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Douglas City, California

Douglas City is an unincorporated community in Trinity County, California first settled during the California Gold Rush. Douglas City sits at an elevation of 2152 ft. The ZIP Code is 96024. The community is inside area code 530. Its population is 868 as of the 2020 census, up from 713 from the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Douglas City as a census-designated place (CDP). The Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area is nearby.

Namesake
It was named after Stephen Douglas of Illinois, who became well known after the Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858.

History
The prehistoric residents of the area were Wintun people; from North Fork to Douglas City the group was called Tien-Tien which means "friends". The Karuk called the same people the Kashahara. Local people suffered loss of population beginning with the epidemic of 1842. The explorer Jedediah Smith and his party came through the Hayfork area in 1828, killing several local people to intimidate the others and permit their passage. The Tien-Tien population was further reduced during the gold rush along the Trinity River.

In 1848, Pierson B. Reading found gold along the Trinity; the bar he worked is at Reading's Creek just south of the Douglas City bridge. Reading took out over $80,000 of gold on his first trip. Douglas Bar was active before 1856. Settlers arrived quickly, workings began on other bars in the area and towns formed at places along the trails for housing and supply. In just two years, every bar along the Trinity and its tributary streams was being worked and agriculture had started in some of the valleys.

Douglas City was settled by Europeans and Americans around 1850 as a mining and supply town.

The Natural Bridge (associated more with Hayfork than Douglas City) was the site of the Bridge Gulch Massacre in March 1852. Trinity Sheriff William H. Dixon and a number of men set out to catch the individuals (thought to be Wintu Indians) who killed a well-liked local butcher by the name of J. R. Anderson. The posse never found the assailants of Anderson, but after two days of tracking, did find another (and much larger camp) of Wintu Indians at the natural bridge. They attacked in the early morning hours and killed nearly every man, woman, and child. Accounts vary, but the numbers usually trend toward 150 killed with one to three children surviving.

The streams and hillsides of the area suffered during the Great Flood of 1862. Gold panning and hydraulic mining continued. By 1864, the river bars around Douglas City had produced over $1,000,000 of gold, an enormous sum in 1864 dollars. The first Post Office in Douglas City started in 1867. Until 1857 all transport to and from Douglas City was by foot, mule or horse. When a private road was built through the area, four-horse stagecoaches ran from Weaverville through Douglas City to Redding Creek, Brown's Creek and Hayfork Valley. In 1863 locals formed the Douglas City Rifles to combat the Wintun; none of their raids caused bloodshed. In 1859, Theodore Eldon Jones (later the first Trinity County Superior Court Judge) started the short-lived Douglas City Gazette newspaper. Renamed Trinity Gazette, it stopped publishing in 1861 as people left the area for the American Civil War and new gold diggings in Idaho.

The Douglas City Library was founded on September 27, 1916 by Maude Marshall who maintained it in her home for both the public and students at the Douglas City school district.

Geography
Nearby towns and cities include Big Bar, French Gulch, Igo, Junction City, Lewiston, Redding, Weaverville, and Whiskeytown.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 25.1 sqmi, 99.95% of it land and 0.05% of it water.

Pleistocene deposits near Douglas City have Mammoth, Ground sloth and deer fossil bones.

Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Douglas City has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Douglas City had a population of 713. The population density was 28.5 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Douglas City was 639 (89.6%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 22 (3.1%) Native American, 8 (1.1%) Asian, 2 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 13 (1.8%) from other races, and 29 (4.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47 persons (6.6%).

The Census reported that 669 people (93.8% of the population) lived in households, 44 (6.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 308 households, out of which 55 (17.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 151 (49.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 20 (6.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 17 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 27 (8.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (1.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 91 households (29.5%) were made up of individuals, and 39 (12.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17. There were 188 families (61.0% of all households); the average family size was 2.65.

The population was spread out, with 109 people (15.3%) under the age of 18, 40 people (5.6%) aged 18 to 24, 129 people (18.1%) aged 25 to 44, 283 people (39.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 152 people (21.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.

There were 415 housing units at an average density of 16.6 /sqmi, of which 239 (77.6%) were owner-occupied, and 69 (22.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 15.7%. 514 people (72.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 155 people (21.7%) lived in rental housing units.

Education
In 1994, the Douglas City Elementary School had 141 pupils. In 2010, the enrollment for the K-8 school was 114; spending was about $12,000 per student.

Infrastructure
California State Route 299 and California State Route 3 junction across the Trinity River from Douglas City and continue co-joined through the town on the way to Weaverville. Steiner Flat Road continues from Douglas City downstream along the Trinity.

Government
In the state legislature, Douglas City is in, and.

Federally, Douglas City is in.

title: Douglas City, California


text:
Alupag

The alupag is a fruit of the Dimocarpus malesianus tree found in Indochina and Malaysia. Compared to a longan, it has bumpier skin. The tree's wood is used to make combs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alupag


text:
Talk:Sifo-Dyas

Notable
I've removed the notability flag since it is clearly not a reflection of this discussion page. If someone want to argue that this page is not notable they must bother to argue it here - not just posting deletion flags.

Secondly, I'd like to express a personal opinion about the use of the word "encyclopedic." It is not NPOV to use that term as a blanket statement to complain about style. Wikipedia will never have uniform writing style and that is its strength. While this article should be improved to improve some more non-fictional perspectives that should be in the form of some supplimentary indraductory sections and conclusions rather than complete reworking to read like somewhere else. When discussing fiction is is useful for even an austerely written encyclopedia to engage in the fictional universe otherwise the topic is only superficially discussed. This article is very interesting and engages that fiction as it is written. Only minor improvements are necessary in my opinion. I am not at all expert in the subject. However, I have strong feelings on this because I am sick of finding releif in wikipedia as I discover a nice, engaging, article on an obscure topic that would be hard to find (for a non-starwars fan such as myself) only to have the page ruined by a long list of idiotic disclaimers at the top which state that esoteric knowledge is now somehow against wikipedia policy and that the style of writing must be changed to be totally boring otherwise it will be deleted. (whew.)

OK, sorry about the rant. I've just read the 'war on wikipedia' article in the newspaper and you can tell I've taken the non-deletion side. It represents something I've been thinking about for a while. It use to be that wikipedia was where you could get the dirt - uncensored - and find out what the real story was for some dirty corporation or cultural story. Now that wikipedia is in the limelight so much - a lot of it gets dumbed down. This starwars section which I've only noticed recently is refreshing. The uber-geek nature of the subject has allowed it to maintain that air of authentic amatuer knowledge that now gets covered up by pretensious pseudo 'expertise' all too often.

Thanks for listening.Rusl (talk) 13:40, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Planet of origin
Can we get a concrete source for Esiken being his homeworld? I've searched google, but the only place I find that information is the same sentence copied onto several blog posts ... "(Sifo Dyas was an Ogdarian born on the asteroid world of Esiken, and discovered by the Jedi when he moved to Allistare.)" —Skope (talk)  23:32, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Sifo-Dyas = Sidious???
Is Syfo-Dyas just a cover-front for Sidious??? The article was kinda vague... Was Palpatine ever a Jedi? I don't read any of the external comics, etc. so I wouldn't know...

Supergirl42 15:30, 2 April 2007
 * No, Sifo-Dyas was completely distinct character. EVula // talk // ☯  // 15:37, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction with Jedi
I added that this article appears to contradict Jedi. This article states that "Supreme Chancellor Palpatine secretly sends Sifo-Dyas to Kamino to place the order for the clone army", while Jedi states that "Tyranus selected a bounty hunter, Jango Fett, as the template for a clone army he ordered for the Galactic Republic under the guise of the deceased Sifo-Dyas." MoraSique 01:38, 25 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed! David 22:35, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

No thats wrong what Jango Fett meant by he was recruited by someone called Tyranus is he was recruited to kill Senator Amidala...In fact Dooku(Tyranus) didn't knew abot the existence clone army till the battle of Genosis ..remember what he said wondering ( How could the Jedi come up with this huge army so quickly ) --Max Mayr 21:35, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

That doesnt make sense. If Jango was refering to his attempted on assassination on Amidala then he would essentially be confessing to the crime and Obi Wan would have arressted him right then. If you played the video game Bounty Hunter for PS2 then you would know that Dooku does recruit Jango as a template for the clones. During the battle of Geonosis Dooku acts like he doesn't know anything about the clones because he is decieving the Sepratists. Sidious is playing the Republic and the Sepratists against each other as part of his plan to conquer the galaxy, since Dooku is his apprentice he part of the plan too. -Anonymous —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.166.230.62 (talk) 02:04, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

In-universe
Anyone seriously interested in improving the article should consider adding some real world related info, e.g. regarding the concept, creation, and/or function of the character within the Star Wars narrative etc. Please consult our writing about fiction guideline, which also includes a list of exemplary articles.

There are currently three featured articles on Star Wars characters: Palpatine, Padmé Amidala, and Jabba the Hutt. What sets them aside from most of the other SW character articles is the effort to write from the real world perspective. Pay particular attention to paragraphs like Jabba the Hutt, Palpatine, and Padmé Amidala.

Also take a look at Darth Vader, which despite its lack of reliable, published third-party secondary sources features interesting sections on e.g. #Character creation and concepts and Darth Vader as a #Cultural figure.

Even though reliable sources may be tough to come up with, any effort to introduce coherently written real world aspects will be greatly appreciated, because it contributes to the depth of the article and accurate coverage of the topic, and thereby makes for an improved reading experience and increases the encyclopedic value of the article.

—AldeBaer 15:57, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Wookiepedia
Did the same person write this as wrote the article on the Star Wars wiki? If not, it needs to be trashed and replaced, as it is a direct word-for-word copy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.148.42.30 (talk) 05:16, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Use of "Sifa-Dyas"
"Sifa-Dyas" has cropped up in a particular section of the article; someone knowledgable in this guy please change where appropriate (since I do not know in what instances an "a"-variant may have cropped up in). T.J. Fuller, Jr. (talk) 00:26, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sifo-Dyas


text:
Delicado (song)

"Delicado" ("Delicate") is a popular song published in 1952 with music by Waldir Azevedo and lyrics by Jack Lawrence. The song reached the top of the Billboard charts in 1952.

Notable versions

 * Oscar Alemán (1909-1980) recorded a version for guitar, released in Argentina in October of 1951.
 * A version recorded by Percy Faith and his orchestra reached number one on the Billboard chart in 1952.
 * Dinah Shore with Henri Rene's Orchestra and Chorus recorded a successful cover version in 1952.
 * The Three Suns, 1952.
 * Stan Kenton recorded a cover for his 1955 album, Popular Favorites by Stan Kenton.
 * A version was recorded by the British bandleader and conductor Stanley Black in 1957.
 * Accordionist Dick Contino with David Carroll Orchestra on their 1962 album South American Holiday.
 * Dr. John (Malcolm John "Mac" Rebennack Jr.) recorded a New Orleans-style version on Dr. John Plays Mac Rebennack Vol. 1 (1981).
 * Tito Cortés recorded a version which included lyrics.
 * Waldir Azevedo
 * Carmen Miranda sang with lyrics on the Jimmy Durante Show in 1955, her last performance.

title: Delicado (song)


text:
TCC

TCC may refer to:

Companies

 * Taiwan Cement Corporation
 * The Casual Courier
 * The Clearing Corporation
 * Trammell Crow Company
 * Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Kochi, Kerala, India

Organizations

 * Tanana Chiefs Conference
 * Theory of Cryptography Conference
 * Technology and Construction Court
 * Texas Cave Conservancy
 * Texas Cryptologic Center
 * Toronto Congress Centre
 * Travelers' Century Club
 * Tri-County Conference (disambiguation)
 * True Catholic Church
 * Tucson Convention Center
 * Tunisian Community Center
 * Tysons Corner Center
 * The Carter Center
 * Territorial Congress Committees, of the Indian National Congress

Colleges and education

 * Tacoma Community College
 * Tallahassee Community College
 * Tarrant County College
 * Taught Course Centre
 * Texas Chiropractic College
 * Tidewater Community College
 * Torpoint Community College
 * Traverse City Central High School
 * Trinity Catholic College, Lismore
 * Trinity Christian College
 * Trinity College, Cambridge
 * Tulsa Community College

Science, technology, and medicine

 * Terminal complement complex, the membrane attack complex of the complement system
 * Thermomechanical Cuttings Cleaner
 * Total contact casting, a specially designed cast designed to take weight of the foot
 * Torque converter clutch
 * Transitional cell carcinoma, which affects the bladder
 * Trewartha climate classification, a climate classification system
 * Triclocarban, a disinfectant
 * TCC, a codon for the amino acid serine

Computing

 * Take Command Console, a command line interpreter by JP Software
 * Tiny C Compiler, a C compiler

Music and entertainment

 * The Catholic Channel
 * The Children's Channel
 * The Classic Crime
 * The Cowboy Channel
 * The Closing Chronicles
 * The Comedy Channel
 * Toronto Children's Chorus
 * Turtle Creek Chorale
 * Harry Potter and the Cursed Child
 * Ten Crack Commandments

Other uses

 * Tax Court of Canada
 * Transnational capitalist class
 * Tucumcari Municipal Airport (IATA airport code)

title: TCC


text:
Woe from Wit

Woe from Wit (Го́ре от ума́, also translated as "The Woes of Wit", "Wit Works Woe", Wit's End, and so forth) is Alexander Griboyedov's comedy in verse, satirizing the society of post-Napoleonic Moscow, or, as a high official in the play styled it, "a pasquinade on Moscow."

The play, written in 1823 in the countryside and in Tiflis, was not passed by the censors for the stage, and only portions of it were allowed to appear in an almanac for 1825. But it was read out by the author to "all Moscow" and to "all Petersburg" and circulated in innumerable copies, so it was as good as published in 1825; it was not, however, actually published until 1833, after the author's death, with significant cuts, and was not published in full until 1861. The play was a compulsory work in Russian literature lessons in Soviet schools, and is still considered a golden classic in modern Russia and other minority Russian-speaking countries.

The play gave rise to numerous catchphrases in the Russian language, including the title itself.

Language
The play belongs to the classical school of comedy, with principal antecedents in Molière. Like Denis Fonvizin before him and like the founders of the Russian realistic tradition after him, Griboyedov lays far greater stress on the characters and their dialogue than on his plot. The comedy is loosely constructed but in the dialogue and in the character drawing Griboyedov is supreme and unique.

The dialogue is in rhymed verse, in iambic lines of variable length, a meter that was introduced into Russia by the fabulists as the equivalent of La Fontaine's vers libre and that had reached a high degree of perfection in the hands of Ivan Krylov. Griboyedov's dialogue is a continuous tour de force. It always attempts and achieves the impossible: the squeezing of everyday conversation into a rebellious metrical form.

Griboyedov seemed to multiply his difficulties on purpose. He was, for instance, alone of his time to use unexpected, sonorous, punning rhymes. There is just enough toughness and angularity in his verse to constantly remind the reader of the pains undergone and the difficulties triumphantly overcome by the poet. Despite the fetters of the metrical form, Griboyedov's dialogue has the natural rhythm of conversation and is more easily colloquial than any prose. It is full of wit, variety, and character, and is a veritable encyclopedia of the best spoken Russian of the period. Almost every other line of the comedy has become part of the language and proverbs from Griboyedov are as numerous as proverbs from Krylov. For epigram, repartee, terse and concise wit, Griboyedov has no rivals in Russian.

Characters
Griboyedov's characters, while typical of the period, are moulded from the really common clay of humanity. They all, down to the most episodic characters, have the same perfection of finish and clearness of outline.

 * Pavel Afanasyevich Famusov, the father, the head of an important department, the natural conservative, the cynical and placid philosopher of good digestion, the pillar of stable society;
 * Sofia Pavlovna Famusova, his daughter, the heroine neither idealized nor caricatured, with a strange, drily romantic flavour. With her fixity of purpose, her ready wit, and her deep, but reticent, passionateness, she is the principal active force in the play and the plot is advanced mainly by her actions.
 * Liza, Sofia's maid, the headstrong and powerless maid. She boldly speaks her mind as she is unable to take action given her gender and station. She is a vehicle through which multiple characters expose their baser desires and reveal truths fiercely protected in public.
 * Alexey Stepanovich Molchalin, Famusov's secretary living in his house, the sneak who plays whist with old ladies, pets their dogs, and acts the lover to his patron's daughter;
 * Alexandr Andreyevich Chatsky, the protagonist. Sometimes irrelevantly eloquent, he leads a generous, if vague, revolt against the vegetable-like selfish world of Famusovs and Molchalins. His exhilarating, youthful idealism, his go, his élan is of the family of Romeo. Tradition tells that the character is modeled after Pyotr Chaadaev, an original and controversial Russian writer and philosopher, with whom Griboyedov was acquainted. It is significant that, in spite of all his apparent lack of clear-cut personality, his part is the traditional touchstone for a Russian actor. Great Chatskys are as rare and as highly valued in Russia as are great Hamlets in Britain.
 * Colonel Sergei Sergeyevich Skalozub
 * The Goriches:
 * Natalia Dmitriyevna, young lady
 * Platon Mikhailovich, her husband
 * Count Tugoukhovsky
 * Countess, his wife, and six daughters
 * The Khryuminas:
 * Countess Khryumina, the grandmother
 * Countess Khryumina, the granddaughter
 * Anton Antonovich Zagoretsky
 * Old woman Khlyostova, Famusov's sister-in-law
 * Mr. N.
 * Mr. D.
 * Repetilov, the Anglomaniac orator of the coffee room and of the club, burning for freedom and stinking of liquor, the witless admirer of wit, and the bosom friend of all his acquaintances;
 * Petrushka and several speaking footmen;
 * A large number of guests of all ranks and their footmen engaged during their departure;
 * Famusov's waiters.

A number of the characters have names that go a long way toward describing their personality.
 * Famusov's surname is derived from Latin fama, meaning "public opinion" or "repute", which is a matter of great importance to that character, while his name stands for "small" as in unremarkable and his patronymic is derived from Afanasy ("immortal").
 * His daughter's given name is Sofia ("wise"), alluding to her pragmatism.
 * "Chatsky", in addition to its reference to a contemporary figure, is also considered a bilingual reference, both to the English "chat" and the Russian чадить ("to emit smoke"), alluding to the inconsequential nature of Chatsky's extensive diatribes.
 * Molchalin's name comes from the verb molchat', to be silent, and he is a character of few words. Tugoukhovsky's name comes from the compound word tugoukhiy, a slang equivalent of the English phrase "hard of hearing".
 * Skalozub's name is an inversion of the Russian zuboskal, a mocker or jokester (literally, "one who bares teeth a lot").

Mentions elsewhere
From Anton Chekhov's A Dreary Story from the notebook of an old man

'If no progress can be seen in trifles, I should look for it in vain in what is more important. When an actor wrapped from head to foot in stage traditions and conventions tries to recite a simple ordinary speech, "To be or not to be," not simply, but invariably with the accompaniment of hissing and convulsive movements all over his body, or when he tries to convince me at all costs that Tchatsky, who talks so much with fools and is so fond of folly, is a very clever man, and that "Woe from Wit" is not a dull play, the stage gives me the same feeling of conventionality which bored me so much forty years ago when I was regaled with the classical howling and beating on the breast.'

From Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita Chapter 5.

title: Woe from Wit


text:
Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!

Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!, known as Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? in PAL regions, is an edutainment puzzle video game. It was developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. Nintendo has stated that it is an entertainment product inspired by Tohoku University professor Ryuta Kawashima's work in the neurosciences.

It was first released in Japan, and later released in North America, Europe, Australia, and South Korea. It was followed by a sequel titled Brain Age 2: More Training in Minutes a Day!, and was later followed by two redesigns and Brain Age Express for the Nintendo DSi's DSiWare service which uses popular puzzles from these titles as well as several new puzzles, and Brain Age: Concentration Training for Nintendo 3DS. The latest installment in the series, Dr Kawashima's Brain Training for Nintendo Switch, for the Nintendo Switch, was first released in Japan on December 27, 2019.

Brain Age features a variety of puzzles, including Stroop tests, mathematical questions, and Sudoku puzzles, all designed to help keep certain parts of the brain active. It was included in the Touch! Generations series of video games, a series which features games for a more casual gaming audience. Brain Age uses the touch screen and microphone for many puzzles. It has received both commercial and critical success, selling 19.01 million copies worldwide (as of September 30, 2015) and has received multiple awards for its quality and innovation. There has been controversy over the game's scientific effectiveness. The game was later released on the Nintendo eShop for the Wii U in Japan in mid-2014.

Gameplay
Brain Age is designed to be played a little each day, similar to the Nintendogs titles and Animal Crossing: Wild World. The Nintendo DS is held on its side, with the touch screen on the right for right-handed people and the left for left-handed people. The game is entirely touch and voice-controlled – the player either writes the answer to the puzzle on the touch screen or speaks it into the microphone. Before the player can begin a Brain Age session, they must input information. First, players must confirm the date and select which hand they write with. The player then inputs their name and date of birth.

At the end of all Brain Age Check puzzles, Training puzzles, Quick Play puzzles, and Sudoku puzzles, the player is shown how quickly they completed it, the player's speed (according to metaphors such as "bicycle speed" and "jet speed", the highest being "rocket speed"), and a tip for either improving the player's brain or a game-related tip. If the player's time or score in Brain Age Check or Training is high enough, it will appear on one or both of the Top Three. The Top Three shown is the player's own top three attempts at a puzzle, while they can also compare the top three with those of other saved players. The player's score is only counted on their first attempt at a puzzle each day.

The player is also awarded stamps for each day they complete the puzzles. When enough is accumulated, the game unlocks certain features such as more puzzles in Training mode, Hard versions of these puzzles, and the ability to customize the player's own stamps.

While the player is navigating the menus outside of the puzzles, Professor Kawashima appears to prompt and encourage the user. Brain Age allows up to four players to save profiles on one DS game card, and these players can interact with each other in several different ways. There are five modes of play – Brain Age Check, Training, Quick Play, Download, and Sudoku.

When starting a session, Kawashima may ask the player to participate in a Picture-Drawing Quiz, which requires the player to draw a person, place, or thing by memory using the touch screen. After the player has done all three, the game will compare their drawing to an example created by the game developers, along with advice of what to emphasize on below its image. If more than one player profile is saved on the game card, images for the day can be compared to those of other players.

Kawashima may also ask the player to participate in a Memory Quiz, which requires the player to recall a recent event, such as what the player ate or the most interesting thing seen on television the day before. Several days later, it will ask for the answer originally provided, and will then compare the answer given several days ago and the answer given on the current day to test the player's recollection skills. The player is not scored on their ability to remember.

Brain Age Check
The game includes four modes: Brain Age Check, Training, Quick Play, and Sudoku. The Brain Age Check gives the player three puzzle minigames to complete. The first is usually a Stroop test, although the player can choose to skip the Stroop test if they are not in a quiet environment or is otherwise unable to speak into the microphone. At the end of the Brain Age Check, the game reports on the player's "brain age", a theoretical assessment of the age of the player's brain. The higher the brain age, the worse the player performed. The best possible score is 20 and the worst 80, according with Kawashima's theory that the brain stops developing at 20. The player may replay the Brain Age Check, but the brain age is registered per day only.

Once the player confirms whether or not they can speak into the microphone, Professor Kawashima will describe the first puzzle. If the player answered that they can speak, the game begins with a Stroop test; if the player cannot use the microphone, the game picks a random puzzle from the following: Calculations X 20, Word Memory, Connect Maze, and Number Cruncher.

During the Stroop Test, the game will display one of four words and colors: blue, black, yellow, and red. One of these words mentioned will appear on screen, in a random color which may not match the color denoted by the word. The player is instructed to say the color of the word, rather than the word itself (e.g., if the word Yellow appears in blue letters, the correct answer is "blue" according to the Stroop effect for details).

In Speed Counting, which requires speaking but does not use the microphone, the player counts up from one to 120 as fast as they can without slurring the names of numbers.

Word Memory gives the player a list of 30 four-lettered words. The player is given two minutes to study the list and memorize as many words as possible. After the time is up, the player must write down as many words as they can in three minutes. To spell words that were not on the list won't make the player lose marks but the system won't recognize them. On the contrary, spelling an on-list word will count as memorized and even the test will notify the players if they already wrote this word in case they rewrite it.

Connect Maze gives players a randomly created group of circles, with letters and numbers in them. The player must follow the pattern A-1-B-2 until reaching M-13 as quickly as possible.

Calculations × 20 presents the player with 20 simple calculation equations that includes addition, subtraction, and multiplication. On the top screen are the problems which scroll up as answered whether right or wrong, while the touch screen is used to write out the answer. This test is also available in the training section.

Number Cruncher is a mental agility game that displays several numbers, which vary in their appearance and on-screen behavior and above it is a question, such as "how many numbers are blue?" or "how many numbers are moving?", which the player must answer as quickly as possible.

Training
The Training mode allows the player to play a variety of training programs, with all but one of them being exclusive to the Training mode. Once the player completes at least one program, Kawashima awards them with a stamp, which he places on the current date. If the player completes at least three programs, the stamp will expand in size. After accumulating a certain number of stamps, Kawashima will award the player with a new program, difficulty mode, or additional feature under the Options menu. Each program can be played as many times as the player likes, although only the first play-through of the day will count in the graph for that puzzle.

Minigames
There are nine training programs in Training mode:

 * 1) Calculations × 20, which is the same as the one found in the Brain Age Check. Mental agility exercise with a total of simple calculation 20 questions that includes addition, subtraction, and multiplication.
 * 2) Calculations × 100, which is the same as Calculations × 20, although with 100 questions instead of 20. There is a hard mode that includes simple division.
 * 3) Reading Aloud, which gives the player an excerpt from a classic story such as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow or Little Women, and tasks the player with reading the story aloud or mute to see how quickly they can do it. The player progresses through the excerpt by pushing Next, until they reach the end of the excerpt. If the player pushes Next too quickly, this will be found as cheating, and the program will count the activity as undone.
 * 4) Low to High: The game instructs to remember several numbers in boxes; those boxes appear with no numbers but at the count of 3, numbers appear only one second. Once gone, the players have to remember the numbers from the lowest to the highest and click the correct box, while failing to order the numbers will count as mistake. Depending on if the player gets right or wrong the number of boxes increase or decrease, meaning that the game has an adaptive difficulty between at least 4 boxes to a maximum of 16.
 * 5) Syllable Count shows several phrases, one after the other, on the top screen, and the player must write the number of syllables in each phrase on the touch screen.
 * 6) Head Count features a random number of people on the top screen (e.g. 4). After a few seconds to allow the player to count the number of people, a house falls over them. The player must watch the screen carefully, as the people inside will leave the house and more people will enter the house. This will eventually cease, and the game asks the player to write down how many people are currently in the house. The puzzle gets more difficult as the player progresses in it. There is also a hard mode in which people also come in and out of the chimney.
 * 7) Triangle Math: A kind of calculations (most of the time addition or subtraction, but sometimes may include sign rules such as -(-3)= 3) in tier format just like Pascal's triangle that the player must solve. This exercise also features a hard mode with an additional tier.
 * 8) Time Lapse displays two analogue clocks (e.g. one at 2:45 and one at 7:30), and requires the player to calculate the difference in time between those clocks, in that case answer would be 4h 45min.
 * 9) Voice Calculation, which is similar to the Calculations puzzles. However, this puzzle requires the player to speak the correct answer loud just like the Stroop Test.

Quick Play
Quick Play can be played by anyone, whether they have a saved file or not. Quick Play allows the player to play three modes – Quick Brain Age Check, Quick Training, and Quick Sudoku, all only providing the player with one of the easy puzzles in each of these modes to try. Quick Brain Age Check only allows the player to play the stroop test. In Quick Training, the game only allows the player to play Calculations × 20. In Quick Sudoku, which is only available for North America, Europe and South Korea, the player may only play the easiest Sudoku puzzle available. At the end of each session, the player's brain age or time will be assessed, and Kawashima will give a preview of the full game.

Download
A player with a copy of Brain Age can send certain game data to other Nintendo DS consoles using the DS Download Play feature. They may either download Quick Play mode to this player's Nintendo DS, or Calculations × 30, a variation of the other Calculation puzzles which can be played by up to sixteen people. This mode is not supported in the Wii U Virtual Console version.

Sudoku
Included in the North America, Europe, Australia and Korea versions of this game is a Sudoku mode, which features more than 100 puzzles across three different modes – Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced. Sudoku involves a 9×9 grid with numbers in every square. Some of these numbers are visible, while others are not. The objective is to fill in the hidden numbers using the visible numbers as hints. Each row, column, and 3×3 grid has nine squares in it, and each must contain each number in the range from 1 to 9.

Scientific effectiveness
Many neurologists recommend the game for prevention of dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Nintendo of America has refused to support any scientific claims to the benefits of the game, stressing that they are in the entertainment business.

One study involved 600 Scottish students with one group of students who played twenty minutes of "Brain Age" before class daily for nine weeks and a control group that studied regularly. The students were tested at the beginning and end of the study. In the end, the group that played Brain Age improved test scores by 50%. The time to complete the tests in the Brain Age group dropped by five minutes, and this improvement doubled that of the control group''. ''

Another study involving 67 ten-year-olds found no evidence to support claims that Brain Age improves cognitive function better than other means of training one's brain. However, the game states that the best indications of brain age are when the user is at least twenty years of age. Professor of cognitive psychology Alain Lieury at the University of Rennes, France said: "The Nintendo DS is a technological jewel. As a game it's fine. But it is charlatanism to claim that it is a scientific test". Helping children with homework, reading, playing Scrabble or Sudoku, or watching documentaries, matched or beat the benefits of Brain Age. The children were split into four groups. The first two completed a seven-week memory course on a Nintendo DS, the third did puzzles with pencils and paper, and the fourth went to school as normal. Researchers found that children playing Brain Age failed to show any significant improvement in memory tests. They did do 19% better in mathematics but so did the pencil-and-paper group, and the fourth group did 18% better. In memorization, the pencil-and-paper group had a 33% improvement, while the Brain Age group performed 17% worse. In logic tests, the Brain Age group had a 10% improvement as did the pencil-and-paper group. The children who had no training improved 20%.

It has also been stated that the same effects of "keeping the brain sharp" can be achieved by either playing Sudoku, Tetris or talking with friends.

A study conducted between March and August 2010 in Sendai city, Miyagi prefecture, Japan, assessed the impact of the brain training game on the elderly, using a double blinded intervention. Results showed that playing Brain Age for 4 weeks could lead to improved cognitive functions (executive functions and processing speed) in the elderly.

In a review examining cognitive training programs, a research team led by Daniel J. Simmons found that Nintendo do not cite any scientific literature when describing the touted benefits of Brain Age and its sequels, and that experimental attempts at verifying Kawashima's claims provided mixed results with small effect sizes.

Development
Nintendo was looking for something new to develop that would appeal to both traditional and casual gamers. In one of the meetings, the Chief Financial Officer of Nintendo's Japanese division suggested reviewing a published book titled Train Your Brain: 60 Days to a Better Brain, which was enjoying a great deal of success in Japan. Satoru Iwata, the president of Nintendo, arranged for a meeting with Professor Ryuta Kawashima, the author of the book.

As both Iwata and Professor Kawashima were too busy to meet under normal circumstances, they both agreed to meet for an hour during the Nintendo DS launch. The original meeting became a brainstorming session that lasted for three hours, in which Professor Kawashima explained the basics of his studies. Iwata assigned a team of nine developers to develop the game and to have it ready in 90 days for demonstration.

Brain Age ' s sound director was Masami Yone, while the music was composed by Minako Hamano and Akito Nakatsuka, both having composed music for Nintendo games as early as 1993 and 1987 respectively. The main menu song from this game was later used in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Reception
The initial reaction from retailers was that of concern about the new title's ability to sell. The most important retailers in Japan were given the game for 15 minutes to test it out. In the end, Nintendo secured nearly 70,000 orders for the first shipment, an amount above most expectations. In comparison, the sequel had over 850,000 orders placed before its launch.

Brain Age met with positive sales figures. The game debuted selling around 43,000 copies in May 2005, considered a good number for an educational title. Although most titles only stay in the Japanese weekly top ten list of games for a couple of weeks, Brain Age managed to stay, as of January 2006, between the most sold games for 34 weeks (except three weeks). As of June 11, 2006, Brain Age has sold 2,322,970 copies in Japan alone. It was the 94th best-selling game in Japan in 2008, selling 140,992 copies, with total lifetime sales of 3,750,890. During its first three weeks on sale in North America, Brain Age sold 120,000 copies, becoming the fifteenth title in the top U.S. video game charts during the month of May in terms of units sold. In Europe, Brain Age received critical acclaim, becoming number 1 in the Nintendo DS sales chart, and number 4 in the all-platforms chart on debut, and selling more than 500,000 units in just over two months. As of January 22, 2007, Brain Age has sold over 2 million copies in Europe. As of October 30, 2007, Brain Age has sold over one million copies in the United Kingdom. It was the 10th best-selling Nintendo DS game of December 2008 in the United States. As of September 30, 2015, Brain Age has worldwide sales of 19.01 million.

The game was received with generally positive reviews in the Western market, though some criticized the game for poor voice and handwriting recognition at times. The game's design earned it Edge magazine's EIEF06 Edge Award for innovation. In 2007, during the 10th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded Brain Age with "Handheld Game of the Year", along with nominations for "Family Game of the Year", "Outstanding Innovation in Gaming", and "Outstanding Achievement in Game Design". The game has also been featured in numerous media apparitions including newspapers and television in different countries, including the United States (Time magazine and Discovery Channel ) and Australia (featured in Seven News ). Wired included the game in its list of "The 15 Most Influential Games of the Decade" at No. 5, due to how it "bucked the dominant trends" and "ushered in the era of games that are (supposedly) good for you, like Wii Fit".

International release
The positive sales figures and overall reception in Japan led to Brain Age being released in various countries around the world. In the North American market, the game is known as Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day and was released on April 17, 2006, and included 108 Sudoku puzzles of different levels of difficulty. Nintendo gave out copies of the North American version of Brain Age at the 2006 Game Developers Conference. They also shipped free retail versions to special members of the Nintendo NSider Forums. Both groups received their copies before the official release date. It has also been given away to certain retailers with the purchase of a Nintendo DS Lite.

The game was released as Dr Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? in the UK and Ireland. Like the American version, this version also features Sudoku. All 3 parts are saved on one cartridge. In the UK, its initial television commercials featured Chris Tarrant. Nicole Kidman, Ronan Keating, and Patrick Stewart feature in current European commercials for the Brain Age series.

Nintendo Australia featured an ad campaign that coincided with its Australian release. During the period of June 15 to July 17, 2006, Nintendo Australia stated that for every copy of Brain Age purchased, Nintendo would donate $1.00 to Alzheimer's Australia.

The game was one of the launch titles for the DS Lite in South Korea, along with English Training: Have Fun Improving Your Skills!. It was released on January 18, 2007.


text:
Union blockade

The Union blockade in the American Civil War was a naval strategy by the United States to prevent the Confederacy from trading.

The blockade was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln in April 1861, and required the monitoring of 3500 mi of Atlantic and Gulf coastline, including 12 major ports, notably New Orleans and Mobile. Those blockade runners fast enough to evade the Union Navy could carry only a small fraction of the supplies needed. They were operated largely by British citizens, making use of neutral ports such as Havana, Nassau and Bermuda. The Union commissioned around 500 ships, which destroyed or captured about 1,500 blockade runners over the course of the war.

The blockade was largely successful in reducing 95% of cotton export in the South from pre-war levels, devaluing its currency and severely damaging its economy. However, it was less successful in preventing war material from being smuggled into the South. Throughout the conflict, at least 600,000 arms (mostly British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifles) were smuggled by blockade runners to the Confederacy, 330,000 of them into the Gulf ports. Historians have estimated that supplies brought to the Confederacy via blockade runners that made it past the Union blockade lengthened the duration of the conflict by up to two years.

Proclamation of blockade
On April 19, 1861, President Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Blockade Against Southern Ports: Whereas an insurrection against the Government of the United States has broken out in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, and the laws of the United States for the collection of the revenue cannot be effectually executed therein comformably to that provision of the Constitution which requires duties to be uniform throughout the United States:

And whereas a combination of persons engaged in such insurrection, have threatened to grant pretended letters of marque to authorize the bearers thereof to commit assaults on the lives, vessels, and property of good citizens of the country lawfully engaged in commerce on the high seas, and in waters of the United States: And whereas an Executive Proclamation has been already issued, requiring the persons engaged in these disorderly proceedings to desist therefrom, calling out a militia force for the purpose of repressing the same, and convening Congress in extraordinary session, to deliberate and determine thereon:

Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, with a view to the same purposes before mentioned, and to the protection of the public peace, and the lives and property of quiet and orderly citizens pursuing their lawful occupations, until Congress shall have assembled and deliberated on the said unlawful proceedings, or until the same shall ceased, have further deemed it advisable to set on foot a blockade of the ports within the States aforesaid, in pursuance of the laws of the United States, and of the law of Nations, in such case provided. For this purpose a competent force will be posted so as to prevent entrance and exit of vessels from the ports aforesaid. If, therefore, with a view to violate such blockade, a vessel shall approach, or shall attempt to leave either of the said ports, she will be duly warned by the Commander of one of the blockading vessels, who will endorse on her register the fact and date of such warning, and if the same vessel shall again attempt to enter or leave the blockaded port, she will be captured and sent to the nearest convenient port, for such proceedings against her and her cargo as prize, as may be deemed advisable.

And I hereby proclaim and declare that if any person, under the pretended authority of the said States, or under any other pretense, shall molest a vessel of the United States, or the persons or cargo on board of her, such person will be held amenable to the laws of the United States for the prevention and punishment of piracy.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.

Done at the City of Washington, this nineteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and of the Independence of the United States the eighty-fifth.

Scope
A joint Union military-navy commission, known as the Blockade Strategy Board, was formed to make plans for seizing major Southern ports to utilize as Union bases of operations to expand the blockade. It first met in June 1861 in Washington, D.C., under the leadership of Captain Samuel F. Du Pont.

In the initial phase of the blockade, Union forces concentrated on the Atlantic Coast. The November 1861 capture of Port Royal in South Carolina provided the Federals with an open ocean port and repair and maintenance facilities in good operating condition. It became an early base of operations for further expansion of the blockade along the Atlantic coastline, including the Stone Fleet of old ships deliberately sunk to block approaches to Charleston, South Carolina. Apalachicola, Florida, received Confederate goods traveling down the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia, and was an early target of Union blockade efforts on Florida's Gulf Coast. Another early prize was Ship Island, which gave the Navy a base from which to patrol the entrances to both the Mississippi River and Mobile Bay. The Navy gradually extended its reach throughout the Gulf of Mexico to the Texas coastline, including Galveston and Sabine Pass.

With 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of Confederate coastline and 180 possible ports of entry to patrol, the blockade would be the largest such effort ever attempted. The United States Navy had 42 ships in active service, and another 48 laid up and listed as available as soon as crews could be assembled and trained. Half were sailing ships, some were technologically outdated, most were at the time patrolling distant oceans, one served on Lake Erie and could not be moved into the ocean, and another had gone missing off Hawaii. At the time of the declaration of the blockade, the Union only had three ships suitable for blockade duty. The Navy Department, under the leadership of Navy Secretary Gideon Welles, quickly moved to expand the fleet. U.S. warships patrolling abroad were recalled, a massive shipbuilding program was launched, civilian merchant and passenger ships were purchased for naval service, and captured blockade runners were commissioned into the navy. In 1861, nearly 80 steamers and 60 sailing ships were added to the fleet, and the number of blockading vessels rose to 160. Some 52 more warships were under construction by the end of the year. By November 1862, there were 282 steamers and 102 sailing ships. By the end of the war, the Union Navy had grown to a size of 671 ships, making it the largest navy in the world.

By the end of 1861, the Navy had grown to 24,000 officers and enlisted men, over 15,000 more than in antebellum service. Four squadrons of ships were deployed, two in the Atlantic and two in the Gulf of Mexico.

Blockade service
Blockade service was attractive to Federal seamen and landsmen alike. Blockade station service was considered the most boring job in the war but also the most attractive in terms of potential financial gain. The task was for the fleet to sail back and forth to intercept any blockade runners. More than 50,000 men volunteered for the boring duty, because food and living conditions on ship were much better than the infantry offered, the work was safer, and especially because of the real (albeit small) chance for big money. Captured ships and their cargoes were sold at auction and the proceeds split among the sailors. When Eolus seized the hapless blockade runner Hope off Wilmington, North Carolina, in late 1864, the captain won $13,000 ($0 today), the chief engineer $6,700, the seamen more than $1,000 each, and the cabin boy $533, compared to infantry pay of $13 ($0 today) per month. The amount garnered for a prize of war widely varied. While the little Alligator sold for only $50, bagging the Memphis brought in $510,000 ($0 today) (about what 40 civilian workers could earn in a lifetime of work). In four years, $25 million in prize money ($0 today) was awarded. One sailor, Benjamin Jackson, earned $900 ($0 today) after one year with the West Gulf Blockading Squadron.

Blockade runners
While a large proportion of blockade runners did manage to evade the Union ships, as the blockade matured, the type of ship most likely to find success in evading the naval cordon was a small, light ship with a short draft—qualities that facilitated blockade running but were poorly suited to carrying large amounts of heavy weaponry, metals, and other supplies badly needed by the South. They were also useless for exporting the large quantities of cotton that the South needed to sustain its economy. To be successful in helping the Confederacy, a blockade runner had to make many trips; eventually, most were captured or sunk. Nonetheless, five out of six attempts to evade the Union blockade were successful. During the war, some 1,500 blockade runners were captured or destroyed.

Ordinary freighters were too slow and visible to escape the Navy. The blockade runners therefore relied mainly on new steamships built in Britain with low profiles, shallow draft, and high speed. Their paddle-wheels, driven by steam engines that burned smokeless anthracite coal, could make 17 kn. Because the South lacked sufficient sailors, skippers and shipbuilding capability, the runners were mostly built, commanded and manned of officers and sailors of the British Merchant Marine. The profits from blockade running were high as a typical blockade runner could make a profit equal to about $1 million U.S. dollars in 1981 values from a single voyage. Private British investors spent perhaps £50 million on the runners ($250 million in U.S. dollars, equivalent to about $2.5 billion in 2006 dollars). The pay was high: a Royal Navy officer on leave might earn several thousand dollars (in gold) in salary and bonus per round trip, with ordinary seamen earning several hundred dollars.

The blockade runners were based in the British islands of Bermuda and the Bahamas, or Havana, in Spanish Cuba. The goods they carried were brought to these places by ordinary cargo ships, and loaded onto the runners. The runners then ran the gauntlet between their bases and Confederate ports, some 500 - 700 mi apart. On each trip, a runner carried several hundred tons of compact, high-value cargo such as cotton, turpentine or tobacco outbound, and rifles, medicine, brandy, lingerie and coffee inbound. Often they also carried mail. They charged from $300 to $1,000 per ton of cargo brought in; two round trips a month would generate perhaps $250,000 in revenue (and $80,000 in wages and expenses).

Blockade runners preferred to run past the Union Navy at night, either on moonless nights, before the moon rose, or after it set. As they approached the coastline, the ships showed no lights, and sailors were prohibited from smoking. Likewise, Union warships covered all their lights, except perhaps a faint light on the commander's ship. If a Union warship discovered a blockade runner, it fired signal rockets in the direction of its course to alert other ships. The runners adapted to such tactics by firing their own rockets in different directions to confuse Union warships.

In November 1864, a wholesaler in Wilmington asked his agent in the Bahamas to stop sending so much chloroform and instead send "essence of cognac" because that perfume would sell "quite high". Confederate supporters held rich blockade runners in contempt for profiteering on luxuries while the soldiers were in rags. On the other hand, their bravery and initiative were necessary for the rebellion's survival, and many women in the back country flaunted imported $10 gewgaws and $50 hats to demonstrate the Union had failed to isolate them from the outer world. The government in Richmond, Virginia, eventually regulated the traffic, requiring half the imports to be munitions; it even purchased and operated some runners on its own account and made sure they loaded vital war goods. By 1864, Lee's soldiers were eating imported meat. Not wanting to draw Britain into a possible war with the Union, the Union Navy decided to apply the principles of international law in the conflict; captured British sailors were released, while Confederates went to prison camps. The ships were unarmed (the weight of the cannon would slow them down), so they posed no danger to the Navy warships. Therefore, blockade running was reasonably safe for both sides.

One example of the lucrative (and short-lived) nature of the blockade running trade was the ship Banshee, which operated out of Nassau and Bermuda. She was captured on her seventh run into Wilmington, North Carolina, and confiscated by the U.S. Navy for use as a blockading ship. However, at the time of her capture, she had turned a 700% profit for her English owners, who quickly commissioned and built Banshee No. 2, which soon joined the firm's fleet of blockade runners.

In May 1865, CSS Lark became the last Confederate ship to slip out of a Southern port and successfully evade the Union blockade when she left Galveston, Texas, for Havana.

Throughout the conflict, at least 600,000 arms (mostly British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifles) were smuggled by blockade runners to the Confederacy, 330,000 of them into the Gulf ports. Such shipments were enough to prolong the war by two years and kill 400,000 additional Americans.

Impact on the Confederacy

The Union blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, at the cost of very few lives. The measure of the blockade's success was not the few ships that slipped through, but the thousands that never tried it. Ordinary freighters had no reasonable hope of evading the blockade and stopped calling at Southern ports. The interdiction of coastal traffic meant that long-distance travel now depended on the rickety railroad system, which never overcame the devastating impact of the blockade. Throughout the war, the South produced enough food for civilians and soldiers, but it had growing difficulty in moving surpluses to areas of scarcity and famine. Lee's army, at the end of the supply line, nearly always was short of supplies as the war progressed into its final two years.

When the blockade began in 1861, it was only partially effective. It has been estimated that only one in ten ships trying to evade the blockade were intercepted. However, the Union Navy gradually increased in size throughout the war, and was able to drastically reduce shipments into Confederate ports. By 1864, one in every three ships attempting to run the blockade were being intercepted. In the final two years of the war, the only ships with a reasonable chance of evading the blockade were blockade runners specifically designed for speed. Overall, the Union Navy wrecked or captured an estimated 1500 ships that attempted to run the blockade. During the four years of the blockade, Southern ports saw approximately 8000 trips. By contrast, over 20,000 took place during the four years preceding the war.

The blockade almost totally choked off Southern cotton exports, which the Confederacy depended on for hard currency. Cotton exports fell 95%, from 10 million bales in the three years prior to the war to just 500,000 bales during the blockade period. The blockade also largely reduced imports of food, medicine, war materials, manufactured goods, and luxury items, resulting in severe shortages and inflation. Shortages of bread led to occasional bread riots in Richmond and other cities, showing that patriotism was not sufficient to satisfy the daily demands of the people. Land routes remained open for cattle drovers, but after the Union seized control of the Mississippi River in summer 1863, it became impossible to ship horses, cattle and swine from Texas and Arkansas to the eastern Confederacy. The blockade was a triumph of the Union Navy and a major factor in winning the war.

Another consequence, perhaps not intended but highly significant, was the crippling of the interstate slave trade; any shipping route, navigable inland waterway, or railroad that had been used to transport cotton was also used to move "negroes" around the country. The blockade both prevented the South from efficiently deploying its foundational labor force and disrupted free flow of one of the key sources of cash and collateral in the Confederate economy. For example, the autobiography of H. C. Bruce recalled the collapse of the business of Negro-Trader White, who had spent the better part of 30 years profiting from chattel arbitrage : "From 1862 to the close of the war, slave property in the state of Missouri was almost a dead weight to the owner; he could not sell because there were no buyers. The business of the Negro trader was at an end, due to the want of a market. He could not get through the Union lines South with his property, that being his market."

A significant secondary impact of the naval blockade was a resulting scarcity of salt throughout the South. In Antebellum times, returning cotton-shipping ships were often ballasted with salt, which was bountifully produced at a prehistoric dry lake near Syracuse, New York, but which had never been produced in significant quantity in the Southern States. Salt was necessary for curing meat; its lack led to significant hardship in keeping the Confederate forces fed as well as severely impacting the populace. In addition to blocking salt from being imported into the Confederacy, Union forces actively destroyed attempts to build salt-producing facilities at Avery Island, Louisiana (destroyed in 1863 by Union forces under General Nathaniel P. Banks), outside the bay at Port St. Joe, Florida (destroyed in 1862 by the Union ship Kingfisher), at Darien, Georgia, at Saltville, Virginia (captured by Union forces in December 1864), and various sites hidden in marshes and bayous.

Impact For the Union Bail
The southern cotton industry began to heavily influence the British economy. Cotton was a highly profitable cash crop, known in the 19th century as "white gold". On the eve of the war, 1,390,938,752 pounds weight of cotton were imported into Great Britain in 1860. Of this, the United States supplied 1,115,890,608 pounds, or about five-sixths of the whole. Not only was Great Britain aware of the impact of Southern cotton, but so was the South. They were confident that their industry held large power, so much, that they referred to their industry as "King Cotton." This slogan was used to declare its supremacy in America. On the floor of the U.S. Senate, Senator James Henry Hammond declaimed (March 4, 1858): "You dare not make war upon cotton! No power on earth dares make war upon it. Cotton is king." The South proclaimed that many domestic and even some international markets depended so heavily on their cotton, that no one would dare spark tensions with the South. They also viewed this slogan as their reasoning behind why they should achieve their efforts in seceding from the Union. The Southern Cotton industry was so confident in the power of cotton diplomacy, that without warning, they refused to export cotton for one day.

Imagining an overwhelming response of pleas for their cotton, the Southern cotton industry experienced quite the opposite. With the decisions of Lincoln and the lack of intervention on Great Britain's part, the South was officially blockaded. Following the U.S. announcement of its intention to establish an official blockade of Confederate ports, foreign governments began to recognize the Confederacy as a belligerent in the Civil War. Great Britain declared belligerent status on May 13, 1861, followed by Spain on June 17 and Brazil on August 1. This was the first glimpse of failure for the Confederate South.

The decision to blockade Southern port cities took a large toll on the British economy but they weighed their consequences. Great Britain had a good amount of cotton stored up in warehouses in several locations that would provide for their textile needs for some time. But eventually Great Britain began to see the effects of the blockade, "the blockade had a negative impact on the economies of other countries. Textile manufacturing areas in Britain and France that depended on Southern cotton entered periods of high unemployment..." in the so-called Lancashire Cotton Famine. Nearly 80% of the cotton used in the British textile mills came from the South, and the scarcity of cotton caused by the blockade caused the price of cotton to rapidly rise by 150% by the summer of 1861. The article written in the New York Times further proves that Great Britain was aware of the influence of cotton in their empire, "Nearly one million of operatives are employed in the manufacture of cotton in Great Britain, upon whom, at least five or six millions more depend for their daily subsistence. It is no exaggeration to say, that one-quarter of the inhabitants of England are directly dependent upon the supply of cotton for their living." Despite these consequences, Great Britain concluded that their decision was crucial in terms of reaching abolition of slavery in the United States.

The blockade led to Egypt replacing the South as Britain's principal source of cotton. Likewise, Egyptian cotton replaced American cotton as the principal source of cotton for the textile mills of France and the Austrian empire not only for the civil war, but for the rest of the 19th century. In 1861, only 600,000 cantars (one cantar being the equivalent of 100 pounds) of cotton were exported from Egypt; by 1863 Egypt had exported 1.3 million cantars of cotton. Nearly 93% of the tax revenue collected by the Egyptian state came from taxing cotton while every landowner in the Nile river valley had started to grow cotton. The vast majority of the land in the Nile river valley were owned by a clique of wealthy families of Turkish, Albanian and Circassian origin, known in Egypt as the Turco-Circassian elite and to foreigners as the pasha class as most of the landowners usually had the Ottoman title of pasha (the equivalent of a title of nobility). The fellaheen (peasantry) became the subject of a ruthless system of exploitation as the landowners pressed the fellaheen to grow cotton instead of food, settling a bout of inflation caused by the shortage of food as more and more land was devoted to growing cotton. The wealth created by the cotton boom caused by the Union blockade led to the redevelopment of much of Cairo and Alexandria as much of the medieval cores of both cities were razed to make way for modern buildings. The cotton boom attracted a significant number of foreign businessmen to Egypt, of which the largest number were Greeks. The wealth created by the cotton boom in Egypt was ended by the end of the blockade in 1865, which allowed the cotton from the South to ultimately reenter the world market, helping to lead to Egypt's bankruptcy in 1876.

Confederate response
The Confederacy constructed torpedo boats, tending to be small, fast steam launches equipped with spar torpedoes, to attack the blockading fleet. Some torpedo boats were refitted steam launches; others, such as the CSS David class, were purpose-built. The torpedo boats tried to attack under cover of night by ramming the spar torpedo into the hull of the blockading ship, then backing off and detonating the explosive. The torpedo boats were not very effective and were easily countered by simple measures such as hanging chains over the sides of ships to foul the screws of the torpedo boats, or encircling the ships with wooden booms to trap the torpedoes at a distance.

One historically notable naval action was the attack of the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, a hand-powered submarine launched from Charleston, South Carolina, against Union blockade ships. On the night of 17 February 1864, Hunley attacked USS Housatonic (1861). Housatonic sank with the loss of five crew; Hunley also sank, taking her crew of eight to the bottom.

Major engagements
The first victory for the U.S. Navy during the early phases of the blockade occurred on 24 April 1861, when the sloop Cumberland and a small flotilla of support ships began seizing Confederate ships and privateers in the vicinity of Fort Monroe off the Virginia coastline. Within the next two weeks, Flag Officer Garrett J. Pendergrast had captured 16 enemy vessels, serving early notice to the Confederate War Department that the blockade would be effective if extended.

Early battles in support of the blockade included the Blockade of the Chesapeake Bay, from May to June 1861, and the Blockade of the Carolina Coast, August–December 1861. Both enabled the Union Navy to gradually extend its blockade southward along the Atlantic seaboard.

In early March 1862, the blockade of the James River in Virginia was gravely threatened by the first ironclad, CSS Virginia in the dramatic Battle of Hampton Roads. Only the timely entry of the new Union ironclad USS Monitor forestalled the threat. Two months later, Virginia and other ships of the James River Squadron were scuttled in response to the Union Army and Navy advances.

The port of Savannah, Georgia, was effectively sealed by the reduction and surrender of Fort Pulaski on 11 April.

The largest Confederate port, New Orleans, Louisiana, was ill-suited to blockade running since the channels could be sealed by the U.S. Navy. From 16 to 22 April, the major forts below the city, Forts Jackson and St. Philip were bombarded by David Dixon Porter's mortar schooners. On 22 April, Flag Officer David Farragut's fleet cleared a passage through the obstructions. The fleet successfully ran past the forts on the morning of 24 April. This forced the surrender of the forts and New Orleans.

The Battle of Mobile Bay on 5 August 1864 closed the last major Confederate port in the Gulf of Mexico. In December 1864, Union Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles sent a force against Fort Fisher, which protected the Confederacy's access to the Atlantic from Wilmington, North Carolina, the last open Confederate port on the Atlantic Coast. The first attack failed, but with a change in tactics (and Union generals), the fort fell in January 1865, closing the last major Confederate port.

As the Union fleet grew in size, speed and sophistication, more ports came under Federal control. After 1862, only three ports east of the Mississippi—Wilmington, North Carolina; Charleston, South Carolina; and Mobile, Alabama—remained open for the 75–100 blockade runners in business. Charleston was shut down by Admiral John A. Dahlgren's South Atlantic Blockading Squadron in 1863. Mobile Bay was captured in August 1864 by Admiral David Farragut. Blockade runners faced an increasing risk of capture—in 1861 and 1862, one sortie in 9 ended in capture; in 1863 and 1864, one in three. By war's end, imports had been choked to a trickle as the number of captures came to 50% of the sorties. Some 1,100 blockade runners were captured (and another 300 destroyed). British investors frequently made the mistake of reinvesting their profits in the trade; when the war ended they were stuck with useless ships and rapidly depreciating cotton. In the final accounting, perhaps half the investors took a profit, and half a loss.

"The Union victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in July 1863 opened up the Mississippi River and effectively cut off the western Confederacy as a source of troops and supplies. The fall of Fort Fisher and the city of Wilmington, North Carolina, early in 1865 closed the last major port for blockade runners, and in quick succession Richmond was evacuated, the Army of Northern Virginia disintegrated, and General Lee surrendered. Thus, most economists give the Union blockade a prominent role in the outcome of the war. (Elekund, 2004)"

Squadrons
The Union naval ships enforcing the blockade were divided into squadrons based on their area of operation.

Atlantic Blockading Squadron
The Atlantic Blockading Squadron was a unit of the United States Navy created in the early days of the American Civil War to enforce a blockade of the ports of the Confederate States. It was originally formed in 1861 as the Coast Blockading Squadron before being renamed May 17, 1861. It was split the same year for the creation of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.

North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
The North Atlantic Blockading Squadron was based at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and was tasked with coverage of Virginia and North Carolina. Its official range of operation was from the Potomac River to Cape Fear in North Carolina. It was tasked primarily with preventing Confederate ships from supplying troops and with supporting Union troops. It was created when the Atlantic Blockading Squadron was split between the North and South Atlantic Blockading Squadrons on 29 October 1861. After the end of the war, the squadron was merged into the Atlantic Squadron on 25 July 1865.

South Atlantic Blockading Squadron
The South Atlantic Blockading Squadron was tasked primarily with preventing Confederate ships from supplying troops and with supporting Union troops operating between Cape Henry in Virginia down to Key West in Florida. It was created when the Atlantic Blockading Squadron was split between the North and South Atlantic Blockading Squadrons on 29 October 1861. After the end of the war, the squadron was merged into the Atlantic Squadron on 25 July 1865.

Gulf Blockading Squadron
The Gulf Blockading Squadron was a squadron of the United States Navy in the early part of the War, patrolling from Key West to the Mexican border. The squadron was the largest in operation. It was split into the East and West Gulf Blockading Squadrons in early 1862 for more efficiency.

East Gulf Blockading Squadron
The East Gulf Blockading Squadron, assigned the Florida coast from east of Pensacola to Cape Canaveral, was a minor command. The squadron was headquartered in Key West and was supported by a U.S. Navy coal depot and storehouse built during 1856–1861.

West Gulf Blockading Squadron
The West Gulf Blockading Squadron was tasked primarily with preventing Confederate ships from supplying troops and with supporting Union troops along the western half of the Gulf Coast, from the mouth of the Mississippi to the Rio Grande and south, beyond the border with Mexico. It was created early in 1862 when the Gulf Blockading Squadron was split between the East and West. This unit was the main military force deployed by the Union in the capture and brief occupation of Galveston, Texas in 1862.

Retrospective consideration
After the war, former Confederate Navy officer and Lost Cause proponent Raphael Semmes contended that the announcement of a blockade had carried de facto recognition of the Confederate States of America as an independent national entity since countries do not blockade their own ports but rather close them (See Boston Port Act). Under international law and maritime law, however, nations had the right to stop and search neutral ships in international waters if they were suspected of violating a blockade, something port closures would not allow. To avoid conflict between the United States and Britain over the searching of British merchant vessels thought to be trading with the Confederacy, the Union needed the privileges of international law that came with the declaration of a blockade.

Semmes contends that by effectively declaring the Confederate States of America to be belligerents—rather than insurrectionists, who under international law were not eligible for recognition by foreign powers—Lincoln opened the way for Britain and France potentially to recognize the Confederacy. Britain's proclamation of neutrality was consistent with the Lincoln Administration's position—that under international law the Confederates were belligerents—and helped legitimize the Confederate States of America's national right to obtain loans and buy arms from neutral nations. The British proclamation also formally gave Britain the diplomatic right to discuss openly which side, if either, to support.

title: Union blockade


text:
Doyle, Lassen County, California

Doyle is a rural small town in Lassen County, California. It is located 40 mi southeast of Susanville, at an elevation of 4275 feet (1303 m). It is located 45 mi northwest of Reno, Nevada. The ZIP Code is 96109. The community is inside area code 530. It is located within a census-designated place named after the town, while the population of the town itself was not given. Its population is 536 as of the 2020 census, down from 678 from the 2010 census.

History
Oscar Doyle settled at the site in the 1870s and donated land for the town. The first post office at Doyle opened in 1908. The town lost 33 homes in the Beckwourth Complex Fire in July 2021.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.1 square miles (15.8 km$2$), over 99% of which is land.

Climate
Doyle has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), according to the Köppen climate classification system. Due to its relative aridity, it nearly qualifies as having a steppe climate (BSk).

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Doyle had a population of 678. The population density was 111.0 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Doyle was 583 (86.0%) White, 14 (2.1%) African American, 37 (5.5%) Native American, 3 (0.4%) Asian, 2 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 12 (1.8%) from other races, and 27 (4.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 55 persons (8.1%).

The Census reported that 678 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 261 households, out of which 81 (31.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 125 (47.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 36 (13.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 20 (7.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 28 (10.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships; 68 households (26.1%) were made up of individuals, and 20 (7.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60. There were 181 families (69.3% of all households); the average family size was 3.02.

The population age range was spread out, with 157 people (23.2%) under the age of 18, 49 people (7.2%) aged 18 to 24, 159 people (23.5%) aged 25 to 44, 227 people (33.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 86 people (12.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males.

There were 318 housing units at an average density of 52.1 /sqmi, of which 178 (68.2%) were owner-occupied, and 83 (31.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 6.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 10.8%. 448 people (66.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 230 people (33.9%) lived in rental housing units.

Politics
In the state legislature, Doyle is in, and.

Federally, Doyle is in.

title: Doyle, Lassen County, California


text:
Category:Clinical research

Clinical research normally involves actual living patients. Articles which describe research not involving patients should be in the Category: Medical research.

title: Category:Clinical research


text:
Frequency changer

A frequency changer or frequency converter is an electronic or electromechanical device that converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency. The device may also change the voltage, but if it does, that is incidental to its principal purpose, since voltage conversion of alternating current is much easier to achieve than frequency conversion.

Traditionally, these devices were electromechanical machines called a motor-generator set. Also devices with mercury arc rectifiers or vacuum tubes were in use. With the advent of solid state electronics, it has become possible to build completely electronic frequency changers. These devices usually consist of a rectifier stage (producing direct current) which is then inverted to produce AC of the desired frequency. The inverter may use thyristors, IGCTs or IGBTs. If voltage conversion is desired, a transformer will usually be included in either the AC input or output circuitry and this transformer may also provide galvanic isolation between the input and output AC circuits. A battery may also be added to the DC circuitry to improve the converter's ride-through of brief outages in the input power.

Frequency changers vary in power-handling capability from a few watts to megawatts.

Applications
Frequency changers are used for converting bulk AC power from one frequency to another, when two adjacent power grids operate at different utility frequency.

A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a type of frequency changer used for speed control of AC motors such as used for pumps and fans. The speed of a synchronous or induction AC motor is dependent on the frequency of the AC power supply, so changing frequency allows the motor speed to be changed. This allows fan or pump output to be varied to match process conditions, which can provide energy savings.

A cycloconverter is also a type of frequency changer. Unlike a VFD, which is an indirect frequency changer since it uses an AC-DC stage and then a DC-AC stage, a cycloconverter is a direct frequency changer because it uses no intermediate stages.

Another application is in the aerospace and airline industries. Often airplanes use 400 Hz power so a 50 Hz or 60 Hz to 400 Hz frequency converter is needed for use in the ground power unit used to power the airplane while it is on the ground. Airlines might also utilize the converters to provide in-air wall current to passengers for use with laptops and the like. Radio and combat systems equipment on Navy warships is often also powered by 400 Hz to reduce noise on the DC signal after rectification.

In renewable energy systems, frequency converters are an essential component of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) as used in modern multi-megawatt class wind turbines.

An HVDC-system can serve as frequency converter for large loads.

Alternate uses
Frequency converter may also refer to a much-lower-powered circuit that converts radio frequency signals at one frequency to another frequency, especially in a superheterodyne receiver. See frequency mixer. The circuit usually consists of a local oscillator and frequency mixer (analog multiplier) that generates sum and difference frequencies from the input and local oscillator, of which one (the Intermediate frequency) will be required for further amplification, while the others are filtered out. The same result was achieved historically by the pentagrid converter or a triode and hexode in a single tube, but can be implemented in transistor radios economically by a single transistor functioning as a self-oscillating mixer.

title: Frequency changer


text:
The Mountaineers (club)

The Mountaineers is an alpine club in the US state of Washington. Founded in 1906, it is organized as an outdoor recreation, education, and conservation 501(c)(3) nonprofit organisation, and is based in Seattle, Washington. The club hosts a wide range of outdoor activities, primarily alpine mountain climbing and hikes. The club also hosts classes, training courses, and social events.

The club runs a publishing business, Mountaineers Books, which has several imprints. Publications include Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills.

Organization and activities

The Mountaineers has 7 branches in Western Washington, 3 mountain lodges, and 2 program centers, one in Magnuson Park in Seattle, and one in Tacoma. All classes and trips are organized.

History
Originally a Seattle-based part of the Mazamas, a Portland based group founded in 1894, The Mountaineers formed their own branch shortly after the 1906 Mazamas Mount Baker expedition and dubbed themselves "The Mountaineers" with 110 charter members. The club constitution was officially adopted in 1907 by a membership of 151. Among these original members were Henry Landes (University of Washington geology dean and later acting president), Edmond S. Meany (the father of the University of Washington Forestry school), the photographer Asahel Curtis, and Seattle photographer and North Cascades guide Lawrence Denny Lindsley.

The activities initially were local walks with the first trip being a hike through Fort Lawton to the West Point Lighthouse (now part of Discovery Park). The first mountain climbing trip was Mount Si. In 1907, 65 members made a group climb of Mount Olympus and exploration of the Olympic Mountains. The next year a summit of Mount Baker was organized, followed by Mount Rainier in 1909. In 1915, a club outing became the first sizable group to hike around Mount Rainier and established the route that would later become known as the Wonderland Trail.

From 1907 to 1995, new climbs in the Cascades were reported in the Mountaineers Annual. Since 2004, the Northwest Mountaineering Journal (NWMJ), hosted by the Mountaineers, has recorded this information.

21st century
In the first 100 years since the club's founding it expanded to over 10,000 active members and expanded its offerings from a single annual alpine climb to a range of activities.. Classes are offered beyond climbing skills including nature photography. navigation and first aid. A thirty-hour wilderness first aid course called Mountaineering Oriented First Aid (MOFA) was produced by the organization. The organization is home to The Mountaineers Players which perform in the organization's Forest Theatre on the Kitsap Peninsula.

Magnuson Park facilities
In 2008, the Mountaineers moved from Lower Queen Anne to an old naval building in Magnuson Park, now leased from the City of Seattle.

Lodges
The Mountaineers operates three lodges in the mountains of Washington State. They are primarily used as base-camps.
 * Meany Lodge is ski area located near Stampede Pass with 3 rope tows and nordic, down hill, and backcountry terrain.
 * Baker Lodge is located adjacent to the Mt. Baker Ski Area
 * Stevens Lodge is located adjacent to the Stevens Pass Ski Area

Library
The Mountaineers Library was founded in 1915. As of 2011 it contained 6,000 books and subscribes to 40 periodicals. It specializes in studies on climbing, environmental studies, biographies of mountaineers, the history of exploratory mountaineering and natural history.

Mountaineers Books
Mountaineers Books, based in Seattle, Washington, is the publishing division of The Mountaineers. It was informally started in 1955 when a volunteer committee was formed to create a mountaineering training text from the materials that the club was using for its classes.

Mountaineers Books has produced more than 1,000 titles since its foundation in 1960. It also publishes conservation advocacy titles under the Braided River imprint.

Books published by Mountaineers Books

 * Men Against the Clouds (1980, revised edition)
 * Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills (2017, 9th edition)

title: The Mountaineers (club)


text:
Orthos

Orthos can refer to:

 * Orthos (skipper), a genus of butterfly in the grass skipper family
 * Orthos (Thessaly), a city of ancient Thessaly, Greece
 * A two-headed dog in Greek mythology, also known as Orthrus

title: Orthos


text:
User:Slowpokeiv/todo

My Personal To-Do List

Continue in GP Flagify with and further back.

Change all instances for Eddie Irvine from 🇮🇪 to

Personal interest in creating the following pages:

1912 United States Grand Prize (Raced in Milwaukee)

1912 United States Grand Prix (should be redirect to Grand Prize)

Caleb Bragg (Victor of 1912 GP-Milwaukee)

Milwaukee Public Library

Figure out the best way to edit/merge the Safety car, Pace car, and List of Indianapolis 500 pace cars pages to reflect NASCAR, IRL, CART, F1, A1GP, GP2, etc...

continue Operation sort at Category:Autoracing stubs C.

NASCAR TO DO
Edit UAW-GM Quality 500, added former race names, race winners

Formula One Tasks
Note: Currently on mini wikiVacation on these, due to the stupidity of Bernie Ecclestone in the treatment of the 2005 United States Grand Prix

Primary Task (as of 17 June 2005): Verify all statistics for US GPs, 1950 - 1977, including 1959 USGP

Further task: template all Race Reports info boxes.

Further task: Standardize all GP listings accd to GP Standard

title: User:Slowpokeiv/todo


text:
Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo

"Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo" is a popular song with music by Bronislaw Kaper, and lyrics by Helen Deutsch. The song was published in 1952. The song was featured in the 1953 film Lili, starring Leslie Caron.

Recorded versions

 * Dinah Shore with Frank De Vol's orchestra and chorus. Recorded in Hollywood on August 18, 1952. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-4992 (in USA) and by EMI on the HMV label as catalog number B 10385.
 * Shari Lewis (1952)
 * Eve Boswell (1953)
 * Leslie Caron and Mel Ferrer (1953)
 * Marilú in Spanish for Peerless Records (1953)
 * Perry Como, live on his TV show (1953)
 * pt:Trio Madrigal (written by pt:Haroldo Barbosa (November 1953)
 * pt:Neide Fraga (December 1953)
 * Dick Hyman Trio (1956)
 * Roger Williams (1956)
 * Linda Lawson on the album Introducing Linda Lawson (1960)
 * The Everly Brothers (1961)
 * Chet Atkins (1961)
 * Shelley Fabares on the album Shelley! (1962)
 * The Four Seasons (1962)
 * Etta Jones on the album Love Shout (1962)
 * Slim Whitman (1963)
 * Nat King Cole (1963)
 * Johnny Mathis (1963)
 * Eydie Gorme
 * The Four Aces
 * Richard Chamberlain (1963, number 20 UK, number 64 U.S., number 18 U.S. AC)
 * Joni James
 * Sergio Franchi on the album Women in My Life (1964)
 * Teresa Brewer (1964)
 * Bobby Goldsboro (1964)
 * Ray Conniff (1965)
 * The Lennon Sisters (1965)
 * Paul Desmond on the album Glad to be Unhappy (1965)
 * Paul Horn on the album Cycle (1965)
 * Manfred Mann on the album Mann Made (1965)
 * Alan Price Set, on the album The Price to Play The Alan Price Set (1966)
 * Shelby Flint (1966)
 * Gene Vincent (1967)
 * Jimmy Durante
 * Tim Buckley on the album Dream Letter: Live in London 1968 (1968)
 * Jim Nabors (1970)
 * Bill Evans on the album Intuition (1974)
 * John Farnham on the album Johnny Farnham Sings Hits from the Movies (1974)
 * Anne Murray on the album There's a Hippo in My Tub (1977)
 * Nalva Aguiar in Portuguese on the album Vala Pataedo
 * Dream Express (1979)
 * Gal Costa recorded (1984)
 * Rickie Lee Jones on the album Pop Pop (1991)
 * Betty Buckley (1996)
 * John Slattery as Roger Sterling played an instrumental version on Mad Men season 7, episode 12 "Lost Horizon", aired on May 3, 2015.

title: Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo