text:
Talk:Dive bar

(Untitled)
i frequent many dive bars, and i feel that this is a perfectly acceptable definition of such and establishment. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nbpetts (talk • contribs) 20:10, May 26, 2005

That suggestion of the origin of the term 'dive bar' seems pretty unlikely to me. Was it just speculation or is there some evidence? To use the term 'dive' to explain going down below street level to a bar just doesn't seem very 1800s to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.216.175.58 (talk • contribs) 00:54, September 10, 2006

 * I've also removed another uncited etymology, this time linking "dive" to "divan". Since the etymology is clearly disputed, please add a cite if giving an etymology for this term. -- Karada 09:37, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 09:09, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Not Playboy magazine
The quote alleged to be from Playboy magazine is not from there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.196.37.45 (talk) 00:11, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

Poor, uncited definition
The definition given is:

 * Dive bars generally have a relaxed and informal atmosphere—they are often referred to by local residents as "neighborhood bars," where people in the neighborhood gather to drink and socialize.

I don't think that properly defines a dive bar at all, and worse, it's completely uncited. I can't find a verifiable source to properly define a dive bar, but some of the definitions given on Urban Dictionary seem much more fitting:

 * A well-worn, unglamorous bar, often serving a cheap, simple selection of drinks to a regular clientele.

Where did the definition given in the article even come from? It seems flat out wrong to me. Tarcieri (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:31, 2 March 2011 (UTC).

Introductory definition is completely wrong
The term "Dive bar" is used as an insult to describe a dirty, cheap place.

A dive bar is to be avoided. The term conjures up a place that is is dark and dirty, where the floor is sticky, the furniture is old and damaged, the bathroom has not been cleaned for 2 weeks, and the sign out front is broken. The staff is unfriendly, the liquor is cheap or watered down, and the patrons are down-and-out, scary alcoholics. It's in a bad part of town, and if you go there you are likely to be ripped off, robbed, beat up, or all three.

"Dive bar" would never be used for a friendly neighborhood bar except as a joke. Or to be ironically affectionate, in the same way that you might call your friend a "bastard". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.231.159.167 (talk) 09:07, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

Perfect/ exactly Its lost in the translation with the current generation of Indie kids, who are naming anything with a grungy look aka what you to be punk alternative clubs as Dive bar. its just eye rolling. Some places the grunge/y "look", is part of the aesthetic but they think thats a dive bar. the terms has become popular again recently.

A dive bar is a down on its luck place, that's dirty, and full of alcoholics, which keep the prices cheap at the expense of the physical environment, in order to to keep its alcoholic clientele. I dont know about the beaten up part, but its a place where "regular" people would not really want to spend time.

That MerryMaker bar just seems like just a small town/village bar. With all the activities, posted outside, I can pretty much guess for sure that's not a dive bar. Starbwoy (talk) 22:59, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

Informal
I don't understand the definition ("A dive bar is an informal bar or pub"). First of all, is this equating a pub with an informal bar, or is it saying "informal {bar or pub}"? Secondly, how does an informal bar differ from a formal bar? Does it mean it lacks a licence to operate, or does it just somehow have a friendlier atmosphere? Are drinks ordered in the same way as in a formal bar, or differently? 15:48, 22 February 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.88.142 (talk)

 * Sorry — I think "informal bar or pub" is about as close as one can get with a written definition. For people who don't "get it", I think it would be necessary to resort to an ostensive definition. Wahrmund (talk) 16:25, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

 * The Burt Reynolds film Hooper has a scene with Hooper and his girl friend having dinner in a rather disreputable bar when a brawl breaks out. A friend of mine once told me that she recognized the location that it was a real dive and fights like that weren't that uncommon.  Even so, she told me that the food was good and it was a fun place to go.  My impression is that it's not so much the clientele that makes a place a dive, it's the atmosphere.  JDZeff (talk) 19:53, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

Photo

I've uploaded a picture of The Merrimaker which is higher resolution, and shows more of the building than the current photo. Does anyone have an opinion about replacing the current picture with this one? --Ppelleti (talk) 05:44, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

That MerryMaker bar just seems like just a small town/village bar. With all the activities it has going on, posted outside, I can pretty much guess for sure that's not a dive bar, just a small locals place.Starbwoy (talk) 23:09, 3 November 2015 (UTC)

photo deletion request - is this a hoax?
What evidence is there that qualifies the Merrimaker as a dive bar? I don't think it would be NPOV to suggest it and I believe it constitutes OR to suggest whether or not it is a dive bar based off of one's own findings. Having been a resident of Los Osos for 20+ years I don't know of anyone that truly believes it is a dive bar and the only citation anyone can provide is this Wikipedia article. There is no citation/reference that proves the Merrimaker is a dive bar. I wonder if this is some kind of hoax. I think the pictures should be removed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_hoaxes_on_Wikipedia

Needs better title
I suggest "Dive bar (drinking establishment)" or "Dive bar (Pub)" and get rid of the long hatnote. Eagledj (talk) 19:47, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

Comments written above
Most of the above comments were written about a previous version of this article. I agree with many of the criticisms; in fact, the article was so far off the mark that I re-wrote it pretty much from scratch. I hope I improved it, but people never agree completely on subjective topics like this. Eagledj (talk) 13:28, 15 April 2021 (UTC)

Locations
The statement at the end of the article, "Dive bars can be found in the following ten cities" is patently absurd. Dive bars are everywhere. There are/have-been dive bars in every city I've lived in, none of which is one of the 10 listed cities.

The List of dive bars page linked from this article (is this where the "ten cities" statement comes from?) seems to be created and curated by a single person's perspective Sdp61 (talk) 18:24, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

Recognized authority on Dive Bar ?
I believe we should keep the Todd Dayton quote. The subject of dive bars is hardly academic science. There is no “recognized authority” on dive bars and nothing about subject is really verifiable in the sense of our typical articles. The block quote is presented, not as fact, but as one author’s opinion. The fact that it is taken from a published book written on the subject of dive bars is enough to get it over the relatively low bar to be included in the article. Eagledj (talk) 16:52, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Bruine kroegen
In the intro it says a dive bar can be known as brown bars in parts of Western Europe, like bruine kroegen in the Netherlands. The source provided does not give this translation however, it does not mention 'dive bar'. By the way, I realize that the definition of dive bar is not very clear, but from personal experience, I would say bruine kroegen do not necessarily fit into what follows under Dive_bar. But yeah, who am I? 2001:1C02:1990:A900:F22C:41F7:3B7A:2D77 (talk) 08:27, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

Other sense
In my speech (and I am a fluent, native speaker of American English), what is described in this article is a "dive", not a "dive bar". I don't think I've ever heard someone say "dive bar" in this sense. A dive is a bar, but I would never add "bar". A "dive bar" means something quite different, namely a bar frequented by scuba divers.Bill (talk) 23:32, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dive bar


text:
Expansion team

An expansion team is a new team in a sports league, usually from a city that has not hosted a team in that league before, formed with the intention of satisfying the demand for a local team from a population in a new area. Sporting leagues also hope that the expansion of their competition will grow the popularity of the sport generally. The term is most commonly used in reference to the North American major professional sports leagues but is applied to sports leagues in other countries with a closed franchise system of league membership. The term refers to the expansion of the sport into new areas. The addition of an expansion team sometimes results in the payment of an expansion fee to the league by the new team and an expansion draft to populate the new roster.

Reasons for expansion
In North America, expansion often takes place in response to population growth and geographic shifts of population. Such demographic change results in financial opportunities to engage with the new market as consumers of sports demand local teams to support. Major League Baseball (MLB) was limited to 16 teams located north and east of St. Louis, Missouri for the first half of the 20th century. During that time, the United States population doubled and expanded to the south and west. Rival interests explored the possibility of forming a rival league in the untapped markets. To forestall that possibility, one of the measures that MLB took was to expand by four teams in 1961 and 1962. Over the past four decades, MLB expanded further, to its current 30-team membership. In the context of MLB, the term "expansion team" is also used to refer to any of the 14 teams enfranchised in the second half of the 20th century.

Leagues that are new and/or financially struggling may also admit large numbers of expansion teams so that the existing franchises can pocket more revenue from expansion fees. Indoor American football leagues are notorious for doing so: the leagues can double the number of teams and have many new teams fail within a year or two. Major League Soccer, after spending most of its first decade of existence with relatively stable membership and struggling finances, adopted a policy of continuous expansion beginning in 2005, a policy that the league as of 2017 has no intention of stopping.

When an expansion team begins play, it is generally stocked with less talented free agents, inexperienced players, and veterans nearing retirement. Additionally, prospective owners may face expensive fees to the league as well as high startup costs such as stadiums and facilities. The team is also at a disadvantage in that it has not been together as a team as long as its opponents and thus lacks the cohesiveness other teams have built over years. As a result, most expansion teams are known for their poor play during their first seasons. Expansion teams must also compete with any expansion rivals for available talent, a common problem since leagues often expand by two or four teams in one season.

Expansion teams are not necessarily doomed to mediocrity, however, as most leagues have policies which promote parity, such as drafts and salary caps, which give some expansion teams the opportunity to win championships only a few years after their first season. In Major League Baseball (MLB) The Arizona Diamondbacks won the 2001 World Series in their fourth season, and the Florida Marlins won the 1997 World Series in their fifth season. In the NBA, The Milwaukee Bucks won the 1971 NBA Finals in their third year of existence, greatly helped by drafting Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in the 1969 draft and acquiring Oscar Robertson from the Cincinnati Royals before the 1970–71 season began. In the NHL, the Florida Panthers made the Stanley Cup Finals in their third season even though, like MLB, the league then had no salary cap; a cap was established in 2005. However, the Vegas Golden Knights quickly emerged as one of the NHL's best teams in its first season. Thanks to a generous expansion draft, the team defied all odds and advanced to the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals, and later winning the 2023 Stanley Cup Finals in just their sixth season.

The National Football League (NFL), despite being considered the most generous in its revenue sharing and the strictest with its salary cap, has had far more difficulty bringing expansion teams up to par with their more established brethren. Of the six teams to have been added to the NFL since the AFL–NFL merger, the fastest turnaround between an inaugural season and the team's first Super Bowl victory was 27 seasons (the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, established in 1976, won Super Bowl XXXVII in the 2002 season); none of the four teams to hold expansion drafts since 1995 have ever won that contest, with only one, the Carolina Panthers (who reached the game in their 9th and 21st seasons of existence) playing in the game. In, the Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars each made it to their respective conference championship games in their second season in the league.

Expansion teams are usually considered as such in their first season and sometimes in their second season. A team that moves to another location and/or changes its name is not an expansion team. If it moves, it is known as a relocated team, and if the name changes, the team is known as a renamed team. In response to a negative attitude that some fans have towards relocated teams, there have recently been instances where relocating clubs change their identity completely; name, colors, and mascot; but because the roster is the same and the league does not expand as a result, they are not regarded as expansion teams. One exception is the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL): when the Cleveland Browns moved to Baltimore, an agreement was reached for which the trademark and history of the pre-1996 Cleveland Browns remained in that city and was claimed by the post-1999 Browns when the league placed a new franchise there, even though the personnel and roster had moved to Baltimore to become the Ravens. Another exception is the New Orleans Pelicans, who were previously known as the New Orleans Hornets after relocating to New Orleans from Charlotte, N.C., in 2002. After the 2012 sale of the Hornets, new owner Tom Benson changed the name, colors, and mascot from Hornets to Pelicans. The Charlotte Hornets segment of the franchise's history was sold to the then-Charlotte Bobcats (themselves formerly considered a 2004 expansion team) and the 2002 New Orleans Hornets are now officially regarded as an expansion team.

Cities and regions with large populations that lack a team are generally regarded to be the best candidates for new teams. In rugby league, the United Kingdom-based Rugby Football League's Super League has added teams from France and Wales to cover a great demographic spread. The operator of Super League, England's Rugby Football League, has also added teams to the lower levels of its league pyramid, specifically the Championship and League 1, from both France and Wales, and most recently Canada. In rugby union, the competition originally known as the Celtic League and now as Pro14, which began with sides only from the Celtic nations of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, has added teams from Italy and more recently South Africa. The U.S.-based NFL has been laying groundwork for a potential franchise in the UK, with a target date some time in the early to mid-2020s.

Major League Baseball (MLB)
The National League had an eight-team lineup established in 1900, mirrored by the eight charter franchises of the American League in 1901. This list enumerates franchises added since this "Classic Eight" era.
 * 1961: Los Angeles Angels; Washington Senators (now Texas Rangers)
 * 1962: Houston Colt .45s (now Houston Astros); New York Mets
 * 1969: Kansas City Royals; Montreal Expos (now Washington Nationals); San Diego Padres; Seattle Pilots (now Milwaukee Brewers)
 * 1977: Seattle Mariners; Toronto Blue Jays
 * 1993: Colorado Rockies; Florida Marlins (now Miami Marlins)
 * 1998: Arizona Diamondbacks; Tampa Bay Devil Rays (now Tampa Bay Rays)

National Basketball Association (NBA)
Eight charter franchises of the NBA (founded in 1950 via merger of the BAA and NBL) are still active.
 * 1961: Chicago Packers (later Chicago Zephyrs, then Baltimore Bullets, then Capital Bullets, then Washington Bullets, now Washington Wizards)
 * 1966: Chicago Bulls
 * 1967: San Diego Rockets (now Houston Rockets); Seattle SuperSonics (now Oklahoma City Thunder)
 * 1968: Milwaukee Bucks; Phoenix Suns
 * 1970: Cleveland Cavaliers; Buffalo Braves (later San Diego Clippers, now Los Angeles Clippers); Portland Trail Blazers
 * 1974: New Orleans Jazz (now Utah Jazz)
 * 1976: New York Nets (later New Jersey Nets, now Brooklyn Nets), Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and San Antonio Spurs join NBA after merger with American Basketball Association (ABA).
 * 1980: Dallas Mavericks
 * 1988: Miami Heat; Charlotte Hornets
 * 1989: Minnesota Timberwolves; Orlando Magic
 * 1995: Vancouver Grizzlies (now Memphis Grizzlies); Toronto Raptors
 * 2002: New Orleans Hornets (now New Orleans Pelicans) – The Charlotte Hornets relocated to New Orleans in 2002 and in 2013 renamed themselves the New Orleans Pelicans. Subsequently, the original Charlotte Hornets' history was assumed by the revived Charlotte Hornets (previously Charlotte Bobcats; see below). Hence, the Pelicans are retrospectively considered to be an expansion team that began play in the 2002–03 season, while the Charlotte Hornets are considered to have suspended operations from 2002 until 2004.
 * 2004: Charlotte Bobcats enter the league and hold an expansion draft. In 2014 the team was renamed the Charlotte Hornets (see above) and received possession of the history and records of the Charlotte Hornets prior to 2002. Hence, the Bobcats are retrospectively considered to be a revival of the previous Charlotte franchise, rather than an expansion team.

American Basketball Association (ABA)
There's only one expansion team in the whole history of the ABA.
 * 1972: San Diego Conquistadors

National Football League (NFL)
Only extant teams are listed. Two charter franchises, the Chicago Cardinals (now Arizona Cardinals) and Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears), are still active.

 * 1921: Green Bay Packers, previously an independent, join the league.
 * 1925: New York Giants (replaced another team of the same name that left the league after one season in 1921)
 * 1930: Portsmouth Spartans (now Detroit Lions), previously of the Ohio League, join the NFL.
 * 1932: Boston Braves (now Washington Commanders) – replaced the 1931 Cleveland Indians, who in turn replaced the Orange/Newark Tornadoes, a 1929 expansion team that left the league in 1931.
 * 1933: Philadelphia Eagles — replaced the Frankford Yellow Jackets, a 1924 expansion team that folded in 1931; Pittsburgh Pirates (now Pittsburgh Steelers), previously the Rooneys of the Western Pennsylvania Senior Independent Football Conference, join the league.
 * 1937: Cleveland Rams (now Los Angeles Rams) join, having previously played in the 1936 American Football League.
 * 1950: Three teams joined the NFL after a partial merger with the rival All-America Football Conference (AAFC), two of which survive: Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers
 * 1953: Baltimore Colts (second) (now Indianapolis Colts); not to be confused with the AAFC Baltimore Colts, who were the third AAFC team to join the NFL but folded in 1950. They replaced the position held by several franchises, dating back to another charter franchise, the Dayton Triangles.
 * 1960: Dallas Cowboys
 * 1961: Minnesota Vikings
 * 1966: Atlanta Falcons
 * 1967: New Orleans Saints
 * 1970: Boston Patriots (now New England Patriots), Buffalo Bills, Cincinnati Bengals, Denver Broncos, Houston Oilers (now Tennessee Titans), Kansas City Chiefs, Miami Dolphins, New York Jets, Oakland Raiders (now Las Vegas Raiders), and San Diego Chargers (now Los Angeles Chargers) join NFL after merger with the 1960 American Football League (AFL).
 * 1976: Seattle Seahawks; Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * 1995: Carolina Panthers; Jacksonville Jaguars
 * 1996: Baltimore Ravens — The Cleveland Browns effectively relocate to Baltimore and become the Ravens, though the legacy of the Browns stays in Cleveland for a future revival of the franchise (see below). Hence the Baltimore Ravens are officially considered an expansion team that began play in the 1996 season.
 * 1999: The Cleveland Browns are revived, hold an expansion draft, and receive sole possession of the history and records of the Browns prior to 1996. The Browns are retrospectively considered to be a revival of the previous Cleveland Browns franchise, rather than an expansion team.
 * 2002: Houston Texans

American Football League
Two teams from the AFL of the 1960s were expansion teams in that league. Both joined the AFL after the merger with the NFL was agreed to, but before it was finalized.
 * 1966: Miami Dolphins
 * 1968: Cincinnati Bengals

National Hockey League (NHL)
The NHL had a six-team lineup established in 1942. This list enumerates the teams added since the "Original Six" era.

 * 1967: Los Angeles Kings; Minnesota North Stars (now Dallas Stars); California Seals (defunct; later Cleveland Barons; merged with Minnesota North Stars in 1978); Philadelphia Flyers; Pittsburgh Penguins; St. Louis Blues
 * 1970: Buffalo Sabres; Vancouver Canucks
 * 1972: Atlanta Flames (now Calgary Flames); New York Islanders
 * 1974: Kansas City Scouts (later Colorado Rockies, now New Jersey Devils); Washington Capitals
 * 1979: Hartford Whalers (now Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now Colorado Avalanche), Edmonton Oilers, and original Winnipeg Jets (now Arizona Coyotes) — all join NHL after merger with World Hockey Association (WHA).
 * 1991: San Jose Sharks
 * 1992: Ottawa Senators; Tampa Bay Lightning
 * 1993: Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (now Anaheim Ducks); Florida Panthers
 * 1998: Nashville Predators
 * 1999: Atlanta Thrashers (now current Winnipeg Jets)
 * 2000: Columbus Blue Jackets; Minnesota Wild
 * 2017: Vegas Golden Knights
 * 2021: Seattle Kraken
 * 2024: Utah Hockey Club – for intents and purposes, the Arizona Coyotes roster and personnel (including draft picks) are relocated to Salt Lake City as an expansion franchise. The Coyotes franchise was deactivated by the NHL for five years with its intellectual property, colors, history remaining behind in Phoenix pending construction of a new arena by 2029.

Major League Soccer (MLS)

 * 1998: Chicago Fire FC (originally Chicago Fire SC); Miami Fusion (contracted in 2002)
 * 2005: Chivas USA (folded by the league in 2014); Real Salt Lake
 * 2006: Houston Dynamo – In 2005, the San Jose Earthquakes relocated to Houston, considered to be a new expansion team, while the Earthquakes were put on hiatus.
 * 2007: Toronto FC; revived San Jose Earthquakes
 * 2009: Seattle Sounders FC
 * 2010: Philadelphia Union
 * 2011: Portland Timbers; Vancouver Whitecaps FC
 * 2012: Montreal Impact (now CF Montréal)
 * 2015: New York City FC; Orlando City SC
 * 2017: Atlanta United FC; Minnesota United FC
 * 2018: Los Angeles FC
 * 2019: FC Cincinnati
 * 2020: Inter Miami CF; Nashville SC
 * 2021: Austin FC
 * 2022: Charlotte FC
 * 2023: St. Louis City SC
 * 2025: San Diego FC

Canadian Football League (CFL)

 * 1993: Sacramento Gold Miners (defunct) – The first entry in the league's failed attempt to expand into the U.S. After the 1994 season, the team relocated to San Antonio and played as the San Antonio Texans before folding after the 1995 season.
 * 1994:
 * Baltimore Stallions (technically defunct) – The Stallions were the most successful team in the CFL's U.S. experiment, winning the Grey Cup in 1995. However, the impending relocation of the NFL's Cleveland Browns to Baltimore led the team to depart for Montreal, where it became the current version of the Montreal Alouettes. Despite this history, the CFL does not recognize the link between the Stallions and Alouettes, instead treating the Alouettes as a continuation of past CFL teams in Montreal.
 * Las Vegas Posse (defunct) – Also part of the CFL's failed U.S. experiment
 * Shreveport Pirates (defunct) – Also part of the CFL's failed U.S. experiment
 * 1995: Birmingham Barracudas (defunct); Memphis Mad Dogs (defunct)
 * 2002: Ottawa Renegades (defunct, though now treated by the CFL as the same team as the past Ottawa Rough Riders and current Ottawa Redblacks)
 * 2014: Ottawa Redblacks

