text: Category:Captain Beefheart albums

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Captain Beefheart albums


text:
Porophyllum

Porophyllum is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Tageteae within the family Asteraceae known commonly as the poreleaf genus.

Poreleaf plants are subshrubs native to the Americas. Their leaves often have large glands that produce aromatic oils and give the plants a strong scent. Many species are used in cooking.

 * Species
 * Porophyllum amplexicaule - Coahuila, Nuevo León
 * Porophyllum angustissimum - Brazil, Argentina
 * Porophyllum bahiense - Bahia
 * Porophyllum cabrerae - Salta in Argentina
 * Porophyllum cacalioides - Philippines
 * Porophyllum calcicola - Guerrero, Morelos
 * Porophyllum coloratum - Mexico
 * Porophyllum crassifolium - Baja California Sur
 * Porophyllum filiforme - Baja California Sur, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí
 * Porophyllum gracile - odora, slender poreleaf - United States (CA NV UT AZ NM TX), Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Chihuahua
 * Porophyllum greggii - United States (TX), Coahuila, 	Chihuahua
 * Porophyllum hasslerianum - Paraguay
 * Porophyllum lanceolatum - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
 * Porophyllum leiocarpum - yerba de peo - Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Brazil
 * Porophyllum linaria - pipicha - Mexico
 * Porophyllum lindenii - Mexico
 * Porophyllum linifolium - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
 * Porophyllum maritimum - Baja California Sur
 * Porophyllum obscurum - Argentina
 * Porophyllum oppositifolium - Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay
 * Porophyllum pausodynum - Sonora
 * Porophyllum pringlei - Jalisco, México State, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Chiapas, Sinaloa, Morelos, Michoacán
 * Porophyllum punctatum - southern Mexico, Central America
 * Porophyllum pygmaeum - dwarf poreleaf - United States (NV)
 * Porophyllum ruderale - pápalo, Bolivian coriander, quirquiña, yerba porosa - United States (CA AZ NM TX), Mesoamerica, West Indies, South America as far south as Paraguay
 * Porophyllum scoparium - Transpecos poreleaf, hierba del venado, jarilla - United States (TX NM), Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Durango, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas
 * Porophyllum tridentatum - Baja California Sur
 * Porophyllum viridiflorum - México State, Morelos, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Guanajuato, Jalisco
 * Porophyllum warnockii - México State
 * Porophyllum zimapanum - Hidalgo

see Gynura
 * formerly included
 * Porophyllum japonicum (Thunb.) DC. - Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel

title: Porophyllum


text:
Out to Lunch!

Out to Lunch! is a 1964 album by jazz multi-instrumentalist Eric Dolphy. His only recording on Blue Note as a leader, it was issued as BLP 4163 and BST 84163. Featuring Dolphy in a quintet with trumpeter Freddie Hubbard, vibraphonist Bobby Hutcherson, bassist Richard Davis and drummer Tony Williams, it was generally considered by critics as one of the finest albums issued on Blue Note, and widely viewed as one of the high points of 1960s avant-garde jazz. The album cover designed by Reid Miles features a photo of a "Will Be Back" sign displayed in a shop window showing a seven handed clock.

Background
Dolphy declared "Everyone's a leader in this session", and he was fortunate to be joined by four sympathetic musicians, three of whom had previously performed and recorded with him. Freddie Hubbard had roomed with Dolphy when they both first arrived in New York, and was featured on Outward Bound (1960), Dolphy's first album as a leader. Dolphy and Hubbard also appeared together on Ornette Coleman's 1960 album Free Jazz. Bobby Hutcherson had participated in the July 1963 recording sessions that produced the Dolphy albums Iron Man and Conversations. Dolphy expressed his excitement regarding the opportunity to work with Hutcherson again, stating: "Bobby's vibes have a freer, more open sound than a piano. Pianos seem to control you, Bobby's vibes seems to open you up."

Bassist Richard Davis had also participated in the July 1963 sessions, during which he recorded a number of duets with Dolphy ("Come Sunday", "Ode to Charlie Parker", and "Alone Together"). Davis was also the bassist on Dolphy and Booker Little’s dates At the Five Spot in 1961. One reviewer stated that the pair "had one of the more meaningful connections in jazz; they communicated almost telepathically, as if completing each other's thoughts." Dolphy commented: "Richard doesn't play the usual bass lines. He plays rhythm with his lines. He leads you somewhere else." Drummer Tony Williams, listed as "Anthony Williams" on the album, had turned 18 in December 1963, and was a member of Miles Davis' quintet at the time of the Out to Lunch! recording session. Regarding Williams, Dolphy stated: "Tony doesn't play time, he plays pulse."

Dolphy biographers Vladimir Simosko and Barry Tepperman praised the musical chemistry of this group, observed that "the other musicians match and support [Dolphy's] conception with a truly fantastic sense of freedom and interplay," and writing: "The contributions of the other musicians are potent and striking; the success of the date is to a large degree due to their capacities not only as soloists relating to themes and the other soloists, but in the collective interaction and interplay implicit in Dolphy's conception of the music."

Roughly a month after the Out to Lunch! session, Dolphy, Davis, and Williams participated in the recording of Andrew Hill's album Point of Departure. Beyond that, Dolphy, in the liner notes, stated: "I'm on my way to Europe to live for awhile. Why? Because I can get more work there playing my own music, and because if you try to do anything different in this country, people put you down for it." Dolphy died from a diabetic coma on June 29. He had completed a European tour with Charles Mingus earlier in the year and performed in concerts under his own name.

Music
The title of the album's first track, "Hat and Beard", refers to Thelonious Monk, about whom Dolphy stated: "He's so musical no matter what he's doing, even if he's just walking around." The piece features wild bass clarinet playing, and contains a percussive interlude featuring Williams and Hutcherson. "Something Sweet, Something Tender" also features Dolphy on bass clarinet, and includes a scored duet between Dolphy and Davis on bowed bass. Dolphy commented: "The group got just the lyrical feeling that I wanted, and, taking it out, Richard and I really got together in the unison duet." The third composition, "Gazzelloni", which showcases some of Dolphy's most advanced flute work, was named after classical flautist Severino Gazzelloni, but is actually the album's most conventional, bop-based theme. Dolphy noted: "Everybody holds to the construction for the first 13 bars, then - freedom."

The second side features two long pieces with Dolphy on alto saxophone. On the title track, the pulse is implied rather than being stated explicitly, which lends a sense of freedom. Dolphy commented: "Notice Tony. He doesn't play time, he plays. Even though the rhythm section breaks the time up, there's a basic pulse coming from inside the tune. That's the pulse the musicians have to play." The final track, "Straight Up and Down", was intended to evoke a drunken stagger. Dolphy's solo contains swaggering, voice-like lines on which he employs multiphonics and smears. Regarding the group's contribution, he stated: "It gasses me that everyone was so free. I wanted a free date to begin with. All rhythm sections are different, but this one was really open..."

In late 2013, two previously unissued performances were released on Toshiba EMI TYCJ-81013 in Japan. These are alternate takes of the two bass clarinet tunes "Hat and Beard", and "Something Sweet, Something Tender".

Critical reception
The Penguin Guide to Jazz selected Out to Lunch! as part of its suggested "Core Collection" and awarded it a "crown", stating, "If it is a masterpiece, then it is not so much a flawed as a slightly tentative masterpiece." The album was identified by Chris Kelsey in his AllMusic essay "Free Jazz: A Subjective History" as one of the 20 Essential Free Jazz Albums.

Writer Martin Williams stated that on Out to Lunch!, "we hear a full development of [Dolphy's] talent, in its five, finely crafted compositions, and in his equally well-conceived solos." In a review for AllMusic, Steve Huey described the album as Dolphy's "magnum opus, an absolute pinnacle of avant-garde jazz in any form or era. Its rhythmic complexity was perhaps unrivaled since Dave Brubeck's Time Out, and its five Dolphy originals... were a perfect balance of structured frameworks, carefully calibrated timbres, and generous individual freedom... Just as the title Out to Lunch suggests, this is music that sounds like nothing so much as a mad gleam in its creator's eyes." Writing for The Wire, Brian Morton described Out to Lunch! as "Dolphy's most adventurous album and his most self consistent attempt at freedom within some, at least of the confines established by bop writing," and observed that the group follows what would become "the Weather Report dictum: 'Everyone solos, all of the time'". Morton praised Dolphy's playing, commenting that he was "an 'episodic' player, like an obsessive tale-spinner who shifts from 'reminds me of' to 'and then there was the time when', not quite non sequiturs but not quite obviously connected either. He was an instant composer rather than a strict improviser."

Kevin Whitehead, writing for NPR, referred to Out to Lunch! as Dolphy's "masterpiece", stating: "Half a century later it still sounds crazy in a good way. The organized mayhem starts with Dolphy's tunes, often featuring wide, wide leaps in the melody and ratchet-gear rhythms... He improvised with.. angular energy, and an excitable tone like a goosed goose." He observed: "in time you could hear its influence in Anthony Braxton's or Roscoe Mitchell's zigzag solos and odd timbres, in David Murray's yawping bass clarinet and Jason Adasiewicz's clanking vibes. You can also hear it in ambitious music by all sorts of modern composers who grapple with the same kind of contradictions Dolphy did. Out to Lunch is free and focused, dissonant and catchy, wide open and swinging all at once. Fifty years on, there's plenty there to be inspired by." In an essay for Jazz History Online, Thomas Cunniffe wrote that Out to Lunch! "was an effort to break our expectations about the very nature of jazz", and stated that "In addition to dispelling the notion that improvised solos should maintain the mood of the melody, Dolphy called for his sidemen to rethink their preconceived notions about improvisation", noting that "Dolphy and company re-examined the very framework of this music."

Trevor Maclaren described Out to Lunch! as "one of the finest records of its kind", "easily at the caliber of A Love Supreme and The Shape of Jazz to Come". He stated: "Dolphy shows himself as solid bandleader and arranger who opens up plenty of room of for his players. Much in the ideology of his fellow avant-garde players, the solos exude experiment. Yet Dolphy's control is masterful and no matter how far out he gets, you can feel his passion and know his path has been well articulated." Reviewer Greg Simmons called the album "undeniably brilliant" and "an essential watershed in the jazz canon, representing a creative peak for the soon-to-be-gone Dolphy". He praised Dolphy's bass clarinet playing on the opening track, featuring "a solo from Mars, with serrated, stuttered runs and odd false notes. This is as complete a statement of musical independence—from fashion, commercial concerns, and tradition—as is likely to be found. It's blues from hell, and it sets the pace for the entire record."

Track listing
All compositions by Eric Dolphy.

 * 1) "Hat and Beard" – 8:24
 * 2) "Something Sweet, Something Tender" – 6:02
 * 3) "Gazzelloni" – 7:22
 * 4) "Out to Lunch" – 12:06
 * 5) "Straight Up and Down" – 8:19

Bonus tracks on 2013 Japanese limited SHM-CD:
 * 1) "Hat and Beard (alt. take)" – 8:35
 * 2) "Something Sweet, Something Tender (alt. take)" – 5:42

Personnel

 * Eric Dolphy – bass clarinet (1 & 2), flute (3), alto saxophone (4 & 5)
 * Freddie Hubbard – trumpet
 * Bobby Hutcherson – vibraphone
 * Richard Davis – bass
 * Tony Williams – drums

title: Out to Lunch!


text:
Angelique Boyer

Angelique Monique-Paulette Boyer Rousseau (born 4 July 1988), simply known as Angelique Boyer, is a French-Mexican actress. Born in France, she has spent most of her life and her entire professional career in Mexico, becoming a dual French and Mexican citizen.

Early life
Boyer was born in Saint-Claude, Jura, France to French mother and Mexican father. Boyer and her family moved to Mexico when she was two years old.

While filming Rebelde, she and two other co-stars – the actors who portray the characters of Celina (Estefanía Villareal) and José Luján (Zoraida Gómez) - formed the band Citricus or C3Q'S. After Rebelde, Boyer auditioned for Bailando por la Boda de mis Sueños (Dancing for my Dream Wedding).

Transition to mature roles
In 2009, she was cast in the high crime drama television series Mujeres Asesinas 2. These controversial roles marked a significant change in Boyer's acting career, for this was the first time fans had seen the actress in more mature roles.

Not long after she was the protagonist-antagonist in Teresa, she participated in a theatre role, Ausencia de Dios (God's Absence) she went from "la hembra mala" (femme fatale) to a "monja" (a nun in catholic religion), where she worked with Raquel Olmedo once again, and Jacqueline Andere.

In 2012, Boyer starred in the telenovela Abismo de pasión with David Zepeda.

On June 26, 2013, it was confirmed that Boyer (along with Sebastián Rulli and Luis Roberto Guzmán) would star in Angelli Nesma's Lo que la vida me robó, a remake of Ernesto Alonso's Bodas de odio produced in 1983. In late 2015, she was cast in Angelli Nesma Medina's telenovela Tres veces Ana.

2004-2009
She first appeared on television in the soap opera produced by Nicandro Díaz and Roberto Hernández Vázquez, Corazones al limite, where she debuted playing the character "Anette", the best friend of the protagonist played by Sara Maldonado, before she moved to another city.

That same year, she participated in the soap opera Rebelde, a version of the Argentine soap opera Rebelde Way, and was produced by Pedro Damián. She was "Vico", a very liberal girl who had some boyfriends during the plot.

In 2007, she returned to television with the novel by Emilio Larrosa, Muchachitas como tú, based on Muchachitas, where she shared credits with Ariadne Díaz. In the plot she was "Margarita", engaged to the villain who also had the role of antagonist, until he was redeemed.

In 2008, she joined the soap opera Alma de Hierro, playing Sandra "Sandy" Hierro Jiménez, a girl who hid from her parents that she had the dream of being dancer, while they wanted the girl to study medicine.

In 2009, she participated in the second season of the television series Mujeres Asesinas, in the episode "Soledad Cautiva", playing Soledad Oropeza "Cindy" a girl who ends up getting involved with a man she met on the road, but what she didn't expect is that he would take her into the life of prostitution.

Later, in the same year, she participated in the novel produced by Salvador Mejía and created by Caridad Bravo Adams, Corazón salvaje. She was "Jimena", a gypsy who hid her condition from the noble "Gabriel", character of Sebastián Zurita.

2010-2016
In 2010, Boyer got her first starring role in the telenovela Teresa produced by José Alberto Castro. Boyer played protagonist Teresa Chávez Aguirre, alongside Aarón Díaz and Sebastián Rulli.

In 2012, she starred in the telenovela Abismo de Pasión, adapted from the 1996 soap opera Cañaveral de pasiones, and shared credits with David Zepeda.

In 2013, she was chosen by Angelli Nesma Medina to star in the telenovela Lo que la vida me robó, an adaptation of the novels Amor Real and Bodas de odio, starring alongside Sebastián Rulli and Luis Roberto Guzmán. She portrayed Montserrat, a socialite who was dominated by her mother Graziela.

In 2016, Boyer was selected by producer Angelli Nesma Medina to star in Tres veces Ana, an adaptation of Lazos de amor, in which she tarred alongside Sebastián Rulli, David Zepeda and Pedro Moreno. She played three roles as the triplets Ana Lucía, Ana Laura, and Ana Letícia.

2018-present
In 2018, Boyer appeared in Amar a muerte, starring alongside Michel Brown and Alexis Ayala.

In 2020, producer Giselle González chose Boyer to star in the soap opera Imperio de mentiras, a remake of the Turkish soap opera Kara Para Aşk. In this series she shared credits with Andrés Palacios, Leticia Calderón, Susana González and Alejandro Camacho. She played Elisa Cantú, a woman trying to solve the mystery of her father's death.

In 2021, she was chosen by the production company Rosy Ocampo to star in Vencer el pasado, playing molecular biologist Renata who is in a love triangle with Sebastián Rulli and Horacio Pancheri.

Green Rabanitos
In 2001, she belonged to the Rabanitos Verdes group, along with five boys. The band sang the opening theme of the children's telenovela María Belén.

C3Q'S
In 2005, she was part of C3Q'S, a pop group within the soap opera Rebelde with Zoraida Gómez and Estefanía Villarreal, releasing only a single entitled "No Me Importa".

title: Angelique Boyer


text:
Lophius

Members of the genus Lophius, also sometimes called monkfish, fishing-frogs, frog-fish, and sea-devils, are various species of lophiid anglerfishes found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Lophius is known as the "monk" or "monkfish" to the North Sea and North Atlantic fishermen, a name which also belongs to Squatina squatina, the angelshark, a type of shark. The North European species is Lophius piscatorius, and the Mediterranean species is Lophius budegassa.

Taxonomy
Lophius was first proposed as a genus by Carl Linnaeus when he described Lophius piscatorius in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae given as "in Oceano Europæo", meaning the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Black Seas with localities mentioned including Bordeaux, Marseille and Montpellier in France; Genoa, Rome, Naples and Venice in Italy; Lesbos in Greece; and Syria. The genus Lophius is one of 4 extant genera in the family Lophiidae which the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies in the monotypic suborder Lophioidei within the order Lophiiformes. Within the Lophiidae Lophius is most closely related to Lophiomus with Lophiodes being the sister taxon to these and with Sladenia'' as the most basal sister group to the other three genera.

Etymology
Lophius means "mane" and is presumably a reference to the first three spines of the first dorsal fin which are tentacle like, with three smaller spines behind them.

Species
The seven recognized extant species in this genus are:

Description
Lophius monkfishes are characterised by having highly compressed heads and bodies. The frontal ridges have a covering of low, blunt knobs or cross ridges. There is a large spine on the parietal bone and there are spines on the lower quadrate bone. The soft-rayed portion of the dorsal fin has between 9 and 12 rays and the anal fin has between 8 and 10 rays. The gill opening reaches below and to the rear of the base of the pectoral fin. There are 6 dorsal spines, those on the head are well developed but those behind the head are very small. There are two well-developed spines on the sphenotic bone and one on the epiotic bone. There is a single spine on the joint at the front of the jaw joint and a single interopercular spine. The humeral spine is also well-developed and has 2 or 3 smaller spines on it. The largest species in the genus is the angler (L. piscatorius), with a maximum published standard length of 200 cm, while the smallest is the blackfin goosefish (L. gastrophysus) with a maximum published total length of 67 cm.

Reproduction
The spawn of this genus consists of a thin sheet of transparent gelatinous material 60 - 100 cm wide and 8 - 10 m in length. The eggs in this sheet are in a single layer, each in its own little cavity. The spawn is free in the sea. The larvae are free-swimming and have pelvic fins with elongated filaments.

Habitat
The East Atlantic species is found along the coasts of Europe but becomes scarce beyond 60°N latitude; it also occurs on the coasts of the Cape of Good Hope. The species caught on the North American side of the Atlantic is usually Lophius americanus. A third species (Lophius budegassa), inhabits the Mediterranean, and a fourth (L. setigerus) the coasts of Korea, China and Japan.

The black (L. budegassa) and white (L. piscatorius) anglerfish both live in shallow, inshore waters from 800 m to deeper waters (greater than 1000 m). These two species are very similar, with only a few distinctions between them. These include the colour of the peritoneum (black for L. budegassa and white for L. piscatorius) and the number of rays in the second dorsal fin (L. budegassa, 9–10 and L. piscatorius, 11–12). Also, minor differences in their distribution occur. Black anglerfish tend to have a more southern distribution (Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal). In contrast, the white anglerfish are distributed further north (Mediterranean, Black Sea and eastern North Atlantic from the Barents Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar). Despite these differences, the overall distribution of the black and white anglerfish tend to overlap greatly. A map of the distribution of anglerfish in the waters surrounding Europe and North Africa can be found in the external links section. The movements of both species of anglerfish indicate mixing of both northern and southern species could have strong implications for the geographical boundaries of the stocks from a management perspective.

Commercial use
Two species, Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa, found in north-western Europe are referred to as monkfish, with L. piscatorius by far the most common species around the British Isles and of major fishery interest. Under UK Labelling Regulations, the phrase "monkfish" is only permitted for Lophiodes caulinaris, Lophius americanus, Lophius budegassa and Lophius piscatorius.

Both species of Lophius are important because they are commercially valuable species usually caught by trawl and gillnetting fleets.

Concern is expressed over the sustainability of monkfish fishing. The method most commonly used to catch monkfish, beam trawling, has been described as damaging to seafloor habitats. In February 2007, the British supermarket chain Asda banned monkfish from their stores.

title: Lophius


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-06-06/Global downtime

"Neutelligent has huge fiber commitments with the following carriers, totalling over 4.5 gigs: UUNET, Level 3, and EPiK. By doing so, that will ensure 0:00 down time, not 1%, we mean 0% downtime."

Oops, I guess that 0% is rounded or something. Smyjpmu 23:52, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Dallas Historical Society

The Dallas Historical Society is an organization dedicated to the history of Dallas, Texas (USA). It was organized on March 31, 1922, by citizens who wished to encourage historical inquiry. In 1938, the Society assumed the management of the Hall of State at Fair Park at the request of the City of Dallas. The Historical Society operates with a full and part-time staff of ten and an annual operating budget of approximately US$1,000,000. The Historical Society owns the only known copy of General Order No.3, which enforced the liberation of all slaves in Texas.

title: Dallas Historical Society


text: Talk:Marianne Ginther

title: Talk:Marianne Ginther


text:
Category:Baptism

Baptism is a Christian sacrament of admission into the Christian Church generally and also into a particular church.

title: Category:Baptism


text:
North Fork Cache la Poudre River

The North Fork Cache la Poudre River (locally called the North Fork) is a tributary of the Cache la Poudre River, approximately 59.2 mi long, in north central Colorado in the United States. It drains a mountainous area of north central Larimer County northwest of Fort Collins on the western side of the Laramie Foothills.

It rises in remote northwestern Larimer County in the foothills of the Roosevelt National Forest east of the Medicine Bow Range. It flows generally east, passing south of Virginia Dale, where it is impounded by the Halligan Reservoir. It turns roughly south, flowing past Livermore and joining the main branch of the Poudre from the north near the mouth of the Poudre Canyon between Poudre Park and Teds Place. The valley of the North Fork was historically used a trail route between the Colorado Piedmont and the Laramie Plains, including the Cherokee Trail and the Overland Trail. The valley of the North Fork later became the route of the Union Pacific Railroad, and later of U.S. Highway 287 between Fort Collins and Laramie, Wyoming. Communities in the valley of the North Fork include Livermore.

title: North Fork Cache la Poudre River


text:
Water fluoridation controversy

The water fluoridation controversy arises from political, ethical, economic, and health considerations regarding the fluoridation of public water supplies.

For deprived groups in both maturing and matured countries, international and national agencies and dental associations across the world support the safety and effectiveness of water fluoridation. Proponents of water fluoridation see it as a question of public health policy and equate the issue to vaccination and food fortification, citing significant benefits to dental health and minimal risks.

In contrast, opponents of water fluoridation view it as an infringement of individual rights, if not an outright violation of medical ethics, on the basis that individuals have no choice in the water that they drink, unless they drink more expensive bottled water. A small minority of scientists have challenged the medical consensus, variously claiming that water fluoridation has no or little cariostatic benefits, may cause serious health problems, is not effective enough to justify the costs, and is pharmacologically obsolete.

Opposition to fluoridation has existed since its initiation in the 1940s. During the 1950s and 1960s, now-debunked conspiracy theorists claimed that fluoridation was a communist plot to undermine American public health. In recent years, water fluoridation has become a prevalent health and political issue in many countries, resulting in some countries and communities discontinuing its use while others have expanded it. The controversy is propelled by a significant public opposition supported by a minority of professionals, which include researchers, dental and medical professionals, alternative medical practitioners, health food enthusiasts, a few religious groups (mostly Christian Scientists in the U.S.), and occasionally consumer groups and environmentalists. Organized political opposition has come from libertarians, the John Birch Society, and from groups like the Green parties in the UK and New Zealand.

Proponents and adversaries have been both criticized for overstating the benefits or overstating the risks, and understating the other, respectively. Systematic reviews have cited the lack of high quality research for the benefits and risks of water fluoridation and questions that are still unsettled. Researchers who oppose the practice state this as well. According to a 2013 Congressional Research Service report on fluoride in drinking water, these gaps in the fluoridation scientific literature fuel the controversy.

Public water fluoridation was first practiced in 1945, in the US. As of 2015, about 25 countries have supplemental water fluoridation to varying degrees, and 11 of them have more than 50% of their population drinking fluoridated water. A further 28 countries have water that is naturally fluoridated, though in many of them there are areas where fluoride is above the optimum level. As of 2012, about 435 million people worldwide received water fluoridated at the recommended level, of whom 57 million (13%) received naturally fluoridated water and 377 million (87%) received artificially fluoridated water. In 2014, three-quarters of the US population on the public water supply received fluoridated water, which represented two-thirds of the total US population.

Medical consensus
National and international health agencies and dental associations throughout the world have endorsed water fluoridation as safe and effective.

The views on the most effective method for community prevention of tooth decay are mixed. The Australian government states that water fluoridation is the most effective means of achieving fluoride exposure that is community-wide. The World Health Organization states water fluoridation, when feasible and culturally acceptable, has substantial advantages, especially for subgroups at high risk, while the European Commission finds no advantage to water fluoridation compared with topical use.

FDI World Dental Federation supports water fluoridation as safe and effective. the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, and the national dental associations of Australia, Canada, and the U.S. The American Dental Association calls water fluoridation "one of the safest and most beneficial, cost-effective public health measures for preventing, controlling, and in some cases reversing, tooth decay."

In the English speaking nations—the United States, Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand, all of which practice water fluoridation—many medical associations and authorities have published position statements and endorsed water fluoridation.

The U.S. Surgeon General, the American Public Health Association, the Royal Commission on the National Health Service, Australian Medical Association, New Zealand Medical Association, and Health Canada support fluoridation, citing a number of international scientific reviews that indicate "there is no link between any adverse health effects and exposure to fluoride in drinking water at levels that are below the maximum acceptable concentration of 1.5 mg/L." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention listed water fluoridation as one of the ten great public health achievements of the 20th century in the U.S., along with vaccination, family planning, recognition of the dangers of smoking, and other achievements.

In Israel, the Israeli Association of Public Health Physicians, the Israel Pediatric Association, and the Israel Dental Association, support fluoridation.

The World Health Organization, looking at global public health, identifies fluoride as one of a few chemicals for which the contribution from drinking-water to overall intake is an important factor in preventing disease. This is because there is clear evidence that optimal concentrations of fluoride provide protection against cavities, both in children and in adults.

Minority scientific view
The scientists or doctors who oppose water fluoridation argue that it has no or little cariostatic benefits, may cause serious health problems, is not effective enough to justify the costs, and is pharmacologically obsolete. Arvid Carlsson has argued that fluoridation violates modern pharmacological principles and does not take into account individual variations in response, which can be considerable even when the dosage is fixed. Paul Connett has stated "It's politics that is interfering with science in this issue ... It's a matter of political will, and you cannot change political will if you don't get the people. We must involve the people."

Evidence
Proponents and opponents have been both criticized for overstating the benefits or risks, and understating the other, respectively. Systematic reviews have cited the lack of high-quality research for the benefits and risks of water fluoridation and questions that are still unsettled. A 2007 Nuffield Council on Bioethics report concluded that good evidence for or against water fluoridation is lacking. Researchers who oppose the practice state this as well. According to a 2013 Congressional Research Service report on fluoride in drinking water, these gaps in the fluoridation scientific literature fuel the controversy. John Doull, chairman of the 2006 National Research Council committee report on fluoride in drinking water, has stated a similar conclusion regarding the source of the controversy: "In the scientific community, people tend to think this is settled. I mean, when the U.S. surgeon general comes out and says this is one of the 10 greatest achievements of the 20th century, that's a hard hurdle to get over. But when we looked at the studies that have been done, we found that many of these questions are unsettled and we have much less information than we should, considering how long this [fluoridation] has been going on. I think that's why fluoridation is still being challenged so many years after it began. In the face of ignorance, controversy is rampant."

Safety
Fluoride can be present naturally in water at concentrations well above recommended levels, which can have several long-term adverse effects, including severe dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and weakened bones. In 1984 the World Health Organization recommended a guideline maximum fluoride value of 1.5 mg/L as a level at which fluorosis should be minimal, reaffirming it in 2006.

Fluoridation has little effect on risk of bone fracture (broken bones); it may result in slightly lower fracture risk than either excessively high levels of fluoridation or no fluoridation. There is no clear association between fluoridation and cancer or deaths due to cancer, both for cancer in general and also specifically for bone cancer and osteosarcoma.

In rare cases improper implementation of water fluoridation can result in overfluoridation that causes outbreaks of acute fluoride poisoning, with symptoms that include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Three such outbreaks were reported in the U.S. between 1991 and 1998, caused by fluoride concentrations as high as 220 mg/L; in the 1992 Alaska outbreak, 262 people became ill and one person died. In 2010, approximately 60 gallons of fluoride were released into the water supply in Asheboro, North Carolina, in 90 minutes—an amount that was intended to be released in a 24-hour period.

Like other common water additives such as chlorine, hydrofluosilicic acid and sodium silicofluoride decrease pH and cause a small increase of corrosivity, but this problem is easily addressed by increasing the pH. Although it has been hypothesized that hydrofluosilicic acid and sodium silicofluoride might increase human lead uptake from water, a 2006 statistical analysis did not support concerns that these chemicals cause higher blood lead concentrations in children. Trace levels of arsenic and lead may be present in fluoride compounds added to water; however, concentrations are below measurement limits.

The effect of water fluoridation on the natural environment has been investigated, and no adverse effects have been established. Issues studied have included fluoride concentrations in groundwater and downstream rivers; lawns, gardens, and plants; consumption of plants grown in fluoridated water; air emissions; and equipment noise.

Efficacy
Reviews have shown that water fluoridation reduces cavities in children. A conclusion for the efficacy in adults is less clear with some reviews finding benefit and others not. Studies in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s showed that water fluoridation reduced childhood cavities by fifty to sixty percent, while studies in 1989 and 1990 showed lower reductions (40% and 18% respectively), likely due to increasing use of fluoride from other sources, notably toothpaste, and also the "halo effect" of food and drink that is made in fluoridated areas and consumed in unfluoridated ones.

