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Whole grain

A whole grain is a grain of any cereal and pseudocereal that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran, in contrast to refined grains, which retain only the endosperm.

As part of a general healthy diet, consumption of whole grains is associated with lower risk of several diseases. Whole grains are a source of carbohydrates, multiple nutrients and dietary fiber.

Varieties
Whole grain sources include:

Cereals
 * Wheat (spelt, emmer, farro, einkorn, Kamut, durum)
 * Rice (Black rice, brown, red, and other colored rice varieties)
 * Barley (hulled and dehulled but not pearl)
 * Maize or corn
 * Rye
 * Oats (including hull-less or naked oats)

Minor cereals
 * Millets
 * Sorghum
 * Teff
 * Triticale
 * Canary grass
 * Job's tears
 * Fonio, black fonio, Asian millet
 * Wild rice

Pseudocereals
 * Amaranth
 * Buckwheat, Tartary buckwheat
 * Quinoa

Nutrition
Whole grains are a source of multiple nutrients and dietary fiber, recommended for children and adults in several daily servings containing a variety of foods that meet whole grain-rich criteria. As components of breakfast cereals, whole grains are associated with improved micronutrient intake and lower risk of several diseases. Their effects on gastrointestinal health, risk of obesity and cognition need further evaluation.

Cereal proteins have low quality, due to deficiencies in essential amino acids, mainly lysine. Supplementation of cereals with proteins from other food sources (mainly legumes) is commonly used to compensate for this deficiency, since the limitation of a single essential amino acid causes the others to break down and become excreted, which is especially important during the period of growth. In contrast, the proteins of the pseudocereals have a high nutritional value, close to those of casein (the main protein in milk). Quinoa and amaranth are the most nutritious grains due to their high content and quality of proteins, with high levels of lysine and other essential amino acids.

Disease risk
Manufacturers of foods containing whole grains in specified amounts are allowed a health claim for marketing purposes in the United States, stating: "low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors" and "diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain some types of dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease, a disease associated with many factors". The scientific opinion of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) related to health claims on gut health or bowel function, weight control, blood glucose and insulin levels, weight management, blood cholesterol, satiety, glycemic index, digestive function and cardiovascular health is "that the food constituent, whole grain, (...) is not sufficiently characterised in relation to the claimed health effects" and "that a cause and effect relationship cannot be established between the consumption of whole grain and the claimed effects considered in this opinion."

By supplying high dietary fiber content, as part of a general healthy diet, consumption of whole grains may lower risk of several diseases, including coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer, with lower all-cause mortality. Regular whole-grain consumption may lower elevated LDL and triglyceride levels, which are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Whole grain consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes.

In 2012, Health Canada stated that "the evidence to date from clinical trials and prospective cohort studies was not sufficient to support a whole grains and coronary heart disease risk reduction claim in Canada". A 2017 review of clinical trials found insufficient evidence for a relationship between whole grain consumption and lowered risk of cardiovascular diseases.

The American Institute for Cancer Research and World Cancer Research Fund International have stated that there is strong evidence that whole grains decrease risk of colorectal cancer.

Gluten concerns
In genetically susceptible people, gluten (proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, oat, and related species and hybrids) can trigger coeliac disease. Coeliac disease affects about 1% of the general population in developed countries. There is evidence that most cases remain undiagnosed and untreated. The only known effective treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet. Minor cereals and pseudocereals may be a reasonable alternative to replace gluten-containing cereals for people who need to follow a gluten-free diet.

While coeliac disease is caused by a reaction to wheat proteins, it is not the same as a wheat allergy. Other diseases triggered by eating gluten are non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of the general population), gluten ataxia and dermatitis herpetiformis.

Regulations
In the United States wholegrain products can be identified by the ingredients list. "Wheat flour" (as opposed to "wholegrain wheat flour" or "whole-wheat flour") as the first ingredient is not a clear indicator of the product's wholegrain content. If two ingredients are listed as grain products but only the second is listed as wholegrain, the entire product may contain between 1% and 49% wholegrain. Many breads are colored brown (often with molasses or caramel color) and made to look like wholegrain when they are not. In addition, some food manufacturers make foods with wholegrain ingredients, but, because wholegrain ingredients are not the dominant ingredient, they are not wholegrain products. Contrary to popular belief, wholegrains are not indicative of fiber. The amount of fiber varies from grain to grain, and some products may have things like bran, peas, or other foods added to boost the fiber content.

From AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists) definition: "Whole grains shall consist of the intact, ground, cracked or flaked caryopsis, whose principal anatomical components - the starchy endosperm, germ and bran - are present in the same relative proportions as they exist in the intact caryopsis."

U.S. standards of identity
The following names indicate whole-grain products, in accordance with the federal government:
 * "Whole wheat bread"
 * "Whole millet"
 * "Whole wheat buns"
 * "Whole wheat macaroni"
 * "Whole wheat spaghetti"
 * "Whole wheat vermicelli"
 * "Cracked wheat" (as an ingredient, not as part of a product name like "cracked wheat bread")
 * "Crushed wheat"
 * "Whole wheat flour"
 * "Graham flour" (as an ingredient, not as part of a product name like "graham crackers")
 * "Entire wheat flour"
 * "Bromated whole wheat flour"
 * "Whole durum flour"
 * "Bulgur (cracked wheat)" ("bulgur" by itself may or may not indicate whole grain, and "cracked wheat" is not synonymous with bulgur)

Canadian standards of identity
There are multiple grains such as cereal grains (e.g. wheat, rice, oats, barley, corn, wild rice, and rye) as well as pseudocereals (e.g. quinoa and buckwheat) that may be labeled whole grains.

When wheat is milled to make flour, the parts of the grain are usually separated and then are recombined to make specific types of flour, such as whole wheat, whole grain, white cake and pastry flour, and all-purpose white flour. If all parts of the kernel are used in the same relative proportions as they exist in the original kernel, then the flour is considered whole grain.

Under the Food and Drug Regulations, up to 5% of the kernel can be removed to help reduce rancidity and prolong the shelf life of whole-wheat flour. The portion of the kernel that is removed for this purpose contains much of the germ and some of the bran. If this portion of the kernel has been removed, the flour would no longer be considered whole grain.

UK regulations
In the UK the legally protected term is wholemeal rather than wholegrain. There are voluntary guidelines on what can be labelled a wholegrain product.

title: Whole grain


text:
User talk:DarrenBaker

Original research?
Isn't this whole page original research? 128.214.133.2 (talk) 14:09, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh, you made a funny! -DarrenBaker (talk) 16:04, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Welland Canal and Welland By-Pass
I see that you make maps. You might consider producing a map for these two articles. Cafe Nervosa | talk  22:36, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * So terse! I do, and I may... --DarrenBaker 22:55, 20 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello, I'm about to create articles covering the history of the canal in rather more detail, and I think it'd be great to provide maps to show the old routes of the canal. Originally I meant to do them myself based on images such as Image:Welland-niagara.PNG, but I am sure with your experience you could make better ones. Let me know if and when you have time to participate. Thanks :) --Qviri 04:08, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Road street names
Please check out Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(places) where I ask for policy on use of common or official names. I think User:Darkcore is  over doing it in using common names. Thanks, Cafe Nervosa |  talk  20:00, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

TransCanada pipeline
I've been making articles on all the major pipelines in North America. Right now none of the ones that I created have a map. Would you mind either adding notes to the TransCanada map you made indicating where it connects to other major pipelines, or showing me how to do it? Thanks,

--Ignignot 02:35, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No problem, I'll do that today! Thanks!

--DarrenBaker 15:06, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

In reference to your recent edit to remove the pipeline EBBs, I have to strongly disagree that the EBBs are not useful. They are used every single day in the natural gas trading environment, as they tell you what the pipeline is doing at any given point on any day - basically a total picture of a pipeline's activities. It also usually contains a pipeline map, the people you need to contact to get information or schedule activity on the pipeline, information on outages, and planned expansions. The only other commodity with as much information available is the electricity market. --Ignignot 16:05, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll grant you that they sound interesting, but when I went there, every page was pretty much blank. I think that if they get put on, it should be in a different section, not under External Sources. Maybe 'Other Links' or something like that. Just being nitpicky, don't mind me. Incidentally, do you have a good link to an overview of North America's natural gas pipelines? I'm having trouble finding one. --DarrenBaker 16:11, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh now I see the misunderstanding. The EBBs sometimes have very little data on their "main" page.  If you look to the left it will have subheadings like "informational postings," "tarriff," and "gas quality."  Those will have much more information.  However it doesn't make sense to link to them individually so I just added one to the root.  For all the other pipelines I put the link in an external links section.

 * As for the North American gas pipeline overview... as far as I know, the only way to get a map is to buy one, either from data providers like lippmanconsulting.com, bentekenergy.com, pira, or ferc (which, while they are a government organization, will require you to sign away your first born before they send you a map. By mail.)  Some companies will post their own maps, some won't.  Right now the most complete free online resource that I know of is what I just made in wikipedia, in category:natural gas pipelines.  I want to make an individual map for each pipeline, using some gis software, and then I should be able to create a total system map rather easily.  But something like that would take months to complete.  I had assumed that since you took an interest in TransCanada and made a map of their system, that you were already familiar with it.  --Ignignot 17:14, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hrmm... I found one online there somewhere, I'm sure I can find another one and use it to do a North American map. I've got a large map of North America that I can use as a base for all the pipeline maps, and just colour the different systems accordingly. I'm not familiar with the system, I'm just endlessly fascinated by it, since it runs about 500' behind my house. I will be including a photo of the 'do not dig' sign and a photo of the check station (not sure what it's called) nearby, when I get around to taking them. --DarrenBaker 17:19, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, I just ran across a pipeline map on the eia website for the United States... see page 2 or 3 --Ignignot 17:22, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah! Most excellent. I am working on it right now. --DarrenBaker 17:31, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, from your local bilingual NEB check page 4 for a decent overview

OK, I have uploaded a new image for TransCanada pipeline. I've finished a map of the Canadian natural gas supply that can be modified to focus on any specific part, and I plan to add the US's system to the map next. Any thoughts on the map? --DarrenBaker 01:53, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd say it's damn good work! Thanks for doing it so quickly.  What mapping software did you use?  --Ignignot 14:08, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I used Adobe Photoshop, and just created layers for everything. It's great for that! --DarrenBaker 14:20, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Also, I'm not sure if we should include foothills and BC system in the TransCanada page (and map). The pipes are all ran by TransCanada, but they aren't the same system.  That also goes for TransCanada Alberta.  Originally I planned to put them all together, but that is inconsistent with how I put together the El Paso Corporation pipelines.  It might be better to make seperate articles for each of them.  If there are maps for each of the pipelines, then the Category:Natural Gas Pipelines could become an incredible resource. --Ignignot 14:30, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, you tell me how you want to break it down, because I really have no idea how the heirarchy of the whole thing works... Maybe give me a list of articles, and which pipelines should be highlighted in the map for that article, then I can output them that way. --DarrenBaker 15:15, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * For right now I would just take whatever maps you have, and then for each of the pipes on the map look to see if I have an article for them. The only other pipeline where I have "combined" several pipes into a single article is in Kinder Morgan Interstate.  Other than TransCanada it should be pretty obvious. NGPL is Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America.  PGT is Gas Transmission Northwest, CNG is Dominion Transmission, M&NE is Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline and I don't have articles up yet for TQ&M or PNGTS. I asked another researcher with more experience and he says he considers TransCanada to all be one pipe (TransCanada, TransCanada Alberta, TransCanada BC (previously called ANG/Foothills), and Foothills).  Not sure what other pipes you might have, but when they aren't obvious just ask. --Ignignot 16:53, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hrmm... I cannot for the life of me find a general map of US pipelines with descriptions. All I have is that one you sent, and it's just too complex and undefined to use. Surely there must be more out there! I'm all googled out. --DarrenBaker 19:02, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Right now just use the ones on the NEB page. see page 2 or 3.  The problem with the US pipes is that, no, they don't have a good map with all of them on it.  That's part of the point of doing it on wikipedia.  Many of the pipes DO have a section of their EBBs labeled "system map" but many are blank or merely symbolic.  I do have a few non free sources that I can use but I don't know how copyright works if I create a derivative work of someone else's pipeline map that they charge for, so I have stayed away from that. --Ignignot 19:19, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Over this weekend I'll spend some time making that list of pipes with the associated link for a map. Some of the pipes won't have maps or will have very poor maps, unfortunately.   --Ignignot 22:13, 21 December 2005 (UTC)  p.s. Looks like you're becoming the "map guy" ;-)

 * Sounds like a good Christmas! Yeah, but I dig maps, so whatcha gonna do? ;) --DarrenBaker 23:23, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Merry Christmas! Here's that list I was talking about. User:Ignignot/Natural_Gas_Pipeline_Maps - I listed what map I could find for each pipeline, and then gave a rating for the quality.  Highest quality maps have the pipeline and other pipelines that connect to it, good or high quality are accurate maps of the pipeline itself, OK quality is a usable map that may be slightly inaccurate, and poor quality... well poor quality is just a terrible map.  I'd stay away from those for now. --Ignignot 21:55, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I added in a note for each of the pipes that are on the NEB map I linked before. It is a little out of date for El Paso but otherwise it seems accurate.  I'll add a note on the User:Ignignot/Natural_Gas_Pipeline_Maps page for the pipelines that can be found on the NEB site. --Ignignot 14:35, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:DarrenBaker


text:
Oh, the Places You'll Go!

Oh, the Places You'll Go! is a children's book, written and illustrated by children's author Dr. Seuss. It was first published by Random House on January 22, 1990. It was his last book to be published during his lifetime before his death, on September 24, 1991 at the age of 87. The book concerns the journey of life, its challenges, and joys.

Though written in the style of previous books such as Green Eggs and Ham and The Cat in the Hat, Oh, the Places You’ll Go! has many specific characters, including a narrator and "the reader". A young boy, referred to simply as "you", initiates the action of the story; the presence of a main character helps readers to identify with the book. Unlike other Dr. Seuss books, it is written in the second person and uses the future tense.

Plot
The story begins with the narrator, relating the decision of the unnamed protagonist (who represents the reader) to leave town. The protagonist travels through several geometrical and polychromatic landscapes and places, eventually encountering a place simply called "The Waiting Place", which is ominously addressed as being a place where everyone is always waiting for something to happen. As the protagonist continues to explore, spurred on by the thoughts of places he will visit and things he will discover, the book cheerfully concludes with an open ending.

Reception
Following its original release in 1990, Oh, the Places You'll Go! reached number one on The New York Times Best-Selling Fiction Hardcover list. This made Dr. Seuss one of the handful of authors to have number one Hardcover Fiction and Nonfiction books on the list; among them are John Steinbeck, Jimmy Buffett, Mitch Albom and James Patterson; his You're Only Old Once! hit number one on the Nonfiction list in 1986.

In the United States and Canada, Oh, the Places You'll Go! is a popular gift for students graduating from kindergarten through college, spiking in sales in the April–June period. It reached number one on USA Today's Best Selling Book list in 1997, 2021 and 2022, and reached #2 in 2015 and 2017. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association listed the book as one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".

Film adaptation
In the early 1990s, producers Ben Myron & Roland Joffé, at Lightmotive with TriStar Pictures, were set to produce a film adaptation of the book with Seuss penning the screenplay. The Seuss screenplay was later rewritten by Richard LaGravenese and Barry Berman respectively, but the adaptation was never filmed. A musical animated film adaptation of the book along with The Cat in the Hat and a spin-off Thing One and Thing Two are in development from Warner Bros. Pictures Animation. J. J. Abrams is producing the film alongside his production company Bad Robot Productions. In November 2021, Jon M. Chu was attached to direct the film. In June 2024, it was announced that Jill Culton would co-direct the film alongside Chu. It was also announced that Benj Pasek and Justin Paul would write the songs, while Rob Lieber would write the script.

Legal issues
In 2016, former Star Trek writer David Gerrold partnered with artist Ty Templeton and Glenn Hauman's website ComicMix for a Kickstarter for a parodic book entitled Oh, the Places You'll Boldly Go! The proposed book would parody the original Seuss book in a Star Trek context. The title references the phrase "to boldly go where no one has gone before", made famous by Star Trek.

Dr. Seuss Enterprises, which manages the assets of Dr. Seuss's estate, sued to stop the Kickstarter. The lawsuit stated that Hauman's book, which, also makes use of other of Seuss' books, including Oh, The Places You'll Go!, Horton Hears a Who!, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, The Lorax, and The Sneetches and Other Stories, copied Dr. Seuss' copyrighted work, recreating entire pages from his books "with meticulous precision". The lawsuit also stated that the book's violation of Dr. Seuss' trademark would create confusion in the minds of the public as to Dr. Seuss's approval or licensing.

In May 2018, U.S District Court Judge Janis Sammartino found in favor of ComicMix on the issue of Dr. Seuss' trademark, ruling that its book was "a highly transformative work that takes no more than necessary to accomplish its transformative purpose and will not impinge on the original market for Plaintiff's underlying work".

In March 2019, Sammartino similarly found in favor of ComicMix on the issue of copyright, ruling that the book was protected under Fair Use, because its authors borrowed "no more than was necessary for their purposes" and those elements "were always adapted or transformed" and "imbued with a different character".

The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed that decision in December 2020 on the basis that the work was not parody as it copied too much of the book's original style and composition, only substituting Star Trek characters in place of Seuss' original ones. Further, the Ninth Circuit argued that the timing of release might impact the commercial value of Seuss' book, since the latter is often given out as gifts for graduates.

title: Oh, the Places You'll Go!


text:
Bwamba orthobunyavirus

Bwamba orthobunyavirus (BWAV) belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus and the order Bunyavirales RNA viruses. BWAV is present in large parts of Africa, endemic in Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda. It is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and results in a brief benign generalised infection with headache, skin rash, diarrhea and joint pain and lasts 4–5 days. The animal reservoir of the virus includes birds, monkeys and donkeys.

Virus structure
Bwamba orthobunyavirus has a negative sense single stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome, and so is classified as a class V virus under the Baltimore classification system. The genome is segmented into three pieces, Large (L), Medium (M) and Small (S), which have a combined length of approximately 12,000nt. The S RNA encodes a nucleocapsid and non structural proteins, the M RNA encodes envelope glycoproteins and a non structural membrane polypeptide and the L RNA encodes an RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The segmented RNAs are surrounded by nucleocapsid proteins that form a Ribonucleoprotein complex, that associates with RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The complex is surrounded by a lipid layer, into which the nuclear complex interacts. Finally the particle is membrane bound, spherical, and in total is approximately 100 nm in diameter.

Gene expression and genome replication
Once inside a host cell cytoplasm, the genomic RNA’s are transcribed into mRNA’s by the associated RNA polymerase. From these transcripts, the host machinery is used for translation into viral proteins. The S segment is slightly different from the rest as it is ambisense, meaning genes run in both the positive and negative directions. To enable correct translation of the proteins, a second round of transcription has to occur.

To replicate the genome, transcription occurs to produce a replicative intermediate, which is then itself transcribed into new RNA genomes, with the aid of the RNA polymerases produced from the gene expression.

Geographical distribution
In 1937, Bwamba fever was first recognized as a clinical illness among construction workers building a road to Bwamba County, Western Uganda, present day Bundibugyo District. Bwamba fever is present in large parts of Africa and antibodies of the virus have been found ‘as far south as the Republic of South Africa and as far north westwards as Gambia’. Bwamba fever is endemic in several African countries, including Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda, where the virus was initially discovered. The distribution of the virus tends to be underestimated because the symptoms are relatively mild and are often mistaken for malaria.

Transmission
Bwamba orthobunyavirus is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. The main anthropophilic vectors are Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus.

The animal reservoir includes birds, monkeys and donkeys, which have been found to possess antibodies to Bwamba virus.

Human disease
Bwamba fever presents itself as a severe, but benign generalised infection of short duration, usually only lasting four to five days. Symptoms include fever, headache, arthralgia, and local as well as generalised pain. No fatalities have been recorded so far. "Exanthem is nearly always present and is frequently associated with meningeal involvement. [...] Intestinal tract involvement, especially diarrhea, is also seen. Some patients may also develop a body rash", as reported by the Uganda Virus Research Institute, who also discovered the disease in the 1940s.

Literature

 * Schmaljohn C.S. and Hooper, J.W. (2001). Bunyaviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Fields Virology, 4' Edn, (D.M. Knipe and P. Howley, eds), pp 1581–1602. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
 * Bwamba Virus description,
 * Schmaljohn C.S. and Hooper, J.W. (2001). Bunyaviridae: The viruses and their replication. In: Fields Virology, 4' Edn, (D.M. Knipe and P. Howley, eds), pp 1581–1602. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
 * Bwamba Virus description,

title: Bwamba orthobunyavirus


text:
User talk:Tomius J.

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You (Talk) 19:53, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
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AfD nomination of Plot of The Thing
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title: User talk:Tomius J.


text:
Mr. Red

Mr. Red is the first mascot of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team. He is a humanoid figure dressed in a Reds uniform, with an oversized baseball for a head. Sometimes, Mr. Red is referred to by the team as "The Running Man" for the way he has posed on the logo c. 1968.

Mr. Red was created by Henry "Hank" Zureick, the Reds Publicity Director. The character first appeared on the cover of the 1953 Cincinnati Red Stockings yearbook, which was also produced by Mr. Zureick, along with many yearbooks and programs during his career.

Mr. Red made his first appearance on a Reds uniform as a sleeve patch in 1955. The patch featured Mr. Red's head, clad in an old-fashioned white pillbox baseball cap with red stripes. The following season, 1956, saw the Reds adopt sleeveless jerseys, and Mr. Red was eliminated from the home uniform. He was moved to the left breast of the road uniform, and remained there for one season before being eliminated entirely.

In 1999, the Reds re-designed their uniform and "Mr. Red" was reintroduced as a sleeve patch on the undershirt.

A human version of the mascot had appeared in 1972 and went full time in 1973 season. By the end of 1973 Tom Kindig replaced his older brother Chuck as the day to day Mr. Red mascot for remainder of the 1970s. Many viewed Mr. Red nationally in Game 5 of 1975 World Series, when he appeared on screen during the NBC broadcast (see the DVD version available on A&E Video). The mascot disappeared in the late 1980s for unknown reasons. The costumed mascot was reintroduced in 1997.

Mr. Red was joined by Gapper, a new furry mascot created by David Raymond (the original Phillie Phanatic), as the franchise moved to Great American Ballpark in 2003. In 2007, the current Mr. Red has been supplemented by a retro 1950s version known as "Mr. Redlegs", complete with handlebar mustache and old fashioned baseball uniform. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Mr. Red wore uniform number 27.

The humanoid Mr. Red retired in 2007 leaving "Gapper" and a mascoted "Mr. Redlegs" to take his place. In August 2008, a female companion named "Rosie Red" named in honor of the group that supports the team, the Rosie Reds, was introduced. A new Mr. Red Mascot was unveiled at Redsfest for the 2012 season, the mascot is now on the field with "Gapper" and "Rosie Red" and "Mr. Redlegs."

title: Mr. Red


text:
Category:Democratic Kampuchea

 * Democratic Kampuchea (1975−1979) — former socialist republic of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia.

title: Category:Democratic Kampuchea


text:
Talk:Magic wheel

The article is wrong in at least this point: "Lead blocks magnetic attraction (as well as radiation)" It blocks radiation, but it does not have considerable influence on magnetism. This can easily be proved by simple experiment.

Also, there is another completely different Magic Wheel that is also known as "The Wheel of Hecate," "spinner", or "buzzer" which is of various shapes and usually made of wood. You probably played with one as a kid if your mom had a big button that had two holes in the middle. You put a loop of string through the two holes and spin it. It makes a neat whooshing sound. There's a lot of literature from ancient times about the Magic Wheel being a love charm that would bring lovers close or send away ones you didn't want. --HP Gramatke

Well that doesn't make it a POV issue. It makes it a factual inaccuracy issue, which is also in need of disambiguation.--Atlantima 01:59, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Rewrote the questionable 3rd paragraph. Amcfreely 19:21, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Does it work? i.e., Does this arrangement cause the wheel to continue spinning longer than an identical wheel with plain weights instead of magnets? —Random832 21:21, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

The mechanism paragraph seems entirely wrong. If the wheel spins longer than an equivalent setup with no magnetized components, with friction the only way for kinetic energy to be lost, then somehow more energy has been expended as heat than put in. The wheel maintained motion probably through the inertia from having several heavy magnets attached to its rim, and might actually spin longer with weights than magnets if you factor in potential eddy currents from Lenz's Law slowing down the wheel via magnetism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.82.60.69 (talk) 22:18, 22 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Magic wheel


text:
Talk:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program

Other services?
Are Corpsman allowed to take part in MCMAP?
 * Yes. I've seen instances where Navy, Army, and foreign military members have earned tan and grey belts. I'm willing to bet that they can't be instructors, but I don't think there is any policy on that. ''' bahamut0013 ♠  ♣  16:10, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * According to this article, The first non-Marines to become instructors were some Seabees in April 2008.  bahamut0013  words deeds   11:25, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

This is inaccurate. We've had considerable numbers of Navy Corpsman (E-4 and above) attached to USMC fleet units (Greenside Navy) beocme instructors and teach well before 2008.

//Any service that is attached to a Marine Corps unit may become qualified and advance in the MCMAP. Once they are not longer attached to a Marine unit, they are not authorized to wear MCMAP belts. Only Navy (Greenside Only) may become MCMAP instructors. They may not become Instructor Trainers, only Sergeants or above in the Marine Corps may achieve this level.

Expansion
I just spent a little bit of time today fleshing things on this article out, and hopefully I'll get a chance to revisit it in the near future. It's actually a very holistic program, so we should be able to turn this into a pretty respectable article with some work. Fox1 19:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't say I agree with the description here of LINE as unarmed combat. Advanced LINE training involves the use of knives and bayonets, as well as e-tools and other improvised weapons. I guess that's part of the problem, as the article says - it doesn't have any non-lethal applications. (I would say that the problem there is the misuse of the Corps as a peacekeeping force, not with the fighting form itself. The fact that Marines are kept in constant contact with civilians should be changed, not their combat style.)

 * If there's going to be an article on USMC martial arts, LINE should probably get more than a passing mention, since it was in use for almost 20 years and this new kinder, gentler, tree-hugger stuff has been around for less than 5. In fact, we should probably go all the way back to the good old days of Judo, if the article is going to be comprehensive.

 * I'll see if I can add a few things here in the next day or two. Semper Fi. Kafziel 12:38, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I changed the the word "unarmed" to "close" in the LINE reference, but I think adding information on LINE in this article would be inappropriate. You're certainly correct about the importance of the system, but it has it's own, wikilinked article that you can expand, rather than duplicating information here. Similarly with any reference to judo, a mention in the article would be fine, but there's no reason to duplicate any but the most basic info here in the article. Fox1 14:48, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agreee. I expanded the LINE article instead. Thanks for the input! Kafziel 15:31, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

The Martial arts program section of the United States Marine Corps page has more info than this page (or at least contains info that this page doesn't). Ideally, the page on Marine Corps Martial Arts Program should be longer and more detailed than the section in USMC. - Matthew238 05:59, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I made a few changes, listing each belt individually with its different requirements and the basics of what are taught. I'd like to include a list of the moves later perhaps. I know it looks really rough, I'll fix the appearance later on tonight. Or someone else can. Let me know what you guys think though. Gelston 20:26, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Formatted it; it looks good and the content is appreciated. Here's a rough guide to the formatting How_to_edit_a_page; but generally it's learn by example. See something you'd like to do? (bold, italic, lists, etc), click on edit to see how the code looks, and copy it. --Mmx1 20:37, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Awesome, looks great. Appreciate it. Gelston 01:41, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

History
Created a history section, which includes the info from the old Unarmed Combat section, and was therefore replaced. Let me know what you all think. Gelston 04:26, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * For some reason its duplicating the references, but I can't seem to figure out why. It only shows upas 2 when I click show preview, but when I save pageand look at the article, its showing 4.Gelston 04:50, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a known problem from the last 24 hours. I have the dubious distinction of being the firrst one to report it. Solution here: Village_pump_%28technical%29. Basically, you have to WP:PURGE the page. --Mmx1 04:54, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
 * So annoying. Have to purge after every little edit. Anyways, put up a disciplines section. Still a few more things I want to add to this article, but I'm trying to keep it easy to read, and don't want to wander off into original research. Gelston 05:19, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

I added the synergy graphic, the MCMAP belts graphic and updated the Martial Culture section. When someone gets a chance, we need to put something in the Warrior study section and fatten up the history section, it only goes up to 2000. --Adavies4 17:06, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the contributions, but I don't think we need to go into any depth of the individual Martial Cultures - readers can find out about them on their own articles, and they don't have a direct relevance to MCMAP. Yes, they are studied in MCMAP as examples, but there's no direct lineage or influence upon MCMAP. I think it would suffice to have a paragraph explaining the Martial Culture aspect of MCMAP and identify the cultures it studies. --Mmx1 05:32, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Seeing how there is nothing under Warrior Studies and I do not know enough to put anything there, I removed the heading. "==Warrior Studies==" <-- for the lazy if they want to put it back. Also, maybe adding implementation and criticism sections? I've heard muttering about the inefectiveness of MCMAP in real world situations versus the "tan belt universe" and difficulty in getting instructors to all the units Lesssthan 03:45, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Unrelated?
The vast majority of this article is devoted to the discussion of unrelated, historical warrior cultures that have a tenuous tie at best to this topic; this could be much more effectively conveyed by a few links to the wikis on the cultures in question so as not to dominate the actual topic.

Beyond that, the article focuses almost entirely on the history of the program and the structure and rules relating thereto and doesn't deal much at all with the actual techniques or any critical analysis.

 * I think someone just paraphrased the warrior culture studies from the handbook. I'll shorten the duplicate info and expand into the more Marine specific study. ''' bahamut0013 ♠  ♣  16:10, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Userboxes
I'm sure these won't get a huge amount of use (just how many wikipedians are Marines who were servince while/since this program came out?), but they are there for your consumption. ''' bahamut0013 ♠  ♣  16:04, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
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Civillian
Does anyone know anything about civilian establishments that teaches mcmap technique? New York? I am interested in learning. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.193.129.99 (talk) 00:03, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * If there are any, they are most likely run by people with previous military service. Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 21:13, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Navy Corpsmen and MCMAP
I'm an instructor at Field Medical Training Battalion (East) and ALL Corpsmen that go through either here or at the West Coast are graduating with Tan belts. This is a new requirement and its definitely benfitting the Navy-Marine Corps team. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.184.86.226 (talk) 14:33, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There should be more information regarding U.S. Navy Corpsmen in the article. Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 21:10, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Enlisted and Officers
Are these programs available for both Enlisted and Officers? At first thought I would just think enlisted a NCO's would be involved in it, but It would be nice to know and nice to add to the page. anybody? Fightinginthestreets (talk) 03:41, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * It's open to both. I don't think there is anything in the article that indicates that officers are excluded, nor would I fathom why anone would think that. ''' bahamut0013 ♠  ♣  12:38, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Strozzi-Heckler
why is there no mention of Rechard Strozzi-Heckler? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.112.232.240 (talk) 10:45, 22 July 2009
 * Please do not delete content when you add comments. The deleted discussion has been returned.  bahamut0013  words deeds   08:15, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * After doing a bit of searching, it seems that while he served as a Marine, provided leadership training for Marines, and is an accomplished martial artist, I can't find any evidence that these areas have intersected. He doesn't seem to have had anything to do with MCMAP. If you have something that illustrates a link there, then please share it with us.  bahamut0013  words deeds   16:08, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Nicknames
Any luck on finding a reliable source for your nicknames of MCMAP? You are aware that no one in the Marine Corps uses those nicknames, right? I don't know where you are stationed or who around you uses those nicknames, but your here-say does not belong in this page. As long as you keep your nicknames section with the "citation needed" next to it, why can't I add: " MCMAP was used by the Spartans (citations needed)"? We both know that no one will be able to find evidence that they didn't use MCMAP, even though we know that they did not. See where I'm coming from? You're using an ad ignorantium argument here that, quite honestly, doesn't hold any water. I'm asking you to remove the nickname section, especially since you are representing the Marine Corps here. Think about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.101.167.89 (talk) 23:07, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Wrong. Simply because you don't like them does not mean they are not used, nor does the fact that nobody you know uses them around you; but suffice to say that it wasn't something that I made up one day. Regarding the "Spartans", you can't game the system like that, adding in blatent vandalism to illustrate a point. You cannot generalize or assume that there is no evidence (I highly doubt that you have even looked), and I have never argued that it must be proven false (however, you have tried to shift the burden of truth, which is a fallacy of the same type). Your condescending tone is not helpful here. Lastly, nobody is representing the Marine Corps here, every editor does so as a volunteer, otherwise a conflict of interest exists that is irreconcilable.
 * Suffice to say, either add references (properly, this time), or leave well enough alone. There is no need to whitewash an article to remove a minor point that you odn't agree with.  bahamut0013  words deeds 16:16, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Now we're getting somewhere. I never said I didn't like the nicknames (you put those words in my mouth). I said you have no evidence that they are used (perfectly illustrated by the "citation needed" next to it, since you have produced no evidence). Don't you see the problem? By leaving your unverified statement there without proper citation, you are assuming that you are correct (and misleading many people who read this page). So as long as you keep that section about nicknames there, the burden of proof is on YOU to show that there are people who use those nicknames. Explain how my example of ad ignorantium ("The Spartans") is "blatant vandalism?" Is it because you don't agree with it, or because is is incorrect? Show me why. You say that nobody is representing the Marine Corps here. Really? I'd retract that statement ASAP. If you don't believe that you are representing the Marine Corps, what do you honestly think would happen if I reported this link to Headquarters Marine Corps (with your real name and rank, which you have provided)? You, as a Marine, know how they feel about people inaccurately representing the Marine Corps as you have.

 * There is no misleading going on. Readers are smart enough to judge veracity for themselves. Your example is blatently false, and attempt to introduce it just to prove your point would be vandalism because it would be the deliberate introduction of false information, which any fool could tell by comparing the dates.
 * And no, I'm not retracting anything. I edit as a hobby, and simply because I edit articles related to the Corps does not mean I represent it. I'm not public affairs, and I speak for nobody but myself. Go ahead and report this, they won't give a damn; I've done quite a lot of work on Wikipedia that the Corps would be proud of, and I've done it without acting as POV-whitewasher, and this is so trivial that nobody would waste thier time on it (not to mention that there isn't any misrepresentation going on here). By the way, threats are not allowed and can get you blocked, not to mention are just plain uncivil.  bahamut0013  words deeds 13:09, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

You honestly think that readers can judge veracity for themselves? Why do we have the need for citations on anything then? Because the truth does matter, and that is what I'm trying to get to the bottom of: Why do you believe that your nickname section is true, yet will not verify it with any sources? Don't you find that odd? I would think that by now, you'd just site a source since you have told me that it is a fact (even though I still believe that you are wrong). By the way, the Marine Corps does care, and it doesn't matter how much work you've done for the Corps on Wikipedia, that does not excuse your hearsay that you have inserted on this specific page. As a Marine, everything you put on the internet DOES represent the Marine Corps and they DO care, whether you think you are acting as an individual or not. For example: why are we not allowed to publicly speak out on any political issues? Because the Marine Corps has stated that they do not want to give the impression to anyone that something a Marine says is representative of the Marine Corps. They don't want to take that chance, understandably so. Look, my only reason for offering this resistance here is to ensure that the Marine Corps is properly represented. That's it. There is not personal vendetta (I don't even know you) and I haven't threatened you, personally, in any way. You said that there isn't any misrepresentation on this Wikipedia page, yet I beg to differ. I'll say it again: If what you think you have said in the nickname section is true, then simply insert a citation and I will be on my way. But until you do, I will keep urging you to remove that last sentence in the opening paragraph. You call it trivial; I call it being accurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.101.167.89 (talk) 03:08, 21 January 2011 (UTC)
 * This isn't me insisting that the article for the President or the SecNav include a comment about how stupid they are, or anything scandalous like that. It's several widely-used nicknames for a style of fighting that aren't exactly pejorative or unsavory. There might be some higher-ranking instructor over at the MACE who might get worked up about it, but it seems far less likely than you portray that anyone else would care either way. I've said it before and I'll say it again: there is no misrepresentation (or hearsay) here. They are in common use in the Corps, whether you choose to believe it or not. I'm not inclined to to the busywork here because I don't buy the rationale of your objection. Urge all you want: you are the one who has a problem with it. I also have to respond to another mistake you have made: Marines are allowed to speak out on issues, even political. There are rules regarding political campaigns and anything even remotely close to disrespect, slander, or libel; but being a Marine doesn't force you to remain mute unless approved by higher headquarters. Indeed, the Corps lifted its bans on social media sites specifically because they trusted the judgement of the individual Marine when interacting with the public. That doesn't mean I can go on Facebook and call my Gunny a moron, but I can state some of the lore of the Corps. Lastly, yes, we do have to trust the reason of the reader, or the concept of an encyclopedia breaks down.  bahamut0013  words deeds 18:06, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

It is hearsay. Each day that you leave the nickname section up without proper citation (that's all I'm asking for), you are proving my point that you have no real evidence for it. You just admitted that the MACE might get worked up about it. Why would they get worked up? Forget pejorative or unsavory, how about accurate? Why can't you cite a source for the nicknames? Until you do, you should remove it, otherwise, like you said, the concept of an [accurate] encyclopedia breaks down, and you are the one compromising its accuracy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.101.167.89 (talk) 16:58, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * You're obviously not getting my point, and probably won't; so we've hit the point of diminishing returns on discussion. You have the problem, you do the legwork.  bahamut0013  words deeds 19:53, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

No, I understand your point and I'll leave you alone after this: If you are correct about the nicknames, why won't you include a source? You said people use them; who are they? Please cite them. Sorry you think that this has become pointless. That was not my aim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.101.167.89 (talk) 21:54, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

I'm a former Marine with a tan belt earned in mid-2001 (August I think). "Semper Fu" I know was a common nickname, it seems to have been coined here http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001-03-08-marines.htm. I've also seen the term McNinja used but far less often. Finding specific sources for these nicknames will be difficult because they're just that, nicknames and not official terms used by the government. The most official thing that could likely be found is a unit's official webpage using the moniker. (Anthony955 (talk) 06:05, 16 June 2011 (UTC))

Hours required?
Could someone clarify the hours required part? It seems a bit low, are these hours just for the testing? (Although they seem a bit high for this). I have no military knowledge but did train in civilian martial arts, and there, it was generally the case that an average person would take around 1500 hours to attain a black belt (Around 10 hours a week for 3 years), and to be instructor level, you'd need at least 5 years, and usually it was closer to 10 before people got awarded. I can certainly understand the military requiring less hours as they will usually be in much better physical condition than most civilians, and perhaps due to the fact people only serve for a limited number of years means 5-10 years to become an instructor is unrealistic, but a ratio of 10:1 for black belts seems a bit out of whack there (1500 hours vs 150 hours total based on the numbers on the page). Quelbonpat (talk) 06:27, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

In answering this question, the unfortunate response is; it depends. For the last several years the Marine Corps has started to push belt level requirements for promotion. As a result, many Marines in need of a particular belt often seek out an instructor and acquire their belts within a few days with little or no actual sparring, drills or tie-ins required to fill the actual standards for time. This is a trend that seems to be watering down the MCMAP program. When I went through my Green Belt Instructor course in 2006, it was 30 days long approximately 6-8 hours a day. In 2009, an IT ran the Black Belt course I was in and I acquired my belt in 6 days, 1.5 hours a day, plus a testing day. Things have certainly changed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.45.181.24 (talk) 01:41, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

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Use of MCMAP belt in Army OCP if prior service Marines join the army or any other service branch
I am a prior service Marine in the Army National Guard and I’m trying to find if there is a regulation regarding the use of my MCMAP brown belt I earned if I can use it on my Army cammies (OCP). 67.1.23.140 (talk) 22:03, 28 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program


text:
Talk:Chiu Chi-ling

Untitled
Would it be copyright violation to copy Jacob Adelman's article from San Francisco Chronicle April 20, 2005?

rewrite
I rewrote this article, the copyright violation should be cleared. Rx StrangeLove 17:33, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chiu Chi-ling


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Talk:Almeirim

We are going to Almeirim in July. Can anybody give me some more info re this town as a tourist destination? Cornelius

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title: User talk:12.214.195.245


text:
Out of Time (2003 film)

Out of Time is a 2003 American mystery thriller film directed by Carl Franklin and starring Denzel Washington. The two had previously worked together for the 1995 film Devil in a Blue Dress.

Plot
Mathias "Matt" Lee Whitlock is the respected Chief of Police of the small Florida Keys town of Banyan Key. Recently separated, Whitlock is currently seeing local resident Ann Merai-Harrison, an old flame from high school whose husband Chris, a former professional quarterback seemingly oblivious to the relationship, abuses her. While taking Ann to the doctor, Matt finds out she has just been diagnosed with terminal cancer. Matt is also going through a divorce from his wife, homicide detective Alex, and is friends with medical examiner Chae.

Ann intends to reward Matt's loyalty to her by making him the sole beneficiary of her $1,000,000 life insurance policy. Matt suggests that she should travel to Switzerland to undergo a newly developed, groundbreaking treatment. The problem is that Ann does not have any money. Desperate to help her, Matt takes $485,000 out of evidence from a drug kingpin bust and gives it to her so she can make the trip. When the money goes up in flames in a suspicious house fire that kills Ann and Chris, Matt is horrified to find their charred remains.

Upon investigation, Matt discovers that the doctor that diagnosed Ann was an imposter, Ann didn't have cancer, and he has been set up.

When the Drug Enforcement Administration agents call the next day to get the evidence money in order to bust the drug kingpin, Matt responds erratically. He finds out that the money is now with the imposter doctor and that Alex is about to bust him. He rushes to the hotel and after a brief struggle, he accidentally kills the imposter, takes the money and flees. Although Matt is seen by the police, he is thought to have come to protect Alex.

Later that evening, Alex finds that Matt is Ann's sole beneficiary and also that he has been in a relationship with her. At the same time, Matt receives a distress call from Ann, who is still alive, and unofficially goes to save her. Chris and Matt fight, Ann shoots and kills Chris. Then Ann reveals that she had planned all of this for money and fortune, and shoots Matt in the leg.

When Ann is about to kill Matt, Alex kills her; Alex traced Matt using a GPS tracker and asks him whether he planned to elope with the money but Matt reveals that he has not brought the money with him. When the irritated DEA agents come to arrest Matt as he had promised to deliver the money earlier that day, he says that his man was sent to Miami, and simultaneously Chae appears with the money, explaining about a wrong address and that he could not find the DEA office. So the DEA agents leave with the money and Matt has no charges on him.

Later, when Matt is on medical leave, Chae visits him with news that Matt is the recipient of Ann's insurance policy. But Alex says that, "as his wife," she knows that Matt has to reject it, meaning that she has decided to drop the divorce and move back in with Matt. Overjoyed, Matt seemingly forgets about the life insurance money, though Chae is amusingly adamant that Matt must take it.

Awards
2004 Black Reel Awards
 * Won: Best Theatrical Film
 * Nominated: Best Actor, Denzel Washington
 * Won: Best Actress, Sanaa Lathan
 * Nominated: Best Director, Carl Franklin

2004 Image Awards
 * Nominated: Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture, Denzel Washington
 * Nominated: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Sanaa Lathan

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 64% based on 150 reviews, with an average rating of 6.30 out of 10. The critical consensus states the film is a "fun and stylish thriller if you can get past the contrivances." On Metacritic it has a score of 63% based on reviews from 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Video game
WAP and Java mobile phone games based upon this movie were released in the UK in association with O2 and Momentum Pictures by Kalador Entertainment Inc.

Home media
Out of Time was released on VHS and DVD on January 6, 2004, in widescreen-only for DVD & full screen for VHS.

title: Out of Time (2003 film)


text:
Hiroaki Mitsuya

Hiroaki Mitsuya (満屋 裕明) is a Japanese virologist famous for his role in discovery of the anti-HIV drug zidovudine (AZT) as well as other anti-AIDS drugs including didanosine (ddI) and zalcitabine (ddC).

Mitsuya was born in Sasebo, Nagasaki and received his M.D. and Ph.D. from Kumamoto University. He joined the American National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1982, working initially on Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 before switching his attention to HIV. His identification of AZT as an anti-HIV drug, as well as the anti-HIV properties of didanosine and zalcitabine, was made in 1985. He was appointed Professor of Hematology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology at Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical And Pharmaceutical Sciences.

In December, 2006, he was awarded the first NIH World AIDS Day Award for his work in developing drugs for AIDS. Mitsuya has been chief of the NCI's Experimental Retrovirology Section since 1991.

References and Links

 * Page describing Dr. Mitsuya's research on NCI website
 * Yarchoan R, Mitsuya H, Broder S. AIDS therapies. Scientific American 1988;259(4):110-9

title: Hiroaki Mitsuya