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Radio Radicale

Radio Radicale is the official radio station of the Italian Radical Party. Founded in 1976 as part of the Radio libere ("Free Radio”) movement, it has no commercial advertisements and is partly funded by the party, with support from the Italian government as part of an agreement for the broadcasting of Parliamentary sessions.

Despite being an official political party organ, Radio Radicale dedicates its airtime to broadcasting parliamentary live debates from the Italian Chamber of Deputies and the Italian Senate as well as important court cases. It broadcasts Italian political party conventions of all political spectrums, from far right to far left. The remaining airtime is used for programs about current events relevant to the political beliefs of the Radical Party.

In December 2008, Radio Radicale was awarded by Italia Oggi as "best specialized radio broadcaster".

History
Radio Radicale was founded between 1975 and 1976 by a group belonging to the Radical Party in a small apartment near Villa Pamphili, in the Gianicolense district of Rome.

Following the liberalization of radio broadcasting by the Constitutional Court between 1974 and 1976, and the spread of small private radio stations, Radio Radicale was known for its use of low-cost equipment but it stood out for its particular philosophy. Radio Radicale set out to create a valid public service alternative to the state broadcaster RAI, using the name “Radicale” (radical not just in reference to its role as a party organ but also for an editorial policy characterized by impartiality, professionalism and innovation.

Along with the news about the party, Radio Radicale began a schedule dedicated to the main events of the Italian institutional and political life: since the beginning, its main distinctive traits had been the live broadcasts of parliamentary sessions, congresses of the main parties and important trials, making them accessible to the wide population without interruption or journalistic commentary.

The radio station presented press reviews, direct discussions with politicians, man-in-the-street interviews and broadcasts for immigrant communities in Italy.

In summer 1986, as the broadcaster risked closure for lack of funds, it received thousands of calls which were put on air uncensored. This was the start of Radio Parolaccia (Radio Swear Word), an original programme where listeners could express their opinions about various themes. The programme was interrupted by the court after one month and the deputy prosecutor Pietro Saviotti signed a seizure decree of the answering machines on 14 August, because listeners had committed crimes like contempt of the institutions and apology of fascism. After two months, the Parliament intervened and extended the public funding for Party publishing to the radio stations, which forced Radio Radicale to officially become a Party branch. The initiative of uncensored phone calls was repeated in 1991 and 1993.

The official website was created in 1998, expanding the station’s audio programming with multimedia content. The full archive was placed online for free download.

Recent events
In 1997, the Prodi I Cabinet refused to renew the agreement with Radio Radicale for the broadcast of parliamentary sessions and RAI began to develop its own dedicated radio station 7 years since the law which instituted it. Important cultural and political personalities asked the government to consider the so-called "Mammì bill"—which obliged Rai to create a parliamentary radio channel—null and void. The proposal was to extend the agreement with Radio Radicale for another 3 years, and to allow for a call for tender when the contract would come up for renewal.

Following a political debate with demonstrations and nonviolent initiatives by the Radicals, the Parliament approved the law Nº 224 of 11 July 1998 concerning Radio broadcasting of Parliament's work and benefits for publishing. The law established the call for tender as a stipulation of the agreement and renewed the contract with Radio Radicale for another three years. RAI’s obligation to broadcast parliamentary sessions was kept, but the public company was prevented from extending its radio network until the entry into force of the telecommunications general reform.

In 2001, 2004 and 2006, the agreement with Radio Radicale was renewed according to the stipulations of the financial law. Under the contract, Radio Radicale has to broadcast, between 8 am and 9 pm, at least 60% of the annual total number of hours dedicated by the Parliament to the sessions in the chambers. Those broadcasts cannot be interrupted, preceded or followed, for a period of thirty minutes from their beginning and their end, by commercial or political advertisements.

Renewal of the agreement (2010–2013)
For 2010 and 2011, the agreement with the Ministry of Economic Development included a €9.9 million funding for Centro di produzione S.p.a. For 2012, two laws of 2011 allowed a total expenditure of €10 million and for 2013 the same amount was confirmed in 2012.

Renewal in 2018-2019
Up to 2018, Radio Radicale received €8.2 million, according to the agreement with the Ministry of Economic Development for the broadcast of parliamentary sessions, and another €4 million as acontribution to their publishing activities.

The 2019 budget law has prolonged the agreement for the parliamentary session broadcasting by Radio Radicale for only one semester, allocating €5 million gross (€4 million net) for the year 2019.

Governance
Centro di Produzione SpA is the publisher of Radio Radicale, its archive and of its website. The company, headquartered in Rome, has the following shareholders:

 * Pannella List: 62.85%
 * Sequenza SpA: 25.00%
 * Cecilia Maria Angioletti: 6.00%
 * Centro di Produzione SpA: 6.15%

Technologies
With 250 transmitters, Radio Radicale covers 75% of the territory of Italy reaching up to 85% of the population in AM and FM. Furthermore, the broadcast via satellite Eutelsat Hot Bird 13 East has allowed Radio Radicale to expand its audience all over Europe and in wide areas of Africa and Asia, including the Middle East, with a potential audience of 98 million households.

Radio Radicale is available also in streaming through the website and an official app for smartphones, offering also additional multimedia content.

It is a member of the consortium DAB Italia for the development and diffusion of DAB technologies in Italy.

Organization
Hours of audio and video recordings are made every year through a system of connections with public institutions and events. Signals are received through fixed or temporary lines by wire, radio, satellite or digital links and, when using analog telephone lines, recordings are immediately digitalised by an encoding system which produces ten channels at the same time around the clock. Once the signal reaches the main headquarters, the different signals are diffused through an active matrix system which allows the distribution of 128 signals.

Centro di Produzione S.p.A. is the owner of the headquarters where Radio Radicale operates, and includes three studios. Two of them have their own independent Radio director, while the third is connected with two director and it is mainly dedicated to post-production. All four studios can broadcast.

In addition to the main studios, the broadcaster has four production centres where transfers, minor editing and telephone interview recordings are made. Telephone lines used for conversations to be aired are digitalised and all recordings have been made in MP3 format since July 2006.

Radio Radicale is organized through the following divisions:

 * Journalistic direction
 * Newsroom
 * Administrative direction
 * Administration
 * Archive and Internet
 * Technical sector
 * Network checking

In addition to its own personnel, these divisions also make use of collaborators and consultants.

Archive
The constant work of document collection and preservation done by Radio Radicale during its activity has allowed the creation of an important and broad archive, defined in 1993 by the Archival Superintendency as being "of a remarkable historical interest". In the same year, the archive was quoted in the volume Fonti orali: censimento degli istituti di conservazione published by the Italian Ministry of Cultural and Environmental Heritage, while in the following year it was a subject of the Congresso sugli archivi dei partiti politici (Congress About Political Parties' Archives) organized by the Central Archives of the State.

The archive can be consulted freely and by everyone.

In May 2007, during the congress L'archivio multimediale di Radio Radicale: un patrimonio per la storia, l'informazione, la democrazia (The Multimedial Archive of Radio Radicale: an Heritage for History, Information, Democracy), organized by RR along with the Doctorate of Research on European History and the Archivists and Librarists Special School of the Sapienza University of Rome, various critics and archivist agreed in recognizing not only the historical and social value of the archival production of Radio Radicale, but also its complementarity with the main collections of Italian documents, first of all those belonging to RAI. The former manager of Rai Teche, Barbara Scaramucci, stated that:

"The archive of Radio Radicale is absolutely precious and entirely complementary with the one of Rai [and] is true that a large part of the materials inside the archive of Radio Radicale is not inside the archive of Radio Rai and the work done by Radio Radicale since 1976 is completely different from that one done by Rai radio broadcasting."

Others testified to the uniqueness of the public service done by a private radio station like Radio Radicale. Paola Carucci, councillor of the President of Italian Republic for the Historical Archive, claims:

"Compared to our traditional concept of archive, that is a set of documents realized by an entity exercising its functions, Radio Radicale is a mediator of a third subject which records and creates a source produced by others. And it is astonishing that a third subject has thought, for example, about sound recordings of parliamentary debates: why Chamber and Senate have never thought about it?"

The choice of Marco Pannella to preserve, catalogue and archive all the recordings without any manipulations on tapes allows the citizens to consult 430 000 documents (cassettes, tapes, mp3, mp4, RealAudio and RealVideo), which contains the most important events of the institutional, political, social and cultural history of Italy: there are full recordings which allow to everyone to know and relive an event in its entirety. The archive of the radio is in continuous expansion and receives every day tens of new documents which are added to those already existing.

History
The history of the archive is closely linked with Radio Radicale which preserved every cassette and tape of the aired programmes since its first broadcasting in 1976. However, the archive owns also some records done before 1976 and precisely 52 tapes and 216 cassettes for the period from 1967 - 1975, in addition to some tapes of 1941 (a radiophonic interview in English recovered by Ernesto Rossi where Gaetano Salvemini comments the obtaining of the American citizenship), some of 1960 (the recording of a conference held by Ernesto Rossi in Florence entitled L'antifascismo in carcere e al confino) and others of 1966 (Ernesto Rossi's Salvemini maestro ed amico).

The proper archive thought of as a service with its own specialized staff was established three years after the start of Radio activities, so that the sorting of collected recordings has started since 1979. In 1987 the classification and archive changed with the introduction of computer systems and today the analog documentation is at an advanced digitalization. The director of the archive has been Gabriella Fanello Marcucci since 1992.

Contents
Documents preserved in the Sound Archive of Radio Radicale can be classified in: Institutional Archive, Judicial Archive, Political Parties and Movements Archive, Associations, Unions and Movements Archive and Cultural Archive. The archive has a total of 430,718 recordings, 196,101 speakers and 662,404 media, including over 85,000 interviews, 21,000 hearings of the most important trials, 3,000 congresses held by parties, associations or labour unions, more than 26,000 debates and book presentations, over 6,000 political rallies and demonstrations, 19,500 press conferences and more than 13,000 conventions.

Official website
Online since 1998, the website of Radio Radicale has been one of the first in Italy to stream actuality videos on the web and nowadays political, social and institutional events of the past and of recent times are always available for all the citizens.

History
Between February and March 1998, Radicals organized a convention entitled Quali lotte e leggi subito per la rivoluzione tecnologica, per la rivoluzione liberale (Which struggles and laws to be done immediately for technological revolution, for liberal revolution), attended by the major Italian entrepreneurs of ITs and telecommunications, lawyers and other specialists of that field.

During the convention, a plan of funding for the construction of a new society of information was proposed to institutions and companies, through the application of new technologies to the democratic activities. In particular, along with the introduction of the electronic vote and of the telematic official notice board, computer literacy in schools, liberalization of telematic publishing and commercial companies, the main proposal was about the online networking of public institutions.

Contents and goals of the congress formed later the foundations of RR website with the guide of Rino Spampanato; the broadcaster realized the first Italian webcast system making freely available the sessions of all the Italian Parliament's broadcast and archived sessions.

The website of Radio Radicale made possible the streaming of the sessions held by the European Parliament, Court of Audit, High Council of the Judiciary and other institutions.

Computer technologies
The website is made using mainly free software like Linux, PHP, Apache HTTP Server, Apache Solr, MariaDB, Varnish, Nginx and Icecast. It is managed with the open source CMS Drupal, published under GNU GPL licence.

All the hardware units of the content archive and distribution system are allocated in Roma into two different server farms located in the headquarter of Centro di Produzione Spa.

The first server farm holds the racks of the SAN storages with mp3/mp4 files and online distribution systems of audio and video streaming (Icecast and Wowza respectively), set up on Dell servers with the Linux OS Slackware. The SAN is formed by EMC, Dell and Qnap storages with RAID5 discs interconnected with the iSCSI technology for a total space of 170 TByte.

The second server farm is mainly dedicated to the interconnection of network devices and the supply of web services through firewall, switches and routers made by Cisco.

Both server farms have UPSs, generators sets and air conditioning systems to guarantee the management of the operative continuity at a steady temperature and humidity.

All the hardware is redundant to guarantee optimal levels of fault tolerance eliminating the main single points of failure.

The internet connection happens with two fluxes on optic fibre of 1,000 Mbit/s each from two different ISP with that Centro di Produzione Spa has autonomous system relations.

To prevent control and managing activities of the computer network, Centro di Produzione Spa uses software like Nagios and Netflow which can promptly report every possible logical or functional anomaly of the services supplied.

In December 2015 the experimentation for the transition to IPv6 begun through the address assigned to Centro di Produzione by RIPE NCC. Since February 2016 the website is available in dual-stack IPv4+IPv6 with the HTTP/2 protocol.

Since 2016, Radio Radicale has used a content delivery network developed by Google through the Project Shield technology, an initiative by Google Ideas (now Jigsaw) intended to prevent possible Ddos attacks.

Creative Commons licence
All files published on the website of Radio Radicale have a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Italy (CC BY 2.5 IT) licence, which allows the free reproduction, distribution and adaption of the material along with the appropriate credit and the reference to the licence itself as only obligations.

CC licences represent an important instrument for the realization of the main purpose of Radio Radicale concerning the publicity of democratic decisional moments, the promotion of the access to direct knowledge about political events for the largest number of citizens and the free circulation of ideas.

Videoparlamento
The Videoparlamento service publishes on the web and makes available to citizens the full audio-video documents of all the sessions which has been done in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate of the Republic since November 1998.

After the live streaming, the Parliamentary sessions are shown in sheets which respect the various phases of the parliamentary work and allows a direct access to a single intervention or phase. Updating occurs in real time since September 2001. The search engine allows also to do organized searches through all available sessions. The start of the experimentations of these multimedial service was required by law n. 350 of 2003.

Fai Notizia
In 2006 the editorial board of RadioRadicale.it created FaiNotizia.it, the first Italian website of citizen journalism: based on Newsvine, it was intended as a social and journalistic experiment and an attempt to use the new free and collaborative attitude of the new media at the time, creating a new model of information.

On Fai notizia, registered users could collaborate in searching and writing the news, loading texts, videos, photos, evidencing interesting news found on other websites or blogs. Users commented and voted the reports made by other members and could start collaborative investigations. All the content had been published under Creative Commons licences.

In 2012 Fai notizia was completely renewed and transformed into a format of investigations distributed by Radio Radicale, which offers now little payments for who collaborates in creating reports about great issues of public interest.

Funding
Radio Radicale receives every year a public funding of €8.33 million according to the agreement with the State for the broadcast of parliamentary sessions, and €4.431 million from the publishing funding due to its nature of branch of the Pannella List. In August 2008 Radio Radicale was the only broadcaster to be excluded from the public funds resizing for the publishing due to its nature of private radio broadcaster active according to law no. 230 of 7 August 1990.

The law recognizing "private radio broadcasters which do activities of general interest information" was approved in 1990 to recognize the radio broadcasters which had broadcast "own information programmes about political, religious, economical, social, unions related or literary events for not less than nine hours between 7 am and 20 pm" and "extended the number of plants to the 50 per cent of the provinces and the 85 per cent of the Regions".

Among with the other entities receiving public funds, Radio Radicale is the only one having a national network and spends over €3.7 million every year just for the technical management, and it is also the only one which dedicates almost all the schedule to broadcast service public programmes.

Schedule and programmes
The schedule revolves around parliamentary sessions accordingly to an agreement with former Ministry of Communications (now part of Ministry of Economic Development), covering over 60% of sessions of both Houses through the 8-20 time slot. During the residual time, Radio Radicale tries to document also the activities of other institutions (Communal Councils, Court of Audit, High Council of the Judiciary, European Parliament), as well as congress, festivals and major meetings of all political parties, those organized by trade and labour unions, demonstrations, important press conferences, debates and book presentations.

News bulletins are broadcast every day and they are built around interviews and reading of news provided by press agencies.

Space dedicated to the politicians and parliamentarians in particular is a typical characteristic of RR, tough it is a party branch and so it can not respect the par condicio, and offers a certain balance across the political groups. Politicians often participate in a programme, called Filodiretto (Direct line), where they dialogue with listeners without access limitations but with only a bond of 40 seconds for each call. In recent years these programmes are reduced but the Radio invites a politician every week.

An historical programme of Radio Radicale was Conversazione settimanale con Marco Pannella (Weekly conversation with Marco Pannella), aired from 2001 to January 2016. Former director of the Radio, Massimo Bordin, (alternating with Valter Vecellio) interviewed Marco Pannella about themes regarding politics and initiatives of radicals.

At midnight there is the reading of front pages of the newspapers of the following day and this programme starts the night schedule, when events not broadcast in the daytime schedule are aired along with recordings taken and selected from the archive.

On Air

 * Bollettino del Garante privacy (News bulletin of the Data Protection Authority), biweekly news bulletin about the activity of the Italian Data Protection Authority.
 * Notiziario del Mattino (Morning news bulletin)
 * Stampa e Regime (Press and regime), the daily press review with a critical vision of the positions taken by national newspapers about events.
 * Rassegna stampa estera (Foreign press review)
 * Fuor di Pagina (Out of page), press review by Associazione Radicale Certi Diritti
 * Radio Carcere (Jail radio), information programme about the penal justice and detention.
 * Focus Europa
 * Neureka
 * L'attualità in Archivio (Actuality in the archive), the political topicality read using materials from the archive of Radio Radicale.
 * Albania italianofona (Italian-speaking Albania), a weekly programme from Tirana with interviews to Italian-speaking people in Albania.
 * Bollettino dell'Antitrust (Antitrust news bulletin), the news bulletin about the weekly measures of the Italian Competition Authority.
 * Derrick, a weekly brief programme about energy, environment and their markets.
 * Fai Notizia (Do News), with insights, reportage and investigations from Italy and the world.
 * Cittadini in divisa (Citizen in uniform)
 * Speciale Giustizia (Judiciary special), dedicated to the world of judiciary. Mondays are dedicated to the activity of the Supreme Judiciary Council and to the events of magistrates associations. Significant trials are also broadcast in their entirety during the programme.
 * Spazio Transnazionale (Transnational space)
 * Notiziario antiproibizionista, (Anti-prohibitionist news bulletin), a programme about drugs and addictions.
 * Adapt, in collaboration with Adapt.it and Full Professor Michele Tiraboschi.
 * Il mondo a pezzi (World in pieces)
 * Alta sostenibilità (High sustainability), an insight about the 17 goals for a sustainable development promoted by United Nations and the Italian Alliance for Sustainable Development.
 * Due microfoni (Two microphones), nocturnal interviews with writers, actors, musicians, singers, journalists and various cultural figures.
 * Capire per conoscere (Knowing for understanding), a programme about notions of economy.
 * Rassegna della stampa e della blogsfera cinese (Chinese press and blog-sphere review)
 * #Agricoltura? Parliamone, (#Agricolutre? Let's talk about it), a programme about the right of food, human development and social renovation from the rural world.
 * Rassegna di geopolitica (Geopolitical review)
 * Speciale Commissioni (Commissions special), a programme about the activity of Parliamentary Commissions.
 * Passaggio a Sud Est (Passage to Southeast), weekly programme about the political situation of Southeast Europe.
 * Il diritto alla conoscenza (The Right to know), about the campaign made by the Radical Party for the recognizing of the right to know.
 * Overshoot, a programme about environment, territory and the limits of development.
 * Osservatorio giustizia (Justice observatory)
 * Fatto in Italia (Made in Italy), a weekly programme where Oliviero Toscani and Nicolas Ballario talks about a theme related to the city planning.
 * Media e dintorni (Media and surroundings) a programme dedicated to events related to media.
 * Rassegna stampa vaticana (Vatican press review)
 * L'America Latina con Roberto Lovari (Latin America with Roberto Lovari), a look at events in the Latin America through press and television.
 * Translimen, by Associazione Radicale "Esperanto"
 * Troppi diritti (Too much rights)
 * Forum Mediterrano
 * Il Maratoneta (The Marathoner), a programme by Associazione Luca Coscioni about scientific researches
 * Fortezza Italia (Italian fortress), a programme of political information and criticism and about news of immigration in Italy.
 * Voci dalla Libia - Speciale Fortezza Italia (Voices from Libya - Fortezza Italia Special)
 * Rassegna stampa africana (African press review)
 * Rassegna stampa turca (Turkish press review)
 * Cinema & Cinema, review of the "film of the week"
 * L'ora di Cindia (The hour of Cindia), a programme about events in China and India.
 * Il Medio Oriente visto da Gerusalemme (Middle East seen by Jerusalem)
 * L'ultimo spettacolo - cinema e teatro ai tempi della crisi (The last show - Cinema and theater in the times of crisis), a programme where during each episode a reality of performance arts and shows is opposed to the economical crisis.
 * Le parole e le cose (The words and the things), a programme of talk and analysis with major writers, authors and intellectuals.
 * LavorareInfo (WorkInfo)
 * Africa Oggi (Africa Today)
 * Dei diritti e delle pene (On rights and punishments), a conversation with Elisabetta Zamparutti of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture of the European Council.
 * La nuda verità (The naked truth), a programme about love, affectivity and sexuality of people with disabilities
 * A che punto è la notte? (At what point Is the night?)
 * Non C'è Pace Senza Giustizia (No Peace Without Justice)
 * America Sociale (Social America)
 * Connessioni - editoriale sull'economia (Connections - Editorial about economy), ideas for a economy of knowledge.
 * Asiatica (Asian), a look into geopolitics, society, populations, rights, economy of the Asian continent.
 * Maestri (Masters), portraits of "remarkable masters".
 * RadicalNonviolentNews
 * Il rovescio del diritto (The reverse of law), by the “Comitato radicale per la giustizia Piero Calamandrei”.
 * Scegliere il futuro (Choosing the future), about knowledge instruments for choosing the future
 * Partito Radicale: trasmissione autogestita (Radical Party: Self-managed broadcast)
 * Voci africane (African voices), by the Movement of Africans
 * Critica e militanti (Criticism and militants)
 * Lo stato del diritto (The state of right)
 * Diario di iniziativa radicale (Diary of a radical initiative)
 * Agenda settimanale delle Istituzioni (Weekly agenda of institutions), a programme about principal events in the week regarding institutions, international field and economy.
 * Visto dall'America (Seen by America), a weekly programme about international politics according to the United States.
 * In dialogo (Dialoguing)
 * Quota 3001
 * Ricerca e futuro (Research and future), a weekly programme of information by Lorenzo Fioramonti, deputy Minister of Education, Universities and Research of the Conte Cabinet.
 * L'Italia in crisi (Italy in crisis)
 * Fortezza Europa (Fortress Europe), an observatory on European and Italian politics on immigration.
 * Lettere eretiche (Eretical mails)
 * AgiChina
 * Le petizioni online su Change.org (Online Petitions on Change.org), a weekly interview with the promoter of an online petition of the Italian version of Change.org.
 * UNPO
 * Divorziobreve.it, a programme about initiatives for brief divorce
 * Musulmane laiche (Laical Muslim Women), by the League of Laical Muslim Women.
 * Italiani per sbaglio (Italians by mistake), a monthly programme by Valter Vecellio and Gianmarco Pondrano about liberal/radical figures.
 * Le ragioni personali (Personal reasons)
 * Rassegna stampa culturale (Cultural press review)
 * Set - Cinema fuoricampo (Set - Off-screen cinema)
 * Dietro le parole (Behind the words)
 * LAB 4.0, a laboratory and observatory about Industry 4.0 and sharing economy.
 * Diplomatic, a conversation with the editor of La Stampa Maurizio Molinari about main international dossiers.
 * Potere pubblico e giustizia amministrativa (Public power and administrative justice)
 * Radio Europa (Radio Europe), a programme broadcast in collaboration with the Italian representative of the European Commission.
 * Oikonomia
 * Presi per il web (Taken for the web)
 * Il Medio Oriente visto dal Cairo (Middle East seen from Cairo)
 * Public policy
 * Benelux e dintorni (Benelux and surroundings)
 * Notiziario della guerra e della droga (War and drug News Bulletin)

Closed

 * Conversazione settimanale con Marco Pannella (Weekly conversation with Marco Pannella)
 * Filodiretto del lunedì (Direct line of Monday), weekly programme for a direct line with a politician without filters.
 * Filodiretto del lunedì notte (Direct line of Monday night), dedicated to listeners about initiatives and themes related to the Italian Radicals.
 * Blogroll, a review of blogs analysing and commenting events of the week.
 * Controluce (Backlight)
 * Catallassi, weekly insight about economy.
 * Rond Point Schumann, a programme made with the contribution of the European Commission
 * Sudamericana (South American), weekly press review of Latin America.
 * La nota di politica interna di Iuri Maria Prado. (Internal politics note by Iuri Maria Prado)
 * Generazione elle (L Generation), a programme of Radio Radicale made along with the webmagazine "Generazione Elle".
 * Media dossier, dedicated to the situation of media in Italy
 * La rassegna delle prime pagine dei quotidiani internazionali (Press review of first pages of foreign newspapers)
 * Il lessico dell'economia (The lexicon of economy)
 * Vincino l'impresentabile (Vincino the unpresentable), the week seen by satirical cartoonist Vincino.
 * Supplemento economico di Stampa e Regime (Economical supplement of press and regime), the daily financial press review.
 * Staminali e dintorni (Stem cells and surroundings)
 * Buddhismo in occidente (Buddhism in the West)
 * Speciale Global (Global special), a weekly programme about geopolitics.
 * Notiziario Aids (AIDS News Bulletin)

Since 1980, Radio Radicale has broadcast pieces of requiems during the breaks between programmes as a symbol of mourning, and protest, in front of deaths for hunger which occurs every day. The most used are those from the Requiem in D minor, composed by W. A. Mozart, but other classical music pieces are broadcast, like the Dies Irae from Messa da Requiem by Giuseppe Verdi and rarely the Sanctus from the Requiem by Gabriel Fauré.

title: Radio Radicale


text: Category:Election of the Pope

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Election of the Pope


text:
User:Eugeneiiim

Hello --mikexstudios

title: User:Eugeneiiim


text:
Local Futures

Local Futures (formerly the International Society for Ecology and Culture) is a non-profit organization whose purpose is to raise awareness about what it identifies as the root causes of contemporary social, environmental, and economic crises.

The group argues that focusing on single issues – saving whales, blocking nuclear power plants, feeding the hungry, etc. – only overwhelms people and ultimately fails as a strategy. Instead, Local Futures believes that the focus must be on changing the fundamental forces that create or exacerbate all of these problems. Among those forces are economic globalization, corporate power, and conventional notions of technological and economic "progress". As a solution, Local Futures promotes economic localization and other locally based alternatives to the global consumer culture, as a means to protect both biological and cultural diversity. The group is also associated with the concept of Counter-development.

Local Futures is the parent organization of a program in Ladakh, or "Little Tibet", begun in 1975. The Ladakh Project includes a wide range of hands-on activities, including a renewable-energy program, and has won international recognition for countering the negative effects of conventional development in that region. Local Futures' founder and Director, Helena Norberg-Hodge, shared the 1986 Right Livelihood Award.

Local Futures has produced two award-winning documentary films: Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh (1993) and The Economics of Happiness (2011). An early advocate for local food (and one of the few organizations to look at local food from a global perspective), Local Futures also produced the book Bringing the Food Economy Home: Local Alternatives to Global Agribusiness (Kumarian Press, 2002), as well as Local Is Our Future (2019), and a range of other resources for local food activists. The group has also organized a series of Economics of Happiness conferences, including recent events in Berkeley, California (2012), Byron Bay, Australia (2013 & 2019), Bangalore, India (2014 & 2019), Portland, Oregon (2015), Florence, Italy (2016 & 2018), Bristol, UK (2018), Ladakh, India (2019) and Tokyo, Japan (2017, 2018 & 2019), as well as an annual event in Jeonju, South Korea.

In 2020, the organization launched an online campaign World Localization Day to strengthen and raise awareness about the emerging worldwide localization movement.

Local Futures has established a network, The International Alliance to Localization (IAL) to bring together groups and individuals from different parts of the world that are struggling to maintain their cultural integrity in the face of economic globalization. Another measure of the international reach of this small organization is that Local Futures' many publications and videos have been translated into over 40 different languages.

Local Futures' directors also form the editorial board of The Ecologist magazine.

title: Local Futures


text:
Northop Hall

Northop Hall (Neuadd Llaneurgain) is a large village and community near Mold, in Flintshire, Wales. Located to the east of Northop, near the A55 North Wales Expressway, the village is largely residential in character. At the 2001 Census, the village of Northop Hall had a population of 1,665, falling to 1,530 at the 2011 census.

The village has one pub, The Top Monkey (formerly known as The Boar's Head); until recently there was a second, the Black Lion, and they were universally known locally as the 'Top Monkey' and 'Bottom Monkey'. There are active cricket and hockey clubs.

The hall that gives the village its name is a 13th-century manor house which is located in close proximity to Smithy Lane and the Mold to Connah's Quay road. It was the most important house in Northop parish. It was occupied by local aristocracy including the Evans family, ancestors of author George Eliot. The original Northop Hall is now a private house and not to be confused with Northop Hall Country House Hotel which is Victorian and located elsewhere in the village.

Landmarks

 * St Marys Church, Northop Hall
 * Northop Hall Country House Hotel
 * Northop Hall Girls F.C.
 * Northop Hall Cricket Club Ground

title: Northop Hall


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Acorn

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. JYolkowski // talk 13:53, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Acorn
NN. Karol 12:27, May 27, 2005 (UTC) delete it's already in the school article, delete.--Sophitus 13:52, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a school paper. Merge with Upper Darby High School, or, if that's deleted, delete. Meelar (talk) 13:44, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with Sophitus. Xcali 14:18, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Also agree with Sophitus. For VfD salvage crews: Any expansion attempted should be done directly in the school article, until that article becomes too large and requires splitting.  -- Un  focused  17:10, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, do not redirect: The reason is that this is far and away not an unique name for this paper.  Many, many school papers, literary magazines, etc. have this name, so a univocal redirect would be a mistake. Geogre 18:12, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not enough info. Not encyclopedic. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:58, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Info is already in the article. Delete until and unless someone comes up with enough on The Acorn to make it worthy of standing on its own. --FCYTravis 02:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete duplicate content. Megan1967 03:30, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all high school newspapers. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:47, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Settlement movement

The settlement movement was a reformist social movement that began in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States. Its goal was to bring the rich and the poor of society together in both physical proximity and social connection. Its main object was the establishment of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbors. The settlement houses provided services such as daycare, English classes, and healthcare to improve the lives of the poor in these areas. The settlement movement also spawned educational/reform movements. Both in the UK and the US settlement workers worked to develop a unique activist form of sociology known as Settlement Sociology. This science of social reform movement is neglected in the history of sociology in favor of a teaching-, theory- and research university–based model.

United Kingdom
The movement started in 1884 with the founding of Toynbee Hall in Whitechapel, in the East End of London. These houses, radically different from those later examples in America, often offered food, shelter, and basic and higher education, provided by virtue of charity on part of wealthy donors, the residents of the city, and (for education) scholars who volunteered their time.

Victorian Britain, increasingly concerned with poverty, gave rise to the movement whereby those connected to universities settled students in slum areas to live and work alongside local people. Through their efforts settlement houses were established for education, savings, sports, and arts. Such institutions were often praised by religious representatives concerned with the lives of the poor, and criticised as normative or moralistic by radical social movements.

There were basic commonalities in the movement. These institutions were more concerned with societal causes for poverty, especially the changes that came with industrialisation, rather than personal causes which their predecessors believed were the main reason for poverty. The settlement movement believed that social reform was best pursued and pushed for by private charities. The movement was oriented toward a more collectivist approach and was seen as a response to socialist challenges that confronted the British political economy and philanthropy.

The British Association of Settlements and Social Action Centres is a network of such organisations. Other early examples include Browning Hall, formed in Walworth in 1895 by Francis Herbert Stead, and Mansfield House Settlement, also in east London (see Percy Alden). Oxford House in Bethnal Green was sponsored by High Church Anglicans associated with Oxford University. In Edinburgh, the New College Settlement was founded in 1893, followed by the Edinburgh University Settlement in 1905. Bristol University Settlement was founded by Marian Pease and Hilda Cashmore in 1911.

There is also a global network, The International Federation of Settlements and Neighborhood Centers (IFS).

The movement gave rise to many social policy initiatives and innovative ways of working to improve the conditions of the most excluded members of society. The Poor Man's Lawyer service came about because a barrister volunteered his time and encouraged his friends to do the same. In general, the settlement movement, and settlement houses in particular, "have been a foundation for social work practice in this country".

As higher education opened up to women, young female graduates came into the settlement movement. The Women's University Settlement (now Blackfriars Settlement) was founded in 1887 "by women from Girton and Newnham Colleges at Cambridge University, Lady Margaret, and Somerville Colleges at Oxford University and Bedford and Royal Holloway Universities".

Australia
Australia's first settlement activity was begun by the University of Sydney Women's Society. The Society was instigated by Helen Phillips when she was the first tutor of women students at the University of Sydney in 1891–1892. Before she took up that position, Phillips visited Cambridge and Oxford Universities in England to find out how they supported women students. She also visited her younger brother, William Inchbold Phillips, Priest in Charge, St John's College Mission (Lady Margaret Church) Walworth where she learned more about the work of the college mission. The mission involved university students in charitable works and educating poorer people in the area in the settlement movement tradition. She took the model back to Australia and formed the Women's Society which focused on visiting patients in hospitals and setting up night schools particularly a night school for girls at Millers Point, Sydney. After Phillips left the university for missionary and education work in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) the founding principal of the new Women's College, Louisa Macdonald developed settlement work further through the Women's Association. Over the years The Settlement gained the support of other partners and provided services for Aboriginal and migrant families and is now known as The Settlement Neighbourhood Centre in Darlington, Sydney New South Wales.

United States
The settlement movement model was introduced in the United States by Jane Addams after travelling to Europe and learning about the system in England. It was Addams who became the leading figure of the settlement movement in the United States with the help of like-minded personalities such as Mary Rozet Smith, Mary Keyser, Alice Hamilton, Julia Lathrop, Florence Kelley, and Ella May Dunning Smith, among others.

The settlement movement became popular due to the socio-economic situation in the United States between 1890 and 1910, when more than 12 million European people immigrated to the country. They came from Ireland, Russia, Italy and other European countries and provided cheap factory labor, a demand that was necessitated by the country's expansion into the west and rapid industrialization following the Civil War. Many immigrants lived in crowded and disease-ridden tenements, worked long hours, and lived in poverty. Children often worked to help support the family. Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890 about the lives of immigrants on New York City's Lower East Side to bring greater awareness of the immigrant's living conditions.

The most famous settlement house in the United States is Chicago's Hull House, founded by Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889 after Addams visited Toynbee Hall within the previous two years. Hull House, unlike the charity and welfare efforts which preceded it, was not a religious-based organization. Instead of Christian ethic, Addams opted to ground her settlement on democratic ideals. It focused on providing education and recreational facilities for European immigrant women and children.

Katharine Coman, Vida Scudder, and Katharine Lee Bates were among a group of women who founded Denison House in Boston in 1892. Union Settlement Association, founded in 1894, Lenox Hill Neighborhood House, founded in 1894, Friendly Inn Settlement House, founded in 1894, Henry Street Settlement, founded in 1893, Hiram House, founded in 1896, Houchen House in El Paso Texas, founded in 1912 and University Settlement House, founded in 1886 and the oldest in the United States, were, like Hull House, important institutions for social reform in America's teeming, immigrant-dominant urban communities. United Neighborhood Houses of New York is the federation of 38 settlement houses in New York City. These and other settlement houses inspired the establishment of settlement schools to serve isolated rural communities in Appalachia, such as the Hindman Settlement School in 1902 and the Pine Mountain Settlement School in 1913.

A count of American settlements reported: 74 in 1897; 103 in 1900; 204 in 1905; and 413 by 1911 in 32 states. By the 1920s, the number of settlement houses in the country peaked at almost 500. The settlement house concept was continued by Dorothy Day's Catholic Worker "hospitality houses" in the 1930s. By 1993 the estimated number of houses dropped to 300 in 80 cities.

The American settlement movement sprang out of the-then fashionable philosophy of "scientific philanthropy", a model of social reform that touted the transmission of "proper" [i.e.WASP) values, behavior, and morals to the working classes through charitable but also rigorously didactic programs as a cure to the cycle of poverty. Many settlement workers joined the movement out of a strong conviction that effective social welfare programs were the only thing that could prevent the pernicious development in the United States of a European-style entrenched social class system.

Russia
The movement also spread to late imperial Russia, as Stanislav Shatsky and Alexander Zelenko set up a network of educational and social institutions in northern Moscow in 1905, naming it "Settlement" ("Сетлемент", the English word transliterated to Russian). This network of institutions was closed down by the government in 1908, due to alleged socialist activities.

Description
Today, settlements are still community-focused organizations, providing a range of services including early education, youth guidance and crime intervention, senior programs, and specialized programs for young people who have "aged out" of the foster care system. Since they are staffed by professional employees and students, they no longer require that employees live alongside those they serve.

Legacy and impact
Settlement houses influenced urban design and architecture in the twentieth century. For example, James Rossant of Conklin + Rossant agreed with Robert E. Simon's social vision and consciously sought to mix economic backgrounds when drawing up the master plan for Reston, Virginia. The New Monastic movement has a similar goal and model.

title: Settlement movement


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Don Money

Donald Wayne Money (born June 7, 1947) is an American former professional baseball infielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies and Milwaukee Brewers, and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Kintetsu Buffaloes. He currently serves as the Brewers' special instructor of player development.

Money spent most of his big league career as a third baseman and was a four-time All-Star. Known as one of the best defensive third basemen of the era, he batted and threw right-handed. He played for MLB's Phillies from (1968–1972) and Brewers (1973–1983). Money played for NPB's Buffaloes in Japan for one month at the end of his career.

Playing career
Money was originally signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates as an amateur free agent in 1965 out of La Plata High School in southern Maryland. While still in the minors, the Pirates traded him in 1967 to the Philadelphia Phillies (with Harold Clem, Woodie Fryman and Bill Laxton) for Jim Bunning. Called up by the Phillies in 1968, he began his major league career as a shortstop, but was moved to third base when Larry Bowa was called up by the Phillies. With the Phillies looking to make room for Mike Schmidt, Money was part of a seven-player deal that sent him, John Vukovich and Bill Champion to the Brewers for Jim Lonborg, Ken Brett, Ken Sanders and Earl Stephenson on October 31, 1972.

Money's most productive seasons were those in 1974, 1977, and 1978 while playing for the Milwaukee Brewers. In 1974, he set career-highs in hits (178), doubles (32), and at bats (629). He also had 19 stolen bases and made his first All-Star team. In 1977, he had career-highs in home runs (25), Runs batted in (83), slugging percentage (.470), and total bases (268). He also had 86 runs scored and made his third All-Star Game. In 1978, he had career-highs in batting average (.293), on-base percentage (.361), and sacrifice hits (14). He also had 7 hit by pitches, and made his fourth and final All-Star team, becoming the first All-Star starter in Brewers franchise history.

Late in his career, Money finally made the post-season with the Milwaukee Brewers in 1981. Because of a prolonged strike, Major League Baseball chose to have a split-season format. In the American League Eastern Division, the first-half champion New York Yankees played Milwaukee, the second half champion. Money, having his worst major league season to date, only had three plate appearances as the Brewers lost the series to New York, 3 games to 2. He saw more action the following postseason as the Brewers defeated the California Angels in the American League Championship Series. In his only World Series of his career, Money and the Brewers lost in seven games to the St. Louis Cardinals in 1982. He had a .185 batting average in the 1982 post-season, and a .231 average in the World Series, picking up 2 playoff RBI all-time.

In a 16-season career, Money hit .261 with 176 home runs and 729 RBIs in 1,720 games. He had a lifetime on-base percentage of .328 and a .406 slugging percentage. He also had 80 career stolen bases with 798 runs. He had 1,623 hits in 6,215 at bats.

In 1971, he hit the first ever home run at Veterans Stadium on April 10.

On July 7, 1974, he set the major league record for errorless games at third base, with 78. He would go on to complete an 86-game streak with no errors in 257 chances.

On April 10, 1976, Money hit a grand slam off Dave Pagan of the New York Yankees, only to see it taken back because the first base umpire had called time before the pitch was delivered. According to most accounts, the time out was only granted after the home run, when Yankees manager Billy Martin appealed to the umpire that he had discreetly asked for time out.

After retiring from MLB, he contracted with the Kintetsu Buffaloes in the Japanese Professional League. Money had watched many games of the Yomiuri Giants and noted the large crowds and their beautiful stadium. Kintetsu had a dilapidated stadium, however, and rarely drew much of a crowd. The team put Money up in a cockroach-ridden apartment rather than a house in a tree-lined setting as he felt he had been promised. After one month, Money packed up his family and moved back to his farm in Vineland, New Jersey. As a result of Money's defection — as well as those of two other American players at the time, Jim Tracy and Richard Duran — the NPB commissioner at the time called the American players "spoiled," and proposed banning non-Japanese players from the NPB, a threat that was never carried out.

Coaching career
Money began his minor league coaching career as manager of the Class A Oneonta Tigers from 1987 to 1988. He became manager of the Class A Beloit Snappers in 1998. After seven years at Beloit, he moved up to the Brewers' Double-A affiliate, the Huntsville Stars in 2005. In 2007, Money was named the Southern League's Manager of the Year as voted upon by the league's field managers, radio broadcasters, and print media. On May 14, 2008, he became the winningest manager in Stars' history; he finished the season with 275 victories. Money managed the Nashville Sounds, Milwaukee's Triple-A club, from 2009 to 2011. Following the 2011 season, he became Milwaukee's special instructor of player development.

Brewers Walk of Fame
In 2005, Money was inducted into the Milwaukee Brewers Walk of Fame at American Family Field. He was inducted along with one of his former Brewers managers, Harvey Kuenn. Money said that his induction was "the greatest honor of all" of his baseball career.

Personal life
Money's grandson, Buddy Kennedy was an infielder with the 2022 and 2023 Arizona Diamondbacks, Detroit Tigers’, and is now (2024) with the Lehigh Valley Iron Pigs. A Triple-A affiliate with the Philadelphia Phillies.

title: Don Money


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User:Kordas

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title: User:Kordas


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The Cincinnati Kid

The Cincinnati Kid is a 1965 American drama film directed by Norman Jewison. It tells the story of Eric "The Kid" Stoner, a young Depression-era poker player, as he seeks to establish his reputation as the best. This quest leads him to challenge Lancey "The Man" Howard, an older player widely considered to be the best, culminating in a climactic final poker hand between the two.

The script, adapted from Richard Jessup's 1963 novel of the same name, was written by Ring Lardner Jr. and Terry Southern; it was Lardner's first major studio work since his 1947 blacklisting as one of The Hollywood Ten. The film stars Steve McQueen in the title role and Edward G. Robinson as Howard. Director Jewison, who replaced Sam Peckinpah shortly after filming began, describes The Cincinnati Kid as his "ugly duckling" film. He considers it the film that allowed him to make the transition from the lighter comedic films he had been making and take on more serious films and subjects.

The film garnered mixed reviews from critics on its initial release. Joan Blondell earned a Golden Globe nomination for her performance as Lady Fingers.

Plot
Eric Stoner is "The Cincinnati Kid", an up-and-coming poker player in 1930s New Orleans. He hears that Lancey Howard, an old master of the game, is in town, and sees it as his chance to achieve recognition as the new king of five-card stud.

Before they square off, Howard arranges a tune-up game with wealthy, corrupt William Jefferson Slade. For a dealer, he agrees to the services of Shooter, renowned for his integrity and a good friend of the Kid. Howard wins $6,000 from the prideful Slade in a 30-hour game, angering the man enough to seek to get even.

Slade then tries to bribe Shooter with the proceeds of a $25,000 bet into cheating in the Kid's favor when he and Howard meet. Shooter declines, but Slade calls in Shooter's markers worth $12,000, and blackmails him by threatening to reveal damaging information about Shooter's sleazy wife, Melba. Slade then throws in canceling the markers as a goose. Shooter agonizes over his decision, having spent the last 25 years building a reputation for honesty. Eventually, however, he caves in.

Meantime, even though Melba and the Kid's girl Christian are close friends, Melba tries to seduce him while Christian is visiting her parents. Out of respect for Shooter, he rebuffs her and spends the day before the game with Christian at her family's farm.

Back in New Orleans the next day the big game begins. It starts with six players, including Shooter playing as he deals, and a relief dealer, Lady Fingers, a popular but faded gambling diva. Howard busts an overconfident player called Pig, then Shooter bows out but remains as the dealer. Later, Yeller and Sokal also drop out. After a few unlikely wins, the Kid abruptly folds what would have been a winning hand and calls for a break. He then privately confronts Shooter, who admits to being forced into cheating by Slade. The Kid insists he can win on his own and tells Shooter to deal straight or he will blow the whistle, destroying Shooter's reputation. Before the game resumes, Melba succeeds in seducing the Kid, only to have Christian make a surprise visit and catch them after the fact. She walks out broken.

When the game resumes the Kid maneuvers to have Shooter replaced by Lady Fingers, claiming Shooter is ill. He then wins several major pots from Howard, who is visibly losing confidence. The Kid is clearly ready to break him.

Over a massive pot, the Kid is confident enough of his full house of aces over tens to place a $5,000 marker with Howard, only to have Lady Fingers, an ex-lover of Howard’s, deal Howard a queen-high straight flush. Howard then chastises the Kid, telling him that he will always be "second best" as long as Howard is around. Leaving the game, the Kid unexpectedly runs into Christian, and they embrace.

Alternative versions
In some cuts, the film ends with a freeze-frame on Steve McQueen's face following a penny-pitching loss to a brash young shoeshine boy who had been seeking, unsuccessfully, to “cut” him earlier in the movie. Turner Classic Movies and the DVD feature the ending with Christian. Jewison wanted to end the film with the freeze-frame but was overruled by the producer.

A cockfight scene was cut by British censors.

