text:
Birgitta

Birgitta is the Swedish and Icelandic form of the Irish Gaelic female name Brighid. Brighid or Brigid was the name of an ancient Celtic goddess, and its English form is Bridget. Birgitta and its alternate forms Birgit and Britta became common names in Scandinavia because of St. Bridget of Sweden.

People named Birgitta

 * Birgitta Dahl (born 1937), retired Swedish politician
 * Bridget of Sweden (c. 1303 – 23 July 1373), Swedish Roman Catholic saint
 * Princess Birgitta of Sweden (born 1937), elder sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf
 * Birgitta Durell (1619-1683), Swedish industrialist
 * Birgitta Jónsdóttir (born 1967), Icelandic politician
 * Birgithe Kühle (1762-1832), Dano-Norwegian editor
 * Birgitta Moran Farmer (1881–1939), American miniature painter
 * Birgitta Haukdal (born 1979), Icelandic singer
 * Birgitte Winther (1751–1809), Danish opera singer
 * Birgitta Hillingsø (born 1940), Danish antiques dealer and godmother of Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark

title: Birgitta


text:
Ladies of the Chorus

Ladies of the Chorus is a 1948 American musical romance film directed by Phil Karlson and starring Adele Jergens, Marilyn Monroe and Rand Brooks. The screenplay, written by Harry Sauber and Joseph Carole, was based on a story by Sauber.

Released by Columbia Pictures, Ladies of the Chorus features Marilyn Monroe in the first major role of her career. Considered a B film at the time of its release, it quickly disappeared from theaters, and Monroe's contract with Columbia was not renewed.

Upon the film's original theatrical release, Adele Jergens was credited first while Marilyn Monroe was billed second. After Monroe became a star in the early 1950s, Ladies of the Chorus was reissued to capitalize on Monroe's fame. Her name was placed before the title, not only in advertising but in the opening credits of the film itself.

Plot
Peggy Martin and her mother Mae both work as burlesque chorus girls. After star Bubbles LaRue quits, stage manager Joe asks Mae to perform a special number, but Mae secretly arranges for Peggy to take the opportunity. Peggy's performance is so good that she is offered the starring spot.

One evening, Randy Carroll, a member of a wealthy society family in Cleveland, is brought to a performance by friends and becomes enamored of Peggy. Learning that Peggy generally does not accept dates because her mother disapproves, Randy adopts a subtle strategy. Every night, he sends Peggy an orchid, but does not sign the card. Curious about her secret admirer, Peggy asks the florist for the sender's identity. When the florist tells her that the man is due to arrive at any moment, Peggy waits for him. After they finally meet, Randy asks Peggy to dinner and she accepts, but she first invites him to meet her mother. Randy is surprised to learn that Mae is also a dancer, but he asks her to join them for dinner. Mae declines, but waits anxiously for Peggy to return home. When Peggy appears, she excitedly informs Mae that Randy has proposed marriage.

The next day, when Randy asks Mae for her consent, she warns him that there is a class difference between him and Peggy. In response to Randy's indifference, Mae recounts the story of her marriage to a Boston socialite, Peggy's father. After their marriage, her husband's family was horrified to learn how she made her living and had the marriage annulled. Randy protests that people are more broadminded now than they were in her day, and Mae agrees to the marriage on the condition that Randy tells his mother about Peggy's profession beforehand.

Randy fails to summon the courage to tell his mother Adele about Peggy's profession. Adele is delighted that Randy has fallen in love and invites Mae and Peggy for a visit. Adele plans a lavish engagement party for all of their friends, including Mae's old friend Billy Mackay, a retired burlesque comic who has loved Mae for years. At the party, the trio of musicians that Adele has hired to entertain recognize Peggy and ask her to sing, addressing her as "Peggy, the Queen of Burlesque" in front of all of the guests. The guests are scandalized, and feeling snubbed, Peggy and Mae attempt to leave, but Adele stops them, declaring that if they run away it will only make things worse.

Adele asks Billy to help her sing a song with the trio. Later, she announces to her shocked friends that she too had been a chorus girl. Billy secretly tells Mae that Adele had concocted the story to help Randy and Peggy. As Randy and Peggy embrace, Adele persuades Billy and Mae to make it a double wedding.

Cast

 * Adele Jergens as Mae Martin
 * Marilyn Monroe as Peggy Martin
 * Rand Brooks as Randy Carroll
 * Nana Bryant as Mrs. Adele Carroll
 * Eddie Garr as Billy Mackay
 * Steven Geray as Salisbury
 * The Bobby True Trio as Trio Musicians
 * Kathleen O'Malley as Nita
 * Dave Barry as Ripple the Decorator (uncredited)

Soundtrack
Five of songs featured in the film were written by Lester Lee and Allan Roberts. The song "Ubangi Love Song" performed by the Bobby True Trio was written by Buck Ram.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ladies of the Chorus


text:
Missisquoi River

The Missisquoi River is a transboundary river of the east shore of Lake Champlain (via Missisquoi Bay), approximately 80 mi long, in northern Vermont in the United States and southern Quebec in Canada.

It drains a rural area of the northern Green Mountains along the Canada–US border northeast of Lake Champlain, and an area of Quebec's Eastern Townships. The South Branch rises in Vermont and runs generally from southeast to northwest; the North Branch rises in Lake d'Argent in Eastman, Quebec, and runs from north to south. The North Branch and the South Branch join at Highwater, Quebec, just downriver from North Troy, Vermont. The river then runs in Quebec for approximately 15 mi, re-entering Vermont at Richford and thence to Lake Champlain's Missisquoi Bay.

Etymology
According to US Natural Resources Conservation Service, Missisquoi Soil – Missisquoi is derived from the Abenaki word masipskoik, which means "where there is flint" or "where flint is". The name originates from an Abenaki chert quarry located near Missisquoi Bay on Lake Champlain.

However, according to the "Commission de toponymie du Québec" (Quebec board of place names), the term "missisquoi" in Abenaki means "multitudes of water birds", which takes on this river all its meaning. The traditional indigenous variant of this toponym is "Wazowategok", meaning "to the river that turns around".

The toponym "Rivière Missisquoi" was formalized on December 5, 1968 at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

Course
The Missisquoi River rises in western Orleans County, Vermont, northwest of Lowell, Vermont, at an altitude of 247 m. This source is located next to Route 58 and adjacent to Belvidere Mountain. This source proves to be the continuity of the Burgess Branch (coming from the southwest).

From its source, the Missisquoi River flows over 117.3 km, with a drop of 218 m, according to the following segments:

Upper course (in Vermont) (segment of 34.7 km, with a drop of 87 m)

 * 1.1 km towards the north-east, by collecting the East Branch Missisquoi River (coming from the south-east), then by forming a hook towards the north-west and branches off towards the west at the end of the segment, up to the McAllister Pond outlet (coming from the northwest);
 * 3.1 km first towards the north, then towards the north-east by forming a loop towards the north, followed by a mouth towards the south, then curve towards the east, collecting the discharge (coming from the south) from two lakes, to Le Clair Brook (coming from the east);
 * 3.2 km to the north by collecting the Snider Brook (coming from the northwest) where the course of the river enters the "Missisquoi & Trout Wild and Scenic River", crossing Route 100, to Mineral Spring Brook (coming from the southeast). Note: This natural park formed by numerous marsh areas continues on each side of the Missisquoi River, up to the Canada-US border;
 * 9.7 km first towards the east, then branching north after having made a loop towards the east, collecting the Lilly Branch (coming from the east) and the Taft Brook ( coming from the southwest), forming a loop towards the northwest, then moving towards the northeast to collect the Beetle Brook (coming from the southeast), up to route 100;
 * 6.4 km towards the north by collecting a stream (coming from the east), by forming some serpentines and by collecting the Buybee Brook (coming from the west), up to the discharge of Jay Branch (from the west);
 * 8.0 km towards the north by forming some serpentines, then curving towards the west and finally towards the north, until route 105;
 * 3.2 km towards the north by cutting the railway, bending towards the east, then branching out towards the west by forming a few streamers along the border, up to the Canada-US border.

In upper course, Missisquoi River flows north past Troy and North Troy, crosses Big Falls State Park and the village of Lowell.

Intermediate course (in Quebec) (segment of 24.1 km, with a drop of 10 m)

 * 7.6 km towards the north-west, forming a large detour to collect the Mud stream (coming from the north) and some areas of streamers, passing in front of the village of Highwater where it passes under the road bridge, to the confluence of the Missisquoi River North (coming from the north);
 * 7.3 km to the west by forming six curves to the north and a loop to the south, collecting the Ruiter stream (coming from the north), up to the Brock River (from the northwest);
 * 9.2 km to the southwest by collecting the Dufour stream (coming from the south-east), the Courser stream (coming from the northwest) and the Davis stream (coming from the northwest), up to the Canada-US border. Note: In this segment, the river flows through Mansonville, Dunkin and the hamlet of Glen Sutton (Sutton).

