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The Railway Magazine

The Railway Magazine is a monthly British railway magazine, aimed at the railway enthusiast market, that has been published in London since July 1897. it was, for three years running, the railway magazine with the largest circulation in the United Kingdom, having a monthly average sale during 2009 of 34,715 (the figure for 2007 being 34,661). It was published by IPC Media until October 2010, with, and in 2007 won IPC's 'Magazine of the Year' award. Since November 2010, The Railway Magazine has been published by Mortons of Horncastle.

History
The Railway Magazine was launched by Joseph Lawrence and ex-railwayman Frank E. Cornwall of Railway Publishing Ltd, who thought there would be an amateur enthusiast market for some of the material they were then publishing in a railway staff magazine, the Railway Herald. They appointed as its first editor a former auctioneer, George Augustus Nokes (1867–1948), who wrote under the pseudonym "G. A. Sekon". He quickly built the magazine circulation to around 25,000. From the start it was produced in Linotype on good-quality paper and well illustrated with photographic halftone and occasional colour lithographic plates.

In 1910, following a dispute with the proprietors, Nokes resigned and started a rival, very similar, magazine, Railway and Travel Monthly. Both this and The Railway Magazine in 1916 were purchased by John Aiton Kay (1883–1949), proprietor of the Railway Gazette, and Nokes's title was renamed Transport and Travel Monthly in 1920 before being amalgamated with The Railway Magazine from January 1923. Apart from this episode, The Railway Magazine had no serious commercial rival in its field until the 1940s. Kay himself served as editor after his predecessor had left for service in World War II. For many years the magazine shared editorial direction with the Railway Gazette, and for periods had officially no editor of its own. From May 1942 to the end of 1949, paper shortages compelled bi-monthly publication; in January 1942 there had been a reduction of the page size by a half-inch in both dimensions down to 9 × (which lasted until October 1963), though it continued to use art paper for a centre section of photographs, which had begun in January 1934.

The magazine claims a record for the longest unbroken published series, begun under the title "British locomotive practice and performance" in 1901, characterised by detailed logs giving the timings of notable trips, recorded by observers with a stopwatch (the September 1930 column was 'pulled' by the editor as being too critical of Nigel Gresley's London and North Eastern Railway steam locomotives). Its first writer was the New Zealand-born Charles Rous-Marten (1844–1908). One of those who shared authorship of the series after his death was the Great Eastern Railway engineer Cecil J. Allen (1886–1973) who became sole author from 1911 until succeeded by Oswald Nock in 1958, when Cecil J. Allen moved his performance column to Trains Illustrated (later renamed Modern Railways), edited by his son, G. Freeman Allen. From 1981 to 2004 the performance series was written by Peter Semmens (1927-2007), who also served as chief correspondent from 1990, notably reporting on the Channel Tunnel construction. Authorship of the series, now called just "Practice & performance", has subsequently been shared by Keith Farr and John Heaton.

The editor originated a series of "Illustrated Interviews" with senior railway officials, the first being Joseph Wilkinson, general manager of the Great Western Railway; another early manager to feature was John Sylvester Hughes of the Festiniog Railway. Other contributors of features in earlier days included Rev. W. J. Scott, Rev. Victor L. Whitechurch (1868–1933), Charles H. Grinling, railwayman H. L. Hopwood (1881–1927), and the much-travelled T. R. Perkins (1872–1952). Harold Fayle contributed on Irish railways (for many years it was traditional for the May issue to have a strong Irish content, with the January one having a Scottish slant). A notable series by the locomotive engineer E. L. Ahrons on "Locomotive and train working in the latter part of the nineteenth century" was published between 1915 and 1926 (and much later collected in book format). A very small amount of fiction was included in the magazine's earliest days. Another feature which has persisted since the early days has been answers to readers' questions, under the title "The why & the wherefore".

Notable photographic contributors of the Interwar period included Maurice W. Earley (1900–82), W. Leslie Good, Frank R. Hebron (died 1980), F. E. Mackay, O. J. Morris (1902–61) (who produced the first colour photograph published in the magazine, in 1938) and H. Gordon Tidey. The cover design, incorporating a photograph, remained substantially unchanged from the early 1900s to the mid-1950s; colour was first introduced there in 1963. In common with most similar magazines, the pictorial content is today largely in colour.

In earliest days, current news paragraphs were placed at the back of the magazine under the headings "What the railways are doing" and "Pertinent paragraphs"; from 1987 news was moved to the front. The magazine has also over the years steadily extended its detailed coverage of locomotive and rolling stock movements. It now covers current British railway news, modern traction, some history, heritage railways and general and international railway topics.

Between November 1963 and December 1996, the definite article was omitted from the title, which was Railway Magazine during that period. Since November 1983, the word "Magazine" has been in smaller type.

Editors
† died in office ‡ nominally Deputy Editor

Online presence
The Railway Magazine has a presence on the National Preservation forums. Members and readers are able to talk and comment directly to members of the editorial staff, providing both feedback and constructive criticism. This has been noted as a valuable source of information for the magazine in order to keep in touch with its readership online in the internet age.

title: The Railway Magazine


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H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds (The Asylum film)

H. G. Wells' War of the Worlds, also known as Invasion and H. G. Wells' The Worlds in War internationally, or simply as War of the Worlds, is a 2005 Japanese-American direct-to-DVD independent fantasy horror film produced by The Asylum, which premiered on Sci Fi Channel on Tuesday June 28, 2005, and directed by David Michael Latt. It is a loose adaptation of the H. G. Wells novel, and a mockbuster of the DreamWorks/Paramount film based on the same source, in addition to the third film adaptation overall.

A contemporary translation of the novel set in the United States, War of the Worlds tells of an invasion of Earth by technologically-advanced extraterrestrials, from the perspective of an American astronomer trying to reunite with his family. It is the only adaptation besides the 1953 film in which the main character actively tries to repel the aliens. The film is loosely based on an unproduced screenplay called "Invasion", written by Carlos De Los Rios in 1997.

The DVD was released on June 28, one day before DreamWorks' film, and stars C. Thomas Howell, Peter Greene, and Jake Busey. The alternate title of Invasion is likely for the film's overseas distribution since Paramount Pictures claims to own exclusive film rights of the War of the Worlds title in the European Union, but also derives from the original name of De Los Rios's screenplay. The film is The Asylum's most successful production to date, having sold over 250,000 copies from Blockbuster upon its release. A sequel, War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave, was released in 2008.

Plot
On the surface of Mars, the Mars rover is destroyed by an unknown force. Astronomer George Herbert (Howell) and his wife Felicity (Van Wyk Loots) are packing for a trip to Washington, D.C. to celebrate their 10th wedding anniversary. George's son Alex spots a meteorite entering Earth's atmosphere. George is called to work about the incident, and his wife and son leave early for D.C. without him.

As he drives to work, a meteorite lands. An alien "walker" emerges from the crater and massacres the witnesses with an energy weapon, George barely escaping with his life. George decides to meet with his brother Matt in Hopewell before moving on to Washington, D.C..

Despite rumors that D.C. has suffered some of the worst of the invasion thus far, George moves onward and meets with Sgt. Kerry Williams, the last remaining member of his squad. George and Williams meet with Samuelson, a power-mad lieutenant with unrealistic notions of resistance against the invaders, who rejects them as cowards.

In Hopewell, the walkers launch a heavy insurrection and Matt dies in the trail of destruction. George and Sgt.Williams are separated in the battle. Farther along the trail to D.C., a pastor, Victor, finds George and describes to him his belief that the invasion is a form of the Rapture, but remains optimistic. The two go on together towards D.C..

Victor's faith is bruised when a hysterical member of his church curses God for the death of her children. George and Victor witness the final effort of the military against the walkers, who defeat them with toxic green gas.

The two seek refuge in the abandoned house of a veterinarian for food and medicine when the neighborhood is flattened by another meteorite, trapping them in the ruins. George observes the aliens harvesting humans while Victor becomes despondent, rejecting his faith.

George finds rabies vaccine and plans to use it against the aliens. George successfully injects a curious alien, only for it to kill Victor and leave. Days later, the aliens vanish and George continues his journey on foot to D.C..

George reunites with Sgt. Williams, and a deranged Samuelson, who has given himself a battlefield promotion. Samuelson senselessly murders Williams, and George in turn murders Samuelson.

George finally reaches a completely destroyed Washington D.C.. There, he becomes suicidal until he finds that the aliens have all died, apparently having no immunity to a human virus. George finds Felicity and Alex alive among the few human survivors.

Cast

 * C. Thomas Howell as Dr. George Herbert
 * Andy Lauer as Sgt. Kerry Williams
 * Rhett Giles as Pastor Victor
 * Tinarie Van Wyk-Loots as Felicity Herbert
 * Jake Busey as Lt./General Samuelson
 * Peter Greene as Matt Herbert
 * Dashiell Howell as Alex Herbert
 * Edward DeRuiter as Max

Adapting the novel
Director/editor/executive producer/co-writer David Michael Latt (who admits to never seeing the Byron Haskin/George Pal version or the 1988 television series, but has been a fan of the H.G. Wells novel since childhood) made it clear that his film changed certain aspects from the source material in addition to the time and location. Most notable is that the tripods have been changed to six-legged crab-like machines called "walkers" (a result of allowing the effects team creative freedom).

The aliens are indeed Martians (though the film never states this, it is suggested as an opening credit sequence uses shots of the Red Planet's landscape), but they bear little resemblance to their novel's counterparts. Whereas Wells described his invaders as bear-sized tentacled creatures, the film's Martians are insect-like with four tentacle-like legs. These aliens also have the ability to spit acid from their feet, which melts anything. At the end of the legs three tongue-like appendages closely resemble the Martian fingers from Byron Haskin's 1953 film version of The War of the Worlds and the 1988 television series version.

The war machines are crab-like "walkers" with six legs. A Heat Ray is built into the machine's "head", and is fired from a single eye. The fighting machines do not appear to have protection against modern artillery (avoiding the "invisible shields" seen in the 1953 film version and Steven Spielberg's 2005 film), leaving their ability to conquer unexplained. The aliens do have a substance similar to the black smoke, but is more of a dense green toxic gas unable to rise above ground level, allowing survivors to escape by getting to high places.

The protagonist is George Herbert, a reference to H. G. Wells. Rather than being a writer, as in the novel, he is an astronomer. The film leaves the eve of the war storyline and its characters almost completely absent. He also has a son, who is portrayed by Dashiell Howell, who is actually the son of George's actor C. Thomas Howell.

Despite these differences, George goes through much of what befalls the novel's protagonist, even in sacrificing himself to the Martians, only for them to drop dead of infection. He is also separated from his family and tries to reunite with them once the invasion begins, As in the novel, they are alive at the conclusion. George's brother, a Ranger, is less fortunate; he is seen only briefly after being fatally wounded in an attack by the invaders. In the book, the narrator's brother takes up a major narrative role.

A major deviation from the text is that the protagonist actually tries to produce a means of stopping the Martians, but whether or not he is directly responsible for their downfall is ambiguous. There is a theme of disease throughout - George's son is seen suffering from a mild cold, while George himself suffers from a major fever which leaves him incapacitated for two days.

The novel's Artilleryman is divided into two characters. The first, Kerry Williams, exhibits the defeated status. He accompanies George as they move to unaffected areas, meeting soldiers oblivious to the danger they will soon face, until they become separated when George takes refuge underwater to evade the Martians. After his ordeal in the ruined house, George encounters the same defeatist Williams again. Instead, the other personality, portrayed in the novel's later stages, is Lt. Samuelson.

The novel's unnamed Curate is Victor in the film. While the two are very similar, Victor, a priest, is optimistic and is sure that the invasion is the Rapture. However, his faith is deeply shaken when he meets a congregant who screams against God for the loss of her family, causing Victor to question why he himself has yet to be taken. Unlike the Curate, Victor keeps his composure when he is trapped in the ruined house as he wrestles with his thoughts. Where the Curate had to be subdued in the novel, Victor regains his faith just before he is killed by the Martians.

The film includes homages to the 1953 film. The aliens' hands deliberately resemble those of the Martians of the 1953 film, and the protagonists of each film both actively try to weaken the aliens, another deviation from the novel.

Reception
Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed wrote: "It really says something that it took three writers to produce such a piece of junk." Everything Action states that the movie generally follows the outline of Wells' book, but found that the movie is not worth watching as it tries too hard to be taken seriously.

Scott Weinberg of DVDTalk.com gave it 3 out of 5 and wrote: "As direct-to-video sci-fi goes, this particular War of the Worlds version is a perfectly entertaining little diversion. If you just love the Alien Invasion stories, you could certainly do a whole lot worse. In fact, you probably have within the past year alone."

Sequel
On April 1, 2008, a sequel, War of the Worlds 2: The Next Wave, was released. C. Thomas Howell directed the film and reprised the role of George Herbert, and his son Dash Howell reprised the role of Alex. The film also starred Christopher Reid.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Vietnamese name

Traditional Vietnamese personal names generally consist of three parts, used in Eastern name order.

 * A family name (normally patrilineal, although matrilineality is possible, in cases such as divorce, children of a single mother, or if a child didn't want to have the father's surname. The father's family name may be combined with the mother's family name to form a compound family name).
 * A middle name (normally a single name but some have no middle name).
 * A given name (normally single name but some have multiple given names).

But not every name is conformant. For example:
 * Nguyễn Trãi has his family name Nguyễn and his given name is Trãi. He does not have any middle name.
 * Phạm Bình Minh has his family name Phạm and his given name is Bình Minh (lit. 'dawn'). He does not have any middle name.
 * Nguyễn Văn Quyết has his family name Nguyễn, his middle name is Văn (lit. 'literature') and his given name is Quyết (lit. 'decide').
 * Nguyễn Ngọc Trường Sơn has his family name Nguyễn, his middle name is Ngọc (lit. 'pearl') and his given name is Trường Sơn (lit. 'long mountain').
 * Hoàng Phủ Ngọc Tường (a Vietnamese poet) has his family name Hoàng Phủ (natural compound family name), his middle name is Ngọc and his given name is Tường (lit. 'deep understanding'). Sometimes his family name is confused with Hoàng.
 * Trần Lê Quốc Toàn has his compound family name combined from Trần (from his father) and Lê (from his mother), his middle name is Quốc (lit. 'country') and his given name is Toàn (lit. 'fully').

The "family name first" written order is usual throughout the East Asian cultural sphere or Sinosphere; but "middle names" are less common in Chinese and Korean names and uncommon in Japanese names. Persons can be referred to by the whole name, the given name, or a hierarchic pronoun, which usually connotes a degree of family relationship or kinship – but referring via given name is most common, as well as if degree of family relationship or kinship is unknown. In more informal contexts or in the Western world, given name can be written first then family name e.g. Châu Bùi or Thanh Trần.

The Vietnamese language is tonal and so are Vietnamese names. Names with the same spelling but different tones represent different meanings, which can confuse people when the diacritics are dropped, as is commonly done outside Vietnam (e.g. Đoàn vs Doãn, both become Doan when diacritics are omitted). Additionally, some Vietnamese names can only be differentiated via context or with their corresponding chữ Hán, such as 夏 (Hạ) or 賀 (Hạ). Anyone applying for Vietnamese nationality must also adopt a Vietnamese name. Vietnamese names have corresponding Hán-Nôm character adopted early on during Chinese rule. Vietnamese script is fully transliterated (romanized), because the previous script, chữ Nôm, was replaced by chữ Quốc ngữ, which was made compulsory during the French colonial era.

Surname or Family name
Due to historical contact with Chinese dynasties, Vietnamese names originated from Middle Chinese. The family name (tên họ) is positioned first and is passed on by the father to his children in a traditionally patrilineal order, but exceptions are possible. It is estimated that there are around 100 family names in common use, but some are far more common than others. The name Nguyễn was estimated to be the most common (40%) in 2005. The reason the top three names are so common is that people tended to take the family names of emperors, to show loyalty to particular dynasties in history. Over many generations, those family names became permanent.

The following are the most common family names among Vietnamese, with their chữ Quốc ngữ spelling, and their corresponding Hán-Nôm characters, which are now obsolete. The figures are from a 2022 study 100 họ phổ biến ở Việt Nam (100 Most Popular Surnames/Family Names In Vietnam) from the Vietnamese Social Science Publisher (Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội).

In 2005, these 14 names had accounted for around 90% of the Vietnamese population.

The following list includes less-common surnames in alphabetical order which make up the other 10% (2005), now 16.3% (2022):

Other

 * Ái: 愛
 * An: 安
 * Ân: 殷
 * Bạch: 白
 * Bành: 彭
 * Bao: 包
 * Biên: 邊
 * Biện: 卞
 * Cam: 甘
 * Cảnh: 耿
 * Cảnh: 景
 * Cao: 高
 * Cái: 蓋
 * Cát: 葛
 * Chân: 甄
 * Châu: 周
 * Chiêm: 詹
 * Chu: 朱
 * Chung: 鍾
 * Chử: 褚
 * Cổ: 古
 * Cù: 瞿
 * Cung: 宮
 * Cung: 龔
 * Củng: 鞏
 * Cừu: 裘
 * Dịch: 易
 * Diệp: 葉
 * Doãn: 尹
 * Dũ: 俞
 * Dung: 容
 * Dư: 余
 * Dữu: 庾
 * Đái: 戴
 * Đàm: 譚
 * Đào: 陶
 * Đậu: 竇
 * Điền: 田
 * Đinh: 丁
 * Đoàn: 段
 * Đồ: 涂
 * Đồng: 童
 * Đổng: 董
 * Đường: 唐
 * Giả: 賈
 * Giải: 解
 * Gia Cát :諸葛
 * Giản: 簡
 * Giang: 江
 * Giáp: 郟
 * Hà: 何
 * Hạ: 賀
 * Hạ: 夏
 * Hác: 郝
 * Hàn: 韓
 * Hầu: 侯
 * Hình: 邢
 * Hoa: 花
 * Hoắc: 霍
 * Hoạn: 宦
 * Hồng: 洪
 * Hứa: 許
 * Hướng: 向
 * Hy: 郗
 * Kha: 柯
 * Khâu: 邱
 * Khổng: 孔
 * Khuất: 屈
 * Kiều: 喬
 * Kim: 金
 * Kỳ: 祁
 * Kỷ: 紀
 * La: 羅
 * Lạc: 駱
 * Lại: 賴
 * Lam: 藍
 * Lăng: 凌
 * Lãnh: 冷
 * Lâm: 林
 * Lận: 藺
 * Lệ: 酈
 * Liên: 連
 * Liêu: 廖
 * Liễu: 柳 (in northern or central regions)
 * Long: 龍
 * Lôi: 雷
 * Lục: 陸
 * Lư: 盧
 * Lữ: 呂
 * Lương: 梁
 * Lưu: 劉 (in central or southern regions)
 * Mã: 馬
 * Mạc: 莫
 * Mạch: 麥
 * Mai: 梅
 * Mạnh: 孟
 * Mao: 毛
 * Mẫn: 閔
 * Miêu: 苗
 * Minh: 明
 * Mông: 蒙
 * Ngân: 鄞
 * Nghê: 倪
 * Nghiêm: 嚴
 * Ngư: 魚
 * Ngưu: 牛
 * Nhạc: 岳
 * Nhan: 顔
 * Nhâm: 任
 * Nhiếp: 聶
 * Nhiều: 饒
 * Nhung: 戎
 * Ninh: 寧 & 甯
 * Nông: 農
 * Ôn: 溫
 * Ổn: 鄔
 * Ông: 翁
 * Phí: 費
 * Phó: 傅
 * Phong: 酆
 * Phòng: 房
 * Phù: 符
 * Phùng: 馮
 * Phương: 方
 * Quách: 郭
 * Quan: 關
 * Quản: 管
 * Quang: 光
 * Quảng: 鄺
 * Quế: 桂
 * Quyền: 權
 * Sài: 柴
 * Sầm: 岑
 * Sử: 史
 * Tạ: 謝
 * Tào: 曹
 * Tăng: 曾
 * Tân: 辛
 * Tần: 秦
 * Tất: 畢
 * Tề: 齊
 * Thạch: 石
 * Thai: 邰
 * Thái: 蔡
 * Thang: 湯
 * Thành: 成
 * Thảo: 草
 * Thân: 申
 * Thầm / Kham: 諶 (almost exclusively a northern surname)
 * Thi: 施
 * Thích: 戚
 * Thiện: 單
 * Thiệu: 邵
 * Thôi: 崔
 * Thủy: 水
 * Thư: 舒
 * Thường: 常
 * Tiền: 錢
 * Tiết: 薛
 * Tiêu: 焦
 * Tiêu: 蕭
 * Tô: 蘇
 * Tôn: 孫
 * Tôn Thất: 尊室
 * Tông: 宗
 * Tống: 宋
 * Trác: 卓
 * Trạch: 翟
 * Tái: 賽
 * Trang: 莊
 * Trầm: 沈
 * Trâu: 鄒
 * Trì: 池
 * Triệu: 趙
 * Trịnh: 鄭 (almost exclusively a northern surname, based around Thanh Hóa)
 * Từ: 徐
 * Tư Mã: 司馬
 * Tưởng: 蔣
 * Úc: 郁
 * Ứng: 應
 * Vạn: 萬
 * Văn: 文
 * Vân: 雲
 * Vi: 韋
 * Vĩnh: 永
 * Vu: 于
 * Vũ Văn: 宇文
 * Vương: 王
 * Vưu: 尤
 * Xà: 佘
 * Xa: 車 (Chinese Vietnamese write it as Xế)
 * Yên: 鄢
 * Yến: 燕

In Vietnamese culture, women keep their family names once they marry, whilst the progeny tend to have the father's family name, although names can often be combined from a father's and mother's family name, e.g. Nguyễn Lê, Phạm Vũ, Kim Lý etc. In formal contexts, people are referred to by their full name. In more casual contexts, people are always on a "first-name basis", which involves their given names, accompanied by proper kinship terms.

In a few localities of Vietnam, for examples, in Hanoi's Sơn Đồng commune (Hoài Đức district), Tân Lập commune (Đan Phượng district), Cấn Hữu, Tân Hoà, Cộng Hoà, commune (Quốc Oai district), and in Hưng Yên province's Liên Khê commune (Khoái Châu district), there is a custom of daughters taking the fathers' middle names, not family names, as their surnames; therefore arise such female surnames such as Đắc, Đình, Sỹ, Tri, Ngọc, Văn, Tiếp, Doãn, Quế, Danh, Hữu, Khắc, etc. Sons, in contrast, bear their fathers' family names as surnames. There exist several explanations for this custom:
 * Nghiêm Quốc Đạt, a teacher and Sơn Đồng's village-historian, believes that this custom is a vestige of outdated feudal misogynistic practices: in the past, sons were valued more than daughters; therefore, in the present, a son receives his family's surname as his surname, while a daughter only receives her father's branch-name (tên chi) as her surname.
 * Others contend that this custom did not stem from misogynistic discrimination:
 * The Sơn Đồng government states that this custom's original purpose was to merely help distinguish the different branches of one same family; however, when a woman bears her father's surname and branch-name, that will still indicate which family and which branch she belongs to.
 * Many Sơn Đồng's elders and people's commissar Nguyễn Chí Mậu state that those families consider the ostensible surnames - given to sons - to be the "additional names" (tên đệm) or "borrowed surnames" (họ mượn) and consider the ostensible branch-names - given to daughters - to be their "original surnames" (họ gốc) or main surnames (họ chính); in fact, many families with the same "borrowed surnames" are not blood-related at all and their current "main surnames" result from their true ancestral surnames being changed in the past.  Therefore, daughters bear the "main surnames" to remind themselves of their origins after getting married, according to Nguyễn Danh Hữu, the keeper of So village's shrine in Quốc Oai.

Middle name
Most Vietnamese have one middle name (tên đệm), but it is quite common to have two or more or to have no middle name at all. Middle names can be standalone (e.g. Văn or Thị), but is often combined with the given name for a more meaningful overall name, where the middle name is part of the overall given name.

In the past, the middle name was selected by parents from a fairly narrow range of options. Almost all women had Thị as their middle name, and many men had Văn. More recently, a broader range of names has been used, and people named Thị usually omit their middle name because they do not like to call it with their name.

Thị is a most common female middle name, and most common amongst pre-1975 generation but less common amongst younger generations. Thị is an archaic Sino-Vietnamese suffix meaning "clan; family; lineage; hereditary house" and attached to a woman's original family name, but now is used to simply indicate the female sex. For example, the name "Trần Thị Mai Loan" means "Mai Loan, a female person of the Trần family"; meanwhile, the name "Nguyễn Lê Thị An" means "An, a female person of the Nguyễn and Lê families". Some traditional male middle names may include Văn, Hữu , Đức , Thành , Công , Minh , and Quang.

The middle name can have several uses, with the fourth being most common nowadays:
 * 1) To indicate a person's generation. Brothers and sisters may share the same middle name, which distinguish them from the generation before them and the generation after them (see generation name).
 * 2) To separate branches of a large family: "Nguyễn Hữu", "Nguyễn Sinh", "Trần Lâm" (middle names can be taken from the mother's family name). However, this usage is still controversial. Some people consider them to be a part of their family names, not family name + middle name. Some families may, however, set up arbitrary rules about giving a different middle name to each generation.
 * 3) To indicate a person's position (birth order) in the family. This usage is less common than others.
 * 4) To provide a poetic and positive meaning e.g. "Trần Gia Hạnh Phúc" meaning "Happiness to the Trần family".

The first three are no longer in use, and seen as too rigid and strictly conforming to family naming systems. Most middle names utilise the fourth, having a name to simply imply some positive characteristics.

Given name
In most cases, the middle name is formally part of the given name (tên gọi). For example, the name "Đinh Quang Dũng" is separated into the surname "Đinh" and the given name "Quang Dũng". In a normal name list, those two parts of the full name are put in two different columns. However, in daily conversation, the last word in a given name with a title before it is used to call or address a person: "Ông Dũng", "Anh Dũng", etc., with "Ông" and "Anh" being words to address the person and depend on age, social position, etc.

The given name is the primary form of address for Vietnamese. It is chosen by parents and usually has a literal meaning in the Vietnamese language. Names often represent beauty, such as bird or flower names, or attributes and characteristics that the parents want in their child, such as modesty (Khiêm, 謙).

Typically, Vietnamese will be addressed with their given name, even in formal situations, although an honorific equivalent to "Mr.", "Mrs.", etc. will be added when necessary. That contrasts with the situation in many other cultures in which the family name is used in formal situations, but it is a practice similar to usage in Icelandic usage and, to some degree, Polish. It is similar to the Latin-American and southern European custom of referring to women as "Doña/Dona" and men as "Don/Dom", along with their first name.

Addressing someone by the family name is rare. In the past, women were usually called by their (maiden) family name, with thị (氏) as a suffix, similar to China and Korea. In recent years, doctors are more likely than any other social group to be addressed by their family name, but that form of reference is more common in the north than in the south. Some extremely famous people are sometimes referred to by their family names, such as Hồ Chí Minh (Bác Hồ—"Uncle Hồ) (however, his real surname is Nguyễn), Trịnh Công Sơn (nhạc Trịnh—"Trịnh music), and Hồ Xuân Hương (nữ sĩ họ Hồ—"the poetess with the family name Hồ). Traditionally, people in Vietnam, particularly North Vietnam, addressed parents using the first child's name: Mr and Mrs Anh or Master Minh.

When being addressed within the family, children are sometimes referred to by their birth number, starting with one in the north but two in the south. That practice is less common recently, especially in the north.

Double names are also common. For example, Phan Thị Kim Phúc has the given name Kim Phúc.

The Rade people in Vietnam's Central Highlands have a unique first name structure, with male names starting with the letter Y, and female names starting with the letter H. For examples, Y-Abraham, Y-Samuel, H'Mari, H'Sarah.

Examples

 * Lê Lợi (a Emperor of the Lê dynasty) has Lê is his family name and Lợi is his given name. He does not have any middle name.
 * Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San (Emperor Duy Tân) has Nguyễn is his family name, Phúc is his middle name, and Vĩnh San is his given name (a double names). The name is similar to Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (Emperor Gia Long, the first emperor of Nguyễn dynasty), who is commontly called as Nguyễn Ánh.
 * Tôn Thất Thuyết has Tôn Thất is his family name (a compound surname) and Thuyết is his given name. He does not have any middle name. Sometimes his family name is confused with Tôn.
 * Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (a former prime minister) has Nguyễn is his family name, Tấn is his middle name, and Dũng is his given name. In Vietnamese formal usage, he is referred to as Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, but by his given name ("Mr. Dũng") in English-language text of Vietnamese multimedia, not by his family name ("Mr. Nguyễn"). Informally he is "Ba Dũng" in Vietnamese. He can also be referred to as Tấn Dũng.
 * Trần Kim Liên (MC of the Voice People of Ho Chi Minh City) has Trần is her family name, Kim is her middle name, and Liên is her given name. She can also be referred to as Kim Liên.
 * Likewise, the famous general and military leader, Võ Nguyên Giáp, is referred to in Vietnamese by his full name (Võ Nguyên Giáp) in formal sources, but by his given name in English, i.e. "General Giáp". Informally, he is "Ông Giáp" or "Tướng Giáp" in Vietnamese. He can also be referred to as Nguyên Giáp.

Saints' names
Vietnamese Catholics are given a saint's name at baptism (tên thánh (holy name) or tên rửa tội (baptism name)). Boys are given male saints' names, while girls are given female saints' names. This name appears first, before the family name, in formal religious contexts. Out of respect, clergy are usually referred to by saints' name. The saint's name also functions as a posthumous name, used instead of an individual's given name in prayers after their death. The most common saints' names are taken from the New Testament, such as Phêrô (Peter, or Pierre in French), Phaolô (Paul), Gioan (John), Maria (Mary), and Anna or they may remain as they are without Vietnamisation.

Saints' names are respelled phonetically according to the Vietnamese alphabet. Some more well-known saints' names are derived further into names that sound more Vietnamese or easier to pronounce for Vietnamese speakers.

Near-homonyms distinguished by vowel or tones
Some names may appear the same if simplified into a basic ASCII script, as for example on websites, but are different names:
 * Trịnh Căn (鄭根, 1633–1709) reformist warlord, vs. Trịnh Cán (鄭檊, 1777–1782) infant heir of warlord Trịnh Sâm
 * Nguyễn Du (1765–1820) writer, vs. Nguyễn Dữ (c.1550) writer
 * Hoàng Tích Chu (1897–1933) journalist, vs. Hoàng Tích Chù (1912–2003) painter
 * Nguyễn Văn Tỵ (1917–1992) painter and poet, vs. Nguyễn Văn Tý (1925–2019), composer
 * Phan Thanh Hùng (1960) football manager, vs. Phan Thanh Hưng (1987), footballer
 * Nguyễn Bình (1906–1951), vs. Nguyễn Bính (1918–1966)
 * Nguyễn Văn Hưng (1958–) representative of the Vietnam National Assembly, vs. Nguyễn Văn Hùng (1980), martial artist,

Typically, as in the above examples, it is middle or the last personal given name which varies, as almost any Hán-Nôm character may be used. The number of family names is limited.

Further, some historical names may be written using different chữ Hán (Chinese characters), but are still written the same in the modern Vietnamese alphabet.

Indexing and sorting in English
According to the English-language Chicago Manual of Style, Vietnamese names in are indexed according to the "given name, then surname + middle name", with a cross-reference placed in regards to the family name. Ngô Đình Diệm would be listed as "Diệm, Ngô Đình" and Võ Nguyên Giáp would be listed as "Giáp, Võ Nguyên". In Vietnamese, Vietnamese names are also typically sorted using the same order.

But at the present, Vietnamese names are commonly indexed according "middle-name given-name then SURNAME" in Western name order, or "SURNAME then middle-name given-name" in Eastern name order, to determine exactly the part of surname, especially in media (TV, website, SNS) at events of sports games. This method is similar to Chinese names or Korean names in events. For example:

Presentation
Due to the high frequency of the same surnames in Vietnamese names, it has also become more popular to refer by middle and given name, which together officially is the given name. For example, Lê Mạnh Cường can be referred to as Mạnh Cường or simply as Cường. Since 2023, names in Vietnamese passports have been split into two lines, with the middle name treated as part of the given name.

title: Vietnamese name


text: File:Danielle god.jpg

title: File:Danielle god.jpg


text:
User talk:Chunky~enwiki

the words meaning: IM TOO HOT FOR YOU CHLOE BRICE is often used when being accepted with "seedy speedy" sinning...this gets u a refused entry by the "GOD" aka. chloe brice..but in the end georgiwa watt still ends up being TOO HOT FOR U!!

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Chunky. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Chunky~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:00, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chunky~enwiki


text:
Observation post

An observation post (commonly abbreviated OP), temporary or fixed, is a position from which soldiers can watch enemy movements, to warn of approaching soldiers (such as in trench warfare), or to direct fire. In strict military terminology, an observation post is any preselected position from which observations are to be made - this may include very temporary installations such as a vehicle parked as a roadside checkpoint, or even an airborne aircraft.

Operation

When selecting a (temporary) observation post, trained troops are to avoid obvious and conspicuous locations such as hilltops, water towers or other isolated terrain features, and to ensure that the observation post can be reached via a concealed route. This is especially important as the observer in the post should be rotated every 20–30 minutes, as vigilance decreases markedly after such a time.

Observation posts should be garrisoned with at least two personnel (more, for defense and observer rotation, if the post is to be retained for longer durations), and should be provided a means of communication with their chain of command, preferably by phone instead of by radio.

Structure
Often being positioned in secret very close to the enemy, an observation post is usually a small construct, often consisting largely of camouflage materials and possibly weather cover. However, where frontlines are expected to be stable for a longer time, an observation post (or ground observation post) may develop into a bunker-like installation.

It is not unusual for soldiers to occupy a 'hide' for long periods of time. To avoid detection they have to remove all their own waste. This is achieved with the aid of clingfilm, plastic bags and empty water bottles.

One example of makeshift observation posts is Gaza Baptist Church, which was commandeered by both Fatah and Hamas troops during the Fatah–Hamas conflict.

title: Observation post


text:
Tonga Rugby Union

The Tonga Rugby Union is the governing body of the sport of rugby union in Tonga. They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) along with Fiji and Samoa. There is a rugby union playing population of fewer than 800 out of a total population of 100,000.

They were formed in 1923, and joined the International Rugby Board in 1987 when they were invited to play in the inaugural Rugby World Cup.

National teams
The Tonga national rugby union team is nicknamed Ikale Tahi (Sea Eagles). Like their Polynesian neighbours, the Tongans start their matches with a war dance – the Sipi Tau. They are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance (PIRA) along with Fiji and Samoa. Tonga achieved a historic 19–14 victory over France in pool play in the 2011 Rugby World Cup, but with a 2-2 record in pool play, were unable to achieve what would have been their first ever presence at the quarterfinals.

The Tonga national rugby sevens team participates occasionally in the World Rugby Sevens Series, although they are not one of the core teams. Tonga has participated in five Rugby World Cup Sevens, but has not qualified for the Summer Olympics.

Domestic competition
The Datec Cup Provincial Championship is the highest level of rugby union competition within Tongan rugby and is a stepping stone for local players into international rugby union. Tongan Premier Cup teams include: Army (Ngaahi Koula), and Ma’ufanga Marist.

title: Tonga Rugby Union


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kate M Winter

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:26, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Kate M Winter
Not notable. Thue | talk 09:03, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like another vanity article of a non-notable college student. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 09:06, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, college student vanity. Given the number of people who have graduated from college, creating an article for all of them would seem rather excessive. Average Earthman 10:09, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Same reasons as above. 216.158.31.195 16:59, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 17:49, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all of the above, also remove Birth entry from June 5 --Apjake 01:04, 6 Jun 2005 (EDT)

Tell me what she has done first??? Obviously nothing as reflected in the brevity of her entry I say delete it

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nelson Lin

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedied. — Xezbeth 19:29, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Nelson Lin
Not notable. Thue | talk 09:06, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Taylor julius hughes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:26, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Taylor julius hughes
Not notable. Thue | talk 09:07, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Eixo 09:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Karol 09:21, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. —tregoweth 09:31, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because (and we need a reason as VfD is meant to be a reasoned debate rather than a democratic vote, so one reasoned vote to keep should outweigh 20 unreasoned deletes) is that he isn't a professional actor, and he isn't a professional skier. Amateur acting in local theatre and competing in minor amateur sports do not warrant an article, particularly if they are unverifiable, which these appear to be. Average Earthman 10:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. He's known in his community. woo. 216.158.31.195 16:58, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity bio. The talents will take him far part is said twice.  Enough said. --Etacar11 17:52, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 04:48, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Category:CBM software

 * CBM software —software made or marketed by Commodore Business Machines, Inc. (CBM) — a subsidiary of Commodore International.
 * Commonly referred to as Commodore, or CBM, the company was a significant home computer vendor during the 1980s.

 * Note: This category does not encompass the huge amount of third-party software for Commodore computers, but only software made or marketed by CBM itself.
 * Software for specific CBM machines, regardless of software vendor, is found in its own separate categories:
 * Category: VIC-20 software
 * Category: Commodore 64 software
 * Category: Amiga software

title: Category:CBM software


text:
File:Ifc fashion show.jpg

Photoed by Jerry Crimson Mann 09:08, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC).

title: File:Ifc fashion show.jpg


text:
TARGET (CAD software)

TARGET 3001! is a CAD computer program for EDA and PCB (printing circuit board) design, developed by Ing.-Büro (en: engineering office) Friedrich in Germany. This software application has been available since (for 32 years) and operates on Microsoft Windows. It supports the design of electronic schematics, PCBs, and device front panels. The software is available in English, German and French.

It is possible to use Target 3001! on Linux systems with the assistance of Wine, a compatibility layer for running Windows applications on Unix-like operating systems. This setup has been tested with Ubuntu 11.04 (64-bit).

A notable feature of Target 3001! is its ability to support reverse engineering. Users can derive a circuit drawing from a photograph of an existing circuit board through the traced layout. A special branch of the program is the ASIC Designer, which allows design of integrated circuits.

The company offer a free version of the service for non-commercial use, which is limited to 250 connection pins or pads on two copper layers. The PCB manufacturer PCB-Pool and Conrad Electronic provide a free unlimited version, that generates only printed output or output for PCB-Pool and Conrad's PCB service. Commercial versions with all features are available.

History

A predecessor of TARGET 3001! was a PCB software called "RULE" (Rechner Unterstützter Leiterplatten Entwurf), a DOS-based program developed for PCB layout (1989). The software gained popularity among hobbyists, leading to requests for additional features such as a circuit diagram input function and autorouter, which is an automatic routing function. In response, TARGET 2.1 (for DOS) was released in 1992.

The transition to Windows was initially challenging: early versions of "TARGET V3 for Windows" were prone to frequent crashes. However, as the stability and performance of the package improves, the software's user base expanded beyound hobbyists and educational users to include professionals.

The software package continued to develop with significant expansions starting from version V7. Developments in versions V7 to V16 included an EMC tool and PSPICE-compatible simulation. The name TARGET was evolved over time, becoming TARGET 2001!, before ultimately being changed to "TARGET 3001!" in anticipation of the new millenium. This name was registered as a trademark wth the German Patent Office and used for versions V9 and higher.

TARGET 3001! is used also by industrial designers. For example, TOYOTA used it for cable harnesses in their Formula 1 racing car. Today, TARGET 3001! is one of the most popular PCB layout systems in Germany and Europe. In 2004, readers of electronics magazine Elektor voted it number two. Also, testers of the electronics magazine "c't Hardware Hacks" rated it number two in 2013.

Features
Over the years, TARGET 3001! has been enhanced with several features, combined under one user interface (MDI). These include an EMC module, symbol and housing generators, and SPICE-compatible simulation. Users can design front panels in conjuction with PCBs, and a 3D view feature offers a visual impression of the designed PCB.

All project information is stored in one file to avoid redundancy and version conflicts. Design begins with the creation of a schematic diagram and usually ends with the layout of a PCB (or chip).

The schematics can be simulated by the integrated PSPICE-compatible mixed mode simulator. Components are stored in a SQLite or MySQL database, also externally accessible. Component data include direct links to datasheets and component supplier information as well as simulation information and 3D models. TARGET's open Component Interchange Format CXF is supported by universal component databases like Ultra Librarian and Footprint Expert.

PCBs or ASICs can be designed manually or using an autoplacer and autorouter. A Specctra interface to external autorouters is available. The design can be automatically checked for spacing violations and many other design rules. If the PCB is ready designed it can be directly displayed and rotated in a live 3D view. The 3D data can be exported in STEP format to produce preview 3D dummies of the PCB on 3D printers. Circuit design on 3D bodies (Molded Interconnect Device, MID) is possible.

CNC data for PCB milling can be obtained in several formats. Additionally a device front panel can directly be derived from the PCB, using the coordinates on the PCB, e.g. from LEDs or potentiometers.

Library System
A crucial component of any EDA software is its component libraries. The library system in Target 3001! has undergone several changes:

 * Initially, the software attempted to include all electronic components from the distributor Conrad Electronic SE, resulting in cumbersome handling and bloated libraries, which hindered the search function.
 * From version V15, components have been managed in a parametrically searchable offline SQL database.
 * Version V16 introduced dual-monitor operation and a visualized search using a "gallery."
 * In version V17, a housing generator was added, and the company’s component portal, Componiverse, was integrated.
 * Version V18 saw the release of a component toolbar and a symbol generator.

Moreover, components from the Library Loader portal by SamacSys Ltd. are available for use in Target 3001!.

Functions
Target 3001! includes a comprehensive set of functions for designing circuit diagrams and creating corresponding layouts for printed circuit boards (PCBs). During the layout process, the software ensures consistency between the circuit and the layout.

A component in the circuit diagram comprises several elements:

 * A symbol, which typically includes an assigned connection diagram.
 * A housing.
 * The footprint, representing the solder terminal shape of the component.

Links to component datasheets and suppliers can be stored within the component data. Both circuit symbols and component housings can be custom-designed, assigned to each other, or created and modified using the housing generator. Additionally, 3D models, including STEP-3D formats, can be created and imported for the housings.

The software supports (P)SPICE-compatible circuit diagram simulation, allowing users to simulate the functionality of the circuit in advance. The library contains electrical simulation models for numerous components to facilitate this process.

Layouts on three-dimensional surfaces, such as molded interconnect devices (MID), are also supported. For this purpose, STEP files can be imported into the software.

Advanced Features in Later Versions
From version V20 onwards, Target 3001! introduced advanced manual layout capabilities, including the "push and shove" feature, which automatically clears space for additional traces by moving existing traces aside. Additionally, a "pilot router" feature attempts to autonomously lay traces between the start and finish points.

Automatic Tools
The software includes several automated tools to aid in PCB design:

 * Autoplacer and Autorouter: These tools facilitate the automatic routing of the PCB layout.
 * Design Rule Check (DRC): This feature checks the design for short circuits and other violations of predefined design rules, such as minimum distances and drill diameters.

Relational Consistency
Like other EDA software, Target 3001! maintains relational consistency between the circuit design (circuit diagram) and PCB layout (back annotation). This ensures that only the connections intended in the circuit design are made in the layout.

Output Capabilities
Target 3001! can generate universally usable data for PCB production and assembly, including:

 * Gerber Format Data: Used by PCB manufacturers, with selectable output layers. Many manufacturers can also process supplied Target files directly.
 * Pick-and-Place File: A text file listing component positions for the pick-and-place machine.
 * Parts List: A customizable list of components used in the design.

Integration of Circuit Diagram and PCB Layout
A distinguishing feature of Target 3001! compared to widely used software like Eagle EDA is that both the circuit diagram and PCB layout are stored within a single project file. This integration simplifies the design process and ensures coherence between the circuit and layout aspects of the project.

title: TARGET (CAD software)


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Architecture of Btrieve/archive1

Architecture of Btrieve
Self-nomination — I got Btrieve to FA status, however during my attempts I shifted large amounts of material to the article Architecture of Btrieve. I then tried to get this to FA status but failed - the objections can be found at Featured article candidates/Architecture of Btrieve/Archive1. They were largely to do with explaining what a btree was and that the lead section wasn't terribly interesting. I have since fixed up these issues so am submitting to FAC again. - Ta bu shi da yu 09:12, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment — Could do with a few more linked words (I linked I/O and API) even though they may produce red links. More diagrams wouldn't hurt. Also, no external links? I know the Btrieve article has some but even so, are there no web pages out there that have information relating to the architecture?. Other than that I read it without my eyes drooping - which must be a good sign :) CheekyMonkey 12:38, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Good points - could I clarify which bits you think would be good to have diagrams for? This will give me a chance to make them... will link to the Btrieve website, however there really isn't much on the underlying architecture of Btrieve (its not as popular as, say, MS SQL Server - and rightly so IMO). Most of this is extracted from manuals but even more from Kyle's book! I am gratified to see that it's not too boring :-) Ta bu shi da yu 23:59, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Have wikilinked more words. - Ta bu shi da yu 00:15, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think the Indexing section would benefit from a diagram. Other than that looking at the article again it's hard to see where else a diagram could go where it will successfully summarise the relevant paragraphs. Regarding external links, are there newsgroups / forums out there that deal with the architecture? CheekyMonkey 16:25, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, indexing now has a diagram! - Ta bu shi da yu 03:27, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I think that's fair enough. Will look into creating some diagrams when I get the chance. Hopefully soon. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:29, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I now Support. CheekyMonkey 12:15, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't even really know what Btrieve is, so maybe I shouldn't vote, but the article looks sufficiently crufty, so I vote support. Everyking 12:15, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Btrieve is a database developed by Pervasive". Thanks for the support, I guess. - Ta bu shi da yu 23:59, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that didn't help me much. I mean, I get a general idea. But never mind. Everyking 00:46, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, not "never mind". Clearly you have something you want to say, so out with it man! I'm not sure what else you want us to explain: if your suggestion improves the quality of this article then, by gad, I'll do it! But the fact is that Btrieve is a database, and if the reader wants to know more then there is a wikilink to the main article. As for being crufty — tell me which bits are crufty and I'll rework the section or remove the bits from the article. - Ta bu shi da yu 02:28, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Nah, I use "crufty" as a positive term—that's a compliment. I wasn't saying I thought the article needed to explain it better, I was saying that I don't understand it much myself, and I'm too lazy to try, but nevertheless on a cursory glance the article looks good. Everyking 22:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. In the Lead I would not mention Pervasive's unusual use of navigational database to describe their transactional ISAM-based architecture. I think that this is confusing although it merits mention later.  I have also raised a number of questions as inline comments. --Theo  (Talk) 22:31, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Have fixed the lead section (clarified the issue) and have edited to resolve your comments. Cheers Theo :-) Ta bu shi da yu 23:37, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The changes address all my issues but raise a new one! The clarification of the phrase navigational database is not best presented in the lead because it distracts the reader from more important matters. Could you move any mention of Pervasive's descriptions of their product and the consequent explanations to somewhere lower? --Theo (Talk) 01:37, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool... I was hesitant in making a new section as this doesn't really "fit" in any other section. I have decided that a new section actually was required and have shifted this info into that section. Look OK now? - Ta bu shi da yu 03:19, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. The recent changes address all my concerns. --Theo (Talk) 19:36, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
David H. Frisch

David Henry Frisch (March 12, 1918 – May 23, 1991) was an American physicist who helped develop the atom bomb in World War II and later became active in the disarmament movement. He was also the husband of Rose Epstein Frisch.

Biography
Born in New York, Frisch grew up in San Antonio and graduated from Princeton in 1940. He was a graduate assistant at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1940 to 1942, and then worked at Los Alamos from 1943 to 1945. After the war he moved to MIT, beginning as a research associate in 1946, obtained his PhD in 1947 and was appointed an assistant professor in 1948, associate professor in 1952 and full professor in 1958. He retired in 1988.

Frisch was a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was the recipient of Fulbright, Guggenheim, Alfred P. Sloan and National Science Foundation research fellowships.

Frisch served on the Physics Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation, on the Brookhaven High Energy Advisory Committee, and was chairman of the Long-Range Planning committee of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.

Frisch was active in the field of nuclear disarmament, participating in the Moscow Pugwash Conference in 1960, editing the book Arms Reduction in 1961, and participating in the 1962 Woods Hole Summer Study on Inspection.

Among his scientific publications was a 1963 paper in which he and James H. Smith succeeded in showing objective time dilation in the decay of cosmic muons. A thirty-five-minute movie describing this experiment performed both on the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire as well as at MIT is available online.

He was married to biologist Rose Frisch.

Selected publications

 * D.H. Frisch and J.H. Smith, Am. J. Phys., 31, 342-355 (1963).

title: David H. Frisch


text:
Talk:Namkhai Norbu

Untitled
Article has been kept following this VfD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I added a parenthetical (Mind Emanation) next to 'mental manifestation' since the term Mind Emanation is a specific technical term in Tibetan Buddhism (an individual can reincarnate in any of three types of emanation, Body, Speech or Mind -- and these three types of emanation can reside in different individuals); The phrase 'mental manifestation' sounded (to these ears) like 'hallucination' which was (probably, hopefully) not the intent. Zero sharp 18:55, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Links
Linking needed, I've done a bit... Dehbach 18:15, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Photo
I have added two photos of Chögyal Namkhai Norbu, from my own collection. I release them to the public domain. Please ignore the (C) copyright watermark; i didn't have the time to find my original non-edited images (which are of a huge size.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Flavio81 (talk • contribs)

Nyingma & Bon traditions of Dzogchen
Does Chögyal Namkhai Norbu follow both? This is not clear. Sylvain1972 16:34, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Nyingma & Bon

 * ChNN's teacher, Changchub Dorje, received transmissions both in the Buddhist lineage of Dzogchen, started by Guru Garab Dorje and also in the Bön lineage of Dzogchen (from Shardza Rinpoche).--Klimov 17:27, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Article Expansion and Consistency
I've added introductory info, a bio box, and lots of information and citations. The article still needs some work and more citations, particularly the section now titled "Teaching Dzogchen in the West."

Throughout the available biographical material for Namkhai Norbu, there is some discrepancy in dates and what age he was when various events occurred. For consistency I have kept with the dates and ages given in the bio info contained in The Crystal and the Way of Light, which is an excellent book introducing Norbu and his teachings of Dzogchen.

JuniperFuse (talk) 20:43, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Rupert Sheldrake?
I don't know of any connection between him and Namkhai Norbu, so why is he in the list of internal links? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.212.113.73 (talk) 19:26, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Rupert Sheldrake made a dedication to Rinpoche in The Rebirth of Nature: New Science and the Revival of Animism or whatever it was called...Sheldrake's Missus is a shaman~sound*light~worker and consorts *hehehehe* with the Jewel of the Sky...
 * [[Image:Australite back obl.jpg|thumb|right|Aerodynamically shaped Australite, Australian [[Tektite]].]]
 * B9 hummingbird hovering (talk • contribs) 14:02, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Chogyal Namkhai Norbu was born in Derge (Eastern Tibet)
In 1938 - when Chogyal Namkhai Norbu was born - Tibet was not part of China and at that time the current PRC didn't exist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fronteretro (talk • contribs) 20:21, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Sorry, didn't pay attention to the date. Yworo (talk) 02:55, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

 * As I already pointed out when I added the information, Derge was administered as part of the Republic of China's Xikang province (actually before 1939 it would be western Sichuan "Chuanbian Special Administrative Region", my mistake), which non-Tibetans considered to be outside of Tibet, and which was under control of the Chinese Nationalist governor Liu Wenhui. The translator's introduction to The Lamp That Enlightens Narrow Minds (North Atlantic Books, 2012) by our very own Chogyal Namkhai Norbu (p.3) points out that Derge was under Chinese control from 1911-1919 (and centuries before the fall of the Qing); occupied by the Dalai Lama's troops from 1919-1932; but the invaders were expelled by Liu after that time, and all territory east of the Yangtze River, although sometimes inhabited by ethnic Tibetans, was controlled by Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government, and not the Dalai separatist regime. Shrigley (talk) 03:53, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Got it. Thank you for the very detailed explanation. I will make sure the several different places in the article where the information is repeated are updated as well. Yworo (talk) 19:11, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

Dzongsar Khyentse Chokyi Lodro meant instead?
In the "Early Life" section, it is stated that one of the people Namkhai Norbu received teachings from when young was "Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche," and this links to the lama-filmmaker born in 1961. Since Namkhai Norbu was already well into his forties and teaching himself at the time Dzongsar Khyentse would have begun teaching, I feel it's unlikely to be him but possibly his previous incarnation? - Dzongsar Khyentse Chokyi Lodro. (Apologies: I don't know how to add the links to these pages yet, as I am brand new to this...) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Impossible finding a user name (talk • contribs) 04:51, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

I went ahead and made the change - confirmed by , which is Namkhai Norbu's organization. --Impossible finding a user name (talk) 03:24, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Appropriate personal name usage within article
@Revirvlkodlaku: Regarding possible "overuse of full name" (edit summary here), I'm not sure that MOS:LASTNAME (cf MOS:GIVENNAME) universally applies for Tibetan names. "Norbu" is not actually a family name (see WP:Naming conventions (Tibetan)).

I see that WP:Naming conventions (Tibetan) happens to cite the page Gyaincain Norbu, which uses the name "Gyaincain Norbu" throughout the main text (albeit with judicious use of pronouns, per MOS). 86.186.120.241 (talk) 08:49, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

 * That's fair enough, but is there a compelling reason to use his full name instead? Revirvlkodlaku (talk) 13:52, 15 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I think major differences in the ways names are assigned and used among Tibetans do provide compelling reasons for different usage on Wikipedia, broadly per WP:Naming conventions (Tibetan). A somewhat broad-brush analogy might conceivably be referring to Revirvlkodlaku on a Wikipedia page just as "David". I'm not sure using the name "Norbu" by itself is the more appropriate option here (ping for an independent, informed opinion). 86.186.94.245 (talk) 14:20, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think that's totally valid, and I'm glad you pointed it out. I'll wait to see if Skyerise has anything to add, and then I'll likely change it back to the way it was. Revirvlkodlaku (talk) 15:37, 15 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's true that Tibetan names don't really fall into first/last or given/surname in either Western or Eastern forms. However, publishers typically divide the name - Norbu, Namkhai - as does the Library of Congress. One hears him referred to in the Tibetan Buddhist community as just Norbu Rinpoche, though I must say I never heard him referred to in this way while he was alive. Due to these factors, I've got no preference for either presentation. How other Tibetans should be treated is probably best approached on an individual basis - full names tend to be used while a lama is alive in order to distinguish lamas with similar names. But that doesn't apply here... Skyerise (talk) 19:04, 21 August 2022 (UTC)

Sikkim
Hi, about this revert. We do use "from" cats where a person has settled or resided as one. Considering this in the article would it not qualify?

Thanks Gotitbro (talk) 11:20, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Typically this would call for a "Tibetan expatriates in Sikkim" or even "Expatriates in Sikkim", but neither category exists. Skyerise (talk) 11:23, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Namkhai Norbu


text:
Valley Gang

The Valley Gang was an Irish-American street gang in Chicago, Illinois during the early 20th century, which ultimately made the transition to organized crime and became a de facto extension of the Chicago Outfit under Al Capone.

Formed in the 1890s, the Valley Gang was based in Chicago's Bloody Maxwell section on 15th Street, specializing in pickpocketing and armed robbery. By 1900 the gang had become a leading force in the Chicago underworld, later rivaling Ragen's Colts, hired out for illegal activities ranging from labor slugging to murder for hire. During the mid-1910s, the local Irish mob was led by Paddy "The Bear" Ryan, who, operating from his Irish pub on South Halstead Street, would control most of Bloody Maxwell by Prohibition, until his murder by rival Walter "Runt" Quinlan, in 1920.

After Walter Quinlan's death by Ryan's son Paddy "The Fox" Ryan, Jr., the gang was led by Frankie Lake and Terry Druggan who soon began bootlegging operations as the "Druggan-Lake Gang". Soon becoming successful distributors the gang, with partner Joseph Stenson, owned several breweries by the early 1920s using its wealth to gain political influence and police protection. In 1924, Lake and Druggan were each sentenced to one year in Cook County Jail. However, while serving their sentences, they were allowed to leave the prison regularly due to support from political bosses such as 20th Ward alderman Morris Eller and bribes of $20,000 to Sheriff Peter Hoffman and prison Warden Wesley Westbrook. After a report by the Chicago American, Hoffman was fined $2,500 and sentenced to one-month imprisonment and Westbrook was sentenced to four-months imprisonment.

The gang was soon noticed by Al Capone, due in part to the scandal, and upon their release in 1925 following the bootleg wars an alliance was formed between the gang and the Chicago Outfit, agreeing to give Capone 40% of their earnings in exchange for protection from Ragen's Colts gangsters Danny Stanton, William "Gunner" McPadden, Hughey "Stubby" McGovern, Raymond Cassidy, and Frank "Dutch" Carpenter (although many of these men would be killed during the bootleg wars). With the conviction of Druggan and Lake for tax evasion in 1932 the gang would eventually become absorbed into Outfit by the end of Prohibition. Serving as the Chicago crime syndicate's leading enforcers many of the gang members, including Terry Druggan, retired extremely wealthy.

Terry Druggan
Terry "Machine Gun" Druggan (1903 – March 4, 1954) was an Irish-American mobster and leader of the Chicago based Valley Gang from 1919 and through the prohibition era.

Druggan was very small in stature, with an explosive temper and a lisp, and was well known throughout the Chicago area as a tough street fighter. He was also ambitious, and worked to extend his criminal reach beyond the Valley territory. By 1924, Druggan's gang was successful enough that even the most junior members wore silk shirts and travelled in Rolls-Royce cars with chauffeurs.

Druggan entered into several lucrative business agreements with Johnny Torrio, and pulled the Valley Gang off the streets and remodelled them after Johnny Torrio's restructured version of Jim Colosimo's outfit.

With the fortune he made during prohibition, Druggan bought a lavish residence on Lake Zurich and a winter estate in Florida, and owned 12 new cars. He had a swimming pool and tennis court, though he could not swim or play tennis, and kept dairy cattle, sheep, and pigs in his pastures. He owned a thoroughbred racing stable and raced his horses at Chicago's tracks, the horses wearing his family's ancient Celtic color scheme.

On one occasion, when he was disqualified at one track for fixing the race, Druggan pulled a gun on the officials and threatened to kill them all if they didn't change their ruling. They changed their ruling.

With the end of Prohibition, the Druggan and Lake gang, as the Valley Gang was then called, was completely saturated into the Chicago syndicate's operations, and ceased to exist independently.

title: Valley Gang


text:
Tong, Shropshire

Tong is a village and civil parish in Shropshire, also bordering Staffordshire in England. It is located between the towns of Shifnal, Newport and Brewood. It is near junction 3 of the M54 motorway and A41 road. The population of the village which was included in the civil parish at the 2011 census was 243. The village is also near to Weston Park and the village of Weston-under-Lizard.

Etymology
The name of the village derives from the Old English Tweonga, which means a pinched piece or spit of land; cf. tongs. This stems from the fact that Tong sits between two tributaries of the infant River Worfe.

History
In the 1840s, Tong was surveyed by two different railway companies. The Shrewsbury and Wolverhampton Railway was eventually driven further south to run through Ruckley and Neachley (just south of the M54), whilst the Shrewsbury and Leicester Direct Railway, which would have gone in a north-east to south-west direction between Tong and Tong Norton, was never built.

The village lies just to the north of the M54 in Shropshire. The A41 road used to run through the village, but after heavy traffic and the death of a child under a lorry, the village was bypassed in 1963.

Escape of Charles II
In "White-ladies," one of the "Boscobel Tracts" that describe the events of the escape of Charles II from England after the Battle of Worcester (3 September 1651), there is a statement that Charles, while sheltering at Boscobel House about two miles away, "had the pleasure of a prospect from Tong to Breewood (sic), which satisfied the eyes, and of the famous bells at Tong, which entertained the ear." The bells he heard were the bells of St. Bartholomew's. During the escape Charles also spent the night of 4/5 September 1651 at Hobbal Grange in the parish of Tong as a guest of Richard Penderel.

Church
The village is remarkable mainly for its church, St Bartholomews, inside of which is the supposed grave of Little Nell, a fictional character in Charles Dickens's book, The Old Curiosity Shop. It is thought that Dickens visited Tong church. His grandmother is supposed to have worked at Tong Castle many years before as a girl. The Castle (demolished in 1954) stood to the south; its site is now occupied by the M54 motorway.

The 'grave' is thought to have come about because Charles Dickens's novel was serialised and shipped over to America, and as a result, Americans began coming over to England to visit scenes featured in the book. The tourists recognised the references to Tong church from the book and came to view the supposed 'grave', which of course was not there.

However, a verger and village postmaster, George H. Boden (16 August 1856 - May 1943) apparently asked local people to pay for a headstone, forged an entry in the church register of burials (apparently the giveaway was that he used post office ink to do this), and charged people to see the 'grave'. The marker has been moved from time to time to make way for genuine graves.

A particularly notable feature of St. Bartholomew's is the collection of memorials to the Vernon family and other proprietors of the Tong estate inside the church. St. Bartholomew's was chosen by Simon Jenkins of The Times in 1999 as one of the best 1,000 churches (out of 15,000) in England. He awarded the church, which was mostly rebuilt in 1409, three stars out of a possible five. He refers to the collection of village tombs, the masterpiece of which being that of Richard Vernon, who died in 1451. Most of the earlier ones are carved from alabaster, and are the products of the top end of the nearby late medieval Nottingham alabaster industry.

Tong Castle
Tong Castle was a large mostly Gothic country house, set within a park landscaped by Capability Brown, on the site of a medieval castle of the same name. Tong Castle's remains are now a Historic England Grade II listed site.

Potential New Town Development
Since 2018, Bradford Estates, who own land around Tong and surrounding villages in the area, have been promoting a new settlement proposal to Shropshire Council to build an employment park creating 9,000 jobs, up to 3,000 homes with a village centre, medical facility, school and four public parks on land on west side of the A41 bounded by the M54, A5 and Lizard Hill. Some local residents formed an action group to stop the plans, including a local MP, Mark Pritchard. The proposal was eventually rejected in 2020 by Shropshire Council, but Bradford Estates are still continuing with the proposal in light of the need regionally for jobs and homes; later that year, a fresh consultation on the plans was renewed and is still ongoing.

title: Tong, Shropshire


text:
Talk:2-perf pulldown

In response to the person who has marked this for cleanup:

Ok... keep your hair on! I'll add more detail to it when I get a chance... if you want to know what "2-perf pulldown is" then look up "3-perf" on wikipedia... 2-perf is very similar to 3-perf except it only uses 2 perferations of the 35mm film.

title: Talk:2-perf pulldown


text:
Talk:Mobile Suit Gundam: The 08th MS Team

Reverts
For a non-discussion about the reverts, see Talk:Mobile Suit Gundam. --IgorTrieste 09:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Introduction
The intro to this article is quite long. It also was clearly written by a fan, and seems to stray from having an NPOV. I am going to pare it down and try to steer the tone of the text back to a detached, objective analysis. GutterMonkey 04:25, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Kerguelenko
Should there be something about the dark haired Zeon officer girl who was on the Kerguelen helping the wounded soldiers? Even though she only had 3 lines (and canonically died pretty hard along with everyone else on board when the GM Sniper Custome took it out), she's a bit of a fan favorite with the people who have made most of the good OYW games; she has appeared as the com operator in both Journey to Jaburo and Zeonic Front and has a cameo in Lost War Chronicles. 209.248.160.82 16:17, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Merger
I've suggested merging all the character articles from this show onto here. Once that's done maybe we could have just a brief description with each character along with their respective voice actors. Shaneymike (talk) 20:59, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Review(s)
Animefringe --Lucia Black (talk) 06:22, 23 February 2014 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket

Reverts
For a non-discussion about the reverts, see Talk:Mobile Suit Gundam. --IgorTrieste 09:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fair use images
This page had way too many fair use images. Including the infobox one, it had 6. Most seem to be in violation of WP:NFCC: Multiple items are not used if one will suffice; one is used only if necessary. and WP:NFCC: ''Non-free content is used only if its presence would significantly increase readers' understanding of the topic, and its omission would be detrimental to that understanding. Non-free media files are not used if they can be replaced by text that serves a similar function.'' I've deleted one as it was tagged as disputed and not challenged. The others, except for the infobox one, I've tagged as disputed. They seem to just be used as decoration. Mainly, I'm disputing that "the material contributes significantly to the articles." Mr.  Z- man  02:46, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I've commented them out for now. They are:
 * Image:0080Characters.jpg
 * Image:0080MS-06FZ.jpg
 * Image:0080MSM-07EandMSM-03C.jpg
 * Image:0080RX-78NT-1Gundam.jpg
 * -- Mr.  Z- man  02:52, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Merger
I've suggested merging all the character articles from this show onto here. Once that's done maybe we could have just a brief description with each character along with their respective voice actors. Shaneymike (talk) 20:59, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
 * If it does not make the article too long, go for it. I noticed the discussion on Farix's talk page, same for other series as well. —Preceding signed comment added by MythSearchertalk  01:34, 14 August 2009 (UTC)
 * On the subject of merger, articles on the MS-18 Kampfer seem to have disappeared. The Gundam Alex meanwhile has short mentions in the Gundam article. Due to 0080 revolving around both the Kampfer and the Alex, it may be appropriate for them to get some mention either on this page, or some list of mecha. Traece (talk) 08:08, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Al's age
It is stated that he is both 10 and 11 years old. Which one is the truth?. --Shintenpu 23:48, 21 Aug 2010 (EST)

Sources to track down
I'm trying to improve but, damn, it's kind of difficult to find reliable sources for it. Because it's an "old" series, most information is only available through print magazines. So I'm listing some potential useful sources:
 * Animerica August 1998 issue is said to report original NA release on September 1, 1998
 * Animerica Volume 10 #3 is said to have a spotlight on it
 * This undated Animerica page indicates the release of a box set for December 7
 * This indicates a review on Anime Reference Guide 2:1 (1992), pp. 39–42; and on Manga Max (March 2000), pp. 52–54.

If someone have one of them or can find them, it's great. Any other sources are appreciated. Gabriel Yuji (talk) 19:41, 16 January 2018 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Illichville

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:26, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Illichville
"Proposed city" it says. Proposed, yes, but as an artist's project rather than as a real place that will exist. The website pointed to (several times) in the external links talks of an already extant city linked to nearby similarly created villages. Once you remove Wiki-linked pages, it gets almost 250 google hits. Grutness...  wha?  09:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Proposed by who? If it was proposed by a notable architect, then it would be of interest and warrant an article. If it was proposed by a very rich man with an interest in architecture who might be the sort to actually put their plans into action (e.g. Prince Charles with his village), then it may be of interest. If you follow the external links then you find this is the brainchild of Robert Avidor. But who is Robert Avidor? He doesn't appear to have any note or influence that I can find from Google. Average Earthman
 * Delete. Crystal ball, etc. RickK 04:16, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless notability of Avidor and/or others involved (if, indeed, there are any) is established. carmeld1 02:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. -- Fingers-of-Pyrex 14:54, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:East London Bus Group

This article has been kept following this VfD debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Name
Reached this article through the random article search - and contrary to the article stating the Stagecoach London name will continue I have noted buses in various stages of hybrid schemes - the final product being a smart plain red bus with Selkent Logos - perhaps someone should find out what is really going on and add to article W022a 13:00, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ELBG.jpg
Image:ELBG.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:08, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Userbox
Pafcool2 (talk) 17:42, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:East London Bus Group.JPG
Image:East London Bus Group.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 07:06, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I have uploaded a clearer version of this logo and provided a fair use rationale. -- Arriva436 (talk) 19:51, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:East London Bus Group


text:
User:Kwb~enwiki

Hi, this is Kwb, greeting from Tokyo Japan. I have joined Wikipedia (Japanese) since Feb. ’05, and have participated the English page from June ’05. Mostly I am acting for the Japanese page.

Although I have no idea how much I could do actually, I think if I could make some contribution for improving the articles related to Japan and so on.

ja:User:Kwb

title: User:Kwb~enwiki


text:
Bajo

The Bajo, Bajonese, Bajonesian, or Wajo, Wajonese (ᨈᨚ ᨓᨍᨚ; Badjo; Badjo, Wadjo) are the indigenous Indonesian ethnic group native to the Bajo Island of Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara) in Indonesia. These ethnic group can be found all across the Flores Sea to the northeastern Bali Sea, and some have established permanent settlements in the southern of Sulawesi where they are locally known as the Wajo Bugis due to their close historical relation with the Bugis ethnic group.

Ethnonym
The ethnonym of Bajo people is an endonym which referring to their native origin in the Bajo Island of Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara). The term later adopted in the southern Sulawesi language of Bugis as ᨅᨍᨚ, which literally means "[the] wood", referring to the material for making boats that are often used by the Bajo ethnic group to travel the sea across the Flores Sea region.

In English, these ethnic group sometimes also known colloquially as the Sulawesi Bajau to differentiate it with another group in the Nusantara (lit. 'Indonesian Archipelago' in Old Javanese) that bears similar-sounding name, such as the Bajau people of the Bajau Island in Riau Archipelago; however, both ethnic groups might clumped together under the Indonesian Bajau terminology.

Genetic study and research
A genetic study of Bajo ethnic group population in three regions of Derawan Islands, Kotabaru (South Kalimantan), and Kendari (Southeast Sulawesi) indicates that the origin of the Bajo was from southern region of Sulawesi, this is in line with the oral tradition of the locals of Wajo Regency. The ethnogenesis of the Bajo is thought to predominantly arose in the c. 4th century AD when the native of Bajo Island in Lesser Sunda Islands started to migrate to northern region in Flores Sea and practiced intermarriage with the Bugis from Sulawesi and Papuans from New Guinea. Some researcher stated that the Bajo began to migrate to the island of Borneo (known natively as Kalimantan) around the 11th century AD by first settled in East Kalimantan via the Derawan Islands, and then headed to North Kalimantan and later to southern of the Philippines around the 13th to 14th century where they are commonly referred as the Sama Bajau; it is suspected that the Bajo were encouraged to migrate during the increasing influence and trading activity of the Palembang-origin empire of Srivijaya in the northern Makassar Strait area of Sulawesi Sea (the Srivijayan traders who settled in the Philippines later known as the Visayans and regarded as 'the indigenous' by the modern country of Philippines despite its historical origin; the Philippines' municipality region of Palimbang also named after the capital of Srivijaya, which is the Palembang city in southeastern Sumatra).

Subethnic groups
According to the native Bajo sociogrouping, there are at least four classifications of society which form the sub-groups that can be classified through the way how they usually wander the Flores sea and its surroundings:

 * Pallibu, the Bajo who had the habit of going to sea only for a day and the distance is relatively close. They used a Soppe boat which can be driven by oars. After getting the fishes, they return to their homeland to sell their catch or enjoy it with their families.

 * Papongka, the Bajo who went for a week or couple of weeks to wander the sea. They use the same type of boat as the Palibu group; which is a Soppe boat. If they feel that they have obtained enough catch or run out of clean water, they will stop by the nearest islands. After selling the fish they caught and getting clean water, they will return to the sea, and the cycle will repeat continuously.

 * Sakkaiʼ, the Bajo who are characterized by the usage of large boat called Leppa and spent longer time in sea (at least a month or two). The Leppa boat itself specifically can even accommodate a family and the necessities of daily life while at sea, and nowadays the Leppa equipped with engines as well. However, the Sakkai are not much different from the Papongka group, but Sakkai have greater reach of 'working areas'.

 * Lamme, the Bajo who can be categorized by the adoption of modern techniques of fishing. They use large boats with large crews and powerful engines. They crossed the high-tide seas and even reach another countries (mostly neighbouring countries of Indonesia). And they can be in the ocean for months.

title: Bajo


text:
Cabe

Cabe or CABE may refer to:

 * Cabe (river), a tributary of the Sil River in Spain
 * CABE, the Chartered Association of Building Engineers, professional body for building engineers in the UK and overseas established in 1925
 * CABE, the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, body of the UK government from 1999 to 2011
 * CABE, Central Advisory Board of Education, government board in India which prepared the draft bill for the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009

Surname
Cabe is a reduced form of the surname MacCabe. People with that name include:

Real people
 * Gloria Cabe (born 1941), American politician and political advisor

Fictional characters
 * Bethany Cabe, in the Marvel comics Iron Man
 * Joshua Cabe, in the 1972 western The Daughters of Joshua Cabe

title: Cabe


text:
Antes

Antes may refer to:

 * Antes people, inhabiting parts of Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages
 * Plural of Ante (poker)
 * "Antes" (song), 2021 song by Anuel AA
 * Antes (surname)

title: Antes


text:
Durante

Durante is both an Italian surname and a masculine Italian given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname:
 * Adriano Durante (1940–2009), Italian professional road bicycle racer
 * Andrew Durante (born 1982), Australian football (soccer) player
 * Annalisa Durante (1990–2004), Italian murder victim
 * Anthony Durante (1967–2003), American professional wrestler
 * Carlo Durante (1946–2020), Italian paralympic athlete
 * Charlotte Durante (born 1944), American businesswoman and community activist
 * Checco Durante (1893–1976), Italian film actor
 * David Durante (born 1980), American artistic gymnast
 * Eli Durante, retired Brazilian football (soccer) player
 * Francesco Durante (1684–1755), Neapolitan composer
 * Francesco Durante (1844–1934), Italian politician and surgeon

 * Henry Durant founding president of the University of California
 * Jimmy Durante (1893–1980), Italian-American entertainer
 * Margaret Durante (born 1988), American country music singer
 * Mark Durante, American pedal steel guitarist
 * Nicandro Durante (born 1956), Brazilian businessman
 * Richard Durante (1930–2003), Canadian politician
 * Silvestro Durante (died 1672), Italian church musician and composer
 * Viviana Durante (born 1967), Italian-born English prima ballerina

Given name:
 * Durante Alberti (1538–1613), Tuscan painter
 * Durante degli Alighieri a.k.a. Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Florentine poet

title: Durante