Production
The Cincinnati Kid was filmed on location in New Orleans, Louisiana, a change from the original St. Louis, Missouri, setting of the novel. Spencer Tracy was cast as Lancey Howard, but ill health forced him to withdraw from the film. Sam Peckinpah was hired to direct; producer Martin Ransohoff fired him shortly after filming began for "vulgarizing the picture". Peckinpah's version was to be shot in black-and-white to give the film a 1930s period feel. Jewison scrapped the black-and-white footage, feeling it was a mistake to shoot a film with the red and black of playing cards in greyscale. He did mute the colors throughout, both to evoke the period and to help pop the card colors when they appeared. Strother Martin, who appears early in the film, but is never seen again, said he was fired after Jewison replaced Peckinpah.

The film features a theme song performed by Ray Charles, the Eureka Brass Band performing a second line parade, and a scene in Preservation Hall with Emma Barrett (vocalist and pianist), Punch Miller (trumpet), Paul Crawford (trombone), George Lewis (clarinet), Cie Frazier (drums) and Allan Jaffe (helicon).

Notes on the game

 * When reciting the rules, Shooter clearly states "no string bets", although players (including Howard) go on to make string bets during the game.
 * The game is open stakes. This is unusual in modern times and almost never allowed in casinos, but permissible in home games and was common for the time period of the film.
 * The unlikely nature of the final hand is discussed by Anthony Holden in his book Big Deal: A Year as a Professional Poker Player: "The odds against any full house losing to any straight flush, in a two-handed game, are 45,102,781 to 1," with Holden continuing that the odds against the particular final hand in the movie are astronomical (as both hands include 10s). Holden states that the chances of both such hands appearing in one deal are "a laughable" 332,220,508,619 to 1 (more than 332 billion to 1 against) and goes on: "If these two played 50 hands of stud an hour, eight hours a day, five days a week, the situation would arise about once every 443 years."

Release
The world premiere was held at the Saenger Theatre in New Orleans on October 15, 1965, with a nationwide release on October 27. The film opened in Los Angeles on November 5.

Home media
The television premiere of The Cincinnati Kid was on February 11, 1971, when it was broadcast on the CBS Thursday Night Movie. It was released on Region 1 DVD on May 31, 2005. The DVD features a commentary track by director Norman Jewison, commentary on selected scenes from Celebrity Poker Showdown hosts Phil Gordon and Dave Foley and The Cincinnati Kid Plays According to Hoyle, a promotional short featuring magician Jay Ose. A Blu-ray disc was released on June 14, 2011. With the release of the film on DVD, one modern reviewer said the film "is as hip now as when it was released in 1965", and another cited McQueen as "effortlessly watchable as the Kid, providing a masterclass in the power of natural screen presence over dialogue", and Robinson as "simply fantastic". Poker author Michael Wiesenberg calls The Cincinnati Kid "one of the greatest poker movies of all time".

Critical response
Upon its 1965 release, The Cincinnati Kid was favorably reviewed by Variety, which wrote, "Martin Ransohoff has constructed a taut, well-turned-out production. In Steve McQueen he has the near-perfect delineator of the title role. Edward G. Robinson is at his best in some years as the aging, ruthless Lancey Howard...."

Howard Thompson of The New York Times called the film a "respectably packaged drama" that is "strictly for those who relish—or at least play—stud poker", and notes that the "film pales beside The Hustler, to which it bears a striking similarity of theme and characterization".

Time magazine also noted the similarities to The Hustler, writing that "nearly everything about Cincinnati Kid is reminiscent" of that film, but falls short in the comparison, in part because of the subject matter.

"Director Jewison can put his cards on the table, let his camera cut suspensefully to the players' intent faces, but a pool shark sinking a tricky shot into a side pocket undoubtedly offers more range. Kid also has a less compelling subplot. Away from the table, McQueen gambles on a blonde (Tuesday Weld) and on the integrity of his dealer pal, Karl Malden. Pressure comes from a conventionally vicious Southern gentleman (Rip Torn), whose pleasures include a Negro mistress, a pistol range adjacent to his parlor, and fixed card games. As Malden's wife, Ann-Margret spells trouble of another kind, though her naive impersonation of a wicked, wicked woman recalls the era when the femme fatale wore breastplates lashed together with spider web. By the time all the bets are in, Cincinnati Kid appears to hold a losing hand."

A retrospective review published in 2011 by the New York State Writers Institute of the University at Albany also noted the similarities the film has to The Hustler, but in contrast said The Cincinnati Kids "stylized realism, dreamlike color, and detailed subplots give [the film] a dramatic complexity and self-awareness that The Hustler lacks".

Through 2023 The Cincinnati Kid holds an 87% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 23 reviews, with an average user rating of 7.6/10.

Recognition
Joan Blondell was singled out for her performance as Lady Fingers, with an award from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Motion Picture Exhibitor magazine nominated Robinson for its Best Supporting Actor Laurel Award.

title: The Cincinnati Kid


text:
William Lawrence

William Lawrence may refer to:

American

 * William Lawrence (Ohio Democrat) (1814–1895), Democrat; U.S. congressman, 1857–1859
 * William Lawrence (Ohio Republican) (1819–1899), Republican; U.S. congressman, 1865–1871 and 1873–1877
 * William A. Lawrence (Wisconsin politician) (1822–1890), American legislator for the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin Senate
 * William Beach Lawrence (1800–1881), lawyer, diplomat, historian and political figure; Rhode Island's lieutenant governor and acting governor in 1851–1852
 * William Caldwell Anderson Lawrence (died 1860), lawyer and state legislator in Pennsylvania
 * William Miner Lawrence (1861–1935), Assemblyman from New York, 1891
 * William T. Lawrence (politician) (1788–1859), Whig congressman from New York, 1847–1849
 * William T. Lawrence (judge) (born 1947), former United States federal judge

Australian

 * William Lawrence (Australian politician) (1906–2004), Liberal member of House of Representatives for Wimmera, 1949–1958

English

 * William Lawrence, 14th-century Member of Parliament (MP) for Lancashire
 * William Lawrence I, MP for Winchester
 * William Lawrence, 16th-century MP for Winchester
 * William Lawrence (died 1572), MP for Huntingdonshire
 * Sir William Lawrence, 1st Baronet (1783–1867), physician; prolific author and philosopher; Serjeant Surgeon to the Queen
 * William Lawrence (London MP) (1818–1897), Liberal Member of Parliament for City of London (1865–1874 and 1880–1885)
 * William Lawrence (Conservative politician) (1844–1935), Conservative Member of Parliament for Liverpool Abercromby (1885–1906)
 * William Lawrence (Ripon MP) (c. 1723–1798), British politician
 * Sir William Lawrence, 3rd Baronet (1870–1934), horticulturalist, hospital administrator and collector; grandson of Sir William Lawrence, 1st Baronet
 * Sir William Lawrence, 4th Baronet (1913–1986), businessman; served as major in World War II
 * Sir William Lawrence, 5th Baronet (1954–2015), served on Stratford-upon-Avon District Council since 1982

Clergymen

 * William Lawrence (bishop) (1850–1941), American Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts
 * William Appleton Lawrence (1889–1968), American Episcopal bishop of Western Massachusetts, son of the above

Film and television personalities

 * W. E. Lawrence (1896–1947), American supporting actor in silent films
 * Bill Lawrence (news personality) (1916–1972), American journalist for The New York Times and ABC News
 * Bill Lawrence (TV producer) (born 1968), American television producer, director, writer and program creator
 * William Matthew Lawrence (born 1981), American television and film actor

Others

 * William Dawson Lawrence (1817–1886), successful shipbuilder, businessman and politician
 * William D. Lawrence (ship), an 1874 full-rigged sailing ship
 * William Effingham Lawrence (1781–1841), English-Australian landowner; in Tasmania since 1823; leader in social and educational endeavours
 * Robert William Lawrence (1807–1833), his son, English-Australian botanical enthusiast
 * William Van Duzer Lawrence (1842–1927), American entrepreneur; pharmaceutical and real estate mogul; philanthropist and arts patron
 * William P. Lawrence (1930–2005), American naval aviator who reached the rank of vice-admiral; superintendent of U.S. Naval Academy
 * William Witherle Lawrence (1876–1936), American philologist and professor of English
 * Bill Lawrence (guitar maker) (1931–2013), German-American recording artist and guitar maker
 * Billy Lawrence (born 1971), American female singer, songwriter, record producer and arranger
 * Bill Lawrence (baseball) (1906–1997), American baseball player
 * Bill Lawrence (cricketer) (born 1963), New Zealand cricketer
 * Trevor Lawrence (William Trevor Lawrence; born 1999), American football quarterback

title: William Lawrence


text:
Talk:Redbone (band)

Untitled
What happened to drummer George Spanos? George and I played together in Detroit in the early 70s. I played bass. - 68.96.56.11

(Did mama sing tenor?)

Rebone had at least one vinyl 12-inch LP record in the quadraphonic SQ format. Though not super-rare you sure don't see the quad LPs every day. The incredibly lovely and talented Obbop told yah' this. 209.50.1.33 22:30, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Permissions
Since there's a problem with providing "fair use" validation for graphics here, I am searching out probably copyrighted but privately owned pictures of the band from sources easily reached for copyright permission. (Getting permissions from Sony et al. being nearly impossible; they claim to have purchased repro rights for the album graphics, and are not the rights owners). This has the additional benefit that such sources had contact with the band, and are being asked to provide recollections. Any results will be edited in as received. If anyone has any connections to previous members that I can follow up on, please forward any contact info (no matter how informal) and I'll do the reaching.

Dennis McClain-Furmanski ex-Producer and DJ Inside The Circle WUVT Virginia Tech 1997-2001 and ex-Nammies member

drmcclainphd at gmail dot com Drmcclainphd 00:14, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Error in birth location of Peter DePoe
Drummer Peter DePoe (born 1943, Neah Bay, Washington, D.C.)

Neah Bay is in Washington State, Neah Bay being the Makah reservation. Brothers Pat and Lolly Vegas are originally from Fresno,California. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ggonzales1984 (talk • contribs) 08:38, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. Diannaa (talk) 20:45, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

This is an encyclopedia.
This article gushes relentlessly, uses exclamations, reads like an advertisement for the band, and contains a lot of unsourced specific information. This is not a band mom's blog, but it sure looks like one.

I've taken the first steps to clean it up, but there remains a lot of work to be done. I tagged a lot of uncited content, and removed a lot more. The majority of the content I tagged as "citation needed" could probably stand to be deleted altogether, but I figured I would give someone a chance to back the facts up.

If we can't get some good citations and a solid encyclopedic tone going, this article will be due for a harsh pruning, and possibly a total rewrite. Matt S. (talk) 02:31, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

70's Image Of Lolly Vegas Misidentified As Brother Pat Vegas In History Section
In the History section of the article, the 70's image of the late Lolly Vegas has been misidentified as Pat Vegas in the caption beneath said image. The name caption should be changed to Lolly Vegas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Will Sipabitz (talk • contribs) 06:06, 28 February 2015 (UTC)

"Latin" and "Cajun" questioned
Does anyone proofread this stuff?!?! What makes them 'Latin'??? Why are they native American/Latin here and Native American/Mexican on the page for Tony Bellamy? The 'Almond' Brothers?!? Who are they? 'Redbone' is not a Cajun term by any stretch. Let's not even get into grammar, punctuation and structure. Really? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.22.255.178 (talk) 19:36, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * 1) You added comments to an unrelated discussion at the top of this page that was last active in 2006 (I have moved your comments here). If you have new comments to make about this or any article on its Talk page, please post your comments at the bottom of the page in a new section. 2) Please always sign and date your comments by typing four tildes ( ~ ) at the end.  3) Please be sure that you have reviewed the cited sources for any statements you question.  It may be that the cited source is the basis for a claim you otherwise don't understand.  If a statement is not supported by any cited source here, feel free to either remove it or bring it up here (in a new section at the bottom of the page) for discussion.  Dwpaul   Talk   19:47, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

What!?!?
"Redbone achieved hits with their singles "We Were All Wounded At Wounded Knee", "The Witch Queen of New Orleans", "Wovoka", and "Maggie" in the United States, but predominantly overseas."

This sentence makes no logical sense as it stands right now. I think I know what the editor was going for, but I am not certain enough to make the edit. Is the point they enjoyed better reception overseas? Is the point the singles charted higher/better overseas? I'm leaving it in for now instead of just chopping it out. If I get a chance I will dig into this, but if someone else has the time and willingness to do so please proceed.THX1136 (talk) 21:02, 19 February 2018 (UTC)

 * The next sentence makes even less sense: "Redbone is known and accredited in the NY Smithsonian as the first Native American rock/Cajun group to have a No. 1 single in the United States and internationally." They weren't Cajuns at all: they were from California's Central Valley.  Even if they were Cajuns, Fats Domino and Louis Armstrong (and others with roots in Louisiana's francophone community) had #1 singles long before "Come and Get Your Love." I suppose they could have been the first Native American band to chart a #1 single, however.Timothy Horrigan (talk) 01:25, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Did the edit without a source for verification. I am assuming the source cited in the article covers this aspect, but did not have access to it to verify. THX1136 (talk) 21:33, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

Munsters Theme claim removal
I removed the claim of involvement with the Munsters TV show theme due to the information provided by this source: https://secondhandsongs.com/work/117434 - accessed on 2018/02/21. While I know this is just one source there is no mention of Pat Vegas being involved with the theme as implied by the original claim in the article. If a suitable source is found to back up the claim it can certainly be restored.THX1136 (talk) 03:01, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Some more info at this url: https://books.google.com/books?id=LtU2rfMrhAIC&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=composer+of+the+Munsters+TV+show+theme&source=bl&ots=a6yVOYvZQV&sig=-fuvlZctU8-pasCTTEpJR1ipo_Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU1ri2rbrZAhVEvlMKHcC1B9AQ6AEIwAEwEg#v=onepage&q=composer%20of%20the%20Munsters%20TV%20show%20theme&f=false

It is probable that Pat played bass in the "small studio ensemble" mentioned in the article, but he is not mentioned by name. I've looked at a few other articles without any mention of Vegas. I've also came across a couple of interviews where he claims to have helped with the theme.THX1136 (talk) 20:51, 22 February 2018 (UTC)

No1 or No5
In the first paragraph it is said they reached No 5 on Billboard Hot 100, yet a bit further it says it is the first native american band to reach No 1 single. I do not understand this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Emilpop (talk • contribs) 15:38, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

Hendrix Cherokee ancestry irrelevant
The claim that Hendrix was Cherokee is completely unsourced here, and from other sources and discussion over at Hendrix's wiki page, this is a contentious topic at best. Would be better to at least say something like "Hendrix, who also believed himself to be Cherokee", and include a source.

However, it's not totally clear that Hendrix's beliefs about his own heritage are even relevant in this discussion. The relevant source (https://www.nativeamericanmusicawards.com/nama-10) mentions nothing about Hendrix believing he had Cherokee heritage, and so there is no reason to think his beliefs influenced or in any way related to him encouraging these musicians to form Redbone. Toferdelachris (talk) 21:41, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

Further reading has five vanity press items
, there are five publications from the CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, which is a self-publishing that is part of Kindle Direct Publishing. This is essentially vanity publishing. Should we remove these citations as per WP:SELFPUBLISH? Peaceray (talk) 21:23, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Redbone (band)


text:
Talk:Industrial ecology

Improvements
I have made a copy of this page for an academic colleague who is a leading industrial ecologist and he has promised to help to improve it. While the basic theme is good and reliable, there are some specific weaknesses. The reference to the work of Evan is specially interesting because this refers to the independent development of concepts in industrial ecology in socialist Eastern Europe (notably the Mendeleev Institute). The external links can be substantially strengthened by linking to the Society for Industrial Ecology and its related journal.

Martin Willison, Nova Scotia

I have added some text and links related to the Journal of IE and the International Society of IE.

Rene Kleijn, Leiden University, Netherlands

Synergy
Is industrial ecology sometimes called synergy? Is there an industrial ecology complex called synergy? I thought I heard something like that, somewhere. This article is the best thing ever by the way. Good work. Lotusduck 19:16, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you mean "Eco Industrial Park" when you are talking about a "complex" or "estate". Industrial ecology is a bigger framework for business operation that includes many aspects such as green accounting, lifecycle assessment, industrial symbiosis, etc. Chaerani 11:05, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Incoherent babble that is bad and unreliable
I don't believe the our industrial system is a biological process. These two terms are imcompatible. I think the term industrial ecology is pure jargon and suggest a deletion occur. Each government body or private entity involved in industrial development is unique, there are no populations or species and so the process is not ecological. Notice that ecology is a sub category of biology. It's like chalk and cheese.

Just because some waste is being reused does not mean it is a "closed loop system". All living things consume energy and therefore can never exist within a closed system. It is not possible to just ignore the laws of thermodynamics. It is not possible to endlessly reuse waste products. What a weak and useless discipline of study. It is just another field of research which provides an excuse for continuing economic growth as usual. - Shiftchange 22:42, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * hi, crticism of the filed can only be done in academic journals not here. Industrial ecology is a well established field with more than two decades of reseacrh. though the correlation between ecology and industrial systems appear first, the field is certainly more accomodating than that--Ravishankar 13:15, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Re-added links to Journals
These were removed on 20 June 2008 by user WhatamIdoing, citing that they were of "no value to general reader". I do see his point in that most people won't read journal articles. However, I did re-include these since Industrial Ecology exists largely in the academic realm. Providing these links shows the credibility of the field, and these journals are some of the best sources to find out what actual researchers are doing within the field. Mr3641 (talk) 12:45, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Links to these two paid-subscription journals directly violate WP:ELNO #6: "Links to sites that require payment or registration to view the relevant content".
 * Additionally, in general, it is worth remembering that the purpose of external links is to provide information to readers, not to endow a topic with an aura of academic credibility. Please remove them again.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 07:00, 3 July 2008 (UTC) (who is female, by the way ;-)

 * I moved the links to the journal into the references section. It is important for the Journal of Industrial Ecology to be linked to (in some form or fashion) in this wikipedia article because it is one of the best sources of information on Industrial Ecology.  This is shown by the fact that 5 of the 11 references in the article cite this journal.  Having the links to the journal within the references section is consistent with Wikipedia policy that you pointed out.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ELNO#Links_normally_to_be_avoided Links to sites that require payment or registration to view the relevant content, unless the site itself is the subject of the article, or the link is a convenience link to a citation. See below.
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ELNO#Sites_requiring_registration A site that requires registration or a subscription should not be linked unless the web site itself is the topic of the article or is being used as an inline reference.
 * Mr3641 (talk) 14:16, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I have no problem with linking to JIE in appropriate references. The second rule you list, however, is irrelevant:  that applies to the article Journal of Industrial Ecology, not an article about the general subject.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 04:09, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

You could create a Research section to elaborate on the research, including journals and important figures within it. These sections would be nice in many articles. Also, I'm concerned with your editing of the external links (diff). It appears that you removed one of the most informative links: Industrial Ecology research from The Program for the Human Environment, The Rockefeller University II  07:40, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Again
External links to academic programs were re-added today. Can anyone tell me what the value of these links is to the general reader? Do these links directly provide more detailed information about industrial ecology, or are we once again trying to wave the magic wand of academic credibility over this subject? WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:55, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Yes, there is good reason for having the links to academic programs here. They include information on Industrial Ecology like description of the field, definitions of the field, history of the field, and even the "career" section is informative to for the average reader because it gives him/her an idea of what IE means in practice. These websites also include irrelevant information like program schedules, curricula, admission fees, etc., but this is no reason for omitting the links.--Elmerfadd (talk) 12:23, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

Style
The style of this article is not very encyclopedic, methinks - it's more like a sales pitch. It needs to more balanced - maybe adding a Criticism section? 79.138.252.161 (talk) 10:20, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

Traditional Industrial Ecology
I have been practising Industrial Ecology since I independently coined the phrase in 1993. I have browsed the related articles and there is a fundamental difference in approach to this subject by academic institutions compared to my own. I therefore make the suggestion that Industrial Ecology be classified as either orthodox or traditional, which would define the difference in cognitive approach, for people endeavouring to learn about this subject.

I suggest that my approach be called Traditional Industrial Ecology, as it is based on the principles of traditional medicine and has an intellectual pedigree several thousand years old. The academic approach could be classified as Orthodox Industrial Ecology as its approach is more reductionist and suited to the rationale that evolved with the industrial revolution.

I only found a reference to Industrial Ecology this August, which caused me to look it up. Previously, as I had never encountered the term Industrial Ecology, I was under the impression that I was the only one.

How would this be achieved ?Dave 56142 (talk) 11:34, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

You may have independently coined the phrase in 1993, but it has been independently coined many times before especially in the 70s and 80s. Furthermore, in a colloqium organized by the "National Academy of Sciences" in 1991 "Industrial Ecology" became an official scientific area of study. Since 1997 there is also a Peer Reviewed Journal with the same name advancing the research of the field. You are not explaining what is the Industrial Ecology that you are practicing, you only say it is based on the principles of traditional medicine, so I assume it has nothing to do with issues of sustainability and organization of production-consumption systems. Thus the adjectives Traditional and Orthodox that you use do not represent the difference between the two.--Elmerfadd (talk) 22:51, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Do not include unreferenced information
Somebody changed the introductory paragraph and put his own description/impression of what industrial ecology is. Apart from the fact that his definition/description is outdated and omits many aspects of industrial ecology, it is completely unreferenced. Industrial Ecology is primarily a scientific field thus the article should be well referenced from reliable resources. Having said so, I will erase the first paragraph.--Elmerfadd (talk) 23:20, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

New Section: Definition
The above observation raises the (existing) issue of providing some kind of definition for Industrial Ecology. There is no official and generally accepted definition of the field, thus I suggest that a new section is created where the most recent definitions of the field are given (as they appear on official sources like the international society or the journal of industrial ecology).--Elmerfadd (talk) 23:20, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Suggestion for "Principles"
The principles section contains below table. The table shows the general metaphor.

However, this table does not correspond to the text, where "society" is decomposed into the social and the technical. Therefore, I would suggest to develop an updated version of this table, which includes "Biosphere, Technosphere and Sociosphere", i.e. disentangle the entries currently in "Technosphere and place them in either Technosphere or Sociosphere.

The table shows the general metaphor.

-- Chemeng062 (talk) 02:20, 19 November 2010 (UTC).

Thus decomposing the table, leads to other suggestions:

1. suggest to let "innovation" equate to mutation and selection, and then use "invention" to equate to "mutation", and "diffusion" to "selection". This would then be in accordance with a Schumpeterian view on innovation (ref. Schumpeter's, who labeled innovation as a process of "creative destruction" (1934), and discerned "invention, diffusion and adoption" as the three-stages leading to an innovation having percolated to the market / society.

Adapted the novel table to include this suggested refinement of the analogy. Chemeng062 (talk) 02:30, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

2. Company (sociosphere) has the equivalent of "Technology" (technosphere) 3. Industrial Product (technosphere) has the equivalent of Service (sociosphere) Chemeng062 (talk) 02:40, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Do you have any references that you can tie into this table? I think what you've done reflects how many people view the metaphor, and it would be nice to provide links to further sources/discussion on this. A few that could be useful are: Mr3641 (talk) 08:55, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
 * On the life cycle metaphor: where ecology and economics diverge
 * Putting a spotlight on metaphors and analogies in industrial ecology
 * The Ecosystem: Model or Metaphor?

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Criticisms
This article would benefit from a section discussing criticisms of the approach. Totorotroll (talk) 10:12, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Research Process and Methodology - FA22 - Sect 200 - Thu
— Assignment last updated by QiweiDuan (talk) 02:36, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Industrial ecology


text: User talk:142.166.158.73

title: User talk:142.166.158.73


text:
User:DTOx

I'm an ordinand at Westcott House, Cambridge, training to be a priest in the Church of England, studying theology. I have degrees in Japanese studies, linguistics, and theology. I mainly edit articles related to Japan and the Japanese language, linguistics, theology, the Church of England, and Anglican church music.

title: User:DTOx


text:
George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes

George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes (2 Aug 1484 – 24 November 1558) was a Scottish nobleman and diplomat.

George was the eldest son and heir of William Leslie, 3rd Earl of Rothes and Lord Leslie, who fell at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. George succeeded his father William, who in turn had succeeded his brother, George Leslie, the 2nd Earl.

One of his first actions was the redemption, by purchase, of part of the estate lands of the Barony of Ballinbreich (Fife), which James IV of Scotland had sold to Andrew Barton. On 1 April 1517 he had a charter to himself and to Margaret Crichton, then his fiancé. It appears, from the Charter, that the payment was made for a remaining part of the lands not held by Leslie, by Margaret. The lands were then joined into barony and Leslie was granted the lands and barony of Ballinbreich in Fife, with lands to Margaret in liferent, and all other lands belonging to the late George, Earl of Rothes, and the Crown renounced all rights and casualties from the lands.

He was Sheriff of Fife from 1529 to 1540 and a Lord of Session from 1541 and a Lord of the Articles from 1544.

George accompanied James V of Scotland on his wedding trip to France in 1536. He was tried for the murder of Cardinal Beaton and acquitted in 1546. He was ambassador to Denmark in 1550, and died at Dieppe, France in 1558.

George died while returning from the solemnization of the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, which he witnessed. Several of the other Scottish commissioners died, Lord Fleming at Paris, and the Bishop of Orkney and Earl of Cassillis at Dieppe on the same night as George, 24 November 1558. It was rumoured that they were murdered because of their stance on the issue of giving the Crown-Matrimonial of Scotland to the Dauphin.

Family
His first marriage was to Margaret Crichton, the illegitimate daughter of William, third Lord Crichton, by the Princess Margaret Stewart. They appear on the Charter record together, as noted above, on 1 April 1517 but she as his fiancé. They appear, as husband and wife, in August 1517, when she is titled as Countess of Rothes. This marriage was dissolved by decree of divorce on 27 November 1520. Margaret, however, already had a liferent on lands of the Earldom (those at Ballinbreich mentioned prior) and thus appears on every major Charter of the Earldom up to October 1542. This has, in turn, led to confusion and speculation of a re-marriage between the couple (as Margaret, being born between 1478 and 1485, would be somewhere between 57 and 64 if they had reconciled and had more children).

George and Margaret had five children:
 * Norman Leslie, Master of Rothes, who was involved in the murder of Cardinal Beaton and the siege of St Andrews Castle. Norman pre-deceased his father, so the next Earl was Andrew Leslie, a son of George's third marriage to Agnes, daughter of John Somerville of Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire.
 * William Leslie of Cairnie, forfeited for his part in Cardinal Beaton's murder
 * Helen Leslie, who married (1) Gilbert Seton of Parbroath, (2) Mark Kerr, Commendator of Newbattle.
 * Janet Leslie
 * Robert Leslie of Ardersier

George divorced Margaret Crichton on 27 November 1520, and married, on 5 June 1525, Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew, 3rd Lord Gray. She was the widow of John Lyon, 4th Lord Glamis. They had no children, and she died before 1530. George married thirdly, Agnes, a daughter of John Somerville of Cambusnethan, the widow of John, 2nd Lord Fleming, with issue. He then married Isobel Lundy, widow of the 7th Earl of Crawford, with no issue.

Children of George and Agnes Somerville;
 * Andrew, the heir.
 * James Leslie
 * Margaret Leslie, who married John Cunningham of Glengarnock.
 * Beatrix Leslie, who married David Beaton of Creich.
 * Elizabeth (or Isabel) Leslie, married David Leslie of Inverdovate, Fife.
 * Agnes Leslie, (born after 1542), married William Douglas of Lochleven, later Earl of Morton
 * Euphemia Leslie, married George Learmonth of Balcomie
 * Margaret Leslie, married 25 Dec 1575 Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus, (divorced 1587).

title: George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes