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Talk:Permeability (electromagnetism)

From PNA/Physics

 * Permittivity, permeability - these should be explained more thoroughly; in particular, it's unclear what any of these mean. --[[User:Eequor| ᓛᖁ  [[Image:Venus symbol (blue).gif|♀]] [ ᑐ ]]] 14:36, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Numerical Value of Permeability in Free Space
Does somebody understand where 4 * pi * 10 ^ -7 comes from? 4 * pi is obviously the standard expansion factor of an eculidian universe, but the 10 ^ -7 is unexpected.

 * Here's my guess: the 4 * pi shows up whenever you try to do spherically or cylindrically symmetric surface integrals in 3 dimensions, and where it appears is a matter of convention. It shows up in the permeability so some other expression will appear cleaner.  The 10^-7 arises through the old SI definitions which make the ampere be the amount of current such that two parallel wires carrying it, spaced at 1 meter, will feel a force of 1 newton/meter length.  The ampere is inconviently large (because the coulomb is); the 10^-7 is needed to match up these large currents with the smallish magnetic force.

 * --Vortmeester

 * I saw this and had to comment on the phrase "has the exact value 4π×10−7 N·A−2." This is not true. The permeability of free space has the aproximate value 4π×10−7 H·m−1 (Henries per meter being equivalent to Newtons per square Ampere), but the exact value is 1.25663706143... H·m−1.  Similarly the permittivity of free space is approximately (36π×109)−1, or exactly 8.854187... F·m−1. The convenient upshot of these approximations is 1) they are highly (but not exactly) accurate, 2) the intrinsic impedance of free space becomes approximately 120π, 3) the speed of light in a vacuum becomes 3×108 m·s−1. Obviously, as the meter is now defined so as to make most measurements of the twentieth century exactly accurate (that is, so that the vacuum speed of light is exactly 299,792,458 m·s−1), these values for permittivity and permeability in free space cannot be exact. They are, however, very convenient for engineering work. -- Charles Robertson; no User page on wikipedia. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.177.69.176 (talk) 01:14, 3 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Well then according to your logic if we by definition make the meter, Newton, and Amp exactly these values than the given values for permittivity and permeability are by definition exact. -134.50.3.138 (talk) 00:19, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The value 4π×10−7 N·A−2 is exact. There is only really one experimentally determined constant in electromagnetism, that being the speed of light. The permeability of free space is fixed at exactly 4π×10−7 N·A−2 and any uncertainty is carried by the permittivity of free space.70.253.89.209 (talk) 16:45, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

 * The Ampere is older than SI and even CGS. Specifically, the Ohm is the decade-emu closest to the Siemens Unit (a resistor, 1 mm² by 1 m of Hg), the Volt being closest decade-emu to the Daniels Cell.  By Ohm's law, V=IR defines the Ampere.  Maxwell showed in 1873, that the practical volt-ohm-second system are the emu of a system where the length is a quadrant (10,000 km), the mass unit is 10 picograms, and the second.  The value of the constant is 1 henry per quadrant, and is thus 10-7 henry/metre because the metre is 10-7 quadrants.

 * The ampere, having a definition outside of the SI, for being incorporated into SI, comes with a decade value because the SI itself is a decade-multiple of the quadrant 10-11gram second system. The value of 4 pi comes from a kind of rationalisation that preserves charge and current.  A different rationalisation, which gives the same formulae, but preserves the permeability and permittivity, is used in the heaviside-lorentz system.  --Wendy.krieger (talk) 08:02, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

It comes from the definition of the ampere. The current definition of the ampere is based on a formula that involves the permeability of free space. Because the result of that formula is defined to be a fixed number (2 x 10-7 Newtons, in order to define the amp), it makes the permeability of free space a fixed number as well. The 4 pi comes from that formula also. The 10-7 in that formula is just the choice they made historically for setting the size of the amp; like when they defined the g, they foolishly made it 10-3 times anything useful at the time, which is why we now use kg instead.

The current definition of the ampere is really just a stupidly convoluted way of defining the amp by fixing the value of the permeability of free space. It would be better to do that directly, instead of invoking a complicated experimental setup to generate a formula that involves it.

The proposed new definition of the ampere is based on assuming a fixed value for e (the electric charge), instead of for the result of that formula. If they use that definition instead, the permeability of free space is no longer involved in the definition, and so is no longer forced to be a constant. This is because there is no formula for e that just involves the permeability of free space and defined constants; there is no known formula for the fine-structure constant that doesn't include e, and its value must therefore be found by experiment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.196.243.2 (talk) 11:33, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

History of the Ampere
You can find more information at the web-page

 * History of the Ampere

The factor of 10^-7 arises mainly because of the transition from CGS to SI units.

 * 10^-5 going from a dyne to a newton of force.

 * 10^-2 going from an abampere to an ampere (because it flows in both conductors).

Or something like that.

The "practical units of electricity" have nothing to do with cgs (since they are older than cgs in any case). The practical electrical units displaced older ones like 'a geographic mile of no. 6 copper wire', and various cells of particular construction. The new system did not prevent the old constructions, but stated that the results should be expressed in terms of a particular decade-multiple of the metric-electrostatic system. The system in use at the time was Metre-gram-second.

The size of the resistance unit (ohm) was selected to be as near that of the siemens unit (a column of mercury, 1 mm² in section, and 1 metre long), and the potential that nearest the daniels cell. Maxwell showed that the required system to make this happen was to have a length of 10,000 km, and a mass of 10 picograms, along with the second. The value of 10-7 comes, because the henry (in emu, a length of 10,000 metres), gives 1 henry/(10,000 km), or 10-7 henry (ie 10,000 km) / metre.

The 'practical' bit was because they were intended to be used in practical use, like wiring up houses etc. They were always intended to be perfect multiples of the theoretical EMU. It's much like the practical unit of speed is km/h or mph, while the theoretical unit is m/s or f/s. The former is practical for driving cars, the latter is the 'coherent unit'.

The 'international' bit is to deal with the constructions outside of the definition. This has nothing to do with the intended size of the unit, but what is the 'best way' of creating measures that could be used for calibration etc. In much the same way, one hears talk of 'conventional', which refers to the most exact way of producing units. The errors in the CODATA tables is due to the inexactutde in reproducing the theoretical definitions from the implementations, not from the implementation themselves.

A proposal exists to redefine the ampere as x electrons per second, and the kilogram in terms of planck's constant. Under such a definition, the size of the permittivity constant comes to errors in the fine structure constant, since the resistance unit will become h/e², which is 137.036 times the current resistance of 29.9792458 (ie 10-7 c). The permeability will then have an error equal to that of that of the fine structure constant. 08:36, 4 October 2011 (UTC)Wendy.krieger (talk)

Definition of Absolute Permeability
I'm concerned about the definition of 'absolute permeability' being given synonymously with mu0. Absolute permeability is sometimes used in the SI, but not in the CGS system. All text books that I have read, eg Cheng's 'Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics' define absolute permeability as the ratio of B to H in any medium you care to choose (a vacuum included). It's purpose is to reinforce the distinction with 'relative permeability' by which it differs by the factor 4 pi 10^-7.

In short, mu0 is an absolute permeability, but not all absolute permeabilities are mu0. Absolute permeability is a synonym for 'permeability', at least in the SI.

Bright Engineering > Physics

RAClarke 10:02, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * mu0 is the permeability in vacuum. In gaussian, heaviside lorentz and electromagnetic systems, this is defined to unity, and may be ommitted from the formulae.  mur is dimensionless in all cases, is a relative permeability, relative to vacuum.  mu = murmu0 is like density = s.g × water.  Still.

 * The value of 10-7 comes from the fact that metre, kg, second and ampere were all previously defined as decade-multiples of an electromagnetic system, and the decade appropriate is 10-7. The 4pi comes from a change of formulae from flux from a radiant source (which is what coulomb's inverse law is), to flux measured by Gauss's law (flux = charge).  When charge and current are preserved (as would happen here), then a 4pi pops up in the permeability system.

 * Wendy.krieger (talk) 08:45, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

i shall assume by the two units given ( mu0 and 10-7 ) that here is where i shall put the comment. this is in regards to the two columns. i would like to state that the two are so simular that they are the same (for those who dont know). i found that for many, the difference is that one is 800,000x the other - but if the vacuum figures are the benchmark then the number is 795,774.691x. the H/m uses more digits accuracy. nickel is the odd one out (out of the ones i tested), the mu0 is 700, not 100-600 (may be due to different test field strengths?). Charlieb000 (talk) 08:56, 17 April 2012 (UTC)

μ vs µ
I don’t know what difference it makes, but μ and µ are two different characters. The only difference I see (and only in some fonts) is that µ is slanted and μ isn’t. In the Unicode character palette, µ (0x00B5) was found under Symbols > Letterlike Symbols, and μ (0x03BC) under European Scripts > Greek. I changed all the mus in the article to the former, which is the one I can type (option-M on a Mac). If it makes any difference and I’m in the wrong, change them all to the other μ. —Frungi 06:58, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * U+00B5 is "MICRO SIGN", so I think when you say "μ = 1.26 µN A-2", the first μ should be U+03BC because it's the Greek letter being used as a variable, but the second µ should be U+00B5 because it stands for 10−6. —Keenan Pepper 06:31, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Usage of the word "resulting" in the following
If one puts the ferromagnetic material into an externally applied magnetic field, the domains tend to line up, so that the sum of the fields from the ferromagnet and the resulting magnetic field is higher in magnitude than the applied magnetic field alone.

I suggest that the word "applied" would make more sense, otherwise it could be read that the ferromagnet field is included twice. Alternatively, it could be rewritten "so that the resulting magnetic field is higher in magnitude than the externally applied magnetic field alone." I have not made the change as this needs to be confirmed by an academic who should make the change. Just Maybe 23:27, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Table values listed
Never mind, that was a stupid idea. Sorry.

No Estimation of Error
Just before the explanation for why there is no error in the figures comes reasons why there should be. I see nothing in SI units and mathematic definitions that keep error out of real-world experimental results. Brewhaha@edmc.net 06:17, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Units problem
I am copying from the Wikipedia page on magnetic permeability:

According to the definition of the auxiliary field, H

B=μ(H+M) where

μ is the material's permeability, measured in henries per meter. B is the magnetic field (also called the magnetic flux density or the magnetic induction) in the material, measured in teslas H is the auxiliary magnetic field, measured in amperes per metre M is the magnetic moment per unit of volume or magnetization, measured in teslas

How can you add H and M in the parenthesis if they have different units? (H has A/m, M has teslas).

This doesn't look right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.49.235.14 (talk) 16:47, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Most textbooks I have seen, and most web pages (e.g. http://www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/Quantifying.htm ) say that ‘Magnetization carries the same units as a magnetic field: amperes/meter.’

There was something called ‘Intensity of magnetization’ in the defunct Kennelly variant of the SI, which had units of teslas.

RAClarke 23:11, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposal: merge Permeability (electromagnetism) with magnetic susceptibility
I propose to merge this article (Permeability (electromagnetism)) with magnetic susceptibility because both quantities are trivially related to each other; they are just two different ways of expressing the same physical ideas. The articles overlap to a large extent; the slow down in the edit histories shows that we do not have the manpower to maintain both of them. The rules on Merging are also clearly in favor: Overlap is a good reason for merging two or more pages on related subjects: »Wikipedia is not a dictionary; there does not need to be a separate entry for every concept in the universe. For example, "Flammable" and "Non-flammable" can both be explained in an article on Flammability.«

A year ago, I did a similar merger for the electric counterparts electric susceptibility and permittivity. This merger has recently been reverted, which I strongly oppose. I suggest that we continue the discussion for both cases, electric and magnetic, at this place. -- Marie Poise (talk) 23:23, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Something needs to be done and somehow made to stick. For example, I am currently trying to find a home for a lot of information on the constitutive relations that is currently in Maxwell's equations. One thing to be aware of is that permeability is used by magnetitians in magnetic circuits while magnetic susceptibility is used more often I think by theorists. The situation is worse in the electric side with Dielectric constant moved to static relative permittivity which is then moved to relative permittivity. This is made even worse since the index of refraction is usually dependent on the square root of the relative permittivity (at the frequency of the light).

 * I will support any solution that sticks provided it doesn't end up with an article that is unwieldy and there are ways for people only looking for a subset of the information to not be swamped. I propose that you merge into permeability (electromagnetism) then add sections in that article titled 'magnetic susceptibility', 'relative permeability', and 'permeability (magnetic circuit)' and then do redirects to the section from those three articles, magnetic susceptibility, relative permeability, and permeability (magnetic circuit).  I hope that merging to section will stick better.  If it doesn't stick then it will be worse in the end then if you never made the merge, in my opinion. TStein (talk) 21:13, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I understand the beauty of simplifying Wikipedia into relatively few articles. However, in this case, there is actually very little overlap. The way these two notions (related by simply adding 1) are used is different: they serve two different communities. Just look at the corresponding example tables. Permeability folks are using large numbers, mostly for ferromagnetic cores of transformers and coils. For them adding 1 is almost as good as adding 0. On the other hand, there is a long history of using susceptibility for precision measurements such as NMR. Unfortunately, there is a huge confusion in the literature about susceptibility definitions and units (because of loose interpretations of CGS). They need to be addressed in an article dedicated to susceptibility, otherwise the scope of this discussion will be lost. I wouldn't worry about the lack of manpower to edit and maintain two articles, since the user communities overlap as little as the articles themselves, in my opinion. Xenonice (talk) 00:40, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with you on the final goal. Where we disagree is how to get there. (To be completely honest my feeling in the matter aren't that strong, though.)  Right now both articles are a mess each having stuff that probably belongs in the other.  In my opinion it would be easier to organize in one article.  Then if there was enough stuff we can split out relatively trivially the appropriate sections.  I also think that there is a third audience and that are students and people studying E&M in general.  They are more likely to be interested in how the permeability fits into Ampere's law for H.  In the end there probably should be three articles to cover each of these topics.