National Lacrosse League (NLL)

 * 1989: Detroit Turbos (defunct); New England Blazers (later Boston Blazers; defunct)
 * 1990: Pittsburgh Bulls (defunct)
 * 1992: Buffalo Bandits
 * 1995: Rochester Knighthawks
 * 1996: Charlotte Cobras (defunct)
 * 1998: Ontario Raiders (now Toronto Rock); Syracuse Smash (later Ottawa Rebel; defunct)
 * 2000: Albany Attack (later San Jose Stealth, Washington Stealth, and Vancouver Stealth; now Vancouver Warriors)
 * 2001: Columbus Landsharks (later Arizona Sting; defunct)
 * 2002: Calgary Roughnecks; Montreal Express (defunct); New Jersey Storm (later Anaheim Storm; defunct); Vancouver Ravens (defunct)
 * 2005: Minnesota Swarm (now Georgia Swarm)
 * 2006: Edmonton Rush (now Saskatchewan Rush); Portland Lumberjax (defunct)
 * 2007: Chicago Shamrox (defunct); New York Titans (later Orlando Titans; defunct)
 * 2009: Boston Blazers (second iteration; defunct)
 * 2019: San Diego Seals, Philadelphia Wings
 * 2020: Halifax Thunderbirds, New York Riptide
 * 2021: Panther City Lacrosse Club
 * 2022: Las Vegas Desert Dogs

Major League Lacrosse (MLL)

 * 2006: Chicago Machine (later the second iteration of the Rochester Rattlers and Dallas Rattlers) (defunct); Denver Outlaws; Los Angeles Riptide (defunct); San Francisco Dragons (defunct)
 * 2009: Toronto Nationals (later Hamilton Nationals; though the league considers it an expansion, it was a relocation of the management and player assets from the original Rochester Rattlers, though the name, colors and team history remained in Rochester) (defunct)
 * 2012: Ohio Machine (defunct); Charlotte Hounds (hiatus then defunct with the PLL merger)
 * 2014: Florida Launch (Though the league considers it an expansion, it was a relocation of the management and player assets from the Hamilton Nationals, though the name, colors, and team history remained in Hamilton.) (defunct)
 * 2016: Atlanta Blaze (defunct)
 * 2020: Connecticut Hammerheads (defunct with the PLL merger)

Major League Rugby (MLR)
Six of the seven charter franchises from 2018 remain active.

 * 2019: Rugby United New York; Toronto Arrows
 * 2020: New England Free Jacks; Old Glory DC; Rugby ATL
 * 2021: LA Giltinis (defunct)
 * 2022: Dallas Jackals
 * 2023: Chicago Hounds
 * 2024: Miami Sharks

Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)

 * 1998: Detroit Shock (later the Tulsa Shock, now Dallas Wings); Washington Mystics
 * 1999: Orlando Miracle (now the Connecticut Sun); Minnesota Lynx
 * 2000: Indiana Fever; Seattle Storm; Miami Sol (folded); Portland Fire (folded)
 * 2006: Chicago Sky
 * 2008: Atlanta Dream
 * 2025: Golden State Valkyries

National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)

 * 2014: Houston Dash
 * 2016: Orlando Pride
 * 2017: North Carolina Courage (roster relocated from folded Western New York Flash)
 * 2018: Utah Royals FC (roster relocated from folded FC Kansas City)
 * 2021: Racing Louisville FC; Kansas City Current (roster relocated from folded Utah Royals FC)
 * 2022: Angel City FC; San Diego Wave FC
 * 2024: Bay FC; revival of Utah Royals (without "FC")
 * 2026: NWSL Boston

Canadian Premier League (CPL)

 * 2020: Atlético Ottawa
 * 2023: Vancouver FC

Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL)

 * 2020: Ottawa BlackJacks
 * 2022: Montreal Alliance; Scarborough Shooting Stars; Newfoundland Growlers
 * 2023: Winnipeg Sea Bears

Ontario Hockey League

 * 1981: Belleville Bulls (Now the Hamilton Bulldogs)
 * 1982: Guelph Platers (Later the Owen Sound Platers; now the Owen Sound Attack)
 * 1990: Detroit Compuware Ambassadors (Later the Detroit Jr. Red Wings, Detroit Whalers, and Plymouth Whalers; now the Flint Firebirds)
 * 1995: Barrie Colts
 * 1996: Toronto St. Michael's Majors (Later the Mississauga St. Michael's Majors; now the Mississauga Steelheads)
 * 1998: Brampton Battalion (Now the North Bay Battalion); Mississauga IceDogs (Now the Niagara IceDogs)

Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

 * 2005: Saint John Sea Dogs; St. John's Fog Devils (became Montreal Junior Hockey Club in 2008 and Blainville-Boisbriand Armada in 2011)
 * 2012: Sherbrooke Phoenix

Western Hockey League

 * 1991: Tacoma Rockets (Now the Kelowna Rockets)
 * 1992: Red Deer Rebels
 * 1995: Calgary Hitmen
 * 1996: Edmonton Ice (Moved to Cranbrook, British Columbia two years later and changed their name to the Kootenay Ice, now Winnipeg Ice)
 * 2001: Vancouver Giants
 * 2003: Everett Silvertips
 * 2006: Chilliwack Bruins (Moved to Victoria, British Columbia in 2011 and became the Victoria Royals)
 * 2007: Edmonton Oil Kings

A-League Men

 * 2007–08: Wellington Phoenix
 * 2009–10: Gold Coast United and Northern Fury FC (defunct)
 * 2010–11: Melbourne Heart (now Melbourne City since 2014–15 A-League season)
 * 2012–13: Western Sydney Wanderers
 * 2019–20: Western United
 * 2020–21: Macarthur FC
 * 2024–25: Auckland and Canberra

Australian Baseball League

 * 2018: Auckland Tuatara; Geelong-Korea (both folded after 2020 season)

Australian Football League

 * 1908: Richmond Tigers (relocated from the VFA), University (dropped out of competition and folded at the end of 1914)
 * 1925: Hawthorn Hawks, North Melbourne Kangaroos and Footscray Bulldogs (became Western Bulldogs in 1996). All three teams relocated from the VFA.
 * 1987: Brisbane Bears (now Brisbane Lions); West Coast Eagles
 * 1991: Adelaide Crows
 * 1995: Fremantle Dockers
 * 1997: Port Adelaide Power (had history/links from the successful Port Adelaide Magpies in the SANFL)
 * 2011: Gold Coast Suns
 * 2012: Greater Western Sydney Giants
 * 2028: Tasmania FC (planned)

AFL Women's
AFL Women's, launched in 2017 with 8 teams, is operated by the Australian Football League, with all teams fielded by AFL clubs. The league expanded to 10 teams prior to the 2019 season and 14 prior to the 2020 season. In 2023, the remaining four AFL clubs launched women's sides.
 * 2019: Geelong; North Melbourne
 * 2020: Gold Coast Suns; Richmond; St Kilda; West Coast Eagles
 * 2023: Essendon, Hawthorn, Port Adelaide, Sydney Swans

National Basketball League

 * 1980: Coburg Giants (later became North Melbourne Giants in 1987–1998); Launceston Casino City (defunct)
 * 1981: Forestville Eagles (now currently playing NBL1 Central)
 * 1982: Adelaide City Eagles (now Adelaide 36ers); Geelong Cats (now Geelong Supercats until 1996 but now currently playing NBL1 South); Westate Wildcats (now Perth Wildcats)
 * 1983: Devonport Warriors (defunct); Hobart Devils (defunct)
 * 1984: Melbourne Tigers (now Melbourne United)
 * 1988: Sydney Kings (merger of Sydney Supersonics and West Sydney Westars)
 * 1990: Gold Coast Cougars (defunct, later known as Gold Coast Rollers)
 * 1992: South East Melbourne Magic (defunct)
 * 1993: Townsville Suns (now Townsville Crocodiles since 1998)
 * 1998: Victoria Titans (later became Victoria Giants in 2002–2004 and then defunct); West Sydney Razorbacks (in its last season, Sydney Spirit; defunct)
 * 1999: Cairns Taipans
 * 2004: Hunter Pirates (defunct); New Zealand Breakers
 * 2006: Singapore Slingers (defunct); South Dragons (defunct)
 * 2007: Gold Coast Blaze (defunct)
 * 2019: South East Melbourne Phoenix
 * 2021: Tasmania JackJumpers

National Rugby League

 * 1910: Annandale
 * 1920: University
 * 1921: St. George Dragons
 * 1935: Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
 * 1947: Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles; Parramatta Eels
 * 1967: Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks; Penrith Panthers
 * 1982: Canberra Raiders; Illawarra Steelers (now part of joint venture with St. George Dragons)
 * 1988: Brisbane Broncos; Gold Coast-Tweed Giants (later Chargers, now defunct); Newcastle Knights
 * 1995: Auckland Warriors (now New Zealand Warriors); North Queensland Cowboys; South Queensland Crushers (now defunct); Western Reds (now defunct)
 * 1998: Melbourne Storm; Adelaide Rams (now defunct)
 * 1999: St George Illawarra Dragons (Joint venture between St. George Dragons and Illawarra Steelers)
 * 2000: Wests Tigers (joint venture between Western Suburbs Magpies and Balmain Tigers)
 * 2000: Northern Eagles (joint venture between North Sydney Bears and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles) (now defunct; reverted to Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles)
 * 2007: Gold Coast Titans
 * 2023: The Dolphins

New South Wales Cup

 * 2007: Auckland Lions

Northern Territory Football League

 * 2006: Tiwi Bombers Football Club

Queensland Cup

 * 2008: Mackay Cutters; Northern Pride
 * 2023: Western Clydesdales

Ron Massey Cup

 * 2008: WA Reds

Super League

 * 1997: Adelaide Rams (now defunct); Hunter Mariners (now defunct)

Super Rugby

 * 2006: Cheetahs and Western Force
 * The Cheetahs and Force were both dropped from Super Rugby after the 2017 season. The Cheetahs immediately became an expansion team in Pro14 (now the United Rugby Championship), but ceased Super Rugby operations when the country's four principal Super Rugby sides joined the URC in 2021. The Force later moved to Australia's National Rugby Championship, but after that league folded, it would return to Super Rugby, first in the COVID-era Super Rugby AU before joining the retooled Super Rugby Pacific in 2022.
 * 2011: Melbourne Rebels
 * 2013: Southern Kings
 * The Kings were dropped from Super Rugby at the same time as the Cheetahs and Force, and joined Pro14 alongside the Cheetahs. The team folded in 2020 when a planned takeover bid collapsed in fraud.
 * 2016: Jaguares and Sunwolves (both now defunct)
 * 2022: Moana Pasifika and Fijian Drua

