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Antigua

Antigua, also known as Waladli or Wadadli by the local population, is an island in the Lesser Antilles. It is one of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region and the most populous island of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua and Barbuda became an independent state within the Commonwealth of Nations on 1 November 1981.

The island's perimeter is roughly 87 km and its area 281 km2. Its population was 83,191 (at the 2011 Census). The economy is mainly reliant on tourism, with the agricultural sector serving the domestic market.

Over 22,000 people live in the capital city, St. John's. The capital is situated in the north-west and has a deep harbour which is able to accommodate large cruise ships. Other leading population settlements are All Saints (3,412) and Liberta (2,239), according to the 2001 census.

English Harbour on the south-eastern coast provides one of the largest deep water, protected harbors in the Eastern Caribbean. It is the site of UNESCO World Heritage Site Nelson's Dockyard, a restored British colonial naval station named after Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson. English Harbour and the neighbouring village of Falmouth are yachting and sailing destinations and provisioning centres. During Antigua Sailing Week, at the end of April and beginning of May, an annual regatta brings a number of sailing vessels and sailors to the island to take part in sporting events. Every December for the past 60 years, Antigua has been home to one of the largest charter yacht shows, welcoming super-yachts from around the world.

Etymology
Antigua means "ancient" or "old" in Spanish. In 1493, Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, named the island Santa María de la Antigua. Some sources claim Columbus named the island after a church in Seville called ''Santa María de la Antigua.   '' However, there is no church by that name in Seville. Columbus may have actually named the island in honor of the Santa María de la Antigua chapel in Seville Cathedral, or more specifically in honor of the iconic mural Virgen de la Antigua (or Santa María de la Antigua) in Seville Cathedral.

The name Waladli comes from the island's indigenous inhabitants and means approximately "our own".

Early Antiguans
The first inhabitants were the Guanahatabey people. Eventually, the Arawak migrated from the mainland, followed by the Carib. Prior to European colonization, Christopher Columbus was the first European to visit Antigua, in 1493.

The Arawak were the first well-documented group of indigenous people to settle Antigua. They paddled to the island by canoe (piragua) from present-day Venezuela, pushed out by the Carib, another indigenous people. The Arawak introduced agriculture to Antigua and Barbuda. Among other crops, they cultivated the Antiguan "black" pineapple. They also grew corn, sweet potatoes (white with firmer flesh than the bright orange "sweet potato" grown in the United States), chili peppers, guava, tobacco, and cotton.

Some of the vegetables listed, such as corn and sweet potatoes, continue to be staples of Antiguan cuisine. Colonists took them to Europe, and from there, they spread around the world. For example, a popular Antiguan dish, dukuna, is a sweet, steamed dumpling made from grated sweet potatoes, flour and spices. Another staple, fungi, is a cooked paste made of cornmeal and water.

Most of the Arawak left Antigua about A.D. 1100. Those who remained were raided by the Carib coming from Venezuela. According to The Catholic Encyclopedia, the Caribs' superior weapons and seafaring prowess allowed them to defeat most Arawak nations in the West Indies. They enslaved some and cannibalised others. Watson points out that the Caribs had a much more warlike culture than the Arawak.

The indigenous people of the West Indies built excellent sea vessels, which they used to sail the Atlantic and Caribbean resulting in much of the South American and the Caribbean islands being populated by the Arawak and Carib. Their descendants live throughout South America, particularly Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia. According to A Brief History of the Caribbean, infectious diseases introduced from Europe, high rates of malnutrition and enslavement led to a rapid population decline among the Caribbean's native population. There are some differences of opinions as to the relative importance of these causes.

British

Christopher Columbus named the island "Antigua" in 1493 in honour of the "Virgin of the Old Cathedral" (La Virgen de la Antigua) found in Seville Cathedral in southern Spain. On his 1493 voyage, honouring a vow, he named many islands after different aspects of St. Mary, including Montserrat and Guadeloupe.

In 1632, a group of English colonists left St Kitts to settle on Antigua. Christopher Codrington, an Englishman, established the first permanent English settlement on the island. Antigua rapidly developed as a profitable sugar colony. For a large portion of Antigua's history, the island was considered Britain's "Gateway to the Caribbean". It was on the major sailing routes among the region's resource-rich colonies. Lord Horatio Nelson, a major figure in Antigua's history, arrived in the late 18th century to defend the island's commercial shipping prowess.

Slavery

Sugar became Antigua's main crop in about 1674, when Christopher Codrington (c. 1640–1698) settled at Betty's Hope plantation. He came from Barbados, bringing the latest sugar technology with him. Betty's Hope, Antigua's first full-scale sugar plantation, was so successful that other planters turned from tobacco to sugar. This resulted in their importing slaves to work the sugar cane crops.

According to A Brief History of the Caribbean, many West Indian colonists initially tried to use locals as slaves. These groups succumbed easily to disease and/or malnutrition, and died by the thousands. The enslaved Africans adapted better to the new environment and thus became the number-one choice of unpaid labour; they also provided medical services and skilled labour, including carpentry, for their masters. However, the West African slave population in the Caribbean also had a high mortality rate, which was offset by regular imports of very high numbers of new slaves from West and Central Africa.

Sugar cane was one of the most gruelling and dangerous crops slaves were forced to cultivate. Harvesting cane required backbreaking long days in sugar cane fields under the hot island sun. Sugar cane spoiled quickly after harvest, and the milling process was slow and inefficient, forcing the mill and boiling house to operate 24 hours a day during harvest season. Sugar mills and boiling houses were two of the most dangerous places for slaves to work on sugar plantations. In mills wooden or metal rollers were used to crush cane plants and extract the juices. Slaves were at risk of getting their limbs stuck and ripped off in the machines. Similarly, in sugar boiling houses slaves worked under extremely high temperatures and at the risk of being burned in the boiling sugar mixture or getting their limbs stuck.

Today, collectors prize the uniquely designed colonial furniture built by West Indian slaves. Many of these works feature what are now considered "traditional" motifs, such as pineapples, fish and stylized serpents.

By the mid-1770s, the number of slaves had increased to 37,500, up from 12,500 in 1713. The white population, in contrast, had fallen from 5,000 to below 3,000. The slaves lived in wretched and overcrowded conditions and could be mistreated or even killed by their owners with impunity. The Slave Act of 1723 made arbitrary murder of slaves a crime, but did not do much to ease their lives.

Unrest against enslavement among the island's enslaved population became increasingly common. In 1729, a man named Hercules was hung, drawn and quartered and three others were burnt alive, for conspiring to kill the slave owner Nathaniel Crump and his family. In 1736, an enslaved man called "Prince Klaas" (whose slave name was Court) allegedly planned to incite a slave rebellion on the island. Court was crowned "King of the Coromantees" in a pasture outside the capital of St. John's. The coronation appeared to be just a colourful spectacle but was, for the enslaved people, a ritual declaration of war on the colonists. From information obtained from other slaves, the colonists discovered the plot and implemented a brutal crackdown on suspected rebels. Prince Klaas and four accomplices were caught and executed on the breaking wheel. (However, some doubts exist about Court's guilt.) Six of the rebels were hanged in chains and starved to death, and another 58 were burnt at the stake. The site of these executions is now the Antiguan Recreation Ground.

The American War of Independence in the late 18th century disrupted the Caribbean sugar trade. At the same time, public opinion in Great Britain gradually turned against slavery. "Traveling ... at slavery's end, [Joseph] Sturge and [Thomas] Harvey (1838 ...) found few married slaves residing together or even on the same estate. Slaveholders often counted as 'married' only those slaves with mates on the estate." Great Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807, and all existing slaves were emancipated in 1834.

Horatio, Lord Nelson
Horatio Nelson (who was created 1st Viscount Nelson in 1801) was Senior Naval Officer of the Leeward Islands from 1784 to 1787 on HMS Boreas (1774). During his tenure, he tried to enforce the Navigation Acts. These acts prohibited trade with the newly formed United States of America. Most of the merchants in Antigua depended upon trading with the USA, so many of them despised Captain Nelson. As a result, he was unable to get a promotion for some time after his stint on the island.

Unlike the Antiguan merchants, Nelson had a positive view of the controversial Navigation Acts:

"The Americans were at this time trading with our islands, taking advantage of the register of their ships, which had been issued while they were British subjects. Nelson knew that, by the Navigation Act, no foreigners, directly or indirectly, are permitted to carry on any trade with these possessions. He knew, also, that the Americans had made themselves foreigners with regard to England; they had disregarded the ties of blood and language when they acquired the independence which they had been led on to claim, unhappily for themselves, before they were fit for it; and he was resolved that they should derive no profit from those ties now. Foreigners they had made themselves, and as foreigners they were to be treated." Nelson said: "The Antiguan Colonists are as great rebels as ever were in America, had they the power to show it."

A dockyard started in 1725, to provide a base for a squadron of British ships whose main function was to patrol the West Indies and thus maintain Britain's sea power, was later named "Nelson's Dockyard" in his honour.

While Nelson was stationed on Antigua, he frequently visited the nearby island of Nevis, where he met and married a young widow, Fanny Nisbet, who had previously married the son of a plantation family on Nevis.

1918 labour unrest
Following the foundation of the Ulotrichian Universal Union, a friendly society which acted as a trade union (which were banned), the sugar cane workers were ready to confront the plantation owners when they slashed their wages. The cane workers went on strike and rioted when their leaders were arrested.