 * Further even if we fix the articles to reflect their appropriate community, they won't remain fixed for long. We are going to need to use all of the tools at our disposal in order to keep the appropriate material in the appropriate location. That means using different navigation panels and using template:about templates to get the user quickly to the right article. TStein (talk) 17:29, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Xenonice. And those arguments do not influence the situation with electric susceptibility and permittivity. /Pieter Kuiper (talk) 09:23, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose These have entirely different definitions. These are two entirely different quantities, which are brought into apposition by rationalisation.  Susceptability is the ratio of induced polarisation density to the inducing field.  In cgs, the polarisation density is Bi/cm, while the inducing field is in Oe, or Gb/cm.  The ratio of Bi/Gb is 4pi Gb = 1 Bi.  This is why in CGS, one sees epsilon = epsilon-0 + 4 pi × susceptability.  Wendy.krieger (talk) 08:53, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Max frequency for ferrites
http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/slup124/slup124.pdf suggests that while the figure we quote for manganese-zinc ferrites is about right, nickel-zinc ferrites are suitable for somewhat higher frequency use. Could somebody who knows more about this stuff than me see if this makes sense? 212.159.69.4 (talk) 11:20, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Metglas and Nanoperm Claims
The values of applied field at which these permeabilities are supposedly measured seem extremely suspicious, considering that metglas datasheets (e.g. []) suggest the material has a saturation flux density just over half a Tesla. The 1,000,000 relative perm claimed on the site doesn't specify the field, and probably refers to 0.5A/m, which is a very small fraction of a Tesla. Someone more familiar with metglas should really verify this one, since nearly everything I know of starts going into saturation well below half a Tesla. 66.108.191.72 (talk) 10:07, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

Amumetal?
Can someone add the characteristics of amumetal to the table? That's amumetal, not mu-metal. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 150.195.9.61 (talk) 22:01, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Relative permeablity, µ/µ0
relative permeability (µr) is =µ/µ0 So if i take it litterally : µ=µr*µ0

BUT, if i take Carbon steel : µ=100*4pi*10^-7= 1.2566*10^-4, and not "8.75×10−4", So, did i missed something or just an error ?

Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.139.124.12 (talk) 14:55, 21 November 2013 (UTC)

Use of "by definition" as a reference
Currenty citation 35 simply says "by definition". This should be in the table entry or as a note below the table to be consistent with other articles. --LonleyGhost (talk) 09:01, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

This is not a physics article !!
Has anyone even read this instead of checking for formatting errors? I gave up on making sense of the article after the fifth physics blunder, and started skimming. Twenty more. 192.180.201.102 (talk) 04:04, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Permeability (electromagnetism)


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User talk:UnknownJohn

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Talk:Félix-Gabriel Marchand

Assessment
I have assessed this as a Stub, as it contains only the basic information on the topic, and of low importance, as I do not feel that many people outside of Canada would be familiar with the subject of the article. Cheers, CP 16:08, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

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Perry Township, Marion County, Indiana

Perry Township is one of the nine townships of Marion County, Indiana, United States, located in the south central part of the county. It was laid out in 1822 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and named after Oliver Hazard Perry – a War of 1812 hero. The township population was 121,768 at the 2020 census, up from 108,972 at 2010. This includes the largest community of Burmese-Americans in the United States, numbering over 24,000. Through the White River, Perry and Decatur townships share the only water boundary among Marion County's townships.

Schools in Perry Township include Roncalli, Perry Meridian and Southport high schools.

Municipalities

 * Beech Grove (southwest third)
 * Homecroft
 * Indianapolis (partial)
 * Southport

Communities

 * University Heights

title: Perry Township, Marion County, Indiana


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User talk:Zebadoba

talk talk talk talk

Børk! Børk! Børk! Swedish_Chef

title: User talk:Zebadoba


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Zacuscă

Zacuscă is a vegetable spread popular in Romania and Moldova which originated from Armenia or Georgia. Similar spreads are found in other countries in the Balkan region, and bordering regions.

Ingredients
The main ingredients are roasted eggplant, sauteed onions, tomato paste, and roasted Paprika Pepper (Romanian pepper called gogoșari). Some add mushrooms, carrots, or celery. Bay leaves are added as spice, as well as other ingredients (oil, salt, and pepper). Traditionally, a family will cook a large quantity of it after the fall harvest and preserve it through canning.

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Zacuscă can be eaten as a relish or spread, typically on bread. It is said to improve in taste after some months of maturing but must be used within days of opening. Although traditionally prepared at home, it is also commercially available. Some Bulgarian and Middle Eastern brands are available in the United States. In the Orthodox Christian majority countries, it is sometimes eaten during fasting seasons due to the absence of meat, eggs or dairy products.

Etymology
The word zacuscă is of Slavic origin which means simply "appetizer", "breakfast" or "snack", see "Zakuski".

title: Zacuscă


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Shelled slug

The shelled slug, scientific name Testacella haliotidea, is a rarely seen, air-breathing, carnivorous land slug, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Testacellidae, the shelled slugs.

Description
This slug, like others in the family, has a small shell, which is situated towards the rear of the animal. The species epithet is haliotidea because the shell of this species resembles in shape a miniature version of the shell of the marine species in the family Haliotidae, the abalones.

This is a large, very agile, pale brown slug, with a length of 12 cm. It has a small ear-shaped, external shell, less than 1 cm long, at the tail end of the mantle.

The following shell description is modified from Tryon 1885. The shell is oval-auriform, depressed, and rugosely striate. It has a thin, readily deciduous epidermis. The apex is minute, very short and not separated from the columellar margin. The aperture is rounded and usually dilated anteriorly; the columella and the outer margin of the aperture form a distinct angle at their junction. The interior of the shell is whitish and pearly. The length of the shell is 6–10 mm.

Distribution
This species is common along the western Mediterranean, along the European Atlantic coast and throughout Great Britain apart from northern Scotland. This slug occurs in Europe but its distribution is under-recorded there.

It was recorded in Czechia as an introduced species. It also occurs as an introduced species in southern Australia, New Zealand and North America (where it is called the earshell slug). The distribution data for the United States, (Oregon, Wisconsin) and Canada (British Columbia, Nova Scotia) are incomplete.

Habitat
This species is seen mostly in the spring, living in cultivated habitats or on disturbed ground. The slug lives mostly underground, but may sometimes be found under stones or in leaf litter.

Life habits
This slug hunts and eats earthworms underground. The radula teeth are a functional adaption in the capturing of prey.

Conservation status

 * Least concern (LC)

title: Shelled slug


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University of Perugia

The University of Perugia (Italian Università degli Studi di Perugia) is a public university in Perugia, Italy. It was founded in 1308, as attested by the Bull issued by Pope Clement V certifying the birth of the Studium Generale.

The official seal of the university depicts Saint Herculan, one of the patron saints, and the rampant crowned griffin, which is the city symbol; they represent the ecclesiastical and civil powers, respectively, which gave rise to the university in the Middle Ages.

History
One of the "free" universities of Italy, it was elevated into a studium generale on September 8, 1308, by the Bull "Super specula" of Clement V. A school of arts existed by about 1200, in which medicine and law were soon taught, with a strong commitment expressed by official documents of the City Council of Perugia. Before 1300 there were several universitates scholiarum. Jacobus de Belviso, a famous civil jurist, taught here from 1316 to 1321. By Bull on August 1, 1318, John XXII granted the privilege of conferring degrees in civil and canon law, and on February 18, 1321, in medicine and arts.

On May 19, 1355, the Emperor Charles IV issued a Bull confirming the papal elevation and raising it to the rank of an imperial university. This unusual mark of favour was given to assist Perugia after the terrible plague years of 1348–49. In 1362 the Collegium Gregorianum (later called the Sapienza vecchia) was founded by Cardinal Nicolò Capocci for the maintenance of forty youths. Gregory XI, by Brief of October 11, 1371, gave the privileges of a studium generale to the new faculty of theology. This faculty was suppressed and its property merged into the university in 1811. The Collegio di S. Girolamo was founded by Benedetto Guidalotti, Bishop of Recanatias a free hostel for impecunious strangers who wished to study law and medicine in 1426, with Martin V's approval, and transferred (as the Sapienza nuova) to the University. Suppressed by the French in 1798, it was reopened in 1807 by Pius VII as the Collegio Pio. In the Constitution of August 27, 1824, Leo XII made this the chief college of the university.

With the unification of Italy in 1860 the University of Perugia was established under the jurisdiction of the Rector and the Town Council, who issued statutes subject to approval by the Government. From 1944 to the present, the University of Perugia has achieved an outstanding reputation as one of the leading universities in Italy.

Since the time of Napoleon I, the university has occupied the old Olivetan convent of Monte Morcino. There was a faculty of mathematics down to 1884. The statutes are modelled upon those of Bologna. The number of students at different dates was 142 in 1339, 79 in 1881, 350 in 1911.

Organization
With its 16 faculties and a vast selection of first and second-level and single-cycle degree programs, the University of Perugia offers its main courses in Perugia and Terni, and specialized programs throughout the Umbria region in the cities of Assisi, Foligno, and Narni.

The faculties into which the university is divided are:

 * Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science
 * Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology
 * Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 * Department of Economics
 * Department of Engineering
 * Department of Humanities, Ancient and Modern Languages, Literature and Cultures
 * Department of Law
 * Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
 * Department of Medicine and Surgery
 * Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education
 * Department of Physics and Geology
 * Department of Political Science
 * Department of Veterinary Medicine

Its research programs are conducted by 14 departments with a total of 1,200 full-time staff.

The University's activities also include 25 service organizations and research centers as well as 11 libraries with rich collections and equipment. It had a total enrolment of over 27,000 students for the 2021–2022 academic year.

Academic authorities

 * Rector Prof. Maurizio Oliviero Università degli Studi di Perugia
 * Prorector Prof. Fausto Elisei Università degli Studi di Perugia
 * Deputy Rectors Università degli Studi di Perugia
 * Prof. Luca Bartocci
 * Prof. Paolo Belardi
 * Prof. Stefano Brancorsini
 * Prof. Gabriele Cruciani
 * Prof. Fausto Elisei
 * Prof.ssa Carla Emiliani
 * Prof. Daniele Parbuono
 * Prof. Daniele Porena
 * Prof. Roberto Rettori
 * Prof.ssa Stefania Stefanelli
 * Prof. Mario Tosti
 * Prof. Helios Vocca

Eminent faculty and alumni
Among its eminent teachers were:

Among its students have been:
 * Luca Pacioli (c. 1447 - 1517), father of accounting
 * Jacobus de Belviso (c. 1270-1335), jurist
 * Johannes Andreas, canonist
 * Cino da Pistoia, (1270-1336), poet and jurist
 * Bartolus de Saxoferrato, (1314–1357), famous civil jurist
 * Baldus de Ubaldis (1327-1400),  jurist, (its figure is represented on all diploma certificates)
 * Gentile da Foligno (d. 1348), physician
 * Albericus Gentilis, founder of the science of international law
 * Francesco della Rovere Pope (Sixtus IV)
 * Annibale Mariotti, physician
 * Annibale Vecchi, pharmacist
 * Domenico Bruschi, botanist
 * Bernardo Dessau, physicist
 * Giuseppe Antinori, arcadian and classicist
 * Francesco Coppola, politician
 * Nicholas IV
 * Gregory XI (c. 1329 - 1378, r. 1370-1378)
 * Innocent VII
 * Martin V
 * Pius III
 * Julius II
 * Julius III
 * Urban VII
 * Gregory XIV
 * Clement VIII
 * Paul V
 * Ruggero Oddi, physician
 * Michaëlle Jean, former Governor General of Canada and current Secretary-General of La Francophonie
 * Monica Bellucci, actress
 * Suze Rotolo
 * Pier Paolo Pandolfi

Points of interest

 * Orto Botanico dell'Università di Perugia, the university's botanical garden

In Popular Culture
The 1973 film Torso, a giallo directed by Sergio Martino, retrospectively recognized as one of the first "proto-slasher films", is set at the University of Perugia and surrounding locales.

title: University of Perugia


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Walter McDonald (politician)

Walter Clifton McDonald (March 16, 1903 in Roland, Manitoba – November 7, 1999) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1949 to 1959.

Born to a wealthy land-owning family, the son of John Albert McDonald and Alice Grace Carr, McDonald was educated in Roland and at Wesley College in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1925, and worked in insurance and real estate. McDonald later served on the Board of Regents for United College in Winnipeg. He was also active in freemasonry, and became Grant Master of the Grand Lodge of Manitoba in 1948-49. He became a thirty-third degree mason in 1955. In 1930, he married Jean McKay. They had five children.

He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1949 provincial election, defeating Independent Progressive Conservative G.R. Muir by 101 votes in the constituency of Dufferin. He served as a backbench supporter of Douglas Campbell's government, and was re-elected by an increased majority in the 1953 election.

The Liberal-Progressives lost power to the Progressive Conservatives following the 1958 election, though McDonald retained his seat over Tory candidate William Homer Hamilton by 73 votes. The following year, he lost to Hamilton by 154 votes in the 1959 provincial election.

McDonald served as Sovereign Grand Commander of Canada's Scottish Rite of Freemasonry from 1976 to 1979. He continued operating his insurance business until 1986.

He died in Roland at the age of 96.

title: Walter McDonald (politician)


text:
Catullus 11

Catullus 11 is a poem by Catullus.

Introduction
Poem 11 is one of the two poems that Catullus writes in the Sapphic meter. The other, poem 51, is Catullus' version of one of Sappho's poems. In poem 11, Catullus asks his two friends, Furius and Aurelius, to deliver a message to an unknown girl who is understood to be Lesbia. This message tells Lesbia that Catullus no longer wants to be with her.

Furius is also mentioned in poems 16, 23, and 26. Aurelius is also mentioned in poems 15, 16, 21.

Critical response
In Catullus 11, there is a different tone in the way Catullus addresses his friends Furius and Aurelius than how they are usually mentioned in other poems. In other poems, they are usually addressed by Catullus in a condescending manner, but in this poem, he addresses them in a very serious manner. Also, in the first three stanzas, Catullus implies that he will go with Furius and Aurelius to several different places around the world, trying to express how good of friends they are, but, ironically, he asks them to just walk across the street and break up with his girlfriend without him. Another unusual thing Catullus does in this poem is that he compliments Caesar in line 10. This in very uncharacteristic of Catullus as compared to his other poems, as he is usually not very complimentary of Caesar. Throughout the first half of the poem, Catullus builds a very romantic atmosphere through his writing. But, in the second half, the mood of the poem turns drastically, as he starts insulting Lesbia.

Furius and Aurelius
Scholars are divided on the interpretation of how Catullus addresses Furius and Aurelius in this poem. Some think that he is being serious and truly holds Furius and Aurelius as some of his closest friends that he will have until he dies. Others believe that Catullus has more of an ironic tone. For example, Catullus' tone switches dramatically in the second half of the poem, as he asks them to just walk across the street to Lesbia after naming all these far away places to go to. This hints that Catullus' tone might be more on the ironical side. But, in general, it can be argued either way, as it seems he is serious in the first half, but this seriousness is deflated in the last 2 stanzas of the poem.

title: Catullus 11


text:
Islamic culture

Islamic culture or Muslim culture refers to the historic cultural practices that developed among the various peoples living in the Muslim world. These practices, while not always religious in nature, are generally influenced by aspects of Islam, particularly due to the religion serving as an effective conduit for the inter-mingling of people from different ethnic/national backgrounds in a way that enabled their cultures to come together on the basis of a common Muslim identity. The earliest forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to the Umayyad Caliphate and the early Abbasid Caliphate, was predominantly based on the existing cultural practices of the Arabs, the Byzantines, and the Persians. However, as the Islamic empires expanded rapidly, Muslim culture was further influenced and assimilated much from the Iranic, Caucasian, Turkic, Indian, Malay, Somali, Berber, and Indonesian cultures.

Owing to a variety of factors, there are variations in the application of Islamic beliefs in different cultures and traditions.

Arabic
Arabic literature (الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: al-Adab al-'Arabī) is the writing, both prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is "Adab", which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment.

Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an,(the holy book of Islam) widely regarded by people as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language, would have the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature. Arabic literature flourished during the Islamic Golden Age, but has remained vibrant to the present day, with poets and prose-writers across the Arab world, as well as rest of the world, achieving increasing success.

Persian/Iranic
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in Western Iranian languages, particularly Middle and New Persian, and it is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central Asia such as Tajikistan, and South Asia, where Persian has historically been either the native or official language. For instance, Rumi, one of the best-loved Persian poets, was born in Balkh (in what is now Afghanistan) or Vakhsh (in what is now Tajikistan), wrote in Persian, and lived in Konya, then the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Transcaucasus, Anatolia, western parts of Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia.

Not all Persian literature is written in Persian; works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and Arabic, are sometimes included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians; Turkic, Caucasian, and Indian poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate societies.

Described as one of the great literatures of humanity, including Goethe's assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature, Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle and Old Persian, the latter of which date back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the Behistun Inscription. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Muslim conquest of Persia c. 650. After the Abbasid Caliphate came to power in 750, Persians became its scribes and bureaucrats and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties such as the Tahirids and Samanids being based in Khorasan.

Persian poets such as Ferdowsi, Saadi Shirazi, Hafiz Shirazi, Attar of Nishapur, Nizami Ganjavi, Rumi and Omar Khayyam are also known in the West and have influenced the literature of many countries.

Indic
For a thousand years, since the invasion of India by the Ghaznavids, the Persian-Islamic culture of the eastern half of the Islamic world started to influence the Indian culture. Persian was the official language of most Indian empires such as the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Bengal Sultanate, the Deccan Sultanates (such as the Qutb Shahi dynasty) and the Mughal Empire. Persian artistic forms in literature and poetry such as ghazals have come to significantly affect Urdu and other Indian literature. More Persian literature was produced in India than in the Iranian world. As late as the 20th century, Allama Iqbal chose Persian for some of his major poetic works. The first Persian language newspaper was also published in India, given that printing machines were first implemented in India.

In Bengal, Muslim writers were exploring different themes through Islamic narratives and epics such as culture, cosmology, love and history. Starting from Shah Muhammad Saghir in the 14th century, Muslim writers began to enrich the Bengali language for over 600 years, often being actively supported and promoted by the rulers themselves. The early 20th century brought a new era for Bengali Islamic literature, with its most notable poet Kazi Nazrul Islam espousing intense rebellion against colonialism and oppression, in addition to writing a highly acclaimed collection of Bengali ghazals. Sultana's Dream by Begum Rokeya, an Islamic feminist, is one earliest works of feminist science fiction. UNESCO decided to observe 21 February as International Mother Language Day. The UNESCO General Conference took the decision that took effect on 17 November 1999,

Turkic
From the 11th century, there was a growing body of Islamic literature in the Turkic languages. However, for centuries to come the official language in Turkish-speaking areas would remain Persian. In Anatolia, with the advent of the Seljuks, the practise and usage of Persian in the region would be strongly revived. A branch of the Seljuks, the Sultanate of Rum, took Persian language, art and letters to Anatolia. They adopted Persian language as the official language of the empire. The Ottomans, which can "roughly" be seen as their eventual successors, took this tradition over. Persian was the official court language of the empire, and for some time, the official language of the empire, though the lingua franca amongst common people from the 15th/16th century would become Turkish as well as having laid an active "foundation" for the Turkic language as early as the 4th century (see Turkification). After a period of several centuries, Ottoman Turkish had developed towards a fully accepted language of literature, which was even able to satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number of Persian and Arabic loanwords contained in those works increased at times up to 88%. However, Turkish was proclaimed the official language of the Karamanids in the 17th century, though it did not manage to become the official language in a wider area or larger empire until the advent of the Ottomans. With the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish grew in importance in both poetry and prose becoming, by the beginning of the 18th century, the official language of the Empire. Unlike India, where Persian remained the official and principal literary language of both Muslim and Hindu states until the 19th century.

Art

Public Islamic art is traditionally non-representational, except for the widespread use of plant forms, usually in varieties of the spiralling arabesque. These are often combined with Islamic calligraphy, geometric patterns in styles that are typically found in a wide variety of media, from small objects in ceramic or metalwork to large decorative schemes in tiling on the outside and inside of large buildings, including mosques. However, there is a long tradition in Islamic art of the depiction of human and animal figures, especially in painting and small anonymous relief figures as part of a decorative scheme. Almost all Persian miniatures (as opposed to decorative illuminations) include figures, often in large numbers, as do their equivalents in Arab, Mughal and Ottoman miniatures. But miniatures in books or muraqqa albums were private works owned by the elite. Larger figures in monumental sculpture are exceptionally rare until recent times, and portraiture showing realistic representations of individuals (and animals) did not develop until the late 16th century in miniature painting, especially Mughal miniatures. Manuscripts of the Qur'an and other sacred texts have always been strictly kept free of such figures, but there is a long tradition of the depiction of Muhammad and other religious figures in books of history and poetry; since the 20th century Muhammad has mostly been shown as though wearing a veil hiding his face, and many earlier miniatures were overpainted to use this convention.

Depiction of animate beings

Some interpretations of Islam include a ban of depiction of animate beings, also known as aniconism. Islamic aniconism stems in part from the prohibition of idolatry and in part from the belief that creation of living forms is God's prerogative. Although the Quran does not explicitly prohibit visual representation of any living being, it uses the word musawwir (maker of forms, artist) as an epithet of God. The corpus of hadith (sayings attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad) contains more explicit prohibitions of images of living beings, challenging painters to "breathe life" into their images and threatening them with punishment on the Day of Judgment. Muslims have interpreted these prohibitions in different ways in different times and places. Religious Islamic art has been typically characterized by the absence of figures and extensive use of calligraphic, geometric and abstract floral patterns. However, representations of Muhammad (in some cases, with his face concealed) and other religious figures are found in some manuscripts from lands to the east of Anatolia, such as Persia and India. These pictures were meant to illustrate the story and not to infringe on the Islamic prohibition of idolatry, but many Muslims regard such images as forbidden. In secular art of the Muslim world, representations of human and animal forms historically flourished in nearly all Islamic cultures, although, partly because of opposing religious sentiments, figures in paintings were often stylized, giving rise to a variety of decorative figural designs.

Calligraphy
Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy, based upon the alphabet in the lands sharing a common Islamic cultural heritage. It includes Arabic Calligraphy, Ottoman, and Persian calligraphy. It is known in Arabic as khatt Islami (خط اسلامي), meaning Islamic line, design, or construction.

The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the Qur'an; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all Islamic art, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam. Muhammad is said to have said: "The first thing God created was the pen."

Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles: Kufic and Naskh. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Islamic calligraphy has also been incorporated into modern art beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of calligraffiti.

Architecture
Islamic architecture is the range of architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine, Persian and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. Further east, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to the Southeast Asia. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings, and the decoration of surfaces with Islamic calligraphy and geometric and interlace patterned ornament. The principal Islamic architectural types for large or public buildings are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for other buildings such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture.

Elements of Islamic style
Islamic architecture may be identified with the following design elements, which were inherited from the first mosque built by Muhammad in Medina, as well as from other pre-Islamic features adapted from churches and synagogues.
 * Large courtyards often merged with a central prayer hall (originally a feature of the Masjid al-Nabawi).
 * Minarets or towers (which were originally used as torch-lit watchtowers for example in the Great Mosque of Damascus; hence the derivation of the word from the Arabic nur, meaning "light"). The oldest standing minaret in the world is the minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan (in Tunisia); erected between the 2nd and the 3rd century, it is a majestic square tower consisting of three superimposed tiers of gradual size and decor.
 * A mihrab or niche on an inside wall indicating the direction to Mecca. This may have been derived from previous uses of niches for the setting of the torah scrolls in Jewish synagogues or Mehrab (Persian: مِهراب) of Persian Mitraism culture or the wikt:haikal of Coptic churches.
 * Domes (the earliest Islamic use of which was in the 8th-century mosque of Medina).
 * Use of iwans to intermediate between different sections.
 * Use of geometric shapes and repetitive art (arabesque).
 * Use of decorative Arabic calligraphy.
 * Use of symmetry.
 * Ablution fountains.
 * Use of bright colour.
 * Focus on the interior space of a building rather than the exterior.

Theatre
Whilst theatre is permitted by Islam, Islam does not allow for any performances to depict God, Muhammad, his companions, the angels or matters detailed in the religion that are unseen.

The most popular forms of theatre in the medieval Islamic world were puppet theatre (which included hand puppets, shadow plays and marionette productions) and live passion plays known as ta'ziya, where actors re-enact episodes from Muslim history. In particular, Shia Islamic plays revolved around the shaheed (martyrdom) of Ali's sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali. Live secular plays were known as akhraja, recorded in medieval adab literature, though they were less common than puppetry and ta'zieh theatre.

One of the oldest, and most enduring, forms of puppet theatre is the Wayang of Indonesia. Although it narrates primarily pre-Islamic legends, it is also an important stage for Islamic epics such as the adventures of Amir Hamzah (pictured). Islamic Wayang is known as Wayang Sadat or Wayang Menak.

Karagoz, the Turkish Shadow Theatre has influenced puppetry widely in the region. It is thought to have passed from China by way of India. Later it was taken by the Mongols from the Chinese and transmitted to the Turkish peoples of Central Russia. Thus the art of Shadow Theatre was brought to Anatolia by the Turkish people emigrating from Central Asia. Other scholars claim that shadow theatre came to Anatolia in the 16th century from Egypt. The advocates of this view claim that when Yavuz Sultan Selim conquered Egypt in 1517, he saw shadow theatre performed during an extacy party put on in his honour. Yavuz Sultan Selim was so impressed with it that he took the puppeteer back to his palace in Istanbul. There his 47-year-old son, later Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, developed an interest in the plays and watched them a great deal. Thus shadow theatre found its way into the Ottoman palaces.

In other areas the style of shadow puppetry known as khayal al-zill – an intentionally metaphorical term whose meaning is best translated as 'shadows of the imagination' or 'shadow of fancy' survives. This is a shadow play with live music .."the accompaniment of drums, tambourines and flutes...also..."special effects" – smoke, fire, thunder, rattles, squeaks, thumps, and whatever else might elicit a laugh or a shudder from his audience"

In Iran puppets are known to have existed much earlier than 1000, but initially only glove and string puppets were popular in Iran. Other genres of puppetry emerged during the Qajar era (18th–19th century) as influences from Turkey spread to the region. Kheimeh Shab-Bazi is a Persian traditional puppet show which is performed in a small chamber by a musical performer and a storyteller called a morshed or naghal. These shows often take place alongside storytelling in traditional tea and coffee-houses (Ghahve-Khave). The dialogue takes place between the morshed and the puppets. Puppetry remains very popular in Iran, the touring opera Rostam and Sohrab puppet opera being a recent example.

The Royal Opera House in Muscat, Oman. It is considered to be the first opera house linking Islamic culture with classical music.

Following the independence of Pakistan in 1947, religion-based nationalism was strong and affected the theatre in both wings of the country. In East Pakistan (modern-day Bangladesh), playwrights emerged such as Ibrahim Khan (1894-1978), Ibrahim Khalil (b. 1916), Akbar ad-Din (1895-1978) and others. These playwrights would create plays related to the Islamic history of the subcontinent and Middle East, glorifying past Muslim rulers as well as the history of the Pakistan Movement.

Dance
Many forms of dancing arts are practised in Muslim cultures, both in religious and secular contexts (such as folk and tribal dances, court dances, dances of celebration during weddings and festivals, belly dancing, etc.).

Some scholars of Islamic fiqh pronounced gender based rulings on dance, making it permissible for women within a female only environment, as is often performed at celebrations, but discouraging men to engage in it. Other classical authorities including Al-Ghazzali and Al-Nawawi allow it without this distinction, but criticised dancing which is "languid" or excites carnal lusts.

Most of the religious orders (tariqa) which dominate traditional Muslim religious life practice ritualised forms of dance in the context of dhikr ceremonies. Dhikr, "recollection" (of God) is a meditative form of worship different from ritual prayer where the seeker focuses all of his senses and thoughts on God in the hope of attaining maarifat (experiential knowledge of God) and triggering mystic states within him- or herself. Dhikr can be performed individually or with like-minded followers under the direction of a sheikh, and can involve silent meditation or repetition and visualisation of sacred words such as the 99 names of God or Quranic phrases, and may be done at rest or with rhythmic movements and controlling one's breath. Traditional Islamic orders have developed varied dhikr exercises including sometimes highly elaborate ritual dances accompanied by Sufi poetry and classical music.

Al-Ghazzali discussed the use of music and dancing in dhikr and the mystical states it induces in worshippers, as well as regulating the etiquette attached to these ceremonies, in his short treatise on Islamic spirituality The Alchemy of Happiness and in his highly influential work The Revival of the Religious Sciences. Al-Ghazzali emphasized how the practices of music and dance are beneficial to religious seekers, as long as their hearts are pure before engaging in these practices.

Notable examples include the Mevlevi Order founded by Jalaluddin Rumi, which was the main Sunni order of the Ottoman Empire, and its sama ritual (known in the West as "the whirling dervishes"). The Mevlevi order, its rituals and Ottoman classical music has been banned in Turkey through much of the 20th century as part of the country's drive towards secular "modernisation", and the order's properties have been expropriated and the country's mosques put out of its control, which has radically diminished its influence in modern Turkey. In 2008, UNESCO confirmed the "Mevlevi Sama Ceremony" of Turkey as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and the practice is now regaining interest.

In Egypt and the Levant, the Mevlevi form of sama is known as tannoura and has been adopted (with some modifications) by other Sufi orders as well.

The Chishti order, traditionally the dominant Islamic institution in Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent and the most ancient of the major Sufi orders, also practices forms of sama similar to the Mevlevis, as well as other forms of devotional dance. The order is strongly associated with the development of Hindustani classical music and semi-classical devotional genres such as qawwali through famed pioneer figures such as Amir Khusrow. The Chishti order remains one of the largest and strongest Muslim religious orders in the world by far, retaining a vast influence on the spirituality and culture of around 500 million Muslims living in the Indian subcontinent.

Other examples of devotional dance are found in the Maghreb where it is associated with gnawa music, as well as Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. The Naqshbandi order, predominant among Iran's Sunni minority, is a notable exception in that they do not use music and dancing in the context of dhikr.

In addition to these strictly religious forms of dance, colourful dancing processions traditionally take place in Muslim communities during weddings and public celebrations such as Mawlid, Eid el-Adha, and so on. Many Islamic cultures have also developed classical forms of dance in the context for instance of Mughal, Ottoman, Persian and Javanese court cultures, as well as innumerable local folk and tribal dances (for instance amongst Bedouin, Tuareg and Pashto peoples), and other forms of dance used for entertainment or sometimes healing such as belly dancing (principally associated with Egyptian culture).

Although tariqas and their rituals have been an omnipresent part of Muslim life for most of Islam's history and were largely responsible for the spread of Islam throughout the world, their following and influence has sharply declined since the late 19th century, having been vigorously opposed and combated in turns by the French and British colonial administrations and by Muslim modernists and secularists like Kemal Atatürk, and in recent decades have been the target of vocal opposition by the fundamentalist Wahhabi sect promoted by Saudi Arabia (where most of the heritage associated with Sufism and tariqa was physically destroyed by the state in the 1930s). Wahhabi militant groups such as ISIS and the Taliban are repeatedly targeting dhikr ceremonies in terrorist attacks, notably in Egypt and Pakistan.

Music
Many Muslims are very familiar to listening to music. The classic heartland of Islam is Arabia as well as other parts of the Middle East, North Africa and Central Asia. Because Islam is a multicultural religion, the musical expression of its adherents is diverse.

 * Arab classical music
 * Religious music in Iran
 * Hindustani classical music
 * Qawwali music

The Seljuk Turks, a nomadic tribe that converted to Islam, conquered Anatolia (now Turkey), and held the Caliphate as the Ottoman Empire, also had a strong influence on Islamic music. See Turkish classical music.

Sub-Saharan Africa, India, and the Malay Archipelago also have large Muslim populations, but these areas have had less influence than the heartland on the various traditions of Islamic music. For South India, see: Mappila Songs, Duff Muttu.

All these regions were connected by trade long before the Islamic conquests of the 7th century and later, and it is likely that musical styles travelled the same routes as trade goods. However, lacking recordings, we can only speculate as to the pre-Islamic music of these areas. Islam must have had a great influence on music, as it united vast areas under the first caliphs, and facilitated trade between distant lands. Certainly the Sufis, brotherhoods of Muslim mystics, spread their music far and wide.

Alauddin Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, and Gul Mohammad Khan were notable Bengali Muslim exponents of classical music and Runa Laila became widely acclaimed for her musical talents across South Asia in the field of modern music. Nazrul Sangeet is the collection of 4,000 songs and ghazals written by Kazi Nazrul Islam. See articles on Jari gan, O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe, Bhawaiya and Bhatiyali.

See articles on Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, Ashurah (see also Hosay and Tabuik), Mawlid, Lailat al Miraj and Shab-e-baraat.

Family life

In a Muslim family, the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies. Immediately after the birth, the words of Adhan is pronounced in the right ear of the child. In the seventh day, the aquiqa ceremony is performed, in which an animal is slaughtered and its meat is distributed among the poor. The head of the child is also shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child's hair is donated to the poor. Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food, shelter, and education, the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities, religious knowledge, and religious practices to the children. Marriage, which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family, is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses. The groom is required to pay a bridal gift (mahr) to the bride, as stipulated in the contract. With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim-majority countries, plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim weddings. Generally in a Muslim family, a woman's sphere of operation is the home and a man's corresponding sphere is the outside world. However, in practice, this separation is not as rigid as it appears.

Certain religious rites are performed during and after the death of a Muslim. Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith. After the death, the body is appropriately bathed by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called kafan. Placing the body on a bier, it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person, and then to the graveyard for burial.

Etiquette and diet

Many practices fall in the category of adab, or Islamic etiquette. This includes greeting others with "as-salamu 'alaykum" ("peace be unto you"), saying bismillah ("in the name of God") before meals, and using only the right hand for eating and drinking. Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health. Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam. Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al-Janazah ("funeral prayer") over the bathed and enshrouded dead body, and burying it in a grave.

Muslims are restricted in their diet. Prohibited foods include pork products, blood, carrion, and alcohol. All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself. Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food. It is indicated in these verses of Quran, guidelines for Muslims about the consumption of meat:

"He has only forbidden you ˹to eat˺ carrion, blood, swine, and what is slaughtered in the name of any other than Allah. But if someone is compelled by necessity—neither driven by desire nor exceeding immediate need—then surely Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful." "Tell them (O Muhammad!): 'I do not find in what has been revealed to me anything forbidden for anyone who wants to eat unless it is carrion, outpoured blood and the flesh of swine, all of which is unclean; or that which is profane having been slaughtered in a name other than that of Allah. But whosoever is constrained to it by necessity - neither desiring to disobey nor exceeding the limit of necessity - your Lord is surely All Forgiving, All-Compassionate." "Forbidden to you is that which dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that on which any other name than that of Allah has been invoked, and the strangled (animal) and that beaten to death, and that killed by a fall and that killed by being smitten with the horn, and that which wild beasts have eaten, except what you slaughter, and what is sacrificed on stones set up (for idols) and that you divide by the arrows; that is a transgression. This day have those who disbelieve despaired of your religion, so fear them not, and fear Me. This day have I perfected for you your religion and completed My favor on you and chosen for you Islam as a religion; but whoever is compelled by hunger, not inclining willfully to sin, then surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful."

Martial arts

 * Pahlavani – Iran
 * Yağlı güreş – Turkey
 * Gatka – Pakistan
 * Kurash – Central Asia
 * Istunka – Somalia
 * Nuba fighting – Sudan
 * Tahtib – Egypt
 * Laamb Wrestling – Senegal
 * Dambe – Nigeria
 * Jobbarer Boli Khela – Bangladesh
 * Mokkar Boli Khela – Bangladesh
 * Lathi Khela – Bangladesh
 * Sqay – India
 * Pencak silat – Indonesia
 * Bakti Negara – Indonesia
 * Perisai Diri – Indonesia
 * Kuntao – Indonesia
 * Tarung Derajat – Indonesia
 * Silat – Indonesia
 * Silat Melayu – Malaysia
 * Seni Gayung Fatani – Malaysia
 * Seni Gayong – Malaysia
 * Tomoi – Malaysia
 * Lian padukan – Malaysia
 * Furusiyya – West Asian

title: Islamic culture


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Liberty Phoenix

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:46, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Liberty Phoenix
"She leads a low-profile life". Not notable. Thue | talk 21:50, 26 May 2005 (UTC) Delete I hate vanity pages--Sophitus 10:10, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, let's keep it low-profile. Delete. Scimitar 22:56, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if whoever made the page had said she was the sister of River and Joaquin, she still wouldn't be notable enough. Delete. -- Grev -- Talk 03:21, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — seems half-baked. — RJH 14:58, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable sister of two celebrities does not deserve her own article. RickK 19:19, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Does not assert notablity. Wikibofh 21:54, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Autoionization

Switch Autoionization and Molecular autoionization
Autoionization is a common phenomenon in chemistry, and I am guessing that autoionization is less frequently invoked term in physics. A quick check seems to confirm this perspective. Thus, I am recommending that Molecular autoionization be changed to "Autoionization" and the current "autoionization" be changed to Autoionization (physics) or Autoionization (excited state).

By that switch, readers expeditiously find the article they most likely are looking for.--Smokefoot (talk) 17:12, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Perhaps Autoionization should be a disambiguation page, leading to (1) Autoionization (chemistry) or Autoionization (bimolecular) and (2) Autoionization (physics) or Autoionization (excited state). Dirac66 (talk) 22:57, 23 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. Isn't the chemistry version always bi- (or higher)molecular?--Smokefoot (talk) 00:02, 24 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, but the physics version is unimolecular or uniatomic. Therefore bimolecular is a possible title to specify the chemistry version. Dirac66 (talk) 00:27, 24 October 2017 (UTC)

Add a paragraph about autodetachment
Currently, the term autodetachment redirects here, which I think is appropriate, but there is no mention of this specific process on the page. My ulterior motive is to write a new article page for dissociative electron attachment, and autodetachment is an important aspect of that process. I propose adding the following paragraph:

When the excited state of the atom or molecule consists of a compound state of a neutral particle and a resonantly attached electron, autoionization is referred to as autodetachment. In this case the compound state begins with a net negative charge before the autoionization process, and ends with a neutral charge. The ending state will often be vibrationally or rotationally excited state as a result of excess energy from the resonant attachment process. -- Karl.ahrendsen (talk) 17:48, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree this should be included. Two suggestions: (1) It would be clearer to add the paragraph as a separate section, since the process differs from the usual Autoionization because of the extra electron. (2) The reference citation should be more complete using the Cite journal template. I will copy your final sentence above with the more complete citation: The ending state will often be vibrationally or rotationally excited state as a result of excess energy from the resonant attachment process. Dirac66 (talk) 19:10, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Autoionization