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2005 NBA Finals

The 2005 NBA Finals was the championship round of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s 2004–05 season, and the culmination of the season's playoffs. The Western Conference champion San Antonio Spurs played the Eastern Conference champion Detroit Pistons for the title, with the Spurs holding home court advantage and the Pistons as defending champions. The series was played under a best-of-seven format (unlike the previous three rounds, the team with home court advantage hosted games one, two, six, and seven if all were necessary). It also marked the Pistons' first NBA Finals loss since 1988.

The Spurs won the series four games to three in the first NBA Finals to go to a Game 7 since 1994. The games were broadcast on ABC, with Al Michaels and Hubie Brown commentating. National radio coverage was provided by ESPN Radio through announcers Jim Durham and Dr. Jack Ramsay.

Background
This series was not only the first matchup of the previous two NBA champions since the 1987 Finals (Lakers d. Celtics, 4–2), it was a match up of the two premier defensive teams of that era: from the 2002–03 season to the 2004–05 season, the Spurs and Pistons routinely finished in the top three in Points Allowed: in 2003, Detroit was #1 and San Antonio #3; in 2004, the teams finished in a tie for the #1 spot; in 2005, the Spurs were #1 and the Pistons were #2. The Spurs were considered more capable of playing at a faster pace, as evidenced by their convincing win against the high-scoring Phoenix Suns during the Western Conference finals. However, both teams performed exceptionally well when scoring over 100 points (Detroit was 22–3, San Antonio was 28–2).

Going into the 2005 Finals, the Spurs had won two championships (1999 and 2003), while Detroit had three (1989, 1990, and 2004). The 2004 Championship was considered a major upset by some sportswriters because of the Lakers' big name talent. Others saw the result as fully legitimate, pointing out that Detroit's defense outplayed the Lakers' offense. Further, the balanced Detroit offense proved especially difficult to deal with when Karl Malone's injured knee left the Lakers without a reliable presence to slow down the Pistons' Rasheed Wallace. Many thought that a contributing factor to the Lakers' loss was the well-publicized tension between superstars Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant.

Both the Spurs and the Pistons were ranked number two in their respective conferences, with the Phoenix Suns ranked number one in the West and the Miami Heat ranked number one in the East.

Sportswriters all across the country generally considered this one of the few too-close-to-call series to occur. Most picked the series to go to six or seven games.

The Spurs breezed through the playoffs with relative ease, compared to the Pistons. They defeated the Nuggets 4–1 to open the playoffs, winning four straight after losing the home opener. They then defeated the SuperSonics within six games the following series. Phoenix was expected by many to put up a challenge, but the Spurs won the series easily, four games to one.

The Pistons had a slightly tougher road back to the Finals. The opening round was a fairly easy five-game victory over Philadelphia. Next, the Pistons faced the Indiana Pacers, one of the NBA's most resilient teams. Indiana was expected by most experts to falter and miss the playoffs after the Pacers–Pistons brawl; however, led by retiring Pacers legend Reggie Miller, the Pacers still made the playoffs and unexpectedly won their first-round series against the Atlantic Division champion Boston Celtics. The Pacers mounted a formidable challenge but after a Game Six loss, Reggie Miller's storied 18-year career was over. Detroit's next opponent was the East #1 seed Miami, led by Dwyane Wade and Shaquille O'Neal. After winning Game One, the Pistons fell 2-1 after three games and 3-2 after five games. By winning Game Six on their home court, the Pistons forced a Game Seven. In Game Seven, Detroit overcame the odds to beat the Heat at American Airlines Arena, and thus advanced to the NBA Finals for the second straight year.

Regular season series
Both teams split the two meetings, each won by the home team:

Features
This was the first NBA Finals to have the sticker version of the Larry O'Brien Trophy adorn the center court (team logo still visible in the middle), with the NBA Finals wordmark logo on opposite ends of the court. This remained in effect until the 2009 NBA Finals; the position of the O'Brien trophy was modified for the 2007 NBA Finals.

Game summaries

 * All times are in Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−4). If the venue is located in a different time zone, the local time is also given.

Game 1
Manu Ginóbili was the star of Game 1, turning in a virtuoso performance in the fourth quarter to lead the Spurs to victory. Ginobili scored 15 of his 26 points in the fourth quarter to complement a huge game by Tim Duncan (24 points, 17 rebounds).

Ginobili, who in the previous summer led Argentina in points and assists en route to Olympic gold, took over in the final period. He scored eight points in a decisive 12–2 surge that gave the Spurs a 67–55 lead, then throttled a push by the Pistons with a swooping dunk, 3-pointer and running hook for an 81–67 advantage with less than two minutes to go.

Having been idle for a week, the Spurs opened the game in lackluster fashion – in the first eight minutes the Spurs trailed 19–7 – but were able to fight back and stabilize the game. It may have happened that Detroit's more recent play led to fourth quarter fatigue which enabled the Spurs' strong fourth quarter; in any case, the Spurs prevailed in the first contest.

Game 2
The resilient Detroit Pistons were expected to play a stronger Game 2 in response to their fourth-quarter letdown in Game 1. Exactly the opposite occurred. From the opening tip, Game 2 was all San Antonio as the Spurs got out to a quick lead and never looked back.

The Spurs took advantage of Detroit's uncharacteristic mistakes throughout the night, which included missing nine shots from inside four feet from the basket. While the Pistons went cold (0-6) from behind the three-point line, the Spurs made 11 3-pointers, including four each by Manu Ginóbili and Bruce Bowen, who did not score a point in Game 1. Ginobili again led the Spurs with a 27 points, while Tim Duncan finished with 18 points and 11 rebounds. Antonio McDyess was the high scorer for Detroit, scoring 15 points off the bench.

The 2–0 lead was a big advantage for San Antonio. In the history of the NBA, the team with home-court advantage started a series with a 2–0 lead 153 times. On just seven occasions, the trailing team rebounded to win the series.

Game 3
In NBA history, only two teams had ever won a Finals series after facing a 2–0 deficit—the Boston Celtics in the 1969 NBA Finals and the Portland Trail Blazers in the 1977 NBA Finals—however, just one year later the Miami Heat would accomplish this feat against the Dallas Mavericks in the 2006 NBA Finals.

With that task looming ahead, the Pistons responded in tremendous fashion. Chauncey Billups and Richard Hamilton combined for 44 points, while Ben Wallace (15 pts, 11 reb, 5 blk, 3 stl) together with Rasheed Wallace and Antonio McDyess harassed Tim Duncan into a 5–15 shooting night. The Pistons dominated the second half, outscoring the Spurs 55–37.

The Pistons became the first team to score more than 90 points in a Finals game against the Spurs during this game.

Game 4
The pattern of the first two games held up in games 3 and 4: home team wins big in the first one and even bigger in the second. And Game 4 was the most lopsided of all during the 2005 NBA Finals; the Pistons' 102 points were the only time either team reached triple digits in the series.

Seven Pistons scored in double figures, especially efficient bench performances by Lindsey Hunter and Antonio McDyess. In 22 minutes, Hunter scored 17 points and dished out 5 assists; McDyess scored 13 and grabbed 7 rebounds in just 19 minutes.

Conversely, only three Spurs scored in double figures (Ginobili, Duncan, Parker), and among all Spurs attempting five or more field goals, only Tony Parker (6-13, 46.2% shooting) managed to surpass the 45% mark. Collectively, the Spurs shot 37% and committed 17 turnovers to the Pistons' NBA Finals-record four.

Hunter's and Billups' 17 points were the fewest to lead an NBA Finals game since George Yardley of the Fort Wayne Pistons led all scorers with 16 points in the fifth game of the 1955 NBA Finals.

Game 5
With the first four games of the 2005 Finals being blowouts by the home team, Game 5 was the close game everyone was waiting for, and it went down as one of the more memorable games in Finals history.

The game was closely contested by throughout the night as the lead changed 12 separate times, and the game was tied on 18 occasions. Regulation was not enough to settle this game, so the game went into overtime. The Pistons streaked out to a quick lead in the first few minutes of overtime, and seemed to have the game in hand. However, a missed layup by Chauncey Billups with Detroit ahead 95–93 with nine seconds left San Antonio with a chance. On the Spurs' next possession, Robert Horry inbounded the ball to Ginobili, who headed for the left corner and dished it right back to Horry. Rasheed Wallace had left Horry to double-team Ginobili, and Horry was left alone to sink the game-winning basket with 5.8 seconds remaining in the OT. Horry was already famous for nailing last-second shots in the playoffs, including Game Four of the 2002 Western Conference finals between the Lakers and Sacramento Kings.

Horry went 5 for 6 from beyond the arc, including the game-winner, and scored 21 points coming off the bench. He hadn't scored a point until the final play of the 3rd quarter. He carried the team in the fourth quarter and overtime as his teammates struggled with the weight of a must-win game on the road against an accomplished adversary. In addition to the game-winning three-pointer, late in overtime Horry made a spectacular left-handed dunk while being fouled as the shot clock wound down.

Tim Duncan, despite struggling from the free-throw line, finished with 26 points and 19 rebounds for the Spurs. Chauncey Billups was the high scorer for the Pistons, finishing with a game-high 34 points in the losing effort.

To date, this is the most recent NBA Finals game played in Metro Detroit.

Game 6
Game 6 was a close game all along, and the lead kept fluctuating between the two teams. Again, the leading stars on both teams played big games. Detroit pulled away early in the fourth for an 80–73 lead with five minutes to go, but the Spurs continued to threaten them. Soon, it was back to a one-point game.

Then, Rasheed Wallace planted a three-pointer to pull away, and even with a resilient game by the Spurs, the Pistons had clinched the victory.

Nevertheless, several Pistons free throws were necessary in the final moments of the game to put a win out of reach for the Spurs.

Rasheed Wallace had a big game to atone for the mistake he made for leaving Horry open in Game 5. Despite his mistake, Wallace was nonchalant about the play, even commenting incorrectly that he left Horry to guard Duncan.

Billups and Prince again led the Pistons with steady, unwavering defense, which is the key, as it is often said, to victory. Although Duncan and Ginobili finished with 21 points each, neither was able to seriously threaten the strong Pistons defense enough to win the game. Detroit thus won its fifth consecutive game facing elimination. The Pistons became the first road team to force a Game 7 in the NBA Finals.

