttom


text:
Talk:Bir Uttom

Untitled
In what language does Bir Uttom = Best Hero?
 * In Bengali Language. Thanks. --Ragib 05:34, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bir Uttam vs Bir Uttom
Is there a way to also refer to the heading as Bir Uttam? That way either spelling will find the article. Right now Bir Uttam matches no entry. Thats not good. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ohaider (talk • contribs)

 * Done. Check Bir Uttam now. --Ragib 21:12, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

The list
The list is going on. --Librarianpmolib (talk) 04:12, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Nice work on the list!  Arman  ( Talk ) 07:59, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

S.I.s
Is there any particular reason for there being two S.I. no 40s ? I ask because ... RASAM (talk) 15:31, 14 February 2012 (UTC)

Questions
Questions about the tables:
 * 1) What is "Sl. no."? Is this a sequence number of awards? If so, shouldn't it be unique and somewhat consistent in format? There are two "40"s, two "50"s, as well as a "598987" where I would expect "54". If these are just assigned by the person writing the source, and not an official number associated with the award, they don't belong.
 * 2) What is "ID no."? If this is a personal national identification number, it seems non-encyclopedic at best.
 * 3) Should we be listing people that have no article? Are they considered notable and do they belong here if not?

—[ Alan M 1 (talk) ]— 12:33, 31 January 2019 (UTC)

 * It is OK to list non-notable people who have direct relevance in the article -- in this case their relevance is as recipients of a relatively rare award. As a point of comparison, the B-class article Longest recorded sniper kills lists just under twenty named individuals, of whom the majority do not have articles about them because they are not individually notable according to Wikipedia standards. MPS1992 (talk) 20:43, 1 February 2019 (UTC)
 * As another point of comparison, List of George Cross recipients claims that medal to be "the joint highest award of the United Kingdom honours system", although other articles seem to suggest otherwise; it lists every recipient, and the redlinks imply that every recipient is likely to be individually notable. List of recipients of the George Medal, 1960s-1980s and similar articles, talk about a medal awarded to over 2000 people, and list every single recipient even including those presumed not to be individually notable. MPS1992 (talk) 21:22, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Without the gazette, which is difficult to obtain, I can't be sure about the first two columns. Tables produced by the government of Bangladesh frequently start with a sequential Sl. no. (serial number) column. The two 40s, two 50s, and rogue 598987 could be translation errors, typos, or errors in the original. The ID no. is likely a military ID number. Some Bangladeshi names are quite common, so the ID may be useful in distinguishing awardees from other members of the military with the same name, but otherwise probably isn't of interest to an encyclopedia.
 * Per WP:SOLDIER, being awarded the second-highest award for valor is insufficient to presume notability. Some (maybe all) of the people on this list who don't have articles are not notable. My reading of WP:LISTBIO, WP:LISTPEOPLE, and WP:CSC is that it's okay to include non-notable people for completeness if the list is well defined, relatively short, doesn't claim to be a list of notables, and if that's the consensus at the page. It might be worth checking the red links against bn.wikipedia.org. If it has an article about them, use ill to link to it. If it doesn't have an article about them, de-link them, because it's unlikely that sufficient sources will be found to turn the link blue. --Worldbruce (talk) 05:00, 3 February 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:37, 19 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Bir-Uttom-Podak.jpg

title: Talk:Bir Uttom


text:
Exeter crossing loop collision

The Exeter crossing loop collision was a railway accident that occurred between the Temora Mail Train and a goods train at Exeter railway station, New South Wales, on 13 March 1914. At that time the main line was a single track, with a crossing loop and a down refuge siding at Exeter.

Events leading to accident
The up fast goods train was running late by the time it reached Exeter. Despite the train's being too long to be accommodated in the loop at that station, the signaller [night officer] turned the train into the loop. When the locomotive had reached the points at the Sydney end of the station, the rear of the train was still on the main line at the southern end.

