text:
Talk:Hilbert's axioms

Isn't the link to French wikipedia broken? 4C 13:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Axiom I.4
Is axiom ''I.4: Given any three points not contained in one line, there exists a plane containing all three points. Every plane contains at least one point.'' translated correctly?

I was wondering about the sentence "Every plane contains at least one point.", so I checked the German version of this page and noticed that this sentence/statement is not present in that axiom.

It just says I.4: Given any three points not contained in one line, there exists a plane containing all three points.

Dfwiki 07:43, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I do not know about the translation, but the extra sentence indeed seems to be independent on the other axioms: take any model of the axioms, and include an additional plane which does not contain any points or lines. Then all the axioms remain valid. -- EJ 10:51, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, there are more differences in the German version. Axiom I.3 reads "Auf einer Geraden gibt es stets wenigstens zwei Punkte, in einer Ebene gibt es stets wenigstens drei nicht auf einer Geraden gelegene Punkte." If I understand it correctly, the second part does not mean "given any line, there exists at least one point not on it", but "a plane contains at least three noncollinear points". Go figure. -- EJ 14:54, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I just did a translation from the German version into English, but upon double checking I found the following file Übungsblatt Universität Konstanz which led me to believe that it is the German version is actually can't be trusted. Maybe there should be placed a comment on the German page (I don't feel like doing that). -- Dfwiki 00:15, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

21st axiom
If there were originally 21 axioms, shouldn't the article give the 21st axiom (or the axioms that were different in the original system) and give the reason that it was changed?

 * I've honestly never seen the 21st axiom, although it is surely included in Hilbert (1980) (anybody out there own a copy?) But I can tell you what killed axiom 21. In 1901, the 19 year old Robert Lee Moore, while enrolled in an undergraduate course at the University of Texas taught by George Halsted, derived axiom 21 from the other 20. This discovery earned him a Ph.D. fellowship at the University of Chicago. Moore went on to a world class career as a pioneering topologist.132.181.160.42 05:43, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * In the article, it says E.H. Moore showed the dependence of the 21st axiom. Someone probably ought to work out which one is right. 128.135.96.222 00:52, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

Distinct
Is the word "distinct" missing in a couple of the postulates? Amcfreely 09:00, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

There is a statement just before the list of axioms: "All points, straight lines, and planes in the following axioms are distinct unless otherwise stated". 89.235.148.154 (talk) 12:11, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

A fair bit could be added to this entry

 * What are the primitive notions?
 * Does removing the six axioms mentioning the word "plane" result in an axiomatization of Euclidian plane geometry? Howard Eves (1990) says so;
 * Where can one find a detailed elaboration of geometry from these axioms?
 * Has anyone ever written a high school text based on these axioms (or something near them)?
 * Metamathematics: What is known about the independence of these axioms? Why is this axiomatization finite when Tarkski's is not?202.36.179.65 18:42, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

II.4: Axiom of Pasch
Why does it link to the Jewish festival of Passover? So a line which passes over one edge of a triange will pass over another edge. But that is not good enough. --Henrygb 22:29, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks to User:Rain74 it is now a link to Moritz Pasch--Henrygb 22:15, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

What is the reference that this axioms was proved to be redundant? I can't find any source that says so. --flyingfeline 23 July 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.10.113.216 (talk) 13:00, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

I've looked this up and I can prove that Pasch's axiom is not redundant at all. I'm really curious what the (wrong) reference for this statement could possibly be... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Flyingfeline (talk • contribs) 20:47, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

III.1
"Given two points A,B, and a point A' on line m, there exist two and only two points C and D, such that A' is between C and D, and AB ≅ A'C and AB ≅ A'D."

Presumably A and B do not need to be on line m while C and D do need to be. But it does not say that --Henrygb 22:53, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

V.1
"Axiom of Archimedes. Given the line segment CD and the ray AB, there exist n points A1,...,An on AB, such that AjAj+1 ≅ CD, 1≤j<n. Moreover, B is between A1 and An."

I do not understand this. n is not qualified (I would expect something like "there is a natural number n such that there exist n points A1,...,An on AB, such that AjAj+1 ≅ CD, 1≤j<n, with B between A1 and An.") --Henrygb 23:06, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

V.2
"V.2: Line completeness. Adding points to a line results in an object that violates one or more of the following axioms: I, II, III.1-2, V.1."

While this is briefer than the earlier text, which was a little unwieldy, I don't think it's precise and it is somewhat confused and contradictory, or speaking of an impossibility as being an actuality, in the phrase "adding points to a line." Adding points would comprise specifying or including points additional to those existing in a line as already defined; any such points are in fact not points of the line and therefore really aren't -- can't be -- added to the line itself. Not only would an attempt result in an object that isn't a line, it just isn't correct to say that points are added to the line in such a process. They're being considered in combination with the line's complete set of points, but are not additions to the line. Any possible such points are off the line.

However, my only correction to the present rewrite would be going back to the previous text, which I admit was unwieldy. Perhaps someone can retain the advantage of the simplicity of the above, without the present problem.

Discussion
Removing Axioms I.4-8 means there is no assurance of the existence of points.

Area Axioms
How come there are no area axioms in Euclidean Geometry? It is interesting though that there is a proof of Pythagoras theorem from only the concept of similar triangles (and arithmetic). However, Euclid's proofs contain the concept of area. What gives?

Rays
The concept of "ray" seems not to be defined, even in terms of the undefined primitives. What does it mean? Hairy Dude 16:01, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Axioms as published in Townsend translation vs these paraphrases?
From the earliest version of this page, it has used what so far as I could tell were personalized paraphrases of the axioms, not the standard published axioms. I assumed this was due to requirement to honor copyright and followed the same principle myself in editing some erroneous paraphrases. However, I now see that the Project Gutenberg e-book provides license to use, duplicate, or disseminate the Townsend translation with no restrictions whatsoever. Accordingly I see no reason for these idiosyncratic paraphrases to continue, which invariably seem worse-written to me than Hilbert's own axioms as translated.

Unless there are objections I don't see, any reason I should not revert the axioms to the standard renditions as per the translation? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.226.15.19 (talk) 23:32, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

What does I.3 add that I.4 does not include?
While I.3 and I.4 (and all other axioms) are exactly as in The Foundations of Geometry, to me I.3 seems implicit from I.4. How am I wrong, which I must be: what is the difference requiring two axioms where one would, to me, seem to do?

Pasch Pastiche
While rooting through this page I was horrified to find myself forced to make these edits. It seems that some previous editor substituted Pasch's theorem for Pasch's axiom.

I'm too tired and too busy to pontificate at my usual length on the idiocy thus offered to the reading public, to lament the death of rationality, or to condemn the foolishness of allowing the unwashed masses to edit unsupervised. I'll merely say that whoever thought he was watching this page, wasn't. — Xiong 熊 talk * 23:59, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Now I'm the idiot. The original wording of II.4 was correct; it was merely mislabeled. Fixed. There remains the difficulty that what is given in the article as Hilbert's discarded 21st axiom is also Pasch's Theorem. Fixed. I refer to the Townsend translation of Hilbert's paper.

 * So tell me why this amateur has to go editing the reference work he desires to study? Where did the editors go? — Xiong 熊 talk * 00:31, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Well, im not really understand what is the real pasch's theorem, because this link: and also this one:  sais, that pasch's theorem makes axiom II. 5 (related to triangles) redundant. So i guess pasch's prooved, that II. 5 is redundant. II. 4. (ABCD ordering) is really an axiom, according to the links. --Gabor8888 (talk) 22:03, 13 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Neither of your sources mentions anything related to Hilbert's axioms. I'm afraid you are confused.—Emil J. 11:29, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Translations
I've made a couple of changes which concern the best translation of Hilbert's German:

(1) Hilbert's primitives are "Punkte" (points), "Gerade" (straight lines) and "Ebenen" (planes). "Gerade" had been translated as "lines" when introduced in the definition but then as "straight lines" when used in the axioms - which meant that the term "straight line" had no legitimacy - so I have made the translation consistently "straight line". I could of course instead have changed all occurrences of "straight line" to "line" and this would indeed accord with Unger's translation (Open Court, 1971), however pace Unger, "Gerade" does mean "straight" rather than "line" (it is a noun derived from the adjective "gerade" meaning "straight"). Problems with this choice of translation:Hilbert's method is for his "primitive concepts" to derive their meaning not from any prior understanding we may have of what is meant by "point", "straight line" or "plane" but implicitly from the axioms. He could indeed have invented completely new terms for them. This means that it is preferable to have them as single words as they are in German, to which the axioms can then attach meaning. So "straight line" is sub-optimal as it suggests the need for prior definitions of "straight" and "line" when it is in fact a primitive term. This is probably why Unger preferred the translation "line" alone. Unger's choice is good because it forces one to come to see that what "line" stands for has properties that a straight line has only after grasping the axioms. However, as I said, the fact remains that "Gerade" means "straight line", or "a straight" and not "line", so the only accurate one-word options would be either to translate it as "straight" giving the primitives as "points, straights, planes", or to hyphenate it as "straight-line"

(2) I have changed "Axioms of Incidence" into "Axioms of Combination". Unger's translation of "Axiome der Verknüpfung" as "Axioms of Incidence", substitutes a mathematical term with a specific meaning ("incidence" means a "lying on" or "passing through") for Hilbert's much more general term. "Verknüpfung" is a common German word meaning connection or combination: Hilbert describes these axioms as "producing a combination (or connection) between the concepts defined above(points, straight lines, planes)"[Die Axiome dieser Gruppe stellen zwischenden oben erklärten Begriffen Punkte, Geraden und Ebenen eine Verknüpfung her]. The principles behind my change are (1) it more accurately translates the original (2)it is true to Hilbert's method for meaning as much as possible to be determined through the axioms rather than depend on a prior mathematical understanding.Nickomidgley (talk) 17:17, 20 April 2009 (UTC)
 * While you are most likely correct in your translations (my German is not good enough to verify your statements) doing this translation in Wikipedia is considered Original Research and is verboten! I have changed everything back to what it is in the Unger translation since that is a published source. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 03:55, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

Poorly defined
I think this article is very poorly written. For example:

Axiom I.1: Two distinct points A and B always completely determine a straight line a. We write AB = a or BA = a. Instead of “determine,” we may also employ other forms of expression; for example, we may say “A lies upon a”...

This is a highly ambiguous way of defining the axiom. All that can be inferred from this statement is that there exists some injective function mapping pairs of points onto lines. It also appears to introduce a new ternary operator '=' not listed in the definitions at the beginning of the section. According to another source, linked to below, what is meant by this axiom is simply "For every two points A and B, there exists a unique line that contains both of them.", a statement easily translated into symbolic logic and thus much more precise and formal.

Conversely, the statement which we currently have does not even mention the containment operator. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.226.21.15 (talk) 04:31, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

http://www.mcs.uvawise.edu/msh3e/resources/HilbertsAxioms.pdf

So I suggest the section be re-written, using the above source as a style reference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.226.21.15 (talk) 04:30, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Moore and the genius
I have read in the David Hilbert article that R. L. Moore proposed a set of axioms similar to Hilbert, but independently. He was 19 then, so it must have been in 1901 or so. The wikis in other languages translated this, too.

After that, I have read in the R. L. Moore article that RLMoore proved that one of Hilbert's axioms was redundant.

After that, I have read in this Hilbert's axioms article that E. H. Moore proved that one of Hilbert's axioms was redundant.

After that, I have read in the E. H. Moore article that EHMoore proved that one of Hilbert's axioms was redundant, but simultaneously, and independently, a 20yrs old RLMoore gave a more elegant proof of the same topic (ie that one of Hilbert's axioms was redundant).

So in the end I don't know which version is right, but a lexicon shouldn't include paradoxons (IMO).

145.236.109.178 (talk) 22:44, 12 February 2012 (UTC) (DJS from Hungary)

 * I switched the R.L. in this article to E.H. based on a footnote in Foundation of Geometry (Unger translation) which gave a reference to E.H.'s article of 1902. R.L.'s work was not mentioned. MacTutor's article on R.L. does mention this work in geometry, but doesn't give a reference for it - it is possible that it wasn't published. There are certainly written biographies of R.L. that one can try to get for a reference to this detail, but until someone does that, I'd stick with E.H. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 06:56, 14 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Upon further investigation I have found that both E.H. and R.L. have proofs that a Hilbert axiom (II.4 in the earlier editions, in particular in the Townsend translation) is redundant. E.H. published his result, R.L. did not directly publish his result, but his argument was published by his teacher G.B. Halsted. A few years later E.H. revised his argument and wrote a paper which is based on the slicker approach of R.L. I will document all of this and add it to the article. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 04:11, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

20 or 21 axioms?
It is stated in the article that the axioms are 20 (or 21 with the discarded axiom). I probably can't count but it seems to me that they are 8+4+6+1+2=21 (and must have been 22 with the discarded one). I don't believe I am the first one that has counted them in the last 110 years, so there must be some explanation. Does somebody know it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.90.214.111 (talk) 22:30, 24 January 2014 (UTC)
 * This is a bit of a complicated story as the number has changed several times over the years. The original 1899 edition had 20 axioms, the French translation of that edition had 21 (this is usually considered the 2nd edition because Hilbert made some changes). The first English edition (translated by Townsend) has the same 21. The distribution was 7-5-1-6-1-1. Several changes were made in the editions up to the 7th, at which time the distribution was 8-4-1-5-2. An axiom of order was discarded (mentioned in the article) and also an axiom of congruence (not mentioned in the article), but an axiom of incidence was added. This was the distribution of axioms in the 10th edition which was the basis for the second English translation (by Unger). Our article is not faithful to any one edition. Most of it follows Unger, but the axioms of congruence follow Townsend. I hope this helps. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 04:36, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

Congruence of triangles, Axiom III.5, and other problems
In a couple of other languages' versions of this page (French and Hebrew), the congruence relation is said to apply to line segments, angles, and triangles, and axiom III.6 concludes that the two triangles are congruent. Quite confusing, but I actually think that expressing it only in terms of angles is cleaner.

Also, in these languages' pages, as well as a few other sites on the internet, Axiom III.5 (the one about the transitivity of angle congruence), is missing. Is it perhaps derivable from the others? In some other languages' versions of the page though, it is still included. Actually I'm pretty sure it's needed unless congruence is defined elsewhere to be an equivalence relation or something.

And yeah, anyway, this is supposed to be rigorous and axiomatic, and yet there are so many things which have not been defined:
 * What is the definition of a segment? (an unordered pair of the endpoints? an ordered pair of the endpoints? the set of all the points on the segment?)
 * What is the rule for when a point is on a segment, or a segment is on a line?
 * What does it mean to talk about a side of a point on a line (as in III.1)
 * What is the definition of an angle? (an unordered pair of intersecting lines? intersecting rays? an ordered pair of intersecting lines? intersecting rays? an ordered triplet of points?)
 * "Let an angle ∠ (h,k) be given in the plane α". What does this mean? It hasn't even said what h and k are.
 * "Suppose also that, in the plane α′, a definite side of the straight line a′ be assigned". I get what it's saying, but it hasn't defined this rigorously.
 * What is the definition of a ray? (an ordered pair of the endpoint and another point on it? the set of all the points on the ray?)
 * What is the rule for when a point is on a ray, or a ray is on a line?
 * "∠ (h, k), or ∠ (k, h)". Soooo, the order doesn't matter?
 * "There exist at least three points that do not lie on a line." This sentence is ambiguous. For every line there exist at least 3 points that do not lie on it? Or there exist at least 3 points such that there does not exist a line they all lie on? Same with "There exist at least four points not lying in a plane".
 * And as someone said before, the line "For every plane there exists a point which lies on it" does not occur on the German page.
 * "n segments CD constructed contiguously from A, along the ray from A through B". Once again, "constructed continguously", not defined.

Oh, and one site I found has II.2 as "For two points A and C, there always exists at least one point B on the line AC such that C lies between A and B". Important difference. (By the way, not really relevant to the wikitalk itself, but I can't seem to prove from the axioms that of three points A,B,C on a line, one has to be between the other two. Nor can I seem to prove that given a line and a point not on it, some parallel runs through the point).

In any case, yeah, I see that "These axioms and their numbering are taken from the Unger translation (into English) of the 10th edition of Grundlagen der Geometrie", but in my opinion there's so much left to be desired. And why does every source seem to differ on the details of the axioms? :( AndreRD (talk) 17:58, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Two comments. First of all, most of the inconsistencies that you've noted come from the fact that Hilbert kept changing the wording of the axioms in the different editions of the book, so what a web page reports depends on which edition was being used as a source. The two English translations do not agree with each other in several respects, so choices had to be made in terms of what is written on this page. Secondly, most of your issues have to do with definitions, which are not part of what this article is about. Wikipedia is not a textbook, it is not meant to be a complete treatment of the subject. If you want to study what Hilbert said, look at his book ... it is available on-line. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:10, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

Missing definitions
THIS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A NEW SECTION, BUT I DON'T KNOW HOW TO MAKE THAT HAPPEN. IF SOMEONE CAN MAKE IT A NEW SECTION, PLEASE DO IT.

I don't want to meddle with editing the actual text of the article, since I don't know anything. However, it seems to me as things stand, there are some missing definitions, comments or theorems which are needed to make the axioms intelligible. This often happens in mathematics, that one posits some axioms, and then on the basis of those develops some theory, which allows making a definition, in terms of which another axiom can be stated. That must be the case here. In axiom III.4, reference is made to a "side" of a line in a plane, and to the interior of an angle. But these concepts are unknown at that point in the exposition. So presumably one needs to prove on the basis of the axioms in groups I and II that given a line in a plane, the plane is the union of that line and of two convex sets H and H'; and that if A is a point of H and B a point of H', then then the segment AB contains a point of the line. Fgoodm (talk) 17:02, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

 * You are making a reasonable point, but you must have noticed that there are no definitions or theorems mentioned in this article. The article is about the axioms and not about Hilbert's development of Euclidean geometry. Some decisions about the presentation were made, including, I guess, the decision to keep the presentation so bareboned. The result you mention is Theorem 8 (in the Unger translation) and all the appropriate definitions are also given in the full work. The interested reader should go to the source to fill in these details, since Wikipedia is not meant to be a textbook.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 20:50, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Clarification on meaning of axiom numbering
I won't change anything cuz I'm a total newbie here but in the section about "the axioms" it gives 5 but then a whole list of bullet points under each one. Do I assume that each bullet point is equivalent on its own? When taken together with the other four axioms? Or does each axiom have multiple parts? I would just like to point out how vitally confusing this is. Just a word or two would be nice. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.67.229.223 (talk) 01:41, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

Missing axioms for self congruence
There is no mention of self-congruence of segments and angles in this article. In Marvin G. Greenberg's book "Euclidean and non-Euclidean Geometries", Chapter 3, both are explicitly stated. I think they need to be included in this list. Ehsanamini (talk) 04:23, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hilbert's axioms


text:
Talk:Alberta clipper

Not just the United States
For you Americans there, Alberta Clippers usually hit Ontario, Quebec, and some parts of Alatanic Canada, not just the United States.--199.212.250.96 13:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Other types of clippers
I heard in addition to Alberta Clippers (which are the most famous), there are also Saskatchewan Screamers and Manitoba Maulers, both of which are less common. I read that for these 3 types of clippers, here was the information for each of them:

Alberta Clippers- weakest of the three, most common of all (60%)

Saskatchewan Screamer- moderate intensity, moderate frequency (25%)

Manitoba Mauler- strongest of the three, rarest one (15%)

From what I've read, these would be 3 types of Clippers- systems which come in quick and drop a lot of snow (usually 2"-8") in a short time.

Beyond this, I know nothing more about the less common types of clippers. Maybe someone more informed on the matter can illuminate this subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.67.202.120 (talk) 16:46, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Accumulations are less?
I don't think, as the article says, that the following statement is accurate: "Alberta clippers also tend to bring snow with them, although since the temperatures are lower the snowflakes are smaller and therefore accumulations are less."

Lower temperatures enable more complete crystallization of condensed water vapor, therefore what ya get is MORE accumulation with the same amount of moisture than ya get at a higher temperature. This means that, though the flakes may be smaller, the accumulation is actually greater at lower temperatures. At 5 degrees F, 1 inch of water can equal as much as 60 inches of snow (according to Tom Skilling, WGN Channel 9 in Chicago) where as 1 inch of water at 32 F may only equal 7 inches to a foot of snow.

Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.113.205.130 (talk) 19:21, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Colder air can hold less moisture. The colder the temperature, the less snow you get. This is standard: all huge storms occur at or near the freezing point. Always. --NellieBly (talk) 14:08, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Changes Made
I edited this page to better reflect what actually occurs with these systems. Yes, snowfall amounts tend to be less due to a lack of moisture, NOT the cold temperatures. As you said, the colder temperatures can actually lead to higher snowfall amounts. One of my meteorology profs back in college said he once measured two inches of snow that melted to a trace amount (<0.01"). Yeah, it was cold. -Paul 148.126.101.41 12:17, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Polar high?
The article says it "gets caught up in the flow around the mass of high pressure which always inhabits cold polar areas". I'm not an expert in meteorology, but from my limited research it would appear that the Alberta clipper gets moved by the jet stream, and not the polar high. --sciencewatcher (talk) 16:17, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
So what? Trivial, irrelevant, pointless. Get my drift? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.113.61.66 (talk) 03:56, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

Chinook
This phenomenon is defined in terms of a chinook, with a hyperlink to a wikipedia article that is a disaster and explains nothing. Very poor article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.147.122.14 (talk) 17:55, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Alberta clipper. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070318133657/http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2000/02/15.html to http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2000/02/15.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121446/http://blogs.usatoday.com/weather/2007/12/snowstorms-or-w.html to http://blogs.usatoday.com/weather/2007/12/snowstorms-or-w.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:52, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Alberta clipper. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061230050400/http://severewx.atmos.uiuc.edu/index.09.clippers.html to http://severewx.atmos.uiuc.edu/index.09.clippers.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:32, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

effect on people
I couldn't find any articles about this on Google but I have anecdotal evidence to offer that when an Alberta Clipper does make it to the east coast of the US, I generally have aura if not a full blown migraine. Other cold fronts produces mild headaches but the Clipper is the dangerous one for me. 100.15.127.199 (talk) 13:20, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Alberta clipper


text:
Waldstätte

Waldstätte (, "forested sites;" civitates silvestres) is a term which has been used since the early thirteenth century to refer to the Stätte (singular: Statt, "sites"), or later Ort (plural: Orte, "place") or Stand (plural: Stände, "estate") of the early confederate allies of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden in today's Central Switzerland. From the 13th to 19th centuries, the term Waldstätte also synoptically referred to the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden; later, the term was gradually replaced by the term Urschweiz.

The term Wald ("forest; woods") is to be understood in contrast to Forst, the former in Middle High German terminology referring to cultivated land of alternating pastures, fields and woods, while the latter referred to deep, uncultivated forests (silva invia et inculta).

History
The Middle High German terms Waldstette or Stette (in the sense of "forested site/settlement") is also used alongside Stett (modern Stadt, or "town, city", in the sense of a powerful, possibly protected settlement with special rights) and Lender (modern Länder, in the sense of rural countrysides) in reference to the individual confederate allies into the first half of 15th century and became gradually replaced by the term Ort ("point; lieu") or Stand ("state"), which stayed prominent in German-speaking Switzerland until the Helvetic Republic; the term canton (in German: Kanton), in origin a Romance translation of German Ort, was unknown for the German-speaking allies until around 1650.

The first recorded use of the term specifically as referring to the wooded valleys of Central Switzerland is in a document dated 1289, mentioning ze Swiz in der waltstat (i.e. "in Schwyz, in the wooded site").

In 1323, Glarus is named a Waldstatt alongside Schwyz. The application to the allies of the early Swiss Confederacy dates to 1309. In 1310, Duke Frederick the Fair complains about the king impeding his rights to the civitatibus Silvanis.

With the establishment of the Confederacy in the 1310s, the term is adopted as an exonym, and in the pacts which expanded the Confederacy, with Lucerne in 1332 and with Berne in 1353.

The inclusion of Lucerne as a "fourth" Waldstätte is first mentioned in an addition dated to the 1450s in the Silver Book of Egloff Etterlin. In the protocols of the Swiss Diet in the second half of the 15th century, under the presidency of Lucerne, the term vier waltstette sees frequent use. Albrecht von Bonstetten in his Superioris Germaniae Confoederationis descriptio (1479) suggests that the term vier Waldstett (Latinized quatuor Loca Silvarum) was in common use.

Lake Lucerne is given the new name of Vierwaldstättersee (aka Lake of Four Forested Sites) in the 16th century.

title: Waldstätte


text:
User:KaurJmeb

zh:user:KaurJmeb

I am KJ. I got a Master degree from Division Microbiology, Graduate Institute of Basic Media Sciences, Chang-Gung University, I became a Sales for biomedical microscope. In 2004, I've been an active Wikipedian and started to write articles about how to use wikimedia project on my blog. These articles has been cllected and published, 維基百科攻略：知識分享最前線(ISBN 9867075064). I worked in OSSF, Institute of Information Science Academia Sinica for three Months in early 2006. And now I was a member of Wikia(2006-2008).

My blog: http://www.mw.net.tw/user/kaurjmeb/

promotion

 * 2006/04/08、09:吉米·威爾士台灣演講、參訪籌備工作人員.
 * 2006/3/23 My book: 維基百科攻略:知識分享最前線 ISBN 9867075064
 * Speech
 * 2006/11/08:Tainan Sinsing Elementary School
 * 2006/11/03:Taipei Dun-Hua Junior High School:開心辦教育全國分享交流研討會
 * 2006/10/29:Chinese Blogger Conference，Hang chou Mainland China
 * 2006/10/11：Chayi MingSheng Junior High School、Feng Chia University Center for General Education photo
 * 2006/10/08:應酷學園(Studyeara)之邀，介紹MediaWiki
 * 2006/09/28:Feng Chia University Center for General Education ，講題：由維基百科看知識分享
 * 2006/09/01-03:ICOS2006，wiki and Wikia.
 * 2006/03/10:在南港高中簡介維基百科，對象是國高中生.
 * 2006/02/25:Taipedia camp，介紹維基百科. 對象台灣北部大學生、研究生.
 * 2006/01/06:Taipedia camp，介紹維基百科. 對象台灣北、東部大學生、研究生.

2005年

 * 2005/12/17：題名中文維基百科，活動為教育部主辦的可攜式、可交換數位學習資源研習，對象為全國教師.
 * 2005/11/26：題名中文維基百科的發展，活動為台灣網路資訊中心所舉辦的4th TWING Camp.

title: User:KaurJmeb


text:
User talk:Heather&shakita

yeh i know

title: User talk:Heather&shakita


text:
North Central Service

The North Central Service (NCS) is a Metra commuter rail line running from Union Station in downtown Chicago through northwestern and far northern suburbs to Antioch, Illinois. In December 2022, the public timetable shows seven weekday departures from Chicago. This line does not run at all on weekends or holidays. While Metra does not explicitly refer to any of its eleven routes by colors, the NCS' timetable accents are lavender, a shade of purple. It is one of two Metra lines (the other being the Union Pacific West Line) that do not have a specific color for a fallen flag railroad that used to operate on the route.

Between Union Station and, the North Central Service shares tracks with the Milwaukee District West Line, but does not stop at any of the intermediate stations used by the MD-W between and River Grove. About a mile west of River Grove, this route turns north at a junction known as tower B-12. The rest of the route operates on the Canadian National Railway's Waukesha Subdivision. Until 2020, a single daily inbound train, no. 120, made all stops along the North Central Service from to, then switched to the Milwaukee District North Line's tracks at a diamond near  station, made stops at  and , and then ran express to Union Station.

The CN assumed ownership of this route on September 7, 2001, when it absorbed the Wisconsin Central Railroad ("WC"). The WC operated on this route after it was purchased from the Soo Line Railroad in April 1987. Metra provides its own crews for this service (like with most routes) and operates under a trackage rights agreement with the CN.

Service began August 19, 1996. , this is the only new commuter line in the Metra system since its formation. Prior to the start of NCS, the last passenger service on this route ended in January 1965, when the Soo Line discontinued the overnight Chicago-Duluth Laker.

The North Central Service serves O'Hare International Airport, but with a limited number of trains. O'Hare has much more frequent service from the CTA Blue Line.

As of February 15, 2024, Metra operates 14 trains (seven in each direction) on the line on weekdays, with all trains running the full length of the route from Antioch to Union Station. One inbound train and one outbound train run express between Western Avenue and Wheeling.

Metra will be offering an expanded schedule for the 2024 Democratic National Convention from August 12–30, 2024. On weekdays, in addition to regularly scheduled service, there will be 15 hourly round trips between O'Hare Transfer station and Union Station, with stops at River Grove and Western Avenue. On weekends, there will be 16 hourly round trips serving the same stations, with no service north of O'Hare Transfer.

Like the Heritage Corridor and SouthWest Service, the North Central Service is fully ADA-accessible.

No tickets are sold at any North Central Service stations outside Chicago. Passengers must purchase tickets either on the train or with Ventra.

Recent history
On January 30, 2006 four new stations on the North Central Service opened: in Franklin Park,, , and  in Grayslake. Service doubled from 10 to 20 trains per day with this change in the timetable, combined with double tracking of large portions of the line and the CN rerouting freight traffic south of Mundelein.

On September 11, 2006 service expanded from 20 to 22 trains when Metra split one rush-hour local train in each direction into two express trains.

Notably, the line goes through Des Plaines but does not have a station there. The station in Des Plaines was on Thacker Street and closed in 1965. However, Des Plaines is currently serviced by the Union Pacific Northwest Line.

Metra has considered adding weekend service to the North Central Service ever since Saturday service was added to the SouthWest Service, and has also considered operating six trains between Chicago and Antioch, like the SouthWest Service.

On February 5, 2018 service was reduced from 22 to 20 trains when Metra combined two rush-hour express trains into one rush hour semi-express.

As of April 2021, NCS service is limited to rush hours in the peak direction only–towards Chicago in the morning and towards Antioch in the afternoon. This makes the NCS one of 3 Metra lines (along with the Heritage Corridor and the SouthWest Service) to only offer peak service.

Ridership
Between 2014 and 2019, annual ridership declined 12.5% from 1,817,335 to 1,589,905. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 340,682 passengers in 2020 and to 146,668 passengers in 2021.

title: North Central Service


text:
Sieve tube element

Sieve elements are specialized cells that are important for the function of phloem, which is a highly organized tissue that transports organic compounds made during photosynthesis. Sieve elements are the major conducting cells in phloem. Conducting cells aid in transport of molecules especially for long-distance signaling. In plant anatomy, there are two main types of sieve elements. Companion cells and sieve cells originate from meristems, which are tissues that actively divide throughout a plant's lifetime. They are similar to the development of xylem, a water conducting tissue in plants whose main function is also transportation in the plant vascular system. Sieve elements' major function includes transporting sugars over long distance through plants by acting as a channel. Sieve elements elongate cells containing sieve areas on their walls. Pores on sieve areas allow for cytoplasmic connections to neighboring cells, which allows for the movement of photosynthetic material and other organic molecules necessary for tissue function. Structurally, they are elongated and parallel to the organ or tissue that they are located in. Sieve elements typically lack a nucleus and contain none to a very small number of ribosomes. The two types of sieve elements, sieve tube members and sieve cells, have different structures. Sieve tube members are shorter and wider with greater area for nutrient transport while sieve cells tend to be longer and narrower with smaller area for nutrient transport. Although the function of both of these kinds of sieve elements is the same, sieve cells are found in gymnosperms, non-flowering vascular plants, while sieve tube members are found in angiosperms, flowering vascular plants.

Discovery
Sieve elements were first discovered by the forest botanist Theodor Hartig in 1837. Since this discovery, the structure and physiology of phloem tissue has been emphasized more as there has been greater focus on its specialized components such as the sieve cells. Phloem was introduced by Carl Nägeli in 1858 after the discovery of sieve elements. Since then, multiple studies have been conducted on how sieve elements function in phloem in terms of working as a transport mechanism. An example of analysis of phloem through sieve elements was conducted in the study of Arabidopsis leaves. By studying the phloem of the leaves in vivo through laser microscopy and the usage of fluorescent markers (placed in both companion cells and sieve elements), the network of companion cells with the compact sieve tubes was highlighted. The markers for sieve elements and companion cells was used to study the network and organization of phloem cells.

Sieve cells
Sieve cells are long, conducting cells in the phloem that do not form sieve tubes. The major difference between sieve cells and sieve tube members is the lack of sieve plates in sieve cells. They have a very narrow diameter and tend to be longer in length than sieve tube elements as they are generally associated with albuminous cells. Similar to how Sieve Tube members are associated with companion cells, sieve cells are flanked with albuminous cells in order to aid in transporting organic material. Albuminous cells have long, unspecialized areas with ends that overlap with those of other sieve cells and contain nutrients and store food in order to nourish tissues. They enable the sieve cells to be connected to parenchyma, functional tissue in the organs, which helps to stabilize the tissue and transport nutrients. Sieve cells are also associated with gymnosperms because they lack the companion cell and sieve member complexes that angiosperms have. Sieve cells are very uniform and have an even distribution across of sieve areas. Their narrow pores are necessary in their function in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms which lack sieve-tube members and only have sieve cells to transport molecules. While sieve cells have smaller sieve areas, they are still distributed across several cells to still effectively transport material to various tissue within the plant.

Sieve cell associated albuminous cells work between phloem and parenchyma. They connect parenchyma with mature sieve cells to help participate in transport of cells. There can be many of these albuminous cells that belong to one sieve cell, depending on the function of the tissue or organ.

Sieve pores are very common in the areas that have overlapping sieve cells. Callose levels are measure in order to observe the activity of sieve cells. Callose acts as a block to the sieve pores that are present in both of these sieve elements. A lack callose suggests that the sieve elements are more active and therefore can regulate their pores more actively in response to environmental changes.

Further applications in agriculture
Because the plant vascular system is vital in growth and development of plant cells and the organs within the plant, the role of sieve elements in the transport of necessary carbohydrates and macromolecules is largely expanded. This can be applied to agriculture to observe the way resources are distributed to various parts of the plant. Plasmodesmata connect companion cells to sieve elements and parenchyma cells can connect the sieve tubes to various tissues within the plant. This system between the plasmodesmata, companion cells, and sieve tubes allow for the delivery of necessary metabolites. The yield of agricultural product could potentially be increased to maximize the delivery system of these specialized cells within the phloem in a way that diffusion can be maximized. It has been discovered that the angiosperm phloem can use the sieve tubes as a way to transport various forms of RNA to sink tissues which can help alter transcriptional activity. Sink tissues are tissues that are in the process of growth and need nutrients. Having Sieve elements transport additional nutrients to sink tissues can speed up the growth process, which can affect plant growth and development. Over time, rapid growth has the potential of leading to greater agricultural output.

title: Sieve tube element


text:
Porcine circovirus associated disease

Porcine circoviral disease (PCVD), also known as porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), is a disease seen in domestic pigs. This disease causes illness in piglets, with clinical signs including progressive loss of body condition, visibly enlarged lymph nodes, difficulty in breathing, and sometimes diarrhea, pale skin, and jaundice. PCVD is very damaging to the pig-producing industry and has been reported worldwide. PCVD is caused by Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2).

The North American industry endorses "PCVAD" and European use "PCVD" to describe this disease.

PMWS and PCV-2
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is the classic PCVD entity, caused by PCV-2. PCV-2 has a near universal distribution – present in most pig herds. In contrast, PMWS is more sporadic in its distribution. Experimental induction of PMWS has not been achieved by PCV-2 infection alone, using infectious DNA clones of the virus or a pure form of PCV-2 derived from infectious DNA clones. Therefore, it is assumed that PMWS is a multifactorial disease. PCV-2 is necessary but not sufficient for the development of PMWS. However, viral infection by itself tends to cause only mild disease, and co-factors such as other infections or immunostimulation seem necessary for development of severe disease.[1] For example, concurrent infection with porcine parvovirus or PRRS virus, or immunostimulation lead to increased replication of PCV-2 and more severe disease in PCV-2-infected pigs. There is no significant correlation of the disease with virus sequence variation with affected and control pigs. Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) was first identified in 1974 and was recognized as a non-disease-causing agent that frequently occurred in laboratory tissue cultures.

Clinical signs
Both PMWS and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) are associated to PCV-2. Many pigs affected by the circovirus also seem to develop secondary bacterial infections, like Glässer disease (Haemophilus parasuis), pulmonary pasteurellosis, colibacilosis, salmonellosis and others. Postmortem lesions occur in multiple organs, especially in lymphoid tissues and lung, giving rise to the term "multisystemic". Lesions may also affect the skin, kidney, reproductive tissue, brain, or blood vessels.

Wasting pigs is the most common sign of PMWS infection, increasing the mortality rate significantly.

Management practices to decrease severity of PMWS
François Madec, a French author, has written many recommendations on how reduce PMWS symptoms. They are mostly measures for disinfection, management, and hygiene, referred to as the "20 Madec Points" [Madec & Waddilove, 2002].

These measures have recently been expanded upon by Dr. David Barcellos, a professor at the Veterinary College in the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. He presented these points at "1st Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Symposium about swine management, reproduction, and hygiene".

He divided his points by pig growth stage, and they can be loosely summarized as:

 * keep the gutters clean
 * increase feeder space
 * use pens or small cages with solid dividers
 * avoid mixing pigs from different origins
 * improve the quality of air
 * decrease maximum capacity, giving each pig more room
 * separate sick animals as soon as possible, and treat them in a hospital pen. If they do not respond to antibiotics in three days, they should be culled
 * control access of people and other animals
 * reduce environmental stress factors such as gases and air currents
 * use immunizations and preventive medications for secondary agents commonly associated with PMWS

title: Porcine circovirus associated disease


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grant Wilder Smith

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:52, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Grant Wilder Smith
Wikispam for a collegs students blog, delete --nixie 13:15, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --Xcali 14:11, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - just another college student, seems non-notable. Jasonglchu 15:04, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable blogger. JamesBurns 07:17, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

lives on despite deletion


text:
Hermès

Hermès International S.A. ( er-MEZ, ) is a French luxury design house established on 15 June 1837. It specializes in leather goods, lifestyle accessories, home furnishings, perfumery, jewelry, watches and ready-to-wear. Since the 1950s, its logo has been a depiction of a ducal horse-drawn carriage.

Beginnings in the 19th century

Thierry Hermès was born in Krefeld, Germany, to a French father and a German mother. The family moved to France in 1828. In 1837, Hermès first established a harness workshop in the Grands Boulevards quarter of Paris, dedicated to serving European noblemen. He created high-quality wrought harnesses and bridles for the carriage trade, winning several awards including the first prize in its class in 1855, and again in 1867, at the Expositions Universelles in Paris.

Hermès's son, Charles-Émile, took over management from his father in 1880, and moved the shop to 24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, where it remains. With the help of his sons Adolphe and Émile-Maurice, Charles-Émile introduced saddlery and started selling his products retail. The company catered to the élite of Europe, North Africa, Russia, Asia, and the Americas. In 1900, the firm offered the Haut à Courroies bag, specially designed for riders to carry their saddles with them.

Hermès Frères era
After Charles-Émile Hermès's retirement, sons Adolphe and Émile-Maurice took leadership and renamed the company Hermès Frères. Shortly after, Émile-Maurice began furnishing the tsar of Russia with saddles. By 1914, up to 80 saddle craftsmen were employed. Subsequently, Émile-Maurice was granted the exclusive rights to use the zipper for leather goods and clothing, becoming the first to introduce the device in France. In 1918, Hermès introduced the first leather golf jacket with a zipper, made for Edward, Prince of Wales. Because of its exclusive rights arrangement the zipper became known in France as the fermeture Hermès (Hermès fastener).

Throughout the 1920s, when he was the sole head of the firm, Émile-Maurice added accessories and clothing collections. He also groomed his three sons-in-law (Robert Dumas, Jean-René Guerrand, and Francis Puech) as business partners. In 1922, the first leather handbags were introduced after Émile-Maurice's wife complained of not being able to find one to her liking. Émile-Maurice created the handbag collection himself.

In 1924, Hermès established a presence in the United States and opened two shops outside of Paris. In 1929, the first women's couture apparel collection was previewed in Paris. During the 1930s, Hermès introduced some of its most recognized original goods such as the leather "Sac à dépêches" in 1935 (later renamed the "Kelly bag" after Grace Kelly), and the Hermès carrés (square scarves) in 1937.

The scarves became integrated into French culture. In 1938, the "Chaîne d'ancre" bracelet and the riding jacket and outfit joined the classic collection. By this point, the company's designers began to draw inspirations from paintings, books, and objets d'art. The 1930s also witnessed Hermès's entry into the United States market by offering products in a Neiman Marcus department store in New York; however, it later withdrew. In 1949, the same year as the launch of the Hermès silk tie, the first perfume, "Eau d'Hermès", was produced.

From the mid-1930s, Hermès employed Swiss watchmaker Universal Genève as the brand's first and exclusive designer of timepieces, producing a line of men's wrist chronographs (manufactured in 18K gold or stainless steel) and women's Art Déco cuff watches in 18K gold, steel, or platinum. Both models contained dials signed either "Hermès" or "Hermès Universal Genève", while the watch movements were signed "Universal Genève S.A.". The Hermès/Universal partnership lasted until the 1950s.

Émile-Maurice summarized the Hermès philosophy during his leadership as "leather, sport, and a tradition of refined elegance."

Post-Émile-Maurice Hermès
Robert Dumas-Hermès (1898–1978), who succeeded Émile-Maurice after his death in 1951, closely collaborated with brother-in-law Jean-René Guerrand. Dumas became the first man not directly descended from Hermès père to lead the company because his connection to the family was only through marriage. Thus, he incorporated the Hermès name into his own, Dumas-Hermès.

The company also acquired its Duc-carriage-with-horse logo and signature orange paper boxes in the early 1950s. Dumas introduced original handbags, jewelry, and accessories and was particularly interested in design possibilities with the silk scarves. During the mid-20th century, scarf production diminished. World Tempus, a Web portal dedicated to watchmaking, states: "Brought to life by the magic wand of Annie Beaumel, the windows of the store on the [rue du] Faubourg Saint-Honoré became a theatre of enchantment and [established the store as] a Parisian meeting-place for international celebrities." In 1956, Life magazine featured a photograph of Grace Kelly, who had become the new Princess of Monaco, carrying the "Sac à dépêches" bag. Purportedly, she held it in front of herself to disguise her pregnancy. Thus, when the public began calling it the "Kelly" bag, a name subsequently adopted by Hermès, it became hugely popular.

The perfume business became a subsidiary in 1961, concurrently with the introduction of the "Calèche" scent, named after a hooded four-wheeled horse carriage, known since the 18th century, and is also the company's logo since the 1950s. In 2004, Jean-Claude Ellena became the in-house perfumer or "nose" and has created several successful scents, including the Hermessence line of fragrances.

Decline and revamp
Despite apparent success in the 1970s, exemplified by multiple stores having been established worldwide, including one in The Peninsula Hong Kong in 1975, Hermès declined relative to its competitors, industry observers attributed this decline to Hermès' insistence on exclusively using natural materials for its products, a differentiation from competitors that were using new, synthetic materials. A two-week lapse in orders exemplified this shift: the Hermès workrooms were silent. A market shift from artificial ingredients back to natural materials renewed demand for Hermès' fragrances and improved the company's prospects, contributing to the re-establishment of Hermès as a major player in the fragrance industry.

Jean-Louis Dumas, the son of Robert Dumas-Hermès, traveled extensively, studying in the buyer-training program at Bloomingdale's, the New York department store, and joined the family firm in 1964. He became chairman of Hermès in 1978 and concentrated the firm on silk, leather goods, and ready-to-wear, augmenting traditional techniques with new product lines. This transition was instrumental in turning around Hermès’ decline.

Dumas brought in designers Eric Bergère and Bernard Sanz to revamp the apparel collection and, in collaboration, added unusual entries. They included the python motorcycle jackets and ostrich-skin jeans, which were dubbed as "a snazzier version of what Hermès has been all along." (Annual sales in 1978, when Jean-Louis became head of the firm, were reported at US$50 million. By 1990, annual sales were reported at US$460 million, mainly due to Dumas's strategy.) In 1979, he launched an advertising campaign featuring a young, denim-clad woman wearing an Hermès scarf. The purpose was to introduce the Hermès brand to a new set of consumers. As one fashion-sector observer noted: "Much of what bears the still-discreet Hermès label changed from the object of an old person's nostalgia to the subject of young peoples' dreams." However, Dumas's change-of-image created outrage both within and outside of the firm.

Also in the 1970s, the watch subsidiary, La Montre Hermès, was established in Bienne, Switzerland. Then, throughout the 1980s, Dumas strengthened the company's hold on its suppliers, resulting in Hermès's gaining great stakes in prominent French glassware, silverware acquiring venerable tableware manufacturers such as Puiforcat, St. Louis, and Périgord.

Growth
From the 1980s, tableware became a strong segment of the firm. And, overall, the collection of Hermès goods expanded in 1990 to include over 30,000 pieces. New materials used in the collection included porcelain and crystal.

Hermès relocated its workshops and design studios to Pantin, just outside Paris. By June 1993, Hermès had gone public on the Paris Bourse (stock exchange). At the time, the equity sale generated great excitement. The 425,000 shares floated at FFr 300 (US$55 at the time) were oversubscribed by 34 times. Dumas told Forbes magazine that the equity sale would help lessen family tensions by allowing some members to liquidate their holdings without "squabbling over share valuations among themselves."

To this time, the Hermès family was still retaining a strong hold of about 80% in stocks, placing Jean-Louis Dumas and the entire family on the Forbes list of billionaires. Mimi Tompkins of U.S. News & World Report called the company "one of Paris' best guarded jewels."

In the following years, Dumas decreased Hermès franchises from 250 to 200 and increased company-owned stores from 60 to 100 to better control sales of its products. The plan was to cost about FFr 200 million in the short term but to increase profits in the long term. Having around FFr 500 million to invest, Hermès pressed ahead, targeting China for company-operated boutiques, finally opening a store in The Peninsula Beijing in 1997.

In 1997, Jean-Louis hired iconoclastic Belgian designer Martin Margiela to supervise women's ready-to-wear.

By the late 1990s, Hermès continued extensively to diminish the number of franchised stores, buying them up and opening more company-operated boutiques. The fashion industry was caught off guard in September 1999, when Jean-Louis decided to pay FFr 150 million for a 35% stake in the Jean-Paul Gaultier fashion house. In the latter part of the 1900s, the company encouraged its clientele to faites nous rêver (make us dream), producing throughout the period artistically atypical orders.

The 2000s to today

In 2003, Martin Margiela left Hermès, and hired Jean Paul Gaultier as the head designer, debuted his first ready-to-wear collection for fall/winter 2004–05.

After 28 years as head of the firm, Jean-Louis Dumas retired in January 2006. Known for his charm and one of Europe's greatest authorities on luxury, he died in 2010 after a long illness. Patrick Thomas, who had joined the company in 1989, and who had worked with Jean-Louis as the co-CEO from 2005, replaced him. Thomas became the first non-Hermès family member to head the company.

In February 2015 Hermès has announced an increase of its turnover of 9.7 percent representing more than €4 billion in sales. This increase is internationally visible. In Asia, excluding Japan, where the turnover grew by 7 percent, in America with a 10 percent rise, and in Europe a growth of 7 percent was achieved. A good performance in the group's stores was generated.

In March 2018, Hermès opened a multi-story shop at the Dubai Mall, their largest to date. In 2019, the brand was ranked 33rd in the Forbes List "World's Most Valuable Brands". The 2021 review of WIPO's annual World Intellectual Property Indicators ranked Hermès 7th in the world for the 68 industrial design registrations that were published under the Hague System during 2020. This position is significantly up on their previous 15th-place ranking for their 27 industrial design registrations published in 2019.

Following a landmark jury verdict, in February 2023, a New York court ordered artist Mason Rothschild to pay $133,000 in damages to Hermès, for infringing its copyright in his 2021 digital depictions of the Birkin bag in NFTs.

2020 Health and Economic Crisis Followed by Rebound
Against the backdrop of the Covid-19 health crisis, the group witnessed a 7% sales drop and a 9% decline in net profit in 2020. The decrease in European activity was partly offset by increased activity in Asia during the latter half of 2020.

In 2021, the group reported a net profit of €2.445 billion and €9 billion in sales, achieving an operating margin of 39.3%. These results surpassed pre-pandemic figures.

At the start of 2022, sales surged 33% in the first quarter compared to early 2021. With €2.765 billion in sales during this period, Hermès outpaced analysts' forecasts despite concerns over the conflict in Ukraine and repeated lockdowns in China. In March 2022, after the Russo-Ukrainian conflict erupted, Hermès announced the temporary closure of its Russian operations. About 60 employees were affected across three stores. Ultimately, in the first half of 2022, Hermès' net profit jumped 39.7% to €1.64 billion. Sales growth spanned all regions, totaling €5.475 billion. Celebrating the achievement, the group touted a record operating margin of 42.1%.

In Q1 2023, Hermès recorded a 22% sales surge, reaching €3.4 billion. Also in 2023, the company won a copyright lawsuit against American artist Mason Rothschild, who replicated and sold the Birkin bag as an NFT collection. In the same year, the group announced four new production sites in France: Espagnac, Loupes, Riom, and Charleville-Mézières.

Hermès presented "Hermès in the Making," a traveling exhibition across France in 2023, showcasing its artisanal craftsmanship.

In Q3 2023, Hermès reported 16% growth, slowing from 28% in Q2 but still outpacing key rivals such as LVMH who was flat and Kering who reported a decline in Q3 2023. Analysts suggest this resilience is due to Hermès impeccable brand image, storytelling, and positioning, as well as citing the broader consumer interest in "quiet luxury".

Designers
The designers throughout the company's history have included Lola Prusac, Jacques Delahaye, Catherine de Karolyi, Monsieur Levaillant, Nicole de Vesian, Eric Bergère, Claude Brouet, Tan Giudicelli, Marc Audibet, Mariot Chane, Bernard Sanz, Martin Margiela, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Christophe Lemaire, Véronique Nichanian (the men's-wear designer since 1988), and Nadège Vanhee-Cybulski (since 2014 succeeding Lemaire).

Goods and products

Known for luxury goods, by 2008, Hermès had 14 product divisions that encompassed leather, scarves, ties, men's wear, women's wear, perfume, watches, stationery, footwear, gloves, enamelware, decorative arts, tableware, and jewellery.

Hermès sales compose about 30% leather goods, 15% clothes, 12% scarves, and 43% other wares. The company licenses no products and keeps tight control over the design and manufacture of its vast inventory.

The firm is very attached to its traditional business model and rejects mass production, assembly lines, and mechanization. Hermès's goods are almost entirely made in France by hand in middle-sized workshops known as Les Ateliers Hermès that emphasise high-quality manufacturing. Indeed, Hermès claims most items are fabricated from beginning to end by only one person, which is supposed to guarantee the quality and uniqueness of its products.

Scarves
The scarf or carré (square) was introduced in 1937. The first example was a 70 cm x 70 cm print of white-wigged females playing a popular period game, a custom-made accessory named "Jeu des Omnibus et Dames Blanches." Hermès oversaw the production of its scarves throughout the entire process, purchasing raw Chinese silk, spinning it into yarn, and weaving it into fabric twice as strong and heavy as most scarves available at the time.

The company's scarf designers spend years creating new print patterns that are individually screen-printed. Designers can choose from over 70,000 different colors. When production first began, a dedicated factory was established in Lyon, France, the same year that Hermès celebrated its 100th anniversary.

Contemporary Hermès carrés measure 90 x 90 cm, weigh 65 g, and are woven from the silk of 250 mulberry moth cocoons. All hems are hand-stitched and motifs are wide-ranging. Two collections per year are released, along with some reprints of older designs and limited editions, and two collections per year are introduced in a Cashmere/silk blend. Since 1937, Hermès has produced over 2,000 unique designs; the horse motif is particularly famous and popular. The ubiquitous "Brides de Gala" version, introduced in 1957, has been produced more than 70,000 times. An Hermès scarf is sold somewhere in the world every 25 seconds; by the late 1970s, more than 1.1 million scarves had been sold worldwide.

Neckties

In 1946, the brand introduced a range of men's silk neckties in an array of motifs and widths. Neckties account for 10 percent of the company's annual sales.

Partnership with the Tuareg
For years, Hermès has partnered with Tuareg tribesmen for silver jewelry. The Saharan nomads' traditional motifs are often mirrored in various Hermès products, including scarves.

Apple Watch Hermès
In partnership with Apple, stainless steel editions of Apple Watch co-branded with Hermès are sold through Apple online and through Apple retail stores, as well as Hermès online and selected retail stores. Apple Watch Hermès features exclusive bands, colors, and digital watch faces carrying those companies' branding.

Leather goods
Hermès is known for its handmade luggage and handbags. One of them might require 18 to 24 hours to produce. The construction of each Kelly bag, for example, requires 18 hours to fully realize. Hermès's leathers come from all over the world. Customers may currently wait from six months to one year for delivery of one of the house's signature bags. Incidentally, should Hermès's leather goods require repair, owners can bring an item to any Hermès store, where it will be shipped to Les Ateliers Hermès in Pantin for repair or reconditioning.

Another famous Hermès handbag, the "Birkin bag", was named after British actress Jane Birkin. In a chance encounter with Jean-Louis Dumas, she complained that her bag was not practical for everyday use. Consequently, he invited her to France where they co-designed the bag in 1984. Birkin has since stopped carrying her namesake bag due to her tendonitis, as the bag became too large and heavy for her to carry. Asked by her that her name be removed and with much back-and-forth comments about various issues such as having her name removed. According to Vogue: "Jane Birkin 'is satisfied by the measures taken by Hermès', according to the brand, following an investigation by the fashion house [that refuted] claims made by PETA that its famous Birkin bags were being 'constructed from the skins of factory-farmed and cruelly slaughtered crocodiles.' "

While the Kelly and Birkin are two of the house's most famous bags, Hermès has a wide range of other popular handbags. One, the bolide is a dome shaped carry all that comes in varying sizes with a leather shoulder strap. It is widely recognized as the first handbag that was constructed with a zipper. The bolide comes in both stiff leathers such as epsom and relaxed leathers such as clemence. Another popular bag from the Hermès house is the evelyne, a comparatively affordable saddle style bag meant to be worn cross body with a traditionally fabric strap. The evelyne is available in 4 different sizes: the TPM (16 cm), PM (29 cm), GM (33 cm)and TGM (40 cm) and is generally made in relaxed leathers like clemence. The evelyne boasts a perforated "H" motif that is meant to be hidden and worn towards the body, to allow easy access to the top of the bag.

Controversy
In 2021, the Farm Transparency Project released video footage from three Australian crocodile farms owned by Hermès, which showed the small cages and concrete floors the animals live on and how they are slaughtered, including by stabbing and electrocution.

Perfumery
Since 1951, the company has created a number of scents for both men and women, as well as unisex lines. The Hermès line of perfumes includes classic perfumes such as Calèche introduced in 1961 and more recent creations including Terre d'Hermès. The main creator/nose of Hermès perfumes is Christine Nagel.

Feminine fragrances
• Calèche, 1961

• Amazone, 1974 (updated 2017)

• Parfum d'Hermès, 1984

• 24 Faubourg, 1995

• Hiris, 1999

• Rouge Hermès, 2000

• Eau des Merveilles, 2004

• Kelly Calèche, 2007

• Jour d'Hermès, 2013

• Jour d'Hermès Gardenia, 2015

• Galop d'Hermès, 2016

• Twilly d'Hermès, 2017

• Twilly d'Hermès Eau Poivrée, 2019

Masculine fragrances
• Équipage, 1970

• Bel Ami, 1986

• Rocabar, 1998

• Concentré d'Orange Verte, 2004

• Terre d'Hermès, 2006

• Bel Ami Vetiver, 2013

• Equipage Geranium, 2015

• H24, 2021

The Garden Collection
• Un Jardin en Méditerranée, 2003

• Un Jardin sur le Nil, 2005

• Un Jardin après la Mousson, 2008

• Un Jardin sur le Toit, 2011

• Le Jardin de Monsieur Li, 2015

• Un Jardin sur La Lagune, 2019

• Un Jardin de Cythere, 2023

Colognes
• Eau de Cologne d'Hermès, 1978 (re-released as Eau d'Orange Verte, 1997)

• Eau de Gentiane Blanche, 2009

• Eau de Pamplemousse Rose, 2009

• Eau de Narcisse Bleu, 2013

• Eau de Mandarine Ambrée, 2013

• Eau de Rhubarbe Écarlate, 2016

• Eau de Neroli Doré, 2016

• Eau de Citron Noir, 2018

• Eau de Basilic Pourpre, 2022

Unisex

 * Eau de Hermes, 1951
 * Voyage de Hermes, 2016 (eau de toilette and parfum)
 * Cabriole, 2022 (for children)

Hermessence scents exclusive to Hermès boutiques
• Rose Ikebana, 2004

• Vétiver Tonka, 2004

• Poivre Samarcande, 2004

• Ambre Narguilé, 2004

• Osmanthe Yunnan, 2005

• Paprika Brazil, 2006

• Brin de Réglisse, 2007

• Vanille Galante, 2009

• Iris Ukiyoé, 2010

• Santal Massoïa, 2011

• Épice Marine, 2013

• Cuir d'Ange, 2014

• Muguet Porcelaine, 2016

• Agar Ébene, 2018

• Cèdre Sambac, 2018

• Myrrhe Églantine, 2018

• Essences: Musc Pallida and Cardamusc, 2018

• Violette Volynka, 2022

Crystal lighting and glass
Belonging to the group is the crystal glass manufacturer Saint-Louis, the oldest crystal company in the world. Since its founding in 1586, Saint-Louis has drawn design inspiration from the decorative periods of the 19th and 20th centuries, from the Restoration to Modern styles, through Napoléon III, Art Nouveau and Art Déco. Saint-Louis became one of the Hermès Group Métiers in 1989.

The Hermès Foundation
The Hermès Foundation was launched in 2008. It is chaired by Pierre-Alexis Dumas, the artistic director of Hermès, and directed by Catherine Tsekenis. The Foundation's mission is to sponsor and support creation and craftsmanship activities.

In 2010, it launched the biannual Emile Hermès Prize that rewards an innovative project in the field of design. In 2014, the three winners who shared the first prize, chaired by Italian architect Michele De Lucchi, were Johan Brunel and Samuel Misslen for their "Ventilated Capsule," Antoine Lesur and Marc Venot for "Hut," and Paul Tubiana for "Leon." In 2012, the Foundation participated in the "New Settings" show for the promotion of the arts. In 2013, the Foundation supported the exhibition of works by young artists shown at the Palais de Tokyo. In January 2014, it has pledged a three-year support of the Cité internationale of Aubusson tapestry.

The Foundation operates several contemporary art spaces, including La Verrière in Brussels, Belgium, Le Forum in Tokyo, Japan, and Atelier Hermès in Seoul, South Korea.

Shareholder structure
By the end of December 2016, the Hermès family, as partners of Émile Hermès SARL and their family members, collectively owned 65.1% of the share capital of Hermès International S.A. through a number of asset holding companies and direct ownerships, which entitled the family to 74.8% of the voting rights on allocation of net income and 77.2% on all other matters. Luxury-goods conglomerate LVMH held 20.21% of shares that it amassed in the latter half of 2010 and 13.08% of votes at the same date, with 0.39% of shares held as treasury stock and the remaining 16.61% as free float. Speculation that LVMH would launch a takeover bid for Hermès has been repeatedly denied by its chairman Bernard Arnault. Some industry insiders have been in doubt, such as René Weber, an analyst at Zürich's Vontobel Investment Banking, who has claimed: "Arnault is not afraid of a fight and a lot of his battles have been successful for him and his shareholders. Whether he can eventually succeed with [a takeover of] Hermès is still an open question." Bertrand Puech, who chairs the main Hermès family holding company, has criticised LVMH's acquisition of Hermès shares and called on the company to reduce its stake by half.

title: Hermès


text:
Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–1885)

Duke Alexander Paul Ludwig Konstantin of Württemberg (9 September 1804 – 4 July 1885) was a German nobleman. His son, Francis, Duke of Teck, was the father of Mary of Teck, queen consort to George V of the United Kingdom.

Life
He was born on 9 September 1804 the son of Duke Louis of Württemberg (1756–1817), the younger brother of Frederick I of Württemberg, the first king of Württemberg, and the second son of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg (1732–1797). His mother was Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg (1780–1857), a daughter of Charles Christian, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg, and great-granddaughter of George II of Great Britain by his eldest daughter Anne, Princess Royal.

Marriage and issue
In 1835, he married Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde (1812–1841), a Hungarian noblewoman whose non-royal ancestry resulted in the marriage being considered morganatic, thus depriving her issue of their paternal royal titles, status, and inheritance. She was granted the title Countess von Hohenstein in her own right. In 1841, having fallen from her horse, she was trampled by other horses and killed. After his wife's death Alexander suffered a mental breakdown, a condition which lasted for the rest of his life.

By his wife, he had issue: one son and two daughters. In 1863, his children were all elevated by Alexander's first cousin and brother-in-law William I of Württemberg to the rank of Princes and Princesses of Teck. His eldest son, Francis was elevated to Duke of Teck upon marriage.
 * Princess Claudine of Teck (1836–1894).
 * Prince Francis, Duke of Teck (1837–1900) who on 12 June 1866 at St Anne's Church, Kew, in England, married Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (1833– 1897), younger daughter of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge (1774– 1850) the seventh and youngest son of King George III of the United Kingdom. The couple were very distant cousins, both being descended from George I of Great Britain. In 1871, five years after his marriage, Francis was raised by his second cousin King Charles I of Württemberg (son of King William I) to the title Duke of Teck, a hereditary title in the Kingdom of Württemberg, but without any accompanying grant of land. Francis's sisters were not given any similar new status and remained Princesses of Teck. By his wife, Francis had issue: three sons and one daughter:
 * Mary of Teck (1867–1953; known in the royal family as May) who in 1893 married Prince George, Duke of York, the future George V;
 * Adolphus Cambridge, 1st Marquess of Cambridge (1868–1927), formerly Duke of Teck (having succeeded his father), which German title was surrendered by him during World War I for political reasons and replaced by the British title of Marquess of Cambridge;
 * Prince Francis of Teck (1870–1910), died unmarried;
 * Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (1874–1957), formerly Prince Alexander of Teck, which German title was surrendered by him during World War I for political reasons and replaced by the British title of Earl of Athlone;
 * Princess Amalie of Teck (1838–1893) who on 24 October 1863 married Carl Ernst Ludwig Paul, Count von Hügel (1835– 1897), by whom she had issue:
 * Paul-Julius, Count von Hügel (1872–1912) who married Anna Pauline Homolatsch (1876–), divorced in 1911, by whom he had issue:
 * Countess Huberta Amelia Maximilienne Pauline von Hügel (1897–1912)
 * Ferdinand Paul, Count von Hügel (1901–)


text:
Denmark women's national football team

The Denmark women's national football team (Danmarks kvindefodboldlandshold) represents Denmark and Greenland in international women's football. The team is controlled by the Danish Football Association (DBU) and competes as a member of UEFA in various international football tournaments such as the FIFA Women's World Cup, UEFA Women's Euro, the Summer Olympics, the Algarve Cup, and, since 2023, the new UEFA Women's Nations League.

Denmark have qualified four times for the FIFA Women's World Cup and nine times for the UEFA Women's Championship, reaching the final in 2017.

At the UEFA Women's Euro 2017 in Netherlands, Denmark was drawn into Group A with Netherlands, Norway and Belgium. They secured a 1–0 victories over Belgium and Norway, but lost 1–0 to Netherlands. Despite that they managed to advance as runners-up in the group, to the quarter-finals against Germany. The Danes surprisingly won against the 22-year reigning champions of Europe and qualified to the semifinals, with a 2–1 win. Denmark defeated Austria 3–0 on penalties to reach the final for the first time, after the match finished goalless. In the final the team met Netherlands at the De Grolsch Veste, Enschede, standing in front of a crowd of 28,182 spectators. The Dutch team defeated Denmark, by a 4–2 victory and claimed their first UEFA Euro title.

In March 2007, Denmark was ranked sixth in the FIFA Women's World Rankings, reaching the highest ranking since it was introduced. The worst ranking so far was a 20th place finish in June 2016.

History
Denmark were one of the earliest pioneers of women's football competing in the 1971 Women's World Cup.

2023 Women's World Cup
Denmark were in Group D with England, China and Haiti. They lost to England and defeated China and Haiti to finish second in the group. They were eliminated in the Round of 16 when they lost 2-0 to Australia.

Home stadium
The Denmark women's national football team usually plays their home matches at the Energi Viborg Arena, Viborg, having a capacity of 10,000 spectators.

The highest number of spectators for a women's international match on Danish soil is 9,337 and was set during the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying cicle against Finland at the Viborg Stadium on 27 September 2006.

A new record for the national team was set to on 24 June 2022 at a Exhibition match against Brazil in Parken Stadium, Copenhagen, where 21,542 attended.

Results and fixtures
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

 * Legend

Current squad
23 players were called up for the UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying matches on July 12 and 16 against and, respectively.

Caps and goals are current as of the 16 July 2024 match against .

Recent call-ups
The following list of active players were not called up for the latest match of the national team, but were called up for an A-level match within the last 12 months.

INJ

INJ MED

MED INJ INJ INJ

 * INJ = Withdrew due to injury
 * PRE = Preliminary squad
 * MED = Withdrew on medical grounds
 * RET = Retired from the national team
 * COV = COVID-19 positive test or close contact

Previous squads

 * FIFA Women's World Cup:
 * World Cup 1991 squad
 * World Cup 1995 squad
 * World Cup 1999 squad
 * World Cup 2007 squad
 * World Cup 2023 squad

 * UEFA Women's Euro:
 * Euro 1984 squad
 * Euro 1991 squad
 * Euro 1993 squad
 * Euro 1997 squad
 * Euro 2001 squad
 * Euro 2005 squad
 * Euro 2009 squad
 * Euro 2013 squad
 * Euro 2017 squad
 * Euro 2022 squad

 * Olympic Games:
 * Olympics 1996 squad

Player records
Players listed in bold are still active at national level.

FIFA Women's World Cup

 * *Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Invitational trophies

 * Women's Nordic Football Championship: Winner 1974, 1975, 1976, 1982

World Cup (Old invitational event)

 * 1970 : Champions (non-official competition)
 * 1971 : Champions (non-official competition)
 * 1981 : Runners-up (non-official competition)
 * 1984 : Did not participate (non-official competition)
 * 1985 : Third Place (non-official competition)
 * 1986 : Did not participate (non-official competition)
 * 1988 : Did not participate (non-official competition)

European Championship (Unofficial events)

 * 1969 : Runner-up (non-official competition)
 * 1979 : Champions (non-official competition)

Honours

 * FIEFF Women's World Cup
 * Winners (2): 1970, 1971

 * UEFA Women's Euro
 * Runners-up: 2017

title: Denmark women's national football team


text:
Stephen Gyllenhaal

Stephen Roark Gyllenhaal (, ; born October 4, 1949) is an American film director and poet. He is the father of actors Jake and Maggie Gyllenhaal.

Personal life
Gyllenhaal was born in Cleveland, Ohio, to Virginia Lowrie (née Childs) and Hugh Anders Gyllenhaal. He is of Swedish and English descent; through his father, he is a member of the Gyllenhaal family, and a descendant of the cavalry officer Nils Gunnesson Haal, who was ennobled in 1652 when Queen Christina of Sweden conferred upon him the crest and family name, "Gyllenhaal".

He grew up in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia in a close-knit Swedenborgian family. He graduated from Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut in 1972, with a degree in English. His mentor at Trinity was the poet Hugh Ogden.

He was married to screenwriter Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal for 32 years, from 1977 until their divorce was finalized in 2009. From that marriage, he and Naomi are the parents of actors Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal.

His brother, Anders Gyllenhaal, is executive editor of the Miami Herald.

In July 2011, he married Kathleen Man, a filmmaker and professor who was a co-producer on Gyllenhaal's 2012 film Grassroots. Their son Luke was born in 2014.

Career
Gyllenhaal directed the film version of the Pete Dexter novel Paris Trout, which was nominated for five Emmy Awards and won him a DGA Award. In 1990, Gyllenhaal directed Family of Spies, which was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and an Emmy. In 1992, he directed the feature film Waterland, starring Jeremy Irons and Ethan Hawke. Since 1993, he has focused primarily on directing in television, including an episode of the ABC television series Twin Peaks. He directed his son, Jake, then 14 years old, in an episode of NBC's Homicide: Life on the Street that aired in 1994. Gyllenhaal directed several episodes of the CBS series Numb3rs, The Mentalist, Hawthorne, Army Wives, Rectify, and Blue Bloods. In 2011, Gyllenhaal directed Girl Fight which starred Anne Heche and earned Gyllenhaal a DGA Nomination for outstanding directorial achievement in movies for television.

He is also a poet, who has been published in literary journals such as Prairie Schooner and Nimrod. His first collection of poetry, Claptrap: Notes from Hollywood, was published in June 2006 by Cantara Christopher's New York–based literary small press, Cantarabooks.

In 2013, Gyllenhaal directed a backdoor pilot originally titled Sworn to Silence that aired as the Lifetime TV movie An Amish Murder. It stars Neve Campbell as a local police detective who must solve a murder case that involves the Amish Community she was shunned from years ago. Gyllenhaal is also in post-production on a documentary about dream interpretation titled Exquisite Continent.

In 2019, Gyllenhaal was on the "Social Impact Advisory Board" of the San Diego International Film Festival with Susan Sarandon and Cecelia Peck.

title: Stephen Gyllenhaal