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Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney

Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney is a visual novel adventure game developed and published by Capcom. It was released in 2001 for the Game Boy Advance in Japan and has been ported to multiple platforms. The 2005 Nintendo DS version, titled Gyakuten Saiban Yomigaeru Gyakuten in Japan, introduced an English language option, and was the first time the game was released in North America and Europe. It is the first entry in the Ace Attorney series; several sequels and spin-offs were produced, while this game has seen further ports and remasters for computers, game consoles, and mobile devices.

The story follows Phoenix "Nick" Wright, a rookie defense attorney who attempts to have his clients declared "not guilty". Among other characters are Phoenix's boss, Mia Fey; his assistant and Mia's sister, Maya; and prosecutor Miles Edgeworth. The player controls Phoenix through two sets of sections: investigations and courtroom trials. During investigations they gather information and evidence. During trials they cross-examine witnesses, and answer questions from the judge, the prosecutor, and the witnesses. The story is split into five cases. The fifth was introduced in the Nintendo DS version to take advantage of gameplay elements using the handheld's touchscreen not available in the original Game Boy Advance version.

A team of seven developed the game over the course of ten months. Written and directed by Shu Takumi, it was originally planned as a Game Boy Color game about a private investigator. The game was designed to be simple; Takumi wanted it easy enough that even his mother could play. While the original version of the game takes place in Japan, the localization is set in the United States; this became an issue when localizing later games, where the Japanese setting was more obvious.

Generally, the game has been positively received by critics who praised its premise, writing, characters and presentation. The game has been a commercial success both in Japan and internationally. The release sales in North America broke expectations, and as a result the software became difficult to find in stores shortly after its release. Other media based on the game have been produced. It has been credited with helping to popularize visual novels in the Western world, and has been cited as one of the greatest games ever made. A manga series premiered in 2006, a film adaptation of the game, titled Ace Attorney, premiered in 2012, and an anime series adaptation aired in 2016.

A high-definition version of the first three Ace Attorney games, Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney Trilogy HD, was released for iOS and Android in Japan on February 7, 2012, and for iOS in the West on May 30, 2013. Another collection of the first three games, Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney Trilogy, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on April 17, 2014,    in North America on December 9, 2014, and in Europe on December 11, 2014. It was also released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on February 21, 2019, in Japan, and on April 9, 2019, internationally; a Windows version was released internationally on the same date.

Gameplay

Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney is a visual novel adventure game where the player takes the role of Phoenix Wright, a rookie defense attorney, and attempts to defend their clients in five cases. These cases are played in a specific order. After finishing them, the player can re-play them in any order. Each case begins with an opening cinematic cutscene often depicting a murder; shortly thereafter, the player is given the job of defending the prime suspect in the case. The gameplay is divided into two sections, investigations and courtroom trials.

During investigations, which usually take place before or between trial sessions, the player gathers information and evidence by talking to characters such as their client, witnesses, and the police. The player can move a cursor to examine various things in the environment. By using a menu the player can move to different locations, examine evidence, and present evidence to other characters. By showing certain pieces of evidence to some witnesses, the player can access new information.

In the game's fifth case, created for the DS version and used in all subsequent releases, the player is able to examine evidence more closely, rotating it to view it from all sides, and zooming in or out on it using touchscreen controls; they are also able to move a cursor to investigate specific parts of the evidence. The fifth case also features forensics tests the player can use at crime scenes to find clues. The player can spray luminol by tapping areas they want to examine on the touch screen allowing them to see otherwise invisible blood stains. They can touch the touch screen to apply aluminum flake powder to search for finger prints. After applying it, they can blow into the microphone to reveal the prints. Once the player has gathered enough evidence, the investigation section ends.

During the courtroom trials, the player aims to prove their clients' innocence; to do so, they cross-examine witnesses. During these cross-examinations, the player aims to uncover lies and inconsistencies in the witnesses' testimony. They are able to go back and forth between the different statements in the testimony and can press the witness for more details about a statement. When the player finds an inconsistency, they can present a piece of evidence that contradicts the statement. In the Nintendo DS version, the player can choose to press and present by using vocal commands. In the Wii version, players have the option to present evidence by swinging the Wii Remote. At certain points, the player has to answer questions from the judge, the witnesses, or the prosecutor through a multiple-choice answer selection, or by presenting evidence that supports Wright's claims. A number of exclamation marks are shown on the screen; if the player presents an incorrect piece of evidence, one of them disappears. If they all disappear, the client is found guilty and the player must restart. When the player solves a case, they unlock a new one to play.

Plot
Phoenix Wright, a newly hired defense attorney at the Fey & Co. law firm, agrees to represent his childhood friend Larry Butz, who has been charged with the murder of his girlfriend. With the help of his boss and mentor, Mia Fey, Phoenix proves that Frank Sahwit, the prosecution's star witness, is the real murderer. Mia is killed in her office shortly thereafter, and her younger sister Maya, a spirit medium in training, is arrested after the police find her name written on a note in Mia's blood. Phoenix takes her case, facing off against Miles Edgeworth, a skilled prosecutor Phoenix knows from childhood. Phoenix manages to identify Redd White, a professional blackmailer, as the real killer, only to find himself charged with the killing instead. Representing himself, Phoenix works with Maya, who uses her medium powers to channel Mia's spirit, and the two expose White in court and get justice for Mia. In gratitude, Maya becomes Phoenix's assistant as he takes over the law firm. His reputation established, Phoenix takes on another case, this time defending Will Powers, the lead actor in the Steel Samurai children's TV show, against accusations that he killed his co-star, Jack Hammer. It is revealed that Dee Vasquez, the show's producer, committed the murder in self-defense after Hammer tried to kill her and frame Powers for her death.

On Christmas, Edgeworth is arrested for the murder of attorney Robert Hammond. After relenting for Phoenix's help after an initial refusal, Wright faces Edgeworth's mentor Manfred von Karma, who has not lost a single case in his forty-year career. Phoenix discovers that former bailiff Yanni Yogi shot Hammond with a gun provided by von Karma. Fifteen years earlier, Edgeworth's defense attorney father Gregory ruined von Karma's spotless record when he convinced a judge to penalize Karma for misconduct. Unable to deal with a blemish on his legacy, Karma murdered Gregory in cold blood, deceiving Miles into believing he was responsible. At the same time, Yogi was publicly blamed and convinced by Hammond, his attorney, to fake insanity, which got him acquitted of all charges at the cost of his social standing, leaving the case unsolved till that very day. Von Karma suffers a breakdown in court and confesses to the cover-up and Gregory's murder, and Edgeworth is released. Following the trial, Phoenix explains that Edgeworth motivated him to become an attorney after he defended Phoenix from a false theft accusation as children, to which Larry admits he was the true culprit. However, Edgeworth decided to become von Karma's pupil following his father's murder after being motivated by his hatred of criminals. Edgeworth decides to rethink whether or not he should resume his previous duties. Meanwhile, Maya returns to her home village to finish her spirit medium training.

In a fifth case added for the Nintendo DS and subsequent releases, Phoenix is hired by teenager Ema Skye to defend her sister Lana, the head of the prosecutor's office, who is accused of murdering detective Bruce Goodman. Together with Ema, Phoenix traces the origins of the murder to an incident two years prior, when serial killer Joe Darke allegedly murdered prosecutor Neil Marshall while trying to escape custody, but also discovers a piece of evidence that implicates Ema as Marshall's killer. Police Chief Damon Gant attempts to force Phoenix into exposing Ema's guilt, but Phoenix tricks him into revealing that he actually murdered Marshall and tampered with the evidence to frame Ema so that he could blackmail Lana into doing his bidding; Gant subsequently confesses that he killed Goodman after he requested that the Joe Darke case be reopened, and forced Lana to take the fall. Though Lana is cleared of murder charges, she agrees to resign from her post and face judgment as Gant's accomplice. With Ema being sent to Europe to continue training as a forensic investigator, Phoenix looks forward to continuing his career defending the innocent. There is also an alternative ending where Ema is implicated as Marshall's murderer, Lana is found guilty, and the truth about the incident is never revealed.

Development

It took a team of seven people ten months to develop Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney. It was directed by Shu Takumi and produced by Atsushi Inaba, with music by Masakazu Sugimori. Kumiko Suekane designed the characters, with art by Tatsuro Iwamoto. In 2000, after Takumi had finished his work on Dino Crisis 2, his boss, Shinji Mikami, gave him six months to create any type of game he wanted. Takumi had originally joined Capcom wanting to make mystery and adventure games and felt this was a big chance to make his mark as a creator. Takumi said that he initially received criticism for Ace Attorney 's concept for its relation to law and a perceived requirement of legal knowledge, but he said that the main point of Ace Attorney was the "fun from solving puzzles and...calling witnesses out in their lies and evidence."

At first, the game was planned to be released for the Game Boy Color, but after the development team saw the Game Boy Advance system's screen and footage of Mega Man Battle Network, Takumi felt it would be perfect for Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney. The game was designed to be simple, as Takumi wanted it to be easy enough for even his mother to play. As it was less common at the time to use professional voice actors, the development team provided the game's voice clips; each staff member recorded every sample needed for the game, and then the best ones were used. Takumi used his privilege as the director to cast himself as Phoenix, while Sugimori voiced von Karma and Iwamoto voiced Edgeworth.

The game was originally going to be a detective game, with Phoenix as a private investigator who finds a body at his client's office and is arrested. As the lawyer who is assigned to his case is useless, Phoenix takes up his own defense. One staff member suggested that Phoenix should be a hamster; while this didn't happen, this early version of Phoenix did have a pet hamster. It was decided early during development to refer to the game as Surviban: Attorney Detective Naruhodo-kun, with "surviban" being a portmanteau of "survival" and the Japanese word "saiban" (裁判). Among other names considered were Boogie-Woogie Innocence and Bingo Bengo, with "bingo" referring to answering correctly and "bengo" (弁護) being Japanese for legal representation. Takumi soon realized that finding and taking apart contradictions was not related to detective work. He felt the main setting of the game should be courtrooms. At one point the game was in danger of being cancelled when two staff members left the company, but Takumi's division leader and Inaba enlisted a member of the Resident Evil development team to help them part-time.

