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Citicar

The CitiCar is a car produced from 1974 to 1977 by Sebring, Florida–based Sebring-Vanguard, Inc. After being bought out by Commuter Vehicles, Inc, Sebring-Vanguard produced the similar Comuta-Car and Comuta-Van from 1979 to 1982. Similarities to its exterior design can be spotted in the Danish Kewet and the later Norwegian Buddy electric car. Accounting for all CitiCar variants, a total of 4,444 units were produced up to 1979, the most since 1945 for an electric car assembled in North America until surpassed in 2011 by the Nissan Leaf.

History
Inspired by Club Car's golf cart design and partly in response to the 1970s fuel crisis, a company called Sebring-Vanguard produced its first electric vehicle, the Vanguard Coupe (sometimes referred to as the EV Coupe), in 1974. Company founder and President Robert G. Beaumont, working with designer Jim Muir, came up with the CitiCar after this earlier EV Coupe was not an immediate success. This second attempt was still based on a lot of the Club Car's mechanical features, though.

Produced in its plant in Sebring, Florida, the CitiCar was a small wedge-shaped electric vehicle. Early versions had no extra features and can be considered an experiment in minimalist automotive design; it was as basic a people mover as could be bought at the time. By 1976, enough CitiCars were produced to promote Sebring-Vanguard to the position of being the U.S. #6 auto manufacturer after GM, Ford, Chrysler, AMC, and Checker Motors Corporation; but ahead of Excalibur and Avanti Motors. Production of the CitiCar continued until 1977 with about 2,300 CitiCars produced.

Commuter Vehicles, Inc. purchased the CitiCar design, and renamed the vehicle Comuta-Car. Production of this upgraded version began in 1979 and Commuter Vehicles, Inc. produced an estimated 2,144 Comuta-Cars and Vans.

Models

The CitiCar came in three models. All three models had a flat diagonal front, a flat roof, and a flat nearly vertical back. Early coupes, designated as model SV-36, had a 2.5 hp motor and 36V battery pack. The second model coupes, designated as model SV-48, had a 3.5 hp motor and 48V battery pack, and some small improvements. During the last years of production, the third model variant of the Citicar, sometimes referred to as a Transitional CitiCar or 1976 1/2 model, had an improved drive train with a 6 hp motor, and the body was changed slightly to incorporate heater inlet vents on the side of the vehicle and some had the improved door style with better latches and permanently installed sliding windows.

The later Comuta-Car, produced by Commuter Vehicles, Inc., retained all of the Transitional CitiCar changes including the larger 6 HP motor and drive train arrangement, but moved the batteries from under the seat to battery boxes behind the bumpers, making the vehicle about 16 in longer than the 8 ft long CitiCar. ComutaCars also incorporated additional frame supports to meet the new DOT standards. One of these supports created the center-console-like rug-covered divider between the driver and passenger.

The CitiVan, was a limited production extended-wheelbase version of the third model variant of the CitiCar. Produced and sold from 1977 (by Sebring-Vanguard) to 1979 (by Commuter Vehicles, Inc.), basically unchanged. It is rumored that only 11 of these smaller Vans were built and sold as the CitiVan but an unknown more were built and sold in 1979 as the first year Comuta-Van. The main design differences between the 1979 Comuta-Van and the later Postal Comuta-Van is that the much smaller 1979 Comuta-Van has swing out side doors and a hatch back window. The much larger Postal Comuta-Van has sliding side doors and a swing out rear entrance door.

Another CitiCar variant was called the Postal Comuta-Van. These were all right-hand-drive vehicles, initially built as a government contract with the United States Postal Service by Commuter Vehicles, Inc.. To make a Comuta-Van to meet government standards, the overall length was increased to 142 in, as well as a 12 hp motor, 72V battery pack, and 3-speed transmission, among other additions. The Postal version was only equipped with one 'right hand' drivers seat. However, some were sold to the public with an additional passenger seat and much more room for storage behind the seats. It was the only model with a front hood access and sliding side doors. All vehicles were built with space frames made from welded aircraft grade aluminum tube and ABS plastic bodies. They all had solid axles with leaf spring suspension front and rear. Top speeds were about 30 mi/h - 50 mi/h, and range was up to 40 mi per charge.

Specifications

The second model of the CitiCar (SV-48):
 * Length: 95 in
 * Width: 55 in
 * Wheelbase: 63 in
 * Height: 58 in
 * Front track: 43 in
 * Rear track: 44 in
 * Clearance: 5.5 in
 * Weight: 1250 lb
 * Rear Storage: 12 cuft
 * Tires: 4.80 x 12, 4 ply rated or optional 135R12 radials
 * Speed: 38 mi/h

The top speed of any particular C-Car will vary somewhat depending on many factors, including: tire pressure, vehicle weight, alignment, brake drag, windows open/closed, transaxle oil viscosity, temperature, chemistry, age, condition of the batteries, force of possible headwinds/tailwinds, etc. These factors can make some C-Cars a bit faster or slower than others. Approximate top speeds expected with a Citicar on level ground:
 * 36V – 25 to 28 mph (original SV-36 – six 6v batteries)
 * 48V – 34 - 38 mph (original SV-48 – eight 6v batteries)
 * Range: Approximately 40 mi.
 * Acceleration: 0 to 25 in 6.2 seconds
 * Turning Circle: 22 ft
 * Controller: Vanguard Multivoltage Speed Control. Three step contactor control system. First - about 10 mph, second - about 20 mph, third - about 38 mph.
 * Motor: Series wound DC 3.5 hp
 * Transaxle: Direct Gear Drive - Terrell 7.125:1 reduction ratio
 * Suspension: leaf springs, front and rear. four wheel shock absorbers
 * Body: Impact Resistant Cycolac (ABS plastic) Corrosion and Rust proof
 * Frame: Rectangular aluminum chassis, tubular aluminum body support
 * Brakes: four wheel - front disk. rear drum - parking. Later SV-48 models had 4-wheel drum brakes.
 * Power Source: eight 6-volt flooded lead-acid batteries

History of upgrades and changes to the CitiCar by serial number

(Note - This is a compilation of CitiCar factory changes from 1974 to 1977; with some Comuta-Car information added. The information is gisted from the owners and service manuals, and the CitiCar Roster.)

Prior to car #1501, CitiCars left the factory as 36 volt models; most had a 2.5 hp Baldor motor, but a few had the 3.5 hp GE motor.

In December 1974, CitiCar number #1501 (124SR1501) was the first factory-built 48 volt CitiCar. These vehicles were designated as model SV-48, compared to the earlier SV-36. All CitiCars made after this vehicle were produced as 48 volt models with the newer 3.5 hp GE series motor.

CitiCar #1751 (March 1975) saw a number of changes to the assembly line. Here is a list of changes at car #1751 –
 * Dual master cylinder (was non-redundant single cylinder).
 * Electric defroster. On earlier cars, the defroster -switch- was installed per federal regulations but not wired to anything. A 'defogger' element was made available as a dealer option sometime in late 1974 and was normally connected to the otherwise inoperative defroster switch.
 * A self-canceling Lucas turn signal actuator was installed. In previous vehicles it was a Signal Stat 900 non-self canceling type.

The turn signal switch change required a number of other changes –

 * Turn signal mounted high beam switch (was a floor mounted high beam switch).
 * Horn voltage decreased to 12v (put back to 18v at car 2584).
 * Horn switch moved to Lucas signal lever (was on center of steering wheel).

In addition, there were a number of technical improvements –
 * To improve ground reliability, the controller was grounded to the chassis at the right rear wheel well.
 * Dash switch for wipers replaced by one with improved quality.
 * Chassis ground wire: a larger diameter wire was installed. The previous wire was too small (16 gauge) and would melt during battery charge.
 * Hot lamp wire color changed to yellow (was green).

After the changes at car #1751, there was a minor glitch noted in the service manual. Since a lamp was removed from the instrument panel, there were fewer lamps, and the dimmer would not allow the lamps to go all the way off.

Before car #2011 (May 1975), the CitiCar had front disc brakes. Cars #2011 and after had drum brakes.

On car #2080 (May 1975), the parking brake micro switch was moved to a different position, and was actuated by a plastic collar instead of a detent on the parking brake shaft.

On car #2211 (July 1975), a switch was added to the dual master cylinder along with a small PC board behind the dash to warn of problems with brake hydraulics, as well as indicating if the parking brake is engaged. Before #2211, the brake lamp was a parking brake engaged indicator only.

Prior to car #2426 (September 1975) the accelerator was returned to off via a single accelerator spring. Sebring-Vanguard issued a Service Note to modify all previous vehicles to add another spring. After #2426, a dual spring accelerator pedal was standard.

Around December 1975 there was another major change in the CitiCar assembly line. All CitiCars #2781 and higher were equipped with a 5.17:1 ratio Dana/Spicer rear axle and a 6 hp GE motor. There was an optional 'hilly' Dana/Spicer axle with a higher 6.83:1 ratio also available for these cars which allowed better hill climbing performance, but at the cost of a slightly lower top speed. These vehicles are also known as 'Transitional' Citicars.

Additional changes with car #2781 -

 * Heater vents on side of car.
 * 7" rear brake drums (now same as front).
 * Factory heat was standard on Dana axle vehicles.
 * The defroster switch was moved from the dashboard to the heater panel mounted below the dashboard. The heater panel contained 2 knobs and 1 switch. Prior to vehicle #2781, heat was a dealer-installed option, and used a two-knob panel.

On car #2842 (December 1975), a micro switch was added to the foot brake to prevent the accelerator from functioning when the brake was pressed.

On car #2854 (December 1975), the horn voltage was increased back to 18v.

CitiCar frame numbers are believed to start at 1001, and end around 3000. To May 2013 the lowest CitiCar frame number known to exist was #1040, and the highest CitiCar frame number known to exist was #2998. The small number of CitiVans produced used a separate serial number sequence.

The Comuta-Cars produced as 1979 models share the VIN arrangement of earlier CitiCars, but end with an 'A' suffix. These "A" model vehicle frame numbers were interspersed within the CitiCar series between 2000 and 2300, but do not appear to duplicate any CitiCar production. There is speculation that these frames may have been unsold dealer stock that was included in the bankruptcy sale to Commuter Vehicles, Inc. Model 'A' Comuta-Cars are configured like other Comuta-Cars (batteries in bumpers, Dana axle, heater vents, sliding windows, etc.) Some Transitional CitiCars produced after June 1976 have serial numbers ending with the "A" suffix as well. It is believed that these also may have been unsold earlier dealer stock, that was upgraded to the 1976 1/2 Transitional Model standards (Dana axle, heater vents, sliding windows, etc.)

Although production of the CitiCar stopped in 1977, and production of the Comuta-Car stopped in 1982, a Service Bulletin was issued in September 1984 to change the 3-speed contactor setup for a solid state controller.

There are some indications that after January 1982, a few Comuta-Cars may have been sold as home assembly kits for off-road or to be registered as Home Built EV's in the buyer's state.

The last known Comuta vehicle to be factory built was a special order 72 V DC Pick-Up in 1986. This vehicle was sold without a serial number and only lacked windshield wipers and directional signals to meet DOT road worthiness.

title: Citicar


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Levi Savage Jr.

Levi Savage Jr. (March 23, 1820 – December 13, 1910) is a prominent figure in the history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the LDS Church's earliest missionaries to Asia and was one of the leaders of the Mormon pioneers traveling in the Willie Handcart Company.

Early life
Savage was the second of 15 children born in Greenfield, Huron County, Ohio to Levi Savage Sr. and Polly Haynes. He grew up on a farm in southern Michigan, where he had some schooling. During his lifetime, Savage was a teamster, soldier, teacher, pioneer, and missionary to India and Burma. He spent the remaining years of his life as a farmer in southern Utah. Savage kept a detailed journal from October 6, 1852 to March 16, 1903.

Pioneer
In the early 1840s, Savage's parents joined the LDS Church. The family moved from Michigan to Nauvoo, Illinois, and later migrated as Mormon pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley in 1847.

During the move from Nauvoo to Salt Lake City, Savage enlisted in the U.S. Army as a part of the Mormon Battalion. His enlistment began in July 1846 in Company D of the battalion. The battalion marched 1,400 miles from Council Bluffs, Iowa, to San Diego, California.

Savage's family was a part of the June 18, 1847, Abraham O. Smoot/George B. Wallace wagon train company. His mother, Polly, died on the trek to Utah. Savage learned of his mother's death after he finished his enlistment with the Mormon Battalion. Savage arrived in Salt Lake City via San Diego on October 16, 1847, three weeks after the family.

Savage married Jane Mathers on January 23, 1848. Jane had crossed the plains as the cook for Savage's parents. Their only child, Levi Mathers Savage, was born on January 11, 1851. Jane died on December 29, 1852, leaving Levi Jr. to raise their infant.

On July 10, 1856, Savage was in Iowa City, Iowa, where he joined the ill-fated Willie handcart company that was migrating to Salt Lake City. He was appointed as a sub-captain in the company. At a tense meeting in Florence, Nebraska on August 13, 1856, Savage was asked for his views and told the group that he firmly believed that embarking West so late in the season was dangerous. When overruled Savage reportedly said, "What I have said I know to be true; but seeing you are to go forward, I will go with you, will help all I can, will work with you, will rest with you, and if necessary, will die with you. May God in his mercy bless and preserve us." William Woodward, a captain of the company, later wrote, "Levi Savage, who was censured for his truthful statement at Florence, was I think the best help we had—resolute & determined his whole soul was for the salvation of our company." Over one-fifth of the group died from freezing and starvation before they arrived in Salt Lake City on November 9, 1856.

After returning to Salt Lake City with the ill-fated pioneers, Savage married Ann Brummel Cooper, a member of the Willie handcart company he helped rescue. He later also married two of Ann Brummel Cooper's daughters, Mary Ann and Adelaide although he only had children with Mary Ann. Savage married Ann Brummel Cooper on October 31, 1858. At the time of the marriage, Ann's daughter Adelaide was 6 years of age (b. Nov. 28, 1851). Mary Ann was 8 (b. Nov. 22, 1849). Savage later married Adelaide when he was 48 and she was 16 (m. October 17, 1868). One week later he married his other step-daughter, Mary Ann (m. October 24, 1868). She was 18. From the marriage with Mary Ann were born three children, William, Riley, and Clara.

Missionary
In October 1852, Savage joined as an LDS Church missionary to Siam. He left his 21-month-old son with his sister, Hannah Maria Savage Eldredge, while he served a four-year mission in the Far East. He left for Siam on October 21, 1852, by traveling through Las Vegas, Nevada, to Los Angeles, California, and then by boat to San Francisco. On January 30, 1853, Savage left San Francisco headed for Siam. On the boat, Levi was struck with smallpox, but survived the outbreak. He arrived in Calcutta, India, on April 25, 1853, and then went on to Rangoon, Burma. He then went to Maulmain, Burma, situated 300 km southeast of Yangon and 70 km south of Thaton, at the mouth of Thanlwinwhere. There he attempted to preach at the British cantonment, but was prevented by the local British commander. Because Siam was experiencing a civil war, Savage never reached there. He served 2½ years in the Far East mission and started home for Utah on October 12, 1855. He traveled from Calcutta, India, to Boston, Massachusetts, by going around the Cape of Good Hope. He arrived in Boston February 28, 1856, and went on to Ohio and Michigan to visit family. In his journal Savage wrote on June 19, 1856, "I have circled the globe." The entire journey took four years.

Settler
Savage worked as a teacher on his return to Utah. Savage served with the Nauvoo Legion during the Utah War, and in 1858 he moved to Lehi, Utah, and worked as a supplier for the U.S. army at Camp Floyd. After seven years, he moved to Toquerville, Utah, where he lived the last 45 years of his life with his three wives, two of whom were also his adopted step-daughters, and three children born to Savage and his eldest step-daughter / wife, Mary Ann.

One of Savage's last journal entries was February 1903, "This date shows that I have neglected to note daily occurrences in my journal for some time past; however, it is better late than never."

Savage died on December 13, 1910, in Toquerville, Washington County, Utah, and is buried in the cemetery in Toquerville.

Accomplishments

 * Part of the initial westward movement of the LDS Church to Utah.
 * A member in one of the 1847 Mormon companies migrating to Utah
 * One of 500 members of the Mormon Battalion to assist the U.S. Army in the Mexican–American War 1846–48
 * An early Mormon religious missionary to Burma and India in the Far East
 * Circumnavigated the world between 1852–1856 at the age of 33
 * A leader and surviving member of the ill-fated 1856 Willie handcart company moored in winter storms in Wyoming
 * Writer of a personal journal from 1852–1903 that is quoted and referenced by many for his involvement in the early western Mormon migration and examples of life on the frontier

Portrayals
Savage is the principal character (played by actor Jasen Wade) in the T. C. Christensen film 17 Miracles. This film is based on the actual events surrounding Savage's efforts to aid the Willie Handcart Company in their journey to Salt Lake City in 1856, emphasizing the miracles he and fellow travelers reported during the trek.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Levi Savage Jr.


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Point State Park

Point State Park (locally known as The Point) is a Pennsylvania state park which is located on 36 acre in Downtown Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA, at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, forming the Ohio River.

Built on land that was acquired via eminent domain from industrial enterprises during the 1950s, this park opened in August 1974 after construction was completed on its iconic fountain. Pittsburgh settled on the current design after rejecting an alternative plan for a Point Park Civic Center designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.

The park also includes the outlines and remains of two of the oldest structures in Pittsburgh, Fort Pitt and Fort Duquesne. The Fort Pitt Museum, which is housed in the Monongahela Bastion of Fort Pitt, commemorates the French and Indian War (1754–63), during which the area soon to become Pittsburgh became a major battlefield. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1960 for its role in the strategic struggles between Native Americans, French colonists, and British colonists, for control of the Ohio River watershed.

Recreation
Today, the park provides recreational space for workers, visitors, and residents in downtown Pittsburgh, and also acts as the site for major cultural events in the city, including the Venture Outdoors Festival, Three Rivers Arts Festival and Three Rivers Regatta. The park is operated by the Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks.

Fountain

The location of the fountain at the tip of the Point previously served as a connector for two old bridges, the Manchester Bridge (over the Allegheny River) and Point Bridge (over the Monongahela). Both were removed in 1970 to make way for the fountain. In April 2009, the fountain was turned off for a $9.6 million upgrade and refurbishment; it went online again at the opening of the Three Rivers Arts Festival on June 7, 2013.

The fountain also serves as the western terminus for the Great Allegheny Passage, a 150-mile hiker-biker trail beginning at the 184.5 milepost of the Cumberland, MD terminus of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park, which begins in the Georgetown area of Washington, DC, thus forming in total a 350-mile recreational trail between DC and Pittsburgh.

Renovations

On October 11, 2006, Michael DeBerardinis, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, announced a $25 million plan to renovate Point State Park. The plans called for improving the green spaces within the park, expanding recreational opportunities, preserving historical installations, and updating outdated amenities. Those estimated costs grew to a final figure of $36 million. The project was scheduled to be completed within four years, with the majority of the work to be finished in time for Pittsburgh's 250th anniversary celebration in 2008.

Sections of the park had fallen into disuse since it was established in the summer of 1974. The homeless had used the trenches surrounding the foundations of the remains of Fort Pitt as a temporary shelter for years. Graffiti on the structures of the park had become a major problem. Sections of the park were littered with fence posts, cut logs, plastic drums, and rolled up snow drift fencing. The walkways were cracked and beginning to fall apart. The restoration project aimed to reestablish the park as a recreational destination.

Plans for the 2006 improvements to the park included installing new pumps and pipes in the fountain, establishing a seating area around the fountain and a wading area for children, restoring the river walk with steps that lead into the river, building kiosks for information and concessions, renovating the rest rooms, water taxi landings and surrounding docks, and installing wireless internet access hubs.

These plans were not put into place without some controversy. On January 25, 2007, thirteen members of two local labor unions were arrested for blocking access by contractors to the work sites at the remnants of Fort Pitt. The unions were protesting the use of four non-represented workers by the contractor. In addition, advocates for historical preservation disagreed with the decision to bury the remnants of the fort's walls, which could damage the bricks and remove the walls from public access.

Point State Park was reopened to the public in the spring of 2008. The renovation process took a year and a half to complete.

French and Indian War
The confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, creating the Ohio River, has greatly impacted the history of Point State Park. This confluence was referred to as the Forks of the Ohio, which remains the official landmark-designated name for the site. It was once at the center of river travel, trade, and even wars throughout the pioneer history of Western Pennsylvania. During the mid-18th century, the armies of France and the Great Britain carved paths through the wilderness to control the point area and trade on the rivers. The French built Fort Duquesne in 1754 on foundations of Fort Prince George, which had been built by the colonial forces of Virginia.

The French held Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War, and it became one of the focal points for that war because of its strategic riverside location in disputed territory. The French held the fort successfully early in the war, turning back the 1755 expedition led by General Edward Braddock. A smaller attack by James Grant in September 1758 was repulsed, but with heavy losses. Two months later, on November 25, the Forbes Expedition, under General John Forbes, captured the site after the French destroyed Fort Duquesne the day before. The British built the temporary Mercer's Fort in 1759, and later a much larger fort on the site, Fort Pitt.

The Forbes Expedition was successful where the Braddock expedition had failed because of the Treaty of Easton, in which local American Indians agreed to abandon their alliance with the French. American Indians, primarily Delawares and Shawnee, made this agreement with the understanding that the British military would leave the area after the war. The Indians did not want British army garrisons in their territory. The British, however, built Fort Pitt on the site, naming it after William Pitt the Elder.

As a result, in 1763 local Delawares and Shawnees took part in Pontiac's Rebellion, an effort to drive the British from the region. The Indians' siege of Fort Pitt began on June 22, 1763, but the fort was too strong to be taken by force. During a diplomatic meeting at the fort, the commander of Fort Pitt Simon Ecuyer gave Delaware Indian emissaries blankets that had been exposed to smallpox in hopes of infecting them, as suggested by trader William Trent. The use of blankets to spread smallpox was discussed and approved the next month between British General Jeffery Amherst and his subordinate Colonel Henry Bouquet, who was marching to Fort Pitt with a force of 460 soldiers. Smallpox was highly contagious among the Native Americans, and — together with measles, influenza, chicken pox, and other Old World diseases — was a major cause of death since the arrival of Europeans and their animals. A reported outbreak that began the spring before left as many as one hundred Native Americans dead in Ohio Country from 1763 to 1764. It is not clear, however, whether the smallpox was a result of the Fort Pitt incident or the virus was already present among the Delaware people as outbreaks happened on their own every dozen or so years and the delegates were met again later and they seemingly had not contracted smallpox. On August 1, 1763, most of the Indians broke off the siege to intercept an approaching force under Colonel Bouquet, resulting in the Battle of Bushy Run. Bouquet fought off the attack and relieved Fort Pitt on August 20.

After Pontiac's War, Fort Pitt was no longer necessary to the British Crown, and was abandoned to the locals in 1772. At that time, the Pittsburgh area was claimed by both Virginia and Pennsylvania, and a power struggle for the region commenced. Virginians took control of Fort Pitt, and for a brief while in the 1770s it was called Fort Dunmore, in honour of Virginia's Governor Lord Dunmore. The fort was a staging ground in Dunmore's War of 1774.

During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Pitt was the headquarters for the western theatre of the war.

A small brick building called the Blockhouse—actually an outbuilding known as a redoubt—remains in Point State Park, the only intact remnant of Fort Pitt. It was erected in 1764, and is believed to be the oldest building, not only in Pittsburgh, but in Western Pennsylvania. Used for many years as a house, the blockhouse was purchased and has been preserved for many years by the Daughters of the American Revolution, who open it to the public.

Redevelopment
During the city's early history, the Point became a hub for industry and transportation. By the 1930s it was occupied by warehouses and railroad yards. Frank Lloyd Wright commented in 1935 that the city had wasted the potential of its rivers and hilly landscape. In 1945, the situation in this regard was even worse; four years of World War II and eight years of the Great Depression had permitted urban blight to make substantial inroads. The total assessed property value in the Golden Triangle was at a record low and falling. At the point, rarely used railroad facilities included 15 acre of yards (60000 m2) and half a mile (800 m) of elevated train tracks.

City leaders wanted to alleviate traffic congestion in the city. The Manchester Bridge and Point Bridge met at the point in a way that left no room for the interchange required by the volume of traffic. The growth of the city had made parking a serious problem as well. Robert Moses, who had developed the traffic scheme for New York City, was brought in and published a traffic plan in 1939. He offered a circular park surrounded by approach roads connecting the bridges to the city. His plan retained the existing bridges, but most of the experts brought in to examine the problem called for the bridges to be relocated away from the Point, creating more space for adjoining access roads and interchanges.

Although the site had substantial problems, Robert Alberts observes that "the condition, in the view of the city planner, was almost perfect". The Point had few property owners who needed to be bought out, few residents who would need relocation, and few structures worth preserving. Architects and planners could treat it as a tabula rasa.

During the course of the Second World War, federal and local authorities established three goals for the site: "the creation of a park commemorating the site's history, improved traffic circulation through the construction of new roads and bridges, and designation of a portion of the site for new office buildings, intended to stimulate private interest in the Golden Triangle". The Allegheny Conference on Community Development became a driving force for these changes. Edgar Kaufmann, a Pittsburgh department store owner, sat on the board of the Conference and became chair of the 28-member committee convened to look into the Point Park problem.

Kaufmann wanted a plan for the Point that was more urban and developed than the park others were imagining. In particular, Kaufmann was a major supporter of Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera and wanted to provide it with a permanent building. He brought in Wright, by that time a preeminent architect, who had done numerous other projects for Kaufmann in the past, including Kaufmann's landmark home at Fallingwater and an unbuilt design for a parking garage.

Plans for Point Park Civic Center fell through and ultimately, the site was turned into a park with historic and recreational aspects, Point State Park. The Fort Pitt blockhouse remained intact, and three of the five bastions of the fort have been restored. The state acquired almost all property for the site by 1949, at a cost of $7,588,500 ($ in 2024); the park was finally completed in August 1974. Areas adjoining the park were condemned to permit commercial development, most notably Gateway Center.

Along the Allegheny
Moving downstream about 100 yards:

Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within 30 mi of Point State Park:
 * Allegheny Islands State Park (Allegheny County)
 * Hillman State Park (Washington County)
 * Raccoon Creek State Park (Beaver County)

title: Point State Park


text:
Romanization of Greek

Romanization of Greek is the transliteration (letter-mapping) or transcription (sound-mapping) of text from the Greek alphabet into the Latin alphabet.

History
The conventions for writing and romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ markedly. The sound of the English letter B was written as β in ancient Greek but is now written as the digraph μπ, while the modern β sounds like the English letter V  instead. The Greek name Ἰωάννης became Johannes in Latin and then John in English, but in modern Greek has become Γιάννης; this might be written as Yannis, Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not Giannes or Giannēs as it would be for ancient Greek. The word Άγιος might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be translated as "Holy" or "Saint" in English forms of Greek placenames.

Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from Roman systems established in antiquity. The Roman alphabet itself was a form of the Cumaean alphabet derived from the Euboean script that valued Χ as and Η as  and used variant forms of Λ and Σ that became L and S. When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely—corresponding to an earlier pronunciation—⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. Aspirated consonants like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out the sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩. Because English orthography has changed so much from the original Greek, modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩.

"Greeklish" has also spread within Greece itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital telephony from cultures using the Latin alphabet. Since Greek typefaces and fonts are not always supported or robust, Greek email and chatting has adopted a variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for θέλω, "3ava" for ξανά, and "yuxi" for ψυχή.

Owing to the difficulties encountered in transliterating and transcribing both ancient and modern Greek into the Latin alphabet, a number of regulatory bodies have been established. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT), in cooperation with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), released a system in 1983 which has since been formally adopted by the United Nations, the United Kingdom and United States.

Tables
The following tables list several romanization schemes from the Greek alphabet to modern English. Note, however, that the ELOT, UN, and ISO formats for Modern Greek intend themselves as translingual and may be applied in any language using the Latin alphabet.

Ancient Greek
The American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization scheme employs its "Ancient or Medieval Greek" system for all works and authors up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, although Byzantine Greek was pronounced distinctly and some have considered "Modern" Greek to have begun as early as the 12th century.

For treatment of polytonic Greek letters—for example, ᾤ—see also the section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks below.

Modern Greek
ELOT approved in 1982 the ELOT 743 standard, revised in 2001, whose Type 2 (Τύπος 2) transcription scheme has been adopted by the Greek and Cypriot governments as standard for romanization of names on Greek and Cypriot passports. It also comprised a Type 1 (Τύπος 1) transliteration table, which was extensively modified in the second edition of the standard.

International versions of ELOT 743, with an English language standard document, were approved by the UN (V/19, 1987) and the British and American governments. The ISO approved in 1997 its version, ISO 843, with a different Type 1 transliteration system, which was adopted four years later by ELOT itself, while the U.N. did not update its version. So the transcriptions of Modern Greek into Latin letters used by ELOT, UN and ISO are essentially equivalent, while there remain minor differences in how they approach reversible transliteration.

The American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization scheme employs its "Modern Greek" system for all works and authors following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

In the table below, the special rules for vowel combinations (αι, αυ, ει, ευ, ηυ, οι, ου, ωυ) only apply when these letters function as digraphs. There are also words where the same letters stand side by side incidentally but represent separate vowels. In these cases each of the two letters is transcribed separately according to the normal rules for single letters. Such cases are marked in Greek orthography by either having an accent on the first rather than the second vowel letter, or by having a diaeresis ( ¨ ) over the second letter. For treatment of accents and diaereses—for example, ϊ—also see the section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks below.

Diacritical marks
The traditional polytonic orthography of Greek uses several distinct diacritical marks to render what was originally the pitch accent of Ancient Greek and the presence or absence of word-initial. In 1982, monotonic orthography was officially introduced for modern Greek. The only diacritics that remain are the acute accent (indicating stress) and the diaeresis (indicating that two consecutive vowels should not be combined).

When a Greek diphthong is accented, the accent mark is placed over the second letter of the pair. This means that an accent over the first letter of the pair indicates vowels which should be taken (and romanized) separately. Although the second vowel is not marked with a superfluous diaeresis in Greek, the first-edition ELOT 743 and the UN systems place a diaeresis on the Latin vowel for the sake of clarity.

Apart from the diacritical marks native to Greek itself or used to romanize its characters, linguists also regularly mark vowel length with macrons (¯) marking long vowels and rounded breves (˘) marking short vowels. Where these are romanized, it is common to mark the long vowels with macrons over the Latin letters and to leave the short vowels unmarked; such macrons should not be confused or conflated with those used by some systems to mark eta and omega as distinct from epsilon, iota, and omicron.

Numerals
Greece's early Attic numerals were based on a small sample of letters (including heta) arranged in multiples of 5 and 10, likely forming the inspiration for the later Etruscan and Roman numerals.

This early system was replaced by Greek numerals which employed the entire alphabet, including the nonstandard letters digamma, stigma, or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), koppa (placed between pi and rho), and sampi (placed after omega). As revised in 2001, ELOT 743 provides for the uncommon characters to be given (in Greek) as $ for stigma, + for koppa, and / for sampi. These symbols are not given lower-case equivalents. When used as numbers, the letters are used in combination with the upper keraia numeral sign ⟨ʹ⟩ to denote numbers from 1 to 900 and in combination with the lower keraia ⟨͵⟩ to denote multiples of 1000. (For a full table of the signs and their values, see Greek numerals.)

These values are traditionally romanized as Roman numerals, so that Αλέξανδρος Γ' ο Μακεδών would be translated as Alexander III of Macedon and transliterated as Aléxandros III o Makedṓn rather than Aléxandros G' or Aléxandros 3. Greek laws and other official documents of Greece which employ these numerals, however, are to be formally romanized using "decimal" Arabic numerals.

Punctuation marks
Ancient Greek text did not mark word division with spaces or interpuncts, instead running the words together (scripta continua). In the Hellenistic period, a variety of symbols arose for punctuation or editorial marking; such punctuation (or the lack thereof) are variously romanized, inserted, or ignored in different modern editions.

Modern Greek punctuation generally follows French with the notable exception of Greek's use of a separate question mark, the erotimatiko, which is shaped like the Latinate semicolon. Greek punctuation which has been given formal romanizations include:

Uncommon letters
There are many archaic forms and local variants of the Greek alphabet. Beta, for example, might appear as round Β or pointed throughout Greece but is also found in the forms  (at Gortyn),  and  (Thera),  (Argos),  (Melos),  (Corinth),  (Megara and Byzantium), and even  (Cyclades). Well into the modern period, classical and medieval Greek was also set using a wide array of ligatures, symbols combining or abbreviating various sets of letters, such as those included in Claude Garamond's 16th-century grecs du roi. For the most part, such variants—as ϖ and for π, ϛ for στ, and ϗ for και—are just silently emended to their standard forms and transliterated accordingly. Letters with no equivalent in the classical Greek alphabet such as heta (Ͱ & ͱ), meanwhile, usually take their nearest English equivalent (in this case, h) but are too uncommon to be listed in formal transliteration schemes.

Uncommon Greek letters which have been given formal romanizations include:

Standardization
The sounds of Modern Greek have diverged from both those of Ancient Greek and their descendant letters in English and other languages. This led to a variety of romanizations for names and placenames in the 19th and 20th century. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT) issued its system in cooperation with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1983. This system was adopted (with minor modifications) by the United Nations' Fifth Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names at Montreal in 1987, by the United Kingdom's Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN) and by the United States' Board on Geographic Names (BGN) in 1996, and by the ISO itself in 1997. Romanization of names for official purposes (as with passports and identity cards) were required to use the ELOT system within Greece until 2011, when a legal decision permitted Greeks to use irregular forms (such as "Demetrios" for Δημήτριος) provided that official identification and documents also list the standard forms (as, for example, "Demetrios OR Dimitrios"). Other romanization systems still encountered are the BGN/PCGN's earlier 1962 system and the system employed by the American Library Association and the United States' Library of Congress.

title: Romanization of Greek


text:
Talk:People's Crusade

Expulsion of Jews from France
There should be something in here about the expulsion (and murder) of thousands of Jews in France. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi#Rosh_yeshiva — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.140.162.45 (talk) 22:47, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Why? What is the relevance? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.110.243.192 (talk) 05:05, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

before
According to the article (and countless historical sources), the People's Crusade occured BEFORE the first crusade.

So, why is it listed after the first crusade on the crusade template bar on the side?

 * Well, it's supposed to be part of the "First Crusade series" within that template, but it was difficult to make the template work that way. Adam Bishop 22:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Aren't We Missing Alot?
While I'm far from being an expert on the subject, I have been studying the First Crusade for a school Research Paper. The accounts that I've looked at list much more information, and a slight variations on the account given here. Some of the variation may be due to my having not done a full study on the matter, but some of my favorite parts of the people's crusade were left out of this account, (most notably the crusaders deciding a goat and a duck were filled with the holy spirit) as well as some descriptions of the battles and characters that can be gleaned from accounts. I would really encourage an update on this section -- and would suggest reading the account written by Albert of Aachen which can be found is several primary source books.

70.184.17.136 00:20, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Of course. This is an encyclopedia article - it summarizes the main points. If you want to read more, by all means, Wikipedia is just the very tip - it is like comparing a candy bar to a full-course meal. I would not suggest adding interesting but trivial tangents such as the goat and duck story unless there is a good reason. -- Stbalbach 01:17, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Regarding the duck - it was in fact a goose and also a goat, referred by Albert of Aachen maybe as a way of discrediting Emico/Emicho. Please see Medieval Sourcebook: Peter the Hermit and the Popular Crusade and The Crusades and the expansion of Catholic Christendom, 1000-1714'', John France. Cheers --Santosga (talk) 13:53, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Did Hermit go to crusade before Sans-Avoir?
Article says: The French, however, were not willing to wait for Peter and the Germans and under the leadership of Walter Sans-Avoir a few thousand French crusaders left before Peter reached Hungary on May 8. Sans-Avoir was leader of these French, but how they were not willing to wait for Peter since Peter was already in Hungary? --QWerk (talk) 08:30, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Sugestion
People's Crusade was series of events that is ranging from Belgrade to Nicaea. IMHO, it is better to define these events and work each of them separately, while main People's Crusade page integrates those events. I suggest following events (which can also be refered to from First Crusade article):
 * 1) First Crusade Passing Bulgaria
 * 2) Battle of Xerigordon
 * 3) Battle of Helenopolis —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mudy s (talk • contribs) 17:51, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Confusion about a sentence meaning
"An outbreak of ergotism, which usually led to mass pilgrimages anyway, had also occurred just before the Council of Clermont."

The above sentence found in the background of the article is very confusing in terms of what it's trying to say or express.

The link to "ergotism" says its a fungi affecting grain cereals.

So say something like "The outbreak of ergotism, which usually led to mass pilgrimages due to food shortages caused by ergot, had also occurred just before the Council of Clermont."

Also what the source for this sentence? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.12.188.77 (talk) 20:14, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Also known as the Popular Crusade
I'm studying the crusades and most often I refer to this one at the Popular Crusade. I was thinking we should add it to the intro.

source: http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/peterhermit.asp 155.47.184.154 (talk) 21:10, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Seems reasonable. I've added it.  Oreo Priest  talk 17:26, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

What point is there for a section on jewish pogroms?
It is another matter entirely. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.6.247.253 (talk) 04:48, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

I think it is relevant in demonstrating a contrast to the behaviour of the official crusade.≈≈≈≈  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Getmenot (talk • contribs) 10:24, 18 February 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 1 one external link on People's Crusade. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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There is an error in the first line. A template shows up that doesn't exist
See above. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.102.80.150 (talk) 19:13, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

Ambiguous sentence
The last sentence of the lede is ambiguous. The sentence before it offers two opposing possibilities, then is followed by: "The expedition's independence has been used by some historians such as Hagenmeyer to prove this."

--23.119.204.117 (talk) 02:43, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:People's Crusade


text:
Northeast Express Regional Airlines

Northeast Express Regional Airlines was a regional airline based in Manchester, New Hampshire. Originally an independent commuter airline in Maine, it was bought by Bar Harbor Airlines and later as part of Eastern Express and Northwest Airlink before being liquidated in 1995.

History
Roland Martin, a businessman in Northern Maine's St. John Valley, founded Valley Airlines in 1978, first as a air taxi operator out of the Northern Aroostook Regional Airport in Frenchville, Maine. Martin, who was one of the founders of the airport, began providing air service between Frenchville and airports in Southern Maine beginning in 1981. In 1986, Martin sold Valley Airlines to Allyn Caruso, CEO of Bar Harbor Airlines.

The acquisition by Bar Harbor Airlines led to Valley Airlines being rebranded as Northeast Express Regional Airlines in 1989 began a partnership with New Hampshire-based Precision Airlines to provide commuter service to Boston Logan International Airport. This partnership provided services for both Eastern Airlines Express and later Continental Express. Following the bankruptcy and liquidation of Eastern Air Lines in 1991, Northeast Express and Precision became a Northwest Airlines codeshare affiliate doing business as Northwest Airlink.

The airline faced financial issues coming into the 1990s. In 1993, the airline moved its maintenance facility from Bangor to Manchester, New Hampshire, resulting in the loss of 45 jobs in the Bangor area. In a fatal blow to the airline, Northwest Airlines decided in 1994 to use the Delta Air Lines-affiliated Business Express Airlines for its Boston feeder services, causing Northeast Express and its sister company Precision Airlines to declare Chapter 11 bankruptcy. At the time of its bankruptcy, the company employed "operate[d] 33 aircraft and employ[ed] more than 550 people" in Maine and New Hampshire. The company's "debts were estimated at $25 million (including about $60,000 owed to Bangor International Airport) compared with the $20 million that the two companies had in assets. Despite Allyn Caruso's attempt to establish a service partnership with USAir, the company was liquidated in 1995.

Former CEO Allyn Caruso would go on to run the MAC Air Group, a fixed base operator out of Portland International Jetport, until his death in 2024. Roland Martin founded Pine State Airlines in 1995, which operated routes in Maine until it was closed in 1998. Martin and his wife were named Citizens of the Year in Frenchville in 2002. Martin passed away in 2010.

Former destinations served
Those airports marked with an asterisk (*) are no longer served by commercial air service.
 * Connecticut
 * Hartford (Bradley International Airport)
 * New Haven (Tweed New Haven Airport)
 * Maine
 * Augusta (Augusta State Airport)
 * Bangor (Bangor International Airport)
 * Bar Harbor (Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport)
 * Frenchville (Northern Aroostook Regional Airport)*
 * Lewiston (Auburn/Lewiston Municipal Airport)*
 * Portland (Portland International Jetport) **
 * Presque Isle (Northern Maine Regional Airport)
 * Rockland (Knox County Regional Airport)
 * Waterville (Waterville Robert LaFleur Airport)*
 * Massachusetts
 * Boston (Logan International Airport) - HUB
 * New Jersey
 * Atlantic City (Atlantic City International Airport)
 * Newark (Newark International Airport)
 * New Hampshire
 * Laconia (Laconia Municipal Airport)*
 * Manchester (Manchester Regional Airport)
 * New York
 * New York (John F. Kennedy International Airport)
 * New York (LaGuardia Airport)
 * Quebec, Canada
 * Quebec City (Québec/Jean Lesage International Airport)

Fleet

 * Beech 99 Airliner
 * Fairchild Metroliner III
 * De Havilland Canada Dash 8

title: Northeast Express Regional Airlines


text:
Tommy Bamford

Thomas Bamford (2 November 1905 – 12 December 1967 ) was a Welsh professional footballer. During his career, he made over 200 appearances in the Football League, most notably for Wrexham, where he remains the club's all-time top goalscorer. He also represented Wales at international level, winning five caps.

Career
Born in Port Talbot, Bamford had played amateur football for Cardiff Docks and Bridgend Town before joining Wrexham in 1928, at the age of 23. With 175 league goals (193 in all competitions) between 1928 and 1934, he is the club's all-time record league goalscorer. In the 1933–1934 season, he scored a club record 44 league goals (and 51 in total for the season), another record that still stands today. During his time with the Dragons, Bamford helped them to win the Welsh Cup in 1931, scoring twice in a 7–0 victory over Shrewsbury Town in the final on 27 April 1931.

He transferred to Manchester United in 1934 along with teammate Billy Bryant. In his career with United, he scored 57 goals, including 14 in 23 league games in the 1937–38 season, playing a total of 109 games for United, and he helped the club win the Second Division title in the 1935–36 season. He left for Swansea Town in 1938, but the outbreak of the Second World War a year later halted his career, and by the time the war ended six years later Bamford was 40 years old and he retired from playing.

International career
Bamford made his international debut for Wales on 25 October 1930 in a 1–1 draw with Scotland in the 1930–31 British Home Championship, scoring Wales' goal after just six minutes. After numerous Football League sides refused to release their players for the match due to a fixture clash, the Welsh side for the match was made of largely players from the lower divisions, the Welsh Leagues and non-league. The team became known as "Keenor and the unknowns" in reference to captain Fred Keenor and the relative obscurity of the players who featured in the team with him.

International goals

 * Results list Wales' goal tally first.

Later life
Following his retirement, Bamford worked in a local steelworks. He died in Wrexham in December 1967 at the age of 62. A hospitality suite at Wrexham's home stadium, the Racecourse Ground, is named 'The Bamford Suite' in honour of him.

Honours
Wrexham
 * Welsh Cup: 1930–31

Manchester United
 * Football League Second Division: 1935–36

title: Tommy Bamford


text:
Balloon Land

Balloon Land, also known as The Pincushion Man, is a 1935 animated short film produced by Ub Iwerks as part of the ComiColor Cartoons series. The cartoon is about a place called Balloon Land, whose residents (including caricatures of popular entertainment figures such as Laurel and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin) are made entirely out of balloons. The villain in the cartoon is the Pincushion Man, a character who walks around Balloon Land popping the inhabitants with pins.

Plot
The cartoon starts with a short tour of Balloon Land featuring an entire population of balloon people and animals. After a very short tour of people working near and around the town, it demonstrated an experimental human-making machine that makes humans. An employee was seen filling up the air on two kids, which were a boy and a girl. While the girl gets filled up, the employee warned the little boy to watch out for the Pincushion Man. Without incident, the boy immediately denied the warning saying that he is not afraid of him, but the girl does not want to get killed by him. He angrily took the girl with her, and they both walked into the balloon forest. After jumping over a huge gate, they see the darkness. While looking around, a large gray and red tree that resembles an owl scares them away, sending the kids running until crashing into a brown and green tree across the pathway. With the boy faking that he is not scared at all, the tree almost grabbed the girl with the branch that resembles a hand, but the boy swipes it in time to escape. Meanwhile, the Pincushion Man is hiding behind a rock until popping it. He describes himself as the "Terror of Balloon Land" while popping flowers, rocks, and trees. The two kids continued to walk through the forest. The boy describes the Pincushion Man as a fake person. The Pincushion Man was just inches away from the kids, and after standing on a pathway, he turns around and saw the two kids walking. He immediately hides behind a green and red tree and immediately scares the kids. While the kids' huddle in fear, he grabs one of the needles and tries to poke the kids with it but misses. Trying to get the target, the kids immediately avoid the needle that was held by the Pincushion Man which instead popped four cherries on a brown tree. The Pincushion Man then began chasing the kids but gets swiped by a small colorful tree which sends him flying backward and causing a short daze. After the kids passed by the owl tree from earlier, they jumped over the huge gate just in time for the Pincushion Man to ram over and crash into the locked door. In frustration, he bangs on the door wanting to come into Balloon Land. The kids immediately run off, but a civilian that was standing right next to the gate immediately answered the door with a small door on top of the huge door. The civilian denies the Pincushion's exclamation because he already knew what the Pincushion Man was planning to do. The Pincushion Man then asked something different saying that he wants to give the civilian a surprise. He accepts it and decides to do the unthinkable. After opening the gate to let the Pincushion Man in, he told the man what the surprise was, which is a prank. The Pincushion Man used one of his needles and popped his first civilian.

Meanwhile, the kids already arrived downtown and immediately witnessed the Pincushion Man's first kill. The kids immediately rush across the street to sound the alarm, which was a crib filled with four babies. As they were drinking milk, the kids pulled the bottles out of their mouths and started to cry, sounding the alarm. The feared balloon people began looking around for danger and began scrambling around to find shelter. As the Pincushion Man arrives downtown, the Pincushion Man immediately tries to take the kids again. The kids tried merging inside the house but ends up taking off their plugs to fit inside the house. After attempting to chase the kids, the Pincushion Man witnessed a man running across the street but gets popped by the Pincushion Man's needle, marking its second death. He threw needles one by one in the streets and immediately pops some of them including a mouse and a caterpillar. While the Pincushion Man attempts to pop more people, the two kids quickly snuck out of the house and rushed to the mayor's office. The little girl tried to escape the boy's arm but can't let go. Rushing inside which sends the guards spinning around, the shocked guards watched the kids from the entrance inside and the kids met the mayor in fear. After the boy immediately lets go of the girl's hand which sends her crashing into the desk, they told the mayor that they saw the Pincushion Man down the street. With the guard yapping "HOLY SMOKES!", an out-of-tune bugle was blown by one of the soldiers. This forced an entire army of Balloon Soldiers to be made and sent downtown. Meanwhile, the Pincushion Man threw some more needles after witnessing the army, popping a few soldiers. Preparing to launch gum bullets at the Pincushion Man, the leader ducks for cover, and the first few gum bullets and golf balls hit the perfect target at the Pincushion Man. War was declared on the Pincushion Man as he tries to take precautions seriously. Shortly after managing to get the gum off of his hands, he was hit with more gum and golf balls, sending him flying forwardly. After getting hit by more gum, he was covered in a big ball of gum, which sends him rolling out of town and into a tree. He managed to pop his last set of flowers while rolling. While trying to survive by holding onto grass, another big ball of gum with a perfect target hits the Pincushion Man and sends him falling out of Earth. With the day saved, Balloon Land was back to normal and the two kids were seen standing on a side of the street, kissing each other as the short ends.

Notable appearances

 * Several scenes from "Balloon Land" are shown during the film The Devil's Gift which was later re-edited into another film Merlin's Shop of Mystical Wonders.
 * A portion of it was shown on an episode of Pee-Wee's Playhouse, and was featured in the 1981 HBO special The Pee-Wee Herman Show.
 * The cartoon is also featured in the live revival of Pee-Wee's 2010 stage show at Los Angeles' Club Nokia theater. It is introduced during the first act break by the King of Cartoons.
 * Parts of "Balloon Land" are shown in the Shining Time Station music videos: "What Am I Afraid Of?" from the episode "Scare Dares", and "Bad Guy" from the episode "Bully for Mr. Conductor".
 * In honor to celebrate the 50 greatest shorts of all time, this short was nominated for The 50 Greatest Cartoons.
 * Parts of the cartoon are also heard/seen throughout the 2022 film Skinamarink.

title: Balloon Land


text:
Delìrium Còrdia

Delìrivm Còrdia is the third studio album by American avant-garde metal band Fantômas, released on January 27, 2004, by record label Ipecac.

Music
The music, which was composed solely by Patton, could be described as the score to a horror movie and/or concept album centering on the theme of surgery without anesthesia. The album consists of a single track that runs for 74 minutes and 17 seconds.

Several music genres and styles are covered over the course of the album, including easy listening, chanting, drone, noise and metal, generally being separated by ambience and sounds and voices in a surgical setting. There are no lyrics or song structures as such as one would traditionally expect; the band instead focuses on atmosphere and the creation of suspense through the use of eerie noises, wordless vocals, and sudden, jarring changes in volume and intensity. Approximately the last 20 minutes of the track consist of the sound of a turntable stylus stuck in the runout groove of a record. The track then ends abruptly, with the sound of someone counting in a fast tempo, followed immediately by the stylus sliding across a record's surface.

Artwork
The booklet contains graphic photos of actual surgeries in which organs are seen being removed from human bodies from Max Aguilera's book The Sacred Heart: An Atlas of the Body Seen Through Invasive Surgery. Low-resolution images can be viewed here.

A quote on the label backcard reads: "Like the surgeon, the composer slashes open the body of his fellow man, removes his eyes, empties his abdomen of organs, hangs him up on a hook holding up to the light all of the body's palpitating treasures sending a burst of light into its innermost depths." The quote is attributed to Richard Selzer M.D., who is also credited with "voices." This quote is paraphrased from Selzer's introduction to Max Aguilera's book, though it replaces the word "photographer" (Aguilera's profession) with "composer."

The font used for all text contained on the album uses V in place of U (with the exception of the "Max Aguilera" and "Manufactured and Distributed by Caroline Distributions"), presumably a nod to Latin spelling conventions. For example, "Buzz Osborne - Trevor Dunn" is written on the back as "Bvzz Osborne - Trevor Dvnn", etc.

Reception
Delìrivm Còrdia was met with mixed to positive reviews. Review aggregation site Metacritic lists its average score as 65 out of 100, characterising its reception as "generally favourable". AllMusic gave the album four stars out of five, and Stylus rated it B+, calling it "a balefully themed exercise in prompting your imagination". Rolling Stone awarded it three out of five stars, describing the 20-plus-minute end section as "maddening", though noting that it "demands repeated listens, if only to hear the freakish wonder that is Mike Patton's voice". Pitchfork were more critical, giving the album 5.9 out of 10, calling it "gloomy background music, and little else" though praising the "intensity" of Dave Lombardo's drumming.

Track listing
Note: The phrase "Surgical Sound Specimens from the Museum of Skin" (written on the back of the box) and the Richard Selzer M.D. quote (shown above) are both sometimes referred to as the actual name of the piece, however it is officially known simply as Delìrivm Còrdia.

Personnel

 * Mike Patton – vocals, samples, vocal percussion, producer, arrangement, design/layout
 * Dave Lombardo – drums
 * Buzz Osborne – guitar
 * Trevor Dunn – bass
 * Max Aguilera-Hellweg – photography (taken with permission from the book The Sacred Heart: An Atlas of the Body Seen Through Invasive Surgery, Bullfinch Press, ISBN 0-8212-2377-1)
 * S. Husky Höskulds – engineer
 * Mott Lange – assistant engineer
 * Gene Grimaldi – mastering
 * Martin Kvamme – artwork
 * Richard Selzer – voices

title: Delìrium Còrdia


text:
User talk:Falphin/proposed suggestion

Hyperbole do you remember any specific events at Carm for the controversy section, I'm trying to remember back. I think that would work best in that section. Falphin 22:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Do you have any idea when he was born and when he married? Falphin 23:15, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'll be back tommorow(today on wikipedia) after church Falphin 01:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I added the references, I'm not completely sure I did them right. Falphin 04:00, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Why exactly are we editing this separately from the live article? Is that standard practice? We could get more exposure if we edited there while reducing duplicate work. Mdavidn 19:17, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Its easier to get an article going this way. Over their edits can turn into edit wars, vandalism amongs other things. You can publish this now if you like. The only  thing I would like to add is Social views. Falphin 19:51, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The AARM link and some of the criticism related to CARM was moved from the Matt Slick page to the CARM article. I think that both were good edits, and we should do the same here. Mdavidn 19:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree AARM should be at CARM, hyperbole however believes it should be here. Falphin 19:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Falphin/proposed suggestion


text:
Talk:Ultraman

Licensing right dispute
First off, there are more to it than that. Some Thai supporters claimed that Tsuburaya released the Hanuman movie to some regions w/o Chaiyo's consent, which played a role in the legal battle. I have no details but may be someone can explain this.

Then, the phrase "It has also resulted in a slight backlash against Thai Ultraman fans, who are assumed to be outright Chaiyo supporters." I'm not going to argue with that, but some Thai do think Sompote is a liar.Suredeath 15:26, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

More on Licensing Right Dispute, following up the new ruling by the court, the firm representing Tsubaraya (the Japanese one) run an ads in newspapers basically announcing what's legal and what's not. I wrote the last sentence based on that ads. But now when I looked at it, frankly, what I included may be entirely wrong. Does anyone have a copy of this ad or the actual statement from the ruling?Suredeath (talk) 04:21, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Soft drink
Now available in several ultra cans....deserving of mention?andycjp (talk) 07:48, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Unsourced Stats
Ok, I, and the staff of both sites, noticed that nearly all of the Ultra Monster articals are just copied and pasted from World of Ultra or Monster Archieves, without being sourced, which quite obviously, I think is against the rules of this site. Now before anyone asks 'well change it or source it yourself', simply put, its nearly ALL OF THEM! And this is really annoying! Also, I work with World of Ultra and submitted some of those histories, then before the day its posted is out, there copied and pasted here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.99.16.138 (talk) 01:12, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

number of ultraman
"At present, Tsuburaya Prod. accepts 36 Ultramen as official (counting Ultraman Legend, the combined form of Ultramen Cosmos and Justice, as a separate entity)" which are the 36? i don't remember there is that many ultraman -219.74.245.43 (talk) 12:54, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

As for me, I cannot understand why the Japanese Ultraman's creators would want to export him to America when DC comics holds the rights to a supervillain of that name who is actually an evil version of Superman and heads the Crime Syndicate of America. There was even a made for video film featuring the Crime Syndicate of America, who are supposed to be residents of an alternate Earth.== — Preceding unsigned comment added by Glammazon (talk • contribs) 20:32, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Ultraman Fighting Evolution 3 36.74.74.170 (talk) 18:13, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

"222.124.154.173" increases false information.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?limit=50&tagFilter=&title=Special%3AContributions&contribs=user&target=222.124.154.173&namespace=&tagfilter=&year=&month=-1

The 222.124.154.173 scatters disinformation.221.184.35.206 (talk) 11:09, 13 October 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070926225427/http://www.tcat.ne.jp/~oguchi/Multiple-Image%20LIST%201960-1969.htm to http://www.tcat.ne.jp/~oguchi/Multiple-Image%20LIST%201960-1969.htm

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Name
I belive that the series must be called by their original japanese names. It should be, in my view, "Kaettekita Ultraman" instead of "Return Of Ultraman" and "Za Ultraman" instead of "The Ultraman". We're talking about japanese productions, produced in japanese language. - Well, you do have a point, and I agree with.

I think "The Ultraman" makes more sense (since "Za" is supposed to be "The" anyway), but I agree about "Kaettekita Ultraman". I think we can work that out. Ryuuseipro - ...Uh yeah, don't do "Za Ultraman" or anything ridiculous like that. If you want to keeping an extreme romanization like that, you might as well use pure Japanese. It's like saying it should be "Za Urutoraman"...

Hey, Ultraman , Ultraseven , Return of Ultraman (Kaettekitta Urutoraman) and Ultraman Tiga was dubbed in portuguese too (in Brazil).

I am curious and could not find the answer on the Web. When they refer to an area in the series Ultraman like area S2-5. Is this made up for the ultra series or is it real coordinates in Japan? — Preceding unsigned comment added by BaelRathLian (talk • contribs) 21:04, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 15 September 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: No consensus. (non-admin closure) Cwmhiraeth (talk) 13:57, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

Ultra Series → Ultraman (franchise) – Mostly given the page views. What does everyone else think? Timur9008 (talk) 13:52, 15 September 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. Iffy★Chat -- 08:17, 23 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The name of the franchise is clearly the "Ultra Series" on Japanese media.  Hansen Sebastian Talk 04:36, 26 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 28 April 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved  — Amakuru (talk) 14:49, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

Ultra Series → Ultraman – The WP:COMMONNAME seems to be Ultraman in cited references instead of Ultra Series, and the article even reflects that. An alternative could be Ultraman (franchise) if not deemed as a primary topic. However, it covers the franchise as whole, which means it should be a one. Jovanmilic97 (talk) 08:45, 28 April 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support - All the reliable sources use the term "Ultraman" and not "Ultra Series".ZXCVBNM (TALK) 17:40, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom.--Ortizesp (talk) 13:56, 30 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support a move to a title which uses the word "Ultraman", although "Ultraman series" may be worth considering depending on what the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for that term is. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 04:35, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

You guys did your jobs sloppily. If you really want to rename the page, then rename ALL the links as well. You only instill confusion to readers, especially when some of the yet to be renamed "Ultraman" to "Ultraman (1966 TV series)" links still exists. Zero stylinx (talk) 05:34, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Nexus
nexus is another form of ultraman noa he's a strong and powerful ultraman and time for funny hingga kini belum bisa memastikan bahwa mereka akan rasa apa yg terjadi kamu bisa 🙆 siang yang tidak dapat melihat bahwa kamu tidak pernah ada di dalam negeri idaman kamu banget itu mah elu kali yang tidak ke rumah daftar harga ulang selamat 🥂 siang untuk kita dan jenis jangan sampai ketinggalan di sekolah tersebut akan digunakan dalam penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian yang digunakan untuk membuat sebuah situs jejaring selamat 🥂 yang paling ada ✅ siang untuk siang siang selamat 🥂 yang ada pada dirinya dirimu dan dirinya sebagai orang yg kamu inginkan saat dalam kesedihan itu tidak baik untuk kita dan jenis makanan apa itu teh 🍵 selamat siang pak siang selamat 🥂 yang ada pada di Indonesia mana ada orang lain untuk hilangkan rasa takut kehilangan awak selamat yang ada ✅ selamat yang tidak pernah ada di dalam negeri hati yang paling kamu suka sama dari pada yang lain pada asik tuh siang untuk kita dan jenis makanan apa itu teh 🍵 siang selamat yang tidak bisa pernah saya ada di rumah 🏡 siang untuk kita dan jenis tak suka dengan orang yg kamu inginkan dalam hati saya akan memberikan kebahagiaan sesaat tapi aku tidak bisa akan ada yang yg bisa kita lakukan adalah dengan 180.244.164.217 (talk) 13:21, 14 July 2023 (UTC)

Ultraman Fighting Evolution 3
Ultraman Fighting Evolution 3 36.74.74.170 (talk) 18:14, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

"Alien Baltan" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien_Baltan&redirect=no Alien Baltan] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 16:06, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ultraman


text:
Mieczysław Horszowski

Mieczysław Horszowski (June 23, 1892 – May 22, 1993) was a Polish and American pianist who had one of the longest careers in the history of the performing arts.

Early life
Horszowski was born in Lwów (Lemberg), Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine). He was first taught piano by his mother, a pupil of Karol Mikuli, who had himself been a pupil of Frédéric Chopin. He became a pupil of Theodor Leschetizky in Vienna at the age of seven; Leschetizky had studied with Beethoven's pupil Carl Czerny. Leschetizky's sister-in-law, Angele Potocka, referred to Horszowski as "a wunderkind of high order".

In 1901 he gave a performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 1 in Warsaw and soon after toured Europe and the Americas as a child prodigy. In 1905 the young Horszowski played for Gabriel Fauré and met Camille Saint-Saëns in Nice. In 1911 Horszowski put his performing career on hold in order to devote himself to literature, philosophy and art history in Paris.

While Horszowski's family was of Jewish origin (which made him a fugitive from Europe in the 1930s), he was himself an early convert to Roman Catholicism, and was very devout. As the French critic André Tubeuf has written, "Horszowski was both very Jewish and very Catholic, in both cases as only a Pole could have been."

Career
Horszowski, who was barely five feet tall, had rather small hands, reaching just over one octave; however, Allan Kozinn of The New York Times noted that "he turned this limitation into an asset by focusing on music that was written on a more compact scale and made intellectual rather than physical demands". Horszowski's performances were known for their natural, unforced quality, balancing intellect and emotion. He was frequently praised for his tonal quality, as was common for pupils of Leschetizky.

Having returned to the concert stage with the encouragement of Pablo Casals, he settled in Milan after the First World War, remaining there until he emigrated to the United States during World War II. Following the war, Horszowski frequently gave recitals with artists such as Casals, Alexander Schneider, Joseph Szigeti and the Budapest Quartet. He often appeared at the Prades Festival and the Marlboro Festival.

From 1940 Horszowski lived in the United States, first in New York City and later in Philadelphia. He became an American citizen in 1948. Horszowski performed with the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Toscanini, with whom he was friends, in 1943 and 1953. During the 1954–1955 season, he gave a memorable cycle of Beethoven's entire solo piano works in New York. In 1960 he did the same for Mozart's piano sonatas. His very diverse and extensive repertoire also embraced such composers as Honegger, d'Indy, Martinů, Stravinsky, Szymanowski and Villa-Lobos. In 1979, the pianist recorded several works of Lodovico Giustini on a restored Cristofori pianoforte. These works had been commissioned by Cristofori and are the first known compositions written specifically for the pianoforte.

Horszowski twice performed at the White House: with Casals and Schneider in 1961 for President Kennedy and a solo performance in 1979 for President Carter.

Horszowski was widely recorded and can be heard on the HMV, Columbia, RCA, Vanguard, Nonesuch, and other labels. His final recordings for Nonesuch were made when he was in his mid to late nineties. He also taught at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, where his pupils included Robert Dennison, Julius Eastman, Richard Goode, Dina Koston, Anton Kuerti, Murray Perahia, Peter Serkin, Steven De Groote, Kathryn Selby, Cecile Licad, and Leslie Spotz.

Later life and death
In 1981 the 89-year-old Horszowski married Bice Costa, an Italian pianist. Bice later edited Horszowski's memoirs and a volume of his mother's correspondence about Horszowski's early years. She also discovered and recorded some songs composed by Horszowski on French texts around 1913–1914.

Horszowski's final performance took place in Philadelphia in October 1991. He died in that city at age 100. He gave his final lesson a week before his death.

title: Mieczysław Horszowski


text:
Talk:History of Animals

Authorship of Book IX
The article on Bees informs us Book IX of Historia Animalium was not written by Aristotle, a claim in discordance with this article. There is no reference for that particular claim, and I don't have time to delve into scholarly disputes on that matter, but maybe someone who knows HA well enough can settle the discord. There might be confusion about the book number, as there seem to be references to bees in different books of HA. --Oop (talk) 10:28, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Book X is the spurious one; Book IX is not in doubt. I've removed the aside that makes the claim from Bees. Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:42, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

Further note on errors
I think the article would be incomplete without a note on some of the more basic errors. We deal well with the question of whether his actual observations are wrong, but we don't really deal with the more fundamental things that are just products of his time. In trying to get this effect across, I added this:

"There are also more egregious errors that can be attributed to the limits of observation or philosophy in Aristotle's time. For example, in Book I insects are said not to breathe air and later fig wasps are credited with spontaneous generation."

To this I might add all the phrenological elements I've found in Book I: "Straight eyebrows are a sign of softness of disposition... When men have large foreheads, they are slow to move; when they have small ones, they are fickle..."

However, this edit was — maybe rightly — reverted with the call for a citation rather than add to an already "fully cited" article.

Would citing the relevant passages in the book be sufficient, relying on public knowledge to supply the debunking, or would it require citing some scholar having written about these more basic falsehoods? Thanks. Flipping Mackerel (talk) 22:29, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your interest, and for inquiring. "Public knowledge" is unverifiable, so it fails WP:V. Citing the book itself (obviously WP:PRIMARY, to be used only to establish what the book says) cannot demonstrate anything on its own. So, yes, scholarship published in Reliable Sources is the only option.

 * "incomplete without a note on some of the more basic errors": the article already contains a section, "Apparent errors", on exactly this point, complete with examples.

 * I would caution that the article could readily become unbalanced by trying to list all or even a selection of what with fine 20/20 hindsight some might label as "errors": this is not a list and must not become one. More to the point, science, as invented by Aristotle, relies on making testable hypotheses, which may turn out to be falsified, but which will create further work and further hypotheses. This is not "error" but an essential component of the scientific method. Therefore, many philosophers of science would consider it a category error to identify "errors" in a scientist's published work. If that's not sufficient for you, consider that present-day textbooks will be full of statements that future scientists will know to have been falsified. All the best, Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:18, 23 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the response. Sure, it could be more accurate to call it by some name other than "error". But I think the section currently suggests that the work is entirely founded on observation, and mostly correct observation, especially by the fact that we currently have a rebuttal to each of the possible issues raised (implying by absence that there are no noteworthy issues without rebuttal — the title of the section also leads in this direction). I think it would improve the balance to mention that there are a number of things stated as fact that are not only incorrect but are either grounded in reasoning rather than observation, or grounded in incorrect observation.

 * Either way, you did make clear that I would need a source to cite if I want to add anything to that effect, so I'll leave it for now. Flipping Mackerel (talk) 20:38, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Definitely. I've added a small bit on models, with the caution that these aren't purely from the History, one reason I didn't do it before. A superseded model is a very different thing from an error, however. Chiswick Chap (talk) 16:37, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Animals


text:
Talk:Upper structure triad

Major edit
I'm not vandalizing the article. I removed a lot of content after reading it carefully. It's clear that the author doesn't really understand the topic very well. A good portion of the information was inaccurate, and none of it was related to upper structure triads. What's left still isn't exactly right, but I'll work on it a little more. Atpal 05:12, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I've replaced the examples and removed other poorly-written text. There is more to talk about in the article, but the concept should much clearer than it was. Further improvements are of course welcome. Atpal 01:42, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Confusing paragraph
I don't understand why this is F#m over C7, does it not need the actual note of C in there somewhere?!
 * For example, suppose you wanted to voice a C7 chord on the piano with an upper structure. In the octave just below middle C, play E-Bb with your left hand. You now have several options for your right hand. If you play a root position Eb triad with your right hand, you have added the #9 (Eb), along with the 5 (G) and the 7 (Bb). Similarly, if you play an F#m triad in second inversion, you have added the b9 (C#), the #11 (F#), and the 13 (A).

 * Not necessarily, since your bass player would probably be playing the C.24.3.229.31 03:44, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

I don't understand this at all. It seems like it was written without the reader in mind. 24.110.21.111 03:51, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The previous comment is referring to the standard way you play ("voice") chords on a piano or guitar in jazz. Typically, you don't actually play all the notes in the chord.  For example, on a C7 chord (C E G Bb), the piano player often doesn't play the root (C) or the fifth (G), because the C will usually be played by a bass player (if the pianist is playing in a group situation), and the fifth is strongly implied by the other notes.  Typically, the pianist will voice this chord with just the E and the Bb, then add other extensions to give it color (e.g. E A Bb D for a vanilla C7 chord, E A Bb Db for a C7b9 chord, etc.).

 * In that context, upper structure triads are really just another way to add color tones to a basic rootless voicing, but because they are triads in themselves, they have a very strong sound that creates an almost bitonal feel without disrupting the basic harmony. So, for example, if you play an A major triad over E/Bb (with the C and G implied), the overall chord functions as a C7b9 chord (with the C# of the A major triad acting as the b9 of the C7), but you also hear the A major as a group on its own, which hints at a different harmony.

 * Overall, I don't feel like the current article describes this very well. It probably needs to be rewritten to give some context as to how jazz voicings are generally constructed (or point to some article that does so), and describe how these upper structure voicings fit into that context.

 * --Rictus 06:43, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

I don't understand the criticisms of the first version of this article. It is a specific topic in jazz theory. The topics on which it relies do not yet have articles, and the article stands alone assuming an understanding of those topics So if someone says that they are confused by the article by citing that they do not understand these topics, this shouldn't be grounds for revising the article.

Additionally, I have several quibbles with the article as it currently stands: If nobody objects, I think I might reorganize this page when I get a chance. --Adumbratus 11:32, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Why does it have to be upper structure triad? Can't an upper structure be any chord on top of another chord? Upper structure triads are just the most common example.
 * The whole discussion about extensions should be on the extensions page, and it should be updated to take into account the jazz view of extensions
 * I've never heard of the term "lower structure"
 * Shouldn't the example follow the theoretical discussion?
 * The whole page is poorly organized.

Extended harmony
I suggest this article is merged with Extended harmony, since an upper structure triad appears to mean the same as an extended chord. Ben Finn 18:12, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * There is a distinction, but the original author of the article does not understand the topic. Atpal 05:07, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

re-edited and streamlined
I've streamlined the article and tried to improve the presentation of the basic concepts.

Further, I don't think this should be merged with extended harmony as this article reports a particular usage and conceptual apparatus employed by jazz pianists and jazz theorists. It could do with some more references from the Levine books, but I don't have a copy handy at the moment. Dr McV (talk) 07:35, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Upper structure triad


text:
Colin Gibson (footballer, born 1960)

Colin John Gibson (born 6 April 1960) is an English former footballer. He was an attacking left back who could also play in midfield. In a 17-year career, he scored 34 goals in 448 league and cup appearances and also won caps for the England under-21 and England B teams.

Gibson started his career at Aston Villa in 1978 and made around 200 appearances for the club in seven years, as well as winning the First Division title, the European Cup and the European Super Cup. He moved on to Manchester United in 1985, and during his five years at United he played 79 league games. He signed with Leicester City in 1990, after a short loan at Port Vale. After four years with the "Foxes" in which he helped the club to win promotion to the Premier League via the play-offs in 1994, he transferred to Blackpool, before finishing his career by winning promotion out of the Third Division with Walsall in 1995.

Aston Villa
Born in Bridport, Dorset, Gibson started his career as a youth team scholar at Aston Villa in July 1976 and turned professional after he played in the 1978 FA Youth Cup defeat to Crystal Palace. After making his debut against Bristol City on 18 November 1978, he broke into the first-team in a Ron Saunders side narrowly missing out on European qualification in 1978–79 and 1979–80. He faced competition from Gary Williams, Mike Pejic, and Eamonn Deacy for the left-back spot. He went on to make 21 appearances in the 1980–81 season, as the "Villans" were crowned First Division champions. He then played at Wembley in the 1981 FA Charity Shield, as Villa shared the trophy after a 2–2 draw with Tottenham Hotspur. In the 1981–82 campaign, he featured in both legs of the European Cup wins over Icelanders Valur and German side Berliner FC Dynamo, but remained on the bench for the 1982 European Cup final victory over Bayern Munich at De Kuip. He took the trophy out on a night of drinking with Gordon Cowans and lost it before it was returned to him the following day by police officers.

Gibson featured in both legs of Villa's 1982 European Super Cup victory over Barcelona, as Villa overturned a 1–0 defeat at the Camp Nou to claim an extra time victory at Villa Park. Tony Barton's side went on to reach the quarter-finals of the European Cup in 1982–83, where they were knocked out by a Juventus side fronted by Michel Platini. This was the end of the club's glory years, as they could only manage tenth-place league finishes in 1983–84 and 1984–85. Villa manager Graham Turner allowed Gibson to be transferred to Manchester United in November 1985 for a fee of £275,000.

Manchester United
Gibson scored five goals in 22 games in the 1985–86 campaign, scoring his first goal for United in a 1–0 New Year's Day victory over Birmingham City at Old Trafford. He also scored goals against Manchester City at home and Liverpool at Anfield, earning United a draw on both occasions. He played 26 games in the 1986–87 season, as an under-performing United side cost manager Ron Atkinson his job. Gibson made 33 starts in the 1987–88 season, as the "Red Devils" finished second in the league behind Liverpool. After the season ended he was rarely involved in first-team games due to manager Alex Ferguson's decision to field Lee Martin as left-back. He was also beset with injury problems, which kept him out of action for protracted periods. He played three first-team games in the entire 1988–89 season. By the end of the 1989–90 season, he was fit and had appeared in the first FA Cup semi-final against Oldham Athletic.

In September 1990, he joined Second Division club Port Vale on loan, scoring on his debut at left-back in a 3–2 defeat by Hull City at Boothferry Park on 29 September. He left Vale Park and returned to Manchester the next month after a further five games for John Rudge's "Valiants".

Leicester City
He left United for David Pleat's Leicester City in December 1990 for £100,000. He did well at Filbert Street, helping the "Foxes" to avoid relegation from the Second Division in 1990–91 under caretaker manager Gordon Lee. He then played his part in the revival under new manager Brian Little. City finished fourth in 1991–92, before losing 1–0 to Blackburn Rovers in the play-off final. They again suffered heartbreak in 1992–93, reaching the play-off final again, only to lose 4–3 to Swindon Town (Gibson was an unused substitute). A third consecutive play-off final appearance came at the end of the 1993–94 campaign, and this time Leicester won promotion with a 2–1 victory over Derby County as Gibson played the game as a central midfielder. During his time at City he became the first substitute to be substituted, and the first substitute to be sent off.

Blackpool to Walsall
Gibson never featured for Leicester in the Premier League, however, and instead signed for Blackpool. He played just two Second Division games for Sam Allardyce's "Seasiders" at the start of the 1994–95 season, before departing Bloomfield Road for Third Division club Walsall. He played 33 league games to help Chris Nicholl's "Saddlers" to win promotion as the division's runners-up in 1994–95. He then departed the Bescot Stadium and retired from the Football League.

International career
Gibson won one cap for the England under-21s on 8 September 1981, in a 0–0 draw with Norway. He also won one cap for the England B team on 13 November 1984, in a 2–0 win over New Zealand at the City Ground.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Aston Villa
 * FA Youth Cup runner-up: 1978
 * Football League First Division: 1980–81
 * FA Charity Shield: 1981 (shared)
 * European Cup: 1981–82
 * European Super Cup: 1982

Leicester City
 * Football League First Division play-offs: 1994

Walsall
 * Football League Third Division second-place promotion: 1994–95.

title: Colin Gibson (footballer, born 1960)