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Košutnjak

Košutnjak (Кошутњак, ) is a park-forest and urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is divided between in the municipalities of Čukarica (upper and central parts) and Rakovica (lower part). With the adjoining Topčider, it is colloquially styled "Belgrade's oxygen factory". The 1923 Belgrade's general plan, in which one of the main projects regarding the green areas was forestation of the area between Topčider and the city, envisioned a continuous green area Senjak – Topčidersko Brdo – Hajd Park – Topčider – Košutnjak, which was formed by the 1930s. This continual forested area makes the largest "green massif" in the immediate vicinity of Belgrade's urban tissue.

Etymology
The name, košutnjak, is derived from the medieval hunting forests of the Serbian nobility, meaning doe's breeder. (In Serbian, košuta means doe, hind), as does used to live freely in the park until the World War I. The name was mentioned for the first time in 1831.

Geography
The Košutnjak hill is 250 m high and the entire forest complex covers an area of 330 ha.

Košutanjak has a few geological natural monuments. They include several Cretaceous maritime ridges of "Burdelj", "Tasin Majdan" and "Baremski", on the location of the assassination of the prince Michael, and a geology profile where the mint is located today.

Location
Košutnjak is located 6 km southwest from the downtown Belgrade. It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Topčider to the north and west, Kanarevo Brdo to the northwest, Rakovica and Skojevsko Naselje to the south, and Žarkovo (with its extensions of Cerak, Cerak II, Repište) and Banovo Brdo (with its extension of Sunčana Padina) to the east. Filmski Grad (to the southwest) and Golf Naselje (to the northwest) are sub-neighborhoods of Košutnjak.

History

In the 19th century, Košutnjak was a fenced hunting ground and royal excursion place for the members of the Obrenović dynasty. Engineer, urbanist and professor at the Belgrade Lyceum, Atanasije Nikolić, was given a task of arranging the forest. He also arranged the neighboring Topčider Park and its nursery garden, and avenues along city's main streets and squares. Until the World War I, the area was under quality oak forest. A document from 1849 says that there were 48 deer in Košutnjak, 13 bulls and 35 does. In 1884 the first railway in Serbia, which connected Belgrade and Niš, was constructed through the forest. In 1908 Belgian architect Alban Chambon drafted a new general urban plan (GUP) in 1908 which made Košutnjak a public park.

Košutnjak gained a sort of historical notoriety as prince of Serbia, Mihailo Obrenović III and his cousin Anka Konstantinović were assassinated while walking in the park on 10 June 1868, and when Ivan Stambolić, Slobodan Milošević's political opponent was abducted from the park on 25 August 2000 and later assassinated and buried at Fruška Gora. There are also remnants of the German cemetery and the monuments to the Serbian soldiers erected by their adversaries, German soldiers, in World War I.

After the assassination of prince Mihailo, the Board for the erection of the monument was formed already on 14 June 1868 and decided to collect donations for the construction of both the memorial church in Košutnjak, at the assassination location, and a monumental sculpture in the city itself. Russian sculptor Mikhail Mikeshin drafted the design for the memorial church or chapel in Košutnjak. After the public display, the citizens apparently liked the design and approved the construction. Painter Stevan Todorović ordered the lithographs to be made in Vienna. However, the process of building the memorials dragged on, and in 1871 Mikeshin's propositions were rejected. Also in 1871, the government opted to build only the monument in the city, which resulted in the Prince Mihailo Monument at the modern Republic Square. The memorial, simply marking the spot, was later set in Košutnjak. It was renovated in 1912 and 2020.

In 1903, former royal hunting ground was opened for public, making Košutanjak an excursion area of Belgrade. The first summer sanatorium for the city children in Serbia was opened in Košutnjak. In 1911, Ministry of Construction devised the plan for the cart and pedestrian roads grid, spreading from Topčider railway station to the wide meadow on one of Košutnjak's plateaus. On this location, Pionirski Grad is located today. The 1923 Belgrade's general plan envisioned forestation of Topčidersko Brdo and Senjak, formation of the new park and establishment of the continuous green area with the Topčider and Košutnjak. Project started in 1926 while the Hyde Park was finished in the 1930s.

Until World War II, the pheasants were abundant too and in this period Košutnjak was a healing destination for many city children. After 1945 city urbanists considered the way Topčider-Košutnjak complex has been handled was wrong, especially the expansion of the railway station into the marshalling yard and construction of Filmski Grad (both especially hurt Košutnjak's appeal), so the Belgrade's GUP in the 1950s projected the complete removal of the railway objects from the Topčider valley, but that was never executed.

After Belgrade was declared a national skiing center, Košutnjak was one of the locations where ski pistes were built. The selected terrain began at the German cemetery and went downhill to the bottom of the Serbian cemetery. The piste was 300 m long and 30 m wide. By 1936, a 40 m ski jumping hill was built. After World War II, before skiing facilities were built on the mountains further from Belgrade, the slopes of Košutnjak (so as of Kalemegdan, Banovo Brdo and Avala), continued to be used by Belgraders for skiing. The slope is still recognisible in the hill's landscape and on top if it is a cafe-restaurant called "Ski staza" ("ski piste").

From June 1945 to December 1946, Košutnjak was one of 5 administrative neighborhoods within Belgrade's Raion VII.

In the 1980s, Košutnjak hosted one of the most popular Belgrade's disco clubs, "Panorama".

Plants

Košutnjak is home to many plant and animal species, some of which are under strict protection. There are 521 plant species, including lime tree, pedunculate oak, common hornbeam, Turkey oak, Hungarian oak, European yew, sweet chestnut, cherry laurel, hackberry and Turkish hazel. About 5% of the forest is inhabited by the conifers, mostly cedar, black pine and white pine. In 2015, an average age of the trees has been estimated to 60–70 years. Also in 2015, about 50 ha of Košutnjak has been re-forested with 4,400 seedlings of the common ash and sycamore.

Animals
Animals inhabiting the forest are squirrels, hedgehogs, woodpeckers and bats.

Košutnjak hosts an experimental apiary, named after the forest. In May 2020 it was estimated that more than 3,000 honey bee swarms are orphaned in Belgrade, roaming around the city, trying to nest in rain gutters, under the eaves or even in residential houses, so the project of the bee sanctuaries construction within the complex was completed in July.

Importance
Košutnjak is one of the most popular recreational places in Belgrade. With 40 ha, Sports Center Košutnjak is one of the largest and most diverse in the city (stadiums, pools, etc.), while the park also has an auto-camp, modern settlements of Filmski Grad and Pionirski Grad, big studios of the national broadcaster Radio Television of Serbia, many popular restaurants and arranged paths criss-crossing the forest. There are also jogging tracks and a ski run.

In the lower parts, Košutnjak and Topčider forests grew together, while in the upper parts they are divided by the river Topčiderska reka and a railway passing through the river's valley (both Košutnjak and Topčider have their own, separate train stations).

Nobelist author Ivo Andrić wrote: "You just hang on to Topčider and Košutnjak...Topčider is my favorite place, where I ate bread and drank wine in the sweetest and calmest manner". Andrić's longtime friend, painter Leposava Bela Pavlović, made two paintings of Košutnjak in 1943. One, titled "Košutnjak, 1943" just shows the nature and is today exhibited in the Memorial museum of Ivo Andrić. On the other one, "In Košutnjak during the occupation" she painted Andrić, Milica Babić-Jovanović (Andrić's future wife) and Nenad Jovanović. This painting is in the National Museum of Serbia.

Protection
In 2014, city government declared "Košutnjak Forest" as a protected area, or nature monument. Protected locality covers an area of 265.26 ha. Košutnjak is the natural reserve of pedunculate oak, common hornbeam and silver lime.

However, in the late 2010s, state and government authorities began extensive construction works in the forest, cutting dozens of trees. Residents at first tried to remove the construction fencing, but later stormed the construction sites, following the skirmishes with the police, and halted the works temporarily including blocking of the unmarked trucks without license plates which transported cut wood. Protest marches were also organized, so as blocking of the local Čukarica Municipality Hall. Objections also include claims that many of the objects already exist in the vicinity and that there are better locations, adjoining the existing sports center, where the cutting of the trees wouldn't be necessary.

One site is chosen as the location for the expanded "Košutnjak" sports center, in the 33,000 m2 large part of the forest which has been groomed since the 1960s. Expansion includes 15 m tall martial arts hall, expansion of the "Trim" hotel, bungalows, additional 4 tennis courts, shooting range, indoor swimming pool, 207 parking spots and access streets. Government claims the project will cost €12 million, out of which €1,2 million is for the artificial climbing rock, which, due to the price, gained negative media prominence. Authorities also claimed that only 20 trees would be cut but 100 new ones would be planted; however, some 60 pine trees were cut. The complex was set to finish in early 2021, but the deadline was then moved to March 2022, with city now claiming that only 10 trees were cut, but "500 new ones were planted".

Concurrently, trees were cut on the opposite slope, between the ski run and the Topčider cemetery. After the residents occupied the area, city stated that they are replacing trees with the new and healthy ones. Cutting of the trees came as the continuation of the constant cutting of the trees in Belgrade, including the neighborhood of Ušće and the Kalemegdan Park. Goran Trivan, Minister of Environmental Protection, said that citizens are overdramatizing as the "tree is a renewable resource". As the cutting continued, and protests grew, it was discovered that the company officially entrusted with the cutting of the trees, belongs to one of the top city officials and member of the ruling Serbian Progressive Party, chief city urbanist Marko Stojčić. His company was the only bidder. After this was made public, a 2017 document which confirmed this was swiftly removed from the site of the Institute for Sports, which is in charge of the project. It was also made public that the cut trees have been transported to the house of a local representative and member of the same party, who claimed that he "paid for it".

Stojčić originally disputed the 2017 document before later acknowledging its existence, but claimed that he was awarded the job already in 2014, refusing to provide any documentation. He claimed he held no office at the time, either in the city or the party, however in 2014 he was already member of the city's Planning Commission and of the City Urban Council, so he basically awarded the job to himself. Stojčić added that he sees no issue here.

In February 2020, citizens again protested as they noticed continued massive tree cutting. State company "Srbijašume", which administers forests, claimed that this was planned and controlled cutting of the forest in the areas where trees reached 70 years of age. The affected territory covers 2.75 ha and it was claimed that 5,400 new seedlings will be planted instead.

In June 2020, plans for further, massive reduction of the forest were announced. City's detailed regulatory plan for the Filmski Grad neighborhood, which occupies the entire southwest section of Košutnjak, includes construction of the new residential complex for 8,000 people, with numerous luxurious dwellings and expensive hotels. It also includes cutting of the 17 ha of forest, which will from 27 ha be reduced to 10 ha in two separated forested pockets. The planned objects will cover almost 10 times more area than they do now. Entire plan actually covers 87 ha, of which 40 ha, where the forest is located, belongs to the investor, private "Avala Studios" company. The investor then stated they will keep only 7 ha of forest, because everything else is "worthless" and that forest doesn't exist. City officials either said it was too early to assess the situation (chief urbanist Stojčić) or openly, with all the evidence and statements to the contrary, said that everything is a lie and that forest will not be cut (deputy mayor Goran Vesić). As the project includes revitalization of Filmski Grad film studios, the city plan also claims that development of film industry in this area is one of the government's priority, but the government made no such decision.

This section of the forest is not protected. Citizens, already annoyed by the policy of the present administration to cut trees all over the urbanized city area and organized in various groups, coordinated protests and petitions, accusing city officials of hiding behind the COVID-19 pandemic to push bad and corruptive projects. They cite the investors alleged interest in revitalizing the film studio, but adding ten times more residential and commercial space, with massive garages and private sports complexes, on some of the most expensive city ground. The investor claim that for "every tree we cut, we will plant three on some other location in the city" and that construction will start in 2021. Serbian section of Europa Nostra, pan-European umbrella organization for Europe's cultural and natural heritage, examined the plan, stating that the film studios are only used as the pretext for the massive luxurious construction and that projects is opposed to the public interest. They also suggested that the investor should be obliged to only reconstruct existing objects, not to enlarge them tenfold.

Over 30,000 citizens signed the petition, while experts teams, which included four deans and heads of Belgrade University's faculties and institutes, lodged over 7,000 complaints to the city. They stressed that even the green areas of less quality must be preserved. City responded by informal confirmation that the project will not be changed and by banning the public inspection of this, and all other plans, citing COVID-19 pandemic, just one day after the petition was filed.

Aerial lift
In 1922 company "Čavlina and Sladoljev" from Zagreb drafted the project of connecting two banks of the Sava river by the cable car. In 1928, building company "Šumadija" again proposed the construction of the cable car, which they called "air tram" but this project was planned to connect Zemun to Kalemegdan on Belgrade Fortress, via Great War Island. The interval of the cabins was set at 2 minutes and the entire route was supposed to last 5 minutes. The project was never realized. Engineer and CEO of the Yugoslav institute for urbanism and dwelling "Juginus", Mirko Radovanac, revived the idea in the 1990s. After conducting extensive surveys (traffic analysis, interviews with the commuters, climatic, geological, urban and other researches), "Juginus" presented the project in 1993. They proposed that the termini should be at the Sports Center Košutnjak and Block 44 in the neighborhood of Savski Blokovi in New Belgrade, across the Sava. Stops in between would include the major public transportation roundabout in Banovo Brdo, Makiš and Ada Ciganlija, five in total. They called it the "ideal route". The plan also included construction of commercial areas around the termini, which would cover 2,000 m2 and help with the profitability of the project.

Apart from being ecological and an attraction, it was estimated that it would shorten the trip for 45 minutes. City government included the project into the city's GUP, which envisioned the construction in phases, the first being a 1,000 m long section Block 44-Ada Ciganlija. It would lay on 8 steel pillars, 35 m above the ground and the trip would last for 3 minutes. The cabins were projected to receive not just the commuters, but also the bicycles, skateboards, sledges and skis, as the cableway was planned to work year-round. The complete facility would have 27 pillars; it would be 5 km long which would be travelled in 15 minutes by 2,000 commuters per hour.

Despite the project being publicly revived by the mayors Dragan Đilas (2008–2013) and Siniša Mali (2013–2018), as of 2021 the project still hasn't started. The idea was then included in the Belgrade's General Regulatory Plan in December 2021, consisting of two phases: New Belgrade-Ada Ciganlija-Makiš, and Makiš-Banovo Brdo-Košutnjak. After announcing relocation of the Belgrade Zoo to Ada Ciganlija in February 2023, mayor Aleksandar Šapić announced that the project was greenlighted, stating that previously publicly unknown city project from 2009 will be reactivated.

Arboretum
New building of the Faculty of forestry was built in 1956, right above Careva Ćuprija, where the northwest section of the vast wood of Košutnjak begins at an altitude of 110–125 meters. Professors and students began developing a dendrology collection in 1957, which grew into the Arboretum of the Faculty of Forestry, a specific botanical garden which was protected by the state in July 2011 as the natural monument. It is used as an open-air classroom, for the practical studies of the students but also by the scientist for their work. The arboretum has its nursery garden and the greenhouse. On 6.7 hecaters, the arboretum holds 2,000 individual specimen of 300 trees and shrubs. They include 218 deciduous and 24 conifer species, out of which 80 are ornamental, and 40 species of the perennial plants. There are 77 domestic and 146 foreign species, including: narrow-leafed ash, Balkan maple, Balkan forsythia, laburnum, giant sequoia, cedar, cherry laurel (new variety developed in arboretum), Himalayan pine and the oldest metasequoia in Belgrade.

Hajdučka Česma

Hajdučka česma (Hajduks' drinking fountain) is a natural spring, which is one of the most prominent destinations for the picnickers, especially as the most popular location of the traditional Prvomajski uranak ("Labour Day early outing"), celebration of May 1, Labour Day, in Belgrade.

The Terazije Fountain, located in Terazije, the central city square, was planned for relocation in March 1911 due to the planned massive reconstruction of the square. City administration decided to move it to the Hajdučka Česma, or somewhere within the city limits, at some respected location. The fountain was to be moved in its entirety and transformed into the "flower vase". In the end, the fountain was moved to Topčider in 1912, but was returned to Terazije in 1975.

Close to the spring, there was a clash between the gendarmes and Belgrade students on 8 September 1930. During the Communist period this date was accepted as the Belgrade's Youth Organization holiday. Marking the 40th anniversary, a memorial plaque was placed in 1970 to commemorate the event. It is work of sculptor Milorad Tepavac.

Several rock concerts were held at the fountain, including bands Siluete in 1969, and Pop Mašina in 1972 and 1973, when, as an opening act, performed Goran Bregović's band Jutro, precursor of Bijelo Dugme. On 28 August 1977 a spectacular concert of the rock group Bijelo Dugme was held. With an attendance of over 100,000, it is considered as one of the seminal events in the history of Yugoslav rock, a social phenomenon which in time developed into the myth. It was organized after the idea of the journalist and rock critic Petar Peca Popović, to promote, at time sagging career, of Bijelo Dugme. The attendance was free, and the official occasion was Bregović's departure to serve his army duty. Audio footage was partially used for the band's live album Koncert kod Hajdučke česme ("Concert at Hajdučka Česma").

Military cemetery
After fierce fighting in the World War I, German occupation army conquered Belgrade in October 1915. German commander, Generalfeldmarschall August von Mackensen, order for the dead soldiers to be buried on the hill above Banovo Brdo. Amazed by the bravery of the Serbian soldiers who defended the city, Mackensen order for Serbian dead soldiers to be buried in the center of the cemetery: bodies of 36 Serbian soldiers from the 7th Infantry Regiment, one British and one French soldier were surrounded by the bodies of 2,600 German soldiers. This act surprised even Mackensen's subordinated officers. Above each grave there was a cross with information about the deceased, from their military papers. He also erected three monuments. Two were for the German soldiers while the third one, shaped like a simple stone block says in Serbian and German language: "Here rest Serbian heroes, 1915".

When German emperor Wilhelm II arrived in Belgrade in 1916, a large stone bench was built for him by the German soldiers. So as the monument, it was made from the marble which Belgrade municipality purchased in 1911 and which was planned for the reconstruction of the central city square Terazije and the Terazije fountain. The bench was placed on the point on the hill from which the emperor could see the entire Belgrade below. Hermann Göring, then president of the Third Reich's Reichstag, visited the cemetery on 17 May 1934, during his visit to Yugoslavia, laying a wreath with inscription "to war comrades, Reichsminister of Aviation, Hermann Göring".

By the 21st century, the cemetery deteriorated a lot. One monument to the German soldiers is in bad shape and it is believed that the Serbian soldiers were transferred to the joint ossuary for the World War I soldiers in the Belgrade New Cemetery. The other German monument is today within the yard of a privately owned school, while Belgrade is no more visible from the spot as the Košutnjak forest expanded and completely engulfed the area. The only remaining visible mark of the cemetery itself is part of the fence.

Pionirski Grad
Pionirski Grad (Пионирски град, ) is a sub-neighborhood of Košutnjak, in its south-central section, which belongs to the municipality of Rakovica. It is a small weekend-settlement, without permanent population, just west of the neighborhood of Filmski Grad. The name, pionirski grad in Serbian means "pioneer's town".

First objects were built during the period of German occupation in World War II. An anti-aircraft unit of Luftwaffe was placed in the area in 1943. The soldiers built small houses in Alpine style on the glades, with typical cornices and Bavarian windows. In the surrounding area they dug numerous underground bunkers which are today decaying and are mostly covered with overgrowth. Those which are outside of the woods are occasionally rediscovered during construction works. After the war, architect Ratko Tatić developed the settlement, starting in the summer of 1946. The settlement was opened for public in 1949. Majority of the complex got its present look in the 1960s. The central, multi-functional building with the adjoining substation transformer, was finished in 1976. Numerous underground shelters survived.

Pionirski Grad covers an area of 36.5 ha and is a non-residential settlement completely surrounded by the woods of Košutnjak. There are 9 pavilions with a total area of 200 m2. They were organized as the Pionirski Grad in 1947 and, as the name says, were intended to be the children's recreational center. Objects in the settlement include restaurant Ozon, two bungalows which serve as the kindergarten and outdoor terrains for basketball, futsal, handball, tennis, athletics and jogging. In the concrete hall there are indoor courts for futsal and squash, the first and only in Belgrade. Major building has an area of 6,000 m2 and contains restaurant, cabinets, classrooms, disco and artistic ateliers. Within the building there is also an amphitheatre with 600 seats, which was rented for Veliki Brat, the Serbian version of the reality show Big Brother; for the talent show Operacija Trijumf; and for the I Love Serbia quiz show, the Serbian version of I Love My Country. In its heyday Pionirski Grad had an attendance of 100,000 per year but it lost its recreational function when the refugees from the Yugoslav Wars were settled in seven pavilions from the 1990s to 2010s. The complex was partially renovated in the early 2010s: street lights were repaired, green areas rearranged and memorial plaques placed. A process of step-by-step reconstruction began in 2014. By 2017 the hall and the sports terrains have been renovated, the house of "Big Brother" was demolished and all objects have been vacated awaiting the reconstruction in 2018. Number of children visiting the premises during the year grew to 12,000 in 2016.

The works however didn't start, though the settlement's "return to the children" was reiterated on yearly basis by the city officials. Additional attractions, like the rollercoaster, were not mentioned anymore. In February 2022, city again announced reconstruction of the main hall, adaptation of the former "Big brother" hall into the indoor swimming pool, and demolition of the bungalows as the new ones should be built.

title: Košutnjak


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Rison

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 * Andre Rison (born 1967), American football player
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Shahu I

Shahu I (Shivaji Sambhaji Raje Bhosale; ; 18 May 1682 – 15 December 1749) was the fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Confederacy founded by his grandfather, Shivaji I. He was born into the Bhonsle family, and was the son of Sambhaji I and Yesubai. At a young age, he was taken into custody at the Siege of Raigad by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, and held captive. He was released from captivity after the death of Aurangzeb in the hope of engineering an internecine struggle among the Maratha factions of Tarabai and Shahu. Shahu emerged victorious in the bloody Battle of Khed and was crowned as Chhatrapati.

Under the reign of Shahu, Maratha power and influence extended to much of North-Western, Central and Western India, which had then created a strong Maratha Empire. After his death, his ministers and generals such as the Peshwa Bhats and their lieutenants of the Shinde and Holkar house, Senasahibsubha Bhonsles of Nagpur, and Senakhaskhel Gaikwad of Baroda administered their own sections of the empire under a loose coalition under the orders of the Chhatrapati.

Early life
In 1689, at the age of seven, Shahu was taken prisoner along with his mother by Mughals after the Battle of Raigarh. Aurangzeb was fighting the decentralised Marathas and hoped to use the crown heir Shahu as a pawn in his battle. Therefore, he treated Shahu and his mother well. Even in Mughal captivity, Shahu's mother, Empress Yesubai, continued to rule her private territories as a Deshmukh. Aurangzeb regarded Shahu, whose real name was Shivaji as 'Sav or Sadhu Shivaji' in contrast to his grandfather Shivaji I, resulting in his popular title 'Raja Shahu' meaning Honest or Saint King.

Shahu was married to two daughters of high ranking Maratha Sardars in the Mughal service. Aurangzeb gifted Shahu the Bhavani sword of Shivaji, the sword of Afzal Khan, and another gold-hilted sword. Aurangzeb also granted him Sanads to lands and revenue rights around Parganas of Akkalkot, Supa, Baramati, and Nevase for his maintenance. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, one of his sons, Prince Azam Shah, released Shahu in the hope of starting an internecine conflict between the Marathas, and also to have Shahu on his side for his own succession battle for the Mughal throne. At that time, his aunt Tarabai, who governed the Maratha realm in the name of her son (also named Shivaji), denounced Shahu as an impostor substituted by the Mughals for the son of Sambhaji. Shahu then waged a civil-war against Tarabai to gain the Chhatrapati's throne in 1708 and emerged victorious.

Early Reign
Following the death of Aurangzeb, Shahu grew impatient about returning to his homeland. He was advised by Zinat-un-Nissa and Zulfiqar Khan to not wait for formal sanads of appointment from Azam Shah, but to quit the Mughal camp at once and proceed to his home country. He readily acted upon this advice and left the Mughal camp at Doraha on 8th May 1707. The rulers of Bharatpur, Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur received Shahu on his way to Pune with warm hospitality. Shahu visited the sacred city of Ujjain and paid his obeisance to Shri Mahakaleshwar. At Burhanpur, Jotyaji Kaskar was left behind by Shahu to receive the sanads from the Mughals. Shahu then arrived at Bijagad, about thirty miles south of Narmada, and was joined by its ruler Rawal Mohansinh, who had long rebelled against Aurangzeb and cooperated with the Marathas. Mohansinh was the first to espouse the cause of Shahu and help him with troops and funds. From Bijagad, Shahu proceeded to Sultanpur, where he was joined by several Maratha chiefs such as Amritrao Kadambande, Rawal Sujansinh of Lamkani, the Bokils, the Purandares. and other Brahmin families.

Early Conflicts
After reaching Maharashtra, Senasahibsubha Parsoji Bhonsle, commander of 15,000 troops, pledged himself to Shahu. Parsoji’s example was quickly followed by Sardar Nimaji Shinde, Sarlashkar Haibatrao Nimbalkar, Rustamrao Jadhavrao (Shahu’s father-in-law), and Chimnaji Damodar who were all operating in Baglana and Khandesh. The forces of Tarabai assembled near Kudas Khed for a confrontation.

On 3 August 1707, Jotyaji Kesarkar received the formal sanads for Raja Shahu at Burhanpur from Bahadur Shah, who had finally killed Azam Khan in the Battle of Jajau. Shahu and his successors were recognized by the Mughal Emperors as the rightful heirs to Shivaji. The Mughals of Delhi yielded a quarter of their total revenue as Chauth tax, and an additional 10% for their protection to Chhatrapati Shahu. They would later become a puppet government of the Marathas.

Battle of Khed
On his march from Pune to the field of Khed Kudus, Shahu faced resistance from the town of Parad, which had a small fortress from which a feeble cannonade was directed upon his forces by the Patil Sayaji Lokhande. The fortress was stormed and levelled to the ground, and the besieged were put to the sword. The Patil Sayaji's widow placed her son Ranoji in Shahu's palanquin. Shahu, who regarded this as his first victory, named the boy Fatesinh and adopted him as his own son. Upon reaching Khed, Shahu sneaked into Dhanaji Jadhav's camp in disguise and had an interview with Dhanaji's comptroller Naroram Ranga Rao, who held favor of his master. Naroram represented the legitimacy of Shahu's claims to the Maratha throne and persuaded Dhanaji to espouse the right cause at the right time. Thereafter, Dhanaji also pledged his allegiance to Shahu. The Battle of Khed then took place on 12th October 1707 between the forces of Tarabai and Raja Shahu, who personally commanded his contingents. Tarabai's forces were led by Pratinidhi Parshuram Trymbak and Sarsenapati Khanderao Dabhade and suffered major casualties, while Dhanaji Jadhav only engaged in nominal skirmishes due to his prior oath of allegiance to Shahu. Shahu thus achieved a resounding victory causing Parshuram Trymbak Pratinidhi to flee to Satara Fort. Following the battle, Shahu visited the Khandoba Temple at Jejuri to pay homage and assumed the title "Kshatriyakulavatansa Sriyut Raja Shahu Chhatrapati". Shahu, riding on a wave of success, went on to capture Raigad, Torna, Vichitragad, and Chandan-Vandan forts, along with a few minor ones, in record time. Within a month of the Battle of Khed, he then appeared before Satara. Camped at the foot of Satara Fort, in almost the exact place where Aurangzeb had camped seven years earlier, Shahu sent off a peremptory demand to Tarabai's Pratinidhi to surrender the fort without resistance. However, since the latter would not yield, Shahu laid siege to it. Determined to conquer it in eight days, Shahu discovered that the military commander (Havaldar) of the fort, Sheikh Mira, had kept his family in Wai, a village not far from his camp. Shahu decided to apply a judicious ploy and threatened Sheikh Mira, saying that he would blow off the Sheikh's wife and children from the mouth of cannons if he did not surrender the fortress. Sheikh Mira then showed his readiness to do the bidding of Shahu. However, since the Pratinidhi resisted, Sheikh Mira, in a minor coup, threw him into prison and opened the gates to Shahu on 1 January 1708. It is said that even Dhanaji Jadhav, who had seen Aurangzeb’s vast army battering against the fort of Satara for nine months before it capitulated, is said to have expressed surprise at the ease and rapidity with which Shahu managed to conquer it. Satara thus became the capital of Shahu's realms.

Consolidation
Kanhoji Angre seized the opportunity of warring between Tarabai and Shahu to effectively free himself of the suzerainty of either. Instead, he captured the major trading center of Kalyan, and the neighboring forts of Rajmachi and Lohagad. Shahu sent a large force under his Peshwa, or Prime Minister, Bahiroji Pingale. Kanhoji defeated Pingale, imprisoned him at Lohagad, and started to advance towards Shahu's capital of Satara. Shahu commanded his Senakarta Balaji Vishwanath to raise another standing army (Huzurat) to subdue opponents. Balaji preferred the path of negotiation and was appointed as Shahu's plenipotentiary to negotiate with the admiral. Balaji and Kanhoji met at Lonavala. The newly appointed Peshwa appealed to the old sailor's patriotism for the Maratha cause. Kanhoji Angre agreed to become the Sarkhel (grand admiral) of Shahu's navy with control of the Konkan. Balaji and Kanhoji then jointly attacked the Muslim Siddis of Janjira. Their combined contingents captured most of the Konkan coast, including Balaji's birthplace of Shrivardhan, which then became part of the Angre fiefdom. Delighted with Balaji's success, Shahu dismissed Bahiroji Pingale, and appointed Balaji Vishwanath as Peshwa on 16 November 1713.

Upon the death of Athani's Maratha lord Himmat Bahadur Vithoji Chavan, his son Udaji Chavan succeeded to his fief and his title of Himmat Bahadur. During the Maratha-Mughal Wars, Udaji's father had been a close friend of Ramchandra Amatya, and Udaji had joined the faction of Tarabai (and thereby of her son Sambhaji). From his castle at Battis Shirale, Udaji frequently mounted raids in Shahu's territories, terming the exactions as the "Chavan Chauth". In the 1730s, after the death of Senapati Trymbakrao Dabhade and Bajirao's distant campaigns, Udaji Chavan obtained sanction from Tarabai's son Sambhaji to lead a force across the Warana river against Shahu. He pitched his camp at Shirol and began to plunder the countryside. Shahu, who was hunting in the neighborhood, sent for Udaji Chavan, promising him a safe conduct. After receiving bitter chiding by Shahu for his actions, Udaji Chavan decided to having him assassinated. A few days later, four assassins entered Shahu's tent, who was seated alone. Shahu was so indifferent to the danger posed by the assassins that the assassins lost heart and threw down their guns at his feet, pleading for mercy. Shahu enquired about their employer and they admitted that they had been sent by Udaji Chavan. Shahu gave each of the assassins a gold bracelet, and made them pick up their arms and take them back to Udaji along with a certificate from himself that stated they were good and faithful servants while deciding to mount up the conflict against Sambhaji. Shambhusimha Jadhav and Pratinidhi launched a rapid assault on Sambhaji's camp at Warana riverbanks and wiped out most of the Kolhapur army. All of Sambhaji’s military chest and stores were captured by the Pratinidhi. Tarabai, Rajasbai, Sambhaji’s wife Jijabai, Bhagwantrao Ramchandra, and Vyankatrao Joshi were taken as prisoners to Chhatrapati Shahu who chivalrously sent Sambhaji’s mother and wife to Panhala. The dispirited Tarabai chose to reside with Shahu in the palace prepared for her at Satara, concluding her role in the civil war. Shahu's forces took Vishalgad next, compelling Sambhaji to agree to a conclusive treaty.

An open field known as the Jakhinwadi plain was chosen as the meeting place of the two cousins. Jakhinwadi was bedecked with pavilions and equipage of the nobles of Maharashtra, who on this occasion, vied with each other in the splendour of their trappings and the profusion of their jewelry. There were over 200,000 soldiers, alone with horses and countless baggage trains. On the appointed day, Shahu and Sambhaji set out from their respective camps on elephants with jewel-studded howdahs. When they came in sight of each other, their elephants kneeled and their riders left them to mount richly saddled Arab steeds. When the horses met, the two princes alighted. Sambhaji put his head on Shahu’s feet as a visible token of submission. Chhatrapati Shahu bent down and lifting up his cousin and embraced him. Then, Shahu and Sambhaji decked each other with golden coins and garlands of flowers bringing the ceremony to a close. The formal treaty was concluded two months later at Satara known as "Treaty of Warana", which terminated the Maratha Civil War, and made Kolhapur a firmly subordinate sector of Satara Chhatrapati's empire. Fatehsingh Bhonsle was ordered to escort Sambhaji back to Panhala. Shahu accompanied Sambhaji for eight miles, and the path was set ablaze with the jewels and silks of the Maratha nobles in the train of the two monarchs. According to scholar C. A. Kincaid: "Even the splendours of the French nobles, when Henry met Francis on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, would have paled before the magnificence of Sambhaji’s reception by Shahu."

Reign of Chhatrapati Shahu
Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj hunting with his Peshwa Balaji Bajirao.jpg Balaji Bajirao by Shivram Chitari

c. 1750 ]] Over the next fifty years, Peshwa Balaji's son, Bajirao I, and grandson, Balaji Bajirao, expanded Maratha power in all directions of the Indian subcontinent. The Battle of Palkhed was fought on 28 February 1728 at the village of Palkhed, near Nashik, Maharashtra, India, between the Maratha Empire and the Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I of Hyderabad, wherein the Marathas defeated the Nizam. After the Battle of Bundelkhand, the Marathas became major players in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab. During Shahu's lifetime, Marathas conquered Bundelkhand, Bundi, Malwa, Gujarat, Gwalior, Kota, and the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.

Shahu advanced the interests of the ryots and brought barren tracts under cultivation, encouraged the plantation of trees, and relieved the suffering of the poor classes by abolishing irksome taxes.

Shahu, widely regarded as "Bhola Shankar" (benevolent incarnation of Shiva), was reputed for his proverbial equitable disposition, and freely socialised with civilians. During festivals, celebrations, dinners, and marriage ceremonies, Shahu was famous for taking an active role and observing how his people fared. People across all classes felt entitled to invite him for their intimate life events like marriages or other celebrations, and he heartily joined them, spent for them, and aided them whenever help was needed. Shahu was titled "Punyashloke" (of pious legacy) by more than one contemporary writer. He was extolled for appointing qualified officers and delegating due authority while also censuring misdeeds appropriately. He appeared in public dressed in the same plain white garments as in private life, with long grey hairs which hung down gracefully on his shoulders. There was virtually nothing private about his life and he was approachable for any civilian. He travelled around his empire on horseback, or his palanquin with a slender retinue, with his secretary and clerks always accompanying him.

His daily routine was a permanent fixture. The poor had free access to him and received quick and impartial justice. He never disregarded any impromptu lowest-class applicants, and on his tours he stopped his palanquin whenever he saw anyone making an appeal to him. As a rule, Shahu went out hunting every morning, which was his only exercise and mode of recreation. Breakfast was followed by office work, where the Chhatrapati carefully disposed of every matter that came before him, and patiently heard every petition that was submitted. At the lighting time in the evening, a full Court was held, after formal obeisance had first been made to Agni. Music and dancing concluded the day. It was computed that Chhatrapati Shahu passed orders on at least 500 matters or cases every day.

Family
Shahu had four wives, two sons, and four daughters.

His Shirke queens, Sakwarbai and Sagunabai, owned their own residences called 'Dareemi Mahal' and 'Dhakta Mahal', respectively. They had their own 'Chitnis/Chitnavis' ministers to look after their establishments. They derived their income from the 'Watans', certain privileges and trade revenue being carried on in ports of Colaba district called 'Khadi of Kundalika'. They had also received 'Sanads' from the Chhatrapati to carry on the trade in different precious commodities such as fish, salt, rice, spices, and cocoa-nuts to and from their tax-free ports of Roha and Ashtami. Disturbances, attacks, and onslaughts by Abyssinians, Europeans were frequent. The queens were often requested to check the nefarious activities of many upstarts with military support. Accounts reveal that the queens were well informed of the events taking place on the Western Indian coast, and that they maintained close contact with influential Maratha Sardars and other figures like Brahmendra Swami to maintain their hold over the political situation of Konkan sphere.

Shahu adopted Parvati Kolhatkar when she was 3 years old. She was the daughter of a Konkanastha Brahmin mamledar of Pen, Raigad. He trained her in warfare and administration. He later had her married to Sadashivrao Bhau when she was 15 years old. Even though her father was alive, he performed her kanyadan. He also adopted two sons, Ranoji Lokhande who was renamed Fatehsinh I, and Rajaram II of Satara (who succeeded him as Ramaraja Chhatrapati). Rajaram II had been brought to him by Shahu's paternal aunt, Tarabai, who initially claimed that the young man was her grandson and thus a descendant of Shivaji, but later disowned him as an imposter when he would not be a pawn for her politics. Ultimately, she admitted to his legitimacy in the presence of other Maratha Sardars. Due to the controversy of this event, after Shahu's death, Tarabai vengefully arrested Ramaraja Chhatrapati to take over Satara court. Thus, the executive powers were indirectly legitimised with the Pune-based Peshwa Balaji Bajirao.

Shahu had adopted Ranoji Lokhande, later known as Fatehsinh I Raje Sahib Bhonsle, the son of Meherban Sayaji Lokhande, the Patil of Parud. Sayaji Patil had died in Chhatrapati Shahu's sack of Parud during the Maratha civil war, and his mother handed him over to Shahu who was seated on his palanquin. Fatehsinh thus became the first Raja of Akkalkot around the year 1708. Upon his adoption, Fatehsinh received the town of Akkalkot and surrounding areas. The descendants of Fatehsinh later went on to establish the Lokhande Bhonsle dynasty in Akkalkot state of Maharashtra.

Legacy, death and succession
Satara (Sapta Tara) was the name of the citadel, while the capital city below the fort was actually named Shahunagar. Shahu shifted his throne from the citadel to the city's Rangmahal Palace in 1721. He supplied the new city with good drinking water brought in pipes from the Mahadara and Yavteshvar hills. There was also a mint established in the city.

Shahu was fond of sports such as hunting wild game and shooting birds, and used to have a daily ride outside Satara into the jungles for this purpose, thereby getting both fresh air and exercise. During the monsoon season this was accompanied by fishing. Shahu patronised singers, instrument-players, bards, and actors. He kept well-trained hounds and was particular about their pedigree. He was equally fond of well bred horses and birds, and knew their qualities and features. Rarities of various kinds such as candles, scents, knives, swords, tobacco, gunpowder used to be ordered by him through his admiral Kanhoji Angre from European traders. He also purchased elephant tusks. He was equally fond of good gardens, and ordered the planting of rare fruit and flower trees imported from different places.

Chhatrapati Shahu died on 15 December 1749 in Shahunagar. In his records after Shahu's death, Malhar Chitnis states, "He was a father and protector to young and old, to man and woman, to nobles and servants, great and small. Such a King never lived before. Under his government even criminals were not harshly treated. He had no enemy. Unprecedented lamentations were heard."

A statue of Chhatrapati Shahu was erected over his cremation spot.

Many stories were told of Shahu's lavish generosity, and his court he used to compare him with Karna, a hero of the Indian epic Mahabharata.

Muzaffar Jang, Nizam-ul-mulk's grandson, is recorded to have spoken the following eulogy when he heard of Shahu's death. "Shahu at the Maratha Court, and Nizam-ul-mulk at the Mughal Court, are the only two great men, the like of whom is hardly to be met with. He carefully looked after the interests of his State: There has been no equal to him. He rightly deserves the title of "enemy-less" (Ajatashatru). By selecting right men for right duties Shahu increased the valour of his soldiers and giving them ample field for expansion, extended the Maratha dominions in all quarters of India, thus fulfilling the ardent wishes of his grandfather Shivaji. One peculiar trait of Shahu's character was that he felt the highest pleasure in making others happy, not only his dependents and subjects, but even aliens in race, religion and rule. Himself living a plain frugal ascetic's life, he felt highly rejoiced in seeing people enjoying their various trades and avocations. Indeed he could be called a saint in this respect. Even when faced with murderers that came to attack him, he let them go unpunished and thus created a genuine feeling of reverence for his personality in the minds of the public."

At that time of his death, his widow Sakvarbai and his concubines committed sati because of political intrigues between Tarabai and Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao regarding succession at the Satara court. His adopted son Rajaram II of Satara, claimed by Tarabai to be her grandson, succeeded the Satara throne. However, actual power was held first by Tarabai, and then by Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao.

title: Shahu I


text:
Talk:Operation Nickel Grass

Chronological problems with Operation Babylift Reference
Another Air Force decision was vindicated by Nickel Grass however; the C-5 Galaxy purchase. Since their introduction in 1970, the C-5 had been plagued by problems, not least of which was the deadly crash of a C-5 during Operation Babylift in which half the 300 onboard died. The Air Force claimed to have rectified the problems, but the C-5 was still viewed by the press and public as a monstrously expensive failure. During Nickel Grass, C-5s carried 48% of the total cargo in only 145 of the 567 total missions.

This has some chronological problems. I really don't know anythign about th C-5 galaxy or its problems but the operation babylift hapened two years after operation nickel grass so it doesn;t flow very well that Operation Nickel Grass built up support for the C-5 Galaxy aircraft when the diaster didn't happen until two years after the act that built up its reputation.

 * Bah! That's my fault. None of the references I used specifically cited Operation Babylift, I just identified that from my memory as one of the significant failures of the C-5. I'll fix the article up. -Lommer | talk 22:18, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

adequate number of refs?
I say there are, plus the style shows it was written AGF back when WP regs weren't so strict. Yes at some level it needs to be grandfathered in, but that is NO JUSTIFICATION for labelling it as open to challenge and subject to deletion. Maybe those who want to "cut it back" should spend their time finding the ONE OR TWO more cites that it perhaps needs, and less time trying to work with the admins to "make sure the tag sticks" 72.0.180.2 (talk) 02:34, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Exaggerated effect of Nickel Grass
This article (and most on the subject) seems to greatly overstate the military (as opposed to political) value of Nickel Grass. By the time the operation was underway the Egyptians were in the process of shooting their bolt in the Sinai; the Syrians had already done so almost a week earlier in the Golan Heights.63.3.21.129 (talk) 05:25, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Operation Nickel Grass was extremely important in that war, so how is this allegedly "exaggerated"?! Israel was getting desperate enough before this huge US military airlift, that the Israelis had threatened to the US that they would consider using their nuclear weapons against the Arab side (specifically Cairo, Egypt). Along with the US being Israel's main ally, the US wanted to prevent the use of an Israeli nuclear weapon during the war so the US did Operation Nickel Grass which affectly completely replenished and resupplied the previously depleted Israeli conventional military. --Historylover4 (talk) 01:17, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The original comment says only that the purely military value (not political value) of Nickel Grass is overstated and nothing you have cited really refutes that.172.190.120.115 (talk) 00:52, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

I don't know how it can be argued that the military value of Operation Nickel Grass can be said to be allegedly "overstated"; whole books have been written on the topic with titles calling Operation Nickel Grass: "the airlift that saved Israel" and such. Again this US airlift to Israel just about completely resupplied the extremely depleted conventional Israeli military (which is again why Israel was considering using its nuclear weapons that it had obtained with French and British help in the 1950s and 1960s). --Historylover4 (talk) 23:48, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I would not say military aspects are exaggerated, but I certainly note that political aspects are insufficiently included.CasualObserver'48 (talk) 01:52, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Lets use something wonderful called "critical thinking". The first large batches of aid arrived on the evening of Oct. 14 per this article. By that time (if you need, look at the main Yom Kippur War article), Israel had beaten off the Syrian attack and was invading Syrian territory, and had crashed the Egyptian attack at Battle of the Sinai. And if you examine the last article, you'll see furthermore that the Egyptian command actually opposed advancing since they had no air cover (something they would have still lacked, aid or not). i.e. Syria was busy defending itself, and Egypt could not advance (and being even less able to after losing that battle). And if you look at the article you'll find this: "By then, however, Israel was already winning the war[reference to Rabinovich]". Nor were Israeli supplies "extremely depleted": "while the American airlift of supplies did not immediately replace Israel's losses in equipment, it did allow Israel to expend what it did have more freely".[Rabinovich again in the Yom Kippur War article]".

 * So in our alternative Yom Kippur War with no aid, Israel maybe would have not crossed the canal and would have had a worse outlook post-war, but that's a bit far from being a threat to Israel's existence. Maybe (but that's speculation) Egypt and Syria would have tried to keep the war on longer to wear on Israel (can we be sure of this? How much did attrition effect them? Would the U.S. have stopped the war or given aid in this case?), but that's still a bit far from "threat to Israel's existence".

 * Now, we do know that Israel threatened to get nuclear, but that was earlier under a different circumstance. Regardless of Israel's motives then, by the time aid actually arrived we can surmise Israel was not in danger of elimination (or at the very least, that conclusion would need some basis and cites no one has bothered to supply). Therefor, calling the operation "the airlift that saved Israel" is highly dubious at best. 79.182.3.211 (talk) 01:12, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

The real crux of the matter is that too many people take the Israeli nuclear threat at face value, rather than as a (very) high-stakes bluff that ultimately worked. Indeed, the purported willingness of Israel to use nuclear weapons as a last resort continues to this day to serve Israeli strategic interests. What people tend not to realize is that, Hiroshima and Nagasaki (arguably) excepted, nuclear weapons have no real military value; they exist solely as a threat to world order, as something to be avoided at all costs. As such, they do have enormous, if limited, political value for those that possess them. Israel had them and made known that they could use them, the United States, fearful of what the Soviet and worldwide response to such an attack would be, made a choice to do what it took to avoid an Israeli nuclear response, however remote the actual possibility was of such an attack. It is hard believe that Israel, a nation with all of one ally in the world in 1973, would take the only decision that could reduce that number to zero and make itself the ultimate global pariah.172.190.138.108 (talk) 04:16, 4 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Given that the people of Israel were (and remain) faced with the very real possibility of genocide if overrun by their neighbours, it's probably inaccurate to call their position a bluff. Granted, nuclear weapons are not a military weapon but a political one, but in this case, as in many others, they precisely achieved their objective - it's all very well to suggest that Israel would have lost their one ally, but dead people don't have allies, so I suspect that wasn't much of a disincentive.  62.196.17.197 (talk) 15:25, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

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role of the Netherlands
I miss the role of the Netherlands, which was also under full embargo, as were more countries: The initial nations targeted were Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States with the embargo also later extended to Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis

Could/should be reflected in 2nd paragraph: 'to use oil as a "weapon" and declared a complete oil embargo on the United States, and restrictions on other countries. '

Imo also to be included: " In 1973, during the Yom Kippur War, the Netherlands was one of only two European countries (the other being Portugal) that allowed American aircraft ferrying military equipment to Israel as part of Operation Nickel Grass to use its airbases. The Netherlands also supplied Israel with military equipment during the war, primarily engines, spare parts, and shells for its British-built Centurion tanks after the British government had imposed an arms embargo on Israel and thus cut off Israel's original source for this material, but also parts and munitions for light AMX tanks, artillery ammunition, and aircraft bombs.[4] "

from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations to be found after note 3 and up to note 5 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:1C00:181D:A600:9984:E832:C043:FBEF (talk) 14:07, 15 February 2020 (UTC)

Editors mis-reading source material, then writing it up as fact.
Case in point...

In the section titled 'Operation', an editor used a source that appeared to him or her that the United States delivered 100 F-4E Phantoms to the Israeli Air Force as part of Operation Nickel Grass. The sentence as seen in this current version (as of February 28, 2020) of the article reads:

'...consequently, at least 100 F-4 Phantom II fighters were sent to Israel under Nickel Grass, coming from the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing, the 33d Tactical Fighter Wing and the 57th Fighter Weapons Wing...'

If the editor who put this information in the article had read the source correctly, he or she would have realised that the number of Phantoms mentioned in the source is the TOTAL AMOUNT of F-4E Phantoms in the Israeli Air Force inventory, and NOT the total amount delivered to the Israelis as part of Operation Nickel Grass. As per the source:

'...we have received new supplies, mainly in Phantoms, for which we are grateful. Our problem is crews. There are 69-70 crews left, who can use 80-100 Phantoms...'

Note the source provided by the editor did not say 80-100 Phantoms were delivered to the Israeli Air Force, rather that there were 80-100 Phantoms that were available to the Israeli Air Force. There are a multitude of sources that state the total number of F-4Es delivered during the operation was 34 aircraft. And since the same source says that 32 F-4Es were lost prior to the delivery, well, you can do the math on how many F-4Es Israel at the start of the war, as well as how many they actually had after getting the extra aircraft delivered. MainBattery (talk) 11:20, 28 February 2020 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 29 October 2020
I would like to edit a portion of the text that deals with the number of F-4E Phantoms that the US had delivered to Israel during this operation. The source that was quoted was in fact misquoted in the article. If the source was read carefully, it will show that Israel DID NOT receive 100 spare Phantoms. Rather the amount mentioned was how much the Israelis had in total in their air force. Various other sources indicate that Israel received 34-36 F-4Es as replacements for lost aircraft during Operation Nickel Grass. The source that was 'misused' in this article backs up those sources. MainBattery (talk) 08:39, 29 October 2020 (UTC) MainBattery (talk) 08:39, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. – Jonesey95 (talk) 14:36, 29 October 2020 (UTC)

 * MainBattery is correct, the source was misread, here, from the US department of defense, it says the number of F-4's delivered to Israel under Nickel Grass is 34 aircraft.
 * And i quote "The official TAC history for July 1973 to July 1974 recorded TAC deliveries of 34 F-4Es to Israel between 14 and 21 October (1973)"

 * So, this line "Consequently, at least 100 F-4 Phantom II fighters were sent to Israel under Nickel Grass" should be changed to "Consequently, 34 F-4 Phantom II fighters were sent to Israel under Nickel Grass

 * Though i still must say that this doesn't mean that 34 was the TOTAL number of F-4's delivered during the operation, but this is the only accurate number we have right now on deliveries that took place while combat operations were still going (from 14-21 October), as the operation continued until 14 November. Wasteland1 (talk) 21:18, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Minor typographic error
In the introduction, it reads "(MAC)shipped 22,325". There is a space missing. --Jadephx (talk) 13:31, 9 September 2021 (UTC)

ECM deliveries
No mention is made to the delivery of critical ECM ( electronic counter measures) to the IAF that countered the effectiveness of Arab SAMs. Most of the " black boxes" were taken from our line fighters for use to the IAF resulting in fewer losses from SAMs. 2600:100E:B13B:EB0E:0:56:F968:8501 (talk) 06:31, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

Resignation of George Brown in 1974?
"George Brown, Chairman of the American Joint Chiefs of Staff, resigned after criticizing the resupply effort. According to Time magazine, Brown's criticisms included the opinion that the airlift was driven in part by Jews controlling the American banking system."

George Brown in fact served as CJCS till 1978, resigning due to cancer.

The Time magazine source is from 1974 and never stated that he resigned. The Asia Times article seems inaccessible so I cannot check what it said. Either case, the link to his 1978 resignation is unsubstantiated, and if so, the effect of his opinion (in comparison to the opinion of dozens of other officials involved, or academic opinions) also falls below the WP:NOTABLE mark. So, I recommend removal. Ceconhistorian (talk) 16:31, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

George Brown
In this article, George Brown is said to have resigned in protest of operation nickel glass. Yet according to the Wikipedia article on Brown, he only became chairman in 1974, after the conclusion of the war. So this article contains a falsehood. I can’t correct it; I hope someone will. 99.189.66.86 (talk) 19:12, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

F-4 Phantom II aircraft flying non-stop to Ben Gurion Airport?
The article says "the tankers were ferrying factory-fresh Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and F-4 Phantom II aircraft flying non-stop from the factory in St. Louis, Missouri to Ben Gurion Airport." The meaning is unclear; does it mean that A-4 were ferried, and F-4 were flown directly to Ben Gurion Airport, or something else? None of the cites sources say that F-4 were flown directly to Israel. On the contrary, one source says F-4Es were ferried to Israel, and another says that A-4 were flown directly to Israel. If there is any source that says F-4 were also flown directly to Israel, it should be added, otherwise the sentence should be rewritten according to sources mentioned here. Happyseeu (talk) 21:25, 23 October 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 30 October 2023
Change suggestion: Add the map of the transportation route between blocked airspaces of Western Europe and North Africa in paragraph "Operation": Christianh (talk) 12:11, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * the map doesn't appear to be sourced. M.Bitton (talk) 00:51, 1 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 00:42, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

Protected edit request [factual error in text]

 * General George Brown did not resign and served the next President, Jimmy Carter. The cited source does not state that Gen Brown resigned. In response to his remark (per the linked cited source), Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin called for Brown's resignation. :
 * General George Brown did not resign and served the next President, Jimmy Carter. The cited source does not state that Gen Brown resigned. In response to his remark (per the linked cited source), Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin called for Brown's resignation. :

SagAstar5424 (talk) 16:18, 26 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ * Pppery * it has begun... 22:14, 21 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Operation Nickel Grass


text:
Ritchey

Ritchey may refer to:

Places

 * Ritchey, California
 * Ritchey, Missouri

People

 * George Willis Ritchey (1864–1945), American optician, telescope maker and astronomer
 * Tom Ritchey (born 1956), American bike designer

Other uses

 * Ritchey (lunar crater)
 * Ritchey (Martian crater)
 * Ritchey Design

title: Ritchey


text:
Talk:National Underwater and Marine Agency

A lot of the links in the Current list of expeditions section need disambiguating! They are presumably ships, but link to whatever the ship was named after, not the ship itself. Can someone who knows about the subject check the blue links and adapt them as necessary? - MPF 10:50, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Working on it - I have already fixed the errors where Wikipedia already has an article. I'll be working on the others as time permits. -McMullen 8 July 2005 15:47 (UTC)

James Delgado
mr Delgado is a key member of the NUMA/Seahunters team, also he is the Executive Director of the Vancouver Maritime Museum, and has written at least one book that I have found. Is this sufficient to make it worth making a page about Mr. Delgado and linking it to NUMA / Seahunters / Vancouver Maritime Museum?

Waratah
"It has however become somewhat of a joke among some maritime clubs etc. Over the years many expeditions have failed dramatically. The most famous being that of the search for the "Waratah" a ship that disappeared in 1909. On one expedition they thought they had found the Waratah. It turned out to be a WW2 transport ship, with a cargo of tanks and munitions. Other expeditions have also turned out other embarrasing results."

Indeed they did fail to find the Waratah at around 9 different dive locations. But I have found nothing to indicate that they have become a "joke among some maritime clubs etc". Is that snippet a little biased, or is just me? They certainly aren't the first to dive on the wrong place of a wreck, and keep trying. The fact is the location of many wrecks is unknown.

Shipwreck law
Unless this article is missing some information about the subject, I do not see a reason for it to be in Category:Shipwreck law. Input, anyone? Maralia 23:15, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Tony Bell deceased?
I went to his homepage and from the looks of it, he's alive and kicking. Anyone got additional information on him? Best regards, Plumcouch. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.19.159.171 (talk) 11:08, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Split the article into real and fictional articles
It would make more sense that way. 70.72.170.247 (talk) 21:56, 22 June 2012 (UTC)

Providencials, Turks and Caicos, March 2000
I was vacationing in the Caribbean in March 2000 when I had a conversation with two gentlemen who were on a futuristic looking black catamaran with a huge tinted curved windshield. More of a "good morning, beautiful day, beautiful vessel you have there" kinda thing. I didn't realize the possibility of their identity until years later when he described the catamaran in a novel. Were Clive and Dirk Cussler at that location in the year 2000. Turtle Bay I think. Jimmy Buffett was there that month of March 2000. I would like to know out of idle curiosity. So sorry to hear of his passing. His stories helped me through some lengthy hospital stays. Excellent story teller. God rest his soul. 70.26.118.115 (talk) 12:41, 19 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
River Road

River Road may refer to:

Communities

 * Barbuda-South River Road, Antigua and Barbuda
 * River Road, Hamilton, New Zealand
 * River Road, North Carolina, US
 * River Road, Oregon, US
 * River Road, Washington, US

Australia

 * River Road (Queensland), a road in Dinmore, Queensland

United States

 * County Route 505 (New Jersey), along the Hudson River
 * County Route 533 (New Jersey), along the Millstone River
 * Farm to Market Road 170, in Texas
 * Great River Road, along the Mississippi River
 * River Road, Louisiana
 * Jefferson Avenue (Detroit), formerly named River Road
 * Louisiana Highway 1064
 * Maryland Route 190
 * New Jersey Route 29
 * Ohio State Route 174
 * Pennsylvania Route 32
 * River Road National Scenic Byway, in Michigan

Canada

 * Manitoba Provincial Road 238
 * River Road (Kitchener), Ontario
 * River Road (Ottawa), Ontario

Historic districts

 * River Road Historic District, in Florida, US
 * River Road-Cross Street Historic District, in Massachusetts, US
 * East River Road Historic District, in Michigan, US
 * River Road Historic Rural District, in New Jersey, US
 * River Road Provincial Park in Manitoba, Canada

Music

 * River Road (band), a 1990s country music group, or its self-titled debut album
 * "River Road", a song by Crystal Gayle from her 1977 album We Must Believe in Magic
 * "River Road", a song by Zayn from his 2021 album Nobody Is Listening

Other uses

 * River Road (film), a 2014 Chinese film written and directed by Li Ruijun
 * River Road Independent School District, Potter County, Texas

title: River Road


text:
Riverlea

Riverlea may refer to:

 * Riverlea, Ohio, a small United States city
 * Riverlea, New Zealand, a suburb of Hamilton
 * Riverlea, a township in Florida, Gauteng, South Africa

title: Riverlea


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Female homicides in Ciudad Juárez/archive1

Deaths in Ciudad Juárez
Very informative, well developed, with lots of photos, a list of the body findings and of the names of those women identified, well illustrated, neutral and it covers the subject in depth. Antonio Peace for Juarez Martin 05:55, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Needs formatting work, especially the lists of women (should use # lists) and the list of references. Morwen - Talk 11:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object for now. Needs a toc, the lists are confusing in that there is too little visual distinction to mark the top of each new one, the rest of the refs need bullet points. Filiocht | Blarneyman 11:23, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Refer to peer review 1) There is no lead section or any section headers until you get to the footnotes. 2) Image placement isn't as good as it can be; with three large pictures in one spot, the text is a little hard to follow. slambo 11:25, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object--needs a new title. These are obviously not the only deaths in Ciudad Juarez, and this title doesn't tell the reader what the article is about. Meelar (talk) 13:45, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, it does. That's the only way that the Spanish media has dubbed the cases, anyways. Antonio Juarez Angels Martin
 * I'm not sure – there's alot of gang/drug violence in Cd. Juárez, some of which might be related to the deaths of the women, but much of which involves men. The title as it stands now I think would work if all of that were included, though perhaps "Violence in Cd. Juárez" would be better.  If it's going remain an article exclusively about the mysterious deaths of women, maybe "Deaths of Women in Cd. Juárez" would be better. But on the other hand, I (as someone fairly familiar with what's been going in the city) immediately knew what this article was about when I read the title. Regarding the article itself, it looks like there are some good resources out there that allow this article to get more detailed.  Since it's in the news right now, it's especially difficult, but I'll object until this article is more in-depth.  --Spangineer (  háblame  ) 13:21, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll defer to your judgement on the title, then, but I wish there was somewhere more specific we could put this. Ah well. Meelar (talk) 19:12, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object: Quite interesting but too short and superficial to be a featured article. this reads more like a page filler in a Sunday newspaper. The links in the article need to be footnoted and annotated, then considerably expanded. Giano | talk 12:49, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. I would like to see sources cited for the many assertions within this. I also seek more depth. How do the victims break down by age? Are there statistics about their birthplaces? And so on. --Theo  (Talk) 15:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Riverwood

Riverwood may refer to:

Places

 * Australia
 * Riverwood, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Riverwood railway station

 * United States
 * Riverwood, Indiana
 * Riverwood, Kentucky
 * Riverwood, Oregon
 * Riverwoods, Illinois
 * Riverwood (Nashville, Tennessee), a house listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Schools

 * Riverwood High School, Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim

 * Riverwood (Skyrim village), a village in Skyrim's Whiterun Hold.

title: Riverwood


text:
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

The University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia), located in Modena and Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, is one of the oldest universities in Italy, founded in 1175, with a population of 20,000 students.

The medieval university disappeared by 1338 and was replaced by "three public lectureships" which did not award degrees and were suspended in the 1590s "for lack of money". The university was not reestablished in Modena until the 1680s and did not receive an imperial charter until 1685.

Some famous students who attended the university include Ludovico Antonio Muratori, a noted Italian historian and scholar who graduated in 1694, the playwright Carlo Goldoni in the 17th century and, in the last century, Sandro Pertini, who became President of the Italian Republic.

Brief History
The University of Modena dates back to 1175, a few decades after the birth of the University of Bologna, making it one of the oldest universities in Italy and the world. It was established by the city of Modena, which financed professors' contracts through local taxation. The first to be invited to teach was Pillio da Medicina from Bologna. The School of Law (Studium iuris) was subsequently formed around him and made up the nucleus of the university.

In the two centuries that followed, the Studium expanded from legal studies to include the training of notaries and the study of medicine as well. The subsequent history of the university was profoundly marked by the changing fortunes of the ruling Este family. Between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the Court of Este settled in Ferrara, academic titles were no longer awarded, and the activities of the Studium were greatly reduced.

Only after the Court moved to Modena in 1772 did the university regain its original splendour and academic prestige, receiving an imperial charter from Duke Francis II. The university offered multiple disciplines, including law, medicine and surgery, pharmacy, and mathematical, physical, and natural sciences.

The Department of Economics was established in 1968, followed by the Department of Engineering in 1989. The year 1998 was of fundamental importance in the history of the university when the Reggio Emilia site was instituted and the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia was founded, with the support of local institutions.

In fact, Reggio Emilia already had an ancient and noble tradition of university studies which ended in 1772 following the reform of Duke Francis II of Este. A School of Law, proposed by the city, is mentioned as early as 1188. In 1532, the Hapsburg emperor Charles V granted the College of Judges the privilege of awarding diplomas and degrees in Law. Duke Alfonse II of Este established a Medical College in 1561 and ten years later, Emperor Maximilian II authorized the conferral of degrees in medicine. In the seventeenth century, a School of Letters was opened at the Seminary and, in the following century, a chair of Scholastic Theology was established along with schools of grammar and rhetoric. In 1752, the University of Reggio was inaugurated in Palazzo Busetti and consisted of four faculties: Law, Theology, Medicine and Philosophy. However, its activities continued only until 1772 when, after the reform of Francis II, its right to grant degrees was taken away and given solely to the University of Modena.

The creation of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia not only combined the ancient traditions of the two cities into one institution, but also gave a new and powerful boost to the development of the university, resulting in a substantial growth of scientific and academic activities, which still continues today.

The Department of Engineering and Agriculture was established in Reggio Emilia in 1998, followed in 1999, by the Department of Arts and Humanities in Modena. Subsequently, the university witnessed the birth of the Departments of Communication Sciences and of Education Sciences in Reggio Emilia, while growth continued in Modena with the institution of the Department of Biosciences and Biotechnologies.

Organization
The university is divided into fourteen departments:

Area: Technology
 * "Enzo Ferrari" Department of Engineering
 * Department of Engineering Sciences and Methods

Area: Life
 * Department of Life Sciences

Area: Society
 * Department of Communication and Economics
 * "Marco Biagi" Department of Economics
 * Department of Education and Humanities
 * Department of Law
 * Department of Studies on Language and Culture

Area: Health
 * Surgical, Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine
 * Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine
 * Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
 * Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences

Area: Science
 * Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
 * Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics

Points of interest

 * Orto Botanico dell'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, the university's botanical garden

Notable faculty

 * Clodoveo Ferri — Professor and Chair, Rheumatology
 * Franco Zambonelli — Professor of Computer Science

Notable alumni

 * Genoveffa Franchini — hematologist and virologist
 * Mattia Binotto — Swiss-born Italian engineer and former team principal of Scuderia Ferrari in Formula One

title: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia


text: User talk:68.50.17.156

title: User talk:68.50.17.156


text: Category:European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom


text: User talk:130.39.224.116

title: User talk:130.39.224.116