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Pachypodium brevicaule

Pachypodium brevicaule is a species of plant that belongs to the family Apocynaceae.

Distribution
This plant is native to Madagascar, from the south of Antananarivo to the Itremo Mountains.

Habit
A flattened, tuberous, cactus-like plant with a very low trunk and a very wide, exaggerated diameter without substantive branching whatsoever with exception to several extremely short flattened "branch"-like nodes or rosettes of leaves.

Ecology
Pachypodium brevicaule Baker grows in open, deciduous Western forest of Madagascar in full sun on sandstone, rarely on granite, in crevices between outcrops of quartzite. With a pH. Level varying from 3.5 to 4.5, it is strictly adapted to growing in acid substrates. (That strictness to acidity seemingly has implications to its cultivation.) It is found in the evergreen Sclerophyllous (Uapaca) woodland or savanna zones dominated by scattered woody plants. It grows at altitudes of 1250–1900 m (sometimes 2000 m).

Associated plant species, site indicators, include Pachypodium densiflorum, P. eburneum (Apocynaceae), Aloe compressa, A. capitata, (Asphodelaceae), Euphorbia quartzicola (Euphorbiaceae), (Orchidaceae), (Graminaea), (Bryophyta), and Lichenes. It occurs in a region that receives an annual rainfall of 1354 mm with a number of 5 dry months. Average monthly temperatures varies from 9 °C to 17 °C. The yearly average temperature is higher; however, at 13 °C to 18.4 °C.

Vernacular Malagasy common name
"Tsimondrimondry" (Merina); "Kimondromondro" (Betsileo)

Habit
Pachypodium brevicaule is unique to the genus in habit. It is considered a dwarf plant. It takes on a broad flattenened tuberous, cactus-like habit that has a very short trunk measuring 2 to 8 cm high and an exaggerated diameter that can reach 10 to 40 cm. When in flower the plant gains stature by reaching a height of 25 cm. Pachypodium brevicaule Baker barely, if all, "branches." Rather it seems to form protruding nodes or rosettes of leaves that ranch from 1 to 4 cm in length and 2 to 4 cm in width. In the "Botanical Key for the Genus Pachypodium," the character "without branches or branchlets" is a distinguishing morphological character to the species Pachypodium brevicaule's definition.

The bark is colored pale grey and is sometimes shiny. It has a smooth texture. The bark is about 2 to 4 mm thick, with the wood being greenish. The "branches" or, better said, nodes of rosettes of leaves, when fresh, have paired, rather soft, curved spines at their apices, measuring 2 to 9 mm long by 1 to 1.5 mm at the base. They are pale grey to pale brown. When young, they are pubescent and more or less flat.

Leaves
Pachypodium brevicaule has leaves that are confined to the apices of the branches or nodes and rosettes. The leaves are sessile, without a stem, petiolate (with a stalk) peduncle (the main axis of the inflorescence) or pedicel (the stalk of a single flower) or it is shortly petiolate (having a stalk). If it has a stalk, the petiole measures up to 2 mm long. It is sparsely pubescent, fuzzy. The leaf blade is herbaceous, not woody-like, and glaucous, covered in a very fine bloom or a fine powdery layer, when fresh and papery when dried. The blade is shaped ovate, broad and rounded at the base and tapering toward the end, to obovate, egg-shaped and flat with the narrow end attached to the stalk. It measures 11 to 30 mm in length by 6 to 12 mm in width. The apex of the blade is acuminate, narrowing to a slender point. The base is blunt or rounded. The blade of Pachypodium brevicaule Baker is glabrous, smooth, to sparsely pubescent, slightly hairy, on both sides, with impressed venation above, and with midrib and secondary veins prominent beneath. There are 15-30 pairs of secondary veins, which are straight at the base, upcurved at the apex, and forming an angle of 45-85° with the costa, or the midrib of a leaf. The tertiary, third-level, venation are reticulate, forming a web or a network like pattern.

Inflorescence
The inflorescence of Pachypodium brevicaule is sessile, with a stalk, or pedunculate, with the main axial stem to an inflorescence. It can be congested with up to 7 flowers where the inflorescence measures 2.5 to 15 cm in length by 2 to 6.5 cm in width. The peduncle, itself, is glaucous and covered in a fine bloom. It takes the shape of a terete, an elongated cylindrical form that is round in cross-section. The terete measures roughly up to 120 mm in length by 2 to 4 mm in width. The degree of pubescent varies on the peduncle from sparsely to fully hairy, pubescent. The pedicels, the stalk of a single flower, measures up to 8 mm long and is hairy, pubescent.

The bracts, modified leaves at the base of a pedicel of a flower, a peduncle, or a branch, are longer than the pedicels on Pachypodium brevicaule Baker. They are narrowly oblong, having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides, to obovate, egg-shaped and flat with the narrow end attached to the stalk. The bracts measure from 5 to 13 mm long by 1.5 to 3 mm wide.. At their apex, they are acuminate, tapering gradually to a sharp point, or acute, having a sharp point or tip. On the outside, the bracts are fully pubescent, hairy to slightly so. Inside they are less so.

Flowers
The sepals of Pachypodium brevicaule's flower are glaucous, having a fine bloom over the surface. This bloom covers the basal part of the corolla tube, the petals of a flower considered as a group or unit and usually of a color other than green, or the inner whorl of the perianth shaped like a tube. The sepals are connate, united to a structure of the same kind, i.e. other sepals, at the base for about 0.5 mm. They are narrowly ovate, broad and rounded at the base and tapering toward the end, or narrowly oblong, having a somewhat narrowly elongated form with approximately parallel sides. The sepals measure 6 to 11 mm long by 2 to 3 mm wide. At the apex, they are acuminate, tapering gradually to a sharp point, or acute, having a sharp point or tip. Outside the sepals are often glabrous and smooth; whereas inside in the lower part and near the apex, they are slightly pubescent, hairy.

Corolla
The corolla, the inner whorl of the perianth, is bright yellow. It measures 17 to 25 mm long in the mature bud and forms a comparatively wide broadly ovoid, shaped like an egg, ovate, head measuring 7 to 11 mm long by 5 to 8 mm wide. The apex of the bud is obtuse, having a blunt or rounded tip. Overall the bud is pubescent outside. The corolla lobes are not as hairy; however. Especially where the lobes and tubes are covered in bud, the surface is glabrous. The pubescent belt inside the corolla tube is 2 mm above to 1 mm below where the stamens are inserted, not emerging beyond the corolla tube. Otherwise the corolla tube is glabrous and smooth. It is shaped like a funnel, infundibuliform, at 12 to 18 mm long (1.63 times as large as the calyx and 1.05 to 1.36 times as long as the lopes) The basal of the corolla tube is almost cylindrical. It is 2 to 3 mm long by 2 to 2.5 mm wide above the base (0.15 to 0.18 times the entire length of the entire tube.) The upper part of the corolla tube is almost cylindrical. Yet it widens at the throat altering the cylindrical form. The upper part measures 10 to 15 mm long by 5 to 5.7 mm wide at the mouth. The lobes are obliquely obovate, having sides of unequal length or form, which are egg-shaped and flat with the narrow end attached to the stalk. At their apex, the lobe of Pachypodium brevicaule Baker are rounded. They measure 9 to 18 mm in length by 8.5 to 14 mm in width. (That is, in proportion, the lobes are 0.73 to 0.94 times as long as the corolla tube and 1.1 to 1.3 times as long as they are wide.)

Stamens
The stamens of Pachypodium brevicaule, with an apex of 4 to 9 mm below the mouth of the corolla tube, are inserted, meaning they do not extend beyond the corolla tube or mouth of the flower. They measure from the base 3.5 to 4 mm. (Proportionally they are 0.22-0.29 of the length of the corolla tube.) The stamens are the "male reproductive" organ of an angiospermous flowering plant.

The anthers, the part of the stamen, typically on top, which bears the pollen, commonly consisting of (1) two of four thecae, which contain the pollen and (2) a sterile region in between the connective that is very narrowly triangular. The anthers range in size for Pachypodium brevicaule from 4.7 to 5.2 mm long by 0.7 to 0.9 mm wide. (Proportionally, that is, they are 5.22 to 7.14 times as long as wide.) Inside, the anthers are pubescent and hairy at the base of the connective, the part of tissue in a stamen that separates the two thecae of an anther. As well, it is pubescent just below where stamens cohere with the pistil head, the fertile region of the flower.

Pistil
Composing the female reproductive organ, the pistil varies in length from 4.8 to 6.5 mm. Pubescent and hairy, the ovary measures ovary 1.5 to 1.9 mm long (x) by 1.3 to 1.6 mm wide (y) by 1.2 mm high (z). The disk in a pistil is the slightly thickened, or otherwise distinguished region, around the style in certain flowers that secret nectar. The disks of Pachypodium brevicaule Baker number 5 broad ovate glands that are broad and rounded at the base and tapering toward their end. These glands, for which either 2 or 2 pair can be partly fused together, are about half as long as the ovary. (Proportionally that 0.5 times 1.5 to 1.9 mm.).

The often cylindrical stalk-like portion connecting the stigma with the carpel or ovary, the style is slightly pubescent and hairy at the base for the taxon. The stigma is the top-most receptive region of the style, which often divided into stigma-lobes that are commonly wet by a sticky exudate that helps captures and nourish pollen grains. The carpel, furthermore, is the female organ of the angiospermous flower that consists of a modified leaf that contains the ovules. Several carpels can be fused together to form a compound ovary.

The slightly pubescent style for Pachypodium brevicaule measures 2.6 to 3.6 mm long. The pistil head, the separate part attached to the style, is 0.71 to 1.0 mm high. It composition is complex. Its basal part is 0.4 to 0.6 mm long by 0.4 to 0.6 mm wide. The central part is ring-shaped at 0.15 to 0.2 mm in length by 0.5 by 0.7 mm in width. And, its stigmoid apex measures 0.1 to 0.15 mm long by 0.3 to 0.5 mm wide. Each carpel contains approximately 50 ovules.