Faced with the knowledge that the Temora Mail would soon be due, the goods train was brought forward so that it could be reversed into a siding on the eastern side of the station yard. It was during this manoeuvre that the Temora Mail struck the goods train head-on.

Court trial for manslaughter
Questions were swiftly raised as to why two trains should collide when the goods train should have had the protection of the home signal. The mail train driver claimed that the distant signal was clear when he passed it; however, as there was a thick fog at the time, he did not sight the home signal, which was against him, until the train was right upon it.

The driver of the mail train was brought before the Goulburn Circuit Court charged with manslaughter. At that trial, the night officer at Exeter gave evidence to the effect that the down distant signal was in fact at danger at the time the mail train passed. The night officer further stated that there was no fog that night, but that just before the goods train arrived a slight mist had set in. However, the goods train driver gave conflicting evidence, stating that on the night of the accident the denseness of the fog made it difficult to see the signals.

After a retirement of more than four hours, the jury delivered a verdict of "not guilty."

Deceased
The collision killed 14. Five were said to have been killed almost instantly, three died while still crushed in their carriages, one succumbed as rescuers reached him, and two died on the Exeter station platform. The remaining three reportedly died in a temporary hospital that had been set up in a sleeping carriage. Alfred Bray, the guard, was one of those killed in the collision.

title: Exeter crossing loop collision


text:
Uriah Butler Highway

The Uriah Butler Highway, sometimes referred to as UBH, is one of the major north–south highways on Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago.

It is named after Tubal Uriah Butler.

It runs from Champs Fleurs to Chaguanas where it meets the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway. It crosses the Churchill-Roosevelt Highway at Valsayn.

The highway was originally named the Princess Margaret Highway and was constructed in 1958. It was extended and renamed for labour leader Tubal Uriah Butler in 1988.

Description
The Uriah Butler Highway is generally considered the more important of the two north-south highways on Trinidad, as it carries both traffic from the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway and traffic from areas north of Chaguanas. Because of this, it suffers from congestion on most weekdays.

Route
The highway begins at Champs Fleurs, crossing the Priority Bus Route and Eastern Main Road successively. Further south and just before the Valsayn interchange, a roundabout provides access to Mount Hope. At Grand Bazaar, west of Valsayn, the highway crosses the east-west Churchill Roosevelt Highway, connected via a modern interchange with high speed ramps. It then continues past Bamboo Village, Caroni, Cunupia and Chaguanas, where it joins the Sir Solomon Hochoy Highway which runs south to Debe.

Features
From Champs Fleurs to Grand Bazaar, the expressway has 2 lanes in either direction. From Grand Bazaar to the southern terminus at Chaguanas, the expressway is mostly a 6 lane dual carriageway, excluding a brief section of the southbound lane at Grand Bazaar having 4 lanes. The entire highway is grade separated from Grand Bazaar to Chaguanas. North of Grand Bazaar, one roundabout provides access to the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, while the northern terminus is signalized. There are six pedestrian overpasses scattered from Guayamare to Endeavour.

Exit List
The following table lists the major junctions along the Uriah Butler Highway. The entire route is located in Trinidad.

title: Uriah Butler Highway


text:
File:Brothers&sisters.jpg

Summary
Cover art for the Brothers & Sisters EP by Coldplay

Photography and artwork by John Hilton.

Fair-use in Brothers & Sisters (song)
This image is subject to copyright, but it is covered by United States fair-use laws because:

 * 1) It is a low-resolution copy of a CD artwork;
 * 2) It is a subject of discussion in the article.
 * 3) It does not limit the copyright's owners to sell the CD in any way;
 * 4) Copies could not be made to make illegal copies of the artwork or CD itself;
 * 5) The image is significant because it was made by a renowned artist.

title: File:Brothers&sisters.jpg


text:
Popils

Popils, known in Europe as Popils The Blockbusting Challenge and in Japan as Magical Puzzle Popils (マジカルパズル・ポピルズ), is a stage-based puzzle-platform game for the Game Gear. It was released in 1991 by Tengen in Japan. It has the option of English or Japanese-language play.