Victorian Football League

 * 1998: Bendigo Bombers
 * 2001: Tasmanian Devils

West Australian Football League

 * 1997: Peel Thunder

Women's National Basketball League

 * 1983: AIS (defunct)
 * 1984: Bulleen Boomers (now Melbourne Boomers)
 * 1986: Canberra Capitals
 * 1989: Sydney Flames (now Sydney Uni Flames)
 * 1990: Perth Lynx
 * 1992: Adelaide Lightning; Dandenong Rangers
 * 2001: Townsville Fire
 * 2007: Bendigo Spirit
 * 2008: Logan Thunder (defunct)
 * 2015: South East Queensland Stars

Asia League Ice Hockey

 * 2004: Harbin; Qiqihar; Golden Amur (all defunct)
 * 2005: High1; Nordic Vikings (both defunct)
 * 2006: Seibu Prince Rabbits; Changchun Fuao; China Hosa (all defunct)
 * 2007: China Dragon (as China Sharks) (defunct)
 * 2009: Tohoku Free Blades
 * 2012: Daemyung Sangmu (defunct)
 * 2013: PSK Sakhalin (expelled in 2022)
 * 2016: Daemyung Killer Whales (defunct)
 * 2019: East Hokkaido Cranes (folded in 2023)
 * 2022: Yokohama Grits

Indian Premier League

 * 2011: Kochi Tuskers Kerala; Pune Warriors India
 * 2016: Gujarat Lions; Rising Pune Supergiants
 * 2022: Gujarat Titans; Lucknow Super Giants

Indian Super League

 * 2017–2018: Bengaluru FC; Jamshedpur FC
 * 2019–2020: Hyderabad FC
 * 2020–2021: SC East Bengal
 * 2023–2024: RoundGlass Punjab
 * 2024–2025: Mohammedan SC

Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League

 * 2018 (debut season): Bataan Defenders (now Bataan Risers); Batangas City Athletics (now Batangas City Tanduay Rum Masters); Bulacan Kuyas; Caloocan Supremos (now Caloocan Batang Kankaloo); Imus Bandera (now Imus Agimat); Muntinlupa Cagers; Navotas Clutch (inactive, last played as Navotas Uni-Pak Sardines); Parañaque Patriots; Quezon City Capitals (now Quezon City Toda Aksyon); Valenzuela Classic
 * 2018–19: Bacoor City Strikers (inactive); Basilan Steel (inactive); Cebu City Sharks (inactive, last played as Cebu Casino Ethyl Alcohol); Davao Occidental Tigers; GenSan Warriors (now South Cotabato Warriors); Laguna Heroes (now Biñan Tatak Gel); Makati Skyscrapers (inactive, last played as Makati OKBet Kings); Mandaluyong El Tigre (inactive); Manila Stars (now Manila Batang Sampaloc); Marikina Shoemasters; Pampanga Lanterns (now Pampanga Giant Lanterns); Pasig Pirates (inactive, last played as Pasig City MCW Sports); Pasay Voyagers; Rizal Crusaders (now Rizal Golden Coolers); San Juan Knights; Zamboanga Family's Brand Sardines (now Zamboanga Master Sardines)
 * 2019–20: Bacolod Master Sardines (now Bacolod City of Smiles); Bicol Volcanoes (now Bicolandia Oragons); Iloilo United Royals; Mindoro Tamaraws; Nueva Ecija MiGuard (now Nueva Ecija Rice Vanguards); Soccsksargen Marlins (now Sarangani Marlins)
 * 2023: Negros Muscovados; Quezon Huskers
 * 2024: Abra Weavers; Pangasinan Heatwaves; Tarlac United Force (withdrew)

Philippine Basketball Association

 * 1978: Filmanbank Bankers (defunct)
 * 1979: Gilbey's Gin (now Barangay Ginebra San Miguel)
 * 1980: CDCP/Galleon Shippers (defunct)
 * 1983: Manhattan Shirtmakers/Country Fair Hotdogs (defunct)
 * 1984: Manila Beer Brewmasters (folded after the 1986 season)
 * 1985: Shell Azodrin Bugbusters (folded in 2005)
 * 1986: Alaska Aces (folded in 2022)
 * 1988: Purefoods Hotdogs
 * 1990: Pop Cola Sizzlers (folded after the 2001 season); Pepsi Hotshots (now TNT Tropang Giga)
 * 1993: Sta. Lucia Realtors (folded in 2010)
 * 1999: Tanduay Rhum Masters (folded after the 2001 season)
 * 2000: Batang Red Bull Energy Kings (from the PBL, note that the promotion and relegation system was not used.) (folded in 2011)
 * 2002: FedEx Express (folded in 2016); Coca-Cola Tigers (folded in 2012)
 * 2006: Welcoat Dragons (from the PBL, note that the promotion and relegation system was not used.) (now Rain or Shine Elasto Painters)
 * 2010: Meralco Bolts
 * 2011: Shopinas.com Clickers (folded in 2014)
 * 2012: GlobalPort Batang Pier
 * 2014: Blackwater Elite; Kia Sorento (now Terrafirma Dyip); NLEX Road Warriors
 * 2016: Phoenix Fuel Masters
 * 2022: Converge FiberXers

Philippines Football League

 * 2017 (debut season): Ceres-Negros F.C. (now United City F.C.); Davao Aguilas F.C.; Global F.C. (club license suspended); Ilocos United F.C. (inactive); Kaya F.C. (now Kaya F.C.-Iloilo); Loyola F.C. (formerly F.C. Meralco Manila); JPV Marikina F.C. (inactive, reverted to Manila All-Japan F.C. name); Stallion Laguna F.C.
 * 2019: Green Archers United F.C. (defunct); Mendiola F.C. 1991; Philippine Air Force F.C.
 * 2020: Azkals Development Team (defunct); Maharlika Manila (now Maharlika Taguig F.C.)
 * 2022-2023: Dynamic Herb Cebu F.C.
 * 2024: Don Bosco Garelli; Manila Digger; Manila Montet; One Taguig; Philippine Army; Tuloy F.C.

Pakistan Super League

 * 2018: Multan Sultans

P. LEAGUE+

 * 2021: New Taipei Kings (now with TPBL); Kaohsiung Steelers
 * 2024: Tainan TSG GhostHawks

Premier Volleyball League

 * 2021 (pro debut): BaliPure (inactive); Philippine Army (inactive); Cignal HD; Chery Tiggo; Choco Mucho; Creamline; Perlas Spikers (inactive); Petro Gazz; PLDT; Sta. Lucia Lady Realtors (inactive)
 * 2022: F2 Logistics (defunct); Akari Chargers
 * 2023: Quezon City Gerflor Defenders (defunct); Foton Tornadoes (defunct); Nxled Chameleons; Galeries Highrisers; Farm Fresh Foxies
 * 2024: Strong Group Athletics (now Zus Coffee Thunderbelles); Capital1 Solar Spikers

Taiwan Professional Basketball League

 * 2024 (debut season): Formosa Dreamers; Kaohsiung Aquas; Hsinchu Toplus Lioneers; New Taipei CTBC DEA; New Taipei Kings; Taipei Taishin Mars; Taoyuan Taiwan Beer Leopards

Kontinental Hockey League

 * 2009: Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg
 * 2010: HC Yugra
 * 2011: Lev Poprad – This team, based in Slovakia, was purchased after its first KHL season (2011–12) by Czech interests. It was disbanded and replaced by the similarly named Lev Praha. The latter team folded at the end of the 2013–14 season.
 * 2012: HC Donbass; Slovan Bratislava
 * Donbass left the KHL after the 2013–14 season. The team joined what is now known as the Ukrainian Hockey League in 2015–16.
 * 2013: Admiral Vladivostok; KHL Medveščak (from Zagreb, Croatia)
 * Medveščak, which had joined from the Austrian Hockey League, withdrew from the KHL after the 2016–17 season to rejoin the Austrian league.
 * 2014: Sochi; Jokerit (from Helsinki, Finland)
 * 2016: Kunlun Red Star (from Beijing, China)
 * 2023: Lada Togliatti

United Rugby Championship
Originally known as the Celtic League, and later as Pro12 and Pro14.
 * 2010:
 * Aironi – A team formed specifically for the competition by several existing clubs in Northern Italy, with Viadana the lead side. The team folded when the Italian Rugby Federation (FIR) revoked its professional license effective with the end of the 2011–12 Pro12 season; it was replaced by the FIR-operated Zebre.
 * Benetton Treviso – Founded in 1932, it competed in Italian domestic leagues before joining the competition originally known as the Celtic League, later known as Pro12 and now as Pro14.
 * 2017:
 * Cheetahs
 * Southern Kings
 * These teams had played in Super Rugby before that competition's governing body, SANZAAR, axed three teams at the end of the 2017 season. Both had themselves been Super Rugby expansion teams; the Cheetahs entered in 2006 and the Kings in 2013. The Kings were liquidated prior to the 2020–21 season when a planned takeover bid collapsed in fraud; the Cheetahs left after that season.
 * 2021:
 * Bulls
 * Lions
 * Sharks
 * Stormers
 * South Africa's so-called "Big Four" Super Rugby sides left that competition after its reorganisation amid the COVID-19 pandemic. They joined the former Pro14, which changed its name to the United Rugby Championship.

Super League

 * 1995: Paris Saint-Germain RL (now defunct)
 * 2006: Catalans Dragons — Although Super League used a promotion and relegation system at that time, Les Catalans, as the only French team in the otherwise all-English competition, were assured of a place in the league through 2008. Super League instituted a franchise system effective with the 2009 season, and Les Catalans retained their place in the league.
 * 2009:
 * Celtic Crusaders (later Crusaders Rugby League) – An expansion team only in the sense that they were invited into Super League. The club were established in 2005. After the 2011 season, the club folded due to financial problems; their effective successor club, the North Wales Crusaders, currently compete in League 1, two levels below Super League.
 * Salford City Reds – Also technically not an expansion team; they have existed since 1873 and played in Super League as recently as the 2007 season.
 * 2012: Widnes Vikings – An expansion team only in the sense that they have been invited into the now-franchised Super League. The club have existed since 1875, were founding members of what is now the Rugby Football League in 1895, and participated in Super League as recently as 2005.

VTB United League

 * 2010: Espoon Honka; Tsmoki-Minsk (formerly Minsk-2006)
 * 2022: Samara; MBA Moscow
 * 2023: Uralmash Ekaterinburg; Runa Basket Moscow

Vodacom Cup

 * 2010:
 * Welwitschias (a developmental side for the Namibia national rugby union team) – This was the second time Namibia participated in the competition; it entered a team from 1999 to 2001. The team withdrew from the competition after the 2011 season due to financial constraints. They remained in the Vodacom Cup until the competition was scrapped after its 2015 season. The team now features in the Vodacom Cup's successor competition, the Rugby Challenge.
 * Pampas XV (a developmental side for the Argentina national rugby union team) – Argentina left the Vodacom Cup after the 2013 season, choosing instead to enter the IRB Pacific Cup from 2014. At that time, it was also expected that Argentina would be added to Super Rugby in the near future, and the country would eventually receive a Super Rugby team beginning in 2016.