Fruit
The fruit of Pachypodium brevicaule has two separate mericarps that form an angle of 5-45° at its base. Sometimes it is possible to see flowers on the same inflorescence that has fruit. Mericarps are the parts of a "schizocarp" fruit, that becomes dry at maturity and subsequently splits or breaks into several smaller pieces--i.e. individual mericarp or seed. The mericarps are colored pale to dark brown with longitudinal lines outside and whitish inside when dried. The fruits are fusiform at 57 to 140 mm long (x) by 3 to 5 mm wide (y) by 2 to 4 mm high (z). They are obtuse, having a blunt or rounded tip, to acute, having a sharp point or tip, at the apex. The surface of the fruit is pubescent and hairy. The exterior wall is 1 mm thick.

Seeds
The seed of Pachypodium brevicaule Baker is pale brown. It is shaped in an elliptical manner. Its margin has a distinct broader that is revolute, rolled backward from the tip or margins to the undersurface, towards the hilar. The hilar pertains the hilum, which is a scar on a seed indicating the point of attachment to the funiculus, the stalk connecting a seed with the placenta. The seed measures 3.5 to 3.9 mm in length by 1.5 to 1.8 mm in width. The testa, the outer and normally hard and protective layer of the seed, is smooth. The coma of Pachypodium brevicaule Baker is straw-colored at 13 to 21 mm long. A coma is usually terminal tuft of hairs on a seed. In the case of Pachypodium, the coma allows the seed to be airborne, as that is its means of distribution. Whereas the embryo measures 3.2 to 3.5 mm in length, the cotyledons are 1.5 in length by 1.5 mm in width. The cotyledons are ovate in shape, meaning that they are broad and rounded at the base and tapering toward the apex. They are cordate, having a heart shape, at the base. The rootlet is 2 to 2.5 mm long by 1.2 mm wide. (Proportionately that is 1.3 to 1.6 times as long as cotyledons)

Literature
Pachypodium brevicaule Baker John Gilbert Baker published Pachypodium brevicaule in 1887 in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 22: 503 (1887). In 1934, J. M. H. A. Perrier de la Bâthie published an account of the taxon in Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France. 81: 303 (1934). Pichon, in 1949, offers another account of Pachypodium brevicaule Baker in Mém. Inst. Sc. Madag. sér. B, 2: 122 (1949). The latest account, before Rapanarivo et al. is provided by Friedrich Markgraf within, Fl. Madag. fam. 169: 299 (1976). The Species Type is: Madagascar, sin. loc., Baron 4412 (holotype The Herbarium of the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew, near London; isotype The Herbarium of the Laboratoire de Phanérogamis at Paris). Fig. 3, p. 18; Map 2, p. 12; Plates 8–10, opposite p. 17.

title: Pachypodium brevicaule


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Joe Estevez

Joseph Estévez (born February 13, 1946), sometimes credited as Joe Phelan, is an American actor and director. He is the younger brother of actor Martin Sheen and the uncle of Emilio Estevez, Charlie Sheen, Renée Estevez, and Ramon Estevez.

Early life
Estevez was born in Dayton, Ohio to a Catholic, Galician (Spanish) father, Francisco Estévez Martínez (1898–1974), and an Irish mother, Mary Anne (née Phelan; 1903–1951). He is one of ten children—nine boys and one girl.

As a child, he lived in the South Park neighborhood of Dayton. He attended Chaminade-Julienne High School, a Catholic High School located in Dayton. Upon his graduation, he enlisted and served in the United States Navy.

Career
After serving in the United States Navy, Estevez began pursuing an acting career starting in 1975. He initially used his mother's maiden name, Phelan, before using his surname, Estevez. Throughout his career, Estevez has appeared in numerous film and television roles in lead, supporting, and minor parts playing protagonists and antagonists, and he frequently appears in moderate and low-budget independent features and B-movies. In addition, he has worked as a voice-over artist and performs in stage productions. He has expressed in an interview that he wants to make movies that make a difference.

Estevez stood in for his brother in a number of long shots and in some of the voice-overs for Apocalypse Now (1979), as Martin Sheen was recovering from his heart attack.

In 1992, he acted in Armed for Action and Blood on the Badge.

He plays a villain, Cyrus, in the film Doonby (2012), which features former The Dukes of Hazzard star John Schneider as a mysterious stranger who comes into a small town and falls in love with the spoiled daughter of Estevez's character, the local doctor. He also co-stars with David Faustino in the feature Not Another B Movie (2011) released by Troma Entertainment.

Estevez has recently worked with alternative-comedians Tim Heidecker and Gregg Turkington on various projects including On Cinema, The Tim Heidecker Murder Trial and as President Jason Davidson (and President Davidson Jr.) on the Adult Swim series Decker. In all his collaborations, Estevez either plays a fictionalized version of himself or a character being portrayed by a fictionalized version of Joe Estevez.

Personal life
Estevez is the youngest sibling of Martin Sheen and sounds very similar to him, a fact he took advantage of when he performed a voice-over for a National Shooting Sports Foundation pro-gunmaker commercial in 2000; at the time, his brother was famous for playing a President of the United States on the television series The West Wing. Sheen starred in a pro-gun control commercial that same year. Estevez also recorded the voiceover for his brother's role as Captain Willard in Apocalypse Now after Sheen's health issues on set prevented him from doing so.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joe Estevez


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Sutton New Hall (ward)

Sutton New Hall is one of the 40 electoral wards in Birmingham, England and is named after New Hall, a medieval manor house.

Sutton New Hall is one of the four wards that make up the Parliamentary Constituency and formal district of Sutton Coldfield. The ward lies to the south-east of Sutton Coldfield town centre and covers Walmley, Walmley Ash, Thimble End and Minworth. It covers an area of 7.60 sqmi.

Population and housing
According to the 2001 Population Census, there were 21,487 people living in 8,896 households in Sutton New Hall rising to a population of 22,455 in 9,433 households at the 2011 Census.

Most housing within the area is modern semi-detached and detached. Around Walmley the housing is pre-war build, though in areas towards Minworth, Thimble End and Falcon Lodge, it is more modern housing dating from the 1970s. New housing estates have been built in Thimble End and also on the former Warren House Farm and New Shipton Farmland, creating New Hall Manor Estate and a new addition to the New Hall Estate.

Politics
The three councillors presently representing Sutton New Hall on Birmingham City Council are David Barrie, Dennis Birbeck and James Bird, all of the Conservative Party.

The ward has adopted a Ward Support Officer.

Places of interest
As a result of the construction of the New Hall Manor Estate, New Hall Valley Country Park was created with Plants Brook flowing through it. At the end of Plants Brook, a local nature reserve has been created from reservoirs constructed by Birmingham City Council. New Hall Mill, one of Birmingham's only two existing water mills, has been refurbished back to working order and is open on specific days to the public.

Walmley Library and Community Hall are located within the ward and have recently been refurbished as part of the "Walmley Local Action Plan".

title: Sutton New Hall (ward)


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Birth name

A birth name is the name given to a person upon birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name, or the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a birth certificate or birth register may by that fact alone become the person's legal name.

The assumption in the Western world is often that the name from birth (or perhaps from baptism or brit milah) will persist to adulthood in the normal course of affairs—either throughout life or until marriage. Some reasons for changes of a person's name include middle names, diminutive forms, changes relating to parental status (due to one's parents' divorce or adoption by different parents), and gender transition.

Maiden and married names
The French and English-adopted née is the feminine past participle of naître, which means "to be born". Né is the masculine form.

The term née, having feminine grammatical gender, can be used to denote a woman's surname at birth that has been replaced or changed. In most English-speaking cultures, it is specifically applied to a woman's maiden name after her surname has changed due to marriage. The term né can be used to denote a man's surname at birth that has subsequently been replaced or changed. The diacritic mark (the acute accent) over the e is considered significant to its spelling, and ultimately its meaning, but is sometimes omitted.

According to Oxford University's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, the terms are typically placed after the current surname (e.g., "Margaret Thatcher, née Roberts" or "Bill Clinton, né Blythe"). Since they are terms adopted into English (from French), they do not have to be italicized, but they often are.

In Polish tradition, the term de domo (literally meaning "of the house" in Latin) may be used, with rare exceptions, meaning the same as née.

title: Birth name


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Diogo Rodrigues

Dom Diogo Rodrigues, Dom Diogo Roiz (c. 1490-1496; Lagos, Portugal – 21 April 1577; Colvá, Goa) was a Portuguese explorer of the Indian Ocean who sailed as an ordinary helmsman under the command of Dom Pedro Mascarenhas around Goa. They sailed from the Cape of Good Hope eastward into little-known waters of the newly discovered route to Goa. Rodrigues island was named after him between 4 and 9 February 1528 because he had discovered it during his only return journey from Goa via Cochin (left on 15 January 1528) to Lisbon, where he was elevated to the rank of a knight (cavaleiro) by John III of Portugal. He then returned to Goa and made a mark in the history of the Portuguese empire in the subcontinent around the mid-16th century.

Exploration and Diogo Rodrigues
In the early 16th century, Dom Diogo Fernandes Pereira was appointed captain of a Setúbal ship bound for Goa. He is said to have struck a wide arc east of Madagascar and stumbled upon the island of Réunion, which he promptly named ilha de Santa Apolónia (in honor of the St. Apollonia whose day it was, 9 February 1507). He then proceeded east to discover the island of Mauritius, which he named ilha do Cirne (the name of his ship). From there Fernandes went further east and discovered the island he named as ilha de Diogo Fernandes, Domigo Friz or Domingo Frias (the latter two probably are cartographic transcriptions or abbreviations of 'Diogo Fernandes'). He is also said to have stopped for water at the first and third islands, before returning to Mozambique. Diogo Fernandes island ('Domigo Friz') was visited by Dom Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in 1509 and the name 'Dom Galopes' (another transcribed abbreviation) sometimes appears for that island in some maps. It went through its final permanent name change to Rodrigues island a few years later, after another Portuguese explorer in 1528 when making their way back across the Indian Ocean from Goa navigated via the islands of Réunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues, naming this entire archipelago the Mascarenes Island, Mascarene or Mascarenhas Islands, after his countryman and commander Pedro Mascarenhas, who had been around before in 1512. It was around February 1528 itself that Diogo Rodrigues saw Rodrigues with such a drive along the group of Mascarene islands that bears his family name Rodrigues.