Plot
There is a short animation during the game intro explaining a beautiful Princess and a Boy fall in love. But the evil wizard named Popils kidnaps her and traps her inside an enchanted forest and it is up to the Boy to rescue her. When the game is completed the Boy and Princess are happily reunited and it's revealed Popils kidnapped the Princess because he was jealous and he loves her too.

Gameplay
Popils is a single-player puzzle game in the form of a two dimensional side-view platform game. The player controls one character, a Boy through different stages (referred to as rounds) and must reach the Princess on every stage to complete it. Gameplay focuses on destroying blocks, avoiding enemies and spikes, and using various ladders and warp doors to reach the Princess. Each stage is one fixed screen and does not scroll in any direction and is completed when the Boy and Princess meet, or failed when either the Boy or Princess is killed, the Boy and Princess have no health and will die upon contact with an enemy, or falling onto a spike. The puzzle aspect is based on destroying certain blocks using the player's punch/kick/head-butt action. When a block is destroyed the column of blocks above it fall down one square and doing this can change the layout of the stage altering possible paths for the Boy, or for the Princess and enemies which move around. On many stages the player must move the Boy for the most part to reach the Princess, but in some stages movement of the Boy is restricted to a small area and the player must make him punch certain blocks to create a path for the princess to follow to the Boy.

Steps
The concept of steps is used to calculate score and whether a stage is completed perfectly. Punching/kicking/head-butting once is one step and walking or climbing one square (16 pixels) also counts as one step. To complete the game "perfectly" all 100 stages must be completed using the same or fewer number of steps as the mapper.

First game
In normal game mode there are 100 stages of increasing difficulty, a stage select screen is shown where any available stage can be picked to play but only stages 1-5 are available at first. Completing any four stages unlocks the next five, and they do not have to be completed in any order or in sequence. Thus stages 1-10 are available to play after completing any four stages from 1-5 and stages 1-15 are available when any eight stages are completed until finally all 100 stages are available to play after any 76 stages have been completed. This means that player can choose to skip one stage out of each set of five and still be able to play stage 100.

On the stage select screen the player can look at all available stages. Uncompleted stages are displayed in greyscale, completed stages are yellow and may be played again. Also displayed is the number of steps the "mapper" or stage designer used to complete the stage and the fewest the player has used, if the stage has been completed; pressing the '1' button on the stage select screen reveals a hint as to how the player might go about completing that stage. The hints point you in the right direction but there is still thought and skill required to complete the stage.

Completing all 100 stages in any number of steps completes the game and show the credits and ending animation sequence. The game then encourages you to complete each stage "perfectly".

Second game
After completing the game once all stages are available to play, though the player may not have completed them all. If the player has completed a stage in the same or fewer number of steps as the mapper, the stage is displayed as "perfect" and coloured green on the stage select screen. Whether intentional or not some stages can be completed in fewer steps than the mapper, some by quite a difference. Others require pixel precision and use of movement tricks to equal or beat the mapper step count. When the player has completed all stages "perfectly" the credits are shown again with a slightly different ending sequence.

Secret Round
After completing the game "perfectly", and viewing the alternative ending, the player is given the chance to continue once more. If the player chooses to continue they're taken to a secret stage, Round 0, which has to be completed using a gameplay trick the player has not seen before in any of the other 100 stages of the game. The player can continue over and over and keep trying to beat Round 0. If the player powers off the console before they complete Round 0 and have activated the Resume feature they will be able to try it again the next time they load the game. If the player is not using the Resume feature, or when prompted chooses End rather than Continue, there is no way to get back to it during normal gameplay and the game will need to be completed "perfectly" again.

Map edit, and Edited game
In map edit the player can create their own stages and test them, up to 30 stages can be saved on the cartridge. A stage must feature the boy and princess, can have 0-7 enemies, and if doors are used there must be two of each. Note all the normal game stages also follow the same rules. The Japanese manual includes screenshots of a selection of 10 stages that are not otherwise available in the game, that can be entered into the map editor and played.

