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Mega Powers

The Mega Powers was a tag team in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1987 to 1989, consisting of Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage, and managed by Savage's wife, Miss Elizabeth. Lust and jealousy surrounding her led to the team's demise and subsequent feud, culminating in a match at WrestleMania V. They briefly reformed in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1994 as The Monster Maniacs before returning to their original name. They then interacted regularly thereafter as both teammates and rivals, particularly as members of the New World Order (nWo), until their departures from WCW in 2000.

Formation (1987)
Prior to the fall of 1987, Hogan and Savage were bitter enemies. In fact, from late 1985 through mid-summer 1987, the two often wrestled for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Hogan was able to defeat Savage on many of these occasions, although Savage gained some important countout and disqualification victories over Hogan as well. While Hogan was the most popular star in the WWF during most of this time, Savage—who was the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion for many of their matches in 1986 and early 1987—had gained a strong following even during his heel days, and by July 1987, was starting to get more cheers than boos. A slow face turn for Savage was beginning, and gained credibility when an angle was started involving The Honky Tonk Man (a heel who had since won the Intercontinental Championship) began making disparaging comments about Savage. To aid in Savage's face turn, the WWF began booking him against various heels, including King Kong Bundy and Killer Khan, with those matches taking place prior to his first match against Honky.

The Mega Powers officially formed their alliance, then, on the October 3, 1987 Saturday Night's Main Event XII (taped September 23, 1987), when Savage sought to win the Intercontinental Championship from Honky Tonk Man. When Savage hit his diving elbow drop finisher on Honky for the pin, The Hart Foundation came in and attacked Savage, getting Honky disqualified.

When Honky shoved Miss Elizabeth to the mat, who was trying to stop them, she ran away to the backstage area; meanwhile, Honky completed his attempt to break his guitar over Savage's head. Shortly afterward, Miss Elizabeth returned with Savage's former rival Hulk Hogan, who came and saved Savage from the assault. Afterwards, Savage extended his hand in friendship to Hogan, who accepted and the three paraded around the ring with their hands adjoined. Their alliance solidified Savage's change into a fan favorite, which had been brewing for weeks as fan support grew for him. Later that night, during a backstage interview with Gene Okerlund, Savage and Hogan shook hands again and Savage referred to themselves for the first time as the Mega Powers. Hogan stated that "the combination of 'Hulkamania' and 'Macho Madness' may become the most powerful force in WWF history".

Over the next four months, Hogan and Savage would team up several times. The first being at a house show in Vancouver, BC, on November 10, 1987. It was a six-man tag team match with Hogan and Savage teaming with Jim Duggan to defeat the team of King Kong Bundy, Rick Rude and Harley Race. Their second tag team match was held in Huntsville, Alabama on January 5, 1988. It was a dark match at a television taping where Hogan and Savage defeated the team of Honky Tonk Man and the Hart Foundation in a handicap match. Another six-man tag team match was held in Montreal on February 8, 1988, with Hogan and Savage teaming up with Ricky Steamboat to defeat the Honky Tonk Man and the Hart Foundation.

On the March 12, 1988 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XV, Savage wrestled Ted DiBiase in a singles match. DiBiase was accompanied by Virgil and André The Giant. Halfway through the match the referee ejected Virgil from ringside for outside interference. The match ended when Andre took advantage of the referee being incapacitated and rammed Savage into the ringpost. When the referee came to he counted Savage out of the ring. Following the match, Virgil returned to the ring and joined DiBiase and Andre in a 3-on-1 beating of Savage. Miss Elizabeth ran away from ringside and when she returned she was with Hulk Hogan, who ran into the ring carrying a steel chair. Hogan saved Savage from any further attacks by chasing the trio out of the ring. Afterwards, Hogan helped Savage back to his feet.

WrestleMania IV (1988)
A tournament was made to decide a new WWF World Heavyweight Champion after Hogan "lost" the title to André the Giant at The Main Event I on February 5, 1988. André immediately surrendered the belt to Ted DiBiase. It was revealed that DiBiase had hired referee Dave Hebner's twin brother, Earl, to pretend to be Dave and give Hogan a bogus three count when Hulk's shoulder was clearly off the mat before the count of three. Between the referee cheating Hogan, André forfeiting the title and DiBiase's illegal attempt to buy the title, this caused WWF President Jack Tunney to declare the championship vacant.

Hogan and André were both given byes in the first round of the tournament, but fought to a double-disqualification in the quarterfinals. This had the side effect of giving Ted DiBiase a bye in the semifinals. Ultimately, Savage and DiBiase met in the final match of the tournament. DiBiase did all that he could to take out Savage (including the constant interference of André, who was acting as DiBiase's second for this match), but he couldn't keep him down. Savage eventually went to Miss Elizabeth, whispering something to her. She ran backstage, as the fans were trying to figure out what was going on.

A few minutes later, Miss Elizabeth re-emerged with Hogan. André and DiBiase seemed shocked by the turn of events. Hogan got revenge on DiBiase by hitting him in the back with a steel chair while André had distracted the referee by preventing Savage from getting to the ropes while locked in DiBiase's Million Dollar Dream. Savage was able to hit his diving elbow drop finisher and got the three count. After the match, they celebrated as a group.

A few months later, with Hogan on leave of absence from the WWF and Savage feuding with DiBiase over the title, DiBiase and André attacked Savage during an interview segment prompting Savage to challenge the two to a tag team match against him and a partner of his choosing, which was accepted. Savage then revealed that his partner would be the returning Hogan and that they would meet André and DiBiase at SummerSlam.

SummerSlam (1988)
Their official televised debut match as a tag team was at SummerSlam '88. They went against André the Giant and Ted DiBiase in a match billed as "The Mega Powers versus the Mega Bucks". Jesse Ventura, a longtime supporter of Savage's but a longtime adversary of Hogan's, served as referee for this match. The match didn't go as planned for the Mega Bucks. Miss Elizabeth exposed her assets in skimpy panties after stripping off her skirt to the heels, resulting in the Mega Powers coming back to win the match. Ventura counted but hesitated at two, so Savage forced the three-count.

Feud with The Twin Towers and split (1988–1989)
At the 1988 Survivor Series, Hogan and Savage captained a team that faced a five-member squad headed by Big Boss Man and Akeem (who by now were being billed as The Twin Towers). Hogan and Savage eventually won the match (last eliminating King Haku, Big Boss Man and Akeem had been counted out and disqualified, respectively); during the post-match posing, Hogan again began acting friendly toward Miss Elizabeth, visibly annoying Savage. In a post-match interview, pro-heel commentator Jesse Ventura interviewed Savage, playing up Savage's growing anger regarding Hogan's behavior toward Miss Elizabeth. However, Miss Elizabeth was not the only reason Hogan and Savage had issues with each other during their stint as a team.

The two had an uneasy relationship, particularly when it became obvious Hogan would act friendly and/or protective toward Miss Elizabeth. On Saturday Night's Main Event XVII and XX, Hogan was insistent on Miss Elizabeth appearing at ringside for his matches versus King Haku, Akeem, and Bad News Brown. In the latter instance, Miss Elizabeth's was endangered by Akeem and his allies, Slick and King Haku when Big Boss Man grabbed Miss Elizabeth and placed her in handcuffs; before Big Boss Man could use his nightstick to strike Miss Elizabeth, Savage ran out and made the save. While Savage showed concern for Miss Elizabeth, he disregarded Hogan, who was still reeling from being attacked by The Big Boss Man and Akeem.

At the 1989 Royal Rumble, Hogan accidentally eliminated Savage in the Royal Rumble match when he went to put out Bad News Brown (with whom Savage was having a concurrent feud). The two appeared to make amends at the behest of their manager, but Savage was clearly upset after the event (which was ultimately won by Big John Studd).

Things came to a full boil on February 3, 1989, on NBC's prime-time special, The Main Event II when the two wrestled The Twin Towers. During the match, Akeem threw Savage out of the ring. Savage was thrown onto Miss Elizabeth, knocking her unconscious. Hogan saw what happened and carried Miss Elizabeth from the ring to the medical area. When Miss Elizabeth was revived, she implored a distraught Hogan to return to the ring to help Savage, who had been left to fight the two gargantuans on his own for several minutes. Hogan eventually called for the tag, but Savage, who was furious with being abandoned during the match, slapped Hogan in the face. After some choice words to a confused Hogan, he took his world championship belt, and stormed back to the locker room. Hogan defeated The Twin Towers by himself. After the match, Hogan went to check on Miss Elizabeth. Savage was back there too, who was caught in mid-tirade yelling to Miss Elizabeth that as world champion he was tired of taking a backseat to both Hogan and Miss Elizabeth in the Mega Powers pecking order. Upon Hogan's arrival, Savage turned his frustration to him, accused Hogan of trying to steal Miss Elizabeth from him, and manipulate the belt away from him. Hogan implored Miss Elizabeth to try and talk some sense into him before Savage attacked him by hitting him in the face with the title belt, sealing the end to their partnership and beginning their feud.

WrestleMania V: The Mega Powers explode (1989)
Hogan's first response to Savage's actions was to challenge him at WrestleMania for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, which Savage eventually accepted. Most of the leadup to the match involved two things: the first being Savage showing (heavily edited and out of context) footage to prove that Hogan "lusted after" Miss Elizabeth, after which Hogan would respond by showing the footage in its proper context and with explanation; and the question of whose corner would Miss Elizabeth be in. Miss Elizabeth ultimately announced she would be in a neutral corner.

On April 2, 1989, Hogan and Savage decided to settle the score at WrestleMania V for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Although Miss Elizabeth was stationed in her "neutral corner" for the match, she was eventually ejected from ringside after too many complications were caused by her attempting to assist both men at different points in the match. After an even match between both, Hogan eventually prevailed after kicking out of a Savage's diving elbow drop before "hulking up" and executing the leg drop to become WWF World Heavyweight Champion for the second time.

The two would continue their feud in the months following WrestleMania. Savage replaced Miss Elizabeth as his manager with Sensational Sherri after Wrestlemania V and aligned himself with Hogan's co-star from the movie No Holds Barred, Tiny Lister (who appeared in character as Zeus, his role in the film). This extension of the angle would culminate at SummerSlam when Hogan and Brutus Beefcake (with a return appearance by Miss Elizabeth) would defeat Savage and Zeus in the main event, and a December 1989 cage match between the two teams during a pay-per-view event entitled No Holds Barred: The Match, The Movie.

Savage and Hogan would meet one last time for a WrestleMania V rematch on the February 23, 1990 edition The Main Event III with Heavyweight Boxing Champion James "Buster" Douglas as the guest referee. Hogan would come out victorious yet again with Savage knocked out by Douglas post-match.

Post-feud (1991–1993)
After his feud with Hogan came to a final conclusion, Savage began a rivalry with The Ultimate Warrior and cost him his WWF Championship against Sgt. Slaughter at the Royal Rumble in January 1991. Savage and Warrior would face off in a retirement match at WrestleMania VII, which Savage lost. After the match Queen Sherri turned on him, which caused Miss Elizabeth to come from the crowd and save Savage. The actions turned Savage into a hero again, and he left the ring with Miss Elizabeth to a loud ovation from the crowd. Following Hogan's victory over Sgt. Slaughter to regain the WWF Championship at that same event, Savage served as a special guest referee for house show rematches between Hogan and Slaughter from June 30 through August 18. In each of the seven bouts, Hogan successfully retained the title after Slaughter attacked Savage only for Savage to return the favor, thereby assisting Hogan.

On November 16, 1991, Hogan was a guest on Paul Bearer's Funeral Parlor interview segment. When Hogan was attacked by The Undertaker and Ric Flair, Savage (along with Roddy Piper) saved Hogan from the beating.

Savage returned to wrestling in 1992, and he and Hogan both competed in the 1992 Royal Rumble. The two tagged to defeat Jake "The Snake" Roberts and The Berzerker on a February 1 taping of WWF Superstars. They teamed again at a house show on February 10 to defeat Roberts and The Undertaker. The Mega Powers reunited for one final time in the WWF on March 29, 1992, to defeat Ric Flair and Sid Justice by disqualification at a house show at The Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn, Michigan.

Hogan and Savage's real-life friendship unraveled in 1992 when Miss Elizabeth filed for divorce against Savage. In an interview with Radio WWF in 1993, Savage discussed the divorce, openly blaming Hogan and his then-wife Linda for turning Miss Elizabeth against him.

An urban legend was that Savage gave Hogan a black eye with a punch a few days before WrestleMania IX in 1993; however, Hogan stated in his autobiography the black eye came from a jet ski accident incurred days before the event. This was later confirmed in an interview with Mike Schiavello.

Hogan left the WWF in the summer of 1993, while Savage departed near the end of 1994.

Reunion (1994–1996)
After Hogan and Savage patched up their real-life differences, Hogan talked WCW president Eric Bischoff into signing Savage, who was increasingly unhappy with his diminishing role in the WWF. In his initial appearance on WCW Saturday Night, Savage made reference on air to his love/hate relationship with Hogan and was ambiguous as to where his allegiance was. He aided Hogan at Starrcade 1994 and shook his hand, signalling their alliance. Jimmy Hart, who by this point was managing Hogan, began to manage the team. Initially called "The Monster Maniacs" (presumably for legal reasons), Hogan and Savage teamed on January 25, 1995, at Clash of the Champions XXX to battle Kevin Sullivan and The Butcher. Hart would turn on the team at Halloween Havoc 1995 to manage the Dungeon of Doom, a stable Sullivan would go on to form in the Summer of 1995 in an effort to improve his chances of ridding WCW of Hogan. On March 24, 1996, at Uncensored, The Mega Powers reunited to take on eight opponents in a Doomsday Cage Match. The opponents were Ric Flair, Arn Anderson, Kevin Sullivan, Lex Luger, The Faces of Fear (The Barbarian and Meng), Z-Gangsta, and The Ultimate Solution. They were known as the Alliance to End Hulkamania. At Clash of the Champions XXXII on January 23, 1996, from Las Vegas, Nevada, the duo lost to Ric Flair and The Giant.

Second breakup (1996)
The team broke up again at Bash at the Beach on July 7, 1996. This time, it was Hogan who turned heel. Hogan came out seemingly to save Savage and Sting during their match with The Outsiders (Scott Hall and Kevin Nash); Hogan double-crossed Savage and Sting, dropping the leg on Savage three times, then forming the New World Order (nWo). WCW decided to work Hogan's and Savage's old real life feud into the storyline, going as far as having Hogan state that if Savage was going to accuse him of causing his divorce from Miss Elizabeth, then he "doesn't need someone as ungrateful as 'The Macho Man' as a friend". Later that year, the former friends faced off at Halloween Havoc for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. Savage almost had Hogan beat, but thanks to Ted DiBiase and The Giant, Hogan retained the title and the nWo brutally beat Savage. Savage's ex-wife, Miss Elizabeth, who was aligned with the Four Horsemen at the time, begged Hogan to stop hurting Savage, who she still cared deeply about. She then covered his unconscious body to prevent anymore beatings and was spraypainted along with Savage.

New World Order (1997–1998)
After losing to Hogan at Halloween Havoc, Savage went on hiatus. He returned to WCW in January 1997, joining Sting in the rafters, showing no alliance to either WCW or the nWo for a while. At SuperBrawl VII, Savage appeared ringside for the match between Hogan and Roddy Piper. Savage became a villain by slipping Hogan a pair of brass knuckles when the referee's back was turned. Hogan used the weapon en route to his very first pinfall victory over Piper, and after the match, Hogan and Savage brutalized Piper together.

The pair would team often, sometimes with the Outsiders, in tag matches with Savage now wearing similar wrestling attire to Hogan. However, in late 1997, after Hogan lost the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to Sting, friction popped up between Savage and Hogan again, this time over who the leader of the nWo was. Hogan and Savage teamed for the final time in their careers on the February 16, 1998 edition of WCW Monday Nitro, losing to Sting and Lex Luger by disqualification.

A brief feud between Savage and fellow nWo member Kevin Nash ended when the two realized Hogan was playing them against each other to keep them away from chasing the WCW World Heavyweight Championship. The feud came to a fever pitch when Savage took the title from Sting, only to have Hogan take it from him the next night. After that, the nWo split into two factions, with Hogan spearheading nWo Hollywood and Savage co-founding the nWo Wolfpac with Nash. The Outsiders split shortly after when Hall turned on Nash and joined up with nWo Hollywood.

The former Mega Powers teammates faced off for the last time when Savage lost the WCW World Heavyweight Championship to Hogan on the July 12, 1999 episode of Nitro.

The Millionaire's Club (2000)
In 2000, Hogan and other legends formed the WCW faction known as The Millionaire's Club. During one memorable brawl at the end of a television taping between the Club and their opponents, Savage suddenly ran out and lent the Club his aid, turning the tide and effectively becoming a member after tapping fists with Hogan once the fighting ended. Hogan and Savage had reverted to fan-favorite status by this time. This ended quickly, however, as Hogan left WCW in July 2000 and Savage was not seen again before WCW folded in spring 2001.

TNA: Hogan and Jay Lethal (2010)
On the March 29, 2010 episode of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s Impact! television show, Hogan met with "Black Machismo" Jay Lethal in his office. Lethal, whose character was inspired by Savage, made reference to the Mega Powers, placing himself in Savage's place as Hogan's partner. They finished the segment by doing the Mega Powers handshake.

WWE: AxelMania and Macho Mandow (2015)
On the May 5, 2015 episode of Main Event, Damien Sandow adopted a new "Macho Mandow" gimmick reminiscent of Savage's, with the same entrance music (Pomp and Circumstance) and similar attire. He then wrestled a match against Curtis Axel, whose "AxelMania" gimmick had elements similar to Hogan's; however, the match was interrupted by The Ascension. On the May 11, 2015 episode of Raw, they had a rematch and were again interrupted by The Ascension; this time they fought off The Ascension together, and then shared a handshake reminiscent of the original Mega Powers. The team was later christened "The Meta Powers". At Payback, The Meta Powers were defeated by The Ascension. The Meta Powers angle was dropped on July 24, 2015, after WWE fired Hulk Hogan and severed all ties with him, although Sandow continued to use the Macho Man gimmick.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked No. 57 of the 100 best tag teams during the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW World Heavyweight Championship (3 times) – Hulk Hogan (1), Randy Savage (2)
 * World Wrestling Federation
 * WWF World Heavyweight Championship (2 times) – Hulk Hogan (1), Randy Savage (1)

title: Mega Powers


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Snoop Dogg Presents: Tha Eastsidaz

Snoop Dogg Presents: Tha Eastsidaz is the eponymous debut studio album by American gangsta rap group Tha Eastsidaz. It was released on February 1, 2000, on Dogghouse Records and TVT Records. The album was recorded at Dogghouse Studio, Music Grinder & Skip Saylor Recording, Hollywood, California.

Most of the songs were performed live on Hustler's rap-porn compilation Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle XXX DVD. The album was executive produced by Snoop Dogg. The rapper's younger brother Bing Worthington, Jr. is credited as an executive producer of the project.

Critical reception
The album overall received generally positive reviews from music critics.

Commercial performance
Tha Eastsidaz debuted at number 8 on the US Billboard 200, selling 100,000 copies in its first week. It was certificated Platinum on October 11, 2000.

Music videos
Despite only two songs being released as singles, Tha Eastsidaz did a total of six videos for songs off the album: "Dogghouse" featuring Rappin' 4-Tay & Twinz, "G'd Up" featuring Butch Cassidy (directed by Diane Martel), "Got Beef" featuring Jayo Felony & Sylk-E. Fine (directed by Chris Robinson), "Now We Lay 'Em Down" featuring Kokane, "Tha Eastsidaz", and "The Gangsta in Deee".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Snoop Dogg Presents: Tha Eastsidaz


text: User talk:202.54.26.120

title: User talk:202.54.26.120


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Directorate of Ukraine

The Directorate, or Directory (Директорія) was a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People's Republic, initially formed on 13–14 November 1918 during a session of the Ukrainian National Union in rebellion against the Ukrainian State. During the Anti-Hetman Uprising it was named as the Executive Council of the State Affairs. Its authority was extended by the Labor Congress of Ukraine on 23–28 January 1919.

After unsuccessful attempts to gather members of the committee, it dissolved on 10 November 1920. On 12 November 1920 by the Law on the Temporary Supreme Authority and the Legislative System of the UNR, the executive council was reformed into a single-person government position.

Overview
The Directorate was formed until a new council was to be elected to form the professional government. It was decided not to restore functioning of the Central Rada which was favored by the SR-centrists Mykhailo Hrushevsky and Vsevolod Holubovych. The new council, the Labor Congress, appointed the Directorate as the Extraordinary Government Body in the protection of the republic. It was charged to enact laws in the absence of the Labor Congress due to the political situation in the country, while the Council of the People's Ministers was invested with the executive powers. The Directorate consisted of five delegates from various parties and representation groups.

Members
Vynnychenko left the government (10 February 1919) in the hope that the Directorate would establish friendly talks with representatives of the Entente while Petliura left the SDPists, thus demonstrating that the Ukrainian government had changed its political agenda and was not the same one that had signed the treaty in Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918. In light of that a new Prime Minister was appointed as well, Serhiy Ostapenko, who headed his non-socialist government from 11 February 1919. When talks failed, Ostapenko was replaced by Borys Martos on 9 April 1919.

 * Chairman of the Directorate

List of governments
Over two years (December 1918 to November 1920) there were five governments before the Directorate went into official exile at the end of 1920. Between 15 December and 25 December 1918 a stand-off took place between the Revolutionary Committee in Kyiv and the provisional Executive Council of State Affairs (TRZDS) in Vinnytsia. It took couple of weeks before the new government was formed on December 26 headed by Volodymyr Chekhivsky as President of the Council of People's Ministers (Prime Minister).

History
In December 1918 Hetman of the Ukrainian State Pavlo Skoropadskyi was deposed after the Directorate was established.

Post-Hetmanate recovery
With the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I, Skoropadsky could no longer rely on Germany and Austria-Hungary's support. On 13 November 1918 Skoropadky's opponents set up a rival body known as the Directorate, whose forces were headed by the newly reformed Sich Riflemen. Most of Skoropadsky's troops joined with the Directorate during a month-long Ukrainian Civil War. Skoropadsky then turned to some of the Russian officers who were fighting alongside Anton Denikin, forming them into a Special Corps, but these troops were not able to face the Directorate's troops. On 19 December 1918, the Directorate's troops took Kyiv and overthrew Skoropadsky's regime.

The Directorate re-established the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR). The new regime was torn between the pro-nationalistic, including the party of peasant-democrats, and the factions for the federal union with Russia. At the end the idea to reestablish the Central Rada was set aside as well as to recover all its legal acts yet the most important one were preserved. On 26 December 1918 the Directorate released its declaration to eliminate the Hetman regime.

By the end of 1918 the Directorate began to be dominated by the Ukrainian military leader, Symon Petliura.

Faced by many enemies on all sides the UNR's army was organised to face each threat. To the North-east were the Bolsheviks, to the south-east were the Russian Whites, to the south-west Romanians who had claims on territory in Bukovina and Halychyna, and the French intervention force took Odessa in December 1918 to fill the power vacuum left by the withdrawing Austrians and Germans. Coming quickly to some understanding with the French and the Romanians, the UNR's army was able to employ more men on other fronts.

Change of powers 1919-1920
With major fighting breaking out in January 1919, the Ukrainians were pushed back and Kyiv fell in February 1919. The government moved to Vinnytsia on 5 February 1919. A political trick took place that the Directorate tried to play with Volodymyr Vynnychenko resignation to demonstrate a change of powers in the Ukrainian government and maybe attain a possible acceptance with the Entente. Symon Petliura has left the party and replaced the Vynnychenko's position who was too well known. Petliura has assumed the position of the Directorate's chairman on 11 February 1919, a week after the government moved to Podolia. The talks, alas, were proved to be without results. By May 1919, the Directorate's armies had been squeezed into a narrow strip of land around Brody. The Directorate then negotiated with the government of Poland, which was attacking the Ukrainians from behind, with this ceasefire, the Ukrainians were able to counter-attack and re-take Podilia and established a new capital in Kamianets-Podilskyi. In July, the UNR's forces were joined by the Western Ukrainian Republic's forces, who had been pushed out of Galicia by the Poles. During that time (May 1919), Denikin and his White Army launched an offensive against the Reds, during the summer and autumn of that year. The White Guards forces pushed the Reds out of the Central and Eastern Ukraine, thus, giving the Directorate another chance to reclaim Kyiv. But the constant Red Guards counter-attacks and a deadly typhus epidemic caused the Petliura forces to be pushed out of Ukraine completely into the well established territory of Poland. A political crisis took place inside the Directorate members of which were heavily interfered in the affairs of the Council of People's Ministers. Because of that, Shvets and Makarenko were sent on the state matters abroad. Later in May 1920, on the request of Petliura to return, they did not reply and were dismissed.

In 1920, the Polish Army reorganized with the help from the two new Ukrainian divisions to prepare an offensive against the Denikin's forces. A UNR-Polish Treaty in April 1920 provided for combined operations between the two armies under overall Polish command while recognizing the Polish sovereignty over the territory of the former West Ukrainian People's Republic with the border passing along the Zbruch river. In the Soviet-Polish war of 1920, the Poles and Ukrainians advanced side by side, and the UNR was set up again when they re-took Kyiv. But less than a month later, the Soviet's summer counter-offensive left the Poles and Ukrainians retreating, an armistice was signed in late 1920. With this great disappointment, the UNR forces launched an attack on their own against the Reds from Polish territory, however that was quickly beaten. They were forced back into Galicia. In 1920 Poland concluded a border dispute by the Treaty of Riga with the Soviet Union, thus, canceling the Treaty of Warsaw. The Treaty of Riga divided Western Ukraine among Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary and gave the Soviet Union control over the rest of (current) Ukraine (which became the Ukrainian SSR).

Normative Acts
At the first stage, the Directorate recovered all of the rights of peasants and workers that were established by the laws passed by the Central Rada:

"Until the complete solution of the Land Reform, the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic declares that all small peasant's holdings and all worker's holdings to be left for use of their previous owners, while the rest of lands to be transferred to the peasant with little or no land holdings with the priorities to those who joined the Republican forces against the struggle with the former Hetman. The Supreme subordination over the land is carried by the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic. This statement concerns also the monastery, church, and government land holdings. For introduction of the Reform there was organized the People's Land Committee..."

The Directorate canceled all the codes of the former Hetmanate government concerning workers policies. The eight-hour working day was reestablished as well as the practice of cooperative agreements, the rights on coalition and activist strikes, and various other normative acts.

title: Directorate of Ukraine


text: User talk:128.208.62.148

title: User talk:128.208.62.148


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Third Avenue Bridge (Minneapolis)

The Third Avenue Bridge is a landmark structure of the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, originally known as the St. Anthony Falls Bridge. It carries road traffic across the Mississippi River and upper fringes of Saint Anthony Falls. The multi-arched bridge meets with Third Avenue in downtown Minneapolis at its south end, but curves as it crosses the river, and connects with Central Avenue on its north end. The shallow "S" curve in the bridge was built to avoid fractures in the limestone bedrock that supports the bridge piers. The road is also designated Minnesota State Highway 65. Construction began in 1914, and it opened four years later in 1918. The bridge, which uses Melan arches of an open spandrel design, has been modified since that time. The 2,223-foot (667.6 m) crossing was designed by city engineer Frederick W. Cappelen, who also created plans for other similar bridges in Minneapolis such as the Franklin Avenue Bridge. It cost US$862,254.00 at the time of construction.

Renovation
The bridge underwent a major overhaul in 1979–1980. The bridge underwent another restoration in 2020–2023 to extend its life 50 years with a new deck, and other improvements to barriers, railings, and lighting. As the bridge is a contributing member of the St. Anthony Falls Historic District, a goal of the project is preserving its historic design elements. The construction project began in May 2020 with partial closure of the bridge, and was fully closed to traffic on January 4, 2021. The bridge was originally anticipated to reopen November 2022 but was delayed. The bridge reopened on October 28, 2023.

title: Third Avenue Bridge (Minneapolis)


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Talk:Anatolian languages

Untitled
This article might as well mention (or list) all the languages classified as Anatolian languages. Alexander 007 07:23, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

While Lycian is considered to be clearly a descendant of Luwian (though possibly of a dialect slightly different from those attested), Lydian is not considered by Anatolianists to be a descendant of either Hittite or Luwian. No such claim is to be found in the specialist literature. The only place I have encountered it is on some amateur websites, where no evidence for the claim is given. To be sure, I consulted Craig Melchert, one of the leading Anatolianists, who confirmed that none of the experts consider Lydian a descendant of Hittite or Luwian. Talk of "admixture" of Hittite is not only unsupported by the literature but is vague. "Admixture" is not a technical term in historical linguistics. What is this intended to mean?Bill 06:50, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Extinction
I think this is inexact. The truth would depend on your definition of branch, if minor fragmentarily attested languages are believed to be part of a "branch" or not. This makes Anatolian the first known branch of Indo-European that has become extinct, the only other known branch that has no living descendants being Tocharian, which ceased to be spoken around the 8th century. 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 15:09, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * That's a point. What's a branch, anyway? Is South Slavic, for example, a branch? Perhaps specify "primary branch" or something. —Tamfang (talk) 02:45, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

Turkish
Removed: "Some words descended from the Anatolian languages may still live in the modern Turkish language, especially place names such as Side and Adana."

First of all, place names are not words. Second of all, no source was provided. Third of all, this was added together with fringe material that was already deleted by another editor.

While there MIGHT actually be Hittite words that passed into Greek and thence into Turkish, the words provided by the person who added this material were not among them. If anyone has a scholarly source for Turkish words that can be traced back to Hittite, please add.Dominus Vobisdu (talk) 21:33, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Toponyms are too words! But they are not core lexical items, which is what they would have to be in order that the point be remarkable at all. Otherwise Terlincthun in Pas-de-Calais would count as evidence that Dutch "lives on" in French (which is incidentally true, but has to be attested by proper lexical items such as the word houle). 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:90BF:94E1:70DD:6587 (talk) 08:39, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

Masculine/feminine noun class system ("gender") as an example of Hittite archaism.
I don't feel that Hittite having two noun classes (common and neuter) in contrast to the three noun classes of some other languages (including Sanskrit, ancient Greek, and Latin), is the best of examples when it comes to illustrate the archaisms of Hittite and its close relatives. While I accept that it's the predominant (and, in my own opinion, most likely right) view that masculine and feminine classes have merged in Anatolian rather than being an innovation in all the other ancient attested IE languages, I do feel that in this context (where the issue is Anatolian's archaisms rather than a discussion of noun classes), it would be better to furnish examples that are more clear-cut and uncontroversial. As may be seen if you review the recent history of edits, I began by removing the adjective "rudimentary" describing Hittite's common/neuter noun classes. That led me to thinking a bit more over the passage, and to do the whole issue justice, one would have to go into a detailed discussion about when and where the feminine gender emerged as a noun category in IE language history. While I certainly wouldn't dream of bringing into doubt that that's an interesting discussion, I do feel that an article intended to describe characteristics of Anatolian is not the best of places to bring up that discussion. Would anybody mind if I tried to think of a better example? Bantaar (talk) 23:11, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

 * A common-gender merger (out of masculine+feminine) happens "at the drop of a hat" in the evolution of a language. It's happened (and is still happening!) all over the IE language tree and as such is not in itself a good criterion by which to set a major group apart (it is unlikely to be plesiomorphous for a major branch). So far I would tend to agree with Bantaar. However, I think the distinction under discussion is that of an animate/inanimate distinction. This could either be an innovation that sets the Anatolian branch apart, or a more archaic distinction that occurred in, and influenced, PIE at its earliest stages of formation, or perhaps a feature of non-IE substrate languages that influenced the Anatolian languages through some sort of Sprachbund effect. The trouble is that the animate/inanimate distinction can be to some degree coextensive with the common gender / neuter distinction (or the distinction between neuter on the one hand and the two others taken together on the other). 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:90BF:94E1:70DD:6587 (talk) 08:49, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

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Rewrites & Additions
I've rewritten and expanded much of the article to provide better sourcing and explanation of the features of the language family, as well as clarify the thornier issues around gender and other archaisms. Any commentary or additional sourcing for the phonology and grammar would be welcome. TheLateDentarthurdent (talk) 18:38, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

outdated literature
The references 2,3 are since long outdated. The latest Bouckaert et al. corrections by Atkinson, regarding a severe counting error and significantly younger dates, was published in Science 2013.2A02:8108:9640:AC3:8093:582B:458:ED0C (talk) 17:17, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Rigidly ordered slots
No doubt this is true, but as written this may strike the reader as more remarkable than it really is. In English we say walkers' but not *walks'er, and we could describe the situation as just such a rigid ordering, demanding that the verb-to-agent-noun-particle -er must precede the plural marker -s, which itself must come before the genitive marker ' (I am glossing over the fact that this last marker is mute, which explains incidentally why so few people know how to spell it). 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:90BF:94E1:70DD:6587 (talk) 08:35, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

undiscovered in alternate timelines?

 * Undiscovered until the late 19th and early 20th centuries,

How can "and" belong here? Did someone discover the Anatolian languages in 1880 but sit on the discovery until someone else discovered them in 1910? —Tamfang (talk) 05:22, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Origins
Last sentence of the section Origins says:
 * Statistical research by Quentin Atkinson and others using Bayesian inference and glottochronological markers favors an Indo-European origin in Anatolia, though the method's validity and accuracy are subject to debate.

I think this means that, rather than being an early branch off Indo-European, Anatolian would, according to this theory, be the stem, the root, of Indo-European, i.e., actually identical to PIE (though not necessarily PIE as reconstructed). Whether correct, or credible, or not, I think the article should be clearer about it, if this is what is meant here. Nø (talk) 11:41, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * No it doesn't mean that, because it could equally mean that the Anatolian grouping is descended from the stem and simply happened to be spoken in the same place. 2A00:23C5:1191:5C01:B9B1:E6EF:BEE9:7B18 (talk) 09:04, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

Hellenizin'
There appears to have been a bit of an edit war over whether Greek colonization, as a cause of Hellenization, needs explicit mention. Comments? —Tamfang (talk) 02:46, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anatolian languages


text:
Talk:Organized Crime Control Act of 1970

Untitled
Can anyone tell me how the Organized Crime Control Act works?

Wiki Education assignment: Capstone Course in American Politics
— Assignment last updated by WIKI20220 (talk) 17:19, 17 September 2022 (UTC)


text:
The Hard Way (213 album)

The Hard Way is the only album from American hip hop trio 213, which consisted of Snoop Dogg, Warren G and Nate Dogg. It was released on August 17, 2004, under Doggystyle Records, G-Funk Entertainment, Dogg Foundation, TVT Records.

Reception
The Hard Way received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic especially praised Warren G for "rapping tougher and more gangsta than usual." For HipHopDX, K.B. Tindal described the album as containing "[c]risp beats, sharp hooks, and straight lyrics." Rating the album three out of four stars, Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called 213 an "excellent G-funk-era-revival supergroup."

Grading the album with a C-plus, Michael Endelman of Entertainment Weekly compared the group to the 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers, because the album "boasts marquee talent but doesn’t quite deliver the championship trophy." Matt Barone of RapReviews scored the album 5.5 out of 10 points for "overly generic left coast production and uninspired verses." Scott McKeating of Stylus rated the album six points out of 10, in part due to lackluster lyrics: "Snoop and Nate seem to have a problem going longer than a few bars without dropping some lines about 'dirty ass hoes.'" Rondell Conway of Vibe rated the album with 2.5 out of five due to 213 offering what he called "obsolete subject matter" despite "nostalgically offer[ing] its signature G-funk sound."

Commercial performance
The Hard Way debuted at number four on the US Billboard 200, selling 95,000 copies in its first week. The album debuted at top on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.

"So Fly" was released on July 6, 2004 at first single from the album. The song reached at number 2 on US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.

The official debut retail single was "Groupie Luv", which was also accompanied by a promo video. It was directed by Chris Robinson and was filmed in Snoop Dogg's own house (see also Still a G Thang). It is also the video debut for dancer Criscilla Crossland. "Groupie Luv" topped at number 26 on Billboard Hot 100 Airplay.

Track listing
Notes
 * "Twist Yo' Body" features backing vocals performed by Dion.
 * "Rick James" (Interlude) features vocals performed by Dave Chappelle.

Sample credits
 * "Keep It Gangsta" contains an interpolation of "Black Cow" performed by Steely Dan.
 * "Groupie Luv" contains an interpolation of "Chameleon" performed by Herbie Hancock, Paul Jackson, Harvey Mason and Bennie Maupin.
 * "Another Summer" contains excerpts of "Intimate Friends" performed by Eddie Kendricks.
 * "Gotta Find a Way" contains excerpts of "Rejoice" performed by the Emotions.
 * "Joysticc" contains an interpolation of "Juicy Fruit" performed by James Mtume.
 * "Mary Jane" contains excerpts of "It's Time" performed by the Jungle Brothers.
 * "MLK" contains an interpolation of "Riding High" performed by Faze-O.
 * "My Dirty Ho" contains an interpolation of "The Rain" performed by Oran "Juice" Jones. It also samples Lacrimosa (Requiem) in Requiem (Mozart).
 * "So Fly" contains excerpts of the recording "So Gone" performed by Monica and excerpts of "You Are Number 1" performed by The Whispers.

Personnel
Artists Technical personnel
 * 213 – primary artist (all tracks)
 * Snoop Dogg – primary artist (all tracks)
 * Nate Dogg – primary artist (all tracks)
 * Warren G – primary artist (all tracks)
 * LaToiya Williams – featured artist (track 8)
 * Boki – featured artist (track 11)
 * Dion – background artist (track 2)
 * Dave Chappelle – skit (track 13)
 * Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 * Nate Oberman – engineer (tracks 3, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14–17, 19)
 * Shon Don – engineer (tracks 2, 4, 6–9, 16–18, 20), mixing (track 8, 12, 14, 20)
 * Geoff Gibb – engineer (track 12)
 * Dave Aron – mixing (tracks 3–5, 7, 9–11, 15–18)
 * Steve Baughman – mixing (track 2)
 * DJ Pooh – mixing (track 6)
 * Nomad – mixing (track 19)

Record producers Additional personnel
 * Fredwreck – production (tracks 1, 13)
 * Hi-Tek – production (track 2)
 * Quazedelic – production (tracks 3, 14)
 * B Sharp – production (tracks 4, 11, 15)
 * Tha Chill – production (track 5, 11)
 * DJ Pooh – production (track 6)
 * Nottz – production (track 7)
 * Kanye West – production (track 8)
 * Josef Leimberg – production (track 9)
 * Lil ½ Dead – production (track 10)
 * Niggarochi – production (track 10)
 * Terrace Martin – production (track 12)
 * Marlon Williams – production (track 12)
 * Michael Angelo – production (track 16)
 * J-Hen – production (tracks 17, 18)
 * Missy Elliott – production (track 19)
 * Jelly Roll – production (track 20)
 * Soopafly – additional strings (track 7)
 * Benjamin Wheelock – design
 * Anthony Mandler – photography

title: The Hard Way (213 album)


text:
The Passion of the Jew

"The Passion of the Jew" is the third episode of the eighth season and the 114th overall episode of the American animated series South Park, originally broadcast on Comedy Central on March 31, 2004. Going by production order, it is the fourth episode of Season 8 instead of the third. It was written and directed by Trey Parker, who, along with fellow series co-creator Matt Stone, voiced most of the characters in the episode. "The Passion of the Jew" is a satirical critique of the media discourse and controversy surrounding Mel Gibson's 2004 film, The Passion of the Christ.

In the episode, Kyle finally sees the blockbuster movie The Passion of the Christ and admits that Cartman has been right about the Jewish people all along. After Stan and Kenny see and hate the film, they angrily pursue Mel Gibson to get their money back.

Plot
The boys are playing Star Trek in Cartman's mother's new minivan and, as usual, the antisemitic Cartman insults Kyle's Jewish heritage. Cartman dares Kyle to watch The Passion of the Christ, the blockbuster film which Cartman cites as proof that everybody hates the Jews, he states that he saw the film 34 times and states there is one scene in the film where the Jews had a chance to save Jesus, but they let Barabbas go free instead and laughed about it. Kyle sees the film and is horrified by its violent depiction of how Jesus was tortured and crucified. He feels intense guilt and has nightmares in which he and other Jews laugh while killing Jesus. He tells Cartman that he was "right all along" about the Jews; overjoyed, Cartman prays to a poster of The Passion's director Mel Gibson and vows to dedicate his life to promoting the film and "organiz[ing] the masses ... to do thy bidding". Meanwhile, Stan and Kenny also see The Passion and hate it. Declaring it a "snuff film", they demand their eighteen dollars back from the theater, but are told that they can only get their money back from Gibson himself.

Attempting to contact Gibson, Stan and Kenny telephone the head of the Mel Gibson Fan Club — Cartman, who yells at them for disliking the film, but lets slip that Gibson lives in Malibu. Stan and Kenny make their way there. Meanwhile, Cartman dresses in a brown Hitler-esque uniform, practicing by speaking to the mirror: "Töten sie die Juden. Wir können nicht still stehen bis sie alle tot sind" ("Kill the Jews. We can't stand still until they're all dead") then hosts a fan club meeting in his backyard. The attendees have gathered to celebrate The Passion, which they say helped them rediscover Christianity. Cartman tells them: "Now, we all know why we're here, and I believe we all know what needs to be done. But, I think it's best we don't talk out loud about it until we have most of them on the trains heading to the camps." He suggests that each attendee take one more person to see the film before they begin what he refers to as "the cleansing" — the fan club members obliviously agree.

When Stan and Kenny reach Gibson's house, the director rambles, straps himself to a rack wearing only white briefs and says that no matter how much they torture him, he will never refund their money. When the boys insist that they just want their money back, Gibson chases them around the house, imitating Daffy Duck gags while doing so. Stan and Kenny take eighteen dollars from Gibson's wallet (actually twenty dollars, but Kenny offers up two dollars for change) and flee on a bus home. Gibson, wearing face paint from Braveheart, chases their bus in the tanker truck from Mad Max 2, screaming "Qapla'!" and "Gimme back my money!" Back in South Park, Kyle talks to Father Maxi about his issues regarding Jesus and the guilt he has been feeling since seeing Gibson's film. Father Maxi points out that the Passion was originally a play used to stir up antisemitism, but says that its subject matter can still help people. Kyle seizes on Father Maxi's statement that "Christianity is about atonement" and says he now understands what he should do.

At another fan club rally outside the South Park theater, Cartman shouts hateful slogans in German and gives the ignorant South Park residents lines to shout back; mistaking the German for the Aramaic spoken in The Passion, they happily do so and join Cartman in goose-stepping through South Park shouting "Es ist Zeit für rache", "Wir müssen die Juden ausrotten." ("It's time for revenge, we must exterminate the Jews"). Meanwhile, Kyle suggests at his synagogue that just as the United States apologized to the African American community for racial segregation and slavery and Germany apologized to everyone and the Jewish community for World War II and the Holocaust, the Jewish community should apologize to the Christian community for Jesus' crucifixion, prompting uproar in the congregation. The rabbi tries to calm the situation, saying, "We live in a rational community, and everybody knows this is just a movie," but just then, Cartman and his group pass the synagogue.

Outraged, the rabbi and congregation go to the theater and demand that they stop showing The Passion. Their argument with Cartman and his followers is interrupted by the arrival of the truck chase — Gibson crashes into the theater, destroying it. When he emerges unscathed, Cartman rushes to meet him, but Gibson ignores him and, rambling, first attempts one final time to force Stan and Kenny to give him his money back (which fails, as they refuse), and then smears his own excrement on a building, much to the astonishment of Kyle and the fan club members. Stan says that if they want to be good Christians for Jesus, they should focus on his teachings and not how he died. The fans agree and disperse, much to Cartman's dismay. Kyle says he feels better about being Jewish after hearing Stan's speech and seeing Gibson's demeanor, who defecates on Cartman's horrified face and runs off whooping.

Cultural references
The poster of Mel Gibson on Cartman's wall is from Gibson's 1995 film Braveheart. On Stan and Kenny's way out to get their money back for The Passion, Stan remarks, "This is about being able to hold bad filmmakers responsible. This is just like when we got our money back for BASEketball." BASEketball is a 1998 comedy film in which Parker and Stone starred but now regret. The way Gibson behaves while chasing Stan and Kenny through his mansion is reminiscent of Looney Tunes, particularly Daffy Duck. Gibson saying, "Two days ago, I saw a vehicle that would haul that tanker. You want to get out of here? You talk to me" is a famous quote of his Mad Max character in the 1981 film Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior. His "Qapla!" stems from the Klingon word for "success/victory” in Star Trek and was also used in Parker and Stone’s Team America: World Police.

Reception
The New York Times' Virginia Heffernan praised the episode, writing "Depending on whom you asked, that episode, 'The Passion of the Jew,' proved that the show's still got it or that it's made a comeback or that it's better than ever. In any case, it was good." It was also praised by the Anti-Defamation League and the Jewish newspaper The Jewish Daily Forward, which called it "perhaps the most biting critique of 'The Passion' to date."

Home media
Besides appearing on the South Park complete eighth season DVD set, "Passion of the Jew" is also available as a standalone DVD release (which was released on DVD the same day that the DVD of the Passion of the Christ was released) with two bonus episodes: season six's "Red Hot Catholic Love" and season seven's "Christian Rock Hard".

title: The Passion of the Jew


text:
Michael Forsberg

Michael Forsberg is a conservation photographer who has dedicated 25 years of his life to photograph America's Great Plains, once one of the greatest grassland ecosystems on Earth. He is best known for his images of the Great Plains, wildlife, landscapes, sandhill cranes, and watersheds. His images have been featured in publications including National Geographic, Audubon, Outdoor Photographer, and the Nature Conservancy.

title: Michael Forsberg