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Synechism

Synechism (from Greek συνεχής synechḗs, "continuous" + -ism, from σύν syn, "together" + ἔχειν échein>, "to have", "to hold"), a philosophical term proposed by C. S. Peirce to express the tendency to regard things such as space, time, and law as continuous: "The things of this world, that seem so transitory to philosophers, are not continuous. They are composed of discrete atoms, no doubt Boscovichian points. The really continuous things, Space, and Time, and Law, are eternal."

His synechism holds that the essential feature in philosophic speculation is continuity. It denies that all is merely ideas, likewise that all is merely matter, and mind–matter dualism.

The adjective "synechological" is used in the same general sense; "synechology" is a theory of continuity or universal causation; "synechia" is a term in ophthalmology for a morbid union of parts.

The Categories
Peirce held that there are three elements or categories throughout experience:
 * Firstness, quality of feeling—possibility, idea, vagueness, chance, "some".
 * Secondness, reaction, resistance—actuality, brute fact, individuality, discreteness, "this".
 * Thirdness, representation, mediation—necessity or destiny, habit, law, generality, continuity, "all".

Peirce held that firstness and secondness, as elements, give thirdness and continuity something upon which to operate, and that continuity governs all experience and every element in it.

Hypotheses
Synechism is specially directed to the question of hypothesis, and holds that a hypothesis is justifiable only on the ground that it provides an explanation. All understanding of facts consists in generalizing concerning them. Generalization is seen as movement by thought toward continuity. The fact that some things are ultimate may be recognized by the synechist without abandoning his standpoint, since synechism is a normative or regulative principle, not a theory of existence.

Immortality
In a contribution to an 1887 symposium Science and Immortality, Peirce had said that the question stood undecided on whether there is immortality or at least "a future life", but also that science could come to shed light on the question.

In an 1893 manuscript "Immortality in the Light of Synechism," Peirce applied his doctrine of synechism to the question of the soul's immortality in order to argue in the affirmative. According to Peirce, synechism flatly denies Parmenides' claim that "Being is, and non-being is nothing" and declares instead that "being is a matter of more or less, so as to merge insensibly into nothing." Peirce argued that the view that "no experiential question can be answered with absolute certainty" (fallibilism) implies the view that "the object has an imperfect and qualified existence" and implies, furthermore, the view that there is no absolute distinction between a phenomenon and its substrate, and among various persons, and between waking and sleeping; one who takes on a role in creation's drama identifies to that extent with creation's author. Carnal consciousness, according to Peirce's synechism, does not cease quickly upon death, and is a small part of a person, for there is also social consciousness: one's spirit really does live on in others; and there is also spiritual consciousness, which we confuse with other things, and in which one is constituted as an eternal truth "embodied by the universe as a whole": that eternal truth "as an archetypal idea can never fail; and in the world to come is destined to a special spiritual embodiment." Peirce said in conclusion that synechism is not religion but scientific philosophy, but could come to unify religion and science.

Around 1906, Peirce reaffirmed some of the above forms of immortality, but added, "If I am in another life it is sure to be most interesting; but I cannot imagine how it is going to be me. At the same time, I really don't know anything about it," and that mental action's dependence on the brain was an assumption warranted in science by facts until contrary facts come to light, but from the standpoint of practical interest the dependence remained open to some doubt.

title: Synechism


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File:EchoPark.jpg

Cover of Echo Park by Feeder. Copyright Echo Records.

Record cover to illustrate the article about the recording, Feeder discography, and the relevant period in the history of Feeder. Although the picture is subject to copyright I (Nightfreak) feel and assert that it is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:

 * it is a low resolution copy of an LP cover;
 * it does not limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the LP in any way;
 * no free alternative is available;
 * its use is commensurate with usage throughout discographies and album listings across the World Wide Web;
 * its low resolution means copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on a CD or LP.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:EchoPark.jpg


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Lichtenberger

Lichtenberger is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * André Lichtenberger (1870–1940), French novelist and sociologist
 * Andrew Lichtenberger (born 1987), American professional poker player
 * Armando Lichtenberger Jr., American musician and producer
 * Arthur C. Lichtenberger (1900–1968), American Anglican bishop
 * Elisabeth Lichtenberger (1925–2017), Austrian geographer
 * Eva Lichtenberger (born 1954), Austrian politician
 * Frédéric Auguste Lichtenberger (1832–1899), French theologian
 * Harold Lichtenberger (1920–1993), American physicist
 * Henri Lichtenberger (1864–1941), French academic
 * Hermann Lichtenberger (1892–1959), Luftwaffe general
 * Hermann Lichtenberger (born 1943), German professor at University of Tübingen
 * Johannes Lichtenberger (died 1503), German astrologer
 * Louis Lichtenberger (1835–1892), American businessman

title: Lichtenberger


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Talk:Mikhail Khodorkhovsky

POV
I do belive that an article on this person is warented, the tone and content of the article is sigificantly slanted and biased towards an anti-goverement stance, and needs to be singificantly rewritten. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 21:59, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, article is alternative spelling for Mikhail Khodorkovsky--Boothy443 | comhrÚ 22:02, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mikhail Khodorkhovsky


text: User talk:69.114.13.34

title: User talk:69.114.13.34


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User talk:Master Doig

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks.

title: User talk:Master Doig


text:
Consort crown

A consort crown is a crown worn by the consort of a monarch for their coronation or on state occasions. Unlike with reigning monarchs, who may inherit one or more crowns for use, consorts sometimes had crowns made uniquely for them and which were worn by no other subsequent consorts.

All British queens consort crowned from 1831 to 1937, which included Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, Alexandra of Denmark, Mary of Teck and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, wore their own specially made consort crowns. Each queen went on to outlive her husband but, as a queen dowager, they retained the title, crown and other privileges of a queen for life. Previous English and British queens consort had used the State Crown of Mary of Modena, wife of King James II, until Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, the consort of King William IV, wore a new consort crown created for her. For the coronation of Charles III and Camilla in 2023, Camilla wore the Crown of Queen Mary.

In Imperial Russia, there were no unique consort crowns, because the Lesser Imperial Crown was intended to be used for coronation of all empresses consort, and after that, they did not wear crowns.

Famous consort crowns

 * Denmark
 * Crown of the Queen Consort
 * France
 * Crown of Empress Eugénie
 * Hungary
 * Crown of the Queen
 * Iran
 * Empress's Crown
 * Norway
 * Crown of the Queen
 * Poland
 * Queen's Crown
 * Crown of Queen Maria Josepha
 * Portugal
 * Diadem of the Stars
 * Romania
 * Crown of Queen Elisabeta
 * Crown of Queen Maria
 * Russia
 * Lesser Imperial Crown (the crown used by the Tsaritsas by marriage when being crowned)
 * Crown of Tsaritsa Maria Feodorovna
 * Spain
 * Crown of the Queen Consort (Used by Queen Mercedes, Queen Maria Christina and Queen Victoria Eugenie)
 * Sweden
 * Crown of the Queen Consort
 * United Kingdom
 * Crown of Queen Adelaide
 * Crown of Queen Alexandra
 * Crown of Queen Mary
 * Crown of Queen Elizabeth
 * England
 * Crown of Mary of Modena

title: Consort crown


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User:Cgthayer

About me
Please see website

My interests

 * Computer Science

title: User:Cgthayer


text:
Standard Oil Building

Standard Oil Building can refer to:

 * Standard Oil Building (Baltimore, Maryland), a 15-story historic office building in the United States
 * Standard Oil Building (Chicago), Illinois, now known as the Aon Center
 * Standard Oil Building (Cleveland), Ohio
 * Standard Oil Building (San Francisco), California
 * Standard Oil Building (New York City), New York
 * Standard Oil Building (Whittier, California)

title: Standard Oil Building


text: Category:Operas by Leonard Bernstein

title: Category:Operas by Leonard Bernstein


text:
Aquitanian language

The Aquitanian language was the language of the ancient Aquitani, spoken on both sides of the western Pyrenees in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, in the region later known as Gascony) and in the areas south of the Pyrenees in the valleys of the Basque Country before the Roman conquest. It probably survived in Aquitania north of the Pyrenees until the Early Middle Ages.

Archaeological, toponymical, and historical evidence shows that it was a language or group of languages that represent a precursor of the Basque language. The most important pieces of evidence are a series of votive and funerary texts in Latin, dated to the first three centuries AD, which contain about 400 personal names and 70 names of gods.

History
Aquitanian and its modern relative, Basque, are commonly thought to be Pre-Indo-European languages, remnants of the languages spoken in Western Europe before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. Some claims have been made, based on supposed derivations of the words for "knife" (aizto), "axe" (aizkora) and "hoe" (aitzur) from the word for "stone" (haitz), that the language therefore must date to the Stone Age or Neolithic period, when those tools were made of stone, but these etymologies are no longer accepted by mainstream Vasconists.

Persons' names and gods' names
Almost all of the Aquitanian inscriptions that have been found north of the Pyrenees are in the territory that Greek and Roman sources assigned to Aquitanians.

 * Anthroponyms: Belexeia, Lavrco, Borsei, Andereseni, Nescato, Cissonbonnis, Sembecconi, Gerexo, Bihossi, Talsconis, Halscotarris, etc.
 * Theonyms: Baigorixo, Ilunno, Arixoni, Artahe, Ilurberrixo, Astoiluno, Haravsoni, Leherenno, etc.

Some inscriptions have also been found south of the Pyrenees in the territory that Greek and Roman sources assigned to Vascones:

 * Anthroponyms: Ummesahar, Ederetta, Serhuhoris, Dusanharis, Abisunhar, etc.
 * Theonyms: Larrahe, Loxae / Losae, Lacubegi, Selatse / Stelaitse, Helasse, Errensae.

Relations with other languages
Most Aquitanian onomastic elements are clearly identifiable from a Basque perspective, matching closely the forms reconstructed by the vascologist Koldo Mitxelena for Proto-Basque:

The vascologist Joaquín Gorrochategui, who has written several works on Aquitanian, and Mitxelena have pointed out the similarities of some Iberian onomastic elements with Aquitanian. In particular, Mitxelena spoke about an onomastic pool from which both Aquitanian and Iberian would have drawn:

For other more marginal theories see Basque language: Hypotheses on connections with other languages.