Game 7
For the first time in eleven years, the NBA Finals came down to a decisive Game 7. Momentum was on Detroit's side, but the Spurs had home-court advantage. The Pistons were looking to become the first team to ever win the last two games on the road after being down 3–2. NBA history was heavily in favor of the Spurs, who were looking to celebrate a title at the SBC Center for the second time in three years. NBA teams are 74–17 all-time at home in Game 7, and 9-0 when leading 3–2 going home.

Entering this game, the Pistons tied the 1994 New York Knicks for most games played in a single postseason, with 25. The Boston Celtics broke this record during their championship season.

Like the previous two games of the series, Game 7 was closely contested throughout, but the Spurs fell into a nine-point deficit with 7:45 left in the third quarter. Though Tim Duncan was for much of the series unable to shoot for a high percentage against Detroit's front line, he led the Spurs out of that nine-point hole. In the final 7:45 of the third quarter, Duncan scored 10 of the teams' 18 final third quarter points and the game was tied to start the fourth. Behind clutch plays from Tim Duncan and Manu Ginóbili, the Spurs took control of the fourth quarter to earn an 81–74 victory, clinching the franchise's third Larry O'Brien Trophy. For the game, Tim Duncan finished with a game high 25 points and 11 rebounds, while teammate Manu Ginóbili pitched in with 23 points. Richard Hamilton, with 15 points, was the high scorer for the Pistons, who fell just short of winning back-to-back championships.

Tim Duncan won his third NBA Finals MVP Award. Manu Ginóbili, Tony Parker, and Bruce Bowen each received their second championship ring, while Robert Horry became only the second player in NBA history (John Salley being the first) to play on championship teams for three different franchises. Sean Marks became the first New Zealander to win a championship ring.

Player statistics

 * San Antonio Spurs

 * Detroit Pistons

Broadcasting
The games were broadcast exclusively on ABC in the US. (Locally, the games aired on ABC stations KSAT-TV in San Antonio and WXYZ-TV in Detroit.) The featured song, aired throughout the playoffs, was Rob Thomas' "This Is How A Heart Breaks." Game 3 had a Nielsen rating percentage of only 7.2% of households and cumulating to a 7.1 average for the first three games, 32% lower than the average of the first three 2004 NBA Finals games. While all seven games were the top-rated shows of their nights, the average viewership of the 2005 Finals (11.5 million viewers, 7.6 rating/14 share) decreased from the average of the 2004 Finals (17.9 million, 11.5/20). The 2003 Finals averaged 9.8 million viewers and 6.5/12.

The 2005 Finals would be Michaels' last major NBA assignment with ABC, though he remained with the network until after Super Bowl XL in February 2006. Shortly after ABC's NFL TV contract ended, Michaels moved to NBC Sports to become the lead voice of Sunday Night Football. ABC's lead position was eventually filled by Mike Breen.

Aftermath
The Spurs won a franchise-record 63 victories to clinch the top seed in the West in the 2005–06 NBA season. However, for the third time they were unable to win consecutive championships, bowing to their Texas rivals, the Dallas Mavericks, in Game 7 of the Conference semifinals. The Mavs would go on to lose in the 2006 NBA Finals. The Spurs went on to win the 2007 NBA Finals the following year, their fourth as a franchise, and won again in 2014.

, this is the Pistons’ last appearance in the NBA Finals. Head coach Larry Brown sought and succeeded in buying out his contract as head coach after the season. He eventually ended up coaching for his hometown New York Knicks, but would only win 23 games in one season. Brown eventually left after the season, and two years later Brown resurfaced, this time coaching the Charlotte Bobcats, where he would lead them to the playoffs in his second year.

The Pistons, guided by new coach Flip Saunders, won a franchise-record 64 games and seemed primed to regain the NBA title. However, Detroit fell in six games to the Miami Heat, who would go on and win the 2006 NBA title. Franchise centerpiece Ben Wallace abruptly left for the Chicago Bulls, yet the Pistons still made the conference finals the next two seasons, losing to the Cleveland Cavaliers and Boston Celtics, respectively. Finally, the remaining core of the team was dismantled at the start of the 2008-09 NBA season.

title: 2005 NBA Finals


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User talk:JMBell/Lost Library/DiploGuild

Interesting idea. Doubt I'd be qualified for the job, mind you, but I have one big question. Given that there are now no diplomats, who will vet and select the first one, and set them their probationary tasks? Also, I'd like to see the he/him stuff changed to something non gender-specific (despite the fact that it is currently biased in my favour). above by User:Filiocht, who forgot to sign ;-) Soundguy99 15:42, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, well, I'm not quite sure. I guess I'll have to handpick the first few users, who can then act as the panel for future applicants (this is, however, contrary what I wrote on the page, so I'm still deliberating). Promising applicants can also be taken in, even if they don't meet the requirements yet - they can be trained in diplomacy or something and be accepted into the Guild when the trainer thinks they're ready. Also, the "(s)he"/"him/her" is the closest I can get to "correct" grammar (note the quotation marks) since "they" would be grammatically "incorrect." I just decided to stick to the safer choice. And that's already non gender-specific - unless you think that "(s)he" refers to a hermaphrodite. ;) Hoping to see you when I open the Guild for primary testing (as you know, most new societies never get older than one month so let's test the water first). JM*Bell° 20:48, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hope everything's OK with you, JMBell. This is definitely an interesting idea. Wondering, however, if this isn't really a suggestion for a revamping of "Mediation" and the "Mediation Committee". AFAICT, some of the Arbitration and RFC problems were due to Mediation effectively being dead in the water for the first half of 2005. Some editors have taken note of this and come up with a new proposal at Mediation (2005). Of special interest would be the section titled "General Mediation." Soundguy99 15:42, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No, this isn't supposed to replace the mediation process or committee - it's an unofficial commitee quite similar to the mediators'. The only difference is that the diplomats should try and improve the relations between the two disputants - a goal I never noticed in the mediation page. I thought of this as both 1) a training ground for future mediators, and 2)a society where only the best in dispute resolution and communications get accepted. I agree that this looks something like "General Mediation," whidh is quite surprising, provided that I have never heard of Mediation 2005 until you mentioned it. Anyway, time will tell (and the public, too :)) if this Guild should be established or not. In the meantime, keep posting. We can never lack in opinions, anyhow. JM*Bell° 20:48, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Nile monitor

The Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) is a large member of the monitor family (Varanidae) found throughout most of Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in drier regions, and along the Nile River and its tributaries in East Africa. Additionally, there are modern, invasive populations in North America. The population found in West African forests and savannahs is sometimes recognized as a separate species, the West African Nile monitor (V. stellatus). While it is dwarfed by its larger relatives, such as the Komodo dragon, the Asian water monitor or the crocodile monitor, it is still one of the largest lizards in the world, reaching (and even surpassing) Australia’s perentie in size. Other common names include the African small-grain lizard, as well as iguana and various forms derived from it, such as guana, water leguaan or river leguaan (leguan, leguaan, and likkewaan mean monitor lizard in South African English, and can be used interchangeably).

A feral population of Nile monitors (descended from escaped or intentionally-released pets) has become established in several locations in South Florida. In addition to any illegally-released animals, it is speculated that during particularly intense hurricane seasons in Florida, many reptiles potentially escape when their enclosures are damaged or inadvertently unlocked; as Florida has a semi-tropical to tropical climate, many reptiles are housed outdoors, and poorly-secured enclosures may become damaged during bad storms. Along with Nile monitors, Florida is infamous for its feral populations of agamas, Argentine black and white tegus, Burmese pythons, green iguanas, Madagascar giant day geckos, and panther and veiled chameleons, among others. Many of these species are thought to be descendants of hurricane escapees.

Taxonomy
Members of the Nile monitor species group were already well known to Africans in ancient times. For example, they were commonly caught, likely as food, in the Djenné-Djenno culture at least a millennium ago.

The Nile monitor twice was given a scientific name by Carl Linnaeus: First as Lacerta monitor in 1758 in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, the starting point of zoological nomenclature. He described it again in 1766 as Lacerta nilotica. Despite being older, the name proposed in 1758 is invalid because it was rejected in ICZN opinion 540, making the name of 1766 valid. The genus Varanus was coined in 1820 by Blasius Merrem. Six years later Leopold Fitzinger moved the Nile monitor into this genus as Varanus niloticus, the currently accepted scientific name for the species.

Species complex
As traditionally defined, the Nile monitor is a species complex. The ornate monitor (V. ornatus) and West African Nile monitor (V. stellatus) were described as species in 1802 and 1803 by François Marie Daudin. In 1942, Robert Mertens moved them both into the Nile monitor (V. niloticus); as synonyms or as a valid subspecies. This was the standard treatment until 1997, when a taxonomic review based on color and morphology indicated that the ornate monitor is distinctive and revalidated it as a separate species from rainforests of West and Central Africa. In 2016, a review based primarily on genetics came to another result. They found that monitors from West African forests and adjacent savannah are distinctive and worthy of recognition as a separate species: the West African Nile monitor (V. stellatus). It is estimated to have split from the others in the Nile monitor complex about 7.7 million years ago, making it older than the split between humans and chimpanzees. In contrast, those in the Central African rainforests are genetically similar to the Nile monitor. This essentially splits the ornate monitor—as defined in 1997—into two: the western being the West African Nile monitor and the eastern (of Central African rainforests) being moved back into the Nile monitor. As the type locality for the ornate monitor is in the Central African country of Cameroon, the scientific name V. ornatus becomes a synonym of V. niloticus. Individuals with the "ornate color pattern" and individuals with the "Nile color pattern" occur in both the West African Nile monitor and the Nile monitor, with the "ornate" appearing to be more frequent in densely forested habitats.

With the West African Nile monitor as a separate species, there are two main clades in the Nile monitor: A widespread clade found throughout much of Southern, Central and East Africa, as well as more locally in coastal West Africa. The other clade includes the monitors of the Sahel (Mali to Ethiopia) and Nile regions. Despite the differences, the Reptile Database maintains both the ornate monitor and West African Nile monitor as synonyms of the Nile monitor, but do note that this broad species definition includes distinctive subpopulations.

Description
The Nile monitor is Africa's longest lizard. They grow from about 120 to 220 cm in length, with the largest specimens attaining 244 cm. In an average-sized specimen, the snout-to-vent length will be around 50 cm. In body mass, adults have been reported to vary widely, one study claiming only 0.8 to 1.7 kg, others state weights ranging from 5.9 to 15 kg in big monitors. Variations may be due to age or environmental conditions. Exceptionally large specimens may scale as much as 20 kg, but this species weighs somewhat less on average than the bulkier rock monitor. They have muscular bodies, strong legs, and powerful jaws. Their teeth are sharp and pointed in juvenile animals and become blunt and peg-like in adults. They also possess sharp claws used for climbing, digging, defense, or tearing at their prey. Like all monitors, they have forked tongues, with highly developed olfactory properties. The Nile monitor has quite striking, but variable, skin patterns, as they are greyish-brown above with greenish-yellow barring on the tail and large, greenish-yellow rosette-like spots on their backs with a blackish tiny spot in the middle. Their throats and undersides are an ochre-yellow to a creamy-yellow, often with faint barring. Their nostrils are placed high on their snouts, indicating these animals are very well adapted for an aquatic lifestyle. They are also excellent climbers and quick runners on land. Nile monitors feed on a wide variety of prey items, including fish, frogs and toads (even poisonous ones of the genera Breviceps and Sclerophrys), small reptiles (such as turtles, snakes, lizards, and young crocodiles), birds, rodents, other small mammals (up to domestic cats and young antelopes [Raphicerus]), eggs (including those of crocodiles, agamids, other monitor lizards, and birds), invertebrates (such as beetles, termites, orthopterans, crabs, caterpillars, spiders, millipedes, earthworms, snails, and slugs), carrion, human wastes, and feces.

Distribution and habitat
Nile monitors are native to Sub-Saharan Africa and along the Nile. They are not found in any of the desert regions of Africa (notably Sahara, Kalahari and much of the Horn of Africa), however, they thrive around rivers. Nile monitors were reported to live in and around the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and wadis of the Judaean Desert in Israel until the late 19th century, though they are now extinct in the region.

Invasive species
In Florida in the United States, established breeding populations of Nile monitors have been known to exist in different parts of the state since at least 1990. Genetic studies have shown that these introduced animals are part of the subpopulation that originates from West Africa, and now often is recognized as its own species, the West African Nile monitor. The vast majority of the established breeding population is in Lee County, particularly in the Cape Coral and surrounding regions, including the nearby barrier islands (Sanibel, Captiva, and North Captiva), Pine Island, Fort Myers, and Punta Rassa. Established populations also exist in adjacent Charlotte County, especially on Gasparilla Island. Other areas in Florida with a sizeable number of Nile monitor sightings include Palm Beach County just southwest of West Palm Beach along State Road 80. In July 2008, a Nile monitor was spotted in Homestead, a small city southwest of Miami. Other sightings have been reported near Hollywood, Naranja, and as far south as Key Largo in the Florida Keys. The potential for the established population of Nile monitors in Lee, Charlotte, and other counties in Florida, to negatively impact indigenous crocodilians, such as American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), and American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus), is enormous, given that they normally raid crocodile nests, eat eggs, and prey on small crocodiles in Africa. Anecdotal evidence indicates a high rate of disappearance of domestic pets and feral cats in Cape Coral.

In captivity
Nile monitors are often found in the pet trade despite their highly aggressive demeanor and resistance to taming. Juvenile monitors will tail whip as a defensive measure, and as adults, they are capable of inflicting moderate to serious wounds from biting and scratching. Nile monitors require a large cage as juveniles quickly grow when fed a varied diet, and large adults often require custom-built quarters.

"There are few lizards less suited to life in captivity than the Nile monitor. Buffrenil (1992) considered that, when fighting for its life, a Nile monitor was a more dangerous adversary than a crocodile of a similar size. Their care presents particular problems on account of the lizards' enormous size and lively dispositions. Very few of the people who buy brightly-coloured baby Nile monitors can be aware that, within a couple of years, their purchase will have turned into an enormous, ferocious carnivore, quite capable of breaking the family cat's neck with a single snap and swallowing it whole."

title: Nile monitor


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Dynastic order

A dynastic order, monarchical order, or house order is an order under royal patronage. Such an order is bestowed by, as a legitimate fons honorum, a sovereign or the head of a once-sovereign ruling family. These are often considered part of the cultural patrimony of the ruling family. Dynastic orders were often founded or maintained to reward service to a monarch or their subsequent dynasty.

A national or state order is the equivalent term for orders (e.g., of merit) conferred by sovereign states but not bestowed by ruling dynasties.

In personal gift of sovereign
Dynastic orders are under the exclusive control of a monarch and are bestowed without the advice of the political leadership (prime minister or cabinet). A recent report by the British Government mentioned that there is "one remaining exercise that has been identified of the Monarch's truly personal, executive prerogative: that is, the conferment of certain honours that remain within [the Sovereign’s] gift (the Orders of Merit, of the Garter, of the Thistle and the Royal Victorian Order)."

Generally, dynastic or house Orders are granted by the monarch for whatever reason the monarch may deem appropriate whereas other orders, often called Merit Orders, are granted on the recommendation of government officials to recognize individual accomplishments or services to the nation.

Portugal
The term dynastic order is also used for those orders that continue to be bestowed by former monarchs and their descendants after they have been removed from power. For instance, the website of Duarte Pio de Bragança, a pretender to the throne of Portugal using the title Duke of Braganza, asserts that the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa, "being a Dynastic Order of the House of Bragança and not an Order of State, continued to be conferred by the last King Dom Manuel II, in the exile." On the basis of his succession to King Manuel II, Duarte Pio continues to award those orders of the Kingdom of Portugal not taken over by the Portuguese Republic.

The Portuguese Republic views things somewhat differently, regarding all the royal orders as extinct following the 5 October 1910 revolution with some of them revived in republican form in 1918. For official purposes, Portugal simply ignores the orders awarded by the royal pretender, Duarte Pio. Although no one is prosecuted for accepting orders from Dom Duarte, including himself, Portuguese law requires government permission to accept any official award, either from Portugal or foreign powers; the awards of Dom Duarte simply do not appear anywhere on either list.

Italy
A similar situation exists in Italy, where the Republican Government regards the orders of the former kings to have been abolished but the last king's heir continues to award them. However, the Italian situation is unique, since the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus is one of the few orders of knighthood that has been explicitly recognized by a papal bull, in which Pope Gregory XII gave the House of Savoy the right to confer that knighthood in perpetuity. Thus, under principles of international law, the Italian heir to the throne in exile asserts that control of the Savoy dynastic orders exists separate from the Kingdom of Italy so that he retains the right to award the orders, and accompanying privileges." The royal family of Savoy additionally have the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation which is their highest ranked order of Knighthood. In addition to this the Order of Merit of Savoy is a Dynastic order knighthood given out by the head of the Royal House of Savoy, Order of chivalry. Following the demise of the last reigning monarch Umberto II of Italy in 1983, the Order of the Crown of Italy was replaced in 1988 by the Order of Merit of Savoy which was instituted by his heir, the current head of the former Royal House, Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples. While the Ordine al merito d'Savoia it has never been a national order, it is subsidiary to the Civil Order of Savoy which was the Order of Merit and it has around 2,000 members and, as with the Order of the Crown of Italy previously, it is entrusted to the Chancellor of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.

In addition to this Italy contains orders of the royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies which still confer their Dynastic Knightly orders. The most interesting of which is the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George because the Italian Republic recognises the order as an Order of Chivalry under Law n° 178 of 1951 authorises the Italian citizens awarded with the Constantinian decoration to show them as authoritatively recognised also by the Italian State Council in its decision number 1869/81. Therefore those citizens lawfully awarded with Constantinian decorations can ask to use them on the territory of the Italian Republic by Presidential Decree or Decree of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. By Decree of the President of the Republic, in 1973 the National Italian Association of the Knights of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George. Additionally there is the Royal Order of Francis I of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. One branch of the family (led by Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro) claims that the Order of Francis I was attached to the crown not the state, and thus awards it as a dynastic order. The other branch (led by Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria) regards the Order of Francis I as a state order that became extinct when the Borbon-Two Sicilies royal family accepted the abolition of their monarchy and the state's inclusion in the Kingdom of Italy.

Russia
A third situation of mutual co-existence is maintained in Russia, where, since the fall of communism, the orders of Saint Andrew, Saint George, and Saint Catherine have been reinvented as State Orders of Merit of the Russian Federation. However, the Russian Imperial Orders of Saint Andrew, Saint George, Saint Catherine, Saint Anna, Saint Vladimir, and Saint Stanislav have continued to be awarded since the revolution by the successive heads of the Imperial House of Romanov Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, and Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna. In addition, Dynastic Orders of Knighthood were revived and new ones created under Grand Duke Kirill (Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker), Grand Duke Vladimir (Order of St. Michael the Archangel), and Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna (Order of St. Anastasia). Awards of these honours are allowed to be worn in Russia, and enjoy semi-official recognition by the church and the state; for example, on 14 December 2001 the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation legalized the wearing of the Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker in Russia by military persons on active duty.

Central Europe
In Central Europe, the head of the Habsburg family had the right to dispose of the Order of the Golden Fleece even after 1918. The very extensive treasure and the associated archive are in the Vienna Treasury. The Republic of Austria has expressly confirmed this. During the Nazi era, many Habsburg goods and orders were expropriated and dissolved. The USSR maintained this state of affairs during the Cold War to prevent any opposition among its oppressed peoples. After the collapse of communism, the order of St. George was reactivated by the Habsburg family as a Central European dynasty order. With both the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Order of St. George, deserved personalities are made knights today.

Various dynastic orders
There are many dynastic orders of knighthood, primarily in Europe. Today, dynastic orders include those still being bestowed by a reigning monarch, those bestowed by the head of a royal house in exile, and those that became extinct. Although it is sometimes asserted that the heads of former reigning houses retain the right to their dynastic orders but cannot create new ones, that view is challenged by others who believe that the power to create orders remains with a dynasty forever. In a few cases, formerly reigning families are accused of "fudging" the issue by claiming to revive long extinct orders or by changing non-dynastic state orders into dynastic ones. One example of this is the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing, which is sometimes described as a revival of a long dormant order last awarded in the eighteenth century but also described as a new order created in 2004. Finally, there is the example of a Russian pretender Maria Vladimirovna who published a decree on 20 August 2010 to create the entirely new Imperial Order of the Holy Great Martyr Anastasia.

Bestowed by the Holy See
Although some former royal families and their supporters claim that Roman Catholic Church formally recognizes their right to award various orders, the Vatican denies all such assertions. On 16 October 2012, the Vatican Secretary of State renewed its formal announcement that it only recognizes the orders issued by the Pope, namely:

 * Supreme Order of Christ
 * Order of the Golden Spur
 * Order of Pope Pius IX
 * Order of Saint Gregory the Great
 * Order of Pope Saint Sylvester

Under Papal protection

 * Order of the Holy Sepulchre
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Teutonic Order

Explicitly Recognized by Papal Bull

 * Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

The Secretary of State cautioned that "other orders, whether of recent origin or mediaeval foundation, are not recognised by the Holy See...To avoid any possible doubts, even owing to illicit issuing of documents or the inappropriate use of sacred places, and to prevent the continuation of abuses which may result in harm to people of good faith, the Holy See confirms that it attributes absolutely no value whatsoever to certificates of membership or insignia issued by these groups, and it considers inappropriate the use of churches or chapels for their so-called 'ceremonies of investiture.'"

Bestowed by current sovereign monarch

 * The Most Noble Order of the Garter (United Kingdom)
 * The Noble Order of the Golden Fleece (Spain)
 * The Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (The Netherlands as well as Luxembourg)
 * The Royal Victorian Order (Commonwealth realms)
 * The Order of the Elephant (Denmark)
 * The Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark)
 * The Order of Merit (Commonwealth realms)
 * The Order of the House of Orange (The Netherlands)
 * The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (United Kingdom)
 * The Order of the Seraphim (Sweden)
 * The Order of St. Olav (Norway)
 * The Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali (Jordan)

Bestowed by current reigning non-ruling monarch

 * The Royal Order of the Omujwaara Kondo (Uganda, Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara: House of Babiito)
 * The Royal Order of the Engabu (Uganda, Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara: House of Babiito)
 * The Most Honourable Order of Omukama Chwa II Kabalega (Uganda, Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara: House of Babiito)

Bestowed by head of formerly reigning dynasty

 * The Order of Saint George (Bavaria-Wittelsbach)
 * The Order of St. Hubert (Bavaria-Wittelsbach)
 * The Order of Theresa (Bavaria-Wittelsbach)
 * The Order of Saint Alexander (Bulgaria)
 * The Imperial Ethiopian Order of Saint Mary of Zion (Ethiopia)
 * The Order of the Holy Spirit (France)
 * The Order of Saint Michael (France)
 * The Order of the Eagle of Georgia (Georgia, Bagrationi Dynasty)
 * The Royal Order of the Crown of Georgia Kingdom (Georgia, Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky)
 * The House Order of Hohenzollern (Hohenzollern, Germany)
 * The Order of Skanderbeg (Albania, House of Zogu)
 * The Imperial Austrian Order of Elizabeth (Habsburg-Lorraine)
 * The Noble Order of the Golden Fleece (Habsburg-Lorraine)
 * The Order of the Starry Cross (Habsburg-Lorraine)
 * The Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)
 * The Order of Vitéz (Habsburg-Lorraine)
 * The Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary (Hungary)
 * The Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro)
 * The Order of Petrovic Njegos (Montenegro)
 * The Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje (Montenegro)
 * The Order of Saint George of Parma (Parma)
 * The Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa (Portugal, House of Braganza)
 * The Order of Saint Isabel (Portugal, House of Braganza)
 * The Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House (Portugal, House of Braganza)
 * The Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (Portugal, House of Braganza)
 * The Order of Carol I (Romania, order founded in 1906 and discontinued with King Michael's abdication in 1947, and then revived by him on 5 January 2005 as a dynastic order)
 * The Order of the Crown (Romania), founded as a state order it was revived by King Michael I as a Dynastic Order in 2011.
 * The Order of Saint Andrew (Imperial House of Russia)
 * The Order of Saint Catherine (Imperial House of Russia)
 * The Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky (Imperial House of Russia)
 * The Order of the White Eagle (Imperial House of Russia)
 * The Order of Saint Anna (Imperial House of Russia)
 * The Order of Saint Vladimir (Imperial House of Russia)
 * The Order of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker (Imperial House of Russia, a modern order created in exile on 1 August 1929 by the pretender Kirill Vladimirovich, a cousin of the last Tsar, Nicholas II of Russia)
 * The Order of Saint Stanislav (Imperial House of Russia)
 * The Order of Saint Anastasia (Imperial House of Russia), a modern order created in exile in 2010 by the Head of the Imperial House.
 * The Order of Saint Michael the Archangel (Imperial House of Russia, a modern order created in exile in 1988 by the Head of the Imperial House Vladimir Kirillovich
 * The Royal Order of the Intare (Rwanda)
 * The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Savoy)
 * The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Savoy)
 * The Order of Merit of Savoy (Savoy)
 * The Order of Parfaite Amitié (Thurn and Taxis)
 * The Order of Saint Joseph (Tuscany)
 * The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (Two Sicilies)
 * The Order of Saint Januarius (Two Sicilies)
 * The Royal and Hashemite Order of the Pearl (Sulu)
 * The Order of the Rose (Brazil, House of Orleans-Braganza)
 * The Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil, House of Orleans-Braganza)
 * The Order of Saint James of the Sword (Brazil) (Brazil, House of Orleans-Braganza)
 * The Imperial Order of Christ (Brazil, House of Orleans-Braganza)
 * The Order of Pedro I (Brazil, House of Orleans-Braganza)
 * The Order of the Rasulids (Royal House of Tahir Buruj of the Rasulid dynasty)

title: Dynastic order


text:
User talk:Datrio

Temporary adminship
Hello Datrio, following Aphaia's request, I have made you, Bjarte, and Aphaia temporary admins here for the purpose of editing the protected elections page for the duration of the election. This adminship should be used only for editing that page. If you need this on any other wikis, you can make yourself one using meta:Special:Makesysop. Please log that in the temporary admins section of requests for permissions. Angela. 13:08, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

Stanislaw Tyminski
You could just move the page back, instead of doing a copy-paste move and deleting the original (which loses the edit history). I have deleted the copied page and moved the original back. --cesarb 19:03, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Semi-protection
I've left this message on your Meta page as well, but I wanted to make sure you got this. At Semi-protection policy, a couple users and myself are attempting to gather consensus about a possible change in editing. So as not to keep the community out of the loop, we've been posting to user talk pages, which seems to have worked. If you can add your thoughts to the talk page, it would be greatly appreciated. We've gone over a few issues, ranging from perception of anti-wiki to time limits, and recycling pagemove code, so you might want to check out #Rehashing to get up to speed. Thanks in advance, Mys  e  kurity ( have you seen this? ) 21:31, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Miguel de Icaza attacks me
Hi.

I'm editing the wikipedia page on Mono, but the user Miguel.de.Icaza is always attacking me. I think he cannot be objective at all. Can you anything with his attempts to revert the page? As it sounds the same as Bill Gates would edit the wikipedia page on Windows. My contact email: is Kirill.Kononenko@gmail.com

-- Kirill

voting by a banned one?
Hi. You will recall the problems with this user. As there were some problems with vandalism on my page here in last days ( but probably not by him), I followed what happens here, and i wonder about the fact, that he, although banned, has voted in meta with his registration in en.wiki - see here. If you have entry to his user pages so you will see that there were some more changes in last days (deleted, renewed etc. i.e. by User:Samir, indef block on Sept 2nd). Just for your knowledge. Greetings, -jkb- 12:21, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Elections
I am frankly appalled by the use of a dysfunctional (and discredited) electoral system called approval voting to fill a single empty position on the board of trustees. It is impossible to rationally decide whom to vote for in this system unless you have a fairly accurate idea of how others are going to vote; in the absence of opinion polls, this is indeed an impossibility.

Other systems avoid these problems, the obvious choice would be a single transferable vote system.

I'm trying to find out who decided to use this system, whether there was any discussion leading up to it, and whether there's any way of moving to a sane system.

Can you help?

RandomP 11:20, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Non-free use disputed for Image:Mist walker.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mist walker.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read carefully the instructions at Non-free content and then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our Criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 00:18, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

November 2016
This is your only warning; if you vandalize Wikipedia again, as you did at Wikipedia, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. If you want to test our security, do it in the sandbox. KATMAKROFAN (talk) 19:52, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Datrio


text:
Microprofessor II

Microprofessor II (MPF II) is an Apple II clone introduced in 1982 by Multitech (later renamed to Acer). It is Multitech's second branded computer product and also one of the earliest Apple II clones. It does not look like most other computers. The case of the MPF II was a slab with a small chiclet keyboard on its lower part.

In 1983, the Multiprofessor II retailed in the UK for £269.00 including VAT.

One key feature of the MPF II was its Chinese BASIC, a version of Chinese-localized BASIC based on Applesoft BASIC. There was also a version sold in Europe, Northern America, India, Singapore, and Australia that did not have Chinese localization.

Differences to Apple II

The MPF II is not entirely compatible with the Apple II.

The MPF II does not have Apple II's text mode. All the text was drawn on the screen by software rather than generated by hardware. It was the only cost-effective way to generate Chinese text on the screen at a time when a hardware-based Chinese character generator could cost hundreds of U.S. dollars.

Like Apple II, MPF II had two graphics buffers. However, the second buffer was at address A000H while with Apple II it was at 4000H. The keyboard input was mapped to a different address than the Apple II making impossible to play Apple's games on the MPF II.

MPF-II keyboard interface was very simple and consisted of an 8-bit output port and an input port that was directly connected to the keyboard matrix. The Apple joystick interface was not there, and instead, the joystick appeared as a keyboard with arrow keys and two other buttons.

The external slot interface was also not compatible with the Apple II and could not use any standard interface cards including the Disk II controller.

Technical information

 * CPU: MOS Technology 6502
 * Clock rate: 1 MHz
 * RAM: 64 KB (including 16KB RAM mapped at the same address as the ROM)
 * ROM: 16 KB (12 KB of which is a BASIC interpreter)
 * Text modes: 40×24 (using graphics mode)
 * Graphics modes: 280×192
 * Colours: 8 colours
 * Sound: 1 channel of 1-bit sound
 * Connectors: Keyboard, Printer, Expansion port, cassette recorded input and output, Composite and TV-out
 * Optional peripherals: 55 key full-size keyboard, Floppy disc drive, Thermal and Dot-matrix printers, Joystick
 * Power supply: External PSU, 5,12V

title: Microprofessor II


text:
Wonderlic test

The Wonderlic Contemporary Cognitive Ability Test (formerly the Wonderlic Personnel Test) is an assessment used to measure the cognitive ability and problem-solving aptitude of prospective employees for a range of occupations. The test was created in 1939 by Eldon F. Wonderlic. It consists of 50 multiple choice questions to be answered in 12 minutes. The score is calculated as the number of correct answers given in the allotted time, and a score of 20 is intended to indicate average intelligence.

The most recent version of the test is WonScore, a cloud-based assessment providing a score to potential employers. The Wonderlic test was based on the Otis Self-Administering Test of Mental Ability with the goal of creating a short form measurement of cognitive ability. It may be termed as a quick IQ test.

History
Created in 1936 by E. F. Wonderlic, the Wonderlic Personnel Test was the first short-form cognitive abilities test. It was developed to measure general cognitive ability in the areas of math, vocabulary, and reasoning. Wonderlic created and distributed the test as a graduate student in the psychology department at Northwestern University. Regarding the time allotted to take the test, Wonderlic, in an article released in 1939, stated that "the length of the test was made such that only about two to five per cent of average groups complete the test in the twelve-minute time limit."

Originally designed to aid in employee selection at companies such as AT&T and Oscar Mayer in the 1940s, the Wonderlic Personnel Test has been used by both the United States Armed Forces and the National Football League. During World War II, the Navy began using the Wonderlic Personnel Test to select candidates for pilot training and navigation. From 1940–1960 the test was supplied for free as the data was valuable to E. F. Wonderlic. In the 1970s Tom Landry, coach of the Dallas Cowboys, was the first to use the Wonderlic Personnel Test to predict player performance. Formerly used in the annual NFL Combine as a form of pre-draft assessment, the NFL stopped administering the test in 2022.

The Wonderlic test is continually updated with repeated evaluations of questions. Also, beginning in the 1970s, Wonderlic began to develop other forms of the Wonderlic Personnel, some of which include: Wonderlic Perceptual Ability Tests, Wonderlic Scholastic Level Exam, or the Wonderlic Contemporary Cognitive Ability Test.

Current Wonderlic tests
The Wonderlic company released the Wonderlic Personnel Test in the 1990s, measuring an individual's problem solving and learning capability. The Wonderlic Personnel Test has two different forms: the Wonderlic Personnel Test--Quicktest (30 questions in 8 minutes) and the Wonderlic Personnel Test (50 questions, 12 minutes). The Wonderlic Personnel Test – Quicktest differs from the Wonderlic Personnel Test in that it is not proctored. The Wonderlic Personnel Test is a much more comprehensive test.

The Wonderlic SLE is the scholastic version of the Wonderlic Personnel Test and is commonly administered to nursing school and medical program applicants.

Sample questions
Similar to other standardized tests, the Wonderlic Cognitive Ability Test presents its questions in an open response. The types of questions that have appeared in the oldest versions of the Wonderlic test include: analogies, analysis of geometric figures, arithmetic, direction following, disarranged sentences, judgment, logic, proverb matching, similarities, and word definitions. However, the questions may take different angles depending upon the ‘intelligence’ of the question setters. Practice questions will include:
 * If a piece of rope cost 20 cents per 2 feet, how many feet can you buy for 30 dollars?
 * Which of the numbers in this group represents the smallest amount? a) 0.3 b) 0.08 c) 1 d) 0.33
 * A high-speed train travels 25 feet in 1/3 second. In 4 seconds, the train will have traveled __?__ feet.
 * A watch lost 1 minute and 12 seconds in 36 days. How many seconds did it lose per day?

Application to industrial-organizational psychology
The Wonderlic test, as a vocational and intelligence test, falls under the field of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. As a personnel test the Wonderlic is used to gauge an applicant's job potential, educational potential, and training potential. Six forms of this test are made available (A, B, C, D, E, and F) in which Wonderlic suggests that when two of these versions are to be used, the best combinations are A and B or D and F. However, a study conducted by psychologists Kazmier and Browne (1959) shows that neither of these forms can be regarded as directly equivalent. While there is no lack of tests that could be used in place of the Wonderlic, such as the IQ or the Mechanical Aptitude Test, it is a quick and simple vocational test for personnel recruitment and selection. The Wonderlic test has been peer reviewed by the American Psychological Association and has been deemed worthy of field applications to the industrial use of personnel testing. Other sources can be found on the database APA PsycNET.

Reliability
In 1956, Weaver and Boneau reported in the Journal of Applied Psychology that two of the five forms, A and B, that were published at the time were harder than the others which caused scores on those forms to be significantly lower than scores obtained on forms C–F. Concerning these observed differences, Weaver and Boneau state: "This accords with the history of the development of the test. Forms D, E, and F are made up of items selected from the Otis Higher, while A and B were developed later and include types of items not found in the Otis." Those findings, seemingly, invalidate the claim that those forms were equivalent or consistent. E. N. Hay made a similar observation as well. Hay found that form F was significantly easier than Form D. Furthermore, Kazmier found Form B to be the most difficult of the five forms and, thus, recommended that it "not be regarded as directly equivalent to any of the forms." Kazmier also found Forms D and F to be significantly different from each other and recommended that these forms be regarded as inequivalent. In a study of the Wonderlic's test-retest reliability, conducted in 1992, Stuart McKelvie "concluded that conscious repetition of specific responses did not seriously inflate the estimate of test-retest reliability." To put it simply, one's memory of some of the answers does not significantly affect one's score on the Wonderlic.

In 1982, Carl Dodrill conducted a study in which 57 adults were administered the Wonderlic twice over a five-year period. In the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Dodrill reported that the test-retest reliability for the Wonderlic was .94. According to a 1989 article in Psychological Reports, the Wonderlic scored a r=.87 on the reliability scale compared along with the Pearson test score of r=.21.

Validity
In an article written in Psychological Reports, T. Matthews and Kerry Lassiter report that the Wonderlic test "was most strongly associated with overall intellectual functioning," which is what it is purported to measure. However, Matthews and Lassiter did not find the Wonderlic to be a successful measure of fluid and crystallized intelligence, and they stated that "the Wonderlic test scores did not clearly show convergent or divergent validity evidence across these two broad domains of cognitive ability." In academic testing, the Wonderlic test has shown high correlations with aptitude tests such as the General Aptitude Test Battery.

A more recent study by Hicks and colleagues from the Georgia Institute of Technology similarly argued that evidence concerning the test's validity was limited. Their research showed "that Wonderlic has no direct relationship to fluid intelligence once its commonality to working memory capacity is accounted for", and that the Wonderlic "was a significant predictor of working memory capacity for subjects with low fluid intelligence, but failed to discriminate as well among subjects with high fluid intelligence". These findings suggest that the Wonderlic is less informative when administered to higher-than-average ability individuals or groups, meaning there is more measurement error and less practical utility in giving the test to individuals higher in cognitive ability. Partially on this basis, they argued that organizations interested in personnel selection should consider administering measures of established constructs that are grounded in a more theoretical framework, such as fluid intelligence or working memory capacity.

Jordan v. New London
In May 1997, Robert Jordan filed a lawsuit against the city of New London, Connecticut, alleging violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the United States and Connecticut constitutions, in a case that was referred to by several media outlets as "Too Smart To Be A Cop", based on the city's application of scores generated by the Wonderlic test.

Jordan was born and raised in New London, and had previous experience in law enforcement, working as a part-time officer in near-by Groton Long Point, and as a seasonal officer for the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. In fall 1996, Jordan requested an interview with Keith Harrigan, New London's Assistant City Manager in charge of personnel. Harrigan informed Jordan that he was ineligible because he scored too high on the written portion of the Wonderlic test intended to evaluate cognitive ability. New London had decided to consider only applicants who scored between 20 and 27 on the written examination. Jordan scored a 33 on the exam, the equivalent of having an IQ of 125.

Jordan filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, where his case was dismissed by Judge Peter C. Dorsey, who noted: "The guarantee of equal protection under the Fifth Amendment is not a source of substantive rights or liberties, but rather a right to be free from invidious discrimination in statutory classifications and other governmental activity. It is well settled that where a statutory classification does not itself impinge on a right or liberty protected by the Constitution, the validity of the classification must be sustained unless the classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the achievement of [any legitimate government] objective....[Jordan] may have been disqualified unwisely but he was not denied equal protection." The dismissal was upheld on appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

Central tendency of Wonderlic scores
Serving as a quantitative measure for employers, scores are collected by the employers and the applicant's score may be compared to a professional standard, as is the case with security guards or, simply, compared to the scores of other applicants who happen to be applying for the same or similar positions at that time. Each profession has its own, unique, average; therefore, different professions require different standards. Wonderlic, Inc. claims a minimum score of 10 points suggests a person is literate.

Average score in the NFL by position
The Wonderlic test is used in the NFL Scouting Combine. Paul Brown introduced the test to the league in the late 1960s. According to Paul Zimmerman's The New Thinking Man's Guide to Pro Football, the average score of an NFL player by position was: An average football player usually scores around 20 points. Quarterbacks and offensive linemen usually have higher scores. Most teams want at least 21 for a quarterback.
 * Offensive tackle – 26
 * Center – 25
 * Quarterback – 24
 * Guard – 23
 * Tight end – 22
 * Safety – 19
 * Linebacker – 19
 * Cornerback – 18
 * Wide receiver – 17
 * Fullback – 17
 * Halfback – 16

Predictor of success in the NFL
John P. Lopez of Sports Illustrated proposed a 26–27–60 rule to predict a quarterback's success in the NFL (at least a 26 on the Wonderlic, at least 27 college starts, and at least 60% pass completion) and listed several examples of successes and failures based on the rule. A 2005 study by McDonald Mirabile found that there is no significant correlation between a quarterback's Wonderlic score and a quarterback's passer rating, and no significant correlation between a quarterback's Wonderlic score and a quarterback's salary. Similarly, a 2009 study by Brian D. Lyons, Brian J. Hoffman, and John W. Michel found that Wonderlic scores failed to positively and significantly predict future NFL performance, draft position, or the number of games started for any position. Lyons said that Wonderlic's "limited return on investment" for the NFL is contrary to general mental ability being a very strong predictor of job performance for most careers; "because it's so physically based, the results point to that [GMA] really doesn't matter". Donovan McNabb, whose score was the lowest of the five quarterbacks taken in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft, had the longest and most successful career.

The Lyons study also found that the relationship between Wonderlic test scores and future NFL performance was negative for a few positions, indicating the higher a player scores on the Wonderlic test, the worse the player will perform in the NFL. For tight ends and defensive backs, it was found that lower scores indicated increased achievements. According to Pat McInally, who was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fifth round of the 1975 NFL Draft, George Young told him that his perfect score caused him to be selected later than he would have otherwise. NFL reporter Matt Verderame reported that New England Patriots offensive lineman Joe Thuney avoided answering Wonderlic questions so he would not score too high. McInally speculated that "coaches and front-office guys don't like extremes one way or the other, but particularly not on the high side. I think they think guys who are intelligent will challenge authority too much". Mike Florio of Profootballtalk.com agreed with McInally:

"Scoring too high can be as much of a problem as scoring too low. Football coaches want to command the locker room. Being smarter than the individual players makes that easier. Having a guy in the locker room who may be smarter than every member of the coaching staff can be viewed as a problem – or at a minimum as a threat to the egos of the men who hope to be able when necessary to outsmart the players, especially when trying in some way to manipulate them."

Job performance in the NFL also includes deviance. A 2016 study found that the Wonderlic significantly predicted future arrests, referred to as criminal off-duty deviance, with players testing below the league average being almost twice as likely to get arrested in the future as players who scored above the league average.

In popular culture
A simplified and condensed version of the Wonderlic test appeared in older editions of the Madden NFL video game series. The questions usually consist of basic math and English questions. For example, "If Adrian Peterson rushes for 125 yards in a game, how many yards will he have at the end of the season if he keeps up with this pace?". Players have four answers to choose from when taking this version of the test.

title: Wonderlic test


text:
Loraine Braham

Loraine Margaret Braham (born 21 August 1938) is an Australian politician. She was a member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1994 to 2008, representing the electorate of Braitling. She was initially elected as a representative of the Country Liberal Party, serving in that role from 1994 until 2001, but retained her seat as an independent after being disendorsed before the 2001 election. She was the Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2001 to 2005. Braham also served as a minister in the Stone government from 1999 to 2000.

Early years
Braham was born in Victoria, and initially trained as an infant teacher, graduating from the Melbourne Teachers College in 1958. She subsequently spent four years teaching in Melbourne, during which time she married her late husband, Graeme, in 1960. When he finished his military service in 1962, they decided to leave Melbourne and move north. After a short period spent opal mining in Andamooka, South Australia, they settled in Alice Springs. Braham continued working as a teacher for many years, culminating in an eight-year stint as the principal of the Braitling School. While continuing as principal, she also served as an alderman on the Alice Springs Town Council from 1988 to 1994, and completed a Graduate Diploma in Public Sector Executive Management at the Northern Territory University.

From teacher to Speaker

 * }

In 1994, long-serving Country Liberal Party minister Roger Vale announced his resignation as the member for the electorate of Braitling, and Braham decided to nominate in the preselection contest to decide his replacement. She had some difficulty in winning pre-selection, at one point seeking the advice of soon-to-be Chief Minister Shane Stone, but eventually prevailed. As Braitling has usually been a very safe seat for the CLP, Braham was easily elected, and subsequently became the first woman ever to be elected to the Assembly from central Australia.

Braham served out a relatively uneventful first term as a backbencher, but when she attempted to recontest her seat at the 1997 election, she faced an unexpected preselection challenge from local policeman John Elferink. She prevailed, however, and Elferink was given MacDonnell as consolation. She found herself promoted to her first parliamentary appointment immediately after the election, when Stone nominated her as the first ever female Speaker of the Assembly.

Braham's first term as Speaker was not particularly eventful, although some of her rulings from the chair caused a significant falling out with Stone. When Stone faced a leadership crisis in February 1999 and subsequently resigned, it was widely rumoured that Braham's opposition had played a part in his downfall. Stone was replaced as Chief Minister by Denis Burke. Within a week of Burke taking over, he promoted Braham to cabinet as Minister for Local Government, Minister for Housing, Minister for Aboriginal Development and Minister for central Australia, replacing Eric Poole in the ministry. Terry McCarthy succeeded her as Speaker.

Ministerial career
Braham's five years as a backbencher and Speaker had generally been uneventful, but her term as a minister saw mixed results. She was quite prominent as Minister for Central Australia, maintaining a high profile and playing a role in negotiations surrounding the construction of the Adelaide-Darwin railway, overseeing the initiation of "Alice in 10", a major urban renewal project in Alice Springs, and agitating successfully for the construction of a convention centre in Alice Springs, among other achievements.

This contrasted with difficulties in both of her other portfolios. She found herself under attack over the state of public housing in the Territory, and struggled to deal with the substandard living conditions in many remote indigenous communities. There were also some concerns hanging over her performance in central Australia, however, with the Alice Springs News once labelling her the "Minister for Official Openings", and suggesting that she was proving ineffective.

Axing from the Country Liberal Party
With the 2001 election on the distant horizon, Braham made clear her intention to run again. She was initially preselected by the Alice Springs branch of the Country Liberal Party for a third term in Braitling. However, the other decisions of the branch proved to be quite controversial – Elferink was dropped, and prominent Araluen hopeful Jodeen Carney was overlooked. As a result, Elferink wrote a letter to the party's Central Council complaining about the situation, reportedly suggesting that Braham had used proxy votes to stack the Alice Springs branch pre-selection committee, and that five delegates, instead of being elected, had been appointed by Stuart branch president, MP aspirant and Braham staffer Tony Bohning.

The fallout from Elferink's letter was immense. On 25 November 2000, the CLP's central council held a closed-doors meeting, and in a very rare move that was dubbed "the Night of the Long Knives" by the Alice Springs News, overruled most of the Alice Springs branch's preselection decisions. Amidst a swath of other changes, the Council reinstated Elferink, selected Carney for Araluen, and overturned Braham's preselection. Peter Harvey, who had previously been chosen over Carney in Araluen, replaced Braham as CLP candidate in Braitling. In one sudden twist, Braham's career in the legislature appeared to be over. While the CLP had dropped sitting MPs before, Braham was the first sitting CLP minister to lose her preselection.

Burke initially refused to comment on whether Braham would remain in the ministry while serving out her term. However, he sacked Braham from cabinet three days later, with her portfolios being given to backbencher Dr Richard Lim. Speculation then turned to Braham's future; specifically, whether she would contest the seat as an independent. She left the question open for more than two months, until Burke set a deadline—unless Braham announced her intentions by 7 February 2001, she would be banned from the CLP party room. On the day of the deadline, Braham resigned from the CLP, and announced that she would serve out her term as an independent. While it was briefly suggested that Braham would still resign at the election, potentially making way for Alice Springs Mayor Fran Kilgariff to run as an independent, it soon became clear that Braham intended to attempt to retain her seat.

Turning independent
Though she no longer represented the Country Liberal Party, Braham remained an active strongly social conservative voice in the Assembly, as was illustrated when she vocally opposed the holding of a gay and lesbian festival in Alice Springs. However, it was not long before she also broke with her old party and began taking issue with a number of their decisions, such as when she accused the government of neglecting Alice Springs over sports funding. She was also strongly critical of both parties for, she claimed, neglecting areas south of the Berrimah Line.

From the moment Braham declared her intention to run for another term, most analysts tipped that she was in with a strong chance. Shortly before the election, prominent conservative publication The Bulletin suggested that Braham could have stopped campaigning six months before and still been easily re-elected. The eventual result was not as decisive, with Braham narrowly finishing second on first-preference votes of 34%, but she was easily elected on the preferences of the Labor Party.

There was initially some likelihood of a hung parliament, which would have meant that an ALP government would need the support of either Braham or fellow independent Gerry Wood to form government, while the CLP would have needed the support of both. Had this situation arisen, it was widely expected that Braham would nevertheless have supported the CLP, despite her anger at being turfed by her own party. However, the point was made moot when ALP candidate Matthew Bonson won an extremely narrow victory in Millner, allowing the ALP to win government by one seat. While Bonson's win meant that Labor could have appointed one of its MPs as Speaker, new Chief Minister Clare Martin chose to offer Braham the position, which Braham accepted.

Re-emergence as an independent
Braham's second term as Speaker was only marginally more eventful than her first. As both an Alice Springs MP and as Speaker, Braham was instrumental in arranging the first ever sitting of the Assembly in Alice Springs in 2003, which was held in the Convention Centre she had agitated for five years earlier – though she attracted some attention by calling for the resignations of MPs Chris Burns and John Elferink after a highly publicised clash in the Assembly during the Alice Springs sittings. She suspended them both in 2005 as well. She also helped arrange a second round of Alice Springs sittings in 2005. While these were generally acclaimed as being successful, she has also attracted some criticism for her actions as Speaker – most notably when she angered disabled groups by overriding previous arrangements and banning a nude art exhibition dealing with disabled people that was due to be held at Parliament House.

Braham's second stint as Speaker meant that although she was now an independent MP, she was still bound by convention to refrain from debate on most political issues and could not vote in the Assembly except in the extremely rare event of a tie. On a few occasions, she temporarily stood down as Speaker to speak as a regular member or move legislation, as seen in her 2002 Private Member's Bill concerning container deposit legislation and again in March 2005, when she used parliamentary privilege to claim that the head of the Alice Springs hospital had been appointed in breach of regulations (which she was later forced to retract).

Braham ran for another term in parliament at the 2005 election, facing the new endorsed CLP candidate, former councillor and local party figure Michael Jones. Braham had been widely tipped to win another term, but ended up facing a much stronger challenge than most had predicted; the result was not known for several days after the election, and while Braham was eventually declared the winner, she suffered a swing of 4.6 percent. While she had not expressed a preference either way whether she wanted to remain Speaker (in contrast to Deputy Speaker Gerry Wood, who had made clear that he wanted to retain the position), it was widely expected that Braham would continue in office after the election if she retained her seat. However, with Labor winning a comprehensive victory, it had little incentive to keep an independent in the Speaker's chair. Accordingly, Labor nominated former minister Jane Aagaard for the position instead.

Braham has two children, one son and one daughter. She was married to husband Graeme for 41 years, but was widowed in October 2003 when he died unexpectedly of a heart attack.

Braham hosts a weekly radio program called "Share Your Story" on 8CCC.

title: Loraine Braham


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Moralia

The Moralia (Latin for "Morals" or "Customs and Mores"; Ἠθικά, Ethiká) is a group of manuscripts written in Ancient Greek dating from the 10th–13th centuries but traditionally ascribed to the 1st-century scholar Plutarch of Chaeronea. The eclectic collection contains 78 essays and transcribed speeches. They provide insights into Roman and Greek life, but they also include timeless observations. Many generations of Europeans have read or imitated them, including Michel de Montaigne, Renaissance Humanists and Enlightenment philosophers.

General structure
The Moralia include On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander the Great, an important adjunct to Plutarch's Life of the great general; On the Worship of Isis and Osiris, a crucial source of information on Egyptian religious rites; and On the Malice of Herodotus (which may, like the orations on Alexander's accomplishments, have been a rhetorical exercise), in which Plutarch criticizes what he sees as systematic bias in the Histories of Herodotus; along with more philosophical treatises, such as On the Decline of the Oracles, On the Delays of the Divine Vengeance, On Peace of Mind and lighter fare, such as Odysseus and Gryllus ("Bruta animalia ratione uti"), a humorous dialog between Homer's Odysseus and one of Circe's enchanted pigs. The Moralia were composed first, while writing the Lives occupied much of the last two decades of Plutarch's own life.

Some editions of the Moralia include works later understood as pseudepigrapha. Among these are the Lives of the Ten Orators (biographies of the Attic orators based on Caecilius of Calacte), On the Opinions of the Philosophers, On Fate, and On Music. These works are attributed to "Pseudo-Plutarch". Though the thoughts and opinions recorded are not Plutarch's and come from a slightly later era, they are all classical in origin and have value to the historian.

Books
Since the Stephanus edition of 1572, the Moralia have traditionally been arranged in 14 books (listed with English, original Greek, and Latin titles):

 * I. (1a – 86a)
 * 1. On the Education of Children (Περὶ παίδων ἀγωγῆς – De liberis educandis)
 * 2. How the Young Man Should Study Poetry (Πῶς δεῖ τὸν νέον ποιημάτων ἀκούειν – Quomodo adolescens poetas audire debeat)
 * 3. On Hearing (Περὶ τοῦ ἀκούειν – De recta ratione audiendi)
 * 4. How to Tell a Flatterer from a Friend (Πῶς ἄν τις διακρίνοιε τὸν κόλακα τοῦ φίλου – Quomodo adulator ab amico internoscatur)
 * 5. How a Man May Become Aware of his Progress in Virtue (Πῶς ἄν τις αἴσθοιτο ἑαυτοῦ προκόπτοντος ἐπ᾿ ἀρετῇ - Quomodo quis suos in virtute sentiat profectus)
 * II. (86b – 171e)
 * 6. How to Profit by One's Enemies (Πῶς ἄν τις ὑπ᾿ ἐχθρῶν ὠφελοῖτο – De capienda ex inimicis utilitate)
 * 7. On Having Many Friends (Περὶ πολυφιλίας – De amicorum multitudine)
 * 8. On Chance (Περὶ τύχης - De fortuna)
 * 9. On Virtue and Vice (Περὶ ἀρετῆς καὶ κακίας – De virtute et vitio)
 * 10. Letter of Condolence to Apollonius (Παραμυθητικὸς πρὸς Ἀπολλώνιον – Consolatio ad Apollonium)
 * 11. Advice about Keeping Well (Ὑγιεινὰ παραγγέλματα – De tuenda sanitate praecepta)
 * 12. Advice to Bride and Groom (Γαμικὰ παραγγέλματα – Coniugalia praecepta)
 * 13. Dinner of the Seven Wise Men (Ἑπτά σοφῶν συμπόσιον – Septem sapientium convivium)
 * 14. On Superstition (Περὶ δεισιδαιμονίας – De superstitione)
 * III. (172a – 263c)
 * 15. Sayings of Kings and Commanders (Βασιλέων ἀποφθέγματα καὶ στρατηγών – regum et imperatorum apophthegmata)
 * 16. Sayings of the Spartans (Ἀποφθέγματα Λακωνικά – apophthegmata Laconica)
 * 17. Institutions of the Spartans (Τὰ παλαιὰ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ἐπιτηδεύματα – Instituta Laconica)
 * 18. Sayings of the Spartan Women (Λακαινῶν ἀποφθέγματα – Lacaenarum apophthegmata)
 * 19. Virtues of Women (Γυναικῶν ἀρεταί – Mulierum virtutes)
 * IV. (263d – 351b)
 * 20. Roman Questions (Αἴτια Ῥωμαϊκά – Quaestiones Romanae)
 * 21. Greek Questions (Αἴτια Ἑλληνικά – Quaestiones Graecae)
 * 22. Greek and Roman Parallel Stories (Συναγωγὴ ἱστοριῶν παραλλήλων Ἑλληνικῶν καὶ Ρωμαϊκῶν – Parallela minora) (pseudo-Plutarch)
 * 23. On the Fortune of the Romans (Περὶ τῆς Ῥωμαίων τύχης – De fortuna Romanorum)
 * 24. On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander the Great (Περὶ τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου τύχης ἢ ἀρετῆς – De Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute)
 * 25. On the Glory of the Athenians (Πότερον Ἀθηναῖοι κατὰ πόλεμον ἢ κατὰ σοφίαν ἐνδοξότεροι – De gloria Atheniensium)
 * V. (351c – 438e)
 * 26. On Isis and Osiris (Περὶ Ἴσιδος καὶ Ὀσίριδος – De Iside et Osiride)
 * 27. On the epsilon at Delphi (Περὶ τοῦ εἶ τοῦ έν Δελφοῖς – De E apud Delphos, 384e – 394c)
 * 28. Oracles at Delphi no Longer Given in Verse (Περὶ τοῦ μὴ χρᾶν ἔμμετρα νῦν τὴν Πυθίαν – De Pythiae oraculis)
 * 29. On the Obsolescence of Oracles (Περὶ τῶν ἐκλελοιπότων χρηστηρίων – De defectu oraculorum)
 * VI. (439a - 523b)
 * 30. Can Virtue be Taught? (Εἰ διδακτὸν ἡ ἀρετή – An virtus doceri possit)
 * 31. On Moral Virtue (Περὶ ἠθικῆς ἀρετῆς – De virtute morali)
 * 32. On the Control of Anger (Περὶ ἀοργησίας – De cohibenda ira)
 * 33. On Tranquility of Mind (Περὶ εὐθυμίας – De tranquillitate animi)
 * 34. On Brotherly Love (Περὶ φιλαδελφίας – De fraterno amore)
 * 35. On Affection for Offspring (Περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰ ἔγγονα φιλοστοργίας – De amore prolis)
 * 36. Whether Vice is Sufficient to Cause Unhappiness (Εἰ αὐτάρκης ἡ κακία πρὸς κακοδαιμονίαν – An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficiat)
 * 37. Whether Aflictions of the Soul are Worse than Those of the Body (Περὶ τοῦ πότερον τὰ ψυχῆς ἢ τὰ σώματος πάθη χείρονα – Animine an corporis affectiones sint peiores)
 * 38. On Talkativeness (Περὶ ἀδολεσχίας – De garrulitate)
 * 39. On Being a Busybody (Περὶ πολυπραγμοσύνης – De curiositate)
 * VII. (523c – 612b)
 * 40. On Love of Wealth (Περὶ φιλοπλουτίας – De cupiditate divitiarum)
 * 41. On Compliancy (Περὶ δυσωπίας – De vitioso pudore)
 * 42. On Envy and Hate (Περὶ φθόνου καὶ μίσους – De invidia et odio)
 * 43. On Praising Oneself Inoffensively (Περὶ τοῦ ἑαυτὸν ἐπαινεῖν ἀνεπιφθόνως – De laude ipsius)
 * 44. On the Delays of Divine Vengeance (Περὶ τῶν ὑπὸ τοῦ θείου βραδέως τιμωρουμένων – De sera numinis vindicta)
 * 45. On Fate (Περὶ εἰμαρμένης – De fato) (pseudo-Plutarch)
 * 46. On the Sign of Socrates (Περὶ τοῦ Σωκράτους δαιμονίου – De genio Socratis, 575a – 598e)
 * 47. On Exile (Περὶ φυγῆς – De exilio)
 * 48. Consolation to his Wife (Παραμυθητικὸς πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα – Consolatio ad uxorem)
 * VIII. (612c – 748)
 * 49. Table Talk (Συμποσιακά – Quaestiones convivales)
 * IX. (748 – 771)
 * 50. Dialogue on Love (Ἐρωτικός - Amatorius)
 * X. (771e – 854d)
 * 51. Love Stories (Ἐρωτικαὶ διηγήσεις – Amatoriae narrationes)
 * 52. A Philosopher Ought to Converse Especially with Men in Power (Περὶ τοῦ ὅτι μάλιστα τοῖς ἡγεμόσι δεῖ τὸν φιλόσοφον διαλέγεσθαι – Maxime cum principibus philosopho esse disserendum)
 * 53. To an Uneducated Ruler (Πρὸς ἡγεμόνα ἀπαίδευτον – Ad principem ineruditum)
 * 54. Whether an Old Man Should Engage in Public Affairs (Εἰ πρεσβυτέρῳι πολιτευτέον – An seni respublica gerenda sit)
 * 55. Precepts of Statecraft (Πολιτικὰ παραγγέλματα – Praecepta gerendae reipublicae)
 * 56. On Monarchy, Democracy and Oligarchy (Περὶ μοναρχίας καὶ δημοκρατίας καὶ ὀλιγαρχίας – De unius in republica dominatione, populari statu, et paucorum imperio)
 * 57. That we Ought Not to Borrow (Περὶ τοῦ μὴ δεῖν δανείζεσθαι – De vitando aere alieno)
 * 58. Lives of the Ten Orators (Βίοι τῶν δέκα ῥητόρων – Vitae decem oratorum) (pseudo-Plutarch)
 * 59. Comparison between Aristophanes and Menander (Συγκρίσεως Ἀριστοφάνους καὶ Μενάνδρου ἐπιτομή – Comparationis Aristophanis et Menandri compendium)
 * XI. (854e – 919e)
 * 60. On the Malice of Herodotus (Περὶ τῆς Ἡροδότου κακοηθείας – De malignitate Herodoti)
 * 61. On the Opinions of the Philosophers (Περὶ τῶν ἀρεσκόντων φιλοσόφοις φυσικῶν δογμάτων – De placitis philosophorum) (pseudo-Plutarch)
 * 62. Causes of Natural Phenomena (Αἴτια φυσικά – Quaestiones naturales)
 * XII. (920a – 999b)
 * 63. On the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon (Περὶ τοῦ ἐμφαινομένου προσώπου τῷι κύκλῳι τῆς σελήνης – De facie in orbe lunae)
 * 64. On the Principle of Cold (Περὶ τοῦ πρώτως ψυχροῦ – De primo frigido)
 * 65. Whether Fire or Water is More Useful (Περὶ τοῦ πότερον ὕδωρ ὴ πῦρ χρησιμώτερον – Aquane an ignis sit utilior)
 * 66. Whether Land or Sea Animals are Cleverer (Πότερα τῶν ζῴων φρονιμώτερα τὰ χερσαία ἢ τὰ ἔνυδρα – De sollertia animalium)
 * 67. Beasts are Rational (Περὶ τοῦ τὰ ἄλογα λόγῳ χρῆσθαι – Bruta animalia ratione uti)
 * 68. On the Eating of Flesh (Περὶ σαρκοφαγίας – De esu carnium)
 * XIII. (999c - 1086b)
 * 69. Platonic Questions (Πλατωνικὰ ζητήματα – Platonicae quaestiones)
 * 70. On the Birth of the Spirit in Timaeus (Περὶ τῆς ἐν Τιμαίῳ ψυχογονίας – De animae procreatione in Timaeo)
 * 71. Summary of the Birth of the Spirit (Ἐπιτομή τοῦ Περὶ τῆς ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ ψυχογονίας – Epitome libri de animae procreatione in Timaeo)
 * 72. On Stoic Self-Contradictions (Περὶ Στωϊκῶν ἐναντιωμάτων – De Stoicorum repugnantiis)
 * 73. The Stoics Speak More Paradoxically than the Poets (Ὅτι παραδοξότερα οἱ Στωϊκοὶ τῶν ποιητῶν λέγουσιν – Stoicos absurdiora poetis dicere)
 * 74. On Common Conceptions against the Stoics (Περὶ τῶν κοινῶν ἐννοιῶν πρὸς τοὺς Στωϊκούς – De communibus notitiis adversus Stoicos)
 * XIV. (1086c onward)
 * 75. It is Impossible to Live Pleasantly in the Manner of Epicurus (Ὅτι οὐδὲ ἡδέως ζῆν ἔστιν κατ’ Ἐπίκουρον – Non posse suaviter vivi secundum Epicurum)
 * 76. Against Colotes (Πρὸς Κωλώτην – Adversus Colotem)
 * 77. Is the Saying "Live in Obscurity" Right? (Εἰ καλῶς εἴρηται τὸ λάθε βιώσας – An recte dictum sit latenter esse vivendum)
 * 78. On Music (Περὶ μουσικῆς – De musica) (pseudo-Plutarch)

Early manuscripts
"The catalogue is transmitted by a group of Moralia manuscripts, the oldest of which is the Parisinus gr. 1678 (very damaged in the folia containing the list), a copy from the tenth century, on which a second hand of the twelfth century intervened to add the list; see Irigoin (1987: CCCIII–CCGXVIII for introduction and critical edition of the entire catalogue)." (Oikonomopoulou 174) The only surviving manuscript containing all seventy-eight of the extant treatises included in Plutarch's Moralia dates to sometime shortly after 1302 AD.

Modern editions

 * Plutarch. Moralia. Translated by William Watson Goodwin. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1871. 5 vols.
 * Plutarch. Moralia. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt, et al. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press et al., 1927–2004. 16 vols.

Origins dilemma
In his essay "The Symposiacs", Plutarch discusses the famous problem of the chicken and the egg. Although Plutarch was not the first person to discuss the problem (Aristotle had already discussed it hundreds of years before Plutarch), he was the first person to put the question into its modern form.

On reincarnation
Included in Moralia is a letter addressed by Plutarch to his wife, bidding her not give way to excessive grief at the death of their two-year-old daughter, who was named Timoxena after her mother. In the letter, Plutarch expresses his belief in reincarnation:

"The soul, being eternal, after death is like a caged bird that has been released. If it has been a long time in the body, and has become tame by many affairs and long habit, the soul will immediately take another body and once again become involved in the troubles of the world. The worst thing about old age is that the soul's memory of the other world grows dim, while at the same time its attachment to things of this world becomes so strong that the soul tends to retain the form that it had in the body. But that soul which remains only a short time within a body, until liberated by the higher powers, quickly recovers its fire and goes on to higher things."

On the intellect
Mind or Nous (,, Greek: νοῦς) is a philosophical term for intellect. In Moralia, Plutarch agrees with Plato that the soul is more divine than the body while nous is more divine than the soul. The mix of soul and body produces pleasure and pain; the conjunction of mind and soul produces reason which is the cause or the source of virtue and vice.

Early humanist editions
Erasmus of Rotterdam is credited with a prominent role in the dissemination of the Moralia since the early 1500s. He has accessed the Moralia the first time while being an assistant to Demetrius Ducas in Venice. He and Girolamo Aleandro served as the proofreaders of a Greek edition of the Moralia which was published by the Italian printer Aldus Manutius in March 1509. When Erasmus then left Venice for England, he took one book with him. He then began to translate it into Latin in Cambridge 1511. Erasmus published several chapters of the Moralia in England, until the complete Moralia with eight chapters was published in August 1514 in Basel by Johann Froben. By Jorge Leto it is suggested that six chapters were published earlier in late 1513 or early 1514 by Badius Ascensius. The translation of Erasmus saw five editions printed by Froben between 1514 and 1520.

title: Moralia


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Todd Brendan Fahey

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 00:30, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Todd Brendan Fahey
I honestly don't know quite what to make of this one. An internet kook? Legit author? Please help decide. He gets a fair number of google hits, but they tend to be either self-promotion, a bunch of self-referential blogs, mentions of what seems to be a vanity-press book he wrote on kook websites, notices alleging that he has engaged in libel, or mirrors of his "article" here, which has been the target of repeated vandalism. To me, it looks as though it doesn't add up to much. I would say delete unless someone makes a compelling argument otherwise. In any case the article needs a lot of work if it is to be kept - much of the information seems unverifiable. Fawcett5 13:11, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Undecided at the moment. The book is real... at least, it's on Amazon and has reviews, but the Amazon sales rank is well under the 1 million mark.  What I'd like to know is whether it was legitimately published or was it vanity-press (Far Gone Books doesn't sound like one) or self-published? Does anybody know that with a reasonable amount of certainty?  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  14:25, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Far Gone Books is a publisher created by the author.  Sales rank is 1,111,784 on Amazon, and it's a copyvio.  The anon's are defending it via removing copyvio and vfd notices, which also pushes me towards delete..  Non-encyclopedic.  Non-notable. Wikibofh 14:38, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I removed the copyvio notice. Biography.ms turns out to be a GFDL non-compliant wikipedia mirror. Fawcett5 14:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah...nice catch. I'll need to remember that for the future.  No impact on my vote.  :) Wikibofh 14:48, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as it seems to be a POV piece, possibly from the man himself. Not-notable. Kel-nage 14:45, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Unfortunately, Mr. Fahey is "uknown". I've heard claims that he has authored two other books, but no-one seems to know what they are. I am in agreement with Kel-nage; this space would be better spent on more informative articles and not self-aggrandizement. Peace.--Venerable Bede 14:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. He is a legitimate freelance writer, but this article seems like another example of "shameless self-promotion" (to quote his website). Furthermore, the information presented seems unverifiable, and don't read to much into that "professor of English" claim in South Korea. It may mean he teaches English to Koreans, and you don't need a masters degree to do that. --Scimitar 15:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete!! I'm still laughing at that entry.  To remove such delight from the web would be a crime against humanity.  Surely, TBF is the messiah!!
 * Vote by User:Polichinello. 2 total edits.  Smells like Sockpuppet. Wikibofh 16:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, no!! I've been outed as a "sockpuppet" for Todd Brendan Fahey!  The horror.  The horror. I might wind up like Hercules!--Polichinello.

 * Delete. --Calton | Talk 16:19, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Soi Cowboy | No one needs to read another Hunter Thompson wannabe without any talent, other than shameless self promotion. Paranoic drool from a disturbed mind.  A cursory read of the man's postings and interviews reveals a very disturbed mind, as well as one with severe delusions of grandeur.
 * Weak Delete I think this is more promotion (either self or someone who really likes him) than anything, but I'm willing ot be convinced otherwise. --Xcali 16:37, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete self-promotion CDC   (talk)  18:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why the constant vandalism from this page's beginning?
 * Delete. I'm sorry that Mr. Fahey has emotional issues, but that doesn't give him the right to use Wikipedia as part of his self-esteem therapy. Non-encyclopedic. Non-notable. Self-promoting vanity. 69.41.173.145 21:25, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. — Phil Welch 00:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. --Etacar11 00:45, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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