text:
Category:Horse racing awards

Awards given in all types of horse racing.

title: Category:Horse racing awards


text:
Talk:The Secret of the Unicorn

Untitled
There is no reference that I recall to a town in Belgium-like many of Herge's works, the location is generic Europe, and no definitive place names are given. Halfsnail 11:39, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Improving the article
Hello fellow Wikipedians! As you may (or may not) have noticed, I have recently been involved in adding to several articles on The Adventures of Tintin, most prominently Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and Tintin in the Congo. As we speak, the former of these is in for FA review, and the latter for GA review. As a film adaptation of Secrets of the Unicorn will be out later this year (2011), I think that this article really needs to be pulled up to scratch, as many interested readers will likely come here then. For this reason, I believe in following the same basic template that I used on the Soviets page, and which appears to be succesful. To this end, I intend to use a wide variety of literary sources at my disposal to add to this article, + I plan to include images from the strip itself. However, whereas the recent work on those pages has been largely alone, here there are others with interests in making improvements, so let's get together and discuss what needs to be done. (Midnightblueowl (talk) 12:10, 24 March 2011 (UTC))

Synopsis
I´m making a small change here. It currently says "the captain tells him of how Sir Francis Haddock had stolen the treasure of the pirate Red Rackham somewhere in...", but at this point in the story we are NOT informed that Sir Francis stole the treasure, hence all the diving in the next book.Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 15:35, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

History/Background section moved to main series article
The History/Background section of this article contains well-written text that is truly the history of the entire Adventures of Tintin series. For that reason, this section has been removed from this article and moved to the The Adventures of Tintin article. See the talk page there. —Prhartcom  (talk)  16:27, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Belgium setting
The article currently says, "The Secret of the Unicorn" was set entirely in Belgium and was the last Adventure to be set there until The Castafiore Emerald".

Correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't Secret of the Unicorn also the first Adventure to be set entirely in Belgium? That seems worth noting, if sourcing can be found.

Also, other Adventures in between Secret of the Unicorn and Castafiore Emerald take place in Belgium; Secret of the Unicorn is simply the last Adventure to be set entirely in Belgium until the Castafiore Emerald. So that should be clarified. --Jpcase (talk) 15:24, 25 April 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Secret of the Unicorn


text:
File talk:Theresa Knott Sig.gif

Just wonderin' - did you use any special software to create this sig, or just photoshop et al? ··gracefool |☺ 11:39, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Evolution: A Theory In Crisis
God bless you for defending the positive reviews for Michael Denton's book. Wikipedia uses science bias to weed out the positive reviews.WScott1 (talk) 11:14, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

title: File talk:Theresa Knott Sig.gif


text:
Least slack time scheduling

Least slack time (LST) scheduling is an algorithm for dynamic priority scheduling. It assigns priorities to processes based on their slack time. Slack time is the amount of time left after a job if the job was started now. This algorithm is also known as least laxity first. Its most common use is in embedded systems, especially those with multiple processors. It imposes the simple constraint that each process on each available processor possesses the same run time, and that individual processes do not have an affinity to a certain processor. This is what lends it a suitability to embedded systems.

Slack time
This scheduling algorithm first selects those processes that have the smallest "slack time". Slack time is defined as the temporal difference between the deadline, the ready time and the run time.

More formally, the slack time $$s$$ for a process is defined as:

$$s = (d - t) -c'$$

where $$d$$ is the process deadline, $$t$$ is the real time since the cycle start, and $$c'$$ is the remaining computation time.

Applications
In realtime scheduling algorithms for periodic jobs, an acceptance test is needed before accepting a sporadic job with a hard deadline. One of the simplest acceptance tests for a sporadic job is calculating the amount of slack time between the release time and deadline of the job.

Suitability
LST scheduling is most useful in systems comprising mainly aperiodic tasks, because no prior assumptions are made on the events' rate of occurrence. The main weakness of LST is that it does not look ahead, and works only on the current system state. Thus, during a brief overload of system resources, LST can be suboptimal. It will also be suboptimal when used with uninterruptible processes. However, like the earliest deadline first, and unlike rate monotonic scheduling, this algorithm can be used for processor utilization up to 100%.

title: Least slack time scheduling


text: User talk:144.137.218.52

title: User talk:144.137.218.52


text:
Chathura Yukam

In the second yukam called Chathura Yukam, according to Ayyavazhi mythology one of the six Pieces of Kroni was formed as a creature with the name of Kuntomasali with the shape and size of a mammoth leech, and when it disturbed the tavam of those in Thavalokam, Lord Narayana destroyed it by catching it in a hook.

title: Chathura Yukam


text:
Netu Yukam

Netu Yukam, according to Ayyavazhi mythology, was a time when another fragment of Kroni was created into two wicked persons called Thillaimallalan and Mallosivahanan. They ruled over the people most wickedly by extracting Uliyam and Iraikal (taxes) from them. When it became unbearable, the Thevarkal (celestial beings) complained to Isvaran, who in turn commissioned Lord Narayana to carry out the destruction of the wicked rulers, which he later did.

title: Netu Yukam


text:
Walter Hasenclever

Walter Georg Alfred Hasenclever (8 July 1890 – 22 June 1940) was a German Jewish Expressionist poet and playwright. His works were banned when the Nazis came to power and he went into exile in France. There he was imprisoned as a "foreign enemy". He died in Les Milles (Camp des Milles) near Aix-en-Provence.

Early life
Born in Aachen, Germany, the son of the doctor Carl Georg Hasenclever (1855–1934) and his wife Mathilde Anna (née Reiss; 1869–1953), Walter Hasenclever began studying law at Oxford University in 1908 before changing to the University of Lausanne. From 1909 to 1914 he studied in Leipzig, where he became interested in literature and philosophy.

Career
In 1910 he published his first volume of poems, Towns, nights and people (Städte, Nächte und Menschen). In 1914 his play The Son (Der Sohn) was his first successful Expressionist drama.

At first, Hasenclever was pro-war and volunteered for military service. Soon he came to reject the war, simulated mental illness, and was released from duty in 1917. That same year he was presented with the Kleist Prize for his passionate adaptation of Sophocles' Antigone. He was a good friend of the artist Oskar Kokoschka who depicted him in his 1918 work "The Friends" with Käthe Richter in Dresden, where Hasenclever was recuperating from his supposed illness in a sanatorium.

In 1924, Hasenclever met Kurt Tucholsky; at this time he worked as a French correspondent for the magazine 8-Uhr-Abendblatt, spending a lot of time in Paris, where he also befriended the dramatist Jean Giraudoux. In 1926 he produced the successful comedy A Better Gentleman (Ein besserer Herr) and in 1928 the comedy Marriages are Made in Heaven (Ehen werden im Himmel geschlossen). In 1930, he wrote scripts for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for Greta Garbo; at this time he lived in Berlin in an "artists' colony".

Exile, capture and death
When the National Socialists took power in 1933, his works were banned, burned during the book burning, then removed from libraries. Hasenclever went into exile in Nice. In 1934, he married Edith Schläfer there.

During the Second World War Hasenclever was imprisoned twice as a "foreign enemy" in France. When France fell to Germany, he was in the prison camp of Camp des Milles in the south-east of France. In the early hours of 22 June 1940 he killed himself with an overdose of the barbiturate Veronal, so as not to fall into the hands of the Nazis.

Legacy
Since 1996 the Walter Hasenclever Prize has been awarded to a German-language writer every two years. Winners have included Peter Rühmkorf (1996), George Tabori (1998), Oskar Pastior (2000), Marlene Steerewitz (2002) and Friedrich Christian Delius (2004). The funds come from the Walter Hasenclever Society (Walter-Hasenclever-Gesellschaft) as well as the town of Aachen, the Schiller Society, and Hasenclever's old school, the Einhard Gymnasium.

Selected filmography

 * Ein besserer Herr (1928)
 * Diary of a Coquette (1929)
 * Love Songs (1930)
 * Rendezvous (1930)
 * Men Behind Bars (1931)

title: Walter Hasenclever


text: User talk:80.135.108.204

title: User talk:80.135.108.204


text:
Talk:Bordeaux

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 April 2019 and 14 June 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jjher7030. Peer reviewers: Gabbym9903.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 16:06, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Umm...
I'm thinking someone went a little overboard with all the pictures. Lmz00 06:44, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

I would like to add latitude and longitude, but I can find how to edit the infobox. Please somebody, add this info :

Bordeaux, France 	44°50 N 	0°31 W

source : http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001769.html

also, could someboy add a edit caption on the infobox

 * You can edit the infobox here Template:Bordeaux infobox. Rl 12:09, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Why do a template if this template is only used on this page? antoinou2958 22:49, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

New Infobox Template proposition
I'd like to bring your attention to a new - or other - version of the "Large French Cities" infobox presently at use in a few French cities pages. The present version is much too large, partly because it consecrates too much space to information having little importance to French demography and an only distant and indirect relevence to the city itself. Instead I propose to follow a less cumbersome model closer to that used by the New York City article - you can view the new version in the Paris talk page here. Please view and comment. T HE P ROMENADER 22:17, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As a result of discussion, there is an updated template available for perusal in its 'published ' form (filled with data) here - all comments welcome. --  T HE P ROMENADER  07:18, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Ecclesiastical History?
What is it with this appearing in all the city articles? It far outweighs any other topic, yet is of only one particular interest presented from one viewpoint. This sort of subject can only be encyclopedic under its proper heading, that is to say "Ecclesiastical history of Bordeaux." Please move it to its proper place. T HE P ROMENADER 23:18, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Not only is it a matter of opinion whether such sections should be moved out at all, the phrase 'proper place' is not only disputable in its intention but positively improper since it is far better, if you must move it out (which is your option, so your 'trouble' -a simple cut and paste without having to bother with creating and resolving any (red) links is done in a jiffy- by choice and gloriously messes up redirects) to give it a more general name, (arch)diocese or (arch)bishopric as the case be, since sililar articles exist, not pages called ecclesiastical history, which was meant as a section header but makes little sense on its own, so other contributions on non-historical aspects of dioceses can be fitted in. Fastifex 13:16, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I should say, concerning your contribution, 'its own place' means 'accurately descriptive namespace' and 'space ample enough for all the detail it contains'. I will not be getting into a discussion about the details of this, although I do see the sense in your "Bishopric of" rather than "Ecclesiatical history of". I would much rather that you, the more knowledgable on the subject in which you are contributing, undertake this extraction/article creation. Thank you if you do.   T HE P ROMENADER  20:50, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Flags
Deleted flags as per this | diff, this article WP:FLAGS, this debate, and this admin. One down, umpteen thousand to go. Pedro | Talk  21:01, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

climate
Can anybody comment on the climate? Is it Mediterranean? 66.183.217.31 19:11, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Officially the climate of Bordeaux is not considered as mediterranean, but as oceanic. (the city is a few 50 kilometers from the Atlantic ocean, and 350 km from the mediterranean sea). That said it is a warm oceanic climate; it can be very hot, and generally not really cold: a lot of mediterranean vegetation is well adapted to Bordeaux's climate. The main difference with a mediterranean climate would be that Bordeaux has more humid summers, while the mediterranean is VERY dry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.224.59.166 (talk) 23:20, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

Number of habitants
There is a problem with the introduction, aires urbaines no longer exist and are replaced by aire d'attraction. Those of us acquainted with french city planning and Bordeaux in particular, know it doesn't change much because in the case of Bordeaux the same peculiarities remain :

The fact that the nearby city of Libourne is not considered as part of the aire d'attraction, because the INSEE considers it is a pole urbain of its own (whereas 20% + of its workforce works in Bordeaux, making it part of the AAV De Facto according to INSEE's own definition) makes the measuring of Bordeaux's aire d'attraction somewhat complex, hence quite unreliable.

Bordeaux has this peculiarity that it has several satelite cities like Langon, Libourne, Arcachon that are very close and have a high level of interaction with the core of the Area (commuting with the RER metropolitain, % of workforce working in the core, high dependence on the core's infrastructure) but still, form small semi functional pole urbains of their own. For that reason, their absence in the counting of the Aire Urbaine / Aire d'attraction should be mentioned

That is why the best way to understand the population of big cities in France, remains to count the population at the Metropole scale, because the Metropole is not a vague statistic object that changes from a context to the other, but a clear perimeter. Above all, it is the only that has a technical, political, financial existence and progressively seizes more and more functions from the municipality and the department as you all know.

In the end, if we are to display the info in order of importance, the Metropole de Bordeaux population should be shown in 2d position and not in 3rd position.Precision on the election mode at the EPCI shouldn't be given here (it's the duty of a specific article), or, if we are to have that level of precision then a balanced approach should also state the importance and relevance of the EPCI. In the end that would be too much info for an introduction, where we're supposed to only give numbers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 176.190.176.182 (talk) 18:26, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

The numbers of habitants mentioned in the introduction (of one million and 1.200.000) appear exaggerated to me. In fact, this is the first text telling me that Bordeaux has one million habitants.

The city itself has around 230.000 habitants (which is certainly a misleading number for comparisons to other cities), la CUB counts 660.000 habitants.

While the CUB is an important regional administrative structure I hadn't heard too much about the Aire Urbaine of Bordeaux yet, but even that region remains below the limit of one million. The French wikipedia reports 925.253 habitants (as of 1999).

In my opinion it is more than a bit exaggerated to include towns like Arcachon. The value for the CUB gives a better impression. de:Waifar 84.178.88.165 15:37, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Further below I found: "The city contains a diverse range of people. Much of the population is French, but there are sizable groups of Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Germans and North Africans. The metropolis has developed rapidly over the last decades and is facing urban sprawl." First, Bordeaux has a large foreign-born population. However, the countries of origin don't seem to be the most important ones. You might as well mention British and several others. Definitively, many immigrants from the former French colonies are living in Bordeaux, e.g. Algeria or Ivory Coast. Bordeaux attracts also many students from Africa. Second, "has developed rapidly over the last decades" is questionable. Alain Juppé is largely popular in Bordeaux because they consider that the city hadn't developed much in the decades before his election in 1995. 84.178.88.165 16:07, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

History misconception
It is stated in the article that Bordueax became part of the 'English realm' whereas it is the other way around. The realm of England became part of the Angevin Empire and any other interpretation of this is only the ubiquitious English centred attitude to European history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.134.195.144 (talk) 20:43, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Please do go ahead and change it as necessary, if you're still monitoring this. I've also raised a question at Talk:House of Plantagenet.--A bit iffy (talk) 08:12, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Someone has responded at Talk:House of Plantagenet saying that England was French. Hence I've simply removed the part about it being in the English realm.--A bit iffy (talk) 08:00, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Please, the Kingdom of England was not 'French' under the Plantagenet Kings! In origin the founder of the Planategent dynasty was certainly a French count, but the origin of the person wearing the crown does not determine the nationality of the State! Following from this, Aquitaine (Guyenne) and it's capital Bordeaux was part of the territories belonging to the King of England. However, it is also true that this did not make Aquitaine English either! Merely, the Duke of Aquitaine was a foreign King who swore fealty to the King of France for his possession(s) (except during the period just after the Treaty of Bretigny (1360), which made the Duchy of Aquitaine a sovereign state ultimately answerable to the King of England alone, through his appointed Duke, Edward 'The Black Prince' Prince of Wales). Ds1994 (talk) 19:35, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Moved sections around to try to fix technical problem
I moved some sections around (History upwards, Demographics downwards) because the Climate subsection had been running across the Infobox. Another editor had attempted to fix this with this edit by adding extra blank lines, but that still wasn't satisfactory to my mind. If someone's got a better solution please go ahead.--A bit iffy (talk) 07:39, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Redirect from Bordelaise
I don't think there should be a redirect from "Bordelaise" to this article. I was looking for the "Bordelaise Sauce" article, and got dumped here instead. Perhaps a disambiguation page? I'm a novice at these things, so I'm not going to attempt any change myself. But maybe someone could help? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.182.19.18 (talk) 20:56, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

Slavery
The word "slave" is only mentioned once in this article. Yet slavery played a massive part in the city's history and largely explains why it became so rich in the 18th C. I would argue that this topic deserves a section of its own. --Actarus000 (talk) 13:39, 27 March 2009 (UTC) this is dum —Preceding unsigned comment added by 163.41.2.70 (talk) 19:57, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Climate section error
It shows wiki code. —Preceding unsigned comment added by IoanC (talk • contribs) 13:25, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Transport
The piece mentioning Eiffel's bridge surely needs removing from the road sub-section to rail, but it is out of date anyway, the new railway bridge has completely replaced it, perhaps someone who knows more about this bridge than I do could write something. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.158.222.211 (talk) 17:49, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Demographics
Unless someone can find a reference that Urban Sprawl has become a problem in Bordeaux then to say that it has become a problem is not a neutral point of view. One could take the opposing view that the Urban Sprawl has enabled economic growth but again not a neutral POV. So I have changed the text to read ... with urban sprawl - but maybe the whole sentence should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.174.23.139 (talk) 05:20, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

I disagree. Urban sprawl is, in fact, becoming a problem in Bordeaux because of the city is currently dealing with issues related to it. In 1999, the population was 215K and as of 2008, it was estimated at over 250K. It is believed to have grown further since then. While we are still investigating the reasons for this, we believe the much of this influx has to do with a growing number of people moving here from other countries, and students coming to the university. However, findings are at this point, still inconclusive. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.224.47.183 (talk) 14:22, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Bridges
The section on bridges is vague as to dates when they were expected to be opened. I've tagged article as needing updating. Trafford09 (talk) 12:55, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Burdigala
Just a comment about the phrase "the Bituriges Vivisci, who named the town Burdigala, probably of Aquitainian origin"

If we write "Burdin Galda" in google translating from Basque to English,the answer is “iron melt in”. Burdi gala / Burdin galda -> after more than 2000 years the difference are just two consonants. In my opinion it is more than probably aquitanian and I think is quite strange thing in celtic people chossing an aquitanian name for their city. Nireizena (talk) 23:44, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

American vs British English.
According to WP:TIES, the only time we go exclusively with one country's variety is for strong national ties. France is not an English-speaking country. There is no reason to use Commonwealth English over a different variety that was used first in the article's history. Red Slash 00:21, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

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Sons and daughter of the town
Today I added some people, if the list becomes too long, maybe a separate article is necessary. Regards--Buchbibliothek (talk) 16:01, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

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Largest Square?
The article says... "Esplanade des Quinconces, the largest square in Europe."

But the article listing squares by size does not agree.

--23.119.204.117 (talk) 02:00, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Indeed. And it's quite far down the list if you include European Russia. Thanks, have updated. --A bit iffy (talk) 05:58, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

Metro population of 2,195,335 does not make any sense
I have clicked on the supposed source but cannot find such a number anywhere.. Even if you consider the whole department of Gironde (most of it is rural), you would only find roughly 1,600,000 inhabitants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.83.45.94 (talk) 11:13, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

Merovingian/Carolingian period cleanup
At present the 6th-9th century historical material Is confusing and occasionally inaccurate (eg not distinguishing between the two Hunalds). Perhaps more significantly it’s not about Bordeaux, nor are there more than the occasional reference.

I’m having a think about how best to compress, tidy and get some proper citations. Will post more here before I get to it, in case anyone is particularly keen on elements of the current text (which for reference is copied below).

Iower (talk)

"In the late 6th century the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks, but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia. Around 585 Gallactorius was made count of Bordeaux and fought the Basques.

In 732, the city was plundered by the troops of Abd er Rahman who stormed the fortifications and overwhelmed the Aquitanian garrison. Duke Eudes mustered a force to engage the Umayyads, eventually engaging them in the Battle of the River Garonne somewhere near the river Dordogne. The battle had a high death toll, and although Eudes was defeated he had enough troops to engage in the Battle of Poitiers and so retain his grip on Aquitaine.

In 773, following his father Eudes's death, the Aquitanian duke Hunald led a rebellion to which Charles responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux. However, it was not retained for long, during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles's sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald's power and defeated him. Hunald's son Waifer replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city (along with Bourges in the north).

During the last stage of the war against Aquitaine (760–768), it was one of Waifer's last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King Pepin the Short. Charlemagne built the fortress of Fronsac (Frontiacus, Franciacus) near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques (Wascones), where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty (769).

In 778, Seguin (or Sihimin) was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke Lupo, and possibly leading to the Battle of Roncevaux Pass[9]-. In 814, Seguin was made Duke of Vasconia, but was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress a Basque rebellion. Under the Carolingians, sometimes the Counts of Bordeaux held the title concomitantly with that of Duke of Vasconia. They were to keep the Basques in check and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the Vikings when they appeared in c. 844. In Autumn 845, the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux and Saintes, count Seguin II marched on them but was captured and executed."

Iower (talk)

An alternative structure (subject to change depending on what source material is available and relevance to the city) could be:

 * 6th century (perhaps little changed from existing first paragraph)
 * context of cross-Pyrenees struggle for dominance, conflict with the Basques and Umayyads, and growing central royal power of the Carolinginians, plus the holding together of Aquitaine and Gascony for which Bordeaux was a more natural chief city than for either area independently
 * implications for the city - 732, fealty to Charles Martel and his descendants, etc.
 * existing paragraph (not quoted above) about first Viking raid

Links to include or consult (but not repeat):
 * Count of Bordeaux
 * Duchy of Aquitaine (noting Bordeaux is in Gascony proper for much of this period)
 * Duchy of Gascony
 * fr:Bordeaux good on 6th century and Viking/Norman raids (nil in between) plus a good contextual paragraph
 * fr:Histoire de Bordeaux very good generally including a lovely tenth century description of the city:

"In the tenth century the merchant and traveller Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub described the city thus:

"Burdhil [Bordeaux]. Ville du côté de la France, riche en eau, en fruits et en céréales. La plupart des habitants sont chrétiens. Elle a des bâtiments élevés construits sur d'énormes colonnes. Sur son rivage, on trouve de l'ambre de bonne qualité. On raconte que lorsque l'hiver est très rigoureux et leur interdit de naviguer, les gens se rendent dans une île proche, nommée Anwâtâ (l'île du Médoc), où il y a une espèce d'arbre appelée mâdiqa (medica). En cas de famine, ils écorcent cet arbre et trouvent entre le liber et le bois une substance blanche (l'aubier) dont ils se nourrissent pendant un mois, deux mois ou même plus, jusqu'à ce que le temps s'améliore. Il y a un mont dominant la ville et l'Océan, avec une statue au sommet, comme pour dire aux gens de ne plus s'aventurer sur l'Océan, afin que ceux qui quitteraient Burdhil pour prendre la mer y renoncent.""

Iower (talk) 12:29, 11 August 2020 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Bordeaux


text:
Isaac Murphy Award

The Isaac Murphy Award is an American honor presented annually since 1995 by the National Turf Writers Association of the United States to the thoroughbred horse racing jockey with the highest winning percentage who has ridden in a minimum of 500 races during the year. The award is named in honor of Isaac Murphy, a 19th-century African American Hall of Fame jockey.

Since its inception, Hall of Fame jockey Russell Baze has won it every year except for 2004, when he placed second.

Past winners:
 * 1995 : Russell Baze
 * 1996 : Russell Baze
 * 1997 : Russell Baze
 * 1998 : Russell Baze
 * 1999 : Russell Baze
 * 2000 : Russell Baze
 * 2001 : Russell Baze
 * 2002 : Russell Baze
 * 2003 : Russell Baze
 * 2004 : Ramon Dominguez
 * 2005 : Russell Baze
 * 2006 : Russell Baze
 * 2007 : Russell Baze
 * 2008 : Russell Baze

title: Isaac Murphy Award


text:
User:Rcaetano

This is some test for the Combinatorial Game Theory page.

A game is defined recursively as an ordered pair of sets of games. A game G is denoted by:

 * $$G = \left \{ \mathcal{G}^L|\mathcal{G}^R \right \}$$

where $$\mathcal{G}^L$$ and $$\mathcal{G}^R$$ are sets of games. The set $$\mathcal{G}^L$$, called the set of Left options, corresponds to the moves available to the Left player. Analogously for $$\mathcal{G}^R$$.

If neither player has any available move then we have $$\mathcal{G}^L$$ = $$\mathcal{G}^R$$ = $$\varnothing$$, and G

title: User:Rcaetano


text:
Alfonso Ugarte

Alfonso Ugarte (July 13, 1847 – June 7, 1880) was a Peruvian civilian turned military commander during the War of the Pacific, between Peru and Bolivia against Chile. He held the rank of colonel.

Early life
Ugarte was born in Tarapacá, Peru, the son of the rich tarapaqueños retailers Don Narciso Ugarte and Doña Rosa Vernal. At an early age, he was sent by his parents to the Chilean port of Valparaiso, where he was educated, finishing his studies in 1868. On his return to Peru, he settled in Iquique, where he administered the family business. He was elected City Mayor in 1876.

Military career
At the beginning of the War of the Pacific, Ugarte was about to leave the country for a business trip to Europe, but instead he decided to stay in order to organize a battalion using his own money. This unit was recruited from the workers and craftsmen of Iquique. It was named "Battalion Iquique N° 1", and it consisted of 429 enlisted men and 36 officers. As he enlisted a whole battalion to the war effort, he was admitted into the army as a colonel.

He fought at the Battle of Tarapacá, where he was injured. The Peruvian forces retreated following this battle, and merged with the Army of the South, commanded by Major General Juan Buendía; the combined force marched from Tarapaca to Arica.

Ugarte was head of the Eighth Division in the defense of the city of Arica, where he participated in the two military councils held by Colonel Francisco Bolognesi, where the agreement was made to defend the bastion "until burning the last round".

Ugarte died fighting at Arica. He rode his horse over the Rock of Arica in order to prevent the Peruvian flag, which he was carrying, from being captured by the Chilean troops. Thus, Alfonso Ugarte indeed fulfilled the promise to fight to the last bullet.

Ugarte is today venerated as a Peruvian national hero and his sacrifice in Arica together with Colonel Bolognesi and the rest of the garrison is remembered in Peru's Day of the Flag. His will, in which he left his fortune to his mother and sister, is kept at the Arequipa Regional de Archivo.

title: Alfonso Ugarte


text:
Guitars (Aka Moon album)

Guitars is a 2002 album by jazz band Aka Moon. It was recorded in two days (August 18 and 19, 2001) at Studio Jet (Brussels, Belgium). It is the third CD from the 11-CD box edited by De Werf. Tracks 4, 5 and 6 are dedicated respectively to Jimi Hendrix, Jaco Pastorius and John Scofield, three great "guitarists".

Track listing

 * 1) "A La Luce Di Paco - Act 1" – 5:02
 * 2) "A La Luce Di Paco - Act 2" – 7:03
 * 3) "A La Luce Di Paco - Act 3" – 4:20
 * 4) "Jimi's Three Words" – 8:46
 * 5) "The Last Call From Jaco" – 5:47
 * 6) "Scofield" – 5:38
 * 7) "From Influence To Innocence" – 7:09
 * 8) "Bill's Dreams" – 12:06
 * 9) "Yang-Yin-Yang" – 4:15
 * 10) "Three Oceans" – 5:07

Personnel

 * Fabrizio Cassol - alto saxophone, compositions (except on 1)
 * Michel Hatzigeorgiou - bass guitar
 * Stéphane Galland - drums
 * Pierre Van Dormael - guitar
 * Prasanna - guitar, composition (on 1)
 * David Gilmore - guitar

title: Guitars (Aka Moon album)


text:
Thretha Yukam

According to the Ayyavazhi sect of hinduism, Thretha Yukam was the fifth of the Eight Yukams. In this aeon  Isvaran created the fourth piece of the primordial Kroni as a Ten-headed mighty warrior, as per the request of Mayon, naming him as Ravanan, with ten heads as ten mountains.

He oppressed all those living on earth by extracting Uliyam from them. He subdued all the earthly kings and made them pay tributes to him. Suffering under his oppression, Thevarkal sought the help of Lord Narayana, who for the purpose of destroying him, took birth as Raman.

In his death-bed Ravanan was called to repent, which he neglected by saying: "Only with the help of my brother were you able to destroy me". With this episode of killing Ravanan, Thretha yukam came to an end.

title: Thretha Yukam


text:
Jørgen Roed

Jørgen Roed, (13 January 1808 – 8 August 1888), Danish portrait and genre painter associated with the Golden Age of Danish Painting, was born in Ringsted to Peder Jørgensen Roed and wife, Ellen Hansdatter.

Growing up
His father, a German immigrant, was a member of the town council, owned a farm where they raised animals and ran a distillery. He was one of five children. They were neighbors to the Vermehren family, whose son Frederik Vermehren would also become an artist and student of Roed.

Already while in school he had the opportunity to learn to draw and paint under schoolteacher J. J. Fyhn. Although the quality of that education was not particularly impressive, Roed's enthusiasm was enough to inspire his parents to send him to Copenhagen in 1822 after his confirmation to train at the Royal Danish Academy of Art (Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi).

Training at the Academy
He was recommended to train under portraitist Hans Hansen, father of Constantin Hansen, where he studied privately, and began to paint. The most lasting result of his education under Hansen was the friendship Roed developed with Constantine, the teacher's son. Roed's training under Hansen was limited to making copies of other artworks, such as his first exhibited painting in 1824, an angel's head painted after another copy based on a work by Raphael. It was first in 1826 that he exhibited an independent piece, a portrait of his first art teacher.

He had also started his training at the Academy at the same time, first in the free hand drawing school in 1822, and then in 1825 in the School of Plaster Cast Painting. He exhibited at Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition for the first time in 1824, and continued showing there regularly throughout his life.

Hansen died in 1828, and both Roed and the younger Hansen came into training under Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, father of the "Golden Age of Danish Painting". Roed and Hansen were friends, and socialized much. Hansen was often a guest in the Roed's home, and they traveled together in Denmark painting side-by-side.

His academic years went slowly but evenly; he was a solid student, and a solid painter. Eckersberg had a strong influence on his artistic development. Roed became a lifelong and loyal admirer of Eckersberg, and his principles of exact and careful observations of nature.

He developed his own style within genre painting, and became proficient in portrait painting. He first won the Academy's little silver medallion along with a cash prize in 1831, and then the large silver medallion in 1833. He did not compete for the gold medallion.

He traveled to Norway in 1831.

He showed his talent as an architecture painter early on, and twice won competitions in this discipline at the Art Union (Kunstforening). He won the competition, themed "A public place or building" in 1836 with his painting "Parti af Frederiksborg. Karusselporten" ("View of Frederiksborg Castle, The Karrusel Gate"). Niels Lauritz Høyen, who selected the theme of the competition, was a critic, art historian, leader of the Art Union and teacher at the Academy at the time. In this way he was able to infect many young artists with his interest in nationalism, and to influence their artistic development. The painting is now in the collection of the Horsens Art Museum.

He painted a number of architectural paintings during the mid-1830s including a pair featuring Roskilde Cathedral. His painting "En gade i Roskilde. I baggrunden domkirken" ("A Street in Roskilde, in the Background the Cathedral") painted in 1835–1836 is in the collection of the National Gallery of Denmark. He features the cathedral in an atmospheric streetscape, which combines his architectural perspective with a sense of its surroundings and the people that live there.

Foreign study
Starting in 1835 he began seeking a travel stipend from the Academy, but he had stiff competition from both Wilhelm Marstrand and Louis Gurlitt, fellow students who would be prioritised higher than him for these limited funds. He, therefore, first received a two-year travel stipend in 1837, which was later renewed for a second two-year term. This allowed him to live in Italy from 1837 to 1841.

Before leaving on his travels he became engaged to Emilie Mathilde Kruse, who waited for his return to marry.

He traveled first to Düsseldorf, and then to Italy where he stayed primarily in Rome. He also traveled to Naples in the company of Constantin Hansen and Wilhelm Marstrand. During his Italian stay he strengthened his skills painting landscapes and especially architecture. He made several paintings that come close to being architecture paintings, as well as several altarpieces for country churches. He also painted a copy based on a large painting by Raphael. A major work from this period was "Fængselsgården i Palazzo del Bargello" ("Prison Yard at the Palazzo del Bargello"), where Roed combined his fine sense of architecture with a lively group of local people into a scene fit for a genre painting.

Artistic and academic career in Denmark
He returned to Denmark in 1842, where these paintings were well received. Roed concentrated his efforts on establishing a career at the Academy.

He married his fiancée on 22 May 1842. They had two children, son Holger Roed, who would become an artist like his father, and daughter Helena (Helena Nyblom, née Roed), a Swedish-Danish writer who would marry Carl Rupert Nyblom, art historian and member of the Swedish Academy. The couple became part of a circle of artists and artists' friends, including the younger Julius Lange, upon whom Roed had a great influence.

In the summer of 1843 he was invited to become a member of the Academy based on a portrait he made of Johan Christian Drewsen. He submitted a portrait of sculptor H. V. Bissen for his admission piece, and was accepted into the Academy as a portraitist in 1844. These monumentally conceived paintings set the standard for his many solidly produced portraits in the years to come.

He traveled to Dresden in September 1850, and again from April–November 1851.

He traveled from November 1861 to March 1862, first to London for the World's Exhibition where his work was on display, and then to Paris, Florence and Rome. After his return to Denmark he was named professor at the Academy's School of Model Painting in 1862. He traveled again to Italy between August and November, 1871 (Pompeii, Capri, Rome), to Berlin July–August 1873 and to Paris August–September 1878 for the World Exhibition.

He continued teaching at the Academy until October 1887, when he took his resignation and received the title of State Councillor (etatsråd).

He died 8 August 1888 at the age of 80 in Copenhagen. He was survived by his wife and daughter.

Works
In addition to many portraits he painted a number of altarpieces and religious paintings, including "Jesu Korsfæstelse" ("Crucifixion of Jesus") in 1866 for the restored church at Frederiksborg Palace.

In his later years he sculpted a portrait of his wife in marble.

His training and career began against the backdrop of an exciting time in Danish history, the transition between the authoritative monarchy and the establishment and development of democracy—the period of the Golden Age of Danish Painting as promoted by Eckersberg, and the strong sense of patriotism and nationalism exemplified by Høyen's theories. In Roed's later years there would be great changes in artistic sensibilities. Roed's artistic abilities continued to be solid throughout his lifetime, although the Golden Age ideals he represented were long gone, and replaced by new creative impulses.

His academic efforts can not be underestimated as many young artists were trained under his solid and inspiring leadership during his 25 years as professor.

His paintings are in the collection of many Danish museums including the National Gallery of Denmark, the Hirschsprung Collection, the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Ordrupgaard, and local art museums in Aarhus, Horsens, Ribe and Randers.

His portraits document many important people of his time, including poet Adam Oehlenschläger, bishop and poet Thomas Kingo and artists E.W. Norman, Albert Küchler, Jørgen Sonne, P.C. Skovgaard, and Wilhelm Marstrand. He painted self-portraits in 1829, 1866, and 1883.

title: Jørgen Roed


text:
Iunctim

The Latin word iunctim (also spelled junctim) denotes the process of connecting two or more independent agreements (contracts, treaties, bills of law) according to the principle that one agreement will not be made unless an agreement is found for all other items as well.

In legislation
Some jurisdictions circumvent legislative attempts at iunctim by giving their chief executive a line-item veto to strike out one or some provisions enacted in a given bill without vetoing the entire bill.

In contract law
In many jurisdictions, laws regulating competition limit the extent to which a contract can tie one condition to another.

Examples

 * In 2007, Red Hat was willing to sign a technical interoperability contract with Microsoft, provided that the deal did not address copyright or patents. A Red Hat representative stated, "I want to talk to the folks at Microsoft about our two operating systems and how we can work together to solve real customer problems without attaching any unrelated strings, such as intellectual property."  However, Microsoft refused. A Microsoft spokesperson stated, "[Y]ou can't just sit back and talk about interoperability for interoperability's sake without fully solving the customer issue. Unless you actually address the issues around IP, you haven't fully solved the customer's interoperability problem."

title: Iunctim


text:
Rhinoderma

Rhinoderma, commonly known as Darwin's frogs, is a genus of small frogs found in Chile and adjacent parts of Argentina. It has just two species, of which the Chile Darwin's frog (R. rufum) is highly endangered or may already be extinct. The better-known Darwin's frog (R. darwinii) is endangered.

Both species are notable for their unusual breeding, with the tadpoles being raised inside the mouths of the males. The eggs are laid on the ground. The male frog transports the tadpoles into his enlarged vocal sac. In the Chile Darwin's frog, the tadpoles are transported to a water source and released for the duration of their development. In Darwin's frog, they reside in the vocal sac until metamorphosis. They may carry between five and 15 offspring. Darwin's frogs are separated into a separate family based purely upon this behavioural adaptation, which is unique among frogs.

Darwin's frogs are small, reaching a size of only 3 cm in length. They are predominantly brown or green frogs, and have long, narrow noses. They are primarily terrestrial.

title: Rhinoderma


text:
Silesian University

Silesian University may refer to:
 * University of Silesia in Katowice — Poland
 * Silesian University in Opava — Czech Republic
 * Silesian University of Technology — Gliwice, Poland
 * Medical University of Silesia in Katowice — Poland
 * Schlesische [=Silesian] Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau (before 1945) — now University of Wrocław, Poland

title: Silesian University


text:
Rhinodermatidae

Rhinodermatidae, also known as Darwin's frogs, mouth-breeding frogs or mouth-brooding frogs, is a small family of frogs found in temperate forests of southern Chile and adjacent Argentina.

They are a unique and evolutionary significant group of frogs, being the most basal extant members of the widespread frog superfamily Hyloidea and having branched from the rest during the Late Cretaceous, just a few million years prior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The two genera, Rhinoderma and Insuetophrynus, are thought to have diverged during the Paleocene. Despite their ancient origins, all three species in the family are now endangered due to habitat destruction, invasive species, and especially the spread of chytridomycosis in their native habitats, and one, the Chile Darwin's frog (Rhinoderma rufum), may already be extinct.

Genera
There are two genera recognised with three species:
 * Insuetophrynus Barrio, 1970 (monotypic)
 * Rhinoderma Duméril and Bibron, 1841 (2 species)

title: Rhinodermatidae


text:
Steady change

Steady change is the persistent process of transformation in a capitalist economic system.

This is explained by the continuous generation, diffusion, accumulation, and substitution of innovations by economic agents as time moves on. This regular (and accelerating) phenomenon causes movement and crises in economic structures as measured by rates of growth of countries, regions, sectors, and companies.

The economy is an evolving system. It is thus to always unfold and change, to incessantly show novel behaviour, to surprise its actors and observers with emergent phenomena. The concept stands in contrast to the conventional concept of "steady-state" in economics and is inspired by evolutionary insights in modern economic theory such as put forward by Nelson and Winter's book of 1982.

title: Steady change


text:
Roberto Lavagna

Roberto Lavagna (born 24 March 1942) is an Argentine economist and politician who was Minister of Economy and Production from April 27, 2002 until November 28, 2005.

Despite the fact that he only garnered 6% of the votes in 2019 presidential election and that he lost allies due to his ties with the government, he seeks to consolidate his alliance with the Socialist Party to support the Federal Consensus in the legislative elections of 2021 and increase its presence in Congress.

Early life and career
Lavagna was born in the Saavedra section of Buenos Aires in 1942. His father, the owner of a linotype printing shop, relocated the family to the western suburb of Morón a few years later, and Lavagna enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires Faculty of Economic Sciences, where he graduated with a degree in political economy in 1967.

He then obtained a scholarship to study in Belgium, where he earned a graduate degree in econometrics and economic policy. At the university, he met Claudine Marechal, a student from Belgium whom he married in 1970, and with whom he had three children. Lavagna also holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Concepción del Uruguay.

Following the election of Peronist candidate Héctor Cámpora in 1973, Lavagna was named National Director of Price Policy in the Commerce Secretariat, and was shortly afterwards named Director of Incomes Policy by the Economy Minister, José Ber Gelbard; as such he helped oversee a key policy initiative of Gelbard's "Social Pact," which sought to involve management in efforts to control inflation while raising stagnant median wages. Gelbard's resignation in November 1974 led to Lavagna's entry into the private sector following a stint at the Ministry of Public Works, becoming a member of the board of directors of La Cantábrica, a since closed Morón steelmaker, until 1976. He also co-founded Ecolatina, a think tank, in 1975, and was a member of the board of the Institute for Applied Economics and Society (IdEAS), from 1980 to 1990.

Lavagna reentered public service as President Raúl Alfonsín's Secretary of Industry and Foreign Commerce, between 1985 and 1987, during which he helped negotiate the preliminary trade accords with Brazil that later led to the establishment of the Mercosur trade region in 1991. He left the board of Ecolatina in 2000 to accept a post as Ambassador-at-large to international economic conferences, and to the European Union.

Minister of Economy
Lavagna was appointed Minister of Economy by interim President Eduardo Duhalde, on April 27, 2002. Taking office at the depth of the Argentine economic crisis, Lavagna prioritized the planned rescision of the corralito (withdrawal limits on local bank accounts) over the stabilization of the Argentine peso, which had declined by 75% in four months. This put him at odds with the President of the Central Bank, Mario Blejer, who resigned in June. The peso stabilized, however, as foreign trade surpluses mounted, and confidence returned to the Argentine financial system. The corralito was phased out between December 2002 and March 2003, the economy began a vigorous recovery, and Lavagna was confirmed in his post by President Néstor Kirchner upon his taking office in May 2003. Lavagna earned further plaudits from his handling the Argentine debt restructuring, launched on January 14, 2005, by which more than 76% of the defaulted public debt bonds (worth about 93 billion dollars) for longer-term debt, with an important reduction in principal.

Despite these successes, Lavagna was ousted by President Kirchner on November 28, 2005, after persistent rumors followed by official denials. He was replaced by Felisa Miceli, President of Banco de la Nación Argentina and a former student of Lavagna's. The reasons for the forced resignation of the Minister were not made public, though speculations ranged from the failures in fighting inflation to Lavagna's recent accusations of cartelization against certain private companies involved in contracts with the government, which were seen as an indirect attack against Julio de Vido, Minister of Public Works and personally close to the President. Meanwhile, Miceli would go on to resign in 2007 over a money scandal, referred to by the press as toiletgate.

Lavagna only told the press that the President had decided his removal as part of a common post-election renewal. The next day, José Pampuro, former Minister of Defense, admitted that relations between Kirchner and Lavagna had become "complicated" since the elections, and that the situation was "tense" during the week before Lavagna's removal. Off-the-record sources also indicated that Lavagna's independence clashed with Kirchner's desire to have a homogeneous cabinet.

2007 candidacy and later
Lavagna formed a front, UNA (Una Nacion Avanzada, "An Advanced Nation"), to run against the government's candidate, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, in the October 2007 presidential elections. Senior members of the Radical Civic Union (UCR), Socialists and Peronist supporters of former President Duhalde voiced support for a coalition behind Lavagna's candidacy, although this proved controversial in all three parties. His plan for his first 100 days of government was based on improving security and employment and reducing poverty.

The UCR endorsed Lavagna in the first election since the party's establishment in 1892 that the UCR ran in a coalition rather than field its own candidate; Gerardo Morales, leader of the UCR, was named Lavagna's running mate (Mrs. Kirchner also had a Radical as her running mate, Mendoza Governor Julio Cobos). Lavagna and UNA came third with over 3 million votes and 17%, behind Fernández and Elisa Carrió, and won solely in Córdoba Province.

Following the 2007 election, Lavagna reached an accord with his former rivals and held talks with Néstor Kirchner over the future of the governing Justicialist Party (PJ). Lavagna was expected to become a vice-president of the Party, seen as a move to widen the base of the party and strengthen Mrs. Kirchner's government; he subsequently declared however that he would not seek a position on the PJ executive. Lavagna later became an opponent of President Fernández de Kirchner, and in 2013 co-founded Unidos Para Cambiar ('United for Change') with three leading opponents of Kirchnerism within the PJ: Córdoba Governor José Manuel de la Sota, Dissident CGT labor federation head Hugo Moyano, and Federal Peronist Congressman Francisco de Narváez.

title: Roberto Lavagna


text:
William Thomas Calman

William Thomas Calman (29 December 1871 – 29 September 1952) was a Scottish zoologist, specialising in the Crustacea. From 1927 to 1936 he was Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum (Natural History) (now the Natural History Museum).

Life
He was born in Dundee, the son of Thomas Calman, a music teacher, and Agnes Beatts Maclean.

He studied at the High School of Dundee.

In the scientific societies in Dundee, he met D'Arcy Thompson. He later became Thompson's lab boy, which allowed him to attend lectures at University College, Dundee for free. A. D. Peacock, one of Thompson's successors to the chair of Natural history at Dundee, believed this appointment came about following a letter sent by Calman in 1891 asking Thompson's advice as to applying for a post in Edinburgh. After his graduation with distinction in 1895, he took on a lecturership at the university, where he remained for eight years. When Thompson died, Calman, along with Douglas Young, wrote his obituary notice in the Royal Society of Edinburgh Yearbook.

He later worked at the Natural History Museum, where he was appointed assistant curator of Arachnida in 1904 (replacing Pocock), became assistant curator of Crustacea and Pycnogonida and Keeper of Zoology. In 1909, he wrote the Crustacea section in Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, where he introduced the superorders Eucarida, Peracarida and Hoplocarida as well as the concept of the caridoid facies, a hypothetical ancestral malacostracan. He wrote several of the entries about crustacea for the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. He also established the current division of the Branchiopoda into the four orders Anostraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca and Cladocera. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921, being the first graduate of the University of Dundee to be so. Calman retired to Tayport in 1936, but returned to teaching during the Second World War at Queen's College, Dundee and St Andrews. He was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1926 to 1928, president of the Linnean Society from 1934 to 1937, and was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1946.

He was awarded CB in 1935. St Andrews University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1937.

He died in Coulsdon in Surrey on 29 September 1952.

Publications

 * The Life of Crustacae (1911)
 * The Classification of Animals (1949)

Taxa named by Calman
Taxa named by W. T. Calman include:

 * Acanthephyra faxoni Calman, 1939
 * Anaspidacea Calman, 1904
 * Anchicolurus occidentalis (Calman, 1912)
 * Anoplodactylus cribellatus Calman, 1923
 * Anthracocaris Calman, 1933
 * Aristaeomorpha woodmasoni Calman, 1925
 * Ascorhynchus extenuata (Calman, 1938)
 * Atyella brevirostris Calman, 1906a
 * Atyella longirostris Calman, 1906a
 * Atyella Calman, 1906a
 * Austropallene tibicina Calman, 1915
 * Austroraptus juvenilis Calman, 1915
 * Austroraptus praecox Calman, 1915
 * Bankia australis (Calman, 1920)
 * Bathycuma longicaudatum Calman, 1912
 * Bathycuma longirostre Calman, 1905
 * Bathypallenopsis annandalei (Calman, 1923)
 * Bathyzetes extenuata (Calman, 1938)
 * Bodotria parva Calman, 1907
 * Bodotria similis Calman, 1907
 * Bodotria sublevis Calman, 1907
 * Bresilia atlantica Calman, 1896
 * Bresilia Calman, 1896
 * Bresiliidae Calman, 1896
 * Bresilioidea Calman, 1896
 * Brevitalitrus hotulanus (Calman, 1912)
 * Callipallene pectinata (Calman, 1923)
 * Calocarcinus africanus Calman, 1909
 * Calocarcinus Calman, 1909
 * Campylaspis antarctica Calman, 1907
 * Campylaspis orientalis Calman, 1911
 * Campylaspis platyuropus Calman, 1911
 * Campylaspis rostrata Calman, 1905
 * Campylaspis spinosa Calman, 1906
 * Campylaspis vitrea Calman, 1906
 * Caridella cunningtoni Calman, 1906a
 * Caridella minuta Calman, 1906a
 * Caridella paski Calman, 1928
 * Caridella Calman, 1906a
 * Caridina indistincta indistincta Calman, 1926
 * Caridinides wilkinsi Calman, 1926
 * Caridinides Calman, 1926
 * Ceratocuma horridum Calman, 1905
 * Ceratocuma Calman, 1905
 * Ceratocumatidae Calman, 1905
 * Cilunculus sewelli Calman, 1938
 * Colossendeis drakei Calman, 1915
 * Colossendeis scotti Calman, 1915
 * Colossendeis wilsoni Calman, 1915
 * Colurostylis lemurum Calman, 1917
 * Colurostylis pseudocuma Calman, 1911
 * Colurostylis Calman, 1911
 * Cryptocnemus haddoni Calman, 1900
 * Cumella australis Calman, 1907
 * Cumella clavicauda Calman, 1911
 * Cumella forficula Calman, 1911
 * Cumella gracilima Calman, 1905
 * Cumella hispida Calman, 1911
 * Cumella laevis Calman, 1911
 * Cumella leptopus Calman, 1911
 * Cumella serrata Calman, 1911
 * Cumellopsis helgae Calman, 1905
 * Cumellopsis puritani Calman, 1906
 * Cumellopsis Calman, 1905
 * Cyclaspis cingulata Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis coelebs Calman, 1917
 * Cyclaspis costata Calman, 1904
 * Cyclaspis elegans Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis herdmani Calman, 1904
 * Cyclaspis hornelli Calman, 1904
 * Cyclaspis longipes Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis persculpta Calman, 1905
 * Cyclaspis picta Calman, 1904
 * Cyclaspis sibogae Calman, 1905
 * Cyclaspis similis Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis thomsoni Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis triplicata Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis unicornis Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis uniplicata Calman, 1907
 * Cyclaspis varians Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis alaskensis Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis argentata Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis aspera Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis bidentata Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis dalli Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis insularum (Calman, 1908)
 * Diastylis koreana Calman, 1911
 * Diastylis mawsoni Calman, 1918
 * Diastylis nucella Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis planifrons Calman, 1912
 * Diastylis sulcata Calman, 1912
 * Diastylopsis crassior Calman, 1911
 * Diastylopsis elongata Calman, 1911
 * Dipteropeltis hirundo Calman, 1912
 * Dodecolopoda mawsoni Calman & Gordon, 1933
 * Dodecolopoda Calman & Gordon, 1933
 * Ekleptostylis walkeri (Calman, 1907)
 * Endeis flaccida Calman, 1923
 * Eocuma affine Calman, 1904
 * Eocuma dollfusi Calman, 1907
 * Eocuma latum Calman, 1907
 * Eocuma longicorne Calman, 1907
 * Eocuma stelliferum Calman, 1907
 * Eocuma taprobanicum Calman, 1904
 * Eucarida Calman, 1904
 * Eudorella monodon Calman, 1912
 * Eudorella similis Calman, 1907
 * Eudorellopsis biplicata Calman, 1912
 * Eudorellopsis resima Calman, 1907
 * Gennadas capensis Calman, 1925
 * Gennadas gilchristi Calman, 1925
 * Gennadas gilchristi Calman, 1925
 * Glyphocrangon mabahissae Calman, 1939
 * Glyptelasma hamatum (Calman, 1919)
 * Gynodiastylis bicristata Calman, 1911
 * Gynodiastylis carinata Calman, 1911
 * Gynodiastylis costata Calman, 1911
 * Gynodiastylis Calman, 1911
 * Hemileucon comes Calman, 1907
 * Hemileucon uniplicatus Calman, 1907
 * Hemileucon Calman, 1907
 * Heteroleucon akaroensis Calman, 1907
 * Heteroleucon Calman, 1907
 * Heteromysoides cotti (Calman, 1932)
 * Holthuisana wollastoni (Calman, 1914)
 * Hoplocarida Calman, 1904
 * Hyastenus uncifer Calman, 1900
 * Lamprops beringi Calman, 1912
 * Leucon heterostylis Calman, 1907
 * Leucon siphonatus Calman, 1905
 * Lioxanthodes alcocki Calman, 1909
 * Lioxanthodes Calman, 1909
 * Litogynodiastylis laevis (Calman, 1911)
 * Litoscalpellum juddi (Calman, 1918)
 * Lophopilumnus cristipes (Calman, 1900)
 * Makrokylindrus cingulatus (Calman, 1905)
 * Makrokylindrus fistularis (Calman), 1911
 * Makrokylindrus tubulicauda (Calman, 1905)
 * Namlacium crepidatum (Calman, 1925)
 * Nannastacus agnatus Calman, 1911
 * Nannastacus brevicaudatus Calman, 1905
 * Nannastacus gibbosus Calman, 1911
 * Nannastacus gurneyi Calman, 1927
 * Nannastacus minor Calman, 1911
 * Nannastacus pardus Calman, 1905
 * Nannastacus reptans Calman, 1911
 * Nannastacus stebbingi Calman, 1904
 * Nannastacus tardus Calman, 1911
 * Nannastacus zimmeri Calman, 1911
 * Nebaliacea Calman, 1904
 * Nematobrachion boopis (Calman, 1905)
 * Nematobrachion Calman, 1905
 * Nymphon andamanense Calman, 1923
 * Nymphon arabicum Calman, 1938
 * Nymphon foxi Calman, 1927
 * Nymphon proximum Calman, 1915
 * Oxyurostylis smithi Calman, 1912
 * Oxyurostylis Calman, 1912
 * Pallenopsis alcocki Calman, 1923
 * Pandalina Calman, 1899
 * Paradiastylis brachyura Calman, 1904
 * Paradiastylis longipes Calman, 1905
 * Paradiastylis Calman, 1904
 * Paralamprops orbicularis (Calman, 1905)
 * Paraleucon suteri Calman, 1907
 * Paraleucon Calman, 1907
 * Paralimnoria andrewsi (Calman, 1910)
 * Parapallene challengeri Calman, 1937
 * Parapallene longipes Calman, 1938
 * Parapotamon spinescens (Calman, 1905)
 * Peracarida Calman, 1904
 * Periclimenaeus arabicus (Calman, 1939)
 * Periclimenaeus crassipes (Calman, 1939)
 * Pigrogromitus timsanus Calman, 1927
 * Pigrogromitus Calman, 1927
 * Platycuma holti Calman, 1905
 * Platycuma Calman, 1905
 * Plesionika minor Calman, 1939
 * Polycheria osborni Calman, 1898
 * Pontonides unciger Calman, 1939
 * Potamonautes warreni (Calman, 1918)
 * Procampylaspis bonnieri Calman, 1906
 * Propallene kempi (Calman, 1923)
 * Pseudione giardi Calman, 1898
 * Pseudodiastylis ferox Calman, 1905
 * Pseudodiastylis Calman, 1905
 * Pseudolambrus confragosus (Calman, 1900)
 * Pseudoleptocuma minus (Calman, 1912)
 * Pycnogonum africanum Calman, 1938
 * Rouxana ingrami (Calman, 1908)
 * Rouxana plana (Calman, 1914)
 * Scherocumella brachydactyla (Calman, 1905)
 * Scherocumella gurneyi (Calman, 1927)
 * Scherocumella lepturus Calman, 1911
 * Schizotrema bifrons Calman, 1911
 * Schizotrema depressum Calman, 1911
 * Schizotrema sordidum Calman, 1911
 * Schizotrema Calman, 1911
 * Seguapallene echinata (Calman, 1938)
 * Sesarma boulengeri Calman, 1920
 * Spinoserolis beddardi (Calman, 1920)
 * Squilla brasiliensis Calman, 1917
 * Styloptocuma gracillimum (Calman, 1905)
 * Sympodomma diomedeae (Calman), 1912
 * Sympodomma weberi (Calman, 1905)
 * Teloscalpellum ecaudatum (Calman, 1918)
 * Thaumastocheles japonicus Calman, 1913
 * Trachycaris Calman, 1906b
 * Trianguloscalpellum annandalei (Calman, 1918)
 * Tropichelura insulae (Calman, 1910)
 * Typhlocaris Calman, 1909
 * Typhlocaris galilea Calman, 1909
 * Vaunthompsonia arabica Calman, 1907
 * Zanclopus cephalodisci Calman, 1908
 * Zanclopus Calman, 1908
 * Zygosiphon mortenseni Calman, 1907
 * Zygosiphon Calman, 1907

title: William Thomas Calman


text: File:Rhapsody rain of a thousand flames.jpg


text:
Calman

Calman is a surname of English and Scottish origin. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Kenneth Calman (born 1941), Scottish academic
 * Mel Calman (1931–1994), British cartoonist
 * Neil Calman, president, CEO, and co-founder of the Institute for Family Health
 * Ross Calman (born early 1970s), historian
 * Stephanie Calman, British author
 * Susan Calman (born 1974), Scottish comedian
 * William Thomas Calman (1871–1952), Scottish zoologist

title: Calman


text:
Rosalie Gascoigne

Rosalie Norah King Gascoigne (née Walker; 25 January 1917 – 25 October 1999) was a New Zealand-born Australian sculptor and assemblage artist. She showed at the Venice Biennale in 1982, becoming the first female artist to represent Australia there. In 1994, she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for her services to the arts.

Life
Gascoigne was born Rosalie Norah King Walker in Auckland, New Zealand, on 25 January 1917. She was the second of the three children of Stanley and Marion King Walker. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Auckland University College in 1937. She emigrated to Canberra, Australia in 1943 where she married astronomer S. C. B (Ben) Gascoigne whom she had met at Auckland University. They set up home in the isolated scientific community of Mount Stromlo. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 1994, for services to art, particularly sculpture. She died on 25 October 1999 at the John James Hospital in Canberra.

Art
During the many lonely years spent raising her three children, Gascoigne found solace by making natural assemblages first via traditional flower arranging then later with the rigorous Japanese art form Sogetsu Ikebana. Her work in this medium was outstanding, earning praise from Japanese master and founder of the Sogetsu School of Ikebana, Sofu Teshigahara. Nevertheless, by the late 1960s, she had become dissatisfied with the limitations of the medium and started experimenting first with small scrap iron sculptures and later wooden boxed assemblages, all composed of materials she found while on scavenging expeditions in the fierce, sunburnt landscape of Australia. While the Australian landscape was initially a shocking change from the damp green hills of her familiar New Zealand, by this time, she had come to love the "boundless space and solitude" of her new home. Much of her art reflects this, though some also harks back to her roots in New Zealand.

Themes and influences
She said that her art-making materials "need to have been open to the weather." She thus used mostly found materials: wood, iron, wire, feathers, and yellow and orange retro-reflective road signs; which flash and glow in the light. Some of her other best-known works use faded, once-bright drinks crates; thinly-sliced yellow Schweppes boxes; ragged domestic items such as torn floral lino and patchy enamelware; vernacular building materials such as galvanised tin, corrugated iron and masonite; and fibrous, rosy cable reel ends. These objects represent, rather than accurately depict, elements of her world. "The countryside's discards .... no longer suggest themselves but evoke experiences, particularly of landscape."

Text is another important element of her work; she would cut up and rearrange the faded, naive lettering found on these items to create abstract yet evocative grids of letters and word fragments, sometimes alluding to the crosswords and poetry of which she was so fond. Knowledgeable and widely read, she was inspired amongst others by the artists Colin McCahon, Ken Whisson, Dick Watkins and Robert Rauschenberg, and the poets William Wordsworth, Peter Porter and Sylvia Plath. She also had a fondness for the pronouncements of Pablo Picasso. However gradually both colour and text seemed to fade from her work, and in her final years she created meditative, elegiac compositions of white or earth-brown panels.

Although working vigorously into her 80s, with occasional help from an assistant, her age at the height of her success precluded the travelling that would have been necessary to build the international audience her work deserved. Although she exhibited occasionally overseas—including the 1982 Venice Biennale (the first Australian woman to do so), Switzerland and Sweden as well as throughout Asia (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan amongst others), the major holdings of her work remain in Australia and New Zealand, both of which claim her as their own. Fine examples of Gascoigne's oeuvre can be found in most Antipodean galleries. The Metropolitan Museum of Art owns one of her smaller pieces.

title: Rosalie Gascoigne


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Adelaide Botanic Garden

The Adelaide Botanic Garden is a 51 ha public garden at the north-east corner of the Adelaide city centre, in the Adelaide Park Lands. It encompasses a fenced garden on North Terrace (between Lot Fourteen, the site of the old Royal Adelaide Hospital, and the National Wine Centre) and behind it the Botanic Park (adjacent to the Adelaide Zoo). Work was begun on the site in 1855, with its official opening to the public on 4 October 1857.

The Adelaide Botanic Garden and adjacent State Herbarium of South Australia, together with the Wittunga Botanic Garden and Mount Lofty Botanic Garden, comprise the Botanic Gardens of South Australia, administered by the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, a state government statutory authority.

Early history
From the first official survey carried out for the map of Adelaide, Colonel William Light intended for the planned city to have a "botanical garden". To this end, he designated a naturally occurring ait that had formed in the course of the River Torrens, in what is now the West Parklands. However attempts to establish a garden were abandoned owing to frequent flooding of the area. After second attempt had failed, the northern bank of the Torrens, opposite the present location of the Adelaide Zoo, was considered, and it was here in 1839 that John Bailey, an experienced gardener, made a third attempt, but no funding was offered.

The South Australian Agricultural and Horticultural Society (formed 1842) and other groups continued to press for the creation of a public garden. The public were aware of the economic and scientific benefits of such a garden, already seen elsewhere in the British Empire. In 1854 the present site was recommended to the government by the Society and George William Francis (who had begun appealing to the Governor Sir Henry Young soon after his arrival in 1849 to establish the garden), and Francis was appointed superintendent of the garden in 1855.

In January 1855 the Legislative Council finally approved the site. The land was held sacred by the Kaurna people as the red kangaroo dreaming (Tarndanyangga), but at that time it was being used as paddocks for police horses. Francis was responsible for establishing the perimeter, solving the flooding problems and landscaping North Terrace to blend well with the entrance to the garden. In October 1855 he presented his first progress report, including a plan of Regent's Park in London as an example of circular garden design that he thought could be adapted for Adelaide. Francis and his family moved into the superintendent's cottage in 1856, and the Garden was opened to the public on 4 October 1857. In 1860 the Botanic Garden Act was enacted, which established the Board of Governors, with Francis as Director. The site at that time included the present Botanic Garden, Botanic Park and Adelaide Zoo.

A pagoda was built in 1863, and Francis established the first herbarium and botanical library in Adelaide in 1864, a rustic temple modelled on the Museum of Economic Botany at Kew Gardens in England, with the design imitating the Parthenon in Athens. Francis gave lectures in the lecture room there each Tuesday.

Hakea francisiana, an Australian shrub that grows to 4 metres, is named after him.

After his retirement shortly before his death in 1865, Francis was succeeded by botanist Moritz Richard Schomburgk, brother to the German naturalist Robert Hermann Schomburgk. He was a major advocate for the establishment of forest reserves in the increasingly denuded South Australian countryside.

Schomburgk's successor, M. W. Holtze I.S.O., did much to make the gardens more attractive to the general public.

Holtze retired in 1917 and was succeeded by John Frederick Bailey, grandson of John Bailey (mentioned above) and son of Frederick Manson Bailey. He proved so successful that public service regulations were waived to extend his directorship (and occupancy of the Lodge) past mandatory retirement age.

Palm House
The Palm, or Tropical, House is a Victorian-era glasshouse located to the west of the main lake. It was designed by the German architect Gustav Runge (1822-1900) and imported from Bremen, Germany in 1875. It was opened in 1877 and was restored in 1995 and 2018. It is the second-oldest glasshouse in Australia, and the only known one of German manufacture from that period left in the world, all others having been destroyed during World War II. Originally housing tropical flora, due to corrosion problems, since the early 1990s it has held a collection of Malagasy arid flora.

Santos Museum of Economic Botany
The Museum of Economic Botany is dedicated to the collection and interpretation of "useful" plants. It was established by Schomburgk in 1879. Described as "the last purpose-built colonial museum in the world", it is located within the gardens a short distance to the west of the Goodman Building. Built in Greek Revival style and opened in May 1881, the building and its interior was extensively restored during 2008–09. The restoration works were assisted by a grant from the Government of Australia for $1.125 million and sponsorship by South Australian oil and gas company, Santos. The sponsorship arrangement also included naming rights and a commitment to ongoing support of the museum's exhibition program. Much of the collection originally on display in 1881 was reinstated, including a collection of papier mache and stucco replicas of various fruits and fungi. A space for temporary exhibitions within the museum was created by Khai Liew Design. Displays of Aboriginal artefacts, a subject neglected by the original museum, were prepared in collaboration with the South Australian Museum.

The museum is notable for the completeness of its preservation. The building, its interior decoration, showcases, collections and even many labels have survived from as early as 1865. The museum is on the Register of State Heritage Items, the Register of the City of Adelaide Heritage Items, and has been classified by the National Trust of Australia.

Goodman Building and State Herbarium
The administrative headquarters of the Botanic Garden are located in the historic Goodman building, at the Hackney Road entrance on the eastern side of the gardens. This was built in 1909 as the headquarters of the Municipal Tramways Trust, and named for its longtime Chief Engineer and General Manager W. G. T. Goodman. The adjacent Tram Barn A has been converted to hold the State Herbarium.

Adelaide Lunatic Asylum and morgue
The old morgue built in 1882 for the Adelaide Lunatic Asylum, and later used by the Parkside Lunatic Asylum, still stands. The Adelaide Lunatic Asylum opened in 1852 in the grounds of the Royal Adelaide Hospital, just east of the buildings, was closed in 1873 and demolished in 1938 after the land was handed over to the Botanic Garden. The old morgue building, labelled on a nearby plaque as "Mortuary", has recently been in use as a toolshed, but was brought into service for the 2020 Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art to house an art installation by Yhonnie Scarce called In the Dead House. The work references the practices of "body-shoppers", who traded in whole or parts of dead bodies.

Displays
Among other scientific and educational displays of native and international horticulture, the gardens hold one of the earliest propagated specimens of the Wollemi Pine tree, which was discovered as recently as 1994.

Bicentennial Conservatory
As part of Adelaide's celebration of the Australian Bicentenary, the conservatory was constructed in 1987 and opened in late 1989. The building was designed by local architect Guy Maron and has won awards for its design, engineering and landscaping. It is 100 m long, 47 m wide and 27 m high making it the largest single span conservatory in the southern hemisphere.

The conservatory originally housed at-risk or endangered tropical rainforest plants from northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and south Pacific Islands. However, in early 2012, a controversial decision was announced to remove tropical plants from the conservatory due to rising power costs. In April 2012, the entry fee to the conservatory was abolished, despite rising energy costs and budget cuts resulting in the building no longer being heated.

Rose garden
Begun in 1996, the National Rose Trial Garden is the first garden of its kind in Australia where roses are tested for their suitability for Australian climates. The garden is a joint venture between the Botanic Gardens of Adelaide, the National Rose Trial Society of Australia and the rose industry. It has been built on part of the former Municipal Tramways Trust Hackney Depot. Roses are planted in groups such as, noisette roses, bourbon roses, tea roses, ramblers, and perpetual roses. A trial is conducted over two growing seasons and all plants are treated equally with regard to horticultural practices. The roses are judged by a panel of 10 experienced rosarians who examine them and allocate points over the two growing seasons. The results are announced publicly at the end of the trial and the best performing roses receive an award.

While in Adelaide in 2004, Sir Cliff Richard planted a rose named 'Sir Cliff Richard' in the Rose Garden surrounded by a small group of fans and rose enthusiasts. Sales of the rose support the Bone Growth Foundation.

First Creek Wetlands
In order to reduce the garden's reliance on potable water from the River Murray, a new wetlands system was constructed south of the Bicentennial Conservatory to hold stormwater diverted from First Creek. The wetlands form part of an aquifer storage and recovery system which is expected to have a usable capacity of 100 Ml per year, enough to water the entire Botanic Garden. The project was launched in March 2011 and was opened in November 2013.

One significant purpose of the wetlands is to educate the public on the importance of wetlands, and to showcase plants which may never otherwise have been encountered by visitors. The area accommodates about 20,000 plants, including many Australian natives. The 2.6 ha site also features a trail of interpretive signage, tiered garden beds showcasing aquatic plants and three large ponds with reed-beds which support a diverse range of native wildlife.

Governance and funding
The Botanic Gardens of South Australia, which include Adelaide, Wittunga and Mount Lofty Botanic Gardens, and also the State Herbarium of South Australia, are administered by the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, a State Government statutory authority, based on the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium Act 1978 and Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium Regulations 2007.

Lucy Sutherland was appointed as the Director in 2016. In July 2021, Michael Harvey commenced as Director.

The gardens receive funding from the Government of South Australia, supplemented by sponsorship and community donations administered by the Adelaide Botanic Gardens Foundation. Funds are raised for the purposes of "scientific research, education, acquisition and maintenance of living collections and for the long-term financial security of the Gardens." The foundation is the trustee of the not-for-profit Adelaide Botanic Gardens Foundation Fund.

Sponsorship
, the garden received support from "program partners" Santos and Electranet, an NFP and a private sponsor. There were also a number of supporting partners".

Research publication
The State Herbarium of South Australia publishes an open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal on behalf of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium, Swainsona (2017-, Volume 30-). This was previously published as Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens (1976-2016, Volumes 1-29). The journal has a focus on Australasian taxa.

New expansions
The demolition of a couple of non-heritage buildings in the old Royal Adelaide Hospital site has meant that parts of the garden need to be blocked for safety reasons.

title: Adelaide Botanic Garden


text:
Trondenes Historical Center

Trondenes Historical Center (Trondenes Historiske Senter) is a museum located in Trondenes, in the town of Harstad, in Troms county, Norway.

The museum covers the history of Trondenes and the surrounding areas. The museum displaying more than 2,000 years of history in the region, which was once a Viking Age power centre. Local chieftains included Thorir Hund, who killed Norway's Patron Saint, Saint Olav during the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. The Trondenes Historical Centre tells the history of the area from the early Viking settlement to the 1940-1945 Nazi German occupation, with paintings, artifacts and statues depicting their history.

The museum is situated near the historic, stone Trondenes Church. The exhibition is permanent, the main focus being on the Medieval age period. The museum building contains a cafeteria and conference rooms, amounting to 1,860 m2 in total. Trondenes Historical Center was inaugurated in May 1997 and is now a division of Sør-Troms Museum.

title: Trondenes Historical Center


text:
Hasegawa Settan

Hasegawa Settan (長谷川雪旦, 1778–1843) was a Japanese artist who lived during the late Edo period, born in Edo.

His given name was Munehide (宗秀), and his art-name was Gengakusai Ichiyōsai (巌岳斎 一陽庵). He was commonly called Gotō Uzaemon (後藤右衛門). He was originally a wood sculptor and he carved the woodblocks for many ukiyo-e prints. The Edo meisho zue, an illustrated catalogue of the sights of Edo for which he provided in the woodcuts, is one of his major works. For his artistic accomplishments, Hasegawa Settan was awarded the honorary Buddhist title Hokkyō (法橋 "Bridge of the Dharma").

title: Hasegawa Settan


text:
Zhan zhuang

Zhan zhuang is a training method often practiced by students of neijia (internal kung fu), such as yiquan, xingyiquan, baguazhang and tai chi. Zhan zhuang is sometimes translated Standing-on-stake, Standing Qigong, Standing Like a Tree, Post-standing, Pile-standing, or Pylon Standing.

History
The original zhan zhuang were health methods used by Taoists; in recent centuries, martial artists who already had static standing methods combined these with the internal mechanics of zhan zhuang to create a superior exercise. The goal of zhan zhuang in martial arts has always been to develop a martially capable body structure, but nowadays most practitioners have again returned to a health-preservation orientation in their training, and few teach zhan zhuang as a martial method.

The word zhan zhuang is the modern term; it was coined by Wang Xiangzhai. Wang, a student of xingyiquan, created a method of kung fu based entirely upon zhan zhuang, known as yiquan, "Intent Fist." Yiquan's method of study is zhan zhuang plus movements that continue the feeling of the Standing Post in action.

The most common zhan zhuang method is known as Hun Yuan (, "Completely Round," "Round Smoothness") or Cheng Bao (, "Tree Hugging" stance). This posture is entirely Taoist in its origins, has many variations, and is the main training posture in all branches of yiquan. This practice has recently also become common practice in tai chi and qigong schools. In xingyiquan, San Ti Shi has been a root practice for centuries.

Detail
Those unfamiliar with zhan zhuang can experience severe muscle fatigue and subsequent trembling at first. Later, once sufficient stamina and strength have been developed, the practitioner can use zhan zhuang to work on developing the sensation of "opposing forces," as well as one's central equilibrium and sensitivity to specific areas of tension in the body.

Zhan zhuang has a strong connection with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Some schools use the practice as a way of removing blockages in qi flow, believing zhan zhuang, when correctly practiced, has a normalizing effect on the body; they claim any habitual tension or tissue shortening (or lengthening) is normalized by the practice, and the body regains its natural ability to function optimally. It is claimed that a normalized body will be less prone to muscular-skeletal medical conditions, and it is also believed that zhan zhuang, when practiced for developing relaxed postures, will lead to a beneficial calming effect. The dantian is also involved in the practice of zhan zhuang.

The amount of time spent practicing zhan zhuang varies between styles and schools; one may spend anywhere from two minutes to two hours standing in one posture.

Many styles, especially the internal styles, combine zhan zhuang with qigong training and other coordinated-body methods to develop whole-body coordination for martial purposes. The martial practice is thought to strengthen the body's Central Nervous System and develop the coordination required for effective martial performance. In yiquan, a clear distinction is made between health postures and martially oriented postures. In baguazhang's circle-walking practice, the upper body is held as a zhan zhuang posture, while the lower body is more dynamic.

Books

 * J.P.C. Moffett, Wang Xuanjie (1994), Traditional Chinese Therapeutic Exercises: Standing Pole.
 * Lam Kam Chuen, Gaia Books Ltd, 1991 (2005) ISBN 1-85675-215-1, "Chi Kung: The Way of Energy".
 * Lam Kam Chuen, Gaia Books Ltd, 2003 ISBN 1-85675-198-8, "The Way of Power: Reaching Full Strength in Body and Mind".
 * Peter den Dekker, Back2Base Publishing BV, 2010 ISBN 978-94-90580-01-8, "The Dynamics of Standing Still"
 * Professor Yu Yong Nian, Amazon (2012) "El arte de nutrir la vida. Zhang zhuang el poder de la quietud"
 * Jonathan Bluestein (2014). Research of Martial Arts. Amazon CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1499122510.
 * Mark Cohen, MSC Creative Enterprises, 2013, ISBN 978-0988317888, "Inside Zhan Zhuang".

title: Zhan zhuang


text:
Rain of a Thousand Flames

Rain of a Thousand Flames is the fourth studio album by Italian symphonic power metal band Rhapsody, released in 2001. It tells a part of The Emerald Sword Saga, but it is a parallel episode that is not essential to the story, taking place shortly after Dawn of Victory. While the Warrior of Ice is away, Akron uses the newly acquired Emerald Sword to ravage the land. The album was released at a reduced price and is considered a stop gap between the band's main releases.

Credits
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes and Discogs release page.

Band members

 * Luca Turilli - guitars.
 * Fabio Lione - lead and backing vocals.
 * Alex Staropoli - keyboards, harpsichord, piano, orchestral arrangement.
 * Alessandro Lotta - bass.
 * Alex Holzwarth - drums.

Additional musicians

 * Bridget Fogle, Previn Moore - "church choir" vocals.
 * Olaf Hayer, Oliver Hartmann, Robert Hunecke-Rizzo, Tobias Sammet - "epic choir" vocals.
 * Jay Lansford - male narrator.
 * Nadja Bellir - female narrator.
 * Manuel Staropoli - baroque recorder.
 * Dana Lurie - violin.

Additional notes

 * The chorus in "Queen of the Dark Horizons" is based on the main theme of the horror picture Phenomena, by the Italian 1970s prog rock band Goblin.
 * "Elnor's Magic Valley" is based on an Irish traditional music called Cooley's Reel
 * The chorus in "The Wizard's Last Rhymes" is based on the New World Symphony composed by Antonín Dvořák.
 * Tracks 4-7 are grouped with the name "Rhymes of a Tragic Poem - The Gothic Saga".

title: Rain of a Thousand Flames