text:
Team America (NASL)

Team America was a professional version of the United States men's national soccer team which played as a franchise in the North American Soccer League (NASL) during the 1983 season. The team was based in Washington, D.C., played its home games at RFK Stadium, and was intended by the NASL and the United States Soccer Federation to build fan support for the league and create a cohesive and internationally competitive national team. However, the team finished in last place and drew only 13,000 fans per game.

A "Team America" also played an unofficial exhibition game against England in 1976, to commemorate the bicentennial of American Independence. The players were drawn from North American Soccer League clubs and included Pelé and Bobby Moore. The match was played in Philadelphia and England won, 3–1.

Origins
The origins of Team America came with the ascension of Howard J. Samuels to the positions of president and CEO of NASL on June 25, 1982. At the time, the league was on the verge of collapsing. The league had 21 teams at the end of the 1981 season, but began the 1982 season with only 14. Attendance was dropping and the league had lost its television contract. To reverse these trends, Samuels proposed turning the league’s focus away from international stars to domestic players in order to create a larger fan base. Samuels’ concept dovetailed with a desire on the part of the United States Soccer Federation (USSF) to build a more successful national team program. In order to fulfill the twin objectives of nurturing new U.S. talent to reach a greater fan base while feeding that talent into the national team, Samuels and the USSF decided to enter the national team into NASL as a franchise. At the time, U.S. players found it difficult to compete for roster spots against the foreigners who stocked most of the league’s teams. In theory, Team America would only feature U.S. players who would train with each other, fostering a sense of team cohesion which would pay dividends when the U.S. played international games. The name Team America was a reference to both the U.S. national team as well as the 1976 Team America, a team which combined U.S. national team players with the addition of several NASL international stars, which played in the 1976 U.S.A. Bicentennial Cup Tournament.

Creating the team
Samuels brought in Robert Lifton as the team owner, and in coordination with Lifton and USSF secured RFK Stadium in Washington, D.C. as the team’s home field. In January 1983, the NASL and USSF invited 39 players from the NASL, American Soccer League (ASL) and Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) to tryouts for the 20 available roster spots. However, several top U.S. players, including Rick Davis, Jimmy McAllister, Winston DuBose, David Brcic, and Juli Veee, refused to leave their teams to play for Team America. This forced the NASL and USSF to turn to recently naturalized players—ten of the 21 on the roster (see below) had been born outside the U.S., including Alan Green, who was still a British subject in 1983 (he finally gained American citizenship the following year). Several top U.S. players did join the club, including Chico Borja, Jeff Durgan, Arnie Mausser and Perry Van der Beck. Even Alketas Panagoulias, U.S. national team coach (and thus Team America coach by default) was himself a naturalized citizen. (Panagoulis had led the New York Greek-Americans to three U.S. Open Cup triumphs in the early 1960s and was later coach of the Greece national team at the 1994 World Cup, but earned his living selling real estate.)

Season
Wearing a red, white and blue uniform with a horizontally striped jersey, the team began well, going 8–5 (including a shootout win over the Cosmos in front of 31,112 at RFK on June 17) but lost 15 of its last 17 games, finishing at the bottom of the standings with a 10–20 record. (There was one highlight, however: on August 13, the club played to a 1–1 tie with the mighty Italian club Juventus (which featured six players from the 1982 World Cup-winning squad), in front of 20,111 fans at RFK.)

Lack of scoring punch was the biggest problem: the club scored just five goals in the entire month of July, losing all eight matches; Team America's 33 goals on the season was barely one per game and easily the worst in the league. None of the players were named to the league's All Star team. As the team stumbled through the regular season, Samuels and Lifton became desperate. On July 27, 1983, they announced that they had approached the owners of the other NASL, as well as MISL, teams about loaning U.S. players to Team America on a game by game basis when the players' regular teams had an idle game day. However, MISL refused the NASL/USSF request for player loans, citing the NASL policy forbidding teams in that league from loaning its players to MISL.

Lack of success on the field led to tensions among U.S. national team players. Some, such as Jeff Durgan, publicly criticized Rick Davis and Steve Moyers for choosing to remain with the Cosmos rather than signing with Team America. Mark Peterson, the North American Soccer League's player of the year in 1982, began the season with the Seattle Sounders, but joined Team America during the 1983 season after receiving severe criticism from other U.S. players.

Demise
The team's initial attendance figures were decent enough: an average of 19,952 through the first seven home matches. (This was a little misleading, however: the figure includes the 50,108 who attended a game against Fort Lauderdale that featured a free Beach Boys concert; the other six matches averaged just 14,926.) As the losses piled up, though, the fans stopped coming to RFK: barely 55,000 showed up for the last eight home games combined, lowering Team America's average to just 13,002 for the entire 1983 season. This was actually third-best in the rapidly-fading 12-team NASL, but it wasn't enough to avoid severe financial losses, especially when coupled with the USSF's inability to finalize several potential marketing deals. Panagoulis wondered aloud, "Where are we going? What the hell are we doing? Why do these people keep paying me?" At the end of the season, Robert Lifton pulled the plug on the franchise; afterwards, he, Commissioner Samuels and the USSF engaged in much public rancor and wrangling over who was most responsible for the club's failure.

The Team America fiasco may also have had a hand in the destruction of another NASL franchise, the Montreal Manic. In his book, Soccer in a Football World, North American soccer historian Dave Wangerin partially attributes the downfall of the Manic organization to the Molson ownership's declaration to attempt to build a Team Canada roster for the 1984 season. The new direction of the club meant many of the Manic's non-Canadian players would be let go; given Canada's poor track record at producing world class soccer talent, fans were put off by the prospect that the team's play would diminish. (The fact the franchise played in francophone Montreal, rife with separatist sentiment, didn't help.) Sure enough, the Manic managed only a 12–18 mark in 1983 and saw their attendance drop by more than half, attracting only 9,910 fans per contest. Team Canada in the NASL never became a reality, as the Manic (who had already lost a reported $7 million in their first two seasons) folded after the 1983 season.

Honors
U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 2003: Arnie Mausser
 * 2014: Bruce Savage

Indoor Soccer Hall of Fame
 * 2014: Bruce Savage

title: Team America (NASL)


text:
Talk:Lindley Murray

Untitled
Removed copyvio from here. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 22:57, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Discrepancies
I have run across three discrepancies:
 * Date of birth: 22 April 1745 vs. 7 June 1745
 * Date of death: 16 February 1826 vs. 16 January 1826
 * Place of birth: Harper Tavern vs. Swatara Township

How it's left at the moment is there's a note about the discrepancies. I used the 22 April 1745 birth date and the 16 February 1826 date of death in the body of the article, because it seems there are more sources for those.

For place of birth, since Swatara is often listed as the place of birth and it's just a bit east of Harper Tavern, I used "Harper Tavern, near Swatara Township..." It may be that the writers meant Swatara Creek, which flows by Harper Tavern.

Does this make sense? If you have insight or a way to sort the dates more definitely - or express the place of birth differently, that would be helpful.–CaroleHenson (talk) 06:39, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The older editions of Murray's memoir only state the year he was born. This 1996 edition, this book, and the PA marker source (search on Lindley Murray) say that he was born on 7 June 1745. I am beginning to wonder if that's the right date, because it seems to me that the state of PA and someone working on his memoirs would want it to be right - and might be in the best position to research this (state public records, family members, etc.)–CaroleHenson (talk) 13:53, 25 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I made the change to 7 June 1745 for the date of birth here.

 * If there are any concerns or differences of opinion, that would be really helpful to know, I just took my best shot, but I could be wrong.–CaroleHenson (talk) 17:48, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The saga continues. I just saw that his date of birth is 17 April 1745 (4/17/1745 Old Style corresponds to 4/28/1745 New Style), not 22 April 1745. 17 April 1745 is the date on his Find a grave record, which is not a reliable source. I cannot tell if there are dates on the grave stone.

 * In the thesis, his date of birth is 27 March 1745 on page 32 - as I understand, since it wasn't published as a book, it's not a reliable source either.

 * As I have gone along, though, I keep seeing 16 February 1826 as his date of death and either Harper Tavern or Swatara for his place of birth, so that's good.

 * I am not sure what to do with that information. I might try the Teahouse.–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:43, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Oops, it another date in the thesis, it's 27 March 1745. I changed the date and underlined it above. The only thing that makes sense to me right now is to say he was born in 1745, and discuss the different dates in a note.

 * Again, if anyone's out there, your opinion would be nice to have. This has become a tangled mess for the date of birth.–CaroleHenson (talk) 20:40, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Thankfully, sorted things out and eliminated the content from unreliable sources in the note in the article, so I am striking it out here, too, so that it's clear why it wasn't included. The note is so much better now.–CaroleHenson (talk) 15:46, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

Law practice
I saw your edit summary comment "Law career: confusing... did he ever leave practice? Cut the comment tending toward saints' legends..."

It's very confusing to me how long he was in practice. I don't think he did much for the first four years of the Revolutionary War. He's described as fishing, sailing, and something else. There's a source that said he returned to his practice in 1779, so that's in there, but it sounds like he made much more money on the import-export and shipping businesses.

I have been debating whether to spend more time on it. It seems (his memoir, Monaghan, not sure) that it was harder for him to get business in the last years of the war and during economic downturnsttt. If he was practicing law from 1779 to 1783, I don't think it was full-time.–CaroleHenson (talk) 21:05, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

 * thx for the confirmation about that passage being confusing. By the way, is/was some of this article copied from 18th-century publications? Some of the writing is/was notably antiquated. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 07:46, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I did some rewriting of the older content, but apparently not enough. I totally agree with your removal of content like "saints' legends". I don't think I introduced anything that is antiquated, but I will take a spin through the article.–CaroleHenson (talk) 19:58, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I made copy edits here. I think that's better. Feel free to make edits, too.–CaroleHenson (talk) 20:53, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I made some more edits. Here's an updated diff.–CaroleHenson (talk) 21:18, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lindley Murray


text:
Chinatown, Montreal

Chinatown (Quartier chinois) is a neighborhood located in the area of De la Gauchetière Street in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The neighbourhood contains many Asian restaurants, food markets, and convenience stores as well being home to many of Montreal's East Asian community centres, such as the Montreal Chinese Hospital and the Montreal Chinese Community and Cultural Centre.

Origins
The area was once home to Montreal's Jewish community, with thousands of Yiddish speaking immigrants settling in the area from 1890 to 1920, as part of a Jewish quarter centred on Saint Laurent Boulevard.

The first Chinese immigrants to Montreal arrived in March 1877. Montreal's Chinatown emerged in the 1890s and belonged to the Chan, Hom (Tam), Lee, and Wong clan groups. Many Taishan Chinese settled (all following the Leung Family) in the area because they worked for the railways and it was convenient for these occupations.

Among the first Chinese residents was Jos Song Long who opened a laundromat on Craig Street (today Saint Antoine Street). Most Chinese residents primarily spoke Toisanese, a sister language of Cantonese, and had moved from British Columbia and southern China to what had been a primarily residential area. Initially, many Chinese Montrealers ran laundromats, as owning their own businesses allowed them to avoid the pay discrimination that they had faced in British Columbia. Businesses such as laundromats required geographic proximity to its customers, and as a result, this type of business became quite common in Montreal, with Chinatown being largely commercially oriented.

In 1902, the area officially became known as "Chinatown", and specifically referred to several blocks centered on De La Gauchetière Street between Chenneville and Clark Streets. On these streets, many Chinese-owned businesses opened, notably restaurants and specialty grocers. The neighbourhood was strategically located with modest-sized lots, affordable rents and close proximity to Saint-Laurent Boulevard, which attracted non-Chinese clients.

Over the years, Hong Kongers and ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam also set up shops and restaurants in the area.

Decline
From the 1970s onwards Montreal's Chinatown was subject to many of the cities' redevelopment plans, reducing the size of Chinatown and its expansion. This saw to the expropriation and demolition of over 6 acres of private properties in the construction of the Complexe Guy-Favreau and a city block of Chinatown for the construction of Palais des congrès de Montréal, even as community consultation and negotiations were still on-going. Rezoning of areas east of Saint Laurent from Chinatown in the 1980s has further prevented the growth expansion of Chinatown businesses. In 2022, it was announced that Chinatown would be granted heritage status by the province to shield the neighbourhood from further negative effects brought on by development and gentrification.

Features
Much of Montreal Chinatown is located on La Gauchetière Street and around Saint Urbain Street and Saint Lawrence Boulevard (boul. Saint-Laurent), between René Lévesque Boulevard and Viger Avenue (Place-d'Armes Montreal metro station), occupying roughly the area of a city block. The part of La Gauchetière that crosses through Chinatown is a pedestrian walkway, making it more inviting for a stroll. On several weekends during the summer, the street becomes a lively outdoor fair. Prior to 1970, a significant part of Chinatown extended west to Jeannes-Mance Street.

Montreal has the most paifang of any Chinatown in Canada, with 4 gates in the:
 * North: 45.5087°N, -73.56127°W
 * South: 45.5076°N, -73.55884°W
 * East: 45.50844°N, -73.55969°W
 * West: 45.50532°N, -73.56191°W

Montreal's Chinatown is a vibrant nightspot for locals and tourists alike thanks to a special regulation by Montreal's city officials which slates the sector as a tourist area, thus allowing it to continue operations well into the evening. Cantonese seafood, barbecue and dim sum restaurants and Vietnamese Phở eateries are featured in Chinatown. Many local Asian-Canadians frequent the area since the shops offer products directly imported from Mainland China or Vietnam that are difficult to find elsewhere in town.

Aside from its economic importance in the sector, Montreal's Chinatown actively participate in numerous community activities. The offices of many Chinese newspapers, organizations and associations are located in the surrounding buildings. Moreover, the Chinatown houses the biggest Chinese school of Montreal (over 1500 students) as well as the Montreal Chinese Catholic Mission. Over the years, the Canadian government has continually sought to invest in the area by funding the construction of the Montreal Chinese Hospital and the Montreal Chinese Cultural and Community Centre.

The new CHUM hospital is partly located in Chinatown and the Quartier Latin.

Like many other Chinatowns, Montreal also has the annual Miss Chinese Montreal Pageant, where the winner goes on to compete at the Miss Chinese International Pageant, which is usually held in Hong Kong or in mainland China.

Media
Chinatown was the filming location of the 2008 film release Punisher: War Zone. Some parts of Chinatown were redressed with English-language signage to recreate the atmosphere of Chinatown, Manhattan.

There are Four Chinese language weekly newspapers operating in Montreal: La Grande Époque Montréal, Les Presses Chinoises, Sept Days, and the Luby.

Chinatown West
A new Chinatown has begun to develop in the area west of Concordia University in the last fifteen years, particularly along Sainte Catherine Street between Guy Street and Greene Avenue. It caters primarily to the growing mainland Chinese and East Asian student and immigrant population in the area. As of 2006, 22.9% of the area's population were of Chinese origin. The area is commonly known as the "Concordia Ghetto", similar to the "McGill Ghetto" found in Milton Park, a student neighborhood located directly east of McGill.

Brossard
Various Asian-themed malls have arisen along Taschereau Boulevard in the south shore suburb of Brossard, where a significant portion of the population is of Chinese origin (14% of population, 33% of visible minorities). The provincial government of Quebec enticed Hong Kong millionaires to settle and invest in the province, particularly in Brossard. The shopping centres were largely funded by Hong Kong Chinese immigrant investors, some of whom have since returned to Hong Kong or have relocated to larger Chinese immigrant centres such as Toronto and Vancouver. A wide range of Chinese restaurants, grocers, and services can still be found in Brossard.

 * Place Kim Phat

title: Chinatown, Montreal


text:
Overlake Christian Church

 Overlake Christian Church is a non-denominational megachurch in Redmond, Washington.

Mission
The church's purpose statement is to: Love God, Love People & Serve the World. Weekend services for adults, students and children are considered the main venues where the Love God purpose is fulfilled. Life Groups (small community groups and support groups) are viewed as the fundamental way the church shows its love and concern for people. The church's Serve the World purpose is accomplished through various initiatives (throughout the Pacific Northwest and the world); the primary of which are centered on HIV/AIDS, human trafficking, and orphan care through fostering and adoption. The church also has a major focus on assisting unhoused people and single mothers in the Puget Sound region.

Leadership
The Lead Pastors are Neely McQueen and Patrick Swanson, who previously served as pastors in Overlake's Student and Community Ministries, respectively. Mike Howerton, who was the "Next Generation" pastor at Saddleback Church (pastored by Rick Warren) in Orange County, California until 2004, served as Overlake's Lead Pastor until stepping down in 2020. Howerton has authored three books, Ride of Your Life, Glorious Mess and Miles to Cross, and was a contributing author to another entitled, The Relevant Church. The church is governed by a volunteer board of elders.

History
Overlake Christian Church began in Kirkland, Washington, in 1969 with a handful of former attendees of Bellevue Christian Church. James Earl Ladd, then president of Puget Sound College of the Bible in the nearby city of Mountlake Terrace, agreed to serve as a temporary, part-time pastor/preacher until a replacement could be found. A pastor from Enid, Oklahoma, Bob Moorehead, was invited and became Overlake's Senior Pastor in January, 1970. During the nearly thirty years of Moorehead's tenure, weekly attendance at the Kirkland church campus grew from less than a hundred to more than 6,000. He resigned in 1998 amid allegations of sexual impropriety, mostly related to the 1970s, that he had touched or fondled male members of the congregation. The elders of the church exonerated Moorehead in the results of their initial investigation, but a year after he resigned they withdrew their support, saying they had discovered new evidence that showed he "did violate the scriptural standards of trust, self-control, purity and godly character required for the office of elder and pastor." As a conservative Christian, condemnation of homosexuality had been a major theme of his preaching.

