text:
Hark! The Village Wait

'Hark! The Village Wait' is the debut album by the British folk rock band Steeleye Span, first released in 1970. It is the only album to feature the original lineup of the band, as they broke up and reformed with an altered membership immediately after its release, without ever having performed live. Therefore, it is one of only two Steeleye Span studio albums to feature two female vocalists (Maddy Prior and Gay Woods), the other being Time (1996). A similar sound was apparent years later when Prior teamed up with June Tabor to form Silly Sisters. Overall, the album's sound is essentially folk music with rock drumming and bass guitar added to some of the songs. The banjo features prominently on several tracks, including "Blackleg Miner", "Lowlands of Holland" and "One Night as I Lay on My Bed".

The album's title refers not to the act of waiting, but to a wait, a small body of wind instrumentalists employed by a town at public charge from Tudor times until the early 19th century. A village, however, would likely be too small to employ such a troupe, so the wait referred to here was most probably the later Christmas Waits, as mentioned in the novels of Thomas Hardy.

Over the years, the band has returned to the material on this album several times. On their second album, Please to See the King, they offered a new version of "The Blacksmith". A new live version of "Blackleg Miner" appeared on Back in Line, and they offered a third variation on Present--The Very Best of Steeleye Span. On Time they reprised "Twa Corbies". "Copshawholme Fair" had two years earlier been recorded by Prior and Tim Hart on their album Folk Songs of Olde England Vol. 2. Copshaw Holm, otherwise known as Newcastleton, has been the site of a folk festival since 1970. Maddy Prior has lived nearby, just over the border in Cumbria, at 'Stones Barn' for several years.

Among the other songs on the album are the a cappella "A Calling-On Song" (the first of many a cappella pieces the band recorded), "The Hills of Greenmore" and "Dark-Eyed Sailor". The version of "Lowlands of Holland" here uses variant lyrics from the most common version of the song.

The album was originally issued in the UK on RCA, with the cover shown (above right). It was not issued in the US at that time. The cover for the reissue was changed to a sepia-toned image of 'The Leather Bottle', a pub in Cobham; it was issued on UK Chrysalis (and made its debut in the US on US Chrysalis) in 1975.

Track listing
All songs traditional, except where noted.

Personnel

 * Steeleye Span
 * Maddy Prior - vocals, 5-string banjo
 * Tim Hart - vocals, electric guitar, electric dulcimer, fiddle, 5-string banjo, harmonium
 * Ashley Hutchings - bass guitar
 * Terry Woods - vocals, electric guitar, concertina, mandola, 5-string banjo, mandolin
 * Gay Woods - vocals, concertina, autoharp, bodhran

 * Guest musicians
 * Gerry Conway - drums (tracks 2-3, 5-8)
 * Dave Mattacks - drums (tracks 4, 10-12)

title: Hark! The Village Wait


text:
Please to See the King

Please to See the King is the second album by Steeleye Span, released in 1971. A major personnel change following their previous effort, Hark! The Village Wait, brought about a substantial change in their overall sound, including a lack of drums and the replacement of one female vocalist with a male vocalist. The band even reprised a song from their debut, "The Blacksmith", with a strikingly different arrangement making extensive use of syncopation. Re-recording songs would be a minor theme in Steeleye's output over the years, with the band eventually releasing an entire album of reprises, Present – The Very Best of Steeleye Span.

The title of the album is derived from the "Cutty Wren" ceremony. A wren in a cage is paraded as if it were a king. This rite was carried out on 26 December, Saint Stephen's Day, and is connected to early Christmas celebrations. The song "The King", appearing on the album, addresses this, and is often performed as a Christmas carol. Steeleye Span returned to this subject on Live at Last with "Hunting the Wren" and on Time with the song "The Cutty Wren". The custom of Wrenboys is mostly associated with Ireland, but it has been recently revived in England.

All songs appearing on the original album are traditional. "The False Knight on the Road" is one of the Child Ballads (#3), and concerns a boy's contest with the devil in a game of riddles. Tim Hart and Maddy Prior had already recorded a version of the song on their album Summer Solstice. "The Lark in the Morning", one of their more popular songs, has the same title as a different song about a lusty ploughboy, though there are strong similarities. This version was collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams. "Boys of Bedlam", a variant of "Tom o' Bedlam", is told from the perspective of a member of a lunatic asylum. Carthy and Prior open the song by singing into the back of banjos, producing a muffled effect. The band uses the earliest printed version of the song, from Wit and Mirth, or Pills to Purge Melancholy by Thomas d'Urfey.

Melody Maker made this its folk album of the year. Music journalist Colin Irwin describes it in his book In Search of Albion as one of his favourite folk-rock albums. It reached number 45 in the UK album charts, originally on B & C Records; before the year was out the rights were acquired by Mooncrest Records, which re-released it the same year with different cover art. It was issued in the US at the same time on Big Tree Records, when the small label was distributed by Ampex. It sold poorly and was deleted quite soon after release. Remaining copies were bought up by a couple of the 'cut-out' distributors and by that time, the band had signed with Chrysalis and the cut-out original sold very well. When stock ran out, poor-quality bootleg copies started to turn up in huge quantities.

Musically, this was their most electric, dense recording, with loud guitars and strong looping bass lines and no drums. In 2006, Castle Music re-issued the album as a double CD with numerous additional tracks, taken from radio and TV appearances.

Bonus tracks
"Rave On!" is an a cappella version of a Buddy Holly song. It was meant as a prank to mock Ashley Hutchings' solemnity, but he ended up liking it. In 2006, Castle Music re-issued the album with the 10 original tracks and 25 bonus tracks, on two CDs. The bonus tracks were all poorly recorded tapes of live BBC radio broadcasts (three from TV). Only six of these were tracks not already available in good studio versions, although the arrangements are different on some. The song "I Was a Young Man" is very different from the version on Battle of the Field by the Albion Country Band. The song "Gallant Poacher" was also on that album. Steeleye Span's bonus track version is very similar. "College Grove/Silver Spear" is a pair of jigs by Peter Knight. "Lay Down Your Weary Tune" is a Bob Dylan song, sung a cappella. "Farther Along" is a traditional gospel-blues song, also sung a cappella. "Let's Dance" is the well-known hit by Chris Montez. "Bring 'Em Down/A Hundred Years Ago" is a pair of sea shanties. "Hitler's Downfall" is actually the instrumental "Bryan O'Lynn", already available in a studio recording.

Personnel

 * Steeleye Span
 * Maddy Prior - vocals, spoons, tabor, tambourine
 * Tim Hart - vocals, guitar, dulcimer
 * Peter Knight - violin, mandolin, vocals, organ, bass
 * Ashley Hutchings - bass, vocals
 * Martin Carthy - vocals, guitar, banjo, organ

 * Sandy Roberton - producer

Track listing
Original album released by B&C Records CAS 1029 in 1971 and re-issued by Mooncrest Records CREST 8 in 1974:
 * 1) "The Blacksmith"
 * 2) "Cold Haily, Windy Night"
 * 3) "Jigs: Bryan O'Lynn / The Hag with the Money"
 * 4) "Prince Charlie Stuart"
 * 5) "Boys of Bedlam"
 * 6) "False Knight on the Road"
 * 7) "The Lark in the Morning"
 * 8) "Female Drummer"
 * 9) "The King"
 * 10) "Lovely on the Water"

Additional track on Mooncrest re-issue CREST 005 (vinyl) and CRESTCD 005 (CD) in 1991:

 * 11. "Rave On!"

Additional tracks on the Castle Music re-issue CMQDD 1253 in 2006:

''BBC "Top Gear" session rec. 23 June 1970''
 * 11.  "The Blacksmith"
 * 12.  "Female Drummer"
 * 13.  "Rave On!"
 * 14.  "I Was a Young Man"
 * 15.  "The Lark in the Morning"

BBC "Stuart Henry Show" session 23 July 1970
 * 16.  "The King"
 * 17.  "Prince Charlie Stuart"
 * 18.  "The Bold Poachers"

Additional tracks on the Castle Music re-issue CMQDD 1253 bonus CD in 2006:

BBC "Folk on 1" session 17 October 1970
 * 01.  "College Grove / Silver Spear"
 * 02.  "Lay Down Your Weary Tune"
 * 03.  "False Knight on the Road"
 * 04.  "Jigs: Hitler's Downfall / The Hag with the Money"
 * 05.  "Female Drummer (Mk I)"
 * 06.  "Wee Weaver"
 * 07.  "Reel"

BBC "Stuart Henry Show" session 4 February 1971
 * 08.  "Female Drummer (Mk II)"
 * 09.  "General Taylor
 * 10.  "Farther Along"
 * 11.  "Two Reels"

BBC "Top Gear" session 27 March 1971
 * 12.  "Let's Dance"
 * 13.  "Bring 'em Down / A Hundred Years Ago"
 * 14.  "The Lark in the Morning"

BBC TV (date unknown)
 * 15.  "The King"
 * 16.  "Jigs: Bryan O'Lynn / The Hag with the Money"
 * 17.  "The Blacksmith"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Please to See the King


text:
Murine typhus

Murine typhus, also known as endemic typhus or flea-borne typhus, is a form of typhus transmitted by fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), usually on rats, in contrast to epidemic typhus which is usually transmitted by lice. Murine typhus is an under-recognized entity, as it is often confused with viral illnesses. Most people who are infected do not realize that they have been bitten by fleas. Historically the term "hunger-typhus" was used in accounts by British POWs in Germany at the end of World War I when they described conditions in Germany.

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of endemic typhus include headache, fever, muscle pain, joint pain, nausea and vomiting. 40–50% of patients will develop a discrete rash six days after the onset of signs. Up to 45% will develop neurological signs such as confusion, stupor, seizures or imbalance.

Symptoms may resemble those of measles, rubella, or possibly Rocky Mountain spotted fever. These symptoms are likely caused by a vasculitis caused by the rickettsia.

Causes
It is caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi, and is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats. While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. These fleas are not affected by the infection. Human infection occurs because of flea-fecal contamination of the bites on human skin. Rats, cats, and opossums maintain the rickettsia colonization by providing it with a host for its entire life cycle. Rats can develop the infection, and help spread the infection to other fleas that bite them, and help multiply the number of infected fleas that can then infect humans.

Less often, endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia felis and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or opossums.

In the United States of America, murine typhus is found most commonly in southern California, Texas and Hawaii. In some studies, up to 13% of children were found to have serological evidence of infection.

Diagnosis
, early diagnosis continued to be based on clinical suspicion, and treatment of the disease is indicated even before laboratory results confirm its presence. Because of the lag between the onset of infection and the appearance of antibodies in a blood test, serologic tests are merely confirmatory and retrospective. Weil-Felix agglutination reactions are not sensitive to the disease. Indirect fluorescence antibody assays that are specific to R. typhi antigens are the recommended route for detection and diagnosis: diagnostic titers are present in half of all cases within the first week of infection and in nearly all cases by day-15. The sharing of antigens by rickettsiae means routine serologic evaluation will not distinguish between murine typhus and epidemic typhus. Bacterial cultures are rarely performed because although they are highly accurate for diagnosis, the biohazard risk of generating them is often considered too high.

Treatment
The disease can be fatal if left untreated, but endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics. Most people recover fully, but death may occur in the elderly, severely disabled or patients with a depressed immune system. The most effective antibiotics include tetracycline and chloramphenicol. In the United States, the CDC recommends solely doxycycline.

title: Murine typhus


text:
Pataleshwar Caves, Pune

The Pataleshwar Caves, also referred to as the Panchaleshvara temple or Bhamburde Pandav cave temple, are an 8th-century rock-cut Hindu temple from the Rashtrakuta period located in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Dedicated to Shiva, it was a monumental monolithic excavation with a notable circular Nandi mandapa and a large pillared mandapa. It is a temple of three rock-cut cave sanctums, likely dedicated to Brahma-Shiva-Vishnu originally, but currently to Parvati-original Shiva-Ganesha. A garden now surrounds the site, new idols have been placed elsewhere in the complex. The interior of the caves have suffered damage from vandalism. Outside, the monument shows the effects of natural elements over the centuries.

The Pataleshwar temple is a protected monument of India and managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Location
The Pataleshwar Caves are in the northern side of Pune, on a rocky hill immediately west of the sangam (confluence) of the Mula and Mutha rivers – sites recommended for temples in historic Sanskrit texts on temple architecture. Surveys of this site done in the 19th-century refer to it as the "Panchaleshvara cave", "Bhamburde caves of Pune", "Pandoo caves", or "Panchaleshvara temple"; they mention it to be situated in a village north of Pune. However, as the Pune city has grown, this site is now a part of Shivajinagar (Pune), surrounded by urban structures. The Pataleshwar caves are about 150 km from Mumbai.

Architecture
The Pataleshwar caves are a monolithic excavation of a rocky hillock that gently swells and forms the terrain here. Its entrance is about a 20 feet long path from the east of the complex. It was originally an excavated tunnel but one that collapsed. It was, for a period, restored with a masonry. The path leads into an open court that is nearly a square (95 feet at its maximum in north–south, by 90 feet across east–west).

The floor of this open mandapa was cut into the basaltic rock, part of the vast Deccan Traps. It features a circular shape Nandi mandapa, all cut out of the original rock to monolithically reveal the Nandi shrine and the Nandi. This mandapa had sixteen pillars, twelve along the circumference and four inside to support the roof of the Nandi mandapa. However, four of the eastern pillars and the roof above they supported is now lost. The shilpins (artists) cut the floor around the Nandi mandapa to provide for an annular cistern about 2 feet deep, one that likely held any liquids used to wash or ceremonially rinse the Nandi. The Nandi sits on a pedestal, also monolithically carved out of the natural rock.

The covered part of the Pataleshwar site is a large nearly square mandapa, a bit smaller in size than the open court with the Nandi mandapa. The facade consists of eight pillars and two pilasters. There are five rows of these pillars, with an eight feet aisle, while the cave walls have pilasters, all monolithically excavated from single rock. The sanctums open to the east, and have a pradakshinapatha carved out (circumambulation passage) around the three sanctums. A notable feature of the sanctums area of this complex is that it is at a lower level, cut deeper into the ground. It is this "underworld" symbolism that gives this site its name – Pataleshwar (many temples in India with deep-in-the ground sanctums are also called Pataleshwar).

A set of steps, flanked with two couchant stone tigers carved in-situ, provide entry into the covered mandapa. Between the third row and the fourth row of pillars, in the front of the sanctums, is another small Nandi hewn in-situ, thus re-affirming that this was a Hindu Shaivism site from its origins. The three sanctum caves total to about 39 feet long and 27.5 feet deep. The central shrine has a rock-cut Mahadeva Panchalesvara linga (original), while the cella on its side have space for statues. The original statues are lost, and were likely of Brahma on one side, Vishnu on the other. Sometime before the mid-19th century, these were reclaimed with the addition of a Parvati statue and a Ganesha statue.

The caves have remains and traces of reliefs, most of which is now lost. Of what can be identified, include Saptamatrikas (Shaktism), Gajalakshmi, Tripurantaka, Anantasayin (Vaishnavism) and Lingodbhava.

The complex includes a small side shrine for Durga.

Contemporary additions
The 19th-century survey reports mention a damaged drainage system, which caused rain water to flood the caves for many months of the year. The ASI has attempted to correct this.

The complex of the cave is a part of a 19th-century community garden as reported in the earlier colonial era survey reports. This garden is now more elaborate. There are a few recovered architectural ruins stored in it. The Pune office of the Archaeological Survey of India is located in the adjacent property.

Related sites

 * The Shivleni Caves found in Ambajogai, south-central Maharashtra are quite similar to the Pataleshwar caves. They are a bit younger though, and have a square Nandi mandapa.
 * Bokardan caves, Aurangabad
 * Rudreshwar caves, Aurangabad
 * Kharusa, Latur
 * Bhandak, Chandrapur
 * Kailasha, Ellora

title: Pataleshwar Caves, Pune


text:
Ten Man Mop, or Mr. Reservoir Butler Rides Again

Ten Man Mop or Mr. Reservoir Butler Rides Again is the third album by Steeleye Span, recorded in September 1971. It was issued on the short-lived Pegasus label, and then the Mooncrest label, also in 1971 (Crest 9). It was not initially issued in the US until Chrysalis acquired the group's first three albums in 1975, when it reissued all three in the UK and US. Tracks like "Four Nights Drunk", "Marrowbones", and "Wee Weaver" are essentially pure folk. It was the last album to feature founding member Ashley Hutchings; he left the band in November 1971, just after its completion, partly because he felt that the album had moved too far toward Irish music and away from English music. The band was also considering touring America, and Hutchings was reluctant to make the trip.

The album begins with an adaptation of the Christmas carol "Gower Wassail". "When I was on Horseback" is one of the few folk songs to have an alternative existence as a blues song, sometimes known as "Six White Horses". It is also an Irish variant of a tune that inspired "Streets of Laredo" and "St. James Infirmary Blues". The last song, "Skewball", employs an effective counterpoint between a banjo and an electric guitar.

The album was notable for having a textured "gatefold" sleeve and inner pages on its original release. This was paid for by the band but cost more to print than the album generated in profits, meaning the band lost money on each album sold. It appeared as such on the Pegasus and Mooncrest labels. None of the re-releases have included the original number of pages of liner notes.

The album's curious title and subtitle require some explanation. A 'mop' or 'mop fair' is a late medieval term for a job fair, where labourers come looking for work. (The song "Copshawholme Fair", from the band's first album Hark! The Village Wait, is about such a fair.) The conceit was that the band was out of work and job-hunting. A 'ten man mop' would be a very poor show, since there would be few potential employees to choose from. The even more curious subtitle is a reference to Reservoir Butler, who had originally performed one of the songs covered on the album. The band was so struck by his unusual name that they decided it needed to be saved from obscurity.

The photograph on the sleeve was taken by John Benjamin Stone in about 1900. Entitled "'Sippers' and 'Topers'", it is of two villagers at the Bidford Mop, an annual fair held at Michaelmas in the village of Bidford-on-Avon, Warwickshire. The village has a centuries-old reputation for heavy drinking.

Bonus tracks
When Castle Music re-released Ten Man Mop... it added a substantial number of bonus tracks. On the first disc, these included "General Taylor" and three versions of the Buddy Holly song "Rave On!". A second disc was included that contained a recording from Radio One in Concert with John Peel, dated 26/9/71 (following British dating conventions). The quality of the recording was quite variable, but the bonus tracks include a number of pieces not released on any album.

Personnel

 * Steeleye Span
 * Maddy Prior - vocals, spoons, tabor
 * Tim Hart - vocals, dulcimer, guitars, organ, 5-string banjo, mandolin
 * Peter Knight - fiddle, tenor banjo, mandolin, vocals, timpani
 * Ashley Hutchings - bass guitar
 * Martin Carthy - vocals, guitar, organ
 * Sandy Roberton - producer

Track listing
'''Original album released by Pegasus Records PEG 9 in 1971. Re-issued by Mooncrest Records CREST 9 in 1974, CREST 009 (vinyl) in 1991 and CRESTCD 009 (CD) in 1991:'''
 * 1) "Gower Wassail"
 * 2) "Jigs: Paddy Clancey's Jig / Willie Clancy's Fancy" (instrumentals)
 * 3) "Four Nights Drunk"
 * 4) "When I Was On Horseback"
 * 5) "Marrowbones"
 * 6) "Captain Coulston"
 * 7) "Reels: Dowd's Favourite / £10 Float / The Morning Dew" (instrumentals)
 * 8) "Wee Weaver"
 * 9) "Skewball"

Additional tracks on the Castle Music re-issue CMQDD 1252 in 2006:
 * 10. "General Taylor" (studio outtake)
 * 11. "Rave On" ('scratched' effect, original single version)
 * 12. "Rave On" (cleaned-up 'two verse' version)
 * 13. "Rave On" (cleaned-up 'three verse' version)

Additional tracks on the Castle Music re-issue CMQDD 1252 bonus CD in 2006:

BBC "Peel's Sunday Concert" 15 September 1971
 * 01.  "False Knight on the Road"
 * 02.  "The Lark in the Morning"
 * 03.  "Rave On"
 * 04.  "Reels: £10 Float / The Musical Priest"
 * 05.  "Captain Coulston"
 * 06.  "Martin Carthy: Handsome Polly-O"
 * 07.  "Martin Carthy: Bring 'Em Down / Tim Hart: Haul on the Bowline"
 * 08.  "Four Nights Drunk"
 * 09.  "When I Was on Horseback"
 * 10.  "Tim Hart & Maddy Prior: I Live Not Where I Love"
 * 11.  "Peter Knight: The Wind That Shakes the Barley / Pigeon on the Gate / Jenny's Chickens"
 * 12.  "Female Drummer"
 * 13.  "General Taylor"
 * 14.  "College Grove / Silver Spear / Ballymurphy Rake / Maid Behind the Bar"


text:
John Paston

John Paston may refer to:

 * John Paston (died 1466) (1421–1466), of the Paston Letters, father
 * John Paston (died 1479) (1442–1479), of the Paston Letters, first son
 * John Paston (died 1504) (1444–1504), of the Paston Letters, second son

title: John Paston


text:
Japanese Surrendered Personnel

Japanese Surrendered Personnel (JSP) was a designation for Japanese prisoners of war developed by the government of Japan in 1945 after the end of World War II in Asia. It stipulated that Japanese prisoners of war in Allied custody would be designated as JSP, which were not subject to the Third Geneva Convention's rules on prisoners, and had few legal protections. The Japanese government presented this proposal to the Allies, which accepted it even though the concept lacked a legal basis, as they were suffering from manpower shortages.

Background
The concept of "Japanese Surrendered Personnel" (JSP) was developed by the government of Japan in 1945 after the end of World War II in Asia. It stipulated that Japanese prisoners of war in Allied custody would be designated as JSP, since being a prisoner was largely incompatible with the Empire of Japan's military manuals and militaristic social norms; all JSP were not subject to the Third Geneva Convention's rules on prisoners, and had few legal protections. The Japanese government presented this proposal to the Allies, which accepted it even though the concept lacked a legal basis, as they were suffering from manpower shortages.

Implementation

In 1945, the Allies began designating Japanese prisoners of war in their custody as JSP. The Allied power most involved in this was the British Empire, which was looking for manpower sources to counter logistical problems and reassert European control over their Asian colonies after the war. In addition to reestablishing their authority in British colonies which had been occupied by Japanese forces during the conflict, Britain initially supported French and Dutch efforts to regain control over French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies respectively. The Netherlands Indies Civil Administration also made use of JSP.

Due to a severe manpower shortage after 1945, JSP were not just used as guards and labourers by the British but were frequently pressed into active combat duties as well. The retention of JSP by the British was repeatedly questioned by the United States, which disputed the concept's validity. However, the United States Armed Forces utilised up to 80,000 Japanese prisoners of war in the Philippines in a similar manner for the duration of 1946, due to similar issues concerning manpower shortages. Just like the British, the Americans used them for roadworks, disposal of human corpses, waste treatment, deforestation, infrastructure maintenance and law enforcement duties.

French Indochina

JSP were involved in the War in Vietnam from 1945 to 1946, which saw the British assist the French in reasserting control over their colony of French Indochina. In addition to carrying out fatigue duties, JSP also saw combat against Viet Minh forces alongside the British Armed Forces, British Colonial Auxiliary Forces and the French Armed Forces. The British operation to restore French colonial rule, codenamed "Operation Masterdom", was overwhelmingly successful. While the Viet Minh suffered at least 2,700 killed, Allied forces suffered less than 100 killed in total.

Dutch East Indies
While serving as Supreme Allied Commander of the South East Asia Command in 1946, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma held overall command of over 35,000 armed JSP in the Dutch East Indies. Retaining their wartime uniforms, organisational structure and officer corps, armed JSP fought alongside Allied troops in the Indonesian National Revolution. Their performance was such that on November 1946, British Army general Philip Christison recommended a JSP, a major named Kido, be awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Other instances of JSP seeing combat service during the revolution include a Japanese infantry company which was deployed to Magelang to assist British forces stationed there; Kempeitai members being used to guard camps in Bogor and Japanese artillery units being used for offensives in Bandung, with the city's British garrison being reinforced by 1,500 armed JSP. Armed JSP also saw action at Semarang and Ambarawa.

Aftermath
Being aware of the potential questions that would be raised if it was discovered that they were using the same troops they had just fought against as laborers and soldiers, the Allies worked successfully to conceal the extent of Japanese involvement in these post-war activities. The last JSP which had been captured by Allied forces during the Burma campaign and Operation Zipper returned to Japan in October 1947. By this point, all Japanese war criminals had been sentenced by Allied tribunals, and some JSP were deported to the Republic of China and the Soviet Union and subject to forced labour. Several memoirs written by former JSP have been published. One of most famous is a memoir written by Aida Yuji titled Prisoner of the British: A Japanese Soldier’s Experience in Burma, which was published in 1966.

title: Japanese Surrendered Personnel


text:
Talk:Dan Patrick (politician)

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Editorial bias?
I'm a new contributor to talk discussions and not sure whether/if my questions/issues fit here or should be taken up elsewhere. Please advise.

There are many concerning issues with this article, but, to make the point succinctly, there are two in the "Education" topic:

>>> At the time, Patrick cited a statistic later determined to be misleading by PolitiFact.com that Texas's 1,200+ public school districts, considered as a group, are the fifth-largest employer in the world.[74]

The simple question: Is this about Patrick or about an author/editor trying to make Patrick look bad? The article does not even discuss the statistic in question. To be clear, I'm in favor of leaving the prior sentence on cutting identified educator roles.

>>> Patrick is on record as determined to establish creationism within the public school curriculum in Texas, despite court rulings that such a policy would violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[75]

The simple question: the clause "despite court rulings that such a policy would violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[75]" ... is this about Patrick or about an author/editor trying to make Patrick look bad? To be clear, I'm in favor of leaving the statement before "despite ..."

In the second example, there may be an argument about "adding context". But in the first, author/editor is happy to let the reader figure out the context. Nonetheless, both cast Patrick as a misleading violator of the 1st amendment.

Make sense? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmderic (talk • contribs) 09:55, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree with you that those two examples are problematic. I wouldn't completely remove the "PolitiFact" reference from the first example, but rewording both sentences is a good idea. --1990'sguy (talk) 13:48, 26 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks to the bot for making me aware of the signing requirement Jmderic (talk) 02:26, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 2 April 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

– I get the feeling some of the pageviews for the sportscaster may actually have been for the politician. The latter seems more notable now anyway.|Dan_Patrick_(politician) Unreal7 (talk) 11:38, 2 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Dan Patrick (politician) → Dan Patrick (sportscaster)
 * Dan Patrick (disambiguation) → Dan Patrick
 * Oppose (also, this looks like a malformed request?) This seems a bit too much like WP:RECENTISM to me. For the past two years the sportscaster has gotten 70% of the pageviews, and that's with the LG having been in office. The current spike is attributable to the LG's recent comments on coronavirus, not something that is likely to last long-term. Given that the LG is old and does not appear to have any higher ambitions, I would not be surprised to see his pageviews decrease rather sharply after he exits office anyhow. Nohomersryan (talk) 17:00, 2 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Comment. This is indeed a malformed request, the type known as "possibly incomplete requests". Why would you want to move the politician's page to the sportscaster's title? If you think the politician is the primary topic, then you would want to move this page to the base name, "Dan Patrick" and move that page to "Dan Patrick (sportscaster)". If you don't think there is a primary topic, then this RM should be at "Talk:Dan Patrick", and that base name page should be moved to the sportscaster's page title, while the disambiguation page should be moved to the base name, "Dan Patrick". In that case, this page would remain at its present title. Let me know exactly how you want to proceed and I'll help you get there.  P.I. Ellsworth    ed.  put'r there 01:57, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Per above. This seems like a malformed request and doesn't seem necessary regardless. --1990'sguy (talk) 02:23, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Per above as well. DonSpencer1 (talk) 03:47, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

No license for image
I don't believe this image is properly licensed or can be freely uploaded to Wikipedia. Would you be willing to check this? --1990'sguy (talk) 03:29, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm also not convinced about this image either: File:Dan Patrick Texas.jpg. --1990'sguy (talk) 03:32, 25 May 2021 (UTC)
 * The first image appears to have been copied from ballotpedia.org, but I don't know enough about that site's image licensing requirements to comment. The second image has an official release from Texas Senate Media Services through the WikiMedia OTRS program, so I don't see any issues there. – Maliepa (talk) 12:08, 25 May 2021 (UTC)

Gun Laws
The article states now, that "In 2019, Patrick called for requiring background checks for gun sales between two strangers", but Kstat writes on June 17 2021 that Dan Patrick with Dade Phelan and "several other Republican lawmakers who authored the legislation he signed into law" played a noteable part in writing seven pieces of legislation related to firearms that day (House Bill 1927 constitutional carry and Senate Bills 19, 20, 550, 957, 1500 and 2622). Shouldn´t that be included? Alexpl (talk) 14:48, 25 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Right now, it's included in the "Tenure" subsection of the "Lieutenant governor of Texas" section, as it deals with something Patrick helped do, rather than said. However, I would support adding this information in the "Political positions" section in addition to the section about his tenure as Lt. Gov. --1990'sguy (talk) 16:13, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

Fact mentioned in other wiki article not allowed in this one?
Patrick worked for KTBU television station. This is mentioned in the KTBU article because it is relevant to the 2000-2001 timeframe, in which the station had several setbacks and changes in programming (which included sports, Lakewood Church broadcasts, and general programming). I added a sentence about this here, too, because it is part of his life story - but the few details I added were removed by @1990'sguy with the comment, "Undue info. Lakewood Church's ownership of KTBU is discussed in the latter's article".

As it stands now, it barely mentions his ownership and doesn't mention his leaving or the circumstances under which he left, even though it cites the article about it (which is only available if you have a subscription to their archival database).

I would assume that the typical reader of this article would be interested in his early ties to local leaders and early management of a media organization. Whereas the typical reader for the KTBU article would be interested in the programming details and why and how they changed over time. That's why I would assume it's worth mentioning in both places - relevant to both, but for different reasons because of context.

