text:
Talk:List of teams and organizations in DC Comics

I removed a couple of entries that were incorrect. DC does NOT own the Fighin' 5. They didn't buy them from Charlton, someone else did. Also, DC does NOT own the THUNDER Agents. They are publishing the Archives, but don't own them.

emb021

 * Edited most of the entries to fix bad links or remove links from entries that wont bne linked to for the forseeable future. The still linked reds are for pages that I myself or others would have a vested interest in creating. Multiple entries were trimmed down to singles, obscures were completely removed. --Basique 17:50, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

DC Comics Encyclopedia
I've begun to add entries from the DC Comics Encyclopedia (published in 2004) that essentially updates DC's Who's Who. For each I provide either a link to an article that mentions the organization or a brief description backed by its First Appearance date. Note I use the designations given in the tome, i.e. the Ultramarines are now listed by the correct full name of International Ultramarine Corps. Wilfredo Martinez 03:54, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

On References
Company owned labels should be italicized because they are possibly creator-owned or not directly affiliated with the DC Universe. Television shows should not because they can reference a team, place or character eg superfriends, jlu, dcau etc. Personally, I think any title of a book or television show without a volume# can be misleading. Another example is how references are used. Eg Batman tv series may depict the batman character in the tv series so should be characterized as such with a 'see also' or something. Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.255.42.105 (talk) 18:54, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

On the batman television show ref., its not part of warner brothers television so it should be labeled (eg wonder woman tv series) such as warner brothers because the company absorbed the rights to DC Comics. So its either DC Comics creator owned or Warner Brothers Television. Same goes with superfriends, hanna-barbara was absorbed into warner brothers animation because they bought the rights. If any of these fictional characters were to reappear on television it would be under the warner brothers guise. So why are the company's italicized? Well they are original publishers except may not be directly affiliated with the dc universe. So until the new table is up I would Basically just put it under a first appearance reference and not a original publisher one.

The major problem of course is, you cannot cite a tv show without a volume number...if there is one. You can cite the tv show, but what if the character appears in say the 2nd season of episode 5. Sooo, if its not a label, or company owned creation and its not a volume number from a comic book, then its a generic link or reference anyways. These references should be non-italicized because its sooo vague anyhow.

Personally I would only list characters who have appeared in the comics, or similar named ones. I would just remove the television or non-comic appearances and put them in there corresponding sections or lists. The problem with that idea is the tv characters should not be listed under certain circumstances. Eg Harley Quinn, or Lock-Up would be listed and Superman x not or there would be no Rothul listed. Tv Creator owned Clones, or rip-offs could not be listed but could vice versa. That would be unfair I think. For instance, Rothul is Lex Luthor. I would maybe keep it simple and list popular characters only in more than one appearance, for instance Sweet Tooth appeared more than twice and so did Livewire, if not of course published by or directly affiliated with DC Comics.

So if you're getting paid by warner brothers they have the rights to the character as well because they own DC Comics. These are company or label owned references, and along with comic book references and first appearances.. should be italicized.

--69.255.42.105 (talk) 19:08, 2 February 2011 (UTC)


text:
Bartibog River

The Bartibog River (also spelled Bartibogue) is a tributary of the Miramichi River in New Brunswick, Canada.

It honours Bartholomew La Bogue, a Micmac chief, "who was called Balt Bogue by the Indians (indigenous) and Bartabogue by the French and English" (Rayburn)".

The Bartibog River rises in northeastern Northumberland County and flows east and south into the Miramichi River at the local service district of Oak Point-Bartibog Bridge.

The Bartibog River watershed is entirely rural, dominated by forests and small farms in the communities of Oak Point-Bartibog Bridge, Lower Newcastle-Russellville, Bartibog, and Bartibog Station. Below Russellville the river is tidal.

The promontory on the east bank of the Bartibogue where it meets the Miramichi is called Moody's Point. It is the location of one of the oldest Roman Catholic Churches in the Miramichi Valley, Sts Peter and Paul's, dating from the 1850s.

The lower stretches of the Bartibogue were settled by people from Scotland, arriving from the 1780s onward. They were of mixed Catholic and Presbyterian background. A number of Irish families and several Acadian families settled later.

The Bartibogue River along with the area in general has been known to be a hot spot for tornadoes, often being referred to as the "tornado alley" of New Brunswick.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bartibog River


text:
Talk:Culture of Tonga

Article is in serious need of revision
I’m not Tongan, and have not been there, though I am a world traveler. Is there no one who can rewrite this article to make it more academic and thorough? It reads as if one desperate but well-intentioned person wrote it to show his patriotism. Alexandermoir (talk) 23:47, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Respect is the centre of Tonga culture
re 202.43.15.254 (talk) 08:27, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Culture of Tonga


text:
South Riding, Virginia

South Riding is a census-designated place and planned community in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States. The South Riding homeowner association was founded in January 1995 to provide services to the community. Neighboring U.S. Route 50 and State Route 28 provide access to the Dulles/Reston/Tysons Corner technology corridor and other major employment centers in Northern Virginia and Washington, D.C.

In 2020, the population was 33,877. In 2019, the United States Census Bureau estimated it to be 31,515.

Establishment and development
In January 1995, the Declarant of developers who owned the land established South Riding Proprietary as a not for profit corporation, as a way of providing services to residents of what became South Riding. In 2009, South Riding Proprietary was granted 501(c)(4) status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Proprietary continues to own and govern South Riding.

Recreational and cultural activities
Parks, recreation, and community activities are managed by the Dulles South Recreation & Community Center, located along Riding Center Drive. The center is home to, among other activities, a climbing wall, a competitive pool, a leisure pool, a senior center, and facilities which can be rented.

Parks and recreation
South Riding features numerous green spaces, with around 6 miles of trails.

South Riding is home to South Riding Golf Club, designed by golf course architect Dan Maples, and opened in 1997. It was voted one of the "Top 100 Courses in the Mid-Atlantic" by the Washington Golf Monthly Magazine, and was voted "Best New Course" by Golf Digest in 1998.

South Riding has several pools, including South Riding Center Pool, Meadows Pool, Town Hall Pool, and the Hyland Hills Swimming Pool and Splash Park, as well as the indoor pools at the Dulles South Recreation & Community Center.

Transportation
South Riding is less than a mile south of U.S. Route 50, which connects the town to Chantilly and Virginia State Route 28 in the east. South Riding is crossed by four other major roads: Virginia State Route 2200 (Tall Cedars Parkway) in the center, Virginia State Route 742 (Poland Road) in the center, Virginia State Route 606 (Loudoun County Parkway) slightly to the west, Virginia State Route 659 (Gum Spring Road), which forms the town's western border, Virginia State Route 609, Virginia State Route 620, which forms the town's southern border, and Virginia State Route 28. The Fairfax County line forms the town's eastern border.

South Riding is served by the East Gate bus station in the Town Center, which serves and is the eastern terminus of the 88 route. The 88 route connects the town to settlements further west along U.S. Route 50, including Stone Ridge.

Residents in South Riding, can even catch international flights at Dulles Airport only 10 miles from town.

Geography
South Riding is located in southeastern Loudoun County. Neighboring communities are Arcola and Dulles to the north, Stone Ridge to the west, Conklin to the south, Schneider Crossroads to the southeast, and Chantilly in Fairfax County to the east.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the South Riding CDP has a total area of 17.9 sqkm, of which 0.2 sqkm, or 1.05%, are water. The community is drained by Elklick Run, a south-flowing tributary of Cub Run and part of the Bull Run watershed flowing south to the Occoquan River and eventually the tidal Potomac River.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, South Riding has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Government
South Riding is a census-designated place in Loudoun County; therefore, schools, roads, and law enforcement are provided by the county.

South Riding Proprietary staff
South Riding is owned and governed by the not for profit South Riding Proprietary. All persons who purchase residential property in South Riding are automatically members of the Proprietary, and are subject to dues, which cannot be severed unless the property is sold. By the governing documents, members are subject to responsibilities, and are granted rights and privileges. The Proprietary is headquartered at Town Hall on Center Street, and is led by General Manager Kristi Felouzis.

Board of directors
The Board of Directors is the executive branch of the community government, led by the President, currently Steve Pasquale, and the Vice President, currently Michael Hardin. There are seven members elected by residents. As stated by the governing documents, the Board's responsibilities include, "developing the annual budget and setting assessments, promulgating and enforcing rules and regulations, administering the architectural scheme of the community and regulating exterior appearance of the homes and providing for the necessary personnel and contractual services to maintain all commonly owned property and facilities". The Board of Directors also establishes committees which handle specific issues. The board meets monthly at the South Riding Center.

Representation
South Riding lies entirely within Virginia's 10th congressional district, currently represented in Congress by Representative Jennifer Wexton (D-Leesburg). It is represented by Karrie Delaney (D-Centreville) in the state House of Delegates, and by John J. Bell in the state Senate.

Local media
South Riding lies within the distribution zone for two national newspapers, the Washington Post, and the Washington Times, as well as for the local Loudoun Times-Mirror. South Riding is also covered by AOL's Patch service's Chantilly division.

Primary and secondary schools
As a part of Loudoun County, South Riding is served by Loudoun County Public Schools and private schools. South Riding has one high school, Freedom High School, serving the entire town. Middle schoolers in South Riding attend either J. Michael Lunsford Middle School or Mercer Middle School.

Public elementary schools

 * Hutchison Farm Elementary School
 * Cardinal Ridge Elementary
 * Little River Elementary School
 * Pinebrook Elementary
 * Liberty Elementary School

Day care/after school programs

 * Montessori School of South Riding
 * Everbrook Academy of South Riding
 * Minnieland Academy at South Riding
 * Kiddie Academy of South Riding
 * The Madame Curie School of Science & Technology
 * ALOHA Mind Math of South Riding
 * East Gate Montessori School
 * The Goddard School of Chantilly
 * Winwood Children's Center
 * C2 Education of South Riding
 * South Riding KinderCare
 * Primrose School of South Riding
 * Huntington Learning Center of South Riding
 * South Riding Learning Center

Private high schools

 * St. Paul VI Catholic High School

Public libraries
South Riding is served by Gum Spring Library, a branch of Loudoun County Public Library in Stone Ridge.

Demographics
As of 2021, South Riding has a median household income of $170,456.

As of the 2022 census: White	 41.4%, Black	 9.9%, Asian	 35.3%, Hispanic 9.0%. Between 2010 and 2022, the White population decreased by more than 30%, Asians increased by more than 20% and Latinos decreased by 0.9%. The age breakdown of the town is 6.0% under 5 years old, 30.3% under 18 years old, and 65 years or older around 5.3% and from the total population 49.0% are females.

