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Talk:Social effects of evolutionary theory

Merge
As it stands this article is more about various reactions to the theory of evolution than its history, and it should be merged with History of evolutionary thought to avoid confusion as to what each each article is for.-dave souza 18:57, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It was originally titled Social effect of evolutionary theory but somebody moved it. It, however, should remain separate from the scientific history of the theory, although that article should have a  summary and a Main article: link.  Lexor|Talk

This page needs work
The intro is terrible. Most of the religious objections to the theory of evolution don't have anything to do with humans being classified as animals but rather how evolution contradicts their creation myths. The article's intro seems to be exclusively focusing on how "evolution says humans are animals". That's not really something on a he said/she said basis ... it's the phylogenetic truth. And humans aren't "just" animals - more specifically, we're vertebrates, and more specifically than that, we're placental mammals. Nobody denies this. The religious objection is that in addition to being placental mammals we have some sort of soul, which the theory of evolution actually doesn't say anything about. So I would contend that there should be no religious objections to biology for classifying humans as placental mammals (and hence animals) because that's the truth. All of the religious objections are for other reasons. The article needs to be changed to reflect this. --Cyde Weys [u] [t]  [c] 21:31, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I have made a small edit to the intro to include objections on creationism grounds but I have left in that others object to it because it says humans are animals that share a common ancestor with monkeys rather than being something special, as there are many who do. Most of those who object do so on both reasons although even then usually more strongly on the creation side of things.--62.25.106.209 11:34, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

The third sentence begins "Because the theory of evolution includes an explanation of humanity's origins", but TOE includes no such explanation. The scientific study of humanity's (or indeed, life's) origins is called abiogenesis, not evolution. Evolution is the study of how life evolved, not how life originated. Berberry (talk) 15:17, 3 February 2009 (UTC) Territory and Dominance It is surprising that these well studied aspects of social behavior in animals have not been extended to human behavior. Perhaps it is the difficulty of doing laboratory research on the human subjects, but I don't think so. Perhaps the " dominance " of behavioristic and operational research in academic research has ruled out the softer evidence in humans. Perhaps the dominance of psychoanalytic theory in psychiatry has edged out non-Freudian ideas. Perhaps the weight of religious opposition to futher intrusion of evolution into the "purely human " behaviors have mititated against such discussion. I would be interested in developing a section for this article or perhaps a separate article on territoriality and dominance in human social behavior if it would be acceptible to the ruling editors. May I have some discussion on this. Without discussion I probably will proceed. 208.63.238.68 22:17, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Have indulged in a major bout of Huxley-love. Adam Cuerden talk 16:40, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Yeah, that might have to go somewhere else. It's own page perhaps? It's larger than the rest of this article put together, and not nearly as informative. Endomorphic 02:12, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Should information on social debates over evolution (ie: Scopes Monkey Trial) go in this article, or in the evolution main? Tyrant Rex 03:46, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Anon plea
please can someone try to narrow this down and make it simple for us students who simply have to find out the differences between darwins theory and conflicting theories, and sugesst reasons for the different theories —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.120.255.200 (talk • contribs) 13:11, 28 May 2007

There are no "conflicting theories" for evolution, only religious myths. In science, the word "theory" does NOT mean simply an idea somebody dreamed up, although that is exactly what some conservative religions want you to believe. In science, a theory is the best explanation yet proposed to explain a specific set of natural phenomena. If your school is requiring you to find "different" theories to explain biological phenomena, you should register a strong complaint against your teacher, because he or she is clearly incompetent. Berberry (talk) 15:28, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia isn't tailored for homework. You might have to do some work :) Richard001 07:50, 8 October 2007 (UTC)
 * There are of course conflicting theories and debates about various aspects of the evolution theory itself. Science will always involve a component of skepticism, and seeking to find new and better answers to questions is at the core of knowledge acquisition. ChildofMidnight (talk) 20:18, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Various aspects of evolution theory are debated, yes, but the same can be said for any scientific theory. But there is NO alternative to TOE itself, at least no scientific alternative. There is only religious myth.

If schools should be teaching "alternatives" to evolution theory, then why don't they teach "alternatives" to the germ theory of disease? Lots of religious folks believe AIDS is caused by the wrath of their god, for instance. Should that be taught in science class too? What about flat-earth theory, or geocentric universe theory? Why is it that only TOE has to be subjected to this kind of nonsense in science classes? Berberry (talk) 22:51, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Subject?
The heading for this article seems to have got lost below a section on transmutation, so I'll hide that until this gets sorted out. . dave souza, talk 14:01, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Lead
Shouldn't the lead section that is in bold exactly mimic the article name? The social effect of evolutionary thought doesn't quite convey the same thing. WLU 14:24, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Reference
| Reference 5 was removed from YouTube for breaking copyright terms.88.111.80.112 (talk) 02:06, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

social effect of other religions
This article focuses a lot on Christianity. What about how evolution affected other religions? Should a link to the article on Jewish views on evolution be added to provide more viewpoints? Of course I can't think of any examples where other religions were impacted as much as some sects of Christianity have been (at least not as publicly), but then again I could be wrong. --Deepraine (talk) 15:17, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * You could do a main, or a merge, depending on how long the pages are. I'd duplicate what happened with the RC church - main link and short article.  WLU (talk) 15:25, 12 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I added the link like for the Roman Catholic church, but I didn't summarize anything. I think someone a little more knowledgeable should write a short paragraph there, I gave it a try but ended up with a mess...
 * As for adding other religions, there is already a page for Islamic creationism and Hinduism and creationism that mention evolution, but it seems a bit unorganized to me. Either way more information seems to be needed. Unfortunately, I tried doing a google search to see if I could find anything, but the only thing that came up were sites about evolution and Christianity. --Deepraine (talk) 22:06, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

The biggest problem with this page is that it quote too much. It should synthesize information more, instead of using multiple long quotes.

Encyclopedic?
Is it an encyclopedic article, or some ORish essay? I have some doubts... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 02:47, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

"Some argue"??? a very biased article
"Some argue that six million of the people killed during the Holocaust were killed because of their religion (Judaism) not their race, "strength," or any reason with an obvious link to the mechanism of Darwinian evolution"...

who and where argues that? It's very known that also Jews converted to Christian religion or to Catholicism were sent to the concentration camps (a famous example: Edith Stein)!

a very biased article! --Domics (talk) 07:24, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

"In many Axis and Axis-occupied countries, racial legislation restricted, banned, or did not recognize the conversion of Jews to Christianity. Across Europe—in Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and Slovakia—Pius XII's nuncios saved their staunchest protests for the effects of the various anti-Jewish laws on baptized Jews.".

And Jewish scholar Michael L. Brown writes: "Thus, baptized Jews who were church members in good standing were still forced to wear the yellow star, still deported to the concentration camps, still slaughtered systematically – simply because “Jewish blood” flowed in their veins."--Domics (talk) 08:27, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

Richard Weikart, Jim Walker, R.G. Price : a double standard ?
How is possible criticize Weikart's book for his link Darwin/Hitler quoting article and books by others who, without a rebuttal in this same article, link racism and Hitler with Christian religion as if this is the truth?

If we must know Weikart affiliation with creationist Discovery Institute why in the article we can'not know that Sam Harris is a member of the New Atheism movement?

Anyway I know that Weikart is a professor from California State University Stanislaus, but who are Jim Walker quoted in note n. 4 and R.G. Price from note 2?

Please, who cited them must submit their credentials. Are they an accredited source for Wikipedia? --Domics (talk) 07:24, 14 July 2011 (UTC) he was actually gay and had 54 children they are all dead they died 700 years ago — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.104.15.3 (talk) 23:18, 11 March 2019 (UTC)

Darwin, eugenics as evil? a trunked citation
In the article we read: "Nor could we check our sympathy, even at the urging of hard reason, without deterioration in the noblest part of our nature. The surgeon may harden himself whilst performing an operation, for he knows that he is acting for the good of his patient; but if we were intentionally to neglect the weak and helpless; it could only be for a contingent benefit, with an overwhelming present evil."

Someone omitted the last passage: "Hence we must bear without complaining the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind; but there appears to be at least one check in steady action, namely the weaker and inferior members of society not marrying so freely as the sound; and this check might be indefinitely increased, though this is more to be hoped for than expected, by the weak in body or mind refraining from marriage.".

I would remember 1) that marriage restriction is an eugenic policy ("Negative eugenics sought to limit procreation through marriage restriction..") 2) there Darwin writes about "civilised societies " so 3) I could understand (peraphs) who are the "weaker" but someone could explain us who are the "inferior members of society" according to Darwin?--Domics (talk) 08:02, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Evolution in relation to Social Darwinism and Imperialism
Much of the material here seems to either be biased or not belong here. It exclusively mentions that some abolitionists were Christians, ignoring the large number of Christians that used their interpretation of the Bible to justify racism and slavery. Of course, the whole thing is rather off-topic, as the article is about evolutionary theory, not what certain members of other groups that opposed evolutionary theory though, particularly when the group in question was just as imperialistic, if not more so. 109.224.33.26 (talk) 08:32, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Also, it says of missionaries "being critics of darwinism" they opposed slavery.should be "social darwinism"142.22.115.58 (talk) 19:26, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

"Nazi literature"
The broad statement that references to Darwin or the theory of evolution would be entirely absent from Nazi literature and ideology is utterly, patently false. Just take Mein Kampf, for instance: Hundreds of pages of the book deal with endless references to "natural selection", the "struggle for life", and the "survival of the fittest" in the animal kingdom, name-dropping Darwin and the word "evolution", in order to justify Hitler's social-Darwinistic racism and anti-Semitism. Much of Nazi propaganda from 1933 onwards consisted of spreading these ideas of a kind of "vulgar Darwinism" to the German people, such as in the propaganda film Alles Leben ist Kampf that showed documentary footage of fighting beetles in order to justify eugenics of the mentally and physically disabled.

