text:
Talk:Hybrid bicycle

Definition
The article is unclear on exactly what a hybrid bicycle is. I can define this, and provide some examples.

A hybrid is any type of bicycle with mountain bike features (except the mountain bike itself).

Before the 1980s there were 3 prominent types of biycle - the city or utility bike, the road bike, and the touring bike. All of these were well-suited to smooth, tarmac surfaces, but not well adapted for off-road conditions.

In the 1980s the mountain bike (also known as an MTB) was invented. This made it possible for bikes to confidently be ridden off-road. It had - - advanced suspension (forks or a full pivot) for jumps and bumps, - 26" wheels and wide chunky tyres for maximum grip on grass and mud, - a wide range of gears suitable for steep hills, - wide straight handlebars for maximum control over tricky terrain.

Soon after came various hybrids - in which one of the old tarmac-based types was given some of the features of a mountain bike, and making it possible to ride these bikes over moderate off-road terrain. For example...

- Road hybrid known as an ATB ('All-Terrain Bike').

- Touring hybrid known as an Expedition Bike

- City Hybrid, like mine - photo here - http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v645/bardsandwarriors/bike/2005may02_argo.jpg

There are probably others. I don't count myself as an expert, and this should be taken as the outline for a re-write of this article, rather than a finished text.

Steve Bardsandwarriors 08:47, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * you're entititled to your opinion, but if the article as it stands sounds a little vague, its because inumerable bicycle manufacturers and sellers are using the term without any central body providing a definition. --Dhodges 16:01, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The article itself makes the point that hybrids are difficult to pin down. It really is a catch-all definition for anything that is neither road nor mountain. --Icd 23:34, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

 * true, this article seems to have a narrow view of what a hybrid is. perhaps an article on flat handle bar road bikes would help cover some of the gaps of this article Mathmo 12:12, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. If anyone wants to use my photo or text (above), you are welcome. I'll leave it in the hands of wikiproject to use or delete this discussion :) Steve Bardsandwarriors 08:47, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The name ATB or all-terrain bike is a now-outmoded term (ATB (disambiguation)) for a mountain bike. It is found in many older books and media, and could well be confusing as a hybrid subvariant classification. The Expedition Touring bike isn't really a hybrid at all, but rather a specialized subvariant of the long-distance touring bicycle - much like a downhill bike is a subvariant of the mountain bike.

 * Hybrid bikes have for a few years now been type classified into at least three subvariants: the Cross Bike (a lean, lightweight 'cross' between the mountain and road bike), the muscular City Bike aka Urban Bike, and the Commuter hybrid. The 'comfort' bike or recreational bike is sometimes added.  These classifications have been used in both the U.K. and the USA, and were referenced by none other than the noted British/American bicycle author, Richard Ballantine, in several of his books.  While manufacturers may disagree on nomenclature, these designations do reflect the emergent specialties of each hybrid subvariant. don01 12.72.119.23 (talk) 16:13, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Units of measurement
I reverted the edits that made the measurements of tire width consistent inches (mm). Although it is inconsistent, it matches how they are actually specified in reality. 700C being originally a French size are specified in mm, whereas 26" mountain bike tires are more US centric and tend to be specified in inches. You can even see this inconsistency on manufacturer web pages, Giant for example. Icd 11:01, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Lede
The introductory paragraph is needlessly contentious points:

 * more robust than road bikes - a decent road bike will handle bouncing along country roads just fine,thanks.
 * more generally capable than touring bikes - well, a touring bike is slightly less maneuverable due to the longer wheelbase.and faster than mountain bikes.
 * faster - rather depends on the pair of legs attached to the pedals

-Dhodges (talk) 19:51, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Faster depends on alot of variables, equipment group, bike build, tires, etc --Degen Earthfast (talk) 23:18, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

"Ridership"
The strikes me as unnecessary jargon. - 194.150.177.249 (talk) 23:15, 25 July 2013

 * Feel free to replace it with some necessary jargon. -AndrewDressel (talk) 12:52, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Origin
The implication is that hybrids came into existence by a mixing of previously existing types. Is this really true? To me they all look like modern roadsters. - 194.150.177.249 (talk) 23:15, 25 July 2013

 * That's what the experts say. -AndrewDressel (talk) 12:56, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Hybrid bicycles, also known as "cross" or "fitness" bicycles, are a cross between a mountain bike and a touring bike. The best of them have the handlebars and control levers of a mountain bike, with the frame, gears, wheels and brakes of a touring bike. - Sheldon Brown (bicycle mechanic)

 * The late Mike Burrows said of them “They’re what we used to call 'a bicycle'”. Mr Larrington (talk) 19:04, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

Upright riding position
This is a small detail, but might as well get it right, eh? The article currently states and also, later in the article which seem to contradict each other. I'm inclined to believe the latter more than the former. There is nothing inherently upright in "flat, straight handlebars" or mountain bikes. Instead "a modified mountain bike frame with a tall head tube" and "drop-center, angled North Road-style handlebars" are specifically "designed for easy reach while riding in an upright position." Does anyone have a copy of the frequently cited "Richard's 21st Century Bicycle Book" to explain what it actually says? -AndrewDressel (talk)
 * "Hybrids typically borrow the flat, straight handlebars and upright seating posture of a mountain bike"
 * "are normally equipped with nearly flat handlebars to provide a more upright riding position than a racing or sport/touring bike.[2]"
 * "They typically have a modified mountain bike frame with a tall head tube to provide an upright riding position,"
 * "and drop-center, angled North Road-style handlebars designed for easy reach while riding in an upright position."

title: Talk:Hybrid bicycle


text:
Talk:Giga-

Move
This should be moved to giga- and get a lowercase tag. See Talk:Micro for rationale. — Omegatron 17:49, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Hard disk size
Something described as 40GB hard disk does not contain 40 x 2^30 bytes, but 40 billion bytes. The 'GB' in this case is more for marketing or indicative purposes. If my understanding is correct, the hard disk capacity example in the "Common usage" section is inaccurate.

Gigabyte
Gigabyte — hard disk capacity, e.g. 120 GB; DVD capacity, e.g. 5 GB = 5 × 1 073 741 824 bytes

 * Would it in this context not be better to use the SI-Gigabyte and say ; Gigabyte — hard disk capacity, e.g. 120 GB; DVD capacity, e.g. 5 GB = 5 × 1 000 000 000 bytes'' ? --Walter 08:54, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

SI prefixes for bits and bytes
In the introduction it reads: "When referring to computing information units [...] giga- can sometimes mean 1,073,741,824 (230), (Though such use is incorrect)", with "incorrect" linking to a pdf file. This pdf file broadly discusses the usage of the SI, so the relevant information (SI prefixes for bits and bytes) is found at the end under reference 5 in Appendix D (page 86 of the pdf, page 74 intended) or the note under section 4.3 (page 19 of the pdf, page 7 intended). Should we maybe make clear to the readers that we are referring to (one of) those sections specifically instead of quoting the entire article? --Spencer.vdm (talk) 10:48, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I added a reference to the NIST pdf and gave the relevant section. I also replaced "incorrect" with "discouraged by some standards bodies". I added a reference to a BIPM (the organization that maintains the SI definitions) paper. I also cleaned up the structure. Text inside parentheses shouldn't begin with a capital letter, and the text after the closing parenthesis seemed to continue the thought started inside the parentheses not the beginning of the sentence. I also removed "Any ambiguity is best resolved from context." as that doesn't really add anything and can be applied to any situation where there is ambiguity (also, if one could resolve the meaning from context, then it wouldn't be ambiguous). Also the discussion about who standardized what, where the binary meaning is used, who discourages it, and why is all discussed in the binary prefix article. Onlynone (talk) 17:40, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Latvian musical instrument
The is also a Latvian musical instrument called the giga.

Pronunciation
how about adding the alphabet for the way for the Pronunciation.

the text doesn't cover at all if the 'i' is as in Idea or as in Is --Nkour 11:01, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

The i is pronounced as in "is".

Disputed pronunciation
The text refering to "jigawatt" is apparently incorrect since the preferred pronunciation in OED, www.oed.com, Webster, www.m-w.com, and American Heritage is given as "giga" aka "jiga" from "giant".

See the disputed terms page for Gigabyte.

"one point twenty one jigawatts..." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.224.81.234 (talk) 16:29, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

 * Self is an engineer, and was writing his usual "Technically Speaking" column for the prominent magazine IEEE Spectrum, which is sent to all members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. People like Self create the English language; dictionary editors merely try to document what happened. --Gerry Ashton 17:14, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia, like dictionaries, only documents what has happened.  Nicholas SL Smith chatter 03:22, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

More on pronunciation
An IP changed the section around a lot, making uncited claims that dictionaries had been giving the wrong pronunciation for a long time. Someone else also added an unecessary quip about computer experts showing engineers the right way of pronouncing it.

I picked a neutral version because, really, we need some reliable citations here. I've checked a half dozen dictionaries, and the "jigga" is listed as primary for all of them. Now, they may all be wrong, as anon claims - but that kind of claim is something we certainly need to document. If he's wrong, we need a citation fo rthat. Any which way, we need some reputable citations before tossing any "this is real pronunciation" statements back into the article. --Xanzzibar 21:02, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

 * as far as i know, "giga-" in physics and maths is pronounced as "jiga" while it is pronounced with a hard g as in "google" when it comes to computers.--81.215.210.116 07:20, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the BIPM's other official language is French, and in French there is no hesitation: it is pronounced jiga - soft g, hard g. Urhixidur 13:20, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, we seem to be stuck with the initial hard G. Lately that's all I hear. Old microwave types called out frequencies in gigacycles, with a soft initial G: Jiggacycles (per second understood) 66.189.125.41 23:30, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * In the USA the hard g pronunciation might be popular as a way to avoid the peril of a phonetic similarity to the racial slur Jigaboo. This peril is cited at length in the Wiki entry for Niggardly.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.23.101.149 (talk) 15:25, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Unfortunate and, from what I've read, true. Those are nasty words, and I believe as less and less people remember or know what they mean, the J- pronunciation will be less taboo.  In my area of R&D, the J is still used.  Regardless, I thought it an interesting note that in Jay-Z's song "Jigga What Jigga Who," Jay-Z switches between "Jigga" and "Nigga" throughout the song.  I'll look up my references on the slur issue.   Nicholas SL Smith chatter 03:19, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Giant to Gigantic
I changed the example in the following sentence from "giant" to "gigantic" because "giga" is actually at the beginning of the word, further supporting it's pronunciation of "jiga".

