text:
Wikipedia talk:Conspiracy theory/archive2

 * For historical accuracy here is the original proposal that corresponds to this vote (before enhancements were made to the proposal). Voting on the original proposal closed on Jun 1, 2005. zen master T 01:53, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Voting (rename vs keep as is)

 * Please see Conspiracy theory for the proposal, arguments and counterarguments.

Voting will end June 1, 2005.

The raw votes of the balloting were:
 * Rename "conspiracy theory" and similar titles: 12
 * Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is: 32
 * Remove the word "theory" from all article titles: 1
 * Decide on a case-by-case basis: 12

Rename "conspiracy theory" and similar titles

 * 1) Rename  zen master    T  00:49, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Neutralitytalk 01:32, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Rename BrandonYusufToropov 02:10, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Kevin Baastalk: new 02:34, 2005 May 6 (UTC)
 * 5) Rename to Unofficial accounts or a simmilar term to designate that this is an account accepted by some yet rejected by the concensus of the mainstream media for example.--The Brain 05:50, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) * Use of Unofficial accounts to distinguish from widely accepted ones is misleading with PoV intent: that choice implicitly asserts that no one but those holding office (or those who accept everything they say without other evidence) advocate for the widely accepted account, which rarely is true and is in practice never verifiable. --Jerzy|t 18:48, 2005 May 8 (UTC)
 * 7) Rename -- but, since it seems that this alternative is losing, the next-best thing for NPOV purposes is to be consistent, and to rename other articles by including the pejorative term.  One obvious example, mentioned in this debate over the use of "conspiracy", is Saddam Hussein and Al-Qaeda.  Otherwise, we appear to be headed for a situation in which, for example, we'll report on allegations that the Bush administration engaged in secret activities of    this type, but we'll discredit those allegations by calling them "conspiracy theories".  When the allegations are made by the Bush administration rather than against it, however, the term will suddenly disappear.  I trust that the editors calling for case-by-case decisionmaking don't intend to endorse such bias. JamesMLane 07:09, 7 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Rename Kaibabsquirrel 18:03, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Rename. We do not need a change to policy. Existing policy indicates that we should seek as NPOV a title as possible. I propose changing FOO conspiracy theory to Purported FOO conspiracy. This avoids the pejorative taint of the "conspiracy theory" phrase (aside from it's literal meaning) and clearly marks the "theory" as not commonly accepted. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:55, May 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Rename - JamesMLane makes a good point. - Mustafaa 21:32, 25 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Rename - "Conspiracy theory" has an inherent negative, "nutcase" connotation, and use is usually deliberate by skeptics to instantly marginalize or discredit the subject, before somebody even has the opportunity to read about it. (Come on--you all know that's true--admit it.)  Sometimes "conspiracy theories" do eventually prove out when governments finally come clean by choice or through legal action, such as the U.S. government carrying out illegal radiation experiments on uninformed citizens, finally admitted to during the Clinton Administration, or the FBI using agent provocateurs and various "dirty tricks" to discredit anti-war groups during the Vietnam War.  Many other examples exist.  There are some good suggestions for making the titles more neutral, but I don't think one catch-all renaming policy is necessarily apt.  Renaming should be on a case-by-case base, with the goals to be more neutral and also more descriptive.  E.g., the UFO conspiracy theory could easily be renamed the "UFO cover-up theory" or "UFO government cover-up theory", which is not only more non-POV but also has the virtue of being much more descriptive of what the theory is about.  The pros and cons can then be laid out in the article.  User:Dr Fil 23:55, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: 's 25th edit. Jayjg (talk) 17:32, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) rename - i agree strongly with User:Dr Fil, and couldn't care less how many edit's he's made -- unless he's a sockpuppet. if you don't have more or better evidence than his contributions page, what's the point? i object to the technique, Jayjg. SaltyPig 06:03, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * 2) Rename - Present the evidence and facts from both sides, and let the readers decide for themselves. If a "conspiracy theory" is indeed "loony," then that should be evident to inteligent readers without having to prejudice them in the article's title.  Blackcats 10:59, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is

 * 1) Support. SlimVirgin (talk) 00:41, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support. Decisions should be made on a case-by-case basis: "carefully restricted to those situations where it is the best descriptor of the theory in question", to borrow ObsidianOrder's good wording. -Willmcw 01:01, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support. --Cberlet 01:08, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support. Carbonite | Talk 01:19, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support. -- M P er el ( talk 02:42, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:07, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support, with the comment that there is a big differene between a "conspiracy," a "conspiracy theory," and an "unofficial account." -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 07:04, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. — mark ✎ 07:59, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) Support on a case-by-case basis: "carefully restricted to those situations where it is the best descriptor of the theory in question" ObsidianOrder 08:44, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 10) Support with the same caveat as above - case by case, and I prefer "conspiracy theory" to "misinformation and rumors" any time, except in articles dealing only with clear misinformation, which is not the same thing as a rumor. -- AlexR 11:09, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 11) Support -- This proposed policy would cause no end to problems for no good reason. For example, the Jack the Ripper royal conspiracy theories article only makes sense at that title. Calling it an unofficial account or some other set of weasel words means we'd have to call it by something other than the descriptive phrase the case majority of people in the field refer to it as. This proposal is well-meaning but extremely impractical, causing far more problems of greater seriousness than the alleged difficulty it tries to address. DreamGuy 13:35, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 12) Support - "Conspicary theory" is neutral enough in my opinion. Peter Isotalo 15:04, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 13) Support in general, though not as a blanket rule. Jayjg (talk) 16:20, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 14) Support. Keep the word police out of Wikipedia, please. Decisions can be made on an article-by-article basis. Rhobite 18:29, May 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * 15) Support. See my reasoning above -- removing "Conspiracy Theory" creates a POV just as much as conspiracy theory does as well, try to come up with a good alternate title for 9/11 conspiracy claims regarding Jews or Israel or AIDS conspiracy theories that doesn't give the conspiracy theorists too much credence. We should be NPOV on presenting all facts, not representing all assertions as equally valuable.  --Goodoldpolonius2 19:29, 6 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It's perfectly neutral to call a theory unconventional, unusual, non-mainstream, minority view, not generally accepted, etc. Another possibility would be "speculative" theory. Mirror Vax 09:14, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Or, Theoretical speculation. ;)   -Willmcw 09:41, May 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support a common term. An encylopedia should not redefine terms just because they clash with someone's agenda.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 09:00, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I was asked to elaborate. I oppose attempts to turn Wikipedia into a soapbox.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 08:18, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) Support. --Mrfixter 11:30, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support, with the comment that "conspiracy theory" has a range of legitimate senses, which unfortunately conspiracy theorists have failed to create awareness of and standard terms for. Every theory that says a conspiracy is involved is objectively a CT, and every CT that fails to win predominance in people's thinking about an event has the potential need for the phrase in its article's title.  Conspiracy theories (e.g. most versions of Holocaust denial) that require the assumption that the conspirators are so powerful as to make the theory incredible (to anyone who has both a life and any respect for truth) are loony, paranoid, or all-embracing CTs (probably not just "fringe CTs", tho it could stand in if it's the best we can do w/in NPoV). (It's a shame if our article on CTs doesn't yet acknowledge that spectrum, but not relevant to this discussion.) So the only question we should be worrying about is whether we have articles with "CT" in their titles, that fail to clarify that they discuss CTs that are credible to almost no one; my guess is that this seldom matters. --Jerzy|t 18:33, 2005 May 8 (UTC)
 * 3) Support, MechBrowman 20:27, May 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support, and all pages with "conspiracy theory" on the title should have a link to conspiracy theory on the first paragraph. --cesarb 23:11, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support: the natural title rule applies. Tannin 23:39, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support. Decide on a case by case basis. Gamaliel 03:06, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support. Decide on a case by case basis. Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 21:12, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. The term "Conspiracy Theory" is commonly used and people know what to expect. It's not up to wikipedia to change common habitus. Dabljuh 21:29, 10 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It is up to wikipedia to inform the reader, that is the goal, and anything that stands in the way of that goal rather than being in pursuance of it, be it common habitus or not, is contrary to the raison d'etre of wikipedia. Kevin Baastalk: new 01:19, 2005 May 15 (UTC)
 * 1) Support - Nunh-huh 04:48, 12 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Support --mav 01:09, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Support —Morven 23:33, May 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Support --PHenry 14:51, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 5) Support Dalf | Talk 06:46, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 6) Support Mgw 07:19, May 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * 7) Support. Prevalent. --maru 17:42, 20 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 8) Support. The author of the proposal clearly has no idea what the words conspiracy, theory, and conspiracy theory mean. —Sean κ. + 19:03, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 9) I was asked to explain my vote, so I'll do so here. Though some words may have a rhetorical or biased slant to some, that doesn't mean that their true definition should not be used.  There is obviously a simple difference of perspective here—to some of you, "conspiracy theory" means "a bogus crackpot theory", or at the very least has a pejorative connotation.  However, "conspiracy thoery" is a completely objective word—It's a theory that a two or more people are/were plotting an act.  Some of you seem to think it has a "double meaning", and I completely disagree.  In fact, I cannot think of a more objective word, and some of your suggested replacements are worse.  If you change "conspiracy theory" to "conspiracy", then you lend it validity.  "Controversy" is even worse.
 * 10) In the Conspiracy theory article, it states that a second, colloquial definition, is an "outlandish theory". Note the "colloquial" part.  Plenty of words have alternate colloquial definitions, but an encyclopedia avoids them.  Should we stop using the word fascist because its colloquial meaning is completely skewed from its actual meaning?  —Sean κ. + 15:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Remove the word "theory" from all article titles

 * 1) Oppose this option. There is such a thing as a conspiracy. It is a legal term. If a group is convicted of conspiracy, then it is not a theory. A conspiracy theory on the other hand, is a concept not backed up by law. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 07:13, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

Decide on a case-by-case basis
Now logically, it is to be understood, that the above votes amount to not deciding on a case-by-case basis, but either having "conspiracy theory" in all articles that meet a given criteria, or none. This all or none is, logically, mutually exclusive frome "decide on a case-by-case basis". However, some people have at different times voted for either all or none, while stating their support for "case-by-case", either without realizing or without acknowledging the contradiction.

Furthermore, noone has changed the article "Saddam Hussein and Al-Qaeda" to ""Saddam Hussein and Al-Qaeda conspiracy theory", so it is safe to say that nobody has, in action, shown genuine support for the the "all" option. This is, to the contrary, a clear example of deciding on a case-by-case basis, where the only apparent criteria is whether the theory is from or against the adminstration.

And in any case, this is the null hypothesis - the state of consensus existing before/without these proposals - the status quo. People who have stated their support for, or endorse the preservation of, the null hypothesis - the status quo - case-by-case, on whatever grounds, should list their names here, so that their views may be represented collectively, for the knowledge of all those who seek a mutually satisfactory resolution of this issue.

I have, in the aim of resolving this confusion, and making this situation clear, compiled a list of people who have made unambiguous statements in support of deciding this matter on a case-by-case basis. People are welcomed to reaffirm their position by turning their names into a signature. Only then will it be recognized as a vote. Kevin Baastalk: new 01:47, 2005 May 15 (UTC)

(grey votes are inferred from unambiguous statements made by named parties)

 * 1) Kevin Baastalk: new 03:19, 2005 May 9 (UTC) -subtract from "Rename "conspiracy theory" and similar titles"
 * 2) JamesmLane -subtract from "Rename "conspiracy theory" and similar titles"
 * 3) Zen master -subtract from "Rename "conspiracy theory" and similar titles"
 * 4) BrandonYusufToropov -subtract from "Rename "conspiracy theory" and similar titles"
 * 5) Willmcw -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"
 * 6) AlexR -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"
 * 7) ObsidianOrder -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"
 * 8) Jayjg -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"
 * 9) Rhobite -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"
 * 10) Gamalial -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"
 * 11) Mel Etitis -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"
 * 12) ? "So, given the levels of nuance, why is the problem not solved as part of the normal negotiation over article titles, so that we have to ban the words all together?" --Goodoldpolonius2 -subtract from "Keep conspiracy theory and related titles as is"?

 * this would put the vote distribution at 2-18-1-12. Kevin Baastalk: new 20:20, 2005 May 9 (UTC)

new 03:19, 2005 May 9 (UTC)
 * Kevin, I deleted your addition of other people's names here. They've voted where they wanted to vote, and would have created a new header if they'd wanted to. Please leave it to them to decide what they want to say, and where they want to say it. SlimVirgin (talk) 01:18, May 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * They said it on the talk pages, quite specifically. I am just aggregating references to those who have stated the same thing, and am being completely transparent about it - it is clear that the people did not put their names there.  Furthermore, there is something that people cannot do: contradict themselves.  If they say "I think this should be decided on case-by-case basis." and then deny that they said that, or act in other circumstances in that manner, then wikipedia degrades into an incoherent and irrational gobb of unreliable abusrdity.  If you assert something to make a point in one argument, you cannot assert the opposite in another argument.  You cannot arbitrarily assert whatever premises are convenient to a certain rigid and unyelding position.  One must assert premises based upon a genuine and unbiased measure of reality, and from there, by logic, reach non-arbitrary conclusions that are consistent with the fixed premises.  If, for example, one is to assert "case-by-case" they 'cannot arbitrarily withdraw this assertion when it proves inconvenient.  I am aggregating the record, and making no pretention about it.  If people choose to reaffirm what they have already stated, then they may go ahead, but they cannot deny it. Kevin Baastalk: new 01:33, 2005 May 15 (UTC)

Comments

 * Comment. I can think of a couple ways to get rid of the problematic "conspiracy theory" phrase. One is to drop the "conspiracy", so that 9/11 conspiracy theories becomes simply 9/11 theories. Or, if it is desired to have only non-mainstream theories in the article, then call it 9/11 unconventional theories. "Unconventional" is neutral and conveys the message that the content is not generally accepted. Mirror Vax 08:32, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * A lot of this is coming from the POV that whether something is a conspiracy theory or not is simply a matter of perspective. Not so. A conspiracy theory is not the same as a dissenting viewpoint, and there is a long history of conspiracy theories. Put it this way, U.S. vs. National City Lines involved a conspiracy--how do we know? The conspirators were convicted. Now when the U.S. brought suit in the case, they had a prosecution theory of how they believed the conspiracy worked, but that is not the same as a conspiracy theory. Conspiracy theories are, by their nature, speculative, and often biased as well. They are often driven by a refusal by the theorists to accept that the mainstream explanation of an event may be the right one, so they look for any possibility, however slender, that their POV is correct.
 * Trying to soften the term gives credence to crackpot ideas, and that is not what an encyclopedia is about. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 23:27, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * If an article is about crackpot theories, then title it "crackpot theories". Then we can debate which theories are crackpot, rather than having to deal with people who insist that "conspiracy theory" means "a theory involving a conspiracy" (that viewpoint has been expressed on this very page). Mirror Vax 04:39, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * A cure worse than the disease. A conspiracy theory is often a crackpot theory, but sometimes they contain elements of truth or might even be the truth. You know, a stopped clock is right twice a day. But crackpot theory is, erm ... a teensy bit POV. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 04:44, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * That is the point, "conspiracy theory" is just as POV as "crackpot theory" but is allowed to exist. In fact "conspiracy theory" is way more POV than "crackpot theory" because the former discourages an objective analysis of the subject, and the POV is very subtle too. zen master    T  17:18, 9 May 2005 (UTC)


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Basket Case (novel)

Basket Case, published in 2002, is the ninth novel by Carl Hiaasen. It is a crime novel set in Florida that centers on the death of singer Jimmy Stoma, the former lead man of "Jimmy and the Slut Puppies". This novel marks the first time Hiaasen used first-person point of view to deliver the novel. In previous works, he used third-person view.

In addition to being a murder mystery, the novel also explores a career in newspaper journalism, and is a screed against the downsizing of American newspapers and their corporate owners' emphasis on profitability over depth.

Explanation of the novel's title
The book is named for the fictional Jimmy Stoma's song. While writing the book, Hiaasen collaborated with singer-songwriter Warren Zevon, a longtime friend. The song appears as the second track on Zevon's 2002 album My Ride's Here. It is quoted several times throughout the book, and is printed in its entirety at the end (credited to Jimmy Stoma and Warren Zevon).

Plot summary
Jack Tagger Jr., an obituary writer for the South Florida Union-Register, becomes intrigued upon seeing a death notice for James Bradley Stomarti, a.k.a. Jimmy Stoma, the front man for the rock band Jimmy and the Slut Puppies. Jack interviews Jimmy's widow, pop singer Cleo Rio, who claims that he died in a diving accident and plugs her upcoming album Shipwrecked Heart, the title song of which she wrote with Jimmy. However, after the obituary is printed, Jimmy's sister Janet tells him Cleo lied: Jimmy was working on his own comeback album. Jack becomes suspicious when he sees Jimmy's body in a funeral home and finds that no autopsy was performed. However, the body is cremated before he can call for one.

Jack was an investigative reporter until he was demoted for publicly insulting the newspaper's publisher, Race Maggad III. His job of writing obituaries has made him become morbidly obsessed with death, especially his own. He obsesses about people who died at his age, and about the fate of his deceased father Jack Tagger Sr., who disappeared when Jack was young. Jack's mother refuses to say when he died, and Jack is paranoid about not living as long as his father did. These obsessions cost him his favorite girlfriend, Anne.

Despite the refusal by Jack's editor, Emma, to let him investigate Jimmy's death, he continues regardless. Parked outside Cleo's condominium one night, he sees her with a young male lover. Emma relents and gives Jack a week to investigate. Jack tracks down Jay Burns, the Slut Puppies' old keyboardist, and knows he is lying about something. Later that night, a burglar breaks into Jack's apartment and attacks him with the frozen corpse of a dead Savannah Monitor lizard kept in his freezer. Jack is beaten unconscious, but the burglar disappears. A few hours later, two police detectives show up and tell him Jay has been murdered.

With his apartment trashed, Jack stays with Emma. When the two search Jay's boat, an external hard drive is found beneath the false bottom of a scuba tank. Meanwhile, Jack is depressed to hear from Carla Candilla, Anne's teenaged daughter, that Anne is marrying a spy novelist. Meeting her at a club, he catches sight of Cleo's boyfriend, a man who calls himself "Loreal" and claims to be a record producer. Jack and Emma are alarmed when Janet disappears; Jack finds a small patch of blood on her carpet. With the help of Jack's friend, sportswriter Juan Rodriguez, Jack decrypts the hard drive and finds it contains master recordings for Jimmy's unfinished album. Listening to it, Jack is still baffled in looking for a motive for Jimmy's presumed murder.

To Jack's surprise, Emma spends the night with him at his apartment. A few days later, she excitedly tells him that Jimmy's bassist, Tito Negroponte, survived an attempted murder in Los Angeles. Jack flies there and interviews Tito, who puts his finger on why Cleo killed Jimmy: she wanted a song from his album, titled "Shipwrecked Heart", for herself. Jack listens to the song, telling Emma that Cleo is desperate to put out another successful song before she fades from the scene, and believes Jimmy's song was better than anything she could write. Still, Jack admits that he cannot prove that Cleo killed Jimmy.

Cleo's bodyguard kidnaps Emma, and she demands the master in exchange for her. At Lake Okeechobee, Jack and Juan meet the bodyguard and Loreal, trading the master for Emma. The bodyguard tries to kill all of them but ends up upending the airboat he is driving, with fatal results for himself and Loreal. On Jack's 47th birthday the next day, his mother sends him a card and an obituary revealing that Jack Sr. died at age 46. He feels relieved to have lived longer than his father. Janet resurfaces, having fled Cleo's goons, and admits that she switched the tags on a pair of coffins at the funeral home, meaning Jimmy was actually buried in the wrong man's grave. At her request, the body is exhumed and a pathologist finds that Jimmy was drugged before he drowned. Cleo is convicted of murder; Jack sails back onto the front page covering the story while Jimmy's posthumous album is a success.

A subplot focuses on Jack's ongoing conflict with Maggad, and the ailing state of the Union-Register under Maggad's control. Jack finds an ally in MacArthur Polk, the newspaper's former publisher, who owns a large number of shares in Maggad's company. Maggad is desperate to buy the shares back before two foreign companies initiate a hostile takeover. Polk dies and names Jack as trustee of his shares, with instructions that Maggad can have the stock back only if he sells the Union-Register back to Polk's widow Ellen. After Maggad reluctantly agrees, Ellen reverses Maggad's practices. Emma is promoted, and the novel ends as she is trying to talk Jack back from his leave of absence from journalism.

Characters in Basket Case

 * Jack Tagger, journalist now relegated to the obituaries section
 * Janet Thrush, Jimmy Stoma’s sister
 * Cleo Rio, widow of Jimmy Stoma
 * Emma, Jack's editor and lust interest
 * James Bradley Stomarti, AKA Jimmy Stoma, the musician and the victim

Allusions to actual history, geography and current science

 * The novel is peppered with references to famous persons and the ages they died:
 * 27: Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain, Brian Jones and Jim Morrison (a series of rock performers sometimes collectively referred to as "The 27 Club.")
 * 29: Hank Williams
 * 32: Keith Moon
 * 33: John Belushi
 * 36: Marilyn Monroe and Bob Marley
 * 39: John F. Kennedy, Jr. and Dennis Wilson
 * 40: Franz Kafka, John Lennon, Jack London and Edgar Allan Poe
 * 41: Bebe the bottlenose dolphin, "one of seven who played Flipper on TV."
 * 42: Elvis Aaron Presley (mistakenly described as 46 at the time of his death);
 * 44: F. Scott Fitzgerald
 * 46: John F. Kennedy and George Orwell
 * 47: Jack Kerouac
 * 50: Steve McQueen
 * 52: Harry Nilsson
 * 70: Nelson Rockefeller
 * 82: Frank Sinatra
 * 87: Jacques-Yves Cousteau
 * 88: Orville Redenbacher
 * 92: Deng Xiaoping
 * Jack names his pet savannah monitor lizard "Colonel Tom," because he acquired him on the anniversary of the death of Elvis Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker.
 * Jack's favorite obituary headline of all time was that of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, just because of his name.
 * According to his press clippings, Jimmy Stoma was once arrested for indecent exposure after appearing on stage wearing only a condom and a rubber mask likeness of Reverend Pat Robertson.
 * Several real-life rock and pop stars appear as attendees at Jimmy's funeral, including Eddie and Alex Van Halen, Ray Cooper, Joan Jett, Courtney Love, Teena Marie, Ziggy Marley, Michael Penn, and Mike Campbell; Jett is also mentioned as a guest at Jimmy's wedding, along with Steven Tyler and John Entwistle.
 * Jay Burns is unnerved to learn that he is the same age (40) as John Lennon when he died, and somewhat encouraged to hear from Jack that Billy Preston and Gregg Allman, two of his music idols, are still alive (Preston died in 2006, Allman in 2017, four and fifteen years after the novel's publication, respectively).
 * Early in the novel, Jack considers Emma too soft-hearted to be a good journalist, especially when she objects to him writing obituaries that include mention of a deceased person's criminal past; he wryly reflects that, "if Emma had been running the show, Richard Nixon's obit would have dealt with Watergate parenthetically, if at all."
 * When Emma asks Jack what the elderly MacArthur Polk wants from him, Jack wryly replies, "a front-page obituary making him sound like a cross between Ben Bradlee and St. Francis of Assisi";
 * Jack privately reflects that he went into journalism because he wanted to emulate Bob Woodward or Sy Hersh;
 * Jack is apprehensive about reading his father's obituary, since some persons "earn" mention in the newspaper for egregious crimes, recalling that "Bruno Hauptmann got quite a boisterous send-off in the media[.]"
 * There appear to be some similarities between the plotline and certain theories involving the death of Kurt Cobain, particularly the conspiracy theory that Courtney Love murdered Cobain and all the songs on her "Live Through This" album were written by him.
 * The lack of an autopsy regarding Jimmy Stoma may be a reference to Jim Morrison since no autopsy was ever conducted on him.
 * Jack is amused to hear from Janet that the original title of Jimmy's title song "Shipwrecked Heart" was "Kate, You Bitch", reflecting that the Beatles' song "Yesterday" might not have become "the most covered song in music history" had it been released under its working title, "Scrambled Eggs."
 * Race Maggad III is seen as a thinly veiled caricature of Tony Ridder, who was CEO of Knight-Ridder, the owner of the Miami Herald, Hiaasen's own paper. Hiaasen's Jack Tagger has a wide range of epithets for Maggad, the kindest of which is "imposter," and the most invective of which are "money-grubbing yupster twit" and "vapid yuppie puke." Like Maggad in the novel, Tony Ridder was criticized for attempting to boost Knight-Ridder's profits by cutting down the staffs of its newspapers. It was also under Ridder that KR moved its corporate headquarters from Miami to San Jose, California. Hiaasen incorporates both of these in the novel:
 * “Race Maggad is aiming for annual profits of twenty-five percent, a margin that would be the envy of most heroin pushers.”
 * “The priorities of young Race Maggad III became clear when, out of the blue, he announced that Maggad-Feist would be moving its corporate headquarters from Milwaukee to San Diego. A corporate press release claimed that the reason for the move was to capitalize on the dynamic, high-tech workforce in California. The truth is more banal: Race Maggad wanted to live in a climate where he could drive his German sports cars year-round, far from the ravages of Wisconsin winters. The salt damage to his Carrera alone was rumored to be in the five figures."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Basket Case (novel)


text:
Joshua Fry Bell

Joshua Fry Bell (November 26, 1811 – August 17, 1870) was a Kentucky slave owner and political figure.

Bell was born in Danville, Kentucky, where he attended public schools and then Centre College, where he graduated in 1828. He next studied law in Lexington, Kentucky, and travelled around Europe for several years before returning home and being admitted to the bar.

Bell owned four slaves as of the 1850 census, and 14 as of the 1860 census.

Bell was elected as a Whig to the 29th Congress in November 1844. He did not seek reelection and served a single term in the House, March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1847. He was the Kentucky Secretary of State in 1849, and was sent by Kentucky as a commissioner to the Peace Conference held in Washington, D.C. in February 1861, in an unsuccessful last-ditch effort to stave off what became the American Civil War.

Bell was the Whig Party nominee in the 1859 Kentucky gubernatorial election. He would lose to Democrat Beriah Magoffin, winning 46.9% of the vote.

Bell served in the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1862 to 1867. Union Democrats attempted to nominate him for Governor of Kentucky in 1863, but he declined the nomination.

Joshua Fry Bell died in 1870 in Danville at the age of 58 and was interred at Bellevue Cemetery. Bell County, Kentucky is named in his honor.

title: Joshua Fry Bell


text:
Santay Island

Santay Island (Spanish Isla Santay) is a 2200 ha. island located in Guayas, Ecuador. It is part of the Durán Canton. It is surrounded by the Guayas River and populated by 47 families living there since the 1950s and before. Santay has been declared a Ramsar site and the island is in the process of becoming a National Protected Area.

title: Santay Island


text:
CompuServe Information Manager

CompuServe Information Manager (CIM) was CompuServe Information Service's client software, used with the company's Host Micro Interface (HMI). The program provided a GUI front end to the text-based CompuServe service that was at the time accessed using a standard terminal program with alphanumerical shortcuts.

History
Issued at the same time as the GUI-only America Online began to grow in popularity, CIM was available for MS-DOS ("DOSCIM"), Microsoft Windows ("WinCIM"), Macintosh ("MacCIM"), and OS/2 ("CIM for OS/2") and allowed access to CompuServe's features, such as its forums, chat, e-mail, and messaging facilities; these continued to be accessible via standard communications software using alphanumeric shortcuts. The first versions were released in around 1990. Version 2.0.1, released in 1994, included a version of the Mosaic web browser.

Later, CompuServe switched parts of its service over to its new binary protocol, Host Micro Interface. Unlike its predecessor, this new protocol was not usable directly via a telnet client thus requiring the use of specialised client software like CIM. Version 3.0 (CompuServe for Windows 3.0), in 1997, was intended to compete head-on with AOL, and was released amid an advertising campaign in which CompuServe was briefly re-branded as "CSi".

After CompuServe was purchased by AOL in 1998, CompuServe began providing CompuServe branded versions of the AOL client software known as CompuServe 2000 and CompuServe 7 and its protocols as a way to access the service. However, it remained possible to connect to WinCIM via HMI, which became known as the "CompuServe Classic" service.

Other CompuServe client programs

 * TapCIS
 * OzWin
 * NavCIS
 * ForCIS
 * AutoSIG

title: CompuServe Information Manager


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nation of Pogo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  23:16, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nation of Pogo
Not notable. Basically just a fantasy. Delete. JeremyA 01:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Micronations are kind of interesting but they aren't inherently notable CAPS LOCK 01:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. nonnotable. mikka (t) 01:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep As they say in Poganese, "Judge otras as tu want ellos to treat tu".   Mjvan12Uswer 01:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * User's 6th edit. RickK 19:13, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete micronation fantasy/hoax. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:56, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all micronations. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:25, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Areas seeking legitimate succession are of interest, even if only to those in the area.  Almafeta 02:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There's no indication that this "nation" is actually seeking secession, or that it is anything but a fantasy or a hoax. "nation of pogo", "pogo independence party", and the latter's misspelled variant yield no Google hits. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:41, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. At least pretend that the main method of transport is the pogo stick. Hedley 02:34, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep This is still something that will help our archives. The name shouldn't matter. georgeh78 3:01, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The above user's only contributions are to this VfD. 03:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)CAPS LOCK
 * Err, come again? A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  03:11, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Sealand is notable. This is not. WhereTF is it? SchmuckyTheCat 03:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I can make out from the article, it is by a river in the USA. Given the US has a large number of rivers, this doesn't really narrow it down that much! Thryduulf 16:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Before User:Mjvan12 (see above) rewrote it, the article said it's in Oswego, Illinois. RickK 19:15, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - No one has given any proof that this even exists. -- Barfooz  (talk)  04:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It only exists in some guy's mind. --Xcali 06:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non notable micronation. Sjakkalle 07:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not encyclopaedic. They didn't even bother saying where it is. --bainer (talk) 09:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Declaring your bedroom an independent nation is not notable to an encyclopedia, although it might be to your psychiatrist. Average Earthman 10:18, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. John Cross 14:18, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable. Thryduulf 16:36, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all micronations, especially those whose sole purpose is to try to make their nonnotable conlang notable. RickK 19:11, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not all micronations, just most of them, and certainly this one. If Google hasn't heard of it, it's got to go.  We aren't a secessionist web host. --Idont Havaname 21:11, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Seems to be notable enough if it recieved 203 votes in the US presidental election. You 21:33, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * This "fact" has not been verified. One would expect "pogo independence party" to yield at least a few Google hits if it were true. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  21:38, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It did not appear on any state's ballot.  --Metropolitan90 01:03, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * And how did it manage to return 203 votes when "it has a population that rarely exceeds seven"? --Douglas 19:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete with extreme prejudice. — Phil Welch 23:23, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete definitely not notable. --Etacar11 23:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - I have voted for micronations in the past but this one is not sufficiently notable. Umm... is it at all notable? -  Tεx  τ  urε  18:16, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to the funny farm page I can't recall what that page is called but since this is clearly a hoax page with some literary merit, it belongs on the joke archive. --Douglas 19:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense. Thryduulf 22:24, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete as patent nonsense and move to BJAODN. Aecis 22:51, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete --Wetman 23:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Fiji during the time of Cakobau

The first three-quarters of the 19th century were marked by tribal warfare, incursions from neighbouring Tonga, and the increasing encroachment of foreign powers. This period also saw the rise of a warlord by the name of Seru Epenisa Cakobau, who forged the first nation-state covering all of modern Fiji (except the island of Rotuma) in 1871, before ceding it to the United Kingdom in 1874.

Tribal warfare and Tongan intrusions

In the early 1820s, Levuka was established as the first modern town in Fiji, on the island of Ovalau. The intervention of European traders and missionaries, of whom the first arrived from Tahiti in 1830, led to increasingly serious wars among the native Fijian confederacies. Supplied with weapons by Swedish mercenary Charlie Savage, Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa, the Vunivalu (a chiefly title meaning Warlord, often translated also as Paramount Chief) of Bau Island, defeated the much larger Burebasaga Confederacy and succeeded in subduing much of western Fiji.

His successor, Seru Epenisa Cakobau, fought to consolidate Bauan domination throughout the 1850s and 1860s, and started calling himself the Tui Viti, or King of Fiji. He faced opposition from local chiefs who saw him at best as first among equals, and also from the Tongan Prince Enele Ma'afu, who had established himself on the Island of Lakeba in the Lau archipelago in 1848.

A Christian, Ma'afu brought Wesleyan missionaries from Tonga, and the Methodist Church gained its first foothold in Fiji. Most chiefs in the west regarded the Wesleyan missionaries, aligned as they were seen to be with Ma'afu, as a threat to their power, refused conversion, and resisted missionary attempts to set up outposts in their villages.

Trouble with the United States
Cakobau's claimed position was also undermined by international developments. The United States threatened intervention following a number of incidents involving their consul, John Brown Williams. His trading store had been looted by Fijian natives following an intentional fire, caused by what was said to be stray cannon fire during a Fourth of July celebration in 1849. When his Nukulau Island house was subjected to an arson attack in 1855, the commander of the United States naval frigate USS John Adams (1799) demanded compensation amounting to 5000 pounds for Williams from Cakobau, as the Tui Viti.

This initial claim was supplemented by further claims totalling 45,000 pounds. Cakobau was faced with a dilemma. To disclaim responsibility for the debt, he would have to deny his self-proclaimed and still far-from-universally accepted sovereignty. To admit responsibility, he would have to undertake to pay the debt, or else face punishment from the United States Navy. He chose the latter course, hoping that the United States was only bluffing.

Reality began to catch up with Cakobau in 1858, when the USS Vandalia sailed into Levuka. Unable to pay his debt, and faced with increasing encroachments onto Viti Levu's south coast from Ma'afu, Cakobau approached the British consul with an offer to cede the islands to the United Kingdom, if only they would assume responsibility for his debt in return for 5,000 square kilometres of land.

His insistence on being allowed to retain his questionable title of Tui Viti proved unacceptable to the British government, which turned his offer down after four years of consideration in 1862. This followed a report from Colonel W.J. Smythe, who had come to the conclusion, after interviewing every Paramount Chief in Fiji, that Cakobau's title was self-assumed and by no means universally accepted by his fellow chiefs, and that he did not have the authority to cede the islands.

Establishment of the kingdom
Cakobau next turned to the Australian-based Polynesia Company. The rising price of cotton in the wake of the American Civil War (1861–1865) had interested the Polynesia Company in acquiring land in Fiji for planting. In return for 5,000 km², the company agreed to pay Cakobau's debt. Australian settlers landed on 575 km2 of land in Viti Levu, near what was then a Fijian village called Suva, in 1868.

The Polynesia Company settlers were joined by a further several thousand planters throughout the 1860s and 1870s. Often fraudulently, they obtained Fijian land, often in exchange for weapons or alcohol. Competing land claims followed, with no unified government to settle the disputes. Frustrations peaked following the collapse of cotton prices and the destruction of the crop by hurricanes in 1870.

In June 1871, John Bates Thurston, the British honorary consul, forged a "marriage of convenience" between Cakobau and the settlers, and persuaded the Fijian chiefs to accept a constitutional monarchy with Cakobau as king, but with real power in the hands of a cabinet and Legislature dominated by settlers. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time in Levuka in November 1871.

Cession to the United Kingdom
The new arrangements proved no more workable than the old. Within months, government overspending had led to the accumulation of another unmanageable debt. In 1872, following continuing economic and social unrest, Thurston approached the British government, at Cakobau's request, with another offer to cede the islands. The British were much more sympathetic to annexing Fiji this time than they had been almost two decades earlier.

The murder of Bishop John Coleridge Patteson of the Melanesian Mission at Nukapu in the Reef Islands had provoked public outrage, which was compounded by the massacre by crew members of more than 150 Fijians on board the brig Carl. Two British commissioners were sent to Fiji to investigate the possibility of an annexation. The question was complicated by manoeuvrings for power between Cakobau and his old rival, Ma'afu, with both men vacillating for many months.

On 21 March 1874, Cakobau made a final offer, which the British accepted. On 23 September, Sir Hercules Robinson, soon to be appointed the British Governor of Fiji, arrived on HMS Dido and received Cakobau with a royal 21-gun salute. After some vacillation, Cakobau agreed to renounce his Tui Viti title.

The formal cession took place on 10 October 1874, when Cakobau, Ma'afu, and some of the senior Chiefs of Fiji signed two copies of the Deed of Cession. Thus the Colony of Fiji was founded; 96 years of British rule followed.

title: Fiji during the time of Cakobau


text: User talk:68.210.109.59

title: User talk:68.210.109.59


text:
Nieman Foundation for Journalism

The Nieman Foundation for Journalism is the primary journalism institution at Harvard University.

History
It was founded in February 1938 as the result of a $1.4 million bequest by Agnes Wahl Nieman, the widow of Lucius W. Nieman, founder of The Milwaukee Journal. Scholarships were established for journalists with at least three years' experience to go back to college to advance their work. She stated the goal was "to promote and elevate the standards of journalism in the United States and educate persons deemed specially qualified for journalism."

Nieman Fellows
The Nieman Foundation is best known as home to the Nieman Fellows, a group of journalists from around the world who come to Harvard for a year of study. Many noted journalists, and from 1959, also photojournalists, have been Nieman Fellows, including John Carroll, Dexter Filkins, Susan Orlean, Robert Caro, Hodding Carter, Michael Kirk, Alex Jones, Anthony Lewis, Robert Maynard, Allister Sparks, Stanley Forman, Hedrick Smith, Lucia Annunziata, Jonathan Yardley, Philip Meyer, Howard Sochurek and Huy Duc. It is considered the most prestigious fellowship program for journalists; Nieman Fellows have collectively won 101 Pulitzer Prizes.

Nieman Reports
The foundation is also the home of Nieman Reports, a quarterly journal on journalism issues. The journal was founded in 1947.

Nieman Watchdog
In 2004, the Foundation launched Nieman Watchdog, a website intended to encourage more aggressive questioning of the powerful by news organizations. In 2012 it became a project of Nieman Reports.

Nieman Journalism Lab
In 2008, the foundation created the Nieman Journalism Lab, an effort to investigate future models that could support quality journalism.

Narrative journalism
For several years, ending in 2009, the foundation sponsored the annual Nieman Conference on Narrative Journalism, the largest conference of its kind, which attracted hundreds of writers, filmmakers, and broadcasters to Boston. The narrative program now consists of a writing seminar for Fellows, and a public website, Nieman Storyboard, which covers storytelling across media.

Awards based at Nieman Foundation
Several prestigious literary or journalism awards are based at the Nieman Foundation. They include three given in connection with the Columbia University School of Journalism:
 * The J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize ($10,000, "recognizes superb examples of nonfiction writing that exemplify literary grace, a commitment to serious research and social concern")
 * The Mark Lynton History Prize ($10,000, awarded to the "book-length work of history, on any subject, that best combines intellectual or scholarly distinction with felicity of expression")
 * The J. Anthony Lukas Work-in-Progress Award ($30,000, "given annually to aid in the completion of a significant work of nonfiction")

Other awards based at Nieman include:
 * The Worth Bingham Prize for Investigative Reporting ($20,000, "honors investigative reporting of stories of national significance where the public interest is being ill-served")
 * The I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence ("to a journalist whose work captures the spirit of independence, integrity, courage, and indefatigability that characterized I. F. Stone's Weekly")
 * The Louis Lyons Award for Conscience and Integrity in Journalism ("recognizes displays of conscience and integrity by individuals, groups or institutions in communications")
 * The Taylor Family Award for Fairness in Newspapers ($10,000, "recognizes fairness in newspaper reporting")

Curators
The leader of the Nieman Foundation is known as its "curator" — a holdover from a brief moment after Agnes Wahl Nieman's death when her gift was to be used to build a microfilm library of quality journalism. The foundation has appointed eight curators:
 * Archibald MacLeish, 1938–1939
 * Louis M. Lyons (Nieman Fellow class of 1939), 1939–1964
 * Dwight E. Sargent (Nieman Fellow class of 1951), 1964–1972
 * James C. Thomson Jr., 1972–1984
 * Howard Simons (Nieman Fellow class of 1959), 1984–1989
 * Bill Kovach (Nieman Fellow class of 1989), 1989–2000
 * Robert H. Giles (Nieman Fellow class of 1966), 2000 – June 2011
 * Ann Marie Lipinski (Nieman Fellow class of 1990), 2011 –

title: Nieman Foundation for Journalism


text:
Norman Gifford

Norman Gifford (born 30 March 1940) is a retired English cricketer, who played primarily as a left-arm spinner. Gifford played county cricket for Worcestershire, and Warwickshire County Cricket Clubs, and represented England in fifteen Test matches and two One Day International between 1964 and 1985.

Cricket writer Colin Bateman said, "a spinner who pushed Derek Underwood out of the England side had to be something special, and Norman Gifford was just that. A great competitor with a deep knowledge of the game, 'Giff' could find turn from most surfaces despite firing in his left-arm deliveries".

Early career
Known to Worcestershire folk as "Apple Norm", Gifford served his apprenticeship as a professional cricketer in the Worcestershire second team during 1959, and when in May 1960 he took 2–25 from 18 overs in a drawn Second XI match against Kent, he was called up to the first team for the game against the same opposition that began the very next day. Gifford took four wickets in Kent's first innings, but Worcestershire collapsed to their second-lowest ever score of 25 all out on their way to an innings defeat. In the next game against Cambridge University Gifford took ten wickets in the match, including second-innings analysis of 15.5–7–18–6.

Recognition
Gifford finished 1960 with 41 wickets at an average of 17.90, but this only hinted at the success he was to enjoy the following year. 1961 proved to be the most productive season of Gifford's career as he took 133 wickets. In July 1961, he was notified he was on the long list to tour India and Pakistan with the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) side, but was not selected for the final party. In compensation he toured Rhodesia and Pakistan with an International XI. He was again fairly successful in the 1962 and 1963 seasons, with 92 and 72 wickets respectively, and in 1962 was selected for the Players in their penultimate match against the Gentlemen before the distinction between amateur and professional cricketers was abolished.

International selection
1964 was the year when Gifford really broke through as he was selected for the Second Ashes Test at Lord's in June. Although the game was ruined by rain, with no play at all possible on the first two days, Gifford had time to impress, returning miserly analyses of 12–6–14–2 in the first innings and 17–9–17–1 in the second. He was retained for the Third Test at Headingley, but took only two wickets as Australia recorded a comfortable win. It would be seven years before he played Test cricket again.

County cricketer
Worcestershire's won the County Championship in 1964, and retained their title the following year. Gifford was instrumental in these successes, and although he reached 100 wickets only in 1964, between 1963 and 1968 he averaged under 20 with the ball every season. He took his career-best bowling figures in July 1968 when he took 8–28 (albeit in a losing cause) against Yorkshire.

International recall
Gifford was recalled to the England team in 1971, replacing Derek Underwood for the Second Test against Pakistan. He was in and out of the team during the next two years, including a tour of the Indian sub-continent in 1972–3.

He played two more Tests against New Zealand the following summer, but thereafter the selectors' minds turned decisively towards Underwood and Gifford never played Test cricket again. He contented himself with consistent displays in county cricket, leading Worcestershire to another County Championship triumph in 1974, for which he was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year. Later he played for Worcestershire's great rivals Warwickshire, whom he joined for the 1983 season. That year he took 104 first-class wickets, the final time he was to reach the 100 mark.

One Day captain
Gifford's England career, however, was not quite over. He made his One Day International debut – extraordinarily as captain – in the absence of David Gower who was being rested, at the age of 44 in the 1984/85 'Rothmans Four-Nations Cup' contest in Sharjah. England lost both their matches, against Australia and Pakistan, but Gifford showed that he still had the ability in the second game when he took 4–23 including the prize wicket of Imran Khan for a first-ball duck. Despite this performance, however, these two games proved to be the extent of Gifford's brief ODI career.

Later years
Gifford continued to play for Warwickshire into his late forties, and when he retired from playing at the age of 48 in 1988, he had taken 2,068 first-class wickets. The reduction in the amount of first-class cricket played means that he is likely to remain the last man to reach the 2,000 mark. Never much of a batsman, he made only three half-centuries in more than 800 innings, his 7,000 runs coming at an average of just 13. After retirement, Gifford went into coaching and became coach of first Sussex, and then Durham.

He is now a scorer for his hometown side, Ulverston C.C. He is still helping to coach youngsters at Worcestershire in 2015, sharing his wealth of knowledge and expertise.

International

 * England

English county

 * Worcestershire
 * Warwickshire

Other first-class

 * DB Close's XI
 * England B
 * International Wanderers
 * International XI
 * Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)
 * Players
 * World XI

Tests

 * Test debut: vs Australia, Lord's, 1964
 * Last Test: vs New Zealand, Lord's, 1973
 * Highest score: 25* vs New Zealand, Nottingham, 1973
 * Best bowling: 5–55 vs Pakistan, Karachi, 1972/73

One-Day International

 * ODI debut: vs Australia, Sharjah, 1984/85
 * Last ODI: vs Pakistan, Sharjah, 1984/85
 * Highest score: 0 vs Pakistan, Sharjah 1984/85
 * Best bowling: 4–23 vs Pakistan, Sharjah 1984/85
 * ODI captaincy record: 2 matches; 0 wins, 2 losses

First-class

 * First-class debut: Worcestershire vs Kent, Tunbridge Wells, 1960
 * Last first-class match: Warwickshire vs Somerset, Birmingham, 1988
 * Highest score: 89 for Worcestershire vs Oxford University, Oxford, 1963
 * Best bowling: 8–28 for Worcestershire vs Yorkshire, Sheffield, 1968

List A Limited Overs

 * List A debut: Worcestershire vs Sussex, Lord's, 1963
 * Last List A match: Warwickshire vs Cambridgeshire, Birmingham, 1988
 * Highest score: 38 for Worcestershire vs Warwickshire, Lord's, 1966 (Gillette Cup final)
 * Best bowling: 6–8 for Worcestershire vs Minor Counties South, High Wycombe, 1979

title: Norman Gifford


text:
Talk:Amy Jo Johnson

American Canadian
An American Canadian is defined as “Canadian citizens of American descent, or Canadians who identify to some extent with American society. The term is most often used to refer to Canadians who either migrated from or have ancestry in the United States.”.

As a US national who obtained Canadian citizenship Amy Jo Johnson is American Canadian, enough of the edits to suggest otherwise. Vanillagorillas (talk) 23:19, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree, to the extent we are discussing citizenship. (I would disagree if it was based on ancestry, but that's academic here; the subject has dual US/Canadian citizenship, and we don't need to decide the ancestry basis.) If the article, and lede, is going to include nationality at all, it should accurately reflect the complete nationality of the subject. I suspect it was reverted on a misunderstanding that it was discussion national background, which would be out of place MOS:ETHNICITY, rather than of actual citizenship.
 * To revert solely to "American" when the subject is both American and Canadian is error. TJRC (talk) 23:37, 15 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not the proponent of the change and BRD applies to you, Vanillagorillas and the originator, not me, as adding "Canadian" was the recent bold edit. The lead is not about a citizenship list—that's covered in the infobox. The lead is about "national origin", which is not an ethnicity thing. She could be of Korean or Australian descent (i.e parents or farther back) and she is still properly described as an American given where she was born, raised, educated, etc., and, most importantly, where she became notable enough to warrant an article here. If she had spent significant chunks of her childhood in Canada, or had dual citizenship growing up, or maybe started her career in Canada and was well known as an actor there first, it might be reasonable to describe her as a "Canadian American" or "AmeriCanadian" or whatever. For instance, I hold three citizenships, one of which I've held since I was 4, but describing me as anything but a Canadian would be ridiculous given I've lived in Canada my whole life, and all my education and work has been here. If the lead is about citizenship only, then we should be clear and every person's lead should be "X Z is an [actor/writer/engineer] born in the United States who holds American and Australian citizenship." MOS:ETHNICITY clearly states that a country mentioned should be tied to where notability was achieved. It says nothing about a laundry list of citizenships held. Johnson is clearly an American actor who became notable in America well before she starred in Canadian works and, in her forties, obtained Canadian citizenship. —Joeyconnick (talk) 00:12, 16 November 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't have a problem with "Amy Jo Johnson is an actress, filmmaker, singer-songwriter, and director born in the United States who holds American and Canadian citizenship." It's accurate albeit length.
 * I have a problem with "is an American actress" in that it's not accurate.
 * It's unsurprising that MOS:ETHNICITY does not discuss laundry list of citizenships, because there are rarely if ever such laundry lists. Certainly "two" is not a laundry list. TJRC (talk) 00:39, 16 November 2019 (UTC)

Divorced?
Neither of the two sources under 'Personal life' indicate she's divorced - they are dated 2017 while the infobox says she is. Please help find a reliale source thank you. Condo951795 (talk) 15:14, 9 May 2021 (UTC)

Filmography
I feel like we need to separate her filmography from an actress from her filmography as a director, especially since she says she's no longer acting. Kinda like the Mario Van Peebles page or the Jodie Foster filmography page.--Aresef (talk) 16:06, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amy Jo Johnson


text:
Francis S. Bartow

Francis S. Bartow (born Francis Stebbins Bartow; September 6, 1816 – July 21, 1861) was a licensed attorney turned politician, who served two terms in the United States House of Representatives and became a political leader of the Confederate States of America. Bartow was also a colonel in the Georgia Militia commanding the 21st Oglethorpe Light Infantry during the early months of the American Civil War. Bartow was a delegate from Georgia's 1st congressional district to the Southern Convention in Montgomery, Alabama becoming an inaugurating member of the Confederate Provisional Congress—leading efforts to prepare local forces in the aftermath of secession, protracting into The American Civil War of 1861–65.

Colonel Bartow was killed at the First Battle of Manassas, becoming the first brigade commander of the Confederate States Army to die in combat.

Early life and career
Francis Bartow was born September 6, 1816, in Chatham County, Georgia, near the county seat of Savannah (formerly Georgia's state capital), to Dr. Theodosius Bartow and Frances Lloyd (Stebbins) Bartow. He studied law at the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences in Athens (the founding college of the University of Georgia). While at Franklin, Bartow was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society and was mentored by John M. Berrien, a U.S. senator and former Attorney General in Andrew Jackson's administration. Bartow graduated cum laude in 1835 at age 19. Bartow was an intern under the tutelage of Messrs. Berrien & Law at their Savannah law office. Bartow obtained his postgraduate education at Yale Law School in Connecticut, returning to Savannah in 1837. Bartow was subsequently employed by the Bryan Superior Court and admitted to the State Bar of Georgia soon after his return to Savannah. He joined the locally known law firm of Law & Lovell, becoming a partner and forming Law, Bartow and Lovell, Bartow became regarded for his skills, handling difficult criminal cases.

In 1840, the 24-year-old Bartow campaigned for William Henry Harrison, the Whig candidate for President. In 1841, he began his own political career by serving the first of two consecutive terms in the Georgia House of Representatives, followed by one term in the Georgia Senate. In 1844, Bartow married Louisa Greene Berrien, the daughter of one of his previous professional tutors, Sen. John Berrien. In 1856, Bartow was a candidate for the U.S. Congress but was defeated. The following year, he was elected as captain of Savannah's 21st Oglethorpe Light Infantry, a reserve guard company that had been formed in 1856. He served as an instructor to the volunteers, many of which were young scions of established families in local society.

As the national controversy over slavery intensified, Bartow became concerned for Georgia's destiny if war became a reality. He was one of the largest slaveholders in the state. By 1860, he owned a total of 89 slaves, most of whom lived and worked at his plantation on the Savannah River in Chatham County. In 1860, after Abraham Lincoln's election, he spurned the Union to advocate the right of secession.

Secession and Fort Pulaski
The Georgia General Assembly summoned delegates to a Secession Convention in Milledgeville which began January 16, 1861—with Bartow nominated for Chatham County's delegation. On May 28, 1861, elections were held to select representatives to the convention, and Bartow emerged as a delegate, along with John W. Anderson and A. S. Jones. Bartow however, was on military duty that day as Governor Joseph E. Brown had previously given orders to retake Fort Pulaski (located near the mouth of the Savannah River)—recently garrisoned by Federal military forces. Brown entrusted the task to Bartow and the Oglethorpe Light Infantry. Bartow's expedition successfully occupied the fort on June 15, largely due to his artillery under Col. Alexander Lawton.

At the convention, Bartow stood out as one of the most fervent secessionists. Demanding an immediate withdrawal from the Union, he helped align Georgia among the pro-secessionist states. On January 19, 1861, delegates voted to secede from the Union by a vote of 208 to 89. Bartow was a delegate in favor of secession, voting to sign Georgia's Ordinance of Secession on that day. The actual signing of the ordinance occurred on January 21, 1861, when the delegates ceremoniously signed the document in the public square outside of the state capitol in Milledgeville. Bartow was subsequently chosen to represent Georgia in the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States at Montgomery, Alabama, starting February 4, 1861.

On the second day of the Congress, Bartow became chairman of the Military Committee. He helped select the color and style of the initial Confederate gray uniforms. During a later session, Bartow announced that he would depart for the battlefront, taking his Oglethorpe Light Infantry up to Virginia. As he explained later on:

"After my public compelling to achieve it ... I had pledged myself to meet all the consequences of secession. I am bound, therefore, in honor, and still more strongly by duty, to be among the foremost in accepting the bloody consequences which seem to threaten us.' Therefore, he resigned from Congress in May to join the Confederate army."

Dispute with Governor Brown
Bartow telegraphed the news to his Georgia troops, arranging a prompt rally. However, his plans were blocked by Governor Brown, who had already decided to concentrate the state's armed forces strictly for the defense of Georgia. Bartow appealed personally to the Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, using a new law authored by Louis T. Wigfall of Texas that authorized any citizen to offer any voluntary military force directly, without state mediation, to the Confederate President, who would also determine its military leader. Davis immediately approved Bartow's plan and designated him the commander of the new Confederate force, making Bartow's Oglethorpe Light Infantry the first company to officially contribute its services to the Confederacy's national war effort.

An angry Governor Brown countered by publishing an aggressively tough letter in all Georgia newspapers on May 21, 1861. Among other things, he alleged that Bartow was seeking his own glory by assuring a high command and aspiring to a promotion to colonel. To him, Bartow was actually deserting the war "to serve the common cause in a more pleasant summer climate." He wrote that the muskets Bartow's men had carried to Virginia were exclusively for local "public service," and that the Governor had the power of disarming the local military companies arbitrarily. He also alleged that Bartow had written the law beforehand, tailoring it for his own plans and forcing Davis to ignore the authority of the Confederacy's "independent" states. In Brown's opinion, the governor was Bartow's unique officer by the Confederate Constitution. He argued that the Congress was encroaching Georgia's rights.

Nonetheless, Bartow arrived in Savannah on May 21 to assemble his 106 soldiers and to arrange for a train to take them to Virginia's battlefront. A great rally of cheerful citizens congregated at the station, accompanied by the remaining local militia, which fired an artillery salute in Bartow's honor. Before departing, Bartow pronounced to the crowd his most celebrated phrase: "I go to illustrate Georgia."

On June 14, from Camp Defiance in Harper's Ferry, Bartow wrote his response to the "insolent missive" of Brown, who "thought proper to publish [it] in [Bartow's] absence". The response was published in the Savannah Morning News. Bartow defended himself vehemently, countering each of the personalized attacks and stating that he had undertaken the current campaign under the sole command of Jefferson Davis. His recurring argument was that the "Confederate Government is alone chargeable with questions of peace and war and has the exclusive right, excepting in the case of invasion, to raise and maintain armies" while the Governors are not "empowered to raise these armies". Brown would have been committing, "here again, [his] common error, of supposing that [he was] the State of Georgia .... a mistake in which I do not participate."

Manassas
Bartow's 21st Oglethorpe Light Infantry finally arrived in Richmond, Virginia, with the objective of protecting the region from any Union attack. On June 1, 1861, Bartow was promoted to Colonel of the 8th Georgia Infantry, which had been formed in Virginia from companies that had been arriving from different Georgia counties. Later that day, he mustered the regiment for the first time at Camp Bartow in Howard's Grove in Richmond. The regiment was initially assigned to the Shenandoah Valley. Crossing the Virginia Piedmont, it arrived in Winchester, near the northern end of the valley. Once settled, Bartow incorporated some local forces from the 2nd Brigade of the Army of the Shenandoah.

Late in June 1861, Bartow received orders to move his troops to the outskirts of Manassas to support General P. G. T. Beauregard. They departed on June 19, fording the Shenandoah River with their "luggage tied on the ends of [their] fixed bayonets." After reaching the Piedmont station, the regiment was transported to Manassas by train.

Bartow commanded the 7th & 8th Georgia Regiments—the 9th Georgia Regiment, Pope's and Duncan's Kentucky Battalions Infantry remained at Piedmont Station and were not present on July 21, 1861. He addressed his troops, "... but remember, boys, that battle and fighting mean death, and probably before sunrise, some of us will be dead." Early the next morning, Bartow had the 7th and 8th Georgia march to the left flank of the army.

After the fighting had started, the two regiments reached Henry House Hill, where they were joined by Bartow, after one of his soldiers confirmed that it was his regiment: "Boys, what Regiment is this?" The response came, "8th Georgia." He answered, "My God, boys, I am mighty glad to see you." He deployed his brigade on the hill alongside Brigadier-General Barnard Bee's brigade. Bee then decided to go forward to support Evan's brigade on Matthew Hill as Evans had rejected his suggestion to fall back to Henry Hill. Bartow deployed the 7th and 8th Georgia into line of battle to support the right flank of Bee's Brigade.

As the hours went on, Bartow's soldiers were gradually worn down by the enemy. At times, they found themselves completely encircled, the target of a spate of bullets. One of the survivors later wrote, "Practically half of the Eighth's 1,000 Georgians fell dead or wounded, or were captured or lost ... Bartow led his men to an exposed eminence which was too hot to hold."

Bartow (now with less than 400 men) was forced to retreat about noontime back to his original deployment site. There, he asked General Beauregard, "What shall now be done? Tell me, and if human efforts can avail, I will do it." Waving at the enemy position on the Stone Bridge, Beauregard replied, "That battery should be silenced." Bartow gathered the remainder of the 7th Regiment and launched another attack. Around Henry House Hill, Bartow's horse was shot out from under him and a bullet wounded him slightly. Nonetheless, he grabbed another horse and continued the attack.

At one point, he harangued his troops to follow him toward the enemy by cheering "Boys, follow me!" and waving his cap frantically over his head. Just then, another projectile perforated his chest, fatally lodging in his heart. Some of his soldiers gathered around him, witnessing his last words: "Boys, they have killed me, but never give up the field." Lying on the ground and wrapped in Col. Lucius Gartrell's arms, Francis Bartow died. He was the first brigade commander to be killed in action during the Civil War. (The first general officer to be killed in the war was Confederate Brig. Gen. Robert S. Garnett at Corrick's Ford, July 13, 1861.) Amos Rucker and his brother Moses Bentley, two body servants from the 7th Regiment, carried Bartow off the battlefield. The renowned surgeon H. V. M. Miller attended him, but without success.

The rest of Bartow's 7th Georgia continued to obey his last command to attack. The Union forces were beginning to show fatigue, due to their having been weakened during Bartow's morning attack. The Confederates sustained their attack until finally destroying the enemy battery at Stone Bridge. General Beauregard declared, "You Georgians saved me," though the Georgia Rome Weekly Courier newspaper commented, "Col. Bartow's fine Regiment of Georgians were nearly annihilated".

When notified of Bartow's death, the Provisional Congress adjourned its sessions "in testimony of [its] respect for his memory", as expressed by its spokesman, T. R. R. Cobb. The chamber felt an "unfeigned sorrow" due to the "heavy loss sustained by the Confederacy in the death of one of her most efficient counselors." They did confirm Bartow's posthumous rank of acting brigadier general.

On July 27, 1861, Bartow's corpse returned to Chatham County, Georgia. Accompanied by an extensive popular rally, Bartow was buried at Laurel Grove Cemetery with a military ceremony. Louisa Berrien received a consoling letter from Mrs. Jefferson Davis. His granite monument has two of his historical phrases engraved under a wreath and a saber: "I go to illustrate Georgia" and "They have killed me, boys, but never give up."

Manassas battlefield
After the battle, on the approximate spot where Bartow was killed, Confederate soldiers placed a small stone landmark (engraved in Savannah) which quoted his last words: "My God, boys, they have got me, but never give up the field." This memorial stone was later removed by Union forces during one of their raids. (Two markers survive on that same site in the present-day National Battlefield—an older one placed by veterans of the 7th Georgia in 1903, and a newer bronze marker erected in the 20th century.)

On September 4, 1861, before a crowd of 1,000 people, the first Confederate-dedicated monument was inaugurated at Manassas, honoring Francis Bartow. An obelisk made of marble, it was mysteriously stolen in 1862. In 1936, in an attempt to repair this vandalism, a new marker was placed at the same site by the Georgia Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A new monument of Bartow exists nearby, several feet from the original one.

Savannah's monument
After years of postponement due to the war and its effects, on February 7, 1890, the Savannah City Council approved erecting a memorial recognizing native sons Francis Bartow and Lafayette McLaws. Unveiled in 1902, their two bronze busts were mounted on stone pedestals at Chippewa Square. Bartow's faced south towards Perry Street, while McLaws' faced north. About 1910, the council decided to build the Oglethorpe Monument at Chippewa Square. Both generals' busts were therefore relocated to the Confederate Monument at Forsyth Park.

Bartow is buried in Savannah's Laurel Grove Cemetery.

Bartow namesakes

 * Bartow County, Georgia
 * Bartow, Georgia
 * Bartow, Florida
 * Bartow, West Virginia
 * Bartow Elementary School, a school in Savannah which opened in 1963. The school was renamed in memory of a school board member, Otis J. Brock, in the 2010s.
 * In 1968, in Bartow, Florida, the previously all-white Summerlin Institute, was merged with the previously all-black Union Academy, and the school was thereafter known as Bartow High School. The former Union Academy became an integrated middle school.
 * SS Francis S. Bartow - Liberty ship 2447
 * Francis Bartow Homes- an apartment community in Savannah, Ga. located directly in front of the school mentioned above.

During the Civil War, several Georgia companies carried Bartow's name:
 * Macedonia Silver Grays
 * Company B, 10th Battalion Georgia Cavalry - Bartow Mounted Infantry
 * Company C, 10th Battalion Georgia Cavalry - Bartow Raid Repellers
 * Georgia Volunteer Infantry
 * Company A, 23rd Regiment - Bartow Yankee Killers
 * Company B, 40th Regiment - Bartow Sentinels/Howard Guards
 * Company I, 40th Regiment - Bartow Rangers

The Francis S. Bartow Camp No. 93 of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. The Georgia General Assembly recently acknowledged the work of this organization, citing them "for their role in protecting and preserving Confederate heritage" (LC 21 7026, House Resolution 1524).

title: Francis S. Bartow


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User:Padillo

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title: User:Padillo


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List of Holocaust survivors

The people on this list are or were survivors of Nazi Germany's attempt to exterminate the Jewish people in Europe before and during World War II. A state-enforced persecution of Jewish people in Nazi-controlled Europe lasted from the introduction of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 to Hitler's defeat in 1945. Although there were many victims of the Holocaust, the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC) defines a Holocaust survivor as, "Any Jew who lived for any period of time in a country that was ruled by the Nazis or their allies." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) gives a broader definition: "The Museum honors as a survivor any person who was displaced, persecuted, and/or discriminated against by the racial, religious, ethnic, social, and/or political policies of the Nazis and their allies between 1933 and 1945. In addition to former inmates of concentration camps and ghettos, this includes refugees and people in hiding." Most notably, as well as Jewish people, this includes Poles, Romani people, Jehovah's Witnesses and those who were persecuted for political reasons such as Communists, those who were persecuted for religious reasons (such as Pastor Niemoller), and homosexuals and those of other sexual orientations. It includes those who were actually in hiding in Nazi-occupied countries. The latter includes Hidden Children, who were hidden to escape the Nazis.

Most especially, in contrast to the ICHEIC definition, it includes refugees, who fled from their homeland to escape the Nazis, and never lived in a Nazi-controlled country.

The ICHEIC definition was created for the purpose of resolving some insurance claims. Over time, the classes of insurance claims have greatly expanded.

This list does not include refugees, since it is created on the basis of the restricted ICHEIC definition. Refugees include the unaccompanied children of the Kindertransport and the unaccompanied One Thousand Children.

Documentaries about Holocaust survivors

 * The Boys of Buchenwald
 * The Girl From Boryslaw: Australian Story with Sabina Wolanski, the story of Sabina Wolanski who was chosen to speak on behalf of the six million dead at the opening of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin in May 2005
 * The Lady in Number 6
 * Marion's Triumph
 * One Survivor Remembers, directed by Kary Antholis
 * Pola's March
 * Shoah, directed by Claude Lanzmann

title: List of Holocaust survivors


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100th Infantry Battalion (United States)

The 100th Infantry Battalion (第100歩兵大隊,   Dai Hyaku Hohei Daitai) is the only infantry unit in the United States Army Reserve. In World War II, the then-primarily Nisei battalion was composed largely of former members of the Hawaii Army National Guard. The 100th saw heavy combat during World War II, starting in September 1943 and continuing after being attached as a battalion of the Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team (RCT) in June 1944. The 100th Infantry Battalion joined the 442nd RCT at Camp Shelby, Mississippi in April 1943 for a year of infantry training. The unit was unofficially nicknamed the Purple Heart Battalion, with the motto "Remember Pearl Harbor". "Before it left Mississippi, the 100th was given permission to use the slogan it wanted, "Go For Broke," which is the crapshooters' cry to "shoot the works," and risk it all.

Quote: [Nearly a century later,] "the "Remember Pearl Harbor" 100th Infantry Battalion, and the "Go For Broke" 442d Regimental Combat Team is still the most decorated unit in U.S. military history. Members of this World War II unit earned over 18,000 individual decorations including over 4,000 Purple Hearts, and 21 Medals of Honor. The Combat Team earned five Presidential Citations in 20 days of Rhineland fighting, the only military unit ever to claim that achievement. General of the Army George C. Marshall praised the team saying, "they were superb: the men of the 100/442d... showed rare courage and tremendous fighting spirit... everybody wanted them." General Mark W. Clark (Fifth Army) said, "these are some the best... fighters in the U.S. Army. If you have more, send them over.""

Based at Fort Shafter, Honolulu, Hawaii, the 100th Battalion continues the legacy of the 442nd Infantry Regiment, officially designated as 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regiment. The 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regiment has maintained an alignment with the active 25th Infantry Division since a reorganization in 1972. This alignment has resulted in the 100th's mobilization for combat duty in the Vietnam War and the Iraq War. The 100th Infantry Battalion is staffed with reservists from Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Saipan and Washington.

Background
On the morning of 7 December 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, marking the beginning of World War II for the United States. After the attack, Japanese Americans and those of Japanese descent faced prejudice at home. Chaos ensued in the hours that followed the Pearl Harbor attack, but the 298th and 299th Hawaii National Guard prepared for an invasion, cleared the rubble, donated their blood, and aided the wounded. However, three days after the attack, the unit's rifles were stripped from them because of the ethnicity of members; eventually those rifles were returned. Nisei that were a part of the ROTC program at the University of Hawaii were discharged from the Hawaii Territorial Guard. Those former members eventually formed the Varsity Victory Volunteers.

At 11:30 a.m. martial law was declared, and Governor Joseph Poindexter told President Franklin D. Roosevelt that his greatest fear was sabotage by the large Japanese population in Hawaii. The FBI rounded up known Japanese sympathizers, Buddhist priests, language school principals and teachers, civic and business leaders, fishermen, and instructors of Judo and related martial arts. The War Department reassigned soldiers of Japanese ancestry on the mainland, had all Japanese Americans on the West Coast rounded up and placed in internment camps around the U S, discharged those of Japanese descent from the Hawaii Territorial Guard, and had all Japanese Americans reclassified as 4-C: enemy aliens.

General Delos Emmons, appointed military governor on 17 December, supported placing Japanese Americans in internment camps and having them reclassified as enemy aliens, but he wanted to give them a chance to prove their patriotism. After General Emmons agreed to let the Varsity Victory Volunteers form, a confidential memo was sent to the War Department in early April 1942 stating that 2,000 Japanese American soldiers served, and many more who wished to serve to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States. Their desire was to organize into a fighting force to be sent to Europe or Africa to fight the Germans and Italians, but the request was later denied by the War Department.

Formation
As the Battle of Midway was well underway on 4 June 1942, 1,432 Nisei of the Hawaii National Guard boarded the U.S. Army transport USAT SS Maui (1916), formerly a Matson liner, under the cover of night and were shipped to the mainland without saying goodbye to their family or loved ones. Under the title "Hawaiian Provisional Infantry Battalion" the week-long zigzag journey took them to a port in Oakland where they were designated the 100th Infantry Battalion (Separate) on 12 June 1942. The unit number was an indication of the Army's recently formulated plan for a modern organization for Combat Arms. Under normal prewar Army procedures, all infantry battalions were organic to the regiment they were a part of and were known as, for instance, "1st Battalion, 5th Regiment." With the new system of organization, the infantry regiment was reorganized as a headquarters with no organic battalions, but with three separate battalions attached. The headquarters was organized into three combat commands that could be dispatched on separate combat actions with units that were attached. One infantry battalion would be assigned to a combat command, with attachments from the higher headquarters reserve. The 100th, however, was not initially attached to a regiment. It came to be known unofficially as the "One-Puka-Puka" (Puka means "hole" in Hawaiian).

Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby

In Oakland, the 100th boarded a train to their final destination, Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. Immediately following their arrival to Camp McCoy many of the Nisei felt animosity and distrust from fellow soldiers and military and political leaders. The 100th was quartered in tents, four soldiers per tent, which contained a bunk bed, blanket, towels, and backpack. It would be several months until the Nisei moved into military barracks. Eventually soldiers were permanently placed into military units, such as Companies A through F, and pushed through physical, marksmanship, and tactical training.

Some of the white officers and NCO's appointed to the 100th were schooled in psychology and were ordered to test the recruits' physical capabilities, military capabilities, and loyalty. The Nisei competed with other companies in marksmanship, baseball, softball, physical combat such as scuffles, boxing, and wrestling.

On one such occasion that happened to prove the loyalty and bravery of the new recruits, five Nisei soldiers received the Soldier's Medal for their rescue of several local civilians from drowning on a frozen Wisconsin lake. On one occasion, about 25 of the Japanese-American soldiers were sent to a secret training mission on a small island, Cat Island, near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Some top military officers thought that the "Jap" soldiers smelled differently, and that the Nisei soldiers would give off a similar scent. So for three months these 25 Nisei were ordered to train attack dogs to "smell Japs." The training didn't work.

Training at Camp McCoy lasted six months until on 6 January 1943 the 100th Battalion was transferred to Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The 100th was attached to the 85th Division under Major General Wade Haislip and would receive even tougher training than they did at Camp McCoy. Upon arrival at Camp Shelby the 100th received the same amount of skepticism as they did at McCoy. The 100th successfully passed the training exercises. At Camp Shelby where 100th received its most intense and advanced training and then was sent to Camp Clairborne, Louisiana for field exercises and war games.

On return from Camp Clairborne, the 100th met up with the newly formed 442nd Regimental Combat Team on 16 July. On 20 July 1943 the 100th received its battalion colors and motto, "Remember Pearl Harbor," as requested by the unit.

Africa and Italy
After training at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin, and Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the battalion deployed from Shelby on 11 August by train to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey and then to the Mediterranean on 21 August 1943.

The 100th arrived in Oran, North Africa on 2 September 1943 but was refused by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, then the commander of the North African Theater of Operations. Lieutenant General Mark Wayne Clark, commanding the United States Fifth Army, accepted the offer, and the 100th became a part of the 133rd Infantry Regiment, 34th Infantry Division, in place of the regiment's 2nd Battalion that had been assigned to guard General Eisenhower's headquarters in Oran, North Africa, and took part in training with Caucasian soldiers. On 19 September, the 34th Division sailed from Africa to southeast of Naples, with the 100th with them.

The unit were to fight in the Italian Campaign and entered combat on 29 September 1943, near Salerno in Southern Italy. The unit advanced 15 mi in 24 hours for a week against strong enemy resistance which allowed them to take Benevento, an important rail center and road intersection. The 100th crossed the Volturno River three times, taking on heavy German machine gun fire and rocket launchers before driving the German force even further north.

Monte Cassino
At the top of Monte Cassino stood a grand but old monastery, a key target for the 5th Army. To take the Gustav Line, the Allies would have to descend into the Rapido River valley, traverse two miles of open fields filled with landmines, mud, and knee-deep cold water, cross a swift-moving river, and barbed wire and up the steep, rocky slopes, to the 1500-foot peak of Monte Cassino. From there they would have to ascend still higher to a four-story fortress, with 10-foot-thick stone walls. This was the St. Benedictine monastery. The battle commenced in January. Here they earned their nickname the "Purple Heart Battalion." At night, A and C companies passed their way through the river reaching the wall where the enemy was located and held their ground under intense fire into the next day. B Company was met with heavy machine gun fire as their cover by the smoke screen was blown away leaving only 14 of the original 187 men in B Company to reach the wall.

The three companies were immediately pulled back to San Micheli the next night. The 100th then was ordered to take Castle Hill, which they did on 8 February. The hill was held for four days dealing with not only machine gun fire but tanks as well. The hill was a key location for it was close to the monastery but the 34th Division's right and left flanks were unable to hold their positions because of heavy German resistance. The 100th was again ordered back.

After three days of bombing, the second assault commenced. In one platoon of the 100th only five of forty soldiers survived. The 100th again was pulled back into reserve and replaced by British and Indian soldiers after nearly taking Cassino. War correspondents calling the 100th's soldiers "little men of iron" and the "purple heart battalion." This would be the last time Nisei of the original 100th would see combat at Monte Cassino as they were taken back to San Michele to rest and reorganize. From that point on, for the rest of the war, replacements from the new volunteer 442nd Regimental Combat Team began filling its ranks.

There were over 50,000 allied casualties in the battle. Casualties took the 100th's numbers from 1300 5 months prior to nearly 500. Cassino didn't fall until 17 May. After Cassino, the 100th began to receive its first replacements from the 442nd. The battalion was later awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (later redesignated the Presidential Unit Citation) for its actions on 26–27 June.

Anzio, Rome, and the 442nd
In March 1944, the 133rd Infantry's 2nd Battalion rejoined the regiment, but the 100th Battalion still remained perpetually associated with the 34th Infantry Division. Following Monte Cassino, the 100th was soon deployed at the Anzio beachhead on 26 March 1944. The allies held a beachhead that spanned 15 mi inland going a few miles inland. The battlefield at Anzio was very similar to battlefields in World War I as there was a large stretch of land between both opposing forces declared as "No Man's Land" and both sides didn't go on a large-scale offensive. The sides only fought at night. During the day, soldiers slept. The fall of Monte Cassino finally led to the end of the stalemate on 17 May 1944. On 23 May the allies went on the offensive to drive the Germans north. However, the allies needed more information about the enemy, so the 100th was ordered to capture a German soldier. Lieutenant Young-Oak Kim, a Korean American born in Los Angeles, California, and Nisei PFC Irving Akahoshi from the 100th volunteered for the mission and captured two German soldiers. On the push to Rome, Lanuvio, the final German stronghold, fell to the 100th Infantry Battalion.

"We had been sitting and living in foxholes at Anzio some 63 days. Then the big push out and the capture of Rome. They (100th Battalion) wiped out the last heavy German resistance we met some 12 miles south of Rome and then it was practically a walk into the city."

The 100th was ordered to stay at the roadside on 4 June 10 kilometers from Rome. They watched other troops march by and never saw Rome. Instead, the 100th was taken 40 mi northwest of Rome to Civitavecchia where on 11 June 1944, the 100th was assigned to the newly arrived 442nd Regimental Combat Team as its 1st Battalion. Because of its combat record, the 100th was allowed to keep their original designation, giving the newly formed all-Nisei fighting unit the name 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team, attached to the 34th Infantry Division.

Demobilization and rebirth
The 442nd RCT was inactivated in Honolulu in 1946, but reactivated in 1947 in the U.S. Army Reserve. It was mobilized in 1968 to refill the Strategic Reserve during the Vietnam War, and carries on the honors and traditions of the unit. Today, the 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry, is the only ground combat unit of the Army Reserve. The battalion headquarters is at Fort Shafter, Hawaii, with subordinate units based in Hilo, American Samoa, Saipan, Guam, and Washington. The only military presence in American Samoa consists of the battalion's B company.

In August 2004, the battalion was mobilized for duty in Iraq. Stationed at Logistics Support Area Anaconda in the city of Balad, which is located about 50 miles northwest of Baghdad. Lt. Colonel Colbert Low assumed command of the battalion only a few weeks after the battalion arrived at Logistical Support Area Anaconda. In early 2006, the 100th had returned home. One soldier was killed by an improvised explosive device attack. Four members of the battalion were killed in action, and several dozen injured, before the battalion returned home. During the year-long deployment, one of Charlie Company's attached platoons, discovered over 50 weapons caches. Unlike the soldiers of World War II who were predominantly Japanese Americans, these soldiers came from as far away as Miami, Florida, Tennessee, Alaska and included soldiers from Hawaii, Philippines, Samoa and Palau. For their actions in Iraq the unit received the Meritorious Unit Commendation.

The unit was once again deployed in 2009. The unit was called up alongside the 3rd brigade, 25th Infantry Division; and was assigned as an element of the 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Nominally deployed to Kuwait, it conducted patrols into Iraq, leading to two fatalities; those patrols consisted of more than a million miles of driving conducting convoy duty. During the unit's deployment, several dozen of the unit's American Samoan servicemembers became naturalized U.S. citizens while in Kuwait.

In October 2021, C Company officially moved from American Samoa to Joint Base Lewis–McChord in Washington.

Recognition
The nation's highest award for combat valor, the Medal of Honor, was conferred upon twenty-one members of the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II.

On 5 October 2010, Congress approved the granting of the Congressional Gold Medal to the 442nd Regimental Combat Team and the 100th Infantry Battalion, as well as the 6,000 Japanese Americans who served in the Military Intelligence Service during the war. The Nisei Soldiers of World War II Congressional Gold Medal was collectively presented on 2 November 2011.

In 2012, the surviving members of the 442nd RCT were made chevaliers of the French Légion d'Honneur for their actions contributing to the liberation of France during World War II and their heroic rescue of the Lost Battalion outside of Biffontaine.

Lineage following World War II

 * Inactivated 15 August 1946 at Honolulu, Hawaii
 * Allotted 27 March 1947 to the Organized Reserves
 * Activated 31 July 1947 with headquarters at Fort DeRussy, Hawaii
 * Organized Reserves redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps;
 * Organized Reserve Corps redesignated 9 July 1952 as the Army Reserve
 * Reorganized and redesignated 29 May 1959 as the 100th Battle Group, 442d Infantry
 * Reorganized and redesignated 1 May 1964 as the 100th Battalion, 442d Infantry
 * Ordered into active military service 13 May 1968 at Fort DeRussy, Hawaii; released from active military service 12 December 1969 and reverted to reserve status
 * Location of headquarters changed 1 September 1994 to Fort Shafter, Hawaii
 * Ordered into active military service 16 August 2004 at Fort Shafter, Hawaii
 * Redesignated 1 October 2005 as the 100th Battalion, 442d Infantry Regiment
 * Released from active military service 13 March 2006 and reverted to reserve status
 * Ordered into active military service 19 August 2008 at Fort Shafter, Hawaii; released from active military service 22 September 2009 and reverted to reserve status

Campaign participation credit

 * World War II:
 * Naples-Foggia;
 * Anzio;
 * Rome-Arno;
 * North Apennines;
 * Rhineland;
 * Po Valley
 * War on Terrorism:
 * Iraq:
 * Iraqi Governance
 * National Resolution

Decorations

 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for BELVEDERE
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for BIFFONTAINE AND FORET DOMANIALE DE CHAMP
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for BIFFONTAINE (earned by 3d Battalion)
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for FRANCE AND ITALY (earned by 2d Battalion)
 * Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for GOTHIC LINE
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for IRAQ 2005-2006
 * Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army) for IRAQ 2008-2009


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User talk:Ekitaura

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 01:05, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
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Proposed deletion of File:Templo de Diana-Night2.JPG

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title: User talk:Ekitaura


text:
Talk:Beautiful people

from VfD
On 23 May 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Beautiful people for a record of the discussion. Rossami (talk) 23:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hippie
This page is stil redirecting to Hippies, even though it's supposed to redirect to Beauty. 75.3.4.54 19:14, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beautiful people