text:
Talk:Culture of Russia

Wikipedia Project Traditional Medicine
This page makes no mention of traditional Russian medicines, which is an important aspect of Russian culture. Wikiproject traditional medicine hopes to change that, but needs your support to get started. The projects goal is to detail medical anthropological knowledge of organisms and minerals used in traditional Russian medicine; along with those of all other traditional cultures to create a detailed pharmacopoeia accessible by anyone. Given the landmass of Russia a number of organisms and minerals must exist which are currently not mentioned under any article; russian traditions and superstitions makes to mention of organisms or minerals. Please support this project to promote multicultural education on Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by CensoredScribe (talk • contribs) 01:54, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

Author?
Was this article written by Vladamir Putin? It's poorly written and has a twinge of arrogance. If you wanna see how a culture article should be written see the "Culture of Germany" article :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sooofisticated0499 (talk • contribs) 05:14, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Sad to see Wikipedia as another tool of US political propoganda. LOL — Preceding unsigned comment added by Челдон (talk • contribs) 14:16, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Removal
I removed the redirect from the moving Falphin 01:20, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I will be adding additional things I don't get to tommow as well. Falphin 01:39, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Modeling
I'm modeling this article after Culture of China. So I still have a long ways to go with this but I going to stop until tommorow after one last last edit. Falphin 02:29, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm quitting for now, but it still need a lot more. Falphin 15:21, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sentence?
"After Stalin died Soviet Art went into decline after Stalin's death as gradually Russians artists became more independent of the state and in the 1980's the government ruled that it could not restrict what Russians artists could paint."

This sentence makes no sense and I don't want to try to edit because I'm not sure what it is trying to say. It seems contradictory to say that after Stalin died art went into decline because artists had more freedom... bDerrly talk contr 28 June 2005 11:39 (UTC)

Architecture
The paragraph opening up the architecture section needs some more clear thoughts. I don't know enough about the topic to do it myself. Things that need to be cleaned up include "Later by Soviet culture..." I don't already know what effect Soviet culture had on architecture that is why I'm reading a section about architecture in the Soviet culture article.

"...which took style around the 11th century." I don't know if this means churches weren't built before the 11th century or if the style used today didn't come into being until the 11th century. Needs clarification.

Basically we just need more specifics. Considering most people know nothing of Russian architecture some of these sentences are very confusing and vague. bDerrly talk contr 28 June 2005 11:53 (UTC)

Opera
Need to expound why the opera artists fled the country after the October Revolution. I'm guessing it was because of the strict cultural oppression brought on by the Bolsheviks... bDerrly talk contr 28 June 2005 12:07 (UTC)

Cuisine
Definitely need more information in this category. Saying that Russia offers lots of soups, fish, cereal based products (?) and drinks just makes me curious. Give examples of some of the soups and drinks. Explain what the heck they do with cereal based foods... Perhaps an explanation of why there is little meat in the diet of the average Russian. Too poor to afford meat perhaps? If you have some Russian recipes perhaps a link to WikiBooks cookbook with some recipes of interest might be a nice touch. bDerrly talk contr 28 June 2005 12:19 (UTC)

Tourism
Yikes, this section is a painful run-on. I'll do what I can to fix some of the grammar but the content needs some clarification. Explain what the famous "white nights" are or at least link to something that does. Explain why tourists want to check out the rich traditions of the smaller town or why they want to see Vladivostok. bDerrly talk contr 28 June 2005 12:32 (UTC)
 * Good points, I already removed a POV sentence but will work on this section, as next to the dance it is probably in the most need. Falphin 29 June 2005 01:51 (UTC)

Time
Its not looking like I'm going to have a chance to edit this article before my trip but I'll keep this on the priority list. Falphin 2 July 2005 15:13 (UTC)

"Highly complex"
The following phrase removed from intro.
 * Modern Russian culture is highly complex and has been shaped by Czarist and Soviet influences and under the religious leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church.
 * "Highly complex" is a useless phrase in encyclopedia: most national cultures are complex.
 * "czarist and Soviet influences" is laughable phrasing in its primitivity, esecially the "czarist influence" part.
 * "Religious leadership" is an unfortunate phrasing: it is applicable only to certain periods.

Inherently, the phrase is correct: every culture is complex and bears traces of all time periods in their history. But is is constructed in a totally wrong way. mikka (t) 17:46, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for noticing the page. I do disagree on your final point. Religious leadership is 100% about Russian culture. Religious leadership affected them from Ancient Rus till the end of the Czarist period. After that they played an important underground role which simply affected the culture in a different way. And now in modern Russia, the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church plays an extremely important role in politics and social issues. Falphin 20:34, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * I am afraid I have disagree with the usage of the term "leadership" in this context, although I don't deny its influence. I absolutely agree that the Russian Orthodox faith shaped the Russian culture, but an attempt to put the Church in the "leadership" position is a politicizing of the issue. mikka (t) 20:50, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
 * One other note, I have created a page  to try to revise the article. My goal is to get this to FAC level by next summer. There is no culture article that has reached FAC yet and in my opinion this is sadly about as good as any other culture article right now.   User:Falphin/Russian culture.
 * As a note, I like how the culture is described as 'rich and colourful', I'd love to see a culture article where the subject is described as 'simple and bland'. 70.70.97.117 09:04, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Culture of Russia
Culture of Russia and Russian culture require a major rewrite to draw a clear separation between the two. I started the stub "Culture of Russia" to indicate the idea, but I am in no way a "kulturtreher". My sole goal was to indicate the "velikoderzhavny shovinizm" ("Great Russia chauvinism") tendency and initiate the struggle against it. mikka (t) 18:23, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Kamarinskaya
Here it was written:

The first known opera made in Russia was A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka in 1836. This was followed by several operas like Ruslan and Lyudmila in 1842 and Kamarinskaya in 1848.

This was a bad mistake, Kamarinskaya was not an opera at all, but a piece for orchestra, I've cut it out. (Meladina 23:22, 5 May 2006 (UTC))

Interwiki
I tried to add the spanish interwiki but the page it's semi-protected... Could someone add it, please?? Cultura de Rusia Thank U!!! Chuck Norris  Tell me everything 12:06, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Plisecka.jpg
The image Image:Plisecka.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
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Clean-up
I just spent about an hour or so completely revamping the article; changing wordings, grammar, expanding, etc. I'm satisfied with it now, but it could still probably use some editing. LikeHolyWater (talk) 03:11, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

This page is written like a summer holiday essay
The first paragraph of this page is awful. It is impossible to source most of the claims here "Russians are also known for their sense of humour" and is presented in short bulletin sentences. The use of intensifiers is also a problem. Please aid me in improving it.

Here is an example paragraph I've written to replace the first one:

"Russia culture has been an importance influence in the areas of art, music and literature throughout the Russia's history. Russian writers, composers and artists are a source of national pride to Russians, and their works are not only integral parts of Russian society, but have also global reputations for ingenuity in their areas of expertise. Russian literature and art have contributed to many literary genres [modernism?] and different forms of art...[some examples maybe]"

Of course the facts need to be cited and more precise, I'm not an expert on Russian culture but I think that the opening paragraph is so useless that even using this draft would be an improvement.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.180.9.43 (talk) 12:11, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Indeed, this page needs much improvement. I have nearly completed my work on Russia article, perhaps I would improve this article as well. For now I can advice to take some material from Russia, Russia, Russia and Russia and bring it here. Greyhood (talk) 12:42, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

The section on hockey and how russia become the leaders in hockey is b.s. needs to be backed up with solid evidence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.75.139.28 (talk) 02:39, 23 June 2010 (UTC)

Time to trim some images
Don't sandwich text between two images or boxes. See Image.Moxy (talk) 08:48, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

Holidays
These sentences are horridly structured. I hate to sound arrogant, but it appears as English is not the primary language of whoever wrote this section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.69.149.31 (talk) 00:20, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Unsourced
remove unsourced materials from the article--RussianMuslims (talk) 23:53, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

Add Islamic culture, it is not mentioned!!--RussianMuslims (talk) 00:17, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * , do you have reliable, independent sources for the information you want to add? I'm sure Islam has had an effect on Russian culture; you need to back it up with sources, though.  Howicus (Did I mess up?) 00:51, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * NO you don't that like adding source to scientific facts!!--RussianMuslims (talk) 00:53, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * All Wikipedia content should be based off of reliable, independent sources. Some of what you added is in fact contradicted by the sources.  For example, you changed "the synthesis of Slavic and Byzantine cultures" to "the synthesis of Muslims and Byzantine cultures", but the source after that sentence, this, explicitly talks about a synthesis of Slavic and Byzantine cultures, and does not mention Muslim culture at all. Howicus (Did I mess up?) 00:57, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

 * i will add source to that?--RussianMuslims (talk) 01:02, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

here is a source this.--RussianMuslims (talk) 01:07, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * But how does that justify removing the mention of Slavic people from that sentence entirely? And what about your other changes, like removing the Third Rome idea and Peter the Great's reforms?  I'm also not entirely sure if that site has the editorial oversight needed to be reliable. Howicus (Did I mess up?) 01:12, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

slavic is not an ideology or cultures Islam is an ideology--RussianMuslims (talk) 01:21, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

also there is nothing as third or fourth idea that is just made up and even more not relevant to the topic--RussianMuslims (talk) 01:26, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * These changes are way too much, and too crude, but more on minorities is needed I think. Johnbod (talk) 10:52, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

Contradictionary statement
, hello, good evening, you claim here that its against the sources. Could you show me where in this article these so-called sources are stated? That will make it perhaps more easier for me to add my sources next to them as well. Because frankly, I dont see any sources here, but that might be me. In general, my point is, its impossible to disregard the Scythian/Sarmatian contribution to the Early Slavic ethnogenesis, which in turn was the foundation of the Russian ethnogenesis (and culture). Bests - LouisAragon (talk) 03:27, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure he'd noticed your change, which I put back (in versions where there isn't a mosque at the top). You stumbled into a lively edit-war. Johnbod (talk) 10:51, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Oh, I'm sorry, it was a little late and I did not notice your edit. My edit summary was directed at , not you. Howicus (Did I mess up?) 20:01, 28 October 2015 (UTC)

To rename article
I think Culture of Russia is more relevant name, because it is not only about culture of ethnic group, but mostly about professional culture of Russia, which was created not only by people of Russian ethnicity. Cathry (talk) 11:26, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230631/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html to http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kievan.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070106002617/http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx to http://learn.utoronto.ca/Page625.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080102150415/https://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072005-133328/unrestricted/12_kkc_chap5.pdf to http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072005-133328/unrestricted/12_kkc_chap5.pdf
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.pwc.com/extweb/ncpressrelease.nsf/docid/B373F0C74AA25A7480257309003B9833
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120104012817/http://www.aiaa.org/index.cfm to http://www.aiaa.org/index.cfm
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080109010927/https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_6/Russia.html to http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569000_6/Russia.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230703/http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/ to http://eng.tatar-inform.ru/news/2011/01/21/33986/

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Minor Edit to "See Also" section
I removed * Friendship: Russia as a "See Also" link, because "Friendship" isn't mentioned anywhere on this page, and Russia isn't mentioned on, or event relevant to, the target page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GlenBarney (talk • contribs) 01:47, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Culture of Russia


text:
Talk:Union School District, San Jose

A VFD debate ended with a consensus to keep this article.

Too Narrow
A Union School District is a Unified multi-school district.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Union School District, San Jose


text:
Joseph A. Palaia

Joseph A. "Joe" Palaia Sr. (February 3, 1927 – August 20, 2016) was an American politician. He served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1981 to 1989 and in the State Senate from 1989 to 2008, representing the 11th Legislative District.

Early life
Palaia was born and raised in Neptune, New Jersey and was a graduate of Neptune High School. He attended New Jersey's Rider College where he received a B.S. degree in Business Administration in 1949. He then went to study at Rutgers University and was awarded an M.Ed. in Administration and Supervision. Before entering politics, Palaia was an educator, and principal of the Wanamassa Elementary School in Ocean Township (Monmouth County) where he resided.

Political career
Prior to entering the State Legislature, Palaia served in a variety of state and local elected offices. He was a member of the Ocean Township Council from 1967 to 1971 until he became mayor in 1971. During his tenure as mayor, the Seaview Square Mall was built and the oversaw the township's conversion of the Deal Test Site into a park which was renamed for him in 1998. Palaia served as Ocean Township's mayor until 1979. He then served on the Monmouth County Board of Chosen Freeholders from 1979 to 1981.

In 1981, Palaia was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly, the lower house of the New Jersey Legislature, where he served until 1989. In 1984, he served as the Assembly's Assistant Minority Whip. He chaired the Assembly Education Committee during the one term Republicans controlled the Assembly from 1986 to 1988. He created bills signed into law that would allow for the state takeover of failing school districts and the requirement that 11th grade high school students pass a standardized test (High School Proficiency Assessment) to graduate high school.

He was elected to the State Senate in 1989, defeating the appointed incumbent Democrat John D'Amico, Jr. After taking the office on November 20, he served in a variety of leadership roles. From 1992 to 1993, Palaia was the Assistant Majority Leader and from 1994 to 2003 he was President Pro Tempore of the Senate. In 2002-2003 he was the Republican President Pro Tempore when the Senate was evenly split 20-20. Palaia was a member of the Senate Education Committee. He was one of the sponsors of the New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law that passed in 2002.

Personal life
Palaia was married to the former Wedell Simon from 1956 until her death. Together, they had two children: son Joseph Jr. (1959 – 2016), and daughter Denise who has followed her father into education and is principal of Wayside Elementary School. Palaia died on August 20, 2016.

title: Joseph A. Palaia


text:
Talk:Education in North Korea

No Data on Literacy
https://data.unicef.org/topic/education/learning-and-skills/ shows no data for North Korea's literacy rate. I have added that to the article. 23.88.158.51 (talk) 04:43, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

 * I just removed the phrase saying that 100% percent of North Koreans are literate. There were two sources supporting this claim: one source is down and can't be retrieved even using wayback machine, and the other one (Library congress) actually mentionned 99% (not 100%), but it is not a quality secondary source, it doesn't even mention where this information comes from.
 * Anybody knowing DPRK knows 100% litteracy rate is ridiculous. Need reliable source to sustain such claim. Malaga345 (talk) 01:52, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Education in North Korea


text:
Bob Carver

Robert W. (Bob) Carver is an American designer of audio equipment based in the Pacific Northwest.

Educated as a physicist and engineer, he found an interest in audio equipment at a young age. He applied his talent to produce numerous innovative high fidelity designs since the 1970s. He is known for designing the Phase Linear 700, at 350 W per channel the most powerful consumer audio amplifier available in 1972. He went on to found the Carver Corporation in 1979, Sunfire in 1994, and the Bob Carver LLC in 2011 which was sold to Jade Design in June, 2013. However, in December 2013, Bob Carver and Jade Design parted ways.

Amplifier modeling
Carver caused a stir in the industry in the mid-1980s when he challenged two high-end audio magazines to give him any audio amplifier at any price, and he'd duplicate its sound in one of his lower cost (and usually much more powerful) designs. Two magazines accepted the challenge.

First, The Audio Critic chose a Mark Levinson ML-2 which Bob acoustically copied (transfer function duplication) and sold as his M1.5t amplifier (the “t” stood for transfer function modified).

In 1985, Stereophile magazine challenged Bob to copy a Conrad-Johnson Premier Four (the make and model was not named then, but revealed later) amplifier at their offices in New Mexico within 48 hours. The Conrad Johnson amplifiers were one of the most highly regarded amplifiers of the day, costing in excess of $6,000 a pair.

In both cases, the challenging amplifier could only be treated as a “black box” and could not even have its lid removed. Nevertheless, Carver, used null difference testing, (null difference testing consists of driving two different amplifiers with identical signal sources and exact levels, but out of phase by exactly 180 degrees. If the amplifiers were 100% identical, no sound would be heard. If sound was heard, the audio amps had different properties). Bob Carver used "distortion pots" to introduce amplifier characteristics, fine-tuned to null-out any sound differences. His modified amplifier sound was so similar, Stereophile Magazine editors could not tell the difference between his amplifier and one costing more than $6,000. This amplifier was marketed as the M1.0t for about $400.00. Carver successfully copied the sound of the target amplifier and won the challenge. The Stereophile employees failed to tell the difference in their own listening room. He marketed “t” versions of his amplifiers incorporating the sound of the Mark Levinson and Conrad Johnson designs which caused him some criticism. In light of this criticism, Carver went on to design the Silver Seven, the most expensive and esoteric conventional amplifier up to that time and duplicated its sound in his M 4.0t and later models which sold for some 1/40th the price (around $600–$1500).

This also started Carver's departure from the M-series amplifier to the more robust and current-pushing TFM series amplifiers. The TFM amplifiers were designed specifically to drive the demanding load of the Amazing ribbon loudspeakers. The apex of Carver's amplifier line was the Lightstar, which is now a collectors' item. Only approximately 100 of the amplifiers were made. The original Lightstar amplifier, called the Lightstar Reference, featured a dual-monoblock design, with separate power cords for each channel. A later version, called the Lightstar 2.0, featured one power cord & other cost-saving measures to shave approximately $1800 off the retail price. The two are reported to be sonically identical.

Carver also later sued Stereophile magazine for its alleged bias against Carver products. (Stereophile had first filed suit against Carver for reprinting the magazine's copyrighted material without authorization.) The case was arbitrated with neither side awarded damages.

Product naming
Carver has used some names in marketing which have other technical definitions:

 * The "auto-correlator" is a multi-band, single-ended dynamic noise filter, as described in . The Phase Linear 1000 audio processor, and the Model 4000 preamplifier, which incorporate the same circuitry, have noise reduction in four frequency bands, one in the bass intended to suppress turntable rumble and three in the treble intended to suppress tape hiss and such. The noise filters are controlled by signals derived from bandpass filters, not from a correlation process. Correlation is the comparison of two or more signals, while auto-correlation is the comparison of a signal with delayed versions of itself to determine the degree of similarity at different delay times — useful, for example, to determine the amount of delay that produced an echo.
 * "Magnetic field coil power amplifier" — audio amplifiers of the vacuum-tube era used transformers, incorporating coils of wire, to convert the high-voltage, low-current output of the output tubes to a low-voltage, high-current output suitable for loudspeakers. Output transformers are no longer necessary with amplifiers, including Carver's, that use transistors. Carver's, first applied in his model M400 power amplifier, describes a power supply whose input switches on and off at an ultrasonic rate to adapt to the varying power demand of the amplifier. The innovation is in the power supply, not the amplification circuitry, and in the use of switching, not in the use of a coil or coils.
 * "Sonic holography", as described in was first incorporated in the Carver C4000 preamplifier. It enhances stereo imaging by introducing a delayed and equalized signal from the right channel at the left loudspeaker to cancel the signal from the right loudspeaker at the listener's left ear (and vice versa).
 * The "asymmetrical charge-coupled detector" is not the FM detector circuit of tuners, but rather, as described in, it is single-ended dynamic noise-reduction processing applied to the noisy left-minus-right component of a weak FM-stereo signal, along with artificial ambiance generation to compensate for loss of ambiance resulting from the noise reduction. This innovation was introduced in the Carver TX-1-11 component FM stereo tuner noise reduction unit and the Carver TX-11 AM/FM Stereo Tuner in 1982.
 * Sunfire Corporation:

The creation of the perfect solid-state amplifier:

1) Full output current from each transistor is always available up to 20 amperes per transistor.

2) Massive output current is available even at low output impedances.

3) Heat sinks are not required.

4) Power continuously doubles down to below 1 ohm.

5) Most of the input power goes to the load, therefore, the power supply can weigh 30 pounds instead of 80 pounds. The amplifier can supply humongous current, massive output power, tremendous voltage, runs cool, and is efficient.

6) Only 12 output transistors are needed per channel for a peak-to-peak current of 240 amps.

7) Bias current and idling current issues become irrelevant and nonproblematic.

8) The Tracking Downconverter multiplies current in the same ratio that the output voltage is reduced and it does so automatically by its intrinsic nature.

9) At high impedances, it delivers high voltage and high current. At low impedances or difficult impedances, it delivers even more current, delivering awesome and difficult to believe amounts.

10) When biwired, Sunfire delivers incredible bass whack and a huge three dimensional sound stage with detail retrieval so stunning that you will often hear musicians breathing.

Patents

 * Amplifier with Protective Energy Limiter Circuit Components, filed January 1972, issued April 1973
 * Method and Apparatus for Reducing Noise Content in Audio Signals, filed October 1974, issued November 1976 (auto-correlator noise reduction)
 * Dimensional Sound Producing Apparatus and Method, filed April 1979, issued August 1980 (sonic holography)
 * Audio Amplifier and Method of Operating Same, filed November 1978, issued August 1980 (magnetic field coil power amplifier)
 * Dimensional Sound Recording and Apparatus and Method for Producing the Same, filed April 1979, issued January 1982
 * Tuning Apparatus and Method, filed May 1981, issued November 1983
 * Audio Amplifier, filed February 1982, issued April 1984
 * FM Stereo Apparatus and Method, filed June 1982, issued June 1984 (asymmetrical charge coupled stereo detector)
 *  High Efficiency, Light Weight Audio Amplifier and Power Supply, filed September 1982, issued November 1984
 *  Audio Amplifying Apparatus and Method, filed June 1984, issued April 1986
 * Lightweight, High Power Audio Amplifier and Power Supply, filed December 1986, issued February 1989
 * Apparatus and Methods for Removing Unwanted Components from a Communications Signal, filed December 1986, issued March 1989
 * High Power Audio Subwoofer, filed January 1996, issued May 1998
 * High Back EMF, High Pressure Subwoofer, filed August 1997, issued August 1999
 * Integrated Audio Amplifier, filed September 1998, issued December 2000

title: Bob Carver


text:
Elizabeth Hoffman

Elizabeth Hoffman may refer to:

 * Elizabeth Hoffman (actress) (1927–2023), American actress
 * Elizabeth Hoffman (professor) (born 1946), a.k.a. Betsy Hoffman, vice president of Iowa State University, former president of the University of Colorado
 * Elizabeth C. Hoffman (1942–2007), a.k.a. Betty Hoffman, New York politician
 * Elizabeth Hoffman, winner of Miss South Dakota Teen USA 2008
 * Elizabeth Maud Hoffman (1927–2009), Australian indigenous rights activist

title: Elizabeth Hoffman


text:
BVM

BVM may refer to:

 * Blessed Virgin Mary (Beata Virgo Maria), a title for Mary, mother of Jesus (therefore, Mother of God in the Catholic Tradition as Jesus is God with the Father and the Holy Spirit)
 * Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine, a university degree
 * Bag valve mask, a device used in resuscitation procedures to assist patients in breathing
 * Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya, an engineering college in Gujarat, India
 * Bohemia Visual Music, an American music video network
 * Bolsa de Valores de Montevideo, the main stock exchange in Uruguay
 * Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a religious order
 * Broadcast video monitor, a type of professional video monitor

title: BVM


text:
Johannes Schöner

Johannes Schöner (16 January 1477, in Karlstadt am Main – 16 January 1547, in the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg) (aka, Johann Schönner, Johann Schoener, Jean Schönner, Joan Schoenerus) was a German polymath. It is best to refer to him using the usual 16th-century Latin term "mathematicus", as the areas of study to which he devoted his life were very different from those now considered to be the domain of the mathematician. He was a priest, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, cosmographer, cartographer, mathematician, globe and scientific instrument maker and editor and publisher of scientific texts. In his own time he enjoyed a Europe-wide reputation as an innovative and influential globe maker and cosmographer and as one of the continent's leading and most authoritative astrologers. Today he is remembered as an influential pioneer in the history of globe making, and as a man who played a significant role in the events that led up to the publishing of Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg in 1543.

Early life
Schöner was born on 16 January 1477 in Karlstadt am Main in Lower Franconia. As with most Renaissance scholars nothing is known about his parents or his early life. All that is known is that he had a brother, Peter, to whom he addressed his "Arzneibuch" in 1528. Quite detailed information for Schöner's adult life, at least up to 1506, has been preserved in his own marginalia in his copy of Regiomontanus' printed Ephemerides, which he used as a diary. He matriculated at the University of Erfurt in the winter semester 1494/5 and graduated Baccalaureus on 21 March 1498. He was appointed to a position in the school in Gemünden on 22 February 1499 and ordained as a Catholic priest in the Bishopric of Bamberg on 13 June 1500. On 2 February 1500 he moved to Bamberg and was appointed chaplain in Hallstatt near Bamberg on 18 April 1500. His next appointment was as vicar in his hometown Karlstadt from 4 June 1504. Between 4 May and 29 October 1506 he was again in Bamberg before he returned to Karlstadt. His diary also informs us that he entered a relationship with Kunigunde Holocher in 1499, with whom he had three children: a son Johannes born on 1 February 1502, a daughter Sibilla born on 12 June 1503 and a second son Vitus born on 21 November 1504.

Schöner was the owner of the only specimen of the 1507 Waldseemüller map of the world that has survived and which was rediscovered at Schloss Wolfegg in Upper Swabia in 1901. Since 2003 it is in possession of the Library of Congress.

Bamberg

No diary exists after 1506, and up to 1515 there are only indirect traces of Schöner's existence in the financial records of the bishopric and in the correspondence of Lorenz Beheim (?1457 – 1521), who after 24 years in Rome as chamberlain to Pope Alexander IV had returned to Bamberg in 1505 as a canon of the cathedral.

In 1526, he was called to Nürnberg, by Philip Melanchthon, as the first professor of mathematics at the newly founded gymnasium Aegidianum, a post he held till one year prior to his death. At the same time, he converted to Protestantism and married.

Already in Bamberg, he owned his own printing company and published many maps and globes. He produced the first ever printed celestial globe in his workshop in 1517, as a matching pair to his printed terrestrial globe from 1515. He made another globe in 1520.

Schöner had also made still unpublished data of Mercury observations from Walther available to Copernicus, 45 observations in total, 14 of them with longitude and latitude. Copernicus used three of them in "De revolutionibus", giving only longitudes, and falsely attributing them to Schöner. The values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544.

In 1538, Georg Joachim Rheticus, a young professor of mathematics at Wittenberg and former assistant of Copernicus, stayed for some time with Schöner who convinced him to visit Nicolaus Copernicus in Frauenburg. In 1540, Rheticus dedicated the first published report of Copernicus work, the Narratio prima, to Schöner, to test the waters of the reaction by the Catholic Church. As this was well received, Copernicus finally agreed to publish his main work, and Rheticus prepared Copernicus' manuscript for printing.

In Nürnberg, Schöner published in 1544 the astronomical observations of Regiomontanus and Walther, as well as manuscripts of Regiomontanus, which had been in the hand of Walther, as ''Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae, [4°, Norimb. 1544].''

A crater on Mars is named in his honor.

title: Johannes Schöner


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Gebirgsjäger

Gebirgsjäger are the light infantry part of the alpine or mountain troops (Gebirgstruppe) of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The word Jäger (meaning "hunter" or "huntsman") is a characteristic term used for light infantry in German speaking countries.

Origins
The mountain infantry of Austria have their roots in the three Landesschützen regiments of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The mountain infantry of modern Germany carry on certain traditions of the German Alpenkorps (Alpine corps) of World War I. Both countries' mountain infantry share the Edelweiß insignia, established in 1907 as a symbol of the Austro-Hungarian Landesschützen regiments by Emperor Franz Joseph I. These troops wore the edelweiss on the uniform collar. When the Alpenkorps served alongside the Landesschützen on Austria's southern frontier against Italian forces from May 1915, the Landesschützen honoured the men of the Alpenkorps by awarding them their own insignia: the edelweiss.

Gebirgsjäger in World War II

During World War II the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS raised a number of mountain infantry units, identified by the edelweiss insignia worn on their sleeves and caps.

These divisions were lightly equipped, with much of the transport provided by mules. They were equipped with fewer automatic weapons than regular infantry, however the MG 34 or MG 42 machine gunners were provided with more ammunition than their regular infantry counterparts. Special equipment was made for them including the G33/40 mauser rifle based on the VZ.33 rifle.

Mountain infantry participated in many campaigns, including Operations Weserübung, Silver Fox, Platinum Fox, Arctic Fox and Northern Lights. They also served in the Caucasus, the invasion of Crete, the Balkans, the Gothic Line, and the battles in the Vosges region of France.

Heer (Army) Mountain divisions

 * 1st Mountain Division (later 1st Volksgebirgs Division)
 * 2nd Mountain Division
 * 3rd Mountain Division
 * 4th Mountain Division
 * 5th Mountain Division
 * 6th Mountain Division
 * 7th Mountain Division (previously 99th Light Infantry Division)
 * 8th Mountain Division (previously Division Nr. 157, 157th Reserve Division, 157th Mountain Division)
 * 9th Mountain Division (previously Shadow Division Steiermark and Division zbV 140)
 * 188th Mountain Division (previously Division Nr. 188, 188th Reserve Mountain Division)

Waffen SS Mountain divisions

 * 6th SS Mountain Division Nord
 * 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen
 * 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)
 * 21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)
 * 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian)
 * 24th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Karstjäger

Gebirgsjäger in the modern German forces
Upon the creation of the Bundeswehr in 1956, the mountain infantry returned as a distinctive arm of the West German army. Until 2001, they were organized as the '''1. Gebirgsdivision''', disbanded as part of Bundeswehr reductions at the end of the cold war. The successor unit is Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 which has its headquarters in Bad Reichenhall. The battalions of these units are deployed in southern Bavaria, the only high mountain area in Germany touching the Northern Alps. Since 2008 the unit is officially called "Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 Bayern (Bavaria)" to mark the close relationship between the state and the Gebirgsjäger.

In mid-2020, the official Bundeswehr website stated that the brigade had a strength of approximately 5,300 soldiers.

Traditions
The soldiers of the mountain infantry wear a grey cap (Bergmütze) with an edelweiss on its left side, stem to the front. This distinguishes them from all other German army soldiers who wear berets and the Austrian army, whose edelweiss has its stem to the back. The formal uniform, which is based on traditional alpine mountain climbing trekking outfits (Berganzug), is also different from the standard mainstream German army uniform, and consists of a light-weight grey ski blouse (Skibluse), black Stirrup trousers (Keilhose) or especially during the summer periods "Culottes" knee-breeches (kniebundhose) similar to knickerbockers, and ankle-height mountaineering boots (Bergstiefel) or dual-use mountaineering ski boots.

German Gebirgsjäger traditionally share a very close comradeship and distinct esprit de corps. There is also a special perception of discipline which can for example be seen in a relatively informal relationship between officers and soldiers during normal day duty.

Tasks of the German Gebirgsjäger
The main tasks of the German mountain infantry are:

 * Warfare in extreme weather conditions
 * Winter warfare
 * Warfare in urban terrain
 * Warfare in arctic, mountain and desert terrain

23rd Gebirgsjägerbrigade
As of 1 April 2024 the brigade is organized as follows:

 * Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 (Bundeswehr).svg 23rd Gebirgsjäger Brigade (Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23), in Bad Reichenhall
 * Staff and Signal Company 23rd Gebirgsjäger Brigade (Stabs- und Fernmeldekompanie der Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23), in Bad Reichenhall
 * EAZ GebTrgTWes 230.jpg 230th Mountain Pack Animal Operations and Training Center (Einsatz- und Ausbildungszentrum für Gebirgstragtierwesen 230), in Bad Reichenhall
 * GebJgBtl 231 (1).jpg 231st Gebirgsjäger Battalion (Gebirgsjägerbataillon 231), in Bad Reichenhall with Bv206S
 * GebJgBtl 232 (1).jpg 232nd Gebirgsjäger Battalion (Gebirgsjägerbataillon 232), in Bischofswiesen with Bv206S
 * GebJgBtl 233.jpg 233rd Gebirgsjäger Battalion (Gebirgsjägerbataillon 233), in Mittenwald with Bv206S
 * 23rd Mountain Reconnaissance Company (Gebirgsaufklärungskompanie 23), in Füssen
 * 23rd Mountain Engineer Company (Gebirgspionierkompanie 23), in Ingolstadt
 * 23rd Mountain Supply Company (Gebirgsversorgungskompanie 23), in Bad Reichenhall and Mittenwald

Mountain units which are not part of the Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23:
 * Wappen AusbStpGW.jpg Mountain and Winter Combat Training Base (Ausbildungsstützpunkt Gebirgs- und Winterkampf), in Mittenwald

As the Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 is part of the so-called stabilisation forces (Stabilisierungskräfte), it lacks any accompanying artillery. Mortar support is provided by the Schwere Jägerkompanie (heavy infantry company) in every mountain infantry battalion.

Equipment and organization
A mountain infantry battalion consists of about 900 soldiers in five companies. One company is responsible for staff and support duties and has a "Hochgebirgsjägerzug" (special platoon for high mountain fight and reconnaissance) at its disposal. Three companies are consisting of classical mountain infantry, another one is a heavy company which is equipped with the Wiesel AWC for mortar support, tank defence and supporting cannon fire with 20 mm guns. Two of the three mountain infantry battalions are equipped with the Hägglund 206S, one with the GTK Boxer.

 * Equipment of the Gebirgsjäger (selection):
 * Wiesel AWC
 * Bandvagn 206
 * Snowmobiles
 * Military versions of the Unimog

Gebirgsjäger in the modern Austrian forces
Today the traditions of the Austrian mountain infantry are maintained by the 6th Gebirgsbrigade in western Austria

Units
List of active mountain infantry in the Austrian Armed Forces :
 * 6th Gebirgsbrigade
 * Brigadekommando (HQ) in Absam
 * Stabsbataillon 6 (HQ battalion) in Innsbruck
 * Jägerbataillon 23 (Mountain infantry battalion) in Bludesch
 * Jägerbataillon 24 (Mountain infantry battalion) in Lienz
 * Jägerbataillon 26 (Mountain infantry battalion) in Spittal
 * Pionierbataillon 2 (Combat engineer battalion) in Salzburg

Gebirgs troops in the modern Swiss forces
Specially trained Swiss mountain troops have been a part of the Swiss Army since 1892 when the 3rd Army Corps was established. A central mountain combat school was opened in Andermatt in 1967.

Notable members
Also see Alpenkorps for the World War I era unit.
 * Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg—German politician
 * Hubert Lanz--General der Gebirgstruppe during World War II
 * Prince Ludwig of Bavaria
 * Edmund Stoiber—German politician
 * August Winter--General der Gebirgstruppe during World War II

Similar units

 * Argentina: Cazadores de Montaña (Argentine Army)
 * France: Chasseurs Alpins
 * Italy: Alpini
 * Poland: Podhale rifles
 * Romania: Vânători de munte
 * Sweden: Bergsjägare, part of the Norrland Dragoon Regiment
 * United States:
 * 10th Mountain Division
 * 172nd Infantry Regiment
 * 1st Battalion (Mountain), 157th Infantry Regiment, Colorado Army National Guard
 * Great Britain
 * Royal Marines Commandos. Great Britain's Mountain & Arctic Warfare specialists
 * Turkish Land Forces
 * Commando Training School Command (Isparta)
 * 2nd Commando Brigade (Bolu)
 * Hakkari Mountain and Commando Brigade

title: Gebirgsjäger


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Diamond Ranch High School

Diamond Ranch High School (or DRHS) is a high school that serves students from Diamond Bar and Phillips Ranch, California, United States, and is operated by the Pomona Unified School District (PUSD) in Pomona, California – part of the Greater Los Angeles MSA. Diamond Ranch's athletic teams compete in the Hacienda League of the CIF Southern Section.

Architecture
The school was designed in an expressionist modern style by Morphosis and Thomas Blurock Architects, led by architect Thom Mayne of Morphosis. It is situated on a steep hillside on land previously considered unusable. The school's unique architectural design was recognized in the book Morphosis/Diamond Ranch High School.

Because of its modernist architecture, size and location in California, the school has appeared in movies such as The Cell, Orange County, Serenity, Live Free or Die Hard, and The Thinning. It has also appeared in several television commercials—including one for Buick.

Name
The name was derived from its geographical location at the junction between the City of Diamond Bar and Phillips Ranch, in Pomona, California. The school is also near to the city of Chino Hills, California.

Timeline

 * June 1991 – PUSD voters approved a $62.5 million general obligation bond to improve school facilities district-wide, including approximately $10 million designated for Diamond Ranch. In addition to the money provided by the district, the City of Industry provided $5.4 million for the extensive grading needed to create building pads for the school, and sold 80 acre of undeveloped land to PUSD for a dollar.
 * November 1993 – The school district hires Morphosis to design the school.
 * September 5, 1997 – DRHS was officially opened for students, while construction continues.
 * September 8, 1997 – The inaugural of the first principal, Albert Webb
 * 1999–2000 – DRHS is established and students move from the portables to the permanent facility.
 * June 8, 2001 – The first graduating class of DRHS.
 * 2003 – DRHS wins California's Distinguished School Award.
 * 2007 – DRHS wins California's Distinguished School Award for the second time.
 * 2013 – DRHS Wins one of America's Best High Schools Award.
 * 2014 – DRHS wins The Daily Beast Top High Schools Award, Washington Post Top High Schools Award, U.S. Best High Schools Award (Silver)

Notable alumni

 * Charles Brown – NFL offensive lineman
 * Brandon Sermons – American football player
 * Brendan Hines-Ike - American soccer player

title: Diamond Ranch High School


text:
Yahya Golmohammadi

Yahya Golmohammadi (, born 19 March 1971) is an Iranian former footballer and coach who currently coaches Persian Gulf Pro League club Foolad. He is one of only eleven Iranians to score in a World Cup and he is the oldest player to score on his first World Cup start, doing so for Iran in 2006 against Mexico. His position was usually the central defender. He was a member of Iranian national football team and played most of his career in Persepolis. He previously managed some big clubs in Iran, including: Persepolis, Naft Tehran, Zob Ahan, Tractor Sazi and Padideh.

Early life
He was born on 19 March 1971 in Minabad, Ardabil Province, where he was recognized for his footballing talent as a youngster.

Club
Yahya Golmohammadi played most of his professional career for Persepolis. He made his debut as a football player in 1989 with Tractor Sazi. Two years later, he signed with Poora. He played in Poora for four years and later signed with Persepolis in 1995 and began his work with Stanko Poklepović and won the league in his first season. In 1999, he moved to Ahvaz based club Foolad, but returned to Persepolis after only three seasons. In 2005, Yahya left Persepolis for a lucrative contract with Saba Battery, many critics were skeptical about his success in this newly formed team, but Saba Battery, with the help of Golmohammadi and Iranian national teammate Ali Daei, surprised everyone by winning the Hazfi Cup, and also did extremely well in the Asian Champions League, beating more experienced and seasoned campaigners. He played for Saba until 2008 when he announced his retirement as a football player.

International
Golmohammadi was a reliable defender with a cool approach to the game and slide tackles that became his hallmark. He has been immensely popular with Iranian fans after he scored the last minute winner in a 2002 World Cup qualifying game against Republic of Ireland, coming deep to head the ball home though Iran lost the game in aggregate and failed to qualify for the Korea/Japan World Cup. His emotions after the game were a dramatic scene that very few die-hard fans will forget.

On 11 June 2006, Golmohammadi scored the equaliser in a 3–1 loss to Mexico in the opening round of the 2006 FIFA World Cup. His tackle against Luís Figo in the next game against Portugal cost Iran a penalty. Golmohammadi was injured in the same game and was not available for Iran's final World Cup game versus Angola. He retired from international football immediately after World Cup 2006. He has 74 caps for the senior team and scored five times during his international duty.

He was also a member of Iran national under-23 football team in 2002 Asian Games which Iran won the football tournament under Branko Ivanković.

Saba
After the resignation of Mohammad Hossein Ziaei as the head coach of Saba Battery, Golmohammadi was named as his successor to lead the team for the ensuing fixtures. Golmohammadi led Saba in the remaining ten matches and led them to a third-place finish behind Persepolis and Sepahan which is the best result for Saba in Iran Pro League in the club's history. There were many rumors that Golmohammadi would continue to lead Saba for the following season but he refused to extend his contract. Firouz Karimi succeeded him as head coach of Saba in June 2008.

Tarbiat Yazd
In July 2008, Golmohammadi took over the Azadegan League side Tarbiat Yazd. His team started the 2008–09 season with three consecutive wins but at the end of the season, Tarbiat finished at 5th place of Group B and were not promoted to the Iran Pro League. He continued his work with Tarbiat Yazd the following season and led the team to a third-place finish but were shy one point of qualifying for a promotion play-off. At the end of the season, he resigned as head coach of Tarbiat Yazd in order to become head coach of another Azadegan league side, Nassaji Mazandaran.

Nassaji Mazandaran
He became head coach of his native town team, Nassaji Mazandaran in July 2010. He was also unable to promote Nassaji to the Iran Pro League as they finished at 4th place in the 2010–11 season. He was sacked by the club in September 2011.

Rah Ahan
After Ali Daei became head coach of Rah Ahan, he was chosen by his former teammate as first team coach. Yahya worked with Daei for one season as his assistant along with Željko Mijač but separated from the Rah Ahan coaching staff at the end of the season in order to take over the reins of Saba Qom for the second time.

Return to Saba
After Abdollah Veisi left the team for Paykan, Golmohammadi was named as head coach of Saba for a second time and returned to the club where he began his coaching career after four years. Golmohammadi signed a one-year contract with the club. His first match was a 4–0 win over Paykan which placed Saba at the top of the league. They stayed at the top the following week as well. They also defeated Persepolis 2–0 at the Azadi Stadium. The day after, Saba defeated Gahar Zagros 1–0. However, Golmohammadi was transferred to a hospital due to heart complications. He resigned on 24 September 2012 as head coach of Saba Qom due to health problems. His team was in 7th place before his departure.

Persepolis
On 25 September 2012, Persepolis officials announced that Golmohammadi would become the assistant coach of Manuel José instead of Mohsen Ashouri. He officially began his work on 26 September. On 7 December 2012, Golmohammadi was promoted to the first team as the caretaker manager after Jose was banned from training camp by club president Mohammad Rouyanian. Three days later, he was confirmed as the club's head coach and signed a contract with the club until the end of the season. He appointed Vinko Begović and Karim Bagheri as his new assistant managers at Persepolis.

His first game in charge of Persepolis came in a Hazfi Cup match against Malavan which his team won 6–0 with a hat-trick from Karim Ansarifard, two goals from Hadi Norouzi and a final goal from Gholamreza Rezaei. His side won their other three matches in Hazfi Cup to qualified to the final, when they lose in penalties to Sepahan. His first game for Persepolis in Iran Pro League was ended 2–2 against Sanat Naft with two early goals from Ali Karimi and Mohammad Nouri. With a 2–0 victory against Fajr Sepasi, Golmohammadi presiding over his first league win as manager of Persepolis. He then led Persepolis to an eleventh undefeated streak until a 1–0 loss to Rah Ahan on 10 March 2013. When he became head coach, Persepolis was in 12th place and he moved to sixth place in Iran Pro League table. Persepolis finished the season in the seventh place. He was offered by club officials a two years extension which was close to sign but after Hazfi Cup final, he refused to sign and his managerial rule at Persepolis was finished on 11 May 2013.

Naft Tehran
On 20 May 2013, Yahya signed a one-year contract with Naft Tehran, replacing Mansour Ebrahimzadeh. His side began the season with a 1–0 away win against Fajr Sepasi. Naft Tehran finished the 2013–14 Iran Pro League in 3rd place, qualified to the AFC Champions League play-offs that marked the club's best position in its history. Golmohammadi left Naft Tehran to Zob Ahan by mutual consent on 10 May 2014, after only one season in charge of the team.

Zob Ahan
On 10 May 2014, Zob Ahan announced on their official website that Yahya Golmohammadi signed a two-year deal with the Isfahani outfit. Despite a disappointing start, Zob Ahan began their successful run from the January 2015. They finished the league in the 4th place, securing AFC Champions League spot. They also won Hazfi Cup after defeating Naft Tehran in the final. The title was the first major trophy that Golmohammadi won since he started his managerial career. Zob Ahan also won the title in next year for the second season in row, by defeating Esteghlal in the final. He also managed to win the first addition of Iranian Super cup since its relaunch (the competition was abandoned in 2005 up until 2016).

On 24 September 2016, Golmohammadi parted away with Zob Ahan after a poor start of the season, which placed Zob Ahan in the 14th position.

Return to Persepolis
On 13 January 2020, Golmohammadi was named Persepolis F.C. head coach, replacing Argentine Gabriel Calderón. This was Golmohammadi's second stint with Persepolis F.C.. At that moment he took charge of a team who were leading the Persian Gulf Pro League by 3 points. “This is a huge honor.” Golmohammadi said in his first interviews as Persepolis new coach. After managing this team for 4 years and achieving a lot of honours in Persepolis F.C., On 1st January 2024 after the match against Mes Rafsanjan F.C., he announced his resignation as his role.

International goals

 * Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first.

Player

 * Persepolis
 * Iranian Football League (3): 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99
 * Iranian Hazfi Cup (1): 1998–99

 * Saba
 * Iranian Super Cup (1): 2005

 * Iran U23
 * Asian Games Gold Medal (1): 2002

Manager

 * Zob Ahan
 * Hazfi Cup (2): 2014–15, 2015–16
 * Iranian Super Cup (1): 2016

 * Persepolis
 * Persian Gulf Pro League (3): 2019–20, 2020–21, 2022–23
 * Hazfi Cup (1): 2022–23
 * Iranian Super Cup (2): 2020, 2023
 * AFC Champions League runner-up: 2020

Individual

 * Iranian Manager of the Season (1): 2014–15
 * Navad Manager of the Month (1): August 2018

title: Yahya Golmohammadi


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Union School District

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page, if it exists; or after the end of this archived section. The result of the debate was keep. - Mailer Diablo 2 July 2005 18:03 (UTC)

Union School District, San Jose (was Union School District)
This is too narrow a article. A Union School District is (?) a type of School District that is unified with greater independence per school. (nominated by User:70.185.179.4)
 * Keep in preference to having an article about each school. BTW if the nominator didn't read the article before nominating, then this VfD is invalid. Gazpacho 15:59, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I moved the original content to Union School District (San Jose). There are other school districts which just call themselves "Union School District" so this can act as a disambig. Kappa 16:06, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment a brief Google search leads me to believe that this phrase means different things in different U.S. states. For example,  —Wahoofive (talk) 16:44, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think we should just dismbiguate on the name. Individual articles can explain the local significance. For instance, the San Jose district which is the subject of this VfD was called "Union" to express loyalty to the Union army, in 1863. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:58, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. For some reason the VfD notice has become detached from the text which has then been cloned. I will move the article to the location of the clone and insert a disambig in the current place. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:58, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Done. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:16, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep.  Anonymous nominator fails to demonstrate a grasp of proper VfD rationale. —RaD Man (talk) 20:35, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. School district.  --BaronLarf 20:45, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This Union School District is named for the Union Avenue in San Jose on which the district offices are located. I recommend moving the page back to Union School District because that page currently serves as a "disambiguation" page for exactly one other page, which is not how disambiguation policy works. Nohat 01:40, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Union School District, now disambiguates three things. Keep where it is. Dsmdgold 21:57, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - but do not move back to Union School District as I've rewritten that article to explain what a union school district is, as opposed to a unified school district - per California law. --FCYTravis 03:53, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, don't move back. The new article is good because it performs primary topic disambiguation on the general term and the name of one school district (and there are more, at least one in Oregon for instance).  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 10:00, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I suppose I should vote since it's the first article I've contributed to be nominated for VfD--what a milestone :/ . Once the voting is over, I think it should be moved to Union School District (San Jose) or just Union School District (I'm pretty sure there are other cases of both First Caps Title and not first caps title articles co-existing, with 'top of page' dab links to each other, tho' I don't have any examples off the top of my head). Union School District could then be turned into a dab page once the Tulsa, Oregon, and/or anywhere else articles are created (disambiguation before being necessary is generally discouraged). Niteowlneils 17:33, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.


text:
Talk:List of North European Jews

Categorization issues with Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian Jews
I understand that today the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia) are regarded by many international organizations as belonging to Northern Europe rather than Eastern Europe. Nonetheless, the history of the majority of the Jews in these countries (especially Lithuania and Latvia) is intimately connected to the history of Jews in Eastern Europe and Central Europe (especially Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia). Like Polish, Ukrainian, and Belarusian Jewry, Lithuanian and Latvian Jewry were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Like Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Russian Jewry, Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian Jewry lived under the rule of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.

The Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian Jewish cultures and histories have little or nothing in common with Jewry from northern european countries such as Sweden, Denmark, or Norway. It makes little sense to group the Jews from the Baltic States in the Northern European list; they would fit far better in the list of East European Jews that includes the following closely related Jewish groups: List of Czech, Bohemian, Moravian and Slovak Jews List of Hungarian Jews List of Polish Jews List of Romanian Jews List of Ukrainian Jews List of Jews born in the former Russian Empire (and the former Soviet Union)

Untitled
I am removing Lars von Trier from the list of Danish Jews because although he grew thinking his father was Jewish, he was neither raised in the Jewish faith nor was he Jewish by heritage.--SVTCobra 01:21, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * From a religious point of view, von Trier is clearly not Jewish. However Jewishness is also an ethnicity/culture, and growing up with a Jewish father-figure exposes you to that ethnicity and affects your self-perception. This is, I believe, sufficient to justify the listing, with the comment in brackets making clear the extent of von Trier's relation to Judaism. Udzu 20:22, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * PS Also, according to a Boston Review article, von Trier "grew up thinking of himself as an atheistic Jew".

Swedish Jews
The IP 65.10.47.107 edited the list of Swedish Jews, adding "Jewish father" on Oskar Klein, with the edit comment "Oskar Klein father was a rabbi, do some research". Writing "Jewish father" implies that the mother was not Jewish, making the note not only superfluous but misleading, and one cannot help wondering why the anonymous contributor did not add "Jewish father" in all cases where somebody has two Jewish parents.

The same IP then removed Ernst Josephson and Erland Josephson from the list with the comment "Neither Josephson's are Jewish. Josephson is a common Christian name.". Josephson is actually neither a Christian nor a Jewish name per se, but these two individuals belong to a very well-known Swedish Jewish family, which can be found in any Swedish reference work, including the widely available Nationalencyklopedin. (In both cases, their Jewishness is common knowledge among educated Swedes, but the important point is that the fact is very easy to verify.) Uppland 10:20, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't know if Art Spiegelman could be classified as "Swedish", since, although born in Stockholm, he moved to USA in his early childhood, long before he started creating his famous comics.

Gidon Kremer (& Ben Mottelson)
As far as I know (source: article in Israeli daily Ha'aretz) Gidon Kremer, despite his name, does not have Jewish origins. Neither does the article Gidon Kremer mention any. I would appreciate it if anyone could verify this assertion or refute it. RCSB 02:23, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Kremer's father was a Jewish Holocaust survivor . Also, Ben Mottelson is a naturalised Danish citizen and has lived in Denmark for over 50 years, which makes him 100% Danish in my book. Udzu 10:44, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

In the List?

 * Reuben Leon Kahn
 * --Sheynhertzגעשׁ״ך 06:49, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Swedish list
I have removed two names that were probably just added by anti-semites as "evidence" of the Jewish influence over the media. (There was some other crap as well.) One was a well-known Social Democratic journalist with a Jewish family background (her grandfather), but who is not Jewish herself an in fact a professing Lutheran who has studied to become a minister in the Church of Sweden. The other was a radio journalist who has a Jewish-sounding name, but whose Jewish background, if any, is uncertain. Despite being on radio, she is hardly that much of a public person in any case.

There are other names, which should be here but are missing (like the painter Hanna Hirsch-Pauli or medical researcher Jerzy Einhorn). But when anyone can change the page and add anti-semitic bullshit like what was there before my edits, I hesitate to do any constructive work here. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Malmq (talk • contribs) 01:36, 27 February 2007 (UTC).
 * Don't write with that tone. Maybe it was an honest mistake or even added with private information and true. The list lacks clarification of who qualifies to be in the list. Ethnic Jews or religious Jews.--Immunmotbluescreen (talk) 09:20, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

Lithuania
The Lithuanian list includes several Americans of Lithuanian Jewish descent, who are not Jewish themselves. Shouldn't they be removed from the list. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 12:02, 11 August 2011 (UTC)
 * ...who are not Lithuanian themselves, I meant of course. Sorry. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 14:51, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

Max Goldberg, Iceland
Is this really the same person the link goes to? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.208.162.83 (talk) 15:20, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Ethnic Jews or religious Jews
I think the article needs to clarify the definition of the Jew in the list. Are we making a list of the ethnic Jews or the followers of Judaism? Sometimes they overlap, but sometimes they do not. For example a born ethnic Jew could convert to become atheist, should he then be removed from the list? How can we know the religious status of everyone and when (if ever) does a Jew assimilate to disqualify for this list?

What about a Jew born in Denmark that moves to America? Is he still a part of the list? --Immunmotbluescreen (talk) 09:17, 29 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of North European Jews


text:
James Brooks (painter)

James David Brooks (October 18, 1906 – March 9, 1992) was an American Abstract Expressionist, muralist, abstract painter, art teacher, and winner of the Logan Medal of the Arts.

Life and career
Brooks was born in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1906. He attended Southern Methodist University and the Dallas Art Institute. In 1926, he moved to New York, where he worked as a commercial letterer and display artist and attended night classes at the Art Students League.

Between 1936 and 1942, Brooks participated in the Federal Art Project and the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Section of Fine Arts. By submitting design proposals to several competitions, he secured three significant public works commissions. These include the only original surviving mural: "Labor and Leisure", a 1938 work in New Jersey's Little Falls Civic Center. A 1937 mural painted in a public library in Woodside, Queens was destroyed in the 1960s. Between 1938 and 1942, he painted a 235-foot mural entitled "Flight" around the rotunda of the Marine Air Terminal at La Guardia Airport. The mural was painted over by the Port Authority in the 1950s but restored in 1980.

Between 1942 and 1945, Brooks was enlisted as a combat artist with the American military. Based in Cairo, he traveled to Palestine; Benghazi, Libya; and other parts of Egypt during this time, photographing American military camps, the aftermath of combat, and locals. From these photographs, he created a series of drawings and gouache paintings that were then submitted to the Army.

Upon returning to the U.S. in 1946, he worked in Washington, D.C., where he met artist Charlotte Park. Brooks was a friend of Jackson Pollock and Lee Krasner; he moved into Pollock's Greenwich Village apartment at 46 East 8th Street after Pollock and Krasner moved to Springs in East Hampton, New York, in 1945.

Considered a first-generation abstract expressionist painter, Brooks was among the first abstract expressionists to use staining as an important technique. Brooks had his first one-man exhibition of his abstract expressionist paintings in 1950 at the Peridot Gallery in New York, where he displayed some "dripped" paintings that reflected Pollock's influence. According to art critic Carter Ratcliff, "His concern has always been to create painterly accidents of the kind that allow buried personal meanings to take on visibility." In his paintings from the late 1940s, Brooks began to dilute his oil paint in order to stain the mostly raw canvas. These works often combined calligraphy and abstract shapes.

In 1947, Brooks and Park married. Two years later, they moved to East Hampton and set up a studio at Rocky Point in Montauk. His work was displayed in the 9th Street Art Exhibition in 1951.

In 1954, Hurricane Carol blew the studio from its hill, destroying several of Brooks' paintings. Brooks had their undamaged house barged to Springs and installed on an 11-acre parcel on Neck Path close to Pollock's home.

Brooks died in 1992, of Alzheimer's disease in Brookhaven Memorial Hospital in Brookhaven, Long Island. Park died in 2010.

The couple had no children, and left their house and studios vacant. In 2013, the property was sold to the Town of East Hampton, which planned to demolish the buildings. A preservation campaign led the town to abandon the plan and in February 2017, officials announced plans to restore the studio and house, noting that Brooks paint cans were still in the studio.

Public collections holding works by Brooks include: the Hyde Collection (Glens Falls, NY), Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection (Albany, New York), Courtauld Institute of Art (London), the Dallas Museum of Art (Dallas, Texas), the Museum of Modern Art (New York, New York), the Harvard University Art Museums, the Whitney Museum of American Art (New York, New York), the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Indianapolis Museum of Art (Indianapolis, Indiana), the Sheldon Art Gallery (Lincoln, Nebraska), the Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D.C.), the Tate Gallery (London) and the Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, Minnesota). His works were also exhibited by galleries including the Anita Shapolsky Gallery in New York City, the Peridot Gallery in New York, and Washburn Gallery in New York.

Education

 * 1923–1926: Southern Methodist University; Dallas Art Institute and with Martha Simkins.
 * 1927–1930: The Art Students League of New York, New York City; night classes with Kimon Nicolaides and Boardman Robinson.

Teaching positions

 * 1947–1948: Columbia University, New York
 * 1948–1955: Pratt Institute
 * 1955–1960: Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
 * 1963: Artist-in-residence at the American Academy, Rome, Italy
 * 1965–1967: New College, Sarasota, Florida
 * 1966: Miami Beach Art Center, Miami Beach, Florida
 * 1966–1969: Queens College, New York
 * 1971–1972: University of Pennsylvania
 * 1975: Cooper Union, New York City

Article

 * Sandler, Irving H. "James Brooks and the abstract inscape", ARTnews (New York: Art Foundation, 1963) OCLC: 54034429

title: James Brooks (painter)


text:
Grady Memorial Hospital

Grady Memorial Hospital is the public hospital for the city of Atlanta. The hospital is ranked as the tenth largest public hospital in the United States and is a Level I trauma center.

History
Grady Memorial Hospital was founded in 1890 and opened in 1892, as an outgrowth of the Atlanta Benevolent Home. It is named for Henry W. Grady, an Atlanta Constitution journalist and later owner who became a major force in Georgia politics and advocated for a public city hospital. At the time of opening, the hospital officially had 14 rooms. The original building (at the corner of Jesse Hill Jr Dr SE and Coca-Cola Place) is now on the National Register of Historic Places and is known as Georgia Hall, where the hospital's human resources staff now work. The second Grady Hospital (at Butler Hall) opened in 1912 and was for whites only, with blacks being segregated at the Atlanta Medical College. The third hospital was at Hirsch Hall and the current location is its fourth. From 1945 until 2008, the hospital was run by the Fulton/DeKalb Hospital Authority.

The current facility was also built as a segregated institution, with one section serving whites (Wings A & B; facing the city) and another section serving African Americans (Wings C & D; facing the opposite direction). Even though it is a single building, and the two sides are connected by a hallway (Wing E), the facility was referred to in the plural ("The Gradys") during the years of segregation.

In 2007 and 2008, journalist Mike King of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution wrote a series of "Saving Grady" editorials – dozens of pieces over eighteen months – during the time when Grady Memorial Hospital was nearly insolvent and in danger of closing.

Infant abductions
Seven infants were abducted from Grady from 1978 to 1996, which was more than from any other hospital in the United States during that time period. Five were recovered within hours or weeks of their abduction. An additional child was abducted from the home of his mother after the kidnapper followed her from Grady. The abductions were covered on season three of the podcast The Fall Line.

Problems and restructuring
The hospital board has long been reluctant to make money-saving changes that might reduce its traditional mission. In late 2006, it rejected the advice of financial consultants and its newly hired chief executive to close an expensive outpatient dialysis clinic for the poor, being concerned that many of the clinic's uninsured patients, including many undocumented immigrants, would have nowhere else to turn. Others argued that the board of directors is politically clumsy and prone to micromanagement. In May the board's own consultants concluded that "Grady does not currently have the depth of leadership" necessary to transform the hospital.

In 2008, Grady Memorial Hospital was made into a non-profit organization. Numerous foundations have pledged hundreds of millions of dollars to revitalize it. Michael Young has become a chief executive officer. He was formerly the CEO of Erie County Medical Center Corp. in Western New York, University of Buffalo tertiary center. Prior to that, Young served for 16 years as president and CEO of the three-hospital, 530-bed Lancaster General Hospital & Health System in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

In February 2013, it was announced that Grady's net profit was $20 million and that 200-300 jobs had been added at the hospital in the preceding 18 months.

2008 tornado
On March 14, 2008, the buildings of Grady sustained minor damage when a tornado tore through downtown Atlanta. Historic Georgia Hall was the hardest hit, with windows blown out, a collapsed chimney, and water damage. The main hospital had a few cafeteria windows blown out, but never lost power. It was the first tornado to hit the downtown area since local weather record-keeping began in the 1880s. Nine people were taken to Grady for treatment, one of whom had critical injuries.

Service
The hospital serves a large proportion of low-income patients and is supported almost entirely by Fulton and DeKalb counties, with little help from the suburbs or state, despite serving all of metro Atlanta's several counties. The hospital relies almost entirely on Emory University School of Medicine and Morehouse School of Medicine to provide doctor and resident staffing. As an editorial in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution said, "When you read the phrase 'Grady doctor,' do a silent translation, because those words really mean either 'Emory doctor' or 'Morehouse doctor.'"

Grady Hospital's ambulance service, Grady EMS, shares 9-1-1 responsibility for Fulton County, Georgia. The Downtown Connector (Interstate 75/85) makes a large bend around the hospital on its otherwise due north–south route, dubbed the "Grady Curve" on traffic reports.

Notable patients
On August 11, 1949, Gone with the Wind author Margaret Mitchell was hit by a speeding car while crossing Peachtree Street with her husband on the way to a movie. She was knocked unconscious and was taken to Grady. X-rays showed that her skull was fractured from the top of her head all the way down to her spine and her pelvis was shattered. She never regained consciousness, and died five days later at Grady, on August 16, 1949. The driver, who had 23 prior traffic violations, was thought to be drunk and was convicted of involuntary manslaughter and served an 11-month jail term.

In 2001, actor Whitman Mayo, who played the character Grady on television's Sanford and Son, died of a heart attack at Grady.

Grady Hospital gained national attention for treating supermodel Niki Taylor after her near-fatal car accident on April 29, 2001, in which she suffered severe liver trauma. Its effectiveness as a level I trauma center was highlighted by this incident. Several press conferences were held outside the hospital discussing the gravity of her injuries and her slow recovery following more than 50 surgeries. It again gained attention after the Bluffton University bus accident in which seven died. The hospital cleared an entire wing of the hospital for the injured victims and their families.

In media
CNN's medical correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta, who is Associate Chief of Neurosurgery at Grady, filmed a documentary at the hospital called Grady's Anatomy (a play on Grey's Anatomy) that aired in 2007 for CNN Special Investigations Unit. The documentary focused on four young medical residents and the daily stress of a large hospital practice.

In AMC's The Walking Dead, Grady Memorial became a major setting for several episodes of the show's fifth season in 2014. However, none of the series' scenes were filmed at the actual hospital.

title: Grady Memorial Hospital


text: Talk:Jastrzębie-Zdrój

title: Talk:Jastrzębie-Zdrój


text:
Gallenkirch

Gallenkirch is a former municipality in the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Gallenkirch, Linn, Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg merged to form the new municipality of Bözberg.

History
Gallenkirch is first mentioned in 1338 as Gallenkilch. During the Middle Ages, Gallenkirch was part of the district of Hornussen under the city of Bad Säckingen. Religiously, until the Reformation the residents were also part of the parish of Hornussen. The local chapel was dedicated to Saint Gall, but is no longer standing. Portions of the structure were incorporated into a later building. After the Reformation the village became part of the reformed parish of Bözberg. Under Bernese rule (1460-1798) the village was part of the Thalheim court. In the 19th and 20th century, several attempts to merge Gallenkirch into the village of Linn failed. However, since 1917, children attend the local school in Linn, and other infrastructure problems are solved through inter-municipal cooperation. In Gallenkirch there is no shopping or other economy. Today's inhabitants are farmers or commuters to the nearby industrial centers.

Geography
Gallenkirch had an area,, of 1.4 km2. Of this area, 1.04 km2 or 74.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.26 km2 or 18.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.1 km2 or 7.1% is settled (buildings or roads).

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 3.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.6%. 17.9% of the total land area is heavily forested. Of the agricultural land, 52.9% is used for growing crops and 17.9% is pastures, while 3.6% is used for orchards or vine crops.

The former municipality is located in the Brugg district, west of the mountain pass through which the modern Bözbergstrasse runs. Gallenkirch is 5 km from downtown Brugg, the district seat. The municipality is bounded with Unterbözberg in the northeast, Linn to the south and Effingen to the northeast.

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale Or a Trunk couped ragully proper and Azure a Latin Cross patte couped Or. The trunk of wood is from Saint Gall, who according to legend carried a wooden staff, while the cross is for the Gallus Chapel, from which the village derives its name.

Demographics
Gallenkirch had a population of 133. , 6.5% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 31.1%. Most of the population speaks German (95.9%), with Portuguese being second most common ( 1.7%) and Polish being third ( 1.7%).

The age distribution,, in Gallenkirch is; 10 children or 7.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 20 teenagers or 14.1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21 people or 14.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 25 people or 17.6% are between 30 and 39, 21 people or 14.8% are between 40 and 49, and 20 people or 14.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 17 people or 12.0% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 6 people or 4.2% are between 70 and 79, there are 2 people or 1.4% who are between 80 and 89.

the average number of residents per living room was 0.53 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least 4 m2 as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.

About 64% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement). , there were 5 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 21 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 24 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. The average number of people per household was 2.42 individuals. there were 21 single family homes (or 35.6% of the total) out of a total of 59 homes and apartments. There were a total of 0 empty apartments for a 0.0% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 14.8 new units per 1000 residents.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.5%), the Green Party (12.1%) and the Other (10.1%).

The historical population is given in the following table:

Education
In Gallenkirch about 81.4% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). There are no schools in Gallenkirch, the nearest school is the primary school in Unterbözberg.

Economy
, Gallenkirch had an unemployment rate of 0%. , there were 11 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4 businesses involved in this sector. 2 people are employed in the secondary sector and there is 1 business in this sector. 26 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector.

there was a total of 66 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 50 or about 75.8% of the residents worked outside Gallenkirch while 27 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 43 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 10.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 56.5% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 33 or 27.3% were Roman Catholic, while 67 or 55.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church.

title: Gallenkirch


text:
Aquilon

Aquilon is a name derived from Aquilo, the Latin term for the north-east wind.

Aquilon may also refer to:

Ships

 * HMS Aquilon
 * HMS Aquilon (1758)
 * Spanish ship Aquilon (1754)
 * French ship Aquilon
 * French ship Aquilon (1789)

Other uses

 * L'Aquilon, a Canadian weekly newspaper
 * SNCASE Aquilon, a series of aircraft produced by the French manufacturer SNCASE.
 * The trademark of KOSEKI Aquila Raphael, the Japanese theatre and film producer
 * The poem Les Aquilons (The North Winds), by the French poet Joseph Autran.
 * Les Aquilons, part 2 of the choral work Les quatre élémens by Franz Liszt, based on Autran's poem
 * The character Aquilon in the mythological novels of Rick Riordan.
 * The 3rd generation CMDB component of the Quattor project.

title: Aquilon


text:
User talk:Ian Rubin

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 01:29, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Ian Rubin