League of Legends
The League of Legends Championship Series (LCS) and the League of Legends European Championship (LEC) initially fielded teams from eight organizations when they began operations in 2013; both leagues expanded to a total of ten teams in 2015.

LCS expansion teams
 * Team Liquid (2015)
 * Winterfox (2015; folded 2016)
 * Gravity Gaming → Echo Fox (2015; folded 2019)
 * Immortals (2016)
 * Phoenix1 (2016; folded 2018)
 * Flyquest (2017)
 * 100 Thieves (2018)
 * Golden Guardians (2018)
 * Evil Geniuses (2020)

LEC expansion teams
 * Elements (2015; folded 2016)
 * SK Gaming (2015)
 * Schalke 04 (2016)
 * Splyce → MAD Lions (2016)
 * G2 Esports (2016)
 * Team Vitality (2016)
 * Excel Esports (2019)
 * Rogue (2019)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Expansion team


text:
Orbital ring

An orbital ring is a concept of an artificial ring placed around a body and set rotating at such a rate that the apparent centrifugal force is large enough to counteract the force of gravity. For the Earth, the required speed is on the order of 10 km/sec, compared to a typical low Earth orbit velocity of 8 km/sec. The structure is intended to be used as a space station or as a planetary vehicle for very high-speed transportation or space launch.

Because the cable is spinning faster than orbital velocity, there is a net outward force that is countered by internal tension within the cable. This resists any attempt to bend it and allows it to carry loads. In typical conceptions, a motorized platform is placed on the cable that runs in the opposite direction at the speed that makes it appear stationary above the ground. Above Earth's equator, a platform running at 9.5 km/sec in the direction opposite the cable will appear stationary and allow a cable to be lowered to form a space elevator. This elevator is only perhaps 500 km long, which can be built with existing materials.

The requirement to construct a planet-sized cable in low-earth orbit and accelerate it to a faster-than-orbital velocity is an obvious practical problem. Other architectures have thus been proposed that use active support in different ways and are thus able to circumvent some of these limitations. The launch loop is a partial ring, perhaps 2000 km long, that runs between two ground stations instead of encircling the world. The particle ring uses a series of separate objects that can be launched individually to produce a collection similar to a solid ring and then controlled magnetically, with the disadvantage that they have no internal tension and lifting power is derived separately. The space fountain is a vertical version of the particle ring concept that forms a space elevator. The tethered ring is a dynamic structure that uses at least one complete and continuous non-orbiting ring with a diameter that is smaller than that of the planetary body. It can be built on the planet’s surface, accelerated to operating speed, and raised to a very high altitude mechanically by tensioning its numerous tethers.

Concept
The orbital ring is somewhat similar to the "classic" space elevator concept. In the traditional space elevator, a large station is placed in geostationary orbit (GEO) so that it remains in a single location above the equator of Earth. A cable is then built and lowered towards Earth while a second cable, providing a counterweight, is built upward from the station and remains in place due to tidal forces. When the structure is complete, elevator-like cars can ride the cable into space. The main problem is that no known substance that can be manufactured in large quantities has the tensile strength needed to stretch from GEO to the surface. Orbital rings use a different mechanism.

In the orbital ring version, a kinetic ring is moving around the world at a higher speed than circular orbital velocity. This results in a net outward force that is countered by gravity acting on the stationary components. This can be accomplished at any altitude, although building the system above 500 km in order to avoid most of the atmosphere is a practical requirement. A cable is then lowered from the ring to the ground and used in the same fashion as a traditional space elevator, with the difference being that the vertical cable is only 500 km instead of 100000 km long. This length is within the capabilities of several known materials.

In order to support the elevator, the ring is not circular but slightly elliptical. Two or more stations are placed at the high ends of the path, but below the point where the orbit's apogee would be normally. The station bends the cable downward as it passes through in order to produce an upward force on the station. The resulting orbit for a two station system looks something more akin to an American football than a rounded ellipse. One can reduce the amount of tension in the orbiting ring to any required level by increasing the amount of lift generated by bending the cable. The main downside is that the elevator cable is now suspended from the high point of the system, rather than being close to the ground.

The moving ring does not need to be solid and does not need to be entirely encased by a solid sheath. Instead, a large number of individual magnetic objects can be placed in the desired orbit, and the stations deflect their path using magnets as they pass by. This version of the ring has the advantage of being much simpler to construct, as each element in the ring is completely separate and can be launched individually and requires no further working once in space. It also does not have to be a complete ring; depending on the desired lifting power the total mass of objects might be much smaller than even the thinnest cable circling Earth. The main disadvantage is that the process of momentum exchange randomizes their velocity so some other system is required to shepherd the objects back into the correct orbits.

History
A detailed description of the concept was proposed and analyzed by Paul Birch in 1982, proposing a massive ring that would encircle the globe in low orbit, from which cables hang down to Earth's surface.

In 1982, Soviet inventor Anatoly Yunitskiy also proposed an electromagnetic track encircling Earth, which he called "by wheel into space" (later, "String Transportation System"). When the velocity of the string exceeds 10 km/sec, centrifugal forces detach the string from Earth's surface and lift the ring into space.

Andrew Meulenberg and his students, from 2008 to 2011, presented and published a number of papers based on types and applications of low-Earth-orbital rings as humanity's "stepping-stones-to-space". An overview mentions four applications of orbital rings: communication via a fiber-optic ring, surface-to-orbit transport with a "sling-on-a-ring" system, space-based solar power and climate change mitigation with a space sunshade. The "sling-on-a-ring" would involve rotating slings (made of colossal carbon tube) attached to the orbital ring that dip down into the atmosphere. The tip of a given sling would reach an altitude of 13–15 km at its lowest, and its rotation would cause it to have near-zero tangential velocity relative to the Earth's surface below. Consequently, the sling could pick up a payload from a conventional aircraft flying at that altitude, then lift up this payload to the orbital ring.

Birch's model
Paul Birch published a series of three articles in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society in 1982 that laid out the mathematical basis of ring systems.

In the simplest design of an orbital ring system, a rotating cable or possibly an inflatable space structure is placed in a low Earth orbit above the equator. Not in orbit, but riding on this ring, supported electromagnetically on superconducting magnets, are ring stations that stay in one place above some designated point on Earth. Hanging down from these ring stations are short elevator cables made from materials with high-tensile-strength-to-mass-ratio.

Although this simple model would work best above the equator, Paul Birch calculated that since the ring station can be used to accelerate the orbital ring eastwards as well as hold the tether, it is therefore possible to deliberately cause the orbital ring to precess around Earth instead of staying fixed in space while Earth rotates beneath it. By precessing the ring once every 24 hours, the Orbital Ring will hover above any meridian selected on the surface of Earth. The cables which dangle from the ring are now geostationary without having to reach geostationary altitude or be placed into the equatorial plane. This means that using the Orbital Ring concept, one or many pairs of Stations can be positioned above any points on Earth desired, or can be moved everywhere on the globe. Thus, any point on Earth can be served by a space elevator. Also, a whole network of orbital rings can be built, which, by crossing over the poles, could cover the whole planet and be capable of taking over most freight and passenger transport. By an array of elevators and several geostationary ring stations, asteroid or Moon material can be received and gently put down where land fills are needed. The electric energy generated in the process would pay for the system expansion and ultimately could pave the way for a solar-system-wide terraforming and astroengineering activity on a sound economical basis.

Estimated cost
If built by launching the necessary materials from Earth, the cost for the system estimated by Birch in 1980s money was around $31 billion (for a "bootstrap" system intended to expand to 1000 times its initial size over the following year, which would otherwise cost 31 trillion dollars) if launched using Shuttle-derived hardware, whereas it could fall to $15 billion with space-based manufacturing, assuming a large orbital manufacturing facility is available to provide the initial 180,000 tons of steel, aluminum, and slag at a low cost, and even lower with orbital rings around the Moon. The system's cost-per-kilogram to accelerate payloads to low Earth orbit velocity would be around $0.05 in 1975 USD, assuming an energy requirement of 9 kWh/kg (roughly accurate) and an aspirational cost of electricity, provided by space-based solar power, of 0.005 US dollars per kWh.

Types of orbital rings
The simplest type would be a circular orbital ring in LEO.

Two other types were also defined by Paul Birch:
 * Eccentric orbital ring systems – these are rings that are in the form of a closed shape with varying altitude
 * Partial orbital ring systems – this is essentially a launch loop

In addition, he proposed the concept of "supramundane worlds" such as supra-Jovian and supra-stellar "planets". These are artificial planets that would be supported by a grid of orbital rings that would be positioned above a planet, supergiant or even a star.

Print
In the close of Arthur C. Clarke's Fountains of Paradise (1979), a reference is made to an orbital ring that is attached in the distant future to the space elevator that is the basis of the novel.

Arthur C. Clarke's 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997) features an orbital ring held aloft by four enormous inhabitable towers (assumed successors to space elevators) at the Equator.

The manga Battle Angel Alita (1990-1995) prominently features a slightly deteriorated orbital ring.

The Star Trek novel, Ring Around the Sky features a decrepit ringworld in orbit above the planet, Kharzh'ulla, connected by a series of space elevators with the surface.

Orbital rings are used extensively in the collaborative fiction worldbuilding website Orion's Arm.

The third part of Neal Stephenson's 2015 book Seveneves has an orbital ring around a Moon-less Earth.

Visual media and gaming
In the movie Starship Troopers, an orbital ring is shown encircling the Moon.

The second iteration of the anime series Tekkaman features a complete ring, though abandoned and in disrepair due to war, and without surface tethers.

The anime series Kiddy Grade also uses orbital rings as a launch and docking bay for spaceships. These rings are connected to large towers extending from the planets surface.

The anime Mobile Suit Gundam 00 also prominently features an orbital ring, which consists primarily of linked solar panels. The ring is connected to earth via three space elevators. This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to Earth. Later in the series the ring also shows space stations mounted on its surface.

The opening battle of Star Wars: The Clone Wars's, Season 6, Episode 1, takes place on the ring-shaped, Ringo Vinda space station, surrounding the planet of Ringo Vinda.

Also in the Star Wars universe, Kuat shipyards, is another orbital ring around the world of Kuat. In Star Wars: Legends, Dac, the homeworld of the Calamari and the Quarrens has a massive orbital shipyard that encircles their oceanic planet.

In the Warhammer 40,000 universe, Mars has a large orbital ring called the Ring of Iron. It is primarily used as a shipyard for interstellar craft. It is the largest man made structure in the galaxy. The planet Medusa also has such a ring, called Telstarax, hailing from the Dark Age of Technology, but it is largely plundered and wrecked.

The game X3 Terran Conflict features a free-floating orbital ring around Earth, which is shattered by an explosion and subsequently de-orbited in X3: Albion Prelude

In the game Xenoblade Chronicles 2 there is a giant tree that has grown around the base of an Orbital Ring.

In Escape Velocity: Nova Earth no longer has a moon orbiting around it because it had been stripped mined for centuries and now exist as an orbital ring around the planet. Over half of it is owned by Sigma Shipyard corporation.

In the game Stellaris, orbital rings can be constructed around colonized planets. They can act as regular space stations or they can boost their planets' production through buildings and modules.

title: Orbital ring


text:
File:Goodbye album.PNG

Summary
Cream's final album, Goodbye. From https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/B0000067L4/ref=dp_product-image-only_0/104-6852152-6482321?%5Fencoding=UTF8&n=5174&s=music Uploaded by Deltabeignet 20:12, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: File:Goodbye album.PNG


text:
Mike Sellers

Michael Sellers (born July 21, 1975) is a former American football fullback in the National Football League (NFL). He was the youngest import player to sign a Canadian Football League (CFL) deal in the history of the football league when he played at 19 years old for the Edmonton Eskimos. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the NFL's Washington Redskins, and also played for the Cleveland Browns of the NFL.

High school
Sellers attended North Thurston High School in Lacey, Washington and was a letterman in football, basketball and track. As a senior, he was named the Washington Prep Player of the Year and the Offensive Player of the Year.

Junior College Career
Sellers attended Walla Walla Community College and earned junior college All-America honors as a linebacker.

Canadian Football League
Sellers attained some stardom in the Canadian Football League, where he moved to fullback and appeared for the Eskimos and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. With the Blue Bombers, he was the power half of what was then the league's most dangerous rushing duo, "Thunder and Lightning", with fleet-footed running back Charles Roberts.

Washington Redskins
Sellers signed with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on January 8, 1998.

Cleveland Browns
On March 16, 2001, Sellers signed with the Cleveland Browns. He was waived by the Browns on November 27, 2001.

Return to the Washington Redskins
Sellers made his return to the Redskins after signing with them on January 5, 2004.

On March 7, 2005, he re-signed with the Redskins as an unrestricted free agent.

Sellers signed a multi-year contract extension on March 2, 2007.

His stellar performance in the 2008 season allowed Sellers to be selected as the starting fullback for the 2009 Pro Bowl.

On September 16, 2009, the Redskins signed him to a two-year contract extension. Sellers was involved in controversy after a 2009 exhibition game against the New England Patriots. As part of the pregame ceremonies, the last Washington Redskin player announced comes on to the field holding the American flag. This task fell to Sellers who took the flag to midfield before throwing it on the ground. This upset fans in attendance and caused Sellers to issue an apology the next day. He said it was a heat of the moment thing and not meant to be a sign of disrespect.

In the 2011 season, Sellers was made the backup fullback losing the starting spot to Darrel Young. According to Young, Sellers showed no hard feelings and has even acted as a mentor to him. Throughout the season, Sellers played more on special teams along with being a backup fullback, tight end, and H-back.

On March 12, 2012, the Redskins released Sellers. On July 27, Sellers announced that he would be retiring from football.

Honors
In a 1999 article in The News Tribune (Tacoma, Wash.), Sellers was listed as one of the 100 greatest athletes in Washington state history.

In a February 2005 article in The Seattle Times, Sellers was named as one of the 25 greatest running backs in state history.

Personal
Mike Sellers has two daughters, Kaylin and Braxton.

Sellers is a motivational speaker, and spoke to high school football players throughout his career, mostly making an effort to dissuade them from taking steroids in an effort to be better football players.

title: Mike Sellers


text:
Marjorie Willison

Marjorie Willison is an author of books on gardening and a radio personality who answers gardeners' questions during regular appearances on "Maritime Noon", a show broadcast in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island on CBC Radio One.

She was born in Hanna, Alberta, and studied at the University of Alberta (occupational therapy) and Dalhousie University, obtaining an M.Sc. in ecology. She married Martin Willison in 1978 and lives in Halifax, Nova Scotia. They have two children, Meghan and Kate.

title: Marjorie Willison


text:
User talk:Jayyg

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you were just trying to experiment, then use the sandbox instead. Thank you.

title: User talk:Jayyg


text: Category:Security companies of Singapore


text:
Microbolometer

A microbolometer is a specific type of bolometer used as a detector in a thermal camera. Infrared radiation with wavelengths between 7.5–14 μm strikes the detector material, heating it, and thus changing its electrical resistance. This resistance change is measured and processed into temperatures which can be used to create an image. Unlike other types of infrared detecting equipment, microbolometers do not require cooling.

Theory of construction
A microbolometer is an uncooled thermal sensor. High resolution thermal sensors require exotic and expensive cooling methods including stirling cycle coolers and liquid nitrogen coolers. These methods of cooling high resolution thermal imagers are expensive to operate and unwieldy to move. Also, high resolution thermal imagers require a cool down time in excess of 10 minutes before being usable.

A microbolometer consists of an array of pixels, each pixel being made up of several layers. The cross-sectional diagram shown in Figure 1 provides a generalized view of the pixel. Each company that manufactures microbolometers has their own unique procedure for producing them and they even use a variety of different IR absorbing materials. In this example the bottom layer consists of a silicon substrate and a readout integrated circuit (ROIC). Electrical contacts are deposited and then selectively etched away. A reflector, for example, a titanium mirror, is created beneath the IR absorbing material. Since some light is able to pass through the absorbing layer, the reflector redirects this light back up to ensure the greatest possible absorption, hence allowing a stronger signal to be produced. Next, a sacrificial layer is deposited so that later in the process a gap can be created to thermally isolate the IR absorbing material from the ROIC. A layer of absorbing material is then deposited and selectively etched so that the final contacts can be created. To create the final bridge like structure shown in Figure 1, the sacrificial layer is removed so that the absorbing material is suspended approximately 2 μm above the readout circuit. Because microbolometers do not undergo any cooling, the absorbing material must be thermally isolated from the bottom ROIC and the bridge like structure allows for this to occur. After the array of pixels is created the microbolometer is encapsulated under a vacuum to increase the longevity of the device. In some cases the entire fabrication process is done without breaking vacuum.

The microbolometer array is commonly found in two sizes, 320×240 pixels or less expensive 160×120 pixels. Current technology has led to the production of devices with 640×480 or 1024x768 pixels. There has also been a decrease in the individual pixel dimensions. The pixel size was typically 45 μm in older devices and has been decreased to 12 μm in current devices. As the pixel size is decreased and the number of pixels per unit area is increased proportionally, an image with higher resolution is created, but with a higher NETD (Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (differential)) due to smaller pixels being less sensitive to IR radiation.

Detecting material properties
There is a wide variety of materials that are used for the detector element in microbolometers. A main factor in dictating how well the device will work is the device's responsivity. Responsivity is the ability of the device to convert the incoming radiation into an electrical signal. Detector material properties influence this value and thus several main material properties should be investigated: TCR, 1/f Noise, and Resistance.

Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR)
The material used in the detector must demonstrate large changes in resistance as a result of minute changes in temperature. As the material is heated, due to the incoming infrared radiation, the resistance of the material decreases. This is related to the material's temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) specifically its negative temperature coefficient. Industry currently manufactures microbolometers that contain materials with TCRs near −2%/K. Although many materials exist that have far higher TCRs, there are several other factors that need to be taken into consideration when producing optimized microbolometers.

1/f noise
1/f noise, like other noises, causes a disturbance that affects the signal and that may distort the information carried by the signal. Changes in temperature across the absorbing material are determined by changes in the bias current or voltage flowing through the detecting material. If the noise is large then small changes that occur may not be seen clearly and the device is useless. Using a detector material that has a minimum amount of 1/f noise allows for a clearer signal to be maintained between IR detection and the output that is displayed. Detector material must be tested to assure that this noise does not significantly interfere with signal.

Resistance
Using a material that has low room temperature resistance is important for two reasons. First, lower resistance across the detecting material means less power will need to be used. Second, higher resistances comes with higher Johnson–Nyquist noise.

Detecting materials
The two most commonly used IR radiation detecting materials in microbolometers are amorphous silicon and vanadium oxide. A problem with some potential materials is that to create the desirable properties their deposition temperatures may be too high for CMOS fabrication processes. Much research has been done to test the feasibility of other materials to be used. Those investigated include: Ti, YBaCuO, GeSiO, poly SiGe, BiLaSrMnO and protein-based cytochrome C and bovine serum albumin.

Amorphous Si (a-Si) thin films can easily be integrated into the CMOS fabrication process using low deposition temperatures, is highly stable, has a fast time constant, and has a long mean time before failure. To create the layered structure and patterning using the CMOS fabrication process requires temperatures to stay below 200˚C on average. a-Si also possesses excellent values for TCR, 1/f noise and resistance when deposition parameters are optimized.

Vanadium oxide thin films may also be integrated into the CMOS fabrication process although not as easily as a-Si for temperature reasons. VO is an older technology than a-Si, and its performance and longevity are inferior. Deposition at high temperatures and performing post-annealing allows for the production of films with superior properties. VO2 has low resistance but undergoes a metal-insulator phase change near 67 °C and also has a lower value of TCR. On the other hand, V2O5 exhibits high resistance and also high TCR. Many phases of VOx exist although it seems that x≈1.8 has become the most popular for microbolometer applications. A thermal imaging camera with a Vanadium Oxide Micro-bolometer detector is more stable, compact, and sensitive compared with any other technology though VOx is older technology.

The market share of VOx is much higher than any other technology. VOx market share is 70% where as Amorphous Silicon is 13%. Also, VOx technology based thermal cameras are being used in Defence Sector due to its sensitivity, image stability and reliability.

The use of infrared optical antennae together with small-size microbolometer materials can enhance its detection efficiency.

Active vs passive microbolometers
Most microbolometers contain a temperature sensitive resistor which makes them a passive electronic device. In 1994 one company, Electro-Optic Sensor Design (EOSD), began looking into producing microbolometers that used a thin film transistor (TFT), which is a special kind of field effect transistor. The main change in these devices would be the addition of a gate electrode. Although the main concepts of the devices are similar, using this design allows for the advantages of the TFT to be utilized. Some benefits include tuning of the resistance and activation energy and the reduction of periodic noise patterns. As of 2004 this device was still being tested and was not used in commercial IR imaging.

Advantages

 * They are small and lightweight. For applications requiring relatively short ranges, the physical dimensions of the camera are even smaller. This property enables, for example, the mounting of uncooled microbolometer thermal imagers on helmets.
 * Provide real video output immediately after power on.
 * Low power consumption relative to cooled detector thermal imagers.
 * Very long mean time between failures.
 * Less expensive compared to cameras based on cooled detectors.

Disadvantages

 * Less sensitive (due to higher noise) than cooled thermal and photon detector imagers, and as a result have not been able to match the resolution of cooled semiconductor based approaches.

Performance limits
The sensitivity is partly limited by the thermal conductance of the pixel. The speed of response is limited by the thermal heat capacity divided by the thermal conductance. Reducing the heat capacity increases the speed but also increases statistical mechanical thermal temperature fluctuations (noise). Increasing the thermal conductance raises the speed, but decreases sensitivity.

Origins
Microbolometer technology was originally developed by Honeywell starting in the late 1970s as a classified contract for the US Department of Defense. The US Government declassified the technology in 1992. After declassification Honeywell licensed their technology to several manufacturers.

Manufacturers of microbolometer arrays

 * Xenics
 * BAE Systems
 * DRS Technologies
 * Teledyne FLIR Systems
 * Teledyne Dalsa
 * Fraunhofer IMS
 * GUIDEIR
 * Honeywell (Manufactured for Infrared Solutions)
 * Institut National d'Optique (INO)
 * L-3 Communications Infrared Products
 * InfraredVision Technology Corporation (affiliated with L-3)
 * Mikrosens Electronics Inc.
 * NEC
 * Opgal Optronics
 * Qioptiq
 * Raytheon
 * SemiConductor Devices
 * Seek Thermal
 * LYNRED (ex Sofradir et ULIS)

title: Microbolometer


text:
Nooj

Nooj may refer to:
 * NooJ, a computer program for natural language processing
 * Nooj, one of the Characters of Final Fantasy X and X-2

title: Nooj


text:
Talk:Meshech

Meshwesh
I removed this:

They likely made up a major component of the Sea Peoples, going by names in Egyptian records such as Meshwesh.

Egyptian texts consistently refer to the Meshwesh as coming from Libya and being associated with clearly Libyan (i.e., Berber) tribes. Some Meshwesh individuals are also stated to be Libyan in ancient Egyptian. —Nefertum17 20:17, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Egyptian records first speak of the Sea Peoples as overrunning Anatolia with the collapse of the Hittites. (see the article) This would seem to refer to the Mushki, who were known to have overrun this same area at this time. The Sea Peoples must have included the Mushki and other Anatolians like the Tyrsenoi. Then they dominated the Eastern half of the Mediterranean in the 12th C BC, and it seems some of them, known as Meshwesh to the Egyptians (probably cognate with Mushki), did acquire a base in Cyrenaica alongside the Berbers (Lebu). I will try to make this clearer next time I update the article. Codex Sinaiticus 21:23, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes the "Egyptian records" (specifically the texts of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu) refer to the Sea Peoples over running Anatolia. That doesn't mean a priori that the Sea Peoples included any group known as "Mushki" or "Meshech". Furthermore, there is no reason to connect "Mushki" or "Meshech" with "Meshwesh", a term known in Egypt since at least the 18th Dynasty when they are refered to as being from Libya (as well as having cattle that the Egyptians were importing). The Meshwesh are consistently described as coming from Libya, and not outside Africa (as they did do with the Sea Peoples). Most importantly, they are represented since the 18th Dynasty in a manner identical to other Libyan groups, including the Libu, even at Medinet Habu. Conversely, the Sea Peoples are all represented in clearly different manners; no objective viewer is going to confuse a Sea Person with a Libyan in Egyptian iconography though they would very well have a problem picking out Meshwesh from Libu. So basically for this supposed "Meshech"/"Muski" and "Meshwesh" connection to work you have to assume 1) the Meshwesh were Anatolians; 2) they moved to Libya by the mid-18th Dynasty; 3) they immediately adopted Libyan dress and customs (cattle rearing); 4) the Egyptians were unaware of all this. Furthermore you have to assume there is a legitimate linguistic connection between "Meshech" and "Muski" and "Meshwesh" beyond a common /m-s(h)/, explaining the interchange between /s/ and /š/ as well as between /k/ (or /χ/) and Egyptian /-wš/.
 * Furthermore there is a text from Egypt dating to Dynasty 22, a period when the Meshwesh were in fact ruling Egypt. This text gives a long genealogy of Great Chiefs of the Meshwesh running back to "Buyuwawa the Tjehenu" (i.e., the Libyan), who, on generational counts lived in early Dynasty 20 or late Dynasty 19, precisely when Ramesses III says the Meshwesh were invading Egypt. You will need to explain this.
 * Quite frankly, your claim is quite a lot to ask. I have the feeling that this is a folk etymology. "Meshech"/"Muski" both vaguely sound/look like "Meshwesh" → the "Meshech"/"Muski" come (apparently) from Anatolia → the Sea Peoples invaded Anatolia → the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt → the Egyptians say that the Meshwesh tried to invade Egypt with the Sea Peoples → THEREFORE the words "Meshech"/"Muski" must be "Meshwesh" in Egyptian and they are one in the same. With all due respect, like I said, it is a lot to ask. —Nefertum17 04:24, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, that is some fascinating and detailed research, and you make a very good case that they were not the Mushki, although they still probably had a connection to the Sea Peoples, like the Tyrsenoi (Tursha). To research more about the Meshwesh myself, can I find the genealogy you spoke of as going to "Buyuwaya"?  I would find that highly interesting as well. Codex Sinaiticus 05:30, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Bates, Oric. 1914. The Eastern Libyans: An Essay. Cass Library of African Studies 87. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. ISBN 0-7146-1634-6
 * Haring, Bernardus Johannes Jozef. 1992. "Libyans in the Late Twentieth Dynasty". In Village Voices: Proceedings of the Symposium ‘Texts from Deir el-Medîna and Their Interpretation,’ Leiden, May 31–June 1, 1991, edited by Robert Johannes Demarée, and Arno Egberts. Centre of Non-Western Studies Publications 13. Leiden: Centre of Non-Western Studes, Leiden University. 71–80
 * ———. 1993. "Libyans in the Theban Region, 20th Dynasty". In Sesto congresso internazionale de egittologia: Atti, edited by Gian Maria Zaccone, and Tomaso Ricardi di Netro.Vol. 2. Torino: Italgas. 159–165
 * Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. [1996]. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited
 * Leahy, M. Anthony. 1985. "The Libyan Period in Egypt: An Essay in Interpretation." Libyan Studies 16:51–65.
 * ———, ed. 1990. Libya and Egypt c1300–750 BC. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, and The Society for Libyan Studies
 * Osing, Jürgen. 1980. "Libyen, Libyer". In Lexikon der Ägyptologie. Vol. 3. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 1015–1033
 * Vittmann, Günther. 2003. Ägypten und die Fremden im ersten vorchristlichen Jahrtausend. Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt 97. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp von Zabern
 * Wainwright, Geoffrey Avery. 1962. "The Meshwesh." Journal of Egyptian Archæology 48:89–99.

Enjoy! Nefertum17 22:28, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Codex Sinaiticus 03:29, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Here is one page dedicated to the Sea Peoples, that equates the MSWS of Egyptian records with the Moschoi:

 * The Meshwesh weren't the only component of the sea peoples. There were 8 other tribes.     15:26, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * N.b. Nefertum's linguistic counter-argument isn't really a fair one, as it is easy to equate ridiculously different names. E.g. Xerxes is actually the Greek spelling of Khshayārsha, even though they look quite different.

Is this article accurate at all?
This article claims the Mushki were present from the 3rd millenium BC, and spoke a language that was non-Indo-European. This contradicts everything else I have read; the Wikipedia article on the Hittites mentions the Mushki as arriving around 1200 BC from the Balkans, and being related the the "Bryges," or Phrygians, which would suggest an Indo-European origin. Additionally, I have been reading In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, by JP Mallory. In the section on Anatolia, he too connects the Mushki, Phrygians, and Armenians as representing an intrusion of IE peoples from the Balkans, which itself was part of a larger migration period going on in Southern Europe at this time (the same migration period that produced the Sea Peoples).--Rob117 05:43, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think your claims are backed up by factual evidence, Rob117. The Greek records distinguished the Moschoi from the Phrygians. There is no credible evidence that the Moschoi were Balkan in origin, or that they spoke an Indo-European language. Furthermore, the original people referred to by the Assyrians as the Mushki were the eastern Mushki and are most likely to be identified with the proto-Georgian Meshkhi. The western Mushkhi were mentioned only later, and if an Indo-European language is to be identified with them, it was probably by assimilation from an invading tribe (like the Indo-European 'Hittites' whose name is derived from the indigenous non-Indo-European Hattians that were dominated by an Indo-European ruling class, or like the Mitanni whose indigenous non-Indo-European Hurrian population were were ruled by kings with Indo-European names).
 * The weight of evidence would appear to suggest that the Mushki were originally a non-Indo-European tribe from eastern Anatolia (Urartu) or the Caucasus region, speaking a Caucasian language related to old Georgian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.68.95.65 (talk) 15:30, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the material you are commenting on here was long ago removed to Mushki, where your comments might be more appropriate; especially if they can be backed up by an WP:RS.  Regards, Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 15:41, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Biblical Meshech has NOTHING to do with Moscow.
Enough of this repeated, worn out lie trumpeted by firebrand preachers. It was an Asia Minor tribe with no connection to Russia or Moscow. Wikipedia is fast becoming a discredited laughing stock by laundering such spurious information. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.68.95.65 (talk) 15:00, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Many people might agree with you that Biblical Meshech has nothing to do with Moscow, and you may even be right. However, as a neutral encyclopedia, we try to include all povs that can be sourced and referenced, and the foundation legend of Moscow is such a pov.  Even if it is totally concocted hogwash as some might say, it is a significant and relevant pov so we have to report it neutrally and not suppress the fact that it exists.  By the same token, we cannot state that this IS the correct identification of Meshech.  All we do is collect what the various identifications are, and who made them, and let the reader decide for himself what to think.  For that matter, do you have any reliable source we could use as a reference that explicitly DISPUTES the Russian account? Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 15:15, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think I can, and it comes from the Wikipedia article on Moscow itself. Moscow was not originally the name of a city, tribe, or individual:
 * "The city is named after the river (old Russian: гра́д Моско́в, literally "the city by the Moskva River"). The origin of the name is unknown, although several theories exist.[3] One theory suggests that the source of the name is an ancient Finnic language, in which it means “dark” and “turbid”. The first Russian reference to Moscow dates from 1147 when Yuri Dolgoruki called upon the prince of the Novgorod Republic to “come to me, brother, to Moscow.”[4]"         --- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.68.95.65 (talk) 17:10, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Three points - first, we generally cannot use an open-source website as an RS, although the article in this case does seem to give external sources, so that point may be minor. Second, per WP:SYNT, we would need a source that specifically disputes the idea that Moscow was founded by Meshech, to show the disagreement on this page; we shouldn't use sources on this page that do not mention the relevant subject at all (ie, Meshech). Thirdly, may I encourage you to create a free account, instead of editing through an IP machine number; there are many benefits to having a user name, such as putting your favorite articles on a watchlist.  Even if you don't care to join, you can still make a signature at the end of your comments and avoid the SineBot, just by using four tildes! ( ~ ) Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 19:25, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

