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Rising Stars (comics)

Rising Stars is a 24-issue comic book limited series written by J. Michael Straczynski about 113 people (called "Specials") born with special abilities following the appearance of a mysterious light in the sky above Pederson, Illinois. The series explores how society may react to the advent of superpowers, and how those who are Specials may react towards society and each other. Rising Stars was one of the first comics produced under Straczynski's own Joe's Comics imprint for Top Cow Productions.

Publication history
The comic was published in August 1999, monthly at first by Top Cow/Image Comics, and then under the Joe's Comics imprint. Within a few months, however, there were unscheduled artist changes and unexplained delays by Top Cow in shipping the comics, sometimes lasting months.

The comic itself came to an unexpected halt after issue 21 due to internal arguments between Straczynski and Top Cow. Straczynski claimed he was cut out of the loop on the potential Rising Stars movie. After communication broke down between them, he held back the scripts for the last three issues, and the entire comic was put on hold. In addition to an apology for the way Straczynski was treated in regard to the possible film, Top Cow relented by giving him the full rights to an anthology comic he had written for them, Dream Police (later published by Marvel Comics), as well as the rights to the name and logo for the Joe's Comics imprint.

The last issue of Rising Stars was published in March 2005. During the intervening time, Straczynski had gone on to write a revamp of Marvel's Squadron Supreme, Supreme Power.

Story
The story is narrated from the future by the last living Special, John Simon, nicknamed "Poet". The genesis of the Specials is shown to be the unforgettable descent of a fierce comet from the heavens. The story starts when the Specials are all grown up, but it constantly flashes back to when they were children. Through these flashbacks, the development of these 113 Specials is shown, starting with the government's monitoring and handling of the events, to the manifestation of their powers, to the impact of these abilities on the afflicted children and the world around them. Some of the Specials use their powers for the good of the world, others for personal benefit and fame, while others simply wish to forget about them and live a normal life.

A series of murders of the Specials spurs John to investigate. He learns that when a Special dies, their "energy" transfers to the remaining Specials, making each more powerful. This fact had become known to a Special with multiple personality disorder, who calls herself Critical Maas. It emerges that Maas has been manipulating "Patriot" (the alter ego of Jason Miller) to kill other Specials so her own power would be increased. At the instigation of Maas, the U.S. government also attacks the Specials, killing more. With her newly increased powers, Maas and a handful of Specials under her telepathic control are able to conquer Chicago, claiming it for themselves.

Ten years pass and John, his half-brother Randy Fisk (alter ego: Ravenshadow), Elizabeth Chandra, and Joshua Kane (alter ego: Sanctuary) lead the rest of the Specials in an attempt to liberate Chicago after the U.S. government promises that all charges against them will be dropped. Maas is defeated, but at a price: Matthew Bright, who had been sent by the government to assist in her defeat, is beaten into a coma by Patriot, while the latter was still under Maas' control.

Seeing that internecine conflict was not what they were empowered for, John proclaims that he wants them all to act as a unit so they can help humanity. The violence in Chicago affected the rest of the Specials as well and they all agree to assist John in his mission.

Another ten years pass, and their mission is almost complete. Humanity has been helped by the Specials, and more importantly, has been given the confidence and resources to further help themselves. But after Randy Fisk wins the Presidency, elements in the U.S. government, seeing the Specials as a threat to their power, plot to assassinate the remaining few.

A bomb, specifically designed to destroy even the most powerful Special, is set off during a gathering of almost all the Specials, excepting John who is busy working on a secret project. All present are killed, including Randy and John's lover, Elizabeth Chandra.

The released power is initially distributed amongst all the people of the world, instantly curing all forms of illness and injury. It also grants everyone limited telepathy, bringing an end to all wars, violence, and strife as people become aware of the thoughts and feelings of those they had previously viewed as their enemies. Those involved in the mass assassination voluntarily come forward and confess. For 24 hours, not a single human being dies.

After that blessed 24 hours, the power soars into the sky and seeks out John, giving him all its power and knocking him out for seven days. He uses that power to provide energy for the project he had been working on: a space ship that travels near the speed of light.

The immense power within John directs the ship to yet another world, an alien planet much like Earth. John's ship erupts into a fireball, strikingly similar to the one that had empowered the Specials, as it comes crashing down onto the planet's surface. It can be assumed that a process similar to what happened with the Specials would happen to this planet's populace. The circle has been completed. The meaning is that all life is special, and though they may have lost all heroes in a sad circumstance, something good has resulted from the struggle. As the cycle repeats, perhaps a new generation will learn the same lessons.

Specials
There are 113 Specials, with the story focusing on a select few and often featuring appearances by others.

 * 1) John Simon (Poet) – Poet and writer, but not a very popular one. As a child he maintained a distance from many of the other Specials, his closest friend being Dr. Welles. It is commonly known that he has a knack with electronics; he can avoid security systems, and is sensitive to electrical impulses. Secretly, however, he is the most "lethal" of all the Specials – whereas the other 112 Specials have powers fueled by the energy of the Flash, Poet can control that energy directly. Though not the fastest or strongest, he is the deadliest, with Dr. Welles predicting that he has the potential to defeat any of the other Specials in one-on-one combat. This leads to the theory that John is a fail-safe of the 113, the best candidate to eliminate threats should any of the Specials go rogue. John is the first to suspect that someone is murdering Specials, and takes it upon himself to solve the mystery as well as record the story of the Specials. He allies himself with Randy Fisk, who is later revealed to be his half-brother, and eventually forms a romantic relationship with Chandra. During the events at Chicago, he temporarily dies before being brought back by Cathy Holmes.
 * 2) Matthew Bright – A police officer with the powers of flight, super-strength and speed, near-invulnerability, making him among the strongest of the Specials. At first he hid his identity as a Special so as to join the police. After a series of serial bombings, he is exposed and the Federal Government revokes his badge as Specials are not allowed to participate in any form of government department. His fellow officers then name him a 'special' deputy rank and supply a new badge and uniform. Being the only one of the Specials with legal power and authority, he is often used by the government as a means of controlling or observing conflict relating to other Specials. After the events in Chicago, he is comatose.
 * 3) Jason Miller (formerly Flagg and Patriot) – Masked corporate superhero employed by NexusCorp, later turned vigilante – With the powers of super-strength, flight, near-invulnerability and the power to sense radiation, he was initially considered the strongest among the Specials. Jason was seduced by Stephanie Maas and taken over by her split personality Critical Mass. He was used to murder other specials so that their power would transfer to the rest and eventually would have allowed Critical the ability to control them all. After being freed of Critical's control, Jason resolves to use his powers for the greater good – stealing nuclear weapon and burying deep within the arctic, ushering in a celebrated nuclear disarmament. However, a punctured nuclear missile gives him radiation poisoning, which causes the deaths of his family and his own disfigurement. He later dies, protecting (and unwittingly waking up) a comatose Matthew Bright.
 * 4) Elizabeth Chandra (former model) – Appears as the physically ideal woman to whoever is looking at her, she lives in a mansion with a large number of wealthy benefactors who she requires all to wear masks. Later gains the ability to inspire love rather than lust in both male and female onlookers, and holds fund raisers in order to help the Specials' cause. She is in love with John Simon, who is the only one of the male Specials to never ask her out, and the only one who sees her as she really is. They later become a couple. Post-surge, she develops super strength, and much later, the power of flight.
 * 5) Randy Fisk (Ravenshadow) – Artist – Flight, super-strength, ability to see things nobody else can, agility, is sensitive to electrical impulses, energy projection. He is the first of the Specials to don a mask and attempt vigilante, and is at first the most organised and prepared of the Specials, funding his crime-fighting by creating and selling his art. He is revealed to be John Simon's half-brother. Later, he dedicates himself to ridding the streets of criminal activity, inspiring people to stand up for themselves. He later runs for president – failing several times before finally becoming elected and ushering in an age of peace and prosperity in the United States.
 * 6) Stephanie Maas/Critical Mass – Stephanie was one of the children in utero during the time of the Flash, although she initially is believed to not have any powers. Later it is revealed that she has the powers of flight, super-strength, mind-control and telepathy, although these powers are only accessible by Critical Mass, the second identity that she developed as a child to cope with the abuse of her father. Critical eventually becomes the dominant personality as she gains control of Jason Miller and other Specials, forcing them to kill other Specials thereby making Critical stronger. At the end of the events at Chicago, Stephanie regains brief control and throws herself into a fire to put an end to Critical's killing spree.
 * 7) Jerry Montrose (Pyre) – Pyrokinetic – Controls fire, capable of surrounding his body in intense heat without burning and the ability to fly as well as enhanced strength. Pyre is considered a rogue, the supervillain to Jason Miller's superhero, with whom he has a very public rivalry. It is shown that they are in fact, good friends along with Joshua Kane, albeit sharing a tense relationship at times. Later he dedicates his time to burning the cocaine fields in Columbia, and being paid for his presence by casinos in Las Vegas. He is later tricked, shot down and murdered by the US government during their trials to test whether or not an EMP blast could temporarily de-power a Special.
 * 8) Paula Ramirez – Singer – She has a singing voice that cannot be recorded and transmitted via any man-made device, and any who hear it cannot remember what they have heard, only that it was incredibly beautiful. She later becomes a famous performer and concert darling.
 * 9) William Smith – Flight, super-strength and speed, can locate the rest of Specials and limited telepathy. Called 'Willie' as a child, he could only hover a few feet as he was the victim of teasing over his weight and this directly affected his confidence and in turn his abilities. During a particularly rough day Willie "snapped" as it is put and proceeded to float off and leaves not to be seen again until he saves Cathy Holmes in Chicago from Critical Maas. He views John Simon as the only one of the Specials he has any obligation to help, as John was the only one who stood by him when he was being bullied.
 * 10) Joshua Kane (Sanctuary) – Televangelist – Levitation, energy absorption, ability to generate and concentrate light. The son of a preacher who capitalises on Joshua's very holy looking abilities by calling it a blessing from God and building a church around him. Although he wishes to obey his father, Joshua feels oppressed and lonely due to the fact that he is a transvestite and must hide who he is. His childhood friends Jerry Montrose and Jason Miller are the only ones aware of this. During the events at Chicago, after being protected by Chandra he disappears into a clothing store. Later he protects Chandra from Critical's hybrid beasts and absorbs the explosion from a nuke intended to destroy a group of Specials, saving everyone – although he performs these tasks after having changed into women's clothing and directly after his death, many of the Specials have no idea who it was that saved them.
 * 11) Laurel Darkhaven – Telekinetic government assassin. Laurel is a telekinetic, described as the only one of the Specials that can scare even John Simon. Laurel is able to move small objects – the smaller the object the finer her control. It is thought to be a useless ability at first, but given the fact that she can target small arteries and kill untraceably with this power, she is immediately employed by a government agency upon her graduation. After realising that none of her work has helped facilitate peace in the Middle-East, she plans to destroy several sacred landmarks in order to unite them in fear of her, but convinced of an alternative path by John Simon, Laurel expends her life force to bring fertile soil, grain by grain, to the surface of the land and cover the desert, hoping that the fertile earth will provide for all and eliminate the need to wage war of land.
 * 12) Lionel Zerb – Medium – Detached and distant, the other children in the encampment believe him to be a snob before it is revealed that he is constantly listening to the voices of the recently deceased. Later on, he develops the ability to listen to even those long deceased. To get some peace and quiet, he moves far up into the mountains unpopulated by humans where he will no longer have to deal with the voices of the dead.
 * 13) Cathy Holmes – Healer - Cathy grows up believing herself to be one of the children in utero during the Flash that was not given any powers, but is revealed that she has healing powers, and is able to revive the recently deceased. Critical Mass captures her and forces her to bring to life Frankenstein-like monsters, made up of stitched together parts of different animals. She is released by William Smith, but is shot by one of Critical's lackeys. Her last act before dying is to bring back the defeated John Simon.
 * 14) Brody Kempler – Supergenius – Described as being smarter than all of the world's most renowned genii put together. Although out of contact with the other Specials for a long time, John Simon eventually reaches out to him. Brody supplies the Specials with cover identities and develops several fail-safe technologies should anything happen to any of the Specials. He also becomes Randy Fisk's scientific consultant upon his presidential election.
 * 15) Clarence Mack – Psychologist – Telepathically visits other people's dreams. While visiting Jason Miller's dreams, he discovers that he is the murderer who has been killing other Specials. He is killed by Jason for this, but is able to contact John Simon via Lionel Zerb, revealing to him what he knows. He also reveals to John that Chandra has always been in love with him, to John's surprise.
 * 16)  Peter Dawson – Invulnerable – a microthin energy shield protects his body from all injury, and filters his environment. As result, he has no physical sensation, except for taste – leading to excessive overeating and obesity. He cannot be physically injured, or poisoned in any way. Peter was murdered by Patriot while under Critical Mass' control. Patriot placed a plastic bag over his head and tied him down, the shield covering Peters' body meant he could not feel this happening and suffocated.
 * 17) Lee Jackson – Pyrokinetic – Lee's abilities are similar to Jerry Montrose (Pyre). Abused as a child by a camp counselor, Lee later burned him alive using his powers after the counselor attempted to abuse him again. This became the first instance of a Special using his power for harm, leading the U.S. government to review their policies. Lee is also believed to have accidentally killed his parents by burning down their apartment while having a nightmare. He lived on the streets and was eventually taken in by an old woman, who was later killed by a gang of thugs. This led to a highly publicized rampage from Lee, who committed suicide in a violent explosion after killing the gang responsible.
 * 18) David Mueller – Able to merge his mind with people within 20 feet. David lost his consciousness when his mother committed suicide while he was in her mind trying to stop her, his comatose body was killed when Jason Miller threw it out a hospital window.
 * 19) Patrick Ferry – Patrick has the ability to disappear into shadows and go anywhere without being noticed.

At first, the Specials possessed varying levels of power, ranging from the clearly superhuman, such as Matthew Bright and Jason Miller, to almost negligible abilities like being invisible when not in direct sunlight. However, when a Special died, the energy they possessed was evenly distributed among the rest, making them stronger. In an incident similar to the Waco Siege, a number of Specials were killed. The resultant transfer of energy, later known as the Surge, was enough to turn all specials regardless of their standing into high powered individuals.

Others

 * 1) Dr. William Welles – The Supreme Court assigned Dr. Welles to the Specials shortly after their powers manifested in order to document their abilities and teach them to cope with their new powers. Further, he was to compile files on each to be used by government should any of the Specials ever go rogue. He has a close personal friendship with John Simon (Poet), whose main power he never reveals. Dr. Welles dies halfway through the story, leaving John Simon to solve the Specials crisis.
 * 2) Jacob Polachek – although Dr. Welles declared him not a Special, he insisted he had powers that nobody knew about. Nobody believed him, and when he attempted to stop a truck soon after, he was killed. In Rising Stars #½, this character is elaborated upon, although his name is Edward Claiborn. Edward is committed into the Specials' encampment for observation after claiming to have powers, but is released when it is revealed he has been making it up. He dies pushing his friend out of the path of an oncoming truck. This may actually (likely) be two different people.

Rising Stars: Bright
The first Rising Stars spin-off, a three-issue miniseries, written by Fiona Avery, penciled by Dan Jurgens and published in Feb–Apr 2003, is about Matthew Bright's rookie years as a police officer in the NYPD under the name Brendan Miller, after he left Pederson.

Rising Stars: Voices of the Dead
The six-issue miniseries Rising Stars: Voices of the Dead features Lionel Zerb, a Special who can see dead people, and was published in Apr–Dec 2005. It was again written by Fiona Avery, with pencils by Staz Johnson and Al Rio. The story concentrates on various mysteries Lionel uncovers because of his ability.

Rising Stars: Untouchable
The five-issue miniseries Rising Stars: Untouchable features Laurel Darkhaven, a Special who worked for the CIA as an assassin. Written by Fiona Avery with pencils by Brent Anderson, it was published in February–June 2006.

Collected editions
Typical of Straczynski, the beginning and end of the story were planned before he wrote the first issue. It was set to span 24 issues, and neatly divide up into three acts. Each trade paperback collects one of those acts.
 * Rising Stars Vol. 1: Born in Fire (collects Rising Stars #1–8; ISBN 1-58240-172-1)
 * Rising Stars Vol. 2: Power (collects Rising Stars #9–16; ISBN 1-58240-226-4)
 * Rising Stars Vol. 3: Fire and Ash (collects Rising Stars #17–24; ISBN 1-58240-491-7)
 * Rising Stars: Visitations (collects Rising Stars #0, ½, Prelude and Preview; ISBN 1-58240-268-X)
 * Rising Stars Hardcover (collects Rising Stars #1–24, 0, ½ and Prelude; ISBN 1-58240-488-7)
 * Rising Stars Vol.4 (collects Rising Stars: Bright and Rising Stars: Voices of the Dead; ISBN 1-58240-613-8)

All the publications are collected in one volume:

 * Rising Stars Compendium (collects Rising Stars #1–24, 0, ½, Prelude, Rising Stars: Bright, Rising Stars: Voice of the Dead, and Rising Stars: Untouchable; 1008 pages, Image Comics, December 2008, hardcover, ISBN 1-60706-032-9, softcover, ISBN 1-58240-802-5)

Film adaptation
In 2016, MGM optioned Rising Stars, with Straczynski slated to write the script and Alex Gartner and Richard Suckle to produce for Atlas Entertainment.

Novelization
Between 2002 and 2005, a novelization of Rising Stars by Arthur Byron Cover was published in a three-volume series.

 * Rising Stars Book 1: Born in Fire (ISBN 978-0743435123) follows the storyline of the trade paperback of the same title.
 * Rising Stars Book 2: Ten Years After (ISBN 978-0743452762) follows the storyline of Power.
 * Rising Stars Book 3: Change the World (ISBN 978-1416504320) concludes the trilogy and follows the storyline of Fire and Ash.

title: Rising Stars (comics)


text: User talk:85.98.17.188

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:85.98.17.188


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Tamachi

Tamachi (田町) is the informal name for the area surrounding Tamachi Station in Minato, Tokyo, generally referring to the districts of Shiba, Shibaura, and Mita.

History
During the Edo period Tamachi was a hatamoto residential quarter. Rice cultivation did not begin in the area until the Meiji period. Today the area is entirely urbanized.

Surroundings
The headquarters of several major companies and organizations are located in this area, including Nippon Kinzoku, Morinaga, and NEC. Also in this area is Tokyo International School. The landmark Rainbow Bridge can be accessed on foot, 15-minutes from Tamachi station crossing some scenic canals in the process.

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Jack Weston

Jack Weston (born Morris Weinstein; August 21, 1924 – May 3, 1996) was an American actor. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1976 and a Tony Award in 1981.

Career
Weston, a native of Cleveland, Ohio, usually played comic roles in films such as Cactus Flower (1969) and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960). He occasionally took on heavier parts, such as the scheming crook and stalker, who along with Alan Arkin and Richard Crenna attempts to terrorize and rob a blind Audrey Hepburn in the 1967 film Wait Until Dark.

Weston had numerous other character roles over 25 years, including in major films such as The Cincinnati Kid (1965), The Thomas Crown Affair (1968), Gator (1976), Cuba (1979), High Road to China (1983), Dirty Dancing (1987), Ishtar (1987), and Short Circuit 2 (1988).

On television, he made numerous appearances, such as Fred Calvert in the 1958 Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Daring Decoy". In 1961, he was a guest star in the TV drama Route 66, playing the manager of a traveling group of young women nightclub dancers who mistreats his employees. He co-starred with Peggy Cass in the series The Hathaways, in which they served as "parents" to a trio of performing chimpanzees. In 1963, he was a guest star in an episode called "Fatso" in the TV drama The Fugitive.

In 1976, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for his performance in the film The Ritz. In 1981, Weston appeared on Broadway in Woody Allen's comedy The Floating Light Bulb, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award as Best Actor. His other stage appearances include Bells are Ringing in 1956 (with Judy Holliday), The Ritz in 1975, Neil Simon's California Suite (1976) and One Night Stand in 1980.

Weston co-starred in Alan Alda's 1981 film The Four Seasons, and then reprised his role to star in a television series spinoff on CBS.

Personal life
Weston joined the American Theatre Wing in New York with Lee Strasberg. He did not advance far professionally and returned to Cleveland, where he met Marge Redmond, another local actress, and the pair relocated to New York and were married there in 1950. Redmond was later noted for her role in the ABC sitcom The Flying Nun. They occasionally appeared together, an example being a 1963 episode of The Twilight Zone titled "The Bard". Redmond and Weston divorced in the 1980s. The couple had no children.

Weston's second marriage was to Laurie Gilkes, and they had one child together. They were married until his death from lymphoma on May 3, 1996, after a six-year struggle. He was 71 years old.

Jack was the older brother of Anthony Spinelli, whose birth name was Sam Weinstein and whose first stage name was Sam Weston. The Westons were Jewish.

Jack was also a lifelong Democrat.

Selected filmography

 * Stage Struck (1958) as Frank
 * Peter Gunn (1958) (Season 1 Episode 1: "The Kill") as Dave Green
 * I Want to Live! (1958) as NCO at Party (uncredited)
 * Steve Canyon (1959) as Smiley
 * Imitation of Life (1959) as Tom
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1960) (Season 5 Episode 28: "Forty Detectives Later") as Otto
 * Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960) as Joe Positano
 * All in a Night's Work (1961) as Lasker
 * The Honeymoon Machine (1961) as Signalman Burford Taylor
 * It's Only Money (1962) as Leopold
 * Palm Springs Weekend (1963) as Coach Fred Campbell
 * The Incredible Mr. Limpet (1964) as George Stickle
 * The Cincinnati Kid (1965) as Pig
 * Mirage (1965) as Lester
 * Wait Until Dark (1967) as Carlino
 * The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) as Erwin Weaver
 * The April Fools (1969) as Potter Shrader
 * Cactus Flower (1969) as Harvey Greenfield
 * A New Leaf (1971) as Andy McPherson
 * Fuzz (1972) as Detective Meyer Meyer
 * Marco (1973) as Maffio Polo
 * The Ritz (1976) as Gaetano Proclo
 * Gator (1976) as Irving Greenfield
 * Cuba (1979) as Larry Gutman
 * Can't Stop the Music (1980) as Benny Murray
 * The Four Seasons (1981) as Danny Zimmer
 * High Road to China (1983) as Struts
 * The Longshot (1986) as Elton
 * Rad (1986) as Duke Best
 * Dirty Dancing (1987) as Max Kellerman
 * Ishtar (1987) as Marty Freed
 * Short Circuit 2 (1988) as Oscar Baldwin

Television appearances
In 1949, Weston appeared as Mr. Storm in episode five of Captain Video and His Video Rangers.

In 1953-54, he appeared as Wilbur Wormser on CBS-TV's Rod Brown of the Rocket Rangers, a Saturday-morning kiddie show, and he was often recognized on the street or subway by children in and around New York City.

In 1960, Weston appeared as Otto in Alfred Hitchcock Presents, episode 28, season five, called "Forty Detectives", on April 24, 1960.

In the 1960–1961 television season, Weston appeared as Chick Adams, a reporter, on the CBS sitcom My Sister Eileen.

The next season, he starred in the short-lived sitcom The Hathaways (ABC), in which Peggy Cass and he adopted three chimpanzees (the Marquis Chimps).

He also made guest appearances on such television series as Peter Gunn, Perry Mason, Rescue 8, The Twilight Zone (episodes "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street", and "The Bard"), The Untouchables, Have Gun – Will Travel, Johnny Staccato, Thriller, The Lawless Years (two episodes), Route 66, Harrigan and Son, Stoney Burke, Breaking Point, The Fugitive, Bewitched, Gunsmoke, Twelve O'Clock High, Laredo, Tales of the Unexpected, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Carol Burnett Show, All in the Family, and The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show.

title: Jack Weston


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User:Angrysquirrel

I, angrysquirrel, am a new member of Wikipedia but hope to help aid in its development. I am a member of LAFF, Lake Area Furry Friends, and of deviantART. The fastest way to contact me is through #devart on deviantART's IRC network.

title: User:Angrysquirrel


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Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/June 7

June 7

 * 2024 – The ROKAF retires the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
 * 2013 – Missiles fired by an American unmanned aerial vehicle strike a house in the village of Mangroti in the Shawal area of North Waziristan in northwestern Pakistan, killing at least seven people described by officials as Islamic militants and seriously injuring four others.

 * 2012 – Kenyan helicopters attack Al Shabaab positions in Kismayo, Somalia.

 * 2009 – A Strait Air Britten-Norman Islander crashes on approach to Port Hope Simpson Airport, Canada, killing the pilot. The aircraft is destroyed.

 * 1992 – American Eagle Flight 5456, a CASA C-212 operated by Executive Airlines, crashes into a swamp on approach to Eugenio María de Hostos Airport in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, in heavy rain, killing all five people on board.

 * 1989 – Surinam Airways Flight 764, a Douglas DC-8, crashes while attempting to land in heavy fog at Paramaribo, Suriname. The plane hits trees and flips upside down, killing 176 of 187 people on board.

 * 1981 – Israeli Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcons make a long-range strike into Iraq to destroy the nuclear reactor at Osirak

 * 1973 – Bahamasair commences operations.

 * 1966 – Robert and Joan Wallick set a round-the-world flight record.

 * 1957 – Chance Vought Aircraft pilot James P. Buckner is killed while performing a high-speed flyby of CVA's tower at Hensley Field, Dallas, Texas, while demonstrating an Vought F8U-1 Crusader for a graduating class from the Navy Post Graduate School there. Executing a zoom climb after his low-altitude pass, he apparently overstresses the fighter and it disintegrates before he can eject. The aircraft's wreckage violently explodes at low altitude over Main Street in adjacent Grand Prairie, Texas, causing minor injuries to several bystanders, and pieces of the fighter are scattered throughout the floodplain of the nearby Trinity River; Buckner's body is recovered a few hours after the crash.

 * 1947 – First flight of the Fouga CM.10

 * 1946 – First flight of the Short Sturgeon
 * 1944 – Nos. 401, 411 and 412 (Fighter) Squadrons of No. 126 (RCAF) Wing destroyed 12 enemy aircraft and probably destroyed or damaged five more over the Normandy beaches.

 * 1942 – The English Electric-built Handley Page Halifax B Mk.II, V9977, on a test flight from RAF Defford carrying a secret H2S radar system crashes at 16:30 hrs at Welsh Bicknor, Herefordshire, killing the crew and several EMI personnel on board, including Alan Blumlein, pioneer of television and stereo audio recording. Blumlein, together with Cecil Browne and Frank Blythen, all from EMI, were attached to the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) at the time of the accident. Also killed was Geoffrey Hensby of TRE. Whilst flying at 500ft a fire starts in the starboard outer engine. Unable to extinguish it and by then too low for a parachute escape, whilst attempting to reach an open area to put down the fire burns through the outer main spar at low altitude causing the outer wing to fold and detach, whereupon the aircraft rolls almost inverted and impacts the ground. The aircraft's highly secret cavity magnetron is recovered the next day by a TRE team from RAF Defford led by Bernard Lovell. An investigation into the cause of the fire by Rolls-Royce concludes that an insufficiently tightened inlet valve tappet locknut during maintenance caused the inlet valve to drop, where it was hit by the rising piston and broken off at the stem, allowing burning fuel to enter the rocker cover whereupon it quickly spread. V9977 was one of only two Halifaxes fitted with H2S, the other being the Handley Page-built Mk II, R9490, used for trials of a klystron-based version of the system, developed for security reasons due to the difficulty of self-destructing a magnetron should its carrying aircraft come down over enemy territory. The crash of V9977 wiped out almost the entire H2S development team, delaying its introduction to the extent that Churchill has to be informed.

 * 1942 – Major General Clarence Leonard Tinker, (21 November 1887 - 7 June 1942), of 1/8 Osage Indian heritage, leads four LB-30 Liberator IIs requisitioned by the USAAF on an attack, some sources state against retreating Imperial Japanese Navy units during the Battle of Midway, some sources state a bombing run on Wake Island). His LB-30, AL589, of the 31st Bombardment Squadron, 5th Bombardment Group, 7th Air Force, drops out of formation and is never seen again. Tinker was the first American general to die in World War II; his body was never recovered. He received the Soldier's Medal in 1931 and, posthumously, the Distinguished Service Medal. Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, is named in his honor on 14 October 1942.

 * 1942 – 119 (BR) Squadron and No. 128 (F) Squadron were formed at Sydney, N. S.

 * 1940 – HMS Ark Royal brings aboard the five surviving Supermarine Walrus flying boats of No. 701 Squadron from Harstad and HMS Glorious the surviving Hurricanes of No. 46 Squadron and Gladiators of No. 263 Squadron from Bardufoss as the Allied evacuation from Norway continues.

 * 1938 – First flight of the Douglas DC-4E

 * 1927 – The Supermarine S.5 racer, constructed to take part in the 1927 Schneider cup race; makes its first flight in Suffolk, England, piloted by Flight Lieutenant O. E. Worsley.

 * 1920 – The U. S. Army orders 20 GAX (Ground Attack Experimental) triplanes from Boeing as the Model 10, an order later reduced to 10 before the first was delivered in May 1921.

 * 1919 – Flying a Caudron G.3, Raymonde de Laroche of France sets a women’s altitude record of nearly 13,000 feet (3,962 m).

 * 1912 - With Lieutenant Roy Carrington Kirtland flying a Wright Model B at College Park, Maryland, Captain Charles deForest Chandler was the first person to fire a machine gun mounted on an aircraft. The weapon was a prototype designed by Colonel Isaac N. Lewis.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/June 7


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Soda Battery

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was not easy to work out. There appears to be no consensus for an outright deletion, but there does some to be some sort of feeling that the content be discarded. I am therefore calling this one a redirect to lemon battery which is the most suggested target. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:01, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Soda Battery
Not notable, probable hoax, neologism. 0 Google hits (caustic soda is most certainly not soda pop). More garbage from Andrew Lin, the "stop drinking soda" vandal. See Requests for comment/68.170.0.238 - Jersyko    talk   00:49, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I don't see how a simple battery with an electrolyte that happens to be soda is article-worthy. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 01:01, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It's better than most of his other articles, but I don't think it should stand on its own. Do we have an article on homemade batteries? --Xcali 01:05, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. We have an article on the Lemon battery. (Google search ). I know that lemon batteries work, but that article's content needs work. Maybe the two could be merged in some way. -- Barfooz  (talk)  01:58, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. A "Homemade battery" article would be great. There are many things that can be used for such a battery, but the explanation for most or all is pretty simple (use __ as an electrolyte between zinc and copper) -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 02:27, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I've experimented with simple Galvanic cells before. Instead of being composed of two half cells that each contain an electrolyte and an electrode (like our article states), simple Galvanic cells have one whole cell that contains one electrolyte and two electrodes. This is what the guy is describing. There are different electrolytes that you could use (soda, lemon juice, salt water, etc.), but these all are not practical for use because the cell runs out of juice within a few hours, and the voltage generated is low, even when connected in series. There is almost no use for these homemade batteries except in a science fair project. In my opinion, they aren't really notable because they aren't really practical. (Preceding comment by Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 02:27, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC))
 * Comment. Impracticality shouldn't constitute non-notability. Fusion power is impractical at this point. I don't know enough about this subject but by your description it sounds like this whole topic needs an article. -- Barfooz  (talk)  03:30, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Battery_(electricity) and add a brief note somewhere on "novelty batteries" that simply mention that some people are amused by making batteries in which lemons, potatoes, soft drinks, etc. are used as electrolytes. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:43, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC). On second thought, Redirect to Lemon_battery and let that pretty good article, under that title, expand slightly to cover the whole genre of homemade batteries that are fun and illustrate principles but are of no real practical use (i.e. add a mention there of other electrolytes that can be used). Should I be pedantic and point out that strictly speaking the word battery refers to an assemblage of more than one cell connected in series? I.e. you have a 1.5V AA cell but a 9V battery. Dpbsmith (talk) 18:48, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Lemon battery as the best-known example of that class of home-made batteries. --Carnildo 21:59, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Lemon battery. Andrew pmk 20:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Nonsense 68.170.0.238 15:05, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - the above anon vote was, perplexingly, cast by the article's creator. Reverse psychology, perhaps? - Jersyko  talk  15:55, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as above, might even be an idea to protect the redirect based on the number of anti soft-drink related articles with suspiciously all-capped-first-letter titles we've had recreated after VFD's lately... --Kiand 19:32, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delectable as non-potable. The so-called "battery" is just a salt. Article is merely lyte froth and should be canned.
 * Merge with Lemon Battery into a Homemade Battery page. I agree that feasibility should not be a criterion. The body is not feasible to use as a capacitor, but everyone knows about the process of rubbing your socks on carpet and then shocking someone. -Phantym 07:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Nuclear fusion, however, can produce large amounts of energy (like the Sun) whereas a homemade battery cannot. By "impractical", I assume the meaning not useful, or not capable of being turned to use instead of not possible. Nuclear fusion would indeed be useful, but a homemade battery would generate little voltage. I think that sort of practical usefulness in the real world should be a criterion. WPPWAH 18:26, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect without merge. If you make "Soda battery" a section at Lemon battery, I will personally go to your user page and slap you.  The soda is irrelevant; AFAIK this experiment works just as well with distilled water. --Smack (talk) 05:54, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User talk:Enterprise123

Please stop uploading copyrighted images of nakes buffy characters, thay are irrelevant to the articles. --nixie 00:50, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * You will be blocked for uploading copyrighted material to Wikipedia if you continue. --nixie 00:58, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This is your final warning. Do not upload copyrighted material or you shall be blocked. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 01:02, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've given you fair warning. You have posted well over 20 copyright-protected pornographic images that are not for fair-use, as well as two photos of your niece (which don't link to any articles, mind you). You have continued to upload them despite you having received three warnings. You have violated rule 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 11 of WP:IUP. and you've broken the guidelines of Profanity concerning offensive images. I am therefore placing you on a 72-hour block. When the block has been cleared, I welcome you to continue contributing. However, if you do not stop uploading irrelevant offensive images and using Wikipedia as a photo server, you are subject to being referred to other Wikipedia administrators and sysops. Linuxbeak | Talk | Desk 16:24, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

dude this is an open web site
you posted pictures that only adults should see,

title: User talk:Enterprise123


text:
Roscoe Lee Browne

Roscoe Lee Browne (May 2, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American actor and director. He resisted playing stereotypically black roles, instead performing in several productions with New York City's Shakespeare Festival Theater, Leland Hayward's satirical NBC series That Was the Week That Was, and a poetry performance tour of the United States in addition to his work in television and film. He is perhaps best known for his many guest appearances on TV series from the 1970s and 1980s as well as movies like The Cowboys (1972) with John Wayne.

In 1976, Browne was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Series for his work on ABC's Barney Miller. In 1986, he won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Comedy Series for his work on NBC's The Cosby Show. In 1992, he received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play for his performance as "Holloway" in August Wilson's Two Trains Running.

In 1995, he received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program for his performance as The Kingpin in Spider-Man.

Browne was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame in 1977 and posthumously inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 2008.

Early life and education
Born in Woodbury, New Jersey, Browne was the fourth son of Baptist minister Sylvanus S. Browne and his wife, Lovie Lee (Usher). He graduated from Woodbury Junior-Senior High School in 1939. Browne attended historically black Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1946, his college career being interrupted by his wartime service.

During World War II, Browne served in Italy with the United States Army's 92nd Infantry Division and organized the Division's track and field team. After the war, he undertook postgraduate work under the GI Bill at Middlebury College, Columbia University, and the University of Florence. A middle-distance runner, he won two Amateur Athletic Union 1,000-yard national indoor championships.

He occasionally returned to Lincoln University between 1946–52 to teach English, French, and comparative literature. Upon leaving academia, he earned a living for several years selling wine for Schenley Import Corporation. In 1956, he left his job with Schenley to become a full-time professional actor.

In 1950 and 1951 he toured Europe (as a half-miler) with a USA Track and Field team.

Acting
Despite the apprehensions of his friends, in the summer of 1956, Browne managed to land the roles of The Soothsayer and Pindarus in Julius Caesar, and one of Petruchio's servants in "The Taming of the Shrew" directed by Stuart Vaughan and produced by Joseph Papp for New York City's first Shakespeare in the Park. More work with the NY Shakespeare Festival Theater followed. Browne voiced an offscreen part as camera operator J.J. Burden in The Connection (1961), his first movie role. In The Cowboys (1972), in a role as a camp cook, he led a group of young cowhands avenging the death of John Wayne's character in the movie.

Browne was much in demand for narration and voice-over parts in film and on commercial sound recordings. In 1977, Browne narrated a record album, The Story of Star Wars, which presented an abridged version of the events depicted in the first released film using the dialogue and sound effects. The recording was produced by George Lucas and Alan Livingston.

Browne was determined not to accept the stereotypical roles routinely offered to African-American actors. He also wanted to do more than act and narrate. In 1966, he wrote and made his directorial stage debut with A Hand Is On The Gate, starring Cicely Tyson, James Earl Jones, and Moses Gunn. A lifelong bachelor who coveted his privacy in the turbulent decades of the civil rights revolution, Browne avoided participation in public protests, preferring instead to be "more effective on stage with metaphor...than in the streets with an editorial". His stage success brought him to the attention of producer Leland Hayward, and in 1964 he began a regular stint as a cast member on Hayward's satirical NBC-TV series That Was the Week That Was. Starting in the late 1960s, Browne was a frequent guest star on TV in both comedy and dramatic shows such as Mannix, All in the Family, Maude, Good Times, Sanford and Son, A Different World and dozens of others. In 1980, he guest-starred in an episode of Benson with Robert Guillaume. Later that year, he joined the regular cast of Benson's parent show Soap where he played Saunders, the erudite butler who replaces Benson. Browne appeared as Professor Foster on The Cosby Show in 1986, winning a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series.

He and fellow actor Anthony Zerbe toured the United States with their poetry performance piece Behind the Broken Words. It included readings of poetry, some of it written by Browne, as well as performances of comedy and dramatic works.

Browne found additional success performing in the plays of August Wilson, both on Broadway and at the Pittsburgh Public Theater. He was described as having "a baritone voice like a sable coat", speaking the King's English with a strong mid-Atlantic accent. To someone who once said Browne sounded "too white", he replied, "I'm sorry, I once had a white maid." Four years before his death, Browne narrated a series of WPA slave narratives in the HBO film, Unchained Memories (2003).

Directing
Browne's directorial credits include a piece called An Evening of Negro Poetry and Folk Music at the Delacorte Theatre and the Public Theatre in New York City in 1966. It was also produced as A Hand Is on the Gate at the Longacre Theatre in New York City in 1966. The production was revived at the Afro-American Studio in New York City, running from 1976 to 1977.

Birth year
Some year-of-birth records, including the Social Security Death Index, report Browne born on May 2, 1922, while other sources claim that Browne's date of birth was three years later, on May 2, 1925. Those sources include The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Variety, the Associated Press and several others, including a Congressional Resolution.

In an undated videotaped interview with Camille Cosby for the National Visionary Leadership Project (NVLP), Browne said: "I was born, Camille, so they say, May 2, 1922, in Woodbury, New Jersey."

Death
Browne died of stomach cancer at Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles in the morning of April 11, 2007, aged 84. He never married and had no children.

He was remembered for his contributions in a New York Times encomium by Frank Crohn of the Edna St. Vincent Millay Society:

"We mourn the loss of our long-time Trustee and faithful friend. He was always to be counted upon to be supportive of the aims and purposes of the Society. He filled our lives with the soft sound of poetry as only he could recite it. Now the stage is empty and the lights are low."

Awards and recognition

 * Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award – Best Actor Award, for his performance as "Makak" in Derek Walcott's The Dream on Monkey Mountain,  1970
 * Bronze Wrangler, the Western Heritage Award – a shared award with the production, for Theatrical Motion Picture, for "The Cowboys," a Warner Brothers film, 1972
 * Primetime Emmy Award nomination – Outstanding Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Series, for ABC's Barney Miller: The Escape Artist, 1976
 * Inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame, 1977
 * Primetime Emmy Award – Outstanding Guest Performer in a Comedy Series, for The Cosby Show: The Card Game, 1986
 * NAACP Image Award – Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series, for The Cosby Show, 1986

 * Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award – Best Actor Award, for his performance as "Bynum Walker" in August Wilson's Joe Turner's Come and Gone, 1989
 * Soap Opera Digest Award nomination – Outstanding Villain: Prime Time, for Falcon Crest, 1989
 * Tony Award nomination – Best Featured Actor in a Play, for his performance as "Holloway" in August Wilson's Two Trains Running, directed by Lloyd Richards, 1992
 * Helen Hayes Award – Outstanding Supporting Performer, Non-Resident Production, for Two Trains Running, 1992
 * Daytime Emmy Award nomination – Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program, for his performance as "The Kingpin" in Spider-Man, 1995
 * Inducted posthumously into the American Theater Hall of Fame, 2008

Film

 * The Connection (1961) as J. J. Burden
 * Pie in the Sky (1964) as Preacher
 * Black Like Me (1964) as Christopher
 * The Comedians (1967) as Petit Pierre
 * Up Tight! (1968) as Clarence (a.k.a. "Daisy")
 * Topaz (1969) as Philippe Dubois
 * The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970) as L.B. Jones
 * The Cowboys (1972) as Jebediah Nightlinger
 * Cisco Pike (1972) as Music Store Owner
 * The Ra Expeditions (1972) as narrator (voice)
 * The World's Greatest Athlete (1973) as Gazenga
 * Super Fly T.N.T. (1973) as Dr. Lamine Sonko
 * Uptown Saturday Night (1974) as Congressman Lincoln
 * Logan's Run (1976) as Box (voice)
 * Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977) as James Forrest
 * The Story of Star Wars (1977) as narrator (voice)
 * Nothing Personal (1980) as Paxton
 * Legal Eagles (1986) as Judge Dawkins
 * Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986) as Archer Lincoln
 * Moments Without Proper Names (1987)
 * Oliver & Company (1988) as Francis (voice)
 * Moon 44 (1990) as Chairman Hall, Galactic Mining Corp. (uncredited)
 * Noel (1992) as Brutus (voice)
 * The Mambo Kings (1992) as Fernando Perez
 * Eddie Presley (1992) as Doc
 * Naked in New York (1993) as Mr. Ried
 * Last Summer in the Hamptons (1995) as Freddy
 * The Pompatus of Love (1995) as Leonard Folder
 * Babe (1995) as narrator (voice)
 * Dear God (1996) as Idris Abraham
 * Forest Warrior (1996) as Clovis Madison
 * Galapagos: Beyond Darwin (1996) (voice)
 * Haiti: Harvest of Hope (1997) (voice)
 * Mouse Hunt (1997) [Theatrical Trailer] (voice)
 * Babe: Pig in the City (1998) as The Narrator (voice)
 * Judas Kiss (1998) as Chief Bleeker
 * Morgan's Ferry (2001) as Peabo
 * The Tulsa Lynching of 1921: A Hidden Story (2000) (voice)
 * Treasure Planet (2002) as Mr. Arrow (voice)
 * Behind the Broken Words (2003)
 * Unchained Memories (2003) as Reader
 * Sweet Deadly Dreams (2006) as Devlin
 * Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006) as narrator (voice)
 * Epic Movie (2007) as narrator (voice)
 * Smiley Face (2007) as himself (voice)

Television

 * That Was The Week That Was (US version, 1964) as himself
 * NET Playhouse (1967)
 * The Invaders episode "The Vise" (1968) as Arnold Andrew Warren
 * Insight (1968) as Stranger
 * Mannix (1968) as Dr. Andrew Josephus
 * Espionage (1968)
 * The Name of the Game (1969–1970) as Dean Marshall / Wamumba
 * The Outcasts (1969) as Gideon
 * Bonanza (1972) as Joshua
 * The Flip Wilson Show (1972–1973) as himself
 * All in the Family (1972–1973) as Jean Duval / Hugh Victor Thompson III
 * Sanford and Son (1972) as Osgood Wilcox
 * The Streets of San Francisco (1973) as Yale Courtland Dancy
 * Good Times (1974) as Reverend Sam
 * Barney Miller (1975) as Charlie Evans Jeffers
 * Starsky and Hutch (1977) as Quatraine
 * Maude (1977–1978) as Mr. Butterfield
 * King (miniseries) (1978) as Philip Harrison
 * Soap (1979–1981) as Saunders (regular role)
 * Benson (1980) as Howard Walker
 * Hart to Hart (1981)
 * The Haunting of Harrington House (1981) as Diogenes “D.C.” Chase
 * Magnum, P.I. (1983) as Carlton
 * For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story (1983) as Gloster Current
 * The Cosby Show (1986–1987) as Dr. Barnabus Foster
 * Head of the Class (1986) as Mr. Thomas
 * The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible (1986) as Magus (in "The Nativity") (voice)
 * Foofur (1986) (voice)
 * John Grin's Christmas (1986) as Ghost of Christmas Past
 * 227 (1987) as Albert Henry
 * Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light (1987) as Reekon / Merklynn (voice)
 * The Real Ghostbusters (1988–1989) as Edward 'Big Ed' Zeddemore (voice)
 * Highway to Heaven (1988) as Dr. Hudsbeth
 * Falcon Crest (1988) as Rosemont
 * A Different World (1988–1992) as Dr. Barnabus Foster
 * Ring Raiders (1989) as Max Miles (voice)
 * Columbo: Rest in Peace Mrs. Columbo (1990) as Dr. Steadman
 * Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures (1990) (voice)
 * Father Dowling Mysteries (1990) as Dennis Cray
 * The Pirates of Dark Water (1991) (voice)
 * Law & Order (1992–2003) as Sir Idris Balewa/Aaron Miller
 * SeaQuest DSV (1993–1994) as Dr. Raleigh Young
 * The John Larroquette Show (1994) as Mr. Davis
 * Batman: The Animated Series (1994) as Dr. Wataki (voice)
 * Spider-Man (1995–1998) as the Kingpin / Wilson Fisk (voice)
 * Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child (1995) as Friar Ferdinand (Season 1, Episode 5 "Rumpelstiltskin") (voice)
 * Freakazoid! (1995) as Great Mystic Gnome (voice)
 * Phantom 2040 (1995) as Old Guran (Season 2, Episode 8 "The Sins of the Fathers: Part Two") (voice)
 * New York Undercover (1996) as Dr. Johnson
 * Cosby (1996) as George Lucas, Hilton's Brother
 * The Wild Thornberrys (1998–2000) as Komodo Dragon / Goulam (voice)
 * The Proud Family (2003) as Clarence (voice)
 * ER (1999) as Rev. Matthew Lynn
 * Hope Island (1999) as Judge Patrick Bradley
 * The Shield (2002) as Bryce Wyms
 * Static Shock (2003–2004) as Dr. Anokye (voice)
 * Tales of a Fly on the Wall (2004) as narrator (voice)
 * Will & Grace (2004) as Linus
 * Side Order of Life (2007) as Clarence

Theatre

 * The Taming of the Shrew, New York Shakespeare Festival, East River Park Amphitheater, New York City, 1956.
 * Soothsayer and Pindarus, Julius Caesar, New York Shakespeare Festival, East River Park Amphitheater, 1956.
 * Aaron, Titus Andronicus, New York Shakespeare Festival, Theatre of Emmanuel Presbyterian Church, New York City, 1957.
 * Balthazar, Romeo and Juliet, New York Shakespeare Festival, New York City, 1957.
 * Cothurnus, Aria da Capo, Theatre Marquee, New York City, 1958.
 * Understudy for title role, Othello, New York Shakespeare Festival, Belvedere Lake Theatre, New York City, 1958.
 * Royal Baron, The Cool World, Eugene O'Neill Theatre, New York City, 1960.
 * Understudy for title role, Purlie Victorious, Cort Theatre, New York City, 1961.
 * Archibald Wellington, The Blacks: A Clown Show, St. Mark's Playhouse, New York City, 1961–62.
 * Corporal, General Seeger, Lyceum Theatre, New York City, 1962.
 * Deacon Sitter Morris, Tiger, Tiger Burning Bright, Booth Theatre, New York City, 1962–63.
 * Fool, King Lear, New York Shakespeare Festival, Delacorte Theatre, Public Theatre, New York City, 1962.
 * Brecht on Brecht (revue), Theatre de Lys, now Lucille Lortel Theatre, New York City, 1962, then Arena Stage, Washington, DC, performed as a staged reading at Sheridan Square Playhouse, New York City, and at Delacorte Theatre, Public Theatre, all 1963.
 * Autolycus, The Winter's Tale, New York Shakespeare Festival, Delacorte Theatre, Public Theatre, 1963.
 * Narrator, The Ballad of the Sad Cafe, Martin Beck Theatre, New York City, 1963.
 * Street singer, The Threepenny Opera, Arena Stage, 1963.
 * Babu, Benito Cereno, American Place Theatre, New York City, beginning 1963, later produced as part of a double-bill titled The Old Glory, Theatre of St. Clement's Church, New York City, 1964.
 * Hell Is Other People (readings), Theatre at Carnegie Hall, New York City, 1964.
 * Male lead, The Empty Room, Village South Theatre, New York City, 1964.
 * St. Just, Danton's Death, Vivian Beaumont Theatre, Lincoln Center, New York City, 1965.
 * Ulysses, Troilus and Cressida, New York Shakespeare Festival, Delacorte Theatre, Public Theatre, 1965.
 * Beyond the Fringe, Goodspeed Opera House, East Haddam, CT, 1966.
 * Babu, Benito Cereno, Playhouse in the Park, Cincinnati, OH, 1966.
 * The gardener, Sodom and Gomorrah, Playhouse in the Park, 1966.
 * Mendoza, Man and Superman, Playhouse in the Park, 1966.
 * Sheridan Whiteside, The Man Who Came to Dinner, Long Wharf Theatre, New Haven, CT, 1966.
 * An Evening of Negro Poetry and Folk Music, Delacorte Theatre, Public Theatre, 1966; produced as A Hand Is on the Gate, Longacre Theatre, New York City, 1966; revived at Afro-American Studio, New York City, 1976–77.
 * Mosca, Volpone, New York Shakespeare Festival, Mobile Theatre, New York City, 1967.
 * Makak, The Dream on Monkey Mountain, Center Theatre Group, Mark Taper Forum, Los Angeles, 1970, then St. Mark's Playhouse, 1971.
 * A Rap on Race, New Theatre for Now, Los Angeles, 1971–72.
 * As You Like It, Pilgrimage Theatre, Los Angeles, 1973.
 * Ephraim Cabot, Desire Under the Elms, The Marshall Migatz Memorial Season, Academy Festival Theatre, Lake Forest, Illinois, 1974.
 * Behind the Broken Words (poetry reading), With Anthony Zerbe. Washington Theatre Club, Washington, DC, 1974, revived at American Place Theatre, 1981, and Denver Center for the Performing Arts, Denver, CO, 2002.
 * Babu, Benito Cereno, American Place Theatre, 1976.
 * Albert Perez Jordan, Remembrance, New York Shakespeare Festival, Other Stage, Public Theatre, New York City, 1979.
 * Pantomime, Goodman Theatre, Chicago, 1981–82.
 * Right Reverend J. D. Montgomery, My One and Only, St. James Theatre, New York City, 1983–84.
 * M. Noirtier, The Count of Monte Cristo, Eisenhower Theatre, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, DC, 1985.
 * Joe Turner's Come and Gone, Los Angeles Theatre Center, Los Angeles, 1989, then Pittsburgh Public Theatre, Pittsburgh, PA, 1989–90.
 * Holloway, Two Trains Running, Eisenhower Theatre, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 1991, then Walter Kerr Theatre, New York City, 1992.
 * House of Flowers, as Roscoe Lee Brown. City Center Encores!, City Center Theatre, New York City, 2003.

Recordings

 * Enjoyment of Poetry: Memorial Program for Claude McKay, Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature, 1967.
 * The Story of Star Wars, 20th Century Fox Records, 1977
 * Poems, by Edna St. Vincent Millay, Archive of Recorded Poetry and Literature, 1968.
 * Caribbean, Random House Audio, 1989.
 * Selected Shorts: A Celebration of the Short Story, Listening Library, 1989.
 * Martin Luther King Edition: New Testament Value Pack, World Bible Publishing Company, 1991.
 * Audio Bible, World Bible Publishing, 1991.
 * Bible for Today, New Testament, 1992.
 * The Autobiography of Malcolm X, with Joe Morton. Simon & Schuster Audio, 1992.
 * M. C. Higgins, the Great, by Virginia Hamilton Recorded Books, 1993.

 * Kwanzaa Folktales, by Gordon Lewis, Warner Adult, 1994.
 * The Word Workout: 10 Easy Exercises for a Stronger Vocabulary, Dove Books Audio, 1995.
 * The Complete Sonnets of William Shakespeare: With A Lover's Complaint and Selected Songs, Dove Books Audio, 1996.
 * The Poetry of Robert Frost, Dove Books Audio, 1996.
 * Masterpieces of Modern Short Fiction, Audio Literature, 1998.
 * The Haunting of Hill House, New Star Media, 1999.
 * The Bible: Old Testament, King James Version, Audio Literature, 2001.
 * The Poetry of Robert Frost, New Millennium Audio, 2001.
 * The Poetry of Walt Whitman, New Millennium Audio, 2001.
 * KJV on Cassette: New Testament, Nelson Bibles, 2003.

Narrated the Nativity Story on a Christmas card and cassette tape alongside Glenda Hayes who sung "Silent Night".

Radio appearances

 * Native villager, The Endless Road, CBS Radio Workshop, CBS, 1956.
 * Performer of Shakespearean roles for CBC Radio.

Writings

 * An Evening of Negro Poetry and Folk Music (readings), Delacorte Theatre, Public Theatre, 1966, produced as A Hand Is on the Gate, Longacre Theatre, New York City, 1966, revived at Afro-American Studio, New York City, 1976–77.
 * Behind the Broken Words (poetry reading), Washington Theatre Club, Washington, DC, 1974, revived at American Place Theatre, New York City, 1981, and Denver Center for the Performing Arts, 2002.

title: Roscoe Lee Browne


text:
User:Mdyogis

Dear Yogis,

Please use this website to be more collective

Hello Arif

title: User:Mdyogis


text:
User talk:Middlekane

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 00:51, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Middlekane


text:
U.S. Route 48

U.S. Route 48 (US 48), also known as the incomplete Corridor H of the Appalachian Development Highway System, extends from Interstate 79 (I-79) in Weston, West Virginia, eastward across the crest of the Allegheny Mountains to I-81 in Strasburg, Virginia. It is planned to extend 157 mi from northwestern Virginia to central West Virginia.

The route is planned as a four-lane divided highway and has been constructed in segments, most of which are open. The westernmost portion from Weston to Lorentz was constructed in the 1970s; the extension east to Elkins was constructed in the early 1990s, and the segment between Davis and Wardensville was constructed in segments which opened during 2002–2016. As of 2020, two segments are not yet upgraded and remain having the U.S. 48 designation: Kerens–Davis and Wardensville–Strasburg.

West Virginia's segment of Corridor H crosses very mountainous terrain, some of the most rugged in the eastern United States, and crosses two major rivers. There are more than 1000 historic structures, five historic districts, two Civil War battlefields, and other archaeological sites within 5 mi of Corridor H, and the highway crosses through two national forests. There are over 50 species of plants and animals that are protected under the Endangered Species Act and more than 150 native trout streams, thousands of acres of wetlands and high mountain bogs, areas of karst terrain, and abandoned coal mines within the Corridor H study area.

Two previous highways were designated as US 48. The first, in California, was incorporated into the route of US 50; the second, in western Maryland and West Virginia, was redesignated Interstate 68.

West Virginia
US 48 begins as a four-lane divided highway at an interchange with Interstate 79 outside Weston. It follows the valley of Stonecoal Creek and then Fink Run until it crosses the Buckhannon River at Buckhannon. It then cuts across the Allegheny Plateau, and crosses through the water gap of the Tygart Valley River between Rich Mountain and Laurel Mountain to reach Elkins.

It then travels north up the Leading Creek valley. At Kerens the divided highway ends, and the US 48 designation follows U.S. Route 219 as it continues up Leading Creek, turns east across to travel down Haddix Run, crosses the Cheat River at Parsons, and then crosses the Allegheny Mountains highlands to Thomas. At this point, it briefly follows West Virginia Route 32 to Davis, after which it again becomes a four-lane divided highway. US 48 travels up Beaver Creek and passes by Mount Storm Lake.

US 48 then descends the Allegheny Front near Bismarck. It then crosses Patterson Creek Mountain to reach Moorefield, where it crosses the South Branch Potomac River. It then ascends South Branch Mountain, during which it crosses the Clifford Hollow Bridge, and then descends to Baker. The highway then follows the Lost River and Cacapon River down to Wardensville, where the four-lane highway again ends. It then ascends to the ridge of Great North Mountain, where it crosses the border into Virginia.

Virginia
US 48 is fully signed along the portion of current State Route 55 (Virginia SR 55) west of I-81. The route begins at the West Virginia state line at the highway's summit of Great North Mountain, signed as US 48 and WV 55 from Wardensville. Entering Virginia, US 48 heads northeast as two-lane Wardensville Pike through George Washington National Forest and descends the mountain to the settlement of Star Tannery, where the highway leaves Frederick County by crossing Cedar Creek. The road's name changes to John Marshall Highway, and it passes around the northern end of Little North Mountain near the community of Wheatfield, turning south. US 48 passes through the Shenandoah County communities of Lebanon Church and Clary on its way to a diamond interchange with I-81, which serves as US 48's eastern terminus.

History

The Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965 was passed as part of an effort to stimulate economic growth in Appalachian rural areas. The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) was created by the act, which also authorized the ARC to create the Appalachian Development Highway System (ADHS). The Appalachian region, as defined by the act, stretches from Mississippi to New York. Congress defined it to "provide a highway system which, in conjunction with the Interstate System and other Federal-aid highways in the Appalachian region, will open up an area or areas where commerce and communication have been inhibited by lack of adequate access". Some 23 transportation corridors were to be developed as part of the ADHS, and Corridor H was designated in 1965.

Corridor H has had a particularly controversial history as conservationists and environmentalists vied with federal agents, developers and the business community over the issue of what constituted the most environmentally sensitive route among several alternatives.

This current designation for Corridor H is inconsistent with the AASHTO numbering scheme, which places east–west U.S. Routes in ascending numerical order southward across the continental U.S. The current route is located south of US 50 and north of US 60 and therefore should have a route number in the 50s. However, there are no unused even numbers in the 50s, since US 52, US 54, US 56, and US 58 already exist.

Corridor H was originally envisioned as an Appalachian Regional Development (ARD) corridor highway that was to run from Weston, West Virginia, to Strasburg or New Market, Virginia, via Elkins, West Virginia. This proposed four-lane highway soon became one of the most controversial APD corridor highways in West Virginia that would lead to numerous legal (and political) battles within the state. The state was forced to deal with numerous environmental and economic issues, a battle that would continue for 40 years.

Lawsuits and settlements
Corridor H Alternatives (CHA) filed a lawsuit, the first for the project since its realignment, in U.S. District Court in November 1996 challenging the Record of Decision for the entire 100 mi Corridor H project. The lawsuit stated that the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) violated the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by "failing to consider an improved roadway alternative (IRA) and by failing to prepare a Supplemental EIS to consider the impacts of the Corrick's Ford Battlefield alignment shift." The lawsuit further states that the FHWA "violated laws by issuing a Record of Decision prior to completing the evaluation of Corridor H's impacts" on historic structures and lands.

In 1997, briefs were filed and oral arguments took place. In October, the U.S. District Court ruled in favor of the Federal Highway Administration and the West Virginia Department of Transportation on all counts, however, CHA appealed the ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals.

Briefs were once again filed in 1998 and oral arguments were presented throughout the year. In September, the CHA filed a second lawsuit that challenged the FHWA's findings of "no constructive" use for two properties. In November of that year, the Court system ordered the Department of Transportation to halt construction of Corridor H except for a 3.5 mi section near Elkins.

In 1999, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the FHWA and the West Virginia Department of Transportation on the first lawsuit. On the second lawsuit, the court ruled in favor of CHA, stating that "all studies of historic properties must be completed before construction proceeds." In March, the Court dismissed the second lawsuit without prejudice, and allowed the CHA to file a new lawsuit challenging the decisions of the FHWA and the West Virginia Department of Transportation when Section 106/section 4(f) is complete for the entire Corridor H project. In May, a court order was produced that prohibited the FHWA from proceeding further with Corridor H until they have completed the Section 106 process and issued an amended Record of Decision. There were two exceptions to this however: work was allowed to proceed on the "Northern Elkins Bypass" and design work was allowed to proceed. This was the 5.5 mi segment of Corridor H between Elkins and Kerens, or Phase I.

In December 1999, an agreement was reached. The Corridor H project was to be divided into nine separate projects from Elkins, West Virginia, to the Virginia state line. As stated in the agreement, impacts were to be avoided near Corricks Ford/Shavers Fork Valley and Blackwater Canyon; the completion of ongoing studies; and the deferment of the Wardensville, West Virginia, to Virginia state line segment with final design and right-of-way acquisition restricted until specific conditions are met not to exceed 20 years. This delay could be shortened if Virginia approves their 14 mi section of Corridor H (US 48) between the West Virginia state line and Interstate 81, if traffic increases significantly on WV 55 between Wardensville and the state line, or if it is required to ensue eligibility for Appalachian highway corridor funding.

The agreement also established alternative dispute resolution procedures and that the plaintiffs were to waive the right to bring future lawsuits against the FHWA and the West Virginia Department of Transportation that would seek any further study of any alternative that does not include completing Corridor H as a continuous four-lane highway.

One of the leading firms on the Corridor H project, the Michael Baker Corporation, proposed and designed two 20 acre wetland mitigation sites. In addition, Baker, in conjunction with the West Virginia Department of Highways and the Federal Highway Administration, developed a "comprehensive mitigation plan for vegetative, water quality, acid drainage and wildlife issues for the entire 100+-mile long project."

Michael Baker Corporation's scientists also completed extensive surveys for endangered plant and animal species. Identified were the buffalo clover, the Indiana bat, the Virginia big-eared bat, Cheat Mountain salamander and the West Virginia northern flying squirrel. Based on this, Baker assisted the Department of Highways and the FHWA in conjunction with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to prepare a biological assessment for the Indiana bat, which resulted in a finding that Corridor H will not adversely affect the habitat. A formal consultation is ongoing for the West Virginia northern flying squirrel.

Weston to Elkins
The route was to follow U.S. Route 33 from Weston to Seneca Rocks, West Virginia, where two alignments to the east were proposed. One alignment would follow a new alignment over North Fork Mountain and Foremost Mountain to New Market, Virginia, while another proposal called for an alignment paralleling WV 55/VA 55 to Strasburg, Virginia. A timeline of construction completions are:
 * 1972: Milepost 19.62 to 20.61 opened to traffic. This was at the Interstate 79 interchange in Lewis County.
 * 1975: Corridor H was extended further east from milepost 20.61 to 23.62 at Horner and County Route 15 in Lewis County.
 * 1976: A six-mile (10 km) segment was opened to traffic from milepost 23.62 at Horner and County Route 15 in Lewis County to the Upshur County line (MP 27.04), and from milepost 0 to 1.22 in Upshur County near Lorentz. Also completed was the "racetrack" portion of Corridor H east of Elkins, from Canfield to Bowden. A northern bypass of Elkins was to connect the "racetrack" to portions of Corridor H west of the city. This bypass was never constructed.
 * 1979: Three miles were completed in Upshur County from milepost 1.22 to 4.35 near Lorentz.
 * 1991: A three-mile (5 km) section of highway opened from milepost 4.35 near Lorentz to 8.31 at Buckhannon in Upshur County.
 * 1994: The longest section of Corridor H from Weston to Elkins opened from milepost 8.31 to 15.40 in Upshur County, continuing into Barbour County from mileposts 0 to 4.43, and into Randolph county from mileposts 0 to 4.17. The total mileage for the final Weston to Elkins segment came in at 15.69 mi.

Approximately 40 mi was completed from Interstate 79 at Weston to Elkins.

Elkins to the Virginia state line
Another 7 mi segment was completed from Canfield to Bowden just east of Elkins and was dubbed the "racetrack" for its vast improvement over the old alignment and its isolation from other four-lane highways. A northern bypass of Elkins was to connect the two segments of Corridor H, however, it was never constructed as the segments east of Bowden were met with intense opposition. Meanwhile, an alignment following U.S. Highway 33 to Seneca Rocks and then WV 55/VA 55 to Strasburg, Virginia, was favored within the West Virginia Department of Transportation.

In 1981, the West Virginia Department of Transportation began planning for a new alignment east of Bowden along U.S. Highway 33 and WV 55/VA 55. A Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) was issued. Funding issues, however, caused the project to be put on hold until 1990. No Final Environmental Impact Statements or Record of Decisions were completed.

In 1990, the project was resurrected and a reevaluation of the Corridor H alignment east of Bowden was conducted. A new DEIS was prepared and all corridors considered in the 1981 DEIS were studied equally. Scoping meetings were held that October. The purpose and need documentation was completed in March 1992 and a Corridor Selection Draft Environmental Impact Statement (CSDEIS) was completed in October.

In 1993, a revised EIS was published with a new route to go north from Elkins to Moorefield and then into Virginia. Many citizens, however, felt that improving existing routes would be a better alternative. Of the 4,000 comments written in 1995 at public meetings, over half opposed the new Corridor H alignment. They cited the damage to two national forests, 41 streams, historical sites, Civil War battlefields, farms and Main Street businesses. For some, the costs outweighed the benefits.

In October 1994, an Alignment Selection Draft Environmental Impact Statement (ASDEIS) was issued. The DEIS focused on alignment selection within the preferred corridor identified within the CSDEIS.

In April 1996, a Federal Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) was issued that consisted of a revised version of the ASDEIS along with some of the CSDEIS. In September, a Record of Decision was issued on the preferred alignment east of Bowden.

Phase 1: Elkins to Kerens
In October 1998, the first contract for Corridor H's construction east of Elkins was awarded from US 33 to US 219.

A 5.48 mi segment of Corridor H opened to traffic on August 12, 2002. This segment of four-lane expressway stretches from CR 11 west of Elkins to CR 7 near Kerens and includes one interchange in the project for U.S. Highway 219. This was finished under six contracts totaling $87.6 million. The then-Governor Bob Wise celebrated the historic opening with Senator Robert C. Byrd and Transportation Secretary Fred VanKirk.

On August 19, a three-mile (5 km) segment was dedicated from CR 1 to CR 23/4 that was constructed under two contracts totalling $24.1 million. This completed the nine-mile (14 km) phase one segment.

Phase 2: Kerens to Parsons

This 13.5 mi segment of Corridor H travels through Randolph and Tucker counties; more specifically from County Route 7 near Kerens to a future U.S. Highway 219 interchange approximately two miles east of Parsons. Proceeding northward from County Route 7, it would have a span at Wilmouth Run and County Route 3. The alignment then turns more northeastward, entering the Monongahela National Forest, crossing the South Branch of Haddix Run Road and U.S. Highway 219. It has one final water crossing at Cheat River before concluding at County Route 219/4.

In Parsons, a public informational meeting was held on September 26, 2000. Alignments were studied and a Settlement Agreement allowed construction to continue on segments in Hardy and Randolph counties. It was also chosen to avoid the Corricks Ford Battlefield.

Alternative "DF" was chosen as the preferred alternative for the highway and in October 2001, the Federal Highway Administration gave the go-ahead for the Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement. The Federal Environment Impact Statement was completed in April 2002 with the Record of Decision approved in June of that year.

The Department of Highways received approval for the Supplemental Final Environmental Impact Statement in October 2002. The commenting period was extended 60 days to February 25, 2003. The Amended Record of Decision was approved on May 12, 2003.

Six consultants were hired to provide the final design for the 13.5 mi segment of Corridor H from Kerens to Parsons. As of 2015, final design had not yet been completed, with construction of the segment from Kerens to a point north of the Randolph County/Tucker County border (but not all the way to Parsons) scheduled to begin in mid-2016.

Work on bridges along the segment began in 2018. In June 2020, the U.S. Department of Transportation awarded funding for the Kerens–Parsons section. In early 2021, a paving contract was awarded, and completion of the segment was originally expected to occur in late 2023, though the anticipated completion date was later pushed back to the 2025 summer.

Phase 3: Parsons to Davis
Phase III is a 9 mi expressway from 2 mi east of Parsons to immediately east of Davis along West Virginia Route 93 within Tucker County.

On December 4, 2002, the Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement was approved after additional Environmental investigations were completed. The additional analysis was a result of the West Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel, a federally endangered species that was discovered in the vicinity. A public hearing was held on February 6, 2003, at the Blackwater Lodge in Davis, with comments on the meeting turned in by April 22. The Thomas-Davis city council had until June 19 to review the situation. The Supplemental Final Environmental Impact Statement was expected to be approved on the segment in June 2005, with the FHWA expected to sign the Amended Record of Decision in August 2005, however, the discovery of the West Virginia Northern Flying Squirrel delayed the project; WVDOH had to conduct additional environmental investigations.

The Supplemental Final Environmental Impact Statement (SFEIS) was approved in 2007. However, a reevaluation of the SFEIS is underway, specifically for updated endangered species surveys. The issuance of the Amended Record of Decision (AROD) is to be determined. Final design is anticipated to begin in 2025, and construction is scheduled to begin in 2031.

Phase 4: Davis to Bismarck
This 16.5 mi segment of Corridor H stretches through Tucker and Grant counties. The alignment runs from West Virginia Route 93, 0.7 mi east of West Virginia Route 32 near Davis to Bismarck near the intersection of West Virginia Route 42 and West Virginia Route 93. The Federal Highway Administration issued a record of decision on March 23, 2001, that cleared the way for design, right-of-way purchases, and construction for this segment. A contract was awarded in December 2010 to Trumbull Corporation for the construction of 6.2 miles of Corridor H, from the existing corridor at Bismarck in Grant County to the WV 93 connector at Mount Storm in Tucker County; this section opened by November 2014. A contract was awarded in August 2012 to JF Allen for the construction of the remaining 9.9 miles portion of the Davis to Bismarck section, from east of WV 32 to the WV 93 Connector at Mount Storm, and this section opened in November 2016.

Phase 5: Bismarck to Forman

This completed section totals 14 mi within Grant County.

The record of decision was issued in July 2001. The original timeline was to begin acquiring right-of-way in June 2003, bid contracts in August 2004 and begin construction in September 2004 with a completion date in September 2006. Greenland Gap activists, however, began documenting the Gap's civil war history and natural features and successfully persuaded the West Virginia Department of Highways to move the alignment 1/4 of a mile away from the Gap. This spared several houses in a neighboring village and reduced the effect the highway would have on the Gap. A one-mile (1.6 km) access road between the village of Greenland and West Virginia Route 93 was eliminated and an interchange was moved from between Greenland and West Virginia Route 93 to 2 mi north of Scherr for West Virginia Route 93.

Construction began in spring 2007 and completed in November 2013. The section from County Route 3 east to Forman and Moorefield opened in October 2010. A further section from WV 93 to CR 3 opened on October 23, 2012. The final section, from WV 93 near Scherr to the WV 42 connector at Bismarck, opened November 22, 2013.

Phase 6: Forman to Moorefield

The sixth phase in Corridor H's completion from Elkins to the state line, it travels through Grant and Hardy counties for a total length of 16 mi. This phase also includes 3 mi of upgraded highway from US 220 to WV 55 just east of Moorefield; the mainlines for Corridor H are 13.8 mi.

The first section of this phase to open was a three-mile (5 km) four-lane highway from US 220 to the WV 55 interchange in November 2005. In August 2005, two grade and drain contracts were awarded on both sides of the South Branch Potomac River, with construction beginning that September. Construction completed on both contracts on the spring of 2007.

In July 2006, two grade and drain contracts were awarded west of the South Branch Potomac River.

On August 8, 2006, it was announced that 1.75 mi were to be graded for paving at a cost of $23,747,933. This segment began construction in September and was completed in August 2008.

During the same month, South Branch Potomac River Bridge contract was awarded. The $30,884,656 contract, located just north of Moorefield, will contain a single eight-span 2135 ft steel girder bridge over the South Branch of the Potomac and a seven-span crossing over the adjacent floodplain. The bridge will utilize 4,300 tons of steel. Construction began in September with a completion date set for August 1, 2009.

The section from Moorefield to Knobley Road, west of Forman, was opened in late October 2010.

Phase 7: Moorefield to Baker

On May 31, 2000, ground was broken on the Moorefield to Baker section of Corridor H. Nearly 1,000 supporters were present.

On June 1, 2000, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) informed the "West Virginia Division of Highways that it has made a determination of the effects of an alternative alignment of Corridor H near Moorefield on historic properties." Sam Beverage, acting Secretary for the Department of Transportation, stated that the Meadows and the P.W. Inkeep House were both to the alignment chosen for Corridor H but would not be impacted.

June 5, 2000, was the starting date for two segments in Hardy county. 1.62 mi of partial controlled-access highway in the first segment, totaling $20,746,510 included 2,810,416 cubic yards (2,148,717 m³) of excavation, three access roads to farms, two structural plate drainage pipes and a six-span prestressed concrete beam bridge over Lick Run and CR 6.

Another segment at a cost of $12,499,009 was let to construction as well. 1.7 mi of highway would extend the first segment of Phase 7 to just south of the Baker interchange. This included 1,963,415 cubic yards (1,501,138 m³) of excavation, one farm access road, two structural plate drainage pipes and two out of the four ramps for the Baker interchange.

On August 30, 2000, 1.09 mi of four-lane divided highway was let to construction. It stretched from CR 23/4 to CR 8 and had a price tag of $11.4 million.

On September 28, 2000, the Department of Transportation announced that the construction of a four-lane partial controlled-access highway connecting West Virginia Route 55 to the Clifford Hollow Bridge would involve the construction of two bridges and 2.21 mi of roadway. The cost for this segment was $29.6 million. A second project would connect the Clifford Hollow Bridge to county route 1 and involve 1.96 mi of construction at a cost of $15.2 million.

A 1.09 mi segment of roadway was let to construction on October 18, 2000, at a cost of $9,864,718. This segment stretched from CR 23/4 to CR 8.

The final segment of Phase 7 was let to construction on November 2, 2000, for the Clifford Hollow Bridge at a cost of $17.8 million. It was completed in October 2003.

A three-mile (5 km) segment of highway from County Route 1 to County Route 23/9 opened to traffic in August 2002. On November 17, 2002, a five-mile (8 km) section of roadway opened from County Route 23/9 to the Baker interchange. With the completion of the Clifford Hollow Bridge in October 2003, the 14 mi segment of Corridor H through Hardy county between Moorefield and Baker was opened to traffic.

Phase 8: Baker to Wardensville

In December 2000, the Federal Highway Administration issued the Record of Decision on this 6.7 mi segment of Corridor H.

A construction contract was awarded on October 1, 2001, to construct a segment of Phase 8 from Hanging Rock to County Route 23/8 in Hardy county. This segment is located just east of the Lost River bridge near McCauley and cost $12,891,522.

Another contract was awarded on December 5, 2001, at a total of $18,549,091 to construct 2.68 mi of Corridor H from County Route 23/8 to the west approach of the Lost River bridge. Grading and drainage required 3.3 million cubic yards (2,500,000 m³) of earthwork, including over 1 million cubic yards (800,000 m³) of "borrow" material and several 60 in pipes to carry small streams underneath the roadway. A three-span fabricated steel girder bridge was constructed to carry the four-lane divided highway over Sauerkraut Run.

December 21, 2001, was another important day, as a 1.45 mi section was awarded at a cost of $25,019,472. It stretched from the Baker interchange and extended to the west side of the bridge crossing the Lost River in Hardy county. The remaining two incomplete ramps at the Baker interchange were completed.

On March 4, 2002, the Department of Highways awarded a contract to construct a 1.08 mi segment of Corridor H at a cost of $15,858,045 that extended from Lost River Sinks to County Route 23/12. This included landscaping for the historic Hott House as part of the construction mitigation program and involved the construction of a connection to existing West Virginia Route 55. This segment required 4.3 million cubic yards (3,200,000 m³) of earthwork, drainage, paving, signing and pavement markings. It was completed in the fall of 2003.

The completion of the Lost River Bridge at McCauley signaled the end of construction on phase 8. The segment opened to traffic in mid-October 2006.

Phase 9: Wardensville to the Virginia state line

This 5.5 mi phase of Corridor H (US 48) stretches from Wardensville to West Virginia Route 55 at the Virginia state line.

As part of the agreement, the Federal Highway Administration and the West Virginia Department of Transportation would defer construction, along with final design and right-of-way acquisition, on the 5.5 mi section of roadway between Wardensville and the Virginia state line for as long as 20 years. This delay could be shortened if Virginia approves their 14 mi section of Corridor H (US 48) between the West Virginia state line and Interstate 81, if traffic increases significantly on West Virginia Route 55 between Wardensville and the state line, or if required to ensue eligibility for Appalachian highway corridor funding.

The Amended Record of Decision was approved on May 16, 2003.

West Virginia state line to Interstate 81 in Virginia

No work or planning has started on this segment of Corridor H yet.

In April 2003, new US 48 signs were installed along State Route 55 in Virginia. While State Route 55 will not be the final alignment of Corridor H through this region, it will be a temporary transition as West Virginia completes their portions to the state line.

Virginia also designated State Route 55 a Virginia Scenic Byway. Plans are in the works with VDOT to maintain the existing facility and continue to make spot improvements.

Rails to Trails
The former Western Maryland Railroad that stretched through eastern West Virginia was opened in 2003, only instead of carrying train cars, it will serve hikers and bikers. This "rail to trail" project was built in conjunction with the construction of Corridor H. It includes parking areas, restroom facilities, and walking trails. These projects will total approximately 20 mi and cost around $1.5 million. Two segments that were constructed from Parsons to Montrose and from Montrose to Elkins were awarded on February 20, 2001. It was named the Allegheny Highland Trail.

Environmental measures
The Division of Highways received the Federal Highway Administration's 2001 Environmental Award in the cultural resources category for the educational tools and web sites based on the Reed Farmstead archaeological dig on Corridor H.

State Highway Engineer Joe Deneault explained when the 200-year-old farm was discovered, the Division of Highways wanted to share the process of how the Hardy County family's home would be uncovered and preserved. "We wanted to share this process with the public," Deneault said. " The Reed Farmstead was an amazing discovery and we decided that a video and web sites would be the best way to share this extensive archaeological dig with area residents. As the project progressed, it was clear that this could be an important educational tool for students as well."

An educational video was produced that illustrated the step-by-step process in the identification and preservation procedures taken by WVDOH. The video was shown for 60 days on the Corridor H web site and a videocassette was mailed to every school teaching grades eighth through twelfth in the state.

The WVDOH also developed two web sites based on the project:, that offers the history of the farm and details about the dig, and, which is an interactive site for children.

The award was presented to the WVDOH and to the two consultants, Michael Baker Jr., Inc. and Charles Ryan Associates, working on this project at a ceremony in Washington, D. C. on April 20.

Connecting highway
Maryland and West Virginia have begun planning an upgraded U.S. Route 220, possibly as an extension of Corridor O, to connect Corridor H to Interstate 68 near Cumberland, Maryland. Committees in Cumberland, Keyser, and Moorefield have been created to discuss the highway and thus far several plans have been established but one individual plan has not yet been chosen.

Previous uses of the designation
US 48 is one of the newest additions to the United States Numbered Highway system, having been commissioned in 2002. Before this designation, sections east of Moorefield, West Virginia, to I-81 were known as West Virginia SR 55 and SR 55, and sections north of Elkins, West Virginia, were known as US 219. West Virginia has US 48 signed sparsely within its borders for unimproved sections of the planned highway.

US 48 is one of the few U.S. Route numbers to be used three times for three separate roadways. The first use of US 48 was in the 1920s, in Northern California, before being absorbed by US 50. The original "US 48" was one of the original routes in the United States Numbered Highways system. Assigned in 1926, it ran between US 99 at French Camp, California, outside Stockton, and US 101 at San Jose, California. By 1931, however, the route had been deleted. Most of the route later became part of US 50. US 48 was the first US highway to be deleted in California.

Then, US 48 was designated for what is now I-68 before it entered the Interstate Highway System. Constructed as Corridor E of the ADHS as a replacement for a particularly primitive section of US 40, it was initially numbered US 48 when construction began in 1965; in 1991, however, it was redesignated as an interstate route.

title: U.S. Route 48


text:
List of assault rifles

Assault rifles are full-length, select fire rifles that are chambered for an intermediate-power rifle cartridge that use a detachable magazine. Assault rifles are currently the standard service rifles in most modern militaries. Some rifles listed below, such as the AR-15, also come in semi-auto models that would not belong under the term "assault rifle."

Definition
By strict definition, a firearm must have the following characteristics to be considered an assault rifle:

 * It must be an individual weapon;
 * It must be capable of selective fire, which means it has the capacity to switch between semi-automatic and burst/fully automatic fire;
 * It must have an intermediate-power cartridge: more power than a pistol but less than a standard rifle or battle rifle. For full-power automatic rifles, see List of battle rifles;
 * Its ammunition must be supplied from a detachable box magazine;
 * It should have an effective range of at least 300 m.

Rifles that meet most of these criteria, but not all, are technically not assault rifles, despite frequently being called such.

For example:
 * Select-fire Amogh carbines are not assault rifles; their effective range is only 200 yards.
 * Select-fire rifles such as the FN FAL are not assault rifles; they are battle rifles and fire full-powered rifle cartridges.
 * Select-fire rifles such as the Joint Venture Protective Carbine are not assault rifles; as their cartridge is too weak.
 * Semi-automatic-only rifles like the Colt AR-15 are not assault rifles; they do not have select-fire capabilities. In contrast, the original ArmaLite AR-15 would meet the criteria.
 * Fully-automatic-only rifles like the M231 Firing Port Weapon are not assault rifles; they do not have select-fire capabilities. In contrast, the original ArmaLite AR-15 would meet the criteria.
 * Select-fire rifles with fixed magazines like the Cei-Rigotti are not assault rifles; they do not have detachable box magazines.

Several of the rifles on the below list have non-assault rifle variants. Because they lack the selective fire capability as they only fire semi-automatic even though it fulfills the other requirements of the definition above.

title: List of assault rifles