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Kissing gourami

Kissing gouramis, also known as kissing fish or kissers (Helostoma temminckii), are medium-sized tropical freshwater fish comprising the monotypic labyrinth fish family Helostomatidae (from the Greek elos [stud, nail], stoma [mouth]). These fish originate from Mainland Southeast Asia, the Greater Sundas and nearby smaller islands, but have also been introduced outside their native range. They are regarded as a food fish and they are sometimes farmed. They are used fresh for steaming, baking, broiling, and pan frying. The kissing gourami is a popular aquarium fish.

Description
Typical of gourami, the body is deep and strongly compressed laterally. The long-based dorsal (16–18 spinous rays, 13–16 soft) and anal fins (13–15 spinous rays, 17–19 soft) mirror each other in length and frame the body. The posterior most soft rays of each of these fins are slightly elongated to create a trailing margin. The foremost rays of the jugular pelvic fins are also slightly elongated. The pectoral fins are large, rounded, and low-slung. The caudal fin is rounded to concave. The lateral line is divided in two, with the posterior portion starting below the end of the other; there are a total of 43–48 scales running the line's length.

The most distinctive feature of the kissing gourami is its mouth. Other than being terminal (forward-facing) rather than superior (upward-facing) as in other gourami families, the kissing gourami's mouth is highly protrusible as its family name suggests, the lips are lined with horny teeth. However, teeth are absent from the premaxilla, dentaries, palatine, and pharynx. The gill rakers are also well-developed and numerous. The visible scales of the body are ctenoid, whereas the scales of the top of the head are cycloid. Kissing gourami reach a maximum of 30 cm in total length. There is no outward sexual dimorphism and is difficult to almost impossible to distinguish the sexes.

Two colour morphs are encountered: greenish-silvery, which have lengthwise spotty stripes on the body and opaque, dark brown fins; and pink, which have a rose to orangy pink body and silvery scales, with transparent pinkish fins. While it has been claimed that the greenish fish originate from Thailand and pinkish fish originate from Java, the greenish is the wild form and the pinkish is a leucistic form achieved through selective breeding in captivity.

Jaw and mouth
It is important to emphasize the particularity that this species has in its mouth: it has an additional joint between its jaw and the rest of the joints, known as intramandibular joint. This type of joint is also present in other species of fish that feed on nutrients attached to the substrate. By increasing the angle of opening of the jaw, this joint allows kissing gourami access to these nutrients. H. temminkii, however, is the only species known that uses this articulation in this way.

The intramandibular joint divides the jaw into two independent elements so that it increases the degrees of freedom and the potential number of ways of getting food. This articulation, although its mechanism and anatomy are still being studied, results in an adaptation of H. temminkii and its feeding.

Habitat and ecology
Shallow, slow-moving, and thickly vegetated backwaters are the kissing gourami's natural habitat. They are midwater omnivores that primarily graze on benthic algae and aquatic plants, with insects taken from the surface. They are also filter feeders, using their many gill rakers to supplement their diet with plankton. The fish use their toothed lips to rasp algae from stones and other surfaces. This rasping action, which (to humans) looks superficially like kissing, is also used by males to challenge the dominancy of conspecifics.

Intraspecific behaviour
The kissing gourami present a kind of behavior associated with their characteristic jaw and mouth: two individuals approach their mouths in both mediolateral and dorsoventral planes and press for a few seconds. This type of "kiss" has given H. temminkii the common name of kissing gourami. This has been considered an intraspecific aggressive behavior also known as "mouth fight" due to the contraction of the jaw muscles. However, it is not completely confirmed that it is an aggressive behavior and is rather understood as a ritualized form of aggression.

Ecosystem roles
Helostoma temminkii can become the host to some parasitic algal species. These algae are able to survive under kissing gourami skin and look like color spots. Some hypothesis affirm that these algae communities receive some nutrients required for photosynthesis from the H. temminkii. The individuals which have these parasites in their bodies are commonly less healthy than those which have not any algae parasites.

H. temminkii are able to communicate between each other due to their complex inner ear: it has a suprabranchial air-breathing chamber which gives these fishes the capacity to modulate their hearing through air bubbles in this area. Kissing gouramis are also able to emit sounds to other individuals of their own species through the movement of their teeth.

Reproduction
Helostoma temminkii are oviparous and dioecious and have external fertilization. Spawning occurs from May to October in Thailand, at the beginning of the rainy season. Kissing gouramis are open-water egg scatterers; spawning is initiated by the female and takes place under cover of floating vegetation. The eggs, which the adults do not guard, are spherical, smooth, and buoyant. Initial development is rapid: the eggs hatch after one day, and the fry are free-swimming two days thereafter. The kissing gourami does not care for its young. Adults migrate through the rivers to shallow lagoons or into flooded forests to spawn. A female starts mating and the male simultaneously shed the eggs and sperm to the outside. Females release an average of 1000 eggs. The eggs are spherical and small compared to other freshwater species and have a drop of oil to increase buoyancy. Fertilized eggs float to the surface and usually bind to floating vegetation, becoming larvae. Biting fish reach sexual maturity of three to five years.

Feeding
The kissing gourami is an omnivorous microphagic filtering fish, whose nutrition is based on a wide variety of food sources, such as insects, algae, larvae from other species and other microorganisms found on submerged species. The mouth, teeth, gills and especially the intramandibular joint described above make this fish a very well adapted species: it is able to find nutrients in places where other species cannot be such as algal-covered surfaces.

In the aquarium
Kissing gouramis are also popular with aquarists for the fish's peculiar "kissing" behavior of other fish, plants, and other objects. Kissers of both sexes will often spar by meeting mouths and pushing each other through the water. Large quantities of these fish are exported to Japan, Europe, North America, Australia, and other parts of the world for just this reason. Kissing gouramis need a roomy tank to thrive; they grow rapidly, and juvenile fish will quickly outgrow smaller aquaria. Kissing gouramis are territorial; some are tolerant towards fish of similar size, but others will bully, chase, and torment, causing significant stress on tank mates. Male kissers will occasionally challenge each other; however, the "kissing" itself is never fatal, but the constant bullying can stress the other fish to death. They often do in fact kill other fish by sucking the mucus off their skin as food, which opens the victim fish up to infections. These fish may be useful as algae eaters to control algae growth. To prevent digging and to present enough surface area for algae growth, the substrate should consist of large-diameter gravel and stones. The aquarium's back glass should not be cleaned during regular maintenance, as the gouramis will feed on the algae grown there. Most plants will not survive the fish's grazing, so inedible plants such as Java fern, Java moss, or plastic plants are recommended.

These fish are omnivorous and need both plant and animal matter in their diets. The fish will accept vegetables such as cooked lettuce and any kind of live food. Water hardness should be between 5 and 30 dGH and pH between 6.8 and 8.5; the temperature should be between 22 and 28 C. When breeding kissing gouramis, soft water is preferred. As the fish do not build nests, lettuce leaves placed on the water surface serve as a spawning medium. The lettuce will eventually host bacteria and infusoria upon which the fish will feed. The maximum length for kissing gouramis in aquariums is between 30 and 40 cm. Kissing Gourami are also a very long lived fish, a long term commitment for the fish keeper. They have been known to live in excess of 25 years (*).

In the aquarium, breeders have also produced a "dwarf" or "balloon pink" variety, which is a mutated strain of the pink gourami that are offered to hobbyists. The "balloons" are named so for their smaller and rounder bodies.

Lifespan
In captivity and in the wild the average lifespan is 5 to 7 years, but it is known that kissing gourami can live much longer.

title: Kissing gourami


text:
Pontville, Tasmania

Pontville is a rural locality in the local government areas (LGA) of Brighton and Southern Midlands in the Hobart and Central LGA regions of Tasmania. The locality is about 4 km north-west of the town of Brighton. The 2016 census has a population of 623 for the state suburb of Pontville.

It is a small rural community 28 km north of Hobart, in the south-east of Tasmania.

History
Pontville was sited by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1821, and was an early garrison town, where convicts built the bridge over the Jordan River. During World Wars I and II the area had a major army camp.

There is an old sandstone bridge in Pontville that lies on the Jordan River. The bridge is part of the Midland Highway.

A railway line connected the town with Hobart from 1891 until 1947. Additional excursion trains operated from Hobart, bringing riflemen to the nearby range. Pontville was gazetted as a locality in 1970.

Brighton Post Office opened on 1 June 1832, was renamed Pontville in 1895, and closed in 1973.

Historic buildings
Epsom House is an historic building originally built as a coaching inn, The Blacksmith's Arms, around 1831, by retired sergeant James Bunyip. In the 20th century, it was run by the Johnson family as the Epsom Store. It was restored in the 21st century as an entertainment venue, with the ballroom hosting the Australian String Quartet in 2006 in what may have been the first public performance there in 100 years. , it is one of the regular venues of the Seraphim Trio.

Geography
The Jordan River flows through from south-west to south.

Road infrastructure
The Midland Highway (National Route 1) passes through from south to north-west. Route C195 (Brighton Road) starts at an intersection with Route 1 and runs south until it exits.

Immigration detention centre
The Federal Government announced in April 2011 that it would spend $15 million on converting the army rifle range to an asylum-seeker detention centre, housing 400 people, mainly single adult men, although the Pontville Immigration Detention Centre was also used to house under-age males. In February 2012 it was announced by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship that the centre would be closed, which it did in September 2013.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pontville, Tasmania


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Hacketstown

Hacketstown (, IPA:[ˈbˠalʲəˈhaceːdʲ]), historically known as Ballydrohid, is a small town and civil parish in County Carlow, Ireland, near the border with County Wicklow.

It is located on the R747 road at its junction with the R727. The River Derreen flows westwards just north of the town and the River Derry rises just south of the town.

History
In the early thirteenth century, an Anglo-Norman castle was built on the site where St Brigid's Church sits now.

In the seventeenth century the wealthy Chetham family from New Moston, Lancashire, England acquired lands here. Although they lived mainly in England, a Chetham daughter married into the powerful Irish Loftus family.

Hacketstown was the scene of two battles during the 1798 rebellion. On 25 May 1798, there were several skirmishes in the town. Later, on 25 June, several thousand rebels including Michael Dwyer and his followers, tried to capture the military barracks to take the firearms and ammunition. The fighting lasted for the better course of a day. Most of the houses in the village were destroyed and several hundred rebels were killed during the fighting. The military evacuated the barracks and retreated to Tullow, a nearby town.

Hacketstown has a national school and secondary school, Coláiste Eoin. There is a Roman Catholic church, St Bridget's, and a Church of Ireland chapel, St John's.

William Presley, an ancestor of Elvis Presley, was a resident of the town before emigrating to America over 200 years ago.

In 2011, the US town of Hackettstown, New Jersey, declared a sister city relationship with Hacketstown.

title: Hacketstown


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NWI

The abbreviation NWI represents, among other things,
 * N.W.I., the former Netherlands West Indies, aka Netherlands Antilles
 * Newsworld International, cable TV news channel
 * Norwich Airport, IATA airport code
 * National Wraparound Initiative
 * North West Island, a coral cay in the southern Great Barrier Reef
 * Northwest Industries Inc., aerospace company
 * New World Interactive, video game company
 * Northwest Indiana region
 * National Wind Institute, a research center at Texas Tech University
 * The Times of Northwest Indiana

title: NWI


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ana Lita

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 03:10, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Ana Lita
Doesn't seem notable to me. 200 Google hits, 25% from one site (her organization), another 20% or so seem to be just lists of usernames for a dating site Weed all that out, and you've got less than 100 hits. --Xcali 04:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE Sounds like a resumè. --Rschen7754 04:53, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: A couple of facts, roughly an "about us" entry from an institutional web site, no discussion or context. No CV's. Geogre 12:20, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for above reasons. Postdlf 22:41, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity/cv. --Etacar11 23:18, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete - No encyclopedic context. IHEU organization possibly notable, however. --FCYTravis 20:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:129.82.30.249

title: User talk:129.82.30.249


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User talk:Doctorbruno

How Did I get inside Google
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Wikiblock.jpg/800px-Wikiblock.jpg Frankly I don't know anything about Nlu or Ronberto nor I am working in Google
 * Bruno, I'm pretty sure your problem is a bug with the Google toolbar in firefox. You should try turning it off. Sarah Ewart (Talk) 09:06, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I remember reading something about the google toolbar causing problems with Firefox on Bugzilla a few weeks ago, but I can't find it right now. You could try asking here: Village pump (technical). Sarah Ewart (Talk) 09:16, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for Thumbnailing. I did not know that it was such a simple procedure. And what is the actual problem over there, when Wikipedia servers say that I am browsing from Googleplex !!!! Doctor Bruno 13:59, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not the Wikimedia servers that said so, but WHOIS. May be Google toolbar is routing all your browsing through their servers for monitoring and mining your browsing patterns for advertising. Don't know for sure. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 14:18, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * A bit confused. Wikipedia Servers said that My IP was 64.233.172.34 (which is the IP of Google as per WHOIS) So I thought that Wikipedia (servers) think I am from Google. Am I right (எனக்கு ரொம்பலாம் பற்றி கம்ப்யூட்டர் தெரியாது ) Doctor Bruno 14:24, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually what I meant was that Wikimedia servers didn't tell that on their own, they queried the WHOIS database and got the info that your IP belongs to Google. Usually WHOIS database is reliable and hence the problem might be because of some Google application on your machine. Are you using Google Web accelerator, toolbar, or anti-spy tool ? -- Sundar \talk \contribs 15:55, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I am using Google Web Accelerator as well as the toolbar. I think this is a serious bug. If Wikipedia servers think that I am typing from Google (and not from India), then may be that is the case with ANY Bulletin board or discussion forum (not limiting to wikipedia). Thus any one can post any rubbish even from their personal computer to various forums as the IP that is being recorded over there is not the IP of the particular User, but that of Google. I think this will be a big headache for Google soon. In case the cyber crime police want to look out for the person who uploaded Trisha's clip (hope you know that) to net, they will do a WHOIS and then perhaps file a chargesheet against Mr.Page
 * Also this is going to be a big nuisance to managers of discussion forums. I (as a forum admin) may ban a user who is posting rubbish and the ban is going to affect any one with Google Toolbar / Accelerator. On the other hand, if someone wants to create trouble, he can install the extension in one browser (say Firefox) and then post rubbish and behave as a nice boy with another User account with Opera.
 * May be I did not express my self clearly in the initial messages and that was the reason for this problem (actual problem) being missed by you Doctor Bruno 16:14, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes, I understand that this is a serious issue. In fact, it's not just the Wikimedia servers, but every server on the Net would think the same. Google's headache aside (they'll have data to prove who actually uploaded Trisha clip), think of the privacy implications for the end user. Google knows each and every site that you've browsed through! I'd advice you against using Web accelerator. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 05:11, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In due course, the biggest problem will be faced by forum admins who will be banning one User and the ban will apply to every one with this google accelerator. And when such a thing happens, people will discontinue Google Accelerator (like what I have done today) and hence, Google will have a real headache. It all sums to the theory of natural selection. Let us wait and see. Doctor Bruno 12:43, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * True. And note that I have a bias against Google for personal reasons. -- Sundar \talk \contribs 13:15, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for your vote in my RfA last month. In a few months after I graduate I think I'll be able to come back and try again later, and hopefully win it. I'll be sure to be involved in MfD, AfD in the meantime. Perhaps I should make my responses more serious, instead of casual and conversational. Do you have any tips or suggestions for me based on what you remember? You left "Hopefully he learns more" as a comment. I'm not sure what to think of that. Thanks again, X [' Mac Davis '] ( SUPERDESK | Help me improve ) 06:51, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion of Jeyaraj
A tag has been placed on Jeyaraj requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

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WikiProject Films August 2008 Newsletter
The August 2008 issue of the Films WikiProject newsletter has been published. You may read the newsletter, change the format in which future issues will be delivered to you, or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Thank you. This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 23:46, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

WP:FILMS Questionnaire
As a member of WikiProject Films, you are invited to take part in the project's first questionnaire. It is intended to gauge your participation and views on the project. At the conclusion of the questionnaire, the project's coordinators will use the gathered feedback to find new ways to improve the project and reach out to potential members. The results of the questionnaire will be published in next month's newsletter. If you know of any editors who have edited film articles in the past, please invite them to take part in the questionnaire. Please stop by and take a few minutes to answer the questions so that we can continue to improve our project. Happy editing! This has been an automated delivery by BrownBot (talk) 03:16, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Doctorbruno


text:
Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation

The Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY) is an organization dedicated "to inspiring and developing our global community of youth and volunteers to a life dedicated to leadership, service, and innovation."

History
Founded in 1958 by American actor Hugh O'Brian, the first youth leadership seminar was held in Los Angeles, California, and was held once a year until 1967. Since then, the HOBY program has spread to over 70 locations in all fifty U.S. states, and 19 countries and regions.

Program
To attend seminars in the United States, a student must be chosen by their high school out of all students in that school's sophomore class. At the seminars, students participate in programs designed to enhance their leadership and teamwork skills. Students also meet and converse with leaders in their community in fields such as volunteerism, media, education, philanthropy, and politics, among others. They also discuss the day and their activities in small groups, as well as their life and feelings. They also participate in energizing cheers in between panels and in any free time they have.

In late July, HOBY has a World Leadership Congress (WLC), which is hosted in a major U.S. city. The WLC is attended by hundreds of HOBY students from all over the world. Since its inception, over 500,000 students have attended HOBY programs from all 50 states and 15+ countries. The 2023-2024 WLC will be held in Chicago, Illinois.

Albert Schweitzer Leadership Award
The Albert Schweitzer Leadership Award is presented to individuals who have distinguished themselves through service to mankind and who have contributed significantly through leading, educating and motivating youth.

Partial list of past recipients of the Albert Schweitzer Leadership Award include:

 * Talib Hamid Al-Bayati, Former UN Iraqi ambassador
 * Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright
 * Bill Austin
 * George H. W. Bush
 * John Wm. Butler
 * Lynne and Richard Cheney
 * Secretary of State and former First Lady Hillary Clinton
 * Elizabeth and Robert Dole
 * David A. Fergusson
 * President and Mrs. Gerald R. Ford
 * David Foster
 * Lynn and Foster Friess
 * Raisa and Mikhail Gorbachev
 * Vice President and Mrs. Al Gore
 * Doug Parker
 * Lydia and Charlton Heston
 * Dolores and Bob Hope
 * J. Willard Marriott
 * General Colin L. Powell (Ret.)
 * President & Mrs. Ronald Reagan
 * General H. Norman Schwarzkopf
 * Ted Turner
 * Former California Governor and Mrs. Pete Wilson


text:
Vajirananavarorasa

Vajirananavarorasa (also spelled Wachirayan, Watchirayanawarorot, correct Pali spelling: Vajirañāṇavarorasa, วชิรญาณวโรรส, full title Somdet Phramahasamanachao Kromphraya Vajirananavarorasa สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้ากรมพระยาวชิรญาณวโรรส ) (12 April 1860, Bangkok, Thailand - 2 August 1921, Bangkok, Thailand) was the tenth Supreme Patriarch of Thailand from 1910 to 1921. He helped to institutionalize Thai Buddhism.

Destined to become "the leading intellectual of his generation in Siam", in the words of the Thai historian David K. Wyatt (cited in Reynolds 1979:xiii), his royal name was Prince Manuṣyanāgamānob (พระองค์เจ้ามนุษยนาคมานพ) ('he who is a nāga among men'). Vajirañāṇavarorasa is the name he received on a gold nameplate together with the Krommamuen rank on 16 March 1882.

Early life and education
Vajirañana was the 47th child of King Mongkut. He was born in the Grand Palace as the fourth child of Phae, one of King Mongkut's concubines. She died after giving birth to her fifth child, a daughter, when he was one year old. He was then fostered by a maternal relative, Princess Varaseṭhasutā or "Putrī", a daughter of King Rama III, and her mother, a royal concubine named Samaśakti or "Ueng".

In the palace, he was taught the Siamese alphabet by a woman, Nok Panakngan. The nobleman Phraya Pariyatidharrmadhātā or "Piam" (then called Luang Rājābhirama), deputy head of the Royal Pundits Department, came to the Palace to teach the young Vajirañana and other princes the Khmer script used to inscribe religious texts in Pāli. With a teacher who was official at the Outer Court, Vajirañana studied Padamālā (Pāli grammar), the Dhammapada commentary, and other texts until 1868. When his elder brother, Prince Brahmavarānurakṣa, ordained as a novice, Vajirañana was allowed to live with him in Wat Pavaraniveśa for some while. There he occasionally studied Pāli scripture with Phra Pariyatidharrmadhātā ("Chang", then Luang Śrīvaravohāra), one of the four section chiefs in the Royal Pundits Department, who taught monks and novices at the monastery.

After his father had died in 1868 and his elder half brother Chulalongkorn had come to the throne, Vajirañana was back at the palace, receiving more education from his foster aunt, Princess Varaseṭhasutā. With her he practised reading and writing Siamese, and he was taught verse forms, Siamese arithmetic, and astrology.

King Chulalongkorn founded an English medium school on the palace grounds and hired the Englishman Francis George Patterson for providing Western education. When the school first opened in 1872, Vajirañana began to study there. Patterson instructed the brothers of the king in the morning and the boys from the Royal Pages' Bodyguard Regiment in the afternoon. Patterson could not speak Siamese, and he used European textbooks, teaching English and French (reading, writing and speaking), mathematics and also some European history and geography. Vajirañana and Prince Damrong Rajanubhab were the most diligent of Patterson's students. Vajirañana continued his education with Patterson until 1875.

At the age of 13, Vajirañana was ordained as a novice for 78 days on 7 August 1873, with Prince Pavareś (สมเด็จพระมหาสมณเจ้า กรมพระยาปวเรศวริยาลงกรณ์, "Prince Roek" ฤกษ์, 1809–1892) as his preceptor. As a novice, he lived in Wat Pavaraniveśa, in a small residence known as "The Printshop": His father, King Mongkut, had once lived there as a monk and had printed his Ariyaka script there.

After having disrobed from his novicehood, Vajirañana got his first bigger amount of money to spend and discovered the world of consume. But in 1876, he met the young (between 25 and 30) Scottish physician Dr. Peter Gowan. Dr. Gowan taught him English here and then and a little about medicine, and he had a big influence on Vajirañana's life conduct (stop smoking, drinking and some prodigal or even dissolute habits). Getting more and more attracted to the monastery, Vajirañana went to visit his uncle, the reigning Supreme Patriarch Prince Pavareś. By him, Vajirañana was given instruction in poetry, astrology, and Buddhist scripture in 1876. He learned some additional astrology (i.e. how to do calendars) from two other teachers, Khun Debyākaraṇa ("That") and "Pia" (Phrakrupalat Suvaḍhanasutaguṇa at Wat Rājapratiṣṭha). Under the guidance of Prince Pavareś, Vajirañana also took up the study of Dhamma. He also invited one of his former Pāli teachers, Phra Pariyatidharrmadhātā ("Chang"), to come to the monastery to instruct him in Pāli again.

Vajirañana has always been very critical about the methods by which students learned Pāli and would later rewrite the texts for Pāli studies.

Although Vajirañana frequented the monastery, he could not yet decide himself to become a monk. From 12 July 1877, he also worked as a legal secretary for King Chulalongkorn for two years. King Chulalongkorn needed a reliable person such as Vajirañana in the Sangha, and he tried to persuade him to remain a monk even after his ordination according to custom. Though still unsure, Vajirañana promised that if he were to leave the monkhood, he would do so at the end of the first Rains. If he lasted beyond that, he would not disrobe. King Chulalongkorn then promised him to confer on him a princely rank and title if he remained in the monkhood for three Rains – a promise he fulfilled in 1882.

Ordination and early years in the Sangha
On 27 June 1879, Vajirañana was fully ordained in the Royal Chapel with Prince Pavareś (aged 71) as his preceptor. Another senior monk, Phra Candragocaraguṇa (Candrarańsī), Abbot of Wat Makuṭakṣatriya, assisted in the ceremony as kammavācācariya.

After the ordination rite, Vajirañana spent the first Rains in Wat Pavaraniveśa, studying Pāli (e.g. with the Dhammapada commentary) and Buddhist scripture. One of his former Pāli teachers, Phra Pariyatidharrmadhātā ("Chang") taught him again.

After the Rains, in November 1879, Vajirañana moved to Wat Makuṭakṣatriya (then called Wat Nāmabaññati). There he studied Pali (the Mańgalatthadīpanī) under Chaokhun Phra Brahmamunī (Kittisāra).

On 3 January 1880, Vajirañana was reordained in the orthodox Dhammayuttika manner on a raft, with Chaokhun Dharmatrailoka (Ṭhānacāra) being his preceptor. He continued to live in Wat Makuṭakṣatriya as a pupil and personal attendant of Phra Candragocaraguṇa, and as a Pāli student of Phra Brahmamunī.

On 25 December 1881, Vajirañana began his Pāli exam, the Supreme Patriarch being his examiner. He advanced to prayōk 5 at a stroke and was succeedingly raised to krom rank as promised before. He was also appointed Deputy Patriarch of the Dhammayuttika Sect (Chaokhana Rōng Khana Thammayuttikā).

Middle years
In 1892, Prince Pavareś died. Vajirañana became his successor as Abbot of Wat Pavaraniveśa and as Patriarch of the Dhammayuttika order, while Sa Pussadevo became the new Supreme Patriarch.

On 1 October 1893, the Mahāmakuṭa Royal Academy (Mahamakut Buddhist University) was opened. Vajirañana now could carry out his reforms concerning the study of Pali and the Dhamma. Vajirañana wrote a Pāli grammar and several textbooks. He also designed the university's curriculum. It consisted of secular subjects such as reading and writing Siamese, history, and some science beside religious studies and the preparation for the Pali exam, as the new academy also served the purpose of training monks to become teachers. In 1898, King Chulalongkorn ordered Prince Damrong and Vajirañana to find a possible solution for providing the whole country with a primary education. Due to the lack of money the solution was to let the educated monks be the teachers of the villages in the outer provinces. (This plan, however, was not further pursued after 1902.)

In 1894, Vajirañana established Dhammacakṣu ('Eye of Dhamma'), the first Buddhist journal in Siam. It contained news on the academy, articles on Buddhism, and the texts of sermons.

While the Mahāmakuṭa Royal Academy belonged to the Dhammayuttika order, King Chulalongkorn also strengthened the school of the Mahānikāya order in the Wat Mahādhātu which in 1896 became the Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University. The Sangha unity was also strengthened by the decision to hold the Pali examination in two sets: one at Mahamakuta Academy, where Vajirañana's new curriculum and a written examination format would be used, and one at the Royal Chapel, where the traditional oral translations would be heard.

The First Sangha Act of 1902 established a new administration of the Sangha in the country.

In 1906, King Chulalongkorn raised Vajirañana's princely rank to Krommaluang, although it was not royal custom to promote prince-monks until they reached advanced age. But Vajirañana should not be at a disadvantage in comparison with his brothers.

From 1900 to 1910, the position of Supreme Patriarch of Thailand remained vacant. Reynolds speculates that King Chulalongkorn didn't want to appoint a successor to the 9th Patriarch because a senior monk might have been too conservative to support the ongoing reforms, and Vajirañana might have been still too young to be able to assert his reforms against the will of the conservative senior monks.

Later years
After the accession of King Vajiravudh in 1910, Vajirañana was appointed Supreme Patriarch. In 1921, King Vajiravudh created the honorary title Phramahasamanachao for the Supreme Patriarch. Vajirañana continued his work in religious education, Sangha administration and scholarship. He breathed new life to the Council of Elders (Thera), founded by the Sangha Act of 1902. The Publication of Thalaeng kan khanasong [Announcement of Sangha Affairs] which spread rules for the whole Sangha within the country. In 1912, he created a new curriculum for Dhamma studies that does not require previous Pali studies.

Between 1912 and 1917, Vajirañana travelled to the provinces of Siam to examine the situation of the Sangha. He later died of tuberculosis in Bangkok on 2 August 1921.

title: Vajirananavarorasa


text:
Talk:Red River, New Mexico

Untitled
Paragraph starting with "There are 234 households..." The last sentence of the paragraph is incomplete: 92.56% what?DanMS 04:38, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red River, New Mexico


text:
MS Jutlandia

MS Jutlandia (lat.: Jutland) was contracted by and built for the East Asiatic Company (EAC) in 1934, as a combined passenger and cargo ship at EAC's Nakskov Shipyard, Denmark. Following an extended operational life in which she also served as a hospital ship and a royal yacht, she was finally decommissioned in 1965.

History
Jutlandia was contracted by EAC in 1934, to replace older ships on the then regular service between Copenhagen and Bangkok. She operated on this route from November 1934, until January 1940, and again from 1954 to the end of 1964. Jutlandia was the only ship in the EAC fleet to be designed with a Maierform bow. She is the second of so far three ships of the same name.

Passengers were accommodated in nine single and twenty-nine double staterooms with all double staterooms provided with a private bath. The dining room could seat seventy with smoking room, ladies lounge, bar and foredeck swimming pool also provided for passenger use. A dining and play room were provided for children. Passenger spaces were ventilated by chilled or heated air. Cargo holds provided 539,570 cuft capacity.

