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Naked yoga

Naked yoga (Sanskrit nagna yoga or vivastra yoga) is the practice of yoga without clothes. It has existed since ancient times as a spiritual practice, and is mentioned in the 7th-10th century Bhagavata Purana and by the Ancient Greek geographer Strabo.

Early advocates of naked yoga in modern times include the gymnosophists such as Blanche de Vries, and the actress and dancer Marguerite Agniel.

In the 21st century, the practice is gaining popularity, notably in western societies that have more familiarity with social nudity.

Ancient times
Yoga has been practiced naked since ancient times. In the Bhagavata Purana (written c. 800–1000 AD) it is mentioned:
 * ”A person in the renounced order of life may try to avoid even a dress to cover himself. If he wears anything at all, it should be only a loincloth, and when there is no necessity, a sannyāsī should not even accept a daṇḍa. A sannyāsī should avoid carrying anything but a daṇḍa and kamaṇḍalu.”

Alexander the Great reached India in the 4th century BC. Along with his army, he took Greek academics with him who later wrote memoirs about geography, people and customs they saw. One of Alexander's companion was Onesicritus, quoted in Book 15, Sections 63-65 by Strabo, who describes yogins of India. Onesicritus claims those Indian yogins (like Mandanis) practiced aloofness and "different postures – standing or sitting or lying naked – and motionless".

Spiritual nudity
The practice of spiritual nudity is common among Digambara Jains, Aghori sadhus, and other ascetic groups in the dharmic religions. The order of Naga Sadhus, conspicuous in the processions and bathing ritual at the Kumbh Mela, use nudity as a part of their spiritual practice of renunciation.

Early 20th century
Modern naked yoga has been practiced in Germany and Switzerland through a movement called Lebensreform. The movement had since the end of the 19th century highlighted yoga and nudity.

In the early 20th century, the term gymnosophy was appropriated by several groups who practiced nudity, asceticism and meditation. Blanche de Vries combined a popularity of Oriental dancing with yoga. In 1914 she was put in charge of a yoga school for women in New York City. Five years later, she opened an institute for women, teaching Yoga Gymnosophy — a name that conveys the blending of yoga and nudism. She taught until 1982.

Marguerite Agniel, author of the 1931 book The Art of the Body : Rhythmic Exercise for Health and Beauty, wrote a piece called "The Mental Element in Our Physical Well-Being" for The Nudist, an American magazine, in 1938; it showed nude women practising yoga, accompanied by a text on attention to the breath. The social historian Sarah Schrank comments that it made perfect sense at this stage of the development of yoga in America to combine nudism and yoga, as "both were exercises in healthful living; both were countercultural and bohemian; both highlighted the body; and both were sensual without being explicitly erotic."

From the 1960s
In the West since the 1960s, naked yoga practice has been incorporated in the hippie movement and in progressive settings for well-being, such as at the Esalen Institute in California, and at the Elysium nudist colony in the Topanga Canyon, Los Angeles.

Male-only groups

Aaron Star, owner of Hot Nude Yoga, began his version of naked yoga in April 2001. The style combined elements of Ashtanga, Kundalini, and Contact Yoga with elements of Tantra. Because of the success of Hot Nude Yoga, male-only naked yoga groups began to blossom all over the world, from London, Moscow, Madrid to Sydney, often becoming associated with the gay community. Nowadays, there are also specific naked yoga clubs for homosexuals that are not simple yoga classes, but rather communities for keeping fit and sharing sexuality. Star says that his practice affords men in cities a way to express closeness and intimacy without having sex.

Schrank writes that "the most press" has however gone to Joschi Schwarz and Monika Werner's Bold and Naked studio in New York. It provides classes in tantric massage as well as both male-only and co-ed naked yoga. She praises its "positive coverage" as helping yogis of all kinds to feel good, but is concerned about the contradictory message that yoga is simultaneously "liberating and sexy".

All genders
While naked yoga had mainly been the domain of male only groups, from 2011 courses in Britain and the United States were offered to all genders.

Schrank noted the popularity of naked yoga in 2016, with its simultaneous desire to experience one's own body in freedom, and a "troubling" sexualization of the body in yoga culture. She observed that in the United States, there is a connection between female nudity and slavery, something that has left a racist legacy. Schrank noted also the "uncomfortable" relationship of yoga and sex, not least in scandals of sexual abuse by yoga gurus, and that feminists have written critiques of the "objectification of young, white women and exclusion of women of color." On the other hand, she praises the naked yoga teacher Katrina "Rainsong" Messenger's book R.A.W. Nude Yoga: Celebrating the Human Body Temple, featuring monochrome photographs of both men and women, as impressive, tasteful, and sensual but not erotic. Schrank personally tried a naked yoga class in Los Angeles, at first finding it safe and pleasurable because not sexualized, until after two months the experience was spoiled by a class which was sexist and "overtly sexually competitive".

In film
Esalen's naked yoga was depicted in the 1968 comedy film Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice. Other film depictions include the 1967 I Am Curious (Yellow) with Lena Nyman, the 1973 The Harrad Experiment and that same year the short documentary Naked Yoga.

title: Naked yoga


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Estadio Luis "Pirata" Fuente

The Estadio Luis "Pirata" Fuente, named in honour of Luis de la Fuente, a Mexican football star who played in the 1950s. It has a capacity of 28,703 and is located at the seaside in Boca del Río. It is used mostly for football games and was the home of Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz before dissolving on December 18, 2019. This stadium is also referred as the "Colossus of the Virginia neighborhood" ("Coloso de el Fraccionamiento Virginia" in Spanish).

History
The ground was opened on March 17, 1967 as a new ground for Club Deportivo Veracruz to play on.

Concerts

 * Luis Miguel – December 1, 1995
 * Luis Miguel – March 12, 2006
 * Shakira – May 18, 2007
 * Maná – March 1, 2008
 * Elton John – May 8, 2010

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Estadio Luis "Pirata" Fuente


text:
Aberdeenshire Canal

The Aberdeenshire Canal was a waterway in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, designed by John Rennie, which ran from the port of Aberdeen to Port Elphinstone, Inverurie. It was originally planned to reach Monymusk, but had been truncated by the time an Act of Parliament was obtained in 1796. Construction was hampered by a lack of finance, and some local opposition, but it opened in 1805. Some of the workmanship was sub-standard, and several of the locks failed soon afterwards, but they were reconstructed, and reopened in late 1806.

It was used for the carriage of a wide variety of cargo, and passenger services were also introduced. These proved popular, and two boats a day made the journey during the summer months, with one in the winter. They gradually faced competition from the adjacent turnpike road, which was quicker but more expensive. A connecting lock was built in 1834, to enable boats to enter Aberdeen harbour, which eased the problem of transhipping goods to larger vessels. The canal normally closed between December and March each year, due to icing.

It was never a financial success, and the shareholders did not receive any dividends during its life. Negotiations began in 1845 with the Great North of Scotland Railway, who eventually bought it. Contractors working for the railway company drained much of the canal before any money had changed hands, and the breach had to be repaired. The canal was finally closed in early 1854, so that the railway could lay tracks along its course. The line from Kittybrewster to Huntly was completed by September 1854.

As the railway runs straighter than the canal, in some places, clear evidence can be seen for the canal. A scenic walk has been created at Port Elphinstone, part of which follows a channel labelled Old Canal on Ordnance Survey maps, this part thought to be a later lade that served a mill.

History
The canal was originally conceived as part of a bigger scheme to link Aberdeen to Monymusk, via Inverurie, with a branch from Inverurie along the course of the Ury Glen to Insch. Captain George Taylor conducted a survey, which confirmed that the plan was feasible, in 1793, but by the time a subscription list was started, the plans had been truncated, with just the section from Aberdeen to Inverurie remaining. Advertisements appeared in the local press, listing the benefits of the enterprise, which included increasing the value of certain stone quarries and land. By 1795, some £11,000 had been pledged, and a general meeting was held, at which the subscribers decided that work would commence as soon at subscriptions reached £14,000. Notices were placed in the press, encouraging those wanted to see the canal completed to come forward and pledge their support. An Act of Parliament was obtained on 26 April 1796, which created The Company of Proprietors of the Aberdeenshire Canal Navigation, and authorised them to raise £20,000 in £50 shares. No person was permitted to have less than one share or more than 40. If required, they could raise an additional £10,000 either by issuing more shares, or by mortgaging the tolls which would be collected.

John Rennie was engaged as the consulting engineer, with Thomas Fletcher as resident engineer. Contractors were shown the line of the canal in March 1797, and the Parliamentary Commissioners held meetings to resolve issues between the land owners and the proprietors of the canal. The start of the work was delayed by Rennie's suggestion that the size of the channel should be increased. Meanwhile, land was being advertised in Inverurie, on the assumption that construction of the canal would result in factories and other public works being built. By 1798, the company was advertising for masons to build three locks, and for contractors to cut and puddle some 7 mi of the canal bed. Plans for a turnpike road from Inverurie to Aberdeen were passed in 1799, and there was some opposition to the canal construction. A reward of £5 was offered to anyone supplying information which led to the conviction of those who were throwing stones and rubbish into the cut, and generally damaging the works and boats. Offenders were warned that if caught, they could face transportation for 7 years.

By 1800, Fletcher was worried that he might lose his job, as a result of the shortage of funds and the levels of compensation paid to landowners. He therefore asked Rennie if he could move on, and in 1801 obtained a post as Superintendent for the construction of Union Bridge in Aberdeen. The project was facing severe financial difficulty and another Act was submitted to Parliament. In the Act, dated 24 March 1801, the company noted that of the £20,000 authorized by the previous Act, only £17,800 had been subscribed. They obtained powers to raise another £20,000, in £20 shares, on which interest at five per cent would be paid. The preamble to the Act stated that much of the canal had been completed, but that the company had tried and failed to raise any more money. Interest on the new shares would be paid once receipts from the tolls allowed, and the full five per cent would be paid before any returns were made against the original shares. The company hoped to sell the new shares to the existing shareholders, but not all of them were keen to expand their holdings. A public sale of shares in September 1801 raised £11,421.

The proprietors were faced with regular complaints by the workmen that they were being obstructed in their work by detractors. In an effort to resolve this, the company reminded the public of the many benefits that the canal would bring. They advertised for contractors to complete the final section down to the harbour in February 1803, but in March were meeting to discuss how this might be funded, as they were again short of funds. There were ongoing issues with compensation to landowners, and in 1804 the company decided to lease the tolls for the first three years of operation. William Kennedy was granted the lease, and the arrangement raised £10,000 as a mortgage. The main material into which the canal was cut was granite, some of which was quarried and transported to London.

Opening
The canal eventually opened in early June 1805. The Committee of Management met at Inverurie, where they were congratulated on completing the task by the Provost, Magistrates, minister and others. They set off in the barge The Countess of Kintore, suitably decorated for the occasion, and travelled to Kintore, where they were met by the Magistrates and other inhabitants. Several groups of ladies joined them as they approached Aberdeen, and travelled through the locks. Crowds gathered on the banks, and refreshments were served on the boat. The band of the Stirlingshire Militia accompanied them for the final few miles. After seven and a half hours, they reached the terminal basin next to the docks, and retired to the New Inn for dinner and toasts. Fourteen of the locks failed within the first few months, and reconstruction of the masonry resulted in the canal being shut until October 1806. The engineer Thomas Telford approved the substantial reconstruction. A third Act of Parliament was passed on 13 March 1809, which enabled the company to raise a further £45,000 for work on the canal, but it seems probable that its powers were never used.

The canal ran up the strath of the River Don from Aberdeen for a total of 18.25 mi to a terminus just south of Inverurie. The terminus area came to be known as Port Elphinstone after Sir James Elphinstone, who was a keen supporter and financier of the canal. He lived nearby at Logie House near Oyne and Pitcaple. The canal had 17 locks, all in the first 4 mi between Aberdeen harbour and Stoneywood, together with 56 road bridges, 20 culverts and five aqueducts. From Stoneywood it ran level to Port Elphinstone and was used to carry both freight and passenger boats. Passengers were only carried on the top section, and disembarked at a building called the Boathouse, situated above the five St Machar Drive locks. The fall from Stoneywood to the low water mark at Aberdeen was 168 ft. As originally built, it was about 17 ft wide and 3 ft deep. John Rennie suggested it should be 27 ft wide and 4 ft deep, and although it was enlarged in the first six years, it was only increased to 23 ft wide and 3 ft deep.

Operation
The original act had specified the maximum tolls that could be charged, ranging from 4 pence per ton per mile for hay, straw, dung peat and materials intended to be used as manure of for roadbuilding, 5 pence for corn, flour, coal, coke, iron, lime and most building materials, to 6 pence for timber, manufactured goods and anything not covered by the previous lists. The company could also charge "reasonable tolls" for any goods that were left on their wharfs for more than 48 hours. The actual rates charged were considerably less than the specified rates, being 1.5, 2 and 2.25 pence for the three categories. From July 1807, passengers were charged 2 shillings for the journey from Aberdeen to Kintore or Inverurie, and 2 pence per mile for shorter journeys. The passenger boats left Aberdeen in the morning and returned later in the day, running three days per week. In September 1808, they started running every day, and there were three rates for various classes. Thus passengers in the fore cabin paid 2s 6d, those in the after cabin paid 1s 6d, and those who travelled outside were charged 1s.

The canal created many benefits for the local community. Passenger boats ran twice daily during the summer months, but from 1816, some of their traffic was taken by coaches running on the turnpike road, which were quicker but more expensive. With easier transport, quarries near Kintore were able to obtain a contract to supply 700000 cuft of granite for a major project at Sheerness. The Farmer Lime Company ensured that there were supplies of lime and coal available at Inverurie and Kintore, and a covered barge was obtained to improve the shipment of grain. Granaries were erected beside the canal at Inverurie. Inverurie prospered, with its population rising from around 500 when construction of the canal started, to 2,020 in 1841. Kintore, which was the principal depot for the canal, showed a more modest increase, from 863 in 1811 to 1,299 in 1841. There were other benefits about which the company were less happy. They issued warnings to try to prevent the banks of the canal being damaged by people driving cattle to water, and using the banks for washing with tubs. More tragically, there were a number of cases where unwanted newborn babies were drowned in the canal.

There was initially no direct connection to the Aberdeen docks, which made transshipment difficult, and it was not until 1834 that a sea lock was constructed, enabling boats to enter the docks at certain states of the tide. The work was funded by those who held mortgages agreeing to forgo their dividends for a period, and the total cost was around £1,500. The weather also created problems, with the canal normally being shut between December and March due to icing.

The canal was never a financial success. It had cost nearly £44,000 to build, and revenues rose from £311 in 1807, the first full year of operation, to just £3062 in 1853, the last full year of operation.

Conversion to a railway
Plans for a railway from the south to Aberdeen were announced in 1844, and later that year, there were proposals to continue the line northwards, to reach Inverness. This would be called the Great North of Scotland Railway, and in 1845, they approached the canal company, to explore whether they could buy the canal and use it for their track bed. The canal had received £1,659 from tolls in 1844, and the passenger boats had made a profit of £200. The company predicted that revenues for 1845 would be around £200 higher than in 1844. Although the railway looked at an alternative plan, with the railway some distance from the canal, this was not needed, as their offer of £36,000 was accepted. The railway would inherit the privileges and liabilities of the canal company, and would therefore compensate several companies who had built granaries, sheds and wharfs to enable them to trade on the canal. The £36,000 was to be transferred on 1 April 1848, but the railway company were unable to complete the transaction, due to the state of the money market. The canal company agreed to the delay, but began adding interest at 5.5 per cent to the capital sum.

The line would be single track, and the construction costs, which included the cost of the canal, were very favourable compared to other lines. In 1852, construction began at Port Elphinstone, westwards towards Huntly. This ensured that the canal could remain open for as long as possible. Despite the fact that the canal had not yet been bought by the railway, the contractors Erskine and Carstairs cut through the bank at Kintore, and drained the entire upper section from Port Elphinstone to Stoneybank. With the barges grounded, the canal company complained, and the bank was hastily repaired and the canal refilled. Some of the proprietors of the canal agreed to take railway shares in lieu of compensation for their canal shares, and the railway made an interim payment of £20,000, from which claims would be paid to the bondholders and shareholders. In February 1854, the canal company had received £39,272 from the railway, representing the original purchase price plus the interest. In 1848, the mortgage debt and the interest on it was around £18,600. The shareholders had never received any dividends, and thus were unlikely to recover the capital they had invested. The money was distributed without any distinction to holders of the old £50 shares and the new £20 shares. The canal was closed in early 1854 so that railway tracks could be laid along much of its length. The railway opened in September of that year. Sir J D H Elphinstone, Sir Andrew Leith Hay and various other people rode in a special train, consisting of an engine and two carriages, from Kittybrewster, in Aberdeen, to Huntly, and found the entire line to be in good order. An official opening took place several days later, and the Aberdeen Journal described the route, mentioning the importance of Port Elphinestone as a centre for trade, caused by its former position as the terminus of the canal.

The canal today
Some fragments of the original canal construction may be discerned along the route of the railway. Within Aberdeen these include where the railway runs parallel to Elmbank Terrace, Kittybrewster (at the foot of which road is an elderly bridge carrying the road diagonally over the railway), and again where the railway runs parallel to Great Northern Road in Woodside. Dyce and Dalwearie also have obvious remains. Woodside still has a canal bridge which is in use for the road only with nothing now running underneath; the railway is slightly to the north at this point. It was once well outside the bounds of the city proper, and so both that area and Old Aberdeen still boast roads named Canal Street, which sometimes leads to confusion.

The original canal structure can be seen alongside the Ruschlach road to the south of Kintore. Canal milestones remain at Bridgend House (formerly the Bridgealehouse serving the canal) at the north of Kintore, and at Brae Farm at the south of Kintore.

At Port Elphinstone, by Inverurie, there is a short section of open water, about 1 mi in length, and a circular walkway has been created at the northern end. The footpath continues along the west bank of the channel until the end of the watered section at the site of the old Inverurie Paper Mill, where it drains into the River Don. Although this is labelled Old Canal on maps published by the Ordnance Survey, Graham contended that it was only a lade supplying water to Tait and Son's mill, as he thought it was a new section built after the closure of the canal rather than a refurbishment of the existing canal. Pearson however quotes evidence that the lade was originally part of the canal: being shown as such in estate plans dated 1810, in canal and railway plans of the 1840s, and in maps produced after the closure of the canal. Also the structure of the lade, seen when drained, is consistent with that for a canal with the towpath along the eastern bank.

30 feet of the Canal at Port Elphinstone was blocked with rubble and fenced-off when a four year-old boy died after falling through ice on the canal on a freezing February night in 2003. Following Storm Frank in December 2015, the canal flooded and filled with silt and debris. In a remediation programme as advised by the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), the operators have blocked off the west arm of the northern part of the remaining canal at the River Don, in order to flush out the newer east arm of the canal.

title: Aberdeenshire Canal


text: Category:Religion in Argentina

title: Category:Religion in Argentina


text: Category:Rivers of Trinidad and Tobago

title: Category:Rivers of Trinidad and Tobago


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Brooklyn Bounce

Brooklyn Bounce is one of several pseudonyms used by German producers Matthias Menck (Double M) and Dennis Bohn (Bonebreaker). They have also produced music under the names Mental Madness Productions and '''Beatbox feat. Rael'''. Menck and Bohn have created remixes of a wide array of artists, including Scooter and Kool & the Gang.

Career
Menck and Bohn, both natives to Hamburg, met in 1995. The pair had their first chart hit starring as Boyz R Us with the single "Singin' in My Mind". In 1996 the duo debuted as Brooklyn Bounce and released "The Theme (of Progressive Attack)" which scaled the German dance charts as a club favourite before becoming a crossover hit for the group as well. This success set up the band's debut album, The Beginning.

Menck and Bohn work solely in the studio and are not part of the Brooklyn Bounce live act. Instead, the group was fronted by several different vocalists and dancers, who have collaborated with the two German producers throughout the years. The list includes René "Diablo" Behrens (formerly of 666), Ulrika Bohn, Maeva Ehoulan, Alejandra Cuevas-Moreno and Stephan "Damon" Zschoppe. Vocalists were only credited from "Bass, Beats and Melody", released in November 2000.

In 2006, Mental Madness Records released an album titled System Shock (The Lost Album 1999), which features some of the earliest material by the production duo. This album is available only in a digital format.

Other projects by Menck and Bohn

 * Beatbox feat. Rael
 * 1998 "Let the Music Play"
 * 1998 "Come into My Club" (with DJ Shahin and Stephan Browarczyk)
 * 2000 "Show Me Love"

 * Boyz-R-Us
 * 1996 "Singin' in my Mind" (with Emanuel Jones)
 * 1998 "Singin' in my Mind '98" (with Emanuel Jones)
 * 1999 "Alright" (with Emanuel Jones)
 * 2002 "All Day/Let It All Out"

 * Other aliases
 * 1997 "Follow Me", as Mental Madness Productions
 * 1998 "Deeper Love", as Mental Madness Productions
 * 1998 "Watch Me", as Abuna E
 * 2000 "Druck! (Es Ist Zeit)", as DJ Bonebreaker
 * 2001 "Friday Nite", as Double M (with Sophie Schmachl and Christoph Brüx)
 * 2002 "Husten", as DJ Bonebreaker

 * Production for other artists
 * 2001 Terraformer - "All Over" (with Natalie Tineo)

title: Brooklyn Bounce


text:
Talk:Ernest Harmon Air Force Base

Information
If someone reads this,

I wrote the information for the US Military Bases in Eastern Canada (Ernest Harmon AFB and Pepperrill AFB) back in 1988. Everything was referenced and sources cited. The historian who wrote the introduction had given me his permission to put it in the booklet (unpublished) and I am the author and copyright holder. Perhaps someone can let me know what is wrong. I am new at this and am trying to read your instructions for submissions

Wayne Ray Author / Poet / Publisher POB 340 Station B London Ontario N6A 4W1 materia@live.ca 519-661-0583

 * Hi Wayne,

 * first, I would note that you are the author of this material at WP:CP under this page's listing there. Since you are the copyright holder it was automatically released per the gfdl when you submitted.

 * second, I would rewrite at the /Temp link provided in the copyright violation notice (read the instructions). Remove (or rewrite) the stuff by John W. Chambers, he needs to give permission or submit it himself. Remove the copyright notices (of course).

 * third, please format per Wikipedia's manual of style WP:MOS.

 * In a week or so an administrator will review the article and restore the rewritten page if everything looks ok. --Duk 16:29, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Restored--Duk 14:41, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wikify notice
Wayne and others:

I tripped over this article while doing some editing on the Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador page. I hadn't read this discussion section beforehand so I had mentioned in my edit summary that it "appeared to have been copied". Now that the contents are verified and okay, please disregard my previous comment. I've listed this article for "wikifying" so that it might get worked up a bit quicker. Cheers,Plasma east 1 July 2005 02:10 (UTC)

wikified but I also removed parts
I hope the author doesn't mind but I took most of the passages relating to school faculty changes. I thought these parts would be of little interest to info seekers. Please reinstate if you disagree.

Removed:

Mrs. Barnett moved to the high school and (the late) Hap Holander was promoted to teacher-principal in the junior high. In 1962/63, Mr. Robert Keefaurer joined the staff as assistant principal.

the administration offices were staffed by Mrs. Toon, Mrs Perdue and Mrs Betty Coroner

with the help of Shirley Vincent, Patricia Sudsbury and Julia Reid in clerical positions. Cyril Alexander was the supply clerk at the time. Mr Kidd (elementary school principal) was transferred to Japan and Mr L.E. Davis was the new Principal. In 1964/65 John Middleton became the assistant high school principal and in the administration offices were Mrs. Saul, Mrs. Title, Miss Barnes and Cyril Alexander.

In 1964/65, Greg Hastings was the physical education teacher and coach at the high school and his bride to be was a fourth grade teacher in the elementary school. They were married shortly after leaving the base and are now living in Wilson, North Carolina where Greg is Director of Teacher Education at Atlantic Christian College and Connie is Director of the Children's Center at Wilson County Technical College.

Mrs Edith Raymond taught in the high school in the late 50's and later taught for three years (grade 7&8) in Indiana and 16 years in West Point, Mississippi where she retired in 1980 and is now living on a small farm. Mrs. Barnett returned and Mr. Steve Davis joined the elementary middle school as the audio-visual director.

lots of issues | leave me a message 20:27, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Fight for Long Gull Pond
Apart from a mention that engineers from the base used a beach for equipment storage and that one of the people mentioned in this section was stationed on the base, there is no connection of this section to the main article. This is about a private land dispute that occurred over 50 years ago. Even though storage space may be virtually unlimited, this is not a justifictation for the length and level of detail in this section. For example: What value is there in knowing the size of the camping lots, or where the flower shop and tailor shop were located? This section should be removed. Silverchemist 18:00, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note, this was orignally a unpublished manuscript written in a more persanlable manner trying to bring in personal stories and local events that people on the base/town would be interested in knowing. I will endeavour to work on it again. WayneRay 22:34, 7 August 2007 (UTC)WayneRay

Lend Lease versus Destroyers for Bases Deal
I'm pretty sure that the agreement that lead to the establishment of the US bases in Newfoundland was the Destroyers for Bases deal not Lend Lease. --Shimbo (talk) 10:29, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, as there were no objections, I've changed it.--Shimbo (talk) 13:33, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

The original unpublished manuscript
I realize anyone can edit Wikipedia articles but this is so far removed from my original book manuscript I wish sometimes people would just leave it alone (OK I stopped venting and whining) I am puttting in the original introduction by John Chambers which I left out in the first place. WayneRay (talk) 18:53, 28 June 2009 (UTC)

U.S military role in Newfoundland and Harmon Field in WWII. by John W. Chambers

The origins of Ernest Harmon Air Force Base in Newfoundland, Canada, can be found in the early years of World War II with the concerns of the Government to protect the sea and air approaches across the North Atlantic Ocean. That became a crucial matter in the spring of 1940 when Nazi Germany conquered France and the Low Countries with unexpected rapidity and began its air and naval attempts to force Great Britain into submission. With American public opinion increasingly supporting rearmament and aid to the Allies, the governments of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and of the new British Prime Minister Winston Churchill negotiated a defense agreement providing for the transfer of fifty U.S. destroyers to England in exchange for 99-year leases for U.S. military bases on eight British territories1. Among these was Newfoundland which had relinquished dominion status as part of Canada and which was a British Territory from 1934 until 19492.

Negotiations in regard to the U.S. bases on Newfoundland were complicated by the varying interests of London, Ottawa, St. John's, and Washington, but the details of implementing the bases agreement were completed in London England in march 1941. The United States obtained authority to build and operate bases and maintain control of the U.S. forces on Newfoundland and the other British territories without significant interference by local governors3.

Given the increased German threat in the North Atlantic, President Roosevelt and Canadian Prime Minister W.L. Mackenzie King had already initiated joint U.S. Canadian defense planning in August 1940. In the same month, Ottawa reached an agreement with the Newfoundland Government under which Canada assumed responsibility for the security of Newfoundland. Roosevelt was particularly interested in establishing U.S. air and naval bases in the region, and the initial focus of the new Permanent Joint Board on Defence, Canada-United States, was the defense of the coastline, particularly Newfoundland which guarded both the entrance to the St. Lawrence River and Gulf and the western reaches of the North Atlantic sea lanes4.

A joint U.S. Army-Navy Board visited Newfoundland and recommended specific base sites, and after the signing of the bases implantation agreement in London on March 27, 1941, the Commission of Government of Newfoundland leased several sites to the United States Government. Construction began almost immediately on the three major sites. Fort Pepperrell on 198 leased acres near Quidi Vidi Lake would be the main army base, housing a regiment of infantry as well as anti-aircraft guns and coastal artillery to protect the capital city and harbor at St. John's. The main naval base would be on 3,392 acres at Argentia on the southern coast of the island and would be protected by a military installation, Fort McAndrew. The U.S. Army Air Corps would use both Newfoundland International Airport (redesignated Gander Airport, after a nearby lake and town in the north central part of the island) and Ernest Harmon Field which was to be constructed on 867 acres at Stephenville on the western coast of Newfoundland5.

Initially, the U.S. Army Air Corps urged that Gander Airport be included as one of the U.S. leased base areas for it was already an operating international commercial airport. However the Canadian Government wanted to assume major control of the recently completed airport, mainly to prevent the Americans from doing so. This Ottawa was able to do, with the approval of St. John's, largely by providing for U.S. military needs at Gander, defending the base and constructing five hangers for the Americans, at Canadian expense6. As a result, the main Air Corps base constructed in Newfoundland by the Americans themselves - by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - was Harmon Field7.

Named after Capt. Ernest E. Harmon, an Army Air Corps pilot who was killed during a test flight in l933, the airfield near Stephenville had been initially conceived of as an emergency landing strip. However, due to dramatically increased activity in the Battle of the Atlantic, initial estimates for the U.S. bases in Newfoundland were substantially expanded. The projected garrisons of U.S. troops were increased from 6,000 to 16,000. Furthermore, it was decided to make Harmon Field a permanent and more substantial facility, with three 6000-foot concrete runways. Construction of the U.S. bases in Newfoundland was designated complete in March 1943, with actual final cost of construction being $6O,300,0008.

During World War II, Harmon Field served initially as a base for aerial reconnaissance of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. However, its major role soon became a main stopover point on the trans-Atlantic route from the United States to the United Kingdom. This included the Air Ferry Route over which thousands of war planes, constructed in American factories, were flown across the North Atlantic to participate in the air war in Europe. It also included the route of the U.S. Air Transport Command, which in the last two years of the war, used Harmon Field as its main trans-Atlantic staging site to carry passengers and cargo across the sea as part of preparations in England for the D Day invasion and the liberation of Western Europe. After the victory in Europe, Harmon Field was also a major site through which the U.S. Army Air Force returned 240,000 American soldiers and other passengers to the United States9.

References

1. On the destroyer-bases agreement of 	Sept. 2, 1940, see Waldo Heinrichs,(1988). Threshold of War: Franklin D.Roosevelt and American Entry Into World War II. N.Y.: Oxford, University Press; Martin Gilbert,(1983). Winston S. Churchill, Vol. VI, Finest Hour, 1939-1941. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 732-33,743, 1044; David Reynolds, (1981).Competitive Cooperation: The Creation of the Anqlo-American Alliance,1938-1941. London; and Philip 	Goodhart, (1965). Fifty Ships That 	Saved the World: The Foundation of the Anqlo American Alliance. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.

2. David MacKenzie, (1986). Inside the Atlantic Triangle: Canada and the Entrance of Newfoundland into Confederation, 1939-1949. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.

3. Stetson Conn, Rose C. Engleman, and 	Byron Fairchild, (1964). Guarding the United States and Its Outposts. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, pp. 360-75, in the series, Office of the Chief of 	Military History, The U.S. Army in World War II.

4. Fred E. Pollock, (1981). "Roosevelt, the Ogdensburg Agreement, and the British Fleet: All Done with Mirrors", Diplomatic  History, (Summer), pp. 203-19; Stanley, W. Dziuban, (1959). Military Relations between the United States and Canada, 1939-1945. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, pp. 430, and Stetson Conn, and Byron Fairchild (1960), The Framework of Hemisphere Defense. Washington,D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, pp. 364-89, both volumes in The U.S. Army in World War 	II. From Canadian perspectives, see MacKenzie, Inside the Atlantic 	Triangle, pp. 46-51, and J.L. Granatstein, (1975). Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King 	Government, 1939-1945. Toronto: Oxford University Press, pp. 114-51. A Newfoundland view is presented in Malcolm MacLeod, (1986). Peace of the 	Continent: The Impact of Second World 	War Canadian and American Bases in 	Newfoundland. St. John's: Harry Cuff Publications Ltd., pp. 8, 18-30.

5. Dziuban, Military Relations, pp. 96, 167; Mackenzie, Inside the Atlantic Triangle, pp. 53-54. On the U.S. Naval Base at Argentia, see Paolo E. Coletta, ed., (1985). United States Navy and Marine Corps Bases, Overseas (Wesport, Conn: Greenwood Press, pp.13-17. 6. Dziuban, Military Relations, pp. 96 	97, 167-68, 172. On the role of Canadian forces in Newfoundland 	during the war, see Desmond Morton, (1985). A Military History of Canada 	Edmonton Hurtig Publishers; C.P. Stacey, (1970). Arms, Men and 	Governments: The War Policies of 	Canada, 1939-1945. Ottawa: Department 	of National Defence; Gilbert Norman 	Tucker, (1952). The Naval Service of Canada, Vol. II, Activities on Shore during the Second World War. Ottawa: 	King's Printer; G.W.L. Nicholson, (1969). More Fighting Newfoundlanders: A History of Newfoundland's Fighting Forces in the Second World War . St. John's: 	Government of Newfoundland.

7. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was the construction agency for the U.S. Army and the U.S. Army Air Corps; Lenore Fine and Jesse A. Remington,(1972). The Corps of Engineers: 	Construction in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief 	of Military History. For its work at 	Harmon Field: see Dziuban, Military Relations, pp. 127, 166-68, 193, 1978, 192; and the more detailed account in U.S. Army Corps of 	Engineers, North Atlantic Division, "U.S. Army Bases: Newfoundland" unpublished typescript monograph, 1946, on file in the Office of the 	Chief of Military History, Washington, D.C.

8. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North  Atlantic Division, "U.S. Army Bases:  	Newfoundland", cited in Dziuban, Military Relations, pp. 167-68; see also ibid., pp. 175-75. Mackenzie, Atlantic Triangle, p. 79. Developments in the naval war in the 	Atlantic are also recounted in the 	official history of the U.S. Navy by Samuel E. Morison, (1947). The Battle of the Atlantic, September 1939-May 1943, Boston: Little, Brown; and with broader perspective and more recent 	documentation by Dan van der Vat, (1965). The Atlantic Campaign: An Epic History of World War II's 	Struggle at Sea, N.Y.: Harper and Row. On the name of Harmon Field, see Air Force Bases: A Directory of U.S. Air Force Installations, Harrisburg,Pa.: Stackpole Co., (1965), p. 145.

9. Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, 	eds., (1948). The Army Air Forces in World War II: Plans and Early Operations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, I, pp. 313-49; U.S. Army Air Forces, Air Transport Command, "History of the North Atlantic Division", II, pp. 308-10; IV, pp. 205, 337, 368, unpublished, typescript  monograph, 1946, on file at Headquarters, Military Air Transport Service, cited in Dziuban, Military Relations, p. 192. On the 	history of the Air Transport Command, see Reginald M. Cleveland, (1946). Air Transport at War, N.Y.: Harper and Brothers; and Oliver La Farge, (1949). The Eagle in the Egg, 	(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Allen Davis
Ernest Harmon Air Force Base: I (Allen W Davis) was stationed there with A Co 347th Eng Avn Bn from Aug 1954-June or July 1956. I was regular Army attached to the Air Force. We finished bulding the Engineer site an a 13 mile road.It was called SCARWAf.The artical doesnot show the shoulder patch we wore. Only Air Force. The unit went to regular in June 1956. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.55.55.18 (talk) 21:13, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

Ray's Trailer Park 1959
Additional information for anyone doing historical research: List of names of EHAFB airmen and families living at Ray’s Trailer Park (aka Ray’s Trailer Haven) on Queen Street in Stephenville, Newfoundland between 1956 and 1959. Boon, Sporlock, A1C Clarke, A1C Spangenbough, Bloomfield, M.Sgt.Paul, M.Sgt. Bevelle, Dovako, Doll, DeAngelis, Ernst, Graham, Adams, Peterson, Coomer, Robinson, McCorkin, Hood, Sgt. Allen, Cpt. Butls, Cpt. Thompson, Cpt. Bradshaw, Sgt. Todd, Sgt. Keeler, Lt. Ebb Higdon, S. Dollard, J.F. Peters, D. Ottman, R. Dennis, M. Luttrell, T. Bloominger, Sgt. Hartman, Cooper, Darg, J. Keith, R.K. Johnson, Bill Blake, Hayden, R. Zelch, J.P. Millard, B.E. Peter, Patton, Weatherpond, Bill Arrington, Flanagan, Louis Brooks, G.S. Gibson, B. Allred, George Mark, G.F. Stevens, O.N. Sample, Hertell, L.M. Parshall, Lloyd Munson, Claxton & Gay Ray. Drexal N. & Libby Mattox.J.E. Dawson, G.J. Tenant. Francis J. Hertel, Edward M. Fulmer 1st Lt. Adjutant, Junior Lee Graley Pvt 2nd Class, J.E.R. Simms Customs and Excise Tax, Heber Rose, Stella Wilton, Florence Tippet, Cecelia Davis, Gus Russell, Evelyn Young, Steve and Ray O’Quinn, George and Francis Pickering (Corner Brook), Leo Bruce, Joe White. WayneRay (talk) 00:49, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernest Harmon Air Force Base


text:
Talk:Color terminology for race

NPOV
This article is highly POV, but contains material that may be worth keeping, with the appropriate neutral perspective added. Tverbeek 14:19, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Dinesh d'Souza as a REFERENCE?? Give me a break.202.82.33.202 06:57, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

"These issues cannot be dismissed as politically correct nonsense. They are fundamental, and address what de Tocqueville identified as the Achilles of American democracy: race. These issues must be addressed not (only) because of minorities' concerns, but because they are the heart of what makes us all American." This offends me, as I am not American, nor do I ever wish to be by sharing your ideals. Author has forgotten that this is the World Wide Web. Anonymous 12:54, 23 June 2005 GMT.

Like I said: this needs to be cleaned up. Care to help this American do that, or do you just want to gripe about it? Tverbeek 12:35, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Good point about the parochialism of "us Americans" -- that's been deleted. Thanks for pointing it out, and my apologies for the initial oversight.

Trashing and starting over
The original essay that used to be here is dead. I started an actual encyclopedia article. Let's hope it works out. — Phil Welch 29 June 2005 05:59 (UTC)

"One point of objection to these terms for race is that they can be subconsciously associated with a color's other metaphorical meanings. The numerous negative uses of black (e.g. "blackmail", "Black Friday", "black hat") have led many "black" people to promote other terminology for their race, such as "African-American"."

While this is blatantly true, I would like to see some sort of reference so it doesn't look like original research. — Phil Welch 29 June 2005 19:53 (UTC)

Reverting to original, with some additions
Whoever "trashed" the original should be ashamed. There is nothing non-factual in the article. It complies fully with Wikipedia POV guidelines. You are welcome to correct factual mistakes, or to add other facts. Your attempts to delete the factual content presented, however, will be overruled. It is particularly important that the ongling list of color-metaphors (black-magic, etc.) be left complete, in order to show by overwhelming example the extent to which these metaphors seep into our unconscious everyday language. Limiting it to just a few examples destroys the meaning of the article. (anonymous comment by original essayist)

There's one problem: the way you had it written it was an original essay, not an encyclopedia article. I was set to take this article to Votes for Deletion on that basis alone, but inevitably someone would point out that an actual encyclopedia article could be written about the topic, someone would write it, and the new version would be kept. I didn't want to go through the red tape but if you continue to revert and put your original essay back in, I will take this to VfD.

As it stands, even the short list of examples is unverified and should be removed if no one can come up with references to back it up. See No original research for the specific policy. Also required reading: What Wikipedia is not, which clearly states "Wikipedia articles are not personal essays that state your particular opinions about a topic" — Phil Welch 30 June 2005 23:44 (UTC)

That lecture was not written to Wikipedia POV guidelines. The fundamental problem was that whole "meaning of the article" was to promote a particular point of view. I happen to agree with main thrust of that POV. But the fact that you see a need for a lecture like that underscores the fact that some people don't agree with it. According to Wikipedia policy, if you present one side of the argument, you have to provide the other. Another basic problem is that most of the examples cited are debatable. I don't think the cue ball and 8-ball are a valid example. You do. So who's right? Neither of us, because they're both just opinions. These examples are not facts. They're supporting evidence for an argument.

P.S. I'll look up a pre-existing reference for the examples included in the more neutral version of the article. Since the point of the statement is that African Americans don't like being associated with these metaphors - which is verifiably true - I don't think that'll be difficult.

Tverbeek 1 July 2005 01:31 (UTC)

---

1) I challenge you to point out where you see POV, and where you see any incorrect facts.

 * The problem is that your essay is not built out of facts. Every item in your list is an opinion: that ______ is a "color metaphor for race".

 * Wrong, on two counts. First, the fact is that words can have two (or more) meanings.  I do not believe that any of the examples are (deliberately, consciously) a "color metaphor for race," and I certainly do not suggest this.  Second, every item on my list is an example drawn mainly from Langston Hughes but also Maya Angelou and Ralph Ellison.  This has now been clarified, in case it was not before.

2) The article is NOT written to show that African Americans don't like being associated with these metaphors (although this could also be factually demonstrated). Nor was it written to promote a particular point of view.  (I'm not even sure what POV you have in mind. Racism is bad?)

 * Yeah, that's main one. And that the English language promotes racism through these metaphors.  Believe it or not, Wikipedia's most fundamental policy is that we're not allowed to argue points like that, because some people disagree with them.

"Things not to avoid: Some Wikipedians, in the name of NPOV, try to avoid making any statements that other people find offensive or objectionable, even if objectively true.  This is not the intent of NPOV.  Many groups would prefer that certain facts be stated euphemistically, or only in their own terminology, or suppressed outright; such desires need not be deferred to." Q.E.D.
 * You're ignoring the very final point in the [NPOV tutorial]:

"What about views that are morally offensive to most Westerners, such as racism, sexism, and Holocaust denial, that some people actually hold? Surely we are not to be neutral about them? We can certainly include long discussions that present our moral repugnance to such things; in doing so, we can maintain a healthy, consistent support for the neutral point of view by attributing the view to prominent representatives or to some group of people. Others will be able to make up their own minds and, being reasonable, surely come around to our view. Those who harbor racism, sexism, etc., will not be convinced to change their views based on a biased article, which only puts them on the defensive; on the other hand, if we make a concerted effort to apply our non-bias policy consistently, we might give those with morally repugnant beliefs insight that will change those views."
 * Also: [Morally offensive views]

 * If your original essay had been composed of "objectively true" statements, we wouldn't have had this conflict.

 * If you had constructively worked to build the page, rather than "trashing" it (Phil's words), we would be further along already.

 * I trashed the original content because it was an original essay and not an encyclopedia article. I also took the initiative to constructively write, from scratch, a new encyclopedia article that Tverbeek constructively expanded. You're mischaracterizing what happened here. — Phil Welch 1 July 2005 05:47 (UTC)

3) In order to illustrate the unconscious context of metaphors, it is necessary to give repeated examples. Otherwise the uninformed reader (not aware of the facts) might think there is a balance to these metaphors, or that they are debateable (as you do with the pool balls).  Thus, it is NOT sufficient to give just a few examples.  Indeed, the point of the list is to encourage others to add to it.  Perhaps people will find counterexamples which associate white with evil, and start a new list.  This would be a constructive contribution and a valuable dialogue.  The presentation and interpretation of metaphors in context is not simply "my opinion versus yours, no-one is right," as you may recall from your coursework in English Literature.  Simply "trashing" (your words) the entire article and finding POV where there are none is fruitless.  If you have something to add, please do so.  This is the purpose of a wiki.

 * And all of this would consitute "original research". That is expressly disallowed on Wikipedia.

 * Nonsense. The article draws on Hughes, Angelou, and Ellison.  If other Wikipedians want to draw on other authors and cite them, they are welcome to do so.  This is not original research.

 * Lacking in any objective citations (and laden in argumentative verbiage as it was) there was no way to differentiate it from any random blog entry expressing an opinion on the subject.

 * Whatever. The original had the full Langston Hughes essay online.

 * Essays, whether or not they are written by Langston Hughes, are not encyclopedia articles. — Phil Welch 1 July 2005 05:47 (UTC)

4) Your obsession with this is bizarre, to say the least, as is your retreat to formalized rules and appeals to authority, rather than constructively building the page.

 * My own "obsession" comes from finding a blatant copyright violation, and a highly inappropriate lecture added to Wikipedia, in violation of Wikipedia policies. Your actions in attempting to keep that material here, contrary to consensus and/or policy, is borderline vandalism, and I get defensive when people vandalise Wikipedia.

 * Let's leave copyright discussion for another page. That Color Black or somesuch.  You have yet to point out a single "lecture" or POV in the article, despite my repeated requests, and you are verging on violating the Three-revert Rule and vandalism yourself.  Please stop.  There are six of us working on this page.

 * There are two identifiable editors and an unknown number of anonymous editors from the same IP address or subnet. There's a reason Wikipedia has user accounts; please use them.  (And stating that I am verging on violating the 3RR is untrue.)  As for the argumentative lecture content, "This usage raises sensitive issues and questions for which there are no easy answers," sounds like something right out of somebody's lecture notes or an essay on race and linguistics.  "These issues cannot be dismissed as politically correct nonsense," and the rest of the summation of the author's argument (especially the concluding "Perhaps a deeper question is....") were highly argumentative.  There may be material to support these arguments, but they're still far from statements of fact; within an hour I could locate a racist idiot who'll counter-assert that there are easy answers to all of this, and that the questions are "stupid" not sensitive, and hell yeah they can be dismissed as politically correct nonsense.  Maybe some of these anonymous editors haven't had as much experience writing from a neutral perspective, and the above comments are stylistic problems, but there is definitely a lecture built into them.

 * These are facts: 1) "This usage raises sensitive issues and questions" -- our exchange in itself proves this, as does your point that you can find "racist idiots" (your words) who differ.  Again, see NPOV on controverial truths.  2) "questions for which there are no easy answers" -- ditto.  The fact that these might be from lecture notes is meaningless -- so might entries on biology or mathematics.  The fact that racist idiots may disagree is meaningless.

 * No, no, no. That there are those who disagree is fundamental to how Wikipedia policy regarding NPOV applies.  Maybe by your standards these are "facts", but not by the standards that apply to this site, and that's what we have to abide by here.  These were polemical and didactic declarations, not neutral statements of fact.  Tverbeek 1 July 2005 11:54 (UTC)

5) Many of the references can be found in the Langston Hughes essay, which you deleted and I have restored. They are not original research.  This includes the reference to the cue-ball and eight-ball.

 * Great, we can include that as a citation. (I'm quite serious.)  Unfortunately we cannot include the whole essay as an article in Wikipedia, because A) it's a copyright violation, B) it does not meet Wikipedia standards for NPOV.

 * Done. A) Copyright, see above.  B) If copyright is resolved, there is no POV issue.  This has nothing to do with this page.

 * Actually, a more relevant reason we cannot include the essay as a Wikipedia article is that Wikipedia is not "mere collections of public domain or other source material". Although it would make a splendid Wikisource article. — Phil Welch 1 July 2005 04:41 (UTC)

 * Excellent, Phil, and I hope you will do so. You can find the original text online, or in the histories, and spend the time editing it for Wiki -- as I did, before someone deleted it.  This would be a good use of time.

7) As a contributor to Wikipedia for over three years and a professor of linguistic sociology, I do not need lectures from one PhilWelch -- senior at WSU and contributor of such meaningful entries as the 1967 NFL "ice game" -- on Wiki protocol.

 * Given the fact that you won't even sign in and give your name, you're on pretty thin ice when denouncing other people's qualifications, since yours are completely unverifiable. And frankly, I think you'd benefit from someone giving you some pointers about Wikipedia protocol, because you are quite simply not following it.

 * See NPOV Tutorial, above.

 * You're not even a logged-in user. Incidentally, you *are* making most of your edits from a Georgetown IP address (I took the liberty to check). Assuming you are an academic you should know both how to provide references and the difference between an encyclopedia article and a personal essay. Furthermore, between the two of us, I am the one who has a logged-in account and who's verified my real identity. As for being a contributor for over three years, I just checked the edit history of all three IP's associated with this article, and even including such meaningful entries as "list of heavy metal bands" and "minor droids in Star Wars", the accumulated edit history is not even in the hundreds, and less than one month old. Additionally, I *also* took the liberty to check out Georgetown's faculty listing for their sociology department, and none of them really jumped out at me as if they might be you. Unless you register an account and verify your identity, your claims of "professor of linguistic sociology" ring quite hollow. In summary, even if your claim of being a professor is right, you may know more than I do about linguistic sociology, but over this article's history, you've not exactly demonstrated a high degree of knowledge about Wikipedia policy. — Phil Welch 1 July 2005 04:18 (UTC)

 * Also, as a sociologist, what do you think of using class station and social position to intimidate others into agreeing with you? Is it normal among professors and other highly-educated professionals to behave in such a manner? — Phil Welch 1 July 2005 04:48 (UTC)

 * Sadly, it's not that uncommon. I've seen it from time to time at the colleges where I've worked. Tverbeek 1 July 2005 11:54 (UTC)

8) If you wish to offer contending perspectives on the facts, you are welcome to do so, provided they conform to Wiki standards on racism, etc.

 * What exactly are Wiki standards on racism. I know; do you? Tverbeek 1 July 2005 02:41 (UTC)

 * Yes. (See above.)

 * Nice way to duck my question. Please state the Wiki standards on racism to which you refer. Tverbeek 1 July 2005 03:57 (UTC)

 * Um, please recite Gilgemesh in Quechua while standing on your head and gargling? Or, more fruitfully, if you want to add your understanding of Wiki standards on racism, please feel free to do so.

 * Er, you brought them up, and implied that Phil or I was in violation of them. Please explain how. (Yes, it's a "test", but it's also a fair request.) Tverbeek 1 July 2005 11:54 (UTC)

Specific references for the list
If someone can find and write up some specific references for that list there, I'd appreciate it. There's a vague, implied reference, but some actual reference references would make the article kick ass. — Phil Welch 1 July 2005 04:50 (UTC)

Off-topic lead section?
The bulk of the lead section seems to me to be almost off-topic, certainly not meriting being in a lead section: it has turned into a long disquisition on the negative connotations of "black", which it seems to me would better be at Black (color) and merely referenced here. -- Jmabel | Talk July 2, 2005 01:30 (UTC)

 * Good idea. I think I'll do that and keep this more on-topic. — Phil Welch 2 July 2005 06:50 (UTC)

Alright, I've done it. I think it strengthens that article as well as this one--as well as being a better fit there (and more balanced as to the POV question of whether "black" has indisputably bad connotations), it makes this article read as less of an original essay. 142 might complain that the point isn't made strongly enough this way, but the purpose of Wikipedia isn't to make points, it's to make a Neutral Point of View. — Phil Welch 8 July 2005 08:28 (UTC)

--Notquiteauden 17:57, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Caste
First off, varna is in Sanskrit not in Hindi and though it refers to color, none of the castes are identified by color metaphors. Nobody says white brahmin or yellow sudra, so it has no place here. Secondly, and more importantly, caste is NOT race. Why is it even here? Castes are endogenous occupation linked clan systems. there are no seperate races in caste. Thirdly, the White Turkoman etc etc are different ethnic groups, not races either. They all belong to the same race, but to different ethnic or linguistic groups. Someone needs to understand the difference between race and ethnicity.

I will delete the references to castes and Central Asian ethnic groups by the end of the week if nobody objects here.--Notquiteauden 05:22, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Technically speaking, "race" can refer to smaller ethnicities as well as larger globe-spanning races. There's really no scientific justification for the concept of "race" on such a large scale anyway. — Phil Welch 05:24, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

The material on caste is straight from the Caste article. If you feel it's in error please get a consensus on correcting it in that article first, then changes can be followed here.

Phil added attribution of "varna" as Hindi; the word goes back to Sanskrit, but should also be valid in Hindi as far as I know. Attribution as either or both is fine with me.

Race does historically refer to ethnicity. If necessary to clarify now, suggest just changing article title to "Color metaphors for race and ethnicity".--JWB 09:00, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that would be redundant. — Phil Welch 17:10, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

I speak Hindi, and people prefer to use terms like kul, or jati for caste not varna. Varna is a Sanskrit idea. Further, castes are neither races or ethnicities, in that people of different ethnic groups, say (Punjabi and Oriya) can both be Brahmin, and people from different 'races' such as Indo-Aryan and Dravidian can both be Sudras. Castes are not identified by color basis, the color references mentioned in this article are ambiguous. They refer to the sattvic, tamasic or other attributes not to the caste. Tamas literally means darkness, and refers to an attribute not color. Regarding Central Asia, the colors refered to there had an almost totemic significance, not as a racial sign of identity. Nobody is green in color. They were neither race and it would be arguale to define them a seperate ethnicities. Clan would probably be more appropriate. Race is Never the same as ethnicity. You can be ethnically slavic, but u will be racially white.

 * I agree that caste is different from race, but with ethnicity you're really splitting hairs. The racists of the 1930's didn't consider Slavs to be white, nor did they consider Semitic or central Asian peoples to be white. *Since it's not a scientifically valid categorization anyway* I think we can interpret it liberally. — Phil Welch 19:40, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, they can be attributes, totems, or geographical directions - the article is "Color metaphors", not "Accurate literal skin color descriptions".
 * As Phil notes, the word "racism" was coined (translation from German "Völkisch") to apply to white-on-white hatred. The current use of "race" to mean only continent-level origin is recent.
 * Traditional US segregation is often called a caste system - each "race" was an endogamous group with a designated social role. Socially, Indian caste and American race are similar and have similar current issues like job/school percentage reservation.
 * "Race" in this article is in the social sense, not necessarily a biological sense, although they often coincide to some extent.
 * --JWB 22:21, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

China
These portions of the article do not seem to be related to color metaphors for race in China:

 * "Huang (yellow) is a common surname, but does not refer to the East Asian race as was popular in Western languages until recently. However, the Yellow Emperor was a legendary founder of China. Yellow is also identified with the "center" cardinal direction, while China is known as Zhongguo "middle country"."

 * "Bai (white) means "plain" or "free of charge" in many common expressions and is not traditionally used to refer to Europeans and descendants."

—Tokek 11:41, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

I also wonder about this sentence: some variety of "barbarians" with reddish or pinkish skin colors (e.g. Minnan ang mo, "red-haired" or Cantonese gwei lo, "ghost man") Isn't that a reading mistake, so it says red/pink skin color, example: ang mo = red hair. I can not see a source for chinese historically calling white people pink/red colored

Scisne (talk) 15:02, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

There seems to be a lot of opposition to this, it was changed back twice to a terribly long sentence -> There should be a source

This sentence has no source for reddish or pinkish skin claim. It is also too long.

White (白 bai) means "plain" or "free of charge" in many common expressions and was not traditionally used to refer to Europeans or descendants, who were usually identified as "洋人" (yáng rén, "people from [across the] ocean") which were describe as some variety of "barbarians" with reddish or pinkish skin color or based on their hair color (e.g. Minnan ang mo, "red-haired").

--Scisne (talk) 19:59, 28 August 2020 (UTC)

Probably a single person with different ips keeps editing this, the ips 49.245.25.210 112.199.169.56 182.16.233.24 all go back to singapore

The person repeated the last part of the sentence: which were describe as some variety of "barbarians" with reddish or pinkish skin color or based on their hair color or based on their hair color

--Scisne (talk) 12:40, 29 August 2020 (UTC)

Russia section...
Reads like BS. "White Russian is (offensive) term for a Belarusian"???? There are not many (if any) widely used ethnic slurs for Belarussians AFAIK, first of all because relationships between Belarusians and Russians are friendly (unlike Caucasus ethnics, who have many related slurs). Belarusians are also hardly distinguishable from Russians by looks. I'm not sure what was "White Russian" supposed to mean. Byelorus (ethnical Belarusian) is literally "White Rus". Although I've never even heard something like "White Russian" (Belyj Russkij???) in reference to Belarusians, I cannot see how this can possibly be offensive. White has positive connotations. So I'll cut this dubious stuff.

"White Russian" in the meaning related to anti-bolshevik "White movement" seems a bit lame translation. To describe one or many people belonging to that movement, texts I've seen use a single adjective-noun word, like in "Belye". So for this meaning it's more like "Whites" or "White ones", rather than "White Russian(s)". White Russian reads like "racially White citizen of Russia", similar to "White American" :-).
 * Just see the Asian sections of this article: "white" was used to indicate "west" by the Mongols and Turks. Probably White Sea also means "west sea".--JWB 17:45, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you may be correct about this. I pointed out what I think are two flaws - the "offensive term" passage and the term to denote White movement participants. Now, I'm less sure about the latter. If "White Russian" is an established term for White Movement in english literature, then possibly it would be appropriate to use it. From Russian speakers perspective it does sound lame though, but bad translations do become common sometimes.

 * White Russian - Byelorussian passage: I now propose to remove it completely. Because, if anything, it has nothing to do with Russia section. In Russia, nobody would call Byelorussian a "White Russian" (Belyj Russkij). It's not even offensive, it just does not make sense. It may be a frequent mistake among native english speakers, it's my only guess as to where does it come from, and possibly this can be offending (more because it's incorrect and ignorant, than anything else). But it has nothing to do with Russia. Possibly something like this can be appropriate in Belarusian article (it is there in fact), but in context of this article and Russia section in particular, it may be understood as (wrongly) implying it's an offensive term used in Russia (as the term Black explained in preceding sentence). But this is not so. As a mistake by an english speaker - this is the only way I can imagine it being used.--Poison sf 21:23, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It should say that some other languages have sometimes translated Belarus or Byelorussia as White Russia. I don't think anyone meant to imply that 'belyj russkij' or similar was a current phrase in Russian language.--JWB 13:29, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, possibly. Whatever the reason was, now it's corrected and with current explanation it's made clear enough--Poison sf 20:47, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Hispanics
What about the hispanic people?

_______They^ do NOT exist as a "race"!__________________________________ This, for the sake of accuracy: Hispanic means coming from Spain. As in White Western European. That is true all over the world, except USA, where the Red people of south of the border have appropriated the culture of the people who enslaved them, bred with some of them, one of the original White Western European peoples... the Spaniards! What you, probably an American, call "Hispanic" is a red race native of the Southern Americas. (Central & South America, no difference!) In fact, there is no difference between a Cherokee, an Inca, an Eskimo, a Mayan or an Aztec: they are all RED! Why? They are all NATIVE Americans! (Yes, Canada is in America, not USA, as in American continent.) Only different tribes, but one same race, the same that a White from Spain is the same race as a White from Glasgow, or a White from Greece or a White from Italy: only different ethnicities!

To make matters worse, you Americans, call Mexicans "brown people". They are not. They are racially red! Brown people come from the Middle East and certain parts of Western Asia, which the M.E. is half in Asia and half in Africa. There are no White people in the ME no matter how much one objects: those are all brown peoples. (Of course, you will find Whites, those emigrated from [White] Europe, but I am talking of ORIGINS, of the original peoples of the Earth!) Whites in the M.E. are non-natives. The same that no White people can legitimately be called "Caucasians" (another "American" --read: USA-- fallacy) as they are neither Asian (yellow), nor from the Caucus, an area located in the Middle East, which is where Armenians, a BROWN people, come from. It's very simple. The only confusing place on the planet has to be Russia, aka USSR, because the extreme West of "Russia" is in Europe, bringing forth a White European people, and the rest of the former USSR is in Asia, so those are "yellow" race aka Asians.

If you think this is complicated, simply look at a globe. I had a Black acquaintance who was shocked when I told her that her people were called "African-American" because they all originated from Africa. She objected to that, never having heard the concept. When she inquired about the Caribbean natives and so on, she still had never heard the concept of the continent splitting and creating those islands, which are now so far from the mother land! It baffles the mind!

It is long time that South Americans (which is anyone south of the USA border) start reclaiming their race, all of their ethnicities, and start calling themselves "Mayan-American" or Aztec, Incan or what have you. It is time to quit the "Hispanic" and "Latina" nonsense. Be a hot Mayan or a sizzling Aztec, because a White Spaniard is what you are claiming to be, the Latin languages being those of South Western Europe (mainly French, Spanish and Italian). The Spaniards destroyed the native languages of Mexico, which were written with a bunch of Q's L's X's and T's. Look it up sometime. Why honor them by claiming to be a proud "ethnicity of those who enslaved my ancestors, the Latin-language speaking Spaniards"??? Again, mind, boggled

I hope this helps dispel the confusion of the narrowly educated, which are those who only go to school roughly between 9am and 2pm, and have 3 days off a week, (Weds, Sat, Sun, whereas other nations go to school 5 1/2 days a week) and, of course, I do mean the Americans. The lack of education of Americans, their school system is well-known all over the world. Such is your reputation. We who spent all day in school, 8 to 6pm and Saturday mornings from 8 am to 1 pm, are, of course, much better and, above all, accurately educated. And when you write sensitive topics like this, this is where you must start: accurate education. Sadly, a lot of disinformation both on this site and the rest of the internet! Diversity is beautiful, but only if you do not try to appropriate another's culture and another's race. Otherwise, we are nothing. This is why, in my country, we say "there is no educating an American!" (meaning a USA inhabitant) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.178.137.210 (talk) 04:03, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Non-metaphors
Some recent edits have added a lot of material about direct references to skin color, e.g. Blacks as black, Asians as yellow, etc. In my opinion, this should not be in this article, because direct references are not metaphors, and because material about physical appearance and race is better covered elsewhere and interrupts the concentration on metaphor in this article.

White huns
Do they deserve mention? 71.252.107.172 23:10, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Will Change the Title
Because it is silly and incorrect.

"In language, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin rhetorical trope) is defined as a direct comparison between two or more seemingly unrelated subjects and mainly uses "is a" to join the first subjects."

an ex:

"All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players They have their exits and their entrances; — (William Shakespeare, As You Like It, 2/7) "

"In this example, "the world" is compared to a stage, the aim being to describe the world by taking well-known attributes from the stage."

So color metaphors for race are not metaphors becase they are based on how people look, rather than "seemingly unrelated subjects". The relationship between a white person and white as a "color" is different than the relationship between world and stage.

Talking about colors, white and black are NOT colors in physics. So I will change the title to

Race and "Color"

Lukas19 00:00, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * "Substitutions" seems even sillier. I guess you are using it as an ordinary language equivalent to metonymy, which would be technically correct. In practice in ordinary speech, the term metaphor is often used as a synonym for the much more obscure term metonym. "Color terminology" would, I suggest, be better. Paul B 12:24, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Lukas19 20:25, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I like the "color terminology and race" proposition.--Dark Tea 11:02, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * What about just color (race)?--Pharos 06:50, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Non-Caucasian Views
Rather astonishing how few non-white authors are expressed on this page. Perhaps this holds for Wikipedia as a whole? I added reference to Fanon, Hughes, Angelou as a starter. Clearly this deserves more space in this article. Also surprising to see D'Souza referenced as a NPOV authority on race. BipDeBop 18:00, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The above comment looks rather racist to me! ;) Note that WP:NPOV means showing proportionately the various viewpoints, rather that one idealised "neutral" viewpoint. .. dave souza, talk 18:27, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

"Black and white are not colors..."
"... they are tones." I think this is just one of those things people say because it sounds clever. It's true that in some obscure fields white/black/grey are regarded as not being colors, but in most fields they are called colors. This thing about them being "tones, not colors" is pointed out all over the place, when it in fact just an irrelevant obscurity and does not apply to common use. It's like that little fact about the Great Wall of China being the only man-made object visible from space. (It's only visible from space if you look through a telescope, in which case it's not the only man-made object visible from space. Another annoying little fact which isn't really true, but it sounds clever so people keep spreading it.)

 * Well if one really wants to get technical black isn't a color as black objects simply do not reflect light (although outside of a black hole nothing i know of has 100% lack of reflection). Ciobanica (talk) 08:31, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Black is not a color like zero is not a number. Pfft.  —Tamfang (talk) 03:45, 11 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Numbers are simply symbols and abstract, so they're hardly the same as the lack of light being reflected to you eye. Ciobanica (talk) 14:00, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Sepia
"sepia would be a more accurate name for the average skin color of so-called “black” Congoids, (there is a magazine for African-Americans called Sepia, which was started in 1947)"

OK, quick question, from what i noticed most black people from Africa have a darker skin tone then those from North America (i do admit to limited experience though). Would sepia really apply to black people of non mixed heritage? Ciobanica (talk) 08:56, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Reverting possible vandalism by 165.228.99.131
The sentence:
 * "This term includes the ethnic Sudanese to the ethnic Zulus in South Africans, the African Enemies"

is very suspect. I dug into the history and found that this addition was made by 165.228.99.131. This user made a number of consecutive changes (you can find them all by following the diffs starting at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_terminology_for_race&diff=prev&oldid=223671234), all of which seem suspect. For example, the user changed
 * "*East: Green or Blue (青 "qīng" corresponds to green or blue) "

to
 * "*North-East: Green or Yellow (青 "qīng" or "jing" corresponds to green or Yellow)".

A quick check in a number of English-Chinese dictionaries shows that this is false. 青 means blue or green.

This user has been guilty of introducing dubious information into other articles (check the user talk page). I propose that we revert all of this user's changes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wynand.winterbach (talk • contribs) 21:30, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

North America
"Among the natives of North America, stylised medicine wheels are typically depicted with four colors associated with not only cardinal direction, but also with color of race" This sounds dubious to me. Cite your source please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.112.71.2 (talk) 23:46, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Colors of the medicine wheel represent a complex representation of four directions or four grandfathers in the Cherokee tradition. It is not mentioned whether these colors directly pertain to race or are a more holistic approach to the natural world around its users. (Michlaiolo (talk) 19:58, 4 February 2017 (UTC))

Belarus

 * Sometimes, Belarus and Belarusians have been referred to (in Western languages, not Russian) as "White Russia" and "White Russians", which can be misleading; see those articles for discussion in more depth.

This language is misleading, in implying that bel– does not mean 'white'. It ought to say somehow that what "can be misleading" is the equation of Rus with Russia. —Tamfang (talk) 03:49, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Blumenbach
This section implies that Blumenbach hypothesized there were five categories of people: white, yellow, brown, black, and "cinnamon-brown or flame colored". However, the Blumenbach article lists the latter as 'red', and I find it unlikely he would have used such a phrase when his other descriptors were simple colour words. A bit of quick research shows that Blumenbach himself preferred the following categorization: Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Negroid, and American. Blumenbach said "that colour ... [is] an adventitious and easily changeable thing, and can never constitute a diversity of species." I think this entire section ought to be re-written so as to be less misleading. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.247.228.104 (talk) 16:47, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Weasel Words
16 times "some" or "sometimes" are used in this article. Some would call this the use of weasel words. For instance - Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840), one of the founders of what some call scientific racism theories, came up with the five color typology for humans - would be greatly improved by either saying who makes the claim he founded scientific racism or better yet taking out the clause. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nitpyck (talk • contribs) 16:56, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Scientific names
In this article, there is no mentioning of the official scientific races: eg: ...
 * Bantu for black
 * Mongoloid for yellow
 * Caucasian for white (present in article)

IMAGE
This image is confusing, I have never seen anyone with green skin. please change the color scheme to something more useful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.68.63.219 (talk) 11:08, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

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Map
Stoddard's 1920s map is clearly relevant to the topic, but it is misleading to place it at the top. Stoddard's work clearly has an ideological, racialist bias. This is evident from the fact that his "white" race is much more restricted, corresponding to the emergence of 20th-century "white supremacy". His "brown" race is in fact part of what everyone since Blumenbach included in "white". By all means include Stoddard under "early 20th century" or something, but don't use his map as representative of physical anthropology, it's just a single 1920s author with an idiosyncratic concept of "white vs. brown" that never became mainstream. --dab (𒁳) 07:17, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Color terminology for race


text: User talk:68.82.146.205

title: User talk:68.82.146.205


text:
Mazel tov

"Mazel tov" (מזל טוב) or "mazal tov" (מזל טוב; lit. "good fortune") is a Jewish phrase used to express congratulations for a happy and significant occasion or event.

Etymology and pronunciation
The word mazel comes from the Biblical Hebrew mazzāl, meaning "constellation" or (in Mishnaic Hebrew) "astrological sign" and may be related to the root נ-ז-ל meaning "to flow down". The phrase mazel tov first appears in Geonic Hebrew, where it means "positive astrological sign" or simply "good fortune." The Medieval Hebrew chant siman tov u-mazel tov, yehe lanu ulkhol yisrael "A good sign, a good omen! Let it happen for us and for all Israel" was used to congratulate, and the phrase itself acquired a congratulatory usage in Yiddish and Hebrew by the early 19th century and was later incorporated into Modern Hebrew. The Yiddish and Ashkenazic pronunciation of mazel has the stress on the first syllable while the Modern Hebrew word mazal has the stress on the last syllable. Mazel-tov is also used as a personal name.

The phrase "mazel tov" is recorded as entering into American English from Yiddish in 1862, pronounced. The word mazel was lent to a number of European languages, meaning "luck", such as: German, as Massel; Hungarian, as mázli; Dutch, as mazzel  and the verb mazzelen ("to be lucky"). The word tov also entered Dutch as tof or toffe ("nice" or "great") and German as töfte or dufte.

Usage
Mazel tov is literally translated as "good luck" in its meaning as a description, not a wish. The implicit meaning is "good luck has occurred" or "your fortune has been good" and the expression is an acknowledgement of that fact. It is similar in usage to the word "congratulations!" and conveys roughly, "I am pleased this good thing has happened to you!". A common Hebrew phrase for wishing "good luck" is b'hatzlacha (בהצלחה), literally meaning "with success".

Throughout the Jewish world, including the diaspora, "mazel tov!" is a common Jewish expression at events such as a bar or bat mitzvah or a wedding. For example, In Israel, at a Jewish wedding, it is shouted by the couple's friends and family after the ceremonial breaking of the glass. In Israel, the phrase is used for all sorts of happy occasions, such as getting a new driver's license, a birthday, or getting a new job.

title: Mazel tov


text:
Taraba State

Taraba State is a state in north-eastern Nigeria, named after the Taraba River, which traverses the Southern part of the state. Taraba State capital is Jalingo. Its slogan is Nature's Gift to the Nation. The main ethnic groups are the Mumuye, Mambilla, Jukun, Kuteb, Wurkun, Yandang, Ndola, Ichen, Jenjo, Tiv, Fulani, Tigun, and Jibu. The northern part is mainly dominated by the Fulani, and Mumuye. The southern parts are dominated by the Jukun, Chamba, Tiv, Kuteb and Ichen. The central region is mainly occupied by the Fulani, Mambilla, Ndola, Tigun, Jibu, Wurbo, and Daka people. There are 77 distinct ethnic groups, and their languages in the State.

History
The Taraba state was created out of the former Gongola state on 27 August 1991 by the military government of General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. The State is an amalgam of three former Divisions - Wukari, Mambilla and Muri Divisions.

Geography
Taraba state is bordered in the west by Nasarawa state and Benue state (for 109 km), northwest by Plateau state for 202 km (126 miles), north by the Bauchi state for 54 km and Gombe state for 58 km, northeast by Adamawa state for about 366 km and south by Northwest Region in Cameroon for about 525 km.

The Benue, Donga, Taraba and Ibi are the main rivers in the state. They rise from the Cameroonian mountains, draining almost the entire length of the state in the North and South directions to link up with the River Niger.

Boat mishaps In Taraba State
"Three children's bodies have been found after a boat carrying passengers capsized on Saturday while traveling from the Mayo-Renewo market to the Karim Lamido neighborhood of Taraba," according to diverse media reports.

On Sunday, October 29, 2023, Abdullahi Usman, the state's police spokesperson, confirmed the incident to TheCable. He added that it is still unclear how many people were on the boat. Given that they are passengers from the Mayo-Renewo market traveling to Karim Lamido, he said the exact number of passengers on that boat has not yet been determined.

Climate
The climate of Taraba state is marked by an annual average temperature of 33°C but high level of cold in January and an increased rainfall in August. The percentage of rainfall in Taraba state is 40.35% with 54.98% relative humidity. The state is usually very warm in March with 40.44°C, and an average wind of 8.84 km/h.

Flood
Many homes and commercial buildings in Taraba are affected by flooding, including those in the suburbs.

Healthcare
Taraba State has several hospitals and health care centers: some of them are:

 * Courage Hospital
 * Federal Medical Center (FMC)
 * Gateway Hospital
 * General Hospital, Bali
 * Sauki Hospital and Maternity
 * Totus Hospital and Maternity
 * Albert Healthcare Company
 * Taraba Specialist Hospital
 * kwararafa Hospital and maternity
 * Federal Polythecnic Bali Medical Center
 * First Referral Hospital
 * Biyama Hospital

Local government areas
Taraba State consists of sixteen (16) Local Government Areas (or LGAs), which are governed by elected chairmen. The local government areas are listed as follows:

 * Ardo Kola
 * Bali
 * Donga
 * Gashaka
 * Gassol
 * Ibi
 * Jalingo
 * Karim Lamido
 * Kurmi
 * Lau
 * Sardauna
 * Takum
 * Ussa
 * Wukari
 * Yorro
 * Zing

Languages
Languages of Taraba state listed by LGA include:

Other languages spoken in Taraba State are Akum, Bukwen, Esimbi, Fali of Baissa, Jiba, Njerep, Tha, Yandang, Yotti, Ywom.

Education
Taraba State has many schools and education centers.

Universities

 * Federal University, Wukari
 * Taraba State University
 * Kwararafa University, Wukari

Transport
Federal highways are:
 * A4 for 292 km north from Benue State near Kado as the Wukari-Murtum Biyu Rd across the Taraba River at Tella and Jalingo to Adamawa State at Mayo Lane, and
 * a stretch of A8 south from Burtol 166 km to Gembu, unconnected to A8 Highway in Adamawa State.

One road to Cameroon east from A8 at Gembu to N6 at Banyo.

Other major roads include
 * The Bachumbi Rd east from Plateau State at Zurak via Muri, Banyam and Bambuka to Adamawa State,
 * The Wukari-Ampei Rd north to Ibi on the Benue River,
 * The Garin Kunini-Zing Rd southeast from Dzhu’a-Khore via Pupule to Adamawa State at Bisa as the Zaridi-Mayo Belwa Rd,
 * South from Jalingo via Sunkani, Garbe Shege, Bajabure, Pangri and Mai Fula to Dogari Tiv,the Wukari-Takum Rd,
 * The Katsina Ala-Takum road west to Benue State at Dogon Gawa,
 * The Garin Jatau Bali Rd east from Takum across the River Donga at Manya and northeast to Mararaba,
 * The Rafin Kada-Gembu Rd southeast from Donga via Mararaba, and
 * The Mambila-Plateau Rd.

Airports include
 * Jalingo Airport

Agriculture
The major occupation of the people of Taraba state is agriculture. Cash crops produced in the state include coffee, tea, groundnuts and cotton. Crops such as maize, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava, and yam are also produced in commercial quantity. In addition, cattle, sheep and goats are reared in large numbers, especially on the Mambilla Plateau, and along the Benue and Taraba valleys. Similarly, the people of Taraba state undertake other livestock production activities like poultry production, rabbit breeding and pig farming in fairly large scale. In February 2024, the World Bank in Nigeria announced plans to empower 5,200 female livestock farmers in the state. Communities living on the banks of River Benue, River Taraba, River Donga and Ibi, engage in fishing all year round. Other occupational activities such as pottery, cloth-weaving, dyeing, mat-making, carving, embroidery and blacksmithing are also carried out in various parts of the state.

Natural resources
Taraba state has abundant natural resources for industrial and commercial use, these include:

Mineral raw materials

 * Barytes
 * Bauxites
 * Graphite
 * Limestone
 * Gypsum
 * Kaoline
 * Feldspar
 * Mica
 * Pyrite
 * Uranium
 * Gemstone

Agro-raw materials

 * Maize
 * Millet
 * Sorghum
 * Rice
 * Groundnut
 * Cassava
 * Fish
 * Gum Arabic
 * Cotton
 * Timber
 * Palm oil
 * Cocoa
 * Citrus
 * Sugarcane
 * Soy Beans

Culture
The government has made concerted efforts to improve areas of tourist attractions like Mambilla Tourist Center, Gumpti Park and game reserve in Gashaka. Karimjo Abedahh festival and the Nwunyu fishing festival in Ibi, all this is usually held in April of each year where activities such as canoe racing, swimming competition and cultural dances are held. Other festivals are Purma of the Chamba in Donga, Takum and Jibu culture dance in Bali, the Tagba of Acha People in Takum, Kuchecheb of Kutebs in Takum and Ussa, Kati and Bol of the Mambilla and host of others. Taraba is called "Nature's gift to the nation" as the state is rich and has many ethnic groups, including Kuteb, Chamba, Yandang, Mumuyes, Mambila, Karimjo, Wurkums, Jenjo, Jukun, Ichen, Tiv, Kaka, Pena, Kambu, Kodei, Wawa, Vute, Fulani, Hausa and Ndola. A striking historical fact about the State is that it encompasses part of the Mambilla Region which is famed as the Bantu cradle, having been occupied for some five millennia to date (Schwartz, 1972; Zeitlyn & Connell, 2003).

Notable people

 * Aisha Alhassan - Former Nigerian Minister of Women Affairs, Former Senator of Northern Zone of Taraba
 * Emmanuel Bwacha - Former Senator Representing Southern Taraba.
 * Theophilus Danjuma - Nigerian soldier, Politician, Businessman, Nigerian Chief of Army Staff (1975–1979), Minister of Defence (1999–2003)
 * Anna Darius Ishaku - Barrister, Wife to the former governor, Darius Ishaku
 * Darius Ishaku - Former Governor of Taraba state
 * David Jimkuta -Current Senator Representing Southern Taraba.
 * Archbishop Ignatius Ayau Kaigama - The current Archbishop of Catholic Archdiocese of Abuja
 * Agbu Kefas - Current Governor of Taraba State
 * Abdullahi Bala Lau, popularly known as Sheikh Balalau, is a Nigerian Islamic scholar, cleric, mufassir, and preacher.
 * Shuaibu Isa Lau - Senator representing Taraba North
 * Saleh Mamman - Nigerian minister of power
 * Mahmud Mohammed - Nigerian Jurist and former Chief Justice of Nigeria
 * Jolly Nyame - Former Governor of Taraba state
 * Danbaba Suntai - Nigerian pharmacist, Politician, Former Governor of Taraba state
 * Abbas Njidda Tafida - Current Emir of Muri
 * Yusuf Abubakar Yusuf - Senator Representing Central Taraba, Member of the All Progressive Congress(APC),Caretaker/Extraordinary Convention Planning Committee (CECPC)

Politics
The state government is led by a democratically elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Jalingo.

Electoral system
The governor of the state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of votes and over 25% of votes in at least two-third of the state local government areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government areas.

title: Taraba State


text:
Hungry Horace

Hungry Horace is a video game developed by Psion Software Ltd. and published by Sinclair Research in 1982 for Commodore 64, Dragon 32/64, Timex Sinclair 2068, ZX Spectrum, and later for Microsoft Windows and Android. It is the first game in the Horace series. The gameplay is noted to be very similar to Pac-Man, involving the collection of food pellets in a maze while avoiding enemies. Despite this, critical reception of the game was generally positive upon release.

Gameplay
The original Horace game, Hungry Horace was written as a simple Pac-Man clone, published in 1982. In it, Horace must gather food from around a park and move onto the next section while avoiding park guards. It is possible for him to collect a bell to panic the guards and render them vulnerable, like the power pills in Pac-Man. This title was available on the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Dragon 32. The ZX Spectrum original was marketed and distributed by Sinclair themselves, the Commodore 64 and Dragon 32 versions by Melbourne House.

The Commodore 64 version also included a level editor which allowed the game owner to create, edit and save to cassette tape their own levels of the game. These could be shared with other owners of the game.

A DOS-hosted level editor was written for the ZX Spectrum version in 2009.

Hungry Horace was released on Steam by Pixel Games UK on September 17, 2020.

Reception
Dick Olney for Personal Computer World said "The graphics are excellent, and there are some interesting, if rather limited, sound effects."

John Scriven for Dragon User said "If you like maze chasing with a difference, then I can heartily recommend Horace."

Computer and Video Games said "Horace is one of the stars of computer games. like Miner Willy, Cuthbert, and the Pi-Man, his latest games are looked forward to in the same way as the next instalment of the Star Wars or Rocky sagas."

David Brudenall for Your Computer said "all things considered, it's a marvellous little game, especially for the graphics, and would be especially good for young children."

Commodore Computing International said "Hungry Horace is undoubtedly a good and occasionally funny game."

Reviews

 * The ZX Spectrum Book
 * Allt om Hemdatorer (Swedish)
 * Popular Computing Weekly - Jan 06, 1983
 * Popular Computing Weekly - Dec 22, 1983
 * Happy Computer - Aug, 1984

title: Hungry Horace


text:
APRN

APRN stand for:

 * Alaska Public Radio Network
 * Advanced practice registered nurse
 * An Phoblacht Republican News
 * Blue Apron stock ticker

title: APRN


text:
Frequency grid

For telecommunications, a frequency grid is a table of all the central frequencies (and corresponding wavelengths) of channels allowed in a communications system.

The most common frequency grid used for fiber-optic communication is that used for channel spacing in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) at wavelengths around 1550 nm and defined by ITU-T G.694.1. The grid is defined relative to 193.1 THz and extends from 191.7 THz to 196.1 THz with 100 GHz spacing. While defined in frequency, the grid is often expressed in terms of wavelength, in which case it covers the wavelength range of 1528.77 nm to 1563.86 nm with approximately a 0.8 nm channel spacing.

For practical purposes, the grid has been extended to cover 186 THz to 201 THz and subdivided to provide 50 GHz and 25 GHz spaced grids.

title: Frequency grid