Of course it's clear that Darwin himself and his work can't be blamed for that, but it's also a fact that the ill-conceived conflation of his theory with racism, imperialism, and partly eugenics was already rampant during his own lifetime, and Nazi ideology since its early days in the 1920s appealed to this popular misconception.

The source given for the patently false statement that Nazi ideology, propaganda, and/or "literature" would be entirely free of such notion, just like much of the current article here, in that regard is really only a product of the modern North-American Creation–evolution controversy that developed after WWII, where both sides use Nazism and the Holocaust as a tool to denounce their opponent: They hold that the Holocaust occured either because of fanatical faith, or cold, scheming rationalism. They consider it impossible that reason and religion could ever mix, believing that what they are blaming upon the other side could at outmost be a corruption of their own side by the other.

The reality behind Nazism is much more complex than a simplistic dichotomy between science and religion: We know from Mein Kampf, Hitler's Table Talk, and many other sources that Hitler did believe that his anti-Semitism was entirely rational and scientific. He also did use words such as God or providence, however none of his public or private statements on God or religion ever contradict what he saw as scientifically proven facts. His religious views were more flexible than his scientific ones, as he believed the former to be determined by the latter, and not the other way around. In other words: He saw religious rhethorics as a convenient tool to bring science to the common people. If taken at face-value, Hitler's utterances on religious matters proposed a deity that was a cruel, sadistic social-Darwinist and anti-Semite that glorified power and violence, using evolution and the "struggle for life" for the creation of a superior master race, a divine masterplan that was under constant threat by the Jews which Hitler saw as an "inferior breed" that according to him had originated from genetical degeneration due to miscegenation and bestiality of man with apes. Similar with Alfred Rosenberg and Heinrich Himmler who both believed modern man to be descendent from superior, almost God-like "Aryan Atlantides" in possession of esoterical pagan powers whose collective gene pool had degenerated by miscegenation and bestiality, creating lower races.

All in all, what we see with Nazism is not a definitive, clear-cut "either-or" of "science *OR* religion" that especially modern American proponents of the creation–evolution controversy buy into (as their country at present is close to the only Western nation where organized religion so intensely determines politics and public affairs), but rather the typical dialectic (= corruption) of Enlightenment whereupon reason and science early-on became corrupted by the positivism and ethnocentrism of traditional prejudices, thus giving rise to ideological pseudo-sciences (see Positivism, Antipositivism, Positivism dispute, and Frankfurt School). It's a process we often see with ethnocentric prejudices whenever these traditional prejudices adapt to new social and cultural paradigms (epistemes, as Focault would call them), be they a new religion or a new scientific paradigm. In other words: People will always update the justifications for their traditional, ethnocentric, and positivistic prejudices according to the latest paradigms of their culture.

(Many of the things blamed by "atheists" upon clergy and/or religion itself stem from the same process that also tarnishes much of rational and scientific thought. Many self-proclaimed "atheists" fail to tell religion and clergy apart - which also renders their so-called "critique of religion" mere attacks on a clergy that don't practice what their religion preaches - insofar as that many of these "atheists" even subliminally or openly flirt with "original" or "genuine" versions of the religion they're seemingly attacking, with paganism, Eastern mysticism, or any number of what may be considered superstitions, folklore, or "folk" religions, on account of what they perceive as "more egalitarian traits" within those, not realizing that the only reason for the terrorism-endorsing Dalai Lama to currently not be on an active Jihad against infidels is that the imperialist Chinese have removed him from his status of worldly power. Of course, much the same as to these "atheists" applies to religious authorities who can't tell science or reason apart from scientists or political leaders.)

That's what Adorno meant when he said that the rational logos ("science" or "Enlightenment") became the new irrational mythos, and that pre-scientific mythos was the same as scientific logos insofar as that both often serve the same irrational collective needs in history and society, especially wherever dominant socialization and culture, in Marcuse's words, favor surplus repression of the Id, thus giving rise to the Authoritarian personality type (also see Right-wing authoritarianism) and, accordingly, to all kinds of numinous ethnocentric and positivistic prejudices (psychologically related to magical thinking) such as racism, anti-Semitism, or any other notions of inferiority associated with marginalized, dehumanized, and demonized minorities, as part of the cultural construction of strong ingroup-outgroup dichotomies, whereupon the in-group consists of the dominant hegemonical culture with its associated constructed values. --79.193.48.131 (talk) 04:23, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

Short description
This article lacks a short description. The lead does not lend itself to the easy composition of a short description, and the article itself appears to lack structure and coherence. If anyone feels up to producing a short description, please do so, besides being useful in itself, it may encourage editors to get to the point. · · · Peter (Southwood) (talk): 09:01, 11 October 2018 (UTC)

Thomas Huxley: Evolution and Ethics
I think this section just needs to go, altogether. It's incredibly unencyclopedic, and like the appropriate template has already been saying since 2013, it's basically just an essay. Since there's been no improvement for the last 7 years, I think it's unlikely that it will happen in the future; but even then, removing the section does not prevent anyone who wishes to do so from writing a proper encyclopedic section on Huxley's thoughts, so that shouldn't be a problem. Please let me know your thoughts, I'll wait a few days before I do anything. Lennart97 (talk) 22:33, 26 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It's been a week, so I've gone ahead and removed the section. Lennart97 (talk) 20:21, 2 November 2020 (UTC)


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Henrik Reuterdahl

Henrik Reuterdahl (11 September 1795 in Malmö – 28 June 1870 in Uppsala) was a Swedish Lutheran clergyman who served as the Church of Sweden archbishop of Uppsala from 1856 to his death.

Biography
Born in Malmö, he was orphaned at an early age and had to rely on others for his education and support. Despite this he managed to get a higher education at the Lund University in theology, philology and Church history, influenced by local academic dignities such as Erik Gustaf Geijer as well as the works of the German Schleiermacher that had just become appreciated in Lund. He later published a thorough history of the Church in Sweden (4 volumes, 1838–1866).

Reuterdahl served as an associate professor at the theological seminary until 1826 and in 1844, he became a professor of dogma. Reuterdahl was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1848 and of the Swedish Academy from 1852.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henrik Reuterdahl


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Left of Cool

Left of Cool is the fifth studio album released by Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, released in 1998.

History
Left of Cool is the first album to feature Jeff Coffin, who had already toured with the band after the departure of Howard Levy. The album cover depicts Future Man, Béla Fleck, and Victor Wooten standing on Coffin's head.

On the Live at the Quick DVD, Fleck describes how, after the melody for "Big Country" came to him, he called his answering machine and sang it so it would not be lost.

A different arrangement of "Sojourn of Arjuna" appears on Victor Wooten's album What Did He Say? released the previous year.

Guests include Dave Matthews and Amy Grant.

Left of Cool is currently the highest-charting Flecktones album to date, as it reached #191 on The Billboard 200.

Reception
In his Allmusic review, music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote "Often, it's enjoyable to just hear them jam; however, for most fans, the greatest pleasure on Left of Cool will be finding the little details within the solos. The opener, 'Throwdown at the Hoedown', is one of a handful of cuts that really makes a lasting impression."

Track listing

 * Note: the liner notes swap tracks 6 and 7 & 11 and 12. The list below reflects the tracks as they are ordered on the album itself.

 * 1) "Throwdown At The Hoedown" (Béla Fleck) – 5:09
 * 2) "Communication" (music: B. Fleck/Future Man; lyrics: B. Fleck) – 4:16
 * 3) "Big Country" (B. Fleck) – 5:31
 * 4) "Sojourn Of Arjuna" (music: Victor Wooten/Future Man; lyrics: Future Man, adapted from Bhagavad Gita) – 5:27
 * 5) "Let Me Be The One" (music: V. Wooten/B. Fleck/Future Man; lyrics: B. Fleck) – 4:38
 * 6) "Trane To Conamarra" (B. Fleck/Jeff Coffin) – 6:48
 * 7) "Almost 12" (V. Wooten/B. Fleck/Future Man) – 3:15
 * 8) "Step Quiet" (B. Fleck/Sarah Mason) – 4:02
 * 9) "Oddity" (B. Fleck) – 5:32
 * 10) "Sleeping Dogs Lie" (B. Fleck) – 4:02
 * 11) "Trouble and Strife" (B. Fleck) – 5:15
 * 12) "Slow Walker" (B. Fleck) – 5:23
 * 13) "Shanti" (B. Fleck/J. Coffin) – 5:12
 * 14) "The Big Blink" (B. Fleck) – 7:57
 * 15) "Prelude To Silence" (Future Man) – 3:55

The Flecktones

 * Béla Fleck - banjo (tracks 1, 5–7, 11, 12, 14), banjos (track 2), Deering Crossfire electric banjo (tracks 4, 15), low-tuned Czech electric banjo (track 3), synths (tracks 3, 4, 12, 15), nylon and steel string banjos (track 9), gut string Stelling banjo (track 10), Nechville sitar banjo (track 13), mandolin (tracks 8, 9, 11), Paradis stereo guitar with VG8 (tracks 2, 8), guitars (track 6), gut string guitar (track 13), synth guitar (track 14), theremin (track 14)
 * Future Man - Synth-Axe Drumitar (tracks 1–9, 11, 12, 14), cajon (tracks 10, 13, 15), leg slaps (track 13), bells (track 15), samples (track 15), vocals (tracks 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 11, 12)
 * Victor Wooten - bass (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 7–9, 11, 12, 14), fretless bass (tracks 3, 6), tenor bass (track 12), standup bass (track 10), standup electric bass (track 15), cello (track 13), fiddle (track 11)
 * Jeff Coffin - soprano saxophone (tracks 2, 3, 6, 8, 10–12), tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 3–5, 14), baritone saxophone (track 5), baritone wah-wah saxophone (track 5), flute (tracks 6, 9, 13), clarinet (track 10), bass clarinet (track 10), saxello (track 9), singing bowl (track 13)

Guest musicians

 * Dave Matthews - vocals on tracks 2 and 11
 * Amy Grant - vocals on track 8

title: Left of Cool


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Talk:Electro-Motive Diesels

Blanking: contents should not have been cut and paste moved.

title: Talk:Electro-Motive Diesels


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USS Despatch

USS Despatch may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Despatch (1814), a schooner in commission from 1814 to 1820
 * USS Despatch (1852), a sloop-of-war in commission from 1856 to 1859, which was recommissioned as USS Pocahontas (1852) in 1860, served in the American Civil War, and was decommissioned a final time in 1865
 * USS Despatch (1873), a screw steamer in commission from 1873 to 1891, which served as the first Presidential yacht from 1880 until 1891
 * USS Despatch (1902), a ferry launch in commission as USS  Steam Cutter No. 423 1902–1908, as USS Despatch 1908–1918, and as USS Hustle 1918–1921, being designated YFB-6 in 1921
 * USS Despatch (SP-68), redesignated PY-8 in 1920, a tender with the Atlantic Fleet in commission as USS Vixen (SP-68) briefly in 1917, then as USS Despatch (SP-68) from 1917 to 1919 and again in 1920, and as USS Despatch (PY-8) from 1920 to 1921
 * USS Despatch (IX-2), a receiving ship in service under the name from 1940 to 1946, which previously had been the protected cruiser Boston and which was renamed Despatch in 1940 to free the name Boston for the new heavy cruiser USS Boston (CA-69).

title: USS Despatch


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I-40 bridge disaster

The I-40 bridge disaster was a bridge collapse that occurred southeast of Webbers Falls, Oklahoma, United States at 7:45 a.m. on May 26, 2002. Freight barges being transported on the Arkansas River collided with a pier supporting the Interstate 40 road bridge crossing the river. The resulting failure of the supports caused a section of the bridge to collapse, killing 14 people and injuring another 11. The collision was determined to have resulted from the captain of the barges' towboat losing consciousness.

Collision and collapse
Joe Dedmon, captain of the towboat Robert Y. Love, was transporting barges on the Arkansas River. While traversing the Robert S. Kerr Reservoir, Dedmon experienced syncope and lost control of the tow. This, in turn, caused the barges he was towing to collide with a pier off the Interstate 40 bridge crossing the reservoir. A 580 ft section of the bridge collapsed, plunging into the water. It was raining heavily at the time of the collapse, but the rain subsided soon afterward. By the time traffic stopped and individuals became aware of the missing road, eight passenger vehicles and three semi-trucks had fallen into the river or on collapsed bridge pieces. Fourteen people died and 11 others were injured when the automobiles and tractor-trailers fell from the bridge. Survivors were aided by fishermen who were participating in a bass fishing tournament in the river near the bridge.

Rescue and recovery
Three people that had fallen into the river in their vehicles were able to get out and swim to shore. Bass fishermen participating in a tournament on the water saw the disaster occurring and attempted to aid the victims and stop the cars and trucks they witnessed driving towards the bridge failure. One fisherman along the river shot a flare at a tractor-trailer driver in an attempt to get the truck to stop. Others threw ropes at individuals in vehicles to attempt to pull them from the water.

A two-time convicted felon named William James Clark impersonated a U.S. Army captain at the disaster scene for two days. Clark's efforts included directing FBI agents and appropriating vehicles and equipment, purportedly for the rescue effort, before fleeing the scene. Clark was later apprehended in Canada.

An estimated 20,000 vehicles per day were rerouted for about two months while crews rebuilt the bridge. Traffic resumed July 29, 2002—two months after the disaster. The reopening set a new national record for such a project, which would normally be expected to take six months.

Investigation and litigation
It was reported that the towboat Robert Y. Love had problems with steering back in 1994, although Coast Guard Lt. j.g. Natalie Magnino stated that the 1994 problem was caused by debris that had jammed the rudder and was not the result of mechanical failure or pilot error.

The National Transportation Safety Board stated in 2004 that the collapse was due to Captain Dedmon's loss of consciousness, possibly due to an unforeseeable abnormal heart rhythm. Indiana University Professor of Medicine Douglas Zipes agreed with this explanation and stated in a letter to Dedmon's attorney that it was likely that Dedmon had ventricular tachycardia, which caused him to black out. As a result of the accident the Safety Board recommended that the U.S. Coast Guard Research and Development Center evaluate the utility and effectiveness of alerter systems within the wheelhouse of inland towing vessels. This was in addition to warning systems for motorists to stop in the case of a partial or total bridge collapse.

In May 2003, victims of the bridge collapse settled a lawsuit with the towboat company. The Mississippi-based company Magnolia Marine Transport Co. settled with the 14 deceased victims' families and those injured for an undisclosed amount. This is separate from the other suits against the company by the state of Oklahoma and by MBO Video, whose fiber optic cables were severed by the collapse.

Memorials
The town created a memorial statue in honor of the victims and the event, a 14 ft tall bronze sculpture that incorporates pieces of the wreckage and is topped by a young girl reaching upwards to release a dove. The young girl represents the youngest victim, a 3-year-old girl. It was created by Shahla Rahimi-Reynolds, who was chosen by the Webbers Falls Committee to design the memorial, which also uses 14 granite plaques to memorialize each victim. The memorial was dedicated on May 26, 2003. The memorial cost the state almost $150,000.

Webbers Falls marked the 15th anniversary of the bridge collapse with a special ceremony at the Webbers Falls Historical City Park, with the monument in honor of those who were affected by the accident.

title: I-40 bridge disaster


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Eppo

Eppo or EPPO may refer to:

 * European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
 * European Public Prosecutor's Office
 * Poznań–Ławica Airport, by ICAO code
 * Eppo (comics), a Dutch comic magazine

People with the name

 * Michael Eppelstun, Australian surfer
 * Eppo Bruins (born 1969), Dutch politician
 * Eppo Cremers (1923–1896), Dutch politician
 * Eppo Doeve (1907–1981), Dutch painter and cartoonist

title: Eppo


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Tuxedo Club

The Tuxedo Club is a private member-owned country club located on West Lake Road in the village of Tuxedo Park, New York, in the Ramapo Mountains. Founded in 1886 by Pierre Lorillard IV, its facilities now include an 18-hole golf course, lawn tennis, court tennis, racquets, squash, platform tennis, olympic-sized pool, and boating. The tuxedo was first introduced to America by New York millionaire James Potter at the club's first Autumn ball in 1886, after a trip to England.

History
The original clubhouse, designed by Bruce Price, was built in 1886 and demolished in 1927. John Russell Pope's clubhouse was constructed on the original stone foundations the following year. The clubhouse is U-shaped, with stucco over wood frame, low hipped slate roof, stone embedded in stucco, leaded glass casements, and mullions forming crossettes in continuous fenestration. Located at the foot of Tuxedo Lake, it commands a view to the other end of lake and two ranges of wooded hills. A lawn extends between the club house and the lake.

To the northwest of the clubhouse is the court tennis and racquet house, also on West Lake Road. Designed by architects Warren and Wetmore, it was built between 1890 and 1900. Made of Bickley cement and supported by stone and brick arches in the basement, these courts became a model for future courts built in the United States. They have full galleries for spectators. The original glass roof with canvasses has been replaced with artificial light.

Golf course
The golf course does not sit near the main clubhouse facility. It is roughly 5 mi away just outside the gates of the private community known as Tuxedo Park where the main club, tennis club and pool are located. The golf course is actually the third golf course of the club, as the first became the Blair estate and the second was overtaken by the New York State Thruway, forcing the move of the course to the new location near the Eagle Valley section of Tuxedo. The course existing today was designed by Robert Trent Jones, Sr. It is an 18-hole championship course.

title: Tuxedo Club


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User talk:Qaqaq

Welcome
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! -- Spinboy 19:00, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
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 * Manual of Style

NPL category
I improved the template to support proper alphabetization and applied it to everybody except Willz (whose membership is discussed in the body of the article) and Mike Selinker because I'm too lazy to look up his nom. I hope you'll continue to add Krewe (such as the other Hex, Gellett Burgess, Tom Pulliam, etc.) to the category and encourage you to use the template. If you see any other ways the template, please let me know, or experiment yourself.

I wonder if we should also create Category:Wikipedians who are members of the National Puzzlers' League.

Matchups 15:57, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

P.S. By the way, I'm Alf. I see on your contributions list that you've done a bunch of good work here. Keep it up! And how about creating a user page?

I saw your comment at TFD. I'm curious how you reconcile it with this diff? Matchups 03:25, 19 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi Qaqaq and Matchups! Yes indeed, great to see you here on this public forum. Qaqaq, thank you for your touchups to the article, they are certainly allowable within WP policy under fixing mistakes. (Nothing like creating a WP article on someone to get his attention, no?) Yes, I would guess there are Scrabble(R) players whom I should disabuse of subideas.
 * I apologize for starting out this conversation by needing to disagree with you on the TFD, but I'm sure minor professional disagreements won't get in the way of fruitful collaboration. JJB 15:02, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Gadsby
For a thoroughly distinct discussion, you said on your blog that you took significant joy from finding Gadsby's information highly apt in its writing. Though a busy guy, you might wish to say anything at Talk:Gadsby (book) that might assist in carrying discussion with Soap and Rod (and additional possibly distraught contributors) to a happy conclusion and maintaining your advocacy on this front. Your nom is not in its history, alas. Thanks! JJB 18:24, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

your wiki page
hi trip - glad to have found you (i am a charter subscriber to games magazine!). anyway, your wiki page needed some references (or it gets removed). i added two - both from your website (your bio and your resume). however, it would be real nice to have some secondary reliable sources there as well. these can include online newspapers and magazines, for example, which write about you - not just where you are published. i found an interview at but it is unclear when it was done (the date should appear on the page, but it doesn't). anyway, i hope that you can supply some sources - either make a list here or just update the page yourself. Soosim (talk) 09:25, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * As I say on the talk page there, I didn't create the page and am not at all sure I'm noteworthy enough to have an article on Wikipedia, so I'm hesitant to suggest any changes or additions to it. I can tell you that that interview was from April 2010, according to my e-mail records; I'm sure the website owner could confirm that. Qaqaq (talk) 18:42, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * not a problem - just wanted to know if you have links to online interviews, news articles, etc. about you. if not, not. we will let the wiki editors decide who's who and who's not.... thanks. (oh, i have tried to reach the editor, but can't.) Soosim (talk) 19:06, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Interview invitation from a Wikipedia researcher in the University of Minnesota
I am Weiwen Leung, a student at the University of Minnesota. I am currently conducting a study on how people on the LGBT+ Wikipedians group use and contribute to Wikipedia.

Would you be willing to answer a short 5 minute survey? If so, please email me at leung085@umn.edu. It would be helpful if you could include your Wikipedia username when emailing.

Thank you, Weiwen — Preceding unsigned comment added by Weiwensg (talk • contribs) 18:52, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Qaqaq


text:
Principles of war

Principles of war are rules and guidelines that represent truths in the practice of war and military operations.

The earliest known principles of war were documented by Sun Tzu, c. 500 BCE, as well as Chanakya in his Arthashastra c. 350 BCE. Machiavelli published his "General Rules" in 1521 which were themselves modeled on Vegetius' Regulae bellorum generales (Epit. 3.26.1–33). Henri, Duke of Rohan established his "Guides" for war in 1644. Marquis de Silva presented his "Principles" for war in 1778. Henry Lloyd proffered his version of "Rules" for war in 1781 as well as his "Axioms" for war in 1781. Then in 1805, Antoine-Henri Jomini published his "Maxims" for war version 1, "Didactic Resume" and "Maxims" for war version 2. Carl von Clausewitz wrote his version in 1812 building on the work of earlier writers.

There are no universally agreed-upon principles of war. The principles of warfare are tied into military doctrine of the various military services. Doctrine, in turn, suggests but does not dictate strategy and tactics.

Arthashastra
Arthaśāstra is an ancient Indian Sanskrit treatise on statecraft and military strategy among other things.

Biblical
The Book of Deuteronomy prescribes how the Israelite army was to fight, including dealing with plunder, enslavement of the enemy women and children and forbidding the destruction of fruit-bearing trees.

Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu's The Art of War, written c. 400 BCE, listed five basic factors for a commander to consider:

 * The Moral Law, or discipline and unity of command
 * Heaven, or weather factors
 * Earth, or the terrain
 * The Commander;
 * Method and discipline, which included logistics and supply

However, Sun Tzu implied individual initiative as a principle of warfare, stating "According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans."

Napoléon Bonaparte
Since the first appearance in English of the military maxims of Napoleon in 1831, all English translations have relied upon the extremely incomplete French edition of General Burnod published in 1827. This has contributed to the erroneous belief that Napoléon Bonaparte had pioneered the "Principles of War". Napoléon was a keen follower of famous military generals of the past, who influenced his thoughts greatly. Albeit, "The armies of today are based on the organization created by Napoleon [sic] for his Grand Army and it has been used ever since." (Weider, par. 12). Since the mid-19th century, due to the influence of the Prussian Army, they have become a guide for many military organizations to focus the thinking of military commanders and political leaders toward concepts and methods of successful prosecution of wars and smaller military operations. Although originally concerned with strategy, grand strategy and tactics, due to the changing nature of warfare and military technology, since the interwar period, the principles are largely applied to the strategic decision-making, and in some cases, to operational mobility of forces.

Carl von Clausewitz
The principles of war identified by Carl von Clausewitz in his essay Principles of War, and later enlarged in his book, On War have been influential in military thinking in the North Atlantic region.

The initial essay dealt with the tactics of combat, and suggested the following general principles:
 * discover how we may gain a preponderance of physical forces and material advantages at the decisive point
 * to calculate moral factors
 * make the best use of the few means at our disposal
 * never lack calmness and firmness...without this firm resolution, no great results can be achieved in the most successful war
 * always have the choice between the most audacious and the most careful solution...no military leader has ever become great without audacity

Based on the above, Clausewitz went on to suggest principles for tactics, the scale of combat that dominated European warfare at the time:
 * The Defence
 * The Offense
 * The Use of Troops
 * The Use Of Terrain
 * forces are more effective in a concentric rather than in a parallel attack; attack concentrically without having decisive superiority in an engagement
 * always seek to envelop that part of the enemy against which we direct our main attack
 * cut off the enemy from his line of retreat

Clausewitz also included in the essay general principles of strategy by saying that Warfare has three main objects:

 * (a) To conquer and destroy the armed power of the enemy; always direct our principal operation against the main body of the enemy army or at least against an important portion of his forces
 * (b) To take possession of his material and other sources of strength, and to direct our operations against the places where most of these resources are concentrated
 * (c) To gain public opinion, won through great victories and the occupation of the enemy's capital
 * use our entire force with the utmost energy
 * the decisive point of attack
 * never to waste time
 * surprise plays a much greater role in tactics than in strategy
 * pursuit
 * forces concentrated at the main point
 * an attack on the lines of communication takes effect only very slowly, while victory on the field of battle bears fruit immediately
 * In strategy, therefore, the side that is surrounded by the enemy is better off than the side which surrounds its opponent, especially with equal or even weaker forces
 * To cut the enemy's line of retreat, however, strategic envelopment or a turning movement is very effective
 * be physically and morally superior
 * stores of supplies, on whose preservation operations absolutely depend
 * The provisioning of troops is a necessary condition of warfare and thus has great influence on the operations
 * independent action

Strategic Defense
 * Politically speaking defensive war is a war which we wage for our independence

Strategic Offense
 * The strategic offensive pursues the aim of the war directly, aiming straight at the destruction of the enemy's forces

Jomini
Antoine Henri Jomini in his book, Precis de l'Art de Guerre, published in 1838, also developed theories of warfare based on the concepts and methods used during the Napoleonic Wars.

Ardant du Picq
Colonel Ardant du Picq, a French infantry officer who was killed in the Franco-Prussian War, prepared drafts based on his observations of military history which became the book Battle Studies. In it two of Du Picq's observations stand out:
 * Combat is the object, the cause of being, and the supreme manifestation of an army and must be the focus of training, even in peacetime.
 * The human element is more important than theories. War is still more of an art than a science.

20th century theory
Applied to specific forms of warfare, such as naval warfare, Julian Corbett argued that maritime strategy should play a significant role in the principles of war. Admiral William S. Sims, who commanded the U.S. Navy's contribution to the British Grand Fleet in World War I, wrote of the U.S. Naval War College: The college aims to supply principles, not rules, and by training, develop the habit of applying these principles logically, correctly, and rapidly to each situation that may arise. This habit can be acquired only through considerable practice, hence the numerous problems in strategy and tactics.

National principles of war
Variations exist and differences are minor and semantic or reflect a cultural persuasion for a particular approach. A closer examination of the values and culture of origin reveals its war priorities.

UK
The UK uses 10 principles of war, as taught to all officers of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force:

The British Army's principles of war were first published after the First World War and based on the work of the British general and military theorist, J. F. C. Fuller. The definition of each principle has been refined over the following decades and adopted throughout the British armed forces. The tenth principle, added later, was originally called Administration. The first principle has always been stated as pre-eminent and the second is usually considered more important than the remainder, which are not listed in any order of importance.

The 2011 edition of British Defence Doctrine (BDD) states and explains the principles with the following preface: "Principles of War guide commanders and their staffs in the planning and conduct of warfare. They are enduring, but not immutable, absolute or prescriptive, and provide an appropriate foundation for all military activity. The relative importance of each may vary according to context; their application requires judgement, common sense and intelligent interpretation. Commanders also need to take into account the legitimacy of their actions, based on the legal, moral, political, diplomatic and ethical propriety of the conduct of military forces, once committed."

The ten principles as listed and defined in the 2011 edition, unchanged from the 2008 edition, of BDD (which also provides explanation) are:
 * Selection and Maintenance of the Aim – A single, unambiguous aim is the keystone of successful military operations. Selection and maintenance of the aim is regarded as the master principle of war.
 * Maintenance of Morale – Morale is a positive state of mind derived from inspired political and military leadership, a shared sense of purpose and values, well-being, perceptions of worth and group cohesion.
 * Offensive Action – Offensive action is the practical way in which a commander seeks to gain advantage, sustain momentum and seize the initiative.
 * Security – Security is the provision and maintenance of an operating environment that affords the necessary freedom of action, when and where required, to achieve objectives.
 * Surprise – Surprise is the consequence of shock and confusion induced by the deliberate or incidental introduction of the unexpected.
 * Concentration of Force – Concentration of force involves the decisive, synchronized application of superior fighting power (conceptual, physical, and moral) to realize intended effects, when and where required.
 * Economy of Effort – Economy of effort is the judicious exploitation of manpower, materiel and time in relation to the achievement of objectives.
 * Flexibility – the ability to change readily to meet new circumstances – comprises agility, responsiveness, resilience, acuity and adaptability.
 * Cooperation – Cooperation entails the incorporation of teamwork and a sharing of dangers, burdens, risks and opportunities in every aspect of warfare.
 * Sustainability – To sustain a force is to generate the means by which its fighting power and freedom of action are maintained.

