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Glengarry Glen Ross (film)

Glengarry Glen Ross is a 1992 American tragedy film directed by James Foley and written by David Mamet, based on his 1984 Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name. The film depicts two days in the lives of four real estate salesmen, and their increasing desperation when the corporate office sends a motivational trainer with the threat that all but the top two salesmen will be fired within one week.

Like the play, the film was notorious for its use of profanity, leading the cast to refer to the film jokingly as "Death of a Fuckin' Salesman". The title of the film comes from the names of two of the real estate developments being peddled by the salesmen characters: Glengarry Highlands and Glen Ross Farms.

The film was critically acclaimed and is widely considered one of the best films of the 1990s. The world premiere was held at the 49th Venice Film Festival, where Jack Lemmon was awarded the Volpi Cup for Best Actor. Al Pacino was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. Yet, the film was a box office failure for grossing $10.7 million in North America against a $12.5 million budget. It has since become a cult classic.

Plot
The film depicts two days in the lives of four real estate salesmen who are supplied with leads—the names and phone numbers of prospects—and use deceitful and dubious sales tactics. Many of the leads rationed out by office manager John Williamson lack either the money or the desire to actually invest in land. The firm sends Blake, one of its top salesmen, to motivate the team. In a torrent of verbal abuse, he gives them notice of termination and tells them that only the top two deal-closers of the month (with one week to go) will keep their jobs and gain access to promising leads for the new—and lucrative—Glengarry Highlands development.

Shelley "The Machine" Levene is a once-successful salesman in a long-running slump and with a daughter in the hospital. Desperate to keep his job, Levene tries to persuade Williamson to give him some of the Glengarry leads, but Williamson refuses. Levene tries first to charm Williamson, then to threaten him, and finally to bribe him. Williamson is willing to sell some of the prime leads, but demands cash in advance, which Levene does not have.

Meanwhile, Dave Moss and George Aaronow complain about the firm's management, and Moss proposes that they strike back by stealing all the Glengarry leads and selling them to a competing agency. Moss's plan requires Aaronow to break into the office, stage a burglary and steal all of the prime leads. Aaronow wants no part of the plan, but Moss tries to coerce him, saying that Aaronow is already an accessory before the fact simply because he knows about the proposed burglary.

While all of these events are happening, Richard Roma, the office's top closer, tries to manipulate a meek, middle-aged man named James Lingk into buying a property. Framing the deal as an opportunity rather than a purchase, Roma plays on Lingk's feelings of insecurity.

The next day, when the salesmen arrive at the office, they learn that there has been a burglary and the Glengarry leads have been stolen. Williamson assures Roma that his contract with Lingk was not stolen, and he and the police question each of the salesmen in private. After his interrogation, an infuriated Moss has one last shouting match with Roma and leaves in disgust. Lingk arrives to demand his down payment back under the three-day cooling-off period because his wife objected to the deal. Roma tries several tactics to stall and confuse Lingk but is interrupted by the police detective, who wants to question him. He lies to Lingk, telling him that the check has not yet been cashed and there is time to change his wife's mind. Williamson, who is unaware of the tactic, contradicts him, causing Lingk to rush out of the office upset. Roma vulgarly berates Williamson for interfering, and ruining his sale in the process, then submits to questioning.

Levene, proud of a big sale he made that morning, takes the opportunity to mock Williamson in private. In his zeal to humiliate Williamson, he mentions that Williamson lied about cashing the check. Williamson realizes that Levene must have broken into the office and seen the check on his desk, and threatens to inform the police if he does not return the leads. Cornered, Levene admits that he sold the leads to a competitor and split the money with Moss. Levene attempts to bribe Williamson with a share of his sales to keep quiet, but Williamson scoffs that Levene has no sales. His latest buyers are a notorious deadbeat couple who have no money and merely enjoy talking to salesmen. Levene, crushed by this revelation, asks Williamson why he seeks to ruin him. Williamson coldly responds, "Because I don't like you." Levene pleads for his ill daughter, but Williamson rebuffs him and leaves to inform the detective.

Roma emerges from questioning. Unaware of the exchange, he compliments Levene on his sale and suggests that they form their own partnership. As Levene gets up to meet with the detective, he looks back wistfully at Roma, who has already returned to his sales work.

Cast

 * Al Pacino as Richard Roma, the office’s top closer
 * Jack Lemmon as Sheldon "Shelley the Machine" Levene
 * Alec Baldwin as Blake, a top salesman, sent to motivate the room
 * Alan Arkin as George Aaronow, office salesman
 * Ed Harris as Dave Moss, office salesman
 * Kevin Spacey as John Williamson, the office manager
 * Jonathan Pryce as James Lingk, Roma’s customer
 * Bruce Altman as Larry Spannel, a prospective customer of Shelley
 * Jude Ciccolella as Detective Baylen
 * Lori Tan Chinn as Coat Check Girl

Production
David Mamet's play was first performed in 1983 at the National Theatre in London. It won the Pulitzer Prize in 1984. That year, the play made its American debut in Chicago before moving to Broadway. Producer Jerry Tokofsky read the play on a trip to New York City in 1985 at the suggestion of director Irvin Kershner who wanted to make it into a film. Tokofsky saw the play on Broadway and contacted Mamet. Stanley R. Zupnik was a Washington, D.C. based producer of B movies who was looking for a more profitable project. Tokofsky had co-produced two previous Zupnik films. In 1986, Tokofsky told Zupnik about Mamet's play, and Zupnik saw it on Broadway but found the plot confusing.

Mamet wanted $500,000 for the film rights and another $500,000 to write the screenplay. Zupnik agreed to pay Mamet's $1 million asking price, figuring that they could cut a deal with a cable company to bankroll the production. Because of the uncompromising subject matter and abrasive language, no major studio wanted to finance it, even with film stars attached. Financing came from cable and video companies, a German television station, an Australian cinema chain, several banks, and New Line Cinema across four years.

Al Pacino originally wanted to do the play on Broadway, but at the time he was doing another Mamet production, American Buffalo, in London. He expressed interest in appearing in the film adaptation. In 1989, Tokofsky proposed a role to Jack Lemmon. During this time, Kershner dropped out to make another film RoboCop 2, as did Pacino with Sea of Love. Alec Baldwin, also attached, was earmarked to play the Roma role vacated by Pacino. He reportedly left the project over a contract disagreement, the real reason being Pacino was still being considered for Roma, and would be cast over Baldwin if he elected to accept the role. James Foley's agent sent Foley Mamet's screenplay in early 1991, but Foley was hesitant to direct because he "wanted great actors, people with movie charisma, to give it watchability, especially since the locations were so restricted". Foley took the screenplay to Pacino, with whom he had been trying to work on a film for years. Foley was hired to direct, only to leave the production as well.

By March 1991, Tokofsky contacted Baldwin and begged him to reconsider doing the film. Baldwin's character was specifically written for the actor and the film, and is not in the play. Tokofsky remembers, "Alec said: 'I've read 25 scripts and nothing is as good as this. OK. If you make it, I'll do it'." The two arranged an informal reading with Lemmon in Los Angeles. Subsequently, the three organized readings with several other actors. Lemmon remembered, "Some of the best damn actors you're ever going to see came in and read and I'm talking about names". Tokofsky's lawyer, Jake Bloom, called a meeting at the Creative Artists Agency, who represented many of the actors involved, and asked for their help. CAA showed little interest, but two of their clients – Ed Harris and Kevin Spacey – soon joined the cast.

Because of the film's modest budget, many of the actors took significant pay cuts. For example, Pacino cut his per-movie price from $6 million to $1.5 million, Lemmon was paid $1 million, and Baldwin received $250,000. Other actors, like Robert De Niro, Bruce Willis, Richard Gere, and Joe Mantegna, expressed interest in the film. Mantegna had been in the original Broadway cast and won a Tony Award in 1985 for his portrayal of Roma.

Once the cast was assembled, they spent three weeks in rehearsals. With a budget set at $12.5 million, filming began in August 1991 at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York, and on location in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, over 39 days. Harris remembered: "There were five and six-page scenes we would shoot all at once. It was more like doing a play at times [when] you'd get the continuity going". Alan Arkin said of the script, "What made it [challenging] was the language and the rhythms, which are enormously difficult to absorb". During filming, cast members would arrive outside of their required days, just to watch the other actors' performances.

The director of photography, Juan Ruiz Anchía, relied on low lighting and shadows. A color scheme of blues, greens, and reds was used for the first part of the film, and the second half has a monochromatic blue-grey color scheme.

During production, Tokofsky and Zupnik had a falling out over money and credit for the film. Tokofsky sued to strip Zupnik of his producer's credit and share of the producer's fee. Zupnik claimed that he personally put up $2 million of the film's budget and countersued, claiming that Tokofsky was fired for embezzlement.

The setting is never explicitly stated. The play is set in Mamet’s hometown Chicago, Illinois. The film includes numerous references to New York City, including an establishing shot of a New York City Subway platform followed by a close-up shot of a New York Telephone-branded payphone, NYPD police cars and insignia, and New York license plates. A reflection in the subway windows at the film's end clearly shows the name Sheepshead Bay. Film critics and journalists have placed the setting in Chicago because of the many verbal references including the Como Inn, and Peterson and Western avenues. In addition, several Chicago suburbs are mentioned including Morton Grove, Batavia, and Kenilworth. Exterior shots were filmed on location in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn.