In 1997, the church moved to a new 250,000 square foot building on 27 acres, along Willows Road NE in Redmond, Washington. After Moorehead's departure in June 1998, the senior pastor's role was filled by Rick Kingham, a former Vice President of Promise Keepers, who led the congregation until February 2007, and Mike Howerton, who was the church's lead pastor from that year until March 2020. Neely McQueen and Patrick Swanson became the church's first lead pastors under a co-lead tandem in November 2020, the former becoming the first female to serve as a lead pastor in Overlake.

In addition to the Bob Moorehead scandal, the church was again under public investigation in 2007, when $75,000 taken up as an offering from church members and visitors for victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 was instead used to pay church expenses, including salaries. Bob Senatore, then chairman of the board of elders, stated that the church has borrowed from restricted funds before, and it was not improper to do so.

Overlake Christian Church has founded eight other churches in the area, the largest having more than 3,800 Sunday attendees.

title: Overlake Christian Church


text:
Team Hawaii

Team Hawaii was a soccer team based out of Honolulu that played in the NASL for one season, 1977. Their home field was Aloha Stadium.

After two unsuccessful years as the San Antonio Thunder, the franchise moved to Hawai'i in time for the 1977 season. The club was originally coached by Hubert Vogelsinger, but after he became ill midway through the season, Charlie Mitchell took over and served as player-coach for the remainder of the campaign. On the field, Hawaii had an 11–15 record and failed to qualify for the playoffs; at the box office, the team never came close to filling their 50,000-seat stadium. (A decent crowd of 12,877 attended their match against the New York Cosmos in April, but none of their other twelve home games drew even half of that; they managed only 4,543 per game for the season.)

Being thousands of miles away from their opponents, travel became a significant issue for Team Hawaii. The club would often go on four- or five-game road trips to the mainland, while visiting teams would usually coordinate playing in Hawaii with games against west coast teams.

With the poor attendances and high travel costs, the club lost an estimated $500,000 to $1 million in 1977. After speculation the franchise would move to Milwaukee, Atlanta or Houston, Team Hawaii officially shifted to Tulsa on November 14, 1977, to become the Tulsa Roughnecks.

To date, they remain Hawaii's only major professional soccer team and one of two major professional sports teams to play in the state (the other being The Hawaiians that played in the WFL in 1974–75). They were also the first island in the Pacific Islands to field a professional soccer team.

1977 roster
Last updated April 20, 2009.

title: Team Hawaii


text:
User talk:Darth Vader (usurped)

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Having said that,

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title: User talk:Darth Vader (usurped)


text:
C. W. Anderson

Christopher Wright (born January 7, 1971) is an American professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, C. W. Anderson. He is best known for his appearances with Extreme Championship Wrestling from 1999 to 2001.

Early life
Wright grew up in North Carolina and was an ardent fan of Jim Crockett Promotions, admiring wrestlers such as Ric Flair, Dusty Rhodes and Bobby Eaton. Upon his graduation from high school in 1989, Wright was drafted by the San Diego Padres as a catcher, but rejected the offer, instead choosing to attend college, where he studied computing while playing baseball and softball.

Early career (1993–1999)
After graduating from college, Wright sought a new weekend sport to replace baseball. Several of his friends were wrestling professionally, and Wright decided to become a professional wrestler as well. With no formal training, he wrestled (and lost) his first match on December 4, 1993, under a mask as "El Chico".

While wrestling for Carolina Championship Wrestling Alliance (CCWA), Pat Connors, who was also working the same show, was watching Wright's match and was impressed with his skills and appearance. Connors wrestled as Pat Anderson, a member of the Anderson family. Connors approached the booker of CCWA, Jim Massingale, and asked him if he would put Wright and himself together as a tag team. Massingale allowed it and Connors had the match lined up before he approached Wright. Connors introduced himself to Wright and the two talked for a while. Connors offered Wright the tag team work and he accepted. Gene Anderson had died before C. W. came along so Connors contacted Rocky Anderson who was the head trainer of Gene's gym. Connors asked for permission to make Wright an Anderson and Rocky told Connors to use his judgement. Anderson spent two weeks trying to think of an appropriate forename, eventually settling on his initials, C. W., at the suggestion of an interviewer; he thus became "C. W. Anderson". Connors and C. W. Anderson wrestled as cousins of the Anderson family. During their time as a tag team, Wright and Connors won tag team championship titles in 9 different wrestling promotions including the NWA World Tag Team Championship titles. They also held the Carolina Championship Wrestling Association (CCWA), Continental Wrestling Alliance (CWA) and Southern Wrestling Association (SWA) Tag Team Championship titles at the same time in 1994.

Anderson later met Ole Anderson but claimed that he was disillusioned by the experience.

In 1996, Anderson opened his own professional wrestling school in Smithfield, North Carolina, which he later named "The Anderson Academy" where he trained wrestlers such as Chilly Willy, Lodi and Toad. It was during this time that Anderson joined the Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts, a promotion run by Matt and Jeff Hardy.

In 1998, Anderson trained at the World Championship Wrestling run Power Plant under DeWayne Bruce and Pez Whatley. While there he was told by J. J. Dillon and Paul Orndorff that he lacked the talent and physique to become successful as a wrestler. After spending eighteen months in the Power Plant without being utilized on WCW television, Anderson opted to leave the Power Plant, turning down a six-year WCW contract offer.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999–2001)
On June 6, 1999, Anderson accompanied a friend to an Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) tryout in Georgia and was convinced to get in the ring by Nova. His work impressed ECW owner Paul Heyman, and Anderson was hired. In his first match for ECW, Anderson teamed with Skull Von Krush against Danny Doring and Roadkill.

In ECW, Anderson formed The New Dangerous Alliance with Billy Wiles, Elektra and Lou E. Dangerously. After that group separated, Anderson joined forces with Simon and Swinger.

On January 7, 2001, at the final ECW pay-per-view, Guilty as Charged, Anderson lost to Tommy Dreamer in an "I Quit" match. As part of his preparation for the bout, Anderson watched the "I Quit" match between Magnum T. A. and Tully Blanchard from Starrcade 1985.

Independent circuit (2001–2006)
Following the closure of ECW, Anderson wrestled in Dusty Rhodes' Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling, where he formed the Extreme Horsemen with Barry Windham and Steve Corino. The stable later wrestled in Major League Wrestling, where they were joined by P.J. Polaco and Simon Diamond. Anderson also wrestled for Ring of Honor and various independent promotions in North Carolina.

From 2002 onwards, Anderson made numerous tours of Japan, most prominently for Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max (by May 2006, he had toured with the company on 36 separate occasions). In 2004, he was given a tryout match by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, but was not hired. On June 10, 2005, Anderson appeared at Hardcore Homecoming, an ECW reunion event organized by Shane Douglas. The event saw Anderson team with Simon Diamond in a loss to Chris Chetti and Mikey Whipwreck. He went on to appear at Hardcore Homecoming events in September 2005 and November 2005.

Anderson was hospitalized in 2005 after a supplement named Superdrol gave him jaundice and caused his liver to stop functioning. He returned to the ring after several months, during which he lost 40 lb (18 kg) in weight.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2004, 2005, 2006–2007)
Throughout 2004 and 2005, Anderson made numerous appearances with World Wrestling Entertainment, wrestling in dark matches and on Velocity. On June 12, 2005, he appeared at the WWE promoted ECW reunion show ECW One Night Stand, sitting at ringside next to Chris Chetti and Elektra.

On May 4, 2006, Anderson and several other Extreme Championship Wrestling alumni were hired by WWE to work on their new brand, ECW. Throughout June and July, Anderson wrestled at ECW house shows and in ECW on Sci Fi dark matches. On August 1, he became known as Christopher W. Anderson. He made what would be his only ECW television appearance on August 22, 2006, losing to CM Punk. Anderson was released by WWE on January 18, 2007, along with ten other superstars.

Independent circuit (2007–2020)

C. W. Anderson then worked in independent promotions including Vanguard Championship Wrestling where he defeated TNA wrestler Sonjay Dutt. CW re-debuted recently working for NWA Charlotte. Anderson showed up dropping 40 lbs attributing it to his new workout P90x. On April 25, 2009, he worked for GSW German Stampede Wrestling at International Impact losing to "Bad Bones" John Kay. On June 27, 2009, he appeared at an ECW type reunion show called "Legends of the Arena" and wrestled against 2 Cold Scorpio. On August 4, 2010, it was confirmed that Wright would be taking part in TNA's ECW reunion show, Hardcore Justice, on August 8. At the event he was defeated by 2 Cold Scorpio. CW Anderson was announced for the 2nd ever match of the new Extreme Reunion organization; which is conceived as a continuation of the original Extreme Championship Wrestling. His opponent was announced as ECW Alumnus, Al Snow. On June 29, Extreme Rising's 2nd show in Queens, NY, CW lost a match against "Pitbull" Gary Wolfe. The following night, in Philadelphia, he lost a match to Balls Mahoney and had a confrontation with The Sandman. In 2013, Anderson performed in OMEGA. On January 15, James Storm, Jeff Hardy, Matt Hardy & Shane Helms defeat CW Anderson, Gunner, Lodi & Steve Corino. On May 25, 2013, Matt Hardy & Shane Helms defeat CW Anderson & Steve Corino. On October 12, 2013, Anderson was defeated by Hardy in the first round for the OMEGA Championship. On October 5, 2013, at Vanguard Championship Wrestling, Anderson defeated Tommy Dreamer in an I Quit match. On November 30, 2013, at WrestleCade, Anderson was defeated by Dreamer in an I Quit match. Now he is the AWE heavyweight Champion after winning the title at Waynesboro Virginia High school.

Anderson appeared on the December 17th episode of NWA Power and wrestled in a tournament qualifying match for the NWA TV Title. He wrestled against Sal Rinauro and Zicky Dice in a Triple Threat, in which Zicky Dice won. On the March 3rd edition of Power, Anderson won a "last chance match" alongside Caleb Konley, defeating the Dawsons and earning a contract with the National Wrestling Alliance.

Retirement (2020–2021)
On June 19, 2020, Anderson announced his retirement from wrestling. In a video posted on his Facebook page crying, Anderson stated that he was ready for the next chapter of his life to begin, and felt like he had lost sight of what's important in his life. He also stated that he had no plans to appear on any podcasts or interviews, feeling that it was time to fully move on from wrestling.

Late career (2021)
In 2021, Anderson came out of retirement and is now working in a tag team with Preston Quinn as the Extreme Horsemen.

In Late April 2024, CW and Brock Anderson won the AML Tag Team Championship at AML Wanted Man in Statesville North Carolina

Championships and accomplishments

 * America's Most Liked Wrestling
 * AML Championship (2 times)
 * AML Tag Team Championship (3 times, current) – with Damien Wayne (1), Preston Quinn (1) and Brock Anderson (1, current)
 * Carolina Championship Wrestling Association
 * CCWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * CCWA Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Pat Anderson
 * Continental Wrestling Alliance
 * CWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Pat Anderson
 * Delaware Championship Wrestling
 * DCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Red Hot Russ
 * High Volume Pro Wrestling
 * HVPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Jacksonville Wrestling Alliance
 * JWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Live Action Wrestling
 * LAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Major League Wrestling
 * MLW Global Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Simon Diamond
 * MLW Global Tag Team Tournament (2002) - with Simon Diamond
 * Midwest Wrestling United
 * MWU Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NIWA
 * NIWA Television Championship (1 time)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Pat Anderson
 * NWA 2000
 * NWA 2000 American Heritage Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA 2000 Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Pat Anderson (1) and Cueball Carmichael (1)
 * Palmetto Pride Championship Wrestling
 * PPCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Premier Wrestling Federation
 * PWF Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * PWF Universal Six Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Steve Corino and John Skyler
 * PWF United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * PWF Universal Tag Team Championship (3 times) - with Steve Corino
 * PWF Television Championship (1 time)
 * Shinya Hashimoto Memorial Legacy Cup (2014)
 * Match of the Year (2002, 2003, 2005, 2014)
 * Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2004)
 * Pro Wrestling International
 * PWI International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling WORLD-1
 * WORLD-1 Great Lakes Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Bull Wheeler
 * WORLD-1 Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Steve Corino
 * Pro Wrestling Zero1
 * NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Steve Corino
 * ZERO1-MAX United National Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * RAGE Wrestling Warriors
 * RARE Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * RARE Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Preston Quinn
 * Ring Wars Carolina
 * RWC Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Southern Championship Wrestling
 * SCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * SCW North Carolina Championship (2 times)
 * SCW Tag Team Championship (4 times) - with Pat Anderson (2), Cueball Carmichael (1), and Dewey Cheatum (1)
 * Southern Wrestling Association
 * SWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Pat Anderson
 * Vanguard Championship Wrestling
 * VCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * VCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Phil Brown
 * X3 Wrestling
 * X3 Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

title: C. W. Anderson


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Rural Municipality of Hanover

The Rural Municipality of Hanover is a rural municipality (RM) in southeastern Manitoba, Canada, located southeast of Winnipeg in Division No. 2.

It is Manitoba's most populous rural municipality and fourth-most populous municipality overall (behind the cities of Winnipeg, Brandon, and Steinbach) as of the 2021 census.

History
The area of Hanover was part of the traditional lands of the Ojibway-speaking natives. In the summer of 1871, the federal government signed treaties with these people and relocated them to reserves such as the Roseau River Anishinabe First Nation to the south and the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation to the north. The Manitoba government set aside the East Reserve, slightly smaller than what is now the RM of Hanover, from the lands left behind for Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites immigrants from the Russian empire. In 1873, these Mennonites signed an agreement with the Canadian government known as the Privilegium, which guaranteed land, freedom of religion, private schools, and military exemption.

The East Reserve was divided into two municipalities in the early 1880s, as most of the southern Manitoba was organizing itself into new rural municipalities. In 1880, the north part of the East Reserve became the Rural Municipality of Hespeler, named in honour of William Hespeler, who had brought many of the Mennonite immigrants to the area. The RM of Hanover, to the south, was established on 25 May 1881. The two municipalities shared administrative staff and merged into the single municipality of Hanover in 1890.

Other settlers in the area were mainly French and Anglo-Saxons.

The neighbouring city of Steinbach and town of Niverville were originally within Hanover but have since become separate urban municipalities. Steinbach was incorporated (as a Town) in 1946 and Niverville in 1969. These three municipalities now have a combined population of over 40,000 residents. Hanover's municipal headquarters were located in Steinbach until a new office building near Mitchell was constructed in 2001.

Demographics
Hanover is the province's most populated rural municipality, ahead of the Rural Municipality of Springfield, and fourth-most populated municipality overall, slightly behind the City of Steinbach. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hanover had a population of 17,216 living in 5,141 of its 5,305 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 15,540. With a land area of 730.44 km2, it had a population density of in 2021. The largest communities in Hanover are the local urban districts of Mitchell, Grunthal and Blumenort, which have populations of 2,828, 1,782 and 1,778, respectively.

Transportation
Hanover is served by three provincial highways: PTH 52, PTH 12, and PTH 59; the latter two link the municipality with the City of Winnipeg, the provincial capital. There are no major rivers or rail lines running through Hanover; however, the Canadian Pacific Railway's Emerson subdivision forms a portion of the municipality's boundary with the Rural Municipality of Ritchot.

The Steinbach South Airport is a privately-run airport located within municipal boundaries near Steinbach.

Communities

 * Local urban districts
 * Blumenort
 * Grunthal
 * Kleefeld
 * Mitchell
 * New Bothwell

 * Other communities
 * Barkfield
 * Blumenhoff
 * Bristol
 * Friedensfeld
 * Hochstadt
 * Pansy
 * Randolph
 * Rosengard
 * Sarto
 * Tourond

title: Rural Municipality of Hanover


text:
Toronto Falcons (1967–1968)

The Toronto Falcons were a soccer team based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They played only two years, 1967 in the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) and 1968 in the North American Soccer League (NASL). Their home field was Varsity Stadium.

During the 1967 season, while still in the NPSL, the Falcons drew an average of 3,792 people per game. Toronto's record for the 1967 season was a bearable 10–5–17. The following season, the NPSL merged with the United Soccer Association to form the NASL. Their intercity rival, Toronto City, of USL folded in the process after only one year.

In the NASL, with the legendary László Kubala as their coach, the Falcons played well collecting a 13–6–13 record, but financial troubles caused the club (along with 11 others) to fold. Their average attendance for the 1968 season was 5,336 people per game. The NASL would return to Toronto in 1971 in the form of the Toronto Metros.

Players
During the 1967 season, the Falcons were able to sign Bill Brown a Scottish goalkeeper who received 28 international caps in his career. Tony Lecce was a defender and Canadian international. Defender Guglielmo Burelli played over 150 games in the Serie A, including one season for Juventus FC Other players worth noting are Iris DeBrito and Yanko Daucik both prolific goal scorers, and John Lima from the first Spanish league. The team became something of a family affair with the addition of Daucik's brother in law László Kubala (player/coach) and nephew Branko Kubala to the squad, not to mention Yanko's father Ferdinand Daučík served as the head coach. In 1968, Salvadoran international Raúl Magaña appeared for the club.

Coaches

 * 🇸🇰 Fernando Daucik
 * 🇦🇷 Hector Marinaro, Sr.
 * 🇭🇺 🇪🇸 🇸🇰 László Kubala

title: Toronto Falcons (1967–1968)


text:
Dniproavia

Dniproavia (Дніпроавіа) was an airline headquartered at Dnipro International Airport in Dnipro, Ukraine, which operated scheduled and chartered passenger flights.

History
Dniproavia was established in 1933 as Dnipropetrovsk Integrated Air Squad, forming part of then Soviet national airline Aeroflot. On 22 June 1996, the airline became a joint stock company in a state-owned entity which included Dnipropetrovsk International Airport, thus giving the airline full control over its home base. Dniproavia announced a loss of just over 6 million USD for 2006, despite increasing revenues by 17 percent and carrying 54 percent more passengers. It blamed the loss on the suspension of its flights to Germany, due to a dispute with the German authorities over Lufthansa's landing rights at Dnipropetrovsk Airport. In October 2009, the airline was sold to Galtera investment group, however, it was controlled by Ukrainian-Israeli entrepreneur Ihor Kolomoyskyi's Privat Group.

As of 25 March 2012, as a result of the anti-monopoly committee of Ukraine's decision to allow the consolidation of the Ukrainian Aviation Group's physical and operational assets, Dniproavia no longer operates flights with its own code, but rather on behalf of its parent company Aerosvit. By mid-June 2012 the airline introduced their first Embraer 190. All Embraer 190s were ordered and operated by Dniproavia, but they were operated for the airline-partner AeroSvit.

On 9 January 2013, the company ceased all operations, but some flights were resumed on 1 February 2013.

Due to a legal dispute regarding the nationalization of the airline, most of its aircraft were transferred to Windrose Airlines, with just two remaining in the fleet of Dniproavia. In November 2017, Dniproavia was declared bankrupt. On May 15, 2020, the Supreme Court of Ukraine upheld the decision of the Kyiv Commercial Court, leaving the company in the ownership of a private owner.

Destinations
As of January 2017, Dniproavia served domestic routes within Ukraine as well as international services to Bulgaria, Israel and Romania on a scheduled basis.

Fleet
The Dniproavia fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of May 2017):

Historical fleet
The airline also operated the following aircraft:

 * Antonov An-26
 * Boeing 737-300
 * Boeing 737-400
 * Boeing 737-500
 * Boeing 767-300ER
 * Embraer ERJ-190
 * Yakovlev Yak-40
 * Yakovlev Yak-42

Accidents and incidents

 * 24 April 2003: A Dniproavia Yakovlev Yak-40 (registered UR-87918) ran off the runway after a hard landing at Dnipropetrovsk International Airport following a scheduled domestic flight. The aircraft came to a rest 100 metres away from the runway and was substantially damaged. There were no fatal injuries amongst the 13 passengers and four crew members on board.
 * 28 April 2011: A Dniproavia Embraer 145 (registered UR-DNK) ran off the taxiway after having just exited the runway at Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport. As a result of this, the aircraft's landing gear gave way and its chassis was badly damaged. However, the aircraft was quickly evacuated and made safe by airport rescue personnel and no injuries were reported, amongst the 30 passengers and four crew members, as a result of the incident.

title: Dniproavia


text:
Josefov Fortress

Josefov Fortress (Pevnost Josefov, Josefstadt or Josephstadt) is a large historic defence complex of 18th-century military architecture in Jaroměř in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. It was built between 1780 and 1787. Together with Terezín fortress, it was built for protection against attacks from Prussia, but its military importance, like other such fortresses built across Europe, was minimal as decisive battles were often fought elsewhere. In 1948 it became part of the town of Jaroměř.

Design
After the coronation of Emperor Joseph II, new fortifications began to be built for the defence of the northern border of the Empire. The defence of Moravia was entrusted to Olomouc, which was fortified by powerful forts. When the work was completed, the fortification of Hradec Králové commenced between 1766-88. The Emperor Joseph II himself had the Josefov Fortress built around the area of Plesy, near the town of Jaroměř.

Designed by the French architect Claude Benoît Duhamel de Querlonde and fortified by octagonal-shaped, bastion-like brick walls extending over 289 hectares, the fortress is a system of fortifications in the form of an amphitheatre with extensive three-storey deep underground corridors formed in cretaceous rocks, and running through a labyrinth of 45 kilometers, the likes of which cannot be found anywhere else in Europe. It had three distinct sections - the main fortress with its residential and public function, the lower Crown fortress with a fortified island, and a forward redoubt in Brdce fortress. The town had four gates. The dominant part of the whole Josefov Fortress is the Empire Church, which was built between 1805-10. It was designed by Heinrich Hatzinger, Julius D’Andreis and Franz Joseph Fohmann. Before that, there was a fountain in the same place, which was made by the Czech J. Malinský in 1817.

The Josefov fortress was originally named Ples, and only later, in 1793, was it renamed Josefov. In 1948 the fortress town was incorporated into Jaroměř and today it is an urban monument reservation preserving 18th-century military building techniques and classicist urbanism.

Today
Over the years, the fortress has been converted into a residential district. The biggest extreme metal music festival in Central Europe, Brutal Assault, takes place here each August, with the music stages built against the outer walls. Metalheads from all over Europe occupy the fortress for four days each year.

title: Josefov Fortress


text:
Golden Rule savings rate

In economics, the Golden Rule savings rate is the rate of savings which maximizes steady state level of the growth of consumption, as for example in the Solow–Swan model. Although the concept can be found earlier in the work of John von Neumann and Maurice Allais, the term is generally attributed to Edmund Phelps who wrote in 1961 that the golden rule "do unto others as you would have them do unto you" could be applied inter-generationally inside the model to arrive at some form of "optimum", or put simply "do unto future generations as we hope previous generations did unto us."

In the Solow growth model, a steady state savings rate of 100% implies that all income is going to investment capital for future production, implying a steady state consumption level of zero. A savings rate of 0% implies that no new investment capital is being created, so that the capital stock depreciates without replacement. This makes a steady state unsustainable except at zero output, which again implies a consumption level of zero. Somewhere in between is the "Golden Rule" level of savings, where the savings propensity is such that per-capita consumption is at its maximum possible constant value. Put another way, the golden-rule capital stock relates to the highest level of permanent consumption which can be sustained.

Derivation of the golden-rule savings rate
The following arguments are presented more completely in Chapter 1 of Barro and Sala-i-Martin and in texts such as Abel et al..

Let k be the capital/labour ratio (i.e., capital per capita), y be the resulting per capita output ($$ y = f(k)$$), and s be the savings rate. The steady state is defined as a situation in which per capita output is unchanging, which implies that k be constant. This requires that the amount of saved output be exactly what is needed to (1) equip any additional workers and (2) replace any worn out capital.

In a steady state, therefore: $$ s f(k) = (n+d)k $$, where n is the constant exogenous population growth rate, and d is the constant exogenous rate of depreciation of capital. Since n and d are constant and $$ f(k)$$ satisfies the Inada conditions, this expression may be read as an equation connecting s and k in steady state: any choice of s implies a unique value for k (thus also for y) in steady state. Since consumption is proportional to output ($$ c = (1-s)f(k)$$), then a choice of value for s implies a unique level of steady state per capita consumption. Out of all possible choices for s, one will produce the highest possible steady state value for c and is called the golden rule savings rate.

An important question for policy-makers is whether the economy is saving too much or too little. Given the interconnection of s and k in steady state, noted above, the question can be phrased: "How much capital per worker (k) is needed to achieve the maximum level of consumption per worker in the steady state?"

To discover the optimal capital/labour ratio, and thus the golden rule savings rate, first note that consumption can be seen as the residual output that remains after providing for the investment that maintains steady state: $$ c = f(k) - (n+d)k$$

Differential calculus methods can identify which steady state value for the capital/labour ratio maximises per capita consumption. The golden rule savings rate is then implied by the connection between s and k in steady state (see above).

In detail, if $$ k^G $$ is the golden rule steady state level of k, then $$ k = k^G $$ requires $$ dc/dk = 0 $$, i.e.$$ df/dk - (n+d)= 0 $$

$$\mbox{Golden rule for capital/labour ratio: } \frac{ df }{ dk } = (n+d)$$

The Inada conditions ensure that this rule is satisfied by a unique $$ k = k^G $$ and thus produces a unique $$ y^G = f(k^G) $$. Since steady state requires a particular level of investment, i.e., saved output: $$ i^G = (n+d)k^G $$, then the golden rule savings rate must be whatever is required to generate this;

$$\mbox{Golden rule savings rate: } s^G=\frac{(n+d)k^G}{f(k^G)}$$

Given the rule for optimal k, this may also be expressed as:

$$\mbox{Golden rule savings rate: } s^G=\frac{mpk^G}{apk^G}$$

in which $$ mpk^G $$ is the marginal product of capital ($$ df(k)/dk $$) at the optimal value of k and $$ apk^G $$ is the corresponding average product of capital ($$ f(k)/k $$).

The actual values of $$ k^G $$, $$ y^G $$, $$ apk^G $$, and $$ s^G $$ depend upon the precise specification of the production function $$ f(k) $$. For example, a Cobb–Douglas specification with constant returns to scale has $$ y=f(k)=k^a $$, hence $$ apk=k^{(a-1)} $$ and $$ mpk=ak^{(a-1)} $$. This gives $$ s^G=a $$ and hence $$ k^G=(a/(n+d))^{1/(1-a)} $$, $$ y^G=(a/(n+d))^{a/(1-a)} $$.

Policy effects on the savings rate
Various economic policies can have an effect on the savings rate and, given data about whether an economy is saving too much or too little, can in turn be used to approach the Golden Rule level of savings. Consumption taxes, for example, may reduce the level of consumption and increase the savings rate, whereas capital gains taxes may reduce the savings rate. These policies are often known as savings incentives in the West, where it is felt that the prevailing savings rate is "too low" (below the Golden Rule rate), and consumption incentives in countries like Japan where demand is widely considered to be too weak because the savings rate is "too high" (above the Golden Rule).

Private and public saving
Japan's high rate of private saving is offset by its high public debt. A simple approximation of this is that the government has borrowed 100% of GDP from its own citizens backed only with the promise to pay from future taxation. This does not necessarily lead to capital formation through investment (if the revenue from bond sales is spent on present government consumption rather than infrastructure development, say).

Golden rule taxes within economic models
If consumption tax rates are expected to be permanent then it is hard to reconcile the common hypothesis that rising rates discourage consumption with rational expectations (since the ultimate purpose of saving is consumption). However, consumption taxes tend to vary (e.g., with changes in government or movement between countries), and so currently high consumption taxes may be expected to go away at some point in the future, creating an increased incentive for saving. The efficient level of capital income tax in the steady state has been studied in the context of a general equilibrium model and Judd (1985) has shown that the optimal tax rate is zero. However, Chamley (1986) says that in reaching the steady state (in the short run) a high capital income tax is an efficient revenue source.

Other versions of the Golden Rule of accumulation
The Golden Rule was, according to Allais, first stated by Jacques Desrousseaux in 1959 in an unpublished paper, see also Desrousseaux. The rule was also independently discovered by Edmund Phelps, Carl-Christian von Weizsäcker, and Trevor Swan in the neoclassical setting. Joan Robinson established the rule independently in a growth model with fixed proportions and technological change, referring to differential rents, and dubbed it "the neoclassical theorem". Ekkehart Schlicht has shown that the rule applies also to a Kaldorian growth model where marginal productivities and differential rents are not defined.

title: Golden Rule savings rate


text:
Bob Hope (disambiguation)

Bob Hope (1903–2003) was a British-born American iconic entertainer.

Bob Hope may also refer to:
 * Bob Hope (Emmerdale), a character in Emmerdale, played by Tony Audenshaw
 * MV Bob Hope, the lead vessel of the Bob Hope-class ships

title: Bob Hope (disambiguation)


text:
Vancouver Royals

The Vancouver Royals were a Canadian professional soccer team based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Founded in 1967 as the Vancouver Royal Canadians, they were a charter member of the United Soccer Association (USA), and when the USA and rival National Professional Soccer League (NPSL) merged in 1968 to form the North American Soccer League (NASL), the team, rebranded as the Royals, moved to the new league. The Royals played its home matches at the Empire Stadium. The team folded at the conclusion of the 1968 NASL season.

History
In 1966 several groups of entrepreneurs were exploring the idea of forming a professional soccer league in United States. One of these groups, United Soccer Association (USA) led by Jack Kent Cooke, selected 12 cities for team locations with Vancouver franchise purchased by Brigadier General E.G. Eakins. The USA originally planned to start play in the spring of 1968; however the rival National Professional Soccer League, which secured a TV contract from CBS, announced it was ready to launch in 1967. Not wanting to let the rival league gain an advantage, the USA decided to launch early. Not having secured any player contracts, the league imported teams from Europe, Brazil, and Uruguay to represent the franchise cities. English team Sunderland A.F.C. was brought in to play as the Royal Canadians.

The Royals opened the 1967 season away against the San Francisco Golden Gate Gales with a 6–1 loss on May 28, but won their home opener against the Dallas Tornado 4–1 on June 7. The Royals finished the season in fifth place with a record of 3 wins, 5 ties and 4 losses while drawing an average home league attendance of 7,019.

Following the 1967 season, the USA merged with the National Professional Soccer League to form the North American Soccer League. As part of the new league's efforts to consolidate teams and cites, the owner of the San Francisco Golden Gate Gales franchise, George Fleharty, yielded the San Francisco Bay Area to the NPSL Oakland Clippers and bought a controlling interest in the Vancouver Royal Canadians, renaming the team Vancouver Royals. Bobby Robson was originally reported to have been named manager of the new merged team which was to include players both the Royals and Gales organizations had signed between the end of the 1967 season and merger. However, Ferenc Puskás who had been hired to manage the San Francisco franchise was later named by the owner as head coach. Robson, who took over as coach of Fulham F.C. in January 1968, later sued the team for breach of contract.

The Royals finished the 1968 NASL season in last place in the Pacific Division with 12 wins 5 ties and 15 losses. The team averaged a home attendance of 6,197. The Royals were one of 12 teams that folded between the 1968 and 1969 NASL seasons.

Coaches

 * Ian McColl (1967)
 * 🇭🇺 🇪🇸 Ferenc Puskás, Head Coach (1967)- Bob Lenarduzzi witnessed Puskas coaching Royals in '67 not '68.
 * 🇭🇺 Joe Csabai, Assistant Coach (1968)

Year-by-year
Note: Only regular season goals counted

title: Vancouver Royals


text:
Washington Whips

The Washington Whips were a soccer team based in Washington, D.C. that played in the United Soccer Association (USA). The league was made up of teams imported from foreign leagues. The Washington Whips were the Aberdeen F.C. from Scotland. The name was chosen as the outcome of a newspaper contest.

The team's owner was Earl Foreman, later owner of the Virginia Squires of the American Basketball Association and president of the original Major Indoor Soccer League. Edward T. Reynolds was the booth announcer for the club prior to the merger.

In 1967, the Whips played for the league championship and lost in overtime. After losing a coin toss, the Whips played the Los Angeles Wolves at the L.A. Coliseum in front of a crowd of 17,824. The two teams played to a 4–4 tie in regulation and then a 5–5 tie after the first overtime. At 1:26 in sudden death overtime, Ally Shewan of the Whips scored an own goal to give the game to the Wolves. Washington played with only 10 players for 94 minutes as Jim Smith was ejected in the 30th minute. After being tied 1–1 at half time, the teams scored 4 goals in 90 seconds early in the second half and then a pair of goals at the 82nd and 88th minutes tied it up again. After falling behind in overtime, the Whips tied the game with only 10 seconds remaining on a shot by Francis Munro.

Following the 1967 season, the USA merged with the National Professional Soccer League to form the North American Soccer League with the teams from the former USA having to create their rosters from scratch. Their home field was D.C. Stadium despite complaints after the 1967 season that the $109,000 a year rent was too high.

In 1968 they fielded the only one-armed player in NASL history, Victorio Casa of Argentina and they missed the playoffs on the final game of the season.

Following the 1968 season, the team disbanded and in November 1968, all players became free agents.

title: Washington Whips


text:
Rehoboth (homeland)

Rehoboth (or Basterland) was a homeland in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) intended by the apartheid-era government to be a self-governing homeland for the Baster people in the area around the town of Rehoboth.

The Bantustan existed until 29 July 1989, a few months prior to the Independence of Namibia.

Governance
The Rehoboth Self-government Act, 1976 established a Government of Rehoboth consisting of a Legislative Council with the ability to pass legislation known as "Acts" and a Kaptein's Council, led by an elected Kaptein. The office of Kaptein itself dates to the period of German colonial rule.

title: Rehoboth (homeland)


text: Talk:Climate Diagnostics Center

title: Talk:Climate Diagnostics Center


text:
Peter Adam (filmmaker)

Peter Adam (3 August 1929 – 28 September 2019) was a British filmmaker and author. Born in Berlin, Germany, his work included Eileen Gray: Her Life and Work: The Biography (2009), Outlines: David Hockney (1997), and Art of the Third Reich (ISBN 0-8109-1912-5).

Early life
Adam was born in 1929 in Berlin, Germany, the son of Luise (Gurke) and Walter Adam. His family was middle-class. His father was Jewish and his mother Protestant. In 1944, he moved to Austria. He became a British citizen in 1965 before taking up a career in broadcasting.

Career
Adam was an executive producer with the BBC for 22 years. He was the editor of the arts magazines Review and Arena. He was made an Officier des Arts et des Lettres by the French Government. An autobiography, Mémoires à contre-vent, was published in French by Edition La Différence in April 2010, previously issued in English as ''Not Drowning But Waving. An Autobiography'' (Andre Deutsch, London 1995). His memoirs detailed his friendships with many prominent filmmakers and writers. Adam was a close friend of the painters Prunella Clough and Keith Vaughan, and contributed much to work on both artists. He was the author of the biography of the architect and designer Eileen Gray, published in England, USA, Germany, France, Japan and Russia. He also wrote a book on David Hockney titled David Hockney and his Friends. His other books included Kertesz by Kertesz and Eisenstaedt by Eisenstaedt. Adam lived between London and France where he had a house at La Garde Freinet. His London house had been bought from painter Prunella Cough. In his final years he left Britain to live between Paris and the south of France, where he married his life partner, the actor Facundo Bo.

Film works
He made over 100 documentaries for BBC Current Affairs and for the Music and Arts Department, among them many prize-winning films:

 * Lawrence Durrell's Spirit of Place: nominated for a British Academy Award for Best Factual Programme of 1976
 * Richard Strauss Remembered: Golden Award Houston Film Festival for Best Full Length Documentary of 1985
 * Lotte Lenya and Kurt Weill: Prix Italia selection
 * George Gershwin Remembered: British Academy Nomination for Best Arts Program, 1987; Prime Time Emmy Nomination for Outstanding Special, 1988
 * Art of the Third Reich: Winner of the 1989 British Academy Award in 1989 for Best Arts Documentary of the Year
 * Nominated for the British Film Institute Award
 * Nominated for an Ace Award in Los Angeles

He made films on Hockney, Luchino Visconti, Edward Albee, Lillian Hellman, Hans Werner Henze, Serge Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes, the German Cinema, and a ten-part series on Modern Architecture. He staged Stravinsky's The Soldier's Tale and Kurt Weill's The Little Mahagonny and Happy End.

title: Peter Adam (filmmaker)


text: User talk:163.1.239.227

title: User talk:163.1.239.227


text:
Washington Darts

The Washington Darts were an American soccer club based in Washington, D.C. that played in the American Soccer League from 1967 to 1969 and the North American Soccer League in the 1970 and 1971 seasons, though in 1967 they were known as Washington Britannica. They won two ASL championships and played for the NASL championship once. They also won the 1970 NASL International Cup. The club left Washington after 1971 and became the Miami Gatos (1972), Miami Toros (1973–76), Ft. Lauderdale Strikers (1977–83), and Minnesota Strikers (1984) in the NASL's final season. The club's colors were blue, white and gray.

History
In December 1963, Scottish immigrant Norman Sutherland and soccer players in the Washington, D.C. area created the amateur team, Washington Britannica. In 1967, the team went professional when it joined the American Soccer League. In 1968, they changed their name to the Washington Darts. Following the 1969 season, after winning two consecutive league titles, the Darts left the ASL to join the first division of the American soccer pyramid at the time, the North American Soccer League. After the 1971 NASL season, the team moved to Miami becoming the Miami Gatos.

In 1968, they played their home games at Woodrow Wilson Stadium on the campus of Woodrow Wilson High School on Nebraska Avenue NW. In 1969 they moved their home games to Brookland Stadium on the campus of Catholic University. In 1970 they also played three matches against international teams at RFK Stadium.

In 1968 the Darts became the first professional soccer team to have a black coach in U.S. history when Lincoln Phillips, the goalkeeper, became player-coach.

In 1970, NASL teams rounded out their schedules by playing an assortment of foreign teams including Hoepel from Israel, Varzim from Portugal, Hertha Berlin from Germany and England's Coventry City. These games weren't just for attendance but also counted in the standings. The Washington Darts went 2-2-0 versus the international teams earning the "International Cup". Many teams also played games against Pelé and his Brazilian squad, Santos FC. The 1970 game against Pelé and Santos crushed the Darts previous attendance record of 6,215 against Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C., with 13,878 fans in attendance at RFK Stadium. It was the largest crowd to ever watch a Darts match.

Today, a Washington club soccer team pays tribute to the Darts' legacy via their name: The D.C. Darts.

Club colors
During their time in the NASL, the Darts home colors were gray with blue sleeves, and the away colors were blue.

Coaches

 * 🇹🇹 Lincoln Phillips (1968–1970)

title: Washington Darts


text:
Talk:Taranto

Untitled
This town has an established English name: Tarent. These articles and texts should use it. 62.78.104.103 23:04, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Where is "Tarent" used in English texts? I have always seen it as Taranto. Adam Bishop 03:25, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 62.78.104.103 is wrong. "Tarent" is the French name, that is widely used in heraldry, and he probably copied the names from such a book. The name of the city was Taras in Greek times, Tarentum in Roman times, and Taranto later. No English names.--Panairjdde 08:51, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I think English then uses both names, since I have seen Tarent somewhere in English materials. The reason probably is that in Latin, it is Tarentum, and high English uses almost everything according to forms in Latin (Any scholar knowing something about theory of English language knows that Latin vocabulary is there within). I would assess that the name is Tarent in high English. But, of course, tourists, travellers, tourist guides and such use more frequently the contemporary native names. Thus, the Italian name form has apparently come deep into English usage, at least nowadays (if I am to trust the previous two commentators). However, it is very nice that at least one commentator confirms that Tarent is in use in heraldry materials. I think that medieval lordships are matters whose names are best kept in forms given by English heraldry materials, if it is not directly against the acceptable English language. To change it from heraldry usages to today's tourist usages would be sort of anachronism. 62.78.106.188 13:53, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Taranto has been used in English at least in the last century. See, for example, the Battle of Taranto, as it was called in UK newspapers. As regards heraldry, you can use the form you prefer for unknown offsprings of unimportant nobles, but a prince should be called with the name he ruled with. If you are interested in Renaissance history of Southern Italy, you will find Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini on history books, not John of Tarent, as in your heraldry books.--Panairjdde 08:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is rather funny. Usually, if someone is a historical ruler, his/her name appears translated in English texts. Thus, if Giovanni was a real ruler, a real feudal lord, we expect his name be John of Taranto (or of Tarent) in history books written in English. Not "Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini" which form is clearly the practice used for unknown and unimportant and obscure noblemen who did not reign and who were not feudal princes, not recognized as rather independent rulers by other rulers. Of course, history books written in Italian are no evidence for this. Which history books on Renaissance of southern Italy mention him as "Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini"??? Please list the names and authors of the said books. One of the reason of translated names in use for historical rulers is that they communicated directly with other monarchs than their own suzerain, and because of this, their names have often been preserved as parts of history of other than their own country. Thus, in contemporary, translations of name were used and usually spread, and therefore it is difficult to presently cut that variance to just the name form in original language. If the history books written in English really use that obscure Italian name for him, it is a signal for which we probably should reassess that person's role in history - if he really was just a local nobleman, without any sort of ruling status??? 62.78.104.96 06:54, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Battle of Taranto seems an event of our contemporaries. (There are plenty of people living now who lived during that battle.) If you had read the naming conventions of Wikipedia, you would probably understand that contemporary things are more often named in native language. Translations of names in history deals with time before our contemporary. You know, in 20th century, the media and the flow of information (due to technology, such as wires and movie recordings) became almost real-time. Before that, information transmitted by letters tended to use translated names. Perhaps it is wise to conclude that the naming of Battle of Taranto proves nothing more than the usage of king Juan Carlos I of Spain.... 62.78.104.96 07:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks like you are more interested in heraldry than in history. Do as you please.--Panairjdde 07:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Translation
Beth Holmes 1 (talk) 12:23, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Twinning
I found and added references for twinning with Brest and being a sister city to Donetsk. The others should probably be removed though, I can't find any evidence of them being true. Anyone know about this? Beth Holmes 1 (talk) 16:17, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

The Great Sea and the Little Sea diagram
It may be more useful if this was presented graphically. Possibly the arial photo could be labled, or a separate map created.Joshden (talk) 17:05, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

Michael of Taranto?
Who was this man? I can not find anything on him or on his occupation.--88.152.148.24 (talk) 20:24, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

Nor me. I think this is a joke (by an emigrant from Taranto). I'm going to remove the entry Marinheiro (talk) 22:47, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Place-Name again
The name used in modern English atlases, guidebooks and elsewhere is Taranto. It is amazing that above there is an apparently earnest discussion about the place-name. See, for example, The Reader's Digest Illustrated Atlas of the World, 1st ed., 1997. p. 95. For Victorian usage, see for example, Beeton's Dictionary of Geography ..., 19th thousand, n. d., [c.1860], where the place is also called Taranto. What's more, this astounding lack of common sense doesn't even seem to be motivated by the usual Wikipedia horror of 'original research'. Norvo (talk) 03:32, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

The city is called Tarent not only in French but in German too. If this name is found in English texts, I would bet that they are translated and the translator didn't know, or didn't consider the possibility, that the place is named differently in English. The reason I'm on this page at all is that I am just translating a text from German that uses "Tarent" and I felt the need to check what is usual in English... 217.95.233.248 (talk) 10:34, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

Ancient population
The article currently claims that ancient Taras, c. 500 B.C.E., had 300,000 people. This is extremely large, though not impossibly large, for ancient cities. This is referenced to four sources. I can't check two of them. I can check the other two, which data from 1811 and 1854, before the emergence of historical demography, before much development of archaeology, etc. I don't see how these sources could have any reliable information about the population of Taras. Mogens Herman Hansen, in The Shotgun Method, states that the walls encompassed 530 hectares, which, given his formua, would give an estimated population of 26,500 people. 96.231.17.143 (talk) 02:24, 19 June 2014 (UTC)

Steel works
There is a big issue going on there with metals dust. I saw a thing last night on abc.net.au and really it was shocking.

The health risks in Taranto are very substantial, as I learned, and navy ships should not dock there often or for more than a short time. If I was Italian and had a son in the navy, I would urge him to find each and every loophole to not be in Taranto, even leaving the forces. It is a topic that should not be omitted. 2001:8003:AD87:D400:DCDF:1EB4:18E0:5D4 (talk) 02:39, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

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 * Monumento al Marinaio di Taranto.jpg

Semi-protected edit request on 15 September 2022
I would like the protection template added. 64.114.239.31 (talk) 16:44, 15 September 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅  Madeline  ( part of me ) 17:30, 15 September 2022 (UTC)

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WP:NOTDICT
1) I know there are cites but, once you're laundry listing every possible way English speakers mispronounce the Italian name and since there's no common way to badly misread it, you're not actually helping any at all by bloating the lead sentence like that. That mess belongs at Taranto's Wiktionary entry, not here. (Neither here nor there but the cites don't seem particularly accurate in this case anyway. Some Brits will read it with an /ɒ/ that they can't much distinguish from US /ɑ/ and some Yanks will use /æ/ and it's all six of one, half dozen the other. Similarly, even the current mess doesn't include the common and perfectly acceptable variant pronunciations that use /ɛ/ in the first syllable.

2) I personally don't think the Italian IPA needs to be here either since Italian orthography is very straight-forwardly phonetic in this case, but I do know it's common enough in our articles and, since it's short enough, I'll just leave that as a compromise towards the earlier editors who wanted some IPA in the lede til another editor agrees with me enough to remove that too. (Full support.)

3) What would be better down the road would be for a separate #Name or #Names section to include the various names of the place in various involved languages all together. Once that's created, all the pronunciation info could be dumped there or footnoted from there without the problems caused by mucking up the lead sentence like we have been doing. —  Llywelyn II   08:17, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Further cleanup
"Overview" is what the article's lead paragraphs should already be doing. That section should be removed as soon as possible by any interested editor and the sections around it changed to incorporate its points appropriately. — Llywelyn II   08:17, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taranto


text:
Talk:Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo

Untitled
It is Tarent in English. The English name should be used. 62.78.104.103 23:06, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Taranto. Adam Bishop 03:25, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

name in Italian: why?
With feudal princes, the common practice in Wikipedia is to use their English names. Thus, we have Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (Philip I of Burgundy); not Philippe de Bourgogne, although Philip was certainly and fully French. And, we have Frederick, Count of the Palatinate, not Graf Friedrich von der Pfalz. We have John, Count of Gravina; not Giovanni di Angio, conte di Gravina, here in English Wikipedia.

All native and other name forms then are explained in the text of the article.

John Anthony was also such a semi-independent, reigning feudal prince, not a regular nobleman.

Moreover, John Anthony was actually quite much French, not Italian: his principality was of Norman origin. His descent was from French (both del Balzo = des Baux and Enghien-Brienne). His claims were to certain frenchified principalities, such as Athens, Cyprus, Jerusalem. If we would like to use his family's language, he could be here Jean-Antoine de Tarent.

His name was usually in Italian vernacular "Gianantonio", not Giovanni Antonio. Thus, he actually was not mostly known by the name which the article title now gives.

However, we do not use French here, nor Italian. We use English, and only exemption could in this be if he were a fully Italian "lower" noble, not a feudal prince, and moreover best known in English literature with that fully Italian name form. That is not the case here, and therefore the article should be transferred to under english title. 62.78.106.188 13:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * He's rather obscure, of course, but "Giantonio del Balzo Orsini" (or "Orsini del Balzo") is the only form of his name I can find in English texts. This is the relevant issue according to the Naming conventions page: the overall point, after all, is to file it in the place where English readers are most likely to find it, not to be pedantic about translation of names. The articles on the Medici are similar in aspect. (For that matter, his paternal line was that of the Orsini, a famous Italian dynasty.) And "Giovanni Antonio" seems to be more prevalent as a form of his name (even on Italian pages) than "Gianantonio", although a redirect from "Gianantonio del Balzo Orsini" would certainly be appropriate. Choess 15:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Using "John of.." will also help keeping Wikipedia consistent. That is one of reasons I favor that form. 62.78.105.49 05:30, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is rather funny. Usually, if someone is a historical ruler, his/her name appears translated in English texts. Thus, if Giovanni was a real ruler, a real feudal lord, we expect his name be John of Taranto (or of Tarent) in history books written in English. Not "Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini" which form is clearly the practice used for unknown and unimportant and obscure noblemen who did not reign and who were not feudal princes, not recognized as rather independent rulers by other rulers. (Of course, history books written in Italian are no evidence for this question.) One of the reason of translated names in use for historical rulers is that they communicated directly with other monarchs than their own suzerain, and because of this, their names have often been preserved as parts of history of other than their own country. Thus, in contemporary, translations of name were used and usually spread, and therefore it is difficult to presently cut that variance into just the name form of native language. If the history books written in English really use that obscure Italian name for him, it is a signal for which we probably should reassess that person's role in history - if he really was just a local nobleman, without any sort of ruling status??? 62.78.104.96 10:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Choess, if you read more carefully, you will realize that "the most used" is a default rule in Wikipedia. Not the main rule. 62.78.104.96 10:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo


text:
Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action

The Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action (Ruch Obywatelski Akcja Demokratyczna, ROAD) was a political faction in Poland coalescing several members of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee.

Background
In 24 August 1989, Tadeusz Mazowiecki became Poland's first non-communist Prime Minister of Poland since Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski in the interwar era. Mazowiecki's coronation as Prime Minister came about as the result of an agreement between two of the political factions within Solidarność - the future Centre Agreement (PC) led by Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński, and the trade union's leader, Lech Wałęsa, who saught to sideline the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) and create a coalition between Solidarność, the Alliance of Democrats and United People's Party - formerly PZPR's satellite parties.

However, Mazowiecki, soon after assuming the office of Prime Minister, fell out with Wałęsa and the Kaczyński brothers, rejecting their influence and pursuing a liberal and reformist course for Poland.

Founding
The Movement was founded in 16 July 1990 as a faction within the Obywatelski Klub Parlamentarny by its reformist members, which supported Mazowiecki. It often collaborated with two different factions of Solidarność, Mazowiecki's Democratic Union (UD) and Aleksander Hall's Forum of the Democratic Right.

The party declared itself as a counterforce to the Centre Agreement, primarily clashing on the issue of PZPR within the Sejm. While PC wanted to sideline the communists and later post-communists, ROAD were open to cooperation with reformists and liberals within PZPR. Before ROAD's formal founding, its future members sought to establish a coalition between Solidarność and PZPR's reformist wing. During the first lustration proceedings in the first Sejm, members of the Democratic Union (UD) and Liberal Democratic Congress (KLD), which derived from ROAD, were, along the post-communists, lustration's only opponents.

In opposition to Wałęsa
Lech Wałesa planned to see himself elected President by the National Assembly (a joint sitting of the Sejm and Senate). However, in September 1990, ROAD blocked Wałęsa's initiative, and forced through a general presidential election, which occurred two months later. Despite declaring itself not to be part of Mazowiecki's political base, they were allies, and its leadership were among the Prime Minister's political advisors in the conflict between Mazowiecki and Wałęsa, which the latter would famously label the "Wojna na górze" (Wojna na górze).

The 1990 Polish presidential election saw ROAD support Mazowiecki's candidacy against Wałęsa, who was backed by PC. The notoriously uncharismatic Mazowiecki was thoroughly humiliated, falling third, behind dark horse candidate Stanisław Tymiński. Tymiński was seen as a threat to the Solidarność establishment, which forced Mazowiecki to begrudgingly endorse Wałesa in the second round - which Wałęsa won with a historic 74.25% of the vote. Mazowiecki's humiliation in the first round led to his resignation on 12 January 1991.

In January 1991, ROAD held a Congress, where they elected Władysław Frasyniuk as the group's leader. It also decided to secede from the Citizens' Parliamentary Club, and form its own, the "Parliamentary Club - Democratic Union" (Klub Parlamentarny - Unia Demokratyczna).

Dissolution
Largely losing relevance following Mazowiecki's resignation, on 11 May 1991, the group merged, alongside FPD, into the Democratic Union, to contest the 1991 Polish parliamentary election as one party. The Democratic Union would be the first Sejm's largest party until FPD seceded from it again later.

Left-leaning dissidents led by Zbigniew Bujak, which were against joining UD, split off and formed the social democratic Democratic-Social Movement in March 1991.

Ideology
The Movement supported parliamentary democracy, political pluralism, the rule of law, separation of powers, judicial independence, restricting the powers of the state, expanded local governance. Its support was rooted in Poland's intelligentsia and middle class.

Despite attempts to distance itself from the "liberal" label, and calling for a social market economy, they supported the decisively liberal, free-market economic reforms of Leszek Balcerowicz, along with his program of mass privatization of government enterprises. However, in March 1991, they also sought to forge an agreement between trade unions and employers and the government. One of the leaders, Zbigniew Bujak, called for ROAD to adopt ideals of social democracy.

Despite not following the ideals of communism, it was also not anti-communist like the majority of Poland's political groupings at the time. It rejected the labels of leftism or rightism, instead saying it fell "to the west of center".