Geographical extent
Since ancient times, there have been indications of a relationship between present Southwestern France and the Basques. During the Roman conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar, Aquitania was the territory between the Garonne and the Pyrenees. It was inhabited by tribes of horsemen who Caesar said were very distinct in customs and language from the Celts of Gaul. During the Middle Ages, this territory was named Gascony, derived from Vasconia and cognate with the word Basque.

There are many clues that indicate that Aquitanian was spoken in the Pyrenees at least as far east as Val d'Aran. Placenames that end in ‑os, ‑osse, ‑ons, ‑ost and ‑oz are considered to be of Aquitanian origin, such as the placename Biscarrosse, which is directly related to the city of Biscarrués (note the Navarro-Aragonese phonetic change) south of the Pyrenees. Biscar (modern Basque spelling: bizkar) means "ridge-line". Such suffixes in placenames are ubiquitous in the east of Navarre and in Aragon, with the classical medieval ‑os > ‑ues occurring in stressed syllables, pointing to a language continuum on both sides of the Pyrenees. This strong formal element can be traced on either side of the mountain range as far west as an imaginary line roughly stretching from Pamplona to Bayonne (compare Bardos/Bardoze, Ossès/Ortzaize, Briscous/Beskoitze), where it ceases to appear.

Other than placenames and a little written evidence, the picture is not very clear in the west of the Basque Country, as the historical record is scant. The territory was inhabited by the Caristii, Varduli, and Autrigones, and has been claimed as either Basque or Celtic depending on the author, since Indo-European lexical elements have been found underlying or intertwined in the names given to natural features, such as rivers or mountains (Butrón, Nervión, Deba/Deva, suffix ‑ika etc.) in an otherwise generally Basque linguistic landscape, or Spanish, especially in Álava.

Archaeological findings in Iruña-Veleia in 2006 were initially claimed as evidence of the antiquity of Basque in the south but were subsequently dismissed as a forgery.

The Cantabrians are also mentioned as relatives or allies of the Aquitanians: they sent troops to fight on their side against the Romans.

The Vascones who occupied modern Navarre are usually identified with the Basques (vascos in Spanish), their name being one of the most important pieces of evidence. In 1960, a stele with Aquitanian names was found in Lerga, which could reinforce the idea that Basques and Aquitanians were related. The ethnic and linguistic kinship is confirmed by Julio Caro Baroja, who considers the Aquitanian-Basque relationship an ancient and medieval stage ahead of the well-attested territorial shrinking process undergone by the Basque language during the Modern Age.

title: Aquitanian language


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Phil Wandscher

Phil Wandscher is the former guitarist of the alt-country band Whiskeytown, and is now a member of Jesse Sykes and the Sweet Hereafter.

Wandscher appeared on Death Cab For Cutie's album Transatlanticism, singing backing vocals on the album's title track. He also contributed lead guitar to two Nada Surf tracks: "Comes a Time", from the 2005 release The Weight Is a Gift, and "Are You Lightning", from 2008's Lucky. Wandscher also performs with Jon Langford's "glam-voodoo space rock" project Bad Luck Jonathan.

title: Phil Wandscher


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Greek military ranks

Modern Greek military ranks are based on Ancient Greek and Byzantine terminology.

In the army and air force, these names are often based on the unit or post that a holder of each rank usual commands. For example, a tagmatarchis is in charge of a tagma, which is derived from an Ancient Greek word translatable as "command", "order", or "class", and in modern Greek is a unit equivalent to a battalion in other armies; hence a modern tagmatarchis is a rank equivalent to major in other armies. Similarly, a lochagos normally commands a lochos (a word that originally meant "warband"), which in Ancient Greece was a 100-strong hoplite unit, but in modern Greek usage is equivalent to an infantry company. Hence a lochagos is the equivalent of a captain in other armies, and the modern Greek equivalent of an army first lieutenant is the modern neologism ypolochagos: literally, "sub-captain". Likewise, the modern Greek equivalent of a sergeant is a lochias.

The suffixes -agos and -archos (or -arches), which are often found in Greek rank names, are derived from the roots agein "to lead" and archein "to rule", respectively.

Air Force
The Hellenic Air Force, is the youngest of the three services (founded in 1930). Its insignia are based on the British Royal Air Force, while it uses Army rank titles when translated to English.

Army
Officer ranks retain the style introduced in 1970, with the flaming grenade replacing (since 1975) the phoenix introduced by the Regime of the Colonels in 1973.

NCO and other ranks
NCO ranks (excl. OR-9 and conscript ranks) have undergone some changes through the years, the latest being in 2004.

Navy
Officer ranks retain the structure introduced in 1936, whilst NCO ranks have undergone changes after 1975.

title: Greek military ranks


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Victory Memorial Parkway

Victory Memorial Parkway, or Victory Memorial Drive, is a section of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway that lies between Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States and Robbinsdale, Minnesota, United States. The parkway runs along the northwestern and northern boundaries of the Victory neighborhood and Camden community. Trees and memorials located throughout the parkway were established to honor the memory of the servicemen of Hennepin County. A wide central boulevard within the parkway serves as a recreational park.

The Victory Memorial Parkway also provides visitor access to the Mississippi River, North Mississippi Regional Park and Shingle Creek.

History
The Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board (MPRB) began acquiring land for the "Parkway" in 1910. The parkway was completed in 1921 and was dedicated as a memorial to servicemen and nurses from Hennepin County who died in World War I. A statue of Abraham Lincoln erected on the northwestern curve of the parkway was dedicated on May 25, 1930 by surviving members of the Grand Army of the Republic in honor of their comrades who gave their lives in the Civil War. Various improvements have taken place since that time including the installation of the bicycle path (trail) in 1975. When the Metropolitan Council regional park system was created in 1974, the parkway along with other major parks in Minneapolis became part of the regional system. In 2003, the Minnesota Legislature passed a bill designating “Victory Memorial Drive” as a state historic district.

Over the years, the original monuments had fallen into disrepair and many of the hundreds of elm trees planted had died. Hennepin County and the State of Minnesota funded a $6.7 million project to repair the Parkway. Victory Memorial was rededicated in June, 2011. Improvements include new and refurbished monuments and memorials, including a restoration of the nearby Grand Army of the Republic Circle and a statue of Abraham Lincoln, and dozens of new trees and flower beds. Victory Drive itself was resurfaced with new asphalt.

An annual 5 and 10K race is held during the first week of September along Victory Memorial Drive. The MDRA Victory Race is sponsored by the Minnesota Distance Running Association (MDRA) and will be in its 31st year in 2013.

title: Victory Memorial Parkway


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Water snake

Different snakes are called water snakes. "Water snake" is also sometimes used as a descriptive term for any snakes that spend a significant time in or near fresh water, such as any species belonging to the family Acrochordidae. They should not be confused with sea snakes, which live primarily or entirely in marine environments.

Examples of snakes called water snakes include:

 * Family Boidae
 * Green anaconda - Water boa
 * Family Colubridae
 * Afronatrix, a monotypic genus with the sole representative, the African brown water snake, Afronatrix anoscopus
 * Hydrops (snake)
 * Hydromorphus
 * Hydrodynastes species, including:
 * Hydrodynastes gigas – false water snake or Brazilian smooth snake
 * Natrix natrix
 * Natrix tessellata
 * Nerodia species
 * Opisthotropis species
 * Ptychophis, a monotypic genus with the sole representative, the fanged water snake, Ptychophis flavovirgatus
 * Sinonatrix species, including:
 * Sinonatrix percarinatus – eastern water snake
 * Trimerodytes species
 * Fowlea species, including:
 * Fowlea piscator – Asiatic water snake or chequered keelback
 * Helicops (snake) species, including:
 * Helicops angulatus – brown-banded water snake
 * Liophis species, including:
 * Liophis cobellus
 * Liophis reginae
 * Family Homalopsidae - all species, for example:
 * Cerberus rynchops - dog-faced water snake
 * Enhydris enhydris - rainbow water snake
 * Enhydris plumbea - rice paddy water snake or rice paddy snake
 * Homalopsis buccata - puff-faced water snake
 * Family Viperidae
 * Agkistrodon piscivorus - cottonmouth

title: Water snake


text: Category:Operas by Jake Heggie

title: Category:Operas by Jake Heggie


text: User talk:213.89.66.28

title: User talk:213.89.66.28


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rape of Christ

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:24, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Rape of Christ
Non-notable theory. Martg76 22:05, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - unless a notable scholarly debate can be verifiably cited (I don't think so) perhaps merge stuff amout the film to The Devils (film) --Doc (?) 22:26, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The Rape of Christ "probably occurred somewhere in the vicinity of his anus"????? "it was common for the Romans to commit sexual perversions" against the condemned???? Need more be said? If (as seems true from one of the references) some asshole teaches Christ was raped (couldn't resist the pun, so please forgive the crudity), that fact belongs on the page of said asshole. The "teaching" doesn't rate a page of its own (and I'm not sure the "teacher" does, either, even to point out it's an assertion with no evidentiary basis...) - Nunh-huh 22:39, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if this 'theory' had any merit, it is too short to deserve its own article. Deus Ex 00:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for Christ's sake!!! Or merge that one line of relevant info and redirect to The Devils (film) - seems to be the only popular source for the phrase. -- BD2412 talk 00:52, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't appear to be a legitimate theological theory. One reference is irrelevant, and the other rants about "heresy." A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  00:54, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Frjwoolley 00:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 11:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Junk. Eric119 16:23, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 16:26, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep. Oh come on, haven't you seen Midnight Express. That's exactly the kind of shit that happens. Anyway, to deny the Rape of Christ is to deny the ultimate sacrifice that Christ made for our sins. I took out the vicinity of his anus line, that was just a joke, cause someone was telling me it was gonna get deleted anyway. Brjatlick 16:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete what is going on here really Yuckfoo 21:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete NeoJustin 02:53 June 3, 2004 (UTC)
 * Keep but only if it can be shown to be a theory held by a distinct group of people larger than 1000, or by an extremely vocal group.     16:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:81.152.21.159

title: User talk:81.152.21.159


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/2005 English cricket season (8-30 April)/archive1

2005 English cricket season (8-30 April)
This is the first one of a series of pages on the 2005 English cricket season. I hope some will make it to FA status. I'd be interested to know what people think needs doing to this page to make it the first one. Thanks, jguk 22:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Er, that's not an article in its own right. It is a collection of templates after a lead section on a template container page. An article is not a Borg Collective of parts so I don't see how that could ever be a featured article. All the text from those templates should be {{subst: into this article. --mav 04:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Subst wouldn't work as all the write-ups also link up into other articles. Also, remember that the reader does not know how an article is put together, he just sees what's on his screen. I'd be interested in knowing whether you have any constructive points for improvement, though. Kind regards, jguk 12:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That is a very bad setup. Prose should never be in templates and having the exact same text in several related articles is a disservice to readers interested in that topic area given the likelyhood that the same reader will read the exact same text (this is highly annoying). Instead each article should tailor their own treatment of the content to suit the needs of that article. This article, for example, should be a summary and overview of its topic; not a collection of parts from more specific treatments. Editing is also very problematic since the editor will land in an unexpected place - a place that only contains the section they were editing. Linking to anything in the title is also counter to the Manual of Style. Until these issues are fixed, this article is far from FA status. ---mav 17:11, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well that is the way we do things now, but that doesn't necessarily mean all other avenues should remain closed forever. Suppose some people want to read a month-by-month summary of the whole season, but other people want to read a summary of the whole Warwickshire team's season in one page. Then it might be legitimate to form these pages as set of transclusions (of individual matches). Pcb21| Pete 23:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Ronald Turner

Ronald David Turner, (August 19, 1915 in Carman, Manitoba – 1965) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1946 to 1956, and was a cabinet minister in the government of Douglas Campbell.

Turner was educated at the University of Manitoba and the Manitoba Law School. He practiced as a barrister-at-law, and became a Queen's Counsel in 1955.

During World War II, Turner served in the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1939 to 1945. In 1946, he was elected to the Manitoba legislature as a special representative of Manitobans serving overseas in the RCAF. Although elected as an independent, he soon joined the caucus of the governing Liberal-Progressive Party.

He was re-elected in the 1949 provincial election, winning the third position in the four-member constituency of Winnipeg South. On December 1, 1951, he was appointed to cabinet in the senior position of Provincial Treasurer.

Turner was again re-elected in the 1953 provincial election, topping the poll in Winnipeg South. He was by this time the leading cabinet representative from Winnipeg, and received the additional portfolio of Railway Commissioner on January 18, 1954.

Turner was known as a skilled politician, and was described by CCF leader Lloyd Stinson as "undoubtedly the brightest front bench performer in the latter days of the Campbell regime". He was known as both a civil liberal and a fiscal conservative. Just prior to the 1953 provincial election, he summarizing his political philosophy with the following statement: "The government is of the belief that the cost of government should be held to the minimum commensurate with the provision of a satisfactory level of essential services."

While a conservative and cautious administrator in most respects, Turner played a leading role in establishing the Manitoba Hydro-electric Board in 1953, at a cost of $54,600,000. The Hydro-Electric Board later became one of the most powerful public agencies in Canada.

Many believed Turner would eventually replace Campbell as leader of the Liberal-Progressive Party, but this did not occur. He resigned from cabinet on July 6, 1956 to become president of Transair, an airline based in Winnipeg. He remained in the legislature as a backbencher, but did not seek re-election in 1958. As a backbencher, he opposed the CCF's plan for comprehensive social security.

Turner's friends expected that he would eventually return to politics, either as provincial Liberal leader or as a Member of Parliament for the federal Liberal Party. His early death in 1965 came as a surprise to those who knew him.

title: Ronald Turner


text:
Depletion region

In semiconductor physics, the depletion region, also called depletion layer, depletion zone, junction region, space charge region, or space charge layer, is an insulating region within a conductive, doped semiconductor material where the mobile charge carriers have diffused away, or forced away by an electric field. The only elements left in the depletion region are ionized donor or acceptor impurities. This region of uncovered positive and negative ions is called the depletion region due to the depletion of carriers in this region, leaving none to carry a current. Understanding the depletion region is key to explaining modern semiconductor electronics: diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field-effect transistors, and variable capacitance diodes all rely on depletion region phenomena.

Formation in a p–n junction

A depletion region forms instantaneously across a p–n junction. It is most easily described when the junction is in thermal equilibrium or in a steady state: in both of these cases the properties of the system do not vary in time; they are in dynamic equilibrium.

Electrons and holes diffuse into regions with lower concentrations of them, much as ink diffuses into water until it is uniformly distributed. By definition, the N-type semiconductor has an excess of free electrons (in the conduction band) compared to the P-type semiconductor, and the P-type has an excess of holes (in the valence band) compared to the N-type. Therefore, when N-doped and P-doped semiconductors are placed together to form a junction, free electrons in the N-side conduction band migrate (diffuse) into the P-side conduction band, and holes in the P-side valence band migrate into the N-side valence band.

Following transfer, the diffused electrons come into contact with holes and are eliminated by recombination in the P-side. Likewise, the diffused holes are recombined with free electrons so eliminated in the N-side. The net result is that the diffused electrons and holes are gone. In a N-side region near to the junction interface, free electrons in the conduction band are gone due to (1) the diffusion of electrons to the P-side and (2) recombination of electrons to holes that are diffused from the P-side. Holes in a P-side region near to the interface are also gone by a similar reason. As a result, majority charge carriers (free electrons for the N-type semiconductor, and holes for the P-type semiconductor) are depleted in the region around the junction interface, so this region is called the depletion region or depletion zone. Due to the majority charge carrier diffusion described above, the depletion region is charged; the N-side of it is positively charged and the P-side of it is negatively charged. This creates an electric field that provides a force opposing the charge diffusion. When the electric field is sufficiently strong to cease further diffusion of holes and electrons, the depletion region reaches the equilibrium. Integrating the electric field across the depletion region determines what is called the built-in voltage (also called the junction voltage or barrier voltage or contact potential).

Physically speaking, charge transfer in semiconductor devices is from (1) the charge carrier drift by the electric field and (2) the charge carrier diffusion due to the spatially varying carrier concentration. In the P-side of the depletion region, where holes drift by the electric field with the electrical conductivity σ and diffuse with the diffusion constant D, the net current density is given by

$$ {\bf{J}}=\sigma {\bf{E}}-e D \nabla p $$,

where $$ {\bf{E}}$$ is the electric field, e is the elementary charge (1.6×10−19 coulomb), and p is the hole density (number per unit volume). The electric field makes holes drift along the field direction, and for diffusion holes move in the direction of decreasing concentration, so for holes a negative current results for a positive density gradient. (If the carriers are electrons, the hole density p is replaced by the electron density n with negative sign; in some cases, both electrons and holes must be included.) When the two current components balance, as in the p–n junction depletion region at dynamic equilibrium, the current is zero due to the Einstein relation, which relates D to σ.

Forward bias
Forward bias (applying a positive voltage to the P-side with respect to the N-side) narrows the depletion region and lowers the barrier to carrier injection (shown in the figure to the right). In more detail, majority carriers get some energy from the bias field, enabling them to go into the region and neutralize opposite charges. The more bias the more neutralization (or screening of ions in the region) occurs. The carriers can be recombined to the ions but thermal energy immediately makes recombined carriers transition back as Fermi energy is in proximity. When bias is strong enough that the depletion region becomes very thin, the diffusion component of the current (through the junction interface) greatly increases and the drift component decreases. In this case, the net current flows from the P-side to the N-side. The carrier density is large (it varies exponentially with the applied bias voltage), making the junction conductive and allowing a large forward current. The mathematical description of the current is provided by the Shockley diode equation. The low current conducted under reverse bias and the large current under forward bias is an example of rectification.

Reverse bias
Under reverse bias (applying a negative voltage to the P-side with respect to the N-side), the potential drop (i.e., voltage) across the depletion region increases. Essentially, majority carriers are pushed away from the junction, leaving behind more charged ions. Thus the depletion region is widened and its field becomes stronger, which increases the drift component of current (through the junction interface) and decreases the diffusion component. In this case, the net current flows from the N-side to the P-side. The carrier density (mostly, minority carriers) is small and only a very small reverse saturation current flows.

Determining the depletion layer width
From a full depletion analysis as shown in figure 2, the charge would be approximated with a sudden drop at its limit points which in reality is gradual and is explained by Poisson's equation. The amount of flux density would then be

$$ \begin{align} \frac{Q_n}{x_n} &=qN_d \\ \frac{Q_p}{x_p} &=-qN_a \\ \end{align} $$

where $$ Q_n $$ and $$ Q_p $$ are the amount of negative and positive charge respectively, $$ x_n $$ and $$ x_p $$ are the distance for negative and positive charge respectively with zero at the center, $$ N_a $$ and $$ N_d $$ are the amount of acceptor and donor atoms respectively and $$ q $$ is the electron charge.

Taking the integral of the flux density $$ D $$ with respect to distance $$ dx $$ to determine electric field $$ E $$ (i.e. Gauss's law) creates the second graph as shown in figure 2:

$$ E=\frac{\int D\,dx}{\epsilon_s} $$

where $$ \epsilon_s $$is the permittivity of the substance. Integrating electric field with respect to distance determines the electric potential $$ V $$. This would also equal to the built in voltage $$ \Delta V $$as shown in Figure 2.

$$ V=\int E dx=\Delta V $$

The final equation would then be arranged so that the function of depletion layer width $$ x_n $$would be dependent on the electric potential $$ V $$.

$$

In summary, $$ x_n $$ and $$ x_p $$ are the negative and positive depletion layer width respectively with respect to the center, $$ N_a $$ and $$ N_d $$ are the concentration of acceptor and donor atoms respectively, $$ q $$ is the electron charge and $$ \Delta V $$ is the built-in voltage, which is usually the independent variable.

Formation in an MOS capacitor
Another example of a depletion region occurs in the MOS capacitor. It is shown in the figure to the right, for a P-type substrate. Supposing that the semiconductor initially is charge neutral, with the charge due to holes exactly balanced by the negative charge due to acceptor doping impurities. If a positive voltage now is applied to the gate, which is done by introducing positive charge Q to the gate, then some positively charged holes in the semiconductor nearest the gate are repelled by the positive charge on the gate, and exit the device through the bottom contact. They leave behind a depleted region that is insulating because no mobile holes remain; only the immobile, negatively charged acceptor impurities. The greater the positive charge placed on the gate, the more positive the applied gate voltage, and the more holes that leave the semiconductor surface, enlarging the depletion region. (In this device there is a limit to how wide the depletion width may become. It is set by the onset of an inversion layer of carriers in a thin layer, or channel, near the surface. The above discussion applies for positive voltages low enough that an inversion layer does not form.)

If the gate material is polysilicon of opposite type to the bulk semiconductor, then a spontaneous depletion region forms if the gate is electrically shorted to the substrate, in much the same manner as described for the p–n junction above. For more on this, see polysilicon depletion effect.

The principle of charge neutrality says the sum of positive charges must equal the sum of negative charges:

 * $$n + N_A=p + N_D\,,$$

where n and p are the number of free electrons and holes, and $$N_D$$ and $$N_A$$ are the number of ionized donors and acceptors "per unit of length", respectively. In this way, both $$N_D$$ and $$N_A$$ can be viewed as doping spatial densities. If we assume full ionization and that $$n, p \ll N_D, N_A $$, then:

 * $$qN_Aw_P \approx qN_Dw_N \,$$.

where $$w_P$$ and $$w_N$$ are depletion widths in the p and n semiconductor, respectively. This condition ensures that the net negative acceptor charge exactly balances the net positive donor charge. The total depletion width in this case is the sum $$w =w_N +w_P$$. A full derivation for the depletion width is presented in reference. This derivation is based on solving the Poisson equation in one dimension – the dimension normal to the metallurgical junction. The electric field is zero outside of the depletion width (seen in above figure) and therefore Gauss's law implies that the charge density in each region balance – as shown by the first equation in this sub-section. Treating each region separately and substituting the charge density for each region into the Poisson equation eventually leads to a result for the depletion width. This result for the depletion width is:

$$ w \approx \left[ \frac{2\epsilon_r\epsilon_0}{q} \left(\frac{N_A + N_D}{N_A N_D}\right) \left(V_{bi} - V\right)\right]^\frac{1}{2} $$

where $$\epsilon_r $$ is the relative dielectric permittivity of the semiconductor, $$V_{bi}$$ is the built-in voltage, and $$ V $$ is the applied bias. The depletion region is not symmetrically split between the n and p regions - it will tend towards the lightly doped side. A more complete analysis would take into account that there are still some carriers near the edges of the depletion region. This leads to an additional -2kT/q term in the last set of parentheses above.

Depletion width in MOS capacitor
As in p–n junctions, the governing principle here is charge neutrality. Let us assume a P-type substrate. If positive charge Q is placed on gate with area A, then holes are depleted to a depth w exposing sufficient negative acceptors to exactly balance the gate charge. Supposing the dopant density to be $$N_A$$ acceptors per unit volume, then charge neutrality requires the depletion width w to satisfy the relationship:

 * $$Q/A=qN_Aw \,$$

If the depletion width becomes wide enough, then electrons appear in a very thin layer at the semiconductor-oxide interface, called an inversion layer because they are oppositely charged to the holes that prevail in a P-type material. When an inversion layer forms, the depletion width ceases to expand with increase in gate charge Q. In this case, neutrality is achieved by attracting more electrons into the inversion layer. In the MOSFET, this inversion layer is referred to as the channel.

Electric field in depletion layer and band bending
Associated with the depletion layer is an effect known as band bending. This effect occurs because the electric field in the depletion layer varies linearly in space from its (maximum) value $$E_m$$ at the gate to zero at the edge of the depletion width:

 * $$E_m={Q\over A\epsilon_0}=qN_A{w\over \epsilon_0}, \,$$

where $\epsilon_0$ = 8.854×10−12 F/m, F is the farad and m is the meter. This linearly-varying electric field leads to an electrical potential that varies quadratically in space. The energy levels, or energy bands, bend in response to this potential.

title: Depletion region


text:
Robot Hive/Exodus

Robot Hive / Exodus is the seventh full-length studio album by American rock band Clutch, released in 2005 on the DRT Entertainment label.

Album information
The original release of the album contained 14 tracks, though it had 15 on some editions, namely the single and title track of the compilation album, Slow Hole to China: Rare and Unreleased. It included two blues covers, one by the legendary Howlin' Wolf and one by Mississippi Fred McDowell, Expanding upon the band's musical virtuosity and their habit of playing various styles on their albums, especially exploring funk metal and blues rock, first touched upon in the prior album Blast Tyrant. Robot Hive/Exodus also signified the beginning of keyboard player Mick Schauer's time with the band. Schauer would also contribute to their next album, From Beale Street to Oblivion, and subsequent tours.

Reissues
A reissue of the album was released on September 28, 2010, with only the original 14 tracks, with a slightly different album cover design and an accompanying DVD of their performance at the "Sounds of the Underground" festival in July 2005.

In 2021, Clutch started a vinyl reissue series dubbed the "Clutch Collector's Series" in which each band member selected an album to remaster and reimagine. The 2004 album Blast Tyrant was the first installment, curated by Jean-Paul Gaster. The following year, Robot Hive/Exodus was the second installment as reimagined by bassist Dan Maines, getting a repress on vinyl limited to 7500 copies which included the album itself, as well as a band-signed insert and an extra 7" disc containing the songs "What Would A Wookie Do?" and "Bottoms Up, Socrates" both of which were included on the subsequent release Pitchfork & Lost Needles.

In popular culture

 * The song "Mice and Gods" was used as the entrance music for DaMarques Johnson at UFC 112.
 * The song "10001110101" was featured in the video game Prey as a jukebox song.
 * The song "Burning Beard" was featured in the video game MX vs. ATV Reflex.

Track listing
All tracks written by Clutch, except where noted.

Track 15 is included as a bonus track on some editions of this album.

"What Would A Wookie Do?" and "Bottoms Up, Socrates" were both recorded during the Robot Hive/Exodus sessions but appear on the compilation album Pitchfork & Lost Needles, which is a reissue of the original EP's Clutch released in the '90s; Pitchfork and Passive Restraints, and these 2005 session out-takes.

Personnel

 * Neil Fallon – vocals, guitar, percussion
 * Tim Sult – guitar
 * Dan Maines – bass
 * Jean-Paul Gaster – drums, percussion
 * Mick Schauer – Hammond Organ, Hohner Clavinet, Wurlitzer Electric Piano

Production

 * Produced by Clutch and J. Robbins
 * Recorded by J. Robbins at Bearsville Studios, Uncle Punchy Studios and the Magpie Gage
 * Engineered by Chris Laidlaw and John Agnello at Bearsville Studios and Larry Packer at Uncle Punchy Studios
 * Mixed by John Agnello and Assisted by Ted young at Water Music Records, Hoboken, New Jersey
 * Mastered by Allan Douchess at West West Studio
 * Art and layout by Nick Lakiotes for Six Point Harness

title: Robot Hive/Exodus


text:
Ring structure

Ring structure may refer to:

 * Chiastic structure, a literary technique
 * Heterocyclic compound, a chemical structure
 * Ring (mathematics), an algebraic structure
 * Ring dike, an geographic structure

title: Ring structure


text: Template:User sv-0

title: Template:User sv-0


text: Category:Operas by Henry Purcell

title: Category:Operas by Henry Purcell


text:
International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation

The International Fitness and BodyBuilding Federation (IFBB), headquartered in Las Rozas (Madrid), is an international professional sports governing body for bodybuilding and fitness that oversees many of the sport's major international events, notably the World and Continental Championships.

History
In 1946, the IFBB was founded by brothers Ben and Joe Weider in Montreal, Canada, under the name "International Federation of Bodybuilders". The two founding countries were Canada and the United States. Ben Weider was the first IFBB President.

In 1965 the first IFBB Mr. Olympia was held; the IFBB's first contest. From 1966 to 1970, the Federation experienced rapid growth as Joe and  Ben Weider promoted  the organization globally. By 1970, the IFBB had directors in more than 50 countries worldwide and the IFBB had its footprint in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, North America, and South America.

On September 4, 1970, the IFBB held its 1st International Congress in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, where a Constitution was adopted and an Executive Council. In 1971 Jim Morris became the first openly gay IFBB professional bodybuilder. Also in 1971, the IFBB became a member of the Global Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF), now SportAccord. Upon receiving membership, the IFBB became the only official representative of bodybuilding to be recognized by world sport authorities. From the 1980s to his death in 2008, IFBB president Ben Weider petitioned the IOC for inclusion of bodybuilding in the Olympic Games. Although bodybuilding had never been on the Olympic Program, in 1998, the IOC granted the IFBB provisional recognition, which lasted nearly four years, but was withdrawn in 2001.

In 2004, the IFBB was renamed the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness but retained the "IFBB" abbreviation. The following year, the IFBB adopted new IFBB Anti-Doping Rules following the World Anti-Doping Code. The IFBB Professional Section was legally split from the IFBB to form the IFBB Professional League, its own legal entity with its own rules and regulations. In turn, the IFBB Constitution became a governing document for the amateur sport only. In 2006, after 60 years, Ben Weider resigned from his role as president and Rafael Santonja from Spain was elected as the new president. The IFBB headquarters were moved to Las Rozas (Madrid), Spain. In 2010, Santonja was reelected for a second term, and in 2014, he was reelected for a third time at the IFBB World Congress in Brasilia.

Name Change
At some point the name has changed from International Federation of BodyBuilding and Fitness to the International Fitness and Bodybuilding Federation, this possibly occurred when the split between the IFBB Professional League / IFBB Amateur League in 2017 to distinguish the now two separate entities but both wanting to retain the IFBB abbreviation.

Organization
The IFBB is registered under Spanish law as a nonprofit legal entity. The IFBB has a constitution, technical rules, anti-doping rules, and democratically elected executive council with four-year terms. The IFBB meets annually at its International Congress, held in conjunction with the Men's World Bodybuilding Championships. The IFBB is a founding member of the International World Games Association (IWGA) and also a member of the International Council of Sport Science and Physical Education (ICSSPE), the International Pierre de Coubertin Committee, and the International Council of Coach Education (ICCE). The IFBB is recognized by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa, the Association of Pan-American Sport Federations (ACODEPA). The IFBB is also recognized by some 90 National Olympic Committees. The IFBB participates in several Regional Games recognized by the IOC including the Southeast Asian Games, the Asian Games, the South American Games, the Asian Beach Games, the Arab Games, the Pacific Games, the African Games, and the World Games. The IFBB has also participated at the Central American Games.

Members
The IFBB affiliates over 190 National Federations which may also form Continental/Regional Federations.

Competitions
The IFBB annually holds more than 2,500 competitions at the local, national, regional, continental, and World Championships levels. Competitions are held for the various sports disciplines the IFBB has recognized, many of which are organized with juniors, seniors, and masters divisions. Some notable IFBB contests include the IFBB Men's World Bodybuilding Championships, the IFBB Men's World Classic Bodybuilding Championships, the IFBB Men's World Physique Championships, the IFBB World Fitness Championships, and the Arnold Classic.


text:
User:British Neale

Hello my name is Neale Richard Milligan, I was born on April 15, 1986 at Cresswell Maternity Hospital in Dumfries which is part of the United Kingdom.

title: User:British Neale


text: Category:Operas by Alan John

title: Category:Operas by Alan John


text:
Talk:Gemcitabine

Wrong name change
If you are going to change the name, shouldn't you do it right, and rename it gemcitabine hydrochloride? Gene Nygaard 22:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No, the consensus at WikiProject Drugs is that we use only the active compound, and not any chemical additives (compare imatinib mesylate). JFW | T@lk  23:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

hai... hw many stages for preparation of this drug?? hyderabady_chemist —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.102.250.74 (talk) 21:39, 15 August 2010 (UTC)

Why no efficacy discussion?
This could benefit from a discussion of studies indicating the efficacy for various types of cancers and various stages. — Preceding unsigned comment added by R Stillwater (talk • contribs) 03:47, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

ESPAC-4 results in pancreatic cancer
Trial Sets New Standard for Pancreatic Cancer - Adjuvant combination almost doubled 5-year survival discusses ESPAC-4: A multicenter, international, open-label randomized controlled phase III trial of adjuvant combination chemotherapy of gemcitabine (GEM) and capecitabine (CAP) versus monotherapy gemcitabine in patients with resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Trial terminated early due to significant improvement in median survival. Will try to edit in when find the right place. - Rod57 (talk) 20:27, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gemcitabine


text:
Crown of Wilhelm II

The Crown of Wilhelm II (Krone von Wilhelm II), also known as the Hohenzollern Crown (Hohenzollern Krone), is the 1888 crown made for Wilhelm II, German Emperor, in his role as King of Prussia. It was only used for heraldic purposes. A Crown of the German Empire was never made.

The crown is surmounted by a diamond-studded cross which rests on a large sapphire. These rest on eight half-arches rising from the base that are adorned with 142 rose-cut diamonds and 18 diamonds. Eight large pearls are mounted between the arches.

When Wilhelm abdicated in 1918 he was permitted to retain the jewels, which included the Hohenzollern crown. To protect it from theft and destruction during World War II, it was hidden in a wall in the crypt of a church. After the war it was returned to the Hohenzollern family and is now kept at the family residence of the Hohenzollern Castle.

title: Crown of Wilhelm II


text:
Andy Welsh

Andrew Peter David Welsh (born 24 January 1983) is an English football coach and former player.

Stockport County
The left-footed Welsh wrote to the club asking for a trial run and made his professional debut for Stockport County in October 2001, going on to make 75 league appearances in his four-year stint at the club. His final match was a 3–0 loss to Sheffield Wednesday in League One. He also made six appearances on loan at Macclesfield Town in 2002.

Sunderland
After impressing in a three-day trial with Sunderland in November 2004, Welsh signed with the club for £15,000, and could have included a compensation for amount of time on the field stipulation to £35,000. Upon signing for Sunderland he was assigned the vacant number 11 shirt, and made his club debut on 1 January 2005 in a 3–2 defeat to Preston North End, replacing Marcus Stewart in the 68th minute. He scored two goals in eight appearances during the 2004–05 season for Sunderland.

Welsh made his first start for Sunderland a week later on 8 January 2005, scoring a free kick in a 2–1 victory against Crystal Palace. Welsh went on to make eight appearances that season, scoring again, against QPR at Loftus Road on 2 April.

After Sunderland's promotion to the Premier League, Welsh retained the number 11 shirt, starting the season in place of injured defender George McCartney. However, Welsh was controversially sent off in only the second game of the season against Liverpool at Anfield on 20 August 2005, although the decision was later overturned on appeal.

Welsh found himself out of the Sunderland team after Christmas, and many thought he had played his last game for the club after he was loaned to Championship club Leicester on 1 March 2006. Welsh went on to make ten appearances for Leicester, scoring one goal, helping to stave off relegation for the Foxes.

Four days after playing his last game for Leicester, Welsh was back at Sunderland, playing in the club's last two games, against Fulham and Aston Villa, under new caretaker manager Kevin Ball. Following the transfer of popular midfielder Julio Arca to Middlesbrough in the summer, Welsh was expected to start the season as first choice winger, however injury hit early on in pre-season.

Welsh picked up an injury during a pre-season win against League of Ireland club, Shelbourne, prompting Quinn and new manager Roy Keane to sign Swedish winger Tobias Hysen and Celtic midfielder Ross Wallace to fill the left-midfield role. Welsh subsequently re-joined Leicester on loan when he regained fitness, although he managed only four league starts for them, and returned to Sunderland in the New Year. Coincidentally, Sunderland's next game was against Leicester at the Walkers Stadium, where Welsh was named as an unused substitute.

Toronto
After failing to break back into Sunderland's first team, it was announced in March 2007, that Welsh would be heading to Canada for a medical before signing a contract with Major League Soccer (MLS) club, Toronto, after the clubs agreed a deal to end his contract at Sunderland.

On 16 May 2007, Welsh scored his first goal for Toronto in a rain soaked 1–0 home win over defending MLS champions, Houston Dynamo. Fans subsequently voted him "Man of the Match" on the club's official website. However, after the first few games Toronto struggled to find points hard to come by, Welsh was in and out of the team and soon decided to return to England.

Blackpool
On 30 August 2007, it was reported that Welsh would be leaving Toronto for Blackpool, whom he signed for the following day. During the 2007–08 season he made 21 appearances in the Championship, mostly as a substitute. On 7 May 2008 he was released by Blackpool.

Yeovil Town
In August 2008 Welsh went on trial at Football League One club Yeovil Town. On 3 September, Yeovil manager Russell Slade confirmed that the club had a verbal agreement to sign Welsh with him due to have a medical at the club the following day. Welsh signed a contract with the club until the end of the 2008–09 season. Welsh played 38 games for Yeovil in his first season, becoming a fans' favourite when the team went on a four-game winning streak scoring four goals direct from his set pieces. He ended the season with Yeovil's most assists (seven) and most crosses (80) in his 38 appearances.

At the end of the 2008–09 season, Welsh signed a new two-year deal keeping him at the club until the summer of 2011. In the 2009–10 season Welsh started well and was the divisional top goal maker with seven assists. However, formation changes saw him slip out of the side, making most of his appearances from the subs bench. However, he was Yeovil's leading creator for the second consecutive season (10 assists), and he scored his first two goals for the club, in a 2–0 win over Brentford and a 4–1 win over Wycombe.

Welsh scored in his second game of the 2010–11 season, against local rivals Exeter City, and against Tranmere Rovers two weeks later. Welsh was again one of Yeovil's outstanding performers, leading the way in assists. He secured Yeovil's league one status for another season with an 85th-minute equaliser at home to Oldham Athletic the day after his first child was born.

At the end of the 2010–11 season, he and six other Yeovil players were told they would be re-signed.

Carlisle United
On 1 June 2011, Welsh became Greg Abbott's first signing of the summer when he joined Carlisle United on a two-year deal. On 27 May 2013, Welsh was not offered a new contract and would no longer be a Carlisle United player after the end of the 2012/13 season.

Scunthorpe United
On 24 June 2013, Andy Welsh become Scunthorpe United's 5th signing of the summer where he has signed a one-year deal for the League Two club with an option of a further year. After playing all games up to the start of October, Welsh required knee surgery which ruled him out until February 2014. At the end of the season he decided to pursue the remainder of his degree in psychology and coaching.

Non-League
On 12 September 2014, Andy Welsh signed for United of Manchester. In December 2014, Welsh made the move to Farsley Celtic, closer to his home in Bradford.

Managerial career
In September 2017, Andy Welsh became player/head coach at Ossett Albion. Welsh led a team that was struggling (second bottom in the league on seven points at Christmas) on an unbeaten run, finishing safely in the league.

He then took over at the newly merged club Ossett United, finishing fourth in the League (making the playoffs) with the league's best defensive record. The club also enjoyed cup success against Guiseley, a team two divisions higher.

On 29 July 2020, Welsh was selected from 750 applicants to become the first manager of Bury AFC, but the first season was ended prematurely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bury were crowned champions of the NWCFL Division One North in the club's second season. Welsh led Bury to the title; the side finished 11 points clear, winning 27 out of 36 games, boasting the highest goals total and best defensive record in the division.

On 5 June 2023, upon the merger of Bury FC and Bury AFC, the two team's histories were combined — retroactively counting Bury AFC's seasons as seasons for Bury FC and also retroactively counting Welsh as Bury manager since 2020. On 17 September 2023, after a run of form that saw two wins in eight games, Bury parted company with Welsh.

Welsh was appointed Guiseley manager in October 2023.

Welsh departed on April 2 2024.

Managerial statistics
1 Upon the merger of Bury FC and Bury AFC, the two team's histories were combined — retroactively counting Bury AFC's seasons as seasons for Bury FC

2 Two cup matches drawn; one won on penalties and one lost. Score at 90 minutes counted as drawn game.

title: Andy Welsh


text:
Talk:Nicolai Abildgaard

Untitled
Lots of good information here--but is it possible to organize it a bit more into sections?

Dvyost 22:12, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicolai Abildgaard


text:
Talk:Somnophilia

Somnophilia
Idk really know lol 2603:8000:1E00:D8C:704B:DFF8:83FA:81ED (talk) 00:28, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Somnophilia


text: Category:Operas by Virgil Thomson

title: Category:Operas by Virgil Thomson


text:
Matt Piper

Matthew James Piper (born 29 September 1981) is an English former professional footballer and current coach, who played as a winger.

Career
Piper came through the youth ranks of hometown club Leicester City. After signing a professional contract in 2000, he made his first team debut in the League Cup on 9 October 2001, playing the whole of a 6–0 home defeat to Leeds United. After another appearance in a 4–1 league defeat to Liverpool, he was loaned to Mansfield Town, for whom he played eight times. He impressed there, and scored his first senior goal against Swansea City. On his return in January 2002, Piper played 27 games as Leicester fought relegation from the Premier League. Although Leicester were ultimately relegated with a mere five league wins all season, Piper made his mark in the club's history by scoring the last ever competitive goal at Filbert Street on 11 May 2002, in a 2–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur.

Sunderland signed Piper from Leicester in August 2002, for a fee of £3.5 million. Despite initially impressing, Piper's time at Sunderland was mostly an unhappy one as he suffered a number of serious injuries, resulting in him having ten operations in three years. Piper missed most of the 2003-04 and 2004-05 seasons due to injury and rehabilitation.

Following Sunderland's promotion to the Premiership in the 2004-05, Piper was included in Sunderland's squad for the pre-season tour of the United States and Canada, playing in two friendlies against American opposition. Piper made just one start against Cheltenham Town in the League Cup. This was to be Piper's final appearance for Sunderland, and his contract was terminated by mutual consent in January 2006 following an unsuccessful trial with Coventry City. He had made just 29 appearances, including 15 starts, in three and a half years at Sunderland.

In the summer of 2007, Piper participated in pre-season training at Mansfield Town, in an attempt to rebuild his fitness. However, he decided to retire before the start of the 2007-08 season. In March 2008, he started training with local side Anstey Nomads. He managed just one appearance before retiring from football completely

Piper retired at the age of 26, and has since spoken about his battles with drink and drugs as a result.

title: Matt Piper


text: Category:Indoor arenas in Finland

title: Category:Indoor arenas in Finland


text:
4th Dáil

The 4th Dáil was elected at the 1923 general election on 27 August 1923 and met on 19 September 1923. The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of the Irish Free State, are known as TDs. It was one of two houses of the Oireachtas, sitting with the First Seanad constituted as the 1922 Seanad and the 1925 Seanad. Although Cumann na nGaedheal did not have a majority it was able to govern due to the absence of Republicans (Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin) who refused to attend. The 4th Dáil was dissolved by Governor-General Tim Healy on 23 May 1927, at the request of the President of the Executive Council W. T. Cosgrave. The 4th Dáil lasted days.

Composition of the 4th Dáil
Cumann na nGaedheal, denoted with bullet, formed the 2nd executive council of the Irish Free State.

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 4th Dáil from September 1923. This was not the official seating plan. The Republican members did not take their seats.

Ceann Comhairle
On 19 September 1923, Michael Hayes (CnaG), the outgoing Ceann Comhairle, was proposed by W. T. Cosgrave and seconded by Thomas Johnson for the position, and was approved without a vote.

TDs by constituency
The list of the 153 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency.

title: 4th Dáil


text:
Tower Hill School

Tower Hill School is a private college preparatory school in Wilmington, Delaware, offering instruction for pre-school through 12th grade.

History
Tower Hill was founded in 1919. Its main building was designed by Wilmington architects Brown & Whiteside and completed in 1920. The school is situated at the high point of Wilmington's neighborhood, The Highlands, where the dominant landmark is Rockford Tower, erected in 1901 to control the city's water supply. Tower Hill, in London, is the birthplace of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, who landed in Delaware, in 1682.

Recognition
The school is a member of the Delaware Independent School Conference. The school offered US$2,000,000 a year of need-based financial aid to 28% of its students for the 2016–2017 school year. The Wall Street Journal ranked Tower Hill 24th in the nation and 1st in Delaware, in percentage of students attending eight top colleges. Tower Hill School is ranked 47th in the nation for best private day schools.

Notable alumni

 * Adrienne Arsht, philanthropist and attorney
 * Michael N. Castle, Governor of Delaware (1985–1992) and US Congressman (Delaware) (1993–2011)
 * Alfred D. Chandler, distinguished and innovative historian, Harvard University
 * Chris Coons, US Senator (Delaware)
 * Crawford Hallock Greenewalt Jr., leading archaeologist University of California, Berkeley
 * Kathryn Day, opera singer
 * Harry G. Haskell Jr., US Congressman (Delaware) (1957–1959) and Mayor of Wilmington (1969–1973)
 * Deborah Kean, former First Lady of New Jersey (1982–1990)
 * Orin Kerr, law professor at UC Berkeley School of Law
 * Ellen J. Kullman, former chief executive officer of DuPont and vice chair of the Tower Hill School board of trustees
 * Jim Morris (film producer), President of Pixar Animation Studios
 * Mehmet Oz, host of The Dr. Oz Show, cardiologist, Republican Party nominee in the 2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
 * Virginia A. Seitz, former assistant attorney general and distinguished appellate lawyer
 * John A. H. Sweeney, museum curator and author
 * Pat Williams, Orlando Magic senior vice president

title: Tower Hill School


text:
Neill Collins

Neill William Collins (born 2 September 1983) is a Scottish football manager and former player who was most recently the head coach of Barnsley.

Collins is a former Scotland U21 and Scotland B international who played as a centre-back. He started his playing career with Queen's Park before moving to Dumbarton. A transfer to English side Sunderland followed in 2004, but he failed to establish himself in the first team during his three-year spell on Wearside. After loan moves to Hartlepool United and Sheffield United, he was loaned to Wolverhampton Wanderers, where he became a first-team regular and signed a permanent deal in 2007. Following Wolves' promotion to the Premier League, he fell out of favour and moved on loan again, this time to Preston North End. Still, although they signed him permanently in 2010, he was never a regular. He quickly moved to Leeds United, with whom he won promotion to the Championship in 2010. After losing his place the following season, Collins returned to Sheffield United, one of his former loan clubs, where he made over 100 appearances. He lost his first-team place in the 2014–15 season and joined Port Vale on loan in March 2015. He moved to America in March 2016 to play for the Tampa Bay Rowdies. By the end of his 18-year playing career, he had scored 35 goals in 583 league and cup appearances.

He took his first post in management in May 2018 when he transitioned from player to head coach at the Tampa Bay Rowdies. The 2021 season would prove highly successful as he won two USL Championship Coach of the Month awards, as well as the Coach of the Year award, as his side won the Eastern Conference and went on to finish as runners-up in the playoffs. He returned to England as the head coach of Barnsley in July 2023 and was sacked with one game left to play of the 2023–24 season with his team in the League One play-off places.

Queen's Park
Collins was born in Troon, Scotland. He was associated with Kilmarnock's youth academy, the team he supported as a boy before being released at the age of 14. He began his career with Scottish amateur club, Queen's Park, making his first-team debut in a 2–0 win at Stirling Albion on 24 March 2001. He went on to make four appearances in the 2000–01 season as John McCormack's Spiders were relegated from the Second Division to the Third Division. He played 31 games as Queen's Park finished bottom of the Scottish Football League in 2001–02. During this time he worked at a Safeway supermarket.

Dumbarton
Collins earned a move to newly-promoted Second Division club Dumbarton in July 2002. During his stay at the Strathclyde Homes Stadium, Collins became popular with the fans and had a spell as captain and was key to Paul Martin's Sons battle to stay in the Second Division in 2002–03. He then featured 34 times as Dumbarton finished two points outside the promotion places in 2003–04 under Brian Fairley's stewardship. During his time there he had trials with Falkirk, Hibernian, Rangers and Charlton Athletic. During his time in Scotland he also completed a BA 'Sport in the Community' degree at the University of Strathclyde.

Sunderland
Collins was signed by Sunderland manager Mick McCarthy in August 2004 for a fee of £25,000. Three months later he signed a new contract to keep him at the Stadium of Light until 2007. He made 11 appearances during the 2004–05 season as the club won promotion to the Premier League as champions of the Championship.

He never appeared in the top-flight for the Black Cats after Alan Stubbs was signed and was instead loaned out to League One side Hartlepool United in August 2005. He made 25 appearances for Martin Scott's Pools during his stay at Victoria Park. He was loaned out to Neil Warnock's Championship promotion hopefuls Sheffield United in February 2006. The Blades succeeded in winning promotion in 2005–06, though Collins featured in just two games at Bramall Lane.

With Sunderland back in the Championship in 2006–07, Collins was forced to play in the unfamiliar role of right-back after injuries to teammates Stephen Wright and Nyron Nosworthy. He was a regular under Mick McCarthy, but when McCarthy left the job, Collins was dropped by replacement manager Roy Keane despite Collins feeling he'd performed well.

Wolves
Collins was reunited with his former boss Mick McCarthy at Wolverhampton Wanderers after joining the club on loan in November 2006. The discussion of his loan deal was the first time that Roy Keane and McCarthy had spoken to each other since the Saipan incident in 2002. After his loan expired, he joined Wolves permanently in January 2007 for a fee of £150,000. He was a regular starter for the rest of the 2006–07 season as the club reached the Championship play-offs.

The 2007–08 season saw Wolves miss out on the play-offs on goal difference with Collins making 42 appearances. Collins started 2008–09 strongly with Wolves but was left out of the first-team with the loan arrival of Michael Mancienne from Chelsea. When Mancienne returned to Chelsea in the New Year, Collins returned to the side, partnering Richard Stearman. He contributed several important goals during this period. Still, he was soon ousted from the side again after receiving a red card for dissent at Reading and following the addition of Scottish international Christophe Berra. He remained out of the side for the remainder of the season as the club were promoted to the Premier League as champions and was transfer listed in July 2009.

Preston North End
In September 2009, Collins was loaned out to Championship side Preston North End, a move made permanent when he signed a three-and-a-half-year deal for an undisclosed fee in January 2010. The deal was finalised after manager Alan Irvine left the club. The defender lost his place in the side under new manager Darren Ferguson.

Leeds United
In March 2010, Collins moved to League One side Leeds United on loan for the rest of the 2009–10 season as a replacement for the injured Patrick Kisnorbo. He played an instrumental part as Leeds were promoted to the Championship after finishing in second place in League One. He signed a three-year deal with Leeds in July 2010 for an undisclosed fee.

He started the 2010–11 season as one of Leeds' first-choice defenders due to Patrick Kisnorbo still being out with a long-term injury. After some indifferent performances early on in the season, Collins scored an own goal in Leeds' 5–2 defeat by Barnsley and was dropped to the bench by manager Simon Grayson at the end of October.

Sheffield United
Collins signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with Championship side Sheffield United after being signed by Micky Adams for an undisclosed fee in January 2011. He made his debut in a 3–0 defeat to Ipswich Town at Portman Road on 5 February. He was a regular in defence for the remainder of the 2010–11 season, playing 14 games, but struggled as the team undertook an ultimately unsuccessful battle against relegation; he later said that "ill discipline was rife at the club on and off the pitch" and "I tried to be like Roy of the Rovers and Terry Butcher rolled into one and it didn't go well".

Now in League One and under the stewardship of Danny Wilson, the 2011–12 campaign saw Collins establish an effective defensive partnership with fellow centre-back Harry Maguire, and he was awarded supporters Player of the Month for September 2011. He scored his first goal for the Blades in February 2012, in a 1–0 victory over Yorkshire rivals Huddersfield Town at the Galpharm Stadium. Collins remained a mainstay of the defence but United missed out on automatic promotion by three points to city rivals Sheffield Wednesday, then lost to Huddersfield in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium; the match ended in a 0–0 draw, and though Collins converted his penalty his team lost the shoot-out 8–7.

With the club still in League One, Collins remained as first-choice in central defence alongside Maguire, captaining the side during Michael Doyle's absence. During the first half of the 2012–13 season, Collins began to score regularly, netting five times by the start of December as United challenged for automatic promotion. In November, he extended his current contract by two more years until 2015, with the option of another year. His good form was halted when he fractured his cheekbone during a game against Scunthorpe United at the end of December, an injury that ruled him out of action for two months. He made 45 appearances across the campaign as United recorded a club record 21 clean sheets; however, they could only reach the play-off semi-finals.

He scored two goals in 55 appearances in the 2013–14 season and was named on the Football League Team of the Week after helping United to consecutive 1–0 victories away at Colchester United and Milton Keynes Dons as part of a total run of 450 minutes of League One football that the team went without conceding a goal.

He lost his place in the United first-team early in the 2014–15 season and dropped out of manager Nigel Clough's first-team plans, having failed to make an appearance past October. Despite this he vowed to remain at the club, saying he enjoyed a connection with the club. He joined League One rivals Port Vale on loan until the end of the season on 26 March 2015. Manager Rob Page signed him on transfer deadline day and Collins later said that "I had a difficult start... but I grew into the season, we stayed up and I really enjoyed it".

Following Nigel Clough's departure as manager, Collins was restored to the first-team under new boss Nigel Adkins for the 2015–16 season. He was named in the Football League Team of the Week after scoring a headed goal in a 2–0 victory at Swindon Town, winning praise for his centre-back partnership with David Edgar.

Tampa Bay Rowdies
On 11 March 2016, Collins had his contract with Sheffield United cancelled by mutual consent to allow him to sign a two-year contract with the North American Soccer League's Tampa Bay Rowdies. Head coach Stuart Campbell led the Rowdies to a ninth-place finish in the combined 2016 table. He featured 33 times in the 2017 campaign as the Rowdies finished third in the United Soccer League.

International career
Collins won seven caps at Scotland under-21 level. On 20 November 2007, he played for Scotland B in a 1–1 draw with Republic of Ireland B at the Excelsior Stadium; he came on as a substitute for Darren Dods at half-time.

Tampa Bay Rowdies
On 18 May 2018, Collins was promoted to manager at the Tampa Bay Rowdies after he impressed chairman Bill Edwards with his intensity and work ethic. The Rowdies went on to finish the 2018 season 12th in the USL Eastern Conference table under difficult circumstances, with Collins commenting that "We had players retiring for a variety of reasons, guys getting serious injuries, other off-field problems, it was one thing after another." They finished fifth in the 2019 season, before losing 2–1 to Louisville City FC in the Conference quarter-finals. The Rowdies finished top of the table in the 2020 season, which was brought to an early end and decided on points per game due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The play-offs continued and Tampa made it to the Championship final against Phoenix Rising FC. However, the final was cancelled the day before it was due to be played because several Tampa Bay Rowdies players and staff tested positive for COVID-19; the championship would not be awarded.

Collins was named USL Championship Coach of the Year after his team achieved 23 wins to top the Eastern Conference in the 2021 regular season. He was also named as Coach of the Month for April / May and September, having achieved 100% win records in both periods and setting a league record of 891 minutes without conceding a goal. In the playoffs, Tampa defeated FC Tulsa, Birmingham Legion FC and Louisville City FC, before falling to a 3–1 defeat to Orange County SC in the final.

He was named as Coach of the Month for July 2022 after overseeing five wins that extended the club's unbeaten run to thirteen games; he credited the run to his players, name-checking new signing Jake LaCava. The Rowdies qualified for the play-offs with a third-place finish in the 2022 Eastern Conference standings; they went on to lose the Conference final game 1–0 win to Louisville City FC.

Barnsley
On 6 July 2023, Collins returned to England when he was appointed head coach of League One club Barnsley on a two-year deal. He oversaw a 7–0 victory over Port Vale in his first game in charge, the biggest opening day defeat for any team in the EFL since the 1962–63 season over 60 years ago. His side maintained a top six position from 3 October until his departure. On 22 April 2024, Collins was sacked following a disappointing run of form with Barnsley in the play-off places in fifth position with one match remaining of the 2023–24 season.

Style of play
Writing in The Guardian in 2007, Steve Claridge compared Collins to Tony Adams, describing him as "strong and robust" with good positional and organisation skills. Collins described heading as the strongest part of his game.

Player
Sunderland
 * Football League Championship: 2004–05

Wolverhampton Wanderers
 * Football League Championship: 2008–09

Leeds United
 * Football League One second-place promotion: 2009–10

Manager
Individual
 * USL Championship Coach of the Month: April / May 2021, September 2021, July 2022
 * USL Championship Coach of the Year: 2021

Tampa Bay Rowdies
 * USL Championship
 * finalist: 2020
 * Regular Season Division Champion: 2020, 2021
 * Eastern Conference Champion: 2020, 2021
 * Regular Season Champion: 2021
 * Playoff runner-up: 2021
 * Coastal Cup: 2021

title: Neill Collins


text:
Talk:Maynard Jackson

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title: Talk:Maynard Jackson


text: User talk:69.143.165.90

title: User talk:69.143.165.90


text:
Talk:Scots language/Archive 1

ye ken th auld reekie

Text from 2001
Interestingly enough, some of the words in Scots that differ from standard English seem to be cognates of Danish words. Example:

ken in Scots, kende in Danish quine in Scots, kvinde in Danish bairn in Scots, barn in Danish

Are these words some leftover from the days of the Danish rule over part of Britain? - The simple answer to your question is yes, to some extent. At the time of the Danish rule in north-eastern England, English was not widespread in Scotland. However after 1000 when English began to replace Gaelic and Pictish in Lowland Scotland, the Northern English dialects from the area of the Danelaw were the ones which formed the basis of Scots. However since English is a Germanic language like Danish some cognates are to be expected in any case.

As a matter of interest, when I visited Denmark on business a couple of years ago, I got some amusement out of walking around looking at shops and signs for examples like the ones you give. -- Derek Ross

Removed text
I've removed the following and replaced it with some grammar. If offended just put it back.

"An example of Glaswegian Scots would be:
 * D'ye ken, hen?

D'ye means Do you, ken means know, and hen means hen which is a common way for a man or woman to address a woman.

The article on Glasgow contains other examples of the Glasgow dialect.

In North East Scots (Doric) the same question would become

 * Div ye ken, quine? [kw@in] (SAMPA)

'Hen' is not used in Aberdeen. The word quine, used for all women, is related to the Standard English word, queen." -- 217.225.25.95

 * Well done! You have dramatically improved the article. Thanks -- Derek Ross

I've never heard 'quine' used in an address, in the way 'hen' is used.

 * Hiv ye nae ? Weel, weel, I hiv, bit then I wis brocht up in Aiberdeen and roond aboot, sae I heard wummen cried "quine" jist lik the Gleswegians cry them "hen", a' the time. A quine's mebbe nae quite as auld as a hen, bit there's nae muckle in't.  A've nivver heard "Hen" eesed in Doric ava'.  Fowk aye eese "quine". -- Derek Ross 06:23, 8 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think 'hen' necessarily refers to an older woman. I've heard neds call female neds 'hen', and I've heard older women call young girls 'hen', but I don't think it's socially acceptable for a younger person to call an older woman 'hen', since it would be too familiar. -i.m.

Aberdeen has a much closer relationship with its rural hinterland than the other Scots cities. That is why I did not include Aberdeen with the other Scots cities. The dialect of Aberdeen is still very much the dialect of the countryside surrounding it. This is not so true of the other cities and that's why they should not be lumped together. -- Derek Ross

D'ye Ken...in Glasgow no' likely
i've just read the article on Scots language which appears to be fairly accurate apart from the part where Glaswegian Scots uses the word ken(know). I'm sorry but that term just simply is not used in Glasgow or anywhere in West Central Scotland, that term is primarily an east coast and central term.

Quines 'n' Loons
The above poster is, I think, correct. Maybe historically 'ken' was used in Glasgow, but I live here now, and I've never heard anyone use it--most Glaswegians tend to associate it with Edinburgh and Aberdeen. One Glaswegian I spoke to said he had a mate called Ken, who couldn't understand how everyone in Aberdeen knew his name without need for introduction... :-)

Btw, it was me that said I'd never heard 'quine' used in an address in Aberdeen. When I'm standing at a bus stop in Glasgow, I often hear people say "how you doin', hen?" or "you alright, hen?", but I never heard anything like that with 'quine' in the seven years I lived in Aberdeen. I did hear the phrase 'paper quine' (referring to the lassie who delivers the newspapers, as opposed to 'paper loon'), but I never heard anyone call anyone else 'quine' *directly*.

I got the impression that in Aberdeen, 'quine' has slightly comic/mildly insulting implications, possibly related to the phrase 'Torry quine', i.e. a silly parochial girl from the village of Torry, historically south of (now in) Aberdeen. 'The Torry Quine' is also the sobriquet of Aberdonian comedienne, June Imray, whose (recently re-released on CD) LPs are a great source of the Doric language (along with the Scotland The What? LPs). Four of Imray's comic songs have 'quine' in the title: 'The Torry Quine', 'The Cafe Quine's Lament', 'The Quine Who Does The Strip At Inverurie', and 'The Torry Quine Again'.

-i.m.

I take your point on "ken". I wasn't aware of it as an east-west thing though. Surely people in Ayrshire or Dumfriesshire still use it ? It would be interesting to know. In any case if the phrase in the article is wrong, it should be changed to something more correct.

As for "quine", my relatives in Aberdeen, Buchan and Peterhead still happily use "min", "loon", or "quine", as terms of direct address when speaking to other Doric speakers, although not when speaking "properly" or to non-Doric speakers. Perhaps, your experience is just a reflection of the sad fact that fewer people in Aberdeen use Doric as a matter of course nowadays. I'm not sure what effect the Torry Quine would have had on matters. I'm used to hearing "quine" used in non-comic contexts and I certainly don't feel that "quine" has worse connotations than previously but since you feel that it does, perhaps other people who generally hear the word used in comic songs rather than day-to-day conversation feel the same way. -- Derek Ross

'Ken' is as much an east of Scotland expression as the use of 'ginger' for any flavour of lemonade is in Glasgow. Glaswegians will use 'so it is' at the end of a sentence in the same way as 'ken' is used in Edinburgh. Gordon Soutar

United Kingdom article
Will someone add the Scots name on the table in the article United Kingdom, please? --Kaihsu Tai 22:07, 2 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I wouldn't be happy about that. I amn't aware that there is an official name for the UK in Scots. I suppose that you could translate "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" word-for-word. In fact that is what seems to have been done for the Ulster Scots version of the name so the best idea would probably be just to remove the word "Ulster" since Ulster Scots is Scots. Mind you I'd still like to know where that particular translation came from. -- Derek Ross 03:22, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The old version of the article was a very easily readable introduction to the subject and indeed the concept (and its politics). The version with the linguistic technical data, my eyes fall off the page trying to read it. Is the linguistic stuff shiftable to a sub-article? - David Gerard 11:51, Feb 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Done; created History of the Scots language (following heading form of History of the English Language) and moved all the phonetic development details there. Elf 04:16, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Excellent :-) Must track down more info on the politics of the dialect/language (and there's some politics right there) - or someone who can write something encyclopaedic on the subject. - David Gerard 11:16, Feb 5, 2004 (UTC)

Scots official ?
Since when has Scots been an official language in Scotland? I may be wrong but I'd appreciate some sources to back that up. It was also written: "although the Scottish Parliament makes legislation available in Scots, as well as English and Gaelic". What legislation? Apart from a leaflet and a report to the Sport an Education comittee I am not aware of any legislation made available in Scots. 11.09.04 -- Anonymous

And I'd like to know what you're talking about. I don't see anywhere in the article that claims that Scots is an official language in Scotland. The only claim about "officiality" is that it was the official language of the original Scottish Parliament and if you want sources for that, take a look at any Scottish Act prior to 1603. -- Derek Ross | Talk 02:37, 2004 Sep 11 (UTC)

There was a previous version that had this information in the box giving info about the language. The person who added it has since removed it realising this information was flawed. Ony moose

History?
A bit more about the history of the language would be welcome... —Ashley Y 05:15, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)

 * Oh, wait, it's in a separate article. Never mind... —Ashley Y 05:17, 2004 Oct 8 (UTC)

Lowland Scots
Is the pedantic insertion of Lowland before Scots really necessary. Is anyone really going to confuse it with highland Scots?

You forgot to change Ulster Scots to Ulster Lowland Scots!

Seamus P. Dantic

 * Calling it Lowland Scots is common courtesy since Scotland does not have one language.

 * I think the qualification is called for not due to a highland/lowland distinction but because the terms "Lowland Scots" and "Scots Gaelic" both exist. Though "Scots" alone only refers to the Germanic language, it is much more confusing for people who are just beginning to learn about Scotland and her languages. — Hippietrail 11:46, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I think this actually only adds to the confusion. The terms Scots, Lallans and Gaelic are perfectly adequate without adding more qualifiers. You can have Scots/Scottish Gaelic if you really must, but why complicate matters? — Moilleadóir 17:42, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Erm Gaelic is not perfectly adequate. It means Irish and Manx as well, not the Scottish form exclusively. Gaidhlig might be okay.

 * Central Belters think they're the whole bloody country like. Imagine if Highlanders started calling their language "Scottish" what the folk in Glasgow and Edinburgh would start to say.

Calling the language Lowland Scots implies that Highlanders don't speak it. And that's not my experience. Some folk living in the North and the West Highlands speak Gaelic as well, of course, but then so do some Edinburghers. Scots is common throughout rural Scotland, Lowland and Highland, so it doesn't make sense to call it Lowland Scots. -- Derek Ross | Talk 05:11, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

Flit?
Not sure that "flit" is a donation to English. Flit means "move house" in Scotland, but in English is darting about, moving quickly etc, a wee bit different. Same origin, different meaning... like "reek" never meant "stink" in Scots.
 * What does "reek" mean in Scots? "Smell" as in German and Dutch, or "smoke" as in Old Norse(?)/Scandinavian (cognates)? (Possibly something other?)

 * Reek means smoke as in the Scots New Year saying Lang may yer lum reek meaning Long may your chimney smoke -- or as in Edinburgh's nickname Auld Reekie meaning Old smoky -- Derek Ross | Talk 03:47, 2005 Jan 17 (UTC)

"Little Doubt"?
The following piece I find very POV:

 * There is little doubt that, had Scotland remained independent, Lowland Scots would be regarded as a separate language from English. This has happened in Norway with Norwegian. Norwegian, once regarded as a dialect of Danish, has been regarded as a language in its own right since Norwegian independence in the 19th century.

Is really a fact that there is "little doubt" that this would have happened? I mean, the United States has been independent for quite some time, it's primary language differs widely in orthography, grammar and vocabulary from standard English, yet I have never seen a serious scholar claim that American English is a separate language from British English. I can agree that this might have happened, but the wording in the present article really crosses the line. Comparing with Norwegian is a false analogy (besides omitting that Norway didn't become truly sovereign until 1905). —Gabbe 13:40, Dec 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * You seem to be under the impression that the difference between Scots and English is no greater than the difference between American English and British (Government?) English. This is rather naive. The difference between the two variants of English are so small that I (a native speaker) can't tell whether you used the American or British variant to write your note.  On the other hand the differences between Scots and English are so large that it is easy for me to tell that you did not use Scots to write it.

 * Note that there are countries such as Germany and Austria whose governments both use variants of the same language, so the fact that the US and Britain have separate governments isn't really relevant. The point is that a speech mode such as Scots which is not used by any government has more chance of being classed as a dialect than a speech mode such as English which is used by one or more governments.

 * You also need to explain your comment that Norwegian and Scots are not analogous. I would say that both are used by people belonging to small countries which were formerly independent before joining unions with more powerful neighbours for a few hundred years and that both are similar to neighbouring languages, so there is certainly a weak analogy there at the least. Be that as it may, if you don't like the Scandinavian analogy then an equally good analogy can be made with the Romance dialects which form a linguistic continuum across southern Europe. There is little doubt... sorry... it is unlikely to be a coincidence that the dialects which are generally considered to be languages are the ones used by the governments within the Romance area. -- Derek Ross |  Talk 00:23, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)

 * The point about Norwegian is that it was never considered to be "a dialect of Danish". The Danes certainly thought that Norwegian was a separate language and under almost a millenia of occupation did everything in their power to eradicate Norwegian as a spoken language. By the 19th century, it had come to the point were the upper class in Norway spoke and wrote Danish, wheras all writing was conducted almost exclusively in Danish. An analogy of this would be the status of Gaelic in Ireland, although the difference between the relations Gaelic/English and Norwegian/Danish are that Gaelic and English are way more apart from each other. The difference between the relation Norwegian/Danish and Scots/English is that nobody ever made the claim that Norwegian was a dialect of Danish.

 * As for the Romance languages, there are certainly "stateless languages", such as Catalan, Occitan, etc. And for non-Romance languages there is Basque, and so on. While the usage of these languages have often been surpressed and its speakers subjected to serious oppression in the past, they nevertheless remain languages and not dialects. Turkey not recognizing Kurdish as a language doesn't make it less of a language, even if it is not used by the government of any state. So I don't see your point about "a speech mode [...] which is not used by any government has more chance of being classed as a dialect than a speech mode [...] which is used by [...] governments". The classification of a speech mode as a language/dialect is irrelevant of whether or not it is used by a government.

 * I don't wan't to make a straw man argument here, but your notion is in line with Max Weinreich's maxim "A Language is a Dialect with an Army and a Navy" and that type of reasoning is insufficient. Whether Scots would have been classified as a language or a dialect is regardless of whether Scotland would have remained independent or not. The point I'm trying to make is that it is an oppinion, not a widely held truth, that Scots "would be regarded as a separate language" had Scotland remained independent. That's why the article shouldn't claim that "there is little doubt that [...]", which is a POV. —Gabbe 10:22, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Merger of Scots into English
I added to and changed this to Language Change. I also edited Status because some points would be better placed under one or the other heading.

Whether or not "The English considered Scottish immigrants to be scroungers, ignorant and corrupt." seems to be irrelevant. Apart from that, the English are not a homogenous mass of biggots. Such attitudes were probably held towards any immigrants at the time.

The criticism by Gabbe of the comparrison to the situation in Norway is a fair one ("nobody ever made the claim that Norwegian was a dialect of Danish"). I added a comment about Catalan/Castillian but being no expert on either it may be equally flawed. Perhaps the nature of this comparrison and examples needs to be revised.

Ken Mair 04.01.05

Abufe of abuse?
In the image used on the page occurs the text "Lufe God abufe al and yi nychtbour as yi self". This is perfectly understandable if "abufe" is taken as "abuse", i.e. the "f" is the long s "ſ". Is "abufe" the Scots form of "abuse"? Anárion 09:04, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Surely it translates as Love God above all and your neighbour as yourself? Man vyi 09:38, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * d'oh... of course. Anárion 09:48, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Although "Love God, abuse all and your neighbour as yourself" does somehow sound more Calvinist... -- Derek Ross | Talk 12:10, 2004 Dec 23 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scots language/Archive 1