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Espérance Sportive de Tunis

Espérance Sportive de Tunis (الترجي الرياضي التونسي), known as ES Tunis or simply EST for short, and nicknamed “Mkashkha”, The Elder of Tunisian Clubs, the Blood and Gold Club and The Beast of Africa (according to France Football) is a Tunisian professional sports club. It was founded on 15 January 1919 in the Bab Souika neighborhood in Tunis, Tunisia. It has been active in the first Tunisian Professional League 1 since 1936, during which it played 63 seasons, except for the 1970–71 season.

It is the most successful Tunisian club nationally and internationally in all competitions, with 33 Tunisian Professional League 1 titles (record), the last of which was the 2023–24 season, 15 Tunisian Cup titles (record), the last of which was the 2015–16 season, and 5 Tunisian Super Cup titles (record), the most recent of which is the 2020–21 edition, the Hedi Shaker Cup in 1968 and the Hamda El Aouani tournament in 1978. At the African level, Esperance won the CAF Champions League title four times in 1994, 2011, 2018, 2018–19, the CAF Cup in 1997, the CAF Super Cup in 1995 and the African Cup Winners' Cup in 1998. At the Arab level, Esperance is the most Arab club to have won the Arab Club Champions Cup title three times (a record) in the 1993, 2008–09, 2017 editions and the Arab Super Cup in 1996. Globally, Esperance won the Afro-Asian Club Championship in 1995. It participated three times in the FIFA Club World Cup in 2011, 2018, and 2019, and was satisfied with fifth place as the best participation.

Esperance Sportive de Tunis ranked seventh in the ranking of the best African clubs of the twentieth century compiled by FIFA. The Confederation of African Football also chose it as the fifth best African club in the twentieth century, and it topped the ranking of African clubs several times, most recently in 2018, and ranked 21st in the ranking of the clubs with the most titles in the 21st century, according to the Transfermarkt website. It also won the Best African Club Award in 2011 and the FIFA Fair Play Award in 2019. There is a certain rivalry with Club Africain, which it plays against in the Tunis derby every season of the Tunisian Professional League 1 and sometimes the Tunisian Cup, and another competition in the Tunisian Clásico with Étoile Sportive du Sahel and CS Sfaxien. Former Esperance player Tarak Dhiab is considered a legend and icon of the club, as he is the most participating player with 427 matches and the all-time top scorer, scoring 127 goals. Tunisian businessman Hamdi Meddeb has been president of the club since 2007, and it has been coached by Portuguese coach Miguel Cardoso since January 2024. Espérance de Tunis will host its competitors on the field of the Hammadi Agrebi Stadium, located in the city of Radès, in the southern suburb of the city Tunis. After his name, several clubs in the region were named after Esperance, such as Espérance Sportive de Zarzis, Esperance Wadi Al-Nis of Palestine, Esperance Club of Saudi Arabia and Esperance Mostaganem of algeria.

Espérance de Tunis has a wide fan base in Tunisia, not only in the capital but throughout the country. After winning the CAF Champions League title twice in a row, the club's popularity has also appeared in Africa, and fans abroad frame some of its beloved cells such as France, Germany, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. In the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup, more than 15,000 supporters were transported to the United Arab Emirates to support the team.

Founding and early years
The club was founded at the Café de L'Espérance (مقهى الترجي) in the Bab Souika neighborhood of Tunis, by Mohamed Zouaoui (of Kabyle heritage) and Hédi Kallel. They appealed to Louis Montassier, a member of the French colonial administration, to obtain authorization, as according to the regulations of the time, all such clubs and societies had to be legally chaired by a French national. EST was officially registered on 15 January 1919, its first colours being green and white.

Their first colours were green and white. In 1920, the club recruited a young high school student, Chedly Zouiten, who provided a set of jersey with vertical red and yellow bands, which became the club's new colors. Zouiten became a member of the club's management committee in 1923 before becoming president in 1931. .,

Under Zouiten's tenure, which lasts more than three decades, Espérance was nearly on the verge of abandonment until promotion to the honorary division of the League of Tunisia in 1936. Espérance also managed to reach the final of the Tunisian Cup, but were beaten by Stade Gaulois. Three years after its failure against the Stade Gaulois, Espérance won the Tunisian Cup (1939) against the Etoile Sportive du Sahel (3–1), its first ever triumph and title. It was in 1955 that Espérance qualified to represent the Tunisian League in the North African championship. In the knockout match, two of the five teams were drawn at random to compete against each other and the winner immediately qualifies for the semi-finals. Wydad of the Moroccan League and the Espérance Sportive de Tunis faced each other; the meeting took place in Tunis on 15 May 1955, the Tunisian club losing on the score of 2 goals to 1.

Between the start of the Second World War and independence (1956), the squad quality improved.

Post independence
The titles (champion in 1958 and 1960 and winner of the cup in 1957) but also the style of play explain the popular enthusiasm. Attacking football was abandoned in 1963 following the passage of Ben Azzedine as coach. The latter opts for Italian-style defensive principles.

In 1971, violent riots occurred in Stade El Menzah by Espérance supporters following the final lost against the Club Sportive Sfaxien (historic goal of Abdelwahed Trabelsi in the first minute of the game). The authorities then sanctioned Espérance and withdrew the right to play in the first division. The football section of the Espérance was dissolved while the team was one day away from being crowned as champions.

Slim Chiboub era and national dominance (1989–2004)
Slim Chiboub took charge of the club in 1989. Quickly, he kept one of his promises with a double in 1990–1991. In 1993, he won international and local titles. Espérance also won its first regional cup, the Arab Club Champions Cup, becoming the first Tunisian team to do so in 1993. The following year, the club won its first CAF Champions League at the expense of defending champion Zamalek. In 1995, EST won the CAF Super Cup as well as the Afro-Asian Cup, becoming the first Tunisian club to win all possible continental titles. Espérance Sportive de Tunis won ten Tunisian league titles, including seven successive titles between 1998 and 2004 and set a new national record.

Hamdi Meddeb era and sustained success (2007–present)

Between 2005 and 2007, Aziz Zouhir led the club, which won the double (championship and cup) in 2006. In 2007, Hamdi Meddeb took charge of the club. He focused on boosting Espérance financially and recruiting African and Tunisian talents.

The 2010–2011 season Espérance completed a historical treble by winning the League, National Cup and the African Champions League, under coach Nabil Maâloul. Following this success, a new committee chaired by Hamdi Meddeb was elected on 25 September 2011 for a three-year term. However, Maâloul resigned after a sixth place in the FIFA Club World Cup. However, the team lost the 2012 CAF Champions League final to Al Ahly, and the team star Youssef Msakni was sold to Qatari club Lekhwiya for 23 million Tunisian dinars.

On 6 August 2017, the club won their fourth Arab title and third Arab club championship by beating the Jordanian side Al Faisaly (3–2) after extra time. After winning its 28 league title on 8 April, Espérance won its third CAF Champions League against Al Ahly despite a defeat (3–1) on the home soil of the eight-time African champions in the first leg. In the second match, the Tunisians won with a score of 3–0, in front of a crowd of 60,000 people, with goals from Saad Bguir and Anice Badri. With the help of the young coach Moïne Chaâbani the club clinched the third Champions League in its history, a few months before its centenary on 15 January 2019. The club ended the 2018–2019 season as African champions for the fourth time after winning the CAF Champions League against Wydad (1–1 away and 1–0 at home), due to Wydad refusing to play in protest of VAR decision.

Red & Yellow
During the first year of its establishment, Espérance played in white and green, their uniform green with the elegance of the shirt and hands and black veil. Chadli Zouiten's share was the red and yellow sports uniforms, which were better than Esperance's uniforms. He gifted them to Esperance, and since then red and yellow become their official colors.

Support
The club is supported throughout the country and in the Tunisian diaspora in Europe, Middle East and North America.

Supporters Groups
Officially, the club's fans and supporters are framed by the Espérance Sportive de Tunis, but many ultras groups have appeared alongside it that organize the club's income during major interviews. The oldest group of them is the Ultras L'Emkachkhines, which belong to the ultras movement but do not have any legal system as is the case for the European bands' lovers groups. We also find the Supras, which appeared in 2004, the Blood & Gold group appeared in 2005, Zapatista Esperanza in 2007 and Torcida in 2008, and in the same year the Matadors group appeared. In 2009 the Fedayn, Ayounos Algres and Strano Boys group appeared, and in 2010 the Los guerreros group, the Resista Armada group and others... All of these groups share the southern runways behind a guard the goal under the banner of Curva Sud. Among the acronics that some of these groups raise is A.C.A.B, which is also raised by other groups in Europe and even in Tunisia. The elderly Ultras made many incomes and carcasses and created more than 35 for them at the local level only, without counting the years of repression from 2009 to 2011 when Ultras in Tunisia were prevented from entering.

Ultras L'Emkachkhines
Ultras L'Emkachkhines, and its symbol (ULE02), is an ultras group established in 2002 by a group of fans of Espérance Sportive de Tunis. Ultras was established in the summer of 2002, and it was the result of the idea of a group of Esperance fans who love the team and were influenced by the activity of long-standing ultras groups in Europe, such as Ultras Romani and Fossa Dei Leoni.

After many consultations and discussions via the Internet, they decided to organize Their first meeting was in the Tunisian capital, where it was agreed to establish the group under the name Ultras Giallorosso, but soon the name was changed through a proposal by one of the members to replace the word Galloroso with L'Emkachkhines for the symbolism of this word among the supporters of Esperance and to impart a spirit of belonging and identity More for the group, and the image of the warrior leader Geranimo was chosen as the group's emblem. Ultras L'Emkachkhines had the first match and the initiation of creativity in the Esperance match against the Egyptian Zamalek in 2002.

Ultras Zapatista Esperanza 2007

Zapatista Esperanza (ZE07), the ultras group supporting Esperance Sportive de Tunis, was founded on June 23, 2007. symbols are (siamo solo noi) and (no justice no peace). The name comes from the Zapatista National Liberation Army (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) which is an armed revolutionary group from the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. The movement takes the name of Emiliano Zapata - one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution of 1910. It is considered the most mysterious group in Africa and one of the most dangerous, as it was classified as a criminal gang by the former Tunisian Ministry of Interior.

Tragedy of 13 June 1971
The tragedy of 13 June 1971, when the red and yellow lost the Tunisian Cup final against CS Sfaxien at Stade El Menzah, and from it a spark of a conflict with the security erupted behind several human and material losses to order the Minister of Interior and Sports at that time to dissolve the team until President Habib Bourguiba returned to bring him back to the sports arena.

The events of 8 April 2010
Espérance lived several stations that its sons considered as a struggle, such as the events of 8 April 2010 against the security, which witnessed several wounded and arrested as a result of unprecedented clashes with the security in a famous match in which the lights of El Menzah stadium went out in a match between Espérance and CS Hammam-Lif that ended in a 3–3 draw.

Stade Hammadi Agrebi
Stade Olympique Hamadi Agrebi, opened as Stade 7 November, is a multi-purpose stadium in Radès, Tunis, Tunisia about 10 kilometers south-east of downtown Tunis, in the center of the Olympic City. It is currently used mostly for football matches and it also has facilities for athletics. The stadium has a capacity of up to 60,000 spectators and was built in 2001 for the 2001 Mediterranean Games.

It was inaugurated in July 2001 for the final of the Tunisian Cup between CS Hammam-Lif and Étoile du Sahel (1–0).

Stade El Menzah
Stade El Menzah is a multi-purpose stadium, located in the north of Tunis, Tunisia.

It is built to host the 1967 Mediterranean Games at the same time as the Olympic swimming pool and gymnasium. Since then, it is an integral part of Tunisia's main sports complex. Tunisia's three major football teams, Espérance de Tunis, Club Africain and Stade Tunisien played their games there.

The stadium was completely renovated for the 1994 African Cup of Nations. It has a capacity of 45,000 seats. The VIP section consists of a grandstand and 2 salons that can accommodate 300 people in a "cocktail" configuration. The stadium hosted the matches of Tunisia national football team until the inauguration of the Stade 7 November in the south of Tunis in 2001.

Official Honours

 * {{legend|gold|record}}
 * shared record

Club prizes

 * African Inter-Club Team of the Year: 2011
 * FIFA Fair Play Award: 2019

Players awards

 * African Footballer of the Year
 * 1977: 🇹🇳 Tarak Dhiab

 * Tunisian Athlete of the Year Award
 * 1977: 🇹🇳 Tarak Dhiab
 * 1989: 🇹🇳 Khaled Ben Yahia
 * 2000: 🇹🇳 Chokri El Ouaer

 * Tunisian Golden Boot
 * 1981: 🇹🇳 Khaled Ben Yahia
 * 1982: 🇹🇳 Tarak Dhiab
 * 1987: 🇹🇳 Khaled Ben Yahia

 * Tunisian Golden Ball
 * 2009: 🇹🇳 Oussama Darragi
 * 2012: 🇹🇳 Moez Ben Cherifia
 * 2013: 🇹🇳 Youssef Msakni

 * African Inter-Club Player of the Year (Based in Africa)
 * 2011: 🇹🇳 Oussama Darragi
 * 2019: Youcef Belaïli

 * Arab Golden Ball
 * 2012: 🇹🇳 Oussama Darragi

 * Best Maghreb Player Award
 * 2018: 🇹🇳 Anice Badri

Competition topscorers

 * Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 goalscorer
 * 1959: 🇹🇳 Abdelmajid Tlemçani
 * 1960: 🇹🇳 Abdelmajid Tlemçani
 * 1962: 🇹🇳 Chedly Laaouini
 * 1975: 🇹🇳 Zoubeir Boughnia
 * 1982: 🇹🇳 Riadh El Fahem
 * 1988: 🇹🇳 Nabil Maâloul
 * 1993: Kenneth Malitoli
 * 1994: Kenneth Malitoli
 * 1997: 🇹🇳 Sami Laaroussi
 * 1998: 🇹🇳 Ziad Tlemçani
 * 2000: 🇹🇳 Ali Zitouni
 * 2002: 🇨🇮 Kandia Traoré
 * 2006: 🇹🇳 Amine Ltifi
 * 2009: 🇳🇬 Michael Eneramo
 * 2010: 🇳🇬 Michael Eneramo
 * 2012: 🇹🇳 Youssef Msakni
 * 2013: 🇹🇳 Haythem Jouini
 * 2017: 🇹🇳 Taha Yassine Khenissi
 * 2019: 🇹🇳 Taha Yassine Khenissi
 * 2022: 🇹🇳 Mohamed Ali Ben Hammouda
 * 2024: 🇧🇷 Rodrigo Rodrigues

 * CAF Champions League goalscorer
 * 2010: 🇳🇬 Michael Eneramo
 * 2014: 🇹🇳 Haythem Jouini
 * 2017: 🇹🇳 Taha Yassine Khenissi
 * 2018: 🇹🇳 Anice Badri

 * FIFA Club World Cup goalscorer
 * 2019: 🇱🇾 Hamdou Elhouni

Club world ranking
Footballdatabase club's points 3 March 2024.

CAF club rankings
Footballdatabase club's points 3 March 2024.

National club rankings
Footballdatabase club's points 3 March 2024 .

Twinning

 * Taraji Wadi Al-Nes

Rival clubs

 * 🇹🇳 Club Africain (Derby)
 * 🇹🇳 Étoile du Sahel (Classico)
 * 🇹🇳 Club Sfaxien (Classico)
 * 🇪🇬 Al Ahly (Rivalry)
 * 🇪🇬 Zamalek (Rivalry)
 * 🇲🇦 Wydad AC (Rivalry)
 * 🇩🇿 MC Alger (Rivalry)

Presidents

 * 🇹🇳 Mohamed Melki (1919–1923)
 * 🇹🇳 Chedly Zouiten (1924)
 * 🇹🇳 Mohamed Zouaoui (1925)
 * 🇹🇳 Mustapha Kaak (1926–1930)
 * 🇹🇳 Chedly Zouiten (1930–1963)
 * 🇹🇳 Mohamed Ben Ismaïl (1963–1968)
 * 🇹🇳 Ali Zouaoui (1968–1971)
 * 🇹🇳 Hassen Belkhodja (1971–1981)
 * 🇹🇳 Naceur Knani (1981–1984)
 * 🇹🇳 Abdelhamid Achour (1984–1985)
 * 🇹🇳 Moncef Zouhir (1985–1986)
 * 🇹🇳 Mondher Znaïdi (1986–1987)
 * 🇹🇳 Hedi Jilani (1987–1989)
 * 🇹🇳 Slim Chiboub (1989–2004)
 * 🇹🇳 Aziz Zouhir (2004–2007)
 * 🇹🇳 Hamdi Meddeb (2007–present)

Source: www.est.org.tn

Managers

 * 🇹🇳 Hammadi Ben Ghachem (1938–1939)
 * 🇹🇳 Hachemi Cherif (1942–1959)
 * 🇩🇿 Habib Draoua (1959–1961)
 * 🇹🇳 Hachemi Cherif (1961–1962)
 * 🇫🇷 Jean Baratte (1962–1963)
 * 🇹🇳 Abderrahmane Ben Ezzedine (1963–1966)
 * 🇭🇺 Sandor Pazmandy (1966–November 1968)
 * 🇫🇷 Robert Domergue (November 1968–May 1969)
 * 🇹🇳 Abderrahmane Ben Ezzedine (May 1969 – 1971)
 * 🇹🇳 Slah Guiza (September 1971–November 1971)
 * Vladimír Mirka (November 1971 – 1973)
 * 🇹🇳 Hmid Dhib (1973–May 1976)
 * 🇹🇳 Abderrahmane Ben Ezzedine (May 1976–July 1976)
 * Stjepan Bobek (1976–1978)
 * 🇹🇳 Mokhtar Tlili (1978–1981)
 * 🇹🇳 Hmid Dhib (1981–1982)
 * 🇹🇳 Mrad Mahjoub (1982–December 1983)
 * 🇫🇷 Roger Lemerre (December 1983 – 1984)
 * 🇧🇷 Amarildo Tavares da Silveira (1984–1987)
 * 🇵🇱 Antoni Piechniczek (1987–1990)
 * 🇵🇱 Władysław Żmuda (1990–1991)
 * Andon Dončevski (1991–1992)
 * 🇵🇱 Zdzisław Podedworny (1992–1993)
 * 🇹🇳 Faouzi Benzarti (1993–1996)
 * 🇮🇹 Luigi Maifredi (1996)
 * 🇹🇳 Khaled Ben Yahia (1996–1997)
 * 🇹🇳 Youssef Zouaoui (1997–2002)
 * 🇨🇭 Michel Decastel (2002–2004)
 * 🇨🇭 Claude Andrey (2004–2005)
 * 🇹🇳 Khaled Ben Yahia (2005–2006)
 * 🇫🇷 Jacky Duguépéroux (2006–2007)
 * 🇹🇳 Faouzi Benzarti (2007)
 * 🇹🇳 Larbi Zouaoui (July 2007–August 2007)
 * 🇧🇷 Carlos Cabral (September 2007–December 2007)
 * 🇹🇳 Youssef Zouaoui (December 2007–May 2008)
 * 🇧🇷 Carlos Cabral (May 2008–November 2008)
 * 🇵🇹 José Morais (November 2008–March 2009)
 * 🇹🇳 Faouzi Benzarti (March 2009–November 2010)
 * 🇹🇳 Maher Kanzari (November 2010–December 2010)
 * 🇹🇳 Nabil Maaloul (December 2010–January 2012)
 * 🇨🇭 Michel Decastel (January 2012–May 2012)
 * 🇹🇳 Nabil Maaloul (May 2012–February 2013)
 * 🇹🇳 Maher Kanzari (February 2013–October 2013)
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Desabre (December 2013–January 2014)
 * 🇳🇱 Ruud Krol (January 2014–May 2014)
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Desabre (May 2014–August 2014)
 * 🇹🇳 Khaled Ben Yahia (August 2014–February 2015)
 * 🇵🇹 José Morais (February 2015–June 2015)
 * 🇫🇷 José Anigo (June 2015–August 2015)
 * 🇹🇳 Ammar Souayah (August 2015–January 2017)
 * 🇹🇳 Faouzi Benzarti (January 2017–December 2017)
 * 🇹🇳 Mondher Kebaier (January 2018–February 2018)
 * 🇹🇳 Khaled Ben Yahia (February 2018–October 2018)
 * 🇹🇳 Mouin Chaâbani (October 2018–July 2021)
 * 🇹🇳 Radhi Jaïdi (August 2021–June 2022)
 * 🇹🇳 Nabil Maâloul (June 2022–May 2023)
 * 🇹🇳 Anis Boussaïdiinterim (May 2023)
 * 🇹🇳 Mouin Chaâbani (May 2023–October 2023)
 * 🇹🇳 Tarek Thabet (October 2023–January 2024)
 * 🇵🇹 Miguel Cardoso (January 2024–present)

Source: www.est.org.tn

title: Espérance Sportive de Tunis


text:
Call on Me

Call on Me may refer to:

Albums

 * Call on Me (album), a 1980 album by Evelyn King
 * Call on Me, a 1963 album by Bobby Bland, and the title song

Songs

 * "Call on Me" (Chicago song), 1974
 * "Call on Me" (Eric Prydz song), 2004
 * "Call on Me" (Janet Jackson song), featuring Nelly, 2006
 * "Call on Me" (Starley song), 2016
 * "Call on Me" (Tanya Tucker song), 1989
 * "Call on Me", by 1927 from The Other Side
 * "Call on Me", by Andy Bell from Non-Stop
 * "Call on Me", by Bad Company from Straight Shooter
 * "Call on Me", by Bebe Rexha from Bebe
 * "Call on Me", by Big Brother and the Holding Company from Big Brother & the Holding Company
 * "Call on Me", by Bread from On the Waters
 * "Call on Me", by Captain Beefheart from Safe as Milk
 * "Call on Me", by Eddie Money from Life for the Taking
 * "Call on Me", by Four Tops, B-side of the single "Baby I Need Your Loving"
 * "Call on Me", by Gilbert O'Sullivan
 * "Call on Me", by James Ingram from It's Real
 * "Call on Me", by Jody Watley from Affairs of the Heart
 * "Call on Me", by John Anderson from All the People Are Talkin'
 * "Call on Me", by Keke Wyatt from Soul Sista
 * "Call on Me", by Laleh from Prinsessor
 * "Call on Me", by Legend Seven from Blind Faith
 * "Call on Me", by Lou Reed from The Raven
 * "Call on Me", by Maze from Inspiration
 * "Call on Me", by Michael Jackson from Farewell My Summer Love
 * "Call on Me", by Primal Scream from Give Out But Don't Give Up
 * "Call on Me", by Quicksilver Messenger Service from What About Me
 * "Call on Me", by Sean Paul
 * "Call on Me", by Spirit from California Blues
 * "Call on Me", by Switch from Switch V
 * "Call on Me", by Whitesnake from Good to Be Bad

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Call on Me


text:
Talk:List of modern artists

Who is a Modern artist
Most art historians believe that "Modern Art" as we currently define it began with the late work of Cezanne, which laid a foundation for the cubists, or with the early fauvists. Obviously, separating art history into distinctly different eras is an artificial construct, but it can also be useful in the study of art. Thus, I am removing the names of impressionists, post-impressionists, and other artists who predate the era of modern art as I have defined it above.--Sophitus 10:38, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Red links
People should start bios for red links when they add the names.Soane 14:24, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Turn into category?
I think that this list is a perfect candidate for being converted into a category. There are almost no redlinks, so it's not serving as much of a placeholder for articles that need to be created. Also, in an unannotated list like this, there's no evidence of notability for any name that is redlinked. I haven't examined the history in depth, but a quick look (and common sense) shows that this article could easily be a magnet for non-notable vanity additions. --Icarus (Hi!) 19:21, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Grant Wood
I see an editor has added Wood to this list. Although he's contemporary to the early modernists, can we actually classify him as a modern artist by the definition at modern art? I'm not sure, so I've left the name in place. Any editor more well-versed than myself in American figurative art from that period may want to make an editorial decision on this.  freshacconci  speak to me  00:50, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

"Modern Artists" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Modern Artists. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 April 5 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 11:52, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

"Modern Painter" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Modern Painter. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 April 5 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 11:53, 5 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of modern artists


text:
Hearts of Oak

Hearts of Oak may refer to:

 * “Heart of Oak”, the official march of the Royal Navy and other navies
 * Hearts of Oak (New York militia), a volunteer military unit formed during the American Revolutionary War
 * Hearts of Oak (Ireland), an agrarian protest society in the province of Ulster, Ireland
 * Hearts of Oak (1803 play), a play by John Till Allingham
 * Hearts of Oak (1879 play), a play by James Herne and David Belasco
 * Hearts of Oak (1914 film), a 1914 film directed by Wray Physioc
 * Hearts of Oak (film), a 1924 film directed by John Ford
 * Heart of Oak (film), a 2022 film directed by Laurent Charbonnier and Michel Seydoux
 * Hearts of Oak (album), an album by the band Ted Leo and the Pharmacists
 * Hearts of Oak Benefit Society, a 19th-Century British benefit society
 * Hearts of Oak Friendly Society, a British friendly society and successor to the benefit society
 * Accra Hearts of Oak S.C., a football (soccer) club from Ghana
 * Hearts of Oak (supporters group), a football (soccer) supporters group for New York City Football Club
 * HMS Heart of Oak, one of three vessels named Heart of Oak that served the British Royal Navy
 * Hearts of Oak (campaign group), a far-right campaign group founded by Tommy Robinson

title: Hearts of Oak


text:
List of golfers with most European Tour wins

This is a list of golfers who have won eight or more events on the European Tour since it was established in 1972. There are some complications in preparing such a list, and different publications have produced different numbers. This list is based on what the European Tour reports the victories being according to their own player guide (through the 2009 season).

The number of wins a player can accumulate on the European Tour depends in part on how many years he devotes to the tour. There have always been some leading European players or European Tour members from outside Europe who have gone on to play part or full-time on the U.S.-based PGA Tour and cut back their commitments in Europe, and this seems to be an increasing trend.

Detailed criteria

 * Only European Tour sanctioned events are counted. As all elite golfers enter the four major championships and the four (three before 2009) individual World Golf Championships each season it is possible for a player to accumulate eight wins in European Tour sanctioned events without ever joining the European Tour, and Tiger Woods (who has never joined the European Tour) reached that mark in the 2000 Open Championship.
 * The three U.S.-based majors were not designated as European Tour events until 1997, so victories in them before that date were initially excluded. This is in contrast to the list of golfers with most PGA Tour wins, which includes Open Championship wins before that tournament became an official money event in 1995, because they were retrospectively designated as PGA Tour wins in 2002. Sometime prior to 2009, the European Tour made such a retrospective designation with respect to the three U.S. majors, as reflected in their 2009 media guide.
 * Wins in the Wentworth World Match Play Championship before 2003 are not included.
 * The win lists in the player profiles on the European Tour's official site include some miscellaneous items which are not regular individual tour wins and are therefore excluded: wins in 18 hole pro-ams associated with European Tour events; wins in the Volvo Bonus Pool; team wins in the Seve Trophy; wins on the Challenge Tour and the European Senior Tour.

There are additional players who won eight or more tournaments on the pre-tour European circuit and the European Tour in the period straddling 1972 who are not included on the list.

Many of the players on the list have won many events on other tours and unofficial events. The numbers in the "Majors" column are the total number of major championships the player won in his career whether or not he was a member of the European Tour at the time.

Players under 50 years of age are shown in bold. At age 50, golfers become eligible for the major senior tours, most notably the European Senior Tour and the U.S.-based PGA Tour Champions, competing for substantial prize money against other golfers in that age group. Only Miguel Ángel Jiménez and Phil Mickelson have ever won a European Tour event after turning 50, and only three golfers of that age have won on the PGA Tour since 1975.

Players with the same number of wins are listed alphabetically. This list is up to date through 21 January 2024.

H signifies members of the World Golf Hall of Fame.


text:
Butautas

Butautas (baptized Henryk; died on May 7, 1380, in Prague) was a son of Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania. He attempted to depose his uncle Algirdas and usurp power in Lithuania, but failed and was forced into exile. He joined the court of the Holy Roman Emperor and even inspired a poem about conversion to Christianity. Butautas is sometimes confused with his brother Vaidotas.

Coup and escape to Teutonic Knights
The first written record about Butautas comes from Jan Długosz. The historian describes Lithuanian raids into Masuria in 1336 and mentions Butautas, son of Gediminas. Because of confused fathers, this information is not considered reliable.

The first reliable data comes from summer of 1365. While Algirdas and Kęstutis were in Volhynia helping their brother Liubartas in the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, Butautas together with other nobles attempted a coup d'état. However, the plans were discovered by Dirsūnas, deputy of Vilnius. Butautas was arrested, but his accomplice or brother Survila rescued him and killed Dirsūnas. The coup failed and Butautas, Survila, and fifteen followers had to flee to the Teutonic Knights. Historian S. C. Rowell questioned whether the coup really happened as it is mentioned only in a late German source.

In Königsberg, Butautas was baptized as Henryk in honor of the Commander of Insterburg on July 25, 1365. Two Bishops, John of Warmia and Bartholomew of Sambia were summoned for the ceremony, also attended by English crusaders, including Earl of Warwick and Thomas Ufford. In August, he led a Teutonic raid deep into Lithuania reaching as far as Vilnius and Vilkmergė. During the 12-day raid Kernavė and Maišiagala were devastated.

Life at emperor's court
Sometime between August 1366 and April 1368, Butautas departed to Prague to join the court of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Survila remained with the Knights. Charles gave Butautas lands and the noble title of duke (Herzog). Butautas is mentioned as a witness to several treaties and companion of the emperor on several trips, including one to Italy to Pope Urban V. He witnessed imperial charters issued in Modena, Lucca, Rome, Udine, Prague, Tangermünde, and Jerichow. This last charter listed Butautas as "King of Lithuania" together with imperial family and before papal legates and other Bohemian dukes. At some point, the court was visited by German poet Schondoch who later composed a poem how an unnamed "Lithuanian king" was converted into Christianity.

Charles died in 1378. Just two years later Butautas died in Prague and was buried in St. Thomas' Church. In 1413, his brother Vytautas the Great ordered Requiem Mass and gave the church a large carpet. Because of this activity sometimes 1413 is given as Butautas' date of death.

Family
It is known that Butautas left one son, Vaidutis, in Lithuania. He also emigrated to the West in 1381 at the age of sixteen. After his father's death he studied in Paris until 1387. In 1401, after his return to Poland, his cousin Jogaila, King of Poland, appointed him as the rector of the Jagiellonian University. He died in 1422.

title: Butautas


text:
Talk:Kika (TV channel)

Requested move (2005)
KiKa → KI.KA -- Sloyment 12:49, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 10:44, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Bernd das Brot
"KI.KA plays a loop of Bernd das Brot films every night, during its notional close-down period from 9pm to 6am, causing bafflement to non-German viewers."

Does it? Really? Because its a blue screen with the KI.KA logo and "KI.KA sendet wieder ab 6 uhr." on satellite... --Kiand 21:10, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, the Kika sendet wieder ab 6 always comes right after the end of the broadcast, if you want to watch Bernd das Brot you have to wait a while after the end of the broadcast. -Killarnee ( C•T•U ) 20:47, 26 June 2021 (UTC)

North America
Is it possible to get KI.KA in North America?
 * No. --Kiand 18:59, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Requested move (March 2012)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Page moved to KiKa. Consensus was clear to change from the current name. However, consneus was mixed on what the target should be. Vegaswikian (talk) 20:11, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

KI.KA → KiKA – Relisted. Without additional comments I'd move to Kika per below. Vegaswikian (talk) 01:10, 14 March 2012 (UTC) New name (see KiKA). 62.47.204.149 (talk) 19:57, 6 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: WP:MOSCAPS would suggest Kika or Ki Ka or KIKA depending on correct pronunciation. --Falcadore (talk) 23:17, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Comment: I agree with Falcadore, except I would substitute KiKa for Ki Ka. And I think KiKa would be my primary preference as it retains the association with the expanded name while still following our capitalization guidelines (which, if I recall correctly, permits CamelCase in certain situations).  Powers T 14:22, 14 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment: The first Austrian TV channel is now called ORF eins. --84.61.139.62 (talk) 20:19, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move (April 2012)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. No consensus for the proposed new title, and the existing title (with CamelCaps) KiKa is used in the English reliable source referenced in the article (and per the move request above), and serves as a natural disambiguation. -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:29, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

KiKa → KiKA – The right TVchannel name is with capital "A". Maiō T. (talk) 11:11, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Both the present title and the proposed title are inadequate in a worldwide encyclopedia. See Kika (disambiguation) for the many confusable topics. See also provisions at WP:MOSTM, which would call for standardisation as "Kika", regardless of the organisation's own preferred idiosyncratic styling. I therefore suggest this instead: Kika (television channel). Note: I have made that page as a redirect to the present page; and I have updated the DAB page to show the present title accurately. ☺♥ N oetica Tea? 22:33, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose proposed move; Support Kika (television station), as it is not a channel. --Bejnar (talk) 00:30, 21 April 2012 (UTC)
 * I have no objection, right now, to Kika (television station). Note however: in the first sentence of the article:"... is a public non-commercial free television channel ..."; and note that the name is a shortening of "Kinder-Kanal", where the natural translation of "Kanal" is "channel", nicht wahr? Anyway, I have now created that, as a further redirect to this article. N oetica Tea? 00:48, 21 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose nom, Support Noetica's and Bejnar's proposal to remove capitalisation. Seeing that the channel/station once stylised itself as KI.KA, I think that's the exact motivation behind normalising such trademarks and this article might be a good rationale for it. I have no particular opinion on whether it should be channel or station. --The Evil IP address (talk) 10:35, 21 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose, but what's with removing the capitalization. We traditionally allow CamelCase when its used to indicate words joined as a portmanteau.  Powers T 02:54, 22 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Okay, I support Kika (television channel). Let's move it! Maiō T. (talk) 16:01, 22 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's not. Why the lowercase 'k'?  Powers T 20:11, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's. Read submissions above about lc "k". That's for accord with Wikipedia's style guidelines. N oetica Tea? 22:21, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, so you've asserted, but without explaining how they apply in this case. "KiKa" is a portmanteau incorporating the initial letters of two German words, "Kinder" and "Kanal".  This case is analogous to FedEx, which I certainly hope no one has proposed moving to Fedex.  Note also that MOS:TM specifically allows for this: "Trademarks in CamelCase are a judgment call. CamelCase may be used where it reflects general usage and makes the trademark more readable."  Since MOS:TM is explicitly neutral on whether it should be "Kika" or "KiKa", editors who oppose the latter should offer convincing arguments rather than simply appealing to policy.  Powers T 14:55, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It is true that WP:MOSTM permits editors' discretion for camel case, but it circumscribes that provision tightly:
 * "Trademarks in CamelCase are a judgment call. CamelCase may be used where it reflects general usage and makes the trademark more readable."
 * Well, is the name of the entity in question here a camelcased trademark? If it is, then we may use discretion. We can do that right here. The usage of the entity itself is all mixed up, with this "KiKA" form. Why the capital "A"? The default provision at MOSTM is this:
 * "Follow standard English text formatting and capitalization rules, even if the trademark owner considers nonstandard formatting 'official'."
 * I have concerns about details in MOSTM, and its application in titling. Refinements and clarifications are needed. But it has been normal to invoke it and interpret in this general way.
 * N oetica Tea? 01:59, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Indeed, but so long as MOS:TM allows CamelCase trademarks like FedEx, I see no reason not to use it here, as we decided (by consensus) above. Powers T 17:53, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * But you miss my point. It has not been shown that there is such a trademark in this instance, that uses camel case. That is not the usage in the channel's own material, is it? Not its consistent usage, certainly. N oetica Tea? 19:29, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * No, their preferred formatting is "KiKA", but I don't see how that prohibits us from using CamelCase. If FedEx decided to capitalize the X in their logo, we wouldn't decide "well, it's not an acronym anymore, so we'll render it "Fedex".  The "KA" still stands for "Kanal" so "KiKa" is a perfectly acceptable way to render the   Powers T 14:30, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
 * As I have said, the current guidelines leave some things uncertain. But the overall presumption is for standard case styling. An exception, allowing discretion, is mentioned for trademarks that actually use camel case; but no such exception is made for anything styled like "KiKA" out there in the world. No guideline recommends imposing camel case, where it is not already adopted in the relevant source. Therefore, the overall presumption is not overridden; therefore, following existing style guidelines would require that we use the style "Kika", here. N oetica Tea? 01:00, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
 * How many sources using "KiKa" would be necessary to convince you? Powers T 02:03, 28 April 2012 (UTC)
 * To convince me of what? Is there, or is there not, a trademark in use by the entity dealt with in this article with the styling "KiKa"? If so, then MOSTM determines what we might do about that. Otherwise, it does not. N oetica Tea? 06:28, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

As the title is from the German 'Kinder' and 'Kanal'; they are both nouns and thus are capitalised when written in normal situations of use. --  [[ axg  ◉  talk   ]] 18:39, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose proposed move, Support Kika (television station) – We don't need to follow German language conventions on the English WP. And the argument for CamelCase is undermined by the all the variant capitalizations advanced, in my estimation. ENeville (talk) 18:28, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Advanced by whom? And this has nothing to do with German language conventions; "FedEx" does the same thing and it's English.  Powers T 14:30, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Comment: KiKa can refer to a Dutch foundation. --84.61.181.19 (talk) 08:04, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Old Mascot
Kika's Mascot used to be a Rabbit. And, it used to Air Mama Mirabelle (2007-2015), Jonalu, and Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks. Snuggleblanket (talk) 11:11, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 20 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Kika (TV channel) (closed by non-admin page mover) Bensci54 (talk) 16:38, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

KiKA → Kika (television channel) – Unnecessary stylisation, worthy of a mention in the article but not fit for the title. No consistently used spelling method is in place: Kika and KiKa are both common variations and are used by media outlets. The official stylistic choice has also been subject to change over the years, i.e. when KI.KA turned into the current KiKA. Per MOS:TMRULES, the best and least conflicting way to approach this would be using sentence case. Agwjkl (talk) 16:21, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 12:47, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support as Kika (TV channel) to conform with standard practice. Sammi Brie  (she/her • t • c) 06:56, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Sammi Brie Sorry for bothering you (but always find it better to ask) and also for my lack of knowledge on the page renaming process, should I change it to "(TV channel)" on the requested move now to conform with said practice or would that be unnecessary and/or reset this discussion? I'd propose that instead of "(television channel)". Agwjkl (talk) 20:08, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Agwjkl Probably best to leave the RM be, especially as someone has already !voted. Sammi Brie  (she/her • t • c) 20:43, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Kika (TV channel)


text:
Planet Online

Planet Online was a UK business-to-business Internet Service Provider. Based in Leeds, it was started by local businessman and multi-millionaire Peter Wilkinson and Paul Sykes in July 1995.

Managed from a purpose-built NOC in Leeds, Planet's network was first switched on in October 1995 with over 2,000 businesses connected by the end of the following year. The office in Leeds was shared with hardware specialist and sister company ESS, with the two formally merging on 1 January 1997. The merged company retained the Planet Online name.

Planet was sold to Energis in August 1998 for £85m at a time when it carried around 40% of all internet traffic in the UK. In August 2000, the company was renamed Energis Squared and given new branding consistent with that of its parent. It was later integrated into the rest of the Energis business, losing its separate identity.

Planet notably provided the back-end infrastructure for the consumer ISP Freeserve, led by John Pluthero, which helped it to become one of the UK's few profitable ISPs at that time. Then as Cable & Wireless Worldwide, itself led by Pluthero until 2011 then as part of Vodafone and subsequently IBM the company continues to provide similar services to Freeserve's ultimate successor, Orange Broadband.

The company was winner of the Best Business ISP award at the ISPA Internet Industry Awards in 1999 and 2000.

title: Planet Online


text:
Talk:Flag of Saudi Arabia

Sword
No information about the sword?! - Eagleamn 10:44, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Saudi flag change
The flag’s source must be from a government website https://laws.boe.gov.sa/BoeLaws/Laws/Viewer/915b2789-5a28-405a-b09e-102ffd2abcdb?lawId=03de5462-eda0-4dd6-9efa-a9a700f1f802 and therefore the flag must be changed from the current one to https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Saudi-Arabia which is very similar to the government’s institution or at least an edited version that can be same to the government’s one but the color must be darker. Aziz bm (talk) 10:07, 12 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Before anybody blindly copies anything from Britannica, please keep in mind that the government has unofficially endorsed flags from Wikimedia Commons by using them on its own website.
 * See the flag depicted at this English language site . It is an exact (byte for byte) copy of a 2020 version of File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg. The specific version was uploaded to Wikimedia Commons by user:FDRMRZUSA on October 27,2020.
 * See the flag depicted on the equivalent Arabic language site . This one is a PNG image that appears to have been converted from a 2006 version of File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg.  The specific version was uploaded to Wikimedia Commons by User:Denelson83 on February 16,2006.
 * Also, please be aware that the dimensions of the Shahada and the sword in Britannica's version of the flag do not match the dimensions defined in Royal Decree No. M/3. MapGrid (talk) 12:43, 12 June 2022 (UTC)

Are you assuming that (Construction Sheet) is More credibility than (Britannia) ? Also, keep in mind that all governments/World Organizations are using flags from Wikipedia because it’s the first result once you type it on the search bar.

The reason why i’m calling for change is because the flag that was showed on the constitution /royal palaces/government territories and the protocols are not the same as it appears on Wikipedia and they’re more closer to the Royal Decree/Britannia one, here you go

[]

[]

[]

[]

[]

Also be aware that the Shahada and sword on this version do not match the dimensions defied in Royal Decree and therefore you need to Create a copy version of the Royal decree version either by photoshop or other tools. Aziz bm (talk) 16:55, 13 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes; I give Britannica zero credibility because it applied some scaling factor to both the Shahada and the sword which makes them bigger than they are supposed to be.
 * On both File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg and File:Flag of Saudi Arabia (type 2).svg the outer dimensions of the Shahada and sword are correct.
 * I see you started a new conversation at c:File talk:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg. This entire conversation should have been there in the first place. MapGrid (talk) 04:15, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

Saudi Flag historical colour?
So, even though the Saudi government gave official rules on the colour of the flag, does this still mean that the current colouration should go all the way back to 1973? Was the darker shade of green at RGB 0 84 48 go all the way back to 1973, or should there be an old version of the flag with the RGB 0 108 53 that would have been the flag until the now official colours were standardized. Has anyone even checked to see? NDV135 (talk) 21:57, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flag of Saudi Arabia


text:
National Library of Serbia

The National Library of Serbia (Народна библиотека Србије) is the national library of Serbia, located in the capital city of Belgrade. It is the biggest library, and oldest institution in Serbia, one that was completely destroyed many times over in the last two centuries.

History
In 1832, the library was established by bookbinder Gligorije Vozarović in his bookstore, and its first collection consisted of gifts of publisher and bookseller Vozarović and other Serbian cultural figures. On 28 February 1832, Dimitrije Davidović sent a letter on the organization of the library to Miloš Obrenović. In November of the same year, Prince Miloš ordered that one copy of each printed book be made available to the library.

During World War I, the Library building and collections were damaged by bombing, so the small remaining holdings were moved from Belgrade to Niš and Kragujevac for their protection. Damages, loses and lack of facilities hampered significantly reconstruction in 1918 and the ensuing years. After the War, and according to the National Library Act and the Press Law, both from 1919, the Library became the central state Library and obtained the right to acquire an obligatory copy from all over the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. With the efforts of Jovan Tomić (1903-1927), a part of the original Belgrade library collection was repatriated from Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1925 the National Library moved into a building in the district of Kosančićev Venac only to be bombed and gutted by fire sixteen years later from 6 to 9 April 1941 at the start of World War II.

The bombing by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe of a city officially proclaimed open, completely destroyed the Library building including a priceless book collection of 500.000 volumes, an invaluable collection of 1424 Cyrillic manuscripts and charters, a collection of old maps, medieval manuscripts and prints of roughly 1,500 items, collections of 4,000 journals as well as 1,800 newspaper titles, its rich and irreplaceable archives of Turkish documents about Serbia and the complete correspondence of distinguished figures of the cultural and political history of Serbia, and all holdings lists and catalogs. The entire national cultural heritage existing in print almost disappeared overnight. It was not until 1969 that parts of that stolen collection was found in the Federal Republic of Germany and repurchased.

After the liberation of Belgrade in 1944, under the changed social conditions, there was a period of intensive reconstruction of the lost collections and rapid development of the Library.

After the devoted work of the Library staff, the Library again opened its doors to the public in 1947. In 1954, on the 150th anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising, the construction of a new building for the National Library was allowed, and the new Library building (Architect: Ivo Kurtović) was opened with a special ceremony on 6 April 1973. It is located in the Vračar municipality, sharing the naturally elevated plateau with Temple of Saint Sava, as the highest peak of that part of Belgrade.

The renovation of the NLS Interior has been launched in 2007 and was ended in mid-2011, covering the following segments: the main entrance hall for users with exhibition space, the stairway of the entrance hall for users, the toilets at the ground floor and on floor, coffee bar with the kitchen, atrium, main hall on the floor level (floor, ceilings, lighting, information desks for users), all reading rooms at floor level, official entrance at the level of higher ground floor, hall and stairs, the apartment for foreign guests-researchers at the level of lower ground floor, the complete lighting of the NLS and the balconies for users at the level of the main hall and floors. The renovated area for the users was opened in September 2011, opening its doors to many existing and new users.

Nowadays, the National Library of Serbia is a modern national library. Its goals are: incorporation into the world's information flows, recognition within the world's family of national libraries, as well as becoming an information resource and drive for the development of Serbian society.

Collections
General collection includes: books printed after 1868 in Serbian and other ex-Yu languages and books printed after 1700 in foreign languages, periodicals from Serbia, ex-Yu and abroad, bibliographies, encyclopedias, lexicons, catalogs, dictionaries, directories in classical and electronic form, organized in an open access reference stock.

Special collections contain: old and rare books containing printed books in 18th and 19th century in languages of ex-Yu as well as foreign books up to 1700, bibliophile and miniature editions, literary and other manuscripts and archival documents, cartographic materials, printed music material and phonograms, photographic documents, engravings and picture material, placards and information materials, memorial libraries and legacies.

Manuscript collection includes: handwritten books from 12th to 18th century, mostly Serbian and small numbers of Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian editions, incunabula and old Serbian printed books from 1494 to 1638, prints from old Serbian carved tablets from 16th to 18th century, microfilms of South Slavonic Cyrillic manuscripts.

Digital NLS
Digital library of the National Library of Serbia contains 1.2 million scanned pages in about 70 different collections (Cyrillic manuscripts, old and rare books, books, Serbian children's digital library, newspapers and magazines, cartographic materials, engravings and art material, photographic materials, posters and documentary material, printed music and sound records, catalogs and bibliographies, miscellaneous). NLS also participates in the several international projects such as World Digital Library, with the goal of making Serbian digitised heritage accessible and searchable together with the cultural heritage of other countries. NLS is a partner of the project Europeana Collections 1914-1918 and as a part of this project has published a thematic digital library Veliki rat (Great War) with valuable collections from World War I period.

Directors

 * Filip Nikolić (1853–1856)
 * Đuro Daničić (1856–1859)
 * Janko Šafarik (1861–1869)
 * Stojan Novaković (1869–1874)
 * Jovan Bošković (1875–1880)
 * Nićifor Dučić (1880–1886)
 * Milan Đ. Milićević (1886)
 * Dragiša Stanojević (1900)
 * Stojan Protić (1900–1901)
 * Ljubomir Jovanović (1901–1903)
 * Jovan Tomić (1903–1927)
 * Miloš Zečević (1927–1935)
 * Dragoslav Ilić (1935–1941)
 * Đorđe Radojčić (1941–1945)
 * Dušan Milačić (1945–1960)
 * Čedomir Minderović (1960–1965)
 * Milorad Panić-Surep (1965–1968)
 * Svetislav Đurić (1968–1977)
 * Vladimir Stevanović (1977–1979)
 * Vaso Milinčević (1980–1983)
 * Milan Milutinović (1983–1988)
 * Milomir Petrović (1988–2001)
 * Sreten Ugričić (2001–2012)
 * Dejan Ristić (2012–2013)
 * Svetlana Jančić (2013–2015)
 * Laslo Blašković (2015–2021)
 * Vladimir Pištalo (2021)

title: National Library of Serbia


text:
Bisley (card game)

Bisley is a patience or card solitaire which uses a deck of 52 playing cards, and while difficult, it often can be completed successfully. It is closely related to Baker's Dozen, but the foundations are built upwards from Ace and downwards from King simultaneously. It is one of the few one-deck games in which the player has options on which foundation a card can be placed.

Rules
First the four aces are taken out and laid on the tableau to start the foundations. Then four columns of three cards are placed overlapping each other separately under the aces. After that, nine columns of four cards, also overlapping each other, are dealt to the right of the aces and first four columns.

Here is the method of game play:
 * Only the bottom, exposed cards in each column are available for play.
 * Only one card can be moved at a time.
 * The cards on the tableau can be built either up or down by suit.
 * Whenever a column becomes empty, it stays empty for the rest of the game.
 * The foundations (the four aces) are built up by suit. However, whenever a King is released and becomes available, it becomes a foundation and is placed above its counterpart ace foundation to be built down, also by suit. The same thing can be done for the three other kings. This rule also gives the player an opportunity to place a card on one of the foundations of the same suit if it can be placed on either of them.

The game is out when all cards end up in the foundations. It actually does not matter where the ace and king foundations of each suit would meet and how many cards the ace and king foundations of each suit will have. At the end of one game for example, the K♠ is the only one on its foundation while the rest of spade cards are built on the A♠; the A♣ remains unbuilt because all club cards are built on the K♣; the A ♥ is built up to 4 ♥ while the K ♥ is built down to 5 ♥ ; and the A ♦ is built up to 8 ♦ while the K ♦ is built down to 9 ♦. In fact, the ace and king foundation of a suit can meet anywhere.

title: Bisley (card game)


text: User talk:24.127.121.35

title: User talk:24.127.121.35


text:
Talk:Fatih Terim

= Comments =

Comment
I corrected the English of this article --de-translated-from-Turkishifying--, and added a few lines.

I had allways respect what he did for soccer and for his nation. He is a good teacher, loves the game But what happend in late November of 2005 is not funny anymore. He took his fame to fight a battle with unfair methods and everbody folowed him. In european countrys a person saying things Fatih sayd would beeing accused for racism. But Turkey is not in Europe and will never be - thanks to Fatih.

 * Last time I checked, they play in UEFA, the EUROPEAN football organization. Parents should think twice before they let their five-year-olds use the internet. [[User:Waya 4|Waya 5

It's right, but thats not a fact to criticies Turkey. I know many Europian footballers, that made worst things than Fatih Terim.

Editing on October 25, 2006
I edited the page quite a bit. I tried to make it look like a more objective biography. For example his failure in his first three years of coaching was not mentioned. Decline of performance in AC Fiorentina leading to his resignation was skipped. Somebody should also add a section about the game against Switzerland and his alleged role in these events. I might do that at some point if nobody else does. -simitci-

Date of birth Fatih Terim

 * September 4 or
 * September 14 — uefa.com ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by G-Max Rus (talk • contribs) 17:17, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

Speaking style
Don't know whether this fact is worth mentioning in the article or not, came across it in something I was reading, and thought I'd leave it on the talk page and let others decide: Terim's speaking style has been described as "idiosyncratic"; this even led to the creation of an ELIZA-like application parodying his manner of speech, discussed briefly in a natural language processing paper presented to the 2004 International Conference on Computational Linguistics.

Reference: cab 14:56, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Euro 2008 section!
I'm paart of the wiki football project, and I've been monitoring articles recently. I found that this one is of somewhat low quality. My main concern is the Euro 2008 section. First of all, it is very biased and badly worded. Second to that, it all seems to be about the one game played against Germany. You cant hide the other visible facts Turkey had at Euro 2008. There is alot more that needs to be mentioned to this section, and I will do my best now to improve it in a non biased view. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Domiy (talk • contribs) 03:21, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Fatih Terim is NOT Kurdish
user Khoikhoi claimed that he is kurdish in origin, but in the source you may see thats a cheap rumor. so its not acceptable.--Huck Diesel (talk) 17:29, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

He is Turkish Cypriot not Kurt! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.22.113.22 (talk) 19:16, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

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Firing
Not any mention. Paragraph needed in his disappointing showing WC qualifying and losing to Iceland. Fired because restaurant fight?--2605:6000:1A0D:1C0:0:94F:F47E:FDD1 (talk) 05:43, 18 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Source would be helpful in supporting that. Walter Görlitz (talk) 05:48, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

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 * Terim AC Milan.jpg

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Translated page
Arsabent (talk) 18:05, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fatih Terim


text:
User talk:80.28.74.179

Hi, I saw that you just created the page Sensormatic. The thing is, you just copied the content from here, at that material is copyrighted. We can't add copyrighted material to this site I am afraid, but why don't you write a new article at Sensormatic/Temp which will then replace the original article? Just remember to write it yourself and not copy it from somewhere else. gkhan 10:50, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Ohh, yeah, if you have any questions, don't be afraid to ask me at User talk:Gkhan! gkhan 10:51, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.28.74.179


text:
Accra Hearts of Oak S.C.

Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club, commonly referred to as Hearts of Oak or just Hearts, is a professional sports club based in Accra (Greater Accra), Ghana. Founded in 1911, the club is the oldest surviving football club in Ghana and its traditional colours are red, yellow and blue. Hearts of Oak competes in the Ghana Premier League, the premier division on the Ghanaian football pyramid. The Accra Sports Stadium is the club's home grounds, where it plays its home games.

Hearts has won the Premier League twenty-one times, the Ghanaian FA Cup a record twelve times, the Ghana Super Cup, a joint record three times the President's Cup, six times,   and the CAF Champions League and the CAF Confederations Cup once each. Accra Hearts of Oak was also ranked eighth football club in the world in the year 2000 when the club dominated most of the continent's sporting activities. Accra Hearts of Oak remains the only football club in West Africa to have won a Continental Treble; one of 6 Africa-based clubs and one of 21 football clubs worldwide to have achieved this feat. During the colonial period, Hearts of Oak won a combined total of eight football league trophies in the Accra Football League and the Gold Coast Club Competition, both precursors to the Ghana Premier League. In the Accra Football League, Hearts of Oak won the Guggisberg Shield donated by Sir Gordon Guggisberg, then Governor of the Gold Coast in 1922; the competition for Accra-based clubs was played on 12 occasions between 1922 and 1954; Hearts of Oak won the Shield six times, including the final tournament played in 1954.

History
The club was founded on 11 November 1911 in Accra. Hearts of Oak won their first major match in 1922 when Sir Gordon Guggisberg, then Governor of the Gold Coast, founded the Accra Football League. Hearts won 6 out of 12 seasons in this league. The club also won the 1953/54 edition of the Gold Coast Club Competition – the colonial precursor to the Ghana Premier League. In 1956, Hearts joined the Ghanaian Football League and have flourished ever since.

In the year 2000, the Hearts of Oak won the Ghanaian FA cup, the Ghana Premier League and for the first time in their history the CAF Champions League. This was the most successful year in the club's history. The team was led by club Joseph Ansah.

On 9 May 2001, 127 people died in Africa's worst footballing disaster. During a match between rivals, Hearts of Oak and Asante Kotoko. Trouble started when supporters of Asante Kotoko began ripping out seats in an act of hooliganism in protest at a goal allowed by the referee. The match was officiated by referee J. Wilson Sey, from Cape Coast. Police reacted by firing tear gas into the crowd, it has been suggested that this was an over-reaction. Reports suggest that the gates to the ground were locked and the stadium was not up to FIFA standards. The rush to escape the tear gas was a contributory factor to the death toll. A commission inquiry, indicted six police officers in its initial report, but they were not convicted as it was deemed that the deaths could have been caused by the stampede instead of the tear gas. As of 2020, the transfer value of the Accra Hearts of Oak was £2.03 million, the highest of all sports clubs in Ghana.

Grounds
Accra Hearts of Oak play home matches at the Accra Sports Stadium. The Accra Sports Stadium holds an estimated 40,000 seats. Although purchased in the 1980s, the Pobiman Training Ground was only put to use in the summer of 2018. Construction for an expansion of the 19-acre site in the Pobiman neighborhood, is currently in the planning stages way. The club plans to build a state-of-the-art facility.

Rivalries
Accra Hearts of Oak's longest established rivalry is with Asante Kotoko S.C. and their city rivals Accra Great Olympics FC.

First team squad
Reference as of 12 March 2021

Domestic

 * Ghana Premier League
 * Champions (24): 1956, 1958, 1961–62, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1984, 1985, 1989–90, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2020–21
 * Ghanaian FA Cup
 * Winners (12): 1973, 1974, 1979, 1981, 1989, 1990 (After winning a protest that declared them winners), 1993–94, 1995–96, 1999, 2000, 2021, 2022 (record)
 * Ghana Super Cup
 * Winners (3): 1997, 1998, 2021 (joint record)

International

 * CAF Champions League
 * Winners (1): 2000
 * Runners-up (2): 1977, 1979
 * CAF Confederation Cup
 * Winners (1): 2004
 * CAF Super Cup:
 * Winners (1): 2001
 * Runners-up (1): 2005

Other GFA National Titles

 * Ghana SWAG Cup: 7
 * 1973, 1974 (shared), 1977 (shared), 1978, 1979, 1984, 1985 '''

 * Ghana Telecom Gala: 4
 * GHALCA Special Cup: 3
 * Ghana Top Four Cup: 3
 * Ghana Top Eight Cup: 2
 * President's Cup: 6
 * 2003, 2009, 2013, 2015, 2022, 2023

 * Independence Cup: 4
 * PLB Special Knockout: 1
 * June 4 Cup: 3
 * 31 December Revolution Cup: 1

Gold Coast

 * Inclusive of trophies won in the Accra Football League (Guggisberg Shield) and the Gold Coast Club Competition, both played during the colonial period
 * Champions (8): 1920, 1922, 1925, 1927, 1929, 1933, 1935, 1953–54
 * Contributor: Bright Yeboah Taylor (Ghanaian Sports Historian)

Notable players
For all former players with a Wikipedia article see Category:Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. players

Club captains

 * Mahatma Ottoo (2011–2013)
 * Thomas Abbey (−2017)
 * Inusah Musah (2018)
 * Fatawu Mohammed (2018–present)

Managers
List of managers since 1991
 * 🇷🇴 Petre Gavrilă (1991–95)
 * 🇬🇭 Cecil Jones Attuquayefio (1998–01)
 * 🇬🇭 Herbert Addo (2002–03)
 * 🇩🇪 Ernst Middendorp (2004)
 * 🇬🇭 Cecil Jones Attuquayefio (2004)
 * 🇬🇭 Archibald Lamptey (2004–05)
 * 🇬🇭 Emmanuel Ofei Ansah (2005)
 * 🇮🇱 Eyal Lahman (2008)
 * 🇷🇸 Kosta Papić (2008–09)
 * 🇷🇸 Nebojša Vučićević (2011–12)
 * 🇬🇭 Charles Akonnor (2012)
 * 🇬🇭 David Duncan (2012–13)
 * 🇬🇭 Mohammed Ahmed (Polo) (Interim) (2014)
 * 🇬🇭 Herbert Addo (2014–2015)
 * 🇯🇵Kenichi Yatsuhashi (2015–2016)
 * 🇵🇹Sérgio Traguil (2016 –2016)
 * 🏴 Frank Nuttall (2017–18)
 * 🇬🇭 Henry Wellington Lamptey (2018)
 * 🇬🇭 Seth Hoffmann (2018)
 * 🏴🇬🇭 Kim Grant (2018–2019)
 * 🇬🇭 Edward Nii Odoom (2020)
 * 🇷🇸 Kosta Papić (2020–2021)
 * 🇬🇭 Samuel Nii Noi (Interim) (2021)
 * 🇬🇭 Samuel Boadu (2021–2022)
 * 🇷🇸 Slavko Matic (2022–2023)
 * 🇳🇱 Martin Koopman (2023)
 * Aboubakar Ouattara (2023-date)

Seasons

 * 2020–21 Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. season

title: Accra Hearts of Oak S.C.


text:
Steve Yeager

Stephen Wayne Yeager (born November 24, 1948) is an American former professional baseball catcher. Yeager spent 14 of the 15 seasons of his Major League Baseball career, from 1972 through 1985, with the Los Angeles Dodgers. His last year, 1986, he played for the Seattle Mariners. From 2012 to 2018, Yeager was the catching coach for the Dodgers. He was co-MVP of the 1981 World Series.

Early and personal life
Yeager was born in Huntington, West Virginia. He attended Meadowdale High School in Dayton, Ohio. Yeager hit two grand slams in a single game while playing for Meadowdale.

He is the cousin of the late test pilot Chuck Yeager. Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley was the best man at his wedding to local rock musician Gloria Giaone. Yeager is Jewish, having converted to Judaism when his career was over. He later moved to Granada Hills, California.

Minor league career
He was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers on June 6, 1967, in the 4th round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft, when he was 18 years old. After one game with the rookie level Ogden Spikers of the Pioneer League, Yeager was sent to the Dodgers' Single-A affiliate, the Dubuque Packers of the Midwest League. The following season, in 1968, Yeager played 59 games for the Single-A Daytona Beach Dodgers of the Florida State League. In 1969, he played 22 games for the Bakersfield Dodgers, the Dodgers' Single-A affiliate in the California League, where he threw out 26 runners from behind the plate. That season he suffered a fractured leg in a first-inning collision with a runner at home plate, but was not aware how bad his injury was, and finished the game.

Yeager was promoted to Double-A before the end of the 1969 season, playing in one game for the Albuquerque Dodgers of the Texas League. He spent the next two-and-2/3 seasons with the Double-A franchise. In 162 games played over the 1970 and 1971 seasons, he hit .276, with 77 RBIs in 490 at bats. He threw out 84 runners, second in the league that year, and was named to the Texas League All-Star team as a catcher in 1971.

In spring training in 1972 he won the Dodgers writers' Dearie Mulvey Memorial Trophy as the best rookie. With the Dukes becoming the new Pacific Coast League Triple-A affiliate for the Dodgers in 1972, Yeager was promoted while remaining in Albuquerque for another season. “You won't beat that arm of his,” Tommy Lasorda said that season. With the Triple-A Dukes, he played 82 games, batting .280 with 45 RBIs and a slugging percentage of .502, in 257 at bats.

Los Angeles Dodgers (1972-85)
Yeager made his Major League debut with the Dodgers on August 2, 1972, and went on to play 15 seasons in the major leagues. He started 34 games that season and batted .274/.374/.406. In the winter before the 1973 season he was named to the Dominican League All Star team. He backed up Joe Ferguson in 1973, and split time with Ferguson for the pennant-winning 1974 club as he hit .266 with 12 home runs. Thereafter, Yeager was the starting catcher for the Dodgers and became an integral part of the Dodgers' success in the 1970s and early 1980s.

In 1976, he led NL catchers in assists, with 77. In 1977, he came in second in voting for the Gold Glove Award. He led NL catchers in baserunners caught stealing percentage in both 1978 (46.7%) and 1982 (43.1%).

Yeager helped the Dodgers get to the World Series in 1974, 1977, 1978, and 1981. In the '81 Series against the New York Yankees, he shared the World Series Most Valuable Player award with teammates Pedro Guerrero and Ron Cey. Yeager, who was backing up Mike Scioscia by that time, did not have overwhelming stats for the Series, as he went 4-for-14 (.286), but one of his hits was a double and two were home runs. One of the homers, off Ron Guidry, turned out to be the game-winner in Game 5.

While with the Dodgers, Yeager caught Jerry Reuss' no-hitter on June 27, 1980.

Yeager injured his knee in 1982 and broke his wrist the next year, which severely limited his playing time.

Seattle Mariners (1986)
He was traded from the Dodgers to the Seattle Mariners for Ed Vande Berg on December 11, 1985. He retired after hitting .208 in 130 at bats in 1986.

Characteristics
Lou Brock called Yeager "the best-throwing catcher in the game." His specialty was defense and his command of the game on the field. In one nationally televised game, he made a putout to second base – and the radar gun in place to record pitches caught his throw to second (from a crouch) at 98 mph. He was very good at managing the game from his position and was even more highly regarded for his abilities with young pitchers. In 1974, he had 806 putouts, the most in the National League. This compensated for his overall subpar offense, as illustrated by arguably his best offensive year occurring in 1974 when he batted .266 in fewer than 100 games. Despite this reputation, Yeager was still somewhat of a clutch hitter as he had an average of .321 when hitting with the bases loaded during his career, as well as hitting 4 home runs in 21 World Series games. He also had success hitting off pitcher Ken Forsch. While never hitting more than two home runs off any other pitcher, he managed to hit 5 against Forsch in his career.

With the Dodgers, whenever knuckleballer Charlie Hough pitched, Yeager would use a special enlarged catcher's mitt and would hold it in a cupped style, palm facing upward, instead of the normal upright "target" position.

Throat protector
In 1976, Yeager was injured when teammate Bill Russell's bat shattered as he hit a ground ball and a large, jagged piece from the heavy end of the bat slammed into the throat of Yeager, who was in the on-deck circle. The wood hit him in the neck and pierced his esophagus, necessitating surgery. After the incident, at Yeager's urging Dodger trainer Bill Buhler invented and patented a device that hangs from the catcher's mask to protect the throat. It was soon worn by most catchers throughout the Majors and other leagues.

Coaching career
Steve Yeager coached the Dodgers catchers from 2012–2018.

Minor league coaching career
In 1999, Yeager was the hitting coach for the Dodgers' Single-A San Bernardino Stampede, which won the California League championship. He managed the Long Beach Breakers in the independent (now-defunct) Western Baseball League in 2001. The team won the league championship in their inaugural season that year, beating the Chico Heat 3 games to 2. He was the Jacksonville Suns hitting coach in 2004, when the team won the championship, and in 2005-06 he was the hitting instructor/coach for the Dodgers AAA farm club, the Las Vegas 51s. He later joined the A Dodgers affiliate Inland Empire 66'ers and became the hitting coach in 2007.

Yeager was instrumental in the conversion of Russell Martin from third base to behind the plate.

In 2007, he became the manager for the Long Beach Armada of the independent Golden Baseball League.

Personal life
In September 1979, he and his family appeared on an episode of Family Feud. They played for a total of 6 days.

In 1982, Yeager posed semi-nude in a Playgirl magazine.

In 1991, Yeager filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

In July 1996, Yeager was sued by the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York for allegedly misleading dozens of investors into donating between $2,900 and $3,500 into a fraudulent sports card brokering business. He was sued for the same scheme in November of that year in Illinois and in 1997 in California.

By 1997, Yeager had been divorced three times.

Yeager served as a technical advisor and also played a small role as Coach Duke Temple, in Major League, Major League II, and Major League: Back to the Minors.

In 2008, Yeager sued two filmmaking companies for nonpayment of $50,000 allegedly promised to him to serve as a technical advisor on the film Playing with the Enemy: A Baseball Prodigy, a World at War and a Field of Broken Dreams. Yeager allegedly had been hired to teach the film's lead actor to play baseball like a convincing professional ballplayer.

Yeager is a co-owner of a Jersey Mike's Subs franchise.

title: Steve Yeager


text:
National Library and Archives of Iran

The National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI; ) or National Library of the Islamic Republic of Iran is located in Tehran, Iran, with twelve branches across the country. The NLAI is an educational, research, scientific, and service institute authorized by the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Its president is appointed by the President of Iran. The NLAI is the largest library in the Middle East and includes more than fifteen-million items in its collections.

On 19 March 2024 a eyewitness discovered that some ten thousand National Library publications eg. pre-1979 revolution magazines held by the library and archives organization were destroyed secretly. The government claimed they were "old and unreadable".

Deputy Head of National Library, Esmat Momeni, in an interview with the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), denied news report on annihilation of old archival publications and stated:

No annihilation of old archival publications has taken place in the National Library and will not. What has happened is a common procedure in classification of sources, such as periodicals. It is noteworthy that according to Iran's mandatory depository law, the national library's stipulated task is to keep two copies of every published Persian-language publication in Iran.

She noted that contrary to what is claimed, there were neither exquisite and valuable books and publications, no journals and books related to the years before the victory of the Islamic Revolution among the destroyed collection. she also emphasized that the only publications destroyed are those mentioned above.

Moreover, there were no demand for those publications and they were all highly damaged, torn, infected and moldy which caused physical harm to library staff who work in repositories and store rooms.

Dr. Momeni added that all these publications went under laboratory tests. The results showed that these publications contained contamination two times more than what is considered as the permissible standard and in the meantime these publications were not among old archival publications required by the library.

She said the same procedure was in force in the previous years as well. For example, the surplus publications in the years 2013, 2017 and 2018 A.D, were annihilated after they went through the mentioned procedures and if they were diagnosed as unusable and worn-out resources. It goes without saying that old related documents are available as evidence.

History
Iran's national library and national archives began as separate institutions. In 2002, the two merged to form the National Library and Archives of Iran, but continue to operate in two independent buildings.

Library
The emergence of the National Library and Archives of Iran was a gradual process preceded by a long work on book collection.

In 1864, Iran's first modern library was established at the Dar ul-Funun, an educational institution that trained military personnel and engineers. Under Mozaffar ad-Din Shah, Iranians started to actively explore Western culture thanks to the diplomatic and economic ties established with the West. In 1897, a scientific society, which actively supported and disseminated Western educational values, was founded in the Iranian capital, Tehran. The work of this society led to the creation of the National Scientific Library in 1898. The college's small library collection became the cornerstone of the National Library.

At the end of 1934, Mehdi Bayani (the first director of the National Scientific Library) suggested that Minister of Science Ali-Asghar Hekmat created the National Library of Iran. Ali Asghar Hekmat noticed that despite several buildings occupying the old military base in central Tehran, there was still unused land. While supervising the construction of the Ancient Iran Museum, he conceived the idea of establishing a national library on this vacant area. After approaching Reza Shah, he secured approval for the allocation of the land. Although Hekmat had commissioned André Godard to design the national library, Maxime Siroux's records suggest that he designed the building, likely under Godard's direction, and it closely resembled the museum's structure. Additionally, a Chronogram poem by Habib Yaghmai, a poet and literary scholar, adorned the building, while Iranian brick patterns decorated the entrance. The book collections of the National Scientific Library, the Royal Library, the Aziz Khan Library, and the Russian Credit Bank (a total of 30,000 publications) were moved there. The library was opened on August 25, 1937. This day is considered the date when the modern National Library of Iran started its work.

In the second half of 1950, the National Library of Iran was running out of space, and an additional building was constructed. After the Iranian Revolution, the library was reorganized and enlarged. It was merged with the Tehran Book Processing Center and the Islamic Revolution Cultural Documentation Organization into the National Library and Documentation Organization. In 2002, it was joined by the National Archives of Iran, turning into the National Library and Archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Currently, this organization occupies two separate buildings: the new building of the National Library of Iran and the building of the National Archives of Iran.

In 1963, the Center for Islamic and Iranian Studies was founded in the National Library of Iran. Its task is to procure Islam-related publications in all languages except Persian and Arabic. This center keeps books in various languages published more than 400 years ago, as well as journals and dissertations.

In 1994, the organization for the commissioning of state public buildings of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development of Tehran held a national competition to design a new building for the National Library of Iran, since the library's collection had been expanding, and it already occupied several buildings throughout the city at the time. Andre Godard, the French archaeologist and architect who designed the Museum of Ancient Iran, was commissioned to design a library building that would look similar to the museum, since they were supposed to be located next to each other.

The new building was constructed between 1996 and 2004 in Abbasabad, Tehran. Yousef Shariatzadeh (Persian: یوسف شریعت زاده), Mohsen Mirheydar, and Yadollah Razaghi of Pirraz Consulting Planners, Architects and Engineers designed the building. which cost US$53,930,769. It was dedicated on March 1, 2004, by Seyed Mohammad Khatami, then president of the National and Collective Documents and Library, in a ceremony attended by foreign writers, publishers, and ambassadors. The new library building won a design award from the Environmental Engineering and Architecture Forum in 1997.

The new building of the National Library of Iran has been specifically designed to unite the library's various departments at a single site. With a total area of over 90,000 square meters, the library is the largest in the Middle East. It includes 5 separate halls dedicated to different fields of knowledge, such as humanities and social sciences, law, natural sciences, and healthcare. The library's collection includes about 7 million units, including over 2,500 modern magazines and newspapers. The collection of ancient and rare books contains significant works by Iranian authors on philosophy, Sufism, Islam, medicine, and astronomy in Persian and Arabic.

In addition to reading halls and book storage rooms, the library also houses exhibition areas, a bookstore, a cafe, and a prayer room. The library often holds scientific and educational events and organizes various courses, workshops, and seminars.

The National Library also includes twelve provincial branches: Boushehr, Ghazvin, Hamadan, Kerman, Isfahan, Mashhad, Rasht, Sari, Shiraz, Tabriz, Yazd, and Zahedan.

Isfahan officially Central Region including Kohgiluyeh Buyerahmad and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari keeps 7 -15 million documents.

Since 2004, the National Library of Iran has had a beneficial relationship with the Library of Congress.

Archives
During the Qajar period, especially under Fath Ali Shah Qajar in the early 19th-century, documents were kept in the archives of the Biotat Office at the court. During the time of Nasser al-Din Shah in the mid to later 19th-century, political documents were stored at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and financial documents at the office of Mirza Yusuf Khan Mostofi al-Mamalik. In 1899, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs started following European archival methods by consolidating its archives and implementing the principles of document preservation.

In 1966, a bill to create a National Archive Organization of Iran was introduced. In 1970, the National Assembly approved the law establishing this organization. National records are, "All records, correspondence, offices, files, photographs, maps, clichés, charts, films, tape recorders and other documents that have been prepared by the government or have reached the government and are constantly in the possession of the government."

Facilities
The eight-story library building has 11,695 m2. It is constructed of concrete that can withstand level nine-magnitude earthquakes. The overall design is organic and creates "an intimate and inviting atmosphere."

The building consists of fifteen halls:

 * Kharazmi Hall: rare books and manuscripts
 * Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi Hall: links
 * Kamal al-Molk Forum: non-book resources
 * Ibn Nandim Hall: reference and bibliography
 * Razi Hall: science and technology
 * Ibn Sina Hall: humanities
 * Farabi Hall: social sciences and arts
 * Mohaddes Armavi Hall: Iranian Studies and Islam Studies
 * Rudaki Hall: special section for the enlightened and the disabled
 * Kamaluddin Behzad Hall: non-book resources
 * Parvin Etesami Hall: women's hall
 * Digital Forum
 * Public Library: titles of Saadi and Hafez
 * Children's Library
 * Museum of Books and Documentary Heritage of Iran

Collections
The National Archives and Library of Iran houses three major collections: National Library, National Archive, and Digital.

The National Library incorporates collections from many older libraries. The majority of the collection consists of books and manuscripts covering the writings of Iranian scholars in the fields of literature, history, philosophy, mysticism, jurisprudence, medicine, and astronomy.

The collection also includes many rare and valuable manuscripts, such as calligraphy pieces by great masters. The smallest known octagonal Quran, measuring 3 by 3.3 cm, is a prized item in the collection. This Quran is important because of its antiquity and line cleanliness.

According to the Deputy of the National Library in 2019, the collection included:
 * 2,841,665 books
 * 301,782 dissertations
 * 609,053 non-book resources, including photographs and CDs.
 * 4,000,000 magazines in 140,619 volumes, including 24,997 Latin and Arabic publications
 * 298,150 books for children and adolescents
 * 23,323 books for the blind, including books-on-tape, books-on-CD, and around 1,000 Braille books
 * 775 magazines for the blind and visually impaired
 * 55,000 old books, including 28,158 manuscripts and more than 26,000 lithographs featuring old lead printing
 * An Iranian Studies collection that includes 80,410 books, 2,300 dissertations, and 6000 journals
 * An Islam Studies collection with 8,203,238 books, magazines, and tapes
 * The library has fourteen halls with fifteen million library items.

Publications
In 1962, the National Library took over the publication of the Iranian National Bibliography (Ketab-shenasi-e Melli-e Iran). It issued this annual publication between 1962 and 1966, changing to monthly and quarterly in 1969. The NLAI also publishes a Biannual Journal of Oral History Research.

title: National Library and Archives of Iran


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Penalty kick (rugby)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to Penalty (rugby). This was done ages ago, some I'm just closing the debate here. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:37, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Penalty kick (rugby)
There is a better description of the reasons for a penaty and the different options for the team being awarded a penalty in the Penalty (rugby) page making this page useless. Greg321 10:58, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Be bold and redirect then. Sjakkalle 11:01, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Penalty (rugby). Capitalistroadster 11:06, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Penalty (rugby). Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:46, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Andrew Rutherfurd, Lord Rutherfurd

Andrew Rutherfurd, Lord Rutherfurd, (born Andrew Greenfield; 21 June 1791 – 13 December 1854) was a Scottish advocate, judge and politician.

Early life
Rutherfurd was born at Bristo Port (near Greyfriars Kirkyard) in Edinburgh on 21 June 1791 to Janet Rutherfurd Bervie, and Reverend William Greenfield. In 1799, after his father was disgraced in a sex scandal, the family changed their name to Rutherfurd, his maternal grandmother's maiden name. His main house was Lauriston Castle near Cramond just north-west of the city. His sister married John Gordon FRSE, father of John Thomson Gordon FRSE.

He was educated at the High School in Edinburgh then studied law at the University of Edinburgh. He became an advocate in 1812.

Career
In the 1830s he is listed as an advocate living at 9, St Colme Street, on the Moray Estate in Edinburgh's west end. His house was remodelled by William Notman in 1835, whilst working in the offices of William Henry Playfair.

He was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland from 1837, becoming Lord Advocate in 1839 and Member of Parliament for Leith burghs in the same year. He resigned office in September 1841 on William Peel's accession to power. He was appointed Rector of the University of Glasgow in 1844.

He played an active part in parliamentary proceedings relating to Scotland, and proposed the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. He was reappointed Lord Advocate in 1846, and was responsible for legislation amending the law of entail in Scotland in 1848. He served on the Royal Commission on the British Museum (1847–49).

On 2 January 1849 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being John Russell.

He was appointed a Senator of the College of Justice, as Lord Rutherfurd and a Privy Counsellor in May 1851. From 1851 to 1854 he was a Lord of Session.

Personal life
In 1822, Rutherfurd married Sophia Frances Stewart, one of three daughters and two sons born to Mary Susanna ( Whaley) Stewart (a daughter of Richard Chapell Whaley, MP of Whaley Abbey) and Sir James Stewart, 7th Baronet, MP for Donegal. They had no children.

His wife died in 1852 and was buried with him. He died on 13 December 1854 at 9 St Colme Street, his Edinburgh townhouse. He is buried at Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh.

Legacy
At Dean Cemetery, he was buried on Lord's Row, against the western wall, beneath a red granite pyramid designed by William Henry Playfair and built by Stewart McGlashan. The monument is inscribed: Uxori desideratissimae contra votum superstes moerens posuit Andreas Rutherfurd, et sibi, MDCCCLII. ("Andrew Rutherfurd, surviving against his will, placed this tomb in mourning to his most beloved wife, and to himself, 1852".)

title: Andrew Rutherfurd, Lord Rutherfurd