Governor of Salsette and Landlord of Colva
Diogo Rodrigues set up his base in Goa, learnt the local language, was commander of the construction for the fort of Goa and governor of the island of Salsette (later part of Bombay, present Mumbai) (called as ilha de Salcete do Norte at that time) as it was leased to him from 25 October 1535 to 1548 after the Treaty of Bassein between the Portuguese viceroy Dom Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of the Gujarat Sultanate that placed the islands into Portuguese possession from 1534. He was also known as Mestre Diego for his artistic contributions to the beautification of Salsette. Also in the defence of the fortress of Diu, Diu Fort whose reconstruction he was involved with, under the military leadership of Dom João de Castro in 1535 and the fort was considered impregnable later as it resisted for more than four centuries to multiple intrusion attempts. Diogo also owned the entire beach called "praia da Colva" (beach of Colva) in Goa that was passed on to his family descendants as a part of the family property, this is the same village where he constructed his huge residential house in 1551.

Captain of the Fortress of Rachol
Rodrigues was the Captain of Rachol in Salcette, Goa, the chief town during the earliest Portuguese conquest. It was then a fortress and the church was considered as the first in dignity of Salcette (called as ilha de Salcete do Sul at that time); as this first church at Rachol and hence Salcette was built to completion in the year 1565, on the site of Hindu temples and was built in mud with a thatched roof. It can thus be called the mother church (Matriz) of the whole of South Goa and was named Igreja da Nossa Senhora de Neves. It was the first Archbishop of Goa, Dom Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira who personally visited Margão and its surrounding areas to choose the location. After visiting several places, he guarded an arrow into the ground at Rachol and ordered to build the church there; Rodrigues, the Captain of Rachol, was appointed to do the needful.

José Nicolau da Fonseca has recorded that Diogo Rodrigues died in Colvá, Goa and was buried inside this mother church (Matriz) of Salcette of which he was the Captain of the fort at that time called Igreja da Nossa Senhora de Neves at Rachol with his grave's inscription reading: ''Aqui jaz Diogo Rodrigues o do Forte, Capitão desta Fortaleza, O qual derrubou os pagodes destas terras. Falleceu a 21 de Abril de 1577 annos''. In English translation this reads: "Here lies Diogo Rodrigues (called) 'O do Forte/ Captain of this Fortress, who destroyed the pagodas of these territories. He died on the 21st April of the year 1577." The grave inscription stone and his relics are still inside the church, near the altar of Igreja da Nossa Senhora de Neves from 1577. Hindu temples of Salcette in Goa were destroyed by Diego who personally oversaw this destruction in 1567. This led to the mass exodus of Hindus from the Portuguese held territories and the Hindus taking the idols of their deities across the Zuari river to the territories of the Hindu Sonde Kings. Amongst the temples destroyed are the temples of Kamakshi, Shri Ramnathi, Shree Shantadurga and Shree Mangeshi. Also destroyed were nine pagodas in the village of Margão (Mathagrama) by Diogo, who was rewarded with the revenues of the lands belonging to them the destruction was triggered when a Jesuit was attacked and when the community of Loutolim disobeyed Diogo Rodrigues, the then Captain of the Fort of Rachol as he had called the residents of the village of Lotoulim for a meeting, but they did not turn up. As a punishment to them, he burnt down the temple of Ramnath. The villagers filed a case with Capitão às Justiças de sua Magestad in Goa. The magistrate ordered the Captain to rebuild the temple. With the support of the Archbishop Primaz and the Provincial Council, the Captain obtained an Order from the Viceroy to burn down en masse the temples of Salcete, consequently the viceroy: Dom António de Noronha (1564–1568) at the request of the Archbishop and the Jesuits ordered Diogo Rodrigues to burn down all the remaining temples he found in Salcette, the viceroy also issued a decree in December 1565 forbidding the erection of new temples and the repairs of the existing ones, this was as stated: "I hereby order that in any area owned by my master, the King, nobody should construct a Hindu temple and such temples already constructed should not be repaired without my permission. If this order is transgressed, such temples shall be, destroyed and the goods in them shall be used to meet expenses of holy deeds, as punishment of such transgression." Diogo Rodrigues was also known as "O do Forte", In English: "Of the Strong", the Captain of Salcette who ordered the destruction of the temples of Assolna, Ambelim, Velim, Veroda, Cuncolim and Talvorda, when the villagers failed to obey some of his orders. The property and income of the temples were given to the church authorities. The exact date when the Captain Diogo Rodrigues descended upon the temple of Malsa devi (to be converted into a Church of Our Lady of Conception in future) in all fury was on 7 March 1567 just at the time when the priest was about to bedeck the idol of Mahalasa with silver ornaments. Those ornaments were confiscated along with other valuables of the temple and a proper inventory of the movables was made, then began the act of destruction. The image in the sanctum sanctorum was broken to pieces allegedly because Fr. Luis Goes had denounced her as a ‘bad woman’. The villagers managed to spirit away other idols. Sacred books and works of art that enhanced the beauty of this temple together with the roof were ruthlessly destroyed. The Captain retreated after planting a Cross at the most prominent spot at the site. The details of the destruction of this temple are to be found in the Report of Irmão Gomes Vaz dated 12 December 1567 which notes that the temple was totally destroyed on 14 March 1567. Diego Rodrigues took toll of 280 temples in Salcette alone. The cults from those temples were shifted mainly to the New Conquest areas where, the Desais and the Sardesais, the feudal lords of Sultan Adil Shaha of Bijapur, being Hindus themselves, took it as their holy duty to facilitate creation of new abodes for the said cults.

Rodrigues Island
Alfred North-Coombes records that maps of the island dated to 1540 of Plate 49 of the monumenta shows charts from both atlases and indicates as "do d0 ROIZ" also the Wolfenbuttel chart of c. 1540 carried the following inscriptions "i que achou Diogo Roiz". Dom Diogo's surname Rodrigues was replaced by Roiz later after receiving his knighthood (or Royes as it was written in some Dutch maps) as it was a royal diminutive of Rodrigues, who was knighted and received the royal confirmation from King João III, an honor granted only to those Rodrigues aristocratic families for service to the monarch or empire. It is also concluded that the exact date of discovering the island of Rodrigues by Diogo Roiz was between 4 and 9 February 1528 as they had left from Cochin under the command and presence of Pedro Mascarenhas on 15 January 1528 with a fleet of four ships to appeal to the King. Under favorable north-east monsoon conditions, it would take twenty to twenty five days to reach the Mascarene islands. The island was chosen to be called Rodrigues permanently from February 1528. Portugal did not claim any ownership, but used the island as a mark for sailing and had officially marked it on all maps, cartographic materials of that time either as Rodrigues, Diogo Roiz, Roiz or Diogo Rodrigues.

Family and Lineal Descendants
Rodrigues had two sons, Dom Nicolau Roiz and Dom Inácio Roiz, from a woman belonging to the Prabhu (Prabhu Dessai - As today) family of Hindu feudal lords called Vitola Porob Dessay and married her on 29 November 1512 as recorded in the letters available at the archives with document number ANTT: CC II, 35-162. The family used the royal diminutive of Roiz instead of its simple form Rodrigues until the late 19th century as the family name. The standing monument in Colva, Goa is the existing burial structural evidence with inscriptions of the Roiz (Rodrigues) family in Goa. This monument was rebuilt to a bigger structure in 1857 and still stands intact from 2 May 1857, as one of the great grandsons of D. Diogo died suddenly due to illness at a young age of 38 years, namely Dom Sebastião Francisco Roiz. The monument inscription reads: "Eis os restos de Seb F Roiz fala 18-8-1855 de 38 annos colla 2-5-57 ese pede aos viand pater no p'sua alma". In English translation: "This is the resting place of Sebastião Francisco Roiz who died on 18-08-1855 at 38 years of age and this monument was built in memory of him on the 02-05-1857 and for the resting of his family members". This was\is the only family in Colva of Goa with Roiz (Rodrigues) ancestry and one part of the descendants from his son Nicolau still live in the ancestral house that was built by Rodrigues in Colva, Goa and still owned parts of Colva beach property until the 21st century under Indian governance. The family monument is maintained by various family descendant members until date.

Achievements

 * Overseer of the Cannor Fortress :1515
 * Discovered Rodrigues Island :1528
 * Made a Fidalgo of the King of Portugal :1529
 * Governor of Salsette on lease :1535-48
 * Captain of Rachol Fortress :1554-77
 * Lord of Colva :1550-77

title: Diogo Rodrigues


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Grand River Airport

Grand River Airport was located in the small community of Grand River, Prince Edward Island, Canada, by the river of the same name.

title: Grand River Airport


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Aegiale hesperiaris

Aegiale hesperiaris, commonly known as the tequila giant skipper, is a species of  butterfly in the family Hesperiinae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Aegiale. Its caterpillar is one of two varieties of edible "maguey worms" that infest maguey and Agave tequilana plants.

The white maguey worm, known as meocuiles, are caterpillars of this species.