Independence
In 1967, with Barbuda and the tiny island of Redonda, Antigua became an associated state of the Commonwealth, and in November 1981 it was disassociated from Britain.

U.S. government presence
Commissioned, 9 August 1956, the Naval Facility (NAVFAC) Antigua was one of the shore terminal stations that were part of the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS), which were used to track Soviet submarines. NAVFAC Antigua was decommissioned 4 February 1984.

From 1958 through 1960 the United States installed the Missile Impact Location System (MILS) in the Atlantic Missile Range, later the Eastern Range, to localize the splashdowns of test missile nose cones. MILS was developed and installed by the same entities that had completed the first phase of the Atlantic SOSUS system. A MILS installation consisting of both a target array for precision location and a broad ocean area system for good positions outside the target area was installed at Antigua, 1300 nmi downrange. The island was the second downrange MILS installation with the furthest being 4400 nmi downrange at Ascension Island.

Until July 7, 2015, the United States Air Force maintained a small base near the airport, designated Detachment 1, 45th Operations Group, 45th Space Wing (known as Antigua Air Station). The mission provided high rate telemetry data for the Eastern Range and its space launches. The unit was deactivated due to US government budget cuts and the property given to the Antiguan Government.

Census data
These figures do not include the island of Barbuda.

Source:

Geography
Located in the Leeward Islands, Antigua has an area of 281 km2 with 87 km of coastline. The island is reputed to possess 365 beaches, one for every day of the year. The highest elevation on the island is 402 m.

Various natural points, capes, and beaches around the island include: Boon Point, Beggars Point, Parham, Willikies, Hudson Point, English Harbour Town, Old Road Cape, Johnson's Point, Ffryes Point, Jennings, Five Islands, and Yepton Beach, and Runaway Beach.

Several natural harbours are formed by these points and capes, including: Fitches Creek Bay, between Beggars Point and Parham; Nonsuch Bay between Hudson Point and Willikies; Willoughby Bay, between Hudson Point and English Harbour Town; English Harbour leading into English Harbour Town; Falmouth Harbour recessing into Falmouth; Rendezvous Bay between Falmouth and Old Road Cape; Five Islands Harbour, between Jennings and Five Islands; and Green Bay, the main harbour at St. John's, between Yepton Beach and Runaway Beach.

Fauna
The Antiguan racer is among the rarest snakes in the world. The Lesser Antilles are home to four species of racers. All four have undergone severe range reductions; at least two subspecies are extinct and another, Alsophis antiguae, now occupies only 0.1 per cent of its historical range.

Griswold's ameiva (Ameiva griswoldi) is a species of lizard in the genus Ameiva. It is endemic to Antigua and Barbuda. It is found on both islands.

Administrative divisions
The island is divided into six civil parishes: St. George, Saint Peter, Saint Philip, Saint Paul, Saint Mary, and Saint John. The parishes have no type of local government.

Economy
The country's official currency is the East Caribbean dollar. Given the dominance of tourism, many prices in tourist-oriented businesses are shown in US dollars. The EC dollar is pegged to the US dollar at a varied rate and averages about US$1 = EC$2.7.

Tourism
Antigua's economy relies largely on tourism, and the island is promoted as a luxury Caribbean escape. Many hotels and resorts are located around the coastline. The island's single airport, VC Bird Airport, is served by several major airlines, including Virgin Atlantic, British Airways, American Airlines, United Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Caribbean Airlines, Air Canada, WestJet, and JetBlue. There is regular air service to Barbuda.

Education
Antigua has two international primary/secondary schools: CCSET International, which offers the Ontario Secondary School Diploma, and Island Academy, which offers the International Baccalaureate. There are also many other private schools but these institutions tend to follow the same local curriculum (CXCs) as government schools.

The island of Antigua currently has two foreign-owned for-profit offshore medical schools, the American University of Antigua (AUA), founded in 2004, and The University of Health Sciences Antigua (UHSA), founded in 1982. The island's medical schools cater mostly to foreign students but contribute to the local economy and health care.

Online gambling
Antigua was one of the first nations to legalize, license, and regulate online gambling and is a primary location for incorporation of online gambling companies. Some countries, most notably the United States, argue that if a particular gambling transaction is initiated outside the country of Antigua and Barbuda, then that transaction is governed by the laws of the country where the transaction was initiated. This argument was brought before the WTO and was deemed incorrect.

In 2006, the United States Congress voted to approve the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act which criminalized the operations of offshore gambling operators which take wagers from American-based gamblers. This was a prima facie violation of the GATS treaty obligations enforced by the WTO, resulting in a series of rulings unfavourable to the US.

On 21 December 2007, an Article 22 arbitration panel ruled that the United States' failure to comply with WTO rules would attract a US$21 million sanction.

The WTO ruling was notable in two respects:

First, although technically a victory for Antigua, the $21 million was far less than the US$3.5 billion which had been sought; one of the three arbitrators was sufficiently bothered by the propriety of this that he issued a dissenting opinion.

Second, a rider to the arbitration ruling affirmed the right of Antigua to take retaliatory steps in view of the prior failure of the US to comply with GATS. These included the rare, but not unprecedented, right to disregard intellectual property obligations to the US.

Antigua's obligations to the US in respect of patents, copyright, and trademarks are affected. In particular, Berne Convention copyright is in question, and also material not covered by the Berne convention, including TRIPS accord obligations to the US. Antigua may thus disregard the WIPO treaty on intellectual property rights, and therefore the US implementation of that treaty (the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, or DMCA)—at least up to the limit of compensation.

Since there is no appeal to the WTO from an Arbitration panel of this kind, it represents the last legal word from the WTO on the matter. Antigua is therefore able to recoup some of the claimed loss of trade by hosting (and taxing) companies whose business model depends on immunity from TRIPS provisions.

Software company SlySoft was based in Antigua, allowing it to avoid nations with laws that are tough on anti-circumvention of technological copyright measures, in particular the DMCA in the United States.

Banking
Swiss American Bank Ltd., later renamed Global Bank of Commerce, Ltd, was formed in April 1983 and became the first offshore international financial institution governed by the International Business Corporations, Act of 1982 to become a licensed bank in Antigua. The bank was later sued by the United States for failure to release forfeited funds from one of its account holders. Swiss American Bank was founded by Bruce Rappaport.

Established in June 1994 as the East European International Bank, the European Union Bank (EUB) (Банк Европейского Союза (БЕС)), which was Antigua's first internet bank and was associated with Alex Konanykhin, who had business interests with numerous senior KGB officials, was shut down in 1996 by Antiguan authorities because the bank had failed to file its 1994 audit and was placed in receivership on 8 August 1997 with two Russians listed as bank directors, Vitali Papsuev (Виталий Папсуев) and Sergei Ushakov (Сергей Ушаков).

Stanford International Bank was formed by Allen Stanford in 1986 in Montserrat where it was called Guardian International Bank. On 17 February 2009, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged Allen Stanford, Laura Pendergest-Holt and James Davis with fraud  in connection with the bank's US$8 billion certificate of deposit (CD) investment scheme that offered "improbable and unsubstantiated high interest rates". This led the federal government to freeze the assets of the bank and other Stanford entities. On 27 February 2009, Pendergest-Holt was arrested by federal agents in connection with the alleged fraud. On that day, the SEC said that Stanford and his accomplices operated a "massive Ponzi scheme", misappropriated billions of investors' money and falsified the Stanford International Bank's records to hide their fraud. "Stanford International Bank's financial statements, including its investment income, are fictional," the SEC said.

Antigua Overseas Bank (AOB) was part of the ABI Financial Group and was a licensed bank in Antigua. On 13 April 2012, AOB was placed into receivership by the government of Antigua.

On 27 November 2018, Scotiabank, the leading commercial bank on the island, announced plans to sell its banking operations in Antigua and 9 other non-core Caribbean markets to Republic Financial Holdings Limited.

Sport
The major Antiguan sport is cricket. Vivian ("Viv") Richards is one of the most famous Antiguans, who played for, and captained, the West Indies cricket team. Richards scored the fastest Test century at the Antigua Recreation Ground. What's more Brian Lara twice broke the world record for an individual Test innings at the ARG, scoring 375 in 1993/94 and 400 not out in 2003/04. The ARG was replaced by a new cricketing arena, dubbed the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium, constructed in time for the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Both football (soccer) and basketball are becoming popular among the island youth. There are several golf courses in Antigua. Daniel Bailey was the first athlete to win a global world medal at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships.

Being surrounded by water, sailing is one of the most popular sports with Antigua Sailing Week and Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta being two of the region's most reputable sailing competitions. Hundreds of yachts from around the world compete around Antigua each year. Sport fishing is also a very popular sport with several big competitions held yearly. Windsurfing was very popular until kite-surfing came to the island. Kitesurfing or kite-boarding is very popular at Jabbawock Beach.

Notable residents

 * Curtly Ambrose, West-Indian cricketer
 * Puff Daddy, American rapper and producer moved to Antigua in 2024
 * Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer; owns a home near Deep Bay
 * Calvin Ayre, billionaire founder of internet gambling company Bodog Entertainment Group
 * Silvio Berlusconi, former Italian Prime Minister
 * Richard Branson, Virgin Atlantic mogul
 * Mehul Choksi, an Indian alleged scamster, diamond merchant and owner of Gitanjali Jewelers
 * Eric Clapton, established an Antiguan drug treatment centre; has a home on the south of the island
 * Melvin Claxton, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist
 * Timothy Dalton, actor of James Bond fame
 * Heather Doram, artist, activist and educator, who designed the Antiguan and Barbudan national costume.
 * Ken Follett, the author of Eye of the Needle, owns a house on Jumby Bay
 * Marie-Elena John, Antiguan writer and former African Development Foundation specialist. Her debut novel, Unburnable, was selected Best Debut of 2006 by Black Issues Book Review
 * S. D. Jones, professional wrestler known as "Special Delivery Jones" in the WWE in the 1970s and 1980s
 * Phil Keoghan, host of The Amazing Race, lived here during part of his childhood
 * Jamaica Kincaid, novelist famous for her writings about life on Antigua. Her 1988 book A Small Place was banned under the Vere Bird administration
 * Robin Leach of Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous fame.
 * Archibald MacLeish, poet and (U.S.) Librarian of Congress.
 * Rachel Lambert Mellon, horticulturist and philanthropist, has owned a compound in Antigua's Half Moon Bay since the 1950s.
 * Fred Olsen (1891–1986), inventor of the ball propellant manufacturing process
 * Mary Prince, abolitionist and autobiographer, who wrote The History of Mary Prince (1831), the first account of the life of a Black woman to be published in the United Kingdom.
 * Viv Richards, West Indian cricket legend; the Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua was named in his honour
 * Richie Richardson, former West-Indies cricket team captain
 * Andy Roberts, the first Antiguan to play Test cricket for the West Indies. He was a member of the West Indies teams that won the 1975 and 1979 World Cups.
 * Sheila Roseau, women´s rights advocate
 * Andriy Mykolayovych Shevchenko, former Ukrainian footballer and politician.
 * Peter Stringfellow, British nightclub owner
 * Thomas J. Watson Jr., CEO of IBM
 * Oprah Winfrey, talk-show host

title: Antigua


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SS Polarlys

SS Polarlys was a Hurtigruten coastal passenger/cargo steamer built in 1912. She was seized by the Germans during the Second World War, and served several stints in the Kriegsmarine. Having resumed her Hurtigruten service after the war until 1951, and in 1952 she was renamed Sylvia. At the same year, she was transferred to the Royal Norwegian Navy, and served under the name HNoMS Valkyrien as a motor torpedo boat tender between 1953 and 1963.

Ship history
The ship was built by Burmeister & Wain at Copenhagen for the Bergen Steamship Company. She was designed for their coastal service, and as a replacement for the ship Astraea, which had sunk in January 1910. Named Polarlys ("Aurora"), the ship was launched on 10 January 1912, and delivered in April 1912.

At 1,069 gross register tons and 536 tons deadweight Polarlys was 208 feet long with 65 first class cabins, 32 second class, and 44 third class. Her triple expansion steam engines developed 1,473 IHP, and during sea trials she attained a maximum speed of 13.45 knots. She was refitted in 1930 and the number of cabins reduced. Polarlys was in Bergen on 9 April 1940 when the Germans captured the town and was soon taken over by the Kriegsmarine for use as an accommodation ship. They painted the name Satan on the ship, but was later changed to simply Tan. She was returned to her owners in December 1940, but was requisitioned by the Germans once again in October and November 1944 for use as a troop transport as they retreated from northern Norway. In March 1945, the ship laid up at Stamnes in the Osterfjord and remained there until the end of the war in Europe.

After a refit Polarlys returned to the coastal service in July 1945. However she was now showing her age, and was withdrawn from service on 12 October 1951. Laid up in Bergen, she was renamed Sylvia in April 1952, releasing the name for a new ship which was built in Ålborg same year.

As Valkyrien
On 1 July 1952 the ship was bought by the Royal Norwegian Navy, converted to a motor torpedo boat tender at the Bergen Mekaniske Verksted yard at Laksevåg, and was commissioned as Valkyrien in June 1953.

In connection with a rescue operation in 1956 in the Arctic the ship was outfitted with a Bell helicopter. She had a displacement of 1,500 tons and a top speed of 12 kn. She had a crew of 76 and was armed with one 3-inch and three 40 mm guns.

She remained in naval service until 1963, and was sold for scrapping in Odense the following year.

In literary fiction
SS Polarlys was the backdrop of the first detective novel Georges Simenon (of Maigret fame) ever signed with his real name instead of a pseudonym. In this non-Maigret novel (French title Le Passager du Polarlys) the ship's captain (whose character is not unlike Maigret) has to turn detective after a German police investigator has been murdered on board his ship, in connection with the drug-related death of a young model in the Montparnasse painters and drop-outs Parisian community of the roaring twenties. The whole story unfolds during the trip from Hamburg (then the start of the Bergen Steamship Company arm of the Hurtigruten) to the northern Hurtigruten terminal in Kirkenes where the criminal commits suicide by jumping overboard, while his female accomplice (and sister) attempts escape to Soviet Union (then without extradition agreements with capitalist western countries).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SS Polarlys


text:
Thermal expansivities of the elements

CRC
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals
 * Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975.

CR2
As quoted in an online version of: which further refers to:
 * David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
 * Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A. Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A. Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173.
 * McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A. Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411.

LNG
As quoted from this source in an online version of: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.1, Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements
 * Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, Plenum, New York, 1975.

WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
 * D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
 * A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
 * G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
 * J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.

title: Thermal expansivities of the elements


text:
New York State Route 390

New York State Route 390 (NY 390) is a north–south state highway located along the western edge of the city of Rochester, New York, in the United States. The route, a controlled-access northward continuation of Interstate 390 (I-390), extends for 8.00 mi from I-490 in Gates to the Lake Ontario State Parkway in Greece, less than 1 mi from the Lake Ontario shoreline. Between I-490 and NY 104, NY 390 makes up the north–south segment of the northwest quadrant of the Rochester Outer Loop, a series of freeways encircling Rochester. At NY 104, the Outer Loop departs NY 390 and follows NY 104 east into the city.

The freeway was constructed in stages from the 1960s to the 1980s, with the first segment—between I-490 and NY 31—opening to traffic c. 1963. At the time, it was part of NY 47, which followed the completed portions of the Outer Loop from Gates to Irondequoit. An extension of the freeway north to U.S. Route 104 (US 104; now NY 104) was opened to traffic in the early 1970s. NY 47 was eliminated in 1980, giving way to NY 390 from I-490 to NY 104. NY 390 was extended to its current length in the early 1980s.

Route description
NY 390 begins at the point where I-390 northbound crosses over I-490 eastbound in the center of a complex interchange between the two in Gates. Due to the setup of the junction, the northbound and southbound roadways, both two lanes wide, are initially set about 250 yd apart. The highway heads through the remainder of the exit, passing over the left exit ramp from I-490 west to I-390 south heading northbound and under the ramp linking I-490 east to NY 390 north southbound and crossing over I-490 westbound. North of the junction, the median narrows to a more standard width as NY 390 widens to six lanes and connects to NY 31 (Lyell Avenue). The expressway proceeds north through neighborhoods equally residential and industrial, crossing over both the former right-of-way of the CSX Transportation-owned Falls Road Secondary Track and the Erie Canal prior to meeting Lexington Avenue via a modified trumpet interchange.

From Lexington Avenue, where NY 390 passes into the town of Greece, north to NY 104, NY 390 runs parallel to the western edge of Eastman Business Park, the large production and distribution complex owned and maintained by Eastman Kodak. Midway between the Lexington Avenue and West Ridge Road exits, NY 390 encounters Ridgeway Avenue via a partial diamond interchange. Just north of Ridgeway Avenue, the expressway crosses a small, narrow strip of land that lies within the Rochester city limits, a carryover from when the Erie Canal occupied this tract and entered the city decades before. North of the strip, NY 390 curves to the northeast, passing along the west side of the industrial park and the eastern edge of a residential yet wooded area to reach NY 104. Heading northbound, it splits into two halves, with exit 24A connecting to NY 104 east and exit 24B linking to NY 104 west.

Past NY 104, the roadway surface shifts from pavement to concrete as the freeway heads generally northward through primarily residential neighborhoods. This section northwards to the Lake Ontario State Parkway is designated the "Assemblyman Roger J. Robach Memorial Lakeway" by state law. The next exit, with Vintage Lane 1.5 mi to the north-northeast of NY 104, is the highway's last as a six-lane freeway. Here, it narrows to four lanes—two in both directions—before continuing onward to meet NY 18 (Latta Road) at a conventional diamond interchange. At this point, all commercial vehicles are forced to exit NY 390 due to a similar restriction on the Lake Ontario State Parkway 1 mi to the north. Outside of a small pocket of development near Greece Arcadia High and Middle Schools, the remainder of the freeway crosses open, sparsely developed areas of Greece. NY 390 curves to the northeast for its final 0.5 mi before ending at a trumpet interchange with the parkway 1 mi from the shore of Lake Ontario.

History
The 2 mi segment of the Rochester Outer Loop between NY 33A and NY 31 was completed c. 1963. It was originally designated as part of NY 47, which had followed the parallel Howard Road to the west prior to the freeway's construction. Work on an extension north to US 104 (now NY 104) began in the mid-1960s and was completed in the early 1970s. The freeway officially became part of NY 47 on January 1, 1970, when the route was extended northward over the then-proposed Outer Loop to a new terminus at the Lake Ontario State Parkway. In actuality, however, NY 47 never extended any farther north than NY 104, which served as the freeway's northern terminus throughout the 1970s.