Reception
Popils was met with generally favorable reviews. Readers of the Japanese Sega Saturn Magazine voted to give the game a 7.75 out of 10 score, ranking among Game Gear titles at the number 34 spot in a 1995 public poll.

title: Popils


text:
Churchill–Roosevelt Highway

The Churchill–Roosevelt Highway, sometimes refers to as CRH, is the major east–west highway on Trinidad island in Trinidad and Tobago.

It runs for 35 km from Barataria in the west (where it joins the Beetham Highway) to Wallerfield in the east (south of Arima) where it ends in the former US Army base on Fort Read. It crosses the north–south Uriah Butler Highway (UBH) at Valsayn. Constructed during World War II to connect the US Army base with Port of Spain, the highway was named for the two wartime leaders, Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Construction began in December 1941 and was completed in March 1942. Originally reserved for the US armed forces, the road was turned over to the Government of Trinidad and Tobago on October 24, 1949.

Description
The Churchill-Roosevelt Highway can be considered the most important highway in the country, running alongside the densely populated East-West Corridor, with an estimated population of 600,000. Because of this, it is often extremely congested.

Route
The Churchill-Roosevelt highway begins at the Barataria interchange, where it becomes the Beetham Highway heading west into Port of Spain. The highway then passes south of San Juan and through El Socorro/Aranguez. Soon after the Aranguez overpass, the highway intersects with the north-south Uriah Butler Highway just west of Valsayn. The highway continues eastwards past Curepe, St. Augustine, Tunapuna and Trincity. At the Piarco intersection, BWIA Boulevard provides direct access to the Piarco International Airport, south of the highway. The highway then continues past Maloney, Mausica and Arima. The highway terminates at a junction with Antigua Road in Wallerfield.

Features
Despite being one of the most important highways in the country, it is not entirely grade separated. Every major intersection after Curepe is signalized, leading to gridlock traffic congestion during peak times. The Barataria interchange connects to Morvant and Barataria via a connector road, while the Aranguez and Curepe interchanges are simple overpasses. The Grand Bazaar interchange is the largest and most important of the interchanges on the entire highway system, where it crosses the Uriah Butler Highway.

The highway is a 6 lane dual carriageway from Barataria to Mausica, and then narrows to 4 lanes before terminating at Wallerfield. It is notable though that some sections of the highway contain additional lines and divided frontage roads. At the Grand Bazaar interchange, the underpass is 2 lanes westward and 3 lanes eastward with the north to west and east to south ramps respectively carrying 2 lanes each, hence there being as much as 9 lanes on the highway at this point. There is also a frontage road on the eastbound lane from Valpark to Grand Bazaar, which provides access to Bamboo No. 2 and 3, as well as the exits to the northbound and southbound lanes of the Uriah Butler Highway from the east. At this point, the highway carries as much as 10 lanes due to an additional 2 lanes on the westbound lane for merging purposes. At the Curepe interchange, divided frontage roads also add to the number of lanes, with as much as 10 lanes. After these major interchanges, additional lanes are only joined to the highway at junctions for turning or merging.

There are 6 pedestrian overpasses along the course of the highway between Barataria and Macoya.

Exit list
The following table lists the major junctions along the Churchill–Roosevelt Highway. The entire route is located in Trinidad.

History
When WWII commenced, Trinidad became an important strategic point in the war effort. Through the Bases Agreement signed by British PM, Sir Winston Churchill, and the US president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Britain got 50 old American destroyers, and the US was granted the right to establish bases in the British Territories. Although the US Army had several bases on the island by 1941, the most important were Chaguaramas and the Air Base at Wallerfield, called Fort Read. The road communications between the Port of Spain (POS) and Fort Read near Cumuto was problematic as it consisted solely of the crowded Eastern Main Road, which slowed down the large convoys moving between the two bases. The decision was made in 1941 to build a military two lane paved road between Fort Read and the Morvant Junction of the Eastern Main Road just outside POS (the extension of the highway, the Beetham Highway, would not be built until the 1950s.)

Work began almost immediately, with the highway forever bisecting rural communities like St. Augustine, El Socorro and Tacarigua. Many crop farmers had to be moved as bulldozers ploughed the course. This era in history is documented in Samuel Selvon's classic novel, A Brighter Sun, where an inexperienced Indian youth is thrust headlong into the highway-building process. When the road was opened in 1942, it was the finest road in the island, being smooth and pothole free from end to end. It was not immediately asphalted, as it was pressed into service for the convoys almost as soon as the way was graded (a stark contrast to our roads today). Wilson Minshall, father of masman Peter Minshall, remarked “The new Roosevelt–Churchill Highway has swept across the country from Cumuto to a point near Laventille with the force of a flood rushing into a quiet valley. Cleared and graded but not yet surfaced, its naked earth weaves and interweaves protesting patterns under the wheels of army trucks and construction tractors that cannot wait until the road is finished.

Opened in 1942 and reserved exclusively for military traffic, with exceptions being made for top-ranking civil service personnel. Military police in jeeps constantly patrolled the 15 mile road looking for violators.

The highway was finally opened up for civilian use on October 4, 1949.

Auxiliary Routes

 * EMR/CRH Link/Lady Young Road South - This route provides access to Lady Young Road, an alternative route into Port of Spain, and the Eastern Main Road at Barataria.
 * Aranguez/El Socorro Access Road - This route provides access to El Socorro North from the Aranguez Overpass.
 * Churchill Roosevelt Highway Frontage Road - This route runs alongside the westbound lane of the highway at Valsayn, providing access to the southbound and northbound ramps and connecting Bamboo No. 2 with Grand Bazaar and the westbound lane of the highway.

Planned extensions and upgrades
There are currently plans to extend the Churchill–Roosevelt Highway from Wallerfield to Manzanilla as a fully grade separated four-lane expressway. These plans have begun with the widening of the highway from Mausica to Maloney to six-lanes, and construction of the section that bisects the Aripo Savanna.

Much of the highway suffers from congestion due to an aging collection of traffic lights on most major junctions. There are plans to convert the entire highway into a grade separated expressway including the construction of new interchanges. Notable are the Uriah Butler Highway interchange just west of Valsayn and the Curepe Interchange at the intersection with the Southern Main Road.

title: Churchill–Roosevelt Highway


text:
Hutch (animal cage)

A hutch is a type of cage used typically for housing domestic rabbits. Other small animals can also be housed in hutches such as guinea pigs, ferrets, and hamsters.

Background
Most hutches have a frame constructed of wood, including legs to keep the unit off the ground. The floor may be wood, wire mesh, or some combination of the two. Wire mesh is very bad for rabbits' feet and can cause sore hocks. One or more walls of the hutch are also wire mesh to allow for ventilation. Some hutches have built-in nest boxes and shingled roofs—these are generally intended to be placed directly outside rather than inside another shelter such as a barn. Some hutches have a felt roof. In any case it is important that the hutch is draft-free and provides a shelter in case the animal is scared and wants to retreat to a safe haven. Not only will this help protect your pet from harsh weather conditions, but also predator attacks.

The generally accepted minimum hutch size is 10 square feet for a 4 kg medium-sized breed. If the animal is very protective or even aggressive, this is generally a sign that the hutch is too small. However, it has in the past decade, become unacceptable for people who are more knowledgeable about rabbits' needs that they should live in a hutch of this size, or any small cage for that matter. Rabbits love to run and jump and need space. For many animal rescues, now a predator safe run must be attached to, or contain the hutch; the run must be at least 10 ft x 6 ft with a run height of 3 ft, or in metric, 3m x 2m and a run height of 1m. (Rabbit Welfare Association and Trust, 2018)

title: Hutch (animal cage)