It usually is found in regions of central Mexico, on the leaves of family Agavaceae plants, such as: Agave tequilana and Agave americana (maguey). They are not found on cacti, as is often erroneously reported. The butterflies deposit their eggs at the heart of the leaves of agaves. The larvae then eat the flesh of the agave stems and roots, sometimes boring out the agave completely.

title: Aegiale hesperiaris


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Philbrook

Philbrook is a locational surname of British origin. An alternative spelling is Philbrick. The surname spread to America when Thomas Philbrick emigrated to Massachusetts in 1633. The name may refer to:

 * Frank Philbrook (1931–2017), Canadian politician
 * George Philbrook (1884–1964), American athlete
 * James Philbrook (1924–1982), American actor
 * John M. Philbrook (1840–1923), American politician
 * Mary Philbrook (1872–1958), American lawyer
 * Simon Philbrook (born 1965), British cricket player
 * Warren C. Philbrook (1857–1933), American politician

title: Philbrook


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Talk:Aegiale hesperiaris

Untitled
I am quite certain that A. hesperiaris is not the worm usually employed in Mezcal bottling and known as "gusano del maguey". As might be surmised from this link, the honor goes to Scyphophorus acupunctatus, the agave weevil. This should be fixed (although we lack an article on the weevil, there's one at the Spanish wikipedia). Taragüí @ 10:52, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Now, to make it worse, I've found a good many references to Hypopta agavis, it being the "red worm" considered best for taste, in contrast to S. acupunctatus, the "white worm". This is messier than it seemed. Taragüí @ 14:02, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Please cleanup this article
Which family? Is it a lepidopteran at all? This needs a taxobox too. AshLin 19:16, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Aegiale hesperiaris


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Senia

Senia or Sénia may refer to:

Places

 * Senia (Ancient Rome), ancient name of the town of Senj, Croatia
 * Es Sénia (formerly La Sénia), a commune in Algeria
 * La Sénia, a town in Tarragona, Spain.

Companies and brands

 * Senia (marque), a Chinese automotive brand owned by FAW Jilin that produces passenger vehicles.

Other uses

 * Senia gharana, a sitar gharana (Hindustani musical tradition)

title: Senia


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User talk:Thue/Archive5

Bobbybuilder
Yeah, if you can protect my page that will be very nice. :) Bobbybuilder 20:51, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. Thue | talk 06:20, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

The biased opinion of the author: entry worth keeping
It seems to me that this is deserving of an entry... it is at the intersection of numerous important topics of significant interest.

Requests for comment/207.127.143.101
...has been unlisted, because it was not certified by two users. However, the user is presently blocked for vandalism. Radiant_ >|< 09:45, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

My RFA:Thanks
Hi Thue! Thanks for supporting my RFA! Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:33, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:Sjrdude
I see that you have had dealings with this user's vandalism before. I submit for your consideration this edit today. Cheers, Double Blue  (Talk) 18:21, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Blocked for a week... Thue | talk 19:57, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

He is back and just vandalized Rush (band). Do I need to say what I think? WikiDon 17:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for letting me know. I blocked him indefinently, since he does clarly not belong on Wikipedia and has had more than his fair share of chances. Thue | talk 20:59, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

I think he is back under this IP 24.117.242.35; Rush (band) was just vandalized with the same old tone he has been dishing out. WikiDon 18:28, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I left a warning on the IP's talk page. Thue | talk 19:15, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion
You recently deleted Hey Now! (song), Jimmy the dreadpirate, and Saifooz with the following comments: As a non-admin, I can't see the contents of these articles, but they don't seem to obviously meet any WP:CSD. What critieria did these articles meet? Pburka 17:46, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Hey Now! (song):  content was: 'One of the best Oasis songs to date,Hey Now! is probably the most underrated one of the band.It's just one the classics from the their second ...'
 * Jimmy the dreadpirate:  content was: 'jimmy the dreadpirate is currently a scholar that was born in germany, but moved to the US state of Oregon at the age of two. His triumphs incl...'
 * Saifooz:  content was: '== Headline text ==SaifoozSaifooz is a nikename for a great man that is living for the current century and has created many web sites and arti... '

Also, Chong Choy Hoe, Red Ribbon Empire, Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery, and David Edwards (Who Wants to be a Millionaire winner). Especially the last one -- there are 90000 google hits for "David Edwards who wants to be a millionaire" Pburka 17:55, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

This article was basically just POV comments which do not belong in Wikipedia. (A good article on the song would be OK in wikipedia IMO, and in any case would have to go through VFD before being deleted.) Hopefully nobody can disagree on this one...
 * It is true that some of them don't strictly fall under the definitions for CSD's but I was using the "common sense criterium". The full content of the three you quoted were:
 * Hey Now! (song): One of the best Oasis songs to date,Hey Now! is probably the most underrated one of the band. It's just one the classics from the their second album.
 * Jimmy the dreadpirate: jimmy the dreadpirate is currently a scholar that was born in germany, but moved to the US state of Oregon at the age of two. His triumphs including skipping the 4th grade and several 4.0 grade point averages.
 * Saifooz:== Headline text ==Saifooz
 * Saifooz is a nikename for a great man that is living for the current century and has created many web sites and articles. He is one of the most popular users known as hackers. He is from oman and has born on 19-May-1983. He is now a Mechanical Engineering student at Sultan Qaboos University. When a PC is betwwen his hand, there will be the Third World War. Keep away and secure your PCs.
 * Saifooz
 * I assume you agree on the deletion of this one too...
 * Saifooz
 * I assume you agree on the deletion of this one too...

The content of the David Edwards (Who Wants to be a Millionaire winner) article was:David Edwards is the 2nd Million Pounds in the UK. While the subject may or may not be notable, the content was a CSD as #1, nonsense. (you could see the complete content in the deletion log in this case.)

 * Thue | talk 08:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that most of these articles would probably have failed a VfD. But a few of them (particularly Hey Now, Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery and David Edwards) could well have survived a VfD and been significantly improved during the process.
 * I guess that under the new WP:CSD policies many more articles now meet the CSD.
 * Pburka 00:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It is the dilemma about whether a really crap article about a worthy subject should be delete or improved. Of course they would survive VFD if they were improved in the process, but the question is whether they are worth the efford. I am not decided, but tend to delete them if they have been nominated and are bad enough. Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery, which I didn't mention above, was for one thing written all in upper case... Thue | talk 00:47, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Albrecht Prinz von Croy
Hello Thue, you archived this page while I have been writing a comment to correct the comment from the author given there (no vote). Is it possible to put the comment in there nevertheless? My interest is not to get the article deleted but to correct the false given informations by the IP about the deletion process on de:WP and about the named sysop. I edited it on the Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion/Albrecht Prinz von Croy. (Excuse my bad english) Cu --Rax 22:37, 19 July 2005 (UTC) the sysop who deleted in a totalitarian behaviour ;)

 * Sure, fine with me. You can also re-open the vfd if you want to. Thue | talk 22:41, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot for the Speedy response. Ok, I'll add my comment and then copy the whole thing on the discussion page of the article, because I fear, the author will use the exitence of the article in en: to support it in de:. "re-open the vfd" - mh, perhaps this would be the logical conclusion with the added informations in the back but I'm not familiar enough with the procedure and the belonging conventions in en:WP (and I'm not in a crusade ;) ). Best wishes --Rax 23:21, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, regarding the event in the history of the vfd page and the same thing here, I changed my mind and would re-open the vfd -- think I just have to revert your withdraw? - Have a good night (and perhaps tomorrow have a look on what has happened? thanks) Cu --Rax 23:45, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, just revert the withdraw (as has already been done). However, there still haven't been given any arguments for why the article should be deleted; the current discussion is about whether there have been administrative errors on the german Wikipedia. Thue | talk 11:22, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

69.50.#.#
How do Thue. Noticed you have blocked one address at the above prefix. Please be aware that this is only one of many IPs producing linkspam from associated IPs (Atrivo/Psychz), see User:Nigosh/linkspammers for a bit more history. Vandalism in progress has (most of) them logged; it looks like the actor works on a couple of campaigns a week. Additionally, seems now to be starting to seed some pages and then spamming each of them later from a different IP. I think that this activity requires more than a one day ban to a single IP. Do you think that a rather larger, more categorical ban (i.e. 69.50.160.0 - 69.50.191.255) might get the point across. Nigosh 00:49, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I am reluctant to ban such a large IP range. I have added some comments to the VIP page. Thue | talk 09:39, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

 * They kept going. I've blocked the whole thing. See Administrators' noticeboard. -- Cyrius|✎ 00:46, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

21 July 2005 London explosions
I blocked the vandal who was causing the problems at 21 July 2005 London explosions (69.134.118.200). I think you can basically just revert to the 17:04, 21 July 2005 version. Thue | talk 15:25, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I think I managed to get back to a sensible version. It's unprotected now anyway. Are you sure it was vandalism and not just the section duplication bug when there's lots of simulataneous edits? -- Arwel 15:31, 21 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Pretty sure; All the users edits were duplications of material, in between other forms of vandalism. An incomplete survey gave me the impression that that user was the sole cause of the duplication (he did it again after it was fixed). Thue | talk 15:35, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

Linkspammer
I've added those 5 URLs you requested at meta:Talk:Spam blacklist to the blacklist. Angela. 19:37, July 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Hopefully that will stop them! Thue | talk 01:05, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The  was in the wrong place. It should work now. Angela. 16:48, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

Indus programming language
Thanks, Thue for the review. The Indus article needs some formatting. Can you help ? Kallol

 * Sorry, but the subject of the article does not interest me, so I am not motivated to use my time for helping out. Thue | talk 15:54, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Electric guitar
Sorry, I reverted to the wrong version! Thanks for catching that. Mr./Ms. 69.etc. isn't the one you reverted to, though, as s/he is one of the "clever" vandals. Very nice user page, by the way. Badagnani 06:35, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem; it seems obvious that you just was a bit quick on the trigger. But you should consider the possibility that 66.238.188.67 was just a well-meaning user; there is no evidence to the contrary. Thue | talk 07:38, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes, you're absolutely right--as I think also 4.180.132.88 was, who also tried to take out the vandalism directly afterwards. I've posted on the "talk" page for "Electric guitar" how I think everything happened. Badagnani 07:58, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Re: Speedy delete of Sambenito
I considered this article borderline, because I think it would qualify as patent nonsense due to the use of foreign langauge terms and the extreme lack of context making it unintelligible to the average person. I tagged it as a speedy, assuming the sysop who reviewed it would make the same kind of decision you did. I think its fine to leave it with a cleanup tag though. --malathion talk 19:59, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/Vorkosigan Saga Inconsistencies
I wasn't intendign to shout. That was a typo, or perhaps i should say thinko. I usually start VFD page entries with a bolded vote, so I automatically typesd thre quotes at the start, then i decided to put my comment before my vote for once and failed to remove the bold makrup at the start. Sorry. DES (talk) 20:05, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * My edit summary which you are referring to wasn't meant seriously, hence the smiley :). Thue | talk 20:08, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, i missed the smiley. DES (talk) 20:19, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Deering Oaks
The form of the article at the time I added the DB tag IMO merited a speedy, some context was later added, but the tag not removed. I will list it on VfD. Look at the contributions of the creator to see why I gave it less tolerance than I otherwise might have. DES (talk) 20:19, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thue/Archive5


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Erik Edman

Erik Kenneth Edman (born 11 November 1978) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. Starting off his career with Helsingborgs IF in 1997, he went on to represent clubs in Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, England, and France before retiring at Helsingborg in 2013. A full international between 2001 and 2009, he won 57 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

Early career
Edman played for a number of clubs during his career. He played for Helsingborgs IF until 1999, which was his first time leaving Sweden and moved abroad. In 2001, after having unremarkable spells at Italian club Torino and Karlsruher SC in Germany, Edman returned to Sweden and joined AIK for one season. After that, Heerenveen in the Netherlands brought Edman from Sweden.

Tottenham Hotspur
In July 2004, Tottenham Hotspur signed Edman from Heerenveen. Edman quickly established himself at the club, and will probably be best remembered at Spurs for his stunning goal, which he scored from 41 yards out, in the Premier League match against Liverpool in April 2005. However, in the summer of 2005, the arrival of South Korean left back, Lee Young-Pyo, led Edman to make the decision to leave England.

Rennes
In the last week of August, Spurs accepted an offer from French club Rennes. It did not take long for Edman to impress his new manager, László Bölöni, and once again established himself as first choice at left-back.

Wigan Athletic
In January 2008, Edman was signed by Wigan Athletic for a transfer fee of £500,000. The arrival of Edman was a good deal for Wigan Athletic, since the club did not find a good replacement after the departure of Leighton Baines, the previous summer. In March 2008, Edman was injured in a match against Blackburn Rovers, damaging his anterior crutiate ligament in his knee. This means he missed the rest of Wigan's season, as well as Euro 2008. Edman made his return to the Wigan team, as a substitute in January 2009 at Old Trafford, as Wigan lost 1–0 to Manchester United. However, he has lacked playing time, due to injuries and Maynor Figueroa's impressive performances throughout the season, which have earned him a spot in Roberto Martínez's starting eleven. Edman played his last game in the Latics' 9–1 loss against Tottenham Hotspur in November, where he had a torrid time against Aaron Lennon.

Helsingborgs IF
On 5 February 2010, Helsingborgs IF confirmed that they had re-signed Edman. Edman signed a five-year contract with the Swedish club. In December 2012 it was announced Edman would take up a coaching position at Helsingborgs IF.

International career
Edman was a part of the Sweden national team setup from 2001 until 2009. In 2002, he was part of Sweden's 2002 World Cup squad, but did not make any appearances. He then began to feature more regularly for Sweden after the 2002 World Cup, and at Euro 2004 and the 2006 World Cup, he featured as a starting left back for the team.

He scored his first and only goal, a free kick, in a 2006 World Cup qualifier against Bulgaria at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in March 2005.

Edman missed UEFA Euro 2008 due to a serious knee injury. He retired from the national team the following year.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list Sweden's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Edman goal.

Honours
Helsingborgs IF Individual
 * Allsvenskan: 1999, 2011
 * Svenska Cupen: 1998, 2010, 2011
 * Svenska Supercupen: 2011, 2012
 * Swedish Defender of the Year: 2004

title: Erik Edman


text:
Who Gets the Dog? (TV program)

Who Gets the Dog? is an American television program broadcast on Animal Planet in 2005 in which three couples would compete for a chance to adopt a dog that had been rescued from a shelter by the producers of the program. Toward that end, each couple would take the dog home for a night and their experiences would be made into a video. The program was hosted by Dorothea Coelho who was joined by a panel of three "experts" whose job it was to review the video footage of the dog at home with each of the couples and decide where the dog would be placed. Fifteen episodes of the program were produced. The experts were Dr. Dean Graulich, a veterinarian; Tamar Geller, a professional dog behaviorist; and Merrill Markoe, a humorist/ dog lover.

title: Who Gets the Dog? (TV program)


text:
Scott Thompson

Scot(t) Thompson may refer to:

Sportspeople

 * Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1983), Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne and Adelaide
 * Scott Thompson (footballer, born 1986), Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne
 * Scott Thompson (cricketer) (born 1972), Australian cricketer
 * Scot Thompson (baseball) (born 1955), baseball outfielder
 * Scott Thompson (basketball player), American basketball player
 * Scott Thompson (wrestler), wrestler known as Krusher Kong
 * Scott Thompson (basketball coach), American college basketball coach
 * Scot Thompson (born 1981), American soccer player

Others

 * Scott Thompson (actor) (born 1959), Canadian actor and comedian
 * Scott Thompson (businessman) (born 1957), former CEO of Yahoo! and former president of PayPal
 * Scott Thompson (musician), American musician
 * Carrot Top (Scott Thompson, born 1965), American comedian

title: Scott Thompson


text:
The Partly Cloudy Patriot

The Partly Cloudy Patriot is a book published in 2002, by Sarah Vowell, a contributing editor for the WBEZ / Public Radio International program This American Life. This book is a collection of essays about American history and the author's own reflections on several matters.

The chapters include scenes from Vowell's vacations in history tourism, an open letter to Bill Clinton about his presidential library, and stories about her own past. Also in these readings is a script about her story and love for a young man thousands of miles away named Ray.

Audiobook
The audiobook features music by They Might Be Giants and a cast including:

 * Conan O'Brien as Abraham Lincoln
 * Seth Green as Congressman Mike Synar
 * Stephen Colbert as Al Gore
 * David Cross as Theodore Roosevelt
 * Paul Begala as George W. Bush
 * Michael Chabon as Walt Whitman
 * Norman Lear as "Kevin"

title: The Partly Cloudy Patriot


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Sutton Four Oaks (ward)

Sutton Four Oaks is one of the 40 electoral wards in Birmingham, England.

Sutton Four Oaks is one of the four wards that make up the Parliamentary Constituency and council constituency of Sutton Coldfield. The ward lies to the north of Sutton Coldfield town centre and covers Hill Hook, Hill Wood, Roughley, Doe Bank, Ley Hill, Four Oaks, Four Oaks Park and Mere Green. Mere Green is the main shopping area for the ward and also has the ward's only library.

It covers an area of 19.61 km2.

Population
According to the 2001 Population Census there were 21,690 people living in 9,274 households in Sutton Four Oaks. 4.9% (1,068) of the ward's population consisted of ethnic minorities compared to 29.6% for Birmingham in general. The population had increased to 24,205 at the 2011 Census.

Politics
Sutton Four Oaks is represented by Cllr Maureen Cornish on Birmingham City Council, and Cllrs Clare Horrocks and Simon Ward on Royal Sutton Coldfield Town Council.

Maureen, Clare and Simon all represent the Conservative Party.

title: Sutton Four Oaks (ward)


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Fred Hutchinson

Frederick Charles Hutchinson (August 12, 1919 – November 12, 1964) was an American professional baseball player, a major league pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, and the manager for three major league teams.

Born and raised in Seattle, Washington, Hutchinson was stricken with fatal lung cancer at the height of his managerial career as leader of the pennant-contending 1964 Cincinnati Reds. He was commemorated one year after his death when his surgeon brother, Dr. William Hutchinson (1909–1997), created the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, as a division of the Pacific Northwest Research Foundation. The "Fred Hutch", which became independent in 1975, is now one of the best-known facilities of its kind in the world.

Early years
Born in Seattle, Hutchinson was the youngest son of Dr. Joseph Lambert Hutchinson (1872–1951) and Nona Burke Hutchinson (1879–1962). Both were born in Wisconsin and they relocated to Seattle in 1907. A graduate of the medical school at Marquette University in Milwaukee, he was a general practitioner in the Rainier Beach area in the southeast part of Seattle. The oldest of the four Hutchinson children was daughter Mary Joy (Crosetto) (1904–1989).

Sons Bill and John were older than Fred by 10 and seven years, respectively, and both played baseball at Franklin High School and at the University of Washington in Seattle under head coach Tubby Graves. Bill captained the 1931 Huskies team which won the Pacific Coast Conference title and John (1912–1991) later played in the St. Louis Browns organization.

The older brothers mentored young Fred in the game and fostered a competitive spirit; they even taught him to hit left-handed to reach first base quicker. A catcher until he was 15, Hutchinson starred as a right-handed pitcher, catcher, first baseman, outfielder, and left-handed hitter at Franklin. He led the Quakers to four city championships and played American Legion ball in the summer.

Pitching career
Hutchinson, known throughout baseball as Hutch, played semi-pro ball in 1937 in Yakima, attended UW briefly, then entered the organized baseball ranks in 1938 with the unaffiliated Seattle Rainiers of the AA Pacific Coast League. He caused an immediate sensation at age 19, winning a league-best 25 games and receiving The Sporting News Minor League Player of the Year Award. Several teams were interested in him, including the Pittsburgh Pirates. After his contract was purchased by the Detroit Tigers of the American League for players and cash, Hutchinson struggled in his early major league career with a 6–13 record and an earned-run average of 5.43 during the 1939–1941 seasons. His ineffectiveness caused his return to the minor leagues in each season. In 1941, at Buffalo of the AA International League, he enjoyed another stellar campaign, leading the league in victories (26) and innings pitched (284). A successful Major League career seemed to await Hutchinson, then 22, when the U.S. entered World War II. He saw active duty in the U.S. Navy, rose to the rank of lieutenant commander, and lost four full seasons (1942–1945) to military service.

In 1946, Hutchinson – approaching 27 – returned to baseball with a vengeance, winning a place in the defending World Series champion Tigers' starting rotation and beginning a string of six straight campaigns of 10 or more wins, including seasons of 18 (1947) and 17 victories (1950). He was selected to the 1951 American League All-Star team, and pitched three innings in an 8–3 loss at the Tigers' home park, Briggs Stadium.

In 11 major league seasons, Hutchinson compiled a 95–71 (.570) career record and a 3.73 earned run average, all with Detroit – a stellar mark considering his early-career mishaps. Appearing in 242 games, 169 as a starting pitcher, and 1,464 innings pitched, he allowed 1,487 hits and 388 bases on balls. He amassed 591 strikeouts, 81 complete games, and 13 shutouts, along with seven saves. He led the American League in WHIP in 1949, a season in which Hutchinson's 2.96 ERA was fourth in the league.

Hutchinson was known as a ferocious competitor. "His displays of temper became legendary in the American League", wrote Sports Illustrated in 1957. "'I always know how Hutch did when we follow Detroit into a town,' cracked Yankee catcher Yogi Berra. 'If we got stools in the dressing room, I know he won. If we got kindling, he lost.'"

He also was one of the best-hitting pitchers of his time; a left-handed batter, he frequently pinch-hit and batted over .300 four times during his major league career. His career batting average was .263, with 171 hits, four home runs and 83 runs batted in — excellent totals for a pitcher.

On a dubious note, he is also recalled as the pitcher who gave up the longest homer in Ted Williams' career, a 502 ft blast on June 9, 1946, that broke the straw hat of a startled fan sitting in Fenway Park's right-center-field bleachers. The seat where the home run landed has been painted red since to mark the long ball. Hutchinson led the AL in home runs allowed with 32 during the 1948 season.

Detroit Tigers
A slow decline in Hutchinson's pitching career coincided with an alarming drop in the fortunes of his usually contending Tigers. On July 5, 1952, with Detroit in the surprising position of last place in the eight-team American League, the club fired manager Red Rolfe and handed the job to Hutchinson, still an active player and five weeks shy of his 33rd birthday. Hutchinson was chosen based on his leadership skills; he had been the AL's Player Representative since 1947. Hutchinson managed the Tigers for the next 2½ years, serving into 1953 as a playing manager. He guided them from their eighth-place finish in 1952 to sixth and fifth place during the next two seasons. His reign included the 1953 debut of future Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Al Kaline. However, Detroit's ownership and front office were in flux; at the end of 1954, Hutchinson asked for a two-year contract, through 1956, and was only offered a single season deal. He left the Tigers, ending a 16-year association with the team.

Seattle Rainiers
Out of the majors for the first time since 1941, Hutchinson went home to Seattle and the Rainiers of the PCL, becoming their manager in 1955. Even though the club did not enjoy a major league affiliation, Hutchinson led Seattle to a 95–77 record and a first-place finish. His success led to his second major league managerial job when he replaced Harry Walker as skipper of the St. Louis Cardinals shortly after the 1955 season.

St. Louis Cardinals
The Cardinals, one of baseball's storied franchises, had fallen into the second division. With general manager "Frantic" Frank Lane constantly revamping the roster through trades and Hutchinson's steady hand at the helm, the Cardinals improved by eight games in 1956, and catapulted to second place in the National League in 1957, behind only the eventual world champion Milwaukee Braves.

Hutchinson won The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award, and his popularity in the Mound City resulted in a new nickname, "The Big Bear", bestowed by Cardinal broadcaster Joe Garagiola. Hutchinson's typical unsmiling expression also led Garagiola to joke that Hutchinson was "a happy guy inside, only his face didn't show it." He was given a raise in his one-year contract for the next season. However, Lane's departure from the front office and the Cardinals' disappointing season resulted in Hutchinson's dismissal; it came on September 17, with the team six games below .500 and in fifth place. Lane's successor, Bing Devine, strongly recommended retaining Hutchinson, but he was overruled by the Cardinals' owner, August A. Busch Jr.

Cincinnati Reds
Once again, Hutchinson returned to Seattle as field manager of the Rainiers, this time also serving as the club's general manager. The 1959 team did not have the on-field success of 1955's edition but the Rainiers were by then the top farm club of the Cincinnati Reds, who had stumbled badly in the National League standings coming out of the gate. On July 9, 1959, with the Reds 10 games under .500 at the All-Star break, Hutchinson was called to Cincinnati to take over the club, replacing Mayo Smith. Under Hutchinson, Cincinnati went 39–35 and improved two notches in the standings, but the following season saw the Reds struggle again to a 67–87 record and sixth-place finish. Like Detroit and St. Louis before, the Reds also were in front office turmoil, as the general manager who originally hired Hutchinson, Gabe Paul, departed for the expansion Houston Colt .45s and was replaced by Bill DeWitt. The sudden death of longtime owner Powel Crosley less than three weeks before the start of the 1961 regular season meant the team would soon be sold.

As a result, 1961 was a crucial season for Hutchinson. The Reds were projected as a second division team, lagging well behind the defending world champion Pittsburgh Pirates, the 1959 champion Los Angeles Dodgers, and strong San Francisco Giants, St. Louis Cardinals, and Milwaukee Braves outfits. But the Reds stunned the league, led by NL MVP Frank Robinson. They were buoyed by three other factors: the maturation of young players such as outfielder Vada Pinson and pitchers Jim O'Toole, Ken Hunt and Jim Maloney; the acquisition of key contributors such as pitcher Joey Jay (who became a 20-game winner) and third baseman Gene Freese; and surprise slugging and clutch hitting performances by first baseman Gordy Coleman, Jerry Lynch (one of the greatest pinchhitters in baseball history), and veteran Wally Post. The Reds surged into contention with a nine-game winning streak in May, and took first place for good August 16 when they swept the Dodgers in a doubleheader in Los Angeles.

The season was marked by numerous dramatic late-inning comeback victories, overcoming large margins, sometimes in a single inning. The Reds seemed never to be out of any game, until the last out. The 1961 Reds won 93 games and their first NL pennant since 1940. It was Hutchinson's second trip to the World Series; ironically, he was a Detroit pitcher in 1940 when his Tigers lost the Fall Classic to Cincinnati in seven games. However, the 1961 Reds drew one of the best teams of its era as its World Series foe: the New York Yankees of Roger Maris, Mickey Mantle, Whitey Ford, et al., who had won 109 games. The Reds could muster only one victory, in Game 2, with utility infielder Elio Chacón racing home on a passed ball with the go-ahead run, barely before the crunching body tag of Elston Howard. Cincinnati lost the 1961 Series in five games.

Final years
Winning the 1961 pennant secured Hutchinson's place in Cincinnati. In 1962, his Reds won 98 games but finished third, 3½ games behind the Giants. While the team fell to fifth in 1963, with an 86–76 mark, it continued to blend in young talent, such as young shortstop Leo Cárdenas and freshman second baseman Pete Rose, who was named the National League's Rookie of the Year. In July, Hutchinson was given a contract extension through the 1965 season, and with a solid corps of veterans and a strong farm system, the Reds were considered a contending club in 1964, provided that its pitching staff made a comeback.

Cancer
At his Florida home on Anna Maria Island, Hutchinson found a lump on his neck in late December 1963. A medical examination in Seattle revealed malignant tumors in his lungs, chest, and neck. Given the cancer treatments available at the time, the prognosis was grim. According to his brother, Hutchinson was a chain smoker, up to four packs of cigarettes a day. The Reds made their manager's illness public on January 3, 1964. After radiation treatment in early February, he still felt relatively well in March during spring training. As The Sporting News noted, the team played the 1964 season knowing Hutchinson "probably was at death's door."

His health failing, Hutchinson nevertheless managed the Reds through July 27, when he was hospitalized in Cincinnati. He returned to the dugout August 4, but could only endure nine more days before, on the day after his 45th birthday, he turned the team over to his first-base coach, Dick Sisler. The birthday was celebrated at Crosley Field on August 12, then he was re-hospitalized two days later for two weeks. With their manager now critically ill, the inspired Reds caught fire and won 29 out of their last 47 games as the first-place Philadelphia Phillies collapsed, but the team finished in a tie with the Phillies for second, one game behind the Cardinals, who went on to win that year's World Series.

Hutchinson formally resigned as manager on October 19, and died three weeks later at Manatee Memorial Hospital in Bradenton, Florida. He was buried next to his parents in the family plot at Mount Olivet Cemetery near Seattle in Renton, overlooking Lake Washington.

SPORT magazine posthumously named him "Man of the Year" for 1964 in tribute to his courage in battling his final illness and the Reds permanently retired his uniform number (1). The Hutch Award is given annually by Major League Baseball in his memory as well.

Legacy
Hutchinson was inducted into the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1965. His career record as a major league manager, in all or parts of 12 seasons, was 830–827 (.500) with nine tie games. He was remembered for his winning baseball teams, as the man who launched Cincinnati into an historic winning era (which culminated years after his death with the "Big Red Machine" in the 1970s). He is described favorably by pitcher/author Jim Brosnan in his two memoirs, The Long Season (an account of Brosnan's 1959 season) and Pennant Race (about the 1961 campaign). Brosnan describes the team's wariness of the manager's hot temper and its respect for his competitive nature and leadership skills, and notes Hutchinson's sense of humor as well.

Wrote Brosnan in 1959: "Most ballplayers respect Hutch. In fact, many of them admire him, which is even better than liking him. He seems to have a tremendous inner power that a player can sense. When Hutch gets a grip on things it doesn't seem probable that he's going to lose it. He seldom blows his top at a player, seldom panics in a game, usually lets the players work out of their own troubles if possible."

Said future Hall of Famer Stan Musial in 1957: "If I ever hear a player say he can't play for Hutch, then I'll know he can't play for anybody." Jim Delsing played under Hutchinson with the Tigers. "I would describe him as very sincere, very frank, very loyal to the players, and very involved with the players. I think everybody really liked playing for him. Hutch was not rehired after the 1954 season, and the next year we played for Bucky Harris. Fred was always more involved with the players. I thought he was an excellent manager. The manager makes a lot of difference."

In honor of his achievements with Buffalo, Hutchinson became a charter member of the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985.

On December 24, 1999, the Seattle Post-Intelligencer named Hutchinson Seattle's Athlete of the 20th Century.

Meanwhile, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center continues to make news as a cancer treatment hub — in medical and baseball circles. When Boston Red Sox rookie left-handed pitcher Jon Lester, a Washington native, was diagnosed with anaplastic large cell lymphoma during the 2006 season, he chose to undergo chemotherapy at the Seattle facility. Coming full circle, on November 11, 2008, Lester — a 16-game winner and postseason pitching star — was chosen as the winner of the 2008 Hutch Award.

All of the end plates of the rows of seats at Seattle's T-Mobile Park are embossed with a likeness of Hutchinson.

title: Fred Hutchinson


text:
Diogo de Azambuja

Diogo de Azambuja or Diego de Azambuja (1432–1518) was a Portuguese noble and explorer.

Soldier
He was born at Montemor-o-Velho, and became a knight of the Order of Aviz in the service of the Infante Dom Pedro, son of the Regent Infante Peter, Duke of Coimbra. After Peter's defeat and death in the battle of Alfarrobeira (1449), he accompanied his master into exile. In 1458, he fought on the side of Afonso V in the conquest of Alcácer-Ceguer in Morocco. He received several honours and became a counselor of the king. During the War of the Castilian Succession, he participated in the recapture of the town of Alegrete from the Castilians. He was injured in the leg during this engagement.

Portuguese Gold Coast
In 1481, Diogo was appointed by John II as captain of a fleet consisting of nine caravels and two ships with 600 soldiers and 100 masons and carpenters. They were sent, along with the necessary stone and other materials, to construct a fortress called São Jorge da Mina at the Gulf of Guinea in the Portuguese Gold Coast colony. This became the best-known exploit of his long life. They chose a favourable defensive position for the fort, and construction was practically complete after only 20 days, in spite of resistance from the native population.

With the fortress finished, contacts were established with the local population to establish trade. Diogo de Azambuja sent the fleet back to Lisbon with word that the mission has been successfully accomplished, and he remained behind as captain of the fortress with a force of 60 soldiers. He held this post until 1484. The fortress is now known as "Elmina Castle", or the "Elmina Slave Castle".

Courtier
Diogo was rewarded by the king with the post of alcaide-mor of Monsaraz, and was also named to the Privy Council. Diogo de Azambuja remained attached to the Court and the kings service for many years, in spite of his advancing age and disabled leg. He was already over the age of 70 in 1506 when Manuel I placed him in charge of building a fortress called Castelo Real at Essaouira, near Safi, in the south of Morocco, to protect Portuguese interests in the area. Diogo of Azambuja not only carried out the mission, he also took the city of Safi, where he remained as captain until 1509, at the age of 77 years. At that time he finally returned to Portugal, where he died in 1518.

title: Diogo de Azambuja


text:
Beach to Beacon 10K

The TD Beach to Beacon 10K is a 10 km road running event that takes place along the coastline of Cape Elizabeth, Maine. It begins at Crescent Beach State Park and ends at the Portland Head Light in Fort Williams Park.

Starting out as mainly a local event, athletes from all over the U.S. and various parts of the world now participate in the annual event, including some world-class distance runners, including Olympic Marathon Silver medalists Catherine Ndereba and Meb Keflezighi, as well as Chicago Marathon winner Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot. It was founded by U.S. women's marathon runner Joan Benoit Samuelson, who in 1984, won the first ever women's Olympic marathon. 1998 was the first year that the event was held and over 3000 runners participated in the race. The 2009 race event registration filled in just 1 hour 45 minutes.

The race is managed by DMSE, Inc. whose president, Dave McGillivray, directs the Boston Marathon and more than 30 other races each year.

A then-record 5,668 runners participated in the event in 2010, which saw Lineth Chepkurui improve the women's course record by almost half a minute. This number was again improved in 2011, as 5,876 runners were at the starting line. Three-time winner Gilbert Okari is the men's record holder with his time of 27:27.5 from 2003.

The race also features a Maine resident division. The male and female winners receive $1,000 in prize money and are regarded as the Maine road racing champions for the year.

The 2020 edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, with all registrants automatically receiving full refunds and the option to register early for the 2021 edition. Ultimately the 2021 event was also cancelled and a virtual competition was held instead. The race returned in 2022 with a COVID vaccination requirement. This requirement was subsequently dropped in 2023, as participation returned to pre-pandemic levels.

Overall winners
Key:

Maine winners

 * Bold denotes course record in the Maine division.
 * Orach collapsed with 100 meters to go, but was helped to the finish line by fellow Mainer Rob Gomez.

title: Beach to Beacon 10K


text:
Talk:Bike lane debate

This reads like an opinion piece. Why is it in the Wikipedia as such?

''It is an attempt to present an unbiased summary of arguments and rebuttals that have been presented piecemeal on both sides of the bike lane debate in various writings and forums. Any controversial issue is inherently difficult topic to cover without bias, but that doesn't mean it should not be covered in Wikipedia. See the morality and legality of abortion, segregated cycle facilities for other examples. This article might be a novel approach... the Wiki NPOV is used in terms of presenting the obviously biased arguments as fairly as possible. There is no attempt to claim neutrality within the content of each argument presented, only a NPOV in the fair presentation of these arguments.'' Serge Issakov, 13 June 2005

This reads like a piece I might get in the 'the people speak' section of a newspaper, not an encyclopedia. If we can't find some actual facts, not just "some people say it's safer, but some people don't" then this article should go. DJ Clayworth 14:57, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I understand your point. At this point it's a work in progress.  There are over a dozen external references.  Do I need to cite the source of every argument?  Traditional encyclopedias had a space issue (number of volumes, number of pages) that prevented them from indulging in "exotic" issues like this one might be.  The fact remains that, like abortion, death penality, the war in Iraq, etc., are controversial issues in the wider community, and libertarianism is a controversial issue within the political community, bike lanes are a controversial issue within the cycling community.  This is an article about the existence of that controversy.  The existence of each cited argument is fact. Serge 18:05, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There do not appear to be any links to substantive pro-bikelane arguments. This may be because of the dearth of such online articles, at least last time I looked seriously about two years ago. Still, I'd suggest searching for Michael Ronkin or Michael Bluejay or supporting data for the blue bikelane project in Portland OR. or somesuch. I would do it myself, but I've grown tired of butting my head against a brick wall in these debates, and I'd much rather be riding my bike. -- John Vance --129.238.237.96 17:43, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

This page contains instances of near-empty rhetoric. I propose editing to minimise the rhetoric while leaving the arguements intact. There are several claims if "there being no evidence". Such claims are not substantive, with the words that follow amounting to an unsupported assertion. I propose to cut back suc bluff-statements to a simpler wording.--Anthony Duff 00:21, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

This is an important discussion/opinion piece; increased cardiovascular health, lowered carbon emissions and decreased petroleum dependancy are all positively affected by those who decide to change from automobiles to bicycles. Roadways are always changing, depending on the traffic requirements; from one lane, alternating traffic, in the mountain passes and logging roads of yesteryear, to the multi-lane super highways of today, roads have evolved. Parallel parking, sidewalks and other facilities have replaced 'just doing it along the side of the road'. In urgent, unforeseen, or unavoidable circumstances one is still free to go back to walking, cycling or driving along pathways not suited for that mode of transportation, but if cycling is ever going to be a viable alternative and part of a communities mass transportation solutions, it should not only be as safe as we can make it, it should be made to appear to be a low risk endeavour. One shouldn't feel they require the adventurer's attitude, reflexes and conditioning to travel one's regular commute. As the car population has grown larger and faster, not only have we added more and wider lanes for that traffic, sidewalks and crosswalks have become standard, to make walking safer and more comfortable. Cyclepaths and bikelanes could make the same improvements for bikes, and more people would choose cycling. On the other hand, perhaps cyclists should have to go through a licensing process similar those required to drive an automobile. To be allowed to cycle on major roads and highways, one must pass a test showing an understanding of the dangers and responsibilites of operating a bike in traffic. Unlicensed cyclists would then be restricted to sidestreets and cyclepaths. Restricted roadways would be posted with signs and the cycling licence should be made clearly visible, so that police can moniter and enforce these new requirements. One suggested format for the licence; large liscence plate sized numbers on a reflective vest, with an accompanying picture identification card. It is interesting how emotional these issues can become. Real estate is limited, and whenever one discusses the reallocation of finite resources tempers can rise. The same reaction could be expected if we were discussing adding, or removing, parking and sidewalks in the same limited space. J.P.Ginther 70.70.138.48 02:34, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

21:22, 1 January 2006 65.87.175.140 (→Argument against bike lanes - rewrite) which is why the update shows up as being authored by my IP addr! Bruce Rosar 21:35, 1 January 2006 (UTC)
 * FYI: my session "timed out" while making the following update

Rationale for cleanup
Someone posted a cleanup tag on this article. I agree. I created the current format, and it did not work out well at all. I would like to see each side represented in separate sections, or something like that. --Serge 23:49, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Cycle path debate merge?
I'm removing the cycle path debate merge tag since no argument to do so has been presented here. I do want to add that the "bike lane debate" is very different from the "cycle path debate". The bike lane debate is all about the pros and cons of on road segregate cyclist facilities, while the cycle path debate is all about the pros and cons of offroad (usually paved) paths. There is very little overlap. --Serge 02:17, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

AFD debate link
This article redirects to Segregated cycle facilities following this AFD debate. If anyone thinks there is anything salvagable in the history, the last version of the article can be viewed here. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:08, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bike lane debate


text: File:Beauty and the Beast (cover art) – The Broadway Musical.jpg


text:
User talk:Toffile

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Talk:Singles (Travis album)

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Ganga Zumba

Nganga Nzumba (c. 1630 - 1678) was the first leader of the massive runaway slave settlement of Quilombo dos Palmares, or Angola Janga, in the present-day state of Alagoas, Brazil. Zumba was enslaved and escaped bondage on a sugar plantation and eventually rose to the position of highest authority within the kingdom of Palmares, and the corresponding title of Ganga Zumba.

The name
Although some Portuguese documents regard Ganga Zumba as his proper name, and this name is widely used today, the most important of the documents translates the name as "Great Lord." In Kikongo, nganga a nzumbi was "the priest responsible for the spiritual defense of the community" which was a kilombo or military settlement made up multiple groups.