World War II

When World War II broke out in September 1939, the ship had just arrived at Rotterdam en route for Copenhagen. As Denmark was not yet part to the war, she completed this and one further voyage to Bangkok, finally returning to Copenhagen in January 1940.

Following her arrival in Copenhagen, Jutlandia was placed at the disposal of the Danish Government. She was sent to Argentina to collect a consignment of grain, returning to Copenhagen on 31 March 1940. On 1 April, she was sent to Nakskov Shipyard for routine overhaul. Jutlandia was in dry-dock when Germany attacked and occupied Denmark on 9 April 1940. Due to a shortage of diesel oil, Germany did not seize the Jutlandia. Instead, she was laid up at the Slotø island in a small inlet close to the shipyard, together with two other motorships from the EAC fleet, the MS Java and MS Falstria, manned only by a skeleton crew for maintenance.

Here she remained until the end of the War, despite an allied air raid on 3 May 1945. During the attack the Java was sunk, while Falstria suffered some flooding and a fire. Jutlandia got off with some bullet holes and a minor fire in a cargo hold.

The Jutlandia was fully seaworthy again by 11 August 1945 and re-entered commercial service between Europe and the East Coast of the United States.

Korean War
When North Korean communist forces attacked South Korea on 25 June 1950, Denmark agreed to provide assistance to the United Nations Command and to give humanitarian support to the allied forces in South Korea. The decision was not uncomplicated: the mood between the superpowers was extremely tense, and Denmark had to find a way to support the UN without being aggressive. Almost instantly, medical supplies were made available, and after negotiations Denmark also agreed to send a hospital ship. In the fall of 1950, EAC again agreed to place the ship at the disposal of the Danish Government, whilst she was en route to New York City.

Refit
The Danish Government undertook the refitting of Jutlandia as a modern hospital ship, again at Nakskov Shipyard, and consigned her to Korea. She had four operation theatres, four hospital departments with up to 356 beds, X-ray, eye, and dental clinics, as well as laboratories, dispensary, and special departments.

The jobs on board were well sought after. At the time 42 nurses were needed. Between 3,000 and 4,000 nurses applied and about 200 were selected for interviews. Doctors and nurses were allocated four to a cabin.

The bulk of the hospital staff were mature and stable people. This selection was made especially in view of the badly injured patients that could be expected on board. This was not something that young people should see. The average age was around forty.

Status
The civilian status of Jutlandia was greatly emphasized. As all other hospital ships, she was painted white with red crosses on the side, but opposed to the 1½ meter high green stripe painted along the side of the military hospital ships, Jutlandia had a red stripe. Danish Red Cross was manning, organizing and running the hospital. EAC supplied the ship's crew. The state paid.

Jutlandia had Captain Kai Hammerich as senior officer. He quit his job as president for the Danish Red Cross to be able to go on the mission to Korea. He kept his rank as naval officer (in Denmark his rank, Kommandør, is only one step below a rear admiral) in order to improve his ability to liaise with the military leaders of the U.N. forces. He was also the contact person to the Red Cross and the Danish State.

Consultant, senior doctor Mogens Winge was second in command and hospital chief. Captain Christen Kondrup, Jutlandia's skipper through many years, stayed on board as the ship's master. In case of a maritime crisis, the command over the ship would automatically transfer to Kondrup, according to maritime law.

As the hospital crew had to handle soldiers, everybody had military rank in spite of the fact that they were civilians. During the stay in Korea, visiting Allied officers were amused about how civilian everything was on board.

Departure
On 23 January 1951, she was sent to Korea. She sailed under three flags: Dannebrog (the Danish national flag), the Red Cross, and the UN flag. The day before the departure, she was visited by King Frederik and Queen Ingrid. The King knew Hammerich quite well. While he still was a crown prince Hammerich was his senior officer in the navy. The crown prince had behaved in a careless way during an exercise and literally got a slap in the face from Hammerich as punishment.

At the departure speeches were made and a small service held, and the foreign minister, a brass band and about 10,000 freezing citizens were on the quay to see the ship off. Hammerich wanted public support. He didn't want Jutlandia to 'sneak off like a thief in the night'. She sailed with a crew of 97, and a hospital staff of 91.

Jutlandia was bound for Japan, where she should report for duty at the UN staff. The travel was quite uneventful. There was, of course, the obligatory seasickness in the Biscaya, and the hospital was needed for two patients: the ship's tailor was operated for appendicitis, and senior doctor Tage Kjær fell and burst his achilles tendon. He got a leg cast, stayed on board and did his duty on crutches.

During the transfer, the staff had to participate in some very basic military training (stand in line and salute), so they could present a nice front on arrival. For some, this was quite a nuisance - for others, a source of much joyful entertainment. Jutlandia made the journey in 38 days.

At the arrival, General MacArthur was quite outspoken: "'... There is war out here, a hard war, not like some Danish newspapers write: a Police raid ... I expect endurance, determination, discipline and initiative ...'" Jutlandia arrived at the Port of Pusan on 7 March 1951 and started her service in Pusan on 10 March 1951, about 200 km from the frontline. Depending on the intensity of the war, there were from less than 100 to over 200 wounded on board. At quiet times, there was a kind of competition with the American hospital ships to 'capture' patients.

Jutlandia's hospital had a high and internationally respected standard. As a result of this, she got some of the most difficult cases. It soon turned out that there were about ten times more surgical than medical patients. The difference was due to the modern vaccines. During e.g. World War I, the ratio was about one to one. Nobody worried much about departmental borders; with a bit of flexibility the patients were distributed where there was room.

Among the soldiers, Jutlandia was popular. The ship had room – there was only about half the number of beds as on a military hospital ship of the same size – and advanced special clinics. The 'civilian treatment' together with ship's cook quickly learning to produce cheeseburgers and ice-cream in multiple servings for patients also helped in spreading the popularity of the ship.

A number of soldiers had little notes in their pockets, or tied to their dogtags, noting that if they got wounded, they wished to get transferred to Jutlandia.

The Korean people's memory of Jutlandia is heavily influenced by the fact that her hospital was the first that also treated civilian Korean citizens as well as soldiers.

Most of the time, there were vacant beds. It did not suit the crew and staff that the beds were unused when they observed the hardship and misery among the civilian population. The female nurses were not allowed ashore, but the doctors and male nurses sometimes helped on improvised first-aid stations. Without official orders, the local population received limited aid, and in certain cases, patients were brought on board. A number of orphans were also sent on board for medical care. A small children's department was created in an unused corner of the officer's ward. The American captain McKeon had started a small children's hospital, Happy Mountains, on the outskirts of Pusan, with assistance from the ship's doctors. The doctors' aid went so far that medicine 'disappeared' from Jutlandia's storage - later to be 'refound' at the children's hospital. General MacArthur certainly got the initiative he had craved.

Urged by the doctors, Hammerich kept pushing the U.N. for permission to treat civilians. The permission arrived in July 1951, under the condition that civilians were sent ashore if wounded soldiers arrived. It did happen that civilians, despite the need for further treatment, were sent ashore. The crew and hospital staff felt miserable about it.

As the summer heat approached, Jutlandia was in a bad fettle without air conditioning, which led to the decision to send her to Europe as transport for sick and injured. She departed towards Rotterdam in August 1951. The tour had its problems - amongst other things, some of the patients wanted to leave the ship during harbour stays. As this wasn't possible, it became the centre of some unrest, but in the end all the patients were brought home.

Second tour
After resupplying in Rotterdam, Jutlandia went to sea again. She arrived on 13 November at Pusan. A large part of the personnel had been replaced - some doctors got so short notice, that they couldn't get on board the ship, but were flown to Korea.

On the first tour there had been a lot of neurosurgical patients, on the second it was more lung and jaw surgery that took the weight. 100 beds were at the disposal for the Korean military hospitals, and 100 more could be used for civilian Koreans. In the beginning, the UN soldiers felt some discomfort about the Koreans, but the mood changed quickly. The children quickly became as popular with the soldiers as with the crew and staff, and could be found everywhere on the ship.

Even though Jutlandia had room for up to 350 patients, a reasonable load would be about 250, if the staff was not to be put under strain. On average, the load on this tour would be between 200 and 250 patients.

Korean doctors came on board, and were systematically educated to improve the standard. It was now 'legal' to do humanitarian work Danish style - to help where hardship was found, instead of waiting passively – the local humanitarian work ashore was continued, and school education started in the children's department. The local people were interested in Denmark, a cooperation with e.g. local priests and teachers was started: in the end a Danish – Korean friendship association was founded. The association still exists.

It gave certain cultural problems to have civilian patients. At that time in Korea it was the rule that the hospital dealt with the treatment of the patient, whereas the supply of the patient was his own problem. So, when a patient was brought on board, the entire family, including all cooking utensils, moved into the foot end of the bed. In some cases the family could be deeply aggravated, if they were not allowed to look after their sick – the hospital staff wasn't completely trusted. Some patients tried to avoid having their bed made: it showed, that they had hidden some of their food away under the pillow. It wasn't a normal occurrence to have food every day, so it was better to ration what was there in time...

After the initial problems, things improved. The strange habits of the foreigners became known and accepted, and the local patients were happy to get on board.

Jutlandia's people became so engaged in the humanitarian work, that they often rejected their leave in Japan. Quite voluntarily, people took a double turn. The need of the often very sick Korean patients came first.

Much to the dismay of the Red Cross, no wounded P.O.W.'s were allowed on board. There was deep dissatisfaction that the Red Cross were only allowed to help one side in the conflict: it was felt that the impartiality of the Red Cross was in doubt. But the military leaders of the U.N. would not allow this. To overcome the problem, some of the doctors used their spare time to aid at operations in the hospitals that treated P.O.W.'s.

On 29 March 1952 Jutlandia sailed, bound for Japan. Another ambulance transport, but this time she was going all the way home to Denmark. She departed on 21 April with 194 patients on board. It was a great help, that there were no psychiatric patients on board this time. Still, there was some quarreling between the patients. The problem was solved by putting the two biggest hotheads in each their own padded isolation cell. That did the trick.

Third tour
Before the third tour, Jutlandia got a helicopter deck, an eye clinic and a number of British ambulance motorboats during her August/September 1952 refit stay at Nakskov Skibsværft. An air conditioning system was ordered, this was installed in multiple stages, but only after the arrival in Japan. She departed Copenhagen on 20 September 1952, and reached Yokohama on 2 November. The helicopter deck was then inspected and approved.

Jutlandia returned to Korea on 20 November, and a welcoming event was held in the presence of the Korean president Syngman Rhee and James Van Fleet, commander of the US Eighth Army. On this tour, she was stationed in the Inchon bay, only about 40 km from the frontline. This close to the front, the crew could sometimes observe the cannon fire, and so be prepared for the arrival of wounded. Thanks to the helicopter deck, occasionally wounded soldiers would be on board and under treatment 20 minutes after they got wounded.

Now the patients came directly from the front. Depending on the activity, this could sometimes give 24-hour business on board.

In March 1953, things were especially hot. In only 3½ days, 169 wounded arrived, of these 81 were bad cases. In the whole of March 301 patients arrived - 104 by helicopter, the rest by boat. This was a bit on the rough side for the medical staff. It was under consideration to get some reinforcements from home, but luckily things calmed down again.

The placement at anchor in the bay, as well as the larger amount of wounded soldiers, reduced the amount of help that could be given to the civilians. Nevertheless, the crew found time to assist building a clinic ashore, that could provide help to the poor and sick.

As the war ground more and more to a halt, there was less for Jutlandia to do. It was suggested that she – as a civilian, neutral ship – should be the place where a truce could be negotiated, but the North Koreans rejected the idea. The truce was negotiated elsewhere, and went into effect on 27 July 1953.

Hammerich made trouble in Tokyo again. Jutlandia was sent out to do humanitarian work – any kind of humanitarian work – not to be in an idle standby position. There was no need for her anymore for military purposes, so she got sent home as an ambulance again. She departed for Yokosuka on 16 August to transfer her last patients, then she was made ready in a Yokohama shipyard for the trip home. She departed from Tokyo on 29 August with 229 patients and released P.O.W.'s on board

This third transport was easier than the two previous. Only 30 patients needed medical treatment. And the P.O.W.'s felt that just getting on board Jutlandia was equal to freedom, so they had no problems adapting to the ship's discipline.

She arrived to a hero's welcome in Copenhagen on 16 October 1953. After 999 days UN service, she was under the Danish flag again.

All in all, during her service in Korea Jutlandia's hospital cared for 4,981 wounded allied soldiers from 24 different nations, as well as over 6,000 civilian Koreans (the number is uncertain: the correct number may be anything up to three times as many), of these an unknown number of children. Only 29 patients died. The most prominent civilian patient was the first President of the Republic of Korea, Syngman Rhee. He was treated by the ship's dental clinic.

Following a refit at the Nakskov Shipyard, the Jutlandia resumed her normal duty between Copenhagen and Bangkok for the first time since 1939.

Awards and commendations
Jutlandia (as a meaning of medical organization) twice received the Republic of Korea Presidential Citation  (27 March 1952, 27 August 1954)

Some personnel of MS Jutlandia received the South Korean orders and commendations
 * Republic of Korea Order of Civil Merit (Mugunghwa [Hibiscus] Medal): Head of the dental department (1952-03-27)
 * Republic of Korea Order of Civil Merit (Dongbaek [Camellia] Medal): 1 member (1951-12-29)
 * Republic of Korea Order of Military Merit (Chungmu): 1 member (1951-08-21), 6 members (1951-11-30)

On 26 April 1953, Mayer of Incheon government awarded the commendation to captain of MS Jutlandia.

Crew members and medical staff were officially decorated by Denmark with the Erindringsmedaljen for deltagelse i hospitalsskibet "Jutlandia"s ekspedition til Korea 1951–1953 (Commemorative Medal for Participation in the Hospitalship "Jutlandia"s Expedition to Korea 1951–1953. (479 medals were awarded).

Summary

 * Arrival: 7 March 1951
 * Departure: 16 August 1953
 * Hospital / Unit operations: 10 March 1951 – August 1953
 * Based in: Port of Busan, Port of Incheon (since 20 November 1952)
 * Personnel: 100 (quota) / 630 (total)

Royal yacht
In September 1960, Jutlandia became a Royal Yacht when EAC placed it at the disposal of the king of Thailand and his suite during the official visit to Scandinavia by King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit. From Copenhagen, the Royal couple sailed in Jutlandia to Oslo, the capital of Norway, and Stockholm, the capital of Sweden.

Following the visit, the ship returned to normal duty.

Three years later Jutlandia was selected to sail Her Royal Highness Crown Princess Margrethe (from 1972, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark) on her official visit to the Far East, via Genoa, Heraklion, the Suez Canal, Aden, Karachi, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Bangkok and Hong Kong. On her return to Denmark, the ship resumed her commercial operations between Copenhagen and Bangkok.

Decommissioning
Jutlandia completed her final voyage between Bangkok and Copenhagen on 19 December 1964, was unloaded and left EAC's roster. On 14 January 1965, she left Copenhagen on her last ever cruise to Bilbao, where she was scrapped.

Aftermath
For reasons unknown, Jutlandia was slowly forgotten, until the song Jutlandia by Kim Larsen, a major hit in Denmark in 1986, brought her to public attention again. The song praises the role of Jutlandia in the Korean War.

Memorials
On 15 June 1990, on Langelinie, the promenade quay in Copenhagen, a memorial stone for Jutlandia was revealed. The stone is a block of Korean granite, sailed from Pusan to Copenhagen on the "new" Jutlandia, now an 80000 HP. containership.

The text - in Danish and Korean - is as follows:

"23 January 1951 - 16 October 1953.

Denmark's contribution to the United Nations during the Korean War.

This stone from Korea is given in gratitude by the Korean veterans."

Jutlandia is now a part of the Danish history, and a part of the Danish self-awareness. In a dark and gloomy age, she stands out as a symbol for "doing the right thing": bringing peace, aid and comfort to an area ravaged by war.

On 20 September 1976, Memorial for 5 countries which provided medical support: Sweden, India, Denmark, Norway, Italy was unveiled in Yeongdo District, Busan.

On 6 June 2016, Embassy of South Korea, Copenhagen opened the small memorial museum in the Embassy facility.

In popular culture
Danish rock musician Kim Larsen wrote a tribute song about Jutlandia's contributions as a hospital ship during the Korean War. The song titled "Jutlandia" became a large hit in Denmark in 1986.

The Jutlandia was featured in the Danish TV drama series 'Sygeplejeskolen' (The New Nurses) which depicted the innovative integration of male nurses into a Danish hospital training program. A senior female nurse is accepted to serve on the Jutlandia in Korea.

Documentaries

 * Jutlandia-999 Days of Service in the Korean War - Arirang Prime Ep220
 * 6.25 70주년 특집 유틀란디아호의 항해-1부 / The Voyage of Jutlandia-1
 * 6.25 70주년 특집 유틀란디아호의 항해-2부 / The Voyage of Jutlandia-2
 * 6.25 70주년 특집 유틀란디아호의 항해-3부 / The Voyage of Jutlandia-3

title: MS Jutlandia


text:
Blunt

Blunt may refer to:
 * Blunt (surname), a surname (and list of people with the name)
 * Blunt (cigar), a term used in the cigar industry to designate blunt-tipped, usually factory-rolled cigars
 * Blunt (cannabis), a slang term used in cannabis culture
 * "Blunt" (Person of Interest), an episode of the TV series Person of Interest
 * Blunt, South Dakota, USA
 * Blunt Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada
 * Blunt Magazine, a Canadian blogging e-zine published quarterly
 * Blunt (snowboard magazine), a 1990s American periodical

title: Blunt


text:
User talk:Goib

In the night of the eve of the new millenium 2000 (31 December 1999) I was staring at the ceiling of a 3-star hotel in the island of Batam, Indonesia. The next morning, i would be on the tarmac of bandara Pekan Baru, an airport in the small city of Sumatra.

The plan landed, halted and the cabin door opened. Entered, two men who later introduced themselves as 'intel' staffs (intelligence service corp of Indonesia) who walked me through the security gates without the usual immigrations and customs procedures - in short, diplomatic access. --Goib 04:42, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC) goib@138mail.com

title: User talk:Goib


text:
Clonegal

Clonegal, officially Clonegall, is a village in the southeast of County Carlow, Ireland. It is in a rural setting, close to the border between counties Wexford and Carlow, 5 km from Bunclody, County Wexford and 22 km from Carlow town. It is just over a mile north of where the River Slaney and the River Derry meet. Clonegal has a much smaller "twin" village across the River Derry in County Wexford, Watch House Village.

The village is served by a primary school, and is the centre of an agricultural hinterland.

History
Evidence of ancient settlement in the area includes ringfort, bullaun stone and holy well sites in the surrounding townlands of Clonegall, Abbeydown and Huntington.

Huntington Castle, also known as Clonegal Castle, is a 17th-century tower house close to the village centre. Built by Laurence Esmonde, 1st Baron Esmonde on the site of an earlier (possibly 15th century) structure, Huntington Castle was further extended in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Clonegal's Church of Ireland church, St Fiaac's, was built c. 1819 on the site of a much earlier church and ecclesiastical enclosure. The nearby rectory, now a private house, was the residence of the local yeomanry commander during the 1798 Rebellion, and several United Irishmen prisoners were reputedly hanged in a neighbouring yard at what is now known locally as the "Hanging Arch".

The local Roman Catholic church, St Brigid's, was built c. 1845.

There were once eleven malt houses in and around the village, along with a wool and corn store, a police station and other shops.

Kildavin/Clonegal GAA club was formed in 1914.

Clonegal won the "tidiest village" category in the 2014 and 2015 National Tidy Towns competitions.

Demographics
According to the 2006 Census, Clonegal had a population of approximately 280, an increase of 20% since the 2002 Census. As of 2016, the population was 278.

Notable people

 * Peter Murphy, radio and television broadcaster, was from the area.
 * Patrick O'Donoghue, the 19th century Irish nationalist revolutionary and journalist.

title: Clonegal


text:
Alfred J. Eggers

Alfred J. Eggers, Jr. (June 24, 1922 – September 22, 2006) was NASA's Assistant Administrator for Policy. He devoted efforts to determine the influence of aviation technology in world peace and lectured widely.

Eggers specialized in hypersonic and spaceflight research including the development of new wind tunnel and ballistic range facilities. He went to work for the NACA at Ames Aeronautical Laboratory in 1944 after completing the V-12 Navy College Training Program.

Biography
In 1954, he became Division Chief of the Vehicle Environment Division, which was composed of a physics branch, an entry simulation branch, a structural dynamics branch, the 3.5 foot hypersonic wind tunnel branch and the hypervelocity ballistic range branch. In 1958, Eggers headed up the Manned Satellite Team, which was to design a practical system for a satellite while recommending a suitable research program. This ultimately led to Ames developing and managing the Pioneer program of planetary exploration probes. Although Eggers is most famous for his pioneering work on atmospheric reentry with a blunt body, arguably his greatest achievement was his work on supersonic interference lift. This work lead directly to the XB-70 Valkyrie supersonic bomber.

In May 1964, Eggers was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology. He became Assistant Administrator for Policy in January 1968, and served until March 1971. From 1969 to 1970, Eggers was a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Following his career at NASA, Eggers took a position as Assistant Director for Research Applications at the National Science Foundation.

His assistant, C. A. "Sy" Syvertson became Director of NASA Ames Research Center during probably its most productive years. A close friend of both was the legendary aerodynamicist, R. T. Jones.

title: Alfred J. Eggers


text:
Pioneer Village (Utah)

Pioneer Village is a themed section of Lagoon Amusement Park in Farmington, Utah. Intended to be a "living museum," Pioneer Village includes artifacts and mementos housed in over two dozen structures which illustrate the history of Utah. It was founded in 1938 near Salt Lake City by Horace and Ethel Sorensen. In April 1975, Lagoon bought the collection from the Sons of Utah Pioneers, and it opened at the amusement park in 1976.

Past attractions of Pioneer Village
The following attractions no longer exist in Pioneer Village.
 * General Store
 * Lagoon Miniature Railroad – Miniature-gauge train which circled the northern portion of the village. The locomotive and tender are now on display in the Model Railroad Museum.
 * Ox-drawn wagon rides
 * Pioneer Village Railroad – Miniature-gauge train which circled the entire village. The station now houses David E. Sperry's Model Train Museum.
 * Pony Express Museum
 * Ute Indian Museum – Located north of the Blacksmith.

title: Pioneer Village (Utah)


text:
Chillón River

The Chillón River is a river located in western Peru. Its waters are produced by the melting of ice in the glaciers of the Andes, and its mouth is located in the Pacific Ocean coast of the Callao Region. Its volume gets higher during the summer months (December to March). The river's valley is very fertile. It has been inhabited by varying indigenous cultures for more than ten thousand years, as shown by archeological evidence.

The 4,000-year-old ruins known as El Paraíso are located 40 kilometres north-east of Lima in the Chillón River Valley. A temple at the site is believed to be about 5,000 years old, if the date is confirmed it would be among the oldest sites in the world, comparable to the ancient city of Caral, a coastal city 200 kilometres to the north.

title: Chillón River


text:
Talk:Blunt (cigar)

Removed half of Blunt Cone section
Removed "The theory behind a cone-shaped cigar or cigarette is that it has a more even flavor. This is because as you burn tobacco it passes through the unburnt tobacco left in your cigarette. Thus it leaves tar and nicotine on the unburned tobacco and raises its strength and flavor. So, by using a conical cigarette, you are burning less and less tobacco with each puff - helping to compensate for the stronger and stronger tobacco Ref.  That is why so many Europeans use cones and sales of cones in the USA increase every year. Ref" because the references are not valid. Feel free to put this back if you can find more reputable sources to cite. Cheers.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.237.84.11 (talk) 19:00, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Common Obstacles
I removed the following sentence from the Subheading "Common Obstacles." "The practice of smoking blunts draws much criticism even within the smoking community for many practical, but also sometimes cultural, reasons." Not only is this statement unattributed and unexplained it is simply asinine Gardiangel 23:45, 11 March 2007 (UTC) Gardiangel

I moved the content of the blunt page here, except for two disambiguation links, which I moved to a new disambiguation page Blunt (disambiguation) which contains a link back to this page as well as several other uses for the word blunt. Dystopos 04:45, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

verifiability

 * We seem to attract a lot of unsourced definitions. This isn't urban dictionary. I'm going to start weeding out material that isn't readily verifiable unless someone starts providing citations for all this. Dystopos 05:22, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree on this point, the tone of the article "Bloint" seems to suggest its inclusion is mostly for personal satisfaction rather than spreading useful knowledge. Many of the slang terms for a blunt are merely that - slang - and nothing more. Besides for a few well-recognized terms such as "roach",

changes?

 * But then you got high and forgot to do it? lol... unisgned comment by User:65.7.223.51
 * I didn't provide a timetable. --Dystopos 16:25, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

who smokes salvia blunts? salvia will make you trip after one hit, making a blunt which keeps burning wastefull. also salvia is sold in 1 gram containers, which is around enough for a joint but not nearly enough for a blunt. also i have read many places that salvia is not activated properly unless smoked out of a bong with a turbo lighter. also, the term blunt refers specifically to marijuana.

cannabis/marijuana
I've replaced all instances of the word 'cannabis' with the word 'marijuana'. Cannabis can refer to either marijuana (aka sinsimilla, pot, dope, hash, etc) or Hemp. In order to avoid confusion, it is very important to discern between these varieties. Thanks!

Bennyp 22:42, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

canibus can also refer to hash

Isn't the use of the term marijuana considered non-NPOV due to it's racist history? See Talk: Bong

I prefer the term 'cannabis' over 'marijuana' always because it's the scientific name of the plant; whereas 'marijuana' is mexican slang that was inseminated into our culture via a propoganda campaign (think reefer madness) designed to scare people. -fantino

--Silverrobes 11:52, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

^^^ that's way too punctual. You'd have to find alternative definitions for "jazz" and "rock & roll" since they're african-american slang terms that mean semen and sexual intercourse, respectively. The word "marijuana" is so finely ingrained in our society that its racist connotations are no longer applicable. Also, marijuana is a slang term for the ground up flower buds of the cannabis plant, and it is possible to use hash in a blunt, so I think the term "cannabis" is completely legit for this article. Necromancer 19:44, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Cannabis is the international term and therefore is preferred. Also, "marijuana" has all these cultural implications/baggage that we can do without. (Although I'm not sure how legitimate the latter is, as a reason for using the word "cannabis" here) Ron Duvall (talk) 03:11, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

History of blunts?
Does anyone know when people started rolling blunts? Early 90s?

 * i think so, Eazy E said it in a song in 92--EZ 21:57, 2 September 2006 (UTC)
 * People rolled blunts before then, there are earlier mentions of them in KRS songs and others, but Cubans have been smoking them for who knows how long.

God no! Theyve been around since the 60s, prolly well before.-anon

Worst drug cult manipulation

 * I have heard it said that tobacco companies slipped money to rap stars to have them mention the "blunt" in songs, to get youngsters hooked on nicotine through the synergy of that drug with cannabinol. Anyone who can research this further and find the smoking gun (no unnecessary pun intended) would be doing a service because 5.3 million deaths a year result from cigaret addiction (WHO 2003 estimate) and I am sick and tired of riefer getting the blame.  The edit history of this particular article indicates that some youngsters have been racially sensitized to view blunt smoking as a self-assertion trip.

What a stupid conspiracy theory. Black people rap about blunts because that is how they smoke weed. And that 5.3 million is an exaggeration at best and complete bullshit at worst.

Further deception
Some even seem to think by discarding the tobacco cigar filler they are escaping nicotine, which is not the case, there is some in the cover leaf.Tokerdesigner (talk) 21:13, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

What is a Haarlem Blunt?
someone posted a link on the blunt page to this product but when you follow it goes to a clothing company?

Anyone know if this really is a blunt or just some wierd European blunt clothing thing?

--Mrtobacco 11:44, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Some Jerks are vandalising the page :(
I nominate this page for Sprotect. Anyone second the motion?

--Mrtobacco 14:54, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

--User:fiscclipper why is everyone removing the picture of the blunt i put up? the one that they have representing a blunt is absolutely horrid and a discgrace, the L i put up is proper and how it should be done

This isn't the hip hop dictionary..
I agree with ReverendG. This page should not have all of these slang terms without reference. People could be posting any sort of silly thing such as:

"A Carrot stick is a blunt dipped in Orange Tang". Note that I just made this up but I wouldn't be surprised to see it listed on the Blunt page soon...   It's getting kind of busy and silly so maybe we should remove those.

--Mrtobacco 15:17, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Worst article ever
Here is why:
 * 1 The article has NO, as in NONE references whatsoever. It doesn't have bad or Biased sources, but none. Somebody please add some verifiable sources!
 * 2 It violates WP:Not since wikipedia is not a how-to about the drug culture nor yet about map reading or how to make a great fried egg or orange sherbet. The specific policy is that wikipedia is not an instruction manual.
 * 3 The whole tone of the article has a wink,wink, nudge, nudge tone of an overly clever instruction manual which besides being vaguely creepy and unpleasant does not have an encyclopedic tone.
 * Conclusion: This article needs an extremely extensive rewrite!

No References Exist
Since blunts are illegal, no viable historical references exist about their use. The article is definitely a good resource and has probably helped people discover new methods of rolling or what exactly a blunt is made of, but it could use some cleaning up. However, there will be little references on the page since no true references exist.

Can we add some sort of notice on top of the article that disclaims all article data, like basically a "This article was written by the community, for the community. All content in this article is comprised of knowledge without references, basically hearsay. Use this knowledge at your own risk." or something. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Necromancer (talk • contribs) 16:55, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Yes, references exist. My university anthropology text had some reference of marijuana smoking broken down by prefered method of ingestion. Pity I don't know where the book is now. Also, its not hard to look at the sales of tobacco rolling paper via shopkeeper information, or from the manufactures. I know a lot of them are made in Spain ("Juicy Jays" et al.) 128.189.143.126 (talk) 20:15, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Signature
Heh... I forgot to sign V. Joe 16:38, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

stop removing the pop culture section
Please I worked hard on it and it is relevant. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.85.6.211 (talk) 19:20, 21 January 2007 (UTC).

!?
mmm

I have made the same relevant addition to this article at least three times now and each time it has been removed. I do not understand why. The edit I've been making has to do with the prevalence of blunt use among young, wealthy white people in contrast to the blunt's origins among poor blacks. Can you someone tell me why this is being deleted?

wording not quite right here
Rolling papers and pipes are also widely available and many prefer them, as these apparatus are less wasteful than the constantly burning blunts.

Why are we listing rolling papers as an alternative to blunts if the problem stated in this sentence is that they are constantly burning? A joint rolled with a rolling paper would also be buring the entire time you're smoking it, and while it is smaller so you may waste less with each joint, it seems like we could change rolling paper to bong or vaporizer or steamroller or something else.

Why this isn't the worst article ever, you jerks...
Show me a reference for the history of a blunt. Original research must be applied here or else the article would be useless. There are no books or scholarly articles written about the history of blunts except for brief mentions of the item's existence in our society. Necromancer 19:46, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Good article - I had no idea there was tobacco in one of those.159.105.80.141 15:36, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm very confused
I can see that there has been a lot of discussion, editing et cetera done to this page already, and that it has been the subject of some controversy, but nonetheless I am confused as to why the article currently has no mention of the fact that blunts are used for smoking cannabis. My previous understanding was that the term "blunt" refers only to a type cigar containing cannabis, but this article would imply that use of blunts to smoke cannabis is just a secondary use. Of course I might be wrong, but even so the article needs to clarify.

On a different note, I would like to mention that here in the UK the term "blunt" refers simply to a joint rolled with no tobacco, only cannabis. In the UK I have never heard the term used to refer to the use of cigars or anything along those lines. I imagine it would be appropriate to add a section mentioning the different meaning in the UK, but due to the level of argument/discussion about this page, I am hesitant to make any edits straight away. Static Sleepstorm (talk) 11:22, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Apparently "blunt" does refer to the type of tobacco cigar mentioned in this article, however I have always used the term blunt to refer to a cigar that has been hollowed out and repacked with cannabis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.78.15.34 (talk) 05:32, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

that blunt that's showing is the ugliest blunt i ever seen! LOL —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.177.128.13 (talk) 01:42, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Not That Confusing.
Blunt originally refers to a particular shape of Tobacco Cigar (It is a short {blunted} cigar). Blunt in the modern vernacular usage, in the United States anyway, refers to any marijuana cigarette that is rolled using Tobacco Papers. This is an urban African-American slang usage that spred into more common vernacular by the decimination of street slang through hip-hop (rap) music.

(I am an expert because I am Urban, African-American, a hip-hop artist, and a pot head that smokes blunts exclusive of any other method).

lol

It does bother me that there is a picture of a Marijuana Blunt, but the desciption only speaks on the shape of a tobacco blunt. There should be a large amount of information included regarding the illicit use of these cigars.

Creator7 (talk) 00:09, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, it's hard to have a large amount of information, because there isn't a whole lot to it! It's just a cigar shell with pot in it.  If you have more reliable sources with more information about blunts that would be relevant to an encyclopedia, feel free to add it. Gigs (talk) 19:47, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Oh my god
LOL!! Oh my god whose the genius that put a picture of a blunt on the page?hahahah. Too be honest Im a well known blunt smoker but I dont think this page has any real significance and this is coming from someone who enjoys a "blunt". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.9.130.56 (talk)

Unrelated Picture
The last section talks about rolling a marijuana blunt using the process of splitting and emptying a pre-rolled cigar. The picture of the blunt wraps are rolling papers that are bought empty and do not involve the splitting process. The article does not at all mention these blunt wraps, and the fact that they probably do not actually contain tobacco. There should either be an explanation of the difference between traditional Blunt Cigars and "Blunt wraps" or the picture should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.187.245.181 (talk) 21:00, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Blunt (cigar)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation/Wahoofive

Although the disclaimer on the page says it's not intended to change policy, I've made the following changes: —Wahoofive (talk) 04:46, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Deprecated the multiple-stub type page
 * Put a disclaimer on the Fraction option
 * Assumed that the Michael controversy was going to result in a consensus to put the list of first-name Michaels on a separate page (of course, if that reaches some other solution I'll change it here. I'm hoping that will get resolved before this page has been entirely discussed.)
 * Put a disclaimer on the Horse (heroin) example.

Unresolved issues
I dunno if the wikipedia page on Disambiguation should be mentioning that a proposal is still forming a consensus. Part of this rewrite will require forming that consensus. Put it in as a statement of "this is how it is" and the standard "of course, do whatever you want" that wikipedia shoves everywhere.

BTW, I think the best way to roll out this proposal is to replace the current Wikipedia:Disambiguation page entirely, then revert. Then HTML link to the diff page so people can see the damage you're proposing to make. Easier to see the differences than read the whole thing all over, but I think it'll result in a lot of nit-picking arguments. Josh Parris ✉ 05:45, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not entirely sure what your first sentence is referring to. Can you be more specific?
 * The revert technique is an interesting idea. I suspect, however, that virtually all the page will end up showing as changed, since I've rearranged a lot of it, even when I've kept the original text. I'll try it in the Sandbox. —Wahoofive (talk) 17:31, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ...the Michael controversy... which then lead to a note to that effect in the guideline. Josh Parris ✉ 03:21, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Always have a (disambiguation) page
How about:
 * Always have a (disambiguation) page - to faciliate the separation between Ambiguous Pages and Disambiguation Pages. The (disambiguation) page may redirect to the topic page, but make sure there's two pages.

Josh Parris ✉ 00:46, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This would be a policy change. Why not put this on the main Disambig talk? I'm trying to minimize the policy changes implemented in this rewrite. Also, I've avoided your "ambiguous page" term because it's the title that's ambiguous, not the page. I'm using the phrases disambiguation links and disambiguation pages, although there may be better terms. —Wahoofive (talk) 17:31, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

TLAs
TLAs have their own dab notice, such as at ISP - this was recently changed as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_deletion/Log/2005_June_14#Category:TLAs Josh Parris ✉ 06:10, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation vs Style
Perhaps the Disambiguation page should now concentrate on the structure of disambiguation, and all the appearance of a disambiguated page should be on the Manual of Style (disambiguation pages) page. Josh Parris ✉ 06:28, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I was trying to strike a balance by providing highlights, but if others agree with you, we can certainly dump them. Remember that disambiguation links aren't treated on that MOS page.—Wahoofive (talk) 06:47, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I reckon highlights are fine. And we've got to think about where to put style information. Josh Parris ✉ 06:56, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps it should state explictly on the page that that's what the page is about? Josh Parris ✉ 05:16, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

section "CSS"
Perhaps the section "CSS" should be renamed or even merged into another section? I think "CSS" is a rather inappropriate title for the message that section is (or should be) trying to say. Neonumbers 11:04, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right; it should go. A reference to the category should go on the MOS page. The link is pretty useless since that page is almost exclusively about stubs.—Wahoofive (talk) 15:53, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yoinked. Josh Parris ✉ 05:15, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anyone noticed....
The contents of special:whatlinkshere/Mercury? How embarrassing. Josh Parris ✉ 05:18, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not anymore.—Wahoofive (talk) 14:38, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It'd be great if there was somewhere we could record all the dab pages that had been disambiguated. Like a wikiproject subpage or somesuch. Then there'd be some awareness as to what was finished and needed monitoring, and what was yet to be done. Josh Parris ✉ 00:28, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Voilà: Disambiguation pages with links—Wahoofive (talk) 04:36, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm thinking Disambiguation pages maintenance. Except, I suppose the struck-out entries could be monitored. Josh Parris ✉ 05:19, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm about to be bold
Look out, I'm moving to change the Disambiguation page with this. Josh Parris ✉ 01:15, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Go for it. I was planning to, but I've been out of town (and out of internet contact) for several weeks. —Wahoofive (talk) 21:24, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation/Wahoofive


text:
User talk:Buggi22

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 04:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

photo comment on stemware article
Thanks for fixing the champagne stemware article. I saw it and was about to edit it but you got there first. Good job!--74.128.188.165 02:29, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Buggi22


text:
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

The Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (commonly referred as GIKI) is a private research university located in Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan. The institute has a 400 acre campus that is located in the vicinity of Swabi District.

It was founded by the former President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, in 1993.

GIK is one of the top institutions ranked by the Higher Education Commission (HEC).

History
The GIK Institute is a private educational institution, named after former bureaucrat and former President of Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq Khan. The project was delegated to Pakistani scientist, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, who was one of the founding members of the institute and was once registered as an associate professor of physics.

The genesis of the Institute can be traced back to the early 1950s when Ghulam Ishaq Khan became acutely aware of Pakistan's dependence on foreign expertise and imported technology. Out of his frequent interaction with the foreign and local experts emerged the idea that a centre of excellence in engineering sciences and production technology ought to be established in the country, whose standards of education are comparable to those of its counterparts in the advanced countries. The transformation of this idea into a practical proposition took place in December 1985 when the Benevolent Community Care and Infaq Foundation donated Rs. 50 million for setting up an institute in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for promotion of science and technology.

Major founding donors include Nouman Benevolent Community Care, Infaq Foundation, Chiniot Anjuman-e-Islamia, Dawood Group of Industries, and the Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa which has donated land at Topi.

In June, 1988 its parent body, Society for the Promotion of Engineering Sciences and Technology in Pakistan (SOPREST) was established with Ghulam Ishaq Khan, then the President of the country being elected the President of the Society for life.

The task of conceiving and formulating the basic form and features of the institute was entrusted to a group of eminent scientists and engineers. The civil works at the campus site were started in early 1990. An interim office of the institute was set up in August 1992 where senior professionals with notable backgrounds worked in a cohesive group to evolve the educational aims and philosophy of the institute, its curricula and details of the equipment for its laboratories and workshops.

In March 1993, the Government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa established the institute under the umbrella of SOPREST, and the first batch of students was inducted the same year in October.

The Institute is the first privately funded institute of its kind in the country. The tuition fee has to be in consonance with the high cost of education. However, what the students are charged hardly covers the annual expenditure. Total capital outlay of the institute to-date on historical cost basis works out to more than Rs. 2.5 billion for which funds were mobilised from diverse sources including a major donation of Rs. 750 million from Infaq Foundation and land measuring 216 acre donated by the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

In 1998, the Clinton Administration sanctioned the GIKI for alleged unspecified involvement in nuclear or missile activities.

Campus
The institute has a 400 acre campus that is located in the vicinity of Swabi District.

Location
The university is situated beside the river Indus in the mountains of Tarbela and Gadoon-Amazai, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa near the town of Topi and in proximity to the lakes of Tarbela Dam and Ghazi.

Clock tower
Clock Tower is a landmark of Ghulam Ishaq Khan, aka LoGIK in short. The clock tower can be seen from almost everywhere in the institute and has clocks on all four of its sides. It is the tallest structure in the area visible for many miles, and it provides a view of Tarbela Dam and the surrounding areas of Topi. It unites the institute on one time, and the student community is particularly fond of it.

Central Library
Initially, the library was housed in the Faculty of Metallurgy and Material Engineering (now Faculty of Material Science and Engineering). The construction of the main library building was started and completed in 1996. It is a stately three-story building, situated at the foothill of hills near Tarbela Dam.

Agha Hasan Abedi Auditorium
The Agha Hasan Abedi (AHA) Auditorium is named after Agha Hasan Abedi. It occupies the central place in the campus. It has a seating capacity of 535, and is a venue of conferences, seminars, debates, declamation contests, concerts, and other such functions.

Rankings
The institute has been ranked number one in Pakistan and 30th internationally in Quality Education and has an overall ranking of 601-800th by The Times Higher Education in the World University Impact Rankings 2021.

The Institute has been ranked third in the province of KPK, 22nd in Pakistan, 532nd Globally by UI Green Metric Rankings 2021.

The university was given a "Reporter" status on The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2022 and Young University Rankings 2022.

Faculty of Engineering Sciences
The Faculty offers a 4-year Bachelor's in Engineering Sciences which encompasses some of the modern fields of engineering such as:

 * Lasers and Electro-Optics
 * Semiconductors and Superconducting Devices
 * Modelling and Simulations

The faculty also offers MS and PhD degree programs in applied mathematics and applied physics.

Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering share the same department building.

Faculty of Electrical Engineering
It offers four year BS degree program in Electrical Engineering with following specializations: Faculty Thrust Areas:
 * Electronic Engineering
 * Power Engineering
 * Communication and Digital Signal Processing
 * Microelectronics and ASIC Design
 * Electric Power and Control Systems

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
The Faculty offers courses leading to Bachelor's (BS) in Computer Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and Computer Science. It also offers a Master's and a Ph.D. in Computer Systems Engineering.

On 6 July 2020, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, in collaboration with Huawei, launched its Bachelor of Science program in Artificial Intelligence.

Ths institute introduced its programs of Data Science in 2021 and Cyber Security in 2022.

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
The Centre for Manufacturing Productivity and Technology Transfer (CMPT) is a multidisciplinary research / R&D Centre.

Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering
The Faculty offers two 4-year bachelor's degree programs:

 * Materials Engineering
 * Chemical Engineering

Materials Engineering program offers following specialization streams:

 * Specialization in Manufacturing
 * Specialization in Nanotechnology

Faculty of Civil Engineering
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute introduced its program of Civil Engineering in 2018. The department offers a four years BS Civil Engineering program.

Faculty of Management Sciences and Humanities
Degree program at undergraduate level had started from 2013. This Faculty offers 4 year BS Management Science degree with specialization in:
 * Marketing & Entrepreneurship
 * Accounting & Finance
 * Supply Chain Management
 * Project Management

International Advisory Board
The advisory board consists of scientists, engineers and academicians who are monitoring the institute's standard of education and research. It comprises faculty members from Kansas State University, Kyoto University, McGill University, University of Florida, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and other institutions.

High Performance Computing Cluster
HPC platform has been donated to GIK Institute by the Directorate of Science and Technology (DoST) KPK Pakistan. It is a compute-intensive platform and has the following hardware components:

 * Front Node: Dell R815 with 64 CPU cores, 256 GB RAM, 1.8 TB Secondary Memory
 * 3 Compute Nodes: Dell R175 each with 32 CPU cores/ compute node (96 in total), 128 GB RAM/ compute node (384 GB in total), 600 GB Secondary Memory/ compute node (1.8 TB in total).
 * NVIDIA Tesla M2090 Graphical.
 * Dell Power Connect 8024F layer-3 manageable switch: Front Node and the Compute Nodes are connected to each other using this switch.

Catalyst Incubator
GIK Institute established its own startup Incubator in 2014 with the aim to motivate entrepreneurial skills among the students. The incubator will provide facilities and technical assistance, working space, and other services to incubate the startup initiatives by the participants. It will also help them get venture capitalists to convert their fledgling startups into mature ones.

In 2015, GIK incubator received funding of 100 million PKR from the Directorate of Science and Technology, Ministry of ST & IT, Govt of Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa. The grant was given in order to develop entrepreneurship through the establishment and strengthening of Technology Incubation center.

Notable alumni

 * Yarjan Abdul Samad, First Pakistani space scientist to work at University of Cambridge.
 * Taimur Khan Jhagra, Provincial Minister of Finance for Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa and former Mckinsey Partner.
 * Muhammad Hamza Shafqaat, Former Deputy Commissioner Islamabad.
 * Wardah Inam, Cofounder and CEO of Overjet.

Societies and clubs
The institute offers opportunities for students to participate in technical and professional societies. Study trips to industries and organizations are arranged, guest speakers from institutes and industries are invited and seminars and workshops are held. Sports facilities are available on the campus. Each faculty in the institute supports professional organizations, devoted to advancing the theory and practice of their fields. There are also societies that have been created for non-technical purposes and do not represent any particular faculty.

Sports
The campus has its own sports facilities. Courts for indoor games and activities such as table tennis, badminton, and squash are available on the campus. Tennis, basketball and volleyball courts, football and cricket grounds are also present. The sports complex also features a swimming pool and gymnasium.


text:
Bill Zebub

Bill Zebub is the manager of Bill Zebub Productions. His production company publishes a quarterly magazine titled The Grimoire of Exalted Deeds, mainly about death metal music and independent movies. He has made an array of low-budget films, and also is the host of a radio show on WFMU in the New Jersey area. He hosts the show under the alias 'Professor Dum Dum'. His stage name is a pun on the Hebrew demon, named Beelzebub.

The Grimoire of Exalted Deeds
The Grimoire of Exalted Deeds is a metal magazine published by Bill Zebub. Each issue consists of interviews with metal bands, CD and DVD reviews. The interviews are generally comedic with a sarcastic nature. The magazine contains non-pornographic nudity, and is available in print and on-line.

It was originally published starting in 1991 as a photocopied fanzine, and as the magazine grew more popular within the heavy metal community, it was later published with a glossy cover. By 1997, the magazine was chosen as the official magazine and program of the Milwaukee Metalfest. It is now published approximately quarterly, in an all-glossy format.

The magazine features interviews of various heavy metal musicians, which Bill Zebub frequently conducts in Elizabethan English, for comedic effect. Occasionally, the magazine offers brief fiction pieces, and articles on various subjects relating to fantasy or mysticism. Criticism of organized religion, particularly Christianity, is another recurring topic. The magazine also includes a feature called "Grimoire Girls", female Metal fans who submit photographs of themselves in varying states of undress.

Professor Dum Dum's Lab
Bill Zebub has a weekly radio show on 91.1 FM WFMU, airing Monday nights at midnight until 3 am Tuesday morning Eastern time. Zebub plays the character 'Professor Dum Dum: Scientist of Music and Human Behavior' who hails from Germany. The Professor plays heavy metal music and discusses topics with callers.

Filmography

 * Metalheads (2001)
 * Dirtbags: The Armpit of Metal (2002)
 * Death metal: A Documentary (2002)
 * Metal Radio KCUF (2003)
 * Skits-O-Phrenia (2003)
 * Jesus Christ: Serial Rapist (2003)
 * Kill the Scream Queen (2004)
 * The Crucifier (2004)
 * The Worst Horror Movie Ever Made (2005)
 * Bad Acid (2005)
 * Rape is a Circle (2006)
 * Girls of Bill Zebub's Movies (2006)
 * Dolla Morte (2006)
 * Assmonster: The Making of a Horror Movie (2006)
 * Spooked (2007)
 * Frankenstein The Rapist (2008)
 * Forgive Me for Raping You (2008)
 * Zombiechrist (2010)
 * Antfarm Dickhole (2011)
 * Indie Director (2013)
 * Dickshark (2016)

title: Bill Zebub