yes, it is interesting and relevant, but the section needs to be put on its feet. This idea originates in Renaissance scholarship and was later adopted in Russian legend. So please let us present it in this way. The theory is that the Muscovites were the descendants of Meshech. Compare British Israelism etc. Needless to say, this doesn't have any credibility, but it is nevertheless interesting in the context of the "Japhetites" ideas of the time. --dab (𒁳) 19:08, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Do you have any source for your POV? Or is it just your POV?  I do not understand why you repeatedly blank out cited historiographic data.  None of this is being presented as anything other than historiographic data, why are you blanking it out simply because you personally disagree with it? Til Eulenspiegel (talk) 19:22, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * but it has. meshech, moski, muzaka, mijaki, mushka, meshketi, muscovy. known as macedonians. mavro orbini says that muscovites (russians) speak the same language as alexander the great. it does. much it does. it's just not convinient.89.205.59.137 (talk) 21:00, 27 May 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Meshech


text:
Talk:Diane Arbus

Oddly sanitised presentation
In light of the content referred to in Parul Sehgal's book review, here, and abundant other material of this sort, how can we present such an oddly and utterly sanitised view of this artist's life, in particular, as captured by the ridiculously circumspect sentence Her methods included establishing a strong personal relationship with her subjects and re-photographing some of them over many years. For goodness sake, there is ample documentary evidence—citation-worthy, documentary evidence, including statements from friends and partners—-see Sehgal's matter of fact discourse, above, and Alex Mar's at TheCut.com to start-- that it was a regular pattern of this photographer to engage in sexual relations with her subjects--perhaps not indiscriminately, because she was driven by an artist's eye, at least in part, in the choice of her subjects and conquests, but certainly with profligacy. Why is this subject ignored/skirted? From what sensibility are we working, to keep the article thus inaccurate, forcing readers to find accuracy elsewhere?

Worse, the article dissembles in its making no mention of the deceptions that appear to have been a part of Arbus' relationships with the broad array of her subjects, including Arbus'—who apparently nearly always, in her artistic endeavours, worked without obtaining releases—misrepresentating herself as inept rather than expert, certain publicly destined work as private, topless female shots as head shots only, photographs take to earn eventual profit as being otherwise, etc. In this regard, begin with the Alex Mar piece, and go from there.

In short, this article represents a sanitised portrayal, for apparent protective motivations that one cannot fathom (given the abundance of source material to the contrary), a portrayal that is inaccurate to the title subject. 2601:246:C700:558:3504:6D63:2F75:5E4 (talk) 03:53, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I would like to note that the family of Diana Arbus is not emigrants from Soviet Russia, her maternal grandfather, the founder of the Russek store, Frank_Russek https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Russek came to the USA back in the 80s and 90s of the 19th century, about the paternal line unknown, she could emigrate how to both before the revolution and after 37.54.230.242 (talk) 23:11, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * If people are going to learn that Arbus possibly did not tell her subjects the truth, they will learn this from reading the article by Alex Mar. Here is a link to it. Arbus’ Wikipedia article does not have enough space to cover what she told her subjects.  Alex Mar has enough space. Brent Brant (talk) 15:37, 13 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diane Arbus


text:
Talk:College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS

Semi-protected edit request on 26 February 2024
Under the Other Selectors section, you guys need to change the coach’s name of the 2014 Oregon Football team. Chip Kelly WASN’T the coach of the 2014 Oregon Ducks. Mark Helfrich was the coach. Mgm815 (talk) 06:43, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

 * ✅, thanks PK-WIKI (talk) 06:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

Auburn championship claim update
Auburn Athletics recently claimed three more championships (1913, 1983, 1993) which is credited on their football team Wikipedia page but it is not reflected on the full list of team claims as they are still at 2. There was an article on it recently. 98.29.64.110 (talk) 08:38, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Also posted here in October 2023: Talk:Auburn Tigers football
 * There is a rumor sweeping blogs and twitter that the university has officially claimed the 3 additional years on their Auburn Football Tradition and History web page.
 * The reality is that that webpage has been online in the same form since 2018 and is is no way a recent change to Auburn's claims. The 5 championship years still are always clearly attributed as sourced from the NCAA book:
 * The NCAA Record Book lists Auburn as National Champions in 2010, 1993, 1983, 1957 and 1913.
 * 2010 | 1993 | 1983 | 1957 | 1913 (Source: NCAA Record Book)
 * Meanwhile, the athletic department constructed and maintains a giant sign on the side of Jordan-Hare Stadium, visible to the 88,043 fans attending each game:
 * Auburn Tigers National Champions 1957 2010
 * This prominent display of the the 1957 AP Poll and 2010 BCS titles, and exclusion of the 1993, 1983, 1913 (as well as 1910 and 2004) titles, is the cited proof that Auburn University continues to claim only 1957 and 2010.
 * This issue was also previously discussed here:
 * Talk:College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS/Archive 2018
 * Talk:College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS/Archive 2016
 * PK-WIKI (talk) 07:03, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

Historic occurrences addition?
Should 1940 (1941 Sugar Bowl) b/n Boston College and Tennessee be included? Yes, I know that Minnesota won the AP national title, but if we're going to include the 1985 Orange Bowl b/n Washington and Oklahoma, should this be added since there are WP:RS from 1940 billing the game as "national championship contest." Oluwasegu (talk) 00:24, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 18 April 2024
Under "National championship claims" LSU incorrectly redirects to LSU Tigerss Football which is an invalid link TravisOfSDK (talk) 16:56, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

✅ PianoDan (talk) 17:55, 18 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
Ernest Stoneman

Ernest Van "Pop" Stoneman (May 25, 1893 – June 14, 1968) was an American musician, ranked among the prominent recording artists of country music's first commercial decade.

Biography
Born in a log cabin in Monarat (Iron Ridge), Carroll County, Virginia, United States, near what would later become Galax, Virginia, Stoneman was left motherless at age three and was raised by his father and three musically inclined cousins, who taught him the instrumental and vocal traditions of Blue Ridge mountain culture. He became a singer and songwriter, and proficient musician on the guitar, autoharp, harmonica, clawhammer banjo, and jaw harp.

When he married Hattie Frost in November 1918, he entered another musically involved family. He and Hattie had 23 children, 13 of whom survived to adulthood: Stoneman worked at a variety of jobs, in mines, mills, but mostly carpentry, and played music for his own enjoyment and that of his neighbors, but when he heard a Henry Whitter record in 1924, he determined to better it and changed his life. Stoneman went to New York City in September 1924 and cut two songs for the Okeh Records label. The record was shelved and he had to return for another recording session in January 1925. The resultant debut single release, "Sinking of the Titanic," went on to become one of the biggest hits of the 1920s. One historian noted that the recording sold over two million copies. Ralph Peer directed him through several sessions for Okeh and Victor, and he freelanced on other labels such as Edison, Gennett and Paramount Records. In 1926, he added family musicians to his group for a full string band sound.
 * Eddie Lewis (died 2001)
 * Irma Grace (died 2003)
 * John Catron (died 2001)
 * Pattie Inez "Patsy" (died 2015)
 * Joseph William (Billy) (died 1990)
 * Jack Monroe (died 1992)
 * Gene Austin (died 2005)
 * Dean Clark (died 1989)
 * Calvin Scott (Scotty) (died 1973)
 * Donna LaVerne
 * Oscar James (Jimmy) (died 2002)
 * Veronica Loretta (Roni) (died 2024)
 * Van Haden (died 1995)

In July and August 1927, Stoneman helped Peer conduct the Bristol sessions that led to the discovery of the Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers. He continued to be active in recording through 1929. Between 1925 and 1929 Stoneman recorded more than 200 songs.

Falling on hard times during the Depression, the Stonemans and their nine surviving children moved to the Washington, D.C. area in 1932, after losing their home and most of their possessions. There they had four more children and struggled through dire poverty, with Stoneman taking whatever work he could find and trying to revive his musical career.

In 1941, Stoneman bought a lot in Carmody Hills, Maryland, where he built a shack for the family, and eventually obtained a more or less regular job at the Naval Gun Factory. In 1947, the Stoneman Family won a talent contest at Constitution Hall that gave them six months' exposure on local television. In 1956, Pop won $10,000 on the NBC-TV quiz show The Big Surprise and sang on the show. That same year, the Blue Grass Champs, a group composed largely of his children, were winners on the CBS-TV program Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, and Mike Seeger recorded Pop and Hattie for Folkways.

Stoneman retired from labor and the Champs went full-time to become the Stonemans. They recorded albums for Starday in 1962 and 1963 and in 1964, went to Texas and California, cutting an album for World Pacific, playing at Disneyland, on some network shows and at several folk festivals. This included an appearance at the Monterey Folk Festival in 1964. Ernest appeared at the 2nd Annual UCLA Folk Music Festival in 1964.

In 1965, the Stonemans went to Nashville, where they signed a contract with MGM Records and started a syndicated TV show. They received CMA's "Vocal Group of the Year" in 1967. They appeared in the 1967 film Hell on Wheels and in The Road to Nashville (1967).

Death
Pop Stoneman died in 1968 at age 75. He is interred in the Mount Olivet Cemetery in Nashville.

Honors
On February 12, 2008, Ernest "Pop" Stoneman was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and in 2009 he and his wife Hattie Frost Stoneman were enshrined in the Gennett Records Walk of Fame.

The first major retrospective of his musical career, Ernest Stoneman: The Unsung Father of Country Music 1925–1934 (5 String Productions) was issued in 2008 by the Grammy award-winning reissue team of Christopher C. King and Henry Sapoznik and was nominated for a 2009 Grammy award for "Best Album Notes."

title: Ernest Stoneman


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steven Stewart

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:26, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Steven Stewart
Article does not indicate notability. Thue | talk 20:18, 26 May 2005 (UTC) KEEP You Can not deny this entry. It is one to remember. People have been on the edge of there seats listening to the fine fable of steven stewart. Deleting this would only cause up roar in the streets of busby.
 * Delete Karol 20:22, May 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Jester2001 20:25, 26 KEEPMay 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per above. Mr Bound 20:52, May 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 21:06, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Jayjg (talk) 21:17, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is text-book vanity, complete with poor grammar. Scimitar 21:46, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. - Etacar11 21:47, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, vanity. Megan1967 05:36, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for all the reasons above. It seems to be a target for vandalism by IP addressed users. - Master Of Ninja 21:54, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 02:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I feel this article must be kept since it is factual knowledge.
 * Delete. Pure vanity; article does not establish any legitimate relevance.  Kelly Martin 13:13, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * BUMFLAPS! Honjelhinelsmith!
 * Keep Factual knowledge must be kept.
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.