Box office
Glengarry Glen Ross had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival, where Jack Lemmon won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor. In addition, it was originally slated to be shown at the Montreal World Film Festival, but it was necessary to show it out of competition because it was entered into competition at the Venice Film Festival at the same time. Instead, it was given its North American premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film opened in wide release on October 2, 1992 in 416 theaters, grossing $2.1 million on its opening weekend. It made $10.7 million in North America, below its $12.5 million budget.

Critical response
The film has a rating of 95% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10. The consensus reads, "This adaptation of David Mamet's play is every bit as compelling and witty as its source material, thanks in large part to a clever script and a bevy of powerhouse actors." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".

Owen Gleiberman gave the film an "A" rating in his review for Entertainment Weekly, praising Lemmon's performance as "a revelation" and describing his character as "the weaselly soul of Glengarry Glen Ross–Willy Loman turned into a one-liner". In his review in the Chicago Sun-Times, Roger Ebert wrote, "Mamet's dialogue has a kind of logic, a cadence, that allows people to arrive in triumph at the ends of sentences we could not possibly have imagined. There is great energy in it. You can see the joy with which these actors get their teeth into these great lines, after living through movies in which flat dialogue serves only to advance the story". In The Chicago Reader, Jonathan Rosenbaum lauded Foley for his "excellent feeling for the driven and haunted jive rhythms of David Mamet, macho invective and all" and called the film "a superb 1992 delivery of [Mamet's] tour de force theater piece". The Chicago Tribune's Dave Kehr hedged his praise, writing that the film was "a well written, well staged and well acted piece, though there is something musty in its aesthetic - that of the huge, bellowing method performance, plastered over a flimsy, one-set world".

Newsweek's Jack Kroll observed, "Baldwin is sleekly sinister in the role of Blake, a troubleshooter called in to shake up the salesmen. He shakes them up, all right, but this character (not in the original play) also shakes up the movie's toned balance with his sheer noise and scatological fury". In his review for The New York Times, Vincent Canby praised the portrayal of "the utterly demonic skill with which these foulmouthed characters carve one another up in futile attempts to stave off disaster. It's also because of the breathtaking wizardry with which Mr. Mamet and Mr. Foley have made a vivid, living film that preserves the claustrophobic nature of the original stage work".

In his review for Time, Richard Corliss wrote, "A peerless ensemble of actors fills Glengarry Glen Ross with audible glares and shudders. The play was zippy black comedy about predators in twilight; the film is a photo-essay, shot in morgue closeup, about the difficulty most people have convincing themselves that what they do matters". However, Desson Howe's review in The Washington Post criticized Foley's direction, writing that it "doesn't add much more than the street between. If his intention is to create a sense of claustrophobia, he also creates the (presumably) unwanted effect of a soundstage. There is no evidence of life outside the immediate world of the movie".

Legacy
The film has had an enduring legacy for its memorable dialogue and performances, particularly by Alec Baldwin, whose character was created for the film adaptation to make the pressures of sales work more explicit. In 2012, on the 20th anniversary of its release, David Wagner of The Atlantic dubbed it a cult classic and Tim Grierson of Deadspin cited it as one of the "quintessential modern movies about masculinity". In 2014, English critic Philip French described the ensemble of Jack Lemmon, Al Pacino, Alan Arkin, Ed Harris, Kevin Spacey, and Alec Baldwin as "one of the best American casts ever assembled".

In 2005, Baldwin performed in a Saturday Night Live Christmas parody of the "Coffee Is For Closers" scene, portraying a head elf sent by Santa. During the live sketch, Baldwin accidentally said the word "closing" instead of "cobbling", to much applause from the audience.

In the 2017 animated film The Boss Baby, the title character (voiced by Baldwin) makes a reference to the infamous "closers" line, stating "Cookies are for closers" in a meeting with other babies.

Awards and nominations

 * Empire magazine voted it the 470th greatest film in its "500 Greatest Movies of All Time" list.

title: Glengarry Glen Ross (film)


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User:Oska/Contribution diary, May 2005

18 edits in May including:
 * 4 talk page edits
 * 1 user area edit

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Oska/Contribution diary, May 2005


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User talk:Npd

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 10:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Npd


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Talk:Shimra

This page is a redirect to Supreme Overlord Shimrra following this Vfd debate. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:52, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shimra


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Talk:Business continuity and disaster recovery auditing

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Pn612.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:34, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Merge with Business Continuity Planning
This topic is the same is Business Continuity Planning, and the content should be moved there (as the more complete article with the more common name) Proto 10:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * However, I think this topic is about auditing business continuity plans, while "Business Continuity Planning" is more about the plans themselves. Group6 22:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Therefore it makes sense that this becomes a section of the main Business Continuity Plan article. Proto 08:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * One thing, I tried to get the BCP article raised to featured article status and failed pretty spectacularly. One rather difficult criticism was that the BCP article was too much bullet point oriented and not prose-y enough.  Given the nature of BCP, bullet points are very suited.  Incorporating the content from this article into the BCP one, would be encourage more bullet points in the BCP article and even less prose.  That said, all the of the auditable criteria detailed herein should be explicitly added to the BCP article.  Whether or not the DR and BCP auditing page will have a purpose separate to the BCP page is a different matter.  I think there probably is merit to both.  Revmachine21 13:14, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Ninety Mile Beach, New Zealand

Untitled
Is 4WD a must if want to drive on NMB? 10:56, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)~

Not at all. The beach is regularly used by rear wheel drive tourist buses. However, note the road North from Kaitia actually isn't that bad, (contrary to the article), salt water damage causes rust, watch the tide and you are best working in the narrow margin between the water and dry sand, in which you can easily become bogged down.

Highway
The definition of "road" is quite broad in New Zealand. It states in the Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004, where it says in clause 1.6 (Interpretation):

 * road includes—
 * (c) a beach; and
 * (d) a place to which the public have access, whether as of right or not; and

I hope this helps.  Schwede 66  23:34, 11 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks Schwede66. The Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 doesn't say that 90 Mile Beach is a road, nor does it say that all NZ beaches are roads. Indeed, there are a few beaches where vehicles are banned by by-laws, so those ones are definitely not roads. What the Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 does say is that if you drive on a beach (as people do on 90 Mile Beach), there are road rules that apply.
 * What official document says that 90 Mile Beach is a "public highway", rather than just a place where road rules apply? The tourism webpage cited says it is "officially a highway" (no mention of "public"), which, if true, could be corroborated by reference to some official document, surely. Nurg (talk) 09:49, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ninety Mile Beach, New Zealand


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Yusuf Ludhianvi

Muhammad Yousuf Ludhianvi (1932–2000) was a Pakistani Sunni Muslim scholar, author, muhaddith, Ahrari leader, and Vice President of Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat. He was born in Esapur, Ludhiana, Eastern Punjab, India. He was assassinated on 18 May 2000 in Karachi, Pakistan, at Naseerabad market while going to his office at Numaish Chowrangi before at 9 AM while buying fruits.

Biography
Yusuf Ludhianvi was born in Isapur Village, Ludhiana District, Punjab, India in 1932. His father, Allah Baksh, a practicing Muslim and follower of religious leader Abdul Qadir Raipuri, was the chief (number dar) of his village. He migrated to Pakistan after partition, and settled in a village 335WB which is situated near district Vahari. Yusuf Ludhianvi received his primary Islamic education in Ludhiana, British India. He finished it in Multan, Pakistan under the guidance of Khair Muhammad Jalandhari before becoming a distinguished teacher of Hadith, teaching first in Faisalabad and Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan and then at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Karachi, Pakistan.

Yusuf Ludhianvi wrote over 100 books that have been translated into a number of languages. Aap Kay Masail Aur Unka Hul (regarded as an authority on Hanafi Fiqh) and Ikhtilaf-e- Ummat and Sirat-e-Mustaqeem (Factions in the Ummah and the Straight Path) are among his most famous works.

Besides being the editor of Al-Bayyinat, he was the vice-president of Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (the International Committee for the Protection of the Finality of Prophethood) and one of the founding fathers of the Iqra school. He taught hadith at Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia in Karachi, one of the largest seminaries in Pakistan.

Due to his religious knowledge and ability, Muhammad Yousuf Banuri, Emir of Jamia Uloom-ul-Islamia, appointed him to edit the Khatm-e-Nubuwwat (a weekly newspaper) and the Al-Bayyinat (a monthly magazine).

Before being murdered, Yusuf Ludhianvi led efforts to end the ongoing violence between Sunni and Shia Muslims. He was a well-known scholar of the Sunni sect of Islam and had thousands of followers all over Pakistan. Hundreds of his supporters came out into the streets of Karachi to protest his murder. The news of his murder even caused a decline in the Pakistan Stock Exchange index at the end of the day.

title: Yusuf Ludhianvi


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Category:Hindu temples in Cambodia

Hindu temples located in Cambodia angkor temple

title: Category:Hindu temples in Cambodia


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Robert S. Folkenberg

Robert Stanley Folkenberg (January 1, 1941 – December 24, 2015) was an American pastor who served as General Conference president of the Seventh-day Adventist Church from 1990 through to his resignation in 1999. His tenure was marked by an unprecedented growth in church membership and his “Global Mission initiative” in the Adventist Church. After his resignation to the President position he worked within the laity of the church through worldwide programs through ShareHim/Global Evangelism.

Biography
Folkenberg was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico on 1 January 1941 to North American missionaries serving in Latin America and Central America. Folkenberg's education up to Grade 4 took place in Puerto Rico, before attending schools in Cuba, entering high school in California and completing high school in Milo, Oregon in 1958. The next year, Folkenberg enrolled in Atlantic Union College where he remained for one year before a one-year stint at Newbold College. In 1962, Folkenberg graduated from Andrews University and obtained his master's degree in New Testament theology from Andrews in 1963.

Prior to his election as General Conference President in 1990, Folkenberg served as President of the Carolina Conference.

His move in 1998 to establish a "Board of Ministerial and Theological Education" in every Division of the church was criticised and put on hold.

He championed the vision of a “Global Mission initiative” in the Adventist Church. An expected long tenure as president was cut short by his decision to resign amid allegations of financial impropriety in his personal life. His decision was not an admission of guilt but rather an expression of concern that the church not be marred by his cooperation in the investigation. A Christianity Today article says "During his presidency, Folkenberg, known for a somewhat brusque management style, shook up the denomination, spearheading mass communications initiatives that have led to massive growth in membership". According to Lawrence Geraty, then president of La Sierra University, while Folkenberg "never asked anyone to do what he himself was not willing to do," his style raised hackles.

Folkenberg was married to Anita Emmerson and they had two children, Robert and Kathi. He died just before his 75th birthday on December 24, 2015, from a recurrence of colon cancer, at his home in Winter Haven, Florida, surrounded by family.

Financial improprieties
Robert Folkenberg had business dealings with James Moore, who was convicted of grand-theft felony in 1987. On August 21, 1998, Moore sued Folkenberg, the General Conference Corporation, and Inter-America Division, alleging that Folkenberg had stolen 8,000,000 dollars from him. The suit was settled out of court on February 26, 1999. Meetings were held by ADCOM on January 27, and 28 of that year, questioning Folkenberg on his dealings. They asked him to resign, but he refused. Finally on February 8, 1999, he resigned his position as president of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists.

title: Robert S. Folkenberg


text: User talk:69.246.123.91

title: User talk:69.246.123.91


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Willosaurus

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 22:15, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Willosaurus
Really - a nickname for a game character coined this year?? --Doc (?) 10:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Kill, Crush and Destroy A character created in-game? My Baldur's Gate character is more notable Fornadan (t) 11:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:47, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Some context though - Will Wright is the chief designer for Maxis, and so this critter would have been the first one ever created in Spore. Possibly relevant to mention in the game's article. Certainly doesn't need its own. ESkog 18:08, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A player's character name from a single-player game? Not even MMORPG? --Tabor 19:30, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WTF? Why are my votes being removed? Haters be disenfranchising me? -BrowardBulldawg 01:28, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Tobycat 05:18, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is a name given to a creature in Spore. It is the first shown in any presentation of the game, but it has no signifigance beyond that. Will Wright never actually called it that during the GDC presentation (little used fan name), it has not been used outside of that presentation and game screenshots, and is not really being used as a mascot (The Spore website even features some other, wacky thing in its flash intro). Not notable. -- Consumed Crustacean | Talk | 03:21, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't delete! If you know Spore, you'll understand why. unsigned vote by, user's first edit
 * Delete Please. Thunderbrand 05:26, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as notability is nonexistent. The game won't even be out until 2006... Mr Bound 13:10, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Moselle Franconian language

Moselle Franconian (Moselfränkisch, Muselfränkesch) is a West Central German language, part of the Central Franconian languages area, that includes Luxembourgish. It is spoken in the southern Rhineland and along the course of the Moselle, in the Siegerland of North Rhine-Westphalia, throughout western Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Luxembourg, the south of the German-speaking Community of Belgium and in the neighboring French département of Moselle (in Arrondissement of Boulay-Moselle). The Transylvanian Saxon dialect spoken in the Transylvania region of Romania is derived from this dialect as a result of the emigration of numerous "Transylvanian Saxons" between 1100 and 1300, primarily from areas in which the Moselle Franconian dialect was then spoken. Another variety of Moselle Franconian, the Hunsrik, is spoken in some rural areas of southern Brazil, brought by 19th century immigrants from the Hunsrück region in modern Germany.

Varieties
The transition between "dialect" and "separate language" is fluid.

The Linguasphere Register lists five dialects of Moselle Franconian (code 52-ACB-dc) with codes -dca to -dce:

 * Trierisch (Rhineland-Palatinate, Luxembourg, northwestern Saarland)
 * Eifelisch (Rhineland-Palatinate, East Belgium, Luxembourg, southern North Rhine-Westphalia)
 * Untermosellanisch (Rhineland-Palatinate)
 * West-Westerwäldisch (Rhineland-Palatinate)
 * Siegerländisch (southern North Rhine-Westphalia, northeastern Rhineland-Palatinate)

Also considered part of the Moselle Franconian language are the variants of Lorraine Franconian, Luxembourgish and Transylvanian Saxon dialect.

Some Moselle Franconian dialects have developed into standardized varieties which can be considered separate languages, especially due to the limited intelligibility of some dialects for Standard German speakers:
 * Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch)
 * Lorraine Franconian
 * Transylvanian Saxon dialect
 * Hunsrik

Most speakers of Luxembourgish are multilingual, speaking Standard German and French in addition to Luxembourgish.

title: Moselle Franconian language


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Talk:Los Alamos, New Mexico

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 March 2019 and 10 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Panchond.

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WikiProject Cities––US Guidelines
"While it is just a guideline and there are no requirements to follow it in editing, it contains some of the basic elements of a city article, as well as useful tips that would help to bring the article to good article or featured article status."

Los Alamos, though small in size, is significant! This page deserves more attention––the distinctive history and nature of this town should be preserved in a way that gives it special honor.Patrick Fisher 18:06, 3 May 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patricksfisher2 (talk • contribs)

History Section Without Citations
While information in the history section of this article may be true, there are no citations for this information. This article as a whole is vastly under-cited! Patrick Fisher 17:56, 3 May 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Patricksfisher2 (talk • contribs)

The time period before homesteading should be rewritten and/or moved because it gives general information about the population of the Pajarito Plateau rather than specific information about the area that is now Los Alamos. I think at least some of the information contained can remain, but simply written in a way that is more specific. I notice the Pajarito Plateau page lacks this information, so it should either be moved or added to that page.Patrick Fisher 15:53, 7 August 2019 (UTC)

Demographics
There are lots of stats in the demographics section, but there should be comparison with the larger region/state/country. This is significant because Los Alamos is demographically unique in comparison to the rest of New Mexico.Patrick Fisher 19:36, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Formation of the mesas
It seems the mesas may be formed by the lava flowing out of the valles caldera. A google map satellite view seems to indicate this, rather than the glacial erosion theory mentioned in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.121.139.226 (talk) 00:18, 24 April 2013 (UTC) "The Jemez Mountains are predominantly formed by the 18.7 Ma to ~50 ka Jemez volcanic field. Volcanic activity in the Jemez Mountains culminated with the formation of two geographically coincident calderas, the 1.61 Ma Toledo caldera and 1.25 Ma Valles caldera, both of which lie to the west...."

Photo of Downtown Los Alamos
I recently was downtown and I decided to take a photograph of Central Avenue. I put the photograph under the section where it says Skyline_image. Is this okay becuase Los Alamos doesn't have a skyline I am not completely sure, should it be placed there? Atomic City505 (talk) 03:10, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Most definitely it's okay. Only a skyline picture should be there if there's a skyline picture available, but if one isn't available — especially if there's no skyline to get a picture of — there's nothing wrong with having another representative community picture there instead.  Nyttend (talk) 03:13, 19 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks Nyttend I really wasn't sure if it should belong in that section! Atomic City505 (talk) 01:33, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

On a related note, the picture of Ashley Pond is badly out of date. The Municipal Building is gone and a new city jail has been constructed south of its former location. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yaush (talk • contribs) 15:47, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

War restrictions
Does anyone know what kind of restrictions were put on civilians travelling to or working in Los Alamos during WWII and the cold war? Could Los Alamos fit the description of a "Closed city"? Seabhcán 11:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I'm just jumping in here, without using the tutorial or sandbox first (no time tonite -- it's late), but since I grew up in Los Alamos during the early 50's, I can say that:

Yes, Los Alamos was a "closed city" in that not only did LASL (Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories) employees have to have a pass to get into their various work sites, but one had to have a pass verifying residency to show the security guards at the gates when entering the town. Traveling salespeople, etc., could obtain temporary passes. There weren't really any restrictions on lifestyle for civilians that I remember, except that certain areas in the surrounding canyons were fenced off and had limited access due to possible contamination from testing of high explosives, most or all of which were NON-nuclear (nuclear tests were conducted in or over the Pacific Ocean, mainly). There was another testing site (Jackass Flats) in Nevada. During the war, employees and civilians were forbidden to reveal to outsiders the nature of the Manhattan Project ("Loose lips sink ships"), and after the war, employees were forbidden to reveal "classified" or "sensitive" information regarding weapons development or other "top secret" information. Certain jobs and access to certain sites required a "Q clearance" (security clearance) from the laboratory administration. In 1957 or '58, the town was "opened up" and anyone could enter without a pass. Passes were still required to get into the laboratory buildings, however. The guard gate buildings are still standing, but the actual lane barriers and booths across the road have been removed. The laboratory has always had its own security force separate from the Los Alamos Police Department.

A book was written by TaraShea Nesbit called "The Wives of Los Alamos" about the experiences of women in Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project. I thought it was interesting. Could be worth a read if you're into historical fiction. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.194.113.232 (talk) 21:29, 22 March 2019 (UTC)

Photo does not do the town justice
The only photo displayed for this article captures one of the most unsightly areas in a very beautiful town. Since I will be in Los Alamos somtime this summer, I'll be sure to take some pictures, representing the real, Los Alamos. EnglishEfternamn talk  contribs  22:37, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Do any of you currently live in the town? If not then why are you answering questions.

A more representative picture would show a group of middle-class, white, "suburban gangster" teenagers huffing paint in these "unsightly areas". What a wretched little town. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.219.88.140 (talk) 15:03, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

 * How long did you live in Los Alamos? Yaush (talk) 15:44, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

New historical material
Lots of good stuff added, but it needs citations and it was all one loooooong paragraph. I tried my hand at fixing the latter problem, but more polishing seems in order.

Also, there are a couple of dubious statements and some missing information. It would be good to know when homesteading began -- was this under Spanish colonial rule or U.S. rule? The statement that the price paid by the Army for the land during World War II was less that fair is an opinion, needs to be written as an opinion, and then cited to reliable sources expressing the opinion -- regardless of how plausible and likely to be correct the opinion seems. The statement that the location for White Rock was chosen because it was a "safe" distance from the lab needs a cite; I find it a bit dubious myself. My impression is that White Rock was located where it was located because there is precious little land outside the original four mesas that is flat enough for residential development and is not on tribal land. Yaush (talk) 05:36, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Coordinate error
The following coordinate fixes are needed for يكتب هذه  الصفحة  سامر  كرم  معاز   مسيحي  من  قرية  ربلة  سورية الغرافيك  مادة  تتحمل  درجة حرارة  محدودة  في  المفاعلات  القديمة  وتتشقق ينصح  سامر   بخلط  السوليفان  4   المدمج   مع  النيكل 7   تفاعل يصدر عنه  مادة مصقولة  تتحمل  درجات حرارة  عالية فوق  7000 فهرنهايت وننصح بصناعة المادة  المصقولة  النهائية جسور متراصة  وصفوفة لكي تلف  مع  الجدران او صناعتها  جدران  على  طريقة الجبس  بورد  الواح 5سم  وتركيبها فوق سكك داخل  المفاعلات مع تحيات  سامر

—5.0.152.128 (talk) 11:53, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

 * I don't understand Arabic, but I ran the message above through Google Translate, and (while it's not clear what, if any, changes the poster is recommending with regard to the content of this article) it's clear that the message has nothing to do with the coordinates in the article. I'm therefore deactivating the geodata-check template; I've also redacted the poster's e-mail address. If anyone understands what the poster is trying to convey, they're welcome to respond below. Deor (talk) 11:49, 17 November 2014 (UTC)

Bizarre technical details
In the History section, we find bizarre technical sentences like "The Jemez Mountains are predominantly formed by the 18.7 Ma to ~50 ka Jemez volcanic field." I don't know what that means, and I presume the average reader doesn't know, either. It would be nice if the technical numbers ("18.7 Ma") were either properly explained or replaced by something more generally informative. In any case, geologic information is not historical information, and perhaps the entire paragraph could be moved elsewhere. --Douglaspperkins (talk) 07:46, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I deleted it all. Not only was it of questionable relevance there, it was also blatant plagiarism, a direct copy-and-paste from the abstract of the geology paper that it cited. For future reference, however, those numbers were ages in years: "Ma" is short for megaannus, or millions of years ago, while "ka" is short for kiloannus, or thousands of years ago. "~" means "approximately". --Colin Douglas Howell (talk) 21:32, 12 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Los Alamos, New Mexico


text:
Awenda Provincial Park

Awenda Provincial Park is a provincial park in Tiny Township, Simcoe County in Central Ontario, Canada, located on a peninsula jutting into Georgian Bay north of Penetanguishene. The park occupies an area of 2915 ha and was established in 1975. It is classified as a Natural Environment Park and therefore all land is protected.

Giants Tomb Island, located in southern Georgian Bay approximately 3 km from the mainland and the majority of the island is part of the park. On the island, no overnight camping is allowed, and no facilities are provided.

Recreational activities at Awenda include camping, swimming, canoeing and hiking. Geological features include the Nipissing Bluff and a kettle lake formed during the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the most recent ice age. The shoreline consists of a series of sand, cobble, and boulder beaches.

Much of this area was logged around the beginning of the 20th century, so most of the mature deciduous forests here are actually second growth. Although dominated by mature deciduous forest, the park has a diversity of habitats, including: bogs, fens, coastal meadow marshes, dunes and pine oak savanna. It supports a rich variety of plant and animal life -including 32 species of amphibians and reptiles.

Park information
The park contains 6 public campgrounds with approximately 330 sites available and 3 group camping sites. The park includes 5 beaches.

The park also has over 30 km of hiking trails, with a variety of shorter and longer trails. These include the:
 * Robitaille Homestead Trail (3 km return), a trail which takes walkers to an ancient dune system. The age of these sand dunes has been estimated at 11,500 years, from the time of the last glacial retreat. The dunes are a very fragile environment and it is prohibited to climb the hillside, stand on the edge of the bluff or climb down the bluff. The purpose is to allow plants to reestablish themselves and to preserve this area for future park visitors.
 * Wendat Trail (Loop 5 km), a trail which wraps around Kettle Lake following closely on sections of the shore. An area for wildlife viewing, specifically for birds such as the blue heron, loons, and small birds. A built boardwalk brings visitors over the wetlands.

title: Awenda Provincial Park


text:
Jovesa Sovasova

Ratu Jovesa Dauruatana Sovasova (1942 - 8 April 2005) was a Fijian chief, who held the title of Tui Vitogo, or Paramount Chief of Vitogo village, from 30 June 1970 till his death.

In his funeral eulogy, Lautoka police chief Rusiate Saini praised Sovasova for his commitment to the rule of law and for his efforts to foster cooperative relationships among all the villages in Lautoka. He was also known to be passionate about economic development and was involved in a number of projects such as the Vitogo housing project, Vitogo police post and the village's electrification scheme.

Sovasova was survived by his wife, Adi Paulina Nai, four children, and five grandchildren.

Native Lands Commission (NLC) Chairman Ratu Viliame Tagiveitua announced on 10 March 2006 that Sovasova's relative, Ratu Viliame Sovasova, had been chosen to succeed him. Ratu Viliame Sovasova is married to Adi Litiana Ro Vataleba Marakiwai of Natewa, from the Mataqali Valenisau - one of the two clans from which the Vunivalu of Natewa is chosen.

title: Jovesa Sovasova


text:
FNSS ACV-19

The ACV-19 is an infantry fighting vehicle currently offered by FNSS Defence Systems of Turkey. The vehicle was previously known as the Armoured Combat Vehicle — Stretched.

The ACV-19 is a further development of the ACV-15, which is developed from the M113 series of armoured personnel carriers built by United Defense of the United States. The vehicle is in service with Turkey and has obtained export orders from Jordan, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Development
The two prototypes were completed in 1998 and 2000.

Description
The ACV-S retains the basic shape of the M113, although it is actually derived from the ACV-300, an infantry fighting vehicle derived itself from the M113. The ACV-S retains a high number of common parts with the M113. The primary difference is the addition of an extra roadwheel, lengthening the body, and allowing for greater weight. This permits an increase in armour protection as well as the ability to install a larger turret. However, the vehicle remains air-portable on many western aircraft, including the C-130 Hercules, C-5 Galaxy, C-141 Starlifter, and C-17 Globemaster III.

The hull is both longer and wider than previous versions. Compared with the original M113, the ACV-S has 25% more internal space and can support 75% more weight. On the infantry fighting vehicle version (the primary version of the program), the passenger compartment is fitted with bench seating along the center of the space, with access via a powered rear ramp (a door is fitted within the ramp). The vehicle is air conditioned and fitted with an over-pressure system for NBC protection. The driver is seated in the front left of the hull, with the engine mounted to their right.

Armor protection is sufficient to defeat rounds up to 14.5 mm. Additional armor can be added however to increase protection against rounds up to 30 mm, as well as to defeat light rockets such as the RPG-7. 18 mm of armor as well as spall liners are provided for the floor of the vehicle to defend against mines.

title: FNSS ACV-19


text:
Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria

Infanta Margarita of Spain, Duchess of Soria, 2nd Duchess of Hernani, Grandee of Spain (Margarita María de la Victoria Esperanza Jacoba Felicidad Perpetua de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Borbón; born 6 March 1939), is the younger sister of King Juan Carlos and aunt of the reigning King Felipe VI of Spain.

Early life
Infanta Margarita was born at Hotel NH Firenze Anglo American in Rome as the younger daughter of Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, and Princess Mercedes of the Two Sicilies. Margarita has been blind since birth.

Marriage
She married the physician and aristocrat Carlos Zurita y Delgado on 12 October 1972 in Estoril at St. Anthony's Church. They have two children:

 * Don Alfonso Juan Carlos Zurita y de Borbón, Grandee of Spain, born on 9 August 1973 at Virgen de La Palomain Hospital in Madrid.
 * María Sofía Emilia Carmen Zurita y de Borbón, Grandee of Spain, born on 16 September 1975 in Madrid. Queen Sofia of Spain was her godmother. Maria Sofia has a son:
 * Don Carlos Alfonso Juan Zurita y de Borbón, born on 28 April 2018 in Madrid.

Activities
In 1989, alongside her husband, they created the Fundación Cultural Duques de Soria (The Duke and Duchess of Soria Cultural Foundation). She's also Honorary President of Madrid's delegation of UNICEF and of the Spanish Heart Foundation.

Succession and Grandeeship
Infanta Margarita renounced her right of succession to the Spanish throne upon marriage because it was not a dynastic wedding.

On 6 January 1979, the Infanta's cousin Manfredo de Borbón, 1st Duke of Hernani, died and willed his ducal title to be inherited by Margarita. The King granted this request, and on 27 May 1981, she became 2nd Duchess of Hernani with accompanying dignity Grandee of Spain. The peerage title refers to the town Hernani, Spain. The month after, on 23 June 1981, she was granted a higher dukedom for life by the king and also became Duchess of Soria (referring to the city Soria in Spain).

National

 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Charles III
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: 1,192nd Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Noble Ladies of Queen Maria Luisa
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise

Foreign

 * 🇬🇷 Greek Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * Two Sicilian Royal Family: Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry

title: Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria


text:
Tadpole Computer

Tadpole Computer was a manufacturer of rugged, military specification, UNIX workstations, thin client laptops and lightweight servers.

History
Tadpole was founded in 1994 and originally based in Cambridge, England, then for a time in Cupertino, California.

In 1998, Tadpole acquired RDI Computer Corporation of Carlsbad, California, who produced the competing Britelite and Powerlite portable SPARC-based systems, for $6 million.

Tadpole was later acquired by defense contractor General Dynamics, in April 2005.

Production continued until March 2013 but since then, they no longer sell any systems; and support for their products is provided by Flextronics.

An anonymous US intelligence officer had stated to Reuters in 2013 that a decade earlier the US secretly created a company reselling laptops from Tadpole Computer to Asian governments. The reseller added secret software that allowed intelligence analysts to access the machines remotely.

Products
Tadpole laptops used a variety of architectures, such as SPARC, Alpha, PowerPC and x86. Although very expensive, these classic Tadpoles won favour as a method to show corporation's proprietary software (IBM/HP/DEC) on a self-contained portable device on a client site in the days before remote connectivity.

SPARC
The original SPARCbook 1 was introduced in 1992 with 8–32 MB RAM and a 25 MHz processor. It was followed by several further SPARCbooks, UltraSPARCbooks (branded as Ultrabooks) - and the Voyager IIi. These all ran the SunOS or Solaris operating systems. In 2004, Tadpole released the Viper laptop.

The SPARCLE was based on a 500-600 MHz UltraSPARC IIe or 1 GHz UltraSPARC IIIi.

DEC Alpha
An Alpha-based laptop, the ALPHAbook 1, was announced on 4 December 1995 and became available in 1996. The Alphabook 1 was manufactured in Cambridge, England. It used an Alpha 21066A microprocessor specified for a maximum clock frequency of 233 MHz. The laptop used the OpenVMS operating system.

IBM PowerPC
A PowerPC-based laptop was also produced - the IBM RISC System/6000 N40 Notebook Workstation, powered by a 50 MHz PowerPC 601 and with between 16 and 64MB RAM - and designed to run IBM AIX.

x86
Tadpole also produced a range of x86-based notebook computers, including the Tadpole P1000, and the TALIN laptops with SUSE Linux, or optionally Microsoft Windows.

title: Tadpole Computer


text:
Talk:Spiders (System of a Down song)

NPOV and speculation
This article seems to be extremely full of speculation towards the content of the song, a link between the Matrix, etc. It was pretty heavily biased towards Marxism before I attempted to rephrase it into more neutral terms, but I'm not completely satisfied with the result. Feel free to help me make this seem more encyclopaedic. - Jacen Aratan 11:03, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi again Jacen! :)
 * Wikipedia is no big supporter of personal interpretations. Perhaps a source of any kind would improve the article.
 * --Fred-Chess June 29, 2005 10:26 (UTC)

Another problem with this article, is the comparison of Spiders to The Matrix. Spiders was released in 1998, before the 1999 release of the matrix. Any possible parallels are superficial at best. Further, the liner notes in the Album clearly state that Spiders is about government control and it's heavy handedness (especially in the form of the v-chip and other enforced monitoring). I'm adding a final paragraph that's less speculative. -- Martiansolstice--66.75.110.44 09:46, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Toxicity?
Does anyone else hear the painfully obvious similarity between this song and Toxicity? The rhythm is almost exactly the same, the only difference is the lyrics. Einstein runner Ding dong! 23:51, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Soadspiders.jpg
Image:Soadspiders.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:34, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Girl
Does anyone know the name of the girl who is shown throughout the video???? I'll Probably forget to check this daily or for a long time so if you can send the answer to my E-Mail it would be greatly appreciated, JustinCTHXC@yahoo.com if not just post the answer here, Thank you in Advance —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.235.178.56 (talk) 02:45, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

Metal
This article called SOAD a 'Heavy Metal' band and included a hyperlink to the heavy metal page. I changed it to just say 'metal band' because they very much are not heavy metal. IDK why people keep thinking all metal is 'heavy metal.' Heavy metal is the type that led zepelin and judas priest make, ironicaly the least "heavy" type of metal. 2A02:A468:6043:1:3125:BD3F:2FC3:C132 (talk) 15:13, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spiders (System of a Down song)


text:
File:Eaglescliffe plan.png

Basic plan of Eaglescliffe with Railway, A roads, Broads and minor roads marked.

title: File:Eaglescliffe plan.png


text:
Talk:Danny Keough

Article not sourced and person of questionable notability
This article needs to be sourced and the notability of this person should be established.--Fahrenheit451 23:01, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree. I tagged it as non-notable. I also removed the Project Scientology box since his religion is not even mentioned in the article. Imagine if every Catholic had a Project Roman Catholic box on their bios. Steve Dufour (talk) 15:39, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- Expanded the article w/ (35) sources, expanded info on Scientology. Cirt (talk) 00:04, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Cirt. I am still not sure that he is a notable Scientologist however.Steve Dufour (talk) 02:27, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You are welcome. Perhaps, perhaps not.  But he is notable as a person.  Cirt (talk) 03:07, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Sections
I've divided the article into sections to make it more readable, but the current layout is probably awkward. Ideally, the article should be rewritten and/or rearranged to conform more closely with the Wikipedia formatting guidelines for biographies. Laval (talk) 15:08, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danny Keough


text: Template:Counties of Liberia

title: Template:Counties of Liberia


text:
Mick Cripps

Michael Thomas Cripps (born September 28, 1962) is an Australian musician. His current musical project is The Long Shadows, previous bands include L.A. Guns, Burning Retna, Choir Boys, Mindphazer, The Brutalists, and several other groups.

L.A. Guns (1985–1995, 1999–2001)
With L.A. Guns, he was a part of the band's "classic" lineup (Phil Lewis, Guns, Kelly Nickels, Cripps and Steve Riley) and played guitar and keyboards, as well as songwriting duties. He performed and wrote on the albums L.A. Guns, Cocked & Loaded, Hollywood Vampires, Vicious Circle, and Man in the Moon. Cripps left the group in 1995, rejoining in 1999 for a reunion of the "classic" lineup, although his time in the band was shortlived, leaving by 2001.

He was invited to participate in the recording of the band's 2012 album Hollywood Forever, but declined to participate.

Burning Retna (1993–1996)
Burning Retna was an experimental band created by Cripps in 1993. The original lineup included Cripps, vocalist Chris Bradshaw, and drummer Nickey Alexander. Other members of the bands throughout the project included drummer Charlie Clouser, bassist Sean Beavan, and Kelly Nickels. The band did not release any material during its tenure, but a compilation album, "The Frozen Lies", was released in 2006.

The Brutalists (2017-present)
Cripps formed The Brutalists in 2017 alongside vocalist Nigel Mogg (formerly of The Quireboys), guitarist/vocalist Kent Holmes, bassist Robert Cripps and drummer Charlie Nice. They signed to Cleopatra Records in early 2018 and are working on their debut album. On May 11, 2018, the band announced their debut album will be released in August. It was released on August 31

Personal life
When he was a young musician, he worked at Let It Rock, a boutique in LA. Cripps's son Ian works for Warner Music Group and was close friends with Anton Yelchin.

Cripps splits his time between London, England, San Francisco, California, and Los Angeles.

title: Mick Cripps


text:
Majeediyya School

Majeediyya School (Dhivehi: މަޖީދިއްޔާ ސުކޫލް) is the first Maldivian government school, located in Malé, Maldives. It only accepted boys until the introduction of Primary Education in 2010, which allowed girls to attend the school as well. The English medium is followed throughout all subjects, with the exception of Dhivehi and Islam.

History
Majeediyya School was founded in April 19, 1927, under the name Madhrasathul Salaahiyyaa. The school name was changed to Madhrasathul Saniyyathul Hukoomathul Mahaldheebiyya in 1928. The first principal of the school was Husain Salahuddin. Mohamed Amin Didi was Principal from 1946 to 1953 and it was during this time that the school was renamed Madhrasathul Majeediyya. The first GCE O Level started in 1962. The school started providing coeducation in 2011 and had its first enrollment of grade 1 students. There has been some concerns over conditions of the school in the years such as in 2018, where teachers protested over altercations, as well as recently in 2024, where the bridge connecting the old building and the new building has seen cracks come up.

There are two songs associated with the school.

Band
On July 1, 1965, the first Bandmaster of Majeediyya School, Lieutenant A. A. Semidone, began music theory class. He founded the Marching Band of Majeediyya School. In 1979, the band became a fully functional brass band. Woodwind instruments were introduced in 1997.

Cadet
The Majeediyya Cadet Corps started as the "Khassa Party" on March 19, 1945 which was founded by Mohamed Amin Didi. It was later developed and modernized in 1960. It was later renamed to the Majeediyya Cadet Corps sometimes referred as the Maldives Cadet Corps.

Scout
In May 1961, it was founded as the First Male’ Scout Group and was registered at the Imperial Scout Headquarters in London by Mr. C. Dymoke Green. The First Male' Scout Group holds the record of having the most number of President Scouts and Baden Powell Awardees. It's sometimes called the Majeediyya Scouts.

Notable alumni
Majeediyya school has produced 8 Presidents of the Maldives and various other well-known figures in the country. Some notable alumni include:

Presidents

 * Mohamed Amin Didi - 1st President of the Maldives from January 1, 1953 to August 21, 1953. The principal of Majeediyya School from 1946 to 1953. (Never attended Majeediyya School).
 * Ibrahim Nasir - 2nd President of the Maldives from 1968 to 1978. Prime Minister of the Maldives from 1957 to 1968.
 * Maumoon Abdul Gayoom - 3rd President of the Maldives from 1978 to 2008.
 * Mohamed Nasheed - 4th President of the Maldives from 2008 to 2012. First democratically elected president.
 * Mohamed Waheed Hassan Manik - 5th President of the Maldives from 2012 to 2013. Taught Dhivehi at the school. (Never attended Majeediyya School)
 * Abdulla Yameen - 6th President of the Maldives from 2013 to 2018.
 * Ibrahim Mohamed Solih - 7th President of the Maldives from 2018 to 2023.
 * Mohamed Muizzu - 8th President of the Maldives from 2023 to present.

Military

 * Major General (Rtd) Moosa Ali Jaleel - Former Chief of Defence Force of the Maldives from 2008 to 2012, who played an important role in the victory against terrorists attack on 3 November 1988.
 * Mohamed Nazim - Former Colonel and the Defence Minister of Maldives from 2012.

Diplomats

 * Ahmed Khaleel - Former Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Former Permanent Representative of Maldives to the United Nations, Ambassador to Japan concurrently accredited to South Korea
 * Mohamed Khaleel - Former High Commissioner to Singapore, Ambassador to Saudi Arabia concurrently accredited to other Arab countries.

Athletes

 * Ali Ashfaq - football player. Also the captain of the Maldives national football team.
 * Ibrahim Fazeel - football player in Maldives national football team

title: Majeediyya School


text:
Alexander Vorontsov

Count Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov (Алекса́ндр Рома́нович Воронцо́в) (4 February 1741 – 2 December 1805) was the Chancellor of the Russian Empire during the early years of Alexander I's reign.

He began his career at the age of fifteen in the Izmailovsky regiment of the Guards. He was the son of Russian General-in-chief Roman Illarionovich Vorontsov (1707—1783) and Marfa Ivanovna Surmina (1718—1745). In 1759, Alexander's uncle, the grand chancellor Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov, sent him to Strasbourg, Paris and Madrid to train him in diplomacy. Under Peter III, who was in love with his sister Elizabeth, he represented Russia for a short time at the court of St James's. Catherine II created him a senator and president of the Board of Trade; but she never liked him, and ultimately (1791) compelled him to retire from public life.

In 1802, Alexander I summoned him back to office and appointed him imperial chancellor. This was the period of the triumph of the Vorontsovs, who had always insisted on the necessity of a close union with Austria and Great Britain, in opposition to Nikita Panin and his followers, who had leaned on France or Prussia till the outbreak of the French Revolution made friendship with France impossible.

Vorontsov was also an implacable opponent of Napoleon Bonaparte, whose "topsy-turvyness" he was never weary of denouncing. The rupture with Napoleon in 1803 is mainly attributable to him. He also took a leading part in the internal administration and was in favour of a thorough reform of the Governing Senate and the ministries. He retired in 1804. A lifelong bachelor, he possessed an extraordinary memory and a firm and wide grasp of history. His Memoirs of My Own Times is printed in vol. VII of the Vorontsov Archives.

Family members

 * Vorontsov - his family
 * Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov - his uncle
 * Ekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova-Dashkova - his sister
 * Elizaveta Vorontsova - his sister
 * Semyon Romanovich Vorontsov - his brother
 * Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov - his nephew.

title: Alexander Vorontsov


text:
Online identity

Internet identity (IID), also online identity, online personality, online persona  or internet persona, is a social identity that an Internet user establishes in online communities and websites. It may also be an actively constructed presentation of oneself. Although some people choose to use their real names online, some Internet users prefer to be anonymous, identifying themselves by means of pseudonyms, which reveal varying amounts of personally identifiable information. An online identity may even be determined by a user's relationship to a certain social group they are a part of online. Some can be deceptive about their identity.

In some online contexts, including Internet forums, online chats, and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), users can represent themselves visually by choosing an avatar, an icon-sized graphic image. Avatars are one way users express their online identity. Through interaction with other users, an established online identity acquires a reputation, which enables other users to decide whether the identity is worthy of trust. Online identities are associated with users through authentication, which typically requires registration and logging in. Some websites also use the user's IP address or tracking cookies to identify users.

The concept of the self, and how this is influenced by emerging technologies, are a subject of research in fields such as education, psychology, and sociology. The online disinhibition effect is a notable example, referring to a concept of unwise and uninhibited behavior on the Internet, arising as a result of anonymity and audience gratification.

Online personal identity
Triangular relationships of personal online identity

There are three key interaction conditions in the identity processes: Fluid Nature of Online and Offline, overlapping social networks, and expectations of accuracy. Social actors accomplish the ideal-authentic balance through self-triangulation, presenting a coherent image in multiple arenas and through multiple media.

 * Fluid Nature of Online and Offline

Online environments provide individuals with the ability to participate in virtual communities. Although geographically unconnected, they are united by common interests and shared cultural experiences. So cultural meanings of race, class, and gender flow into online identity.

 * Overlapping social networks

Every social actor assumes a variety of roles, including those of mother, father, employee, friend, etc. Each character maintains a comprehensive understanding of others, or the standards and ethical expectations of the people that inhabit the world. Even while self-versions sometimes overlap, various networks may have slightly divergent, sometimes contradicting, expectations for players. One of the main complex factors in the network era is to bring together previously segmented networks.

 * Expectations of accuracy

It is customary for individuals to appropriately portray themselves on social networking platforms. By accurate, it does not imply a "True Self". Digitally mediated identity performance represents a specific version of the self, just like all other identity performance contexts.

Identity expression and identity exposure
The social web, i.e. the usage of the web to support the social process, represents a space in which people have the possibility to express and expose their identity in a social context. For example, people define their identity explicitly by creating user profiles in social network services such as Facebook or LinkedIn and online dating services. By expressing opinions on blogs and other social media, they define more tacit identities.

The disclosure of a person's identity may present certain issues related to privacy. Many people adopt strategies that help them control the disclosure of their personal information online. Some strategies require users to invest considerable effort.

The emergence of the concept of online identity has raised many questions among academics. Social networking services and online avatars have complicated the concept of identity. Academia has responded to these emerging trends by establishing domains of scholarly research such as technoself studies, which focuses on all aspects of human identity in technological societies.

Online activities may affect our offline personal identity, as well. Avi Marciano has coined the term "VirtuReal" to resolve the contested relationship between online and offline environments in relation to identity formation. Studying online usage patterns of transgender people, he suggested that the internet can be used as preliminary, complementary, and/or alternative sphere. He concludes that although "the offline world sets boundaries that potentially limit the latitude within the online world, these boundaries are wide enough to allow mediated agency that empowers transgender users. Consequently, the term VirtuReal "reflects both the fact that it provides an empowering virtual experience that compensates for offline social inferiority, and the fact that it is nevertheless subject to offline restrictions".

Concept of the mask
Dorian Wiszniewski and Richard Coyne, in their contribution to the book Building Virtual Communities, explore online identity, with emphasis on the concept of "masking" identity. They say that whenever an individual interacts in a social sphere, they portray a mask of their identity. This is no different online and becomes even more pronounced due to the decisions an online contributor makes concerning his or her online profile. He or she must answer specific questions about age, gender, address, username, and so forth. With the accrual of one's online activity, his or her mask is increasingly defined by his or her style of writing, vocabulary, and topics.

The kind of mask one chooses reveals something about the subject behind the mask, which might be referred to as the "metaphor" of the mask. The online mask does not reveal the actual identity of a person; it reveals an example of what lies behind the mask. If a person chooses to act like a rock star online, this metaphor reveals an interest in rock music but may also indicate a lack of self-esteem. A person may also choose to craft a fake identity, whether entirely fictional, already in existence, borrowed, or stolen.

Because of many emotional and psychological dynamics, people can be reluctant to interact online. By evoking a mask of identity, a person can create a safety net. An anonymous or fake identity is one precaution people take so that their true identity is not stolen or abused. By making the mask available, people can interact with some degree of confidence without fear.

Wiszniewski and Coyne state, "Education can be seen as the change process by which identity is realized, how one finds one's place. Education implicates the transformation of identity. Education, among other things, is a process of building up a sense of identity, generalized as a process of edification." Students interacting in an online community must reveal something about themselves and have others respond to this contribution. In this manner, the mask is constantly being formulated in dialogue with others and thereby students will gain a richer and deeper sense of who they are. There will be a process of edification that will help students come to understand their strengths and weaknesses.

Blended identity
The blended mask perspective is likened to the concept of 'blended identity', whereby the offline-self informs the creation of a new online-self, which in turn informs the offline-self through further interaction with those the individual first met online. It means people's self-identity varies in different social or cultural contexts.

Blogging
As blogs allow an individual to express his or her views in individual essays or as part of a wider discussion, it creates a public forum for expressing ideas. Bloggers often choose to use pseudonyms, whether in platforms such as WordPress or in interest-centered blog sites, to protect personal information and allow them more editorial freedom to express ideas that might be unpopular with their family, employers, etc. Use of a pseudonym (and a judicious approach to revealing personal information) can allow a person to protect their real identities, but still build a reputation online using the assumed name.

Human resources
Digital identity management has become a necessity when applying for jobs while working for a company. Social media has been a tool for human resources for years. A KPMG report on social media in human resources say that 76 percent of American companies used LinkedIn for recruiting. The ease of search means that reputation management will become more vital especially in professional services such as lawyers, doctors and accountants.

Social networks
Online social networks like Facebook and MySpace allow people to maintain an online identity with some overlap between online and real-world context. These identities are often created to reflect a specific aspect or ideal version of themselves. Representations include pictures, communications with other 'friends' and membership in network groups. Privacy control settings on social networks are also part of social networking identity.

Some users may use their online identity as an extension of their physical selves, and center their profiles around realistic details. These users value continuity in their identity, and would prefer being honest with the portrayal of themselves. However, there is also a group of social network users that would argue against using a real identity online. These users have experimented with online identity, and ultimately what they have found is that it is possible to create an alternate identity through the usage of such social networks. For example, a popular blogger on medium.com writes under the name of Kel Campbell – a name that was chosen by her, not given to her. She states that when she was verbally attacked online by another user, she was able to protect herself from the sting of the insult by taking it as Kel, rather than her true self. Kel became a shield of sorts, and acted as a mask that freed the real user beneath it.

Research from scientists such as danah boyd and Knut Lundby has found that in some cultures, the ability to form an identity online is considered a sacred privilege. This is because having an online identity allows the user to accomplish things that otherwise are impossible to do in real life. These cultures believe that the self has become a subjective concept on the online spaces; by logging onto their profiles, users are essentially freed from the prison of a physical body and can "create a narrative of the self in virtual space that may be entirely new".

Online business
In the development of social networks, there has appeared a new economic phenomenon: doing business via social networks. For example, there are many users of WeChat called wei-businessmen (Wechat businessman, a new form of e-commerce in Wechat) who sell products on WeChat. Doing business via social networks is not that easy. The identities of users in social networks are not the same as that in the real world. For the sake of security, people do not tend to trust someone in social networks, in particular when it is related with money. So for wei-businessmen, reputations are very important for wei-business. Once customers decide to shop via Wechat, they prefer to choose those wei-businessmen with high reputations. They need to invest enormous efforts to gain reputations among the users of WeChat, which in turn increases the chance other users will purchase from them.

Communication
Online identity in classrooms forces people to reevaluate their concepts of classroom environments. With the invention of online classes, classrooms have changed and no longer have the traditional face-to-face communications. These communications have been replaced by computer screen. Students are no longer defined by visual characteristics unless they make them known. There are pros and cons to each side. In a traditional classroom, students are able to visually connect with a teacher who was standing in the same room. During the class, if questions arise, clarification can be provided immediately. Students can create face-to-face connections with other students, and these connections can easily be extended beyond the classroom.

With the prevalence of remote Internet communications, students do not form preconceptions of their classmates based on the classmate's appearance or speech characteristics. Rather, impressions are formed based only on the information presented by the classmate. Some students are more comfortable with this paradigm as it avoids the discomfort of public speaking. Students who do not feel comfortable stating their ideas in class can take time to sit down and think through exactly what they wish to say.

Communication via written media may lead students to take more time to think through their ideas since their words are in a more permanent setting (online) than most conversations carried on during class.

Perception of professor
Online learning situations also cause a shift in perception of the professor. Whereas anonymity may help some students achieve a greater level of comfort, professors must maintain an active identity with which students may interact. The students should feel that their professor is ready to help whenever they may need it. Although students and professors may not be able to meet in person, emails and correspondence between them should occur in a timely manner. Without this students tend to drop online classes since it seems that they are wandering through a course without anyone to guide them.

Virtual world
In the virtual world, users create a personal avatar and communicate with others through the virtual identity. The virtual personal figure and voice may draw from the real figure or fantasy worlds. The virtual figure to some degree reflects the personal expectation, and users may adopt a different personality in the virtual world than in reality.

Internet forum
An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. There are many types of Internet forums based on certain themes or groups. The properties of online identities also differ from different type of forums. For example, the users in a university BBS usually know some of the others in reality since the users can only be the students or professors in this university. However, the freedom of expression is limited since some university BBSs are under control of the school administration and the identities are related to student IDs. On another hand, some question-and-answer websites like "ZhiHu" in China are open to the public and users can create accounts only with e-mail address. But they can describe their specialties or personal experiences to show reliability in certain questions, and other users can also invite them to answer questions based on their profiles. The answers and profiles can be either real-name or anonymous.

Benefits
A discussed positive aspect of virtual communities is that people can present themselves without fear of persecution, whether it is personality traits, behaviors that they are curious about, or the announcement of a real world identity component that has never before been announced. This freedom results in new opportunities for society as a whole, especially the ability for people to explore the roles of gender and sexuality in a manner that can be harmless, yet interesting and helpful to those undertaking the change. Online identity has given people the opportunity to feel comfortable in wide-ranging roles, some of which may be underlying aspects of the user's life that the user is unable to portray in the real world.

Online identity has a beneficial effect for minority groups, including racial and ethnic minority populations and people with disabilities. Online identities may help remove prejudices created by stereotypes found in real life, and thus provide a greater sense of inclusion.

One example of these opportunities is the establishment of many communities welcoming LGBTQ+ teenagers who are learning to understand their sexuality. These communities allow teenagers to share their experiences with one another or other older members of the LGBTQ+ community, and provide both a non-threatening and non-judgmental safe place. In a review of such a community, Silberman quotes an information technology worker, Tom Reilly, as stating: "The wonderful thing about online services is that they are an intrinsically decentralized resource. Kids can challenge what adults have to say and make the news". If teen organizers are successful anywhere, news of it is readily available. The Internet is arguably the most powerful tool that young people with alternative sexualities have ever had.

The online world provides users with a choice to determine which sex, sexuality preference and sexual characteristics they would like to embody. In each online encounter, a user essentially has the opportunity to interchange which identity they would like to portray. As McRae argues in Surkan (2000), "The lack of physical presence and the infinite malleability of bodies complicates sexual interaction in a singular way: because the choice of gender is an "option" rather than a strictly defined biological characteristic, the entire concept of gender as a primary marker of identity becomes partially subverted."

Online identity can offer potential social benefits to those with physical and sensory disabilities. The flexibility of online media provides control over their disclosure of impairment, an opportunity not typically available in real world social interactions. Researchers highlight its value in improving inclusion. However, the affordance of normalization offers the possibility of experiencing non-stigmatized identities while also offering the capacity to create harmful and dangerous outcomes, which may jeopardize participants' safety.

Concerns
Primarily, concerns regarding virtual identity revolve around the areas of misrepresentation and the contrasting effects of on and offline existence. Sexuality and sexual behavior online provide some of the most controversial debate with many concerned about the predatory nature of some users. This is particularly in reference to concerns about child pornography and the ability of pedophiles to obscure their identity.

The concerns regarding the connection between on and offline lives have challenged the notions of what constitutes a real experience. In reference to gender, sexuality and sexual behavior, the ability to play with these ideas has resulted in a questioning of how virtual experience may affect one's offline emotions. As McRae states, virtual sex not only complicates but drastically unsettles the division between mind, body, and self that has become a comfortable truism in Western metaphysics. When projected into virtuality, mind, body and self all become consciously manufactured constructs through which individuals interact with each other.

Reliability
The identities that people define in the social web are not necessarily facets of their offline self. Studies show that people lie about themselves on online dating services. In the case of social network services such as Facebook, companies have proposed to sell "friends" as a way to increase a user's visibility, further calling into question the reliability of a person's social identity.

Van Gelder reported an incident occurring on a computer conferencing system during the early 80s where a male psychiatrist posed as Julie, a female psychologist with multiple disabilities including deafness, blindness, and serious facial disfigurement. Julie endeared herself to the computer conferencing community, finding psychological and emotional support from many members. The psychiatrist's choice to present differently was sustained by drawing upon the unbearable stigma attached to Julie's multiple disabilities as justification for not meeting face-to-face. Lack of visual cues allowed the identity transformation to continue, with the psychiatrist also assuming the identity of Julie's husband, who adamantly refused to allow anyone to visit Julie when she claimed to be seriously ill. This example highlights the ease with which identity may be constructed, transformed, and sustained by the textual nature of online interaction and the visual anonymity it affords.

Catfishing online
Catfishing is a way for a user to create a fake online profile, sometimes with fake photos and information, in order to enter into a relationship, intimate or platonic, with another user. Catfishing became popular in mainstream culture through the MTV reality show Catfish.

Identity management infrastructures
A problem facing anyone who hopes to build a positive online reputation is that reputations are site-specific; for example, one's reputation on eBay cannot be transferred to Slashdot.

Multiple proposals have been made to build an identity management infrastructure into the Web protocols. All of them require an effective public key infrastructure so that the identity of two separate manifestations of an online identity (say, one on Wikipedia and another on Twitter) are probably one and the same.

OpenID, an open, decentralized standard for authenticating users is used for access control, allowing users to log on to different services with the same digital identity. These services must allow and implement OpenID.

Context collapse
Context collapse describes the phenomena where the occurrence of multiple social groups in one space causes confusion in how to manage one's online identity. This suggests that in managing identities online, individuals are challenged to differentiate their online expression due to the unmanageable size of audience variations. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to social media platforms. Users are often connected with a wide range of social groups such as family, colleagues and friends. When posting on social media, the presence of these different social groups makes it difficult to decide which aspect of one's personality to present. The term was first coined in 2003 by Microsoft researcher danah boyd in relation to social networking platforms such as MySpace and Friendster. Since 2003, the issue of context collapse has become increasingly significant. Users have been forced to implement strategies to combat context collapse. These strategies include using stricter privacy settings and engaging in more "ephemeral mediums" such as Instagram stories and Snapchat in which posts are only temporarily accessible and are less likely to have permanent consequences or an effect on one's reputation.

Reputation management
Given the malleability of online identities, some economists have expressed surprise that flourishing trading sites, such as eBay, have developed on the Internet. When two pseudonymous identities propose to enter into an online transaction, they are faced with the prisoner's dilemma: the deal can succeed only if the parties are willing to trust each other, but they have no rational basis for doing so. But successful Internet trading sites have developed reputation management systems, such as eBay's feedback system, which record transactions and provide the technical means by which users can rate each other's trustworthiness. However, users with malicious intent can still cause serious problems on such websites.

An online reputation is the perception that one generates on the Internet based on their digital footprint. Digital footprints accumulate through all of the content shared, feedback provided and information that created online. Due to the fact that if someone has a bad online reputation, he can easily change his pseudonym, new accounts on sites such as eBay or Amazon are usually distrusted. If an individual or company wants to manage their online reputation, they will face many more difficulties. This is why a merchant on the web having a brick and mortar shop is usually more trusted.

Relation to real-world social constraints
Ultimately, online identity cannot be completely free from the social constraints that are imposed in the real world. As Westfall (2000, p. 160) discusses, "the idea of truly departing from social hierarchy and restriction does not occur on the Internet (as perhaps suggested by earlier research into the possibilities presented by the Internet) with identity construction still shaped by others. Westfall raises the important, yet rarely discussed, issue of the effects of literacy and communication skills of the online user." Indeed, these skills or the lack thereof have the capacity to shape one's online perception as they shape one's perception through a physical body in the "real world."

Disembodiment and implications
This issue of gender and sexual reassignment raises the notion of disembodiment and its associated implications. "Disembodiment" is the idea that once the user is online, the need for the body is no longer required, and the user can participate separately from it. This ultimately relates to a sense of detachment from the identity defined by the physical body. In cyberspace, many aspects of sexual identity become blurred and are only defined by the user. Questions of truth will therefore be raised, particularly in reference to online dating and virtual sex. As McRae states, "Virtual sex allows for a certain freedom of expression, of physical presentation and of experimentation beyond one's own real-life limits". At its best, it not only complicates but drastically unsettles the division between mind, body and self in a manner only possible through the construction of an online identity.

Online identity and user's rights
The future of online anonymity depends on how an identity management infrastructure is developed. Law enforcement officials often express their opposition to online anonymity and pseudonymity, which they view as an open invitation to criminals who wish to disguise their identities. Therefore, they call for an identity management infrastructure that would irrevocably tie online identity to a person's legal identity; in most such proposals, the system would be developed in tandem with a secure national identity document. Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, has stated that the Google+ social network is intended to be exactly such an identity system. The controversy resulting from Google+'s policy of requiring users to sign in using legal names has been dubbed the "nymwars".

Online civil rights advocates, in contrast, argue that there is no need for a privacy-invasive system because technological solutions, such as reputation management systems, are already sufficient and are expected to grow in their sophistication and utility.

Online predators
An online predator is an Internet user who exploits other users' vulnerability, often for sexual or financial purposes. It is relatively easy to create an online identity which is attractive to people that would not normally become involved with the predator, but fortunately there are a few means by which you can make sure that a person whom you haven't met is actually who they say they are. Many people will trust things such as the style in which someone writes, or the photographs someone has on their web page as a way to identify that person, but these can easily be forged. Long-term Internet relationships may sometimes be difficult to sufficiently understand knowing what someone's identity is actually like.

The most vulnerable age group to online predators is often considered to be young teenagers or older children. "Over time - perhaps weeks or even months - the stranger, having obtained as much personal information as possible, grooms the child, gaining his or her trust through compliments, positive statements, and other forms of flattery to build an emotional bond." The victims often do not suspect anything until it is too late, as the other party usually misleads them to believe that they are of similar age.

The show Dateline on NBC has, overall, conducted three investigations on online predators. They had adults, posing online as teenage juveniles, engage in sexually explicit conversations with other adults (the predators) and arrange to meet them in person. But instead of meeting a teenager, the unsuspecting adult was confronted by Chris Hansen, an NBC News correspondent, arrested, and shown on nationwide television. Dateline held investigations in five different locations apprehending a total of 129 men in all.

Federal laws have been passed in the U.S. to assist the government when trying to catch online predators. Some of these include wiretapping, so online offenders can be caught in advance, before a child becomes a victim. In California, where one Dateline investigation took place, it is a misdemeanor for someone to have sexually-tinged conversations with a child online. The men who came to the house were charged with a felony because their intent was obvious.

The market
An online identity that has acquired an excellent reputation is valuable for two reasons: first, one or more persons invested a great deal of time and effort to build the identity's reputation; and second, other users look to the identity's reputation as they try to decide whether it is sufficiently trustworthy. It is therefore unsurprising that online identities have been put up for sale at online auction sites. However, conflicts arise over the ownership of online identities. Recently, a user of a massively multiplayer online game called EverQuest, which is owned by Sony Online Entertainment, Inc., attempted to sell his EverQuest identity on eBay. Sony objected, asserting that the character is Sony's intellectual property, and demanded the removal of the auction; under the terms of the U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), eBay could have become a party to a copyright infringement lawsuit if it failed to comply.

title: Online identity


text:
Perpetual Peace (disambiguation)

Perpetual Peace or Eternal Peace may refer to:
 * Perpetual peace, a concept in Kantian philosophy
 * Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch by Immanuel Kant

Treaty of Perpetual Peace and similar may refer to:
 * Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty, instituting an "eternal peace" between the Hittite and Egyptian empires.
 * Perpetual Peace (532) (ἀπέραντος εἰρήνη), signed between the Byzantine and the Sassanid empires
 * Ewiger Landfriede, a pax perpetua agreed at the Diet of Worms in 1495, which banned the right of vendetta in the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1502), between England and Scotland
 * Perpetual Peace (1516), signed between the Old Swiss Confederacy and Francis I of France
 * Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1534), between England and Scotland
 * Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686), signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
 * Entente Cordiale (1904), a frame agreement consisting of a number of treaties that were intended to create perpetual peace between United Kingdom and France

title: Perpetual Peace (disambiguation)