A 2000 UK systematic review (York) found that water fluoridation was associated with a decreased proportion of children with cavities of 15% and with a decrease in decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (average decreases was 2.25 teeth). The review found that the evidence was of moderate quality: few studies attempted to reduce observer bias, control for confounding factors, report variance measures, or use appropriate analysis. Although no major differences between natural and artificial fluoridation were apparent, the evidence was inadequate for a conclusion about any differences. A 2002 systematic review found strong evidence that water fluoridation is effective at reducing overall tooth decay in communities. A 2015 Cochrane review also found benefit in children.

Fluoride may also prevent cavities in adults of all ages. A 2007 meta-analysis by CDC researchers found that water fluoridation prevented an estimated 27% of cavities in adults, about the same fraction as prevented by exposure to any delivery method of fluoride (29% average). A 2011 European Commission review found that the benefits of water fluoridation for adult in terms of reductions in decay are limited. 2015 Cochrane review found no conclusive research in adults.

Most countries in Europe have experienced substantial declines in cavities without the use of water fluoridation. For example, in Finland and Germany, tooth decay rates remained stable or continued to decline after water fluoridation stopped. Fluoridation may be useful in the U.S. because unlike most European countries, the U.S. does not have school-based dental care, many children do not visit a dentist regularly, and for many U.S. children water fluoridation is the prime source of exposure to fluoride. The effectiveness of water fluoridation can vary according to circumstances such as whether preventive dental care is free to all children.

Ethics
Water fluoridation pits the common good against individual rights. Some say the common good overrides individual rights, and equate it to vaccination and food fortification. Others say that individual rights override the common good, and say that individuals have no choice in the water that they drink, unless they drink more expensive bottled water, and some argue unequivocally that it does not stand up to scrutiny relative to the Nuremberg Code and other codes of medical ethics.

Those who emphasize the public good emphasize the medical consensus that appropriate levels of water fluoridation are safe and effective to prevent cavities and see it as a public health intervention, replicating the benefits of naturally fluoridated water, which can free people from the misery and expense of tooth decay and toothache, with the greatest benefit accruing to those least able to help themselves. This perspective suggests it would be unethical to withhold such treatment. In her book 50 Health Scares That Fizzled, Joan Callahan writes that, "For lower-income people with no insurance, fluoridated water (like enriched flour and fortified milk) looks more like a free preventative health measure that a few elitists are trying to take away."

Those who emphasize individual or local choice, may view fluoridation as a violation of ethical or legal rules that prohibit medical treatment without medical supervision or informed consent or that prohibit administration of unlicensed medical substances, view it as "mass medication", or may even characterize it as a violation of the Nuremberg Code and the Council of Europe's Biomedical Convention of 1999. Another journal article suggested applying the precautionary principle to this controversy, which calls for public policy to reflect a conservative approach to minimize risk in the setting where harm is possible (but not necessarily confirmed) and where the science is not settled. Others have opposed it on the grounds of potential financial conflicts of interest driven by the chemical industry.

A 2007 Nuffield Council on Bioethics report reached a conclusion mainly on three points, stating that : The report therefore concluded that local and regional democratic procedures are the most appropriate way to decide whether to fluoridate.
 * The balance of benefit to risk ratio – is unclear due to the lack of good evidence for or against water fluoridation.
 * Alternatives to the practice exist – topical fluoride therapy (toothbrushing etc.)
 * The role of consent – It gets priority when there are potential harms.

Opposition groups and campaigns
The controversy is propelled by a significant public opposition supported by a minority of professionals, including researchers, dental and medical professionals, alternative medical practitioners such as chiropractors, health food enthusiasts, a few religious groups (mostly Christian Scientists in the U.S.), and occasionally consumer groups and environmentalists. Organized political opposition has come from libertarians, the John Birch Society, and from groups like the Green parties in the UK and New Zealand.

Opposition campaigns involve newspaper articles, talk radio, and public forums. Media reporters are often poorly equipped to explain the scientific issues, and are motivated to present controversy regardless of the underlying scientific merits. Websites, which are increasingly used by the public for health information, contain a wide range of material about fluoridation ranging from factual to fraudulent, with a disproportionate percentage opposed to fluoridation. Antifluoridationist literature links fluoride exposure to a wide variety of effects, including AIDS, allergy, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, cancer, and low IQ, along with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, pineal gland, and thyroid, though there is no scientific evidence linking fluoridation to these adverse health effects.

Public opinion
Many people do not know that fluoridation is meant to prevent tooth decay, or that natural or bottled water can contain fluoride. As fluoridation does not appear to be an important issue for the general public in the U.S., the debate may reflect an argument between two relatively small lobbies for and against fluoridation.

A survey of Australians in 2009 found that 70% supported and 15% opposed fluoridation. Those opposed were much more likely to score higher on outrage factors such as "unclear benefits".

A study of focus groups from 16 European countries in 2003 found that fluoridation was opposed by a majority of focus group members in most of the countries, including France, Germany, and the UK.

A survey in Sheffield, UK, performed in 1999 found that while a 62% majority favored water fluoridation in the city, the 31% who were opposed expressed their preference with greater intensity than supporters.

Every year in the U.S., pro- and anti-fluoridationists face off in referendums or other public decision-making processes: in most of them, fluoridation is rejected.

Use throughout the world

Despite support by public health organizations and dental authorities, the practice is controversial as a public health measure; some countries and communities have discontinued it, while others have expanded it.

In the U.S., rejection in state and local communities is more likely when the decision is made by a public referendum; in Europe, most decisions against fluoridation have been made administratively. Neither side of the dispute appears to be weakening or willing to concede.

Water fluoridation is used in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, Israel, Hong Kong and a handful of other countries. Most countries failed to adopt fluoridation, yet experienced the same or greater decline in cavities as those countries that did fluoridate during the later half of the twentieth century. The following nations previously fluoridated their water, but stopped the practice, with the years when water fluoridation started and stopped in parentheses:
 * Federal Republic of Germany (1952–1971)
 * Sweden (1952–1971)
 * Netherlands (1953–1976)
 * Czechoslovakia (1955–1990)
 * German Democratic Republic (1959–1990)
 * Soviet Union (1960–1990)
 * Finland (1959–1993)
 * Japan (1952–1972)
 * Israel (1981–2014, 2016–) *Mandatory by law since 2002.

In the United Kingdom a strategic health authority can direct a water company to fluoridate the water supply in an area if it is technically possible. The strategic health authority must consult with the local community and businesses in the affected area. The water company will act as a contractor in any new schemes and cannot refuse to fluoridate the supply.

In areas with complex water sources, water fluoridation is more difficult and more costly. Alternative fluoridation methods have been proposed, and implemented in some parts of the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) is currently assessing the effects of fluoridated toothpaste, milk fluoridation and salt fluoridation in Africa, Asia, and Europe. The WHO supports fluoridation of water in some areas. In some other countries, sodium fluoride is added to table salt.

As of 2012, 25 countries have artificial water fluoridation to varying degrees, 11 of them have more than 50% of their population drinking fluoridated water. A further 28 countries have water that is naturally fluoridated, though in many of them the fluoride is above the optimum level. As of 2012 about 435 million people worldwide received water fluoridated at the recommended level, about 211 million of them living in the United States.

History
Fluoridation began during a time of great optimism and faith in science and experts (the 1950s and 1960s), but even then, the public frequently objected. Opponents drew on distrust of experts and unease about medicine and science. Controversies include disputes over fluoridation's benefits and the strength of the evidence basis for these benefits, the difficulty of identifying harms, legal issues over whether water fluoride is a medicine, and the ethics of mass intervention.

The first large fluoridation controversy occurred in Wisconsin in 1950. Fluoridation opponents questioned the ethics, safety, and efficacy of fluoridation. New Zealand was the second country to fluoridate, and similar controversies arose there. Fears about fluoride were likely exacerbated by the reputation of fluoride compounds as insect poisons and by early literature which tended to use terms such as "toxic" and "low grade chronic fluoride poisoning" to describe mottling from consumption of 6 mg/L of fluoride prior to tooth eruption, a level of consumption not expected to occur under controlled fluoridation. When voted upon, the outcomes tend to be negative, and thus fluoridation has had a history of gaining through administrative orders in North America.

Conspiracy theories involving fluoridation are common, and include claims that fluoridation was motivated by protecting the U.S. atomic bomb program from litigation, that (as famously parodied in the film Dr. Strangelove, where a deranged U.S. Air Force general claimed that it would "sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids") it is part of a Communist or New World Order plot to take over the world, that it was pioneered by a German chemical company to make people submissive to those in power, that behind the scenes it is promoted by the sugary food or phosphate fertilizer or aluminium industries, or that it is a smokescreen to cover failure to provide dental care to the poor. One such theory is that fluoridation was a public-relations ruse sponsored by fluoride polluters such as the aluminium maker Alcoa and the Manhattan Project, with conspirators that included industrialist Andrew Mellon and the Mellon Institute's researcher Gerald J. Cox, the Kettering Laboratory of the University of Cincinnati, the Federal Security Agency's administrator Oscar R. Ewing, and public-relations strategist Edward Bernays. Specific antifluoridation arguments change to match the spirit of the time.

Outside North America, water fluoridation was adopted in some European countries, but in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Denmark and Sweden banned fluoridation when government panels found insufficient evidence of safety, and the Netherlands banned water fluoridation when "a group of medical practitioners presented evidence" that it caused negative effects in a percentage of the population.

Communist conspiracy theory (1940s–1960s)
Water fluoridation has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories. During the "Second Red Scare" in the United States during the late 1940s and 1950s, and to a lesser extent in the 1960s, activists on the far right of American politics routinely asserted that fluoridation was part of a far-reaching plot to impose a socialist or communist regime. These opponents believed it was "another aspect of President Truman's drive to socialize medicine." They also opposed other public health programs, notably mass vaccination and mental health services. Their views were influenced by opposition to a number of major social and political changes that had happened in recent years: the growth of internationalism, particularly the UN and its programs; the introduction of social welfare provisions, particularly the various programs established by the New Deal; and government efforts to reduce perceived inequalities in the social structure of the United States.

