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Able Archer 83

Able Archer 83 was a military exercise conducted by NATO that took place in November 1983. It simulated a period of heightened nuclear tensions between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, leading to concerns that it could have been mistaken for a real attack by the Soviet Union. The exercise is considered by some to be one of the closest moments the world came to nuclear war during the Cold War. It was the annual Able Archer exercise conducted in November 1983. The purpose of the exercise, like previous years, was to simulate a period of conflict escalation, culminating in the U.S. military attaining a simulated DEFCON 1 coordinated nuclear attack. The five-day exercise, which involved NATO commands throughout Western Europe, was coordinated from the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) headquarters in Casteau, Belgium.

The 1983 exercise, which began on November 7, 1983, introduced several new elements not seen in previous years, including a new, unique format of coded communication, radio silences, and the participation of heads of government. This increase in realism, combined with tense relations between the United States and the Soviet Union and the anticipated arrival of Pershing II nuclear missiles in Europe, led some members of the Soviet Politburo and military to believe that Able Archer 83 was a ruse of war, obscuring preparations for a genuine nuclear first strike. In response, the Soviet Union readied their nuclear forces and placed air units in East Germany and Poland on alert. The Soviet 4th Air Army began loading nuclear warheads onto combat planes in preparation for war. The apparent threat of nuclear war ended when U.S. Lieutenant General Leonard H. Perroots advised against responding to the Warsaw Pact military activity, which ended with the conclusion of the exercise on November 11.

The exercise attracted public attention in 2015 when the President's Intelligence Advisory Board's 1990 report on the exercise was declassified. Some scholars have argued that Able Archer 83 was one of the times when the world has come closest to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The declassification of related documents in 2021 supported this notion. Other scholars have disputed that Able Archer 83 almost led to nuclear war.

Operation RYAN

The greatest catalyst to the Able Archer war scare occurred more than two years earlier. In a May 1981 closed-session meeting of senior KGB officers and Soviet leaders, General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and KGB chairman Yuri Andropov bluntly announced that the United States was preparing a secret nuclear attack on the USSR.

To combat this threat, Andropov announced, the KGB and GRU military foreign intelligence arm would begin Operation RYaN. RYaN (РЯН) was a Russian acronym for 'nuclear missile attack' (Ракетно Ядерное Нападение, Raketno Yadernoe Napadenie); Operation RYaN was the largest, most comprehensive peacetime intelligence-gathering operation in Soviet history. Agents abroad were charged with monitoring the figures who would decide to launch a nuclear attack, the service and technical personnel who would implement the attack, and the facilities from which the attack would originate. It is possible that the goal of Operation RYaN was to discover the first intent of a nuclear attack and then preempt it.

The exact impetus for the implementation of Operation RYaN is not known for sure. Oleg Gordievsky, the highest-ranking KGB official ever to defect, attributed it to "a potentially lethal combination of Reaganite rhetoric and Soviet paranoia". Gordievsky conjectured that Brezhnev and Andropov, who "were very, very old-fashioned and easily influenced ... by Communist dogmas", truly believed that an antagonistic Ronald Reagan would push the nuclear button and relegate the Soviet Union to the literal "ash heap of history". Central Intelligence Agency historian Benjamin B. Fischer lists several concrete occurrences that likely led to the birth of RYaN. The first of these was the use of psychological operations (PSYOP) that began soon after Reagan took office.

In his report, Fischer also writes that another CIA source was, at least partially, corroborating Gordievsky's reporting. This Czechoslovak intelligence officer—who worked closely with the KGB on RYaN—"noted that his counterparts were obsessed with the historical parallel between 1941 and 1983. He believed this feeling was almost visceral, not intellectual, and deeply affected Soviet thinking."

Psychological operations

Psychological operations by the United States began in mid-February 1981 and continued intermittently until 1983. These included a series of clandestine naval operations that stealthily accessed Soviet territorial waters in the far north and far east, demonstrating how close NATO ships could get to critical Soviet military bases. In 1981 a group of 83 American, British, Canadian, and Norwegian ships led by the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower sailed through the Greenland–Iceland–United Kingdom (GIUK) gap undetected by Soviet radar and spy satellites, reaching the Kola Peninsula. There were other operations routinely occurring in the Barents, Norwegian, Black, and Baltic seas. US intelligence ships were regularly posted off the coast of the Crimean Peninsula. American bombers also flew directly towards Soviet airspace, peeling off at the last moment, sometimes several times per week. These near-penetrations were designed to test Soviet radar vulnerability as well as demonstrate US capabilities in a nuclear war.

"'It really got to them,' said Dr. William Schneider, [former] undersecretary of state for military assistance and technology, who saw classified 'after-action reports' that indicated U.S. flight activity. 'They didn't know what it all meant. A squadron would fly straight at Soviet airspace, and other radars would light up and units would go on alert. Then at the last minute the squadron would peel off and return home.'"

FleetEx '83
In April 1983, the U.S. Pacific Fleet conducted FleetEx '83-1, the largest fleet exercise held to date in the North Pacific. The conglomeration of approximately 40 ships with 23,000 crewmembers and 300 aircraft was arguably one of the most powerful naval armadas ever assembled. US aircraft and ships moved counterclockwise from the Aleutian Islands towards the Kamchatka Peninsula to provoke the Soviets into reacting, allowing the US Office of Naval Intelligence to study Soviet radar characteristics, aircraft capabilities, and tactical maneuvers. The armada conducted operations in areas patrolled by Soviet SSBN's stationed in the strategic Soviet Navy base in Petropavlovsk. On April 4 at least six U.S. Navy F-14 Tomcat fighters from the USS Enterprise (CVN-65) and the USS Midway (CV-41) flew over a Soviet military base in Zeleny Island, one of the Kuril Islands, in a simulated bombing raid. In retaliation the Soviets ordered an overflight of the Aleutian Islands. The Soviet Union also issued a formal diplomatic démarche of protest, which accused the United States of repeated penetrations of Soviet airspace. In testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, Chief of Naval Operations James D. Watkins said that the Soviet Union was "as naked as a jaybird [on the Kamchatka Peninsula], and they know it".

Korean Air Lines Flight 007
On September 1, 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (KAL 007) was shot down by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor over the Sea of Japan near Moneron Island (just west of Sakhalin island) while flying over prohibited Soviet airspace. All 269 passengers and crew aboard were killed, including Larry McDonald, a sitting member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia and president of the anti-communist John Birch Society.

Weapons buildup
From the start, the Reagan administration adopted a bellicose stance toward the Soviet Union, one that favored seriously constraining Soviet strategic and global military capabilities. The administration's focus on this objective resulted in the largest peacetime military buildup in the history of the United States. It also ushered in the final major escalation in rhetoric of the Cold War. On June 8, 1982, Reagan, in a speech to the British House of Commons, declared that "Freedom and democracy will leave Marxism and Leninism on the ash heap of history."

On March 23, 1983, Reagan announced one of the most ambitious and controversial components to this strategy, the Strategic Defense Initiative (labeled "Star Wars" by the media and critics). While Reagan portrayed the initiative as a safety net against nuclear war, leaders in the Soviet Union viewed it as a definitive departure from the relative weapons parity of détente and an escalation of the arms race into space. Yuri Andropov, who had become General Secretary following Brezhnev's death in November 1982, criticised Reagan for "inventing new plans on how to unleash a nuclear war in the best way, with the hope of winning it".

Despite the Soviet outcry over the Strategic Defense Initiative, the weapons plan that generated the most alarm among the Soviet Union's leadership during Able Archer 83 was NATO's planned deployment of intermediate-range Pershing II missiles in Western Europe. These missiles, deployed to counter Soviet RSD-10 Pioneer intermediate-range missiles on the USSR's western border, represented a major threat to the Soviets. The Pershing II was capable of destroying Soviet "hard targets" such as underground missile silos and command and control bunkers.

The missiles could be emplaced in and launched from any surveyed site in minutes, and because the guidance system was self-correcting, the missile system possessed a genuine first strike capability. Furthermore, it was estimated that the missiles (deployed in West Germany) could reach targets in the western Soviet Union within four to six minutes of their launch. These capabilities led Soviet leaders to believe that the only way to survive a Pershing II strike was to preempt it. This fear of an undetected Pershing II attack, according to CIA historian Benjamin B. Fischer, was explicitly linked to the mandate of Operation RYaN: to detect a decision by the United States to launch a nuclear attack and to preempt it.

False alarm from the Soviet missile early warning system
On the night of September 26, 1983, the Soviet orbital missile early warning system (SPRN), code-named Oko, reported a single intercontinental ballistic missile launch from the territory of the United States. Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov, who was on duty during the incident, dismissed the warning as a computer error when ground early warning radars did not detect any launches. Part of his reasoning was that the system was new and known to have malfunctioned previously; also, a full-scale nuclear attack from the United States would involve thousands of simultaneous launches, not a single missile.

Later, the system reported four more ICBM launches headed to the Soviet Union, but Petrov again dismissed the reports as false. The investigation that followed revealed that the system indeed malfunctioned and the false alarms were caused by a rare alignment of sunlight on high-altitude clouds underneath the satellites' orbits.

Exercise Able Archer 83

A scenario released by NATO details the hypothetical lead-up to the Able Archer exercise, which was used by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D.C., and the British Ministry of Defence in London. The war game was intended to be "Blue" forces representing NATO and "Orange" forces representing the Warsaw Pact. The scenario envisioned proxy conflicts in Syria, South Yemen, and Iran escalating after Yugoslavia shifted to the Blue bloc with Orange forces invading Finland, Norway, and West Germany. Dr. Gregory Pedlow, a SHAPE historian, explains the war game:

"The exercise scenario began with Orange (the hypothetical opponent) opening hostilities in all regions of ACE [ Allied Command Europe] on 4 November (three days before the start of the exercise) and Blue (NATO) declaring a general alert. Orange initiated the use of chemical weapons on 6 November and by the end of that day had used such weapons throughout ACE. All of these events had taken place prior to the start of the exercise and were simply part of the written scenario. There had thus been three days of fighting and a deteriorating situation prior to the start of the exercise. This was desired because—as previously stated—the purpose of the exercise was to test procedures for transitioning from conventional to nuclear operations. As a result of Orange advance, its persistent use of chemical weapons, and its clear intentions to rapidly commit second echelon forces, SACEUR requested political guidance on the use of nuclear weapons early on Day 1 of the exercise (7 November 1983)."

Thus, on November 7, 1983, as Soviet intelligence services were attempting to detect the early signs of a nuclear attack, NATO began to simulate one. The exercise, codenamed Able Archer, involved numerous NATO allies and simulated NATO's Command, Control, and Communications (C³) procedures during a nuclear war. Some Soviet leaders, because of the preceding world events and the exercise's particularly realistic nature, feared that the exercise was a cover for an actual attack. A KGB telegram of February 17 described one likely scenario:

"In view of the fact that the measures involved in State Orange [a nuclear attack within 36 hours] have to be carried out with the utmost secrecy (under the guise of maneuvers, training etc.) in the shortest possible time, without disclosing the content of operational plans, it is highly probable that the battle alarm system may be used to prepare a surprise RYaN [nuclear attack] in peacetime."

Also on February 17, KGB Permanent Operational Assignment assigned its agents to monitor several possible indicators of a nuclear attack. These included actions by "A cadre of people associated with preparing and implementing decisions about RYaN, and also a group of people, including service and technical personnel ... those working in the operating services of installations connected with processing and implementing the decision about RYaN, and communication staff involved in the operation and interaction of these installations."

Because Able Archer 83 simulated an actual release of nuclear weapons, it is likely that the service and technical personnel mentioned in the memo were active in the exercise. More conspicuously, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl participated (though not concurrently) in the nuclear drill. United States President Reagan, Vice President George H. W. Bush, and Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger also intended to participate. Robert McFarlane, who had assumed the position of National Security Advisor just two weeks earlier, realized the implications of such participation early in the exercise's planning and rejected it.

Another illusory indicator likely noticed by Soviet analysts was a high rate of ciphered communications between the United Kingdom and the United States. Soviet intelligence was informed that "so-called nuclear consultations in NATO are probably one of the stages of immediate preparation by the adversary for RYaN". To the Soviet analysts, this burst of secret communications between the US and the UK one month before the beginning of Able Archer may have appeared to be this "consultation". In reality, the burst of communication was about the US invasion of Grenada on October 25, 1983, which caused a great deal of diplomatic traffic as the sovereign of the island was Elizabeth II.

A further startling aspect reported by KGB agents concerned the NATO communications used during the exercise. According to Moscow Centre's February 17 memo,

"It [is] of the highest importance to keep a watch on the functioning of communications networks and systems since through them information is passed about the adversary's intentions and, above all, about his plans to use nuclear weapons and practical implementation of these. In addition, changes in the method of operating communications systems and the level of manning may in themselves indicate the state of preparation for RYaN."

Soviet intelligence appeared to substantiate these suspicions by reporting that NATO was indeed using unique, never-before-seen procedures as well as message formats more sophisticated than previous exercises, which possibly indicated the proximity of nuclear attack.

Finally, during Able Archer 83, NATO forces simulated a move through all alert phases, from DEFCON 5 to DEFCON 1. While these phases were simulated, alarmist KGB agents mistakenly reported them as real. According to Soviet intelligence, NATO doctrine stated, "Operational readiness No. 1 is declared when there are obvious indications of preparation to begin military operations. It is considered that war is inevitable and may start at any moment."

According to a 2013 analysis by the National Security Archive: "The Able Archer controversy has featured numerous descriptions of the exercise as so 'routine' that it could not have alarmed the Soviet military and political leadership. Today's posting reveals multiple non-routine elements, including: a 170-flight, radio-silent air lift of 19,000 US soldiers to Europe, the shifting of commands from 'Permanent War Headquarters to the Alternate War Headquarters,' the practice of 'new nuclear weapons release procedures,' including consultations with cells in Washington and London, and the 'sensitive, political issue' of numerous 'slips of the tongue' in which B-52 sorties were referred to as nuclear 'strikes.' These variations, seen through 'the fog of nuclear exercises,' did in fact match official Soviet intelligence-defined indicators for 'possible operations by the US and its allies on British territory in preparation for RYaN'—the KGB code name for a feared Western nuclear missile attack."

Upon learning that US nuclear activity mirrored its hypothesized first strike activity, Moscow Centre sent its residencies a flash telegram on November 8 or 9 (Oleg Gordievsky cannot recall which), incorrectly reporting an alert on American bases and frantically asking for further information regarding an American first strike. The alert precisely coincided with the seven- to ten-day period estimated between NATO's preliminary decision and an actual strike.

The Soviet Union, believing its only chance of surviving a NATO strike was to preempt it, readied its nuclear arsenal. The CIA reported activity in the Baltic Military District and in Czechoslovakia, and it determined that nuclear-capable aircraft in Poland and East Germany were placed "on high alert status with readying of nuclear strike forces". A 1989 US memorandum said that Soviet commanders ordered nuclear warheads to be placed on 4th Air Army bombers and for Group of Soviet Forces in Germany fighter-bombers to placed on a 30-minute alert. Former CIA analyst Peter Vincent Pry goes further, saying he suspects that the aircraft were merely the tip of the iceberg. He hypothesizes that in accordance with Soviet military procedure and history, ICBM silos, easily readied and difficult for the United States to detect the readiness status of, were also prepared for a launch.

Lt. Gen. Leonard H. Perroots, the assistant chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force in Europe, is credited with the decision not to place NATO forces on increased alert despite increased Soviet readiness. He informed his superior, General Billy M. Minter, of "unusual activity" in the Eastern Bloc but suggested that they wait until the end of the exercise to see if the behavior was caused by it, thereby reducing the possibility of a nuclear exchange.

Soviet fears of the attack ended as the Able Archer exercise finished on November 11. Upon learning of the Soviet reaction to Able Archer 83 by way of the double agent Oleg Gordievsky, a British SIS asset, President Reagan commented, "I don't see how they could believe that—but it's something to think about."

Soviet reaction

The double agent Oleg Gordievsky, whose highest rank was KGB rezident in London, is the only Soviet source ever to have published an account of Able Archer 83. Oleg Kalugin and Yuri Shvets, who were KGB officers in 1983, have published accounts that acknowledge Operation RYaN, but they do not mention Able Archer 83. Gordievsky and other Warsaw Pact intelligence agents were extremely skeptical about a NATO first strike, perhaps because of their proximity to, and understanding of, the West. Nevertheless, agents were ordered to report their observations, not their analysis, and this critical flaw in the Soviet intelligence system—coined by Gordievsky as the "intelligence cycle"—fed the fear of US nuclear aggression.

Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev, who at the time was chief of the main operations directorate of the Soviet General Staff, told Cold War historian Don Orbendorfer that he had never heard of Able Archer. The lack of public Soviet response over Able Archer 83 has led some historians, including Fritz W. Ermarth in his piece, "Observations on the 'War Scare' of 1983 From an Intelligence Perch", to conclude that the Soviet Union did not see Able Archer 83 as posing an immediate threat to the Soviet Union.

American reaction

In May 1984, CIA Soviet specialist Ethan J. Done drafted "Implications of Recent Soviet Military-Political Activities", which concluded: "we believe strongly that Soviet actions are not inspired by, and Soviet leaders do not perceive, a genuine danger of imminent conflict with the United States." Robert Gates, deputy director for Intelligence during Able Archer 83, has published thoughts on the exercise that dispute this conclusion:

"Information about the peculiar and remarkably skewed frame of mind of the Soviet leaders during those times that has emerged since the collapse of the Soviet Union makes me think there is a good chance—with all of the other events in 1983—that they really felt a NATO attack was at least possible and that they took a number of measures to enhance their military readiness short of mobilization. After going through the experience at the time, then through the postmortems, and now through the documents, I don't think the Soviets were crying wolf. They may not have believed a NATO attack was imminent in November 1983, but they did seem to believe that the situation was very dangerous. And US intelligence [SNIE 11–9–84 and SNIE 11–10–84] had failed to grasp the true extent of their anxiety."

A report written by Nina Stewart for the President's Foreign Advisory Board concurs with Gates and disputes the previous CIA reports, concluding that further analysis shows that the Soviets were, in fact, genuinely fearful of US aggression. The decision of Gen. Perroots was described as "fortuitous", noting "[he] acted correctly out of instinct, not informed guidance", suggesting that had the depth of Soviet fear been fully realized, NATO may have responded differently.

Some historians, including Beth A. Fischer in her book The Reagan Reversal, pin Able Archer 83 as profoundly affecting President Reagan and his turn from a policy of confrontation towards the Soviet Union to a policy of rapprochement. The thoughts of Reagan and those around him provide important insight upon the nuclear scare and its subsequent ripples. On October 10, 1983, just over a month before Able Archer 83, President Reagan viewed a television film about Lawrence, Kansas, being destroyed by a nuclear attack titled The Day After. In his diary, the president wrote that the film "left me greatly depressed".

Later in October, Reagan attended a Pentagon briefing on nuclear war. During his first two years in office, he had refused to take part in such briefings, feeling it irrelevant to rehearse a nuclear apocalypse; finally, he consented to the Pentagon official requests. According to officials present, the briefing "chastened" Reagan. Weinberger said, "[Reagan] had a very deep revulsion to the whole idea of nuclear weapons ... These war games brought home to anybody the fantastically horrible events that would surround such a scenario." Reagan described the briefing in his own words: "A most sobering experience with [Caspar Weinberger] and Gen. Vessey in the Situation Room, a briefing on our complete plan in the event of a nuclear attack."

These two glimpses of nuclear war primed Reagan for Able Archer 83, giving him a very specific picture of what would occur had the situation further developed. After receiving intelligence reports from sources including Gordievsky, it was clear that the Soviets were unnerved. While officials were concerned with the Soviet panic, they were hesitant about believing the proximity of a Soviet attack. Secretary of State George P. Shultz thought it "incredible, at least to us" that the Soviets would believe the US would launch a genuine attack. In general, Reagan did not share the secretary's belief that cooler heads would prevail, writing:

"We had many contingency plans for responding to a nuclear attack. But everything would happen so fast that I wondered how much planning or reason could be applied in such a crisis ... Six minutes to decide how to respond to a blip on a radar scope and decide whether to unleash Armageddon! How could anyone apply reason at a time like that?"

According to McFarlane, the president responded with "genuine anxiety" in disbelief that a regular NATO exercise could have led to an armed attack. To the ailing Politburo—led from the deathbed of the terminally ill Andropov, a man with no firsthand knowledge of the United States, and the creator of Operation RYaN—it seemed "that the United States was preparing to launch ... a sudden nuclear attack on the Soviet Union". In his memoirs, Reagan, without specifically mentioning Able Archer 83, wrote of a 1983 realization:

"Three years had taught me something surprising about the Russians: Many people at the top of the Soviet hierarchy were genuinely afraid of America and Americans. Perhaps this shouldn't have surprised me, but it did ... During my first years in Washington, I think many of us in the administration took it for granted that the Russians, like ourselves, considered it unthinkable that the United States would launch a first strike against them. But the more experience I had with Soviet leaders and other heads of state who knew them, the more I began to realize that many Soviet officials feared us not only as adversaries but as potential aggressors who might hurl nuclear weapons at them in a first strike ... Well, if that was the case, I was even more anxious to get a top Soviet leader in a room alone and try to convince him we had no designs on the Soviet Union and Russians had nothing to fear from us."

Reagan eventually met Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in Geneva in 1985 and at subsequent summits, leading to the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty and later treaties.

When retiring from the Defense Intelligence Agency in January 1989, Perroots wrote a memorandum about the crisis to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. In 1990 the board released a report commending Perroots for his actions and confirming the hazards of the exercise. After a 12-year legal battle, the National Security Archive succeeded in having the report declassified under the Freedom of Information Act request in 2015. In 2017, the National Security Archive additionally requested the Perroots memorandum from the DIA but the organization claimed that the letter was lost, leading to a 2019 lawsuit. However, in February 2021 the Historian's Office of the U.S. State Department declassified and released the document as part of its Foreign Relations of the United States collection. The document confirmed for the first time that the Soviet military loaded nuclear warheads onto bombers and indicated that it had gotten closer to nuclear war than previously thought, with Perroots claiming that "a precautionary generation of forces" by NATO could have instigated a nuclear conflict.

Opposing views
Research by Simon Miles, an assistant professor of Public Policy and Russian and Eurasian Studies at Duke University’s Sanford School writing in 2020 – prior to the publication of previously classified documents, has disputed that Able Archer 83 almost led to nuclear war. With many individuals associating the Able Archer incident that occurred in 1983 as an event that nearly started a nuclear war, it is no surprise that there are a plethora of myths that surround the event. Many academic scholars have gone back and forth on whether or not this event was enough to trigger a nuclear war.

Individuals like Gordon Barras, Raymond Garthoof, Beatrice Heuser, Mark Kramer, and Votjech Mastny challenge the narrative surrounding the incident that occurred in 1983. Academic scholars like Barras, Garthoof, Heuser, Kramer, and Mastny argue that Soviet individuals do not believe that tensions ever got to the point that the USSR prepared for a nuclear attack, nor were they anticipating an attack. In 2016, the re-opened investigation into a classified report covering Able Archer re-sparked interest in the event. This newfound interest sparked curiosity, and with it, narratives surrounding the exercise that could have caused a nuclear war. That is not to say that the narrative surrounding the event does not have some merit in its core, as a survey conducted by the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) in 1989 confirmed that there was a belief that the US sought to have military superiority over the USSR. However, the PFIAB did not confirm that individuals believed the exercise brought us closer to a war with the USSR; rather, they only confirm what everyone knew. The PFIAB concluded that the event merely increased tensions, but never led to any confirmed belief in an attack on any nation's behalf; rather, the PFIAB only could confirm that it was probable the USSR believed the exercise could have been interpreted as an attack.

As of right now, scholars who adhere to Western narratives surrounding the exercise find themselves leaning towards the belief that this event could have triggered a war. However, individuals who cling to Eastern narratives are less inclined to buy into the same narrative. The Scholars who adhere to the Eastern narratives are found to be the individuals to most forcibly contest the belief of a potential nuclear war as a result of the exercise.

Those with an opposing view may argue that the Able Archer exercise was not the potential start of a nuclear war, but rather, it was the attack on a plane three months prior. Some scholars point to the attack that occurred on Korean Airlines Flight 007 as the closest point of a nuclear war. With beliefs on the USSR's behalf that this plane was acting out of reconnaissance, individuals can argue that this was in fact the closest event of the year 1983.

The true conditions at the time of the Able Archer exercise of 1983 may never be known, as many of the records from the Soviet period remain inaccessible. Relationships between various intelligence agencies and the KGB during the period in question can best be interpreted as mistrustful, as the information-sharing protocols themselves were an issue.

title: Able Archer 83


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Théminettes

Théminettes (Teminetas) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Théminettes


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Talk:Folklore in Hawaii

-sigh-

Yeah, this page sucks. A lot. I'll see if I know anyone who can fix it.

title: Talk:Folklore in Hawaii


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Staballoy

Staballoy is the name of two different classes of metal alloys, one class typically used for munitions and a different class developed for drilling rods.

Kinetic penetrators
In a military context, staballoys are metal alloys of a high proportion of depleted uranium with other metals, usually titanium or molybdenum, designed for use in kinetic energy penetrator armor-piercing munitions. One formulation has a composition of 99.25% of depleted uranium and 0.75% of titanium. Other variants can have 3.5% of titanium. They are about 65% more dense than lead.

An alternative to staballoys in kinetic penetrator munition is tungsten, but it is more expensive, more difficult to machine and is not pyrophoric, so the munition lacks the incendiary effect enhancing its impact. Tungsten penetrators also tend to form a mushroom shaped tip during armor penetration, while uranium ones tend to be self-sharpening.

An emerging alternative alloy of depleted uranium is stakalloy, formed of niobium (0.01-0.95 wt.%), vanadium (1-4.5 wt.%, between gamma-eutectoid and eutectic) and uranium (balance). It has improved machinability. It can be used in structural applications too.

Drilling rods
Staballoy is also a name for a class of commercially used stainless steels used for drilling rods for drilling rigs. An example is Staballoy AG17 which is a different material from military staballoy, and contains 20.00% manganese, 17.00% chromium, 0.30% silicon, 0.03% carbon, 0.50% nitrogen, and 0.05% molybdenum, alloyed with iron. It is nonmagnetic.

title: Staballoy


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Talk:Tourism in Hawaii

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 October 2019 and 13 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Holy9Man.

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WikiTravel
Please consider adding new material or moving this material to WikiTravel - Marshman 17:52, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

sounds like an advertisement

yeah sounds like an advertisement

yeah, someone fix this please

yeah, what the !@#$% is the point of this article? Maunakea 05:19, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Added Historical Info
Please critique, discuss if you feel the desire. Just making the article not sound like an advertisement. Maunakea 06:06, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Your contributions are much more encyclopedic than the POV-filled suggestions of sites to see (although some citations might be nice--I see you did ask for people to put "citation needed" marks, so I assume you have some sources; that's not a big concern of mine). Perhaps rather than deleting the article as I indicated I might suggest below, we could make the article more along the lines of what you've contributed--a history of the tourism and statistics.

 * I wonder, though, if that might not be better-placed in the main Hawai'i article--this may not warrant its own article.

 * In any case, thanks for your contributions--by saying the article was POV, etc., I was in no way referring to your contributions. cluth 19:51, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Not encyclopedic and POV: VfD?
As mentioned about, this article seems like it could (and should) be copied into Wikitravel and removed from here. It's not encyclopedic and filled with POV.

Only problem with copying to WT is the licensing (WP uses GFDL; WT uses CC). I haven't yet read WT's Hawai'i page, but I would suspect that most of what's here is there, too.

Perhaps the original contributors can go to WT and post their contributions there (thereby relicensing them in the CC license.

Any thoughts? I'm eternally busy, but if I manage to come back here and not find any discussion after several weeks or so, I may attempt to go through the history and contact the major contributors about relicensing their contributions in CC and/or posting them over on Wikitravel. I may then put up a Vote for Deletion here. (I've never done that before, so I'm not entirely sure how that process works, but I'll look into it.) cluth 19:44, 31 may 2020

Kauaʻi section disproportionately large
The Kauaʻi island section is over half of the article. Why is this section so huge, in comparison to the other islands, where there is more tourism? Vchao (talk) 16:12, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

 * that was my impression too. Can someone answer on that? 171.66.53.67 (talk) 19:40, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Not only is it large, it's written like an advertisement. Plenty of POV and weasel word problems abound.  This section can do with a lot of clean up. Gh5046 (talk) 21:43, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The entire article is laced with poor writing. I cleaned up this section a little bit.  I don't have the gumption to attack the "activities" section, which can probably just be removed.  Gh5046 (talk) 22:03, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed the 'tour guide' type information from the article, which was about half of the article. My edit is here.  gh5046 (talk) 00:26, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Tourists per year number is way off
In the second paragraph it is stated “In 2017 alone, according to state government data, there were over 887.6 million visitors to the Hawaiian Islands” that number is way off 2601:405:4401:82F0:30:96A5:10D9:E4E0 (talk) 00:43, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tourism in Hawaii


text:
Talk:Follow-on

I moved this from following-on, as "follow-on" is the noun form of the term, so sits better as the title of an article. -dmmaus 09:07, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

follow-on
in test cricket, if second team save the follow on and the frist team have lead, is second team can bat again in second inning before frist inning by second team decession? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.145.159.42 (talk) 09:33, 26 January 2007 (UTC).

in test cricket, if second team save the follow on and the frist team have lead, is second team can bat again in second inning before frist team, in second inning ?

No, the usual rule will apply, and the third innings of the match will be batted by the team that batted first. And Introducing... A Leg 21:00, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Examples comprehensive?
Are these the only examples of a side following-on going on to victory? Or are there others unlisted? Kingnavland (talk) 06:14, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Innings defeat
Surprised to find that the related concept of Innings defeat is not the subject of an article. The follow-on entails the enticing (or humiliating) possibility of an innings defeat for the following-on side. One might compare it to an overbump in the Cambridge University May Bumps... Chiswick Chap (talk) 19:02, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

More stats please
What would be most useful (and what I looked after Michael Clarke's incredible decision yesterday) would be some statistics along the following lines for all Test matches:

Results when follow-on enforced/not enforced:

First innings lead: ?/?

Won: ?/?

Won by an innings: ?/not applicable

Drawn: ?/?

Lost: 3/?

Notes: any notable circumstance e.g. rain.

By not enforced I mean of course in those instances where it could have been. Obviously the circumstances of enforcing and not enforsing will be different (hence the request for the 1st innings lead) but it would give some idea of the gamble a captain is taking in not enforcing.

Spathaky (talk) 05:51, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Follow-on


text: User talk:69.104.56.224

title: User talk:69.104.56.224


text:
Stary Gostyń

Stary Gostyń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Gostyń, within Gostyń County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 km north-west of Gostyń and 56 km south of the regional capital Poznań.

title: Stary Gostyń


text:
Template talk:Beethoven string quartets

Page naming convention
I was in favour of renaming all the Beethoven string quartet articles so that the title includes the opus number, as I don't find "String Quartet No. 8" useful because the work is nearly always referred to as Op. 59 No. 2. Then I thought this template would get around the issue with less work.

However, if there's agreement I will happily do the renaming and refactor this template accordingly as the category still seems less than usable. --RobertG ♬ talk 09:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Redlinked Op 14 arrangement
What is the deal with the redlinked String quartet arrangement of Op. 14, No. 1 by Beethoven at the bottom of the template? bd2412 T 16:12, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Beethoven string quartets


text:
Talk:Our Friends in the North

Poulson, Smith
The early episodes are clearly reminiscent of the events surrounding John Poulson and T. Dan Smith. If others don't disagree I shall add Linuxlad 09:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks like someone else (DBIV?) did agree :-) - (when I first came down South, TDS was still doing time in the local open prison, and was one of its star inmates).

Comments moved from article
Director Stuart Urban writes: Having kept silent about the issues raised above for ten years, even though other members of the team went public with their versions at various times, I would now like to make some observations:

It was intended and contracted that I was to direct the first 5 episodes and Simon Cellan Jones direct the last 4. When I split from the production after 6 months or so, Pedr James was brought in at short notice as a replacement/stopgap director. I had filmed for 10 weeks (longer than most UK feature films!. During the first 7 or so weeks, the BBC professed itself entirely happy with my rushes.

It was only when friction arose between me and Peter Flannery due to what I took to be mounting interference in my role on set (e.g. giving notes to the actors without referring to me) that relationships deteriorated. He won the producers over and I felt isolated. There was general dissatisfaction among all parties after the rough cut of Episode 1. Peter Flannery blamed me. But I felt the episode's script concentrated on far too many characters and too closely on Labour party politics and extraneous themes. It is true that after I left, the episode was reshot by Pedr James, but only after being completely rewritten by Peter Flannery, because, as a script, Ep. 1 simply did not work. Had the original Ep 1 been put on the DVD, it would have proved my point, I feel. If the problems had been due to my direction, as is suggested above, the first Ep 1 script would have been filmed again, largely unchanged.

Looking back on this after a decade, I believe the nervousness of the BBC about the first episode of this massive risk and financial gamble led to me being targeted for publicity purposes by Peter and those close to him, as the “culprit”, whereas in truth my departure from the series was because of differences in personal temperament and creative approach between me and Peter and an Episode One script that did not work. Two hours of my material remained, and even though, because of the earlier friction, I was not interviewed for the DVD extras etc, I had played a key role in the casting, look and impact of the serial which is why Bafta and certain critics recognised my work alongside that of the other key team members. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.43.114.24 (talk • contribs)

Shortened music clip
The article states that the 2010 DVD release had a shorter clip from the song "Don't Look Back in Anger" so the credits ran in silence, and the reason is unknown. I haven't seen it to check, but if it's true it could be an issue with the royalties.

Using a 30-second music clip may be "fair use" in some contexts and countries. This 2009 UK article gives a few examples. I doubt the DVD company paid the record company nothing, but maybe costs were considerably lower with a shortened version of the song. On Daria's DVD release, for cost reasons, almost all copyrighted music was replaced. -Responsible? (talk) 23:05, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Our Friends in the North


text: Category:Symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart


text:
User:G.hartig

[http://www.theonion.com/content/node/45582 Nothing to see here. Move along...]

title: User:G.hartig


text:
Talk:Adelaide Film Festival

External links modified
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External links modified
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Too long and too many lists
This page has become unwieldy, repetitive of the website and prone to going out of date. I suggest removing many of the list items to make it more readable and navigable, possibly creating a separate article for ADFF Awards. Also, much of the text is copied straight from the website, which is against copyright and also unnecessary. Archives of all festivals since 2013 are availabe here and earlier ones can be found quite easily, such as 2009 here. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 06:51, 25 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adelaide Film Festival


text:
Ranunculus pygmaeus

Ranunculus pygmaeus, the pygmy buttercup or dwarf buttercup, is a species of buttercup found throughout the Arctic, as well as in the mountains of Norway and the Rocky Mountains. A few populations also exist in the Eastern Alps and Tatra Mountains.

It is a small plant, prostrate-ascending, 1–5 cm tall. The stems are single-flowered, with the basal leaves numerous. The leaves are deeply cleft into 3-5 lobes. The flowers are 5–6 mm in diameter, with five pale yellow petals, and five hairy sepals. After flowering, the stems stretch considerably, reaching far above the basal leaves. It grows in snowbeds, moss carpets and other moist localities.

title: Ranunculus pygmaeus


text:
James Zogby

James Joseph Zogby (from زغبي, Zuġbīy) (born 1945) is the founder and president of the Arab American Institute (AAI), a Washington, D.C.–based organization that serves as a political and policy research arm of the Arab-American community. He is Managing Director of Zogby Research Services, LLC, specializing in research and communications and undertaking polling across the Arab world. In September 2013 President Obama appointed Zogby to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. Zogby is a lecturer and scholar on Middle East issues and a Visiting Professor of Social Research and Public Policy at New York University Abu Dhabi. From 2001 to 2017 he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Democratic National Committee.

Early years and education
Zogby's father, Joseph, illegally immigrated from Lebanon to the United States in 1922. He eventually obtained citizenship through a government policy of amnesty and worked as a grocer. He married Celia Ann, a teacher, also born with the surname "Zogby"; they lived in Utica, New York, where their children were born. Zogby, like his parents, is Catholic.

He attended Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York, graduating in 1967 with a bachelor's degree in economics. A student of Ismail al-Faruqi, he went on to earn his Ph.D. in Islamic studies from Temple University in 1975. He studied at Princeton University in 1976 as a National Endowment for the Humanities post-doctoral fellow.

Career
During the late 1970s Zogby was a founding member and leader of the Palestine Human Rights Campaign. In 1980 he co-founded the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee with former U.S. Senator James Abourezk and served as executive director until 1984. In 1982, while at ADC, Zogby helped create Save Lebanon, Inc., a private, nonprofit, non-sectarian humanitarian relief organization to fund social welfare projects in Lebanon and health care for Palestinian and Lebanese victims of war. In March 1985 Zogby founded the Arab American Institute, of which he is still president.

In 1993 Vice President Al Gore tapped Zogby to help lead Builders for Peace after the signing of the Israeli–Palestinian peace accord in Washington. As co-president of Builders, Zogby promoted business investment by Arab-Americans in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. As co-president of Builders, Zogby frequently traveled to the Middle East with delegations led by Gore and Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown. In 1994 he led a U.S. delegation to the signing of the agreement in Cairo, Egypt, along with the Builders co-president, former U.S. Congressman Mel Levine. Zogby also chaired a forum on the Palestinian economy at the Casablanca Economic Summit. After 1994, through Builders, Zogby worked with a number of U.S. Agencies to promote and support Palestinian economic development including AID, OPIC, USTDA, and the Departments of State and Commerce.

Since 1992 Zogby has written Washington Watch, a weekly column on American politics for major Arab newspapers, which is published in 14 Arab and South Asian countries. He has written several books, including What Ethnic Americans Really Think (The Zogby Culture Polls) and What Arabs Think: Values, Beliefs and Concerns. He also blogs at The Huffington Post and is a member of Politico's Arena. Zogby hosted a weekly interview and call-in discussion program, Viewpoint with James Zogby, about Middle East and world issues on Abu Dhabi Television, which was broadcast in America on Link TV, DirecTV and Dish Network. The show won an award at the Cairo Radio/Television Festival.

In 1984 and 1988 Zogby served as deputy campaign manager and senior advisor to Jesse Jackson's presidential campaigns. In 1995 he was appointed as co-convener of the National Democratic Ethnic Coordinating Committee (NDECC), an umbrella organization within the Democratic Party of leaders of European and Mediterranean descent, to which he was reelected in 1999 and 2001. Also in 2001 he was appointed to the Executive Committee of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), and in 2006 he was named co-chair of the DNC's Resolutions Committee. He served as Gore's Senior Advisor on Ethnic Outreach, a post he also held in the 2008 Obama campaign.

As an author and scholar on Middle East issues and the Arab-American community, Zogby has been invited to testify before a number of Congressional Committees and Executive branch forums, including on the subject of Arab attitudes toward the United States. He has been a guest speaker in the Secretary's Open Forum at the U.S. Department of State. Zogby has also addressed the United Nations and other international forums. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. President Obama appointed Zogby to the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom in 2013 and reappointed him to a second term in 2015.

Harassment
Zogby has been the target of repeated anti-Arab threats, for which at least three men have been convicted and sent to prison. In 1980 Zogby's office in Washington, D.C. was fire-bombed. In July 2006, during the 2006 Lebanon War, Zogby and other senior Arab American Institute employees were threatened in emails and voice mail messages from Patrick Syring, a career Foreign Service Officer of the U.S. State Department. Syring accused Zogby and the Arab American Institute of being part of Hezbollah, and Zogby of being an anti-Semite. Syring said, "The only good Lebanese is a dead Lebanese. The only good Arab is a dead Arab." In one email, Syring wrote, "You wicked evil Hezbollah-supporting Arabs should burn in the fires of hell for eternity and beyond. The United States would be safer without you.". In a March 2008 email to a television station that had aired an interview with Zogby, Syring accused Zogby and the Arab American Institute of "promoting the interests of Hezbollah, Hamas and Arab terror". Syring was sentenced on July 11, 2008, to one year in prison for civil rights violations. He was released early on January 30, 2009.

Awards and honors
Le Moyne College awarded Zogby an honorary doctor of laws degree in 1995 and in 1997 named him the college's outstanding alumnus. In 2007 Temple University College of Liberal Arts also singled out Zogby as an outstanding alumnus. In 2008 American University of Cairo awarded him an honorary doctorate. Zogby was also named an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin.

Books

 * Arab Voices: What They Are Saying to Us, and Why it Matters, James Zogby, Palgrave Macmillan (October 2010), ISBN 978-0230102996

title: James Zogby


text:
Ghostbusters (disambiguation)

Ghostbusters is a 1984 film directed by Ivan Reitman.

Ghostbusters or Ghost Busters may also refer to:

Arts and media

 * Ghostbusters (franchise), the media franchise following the 1984 film
 * The Real Ghostbusters, a 1986 cartoon sequel to the original film
 * Ghostbusters II, the 1989 sequel to the original film
 * Extreme Ghostbusters, a 1997 cartoon sequel to The Real Ghostbusters
 * Ghostbusters (2016 film), a 2016 reboot of the original film
 * Ghostbusters: Afterlife, 2021 film
 * Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire, 2024 film
 * Ghostbusters (1984 soundtrack), the soundtrack for the first film
 * "Ghostbusters" (song), the main theme for the films written by Ray Parker Jr.
 * Ghostbusters (role-playing game), a Tabletop role-playing game
 * Ghostbusters (1984 video game), a 1984 game based on the first film
 * Ghostbusters (1990 video game), a 1990 video game inspired by the first two films
 * Ghostbusters: The Video Game, a 2009 video game loosely based on the proposed Ghostbusters III script
 * Ghostbusters (comics), various comic book series based on the property
 * The Ghost Busters, a 1970s live action TV series by Filmation
 * Ghostbusters (1986 TV series), a 1980s cartoon sequel to the live action TV series
 * Ghost Busters, the working title of the 1946 film Spook Busters

Other uses

 * "Ghostbuster", the finishing move of professional wrestler Koko B. Ware

title: Ghostbusters (disambiguation)


text: Category:Operas by Carl Orff

title: Category:Operas by Carl Orff


text:
User talk:213.105.224.16

"Shinespark" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinespark&redirect=no Shinespark] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. QuicoleJR (talk) 13:29, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:213.105.224.16


text: Category:Operas by Daniel Catán

title: Category:Operas by Daniel Catán


text:
Talk:The Idiots

Plot
The contents of this article seems to be the same as http://www.dogme95.dk/the_idiots/the_story/index.htm Did the authors of the webpage contribute the text to Wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.221.28.196 (talk) 09:27, 11 June 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right. The section "Synopsis" is 100% verbatim the same as the page above, and the page is part of a copyright-protected site.  I will remove this section and replace it with "Plot summary" which, I hope, we will fill out in due course without copyright violation.  I'll give it an initial go, since I saw the movie and have a copy of it. Mareklug  talk  02:48, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

The article currently contains a tiny bit about the setting and general theme of the film (in the "Content" section), but nothing about the plot. There is a whole section on "Controversy", but nothing at all about the critical response to the film. For this to be a meaningful article, someone knowledgeable about film (which excludes me) should write something encyclopedic about the plot and the critical response. --Bwiki (talk) 23:57, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Idiots


text:
User talk:RobbieNomi

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Jameson j-howtomakelovelike.jpg
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Proposed deletion of Rob Cryston
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Rob Cryston, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process
 * No reliable sources. Violates WP:BLP

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:03, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of AVN Award for Best New Starlet for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article AVN Award for Best New Starlet is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of Best New Starlet

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 * Dab page with no Wikipedia articles. All entries have been deleted or redirected. Little value as a redirect without a relevant target.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Tail Lights Fade

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Nomination of McKenzie Lee for deletion
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title: User talk:RobbieNomi


text:
Moonah, Tasmania

Moonah is a residential locality in the local government area (LGA) of Glenorchy in the Hobart LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 3 km south-east of the town of Glenorchy. The 2016 census recorded a population of 5421 for the state suburb of Moonah. It is a suburb in the city of Hobart, located approximately 5 km north of the central business district of Hobart, and lying directly north of the inner city suburb New Town.

History
Moonah was gazetted as a locality in 1961. The name has been in use since 1895. It is believed to be an Aboriginal word for "gum tree".

Originally land given free to settlers along the banks of the New Town Rivulet, this area eventually became known as the suburbs of New Town and Moonah.

Geography
New Town Rivulet forms most of the southern boundary.

Road infrastructure
National Route 1 (Brooker Highway) passes along the eastern boundary, from where several roads provide access to the locality.

Today
The key transport axis of the suburb is Main Road, which runs between Derwent Park to the north and New Town to the south. Metro Tasmania routes run along this corridor – formerly a tram route – with several stops in Moonah.

The Moonah shopping district is located largely between Florence Street and Amy Street, and includes a range of retail shops, restaurants and cafes, offices, banks, service stations, a newsagent, an auction house and a post office.

Large areas of the suburb are residential. Industrial zones are found along Charles St, Sunderland St and Gormanston Rd. Moonah is home to a major office of the state water company TasWater.

Glenorchy City Council's Moonah Arts Centre opened in 2015 and hosts exhibitions, events and classes.

Smelter contamination
The Risdon Zinc Works (trading as Nyrstar Hobart) at nearby Lutana, which has been in operation since 1917, continues to produce heavy metal contaminants affecting the air, land and estuary waters surrounding Greater Hobart.

Drawing from data complied in the National Pollutant Inventory, a report by the Australian Conservation Foundation placed Hobart at number 6 of Australia's most polluted cities in 2018. The data identified medium levels of air pollution in postcodes 7009 (Moonah, Lutana, Derwent Park, West Moonah) and 7010 (Glenorchy, Rosetta, Montrose, Goodwood, Dowsing Point) with average air contaminate readings of 40%  (nitric oxide  and nitrogen dioxide ), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) contributing 57% of airborne emissions.

The Tasmanian Planning Scheme does not require the Glenorchy City Council to notify prospective buyers about potential land contamination within the City of Glenorchy.

title: Moonah, Tasmania


text: User talk:85.97.134.50

title: User talk:85.97.134.50


text:
Talk:Florencia en el Amazonas

First Spanish opera
Just curious about: It was the first Spanish-language opera to be commissioned by major U.S. opera houses. What about Yerma, 1971, Santa Fe Opera? --DrG 09:31, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

 * Was Yerma commissioned by Santa Fe, or did it merely debut there? It may also be possible that the person who wrote this (the information comes from the program) either did not know about Yerma, or used the term "major" as a way of accounting for it. I suppose whether Santa Fe qualifies as major is a subjective question, but clearly it's not in the same class as the three here. --Michael Snow 18:24, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yerma was not commissioned by Santa Fe, only premiered there. Villa-Lobos wrote it in the 50's but never heard it performed.  However, the Kennedy Center commissioned Alberto Ginastera to compose Beatrix cenci for the opening season in 1967.  The libretto was written in Spanish by William Shand, an American living in Argentina, and Alberto Girri.  So, Florencia is not the first Spanish-language opera to be commissioned by a major US presenter, but I suppose it can be argued that a commission from a "private" opera house is a different class from a "public" one.  It is also true that it was a co-commission, and that does make a further distinction from the Kennedy Center commission. --Frankentenor (talk) 15:35, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Florencia en el Amazonas. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070222111400/http://facstaff.uww.edu:80/allsenj/MSO/NOTES/0304/2Oct03.htm to http://facstaff.uww.edu/allsenj/MSO/NOTES/0304/2Oct03.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070821174314/http://www.music.msu.edu:80/news/showrelease.php?id=192 to http://www.music.msu.edu/news/showrelease.php?id=192
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080420175100/http://www.cincinnatiopera.org:80/content.jsp?articleId=533 to http://www.cincinnatiopera.org/content.jsp?articleId=533

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 12:51, 10 January 2016 (UTC)
 * All checked and all OK. Voceditenore (talk) 15:33, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

Removing and Replacing the Performance History Section
I appreciate the effort being put into the "performance history" portion of the article. Unfortunately the purpose of a performance history section isn't to list every performance of the opera done. It is to provide history and detail on notable performances, such as the premiere, or a performance with noted significance.

It is important to replace it with a section which is in line with Wikipedia standards.

''The performance history as well as covering the world premiere and significant premieres in other countries, may indicate the popularity of the work and the regularity with which it is performed (in the world as whole) – as appropriate.

''When available, it is helpful to include the cast at the premiere(s) in the list of roles The norm when listing or referring to roles is to give proper names in their original form (in whatever language), while translating the others into English. For example the roles in Richard Strauss's Salome are given as: Herodes, Herodias, Salome, Jochanaan, Narraboth, the page of Herodias, first Jew, second Jew (etc.), first Nazarene, second Nazarene (etc.), first soldier, second soldier, a Cappadocian, a slave.''

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Opera/Article_guidelines — Preceding unsigned comment added by NewMexMike (talk • contribs) 16:28, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I completely agree with you NewMexMike. The performance history section needs to be re-written in prose and cover only the world premiere (in much greater detail and referenced to reviews), the subsequent premieres at the two other co-sponsoring companies—Los Angeles Opera and Seattle Opera, and its European premiere. The unreferenced laundry list of every further performance is inappropriate. The only justifiable ones to cover would be those with a major new or unusual production which has received significant attention from the press. The listing of alleged future performances is even more inappropriate and basically used as advertisements for those companies. I've gone ahead and removed those. Feel free to rewrite the rest yourself, or I'll try to get around to it in the coming week. Best, Voceditenore (talk) 17:10, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your help, Voceditenore. If there's anything you can do it would be greatly appreciated.  In the meantime I'll be working on the synopsis for Il Postino. NewMexMike (talk) 23:31, 2 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I've now rewritten the performance history section in prose along the lines mentioned above. I've also added multiple references from independent sources which can be used by anyone wishing to expand the article further. Voceditenore (talk) 15:30, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Why are not all the performer’s names highlighted for example, Patricia Schuman is the only cast member not highlighted and she sang the title role. 2601:19E:4480:13F0:8DAF:7FE4:7C3B:F831 (talk) 12:59, 21 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Florencia en el Amazonas


text:
User:Mosidze

GEORGE MOSIDZE (გიორგი მოსიძე) was born on 5th of May 1972 in Tbilisi, Georgia. His father, Shalva Mosidze is a professor of Tbilisi State Conservatoire, well-known choir conductor in Georgia. His mother, Tamar Rcheulishvili is a lecturer of English at Tbilisi State University. From 1978 until 1989 George studied at Tbilisi secondary school #183. After finishing school he entered Tbilisi State Medical University, faculty of General Medicine. While at the University he engaged himself in a sport activity, started playing badminton and was even in a University team. In 1990, at the Republican Student Games he got a bronze medal. In autumn, 1991 George Mosidze, with the help of like-minded persons, founded “Intellectual Games Club” at the University. The Club soon became popular, expanded and transformed into a Republican Club “What? Where? When?”. Until the present day George is a permanent President of the Club. In 1994 George Mosidze was a member of the University Students’ Union initiative group and was chairperson of founding Congress. In 1994-95 he was a board member of the Students’ Union and attending University administration meetings as a students representative. In spring, 1995 George, with the help of like-minded persons, established Georgian Medical Students’ Association (GeoMSA) and kept its leadership during 1995-96. In June, 1995 after graduating from the University as a specialist in infectious deceases, he is spending one more year intership at the Republican Center of Infectious Pathology. In October 6, 1996 the TV program “Intellect Club” came into live. George Mosidze was an author and quizmaster of the program. From 1996 till 2000 the “Intellect Club” was available on Georgian State 1st TV-Channel, but from 2000 until 2002 it was broadcasted on “9th Channel”. As there is no “Intellect Club” on TV at the present time, there are some preparations made to have everybody’s loved program again back on the TV-screens. From 1997 till 2000 George Mosidze was working as an adviser for Division of Culture, Education, Science and Youth Affairs at the State Chancellery of President of Georgia. He took an active part in a large-scale international events. Among them are “UNESCO Solar Forum” held in January 1998 and the Celebration of 26th Centuries of Jewish Settlements in Georgia, held in September 1999. In autumn, 1997 George, with the help of like-minded persons, established non-governmental organization “Young Georgians for Europe” (SCI partner). He led it in 1997-2002 and at present day is an Honorary President of the organization. In 1998-1999 George Mosidze was a member of the Board of National Council of Youth Organizations of Georgia (NCYOG). In 2000, George won a South Caucasus 1st Championship in an intellectual competition “Jeopardy!”. In the final, he defeated Rovshan Askerov, popular player from Azerbaijan. In 2000-01 George Mosidze worked as a first secretary for the Department of Foreign Political Information and Public Relations at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. From 2001 George starts up his political activities and in June 15, 2001 was elected as the Chairman of the Inspection Commission on the Founding Congress of New Conservative Party of Georgia (NCP). In September 2001, 4th Congress of International Association of Intellect-Clubs was held in Moscow, where George was chosen as a Board member. From January 2002 till now George Mosidze is a President of the Young Rights of Georgia – Youth Organization of NCP. In November 2, 2003 George Mosidze was elected as a Member of Parliament of Georgia by NCP party list (the results of elections have been annulled by the Supreme Court of Georgia). In April 30, 2004 George was elected as a member of Tbilisi City Council (Sakrebulo). In September 14, 2004 he was elected as the Chairman of NCP Group in Tbilisi City Council. In December 17, 2004 George Mosidze was elected by the Constituent Forum of the National Association of Local and Regional Self-Government Units of Georgia as a member of Executive Board and member of Georgian Delegation for Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe. From April 2004 George is NCP’s official International Secretary and EPP and IDU liaison officer. Speaks Russian and English. George is married to Emilia Khalilova (born in 1972 in Tbilisi, the teacher of Georgian language and history) and has two children: George Jr. (born 23/02/2003) and Helen (born 12/07/2004).

title: User:Mosidze


text:
Talk:HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed

Capitalization move
The title of this page is wrong but I dont know how to deal with that! It should be HaNoar HaOved VeHalomed

You're right; I'll move it. -- M e r o v i n g i a n (t) (c) 17:20, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

The translation of the goals.
I do not know who translated the goals but this translation is very problematic. Maybe I'l try do it better.--מיתרפ (talk) 19:24, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Goals
I have delited this : the goals are in the oficcal site. and also i'm a member of the movement and I can say it's whrite on the member's card.Nizzan Cohen (talk) 14:35, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

Emblem
the colors of the emblem in the article arenot the conventional colors. see on the hebrew articleNizzan Cohen (talk) 13:48, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Name change
Maybe we ought to change the name of this article from transliterated Hebrew name to the English name "General Federation of Students and Young Workers in Israel"? If someone wants to search for it, there will be a redirect. The reason is an aesthetic one. When I saw the name for the first time, with all the extra capital letters I recieved an heart attack, and after I came back from Ichilov, I"d like to offer a change to this name change.--Bolter21 (talk to me) 10:31, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * On their English page they call themselves "Working and Studying Youth". Seems like a better name for the article because it's sourced as well as shorter and cleaner. I think we should replace it in the lead as well. “WarKosign” 10:40, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Even in English publications, HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed seems to be the WP:COMMONNAME; the formal title proposed has only one match on Google books. "Working and Studying Youth" has 170, but there are some hits that are not related to this subject. However, HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed has 871, so even minus the first couple of entries that are related to the Wiki article, it's clearly the most used name. Number   5  7  11:25, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Number 57 seems to have the strongest argument for keeping the title as is. "Working and Studying Youth" is used on their English website, and should be used in the opening sentence instead of the formal translation. Debresser (talk) 11:32, 7 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Agree that the Hebrew name should be kept. This is the name used in all scholarly academic publications.--Geewhiz (talk) 11:34, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed


text: Category:Euphorbia

title: Category:Euphorbia