A letter written to him by the governor of Pernambuco in 1678 and now found in the Archives of the University of Coimbra, calls him "Ganazumba," which is a better translation of "Great Lord" (in Kimbundu).

Early life
Ganga is said to have been the son of princess Aqualtune, daughter of an unknown king of Kongo. She led a battalion at the Battle of Mbwila.

The Portuguese won the battle, eventually killing 5,000 men and capturing the king, his two sons, his two nephews, four governors, various court officials, 95 title holders and 400 other nobles, who were put on ships and sold as slaves in the Americas. It is likely that Ganga was among these captives.

The whereabouts of the rest of them is unknown. Some are believed to have been sent to Spanish America, but Ganga Zumba, his Brother Zona and his sister Sabina (mother of Zumbi dos Palmares, his nephew and successor) were made slaves at the plantation of Santa Rita in the Portuguese Captaincy of Pernambuco in what is now northeast Brazil, which at the time was controlled by the Dutch. From there they escaped to Palmares.

Quilombo
A quilombo or mocambo was a refuge of runaway slaves who were forcibly brought to Brazil (from present-day Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Congo-Brazzaville) that escaped their bondage and fled into the interior of Brazil to the mountainous region of Pernambuco. As their numbers increased, they formed maroon settlements.

Gradually as many as ten separate mocambos had formed and ultimately coalesced into a confederation called the Quilombo of Palmares, or Angola Janga, under a king, Ganga Zumba or Ganazumba, who may have been elected by the leaders of the constituent mocambos. Ganga Zumba, who ruled the biggest of the villages, Cerro dos Macacos, presided the mocambo's chief council and was considered the King of Palmares.

The nine other settlements were headed by brothers, sons, or nephews of Ganga Zumba. Zumbi was chief of one community and his brother, Andalaquituche, headed another.

Ganga Zumba's rule
By the 1670s, Ganga Zumba had a palace, three wives, guards, ministers, and devoted subjects at his royal compound called Macaco. Macaco comes from the name of an animal (monkey) that was killed on the site. The compound consisted of 1,500 houses which housed his family, guards, and officials, all of which were considered royalty. He was given the respect of a Monarch and the honor of a Lord.

In 1678 Zumba accepted a peace treaty offered by the Portuguese Governor of Pernambuco, which required that the Palmarinos relocate to Cucaú Valley. In the treaty, the Portuguese confirmed their acceptance of Zumba is the supreme leader of his people.

In 1679, the treaty was challenged by Zumbi, one of Ganga Zumba's nephews, who led a revolt against him. Zumbi also rebelled against the Portuguese attempts to redistribute Palmares land among Portuguese officers.

In the confusion that followed, Ganga Zumba was poisoned, most likely by one of his own relatives for entering into a treaty with the Portuguese. It is reported that Joao the "mulatto", Gaspar and Amaro were responsible for killing Zumba.

Many of his followers who had moved to the Cucaú Valley were re-enslaved by the Portuguese. Resistance to the Portuguese then continued under Zumbi.

Legacy
The Brazilian film Ganga Zumba was made in 1963 but was not released until 1972 because there was a military coup in Brazil in 1964, and films about revolutions, even those taking place in the 17th century, were considered politically dangerous. The film is based on João Felício dos Santo's novel, and focuses on a black slave who ends up in Palmares. The film is about black liberation and keeps a black racial perspective.

title: Ganga Zumba


text:
Elinor Lipman

Elinor Lipman (born October 16, 1950) is an American novelist, short story writer, and essayist.

Early life and education
Elinor Lipman was born and raised in Lowell, Massachusetts to a Jewish family. She is the second daughter of Julia M. and Louis S. Lipman. She attended public schools and graduated from Simmons College (now Simmons University) in 1972 with a BA in journalism. While still in college, Lipman worked as an intern for the Lowell Sun.

Career
During the 1970s she was a staff writer and editorial assistant for the Massachusetts Teachers Association monthly newsletter, Massachusetts Teacher. Lipman also worked for a time for Boston's public television station, WGBH, writing press releases. She credits the adult education creative writing class she took at Brandeis University in 1978 for propelling her into writing fiction.

She began writing fiction in 1979, and her first short story, “Catering,” was published in Yankee Magazine. Lipman’s first book, Into Love and Out Again, a collection of short stories, was published by Viking in 1987. She published her first novel, Then She Found Me, in 1990. Lipman graduated from Simmons College where she studied journalism. She lives in western Massachusetts and Manhattan. Her 1998 novel The Inn at Lake Devine, explores Antisemitism and Jewish intermarriage. Lipman received the New England Book award for fiction in 2001. Her novel Then She Found Me was adapted into a 2008 feature film, directed by and starring Helen Hunt, Bette Midler, Colin Firth and Matthew Broderick, a process that took 19 years. Two of her other novels have also been optioned for movies.

Her book of rhyming political tweets, Tweet Land of Liberty: Irreverent Rhymes from the Political Circus was published in August 2012 from Beacon Press. Her essays have appeared in The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, The New York Times and Salon.com. The View from Penthouse B (her 10th novel) and I Can't Complain: (All Too) Personal Essays (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt) were published in 2013. The latter deals in part with the death of her husband at age 60. She was the Elizabeth Drew Professor of Creative Writing at Smith College in 2011-2012. Her poem, "I Bought This Pattern Book Last Spring" appears in the anthology Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting, published by W. W. Norton & Company in 2013. She writes a weekly column, "I Might Complain," for Parade.com. Lipman's writing is known for its wit and societal observations.

Her 13th novel Rachel to the Rescue, featuring a character recently sacked from the Trump White House, was published by the UK publisher Lightning Books in November 2020 after Lipman's US publisher initially declined to take it on. Stacy Schiff has called it ‘The Trump book that could only be published abroad’.

In 2022, the Pollard Memorial Library Foundation in Lowell, Massachusetts established an Elinor Lipman award for writing, to honor a book by a Lowell-based writer.

Her 2023 novel Ms. Demeanor is a finalist for the 23rd Thurber Prize for American Humor.

Teaching
Lipman has taught at Simmons, Hampshire and Smith Colleges. For the 2011-2012 academic year she held the Elizabeth Drew Chair in Creative Writing at Smith.

Personal life
Lipman married Robert Austin, a radiologist, and the pair lived in Northampton, Massachusetts, raising their son, Benjamin Lipman Austin (b.1982). In 2009, Austin died from complications associated with frontotemporal dementia. Elinor Lipman now makes her home in New York City.

Nonfiction

 * 2012 Tweet Land of Liberty: Irreverent Rhymes from the Political Circus (ISBN 9780807042434)
 * 2013 I Can't Complain: (All Too) Personal Essays (ISBN 9780547576206)

Novels

 * 1990 Then She Found Me (ISBN 0-671-68615-1)
 * 1992 The Way Men Act (ISBN 0-671-74841-6)
 * 1995 Isabel's Bed (ISBN 0-671-01564-8)
 * 1998 The Inn at Lake Devine (ISBN 0-375-70485-X)
 * 1999 The Ladies' Man (ISBN 0-375-70731-X)
 * 2001 The Dearly Departed (ISBN 0-375-72458-3)
 * 2003 The Pursuit of Alice Thrift (ISBN 0-375-72459-1)
 * 2006 My Latest Grievance (ISBN 0-618-64465-2)
 * 2009 The Family Man (ISBN 0-618-64466-0)
 * 2013 The View From Penthouse B (ISBN 0-547-57621-8)
 * 2017 On Turpentine Lane (ISBN 0-544-80824-X)
 * 2019 Good Riddance (ISBN 0-544-80825-8)
 * 2020 Rachel to the Rescue (ISBN 9781785632556)
 * 2023 Ms. Demeanor (ISBN 9780358677888)

Story collections

 * 1988 Into Love and Out Again (ISBN 0-671-65676-7)

title: Elinor Lipman


text:
Danger Bay

Danger Bay is a Canadian television series, produced in Vancouver, with first-run episodes broadcast on CBC Television in Canada and The Disney Channel in the United States premiering October 8, 1984. Reruns of the show continued on The Disney Channel until 1996. A total of 123 installments were filmed between 1984 and 1990. The series was perceived as wholesome, exciting fare for older children and adolescents, and continued to be seen through the 1990s in many countries worldwide.

The series followed the exploits of the Roberts family: marine veterinarian Grant "Doc" Roberts and his children, Nicole and Jonah. Nearly every 30-minute episode featured the Vancouver Aquarium. Most episodes focused on environmental issues such as pollution, wildlife endangerment, and forest preservation.

The series was also broadcast in 68 countries such as Gibraltar (Danger Bay), Bulgaria (Опасният Залив), Ukraine (Затока Небезпеки), Poland (Niebezpieczna zatoka), Czechoslovakia (Nebezpečný záliv, with Slovak dubbing), Iceland (Háskaslóðir, subtitled on state TV channel RUV), Cuba (Bahía Peligro), Trinidad & Tobago, Estonia (Ohtude Laht, subtitled), Finland (Vaarojen Lahti, subtitled), Sweden (Äventyr i bukten, subtitled on state TV), Germany (Abenteuer in Vancouver), The Netherlands (Dutch subtitles), Belgium (Avonturenbaai), Iran (گارد ساحلی), Iraq (ساحل المخاطر), France (Cap Danger) South Africa (Danger Bay), India (Danger Bay), Spain (Bahía Peligrosa), North Macedonia (Опасниот Залив) and in Venezuela (Bahía Peligro) for television channel Televen.

Cast

 * Donnelly Rhodes as Dr. Grant "Doc" Roberts
 * Susan Walden as J. L. Duval
 * Christopher Crabb as Jonah Roberts
 * Ocean Hellman as Nicole Roberts
 * Hagan Beggs as Dr. George Dunbar
 * Michele B. Chan as Dr. Donna Chen
 * Deborah Wakeham as Joyce Carter

Streaming
Between 2018 and 2022 the Entire series has been released online on the Canada Media Fund's Encore+ YouTube channel.

title: Danger Bay