The population per square mile in 2010 was 3,516.1 but 10 years later, in 2020, this increased to 4,949.2.

title: South Riding, Virginia


text:
Talk:Urgh! A Music War

Untitled
This page was voted on for deletion at Votes for deletion/Urgh! A Music War. The final result was Keep. --Deathphoenix 17:58, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

This article says both that the film was released in 1981 and 1982. Which is correct? Or why have two dates? I agree this is an important film which documents many important performers. But this article would benefit from more citations and sources. Jdubowsky 02:33, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * My understanding is that it was released in 1981 in the UK and in 1982 in the US, but I don't have a citable source. --MCB 03:27, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Alley Cats
This band is not from Malaysia. See this page, and Trouser Press. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SGRoy (talk • contribs) 15:19, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Down in the Park
The version of Urgh: A Music War shown on Comcast's INHD channel does include Gary Numan's performance of "Down in the Park," futuristic go-kart and all. That may invalidate the theory that Numan has refused permission to show this on TV. 66.28.71.162 18:55, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Double album and other tips
I happen to own a copy of the Double-LP, and I can tell you that the songs aren't arranged in the same order as in this article. I can also tell you that some of them were re-released on the 1989 compilation These People Are Nuts. Perhaps a chapter on the album should be added to this article. DanTD (talk) 15:26, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Has it ever been released on CD? (My copy of the LP got misplaced over the years...). AnonMoos (talk) 19:47, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

 * For some reason I don't think it was. If somebody can tell us otherwise, I'd like to know. DanTD (talk) 00:10, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I looked on Amazon.com and it was issued on CD. However, it is not currently available although new CD copies are being sold by private parties on the site for over $200.  I'm glad I still have my vinyl copy. Alanraywiki (talk) 01:58, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Name
Why was it called ''Urgh! A Music War''? There's no war, and Urgh! question mark? -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 20:46, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

Non-Featured Bands
Not sure why this was added in the tracklisting, but Martha and The Muffins, Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias, Talking Heads, and the Cure did not appear in the film. I suggest that they be removed. Some of the other bands, which include The Alley Cats, John Otway, and the Fleshtones, were removed and also replaced. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:6010:440E:148E:AC4F:80EC:A7E7:D1B5 (talk) 04:46, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Our anonymous friend is correct. I am in the middle of making myself a copy of this DVD with track/chapter locations "where they should be", and the listing in this article deviates exactly as they say. If there is not a revision we can go back to, I will edit in the correct information later. Also, I think we should list the venues next to the band/title. Opinions on that? Huw Powell (talk) 23:24, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

 * If you could fix any errors in the band listing, that would be great. Adding venue/location would also be great, and help with disputes about what locations are or are not featured in the film. I have the DVD, but it's been many years since I've watched it. Been meaning to address this article, but haven't gotten to it. CAVincent (talk) 13:57, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

There's been some definite vandalism to the article in the past, but I don't feel like going through it in detail track-by-track at the moment. In case anyone does, here's a listing I made when I was trying to figure out which songs occur in which 10-minute segments (the only structuring on the DVD): AnonMoos (talk) 21:56, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

 * OK, I finally got around to fixing all the vandalism I could see... AnonMoos (talk) 11:53, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

1 THE POLICE - "Driven To Tears" 1 WALL OF VOODOO - "Back In Flesh" - TOYAH WILCOX - "Danced" 2 JOHN COOPER CLARKE - "Health Fanatic"     [Not on LP; a capella] 2 ORCHESTRAL MANOEUVRES IN THE DARK - "Enola Gay" - CHELSEA - "I'm On Fire"     [Not on LP] 3 OINGO BOINGO - "Ain't This The Life" 3 ECHO & THE BUNNYMEN - "The Puppet" 3 JOOLS HOOLAND - "Foolish I Know" - XTC - "Respectable Street" 4 KLAUS NOMI - "Total Eclipse" 4 ATHLETICO SPIZZ 80 - "Clocks Are Big; Machines Are Heavy/Where's Captain Kirk?" 4 THE GO-GO'S - "We Got The Beat" - DEAD KENNEDYS - "Bleed For Me"     [Not on LP] 5 STEEL PULSE - "Ku Klux Klan" - GARY NUMAN - "Down In The Park" 6 JOAN JETT and THE BLACKHEARTS - "Bad Reputation" 6 MAGAZINE - "Model Worker" 6 SURF PUNKS - "My Beach"     [Not on LP] - THE MEMBERS - "Offshore Banking Business" 7 AU PAIRS - "Come Again" 7 THE CRAMPS - "Tear It Up" - INVISIBLE SEX - "Valium"     [Not on LP] 8 PERE UBU - "Birdies" 8 DEVO - "Uncontrollable Urge" - THE ALLEY CATS - "Nothing Means Nothing Anymore" 9 JOHN OTWAY - "Cheryl's Going Home" 9 GANG OF FOUR - "He'd Send In The Army" - 999 - "Homicide" 10 THE FLESHTONES - "Shadowline" 10 X - "Beyond And Back" - SKAFISH - "Sign Of The Cross" 11 UB40 - "Madame Medusa"    [Not on LP] - THE POLICE - "Roxanne"     [Not on LP] 12 THE POLICE - "So Lonely"    [Not on LP] - (End credits) KLAUS NOMI - "Aria"     [Not on LP]

title: Talk:Urgh! A Music War


text:
Michael Clark

Michael (or Mike) Clark may refer to:

Music

 * Mike Clark (jazz musician) (born 1946), American jazz drummer
 * Mike Clark (guitarist), Suicidal Tendencies guitarist
 * Mike Clark (indie rock musician), guitarist and keyboardist for Stephen Malkmus and the Jicks
 * Mike E. Clark, rap music producer

Politics

 * Michael Clark (British politician) (born 1935), British politician
 * Michael Clark (Canadian politician) (1861–1926), Member of Parliament, 1908–1921

Sports

 * Michael Clark (English footballer), English football player
 * Michael Clark (Australian footballer) (born 1981), Australian rules footballer
 * Michael Clark (New Zealand cricketer) (born 1966), New Zealand cricketer
 * Michael Clark (sportsman) (born 1978), Western Warriors cricketer and Australian Football League player
 * Mick Clark, rugby league footballer of the 1960s for Great Britain, and Leeds
 * Mike Clark (American football, born 1954), American football strength and conditioning coach
 * Mike Clark (athletic director), American football coach and athletic director at Lycoming College
 * Mike Clark (American football coach, Bridgewater), American football coach at Bridgewater College
 * Mike Clark (placekicker) (1940–2002), Dallas Cowboys kicker
 * Mike Clark (defensive end) (born 1959), former American football player
 * Mike Clark (baseball) (1922–1996), Major League Baseball player
 * Mike Clark (racing driver), racing driver in NASCAR
 * Michael Clark (boxer) (born 1973), American boxer
 * Mike Clark (soccer) (born 1972), American soccer player
 * Michael Clark II (born 1969), American golfer
 * Michael Clark (wide receiver) (born 1995), American football player

Other

 * Michael Clark (dancer) (born 1962), British post-punk ballet dancer
 * Michael Clark (artist) (born 1954), British contemporary artist
 * Michael Clark, philosophy professor; editor of philosophy journal Analysis (2000–2016)
 * Michael Stephen Clark, American newspaper columnist
 * Michael William Clark, British industrialist and High Sheriff of Essex
 * Mickey Clark, stock market analyst
 * Mike Clark (critic) (1947–2020), American film critic
 * Mike Clark (conservationist) (born 1945), social and environmental activist
 * Mike Clark, Detroit-based radio host and member of Drew and Mike Podcast

title: Michael Clark


text: User talk:204.210.166.125

title: User talk:204.210.166.125


text:
Megan Alatini

Megan Bronwinne Alatini (née Cassie, born 29 September 1976) is a South African-born, New Zealand pop singer, actress and television personality. She rose to fame in New Zealand on the reality television series Popstars. She went on to become a member in the girl group TrueBliss. She is also known for portraying the part of Java in the popular sci-fi series The Tribe. Later she gained more exposure appearing as a judge on New Zealand Idol.

Early life
Alatini was born in George, Cape Province, South Africa, as the first child of Barbara and Daniel Cassie. She spent the first eleven years of her life there, until her family relocated to New Zealand in 1987. She enrolled in Papatoetoe High School in Auckland, becoming a prefect and being considered a good student and role model. At age 17 she met Pita Alatini, a future New Zealand All Black rugby player, and began dating him. She soon became pregnant – her future plans of going to University were disrupted, and on 13 May 1995, her daughter Tonica was born. Megan loved singing from an early age and considered it a part of her culture. Through Pita, she also became fluent in Tongan.

Career
Her family encouraged her to audition for Popstars in early 1999, and, much to her astonishment, she made the cut and eventually became a member of TrueBliss, the first band ever to be formed out of Popstars. The five girls went on to cut a #1 single followed by a #1 album, before they (unofficially) parted in late 2000.

In February 2000, Alatini married her long-time boyfriend Pita, who had proposed to her on her 24th birthday. She also formed a singing group with her sisters and made various singing appearances all over New Zealand throughout the years. In late 2001, she recorded several songs with her sisters, some of which have been released on the Abe Messiah: New Edition album.

Alatini has also enjoyed a lively career as an actress. She started off with guest stints on Hercules and Young Hercules. Her actress sister Meryl Cassie helped her and her younger sister Monique land parts as core characters in The Tribe. In addition, she played Dr. Leggz in the wacky comedic drama series Atlantis High. Soon after filming ended, Alatini gave birth to her second daughter named Tiara. In 2005, she delivered her first son, Trey.

From 2003 to 2006, Alatini lived in Tokyo, Japan with her husband, where he plays rugby, and their three children.

On 12 May 2006, it was announced that Alatini had accepted the offer of becoming a judge on the panel of the forthcoming third season of New Zealand Idol. In 2007, Megan appeared on the third season of Dancing with the Stars in New Zealand, where she placed runner-up.

In mid 2008, along with Pita and her three children, she moved back to Japan so he could play rugby union. They visit New Zealand often.

In March 2011, Megan and her family were affected by the Japanese 9.0 magnitude earthquake and tsunami where they were evacuated from their home. They were safely transported back to New Zealand approximately 1 week after the disaster occurred.

In 2014, she became a flight attendant with Air New Zealand.

Albums

 * 1999: Dream - #1 NZ (TrueBliss)
 * 2003: Abe Messiah: Remix (The Tribe, Yugeslavian release only)

Singles

 * 1999: "Tonight" - #1 NZ (highest selling single of the year) (True Bliss)
 * 1999: "Number One" - #12 NZ (TrueBliss)
 * 1999: "Freedom" (TrueBliss)

Starring roles

 * 1999: Popstars as herself
 * 2001: Atlantis High as Dr. Leggz
 * 2001–03: The Tribe as Java
 * 2006: New Zealand Idol as judge
 * 2007: Dancing with the Stars as contestant

Guest roles

 * 1992: Shortland Street
 * 1999: Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
 * 1999: Young Hercules as Sea Nymph in the episode 'Apollo'

title: Megan Alatini


text:
Máirtín Ó Cadhain

Máirtín Ó Cadhain (20 January 1906 – 18 October 1970) was one of the most prominent Irish language writers of the twentieth century. Perhaps best known for his 1949 novel Cré na Cille, Ó Cadhain played a key role in reintroducing literary modernism into modern literature in Irish, where it had been dormant since the 1916 execution of Patrick Pearse. Politically, Ó Cadhain was an Irish republican and anti-clerical Marxist, who promoted the Athghabháil na hÉireann ("Re-Conquest of Ireland"), (meaning both decolonization and re-Gaelicisation). Ó Cadhain was also a member of the post-Civil War Irish Republican Army and was interned by the Irish Army in the Curragh Camp with Brendan Behan and many other IRA members during the Emergency.

Literary career
Born in Connemara, he became a schoolteacher but was dismissed due to his Irish Republican Army (IRA) membership. In the 1930s he served as an IRA recruiting officer, enlisting fellow writer Brendan Behan. During this period, he also participated in the land campaign of native speakers, which led to the establishment of the Ráth Cairn neo-Gaeltacht in County Meath. Subsequently, he was arrested and interned during the Emergency years on the Curragh Camp in County Kildare, due to his continued involvement in the IRA.

Ó Cadhain's politics were Irish republicanism mixed with Marxism and Radical politics, and then tempered with a rhetorical anti-clericalism. In his writings, however, concerning the revival of the Irish language, Ó Cadhain was very practical about the Catholic Church in Ireland but demanded commitment to the language revival from Roman Catholic priests. It was his view that, as the Church was there anyway, it would be better if the clergy were more willing to address their Faithful in the Irish language.

As a writer, Ó Cadhain is acknowledged to be a major part of the revival of modernist literature in the Irish, where it had been largely dormant since the execution of Patrick Pearse in 1916. Ó Cadhain created a literary language for his writing out of the Conamara Theas and Cois Fharraige dialects of Connacht Irish, but he was often accused of an unnecessarily dialectal usage in grammar and orthography even in contexts where a realistic depiction of the Connemara vernacular wasn't called for. He was also happy to experiment with borrowings from other dialects, Classical Irish and even Scottish Gaelic. Consequently, much of what Ó Cadhain wrote is, like the poetry of fellow Linguistic experimentalist Liam S. Gógan, reputedly very hard to understand for a non-native speaker.

He was a prolific writer of short stories. His collections of short stories include Cois Caoláire, An Braon Broghach, Idir Shúgradh agus Dháiríre, An tSraith Dhá Tógáil, An tSraith Tógtha and An tSraith ar Lár. He also wrote three novels, of which only Cré na Cille was published during his lifetime. The other two, Athnuachan and Barbed Wire, appeared in print only recently. He translated Charles Kickham's novel Sally Kavanagh into Irish as Saile Chaomhánach, nó na hUaigheanna Folmha. He also wrote several political or linguo-political pamphlets. His political views can most easily be discerned in a small book about the development of Irish nationalism and radicalism since Theobald Wolfe Tone, Tone Inné agus Inniu; and in the beginning of the sixties, he wrote – partly in Irish, partly in English – a comprehensive survey of the social status and actual use of the language in the west of Ireland, published as An Ghaeilge Bheo – Destined to Pass. In August 1969 he delivered a speech (published as Gluaiseacht na Gaeilge: Gluaiseacht ar Strae) in which he spoke of the role Irish speakers should take in 'athghabháil na hÉireann', or the 'reconquest of Ireland' as James Connolly first coined the term.

He and Diarmaid Ó Súilleabháin were considered the two most innovative Irish language authors to emerge in the 1960s. Ó Cadhain had frequent difficulties getting his work edited, but unpublished writings have appeared at least every two years since the publication of Athnuachan in the mid-nineties.

In 1956, aged 50 years of age, he was appointed as a lecturer in the Department of Irish in Trinity College Dublin despite not having a degree or other typical academic credentials. He was appointed associate professor of Irish and Head of department fourteen years later in 1969. In 1970 he was appointed as Chair (full professor) and was made a fellow of the university before his death that same year.

A lecture hall in Trinity College Dublin is named after Ó Cadhain. There is also a bronze bust of him in the Irish department of the university.

Political activity
Ó Cadhain's interest in Irish republicanism grew after he started reading An Phoblacht, a republican newspaper with strong links to the Irish Republican Army that publishes articles in both English and Irish. While living in Camus, County Galway (an Irish-speaking Gaeltacht village) he resided with Seosamh Mac Mathúna, who had been a member of the IRA since 1918. His time with Mac Mathúna further brought him down the path of republicanism and eventually, Mac Mathúna brought Ó Cadhain into the IRA. As a member, he championed a Marxist analysis of Ireland and was a particular advocate for "Athghabháil na hÉireann" (English: "The Reconquest of Ireland"), a concept of James Connolly's that suggests the Irish language could only be saved by socialism, as the English language is a tool of the capitalists.

In 1932 Ó Cadhain along with Mac Mathúna and Críostóir Mac Aonghusa (a local teacher, activist and county councillor) founded Cumann na Gaedhealtachta (The Gaeltacht Association), a pressure group to lobby on behalf of those living in Ireland's Gaeltacht areas. He formed a similar group in 1936 called Muinntir na Gaedhealtachta (the Gaeltacht People). One of the successes of these groups was the establishment of the Ráth Chairn Gaeltacht, in which a new Irish-speaking community was created in County Meath. Ó Cadhain had argued the only way by which Irish language speakers could thrive was if efforts to promote the language were coupled with giving Irish speakers good land to work, so as to give them an opportunity at economic success as well.

By 1936, Ó Cadhain had been working as a school teacher in Carnmore, County Galway for four years, when he was dismissed from his post by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Galway for his republican beliefs, which were deemed to be "subversive". He had recently attended a commemoration in Bodenstown to honour his idol Wolfe Tone, which had been banned by the government. He subsequently moved to Dublin, where he acted as a recruiter for the IRA, at which he was quite successful. In April 1938, he was appointed to the IRA's Army Council and became their secretary. By 1939 he was "on the run" from the Irish authorities and by September of the year had been arrested and imprisoned until December. Ó Cadhain's stint with the Army Council was short-lived however; he resigned in protest of the S-Plan, a sabotage campaign against the British state during World War II, on the grounds that any attempt to "liberate" Northern Ireland politically was meaningless unless the people were also "economically liberated".

In 1940 he gave an oration at the funeral of his friend Tony Darcy, who had died on hunger strike in Mountjoy Prison seeking political prisoner status. Following the funeral he was once again arrested and imprisoned, this time to spend four years with hundreds of other IRA members in the Curragh. Ó Cadhain's friend Tomás Bairéad campaigned for his release and they found success on 26 July 1944 when Ó Cadhain was allowed to leave. During Ó Cadhain's time in the Curragh, he taught many of the other prisoners the Irish language.

Following his time in the Curragh, Ó Cadhain pulled back from politics to focus on his writing. For a long period he became bitter about Irish republicanism, but by the 1960s once again identified with its outlook. At the onset of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, he welcomed resistance to British rule as well as the idea of an armed struggle, and once again stated his Marxist outlook on the situation; "capitalism must go as well as the Border".

During the 1960s, he once again threw himself into campaigning on behalf of the Irish language, this time with the group Misneach ("Courage"). The group resisted efforts by reform groups to no longer make it compulsory for a student to pass an Irish examination to receive a Leaving Certificate, as well as a requirement that those seeking employment in the public sector needed to be able to speak Irish. Misneach used civil disobedience tactics influenced by Saunders Lewis, the Welsh language advocate and founder of Plaid Cymru.

Ó Cadhain was a key figure in the 1969 civil rights movement, Gluaiseacht Chearta Sibhialta na Gaeltachta.

Personal life
He died on 18 October 1970 in Dublin and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery.

Novels

 * Athnuachan. Coiscéim. Baile Átha Cliath 1995 (posthumous)
 * Barbed Wire. Edited by Cathal Ó hÁinle. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2002 (posthumous)
 * Cré na Cille. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1949/1965.
 * Translated as The Dirty Dust. Yale Margellos, New Haven 2015; Graveyard Clay. Yale Margellos, New Haven 2016.

Short story collections

 * An Braon Broghach. An Gúm, Baile Átha Cliath 1991
 * Cois Caoláire. Sáirséal – Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 2004
 * Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Oifig an tSoláthair, Baile Átha Cliath 1975
 * An tSraith dhá Tógáil. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1970/1981
 * An tSraith Tógtha. Sáirséal agus Dill, Baile Átha Cliath 1977
 * An tSraith ar Lár. Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh, Baile Átha Cliath 1986
 * The Road to Brightcity. Poolbeg Press, Dublin 1981
 * Dhá Scéal / Two Stories. Arlen House, Galway 2007
 * An Eochair / The Key. Dalkey Archive Press, Dublin 2015
 * The Dregs of the Day. Yale University Press, New Haven 2019

Journalism and miscellaneous writings

 * Foclóir Mháirtín Uí Chadhain. (lexicographical work written and compiled between 1937 and 1946) An Gúm, Baile Átha Cliath 2021
 * Caiscín. (articles published in the Irish Times 1953–56. Edited by Aindrias Ó Cathasaigh.) Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 1998
 * Tone Inné agus Inniu. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 1999
 * Ó Cadhain i bhFeasta. Edited by Seán Ó Laighin. Clódhanna Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1990
 * An Ghaeilge Bheo – Destined to Pass. Edited by Seán Ó Laighin. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath 2002.
 * Caithfear Éisteacht! Aistí Mháirtín Uí Chadhain in Comhar (i.e. Máirtín Ó Cadhain's essays published in the monthly magazine Comhar). Edited by Liam Prút. Comhar Teoranta, Baile Átha Cliath 1999

title: Máirtín Ó Cadhain


text:
Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin (Bach)

The sonatas and partitas for solo violin (BWV 1001–1006) are a set of six works composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are sometimes referred to in English as the sonatas and partias for solo violin in accordance with Bach's headings in the autograph manuscript: "Partia" (plural "Partien") was commonly used in German-speaking regions during Bach's time, whereas the Italian "partita" was introduced to this set in the 1879 Bach Gesellschaft edition, having become standard by that time. The set consists of three sonatas da chiesa in four movements and three partitas (or partias) in dance-form movements. The 2nd Partita is widely known for its Chaconne, considered one of the most masterly and expressive works ever written for solo violin.

The set was completed by 1720 but was not published until 1802 by Nikolaus Simrock in Bonn. Even after publication, it was largely ignored until the celebrated violinist Joseph Joachim started performing these works. Today, Bach's Sonatas and Partitas are an essential part of the violin repertoire, and they are frequently performed and recorded.

The Sei Solo a Violino senza Basso accompagnato (Six Solos for Violin Without Bass Accompaniment), as Bach titled them, firmly established the technical capability of the violin as a solo instrument. The pieces often served as archetypes for solo violin pieces by later generations of composers, including Eugène Ysaÿe and Béla Bartók.

History of composition
The surviving autograph manuscript of the sonatas and partitas was made by Bach in 1720 in Köthen, where he was Kapellmeister. As Christoph Wolff comments, the paucity of sources for instrumental compositions prior to Bach's period in Leipzig makes it difficult to establish a precise chronology;

The goal of producing a polyphonic texture governed by the rules of counterpoint also indicates the influence of the first surviving works of this kind for solo violin, Westhoff's partitas for solo violin composed in 1696. The virtuoso violinist Westhoff served as court musician in Dresden from 1674 to 1697 and in Weimar from 1699 until his death in 1705, so Bach would have known him for two years. The repertoire for solo violin was actively growing at the time: Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber's celebrated solo passacaglia appeared c.1676; Westhoff's collections of solo violin music were published in 1682 and 1696; Johann Joseph Vilsmayr's Artificiosus Concentus pro Camera in 1715, and Johann Georg Pisendel's solo violin sonata was composed around 1716; and finally, Georg Philipp Telemann published 12 Fantasias for solo violin in 1735.

First performance
It is not known whether these violin solos were performed during Bach's lifetime or, if they were, who the performer was. Johann Georg Pisendel and Jean-Baptiste Volumier, both talented violinists in the Dresden court, have been suggested as possible performers, as was Joseph Spiess, leader of the orchestra in Köthen. Friedrich Wilhelm Rust, who would later become part of the Bach family circle in Leipzig, also became a likely candidate. Bach himself was an able violinist from his youth, and his familiarity with the violin and its literature shows in the composition of the set and the very detailed autograph manuscript. According to his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, "in his youth, and until the approach of old age, he played the violin cleanly and powerfully".

Manuscripts and published editions
Upon Bach's death in 1750, the original manuscript passed into the possession, possibly through his second wife Anna Magdalena, of Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach. It was inherited by the last male descendant of J. C. F. Bach, Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach, who passed it on to his sister Christina Louisa Bach (1762–1852).

Four other early manuscripts also exist. One, originally identified as an authentic Bach autograph from his Leipzig period, is now identified as being a copy dating from 1727–32 by Bach's second wife Anna Magdalena Bach, and is the companion to her copy of the six suites Bach wrote for solo cello.

Another copy, dated July 3, 1726 (the date is on the final page), made by one of Bach's admirers Johann Peter Kellner, is well preserved, despite the fact that the B minor Partita was missing from the set and that there are numerous deviations and omissions. These differences may have come from an earlier source or composing copy, and not necessarily copying errors on Kellner's part. This view is supported by Zoltán Szabó. The three manuscripts are in the Berlin State Museum and have been in the possession of the Bach-Gesellschaft since 1879, through the efforts of Alfred Dörffel. Two other eighteenth century manuscripts, both by unidentified copyists, have also survived.

The first edition was printed in 1802 by Nikolaus Simrock of Bonn. It is clear from errors in it that it was not made with reference to Bach's own manuscript, and it has many mistakes that were frequently repeated in later editions of the 19th century.

Performers
Virtually every great violin performer has recorded the Sonatas and Partitas, often multiple times, as in the case of Joseph Szigeti, Nathan Milstein, Yehudi Menuhin, Henryk Szeryng and many other distinguished players. Strikingly, David Oistrakh, the towering performer of the violin, is not known to have recorded the complete set of Sonatas and Partitas. One of the most famous performers of the Sonatas and Partitas was the violinist and composer George Enescu, who considered this work as "The Himalayas of violinists" and recorded all the sonatas and partitas in the late 1940s. One of his students (Serge Blanc) collected the notes of his master Enescu regarding sonority, phrasing, tempo, fingering and expression, in a now freely distributed document.

Musical structure
The sonatas each consist of four movements, in the typical slow-fast-slow-fast pattern of the sonata da chiesa. The first two movements of each sonata are a prelude and a fugue. The third (slow) movement is lyrical, while the final movement shares the similar musical structure as a typical binary suite movement. Unlike the sonatas, the partitas are of more unorthodox design. Although still making use of the usual baroque style of allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue, with some omissions and the addition of galanteries, new elements were introduced into each partita to provide variety.

Alternative scoring
Aside from the surviving transcriptions BWV 964 and 968, two different sources also indicate that Bach and his circle performed the Sonatas and Partitas on keyboard instruments, rather than on the violin. Music theorist, instrument maker and organ player Jakob Adlung writes (Anleitung zu der musikalischen Gelahrtheit, Erfurt, 1758), regarding the keyboard works by Bach – ”They are actually violini soli senza basso, 3 Sonatas and 3 Partitas, which are well suited for performance on the keyboard”. Johann Friedrich Agricola, who co-wrote Bach's obituary, reports that ”Their composer often played them himself on the clavichord, and added so much harmonies to them, as he found necessary”.

Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001
1. Adagio

2. Fuga (Allegro)

3. Siciliana

4. Presto

Though the key signature of the manuscript suggests D minor, such was a notational convention in the Baroque period, and therefore does not necessarily imply that the piece is in the Dorian mode. The second movement, the fugue, would later be reworked for the organ (in the Prelude and Fugue, BWV 539) and the lute (Fugue, BWV 1000), with the latter being two bars longer than the violin version.

Partita No. 1 in B minor, BWV 1002
1. Allemanda – Double

2. Corrente – Double (Presto)

3. Sarabande – Double

4. Tempo di Borea – Double

This partita substitutes a bourrée (marked Tempo di Borea) for the gigue. Each movement is followed by a variation (double in French).

Sonata No. 2 in A minor, BWV 1003
1. Grave

2. Fuga

3. Andante

4. Allegro

Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004
1. Allemanda

2. Corrente

3. Sarabanda

4. Giga

5. Ciaccona

In the original manuscript, Bach marked 'Segue la Corrente' at the end of Allemanda. The monumental Chaconne, the last and most famous movement of the suite, was regarded as "the greatest structure for solo violin that exists" by Yehudi Menuhin. It involves a set of variations based on a simple phrase repeated in harmonic progression in the bass line (ground bass).

Sonata No. 3 in C major, BWV 1005
1. Adagio

2. Fuga

3. Largo

4. Allegro assai

The opening movement of the work introduced a peaceful, slow stacking up of notes, a technique once thought to be impossible on bowed instruments. The fugue is the most complex and extensive of the three, with the subject derived from the chorale Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott. Bach employs many contrapuntal techniques, including a stretto, an inversion, as well as diverse examples of double counterpoint.

Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006

1. Preludio

2. Loure

3. Gavotte en rondeau

4. Menuet I

5. Menuet II

6. Bourrée

7. Gigue

Selected arrangements and transcriptions

 * J. S. Bach often transcribed these works for keyboard, organ and lute of various movements, some of them later attributed to Bach's pupils. Arrangements of the Sonatas and Partitas for keyboard appear in the Miscellaneous Keyboard Works, Bach Gesellschaft Edition, 1853 (reissued by Dover Publications).
 * Fugue in D minor, BWV 539/ii (BWV 1001/ii) for organ
 * Fugue in G minor, BWV 1000 (BWV 1001/ii) for lute
 * Suite in E major, BWV 1006a (BWV 1006) for lute or keyboard
 * Sonata in D minor, BWV 964 (BWV 1003, doubtful) for keyboard
 * Adagio in G major, BWV 968 (from BWV 1005, doubtful) for keyboard
 * Chaconne, BWV 1004.
 * Johannes Brahms, piano left hand
 * Ferruccio Busoni, piano solo
 * William Thomas Best, organ
 * Henri Messerer, organ
 * Matthias Keller, organ, Carus-Verlag, 2011
 * Arno Landmann, organ, Simrock Verlag
 * Preludio, BWV 1006
 * J. S. Bach, Sinfonia in BWV 29, a reworking of the Preludio from BWV 1006 for obbligato organ, trumpets, oboes and strings
 * Various arrangements for organ of the sinfonia, including the versions by Alexandre Guilmant, Marcel Dupré and Friedemann Winklhofer (Hans Sikorski)
 * British lutenist Nigel North transcribed the entire sequence for lute, as well as Bach's Cello Suites and recorded them on four CDs for Linn Records (volumes 1 to 4, respectively CKD 013, CKD 029, CKD 049, CKD 055)

Selected recordings
Classical violin
 * Joseph Szigeti, 1931 (selected for the NARAS Hall of Fame) and 1956
 * Yehudi Menuhin, 1934–1944 and 1957 and 1975
 * George Enescu, 1948
 * Jascha Heifetz, 1952
 * Henryk Szeryng, 1954 and 1967
 * Emil Telmányi, 1954
 * Nathan Milstein, 1956 and 1973
 * Arthur Grumiaux, 1961, included on the Voyager Golden Record
 * Gidon Kremer, 1980 and 2005
 * Oscar Shumsky, 1983
 * Shlomo Mintz, 1984
 * Itzhak Perlman, 1988
 * Ida Haendel, 1995
 * Salvatore Accardo, 1996
 * Vanessa-Mae, 1996
 * Dmitry Sitkovetsky, 1997
 * James Ehnes, 2000
 * Christian Tetzlaff, 1993, 2006 and 2017
 * Viktoria Mullova, 2009
 * Isabelle Faust, 2010–2012
 * Gil Shaham, 2014
 * Kyung Wha Chung, 2016
 * Julia Fischer, 2017 (Re-release)
 * Hilary Hahn, 1997 and 2018
 * Milan Pala, 2018
 * Augustin Hadelich, 2021

Baroque violin
 * Sergiu Luca, 1977
 * Sigiswald Kuijken, 1981, 1999-2000
 * Jaap Schröder, 1984–1985
 * Monica Huggett, 1991
 * Lucy van Dael, 1996
 * Rachel Podger, 1998–1999
 * Elizabeth Wallfisch, 1997
 * Ingrid Matthews, 2000
 * Hélène Schmitt, 2004
 * John Holloway, 2004
 * Pavlo Beznosiuk, 2007
 * Alina Ibragimova, 2008-2009
 * Amandine Beyer, 2011
 * Stanley Ritchie, 2013
 * Giuliano Carmignola, 2018
 * Fabio Biondi, 2020
 * Bojan Čičić, 2021

Violoncello
 * Tanya Anisimova, 2001

Keyboard
 * Robert Hill, 1999

Mandolin

 * Chris Thile, 2013
 * Avi Avital, 2019

Guitar

 * Paul Galbraith, 1998


text:
User talk:Paladin22

Welcome!