Takumi cited Japanese mystery author Edogawa Ranpo as an inspiration, particularly The Psychological Test, a short story which involves a crime that "unravels due to the criminal's contradictory testimony." It had a big impact on him, and was a major influence on the game. He was also inspired by stories from another Japanese author, Shinichi Hoshi, stating that he was pursuing his "element of surprise and unexpectedness."

Writing
Takumi felt the best way to write a mystery with a good climax is to reveal various clues, then pull them together into one conclusion, and not have multiple possible endings. He said the biggest challenge with this is making the gameplay and story work together. The goal is to make the player feel they have driven the story forward themselves, with their own choices, even though the game is linear. While writing the episodes, Takumi ranked the importance of each. The first episode was the most important, to make sure the player likes the game; the second episode was the second most important, to solidify the player's interest, and the finale was the third most important. In general, each scenario was finished before anything else was done. Then characters were designed based on the scenarios, and Takumi adjusted the dialogue as needed to make sure it fit the designs. At this point, the scenes that were to have specific cut-in illustrations made for them were decided. Takumi drew rough sketches of them and also drew the storyboards for the episodes' openings, which consisted of a series of detailed drawings showing what is happening.

In Takumi's first draft of the story, the second episode, "Turnabout Sisters", was the first episode of the game. The development team decided because of its length, among other factors, it did not work well easing players into the game. As a result, he wrote a shorter episode, "The First Turnabout", which was used as the game's first episode. He wanted players to focus on the thrill of "nailing the culprit", especially for the first episode. For this reason, the culprit in the first episode is shown in its opening. This was the most direct way Takumi could think of doing it. Takumi said it was a challenge to write the episode. In addition to keeping it short, he had to set up the world of Ace Attorney and the types of characters players would meet. The third episode was written for the sake of the character Miles Edgeworth, and the theme of the fourth episode was "rekindling the relationship". In it, Takumi tried to portray an intensively strong friendship between Phoenix and Edgeworth. He did wonder if that was what people got from it, saying that some people interpreted the bond between Phoenix and Edgeworth as "intensively passionate". Because of these two episodes, Takumi considered Edgeworth to be the game's protagonist in a way. The classroom trial in the game's fourth episode is based on real events: when Takumi was in second grade, he had found a 5 yen coin and put it in his pocket; his teacher accused him of stealing it from another student and made him apologize to her.

Takumi spent little time writing a backstory for Phoenix before writing the game's story, and instead made up dialogue and developed Phoenix's personality as he went along. He said Phoenix is himself in everything but name, with dialogue similar to what Takumi would have said in each situation in the games. He attributed this to being a first-time writer who did not think about developing characterization before writing the story. Takumi did not write a backstory for Dick Gumshoe. His character and personality just "fell into place" after Takumi decided the character would end his sentences with "pal". Other aspects of the character came about organically as he wrote the story. For instance, at one point Edgeworth says he will cut Gumshoe's salary; this became part of Gumshoe's backstory. Takumi came up with the partner character Maya thinking it would be more fun for players to have another character with them, providing advice, rather than investigating on their own. Originally, she was going to be a lawyer-in-training, preparing to take the bar exam.

Larry Butz, the game's first defendant, was particularly difficult for Takumi to write. He re-wrote the character several times. Originally, he was going to be an "average Joe" type of character, who only appeared in the game's fourth episode. After his inclusion in the first episode, however, Suekane and Iwamoto told Takumi to give the character "some oomph". Takumi then wrote him as a "prickly tough-guy" who had the habit of telling people he was going to kill them. Some of the higher-ups at Capcom did not like this, so Takumi changed him to a character who laments his lot in life, saying "I'm going to die!" or that the situation is killing him. The third episode's culprit was originally going to be male, until Suekane pointed out that all the game's villains were men. The development team debated what to do with the now female character. Some staff members thought it would be odd to have a female character be the director of an action show, and some wondered what to do with the director role if she could not fill it. In the end, Takumi changed the scriptwriter character to a director, and made the culprit a "strong, glamorous, fashionable, and cool-headed" producer.

Nintendo DS version
The game's fifth episode, "Rise from the Ashes", was not included in the original version of the game; it was created four years later as part of the Nintendo DS version of the game. Minae Matsukawa produced the fifth episode, under supervision of Inaba and Mikami. Naoto Tanaka composed new music pieces for "Rise from the Ashes". The idea to include the use of the Nintendo DS system's microphone came from American Capcom staff members. The Japanese staff did not like the idea of adding unnecessary features, but Takumi thought it was important to make the American audience happy, so it was included as an optional feature. "Rise from the Ashes" utilizes technical improvements from the Nintendo DS that were not possible in the original game. Atop that, most of the game's soundtrack was also enhanced on the Nintendo DS version, with an extra audio track that would compliment most of the game's melodies.

Release
The game was originally released for the Game Boy Advance on October 12, 2001, in Japan. The Nintendo DS port, which was titled Gyakuten Saiban: Yomigaeru Gyakuten (逆転裁判 蘇る逆転), was released in Japan on September 15, 2005, and included a new episode and an English language option. The hope was the English language option would be a selling point in Japan, and that Japanese people studying English would play the game. North American and European releases followed on October 11, 2005, and March 31, 2006, respectively. A PC port of the Game Boy Advance version, developed by Daletto, was released in Japan in an episodic format, beginning on March 18, 2008. Yomigaeru Gyakuten was later released on Wii via WiiWare in Japan on December 15, 2009, in North America on January 11, 2010, and in Europe on January 15, 2010. The fifth episode was released separately on WiiWare, on March 16, 2010, in Japan, in May 2010 in Europe, and on May 24, 2010, in North America. An iOS version of Yomigaeru Gyakuten was released in Japan on December 21, 2009, and in the West on May 24, 2010.

Localization
The localization of the game was outsourced to Bowne Global, and handled by writer Alexander O. Smith, who was unfamiliar with the Ace Attorney series before working on it, and editor Steve Anderson. While the Japanese version of the game takes place in Japan, the localized version is set in the United States. Normally the setting would be left vague while cultural differences the target audience would not understand would be adapted. Because one of the episodes involves time zones, however, they had to specify where the game takes place and chose California without thinking a lot about it. This became an issue in later games, where the Japanese setting was more obvious. Bowne Global staff handled all the voice roles in the localized version; Takumi had wanted to do the English voice for Phoenix, but Ben Judd handled it.

Smith faced several problems related to the game's use of puns. In the Japanese version, each character has a name that relies on Japanese wordplay. While Smith and Anderson had a lot of freedom when it came to localizing the names of minor characters, they had to discuss the names of the main cast with Capcom. Smith came up with a list of first and last names for Phoenix. The first suggestion was "Roger Wright"; "Phoenix" was also on the list, but further down. Smith felt that "Wright" had to be the character's surname, because Phoenix's surname in the Japanese version—"Naruhodō", meaning "I see" or "I understand"—was used many times in the game's text as a joke. The reason for the suggested first name "Roger" was alliteration; and "Roger" was a good source for jokes. A staff member of the development team, however, thought that "Roger Wright" was too similar to "Roger Rabbit". Other suggested first names included "Pierce", "Xavier", "Marcus", and "Zane". In the end, "Phoenix" was chosen for its heroic sound.

As the game's dialogue consists of a lot of wordplay and misunderstandings, Smith would analyze scenes before writing them: he would determine what the scenes were trying to accomplish, and where their beats were. After he had the structure of a scene in his head, he would write it. At times he was able to make use of the original Japanese dialogue, but most of the time he had to come up with new ideas himself. At several points, the English wordplay was inspired by the wordplay in the Japanese version. At others it was not possible to have wordplay in the same places as in the Japanese version, so Smith would change the structure of the scene slightly. Sometimes Smith came up with a joke or funny line and changed the scene to make the joke work. About half the jokes were rewritten based on the characters present in the scene, rather than using translations of the Japanese jokes.

Reception
Most versions of the game have received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregator Metacritic, with aggregate scores ranging from the high 70s to the low 80s out of 100; an exception is the Wii version, which holds an aggregate score of 67/100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Famitsu praised the idea of making a game based around trials. They felt this was innovative, and found it exhilarating and fun to uncover witnesses' lies. Michael Cole of Nintendo World Report said the game's design and interface would make it a good choice for non-gamers as well. Craig Harris of IGN felt the main issues with the game were its linearity, and how the puzzles are simple because the player can stop witness testimony at any time. Cole, too, felt the game was very linear, and that it was unclear how to proceed at certain points. He said that because of how story-driven it is, the game has low replay value; he still felt that players might want to replay it after a few years.

Thomas Bowskill of Nintendo Life said the game had changed his idea of what can make for a great game, and called it a "masterpiece". Bowskill appreciated the 2D presentation of the investigations, saying they suited the gameplay well and that it might have been difficult to find clues if 3D graphics had been used instead. Bowskill called the investigation sections "tedious" and "boring" at times, but said they were outweighed by the "feeling of accomplishment" from solving the cases.

Carrie Gouskos of GameSpot said the game revitalized the adventure game genre. Gouskos appreciated the game's presentation, calling it "unique and outstanding". She noted the music and sound effects work well with the drama. The cross-examination graphics, showing the two opposing lawyers along with the sound effect of a sword being unsheathed, she added, created an atmosphere similar to that of a fighting game. Harris also likened the style to that of a fighting game. Gouskos said the graphics, while simple, work well to show each character's mood and personality. Harris agreed the visuals were well-drawn and called the soundtrack "nicely rendered", but felt the character animation was very limited. Cole felt the graphics, while dated, have "visual flair". He appreciated the opening cinematics for the cases, which he thought were both stylish and ambiguous, and the character animations, which he called "priceless". Nadia Oxford at USgamer said that early Ace Attorney games, despite the "tinny" sound of the Game Boy Advance versions, had spawned some of the most iconic music themes in video games; she noted "The Detective That Came From the Wild West", Jake Marshall's theme, as a particularly good track.

Bowskill found the mood of the game to be hilarious, saying the game never gets stale; he attributed this to the diversity of its characters. Gouskos called the game's characters cohesive, over-the-top, and quirky. Harris called the story interesting and well written, citing the characters, situations, and dialogue. Cole was impressed by the mysteries and their resolutions, calling them "novel, unpredictable and plausible". He also appreciated the character development arcs through the game, which he felt provided pacing and made the cases cohesive. He called the English localization "top-notch", and appreciated its humor. According to Fintan Monaghan of The Escapist, the game is a critique of the Japanese legal system, which has a 99% criminal conviction rate.

Spencer McIlvaine of Nintendo Life was disappointed in the Wii version that had only a single use for the motion controller, and how the low-resolution graphics in handheld versions of the game were used. Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer also thought the motion controls were a minor addition. He was disappointed in how little effort Capcom had put into the port compared to LucasArts' remake of The Secret of Monkey Island. IGN's Craig Harris called it "incredibly lazy", wishing it had included improved art and sharper text.

Accolades
The Game Boy Advance release was one of three titles to win the Special Award at the sixth CESA Game Awards. Eurogamer ranked the game as the 18th best video game of 2005. It was also a nominee for GameSpot's 2005 Best Adventure Game award, which went to Fahrenheit. Destructoid named the game the 48th best video game of the 2000s, citing the courtroom gameplay and characters, and calling it "one of the most unique and surprising games" of the decade. They said the third game in the series had the best story, but it relied too heavily on story events in previous Ace Attorney games; meanwhile, they found Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney to be fresh and have challenging cases, making it the best in the series. Game Informer named it the 178th best video game of all time in 2009. Adventure Gamers named it the 29th best adventure game of all time in 2011, citing its story, characters, and creative gameplay. In 2015, GamesRadar+ named it the 55th best video game of all time, citing its music, story and look, calling it "Shu Takumi's masterpiece". In 2016, Famitsu readers voted Gyakuten Saiban as the second best Game Boy Advance title, behind only Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire. In 2017, Famitsu readers voted Gyakuten Saiban the third best adventure game of all time, behind only Steins;Gate and 428: Shibuya Scramble.

Sales
The Game Boy Advance version was the 163rd best selling video game of the year in Japan in 2001, with 62,169 copies sold. Another 37,143 copies of the budget-priced Game Boy Advance re-release were sold in Japan in 2003, making it the country's 277th best selling game of the year. The Nintendo DS version was the 127th best selling game of the year in Japan in 2005, with 101,902 copies sold. Between 2006 and 2011 the game sold an additional 419,954 copies dropping from the 133rd to the 650th best selling game during that period. For sales data from 2006, see
 * For sales data from 2007, see
 * For sales data from 2008, see
 * For sales data from 2009, see
 * For sales data from 2010, see
 * For sales data from 2011, see

Demand for the North American release of the Nintendo DS version was higher than expected. The game was hard to find in stores shortly after its release; the third printing sold out in around a week. As of February 2007, 100,000 copies had been shipped in North America, which Capcom's vice-president of marketing found surprising.

Legacy
After the release of the game, sequels, spin-offs, and a crossover have been made. The second and third games in the series, Justice for All and Trials and Tribulations, were released in 2002 and 2004. The fourth game, Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney, which features the new protagonist Apollo Justice, was released in 2007. The fifth game, Dual Destinies, was released in 2013, and a sixth game, Spirit of Justice, was released in 2016. Two spin-off games starring Miles Edgeworth, Ace Attorney Investigations and Investigations 2, were released in 2009 and 2011,  and two featuring Phoenix's ancestor Ryunosuke Naruhodo, The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures and The Great Ace Attorney 2: Resolve, were released in 2015 and 2017. A crossover with the Professor Layton series, titled Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney, was released in 2012.

A manga based on the game, written by Kenji Kuroda and drawn by Kazuo Maekawa, premiered in 2006 in Bessatsu Young Magazine. Kodansha released it in North America in five volumes from June 2011 to July 2012. The third and fourth volumes both ranked No.2 on The New York Times Manga Best Seller List for one week each in 2011 and 2012, respectively. A live action film adaptation of the game, titled Ace Attorney, produced at Toei Company, and directed by Takashi Miike, premiered in Japanese theaters on February 11, 2012. An anime series adaptation based on the original trilogy premiered in April 2016.

Phoenix Wright has been credited with helping to popularise visual novels in the Western world. Vice Magazine credits Phoenix Wright with popularising the visual novel mystery format, and notes that its success anticipated the resurgence of point-and-click adventure games as well as the international success of Japanese visual novels. According to Danganronpa director Kazutaka Kodaka, Phoenix Wright's success in North America was due to how it distinguished itself from most visual novels with its gameplay mechanics, which Danganronpa later built upon and helped it also find success in North America.

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Fishergate

Fishergate is a street and surrounding area of York, England.

History
Fishergate runs along a strip of slightly raised ground, east of the River Ouse. Archaeological investigations have found evidence of prehistoric occupation, before the construction of Roman Eboracum. By the 1st century, a major Roman road ran south from the city, through what is now Fishergate Bar and along the line of Fawcett Street before joining the line of modern Fishergate. Cemeteries also existed in the area. In Anglian times the area was the city's major manufacturing and trading centre. Archaeological finds in 1985–1986 included traces of 8th–9th century timber buildings and metals, bone and leather representative of the industrial activity in the area. The area remained occupied in the Jorvik period, during which the old Roman road became known as "Fiscergate", the street of the fishers. St Helen's Church was constructed west of Fishergate, and All Saints' Church to its east. Within All Saints Church was an anchoress named Isabel German whose remains were found in 2007. In the 14th century, the York city walls were constructed immediately north of the northernmost part of the street, probably over an existing earth rampart, with Fishergate Bar rebuilt in stone.

In the 12th century, St Andrew's Priory was constructed to the west of Fishergate. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the land was probably used as an orchard, and Mediaeval settlement soon disappeared, possibly due to destruction during the Siege of York in 1644. In 1730, New Walk was constructed by the river, and Fishergate became a popular residential area, with some large houses constructed. In 1827, a cattle market was opened at the northern end of the street, and the modern line of the northern part of the street was established further west, with the old route becoming Fawcett Street and Escrick Terrace. To its west lay the Redfearn National Glass Factory and some open land. In the 1950s, factories were built on the open land, and the glassworks relocated to Tadcaster. These industrial buildings were cleared in the late 20th century.

Layout and architecture
The street runs south-east from the River Foss at Castle Mills Bridge, as the continuation of Tower Street. It turns south and continues until it becomes Fulford Road, at its junction with New Walk Terrace and Grange Garth. On its east side, it has junctions with Piccadilly, Paragon Street, Kent Street, Escrick Terrace, Escrick Street, Melbourne Street and Winterscale Street, while on its west side, it has junctions with Oxtoby Court, Fewster Way, Blue Bridge Lane, Marlborough Grange and Sandringham Street. The street forms part of the A1036, and its section from Castle Mills Bridge to Escrick Terrace is part of the inner ring road, with the section from Paragon Street to Escrick Terrace is open to northbound traffic only.

Notable buildings on the east side street include part of the city walls; The Edinburgh Arms pub, built as a house in 1830; 29 Fishergate, a late 18th-century building which served for a time as the Nunnery of the Sisters of St Vincent; the early-19th century Ivy Cottage; and Fishergate County Primary School, built in 1893 by W. H. Brierley. On the west side lie The Masons Arms, a pub built in 1935 to a design by James Knight; 16–40 Fishergate, a terrace built in 1830; an early-21st century bingo hall; and the Lighthorseman Hotel, a pub built about 1870. Fishergate House, built in 1837 by J. B. and William Atkinson, formerly had an address on the street but is now said to lie on Blue Bridge Lane.

Ward
In the 2003 local elections, the Green Party were elected in both Fishergate Ward council seats and these seats have been held since, most recently in the 2019 council elections. The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 9,844.

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Taj Mahal Palace Hotel

The Taj Mahal Palace is a heritage, five-star, luxury hotel in the Colaba area of Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, situated next to the Gateway of India. Built in the Indo-Saracenic style, it opened in 1903 as the Taj Mahal Hotel and has historically often been known simply as "The Taj". The hotel is named after the Taj Mahal, which is located in the city of Agra approximately 1050 km from Mumbai. It has been considered one of the finest hotels in the East since the time of the British Raj. The hotel was one of the main targets in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.

Part of the Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces, the hotel has 560 rooms and 44 suites and is considered the flagship property of the group; it employs 1,600 staff. The hotel is made up of two different structures: the Taj Mahal Palace and the Tower, which are historically and architecturally distinct from each other (the Taj Mahal Palace was built in 1903; the Tower was opened in 1972).

The hotel has received many notable guests, from presidents to captains of industry and movie stars. Rattanbai Petit, wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, spent the last days of her life in one of the suites of the hotel, and eventually died there in 1929, at the age of 29.

Pre Independence
The Taj Mahal Hotel was commissioned by Jamsetji Tata and opened its doors to guests on 16 December 1903.

An oft-repeated story concerning the reasoning behind the construction of the hotel was Tata being refused admission into Watson's Hotel, as it was reserved for Europeans. The validity of this has been challenged by writer Charles Allen, who wrote that Tata was unlikely to care about such a slight to the extent that he would construct a new hotel. Instead, Allen writes, the Taj was built at the urging of editor of The Times of India who felt a hotel "worthy of Bombay" was needed and as a "gift to the city he loved" by Tata.

The original Indian architects were Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya and D. N. Mirza, and the project was completed by an English engineer, W. A. Chambers. The builder was Khansaheb Sorabji Ruttonji Contractor, who also designed and built its famous central floating staircase. The cost of construction was £250,000 (£127 million in 2008 prices).

Originally, the main entrance was on the land-facing side, where the pool now sits.

The original clientele were mainly the Europeans, the Maharajas and the social elites. Many world-renowned personalities from all fields have since stayed there, from Somerset Maugham and Duke Ellington to Lord Mountbatten and Bill Clinton.

When it opened in 1903, the Taj Mahal Hotel was the first in India to have electricity, American fans, German elevators, Turkish baths and English butlers. Later, it also had the city's first licensed bar, India's first all-day restaurant, and India's first discotheque, Blow Up. Initially in 1903, it charged ₹13 for rooms with fans and attached bathrooms, and ₹20 with full board. During World War I, the hotel was converted into a military hospital with 600 beds.

Between 1915 and 1919, work proceeded at Apollo Bundar, to reclaim the land behind the hotel where the Gateway of India was built in 1924. The Gateway of India soon became a major focal point in Bombay.

Rattanbai Petit, wife of the founder of Pakistan, spent the last days of her life in a suite of the hotel, and eventually died there in 1929, at the age of 29. She was also the sister-in-law of one of the hostel's founder Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata's daughter, Sylla Tata.

1950–1970
By 1966, the Taj Mahal Hotel had become neglected and run-down, perhaps as a result of losing the British customers after Indian independence. The Taj Mahal Hotel was home to legendary jazz musician Micky Correa, "The Sultan of Swing", from 1936 to 1960.

Expansion

Management of the Taj Mahal Hotel was franchised to Pan Am's Inter-Continental Hotels division in 1972 and it was renamed The Taj Mahal Inter-Continental, with the new tower wing opening that same year.

Known today as The Taj Mahal Tower, it was designed jointly by Daraius Batliwala and Rustom Patell, with the latter having a greater focus later on. The Tower was built on the site of the historic Green's Hotel, constructed as flats in 1890, and operated by Tata as a hotel from 1904 until its demolition to build the Tower.

In the 1970s, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces was reorganised. The company built new properties and converted palaces into heritage hotels. In 1980, the chain expanded overseas. The franchise agreement with Inter-Continental ended in 1995 and the hotel again became the Taj Mahal Hotel.

In 2003, in honour of the hotel's centennial, it was renamed The Taj Mahal Palace and Tower.

The hotel received extensive international exposure in 2008 during a terrorist attack and reopened after extensive repairs.

2008 Mumbai attacks

Taj Mahal Palace Hotel was specifically chosen by Lashkar-e-Taiba, a terror group who attacked multiple targets, for an attack intended to strike "a blow against a symbol of Indian wealth and progress". The hotel was attacked on 26 November 2008, during which material damage occurred, including the destruction of the hotel's roof in the hours following. Hostages were taken during the attacks, and at least 167 people were killed, including many foreigners. The casualties were mostly Indian citizens, although westerners carrying foreign passports were singled out. Indian commandos killed the terrorists barricaded in the hotel, to end the three-day battle on 29 November. At least 31 died at the Taj. Approximately 450 people were staying in the Taj Mahal Palace and Hotel at the time of the siege. The attack was planned using information compiled by David Headley, a Pakistani-American, who had stayed at the hotel multiple times.

Soon after this on 30 November, Tata chairman Ratan Tata said in an interview with CNN's Fareed Zakaria that they had received advance warning of the attacks and that some countermeasures had been taken. These may have been relaxed before the attack, but in any case were easily sidestepped by the operatives.

The less-damaged sections of the Taj Mahal Palace and Tower hotel reopened on 21 December 2008. It took several months to rebuild the popular heritage section of the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel.

Hillary Clinton visited Mumbai in July 2009, aiming to deepen India – United States relations and stayed at the Taj hotel; she also attended a commemoration event. She said, "I wanted to send a message that I personally and our country is in sympathy and solidarity with the employees and the guests of the Taj who lost their lives … with the people of Mumbai." On 15 August 2010, India's Independence Day, the Taj Mahal Palace was reopened after restoration. The cost of the restoration of the hotel so far has been 1.75 billion rupees. The palace wing has been restored and offers new hotel services.

In March 2010, as restoration work neared completion, the hotel dropped the word "Tower" from its name and became The Taj Mahal Palace.

On 6 November 2010, U.S. president Barack Obama became the first foreign head of state to stay at the Taj Mahal Palace after the attacks. In a speech from the terrace of the hotel, Obama said that "the Taj has been the symbol of the strength and the resilience of the Indian people." The attack on the hotel is portrayed in the 2018 movie Hotel Mumbai.

Recent history
In 2017, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel acquired an image trademark, the first building in the country to secure intellectual-property-right protection for its architectural design.

In media

 * The hotel is the primary setting of the novel Night in Bombay (1940) by the American novelist Louis Bromfield.
 * It has also been mentioned in the short story "Sahab Bahadur" by Indian writer Sultan Rashed Mirza, Farhat Ullah Baaaig, and in the novel Delinquent Chacha by Ved Mehta.
 * It was portrayed as a dream destination for a schoolboy to visit in the Marathi movie Taryanche Bait.
 * Michael Palin spent the night in the hotel in episode 4 of Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days.
 * The hotel is the setting for the 2015 film Taj Mahal.
 * The hotel is the setting for the 2018 film Hotel Mumbai about the attacks, starring Dev Patel and Armie Hammer.
 * Hotel Grand Palace is another name for Hotel Taj Mahal. This name has been used by people as a translation of the Hindi version of Taj Mahal, especially by authors. Such authors as Jeffrey Archer have used this term in their novels.
 * The hotel was the subject of a four-part BBC Two fly on the wall documentary series starting in August 2014, called Hotel India.
 * The hotel was a shooting location for Christopher Nolan's film Tenet, released in August 2020.

title: Taj Mahal Palace Hotel


text: User:JuveRetired

title: User:JuveRetired


text:
Knight Rider 2000

Knight Rider 2000 is a 1991 American made-for-television science fiction action film based on the 1982–1986 television series Knight Rider.

Overview
In the year 2000, conventional handguns have been banned, with law enforcement carrying non-lethal "ultrasound" pistols. Nationwide budget changes have resulted in the adoption of cryonic suspension over standard incarceration for convicted criminals. Following the assassination of a mayor in San Antonio, his replacement demands a solution, which is found in the form of the "Knight 4000", a car that will become the next generation of the Knight Industries' supercar KITT.

Plot
Thomas J. Watts is released from prison and assassinates the mayor. Police officer Shawn McCormick confronts the masked Watts holding the next mayor at gunpoint. She shoots Watts, who flees. The city's new mayor demands the gunman be found, while his councilmen reprimand him for disarming the police and setting up the cryo-prison where the inmates "sleep away" their sentences and emerge the same people as before.

The Knight Foundation, created from a combination of Knight Industries and the Foundation for Law and Government, offers a possible solution – the "Knight 4000". Devon Miles and his partner, Russel Maddock, are green-lit on the idea, but the city wants to see a working prototype. Devon brings in Michael Knight as the test driver. The Knight 4000 has most of KITT's original features, but adds an amphibious mode that allows the car to drive on water, a heads-up display, and a stun device that can remotely incapacitate a human.

Watts shoots Shawn after she discovers that some of her colleagues are working with the assassin to rearm criminals so the city will give the police their guns back. Doctors save Shawn by installing a microchip implant into her brain. She recovers, but cannot remember the details of the attack.

Michael is furious that KITT has been dismantled and rebuilds KITT's AI unit, which is difficult since Maddock has sold most of KITT's technology to medical research. He reactivates KITT's logic module and installs him in the dashboard of his 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air.

Shawn quits the police force after she learns her chief, Daniels, did not want to authorize her brain chip implant nor get involved in her case. She seeks employment with the Foundation, and Michael learns one of KITT's cybernetic chips is in her head. KITT links up with the chip and extracts her missing memories. Shawn remembers that Watts shot her and that her fellow officers were with him, including her partner.

Watts learns Shawn is alive and sends the corrupt cops to eliminate her and Michael, who are chased down when they try fleeing in KITT. KITT helps them evade capture by driving off a pier where he quickly sinks. Michael and Shawn are safe, but KITT is damaged when water enters his circuitry. With Watts believing Michael and Shawn dead, he captures Devon and uses mind scanning technology to discover what Devon knows, killing him afterward.

Michael and Shawn swim to safety and return to the Foundation, learning of Devon's death. After Devon's funeral, the mayor terminates FLAG's contract. Michael quits, but after Shawn confronts him, he returns and retrofits the Knight 4000 with KITT's AI.

Michael and Shawn follow her former partner to a warehouse where guns are stored. Shawn arranges a gun transaction with her former partner. Before he can cooperate with FLAG's investigation, Watts shoots him. Michael saves Shawn from being killed.

Maddock sends KITT a copy of the prison release papers for Watts, signed by the murdered mayor. Michael has KITT print more copies, sending one with a fake signature to Daniels using her name, and a similar one to the mayor, this time with his name. Following the mayor's limo, they record a conversation between the mayor and Watts discussing the papers.

After ambushing a caravan of corrupt cops, they find no guns. KITT informs Michael there is another group of police cars headed for the local mall. Maddock convinces Daniels to allow KITT to pursue them.

Watts has begun a transaction with a gun buyer. When one of the corrupt cops guarding Watts sights Shawn moving in, he shoots her, and the buyer and Watts flee. Michael catches up to Watts and disarms him. A fight ensues between Michael and Watts, Michael only stopping when Watts picks up his handgun. Shawn, only slightly wounded, arrives with the other handgun, instructing Watts to drop his. Michael talks Shawn down from shooting Watts. Watts then draws another gun hidden under his coat but Michael draws out an ultrasound gun and shoots Watts, who falls to his death.

After Watts' defeat, the mayor is incarcerated, Michael returns to retirement, and KITT remains at the Knight Foundation with Shawn and Maddock. The trio continue their police work.

Cast

 * David Hasselhoff as Michael Knight
 * William Daniels as the Voice of KITT
 * Carmen Argenziano as Russell Maddock/Voice of Knight 4000
 * Lou Beatty Jr. as Mayor Harold Abbey
 * Chris Bonno as Andrew
 * Megan Butler as Officer Marla Hedges
 * Robert F. Cawley as Prison Guard
 * Eugene Clark as Officer Kurt Miller
 * James Doohan as Himself
 * Francis Guinan as Dr. Jeffrey Glassman
 * Philip Hafer as Charlie (as Phillip Hafer)
 * Christine Healy as Commissioner Ruth Daniels
 * Carolyn G. Jackson as Bag Lady
 * Ron Jackson as Highway Police Officer
 * Stacy Lundgren as Sandy
 * Matthew Menger as Shawn's Father (as Matt Menger)
 * Paul Menzel as Businessman
 * J.W. Moore IV as Medical Technician
 * Edward Mulhare as Devon Miles
 * Edwin Neal as Warehouse Clerk
 * John Cannon Nichols as Lieutenant Justin Strand
 * Susan Norman as Officer Shawn McCormick
 * Marco Perella as Police Sergeant
 * Mitch Pileggi as Thomas J. Watts
 * Ellis Posey as Mayor Frank Cottam
 * Larry Roop as Police Officer
 * Lori Swierski as Lori

Cameo
Actor James Doohan makes a cameo appearance as an innocent bystander that KITT mistakes for a criminal stealing money from an ATM. KITT stuns the suspect and the man collapses. When Michael and Maddock pick up the man to arrest him, they find Mr. Doohan, delirious (from being stunned), and mumbling various lines from his role of Scotty on Star Trek.

Development
The theme tune, "Knight Rider 2000", by Jan Hammer was released on his 1994 album Drive.

The studio was unable to use the real Pontiac Banshee IV concept car for the movie, so instead it hired Jay Ohrberg Star Cars Inc. to customize a 1991 Dodge Stealth for the Knight 4000. After filming wrapped, the custom car was used on other TV productions of the time and can also be seen, albeit briefly, as a stolen supercar in CHiPs '99, a future police vehicle in Power Rangers Time Force, and in an episode of the television series Black Scorpion in 2001. After lying abandoned and unmaintained for 10 years, one of the cars was offered for sale in January 2021 by Bob's Prop Shop in Las Vegas.

It was filmed in San Antonio, Texas and features some of the city's landmarks such as the Botanical Gardens, the Tower of the Americas and Shops at Rivercenter (then known as Rivercenter Mall).

Because David Hasselhoff was already committed to Baywatch, he wouldn't have been available to play Michael Knight full time had Knight Rider 2000 actually made it to series. Hasselhoff as a compromise, suggested to NBC entertainment chief Brandon Tartikoff to do four Knight Rider movies-of-the-week. NBC ultimately said to Hasselhoff that they were going to make movies-of-the-week for Knight Rider just like he suggested. But as it turned out, NBC ordered Universal to produce just one movie-of-the-week instead of four. Universal replied by saying that they couldn't figure out how to make money unless they make at least two films and produce them back-to-back. When NBC refused to order more than one movie, that effectively ended this particular Knight Rider revival.

Reaction
Although the ratings for Knight Rider 2000 were excellent, when NBC tested the audience reaction to Susan Norman, who was expected to front-line this proposed new Knight Rider series, she was given a thumbs down. According to David Hasselhoff, Knight Rider 2000 missed the point of the original series and had taken the wrong direction. Instead, the story is about a former cop turned psychotic killer who brings terror to the city of San Antonio in the year 2000.

Home media
As well as being available as a single DVD, it is included in the Region 1, Region 2 and Region 4 versions of the Knight Rider Season One box set.

title: Knight Rider 2000


text:
User talk:JuveRetired

Hello Wikipedia!

--Juve 17:12, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Juve. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Juve~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:00, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JuveRetired


text:
EARN

EARN or Earn may refer to:

EARN
 * European Academic and Research Network, a defunct computer networking organisation succeeded by TERENA (Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association)
 * Economic Analysis and Research Network, a nationwide (U.S.) network of state and local organizations affiliated with the Economic Policy Institute
 * European Asteroid Research Node, an association of asteroid research groups (see Minor planet)

Earn
 * Loch Earn, lake in Scotland
 * River Earn, river in Scotland
 * Bridge of Earn, town in Perthshire, Scotland
 * Earn out, in the purchase of a company etc.
 * Carl Earn (1921–2007), American tennis player

title: EARN


text:
User talk:Asdf191585

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Please see copyrights about uploading images. You can't make an image public domain if you don't own the rights to it in the first place(!). See boilerplate requests for permission for emails to send to the relevant people. Dunc|☺ 17:14, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I see you're hanging around. The images of Shrewsbury School have been taken from the school's website.  However, to put them on here images need to be released under the GNU Free Document Licence (GFDL).  I therefore listed those on Copyright problems, as per policy.  However, if you take photos yourself, you can release those, or you could ask permission from the school. Dunc|☺ 11:56, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Shrewsburylogo.gif
Thank you for uploading File:Shrewsburylogo.gif. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 14:27, 1 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 14:27, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asdf191585


text:
Talk:Federal law

no overnight parking on Wabash Avenue is allowed. these statement is a federal law?

Theories on Law in Commonwealth / US
The current intro says:
 * A federal government is formed when a group of political units, such as states or provinces join together in a federation, surrendering their individual sovereignty and many powers to the central government while retaining or reserving other limited powers as.

That describes the formation of the US Federal Government very well (and the Swiss one too) based on US concepts of sovereignty flowing upwards from the States to the Union. But that's not how (most) people see the federal government of Canada. Here sovereignly flows down from the Crown. In fact the Canadian government was created by an act of the British parliament. The Canadian federal government was created to replace many of London's roles and powers over the provinces, the provinces did not create the federal government (of course there are dissenting views). I think that people in other commonwealth federations like Australia and India probably also recognise that their federal governments were not created by the states, but by Britain. As well the reserve powers in Canada lie with the federal government, not with the provinces.

There should be a broader, less US-centered definition in the intro, and then we create seperate intros for each country to explain the differences. Thanks. Kevlar67 14:41, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Still needs globalising
Tag should at least go on the talk page. Kevlar67 07:38, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Inconsistency b/w State and Federal Laws; Immunity from Federal Laws
Inconsistency In case of inconsistency between otherwise validly made federal and state laws, federal laws prevail. State laws are invalid to the extent that they are inconsistent with federal laws.

Immunity In Australia, States are 'immune' from federal laws that impede their ability to discharge government functions: Austin v Commonwealth. Is this the case in, for example, Canada, the United States, etc? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.175.172.156 (talk) 00:29, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Text of Federal Statutes
Where can you find the latest text of Federal statutes that is updated quickly after being signed into law by the President? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.131.4.247 (talk) 02:06, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Is this page even worth keeping?
It has no citations and the topic is or can be covered in other articles, with links from the Federal law DAB page. I don't think that it's serving any useful purpose as it stands. Laterthanyouthink (talk) 17:46, 23 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Federal law


text:
American Heritage

American Heritage may refer to:

 * American Heritage (magazine)
 * The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
 * American Heritage Rivers
 * American Heritage School (disambiguation)

title: American Heritage


text: Category:Roman Catholic prayers

title: Category:Roman Catholic prayers


text:
Partizansk

Partizansk (Партиза́нск) is a town in Primorsky Krai, Russia, located on a spur of the Sikhote-Alin Mountains, about 170 km east of Vladivostok, the administrative center of the krai. As of the 2010 census, the population is population 38,659.

Names
The town was formerly known as Suchan ( - literally "City of Su" or  ), but its Russian name was changed to Partizansk in 1972 during a general campaign of cleansing Chinese toponyms (1972 Renaming of geographical sites in the Russian Far East) in Russian Far East.

Geography
A number of creeks flow through the town into the nearby Partizanskaya River, previously known as the Suchan.

Climate
Partizansk has a four-season humid continental climate. Its climate contains vast temperature differences between seasons, in spite of its relatively low latitude and position near the Pacific Ocean. It has slightly warmer summers than Vladivostok due to its inland position, whereas winters are similar in both locations, largely but not completely unaffected by any maritime moderation. The cold temperatures for the latitude are due to the Siberian High's influence. The climate features wet and humid summers as well as dry and snow-light winters.

History
In the late 19th century, the Vladivostok-based Russian Pacific Fleet was in deep need of a source of coal. The Department of Mines sent a geological expedition to the area south of Ussuriysk, working there from 1888 to 1893. Coal was found, which could be mined and sent to Nakhodka for the needs of the Fleet. In 1896, the Department of Mines made a large order for coal from the Suchan River area, and a settlement for miners was founded. The settlement was originally named Suchansky Rudnik, meaning mining pit of Suchan.

Around this time, Korean settlers moved out of the northern part of the Korean peninsula to avoid famine, with some settling in Partizansk. Pre-1937 Korean settlers to Russia and the Soviet Union are known as Koryo-saram. The Koreans called the area Such'ŏng. The area eventually become a hub for Korean independence activism against Japan's colonization of Korea. Korean militants such as Han Ch'ang-kŏl resisted Japan from the nearby mountains. Notable Korean socialist Pak Chin-sun was born in this area. The Koreans were eventually forced to migrate to Central Asia in 1937.

Later in 1896, more detailed prospecting was organized in Suchan, and commercial operations started at around that time. Suchan miners were living in dug-outs, cabins, and tents, and living conditions were awful. Only in 1900, when forty-six highly qualified miners arrived, construction of the mine #1 and of ten houses started. Government-owned coal mines were also established at that time. The first migrants started to move to Suchan.

The government often neglected to maintain good living conditions for Suchan workers. For the period of 1896–1922, only one two-story house was built. Suchan itself was just a group of several badly planned mine settlements. In 1905 and 1906, state schools were opened and a hospital for fifty people was built.

In the period of 1905–1914, several new mines were opened in Suchan. Wooden barracks and individual houses also appeared. Construction was carried out without proper planning, with each artel building a barrack for its workers. Some of those buildings remain intact to the present day. The founders of Suchansky Rudnik had not carried out much work up to 1914. After the beginning of World War I, development completely stopped. Many workers were called up for military service, extraction of coal reduced greatly, and construction works were cut down. Difficult years of need and hardship started.

In 1917, there were eleven mines which annually extracted up to 300,000 tons of coal. In 1918–1922, during the Russian Civil War, the supporters of the Bolsheviks conducted an active partisan struggle in the region. After the establishment of Soviet authority in Primorye, coal remained the region's main production.

After 1922, restoration of old mines and building of new ones started. Spread settlements merged into one large locality. Construction of multi-story buildings began. At this time great attention was paid to cultural development of the settlement. In 1917, the People's House was built, which later transformed into a club of miners. It became a cultural center of the settlement. In 1926, a club for 350 people was built near mine #10. In 1932, a club for 200 people near mine #20 and for 250 people at timber plant were built. In 1933, the largest Palace of Culture in Primorye with a hall for 1,200 people started functioning.

Town status was granted in 1932, and the name was shortened to Suchan. Soon after that Suchan was renamed Gamarnik (Гама́рник), after revolutionary commissar Yan Gamarnik; however, the name reverted to Suchan after Gamarnik's suicide (due to possible arrest during the Great Purge) in 1937.

The town was given its present name in 1972, when the cleansing of Chinese names in Primorsky Krai took place. The nearby Suchan River, from which the town had taken its name, was renamed the Partizanskaya.

In 2005, it was reported that a Korean community of around ten families lived in the city, returnees from the deportation.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eleven rural localities, incorporated as Partizansk Town Under Krai Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Partizansk Town Under Krai Jurisdiction is incorporated as Partizansky Urban Okrug.

Economy and infrastructure
The economy of the town and its surrounding area remains largely reliant on coal mining; however, the industry is currently in decline, with the previous coal reserves largely exhausted. Previous machine-building, chemical and pharmaceutical works have also been closed.

Timber production has grown in importance in recent years. Light industry also prospers, with a garment factory, a tannery, a food-processing plant, and a brewery currently operating.

The 1970s witnessed some great effort in modernizing the town's industrial sector, crowned with building a power station, which was later named after the town. Thirty years later, the Partizansk Power Station was renovated, and a new generator was installed to boost the output. Despite being one of the less important stations in the energy grid of the krai, especially with the reference to its minor share in the krai's energy output, Partizansk Power Station has a vital role in supplying with electricity the town and the close vicinity.

The town lies on the branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway leading to Nakhodka; this section of the railroad was completed in 1935.

Tourism
A coal deposit in Oleny Klyuch (near mine #1) was for the first time mentioned by Vasily Margaritov, a member of the Geographic Society of Amur Krai. This place is now called "The First Coal" (as it was the first mine in the area). Today, the mine is no longer in operation, and is commemorated with a cast-iron sign placed there in 1932. The sign contains the following text: "In 1883 the first coal was found here. Here the mine begins."

The nearby area also includes a number of cliffs and waterfalls.

Notable residents

 * Valentin Zamotaykin (1939–1987), Soviet Olympic sailor

title: Partizansk


text:
Polden Hills

The Polden Hills in Somerset, England are a long, low ridge, extending for 10 mi, and separated from the Mendip Hills, to which they are nearly parallel, by a marshy tract, known as the Somerset Levels. They are now bisected at their western end by the M5 motorway and a railway, the Bristol and Exeter Railway, part of the Great Western Main Line.

Location and history
The hills stretch from Puriton, near Bridgwater, in the west, to Street, in the east. The ridge of the hill once accommodated a Roman road, from Ilchester to the port of Combwich. Roman and Iron Age objects from the "Polden Hill Hoard" are now in the British Museum. This road crossed the River Parrett by means of a ford, at the White House (White House Rhyne), on the Pawlett Hams. This western extension forms part of a Saxon route. The river crossing could only be used a few hours per day at low tide and was used by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in the 1790s when he stayed at Nether Stowey, to travel to and from Bristol. It went out of use as other roads were improved and the White House, a former public house, is now just a ruin. The modern road, now the A39, is carried on a causeway from the King's Sedgemoor Drain, at Bawdrip, to Bridgwater.

Geology

The Poldens are a low narrow ridge of late Triassic / early Jurassic mudstones (often referred to as clay) alternating with limestones. The south-southwest facing scarp is formed by a succession of rocks, lowermost of which are the mudstones of the Mercia Mudstone Group (formerly known as the Keuper Marl), overlain in the west by more mudstones of the late Triassic age Blue Anchor Formation (formerly ‘Tea Green Marls’), a thin unit recorded from Puriton Hill east to the vicinity of Stawell. Elsewhere the overlying layer is that of the late Triassic (Rhaetian) age Westbury Formation (formerly known as the Rhaetic clays or Westbury Beds) consisting of mudstones and limestones. Stratigraphically above these are the mudstones and limestones of the Blue Lias, forming the north-northeasterly directed dip-slope of these hills. Blue Lias is believed to have been quarried on the Polden Hills in the 15th century; and was quarried in Puriton from the early 19th century until the 1973, when the local cement works closed. The outcrop is intersected by two sets of normal faults aligned roughly WSW-ENE and WNW-ESE. At the east end of the range, Dundon Hill forms an outlier of the higher formations. The low ground to both north and south is covered by thick alluvial deposits and peat.

Ecology
Great Breach and Copley Woods near Compton Dundon is a Nature Conservation Review Woodland Site, owned and managed by the Somerset Wildlife Trust. It has been designated as a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest because of the invertebrate population.

In April 2017 the National Lottery awarded a grant to Butterfly Conservation, to help expand the populations of brown hairstreak (Thecla betulae) and the large blue (Phengaris arion) butterflies across a network of sixteen sites. The brown hairstreak is associated with hedges, scrub and woodland edges with plenty of blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). The easiest way to find the butterfly is to look for the white eggs on the black twigs of blackthorn in winter; the annual cutting of hedges is considered one of the reasons for butterflies decline. Change of hedgerow management from flailing and annual cutting to more a traditional laying has led to an increase in eggs at six sites, and over three winters, found the brown hairstreak to be stable there. Eggs have increased in three other sites and have returned to two other sites. The change in hedgerow management has increased the amount of suitable, young-growth blackthorn, for egg-laying females. The large blue butterfly has a complex life-cycle with the larva feeding on thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and marjoram (Origanum majorana), and later tricking red ants (Myrmica sabuleti) into thinking it is an escaped ant grub. Overwintering in an ant nets the larva feeds on the grubs, with pupation taking place in early June. Habitat improvement for the large blue occurred at thirteen locations with contractors and volunteers restoring 8 hectares of limestone grassland, by scrub cutting. The butterfly has since bred on much of this area. To increase the available foodplants, 2,500 plug plants of thyme were grown by Bridgwater College and Groves Nursery, and planted on five of the sites. Marjoram seed was also collected and sown on the scrub-cleared sites. In 2019 the large blue was found at ten of the sites; an increase of four since 2017.

Centres of population
The former medieval planned town of Caput Montis was located at the western end of the Polden Hills. Caput Montis failed as a planned town and now exists as the earth works of a Motte and Bailey in the hamlet of Downend, now a detached part of the village of Puriton. There was also at Dunball a railway halt, a hotel, a post office and a wharf – part of the port of Bridgwater.

There are a number of small villages situated on both slopes of the ridge, many of which are named in the Domesday Book. Most of the eastern villages, from Street to Cossington, and possibly Woolavington, (which are also parishes) are located in medieval planned-parishes. They once formed parts of the estates of Glastonbury Abbey.

Villages of the Polden Hills (west to east)
Puriton - Bawdrip - Woolavington - Cossington - Stawell - Chilton Polden - Edington - Catcott - Shapwick - Ashcott - Walton - Street

title: Polden Hills


text:
MediaWiki talk:Help

Anybody object to me changing this to read 'Contact us / help'? I'll do this in 48 hours if there are no objections. My reasoning is in this mailing list post. The link in the sidebar will still link to Help:Contents.--mav 17:16, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. --mav 03:34, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed your slash format, because you're not supposed to have spaces between the words and the slash. I think it would be better if it were changed to Help/Contact, or better yet Help & Contact - the "Us" seems amateurish to me, and suggests a closed organization of editors. Anyone have objections to this? Andre ( talk ) 08:28, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Since the links can now be split into 2 using MediaWiki:Sidebar, I've created MediaWiki:Contact and MediaWiki:Contact-url and moved the "contact us" part to its own link. Angela. 06:16, July 24, 2005 (UTC)
 * that help/contact looked really ugly. =Nichalp   «Talk»=  11:10, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Help


text:
Knight Rider 2010

Knight Rider 2010 is a 1994 American science fiction action television film directed by Sam Pillsbury and written by John Leekley, loosely based on the television series Knight Rider. It is the second installment of the Knight Rider film series. The film stars Richard Joseph Paul, Heidi Leick, Michael Beach, and Don McManus. It aired in syndication in the United States on February 13, 1994, as part of Universal Television's Action Pack programming block.

Plot
In a Mad Max-style future, Jake McQueen is the ultimate smuggler, smuggling in Mexicans for money to survive, only for his smuggling to come to a halt when he is busted by his brother while getting his truck repaired.

However, what he does not know is that he is under observation by Jared, the crippled head of Chrysalis Corporation, who sends one of his most valued employees, Hannah Tyree, to bring him in to work for them as part of their video games division.

Jake initially is skeptical about the idea of working with Hannah, and is scared away when she admits that she accidentally downloaded herself onto PRISM, a crystalline solid-state memory unit for her computer, once, due to an unexpected side-effect.

Jake is then hunted down after Jared has his data, and eventually finds his way back home, only to find his father near death. Acquiring a junked Mustang, and a special engine his father had kept in trust, he goes to find a way to stop Chrysalis.

While pursuing a lead, he ends up shot, and is witness to Hannah's apparent death, only to find she was trapped in her PRISM. Going into battle against Jared, with Hannah as his car's new AI, Jake eventually destroys Jared when Jake discovers the one side effect of Jared's life support: that it is slowly killing the person it protects.

Now, Jake and Hannah travel the world of the future, fighting for justice in a lawless desert that is forgotten by the world.

Cast

 * Richard Joseph Paul as Jake McQueen
 * Heidi Leick as Hannah Tyrie
 * Michael Beach as Marshal Will McQueen
 * Don McManus as Dean
 * Nicky Katt as Johnny
 * Badja Djola as Zeke
 * Mark Pellegrino as Robert Lee
 * Brion James as Jared

Development
The early drafts of the script were far closer to the original series even including KITT (who would have been a female); however, the makers believed at that time there would be no high-tech cars. Ultimately this movie had little in common with Knight Rider's basic concept, except the title, a talking car, and the "one man can make a difference" concept.

Vehicle
The car is a custom "Ford Mustang" built on an MN12 1994 Ford Thunderbird chassis; its grunge style is very different from the sleek Pontiac cars that were the two incarnations of KITT, whose AI would have been removed and replaced with K.D. (Hannah Tyrie).

Reception
A 2011 article in Wired magazine noted that Knight Rider 2010 had promised "Pimped-out muscle cars with weapons, armor, and 'Hannah' – a girl who's trapped in your onboard computer system and helps you save the world", while the reality in 2010 was characterized by "Pimped-out hybrids with cupholders".

title: Knight Rider 2010


text:
Orthros

Orthros (Greek: ὄρθρος, meaning "early dawn" or "daybreak") or útrenya (Slavonic ѹ́тренѧ) in the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, is the last of the four night offices (church services), the other three being vespers, compline, and midnight office. Traditionally, in monasteries it is held daily so as to end immediately following sunrise, in contrast to parishes where it is held only on Sundays and feast days. It is often called matins after the office it most nearly corresponds to in Western Christian churches.

Orthros is the longest and most complex of the daily cycle of services. It is normally held in the early morning, often — always in monasteries — preceded by the midnight office, and usually followed by the First Hour. On great feasts it is held as part of an all-night vigil commencing the evening before, combined with an augmented great vespers and the first hour. In the Russian tradition, an all-night vigil is celebrated every Saturday evening, typically abridged, however, in spite of its name, to as short as two hours. In the Greek parish tradition, orthros is normally held just before the beginning of the divine liturgy on Sunday and feast day mornings.

The akolouth (fixed portion of the service) is composed primarily of psalms and litanies. The sequences (variable parts) of matins are composed primarily of hymns and canons from the octoechos (an eight-tone cycle of hymns for each day of the week, covering eight weeks), and from the menaion (hymns for each calendar day of the year). During great lent and some of the period preceding it, some of the portions from the octoechos and menaion are replaced by hymns from the triodion and during the paschal season with material from the pentecostarion. On Sundays there is also a gospel reading and corresponding hymns from the eleven-part cycle of resurrectional gospels.

Outline

 * All of the psalms used herein are numbered according to the Septuagint, which is the official version of the Old Testament used by the Byzantine Rite. To find the corresponding KJV numbering, see the article Kathisma.

 * Matins usually opens with what is called the "Royal Beginning", so called because the psalms (19 and 20) speak of a king. The royal beginning is not used in Greek parish practice; also, it is omitted at all-night vigil (during Paschal season it is replaced by the paschal troparion sung thrice):
 * The priest's opening blessing: Blessed is our God ..., reader: Amen. and the usual beginning.
 * Psalms 19 and 20, during which the priest performs a full censing of the temple (church building and worshippers).
 * Glory... Both now... and the Trisagion prayers.
 * The Royal troparia:
 * A brief litany by the priest (not the deacon as is usual for litanies)
 * Ekphonesis by the priest: Glory to the holy, consubstantial, life-giving and undivided trinity, always, now and ever, and unto the ages of ages
 * The Six Psalms (3, 37, 62, 87, 102, and 142), during which the priest says twelve silent prayers: six in front of the Holy Table (altar), and six in front of the Holy Doors. The monastic typikon orders the priest to read them in front of the closed altar doors.
 * The Six Psalms (Greek: Ἑξάψαλμος, Hexapsalmos) were originally associated with the Midnight Office, whose theme was primarily on the Second Coming and the Final Judgement. For this reason, there is traditionally no movement in the church including no reverencing of icons or making the sign of the cross.
 * The Litany of Peace
 * God is the Lord ... and the apolytikion (troparion of the day)
 * Verses from Psalm 118 are interspersed between each chanting of God is the Lord. These are Psalm 118:1, 118:10 & 118:23.
 * Many traditions recite Psalm 105:1 as the first verse. This is the result of a scribal error due to the similarities of that verse with the original verse quoting Psalm 118:1.
 * The Psalter (either two or three sections, depending upon the liturgical season). For each section the following order is followed:
 * The kathisma (section from the Psalter)
 * The Little Litany
 * Feast Days: If a third section of Psalter readings is appointed, it may consist of the Polyeleos (many mercies), or other Psalms as outlined below.
 * Feasts of the Lord: The Polyeleos, consisting of Psalms 134 & 135 is chanted.
 * Feasts of the Mother of God: Psalm 44 is chanted.
 * Meatfare Sunday & Cheesefare Sunday: Psalm 136 is chanted.
 * Eklogarion: Depending on the feast day, additional Psalm readings might be chanted.
 * The sessional hymns (Greek: kathismata, Slavonic: sedalen)
 * On Sundays: Evlogetaria (Blessed are you, O Lord, teach me your statutes)
 * The Little Litany
 * On Sundays and Feast Days:
 * The Hypakoë is chanted to prepare for the message of the Gospel reading
 * The Anavathmoi ("hymns of ascent") based on Psalms 119-133, called the Song of Degrees)
 * The Prokeimenon
 * The order of the Matins Gospel
 * On Sundays, and every day during Paschal season: Choir: Having beheld the Resurrection of Christ ...
 * Psalm 50 (Plain-read in Slavic traditions; Chanted in Greek traditions)
 * Pentecostarion (not to be confused with the Liturgical Book deriving its name from the 50 days after Easter):
 * Sundays and Feast Days: Glory ..., followed by an Idiomelon... then both now ... followed by a Theotokion... Have mercy on me... followed by a final festal Idiomelon.
 * Sundays, Feast Days and Lenten Days, the petition: O God, save your people and bless your inheritance ..."
 * The canon:
 * First and Third Odes (Second Ode is always skipped except during certain Lenten services)
 * Little Litany
 * Sessional hymns
 * Fourth through Sixth Odes
 * Little Litany
 * Kontakion and oikos
 * Synaxarion (commemorating the saints of the day)
 * Seventh and Eighth Odes
 * Ninth Ode, on most days preceded by the Magnificat, during which the deacon censes the church
 * Little Litany
 * On Sundays, Holy is the Lord our God, three times
 * The exapostilaria (hymns related to the day's gospel, or the day's feast; the name is derived from Psalm 42:3 which was originally chanted at this point)
 * The Lauds (Greek: Αἶνοι, Ainoi, "Praises"): Psalms 148, 149, 150; stichera are interspersed between the final verses on days the great doxology is sung,
 * The ending:
 * The doxastikon (the glory hymn), when chanted properly in Byzantine music is the longest, and usually the richest, hymn of the service. This is sometimes followed by another doxastikon or theotokion. On Sundays it is almost always the Theotokion: "You are Supremely Blessed...".
 * Doxology
 * Sundays and feast days: the Great Doxology is chanted, followed by the apolytikion, the two litanies and the dismissal
 * Weekdays: the Small Doxology is read, followed by the first litany, the aposticha, It is good to give praise unto the Lord..., the trisagion sequence followed by the apolytikion, and the second litany (there is no dismissal)
 * The First Hour

In very traditional monasteries, readings from the Church Fathers are read after each of the sessional hymns.

Types of Orthros
There are seven types of Matins:

Basic forms

 * Sunday orthros—The longest of the regular orthros services - Gospel Reading and Great Doxology. If this service is celebrated in its entirety it can last up to six hours but is typically abridged.
 * Daily orthros—Celebrated on most weekdays - No gospel reading, Small Doxology.
 * Feast-day orthros—Very similar to Sunday orthros, excluding those parts which are strictly resurrectional in nature - gospel reading and Great Doxology.

Special forms

 * Lenten orthros—Weekdays during great lent, the Wednesday and Friday of Cheesefare Week, and, optionally when there is no divine liturgy, on the weekdays of the lesser fasting seasons (Nativity Fast, Apostles' Fast and Dormition Fast). The service follows the order of daily orthros but with penitential material added (hymns and prayers), most days have three kathismata from the Psalter, "God is the Lord" is replaced by "Lenten Alleluia" (from which fact these days are identified as "days with Alleluia"). The petition: "O God, save your people and bless your inheritance ..." is read by the priest. There is no gospel reading. The Small Doxology is read and there is special lenten ending of the service, including the Prayer of St. Ephraim.
 * Great and Holy Friday Orthros — Twelve Passion Gospels are interspersed throughout the service; Antiphons are used between the Gospels (these originated in a different office).
 * Great and Holy Saturday Orthros—Lamentations are chanted around the epitaphios, interspersed between the verses of Psalm 118. Contains some elements of the old cathedral office: reading of three pericopes (lessons from the Old Testament, epistle and Gospel) at the end - Great Doxology followed by the procession with epitaphios.
 * Paschal orthros—Celebrated during Bright Week, from the Sunday of Pascha (Easter) through Bright Saturday. The service is vastly different from the rest of the year; only the litanies, canon (the canticles of which are omitted) and lauds are the same; everything else, including the psalms, are replaced by special paschal hymns. The priest vests fully in his eucharistic vestments throughout the week. There is no doxology at all.

title: Orthros


text:
Adobe Captivate

Adobe Captivate is an authoring tool that is used for creating eLearning content such as software demonstrations, software simulations, branched scenarios, and randomized quizzes in HTML5 format.

For software simulations, Captivate can use left or right mouse clicks, key presses and rollover images.

It can also be used to create screencasts, and to convert Microsoft PowerPoint presentations to HTML5 format, and use SCORM for learner tracking.

History
While the product started out as a pure screen recording utility known as Flashcam (Nexus Concepts 2002), it evolved into an E-learning authoring tool after San Diego-based eHelp Corporation acquired Flashcam and released it as RoboDemo. Eventually, software firm Macromedia acquired eHelp to gain RoboDemo. Shortly before Adobe Systems acquired Macromedia, they changed the name of the product to Captivate.

It used to support Shockwave Flash (.swf, a.k.a. ‘Small Web Format’).

Versions

 * RoboDemo 2 (May 2002 by eHelp Corporation) First version with major FlashCam bug fixes (therefore, it was called version "2").
 * RoboDemo 3 (Fall 2002 by eHelp Corporation) New features included Powerpoint and AVI import, interactive text entry boxes, interactive click boxes, JavaScript options, and scoring.
 * RoboDemo 4 and eLearning Edition (Spring 2003 by eHelp Corporation) New features included AutoText Captions, Animated Text Effects, PowerPoint style interface, publish as email attachment, customize capture key, SCORM, Quiz question slides, support for Questionmark Perception.
 * RoboDemo 5 and eLearning Edition (Fall 2003 by eHelp Corporation) New features included tighter integration with Flash via FLA and SWF import, full-motion (real-time) recording, SCORM 1.2., video import, multiple copy/paste, undo, shortcut controls, grid, alignment toolbar, filmstrip view, background audio, animated highlighters, and project resize.
 * Macromedia Captivate (October 2004) New features included timeline, audio editing, demonstration and simulation recording modes, customizable quiz questions, export to Flash MX 2004, smart full motion recording, 508 compliance, SCORM 2004, and Breeze integration.
 * Adobe Captivate 2 (October 2006) New features included branching view, simulation wizard, library, interaction dialog, zoom, skins and menus, Flash Video (FLV) support, export to Flash 8, step-by-step documentation output, customization options, and PENS.
 * Adobe Captivate 3 (July 2007) New features included multimode recording, automatic rerecording, XML export/import (XLIFF) for localization, find and replace, audio recording with preview, randomized quizzes, answer shuffle, new question types (sequence/hotspot), PPT import with animations, rollover slidelet, and slide transition effects. This version has an Adobe Captivate logo preloader added to the beginning of all simulations, but this can be changed to a generic preloader. It would eventually be included in the Adobe Technical Communication Suite.
 * Adobe Captivate 4 (Jan 2009) New features included SWF commenting, professional project templates, customizable widgets, roundtrip PowerPoint workflow, table of contents and aggregator, text-to-speech functionality, variables and advanced actions, expanded output options, Adobe Photoshop layer support. This version has features for collaboration, extends Adobe Captivate and interacts with other Adobe products like Bridge, Soundbooth, Photoshop, Adobe Device Central, etc. This version of Adobe Captivate is also part of the new Adobe eLearning Suite.
 * Adobe Captivate 5 (May 2010) Unlike previous versions that were derivative of Captivate 2 and carried over notable bugs and technological limitations, Captivate 5 was written from scratch. Features include a new GUI similar to other Adobe CS family products, built-in animation effects, extended Microsoft PowerPoint support, extended video embedding and control (it functions similarly to audio in older versions), master slides andobject styles. Developers are able to publish their content to Acrobat.com and use it as a quasi-Learning management system. Adobe Captivate 5 is available separately or as part of Adobe eLearning Suite 2 for the first time for Mac & Windows.
 * Adobe Captivate 5.5 (May 2011) New features include gradients, shadows, and object rotation, enhanced quiz/assessment templates, MP4 output option, YouTube publishing option, pay-as-you go subscription licensing option. Available as a stand-alone product or as part of the Adobe eLearning Suite 2.5 bundle.
 * Adobe Captivate 6.0 (June 2012) Interactions (pre-built widgets), actors ( pre-built images), themes and HTML 5 support.
 * Adobe Captivate 7.0 (June 2013) Wide range of drag-and-drop components such as games, quizzes, and learning modules. HTML5 conversion for Microsoft PowerPoint projects. Newly bundled MathMagic equation editor for both Mac OS X and Windows versions. Enhanced accessibility support. Interactions library.
 * Adobe Captivate 8 (May 2014)
 * Adobe Captivate 9 (August 2015) Adobe Captivate 9 adds new features including multi state objects, improved effects and motion paths, creating a content draft on an iOS device, and publishing to the new Adobe LMS known as Captivate Prime. Adds the integration of eLearning Brothers Templates.
 * Adobe Captivate (2017 release) (April 2017) The 2017 release of Adobe Captivate adds new features including improvements in responsive design through the use of Fluid Boxes and text scaling, the ability to save legacy non-responsive projects as responsive, integration of Adobe's Typekit to increase the range of fonts available to users, and the ability to customize closed captioning.
 * Adobe Captivate (2019 release) (August 2018) The 2019 release of Adobe Captivate adds new features including creating Virtual Reality (VR) projects for immersive eLearning, creating interactive videos for your demos, enhancements to Fluid Boxes, Live Device Previews for your VR projects and responsive courses, smart video recording that includes your webcam feed, and converting your PowerPoint presentations to responsive projects.
 * Adobe Captivate - subscription only as of February 2022, the perpetual licenses are not supported anymore, and only a subscription version can be purchased. Of course, Flash files aren't supported anymore, due to its sunset.

File formats
The table below contains some of the supported file formats that can be opened or accessed in Adobe Captivate.

Captivate Prime
Captivate Prime is an eLearning platform that is used for distributing eLearning content mainly for business employees, customers, and partners. It is mainly used for "training employees, partners, and customers effectively with a modern digital learning platform." The latest release of Captivate Prime is the December 2020 release. It is commonly integrated with Adobe Captivate which added support for Captivate Prime on version 9 in 2015.

title: Adobe Captivate


text:
Tulsa Community College

Tulsa Community College is a public community college in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It was founded in 1970 and is the largest two-year college in Oklahoma. It serves approximately 23,000 students per year in classes. TCC consists of four main campuses, two community campuses, and a conference center situated throughout the Tulsa metropolitan area with an annual budget of approximately $112 million. The college employs about 2,270 people, including 280 full-time faculty and 536 adjunct faculty. In 2022, the Tulsa Community College established the Cyber Skills Center as a part of its workforce development initiatives. The center, supported by the George Kaiser Family Foundation, focuses on building a diverse tech workforce in the Tulsa area.

Notable alumni

 * AleXa - K-pop idol under ZB Label
 * Chris Benge - Executive Director, Rural and Tribal Health Policy, OSU Center for Health Sciences
 * Randy Blake - basketball player; professional kickboxer
 * Shelly Crow (1948-2011), Second Chief of the Muscogee Nation from 1992-1996
 * Jeannie McDaniel - Retired Legislator
 * Rebecca Petty - Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from Rogers, Arkansas
 * Wes Studi - Cherokee American Film Actor and Producer
 * Clifton Taulbert - President & CEO, The Freemount Corporation & Roots Java Coffee

title: Tulsa Community College


text:
Pha That Luang

Pha That Luang (ທາດຫຼວງ or ພຣະທາດຫລວງ; "Great Stupa") is a large, gold-covered Buddhist stupa in the centre of the city of Vientiane, capital of Laos. Since its initial establishment, suggested to be in the 3rd century AD, the stupa has undergone several reconstructions, as recently as the 1930s, due to foreign invasions of the area. It is generally regarded as the most important national monument in Laos as well as a national symbol.

History

Buddhist missionaries from the Mauryan Empire are believed to have been sent by Emperor Ashoka, including Bury Chan or Praya Chanthabury Pasithisak and five Arahanta monks, who brought a sacred relic (believed to be the breastbone) of Buddha and enshrined it into the stupa in the 3rd century BC. The structure was rebuilt in the 13th century as a Khmer temple, which fell into ruin.

In the mid-16th century, King Setthathirat relocated his capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane and ordered the construction of the temple in 1566. It was constructed about 4 km from the centre of Vientiane, at the end of Pha That Luang Road, and named accordingly. The bases had a length of 69 metres each, and the stupa was 45 metres high, surrounded by 30 smaller stupas.

In 1641, a Dutch envoy of the Dutch East India Company, Gerrit van Wuysthoff, visited Vientiane and was received by King Sourigna Vongsa at the temple, reportedly in a magnificent ceremony. He wrote that he was particularly impressed by the "enormous pyramid...and the top was covered with gold leaf weighing about a thousand pounds". The stupa was repeatedly plundered by the Burmese, Siamese, and Chinese.

Pha That Luang was destroyed by the Thai invasion in 1828, which left it heavily damaged and abandoned. It was not until 1900 that the French restored it to its original design, based on detailed drawings from 1867 by the French architect and explorer Louis Delaporte. However, the first attempt to restore it was unsuccessful, and it had to be redesigned and then reconstructed in the 1930s. During the Franco-Thai War, Pha That Luang was heavily damaged during a Thai air raid. After the end of World War II, it was reconstructed.

Architecture
The architecture of the building includes many references to Lao culture and identity, and so has become a symbol of Lao nationalism.

The first level is 223 by; the second is 157 ft along each side; and the third level is 98 ft along each side. From ground to pinnacle, Pha That Luang is 147.6 ft high.

Only the pinnacle is covered in real gold; the remainder of the stupa is painted a gold color.

The area around Pha That Luang is now gated, to keep out traffic. Previously, visitors could drive around the whole complex. The encircling walls are roughly 279 ft long on each side and contain a large number of Lao and Khmer sculptures, including one of Jayavarman VII.

title: Pha That Luang