When a fact involves 2 entities, is it a Wikipedia policy that it only gets mentioned in one entity's article? If yes, how do you know which entity's article gets the details? I'm a new editor, just looking to learn more - link to the rule or Wikipedia discussion about this, please? Wikipedian-in-Waiting (talk) 01:54, 26 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello, thanks for asking, and welcome to Wikipedia! The relevant guideline is WP:COATRACK. The facts you added are obviously true, but this article is about Dan Patrick, not the television station he worked for. Articles should be focused on the topic they're meant to discuss, and not get sidetracked by tangental topics, even if they're related in some way. I reverted your addition because it was overly focused on KTBU rather than Patrick himself. I hope this helps. --1990'sguy (talk) 01:45, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dan Patrick (politician)


text:
Hereroland

Hereroland was a bantustan and later a non-geographic ethnic-based second-tier authority, the Representative Authority of the Hereros, in South West Africa (present day Namibia), intended by the apartheid-era government to be a self-governing homeland for the Herero people.

Geography
Hereroland can be found in present-day eastern Namibia and encompassed parts of the Kalahari Desert. The bantustan was located under Bushmanland and bordered Botswana to the east.

German colonialism
South-West Africa, present day Namibia, became a German protectorate in 1884 by the decree of Otto von Bismarck. In 1904, the Herero, under the leadership of Chief Samuel Maharero, rebelled against the German colonisers. In reaction to this rebellion, Lieutenant General Lothar von Trotha was sent to end the Herero uprising. The German – Herero War, which started in 1904 and lasted until 1907, led to the decimation of the Herero society. It is estimated that the Herero population consisted of roughly 80000 – 100000 Herero people before the German-Herero War, however only roughly 16000 Herero people survived. Between 1904 and 1908, tens of thousands of Herero and Nama people were tortured, starved in the Kalahari desert or shot as retaliation for the Herero rebellion which is known as the Herero genocide. After this war, the surviving Herero people were prohibited from practising their religion, were barred from possessing livestock or land, as well as unable to have chiefs as per their traditional customs. Most of the survivors were made up of children and women and they were either conscripted to forced labour or were imprisoned in camps.

South African control
South African forces took control of the German colony South-West Africa during World War One (1914–1918). This later led to the creation of bantustans, such as the Hereroland.

Bantustan (1968–1980)
Hereroland was established as a geographically defined bantustan under the Odendaal Plan in 1968. Because of internal strife among different Herero groups, no unified institutions were established for the Herero people until 1980. Two districts of Hereroland (West and East) were formed in 1970. The chief of Hereroland West, Clemens Kapuuo, claimed to be the paramount chief of all Hereros since 1970, but this claim was not recognized by the other Herero groups.

Representative authority (1980–1999)
Following the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference the system of Bantustans was replaced in 1980 by Representative Authorities which functioned on the basis of ethnicity only and were no longer based on geographically defined areas.

The Representative Authority of the Hereros had executive and legislative competencies, being made up of elected Legislative Assemblies which would appoint Executive Committees led by chairmen.

As second-tier authorities, forming an intermediate tier between central and local government, the representative authorities had responsibility for land tenure, agriculture, education up to primary level, teachers' training, health services, and social welfare and pensions and their Legislative Assemblies had the ability to pass legislation known as Ordinances.

The Turnhalle Constitutional Conference and the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance
The Turnhalle Constitutional Conference was called together on 1 September 1975, supported and sponsored by apartheid South Africa. The target of the Conference was to develop a constitution for South-West Africa, while still being under the control of South Africa. This unique moment in Namibia's history was the first time that leaders and chiefs from different ethnic and tribal groups were allowed to come together and have political discussions about the future of Namibia's constitution. Many religious institutions in Namibia were opposed to this because it was organised by Apartheid South Africa. Andre du Pisani, a Namibian political scientist, stated on the involvement of the Herero through the Chief Clemens Kapuuo that:

"For most local observers Clemens Kapuuo's decision to participate in the Turnhalle constitutional conference came as a surprise, for here was a man openly opposed to South Africa's policies of ethnic fragmentation in Namibia. Furthermore, he had gone so far as to petition South Africa at the United Nations, and had previously rejected the Prime Minister's Advisory Council (the institutional predecessor of the constitutional conference) on the grounds that South Africa had no right to establish such a body."

The South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) did not attend this conference due to the lack of autonomy, as well as the United Nations (UN) condemning the creation of the constitution due to the lack of its independence from South Africa. However, while this conference was critiqued by various institutions and political parties, it also was an important step for the constitutional development in Namibia.

Clemens Kapuuo, the chief of the Herero, as well as Dirk Mudge, who was the chairman of the conference and an associate of the white minority rule, formed the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) which was promoted by the apartheid regime in South Africa. The new constitution set up a parliamentary regime, a decentralised government that was based on ethnic authorities, as well as a bill of rights. The UN and SWAPO did not recognise the new South-West African constitution which had been supported by Apartheid South Africa.

South African General Administrator
After the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, South Africa introduced a General Administrator who abolished white representation within the Namibian government, as well as other apartheid laws. In 1985 the last South-West African General Administrator, Louis Pienaar, worked together with Martti Ahtisaari, who worked as a representative of the United Nations, to ensure the transition of the independence for Namibia. They accomplished the transition from South African control to agreements on electoral processes and peacekeeping for Namibia in 1989. This change in policy then led to the abolition of the homelands, such as Hereroland, and to the Namibian independence in 1990.

Fight for liberation and transition to independence
In 1960, as part of a liberation movement, the South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) was created and SWAPO's military, known as the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), started a guerilla war in 1966 which led to the end of the illegal occupation of South Africa over South-West Africa in 1988.

The United Nations (UN) created the United Nations Resolution Plan 435 which implemented democratic elections and the first president Sam Nujoma and his party, the South-West African People's Organisation, was elected in 1989. The independence of Namibia ended after more than 100 years of colonial rule.

Hosea Kutako
Hosea Kutako was a figurehead of the nationalist resistance against South Africa. Chief Hosea Kuatko was born in 1870 in Okahurimehi and he fought in the German – Herero War (1904 – 1907). He later worked various jobs, amongst them as a teacher and a miner. He was appointed as the headman of the Herero tribe in 1917. He became a founding member of the South-West African National Union (SWANU), as well as being considered one of the early leaders of Namibia. He died at 100 years old in 1970.

Clemens Kapuuo
Clemens Kapuuo, who was born on 16 March 1923 in Teufelsbach in Okahandja, was a Namibian nationalist and the successor to Chief Hosea Kutako. He went to St Barnabas College and later trained as a teacher. He became one of Hosea Kutako's representatives and secretaries. The new chief and politician fought against colonial rule, however later he became controversial due to his involvement in the Turnhalle Conference in 1975 which was sponsored by apartheid South Africa. On the 27 March 1978 Chief Clemens Kapuuo was assassinated near Windhoek. This was a result of the rivalry between the SWAPO, which was supported by the USSR, and the party known as the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance, of which Kapuuo was president.

Kuaima Riruako
Kuaima Riruako, who was born in 1935 at Aminius in Omaheke, became an Ovaherero chief in 1978. He also co-founded the political party known as the National Unity Democratic Organisation (NUDO) in 1964. He was forced into exile in 1964, but returned in 1977. Riruako was known for fighting for the restitution and acknowledgment of the Herero genocide from the German government. The chief died at the age of 79 in 2014.

Thimoteus Tjamuaha
Thimoteus Tjamuaha was the chairman of the executive committee from December 1980 until September 1984 for the Hereroland.

Erastus Tjejamba
Erastus Tjejamba was born in 1936 and twice became the chairman of the executive committee for the Hereroland: the first time was from September 1984 until August 1987 and the second time was from October 1987 until February 1988.

Gottlob Mbaukua
Gottlob Hengombe Mbaukua was born in 1935 and was elected as the chairman of the executive committee of the Hereroland from August 1987 until October 1987 and from February 1988 until May 1989. He also worked as a Non-European clerk in 1960.

Reparations for the Herero and Nama Genocide
For the last couple of decades, the Herero people have been fighting for reparations for the Herero and Nama genocide which led to the death of roughly 80% of the Ovaherero and the death of over 40% of the Nama people, as well as the loss of their lands. In 2004 the German development minister gave an apology for the Herero genocide. In 2021 the German government agreed to pay 1.1 billion Euros as  a ‘gesture of reconciliation’. This was the result of negotiations between the German and Namibian government which started in 2015. The United Nations have criticised both governments because they have not included the Herero and Nama people in the reparation discussions and therefore have violated the rights of the Nama and Herero ethnic groups. Furthermore, the declaration of reconciliation in 2021 has not yet been signed by various Nama and Herero organisations due to the criticism that the reparations will be paid to the Namibian government, rather than directly to the Nama and Herero descendants, as well as their demand to be included in the reparation talks.

title: Hereroland


text:
Sherry Sylvester

Sherry Sylvester is a political worker and journalist. She was the communications director for Doug Forrester's 2005 campaign for Governor of New Jersey.

She served briefly as the communications director for the Republican Party of Texas after heading Texas Media Watch, a project of the Lone Star Foundation, that reported on bias in the Texas press.

She graduated from Oklahoma State University. In 2005, Sylvester was named Alumna of the Year by the Graduate School of Political Management, now at George Washington University.

Sylvester is the Senior Advisor to Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick. Sylvester formerly was a San Antonio-based political consultant, whose clients include Texans for Lawsuit Reform.

As a journalist, Sylvester won awards in both New Jersey and Texas. She was the political writer at the San Antonio Express-News, stepping down in early 2003. Sylvester was the Chief Political Writer for the Trentonian in Trenton, New Jersey for almost a decade. Her political commentary appeared there and in several Gannett-owned state newspapers.

title: Sherry Sylvester


text: User talk:146.235.66.52

title: User talk:146.235.66.52


text:
Tetramethylsilane

Tetramethylsilane (abbreviated as TMS) is the organosilicon compound with the formula Si(CH3)4. It is the simplest tetraorganosilane. Like all silanes, the TMS framework is tetrahedral. TMS is a building block in organometallic chemistry but also finds use in diverse niche applications.

Synthesis and reactions
TMS is a by-product of the production of methyl chlorosilanes, SiClx(CH3)4−x, via the direct process of reacting methyl chloride with silicon. The more useful products of this reaction are those for x = 1 (trimethylsilyl chloride), 2 (dimethyldichlorosilane), and 3 (methyltrichlorosilane).

TMS undergoes deprotonation upon treatment with butyllithium to give (H3C)3SiCH2Li. The latter, trimethylsilylmethyl lithium, is a relatively common alkylating agent.

In chemical vapor deposition, TMS is the precursor to silicon dioxide or silicon carbide, depending on the deposition conditions. In the formation of silicon carbide, carbosilanes, such as 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetrasilaadamantane, are observed as intermediates.

Uses in NMR spectroscopy
Tetramethylsilane is the accepted internal standard for calibrating chemical shift for 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy in organic solvents (where TMS is soluble). In water, where it is not soluble, sodium salts of DSS, 2,2-dimethyl-2-silapentane-5-sulfonate, are used instead. Because of its high volatility, TMS can easily be evaporated, which is convenient for recovery of samples analyzed by NMR spectroscopy.

Because all twelve hydrogen atoms in a tetramethylsilane molecule are equivalent, its 1H NMR spectrum consists of a singlet. The chemical shift of this singlet is assigned as δ 0, and all other chemical shifts are determined relative to it. The majority of compounds studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy absorb downfield of the TMS signal, thus there is usually no interference between the standard and the sample. Similarly, all four carbon atoms in a tetramethylsilane molecule are equivalent. In a fully decoupled 13C NMR spectrum, the carbon in the tetramethylsilane appears as a singlet, allowing for easy identification. The chemical shift of this singlet is also set to be δ 0 in the 13C spectrum, and all other chemical shifts are determined relative to it.

title: Tetramethylsilane


text:
Artificial Joy Club

Artificial Joy Club, at first known as Sal's Birdland, was a Canadian alternative rock band active in the 1990s. The group recorded three albums under various names and had one hit single.

History
The band formed in 1993 when Louise Reny and Leslie Howe, formerly of the pop group One to One, joined with guitarist Michael Goyette, bassist Tim Dupont and drummer Andrew Lamarche. Initially taking the name Sal's Birdland ('Sal' was Reny's stage name), the group released its debut album, So Very Happy, in 1994.

In 1995, the group signed an international deal with Discovery Records', which re-worked So Very Happy with production assistance from Michael James and released the album Nude Photos Inside.

The label rejected their planned follow-up, and the band signed to Interscope Records, changing their name to Artificial Joy Club at the same time. Goyette, Dupont and Lamarche had previously used the name Artificial Joy Club for a short-lived side project with Ottawa singer Doug Wilson.

In 1997, they released the album Melt, and the maxi-single Sick And Beautiful. The song "Sick and Beautiful" was a No. 17 Billboard Modern Rock Tracks hit; it also climbed to No. 11 on the Radio and Records Alternative chart. It hit #35 in Canada on the RPM Top 100. It was also featured on the soundtrack for the 1998 film Homegrown.

The band then went on a full North American festival tour. It included opening the mainstage at Buzzfest '97, and appearing on the second stage bill at Lollapalooza.

In 1998, Artificial Joy Club released the three-track EP Spaceman, which was three versions of their song of the same name. They also released a video. The band broke up in 1999.

as Sal's Birdland

 * So Very Happy (1994), Ghetto Records
 * Nude Photos Inside (1995), Ghetto Records, Discovery Records

as Artificial Joy Club

 * Melt (1997), Interscope
 * Sick And Beautiful (1997), Interscope, Crunchy Records
 * Spaceman (EP) (1998), Interscope

title: Artificial Joy Club


text:
Talk:Veselí nad Lužnicí

Work needed
Can anyone with some knowledge help fill this article out and beef it up? It is rather weak as is. Brookie: A collector of little brown things 07:28, 27 May 2005 (UTC).

title: Talk:Veselí nad Lužnicí


text:
Malayan campaign

The Malayan campaign, referred to by Japanese sources as the Malay Operation (馬来作戦), was a military campaign fought by Allied and Axis forces in Malaya, from 8 December 1941 – 15 February 1942 during the Second World War. It was dominated by land battles between British Commonwealth army units and the Imperial Japanese Army, with minor skirmishes at the beginning of the campaign between British Commonwealth and Royal Thai Police. The Japanese had air and naval supremacy from the opening days of the campaign. For the British, Indian, Australian, and Malayan forces defending the colony, the campaign was a total disaster.

The operation is notable for the Japanese use of bicycle infantry, which allowed troops to carry more equipment and swiftly move through thick jungle terrain. Royal Engineers, equipped with demolition charges, destroyed over a hundred bridges during the retreat, yet this did little to delay the Japanese. By the time the Japanese had captured Singapore, they had suffered 14,768 casualties; Allied losses totaled 130,246, including around 7,500 to 8,000 killed, 11,000+ wounded and 120,000+ missing or captured.

Japanese
By 1941 the Japanese had been engaged for four years in trying to subjugate China. They were heavily reliant on imported materials for their military forces, particularly oil from the United States. From 1940 to 1941, following the Japanese takeover of French colonies the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands imposed embargoes on supplying oil and war materials to Japan. The object of the embargoes was to assist the Chinese and encourage the Japanese to halt military action in China. The Japanese considered that pulling out of China would result in a loss of face and decided instead to take military action against US, British and Dutch territories in South East Asia. The Japanese forces for the invasion were assembled in 1941 on Hainan Island and in French Indochina. This troop build-up was noticed by the Allies and, when asked, the Japanese advised that it related to its operations in China.

When the Japanese invaded, they had over 200 tanks, consisting of the Type 95 Ha-Go light tank, Type 97 Chi-Ha and Type 89 I-Go medium tanks and Type 97 Te-Ke tankettes. In support they had nearly 800 aircraft available. Commonwealth troops were equipped with the Lanchester 6x4 Armoured Car, Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car, Universal Carrier and only 23 obsolete Mk VIB light tanks (in the 100th Light Tank Squadron of the Indian Army), none of which were sufficiently armed for armoured warfare. They had just over 250 combat aircraft; half of these would be lost in the first few days of combat.

When the Japanese invaded Malaya it was part of expansive attack all across the Pacific and South East Asia, stretching from Pearl Harbor and islands in the Pacific, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Burma, Singapore, Borneo, and Thailand.

Commonwealth
Between the wars, the British military strategy in the Far East was undermined by a lack of attention and funding. In 1937, Major-General William Dobbie, General Officer Commanding (GOC) Malaya (1935–39), looked at Malaya's defences and reported that during the monsoon season, from October to March, landings could be made by an enemy on the east coast and bases could be established in Siam (Thailand). He predicted that landings could be made at Songkhla and Pattani in Siam, and Kota Bharu in Malaya. He recommended large reinforcements to be sent immediately. His predictions turned out to be correct, but his recommendations were ignored. The British government's plans relied primarily on the stationing of a strong fleet at the Singapore Naval Base in the event of any enemy hostility, in order to defend both Britain's Far Eastern possessions and the route to Australia. A strong naval presence was also thought to act as a deterrent against possible aggressors.

By 1940, however, the army commander in Malaya, Lieutenant-General Lionel Bond, conceded that a successful defence of Singapore demanded the defence of the whole peninsula, and that the naval base alone would not be sufficient to deter a Japanese invasion. Military planners concluded that the desired Malayan air force strength would be 300–500 aircraft, but this was never reached because of the higher priorities in the allocation of men and material for Britain and the Middle East.

The defence strategy for Malaya rested on two basic assumptions: first, that there would be sufficient early warning of an attack to allow for reinforcement of British troops, and second, that American help was at hand in case of attack. By late 1941, after Lieutenant-General Arthur E. Percival had taken over as GOC Malaya, it became clear that neither of these assumptions had any real substance. In addition, Churchill and Roosevelt had agreed that in the event of war breaking out in South East Asia, priority would be given to finishing the war in Europe. The east, until that time, would be a secondary priority. Containment was considered the primary strategy in the east.

Intelligence operations
Planning for this offensive was undertaken by the Japanese Military Affairs Bureau's Unit 82 based in Taiwan. Intelligence on Malaya was gathered through a network of agents which included Japanese embassy staff; disaffected Malayans (particularly members of the Japanese-established Tortoise Society); and Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese business people and tourists. Japanese spies, which included a British intelligence officer, Captain Patrick Stanley Vaughan Heenan, also provided intelligence and assistance.

Prior to hostilities Japanese intelligence officers like Iwaichi Fujiwara had established covert intelligence offices (or Kikans) that linked up with the Malay and Indian pro-independence organisations such as Kesatuan Melayu Muda and the Indian Independence League. The Japanese gave these movements financial support in return for their members providing intelligence and later assistance in determining Allied troop movements, strengths, and dispositions prior to the invasion.

Through the operation of these networks prior to the invasion the Japanese knew where the Commonwealth forces were based and their unit strengths, had good maps of Malaya, and had local guides available to provide them with directions.

November 1941
In November 1941, the British became aware of the large scale buildup of Japanese troops in French Indo-China. Thailand was seen to be under threat from this build-up as well as Malaya. British strategists had foreseen the possibility of Thailand's Kra isthmus being used by the Japanese to invade Malaya. To counteract this potential threat, plans for a pre-emptive invasion of southern Thailand, named Operation Matador, had been drawn up. By the time the invasion became highly likely the British decided not to use them for political reasons.

Japanese invasion of Malaya

The Malayan campaign began when the 25th Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita, invaded Malaya on 8 December 1941. Japanese troops launched an amphibious assault on the northern coast of Malaya at Kota Bharu and started advancing down the eastern coast of Malaya. The Japanese 5th Division also landed at Pattani and Songkhla in Thailand, then moved south into western Malaya. French Indo-China was still under French administration, and had little option but to co-operate with the Japanese. The French authorities therefore submitted to the Japanese military using the territory's ports as naval bases, building air bases, and massing forces there for the invasion. Japan also coerced Thailand into co-operating with the invasion, though Thai troops resisted the landings in Thai territory for eight hours.

At 04:00, 17 Japanese bombers attacked Singapore, the first ever air raid on the colony. It became evident to the British that Japanese bombers based in Indochina were now within range of Singapore.

The Japanese were initially resisted by III Corps of the Indian Army and several British Army battalions. The Japanese quickly isolated individual Indian units defending the coastline, before concentrating their forces to surround the defenders and force their surrender. The Japanese forces held a slight advantage in numbers in northern Malaya and were significantly superior in close air support, armour, co-ordination, tactics, and experience, having fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Allies had no tanks, which had put them at a severe disadvantage. The Japanese also used bicycle infantry and light tanks, which allowed swift movement of their forces overland through terrain covered with thick tropical rainforest, criss-crossed by native paths. Although the Japanese had not brought bicycles with them (to speed the disembarkation process), they knew from their intelligence that suitable machines were plentiful in Malaya and quickly confiscated what they needed from civilians and retailers.

A replacement for Operation Matador, named Operation Krohcol by the British Indian Army, was implemented on 8 December, but the troops were easily defeated by the Royal Thai Police and the Japanese 5th Division. Force Z of the Royal Navy (battleship HMS Prince of Wales (53), battlecruiser HMS Repulse (1916), and four destroyers, under the command of Admiral Sir Tom Phillips) had arrived right before the outbreak of hostilities. Japanese aircraft based in Indochina sank Prince of Wales and Repulse on 10 December, leaving the east coast of Malaya exposed, allowing the Japanese to continue their invasion.

Background
As a lower-priority theatre, the Allies had comparatively few modern aircraft to challenge the Japanese. In addition the Allies did not consider Japanese aircraft a significant threat. In 1941 the Allies assumed that Japan would only have a few hundred poor quality outdated aircraft. The respected Janes All the World's Aircraft for 1941 indicated that the Japanese only had a cluster of dated foreign and indigenous aircraft. Japanese pilots were also underrated, considered unlikely to make particularly good pilots.

Prior to the invasion on 8 December there were 75 Allied aircraft stationed in northern Malaya and 83 in Singapore. The only fighter squadron in northern Malaya was No 21 Squadron RAAF that was equipped with 12 Brewster Buffalos. The Japanese had at least 459 aircraft available.

Japanese aircraft and units
The Japanese Navy's 22nd Air Flotilla (22nd Kōkū-Sentai) with 110 aircraft and commanded by Vice Admiral Matsunaga Sadaichi operating out of three air bases near Saigon took part in the initial attacks on Malaya.

The 22nd Air Flotilla included the 22nd (Genzan), Bihoro, and Kanoya Air Groups (or Kōkūtai). They were equipped with 33 Type 96 Mitsubishi G3M1 'Nell' bombers. The Air Flotilla also had 25 Type 96 Mitsubishi A5M4 'Claude' fighters available. The Genzen Air Group was a key participant in the sinking of the British capital ships Prince of Wales and Repulse off the coast of Malaya on 10 December 1941, losing one aircraft and its crew during the battle. On 22 January 1942, bombers from the Genzan Air Group attacked Kallang Airport in Singapore, and subsequently provided air support for Japanese offensives in Malaya including the landings at Endau.

The Japanese 3rd Air Corps (飛行集団) and three Air Combat Groups (飛行戦隊) of the 5th Air Corps took part in the Malaya Campaign. In total there were 354 Imperial Japanese Army Air Service (IJAAS) first line aircraft involved together with the 110 Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) aircraft. The Army units were variously equipped with fighters: Nakajima Ki-27 Nate, Nakajima Ki-43 Oscar, Mitsubishi Ki-51 Sonia; bombers: Kawasaki Ki-48 Lily, Mitsubishi Ki-21 Sally, Mitsubishi Ki-30 Ann; and reconnaissance: Mitsubishi Ki-15 Babs, Mitsubishi Ki-46 Dinah.

Most Japanese pilots of the IJAAS units and at least a quarter of the IJNAS pilots had combat experience against the Chinese and the Soviets. They were all very well trained.

Allied aircraft and units
Prior to the commencement of hostilities the Allies in Malaya and Singapore had four fighter squadrons: 21 and 453 RAAF, 243 RAF, and 488 RNZAF. They were equipped with the Brewster Buffalo, a plane that aviation historian Dan Ford characterized as pathetic. Its engine had fuel starvation problems and poor supercharger performance at higher altitudes. Maneuverability was poor and the engine tended to overheat in the tropical climate, spraying oil over the windscreen. In service, some effort was made to improve performance by removing the armour plate, armoured windshields, radios, gun camera, and all other unnecessary equipment, and by replacing the .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns with .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns. The fuselage tanks were filled with a minimum of fuel and run on high-octane aviation petrol where available.

The remaining offensive aircraft consisted of four RAF squadrons of Bristol Blenheim MkI and MKIV light bombers (27, 34, 60, 62 Squadrons), two RAAF squadrons (1 and 8) of Lockheed Hudsons, and two RAF squadrons of Vickers Vildebeest biplane torpedo bombers (36 and 100). The Vildebeests were obsolete and due to be replaced by modern Bristol Beaufort torpedo bombers. No 36 Squadron had some Fairey Albacore biplanes. There were also two Consolidated Catalina flying boats of 205 Squadron and three Catalinas from the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force at Singapore.

The squadrons were beset by numerous problems including inadequate spare parts and a lack of support staff, airfields that were difficult to defend against air attack with no early warning of impending attacks, a lack of a clear and coherent command structure, a Japanese spy in the Army air liaison staff (Heenan), and antagonism between RAF and RAAF squadrons and personnel. The Japanese through their network of informants knew the strength and disposition of Allied aircraft before they invaded.

Many of the pilots lacked adequate training and experience. For example, 20 of the original 169 Buffalos were lost in training accidents during 1941. Those fighter pilots with experience had been trained in methods that were very effective against German and Italian fighters but suicide against the acrobatic Japanese Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" and Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighters. A counter tactic of avoiding dog fights with a 'slash and run' attack was developed by Lieutenant-General Claire Lee Chennault of the Flying Tigers but was too late for the Allied pilots serving in this campaign.

Two days before the attack on Malaya, Hudsons of No 1 Squadron RAAF spotted the Japanese invasion fleet but, given uncertainty about the ships' destination and instructions to avoid offensive operations until attacks were made against friendly territory, Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, Commander-in-Chief of British Far East Command, did not allow the convoy to be bombed.

Air campaign
On the first day, the focus of the Japanese air assault was on the Allied air bases. Mitsubishi Ki-21 Sallys from the 7th Hikodan bombed the airfields at Alor Star, Sungai Petani, and Butterworth. A total of 60 Allied aircraft were lost on the first day, primarily on the ground. Those Allied fighters that did manage to engage the Japanese performed adequately against the Nakajima Ki-27 "Nate". However, the appearance of ever greater numbers of Japanese fighters, including markedly superior types such as the Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscar" soon overwhelmed the Buffalo pilots, both in the air and on the ground.

While contesting the Japanese landings on Malaya, Hudsons from No. 1 Squadron RAAF based at Kota Bharu became the first aircraft to make an attack in the Pacific War, sinking Japanese transport ship Awazisan Maru, while also damaging Ayatosan Maru and Sakura Maru off the coast of Kota Bharu, for the loss of two Hudsons, at 0118h local time (an hour before the attack on Pearl Harbor). The Squadron was transferred to Kuantan the following day.

By 9 December, Japanese fighters were operating out of Singora and Patani, Thailand, and Kota Bharu airfield was in Japanese hands. The Allies tried to attack Singora airfield. The bombers were intercepted on take-off by a Japanese raid which disabled or shot down all but one. The sole surviving bomber, a Bristol Blenheim flown by Arthur Scarf, did manage to bomb Singora. No 62 squadron had been moved from Alor Star to Butterworth, and on 10 December it was moved to Taiping.

On 10 December, No 21 Squadron RAAF was withdrawn from Sungai Petani to Ipoh, where it was joined on 13 December by No 453 Squadron RAAF. No 453 Squadron had been sent to protect Force Z on 10 December, but arrived after the warships were sinking. On 15 December both Squadrons were pulled back to Kuala Lumpur, receiving replacement aircraft for those shot down or destroyed. Within the first week of the campaign the Japanese had established air superiority. On 19 December the bombers were moved to Singapore, with No 62 Squadron being re-equipped with Hudsons.

One pilot—Sergeant Malcolm Neville Read of No. 453 Squadron RAAF—sacrificed himself by ramming his Buffalo into an Oscar of 64th Sentai over Kuala Lumpur on 22 December.

Continued Japanese dominance eventually forced both Squadrons back to Singapore on 24 December, where they were merged until more replacement aircraft could be obtained. No 64 Squadron had run out of aircraft and its surviving ground-crew and airmen were shipped to Burma. RAAF No 1 and No 8 squadrons were amalgamated due to aircraft losses. This left the Allied ground troops and shipping completely open to air attack and further weakened the defensive position. The Genzan Air Group sank Prince of Wales and Repulse on 10 December, which also established Japanese naval supremacy. In comparison, the Japanese army enjoyed close air support from the start of the campaign, and sought to capture bases for their air support to operate from.

On 25 December, the Second division of Squadron 5, Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force was deployed to Singapore, contributing to the Allied cause before being recalled to Java on 18 January. Several Dutch pilots—including Jacob van Helsdingen and August Deibel—responded to a number of air raids over Singapore while stationed at Kallang Airport. They claimed a total of six aircraft, particularly the Nakajima Ki-27 Nate, which fared poorly in Malaya.

On 3 January 1942, 51 disassembled Hurricane Mk IIBs arrived in Singapore along with 24 pilots (many of whom were veterans of the Battle of Britain) who had been transferred to there with the intention of forming the nucleus of five squadrons. The 151st Maintenance unit assembled the 51 Hurricanes within two days and of these, 21 were ready for operational service within three days. The Hurricanes were fitted with bulky 'Vokes' dust filters under the nose and were armed with 12, rather than eight, machine guns. The additional weight and drag made them slow to climb and unwieldy to maneuver at altitude, although they were more effective bomber killers.

The recently arrived pilots were formed into 232 Squadron. In addition, 488 (NZ) Squadron, a Buffalo squadron, converted to Hurricanes. On 18 January, the two squadrons formed the basis of 226 Group. The following day 453 squadron provided an escort of eight aircraft for five Wirraways and four NEI Glenn Martin bombers, attacking Japanese troops on the Maur River. All the Martins and one of the Wirraways were lost.

No 243 Squadron RAF, equipped with Buffalo fighters, was disbanded on 21 January and 232 Squadron became operational on 22 January, the same day the Genzan Air Group attacked Kallang Airport. 232 Squadron thus had the first losses and victories for the Hurricane in Southeast Asia that day. Most of the bombers were moved to Sumatra midway through January.

Aircraft from 36, 62, and 100 Squadrons unsuccessfully attacked the Japanese invasion fleet at Endau on 26 January, suffering heavy losses. The surviving aircraft were evacuated to Sumatra on 31 January.

In mid-January, the three Sentai of the 5th Air Corps returned to Thailand to participate in the Burma Campaign and the 3rd Air Corps turned its attention to the Netherlands East Indies. In the end, more than 60 Brewster aircraft were shot down in combat, 40 destroyed on the ground, and approximately 20 more destroyed in accidents. Only about 20 Buffalos survived to reach India or the Dutch East Indies. The last airworthy Buffalo in Singapore flew out on 10 February, five days before the island fell. The RAAF and RNZAF fighter squadrons left for Sumatra and Java at the beginning of February.

It is not entirely clear how many Japanese aircraft the Buffalo squadrons shot down, although RAAF pilots alone managed to shoot down at least 20. Eighty were claimed in total, a ratio of kills to losses of just 1.3 to 1. Additionally, most of the Japanese aircraft shot down by the Buffalos were bombers. The Hawker Hurricane, which fought in Singapore alongside the Buffalo from 20 January, also suffered severe losses from ground attack; most were destroyed.

Advance down the Malayan Peninsula
The defeat of Allied troops at the Battle of Jitra by Japanese forces, supported by tanks moving south from Thailand on 11 December 1941 and the rapid advance of the Japanese inland from their Kota Bharu beachhead on the north-east coast of Malaya overwhelmed the northern defences. Without any real naval presence, the British were unable to challenge Japanese naval operations off the Malayan coast, which proved invaluable to the invaders. With virtually no remaining Allied planes, the Japanese also had mastery of the skies, leaving the Allied ground troops and civilian population exposed to air attack.

The Malayan island of Penang was bombed daily by the Japanese from 8 December and abandoned on 17 December. Arms, boats, supplies and a working radio station were left in haste to the Japanese. The evacuation of Europeans from Penang, with local inhabitants being left to the mercy of the Japanese, caused much embarrassment for the British and alienated them from the local population. Historians judge that "the moral collapse of British rule in Southeast Asia came not at Singapore, but at Penang". However, many who were present during the evacuation did not experience it as a scramble. It was a response to an order from British High Command which had come to the conclusion that Penang should be abandoned as it had no tactical or strategic value in the rapidly changing military scheme of things at that time.

On 23 December, Major-General David Murray-Lyon of the Indian 11th Infantry Division was removed from command to little effect. By the end of the first week in January, the entire northern region of Malaya had been lost to the Japanese. At the same time, Thailand officially signed a Treaty of Friendship with Imperial Japan, which completed the formation of their loose military alliance. Thailand was then allowed by the Japanese to resume sovereignty over several sultanates in northern Malaya, thus consolidating their occupation.

The 11th Indian Division managed to delay the Japanese advance at Kampar for a few days, in which the Japanese suffered severe casualties in terrain that did not allow them to use their tanks or their air superiority to defeat the British. The 11th Indian Division was forced to retreat when the Japanese landed troops by sea south of the Kampar position. The British retreated to prepared positions at Slim River.

At the Battle of Slim River, in which two Indian brigades were practically annihilated, the Japanese used surprise and tanks to devastating effect in a risky night attack. The success of this attack forced Percival into replacing the 11th Indian Division with the 8th Australian Division., and cleared the route to the city of Kuala Lumpur.

It did not take long for the Japanese army's next objective, the city of Kuala Lumpur, to fall. The Japanese entered and occupied the city unopposed on 11 January 1942. Singapore Island was now less than 200 mi away for the invading Japanese army.

Defence of Johor
By mid-January, the Japanese had reached the southern Malayan state of Johore where, on 14 January, they encountered troops from the Australian 8th Division, commanded by Major-General Gordon Bennett, for the first time in the campaign. During engagements with the Australians, the Japanese experienced their first major tactical setback, due to the stubborn resistance put up by the Australians at Gemas. The battle—centred around the Gemencheh Bridge—proved costly for the Japanese, who suffered up to 600 casualties. However, the bridge itself (which had been demolished during the fighting) was repaired within six hours.

As the Japanese attempted to outflank the Australians to the west of Gemas, one of the bloodiest battles of the campaign began on 15 January on the peninsula's West coast near the Muar River. Bennett allocated the 45th Indian Brigade—a new and half-trained formation—to defend the river's South bank but the unit was outflanked by Japanese units landing from the sea and the Brigade was effectively destroyed with its commander, Brigadier H. C. Duncan, and all three of his battalion commanders killed. Two Australian infantry battalions—which had been sent to support the 45th Brigade—were also outflanked and their retreat cut off, with one of the Australian battalion commanders killed in the fighting around the town of Bakri, south-east of Muar. During the fighting at Bakri Australian anti-tank gunners had destroyed nine Japanese tanks, slowing the Japanese advance long enough for the surviving elements of the five battalions to attempt an escape from the Muar area.

Led by Australian Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Anderson, the surviving Indian and Australian troops formed the "Muar Force" and fought a desperate four-day withdrawal, allowing remnants of the Commonwealth troops withdrawing from northern Malaya to avoid being cut off and to push past the Japanese to safety. When the Muar Force reached the bridge at Parit Sulong and found it to be firmly in enemy hands, Anderson, with mounting numbers of dead and wounded, ordered "every man for himself". Those who could took to the jungles, swamps and rubber plantations in search of their division headquarters at Yong Peng. The wounded were left to the mercy of the Japanese, and all but two out of 135 were tortured and killed in the Parit Sulong Massacre. Anderson was awarded a Victoria Cross for his fighting withdrawal. The Battle of Muar cost the allies an estimated 3,000 casualties including one brigadier and four battalion commanders.

On 20 January, further Japanese landings took place at Endau, in spite of an air attack by Vildebeest bombers. The final Commonwealth defensive line in Johore of Batu Pahat–Kluang–Mersing was now being attacked along its full length. In the face of repeated requests from his Chief Engineer, Brigadier Ivan Simson, Percival had resisted the construction of fixed defences in Johore, as on the North shore of Singapore, dismissing them with the comment, "Defences are bad for morale." On 27 January, Percival received permission from the commander of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, General Archibald Wavell, to order a retreat across the Johore Strait to the island of Singapore.

Retreat to Singapore
On 31 January, the last organised Allied forces left Malaya, and Allied engineers blew a 70 ft-wide hole in the causeway that linked Johore and Singapore; a few stragglers would wade across over the next few days. Japanese raiders and infiltrators, often disguised as Singaporean civilians, began to cross the Straits of Johor in inflatable boats soon afterwards.

In less than two months, the Battle for Malaya had ended in comprehensive defeat for the Commonwealth forces and their retreat from the Malay Peninsula to the fortress of Singapore. Nearly 50,000 Commonwealth troops had been captured or killed during the battle. The Japanese Army invaded the island of Singapore on 7 February and completed their conquest of the island on 15 February, capturing 80,000 more prisoners out of the 85,000 allied defenders. The final battle before the surrender was with the Malay Regiment at Bukit Candu on 14 February.

By the end of January, Heenan had been court-martialled for spying for the Japanese and sentenced to death. On 13 February, five days after the invasion of Singapore Island, and with Japanese forces approaching the city centre, he was taken by military police to the waterside and was hastily executed. His body was thrown into the sea.

Battles of the campaign

 * Battle of Kota Bharu (8 December 1941) Three transports landed some 5,200 troops at Kota Bharu (Malaysia's NE corner). The beaches had been prepared with wire and pillboxes, and were defended with artillery and aircraft. One Japanese transport was sunk, with two damaged. But after heavy fighting the Japanese succeeded in landing most of their troops with about 800 casualties.
 * Bombing of Singapore (December 1941)
 * Operation Krohcol (8 December 1941) This was an advance by commonwealth forces into Thailand to destroy the main road at "The Ledge". The operation failed due to delays in authorisation by Percival and resistance by Thai police.
 * Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse (10 December 1941) The British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse were sunk by Japanese aircraft after relying on false intelligence as to the location of the landings. They had no air support. This was the first time any capital ships at sea had been sunk by aircraft.
 * Battle of Jitra (11–13 December 1941)
 * Battle of Kampar (1941)
 * Battle of Slim River (1942)
 * Battle of Gemas (1942)
 * Battle of Muar (1942)
 * Battle off Endau (1942)
 * Battle of Singapore (1942)

title: Malayan campaign


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 * Carpe Diem, and gather ye rosebuds while ye may!

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Talk:Episodes from Ed, Edd n Eddy, Season 1

Initial Draft
This is the inital merged season page. I tried to include as much of the original plot text from the pages as possible, however the page was getting very long. Other season pages only had a one line synopsis. If you have any suggestion for style or format, please feel free to either discuss them or make the changes.

I will start on the merging of the other episodes and seasons if no one else takes up the task.

If you have any problems with the merge, please see this VfD debate, as the consensus was originally to keep, however other seasons/episodes were to merge. Therefore in order to keep cohesion, all of them are being merged. <> Who 07:32, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Synopsis size
For the current format, please keep the description to a minimal size. Long descriptions for each episode will make the page too large to load. If you have any ideas on different layouts, feel free to discuss or try them. Thanks <>Who 17:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Can somebody please fix up the season six article? it is gettin messy


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One to One (band)

One to One was a Canadian pop music group formed in 1984 in Ottawa, Ontario. They later changed their name to One 2 One. The duo released three albums and produced ten hits on Canadian charts between 1985 and 1992.

Biography
Consisting of vocalist Louise Reny and producer Leslie Howe, One to One evolved out of an Ottawa Valley band called Mainstream, which had toured the local circuit in the late '70s and early '80s performing cover songs. In 1983, Reny and Howe decided to strike out on their own, and after recording a few demos, they signed a two-album deal with Bonaire Records, and flew to West Germany to record.

The dance-fueled debut Forward Your Emotions was released in 1985 and became a smash hit across Canada. The singles "There Was a Time" and "Angel in My Pocket" charted on the Canadian Top 40, and the latter also became a minor hit on the American Billboard Hot 100 charts, reaching #92. A third single, "Black on White", only reached #90 on the Canadian music charts.

Their 1988 follow-up 1-2-1 was a more guitar-based pop album that also became a hit in Canada. The hits "Hold Me Now" and "Do You Believe" climbed into the Canadian Top 40. Two more singles, a cover of The Supremes' "Love Child" and "We've Got the Power", became modest hits as well.

Following the demise of Bonaire Records, the group signed to A&M Records with a new look & sound as One 2 One. Released in 1992, Imagine It was a light 60s/adult contemporary-based album that gave the band another hit with "Peace of Mind (Love Goes On)". That song also charted on the American Billboard charts at #95. Two more singles, "Memory Lane" and "Friends", reached the Canadian music Top 40 as well.

Following this success, Howe and Reny decided to pursue a different musical direction, and joined with three other musicians in the alternative rock band Sal's Birdland, which later morphed into Artificial Joy Club. The song "Sick and Beautiful" from their debut album Melt went to #1 on the Canadian music Top 40; it also peaked at #11 on the US Radio and Records Alternative chart. In January 2010, Forward Your Emotions was re-released internationally by Wounded Bird Records.

Awards and recognition
In 1986, the band was nominated for three Juno Awards:
 * Most Promising Group of the Year
 * Producer of the Year (Leslie Howe)
 * Recording Engineer of the Year (Leslie Howe)

Howe served as producer for Alanis Morissette's debut album Alanis, which was only released in her native Canada, as well as Ontario based hip hop duo Mix Breed.

title: One to One (band)


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Blackhawk (band)

Blackhawk (stylized as BlackHawk) is an American country music group founded in 1992 by Henry Paul (lead vocals, mandolin, acoustic guitar), Van Stephenson (background vocals, electric guitar), and Dave Robbins (background vocals, keyboards). Prior to the group's formation, Paul had been a member of the Southern rock band Outlaws, while Stephenson was a solo rock artist.

In 1993, Blackhawk was signed to a record deal with Arista Nashville. Their debut single, "Goodbye Says It All", was released that year, peaking at No. 11 on Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs); their first album (1994's Blackhawk) was certified 2× Multi-Platinum by the RIAA. Throughout the rest of the 1990s, the band continued to chart singles, in addition to releasing three more albums and a Greatest Hits package.

Van Stephenson departed the group in 2000 due to complications from skin cancer. Randy Threet, who made his first appearance on Spirit Dancer, the band's fifth studio album, stepped in to sing high harmony.

History
Blackhawk was founded in 1992 by lead vocalist/guitarist Henry Paul, vocalist/guitarist Van Stephenson, and keyboardist/vocalist Dave Robbins. Prior to the band's foundation, Paul was a member of the Southern rock band Outlaws, and Stephenson had a pop hit in 1984 with "Modern Day Delilah". After the latter, Robbins and Stephenson began writing songs together, including several singles for the band Restless Heart. After exiting Outlaws, Paul began writing with Robbins and Stephenson as well and thus decided to form a band with them.

1993–1995: Blackhawk
In 1993, Blackhawk signed to Arista Nashville, releasing their debut single "Goodbye Says It All" that year. The song, which peaked at No. 11 on the Hot Country Songs charts in early 1994, served as the lead-off to their self-titled debut album, which also produced four more singles: "Every Once in a While", "I Sure Can Smell the Rain", "Down in Flames", and the Jeff Black-penned "That's Just About Right". These songs all reached Top Ten on the country charts. BlackHawk was certified 2 × Multi-Platinum by the RIAA for shipping two million copies in the United States.

Also in 1994, they were nominated by the Academy of Country Music for the Top New Vocal Group award, along with Boy Howdy and Gibson/Miller Band, but lost to Gibson/Miller.

1995–1996: Strong Enough
Blackhawk's second album, Strong Enough, was released in 1995. Its lead-off single, "I'm Not Strong Enough to Say No" peaked at No. 2, followed by "Like There Ain't No Yesterday" at No. 3. Both of these singles were also Number One hits on the RPM Top Country Tracks charts in Canada. However, none of the other three singles from the album reached Top Ten in either country with the exception of "Big Guitar" reaching No. 8 in Canada, and "King of the World", the final single, fell short of the Top 40. Nonetheless, Strong Enough earned the group an RIAA gold certification for selling 500,000 copies.

1997–1999: Love & Gravity and The Sky's the Limit
Love & Gravity was the title of Blackhawk's third album, released in 1997. Only two singles were released from this album: the lead-off "Hole in My Heart" at No. 31 and "Postmarked Birmingham", one of Phil Vassar's first compositions, at No. 37. The group's chart success was restored in late 1998, however, with the release of "There You Have It", which went on to peak at No. 4. This song brought Blackhawk to the Billboard Hot 100 for the first time, peaking at No. 41 on that chart. "There You Have It" was the first of two singles from 1998's The Sky's the Limit, which also produced the No. 27 "Your Own Little Corner of My Heart".

2000–2003: Greatest Hits and Spirit Dancer
In 2000, Blackhawk released their Greatest Hits collection, composed of the greatest hits from their first four albums. One of this album's newly recorded tracks, "I Need You All the Time", was a minor Top 40 hit on the country charts. Shortly afterward, Stephenson departed the group, due to complications from skin cancer, from which he died in 2001.

2005–present
BlackHawk continued to tour.

Down from the Mountain was the band's sixth studio album and was released in 2011. It contained nine new songs from the band and a different version of the song "Forgiveness", which appeared on the band's previous studio album, Spirit Dancer.

In 2014, Blackhawk released their seventh studio album, Brothers Of The Southland and a collection of newly recorded versions of their biggest hits, Greatest Hits & More, that also included two songs from their latest studio album.

A Christmas album The Spirit of Christmas was released in 2019.

Just About Right: Live From Atlanta is an acoustic live record recorded at Eddie's Attic in Atlanta, GA, released in 2020 and featuring members of the original backing band.

In 2022, a new album containing enhanced never-before-heard recordings with Van Stephenson titled Blue Highway was released.

Discography

 * Blackhawk (1994)
 * Strong Enough (1995)
 * Love & Gravity (1997)
 * The Sky's the Limit (1998)
 * Spirit Dancer (2002)
 *  Greatest Hits Live (2010)
 * Down from the Mountain (2011)
 * Brothers of the Southland (2014)
 * Greatest Hits & More (2014)
 * The Spirit of Christmas (2019)
 * Just About Right: Live From Atlanta (2020)
 * Blue Highway (2022)

American Music Awards

 * 1996
 * BlackHawk
 * Favorite Country Duo or Group
 * Nominated
 * }
 * }

TNN/Music City News Country Awards

 * 1995
 * rowspan=3| BlackHawk
 * Vocal Group or Duo of Tomorrow
 * Won
 * 1997
 * rowspan=2| Vocal Band of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 1998
 * Nominated
 * }
 * 1998
 * Nominated
 * }

Academy of Country Music Awards

 * 1994
 * rowspan=3| BlackHawk
 * Top New Vocal Group or Duet
 * Nominated
 * 1996
 * rowspan=2| Top Vocal Group of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 1997
 * Nominated
 * }
 * 1997
 * Nominated
 * }

Country Music Association Awards

 * 1995
 * rowspan=2| BlackHawk
 * rowspan=2| Vocal Group of the Year
 * Nominated
 * 1996
 * Nominated
 * }
 * Nominated
 * }

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Leslie Howe

Leslie Howe is a Canadian musician and record producer based in Ottawa, Ontario. He has been a member of the bands One to One, Sal's Birdland and Artificial Joy Club, and produced Alanis Morissette's early pop music albums.

Career
Beginning in the 1970s, Howe and Louise Reny were members of a local Ottawa band Mainstream. Howe operated a small recording studio, Distortion Studios, in Ottawa. In 1984 Howe joined with Reny to create the duo One to One; they signed a recording contract with the British label Bonaire, and travelled to Germany to record an album, Forward Your Emotions. Howe was nominated for Producer of the Year and "Recording Engineer of the Year" at the 1986 Juno Awards for this album. The pair released a single, "Do You Believe" which appeared on the RPM 100 Singles chart in June and July 1989. After changing their name to One 2 One, they recorded an album with A&M Records; their 1992 single "Peace of Mind (Love Goes On)" appeared on the RPM 100 Singles Chart for several months.

Howe met Alanis Morissette in 1988 and the two began writing songs together; Morissette signed a contract with Howe's production company, Ghettovale, and with the help of Remy and musician Frank Levin, they recorded a demonstration video with Morissette singing one of these compositions, "Walk Away". The demo led to a recording contract for her with MCA Records. Howe produced her first pop music albums Alanis (1991) and Now Is the Time (1992).

Howe joined the grunge band Sal's Birdland, once more with Reny; in 1993 the group independently released an album, So Very Happy, and later released Nude Photos Inside through MCA Records. After changing their name to Artificial Joy Club, in 1997 the band recorded a single, "Sick and Beautiful", which climbed the Billboard charts. Also that year the band recorded an album, Melt, on the Crunchy/Interscope label, were showcased on MTV and performed as part of the Lollapalooza tour.

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Talk:Shaniwar Wada

Popular Culture
Should mention movie Bajirao Mastani — Preceding unsigned comment added by Msaadansari (talk • contribs) 07:58, 21 December 2015 (UTC)

To add new artical of name which if similar name exist
I want to create article about my town but there previously one page existing with this name, How I can make this page now? Kundan Ravindra Dhayade (talk) 11:45, 25 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shaniwar Wada