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title: User talk:Paladin22


text:
Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI

The Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI (Mass Academy/MAMS) is a public, non-residential magnet school in Worcester, Massachusetts, to serve academically advanced youth in grades eleven and twelve in math, science, and technology.

Overview
The school emphasizes math and science within a comprehensive, interactive program. The rigor of the junior year classes exceeds high school honors and AP, with more than 1200 hours of instruction.

In October 2018, Niche.com selected the Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science as the best public high school in Massachusetts with a student-teacher ratio of 14:1, a diversity grade of A, and a college prep grade of A+.


text:
Talk:Mary Ellen Pleasant

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 January 2019 and 17 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rayhamsa.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 03:31, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
I dont know where to begin with this one. First of all, the bias is quite blatant. For example, what scholarly reference states that Mary Ellen Pleasant is smarter than the press that demonised her? I have little doubt that the pro-white right wing media shunned her at the time. This is a valid point to make. There are also a number of controversial aspects to her life, such as contradicting accounts of her activities at certain times. Also useful and interesting to state in the article. To state that she is 'considered by some to be be the "mother of the civil rights struggle in California"' is also acceptable.

The tone and content of this article is better. I propose it is the first point of call to improve the article.--ChrisJMoor 18:00, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for comments
Hi Chris,

I am struggling to see your remarks as helpful to the writer(s) of this article. First, I wish you had described the bias you detected in the article.

If you know something about MEP, it would be helpful to be specific in your comments in this discussion section: for instance, of the, “contradictions in accounts of her activities at certain times”. What period did you have in mind? And what source convinced you? THAT would be helpful.

Also, I find the remark, “I have little doubt that the pro-white right wing media shunned her at the time” confusing. What in the world do you mean by pro-white, right wing? Think about the press back then: it(owned by white males) most certainly did not shun her. The major SF new papers had negative articles about her starting in the 1880’s.

If you know of other credible sources than the ones in the article, than please add them to the resource section; I, for one, would gladly read them.

I read the article .[1] you recommend. It was not helpful, either. It gives no sources and reports several things as facts that neither Bibbs nor Hudson was able to corroborate on the basis of their primary source research- such as Philadelphia as MEP’s place of birth. Even Holdredge doubted that. The wiki article reports the scholarship and opinions of recognized authorities on Mary Ellen Pleasant. Neither you, nor your reference, does.

She is already recognized as the "Mother of Civil Rights in California", "by some"- That is such a minor caveat unless you say who would oppose that recognition? You? If so, why? I never heard of anyone else opposing that title.

I couldn’t find any comment in the article about stating that Mary Ellen Pleasant "is smarter than the press". If such a comment was ever in there, it wasn’t mine and someone took it out. I never saw it. However, on the basis of your requiring "scholarly references" for that remark, I find it inconsistent that you extol an article with no references.(click on "[1]" above). ???

My references are clear: Bibbs, Hudson, Holdredge, in that order, and Holdredge is a distant 3rd. (You will never find a more biased account than Helen Holdredge’s- between her racism and her uncritical use of Teresa Bell’s diaries, which, by the way, other scholars can’t access.) Quetlin 17:32, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Friends, I cut some of the opinion and conjecture, but i will return to fix this page for its lack of detail.

Hank Chapot 68.164.171.135 (talk) 05:08, 25 February 2009 (UTC) Hello.... I am currently reading the Ballantine paperback edition of the Holdredge book. It appears to have been edited pretty well & has a bibliography & acknowledgments section in the back that perhaps didn't exist in the earlier Hardback publication. It does mention the previous publication (Of '53) in the frontispiece but seems remarkably evenhanded for a book written first in '53 considering the subject matter & the times. Since its tone is rather admiring of MEP's achievements, is it possible that the original text was heavily revised for the paperback re-issue? Also I have to say, Holdredges book is a great read, I can hardly put it down. I wish I could make a Miniseries about this lady, very remarkable life. Just sayin'. 71.6.81.62 (talk) 23:35, 25 October 2009 (UTC)--mbd--71.6.81.62 (talk) 23:35, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

I hope this story is not made into a drama until the facts are ascertained. To continue to give credence to anything printed in the newspaper because it is more interesting, is so unfair to her memory. In fact, those unproven newspaper accusations have kept her from becoming an UGGR heroine to American children, which she justly deserves. Quetlin (talk) 19:38, 22 March 2010 (UTC)Quetlin

Notice Pleasant's first husband was cited as being named "White" in the first mention of the article and "Smith" thereafter. "Smith" is correct.

A Review of this article
@ Hank Chabot. A bibliography is not the same as having citations in the text, and documents to back the claims.

Holdredge(HH) was a dishonest scholar. For instance, she interviewed Charlotte Dennis Downs(CDD) in the 1950's while researching her book. She claimed that CDDowns had the original of of a memoir Pleasant had dictated to her during the time MEP had worked at the home of Thomas Bell, 1880-1900, but unfortunately after HH read it the first time, it was lost, so she and 80 something CDDowns recreated it as best they could. It was this recreated account that said that Pleasant was born in GA, a slave, daughter of a Virginia Governor. The known fact is that her second husband, JJPleasant, was born at Goochland, the plantation of one of the governors of Virginia's son, and he was the grandson of the gov. That is JJ's story and it is documented. It is a confabulation that MEP was also born under the same circumstances only her mother was sent to GA while she was pregnant. (Ask yourself: Why is so much detail known about the plantation where she was conceived and nothing of the plantation she was born on, or even, her mother's name?) The reason is the story was a confabulation of an old woman trying to help the yellow journalist who was writing a book on MEP. Or, since CDD died before publication, HH just made it up and attributed it to her with a story of a purloined memoir. (WHY would Charlotte have the copy in the first place? that does not make sense as she was never the owner of said memoir.) HH admits she lost the manuscript and rewrote it, a huge no-no in historical circles. She was not a historian, but a reporter without even a BA degree. You need look no further to discredit this entire account, but there are plenty of other chances to discredit it as well.

Mary Ellen Pleasant herself, claimed in 1900 to a friendly reporter, that she was born free, in Philadelphia, and got to Nantucket at about six years old. she claimed she had no memories before Nantucket in that article. Why not take it from her own mouth? She was never a slave and had no memories before Nantucket.

JJ was believed to be related to members of the Haitian revolution and was distantly related to Marie La Veau's husband, but there is no evidence they ever worked in New Orleans. They worked from New England to Canada where they knew people. MEP and JJ both claim they came out to CA in 1849. They also habitually did their traveling in Captain Gardner's boat as Gardner was the guardian of MEP's inheritance from her first husband -and his second wife Phebe was MEP's "sister" being raised together and they were very close until the Gardners were lost at sea. MEP was raised by respectable Quakers who kept their hands in her financial life until they died off.

MEP was indeed an interesting person, but she was not a Vodoun priestess- that is a religion and you don't just become a priestess without years of apprenticeship. Although MEP was not a Quaker, she wore Quaker-like dress; plain grays, blacks and always wore her famous Quaker-style poke bonnet. She kept up her Quaker friends until she outlived them. Everything I discuss here is found in the HH book itself. Quetlin (talk) 21:47, 13 April 2017 (UTC)QuetlinQuetlin (talk) 21:47, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

Addressing race re reverted edits
I ran this query: "Mary Ellen Pleasant" Black OR Colored OR Mixed OR Multicultural

and found it was not uncommon for Pleasant to be described as Black, so I don't see anything wrong with using Black in the article. Other more correct terms are mixed race and multicultural.

See this NPR article (particularly towards the end of the article) about use of terms.

I reverted the company name, as well, that had the word "Black" in it. Changing Black to Colored introduces an error.

It seems that Black, mixed race, multicultural are the best. I don't have anything against biracial, but some consider it limiting to people that also have Native American, Asian, etc. heritage.–CaroleHenson (talk) 17:20, 6 July 2022 (UTC)

Image
The Image used is not of Mary Ellen Pleasant but of the Queen of Hawai'i. Emalani Na'ea Rooke. they do look similar however, there are actually no images of Mary Ellen Pleasant in her younger years. all images that have depictated her as such are actually that of the Hawaiian queen. now, I have seen mentions of Mary Ellen Pleasant stating her father was kanaka, however, we will need DNA from descendants to prove such. 808Poiboy (talk) 21:03, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Ellen Pleasant


text:
Elan Graphics

Elan Graphics is a computer graphics architecture for Silicon Graphics computer workstations. Elan Graphics was developed in 1991 and was available as a high-end graphics option on workstations released during the mid-1990s as part of the Express Graphics architectures family. Elan Graphics gives the workstation real-time 2D and 3D graphics rendering capability similar to that of even high-end PCs made over ten years after Elan's introduction, with the exception of texture mapping, which had to be performed in software.

The Silicon Graphics Indigo Elan option Graphics systems consist of four GE7 Geometry Engines capable of a combined 128 MFLOPS and one RE3 Raster Engine. Together, they are capable of rendering 180K Z-buffered, lit, Gouraud-shaded triangles per second. The framebuffer has 56 bits per pixel, causing 12-bits per pixel (dithered RGB 4/4/4) to be used for a double-buffered, depth buffered, RGB layout. When double-buffering isn't required, it is possible to run in full 24-bit color. Similarly, when Z-buffering is not required, a double-buffered 24-bit RGB framebuffer configuration is possible. The Elan Graphics system also implemented hardware stencil buffering by allocating 4 bits from the Z-buffer to produce a combined 20-bit Z, 4-bit stencil buffer.

Elan Graphics consists of five graphics subsystems: the HQ2 Command Engine, GE7 Geometry Subsystem, RE3 Raster Engine, VM2 framebuffer and VC1 Display Subsystem. Elan Graphics can produce resolutions up to 1280 x 1024 pixels with 24-bit color and can also process unencoded NTSC and PAL analog television signals. The Elan Graphics system is made up of five daughterboards that plug into the main workstation motherboard.

The Elan Graphics architecture was superseded by SGI's Extreme Graphics architecture on Indigo2 models and eventually by the IMPACT graphics architecture in 1995.

Features

 * Subpixel positioning
 * Advanced lighting models:
 * Multiple colored light sources (up to 8)
 * Ambient, diffuse, and specular lighting models
 * Phong lighting
 * Spotlights
 * Local and infinite light source positioning
 * Two-sided lighting
 * Anti-aliased lines and points
 * Full scene anti-aliasing
 * Atmospheric effects
 * Sphere rendering
 * Pixel-blending capabilities for transparency effects
 * Soft shadows and depth-of-field
 * Texture-mapping
 * Multimode windowing environment
 * X11 drawing primitives and pixel move operations
 * Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) surfaces

title: Elan Graphics


text:
Miramichi Valley

The Miramichi Valley is a Canadian river valley and region in the east-central part of New Brunswick. It extends along both major branches of the Miramichi River and their tributaries, however it is generally agreed that the much larger Southwest Miramichi River forms the majority of this region as it is more settled than the Northwest Miramichi River.

Some communities throughout the valley include (from upriver to downriver): Juniper, Boiestown, Doaktown, Miramichi River Valley, Red Bank, Sunny Corner, Renous-Quarryville, and the city of Miramichi which is an amalgamation of the former towns of Newcastle and Chatham, as well as the former villages of Nelson-Miramichi, Loggieville and Douglastown.

There are three Mi'kmaq reserves within the Miramichi River watershed: Natoaganeg (Eel Ground) First Nation, Esgenoôpetitj (Burnt Church) First Nation, and Metepenagiag (Red Bank) Mi'kmaq Nation.

Climate
Largely influenced by the continental climate, the Miramichi River valley typically experiences westerly winds from the interior, although coastal areas of the estuarine portion can experience easterly winds off the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the late summer. During fall, winter and spring, the colder air mass of the northern interior of North America frequently flows over the Miramichi Valley, but the close proximity of the Gulf of St. Lawrence tends to moderate this effect.

The colder waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence also moderate the spring and summer months, producing a later spring than corresponding areas further inland, due to sea ice. Falls are correspondingly later, since the waters of the Gulf of St. Lawerence retain heat for a longer period than the areas inland.

The Miramichi River and its estuarine portion traditionally freezes solid for three to four months each winter. This is beginning to change as a result of changing climate trends, however as late as the 1950s, before a bridge was built at Chatham, NB, cars would regularly cross the river using the ice, and small trucks of fish buyers would venture down river on the ice to purchase smelt directly from ice fishermen at their nets.

The average rainfall is in the order of 1-1.1 m.

Forests
Lying near the northern limit of many eastern hardwoods in the Acadian Forest Region, Miramichi Valley forests are diverse.

Balsam fir, black spruce and red spruce are common. Other coniferous trees include white spruce, eastern white pine, red pine, jack pine, tamarack, eastern hemlock, and eastern white cedar).

Broad-leaved deciduous trees include yellow birch, paper birch, grey birch, red maple, sugar maple, balsam poplar, trembling aspen, bigtooth aspen, speckled alder, northern red oak, American elm, American beech, and black ash. Silver maple and butternut are uncommon, but can be found at alluvial sites along the Southwest Miramichi River. Hop hornbeam (=Ironwood) and white ash are uncommon to rare, but do occur on well-drained upland soils.

Land ownership in the Miramichi River valley reflects human settlement patterns, with most private land ownership having been derived from the Crown grant and extending inland, perpendicular to the river and its tributaries. Many families maintain private woodlots for firewood or commercial uses. Remaining Crown land, inland from the river, is managed by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. These lands have been managed primarily to support the pulp and paper industry via timber leases to forestry companies. Controversy has arisen in recent decades about forest management practises which have included clear cutting.

Agriculture
The Miramichi River valley supports some farming, mostly located on the better topsoils within the floodplain. Crop farming is rare, with potatoes, turnips, oats, and wheat being most common. Some residents maintain small vegetable gardens for personal use in communities throughout the valley. Dairy farming is common, as is cultivation of blueberries, strawberries, raspberries and cranberries. Some failed farms which had been cleared in colonial times have reverted to forest.

Although not strictly agriculture, the Miramichi River valley also sees an annual spring harvest of wild "fiddleheads", the curled heads of ostrich ferns which grow on the riverbanks and in the floodplain after the spring freshet.

Fishing
The Miramichi River is famous for Atlantic Salmon fly-fishing (rod and reel), whereas the estuary once supported an extensive fishery for salmon, shad, gaspereau and smelt. Although these commercial harvests have declined (commercial fishing of Atlantic Salmon having been banned since the 1960s), the lobster fishery has grown to become the highest value food fishery in the region, with the lobster fleet sailing primarily out of ports such as Neguac, Hardwicke, Baie-Sainte-Anne, and Escuminac. The Miramichi River estuary also supports some oyster harvesting and aquaculture, particularly cultivated mussels.

Most commercial fish stocks have been in a state of decline, particularly Atlantic Salmon. Despite these declines, the Miramichi River still supports one of the largest annual runs of Atlantic salmon in North America. These declines in Atlantic salmon runs are often blamed on the Greenland offshore fishery, global climate change, as well as local overfishing. Recent forest management practises such as clear cutting and herbicide applications which denigrate the riparian zone along the river and its tributaries, as well as industrial pollution share some blame as well.

Wildlife
The Miramichi River watershed supports a large population of land mammals and waterfowl, particularly white-tailed deer, moose, American black bear, ducks and the Canada goose. Other animals include red fox, northeast coyote, mink, fisher, weasel, skunk, porcupine, beaver, and muskrat among many others.

Prior to European settlement, the area also supported woodland caribou (a relative of the Arctic caribou which inhabited northeastern North America), as well as the eastern cougar and wolves. A remnant population of the Eastern Cougar is thought to inhabit parts of New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, possibly including the Miramichi River watershed. A Grey Wolf pack is thought to have recently returned to the Miramichi Highlands from the Gaspé Peninsula.

Hunting of large land mammals such as deer, moose, as well as waterfowl such as ducks and geese is permitted each fall. The elusive American black duck is particularly prized by hunters. There is a limited bear hunt each spring, although its continuation is being debated. The guiding industry is an economic contributor to the local economy during hunting season.

Pre-history to 1758
Originally settled by Maritime Archaic Indians, the Miramichi River valley was controlled by the Mi'kmaq Nation at the time of European discovery. As part of Acadia under French colonial control, the region saw little French settlement. The Mi'kmaq from the Miramichi River valley sided with France during the wars between Britain and France from 1689 to 1763, sometimes sending raiding parties into New England to attack settlements during the Seven Years' War.

Following the siege of Fortress Louisbourg in 1758, British forces on their way to Quebec City attacked French settlements on Ile-Saint-Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island) and continued along the coast, where they entered the lower Miramichi River valley and destroyed and scattered the small Acadian settlements. They also attacked and burned a small Mi'kmaq village at Ste-Anne (present-day Burnt Church, NB).

1758 to 1850
The Miramichi River valley initially became a refuge for Acadians fleeing the Great Upheaval in the Annapolis Valley, Tantramar Marshes and Ile-Saint-Jean following the Seven Years' War, however these families were soon forced to move to more isolated coastal areas to the northeast. Under British control, the area was part of the Colony of Nova Scotia from 1756 to 1784 but was largely forgotten. Some settlement trickled from the Loyalist refugees flooding the Saint John River valley to the south and west, however it was only after the Colony of New Brunswick was established in 1784 that colonial administrators looked favourably upon the Miramichi region.

The Highland Clearances and Britain's Industrial Revolution soon saw a Scottish migration into the Miramichi River valley, some of them demobilized veterans of the American Revolutionary War, and others directly coming from the Scottish Highlands. They were the first permanent English-speaking settlers and their early industriousness continues as a legacy to the various communities throughout the valley.

William Davidson was among the first Scots, arriving in 1767. English settlers were present too, as evidenced by the Anglican Churches established throughout the valley. Acadians began to drift back into the area as early as 1769, settling the shorelands along the lower bay. A small number of United Empire Loyalists arrived, establishing themselves particularly in the upriver areas, where Squire Doak established the village of Doaktown. In 1825, a massive forest fire, called "The Great Miramichi Fire", burned 20% of New Brunswick's forests, leveling several communities in the central part of the colony including Newcastle and Douglastown.

Large numbers of Irish arrived in the Miramichi River valley, both before and after the Great Famine of Ireland (1845-1849). Middle Island, in the inner bay of the estuarine portion of the Miramichi River, served as a quarantine station. Though some Irish immigrants farmed, especially in Barnaby River, St. Margarets and Sevogle River, many were drawn to the established towns and villages, perhaps because the Scots and English had taken up the best land.

Trade with Britain and the West Indies was a cornerstone of the Miramichi River valley economy throughout a large part of the 19th century. An important export up until the 1850s was Eastern White Pine trunks which were used as masts on Royal Navy vessels. Fur was an early export to European markets and later exports included lumber, pulpwood, and pit props for Welsh coal mines. The United States began to replace Britain as the most important market for the Miramichi River valley after the 1850s. Salmon and forest products found a market in Boston, MA, with these commodities being shipped by schooner, with rum and molasses being common return cargoes.

1867 to present
The National Policy of Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservative government after Confederation in 1867 was not to the advantage of Miramichi lumbermen and fish buyers. The high tariff walls designed to protect Ontario manufacturers meant higher prices for imports, and tariff barriers on exports to the United States.

The National Policy is believed to be a contributing factor in explaining the long Liberal predominance in Miramichi elections, and the prominence of lumber and fish merchants and business leaders among Liberal MPs and Senators in the Parliament of Canada and Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. Notable among these are Senators Jabez Bunting Snowball, a lumber merchant and shipowner from Chatham, NB, and Percy Burchill, a lumber merchant from Nelson-Miramichi, NB; Members of Parliament included W. S. Loggie, a fish and general merchant from Chatham, NB, Richard Hutchinson, a lumber merchant from Newcastle, NB, and John Maloney, a lumber merchant; Members of the Legislative Assembly included W. Stafford Anderson, a lumber merchant from Newcastle, NB, whose daughter Margaret Anderson served in the Senate.

Sawmills were a typical Miramichi industry from colonial times, but pulp mills were established at both Newcastle and Chatham in the late nineteenth century and, though the Chatham mill is long closed, the one in Newcastle continued in operation until recently. Fish packing remained important until recent times, with Loggieville and Escuminac being two sites. For many years, pit props were exported to the Welsh and English coal mines, though the volume suggests that many ended up in British pulp mills.

During the 1870s and 1880s, railways were built to the Miramichi River valley, beginning with the Intercolonial Railway in 1875, which crossed the Southwest and Northwest Miramichi Rivers at tidewater just upstream from Newcastle on its way between Moncton, NB and Bathurst, NB. This section of the Intercolonial formed part of the Halifax, NS to Rivière-du-Loup, QC main line and was purposely routed along the eastern shore of New Brunswick for military purposes, to keep it away from the border with the United States.

The Northern and Western Railway (later the Canada Eastern Railway) was built in the mid-1880s from Fredericton to Boisetown where it then ran along the Southwest Miramichi River through Chatham to terminate at the port at Loggieville, intersecting with the Intercolonial at Nelson. The line was purchased several years later by the Intercolonial and part of the line between Renous-Quarryville and Nelson was rerouted. A passenger train on this route was given the informal nickname, the "Dungarvon Whooper".

Oceangoing steamships and motor vessels regularly visited ports along the river until fairly recently. The decision by the federal government to concentrate all ocean shipping activities in northern New Brunswick at the port of Belledune, NB in the late 1980s and early 1990s led to a decision by the mid-1990s to discontinue dredging at the entrance to Miramichi Bay. This has led to significant silting of the navigation channel although some ships still call at the ports of Chatham and Newcastle.

The Miramichi River valley is home to about 45,000 people, mainly of mixed Irish, Scottish, English, French and Mi'kmaq descent. Traditionally, the shores of the estuarine portion of the Miramichi River valley were predominantly Acadian fishing communities, whereas Chatham was an Irish community and Newcastle and many towns upriver were Scottish communities. Over the past 100 years or more, Acadians have been migrating into the amalgamated city of Miramichi and surrounding areas. The "English speaking" community (of Irish, Scottish or English descent) and the "French speaking" community (of Acadian descent) have witnessed much intermarriage between the two groups in the last 80 years and relations are generally good.

There has been little immigration to the Miramichi River valley since the Irish Famine, producing a particular personality among Miramichiers who are regarded as friendly, but with a touch of reserve, generous, but also very independent, and with a wry sense of humour, especially in evidence when someone is suspected of "putting on airs". They are passionately attached to their valley.

Another factor that united Miramichiers of all ethnic backgrounds was the shared experience of two world wars. Casualties were especially heavy in the First World War, when just about every street in the towns throughout the river valley had men killed or returned wounded and/or shell-shocked. During the Second World War Miramichi River valley soldiers went ashore on D-Day with the North Shore Regiment and went through the heavy fighting in northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Others served with the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Canadian Navy.

Historic sites

 * Middle Island, the site of a quarantine station in the inner part of Miramichi Bay. Preserved to commemorate the Irish immigration to the Miramichi River valley.
 * MacDonald Farm, at the mouth of the Bartibogue River. A restoration of an original Scottish settler's home.
 * St. Michael's Basilica, located in the former town of Chatham, NB. The largest church in the Miramichi River valley and centre of the Irish community.

title: Miramichi Valley


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Kravchuk

Kravchuk is a surname that derived from the occupation of tailor (кравець, kravets) with addition of a common Ukrainian suffix -chuk.

The name may refer to:

 * Andrei Kravchuk (born 1962), Russian director and screenwriter
 * Andriy Kravchuk (born 1999), Ukrainian football player
 * Antonina Kravchuk (born 1935), Ukrainian economician, First Lady of Ukraine (1991–1994)
 * Danylo Kravchuk (born 2001), Ukrainian football player
 * Igor Kravchuk (born 1966), Russian ice hockey player
 * Konstantin Kravchuk (born 1985), Russian tennis player
 * Leonid Kravchuk (1934–2022), first President of Ukraine
 * Mikhail Kravchuk (born 1991), Belarusian football player
 * Mykhailo Kravchuk (1892–1942), Ukrainian mathematician
 * Petro Kravchuk (1962–2022), Ukrainian politician
 * Robert Kravchuk (born 1955), American financial and political scholar
 * Stanislav Kravchuk (born 1978), Ukrainian freestyle skier
 * Valentyn Kravchuk (1944—2003), Ukrainian rower
 * Valery Kravchuk (born 1955), Ukrainian heavyweight weightlifter
 * Yevheniya Kravchuk (born 1985), Ukrainian politician

title: Kravchuk


text:
Steve Grantley

Steve Grantley (born 8 March 1962) is an English rock drummer who plays for Stiff Little Fingers, and formerly the Alarm and RTZ Global. Between 1982 and 1987, he played drums for Jake Burns and the Big Wheel. He has also worked with Alicia Keys, Julian Lennon and the band Eighth Wonder and auditioned for the Clash after the departure of Terry Chimes.

He has written two books with Alan Parker, one about the 1970s rock band Slade and another about the Who called Who by Numbers.

title: Steve Grantley


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Tim Willits

Tim Willits is the former studio director, co-owner, and level designer of id Software. As of August 2019, Willits is the chief creative officer at Saber Interactive. He became a Director of 3D Realms with Saber Interactive’s acquisition of the company.

Biography
Willits is a computer science and business graduate of the University of Minnesota and a former member of the University of Minnesota Army ROTC program. Willits was the battalion cadet-command sergeant major (C/CSM) during his junior year and attended ROTC Advanced Camp at Fort Lewis, Washington during the summer between his junior and senior years of college. After an injury during the summer, Willits completed two rotations, being assigned to both the first and seventh cadet regiments during that summer. He held the rank of cadet-major (C/MAJ) during his senior year and was assigned as the battalion training officer.

Personal life
Married for the second time in 2009, Willits currently lives in a Dallas suburb with his wife, Alison Barron Willits. Together, both of them have triplets.

Career
Willits has stated in numerous interviews that he was inspired to make video games when he downloaded a shareware version of Doom. He played the first room of E1M1, thinking that was the entire demo, then, discovering a door that led the player to the other rooms. It was that moment when the door opened that Willits decided he wanted to make video games. He joined id Software in 1995 after impressing the owners and development team with Doom levels he forged in his spare time and distributed free over the Internet. Willits has worked on Strife, The Ultimate Doom, Quake, Quake II, Quake III Arena, Quake III: Team Arena and Doom 3.

Willits was lead designer on Doom 3, and executive producer on Quake 4. He was also the creative director on Rage and Quake Live, as well as the game director on the arena shooter, Quake Champions.

Willits was the only id Software employee to attend every single QuakeCon event since its inception in 1996 until his departure from id in 2019, something of which he is proud. On July 18, 2019, Willits announced he would leave id Software after serving for 24 years. He is now the chief creative officer at Saber Interactive.

Willits was referenced in the Doom movie as Dr. Willits.

Controversy
Willits received attention in August 2017 for claiming that he created the concept of multiplayer maps during the development of Quake. According to Willits, he approached coworkers John Romero and John Carmack with the idea of maps which could only be played in multiplayer, which Willits claimed the two dismissed as "the stupidest idea they'd ever heard".

The following day, Romero refuted Willits' statement on his personal blog, claiming that Willits' alleged encounter between him and Carmack never happened. Carmack said that he does not recall the conversation between Tim Willits, John Romero, and himself, and he trusts Romero's recollection of events, in line with the account detailed on Romero's blog. Romero explained that many hundreds of deathmatch-only maps had been made for Doom prior to Quake's release, including a deathmatch map created by then-id Software employee American McGee. Romero also noted that Marathon and Rise of the Triad, first person shooters which predated Quake by over a year, both shipped with maps exclusive to multiplayer. Tom Hall, co-founder of id Software and director of Rise of the Triad, gave his support for Romero. Willits responded to the article by posting an early video of a map fragment with elements of Q1DM3 shown named Tim14.bsp on his Instagram, and stated that "I stand by what I said". In January 2020, Willits was on the Arcade Attack Podcast and clarifies that when he talked about multiplayer-only maps he was specifically talking about Quake, not FPS games in general. He also added that Quake was the first FPS game that had dedicated client-server architecture for multiplayer.

Willits was interviewed by Warren Spector in 2007, giving the same account of creating the concept of multiplayer-only maps. Willits also claimed to have created all of Quake's shareware levels; this was disputed by John Romero.

Works
These are the works Tim has done, which includes titles mostly from id Software:

title: Tim Willits


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Food and Drugs Act

The Food and Drugs Act (Loi sur les aliments et drogues) is an act of the Parliament of Canada regarding the production, import, export, transport across provinces and sale of food, drugs, contraceptive devices and cosmetics (including personal cleaning products such as soap and toothpaste). It was first passed in 1920 and most recently revised in 1985. It attempts to ensure that these products are safe, that their ingredients are disclosed and that drugs are effective and are not sold as food or cosmetics. It also states that cures for disease listed in Schedule A (including cancer, obesity, anxiety, asthma, depression, appendicitis, and sexually transmitted diseases), cannot be advertised to the general public.

Background
After the launch of the Federal Department of Health in 1919, the Food and Drugs Act was presented in late 1920. Rules and regulations developed under the Act established the requirements for licensing and creating drugs in Canada. The law granted the Minister of Health the right to cancel or suspend licenses of companies failing to comply with the requirements.

The Food and Drugs Act was not significantly modified until 1947 when the foundations were laid for the current market today. In 1951, drug manufacturers were required to submit a file for each new drug prior to marketing their product. However, during the early 1960s, the drug thalidomide, which had been approved to enter the market, resulted in the deaths of thousands of infants and severe birth defects in others when the drug was taken by women in early stages of pregnancy.

As a result of the problems caused by the drug thalidomide, the Act was revisited and strengthened by Health Canada. The revised version placed new requirements on manufacturers to provide evidence for efficacy in seeking a Notice of Compliance, which must be obtained before any drug could be sold. The manufacturer must meet all the requirements before making any drug available to the public, but once the drug passes with no adverse reactions and without any changes needed to the drug's formula, it may never be subjected to review by Health Canada again. Some health advocates want post-approval surveillance to watch for unexpected problems.

Part I
Part I provides general interpretations of the terms, and provides details of each of the topics discussed on what the Act entails:
 * Food
 * Drugs
 * Cosmetics
 * Devices

Part II
Part II of the Act focuses the administration and the Enforcement that allows the government to intervene with the manufacturer. It entails:
 * Inspection, Seizure and forfeiture
 * Analysis
 * Power of the Minister
 * Incorporation by Reference
 * Regulations
 * Interim Orders
 * Marketing Authorization
 * Offense and Punishment
 * Exports

Parts III and IV
Parts III (enacted in 1961) and IV (enacted in 1969) provided for implementation of controls required by the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. Part III dealt with "controlled" drugs such as amphetamine, methaqualone, and phenmetrazine, which have legitimate medical uses. Part IV focused on Schedule H "restricted drugs", those whose only legitimate use is for scientific research, such as the hallucinogens LSD, DMT, and MDMA. These parts established eight classes of regulated substances, ranging from Schedules A to H.

The 1996 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act repealed Parts III and IV.

2008 proposed amendment
In April 2008, an amendment to the Food and Drugs Act, Canadian Bill C-51 was tabled in the House of Commons. The purpose of this bill was to modernize the regulatory system for foods and therapeutic products, to strengthen the oversight of the benefits and risks of therapeutic products throughout their life cycle, to support effective compliance and enforcement actions and to enable a greater transparency and openness of the regulatory system. Some of the proposed amendments are as follows:

 * Illegalize the sale and importation of products that have knowingly been adulterated.
 * Illegalize the sale of counterfeit therapeutic products.
 * Clarify in the Food and Drugs Act the requirement of therapeutic products to have market authorization, which has been required by Health Canada for many years.

The bill has been subject to criticism due to a perception that the bill would illegalize all food and Natural Health Products by categorizing them as drug products. Natural health products in Canada have been regulated as a subset of drugs since the Natural Health Products Regulations were put into place on January 1, 2004. Health Canada has stated "The Natural Health Product Regulations, introduced in 2004, will continue to operate the same way under Bill C-51. Canadians will continue to have access to natural health products that are safe, effective and of high quality.

In spite of this claim, The Natural Health Industry remained skeptical. A watchdog group was employed to investigate the concerns and a number of hidden camera videos surfaced that further aggravated the NHP industry concerns.

Overview
Frequent consumption of foods rich in sodium, sugars, or saturated fats is associated with elevated health risks, including but not limited to:

To address this concern, a front-of-package nutrition symbol has been introduced. This symbol serves the dual purpose of aiding consumers in making informed choices while grocery shopping and assisting health professionals in educating the public about the nutritional content of foods high in sodium, sugars, and saturated fat.
 * Stroke
 * Obesity
 * Heart disease
 * Type 2 diabetes
 * High blood pressure
 * Certain types of cancers

Front-of-Package Nutrition Labelling
The front-of-package nutrition symbol is mandatory for prepackaged foods that meet or exceed specified levels for sodium, sugars, or saturated fat. However, certain foods are exempt from displaying this symbol, including:

 * Packaged individual portions intended for restaurant or commercial consumption

 * Milk and cream sold in refillable glass containers -
 * Foods in very small packages
 * Raw, single-ingredient whole cuts of meat, poultry, and fish without a nutrition facts table
 * Additionally, certain foods with health-promoting properties, such as fruits, vegetables without added sodium, sugars, or saturated fats, plain dairy products, and specific dairy items contributing to bone health, are exempt from the requirement.
 * Certain products, such as butter, sugar, salt, honey, celery salt, maple syrup, vegetable oils, and seasoning salt, used for the same purpose, are also exempt from displaying the front-of-package nutrition symbol.

Appearance of the Front-of-Package Nutrition Symbol
The front-of-package nutrition symbol is depicted in black and white and features a magnifying glass, emphasizing whether the food product is high in sodium, sugars, saturated fat, or a combination of these components.

Symbol Selection Process
The selection of the front-of-package nutrition symbol was informed by feedback from Canadian residents and consumer research, ensuring its relevance and comprehensibility.

Placement Requirements
For uniformity and ease of identification, the nutrition symbol must adhere to specific requirements concerning size, location, and language:

 * Size: The size of the symbol is determined by the package size to ensure visibility on packages of varying dimensions.
 * Location: Generally, the symbol appears in the upper half of the label for most package shapes. However, on wider-than-tall labels, it is situated on the right half.
 * Language: The front-of-package nutrition symbol is presented in both English and French. It may manifest as two separate symbols, each in one language, or as a combined symbol featuring both languages.

title: Food and Drugs Act


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Lover

Lover or lovers may refer to a person having a sexual or romantic relationship with someone outside marriage. In this context see:
 * Sexual partner
 * Mistress (lover)
 * Extramarital sex
 * Premarital sex

Lover or Lovers may also refer to:

Geography

 * Lover, Wiltshire, England
 * Lover, Pennsylvania, US
 * Lover, frazione of the comune of Campodenno, Trentino, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy
 * Lővér, the Hungarian name for Luieriu village, Suseni Commune, Mureș County, Romania

People

 * Ed Lover or James Roberts (born 1963), American rapper, actor, musician and radio personality
 * Eddy Lover or Eduardo Mosquera (born 1985), Panamanian singer-songwriter
 * Latin Lover (wrestler) or Victor Manuel Resendiz Ruiz (born 1967), Mexican professional wrestler and actor
 * Samuel Lover (1797–1868), Anglo-Irish songwriter, novelist and portraitist
 * Seth Lover (1910–1997), American inventor of the humbucker
 * Vector Lovers or Martin Wheeler, British musician

Film and television

 * Lover (2024 film), an Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film
 * Lover (2018 film), an Indian Telugu-language film
 * Lover (2022 film), an Indian Punjabi-language film
 * Lovers (1927 film), an American silent film
 * Lovers (1983 film), an Indian Hindi film by Bharathiraja
 * Lovers (1991 film), a Spanish film noir
 * Lovers (1999 film), a French film directed by Jean-Marc Barr
 * Lovers (2013 film), or Another Life, a French film directed by Emmanuel Mouret
 * Lovers (2014 film), an Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film
 * Lovers (2020 film), a French film directed by Nicole Garcia
 * Lovers (TV series), a 2006 South Korean TV series
 * "Lovers", a 1994 episode of the British sitcom Men Behaving Badly

Literature

 * Lover (novel), by Bertha Harris, 1976
 * Lovers (play), by Brian Friel, 1967

Albums

 * Lover (album) or its title song (see below) by Taylor Swift, 2019
 * Lover or the title song, by George Maple, 2017
 * Lover, by Morris Albert, 1999
 * Lover, by Noah Gundersen, 2019
 * Lovers (Babyface album) or the title song, 1986
 * Lovers (Cannonball Adderley album) or the title song, 1975
 * Lovers (David Murray album) or the title song, 1988
 * Lovers (Dufresne album), 2008
 * Lovers (Hanna Pakarinen album) or the title song, 2007
 * Lovers (Mickey Newbury album) or the title song, 1975
 * Lovers (Nels Cline album), 2016
 * Lovers (The Sleepy Jackson album), 2003
 * Lovers or the title song, by Anna of the North, 2017
 * Lovers, by The Royalty, 2012

Songs

 * "Lover" (Rodgers and Hart song), 1932
 * "Lover" (Taylor Swift song), 2019
 * "Lover", by AAA from AAA 10th Anniversary Best, 2015
 * "Lover", by Digital Remedy, an Australian number-one club track of 2019
 * "Lover", by G Flip from About Us, 2019
 * "Lover", by Pnau from Pnau, 2007
 * "Lover", by Rachel McFarlane, 1998
 * "Lover", by Sophie Ellis-Bextor from Read My Lips, 2001
 * "Lovers" (song), by the Tears, 2005
 * "Lovers (Live a Little Longer)", by Abba, 1979
 * "Lovers", by Deftones, the B-side of "Hexagram", 2003
 * "Lovers", by Natalie Cole from Thankful, 1977
 * "Lovers", from the film House of Flying Daggers, 2004
 * "Lover", by the Michael Stanley Band from Heartland, 1980

Other uses

 * Lover (clothing), a fashion label
 * Lovers (stock characters) or Innamorati, in the commedia dell'arte theatre of 16th-century Italy
 * Lovers rock, a style of reggae music

title: Lover


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Ken Landreaux

Kenneth Francis Landreaux (born December 22, 1954) is an American former professional baseball center fielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the California Angels, Minnesota Twins, and Los Angeles Dodgers from 1977 through 1987.

Playing career
After graduating from Dominguez High School in Compton, California, Landreaux was drafted by the Houston Astros in the eighth round of the 1973 Major League Baseball draft, but chose to attend Arizona State University. While at Arizona State, he played in the 1975 and 1976 College World Series on teams that included future major leaguers Floyd Bannister, Chris Bando, and Bob Horner.

Landreaux was selected by the California Angels in the first round of the 1976 Major League Baseball draft. In his major league debut with the Angels, on September 11, 1977, against the Chicago White Sox, Landreaux threw out three base runners from the outfield.

In 1979, the Angels traded Landreaux, Dave Engle, Paul Hartzell, and Brad Havens to the Minnesota Twins for Rod Carew. In 1980, Landreaux set a Minnesota record with a 31-game hitting streak, tied for the longest in the AL since Dom DiMaggio's 34 in 1949. He still holds the record for most consecutive games with a hit in Minnesota Twins history.

Landreaux was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for three prospects (Mickey Hatcher and two minor leaguers) in 1981. Landreaux was a member of the 1981 World Series champion Los Angeles Dodgers, and caught the final out of the 1981 World Series, a fly ball to center field off the bat of Bob Watson. Landreaux's best seasons were 1982 and 1983. Usually batting 2nd in the order, he combined with leadoff man Steve Sax to give the Dodgers two formidable "table setters." Landreaux hit over .280 and had at least 30 stolen bases in each of those seasons. He also hit a career high 17 home runs for the 1983 National League Western Division champion Dodgers. He remained with the Dodgers, completing his major league baseball career in 1987.

Career statistics
In 1264 games over 11 seasons, Landreaux compiled a .268 batting average (1099-for-4101) with 522 runs, 180 doubles, 45 triples, 91 home runs, 479 RBI, 145 stolen bases, 299 base on balls, 421 strikeouts, .317 on-base percentage and .400 slugging percentage. Defensively, he recorded a .981 fielding percentage at all three outfield positions. In postseason play covering 24 games, he batted .221 (15-for-68) with 6 runs and 4 RBI.

Post-playing career
After retiring, Landreaux abused substances. After achieving sobriety, he worked as a counselor at Bellwood Health Center in Bellflower, California. He and Darrell Jackson, a former baseball teammate, founded the Athletic Connection Team to aid athletes with substance use problems. Landreaux spends his time teaching young baseball players at the Urban Youth Academy in Compton. Ken Landreaux returned to Arizona State University in 2012 and earned a Bachelor of Liberal Studies Degree in 2014.

Personal life
Landreaux is a cousin of former major league third baseman Enos Cabell.

title: Ken Landreaux


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David Rosen (politics)

David Rosen is an American political fundraiser.

Life
Rosen was employed as Hillary Clinton's campaign finance director in her campaign for a United States Senate seat in 2000. He was indicted on charges of false campaign finance reports related to the Hollywood Gala Salute to President William Jefferson Clinton in August 2000 while Clinton was First Lady of the United States. In 2005, a jury acquitted him of all the charges. Rosen served as campaign finance director in Pat Quinn's successful election campaign for Governor of Illinois in 2010.

title: David Rosen (politics)