In the late 1970s, the state of New York submitted a proposal to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials that would substantially alter how the Outer Loop was numbered. As part of the plan, the NY 47 designation would be eliminated while the northwestern section of the Outer Loop—from I-490 in Gates to the proposed northern terminus at the Lake Ontario Parkway in Greece—would become the northernmost part of I-390. Most of the proposed changes took effect on March 18, 1980, when NY 47 was eliminated; however, I-390 was modified to end at its junction with I-490. In its place, the Gates–Greece leg of the Outer Loop was assigned NY 390. The NY 390 designation was extended northward to its current terminus in the early 1980s when the segment of the Outer Loop between NY 104 and the Lake Ontario State Parkway was completed.

The highway began experiencing dramatic increases in traffic, especially after the highway was extended to the Lake Ontario State Parkway post 1980's. As Greece and towns on the northwest side of Rochester have expanded, NY-390 emerged as the primary highway link southward. The interchange of NY/I-390 and I-490 currently serves over 200,000 cars daily — compared to 25,000 when it was designed and opened in the 1960s — and regularly has heavy congestion during the morning and evening rush hours. Major slowdowns on 390 are often influenced by the interchange at 490 and Lyell Avenue.

Starting in 2010, the New York State Department of Transportation began soliciting ideas on how to improve the junction. The overall project includes four phases, with $150 million in state and federal funding. The project launched in May 2017, with the replacement of the (NY-31) Lyell Avenue Bridge (which was completed in July 2018).

Exit list
Exit numbers continue sequentially from those of Interstate 390.

title: New York State Route 390


text:
Talk:Antigua (disambiguation)

Untitled
I'm moving Antigua here, since there are about 100 links here, which all refer to Antigua of Antigua and Bardbuda. Link to disambig page on Antigua and Barbuda and on Antigua is placed. --Dryazan 13:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antigua (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Thermal expansivities of the elements

This page is intended as an authoritative data collection with citation of sources, that may be cited as a central reference by other articles (such as for the chemical elements). Femto 13:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Sortable Table?
I think it would be really helpful to rearrange the table into a sortable wikitable - to quickly show the largest and smallest values, and allow comparison.--Graham Proud (talk) 09:51, 27 September 2012 (UTC)


text:
Ruth Williams Khama

Ruth Williams Khama, Lady Khama (née Williams; 9 December 1923 – 22 May 2002) was the wife of Botswana's first president Sir Seretse Khama, the Paramount Chief of its Bamangwato tribe. She served as the inaugural First Lady of Botswana from 1966 to 1980.

Early life
Khama was born in Meadowcourt Road, Blackheath in South London, the daughter of George and Dorothy Williams. Her father had served as a captain in the British Army in India, and later worked in the tea trade. She had a sister, Muriel Williams-Sanderson, with whom she remained close.

She was educated at Eltham Hill Grammar School and then served as a WAAF ambulance driver at various airfields in the south of England during the Second World War. After the war, she worked as a clerk for Cuthbert Heath, a firm of underwriters at Lloyd's of London.

Marriage
In June 1947, at a dance at Nutford House organised by the London Missionary Society, her sister introduced her to Prince Seretse Khama. He was the son of the Kgosi (a Bamangwato title equivalent to "king", though the British government prefers "paramount chief"), Sekgoma II, of the Bamangwato people and was studying law at Inner Temple in London after a year at Balliol College, Oxford. The couple were both fans of jazz music, particularly The Ink Spots, and quickly fell in love. Seretse Khama was the first black man she had ever spoken to. A 1952 report described Ruth as a "woman of strong character". Their plans to marry caused controversy with elders in Bechuanaland and the government of South Africa, which had recently instituted the system of racial segregation known as apartheid.

Britain was developing an atomic bomb which was felt necessary to maintain Britain's claim to be a great power and it was felt crucial that the supplies of uranium come from within the Commonwealth; South Africa happened to be endowed with much uranium which could be mined cheaply via open pit mining out on the veld by black South African miners who were paid wages considerably lower than the white miners. Uranium could also be obtained elsewhere in the Commonwealth such as from Canada, but the Canadian uranium was mined via deep shaft mining in the far north by well paid miners, making the Canadian uranium far more expensive than the South African uranium. Thus for reasons of cost, the British government much preferred to buy South African uranium for its atomic bomb program.

The South African government made it very clear that its willingness to supply uranium for the British nuclear program was contingent upon stopping the marriage. The British government intervened to stop the marriage. Both Ruth and Seretse were Anglicans who wanted to be married within the Church of England, but neither could find a priest willing to marry them. The Bishop of London, William Wand, said he would permit a church wedding only if the government agreed.

The couple married at Kensington Register Office on 29 September 1948. The marriage attracted much media attention as the Canadian journalist Mackenzie Porter wrote in 1952: "The Press treated their marriage as front-page news. Here, flouting all the dangers he knew to be implicit in [inter-racial marriage], was the scion of the ancient and illustrious House of Khama...And here, seeking to be an African queen, was an English working girl who had been reared to expect nothing more exotic than a semi-detached house in one of London’s great dormitories and a husband who every morning would don his bowler hat, seize his umbrella and catch a red double-decker bus to the city." Daniel Malan, then the Prime Minister of South Africa, described their marriage as "nauseating". Julius Nyerere, then a student teacher and later President of Tanzania, said it was "one of the great love stories of the world".

Arrival in Bechuanaland
The couple returned to Bechuanaland, a British protectorate, where Seretse's uncle Tshekedi Khama was regent. For the Bamangwato people, the wife of the king was regarded as the mother of the entire Bamangwato people, and for Prince Tshekedi it was simply inconceivable that a white woman could play this role. Prince Tshekedi lobbied the British Colonial Office to either force Seretse to renounce his wife or renounce his claim to the throne.

In the 1948 South African elections, the Afrikaner nationalist National Party that had strong republican and anti-British tendencies was victorious, and the fear that Prime Minister Malan might declare South Africa a republic led successive British governments to seek to appease Malan, who made it very clear that he disapproved of the Khamas' marriage. Malan banned both Khamas from South Africa. A Cape Town newspaper called Ruth "a foolish ignorant girl." The presence of the "White Queen" as South African newspapers called Ruth was seen as a threat to apartheid and several South African newspapers advocated invading Bechuanaland if the "White Queen" was permitted to stay.

Ruth's arrival in Bechuanaland in August 1949 coincided with the best rainy season in decades, which was taken as a good omen by the Bamangwato, who dubbed her the "Rain Queen". Ruth took part in a Bamangwato ceremony where a large group of women circled around her, singing songs while carrying buckets of water or corn before kneeling down to offer her the water and corn while proclaiming "You are the mother of us all!" Due to the adverse publicity, Ruth Khama disliked speaking to journalists, whom she shunned. Many of the newspaper stories portrayed her and her husband in an unflattering light, which greatly hurt her; a particular bugbear of hers was to pick out the inaccuracies in newspaper stories such as the claim that her husband's grades at the Inner Temple declined after he started dating her.

In addition, she was upset about stories in the British and American press written by journalists who had never been to Bechuanaland that portrayed it as either a wet place covered by jungles as typical of central Africa or as a savanna typical of East Africa (Bechuanaland had a hot, dry climate and much of the protectorate was covered by the Kalahari desert). One of the few journalists whom she did speak to was the American journalist Margaret Bourke-White, who was able to gain her trust and did a photo-essay on her for Life.

Bourke-White became a close friend of hers and did much to keep up her spirits. Knowing that Ruth Khama was a great ailurophile, Bourke-White gave her the gift of two kittens, whom Seretse named Pride and Prejudice after his wife's favourite novel.

Exile in London
After receiving popular support in Bechuanaland, Seretse was called to London in March 1950 for discussions with British officials. Ruth advised her husband not to go to London, later saying: "I had a premonition they were going to keep him there". At the time, she was pregnant, and in case her child was a boy, she wanted to give birth in Bechuanaland as under Bamangwato custom a future king must be born on their soil.

As she suspected, it was a trick. He was prevented from returning home and told he had to remain in exile. The British government, which wished to stay in the good graces of the South African government, offered Seretse £1,000 if he would agree to renounce his claim to the throne; when he refused, he was told he was banished from Bechuanaland for the next five years. In a telegram to his wife, he wrote: "Tribe and myself tricked by British government. Am banned from whole protectorate. Love Seretse". As Ruth did not speak Setswana and most of the whites of Bechuanaland shunned her, after she was separated from her husband, she was very lonely with her principal companions being her two cats and her infant daughter.

The outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950 increased the importance of South African uranium as it was a major fear of the Attlee government that the United States would become more interested in Asia at the expense of Europe, which it was felt would weaken the American "nuclear umbrella". The Attlee government believed that there was a serious possibility that Joseph Stalin had ordered the North Korean invasion of South Korea with the aim of embroiling the United States in Asia in order to launch a Soviet invasion of Western Europe. As such, it was felt to be of paramount importance that Britain have its own nuclear weapons as soon as possible, which in turn increased the importance of South African uranium.

Under British law, interracial marriages were legal, and the attempt to (in effect) apply the South African law against interracial marriage to a British protectorate by exiling the Khamas was seen as highly controversial; it was clear, at the time, that it was South African pressure that was decisive. In South Africa, the Afrikaner nationalist newspaper Die Transvaaler stated in an editorial, "While trying to prop up with words the whitewashed façade of liberalism, the British government has in practice had to concede to the demands of apartheid". In a leader (editorial), The Times stated, "They will not easily persuade public opinion, which has righteously been aroused, that the divergence in racial attitude between the Union [of South Africa] and the British territories can best be met by appeasement at cost of personal injustice. They will have a heavy task to prove that Seretse's exclusion will not do much more damage than his recognition". British public opinion was very much on the side of the Khamas and against the government.

During this time, a reconciliation with Ruth’s father took place, as he accepted her decision to marry a black man. Ruth joined Seretse in England, with the married couple living as exiles from 1951 in Croydon.

Winston Churchill, as the leader of the Official Opposition, had criticised the ban on Seretse Khama placed by the Attlee government, calling it "a very disreputable transaction". However, when he won the 1951 election, Churchill would decide to have the ban be permanently enforced, claiming that Seretse's return would be a danger to public order. Despite his claims, riots broke out in Bechuanaland when it was learned that the Khamas would not be permitted to return. In a vote in the House of Commons in 1951, 308 MPs voted to keep the Khamas exiled while 286 MPs voted to allow them to return. Notably, Prime Minister Churchill (who championed Khamas’ cause as the leader of the opposition) said nothing during the vote. During his exile, Prince Seretse suffered from bouts of depression and, in 1952, Ruth told Porter that "Sometimes he just sits in front of the fire warming his hands and brooding. He suffers from lumbago because of the climate. Much as I love him—more than the day we were married—I cannot move him when he gets into one of his black moods. There is absolutely nothing that will snap him out of it."

Return to Bechuanaland
Popular support and protest continued in Bechuanaland. The couple were permitted to return in 1956 after the Bamangwato people sent a telegram to Queen Elizabeth II. Seretse renounced his throne and became a cattle farmer in Serowe. Seretse founded the nationalist Bechuanaland Democratic Party and won the 1965 general election. As prime minister of Bechuanaland, he pushed for independence, which was granted in 1966. Seretse Khama became the first president of independent Botswana and he became a Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Lady Khama was an influential, politically active First Lady during her husband's four consecutive terms as president from 1966 to 1980.

Family
Lady Khama and her husband had four children. Their first child Jacqueline was born in Bechuanaland in 1951, shortly after Seretse was exiled. Their first son Ian was born in England in 1953, and twins Anthony and Tshekedi were born in Bechuanaland in 1958 (Anthony was named after Tony Benn, then known as Anthony Wedgwood Benn, who supported their return from exile in the early 1950s ).

She remained in Botswana after her husband's death in office in 1980, receiving recognition as "Mohumagadi Mma Kgosi" (mother of the king, or queen mother). Despite the national controversy surrounding their union in the 1940s and 1950s, the couple were inseparable until his death from cancer in 1980.

After her husband's death, she lived on a large farm in Botswana, dedicating her time and efforts to charitable causes and spending time with her children and grandchildren.

Two of their sons, Ian and Tshekedi, have become prominent politicians in Botswana. Ian Khama was elected as the President of Botswana in 2008.

Death
Lady Khama died of throat cancer in Gaborone in 2002 at the age of 78, survived by her four children. She was buried in Botswana next to her husband.

In popular culture
A film, A Marriage of Inconvenience, based on the Michael Dutfield book with same name, was made in 1990 about the Khamas. In 2006, a book was published entitled Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation, written by historian Susan Williams, about the Khamas' relationship and struggles. Another film, A United Kingdom, based on the Williams book and directed by Amma Asante, was made in 2016. In A United Kingdom, Lady Khama is portrayed by Rosamund Pike.

In addition to this, it has been suggested that the experiences of the Khamas, as well as the somewhat contemporary case of 1950s debutante Peggy Cripps' marriage to the African anti-colonialist Nana Joe Appiah, influenced the writing of the Oscar-winning feature film, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967).

title: Ruth Williams Khama


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Speeds of sound of the elements

The speed of sound in any chemical element in the fluid phase has one temperature-dependent value. In the solid phase, different types of sound wave may be propagated, each with its own speed: among these types of wave are longitudinal (as in fluids), transversal, and (along a surface or plate) extensional.

WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from this source:
 * G.V. Samsonov (Ed.) in Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements, IFI-Plenum, New York, USA, 1968.

CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
 * David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Speed of Sound in Various Media

CR2
As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Thermal Properties of Mercury
 * Vukalovich, M. P., et al., Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Moscow Standard Press, 1971.

APIH
Dwight E. Gray (ed), American Institute of Physics Handbook. McGraw-Hill. Boca Raton, Florida, New York, 1957.

Other

 * 88RAB: V.A. Rabinovich, et al. Thermophysical Properties of Neon, Argon, Krypton and Xenon. Selover (Eng. ed.) Hemisphere, Washington DC, 1988.
 * Zuckerwar: A. J. Zuckerwar, Handbook of the Speed of Sound in Real Gases. Academic Press, 2002.

title: Speeds of sound of the elements


text:
New York State Route 590

New York State Route 590 (NY 590) is a 4.98 mi north–south freeway located in the eastern suburbs of Rochester, New York, in the United States. The route is a northward extension of Interstate 590 (I-590) that begins at the Can of Worms, an interchange between I-490, I-590, and NY 590 on the boundary between the town of Brighton and the city of Rochester, and ends at a roundabout with Titus Avenue in the town of Irondequoit. NY 590 is known as the Sea Breeze Expressway, a name derived from the small community of Sea Breeze located near the highway's former northern terminus at Culver Road near the southern shore of Lake Ontario.

The portion of NY 590 between the Can of Worms and NY 104 is part of the northeastern quadrant of the Rochester Outer Loop, a series of freeways that form a beltway around the city of Rochester. At NY 104, the Outer Loop turns west to follow NY 104 through Irondequoit. The Sea Breeze Expressway was built in stages from the 1950s to the 1960s and carried various designations until 1970, when the entirety of the Rochester – Sea Breeze highway was designated as part of NY 47. It was redesignated as NY 590 in 1980. In the late 2000s, the section of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue was reconfigured into a two-lane road named Sea Breeze Drive, and NY 590 was truncated to end at Titus Avenue.

Route description
The four-lane I-590 becomes NY 590 upon passing under I-490 at the Can of Worms on the eastern edge of Rochester. It heads northeast into Brighton and through the remainder of the interchange, passing under the ramp connecting I-490 west to I-590 south, the CSX Transportation-owned Rochester Subdivision, and the ramps from NY 590 south to I-490 in succession before widening to six lanes and turning northward ahead of a diamond interchange with Blossom Road, once designated as NY 286A. Between Blossom Road and NY 286 (Browncroft Boulevard), NY 590 slowly turns to the northwest, passing through densely populated neighborhoods located adjacent to the Rochester–Brighton boundary. It reaches the city line and reenters Rochester upon meeting NY 286.

The lone portion of NY 590 within the city of Rochester runs due north–south, acting as a divider between residential neighborhoods to the west and the Irondequoit Creek valley (much of which is part of Ellison Park) to the east. Little more than a half mile after entering the city, NY 590 exits the city and enters the neighboring town of Irondequoit. Here, the freeway turns to the northwest to avoid the area surrounding the intersection of North Winton Road and NY 404 (Empire Boulevard). After passing under North Winton Road, NY 590 resumes its northward trek and connects to NY 404 by way of a modified cloverleaf interchange. The freeway continues onward, separating a large residential area from Irondequoit Bay Park West as it progresses toward a northbound-only exit with Norton Street. One half-mile to the north of Norton, NY 590 meets NY 104 via a large interchange.

Due to the terrain surrounding the interchange and the location of the Irondequoit Bay Bridge, NY 104 is forced to run parallel to NY 590 for a short distance between the Keeler Street Expressway and NY 590's next exit, a diamond interchange connecting to East Ridge Road. Through this stretch, NY 590—now just four lanes wide—runs in between NY 104 westbound and NY 104 eastbound. At East Ridge Road, NY 104 turns to the northeast to cross Irondequoit Bay while NY 590 continues north through residential areas toward Sea Breeze. The road has a northbound at-grade intersection with Sunrise Crescent, a private residential street, before meeting Titus Avenue at a roundabout that serves as NY 590's northern terminus. Past this point, the right-of-way of NY 590 continues north to Culver Road at the Lake Ontario shoreline as a divided two-lane street named Sea Breeze Drive.

Traveling southbound on NY 590, two significant movements are restricted due to the composition of the freeway. One is at Blossom Road in Brighton, where traffic entering NY 590 southbound cannot access I-490 due to the location of the exit 5 (left exit) flyover, which begins north of the Blossom Road onramp. This movement was possible prior to the reconstruction of the Can of Worms, as the original connection point between the Sea Breeze Expressway and I-490 was south of the Blossom Road interchange. In Irondequoit, there are no southbound exits between East Ridge Road and NY 404; thus, there is no access to either NY 104 or Norton Street. An access road between NY 590 at Titus Avenue and the Irondequoit Bay Bridge was planned to provide access from NY 590 southbound to NY 104 eastbound and from NY 104 westbound to NY 590 northbound, but it was never completed.

Construction and designation
The origins of NY 590 date back to the start of the 1950s when work first began on the Sea Breeze Expressway, a part-freeway, part expressway that extended from Rochester north to the Lake Ontario shoreline at Sea Breeze. The highway was built in stages from north to south, with the first section—a divided highway connecting Culver Road to East Ridge Road in Irondequoit—opening to traffic in the early 1950s as a realignment of NY 18. The northern end of the roadway was situated just west of the Irondequoit Bay outlet, where Irondequoit Bay meets Lake Ontario. Construction on the next segment, a limited-access extension south to Empire Boulevard (U.S. Route 104 or US 104), began in the mid-1950s. The new roadway was completed in the late 1950s, at which time it became part of a rerouted US 104.

By 1960, construction was underway on the final piece, a second extension south to the Eastern Expressway (I-490) in eastern Rochester. The under-construction highway generally paralleled Winton Road, then designated as part of NY 47. The new extension was completed c. 1961, but went unnumbered until c. 1962 when NY 47 was realigned north of Blossom Road to follow the freeway north to the Empire Boulevard interchange, where it ended at US 104. The remainder of the Sea Breeze Expressway from I-490 to Blossom Road became part of NY 47 c. 1965 following the completion of what is now I-590 from the Can of Worms to Elmwood Avenue.

From 1970 to 1980, the Sea Breeze Expressway underwent a series of designation changes. On January 1, 1970, NY 47 was extended northward to encompass the entirety of the Sea Breeze Expressway. The change resulted in overlaps with US 104 from Empire Boulevard to the new Keeler Street Expressway, which was built south of Ridge Road in the late 1960s as a realignment of US 104, and NY 18 from East Ridge Road to Culver Road, from where NY 18 continued east along Lake Road to Webster. Both overlaps proved to be temporary: US 104 was realigned c. 1971 to cross Irondequoit Bay on the Irondequoit Bay Bridge while NY 18 was truncated c. 1973 to end in Rochester's Kodak Park.

In the late 1970s, the state of New York submitted a proposal to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials that would substantially alter how the Outer Loop was numbered. As part of the plan, the NY 47 designation would be eliminated while most of the northeastern section of the Outer Loop—from I-490 in Rochester to NY 104 (former US 104) to Irondequoit—would become the northernmost part of I-590. A replacement designation for NY 47 north of NY 104 was not named at the time. Most of the proposed changes took effect on March 18, 1980, when NY 47 was eliminated; however, I-590 was modified to end at its junction with I-490. In its place, the Rochester–Irondequoit leg of the Outer Loop was assigned NY 590, which continued north to Sea Breeze over former NY 47.

Project origins
In 1995, Irondequoit Town Supervisor David Schantz proposed the idea of converting the portion of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue into a parkway that would serve as a "gateway" into Irondequoit. He presented the idea to Jim Walsh, the United States Representative representing Irondequoit, who later secured $8 million from the federal government for the project. Another $4.5 million of funding was also devoted to the project from the state of New York. Planning for the project began in mid-2004. In late 2006, the Irondeqout Town Board chose a configuration calling for the number of lanes on NY 590 to be reduced to two and for four intersections to be replaced with roundabouts as its "preferred alternative".

The final project design was presented on February 6, 2008, in the last of five public meetings on the project. Under the plan, the section of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue would be reduced to a two-lane, 45 mi/h parkway and named "Sea Breeze Drive". Its signalized intersections with Titus Avenue, Durand Boulevard, and Seneca and Point Pleasant Roads would be converted into roundabouts as part of the reconstruction. Also, the portion of NY 590 north of Durand Boulevard would be realigned to meet Culver Road at a new intersection farther west along the lakeshore. The realignment would open up 3 acre of waterfront land along the shore of Irondequoit Bay that had previously been occupied by the freeway. The town of Irondequoit would then acquire the former right-of-way of NY 590 from the state of New York for future recreational uses in a transaction that would officially cost the town $1.

Public opinion on the proposed project was split. Many residents supported the project, stating it would improve the safety of the highway; however, others believed that the reduction in lanes would result in increased traffic on Culver Road, which runs parallel to NY 590 through Irondequoit, and that the roundabouts would make navigating the highway difficult.

Construction
On July 15, 2008, the town of Irondequoit let a $12.8 million contract for the Sea Breeze Drive project, a mark that was within the $14 million accumulated in funding by this time. Ground was officially broken on the project on July 28 as part of a ceremony attended by several Rochester-area dignitaries. Among those present were Jim Walsh and David Schantz, both of whom played large roles in making the project a reality. The corridor was subsequently reduced to two lanes as the southbound lanes of NY 590 were reconfigured to handle both directions of traffic while work ensued on permanently narrowing the northbound lanes to a single lane. Northbound traffic on NY 590 was realigned to use the new northbound lane on August 17, 2009.

The first two of the roundabouts to reach operational status were those at Point Pleasant Road and Durand Boulevard. The Point Pleasant Road roundabout opened to traffic on September 8, 2009, by which time the Durand Boulevard roundabout was also ready for use. The Titus Avenue roundabout was completed in late 2009, while work on the Seneca Road junction was delayed until October 2009 due to the proximity of the intersection to the side of the hill overlooking Irondequoit Bay. Although the original plans for the project had already accounted for the issue, the plans had to be revised to comply with new federal standards regarding the use of steel pilings for supporting the hillside. Work on the roundabout finally began on October 12. The Seneca Road roundabout and the new alignment of Sea Breeze Drive north of Durand Boulevard were completed in the first half of 2010.

The completion date for the project, dubbed "the largest public works project ever done in the town of Irondequoit" by then-Town Supervisor Mary Ellen Heyman, was pushed back several times. It was originally set for May 2010, but was subsequently pushed back to late August or early September. It was finally completed in October 2010 with the installation of a decorative ship mast structure at the Durand Boulevard roundabout. Following the project's completion, NY 590 was truncated to Titus Avenue and ownership and maintenance of Sea Breeze Drive was transferred to the town of Irondequoit. According to New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) official Rick Papaj, the state turned Sea Breeze Drive over to the town because the portion of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue had low traffic volumes and was situated in a residential area. Papaj added, "[the portion of NY 590 north of Titus Avenue] didn't make sense (to us) anymore. 590 effectively ends at Route 104."

Exit list
Exit numbers continue sequentially from those of Interstate 590.

title: New York State Route 590


text:
Bernie Sparkes

Bernard Leslie Sparkes (born October 15, 1940) is a former world champion curler.

Sparkes's first major curling championship success came when he won the 1957 Alberta Schoolboys. He would later go on to win 4 Alberta (1966, 1967, 1968, 1969) championships and 3 Canadian Brier and World Championships (1966, 1968, 1969) He was voted all star second at 4 consecutive Briers as the second for the Ron Northcott team. He is a member of the Lethbridge Sports Hall Of Fame (baseball), the Southern Alberta Curling Hall Of Fame, the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame (1974) and the WCF Hall of Fame (2021). Sparkes moved to British Columbia in 1970 and went on to win 9 more men's provincial curling championships 1 Masters over 70 in 2014 and 1 mixed championship. He was elected to the B.C. Sports Hall Of Fame in 1995. He was elected to the World Curling Hall of Fame in 2021.

One of his leisurely pursuits is painting. He paints still life and animal paintings. One of his most famous paintings is a chair in a lawn, surrounded by bouquets and flowers.

At the time of the 1967 Brier, he was a stationary salesman. He was an avid baseball player in his youth, and was a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers organization.

title: Bernie Sparkes


text:
User talk:Asultanpur

Debian setup for kannada fonts

title: User talk:Asultanpur


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Talk:Speeds of sound of the elements

This page is intended as an authoritative data collection with citation of sources, that may be cited as a central reference by other articles (such as for the chemical elements). Femto 13:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Silicon sound speed wrong
The silicon sound speed appears to be wrong; should be closer to 5 km/s for transverse and 8.8 km/s for longitudinal. The Web Elements site does indeed cite 2.2 km/s, but this doesn't match up with anything else I can find. --Reuben 02:12, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Confirmed that Samsonov does give 2200 m/s. But others don't agree, for instance Dieulesaint & Royer, Elastic waves in solids.  --Reuben 22:42, 28 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Confirmed. Listed the correct longitudinal and transverse speeds. These are calculated from experimental values of C11=165.64e9 Pa, C44=79.51e9 Pa and rho=2.329e3 kg/m^3, as cl=sqrt(C11/rho) and ct = sqrt(C44/rho). Removed the 2200 value from "use" Huntjohn (talk) 09:30, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

"Use" rows
Should the rows labelled "Use" in the tables be removed? We don't generally carry unsourced recommendations as to which of a number of conflicting sources is "right" Bhunacat10 (talk),  12:28, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

I concur that the "USE" rows should be removed, they are unqualified, confusing and distracting in terms of presentation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.66.229.21 (talk) 15:12, 7 July 2021 (UTC)

Kr and Xe gases
From here: 221 m/s and 178 m/s respectively. (Which suggests from calculation that Rn should be ~140 m/s, as I noted at Talk:Xenon/Archive 1.) Double sharp (talk) 06:36, 1 July 2019 (UTC)

remove APIH section?
That source isn't used at all (copy/paste error?), and should be taken out of the Sources list. 84.148.255.157 (talk) 15:02, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speeds of sound of the elements


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User:Femto/e speed of sound check

vp  vs    ve  3 Li WEL              6000 3 Li calc      2804  3029 4 Be CRC 12890 8880 12870 4 Be WEL            13000 4 Be calc 12469 8447 12455 11 Na WEL             3200 11 Na calc      1846  3214 12 Mg CRC  5770 3050  4940 12 Mg WEL             4602 12 Mg calc 5825 3128  5088 13 Al CRC  6420 3040  5000 13 Al WEL             5100 13 Al calc 6451 3103  5092 14 Si WEL             2200 14 Si calc            4491 19 K WEL              2000 19 K calc       1209 20 Ca WEL             3810 20 Ca calc 4229 2185  3592 21 Sc calc 5638 9320  4992 22 Ti CRC  6070 3125  5090 22 Ti WEL             4140 22 Ti calc 6069 3125  5074 23 V WEL              4560 23 V calc  6143 2799  4619 24 Cr WEL             5940 24 Cr calc 6628 4010  6247 25 Mn WEL             5150 25 Mn calc            5240 26 Fe CRC  4994 2809  4480 26 Fe CRC  5950 3240  5120 26 Fe CRC  5960 3240  5200 26 Fe WEL             4910 26 Fe calc 5931 3230  5181 27 Co WEL             4720 27 Co calc 5705 2903  4846 28 Ni CRC  6040 3000  4900 28 Ni WEL             4970 28 Ni calc 5579 2921  4738 29 Cu CRC  4760 2325  3810 29 Cu CRC  5010 2270  3750 29 Cu WEL             3570 29 Cu calc 4726 2315  3809 30 Zn CRC  4210 2440  3850 30 Zn WEL             3700 30 Zn calc 4260 2454  3889 33 As calc            1182 34 Se WEL             3350 34 Se calc 1861  930  1529 37 Rb WEL             1300 37 Rb calc            1252 38 Sr calc      1520 39 Y WEL              3300 39 Y calc  4102 2393  3768 40 Zr WEL             3800 40 Zr calc 4007 2250  3229 41 Nb WEL             3480 41 Nb calc 5124 2106  3500 42 Mo CRC  6250 3350  5400 42 Mo WEL             6190 42 Mo calc 6660 1395  5657 44 Ru WEL             5970 44 Ru calc 6952 3728  5992 45 Rh WEL             4700 45 Rh calc 5207 3477  4707 46 Pd WEL             3070 46 Pd calc 4481 1913  3172 47 Ag CRC  3650 1610  2680 47 Ag WEL             2600 47 Ag calc 3741 1691  2813 48 Cd WEL             2310 48 Cd calc 2789 1482  2404 49 In WEL             1215 49 In calc            1227 50 Sn CRC  3320 1670  2730 50 Sn WEL             2500 50 Sn calc 3817 1766  2944 51 Sb WEL             3420 51 Sb calc      1728  2866 52 Te WEL             2610 52 Te calc      1601  2625 55 Cs calc             939 56 Ba WEL             1620 56 Ba calc      1182  1925 57 La WEL             2475 57 La calc 2756 1523  2437 58 Ce WEL             2100 58 Ce calc 2419 1412  2228 59 Pr WEL             2280 59 Pr calc 2657 1479  2347 60 Nd WEL             2330 60 Nd calc 2751 1525  2430 61 Pm calc 2846 1575  2517 62 Sm WEL             2130 62 Sm calc 2887 1610  2571 63 Eu calc 1916 1227  1863 64 Gd WEL             2680 64 Gd calc 2910 1661  2634 65 Tb WEL             2620 65 Tb calc 2881 1639  2602 66 Dy WEL             2710 66 Dy calc 2929 1701  2681 67 Ho WEL             2760 67 Ho calc 2926 1730  2715 68 Er WEL             2830 68 Er calc 3007 1767  2777 69 Tm calc 2996 1809  2818 70 Yb WEL             1590 70 Yb calc 1971 1198  1861 71 Lu calc 2923 1663  2640 72 Hf WEL             3010 72 Hf calc 3219 1501  2421 73 Ta WEL             3400 73 Ta calc 4142 2033  3338 74 W CRC   5220 2890  4620 74 W CRC   5410 2640  4320 74 W WEL              5174 74 W calc  5224 2892  4621 75 Re WEL             4700 75 Re calc 5445 2910  4693 76 Os WEL             4940 76 Os calc      3133 77 Ir WEL             4825 77 Ir calc 5341 3045  4828 78 Pt CRC  3260 1730  2800 78 Pt WEL             2680 78 Pt calc 3862 1701  2822 79 Au CRC  3240 1200  2030 79 Au WEL             1740 79 Au calc 3619 1183  2010 81 Tl WEL              818 81 Tl calc 1600  486   822 82 Pb CRC  1960  690  1210 82 Pb CRC  2160  700  1190 82 Pb WEL             1260 82 Pb calc 2138  703  1188 83 Bi WEL             1790 83 Bi calc 2202 1108  1809 90 Th WEL             2490 90 Th calc 2905 1628  2598 92 U WEL              3155 92 U calc  3553 2411  3300 94 Pu WEL             2260 94 Pu calc 2335 1473  2201

title: User:Femto/e speed of sound check


text: User talk:80.184.180.103

title: User talk:80.184.180.103


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Clos de Vougeot

Clos de Vougeot, also known as Clos Vougeot, is a wall-enclosed vineyard, a clos, in the Burgundy wine region, and an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) for red wine from this vineyard. It was named for the River Vouge, which is in fact only a stream separating the village Vougeot from Chambolle-Musigny. At 50.6 ha, Clos de Vougeot is the largest single vineyard in Côte de Nuits entitled to the grand cru designation, while Corton in Côte de Beaune is the largest grand cru in Burgundy as a whole.

History
The Clos de Vougeot vineyard was created by Cistercian monks of Cîteaux Abbey, the order's mother abbey. The land making up the vineyard was purchased by the Cistercians, or donated to them, from the 12th century to the early 14th century. The initial vineyard consisted of donations in 1109 to 1115. The vineyard was complete, and a wall had been built around it, by the year 1336. It served as the flagship vineyard of the Cistercians, and has been a highly recognised name for centuries.

Château du Clos de Vougeot, situated inside the wall, was added in 1551 by rebuilding and enlarging a small chapel and some other buildings previously existing at the site. From 1945, this building has served as headquarters of the Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin.

In the French Revolution, all vineyard possessions were taken from the church by the French state, and sold off to private buyers. In 1818, the château and vineyards of Clos de Vougeot was bought by Julien-Jules Ouvrard, who also bought the Romanée-Conti vineyard in 1819. Ouvrard later moved to Château de Gilly, another former Cistercian property, but continued to take an interest in the vineyards of Clos de Vougeot, which was then a monopole. After Ouvrard's death, Clos de Vougeot passed to his three heirs, but continued to be operated as a single property until 1889, when the heirs put it up for sale. It was bought by six Burgundy wine merchants, leading to a subdivided vineyard for the first time since its creation more than 700 years earlier. After that, the holdings have been progressively subdivided by inheritance and land sales. In the early 2000s, Clos de Vougeot was split among more than 80 owners.

One of the 1889 vineyard buyers, Léonce Bocquet, also bought the château, and initiated renovations of a part of it. In 1920, the château came into the hands of Etienne Camuzet, who was vineyard owner in Vosne-Romanée and politician. He put it to the disposal of the Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin, and on November 29, 1944 sold it to the organisation Société civile des Amis du Château du Clos de Vougeot ("Friends of the Château du Clos de Vougeot"), which gave the Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin a 99-year lease on the property.

Layout and geography of the vineyard
The vineyard is roughly rectangular, gently sloping from a corner in the northwest down toward the south and east. The château is situated in this corner. Since the vineyard is large and situated in a slope, it is not homogeneous from a geological point of view. The soils have typically been a determining factor in determining the classification and extent of other Burgundy vineyards, while in this case, the wall-enclosed area has been classified in the same way.

The soils of Clos de Vougeot generally considered as those giving the best wines are those surrounding the château in the top corner. The soils here are light chalky and gravelly soils on oolitic limestone, with good drainage. This part of the vineyard borders to the grand cru vineyards Musigny and Grands Échezeaux.

The soils of the middle part of the vineyard consist of softer limestone with clay and some gravel, and moderate drainage. Most other Côte de Nuits vineyards situated at this level of the slope are classified premier cru, but one part of the grand cru Échezeaux borders on the middle part of Clos de Vougeot.

The bottom part of the vineyard, situated in the east and bordering the N74, the main road of the area, consists of humus-rich alluvial clay and is almost flat, with poor drainage. This part of the vineyard borders village level vineyards in the south and partially in the east, mostly regional-level vineyards in the east, on the other side of the N74, and some Vougeot premier cru vineyards in the north. All other grand cru vineyards of the Côte de Nuits are situated higher up in the slope, typically in its middle part, and no other grand cru vineyard stretches down to the N74 road.

Of the AOC's 50.6 ha, 47.3 ha are in production.

Regulations
Clos de Vougeot is an AOC for red wine produced from Pinot noir. The INAO appellation rules nevertheless allow mixing in up to 15 percent of Pinot blanc, Pinot gris or Chardonnay. In principle, wines from any still existing plantations of Renevey are also allowed, but replantation of this variety has been forbidden since 1938.

The allowed base yield is 35 hectoliter per hectare. The grapes must reach a maturity corresponding to a sugar content of at least 189 grams per liter of grape must and 11.5 per cent alcohol by volume. When chaptalization is allowed, the alcohol level after chaptalization may not exceed 14.5 per cent.

Wines from Clos de Vougeot are also allowed the appellation Vougeot Premier Cru, if they fail to meet the standards of the grand cru itself. The Vougeot Premier Cru regulations are slightly less restrictive when it comes to yield and grape maturity, and more importantly, also allow the production of white wine from Chardonnay and Pinot Blanc. Thus, white wine that originates from within the Clos de Vougeot vineyard can be sold as white Vougeot Premier Cru, but not under the Clos de Vougeot AOC.

Wines
Both the geological heterogeneity of Clos de Vougeot, and the bewildering array of many small vineyard holders, contribute to making wines produced under the Clos de Vougeot AOC designation very variable in style and quality. Very fine wine of classic quality as well as very mediocre wines are produced here.

The wines of Clos de Vougeot rose to fame when the Cistercians tended the entire vineyard and produced the wine. In producing Clos de Vougeot, the Cistercians first produced cuvées from the different parts of the vineyard, and then blended them to produce a high-class wine. Typically, wine from the top and middle parts would be used, and only sometimes would the bottom part be used for the final Clos de Vougeot wine. Wine from lower down the slope can be better in dry years, so this blending practice allowed the production of a wine that should have been consistent in quality.

Since the entire area inside the wall is part of the Clos de Vougeot AOC, wines from every plot of it is entitled to the grand cru designation. Wineries which only have holdings in the lower part of the vineyard are unlikely to be able to produce wine which represents typical Burgundy grand cru quality, and it is far from certain that they will be able to match many producers' premier cru wines. However, since the grand cru designation is both a matter of pride and profitability, wines are likely to be marketed as Clos de Vougeot AOC.

The best Clos de Vougeot wines, when produced in a classical style, are typically dense when young, and robust rather than elegant in style. After some ten years of cellaring, however, Clos de Vougeot wines in this style can have developed into one of the most complete Côte de Nuits wines, and be fully on par with wines from more consistent grand cru vineyards.

Some notable producers of Clos de Vougeot wine are Domaine Leroy, Mugneret-Gibourg, Méo-Camuzet, Anne Gros and René Engel.

In popular culture
Clos de Vougeot 1846 was the featured wine in the film Babette's Feast, whose feast is set in 1885.

"Clos Vougeot" is the preferred restorative of Miserrimus Dexter, a character in Wilkie Collins' 1875 novel, The Law and the Lady.

In Edgar Allan Poe's "The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether" (1845), Clos de Vougeot is the wine being drunk at the feast. It is also mentioned in Poe's Bon-Bon.

Clos de Vougeot makes an appearance in Dorothy Sayers' short story "The Bibulous Business of a Matter of Taste", where it is one of the wines that Lord Peter Wimsey must identify from memory.

The Château du Clos de Vougeot is featured on a 1951 French stamp, designed and engraved by Pierre Gandon, to celebrate its 400th anniversary. The Château first appeared on a French stamp in 1945 (30f). Dennis Wheatley mentioned this version in his 1962 guide to many modern stamps “Scenes and Portraits”, recently rediscovered. In it, Wheatley states of Clos de Vougeot “The French hold it in such honour that whenever a French regiment marches past it, the order to salute is given.”.

Lalique, the French glassmaker, designed a range of crystal glassware named Clos Vougeot after the vineyard in 1961. The stem is decorated with a cluster of grapes. The range was discontinued in 2006. (Cite https://www.lalique.com/en)

title: Clos de Vougeot


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User:Cubdriver

I have returned to the fray after a three-year detour in academia--older, wiser, balder. Cubdriver (talk) 18:37, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User:Cubdriver


text:
User:Halfsnail

Halfsnail-sometime phycologist in various South African institutions.

title: User:Halfsnail


text:
Architectural Digest

Architectural Digest (stylized in all caps) is an American monthly magazine founded in 1920. Its principal subjects are interior design and landscaping, rather than pure external architecture. The magazine is published by Condé Nast, which also publishes international editions of Architectural Digest in China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Mexico/Latin America, the Middle East, Poland, and Spain.

Architectural Digest is aimed at an affluent and style-conscious readership, and is subtitled "The International Design Authority." The magazine releases the annual AD100 list, which recognizes the most influential interior designers and architects around the world.

Architectural Digest also hosts a popular online video series entitled Open Door that gives an in-depth look at the unique homes of various prominent celebrities and public figures.

History
Originally a quarterly trade directory called The Architectural Digest: A Pictorial Digest of California's Best Architecture, the magazine was launched in 1920  by John Coke Brasfield (1880–1962). Brasfield, born in Tennessee,  moved to southern California in the early 1900s, where he founded the John C. Brasfield Publishing Corporation in Los Angeles. Interiors and exteriors of residences were featured in the magazine, along with floor plans.

By 1963, the magazine's subtitle had been altered to A Pictorial Digest of Outstanding Architecture, Interior Design, and Landscaping, and it began publishing on a bimonthly schedule. In 1965, The Architectural Digest and its publishing company were purchased by Cleon T. Knapp, who was the magazine's "jack-of-all-trades" and Brasfield's grandson. Knapp son of Brasfield's daughter Sarah "Sally" Brasfield Knapp (1910–1996), who served, at various times, as the magazine's editor in chief, managing editor, and associate publisher. The magazine's subtitle was altered to The Quality Guide to Home Decorating Ideas in 1966, and was changed again, in 1971, to The Connoisseur's Magazine of Fine Interior Design, and in 1976 to The International Magazine of Fine Interior Design. The John C. Brasfield Publishing Company was renamed Knapp Communications Corporation in 1977. From 1965 on, the magazine was published in color.

Condé Nast Publications purchased Architectural Digest, as well as its sister publication Bon Appétit, from Knapp in 1993.

In 2011 the Chinese version of the magazine, AD China, was launched. The magazine is also published in other countries, including Germany, India, France Italy, Poland, and Spain.

Architectural Digest won the 2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Architecture & Design in the category Web. Architectural Digest employees unionized in 2022.

Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Architectural Digest Russia closed in 2022 when Condé Nast pulled out of Russia.

Editors in chief

 * John C. Brasfield, 1920–1960
 * (James) Bradley Little 1960–1965; a former interior designer, who served as editorial director and editor in chief from 1964 until his death in 1971.
 * Cleon T. Knapp, 1965–1974 (also served as publisher during the same period)
 * Paige Rense, 1975–2010; she previously served as the magazine's associate editor, 1968–1971, and its executive editor, 1971–1975.
 * Margaret Russell, 2010–2016
 * Amy Astley, 2016–present

title: Architectural Digest


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Grand cru

Grand cru may refer to:
 * Grand cru (wine), a regional wine classification
 * Grand cru (food and drink) a non-official descriptor for other products such as beer and chocolate
 * Grand Cru (cipher), a block cipher
 * Grand Cru, a 2010 film starring Hailee Steinfeld
 * Grand cru, a 2015 album by Danish rapper L.O.C.

title: Grand cru


text:
Mark Wright

Mark Wright may refer to:

Sports

 * Mark Wright (footballer, born 1963), English international football player and manager
 * Mark Wright (footballer, born 1970), English footballer
 * Mark Wright (footballer, born 1981), English footballer
 * Mark Wright (footballer, born 1982), English footballer
 * Mark Wright (footballer, born 1987), English footballer (Crawley Town) and TV personality
 * Mark Wright (cricketer) (born 1981), English cricketer
 * Mark Wright (rugby league) (1955–2017), Australian rugby league player

Others

 * Mark Wright (entrepreneur) (born 1989), contestant on series ten of the UK version of The Apprentice
 * Mark Wright (British Army soldier) (1979–2006), British soldier in the Parachute Regiment and recipient of the George Cross
 * Mark Wright (British politician) (born 1974), Bristol, England councillor
 * Mark Wright (record producer) (born 1957), American record producer and songwriter
 * Mark Wright (TV personality) (born 1987), English television and radio presenter
 * Mark Peter Wright (born 1979), British artist
 * Mark Wright (actor), New Zealand actor
 * Mark Wright (Louisiana politician), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives

title: Mark Wright


text:
Blue tongue

Blue Tongue may refer to :

 * Blue-tongued skink
 * Bluetongue disease
 * Blue Tongue Entertainment - an Australian video game developer
 * Blue Tongue bush or Straits Rhododendron, Melastoma polyanthum

title: Blue tongue


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheg

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete (already BJAODNed). Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:23, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cheg
which came first: patent nonsense or the hoax? Nateji77 14:05, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete sometimes, when I'm very drunk, I find this kinda thing funny--Sophitus 15:19, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. Could've been speedied, but now that it has made it to vfd, it should be preserved for all time. -- BD2412  talk  17:14, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Patent nonsense, belongs to BJAODN. Delete. - Mike Rosoft 19:24, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete but add to BJAODN. --Idont Havaname 20:48, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * BJAODN. JamesBurns 09:44, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 17:17, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's funny but this isn't the place for it. DeleteCelestianpower 17:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Donnabomb-I know where this all began. the two people who created it are friends. They have thought long and hard over this. Leave it up. It is also well written and informative. Maybe losing a bit of grammatical correctness near the end
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheg


text: User talk:69.161.92.108

title: User talk:69.161.92.108