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Man Chong

Man Chong (before 175 - April or May 242),  courtesy name Boning, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He previously served under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He is best known for defending the city of Hefei from a series of invasions by Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu, between 230 and 235.

Early life and career
Man Chong was from Changyi County (昌邑縣), Shanyang Commandery (山陽郡), which is located northwest of present-day Jinxiang County, Shandong. When he was 17, he served as an Investigator (督郵) in his home commandery. At the time, there was a group of armed thugs led by Li Shuo (李朔) who were causing harm to the locals. After the commandery administrator put Man Chong in charge of dealing with them, Li Shuo surrendered to the authorities and never caused trouble again.

As Man Chong grew older, he became the Prefect (令) of Gaoping County (高平縣; northwest of present-day Weishan County, Shandong). Around the time, an official Zhang Bao (張苞) was abusing his powers by soliciting bribes and causing trouble for the local administration. One day, Man Chong led his guards into the guesthouse where Zhang Bao stayed and arrested him on allegations of corruption. After interrogating Zhang Bao and publishing his crimes, Man Chong resigned and went home with his part in the process completed.

As the Prefect of Xu County
When the warlord Cao Cao held the position of Governor of Yan Province between 191 and 192, he recruited Man Chong to serve as an Assistant Officer (從事) under him. Later, when Cao Cao had taken control of the Han court and was briefly General-in-Chief in 196, he appointed Man Chong as an Assistant in the West Bureau (西曹屬) of his administration. Man Chong was later appointed as the Prefect of Xu County (許縣; present-day Xuchang, Henan), the new imperial capital of the Eastern Han dynasty between 196 and 220. This was a politically sensitive appointment given Cao Cao's relatively new grip on the court and Man Chong, not yet thirty, was fairly young for such an important post. During his tenure, Man Chong got into two controversial incidents.

In the first incident, Cao Hong, one of Cao Cao's cousins and trusted generals, had some retainers under him who broke the law while they were in Xu County. After Man Chong arrested and imprisoned the retainers, Cao Hong wrote to him and asked him to release them. When Man Chong ignored his request, Cao Hong brought up the issue to Cao Cao, who summoned the official in charge to come and see him. Man Chong thought that Cao Cao wanted to pardon Cao Hong's retainers, so he immediately executed them. Cao Cao was pleased when he heard about it and he remarked, "Isn't this what an officeholder should do?"

In the second incident, Yang Biao (楊彪), the Grand Commandant and long serving member of the Han court, was arrested and imprisoned for allegedly conspiring with Yuan Shu, a warlord who rebelled against the Eastern Han dynasty. Man Chong, who was in charge of interrogating Yang Biao, received requests from his colleagues Xun Yu and Kong Rong to refrain from flogging the well regarded scholar Yang Biao during the interrogation. However, Man Chong ignored them and did everything by the book. A few days later, Man Chong reported to Cao Cao: "Yang Biao had nothing to say when I interrogated him. Before executing a criminal, we must first produce evidence of his guilt and show it to the public. Yang Biao is a reputable man. If we execute him without sufficient evidence to show that he is guilty, the people will lose faith in us. I hope you will reconsider your decision carefully and not be too hasty in ordering Yang Biao's execution." Cao Cao then released Yang Biao. Xun Yu and Kong Rong were initially angry with Man Chong when they found out that he tortured Yang Biao during the interrogation. However, they became more amiable towards him after they heard what he told Cao Cao.

The historian Pei Songzhi criticised Man Chong for his cruelty and said that he should not have tortured Yang Biao, who had a reputation for being virtuous. From his viewpoint, even though Man Chong deserved praise for doing things by the book, it was not enough to make up for his cruelty.

As the Administrator of Runan Commandery
In 200 CE, the Battle of Guandu broke out between Cao Cao and his rival, Yuan Shao, whose family homeome during the Later Han was in Runan Commandery (汝南郡; covering parts of present-day southeastern Henan and northwestern Anhui). Although Yuan Shao had no control in Runan Commandery, he maintained some influence there through his retainers, who led small groups of armed men and had strongholds scattered throughout the commandery. Cao Cao was worried that they would pose a threat to his base in Xu County while he was away at the frontline at Guandu, so he appointed Man Chong as the Administrator (太守) of Runan Commandery to deal with Yuan Shao's retainers.

Upon assuming office, Man Chong gathered five hundred followers to attack and destroy over 20 strongholds, then invited the retainer leaders to a diplomatic meeting and there killed over 10 of them. Runan Commandery was no longer a major threat but the harsh treatment did lead to repeated revolts in the area. During his tenure, Man Chong gained control over 20,000 households, drafted about 2,000 men into military service, and implemented the tuntian policy in the commandery.

In 208, Man Chong led his troops from Runan Commandery to join Cao Cao on a military campaign to conquer Jing Province and attack the rival warlords Sun Quan and Liu Bei. After Cao Cao retreated back to the north following his defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs in the winter of 208–209, he appointed Man Chong as acting General of Vehement Might (奮威將軍) and ordered him to remain behind in Jing Province to defend Dangyang. However, after Cao Cao's forces lost the Battle of Jiangling against Sun Quan's forces, Cao Cao ordered Man Chong to abandon Dangyang and return to his previous post in Runan Commandery. The Han imperial court awarded Man Chong the title of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯).

Battle of Fancheng
In 219, Liu Bei's general Guan Yu led his forces to attack Fancheng (樊城, present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei), which was guarded by Cao Ren, one of Cao Cao's cousins and trusted generals. Man Chong brought troops to Fancheng to assist Cao Ren in resisting Guan Yu's attack. They were thrown into a dangerous situation when heavy rains caused flooding in the region and parts of Fancheng's walls began to crumble. To make matters worse, the flood destroyed the reinforcements led by Cao Cao's general Yu Jin, who surrendered to the enemy. Guan Yu kept pressing the attack on Fancheng all this while.

Someone suggested to Cao Ren to abandon Fancheng and escape while there was still time, since Guan Yu's forces had not completely surrounded Fancheng yet. Man Chong disagreed and said, "The floodwaters may be flowing very fast, but the flood might not last long. Guan Yu had already sent a detachment of troops from his army to station at Jia County (郟縣). There is already much panic and fear among the people living in the lands south of Xu County (許縣). Guan Yu doesn't dare to advance further because he's worried that his base (in southern Jing Province) will come under attack. If we abandon Fancheng and leave, we'll end up losing all the territories south of the river. Sir, you should continue to hold up here." Cao Ren agreed with him. Man Chong drowned his horse and pledged to stay with the soldiers in Fancheng to the end.

When Xu Huang, another of Cao Cao's generals, showed up at Fancheng with reinforcements, Man Chong joined him in attacking Guan Yu and succeeded in breaking the siege on Fancheng. As a reward for his efforts, the Han imperial court promoted Man Chong from a secondary marquis to a village marquis under the title "Marquis of Anchang Village" (安昌亭侯).

Service under Cao Pi
Following Cao Cao's death in 220, Man Chong continued serving under his son and successor, Cao Pi, who usurped the throne from Emperor Xian later that year, ended the Eastern Han dynasty, and established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. After his coronation, Cao Pi promoted Man Chong to General Who Spreads Martial Might (揚武將軍).

Sometime between 220 and 222, Man Chong participated in two battles against Wei's rival state, Eastern Wu, founded by Cao Cao's old rival Sun Quan. In the first battle, he defeated Wu forces at Jiangling (江陵; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei). After the battle, Cao Pi promoted him to General Who Calms the Waves (伏波將軍) and ordered him to station at Xinye (新野; present-day Xinye County, Henan). In the second battle, Man Chong led the Wei army's vanguard force during a Wei campaign against Wu. The vanguard force, under his command, reached the Jing Lake (精湖) and established their position on the side of the lake directly across the enemy's side. Man Chong foresaw that the enemy would attempt to set fire to his camp at night as the winds were strong, so he warned his subordinates and put his troops on high alert. His prediction came true that night. Since they were prepared, Man Chong and his troops successfully repelled the attack and defended their position. As a reward for his contributions, Man Chong was promoted from a village marquis to a district marquis under the title "Marquis of Nan District" (南鄉侯).

In 222, Cao Pi granted Man Chong imperial authority and awarded him a ceremonial axe. Two years later, he promoted Man Chong to General of the Vanguard (前將軍).

Service under Cao Rui
Following Cao Pi's death in 226, his son Cao Rui succeeded him as the emperor of Wei. After his coronation, Cao Rui elevated Man Chong from the status of a district marquis to a county marquis under the title "Marquis of Changyi" (昌邑侯). In 228, he appointed Man Chong as the Inspector (刺史) of Yu Province.

In the spring of 228, defectors from Wei's rival state, Wu, claimed that Wu forces were preparing to attack the territories north of the Yangtze River, with the Wu emperor Sun Quan personally leading his forces. Man Chong deduced that the Wu forces were deliberately spreading misinformation and that their true target was Xiyang County (西陽縣; southwest of present-day Guangshan County, Henan), so he gave orders to strengthen the defences at Xiyang County. When Sun Quan found out, he had no choice but to call off the attack.

In the autumn of the same year, believing Zhou Fang's fake defection was real, Cao Xiu led troops from Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui) into Wu lands with Man Chong ordered by the Emperor to lead troops to Xiakou (夏口; in present-day Wuhan, Hubei). Man Chong wrote a memorial to the emperor: "Cao Xiu may be wise and decisive, but he has little experience in battle. The route that he is taking has a lake behind it and the river beside it. It is easy to advance but difficult to retreat. Military leaders tend to avoid travelling across such terrain if possible. If he is going into Wuqiangkou (無彊口), he should be well-prepared." Before Man Chong's memorial reached Cao Rui, however, Cao Xiu and his army had already entered Wuqiangkou, where Wu forces cut off his line of retreat and inflicted heavy casulities on Cao Xiu's forces.

After Cao Xiu died later in 228, Man Chong, as General of the Vanguard, was ordered to replace him as the supervisor of military operations in Yang Province. As Man Chong had gained much support from the locals during his tenure as the Administrator of Runan Commandery, the people in Runan Commandery wanted to follow him when they learnt that he had been reassigned to Yang Province. A military officer wrote to the emperor Cao Rui, seeking permission to execute the local leaders to stop an emigration of the populace. However, Cao Rui did not approve and, as a compromise, he allowed Man Chong to bring a following of one thousand personal retainers to Yang Province while the rest had to remain in Runan Commandery.

Battle of Hefei (231)
In 230, Cao Rui promoted Man Chong to General Who Attacks the East (征東將軍). In the winter of that year, after receiving intelligence that the Wu emperor Sun Quan was planning to attack Hefei, Man Chong immediately requested for reinforcements from Yan and Yu provinces and stepped up the defences at Hefei. When Sun Quan heard about it, he called off the attack on Hefei. Man Chong knew that Sun Quan was only pretending to retreat to put him off guard, and would come back to attack Hefei again once the reinforcements left. He was proven right as Sun Quan attacked Hefei after about 10 days. However, as Hefei was well-defended, Sun Quan's forces could not breach the walls and had to withdraw.

In 231, a Wu officer Sun Bu (孫布) secretly sent a messenger to meet Wang Ling, the Wei inspector of Yang Province, and convey his desire to defect to Wei. Sun Bu also said in his message: "As we are too far apart from each other, I cannot come to you. You will need to send troops to escort me over." Wang Ling then passed the letter to Man Chong and asked him to send a convoy of troops to escort Sun Bu to Yang Province. Man Chong suspected that Sun Bu was pretending to defect so he refused and wrote a reply to Sun Bu in Wang Ling's name: "It is good to hear that you have recognised the folly of your ways and now desire to leave your tyrannical government and return to the path of righteousness. This is truly commendable. However, as much as I would like to send troops to escort you over, I do not think it is a good idea. If I send too few troops, they will not be able to protect you. If I send too many troops, the Wu government will find it suspicious. I think you should secretly make plans for yourself first and act accordingly when the time comes."

Man Chong was not on good terms with his colleague, Wang Ling, who spread rumours that Man Chong was addicted to alcohol, physically unfit for his job, and unruly and defiant. When the rumours reached the Wei imperial capital Luoyang, an official Guo Mou (郭謀) suggested to the emperor to summon Man Chong to Luoyang and see if the rumours were true, as opposed to immediately removing Man Chong from office. Cao Rui heeded the suggestion. When Man Chong met the emperor, he appeared to be in good health and remained sober after consuming one dan of alcohol. Cao Rui thus concluded that the rumours were untrue and ordered Man Chong to return to his post. Man Chong, however, wanted to remain in Luoyang so he repeatedly sought permission from Cao Rui but was denied. Cao Rui told him, "In the past, Lian Po ate and drank heavily to show that he was in good health, while Ma Yuan turned his body to look backward while he was on horseback to show that he was still fit for battle. You aren't even old, yet you say you're old. Why don't you compare yourself with Lian Po and Ma Yuan? You should be thinking about defending the border and serving your country."

Before Man Chong left for Luoyang, he instructed his chief clerk, who was in charge during his absence, to not give Wang Ling command of any of his troops. Wang Ling, unable to get any troops from Man Chong's units, had to send his own subordinates and 700 soldiers from his own units to meet Sun Bu. As Man Chong foresaw, Sun Bu was indeed pretending to defect. Wang Ling's subordinates and 700 men fell into an ambush and suffered heavy casualties.

Battle of Lujiang (232)
In 232, when the Wu general Lu Xun led troops to attack Lujiang Commandery (廬江郡; around present-day Lu'an, Anhui), Man Chong's subordinates urged him to send reinforcements there. However, Man Chong refused and said, "Lujiang may be small, but its troops are well-trained and seasoned in battle. They can definitely defend Lujiang for some time. Besides, as the enemy has left their ships and travelled 200 li deep into our territory, their rear must be unguarded. We should use this opportunity to lure them deeper into our territory and wait for an opportunity to strike back. Let's allow them to push further in. By the time they want to retreat, it'll be too late for them." He then assembled his troops and waited at Yangyikou (楊宜口). When the Wu forces heard about it, they immediately retreated that night. At the time, as the Wu emperor Sun Quan was eager to conquer Yang Province, he came up with new plans for invasion every year.

Battle of Hefei (233)
In 233, Man Chong wrote a memorial to the Wei imperial court, seeking permission to move the troops out of Hefei and station them in an area some 30 li west of the city, and build a fortress there. His plan was meant to lure Wu forces to attack a weakly defended Hefei, cut off their retreat route, and use the opportunity to destroy them. Jiang Ji, a Wei official, disagreed with Man Chong's plan because he believed that the Wu forces would see the drastic reduction in Hefei's defences as a sign of weakness on Wei's part, and become more emboldened to attack and pillage the city. The Wei emperor Cao Rui thought that Jiang Ji made sense so he did not approve Man Chong's idea.

Man Chong sent in another memorial to argue that his plan would work because it would mislead the Wu forces into thinking that they were giving up on Hefei and lure them deeper into Wei territory, where they would lose their advantage in naval warfare and become more vulnerable. He also quoted lines from The Art of War in his memorial to support his point on using deception to lure the enemy into a trap. Zhao Zi (趙咨), a Wei official, supported Man Chong's idea and managed to convince Cao Rui to approve it.

Later that year, the Wu emperor Sun Quan personally led his forces to attack Hefei and wanted to besiege the newly constructed fortress, known as Xincheng (新城; literally "new fortress/city"), at the west of Hefei. However, as Xincheng was too far from the riverbank, the Wu forces were hesitant to launch an all-out attack. They remained on their ships on the river for about 20 days.

Man Chong gathered his subordinates and told them, "Sun Quan knows that I have moved the troops out of Hefei. He'll definitely want to put on a show of might so that he can brag about how powerful his army is. Although he doesn't have the courage to push further in and attack Xincheng, he'll definitely send his troops ashore just to show off how big his army is." He then ordered 6,000 troops to lie in ambush in Hefei and wait for the Wu soldiers to come ashore. As Man Chong predicted, Sun Quan did order his troops to go ashore and put on a show of might. When that happened, the 6,000 troops in Hefei launched a sudden and fierce attack on them. Hundreds of Wu soldiers were killed while some drowned as they tried to flee back to their ships.

Battle of Hefei (234)
In 234, Sun Quan personally led a 100,000-strong army to attack Xincheng, Hefei. Man Chong recruited dozens of fierce warriors to make torches from tree branches, douse them with oil, and take advantage of the winds to set fire to the Wu army's siege engines and destroy them. Sun Quan's nephew, Sun Tai, was killed in the battle. Sun Quan withdrew his forces.

In the spring of 235, Sun Quan sent a few thousand of his soldiers and their families to farm on the north banks of the Yangtze as part of a tuntian programme. By early autumn, Man Chong deduced that it was the harvest season, so the Wu soldiers and their families would be out in the fields collecting the harvest, and their strongholds would thus be undefended. He then sent his troops to launch a surprise attack on them, destroying their strongholds and burning down their crops. Cao Rui issued an imperial decree to praise Man Chong and award the spoils of war to Man Chong's troops.

Later career
Sometime between 22 March and 20 April 239, Man Chong retired from military service in Hefei and returned to the Wei imperial capital, Luoyang, where he served as Grand Commandant (太尉) in the imperial court. Throughout his life, he did not accumulate wealth for his family and was quite poor in his old age. The Wei emperor Cao Rui issued an imperial decree to praise Man Chong for his loyalty and dedication, and award him 10 qing of land, 500 hu of grain and 200,000 coins. The total number of taxable households in Man Chong's marquisate increased over the years until it reached 9,600. One of his sons and one of his grandsons were enfeoffed as village marquises.

Death
Man Chong died sometime between 17 April and 16 May 242 during the reign of Cao Rui's adopted son and successor, Cao Fang. He was honoured with the posthumous title "Marquis Jing" (景侯) after death.

Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote Man Chong's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, appraised him as follows: "Man Chong was ambitious, resolute, courageous and resourceful."

Descendants
Man Chong had at least three sons and one daughter. He and his son Man Wei and grandsons Man Changwu and Man Fen were all described as eight chi tall (≈1.84 metres).

 * Man Wei (滿偉), whose courtesy name was Gongheng (公衡), inherited his father's peerage and marquisate as the Marquis of Changyi (昌邑侯). He was known for being morally upright and magnanimous. Like his father, he served in the Cao Wei state and the highest appointment he held was Minister of the Guards (衞尉).
 * Man Changwu (滿長武; died in or after June 260?) was Man Wei's eldest son and he resembled his grandfather Man Chong in character. When he was 23, he started served as an assistant under Sima Zhao, the regent and de facto ruler of the Cao Wei state in its final years. In 257, when a rebellion broke out in Shouchun, Sima Zhao ordered Man Wei to join him in suppressing the rebellion. When Man Wei reached Xuchang, he fell sick so he remained in Xuchang and did not meet up with Sima Zhao at Shouchun. When Man Changwu, who was with Sima Zhao at Shouchun, heard about his father's illness, he left Shouchun and went to Xuchang to see his father. Sima Zhao was very unhappy with Man Changwu because of this. Later, he found an excuse to order Man Changwu's arrest and imprisonment. Man Changwu died under torture while in prison, while his father Man Wei was stripped of his titles and reduced to the status of a commoner. Many people saw this incident as a grievous injustice to Man Wei and Man Changwu. In 260, when the Wei emperor Cao Mao launched a coup in an attempt to seize back power from Sima Zhao, Man Changwu was in charge of guarding one of the palace gates. Sima Zhao's younger brother, Sima Gan (司馬幹), led his men to the palace to assist Sima Zhao, but Man Changwu refused to let him pass and told him to enter through another gate instead. Later, when Sima Zhao asked Sima Gan why he was late, Sima Gan told him what happened. Wang Xian (王羨), a military adviser to Sima Zhao, was also denied entry so he bore a grudge against Man Changwu and later often spoke ill of him in front of Sima Zhao.
 * Man Bing (滿炳) had the courtesy name Gongyan (公琰) and he served as a Major of Separate Command (別部司馬) in the Wei army.
 * Man Chong's daughter married Sima Gan (司馬幹), a younger brother of the Wei regent Sima Zhao.
 * Man Chong had another unnamed son, who was younger than Man Wei.
 * Man Fen (滿奮) was the son of Man Chong's unnamed son. He was known for being understanding, cultured, virtuous and discerning, and for resembling his grandfather Man Chong in character. He served in the government of the Jin dynasty (266–420) and rose to the positions of Prefect of the Masters of Writing (尚書令) and Colonel-Director of Retainers (司隷校尉) during the reign of Emperor Hui.

In popular culture
Man Chong is a playable character in the ninth instalment of the Dynasty Warriors video game series by Koei Tecmo.

title: Man Chong


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Springfield and Eastern Street Railway

The Springfield and Eastern Street Railway, originally the Palmer and Monson Street Railway, was a streetcar company in the towns east of Springfield, Massachusetts.

History
The first line of the Palmer and Monson Street Railway opened in 1898, connecting Palmer to Monson. It was controlled by the Consolidated Railway of Connecticut. In May 1901 the company was renamed to the Springfield and Eastern Street Railway. An extension to the Springfield Street Railway in Ludlow opened on September 17, 1901, and a line to Brimfield opened in July 1907.

On September 1, 1905, the Springfield Street Railway leased the Springfield and Eastern. In 1906 the S&E, along with most other Massachusetts properties of the Consolidated Railway (including the Springfield Street Railway), was sold to the New England Investment and Security Company. On November 26, 1910, following long protracted hearings before the state, the Springfield Street Railway would officially merge with the Springfield and Eastern, retaining its name in some uses, subsequently it would also be referred to as the company's Palmer Line Division.

By 1927 buses had replaced the trolleys.

Lines
The original line ran between Palmer and Monson, and was later extended to South Monson. Most of this was over the present Route 32, except in two places. In Palmer, instead of crossing the Boston and Albany Railroad east of downtown with current Route 32, the line continued with Main Street, crossing the tracks downtown. Additionally, the tracks used a private right-of-way in North Monson, crossing the New London Northern Railroad at Bunyan Road.

The line from Palmer to Ludlow followed US 20 out the west end of Palmer. Just before the crossing of the Quaboag River, the tracks split to cross the river north of the road, and then crossed to the south side of the road onto a private right-of-way just north of the Boston and Albany Railroad. The part of this across the river has since become a realignment of the road. Near the Palmer/Wilbraham town line, the line left the north side of the B&A and returned to the road, continuing west to the border with Springfield, across the Chicopee River from Ludlow. At the end of this route, the road now known as Old Boston Road, Stony Hill Road and River Road was used.

The line from Palmer to Brimfield split from the Monson line just south of where it entered current Route 32. From there it ran on a private right-of-way cross-country to a point on US 20 at the split with Monson Road. The part of this alignment in Brimfield has since become a realignment of US 20. From there, the tracks continued along current US 20 to Brimfield center.

The line from Palmer to Ware headed north out of Palmer on present Route 32, splitting just before Palmer Center onto High Street. It continued north along River Street to Whipples, continuing on a private right-of-way (part of which is now River Street) back to Route 32, which it used to Ware. From Ware, a line continued along Route 32 to Gilbertville, with a branch heading east along Route 9 to the Warren, Brookfield and Spencer Street Railway at the present merge with Route 67 in West Brookfield. Some or all of these continuations past Ware may have been built and operated by the WB&S or another company.

A branch of the line to Ware turned west, continuing on High Street past River Street. It used Commercial Street and Main Street through Thorndike, ending at Three Rivers. A branch of that split at Four Corners, running north on present Route 181 to Bondsville and its Central Massachusetts Railroad station.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Springfield and Eastern Street Railway


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Francesca Buller

Francesca Buller (born 20 January 1964) is an English actress best known for her portrayal of various characters in the TV series Farscape, most notably that of War Minister Ahkna. She also has performed in theatre roles, including in Hamlet and Merchant of Venice.

Buller is married to fellow actor Ben Browder, who played John Crichton in Farscape and Cameron Mitchell in Stargate SG-1. They met while they were studying at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London.

Buller was nominated for Best Special Guest Television in "Bad Timing" for the SyFy Genre Awards.

Filmography

 * Heatstroke (2008) ... Dr. Taggert
 * Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars (2004) (TV film) .... War Minister Ahkna
 * Kiss of a Killer (1993) (TV)
 * Chaplin (1992) .... Minnie Chaplin
 * Those Secrets (1992) (TV)
 * Deceived (1991) .... Lillian
 * Fever (1991/I) (TV) .... Denise
 * She's Been Away (1989) (TV) .... Hospital Nurse

Notable TV guest appearances

 * Farscape playing "Minister Ahkna" in "Bad Timing" (episode No. 4.22) 21 March 2003
 * Farscape playing "Minister Ahkna" "We're So Screwed Part III: La Bomba" (episode No. 4.21) 14 March 2003
 * Farscape playing "Minister Ahkna" "We're So Screwed Part II: Hot to Katratzi" (episode No. 4.20) 7 March 2003
 * Farscape playing "Minister Ahkna" "Bringing Home the Beacon" (episode No. 4.16) 7 February 2003
 * Farscape playing "Raxil" "Scratch 'n Sniff" (episode No. 3.13) 20 July 2001
 * Farscape playing "ro-NA" "Look at the Princess Part II: I Do, I Think" (episode No. 2.12) 28 July 2000
 * Farscape playing "ro-NA" "Look at the Princess Part I: A Kiss is But a Kiss" (episode No. 2.11) 21 July 2000
 * Farscape playing "M'Lee" "Bone to Be Wild" (episode No. 1.21) 21 January 2000
 * Father Dowling Mysteries playing "Gloria" "The Royal Mystery" (episode No. 3.1) 20 September 1990

title: Francesca Buller


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Jack Darragh

John Proctor Darragh (December 4, 1890 – June 28, 1924) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Darragh played the forward position for the Ottawa Senators in the National Hockey League (NHL) and its predecessor the National Hockey Association (NHA). Darragh was a member of four Stanley Cup championship teams (1911, 1920, 1921, 1923) and a NHA championship team (1915).

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962.

He was an older brother of NHL player Harold Darragh.

Playing career
Jack Darragh made a meteoric jump directly from the amateur ranks to professional hockey, without any schooling in the junior game, going from playing with all of Ottawa Stewartons (OCSHL), Fort Coulonge (Pontiac Hockey League) and Ottawa Cliffsides (IPAHU) in three different amateur leagues in 1909–10, to earn a place with the Ottawa Senators of the NHA at the beginning of the 1910–11 campaign when Horace Gaul got injured against the Montreal Canadiens.

Darragh was signed to his first professional contract by then Ottawa Senators manager Pete Green, at the restaurant Uwanta Lunch at Sparks Street in Ottawa, to the modest amount of $15 per week. He soon established himself as an important piece of the team and during the 1914–15 season he was chosen team captain, a role that Horace Merrill took over the following year in 1915–16.

Darragh played his entire professional career with the Ottawa Senators. He was a big part of their success, winning four Stanley Cups; in 1911, 1920, 1921 and 1923. Darragh's skillset included a particular penchant for clutch scoring; he potted all three game-winning goals against the Seattle Metropolitans in 1920, and in the 1921 Stanley Cup Finals against Vancouver Millionaires, he scored both goals in a 2–1 deciding game victory.

He and teammate Hamby Shore had the NHL's first contract dispute; on the opening night of the NHL. They finally came to terms at the eleventh hour and two—they even missed part of the first game, which the Senators ended up losing 7-4 to the Montreal Canadiens.

He retired after the 1921 Stanley Cup win, but returned after one season to play for the Stanley Cup-winning team of 1922–23, the third in four seasons, all with Darragh in the lineup.

During his last NHL season in 1923–24 Darragh suffered a broken right knee cap after having collided with Edmond Bouchard of the Hamilton Tigers in a game at the Ottawa Auditorium, which held him off the ice for parts of the season.

Darragh retired for a second time after the 1923–24 season and died a few months later due to peritonitis, which was the result of a ruptured appendix. He was survived by his wife Elizabeth and his three daughters Aileen, Frances and Marion. Darragh was the third player from the 1911 Stanley Cup winning Ottawa Senators team that had died within less than 10 years, following Marty Walsh (tuberculosis 1915) and Hamby Shore (influenza 1918), and he was followed by Bruce Ridpath who died in 1925 after having suffered a stroke.

Playing style
Although without any background in organized junior hockey, Jack Darragh was a good skater and had speed to burn to go along with much grit and determination, playing a fast and strong game on the forward line. He was renowned for his backhand, which he would shoot between the opposing goaltender and the post, and his clever stick-handling ability. While considered a clean and gentlemanly player, Darragh still carried a fair amount of pluck to his game, and during the 1913–14 NHA season he led the Ottawa Senators with 69 penalty minutes. A right winger position wise, Darragh had good chemistry on the Ottawa Senators forward line with centre forward Frank Nighbor, and the two players developed a system of team play between each other over the years that carried the Senators to many victories. At the onset of his hockey career, up until 1911, Darragh played as a rover, the more free-roaming position between defence and the forward line, but when the NHA abandoned the seven-man game prior to the 1911–12 season and the rover was taken out of the game, he switched to right wing instead. He also occasionally played on the left wing. The June 30, 1924 obituary in the Ottawa Citizen mentioned, as pointed out by officers of the Ottawa Senators, that Darragh was a "model athlete" who never smoked or tasted liquor in any form, and that he "trained assiduously both in and out of the hockey seasons and always kept himself in perfect condition." According to the newspaper Darragh was a "beautiful specimen of an athlete and his weight, coupled with terrific speed and magnificent stickhandling, made him a terror to opposing teams."

With his good physique and strong conditioning Darragh could play at a high level throughout the entirety of the games, which made him a strong third period threat with a penchant for clutch scoring. One such instance happened in the 1920 Stanley Cup Finals against the Seattle Metropolitans where the fifth and deciding game between the two teams stood at 1-1 after two periods. But in the third period Darragh and his teammates on the Ottawa forward line skated the Metropolitans off their feet and scored five goals for a 6-1 victory, with Darragh himself recording a hat-trick.

In his younger days Darragh had been a lacrosse player of great promise, playing with the Ottawa Stars lacrosse team, before throwing himself in with the game of hockey. He was also into distance running, and he also held down a place on the baseball team of his employer at the Ottawa Dairy Company. At his residence on Java Avenue in Ottawa, just prior to his death, he had also built an adjoining clay tennis court to train on.

Awards and achievements

 * Stanley Cup champion: 1911, 1920, 1921, 1923
 * 1962 – Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

title: Jack Darragh


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Talk:Nauruan indigenous religion

Should this be Nauru-stub, Myth-stub, or Reli-stub?? Falphin 19:05, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Or all three? I favor all three, myself. Badbilltucker 23:12, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Kastom is the more commonly used word to describe the range of myths and associated praxis. Merge? Paki.tv 08:24, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
 * As far as I can tell, Kastom does not specifically refer to Nauruan religion, in which case I would say that there should not be a merge. Orthogonal1 (talk) 07:35, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

Expert needed
This article definitely needs experts on polynesian religion and mythology. I could not access most of them since i did not major in one and most seemed to be from offline resources located in australia or hawaii.Waltzingmogumogupeach (talk) 03:00, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nauruan indigenous religion


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Category talk:Propaganda organizations

Criteria for inclusion
Why the hell is FOX News listed as a propaganda organization? It might have a bias, but it's certainly not run by the government. (unsigned anon IP 2005)

 * I think that any group included in this category needs at least one WP:RS describing at as propaganda organization. I can think of a bunch that have been described thusly and could be included. CarolMooreDC 00:49, 20 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Propaganda organizations


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North Carolina Attorney General

The attorney general of North Carolina is a statewide elected office in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The attorney general is a constitutional officer responsible for representing state agencies in legal matters, supplying other state officials and prosecutors with legal advice, and leading the North Carolina Department of Justice. The incumbent attorney general, Josh Stein, assumed office on January 1, 2017. The position of attorney general dates back to North Carolina's colonial history. North Carolina's 1776 constitution established the office as an official appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly. The state's 1868 constitution made the attorney general an elected executive official with their duties prescribed by law. Since 1971, the officer has sat on the North Carolina Council of State.

History
The title "Attorney General" was used in the colonial territory encompassing what became North Carolina as early as 1677, when George Durant was appointed by Governor John Jenkins. In 1697 the British Crown appointed an attorney general for the entire Province of Carolina; such attorneys general would serve the entire province until it was split into the provinces North Carolina and South Carolina and both received their own attorneys general. The attorneys general in North Carolina and other British American colonies served as representatives of and exercised the same powers as the British attorneys general. The last colonial attorney general, Thomas McGuire, was appointed in 1767 and, according to the Office of the North Carolina Secretary of State, "presumably" served until the outbreak of the American Revolution.

Following the start of the revolution, the new states of the United States ratified constitutions, most of which provided for the position of attorney general. The Constitution of North Carolina, ratified on December 18, 1776, established the office in Article XIII. Under the article, the attorney general was to be appointed by the North Carolina General Assembly and to serve as long as they maintained "good behavior", similar to judges. Like other state attorneys general, North Carolina's officer exercised authority derived from English common law, colonial traditions, and state laws. The first attorney general for the independent state of North Carolina was Waightstill Avery, who served from 1777 to 1779. The General Assembly placed significant limits on the attorney general's authority, appointing their deputies and, by 1806, curtailing their ability to prosecute cases to one of six specified jurisdictions in the state.

The 1868 constitution made the attorney general an elected member of the executive branch. Under this framework, the attorney general served as the legal advisor to the North Carolina Council of State, but was not formally one of its members. The constitution made the attorney general an ex officio member of the State Board of Education and provided for the officer's duties to be determined by law. That year, the General Assembly prescribed eight statutory duties for the attorney general: defending the state's interests in legal matters, representing government agencies upon request, advising local prosecutors, delivering an annual report to the legislature, summarizing reports from local prosecutors, providing legal advice to the legislature and other government agencies, delivering funds to the state, and maintaining a record of their office's accounts. Most prosecutions for criminal offenses were made the responsibility of district solicitors.

The state's new constitution in 1971 altered the attorney general's office and duties little, though it made the officer a full member of the Council of State and removed them from the State Board of Education. The North Carolina Department of Justice—combining the Office of the Attorney General, the State Bureau of Investigation (SBI), the General Statutes Commission, and the police information network—was created by the General Assembly in 1971. In the early 1970s, incumbent Robert Burren Morgan shifted the office's emphasis from government legal matters and law enforcement towards consumer protection, and raised its political profile by forming relationships with the governor, the General Assembly, and other states' attorneys general. In 1984, a referendum approved an amendment to the constitution to require that the attorney general be licensed to practice law in North Carolina. In 2014, the SBI was removed from the attorney general's purview and made an independent agency responsible to the governor. The incumbent attorney general, Democrat Josh Stein, assumed office on January 1, 2017.

Powers and duties
Article III, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina stipulates the popular election of the attorney general every four years. The office holder is not subject to term limits. In the event of a vacancy in the office, the Governor of North Carolina has the authority to appoint a successor until a candidate is elected at the next general election for members of the General Assembly. Per Article III, Section 8 of the constitution, the attorney general sits on the Council of State. They are seventh in the line of succession to the governor. As with all Council of State officers, the attorney general's salary is fixed by the General Assembly and cannot be reduced during their term of office. In 2023, the attorney general's annual salary was $157,403.

The attorney general serves as the state government's top legal officer. Their duties and responsibilities are mostly enumerated in North Carolina's general statutes. Their duties include providing legal representation to all state agencies; supplying advice upon request to judges, magistrates, and county and city attorneys in accordance with the American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct; and addressing appeals to state trial court verdicts. The attorney general may initiate legal action in the public interest or intervene in proceedings before any federal and state courts, regulatory officers, agencies or bodies on behalf of the state. Per statute, the attorney general also renders nonbinding legal opinions upon questions of law submitted by the General Assembly, the governor, or any other state officer. Despite their role as the top legal representative for the state, attorneys' general views are often passed over by governors, who frequently seek the advice of their appointed legal counsel. Generally, the attorney general cannot give legal advice to private entities. The General Assembly has also affirmed that the attorney general has power vested in them by common law tradition, as long as such authority is exercised in a manner consistent with state laws and the constitution. The Supreme Court of North Carolina has not delineated the scope of the officer's common law authority, though it has ruled that this bestows upon the attorney general a "duty to prosecute all actions necessary for the protection and defense of the property and revenue of the sovereign people of North Carolina."

The attorney general leads the North Carolina Department of Justice and appoints its director. They cannot prosecute cases themselves unless asked to do so by a local district attorney. The attorney general does not have any authority over courts, local district attorneys, or local law enforcement agencies.

Political trends and dynamics
Historically, most North Carolina attorneys general have been Democrats. As of 2023, the last Republican to win election to the office was Zeb V. Walser in 1896. Republican James H. Carson Jr. was appointed to the office in 1974 to fill a vacancy and served for several months. According to journalist Reid Wilson, the electoral dominance of the position by Democrats is the longest-lasting partisan winning-streak for a statewide office in the history of the United States.

Beginning in 1968, every Democrat elected to the attorney general's office has eventually campaigned to be elected governor except for Morgan, who was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1974. As of 2023, two of them, Mike Easley and Roy Cooper, were successful, while two others were unsuccessful.

title: North Carolina Attorney General


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Talk:Zhowandai

VFD Result
The result of the VFD was: No consensus, so the article is kept. The discussion can be found here: Votes for deletion/Zhowandai --Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 19:08, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zhowandai


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O'Kelly Isley Jr.

O'Kelly "Kelly" Isley Jr. (December 25, 1937 – March 31, 1986) was an American singer and one of the founding members of the family group the Isley Brothers.

Biography
The eldest of the Isley Brothers, Kelly started singing with his brothers at church. When he was 16, he and his three younger brothers (Rudy, Ronnie and Vernon) formed The Isley Brothers and toured the gospel circuit. Following the death of Vernon in a road accident, the brothers decided to try their hand at doo-wop and moved to New York to find a recording deal. Between 1957 and 1959, the Isleys would record for labels such as Teenage and Mark X. In 1959, they signed with RCA Records after a scout spotted the trio's energetic live performance.

O'Kelly and his brothers co-wrote their first significant hit, "Shout". While the original version only peaked at the top 50 of the Hot 100, subsequent versions helped the song sell over a million copies. Later moving on to other labels including Scepter and Motown, the brothers would have hits with "Twist & Shout" in 1962 and "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)". In 1959, the Isley family had relocated to Englewood, New Jersey where Kelly stayed with his mother and younger siblings.

In 1969, the brothers left Motown and started their own label, T-Neck Records, where they would write the majority of their recordings, including "It's Your Thing". Kelly and his brother Rudy began to take some lead spots on the group's albums starting with the It's Our Thing album in 1969. The track, "Black Berries", from their The Brothers: Isley album, was dedicated to Kelly, who Ron would always quote him as saying "the blacker the berry, the sweeter the juice". That saying had been originated by Harlem Renaissance novelist Wallace Thurman in the 1929 novel, The Blacker the Berry. After the inclusion of younger brothers Ernie and Marvin and brother-in-law Chris Jasper, Kelly, Rudy and Ron didn't write as much as they did in the past but in an agreement shared parts of the composition credits as they owned the songs' publishing.

Kelly Isley during the Isleys' 1970s heyday was usually photographed wearing a cowboy hat and Western type of clothing. The Isley Brothers also gave a homeless Jimi Hendrix his first major steady gig when he joined their backing band on tour. According to his brother Ernie, Ronald and Kelly needed a new guitarist and found Hendrix after hearing of his talents as a guitarist. After they helped Hendrix get his guitar out of the pawn shop and he played something for them, they hired him for their band and allowed him to live in their mother's house. In 1985, the brothers released the Masterpiece album. It is Kelly who sings most of the lead of the Phil Collins ballad, "If Leaving Me Is Easy", on the album with Ron backing him up. Kelly's last appearance as member of the Isley Brothers was in 1986 on the song "Good Hands" from the Wildcats soundtrack.

A heavyset man, Kelly lost weight, which was shown on the group's album cover of Masterpiece. On March 31, 1986, O'Kelly suddenly died of a heart attack at the age of 48 in his Alpine, New Jersey home leaving behind two sons, Frank and Doug. He is buried in George Washington Memorial Park in Paramus, New Jersey.

The Isley Brothers' follow-up record following Kelly's death, Smooth Sailin', was dedicated to him and featured their tribute song, "Send A Message".

Kelly Isley was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Isley Brothers in 1992.

title: O'Kelly Isley Jr.


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Suspended Animation (Fantômas album)

Suspended Animation is the fourth studio album by American supergroup Fantômas. It is a concept album that incorporates a dual theme of cartoon sounds/music as well as paying tribute to obscure and dubious holidays throughout the month of April.

Release
The limited edition disc is a spiral bound April 2005 mini calendar featuring vivid imagery by Yoshitomo Nara. The disc sleeve is marked with "This calendar belongs to: .......... Your name". The limited edition of the album was released on April 5, 2005, while the regular version was released on June 14, 2005.

Reception
Pitchfork wrote "the album still suffers from the same flaws that hampered Delirium Cordia. With the average track spanning less than 90 seconds, musical ideas either bleed from one song to the next or don't sustain themselves long enough to register in the listener's head."

Track listing

 * 1) "04/01/05 April Fool's Day" – 0:35
 * 2) "04/02/05 International Children's Book Day (USA) Battle of the Flowers (France) National Peanut Butter and Jelly Day (USA)" – 2:10
 * 3) "04/03/05 Megalisia (Roman) Don't Go to Work Unless It's Fun Day (USA)" – 1:46
 * 4) "04/04/05 Er Tong Jie Children's Day (Taiwan) A Drop of Water Is a Grain of Gold Day (Turkmenistan)" – 1:33
 * 5) "04/05/05 Festival of the Sweeping of the Tombs (China)" – 0:34
 * 6) "04/06/05 Sorry Charlie Day (USA) Plan Your Epitaph Day (USA)" – 2:25
 * 7) "04/07/05 Motherhood and Beauty Day (Armenia) No Housework Day (USA)" – 1:09
 * 8) "04/08/05 Moharram (India) Hana Matsuri Flower Festival (Japan)" – 1:09
 * 9) "04/09/05 Day of the Amazon Goddess (Brazil)" – 1:17
 * 10) "04/10/05 Soul Sunday (Haitian Vodou) Feast of the Rivers and Seas (Egypt, Sumerian)" – 2:20
 * 11) "04/11/05 Eight Track Tape Day (USA)" – 2:17
 * 12) "04/12/05 Cosmonauts Day (Russia) Walk on Your Wild Side Day (USA) Feast of the Blajini (Romania)" – 1:16
 * 13) "04/13/05 Blame Somebody Else Day (USA) Vaisakhi Solar Year (Hindu)" – 1:31
 * 14) "04/14/05 Youth Day (Angola) International Moment of Laughter Day (USA)" – 2:21
 * 15) "04/15/05 That Sucks' Day (USA) Day of the Sun (North Korea)" – 0:40
 * 16) "04/16/05 Rekindle Your Romantic Self Day (USA)" – 0:49
 * 17) "04/17/05 National Cheeseball Day (USA) "Blah Blah Blah" Day (USA)" – 0:46
 * 18) "04/18/05 Week of the Young Child (USA) Depression Day -Anime Calendar (Japan)" – 0:47
 * 19) "04/19/05 Binding Tuesday (UK) Garlic Day (USA)" – 0:40
 * 20) "04/20/05 Taurus the Bull (Astrological Calendar) National Puppetry Day (USA)" – 1:49
 * 21) "04/21/05 Kindergarten Day (Germany) Prophet's Birthday (Islamic)" – 1:40
 * 22) "04/22/05 Feast of Ishtar (Babylonian) Girl Scout Leader Day (USA)" – 2:05
 * 23) "04/23/05 Çocuk Bayrami (Turkey) Lover's Day (USA) Festival of the Green Man (Witches Calendar)" – 0:59
 * 24) "04/24/05 National Karaoke Week (USA) Children's Day (Iceland)" – 1:49
 * 25) "04/25/05 Cuckoo Day (UK) National Playground Safety Week (USA)" – 0:31
 * 26) "04/26/05 Flower Parade (Netherlands) Richter Scale Day (USA)" – 1:32
 * 27) "04/27/05 National Scoop the Poop Day (USA)" – 1:13
 * 28) "04/28/05 Floralia (Romania)" – 1:31
 * 29) "04/29/05 Casse Canarie (Haitian Vodou)" – 1:29
 * 30) "04/30/05 National Honesty Day (USA) Beltane (Celtic) Walpurgisnacht (Germany)" – 3:09

title: Suspended Animation (Fantômas album)


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Olhão

Olhão, officially known as Olhão da Restauração, is a city and municipality in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. The population of the municipality in 2011 was 45,396, in an area of 130.86 km2. Located near the regional capital Faro and forming a single urban agglomeration, it is a fishing port and tourist center. Along with Faro, Loulé and Tavira, Olhão forms a conurbation from the eastern and central Algarve.

History
Since pre-history, Olhão has had vestiges of human occupation, although the oldest written record dates only from 1378, referring to a place called Olham. The estuary and abundance of water were decisive factors that influenced fishermen, at the beginning of the 17th century, to congregate along the beach of Olhão. The settlement developed even as officials in Faro discouraged concentration along this coast. Yet, after the middle of the 17th century, growth was driven by the protection offered by the Fort of São Lourenço do Bugio, which guarded the coast and entrance to the estuary, discouraging attacks from corsairs.

The incremental growth of the fishery along the coast and sea, and commercial enterprises associated their growth, provoked a leap in population. As a result, in 1695, the residents requested from the Bishop of Faro, that Olhão should be de-annexed from the parish of Quelfes: resulting in the formation of the parish of Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Olhão.

During the French occupation of the Algarve, during the Peninsular Wars, Olhão was notable for one of the few public uprisings against the occupiers, occurring on 16 June 1808. This revolt culminated in the expulsion of the French from Olhão and, as a result, from the rest of the Algarve. It was during this period, that a month later, a small group of 17 men embarked to Brazil, a Portuguese territory in South America where the king was living due to the French invasion, on a caique (a small sailing vessel) named Bom Sucesso, in the hope of promoting the Algarvean success to the Portuguese Court. The crew brought an ex-official statement describing the audacious attitude of the Olhanese revolt. A replica of the boat is moored at Olhão's waterfront.

In recompense, a regal charter (with the force of law) was signed by the Prince Regent John to distinguish Olhão, and its inhabitants, transforming the location from a locality to town, and ordering that it be referred to as Vila de Olhão da Restauração. The transformation, resulted in the creation of a new municipality, with local autonomy, beginning in 1826. In this year, the municipal council hall was erected and a juiz de fora was instituted to preside over the councilmen.

In 1835, the parish of Moncarapacho began to function as a suburb of Olhão, and in the following year, the municipal council took control of the parishes of Olhão, Quelfes, Pechão and part of Moncarapacho.

A judicial division of Portugal in 1874, resulted in the definitive demarcation of the municipality of Olhão, constituted by the five parishes of Olhão, Moncarapacho, Quelfes, Pechão and Fuseta.

Over time the small town of fishermen grew into an economic, social and urban centre, resulting in its elevation in city in 1985. In recent years, it has also developed a growing tourist industry.

Physical geography
The municipality is confronted on the east and north by the municipality of Tavira, to the west by the municipality of Faro and in the south by the Atlantic Ocean. It is located within the morphological sub-regions of the Barrocal and coast. In the Barrocal, the municipality is limited in the north by the old massif and south with the sand-stones of the Mesozoic. These lines, follow an ancient beach and coast, justifying the existence of the sedimentary deposits (sand-stones) over the ancient massif. The coast, constituted by a sub-zone of more recent materials, Quaternary or Neogenic in age. These deposits came to rest over sand-stones and marls that comprise the coastal Mesocenozoic, a young relief, that is little accented, aided by a platform that includes superficial lavas.

Ecoregions/protected areas
All of the coastal littoral of the municipality belongs to the Nature Park of Ria Formosa, one of the more important humid zones in Europe, considered in 2004, by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a humid zone of world interest.

The Nature Park of Ria Formosa was instituted in 1987, by Decree Law 373/87 (9 September), with the objective of protecting and conserving this river system, and in particular the flora and fauna, including species of migratory bird and their habitats. The Nature Park extends into the municipalities of Loulé, Faro, Olhão, Tavira and Vila Real de Santo António, covering an area of 18400 hectares, for 60 km along the coast, from Ancão until Manta Rota, covering a great variety of habitats: barrier islands, marshes, banks of mud and sand, dunes, salt marshes, freshwater ponds and brackish waterways, forests and agricultural areas. In the municipality of Olhão, the island of Armona is included in the barrier islands of the Ria Formosa: this includes the beaches of Fuseta Mar and Armona Mar.

Climate
The Algarve is an area that presents a climate typically Mediterranean, characterized by warm summers during five months of the year, with median daily temperatures around 22.5 °C and gentle winters, with scarce precipitation and daily median temperatures around 12.4 °C.

In a general way, the municipality presents a temperate humid Mediterranean climate, with warm, dry summers and mild winters. The precipitation is distributed in an irregular fashion throughout the year, while concentrating in the months between autumn and spring. The climate is not homogeneously distributed throughout the region; the maritime influence gives way from the littoral area to the interior, turning the climate warmer and drier, and simultaneously more rainy.

Human geography
The municipality of Olhão has an area of approximately 130.9 km2, with a resident population that includes 42,272 inhabitants (approximately 31,100 within the city of Olhão). Olhão is divided into an interior territory and the island of Armona.

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (freguesias):
 * Moncarapacho e Fuseta
 * Olhão
 * Pechão
 * Quelfes

Economy
Olhão is a fishing port and a center for industrial fish and seafood processing, home to the Bela brand of canned sardines and Conserveira do Sul's Manná range of processed fish and seafood products which also include canned sardines and a wide range of other products such as fish and seafood pastes. The city is also an important tourist destination of coastal Algarve and plays a role as a tourist accommodation, logistics and transportation hub for the Ria Formosa islands located in front of the city, namely the Armona Island and the Culatra Island. The annual seafood festival of Olhão is a major attraction in the city every year.

Sports
Olhão is home to Sporting Clube Olhanense whose main football team plays in the Estadio José Arcanjo, a multi-purpose stadium in the city that holds 11,622 spectators and was built in 1984.

Notable people

 * Alberto Iria (1909–1992) a Portuguese historian, a specialist in the history of the Algarve
 * Maria Barroso (1925–2015) a politician and actress, wife of President of Portugal Mario Soares and First Lady of Portugal 1986-1996
 * João Arménio Correia Martins (born 1951) scientist in computational mechanics, developed the compliance friction law
 * Mário Centeno (born 1966) an economist, university professor, politician and Minister of Finance from 2015
 * Júlio Resende (born 1982) a pianist, composer, jazz musician and bandleader

Sport

 * João Paulo Brito (born 1974), a retired footballer with 230 club caps
 * Ruben Faria (born 1974), a rally-raid and enduro motorcycle rider
 * Vasco Fernandes (born 1986), a footballer of Guinea-Bissauan descent with over 300 club caps
 * Gonçalo Ramos (born 2001), a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain

title: Olhão


text:
User:Elros

Interests: Angelina Jolie, UNHCR, unofficial Italian translator of Angelina Jolie's refugee journals

title: User:Elros


text:
The Gremlins

The Gremlins is a children's book written by British author Roald Dahl and published in 1943. In writing the book, Dahl draws on his own experience as a Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot during the Second World War. The story's principal character Gus, an RAF pilot, has his Hawker Hurricane destroyed over the English Channel by a gremlin—mischievous creatures who were part of RAF folklore. As they parachute into the water, Gus convinces the gremlins to join forces against a common enemy: Hitler and the Nazis. It was Dahl's first book and was written for Walt Disney Productions, in anticipation of a feature-length animated film that was never made.

With Dahl's assistance, a series of gremlin characters were developed, and while pre-production had begun, the film project was eventually abandoned, in part because the studio could not establish the precise rights of the "gremlin" story, and in part because the British Air Ministry was heavily involved in the production because Dahl, who was on leave from his wartime Washington posting, insisted on final approval of script and production.

Plot
The story concerns mischievous mythical creatures, the gremlins of the title, often invoked by Royal Air Force pilots as an explanation of mechanical troubles and mishaps. In Dahl's book, the gremlins' motivation for sabotaging British aircraft is revenge of the destruction of their forest home, which was razed to make way for an aircraft factory.

The principal character in the book, Gus, has his Hawker Hurricane fighter destroyed over the English Channel by a gremlin during the Battle of Britain, but is able to convince the gremlins as they parachute into the water that they should join forces against a common enemy, Hitler and the Nazis, rather than fight each other.

Eventually, the gremlins are re-trained by the Royal Air Force to repair rather than sabotage aircraft, and restore Gus to active flight status after a particularly severe crash. The book also contains picturesque details about the ordinary lives of gremlins: baby gremlins, for instance, are known as widgets, and females as fifinellas, a name taken from the great "flying" filly racehorse Fifinella, that won both the Epsom Derby and Epsom Oaks in 1916, the year Dahl was born.

Publication
The publication of The Gremlins by Random House consisted of a 50,000 run for the U.S. market with Dahl ordering 50 copies for himself as promotional material, handing them out to everyone he knew, including the British Ambassador in Washington Lord Halifax, and the First Lady of the U.S. Eleanor Roosevelt, who loved to read it to her grandchildren. The book was considered an international success with 30,000 more sold in Australia but initial efforts to reprint the book were precluded by a wartime paper shortage. Reviewed in major publications, Dahl was considered a writer-of-note and his appearances in Hollywood to follow up with the film project were met with notices in Hedda Hopper's columns.

Facing copyright problems and realising that the Air Ministry's "Clause 12" in the original film contract would restrict the studio, Walt Disney, who had a personal interest in The Gremlins, reluctantly began to "wind down" the project. By August 1943, Disney had even reconsidered an animated "short" based on The Gremlins and indicated to Dahl by correspondence that further work would not continue. After a year of story conferences and related research, Dahl realised that his book would be the only tangible product emanating from the aborted film.

Subsequent use
The story of gremlins appeared in Issues #33-#41 of Walt Disney's Comics and Stories published by Walt Disney Productions between June 1943 and February 1944; it contained a nine-episode series of short, silent stories featuring a Gremlin Gus as their star. The first was drawn by Vivie Risto and the rest of them by Walt Kelly. This served as their introduction to the comic book audience. These comics were subsequently reprinted in 1987 by Gladstone Publishing Ltd.

Reprints
A special edition of the book was produced to commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the United States Air Force and was distributed exclusively through the Army and Air Force Exchange Service. The USAF special edition featured a unique dust jacket that bore the commemorative seal of the 60th USAF Anniversary. The inside flap of the dust jacket featured a brief history of the book's role in improving morale for airmen and their families. The initial distribution of the USAF 60th Anniversary commemorative edition sold out at all participating AAFES locations on the first day of sale.

Popular culture
Used copies of the first edition book are highly prized and sought after by collectors of both Roald Dahl's works and Disney's; these copies may be valued anywhere between US$100 and US$10,000.

In Warner Bros.' Falling Hare, Bugs Bunny tries to prevent the wrecking of an American military aircraft by a gremlin.

"Nightmare at 20,000 Feet", a 1963 Twilight Zone episode, starring William Shatner, is a homage to the legend of gremlins, one being seen dismantling an airliner during flight. The role was played by John Lithgow in the 1983 film.

In the book Myth Conceptions, from the MythAdventures series, Robert Asprin describes a gremlin as a small, blue-skinned creature that has a tendency to vanish when the viewer's attention is distracted.

The 1984 film Gremlins, produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Joe Dante, is loosely inspired by Dahl's characters, featuring evil and destructive monsters which mutate from small furry creatures.

"Treehouse of Horror IV", The Simpsons' episode 5 of season 5, includes a segment involving Gremlins called "Terror at $5 1/2$ Feet" – itself an allusion to the Twilight Zone episode.

In September 2006, Dark Horse Comics published The Gremlins: The Lost Walt Disney Production, a faithfully restored and updated version of The Gremlins including an introduction by acclaimed film historian Leonard Maltin as well as creating a series of Gremlin-inspired toys and figurines, that were patterned after the original Dahl-inspired characters as well as Return of the Gremlins, a comic sequel mini-series in which the grandson of pilot Gus meets the gremlins when inheriting his grandfather's house in England.

The gremlins appear in the Epic Mickey franchise as the mechanics of the Wasteland. Their leader Gus (voiced by Bob Joles in the first game and Cary Elwes in the second) serves as a conscience figure to Mickey (as Jiminy Cricket is to Pinocchio). Unlike in the book, the gremlins have the ability to teleport.

title: The Gremlins


text: User talk:24.50.162.54

title: User talk:24.50.162.54


text:
List of thrash metal bands

Various bands have played thrash metal at some point of their career. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the drum beats of hardcore punk with the guitar style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the more conventional and widely acceptable glam metal, a less aggressive, pop music-infused heavy metal subgenre which appeared simultaneously.

Four American bands, Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer, are credited with popularizing the genre, earning them the title of the "Big Four of Thrash". In Germany, Destruction, Kreator, Sodom, and Tankard, led the Teutonic thrash metal scene, garnering the nickname "The Big Four of Teutonic Thrash". The Clash of the Titans tour, which featured Megadeth, Slayer, Anthrax, Testament, and Suicidal Tendencies, is considered to be the genre's pinnacle, after which thrash metal saw a decline in popularity throughout the 1990s. Thrash metal has seen a resurgence in recent times, with many of the older bands returning to their roots with their new releases. A new generation of thrash metal bands emerged in the early 2000s, drawing lyrical and visual inspiration from the older groups.

Thrash metal was an inspiration for later extreme genres such as death metal and black metal. This list also includes certain bands which belong to the first wave of black metal. These bands essentially played thrash metal with a heavy emphasis on Satanic and occult themes in the lyrics and imagery. Over the years, thrash metal has developed a few subgenres of its own, such as crossover thrash and groove metal.

title: List of thrash metal bands


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The David and Rhyanne Comedy Hour

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 14:38, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

The David and Rhyanne Comedy Hour
Surprisingly, this television show gets 0 google hits, other than two wikipedia ones. That's low even by public-access standards. See Votes for deletion/Rhyanne Wheat for one of the hosts. — Xezbeth 19:12, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Some of this doesn't even make sense, e.g. it's called a Comedy Hour and is "a comedy-themed talk show" but the article says it has a "serious tone"?!? What the heck?  Even if we're assuming this serious comedy show exists, a public-access show would have to be really notable to get an article on its own.  With no Google hits and only 6 episodes over its month-long run, this one just doesn't have what it takes. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  19:27, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless proof of the show can be found. Its a decent article(despite being contradictory) but there is nothing on it at all. Even local shows usually have a google hit or 2. Falphin 19:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I posted a comment on his/her talk page. Falphin 19:38, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 04:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Allow The show actually did exist and I watched it several times (5) when it aired earlier this year. It was a live call-in show and I did call in several times. Though it was called a comedy hour the hosts (David and Rhyanne) did reserve time for the serious dicussion of the topics they were ridiculing during their episode, which did include abortion (they had some whack-o pro-life nut on) and suicide (it just happened to be some angsty kid for this one).  Rhyanne did go on to be part of several other local shows as a guest for months following and another season of the show is alloted for next season's line up according to Comcast.  They hosts (David and Rhyanne) tried several times during the season to get big name politicians from the area on such as (Gov.) Mayor Wilder.  It would be good to see an article like this to remain on Wikipedia for it makes the site feel like a place where one can go to find knowledge even on one's own community. Jahar 01:00, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Above users only edits. JamesBurns 07:06, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No verifiable information even after on VfD for 5 days.  The included link to a cable TV company has no mention of this show on its website.  Doubtful notability even if verified anyway.  Quale 16:03, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Canton of Clervaux

Clervaux (Klierf) is the largest, northernmost, highest and least densely populated canton of Luxembourg. It makes up a large part of the Éislek region. It borders Belgium & Germany.

Administrative divisions
Clerveaux Canton consists of the following five communes:

 * Clervaux
 * Parc Hosingen
 * Troisvierges
 * Weiswampach
 * Wincrange

Mergers

 * On 1 January 1978 the former communes of Asselborn, Boevange, Hachiville, and Oberwampach (all from Clervaux Canton) were merged to create the commune of Wincrange. The law creating Wincrange was passed on 31 October 1977.
 * On 29 May 2009 the former communes of Heinerscheid and Munshausen (both from Clervaux Canton) were absorbed into the commune of Clervaux. The law expanding Clervaux was passed on 24 May 2011.
 * On 1 January 2012 the former communes of Consthum and Hosingen (both from Clervaux Canton) and Hoscheid (formerly part of Diekirch Canton) were merged to create the commune of Parc Hosingen. The law creating Parc Hosingen was passed on 24 May 2011.

title: Canton of Clervaux


text:
Talk:Olhão

Untitled
It's Olhão, not OlhÃo. Fix this bug please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.154.38.144 (talk)

Inhabitants of Olhão are actually called Olhanense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.81.239.68 (talk) 14:35, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

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text:
Talk:John C. McGinley

Intensity
Is the film you meant called 'Identity' instead of 'Intensity' or are you talking about a different film?
 * No the film was called "Intensity". Noah 02:22, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

Then what is this film? > Identity --Hellsminion 12:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Identity is another film which doesn't include Jonny C. Noah 04:46, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

I now rea;ise that there is a film called Intensity with him in it, but there is also a film called Identity which he is also in. --Hellsminion 19:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes but he didn't recieve "critical acclaim" for Identity, only Intensity. But by all means, edit his page and add Identity to the list of movies he has starred in. Noah 01:50, Jun 15, 2005 (UT

That trivia section is wrong. He touches his nose when his character is angry and it is intentional.

Has anyone else noticed that the birth date given in the article is different from the one under his photo ?

In the article it mentions he appeared on Mad TV. But the article states that Mad TV is Comedy Centrals. I'm almost certain this is wrong. Comedy Central only has rights to show Mad TV, as they never show any of the new episodes. MadTV is owned by Fox, I believe. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.210.125.110 (talk) 02:47, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Ted
Are we sure he isn't "the cousin of Ted McGinley who played Jefferson D'Arcy on the television series Married... with Children and plays Charlie on Hope & Faith."? Speciate 06:25, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Pretty sure. Someone has probably already researched that, otherwise it'd most likely be in there. Scarian 09:09, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

the abc1 ad for scrubs stated that he was ted mcginleys cousin... so this is probably true, ill try and get a source for this.82.69.74.31 10:39, 28 June 2007 (UTC)benwhite

 * Awesome. Good luck on finding it, friend. Scarian 15:53, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

If I'm not mistaken, McGinley had a role as a doctor in the film Fat Man and Little Boy, with Paul Newman. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ab4de (talk • contribs)

 * Awesome, if you can find a citation for it then fire away :-) Scar ian  Talk  22:37, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Scrubs
Okay, I have made a new section inside the career section for his work on Scrubs. I'll extend it when I can (I have subsequently added the appropriate tag etc.). Any help much appreciated. Hooah. Scar ian Talk  00:01, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Voice Acting Work on Dead Head Fred
From reading this webpage (http://www.viciouscycleinc.com/developer_diaries/diary.cfm?ID=13), it seems that he's doing/done the VO for the lead character in Dead Head Fred, coming out later this year for the PSP. Where would that go in his credits? T.J. Fuller, Jr. 16:26, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yeah of course :-) - Because it's different from most of his other work (TV and film) it's notable. I also think his filmography is too long, it should be notable films only. Scar ian  Talk  16:45, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

"Most notable role..."
What is everyone's thoughts on McGinley's most notable role? I recently reverted an AGF edit of a contributor whom suggested that Platoon was Johnny's most notable role. I contest this, being how Scrubs reaches a far larger audience base and has so much air time. In my opinion, Platoon is only notable for being McGinley's first major film. But anyway, consensus rules, what do you guys think? Scar ian Talk  08:16, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Isn't the term "most notable" always going to be POV and should be best avoided altogether? For this not to be POV then a citation is required (e.g. a reference to a public poll, etc), but I doubt you will find it in this case. (193.195.185.190 15:42, 4 September 2007 (UTC))

 * Yeah I agree with you. But I believe in some cases it is down to editor's discretion which is why it's opened up for consensus. It could be replaced with, "Known for playing blah, blah..." - Which could incorporate "Scrubs" and "Platoon" to suit the other Walter's opinion and make it seem slightly less POV. Scar ian  Talk  16:15, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree, a list of two or three most notable roles would be good for the article. Platoon should be incorporated, in my opinion, if only because of its mass appeal, and it being his first major role. WalterWalrus3 08:27, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. Tell me if you think it reads okay. Scar ian  Talk  14:21, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

 * That looks good. I think it shows his skills as an actor, being notable for two roles twenty years apart. WalterWalrus3 06:20, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * why not use th photo in the commons? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/73/Drcox_scrubs.jpg

Luvodicus (talk) 06:55, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Because we can't use fair use pictures in biography articles, friend. Scarian Call me Pat  10:38, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

there is no picture 93.184.122.14 (talk) 15:36, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

 * the retarded rules of wiki say it's better to have not pic than to have a non-free pic. 20:16, 8 February 2010 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.223.131.109 (talk)

Photo
With all the publicity stills from 'Scrubs' it's odd we don't have a photo John up. Lots42 (talk) 03:09, 9 August 2011 (UTC)

His children with Down Syndrome
The article does not make clear, almost like the elephant in the room, that he is the father of children with down syndrome. However I cannot work out from the article, in its current form, who they are? Is it Max and Billie, or just Max? It is so unclear the only reference to their conditions are in a quote from a speech he made about parenting.

Needs a lot more clarity. Particularly as, if he has two children with Downs, an interesting situation (a very heroic one too), or are they adopted?? It is not made clear. 109.155.67.8 (talk) 16:20, 6 November 2012 (UTC)

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Moving "Television Films" from Television to Filmography
In 2024, now that everything is streaming, the distinction between Movie and TV Show is more clear than ever. I was watching The Pentagon Wars and saw him and looked up this article only to find the film missing from the Filmography. I had to Ctrl+F "Pentagon" and finally found it under the Television section even though it isn't a TV Show.

I propose moving Television Films to the Filmography section. RouterIncident (talk) 19:09, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John C. McGinley


text:
Lacy Thornburg

Lacy Herman Thornburg (born December 20, 1929) is an American lawyer and retired United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina. He served as the North Carolina attorney general from 1985 to 1993.

Education and career
Thornburg was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of North Carolina in 1952. He received a Juris Doctor from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1954. He was in the United States Army as a Private First Class from 1947 to 1948. He was in private practice of law in Webster, North Carolina from 1954 to 1967. He was a Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1961 to 1966. He was a Special judge of the Superior Court of the 30th Judicial District of North Carolina from 1967 to 1971. He was a Resident judge of the Superior Court of the 30th Judicial District of North Carolina from 1971 to 1983. He was the state attorney general of State of North Carolina from 1985 to 1992. He was an Emergency judge of the Superior Court of the 30th Judicial District of North Carolina from 1993 to 1994. He was a Consultant for the National Indian Gaming Commission from 1994 to 1995.

Gubernatorial campaign
In 1992, he unsuccessfully ran as a Democrat for Governor of North Carolina. He was defeated in the primary by former governor Jim Hunt, who went on to win the general election.

Federal judicial service
Thornburg was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina. Thornburg was nominated by President Bill Clinton on January 11, 1995, to a seat vacated by Robert D. Potter. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 17, 1995, and received commission the same day. He retired on August 31, 2009.

Personal life
A stretch of U.S. Highway 23 in North Carolina is named for Thornburg. He is the father of Alan Z. Thornburg.

title: Lacy Thornburg


text:
Our Lady of Calvary

Our Lady of Calvary is a 17th-century painting situated in the shrine of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, one of the most visited pilgrimage sites in Poland. According to legend, the painting wept in 1641. The owner presented the painting to the Bernardine monastery at Kalwaria Zebrzydowska. Veneration of the painting was authorized fifteen years later, and a chapel was commissioned to house it. The painting was canonically crowned by Pope Leo XIII on 15 August 1887.

title: Our Lady of Calvary


text: User talk:80.42.155.167

title: User talk:80.42.155.167


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hougana

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete Zzyzx11 (Talk) 06:25, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hougana
No notability Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 19:16, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, band vanity. Doesn't meet any WP:MUSIC criteria. Shiri — Talk 21:47, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --PHenry
 * Delete band vanity. --Etacar11 23:10, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. JamesBurns 04:10, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hougana


text:
User:Nobs01/Internal Distress

Houston Press (Texas)

December 5, 2002 Thursday

SECTION: News/Columns

LENGTH: 807 words

HEADLINE: Internal Distress To: Jeff Cohen, CC: The entire World Wide Web

BYLINE: By Richard Connelly

BODY: Memo to the Houston Chronicle: Internal memos are not supposed to be posted on your Web site.You'd think that'd be obvious, but in an embarrassing incident that has revived memories of the Chron's bad old days of slanted journalism, just such a memo was posted publicly for a few hours November 20.

Written by an unnamed member of the paper's editorial board (reportedly David Langworthy), the memo outlines suggested plans for the Chron leading up to the proposed referendum next November on expanding the light-rail system.

"I propose a series of editorials, editorial cartoons and Sounding Board columns...with this specific objective: Continuing our long-standing efforts to make rail a permanent part of the transit mix here," the memo says.

So far, so good. But then it goes on: "The timing, language and approach of the paper's editorials would, of course, be the decision of the Editorial Board. But I suggest that they could be built upon and informed by a news-feature package with an equally specific focus." That focus, the memo says, would be looking into how U.S. Representative Tom DeLay and former mayor Bob Lanier have "operated to back, fund and promote an anti-rail agenda for the past two decades."

The memo then outlines "the broad elements of the news/feature package," including stories on how Lanier manages to buy land near future highway projects and who's funding DeLay. "Sidebar topics," the memo says, include "Elyse Lanier: From jewelry salesperson to Houston political insider." (To its credit, the memo also mentions looking at the Chron's role in helping local big business stymie federal clean-air deadlines a decade ago.)

Local conservatives have been howling on talk radio and in print about the memo. (Read the memo in its entirety here.) "Expect the Chronicle's radical pro-rail editorial opinions to seep over into their news coverage," the right-wing Houston Review wrote.

Chronicle editor Jeff Cohen says the memo was a "story pitch" outlining one person's view of topics that should be explored as the rail debate heats up.

"It's no different than what the Houston Press would do as it was contemplating a series," he says. "I make no apologies for having a thorough discussion of the issue. We have nothing to apologize for...There was an inadvertent posting of it to the Web site, and I'm sorry about that, but I make no apologies for the contents of it."

Cohen gets some support from Bob Steele, a senior faculty member and "ethics group leader" at the Poynter Institute, a leading journalism think tank.

"I don't believe there should be a 40-foot-high wall between the editorial board and members of the news side," he says. "There should be great respect for their separate and unique roles, but that should not preclude an honest, legitimate, respectful sharing of thoughts, including bouncing around ideas for coverage."

Houston voters, the memo concluded, "need to know who has wielded the power to pour concrete, who still wields it and to what lengths the concrete pourers will go in order to stop rail."

And how far will rail supporters go to stop the "concrete pourers"?

Stay tuned to the Chron's Web site.

Defender Muy CalienteKHOU's Eileen Faxas has been a stalwart Defender, Channel 11's consumer-rights champion; lately she's also been co-anchoring the morning news.

Not to mention laying down some hot Latin beats in the recording studio. Faxas, a 32-year-old Miami native, has been busy recording a four-song EP at Sugar Hill studios in Houston. She hopes to shop it around to major labels.

"This is not a project I take lightly," says Faxas, who writes her own material on piano and guitar. "You have to reach a point where it's now or never. Music has truly been my first love all my life. I never stopped loving music or writing songs. Finally I just couldn't figure what other excuse I had for it not to happen."

EP producer Dan Workman calls the effort "Bette Midler goes cubano," but that description makes Faxas cringe. She prefers "a Latin-disco-soul fusion that you can almost always dance to, with a big emphasis on meaningful lyrics." Two of the songs are in English, two in Spanish.

She hasn't cleared her project with news director Mike Devlin (who might have a coronary when he learns Faxas talked with us; he's made clear to others that he's no fan of our weekly efforts). "I believe in freedom of speech, including the freedom to be me," she says.

The EP has no title yet but is scheduled to be released early next year.

Faxas is following a proud KHOU tradition. About 20 years ago, then-anchor Amanda Arnold -- who used to end each newscast with a cheery wave good-bye to viewers -- recorded a country album.

Why stop now? We're guessing weightless anchor Greg Hurst has an inspiring Wyndham Hill collection in him.

LOAD-DATE: December 5, 2002

title: User:Nobs01/Internal Distress


text:
User:RABot

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The goal of this script is to automate some of the more mundane cleanup tasks associated with Requested articles. Specifically, it is designed to remove articles after they are created, tidy up the page formatting, and ensure that lists of desired articles stay sorted.

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Rudolph Isley

Rudolph "Rudy" Bernard Isley (April 1, 1939 – October 11, 2023) was an American singer-songwriter and Christian minister and one of the founding members of The Isley Brothers.

Life and career
Rudolph "Rudy" Bernard Isley was born on April 1, 1939, and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he began singing in church at a young age. By his teen years, he was singing as member of The Isley Brothers with Kelly, Ronnie and Vernon. In 1957, following Vernon's death, the remaining three elder Isleys moved to New York to seek a recording deal, later recording for smaller labels until landing a deal with RCA Records in 1959 where they wrote, recorded and released their first significant recording, "Shout". By the summer of that year, the Isley family had moved from Cincinnati to a home in Englewood, New Jersey.

Following "Shout", the brothers recorded for other labels with modest success with exceptions including the top 40 hit, "Twist and Shout" and the Motown hit, "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)". In the 1960s, Rudy and his brothers founded the T-Neck Records label to promote their recordings. Following their split with Motown, they reactivated the label and scored a Grammy-winning smash with "It's Your Thing" in 1969. While Ron Isley was the prominent lead singer of the group, Rudy did record a few lead vocals on some Isley Brothers songs, following the reactivation of T-Neck. After the group reorganized into a band after the inclusion of younger brothers Ernie and Marvin Isley and in-law Chris Jasper, Rudy was known for wearing hats and fur-attired clothing and was also known for carrying a cane. Rudy would share lead vocals with his brothers Ron and Kelly on hits such as "Fight the Power" and "Livin' in the Life". Rudy also sang full lead on other tunes such as "You Still Feel the Need" from the album, Harvest for the World, and their 1979 hit, "It's a Disco Night (Rock Don't Stop)". In 1986, Rudy's eldest brother Kelly suddenly died of a heart attack in his sleep. Kelly's death devastated Rudy as the brothers had been close. After recording the albums Smooth Sailin' and Spend the Night, Rudy Isley left the group and the music industry for good in 1989 to follow a lifelong goal of being a Christian minister. Rudy was inducted as member of the Isleys to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992.

Personal life and death
Isley married Elaine Jasper in 1958. At first, Isley and his family settled at a house he bought in Teaneck, New Jersey, where they lived for ten years. By the mid-1970s, Isley was living in Haworth, New Jersey. He and his wife were long-term residents of Otisville, New York before moving to Olympia Fields near Chicago in 2013, buying R. Kelly's former house to be near their children and grandchildren.

Rudolph Isley died from an apparent heart attack at his home on October 11, 2023, at the age of 84.

title: Rudolph Isley