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Leedsichthys

Leedsichthys is an extinct genus of pachycormid fish that lived in the oceans of the Middle to Late Jurassic. It is the largest ray-finned fish, and amongst the largest fish known to have ever existed.

The first remains of Leedsichthys were identified in the nineteenth century. Especially important were the finds by the British collector Alfred Nicholson Leeds, after whom the genus was named "Leeds' fish" in 1889. The type species is Leedsichthys problematicus. Leedsichthys fossils have been found in England, France, Germany and Chile. In 1999, based on the Chilean discoveries, a second species was named Leedsichthys notocetes, but this was later shown to be indistinguishable from L. problematicus.

Leedsichthys fossils have been difficult to interpret because the skeletons were not completely made of bone. Large parts consisted of cartilage that did not fossilize. On several occasions the enigmatic large partial remains have been mistaken for stegosaurian dinosaur bones. As the vertebrae are among the parts that have not been preserved, it is hard to determine the total body length. Estimates have varied significantly. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a length of 9 m was seen as plausible, but by its end Leedsichthys was sometimes claimed to have been over 30 m long. Recent research has lowered this to about 16.5 m for the largest individuals. Skull bones have been found indicating that Leedsichthys had a large head with bosses on the skull roof. Fossilised bony fin rays show large elongated pectoral fins and a tall vertical tail fin. The gill arches were lined by gill rakers, equipped by a unique system of delicate bone plates, that filtered plankton from the sea water, the main food source.

Along with its close pachycormid relatives Bonnerichthys and Rhinconichthys, Leedsichthys is part of a lineage of large-sized filter-feeders that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years, from the middle Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous period. Pachycormids might represent an early branch of Teleostei, the group most modern bony fishes belong to; in that case Leedsichthys is the largest known teleost fish.

Discovery and naming
During the 1880s, the gentleman farmer Alfred Nicholson Leeds collected large fish fossils from loam pits near Peterborough, England. In May 1886 these were inspected by John Whitaker Hulke, who in 1887 partially reported them as the back plates of the stegosaurian Omosaurus. On 22 August 1888, the American dinosaur expert Professor Othniel Charles Marsh visited Leeds' farm at Eyebury and quickly concluded that the presumed dinosaurian armour in fact represented the skull bones of a giant fish. Within two weeks British fish expert Arthur Smith Woodward examined the specimens and began to prepare a formal description published in 1889. In it he named the species Leedsichthys problematicus. The generic name Leedsichthys means "Leeds' fish", from Greek ἰχθύς, ichthys, "fish". The fossils found by Leeds gave the fish the specific epithet problematicus because the remains were so fragmented that they were extremely hard to recognize and interpret. After a second publication in 1889, objections were raised against the perceived "barbaric" nature of the generic name, which simply attached a non-Latinised British family name to a Classical Greek word. Woodward therefore in 1890 changed the genus name to Leedsia, resulting in a Leedsia problematica. However, by modern standards this is a non-valid junior synonym. The holotype specimen, BMNH P.6921, had been found in a layer of the Oxford Clay Formation dating from the Callovian, about 165 million years old. It consists of 1133 disarticulated elements of the skeleton, mostly fin ray fragments, probably of a single individual. Another specimen, BMNH P.6922, contains additional probable fragmentary remains of Leedsichthys. Woodward also identified a specimen previously acquired from the French collector Tesson, who had in 1857 found them in the Falaises des Vaches Noires of Normandy, BMNH 32581, as the gill rakers of Leedsichthys. Another specimen bought in 1875 from the collection of William Cunnington, BMNH 46355, he failed to recognise.

Leeds continued to collect Leedsichthys fossils that subsequently were acquired by British musea. In March 1898, Leeds reported to have discovered a tail which he on 17 March 1899 sold for £25 to the British Museum of Natural History, which exhibited it as specimen BMNH P.10000; a new inventory number range was begun for the occasion. Already in July 1898, the front of probably the same animal had been bought, BMNH P.11823. On 22 July 1905 specimen BMNH P.10156 was acquired, a gill basket. In January 1915 Leeds sold specimens GLAHM V3362, a pectoral fin, and GLAHM V3363, the remainder of the same skeleton with 904 elements, to the Hunterian Museum of Glasgow.

Leeds had a rival, the collector Henry Keeping, who in 1899 tricked pit workers into selling dorsal fin rays by misinforming them that Leeds had lost interest in such finds. Keeping again sold these to the University of Cambridge where they were catalogued as specimen CAMSM J.46873. In September 1901, they were examined by the German palaeontologist Friedrich von Huene, who identified them as tail spikes, Schwanzstacheln, of Omosaurus, the second time Leedsichthys remains were mistaken for stegosaurian bones; Leeds himself was able to disabuse von Huene the same year.

In 2001, students at the Dogsthorpe Star Pit discovered a major new British specimen that they nicknamed "Ariston" after a 1991 commercial for the Indesit Ariston washing machine that claimed it went "on and on and on" — likewise the bones of Leedsichthys seemed to endlessly continue into the face of the loam pit. From 2002 until 2004 "Ariston" or specimen PETMG F174 was excavated by a team headed by Jeff Liston; to uncover the remains it was necessary to remove ten thousand tonnes of loam forming an overburden of 15 m thickness. The find generated considerable media attention, inspiring an episode of the BBC Sea Monsters series, "The Second Most Deadly Sea", and a Channel Four documentary titled The Big Monster Dig, both containing computer-generated animated reconstructions of Leedsichthys. Liston subsequently dedicated a dissertation and a series of articles to Leedsichthys, providing the first extensive modern osteology of the animal.

Apart from the British discoveries, finds of a more fragmentary nature continued to be made in Normandy, France. In July 1982, Germany became an important source of Leedsichthys fossils when two groups of amateur palaeontologists, unaware of each other's activities, began to dig up the same skeleton at Wallücke. Remarkably, parts of it were again incorrectly identified as stegosaurian material, of Lexovisaurus. From 1973 onwards, fragmentary Leedsichthys fossils were uncovered in Chile. In March 1994, a more complete specimen was found, SMNK 2573 PAL. In 1999 the Chilean finds were named as a second species, Leedsichthys notocetes, the "Southern Sea Monster". However, Liston later concluded that the presumed distinguishing traits of this species, depressions on the gill rakers, were artefacts caused by erosion; Leedsichthys notocetes would be a junior synonym of Leedsichthys problematicus.

Fossil range
The fossil remains of Leedsichthys have been found in the Callovian of England and northern Germany, the Oxfordian of Chile, and the Callovian and upper Kimmeridgian of France. These occurrences span a temporal range of at least five million years. A complete and isolated gill raker from the Vaca Muerta formation of Argentina (MOZ-Pv 1788), has been assigned to the genus and dates to the early Tithonian.

Description
Although the remains of over seventy individuals have been found, most of them are partial and fragmentary. The skeleton of Leedsichthys is thus only imperfectly known. This is largely caused by the fact that many skeletal elements, including the front of the skull and the vertebral centra, did not ossify but remained cartilage. Furthermore, those that did ossify were gradually hollowed out during the lifetime of the animal by resorption of the inner bone tissue. In the fossil phase, compression flattened and cracked these hollow structures, making it extraordinarily difficult to identify them or determine their original form.

The head was probably relatively large and wide but still elongated. The snout is completely unknown. Frontal bones are absent. The skull roof is rather robust with bosses on the parietals, continuing sideways over the dermopterotica, and the postparietals. The parietals have a notch on the front midline. A dermosphenoticum is present above the eye socket. The jaws are toothless. Behind the jaw joint a robust hyomandibula is present. The gill basket rests on paired hypohyalia. At least the first two gill arches have ossified hypobranchialia, the lower parts of the gill arch; a third hypobranchiale was likely present. The hypobranchials are attached at their lower ends at an angle of 21,5° via a functional joint that possibly served to increase the gape of the mouth, to about two feet. All five gill arches have ossified ceratobranchialia with a triangular cross-section, the middle sections of the arches. The hypobranchials are fused with their ceratobranchials. The fifth gill arch is fused with the front parts of the basket. Higher epibranchialia and pharyngobranchialia are present but poorly known. The fourth arches are supported by a midline fourth basibranchiale. An ossified operculum is present.

The gill arches are equipped with rows of parallel 3-to-12-centimetre-long (1.2-to-4.7-inch-long) gill rakers, in life probably attached to the ceratobranchials via soft tissue. On the top of each raker one or two rows of dozens of low "teeth" are present. When there are two rows, they are placed on the edges of the upper surface and separated by a deep trough, itself separated from an internal hollow space by a transverse septum. The teeth or "fimbriations" are obliquely directed towards the front and the top. They are grooved at their sides, the striations continuing over the sides of the raker. Detailed study of exquisitely preserved French specimens revealed to Liston that these teeth were, again via soft tissue, each attached to delicate 2-millimetre-long (0.08-inch-long) bony plates, structures that had never before been observed among living or extinct fishes. An earlier hypothesis that the striations would function as sockets for sharp "needle teeth", as with the basking shark, was hereby refuted. The rakers served to filter plankton, the main food supply of Leedsichthys, from the sea water.

Large parts of the Leedsichthys fossils consist of bony finrays. Leedsichthys has two pectoral fins that probably were located rather low on the body. They are large, very elongated — about five times longer than wide — and scythe-like, with a sudden kink at the lower end, curving 10° to the rear. Also a dorsal fin is present, although its position is unknown. Pelvic fins at the belly are lacking; also a pelvic plate is absent. However, there are indications for a small triangular anal fin. The vertical tail fin is very large and symmetrical with paired upper and lower lobes; there is a smaller lobe in the middle protruding between them. The rays are unsegmented lepidotrichia, resulting in a rather stiff structure. They are bifurcated at up to three splitting points along their length, so a proximally single ray may have eight distal ends. A row of bony supraneuralia is present behind the head, at each side of the vertebral column. Uroneuralia at the tail are unknown. No bony scales are present.

Size
Leedsichthys is the largest known member of the Osteichthyes or bony fishes. The largest extant non-tetrapodomorph bony fish is the ocean sunfish, Mola mola, being with a weight of up to two tonnes an order of magnitude smaller than Leedsichthys. The extant giant oarfish might rival Leedsichthys in length but is much thinner. The lack of a preserved vertebral column has made it difficult to estimate the exact length of Leedsichthys. Arthur Smith Woodward, who described the type specimen in 1889, estimated specimen BMNH P.10000 to be of an around nine metre long individual, by comparing this tail of Leedsichthys, having a preserved height of 274 cm, with another pachycormid, Hypsocormus. The length of Leedsichthys was not historically the subject of much attention, the only reference to it being made by Woodward himself when he in 1937 indicated it again as 9 m on the museum label of BMNH P.10000. However, in 1986, David Martill compared the bones of Leedsichthys to a pachycormid that he had recently discovered, Asthenocormus. The unusual proportions of that specimen gave a wide range of possible sizes. Some were as low as 13.5 m, but extrapolating from the gill basket resulted in an estimated length of 27.6 m for Leedsichthys specimen NHM P.10156 (the earlier BMNH P.10156). Martill considered the higher estimate as a plausible size of the largest individuals. Subsequently, a length of thirty metres (hundred feet) was often mentioned in popular science publications, sometimes one as high as 35 m.

Liston in his studies concluded to much lower estimates. Documentation of historical finds and the excavation of "Ariston", the most complete specimen ever from the Star Pit near Whittlesey, Peterborough, support Woodward's figures of between 9 and 10 m. With "Ariston" the pectoral fins are 100.5 cm apart, indicating a narrow body of no excessive size, even though it was initially thought to have been 22 m long. In 2007 Liston stated that most specimens indicated lengths between 7 and 12 m. A linear extrapolation from the gill basket would be flawed because the gills grow disproportionally in size, having to increase their surface allometrically to ensure the oxygen supply of a body increasing in volume to the third power. The growth ring structures within the remains of Leedsichthys have indicated that it would have taken 21 to 25 years to reach these lengths, and isolated elements from other specimens showed that a maximum size of just over 16 m is not unreasonable.

In 2013, Liston and colleagues estimated that the age of the five specimens (PETMG F174, NHMUK PV P10000, GLAHM V3363, NHMUK PV P6921 and NHMUK PV P10156) would have ranged between 19 and 40 years old. The largest specimen, NHMUK PV P10156, on the basis of its gill basket with a preserved width of 114 cm and height of 154.5 cm, would have been 38 years old (2 years younger than the holotype NHMUK PV P6921) and measured 16.5 m long. In 2018, Ferron and colleagues estimated that this specimen would have weighed 44.9 MT.

Phylogeny
Woodward initially assigned Leedsichthys to the Acipenseroidea, considering it related to the sturgeon, having the large gill rakers and branching finrays in common. In 1905, he changed this to the Pachycormidae. The Pachycormidae have a somewhat uncertain position. Often they are considered very basal Teleostei — if so, Leedsichthys would be the largest known teleost — others see them as members of a Pachycormiformes forming the sister group of the Teleostei, and sometimes they are seen as even more basal Amiiformes. In the latter case the extant bowfin, Amia calva, would be the closest living relative of Leedsichthys.

Within the Pachycormidae, a cladistic analysis found Leedsichthys to be the sister species of Asthenocormus, their clade being the sister group of Martillichthys.

This cladogram after Friedman et al. shows a possible position of Leedsichthys in the evolutionary tree.

Paleobiology
Like the largest fish today, the whale sharks and basking sharks, Leedsichthys problematicus derived its nutrition as a suspension feeder, using an array of specialised gill rakers lining its gill basket to extract zooplankton, small animals, from the water passing through its mouth and across its gills. It is less clear whether also phytoplankton, algae, were part of the diet. Leedsichthys could have been a ram feeder, making the water pass through its gills by swimming, but could also have actively pumped the water through the gill basket. In 2010, Liston suggested that fossilised furrows discovered in ancient sea floors in Switzerland and attributed to the activity of plesiosaurs, had in fact been made by Leedsichthys spouting water through its mouth to disturb and eat the benthos, the animals dwelling in the sea floor mud.

Much is still uncertain about the life cycle of Leedsichthys. Liston's 2013 study suggested a slow, nearly linear, growth. A French study in 1993 of its bone structure concluded however, that the metabolism was rather high. Also problematic is how Leedsichthys could increase its size quickly during the first year of its life. Teleostei typically lay relatively small eggs and this has been seen as an obstacle for them attaining giant sizes.

In 1986, Martill reported the presence of a tooth of the marine crocodile Metriorhynchus in a bone of Leedsichthys. The bone would have healed, a sign that the about 3-metre-long (10-foot-long) Metriorhynchus was actively hunting the much larger fish. However, in 2007 Liston concluded the bone tissue had not in fact healed and that this was probably a case of scavenging. A 2.5 m-long specimen FBS 2012.4.67.80, assigned to Metriorhynchus cf. superciliosus, was found with the gill apparatus of Leedsichthys and remains of invertebrates inside its stomach. Such content indicates that the diet of metriorhynchids was varied, and this individual most likely ate already dead fish. An apex predator of the Oxford Clay seas large enough to attack Leedsichthys was the pliosaurid Liopleurodon.

In 1999 Martill suggested that a climate change at the end of the Callovian led to the extinction of Leedsichthys in the northern seas, the southern Ocean offering a last refuge during the Oxfordian. However, in 2010 Liston pointed out that Leedsichthys during the later Kimmeridgian was still present in the north, as testified by Normandian finds. Liston did nevertheless consider in 2007 that the lack of any vertebrate suspension feeders as large as 0.5 m prior to the Callovian stage of the Mesozoicum might indicate that the Callovian had seen a marked change in productivity as regarded zooplankton populations. Indeed, further studies supported this, viewing Leedsichthys as the beginning of a long line of large (>2 m in length) pachycormid suspension feeders that continued to flourish well into the Late Cretaceous, such as Bonnerichthys and Rhinconichthys, and emphasising the convergent evolutionary paths taken by pachycormids and baleen whales.

Recent studies have uncovered some estimations regarding metabolic rate and speed for Leedsichthys. Using data from living teleost fish as a comparison, scientists discovered that Leedsichthys could have cruised along at potential speeds of 17.8 kph while still maintaining oxygenation of its body tissues.

title: Leedsichthys


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Reefing

Reefing reduces the area of a sail, usually by folding or rolling one edge of the canvas in on itself and attaching the unused portion to a spar or a, as the primary measure to preserve a sailing vessel's stability in strong winds. Restoring full sail area is termed shaking out a.

Whereas fore-and-aft rigged vessels store the unused portion of the sail on a boom (below the sail), square-rigged vessels stow the unused portion on a spar above the sail. Reefing may occur by rolling the sail around its luff or  foot, either on a rotating stay or within a spar.

Fore-and-aft rigs
Sails may have built-in alternative attachment points that allow their area to be reduced. In a mainsail, pairs of grommets, called reefing tacks, reefing clews, or reefing cringles may be installed in the sail; a cruising boat will typically have two to three pairs. Pulling these points down to the boom forms a new tack and clew, reducing the sail's area. Using the pair of grommets closest to the boom is called a single reef, using the next pair is called a double reef, and so on. A sail may have reef points, grommeted holes in the sail between the reefing tacks. These are used with reefing lines or buntlines to secure the excess fabric of the sail after reefing to minimize flogging and improve visibility from the cockpit.

Slab
Slab or jiffy reefing allows for the quick establishment of a new tack and clew, while the halyard is partially lowered and then raised. One or two reefing lines passing through the sail's luff and leach reef cringles create a new tack and clew for the sail by pulling those points tight to the boom. These can be led back to the cockpit to allow crew members to reef without going on deck in heavy weather. Intermediate reef cringles need not be used.

Roller
Roller reefing rolls or wraps the sail around a wire, foil, or spar to reduce its exposure to the wind. In mainsail furling systems the sail is either wrapped around the boom by a mechanism in the gooseneck or hardware inside the boom winds it around a rotating foil. Furling systems controlled with lines led to the cockpit allow reefing without crew having to go on deck in heavy weather. Roller reefing also allows more variable sail area than conventional or jiffy reefing. Countering these advantages are the furled sail possibly not having an optimal shape and sail repair or replacement being more difficult. In-mast roller-furling mainsails are not conducive to good sail shape.

Square rigs
Square-rigged sails hang from a spar, called a yard. When reefed, the sail is pulled upwards and affixed to the yard at one of the reef bands that runs horizontally across the sail. Each reef band is a canvas-reinforced strip, which contains cringles—eyes through which the reef lines pass that attach the sail to the yard. A sail may have several reef bands to shorten sail to different degrees.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Reefing


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User talk:Dking/dking

Hello Dking, could you please proivide more reference for what you wrote at cult. The subject is sensitive, diverse and complicated so I think references are important. Thanks. Andries 06:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dking/dking


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Abutment

An abutment is the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam supporting its superstructure. Single-span bridges have abutments at each end that provide vertical and lateral support for the span, as well as acting as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach. Multi-span bridges require piers to support ends of spans unsupported by abutments. Dam abutments are generally the sides of a valley or gorge, but may be artificial in order to support arch dams such as Kurobe Dam in Japan.

The civil engineering term may also refer to the structure supporting one side of an arch, or masonry used to resist the lateral forces of a vault. The impost or abacus of a column in classical architecture may also serve as an abutment to an arch.

The word derives from the verb "abut", meaning to "touch by means of a mutual border".

Use
An abutment may be used to transfer loads from a superstructure to its foundation, to resist or transfer self weight, lateral loads (such as the earth pressure) and wind loads, to support one end of an approach slab, or to balance vertical and horizontal forces in an arch bridge.

Types
Types of abutments include:
 * Gravity abutment, resists horizontal earth pressure with its own dead weight
 * U abutment, U-shaped gravity abutment
 * Cantilever abutment, cantilever retaining wall designed for large vertical loads
 * Full height abutment, cantilever abutment that extends from the underpass grade line to the grade line of the overpass roadway
 * Stub abutment, short abutments at the top of an embankment or slope, usually supported on piles
 * Semi-stub abutment, size between full height and stub abutment
 * Counterfort abutment, similar to counterfort retaining walls
 * Spill-through abutment, vertical buttresses with open spaces between them
 * MSE systems, "Reinforced Earth" system: modular units with metallic reinforcement
 * Pile bent abutment, similar to spill-through abutment

title: Abutment


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Talk:William Proxmire

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Filibuster
Proxmire held the 6th longest Filibuster in Senate history, shouldnt that be at least 'mentioned' somewhere in his article? jonas (talk) 11:57, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

Orphaned references in William Proxmire
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of William Proxmire's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Time": From John D. Lavelle:  From J. William Fulbright:  From Burnet R. Maybank: "Beneath the Magnolias". Time. September 13, 1954.

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:18, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Fixed.
 * Billmckern (talk) 18:42, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Proxmire


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Anita Hoffman

Anita Hoffman (née Kushner, March 16, 1942 – December 27, 1998) was an American Yippie activist, writer, prankster, and the wife of Abbie Hoffman.

Hoffman helped her husband plan some of the most memorable pranks of the Yippie movement. She supported Abbie Hoffman during his life underground while she raised their son, america (deliberately stylized with a lowercase a) Hoffman.

Hoffman edited a book published in 1976 of letters she and Abbie had written to each other from April 1974 through early March 1975 while Abbie was "underground" to avoid a prison sentence for allegedly selling cocaine, To America with Love: Letters From the Underground. She authored the novel Trashing, which she wrote under the pseudonym Ann Fettamen.

According to CNN, in "one of her most audacious moves, she went on a sort of diplomatic mission to Algeria to meet with Black Panther leader Eldridge Cleaver, and try to forge a coalition between the Panthers and the Yippies."

She died of breast cancer on December 27, 1998, aged 56.

Her life was dramatized in the 2000 film Steal This Movie, in which she was portrayed by Janeane Garofalo.

title: Anita Hoffman


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Frederick III of Germany

Frederick III of Germany may refer to:

 * Frederick the Fair, the third king of Germany named Frederick ((r. 1314 – 1330))
 * Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ((r. 1440 – 1493))
 * Frederick III, German Emperor ((r. undefined – undefined) 1888)

title: Frederick III of Germany


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nicholas Stern

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was REMOVE content with PREJUDICE, RESTORE uncontested former content Jerzy·t 19:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: The content that the vote was about, was recreated at Nicholas Stern (Titan Eagle); that page was speedly deleted according to this vote. Eugene van der Pijll 20:43, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nicholas Stern
A question of notability - no allmusic.com or artistdirect.com entry. No albums. Possible vanity/self-promotion. Nicholas Stern + musician turns up 15 Google hits some of which are not related,. JamesBurns 06:54, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 18:38, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity promo. --Etacar11 22:40, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't know how to vote on this thing, but Nicholas Stern did not write this. I'm not exactly sure how to prove that, but there are plenty of outsider artists that have no albums that would'nt be found on either of those sites you mentioned. I was adding this to the growing list of outsider artists, not trying to promote someone, whom I'm assuming doesnt even wan't to do music anymore. If you were to delete this article on those grounds, it would only be fair that you delete Shooby Taylor as well. Only it can basically be proven that his was not a vanity page as he is dead. Also I think you would have better luck in the searches if you looked up: Nicholas Stern+Slapshot Rock as this was his most recognized song. (comment by Aubin)
 * I only get 7 hits on the above search. Considering that one of them calls him "not-so-famous", it's still a question of notability. --Etacar11 22:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Again however fame is relative. He is famous in the outsider world as is Shooby Taylor but he obviously isnt on MTV. I did'nt know that fame was the prerequisite for being on Wikipedia. After all if everything on here was famous, there would be no point in posting something. (comment by Aubin)
 * But Shooby Taylor gets thousands of hits when you search on his name. Yes, fame is relative. --Etacar11 22:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Shooby was included in the first wave of Outsider interest sparked by Irwin Chusid's book "The key of Z". I guess if we're talking amount of hits on websites to justify being on Wikipedia, whoever is typing has got me beat, however I don't see how this justifies not keeping an article on especially from the prior reasoning of "not having an album" which has now been replaced by "Does not have a lot of hits when searched for". I may have misunderstood but were you being sarcastic when you reitterated that fame is relative? (comment by Aubin)
 * I wasn't being sarcastic, I was just pointing out a comparison between the two. All I'm sayingn is that Shooby Taylor seems more notable.  WP:MUSIC has some guidelines on notability for musicians.  To me, it seems like Shooby passes. Nicholas Stern doesn't.  (This is all just my opinion, of course)  By the way, sign your comments with four tildes (this char: ~).  --Etacar11 23:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I mean it would be really hard for Shooby Taylor to legitimately live up to those standards with the exceptions of websites. Nicholas Stern was at one point featured prominently amongst a lot of the outsider pages such as "worst of the worst" and "Incorrect Music" and is still featured in the Outsider Music Group. I mean if this is going to be a standard, you have to put up notice that says "You must have X amount of hits in order to qualify to be on Wikipedia before you can post." Also would it make a difference in fame if I mentioned the fact that Steve Pascuito did some sidework on some 90's television shows as a stand-in and extra? Which is the case.
 * Del, sort of. This is overdue to be called, and no one has mentioned that the article was created by removing long-standing content on the real Nicholas Stern, and turning his lks into false lks.  It doesn't seem worth going thru the motions of deleting just to restore the old one, so i am calling this VfD & construing the result as "remove all mention of the non-notable one, with prejudice, and revert to the version that made no mention of him." ("With prejudice" means in this case that any article restoring essentially the same content under a different title would be speedy-deletable.)

--Jerzy·t 19:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Rebate plane

The rebate plane (British English) or rabbet plane (American English) is a hand plane designed for cutting rebates/rabbets in wood. It's a simple tool used in many Western countries with hundreds of years of history. It was in use in England at least as early as the 11th century.

Description
The rebate plane is one of a group of planes, including the shoulder plane, bullnose plane, and carriage makers plane, in which the blade protrudes by a very small amount—usually less than half a millimetre—from the sides of the plane body on both sides. It is a hand plane designed for cutting rebates/rabbets in wood. The blade is slightly wider than the body of the plane. The reason for the slight protrusion of the blade is so that the plane body does not bind on the side of the cut, which would result in the side wall of the rabbet not being perpendicular to the bottom.

The rebate plane commonly has a depth stop and a fence, which allows the width and depth of the rabbet to be gauged. They also are commonly equipped with a spur, which is designed to score the wood as the rabbet is cut, giving a cleaner corner. This is particularly valuable when working across the grain.

History
The rebate plane is a simple tool used in many Western countries with hundreds of years of history. It was in use in England at least as early as the 11th century.

Use
Rebate planes are intended for long grain cutting and are generally set up to remove large amounts of material quickly. The mouth is set quite coarsely to allow large chips to be removed.

Variations
There are a few variations of this plane, including the duplex rebate plane, which has two locations for the blade: one in the middle of the body for normal cutting and one at the front to allow cutting into corners. In the latter mode, the duplex rebate plane is similar to a bullnose plane.

title: Rebate plane


text:
Talk:Antiphospholipid syndrome

Rename article
The suggestion is made in this article that the anti phospholipid syndrome is caused by auto antibodies directed against negatively charged phospholipids on the cell/platelet surface. However for almost 15 years it is known that most of the antibodies in this syndrome are directed against proteins that bind negatively charged phospholipids such as prothrombin and beta-2-glycoprotein-1. It is the binding of antibodies to coagulation proteins that causes altered coagulation processes not the binding of antibodies against negatively charged phospholipids.

I suggest to change the article to correct this misunderstanding. Bio2mancer 24 june 2006.

 * sofixit JFW | T@lk  20:58, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Sapporo criteria
We should mention the Sapporo criteria:. JFW | T@lk  20:58, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

 * And a recent amendment: . JFW |  T@lk  20:59, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Recent review
A recent systematic review on the treatment shows how little we actually know about optimal treatment for this:. JFW | T@lk  21:01, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Furthermore, a new study in the New England Journal of Medicine -- Kaandorp SP et al, N Engl J Med 362;17p1586–1596 shows no benefit of aspirin + LMWH over placebo -- in women with recurrent miscarriage -- and the accompanying editorial states that although inherited thrombophilia is associated with miscarriage, anticoagulants in this indication don't help. We know less than we think!

Page has massive changes
Since 07 NOV 06...actually making this page very inaccurate. Please revert back to previous revision before 07 NOV 06. Tried to get the categories back in. Hopefully I did it right.eyz 00:10, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Typo
Changed a typo (phosphotidylserine to Phosphatidylserine). Rage italic 15:54, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

APSFA Page
Actaully that page is cited and is HONCode certifed. Very few sites can say that. It has a bio. upon request.eyz 17:53, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

APSCORE
APSCORE is no longer functioning due to lack of funding from the CDC and NIH. Link Removed. eyz

Nature of antibodies
Some antibodies are more aborto/thrombogenic than others JFW |  T@lk  06:42, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Blood!
- how we diagnose APS. JFW | T@lk  17:29, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Source
Is House MD a reliable and authentic source? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.208.112.205 (talk) 20:15, 21 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Absolutely not. House MD is entertainment, not a reliable source for anything.Wzrd1 (talk) 17:53, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Review
10.1182/blood-2012-03-378646 the relevance of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies. JFW | T@lk  20:57, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * NEJM mechanisms of disease: 10.1056/NEJMra1112830 JFW | T@lk  16:09, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Historical review in Br J Haem 10.1111/bjh.12848 JFW | T@lk  18:59, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Laboratory technique
10.1111/jth.12537 ISTH JFW | T@lk  07:17, 25 May 2014 (UTC)

Sentence
Hi. In the section under the subsubhead 2.1, Lupus anticoagulant, we currently begin the second paragraph thus: "Distinguishing a lupus antibody from a specific coagulation factor inhibitor (eg: Factor VIII)." This is not a sentence and does not make sense on its own. I'd fix it if I was sure how to without distorting the intended sense, but I'm not. (I was tempted to weld it into the next sentence but I'm not 100% certain that works - or was it like a yet another subhead perhaps??) Can someone who can see the sense of the whole thing please sort it out? Thanks and best wishes, DBaK (talk) 11:21, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Fixed, though it's likely the whole section (and many others) should be drastically cut back; encyclopedias don't normally, and shouldn't, give specific diagnostic criteria and protocols - especially when these vary from place to place. Grothmag (talk) 00:13, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

Request to create disambiguation(s)
I only recently heard of this disease, and had quite a bit of difficulty finding information about it until someone mentioned that it was called by names, including “APLS or APLA in the United States and Hughes Syndrome or Sticky Blood in the UK” (information taken from the APS Foundation of America). Given the disparity of naming for the condition, I would think it appropriate to include it on various disambiguation pages and/or redirects, as appropriate, to make this information easier to locate.

I’m not familiar enough with Wikipedia’s policies to be comfortable introducing such changes myself, but I welcome others to consider those additions. Much thanks!

jF 11:48, 3 June 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:3CA:204:F860:D824:EC9F:804C:D3BF (talk)

New review
10.1111/bjh.14632 JFW | T@lk  19:55, 26 March 2017 (UTC)

 * ISTH criteria for laboratory diagnosis: 10.1111/jth.13976 JFW | T@lk  21:21, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Something about the DOACs for thromboprophylaxis. 10.1111/jth.14017 JFW | T@lk  21:23, 12 April 2018 (UTC)

 * NEJM this week 10.1056/NEJMra1705454 JFW | T@lk  11:33, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

"New bloody syndrome" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect New bloody syndrome. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 August 2 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:40, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

ISTH SSC
Recommendations about DOACs 10.1111/jth.14935 JFW | T@lk  14:20, 1 September 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Wikipedia for the Medical Editor
— Assignment last updated by Saquiroz (talk) 19:35, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi, I am the student who made edits as a part of my Wiki Education assignment. I made large scale changes and added much information, but you can see the plan I enacted on my sandbox. Overall, I reduced the medical jargon significantly. I used blood clots instead of thrombosis and pregnancy related complications instead of obstetric. I used this mentality while a writing and editing the entire article. I moved history section up to the top for flow and changed the Risk Factors Section to Epidemiology and the Pathogenesis section to Mechanisms. I thought this would be more representative of the information and more understandable to general public. I took information from different spots in the article and reorganized it to different sections where I thought it may belong better. For the lead section, I summarized treatment more concisely and generally and fixed an error. For the Symptoms and Signs section, I reduced jargon, expanded discussion on what blood clots may look and feel like in different parts of the body, and created subcategories for most well known manifestations and other manifestations. I also added updated knowledge from the 16th International congress on antiphospholipid antibodies task force report on clinical presentation. I also changed organizational layout and introduced nuance approach to diagnosis section. I removed the specific Sydney research criteria and instead summarized them while adding the updated research criteria from 2023 join ACR/EULAR statement. I added subheaders to this section that I thought would make navigating this easier such as criteria, lab testing, and false tests. I expanded the false test section based on the ISTH guidelines released. I did not just mention false positives because they mentioned that false negatives could also happen. For the treatment section, I updated it with recent evidence and articles (including one previously mentioned on talk page) for DOACs vs Vit K antagonists. I also expanded the discussion about treatment options based on international guidelines. I tried to not go into the weeds but also give enough context to show that treatment differs based on clinical context. I left in the INR ratios because the general public could find this useful and it was mentioned in the guidelines. I also expanded the prognosis section to talk about prognostic factors and other associated risks with APS. It previously was one sentence with an uncited statistic, which I removed. In terms of sources, I only used meta-analysis, systematic reviews, and international guidelines information based in those type of studies.

 * Future changes needed:
 * -Generally: more information about CAPS could be added to all sections

 * -Mechanism section needs refining, updating, and reduction of jargon. I am not sure how much depth into the clotting cascade is necessary for the general public's understanding. Also, a good amount of the data in this section is from primary sources or narrative reviews. Finding secondary more reliable sources would be beneficial. I did not read these yet, but found two systematic reviews that may be helpful:

 * Zhu, Rui; Cheng, Chun-Yan; Yang, Yan; Denas, Gentian; Pengo, Vittorio (2022-06). "Prevalence of aPhosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies and association with antiphospholipid antibody profiles in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Thrombosis Research. 214: 106–114. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2022.04.021.

 * Tang, Kuo-Tung; Chen, Hsin-Hua; Chen, Tzu-Ting; Bracci, Nicole R.; Lin, Chi-Chien (2021-08-09). "Dendritic Cells and Antiphospholipid Syndrome: An Updated Systematic Review". Life. 11 (8): 801. doi:10.3390/life11080801.

 * -Symptoms and signs: Articles to add. First three are on specific noncriteria manifestations and the last one is on other autoimmune disease associated with APS.

 * Domingues V, Chock YP, Risse J, et al. Increased risk of acute and chronic renal lesions associated with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103158.

 * Loiseau P, Foret T, DeFilippis EM, et al. Risk of livedo reticularis with antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus 2022; 31: 1595–605.

 * Bernardoff, Inès; Picq, Alexandre; Loiseau, Pierre; Foret, Thomas; Dufrost, Virginie; Moulinet, Thomas; Unlu, Ozan; Erkan, Doruk; Wahl, Denis; Zuily, Stéphane (2022-01). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 21 (1): 102913. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102913

 * Bernardoff, Inès; Picq, Alexandre; Loiseau, Pierre; Foret, Thomas; Dufrost, Virginie; Moulinet, Thomas; Unlu, Ozan; Erkan, Doruk; Wahl, Denis; Zuily, Stéphane (2022-01). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Autoimmunity Reviews. 21 (1): 102913. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102913

 * El Hasbani, Georges; Viola, Mario; Sciascia, Savino; Taher, Ali T.; Uthman, Imad (2021-03). "Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Beyond Lupus: A Systematic Review of the Available Evidence". Rheumatology and Therapy. 8 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1007/s40744-020-00273-w

 * -Evaluation of sources: There are a few narrative reviews, primary literature, and websites being used currently. I did not remove them because I made many large scale edits and thought this would be a good task for next editor.

 * -Treatment: Data is needed for plasmapheresis intervention. Also, look out for more data on IVIG. I read this in my lit review and international guidelines that it can be sometimes used, but there is still not enough evidence to support it widely.

 * -Diagnosis: I think this section can still improve especially in the testing section. I think it needs to be simplified and fact checked. The SSC and ISTH guidelines may be helpful but I was struggling to understand it. Also, I was not sure if I needed to include references for the differential section. I added what I knew and wikilinked the pages, but if others think references would be important please add them. Earlier this section just had genetic thrombophilia so I wanted to expand it and show that that isn't the only diagnoses to consider and it may differ based on presenting symptoms.

 * Research: Information needs to be fact checked. I could not find that organization in that article, so that information may need to be removed.

 * Please reach out to my wiki page or comment below if you have any questions or concerns
 * Mhowiki (talk) 16:29, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

 * I ended up removing the following from the research section because I could not find the information in the citation "APS ACTION (the AntiPhospholipid Syndrome Alliance for Clinical Trials and InternatiOnal Networking), is the first-ever international research network that has been created to design and conduct large-scale, multicenter clinical trials in persistently antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) positive patients.[1] The network consists of a multidisciplinary group of physicians and investigators from around the world who are interested in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) research. The primary mission of APS ACTION is to prevent, treat, and cure antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) associated clinical manifestations through high quality, multicenter, and multidisciplinary clinical research. [citation needed]". It had been cited with this citation: Erkan D, Derksen R, Levy R, Machin S, Ortel T, Pierangeli S, et al. (February 2011). "Antiphospholipid Syndrome Clinical Research Task Force report". Lupus. 20 (2): 219–224. doi:10.1177/0961203310395053.
 * Mhowiki (talk) 19:52, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antiphospholipid syndrome


text:
Portal:Australia/Featured picture

2005 • 2006 • 2007 • 2008

title: Portal:Australia/Featured picture


text:
File:JFKwadeH.jpg

Henry Wade Found on UK Schoolsnet.

Fair use for Henry Wade
The image linked here is claimed to be used under fair use as:

 * 1) it is a photo of a famous individual;
 * 2) it is of much lower resolution than the original (copies made from it will be of very inferior quality)
 * 3) the photo is only being used for informational purposes.
 * 4) Its inclusion in the article adds significantly to the article because it shows the subject of this article.

title: File:JFKwadeH.jpg


text:
Brothers & Sisters (song)

"Brothers & Sisters" is a song by British rock band Coldplay. It was released as their debut single by Fierce Panda Records in 26 April 1999, following the extended play Safety (1998). The single peaked at number 92 on the UK Singles Chart and 1,500 copies of its vinyl edition were issued in a special wrap-around picture sleeve. It was re-released as an extended play by Brash Records in 2002.

Background
Following the band's performance at the Camden Falcon in December 1998, Fierce Panda Records founder Simon Williams was the first journalist to write about Coldplay and offered the band to release their debut single in his label through a short record deal.

Recording and versions
According to the single's liner notes, recording was completed in only four days and cost the band £400. The atmospheric sounds on the B-side track "Easy to Please" were created by setting up microphones on a wet road outside the studio. There are three versions of "Brothers & Sisters": the first and original one can be found on the "Ode to Deodorant" promo cassette, from 1998. The second is this release from 1999. The third and final version appeared as a B-side of the single "Trouble", from the band's debut album Parachutes.

Personnel

 * Coldplay
 * Chris Martin – vocals, acoustic guitar, piano
 * Jonny Buckland – lead guitar
 * Guy Berryman – bass guitar
 * Will Champion – drums

 * Additional personnel
 * Crash – producer
 * Mike Beever – engineer, mixer
 * John Hilton – photographer, artwork

title: Brothers & Sisters (song)


text:
GOL TV

GOL TV is an American TV sports channel dedicated to soccer owned by GOLTV Inc., based in North Bay Village, Florida. The network broadcasts Portugal Primeira Liga, Liga 1, and Campeonato Uruguay matches.

The network was among the first which started a trend of bilingual broadcasting among networks which serve both English language and Spanish language customers, a strategy since emulated by competitor beIN Sports with their English and Spanish networks and BabyFirst TV. GOL TV maintains one main feed with both English and Spanish language audio and bilingual promotional advertising (though paid programming can vary between English and Spanish and is not cross-translated). Some providers offer the two feeds as separate channels, while others present it as one channel with language selection handled by the viewer at the set-top box through the provider's secondary audio program (SAP) feature.

Ownership
GOL TV is a corporation of Florida, in the United States. , Enzo Francescoli was its CEO and managing director.

Carriage
As of January 10, 2024, GOL TV is no longer on Spectrum, and is available on Spanish language packages on DirecTV and AT&T U-verse. As of October 1, 2018, GOL TV is no longer included in Verizon Fios' channel line-up. Cox removed it from the lineup on April 1, 2019.

Talent
All based at Nix Media in Lima, Peru

In English:

 * Nino Torres: Play-by-play (lead)
 * Piero Montalvo: Play-by-play
 * Manuel Oyola: Play-by-play

UEFA

 * Primeira Liga (Portugal)
 * KNVB Cup

CONMEBOL

 * Peruvian Primera División (one or two matches each week, broadcast taken from GOLPERU)
 * Uruguayan Primera División

Other programs

 * Tu Fútbol - A weekly series that provides a recap and highlights of league matches from Uruguay. Tu Fútbol: Uruguay airs on Monday at 7:30 p.m. ET.
 * Portugol - A weekly series showcasing a full recap and highlights of the Portuguese Primeira Liga. The program airs every Tuesday night starting at 7:30 p.m. ET.
 * Foot Brazil - A weekly series that provides a recap and highlights of all the games from the São Paulo State Championship and the Brasileirão Serie A, as well as interviews with the biggest stars of Brazilian soccer. It airs on Wednesdays at 7 p.m. and 10 p.m. ET.
 * The Football Review
 * Clubland

Former programs

 * Campeonato Brasileiro, Campeonato Paulista
 * Spanish La Liga (2004-2012), Copa del Rey
 * Dutch Eredivisie
 * UEFA Europa League
 * CONCACAF qualifiers for the Gold Cup and FIFA World Cup
 * Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final
 * German Bundesliga
 * Coppa Italia
 * Supercoppa Italiana
 * Ecuadorian Serie A

GOL TV HD
GOL TV HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast of GOL TV that launched on August 1, 2010. Time Warner Cable in New York City added it on August 27, 2010.

title: GOL TV


text:
Die Südostschweiz

Südostschweiz (Southeastern Switzerland) is a Swiss German-language daily newspaper, published by Südostschweiz Mediengruppe in Chur, Graubünden.

Profile
The Südostschweiz has the following regional editions:
 * since 1997 Regionalausgabe Graubünden (until 1997 Bündner Zeitung)
 * since 2000 Regionalausgabe Glarus (until 2000 Glarner Nachrichten)
 * since 2006 Regionalausgabe Gaster und See (until 2000 Gasterländer/Seepresse)

The Südostschweiz had a circulation of 138,000 copies in 2003. In 2006 the newspaper had a circulation of 139,802 copies. In 2010 the paper had a circulation of 124,760 copies.

title: Die Südostschweiz


text:
Nape

The nape is the back of the neck. In technical anatomical/medical terminology, the nape is also called the nucha (from the Medieval Latin rendering of the Arabic نُخَاع, spinal marrow). The corresponding adjective is nuchal, as in the term nuchal rigidity for neck stiffness.

In many mammals, the nape bears a loose, non-sensitive area of skin, known as the scruff, by which a mother carries her young by her teeth, temporarily immobilizing it during transport. In the mating of cats, the male will grip the female's scruff with his teeth to help immobilize her during the act, a form of pinch-induced behavioral inhibition.

Cultural connotations
In traditional Japanese culture, the nape (項) was one of the few areas of the body (other than face and hands) left uncovered by women's attire. The nape of a woman's neck held a strong attraction for many Japanese men (see ).

In Egyptian and Lebanese culture, slapping the nape is considered a gesture of utter humiliation.

title: Nape


text:
Kunihiko Iwadare

Kunihiko Iwadare (岩垂 邦彦) was a Japanese businessman. A graduate of the Imperial College of Engineering (Kobu Daigaku) in Tokyo, he worked as a telegraph engineer for the Japanese government.

Biography
Iwadare left Japan in 1886 and traveled to New York. He was introduced to Charles Batchelor, an assistant of Thomas Edison. Iwadare was hired to work in an Edison facility in Manhattan at Goerck Street. Iwadare was transferred to Edison Machine Works in Schenectady, New York in January 1887.

Iwadare returned to Japan, hoping to participate in building the electrical industry in Japan. He first joined Osaka Dento (Osaka Electric Lamp Company) as an electrical engineer, and after eight years resigned from his post to start his own business as a general sales agent in Japan for General Electric and Western Electric companies.

In 1895 Western Electric wished to expand their telephone equipment sales business in Japan and proposed a limited partnership with Iwadare. Their representative was Walter Tenney Carleton. Iwadare accepted the proposal and a new firm was created in August, 1898. In 1899, changes to treaties between Japan and Western countries went into effect. The limited partnership created in 1898 was restructured into the joint stock company, Nippon Electric Co. Ltd. Western Electric held 54% of the stock. Iwadare was named managing director of what is now known as NEC Corporation. He became chairman of the board in 1926.

title: Kunihiko Iwadare


text: Talk:Frederick III

title: Talk:Frederick III


text:
Talk:Pavlo Skoropadskyi

nation
Is "Ukrainian People's Republic" really a better translation than "Ukrainian National Republic"? "Nation" and"[a] people" [as opposed to "some people"] both seem to be equally synonymous with "narid" to me. The dictionary definitions of nation and people refer to each other, but nation has more of a government/politics connotation, and people also has other meanings. So "nation" seems more expedient because it is less ambigous, more widely used in this sense today, and conveniently corresponds to the initials UNR. On the other hand, People's Republic does have a more socialist or communist feel, which is appropriate, but brings to mind extreme communist states like China (PRC).

Also, would it be more appropriate to transliterate the name of the Ukrainian State from the Ukrainian as Ukrayinska Derzhava, instead of the Russian Ukrainskaya Derzhava? From reading Subtelny's history I realize that the state's administration would likely have conducted business in Russian, but the subject concerns the Ukrainian nation. I don't know which is best. —Michael Z. 2005-06-4 07:01 Z
 * I think "people's" is better to use. In the context of the time, it is more likely to be the meaning implied by the founders, i.e. they meant "Narodna Respublika Ukrayiny" more likely than "Respublika Ukrayins'kogo Narodu". I agree that "Ukrains'ka Derzhava" is more fitting than "Ukrainskaya". Cheers, -Irpen 20:00, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Re: People's or National. I think that the analogy with the People's Republic of China perfectly works. UNR was "conceived" by socialists (e.g., Hrushevsky was SR and Vynnychenko was quite close to communists) and was supposed to be a socialist state. Also, I am somewhat concerned that the article puts Hetmanat too much in the context of the Russian Civil War. Sashazlv 23:02, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Pavlo Skoropadskyi


text:
List of futurologists

"Futurology" as a term was coined in the twentieth century. What counts under that term has changed over time; as such, this list is a jumble, and is intended to be suggestive, not definitive. Notable futurologists include:

title: List of futurologists


text:
Altaite

Altaite, or lead telluride, is a yellowish white mineral with an isometric crystal structure. Altaite is in the galena group of minerals as it shares many of properties of galena. Altaite has an unusually high density for a light-colored mineral. Altaite and other rare tellurides are classified in the sulfide mineral class (Dana classification).

Altaite was discovered in 1845 in the Altai Mountains. Besides these mountains altaite can also be found in Zyryanovsk, Kazakhstan; the Ritchie Creek Deposit in Price County, Wisconsin; the Koch-Bulak gold deposit in Kazakhstan; Moctezuma, Mexico; and Coquimbo, Chile among other locations.

title: Altaite


text:
Category:European martial arts

Martial arts associated with Europe.

title: Category:European martial arts


text:
Benoît de Sainte-Maure

Benoît de Sainte-Maure (died 1173) was a 12th-century French poet, most probably from Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine near Tours, France. The Plantagenets' administrative center was located in Chinon, west of Tours.

Le Roman de Troie
His 40,000 line poem Le Roman de Troie ("The Romance of Troy"), written between 1155 and 1160, was a medieval retelling on the epic theme of the Trojan War which inspired a body of literature in the genre called the roman antique, loosely assembled by the poet Jean Bodel as the Matter of Rome. The Trojan subject itself, for which de Sainte-Maure provided an impetus, is referred to as the Matter of Troy.

Chronique des ducs de Normandie
Another major work, by a Benoît, probably Benoît de Sainte-Maure, is a lengthy verse Chronique des ducs de Normandie. Its manuscript at Tours, dating to 1180–1200, is probably the oldest surviving text in Old French transcribed on the Continent. The first published edition was by Francisque Michel, 3 volumes, 1868–1844, based on the British Library manuscript. The standard edition is by Carin Fahlin (Uppsala), 3 volumes, 1951–1967, and is based on the Tours manuscript with variants from the British one.

'Beneeit' is mentioned at the end of Wace's Roman de Rou, which is also on the subject of the Dukes of Normandy:

Die en auant que dire en deit: I'ai dit por Maistre Beneeit Qui cest[e] oure a dire a emprise, Com li reis l'a desour li mise.

title: Benoît de Sainte-Maure


text:
Winning the Future

Winning the Future: A 21st Century Contract with America is a book by former U.S. Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich that outlines Gingrich's plans for the United States of America. Published in 2005 by Regnery Publishing, its themes include: Social Security reform, immigration reform, education reform, increasing the usage of health savings accounts, allowing the disabled the option of working, and American interests within the world trading system.

The C-SPAN interview show After Words debuted on January 2, 2005; Gingrich was interviewed by Norm Ornstein for the first program, and Winning the Future was the subject of the interview.

title: Winning the Future


text:
User talk:Pjacobi/Random

Doesn't add up to 100% linas 07:15, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pjacobi/Random


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Poland/to do

Comments
Old (ancient...) to do list can be found at WikiProject History of Poland/Articles. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:59, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

Move to Translation
Hello! The translation project has been entirely revamped and is now here. Since there aren't many requests for translations from Polish, we are thinking of merging this page with the main project page so as to make the requests much more likely to be seen. Please leave a message here or on Translation's talkpage if you feel that translations from Polish should have their own subpage in the project. Marialadouce | parlami 19:40, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Poland/to do


text:
User:Thundergod

Welcome to my user page.

I hope you find my contributions worthwhile.

title: User:Thundergod


text:
Džej Ramadanovski

Džej Ramadanovski (Џеј Рамадановски; 29 May 1964 – 6 December 2020) was a Serbian singer. Debuted in 1987 with "Zar ja da ti brišem suze", during his life he released thirteen studio albums and a couple of standalone singles. Džej was known for balladic kafana songs like: "Nedelja", "Gde ću sad, moja ružo" and "Uspeo sam u životu", as well as for up-beat turbo-folk records like: "Ko se s nama druži", "Seksi ritam" and "Lubenica".

Early life
Ramadanovski was born on 29 May 1964 in Belgrade, SFR Yugoslavia to parents Mazlam and Barija Ramadanovski. His family is of Muslim Romani descent and comes from the town of Resen in today's Macedonia. Ramadanovski grew up in the downtown neighborhood of Dorćol, where he continued living for the rest of his life. Following his parents divorce, he began running away from school because of which he was accepted to a youth detention center. After completing military service, Ramadanovski worked at the factory of agricultural machinery 'Zmaj'.

Career
Džej began recording music after he had been discovered by songwriters Marina Tucaković, Aleksandar Radulović and Sava Bojić. He rose to prominence by appearing on the International Music Fair (MESAM) in 1987 with the song "Zar ja da ti brišem suze", finishing as the runner-up. The following year, he released his debut studio album under Diskoton. Ramadanovski gained more significant popularity during the 1990s. In 1991, he held his first solo concert at the Tašmajdan. At the peak of his popularity, Ramadanovski also toured outside Yugoslavia in countries such as Germany, Sweden, Canada and the United States. In 2008, he competed at the Grand Music Festival wit the song "Imati pa nemati", again finishing in 2nd place. Ramadanovski was nominated for the Male Folk Singer of the Year at the 2011 Serbian Popularity Oscar.

Additionally to music, Džej made cameo appearances in movies Hajde da se volimo 2 (1989) and Vikend sa ćaletom (2020).

Personal life, death and legacy
In an interview with Politika, Ramadanovski stated that he was related to mobster Iso Lero "Džamba", who wrote several of his songs. He had two daughters with his former wife, Nada. At the beginning of 2020, a blood clot was found on his heart valve during an examination. On 6 December 2020, Ramadanovski died from a heart attack, at the age of 56. On December 11, he was buried at the Alley of Meritorious Citizens in Belgrade. His life and career were dramatized in the 2024 biopic Nedelja, directed by Nemanja Ćeranić and starring Husein Alijević as Ramadanovski.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Zar ja da ti brišem suze (1988)
 * Ljubio sam, nisam znao (1988)
 * Jedan, dva (1989)
 * Ko se s nama druži (1991)
 * Blago onom ko rano poludi (1992)
 * Rađaj sinove (1993)
 * Sa moje tačke gledišta (1995)
 * Upalite za mnom sveće (1996)
 * Na ivici pakla (1997)
 * Oprosti majko (1998)
 * Zato (1999)
 * Ludo vino (2001)
 * Vozi, vozi... (2003)

title: Džej Ramadanovski