Lower course (in Vermont) (segment of 58.5 km, with a drop of 122 m)

 * 15.4 km south-west in Franklin County, collecting the discharge (coming from the north) from Lac à Jenne, the Lucas Brook (from the southeast), Mountain Brook (from the southeast), Stanhope Brook (from the southeast), Whittaker Brook (from the south), to the confluence of the North Branch Missisquoi River (designated Sutton River in Quebec) (coming from the north);
 * 5.8 km to the south collecting the Loveland Brook (coming from the south-east) and the outlet of Guillmettes Pond (coming from the east), to the confluence of the Trout River (coming from the south);
 * 15.3 km to the southwest by collecting the Trout Brook (coming from the north), the Tyler Branch (coming from the southeast), the Goodsell Brook (coming from the south), the Morrow Brook (from the southeast) to Black Creek (from the south);
 * 11.3 km westwards bending northwards to Interstate 89;
 * 10.7 km towards the northwest by forming a loop towards the south to bypass Swanton, until its mouth.

It flows west through northern Franklin County approximately 10 mi south of the Canada–US border, past the small communities of Richford, East Berkshire, Enosburg Falls, and Sheldon Springs. On the west side of Interstate 89 in northwestern Franklin County, it turns to the north, passing through Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge in its lower 5 mi before entering the south end of Missisquoi Bay, an arm of Lake Champlain that straddles the Canada-Vermont border. In the last segment of 5.6 km (ie from Dead Creek) in Swanton, the Missisquoi River crosses a large area of marsh located on a peninsula (stretching over 4.2 km) westwards and having a width of 7.2 km).

Tributaries
Named tributaries in Vermont are: Taft Brook in Westfield, Beetle Brook in Troy, Jay Brook in Jay, Stanhope Brook in Richford, the Trout River in Montgomery, Tyler Branch in Enosburg, Black Creek in Sheldon and Fairfield, and Hungerford Brook in Swanton and Highgate.

History
The Abenaki people used the river as a canoe route between the Lake Champlain drainage and the Saint-François River drainage. The river supports canoe traffic from Lake Champlain to Mansonville, Quebec, where there is a falls. From there, an ancient portage (carrying place) runs 6 mi to Perkins Landing on Lake Memphremagog. Abenaki groups met seasonally on the bluffs at Eagle Point in Newport, Vermont, to catch and dry whitefish.

The Missisquoi Valley was among the first areas of Southern Quebec's Eastern Townships to be settled by Loyalist refugees, who came upriver from camps on Missisquoi Bay.

In September 2008 the government of the United States approved a bill to study the Missisquoi and Trout rivers for potential designation as Wild and Scenic Rivers. It passed the House with bi-partisan support, and the rivers could potentially receive permanent protection in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. River sections being considered for Wild and Scenic designation are as follows:

 * 25 mi of the upper Missisquoi, Franklin County, including Enosburg, Berkshire and Richford
 * 25 mi of the upper Missisquoi, Orleans County, including Troy, Westfield, Jay and Lowell
 * 20 mi of the Trout River, Franklin County, including Berkshire and Montgomery

A Study Committee composed of local appointees and partner organizations has been evaluating the Wild and Scenic Designation of the upper Missisquoi and Trout rivers. The group's mission is to facilitate the transfer of information among the ten communities through which the rivers flow - Berkshire, Town of Enosburgh, Village of Enosburg Falls, Jay, Lowell, Montgomery, Village of North Troy, Richford, Westfield, and the Town of Troy, and evaluate the potential benefits of the Wild & Scenic designation. At the end of the study in 2012, the committee is scheduled to provide an assessment as to whether the rivers fit designation criteria and whether designation is supported, and make recommendations of voluntary strategies for protection of the rivers' resources.

As a result of the National Park Service and Study Committee recommendation, 46.1 miles of the Missisquoi River and Trout River were added to the National Wild and Scenic River System on December 19, 2014.

Cross-border valley bridge
The Valley Bridge spans the Missisquoi River on a north-west/south-east axis. This bridge is located on the Canada-US border, between the two customs posts.

The northwest part of this bridge is located in the town of Sutton, near the hamlet of Glen Sutton, in Quebec. The other end of the bridge is located in the municipality of Richford, in the state of Vermont in the United States, near the hamlet of East Richford. This bridge serves sector residents and vacationers transiting between Canada and the United States. This triangular metal beam bridge has two spans: one of 16 m and the other of 46.5 meters.

According to a souvenir plaque affixed at each end of the bridge, the manufacturer of the metal superstructure of the Vallée bridge is the American company Pittsburg Des Moines Steel Co. The substructure was built by Cenedella & Compagny, from Milford to Massachusetts. Construction contracts had been awarded in 1929. This bridge has been listed since 1990 in the National Register of Historic Places in the United States. This metal bridge replaces the old concrete bridge destroyed by the November 1927 flood.

Natural history
In 2016, about 60% of male smallmouth bass bore eggs (androgyny). Pollution from farmland runoff, containing the weedkiller atrazine is a possible suspect.

title: Missisquoi River


text:
Talk:Alan Smithee

Untitled
Can anyone verify the existence of "Columbine! A Musical Adventure"? I googled and looked around, wondering what the hell that might be, and got no results. If not, perhaps it should be removed? Lateralus1587 00:18, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

On E! they told that by re-arranging Alan Smithee you can get "The Alias Men". So someone more experience wikipeder please edit it. I find it annoying when my stuff is removed even though it is very useful information in many articles.
 * It's not. It's what we call "trivia". Mentioning this fact in the intro is particularly misleading, since the name wasn't coined as an anagram to begin with, and putting it in a prominent place does make it appear that way. "Alan Smithee" is also an anagram of "Asian helmet"—I guess we can't put that in because it's not appropriate in a funny way? JRM · Talk 14:42, 2005 Jun 18 (UTC)

Simpsons Link
Original :

In the episode "D'oh-in In the Wind" of the TV show The Simpsons, at the end of a short film directed by Mr. Burns, it reads "An Alan Smithee Film".

Comment :

The wiki simpsons page does not mention this fact and to my knowledge this episode does not contain a film sequence by Mr Burns. I can't think which episode it would appear in.

According to one of the best Simpson's archive sites, there is a movie produced by Mr. Burns that appears in this episode. It is his nuclear power promo film. Episode AABF02 24.252.27.152 03:45, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes the directed was not keen on being associated with Mr Burns therefore he chose the name Alan Smithee — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:908:191:5FA0:D981:E480:5B35:78F0 (talk) 09:40, 26 December 2017 (UTC)

Cleanup?
Can anyone explain to a Wikipedia newb why the trivia section here requires cleanup? It looks okay to me. Tarkaan 15:51, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Because it's a trivia section. - Jason A. Quest (talk) 17:02, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Semi-Protection
A request for this pages's semi-protection has been sent. -- Ryan  I'm Back! 13:40, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh! It was fully protected! Thank you!!! now to go lay down and let my aching hand rest. -- Ryan  I'm Back! 13:42, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

 * For an update, a local radio show in virginia, Tommy & Rumble, while on the air issued a challenge for its listeners to deface this article. That is why there was a massive influx of vandalism. -- Chrislk02 (Chris Kreider) 14:37, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Discontinued
In the discussion of An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn, it says that "the film's creation set off a chain of events which would lead the Directors Guild of America to officially discontinue the Alan Smithee credit in 1999." I think this article is incomplete without a discussion of this. I did some Google searching but did not find a primary source... I did find this link, http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/al/Alan_Smithee, which claims that "The publicity around this movie [...] made the Directors Guild decide to discontinue using the Alan Smithee credit." and "After this, the Guild decided to choose a pseudonym for each case separately, rather than use Alan Smithee or some replacement all the time." Someone with knowledge of how the DGA works, please edit this article. Steveha (talk) 06:20, 22 December 2008 (UTC)
 * That page is based on this very Wikipedia article, so it's useless as a source. I've found an L.A.Times article that serves as a reliable source for some details. - Jason A. Quest (talk) 02:17, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Fictional examples
Alan Smithee sightings can get a bit metaficitional (e.g. Burn Hollywood), but that's no excuse for including fictional examples in this article. A TV episode in which a character uses the pseudonym is not a real example; it's just a story. To be listed in this article, it has to be a real person whose gets credited as "Smithee" in a real piece of entertainment. -Jason A. Quest (talk) 18:32, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

"The Indiscreet Mrs. Jarvis"
This TV episode predates the creation of the standard by 13 years. The best explanation I've seen is that when they were preparing it for a VHS release, they couldn't figure out who the director was so they slapped "Alan Smithee" on there. Either that or there really was an Alan Smithee. I suspect the former. Worth including?

http://www.amazon.com/Indiscreet-Mrs-Jarvis-Angela-Lansbury/dp/6302499496

http://variety.com/1997/film/news/alan-smithee-please-stand-up-1116677774/

- Richfife (talk) 20:33, 25 November 2014 (UTC)

Modified versions and other aliases
Under the level3 heading "Modified versions" there were three films where "disowned" credits were assigned to "Sam O. Brown", "Judas Booth", and "Jan Jensen", which are not modifications of "Alan Smithee" but completely different names. Worse, nine more films were listed under the same heading with little or no indication of having different aliases. I'm moving "Smithee" films out of the subsection and renaming it "Other aliases", but keeping the previous title as an anchor to preserve any links to it.

To discuss this with me, please me. Thnidu (talk) 19:10, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100723235256/http://www.iafd.com:80/person.rme/perfid=alansmithee/gender=d/alan-smithee.htm to http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=AlanSmithee/gender=d/Alan-Smithee.htm

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An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn
Just reverted edit excluding An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn from the list of Alan Smithee films. It's not a joke and is not there on the basis of the title and plot, if Arthur Hillier had directed any anonymous film in 1998 and had his credit removed in favour of Alan Smithee it would be listed. The fact this "comedy" is about such a situation doesn't mean it should be excluded. MartinSFSA (talk) 02:52, 2 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alan Smithee


text:
Panty raid

A panty raid was an American college prank of the 1940s, the 1950s, and the 1960s in which groups of male students would attempt to invade the living quarters of female students and steal their panties as trophies. The term dates back to February 1949.

History
Panty raids were the first college craze after World War II, following 1930s crazes of goldfish swallowing, and of stuffing numbers of people into a phone booth. The mock battles that ensued between male and female students echoed the riotous battles between freshmen and upperclassmen, which were an annual ritual at many colleges in the 20th century.

The first documented incident occurred on February 25, 1949, at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois. Around 125 men entered the Woman's Building; the first party entered through heating tunnels beneath the building. Once inside, they unlocked the door for the remaining raiders to enter, locked the house mother in her apartment, and cut the light and phone lines. Although a few women reported missing undergarments, the goal was to cause commotion. The police arrived, and although no pranksters were charged, the news traveled, making headlines in the Chicago Tribune, Stars and Stripes, Time magazine, and The New York Times.

The next incident was on March 21, 1952, when University of Michigan students raided a dormitory, creating publicity that would spark panty raids across the nation. Penn State's first raid involved 2,000 males marching on the women's dorms on April 8, 1952, cheered on by the women, who opened doors and windows and tossed out lingerie. A May 1952 article in the Technique, Georgia Tech's student newspaper, reported that about 20 colleges had experienced panty raids, including several in the southeastern United States, such as Emory University, the University of Georgia, the University of Miami, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. By the end of the 1952 spring term the "epidemic" had spread to 52 campuses.

Students at Columbia College and Stephens College fought off groups totaling two thousand men from the University of Missouri.

Raiding continued, such as the raid by Princeton University men on Westminster Choir College in spring 1953. The University of Nebraska was credited with the first panty raid of 1955, when hundreds raided the women's dorms, resulting in injuries and seven suspensions. The University of California, Berkeley, had a 3,000-man panty raid in May 1956, which resulted in $10,000 in damage. At the University of Michigan, panty raids were associated with fall football pep rallies in addition to being a spring ritual in the 1950s and early 1960s.

The spring ritual continued into the 1960s. In 1961, three students were expelled from the University of Mississippi at Oxford, Mississippi for panty raids.

In popular culture

 * A panty raid was also depicted in the episode "Mid-Life Crustacean" from the television show SpongeBob SquarePants. Originally aired on Nickelodeon in 2003, the episode was discontinued by the network in 2018 and later made unavailable for streaming on Amazon Prime Video and Paramount+, the latter of which acts as the service for Nickelodeon parent Paramount Global. While inappropriate content was given as the cause of its embargo, a specific scene was never identified. However, Petey Oneto of IGN surmises that the panty raid is the scene in question.

 * A panty raid was also shown in the eleventh episode of the seventh season of "Married With Children".
 * The 1984 movie, "Revenge of the Nerds" depicted a panty raid.

title: Panty raid


text:
Upper Hudson River Railroad

The Upper Hudson River Railroad was a heritage railroad that operated from 1999 to 2010 in the upper Hudson River in New York State's Adirondack Mountains.

Primary motive power consisted of Southwind Rail Travel Limited ex-Delaware & Hudson locomotive No. 5019.

History
The Upper Hudson River Railroad uses the Adirondack Railway line built by Thomas C. Durant in 1871 to North Creek. North Creek station is where Theodore Roosevelt learned he was to become president of the United States of America after President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901.

During World War II, magnetite, ilmenite, and titanium were shipped by rail from Tahawus by the Delaware and Hudson Railway (D&H). The D&H, which acquired the Adirondack Line from William West Durant in 1889, ran through this region until 1989 when the mine at Tahawus closed. The D&H last operated Monday through Saturday scheduled passenger service in the 1950s; reduced to summer service by the mid-1950s. Regular service having entirely ended by 1957, with only freight service remaining.

In 1998 the right of way was purchased by Warren County with plans to operate an excursion train to improve tourism and economic development in the area. In 1999, the Upper Hudson River Railroad was formed and introduced an excursion train that ran 8.5 mi south from North Creek to Riverside Station in Riparius.

The track from Riverside Station 40 mi south to Hadley was rebuilt by 2007. The Upper Hudson River Railroad celebrated its tenth year with a run, dubbed "40 Miler", that started at the 96 ft high trestle in Hadley and ended at the restored 90 ft turntable in North Creek. The 2007 season included excursions to 1000 acre Ranch, the 40 miler to Hadley, and a Payroll Robbery. Various actors playing the roles of clowns, hobos, and a musician/storyteller join the excursions.

End of operations
The Upper Hudson River Railroad lost their contract with Warren County on December 31, 2010. On April 8, 2011, it was announced that Iowa Pacific Holdings would take over operation of the route effective July 1, 2011. As part of the agreement, the Iowa Pacific agreed to operate a minimum of 182 tourist-oriented passenger trains over the line. Iowa Pacific began operating trains on July 12, 2011 as the Saratoga and North Creek Railroad. Unlike the Upper Hudson River Railroad, the Saratoga and North Creek operates over the entire 57 mi distance between the Upper Hudson River Railroad's former terminal in North Creek and the station in Saratoga Springs, which allows connections with Amtrak's Adirondack and Ethan Allen Express services.

An article dated May 14, 2012 in the Post Star titled Federal board OKs rail freight line between North Creek and Newcomb stated, "The operator of the Saratoga & North Creek Railway can move forward with plans to reopen the Tahawus rail line between North Creek and Newcomb and offer freight service, U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N.Y., announced Monday. The federal Surface Transportation Board on Monday approved a request for 'common carrier' status on the line, which allows Iowa Pacific Holdings, the rail line operator, to reopen the line." This action will result in freight traffic running over the former UHRR line.

Stations

 * North Creek – North Creek, New York
 * Riverside Station – Riparius, New York (NRHP)

title: Upper Hudson River Railroad


text:
User:Thryduulf/Contact

 * The information on this page is not multi-licensed to the public domain.

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If your message is unsuitable for my talk page or unrelated to Wikipedia, or you are unable to add a message there, for whatever reason, you should send me an email. A good rule of thumb for whether a message is suitable for a talk page or not is to note that it is publicly readable. If you would be uncomfortable with someone leaving the same message for you where anybody can read it, then consider whether you should say it at all. If the answer is yes, then send me an email. Otherwise leave a message on my Talk page.

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Emails to me individually If you do need to contact me individually, then using special:EmailUser/Thryduulf is best. If that doesn't work then emailing will usually get the quickest response.

title: User:Thryduulf/Contact


text:
Marvel Games

Marvel Games is the licensing and publishing brand for video games based on Marvel properties, and is also the video game division of Disney Interactive. Before the incorporation of Marvel Games, video games based on Marvel properties released between 1982 and 1985 were handled by Marvel Comics Group, with Marvel video games from 1986 to 1998 being handled by Marvel Entertainment Group, while video games based on Marvel properties prior to the incorporation of Marvel Games were handled directly by Marvel Enterprises.

History
Established in March 2009, the label handles the licensing of Marvel intellectual properties to video game developers and publishers. After The Walt Disney Company acquisition of Marvel Entertainment later that year, Marvel Games assets were integrated into Disney Interactive, while the division itself remained under Marvel Entertainment.

The Marvel Games branding was revived after Disney discontinued their interactive media business, as a first party developer and publisher by shutting down Disney Interactive Studios, opting to license their intellectual properties for video games instead. Since then, Marvel Games has been involved with publishing and distribution of all Marvel related video games with third parties.

title: Marvel Games


text: Talk:ICOE

title: Talk:ICOE


text:
Round Rock Independent School District

Round Rock Independent School District (RRISD) is a school district headquartered in the city of Round Rock, Texas, United States. As of 2022, the school district serves over 48,000 students, prekindergarten through grade 12.

District boundaries are approximately 110 sqmi and include 56 schools that serve students in southern Williamson County, northwest Travis County, the city of Round Rock and portions of the cities of Austin and Cedar Park.

Student enrollment for the 2023–2024 school year is 47,225. Round Rock ISD employs approximately 6,340 employees.

History
On May 17, 1913, the Williamson County government approved incorporation of Williamson County Common School District #19, forming RRISD. Originally, the district consisted of only two schools.

Public schools of choice
Round Rock ISD public schools of choice provides students access to innovative programming that engages and taps into their specific interests, aspirations and preferred learning styles.

High schools

 * Cedar Ridge High School (CRHS)
 * Success High School (SHS), a Round Rock ISD public school of choice
 * Early College High School (ECHS), a Round Rock ISD public school of choice that provides students with up to 60 college credit hours towards a bachelor's degree
 * McNeil High School (MHS), a Capital Area Regional Day School for the Deaf (9-12).
 * Round Rock High School (RRHS)
 * Stony Point High School (SPHS), a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Diploma Program
 * Westwood High School (WHS), a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Diploma Program

Middle schools

 * C.D. Fulkes Middle School
 * Canyon Vista Middle School
 * Cedar Valley Middle School
 * Chisholm Trail Middle School
 * Deerpark Middle School and Capital Area Regional Day School for the Deaf (6-8)
 * Grisham Middle School, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Secondary Years Program School
 * Hernandez Middle School, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Secondary Years Program School
 * Hopewell Middle School
 * Pearson Ranch Middle School
 * Ridgeview Middle School
 * Walsh Middle School

Alternative schools

 * GOALS Learning Center (GOALS)
 * Round Rock Opportunity Center (RROC)

Elementary schools

 * Anderson Mill Elementary School, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Primary Years Program
 * Claude Berkman Elementary Arts Integration Academy, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice
 * Blackland Prairie Elementary School and Leadership Academy, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice
 * Bluebonnet Elementary School
 * Brushy Creek Elementary School
 * Cactus Ranch Elementary School
 * Caldwell Heights Elementary School, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Primary Years Program
 * Neysa Callison Elementary School
 * Canyon Creek Elementary School
 * Kathy Caraway Elementary School (formerly North Oaks Elementary. Name changed in 2005.)
 * Chandler Oaks Elementary School, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Primary Years Program
 * Deep Wood Elementary School
 * Double File Trail Elementary School and Leadership Academy, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice
 * Elsa England Elementary School, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring Project Lead the Way
 * Fern Bluff Elementary School
 * Forest Creek Elementary School
 * Forest North Elementary School
 * Gattis Elementary School
 * Great Oaks Elementary School and Leadership Academy, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice
 * Linda Herrington Elementary School
 * Joe Lee Johnson Elementary STEAM Academy, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice
 * Jollyville Elementary School
 * Laurel Mountain Elementary School
 * Live Oak Elementary School and Capital Area Regional Day School for the Deaf (K-5)
 * Old Town Elementary School
 * Pond Springs Elementary School
 * Purple Sage Elementary School
 * Vic Robertson Elementary School
 * Patsy Sommer Elementary School
 * Redbud Elementary School
 * Spicewood Elementary School, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice featuring the IB Primary Years Program
 * Teravista Elementary School and Leadership Academy, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice
 * Union Hill Elementary School
 * Xenia Voigt Elementary School
 * Wells Branch Elementary Arts Integration Academy, a Round Rock ISD public school of choice

Alternative school

 * Elementary Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (DAEP)

Statistics
Demographics
 * African American: 9.0%
 * Hispanic: 30.7%
 * White: 38.2%
 * American Indian: 0.4%
 * Asian: 17.7%
 * Pacific Islander: 0.2%
 * Two or more races: 4%

Governance
The Round Rock Independent School District is governed by a seven-member Board of Trustees, who are elected at-large to serve staggered four-year terms. As of December 2022, the board is composed of:

Special Facilities
The Round Rock Independent School District has 14 special facilities as of January 2022.

Performing Arts Centers

 * Raymond E. Hartfield Performing Arts Center
 * Auditorium at Cedar Ridge High School
 * Auditorium at Stony Point High School

=== Transportation Centers ===

 * Transportation East Facility
 * Transportation West Facility

Athletic Stadiums

 * Kelly Reeves Athletic Complex
 * Dragon Stadium - Located at Round Rock High School
 * Aquatics Practice Facility - Approved in 2018 Bond Package

title: Round Rock Independent School District


text: Talk:Metonomy

title: Talk:Metonomy


text:
Talk:Polity (Aristotle)

Polity, Aristotle
Needs to link, or be redirected to Polity (Aristotle) 2010-04-29 T05:26 Z-7 PDT 76.90.227.163 (talk) 12:27, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polity (Aristotle)


text: User talk:69.140.161.189

title: User talk:69.140.161.189


text:
Arthur R. Miller

Arthur Raphael Miller (born June 22, 1934), is an American legal scholar in the field of American civil procedure and a University Professor at New York University and Chairman of The NYU Sports & Society Program. He was a professor at Harvard Law School from 1971 to 2007.

Early life and education
Miller was born in 1934 in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Murray Miller, was a lawyer who worked as a solo practitioner, and his mother, Mary, was a legal secretary. He attended college at the University of Rochester, graduating in 1955 with an A.B. with high honors. He then attended the Harvard Law School, where he served as a notes editor for the Harvard Law Review and graduated in 1958 with an LL.B. magna cum laude.

Career
After law school, Miller spent three years in private practice as an associate with the law firm Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton. In 1961, he joined the Columbia Law School as director of its Project on International Procedure.

Miller was the Bruce Bromley Professor of Law at Harvard Law School (1971–2007), after being on the faculties of the University of Michigan and the University of Minnesota. He is coauthor with Charles Alan Wright of Federal Practice and Procedure, the legendary treatise in the field. This multi-volume series is an essential reference for judges and lawyers. He wrote more than 40 books and many articles, including The Assault on Privacy: Computers, Data Banks, and Dossiers (University of Michigan Press, 1971), one of the first books warning of the threat to privacy posed by modern information technology; Civil Procedure: Cases and Materials (with J.H. Friedenthal, J. Sexton, and H. Hershkoff; 1967–2008 (ten editions)); Federal Practice and Procedure (with C.A. Wright, some with E.H. Cooper, M.K. Kane, and R. Marcus; 1968–2008, West Publishing Co. (more than thirty-five volumes)); Intellectual Property: Patents, Trademarks and Copyright in a Nutshell (with M.H. Davis, 1998–2011, West Publishing Co. (four editions)), among many others.

In 1999, he made videotaped lectures for Concord Law School, an online law school, privately owned by the Kaplan Educational Centers, and videotaped 11 lectures for a course on civil procedure. Miller said the Web represented what television represented when he started doing his public-affairs television show on legal issues, titled "Miller's Court, in 1979 — the next frontier for teaching law to the general public.

In October 2008, Professor Miller became Special Counsel to Milberg LLP and heads the firm's appellate practice group. Since then, he argued before the U.S. Supreme Court on behalf of Milberg clients in Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, and was involved in the briefing in opposition to the writ of certiorari in Pfizer, Inc. v. Abdullahi.

In addition, Milberg LLP's Supreme Court practice group was a key player in the Merck & Co., Inc. v. Reynolds matter, a case in which it serves as co-lead counsel. In August 2013, Miller joined the Lanier Law Firm as "Of Counsel".

Miller is the recipient of many awards, including eight honorary doctorates, three American Bar Association Gavel Awards, and a Special Recognition Gavel Award for promoting public understanding of the law. Queen Elizabeth II with the advice of her government bestowed on him an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2011) in recognition of his service to the United Kingdom by his gift of more than 1,800 Japanese woodblock prints by nineteenth-century artist Utagawa Kuniyoshi to the American Friends of the British Museum; these were exhibited at the Royal Academy in the spring of 2009. It also recognizes his more than fifteen years spent moderating public policy issues and dialogues, called Hypotheticals on BBC TV and Granada Television.

These dialogues were modeled on the well-known Fred Friendly dialogues, broadcast on PBS, for one of which Miller won an Emmy ("The Constitution: That Delicate Balance"). He served for two decades as the on-air legal editor for ABC's Good Morning America. His weekly television program titled Miller's Court was aired on Boston's WCVB-TV from 1979 to 1988 and was the first American television show dedicated to the exploration of legal issues. He provided commentary on the Discovery Channel program Justice Files. He also sits on the advisory board of H5, a firm specializing in electronic discovery for legal cases.

Miller has argued cases in all of the United States courts of appeals and several before the United States Supreme Court. He has worked in the public interest in the areas of privacy, computers, copyright, and the courts and has served as a member and Reporter of the Advisory Committee of Civil Rules of the Judicial Conference of the U.S. by appointment of two Chief Justices of the United States, as Reporter and Advisor to the American Law Institute, as a member of a special advisory group to the Chief Justice of the United States, and as a member of various American Bar Association committees.

Miller was appointed as commissioner on the United States Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Work by President Gerald Ford. New York University President John Sexton was one of Miller's research assistants at Harvard, as was Richard B. Bernstein, now a distinguished adjunct professor of law at New York Law School. Other former students include Chief Justice John Roberts, former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer, and Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin.

Miller in pop culture
Miller was one of the real figures on whom Scott Turow based the pseudonymous Harvard Law "Professor Rudolph Perini" in Turow's bestselling memoir of his first year in law school, One L. Although Turow has never acknowledged or denied the connection, Miller has long thought himself the real Perini, and conventional wisdom in the legal community has largely concurred. Several years ago, the NYU Law Revue created a spoof of Miller in a South Park style, entitled "What Would Arthur Miller Do?"

In 2011, students from NYU's Law Revue created a hip hop tribute to Miller called "A. Milley" based on Lil' Wayne's "A Milli." The video can be found here.

Miller as art collector
Miller is also known for his collection of Japanese woodblock prints by the nineteenth-century artist Utagawa Kuniyoshi, which he donated to the British Museum through the American Friends of the British Museum. Exhibitions were held in 2009 at the Royal Academy in London and at the Japan Society (2010) in New York City, which both received rave reviews.

title: Arthur R. Miller


text:
Jean-Paul Proust

Jean-Paul Proust (3 March 1940 – 8 April 2010 ) was a French and Monegasque civil servant. He served as the Minister of State of Monaco.

Early life
Jean-Paul Proust was born on 3 March 1940 in Vaas, Sarthe, France. He graduated from the École Nationale d'Administration.

Career
He was a long-time member of the French civil service. He served as Prefect of Guadeloupe from November 1989 to July 1991 and as the chief of police of Paris from 2001 to 6 December 2004.

Likewise, he then served as the Monégasque Minister of State, a post equivalent to Prime Minister. As such, he had the honor of administering Prince Albert II his oath of office as Sovereign Prince of Monaco. He held that position from 1 June 2005 to 29 March 2010, having been appointed three months earlier by the prince and the French government.

He was made a Grand Officer of the Order of Saint-Charles (25 March 2010). He was the head of government of Monaco until 2010.

Death
He died on 8 April 2010 at the age of 70.

title: Jean-Paul Proust


text:
Kabah (band)

Kabah is a Mexican group based in Mexico City. It was formed in 1992 and disbanded in 2005. In 2015, they reunited and went on a tour with OV7 titled "OV7 Kabah Tour." They were named after Kabah, a Maya archeological site. Some of their greatest hits are: "Vive," "La Vida Que Va," "Mai Mai," "Te Necesito," "Al Pasar," "Una Ilusión," "Antro," "Estaré," "Casi al Final," "La Calle de las Sirenas," and "Amigas y Rivales."

1992 - 1995: Formation of Kabah, Successful debut with "Kabah"
Kabah was formed in 1992 by Federica Quijano and her brother Andres. Their cousin Sergio O'Farrill was next to be added to the group, and later their neighbor and friend María José. At the time there were many pop groups in Mexico with four members, so Federica and André decided to add longtime friends René and Daniela, bringing the total to six.

Shortly after the addition of these final two members, they did a cover for the group The Party. The song was called Encontré El Amor (I Found Love). Shortly after the release of Encontré El Amor, the group recorded this and another song, Somos Tan Differentes (We are so different) at Gil Brothers studios, forming a two-song demo tape

Eager to show their talent, they were given the chance to sing their two songs at a popular club. However, they were ill-received by the audience and ultimately booed off the stage. Their second show came at the end of 1993 at a kindergarten where Federica worked as a teacher's assistant. For this show, they remade their two songs, giving them a more child friendly feel. This event marked their careers, as they realized they could find greater favor among younger audiences.

Despite their hopes however, they were initially turned down by several producers, such as Cha, Claudio Yarto and Aleks Syntek. It was not until Federica accidentally came across the phone number for Televisa that they found success. After calling Luis de Llano, the only music producer of the network, they were asked to come in for a meeting.

Luis told them about a singing talent show called Valores Juveniles, and suggested they spend a few months practicing for it. They then signed a contract for one album with Polygram Music, and soon after their first album, Kabah, was finished. They then went on to win the talent show with their first song, "Encontré El Amor." The album, which was officially released in 1994, contained four songs written by the group and was a success among the younger population.

1996 - 2000: Signing with Polygram Music, Second album "La Calle De Las Sirenas," Third album "XNE"
The first album was such a success that Polygram Music decided to sign them and gave them a contract to make two more albums. They started recording a second album which would be titled La Calle de las Sirenas (The Street Of The Mermaids). It was released in 1996 and was recorded in Los Angeles. La Calle de las Sirenas opened many doors for the group, and carried them to international fame.

1998's Esperanto followed, selling a record of 100,000 copies in the first week. It featured the singles "Mai Mai," "Una Ilusión," and "Esperanto." In 2000, the next follow-up, XNE, led the group to a more conceptualized image and somewhat darker sound. It also contained "Amigas y Rivales," the theme song for the Mexican soap opera of the same name.

2002 - 2005: Signed with Warner Music, Fourth album "La Vida Que Va," Fifth album "El Pop," and disbandment
In 2002, they returned to a lighter sound with La Vida Que Va, which was recorded in Norway under the Warner Music label and produced by Ole Evenrude. La Vuelta al Mundo, was released in 2003, and the band's final album, El Pop, was released in 2005. El Pop featured acoustic versions of a few of their greatest-hits, as well as two new songs. A farewell tour took them all across North America, concluding with a final show on December 31, 2005, on the bay of Acapulco, Mexico.

2014 - 2015: Reunion Tour with OV7
Late in 2014 Kabah announced, along with OV7, a reunion tour scheduled for 2015. The OV7 Kabah Tour, has been a major success in Mexico and Latin America with over 60 shows played all over more than 20 cities around Mexico. In 2015, they issued OV7 Kabah en Vivo. It was released on August 21, 2015.

2018 - Present: 90's Pop Tour, Signed with Bobo Production, Rainbow Tour subunit
Kabah embarked on a world concert tour called "90's Pop Tour" in 2018 and 2019, along with OV7, JNS, Magneto, Calo, Mercurio, and The Sacados.

During early 2020, Kabah had signed a contract with BOBO Production to begin promotions. By March, it was revealed that a Sub-unit was introduced which consisted all the members of Kabah and JNS who would go by Rainbow Tour. They opened up their Instagram page and began promotions for concert events taking place in Mexico.

Members
Most of Kabah's members are still active.

 * María José, better known as "Josa," released her solo album on March 30, 2007, for the record label Warner Music. The album includes 10 songs, 2 reworked versions of her first single, and one remix of 'Habla Menos'. The first single, 'Quien Eres Tu' (Who Are You) debuted on December 16, 2006.
 * Sergio O'Farrill, Nickname "Blu," is an accomplished Designer/Developer, Skydiver and has his own solo project called Moroccoblu. The release of his debut album was expected in 2009 but it was not released. He continues to release songs through his Soundcloud page
 * Federica Quijano Tapia starred in the movie Pamela por amor, which released in 2008. Since Federica is interested in helping new musical talent, she also founded La Gotera Producciones, a company focused on helping young musicians. After it was made public that she had nude scenes in "Pamela," Penthouse approached her with a contract offer. Federica appeared on the cover of Penthouse for February 2007 issue. In 2007 and 2008. Federica was a host on Exa TV's program KIU. KIU is a TV show dedicated to inform young adults about sexuality. In 2021, she became a member of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies representing the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico.
 * Daniela Magun, "La Dana," currently works as co-host for Pepsi Chart Mexico. She is also the spokeswoman for Mexico Vivo, a charity organization focused on informing people about HIV and AIDS.
 * André Quijano Tapia, Nickname “apio,” is currently participating in reality tv show, La casa de los famosos Mexico.

title: Kabah (band)


text: User talk:84.9.74.16

title: User talk:84.9.74.16


text:
Talk:Pull (physics)

For a June 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Pull (physics)

Redirect
I've redirected this article to the Force article, for the following reasons:

 * Very little information here - far more on the Force article
 * Examples were somewhat arbitrary
 * "Force" is a far more "technical" term
 * Has already been transwikied.

Oli Filth 00:39, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

Explanation
A pull does not necessarily bring an object closer. Beast of traal  T   C   _  20:53, 10 October 2007 (UTC)Beast of traal

title: Talk:Pull (physics)


text:
Jill Jackson

Jill Jackson is the name of:
 * Jill Jackson (Paul & Paula) (born 1942), half of American pop duo Paul & Paula
 * Jill Jackson, (born 1979), Scottish singer-songwriter and ex-frontwoman for Speedway (band)

title: Jill Jackson


text:
Cuddles Marshall

Clarence Westly Marshall (April 28, 1925 – December 14, 2007), nicknamed "Cuddles", was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball as a relief pitcher for the New York Yankees and St. Louis Browns between 1946 and 1950.

Early life
Clarence Westly Marshall was born in Bellingham, Washington, on April 28, 1925. He attended Bellingham High School, where he played for the school's baseball and basketball teams. He was also a sports reporter and the sports editor for the school's newspaper. Marshall also played baseball at the semi-professional level for the Bellingham Bells while he was in high school.

In 1943, Marshall's senior year at Bellingham High, he had a 9–1 win–loss record and did not allow an earned run. He threw a no-hitter in April 1943. His older brother, John, also played baseball at Bellingham High.

Professional career
After he graduated from Bellingham High in 1943, Marshall signed with the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), and he made his professional debut as a relief pitcher. He returned to Seattle in 1944, but the Rainiers optioned him to the Memphis Chickasaws of the Southern Association.

After the 1944 season, the Rainiers traded Marshall to the New York Yankees for Johnny Babich and Dick Hearn. The Yankees assigned Marshall to the Kansas City Blues of the Class AA American Association for the 1945 season. Marshall made the Yankees' roster in 1946, and he made his major league debut on April 24. On May 28, Marshall started the first night game at Yankee Stadium. It was his first game started at the major league level. He had a 3–4 record and a 5.33 earned run average (ERA) for the Yankees in 1946.

The Yankees assigned Marshall to Kansas City in 1947 and in 1948. He was traded to the Newark Bears of the Class AAA International League in May 1948 for Don Johnson. He made one appearance for the Yankees in 1948; he pitched one inning and walked three batters. Marshall spent the entire 1949 season with the Yankees. He had a 3–0 record and a 5.11 ERA in 1949. The Yankees won the 1949 World Series; though he did not appear in the series, he received a World Series ring.

Marshall opened the 1950 season with the Yankees, but was on the cutting block as a mid-May deadline loomed for the Yankees to reduce their roster size. On May 15, 1950, the St. Louis Browns purchased Marshall from the Yankees. He had a 1–3 record with a 7.88 ERA for the Browns in 1950.

After the 1950 season, Marshall passed a physical examination by the United States Army. Anticipating that he would be drafted, the Browns released him to the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League. He was drafted, and the Army stationed him at Fort Lewis in Tacoma, Washington, before he was sent overseas to Austria. He returned to the United States before the 1953 season, and signed with the Browns. The Baltimore Orioles of the International League purchased Marshall on a 30-day trial basis, but returned him to the Browns. In June 1953, he was released by the Browns and he signed with the Hollywood Stars of the PCL. He was released by Hollywood and signed with the Vancouver Mounties of the Western International League. In his second appearance for Vancouver, Marshall threw a no-hitter, though he walked nine batters in the game.

After the 1953 season, Marshall was involved in a car accident in Bellingham where the car collided with a telephone pole, killing the driver of the car. Marshall was hospitalized in serious condition. He broke his left leg and had hand and wrist injuries. He decided to retire from baseball following the accident. Marshall compiled a 7–7 win–loss record and a career ERA of 5.98 in 73 appearances in the major leagues. He also had four saves. Over his career, he walked 158 batters while striking out but 69.

Nickname
During his career, Marshall drew attention for his looks. He was once referred to as the "handsomest twirler on the staff" of the Yankees. In 1946, a reporter overheard other Yankees players trying to come up with a nickname for Marshall, when Joe Page joked about how girls wanted to "cuddle" with Marshall. The reporter began to refer to Marshall as "Cuddles". Marshall initially did not like the nickname, but according to his daughter, he came to appreciate it later in his life.

In 1946, newspapers pointed out the resemblance between Marshall and actor Tyrone Power. After the 1946 season, movie studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer offered Marshall a contract for $250 per week ($0 in current dollar terms) for 50 weeks and options for six years at up to $1,200 per week ($0 in current dollar terms). He declined the offer, as he wanted to continue his baseball career.

Personal life
During the baseball offseasons, Marshall took courses at Western Washington University. After his retirement, he worked as a financial analyst for Litton Industries for 27 years. He also had second jobs in a liquor store and as a security guard at Dodger Stadium.

Marshall married Margaret Suzow on June 30, 1951. They had two daughters. After his retirement from baseball, they moved to Simi Valley, California. Margaret died in 1976, and Marshall moved to Saugus, Santa Clarita, California, after her death.

Marshall died in his home on December 14, 2007. He was buried at Assumption Catholic Cemetery in Simi Valley in his Yankees uniform.

title: Cuddles Marshall


text:
Richard Stoltzman

Richard Leslie Stoltzman (born July 12, 1942) is an American clarinetist. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, he spent his early years in San Francisco, California, and Cincinnati, Ohio, graduating from Woodward High School in 1960. Today, Stoltzman is part of the faculty list at the New England Conservatory and Boston University.

Stoltzman is perhaps the best-known clarinetist who primarily plays classical music. He has played with over 100 orchestras, as well as with many chamber groups and in many solo recitals. One of them, "Maid with Flaxen Hair", was used by Microsoft as "sample music" on Windows 7 to demonstrate the system's Windows Media Player in 2009. Stoltzman has received numerous awards and has produced an extensive discography. His virtuosity and musicianship have made him a highly sought-after concert artist.

In addition to classical repertoire, Stoltzman also plays jazz. Some of his recordings, such as his album New York Counterpoint, feature both jazz and modern music. In 1983, Stoltzman commissioned composer/arranger Clare Fischer to write a symphonic work using Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn themes. The result was The Duke, Swee'pea and Me, an eleven-minute orchestral work which Stoltzman performed worldwide.

Early years and education
Stoltzman's father worked for the Western Pacific Railroad and moved his family to San Francisco, California, soon after Richard was born. Stoltzman's first exposure to music came through his father, an avid fan of big band music. Stoltzman's father played the big band music of the 1940s at home on the radio and performed in a dance band during his spare time. Stoltzman began studying the clarinet at the age of eight with a teacher at a local school, and he began playing with his father in the Stewart Memorial United Presbyterian Sunday School Orchestra and at community functions within a few years. When Stoltzman was in junior high school, he began developing the jazz techniques of improvisation and enjoyed jamming with his father at home. Benny Goodman was his earliest musical mentor, and remained a strong influence throughout his career. Stoltzman told Allan Kozinn of The New York Times, "(When) I was seven years old ... I found these wonderful cylindrical objects in a nice leather case. I enjoyed playing with them ... and I vaguely remember dangling them from the second-story window of our house. That caused quite a stir, because they turned out to be my father's clarinets. But instead of punishing me, he decided that I had an interest in the instrument and rented an indestructible metal clarinet for me to start on."

Stoltzman earned a bachelor's degree from Ohio State University with a double major in music and mathematics. He then studied with Professor Keith Wilson at the Yale School of Music, where he received the Master of Music degree. He worked toward a doctoral degree at Columbia University. He has been a longtime student of master clarinet pedagogue Kalmen Opperman of New York. Together, they founded the Clarinet Summit, a semi-regular international gathering of clarinetists which has taken place since the 1990s. He has also recorded with the Kalmen Opperman Clarinet Choir.

Performance and recording
Stoltzman has appeared as a soloist with numerous major symphonies, at international jazz festivals, and with stars such as Mel Tormé, George Shearing, Judy Collins, Woody Herman, Wayne Shorter, Chick Corea, Claude Bolling and others. He was a founding member of the chamber music group TASHI in 1973. In 1993, he was featured in the BBC series "Concerto!" He was the Guest artist with The Children's Orchestra Society at Alice Tully Hall of Lincoln Center in 2004. He has also given important recitals at Carnegie Hall and the Hollywood Bowl.

His discography includes nearly 40 releases, several of them with TASHI. Stoltzman is noted for his double lip embouchure, wide vibrato, and ability to mimic the sound of a human voice on the clarinet. He combines traditional and contemporary classical and jazz material with his own unorthodox style.

In August 1993, Stoltzman was featured in "Concerto!", a six-part television series featuring host Dudley Moore, conductor Michael Tilson Thomas and the London Symphony Orchestra. "Concerto!", created by the producers of the widely acclaimed "Orchestra" series featuring Moore and Sir Georg Solti, was aired on The Learning Channel and on England's Channel Four, and continues to be broadcast worldwide. The program featuring Stoltzman has been praised by critics and audiences alike and was the recipient of an Emmy Award in the International Performing Arts category.

Stoltzman has played with many widely recognized musicians, including Yo-Yo Ma, Richard Goode and Emanuel Ax. He has made an effort to play new music for the clarinet, and has had several works composed for him. Composers include: Toru Takemitsu ("Waves" and a concerto for clarinet and orchestra), Steve Reich ("New York Counterpoint"), Lukas Foss, Roberto Carnevale, and Einar Englund (clarinet concertos).

Stoltzman is known for his longtime collaboration with composer William Thomas McKinley, and his work has been featured frequently in recent years on Navona Records and MMC Recording.

A review in The New York Times said: "His mastery of the clarinet and his impeccable musicianship are no secret by now, but one who has not heard him play for a time can easily forget how rich and fluid the instrument can sound from top to bottom of its range. If Mr. Stoltzman is not one of a kind, who might the others be?"

Awards and recognitions
Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance:
 * Emanuel Ax, Yo-Yo Ma & Richard Stoltzman for Brahms/Beethoven/Mozart: Clarinet Trios (1996)
 * Richard Goode & Richard Stoltzman for Brahms: The Sonatas for Clarinet & Piano, Op. 120 (1983)

 * Other awards
 * On 1 September 2005, Stoltzman was presented with the Yale School of Music's Sanford Medal.
 * In 1986 he was the first wind player to be awarded the Avery Fisher Prize.
 * He was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2013.

title: Richard Stoltzman


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Island Fox

Island Fox
Partial self-nom. Well-written, stable, comprehensive article about a unique species. jengod 22:13, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I like the article, but it's pretty short . . . -- Scimitar 18:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Now it's excellent. Support. --Scimitar 13:19, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. I would like to see more details of population levels. Also, please cite sources for individual assertions. I like the writing style. --Theo (Talk) 23:21, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * nixie's changes address my main objection but the footnotes still need attention. They should be numbered to match the superscripted tags in the body of the article. --Theo (Talk) 12:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Its Footnote3 and saves pointless duplication in the refernce list. --nixie 13:14, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Object, the article is a bit short. Areas for expansion include the lead which should summarise the content of the article, physical description (are there visual diffences between males and females, metric conversions for height and mass, size comparison with other foxes), the differences between the subspecies could be further described, a map showing where each subspecies occurs would also be a good addition. What methods are being used for recovery? Is there a standard odering for sections for animal articles, Blue Whale has a more logical sequence of its sections. Anything that has been discovered from research should be propperly referenced.--nixie 02:24, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support I've worked through a bunch of my objections, mostly because I like foxes.--nixie 07:07, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Object The "notes" need numbers, which match the numbers used in the text, otherwise the reader can't tell which note is being referred to. Paul August ☎ 20:24, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * All you have to do is click on them. Gah, there are no direct cites, there is no set reference standard, it is clear where the information came from. That referece template is also used on other featured artciles and is particularly appropriate for science articles--nixie 22:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For how to use the "ref" and "note" templates, the way they were intended to be used, and how to organize the "Reference" and "Notes" sections see, for example, Gangtok below. The "ref" and "note" templates are designed to occur in pairs, and typically they have matching numbers, and each member of the pair links to the other. And the "note" template instances are expected to be collected together in a numbered list in a "Notes" section, in the same order as it's associated "ref". The way they have been used in this article, there are multiple "ref" templates associated with a single "note template, and the "note" templates are a bulleted list. This means for example that there is no way to tell, for a bit of noted text, which "note" it is associated with (linking on the bracketed superscripted numbers jump to the correct section but you can't tell which entry there it is associated with) and backlinks generated by the "note" template (Indicated by the "^" symbols), don't work correctly. This article is also confusing "references" with notes. There should be a "References" section giving  complete bibliographic information (e.g. Smith, John The Big Book, So and So publishers, (2005) ISBN 12345678) for each source cited. Then if you want to further granularize your source citation you can have inline-citations of the references listed in the "References" section using parenthetical citations (e.g. Smith pp. 34-36) or use footnotes or endnotes, typically indicated by small font superscripted numbers in the text, and referring to a matching numbered note in a "Notes" section. The note can then be some explanatory text, or a citation (e.g. Smith pp. 34-36). Paul August  ☎ 05:27, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Switched to footnote4. --nixie 06:42, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Much better. Paul August ☎ 13:07, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support- well-written article now with good footnote formatting! Flcelloguy [[Image:Bass clef2.gif|25px|Cello today?]] Give me a note! Eighth note (crop).gif Desk 02:46, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. A model for other species pages. --Wetman 02:50, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Talk:Samir

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Is there any reason why Jelly Baby is one of the "See Also" articles? Jaycia (talk) 16:36, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

I think that the Hindi script for the name should be put in as well. My name is Samir.

Bengali spelling
On the page, the Bengali spelling is given as সামির, which would be pronounced /sɑmir/ (transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet) according to Bengali language. But according to the article on the Bengali writer Samir Roychoudhury, his first name is written সমীর /sɔmi:r/, with the initial syllable স /sɔ/, not সা /sɑ/ and a long vowel in the second syllable. The website India Child Names also has only সমীর (with /sɔ/).

It may well be relevant that in Hindi, which uses a very closely related alphabet, the spelling corresponding to the Bengali in the article would be pronounced as /sɑmi:r/, and the other spelling as /səmi:r/. This might have confused the person who added the Bengali form of the name to the article.

I am editing the article accordingly, but it would be best checked by someone familiar with Bengali. I have written it up at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Bangladesh.

Please Ping me to discuss.

--Thnidu (talk) 21:27, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Samir (Cape Verdean footballer) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:08, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Samira
Is mean beautiful charming a d u ique 41.198.138.110 (talk) 15:42, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samir


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Talk:Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan

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Is not well-shaped. I doubt if it should remain. The topic itself is worth it. Either way if the writer tells me 'تا نقد "گفتگوی تمدن ها" از ساموئل هانتينگتون' means what, I might translate it, since I can't be satisfied unless I re-write this, shape it up so it reminds more of a bio. Well, Nodushan is one to admire. P.S. The very sentence means: نقد هانتینگتون بر "گفتگوی تمدن ها"? بر کدام "گفتگوی تمدن ها"؟ نظریه؟ مجموعه مقالات منتشر شده از سوی یونسکو؟

--(02:43, 6 June 2005 user:Downtownee)

title: Talk:Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan


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User:Alainahardie

Hello. I live in Toronto, Canada. You killed my father. Prepare to die.

title: User:Alainahardie


text: Talk:WAF

title: Talk:WAF


text: User talk:84.9.95.13

title: User talk:84.9.95.13


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Rubrospinal tract

The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system. It is a part of the lateral indirect extrapyramidal tract.

It is rudimentary and functionally less important in humans. It is involved in motor control of distal flexors of the upper limb - especially of the hand and fingers - by promoting flexor tone while inhibiting extensors. It complements the lateral corticospinal tract.

Anatomy
The rubrospinal tract originates in the magnocellular red nucleus in the caudal part of the red nucleus of the midbrain. It decussates (crosses over) within the anterior tegmentum of the midbrain. In the pons, it is situated medially within the rostral pontine tegmentum. In the medulla oblongata, it descends within the lateral tegmentum medial to the spinocerebellar tract, and posterior to the spinothalamic tract. In the spinal cord, it descends in the lateral funiculus, adjacent to the lateral corticospinal tract. It terminates in the contralateral cervical spinal cord by synapsing with interneurons of the lateral intermediate zone and anterior horn of the spinal cord.

Function
In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control pathways. It is smaller and has fewer axons than the corticospinal tract, suggesting that it is less important in motor control. It is one of the pathways for the mediation of involuntary movement, along with other extra-pyramidal tracts including the vestibulospinal, tectospinal, and reticulospinal tracts. The tract is responsible for large muscle movement regulation flexor and inhibiting extensor tone as well as fine motor control. It terminates primarily in the cervical and thoracic portions of the spinal cord, suggesting that it functions in upper limb but not in lower limb control.

It is small and rudimentary in humans. In some other primates, however, experiments have shown that over time, the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned.

title: Rubrospinal tract


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LCI

LCI may refer to:

Organizations

 * La Chaîne Info, a French television news channel
 * LCI Communications, a defunct Canadian telecommunications company
 * Lease Corporation International, an airliner lessor based in Dublin, Ireland
 * London Clubs International, a British gambling company
 * Lions Clubs International, an international service organization based in Chicago Illinois, United States

Educational institutions

 * LaSalle College International, in Jakarta and Surabaya, Indonesia
 * Leibniz Center for Informatics, in Germany
 * Lethbridge Collegiate Institute, in Alberta, Canada
 * Liquid Crystal Institute, at Kent State University, Ohio, United States
 * Lisgar Collegiate Institute, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
 * Louisiana Culinary Institute, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States

Other

 * Laguna Copperplate Inscription, in the National Museum of the Philippines
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Landing craft infantry (LCI)
 * Life Cycle Impulse, in automobile manufacturing, a BMW term for facelift or update to existing series
 * Life cycle inventory, part of a life cycle assessment
 * Liga Comunista Internacionalista (Internationalist Communist League (Portugal)), former Trotskyist party in Portugal
 * Lighthouse Chapel International, a church based in Ghana
 * Liquid contact indicator, an indicator in the form of a sticker that changes color after contact with liquids
 * Loaded chamber indicator, a firearm safety device

title: LCI


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Joanna, wife of Chuza

Joanna (, also Ἰωάνα), the wife of Chuza (γυνὴ Χουζᾶ), is a woman mentioned in the gospels who was healed by Jesus and later supported him and his disciples in their travels. She is one of the women recorded in the Gospel of Luke as accompanying Jesus and the twelve apostles and as a witness to Jesus' resurrection. Her husband was Chuza, who managed the household of Herod Antipas, the ruler of Galilee; this is the origin of the distinguishing epithet commonly attached to her name, differentiating her from other figures named Joanna or Joanne.

Her name is from יוֹחָנָה.

She is recognised as a saint in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions and among other Christians, such as the Anglicans.

Joanna in the Gospels
Joanna is identified as "the wife of Chuza", steward to Herod Antipas, when she is listed as one of the women "cured of evil spirits and infirmities" who accompanied Jesus and the Apostles, and "provided for Him from their substance" in.

In Luke 24:10, Joanna is mentioned by name, along with Mary Magdalene and Mary of Clopas, as among the women who took spices to Jesus' tomb and found the stone rolled away and the tomb empty. The accounts in the other synoptic gospels do not mention Joanna as one of the group of women who observe Jesus' burial and testify to his Resurrection.

Holy Myrrhbearer traditions
In Orthodox tradition, she is honored as "Saint Joanna the Myrrhbearer" (Αγία Ιωάννα η Μυροφόρος) and is commemorated among the eight women who carried myrrh on the "Sunday of the Myrrhbearers", two Sundays after Pascha (Orthodox Easter). From this commemoration, in the revised Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod she is commemorated as one of the Holy Myrrhbearers on August 3, together with other women present at the tomb of Jesus in New Testament accounts. These include Mary of Clopas (also called Mary, the mother of James the Less and Joses) and Salome. Likewise, she is commemorated in The Episcopal Church on August 3, as listed in Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2022 as: "Joanna, Mary, and Salome, Myrrh-Bearing Women."

Although not mentioned by name, Joanna is seen as one of the women who joined the disciples and Mary, mother of Jesus, in the upper room in prayer. She was believed to be among the group of 120 who chose Matthias the Apostle to fill the vacancy that was left by Judas, as well as being present on the Day of Pentecost.

Identification with Junia
Richard Bauckham argues for identifying Joanna, the wife of Chuza, with the Junia mentioned in Paul's letter to the Romans 16:7, "Joanna" being her Jewish name, and "Junia" her Roman. Joanna is mentioned as one of the members of the ministry of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke, travelling with him among the other twelve and some other women, city to city.

"After this, Jesus traveled about from one town and village to another, proclaiming the good news of the kingdom of God. The Twelve were with him, and also some women who had been cured of evil spirits and diseases: Mary (called Magdalene) from whom seven demons had come out; Joanna the wife of Chuza, the manager of Herod’s household; Susanna; and many others. These women were helping to support them out of their own means."

Joanna is also mentioned alongside Mary Magdalene and other women as those who first visited the tomb and found it to be empty, and it is to this group of women, including Joanna, that Jesus first appears and instructs to tell the disciples to meet him in Galilee in Matthew 28:8-10. Bauckham notes that Paul describes Junia as having been a member of the Christian community prior to him, and given that Paul himself converted within three years of the death of Jesus, that would require Junia to have been a member of the community from a very early period.

Whereas Joanna is a Hellenized, Grecian, adaptation of a Hebrew name, Junia is a Latin name. Jews often adopted a second, Latin name that were nearly sound equivalents to their original name. Joanna and Junia act as near sound equivalents in the native languages, which Bauckham says is indicative of the identification between the two. Finally, Paul describes Junia as being "prominent among the apostles". Given that Junia is described as an earliest member of the community, and as one of the most prominent members, that she is not named elsewhere is indicative, as Bauckham argues, that she and Joanna are the same individual, given Joanna's high prominence during the ministry of Jesus.

In popular culture

 * Joanna, wife of Chuza (Йоганна, жінка Хусова) is a verse drama by Ukrainian writer Lesya Ukrainka, first published in 1909.
 * In the 2015 television miniseries Killing Jesus Rotem Zissman-Cohen plays Joanna.
 * In the 2015 television miniseries A.D. The Bible Continues, Joanna is portrayed by Farzana Dua Elahe.
 * Joanna is a fictional character in The Lost Wisdom of the Magi
 * In the third season of the 2017 television series The Chosen Joanna is portrayed by Amy Bailey. She is deeply moved by the Sermon on the Mount and helps Andrew meet the imprisoned John the Baptizer.

title: Joanna, wife of Chuza


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Talk:Railing

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railin a hoe? that doesn't sounds right. I'm going to take it out —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.166.72.140 (talk) 19:51, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Railing


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Toxicity (song)

"Toxicity" is a single by American heavy metal band System of a Down, released in 2002. It was originally released on the album of the same name. The writing credits for the song are Malakian, Odadjian, and Tankian. It is known for its dynamic chorus, aggressive vocals, and prominent drum beat. The song is predominantly in triple meter, alternating between, and  time. The guitar during the verse plays in using a 2+2+2 phrasing while the heavy part ("somewhere between the sacred silence and sleep") makes use of a hemiola with the guitar switching to a 3+3+3+3 pattern while the drums remain in compound duple meter until the bridge. The song was ranked number 14 on VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs, and was called a nu metal classic by Stylus Magazine.

Awards

 * The song made number 53 on the Y2KROQ Top 200 Songs of the Century.

Music video
The video was directed by Marcos Siega and Shavo Odadjian. The beginning of the video shows the Hollywood Walk of Fame then cuts to the band. Daron Malakian can be seen wearing a Los Angeles Kings jersey with his last name on the back most of the time in the video. A closeup from behind John Dolmayan's drum kit reveals a double bass pedal attachment even though he doesn't use it during the song. During the verses, a projector shows homeless people lined against the streets. After the second chorus, Daron is seen playing the fast riff in fast motion while the band freezes and a crowd slowly appears. The rest of the band resumes as they all come in. The crowd sings along with the band as well as forming a circle pit both in the light and in the dark with glow-sticks. Similar to a scene in the Chop Suey video where Serj Tankian is seen eating chop suey, the band is shown eating seeds, corresponding with the lyrics "Eating seeds as a pastime activity". The video ends with a shot of the Milky Way.

As of July 2024, the song has 919 million views on YouTube.

title: Toxicity (song)


text:
Electra (teletext)

Electra was a teletext service in the United States that was in operation from 1982 up until 1993, when it was shut down due to a lack of funding, and discontinuation of teletext-capable television sets by the only US television manufacturer offering teletext capability at the time, Zenith. It was owned, operated and maintained by Cincinnati-based Taft Broadcasting (specifically at their flagship station, WKRC-TV, which had debuted the service in their area first) and Tulsa, Oklahoma-based Satellite Syndicated Systems (SSS), later known as Tempo Enterprises, in cooperation with cable/satellite TV station Superstation WTBS (now TBS, formerly owned by Turner Broadcasting System, now owned by Warner Bros. Discovery), who carried Electra's data on their vertical blanking interval. SSS's own TV network, the Satellite Program Network (later renamed to Tempo Television), carried the service before it was shut down in 1989 (Tempo having sold their transponder space to NBC, who used it to launch CNBC). The service was also available to C-band satellite dish users via the Galaxy 1 and Satcom 3R satellites.

Electra was America's answer to the British Ceefax or ORACLE systems, providing news headlines, weather, entertainment/lifestyle info, and other information. The service was originally structured with hard news occupying the first 65 pages; the remainder was used for non-news sections, including TV listings and children's content. (When the service began national distribution, only 50 or so pages of national content were carried.) Electra used the World System Teletext (WST) protocol, the same protocol used by Ceefax and ORACLE, as well as by other teletext services in the rest of the European continent.

Electra was later joined by another teletext service on higher-numbered pages, an SSS-created service called Tempo Text (originally named Cabletext); it provided pages of 15-minute delayed stock quotes from the NYSE, AMEX and OTC, and the latest business news. Electra occupied pages 100 to 199, while Cabletext/Tempo could be found on pages 201 through 212.

After beginning test broadcasts over WKRC in July 1982 (with a demonstration in November via the VBI of WAVY-TV in Norfolk, VA), Taft announced plans to partner with Zenith in January 1983, agreeing to a five-year deal in hopes of persuading other television stations and manufacturers to use the WST system. Taft would create the teletext magazine, while Zenith would design and sell teletext decoders. Taft president Dudley S. Taft indicated they preferred the WST system to the more-advanced NABTS teletext standard favored by CBS and NBC in large part because unlike NABTS, WST service and decoders were commercially practical, with WST's ability to retain information in cases of poor reception also being a major factor.

The service officially debuted in July 1983, with Zenith stocking their teletext decoders (at a price of $300) in Cincinnati-area retailers and rolling out a mobile van unit to demonstrate Electra to interested consumers. Taft also reassured viewers that the Electra service would not interfere with their ability to receive closed-captioning on ABC network programming (WKRC was an affiliate of ABC at the time), as the Electra service was carried in a different part of the VBI than ABC's national captions were; to prevent viewers from having to need two decoders, the Electra staff began transcribing the ABC closed-captioning to be carried over Electra. However, adoption of the decoders was slow, mostly thanks to them being only compatible with later-model Zenith television sets.

SSS began to carry the Electra feed, along with their own Cabletext service, over the VBIs of WTBS and SPN in February 1985, in part because of the Chicago-based Keyfax service (which SSS had been carrying over the VBI of WTBS since 1982 as a pay service; it had been broadcast in the Chicago area only by WFLD since 1981) dropping their over-the-air broadcast services in the fall of 1984 in hopes of reorienting themselves as a two-way videotex service akin to Viewtron (which would fail, with Keyfax ceasing service in 1986). The service was transmitted by way of a high-speed data link operated by AT&T between WKRC's facilities in Cincinnati and SSS's uplink facility in Douglasville, GA; Zenith's sales of teletext decoders were slow by this point, mostly due to the steep $300 price. SSS attempted to boost interest by offering cable converters with integrated teletext decoders.

In a further attempt to boost the service, in 1986 Taft attempted to get their other 11 television stations to carry Electra by that summer, however, due to corporate instability at Taft (which culminated in their restructuring as Great American Broadcasting in 1987), only three other stations (WTVN in Columbus—soon to become WSYX as FCC rules about overlapping signals, in this case with WKRC, forced the station's sale amid Taft's restructuring as Great American -- KOVR in Sacramento, and WIHT in Ann Arbor; the latter station was owned by SSS) carried Electra in their own VBIs. SSS (by now known as Tempo) also attempted to encourage local cable providers and other broadcasters to strip the Electra service from the WTBS signal and broadcast it over their own VBIs; these efforts did not meet success. At the same time, Zenith—which had failed to sell many teletext decoders due to their pricing, with Zenith's VP of marketing Bruce Huber quoted as saying "[we only sold a] few dozen. There simply wasn't enough value to warrant consumers paying that kind of money." —began to sell television sets with teletext decoders built directly into the circuitry; nonetheless, this did little to speed adoption, as the majority of Zenith sets with built-in teletext were the expensive, top-of-the-line Digital System 3 sets, as opposed to the cheaper, textless Advanced System 3 sets also offered at the time. An additional hurdle faced was that cable systems would sometimes strip everything out of the VBI so as to broadcast their own data, chiefly data related to addressable cable converters used by their customers.

Electra was one of the very few American teletext services in operation, due in part to the aforementioned battles over teletext protocols (as the FCC ultimately did not select a teletext standard for television stations and manufacturers to use). CBS' ExtraVision and NBC's NBC Teletext services, as well as the short-lived Time Teletext and some other experimental services, used NABTS, but ceased operations by the end of the decade thanks to a lack of support or wide availability of the expensive NABTS decoders. A few other services, using the WST protocol, were offered by some large-market TV stations in the US throughout the 1980s, such as Metrotext from KTTV in Los Angeles (which utilized Electra for national content after they launched their service during the 1984 Summer Olympics) and the aforementioned Keyfax. An additional duo of services, Viewdata and Infovizion, were created by WHA-TV in Madison, WI and carried nationally by the Discovery Channel in the late 1980s.

Great American Broadcasting, which operated Electra on an annual budget of just $250,000, remained committed to the service through 1988. Due to Electra's obscurity by that point (with one teletext user having to educate their local Zenith dealer on the function), it is currently unclear as to when the service was actually shuttered (by which point it was the last widescale teletext service operating in the US; some local services, including KSL-TV's dual teletext/videotex service, and the AGTEXT service, created by Kentucky Educational Television, continued for some time afterwards ); the last known reference to it in Broadcasting magazine (currently Broadcasting & Cable) is when the fledgling satellite television provider PrimeStar announced plans to add Electra to their service in July 1992.

title: Electra (teletext)