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WCKL (FM)

WCKL (97.9 MHz) is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to Chicago, Illinois, featuring a Christian contemporary format via the K-Love network. Owned and operated by Educational Media Foundation (EMF), WCKL serves the Chicago metro area with a transmitter located atop the John Hancock Center.

One of the oldest surviving FM stations in Chicago, this station signed on the air on April 7, 1942, as W83C. Throughout the station's early existence, it changed callsigns, formats and owners before relaunching itself on March 14, 1977, as WLUP "97.9 The Loop", a nod to the Chicago Loop. As WLUP, the station aired various formats ranging from classic rock, pop rock, pop alternative, and adult alternative formats. It changed ownership several times before being sold to Merlin Media in 2011 and subsequently entered a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cumulus Media in 2014. This LMA was terminated after Cumulus entered into bankruptcy proceedings, prompting Merlin Media to sell the station to EMF, which relaunched the station as part of the K-Love network on March 10, 2018. The classic rock format and "Loop" branding was retained on the second HD subchannel of WKQX.

In addition to a standard analog transmission, WCKL broadcasts over four HD subchannels and is available online. WCKL-HD2 carries Air1 programming, WCKL-HD3 carries "Boost Radio" Christian hip hop and WCKL-HD4 features Radio Nueva Vida programming.

Early years as W83C/WEHS/WHFC
The station was first granted a construction permit on April 7, 1942, with the call sign W83C, licensed to broadcast at 48.3 MHz on the original 42-50 MHz FM broadcast band. The station was owned by Richard W. Hoffman, who also owned WHFC. Its studios and transmitter were initially located at the Medinah Athletic Club building at 505 N. Michigan Avenue, but were moved to the Bankers Building at 105 West Adams by 1945.

On November 1, 1943, the station was assigned the WEHS call sign, and it was granted its first license on October 8, 1945. The callsign stood for "Elizabeth Hoffman's Station", named for owner Richard Hoffman's mother. In January 1946, the station received permission from the FCC to go silent to convert to operation on the new 88-108 MHz FM broadcast band, which the FCC had created on June 27, 1945. On July 31, 1946, the station was reassigned to 100.1 MHz, and then granted a move to 97.9 MHz on September 23, 1947. WEHS was the first commercial radio station to air "storecasts". It broadcast background music for National Tea grocery stores in the Chicago area. When the contract with National ran out in the mid-1950s, WEHS simulcast the foreign language and Black programming of co-owned WHFC for six hours a day, the minimum broadcast time to keep the license. In 1952, WEHS's studios and transmitter were moved to WHFC's studio and transmitter site at 3350 S. Kedzie.

L & P Broadcasting Corporation purchased WEHS in February 1963, along with WHFC, for $1 million. The Chess family of Chess, Checker and Cadet Records fame owned L & P Broadcasting (the "L" stood for Leonard Chess while the "P" stood for brother Phil Chess). Leonard primarily ran the record labels and recording studio while brother Phil was president of the radio company. The WHFC call sign was moved to WEHS on March 3, 1963, while WHFC was assigned the WVON ("The Voice of the Negro") call sign. WHFC aired an R&B format and simulcast WVON 24 hours a day.

WSDM
On March 8, 1965, WHFC's call sign was changed to WSDM, which stood for " S mack D ab in the M iddle", in reference to the station's position at the middle of the FM dial. The station was also known as "the station with the girls and all that jazz", as it featured all female DJs known as "Den Pals", which included Yvonne Daniels, Danae Alexander, Cody Sweet, Penny Lane, Nancy Plum, Connie Szerszen, known on the air as "Dawn", and Linda Ellerbee, known on the air as "Hush Puppy". WSDM played "pop-oriented jazz and jazz oriented pop". Program director was Mickey Shorr and later Burt Burdeen.

In 1968, the station began airing a nighttime progressive rock program called Underground Den on weekends. In early 1971, WSDM began to mix rock music with its light jazz. The station positioned itself as "jazzed up rock". Ownership of the station was transferred to Phil Chess effective October 22, 1971. Phil Chess' son, Terry Chess, was general manager. In 1972, WSDM's transmitter was moved to the John Hancock Center. Cindy Morgan was a DJ on the station in the 1970s.

WLUP
The call sign was changed to WLUP on March 14, 1977. The station adopted an album-oriented rock (AOR) format and was rebranded as "The Loop", referring to the nickname of Chicago's central business district. Jay Blackburn was Program Director and Tommy O'Toole served as the station's first morning host and was the first Loop DJ to sign on the air. The first song O'Toole played on "The Loop" was "Morning Has Broken" by Cat Stevens. The original Loop air staff included Tommy in mornings, William "Captain Billy" Martin in middays, Lester "Les" Tracy in afternoons, and Bob Shannon evenings. Other early Loop DJs included Greg Budell, Ford Colley, Don Davis, and Glory-June Greaif.

Heftel Broadcasting Corporation, owned by Hawaiian Congressman Cecil Heftel, purchased the station effective March 5, 1979, for $3 million. Lee Abrams was hired as consultant. The rock format was kept in place, but emphasis was put on harder-edged rock. Jesse Bullit was the program director. Steve Dahl, who had been unemployed since WDAI (94.7 FM) went to a disco format in December 1978, began hosting mornings on March 19, 1979. On July 12, 1979, Dahl staged one of the most famous promotions in radio and sports history, Disco Demolition Night. Garry Meier, known over the air at the time as "Matthew Meier", was an overnight DJ, and was later teamed with Dahl as the morning newsman. Soon thereafter, Meier became Steve's full-time sidekick, and used his real name, Garry Meier.

In 1979, Jeff Schwartz became head of sales and Mitch Michaels was hired as afternoon DJ. Michaels became program director shortly thereafter. Sky Daniels was also hired in 1979, and served as disc jockey and music director. Chuck Swirsky provided sports reports for a period in the early 1980s. Buzz Killman was newsman. On February 6, 1981, Steve Dahl was fired for what WLUP's management and Dahl said was a contract dispute, though Heftel Broadcasting said it was for violating "community standards". Garry Meier left the station as well, to remain Dahl's sidekick. A series of morning men including Matt Bisbee, Mark McEwen, and the team of R.J. Harris and Pat Still tried their hand until Jonathon Brandmeier was hired in late 1982. Kilman remained as newsman, and Bruce Wolf joined the station as a sports reporter in 1982. Greg Solk became program director in 1983. Dr. Demento was carried on WLUP from 1978 through 2010, just prior to when Dr. Demento ceased over-the-air broadcasting. Steve and Garry returned in 1986 to host afternoons.

In late December 1986, Heftel Broadcasting merged with Statewide Broadcasting, owner of WCFL (1000 AM). In April 1987, WCFL became WLUP, and the FM station was assigned the WLUP-FM call sign. WLUP (AM) became a partial simulcast of WLUP-FM, and Steve and Garry moved to the AM station. In 1988, WLUP-AM-FM were sold to the newly formed Evergreen Media. By 1989, the AM station would evolve to mostly talk with a few rock songs mixed in per hour.

In the early 1990s, WLUP aired a popular television commercial featuring a fat man dubbed "Joey Bag O' Donuts" dancing. In the time span since the original commercial was aired, the footage of the dancing fat man in the commercial has been used by numerous other radio stations across the country and abroad.

In September 1992, Steve and Garry returned to mornings on WLUP-FM. In September 1993, the pairing of Steve Dahl and Garry Meier broke up. Shortly thereafter, Dahl moved to AM 1000, which had recently added ESPN sports programming and changed call letters to WMVP.

On September 27, 1993, the station's lineup was overhauled, and it shifted towards a hot talk format. Garry Meier moved to middays on WLUP-FM, Brandmeier would move to afternoons, and Kevin Matthews moved to mornings for a time (though Brandmeier would later move back to mornings, and Matthews would move to middays). Danny Bonaduce hosted evenings, Ed Schwartz hosted overnights, and Seka hosted a program Saturday evenings. Liz Wilde was hired to host evenings in March 1995, but her show was cancelled by November of the same year. In February 1996, sister station WYNY in New York City simulcasted WLUP for a day as part of a week-long stunt of simulcasting sister stations nationwide before flipping formats to rhythmic adult contemporary as WKTU. In June 1996, WMVP (1000 AM) dropped their sports format and returned to simulcasting WLUP.

WLUP switched to a format featuring a "blend of pop rock, pop alternative, and adult alternative" music on September 30, 1996. Brandmeier remained the morning man and Dave Fogel was brought in for afternoons. In 1997, Evergreen and Chancellor Media merged. In order to stay under federally mandated ownership limits, Evergreen opted to sell WLUP to Bonneville International in July. On July 21 at 5 a.m., after stunting with all-The Who songs as part of a Who concert that previous weekend, WLUP switched back to a rock format. The first song under the relaunched "Loop" was "Rock and Roll" by Led Zeppelin. Also that month, Jonathon Brandmeier would be released from the station due to the ownership change. In June 1998, WLUP shifted to classic rock and adopted the slogan, "Classic Rock That Really Rocks". During this period, full-time on air personalities included Byrd (now with WDRV Chicago), Steve Downes, Eddie Webb, Pete McMurray, Seaver, Cara Carriveau, Sari, and Mark Zander.

In October 2004, Emmis Communications traded three of their stations in Phoenix to Bonneville for WLUP-FM and $70 million; the swap was completed in December of that year. While under Emmis ownership WLUP evolved into a mainstream rock format, but in January 2011 it reverted to classic rock.

In 2005, Emmis brought back Jonathon Brandmeier to do mornings on The Loop and hired Zakk Tyler to host afternoon drive. Erin Carmen began hosting middays in 2006, remaining with the station until 2009. Brandmeier also exited WLUP in 2009.

On January 15, 2007, Chicago's NBC owned-and-operated station, WMAQ-TV (channel 5), began a new weekday morning show called Barely Today which aired from 4:30–5 a.m. The new morning show was simulcast on WLUP-FM and hosted by Bruce Wolf, who was the former weekday morning traffic/sports anchor for WMAQ. The show would be cancelled five months later due to poor ratings.

On June 21, 2011, Emmis announced that it would sell WKQX, sister station WLUP-FM, and New York's WRXP to Merlin Media, a group headed by former Tribune Company executive Randy Michaels. Emmis, who would retain a minority stake in Merlin Media, would grant Merlin a local marketing agreement to operate WKQX and WLUP-FM from July 15 until the sale to Merlin officially closed on September 1.

On May 3, 2012, Merlin added a satellite-fed version of the smooth jazz format on WLUP's HD3 subchannel (97.9-HD3).

Radio personality and WEBN alum Maxwell Slater "Max" Logan (Benjamin Bornstein), best known for his years as host of The Maxwell Show at WMMS and WNCX in Cleveland, took over as the WLUP-FM morning host on July 30, 2012. Former personality Zakk Tyler (Dominic Zaccagnini) also returned.

On January 3, 2014, Merlin Media announced a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cumulus Media that would see Cumulus take over operations of WLUP-FM and sister station WIQI as well as inherit Merlin's LMA for WKQX-LP. The deal included an option for Cumulus to purchase the stations from Merlin. The deal saw Merlin relinquish operations of its last remaining radio stations. The deal also sees an expansion of Cumulus' Chicago reach; the company already owned and operated news/talk station WLS (890 AM) and classic hits station WLS-FM (94.7 FM).

On September 12, 2014, WLUP released morning hosts Maxwell (Benjamin Bornstein) and John Czahor and afternoon host Patrick Capone. On September 15, 2014, a new weekday lineup was announced, with Lyndsey Marie hosting middays, Tim Virgin hosting afternoons, and Pyke hosting evenings. Virgin previously worked at The Loop in the mid-1990s. Mornings remained open. On March 30, 2015, Mancow Muller joined WLUP as its new morning show host.

WLUP's first ever "Rock Girl", Lorelei Shark, was the official spokesperson and the face of The Loop in the late 1970s and 1980s. In 2005, the Loop Rock Girl was reintroduced, with Erica Gustafson being the new holder of the title. Another prominent Loop Rock Girl prior to the station's 2018 closure was April Rose Haydock, who also served in that role in 2007.

Sale to EMF
In January 2018, as part of Cumulus Media's bankruptcy proceedings, the company requested that a U.S. Bankruptcy Court release the company from several "extremely unprofitable" contracts, including its LMAs with WLUP-FM and WKQX. Cumulus stated that under the agreement, which carries a monthly fee of $600,000, the company had lost $8.4 million on the two Merlin stations.

On March 5, 2018, Merlin Media sold WLUP-FM to Educational Media Foundation (EMF) for $21.5 million; with the sale, EMF announced it would convert the station to non-commercial educational status. The sale was prompted by Cumulus Media's Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing, in which it was determined that Cumulus would not proceed with the existing LMA or a sale of WLUP-FM from Merlin to Cumulus. The move gives EMF its second full-power outlet in Chicago; the organization also owns translators and lower-power stations in the market. On March 6, Cumulus ended manned operations on WLUP-FM and the entire air staff was dismissed; however, the Mancow show continued via its independent online streaming platform. An automated playlist of music continued until March 10 at midnight, when EMF took control of the frequency from Merlin under a new LMA and assumed the K-Love schedule carried by future sister station WJKL (94.3 FM). Cumulus also retained the WLUP-FM call sign, warehousing it on an existing station in Cambridge, Minnesota. Merlin retained the "Loop" intellectual property and transitioned that branding to WKQX-HD2 in a fully automated form.

The sale of WLUP-FM also ended the annual "Loopfest", a sponsored event the most recent version of which was planned for August 3, 2018 at Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre, with Lynyrd Skynyrd to support their final tour with .38 Special and the Marshall Tucker Band. WLUP-FM informed listeners who bought tickets that the event was canceled immediately after the station announced it the previous February, despite leaving event details on its website while not indicating who may take over the sponsorship.

Upon hearing the news of the sale, Steve Dahl pointed to WLUP-FM's legacy and heritage, saying:

"As I look back on my 40 years on the radio in this market, I am reminded almost daily of The Loop's impact not only my career, but also rock and roll history in Chicago, and around the world. They just don't make brave risk-taking local radio stations like that anymore, and that's everybody's loss. I hope the last song they play there is AC/DC's 'Highway to Hell'!"

On March 9, 2018, Dahl gave listeners a chance to say goodbye to WLUP-FM via a simulcast of his afternoon program on WLS. Dahl also brought back alumni Sky Daniels and Kevin Matthews to help give WLUP-FM a proper send off, while WDRV paid homage to the station with a day long tribute led by Bob Stroud, another WLUP-FM veteran, with guests and surprises. WGN's 'Dave Plier Show' also aired a reunion of ex-WLUP-FM DJs, including Kevin Matthews, current WGN hosts Wendy Snyder and Bill Leff, and broadcast executive Larry Wert, paying tribute to its legacy.

The LMA with EMF took effect March 10, 2018 at midnight, at which point the station switched to K-Love. In a last jab at the impending transition to Christian music, WLUP-FM, after spending a majority of their final hour playing songs themed around farewells and/or departures, closed by playing, for their final block of music, "Shout at the Devil" by Mötley Crüe, "The Number of the Beast" by Iron Maiden, and (as Dahl suggested) "Highway to Hell". The first song played on WLUP-FM as K-Love was "Whom Shall I Fear" by Chris Tomlin. EMF's purchase of WCKL-FM was consummated on May 31, 2018.

On January 16, 2020, EMF changed the station's call sign to the current WCKL. Around that time, EMF returned the HD Radio subchannels to the air with its Christian worship-formatted Air1 network on WCKL-HD2 and Christian classic hits from K-Love Classics on WCKL-HD3. In late 2020, with the demise of the K-Love Classics format, that network became "K-Love Christmas" for the duration of the holiday season. Following that, WCKL-HD3 debuted "K-Love 2000s", a Christian classic hits variant. In March 2021, WCKL-HD3 adopted the "Boost Radio" Christian pop/hip hop format from KXBS in St. Louis as part of an agreement between that station's owners and EMF, and began simulcasting on translator 97.5 W248BB.

title: WCKL (FM)


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Glendora (song)

"Glendora" is a popular song written by Ray Stanley and published in 1956, originally performed by Jack Lewis with Zippy Simms Orchestra

Background
The song deals with a man's unusual attraction to a department store mannequin, and his disillusionment when, at the end of the song, he happens to see it disassembled during the store's renovation. It was recorded on May 8, 1956 by Perry Como. It was released by RCA Victor in the United States (catalog number 20-6554 on 78rpm, 47-6554 on 45rpm) and by RCA in France (catalog number 45-326); it was released in the United Kingdom by HMV (catalog number POP-240).

The flip side of the US and UK releases is "More." The French release's flip side is "Mandolins in the Moonlight." The song reached number eight on the US chart and number 18 on the UK Singles Chart.

"Glendora" was re-released by RCA Victor as a single in the "Gold Standard" series (catalog numbers 420-0817 and 447-0817), backed with "More." It has been included on albums Como-Tion (an extended play album released in 1960) and Love Makes the World Go 'Round (an LP released in 1964).

Cover versions

 * The song was later recorded by Billy Young in 1963,
 * The Downliners Sect in 1966
 * Los Speakers in 1966
 * Sole System
 * The Slickee Boys in 1979.
 * The Chinese Millionaires in 1997.
 * In Finland the song has been recorded by Olavi Virta ("Glendora"), Brita Koivunen ("Ikkunaprinssi"), Rauli Badding Somerjoki ("Ikkunaprinsessa") and Ville Valo & Agents ("Ikkunaprinsessa, 2019").

Popular culture

 * The song is repeatedly mentioned in Nikos Nikolaidis' Greek film The Wretches Are Still Singing (Ta kourelia tragoudane akoma) filmed in 1979. More specifically, one of the lead characters mentions at the start of the film that "Well, do you know when everything got screwed up?", proceeding to answer his own question with "when that cretin Perry Como sang Glendora". However, at the end of the film another leading actor admits that it was not Perry Como's fault by saying that "It was one of Konstantinos' jokes to cover things up".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glendora (song)


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Kota Tinggi

Kota Tinggi is a town and capital of Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia. Kota Tinggi is also the name of the district, Kota Tinggi District, where the town is situated. Kota Tinggi is the largest district in Johor.

Kuala Sedili or Tanjung Sedili, a small fishing town located 37 km north-east of Kota Tinggi town, is the second largest fishing port in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

History
Kota Tinggi was hardest hit in the flood that devastated Johor and some parts of Pahang, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan. Nearly 100,000 people had to be evacuated to rescue centres.

The first flood wave started on 19 December 2006 and sunk almost the whole town of Kota Tinggi. With a height of 4.90 m, it broke the previous record flood level. The second wave, which began on 11 January 2007, at 5.45 m exceeded even the height of the first wave. Kota Tinggi town was totally underwater for nearly two weeks and was isolated from other towns due to landslides and flooding.

Geography
The town spans over an area of 17 km2.

Administration
Kota Tinggi town and other settlement of Kuala Sedili, Sungai Rengit and Pengerang are administered by Kota Tinggi District Council (Majlis Daerah Kota Tinggi), which is based in Kota Tinggi town.

The higher administrator of this town called Pegawai Daerah (district officer), which is normally changed every 5–6 years as being promoted by the city council. His official home can be seen nearby the field of the city called Padang Kerajaan Kota Tinggi, near the highest building in Kota Tinggi, The Bangunan Sultan Iskandar. The building houses the district council offices.

Politics
Kota Tinggi is represented in the Dewan Rakyat of the Malaysian Parliament by Dato' Noor Ehsanuddin Mohd Harun Narrashid from UMNO, part of the federal ruling alliance Barisan Nasional.

On the state level, Kota Tinggi constituency contributes two seats to the Johor State Legislative Assembly:
 * Sedili; and
 * Johor Lama,

in which both seats were also represented by UMNO.

Tourist attractions
Kota Tinggi is known as a historical town because the Sultanate of Johor was established there. Many historical tombs are found here including the Sultan Mahmud Mangkat Di Julang Mausoleum, Makam Bendahara Tun Habib Abdul Majid and Makam Tauhid in Kampung Makam. Makam Laksamana Bentan is located in Kampung Kelantan.

The Kota Tinggi Waterfalls at Lombong, 16 km north-west of town, are local tourist destinations.

The waterfalls are 36 meters high, and are located at the base of the 634 meter high Gunung Muntahak mountain. The river water drains through a series of shallow pools used for swimming. The natural environment of some parts of the location has somewhat been spoiled by resort development with artificial landscaping.

There are also many beaches along the coastal part of Kota Tinggi. The most popular beaches are Tanjung Balau, Desaru and Batu Layar ('sail rock'), which are 58 km, 55 km, and 62 km from Kota Tinggi town respectively. Chalets and hotels offering reasonable rates can easily be found along the beach.

Teluk Sengat, located 25 km east of Kota Tinggi town, is a village visited by tourists for its seafood.

Museums in Kota Tinggi is Kota Tinggi Museum.

Road
The town is accessible by bus from Johor Bahru Sentral (6B, 41, 227), Larkin Sentral (66, 227). or by Causeway Link route 6B.

Federal Route 3, Federal Route 91 and Federal Route 92 intersect at Kota Tinggi. Federal Route 3 is the main highway linking Johor Bahru to the east coast cities of Kuantan (Pahang), Kuala Terengganu (Terengganu) and Kota Bharu (Kelantan). Federal Route 91 connects Kota Tinggi to the railway town of Kluang while Federal Route 92 joins Kota Tinggi to Pengerang. Federal Route 94 also connects Kota Tinggi to Kulai. North–South Expressway Southern Route has an interchange in Kulai to connects Kota Tinggi from Kuala Lumpur.

title: Kota Tinggi


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Talk:Euclidean vector/Archive 1

The main page needs quite a lot of attention.

However...

It would be appropriate to retain (somewhere) the information on the current page because it would be very useful to beginners in physics and mechanics. While it is true that a vector is simply an element of a linear space, it is also true that vectors are very useful, and such uses can be remarkable in their own right.

I changed some things, notably:
 * Position is not an example of a vector in our sense, but distance is: position doesn't have direction and magnitude, but distance does. Adding positions doesn't make sense but adding distances does.
 * The graphical method of vector operations has to be introduced before one can talk about coordinates, because coordinate systems use the vector operations.
 * Mention that scalar product works in all dimensions but vector product only in dimension three.
 * Scalar product is called "symmetric", not "commutative".
 * Use bold lower case letters for vectors throughout.
 * It needs to be mentioned that vectors form a vector space.

--AxelBoldt.

 * Position, at least in 3-space, is represented as: (x, y, z), right? What is the difference between using that and [x y z]? Position, you might say, is implicitly a vector. Distance is not. If a position vector is r then distance = |r| or |Δr| (Δr, by the way, is displacement).

 * I agree, distance is the wrong word and is indeed a non-negative scalar. Displacement is the word I was looking for and it has since been changed in the main article. While it is true that position is typically described with three coordinates, one cannot really call it a vector in the sense of our article: what is the direction of a position? what is the length or magnitude of a position? If I'm in Saint Paul, MN and you are in Houston, TX, where is the sum of our two positions? --AxelBoldt

 * Position, as I admitted below, is really a bound vector. You might think of position as displacement with respect to the origin. Since position is bound to the origin, you cannot add two positions, but you can add a position and a displacement. The reason is, as another author's name, bound vector, for it suggests, is that these vectors are bound to the origin, and thus cannot be added to any other bound vector that does not end on its tip, since addition of vectors requires the ability to place them tip to tail.

 * Lemme think for a minute on the adding part, but displacement is defined as the difference between 2 position vectors. All of this stuff is pure horse puckey unless you know where all the manifolds are (See below).  Then it all makes sense.  Maybe one day, when I don't have to write boring sockets code to pay the rent, I will write a nice monograph on the topic.  In the meantime, to paraphrase Janich, one may spend a pleasant afternoon pondering the origin with respect to what?

Whether or not position is a vector depends on how you treat it. For a generic manifold, velocity is a vector belonging to the tangent space of that manifold at whatever point, and position is a point which need not be a vector. When no origin is specified, the same applies to flat space, but once one is chosen the space becomes a vector space and position becomes a vector in a natural way. Note that a position vector may be defined as the displacement between the origin and a given point, so the above argument doesn't quite work.

 * I fail to see how one can speak of a position without assuming the existence of a coordinate system. On manifolds we have charts, and you can't have a tangent space to a point unless that point is defined in terms of at least one chart.

Ordered n-tuples of coordinates and vectors are not the same thing, though. Vectors are defined in a coordinate-free way all the time, and n-tuples don't define vectors unless they form a linear space in some natural way, which isn't how we usually think of charts on spheres. And, btw, the charts are only there to establish a concept of differentiability - for manifolds where this concept arises naturally, like Lie groups, they can be ignored entirely.

 * Which is a very good point, should probably be mentioned on the main page, and is interesting to think about.

Position may certainly be expressed as a vector. Distance, however, is not. Distance is a scalar induced by the action of a distance function working on elements of a metric space. Distance is by definition equal to or greater than 0. Since there is no negative distance, distance cannot satisfy the definition of elements of vector spaces.

Isn't the commutative property of multiplication: ab = ba? I recall my math prof referring to it as commutative, plus, the properties of the vector product are named in terms of commutative and assosiative, so I felt it fitting.

 * Yeah, for binary operations it's called commutative, for scalar products and such it's called symmetric. Probably because it is closely related to symmetric matrices. --AxelBoldt

 * but the dot product is a binary operation. The term "symmetric" is applied to matrices which are objects, and relations. -- Tarquin

Do we really need to make the definition of the cross product dependent on the handedness of the coordinate system? I find that really ugly since coordinate systems are just crutches that shouldn't enter the theory. Why not simply declare that a, b, a×b always form a right-handed system? --AxelBoldt

Because in a left-handed system the cross product, the way it is usually worked, does take on the opposite value. Remember a cross product isn't a vector, it is a pseudovector. The two can be mapped to each other easy enough, but there are two possibilities related by a reflection - in short, though the coordinate system is incidental, the handedness isn't. And remeber that mathematically there's no a priori reason to prefer one handedness over the other.

Cross products are usually defined as positive in right-handed frames. Really, a cross product is just a specific exterior form, tied to a certain orientation of E^3. The exterior forms are much more powerful, and do not depend on any particular choice of coordinate system. The conundrum here is really that the handedness doesn't really matter, what matters is the sign of the result. Thus, cross-products (exterior forms really) make really spiffy integration functions for any domain well-approximated by peicewise linear boundaries.

 * I will confess that I don't know what a pseudovector is. I agree that there's no reason to prefer right handedness over left handedness, but for example Encyclopedia Britannica defines the cross product so that a, b and a×b always form a right handed system; some convention apparently is needed. I don't really understand what you mean when you say "in a left handed system, the cross product takes on the opposite value". How about if I have two vectors, thought off as arrows in space, and I form their cross product. This should be possible without talking about coordinate systems at all, no? After all, what if I happen to choose a left-handed coordinate system and you choose a right handed one, will we compute different cross products? And what about the third guy who doesn't like coordinate systems and prefers to work geometrically? --AxelBoldt

Ok, the usual differential geometry approach is this, and you can decide how relevant it is. The pseudovectors are simply the antisymmetric 3x3 tensors, which expressed in coordinates are simply the arrays of this form: [ 0  a  b ] [ -a 0  c ] [ -b -c 0 ] So these form a 3-D space separate from those of ordinary vectors [ x y z ]. Under a linear transformations of positive determinant (or the corresponding transform for the space of tensors) the components a,b,c vary exactly like the components x,y,z, but under a transformation of negative determinant they end up with opposite values. Of course these are just those given components - the underlying objects are coordinate-independent.

Now the space of pseudovectors and the space of vectors have the same dimension, so it is tempting to associate the two, which would for instance allow one to represent pseudovectors by an arrow. Thanks to the above difference, though, this can't be done without disallowing reflections, and in that case one ends up with two entirely equivalent representations. Once coordinates are introduced these can be seen to related to the use of right-handed and of left-handed systems, so we don't talk about either being the vector associated with our pseudovector in a coordinate independent way. I hope that makes sense. I suppose we might want to overlook it, but it's more important than the is-position-a-vector stuff above.

 * I don't think we should overlook it, but I tend towards putting this stuff into the Tensor article (which needs to be rewritten), in order to keep this vector article a little self contained introduction to vectors for engineers and starting physics students. Mathematicians look at all this in horror anyway. --AxelBoldt

Another way to describe "vectors" such as moment (i.e. cross-product) is by the term bound vector. These vectors can't be slid around arbitrarily like a regular vector. They have to be fixed with respect to some point.

 * The difference between a left handed coordinate system and a right handed one is literally whether you use your left or right hand to figure out the cross product. Also note that the cyclic permutation of unit vectors in the cross product I put in the initial article holds true in either a left or right handed system. As for the guy who likes to work in geometry, he'll probably have to face indecision as to where the vector points, or worse, arbitrarily pick the direction of the cross product. The deal of handedness is simply all about consistency. From what I understand of a vector, one of it's properties is that it transforms a certain way under a change of coordinate systems. Specifically, the vectors must still be equal. Because the cross product relies on the handedness of the coordinate system, the direction of the vector may change under such a transform. I must admit that position is another such psuedo vector, though displacement is not.

 * This isn't what pseudovector means - see above.

In a sense, position is a bound vector, because it depends on the choice of coordinate systems. That is to say, position with respect to what? The displacement may also be a bound vector in the sense that displacement must be taken with respect to a local origin, it becomes a position vector with respect to its initial position. The key point is that bound vectors do not all reside in the same vector space.

Everything I was taught about vectors in statics, dynamics and physics is a load of horse puckey. In those classes it was just memorize a bunch of rules. No rhyme or reason. In point of fact, all of these objects may reside in different vector spaces and the operations governing their interaction are precise. Moments are in the product space between force and position. Work is a linear functional between displacement (position vector wrt to a point on a manifold) and its dual, the space of "force" vectors. Unfortunately, a sensible theory of geometry is not taught to undergrads in the US.

The main part of the page should probably stand pretty close as is, because most casual readers and students will need go no further. There should probably be a link to differential geometry somewhere though.

The page had a logical contradiction previously:

" Examples are displacement?, velocity, momentum and acceleration. One also consideres bound or fixed vectors which are characterized by magnitude, direction and base point. Examples of these are force, torque and [angular momentum]?."

If acceleration is not a bound vector, how can force be if force is the product of a scalar and an acceleration (well, you might argue that definition is precisely backwards, acceleration is the division of force by a scalar)?

 * Ok, that makes sense, but what I'm concerned about is: if you have two forces acting on a body and if the forces were unbound vectors, you could just add them to get the resultant force. But in fact you cannot do that; it's only allowed if the forces attack at the same point. Doesn't that make forces bound vectors? --AxelBoldt

 * That conflict comes from oversimplifying a solid body. Forces proper are only applied to point masses, and the point masses then interact to produce the "problem" above. In a sense you might say that the forces are then bound to the point masses, but then acceleration would also have to be bound because there is no such thing as a acceleration without force ( and vice-versa). Also, they don't have to have the same point of attack, they just have to have no net torque (a bound vector that may be what's causing the confusion) about the center of mass (or some other significant rotational axis).--BlackGriffen

I also re-added position as a bound vector (see above for reasons why).

 * But what does it mean to "add" two positions? What is the length and direction of a position? Position doesn't seem to fit the definition of "quantity characterized by magnitude and direction". --AxelBoldt

 * Position is a displacement whose tail is bound to the origin. Think about the geometric interpretation of adding vectors: it requires you to move the vectors tip to tail. Doing so changes one position vector so that it doesn't have the special title "position" any more. Positions can, however, be subtracted from each other and added to displacements. Also, defining position as a bound vector explains why torque and angular momentum are bound (the cross product is no sufficient for this. A bound vector will transform differently from a vector [read: vectors proper don't transform at all] if there is any change of coordinates, cross products only change if the handedness of the system changes).--BlackGriffen

 * It almost seems to me as if position is a third kind of vector, in addition to bound and free. Because two torques bound to the same point can easily be added or subtracted and the result is a meaningful torque, still bound to the same point. But two positions cannot really be added meaningfully, and their difference yields a free vector (displacement).

 * Maybe the confusion stems from the fact that positions, if represented in Cartesian coordinates, are of course elements of a vector space, and as such "vectors". That however is not the concept of geometrical vector the article talks about.

 * Or how about this: instead of "position", we say "position relative to a fixed origin"? --AxelBoldt

 * Is there any other way to defin position but as desplacement from the origin?

 * I suppose that position is unique in that respect (not being additive), because I tried to come up with a good mathematical definition of bound vector from the example, and this is the best I could come up with:

When transforming from one reference frame to another that is related to the first by only a translation, the following occurse:

True vectors do not transform. Pure pseudovectors do not transform. Pure bound vectors transform thus:
 * anew = aold - btransform

When the transformation only involves a change in handedness (i.e. the transformation matrix is something of the form [±1 0 0] [0 ±1 0] [0 0 ±1]):

True vectors transform via multipliction with the matrix Pure bound vectors do the same pseudo-vectors do not transform (even though they point in the opposite direction). Maybe this will clear things up.--BlackGriffen

"Everything I was taught about vectors in statics, dynamics and physics is a load of horse puckey. In those classes it was just memorize a bunch of rules.  No rhyme or reason."

Not really. The rules were memorized because they accurately describe what the physical world does. Emperical rules are in one sense more fundamental than mathematically derived ones because, as non-Euclidian geometries proved, mathematics requires that one knows basic postulates in order to derive everything within mathematics correctly. Some would say that one must accept the postulates a priori, but they are, in fact, just imperical rules. For vectors it just so happens that these rules have a mathematical proof from other emperical rules.--BlackGriffen

Holy cow... this talk page really needs refactoring or spliting. (direction as a vector & handedness of the cross-product seem to be the major themes.) What's the Wikipedia convention for splitting a talk page? -- Tarquin

Is it really the case that vector cross product is only well-defined in 3 dimensions? I'd always imagined that there was a more general definition lurking in the background somewhere, and that the usual restriction to 3D was for ease of presentation, and physical significance. Can't you do something with that permutation epsilon thing εijk? Does Ci = εijk Aj Bk mean anything useful in more than three dimensions? -- [2002.09.15] Stuart

I don't know, but I assume that if you want to define a cross product in 4D, you need to start with three vectors, not with two. AxelBoldt

http://research.microsoft.com/~hollasch/thesis/chapter2.html makes a stab at a 4D version that has the key properties of the 3D cross product, but in 4D. It does, as AxelBoldt suggests, involve three vectors instead of two. I don't know how generally accepted this is, or if it would extend to yet higher spaces. --Ryguasu

---

I'm pondering moving "cross product" and "scalar product" out to articles of their own. They're currently redirects, and often linked to. Another thing I think needs rewriting is this bizarre distinction between "bound" and "free" vectors -- it really is unnecessary and only serves to complicate matters. -- Tarquin 10:54 Jan 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * Good idea! Patrick 11:39 Jan 7, 2003 (UTC)

Rewrite project
I've been pondering this for some time. Several things on this page need attention.

Firstly: the distinction between "bound" and "free" vectors strikes me as needless and confusing. Indeed, many mathematicians and engineers don't make such a distinction. It is rather like trying to distinguish the role of "4" in "x = 4" and "x + 4", or saying that "4" is a "fixed 4" and "2 + 4" is a "free 4".

Further, I'd like to clear up the debate about position vectors. Position is not a vector; but then neither is displacement, force or velocity. Likewise, apples and temperature are not numbers -- rather, numbers can represent these quantities or concepts.

Representing position with a vector is useful -- if two points are represented by vectors a and b then the point between them is ( a + b ) /2. I'd call that pretty useful :)

I'm going to leave this to digest for some time -- at least a week, probably closer to a month; long enough for objections or suggestions. (though I'll probably move cross product to its own article sooner like I did with dot) -- Tarquin 17:24 Jan 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * My $0.02 - good ideas all of the above (especially "bound" and "free" vectors - who uses this terminology?). Using position (say, longitude and latitude or street and avenue) as a familiar example of what the concept of vectors is trying to capture is nice; but that's not the same as saying that that's what vectors are. My only caveat would be that we don't go too far the other way - simply defining vectors as elements of a vector space might be too abstract for those who come to the article without sufficient background.

 * Maybe a simple example that emphasizes the ultimate algebraic structure of vectors would be useful - for example, start by showing that going 3 blocks east then 2 blocks north then 4 blocks east and then 1 block south is the same as (3+4) blocks east and (2-1) block north. Or some such homey example :). Then we can talk about position as the displacement from some origin point ("Zero Zero Island, somewhere off the coast of Africa...") Cheers Chas zzz brown 04:25 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * One other thing - as regards cross product, there is a well defined way of describing a cross product of n-1 vectors in Rn such that (i) the resulting vector is mutually orthoganol to the generating vectors, and (ii) the length of the resulting vector is equal to the hypervolume of the parallelpiped formed by those vectors. However, if we want the cross product of exactly 2 vectors to be (i) orthogonal to those 2 vectors, and (ii) have length equal to the area of the parallelogram between those 2 vectors, it is apparently only possible in R3 and R7 (according to my copy of Clifford Algebras and Spinors, Lounesto, Pertti). I can try to understand this better if there is an added article for cross product (and, assuming there is sufficient interest in the idea). Chas zzz brown 04:43 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

More graphs are better. Wshun

By the way what is a radius vector? It is the same as one here? -- Taku 05:02 11 Jun 2003 (UTC)

latest page moves
Three-vector? Three-vector? What the heck is a Three-vector? Nobody calls it that! I've been following the wacky page moves of the last two days with bemusement -- could someone step in and restore sanity please? -- Tarquin 10:18, 10 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * People do call it that in analogy with four-vectors in relativity, and the meaning is fairly intuitive. What would you prefer?  Vector (classical mechanics) is certainly wrong, because this usage of vectors is not limited to that field.  Vector (physics)?  Except it's not only used in physics, and physics uses other types of vectors as well.  Polar vector?  Arfken and Weber, as well as Jackson and other textbooks, call it that, but only to distinguish from pseudovectors.  Contravariant tensor of rank 1?  But this is just as obscure.  The point is, there are many meanings of the word "vector", so there is a need for a disambiguation page and a special page for the familar "vector" that transforms like the coordinates; one needs to find a name for it that is reasonably standard and not too unrecognizable.  By all means, make a better suggestion.  —Steven G. Johnson

 * Actually, a three-vector means a linear combination of the wedge product of three tangent vectors. Phys
 * If by "actually" you mean "exclusively", then you're wrong. It's not even clear to me that this is the "most common" usage, at least outside of differential geometry (and even my two differential geometry books, by Warner and Singer, do not use "three-vector" at all, or at least it isn't indexed).  However, if your point is that this term is not used consistently, I concede the point. —Steven G. Johnson

 * Since most people use the term "vector" exclusively, and no other term seems to be used both widely and consistently, I think we should move the page to Vector (something). Since the defining characteristic is the relation to the spatial coordinates/directions/manifolds, I suggest Vector (spatial).  —Steven G. Johnson

I am a little surprised that the first example of a vector (in the introduction) is force. I think the idea of velocity as a quantity with magnitude and direction is considerably more intuitive to the non-physics-educated person. Was there any reason for this choice? Dmharvey Talk 22:07, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euclidean vector/Archive 1


text:
João da Nova

João da Nova (Xoán de Novoa, Joam de Nôvoa; Juan de Nova; ; c. 1460 in Maceda, Ourense, Galicia, Spain – July 16, 1509, in Kochi, India) was a Galician-born explorer in the service of Portugal. He is credited as the discoverer of Ascension and Saint Helena islands.

The Juan de Nova Island, in the Mozambique Channel, is named after him. The Farquhar atoll (in the Seychelles) was, for a long time, known as the João da Nova islands. It is sometimes thought that the Agaléga islands (in the Indian Ocean) were also named after him (although it is almost certain he never visited them).

Biography
Juan da Nova was born into a noble family in Maceda, Galicia, then a constituent kingdom of the Crown of Castile, Spanish empire. Nova was sent by his family to Portugal, where he grew up, to escape the struggles between aristocratic factions known as the Irmandiño revolts. In Portugal, he was also known as João Galego ("the Galician"). In 1496, he was appointed as Alcaide menor (mayor) of Lisbon by King Manuel I.

First voyage to India
On 9 or 10 March 1501, João da Nova departed as commander of the third Portuguese expedition to India, leading a small four-vessel fleet under a joint private initiative of Florentine Bartolomeo Marchionni and Portuguese Álvaro de Bragança. On the outward leg of this expedition, in May 1501, Nova is believed to have sighted Ascension Island in the South Atlantic. After doubling the Cape, he is said to also have discovered what has since been called Juan de Nova Island in the Mozambique Channel.

Arriving in India, Nova established a feitoria (trading post) in Cannanore and left behind a factor (on behalf of the private Marchionni-Braganza consortium, not the Portuguese crown). On December 31, 1501, João da Nova's little fleet engaged the fleet of the Zamorin of Calicut in a battle outside of Cannanore harbor, the first Portuguese naval battle in the Indian Ocean. Some historians have conjectured that Nova (or one of his captains) might also have visited the island of Ceylon at some point on this trip, four years before the first officially documented Portuguese visit by D. Lourenço de Almeida in 1505-6.

Nova's armada left India in January 1502. On his return journey, Nova is said to have discovered the South Atlantic island of Saint Helena on 21 May 1502, the feast day of Helena of Constantinople. However, a paper published in 2015 reviewed the discovery date and suggests Jan Huyghen van Linschoten was probably the first (in 1596) to state that the island was so named because it was found on the 21 May. Given that Linschoten correctly stated Whitsunday fell on the Western Christian date of 21 May 1589 (rather than the Orthodox Church date of 28 May), the paper suggests that Linschoten was referring to the Protestant feast-day for Saint Helena on 21 May, not the Orthodox Church version on the same date. It is then argued the Portuguese found the island two decades before the start of the Reformation and the establishment of Protestantism, and it is therefore not possible that the island was so named because it was found on the Protestant feast day. An alternative discovery date of 3 May on the Catholic feast-day celebrating the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in Jerusalem, as quoted by Odoardo Duarte Lopes in 1591 and by Sir Thomas Herbert in 1638, is suggested as historically more credible than the Protestant date of 21 May. The paper observes that if da Nova made the discovery on 3 May 1502, he may have been inhibited from naming the island Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross) because Pedro Álvares Cabral had already assigned that same name to the Brazilian coastline, which he thought to be a large island, on 3 May 1500. News of Cabral’s discovery reached Lisbon directly from South America before da Nova’s fleet set off on the voyage to India in 1501. If da Nova knew the True Cross name had already been assigned, the most obvious and plausible alternative name for him to give the island was "Santa Helena".

1505-06
On 5 March 1505, he undertook another voyage to India as captain of the Flor de la Mar in the 7th Portuguese India armada commanded by Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. Nova had been granted credentials by the king entitling him to be Captain-Major (Capitão-mor) of the Indian coast fleet if suitable. In East Africa, the armada captured Kilwa (in which event Nova played a critical role relaying secret missives between Almeida and local pretender Muhammad Arcone) and proceeded to raid Mombassa. After crossing the Indian Ocean, the armada spent some time erecting forts and raiding ports, before eventually arriving at Cochin in October. There D. Francisco de Almeida inaugurated his term as Viceroy of Portuguese India, but refused to allow João da Nova to invoke his credentials as Captain-Major of the Indian coastal patrol. Almeida claimed that the Flor de la Mar was too large to enter the Indian coastal inlets and lagoons and thus unsuitable as a patrol ship. Almeida offered João da Nova the option of switching to a caravel, and sending the Flor back under another captain, but Nova chose to bring her back to Lisbon himself. Almeida then appointed his own son, Lourenço de Almeida, as captain-major of the patrol.

Leaving India in February 1506, Nova's heavy-laden Flor de la Mar, developed a leak in the hull in the environs of Zanzibar and was forced to stop for repairs in the islands of the Mozambique Channel. He would spend the next eight months in the area repairing the ship, a delay prolonged by illness and contrary winds.

1507
He was still stranded with his leaky ship in February, 1507, when the 8th Armada, under command of Tristão da Cunha, arrived in Mozambique Island. Cunha helped complete the repairs, transferred its cargo to a Lisbon-bound transport, and annexed Nova and the Flor de la Mar into his own India-bound fleet.

João da Nova took part in the Portuguese capture of Socotra in August 1507. Much to his surprise, he was assigned to remain in Socotra with the Red Sea patrol, a detachment of six ships under D. Afonso de Albuquerque's command, rather than continue with Cunha on to India. But his presence in the Red Sea patrol turned out to be a disturbance to Albuquerque, even if his exact role in the subsequent "mutiny of the captains" may have been somewhat murky. Besides his own frustrations, Nova regaled fellow patrol captains with tales of Indian riches, a much more attractive option than the barren coasts of Arabia they were assigned to patrol. In August–September, 1507, Albuquerque led his little squad into the Gulf of Oman and began to raid a series of coastal cities in succession - Qalhat, Qurayyat, Muscat - signalling his intention to proceed in this manner all the way up the Arabian coast and across to the island of Hormuz. The patrol captains, who were lured to the East Indies with dreams of quick and easy riches, balked at the prospect of a tiring succession of profitless, dangerous fights with insufficient men-at-arms. After Muscat, the exhausted João da Nova submitted a formal request to Albuquerque for permission to leave the patrol and proceed to India (ostensibly to request reinforcements from the viceroy Almeida). When this was denied, Nova protested and was placed under arrest. He was later pardoned and released, as his command was needed for the Battle of Hormuz in October, 1507.

1508
Shortly after the battle, Nova once again was at the center of a renewed series of complaints, this time over the establishment of a fortress in the city of Hormuz. In early 1508, during the construction of the fortress, three of the patrol ships slipped away from Albuquerque's sight and set sail to India, intending to lodge formal complaints against Albuquerque with the vice-roy Francisco de Almeida in Cochin. João da Nova was not among them, but Albuquerque nonetheless decided to let him go as well, hoping that by this belated magnanimous gesture, Nova might argue on his behalf. He didn't. Once in Cochin, João da Nova joined the three other captains in opening a formal case against Albuquerque.

1509
João da Nova fought in the Battle of Diu in February 1509, his ship, the Flor de la Mar, being used by the vice-roy Francisco de Almeida as the flagship of the Portuguese battle fleet. In March of that year, Afonso de Albuquerque, by then in Cochin himself, invoked his own secret credentials to relieve Francisco de Almeida as governor of India. But João da Nova, along with the other captains, assembled a petition demanding that Almeida refused to yield it, characterizing Albuquerque as unfit to govern. In May of the same year, Almeida formally opened a council in Cochin to consider the reception of Albuquerque. Nova and the other patrol captains presented the case against him.

João da Nova died shortly after, in July 1509, just a couple of weeks before Almeida delivered the indictment and ordered Albuquerque's arrest. In spite of all this, Albuquerque is said to have personally paid for Nova's funeral in memory of his achievements in the Hormuz campaign.

title: João da Nova


text:
Dobrovelychkivka

Dobrovelychkivka (Добровеличківка) is a settlement in Novoukrainka Raion, Kirovohrad Oblast, southern Ukraine. Dobrovelychkivka hosts the administration of Dobrovelychkivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The population of the settlement is

It hosts a regional bazaar on Wednesday and Friday mornings, and is noted for being the purported geographical center of Ukraine.

History
The settlement was founded as a khutir in 1776 by Major Velychkivskyi who sold it next year to poruchik Revutskyi.

Until 1883 it was known as Revutske.

Until World War I, in the settlement existed a female teacher seminary, which in 1916 graduated a wife of Nestor Makhno, Halyna Kuzmenko.

Dobrovelychkivka was occupied by Nazi Germany on 1 August 1941 during World War II. Jewish homes were soon registered and marked with Stars of David. In late December 1941, all Jews from the town were taken to the village of Maryevka and shot to death. Dobrovelychkivka was liberated from Nazi Germany by the Red Army on 17 March 1944.

Until 18 July 2020, Dobrovelychkivka was the administrative center of Dobrovelychkivka Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kirovohrad Oblast to four. The area of Dobrovelychkivka Raion was merged into Novoukrainka Raion.

Until 26 January 2024, Dobrovelychkivka was designated urban-type settlement. On this day, a new law entered into force which abolished this status, and Dobrovelychkivka became a rural settlement.

title: Dobrovelychkivka


text:
Happy Together

Happy Together may refer to:

Music

 * "Happy Together" (song), a 1967 song by the Turtles that has been covered several times
 * Happy Together (The Turtles album) (1967)
 * Happy Together concert tours in 1985 and from 2010 featuring The Turtles, Gary Lewis, The Buckinghams, and others
 * Happy Together (Twins album) (2002)
 * Happy Together (Leningrad Cowboys album) (1994)
 * Happy Together (The Nylons album) (1987)
 * Happy Together, a 2017 album by Mega Bog
 * "Happy Together", a 2009 song by Super Junior from Sorry, Sorry

Film

 * Happy Together (1989 American film), starring Helen Slater and Patrick Dempsey
 * Happy Together (1989 Hong Kong film), by Stephen Shin
 * Happy Together (1997 film), a Hong Kong film by Wong Kar-wai
 * Happy Together (2008 film), by Geoffrey Enthoven
 * Happy Together (2018 film), a South Korean film by Kim Jung-hwan

Television

 * Happy Together (South Korean TV series), a 1999 South Korean drama by SBS
 * Happy Together (talk show), a 2001 South Korean talk show by KBS
 * Happy Together (Russian TV series), a 2006 Russian remake of Married... with Children
 * Happy Together (American TV series), a 2018 American comedy series
 * Happy Together (Philippine TV series), a 2021 comedy series in the Philippines by GMA Network
 * Inday Will Always Love You, a 2018 drama series in the Philippines known internationally as Happy Together

Literature

 * Happy Together: Bridging the Australia China Divide, an 2022 autobiography by David Walker and Li Yao

title: Happy Together


text:
User talk:Milkmanjb

Image Tagging Image:Icy screenshot.gif
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If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. ReyBrujo 03:03, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Peitz.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Peitz.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 18:02, 5 October 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 18:02, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Milkmanjb


text:
Caveolin

In molecular biology, caveolins are a family of integral membrane proteins that are the principal components of caveolae membranes and involved in receptor-independent endocytosis. Caveolins may act as scaffolding proteins within caveolar membranes by compartmentalizing and concentrating signaling molecules. They also induce positive (inward) membrane curvature by way of oligomerization, and hairpin insertion. Various classes of signaling molecules, including G-protein subunits, receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and small GTPases, bind Cav-1 through its 'caveolin-scaffolding domain'.

The caveolin gene family has three members in vertebrates: CAV1, CAV2, and CAV3, coding for the proteins caveolin-1, caveolin-2, and caveolin-3, respectively. All three members are membrane proteins with similar structure. Caveolin forms oligomers and associates with cholesterol and sphingolipids in certain areas of the cell membrane, leading to the formation of caveolae.

Structure and expression
The caveolins are similar in structure. They all form hairpin loops that are inserted into the cell membrane. Both the C-terminus and the N-terminus face the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. There are two isoforms of caveolin-1: caveolin-1α and caveolin-1β, the latter lacking a part of the N-terminus.

Caveolins are found in the majority of adherent, mammalian cells.
 * Caveolin-1 is most prominently expressed in endothelial, fibrous, and adipose tissue.
 * The expression pattern of caveolin-2 is similar to that of caveolin-1; it seems to be co-expressed with caveolin-1.
 * The expression of caveolin-3 is restricted to striated and smooth muscle.

Function
The functions of caveolins are still under intensive investigation. They are best known for their role in the formation of 50-nanometer-size invaginations of the plasma membrane, called caveolae. Oligomers of caveolin form the coat of these domains. Cells that lack caveolins also lack caveolae. Many functions are ascribed to these domains, ranging from endocytosis and transcytosis to signal transduction.

Caveolin-1 has also been shown to play a role in the integrin signaling. The tyrosine phosphorylated form of caveolin-1 colocalizes with focal adhesions, suggesting a role for caveolin-1 in migration. Indeed, downregulation of caveolin-1 leads to less efficient migration in vitro.

Genetically engineered mice that lack caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 are viable and fertile, showing that neither the caveolins nor the caveolae are essential in embryonic development or reproduction of these animals. However, knock-out animals do develop abnormal, hypertrophic lungs, and cardiac myopathy, leading to a reduction in lifespan. Mice lacking caveolins also suffer from impaired angiogenic responses as well as abnormal responses to vasoconstrictive stimuli. In zebrafish, lack of caveolins leads to embryonic lethality, suggesting that higher vertebrates (as exemplified by mice) have developed compensation or redundancy for the functions of caveolins.

Cancer
Caveolins have a paradoxical role in the development of this disease. They have been implicated in both tumor suppression and oncogenesis. High expression of caveolins leads to inhibition of cancer-related pathways, such as growth factor signaling pathways. However, certain cancer cells that express caveolins have been shown to be more aggressive and metastatic, because of a potential for anchorage-independent growth.

Cardiovascular diseases
Caveolins are thought to play an important role during the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, caveolin-3 has been associated with long QT syndrome.

Muscular dystrophy
Caveolin-3 has been implicated in the development of certain types of muscular dystrophy (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy).

title: Caveolin


text:
Axylia putris

The flame (Axylia putris) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found throughout Europe then east across the Palearctic to Armenia, western Siberia and Amur, Korea and Japan. The range extends into northern India.

This species has creamy-buff forewings (sometimes tinged with red) with black streaking along the costa. The hindwings are whitish with a dark line along the margin. The wingspan is 30–36 mm. Unusually for a noctuid, this moth rests with its wings wrapped tightly around its body making it resemble a broken twig. It flies at night in June and July (sometimes a second brood is produced which flies in September) and is attracted to light.

Description
Forewing ochreous, the costal area, including cell, dark brown; dark brown patches at the outer margin on both folds, the upper connected with outer line by a dark double streak; inner line strongly angulated; outer represented by a double row of vein-dashes: orbicular and reniform stigmata with dark centres and rings; the former small and round, more rarely flattened: the latter large; hindwing whitish, variably suffused with grey; — the form triseriata Moore, originally described from N. India, but occurring in Japan and Korea as well, is larger and darker.

Biology
The larva is grey or brown with black markings and a hump at the rear end. It feeds on a variety of cereals and other herbaceous plants (see list below). The species overwinters as a pupa.

 * 1)  The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded food plants

 * Beta – beet
 * Galium – bedstraw
 * Hordeum – barley
 * Lotus – bird's-foot trefoil
 * Medicago – alfalfa
 * Polygonum
 * Rumex – dock
 * Secale – rye
 * Taraxacum – dandelion
 * Trifolium – clover
 * Triticum – wheat
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title: Axylia putris


text:
Estêvão da Gama (16th century)

Estêvão da Gama (c. 1505–1576) was the Portuguese governor of Portuguese Gold Coast (1529–1535) and Portuguese India (1540–1542). Named after his paternal grandfather Estêvão da Gama, Estêvão was the second son of Vasco da Gama, and the brother of Cristóvão da Gama.

He commanded the fleet that entered the Red Sea, with the intent of attacking the Ottoman fleet in its harbor at Suez, leaving Goa on 31 December 1540 and reaching Aden on 27 January 1541. The fleet reached Massawa on 12 February, where Gama left a number of ships and continued north. Reaching Suez, he discovered that the Ottomans had long had intelligence of his raid, and foiled his attempt to burn their beached ships. Gama was forced to retrace his steps to Massawa, although pausing to attack the port of El-Tor on the Sinai Peninsula.

Once back at Massawa, Gama found the men he had left were restless and convinced by the self-described patriarch João Bermudes that they should provide military assistance to the beleaguered emperor of Ethiopia. Gama acquiesced to their demands, and landed 400 men, 130 military slaves, and sufficient supplies for them at Massawa and the nearby port of Arqiqo under the charge of his brother Cristóvão, before departing for India on 9 July.

Cultural depiction

 * Estêvão da Gama appears in the 2011 Indian film Urumi, portrayed by the American actor Alexx O'Nell.

title: Estêvão da Gama (16th century)


text:
Milt Gabler

Milton Gabler (May 20, 1911 – July 20, 2001) was an American record producer, responsible for many innovations in the recording industry of the 20th century. These included being the first person to deal in record reissues, the first to sell records by mail order, and the first to credit all the musicians on the recordings.

He was also a successful songwriter, writing the lyrics for a number of standards, including "In a Mellow Tone," "Danke Schoen," and "L-O-V-E."

Early life
Gabler was born to a Jewish family in Harlem, New York, the son of Susie (née Kasindorf) and Julius Gabler. His father was an Austrian Jewish immigrant from Vienna, and his mother's family were Jewish immigrants from Russia, including Rostov. At 15, he began working in his father's business, a hardware store located on East 42nd Street in New York City. The store eventually sold Milt Gabler's Commodore Records and was transformed into the Commodore Music Shop which moved to 52nd Street. It was a family business for several years.

1930s
By the mid-1930s, Gabler renamed the business the Commodore Music Shop, and it became a focal point for jazz fans and musicians alike. In 1933, Gabler began buying up unwanted copies of recordings from the record companies and resold them, making him the first person to deal in reissues, the first to sell records by mail order, and also the first to credit all the musicians on the recordings.

Gabler founded a specialty label UHCA (United Hot Clubs of America) around 1935 to reissue selected 78 r.p.m. sides previously released by other companies. He was able to secure the rights to many important jazz records including the 1931 Joe Venuti-Eddie Lang all star session (from ARC), Bessie Smith's final session (from OKeh), sides by Frank Trumbauer, Bix Beiderbecke, and Miff Mole (also from OKeh). These reissues were from the original 78 stampers and were instrumental in spreading the concept of collecting classic performances from the past. Paramount and Gennett sides were dubbed from clean copies and issued on UHCA.

In 1937, he opened a new store on 52nd Street, and set up a series of jam sessions in a neighboring club, Jimmy Ryan's. Some of these he began recording, setting up his own record label, Commodore Records. His role as a music producer soon superseded his other activities and he recorded many of the leading jazz artists of the day. One regular customer, Billie Holiday, found her record company, Columbia, resisting her appeals to release the song "Strange Fruit", so she offered the song to Gabler. After getting the necessary permission, he released her recording on Commodore in 1939, boosting her career and issuing what, 60 years on, Time magazine named 'Best Song of the Century'.

1940s
The success of Commodore Records led to an offer to join a major record label. Gabler was recruited to work for Decca Records in 1941, and left his brother-in-law Jack Crystal (father of Billy Crystal) to run Commodore. Gabler was soon working with many of the biggest stars of the 1940s, producing a series of hits including Lionel Hampton’s "Flying Home", Billie Holiday’s "Lover Man" and The Andrews Sisters' "Rum and Coca-Cola", as well as being the first to bring Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald together on record.

Placed in charge of Decca’s subsidiary label Coral, he expanded his musical scope, producing hits for country singer Red Foley, the left-leaning folk group The Weavers, Peggy Lee, The Ink Spots, and Sammy Davis Jr. In 1946, he produced and co-wrote Louis Jordan’s breakthrough single, "Choo Choo Ch'Boogie". Gabler was also the producer (but not the writer) of Jordan's exceptionally successful hit record, Saturday Night Fish Fry, which held the Number 1 spot on the R&B charts for 12 weeks.

1950s and 1960s
Gabler signed rockabilly act pioneering rock and roll sensation Bill Haley and His Comets to Decca Records. He produced their initial recording session in April 1954, much of which was spent cutting a song which the company thought the more likely hit of the two due to be recorded that day. Their efforts on "13 Women" left only ten minutes for the second song, which Gabler recorded with an unusually high sound level after the briefest of sound checks. "Rock Around The Clock" was cut in two takes and changed the face of popular music. Gabler later commented : "All the tricks I used with Louis Jordan, I used with Bill Haley.  The only difference was the way we did the rhythm. On Jordan, we used a perfectly balanced rhythm section from the swing era ... but Bill had the heavy backbeat."

Commodore Records closed in 1959. Bob Shad's Mainstream Records issued a series of LP reissues of Commodore material in the early 1960s, keeping most of these recordings available. However, through the late 1950s and 1960s, Gabler continued to guide the direction of Decca, writing songs and producing hit singles including Brenda Lee’s “I’m Sorry” and albums including Jesus Christ Superstar. Gabler also continued to produce all of the Comets' recordings for Decca until they left the label in 1959.

Gabler also produced all studio albums in Hamburg for Bert Kaempfert and his Orchestra, from 1960 to the latter's death in June 1980. Gabler wrote many lyrics for Kaempfert songs, such as "L-O-V-E", a hit for Nat King Cole, and "Danke Schoen".

1970s
Gabler retired from the front line of business activity when MCA consolidated Decca with its other labels and moved the merged MCA Records to Universal City, California in 1971, but continued to produce reissues and to collect recognition from the recording industry he helped shape. He was asked to return to MCA Records in 1973 to supervise the reissue of MCA's massive back catalogue.

Personal life
Gabler died July 20, 2001, aged 90, at the Jewish Home and Hospital in Manhattan. The New York Times reported that the only photo at his bedside was that of Billie Holiday.

Accolades
In 1991, Gabler received the Grammy Trustees Award from The Recording Academy, for his significant contributions to the field of recording.

In 1993, Gabler was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by his nephew, the comedian and actor Billy Crystal. In 2005, Crystal produced a documentary and CD release, both entitled The Milt Gabler Story, in tribute.

title: Milt Gabler


text:
User talk:UKWiki

My Talk Policies

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Image Tagging Image:London Olympic stadium.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:London Olympic stadium.jpg. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, ie in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use .)  See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thanks so much. --Secretlondon 16:47, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Your userpage was briefly delisted by a rogue admin
You have a userbox Template:User UN which links your userpage to United Nations Wikipedians. There is currently a movement to ban userboxes from Wikipedia which are shared and which create Lists of Wikipedians. Certain admins have taken it upon themselves to preemptively sabotage and/or delete such categories and template. Here is the incident report which reported damage to yours, in which hundreds of userpages were delinked from categories without the users' knowledge. They have been stopped, barely, and the damage reverted— for now.

There is a Userbox policy poll, which if passed, will make required by policy the damage done to categories and templates such as User UN/United Nations Wikipedians. If you do not want this to happen, I urge you to vote Oppose. in the poll. Support is currently running at about 66%, and your vote could make the difference. It is said to require 75%-80% to be deemed reflective of consensus.

Thank you,

StrangerInParadise 23:37, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Jamesarbuthnot.jpg
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Sensible Censorship
May I suggest you join the debate on Censorship? Gerard Foley 19:33, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia_talk:Censorship
A watered-down version of the proposed policy against censorship is now open for voting. Will you kindly review the policy and make your opinions known? Thank you very much.Loom91 17:59, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Winston_Baldwin_SPENCER.jpg
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Thanks for updating Constitution of Thailand
Thanks for updating the Constitution of Thailand article for the coup. Patiwat 10:28, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Marjorie Husted
I've added the "prod" template to the article Marjorie Husted, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Marjorie Husted. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. UKWiki 20:17, 30 November 2006 (UTC).
 * Take a look at my citation for her birthdate. --  Zanimum 20:24, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Burn Your Wishes
You had tagged this as a poss speedy delete, the author has removed this - I'm unsure whether I can re-add it (it looks like an obvious speedy to me), but you look like you've been around longer so will know what to do. Cheers, Davidprior 14:38, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Fiji project
I just added a bit to your proposed project page. I also added my name to the list of interested parties. My primary interest in wikipedia is in making sure that projects which I feel to be important to the development of wikipedia be given as much help by me as I am able to offer. This includes all the national projects. As a result, my to-do backlog is, shall we say, frightening. I will offer what assistance I can to the project, but that will most likely be in terms of template construction and assessment. But, if there is anything I can do, please feel free to let me know. Good luck. Badbilltucker 19:42, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Fiji Wikiproject
Thank you for the invitation! I am honoured to accept. At the moment I am more pressed for time than usual so have been less active in recent months, but yes, I do have a passionate interest in Fiji and still contribute whenever and whatever I am able. For a couple of years, I worked virtually alone on Fiji-related articles, but in the last year a couple of others have pitched in. Hopefully, this project you're starting will attract a much larger number of contributors who will be familiar with all the facets of Fijian politics, economy, geography, history, flora and fauna, etc. Once again, thank you so much for the inviation. David Cannon 22:37, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * BTW, please invite the following colleagues to join the project! Xork1000 (a Fijian who has provided MUCH NEEDED advice and checked all of my articles for inaccuracies and POV, etc.), Girmitya, a Fiji Indian/Indo-Fijian who has contributed a wealth of material on the Indian contribution to Fiji, and Laulad, who has provided a great deal of material on Fiji's chiefs.  (You should have invited them before you invited me: they're the experts!) David Cannon 23:31, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Captain John Bury
I have removed your tag as I working on it when you attacked! Brookie :) - a will o' the wisp ! (Whisper...) 19:34, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Digital Spy
Hey there. I added your template to my page!

I'm "Ste..." from DS, btw... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Stoosh (talk • contribs) 22:17, 24 December 2006 (UTC).

Wikinews: Bangkok bombings
If you want, merge yours into mine. I've just heard on Thai TV that the New Year's countdown at Central World is cancelled and people are urged to go home. — WiseKwai 13:30, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

Intelligentsiya
Hi there UKWiki, nice to have u on board with Wikiproject Fiji. I just started this article on intelligentsiya (blog), pls have a read and let me know what you think. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mattbray (talk • contribs) 02:02, 11 March 2007 (UTC).

United Nations Parliamentary Assembly
Here is an article on a proposed new UN body. Please vote at Featured article candidates/United Nations Parliamentary Assembly. Thanks, Sarsaparilla (talk) 21:21, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Startwithoutyou.JPG
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Nomination of Under the Tree (song) for deletion
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Orphaned non-free media (File:Mambo USA.jpg)
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Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Tower Hamlets First logo.png
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July 2015
Hello, UKWiki. We welcome your contributions to Wikipedia, but if you have an external relationship with some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Tower Hamlets First, you may have a conflict of interest or close connection to the subject.

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Ways to improve National Agency for Prevention of Corruption
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Corruption in Ukraine
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title: User talk:UKWiki