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Talk:Exact solutions in general relativity

Rename
I've renamed the page 'exact solutions' to 'Exact solutions of Einstein's field equations' as was requested and agreed upon by several editors. --- Mpatel 11:29, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Segre and Petrov classifications
For anyone interested in such things, I've created a page on the Segre classification of rank two symmetric tensors and on the Petrov classification of the Weyl tensor. ---Mpatel 17:37, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Major Rewrite
I've just added much new discussion, (too many?) more examples, citations, and I've reorganized everything.

I left the material on the Ricci decomposition (into Weyl tensor, and the fourth-rank thingies built form Ricci scalar and trace-free Ricci tensor respectively), but think it should be moved to an new article on decompositions of the Riemann tensor, which would also include the even more useful Bel decomposition.

I would like to remove the citation to Adler et al., since I think this is superceded by the new citations, which are specific to exact solutions.

The section on "difficulties" omits some issues. Once articles on the full suite of fluid solutions and so forth are available, possibly examples should move to these articles as appropriate. Or maybe not?

There is an urgent need for a local structure versus global structure article. Also articles on energy conditions, congruences, closed timelike curves, completely solvable, inverse scattering transform.

 * Good reorganisation.

 * I suppose it could be argued that there are too many solutions listed - although I have no objection.

 * Agree with the comment about moving the Riemann tensor decomposition to another article, regarding which, I think EMS and myself agreed that a discussion of the Riemann tensor decomposition (and it's physical interpretation - 'Riem = Weyl + Ricci') would be good; it might also link in nicely to the Segre and Petrov classifications.

 * I was gonna mention the 'fluid' issue (including more general fluids), but I think you implicitly covered that in your comments above. I wrote down the energy-momentum tensor for a general fluid some weeks ago (see that article). Maybe an article (or a section in an article) on fluid solutions would be good: the fluid solutions could be mentioned there.

 * I changed some words like 'horrendously' and 'damn' to less POV (point of view) words. Although I agree completely with what you said, I think such words are perhaps too emotive in a wikipedia article. :)

 * There is actually a short article on closed timelike curves, although it's called closed timelike curve. I was gonna start an article on the energy conditions, but given the fact that different authors mean different things when they talk about the strong, weak and dominant energy conditions, I eventually chickened out of creating such an article. Maybe an authority like Wald should be used regarding such terminology (or even better, whoever first used the terms, 'strong energy condition', etc..., and then say that some authors have varying terminology). ---Mpatel 17:05, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I said d--n?!! (Checks diff) Oh, I ""did"" say that. Good catch, thanks.

Yes, my plan was to write (or get someone else to write) an article on "fluid solution" (or possibly even better, "perfect fluid solution") and "electrovacuum solution" to go with existing articles on vacuum solution, null dust solution. Possibly some of the introductory remarks in Monochromatic electromagnetic plane wave could be moved to the new article on electrovacuum solutions.

I'll remove the the Adler et al. reference since no big objections. Before making the promised infobox for exact solutions (still mulling over design), I think a good warmup would be to make an infobox for an article on relativistic units (c=1, G=1), following the very nice appendix in the textbook of Wald.

Actually, I think it makes sense to follow the names of the energy conditions as used in some recent and widely used textbooks. ---CH

A request I forgot to make yesterday: the Types of Exact Solution section of the current version of this article contains some old material on the energy of the gravitational field. I would like to remove this, but to incorporate a similar comment in the article on the Einstein field equation, which I would like to rewrite (or get someone else to do that). ---CH

Another afterthought: re too many examples: actually, we shouldn't neglect the most basic stellar models, static spherically symmetric spacetimes in which a perfect fluid interior region is matched to the Schwarzchild vacuum exterior region. But the exact solutions article could refer to that article, which could contain a list of the most important examples, such as the Schwarzschild fluid. See also my comment on the Schwarzschild coordinates article. There are several nice papers on the arXiv which should be consulted by anyone wishing to follow up on these suggestions. The requested article on matching an interior region to an exterior region should cite the book by Eric Poisson. ---CH

Yet another afterthought: nor should we ignore minimally coupled massless scalar field solutions such as the Janis/Newman/Winacour scalar field, which models a static spherically symmetric gravitational field with an accompanying scalar field. At present, these are not important for explaining observations, but that just might change. Also, scalar fields are a good source of toy models for exploring more realistic fields. For example, they have frequently been used recently in studying gravitational collapse. Come to that, there should really be an article on the phenomenon discovered by Matthew Choptuik in numerical simulations of the formation of a black hole. --CH

Tetrad Formalism
Hi, MP,

I see you moved some material about tetrads to this article. I want to argue that in the long run, this material should be much expanded and elaborated, but should have another home.

First, let me say that I agree this material is more than important--- it is essential for working with gtr! You could not possibly find a bigger fan of tetrads than myself: I have a database containing thousands of local solutions of various kinds--almost all consist of frames (vierbeins) or NP tetrads in some local chart. I always have trouble understanding why they are not the default in the physics literature, since components evaluated wrt a frame (rather than a coordinate basis) are the physical components which would be measured by an observer.

Nonspinning inertial frames are particularly important. These have the property that all covariant derivatives wrt timelike unit vector vanish, so integral curves of the timelike unit vector field are timelike geodesics and the three spacelike unit vectors do not rotate as you move along one of these integral curves. So this is as close as you can get in Lorentzian manifolds to the usual inertial frames from special relativity.

So one of my biggest goals in rewriting the GR pages here would be to help graduate students and other users of gtr to learn how to perform and interpret computations using frames. For example, the Bel decomposition I keep mentioning is always taken wrt a frame, and it can always be interpreted immediately in terms of the tidal forces and spin-spin forces which would actually be measured by the corresponding observer!

BTW, I haven't yet tried to create the planned infobox for exact solutions, but my intention was always that the "recommended version" display a frame or NP tetrad, from which one can recover the usual line element. ONe virtue of encouraging people, when given a line element (say from the Exact Solutions book) to devise a frame from which one can recover that line element (often but not always straightforward) is that this encourages users to think about observers from the outset, which is a major step toward geometrical/physical interpretation, at least locally. As we now, global interpretation is what we really want, but this is even harder to achieve--- but clearly having some local interpretation is a step in the right direction.

In a related vein, I think another important goal should be to encourage users of gtr to get into the habit of never writing down a line element without specifying the intended range of the coordinates. I can point to many instances where failure to do this has led to serious error in the literature, yet physicists resist this easy and valuable good habit.

Anyway, I am still working through where I think this material should go, but while this article should certainly link to it, I don't think it should be the ultimate "home" of this stuff. Right now I plan to write articles on frame field, Bel decomposition, NP tetrad (or NP formalism), and link out from this article and many others. Or perhaps better would be an article pulling together the two most common decompositions of the Riemann tensor (Bel decomposition and the Ricci decomposition into the Weyl tensor, a fourth rank tensor built from the traceless Ricci tensor, and a fourth-rank tensor built from the Ricci scalar), and an article pulling together coordinate bases, frames (vierbeins, dreibeins), and NP tetrads. Some experimentation may be necessary to see which works best. When I start on this task, if you have no objection, I'd like to move/amplify the material on frames which you moved to this article to the appropriate new article. --CH

 * Hi CH. I have no objections to your task of moving the tetrad section to a more comprehensive article. I moved it to this article as, for now, it seems better here than where it was before. You're right, thinking long-term, it should have a separate page. I always found it a struggle relating tetrads and metrics, as none of the textbooks really covered it adequately [Daring suggestion: have you thought about writing a book on GR ? - maybe you've already done that ? Or maybe you have a set of online notes or something along those lines ?]. ---Mpatel 29 June 2005 09:48 (UTC)

Hi, MP. I have been collecting notes for years for a book on gtr, and even have had an inquiry from a fine math/physics publisher. (Haven't spoken with the series editor for a while, so don't know if they're still interested. I hope so, because they actually pay trained people to study manuscripts in this particular series to look for errors--- some publishers don't have as rigorous a review process.  This is especially important in my case because I don't have graduate students I can put to work, heh.)

One of my concerns about writing for Wiki is that there might be some conflict between my book project and Wiki, since I am told I need to be wary about putting figures into Wiki pages which I also want to put in my book draft. Rather frustrating-- that's the hold up on the more elaborate figures I promised in the pp-wave article and such like. I do have another very slowly moving project which might lead to some separate expository papers, which might eventually turn up on a revised version of RWWW. Of course, if you read the tech news, you are told that books are heading rapidly for extinction. Unfortunately, it's not at all clear to me that Wiki will still be useful in ten or twenty years (concerned about wikispam and suchlike--- yes, I can see it's not a big problem in the GR pages at the moment, but I can see that this has the potential for spoiling our fun, much like spam has spoiled much of the fun of email.) So at this point, my book project still takes priority. Anyway, thanks much for the encouragement! I seem to need this to fuel my engine--CH (talk) 1 July 2005 03:39 (UTC)

Tetrads and an explicit exact solution
Hi, CH (I assume you've prob. just come from the Petrov classification talk page :)). Once an article on tetrads is created, I was wondering whether it would be appropriate to illustrate important features of the tetrad formalism (physical and mathematical) by stating an exact solution and highlighting (over and above the things you mentioned above) things like how to work out the Petrov type (nice link with Bel criteria here), then perhaps writing out the Weyl tensor in terms of basis bivectors (maybe do same for Riemann) - of course, a 'do-able' (by the casual reader) solution should be chosen, maybe a conformally flat example or a type N spacetime. Plane waves or FRW models may be a good example. Comments ? ---Mpatel 2 July 2005 11:59 (UTC)

 * Hi, MP (yep, I come from Petrovland), how about this? Choose an example (most readers here will probably be more interested in FRW than pp waves), and some computations and discussions to that article in a new section, then add pointer in this article to this example.  If this seems to work out well with FRW, you can repeat with further examples.---CH  (talk) 2 July 2005 20:39 (UTC)

Musings on Style of GTR Articles
Hi again, MP,

On a related topic, I've been reading more essays on Wiki style and can see that many wikipedians feel the encyclopedia should stop well short of turning into a textbook. I think we both feel that as long as we start simply, we can wind up getting fairly technical, particularly if the gtr pages are ultimately well organized and written according to a coherent vision. Anyway, it's important as a practical point to try to keep individual articles as short as possible. (BTW, I lost all my work on the Lorentz group article the other day when the Wikiserver got overloaded (apparently) and dropped my connection. And right now, in case of edit conflicts, large portions of an article could accidentally be deleted due to bugs in the software.  So at least right now, the whole Wiki editing process seems a bit unstable, which is one reason to try to keep individual articles short.  [Wow, I just almost lost this entire post as I was about to send it--- the Wiki server logged me out again.])