"In English the initial g of giga is usually pronounced with a hard g (as in giggle) but is sometimes pronounced with a soft g (as in giant)." -- Huper Phuff  talk  00:01, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Excellent. I further softened the claims of "usually" and "sometimes," as well as adding a citation to formalized acceptable pronunciations.   Nicholas SL Smith chatter 03:12, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

IPA
Gerry,

You've reverted the addition of IPA on the grounds that
 * 1) hardly anyone understands it and
 * 2) the source didn't use it.

I'd say that
 * 1) that IPA that I did use wasn't hard, was liked & was followed in brackets by that "hard g"/"soft g" stuff and
 * 2) sources can use what they will we don't have to follow them nor do they have WP:PRON to adhere to.

I propose reinstating the IPA as is used throughout WP.

J IM ptalk·cont 18:18, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Who likes IPA? I think it is unpopular in English dictionaries for a reason. Also, my understanding of IPA is limited, but I understand that the symbols are intended to represent an exact sound. English words, on the other hand, can have subtle changes in punctuation from region to region, which one reason English dictionaries avoid IPA. Their pronunciation keys indicates the pronunciation of the word but leaves some wiggle room for regional variation. That's why I hesitate to change an author's description in terms of the pronunciation of well-known words to IPA. --Gerry Ashton (talk) 18:26, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I like the IPA. There is plenty of wiggle room ... or more correctly, a transcription can be narrow or broad.  Symbols can be used to represent an exact sound ... or not.  The vowel in gate, for example, can be written as  which might be the exact  sound when pronounced by a BBC news anchor but  when pronounced by an Aussie like me or  when pronounced by an American.  The  does cover all of this.  I don't believe it's true that English dictionaries in general avoid the IPA ... here's a counter example of the top of my head ... American dictionaries may, each with their own pronunciation key to look up.  Well WP's got a pronunciation key, which I'd linked to, it just happens to be based on the IPA, the international standard.  Of course, it can't come down to "I like it." vs "I don't.": how can we have our cake and eat it too whilst sticking to the guidelines on phonemic transcription to which I'd linked above? J IM ptalk·cont 18:54, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't like the fact that the reader can't make sense of the paragraph without becoming instantly familiar with IPA. While the two symbols /g/ and /I'll be damned if I'll bother figuring out how to type it/, a bunch of other symbols are used with no explaination. In fact I don't like making extensive use of any phonetic system in running text. --Gerry Ashton (talk) 19:28, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

I don't like the fact that we're using wishy-washy terms like "hard g" and "soft g" (not to mention the variation in italisation, capitalisation or the use of inverted commas; nor even the use of "soft 'j'"). Here's beauty: if the g in get is hard and the g in germ is soft, what's the g in genre? I don't like the fact that we're resorting to invented respellings to get the point across either. How's this for a compromise, though? Let's use IPA only for the consonant in question, vs  (it's in the editing tool box), rephrasing so as to avoid too much repetition and to avoid the need to transcribe the prefix or any word formed with it. J IM ptalk·cont 15:48, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * If you can find a way to word it so that only the consonant in question is in IPA notation, I'll go along with that. --Gerry Ashton (talk) 16:01, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I've reworked the section so as to keep minimal IPA. J IM ptalk·cont 19:14, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Source for pronunciation
I've found the original 1981 NBS document referred to, and giga and jiga don't appear anywhere in it. Nor is there a guide on pronunciation. Can someone clarify where this NBS statement is supposed to exist? Here's the URL to the document: https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=psia.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft7rn4qq8k Johnny "ThunderPeel2001" Walker (talk) 16:41, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected. It's in there, as well as in the 1976 version. It states the pronunciation is ji' ga Johnny "ThunderPeel2001" Walker (talk) 17:11, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Giga-


text:
3/5 (album)

3/5 is the first album by Les Savy Fav. It was released in 1997 by Self-Starter Foundation. The LP release came in a pack of shower caps and is fairly difficult to find, sometimes fetching high prices on eBay. Coincidentally, only three-fifths of the line-up on this album, the band's first, remain in the present-day line-up, as drummer Patrick Mahoney was replaced by Harrison Haynes before the group's second album, The Cat and the Cobra, and guitarist Gibb Slife left before the recording of the Emor: Rome Upside Down EP.

Having gone out of print, the album was re-issued in 2006 on the Frenchkiss label, minus the shower caps.

Credits

 * Tim Harrington (vocals)
 * Gibb Slife (guitar)
 * Patrick Mahoney (drums)
 * Seth Thom Jabour (guitar)
 * Syd Butler (bass guitar)

title: 3/5 (album)


text:
Talk:Road bicycle

"Types of road bicycles"
The list "Types of road bicycles" includes Mountain bicycles - clearly an error. perhaps this list would be better at bicycle, in which case mountain bikes could stay in the list. --Singkong2005 15:55, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Meosphere list
Added an external link to list of manufacturers of road bikes. As a road biker, this is helpful information and the type of information that you can find external links to all over wikipedia. The list was the result of much research as well as the input of many road bikers adding information. Please consider reversing your deletion. Respectfully, Eliasone

 * Well, the first problem is that yesterday's edit was anonymous. It's hard to believe a user who hasn't got an account is sincere.  True, the majority of anonymous edits are useful or at least not bad, but most linkspam and other bad edits are anonymous.  Then there's the site, this Meosphere, which has flashy ads and looks more like a kid site for goofing around than a serious source of information.  Anyway, now that you've got an account and an argument, I'll revert my reversion for a few days.  What you should do, however, now that you're trying to be taken seriously, is put a serious list of roadbike makers right into Wikipedia.  It can be a section of Road bicycle, a subcat of Category:Cycle manufacturers, a section of List of bicycle manufacturers, or elsewhere in the encyclopedia.
 * Making an encyclopedia is a lot of work. It isn't just knowing something and putting it in.  You have to organize the knowledge, fix the bad parts, connect the good parts together, watch out for people who don't understand what they are doing and otherwise tend it like a garden.  Jim.henderson 03:41, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Article Name
This article's opening paragraph seems to contradict itself. It says a road bicycle is any bicycle that's used on the road, then goes on to say most have "drop handlebars and multiple gears", I think if we take a global view it's very clear that most bikes used on the road do not have drop bars. Even at a more local level I believe that few places have predominantly bikes with drop bars on the road. This confusion likely arises from two desires: one, to use the term road bike to mean any bike used on the road; two, to use the term to refer to the sport oreanted drop bar bikes (on wikipedia inexplicably referred to as a "Racing bicycle". I would like to change the article name to be more conventional, to resolve this confusion.  The Road bicycle page  should have the "Racing Bicycle" page on it. Keithonearth (talk) 05:40, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge with racing bicycle?
I think it would be a good idea to merge this page with racing bicycle. The similarities between a true racing bicycle and a dropped-bar fitness bicycle are very close. What do others think? -- Parsonscat (talk) 07:07, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry not to have seen this proposal sooner, I think it is a great idea, and would like to see it happen. --Keithonearth (talk) 04:23, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Racing bicycles make up only a very small percentage of road bicycles. Ebikeguy (talk) 14:38, 3 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Here in the UK, when someone says "road bike" they mean a racing-style bike or something similar, e.g. a traditional touring bike. This is as distinct from traditional utility bicycles which are - in the main - also ridden on the road.  (I think the US manufacturers call that sort of machine a "pavement" bike.)  I would say that in this sense, most road bikes are racing bikes.
 * How universal is this distinction?
 * The Parson's Cat (talk) 10:49, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You indicate that a traditional touring bike is essentially similar to a racing bike. I disagree with this assessment entirely.  David Herlihy's excellent works on the touring vs. racing culture in France in the early 20th Century shows conclusively that the split between racing and touring bicycles occurred before either style had achieved any sort of dominance in the industry.  The two bicycle types are distinctly different, as are single speeds and other road bicycles made by companies such as Rivendell Bicycle Works and Surly Bikes.  Racing bicycles are a subset of road bicycles, not vice-versa.  If any merge were to occur, it should be merging racing bicycles in to this article.  Ebikeguy (talk) 14:41, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi there. I think my point was more that in some parts of the world, phrase "road bike" doesn't just mean "any bike designed for the road".  Here in the UK, the phrase "road bike" is used to mean a racing-style bike and their close cousins.  I'd agree that merging "racing bike" into "road bike" would be the right way to do things.
 * British cyclo-touristes - including myself - tend to ride bikes that are essentially not that different from a racing bike, so apologies if my example was a bit regional: see Chris Juden's article to get an idea where we're coming from. However, this is a bit of a red-herring.
 * My original question is essentially this: in the UK, "road bike" means a lightweight "racing bike" or something similar. Many cycle manufacturers use the same classification.  How widespread is this globally?
 * The Parson's Cat (talk) 14:56, 1 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah! Thank you very much for the clarification.  In my 30+ years in the US biking industry, I have not encountered the specific definition of "road bike" to which you refer.  Here, a road bicycle in anything ridden on the road, versus a mountain bike that is ridden on trails.  It seems there is quite a difference in regional usage.  Perhaps we should make reference to such difference in the article?  Cheers,  Ebikeguy (talk) 15:55, 1 May 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Road bicycle


text:
Talk:Single-speed bicycle

Hi, this page is pretty awful right now as of Sept 2, 2005. I am going to re-write the whole thing from scratch in the next few days. If you want to try to coordinate, please email me at Raymond.Crew@gmail.com I am also going to write a page on the Single Speed World Chmapionships.
 * Hey, good work! Looks heaps better. :D Like the picture, looks very similar to my own ss mtb Mathmo 19:50, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

What is this about a disadvantage of knee damage?!?!?! I'd also be interested to hear about what conventional races have been won on a SS, do the other that much of an advantage? COuld there be a more precise statement as to what is the efficiency improvements with SS? i.e. what speed increases could be expected under ideal circumstances? Mathmo 02:21, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe that this is more of an issue specifically with fixed-gear bikes, due to the extra work of continuous pedaling as well as the lack of brakes most fixed-gear bikes have, forcing additional stress on the knee during back-pedaling to stop.hotdiggitydogs 08:09, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * If there's any problem of knee damage from riding SS, it's purely to do with trying to push a gear that's too high eg going up a steep hill, and in the case of fixed, overuse of back pedalling. Also it is mistaken to think that most fixed bikes don't have brakes (I mean bikes that are used on the road not track bikes used for track racing). LDHan 19:03, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * People ride singlespeed in cyclocross for simplicity in a harsh environment. Kellen T 10:15, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Advantages
"Another type of advantage not often admitted by single-speed cyclists is an emotional one. Many enjoy nonconformist feelings taking pride in riding the same roads or trails without gearing systems. Many single-speed cyclists portray the refusal to purchase highly marketed gearing systems as an anti-establishment action. As single speed bicycles have become more common and more expensive, these advantages are being eroded."

This seems very subjective and not appropriate for the article?Neosophist 12:28, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Leaders in Modern Single Speed Bicycle Development

 * who and when and why
 * primarily a US based movement in the early days, however German and British riders were also early adapters
 * first major manufacture to market a single speed mountain bicycle was Kona

how people made them in the early days

 * most were geared bicycles converted to be single speeds, commonly called singelting
 * refitting used bicycles as single-speeds or using old bicycle frames and components is the cheapest way to build a good bike.
 * commonly had to use a mechanism to maintain proper chain tension, usually an old derailleur that was damaged or worn
 * find the magic ratio that allows proper chain tension without a tensioner (a place to refer to ssConvert.exe by James Quinlan at Big Time Software for Team Big Time)
 * use half links

how to make one now a days

 * many are bought as bicycles designed to be single speeds
 * chain tension maintained be special devices such as Surely Bicycle's Sing-u-later, Pauls Melivin, or by using track fork ends on the frame or an eccentric bottom bracket.
 * search for the magic ratio
 * use half links

Early Innovators

 * Who and when

Large Manufacturers

 * who and when

Single-Speed - a "Type" or merely a feature?
Recommend changing the lead-in sentence, in order to improve the article. Not every feature of a product places it into a different "type" designation.

Also, suggest inclusion of the ordinary bicycles that also were single speed (usually). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.183.224.2 (talk) 01:40, 2 December 2016 (UTC)

Illogical, unsourced name
Obviously a bicycle with a single gear ratio can travel at more than one speed. Where did the name "single-speed" come from? There is no source for the name! HiLo48 (talk) 01:28, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Single-speed bicycle


text:
Talk:Tandem bicycle

Untitled
I vaguely remember hearing that if the two people on a tandem have different weights, there's a specific seating they should use, but I can't remember now if it was the heavier person in front or in back. Judging from Image:Johnandjuliet.jpg, it seems the heavier person should be in front. If anyone can confirm this, and especially explain why this is so, it would be a good addition to the article. User:Angr 15:22, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Gesh... Yea I guess I did weigh that much back them har har. OK well I guess if it helps then that was a good thing.

Basically as a rule the rules for who should be captain goes line this...

1) The person with the most cycling skills should be captain 2) If the riders have simmilar skills and neither cares who is captain then the heavier rider should be captain because they are controlling the bike and can use their weight to balance the bike easier when cornering. 3) if #1 does not apply and there is a large height disparity or there is a standover problem with the frame then the taller rider should be in front soas to hold the bike upright. This is only really required IFF the shorter rider cannot touch the ground without hitting the frame but most importantly because when staring on a hill the rear person is usually clipped in onr on the pedals so a "quick start" of power can be applyed by the rear person whilest the front person kicks and mounts the bike... This prevents the possiblity of falling over when starting on a steep surface.

John Preston

Tandem cogs
The picture of the 10-man tandem linked here shows each successive cog attached to the pedals getting bigger and bigger; and on the Goodies’ bike, there seems to be only one gear for the captain, and more as you go on. Does anyone know why this is? —Felix the Cassowary 13:13, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

That seems impracticle. If they are actually getting progressivly bigger then tne guy in the rear would have to be spinning his legs incredibly fast (or the guy in the front spinning his legs very slow).

As for the goodies pic what you are actually seeing is that their bike's crank set is the old school way to make tandem cranks... They are ysing only single bike drive-side gearing... So what they do is connect the front person's big ring to the middle person's big ring... Then the middle person's little ring is connect to the rear person's little ring. THe rear-persons big ring is connect to the drive of the rear wheel.

Because the ration of the big rings are the same and the ratio of the little rings are the same then the cranks all turn together at the same revolutions.

In the modern tande world the cranks are specially built so that the (two person) tandem cranks have their "timing" chain rings on the left side so that the rear person actually as chain rings on BOTH crank arms... The left one connected to the front person and the right one connected to the rear wheel's drive gears.

John Preston

Hmm.. I just looked at the 10 person link again... OK if you notice the gears are getting bigger BUT not BETWEEN riders. So the ratio from rider one to rider two is the same... Then rider two usese a bigger gear to connect to rider three but because riders 2 through 9 have double gears on their canks note that rider three's double ring is the same size as rider two s...

SO to answer the other sort reason for the question... WHy do they get bigger? Well probably because there is more teeth so as the torque applied to the chains as you go closer to the rear (the tension) is getting higher... Having more teeth will somewhat reduce the stress on the chain and teeth of the drivetrain. But that is typically not what you see today... Possibly metals have gotten better? Or that there are no 'racing' ten person bikes :)

John Preston

Side-by-side tandem
Why is tandem only described as fore to aft and not side-by-side? Wouldn't this constitute tandem? http://dheera.net/jason/kanji/tandem.jpg —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jason7825 (talk • contribs) 17:23, 16 May 2007 (UTC).

 * No, in fact, as the second sentence of the article explains, because tandem refers specifically to the for-to-aft seating arrangement and not to the number of riders. Per Sheldon Brown's Glossary A sociable is "a rare type of bicycle for two riders sitting side-by-side. Not technically a "tandem" since that term implies one rider in front of the other." Dictionary.com lists
 * -adverb: "one following or behind the other: to drive horses tandem."
 * -adjective: "having animals, seats, parts, etc., arranged tandem or one behind another."
 * -noun: "a vehicle, as a truck, tractor, or trailer, in which a pair or pairs of axles are arranged in tandem."
 * -idiom in tandem "in single file: They swam in tandem."
 * From Latin: meaning "at last", or "at length".
 * -AndrewDressel 21:46, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I want to create a new Wikipedia entry called 'Sociable' do you think this will be acceptable?
 * -Jason7825 03:19, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sure, if you can find enough information and sources to cite. Sheldon Brown is a start, but you'll need a good picture that isn't already copyrighted. -AndrewDressel 14:31, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Pedal threading
On 15:14, 26 November 2007, 76.26.106.130 (Talk) added "While the cranks may appear identical to those of a solo bike, the pedal threading is reversed on three of the four cranks. The stoker's right side crank, alone, is similar or identical to that of a standard single person diamond frame bicycle."

This is not the case on my Burley Rumba nor on the Trek T900s I've worked on. Anyone know of a tandem on which it is true? The only reason I can think of for doing so would be to use non-tandem cranks on a tandem. The Peter White Cycles website mentions the need for different threading on tandem-specific cranks. -AndrewDressel (talk) 20:30, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

I see where the confusion comes. The pedal threading is the same if you consider right vs. left side cranks. It is reversed if you consider plain cranks, vs. spider equipped cranks....if you try to use a pair of solo cranks as tandem captain's cranks, the pedal threading will be wrong. It is the pedal threading that makes tandem cranks special...if it were not for that, you could just buy three sets of solo cranks and throw out two of the spiderless arms. It was my attempt to explain what is special about tandem cranks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.26.106.130 (talk) 18:17, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Rim brakes
I doubt the statement “rim brakes melt tires” (in the brakes paragraph) is correct. In my experience during descents rim brakes can cause the rims to get very hot and tire pressures to increase to the point where you may have a blow out. Deflating tyres slightly before a long descent with rim brakes can save you a tube. Gav111 (talk) 06:19, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

John Preston Gav, actually this is a personal experience... I've seen tires blow (usually over inflated or a loose fitting tire) and I've seen rim brakes melt (leaving streaming ribbon like trails off of the pads trailing in the direction of rotation)... I've also seen melted carbon hubs and other parts from drum or disk brakes. As for melting tires... This usually happens with wire-bead tires and the wire gets hot but also kevlar has come out also... But actually what is more common is the tube will melt/blow where it touches the rim (esp with narrow rim tape so some of the aluminum rim is exposed...  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Prestonjb (talk • contribs) 04:47, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Citation for Performance Section?
The "Performance" section makes numerous claims about the tandem bicycle, up to and including comparisons with a traditional bicycle. But as of this writing, there don't seem to be any in-line citations for these claims. For example, this statement: "They are not necessarily slower on climbs, but are perceived as such, in part due to the need for a high level of coordination between the riders."

Is there any way to quantifiably verify this, or a reliable source that can be cited? I figured I'd ask here first before I put a citation needed tag, since I'm not familiar with the subject matter and haven't the time to thoroughly explore the links and references provided. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.50.226.143 (talk) 17:59, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Tandem bicycle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mackensen (talk) 23:29, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics
Stub about a conference which mentions nothing other than that it fell for a hoax by accepting a scholarly paper written by a nonsense-generator last month. The conference itself would make a good topic, but I can't see this article growing into one. Could redirect to a general article about the hoax, if there were one. Eliot 20:06, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There are dozens of such conferences held all over the world every day. Rarely notable - this one is not. -- BD2412 talk 03:19, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Track bicycle

Bottom bracket height
"higher bottom bracket for additional cornering clearance." I've often heard this, but have never heard how much higher.

 * All I can find in UCI regulations (http://www.uci.ch/imgArchive/Rules/1gene-E.pdf) is:
 * Technical specifications
 * Except where stated to the contrary, the following technical specifications shall apply to bicycles used in road, track and cyclo-cross racing.

 * 1.3.015 The distance between the bottom bracket spindle and the ground shall be between 24 cm minimum and maximum 30 cm.

 * Cannondale (http://www.cannondale.com/bikes/03/geo-40.html) lists the bottom bracket height for their track bike is 28.2 cm.

 * Fuji (http://www.fujibikes.com/geometry.asp?bike_id=17) lists the bottom bracket height for their track bike is 29.2 cm.

 * Others, such as Bianchi and Surly, just say "track legal".

I get the general "heigher for pedal clearance with a fixed gear", but it would seem also to depend on crank arm length. Does anyone know what the real requirement is? How would a particular bicycle at a track event be found to be legal or illegal?-AndrewDressel 00:03, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Crank arm length affects the leverage on the gear. So if you have a long crank arm, it has to be mounted high enough to clear corners. I belive there is a mathematical formula but I do not know it. I personally use 65 size crank arms and a bottom bracket that messures 11 and 3/4" from the ground to center of allen bolt attaching crank arms. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mrmike23 (talk • contribs) 18:12, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

 * We sure would like to see that formula. Anybody? -AndrewDressel (talk) 13:29, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm confused by the reasoning here. Surely a track bike will lean less relative to the surface on which it is riding; the whole point in a banked track is to stay more perpendicular to a leaning bicycle than a flat surface? 86.0.203.120 (talk) 15:27, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

 * That a track bike leans less on a banked track is only true when the bike is following a line concentric (I suspect that is not the correct word, but I don't think parallel is correct either, and I can't find a better alternative) to the track. During turns to avoid another cyclist, or when the bike leans from side to side during a sprint, the bank of the track is not a factor, and it is important that the pedals, which are of course forced to rotate by the forward motion of the bike, not strike the track surface. The questions remains: "What exactly does 'track legal' mean?" -AndrewDressel (talk) 17:32, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Distinct from fixed-gear
This article does not do enough to distinguish a track bike from a fixie. It should be made clear that a track bike is a sub-set of fixie. There ought also to be a section on NJS kierin track bikes.Buffalo Bill talk to me 08:26, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Image removed
I deleted the second "track bike" image from this article. Though it shows a track frame, it looks like a street bike and fails to reflect a bike that one might see/have seen on the track. Whoever uploaded the image makes no mention of track use, only "commercial" and street use, and also makes the patently ridiculous claim that the bike has seen 900,000 miles in 13 yrs, or close to 200 mi/day. Regardless, the remaining image preceded the deleted one, and the inclusion of the latter does not seem to contribute any additional informative content. Gerta (talk) 16:00, 15 September 2008 (UTC) And who makes you king bee. I actully seen that blue bicycle in the 1996 Olympic Tryouts. And the image on this page IS NOT A TRACK BICYCLE. Wrong frame. Wrong angles. And not track legal. --ben — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.82.64.161 (talk) 12:38, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

Off-track use of track bikes
A guy who works at my local bike shop tells me that he commutes to work using a track bike. He likes the fact that it's very light (16 lbs.?) and low-maintenance, having no gears to clean or brakes to maintain. ("I'd rather spend more effort pedaling and less cleaning.") Also, the fact that the single gear is fused to the wheel means that more of the pedaling effort is transmitted to the wheel.

I asked how he controls the bike without brakes, and he pointed out that a track bike can't coast -- the pedal spin rate is directly proportional to the speed -- so you slow down by backpedaling, i.e., preventing the pedals from spinning as fast. It would be helpful to cover this point in the article. Eclecticos (talk) 05:39, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I've never heard before that "more of the pedaling effort is transmitted to the wheel" on a fixie. I can't think of how it could be true. In any case, the point that a track bike is a fixie is a good one, and so I've added a wikilink in the lead section to that article. -AndrewDressel (talk) 13:47, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Geometry
I just wanted to point out that a typical track bike geometry may involve a seat tube angle of 74 degrees, which is also used on many geared road bikes and touring bikes.

Also Head tube angle does not define how a bike handles, its only one of the components that is used to determine geometric trail and wheel flop which actually do define how a two wheeled vehicle handles. A typical track bike front end geometry would be along the lines of a 74 degree head angle with 35mm of rake, this gives a geometric trail of 60mm and a wheel flop value around 16mm, numbers that are very close to rear-loaded touring bicycles. Greater geometric trail actually makes a bike more stable and less resistant to course changes.

 * Why is this? Because track bikes don't have to turn as much on a banked velodrome and they also need to be stable in a close pack of cyclist jostling for position. The reason a track bike will feel like it turns quicker is due to the wheel flop being moderately high which means the bike will more readily lean over into a turn. They also tend to have low pneumatic trail (read: skinny tires) which can also make their handling feel quicker. All this amounts to a bike that can be placed very precisely where the rider needs it to go but still remain stable.

 * Jamis Sonic track geometry: http://www.jamisbikes.com/usa/thebikes/road/sonik/09_sonik_geo.html
 * Mercian King of Mercia touring frame geometry: http://www.merciancycles.co.uk/frame_king_mercia.asp
 * Trail and flop calculator: http://yojimg.net/bike/web_tools/trailcalc.php —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.40.132.127 (talk) 19:10, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

 * There is more discussion on Talk:Bicycle_and_motorcycle_geometry. -AndrewDressel (talk) 20:13, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Come on, nothing about disk wheels?
That's the first thing an Olympics viewer notices about the bikes. And why does the London 2012 velodrome have so much black in it's color scheme? 12.196.0.56 (talk) 20:29, 3 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Many track bikes don't have them, especially when used on outdoor tracks. SeveroTC 07:45, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

Pedal types
It would be nice to talk about pedal types like the use of leather straps or clip less cleats like SPD's. Then talk about aerodynamic shoe covers perhaps. I have used SPD pedals but found they didn't lock on good enough for braking. And I used straps but like SPD pedals they slip off and break. For 10 years not I have been happy with atac clip in pedals. I replace the cleats yearly and my current pedals are 10 years old and not one slip-off. --ben — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.163.223.17 (talk) 07:59, 29 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Please do. Just remember to provide reliable sources. -AndrewDressel (talk) 13:11, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Track bicycle


text:
Ukraine Air Enterprise

Ukraine Air Enterprise (Державне авіаційне підприємство «Україна», Derzhavne aviatsiine pidpryiemstvo "Ukrayina") is a government-owned airline based in Kyiv, Ukraine. It was established and started operations in 1996 and operates wet-lease flights on behalf of a number of local organisations including the Ukrainian government.

Fleet
The Ukraine Air Enterprise fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of March 2018):

title: Ukraine Air Enterprise


text:
Automatic Pilot

Automatic Pilot was a San Francisco, California band. Created in 1980 by members of the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus, they were described by The Advocate as "a non-official offshoot" of SFGMC along with three official subgroups. Automatic Pilot soon came into their own as an independent force, creating a niche at the fringe of the nascent gay musical movement and a new musical style.

They achieved notoriety early on with songs such as "Sit On My Face" and "Killer Purses" performed at benefits for the SFGMC, Theatre Rhinoceros, and the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. They derived their name from psychiatric testimony at Dan White's trial for killing Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk.

History
The ensemble consisted of up to four part vocals led by Matthew McQueen, backed by pianist Karl Brown, with violin, flute/sax, and a string bassist and drummer from the San Francisco Lesbian/Gay Freedom Band.

With an acoustic parody of punk rock as a starting point, writers Brown and McQueen incorporated elements of jazz, classical, theater and the avant-garde into somewhat twisted song structures that are both interesting and accessible. Their sound, dubbed "erotic jazz wave" has been compared to cartoon music, klezmer, and Frank Zappa. Automatic Pilot anticipated the queercore bands by a decade. The post-punk genre fits best due to the time period, punk influence and experimental bent.

Automatic Pilot continued to perform in San Francisco at various venues including the Castro Street Fair, the On Broadway Theater and the Valencia Rose gay performance space, venturing as far as the Chute II Bar in Reno.

Automatic Pilot was covered regularly by local media including the San Francisco Chronicle. The Bay Area Reporter published four full length articles on the band between 1982 and 1985. Their music was featured on regional radio shows including KPFA's Fruit Punch. Nationally, they appeared in the New York Native and The Advocate, which singled them out along with the band Orquestra Sabrosita as vibrant independent artists in contrast to "the financial concerns and artistic reserve of the larger gay cultural institutions" of San Francisco in 1982. They were played on the nationally syndicated Dr. Demento radio show.

In 1983, vocalist Tony Kramedas set out to produce an album for major label release. These recordings, done over time as budget permitted, had a more electric 1980s sound with guitars, synthesizers and drum machines. The project came to a halt when Kramedas became ill; he died in 1985, as have several other band members. During Automatic Pilot's final months, Brown and McQueen became involved in writing and performing music for the original 1984 Theatre Rhinoceros production of The AIDS Show.

The master tapes sat on a shelf until 2002 when the Automatic Pilot website was launched, with many complete recordings in mp3 and ogg format of live performances and studio works, and a detailed history. The site also features music from The AIDS Show and newly rediscovered video (in both H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and MPEG-1 format) from Automatic Pilot's December 1982 performance at the Valencia Rose. The CDs were released in 2005.

Discography

 * Back from the Dead (Studio works from 1981 to 1985)
 * Live On Broadway (Recorded at San Francisco's On Broadway Theater, September 1, 1982)

title: Automatic Pilot


text:
2003 Memorial Cup

The 2003 Memorial Cup (branded as the 2003 Mastercard Memorial Cup for sponsorship reasons) occurred May 17–25 at the Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, Quebec. It was the 85th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). It featured the host team, the Quebec Remparts, as well as the winners of the Ontario Hockey League, Quebec Major Junior Hockey League and the Western Hockey League, which were the Kitchener Rangers, Hull Olympiques and the Kelowna Rockets respectively. The Kitchener Rangers won their second ever Memorial Cup, their first being in 1982. They beat the Hull Olympiques in the final, who were trying to win their first Memorial Cup since 1997 when they won it on home ice.

Scores

 * May 17: Kitchener 4–3 Quebec
 * May 18: Hull 4–1 Kelowna
 * May 19: Kelowna 3–2 Quebec
 * May 20: Kitchener 4–1 Hull
 * May 21: Kitchener 4–2 Kelowna
 * May 22: Hull 5–3 Quebec

Semi-final
 * May 24: Hull 2–1 Kelowna

Final
 * May 25: Kitchener 6–3 Hull

Winning team
Andre Benoit, Jesse Boucher, Gregory Campbell, Mike Chmielewski, David Clarkson, Scott Dickie, Carlo DiRienzo, Nick Duff, T. J. Eason, Steve Eminger, Cam Fergus, Matt Grennier, George Halkidis, Thomas Harrison, Kevin Hurley, Petr Kanko, Adam Keefe, Matt Manias, Rafal Martynowski, Chad McCaffrey, Matt McCann, Paul McFarland, Evan McGrath, Nathan O'Nabigon, Mike Richards, Derek Roy (Captain), Marcus Smith. Head Coach: Peter DeBoer

Scoring leaders

 * 1) Gregory Campbell, KIT (1g, 6a, 7pts)
 * 2) Jean-Michel Daoust, HUL (2g, 4a, 6pts)
 * 3) Andre Benoit, KIT (1g, 5a, 6pts)
 * 4) Petr Kanko, KIT (4g, 1a, 5pts)
 * 5) Mathieu Brunelle, HUL (3g, 2a, 5pts)
 * 6) Mike Richards, KIT (2g, 3a, 5pts)
 * 7) Jesse Schultz, KEL (1g, 4a, 5pts)
 * 8) Derek Roy, KIT (3g, 1a, 4pts)
 * 9) Evan McGrath, KIT (2g, 2a, 4pts)
 * 10) Kiel McLeod, KEL (2g, 2a, 4pts)

Goaltending leaders

 * 1) Scott Dickie, KIT (2.25 gaa, 0.911 sv%)
 * 2) Eric Lafrance, HUL (3.00 gaa, 0.907 sv%)
 * 3) Kelly Guard, KEL (3.02 gaa, 0.862 sv%)
 * 4) Jean-Michel Filiatrault, QUE (3.71 gaa, 0.894 sv%)
 * 5) Michael Kim, KEL (2.21 gaa, 0.931 sv%)

Award winners

 * Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (MVP): Derek Roy, Kitchener
 * George Parsons Trophy (Sportsmanship): Gregory Campbell, Kitchener
 * Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (Goaltender): Scott Dickie, Kitchener
 * Ed Chynoweth Trophy (Leading Scorer): Gregory Campbell, Kitchener

All-star team
 * Goal: Scott Dickie, Kitchener
 * Defence: Steve Eminger, Kitchener; Doug O'Brien, Hull
 * Forwards: Derek Roy, Kitchener; Gregory Campbell, Kitchener; Mike Richards, Kitchener

title: 2003 Memorial Cup


text:
California State Route 40

Two highways in the U.S. state of California have been signed as Route 40:
 * I-40 (CA).svg Interstate 40 in California, part of the Interstate Highway System
 * US 40 (1961 cutout).svg U.S. Route 40 in California (1928-1964)

title: California State Route 40


text: Talk:North Liberty, Indiana

title: Talk:North Liberty, Indiana


text:
Talk:Apollodorus of Athens

Comments
To quote the proposal on Requested moves:

Apollodorus of Athens → Apollodorus -- Reason: Apollodorus is a disambiguation page, but most (I believe 95% - I see a half-dozen exceptions) of the 150 links to the page refer to Apollodorus of Athens. He was a mythographer, and all the mythological articles could refer to him as authority. Rather than adjusting all the links to him to Apollodorus, it will be much simpler to leave them alone, and add a note There were many ancient Greeks named Apollodorus. This article discusses the mythographer. For Apollodorus of Carystus.... see their articles. For other men named Apollodorus, see Apollodorus (disambiguation. ('Apollodorus of Athens' is also an anachronism; he would have been refered to by his deme.) Septentrionalis 21:32, 27 May 2005 (UTC

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 22:52, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Apollodorus studied at Alexandria, but there appears to be no reason to describe him as Librarian. See

Time of death
In the article he is categorized in Category:1st century BC deaths. Is there any foundation for the assumption that he lived to become 80 years or older? Shouldn't he rather be categories in Category:Year of death unknown? __meco 10:52, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Apollodorus and Cleopatra
The character from the Cleopatra story is a different person, who might be called Apollodorus the Sicilian. I removed that paragraph. --Cam 16:49, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Son of Asclepiades
The article now says that Apollodorus was the "son of Asclepiades". Asclepiades is currently linked to Asclepiades Pharmacion, in which it says that this Asclepiades lived during the 1st & 2nd centuries, NOT 1st & 2nd centuries BC - so how could he be his father? Liadmalone (talk) 23:45, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apollodorus of Athens


text:
Eyrbyggja saga

Eyrbyggja saga is one of the Icelanders' sagas; its title can be translated as The Saga of the People of Eyri. It was written by an anonymous writer, who describes a long-standing feud between Snorri Goði and Arnkel Goði, two strong chieftains in the Norse community that settled in Iceland. The title is slightly misleading as it deals also with the clans from Þórsnes and Alptafjörðr on Iceland. The most central character is Snorri Þorgrímsson, referred to as Snorri Goði and Snorri the Priest. Snorri was the nephew of the hero of Gísla saga, and is also featured prominently in Njáls saga and Laxdœla saga. Another main interest of the Eyrbyggja Saga is to trace a few key families as they settled Iceland, specifically around the Snæfellsnes peninsula.

The Saga is usually not regarded as artistically equal to Egil's saga, Njáls saga and Laxdæla saga. Nevertheless, it is valued for many reasons, including its historical and folkloric elements. The saga is characterized by a distinct interest in old lore, rituals, pagan practices and superstitions. The saga includes several references to the colonization of Greenland and one reference to an expedition to Vinland. It also mentions a journey by Guðleifr Guðlaugsson and his crew to Great Ireland, which was said to exist beyond Vinland.

Sections of the Eyrbyggja Saga have survived in fragments from the 13th century and in numerous manuscripts from the 14th century.

Synopsis
The Saga portrays the different families and individuals living on Iceland at Snæfellsnes. There is constant fighting between the different clans on Snæfellsnes, mostly over resources such as wood, property, and livestock. The different Norsemen represented in the Saga constantly turn to Snorri and Arnkel for advice and permission to take legal and/or physical action against perpetrators that have wronged them.

The story of the Eyrbyggja Saga frequently turns on actions that stem from greed, fear, ambition or downright meanness, as it describes cold-hearted bargaining between farmers and chieftains. All of the events of the Saga take place in one small region of Snæfellsnes, shifting between Álptafjord, which cuts into the northern shore of the peninsula, and Helgafell, the farmstead on Thórsnes, where Snorri Goði resided. The Saga shows a steady shift from paganism on Iceland to Christianity over the course of roughly twenty years.

The saga was most likely written in its entirety in the mid- or late-13th century, but historians have not yet been able to pinpoint an exact date. The narrative begins at the time of the Norse settlement in Iceland as early as the 9th century, but most of the events take place towards the end of the 10th century and the early 11th century. There is also internal evidence that the author of the saga knew of Laxdœla saga and Egils saga.

As is the case with all Icelander sagas, Eyrbyggja Saga should not be taken as a reliable historical record, but as a narrative with a basis in oral family history. Many of the places, events, and people are quite real, but the story includes fantastical episodes with elements of folklore, including sorcery, possessed livestock, and revenants. Although the goði Arnkel, who is a kind of tragic hero in the saga, is praised above any other character (að hann hefir verið allra menna best að sér um alla hluti í fornum sið og manna vitrastur, ch. 37), the author tends to focus on Arnkel's ultimately more successful rival Snorri, who was not only an early champion of Christianity on Snæfellsnes but also an ancestor of the Sturlung family, who dominated Icelandic politics in the first half of the 13th century.

Overview

 * Government
 * Eyrbyggja Saga shows the Norse system of legalities on Snæfellsnes which used a trial by jury system. There was normally a local chieftain who oversaw property boundaries, settled disputes between landlords and blood feuds, and prosecuted criminals. Snorri Goði, in particular, was the head chieftain on Snæfellsnes and dealt with local disputes over firewood, blood feuds, and property distribution. Snorri is also seen putting ghosts on trial for their hauntings. Chapter 55 of the Saga shows Snorri and his nephew Kiartan summoning Thorir Wooden-leg and other ghosts with coming and going about Frodis-water without permission and despoiling men of their lives and good fortune. These trials brought an end to the hauntings that occurred at Frodis-water.
 * Women
 * Women represented in the Saga are prominent and strong-willed characters. They could own property, become merchants, court their own marriages, and command legions of sailors. For example, Geirrid, the sister of Geirrod of Ere, had workers build her a large vestibule hallway in which she could examine all the men that passed by in attempts to find a future husband.
 * Death ritual
 * The Saga shows that, upon death, a hole was cut in the wall closest to where the corpse was and the body was removed from the house through the hole. It was believed that, if a dead person was carried through the front door, their ghost would remember how to enter and exit the house and come back to haunt the house.
 * Religion
 * The Saga shows a strong shift from Paganism to Christianity. After Christianity had been officially adopted by the Althing, Snorri Goði and several other important men of Snæfellsnes had churches built on their land, although there were no priests to be had to celebrate mass. It is unclear how many Norsemen actually converted from Norse paganism to Christianity. Archaeological evidence suggests that Pagan and Christian burials took place on Iceland, specifically on Snæfellsnes. Many Icelandic Norsemen were baptized and called themselves Christians, but little of their old Pagan rituals and beliefs had been abandoned; for example, cremating a corpse and drinking heavily after a funeral were pagan rituals.

Snorri Goði
Snorri acted as the chieftain of Snæfellsnes, and the author constantly depicts him as the wise, classical hero. The Saga's main area of focus is featured around his life. Snorri also converted to Christianity and declared Christianity the official religion of Iceland. He permitted the construction of Christian churches around Snæfellsnes.

"Snorri was middling in height and somewhat slender, fair to look on, straight faced and of light hue; of yellow hair and red beard; he was meek of mood in his daily ways; little men knew of his thought for good or ill; he was a wise man, and forseeing in many things, enduring in wrath and deep in hatred; of good rede was he for his friends, but his unfriends deemed his counsels but cold."

- Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 15

In chapter 37, Snorri and his foster brothers kill Arnkel whilst he is working on his farm. In the ensuing court case regarding the murder of Arnkel, only Thorleif Thorbrandsson (Þorbrandsson) was convicted and outlawed. Snorri, after killing Arnkel, later sided with his foster brothers, the Thorbrandssons (Þorbrandssons), in their feud with the Thorlaksson family. He took part in the battle of Alftafjord with his foster brothers and rescued them after they were all wounded at the battle of Vigrafjord. A compromise was later reached between the two families, after Snorri courted his daughter with the son of Thormod Thorlaksson. Snorri also made an attempt to kill Bjorn Asbrandsson, who had an affair with his sister Thurid while she was married to Thorodd the Tribute Trader, a marriage that Snorri helped to arrange. Bjorn fended off Snorri's attack, but was later convinced to leave Iceland.

Snorri in his later years successfully led a fight against Ospak Kjallaksson, a Norseman who had assembled a group of men that constantly attacked and pillaged his neighbors. Snorri and his gang killed Ospak and the other members of his group. Snorri spared Ospak's son and allowed him to inherit his father's farm. Snorri had several children and was able to create marriage alliances with many leading families in Iceland. Snorri's descendants included the Sturlungs, through his son Halldor.

Arnkel
Arnkel, like Snorri, acted as chieftain over the peoples of Holyfell, and was also referred to as Arnkel the Priest. He is often depicted as the enemy of Snorri by the author. Arnkel provides similar information to the Norse living on Iceland on such matters as property rights and blood feuds. Arnkel became involved in further disputes with Snorri after Arnkel's father, Thorolf Halt-foot, accused Snorri of stealing his firewood. As the Saga progresses, Arnkel claims properties around Snæfellsnes, in which he also claims land from peoples who he presided over.

Arnkel finally engages in a physical dispute with Snorri and the Thorbrandssons (Þorbrandsson), Snorri's foster brothers. Snorri and his foster brothers attack and kill Arnkel whilst he was working on his farm.

"Arnkel had laid his sword and shield against a hayrick, and now he took up his weapons and defended himself therewith; but now he began to gather wounds, and withal they came up into the garth about him. Then Arnkel leapt up on to the hayrick, and defended himself thence for a space, but such was the end of matter that he fell, and they covered him over there in the garth with hay; and thereafter Snorri and his folk fared home to Holyfell."

- Eyrbyggja Saga

Erik the Red
The Saga reveals Erik the Red's discovery of Greenland. He stayed there for three winters, returned to Iceland for a winter, and then returned to settle permanently in Greenland. The saga does not give a specific time of when this took place, but it does suggest that it was fourteen years before Snorri declared Christianity the official religion of Snæfellsnes.

Ghost tales in the Saga
Eyrbyggja Saga describes numerous supernatural events that mainly consist of undead animals rising up through the floor and Draugrs coming into the house to warm themselves by the fire. The Draugrs in the Saga have a mixture of characteristics that are "typical" of Norse ghosts.

Thorolf Halt-Foot
Chapter 31 of Eyrbyggja Saga reveals the death of Thorolf Halt-Foot, who is also the father of Arnkel. Thorolf is reincarnated as a Draugr and a frightening marauder who leaves his tomb to cause devastation around Þórsnes. Thorolf's undead ventures also reveal specific overtones from the Wild Hunt legends. Thorolf's body is buried, reburied, burned, and is reincarnated as a bull, though he continued to cause relentless terror for nearly a year before he finally was permanently laid to rest by Arnkel, who buried his remains on a hillside. Arnkel constructed a high stone wall around Thorolf's grave so that Thorolf could not overcome it. However, Thorolf seemed to continually haunt the hillside where he was buried.

"This event took place in the autumn at Hvammr, that [one day] neither the shepherd nor the sheep came home. In the morning a search was made, and the shepherd was found dead not far from Þórólfrs cairn; he was completely coalblack and every bone was broken. He was buried near Þórólfr. Of all the sheep in the valley, some were found dead, and the rest that had strayed into the mountains were never found. Whenever birds landed on Þórólfrs grave, they fell down dead.'"

- Eyrbyggja Saga chapter 34<

Thorgunna
Chapters 50–51 of the Saga show a sickly, wealthy seafaring woman named Thorgunna from the south of Iceland who requested at her death bed to be buried in Skálaholt, her sheets and bedding to be burned, and her wealth to be donated to the Christian church. Upon Thorgunna's death, Thorodd, a friend, burns all her bedding except her bed sheets, which he gave to his wife as a gift. Thorodd donates her wealth to the church, and transports her body south to Skálaholt in a coffin. At nightfall, Thorodd decides to rest on a farmstead just outside Skálaholt. In the middle of the night, Thorodd and the farmstead owners awaken to find a dead, naked Thorgunna setting the dinner table and preparing a meal to eat. The farm owner tries to speak to Thorgunna and she disappears after having prepared a full meal. Thorodd along with the other members transporting the corpse and the homesteaders of the farm bless the meat by sprinkling holy water on it, eat the meat without harm, and then sleep peacefully through the night. The next day Thorgunna's corpse is transported to Skálaholt and laid to rest, never disturbing Thorodd or his kinsmen again.

Thorir Wooden-leg and his undead company
Following the death of Thorgunna, the author describes the death of a shepherd at Frodis-water where Thorgunna had once resided. The shepherd haunted the house at Frodis-water until Thorir Wooden-leg fell sick and died after encountering the shepherd's ghost. The shepherd and Thorir haunted Frodis-water, in which four more people fell sick and died one after the other. During the winter just before the Yule Feast, the constant sound of fisherman skinning fish could be heard outside the Frodis-water house. Additionally, a crew of six men were often seen manning a ten-oared boat not far from the shoreline. One night when the Frodis-water inhabitants were gathering for dinner, a seal's head began to emerge from the floor. The people of the house tried to smash the seal back down into the floor boards with sticks and clubs, but the seal kept steadily rising, further out of the floor after each blow. Kiartan, a young man at Frodis-water, ran into the house with a sledge hammer and struck the seal back down into the floorboards.

Following the incident with the seal at Frodis-water, Thurid and Kiartan invite their neighbors to Frodis-water for the Yule Feast. As Thurid, Kiartan and the guests are dining and sitting about the fire, Thorir and his followers entered the house and shake their dirty clothes all over the house, throwing mud on the guests. The next three nights, Kiartan moves the guests and the fire in to a different room, however Thorir and the other ghosts continue to enter the house, flinging mud and killing servants and farm-hands. Eventually, Snorri, who was also Kiartan's uncle, banishes Thorir and the ghosts from Snæfellsnes using an effective combination of Christian rituals and Icelandic common-laws.

Popular culture
The saga has served as inspiration for a number of modern novels, including Robert Louis Stevenson's The Waif Woman: A Cue, from a Saga (1914), Jeff Janoda's Saga (2005), and Ármann Jakobsson's Glæsir (2011). Two plays, Jóhann Frimann's Fróðá (1938) and Robert Riemann's ''Björn der Wiking. Ein germanisches Kulturdrama in vier Akten'' (1901), also derive their plot's from the saga. It has also been adapted into a graphic novel, Eyrbyggja Saga (2022), by Andrew Pfrenger, Andrew Valkauskas, and Jonathan Burrello.

Editions and translations
Editions
 * pdf
 * Eyrbyggja saga. Brands þáttr ̨orva. Eiríks saga rauða. Grœnlendinga saga. Grœnlendinga þáttr, ed. by Einar Ól. Sveinsson and Matthías Þórðarson, Íslenzk fornrit, 4 (Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag, 1935)
 * pdf
 * Eyrbyggja saga. Brands þáttr ̨orva. Eiríks saga rauða. Grœnlendinga saga. Grœnlendinga þáttr, ed. by Einar Ól. Sveinsson and Matthías Þórðarson, Íslenzk fornrit, 4 (Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag, 1935)

Translations
 * Internet Archive

Studies

 * , Scott's abstract of the saga 　(dated 1813).
 * Ármann Jakobsson. 2007. Two wise women and their young apprentice. A miscarried magic class. ANF 122:43-57.

title: Eyrbyggja saga


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Brian Hayles

Brian Leonard Hayles (7 March 1931 – 30 October 1978) was an English television and film writer, most notably for the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who.

Doctor Who
Hayles wrote six stories for Doctor Who and is best known for his creation of the Celestial Toymaker in the 1966 story of the same name, the Ice Warriors, introduced in the 1967 story of the same name, and the feudal planet Peladon, the setting for The Curse of Peladon and its sequel The Monster of Peladon. His other stories were The Smugglers and The Seeds of Death.

Novels
In addition to script writing for the radio series The Archers, Hayles penned a novel based on the soap called Spring at Brookfield (Tandem, 1975) set in the period between the two world wars. His other books included novelisations of his Doctor Who serials The Curse of Peladon (Target, 1974) and The Ice Warriors (Target, 1976), an adaptation of his scripts for the BBC drama The Moon Stallion (Mirror Books, 1978), and two horror plays for children, The Curse of the Labyrinth (Dobson, 1976) and Hour of the Werewolf (Dobson, 1976). In 1979, NEL published, posthumously, his original novel Goldhawk, a heist-thriller set around Heathrow Airport.

Writing
Apart from Doctor Who, Hayles wrote for such television series as The Regiment, Barlow at Large, Doomwatch, Out of the Unknown, United!, Legend of Death, Public Eye, Z-Cars, BBC Playhouse, The Wednesday Thriller and Suspense. He also wrote the screenplays for the feature films Nothing But the Night (1972) and Warlords of Atlantis (1978). The novelisation of the latter by Paul Victor (Futura, 1978) included a preface by Hayles entitled 'The Thinking Behind Atlantis' in which he explained the origins of the film's central concepts. Hayles contributed to a BBC series called Slim John which was an English Language course taught via the medium of science fiction scenarios.

Hayles's final screenplay was for Arabian Adventure (1979), which he completed shortly before his death on 30 October 1978. The novelisation of the film by Keith Miles (Mirror Books, 1979) was dedicated to his memory.

title: Brian Hayles


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Servatius of Tongeren

Saint Servatius (Sint Servaas; Saint Servais; Sintervaos; Սուրբ Սերվատիոս Surb Servatios; died 13 May 384) was bishop of Tongeren (Latin: Atuatuca Tungrorum, the capital of the Tungri). Servatius is patron saint of the city of Maastricht and the towns of Schijndel and Grimbergen. He is one of the Ice Saints. His feast day is May 13.

History
A widely travelled diplomat and a determined opponent of Arianism, the presence of Servatius is recorded at several synods and church councils. In 343, Sarbatios - Greek texts rendering v as b - was present at the Council of Sardica (modern Sofia). In the debates, Servatius represented the Trinitarian view, which clashed with the Arian view of most Eastern bishops. According to Sulpicius Severus, Servatius again eloquently denounced Arianism at the Council of Rimini in 359.

When Athanasius, the leading opponent of Arianism, was exiled to Trier (in 336 or 343), he may have met with Servatius, because both men campaigned against Arian bishops and priests in the region.

According to a medieval legend, Servatius took part a Council of Cologne in 346, testifying that Euphrates, bishop of Cologne, "denied the divinity of Jesus Christ, this even happened in the presence of Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria". Euphrates was historically known as an opponent of Arianism and alongside Athanasius and Servatius took part in the Council of Sardica. The legend, compiled in Trier, probably aimed at reducing the status of the church of Cologne, with which Trier was in conflict over ecclesiastical predominance.

After co-emperor Constans had been assassinated in 350, Servatius was sent to the Roman emperor Constantius II in Edessa, the capital of Armenian Mesopotamia, as an envoy of the usurper Magnentius to represent the late Constans as an unworthy tyrant and oppressor, in the hope of obtaining Constantius's recognition of Magnentius as co-ruler. The mission failed and the resulting civil war ended with the death of Magnentius in 353. The mission can be seen as a sign of the high standing of Servatius.

Servatius and the Huns
An important source about the life of Saint Servatius, albeit not a contemporary source, is Gregory of Tours' Glory of the Confessors and History of the Franks. In his late 6th-century account, Gregory writes about Aravatius (identified by most scholars as Servatius), who was a bishop of Tongeren and died in Maastricht. According to the Frankish bishop and historian, Aravatius lived at the time when the Huns threatened Tongeren (5th century), which does not match the 4th-century dates of the synods mentioned above. It is not always clear how much of Gregory's account is history and how much is fiction. Gregory describes how Aravatius, during a vigil at Saint Peter's tomb in Rome, had a vision in which the destruction of Tongeren was forecast (because of their sinfulness). Peter then handed the Keys of Heaven to Aravatius, transferring to him the power to forgive sins. According to Gregory, Aravatius returned to Tongeren, brought the relics of his predecessors to Maastricht, where he died and was buried alongside the Roman road, near the bridge.

As a bishop, Servatius may have been the founder of several early Christian churches in the diocese of Tongeren. Two likely candidates are the Basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren and the Basilica of Our Lady in Maastricht. In the case of Tongeren, this traditional claim was supported by excavations in the 1980s, which revealed under the medieval church remains of a 4th-century church, possibly the original cathedral of the diocese. The origins of the Maastricht church of Our Lady remain uncertain, since no excavations have ever been carried out inside this church. In another Maastricht church however, the Basilica of Saint Servatius, excavations in the 1990s have revealed the remains of a 6th-century church (built by bishop Monulph and described by Gregory of Tours as a magnum templum), with at its center a late Roman structure, possibly the tomb of Servatius.

Legend
Over the centuries legends accumulated around the historical figure of the bishop of Tongeren. Two early vitae (biographies) place Servatius' birth in Armenia and make him a cousin of John the Baptist, and thus a distant relative of Jesus (neither were mentioned by Gregory of Tours).

Around 1075, the French priest Jocundus was commissioned by the chapter of Saint Servatius to write another Vita sancti Servatii. Jocundus is also the author of the Miracula sancti Servatii, a sequel to the vita, describing all the miracles that happened after Servatius' death. According to some historians, both works were composed to quell doubts about the genealogy of Servatius and his Armenian descent. These doubts had been raised at the Council of Mainz in 1049. When envoys from the Byzantine emperor arrived at the Council of Mainz, confirming accounts by a certain Alagrecus who had testified that Servatius was Armenian, and asserting that his birthplace was Fenuste, southeast of Damascus, this helped to erase some doubts but Servatius' kinship to Jesus was never confirmed by an official council.

At the end of the 12th century the poet Henric van Veldeke wrote a new legend of Saint Servatius, based on the earlier accounts by Gregory of Tours and Jocundus, to which he added several more miracles, thus emphasizing Saint Servatius' saintliness. The work is considered one of the earliest works of Dutch literature, even though it was written in Limburgish, the most divergent of the 4 major dialects that comprises Middle Dutch.

In the 17th century, the Bollandists tried to separate some of the facts and myths surrounding Servatius. They managed to calculate the exact date of his death (13 May 384), which for a long time was accepted as a historical fact.

In Maastricht
According to tradition the saint's remains are buried in the Basilica of Saint Servatius in Maastricht, where they lie in a crypt dating from the 6th century. His tomb has been a place of pilgrimage for many centuries. Famous visitors include Charlemagne, Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), Philip II of Spain and Pope John Paul II. In Maastricht, the Eastern Orthodox Church belonging to the Russian Exarchate of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is also dedicated to Saint Servatius. The Sint Servaasbrug, the oldest bridge over the river Meuse in Maastricht, was named after Saint Servatius. The name 'Servaas' was a popular given name in Maastricht and surroundings for many centuries.

The 12th-century gilded reliquary chest in the Basilica of Saint Servatius, containing the saint's relics, is a major work of Mosan art and became known as the 'Chest of Distress' (Dutch: Noodkist) as it was carried around town in times of distress. A pilgrimage with the relics of Saint Servatius and other saints takes place every seven years: the Maastricht Pilgrimage of the Relics (Dutch: Heiligdomsvaart). The Noodkist is normally kept in the Treasury of the Basilica of Saint Servatius, along with the so-called 'Servatiana' (objects that are associated with the saint, such as his pilgrim's staff, his crozier, his pectoral cross, his chalice, his paten and a symbolic key to heaven).

Elsewhere
Other historic churches in the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany were dedicated to the saint, e.g. the collegiate churches of Grimbergen Abbey and Quedlinburg Abbey. In the Quedlinburg Treasury important relics of Saint Servatius are kept. In many churches around the world, reliquaries, statues, stained glass windows, altar pieces and paintings of Servatius are revered. St. Servatius Church in Kampung Sawah, Indonesia received the relics of Servatius from Maastricht in its establishment date on October 6, 1996. Since then, highly infused by Betawi culture, the festival honoring the relics has been celebrated annually by the parishioners of the church.

A mid-15th-century wooden sculpture of Memelia (the ancestor linking Servatius to Jesus) with the infant Servatius in her arms (identifiable by the infant wearing a bishop's mitre) in the Vendsyssel Historiske Museum in Hjørring, Denmark, is iconographically so similar to sculptures of the Madonna and Child, that it was long misattributed.

In Sri Lanka, St. Servatius' College was built around 1897 by a Belgian priest, Father Augustus Standard, on the bank of the river Nilwala at Pallimulla, Matara.

References and sources

 * P. C. Boeren, Jocundus, biographe de saint Servais. Nijhoff, The Hague, 1972
 * L. Jongen Heinrich (ed.), and Kim Vivian, Richard H. Lawson and Ludo Jongen (transl.)The Life of Saint Servatius: A Dual-language Edition of the Middle Dutch 'legend of Saint Servatius' by Heinrich Von Veldeke and the Anonymous Upper German 'life of Saint Servatius'. Mellen Press, 2005, ISBN 0-7734-6063-2

title: Servatius of Tongeren


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2001 Wimbledon Championships

The 2001 Wimbledon Championships was a tennis tournament played on grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon, London in the United Kingdom, held from 25 June to 9 July 2001. It was the 115th edition of the Wimbledon Championships, part of the 2001 ATP and WTA Tours, and it was the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year.

The tournament was the first in Wimbledon's 124-year history in which 32 players in the men's and women's draws were seeded, instead of the usual sixteen. This move was made to appease clay court players who were unhappy with the traditional seeding system, which favoured grass court results over those of other surfaces.

Pete Sampras was unsuccessful in his defence of the men's singles title, losing in the fourth round to 19-year-old Roger Federer, who was then relatively unknown. Goran Ivanišević won the title, defeating 2000 runner-up Pat Rafter in the final in five sets. Ivanišević had previously been runner-up three times (1992, 1994 and 1998), but had fallen to number 125 in the world by 2001 and had only entered the 2001 tournament after being granted a wild card. Venus Williams successfully defended the women's singles title, beating 19-year-old Justine Henin in the final in three sets. Henin became the first Belgian player to reach a Wimbledon final. Top seed Martina Hingis was beaten by Virginia Ruano Pascual in the first round.

It was originally scheduled to end on 8 July 2001, but the semifinal match between Ivanišević and Tim Henman was played on three separate days due to rain, and that was extended to 9 July, causing the women's singles and women's doubles championships moved to Day 13.

Prize money
The total prize money for 2001 championships was £8,525,280. The winner of the men's title earned £500,000 while the women's singles champion earned £462,500.

 * per team

Men's singles
Goran Ivanišević defeated 🇦🇺 Patrick Rafter, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7
 * It was Ivanišević's 1st title of the year, and his 22nd (and last) overall. It was his only career Grand Slam title.
 * This was Ivanišević's fourth Wimbledon final and Rafter's second. Ivanišević became the first wild card, the first Croatian player, and the lowest ranked player in history (world No. 125) to claim the Wimbledon title. He was also the first Croatian male tennis player to win a Grand Slam final.

Women's singles
🇺🇸 Venus Williams defeated 🇧🇪 Justine Henin, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0
 * It was Williams' 3rd title of the year, and her 18th overall. It was her 3rd career Grand Slam title, and her 2nd at Wimbledon.
 * Henin became the first Belgian player (male or female) to reach the Wimbledon singles final.

Men's doubles
🇺🇸 Donald Johnson / 🇺🇸 Jared Palmer defeated 🇨🇿 Jiří Novák / 🇨🇿 David Rikl, 6–4, 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(8–6)

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond / 🇦🇺 Rennae Stubbs defeated 🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters / 🇯🇵 Ai Sugiyama, 6–4, 6–3

Mixed doubles
🇨🇿 Leoš Friedl / 🇸🇰 Daniela Hantuchová defeated 🇺🇸 Mike Bryan / Liezel Huber, 4–6, 6–3, 6–2

Boys' singles
Roman Valent defeated 🇱🇺 Gilles Müller, 3–6, 7–5, 6–3

Girls' singles
Angelique Widjaja defeated 🇷🇺 Dinara Safina, 6–4, 0–6, 7–5

Boys' doubles
🇨🇦 Frank Dancevic / 🇪🇨 Giovanni Lapentti defeated 🇲🇽 Bruno Echagaray / 🇲🇽 Santiago González, 6–1, 6–4

Girls' doubles
🇦🇷 Gisela Dulko / 🇺🇸 Ashley Harkleroad defeated 🇦🇺 Christina Horiatopoulos / 🇺🇸 Bethanie Mattek, 6–3, 6–1

Men's singles

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Pete Sampras (fourth round, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Andre Agassi (semifinals, lost to Pat Rafter)
 * 3) 🇦🇺 Patrick Rafter (final, lost to Goran Ivanišević)
 * 4) 🇷🇺 Marat Safin (quarterfinals, lost to Goran Ivanišević)
 * 5) 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt (fourth round, lost to Nicolas Escudé)
 * 6) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (semifinals, lost to Goran Ivanišević)
 * 7) 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov (third round, lost to Guillermo Cañas)
 * 8) 🇪🇸 Juan Carlos Ferrero (third round, lost to Greg Rusedski)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Sébastien Grosjean (third round, lost to Nicolas Escudé)
 * 10) 🇸🇪 Thomas Enqvist (quarterfinals, lost to Pat Rafter)
 * 11) 🇸🇪 Thomas Johansson (second round, lost to Andy Roddick)
 * 12) 🇺🇸 Jan-Michael Gambill (first round, lost to Chris Woodruff)
 * 13) 🇫🇷 Arnaud Clément (fourth round, lost to Marat Safin)
 * 14)  Wayne Ferreira (first round, lost to Andrei Stoliarov)
 * 15)  Roger Federer (quarterfinals, lost to Tim Henman)
 * 16) 🇧🇾 Vladimir Voltchkov (first round, lost to Mikhail Youzhny)
 * 17) 🇩🇪 Tommy Haas (first round, lost to Wayne Black)
 * 18) 🇸🇪 Magnus Norman (withdrew because of injury)
 * 19) 🇩🇪 Nicolas Kiefer (fourth round, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 20) 🇫🇷 Fabrice Santoro (third round, lost to Mikhail Youzhny)
 * 21) 🇪🇸 Carlos Moyá (second round, lost to Goran Ivanišević)
 * 22) 🇸🇰 Dominik Hrbatý (first round, lost to Raemon Sluiter)
 * 23) 🇺🇸 Todd Martin (fourth round, lost to Tim Henman)
 * 24) 🇫🇷 Nicolas Escudé (quarterfinals, lost to Andre Agassi)
 * 25) 🇪🇸 Albert Portas (first round, lost to Davide Sanguinetti)
 * 26)  Sjeng Schalken (third round, lost to Tim Henman)
 * 27) 🇲🇦 Hicham Arazi (third round, lost to Pat Rafter)
 * 28) 🇦🇷 Franco Squillari (first round, lost to Andreas Vinciguerra)
 * 29) 🇦🇷 Guillermo Coria (first round, lost to Fernando Meligeni)
 * 30) 🇪🇨 Nicolás Lapentti (withdrew because of injury)
 * 31) 🇪🇸 Alberto Martín (first round, lost to Byron Black)
 * 32) 🇦🇷 Gastón Gaudio (first round, lost to Guillermo Cañas)
 * 33) 🇸🇪 Jonas Björkman (third round, lost to Roger Federer)
 * 34) 🇮🇱 Harel Levy (first round, lost to Tommy Robredo)

Women's singles

 * 1)  Martina Hingis (first round, lost to Virginia Ruano Pascual)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Venus Williams (champion)
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport (semifinals, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Jennifer Capriati (semifinals, lost to Justine Henin)
 * 5) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (quarterfinals, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 6) 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo (third round, lost to Tamarine Tanasugarn)
 * 7) 🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters (quarterfinals, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 8) 🇧🇪 Justine Henin (final, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Nathalie Tauziat (quarterfinals, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 10) 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva (third round, lost to Anke Huber)
 * 11)  Amanda Coetzer (third round, lost to Meghann Shaughnessy)
 * 12) 🇧🇬 Magdalena Maleeva (fourth round, lost to Serena Williams)
 * 13) 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (second round, lost to Lilia Osterloh)
 * 14)  Jelena Dokić (fourth round, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 15) 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud (fourth round, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 16) 🇮🇹 Silvia Farina Elia (third round, lost to Nadia Petrova)
 * 17) 🇺🇸 Meghann Shaughnessy (fourth round, lost to Kim Clijsters)
 * 18) 🇩🇪 Anke Huber (fourth round, lost to Justine Henin)
 * 19) 🇪🇸 Conchita Martínez (quarterfinals, lost to Justine Henin)
 * 20) 🇺🇸 Amy Frazier (third round, lost to Magdalena Maleeva)
 * 21) 🇦🇹 Barbara Schett (third round, lost to Jelena Dokić)
 * 22) 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez (first round, lost to Anastasia Myskina)
 * 23) 🇪🇸 Magüi Serna (first round, lost to Nadia Petrova)
 * 24) 🇸🇰 Henrieta Nagyová (first round, lost to Adriana Serra Zanetti)
 * 25) 🇺🇸 Chanda Rubin (first round, lost to Barbara Schwartz)
 * 26) 🇱🇺 Anne Kremer (first round, lost to Kristina Brandi)
 * 27) 🇪🇸 Ángeles Montolio (third round, lost to Kim Clijsters)
 * 28) 🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond (third round, lost to Justine Henin)
 * 29) 🇷🇺 Elena Likhovtseva (third round, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 30)  Patty Schnyder (third round, lost to Lindsay Davenport)
 * 31) 🇹🇭 Tamarine Tanasugarn (fourth round, lost to Nathalie Tauziat)
 * 32) 🇷🇺 Tatiana Panova (third round, lost to Jennifer Capriati)

title: 2001 Wimbledon Championships


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Francis Campbell Bell

Francis Campbell Bell (May 31, 1892 in Clearwater, Manitoba – May 10, 1968 ) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1936 to 1958 as a Liberal-Progressive Member of the Legislative Assembly, and was a cabinet minister in the government of Douglas Campbell.

The son of Thomas Bell and Annie Edith Reynolds, Bell was educated in Clearwater and was hired by the Union Bank after he completed his schooling. He served overseas with the Canadian military for three years. In 1916, he married Eva Wright Rumbal. After his return, Bell became a bank manager at Rosebank. He was transferred to McAuley after a few months. He served as a secretary-treasurer for the Rural Municipality of Archie.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1936 provincial election, defeating Conservative candidate W.C. Wroth by only twenty-seven votes in the rural constituency of Birtle. He defeated Wroth by a greater margin in the 1941 election, and was returned without difficulty in the elections of 1945 and 1953. In the 1949 election, Bell was elected without opposition.

After serving as a backbencher for over twelve years, Bell was appointed to cabinet on December 14, 1948 as Douglas Campbell's Minister of Agriculture. He served in this capacity until November 7, 1952, when he was named Minister of Health and Public Welfare. Further cabinet shuffles saw him named as Minister of Public Works (January 25, 1955) and Minister of Mines and Natural Resources (July 6, 1956). Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation leader Lloyd Stinson once described him as "competent but unspectacular".

The Liberal-Progressives were defeated in the 1958 election, and Bell lost to Progressive Conservative candidate John Thompson by 1,273 votes in the redistributed constituency of Virden. He formally resigned from cabinet on June 30, 1958.

His brother James R. Bell was a provincial livestock commissioner and later served as deputy minister of agriculture.

Bell died in Winnipeg at the age of 76.

title: Francis Campbell Bell


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Nicolaas Beets

Nicolaas Beets (13 September 1814 – 13 March 1903) was a Dutch theologian, writer and poet. He published also under the pseudonym Hildebrand.

Life
Nicolaas Beets was born in Haarlem, the son of a pharmacist. From 1833 till 1839 he studied theology at the university of Leiden where he received his doctorate.

In 1840 he became a minister at the Dutch Reformed Church in Heemstede. In 1848 he became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, when that became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1851 he joined as member. In 1854 he moved to Utrecht where from 1874 till 1884 he was a professor in church history at the University of Utrecht.

He wrote prose, poetry and sermons. As a poet, Beets came under the influence of Byronism.

His most famous work is Camera Obscura, which he wrote under his pseudonym during his student years. Of his poems, "De moerbeitoppen ruischten" is well-known and popular; it is heavily anthologized, and even called "immortal" by one critic.

The archive of Nicolaas Beets is available at Leiden University Library and digitally accessible through Digital Collections.

Personal life

In 1840 he married Aleida van Foreest, granddaughter of Johannes Hendricus van der Palm, with whom he had 9 children. In 1859 he remarried with Jacoba Elisabeth, a sister of Aleida, with whom he had another 6 children. Beets had a sister, Dora Beets, who was also a writer.

Beets died of a brain haemorrhage at age 88, in Utrecht.

title: Nicolaas Beets


text:
Talk:Rule of four

Move request
I don't see why the "The" is important; according to Wikipedia style, even the White House doesn't get a "the". See precedent set by Rule of Three, also (although in that case, there is also some spurious capitalization).

I would move the page myself, but I'm not a lawyer and maybe someone has a good reason to keep the "The" in the title of this page. Any takers?
 * I vote Move. --Quuxplusone 20:10, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree - fits with WP policy, and I don't think this is a controversial move. sjorford →•←
 * Support move to make inline linking easier. Jonathunder 03:57, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 23:28, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rule of four


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Nathaniel Culverwell

Nathaniel Culverwell (alternative spellings Nathanael or Culverwel; 1619–1651) was an English author and theologian, born in Middlesex. He was baptized on 14 January 1619 at the church of St. Margaret Moses where his father was rector. He was the second of six children of Richard and Margaret (Horton) Culverwell.

A student (admitted 1633) and later a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, he was associated with members of the Cambridge Platonists group.

Works

 * Spiritual Optics, or a Glass Discovering the Weakness and Imperfection of a Christian's Knowledge in this Life, 1651
 * An Elegant and Learned Discourse of the Light of Nature, 1652 – His best-known work, this was originally delivered as a series of lectures in 1645–1646, and attempted mediation between reason and faith, via natural law, in the context of the opposing religious stances of the English Civil War.
 * Worth of Souls
 * The Schisme
 * Act of Oblivion
 * Child's Return
 * Panting Soul
 * Mount Ebal
 * White Stone

title: Nathaniel Culverwell


text: User talk:82.32.12.106

title: User talk:82.32.12.106


text:
User talk:Arend Smilde~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
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The article you created at Reflections on the Psalms has been deleted because it did not meet our criteria for inclusion. In particular, a single external link is not acceptable content for an article. JRM · Talk 20:12, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Arend Smilde. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Arend Smilde~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:10, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arend Smilde~enwiki


text:
California State Route 80

Three highways in the U.S. state of California have been signed as Route 80:
 * I-80 (CA).svgCalifornia 80.svg Interstate 80 in California, part of the Interstate Highway System, with the westernmost segment being a state highway.
 * Business Loop 80 (CA).svg Interstate 80 Business (Sacramento, California)
 * US 80 (1961 cutout).svg U.S. Route 80 in California (1928-1964)

title: California State Route 80