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Curtiss SBC Helldiver

The Curtiss SBC Helldiver was a two-seat scout bomber and dive bomber built by the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. It was the last combat military biplane procured by the United States Navy. Delivered in 1937, it became obsolete even before World War II and was kept well away from combat with Axis fighters.

Development
There was controversy in the United States Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) in the early 1930s regarding two-seat fighter planes, monoplanes and the retractable undercarriage. In 1931, the Navy issued Design Specification No. 113, which detailed a requirement for a high-performance fighter with fixed undercarriage to be powered by the Wright R-1510 or Pratt & Whitney's R-1535 radial engine. Seven companies submitted proposals and two companies, the Douglas Aircraft with their XFD-1 and the Chance Vought with their XF3U-1 were given contracts for one prototype each. Both of these aircraft were two-seat biplanes. The Navy then asked Curtiss to supply a prototype of a two-seat monoplane which was technically more advanced.

On 30 June 1932, BuAer signed a contract with Curtiss to design a two-seat monoplane with a parasol wing a retractable undercarriage and powered by a 625 hp Wright R-1510-92 fourteen cylinder, two row, air-cooled radial engine driving a two-blade propeller. This fighter was designated XF12C-1.

Design
The SBC was an all-metal, two-seat scout-bomber biplane with "I"-type interplane struts. It was the last combat biplane the Navy purchased and the last combat biplane manufactured in the United States. The two crewmen, pilot and radio operator/gunner, were housed in tandem cockpits enclosed by a sliding canopy and the turtle deck behind the rear cockpit could be folded down to allow the gunner to use his machine gun. The wings, rudder, elevators and flaps were fabric-covered. The main landing gear retracted into wheel wells in the fuselage just forward of the lower wing and the tailwheel retracted into the fuselage.

XF12C-1 (Curtiss Model 73)

This aircraft was initially powered by a Wright R-1510-92 engine but this was unsuitable so the aircraft was re-engined with a 775 hp Wright R-1670 fourteen cylinder, two row, air-cooled radial engine, which was also unsatisfactory. Both of these engines were prototypes and neither went into production. Finally, the 700 hp Wright R-1820-80 nine cylinder, single row, air-cooled radial engine was installed and the resulting aircraft, designated XF12C-1 flew in 1933. Designed for aircraft carrier usage, the parasol wing folded back, a new feature for the Navy, for storage and the aircraft had an exposed tail hook for carrier landings. The first flight was in July 1933 but in September 1934, the parasol wing failed in the dive bomber tests.

XS4C-1 (Curtiss Model 73)
After testing, the XF12C-1 was rejected as a fighter, and on 7 December 1933 this aircraft was redesignated in the scout category as the XS4C-1 and re-engined with a 700 hp Wright R-1820-80 radial engine driving a two-blade propeller. In its role as a scouting aircraft, bombing equipment for a 500 lb bomb had to be designed and provided.

XSBC-1 (Curtiss Model 73)
In January 1934, the designation "Scout Bomber" (SB) was introduced and the aircraft was finally redesignated XSBC-1. In early 1934, flight tests, especially dive-bombing, began. On 14 June 1934, this aircraft crashed- attributed to wing failure- in Lancaster, New York, about 6 mi from the Curtiss plant, during one of the tests, and it was destroyed.

XSBC-2 (Curtiss Model 77)
Curtiss-Wright made a proposal to the Navy to build one replacement aircraft which would be a staggered-wing biplane, would not have folding wings but would have leading-edge slots and the lower wing would have full-span flaps. It was an all-metal aircraft with fabric-covered control surfaces. It was powered by a 700 hp Wright XR-1510-12 fourteen-cylinder, twin-row, air-cooled engine driving a constant speed Curtiss Electric three-blade propeller, and it featured an enlarged canopy, an enlarged vertical fin and rudder, and a retractable tail hook. The XSBC-2 had to engage in competitive tests against the Great Lakes Aircraft's XB2G-1 and the Grumman Aircraft Engineering's XSBF-1. The XSBC-2 won and a contract for this aircraft was signed in April 1935; it made its first flight on 9 December 1935.

XSBC-3 (Curtiss Model 77)
The Wright XR-1510-12 engine in the XSBC-2 proved to be mechanically unreliable. In March 1936, this aircraft was re-engined with a 700 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1535-82 fourteen-cylinder, twin-row, air-cooled engine driving a three-blade propeller and redesignated XSBC-3. With this new configuration, the Navy placed a production order.

SBC-3 (Curtiss Model 77A)

The major difference between the prototype XSBC-3 and the production aircraft was the engine. A contract for 83 aircraft was signed in August 1936 and deliveries began on 17 July 1937. The production aircraft were powered by an 825 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1535-94 fourteen-cylinder, twin-row, air-cooled engine driving a three-blade propeller. Armament consisted of two 0.3 in machine guns, with one fixed gun in the right side of the fuselage, forward of the pilot, and a flexible gun in the rear cockpit. The aircraft had a bomb displacement swing located on the centerline of the fuselage for a 500 lb bomb or a 45 USgal fuel tank.

XSBC-4 (Curtiss Model 77B)
The 76th SBC-3 was re-engined with a 950 hp Wright R-1820-22 nine-cylinder, single-row, air-cooled radial engine driving a three-blade Hamilton Standard propeller and redesignated XSBC-4. The aircraft armament changed to one 0.5 in fixed machine gun in the right side of the fuselage, forward of the pilot, while keeping the 0.3 in flexible machine gun in the rear cockpit. With the more powerful engine, this aircraft could carry a 1000 lb bomb on the bomb displacement swing located on the centerline of the fuselage. A second SBC-3 was redesignated XSBC-4 and used for test work.

SBC-4 (Curtiss Model 77B)
The contract for 124 production aircraft of the XSBC-4 was signed on 5 January 1938 and deliveries began in March 1939 to April 1941.

U.S. Navy
In August 1936, the Navy signed a contract for 83 SBC-3s (Curtiss Model 77A). Delivery of the SBC-3s to the fleet began on 17 July 1937 when the first aircraft were issued to Scouting Squadron Five (VS-5) serving in USS Yorktown (CV-5) however, Yorktown was not commissioned until 30 September 1937 and the ship then began sea trials. On 10 December 1937, VS-5 went aboard Yorktown and served aboard her until replaced by Douglas SBD-3 Dauntlesses in 1940.

By June 1938, three of the five scouting squadrons serving in aircraft carriers were equipped with SBC-3s while the other two were equipped with Vought SBU-1s. The three ships with SBC-3s were:

 * USS Enterprise (CV-6): Fighting Squadron Six (VF-6) had an SBC-3 and VS-6 had 20 Helldivers.
 * USS Saratoga (CV-3): Bombing Squadron Three (VB-3) had one SBC-3, VF-3 had an SBC-3 and VS-3 had 21 Helldivers.
 * USS Yorktown (CV-5): VS-5 had ten SBC-3s.

One of the SBC-3s was kept at the factory and redesignated XSBC-4 (Curtiss Model 77B). This aircraft was re-engined with the 750 hp Wright R-1820-22 nine cylinder, single row, air-cooled radial engine.

The initial contract for 58 SBC-4s was signed on 5 January 1938. This was followed by two additional contracts, one for 31 Helldivers on 27 July 1938 and the third contract for 35 aircraft on 13 August 1938. Total aircraft contracted for was 124. The aircraft were powered by the 850 hp Wright R-1820-24 engine.

The first squadron to receive the SBC-4s was VS-2 in USS Lexington (CV-2) replacing the Vought SBU-1s. By 26 June 1939, VS-2 was fully equipped with 21 aircraft. This was the only aircraft carrier that flew the SBC-4 and they were replaced by Douglas SBD-2 and -3 Dauntlesses in 1941.

Because of the expanding aviation training program, the majority of SBC-4s, and other training aircraft, were assigned to Naval Reserve Air Bases (NRABs) to allow reserve Navy and Marine airmen, assigned to reserve scouting squadrons (VS and VMS), to maintain their proficiency. By June 1940, 11 NRABs had SBC-4s as follows:

 * NRAB Anacostia, District of Columbia: 3 SBC-4s assigned to VS-6R and VMS-3R,
 * NRAB Boston, Massachusetts: 3 SBC-4s assigned to VS-1R, VS-2R and VMS-1R,
 * NRAB Detroit, Michigan: 3 SBC-4s assigned to VS-8R and VMS-5R,
 * NRAB Glenview, Illinois: .4 SBC-4s assigned to VS-9R,
 * NRAB Kansas City, Kansas: 4 SBC-4s assigned to VS-12R and VMS-10R,
 * NRAB Long Beach, California: 4 SBC-4s assigned to VS-13R, VS-14R and VMS-7R,
 * NRAB Minneapolis, Minnesota: 3 SBC-4s assigned to VS-10R and VMS-6R,
 * NRAB New York, New York: 4 SBC-4s assigned to VS-3R, VS-4R and VMS-2R,
 * NRAB Oakland, California: 4 SBC-4s assigned to VS-15R and VMS-8R,
 * NRAB Seattle, Washington: 4 SBC-4s assigned to VS-16R and VMS-9R,
 * NRAB St. Louis, Missouri: 3 SBC-4s assigned to VS-11R

As time passed, the Navy acquired newer, more modern aircraft and the SBC-3s were replaced by the Douglas SBD Dauntless. By 7 December 1941, the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had 69 SBC-3s and 118 SBC-4s in the inventory based at NASs, NRABs and the Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The largest number were at NAS Miami, Florida, where they were used for intermediate and dive bombing training.

In December 1941, the SBCs were based at:

 * NAF, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 1 XSBC-1 and 1 SBC-3,
 * NAS Corpus Christi, Texas: 34 SBC-4s,
 * NAS Miami, Florida: 55 SBC-3s,
 * NAS Norfolk, Virginia: 4 SBC-3s and 10 SBC-4s,
 * NAS San Diego, California: 9 SBC-3s and 11 SBC-4s,
 * Naval Mission, Lima, Peru: 1 SBC-4,
 * USS Hornet (CV-8)
 * Bombing Squadron Eight (VB-8): 19 SBC-4s,
 * Scouting Squadron Eight (VS-8): 20 SBC-4s

Hornet was undergoing sea trials in the Atlantic on 7 December and the two squadrons kept their SBC-4s until the ship sailed to San Diego, California in March 1942. At that time, the two squadrons had transitioned to the SBD-3 Dauntless and she became the last aircraft carrier to operate the SBC.

An additional 50 SBC-4s, originally ordered by the French, were built between February and May 1941 to replace those sent overseas. The major change was replacing the 135 USgal fuselage fuel tank with a 126 USgal self-sealing fuel tank. The last SBC-4 was delivered in May 1941.

By 1944, the SBC-3s were no longer needed and they were stricken from the inventory. The longest to survive were 12 aircraft at NAS Jacksonville, Florida, which were stricken on 31 October 1944.

U.S. Marine Corps

The U.S. Marines received one SBC-3 in 1938 and which was assigned to Marine Fighter Squadron Two (VMF-2, redesignated VMF-211 on 1 July 1941) at NAS San Diego, California. It was sent to the Battle Fleet Pool in June 1939.

In January 1940, the Marine Corps had four SBC-4s. Two were based at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS), Quantico, Virginia; one was assigned to VMF-1 (redesignated VMF-111 on 1 July 1941) and the second, the XSBC-4, was assigned to Marine Utility Squadron One (VMJ-1 redesignated VMJ-152 on 7 July 1941). The other two aircraft were based at NAS, San Diego, California; one SBC-4 was assigned to VMF-2 and the second to VMJ-2 (redesignated VMJ-252 on 1 July 1941).

On 7 December 1941, the Marine Corps had 23 SBC-4s in their inventory. Twelve of them were assigned to a Marine observation squadron (VMO):

 * MCAS Quantico, Virginia: 1 XSBC-4 and 5 SBC-4s,
 * NAS San Diego, California: 5 SBC-4s, and
 * VMO-151, MCAS Quantico, Virginia: 12 SBC-4s

VMO-151 transferred to Tafuna (now Pago Pago International Airport), Tutuila Island, American Samoa, on 9 May 1942 with their SBC-4s. The squadron was redesignated Marine Scout Bombing Squadron One Hundred Fifty One (VMSB-151) on 15 September 1942. A second observation squadron, VMO-155, was commissioned in American Samoa on 1 October 1942 by taking half of VMSB-151's personnel and equipment. VMO-155 received ten SBC-4s and a Grumman J2F-5 Goose however, six officers and 15 enlisted men of the squadron returned to the U.S. on 8 December 1942 as a nucleus to form a new VMO-155 and the remaining personnel were transferred to Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands.

In December 1942, the VMSB-151 SBC-4s were being replaced by Douglas SBD Dauntlesses and by June 1943, the squadron had been fully equipped with SBD-4s and moved to Uvea Island in the Wallis Group, leaving their SBC-4s behind.

The last SBC reported in Marine squadron service was an SBC-4 at American Samoa in service with VMSB-151 on 1 June 1943.

French Navy
When World War II began in 1939, Britain and France came to the U.S. shopping for military aircraft. In early 1940, the French government placed an order with Curtiss-Wright for 90 SBC-4s. To aid the French, on 6 June 1940, the Roosevelt administration ordered the U.S. Navy to fly 50 SBC-4s of the Naval Reserve, currently in use by the Navy, to the Curtiss-Wright factory in Buffalo, New York, where the 50 planes would be refurbished to French standards. This included removing all U.S. markings on instruments and equipment, replacing the American machine guns with French 7.7 mm Darne machine guns and repainting the aircraft in French camouflage colors. Once converted, the aircraft were to be delivered to RCAF Station Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, where they would be loaded onto the French aircraft carrier Béarn.

Several neutrality acts had been passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law and the Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed for arms trade with belligerent nations (Great Britain and France) on a "cash-and-carry" basis. "Cash and carry" allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents, as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships or planes and paid immediately in cash. Because of this provision, the U.S. could not fly military aircraft into Canada; they had to land in the U.S. and be towed across the Canada–US border. The 50 aircraft were to fly from Buffalo, New York to Houlton Airport, Maine via Burlington, Vermont and Augusta, Maine. Houlton Airport, Maine, was on the Canada–US border and local farmers used their tractors to tow the planes into New Brunswick, Canada, where the Canadians closed the Woodstock highway so that aircraft could use it as a runway and fly to RCAF Station Dartmouth.

The 50 SBC-4s were to fly to RCAF Station Dartmouth in groups of three. One of the first groups that left encountered rain and fog while flying between Buffalo and Albany, New York, and one of the aircraft crashed. The remaining 49 aircraft were successfully flown to Nova Scotia to be loaded onto Béarn and the light cruiser FRENCH CRUISER Jeanne d'Arc. Because of space limitations, only 44 of the SBC-4s could be carried on FR Béarn; she also had 25 Stinson Model HW-75s (also known as Stinson 105s), 17 Curtiss H75-A1s (U.S. Army Air Corps P-36 and six Brewster F2A-2 Buffalos for the Belgian Air Force. The Jeanne d'Arc carried 14 crated, unassembled aircraft: eight Stinson Model HW-75s and six Curtiss H75-A1s.

The two ships sailed from Halifax on 16 June 1940 bound for Brest, France. Two days later, Brest fell into German hands and both ships were ordered to Fort-de-France, Martinique, French West Indies, an island in the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. They arrived on 27 June, five days after France surrendered to the Germans. The SBC-4s were unloaded and rolled to a field at the Pointe des Sables region and stored in the open. Under tropical climatic conditions, the aircraft stored in the open were slowly rotting and were no longer airworthy and were eventually scrapped.

Royal Air Force

Five of the French aircraft could not fit on FR Béarn and were left at RCAF Station Dartmouth. In August 1940, the Royal Air Force acquired them, designated them "Cleveland Mk. Is" and shipped them to England in the aircraft carrier HMS Furious. They were assembled at RAF Burtonwood, Lancashire, and delivered to RAF Little Rissington, Gloucestershire and later used by No. 24 (Communications) Squadron at RAF Hendon, Middlesex. These aircraft were never used operationally and became ground trainers.

Variants

 * XF12C-1
 * Prototype parasol-wing fighter powered by a 625 hp R-1510-92 radial engine; one built, later converted into biplane as the XS4C-1.

 * XS4C-1
 * Prototype was redesignated in the "scout" category before being redesignated again as the XSBC-1.

 * XSBC-1
 * Prototype redesignated from XS4C-1, a biplane with an R-1820-80 engine.

 * XSBC-2
 * Redesigned biplane based on XSBC-1 and powered by a 700 hp XR-1510-12 engine; one built.

 * XSBC-3
 * XSBC-2 re-engined with a 750 hp R-1535-82 engine.

 * SBC-3
 * Production variant with an 825 hp R-1534-94 engine; 83 built.

 * XSBC-4
 * SBC-3 re-engined with a 950 hp R-1820-22; one conversion.

 * SBC-4
 * Production variant with a 950 hp R-1820-34 engine; 174 built, including 50 transferred to the French Navy.

 * Cleveland Mk.I
 * British designation for five SBC-4s.

Operators
🇫🇷 🇬🇧 🇺🇸
 * French Navy
 * Royal Air Force
 * United States Marine Corps
 * United States Navy

title: Curtiss SBC Helldiver


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User talk:Jcolbyk

Welcome Colby and thanks for your work on ATA (in the 'pedia and in real life, hehe). You may be interested in knowning that we have projects dedicated to astronomy and a number of contributors related to the field such as you.

Related projects:
 * WikiProject Astronomical objects
 * WikiProject Telescopes

Related people:
 * User:Worldtraveller, PhD in Astronomy
 * User:Zandperl, made some work with FCRAO and the Nançay Radio Telescope.

Worldtraveller would be the perfect contact for more information about the community here, he is a nice guy. :)

Thanks for your contributions. If you need any help just let me know by posting a message in my talk page.

—Joseph | Talk 17:02, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Colby, let me add another welcome to Wikipedia, hope you like the place and stay around! Great to see more people from the astronomical community here.  Another place you might like to drop by in addition to the wikiprojects is the astronomy portal, which is intended to be a general gateway to all the astronomical content here.
 * I see you've uploaded some great images already; it would be really helpful if you could also add an image tag, so that the copyright status is clear.
 * Welcome again, and drop me a line if you've got any questions! Worldtraveller 15:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:ATA42-construction.jpg
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Thanks for uploading Image:ATA-dishscale.jpg. I notice the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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Colony Collapse Disorder
Hi. Just so you know, this topic already has its own article, in which all the information is covered in gruesome detail, and it is also discussed on the Western honey bee page, where it is relevant. It has nothing to do with any other species of bees besides that single species, so it is not relevant to the bee page, which is about ALL bee species. You're not the first to try to include it there (and I'm sure you won't be the last), but that's why there are separate articles for things in the first place. Just because mosquitoes carry West Nile Virus, you wouldn't want someone to go to the insect article and insert a passage saying "insects transmit West Nile Virus", right? That's misleading, just as it's misleading to imply that bees are dying when only one species of bee is dying (and even that one is not dying in the wild - it's only the domesticated stock that is dying, and that could simply be bad beekeeping, instead of a disease). Peace, Dyanega 18:38, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I understand all that. But I think that the magnitude of the evolving story merits special reference to it. Just like how there is a section covering mass extinction on the dinosaur page. I agree it would be better to have this listed under a more directly relavent page, such as Honey Bees. Or a page devoted to domesticated bee keeping. But having no reference at all on the first place most people would look for information about bee's makes it harder to find the information in the end, not easier. I was not attempting to duplicate the full content of the CCD page, just provide relevant references to an evolving and potentially continent wide problem. Jcolbyk 18:44, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * In that case, it needs to be inserted into the text where there is mention of honey bees being used for pollination, as that is the only potentially appropriate place to include it. In fact, I'll do that now. Dyanega 18:46, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Awesome! Jcolbyk 18:48, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Jcolbyk


text:
Winghead shark

The winghead shark (Eusphyra blochii) is a species of hammerhead shark, and part of the family Sphyrnidae. Reaching a length of 1.9 m, this small brown to gray shark has a slender body with a tall, sickle-shaped first dorsal fin. Its name comes from its exceptionally large "hammer", or cephalofoil, which can be as wide as half of the shark's total length. The function of this structure is unclear, but may relate to the shark's senses. The wide spacing of its eyes grants superb binocular vision, while the extremely long nostrils on the leading margin of the cephalofoil may allow for better detection and tracking of odor trails in the water. The cephalofoil also provides a large surface area for its ampullae of Lorenzini and lateral line, with potential benefits for electroreception and mechanoreception, respectively.

Inhabiting the shallow coastal waters of the central and western Indo-Pacific, the winghead shark feeds on small bony fishes, crustaceans, and cephalopods. It gives birth to live young, with the developing embryos receiving nourishment through a placental connection. Females produce annual litters of six to 25 pups; depending on region, birth may occur from February to June after a gestation period of 8–11 months. This harmless species is widely fished for meat, fins, liver oil, and fishmeal. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as endangered in 2016, as it is thought to have declined in some parts of its range due to overfishing.

Taxonomy
In 1785, German naturalist Marcus Elieser Bloch described a shark that he referred to Squalus zygaena (a synonym of Sphyrna zygaena, the smooth hammerhead). French zoologist Georges Cuvier, as a brief footnote to the account of S. zygaena in his 1817 Le Règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée, observed that Bloch's specimen (which he labeled "z. nob. Blochii") was not a smooth hammerhead, but rather a different species. Although Cuvier did not propose a proper binomial name, his colleague Achille Valenciennes interpreted it as such in 1822 when he described another specimen of the same species in detail, calling it Zygaena Blochii nobis and attributing the name to Cuvier.

In 1862, Theodore Gill placed the winghead shark in its own genus Eusphyra, derived from the Greek eu ("good" or "true") and sphyra ("hammer"). However, subsequent authors did not accept Eusphyra and preferred to keep this species with the other hammerheads in the genus Sphyrna. Eusphyra was resurrected by Henry Bigelow and William Schroeder in 1948, and came into wider usage after additional taxonomic research was published by Leonard Compagno in 1979 and 1988. Nevertheless, some sources still refer to this species as Sphyrna blochii. Other common names for the winghead shark include arrowhead, arrow-headed hammerhead shark, and slender hammerhead.

Phylogeny
The traditional view of hammerhead shark evolution is that species with smaller cephalofoils evolved first from a requiem shark ancestor, and later gave rise to species with larger cephalofoils. Under this interpretation, the winghead shark is the most derived hammerhead, as it has the most extreme cephalofoil morphology. However, molecular phylogenetic research based on isozymes, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear DNA have found the opposite pattern, with the winghead shark as the most basal member of the hammerhead family. This result supports the counterintuitive idea that the first hammerhead shark to evolve had a large cephalofoil. It also supports the separation of Eusphyra from Sphyrna by keeping the latter monophyletic (including all descendants of a single ancestor). The winghead shark lineage is estimated to have diverged from the rest of the hammerheads some 15–20 million years ago during the Miocene.

Description
True to its name, the winghead shark's cephalofoil consists of a pair of long, narrow, and gently swept-back blades. The width of the cephalofoil is equal to 40–50% of the shark's total length. The front of the cephalofoil has a slight indentation in the middle and a gentle bump on each side in front of the nostrils. Each nostril is roughly twice as long as the width of the mouth and extends along almost the entire leading margin of each blade. The circular eyes, located at the forward outer corners of the cephalofoil, are equipped with protective nictitating membranes. The relatively small, arched mouth contains 15–16 upper and 14 lower tooth rows on each side, and sometimes also a single row of tiny teeth at the upper and/or lower symphyses (jaw midpoints). The teeth are small and smooth-edged, with angled triangular cusps. Five pairs of gill slits are seen, with the fifth pair over the pectoral fin origins.

The body is slim and streamlined, with a very tall, narrow, and falcate (sickle-shaped) first dorsal fin that originates over the bases of the rather small pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is much smaller and originates over the caudal third of the anal fin base. The anal fin is about half again as long as the second dorsal fin. A lengthwise groove is on the caudal peduncle at the dorsal origin of the caudal fin. The upper caudal fin lobe is longer than the lower lobe, and bears a notch in the trailing margin near the tip. The skin is covered by overlapping dermal denticles, each with three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth. This species is brownish gray to gray above and off-white below, and lacks fin markings. It grows up to 1.9 m long.

Distribution and habitat
The winghead shark is found in the tropical central and western Indo-Pacific, from the Persian Gulf eastward across South and Southeast Asia to New Guinea and northern Queensland. Its range extends as far north as Taiwan and as far south as the Montebello Islands off Western Australia. This species inhabits shallow waters close to shore and has been known to enter estuaries.

Biology and ecology
Several nonexclusive hypotheses have been proposed to explain the extreme size of the winghead shark's cephalofoil. The placement of the eyes at the ends of the cephalofoil provides a binocular field of view of 48°, the most of any hammerhead and four times that of a requiem shark; this species thus has excellent depth perception, which may aid in hunting. This species also has proportionately the longest nostrils among the hammerheads; longer nostrils contain more chemosensory receptors and can sample more water at a time, increasing the chances of detecting an odor molecule. A winghead shark 1 m long is theoretically capable of sampling over 2300 cm3 of water per second. Another potential olfactory benefit of the cephalofoil is increased separation between the midpoints of the left and right nostrils, which enhances the shark's ability to resolve the direction of a scent trail. Finally, the cephalofoil may increase the shark's ability to detect the electric fields and movements of its prey, by providing a larger surface area for its electroreceptive ampullae of Lorenzini and mechanoreceptive lateral line. The lateral blades seem too large to function in maneuvering, which has been suggested for other hammerheads.

The winghead shark usually hunts close to the sea floor. Its diet consists mainly of small bony fishes, followed by crustaceans and cephalopods. Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Callitetrarhynchus blochii, Heteronybelinia heteromorphi, Otobothrium carcharidis, O. mugilis, Phoreiobothrium puriensis, and Phyllobothrium blochii, the nematodes Hysterothylacium ganeshi, Pseudanisakis sp., Raphidascaroides blochii, and Terranova sp., the copepod Caligus furcisetifer, and the protozoan Eimeria zygaenae.

Life history
The winghead shark is viviparous like the rest of its family, with the developing young sustained to term by a placental connection to the mother. Adult females have a single functional ovary, on the right, and two functional uteri. Compartments form inside the uteri during pregnancy, one for each embryo. In the waters around Mumbai, the mating season is in July and August during the monsoon. The males bite at the sides of the females as a prelude to copulation. Females can reproduce every year; the litter size ranges from six to 25 pups, and increases with the size of the female. The gestation period lasts 8–9 months off western India, and 10–11 months off northern Australia. Pregnant females have been reported to quarrel with each other.

Initially, the embryo is nourished by yolk and develops in a similar fashion to other sharks. At a length of 4.0 - 4.5 cm, the cephalofoil and the fins begin to form. When the embryo is 12 - 16 cm long, the yolk supply begins to run low and folds appear on the yolk sac and uterine wall, which later interlock to form the placenta. At this stage, the embryo has most of the features of an adult, albeit rudimentary and colorless. The blades of the cephalofoil are folded back along the body, and long external gill filaments protrude from the gill slits. At a length of 20 - 29 cm, the placenta has formed; the first teeth, dermal denticles, and skin pigmentation appear on the embryo, and the external gills are much reduced in size. By the time the embryo is 30 cm long, it resembles a miniature version of the adult.

Birthing takes place in May and June off Mumbai and Parangipettai, in March and April in the Gulf of Mannar, and in February and March off northern Australia. The pups emerge tail first, and their cephalofoils remain folded until after birth to facilitate passage through the cloaca. The newborns measure 32 - 47 cm in length. Sexual maturity is reached around 1.0 - 1.1 m long for males and 1.1 - 1.2 m long for females. Their maximum lifespan is at least 21 years.

Human interactions
Harmless to humans, the winghead shark is caught throughout its range using gillnets, seines, stake nets, longlines, and hook-and-line. The meat is sold fresh, the fins are exported to Asia for shark fin soup, the liver is a source of vitamin oil, and the offal is processed into fishmeal. This species is taken in large numbers in some areas, such as in the Gulf of Thailand and off India and Indonesia, and anecdotal evidence indicates its population has suffered as a result. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed the winghead shark as endangered. This species is only infrequently caught in Australian waters, where it has been assessed regionally as least concern by the IUCN.

title: Winghead shark


text: Talk:Dillon

title: Talk:Dillon


text:
Cannstatter Volksfest

The Cannstatter Volksfest is an annual three-week Volksfest (beer festival and travelling funfair) in Stuttgart, Germany. It is sometimes also referred to by foreign visitors as the Stuttgart Beer Festival, although it is actually more of an autumnal fair.

The festival takes place at the Cannstatter Wasen from late September to early October, spanning a period over three weekends, ending the second Sunday in October. The extensive Wasen area is in the Stuttgart city district of Bad Cannstatt, near the river Neckar. A smaller variant of the Stuttgart festival, the Stuttgart Spring Festival, is also held each year in Wasen.

Although the Volksfest is not strictly speaking a beer festival, it is considered by many to be the second largest beer celebration in the world after the Munich Oktoberfest. According to estimates about 4.2 million people visited the festival in 2006. The Volksfest begins one week later than the Oktoberfest.

History
The first Cannstatter Volksfest was conceived as a celebration of agriculture after a period of crop failures and famine as a result of the volcanic winter following the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia. The inaugural event was held in a meadow near the River Neckar on 28 September 1818, and featured displays of agricultural technology and a "Fruchtsäule" (Fruit Column) display covered with fruits, vegetables, and grains donated by King Wilhelm I.

In the following decades, the Volksfest grew and evolved beyond its agricultural focus. In 1841, the festival's first parade was held, which featured over 10,000 participants and 100,000 spectators.

Parade
Traditionally a parade also takes place at the Wasen, usually on the first Sunday. In 1954 a record number of spectators attended the parade along the route from Stuttgart's central square to the Wasen site: 300,000. The Mohrenköpfle is a pig in the parade. On the orders of King Wilhelm I, Maskenschweine (Meishan pigs) were imported from Central China in 1820–21, in order to improve pig breeding in the kingdom of Baden-Württemberg. This crossbreeding with the "Chinese pigs" was particularly successful within the stocks of domestic pigs in the Hohenlohe region and the area around the town of Schwäbisch Hall.

title: Cannstatter Volksfest


text:
Talk:Bliss

"Surnames" pls not hidden, and meaning into the lead
hi. I honestly don't understand why you keep on pushing the Bliss (surname) item to an invisible spot on line 97 (!) under "Other uses". I have offered a quite elegant compromise solution, in case that your beef is with a "People" section with, for now, just one item – although, as I have written, I see no reason to stick pedantically to a guideline created by fellow editors and subject to constant amendments, which here is opposed to both logic and user-friendliness, which are by far the most important guidelines in any encyclopedia.

What isn't "even arguably correct"? I have offered - again, as a compromise solution after your first intervention - this wording:
 * Bliss is a common noun meaning 'supreme happiness', and a surname. It may refer to:....

Now one by one.
 * 1) Bliss is a common noun meaning 'supreme happiness': 100% correct. Almost all the items in the list are derived from it. There might be one abbreviation, but even that one plays with the meaning "bliss" as happy w/o reservation.
 * 2) All items not directly derived from the common noun, are surnames or derived from such.

The Bliss (surname) page lists almost 60 people regarded as notable. Don't you believe that people (i.e. users) are more interested in other (notable) people, than in B productions with 10 sequels, fictional characters, yachts, adult computer games and alike? Let's agree that not more interested, but as interested. An then, just because there is this collective page, on which all people by this surname other than the one composer (!) are listed, has to disappear under "Others"? No way.

I came here looking for F.J. Bliss and couldn't find him. I thought he has no article. So it's a conclusion from my own experience that the page is faulty, not an attempt at being smart or disturbing other people's work. As it was & is, the page has a big defect. I'm trying to fix it.

Explaining the main meaning of the term in the first line is very common. Since here we have two main meanings (or one and a half, if the name is itself derived from the common noun), we can put both in the lead. It can't possibly disturb any user, but helps many. Win-win. That's why I started by saying that I honestly don't understand why you reverted my second edit. I won't insist for the first, but the second, very logical and user-friendly (explains the term AND offers orientation), is perfect for the purpose. Arminden (talk) 22:52, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
 * We're certainly coming at this from different angles, because I consider the current version to be the compromise. There are some prominent editors on the DAB project that like to always put People and Places sections ahead of everything else, but I (and many others on the project) don't agree that those have some kind of inherent notability. I don't find it so offensive that I can't leave it there though.
 * As for the introductory line, I actually hadn't realized that I removed your dictionary definition during my edits. I'm fine with that being there and apologize for getting sloppy. I'm quite opposed to having the (name) in there though, as we usually reserve that kind of placement for the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, and I don't think the name list fits that at all. I totally disagree that it's a "main" meaning. If you look at the page views for the entries on here, there are many articles that get hundreds or thousands of views per day, as opposed to the name list, which gets about 4. And yes, of course the individual people articles have much more views than that (especially Alexa Bliss, who is very popular), but that only means users are finding their way straight to those articles without needing to hit the name list or the disambiguation page and further suggests that Bliss (name) doesn't need to be extremely prominent here. And sorry for not being clear with that "not arguably correct" thing, which was just me referring to our guidelines about what should go in the first line. -- Fyrael (talk) 18:10, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

I think we basically agree on almost everything. It was the complete revert, with both the term explanation in the lead and the "hiding" of the name item, that I had a big issue with. The rest I can easily agree on. Full reverts are tricky, the baby often ends up in the sewage along with the bathwater.

It might be my problem more than other people's, but I'm not sure it is: I'm much more likely to remember surnames than given names, especially common ones (Fred, Louis, Jürgen, Pedro), so if I'm looking for the archaeologists team Bliss & Dickie (that's how they're always mentioned), I'm likely not to remember that it's F.J. Bliss. That's when I'm looking up such pages, and here I didn't even think to look under "Other uses". "People" doesn't need to be first, but especially with such a widespread name, it deserves far better than disappearing under "Other uses". Meanwhile I've discovered that a) it's sometimes also used as a given name, and b) there's a sub-category of judges called Bliss. Which is, from experience, very common: when things are organised in a more logical and visible way, inaccuracies pop out and can be fixed and it helps with the overall accuracy. So there are two lines now under "People", not just one. Cheers, Arminden (talk) 19:34, 2 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bliss


text:
William Mitchell College of Law

William Mitchell College of Law was a private, independent law school located in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, from 1956 to 2015. Accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), it offered full- and part-time legal education in pursuit of the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree. On December 9, 2015, Hamline University School of Law merged into William Mitchell College of Law, and became the Mitchell Hamline School of Law.

History
William Mitchell was the product of five predecessor schools, all in the Twin Cities, which ultimately merged in 1956. Although they varied in size and location, each one was originally established as a part-time, evening-program law school. This was meant to open the doors of the legal profession to men and women working full-time to support themselves and their families.

St. Paul College of Law
William Mitchell's first predecessor, the St. Paul College of Law, was founded in 1900 by five attorneys in Ramsey County. They intended the school to be an alternative for legal education in the state, with the only others being the University of Minnesota Law School and the outmoded nineteenth-century practice of "reading" law with a licensed practitioner.

Three of the five were transplants from the east coast: Hiram F. Stevens, Clarence Halbert, and Ambrose Tighe. Stevens, a Vermont native, had read law with New York Court of Appeals Judge John K. Porter and graduated from Columbia Law School. When former Justice William Mitchell of the Minnesota Supreme Court died before assuming the deanship, Stevens took his place. Halbert came from New York, having graduated from Yale Law School. Tighe, also from New York, earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Yale, where he was a member of the college's Skull and Bones society. The other two founders, Thomas O'Brien and Moses Clapp, came from Minnesota and Indiana. O'Brien read law in St. Paul and later served as a justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court. Clapp graduated from the University of Wisconsin Law School, served three terms as Minnesota Attorney General, and later represented Minnesota in the United States Senate.

The St. Paul College of Law's first class had twenty students and annual tuition amounted to $60. During its official existence, the school was housed in three different locations, all in downtown St. Paul. Classes were originally held in the top floor of the former Ramsey County Courthouse, which had stood at Fourth and Wabasha Streets before being torn down. In 1917, the school moved to the McColl Building, which still stands today, at Fifth and Jackson Streets. Finally, from 1921 until after the merger, the law school occupied what was known as the Berkey Mansion, at Sixth and College Streets. That building, also long since torn down, was located in the middle of the current Kellogg Boulevard, just south of the entrance to the Minnesota History Center.

Until 1938, when it was accredited by the ABA, the law school relied entirely upon local attorneys and judges for its faculty and administration. One of them was Harry Blackmun, a professor at the St. Paul College of Law from 1935 to 1941. Years later, after the merger, Justice Blackmun also served as a Trustee of William Mitchell. Others were Minnesota Supreme Court Justices George Bunn and Oscar Hallam, both of whom served as deans of the law school while on the bench.

Minneapolis law schools
Four Minneapolis law schools formed, all of which would eventually merge into William Mitchell. They were the Northwestern College of Law and the Minneapolis College of Law in 1912, the Minnesota College of Law in 1913, and the YMCA College of Law in 1919. Their apparent lack of institutional stability stands in contrast to the history of the St. Paul school. Among them they occupied more than a dozen different locations in downtown Minneapolis and were often beset by financial difficulties.

The Northwestern school was founded by George Young, a University of Minnesota law graduate and local entrepreneur. When the University of Minnesota began to consider discontinuing its part-time evening program in 1912, Young sensed an opportunity and stepped into the breach to provide a similar service. Northwestern operated without incident until 1926, when Young died. By 1928, the school had declared bankruptcy and its students transferred to the Minneapolis College of Law. Similarly, the YMCA school ceased functioning in 1934, despite discussions of a formal merger with the Minnesota College of Law.

Although incorporated in 1912, the Minneapolis school did not offer any formal classes until 1925. Its existence was dominated by funding issues, which were only alleviated by a formal merger with the Minnesota College of Law in 1940. The Minnesota school had been the most solvent of the four, so the two surviving Minneapolis law schools became one, the Minneapolis-Minnesota College of Law.

Merger
Discussions of a merger between the St. Paul College of Law and the Minneapolis-Minnesota College of Law began in 1952, but it wasn't until 1955 that they yielded tangible results. Due to shortcomings in the size of the faculty and its physical location, Minneapolis-Minnesota was repeatedly unsuccessful in gaining ABA approval. Without it, their students were not eligible for tuition assistance through the G.I. Bill. John Hervey, long-serving adviser to the ABA Section of Legal Education and Admission to the Bar, used the situation to help accomplish his goal of "improving legal education by pruning away the weak law schools and strengthening those that remained." Hervey intimated to the Minneapolis-Minnesota Trustees that he could ensure ABA approval so long as the school agreed to merge with the St. Paul College of Law. Conversely, Hervey hinted to the St. Paul Trustees that their school could lose ABA approval if they didn't agree to move forward with the merger.

In July 1956, after renewed negotiations prompted by Hervey, the Minneapolis-Minnesota College of Law (armed with provisional approval from the ABA) united with the St. Paul College of Law to become William Mitchell College of Law. The consolidated Board of Trustees selected the name to honor the St. Paul school's unofficial "first" dean, William B. Mitchell, who had been widely regarded as one of the finest U.S. jurists of the late nineteenth century.

Post-merger
The most pressing issue for WMCL Trustees after the merger was finding a new, permanent home for the school. The school reached an agreement with the University of St. Thomas to purchase land and construct its own building on the latter's undergraduate campus, located at 2100 Summit Avenue. In the interim, students enrolled at what was in name the same law school attended classes in different cities, with the Minneapolis students at their downtown campus and the St. Paul students at the Berkey Mansion. It wasn't until 1958 that the school truly unified under one roof.

The next few decades saw rapid expansion for the school and its programs. By 1976, William Mitchell had outgrown the space at St. Thomas and required larger facilities. The administration successfully purchased the building at 875 Summit Avenue, a former Catholic secondary school called Our Lady of Peace. In 1974, William Mitchell had launched its flagship legal journal, the William Mitchell Law Review. This journal later formed half of the merged Mitchell Hamline Law Review. By 1980, William Mitchell began offering traditional daytime classes and the option of full-time enrollment. In 1990, the school completed work on its campus additions, which included a new classroom building and the Warren E. Burger Law Library. The library houses WMCL's collection of nearly a half-million volumes, affords electronic access to thousands of additional documents, and provides extensive study space. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor accompanied Chief Justice Burger to the dedication. Continuing its tradition of attracting adjunct faculty from the state and federal bench, Donald Lay, Paul Magnuson, Donovan Frank, Edward Toussaint, Jr. and others have taught and continue teaching at WMCL. In 2010, William Mitchell launched an intellectual property law journal, Cybaris.

In 2000, to celebrate its one hundred years of legal education, Governor Jesse Ventura declared November 19–25 "William Mitchell Centennial Week" throughout the state. Later, William Mitchell became one of two law schools in the country that refused to let military recruiters on campus in protest against the Solomon Amendment.

Employment and cost of attendance
According to William Mitchell's ABA-required employment disclosures, 59.1% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term employment requiring a J.D. William Mitchell's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 19.1%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2013 who are unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.

Tuition at William Mitchell for the 2014–2015 academic year is $38,620. The estimated cost of living provided by the school is $19,450. Assuming no tuition increases, a typical three-year course of study at William Mitchell therefore costs $174,210, or $58,070 per year.

Profile and rankings
William Mitchell's 2012 entering class had 260 students, 81% of whom attended full-time. The median undergraduate GPA was 3.38 and the median LSAT score was 155. 51% of the class were men and 49% were women. 13% listed themselves as minorities. Total enrollment of 930 students made it one of the largest law schools in the Midwest at the time.

In 2013, the school was unranked by U.S. News & World Report. The school's part-time program in 2010 was ranked 40th.

Academics
All 1Ls participate in a comprehensive course called Writing and Representation: Advice & Persuasion, or simply "WRAP." It focuses on legal research, reasoning, and writing, while providing a broad overview of critical skills like client interviewing and counseling, contract negotiation and drafting, dispute mediation, and pretrial litigation.

As 2Ls or 3Ls, students must take Advocacy, a course designed to teach basic litigation skills. Students are instructed in conducting discovery, examining witnesses, introducing exhibits, presenting opening and closing arguments, and presenting written and oral appellate arguments.

Special programs
Legal Practicum and Business Practicum are upper-level courses in which students, pairing up to form two-person law firms, hone their legal skills by handling a series of simulated cases. Each case requires mastery of integrated substantive and procedural law, and each firm must successfully participate in oral arguments, motion arguments, mediation, arbitration, negotiation, in-chambers settlement conferences, and a full-day jury trial. Students interview clients, conduct depositions, prepare pleadings and motions, compose memoranda, and draft various transactional documents. The coursework is performed under the supervision of two faculty members, as well as practicing lawyers and judges from the Twin Cities area.

Study abroad
The school belongs to the Consortium for Innovative Legal Education (CILE), in partnership with California Western School of Law, New England School of Law, and South Texas College of Law. CILE is the only program of its kind in the United States, offering students an opportunity to participate in programs and classes at any of the other three law schools.

Through CILE, opportunities to study abroad are available in summer and semester programs. Summer programs are offered at the University of Edinburgh, Charles University in the Czech Republic, the University of Malta, and the National University of Ireland, Galway, while semester programs are offered at Leiden University in the Netherlands and the University of Aarhus in Denmark.

Centers and institutes
The Intellectual Property Institute advances the school's IP program, which features a curriculum focused on patent, trademark, and copyright law. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office chose William Mitchell as one of six law schools to participate in its Law School Clinical Certification Program. Students are allowed to practice before the agency under the direction of a faculty supervisor.

The National Security Forum examines and debates the balance between safety and liberty in America. The Forum has hosted events and seminars featuring current and former officials from the Department of Justice, Department of State, the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Notable judges, professors, and journalists have also contributed to the Forum.

The Rosalie Wahl Legal Practice Center directs William Mitchell's clinic, externship, and skills programs. The clinical programs are designed to offer hands-on experience in practicing law, as well as convey the importance of public service. They were established in 1973, one of the first at an American law school.

The Tobacco Law Center works to improve tobacco control laws and policies at local, national, and international levels. Through research, policy development and analysis, technical assistance and consulting, the center aims to help lawmakers, nonprofit organizations, advocates, and health professionals address tobacco-related legal issues.

The Center for Elder Justice & Policy provides advocacy groups with resources, technology, and information to help seniors and their families. The Center also supports William Mitchell's elder law curriculum.

The Center for Negotiation & Justice is a collaboration between experienced negotiation practitioners and leading scholars in conflict and dispute resolution. Its mission is to explore, develop, and advance the connection between principled negotiation and social justice.

Notable alumni
WMCL has more than 12,000 alumni, active in both the private and public sectors. More than one hundred current members of the Minnesota judiciary have graduated from William Mitchell. William Mitchell's most famous alumnus is Warren E. Burger, the fifteenth Chief Justice of the United States (graduated St. Paul College of Law, LL.B. 1931)

Other notable William Mitchell graduates include:

 * Claude Henry Allen, Minnesota State Representative
 * August Andresen, former United States Congressman
 * Joe Atkins, Minnesota State Representative
 * Elmer A. Benson, former United States Senator and Governor of Minnesota
 * Bobby Joe Champion, Minnesota State Representative
 * Ray P. Chase, former United States Congressman
 * Tarryl Clark, former Minnesota State Senator
 * Richard Cohen, Minnesota State Senator
 * Roger L. Dell, former Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Sean Duffy, former United States Congressman from Wisconsin
 * Tom Emmer, United States Congressman and House Majority Whip, former Minnesota State Representative and 2010 Republican candidate for governor of Minnesota
 * William T. Francis, former U.S. Ambassador to Liberia
 * Chuck Halberg, lawyer and Minnesota state legislator
 * Sam Hanson, former Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Debra Hilstrom, Minnesota State Representative
 * Dewey W. Johnson, former United States Congressman
 * Matthew E. Johnson, Chief Judge, Minnesota Court of Appeals
 * David Knutson, Minnesota State Senator of District 37, 2003–2004
 * Harold G. Krieger, Minnesota state legislator, judge, and lawyer
 * Jim Lord, Minnesota politician
 * Myles Mace, former Distinguished Professor, Harvard Business School
 * Eric J. Magnuson, former Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Paul A. Magnuson, Senior Judge, U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota
 * John J. McDonough, former Mayor of Saint Paul
 * Fred McNeill, former Minnesota Vikings player
 * Robert W. Mattson, Jr., former Minnesota State Auditor
 * Pat Mazorol, Minnesota State Representative
 * Helen M. Meyer, Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Ted Mondale, former Minnesota State Senator and former chairman of the Metropolitan Council
 * William P. Murphy, former Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Arthur E. Nelson, former United States Senator
 * Martin A. Nelson, former Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Scott Newman, Minnesota State Senator
 * Floyd B. Olson, former Governor of Minnesota
 * Peter S. Popovich, former Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Joey San Nicolas, Attorney General for the Northern Mariana Islands
 * John B. Sanborn, Jr., former Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
 * Thomas D. Schall, former United States Senator
 * Linda Scheid, former Minnesota State Senator
 * Gary J. Schmidt, former Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Corey Stewart Former candidate for Governor and Lt. Governor of Virginia, Chair, Board of Supervisors, Prince William County, Virginia
 * Lena O. Smith, Minnesota's first African-American female lawyer
 * Esther Tomljanovich, former Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Robert Vanasek, former Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives
 * Robert Vogel, former U.S. Attorney for the District of North Dakota and Justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court
 * Jean Wagenius, Minnesota State Representative
 * Rosalie E. Wahl, former Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Torrey Westrom, Minnesota State Senator
 * Luther Youngdahl, former Governor of Minnesota, Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court, and Judge of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia
 * Oscar Youngdahl, former United States Congressman
 * G. Aaron Youngquist, former Minnesota Attorney General and Assistant U.S. Attorney General

title: William Mitchell College of Law


text:
Duncan Campbell

Duncan Campbell may refer to:

Military figures

 * Sir Duncan Campbell, 2nd Baronet (1597–1645), commander of troops in Ireland
 * Duncan Campbell (died 1758), Scottish nobleman and British Army officer
 * Duncan Campbell (British Army officer, died 1837) (1763–1837), British Army general, MP for Ayr Burghs 1809–18
 * Duncan Carter-Campbell of Possil (1911–1990), British Army colonel

Musicians

 * Duncan Campbell (trumpeter) (1926–2013), Scottish musician
 * Duncan Campbell (singer) (born 1958), lead singer of UB40

Politicians

 * Duncan Campbell, 1st Lord Campbell (died 1453/4), Scottish nobleman and politician
 * Sir Duncan Campbell, 2nd Baronet (1597–1645), MP for Argyllshire 1628–43
 * Duncan J. Campbell (1845–1882), physician and politician, Nova Scotia, Canada
 * Duncan Campbell (Unionist politician) (1876–1916), MP for North Ayrshire 1911–16

Journalists

 * Duncan Campbell (journalist, born 1944), journalist on crime and Latin America
 * Duncan Campbell (journalist) (born 1952), investigative journalist and television producer, best known for his work on Signals Intelligence

Others

 * Duncan Campbell (soothsayer) (1680–1730), Scottish deaf-mute and professed soothsayer
 * Duncan Campbell (revivalist) (1898–1972), Scottish preacher
 * Duncan Campbell (snooker player) (born 1966), Scottish snooker player
 * Duncan Campbell (artist) (born 1972), Irish artist
 * Duncan Campbell (snowboarder) (born 1997), New Zealand snowboarder
 * Duncan B. Campbell, ancient historian
 * Duncan Campbell (settler), British settler to South Africa
 * Duncan Campbell (inventor) (born 1955/56), Canadian co-inventor of murderball

title: Duncan Campbell


text:
Janet Museveni

Janet Kainembabazi Museveni (née Kataaha; born 24 June 1948) is a Ugandan politician who has been the First Lady of Uganda since 1986. She is married to Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni, with whom she has four children. She has been Cabinet Minister of Education and Sports since 6 June 2016, although her own education record is questioned. She previously served as Minister for Karamoja Affairs in the Ugandan Cabinet from 27 May 2011 until 6 June 2016. She also served as the elected Member of Parliament representing Ruhaama County in Ntungamo District, between 2011 and 2016. She published her autobiography, My Life's Journey, in 2011.

Early life and marriage
Janet Kainembabazi Kataaha was born in Kajarra County, Ntungamo District to Mr. Edward Birori and Mrs. Mutesi. She attended Kyamate Primary School, and Bweranyangi Girls' Senior Secondary School in Uganda. She was awarded a Master of Arts in Organisational Leadership and Management on 30th October 2015 from Uganda Christian University.

Janet Museveni went into exile in 1971 because they were plundering Uganda, when Idi Amin toppled the Milton Obote regime in a military coup. She married Yoweri Museveni in August 1973. When Idi Amin's regime fell from power in April 1979, she moved back to Uganda from Tanzania where she had been living in exile with her husband.

In February 1981 when Yoweri Museveni launched his guerrilla war against the government of President Obote, Janet Museveni and her children re-located to Nairobi, Kenya, where they lived with family friends until 1983. In 1983, they moved to Gothenburg,Sweden, and stayed there until May 1986, four months after Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army had seized power in Kampala.

Career
Janet Museveni founded the Uganda Women's Effort to Save Orphans (UWESO), a private relief agency in late 1986, which she said was shaped by her experience as a refugee. She became involved with the HIV/AIDS campaigns in Uganda in the 1990s, forging ties with radical pastor Martin Ssempa for abstinence-only sex education in Uganda.

In November 2005, she announced that she would seek the parliamentary seat of Ruhaama county in the February 2006 general elections. She contested the seat against the candidate for the Forum for Democratic Change, Augustine Ruzindana, and won overwhelmingly. She was re-elected in March 2011 to another five-year term.

On 16 February 2009, Janet Museveni was appointed State Minister for Karamoja Affairs, by her husband, President Yoweri Museveni.

On 27 May 2011, she was elevated to Minister for Karamoja Affairs, complete with a State Minister for Karamoja Affairs.

On 6 June 2016, after her husband's re-election as President, she was appointed Minister of Education and Sports.

Children
The four children of Janet and Yoweri Museveni are:
 * Muhoozi Kainerugaba – Born 1974, General in the UPDF and a Presidential Adviser.
 * Natasha Karugire – Born 1976, fashion designer and consultant. Married to Edwin Karugire. Private Secretary to the President of Uganda for Household Affairs.
 * Patience Rwabwogo – Born 1978, pastor of Covenant Nations Church, Buziga, Kampala – Married to Odrek Rwabwogo.
 * Diana Kamuntu – Born 1980, married to Geoffrey Kamuntu.

title: Janet Museveni


text:
Judson Scott

Judson Earney Scott (born July 15, 1952) is an American stage, film and television actor. He has appeared in a number of science fiction productions, especially within the Star Trek franchise, as well as V and three episodes of The X-Files.

Early years
Scott was born in Azusa, California and attended Carl Sandberg Jr. High and Glendora High Schools. He then went to California State University, Fullerton, received a B.A. in Theatre Arts, and trained at the Actors Studio in Los Angeles. At the end of the school year in college, Scott entered the American College Theater Festival and won the Irene Ryan Award for Best Actor in the Western United States. Scott was then offered a scholarship to Yale School of Drama, but instead attended the Juilliard School in New York City, where he again graduated with a B.A. in Theater Arts.

Career
In 1979, Scott was in a Broadway production of Shakespeare's Richard III at the Cort Theatre for a one-month run. Appearing under the name Judson Earney, Scott took the role of Lord Grey in a cast featuring Al Pacino in the title role. Scott's credited film appearances in later years included I, the Jury (1982), Escape (1990), True Identity (1991), and Blade (1998).

Scott starred in the short-lived 1982 science fiction television series The Phoenix. His other television roles include Lt. James in seven episodes of V, and as Sacha Malenkov on The Colbys. He also portrayed Peter Harrell on General Hospital in 1984–85 and Clay Monroe in One Life to Live in 1985.

Other guest appearances include Mission: Impossible (as Ernst Graff in "The Legacy") Voyagers!, The Dukes of Hazzard, The A-Team, Babylon 5 (as "Knight One" in "And the Sky Full of Stars", 1994), Charmed (as "Necron" in episodes "A Witches Tale" 1 & 2), The Adventures of Brisco County Jr. (Episode: No Man's Land.  As outlaw brother Gill Swill), The X-Files and The Greatest American Hero (as Dak Hampton in the episode "Rock 'n' Roll"). He also made three appearances on Matt Houston as a Navajo shaman turned assassin.

Star Trek roles
In the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Scott played Joachim, chief lieutenant of Khan Noonien Singh. Despite having many lines of dialogue, Scott's name does not appear in the credits. According to TV Guide, Scott's agent was in negotiations with Paramount to get his name high billing in the movie, but the tactic backfired and somehow Scott wound up with no credit at all. He played opposite Ricardo Montalbán, which resulted in a friendship that lasted until Montalbán's death in January 2009. When Montalbán received a lifetime achievement award in 2003, Scott was the presenter.

Scott's next role in the Star Trek franchise was Sobi, a central character in "Symbiosis", a first-season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. In this episode Scott played opposite Merritt Butrick, who played Admiral Kirk's son in Star Trek II.

Scott also played a Romulan in the fourth-season Star Trek: Voyager episode "Message in a Bottle".

Scott still makes appearances at science fiction conventions and has his own fan club composed mostly of Star Trek fans.

Filmography

 * The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985) - Lee Benson
 * The Phoenix (1982 TV series) (1981 - TV Movie, 1982 - TV series) - Bennu
 * I, the Jury (1982) - Charles Kendricks
 * Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) - Joachim (uncredited)
 * The Greatest American Hero (1983) - Dak Hampton, lead singer of a rock group called Elvira
 * The A-Team (1984) - Episode: "Incident at Cristal Lake"
 * V: The Series (1984) - Lieutenant James
 * Mission : impossible (TV Series) Episode : The Legacy (1988) - Ernst Graff
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation (TV Series) Episode: "Symbiosis" (1988) - Sobi
 * Escape (1989) - Gabriel LaFontaine
 * True Identity (1991) - Iago
 * Walker, Texas Ranger (1993-2001) - Travis Braxton
 * Blade (1998) - Pallantine
 * Babylon 5 (TV Series) Episode: And The Sky Full Of Stars (1994) - Knight One
 * Star Trek: Voyager (TV Series) Episode: Message in a Bottle (1998) - Rekar

title: Judson Scott


text:
Vinnie Vincent Invasion

Vinnie Vincent Invasion is an American glam metal band, formed in 1984 by former Kiss guitarist Vinnie Vincent.

History
Forming the band in 1984, Vinnie Vincent recruited bassist Dana Strum, who had served as a talent scout in Los Angeles, recruiting band members for the likes of Ozzy Osbourne. Strum had found both Jake E. Lee and the late Randy Rhoads for Ozzy Osbourne, so when Paul Stanley had contacted Osbourne to inquire about where he found the guitarists, he was given Strum's name. Unable to find anyone Kiss considered to be on Vincent's level, Strum decided to find Vincent himself in hopes of working together. Bobby Rock came on board as the drummer. With the nucleus of the band completed, the band searched for a lead vocalist.

Former Journey singer Robert Fleischman provided vocals on Vinnie Vincent Invasion's self-titled debut album. The record included primarily the style of glam metal, with much of it re-worked versions of demos Vincent recorded in 1982 with former New England members Hirsch Gardner, Gary Shea, and Jimmy Waldo under the band name Warrior, with Vincent essentially replacing John Fannon as guitarist and vocalist. Warrior disbanded when Vincent was selected to be a member of Kiss. Other songs were demoed in 1984 with Hirsh Gardner on drums and intended for Kiss's follow-up album, Lick It Up.

Fleischman exited the band during a contract dispute and a video was produced for the song "Boyz Are Gonna Rock" with new vocalist Mark Slaughter lipsyncing over Fleischman's vocal track. With Slaughter now on board, the band released their second album, All Systems Go in May 1988. The album featured one of the group's best-known hits, "Ashes to Ashes", and "Love Kills", which appeared on the A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master soundtrack.

Later in 1988, the band was released from their contract with Chrysalis Records. Having grown annoyed with what they perceived to be Vincent's domination of the project, Strum was fired and Slaughter left with him to form the band Slaughter, which would go on to have success. Bobby Rock has played as a touring drummer for Slaughter, but was not in the initial line-up. After Vinnie Vincent Invasion broke up, he briefly joined Nitro, later Nelson, and then went on to play as a session musician with Gary Hoey and other bands. Subsequent to the band's release from their Chrysalis contract and the resultant split of Slaughter and Strum to form Slaughter, Vincent reunited with original Vinnie Vincent Invasion vocalist Robert Fleischman and recorded the unreleased album Pyro Messiah (aka Guitars from Hell). Some songs from those sessions were reworked and released in 1996 as the Euphoria EP. Andre LaBelle, (drummer from 1989 to 1992), along with Fleischman, formed a new band, The Sky in 2011.

A tribute album entitled Kiss My Ankh: A Tribute to Vinnie Vincent was released by SplitScreen Entertainment on August 27, 2008. The album consists of new recordings of songs from Vincent's careers with Kiss and Vinnie Vincent Invasion. Featured artists include Steve Brown of Trixter, Troy Patrick Farrell of White Lion, T.J. Racer of Nitro, Sheldon Tarsha of Adler's Appetite, Chris Caffery of Savatage and Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Ryan Roxie of Alice Cooper, and rock and roll comic C.C. Banana, who performs a parody of the Kiss song "Unholy" (rewritten as a roast of Danger Danger vocalist Ted Poley).

In March 2023, Vinnie Vincent announced a listening party for a new studio album titled Judgment Day (Guitarmageddon Pt. I), the first under the Vinnie Vincent Invasion name in 35 years, at Starstruck Entertainment Studio in Nashville on May 19-20. Although Fleischman was going to be featured as the vocalist of this album, Vincent introduced Scott Board from the bands No Love Lost and Sartori as his new singer, with whom he performed at the listening party. Vincent also confirmed that Judgment Day (Guitarmageddon Pt. I) could be released towards the end of 2023. However, less than a week after Board was revealed as the band's new singer, Vincent said he was "auditioning singers for a new tour and record." Faysal Smile was later announced as the new singer on October 20, 2023. A month later, Smile posted a video teaser of what appeared to be a new Vinnie Vincent Invasion song on YouTube.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Vinnie Vincent – guitars, backing vocals (1984–1988, 2023–present)
 * Faysal Smile – lead vocals (2023–present)

 * Former members
 * Dana Strum – bass guitar, backing vocals (1984–1988)
 * Bobby Rock – drums (1984–1988)
 * Robert Fleischman – lead vocals (1984–1986)
 * Mark Slaughter – lead vocals (1986–1988)
 * Scott Board – vocals (2023)

Studio albums

 * Vinnie Vincent Invasion (1986)
 * All Systems Go (1988)

Extended plays

 * Euphoria (1996)

title: Vinnie Vincent Invasion


text:
Washington, Mississippi

Washington is an unincorporated community in Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Located along the lower Mississippi, 6 mi east of Natchez, it was the second and longest-serving capital of the Mississippi Territory.

History
This area along the Mississippi had long been inhabited by indigenous peoples. At the time of European encounter, the Natchez people controlled much of the area. They were descendants of the earlier Mississippian culture that had built earthwork mounds. European Americans, settling the area after the American Revolution, named the town for George Washington. Some of the original settlers of the area were Colonel Andrew Ellicott, Joseph Calvit and John Foster.

Washington became the second territorial capital, when the seat of the Mississippi Territory's legislature was moved from Natchez to Washington on February 1, 1802. The Mississippi constitution convention of 1817 met in Washington at the Methodist Meeting House (which was purchased by Jefferson College in 1830). Mississippi's first constitution was written and adopted here, and the state's first legislature convened here in 1817. The preliminary trial of U.S. vice-president Aaron Burr occurred under some nearby oak trees. After Mississippi was admitted to the union in 1817, the legislature met once in Washington, and afterward in Natchez. The capital was officially moved to Jackson in 1822, in keeping with the Act passed by the Assembly on November 28, 1821, which chose to have a more central location for better accessibility to more residents.

Fort Dearborn, located at Washington, was for a time the largest military installation then extant in the United States, with more than 2,000 soldiers stationed there, including such notables as Brigadier General Leonard Covington and future General Winfield Scott. It was established in 1802 to protect the newly relocated capital of the Mississippi Territory.

In 1879, the Jesse James gang robbed two stores in Washington and in Fayette in Jefferson County, Mississippi. The gang absconded with $2,000 cash in the second robbery and took shelter in abandoned cabins on the Kemp Plantation south of St. Joseph, Louisiana. A posse attacked and killed two of the outlaws but failed to capture the entire gang. Jesse James would live another three years until his demise in St. Joseph in northwestern Missouri.

Architecture
Elizabeth Female Academy, considered to be the first women's college in the state, was established at Washington in 1818. For most of its history, it was a degree-conferring college; it closed in 1845. Clear Creek Baptist Church, erected in 1825 and one of the oldest churches in Mississippi, is located in Washington.

In 1836, it was the site of a meeting of the Mississippi Baptist Convention, which was reorganized under President Ashley Vaughn of Natchez. The convention, or association, contained 122 churches, 56 clergy, and 4287 members.

The congregations would have reflected the majority-black population of the area, where most workers on the cotton plantations were slaves. The town also has Washington Methodist Church. These were the two prominent denominations at the time of settlement. Both recruited slaves and accepted blacks as preachers in many locations. Before the American Civil War, both the national Baptist Association and Methodist Church split over the issue of slavery, and southern congregations established separate organizations.

Parks
Washington is the location of Jefferson College, now known as Historic Jefferson College. It is operated as a state historic park and museum by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History. The college was created by an act of the first General Assembly of the Mississippi Territory in 1802 and was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, then-president of the United States. Although chartered in 1802, it did not open as a school until 1811.

Operated as a boys' academy, it continued in this capacity (but for a few brief, temporary closures, due to war, fire, remodeling and the like) for the next 153 years. It closed its doors for good in 1964. Jefferson College operated mostly as an all-male, college-preparatory academy. For a period it operated as Jefferson Military College, a military-style boarding school for high-school boys. Jefferson Davis attended Jefferson College as a 10-year-old boy in 1818, when it had the status of a boys' academy. John James Audubon was a teacher there from 1822 to 1823.

Culture
Scenes of the lost silent Civil War film The Heart of Maryland (1921) were filmed in Washington. Some of John Ford's film The Horse Soldiers (1959), set during the Civil War and starring John Wayne, was filmed here. Portions of Disney's movie The Adventures of Huck Finn (1993) were filmed here and in Natchez.

Notable people

 * Thomas Affleck (1812–1868), Scottish-American horticulturist
 * Bill Allain (1928–2013), 59th governor of Mississippi, 1984–1988

title: Washington, Mississippi


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Pannonian Rusyns

Pannonian Rusyns (Русини), also known as Pannonian Rusnaks (Руснаци), and formerly known as Yugoslav Rusyns (during the existence of former Yugoslavia), are ethnic Rusyns from the southern regions of the Pannonian Plain (hence, Pannonian Rusyns). Their communities are located mainly in Vojvodina, Serbia, and Slavonia, Croatia. In both of those countries, they are officially recognized as a national minority, and have several minority institutions and organizations.

In some non-Slavic languages, they are sometimes also referred to by certain archaic exonyms, such as Pannonian Ruthenes or Pannonian Ruthenians, but those terms are not used in the native Rusyn language. Such terms are also imprecise, since Ruthenian and related exonyms have several broader meanings, both in terms of their historical uses and ethnic scopes, that are encompassing various East Slavic groups.

Geographical Pannonian adjective is used as a neutral term of convenience, since the previous geographical ethnonym (Yugoslav Rusyns) became significantly reduced in scope after the breakup of major Yugoslavia (1991–1992), and also obsolete when the reduced Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro (2003). In order to avoid confusion, the term Pannonian Rusyns is used in modern English terminology as a descriptive regional ethnonym for Rusyn communities in all of those regions, similar to the way the term North American Rusyns is used to refer to the Rusyn diasporas in the United States and Canada.

Pannonian Rusyns are descendants of 18th-century migrant communities, that came from northeastern (Carpathian) regions, still inhabited today by other groups of (Carpathian) Rusyns, who live in southwestern Ukraine, northeastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland, northern Romania, and northeastern Hungary.

History

During the 18th century, state authorities of the Habsburg monarchy initiated several programs of re-population and colonization of various regions that were recently liberated from the Ottoman rule. Since 1745, groups of Rusyns from north-eastern Carpathian regions of the Kingdom of Hungary (eastern parts of modern Slovakia and Carpathian regions of modern Ukraine) started to migrate towards southern regions, including Bačka, Srem and Slavonia. The first group settled in the village of Kula in Bačka (modern Serbia), as attested by the 1746 census.

During the following years, process of Rusyn colonization was intensified, and on 17 January 1751, regional administrator of Bačka, Franz Joseph von Redl signed an agreement with Mihajlo Munkači from the village of Červenovo, in the county of Bereg, allowing the arrival of 200 Rusyn families from the north-eastern Hungarian region known as the "Upper-Land" (Горнїца) to the village of Krstur (Керестур) in Bačka. In the same year, Munkači managed to settle many Rusyns from the Hungarian counties of Munkačka, Ungvar, Saltmars and Ogačka in Krstur. Ruski Krstur had 2,000 inhabitants by the end of the 18th century. The same administrator signed another agreement on 15 May 1763 with Peter Kiš from Kerestur, allowing the arrival of 150 Rusyn families from the "Upper-Land" to the village of Kucura (Коцур) in Bačka. Kiš, however, failed to bring 150 Ruthenian families to Kucura. In 1763, 41 Rusyns families came to Kucura, and in 1767, another 47 Rusyns families came. Both agreements, from 1751 and 1763, contained special clauses, requiring that Rusyn colonists in terms of their religious affiliation have to be Eastern Catholics. The State Chamber wanted Kucura to be a purely Catholic settlement, and in 1777 they ordered the Serbs, who were almost half of the population of Kucura, to move to Obrovac. In 1792, 258 Rusyns families already lived in Kucura.

As the population grew, many families from Krstur and Kucura migrated to the town of Novi Sad in 1766 and 1767. The census from 1767 for the whole Bács-Bodrog County (which then was part of Habsburg Monarchy and today comprises Bačka region in Serbia and Hungary) shows about 2,000 Rusyns. Later, Rusyns settled in Šid and Vajska, and in the early 19th century in Vukovar, Ilok, Jankovci, Grabovo, Miklusevci, Marinci, Rajevo Selo and Osijek. In Petrovci, Rusyns started to settle in 1833, and later in Bačinci in 1834. In May 1836, the first Ruthenian Greek Catholic parish was founded in Petrovci in the territory of today's Republic of Croatia.

Rusyns in former Yugoslavia

After the Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918), southern Pannonian regions became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, known since 1929 as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Since it was a South Slavic country, position of various Slavic minorities (including local Rusyns) was improved significantly, particularly in the fields of their cultural development and elementary education. During the interwar period (1918–1941), several Rusyn cultural organizations and periodical publications were established.

After the Second World War, in the socialist Yugoslavia, Rusyns were officially recognized as a distinct national minority, and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia. In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted on 9 April 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82), and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of Vojvodina (an autonomous province in Serbia) that was adopted in the same year (Articles 32-37). Further on, the Constitutional Law of 21 February 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67).

In spite of the fact that constitutional and legal recognition of Rusyn minority and its language in Vojvodina (Serbia) was achieved already in 1963/1969, some authors have overlooked those developments, and also claimed (persistently, in several works) that such recognition occurred later, in 1974, thus revealing the lack of basic knowledge on the evolution of Rusyn rights in former Yugoslavia. Those early developments (1963/1969) are also omitted from some scholarly analyses that are dedicated explicitly to the legal status of Rusyns in Vojvodina.

During the same period, Rusyn minority was also recognized in the Yugoslav federal unit of Croatia, by the Constitutional Amendment IV, that was adopted in 1972. That provision was confirmed by the new Constitution of Croatia, adopted in 1974 (Article 137), that recognized not only local Rusyns but also local Ukrainians, thus designating them as separate and distinct national minorities.

In terms of their cultural development in socialist Yugoslavia, Rusyns had several institutions and organizations. Already in 1945, а publishing establishment, called the Rusyn Word (Руске слово) was founded, in Novi Sad. It became the main center for publication of Rusyn newspapers, literary works and school textbooks. In the same year, Rusyn high school was opened in Ruski Krstur. In 1970, the Society for Rusyn Language an Literature (Дружтво за руски язик и литературу) was established, in Novi Sad. Since 1972, at the Faculty of Philosophy (University of Novi Sad), Rusyn studies were initiated, and the Chair for Rusyn Language and Literature (Катедра за руски язик и литературу) was established in 1983.

Rusyns in modern Serbia and Croatia

After the breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992), its successor states continued to recognize Rusyns as a distinct national minority. In Croatia, they are officially recognized (under constitutional provisions from 1997) as an autochthonous national minority and as such, they elect a special representative to the Croatian Parliament, shared with members of eleven other national minorities.

In Serbia, recognition of Rusyn minority and its language was confirmed by the provincial statutes of Vojvodina (2009, 2014). Since 2002, Rusyns in Serbia have their autonomously elected representative body, the National Council of the Rusyn National Minority (Национални совит рускей националней меншини), headquartered in Ruski Krstur (the largest Rusyn settlement in Serbia). At the Faculty of Philosophy (University of Novi Sad), Rusyn studies were expanded in 2002, and the Department of Rusynistics (Одсек за русинистику) was established. In 2008, the Institute for Culture of Rusyns in Vojvodina (Завод за културу войводянских Руснацох) was founded, centered in Novi Sad.

Demographics
Rusyns in modern states of Serbia and Croatia mostly live in the autonomous province of Vojvodina (Serbia), and in the region of Slavonia (Croatia). The census from 1991 in those regions (then within former Yugoslavia) shows about 25.000 Rusyns. Currently, the number of Rusyns declines and is estimated to be about 15.000. The main reason for this is the economic migration, since the increasing number of Rusyns is deciding to move to western countries, particularly to Canada.

There are 14,246 declared ethnic Rusyns in Serbia (2011 census). In terms of religious affiliation, 94,91% declared as Christians (75,43% Catholics, 18,53% Orthodox, 0,7% Protestansts).

The village of Ruski Krstur in the Kula municipality is the cultural centre of Rusyns in Serbia. Other villages with a Rusyn majority include Kucura in the Vrbas municipality, and Bikić Do in the Šid municipality. There is a considerable concentration of Rusyns in Novi Sad, where in 1820 the construction of St. Peter and Paul Greek Catholic parish church started and was subsequently completed in 1834/1837.

There are Rusyn communities in Slavonia (Croatia), forming a majority in the village of Petrovci, Bogdanovci municipality, in Vukovar-Srijem county.

 * Serbia
 * Ruski Krstur (86%, 2002)
 * Bikić Do (47,62%, 2002)
 * Kucura (47,18%, 2002)
 * Đurđevo (23,30%, 2002)

 * Croatia
 * Petrovci, Croatia (57,17%, 1991)

Language
Rusyns in Serbia and Croatia consider their linguistic variety, known as Pannonian Rusyn, to be one of four standardized versions of the Rusyn language, while some linguists also classify it as a microlanguage. They are using a standardized version of Rusyn Cyrillic alphabet.

Rusyn is one of the six official languages of provincial administration in Vojvodina, while in Croatia it is officially used in two settlements.

Notable people

 * Jaša Bakov, Rusyn athlete and activist from Serbia
 * Mihail Dudaš, Rusyn athlete from Serbia
 * Đura Džudžar, Rusyn bishop from Serbia
 * Ljubomir Fejsa, Rusyn footballer from Serbia
 * Joakim Herbut, Rusyn bishop from Serbia
 * Ivan Lenđer, Rusyn swimmer from Serbia
 * Slavomir Miklovš, Rusyn bishop from Serbia
 * Olena Papuga, Rusyn politician from Serbia
 * Silvester Takač, Rusyn footballer from Serbia
 * Danijela Štajnfeld, Rusyn actress from Serbia

title: Pannonian Rusyns