These principles of war are commonly used by the armed forces of Commonwealth countries such as Australia.

Soviet Union and Russia
Soviet adoption of the principles of war is considered a part of military art, and is therefore a system of knowledge that is the theory and practice of preparing and conducting military operations on the land, at sea, and in the air. As such it includes the following principles
 * High combat readiness
 * surprise, decisiveness and active seeking to secure the initiative
 * full use of all means of combat
 * coordination and interaction of all types and branches
 * decisive concentration
 * simultaneous attack in depth
 * full use of morale-political factor
 * firm and continuous command and control
 * inexorability and decisiveness during the mission
 * security of combat operations
 * timely restoration of troop combat readiness

The Soviet principles of military science, from Soviet AirLand Battle Tactics ISBN 0-89141-160-7. Similar principles continue to be followed in CIS countries.

 * Preparedness – The ability to fulfill missions under any conditions for starting or the conduct of war.
 * Initiative – Utilizing surprise, decisiveness, and aggressiveness to continuously strive to achieve and retain the initiative. Initiative, in this sense describes efforts to fulfill the plan in spite of difficulties. This is in contrast to the western usage of the term which means attacking (or threatening to attack) to force enemy reaction, thus denying his ability to act.
 * Capability – Full use of the various means and capabilities of battle to achieve victory.
 * Cooperation – Coordinated application of and close cooperation between major units of the armed forces.
 * Concentration – Decisive concentration of the essential force at the needed moment and in the most important direction to achieve the main mission.
 * Depth – Destruction of the enemy throughout the entire depth of their deployment.
 * Morale – Use of political and psychological factors to demoralize opponents and break their will to resist.
 * Obedience – Strict and uninterrupted obedience. Orders are to be followed exactly and without question. Commanders are expected to directly supervise subordinates in a detailed manner in order to ensure compliance.
 * Steadfastness – Subordinate commanders are to carry out the spirit and the letter of the plan.
 * Security – Security complements surprise. All aspects of security, from deception and secrecy, to severe discipline of subordinates who through action or inaction allow information to fall into the hands of ourselves are to be vigorously carried out.
 * Logistics – Restoration of reserves and restoration of combat capability is of paramount concern of the modern, fast paced battlefield.

Thus it can be seen that in Military art, the Soviet and Western systems are similar, but place their emphasis in wildly differing places. Western systems allow more control and decision-making at lower levels of command, and with this empowerment comes a consistent emphasis. Offensive, mass, and maneuver principles for the western commander all place a sense of personal responsibility and authority to ensure these principles are followed by appropriate action. In contrast the Soviet system stresses preparedness, initiative, and obedience. This places more responsibility at the better prepared and informed centers of command, and provide more overall control of the battle.

United States
(Refer to US Army Field Manual FM 3–0)

The United States Armed Forces use the following nine principles of war:
 * Objective – Direct every military operation toward a clearly defined, decisive and attainable objective. The ultimate military purpose of war is the destruction of the enemy's ability to fight and will to fight.
 * Offensive – Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. Offensive action is the most effective and decisive way to attain a clearly defined common objective. Offensive operations are the means by which a military force seizes and holds the initiative while maintaining freedom of action and achieving decisive results. This is fundamentally true across all levels of war.
 * Mass – Mass the effects of overwhelming combat power at the decisive place and time. Synchronizing all the elements of combat power where they will have decisive effect on an enemy force in a short period of time is to achieve mass. Massing effects, rather than concentrating forces, can enable numerically inferior forces to achieve decisive results, while limiting exposure to enemy fire.
 * Economy of Force – Employ all combat power available in the most effective way possible; allocate minimum essential combat power to secondary efforts. Economy of force is the judicious employment and distribution of forces. No part of the force should ever be left without purpose. The allocation of available combat power to such tasks as limited attacks, defense, delays, deception, or even retrograde operations is measured in order to achieve mass elsewhere at the decisive point and time on the battlefield.
 * Maneuver – Place the enemy in a position of disadvantage through the flexible application of combat power. Maneuver is the movement of forces in relation to the enemy to gain positional advantage. Effective maneuver keeps the enemy off balance and protects the force. It is used to exploit successes, to preserve freedom of action, and to reduce vulnerability. It continually poses new problems for the enemy by rendering his actions ineffective, eventually leading to defeat.
 * Unity of Command – For every objective, seek unity of command and unity of effort. At all levels of war, employment of military forces in a manner that masses combat power toward a common objective requires unity of command and unity of effort. Unity of command means that all the forces are under one responsible commander. It requires a single commander with the requisite authority to direct all forces in pursuit of a unified purpose.
 * Security – Never permit the enemy to acquire unexpected advantage. Security enhances freedom of action by reducing vulnerability to hostile acts, influence, or surprise. Security results from the measures taken by a commander to protect his forces. Knowledge and understanding of enemy strategy, tactics, doctrine, and staff planning improve the detailed planning of adequate security measures.
 * Surprise – Strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which he is unprepared. Surprise can decisively shift the balance of combat power. By seeking surprise, forces can achieve success well out of proportion to the effort expended. Surprise can be in tempo, size of force, direction or location of main effort, and timing. Deception can aid the probability of achieving surprise.
 * Simplicity – Prepare clear, uncomplicated plans and concise orders to ensure thorough understanding. Everything in war is very simple, but the simple thing is difficult. To the uninitiated, military operations are not difficult. Simplicity contributes to successful operations. Simple plans and clear, concise orders minimize misunderstanding and confusion. Other factors being equal, parsimony is to be preferred.

Officers in the U.S. Military sometimes use the acronyms "MOSS MOUSE", "MOOSE MUSS", "MOUSE MOSS", "MOM USE SOS", and "SUMO MOSES" to remember the first letters of these nine principles.

According to a United States Government document from 2010, the rule governing targeting in a non-international armed conflict is the international humanitarian law which is commonly known as the laws of war. The United States government stated in an undated Department of Justice White paper entitled "Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen who is a Senior Operational Leader of Al Qa’ida or An Associated Force" that the four fundamental law-of-war principles governing the use of force are necessity, distinction, proportionality and humanity i.e. the avoidance of unnecessary suffering.

There is a debate within the American military establishment to adopt flexibility as the tenth principle of war. Frost argues that the concept of flexibility should be integrated with America's warfighting doctrine. Americans soundly retort that flexibility is a given that pervades all aspects of each principle.

Many, however, hold that the principle of simplicity implicitly includes flexibility. One of the oldest dicta states that the simple plan is the flexible plan.

In 2007, Armed Forces Journal published a proposal by LCDR Chris van Avery, USN, 12 New Principles of War, to completely overhaul and expand the U.S. principles of war from nine to thirteen. The article was subsequently forwarded to the Joint Chiefs of Staff by Air Force Chief of Staff General Moseley and an effort to overhaul current U.S. doctrine was initiated using Van Avery's framework.

In 2011, three new "principles of joint operations" were added to the cited nine principles of war. These principles are:
 * Restraint – to limit collateral damage and prevent the unnecessary use of force. Restraint requires the careful and disciplined balancing of the need for security, the conduct of military operations, and the national strategic end state.
 * Perseverance – to ensure the commitment necessary to attain the national strategic end state. The underlying causes of the crisis may be elusive, making it difficult to achieve decisive resolution. The patient, resolute, and persistent pursuit of national goals and objectives often is essential to success.
 * Legitimacy – to maintain legal and moral authority in the conduct of operations. Legitimacy, which can be a decisive factor in operations, is based on the actual and perceived legality, morality, and rightness of the actions from the various perspectives of interested audiences.

Together, these 12 concepts form the Principles of Joint Operations.

Canada
The Canadian Armed Forces principles of war/military science are defined by the Royal Military College of Canada or Canadian Forces College website to focus on principles of command, principles of war, operational art and campaign planning, and scientific principles.

 * principles of command – Lead By Example; Know Your subordinates And Promote Their Welfare; Develop Leadership Potential; Make Sound And Timely Decisions; Train subordinates As A Team; Communicate Ideas Clearly; Keep subordinates Informed Of All Activities And New Developments; Take Initiatives; Know Yourself And Pursue Self-Improvement; Treat subordinates As You Wish To Be Treated
 * principles of war – Selection and maintenance of the aim; maintenance of morale; offensive action; surprise; security; concentration of force; economy of effort; flexibility; co-operation; and administration. These principles are not listed in any order of importance.
 * operational art and campaign planning – the organization and synchronization of the planning process and maritime, land and air forces.
 * scientific principles – involved in military reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition in the context of military operations.

France
The French Army recognizes three principles to be applied to operation of land forces at the tactical level:
 * Freedom of action – "The ability of a commander to use his means at any time and to act despite the presence of the enemy and the various constraints imposed by both the environment and circumstances, in order to achieve the assigned goal. [...] Freedom of Action consists of maintaining the initiative with regards to the enemy in order to 'control upcoming action' and seize opportunities."
 * Unity of effort – "Convergence in space and time of actions and effects of the different operational functions. [...] Unity of Effort distinguishes itself from the concentration of forces through the need to combine actions and optimize effects in order to increase the effectiveness on the chosen objective." This principle includes the psychological effects of surprise and troop morale, in addition to the more conventional principle of concentration of forces.
 * Economy of means – "Proper distribution and use of assets in order to obtain the best ratio of capabilities vs. effects in order to achieve the assigned goal." The instruments for this principle are modularity, the "task organization" of the forces, and support.

According to French doctrine, new principles should be observed, primarily to protect the principle of "Freedom of Action":
 * Legitimacy – Among the local population, in national public opinion, and among international institutions.
 * Necessity – The appropriate amount of force is to be used for each desired objective.
 * Reversibility – The military actor should be prepared to quickly change its course of action depending on the opponent's attitude. Organize military actions to limit human losses and material damages. Remain open to opportunities for de-escalation, and prepare to "support the failure of the enemy" rather than needlessly seeking total destruction. "[Keep] the operation’s level of intensity as low as possible."

Israel
The principles of war according to Israeli doctrine are:
 * Maintenance of the aim;
 * Morale;
 * Initiative;
 * Stratagem;
 * Concentration of effort;
 * Security;
 * Optimal utilization of force;
 * Continuity;
 * Depth and reserve;
 * Simplicity.

People's Republic of China
The military principles of war of the People's Liberation Army were loosely based on those of the Soviet Union until the 1980s when a significant shift begun to be seen in a more regionally-aware, and geographically-specific strategic, operational and tactical thinking in all services. The PLA is currently influenced by three doctrinal schools which both conflict and complement each other: the People's war, the Regional war, and the Revolution in military affairs that led to substantial increase in the defence spending and rate of technological modernisation of the forces.

 * People's war – which is derived from the Maoist notion of warfare as a war in which the entire society is mobilized
 * Regional war – which envisions future wars to be limited in scope and confined to the Chinese border
 * Revolution in military affairs – which is a school of thought which believes that technology is transforming the basis of warfare and that these technological changes present both extreme dangers and possibilities for the Chinese military.

In recent years, 'Local war under high-tech conditions' has been promoted.

Other uses
These principles can be applied to non-military uses when Unity of command is separated into coordination and reality, Economy of Force is redefined as use of resources, Mass is separated into renewable and non-renewable resources, and relationships are separated from unity of command.

In 1913 Harrington Emerson proposed 12 principles of efficiency, the first three of which could be related to principles of war: Clearly defined ideals – Objective, Common sense – Simplicity, Competent counsel – Unity of Command.

Some of the twelve non-military principles of efficiency were formulated by Henry Ford at the turn of the 20th century, and are suggested to be: objective, coordination, action, reality, knowledge, locations (space and time),things, obtaining, using, protecting, and losing. Nine, ten, or twelve principles all provide a framework for efficient development of any objective.

Principles of War was also a book published in 1969 for the Japan Self-Defense Forces. It outlines the basic military principles and strategies by which the Japanese army was to operate. The book was used for most military exams in Japan. The book backs up all military principles with historical examples.

title: Principles of war


text:
Prince Henry of the Netherlands (1820–1879)

Prince William Frederick Henry of the Netherlands (Dutch: Willem Frederik Hendrik; 13 June 1820 – 13 January 1879) was the third son of King William II of the Netherlands and his wife, Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia. He was born at Soestdijk Palace.

Prince Henry became Governor of Luxembourg in 1850, in which capacity he served until his death in 1879. During his tenure, he worked with the government to launch the reactionary Coup of 1856, which consolidated power in the monarchy and the executive. However, most of the changes were reversed by the new constitution issued in 1868 after the 1867 Luxembourg Crisis, during which the crown tried to sell the grand duchy to France.

Career
Prince Henry was appointed an officer in the navy in his teens, and served many years, whence the sobriquet de Zeevaarder ("the Navigator"), after the Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator. He visited the Dutch East Indies in 1837, remaining there for seven months.

Personal life
He married twice. On 9 May 1853, in Weimar, he married Amalia Maria da Gloria Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Ghent, 20 May 1830 - Walferdange Castle, 1 May 1872). On 24 August 1878, in Potsdam, he married Marie Elisabeth Louise Frederica of Prussia (Marmorpalais, 14 September 1855 – Schloss Albrechtsberg, 20 June 1888). Both marriages were childless. At the time of his death at Walferdange Castle from measles, he was third in line of succession to the Dutch throne.

Throughout his life, his title was His Royal Highness Prince Henry of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau.

Legacy

The Prins Hendrikkade, a major street in Amsterdam, was named after Prince Henry following his death in 1879. A bust of Henry stands on the street.

The Prins Hendrik Stichting, a charity founded by Prince Henry in 1871 and named after him, provides care to sailors and their widows.

In Luxembourg, an oak tree in Grünewald forest was planted and named after him following his death in 1879. The city of Luxembourg also has a street named after Henry, the Boulevard Prince-Henri.

Honours
He received the following orders and decorations:
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown
 * Russian Empire: Knight of the Order of St. Andrew the First-called, 10 June 1834
 * Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 8 February 1842
 * Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon, 4 February 1845
 * Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Order of the Württemberg Crown, 1849
 * 🇸🇪 🇳🇴 Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 23 February 1850
 * Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, June 1853
 * Nassau: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau, with Swords, June 1858
 * Electorate of Hesse: Knight of the House Order of the Golden Lion, 12 September 1859
 * Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 24 February 1878
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military), 25 March 1878


text:
Talk:Next Generation (magazine)

Untitled
The Edge page says that content from that magazine was published in Next Generation from 1996 to 2002, but the Next Generation page says that the mag was published from January 1995 till January 2002. So should the Edge page be corrected to read 1995, or did Next Gen only share Edge content for some of its life? --Nick R 19:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I really don't know, I didn't even think Edge's material was published in Next Gen until the comment was added to the Edge article. I do recall Edge describing Next Gen as its "sister magazine" on many occasions, such when reporting as NG's demise. Sockatume 22:33, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * In Next Generation #1 (Jan 1995) the table of contents states, "Next Generation is affiliated to and shares editorial with Edge". So yes, the Edge page should be changed to 1995. --Vitaflo 21:42, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

NPOV changes
Hi there. When I first read through this article, it was well-written, but seemed obviously very pro-NextGen. Personally, I don't have any particular preference. I made a few changes and also tried to improve the organization and overall coherence. For example, I moved the point about the lack of cheat codes, walkthroughs, etc. down with the other differences. I took out the sentence about the ranking systems of other magazines as it was clearly there solely to illustrate the weakness of such a system. I don't mind if someone puts it back in, so long as the pros and cons of both ranking systems are addressed (and there are for both), however, I personally decided to omit them since I think they're obvious enough for the reader to make up his or her own mind about. I softened the statement about constructive criticism, because this is subjective. Some may think an article is more supportive than critical, or more critical than constructive. I left it as an intention, which is how I think it should be. Finally, I took out the last sentence, because, frankly, it didn't make much sense to me. What does one mean by the "gaming industry" producing a magazine? It sounds like some kind of collective effort which surely isn't the case. Furthermore, the "desire" and "freshness" of NextGen is also obviously not NPOV. If a solid tie-in between Escapist magazine and NextGen is made, I'm all for it being put back in. Cheers. -- Hinotori 13:28, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Next Gen
Shouldn't this be a dismabiguation page to the current gen (colloquaially known as next gen, still) of gaming> Xbox 360, Wii and PS3?

fair use image removal
I have removed all or a majority of the fair use images on this page as their use was not in line with our Non-free content criteria policy (likely in that the use is not minimal (3.a.) and it is in a list or a gallery (8.)) or our Non-free content guideline that states that cover images may only be used for critical commentary on the cover itself, not just identification. Please do not re-add them without discussion. Kotepho 08:33, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll grant you perhaps 3.a. 8, however, I say otherwise. I did not add these images for merely having a "decorative" gallery; I added them for 2 reasons: The first was to show progression of the magazine's format/style changes which was to accompany a later planned section. Granted this could be done with a minimal only 5 or so images, but this leads me to my second reason. To show a zeitgeist of gaming through 1995 to 2001. Currently, I'm a participant in WikiProject Video GameMagazine Archive. Given the shift of gaming news from a print based media to a web based media, finding sources of gaming history is becoming increasingly rare. I could understand why it could be seen as a decorative gallery if it was merely a collection of artwork, but its the images chosen and its accompanying headlines that makes it a example of history that's much easier to explain in images rather than words. —Mitaphane 15:58, 25 June 2007

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/19970606054545/http://www.next-generation.com:80/news/062896b.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19970606085358/http://www.next-generation.com:80/news/051896d.html

title: Talk:Next Generation (magazine)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TRUCE

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 14:13, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

TRUCE
Promotional, does not establish notability. Delete unless rewritten. - Mike Rosoft 19:01, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * An organization called "Teachers Resisting Unhealthy Children's Entertainment"; name gets 570 google hits. I'm inclined to agree with Mike Rosoft--unless some evidence of notability or impact is provided, this should go. Most of the web hits didn't suggest any notability either (e.g., the org. left a review decrying a particular series of books on Amazon, which was hit #3 or 4. Meelar (talk) 19:28, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. A lot of it is just straight copyvio lifted from . --Idont Havaname 20:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TRUCE


text:
Anton Niklas Sundberg

Anton Niklas Sundberg (27 May 1818, Uddevalla – 2 February 1900) was a Lutheran clergyman, and the Church of Sweden archbishop of Uppsala 1870–1900.

Biography
He acquired a doctor of philosophy and theology degree at Uppsala University in 1842, became dean and was ordained a priest in 1845. He then undertook travel through Europe in 1849–50. He was a lecturer in theology at Lund University in 1849 and from 1852 to 1856 a professor of dogmatics and moral theology. From 1856 to 1864 he was professor of church history and symbolism at the university. In 1861 he was appointed vicar in Lund before being appointed bishop of the Diocese of Karlstad in 1864. In 1870, he became Archbishop of Uppsala  and Pro-Chancellor of Uppsala University. Sundberg was a member of the Swedish Academy from 1874 and of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1877.

Other sources

 * Article Sundberg, A.N. From Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon
 * Anton Niklas Sundberg, from Bilder och minnen, by Harald Wieselgren, 1889

Related reading

 * Bexell, Oloph (2003) Sveriges kyrkohistoria. 7, Folkväckelsens och kyrkoförnyelsens tid (Verbum, Stockholm) ISBN 9789152624623

title: Anton Niklas Sundberg


text:
Talk:Electro-Motive Diesels/to do

 * Needs sections (perhaps splitting it by locomotive generation?)
 * A bit more historical context
 * EMD's contribution to dieselization
 * Dominance of diesel market
 * New challenger - GE
 * EMD's problems in 1980s through today
 * pictures of iconic EMD products

title: Talk:Electro-Motive Diesels/to do


text:
Hypervelocity

Hypervelocity is very high velocity, approximately over 3,000 meters per second (11,000 km/h, 6,700 mph, 10,000 ft/s, or Mach 8.8). In particular, hypervelocity is velocity so high that the strength of materials upon impact is very small compared to inertial stresses. Thus, metals and fluids behave alike under hypervelocity impact. An impact under extreme hypervelocity results in vaporization of the impactor and target. For structural metals, hypervelocity is generally considered to be over 2,500 m/s (5,600 mph, 9,000 km/h, 8,200 ft/s, or Mach 7.3). Meteorite craters are also examples of hypervelocity impacts.

Overview
The term "hypervelocity" refers to velocities in the range from a few kilometers per second to some tens of kilometers per second. This is especially relevant in the field of space exploration and military use of space, where hypervelocity impacts (e.g. by space debris or an attacking projectile) can result in anything from minor component degradation to the complete destruction of a spacecraft or missile. The impactor, as well as the surface it hits, can undergo temporary liquefaction. The impact process can generate plasma discharges, which can interfere with spacecraft electronics.

Hypervelocity usually occurs during meteor showers and deep space reentries, as carried out during the Zond, Apollo and Luna programs. Given the intrinsic unpredictability of the timing and trajectories of meteors, space capsules are prime data gathering opportunities for the study of thermal protection materials at hypervelocity (in this context, hypervelocity is defined as greater than escape velocity). Given the rarity of such observation opportunities since the 1970s, the Genesis and Stardust Sample Return Capsule (SRC) reentries as well as the recent Hayabusa SRC reentry have spawned observation campaigns, most notably at NASA's Ames Research Center.

Hypervelocity collisions can be studied by examining the results of naturally occurring collisions (between micrometeorites and spacecraft, or between meteorites and planetary bodies), or they may be performed in laboratories. Currently, the primary tool for laboratory experiments is a light-gas gun, but some experiments have used linear motors to accelerate projectiles to hypervelocity. The properties of metals under hypervelocity have been integrated with weapons, such as explosively formed penetrator. The vaporization upon impact and liquification of surfaces allow metal projectiles formed under hypervelocity forces to penetrate vehicle armor better than conventional bullets.

NASA studies the effects of simulated orbital debris at the White Sands Test Facility Remote Hypervelocity Test Laboratory (RHTL). Objects smaller than a softball cannot be detected on radar. This has prompted spacecraft designers to develop shields to protect spacecraft from unavoidable collisions. At RHTL, micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) impacts are simulated on spacecraft components and shields allowing designers to test threats posed by the growing orbital debris environment and evolve shield technology to stay one step ahead. At RHTL, four two-stage light-gas guns propel 0.05 mm to 22.2 mm diameter projectiles to velocities as fast as 8.5 km/s.

Other definitions of hypervelocity
According to the United States Army, hypervelocity can also refer to the muzzle velocity of a weapon system, with the exact definition dependent upon the weapon in question. When discussing small arms a muzzle velocity of 5,000 ft/s (1524 m/s) or greater is considered hypervelocity, while for tank cannons the muzzle velocity must meet or exceed 3,350 ft/s (1021.08 m/s) to be considered hypervelocity, and the threshold for artillery cannons is 3,500 ft/s (1066.8 m/s).

title: Hypervelocity


text:
William Markham (mayor)

William Markham (October 9, 1811 – November 9, 1890) was a hotel owner in Atlanta, who served as mayor of that city from 1853 to 1854.

Biography
William Markham was born in Goshen, Connecticut on October 9, 1811. He was educated in New Hartford, and worked as a farmer in McDonough, Georgia for 14 years. He married Amanda D. Berry on October 8, 1839, and they had two children.

He moved to Atlanta in 1853, and that October, following the illness of John Mims, he filled in as mayor and won a special election soon after. During his term, a new city hall was built that was used for nearly 25 years. By 1858 he was proprietor of the Atlanta Rolling Mill, and following the Battle of Atlanta he was part of the committee of citizens who surrendered the city.

Within a year of destruction of Atlanta, he had already started rebuilding commercial sites. He put up nine one-story stores with cheap temporary roofs designed to be rebuilt or improved as circumstances improved. They cost $3,000 a piece to build and were rented out to different merchants.

In 1870 he lost an election for a second term as mayor from the Radical Party to another previous mayor, William Ezzard, Democrat. He dedicated the city's largest hotel, the Markham House, on November 15, 1875. It had 107 rooms, central heat and was the center of civic life until it burned to the ground in 1896, six years after the death of its builder.

William Markham died in Atlanta on November 9, 1890. He was buried at Oakland Cemetery.

title: William Markham (mayor)


text:
John Mims

John F. Mims (November 10, 1815 – April 30, 1856) sixth mayor of Atlanta and agent of the Georgia Railroad & Banking Company.

Career
In the late 1840s he founded a flour mill with Lemuel Grant, Richard Peters and his younger brother William Peters but it didn't do well with competition from Mark A. Cooper's mill in north Georgia but was still important for the diversification of the city's enterprises. The wood-fired steam engine was used for the Confederate Powder Works in Augusta, Georgia.

As mayor he built the first city hall and commissioned the first city map, produced by Edward A. Vincent in 1853.

An illness forced Mims to resign in October 1853 and a special election was held two weeks later. His term was completed by William Markham, who went on to serve as mayor for another term.

Death
John Mims died on April 30, 1856 and is buried at Oakland Cemetery.

title: John Mims


text:
Deke Sharon

Deke Sharon (born December 12, 1967) is an American singer, arranger, composer, director, producer, author, coach, pioneer,  and teacher of a cappella music, and is one of the leaders and promoters of the contemporary a cappella community. He has been referred to as "the father of contemporary a cappella"    and "the godfather of a cappella".

Early life
Deke Sharon was born and raised in San Francisco. He started singing in choir groups at age five, including the San Francisco Boys Chorus. He attended Town School for Boys and San Francisco University High School, where he sang  lead (second tenor) in the barbershop quartet his freshman year in "The Music Man," and kept it going all four years, learning to direct and arrange a cappella.

College
Sharon spent his college years in Boston, graduating from Tufts University with a Bachelor of Arts in childhood studies, and a Bachelor of Music from the New England Conservatory of Music with a focus on vocal jazz, third stream (now called "contemporary improvisation"), and music theory.

In college, he directed the collegiate a cappella group the Tufts Beelzebubs, transforming the group's sound to reflect modern rock, with intricate instrumental vocalizations  and the integration of vocal percussion. The 1990–1991 Beelzebubs album Foster Street that he directed musically is credited with the creation of contemporary a cappella sound. Sharon had to audition three times before he was accepted, as he was seen as "overzealous" during a time when a cappella was not popular, a fact which was mentioned in the book "Pitch Perfect." Beca and Benji in the Pitch Perfect films are partially based on Sharon. During this time, he decided to make a career of contemporary a cappella and popularize this new style, despite being laughed at and told it was impossible,  "like making a career of professional Tiddlywinks."

Film
Sharon was the music director and arranger for the film Pitch Perfect,   as well as singing on several of the songs, where he was credited on screen as "Male Voice #1." He returned for Pitch Perfect 2, in which he has a brief cameo as the German judge and broadcaster. He helped involve several professional a cappella groups and singers with the film, including The Filharmonic, Penn Masala, and Pentatonix. Sharon also worked with the Green Bay Packers. He returned to music-direct, arrange, and vocally produce for Pitch Perfect 3. He had also arranged for the film, The Social Network.

Television
In December 2009, he acted as music director, arranger, coach, and consultant behind the scenes on America's first a cappella reality show competition, titled The Sing-Off, and returned in 2010 as one of the show's producers. He also served as Executive Music Producer on the Dutch Sing Off, Sing Off South Africa and Sing-Off China, including several guest appearances as a judge and performer.

Along with The House Jacks, he sang and performed the 2011 Monday Night Football theme song "Are You Ready for Some Football" with Hank Williams, Jr.

He worked with Straight No Chaser on their first PBS special Live in New York.

He appeared in front of the camera for the first time on Lifetime's Pitch Slapped reality show, in which he coached after school high school a cappella group Stay Tuned from Cherry Hill, New Jersey, focusing both on their musicality and emotional delivery. The show also aired overseas in London, Israel (where its name in Hebrew means "a cappella battle") across Latin America, Indonesia and the Philippines (under the name Pitch Battle).

As of summer 2017 he is series music director for a new competitive choir show on BBC1 called Pitch Battle, as well as appearing on camera each episode providing insight and commentary. He was also the third judge for the season one live finale.

He judged Eurovision Choir 2019. In 2022 music directed "Best in Snow" for Disney+ as well as co-arranged/vocal produced the a cappella scenes in Pitch Perfect: Bumper in Berlin.

Performing career
Upon graduation in 1991, he moved back to San Francisco, bringing with him a handful of other collegiate a cappella singers to form The House Jacks, a pioneering a cappella group known for its original music and sound, often called "the original rock band without instruments", in part because they were the first a cappella group with a designated vocal percussionist.

The House Jacks have released seven albums (signed to Warner Brothers/Tommy Boy Records in the mid-1990s) and completed several world tours. He has performed with many musicians, including Ray Charles, Crosby, Stills and Nash, LL Cool J, Run DMC, The Temptations, and James Brown. They have won "Best Pop Rock Album" from the Contemporary A Cappella Society, for "Unbroken" (2004), "Level" (2010), and "Pollen (2014).

He also performs as a solo artist, with groups such as the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus and at events like Singapore's "Vocal Edge" and directing DCINY's annual "Total Vocal" at Carnegie Hall  as well as serving as Emcee for a cappella events, such as the annual Techapella concerts in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Studio session credits include the Wii game Just Dance Kids 2 including the songs "The Lion Sleeps Tonight", "Barbara Ann", and "Mahna Mahna".

Arranging
A prolific, award-winning vocal music arranger, he has arranged more than 2,000 songs for a wide range of ensembles, including some of vocal music's best-known groups. The Best Arrangement award at the Colorado Harmony Sweepstakes is named after him, and he has won the best arrangement award at the Harmony Sweepstakes several times since 1991. He was named "favorite arranger" in the 2010 A Cappella Community Awards and won "Best Professional Arrangement" in 2019.

Live music direction and production
He founded and directed a cappella groups at Walt Disney World/Epcot (American Vybe) and Disneyland (Groove 66). In 2013, he created a new professional a cappella ensemble in New Mexico: "Voasis". In 2014 and 2015 he music-directed the Sing Off Live tour He created Vocalosity for which he was artistic producer, music director, and arranger. They started touring in 2016 and their debut album was released on Universal Classics.

In December 2017 he announced the formation of DCappella, a seven-member contemporary a cappella group launched in 2018 that will tour performing arts centers singing music from classic and contemporary Disney films. He serves as the group's co-creator, music director, arranger, album producer and artistic producer  integrating modern sounds and technology. He also Music Directed "Disney: The Castle" in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia in 2023

His production with Columbia Artists Management, "A Cappella Live," toured the US featuring four a cappella acts: Committed (vocal group), The Filharmonic, Women of the World, and Blake Lewis.

Album production
As a producer of a cappella recordings, he is known for having changed the sound of collegiate a cappella recording via the Beelzebubs' album Code Red. He has arranged and produced multiple albums and tracks for Atlantic Records' Straight No Chaser, including the certified gold "Christmas Cheers".

In the early 1990s, he co-founded The Best of College A Cappella (BOCA) compilation, which he now produces annually with Varsity Vocals.

Event production and promotion
In college, he brought the Harmony Sweepstakes A Cappella Festival to the East Coast, producing the first Boston regional with the Beelzebubs. Shortly after college he founded the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA), the West and East Coast A Cappella Summits (the first contemporary a cappella conferences), and a number of other a cappella-related projects, programs, and events with the goal of popularizing a cappella. Recent festivals include Aca-West in San Francisco, VoiceJam in Arkansas, Solevoci in Italy, Vocal Asia (in Japan, China, and Taiwan),  Aarhus Vocal Festival in Denmark, and Croappella in Croatia      where he often hosts the evening concert or competition as well as teach during the day.

He is a frequent host and emcee at a cappella events, such as Silicon Valley's "Techapella", The National A Cappella Convention, The annual College Notes event in Walnut Creek CA, "Pacific Harmony" in New Zealand, AKA A Cappella in Singapore, and the Maui Barbershop Festival. Some of the videos he has posted to promote a cappella groups around the world have gone viral. He's also frequently in residency or headlining events at universities such as Indiana U, Midland U and Tufts U and co created as well as emceed the "History of Harmony" concerts with Chicago A Cappella.

He's also active in the choral world, presenting at choral festivals, such as the World Choir Games in 2021 in Flanders and 2024 in New Zealand,  World Symposium on Choral Music, Cambridge Choir Festival, GALA Choruses and Chorus America, as well as the Barbershop community with the Barbershop Harmony Society and Sweet Adelines International

His work to popularize and promote a cappella worldwide is now being recognized by major media: "A Capella [sic] is more popular than ever, thanks to this guy" (NPR Here and Now), "Deke Sharon makes a cappella cool again" (NPR All Things Considered).

Organizations
In his college dorm he founded The Contemporary A Cappella Society    and The Ultimate A Cappella Arranging Service (which became TotalVocal). Shortly after graduation, he created the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards ("CARAs"), a cappella's equivalent of the Grammy Awards.

He formed the Contemporary A Cappella League, a new national network of adult "post-collegiate" a cappella groups.

Writing

 * A Cappella Arranging, his first book, co-authored with Dylan Bell, was published in 2012.
 * A Cappella, a general interest book covering many aspects of the style, co-authored with Ben Spalding and Brody McDonald, was released in 2015.
 * The Heart of Vocal Harmony, about how vocal harmony groups can perform with unified emotion, was released in early 2016.
 * A Cappella Warmups for Pop and Jazz Choirs and
 * So You Want To Sing A Cappella were both released in 2017.
 * Teaching Music Through Performance in Contemporary A Cappella, the first contemporary a cappella repertoire guide, was released summer 2020
 * "A Cappella Arranging 2.0: The Next Level" is coming out in 2024

Biographical Information about Deke Sharon can be found in Mickey Rapkin's Pitch Perfect (2008), Rick Smolan's 24 Hours in Cyberspace (1996), Joshua Duchan's Powerful Voices (2012), Alysia Abbott's Fairyland (2013) Darren Pleasance's "True North" (2023) and Carsten Gerlitz's Popchor (2018)

Musical theater
The pioneering, first all-a cappella musical on Broadway, In Transit, for which he is co-producer and arranged all the music, opened at the Circle in the Square Theater on Broadway in December 2016. He started working with the production just after their off-Broadway run five years earlier.

Vocalosity, a live a cappella theatrical concert production with diverse cast, began touring in January 2016 and has performed in 30 states.

He has worked on a cappella musical theatre projects including "Street" and "Our World".

He arranged the opening number for Andrew Lloyd Webber's new greatest hits musical "Unmasked", a fast-paced mashup of 17 of his greatest hits.

Education
He co-founded and directs Camp Acappella for teens and adults each summer at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio and teaches the music production class Soup To Nuts periodically. as well as travels to other countries to work with groups in person, such as New Zealand, Brazil, Italy, Sri Lanka and Singapore.

His YouTube channel features a variety of educational topics including how to sound like several different instruments. A GE special features him discussing the physics of a cappella.

In 2016, he joined the California branch of the American Choral Directors Association as the first ever Contemporary A Cappella R&R chair. and co-created Acappella.how for google His Camp A Cappella Intensive in Washington DC started in 2022, a partnership with Ben Folds, Planet Word, and the National Symphony Orchestra.

Awards
The Pitch Perfect soundtrack earned several awards, including an RIAA platinum record certification, the American Music Award for best soundtrack, an Online Film and Television Association nomination for Best Music, Adapted Song (Don't You Forget About Me) and an MTV Video Music Award for "Best Musical Moment".

The Pitch Perfect 2 soundtrack, which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, secured the American Music Award for best Soundtrack and a Grammy nomination for Best Soundtrack.

As album producer, he was nominated for a Dove Award in 2012 (Best Contemporary Gospel Album: Committed).

In 2016, he became an honorary member of the Barbershop Harmony Society, one of only twenty since 1938, and he was named an honorary member of BYU Vocal Point. In 2017 he was awarded the P.T. Barnum Award for excellence in Entertainment from his alma mater, Tufts University.

He has received two lifetime achievement awards for his work in a cappella: in 2016 for the 25th anniversary of his founding of thee Contemporary A Cappella Society and in 2018, from the A Cappella Music Awards.

Other
He is known for his ability to replicate a variety of instruments (e.g. trumpet, guitar, flute, violin, muted trumpet, harmonica) with his voice—which he teaches online and via "Singing Instruments" seminars —teaching summer camp for young vocalists, and adjudicating choral festivals around the world. He has worked with many professional pop vocal groups, including 98 Degrees, The Nylons and Boyz II Men.

Helping groups get started has been a ongoing goal of his for 30 years, which he does by providing free advice, support and arrangements. He also works with organizations philanthropically who support vocal harmony.

He served on the CASA board for almost twenty years, often as President or Vice President. Acapellablog named him the number-one "a cappella power player to keep an eye on in 2012", and NPR credits him for "making a cappella cool again".

In 2016 he launched an a cappella podcast called "Counterpoint" with co-host Robert Dietz and has appeared on other podcasts.

To help promote Good Omens, he arranged several songs for "The Chattering Order of St Beryl," a group of singing nuns., and co-created  Walmart's "Sparkappella."

When the cult NXIVM tried to use a cappella as a recruiting device, he drew out Keith Raniere in a public forum,  resulting in his being put on their list of enemies.

He has been featured repeatedly in Kiplinger's Personal Finance for socially responsible investing.

He describes his life's work is "to get more people singing" because "music can build a better community" as "our country needs to understand the importance of working together". His motto is "Harmony through harmony."

title: Deke Sharon


text:
Thomas Gibbs (mayor)

Thomas Fortson Gibbs (1798–1859) was an American politician who served as the 5th mayor of Atlanta.

Biography
Thomas Gibbs was born in 1798.

In John H. James' remembrances of this time, he describes the mayor as "Dr. Gibbs" but doesn't explain what sort of doctor.

Gibbs represented Elbert County, Georgia in the state house in 1837 and came to Atlanta after 1850. He ran and won as the city's fifth mayor for 1852 and ran for a second term January 17, 1853 but was defeated by John Mims.

Shortly after finishing his term, he left town, possibly to Memphis, Tennessee. He was married to Caroline Rebecca Harris (1807–1888) and they had eight children before his death.

Death
Thomas Gibbs died in 1859.

title: Thomas Gibbs (mayor)