Others asserted the existence of "a Communist plot to deplete the brainpower and sap the strength of a generation of American children". Dr. Charles Betts, a prominent anti-fluoridationist, charged that fluoridation was "better than using the atom bomb because the atom bomb has to be made, has to be transported to the place it is to be set off while poisonous fluorine has been placed right beside the water supplies by the Americans themselves ready to be dumped into the water mains whenever a Communist desires!" Similarly, a right-wing newsletter, the American Capsule News, claimed that "the Soviet General Staff is very happy about it. Anytime they get ready to strike, and their 5th column takes over, there are tons and tons of this poison 'standing by' municipal and military water systems ready to be poured in within 15 minutes."

This controversy had a direct impact on local program during the 1950s and 1960s, where referendums on introducing fluoridation were defeated in over a thousand Florida communities. It was not until as late as the 1990s that fluoridated water was consumed by the majority of the population of the United States.

The communist conspiracy argument declined in influence by the mid-1960s, becoming associated in the public mind with irrational fear and paranoia. It was portrayed in Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr. Strangelove, in which the character General Jack D. Ripper initiates a nuclear war in the hope of thwarting a communist plot to "sap and impurify" the "precious bodily fluids" of the American people with fluoridated water. Another satire appeared in the 1967 movie In Like Flint, in which a character's fear of fluoridation is used to indicate that he is insane.

Some anti-fluoridationists claimed that the conspiracy theories were damaging their goals; Dr. Frederick Exner, an anti-fluoridation campaigner in the early 1960s, told a conference: "most people are not prepared to believe that fluoridation is a communist plot, and if you say it is, you are successfully ridiculed by the promoters. It is being done, effectively, every day ... some of the people on our side are the fluoridators' 'fifth column'."

Later conspiracy theories
In 1987, Ian E. Stephens authored a self-published booklet, an extract of which was published in the Australian New Age publication Nexus in 1995. In it he claimed he was told by "Charles Elliot Perkins" that: "Repeated doses of infinitesimal amounts of fluoride will in time reduce an individual's power to resist domination by slowly poisoning and narcotising a certain area of the brain and will thus make him submissive to the will of those who wish to govern him ... Both the Germans and the Russians added sodium fluoride to the drinking water of prisoners of war to make them stupid and docile." These statements have been dismissed by reputable Holocaust historians as untrue, but they are regularly repeated to the present day in conspiracy publications and websites.

2006 US NRC report
U.S. opponents of fluoridation were heartened by a 2006 National Research Council report about hazards of water naturally fluoridated to high levels; the report recommended lowering the U.S. maximum limit of 4 mg/L for fluoride in drinking water. The EPA did not act on that recommendation.

Ireland
In Ryan v. Attorney General (1965), the Supreme Court of Ireland held that water fluoridation did not infringe the plaintiff's right to bodily integrity. The court found that such a right to bodily integrity did exist, even though it was not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution of Ireland, thus establishing the doctrine of unenumerated rights in Irish constitutional law.

Netherlands
Water was fluoridated in large parts of the Netherlands from 1960 to 1973, at which point the Supreme Court of the Netherlands declared fluoridation of drinking water unauthorized. The Dutch Court decided that authorities had no legal basis for adding chemicals to drinking water if they did not also improve safety. It was also stated as support that consumers cannot choose a different tap water provider. Drinking water has not been fluoridated in any part of the Netherlands since 1973.

United States
Fluoridation has been the subject of many court cases wherein activists have sued municipalities, asserting that their rights to consent to medical treatment and due process are infringed by mandatory water fluoridation. Individuals have sued municipalities for a number of illnesses that they believe were caused by fluoridation of the city's water supply. In most of these cases, the courts have held in favor of cities, finding no or only a tenuous connection between health problems and widespread water fluoridation. To date, no federal appellate court or state court of last resort (i.e., state supreme court) has found water fluoridation to be unlawful.

title: Water fluoridation controversy


text:
Sphecius

Cicada killer wasps (genus Sphecius) are large, solitary, ground-dwelling, predatory wasps. They are so named because they hunt cicadas and provision their nests with them, after stinging and paralyzing them. Twenty-one species worldwide are recognized. The highest diversity occurs in the region between North Africa and Central Asia.

In North America, the term "cicada killer wasp" usually refers to the most well-known species, the eastern cicada killer (S. speciosus). A few other related genera also are sometimes referred to as "cicada killers", e.g. Liogorytes in South America and Exeirus in Australia.

The use of cicadas as prey is in keeping with the typical behavior of the tribe Gorytini, which tend to specialize on various members of the Cicadomorpha as prey items.

Species
This list of species is probably complete as of March 31, 2009. It has been adapted from the Catalog of Sphecius species (California Academy of Sciences). Notable subspecies are also given.

More recently, it has been suspected that the western cicada killer (S. grandis) represents more than one species. Also, some evidence suggests that either the eastern cicada killer (S. speciosus) has a subspecies or closely related species that mimics the Pacific cicada killer (S. convallis). Alternatively, when they were already well distinct species, significant hybridization has occurred between them, though not enough to fully overcome their reproductive isolation.

 * Sphecius antennatus (Klug, 1845) (Southern and Eastern Europe, Middle East, Central Asia)
 * Sphecius citrinus Arnold, 1929 (South Africa)
 * Sphecius claripennis Morice, 1911 (North Africa)
 * Sphecius conicus (Germar, 1817) (Balkans, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Greece)
 * Sphecius conicus creticus de Beaumont, 1965 (Crete)
 * Sphecius conicus syriacus (Klug, 1845) (Syria to China)
 * Sphecius convallis Patton, 1879 – Pacific cicada killer (Mexico: Baja California, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora; USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington)
 * Sphecius grandidieri (de Saussure, 1887) (Madagascar)
 * Sphecius grandis (Say, 1823) – western cicada killer (Costa Rica; Mexico: Baja California, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Yucatán; Nicaragua; USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington)
 * Sphecius hemixanthopterus Morice, 1911 (Algeria)
 * Sphecius hogardii (Latreille, 1806) – Caribbean cicada killer (Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, USA: southern Florida)
 * Sphecius hogardii bahamas Krombein, 1953 (Bahama Islands: Bimini)
 * Sphecius intermedius Handlirsch, 1895 (Algeria)
 * Sphecius lutescens (Radoszkowski, 1877) (Central Asia)
 * Sphecius malayanus Handlirsch, 1895 (Indonesia: Timor, Sumbava)
 * Sphecius milleri R.Turner, 1915 (Zambia)
 * Sphecius milleri aurantiacus Arnold, 1940 (Ethiopia)
 * Sphecius nigricornis (Dufour, 1838) (Southern and Eastern Europe, North Africa)
 * Sphecius pectoralis (F.Smith, 1856) (Australia)
 * Sphecius persa Gussakovskij, 1933 (Iran, Afghanistan)
 * Sphecius quartinae (Gribodo, 1884) (Guinea, Somalia)
 * Sphecius schulthessi Roth, 1951 (North Africa)
 * Sphecius speciosus (Drury, 1773) – Eastern cicada killer (Central and North America: Honduras to Ontario, Canada)
 * Sphecius spectabilis (Taschenberg, 1875) – South American cicada killer (Brazil, Argentina)
 * Sphecius uljanini (Radoszkowski, 1877) (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran)

title: Sphecius


text:
Batrachostomus

Batrachostomus is a genus of frogmouths. The generic name is a direct translation from the Greek for 'frogmouth'; /βατραχο- 'frog' and /στομα 'mouth'. It includes the following species:

 * Large frogmouth, Batrachostomus auritus
 * Dulit frogmouth, Batrachostomus harterti
 * Philippine frogmouth, Batrachostomus septimus
 * Palawan frogmouth, Batrachostomus chaseni
 * Blyth's frogmouth, Batrachostomus affinis
 * Gould's frogmouth, Batrachostomus stellatus
 * Sri Lanka frogmouth, Batrachostomus moniliger
 * Hodgson's frogmouth, Batrachostomus hodgsoni
 * Sumatran frogmouth, Batrachostomus poliolophus
 * Javan frogmouth, Batrachostomus javensis
 * Sunda frogmouth, Batrachostomus cornutus
 * Bornean frogmouth, Batrachostomus mixtus

title: Batrachostomus


text:
Cry of the City

Cry of the City is a 1948 American film noir starring Victor Mature, Richard Conte, and Shelley Winters. Directed by Robert Siodmak, it is based on the novel by Henry Edward Helseth, The Chair for Martin Rome. The screenwriter Ben Hecht worked on the film's script, but is not credited. The film was partly shot on location in New York City.

Siodmak later said "I thought it was good but it's not really my kind of film: I hate locations – there's so much you can't control".

Plot
Martin Rome (Richard Conte), a hardened criminal, is in a hospital room awaiting surgery for wounds he received in a shootout where he killed a police officer. At the hospital, he is visited by members of his family and his girlfriend, Teena Ricante (played by 14-year old Debra Paget), as well as by police detectives Candella (Victor Mature) and Collins (Fred Clark). The officers question Rome about a jewel robbery and murder, for which another man has already been caught and sentenced to death. Candella especially despises Rome for having turned to crime though they had been childhood friends from the same poor Italian-American neighborhood. Rome is also visited by W.A. Niles (Berry Kroeger), a shady lawyer, who attempts to coerce Rome into confessing to the jewel robbery, threatening to harm Teena. Rome reacts by trying to strangle the lawyer. Later, Rome charms his nurse, Miss Pruett (Betty Garde), into hiding Teena from Niles and the police at her own apartment.

After being transferred to the prison's hospital ward, Rome escapes with the help of a trusty (Walter Baldwin). Going to Niles' office to demand money to allow him and Teena to get away, Rome discovers the stolen jewels and makes Niles confess that the woman accomplice in the murder/robbery was a surly, heavy-set masseuse named Rose Givens (Hope Emerson). When Niles goes for a gun, Rome knifes him to death; in the struggle Niles accidentally kills his receptionist, who was listening to the conversation through a door. Rome takes the jewels, concealing them in a locker in a subway station.

Rome, feverish and exhausted, goes to his parents' apartment. Although Rome is rejected by his father, his teenage brother Tony (Tommy Cook) worships him. Their mother tells Rome he must leave, but while she is preparing him some food, Candella shows up. As he is about to search the apartment, Rome appears holding a gun. When Rome escapes, Candella has a talk with Tony, warning him about following in his brother's criminal ways.

Rome uses an old girlfriend, Brenda (Shelley Winters), to track down Rose Givens' address, but he is so weak that Brenda gets an unlicensed foreign doctor (Konstantin Shayne) to attend to him. When Brenda finally drops Rome off at Rose Givens' address, he offers to give Rose the jewels that he took from Niles' office in exchange for "five thousand dollars, a car, a way out of the country and a good night's sleep".

At the police station, Candella and Collins question people who might have helped Rome to escape from the prison hospital and after, including the trusty from the prison, the man in charge of the hospital ward, and several unlicensed doctors. One of those doctors is the veterinarian, who confesses to treating the wanted man.

Meanwhile, Rose has set out to get money and transportation for Rome, who double-crosses her by telephoning Candella to let him know that he will meet Rose at a subway station where the jewels are stored in a locker. Rome meets Rose first and demands the cash she promised, but she demands the jewels first. When the police arrive to take her, she tries to shoot Rome but wounds Candella instead.

Candella leaves the hospital where he was being treated to look for Teena, who might lead him to Rome. He discovers that Teena has gone to a church, where Rome meets her. Teena, however, refuses to go away with Rome, and Candella arrives, persuading her to leave the church. As Candella arrests Rome and leads him out of the church, Rome, seeing that Candella is wounded and bleeding and would not be able to keep up to him in a chase, breaks away and runs down the street. Candella fires and kills him. Tony, who could not bring himself to steal money from their mother as Rome had asked, arrives just in time to see it and breaks down in tears.

Cast

 * Victor Mature as Lt. Vittorio Candella
 * Richard Conte as Martin Rome
 * Fred Clark as Lt. Jim Collins
 * Shelley Winters as Brenda Martingale
 * Betty Garde as Nurse Frances Pruett
 * Berry Kroeger as W. A. Niles
 * Tommy Cook as Tony Rome
 * Debra Paget as Teena Ricante
 * Hope Emerson as Rose Givens
 * Roland Winters as Ledbetter
 * Walter Baldwin as Orvy
 * June Storey as Miss Boone
 * Tito Vuolo as Papa Rome
 * Mimi Aguglia as Mama Rome
 * Konstantin Shayne as Dr. Veroff
 * Howard Freeman as Sullivan
 * Joan Miller as Vera
 * Dolores Castle as Rosa
 * Kathleen Howard as Miss Pruett's Mother

Production
Director Robert Siodmak was loaned from Universal for this motion picture. Filming took place on location in New York originally under the title Law and Martin Rome.

Reception
At the time the film was released, The New York Times praised Cry of the City as "taut and grimly realistic". The review praised the performances as "thoroughly effective", and said that "Victor Mature, an actor once suspected of limited talents, turns in a thoroughly satisfying job as the sincere and kindly cop, who not only knows his business but the kind of people he is tracking down".

The staff at Variety magazine liked the film and wrote, "The hard-hitting suspense of the chase formula is given topnotch presentation in Cry of the City. It's an exciting motion picture, credibly put together to wring out every bit of strong action and tension inherent in such a plot. Robert Siodmak's penchant for shaping melodramatic excitement that gets through to an audience is realistically carried out in this one".

The film has been highly praised by modern critics, and is viewed as an important example of the film noir genre. The Time Out Film Guide praises the realistic look and feel of the city: "Rarely has the cruel, lived-in squalor of the city been presented in such telling detail, both in the vivid portrayal of ghetto life and in the astonishing parade of corruption uncovered in the night (a slug-like shyster; a monstrous, sadistic masseuse; a sleazy refugee abortionist, etc.)".

Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton writing in A Panorama of American Film Noir 1941–1953 comments that director Siodmak had better noir efforts but the film does have one lasting image, "Siodmak will rediscover neither the brilliance of The Killers nor the 'finish' of Criss Cross in the over-rushed, too uneven, Cry of the City: for all that, one will remember the figure of a forever famished masseuse, a real 'phallic woman' who, with a flick of the wrists, has a 'tough guy' at her mercy".

In Film Noir: The Dark Side of the Screen, Foster Hirsch said that Siodmak's characters "are nurtured by their obsessions". The Candella character, "as Colin McArthur notes in Underworld USA, 'hunts his quarry with an almost metaphysical hatred'".

Hirsch describes Rome's innocence in the jewel robbery, despite his criminal background, as an "ironic variation on the wrong man theme" of some film noir movies. "Branded for a crime he did not commit, the Conte character becomes a true criminal, enmeshed in a web from which there is no escape".

Soundtrack
The musical score of the film is Alfred Newman's Street Scene, which had debuted in a 1931 movie of the same name and was heard in other big-city gangster pictures produced during that era.

title: Cry of the City


text: User talk:70.111.85.84

title: User talk:70.111.85.84


text:
Talk:Water fluoridation controversy

1990 end date for fluoridation in East Germany: reason?
I notice that the article lists 1990 as the end date for water fluoridation in East Germany. Was that date due merely to the termination of the DDR as a legal entity upon unification with the BRD; was it due to the DDR's adoption, upon unification, of the BRD policy of non-fluoridation; or did the DDR abandon fluoridation pre-unification, and if the last, did it do so under the influence of the USSR, which abandoned fluoridation in the same year?

Semi-protected edit request on 24 September 2023
Request to add LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory under the section Water fluoridation controversy. 223.25.74.34 (talk) 13:50, 24 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Do you have sources connecting fluoridation to that subject? It isn't mentioned in that article, so I'd suggest getting that fixed first. Then it could be added here. -- Valjean (talk) ( PING me ) 19:27, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 October 2023
I'd like to include some recent citations from EPA.gov of a peer reviewed paper directly linking increase of violence in America to Fluoride in water:

https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/519783

Public health is an important topic, and being able to conduction long term studies allows us to write better papers and help guide policy in the interests of public health. Inspector General Mills (talk) 07:10, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

 * This sentence from near the end of that document is critical - "This study presents a data-backed hypothesis about one possible cause of crime; it is not a definitive statement about crime causality." The difference between correlation and causation matters a lot here. HiLo48 (talk) 09:45, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. PianoDan (talk) 16:40, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 31 January 2024
Removal of the recent edit which adds the text "now-debunked". The text has been added to the article is not be beneficial, for a controversial topic like this adding text like "now-debunked" is not helpful and can inflame the topic. The suggested text lacks proper citations or references to reputable sources. In Wikipedia, verifiability and reliable sourcing are essential. Without credible sources to support the claims made in the text. The article already provides historical context by mentioning the conspiracy theories from the 1950s and 1960s, which have been discredited. The topic of water fluoridation is controversial, and any additions to the article should be handled with care. Adding potentially controversial statements without solid references is not ideal. If this is to remain, I belive a more considered edit should be performed to highlight this point, but for now I belive the edit should be reverted.

Opposition to fluoridation has existed since its initiation in the 1940s. During the 1950s and 1960s, now-debunked conspiracy theorists claimed that fluoridation was a communist plot to undermine American public health. In recent years, water fluoridation has become a prevalent health and political issue in many countries, resulting in some countries and communities discontinuing its use while others have expanded it.

Original text bellow:

Opposition to fluoridation has existed since its initiation in the 1940s. During the 1950s and 1960s, conspiracy theorists claimed that fluoridation was a communist plot to undermine American public health. In recent years, water fluoridation has become a prevalent health and political issue in many countries, resulting in some countries and communities discontinuing its use while others have expanded it. 146.200.136.91 (talk) 16:39, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. As correctly observed, this is not an uncontroversial edit, and as such the "edit request" procedure does not apply here. PianoDan (talk) 17:26, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Water fluoridation controversy


text:
Wiki (disambiguation)

A wiki (or wiki wiki) is a collaborative website.

Wiki or wiki wiki may also refer to the following:

Computing and technology

 * .wiki, a generic top-level domain overseen by ICANN
 * PBworks (formerly PBwiki), a commercial real-time collaborative editing (RTCE) system
 * Wiki software, software used to run a wiki website
 * Wikipedia, an encyclopedia wiki sometimes referred to as "wiki"
 * Wikimedia Foundation, a US non-profit charitable organization
 * Wikimedia movement, or Wikimedia, the global community of contributors to Wikimedia Foundation projects
 * WikiWikiWeb, the original wiki website, and originator of the word "wiki"

Places

 * Wiki Peak, a mountain in Alaska, US

People with the name

 * Wiki (rapper), stage name of Patrick Morales, an American rapper
 * Wiki Baker, vocalist and community worker from New Zealand
 * Wiki González, Major League baseball player
 * Wieke Hoogzaad (nicknamed Wiki de Viking), Dutch triathlete
 * Ruben Wiki, New Zealand rugby league footballer

Fictional entities

 * W1K1, pronounced "wiki", a mini-robot from the 1970s Filmation sci-fi show Jason of Star Command
 * Wiki, a sidekick character in the video game Zack & Wiki: Quest for Barbaros' Treasure
 * Vicky the Viking (also Wikki or Wickie), a 1970s animated cartoon character
 * Wiki Dankowska, a fictional character in the British television show Coronation Street

Music

 * "Jam on Revenge (the Wikki-Wikki Song)", a 1983 single by the band Newcleus
 * "Wiki wiki", a phrase meant to simulate a DJ scratching a turntable, used by Newcleus in several songs as well as Will Smith's "Wild Wild West", among others

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

 * WIKI (FM) a country music radio station in Carrollton, Kentucky, United States
 * "Wiki-wiki", a story (and title character) written by the title character of Jack London's novel Martin Eden

Other uses

 * Wiki wiki dollar, a 1960s gasoline give-away promotion
 * Wiki Wiki Shuttle, a Hawaiian airport bus system
 * WikiLeaks, an international non-profit organisation that publishes secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources

title: Wiki (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Joseph Buchanan

I'm not exactly sure what a "Talk" page should include especially as I am new to this... INCREDIBLY AWESOME venture. Peace.

Experimenting with the talk page
I hope I'm not being bull-headed in just plowing forward with only a cursory understanding of this whole concept, but it seems to me that experimentation is the order of the day n'est-ce pas?
 * Don't sweat it. You did fine for your first contribution. I just tidied it up a little bit to make the format standard, and elaborting too. Best wishes. -- Decumanus 02:49, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

So could I do a blog here, would that be Kosher?
Who monitors these things in any case? And to what degree is it okay to create stub articles, incomplete articles etc.? After all a new article is one that didn't exist before. Which my seem a truism, but there ya' go....

ARRRRGGGHHH Dang my bad spelling!!!
here's a perfect candidate for deletion I couldn't believe that there was no listing for well I guess that makes sense now.

title: User talk:Joseph Buchanan


text:
Zanclus

Zanclus (Ancient Greek: Ζάγκλος ) is the legendary first king of the Sicilian city of Messina. He is mentioned in an etiological passage by Diodorus of Sicily, and has become a symbol of Messina. In modern Italian, the form is given as Zanclo.

Gegenus is recorded as the father of Zanclus. Diodorus writes of Zanclus as the supposed eponym of "Zancle" (Ζάγκλη) (the ancient name for Messina). The giant Orion is said to have helped Zanclus in building the city and the harbor.

Zanclus has been identified with the male "Grifone" figure of Messina's traditional Mata e Grifone procession. The earliest records, by Francesco Maurolico, record only one the male figure, and associate it with Zanclus. When Zanclus is identified with the male figure in modern times, his female partner is identified as the Titaness Rhea.

Stephanus of Byzantium also wrote about Zanclus, stating that Zancle could have been named either after him or the well Ζάγκλη.

title: Zanclus


text:
Kalopanax

Kalopanax septemlobus, common names castor aralia, tree aralia, and prickly castor oil tree, is a deciduous tree in the family Araliaceae, the sole species in the genus Kalopanax. It is native to northeastern Asia, from Sakhalin and Japan west to southwestern China. It is called cìqiū (刺楸) in Chinese, eumnamu (음나무) in Korean, and harigiri (ハリギリ; 針桐) in Japanese.

Description
The tree grows to 30 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 - 1.5 m diameter. The stems are often spiny, with stout spines up to 1 cm long. The leaves are alternate, in appearance similar to a large Fatsia or Liquidambar (sweetgum) leaf, 15 – across, palmately lobed with five or seven lobes, each lobe with a finely toothed margin.

The leaf lobes vary greatly in shape, from shallow lobes to cut nearly to the leaf base. Trees with deeply lobed leaves were formerly distinguished as K. septemlobus var. maximowiczii, but the variation is continuous and not correlated with geography, so it is no longer regarded as distinct.

The flowers are produced in late summer in large umbels 20 – across at the apex of a stem, each flower with 4–5 small white petals. The fruit is a small black drupe containing two seeds.

Cultivation and spread
The tree is cultivated as an ornamental tree for the "tropical" appearance of its large palmate leaves in Europe and North America; despite its tropical looks, it is very hardy, tolerating temperatures down to at least -40 °C. The plant grows very quickly at first, however slowing in growth rate when reaching around 40 years old.

The tree has been found growing wild in several US states, including New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Maryland. It is viewed with concern by the US National Park Service and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources.

Culinary use
In Korea, young shoots, called eumnamu-sun, are often eaten as sukhoe (blanched dish).

title: Kalopanax


text:
Blue Diamond Growers

Blue Diamond Growers is an agricultural cooperative and marketing organization that specializes in California almonds. Founded in 1910 as the California Almond Growers' Exchange, the organization claims to be the world's largest tree nut processing and marketing company. It serves 3,500 almond growers, and helps make the almond crop (valued at over $1 billion) California's largest food export.

The company produces almonds and almond-derived products in various forms, including roasted almonds, almond milk, and crackers. The cooperative is privately held and in 2021, the company reported annual revenue of $1.59 billion dollars.'''

The organization is headquartered in Sacramento, California, with two other manufacturing plants in Salida, California and Turlock, California. From 2004 to 2008, it resisted attempts by the International Longshore and Warehouse Union to organize workers at its processing plant. Blue Diamond was found by the National Labor Relations Board to have violated a federal labor law in its campaign against the union. In November 2008, however, the union lost an NLRB-supervised vote to establish a branch.

title: Blue Diamond Growers


text:
Cananga

Cananga (ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kanaŋa) is a small genus of trees in the family Annonaceae, native to Indo-China and Malesia, but introduced elsewhere. One of its species, Cananga odorata, is important as the source of the perfume ylang-ylang.

Species
Two species are recognized:

 * Cananga brandisiana (Pierre) Saff., syn. Cananga latifolia (Hook.f. & Thomson) Finet & Gagnep.
 * Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson

Cananga latifolia is listed as a separate species in some sources, but the basionym, Unona latifolia Hook.f. & Thomson, is a later homonym of Unona latifolia Dunal and so is not an acceptable name. Unona brandisiana was explicitly proposed as a replacement name.

title: Cananga


text: User talk:69.167.194.36

title: User talk:69.167.194.36


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anti-aging skincare

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:39, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anti-aging skincare
(UTC)
 * Delete possible copyvio. Revolución 00:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: It says "This FAQ may be reproduced if it is referenced as the Anti-Aging Skincare FAQ, version 4.1, posted to alt.skincare.", but that doesn't seem to fall under the GFDL. Kappa 02:18, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An external link on some page would seem to serve the purpose of making the information available.  If you wikify the faq, then what happens when it changes?  It will need major work to keep it updated.  I likely will not pass the NPOV test.  Vegaswikian 04:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. this is not an articleits a FAQ, if someone can rewrite it and make it into an article then they should if not delete this article.--GregLoutsenko 23:54, 8 Jun 2005
 * Delete This is just a standard USENET newsgroup FAQ. Should we allow the FAQs from all newsgroups to be dumped into Wikipedia?
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Pomatostomus

Pomatostomus is a genus of small to medium-sized birds endemic to Australia-New Guinea. All four species are distributed in Australia, and only the grey-crowned babbler could also be found in south New Guinea.

Pomatostomus is the type genus of the family Pomatostomidae. It was the only genus in the family before the Papuan babbler was classified as a separate genus Garritornis.

title: Pomatostomus


text:
Talk:Bald Mountain (Idaho)

Image needs replacement
Hello all...

An image used in the article, specifically Image:Baldy Pictures 001.jpg, has a little bit of a licensing issue. The image was uploaded back when the rules around image uploading were less restrictive. It is presumed that the uploader was willing to license the picture under the GFDL license but was not clear in that regard. As such, the image, while not at risk of deletion, is likely not clearly licensed to allow for free use in any future use of this article. If anyone has an image that can replace this, or can go take one and upload it, it would be best.

You have your mission, take your camera and start clicking.--Jordan 1972 (talk) 01:19, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bald Mountain (Idaho)


text:
Jaam-e-Jam (TV channel)

Jaam-e-Jam (also spelled as Jam-e Jam; ) was a Persian-language television channel based in Los Angeles featuring content from Iranian immigrants, active from the early 1980s until 2017.

History
Jaam-e Jam was established in the early 1980s by Manuchehr Bibian (also known as Manouchehr Bibiyan). He was a former recording company director from Tehran, who moved to Southern California following the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

The television station was critical of the Islamic government of Iran, and has received a great deal of media attention as a result. In particular, the station has featured sketch comedy that has parodied the leaders of the Iranian government. In addition, the station recorded numerous music videos by Persian classical and pop stars in the 1980s and 1990s eg. Hayedeh, Moein, Ebi and Sattar. The channel used to be available via cable and later satellite. The station halted its activities in 2017.

title: Jaam-e-Jam (TV channel)


text: User talk:69.0.83.126

title: User talk:69.0.83.126


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barrio gangs

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  21:01, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Barrio gangs

 * Delete POV Revolución 00:02, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. POV is not a reason to delete an article on a legit topic; it's a reason to fix it. -- BD2412 talk 02:22, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * This version as it stands is non-encyclopedic. I don't know a whole lot about this topic, but I'd suggest that we merge what's relevant into Barrio. --Idont Havaname 03:54, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 04:25, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I really wanted to say keep until I read The author would like to take a moment to note that this is an online article, and if you're receiving it as a student's paper, it is probably plaguerized via copy-paste. Please give your student an F. Delete  Vegaswikian 05:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup. I put the clean-up and wikify tags because I thought the topic might be encyclopaedic if correctly developed. As it is now, the article amounts to POV and original research. If no one is willing to work on it, consider this vote a delete. Sarg 08:46, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research, and possible copy-paste copyvio. (I can't find the online source, however.) --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 23:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Delete This is completely an original research article, not to mention it is rather unencyclopedic. Any info that may have been contained in here that is keepable (that is ASSUMING it isnt a Copyright Violation) should be merged into the correct article on Street Gangs. -CunningLinguist 00:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Cleanup - Barrios gangs are a large phenomenon, this article deserves more quality.
 * Delete POV, original research --Smooth Henry 04:53, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Acantopsis

Acantopsis is a genus of freshwater fishes, commonly known as horseface loaches or banana-root fishes, in the family Cobitidae. Fishes of the genus Acantopsis inhabit sandy riverbeds throughout Southeast Asia and are most diverse in the Mekong River in Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia wherein five species are known to occur. The common horseface loach, A. rungthipae, is popular in the aquarium trade.

Species
The species in the genus are:

 * Acantopsis bruinen Boyd, So, Thach & Page, 2018 (Polkadot horseface loach)
 * Acantopsis dialuzona van Hasselt, 1823 (Piglet horseface loach)
 * Acantopsis dinema Boyd & Page, 2017 (Peppered horseface loach)
 * Acantopsis ioa Boyd & Page, 2017 (Slender horseface loach)
 * Acantopsis multistigmatus Vishwanath & Laisram, 2005
 * Acantopsis octoactinotos Siebert, 1991 (Dwarf horseface loach)
 * Acantopsis rungthipae Boyd, Nithirojpakdee & Page, 2017 (Common horseface loach)
 * Acantopsis spectabilis (Blyth, 1860) (Spectacular horseface loach)
 * Acantopsis thiemmedhi Sontirat, 1999 (Blackspotted horseface loach)

Acantopsis choirorhynchos (Bleeker, 1854) is considered a synonym of A. dialuzona.

title: Acantopsis


text:
Macrodipteryx

Macrodipteryx is a genus of African nightjars consisting of two species: the pennant-winged nightjar and the standard-winged nightjar. They inhabit subtropical woodlands, and the males of both species acquire strikingly elongated primaries in the breeding season. However, the former genus is now considered to be a synonym of Caprimulgus Linnaeus, 1758.

In the standard-winged nightjar the shaft of the second primary becomes much elongated, while in the pennant-winged nightjar the second primary grows to more than twice the body length. Both species have an insect-like call in the breeding season, but are silent in the non-breeding season. The primaries of the females and immature males are boldly barred in rufous and brown. Both the wing and remige shapes differ from other African nightjars, the primaries being without clear emargination.

The breeding ranges and seasons of the two species do not overlap. The standard-winged nightjar disperses southwards for breeding in the late Northern Hemisphere winter, while the pennant-winged nightjar crosses the equator southwards to breed in the early Southern Hemisphere summer.

title: Macrodipteryx


text:
Talk:Julie Fernandez

Untitled
can someone please check whether the promotional picture is allowable on wikipedia and is not breaking any copyright laws; i think its fairuse to add the picture.

Tone
If you ask me this article seems a little promotional: "working on exciting new programme ideas" why exciting? surely just "working on new programme ideas". Why are her views on san fransisco in any way informative? Also surely it should read: "Because she was born with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease) Julie happens to be a wheelchair user." Rather than "Julie was born with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease) as she happens to be a wheelchair user. "Julie was born with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease) as she happens to be a wheelchair user." That makes no sense - noone is born a wheel-chair user.

 * No kidding. This was the opening paragraph two edits ago:

 * Julie Fernandez (born April 20, 1974) is a very famous British actress, television presenter, model, comedian, writer, comedy writer, comedy actress, journalist, model, athlete, and television producer and extra, although she is best known as Brenda, her award-winning role on the BBC comedy The Office, in which she starred as Brenda. Famous comedian Ricky Gervais co-starred with Julie in the sitcom which he also wrote.

 * Hilarious! Apart from being a writer and a comedy writer (etc. etc.), the very famous Fernandez "starred" in The Office, in which Ricky Gervais merely "co-starred". Looks like she's got some fans with no sense of proportion out there.  Pr oh ib it O ni o n s   (T) 10:37, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Julie Fernandez


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John Liang

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted (blanked by creator) --cesarb 02:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

John Liang
This is a very long vanity page on a 20-yr-old film student with no directing experience yet, and no accomplishments. Includes phrases like: ''Always intent on directing film, it was in 1997, when Mr. Liang first saw American independent filmmaker Paul Thomas Anderson's "Boogie Nights" that he became enamored with the idea of writing his own scripts. At this time, Mr. Liang wrote several rudimentary screenplays that have since been lost.'' Translation: after watching a movie, he wrote some scripts, but he then lost them. Negative notability, and blatant self-promotion. Delete. Harro5 00:05, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. - Vanity, non-notable biography page. -- Marcika 00:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. Furthermore, the original author, User:207.237.6.27 (presumably Mr. Liang himself), has first removed the VfD notice and then blanked the page entirely. I doubt anyone's gonna miss it, seeing as even the author obviously doesn't... -- Captain Disdain 00:36, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity. DS1953 01:27, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, since he's never run for public office. Perhaps we should add text to the new article form warning people that vanity pages are not likely to be around long. Isaac R 01:54, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Normed algebra

In mathematics, a normed algebra A is an algebra over a field which has a sub-multiplicative norm:

 * $$\forall x,y\in A\qquad \|xy\|\le\|x\|\|y\|.$$

Some authors require it to have a multiplicative identity 1$A$ such that ║1$A$║ = 1.

title: Normed algebra


text:
Brook salamander

Brook salamanders are a genus, Eurycea, of salamanders native to North America.

Taxonomy
The genus Eurycea was first described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz in 1822, with a specimen of the spotted-tail salamander, Eurycea lucifuga, from Kentucky. The taxonomy of the genus is somewhat confusing, as many of the species within it are poorly studied and are found only in very restricted ranges, or deep within caverns. Several species have even been described several times by different researchers, and some are often considered to be morphologically different enough to warrant being placed into their own genera.

A recent taxonomic revision moved the Georgia blind salamander to this genus, which makes Haideotriton a synonym of Eurycea.

Many sources also refer to several species of the genus as cave salamanders, due to their choice of habitat, or as blind salamanders, due to their reduced eyes, or the antiquated term for aquatic salamanders, Triton. Most species are from very isolated localities, so bear the name of the place the first specimen was found.

Species
This genus is composed of these 33 species:

Diet
Eurycea eat a variety of small arthropods such as spiders, Armadillidiidae, and insects. The food of larvae is at the same trophic level as the adults. E. cirrega, for example, eat isopods, chironomids, and copepods.

Reproduction
Mating can occur from fall to spring. Males use their premaxillary teeth to scratch the female during reproduction, most likely to release various pheromones.

title: Brook salamander


text:
Boehmeria

Boehmeria is a genus of 47 species of flowering plants in the nettle family Urticaceae. Of the species, 33 are indigenous to the Old World and 14 to the New World; no species is indigenous to both the Old and New Worlds. The species include herbaceous perennials, shrubs and small trees. Although related to the similar-looking species of the stinging nettles of genus Urtica, species of Boehmeria do not have stinging hairs. Because of the similarity in appearance, some species are commonly called "false nettles".

This genus is named in honor of the German botanist, Georg Rudolf Boehmer.

Fossil record
14 fossil fruits of †Boehmeria sibirica have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.

Cultivation and uses
One species, ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is an important fibre crop. Some are also used as ornamental plants.

Boehmeria species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bedellia boehmeriella, which feeds exclusively on B. grandis.

Species
, Plants of the World Online accepted the species listed below.

New World species
The following species are found in the New World:
 * Boehmeria aspera Wedd.
 * Boehmeria balslevii Friis & Wilmot-Dear
 * Boehmeria brevirostris Wedd.
 * Boehmeria bullata Kunth
 * Boehmeria burgeriana Wilmot-Dear, Friis & Kravtsova
 * Boehmeria caudata Sw.
 * Boehmeria celtidifolia Kunth
 * Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw.
 * Boehmeria excelsa (Steud.) Wedd.
 * Boehmeria pavonii Wedd.
 * Boehmeria radiata Bürger
 * Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq.
 * Boehmeria repens (Griseb.) Wedd.
 * Boehmeria spicigera Spreng.
 * Boehmeria ulmifolia Wedd.

Old World species
The following species are found in the Old World:
 * Boehmeria beyeri C.B.Rob.
 * Boehmeria clidemioides Miq.
 * Boehmeria conica C.J.Chen, Wilmot-Dear & Friis
 * Boehmeria densiflora Hook. & Arn.
 * Boehmeria depauperata Wedd.
 * Boehmeria didymogyne Wedd.
 * Boehmeria × dura Satake
 * Boehmeria × egregia Satake
 * Boehmeria grandis (Hook. & Arn.) A.Heller
 * Boehmeria hamiltoniana Wedd.
 * Boehmeria helferi Blume
 * Boehmeria heterophylla Wedd.
 * Boehmeria holosericea Blume
 * Boehmeria japonica (L.f.) Miq.
 * Boehmeria × kiusiana Satake
 * Boehmeria kurzii Hook.f.
 * Boehmeria lanceolata Ridl.
 * Boehmeria leptostachya Friis & Wilmot-Dear
 * Boehmeria listeri Friis & Wilmot-Dear
 * Boehmeria manipurensis Friis & Wilmot-Dear
 * Boehmeria meifenggensis S.S.Ying
 * Boehmeria multiflora C.B.Rob.
 * Boehmeria nakashimae Yahara
 * Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.
 * Boehmeria ourantha Miq.
 * Boehmeria penduliflora Wedd. ex D.G.Long
 * Boehmeria pilosiuscula (Blume) Hassk.
 * Boehmeria platanifolia (Franch. & Sav.) C.H.Wright
 * Boehmeria polystachya Wedd.
 * Boehmeria rugosissima (Reinw. ex Blume) Miq.
 * Boehmeria siamensis Craib
 * Boehmeria sieboldiana Blume
 * Boehmeria splitgerbera Koidz.
 * Boehmeria subintegra Friis & Wilmot-Dear
 * Boehmeria ternifolia D.Don
 * Boehmeria tsaratananensis Leandri
 * Boehmeria villosa C.B.Rob.
 * Boehmeria virgata (G.Forst.) Guill.
 * Boehmeria yaeyamensis Hatus.
 * Boehmeria zollingeriana Wedd.

Synonyms
The following names have been synonymized:
 * Boehmeria calophleba C.Moore & F.Muell. is a synonym of Pouzolzia australis (Endl.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear.
 * Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq. is a synonym of Boehmeria depauperata Wedd..
 * Boehmeria jamaicensis Urb. is a synonym of Boehmeria ramiflora Jacq..
 * Boehmeria macrophylla Hornem. is a synonym of Boehmeria virgata subsp. macrophylla.
 * Boehmeria platyphylla D.Don is a synonym of Boehmeria virgata var. macrostachya.

title: Boehmeria


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/H.R.

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was a consensus in favour of keep. Ingoolemo  talk  00:27, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

H.R.

 * Delete non-notable. Revolución 00:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * VERY STRONG KEEP Important artist with numerous released albums, both solo and with Bad Brains. The article needs help, though, I'll rewrite into a nice stub. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  00:25, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Since being rewritten, this article seems worthy of Wikipedia inclusion. Kel-nage 00:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge: My problem isn't with the figure. Bad Brains were a great band, and he's important, but "HR" is a common acronym for Human Resources.  I'm a bit worried by this name priority.  If HR and H.R. were disambiguations and pointed to a H.R. (musician) article, I'd be delighted. Geogre 02:11, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep/Move I think Geogre has a good idea. --Etacar11 03:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to H.R. (musician). JamesBurns 04:27, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Definitely notable, one of the most influential hardcore/punk musicians ever. -CunningLinguist 08:27, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move as Geogre. Capitalistroadster 10:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as per Geogre. Very notable (though CunningLinguist exaggerates slightly methinks). Certainly could be expanded too. -R. fiend 22:27, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ··gracefool |☺ 03:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Geogre. Redirect 'H.R.' and 'HR' to disambig page.Fabartus 05:01, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Move, Disambig. And here I was thinking it stood for home run. See also TD. -- BD2412 talk 20:02, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Keep Human resources needs some disambiguation, though not a seperate dab page; it's usually abbreviated as "HR" with no periods, not "H.R.". siafu 20:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/H.R.