I am still struggling with the idea of infoboxes for articles on exact solutions. The examples I found are all "vertical", but we want something more "horizontal", suitable for line elements, lists of vector fields, and such like. For added flexibility, it might be best to have something like an "equationbox" for holding some of the most important items for purposes of physical/geometrical interpretation/analysis: Would there be some way to number the boxes? Sometimes one might want to discuss two different frames, and when computing say three-dimensional Riemann, to specify which basis is employed.
 * a frame field (vierbein, orthonormal basis of vectors) and its dual coframe field (orthonormal basis of one-forms),
 * a line element (the template would force the writer to insert the ranges of the coordinate variables, a simple but I think vitally important innovation),
 * geodesic equations (in some chart), perhaps with first integrals,
 * numbered generators of the Lie algebra of Killing vectors, perhaps with important subalgebras like isotropy and holonomy identified,
 * timelike vector field defining timelike congruence, together with acceleration vector and expansion and vorticity tensors,
 * box outlining computation of curature the Cartan way (coframe -> connection one-forms -> curvature two-forms),
 * Bel decomposition of Riemann or Weyl curvature computed wrt a frame (displayed as three or two three by three matrices),
 * irrotational timelike vector with three dimensional Riemann tensor of the orthogonal spatial hyperslice (computed wrt a frame field),
 * NP tetrad and list of Ricci and Weyl scalars,
 * null vector field defining a null geodesic congruence, together with its optical scalars.

The hope would be that such equationboxes would help present important technical information in a uniform and readable manner, hopefully without making articles on exact solutions grow too long or appear visually overwhelming. Somehow I'd like do two things at once: help techie readers to go straight to the good stuff (e.g. a frame field) and skip the explanatory text, and also to help nontechies skip easily over the equations. Of course, it would be essential to have articles explaining how all this machinery works and how to interpret the information held in these equationboxes!---CH (talk) 2 July 2005 20:39 (UTC)

Hi CH, I'm not sure what exactly you mean by equation boxes. Some template with all the important formulas? I believe WP policy is to keep all information, while trying to make it as accessible to everyone as possible. Some people interpret this to mean to cut out technical stuff, which is a pity. If you're going to build a lot of pages about GR, then I concur that it is important to define their structure. For tree-structure you can use the templates subarticleof and seesubarticle. BTW it is not policy to keep articles as short as possible. Articles should rather have a minimum length, otherwise they are just stubs, and articles should be merged to avoid excessive duplication. --MarSch 3 July 2005 11:09 (UTC)

New Name
Because after several weeks I just could not internalize the tongue-twisting "Exact solutions to Einstein's field equations": This article now shares the same name as new subcategory, in parallel with "Coordinate charts in general relativity" and other new subcategories I introduced earlier today.
 * Einstein's or Einstein?
 * equations or equation?
 * solutions of or solutions to?

I have returned from my Wikivacation and am beginning by adding some of the missing articles on exact solutions. Since I seem to have become artificially hung up on designing an "equationbox" in advance of writing articles, I have decided to write some articles first and use the experience to design the equation boxes. Again, the idea is to have templates for "standard information" such as:

 * a line element with range of coordinate variables
 * definition of a frame (four orthonormal vectors, one timelike and three spacelike),
 * list of generators of the Lie algebra of Killing vectors,
 * presentation of a timelike congruence and its expansion and vorticity,
 * presentation of null congruence and its optical scalars,
 * presentation of Riemann curvature in Bel decomposition (wrt a frame).

---CH (talk) 08:52, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

Tetrads in general relativity
Created the article tetrads in general relativity. There does not appear to be a sufficiently good article on tetrads in WP (the closest one is Cartan connection applications, but it's yucky), so the new article should start pretty much from the basics. After that, the idea was to give an example or more of the use of tetrads (see sections 3 and 4 of this page). --Mpatel 14:41, 28 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that the best generalization of tetrads is "frame fields" ("tetrads" are very often "triads"). As such Frame fields in general relativity is a good name. Maybe this name can be shortened to just Frame field because I don't see this term used in a topic other than relativity. Lantonov (talk) 09:59, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

Local/global spacetime structure
Hi CH. I've changed the link 'local structure' to 'local spacetime structure' (same for global). I think this is a little clearer and will avoid potential ambiguities with any other articles that have a similar local/global structure demarcation like local/global structure of ..., hmmm let's see, ... the countryside. Anyway, I think you get my point and hope you agree that this change is ok. These new links are also to be found at spacetime, which also needs a little tidying up.--Mpatel 16:00, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, this sounds like a good idea to me too. By the way, I am planning to move the fluids to "fluid solution" article, and so forth, once I get these written.  I forgot to say I plan to very shortly write an article on "static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solutions", since these are very important, and there have recently been some interesting developments which render them MUCH more tractable!---CH  (talk) 02:18, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Ricci decompositions article ?
Hi Chris. Where's the new article on 'Ricci decompositions' ? ---Mpatel (talk) 07:17, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * Try using "Go" rather than "Search" in the sidebar at the left of your browser window. And it's called "Ricci decomposition".  I just tested this and "Go" works for me. I think the server is having a hard time keeping the searchable database up to date.---CH  (talk) 09:09, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Future plans, redux
The present state of this article suggests where I plan to expand on the themes introduced very sketchily here. Solution methods and especially symmetries and solution generating methods (Baecklund transformation like methods) deserve their own articles, and I hope to write them. Ditto for existence and linear/nonlinear stability. But I'll probably first try to write articles bluing most of the red links referring to articles on particular exact solutions which have yet to be written. That will probably require writing articles on various coordinate charts. I think there is a steep curve here: I am going slower than I would like because so much of the background is missing. I wanted to write the article on Robinson-Trautman spacetimes today, but got bogged down in writing the articles on electrovacuum solution, etc., rewriting this one, writing biographies related to these, etc. But as more and more of these background articles get written, at least as stubs, the other articles will probably come faster and faster.---CH  (talk) 09:14, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Theme of this article
I think the theme of this article should be the interplay between specific exact solutions like de Sitter lamdavacuum, or families of solutions like Robinson-Trautman, Ernst vacuums, with work on the solution space itself, particularly questions of existence, uniqueness, and stability. I haven't yet been able to bring this out at all, but hope to do so in future rewrites. A major goal should be to put the RT vacuums, de Sitter lambdavacuum, T3 Gowdy vacuums, etc., in perspective by explaining background for general results and then in individual articles on these solutions, briefly explaining major results such as the recent proof of cosmic censorship for the above mentioned Gowdy vacuums, spikes, and so forth. Similarly, I am still trying to get to the RT vacuum article, in which I hope to explain the connection with Calabi flow and thus with Calabi-Yau manifolds; the goal is to make it appear natural that Richard Schoen's resolution of the Yamabe problem used ideas from tools developed in the context of gtr, and going the other way, David Maxwell has applied the Yamabe number to existence of solutions in gtr. And of course RT vacuums are much "in the news" lately regarding new analysis of outgoing radiation and asymptotic approach to de Sitter.

We will need articles on all of the following (no particular order): Each of these should cite the original paper, the best recent paper(s) giving most relevant latest theorem(s), and the best available review, if any is known. Note that I have been using existing templates to make the appearance of the pages more uniform.
 * Dimension counting (get some handle on how tiny our families of known solutions are, compared to the entire solution space),
 * Existence and uniqueness of solutons (huge subject, so could easily develop into a set of pages),
 * "Minisuperspaces" from families of solutions, applications of dynamical systems theory to perturbations within the family, Lyapunov stability of flows (ditto),
 * Nonlinear global stability theorems,
 * Initial-value formulations,
 * ADM mass,
 * quasilocal energy-momentum,
 * gravitational energy-momentum complexes,
 * much improved stress-energy tensor article,
 * energy conditions,
 * positive energy theorem,
 * Bianchi classification, with individual articles (the one on Type IX will be most important for Mixmaster, NUT, rotating cosmologies, etc.),
 * Similarity conjecture (B. J. Carr),
 * Weyl curvature conjecture (Penrose),
 * Penrose inequalities (stronger than positive energy theorems),
 * BKL conjecture,
 * Classification of singularities (scalar, nonscalar, strong, weak; simple explicit examples given in pp wave articles),
 * Cauchy horizons,
 * Event horizons,
 * Smoothness issues in gtr (c.f. impulsive waves, nonunique extensions),
 * Mixmaster models.

The article as I have rewritten it to date already segues into (for example) a more specialized articles on fluid solutions, which should eventually segue into an article on static spherically symmetric perfect fluids, which should link to articles on the solution schemes and perhaps to some individual articles on say the Schwarzschild fluid, the Buchdahl theorem, etc. Hopefully anyone wishing to help out will understand my intent of a hierarchical descent into more and more detailed articles.

Articles yet to be written on some exact solutions which are particularly important in connection with the big picture in say the review by Friedrich, include:
 * NUT vacuum,
 * RT vacuums < RT null dusts < RT spacetimes (three increasingly specialized articles),
 * dS lambdavacuum (merge two existing articles into this),
 * T3-Gowdy vacuum < Gowdy vacuum (related to CPW and also to important stuff in Friedrich's review).

Hopefully, it will be possible to gracefully inform the reader that the higher articles slur over many important points (e.g. in my first attempt at a very rough account of basic facts about the solution space in this article, I only mentioned two groups of equations for initial value formulation, but really one should discuss four groups, each with their own difficulties and partial resolutions).

Also, I am not trying to write a review article myself; the idea is not to cite everything, just to cite the most useful reviews or, in the most detailed articles, to cite the really key papers as well as the best specialized reviews available.---CH (talk) 23:20, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

New article on 'solution generating methods (GR)'
The section on 'Constructing solutions' seems very large. How about chopping down this section to a paragraph or two and sending the rest of that section to a new article solution generating methods (general relativity) (or a similar title) ? This would also fit in nicely with trying to organise the mathematics of general relativity article, where I believe a link to an article like the one I just proposed would be better. Comments ?---Mpatel (talk) 10:16, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

Franklin Felber about to propose an antigravity 'solution'
From the talk page on EFE, someone brought this to my attention. It sounds dubious to me, but it sounds like it's not an exact solution. Will have to wait till Tuesday to find out. MP  (talk) 11:42, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Look at his submitted articles, here, here, and here. This last one is quite funny, he introduces the Wiechert-Lienart potential of classical electromagnetism and formulates it in some 'language' used in electromagnetism including scalar and vector potentials.

 * I haven't closely followed his argument but I think he is fantasizing. In any case extreme caution is warranted regarding his claims. 145.97.223.119 18:42, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Felber and his company, "Starmark", seem to have dropped from sight, so this this may be "overkill", but FWIW, Felber's eprints were among the worst I have seen at the arXiv, an incoherent mismash of beginner's mistakes.---CH 07:08, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

"Difficult"
I'm a newbie to higher mathematics and I wonder, when you say that something (such as solving an equation) is "difficult", what does that mean? That it's impossible? Possible only in certain circumstances? Always possible but time-consuming? Some clarification would be welcome. Meneth 14:35, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * By 'difficult', we mean theoretically possible, but any standard techniques to solve equations are not particularly helpful. Hence, new techniques have to be found - or the old ones can be used but would be very time-consuming. Hope that clarifies some things. Cheers. MP  (talk) 17:10, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Students beware
I have extensively edited earlier versions of this article, which concerns a topic particularly dear to my heart, and I had been monitoring it for bad edits, but I am leaving the WP and am now abandoning this article to its fate.

Just wanted to provide notice that I am only responsible (in part) for the last version I edited; see User:Hillman/Archive. I emphatically do not vouch for anything you might see in more recent versions, although I hope for the best.

Good luck in your search for information, regardless!---CH 23:27, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Clean-up needed (Confusing text)
This article relies so heavily on advanced physics terminology that I have severe problems understanding it. I have marked it as confusing. Could someone rewrite this so that at least the introduction will make sense to the average reader? Dr. Submillimeter 21:05, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Email me (see my user page) if you want to learn more about the now defunct WikiProject GTR. Our work was not without flaw, and it was left incomplete once we quit WP in despair, but we actually tried hard to write articles which would be comprehensible to a variety of audiences, taking as our model the best of John Baez's expositions. ---CH 07:02, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Some bad edits of this article since June 2006
Correctly User:Dr. Submillimeter and User:CH !!! The articles "Exact solutions in general relativity" and Solutions of the Einstein field equations and link [[Lorentzian manifold] (here covariant written tensors there contravariant tensors) simply show drastically, that nobody here seems to know about real solutions. Trying to put some solutions failed. Sorry we're not very good in English, please help TOGETHER to enhance it!

Sorry, but our 6 by name known solutions were simply "RV" by an in his HP for destruction known user. Sorry, could it be that educated WIKI-physicists are not at all educated about the basis of GR and Big-bang? wfck84.158.250.58

 * Well, Rottenburg area Deutsche Telekom anon, aka, aka "wfck", whoever you are IRL:

 * I quit Wikipedia in June 2006 due to the ease with which opinionated but ill-informed anons like yourself can disrupt the work of knowledgeable and responsible registered editors like myself, User:Mpatel, User:Pdn, and EMS, the former members of the now defunct WikiProject GTR--- all of whom, incidentally, posted under our real names and possess verifiable qualifications to write articles about GTR.

 * General relativity is widely acknowledged as one of the crowning achievements of twentieth century physics. It is a reasonably well-defined, very well-tested and perfectly comprehensible theory, not inordinately difficult for intelligent, determined and well-prepared students to learn and to use, but it nonetheless presents unique intellectual challenges to the student, and is in some respects quite subtle. As such, GTR intrigues---but is mostly misunderstood by--- the general public.  Since the public (and teachers, journalists, policy makers and even jurists) increasingly turn to WP for information about even such specialized and technical topics as GTR, it seemed to us important to try to apply our knowledge of GTR to present an accurate, readable, and reasonably comprehensive portrait in Wikipedia of current mainstream knowledge in classical gravitation physics.  From roughly June 2005 to June 2006, we attempted to work toward this goal. Unfortunately, due to frustration over constant and steadily increasing disruptions of our work by ignoramuses and trolls, one by one we all quit editing WP, or at least physics articles; AFAIK only EMS still occasionally edits physics articles here.

 * Regarding my own qualifications to write about exact solutions of the Einstein field equation, I suspect that you are simply trolling, "wfck", but since memories are short, for benefit of current Wikipedians, let me point out that I have solved the EFE literally thousands of times (most but not all of "my" solutions turned out to be rediscoveries of previously known solutions), and I have the database to prove it. I also have a working familiarity with a large proportion of the published exact solutions discussed in the standard monograph by Kramer et al., the monograph by Griffiths, and other books which discuss exact solutions (see the citations in my own last version of this article); anyone else who is familiar with these standard sources will have no difficulty, after skimming my expository writings, in verifying that I am indeed familiar with mainstream gtr and with much current research in classical relativity.  Thus, your apparent suggestion that I might not know what I am talking about is not only manifestly absurd, it suggests that you yourself have little knowledge of this field.

 * I encourage any Wikipedians who wish to form their own opinion to compare the versions of articles I wrote, which are listed here, with standard GTR textbooks and with standard monographs on exact solutions. Those who are familiar with these sources should have no difficulty verifying that the computations and other information presented in these articles is mathematically correct, physically sensible, and in complete accordance with current mainstream opinion in gravitation physics.

 * It is sad indeed to see what has become of this article since June 2006, as exemplified by two particularly ill-informed, misleading, and inaccurate edits by two different editors.

 * "Wfck", as you yourself acknowledge, your command of the English language may be insufficient for you to contribute usefully to the English language encyclopedia. But what really matters here is that your edit of this article consists of assertions which are incorrect in any language. User:DVdm was quite right to immediately revert it on those grounds alone, but there were further reasons why your edit was disruptive and greatly marred the previous version.  Your opening sentence, "The well-known solutions are mainly linear and exponential scalar Potential-fields, homogeneous and isotropic without infinitesimal tensor properties" is as good an example of sheer nonsense as I have yet seen in the Wikipedia.  Several of the so-called "named solutions" you mentioned are not to be found in the standard monograph on exact solutions by Kramer et al., for the good reason that they exist only in your imagination.  Those you mentioned which are indeed well-known "named solutions", such as the de Sitter lambdavacuum, FRW dusts, and Schwarzschild fluid solution are discussed in Wikipedia articles which are or were listed in this category, contrary to your assertion that Wikipedia does not discuss them.  The German language textbook by Stephani happens to be outstanding in its discussion of some important exact solutions, "wfck", and even a brief glance at this book will show just how wildly inaccurate is the picture which you attempted to present.

 * A slightly earlier bad edit by runs counter to current mainstream  physics, and I stand by what I wrote: speculative models of allegedly "stable wormholes" proposed by some authors rest upon dubious and speculative theoretical hypotheses which presently have no experimental support and little if any solid theoretical support.  The eprint by Krasnikov is speculative and it is seriously misleading to imply that his claims have been generally accepted.  Similarly, as I stated, "warp drive" models are Lorentzian manifolds but not "solutions of the EFE".  Of course, science is constantly evolving and this situation might change.  It might be that it will someday turn out that warp drives or stable wormholes are physically realizable; I can't say, since I possess no crystal ball.  But I can say that at present the best scientific judgement is that these possibilities are dubious.  Inaccurately presenting idiosyncratic opinions as mainstream is inappropriate in an encyclopedia, or even in, to adopt the phrase of Larry Sanger, "the largest thing often called an encyclopedia".

 * I'd like to add some general comments addressed to Wikipedia users generally.

 * It seems to me that the initiative bravely announced more than a year ago by Jimmy Wales to improve quality and eradicate nonsense from the WP has failed, having lapsed into despair and apathy among qualified editors--- at least insofar as physics articles are concerned. This is exactly what I expected, but it is still very sad to see this, since I support the putative encyclopedic goals of Wikipedia, and more generally the goals of the "open information" movement.  While I remain sympathetic with honest and well-informed Wikipedia editors who still seek to pursue these goals, I myself have despaired of doing that at Wikipedia.  I would however be very glad to be proven wrong by a new generation of Wikipedia editors possessing the fortitude to push through long-needed wikiconstitutional and policy reforms, and the skill and expertise to improve existing content and to add new good content.

 * I wish I had some workable advice for current Wikipedians trying to maintain previously "pretty good" articles by reverting obviously terrible edits. Unfortunately, WikiProject Physics, a project which formerly included a small critical mass of Ph.D. physicists, is as far as I can tell largely defunct, with most of the former members having quit WP for essentially the same reasons why I left: under existing policies, it is ridiculously time consuming to try to maintain articles, much less improve them.

 * The articles I wrote during 2005-2006 were part of an ambitious plan to provide Wikipedia readers with a well planned and mutually supporting set of comprehensive, accurate, and up-to-date articles on classical gravitation physics, at the level suitable both for a general audience and also suitable for helping more advanced students deepen their grasp of the subject. Unfortunately, I was forced by bad edits and trolling to give up my attempts to create good content in order to find time to try to maintain the work I had already done. Then I was forced to give that up, in order to find time to attempt to discuss specific policy reforms intended to ameliorate the WP "brain drain" alluded to above.  Then I was forced to give this up too, in order to find time to attempt to discuss reforms of the the policy-making process itself.  Finally I was forced to give up even this attempt to help Wikipedia grow into a reliable and reasonably stable information resource.  Many other knowledgeable former Wikipedians have reported similar experiences, and I now see little if any hope that Wikipedia will ever succeed in presenting anything which I would recognize as a genuine encyclopedia.

 * Sad to say, in my judgement Wikipedia has failed in its stated mission, but even worse, Wikipedia has succeeded in redefining "good information" from "reliable information" to "conveniently located and easily manipulated information". I fear that this will have grave future consequences for society, and this is the ultimate reason why I now wish I had never become involved with Wikipedia at all.

 * To repeat what I wrote in June 2006: good luck to students in your on-line search for reliable information about physics generally and gtr in particular! I only wish could point to some reliable on-line resources suitable for autodidacts, but at present the best advice I can offer is the tried and true: get into graduate school, master some standard textbooks, and study classic research papers as well as recent arXiv eprints. ---CH 06:59, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Speaking for myself. I had a huge grin on my face when I saw your name pop up on my watch list, Chris. You have been a tremendous asset here in the past. But I suspect you might be right about Wikipedia redefining good information. Some topics, and GR is a great example, are not something you should try to pick up from an encyclopedia. For a technical subject like this, the need is for a simple comprehensible description of what it is about, guided by genuine expertise. But an article here should not attempt to be a introductory technical tutorial, I think. This is the kind of topic that an open encyclopedia like this is inclined to mangle.

 * I've been looking at this particular article recently, because there are exactly solutions around; but unfortunately — as you note — some monomaniacal individuals want to insert all kinds of weirdness into "exact solutions". The last time there were actual examples of solutions here, they included some genuine examples like Schwartzchild, and some cases were merely unconventional and failed cosmological ideas that have never been made into exact solutions of the field equations at all: like Zwicky and Arp. The associated discussion, however, was peppered with unphysical gibberish. Some time I may try to write up some informal text on genuine examples of exact solutions. But I am not sure that this page even belongs in the encyclopedia at all. It ought to be within the GR article; and I am thinking that the GR article should not really be attempting to explain the full detail of solutions. —Duae Quartunciae (talk · cont)  07:19, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Equations?
The introduction currently contains the text:

the result must satisfy the Einstein field equations (written here in geometrized units)

and then gives a single equation (one I have seen before). It then says equations (plural) again straight after. Why does it say equations but only gives one? Deamon138 (talk) 10:09, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The Einstein field equations say
 * $$R_{\mu \nu} - {1 \over 2}R\,g_{\mu \nu} + \Lambda g_{\mu \nu} = {8 \pi G \over c^4} T_{\mu \nu}.$$
 * This is short-hand for a system of 16 equations. μ is a variable which ranges from 0 to 3. ν is another variable ranging from 0 to 3. So for example, if we set μ=0 and ν=2, then one of the equations is:
 * $$R_{0 2} - {1 \over 2}R\,g_{0 2} + \Lambda g_{0 2} = {8 \pi G \over c^4} T_{0 2}.$$
 * Six of the equations are essentially duplicates due to the symmetry of the tensors; leaving ten equations. Those ten equations satisfy another four dependencies due to the requirement of general covariance under coordinate transformations. The remaining six independent equations determine the time-evolution of the gravitational field. JRSpriggs (talk) 20:08, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the info, I see now: both variables can be from 0 to 3 (I'm guessing only integers are allowed) which means each variable can take 4 values. Therefore, there are 4x4=16 field equations. Cool. If only the rest of General Relativity was that easy! Deamon138 (talk) 21:43, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. The four values of an index correspond to the four basic directions in spacetime. Typically, 0 is taken to stand for t (time); 1 for x; 2 for y; and 3 for z. So $$R_{1 2} = R_{2 1}$$ is the curvature (see Ricci tensor) in the x-y plane. And $$T_{0 0}$$ is the time component (i.e. density) of the flux of the time component (i.e. energy) of momentum (see Stress-energy tensor). JRSpriggs (talk) 02:12, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah that makes some sense awesome. Come October, I should be studying Physics (and therefore Special Relativity) at University, and who knows, maybe I'll go onto General some time after too, and what you've put here has done something to qualm my thoughts that its a lofty and virtually unapproachable area of physics. Still, I find that a fair amount of the Wikipedia articles on physics to be very hard going for a layman, almost incomprehensible, and I must say, I don't follow the tensor article at all (and googling "tensor" didn't help). Sorry to be a nuisance, but do you by any chance know of any good links discussing tensors from basics, or are the external links provided on that article the best I'm going to get? If so, I'll look at those. Deamon138 (talk) 03:15, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Personally, I stick with what Tensor calls the classical approach. See "The Mathematical Theory of Relativity" Cambridge University Press by Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington. See Covariant transformation. I have not looked for a good external link. Most "modern" work on tensors suffers from excessive abstraction and too much attention to "basis vectors" which obfuscates the important points. JRSpriggs (talk) 05:28, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Suggested merge
I'd like to suggest that this article be merged with Solutions of the Einstein field equations. There doesn't seem to be enough difference in scope to warrant two articles.TimothyRias (talk) 14:18, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

All the material in the Solutions of the Einstein field equations article seems to be reproduced here. It might as well be deleted because there are two separate articles for exact and non-exact solutions already. AHusain (talk) 06:44, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Schwarzschild solution
is Schwarzschild solution an exact solution? Jackzhp (talk) 16:29, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, of course. It is the second known exact solution after Minkowski space. JRSpriggs (talk) 08:25, 4 April 2019 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Kmccoy/Delfino

I've been at this for a while, I'm heading to bed now. kmccoy (talk) 11:31, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Kmccoy/Delfino


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Brewer (John Updike)

Brewer, Pennsylvania is a fictional city that serves as the major setting for American writer John Updike's "Rabbit" cycle of novels (comprising Rabbit, Run, Rabbit Redux, Rabbit Is Rich, Rabbit at Rest, and Rabbit Remembered, two of which won Pulitzer Prizes for Updike). It is the center of the only fictional universe which Updike developed across multiple works, and symbolically represents his assessment of American culture from 1959 to 1999.

Depiction
Brewer is described as being the "fifth largest city in Pennsylvania", and seems to have many characteristics in common with the real-life city of Reading, Pennsylvania, but is in fact a composite of many places. Brewer is large enough to have a daily newspaper as well as a weekly, the Brewer Vat, printed by the company where Rabbit works as a linotypist in Rabbit Redux, and a fairly well-defined social and class structure. It also has a cinema multiplex, which Updike uses as a device to define the era in which each novel is set by frequently listing which films are playing there. Rabbit eventually comes to head the city's Toyota car dealership, inherited by his wife from her father. Brewer is called the "flowerpot city" due to its extensive use of red brick. Updike, a Pennsylvania native, set much of his fiction in the state, largely in Brewer and in the much smaller rural town of Olinger. The novels also include a setting called Mt. Judge, a suburb of Brewer modeled after the real-life Mt. Penn, Pennsylvania.

Themes
Brewer represents a typical middle-class American town, one that scholar Laurence W. Mazzeno describes as an "all-American city". Writer and literature professor Erik Kielland-Lund wrote that Brewer is used to depict "details of the American urban scene" and the "landscapes of contemporary America". Brewer at times serves as a representation of American capitalism and commercial materialism, or what writer Peter J. Bailey describes as "an omnipresence of commodities and pop culture creates a pervasive aura of oppressively banal, soulless materialism."

Commentary on America
Brewer reflects all the changes that occur in American society from 1959 to the 1980s and beyond. This included changes in once long-standing institutions, as Brewer's church and ministers become more socialized. Other changes in American society are reflected in Brewer, such as altering family patterns, with an increase in divorce, working mothers, and family counseling, as well as the rise of new classes and groups such as African Americans, Latinos, women, gay men and women, and white-collar workers. These changes also extend to entertainment, leisure, and sports: country clubs become more prevalent, characters go on vacation more frequently or retire to Florida, and golf becomes accessible to the middle class. Brewer also grows seedier over time, as reflected by increases in recreational drugs, riots, and white-collar crime, as well as formerly luxurious movie theaters gradually becoming pornographic theaters. By the novel Rabbit Is Rich, Brewer has changed so much that protagonist Harry Angstrom begins to feel few connections to the city anymore; as Bailey writes, Angstrom feels "no remaining link to a world of cultural difference and personal growth".

Brewer experiences an economic decline over time, serving at times as a center of racial unrest and urban blight. Both declining and emerging businesses are depicted as the city's economy changes and evolves, particularly in its portrayal of linotyping giving way to printed technology. High-tech industries and upscale housing developments are welcomed as the city's economy changes. These changes inspire mixed emotions, with Kielland-Lund describing Brewer as prompting "nostalgic longing for a vanishing pastoral ideal and grudging acceptance of the potential beauty of the cold and metallic urban landscape". One passage in Rabbit Run describes the city as a "treeless waste of industry, shoe factories and bottling plants and company parking lots and knitting mills converted to electronics parts and elephantine gas tanks lifting above trash-filled swampland". Rabbit Redux describes the city's attempts to revive its fledgling downtown neighborhood, tearing away entire blocks of buildings to create parking lots and exposing church facades. The novel describes this development in stark terms, describing the result as "generating new perspectives of rear entryways and half-alleys and intensifying the cruel breadth of light".

Reflection of protagonist
Brewer often serves as a symbol and embodiment of the various states of mind Angstrom experiences throughout the course of the Rabbit novels. For example, in Rabbit Redux, Angstrom's isolation and feelings of being trapped are reflected in the book's description of Brewer as a "stagnant city" and a wasteland characterized by a "desolate openness", as well as his home as a "spacecraft" floating through a monotonous setting filled with uncaring residents. Likewise, in Rabbit at Rest, in which Angstrom's health is on the decline, Brewer is described as a city of decline and decay, its diminishing, with what Mazzeno describes as a "diminished virility" that matches that of Angstrom himself. Conversely, after Angstrom survives a heart attack in Rabbit at Rest, he views Brewer with a renewed sense of optimism and beauty: at one point, he travels through a tunnel of Bradford pear trees and describes it as if it is heaven. Similarly, in one passage of Rabbit, Run, Brewer serves as what the narrative describes as "shelter of love" and "return to security" for Angstrom even as he experiences an existential crisis. Members of Angstrom's family experience similar mixed feelings about Brewer; for Harry's son Nelson, Brewer is a "home that has simultaneously nurtured and stifled him", according to Bailey.

title: Brewer (John Updike)


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User:Txuspe

es:Usuario:Txuspe

title: User:Txuspe


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Category:Year of death missing

This category is for articles about individuals who are known to be dead, but whose exact year of death has not been noted in the article, perhaps because it has not been researched using a reliable source. For individuals from past centuries whose year of death will probably never be precisely known, please use Category:Year of death unknown. This category and Categories Date of death missing and Year of death unknown are intended to be mutually exclusive.

title: Category:Year of death missing


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Ian Carr

Ian Carr (21 April 1933 – 25 February 2009) was a Scottish jazz musician, composer, writer, and educator. Carr performed and recorded with the Rendell-Carr quintet and jazz-fusion band Nucleus, and was an associate professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He also wrote biographies of musicians Keith Jarrett and Miles Davis.

Early years
Ian Henry Randall Carr was born in Dumfries, Scotland, the elder brother of Mike Carr. From 1952 to 1956, Carr attended King's College, now Newcastle University, where he read English Literature, followed by a diploma in education.

Musical career
At the age of 17, Carr started to teach himself trumpet. After university he joined his brother in a Newcastle band, the EmCee Five, from 1960 to 1962, before moving to London, where he became co-leader with Don Rendell of the Rendell–Carr quintet (1963–69). In its six years, the group (including pianist Michael Garrick, bassist Dave Green, and drummer Trevor Tomkins) made five albums for EMI – all of which have been re-issued – and performed internationally. During the 1960s he also played with the New Jazz Orchestra under the direction of Neil Ardley and recorded an album with altoist Joe Harriott.

After leaving the quintet, Carr went on to form the ground-breaking jazz-rock band Nucleus. This led to the release of 12 albums (some under the band's name, some under Carr's), and a successful international career. In their first year Nucleus won first prize at the Montreux Jazz Festival, released their first album, Elastic Rock, and performed at both the Newport Jazz Festival and the Village Gate jazz club. Carr also played with the United Jazz + Rock Ensemble from 1975.

Carr worked as a session musician in non-jazz contexts, with Nico, No-Man, Faultline, and others. He also doubled on flugelhorn.

Writing and academic career
Apart from writing a regular column for the BBC Music Magazine, Carr wrote biographies of the jazz musicians Keith Jarrett and Miles Davis. Carr was also the co-author of the reference work The Rough Guide to Jazz, which has passed through four editions from 1994 (originally Jazz, The Essential Companion, 1988). In addition he contributed sleeve notes for the albums of other musicians (e.g. Indo-Jazz Fusions by Joe Harriott and John Mayer).

In 1987, Carr was appointed associate professor at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, where he taught composition and performance, especially improvisation. He was founder of the jazz workshop at the Interchange arts scheme, where pianist Julian Joseph, among others, was one of his students.

Death
Ian Carr died aged 75 on 25 February 2009, having suffered from Alzheimer's disease. A memorial service was held at Golders Green Crematorium in London the following month. In addition to fellow Nucleus member Geoff Castle, speakers at the service included artist Gerald Laing, author, critic and broadcaster Alyn Shipton, Mike Dibb (with whom Carr collaborated on two films on Miles Davis and Keith Jarrett) and Carr's students Julian Joseph, Sara Dillon and Nikki Yeoh.

Emcee Five
(With John O'Carroll and Mike Carr)
 * Let's Take Five (Columbia, 1962)
 * Bebop 61: Bebop From The East Coast 1960/1962 (Birdland, 1987) – rec. 1961–67

Rendell–Carr Quintet
(As co-leader with Don Rendell) Compilation
 * Shades of Blue (Columbia, 1964)
 * Dusk Fire (Columbia, 1966)
 * Phase III (Columbia, 1968)
 * Live (Columbia, 1969) – live
 * Change Is (Columbia, 1969)
 * Live in London (Harkit, 2003) – live rec. 1965
 * Live at the Union 1966 (Reel, 2010) – live rec. 1966
 * Live at Klooks Kleek (Record Collector Magazine, 2017)[2LP] – live rec. 1963
 * Original 1964-68 Recordings / Live From The Antibes Jazz Festival (Spotlite, 2007) – live

Nucleus
(As leader of Nucleus)
 * Elastic Rock (Vertigo, 1970)
 * We'll Talk about It Later (Vertigo, 1971) – rec. 1970
 * Solar Plexus (Vertigo, 1971) – rec. 1970. released as a "Ian Carr with Nucleus" album.
 * Labyrinth (Vertigo, 1973) – released as a "Ian Carr with Nucleus" album
 * Roots (Vertigo, 1973) – released as a "Ian Carr's Nucleus" album
 * Under the Sun (Vertigo, 1974)
 * Snakehips Etcetera (Vertigo, 1975)
 * Alleycat (Vertigo, 1975)
 * In Flagranti Delicto (Capitol, 1977) – released as a "Ian Carr's Nucleus" album
 * Out of the Long Dark (Capitol, 1979) – released as a "Ian Carr's Nucleus" album
 * Awakening (Mood, 1980) – released as a "Ian Carr's Nucleus" album
 * Jazz-London 29 / 30 (BBC Transcription Service, 1983) – live. split album with The Brian Lemon Quartet.
 * Live at the Theaterhaus (Mood, 1985) – live. released as a "Ian Carr's Nucleus" album.
 * Live in Bremen (Cuneiform, 2003)[2CD] – live rec. 1971
 * The Pretty Redhead (Hux, 2003) – rec. 1971, 1982
 * Hemispheres (Hux, 2006) – live rec. 1970–71
 * UK Tour '76 (	Major League Productions, 2006)[2CD] – live rec. 1976 at Loughborough University
 * Live in Europe 1970-71 (Hux, 2009) – live rec. 1970–71
 * Live 1970 with Leon Thomas (Gearbox, 2014)[2LP] – live rec. 1970 at Montreux Jazz Festival

Compilations
 * Direct Hits (Vertigo, 1976) – rec. 1970–74. released as a "Ian Carr's Nucleus" album.
 * Three of a Kind (Gonzo Multimedia, 2015) – rec. 1976–83

As leader

 * Belladonna (Vertigo, 1972)
 * Old Heartland (MMC, 1988)
 * Sounds and Sweet Airs (That Give Delight and Hurt Not) (Celestial Harmonies, 1994) – rec. 1992

As co-leader with others

 * Springboard with Jeff Clyne (Polydor, 1969) – rec. 1966
 * Greek Variations & Other Aegean Exercises with Neil Ardley & Don Rendell (Columbia, 1970)
 * Will Power with Neil Ardley, Mike Gibbs, and Stan Tracey (Argo, 1974)[2LP]
 * Collana Jazz 80" with the Algemona Quartetto (Mia, 1980)

As a member
The New Jazz Orchestra
 * Western Reunion (Decca, 1965)
 * Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (Verve, 1969)
 * On The Radio: BBC Sessions 1971 (Dusk Fire, 2017)

Zyklus
 * Virtual Realities (AMP, 1991)

Others
 * V.A., Mike Taylor Remembered (Trunk, 2007) – rec. 1973. a tribute to Mike Taylor with Jon Hiseman, Ian Carr, Barbara Thompson, and others.

As sideman

 * Roy Budd, "'Roy Budd" (pye, 1965)[7"]
 * The Joe Harriott / Amancio D'Silva Quartet, Hum-Dono (Columbia, 1969)
 * George Russell's Living Time Orchestra, The London Concert (Label Bleu, 1990) – live rec. 1989
 * Don Rendell, Reunion (Spotlite Jazz, 2002)

Publications

 * 1982: Miles Davis (Quartet / William Morrow & Co.) ISBN 0-704-32273-0 / ISBN 0-688-01321-X
 * 1988: Jazz: The Essential Companion with Digby Fairweather & Brian Priestley (Paladin Books) ISBN 0-586-08530-0
 * 1991: Keith Jarrett: The Man and His Music (Grafton Books) ISBN 0-246-13434-8
 * 1999: Miles Davis: The Definitive Biography (Thunder's Mouth Press) ISBN 1-56025-241-3
 * 2004: The Rough Guide to Jazz with Digby Fairweather & Brian Priestley (3rd edn) Rough Guides Limited. ISBN 1-84353-256-5
 * 2008: Music Outside: Contemporary Jazz in Britain, 2nd edn., with new postscript and photographs (London: Northway Publications). ISBN 978-0-9550908-6-8 (1st edn published 1973 by Latimer New Dimensions. ISBN 0-901539-25-2).

title: Ian Carr


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Bukit Batok MRT station

Bukit Batok MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line in Bukit Batok, Singapore. Until the opening of the Woodlands Extension, the station was part of the Branch line. Bukit Batok station is situated within the town centre of Bukit Batok New Town, next to Bukit Batok Bus Interchange. During planning stages, the station was called "Bukit Batok South".

History
The station was opened on 10 March 1990 as part of the Branch line, and was given the station number B1. When the Woodlands Extension opened in 1996, the station number was changed to N23, and continued to use it until it adopted its current station number NS2 in 2001.

Installation of half-height screen doors at the station started on 29 June 2010 and commenced on 31 August 2010 as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations. In 2012, high-volume low-speed fans were installed at this station to improve ventilation at the elevated station's platforms.

Details
Bukit Batok MRT station has an MRT code of “NS2”, adjacent to Jurong East and Bukit Gombak MRT stations. It is situated within the town centre of Bukit Batok New Town, next to Bukit Batok Bus Interchange.

title: Bukit Batok MRT station


text:
Newport Networks

Newport Networks was a manufacturer of Voice over IP Session Border Controllers (SBCs), founded by entrepreneur Terry Matthews. Headquartered in Caldicot, near Newport in South Wales, with its R&D facility in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, the company's hardware products consisted of the chassis based 1460 and the smaller 4U 310. These two hardware platforms could run a number of different applications, these include Stand-alone or Integrated SBC, distributed SBC, Interconnect Border Controller Function (I-BCF) or Interconnect Border Gateway Function (I-BGF), the latter two being elements of IMS.

The company was founded in September 2000 and floated on the London Stock Exchange AIM (Alternate Investment Market), and alleged in 2008 to have recently started to achieve significant sales, in particular to Chunghwa Telecom, Taiwan's largest integrated telecommunications operator, which has deployed Newport Networks' 1460 session border controller in its VoIP network. Prior to that, the company's most notable customer was UK based Kingston Communications

In 2008 the company made the majority of its employees redundant, put the business up for any potential take over or sale and closed its High Wycombe research and development facility.

On 18 March 2009, Newport Networks, with its two remaining employees, de-listed from the AIM. This is despite having announced twelve months earlier that the company had signed a major OEM agreement which was expected to substantially increase its product sales.

The company has now ceased all trading, it has been placed into solvent liquidation and remaining funds distributed to shareholders.

Executives when company last traded
Sir Terence H. Matthews, Kt., OBE, P.Eng., F.I.E.E. FREng. - Chairman John Everard - Director John Ackroyd - Director/CEO/CFO/Company Secretary Simon Gibson, OBE - Director Sir David Rowe-Beddoe - Director

Origin of Newport name
Founder, Sir Terence H. Matthews has a history of naming companies after places in South Wales, from where he originates. Newport Networks is named after the city of Newport which is Matthews' birthplace. The company's headquarters is just outside Newport at Caldicot.

title: Newport Networks


text:
Major League Wrestling

Major League Wrestling (MLW) is an American professional wrestling promotion based in New Rochelle, New York. The promotion was founded in 2002 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by former WWE writer Court Bauer. The promotion markets its product as "Hybrid Wrestling", with its roster featuring a mix of different wrestling styles.

The promotion originally ran live events until 2004, with these events seen on the television series, MLW Underground TV. MLW returned to promoting events in July 2017, and resumed weekly television programming with the premiere of MLW Fusion in April 2018.

Formation (2002–2004)
Following the closures and acquisitions of World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now known as the WWE) in 2001, Major League Wrestling (MLW) was founded in 2002. Shortly after its founding, the promotion spent three months moving their headquarters from Philadelphia to New York. MLW styled itself as an alternative to WWE's sports entertainment, following in the tradition of ECW.

In 2003, MLW again moved their base of operations to Florida, and negotiated a deal with Sunshine Network to air a television series titled Underground TV, which ran between April 7, 2003, and February 14, 2004. The series was hosted by Joey Styles, later replaced by Kevin Kelly, and consisted of pre-taped matches from prior events. Furthering MLW's ties to ECW, the promotion highlighted many former ECW talents, such as Sabu, Terry Funk, Shane Douglas, and Steve Corino. This led to criticism of MLW for being an imitation of ECW in comparison to Ring of Honor, another Philadelphia-founded promotion that launched five months prior to MLW's formation.

After shuttering in 2004, Major League Wrestling would return in 2011 as a podcast network, initially focused on producing broadcast and digital content relating to the professional wrestling industry. Many prominent professional wrestling figures have appeared on the network, including former WWE and WCW stars Kevin Sullivan, Jim Duggan, MVP, current WWE executive Bruce Prichard, former WCW and current AEW commentator Tony Schiavone, former WCW and WWE manager Jim Cornette, and former WCW President and WWE executive Eric Bischoff.

Return and expansion
In 2017, MLW announced that it would once again be promoting wrestling events. Tickets for their first event, MLW One-Shot, went on sale on July 21, 2017. In the same year, MLW announced it would run more shows in Orlando in 2018. Given the success of their independent outings, MLW was able to secure a television deal with beIN Sports for a new program, titled MLW Fusion, which debuted on April 20, 2018, on beIN Sports USA. Their first episode featured Pentagon Jr. against Fenix as the main event.

In July 2018, the inaugural Battle Riot would air as a Fusion television special. MLW began introducing contracts as part of their growth strategy. In August, the promotion started a working agreement with Mexican-based promotion Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). On September 19, it was announced that MLW expanded its partnership with beIN Sports to air Fusion in Spanish.

In October, MLW announced a Halloween-themed, Fusion television special, and announced the signings of PCO and Richard Holliday as full-time members of the roster on October 18. It was also reported that Court Bauer and several MLW executives would travel to Monaco for Sportel, with intentions of making a big push internationally. Also announced was a project between MLW and Spiff TV.

On November 8, 2018, MLW held a Fusion television taping, named Fightland, in Chicago at Cicero Stadium. Bauer claimed that the event drew the highest attendance in MLW history, shattering the previous attendance record of 1,536 people for the June 20, 2003 event, Hybrid Hell, in Florida. On November 29, Bauer announced that Fusion would be broadcast live on beIN Sports on December 14. This coincided with their two-day television tapings in Miami: "Never Say Never" and "Zero Hour"; the live episode was an hour of "Zero Hour"'s events.

MLW continued to air live Fusion specials throughout 2019, including SuperFight in February and Intimidation Games in March. The company brought former manager Jim Cornette on as a color commentator starting March 2, 2019. He continued to work for the company for Rise of the Renegades, Battle Riot II, and Fury Road. He also worked unofficially in an agent-like role for the company. This includes coaching younger talent on their television presentation and promos. In addition to SuperFight and Intimidation Games, Rise of the Renegades and Battle Riot II were all revealed to have sold out.

In April 2019, MLW would move their operations into a corporate office building in New Rochelle, New York. On April 18, MLW announced the creation of a new title: the MLW National Openweight Championship, with the inaugural champion to be crowned during Fury Road in Waukesha, Wisconsin. In June 2019, International Wrestling Association (IWA-PR) owner Savio Vega was brought in as an on-air talent and backstage agent. This working relationship resulted in the use of the IWA Caribbean Heavyweight Championship in MLW storylines. On August 18, 2019, MLW teased the formation of its women's division, later announcing its official launch on October 18, 2019. The division's first official match would be later held at MLW Blood and Thunder on November 9, 2019.

On July 5, it was announced that MLW would hold its first pay-per-view event, Saturday Night SuperFight, which would be held on November 2. On July 26, MLW announced a working agreement with Japanese-based promotion Pro Wrestling Noah, which would include a talent-exchange agreement and content collaboration between the two promotions. On August 8, MLW announced that they had reached a new deal with FITE TV to carry MLW pay-per-view events, with the first event being Saturday Night SuperFight. Four days later, MLW announced a working relationship with Mexican-based promotion The Crash Lucha Libre termed as a "strategic alliance". On August 23, MLW and The Crash announced they would co-promote their first event on October 5 at the Auditorio Fausto Gutierrez in Tijuana, Mexico.

On February 1, 2020, MLW announced a working relationship with Japanese promotion Dragon Gate (DG), which would include a talent-exchange between the two promotions.

Effects of COVID-19
After AAA vs MLW on March 13, 2020, MLW would take a six-month hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 21, MLW announced they had begun digitizing the 2003–2004 tape library, including the complete run of MLW Underground TV. On April 30, MLW announced a limited series titled MLW Anthology to air on Bein Sports starting May 16, 2020. Following the last episode of Fusion on May 9, 2020, a new digital spinoff series titled Pulp Fusion would launch on MLW's YouTube channel beginning on May 29, 2020.

On June 9, 2020, MLW reached a new media rights deal to stream their programming on DAZN. CEO Court Bauer also announced during the same month that reruns of MLW Underground TV would air on Bein Sports throughout the summer.

In August 2020, MLW announced that Fusion TV tapings will resume in October of that year. On September 10, it was announced that MLW Fusion would move to Wednesday nights on fubo Sports Network. On October 10, it was revealed that Fusion would return on November 18 at 7pm EST and new episodes would also premiere on MLW's YouTube channel on the same night.

In October 2020, MLW announced a "strategic alliance" with IWA-PR for the "celebration of inter-promotional events, direct support to the events of each of the companies and collaboration in other types of promotions". MLW would also began incorporating story elements from the now-defunct Lucha Libre promotion and television drama, Lucha Underground, into an angle involving IWA-PR. Talent formally associated with Lucha Underground were brought into MLW as part of the "Azteca Underground" stable.

In April 2021, MLW announced a television deal with Vice TV. A block of MLW programming, including reruns of Fusion, began airing on Saturdays starting May 1. The agreement would further expand when it was announced on September 17 that Vice would air MLW Fightland as a television special on October 7.

On the April 21, episode of MLW Fusion, Bauer announced that MLW's "new season" would begin with their July 10, 2021 event at the 2300 Arena in Philadelphia, later revealed to be Battle Riot III, and it would be their first event since the pandemic to have a live audience in attendance. On April 29, 2021, MLW announced a partnership with Revolution Pro Wrestling.

In June 2021, Wrestling Observer reported that MLW had ended its deal with DAZN. it was also reported that MLW had begun taping content in Los Angeles for a spinoff series that would "resemble Lucha Underground", with plans to film vignettes in the summer and matches in the fall. It would later be revealed on August 4, 2021, that MLW had signed a deal to produce a new series centered around Azteca Underground, featuring a different roster from that seen on MLW Fusion. In an update during Wrestling Observer Radio on November 1, 2021, Meltzer reported that tapings for the series were cancelled because MLW was unable to secure a TV deal.

On July 7, 2021, it was announced that Shimmer Women Athletes co-founder Dave Prazak had joined MLW to help relaunch its women's division; later to be announced in September as the MLW Women's Featherweight division.

During the television premiere of Battle Riot III on July 24, 2021, MLW announced a new season of Fusion to air on "a new home" in the Fall, and a new, four-part mini-series titled MLW Fusion: Alpha. Initially announced to air in August, Fusion: Alpha was later announced as "a new season and series from MLW" to premiere on September 22 on MLW's YouTube channel, and would air on Saturdays and Mondays on Bein Sports.

On December 7, 2021, MLW announced a new "anthology mini-series" titled MLW Azteca to premiere on Thursday, January 6, 2022, on MLW's YouTube channel and FITE TV.

WWE lawsuit and new partnerships
On January 11, 2022, MLW filed an anti-trust lawsuit against WWE, accusing them of interfering in television and streaming deals and poaching talent. Through the lawsuit, it was disclosed that a streaming deal with Fox Corporation-owned Tubi was terminated due to WWE allegedly threatening to pull their programming from the sibling Fox broadcast network. The suit also alleges that WWE pressured Vice TV to withdraw from negotiations with MLW. In February 2023, the lawsuit was dismissed due to a lack of "sufficient facts to plausibly allege a relevant antitrust product market" and that their "allegations are insufficient to plausibly allege a relevant product market." MLW was given 21 days to file an amendment to their lawsuit.

On July 5, 2022, MLW announced a new broadcast deal with Ayozat TV in the United Kingdom. Two days later, MLW announced an expanded agreement with beIN Sports USA to carry the promotion's programming on BeIN Sports Xtra, both through its FAST channel and across its over-the-air television station affiliates, on Friday nights.

On October 11, 2022, MLW announced a partnership with streaming platform Pro Wrestling TV (PWTV), bringing the promotion's programming library to the service. The partnership began on November 3, with the premiere of the Battle Riot IV event. MLW Fusion would return for a new season the following week on November 10.

On January 20, 2023, MLW announced a new broadcast deal with Reelz in the United States, with a new weekly flagship show titled MLW Underground Wrestling premiering on February 7.

In February, Reelz reached an agreement with NBCUniversal-owned streaming service Peacock for the network's programming and live feed to be carried on the service. However, due to a pre-existing exclusivity agreement with WWE, MLW programming was blacked out on Reelz's live feed on the service. On February 28, it was reported by Variety that MLW's deal with Reelz would conclude after 10 weeks. However, in a statement made to PWInsider, the network confirmed that "No decisions have been made by MLW or REELZ and we are both committed to a good outcome for MLW, its fans and REELZ." On March 7, MLW filed an amended lawsuit against WWE, citing WWE's alleged interference with the promotion's deal with Reelz.

In March 2023, MLW reached an agreement with the Premier Streaming Network to distribute MLW Underground Wrestling outside of the U.S.

On May 2, 2023, a new partnership with FITE was announced, in-which MLW would produce live specials for subscribers to FITE+. The first event under this deal was Never Say Never on July 8. It would be MLW's first live broadcast since the 2019 Saturday Night SuperFight pay-per-view event, which was also carried by FITE.

On the August 24, 2023 episode of Fusion, MLW announced a new partnership with New Japan Pro Wrestling would begin at Fury Road on September 3, 2023.

On December 11, 2023, MLW and WWE reached a settlement in the former's antitrust lawsuit. MLW's lawsuit was dismissed with prejudice on December 26, 2023. It would later be revealed in a 10-K filing of TKO Group Holdings, the holding company created by that year's merger of WWE and the UFC, that they had paid $20 million to MLW.

Restructuring (2024–present)
In December 2023, SE Scoops reported that MLW was "overhauling" their front office.

In January 2024, MLW would revamp their event schedule to air two events every month; a live, premium event for Triller TV+ subscribers; and a free, taped, TV special for Bein Sports and MLW's YouTube channel.

MLW Azteca Lucha, the promotion's first event to take place at Cicero Stadium since Saturday Night SuperFight in November 2019, would break MLW's all-time box office record with the announcement that tickets were sold out on April 29.

During the same month, MLW announced in a Community post on their YouTube channel that they had launched a membership program, later to be known as the "MLW Standard Pass". Subsequentially, past uploads from MLW's weekly programming library, and several full match videos, became paywalled. Ahead of Battle Riot VI on June 1, it was reported that MLW would be moving its streaming events to their YouTube channel as part of the rollout of its membership program. This subsequently ended the promotion's partnership with TrillerTV.

On June 26, 2024, David Marquez (founder of Championship Wrestling and the United Wrestling Network) was announced as MLW's new head of production. It was also announced that David Sahadi (who previously worked in TNA Wrestling) has joined MLW's production crew.

Touring and TV tapings
In the beginning, MLW would hold one show a month, originally from the Viking Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. By the end of 2002, MLW began running two shows a month and, in 2003, multiple shows in a weekend were held in New York. The first time MLW left New York was December 20, 2002, for King Of Kings from the War Memorial Auditorium in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The promotion primarily held events in Florida prior to closing its doors in 2004.

MLW initially held shows in Florida since their revival in 2017. Soon after the debut of MLW Fusion in 2018 on beIN Sports USA, the promotion would once again resuming touring, returning to New York later that year. On September 18, 2018, MLW announced their debut in Chicago. On October 19, 2018, MLW announced that they would return to Florida to make their Miami debut.

From Fall 2020 until 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, MLW would return to Gilt Nightclub in Florida to tape their programming behind closed doors. From July to December 2021, MLW programming was taped at the 2300 Arena from the promotion's home base in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The promotion would resume a regular touring schedule later that year, beginning with their second joint show with The Crash Lucha Libre in December.

Matches and segments from the 2022 Fightland event that were originally taped for Fusion were later repurposed for the promotion's new weekly series, MLW Underground Wrestling, which premiered on February 7, 2023 on Reelz.

From late 2022, and throughout 2023, MLW would predominantly host events from the 2300 Arena in Philadelphia. At the end of 2023, MLW would cease airing weekly television programming. Beginning at One Shot on December 7, 2023, select matches would be taped during MLW's live events, and later air as part of television specials produced for Bein Sports and MLW's YouTube channel.

Contracts
In 2018, after the promotion was revived, MLW signed some talent to exclusive contracts. It also gave MLW power over the performers' dates. Their wrestlers are allowed to perform for other promotions but have to prioritize MLW events. MLW's roster mainly consists of independent contractors who have also appeared in other promotions.

Partnerships
MLW currently has working relationships with Revolution Pro Wrestling, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Tokyo Joshi Pro Wrestling and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre.

Current champions
As of July 29, 2024

Men's division

 * Singles
 * Tag team

title: Major League Wrestling


text:
Fridge (band)

Fridge was an English instrumental post-rock band formed in 1995 by school friends Kieran Hebden (guitar, samples), Adem Ilhan (bass) and Sam Jeffers (drums). Their rhythm heavy sound was influenced by Krautrock bands such as Can and Neu!, while critics view their early works as following similar paths as the contemporary post-rock groups Tortoise and Do Make Say Think. Over time Hebden's interest in Techno and Drum and bass became predominant, supported by Jeffers' complex drum patterns.

They released four critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful albums between 1995 and 2001, of which the last, Happiness, is generally seen as their high point. Their 2007 double album The Sun was released after a long period of inactivity, after Hebden had begun a solo career and Ilhan and Jeffres enrolled in college.

Fridge never officially split up, although their last live performance was in 2007. Hebden and Ilhan record as Four Tet and Adem respectively.

Career
Hebden, Ilhan and Jeffers met in the mid-1990s at Elliott School in Putney, southwest London, where they became friends with contemporaries Burial (William Bevan), Hot Chip and The xx; all of whom members of Fridge have worked with. Recalling the period, Joe Goddard of Hot Chip recalled that "there was a spirit: if you want to do something just go and fucking do it. You didn’t need permission." Hebden remembers being allowed to "rehearse with my band at lunch and for hours after school without any interference. When I was at school, drum'n'bass happened. Our teachers would let us set up big sound systems and have drum'n'bass parties during lunchtime breaks….we’d be in a drama room with machines and strobe lights for half an hour, dancing to DJ Zinc's "Super Sharp Shooter" or something blasting out at huge volume."

Their sound progressed from post-rock towards electronica over their career, although their music retained its focus on complex rhythms. Initially Hebden played guitar, Ilhan bass guitar, and Jeffers drums, but Hebden and Ilhan adopted a variety of other instruments. Of their early work, Hebden said that they were "trying to make music that didn't sound like anything else; all of us not quite skilled enough to translate the sound in our head onto cassette, but creatively filling the gaps, using them and making them integral."

By 1999's Eph, the sampler was playing an increasingly important role in their music. According to the NME', it contains the "building blocks of their initial sample dabbling...creeping stealthily in and out of songs such as "Helicopter" and the thorny assault of distortion on "Cassette"." They occasionally backed Badly Drawn Boy as his live band around this time, and in 2000 remixed his single Another Pearl. The following album, 2001's Happiness, was widely regarded by critics as their best to date. It was retrospectively described by AllMusic as "slightly more difficult [than "Eph" and containing] many excellent moments..."Cut Up Piano and Xylophone" is a soft, gauzy piece reminiscent of '70s minimalism and "Five Four Child Voice" a precocious time-signature jam."

Their final album The Sun was released, after a six-year hiatus, to critical acclaim in June 2007.

Inactivity, solo work
Although inactive since 2007, Fridge have never officially split up. In August 2007 they played their first gig after six years at Bardens Boudoir in Dalston, London, followed by a performance that year at the Field Day festival in East London's Victoria Park. Hebden solo career as Four Tet dates from the late 1990s, during downtime when Ilhan and Jeffers had returned to college. Ilhan has released three solo albums, Homesongs (2004), Love and Other Planets (2006), and Takes (2008) under the name Adem.

The 21-track compilation album Early Output 1996–1998 was released in 2009. In April 2023 their best regarded album "Happiness" was re-released on vinyl, having been "restored, reconstructed, and remastered" by Hebden.

Albums

 * Ceefax, Output Recordings, 1997
 * Semaphore, Output Recordings, 1998
 * Eph, Go! Beat Records, 1999; reissued in 2002 with a bonus disc containing the combined material from Kinoshita Terasaka and Of EPs
 * Happiness, Text Records, 2001
 * The Sun, Text Records (UK), Temporary Residence Limited (US), 2007

Compilation albums

 * Sevens and Twelves, Output Recordings, 1998
 * Two-CD compilation of all the singles and EPs recorded for Output (Lojen, Anglepoised, Lign and Orko), previously released only on vinyl
 * Early Output 1996–1998, Temporary Residence, 2009

EPs and singles

 * "Lojen", Output Recordings, 1997
 * Anglepoised, Output Recordings, 1997
 * Lign, Output Recordings, 1998
 * Orko, Output Recordings, 1998
 * Kinoshita Terasaka, Go! Beat Records, 1999
 * Of Go!, Beat Records, 1999

Compilation appearances

 * Brain in the Wire, various artists
 * Thank You, various artists, Temporary Residence Limited, 2004
 * Destroy Independent Music!, various artists, Temporary Residence Limited sampler, 2006–2007

title: Fridge (band)


text:
Labyrinth (disambiguation)

The Labyrinth is an elaborate maze in Greek mythology.

Labyrinth, Labyrint, and Labyrinthe may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Labyrinth (1959 film), a German-Italian drama film
 * Labyrinth (1986 film), a fantasy film directed by Jim Henson
 * Labyrinth (1991 film), a German-Czech drama film directed by Jaromil Jireš
 * Labyrinth (2002 film), a Serbian film
 * Labyrint (Swedish TV series), a 2007 Swedish drama television series
 * Labyrint (Czech TV series), a 2015 Czech crime TV series
 * City of Lies, originally titled LAbyrinth, a 2018 American biographical crime thriller film directed by Brad Furman
 * Labyrinth (opera), a 1963 television opera by Gian Carlo Menotti
 * Labyrinth (miniseries), based on the Kate Mosse novel

Gaming

 * Labyrinth (solitaire), a card game
 * Labyrinth (marble game), involving guiding a marble through a maze
 * Labyrinth (board game), with shifting pieces forming a constantly changing maze
 * Labyrinth (paper-and-pencil game), a logical paper-and-pencil game
 * Labyrinth (1980 video game), for the TRS-80
 * Labyrinth (1984 video game), for the BBC Micro
 * Labyrinth: The Computer Game, based on the 1986 film
 * Labyrinth: Maō no Meikyū (Maze of the Goblin King), a Japanese exclusive video game also based on the 1986 film (see article above)
 * Labyrinth: The War on Terror, 2001 – ?, a board game by Volko Ruhnke

Literature

 * Labyrinth (novel), a 2005 archaeological mystery novel by Kate Mosse
 * "Labyrinth" (novella), a novella in the Vorkosigan Saga by Lois McMaster Bujold
 * Labyrinths (short story collection), a 1962 collection of short stories and essays by Jorge Luis Borges
 * The Labyrinth, a memoir by Walter Schellenberg

Music

 * Labyrinth (band), an Italian power metal band
 * Labyrint (band), a Swedish hip hop band
 * The Labyrinth (tour), 2010, by Leona Lewis

Albums

 * Labyrinth (Blutengel album), 2007
 * Labyrinth (1986 soundtrack), soundtrack to the 1986 film Labyrinth
 * Labyrinth (Equinox album), 1994
 * Labyrinth (Juno Reactor album), 2004
 * Labyrinth (Labyrinth album), 2003
 * Labyrinth (Fleshgod Apocalypse album), 2013
 * Labyrinths (Marilyn Crispell album), 1988
 * Labyrinthes, the third studio album by Malajube, 2009
 * Labyrinth (EP), the eighth EP by GFriend, 2020
 * Labyrinth, Nucleus, 1973

Songs

 * "Labyrinth" (Cryalot song), 2022
 * "Labyrinth" (Taylor Swift song), 2022
 * "Labyrinth", a song by Crown the Empire from the album Dogma, 2023
 * "Labyrinth", a song by The Cure from The Cure, 2004
 * "Labyrinth", a song by Enter Shikari from the album Take to the Skies, 2007
 * "Labyrinth", a song by GFriend on the EP 回:Labyrinth, 2020
 * "Labyrinths", a song by Savatage from the album Edge of Thorns, 1993
 * "The Labyrinth" ("Il labirinto armonico"), a concerto by Pietro Locatelli
 * "Labyrinth", a song by Elisa from the album Pipes & Flowers
 * "Labyrinth", a song by ミラクルミュージカル from Hawaii: Part II, 2012

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * Labyrinth (artwork), a 2013 series of artworks by Mark Wallinger
 * Labyrinth (Miró, Joan), the set of sculptures and ceramics by the artist Joan Miró
 * Labyrinth, a ballet by Tim Rushton

Places

 * Labyrinth (Antarctica), an extensive flat area in Wright Valley, Victoria Land
 * Labyrinth Bay, Nunavut, Canada

Science and technology

 * Bony labyrinth, part of the human ear
 * Labyrinth fish, of suborder Anabantoidei, and the labyrinth organ, a defining characteristic
 * Labyrinth seal, a type of mechanical seal

Other uses

 * Labyrinth Gallery, an art gallery in Lublin, Poland

title: Labyrinth (disambiguation)


text:
User:Olessi

As they say in Frisia, Schleswig, and Holstein, "Moin Moin!"

For some articles and userboxes I am interested in, please see my Info page.

I highly recommend using the mirror filter when using Google.

Rule, Nittania!

ast:Usuariu:Olessi be:Удзельнік:Olessi bg:Потребител:Olessi cs:Wikipedista:Olessi da:Bruger:Olessi de:Benutzer:Olessi et:Kasutaja:Olessi es:Usuario:Olessi eo:Vikipediisto:Olessi fr:Utilisateur:Olessi hr:Suradnik:Olessi is:Notandi:Olessi it:Utente:Olessi he:משתמש:Olessi csb:Brëkòwnik:Olessi la:Usor:Olessi lv:Lietotājs:Olessi hu:User:Olessi mk:Корисник:Olessi nl:Gebruiker:Olessi ja:利用者:Olessi no:Bruker:Olessi nn:Bruker:Olessi nds:Bruker:Olessi pl:Wikipedysta:Olessi pt:Usuário:Olessi ro:Utilizator:Olessi ru:Участник:Olessi sk:Redaktor:Olessi sl:Uporabnik:Olessi fi:Käyttäjä:Olessi sv:Användare:Olessi tr:Kullanıcı:Olessi fiu-vro:Pruukja:Olessi

title: User:Olessi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Michelangelo Delfino

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was no consensus; however, voting was split between delete and redirect, so since it doesn't get deleted, it gets redirected. --cesarb 22:50, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Michelangelo Delfino & Mary E. Day
These were two co-litigants in a case decided by the California Supreme Court. The 200 Google hits for there case are located |here Many are from Wikipedia mirror articles Delfino published himself. Both co-authored a self published book on the experience. Amazon sales rank ~500k.

Delfino is likely the "Varion vandal" User:Kmccoy/Delfino He has inserted his case into a large number of entries (count still being determined). Here is an example of how ridiculous his attempts to relate his case to whatever entry became An even more egregious example:  For weeks most edits were left unchallenged. He has also extensively linked the sales page of his book to unrelated entries and smeared former opposition, which includes "dishonest" judges and plaintiffs.

Good riddance

lots of issues | leave me a message 13:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Delete - per nominator. --FCYTravis 12:13, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * "Don't delete Why censor when you can engage in an interesting dialogue about an interesting case.  Have you followed this one?  It's an amazing tale and Day and Delfino are two characters, that's for sure!" This text was added by an anonymous user,  kmccoy (talk) 03:20, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Dear Dr. Delfino,

 * Welcome to this discussion. I am glad you are taking this step to communicate with the editors.  However, I must politely ask you to cease your rampant epidemic of point of view and self promotional edits.  Although your workplace tell all may contain details of a "skanky" co-worker, you should not use this superficial nexus to link your book storefront.  I'm sure you are aware of your recent edits so I don't need to point to more specific instances of misbehavior.   I look forward to working with you on your disputed SLAPP-related entries.  Collaborative work with source participants will produce expert and comprehensive coverage.  However, once again, cut the nonsense.

 * Regards,
 * lots of issues | leave me a message 04:16, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Michelangelo Delfino; redirect Mary E. Day to Michelangelo Delfino. The fact that an article on a notable topic comes from someone clearly out to push a point a view doesn't make the topic unworthy of inclusion in the encyclopedia.  SLAPP laws are controversial from a public policy standpoint, and as a such the plaintiff in a landmark case on the topic is necessarily notable.  Mary E. Day, however, is not notable in her own right and should be redirected.  Kelly Martin 12:35, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * The case does seem to be notable, despite the spammish way its proponents are pushing it, but are the individual litigants notable in their own right? I'm unsure at this point. *Dan* 13:02, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * IMO, the bio details of the litigants can be merged into the case entry. There is no more to comment than this case.  Check out, Delfino's list of IPs. Just staggering - to think some of his self promotion was left in popular entries such as Yahoo! for 3 weeks is disconcerting.  lots of issues  | leave me a message 13:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Not noteable. ConeyCyclone 17:49, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created 17:05, 12 Jun 2005 and mostly used to vote on VfD's. Kaibabsquirrel 21:16, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a soap box or a vehicle for advocacy. →Raul654 18:12, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non noteable self-promotion.--Rogerd 18:28, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete articles about any author who can't use proper grammar in the titles of their books. (It should be whom you SLAPP). RickK 22:45, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * "Rick, honey, you are wrong. Do you understand the difference between Be Careful Who You SLAPP and Be careful whom you slap?" This comment was left by in an edit in which he/she also changed other people's votes.  kmccoy (talk) 05:17, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * At this point I recommend everyone please avoid speaking to these vandals, I fear conflict only reinforces their behavior. lots of issues  | leave me a message 05:36, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete these articles are vanity in a large way. Delfino could be mentioned in SLAPP or perhaps the entry for the case.  He doesn't need an article on his own, and the rampant abuse of wikipedia makes me lean especially towards deletion. kmccoy (talk) 03:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Any reason not to redirect to Varian v. Delfino? -R. fiend 05:46, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Everyone should note that an anonymous user at 64.170.195.181 (and other IP addresses) has been changing other people's votes. Any admin who may be counting votes here in the future should check the history for vandalism in case there's any fraudulent change that hasn't been reverted. *Dan* 15:28, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to article about case, Varian v. Delfino. A2Kafir 14:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Varian v. Delfino. VANITY. carmeld1 21:56, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .