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Indian River Lagoon

The Indian River Lagoon is a grouping of three lagoons: the Mosquito Lagoon, the Banana River, and the Indian River, on the Atlantic Coast of Florida; one of the most biodiverse estuaries in the Northern Hemisphere and is home to more than 4,300 species of plants and animals.

The Lagoon contains five state parks, four federal wildlife refuges and a national seashore.

The Lagoon varies in width from 0.5 to 5 mi and averages 4 ft in depth.

History
During glacial periods, the ocean receded. The area that is now the lagoon was grassland, 30 mi from the beach. When the glaciers melted, the sea rose. The lagoon remained as captured water.

The indigenous people who lived along the lagoon thrived on its fish and shellfish. This was determined by analyzing the middens they left behind, piled with refuse from clams, oysters, and mussels.

The Indian River Lagoon was originally known on early Spanish maps as the Rio de Ais, after the Ais Indian tribe, who lived along the east coast of Florida. An expedition in 1605 by Alvero Mexia resulted in the mapping of most of the lagoon. Original place names on the map included Los Mosquitos (the Mosquito Lagoon and the Halifax River), Haulover (current Haulover Canal area), Ulumay Lagoon (Banana River) Rio d' Ais (North Indian River), and Pentoya Lagoon (Indian River Melbourne to Ft. Pierce)

Early European settlers drained the swamps to raise pineapples and citrus. They dug canals discharging fresh water into the lagoon, five times the historical volume.

Prior to the arrival of the railroad, the river was an essential transportation link.

In 1896 and 1902, there were fish kills in the lagoon from gas from the muck below.

The advent of the automobile, starting in the 1930s, resulted in causeways which diverted the sluggish flow of the waterway. Huge population influx resulted in sewage, and stormwater runoff from roadways, polluting the lagoon.

From 1989 to 2013, the population along the lagoon increased 50% to 1.6 million people.

Course
The full length of the Indian River Lagoon is 156 mi, extending from Ponce de León Inlet in Volusia County, Florida, to Jupiter Inlet in Palm Beach County, Florida, and includes Cape Canaveral. In 2016, the northern boundary was moved north-ward to Highbridge Road for management purposes. The Lagoon covers one-third of Florida's East Coast. Brevard County incorporates 71% of the lagoon's surface.

Lake Okeechobee is connected to the lagoon by the Okeechobee Waterway and the St. Lucie River meeting in Sewall's Point.

From north to south, the Indian River Lagoon system includes the following:
 * Mosquito Lagoon, from Ponce de Leon Inlet to the north end of Merritt Island, connected to Indian River by Haulover Canal.
 * Indian River, the main body of water, from the north border between Volusia and Brevard Counties along the western shore of Merritt Island, southward to St. Lucie Inlet.
 * Banana River, an offshoot of the Indian River, northward making up the eastern shore of Merritt Island.
 * Eau Gallie River
 * Crane Creek is a 3.3 mile long tributary of the Indian River in Melbourne, Florida.
 * Turkey Creek Sanctuary is a county wildlife reserve and nature trail system located along the shores of Turkey Creek. A tributary of the Indian River, in Palm Bay Florida.
 * Turkey Creek (Indian River) is a tributary of the Indian River in Palm Bay Florida.
 * St. Sebastian River
 * Hobe Sound is the portion of the lagoon from St. Lucie Inlet to Jupiter Inlet.

For water quality measurement, the non-profit Marine Resources Council has divided the lagoon into 4 major divisions, with a total of ten subdivisions:

Natural history
The Indian River Lagoon is North America's most diverse estuary, with more than 2100 species of plants and 2200 animals. The diversity is the result of being located near a climate boundary, 5 mi from the Gulf Stream. Migratory ocean fish swimming nearby, were swept into the lagoon.

Fauna
The lagoon contains 35 species listed as threatened or endangered — more than any other estuary in North America. The lagoon has about 2,500 types of animals in it. It serves as a spawning and nursery ground for different species of oceanic and lagoon fish and shellfish. The lagoon also has one of the most diverse bird populations anywhere in America.

Nearly 1/3 of the nation's manatee population lives here or migrates through the Lagoon seasonally. There was a mass death of manatees in 2021 due to the loss of seagrass, caused by leaks from septic systems and overuse of fertilizers.

Nine-banded armadillos comprise one of the 34 mammals in the area. It is a 1920s immigrant from the Southwestern United States. In 2016 a Right whale with her calf entered the lagoon by mistake and safely exited to the ocean.

Between 200 and 800 Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) also live in the Indian River Lagoon.

Red Drum, Spotted seatrout, Common snook, and the Tarpon are the main gamefish in the Titusville area of the lagoon system.

Avians include the American kestrel, Reddish egret and spoonbills.

Butterflies include the Polydamas swallowtail.

Indian River Lagoon is abundant with bioluminescent dinoflagellates in the summer and ctenophore (comb jellies) in the winter.

Flora
Seagrass is a critical component to the overall health of the lagoon. By 1990, it had surpassed levels reached in 1943. The lagoon also contains night-blooming cereus.

95% of the seagrass, the main diet of manatees, disappeared by 2017 after an algae bloom fuel by fertilizers.

Lagoon modifications
In 1916, the St. Lucie Canal (C-44) diverts excess nutrient-rich water from Lake Okeechobee into the South Lagoon. While this helps prevent life-threatening flooding in the Okeechobee area, it creates toxic blooms after entering the Lagoon, a threat to flora, fauna, and humans. This situation is proving difficult to address in the 21st century.

From 1913 to 2013, activity by humans has increased the watershed for the lagoon from 572000 acres to 1400000 acres increasing runoff of freshwater and nutrients from farms. Both have been detrimental to lagoon health. The wetlands are needed to cleanse the lagoon. About 40000 acres of land were lost to mosquito control and have been restored, but by 2013, recovery was incomplete.

Mangroves are important to marine life. Between the 1940s and 2013, 85% of them had been removed for housing development.

In 1990, the Florida Legislature passed the Indian River Lagoon Act, requiring most sewer plants to stop discharging into the lagoon by 1996. Some sports fish rebounded in population in the 1990s when gill nets were banned and pollution in the lagoon was reduced. In 1995 the seagrass covered over 100000 acre.

The 1993–1996 data base used to track the movement of water through the St. Lucie Estuary and into Indian River Lagoon is described in Smith (2007). This includes daily mean discharge rates for the 16 gauged canals emptying into the St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon, predicted shelf tides, and wind speeds and directions recorded along the west side of the lagoon at about 27°32'N (corresponding to Segment 11 of the model).

In 2007, concerns were raised about the future of the lagoon system, especially in the southern half where frequent freshwater discharges seriously threatened water quality, decreasing the salinity needed by many fish species, and have contributed to large algae blooms promoted by water saturated with plant fertilizers. In the mid 1990s, the lagoon has been the subject of research on light penetration for photosynthesis in submerged aquatic vegetation.

In 2010, 3300000 lb of nitrogen and 475000 lb of phosphorus entered the lagoon.

In 2011, a superbloom of phytoplankton resulted in the loss of 32000 acres of lagoon seagrass. In 2012, a brown tide bloom fouled the northern lagoon. The county has approval for funds to investigate these unusual blooms to see if they can be prevented.

Catches of blue crabs dropped unevenly from 4265063 lb in 1987 to 389,795 lb in 2012, but with high catches in 1998, 1991, alternating with low catch years. These crabs require 2% salt content in the water to survive. A drought increases the salt content and heavy rainfall decreases it. Both of these conditions have recurred over the past decades and are believed to have had an adverse effect on the crab population.

In 2013, algae blooms and loss of sea grass destroyed all gains. In 2013, four major problems with lagoon water quality were identified. 1) Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from runoff from the application of fertilizer; 2) an estimated 8 to 11% septic tank failures of tens of thousands of septic tanks in the county. 3) Muck from construction, farming, erosion and dead plants find their way to the bottom of the lagoon, preventing growth and consuming vital oxygen essential to marine flora and fauna; 4) Invasive species, including the Asian green mussel, South American charru mussel, and the Australian spotted jellyfish, eat clams and fish larvae.

In 2016, there were an estimated 300,000 septic tanks in the five-county area bordering the Lagoon. At one time, sewer plants were worse polluters. In 1986, there were 46 sewer plants along the 156 mi lagoon. They discharged about 55000000 gal daily into the estuary. The state ended most sewer plant pollution by 1995.

The worst fish kill to date occurred in March 2016, with 30 species impacted. A brown tide bloom, caused by the algae species Aureoumbra lagunensis, was blamed for the low oxygen levels. The algae growth originated in the no-motor zone of the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge.

In 2018, lagoon health is better near ocean inlets. Pollution is worse in areas near no inlets, such as the Mosquito Lagoon, North IRL, and the Banana River.

Economy
According to the Florida Oceanographic Society, nearly 1 million people live and work in the Indian River Lagoon region. The Lagoon accounts for $300 million in fisheries revenues, includes a $2.1 billion citrus industry, and generates more than $300 million in boat and marine sales annually.

In 2007, visitors spent an estimated 3.2 million person-days in recreation on the lagoon.

In 2008, Hazen and Sawyer, P.C. submitted a report titled "Indian River Lagoon Economic Assessment and Analysis Update" to the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program, St. Johns River Water Management District. The report described the estimated 2007 recreational uses and economic value of the Indian River Lagoon to residents and visitors of the five counties that comprise the Lagoon system. The sum of recreational expenditures and recreational use value was estimated at $2.1 billion.

title: Indian River Lagoon


text:
Talk:Exhaust gas/Archive 1

Comments

 * The picture of the truck is ridiculous. 1) diesels rarely blow black smoke at start-up and 2) today's diesels don't smoke at all. Disingenuous depiction of a diesel which seems to indicate an agenda. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.111.209.159 (talk) 14:49, 30 September 2011 (UTC)
 * "in regards to the transport truck emitting all the fumes, does it really matter what country its from? im removing the label stating the truck is from the united states because its not relevant." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.210.29.97 (talk) 20:22, 20 December 2009 (UTC)
 * "Diesel exhaust has a characteristic smell." Don't all types of fuels have "characteristic smells"?  :-)
 * "relatively harmless carbon dioxide" -- by calling CO2 emissions "relatively harmless", are we making a (non-NPOV) claim about the (in)significance of greenhouse gasses and global warming? 05:46, 1 December 2005 User:71.117.4.58
 * Can anyone tell me why car exhausts smell different in the US compared to here in Australia?Myrtone (the strict Australian wikipedian) 13:46, 29 March 2006 User:Myrtone86
 * Don't you think saying that Carbon Dioxide is "relatively harmless" is a totally stupid idea, it is clearly a harmless gas given the state of the atmosphere 14:13, 4 April 2007 User:82.32.59.53
 * the statement in parentheses "(although carbon dioxide is generally recognized as a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming)." is incomplete and a disservice to accuracy. Water vapor is mentioned with CO2 as almost equal components of exhaust but its property as the most powerful greenhouse gas is not, which is very misleading.  Suggest something like "(although water vapor, the most powerful greenhouse gas, and carbon dioxide are generally recognized as contributing to global warming)."  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.145.19.4 (talk) 16:51, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

Article move
do not move Anthony Appleyard (talk) 21:47, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I moved the article to exhaust plume. I agree that most of the article is currently about exhaust chemistry, nevertheless, the concept of exhaust plume comfortably encompasses chemistry, and the article has plenty of scope for including the shape and other behaviours.
 * I'm therefore proposing to move it back to exhaust plume again, unless anyone can come up with a good argument.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 14:23, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Exhaust gas → Exhaust plume — This article was at Exhaust gas for a long time, and someone moved it to Exhaust plume, and I moved Exhaust plume back to Exhaust gas because most of the text is about the gas, not the plume shape. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:20, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I have listed this move as "to be discussed" in Requested moves. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:20, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Most people call it "exhaust gas" or "exhaust fumes", or other names for chimney smoke etc. Google hits are: exhaust gas c.1,550,000; exhaust gases c.599,000; exhaust gasses c.681,000; exhaust fumes c.345,000; exhaust plume c.35,800; exhaust plumes c.19,100. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:29, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment. I am not an expert in this subject, and I could be persuaded. However, it seems to me that there is a qualitative difference between plume and gas. Exhaust gas is more general, and could be found anywhere. By contrast, a plume is gas concentrated in a particular area, such as a smoke plume rising from a power plant, or the contrail of a jet. It appears to me that this article is more concerned with gas in general than gas in a plume. •••Life of Riley (T–C) 20:44, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * No, the exhaust gas is just the gas, the plume includes the gas, the chemistry of the gas, the thermodynamics of the gas, interactions between the gas and the surrounding ambient gas, the shape of the exhaust that forms and any other interactions at all in every possible way, including, potentially, interactions with external objects, including but not limited to weather systems, flora, fauna.- (User) Wolfkeeper (Talk) 21:22, 7 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The plume is merely the shape that the gas sometimes assumes as it gradually disperses downwind. It is the gas that interacts as stated. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:25, 8 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Comment shouldn't flue gas be merged here? 76.66.193.90 (talk) 05:49, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Oppose the proponent of the move confirms that the current title describes the current article. It seems the proponent wants to use "plume" in a highly technical sense in order to justify a future expansion of the article content in some unspecified way. To the general reader "exhaust plume" would imply some visible, feather-shaped phenomenon and would be confusing. As the current article discusses particulates in exhaust as well as the gas, perhaps a more appropriate generalisation would be something like Exhaust emissions, or if that was seen as tautological, Exhaust (emission). As a suggestion, perhaps if Wolfkeeper starts a discussion about the plans he seems to imply he has for the page, then a consensus for the page's name may grow naturally out of that. --Rogerb67 (talk) 14:19, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Currently page Exhaust is a disambig of 18 choices. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 17:02, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Steam engines

 * Quote: "In steam engine terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work". What about coal smoke? Biscuittin (talk) 16:21, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * It is called smoke, or flue gas. Steam engine exhaust means spent steam. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 16:52, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Smoke or flue gas is what the article is about. If you want to stick with the definition "Steam engine exhaust means spent steam" then I think steam engines should be excluded from the article. Biscuittin (talk) 19:06, 18 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Quote: "Exhaust gas or flue gas" ... Shouldn't this be "fuel gas" ... ? 213.190.107.34 (talk) 21:49, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It is not a mistype. A flue is a sort of chimney. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:52, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Neutrality
I added the POV template because the article appears to have been created and constrained to restrict the scope to pursue a particular POV. Particularly: -- de Facto (talk). 22:16, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) The word 'Car' in the title excludes other, possibly more polluting forms of motor vehicle such as trucks and buses.
 * 2) The lead constrains the article to 'tail pipe emissions' which excludes emissions, possibly more significant and harmful, of vehicles which use off-board, but also polluting systems to supply their energy.
 * 3) The lead constrains the article to 'gasoline' engined cars which excludes the more CO2 efficient diesel engined cars which are common in Europe.
 * 4) The 'pollutants' are listed with their potential ill-effects without indicating the actual risks of the levels emitted.

 * >The word 'Car' in the title excludes other, possibly more polluting forms of motor vehicle such as trucks and buses.

Feel free to create a more generalized article called vehicle pollution.
 * >The lead constrains the article to 'tail pipe emissions' which excludes emissions, possibly more significant and harmful, of vehicles which use off-board, but also polluting systems to supply their energy.

Articles need to have scope. With out scope they get very messy and long. For example should oil spill pollution be added because cars need oil? Should pollution caused by transmission of the fuel to the gas station be part of the article? I feel the article has good scope. It doesn't preclude more generalized articles from being created. On second thought perhaps the scope issue isn't so important on this short article so go ahead and add other forms of pollution and the lead can be changed accordingly.
 * >The lead constrains the article to 'gasoline' engined cars which excludes the more CO2 efficient diesel engined cars which are common in Europe.

You can create a more generalized article if you want and rename this one appropriately. Perhaps rename this article to gasoline car pollution. Alternatively add diesel to this article. Already has a small reference to it. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 22:53, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * >The 'pollutants' are listed with their potential ill-effects without indicating the actual risks of the levels emitted.

Its not POV, it is interesting data and if someone has it, it would be good to add to the article. This article in the external links trys to bring scope to the ill-effects of them. Feel free to try to incorporate the data into the article. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 22:53, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Factual accuracy
I added the 'out of date' template because the article does not give the dates for which the presented data applies. Looking at the source of the 'Passenger Cars Emissions' table the data dates back to 2000 - it is 10 years out of date. With current environmental pressures and technology advances the automotive industry has made huge improvements to their emissions over the last 10 years which have not been taken into account. -- de Facto (talk). 22:23, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reference for that statement? Otherwise it is just opinion, without fact.  Feel free to add dates to the article. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 22:39, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Globalize
I added the 'Globalize' tag to this article because most of the data presented is very specific to the United States and that fact isn't made explicitly clear in the text. -- de Facto (talk). 22:26, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and make it explicitly clear or add more global data. The data fetched was what came up first in google search or was copied from other wikipedia articles.  Daniel.Cardenas (talk)

 * Personally I don't see the justification for the globalise tag - the pollution from cars is the same everywhere, indeed the world pretty much uses the cars from the same factories. Could you be more specific about what you want to see changed before the tag is removed? Possibly if the reference format was cleaned up and provided the 'publisher' or 'work' information. Would that be sufficient for you? PeterEastern (talk) 21:29, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The data cited is mostly old U.S. EPA data for the U.S. U.S. cars mix (diesel/gasoline) is not typical, U.S. climate is not typical, U.S. fuel consumption is not typical, U.S. car use and transport mix is not typical.  I've just added some recent European data for CO2. -- de Facto (talk). 21:46, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the new EU references. Possibly you will be able to add sufficient international references until you are content to remove the tag? Personally I think it would be fine to remove the tag now but more references from elsewhere and more recent ones would be a bonus. PeterEastern (talk) 21:55, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Redirected to Air pollution
I have redirected it to Air pollution to solve a lot of problems with this article. As well as the issues mentioned above the name of the article is unsuitable. There is no specific "car pollution" - it is really a "fossil fuel powered vehicle pollution". -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 06:35, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Renamed to Car tail pipe emissions. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 14:46, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Adding related info
Because an article has car in the title does not preclude close related info from being added. Especially if that is the way references have listed relevant information for car. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 00:28, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The added information didn't specify what proportion of the pollution and smog was attributable to cars as opposed to the other forms of transport mentioned, and it didn't take account of the proportion attributable to other non-road transport contributors. For those reasons, its inclusion here likely adds undue weight to the significance of the actual contribution from cars and without reference to the other (bigger) sources it also adds undue weight to the contribution of motor vehicles in general.  Your argument would equally justify the inclusion of coal-fired power generation plants in the lead if you could find a reference mentioning them in the same sentence as cars.  Cars is a subset of motor vehicles not a super-set, and motor vehicles is a sub-set of polluters.  The inclusion of that statement in the lead gives an unbalanced view of the size of the contribution made by cars alone, and so is unacceptable.  You need to find a reference which singles-out the actual significance of the contribution from cars. -- de Facto (talk). 09:28, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * No, it has been highly publicized here in the U.S. much of the air pollution comes from the millions of cars. Studies have been done, but you find them unacceptable because they are old. There is a reason that cars are listed first as major produces of smog in the references.   Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 12:49, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Here is a reference saying cars then coal plants are the largest contributors of ozone, if you want to incorporate it into the article: http://blog.al.com/breaking/2010/01/new_ozone_standards_put_cars_t.html . And there are references indicating the major component of smog is ozone. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 13:10, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Article title
It seems that the title of this article is being changed each time POV balancing content is added; to deliberately put that new content outside of the scope of the title. First it was titled Car pollution. Then it was changed to Car tail pipe emissions following the inclusion of content referring to forms of pollution other than air pollution. Now its title has been changed again, this time to Car tail pipe pollution, following the inclusion of non-pollutant emissions. Where are we going with this? What is the agenda for this article? -- de Facto (talk). 07:16, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Motivation for this article is to discuss car tail pipe pollution. Original title: Car pollution was too vague.  I thought Car tail pipe emissions was a good title to discuss typically regulated emissions, but unrelated info was added, thus the change to pollution.  There is much debate about electric cars and hybrid cars and this article serves as data for that debate.   Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 12:51, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

In a 2006 publication, the Federal Highway Administration state that in 2002 about 1 per-cent
Where does it say that in the reference? I don't see it.

Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 15:26, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Have you read it all? It's on the "Emissions Trends" page.  Can you find a PDF link for the whole document - it would be easier to reference? -- de Facto (talk). 16:55, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks, restored the text and made the reference point to page ten. I could not find the PDF version.  Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 18:14, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Beijing image
Was the presence of the Beijing image meant to imply a connection between car tail pipe emissions and the apparent smog? Beijing may well be known for its smog, but what evidence is there that cars (as opposed to other types of road vehicles or non-motor vehicle sources) are responsible in any way for it? This WRI article suggests that the evidence shows that cars are unlikely to be responsible for Beijing's smog. -- de Facto (talk). 21:44, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I see that before I'd finished writing the above comments that the image has already been reinstated, with the edit comment "car exhaust is a major contributor to smog". Then a subsequent edit adds references giving general speculation about smog.  Where is the reference that supports the assertion that cars have a major role in causing Beijing's smog - I don't see it? -- de Facto (talk). 21:54, 14 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The image is about smog, it doesn't matter the location. The second sentence in the article gives the connection between smog and cars emissions. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 23:32, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Rename to cover content
As the data isn't readily available for cars only, and as the article currently covers more than just cars anyway, I've renamed it to Motor vehicle tail pipe pollution. -- de Facto (talk). 18:53, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The passenger vehicle data is available from the EPA. I was in the process of collecting that data, but will put it on hold for now. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 20:00, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Is it there for trucks and buses too? If it is, then include it, as the comparisons will be valuable; or at least put it here so that we can consider it. -- de Facto (talk). 21:36, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The database is provided in mySQL format, so it is not easy to extract. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2008inventory.html#inventorydata   Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 23:05, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Solvents in text
This article is about Motor vehicle tail pipe pollution, VOC emissions by solvent use is not sufficiently notable for motor vehicle article. Emissions by motor vehicle equipment such as gas stations is sufficiently interesting. Also solvent use is shown the chart next to the text. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 18:58, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Do you want to widen the scope of the article again to cover types of motor vehicle pollution other than tail pipe emissions? You carefully removed details of other types before when I added them (when the article title was broader) - do you remember this edit of yours?  You even subsequently renamed the article from Car pollution to Car tail pipe emissions (here) to narrow the scope to exclude other types of car pollution.  Gas station emissions are not currently in scope.  The reason that the largest source of VOCs deserves a mention is beacuse the first thing that a reader is going to ask when they see that motor vehicles are the second largest source is: "what's the largest source is then?". -- de Facto (talk). 22:13, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

 * O.k. how does one keep a limited scope while widening it? Call it regulated emissions?  Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 22:37, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Why have the scope limited? Why not cover all emissions resulting from motor vehicle production, use and disposal? -- de Facto (talk). 18:36, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a good article, but not one I want to tackle. I'd like to see one that can be used for the debate of a car with emissions versus one that doesn't.  Sounds like the previous title of motor vehicle emissions is the right one.   Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 19:25, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

VOC sources
Here are the reasons for my adjustment of the VOC section details... From the FHWA report you can see that only about half of the VOCs emitted from motor vehicles come from their tail pipes. Currently this article scope is limited to tail pipe emissions, so to only about half of the VOCs emitted from motor vehicles. To imply that any more than about 15% of the total U.S. VOC emissions come from motor vehicle tail pipes is therefore misleading, and to associate VOCs emitted from elsewhere with tail pipe emissions would be disingenuous. We could widen the article's scope to include them. Any views on this? -- de Facto (talk). 22:42, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * See section above for how to expand scope. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 23:36, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

'Environmental impacts of roads' article
I created a new article Environmental impacts of roads from content within the road article and with a stub in the Highway article. It was created at the suggestion of a contributor to the Road article following a discussion of how to rationalise the two articles. Please feel free to contribute to the article which I am unlike to do much more with. PeterEastern (talk) 14:05, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

CO2 and climate change - fact or theory
When is something deemed to be 'true' in Wikipedia. Is CO2 "part of the anthropogenic contribution to the growth of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere which is believed by a majority of scientists to play a significant part in climate change" (as described by DeFacto showing a significant element of doubt on the matter) or "are an important contributor to the growth of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and therefore to global warming" (as per User:John Quiggin's edit which doesn't display any doubt) or "is a non-toxic greenhouse gas; the emissions are attributed to global warming." (as it was before John Quiggin's edit which has a different spin again)? This is not something that should have to be debated on this page and I assume that broader guidance on available - Possibly someone can point out the policy on this topic. PeterEastern (talk) 21:43, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * WP:WEIGHT is the main guideline here. In a brief mention like that we have here, we should go with the scientific consensus on global warming. If the section is expanded, it would be appropriate to mention minority views, to the extent they are relevant to the article topic, while making it clear that they are minority views. Similarly, in an expanded section, it might be worth a more detailed exposition of the toxicity issue, making it clear that CO2 is not toxic in the concentrations present in the atmosphere from natural and human sources. My other problem with the text I edited was that it had the causation the wrong way around. No one (I think) attributes emissions to global warming; rather, climate change is attributed to emissions from cars and other sources.JQ (talk) 23:18, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Undue weight...
I am watching with interest the replay of the arguments I had with DeFacto on Overspill parking where we argued (and are still arguing) over the caption for a photo. It is of course good to achieve balance, but not an the expense of loosing the core message. Whether the part of the exhaust one can see if good for one or not is beside then point and I think the article has much more meaning with the single original photo. I find myself imagining an article about someone who was poisoned by an arsenic laden sandwich having the sandwich described as being 'all natural ingredients', 'fresh local organic produce', 'nutritious' and '99.9% healthy'. The relevant fact was of course that the last 0.1% was lethal - the rest of the recipe is not notable. PeterEastern (talk) 12:35, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Perhaps a compromise is in order. Mentioning that sewage is 99% water is perhaps helpful to the reader. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 16:49, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Daniel, do most cars smoke like that for most of their journeys where you come from? Do even 50% of cars smoke like that?  If the answer to that last question is no, then by, not only adding the image back into the article, but by also putting ahead of the more representative image, you are surely giving it undue weight.  I would respectfully suggest that you re-remove it. -- de Facto (talk). 20:19, 28 April 2010 (UTC)
 * This article is about emissions, and the image illustrates emissions. An anology is the field lines shown in magnetic articles.  Do field lines exist?  No, but they are there to show what is being talked about.   Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 20:45, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Peter, what was you motivation for writing that message - was it purely to discuss ways to improve this article, or was there an ulterior motive? My point about the original photo here is that it is not representative of typical real-world examples.  It appears to have been selected, as you intimated, to present a "core message".  As we know, Wikipedia is not a soapbox and exaggeration (even in photographs) is not conducive to achieving a neutral POV balance in the article.  That exhaust gases from most cars on the road are virtually invisible is a fact, not a personal opinion, so is not subject to compromise or negotiation.  You named this section "Undue weight..."; were you thinking what I'm thinking; that that is precisely what the old image had been given - it was giving undue weight to the notion that car exhaust looks like grey-coloured smoke? -- de Facto (talk). 20:11, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

 * This is too silly for words, and reflects a pattern of POV-pushing contributions on a wide range of motoring-related articles. You would not seriously contest the fact that motor vehicle exhaust emissions present a wide range of environmental problems, but you continually edit to imply this, and similarly across many other articles. You are just disrupting the project, and will get nowhere.JQ (talk) 10:08, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I note the further edits to images and order of images. Can I suggest that some "core message" issues are going to need to be resolved before this article settles. My experience with the caption of a photo on overspill parking is that people could spend a huge amount of time of this subject without getting anywhere. Personally I would recommend that anyone who is unhappy with the article shoves a 'neutrality' tag on it and then uses their time more productively on other articles until the underlying issues are unpicked. PeterEastern (talk) 11:06, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Lead photo
The first image shows a picture of steam—not smoke—being emitted from a tailpipe. It is very obviously steam, and not only does the creator of the image agree (see File:Exhaust.jpg) but asking for a citation on that point is akin to disingenuously obdurate behaviour of the type that does not improve articles. One might as well demand a citation for each of the vague, sloppily written, and technically incorrect words in the previous caption; it read Appearance of car exhaust on a poorly maintained or cold-running car.. A car might emit smoke from the tailpipe. It would be black smoke if the engine were running too rich, blue smoke if the engine were burning oil, grey smoke if the engine were burning transmission fluid (as could happen on some past models if the transmission's vacuum modulator were to rupture). White smoke is also possible, if a cylinder head has cracked or a cylinder head gasket has failed and the engine is burning coolant. reliable citations are available for all of this if you insist. Smoke and steam have characteristic appearances that differ from each other substantially enough to be easily differentiable by casual observation. Because smoke is made of particulates, it has a much wider, more gradual dispersion pattern; steam is made of water droplets and so vanishes much closer to its source—this makes the edges of the steam plume much more clearly defined than the edges of a smoke plume. You may demonstrate this to yourself in any of numerous ways; boil a pot of water on one stove burner and burn some cooking oil in another pot on the adjacent burner, or introduce some oil to the intake tract of a running vehicle and observe the smoke plume from the tailpipe and compare that to the steam plume of the same car emitting steam.

Back to the lead photo: there is no basis for the claim that the depicted car is poorly maintained. Even if the picture showed a smoking (rather than steaming) tailpipe, there's still no basis for saying the car is poorly maintained, for it could be a very well maintained car that is simply worn out. Moreover, water is one of the main constituents of engine exhaust, and a brand-new, perfect automobile will emit steam from the tailpipe for a brief period when the exhaust system is cold, and steadily when the ambient temperature is low enough to cause condensation. We humans also emit steam when we exhale under similar conditions. It is not accurate to say the photo shows a "cold-running" engine; an engine that does not attain normal operating temperature (as for example because of a faulty coolant thermostat) will not emit more steam than an engine at normal operating temperature. The caption I've replaced this mess with is a much more accurate description of the photo, but the photo itself is a poor choice for this article.

Rather than squabbling about captions for a photo of marginal relevance to the article's subject matter, let's coöperate to find (or produce) a photo of better relevance. It's growing more difficult to find smoking cars to photograph, as emission regulations for vehicles in use have grown stricter. However, it still ought to be possible sooner or later to find and photograph such a vehicle, and then the caption will almost write itself. For now, an accurate caption on a sub-optimal photo is better than a poor caption on a sub-optimal photo. —Scheinwerfermann T·C 20:43, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
 * What makes it obviously steam? The basis for poorly maintained is obviously that poorly maintained cars emit smoke. Daniel.Cardenas (talk) 20:49, 24 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I will be glad to have this discussion with you. I started, and now it's your turn to read what I wrote and engage with the points I raised. Your one-line response amounts to "Is not! Prove it!", which is neither productive nor responsive. Moreover, it is not necessarily the case that poorly-maintained cars emit smoke. Many poorly-maintained cars do not. I will refrain from asking you for reliable support to verify your assertion that poorly-maintained cars "obviously" emit smoke, because that would be petty and not constructive. Let's not lose sight of the objective, which is to improve the article. —Scheinwerfermann T·C 20:59, 24 May 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Exhaust gas/Archive 1


text:
Terminus Est

Terminus est is a Latin phrase that can be translated roughly as "it is the end" or "it is the limit". It may refer to:

 * Terminus Est, a sword in the science fiction series The Book of the New Sun by Gene Wolfe
 * Terminus Est, a sword in the video game Castlevania: Symphony of the Night
 * Terminus Est, a sword in the online game Path of Exile
 * Terminus Est, a character in the light novel series Seirei Tsukai no Blade Dance
 * Terminus Est, the flagship of Typhus, of the Death Guard, in the Warhammer 40,000 universe
 * "Terminus Est", a song on Julia Ecklar's album Divine Intervention

title: Terminus Est


text:
Seven Samurai 20XX

Seven Samurai 20XX (20XX 七人の侍) is a PlayStation 2 game released by Sammy Studios in 2004. Its story and concept are based upon Akira Kurosawa's 1954 movie Seven Samurai. Rights for the production of the game were given by the Kurosawa production, with character designs by French artist Mœbius and the composition of the music by Ryuichi Sakamoto.

Seven Samurai 20XX is a re-telling of Seven Samurai in a futuristic setting. It takes various liberties with the original story to better suit the post setting and introduces anime and modern styled designs. The game follows seven samurai as they fight off an immense army of mutants, cyborgs and other inhuman creatures in an attempt to bring about a regime of peace for those in need. The player takes the role of Natoe, a samurai, and is sent through various locations of post-Japan to fight off hundreds of enemies with a twin-sworded fighting style known as Nitou-Ryu.

The year is 20XX and the setting is Japan. Humans and Humanoids, the latter being various mutants, cyborgs, and robots, maintain a delicate balance in a large, unnamed city (somewhat resembling a post-apocalyptic Tokyo) where the power and balance of the city is maintained by a large structure known as the Steeple of light. Its source of power is a young girl named the Child of Heaven. When the child is stolen by the humanoids in order to break the balance and initiate war, the child then goes missing from her inhuman captors and is held by several villagers to ransom the city for money. When the humanoids and various Agents of the city set out to retrieve her and her Sacred Jewel, the villagers quickly find themselves in danger and look for Samurai (known in the game as "hunters") to protect them.

Gameplay
Seven Samurai 20XX is a hack and slash video game, as the protagonist of the game is faced with the task of destroying overwhelming hordes of enemies with his swords. Like many others of its genre, it utilizes a combo system, showing the player how many uninterrupted hits they have inflicted upon their opponents.

The main point of the game is to constantly utilize the second sword which is carried in the protagonist's sheath, allowing the player to achieve a larger combo score. Skill-related battle commands such as the Nitou-Ryu mode allow the player to wield a second katana for a limited time, or increase the speed, range and power of the player's combos.

Battle maneuvers
Nitou-Ryu mode is a duration of time engaged when the player presses the L1 and R1 triggers on the PlayStation 2 controller. It permits the protagonist to use a second blade for a limited amount of time to increase attack power and range of the weapons. As the player progresses in the game, the length of the bar can be increased.

A Just Guard allows the player to deflect an enemy's attack with skillfully timed uses of the triangle button. It allows the player to avoid damage and generates a counter-attack opportunity. This move also fully refills the Nitou-Ryu timer to 100% of its capacity.

A Just Step is executed with proper timing of the X button and allows the player to avoid an enemy's attack and "step" (in-game, it looks more akin to a teleport) behind the enemy for a counter-attack. This move partially refills the Nitou-Ryu timer. A Just Attack allows Natoe to travel in the direction of one or more enemies at great speed, breaking their defense. This move also partially refills the Nitou-Ryu meter. The game also incorporates various Street Fighter-like combos and "Charge attacks" which occur when holding the square button at various combos and when dashing with the X button.

Plot
While the story is based on the film Seven Samurai, its story and plot have more in common with its animated counterpart, Samurai 7. The storyline is divided into chapters:

The game begins as a young samurai known as Natoe is passing through the town during the humanoid invasion of the city. As he passes through the ruined city, he encounters several humanoid foot soldiers, defeating them. He then encounters the Humanoid known as Zex. After seriously wounding him, he meets the fleeing villagers who inquire if he can help protect their village from future humanoid attacks. Natoe declines, and leaves the villagers, fighting more humanoids along the way.

After encountering his childhood friend Jodie, Natoe works his way through the city, finishing off the remaining humanoids from the prior invasion. He eventually meets up with Kanbei, who convinces him to help out the villagers or they will be overrun by the next invasion of Humanoids. Natoe reluctantly agrees.

However, Kanbei realizes that they need more samurai to defend the village. They venture out into various areas to recruit 5 more skilled warriors. Natoe eventually finds the thief Totsuma in the city's Scrapyard area. Natoe defeats Necryl, earning Totsuma's trust and place on the team. Kanbei now tells the team of his former war ally Rojie, and the team set out to the main part of the city to locate him.

Natoe and the others arrive in the heart of the bustling city to find the whereabouts of Rojie. Discovering his occupation as a bodyguard for a female mob leader named Salla, Natoe goes off to find him, defeating leagues of street thugs and the drug dealer Kyric in the process. He meets the friendly warrior Eight before leaving the district.

Rojie now on the team, Natoe recalls the man Eight and suggests to the others that he be enlisted to join the team. Noticing Eight descend into the City's underground sewers, Natoe follows. Much to his surprise, he encounters the humanoid White Fox and battles him on several occasions. At the end of the sewers, he meets the mysterious "Man in White" and discovers Jodie and Eight are both agents of the city. Saving Eight from the Man in White, Natoe convinces him to join the team.

Leaving the city, the encourage of Natoe, Eight and Rojie make their way to the village to rendezvous with the rest of the team. Along the way Natoe encounters a team of agents from the city, as well as the enigmatic Zwei.

Reaching the village, Kanbei and the samurai become suspicious of the villagers withdrawn behavior. Natoe decides to investigate, finding out in the process Hinata's true origins and the villagers deceitful motives. Afterwards, the team come to the conclusion that Humanoids attack on the village will be occurring soon. Natoe leaves the village in an attempt to find one last samurai to help in the ensuing battle.

Natoe arrives in the wilderness to find an angry Zex and the humanoid Fen waiting for him. Zex's massive strength causes the ground to collapse, and Natoe finds himself in an underground city called the "Town of Warriors". Here he encounters Ein, a humanoid able to defeat his opponents using magic. He saves the female humanoid Cue in the process, offering to help her find her lost memories in return for her assistance. Afterwards he finds Jodie who apologies for having deceived Natoe, she then tells him to find "the traitor" and runs off. Shortly after he is reunited with Eight who, being the traitor of the city, has had his eyes cut out. Eight returns to the village with Natoe, confident he can still fight to protect the child.

Deciding to take the offensive, the team of Natoe, Cue and Totsuma leave the village to infiltrate the humanoid Drei's Fort, where he has been constructing new humanoid experiments using captured test subjects. Natoe also discovers the immense newly upgraded "Zex Beast" creature and destroys it. However, Totsuma is caught in a trap and killed when the fortress collapses.

Returning to the village, the samurai proceed to go on the defensive and protect the city from the massive Humanoid attack. During this attack, Eight sacrifices himself by blowing up one of the entrances to the village. After the ensuing battle of thousands, Natoe works his way to a fight with Zwei, defeating her and her three warriors before she retreats.

The village safe for the time being, however, the "Man In White" informs them that the city no longer need the sacred child and that Jodie has been kidnapped by the humanoids. Natoe and Cue team up to face the last of Humanoids at a facility called the "Library of Avalon". As they walk through the Library, they encounter several horrific creatures called "Guardians", along with Cue beginning to regain her lost memories. She is eventually kidnapped by Ein however, and Natoe fights through several Humanoids, including the "Ultimate Zex" incarnation and the immortal Fen. After defeating them, Natoe finally confronts the powerful and mysterious being known as Ein, who battles Natoe in his original humanoid form, then absorbs Cue to become the powerful god-like being called Almana. Finding its only weak spot to be its angelic like wings, Natoe destroys them, then is able to attack its vulnerable body.

Now having rescued Jodie, Natoe returns to village, but is confronted by the humanoid Zwei, in her last attempt to gain the power of the sacred jewel and the child. Natoe tries to fight Zwei but on a bridge and Jodie is knocked over the edge. Natoe grabs her in an attempt to pull her up but he is stabbed in back by Zwei. He succeeds in stabbing and killing Zwei, but the bridge collapses and he and Jodie fall to their death, leaving only two samurai left. After the aftermath, Kanbei quotes the original movie pertaining to their situation: "So again we are defeated. The farmers have won. Not us."

Steeple of Light
The Steeple of Light is a tower located in the middle of the city in the game's setting. It houses various clones of the Sacred child along with the current girl herself who prays with the sacred jewel, and provides power to the surrounding city and areas. When the child and jewel are kidnapped, the tower loses its power source and sends the balance of species in to a war over her power.

Reception
Seven Samurai 20XX received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

The game was criticized for its poor pacing, lack of voice acting, and linear gameplay with a lack of sufficient depth. GameSpot complained that the combat system was too direct, only requiring the player to use the square button to defeat enemies and that the combo system was unnecessary for progression. Other websites such as GamePro complained about the game being average merely due to the lineage it had to live up to due to its predecessor, Seven Samurai, and did not live up to expectations for such a legendary film.

title: Seven Samurai 20XX


text:
Talk:Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt

Sourcing for 2005 initial stub
The CADTM states, e.g. on the page http://www.cadtm.org/article.php3?id_article=1448 that its licence is:
 * COPYLEFT - Articles of CADTM may be reproduced and distributed freely provided the author and the source are mentioned.

So to comply with this: The source of the first version of the wikipedia CADTM article is the CADTM's web page as of today. IMHO the licence allows conversion of a copy into GFDL - it's really more like public domain than copyleft, and in any case, converting to GFDL is certainly not against any typical defiition of copyleft. Boud 18:17, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * (section header added) Boud (talk) 17:09, 5 March 2019 (UTC)


text: File:The Color of Water cover.jpg

title: File:The Color of Water cover.jpg


text:
User:Todayisgod

an affirmation that delineates a unique perspective of the divine within the context of present oriented time and space

title: User:Todayisgod


text:
Yvette Clarke

Yvette Diane Clarke (born November 21, 1964) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for New York's 9th congressional district since 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, she first entered Congress in 2007, representing New York's 11th congressional district until redistricting. Clarke represented the 40th district in Brooklyn on the New York City Council from 2002 to 2006.

Early life and education
Clarke was born in Flatbush, Brooklyn, on November 21, 1964, to Lesley Clarke and former city councilwoman Una Clarke, both immigrants from Jamaica. She graduated from Edward R. Murrow High School and earned a scholarship to enroll at Oberlin College in Ohio, which she attended from 1982 to 1986. While studying at Oberlin, she spent a summer interning in the Washington, D.C. office of Representative Major Owens, where she told Roll Call that she worked on legislative issues involving Caribbean-American trade.

In August 2006, Crain's New York Business and the Daily News reported that Clarke's Oberlin transcripts indicated that she had not graduated, contrary to what her campaign literature claimed. Clarke initially said she thought she had earned sufficient credits to graduate from Oberlin, then later said she had completed her degree by attending courses at Medgar Evers College. In 2011, Clarke suggested that she planned to finish her degree at Oberlin by completing independent academic projects.

Early career
Before entering politics, Clarke worked as a childcare specialist and trained community residents to care for the children of working parents. Later, she served as an assistant to State Senator Velmanette Montgomery of Brooklyn and Assemblywoman Barbara Clark, of Queens. Clarke also worked as director of business development for the Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation and was the second director of the Bronx portion of the New York City Empowerment Zone.

New York City Council
Clarke was elected to the 40th district of the New York City Council in 2001. She succeeded her mother, former City Council member Una S. T. Clarke, who held the seat for more than a decade, making theirs the first mother-to-daughter succession in city council.

She cosponsored City Council resolutions that opposed the war in Iraq, criticized the federal USA PATRIOT Act, and called for a national moratorium on the death penalty. She was a frequent critic of the Bush administration's policies, and opposed budget cuts by Bush and Congress on several programs addressing women's rights and poverty. She later voted against extending provisions of the Patriot Act after the election of President Barack Obama.
 * Committee on Contracts (chair)
 * Committee on Education
 * Committee on Fire & Criminal Justice Services
 * Committee on Health
 * Committee on Land Use
 * Committee on Planning, Dispositions & Concessions
 * Committee on Rules, Privileges & Elections

District
Clarke's district, redrawn from the 11th in 2013, includes Sheepshead Bay, Gerritsen Beach, Brownsville, Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Kensington, Midwood, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens and Park Slope.

Tenure
In April 2007, Clarke was the sole member of Congress to oppose a bill to rename the Ellis Island Library after British-born Bob Hope, saying in a statement, "Bob Hope is a great American and a fantastic human being, [but] I see the museum and all aspects of the island to be greater than any one human being."

On September 29, 2008, Clarke voted in support of HR 3997, the Emergency Economic Stability Act of 2008. The act failed, 205–228. She wrote legislation to improve the process of removing the names of individuals who believe they were wrongly identified as a threat when screened against the No Fly List used by the Transportation Security Administration, which passed 413–3 on February 3, 2009. In November 2009 she was one of 54 members of Congress to sign on to a controversial letter to President Obama, urging him to use diplomatic pressure to resolve the blockade affecting Gaza. On March 25, 2010, she introduced the International Cybercrime Reporting and Cooperation Act – H.R.4962.

Clarke supported the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument Preservation Act (H.R. 1501; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the Secretary of the Interior to study the suitability and feasibility of designating the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument in Fort Greene Park in Brooklyn as a unit of the National Park System (NPS). Clarke argued the bill was a good idea because "this monument commemorates not only the sacrifices of soldiers in the Revolutionary War who dedicated themselves to the cause of liberty, but a reminder that even in wartime we must protect basic human rights. These thousands of deaths were an atrocity that should never occur again."

On September 17, 2013, Clarke introduced the Homeland Security Cybersecurity Boots-on-the-Ground Act (H.R. 3107; 113th Congress), a bill that would require the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to undertake several actions designed to improve the readiness and capacity of DHS's cybersecurity workforce. DHS would also be required to create a strategy for recruiting and training additional cybersecurity employees.

Committee assignments

 * Committee on Energy and Commerce (Vice Chair)
 * Subcommittee on Communications and Technology
 * Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade
 * Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations
 * Committee on Small Business
 * Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax and Capital Access
 * Subcommittee on Contracting and Workforce
 * United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Cybersecurity, Infrastructure Protection and Innovation(Chair)

Caucus memberships

 * Congressional Black Caucus, First Vice Chair
 * Congressional Caribbean Caucus, Chair
 * Congressional Caucus on Multicultural Media, Chair
 * Congressional Caucus on Black Women and Girls, Co-chair
 * Congressional Caucus on Black Men and Boys, Co-chair
 * Congressional Progressive Caucus.
 * Congressional Arts Caucus
 * Medicare for All Caucus

Israel
Clarke has said she supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Some of her stances have subjected her to public criticism by constituents in her district, which is roughly 20% Jewish according to 2010 Census estimates. In 2010, Clarke signed two petitions urging Obama to pressure Israel to resolve the Gaza Blockade, which she later retracted. In 2009, she voted against H.R. 867, which sought to condemn the controversial Goldstone Report commissioned by the United Nations. In 2015 Clarke indicated she would vote for the JCPOA, known as the Iran nuclear deal, despite appeals from some of her Jewish constituents and local advocacy groups to vote against it. Explaining her decision, Clarke said in a statement, "Iran is on the verge of creating a nuclear bomb, right now. The JCPOA provides a pathway that holds great potential to forever change this reality." In 2015, Clarke attended Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu's speech before a joint session of Congress after initially expressing uncertainty. She voted to provide Israel with support following 2023 Hamas attack on Israel.

Abortion
Clarke has stated that she is pro-choice. She has earned high ratings from interest groups such as NARAL Pro-Choice America and Planned Parenthood for her votes against legislation to place restrictions on abortion rights, including the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act of 2011, which would have prohibited federal funds from being used to cover abortions. Her ratings with anti-abortion organizations such as the National Right to Life Committee have been correspondingly low.

Budget, spending and tax issues
Clarke has consistently opposed legislation to reduce government spending and cut taxes, including voting against the Job Protection and Recession Prevention Act of 2012, which sought to extend tax cuts established during George W. Bush's administration through the end of 2013. Clarke received a 92% rating from the National Journal for being liberal on economic policy in 2011, while she received a 15% rating from the National Taxpayers Union for her positions on tax and spending in 2011, and a 2% rating from the Citizens Against Government Waste in 2010.

Clarke was among the 46 House Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.

Environmental policy
Clarke has supported efforts to combat climate change and limit fossil fuel consumption. She has generally opposed legislation that gives priority to economic over conservation interests, such as the Stop the War on Coal Act of 2012 and the Conservation and Economic Growth Act of 2012. She has supported legislation that increases conservation efforts and regulation of the energy industry, such as the Offshore Drilling Regulations and Other Energy Law Amendments Act of 2010. In 2011 Clarke received 100% ratings from Environment America, the League of Conservation Voters, and the Sierra Club, the latter on her clean water positions, while she received a 14% rating over the period 2008–2011 from the Global Exchange for her loyalty to the finance, insurance, and real estate lobbies. She was strongly critical of the Trump administration's decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement.

Immigration
Clarke has called for immigration reform that would create a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants living in the United States and direct resources away from enforcement. In 2010, she voted for the DREAM Act, which passed the House but was blocked in the Senate. Clarke has voted against legislative proposals to constrain immigration. She praised the Obama administration's DACA program and condemned the Trump administration's termination of the program, calling it "cruel and vindictive". She has also called for extending the Temporary Protected Status granted to Haitian immigrants seeking refuge after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, and for the abolition of ICE.

Syria
In 2023, Clarke was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days.

Technology
On April 10, 2019, Clarke and Senators Ron Wyden and Cory Booker introduced the Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019, legislation granting additional powers to the Federal Trade Commission in addition to forcing companies to study whether race, gender or other biases influence their technology.

On January 11, 2022, Clarke and Representative Ritchie Torres sent a letter to Jen Easterly, the director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), requesting more information on efforts to reduce security risks to federal networks through the adoption of multi-factor authentication requirements. The letter argues that broad adoption of multi-factor-authentication is essential to protect the security of federal networks and systems.

In the media
On the Colbert Report, in its "Better Know a District" segment in early September 2012, when Stephen Colbert asked Clarke what she would have changed in 1898, the year Brooklyn merged with New York City, if she could go back in time, Clarke answered the abolition of slavery. Colbert replied, "Slavery...Really? I didn't realize there was slavery in Brooklyn in 1898". (Slavery was abolished in New York State in 1827. ) Clarke responded, "I'm pretty sure there was", saying the Dutch owned slaves in New York in 1898. The next day, Clarke was unavailable for comment, and her media representative stated the statements were meant in jest.

2016 presidential election
Clarke endorsed Hillary Clinton for president in 2016 and cast a vote for her as a superdelegate at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. During the 2016 campaign, Clarke appeared with Clinton at an event at Medgar Evers College.

Political campaigns
In 2004, Clarke, then a member of the New York City Council, made her first run for Congress for the 11th district against incumbent Major Owens, for whom she had interned in college. Clarke's run followed an unsuccessful bid by her mother in 2000 against Owens for the same seat. Clarke lost the 2004 Democratic primary to Owens, who won 45.4% of the vote to her 28.9% in a multi-candidate race. After the 2004 election, Owens declined to seek reelection, after which Clarke announced her intention to run again in 2006. Owens later called Clarke and her mother's successive political campaigns against him "[a] stab in the back".

2006
In May 2006, another Caribbean-American candidate, Assemblyman N. Nick Perry, withdrew from the race to succeed Owens, leading some observers to contend that Clarke's chances for winning the race would improve now that another candidate from the same community was no longer competing.

Election results
On September 12, 2006, Clarke won the Democratic nomination with a plurality, 31.20%, of the vote in a four-person primary, defeating then-councilman David Yassky, State Senator Carl Andrews, and Major Owens's son, Christopher Owens. In the November 7 general election, Clarke was elected to the House of Representatives with 89% of the vote against Republican nominee Stephen Finger.

2008
Clarke was reelected on November 4 by a large margin.

2010
Clarke was reelected on November 2 by a large margin.

2012
Clarke was challenged in the Democratic primary by Sylvia Kinard, an attorney and ex-wife of former New York City Comptroller and mayoral candidate Bill Thompson. Clarke defeated Kinard with 88.3% of the vote. She had $50,000 in her campaign account before the June primary. In the November general election, Clarke defeated Republican nominee Daniel Cavanagh.

2014
Clarke was reelected with 89.5% of the vote, defeating Cavanagh again.

2016
Clarke ran unopposed in the primary and defeated Alan Bellone in the November general election with 92.4% of the vote.

2018
On June 26, Clarke narrowly defeated primary challenger Adem Bunkeddeko with 51.9% of the vote. She defeated Republican nominee Lutchi Gayot in the November 6 general election.

2020
Clarke faced a four-way Democratic primary against Adem Bunkeddeko, Chaim Deutsch, and former army veteran and Democratic Socialists of America member Isiah James.

title: Yvette Clarke


text:
Eminox

Eminox Limited is an English firm which designs and manufactures high performance stainless steel exhaust and emission control systems for bus, truck, rail and off-highway vehicles. The company was started in 1978, and is based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England.

The name 'Eminox' is derived from the initials of two founders, Norman Emerson and David Milles, and 'Inox' which refers to "stainless steel".

Products
Eminox's exhaust products include the following:
 * Diesel Particulate Filter Systems
 * Fuel Borne Catalyst System
 * Diesel Oxidation Catalyst Systems
 * Spark Arrestors
 * Stainless Steel Stacks
 * Electronic Monitoring Systems
 * Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems

History
Eminox was formed on 28 January 1978 in Lincoln, and consisted of David Milles, Norman Emerson and William Murphy. An early order for a redesigned bus exhaust system for the local bus company led to orders from other national bus companies. The aim of the company was to produce an exhaust system that would last for the lifetime of the vehicle, but that would also meet the requirements of the chassis/body configuration as well as the operating conditions.

In early 1979, Nocorrode, a local company that manufactured replacement stainless steel exhaust systems for cars and fire engines, went into receivership. Eminox purchased the company from the receiver, thus tripling its workforce from 5 to 15. With the purchase came Nocorrode's premises in Tillbridge lane, which became the new home for Eminox.

In 1985, the company opened its first standalone fitting facility for vertical exhausts systems, or 'stacks' as they became known. In 1989, Eminox also opened a new fitting facility in Stoke-on-Trent.

In 1987, the Tillbridge Lane site was at capacity, so an alternative site was identified in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Initially the new premises had no offices, but within 3 years a 4,000sq ft purpose-built office complex was completed.

In 1990, Eminox started producing exhaust systems for diesel multiple units for the rail industry. At this time, Eminox also developed a new aluminium mounting system for vertical stacks - the distinctive visual appeal of these units has since become synonymous with Eminox.

In 1990, Eminox established a relationship with Erland Nilson AB which provided access to the Swedish bus market, and in 1992 Eminox began to expand into the Dutch market. In 2005, Eminox branches were opened in Paris, France and Gothenburg, Sweden.

By 1994, Eminox was becoming increasingly aware of the growing environmental pressure to clean up diesel exhaust systems; in conjunction with Johnson Matthey, a leading chemical and catalyst technology company - Eminox developed the CRT (Diesel Particulate Filter) system which could filter out 90% of particulate matter.

In 2002, Eminox was awarded accreditation to TS 16949, the global automotive quality standard, which was derived from ISO 9001:2000

Currently, Eminox employs in the region of 250 staff in Gainsborough, and elsewhere in the UK.

title: Eminox


text:
Canal 13

Canal 13 (Spanish for Channel 13) may refer to:

 * Canal 13 (Argentina), television network from Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * Canal 13 (Chile), television network from Santiago, Chile
 * Canal 13 (Colombia), television network from Colombia
 * Canal 13 (Costa Rica), a public television station in Costa Rica
 * Canal 13 (Guatemala), television network from Guatemala owned by Remigio Ángel González
 * Canal 13 (Mexico), a regional television network in parts of Mexico
 * Canal 13 (Paraguay), television network that aired the OTI Festival singing competition in Paraguay
 * WORO-DT, a television station in Puerto Rico

title: Canal 13


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Aharon Dolgopolsky

Aharon Dolgopolsky, also spelled Aron (אהרון דולגופולסקי, Арон Борисович Долгопольский; 18 November 1930 – 20 July 2012 ) was a Russian-Israeli linguist who is known as one of the modern founders of comparative Nostratic linguistics.

Biography
Born in Moscow, he arrived at the long-forgotten Nostratic hypothesis in the 1960s, at around the same time but independently of Vladislav Illich-Svitych. Together with Illich-Svitych, he was the first to undertake a multilateral comparison of the supposed daughter languages of Nostratic. Teaching Nostratics at Moscow University for 8 years, Dolgopolsky moved to Israel in 1976, and taught at the University of Haifa.

Dolgopolsky was featured in the NOVA documentary, In search of the first language.

He died on 20 July 2012 in Haifa.

title: Aharon Dolgopolsky


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User talk:Pictureadder

Image copyright tags
Thanks for uploading your pictures. I notice they currently don't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Ashibaka (tock) 18:19, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Fendielyse.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Fendielyse.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag, so its copyright status is therefore unclear. Please add a tag to let us know its copyright status. (If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use  .)  If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know on the image description page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Otherwise, see Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use. Thanks so much. --Eclipsed 15:14, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

File:Elyse2.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Elyse2.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 19:13, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pictureadder


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1976 in country music

This is a list of notable events in country music that took place in the year 1976.

Events

 * January 3 — Austin City Limits debuts as a regular series on PBS. For many years, the show is taped at the University of Texas at Austin. Although not exclusively country — styles would range from western swing, Texas blues, Tejano music, progressive country, rock n' roll, jazz, alternative country, alternative rock, folk music and jam band — the show is widely hailed as a showcase of music of diverse styles and would be heavily influential in many country music artists' styles.

No dates

 * The CB radio craze was sweeping country music, as no less than three No. 1 songs are about citizens-band radios. C. W. McCall's "Convoy" — about a band of truck drivers who fight back against redneck police officers — spends four of its six weeks at No. 1 in January, and goes on to be Billboard's No. 1 country song of 1976. Other top songs where CB radios were central to the plot were:
 * "The White Knight" by Cledus Maggard & The Citizen's Band, about a lead-footed truck driver who is led into a speed trap by a corrupt state trooper.
 * "Teddy Bear" by Red Sovine, a sentimental recitation about a fatherless, physically handicapped boy who keeps in touch with truck drivers. He states his lone wish is to ride around with his father, but since that can't happen, other truck drivers make good on the wish by showing up at the young lad's home and giving him rides.
 * Production began on Dolly Parton's syndicated variety show Dolly! Though Parton was said to have been less than pleased with the end result, and the show only lasted for one season, it expanded her audience at a time when she was in the midst of refocusing her career from that of a specifically country performer to an entertainer with broader pop and mainstream appeal.

United States
(as certified by Billboard)

 * Notes
 * 1^ No. 1 song of the year, as determined by Billboard.
 * A^ First Billboard No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * B^ Last Billboard No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * C^ Only Billboard No. 1 hit for that artist to date.

Canada
(as certified by RPM)

 * Notes
 * 2^ Song dropped from No. 1 and later returned to top spot.
 * A^ First RPM No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * B^ Last RPM No. 1 hit for that artist.
 * C^ Only RPM No. 1 hit for that artist.

Births

 * March 17 — Kiefer Thompson, of Thompson Square.
 * June 18 — Blake Shelton, neotraditionalist of the 2000s.
 * June 18 — busbee (born Michael Busbee), songwriter and producer of the 2010s. (died 2019)
 * July 17 – Luke Bryan, singer-songwriter who rose to fame with songs like "Someone Else Calling You Baby" and "I Don't Want This Night to End".
 * October 19 — Cyndi Thomson, female vocalist who enjoyed brief fame in the early 2000s.
 * October 30 — Kassidy Osborn, member of SHeDAISY.
 * November 26 — Joe Nichols, neotraditionalist of the 2000s.
 * December 7 – Sunny Sweeney, female vocalist of the 2010s, with hits like "From a Table Away."

Country Music Hall of Fame Inductees

 * Paul Cohen (1908–1970)
 * Kitty Wells (1919–2012)

Grammy Awards

 * Best Female Country Vocal Performance — Elite Hotel, Emmylou Harris
 * Best Male Country Vocal Performance — "(I'm a) Stand by My Woman Man", Ronnie Milsap
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal — "The End is Not in Sight (The Cowboy Tune)", Amazing Rhythm Aces
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance — Chester and Lester, Chet Atkins and Les Paul
 * Best Country Song — "Broken Lady", Larry Gatlin (Performer: Larry Gatlin)

Juno Awards

 * Country Male Vocalist of the Year — Murray McLauchlan
 * Country Female Vocalist of the Year — Anne Murray
 * Country Group or Duo of the Year — Mercey Brothers

Academy of Country Music

 * Entertainer of the Year — Mickey Gilley
 * Song of the Year — "Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time", Baker Knight (Performer: Mickey Gilley)
 * Single of the Year — "Bring It On Home to Me", Mickey Gilley
 * Album of the Year — Gilley's Smoking, Mickey Gilley
 * Top Male Vocalist — Mickey Gilley
 * Top Female Vocalist — Crystal Gayle
 * Top Vocal Duo — Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn
 * Top New Male Vocalist — Moe Bandy
 * Top New Female Vocalist — Billie Jo Spears

Country Music Association

 * Entertainer of the Year — Mel Tillis
 * Song of the Year — "Rhinestone Cowboy", Larry Weiss (Performer: Glen Campbell)
 * Single of the Year — "Good Hearted Woman", Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson
 * Album of the Year — Wanted! The Outlaws, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser and Jessi Colter
 * Male Vocalist of the Year — Ronnie Milsap
 * Female Vocalist of the Year — Dolly Parton
 * Vocal Duo of the Year — Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson
 * Vocal Group of the Year — The Statler Brothers
 * Instrumentalist of the Year — Hargus "Pig" Robbins
 * Instrumental Group of the Year — Roy Clark and Buck Trent

Other links

 * Country Music Association
 * Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame

title: 1976 in country music


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Indian River (Florida)

The Indian River is a 121 mi long brackish lagoon in Florida. It is part of the Indian River Lagoon system, which in turn forms part of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. It was originally named Rio de Ais after the Ais Indian tribe, who lived along the east coast of Florida, but was later given its current name.

The Indian River extends southward from the Ponce de Leon inlet in New Smyrna Beach in Volusia County southward and across the Haulover Canal and along the western shore of Merritt Island. The Banana River flows into the Indian River on the island's south side. The Indian River continues southward to St. Lucie Inlet. At certain seasons of the year, bridges have tended to impede the flow of gracilaria (a red algae), resulting in an odor of hydrogen sulfide in the area.

Tributaries and estuaries
Tributaries of the Indian River include the Merritt Island Barge Canal (man-made), the C-54 Canal (man-made), Crane Creek, the Eau Gallie River, Horse Creek, Mullet Creek, St. Sebastian River, St. Lucie River, Sykes Creek, and Turkey Creek. An estuary of Indian River is Palm Bay. The St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal was proposed in the 1960s to provide a water link to the St. Johns River, but was cancelled in the early 1970s.

title: Indian River (Florida)


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Immunophenotyping

Immunophenotyping is a technique used to study the protein expressed by cells. This technique is commonly used in basic science research and laboratory diagnostic purpose. This can be done on tissue section (fresh or fixed tissue), cell suspension, etc. An example is the detection of tumor markers, such as in the diagnosis of leukemia. It involves the labelling of white blood cells with antibodies directed against surface proteins on their membrane. By choosing appropriate antibodies, the differentiation of leukemic cells can be accurately determined. The labelled cells are processed in a flow cytometer, a laser-based instrument capable of analyzing thousands of cells per second. The whole procedure can be performed on cells from the blood, bone marrow or spinal fluid in a matter of a few hours.

Immunophenotyping is a very common flow cytometry test in which fluorophore-conjugated antibodies are used as probes for staining target cells with high avidity and affinity. This technique allows rapid and easy phenotyping of each cell in a heterogeneous sample according to the presence or absence of a protein combination.

title: Immunophenotyping


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Category:Language isolates

This category deals with languages that are isolates, in the sense that they cannot conclusively be shown to be related to any other language in the world.

title: Category:Language isolates


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Elwyn Lee

Elwyn Cornelius Lee (born 1949) is the Vice President for Community Relations and Institutional Access at the University of Houston. He is the widower of congresswoman Sheila Jackson Lee, a former member of the United States House of Representatives.

Lee was a law professor at the University of Houston Law Center, where he taught the law of employment discrimination.

title: Elwyn Lee


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Richard N. Haass

Richard Nathan Haass (born July 28, 1951) is an American diplomat. He was president of the Council on Foreign Relations from July 2003 to June 2023, prior to which he was director of policy planning for the United States Department of State and a close advisor to Secretary of State Colin Powell in the George W. Bush administration. In October 2022, Haass announced he would be departing from his position at CFR in June 2023. He was succeeded by former U.S. trade representative Michael Froman.

The Senate approved Haass as a candidate for the position of ambassador and he has been U.S. coordinator for the future of Afghanistan. He succeeded George J. Mitchell as the United States special envoy for Northern Ireland to help the peace process in Northern Ireland, for which he received the State Department's Distinguished Service Award.

At the end of 2003, Mitchell Reiss succeeded him as special envoy. In late 2013, Haass returned to Northern Ireland to chair inter-party talks aimed at addressing some of the unresolved issues from the peace process such as parades, flags, and "the past" (now known as "the Troubles").

Early life and education
Haass was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, the son of Marcella (née Rosenthal) and Irving B. Haass. Haass graduated from Roslyn High School in 1969. His father was a securities analyst and partner at investment management firm David J. Greene & Co. He completed a bachelor's degree at Oberlin College in 1973, and was a Rhodes scholar at Oxford University, where he completed a master's degree and doctoral degree in 1978.

Career
Haass served at the Department of Defense from 1979 to 1980, and at the Department of State from 1981 to 1985. From 1989 to 1993, he was special assistant to President George H. W. Bush and National Security Council senior director for Near East and South Asian Affairs. In 1991, Haass received the Presidential Citizens Medal for helping to develop and explain U.S. policy during Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm.

Richard Haass worked for Secretary of State Colin Powell in the Bush administration and was director of policy planning at the State Department from 2001 to 2003 during the lead-up to the Iraq war. Haass has said he was 60 percent against the Iraq war.

Haass's other postings include vice president and director of foreign policy studies at the Brookings Institution, the Sol M. Linowitz Visiting Professor of International Studies at Hamilton College, a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a lecturer in public policy at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, and a research associate at the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Throughout the 2008 presidential campaign, Haass advised several members of both the Republican Party and Democratic Party on issues regarding foreign policy, but did not publicly endorse a candidate due to the Council on Foreign Relations' non-partisan stance.

In September 2013, Haass returned to Northern Ireland, with Professor Meghan O'Sullivan, to chair all party talks on flags, parades and the legacy of The Troubles, after violence flared over the removal of the union flag at Belfast City Hall. The talks broke down on December 31, 2013.

Haass is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue.

Foreign policy views
In a May 2015 interview with BBC's HARDtalk, speaking as President of the Council on Foreign Relations, Haass predicted a new era in world history, in part due to the muting of U.S. dominance by the more diffuse power wielded by states and non-state entities as a result of the proliferation of nuclear arms and cyberterrorism, and several policy failures, which may bring about an "era of disorder" in the absence of any clear superpower.

On October 4, 2017, Haass called for U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson to resign.

In December 2021, Haass criticized the Biden administration's withdrawal from Afghanistan as “America-first unilateralism in practice," indicating that Biden “did so in a Trumpian way, consulting minimally with others and leaving NATO allies to scramble.”

In April 2023 former U.S. officials including Richard Haas, Charles Kupchan, Thomas Graham, and Mary Beth Long, among others, were reported to have conducted unofficial meetings with Russian diplomat Lavrov. In an extensive article published by the Council on Foreign Relations' Foreign Affairs, Haass and Kupchan detailed what they termed as a "a plan for getting from the battlefield to the negotiating table." These interactions were allegedly centered on adjusting U.S. policy with the intent of facilitating Russia's acquisition of Ukrainian territory, an action that is purportedly in violation of U.S. law. The engagement of former U.S. officials in informal dialogues with Russians has led to a schism among American diplomats, foreign policy academics, and national security experts. Michael McFaul, former U.S. ambassador to Russia under President Obama, voiced concern that conversations about potential resolutions without involvement of Ukrainian representatives, could undermine the stance of the Biden administration insisting that Ukraine’s future can't be decided in backrooms: “If you’re having Track Two negotiations about how to end the war, Ukrainians have to be there,” said McFaul.

Personal life
Haass lives in New York City with his wife, Susan Mercandetti; they have two children.

Books
Haass is the author or editor of thirteen books on American foreign policy and one book on management.

Books authored:
 * The World: A Brief Introduction. Penguin Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0399562396.
 * A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order. Penguin Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0399562365.
 * Foreign Policy Begins at Home: The Case for Putting America's House in Order. Basic Books, 2014. ISBN 978-0465071999.
 * War of Necessity, War of Choice: A Memoir of Two Iraq Wars. Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 978-1416549031.
 * Co-authored with Martin Indyk (2008). Restoring the Balance: A Middle East Strategy for the Next President. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0815738695.
 * The Opportunity. PublicAffairs, 2006. ISBN 978-1586484538.
 * Intervention: The Use of American Military Force in the Post-Cold War World. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999. ISBN 978-0870031359.
 * The Bureaucratic Entrepreneur: How to Be Effective in Any Unruly Organization. Brookings Institution Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0815733539.
 * Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy. Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0876092125.
 * The Reluctant Sheriff: The United States After the Cold War. Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0876091982.
 * The Power to Persuade. Houghton Mifflin, 1994. ISBN 978-0395675854.
 * Conflicts Unending: The United States and Regional Disputes. Yale University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0300045550.
 * Conflicts Unending: The United States and Regional Disputes. Yale University Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0300045550.

Books edited
 * Transatlantic Tensions: The United States, Europe, and Problem Countries. Brookings Institution Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0815733522.
 * Superpower Arms Control: Setting the Record Straight, edited with Albert Carnesale. Ballinger Publishing Company, 1987. ISBN 978-0887302282.

Book contributions
 * "War Can Be Justified When It Is the Best Policy Option". War. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2014, pp. 22–26. ISBN 978-0737769715.

Filmography
Haass has appeared as himself on dozens of TV shows and documentaries since 1996. He has served as consultant on NBC News and hosted the online international affairs forum of the New York Times.

Following the publication of A World in Disarray in 2017, the book was adapted into a feature-length documentary by VICE for release the same year on July 21. Through interviews with Haass and other policymakers academics associated with the Council, the film explores the themes and concepts laid out in the book: the disorder in today’s international landscape, how it arose, and how it plays out in Syria, Ukraine, the South China Sea, and North Korea. In addition to providing commentary throughout the film, Haass served as a consulting producer.

title: Richard N. Haass


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Melissa Scott

Melissa Scott (born 1960) is an American science fiction and fantasy author noted for her science fiction novels featuring LGBT characters and elaborate settings.

Biography
Scott was born 1960, in Little Rock, Arkansas, studied history at Harvard College and Brandeis University, and earned her PhD in comparative history. She published her first novel in 1984, and has since written some two dozen science fiction and fantasy works, including three co-authored with her partner, Lisa A. Barnett.

Scott's work is known for elaborate and well-constructed settings. While many of her protagonists are gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender, critic Phyllis Betz notes that the characters' genders or orientations are rarely a major focus of Scott's stories. Shadow Man, alone among Scott's works, focuses explicitly on issues of sexuality and gender.

She won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in Science Fiction in 1986, and has won several Lambda Literary Awards.

In addition to writing, Scott also teaches writing, offering classes via her website and publishing a writing guide.

Scott lived with her partner, author Lisa A. Barnett, in Portsmouth, New Hampshire for 27 years, until the latter's death of breast cancer on May 2, 2006.

Nonfiction

 * Conceiving the Heavens: Creating the Science Fiction Novel (1997)

title: Melissa Scott


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User:DavidMcKenzie

I'm a nth year PhD student at Glasgow University, where n>3.

I work in the Dynamics group in the Mechanical Engineering department.

needed articles

 * Climate Change (Scotland) Bill 2009
 * Climate Change Delivery Plan 2009

title: User:DavidMcKenzie


text: User talk:68.37.186.135

title: User talk:68.37.186.135


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Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt

The Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt (CADTM), formerly called the Committee for the Cancellation of the Third World Debt (CCTWD), is an international network of activists founded on 15 March 1990 in Belgium that campaigns for the cancellation of debts in developing countries and for "the creation of a world respectful of people’s fundamental rights, needs and liberties.

Aims
CADTM's main aim is to achieve the cancellation of the external public debt in third world countries, on the belief such cancellation would break a pattern of ever-growing indebtedness by creating economic models which proponents describe as socially fair and environmentally sustainable development. The group describes its supplementary aims as "radically transforming the world's institutional and financial framework"; protection of human rights; strengthening of citizens' movements and activism; and pressuring political leaders to implement human rights guarantees and implementing CADTM and "social movements'" policies.

CADTM also aims to support the creation of taxes similar to the Tobin tax, to increase the official aid budget of rich countries to 0.7% of the GDP, to set up a world tax on large incomes, and for global conversion of military expenditure into social and cultural expenditure.

It aims to suspend the IMF's and World Bank's structural adjustment policies, to radically reform the World Trade Organization, and to achieve strict control on financial markets and the suppression of tax havens.

CADTM claims to support women's emancipation, peoples' right to self-determination, radical land reforms and a general reduction of working hours.

Leadership
, the president of CADTM was historian and political scientist Éric Toussaint.

Publications
CADTM publishes a magazine, essays and a website and organises seminars, lectures, debates, training sessions, international conferences and campaigns. It participates in national and international initiatives and in citizens' mobilisations. It lobbies ministers, members of parliament and other politically active citizens.

In September 2018, CADTM's submission to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) was accepted as a contribution to the OHCHR's development of "Guiding Principles" for human rights impact assessments for economic reform policies.

In January 2019, The Economic Times summarised a CADTM article by Qian Benli that criticised the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative as not benefiting ordinary Chinese and being heavily involved in corruption.

In February 2019, Democracy Now used a report by CADTM on debt in Puerto Rico to suggest that big holders of Puerto Rican debt, including the investment funds of prestigious US universities, would profit from financing arrangements following Hurricane Maria.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Undertaking

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:11, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

The Undertaking
An ad for a "strange forum with less than 200 members". No Alexa data, no inbound links. --Cryptic (talk) 18:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - what rubbish UkPaolo 18:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable You (Talk) 20:36, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Subtract ("This is not an add for the site"). Sorry, can't resist. -- BD2412 talk 21:48, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 06:08, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Gait abnormality

Gait abnormality is a deviation from normal walking (gait). Watching a patient walk is an important part of the neurological examination. Normal gait requires that many systems, including strength, sensation and coordination, function in an integrated fashion. Many common problems in the nervous system and musculoskeletal system will show up in the way a person walks.

Presentation and causes
Patients with musculoskeletal pain, weakness or limited range of motion often present conditions such as Trendelenburg's sign, limping, myopathic gait and antalgic gait.

Patients who have peripheral neuropathy also experience numbness and tingling in their hands and feet. This can cause ambulation impairment, such as trouble climbing stairs or maintaining balance. Gait abnormality is also common in persons with nervous system problems such as cauda equina syndrome, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease (with characteristic Parkinsonian gait), Alzheimer's disease, vitamin B12 deficiency, myasthenia gravis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Research has shown that neurological gait abnormalities are associated with an increased risk of falls in older adults.

Orthopedic corrective treatments may also manifest into gait abnormality, such as lower extremity amputation, healed fractures, and arthroplasty (joint replacement). Difficulty in ambulation that results from chemotherapy is generally temporary in nature, though recovery times of six months to a year are common. Likewise, difficulty in walking due to arthritis or joint pains (antalgic gait) sometimes resolves spontaneously once the pain is gone. Hemiplegic persons have circumduction gait, where the affected limb moves through an arc away from the body, and those with cerebral palsy often have scissoring gait.

title: Gait abnormality