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Pandanus tectorius

Pandanus tectorius is a species of Pandanus (screwpine) that is native to Malesia, Papuasia, eastern Australia, and the Pacific Islands. It grows in the coastal lowlands typically near the edge of the ocean. Common names in English include thatch screwpine, Tahitian screwpine, hala tree (hala in Hawaiian) and pandanus. The fruit is edible and sometimes known as hala fruit.

Description
P. tectorius is a small tree that grows upright to reach 4 - 14 m in height. The single trunk is slender with brown ringed bark. It is spiny, grows to 4.5–11 m (15–35 ft) in width, and forks at a height of 4 - 8 m. It is supported by aerial roots (prop roots) that firmly anchors the tree to the ground. Roots sometimes grow along the branch, and they grow at wide angles in proportion to the trunk.

Flowers
Pandanus tectorius is dioecious, meaning male and female flowers are borne on separate trees, with very different male and female flowers. Male flowers, known as racemes, are small, fragrant, and short-lived, lasting only a single day. The flowers are grouped in 3 and gathered in large clusters surrounded by big, white bracts. these clusters are about 1 ft in length and are fragrant. Female flowers resemble pineapples.

In Hawaiʻi the male flower is called hīnano and the bracts are used for making very fine mats (moena hīnano' or ʻahu hīnano).

Fruit
The female P. tectorius trees produce a segmented, large fruit. Although not closely related, the fruit resembles a pineapple. The fruit of P. tectorius is either ovoid, ellipsoid, subglobose or globose with a diameter of 4 - 20 cm and a length of 8 - 30 cm. The fruit is made up of 38–200 wedge-like phalanges, often referred to as keys or carpels, which have an outer fibrous husk and are 8 inches in length. There are roughly 40 to 80 keys in each fruit and the color of the fruit can be yellow, orange, or red with a green top. Phalanges contain two seeds on average, with a maximum of eight reported. The phalanges are buoyant, and the seeds within them can remain viable for many months while being transported by ocean currents.

Leaves
The leaves of Pandanus tectorius are usually 90 - 150 cm in length and 5 - 7 cm in width. They possess saw-like margins. Some varieties have spines along the edges and ribs throughout the leaves. The leaves are spirally arranged at the end of the branches.

Taxonomy
Pandanus tectorius was first described by Sydney Parkinson in 1774. It is an angiosperm belonging to the genus Pandanus of the family Pandanaceae.

Distribution
Pandanus tectorius grows natively from the Philippines through the Pacific Ocean to Hawaii. It is found in parts of Malesia (the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Maluku Islands and the Philippines), throughout Papuasia, and in most of the tropical Pacific. In Australia, it is native to an area from Port Macquarie in New South Wales to northern Queensland. Both the US and the Hawaiian Islands recognize only one indigenous species, P. tectorius. Its exact native range is unknown due to extensive cultivation; it may be an early Polynesian introduction to many of the more isolated Pacific islands on which it occurs. These islands include Micronesia and Melanesia. In Hawaii, P. tectorius is found natively on all the main islands except Kahoʻolawe, and it is known to have predated human settlement, based on seed and pollen samples taken from Kauai's Makauwahi Cave.

Habitat
Pandanus tectorius naturally grows in coastal regions, such as on mangrove margins and beaches, at elevations from sea level to 610 m. It requires 1500 – of annual rainfall and seasons will fluctuate from wet to dry.

Pandanus tectorius is considered more drought tolerant than coconut trees. The trees have adapted to drought by reducing fruiting. Thatch Screwpine is well adapted to grow in the many soil types present on coasts, including quartz sand, coral sand, and peat, as well as in limestone and basalt. P. tectorius is salt and wind tolerant and favors slightly acidic to basic soil (pH of 6–10). The trees are strong and can typically withstand tropical storms. It prefers to grow in full sunlight, but grows well with 30-50% shade. It will not tolerate shade above 70%.

Ecology
There are a wide range of natural enemies that pose a threat to P. tectorius such as parasites, pathogens, and herbivores. They attack the leaves, roots, stems, and growing points. The stick insect Megacrania batesii lives and feeds only on P. tectorius and two other Pandanus species.

Pandanus tectorius in Australia is threatened by a sap-sucking insect, Jamella australiae, a species of the genus Jamella of the subfamily Flatinae, known as the Pandanus planthopper. It has caused much damage to plants on the northern coast of New South Wales, before making its way up the coast to Noosa and the Gold Coast in Queensland in the 1990s. Since then it has infested pandanus further north, killing about 80 per cent of the P. tectorius population to the south of Gladstone, Queensland, and has since reached Yeppoon on the Capricorn Coast, where P. tectorius plays an important part in preventing coastal erosion. A natural predator in the form of a wasp native to northern Queensland, Aphanomerus pusillus, has been introduced on Fraser Island and in Byfield National Park as one of methods used to combat the pest. Other methods used on Fraser Island including the injection of insecticide into the plant, stripping infested leaves away, and breeding new plants from local stock. The wasp can only be used in the warmer months on the island, as it does not thrive in the cooler climate of southern Queensland.

Cultivation
Pandanus tectorius may be grown from seed or cuttings – the former will flower at around 15 years and the latter usually flowers by 3 to 4 years of age. Female trees typically flower 1 to 3 times per year while male trees will flower every 2 months. It is thought to reproduce sexually in Hawaii, but there is some evidence that apomixis occurs. Small insects, such as bees, and wind are usually the pollinators. It takes 1 to 2 years from pollination to produce fruit on female trees.

Seasons vary amongst locations and varieties. For example, in Fiji the pollination season is March to May, in northern Australia it is April to August, and in Micronesia, there are two season December to March and July to September. Most varieties produce 8 to 12 fruits per tree every 2 years. Each fruit usually weighs between 7 and 15 kg and contains 35 to 80 edible keys.

Pandanus tectorius plants are usually propagated by seed in Hawaii. Soak the keys in cool tap water for 5 days while frequently changing the water. Viable keys will float, so it is important to keep them. In Growing native Hawaiian plants: a how-to guide for the gardner, Bornhorst says to remove the fleshy layer of the key and then bury the seed half-way in planting soil. It is important to keep the soil moist.

P. tectorius can also be grown from large cuttings. Selected forms are propagated by stem cuttings in Micronesia. Morphological traits looked for include aerial roots. Plants selected have 2/3 of their leaves trimmed off to prevent water loss. In Native Hawaiian plants for tropical seaside landscaping, Moriarty says for best results use mature branches with leaves and small aerial roots. Then root in a sand bed. Plants grown from cuttings produce fruit in 4 to 6 years.

Propagation by grafting is not applicable.

Uses
The fruit of Pandanus tectorius is edible. Some varieties and cultivars contain significant amounts of calcium oxalate, so need thorough cooking before being consumed. Other cultivars contain very little to no calcium oxalate and can be eaten raw. It is an important food source in the atolls of Micronesia and Polynesia, with the fruit commonly eaten raw or turned into a dried paste (e.g., mokwan in the Marshall Islands or te tuae in Kiribati ) or flour. It is also one of the traditional foods of Maldivian cuisine. The fibrous nature of the fruit also serves as a natural dental floss. It is also used in Samoan culture as a ula fala, a necklace made out of the dried fruit painted in red and is worn by the matai during special occasions and functions.

Australian Aboriginal peoples extracted the slender, edible seeds. This seed, and the fruit, was an important food.

The tree's leaves are often used as flavoring for sweet dishes. It is also used in Sri Lankan cookery, where the leaves are used to flavor a variety of curries. Leaves were used by the Polynesians to make baskets, mats, outrigger canoe sails, thatch roofs, and grass skirts.

The fragrant male flowers are used in perfumery and are also distilled to make Kewra.

A large shrub or small tree of immense cultural, health, and economic importance in the Pacific, it is second only to coconut on atolls. It grows wild mainly in semi-natural vegetation in littoral habitats throughout the tropical and subtropical Pacific, where it can withstand drought, strong winds, and salt spray. It propagates readily from seed, but it is also widely propagated from branch cuttings by local people for farms and home gardens. It grows fairly quickly, and all parts are used, from the nutritious fruits of edible varieties to the poles and branches in construction to the leaves for weaving and garlands. The plant is prominent in Pacific culture and tradition, including local medicine.

Hundreds of cultivated varieties are known by their local names and characteristics of fruits, branches, and leaves. At present, there is evidence that this diversity is declining, with certain varieties becoming difficult to find. The reasons include less replanting, deforestation, fire, flagging interest by the new generation, and rapid population growth leading to urbanization.

Culture
The seal of Punahou School in Honolulu, Hawaii features the hala tree, in part because lauhala, the art of weaving with the leaves of that tree, is pivotal to the history of the island, with everything from houses to pillows being made in this fashion. Local legend tells of an aged Hawaiian couple who lived long ago above the present Punahou campus, and had to travel far for water. They prayed each night for a spring, but to no avail. Finally one night, in a dream answering their prayers, they were told to uproot the stump of an old hala tree. They did as they were told and found a spring of clear, sweet water, which they named Ka Punahou, the New Spring. According to legend, Punahou School's lily pond is fed by this same spring.

title: Pandanus tectorius


text:
Knuts Skujenieks

Knuts Skujenieks (5 September 1936 – 25 July 2022) was a Latvian poet, journalist, and translator from fifteen European languages.

He spent his childhood near Bauska in Zemgale. Skujenieks later studied at University of Latvia in Riga and at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow.

In 1962, he was convicted of anti-Soviet activities, and sentenced to seven years in a prison camp in Mordovia, Russia. Although he was a prolific poet, his first collection was only published in 1978. The poems he wrote during his captivity were published in 1990. Skujenieks' poetry has been translated into many European languages. Books of his poetry have been published in Sweden and Ukraine. In 2008 he was awarded the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature.

In 2015, Film Director Ivars Tontegode was shooting a biographical documentary feature Knutification/Nepareizais about the life of Knuts Skujenieks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Knuts Skujenieks


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Mark Jacobs (game designer)

Mark Jacobs is an American game designer, programmer, author and businessman, and the former GM/VP/CEO of Mythic Entertainment, Inc and after Mythic Entertainment was sold to Electronic Arts in 2006 he served as its GM/VP/CEO at EA. Best known as a lead designer of Dark Age of Camelot (2001) and Camelot Unchained (unreleased), he also created two early MUDs, Aradath and Dragon's Gate, serving as both the designer and programmer in addition to his duties as President/CEO. He founded A.U.S.I. (Adventures Unlimited Software Inc.) in 1983 and worked on a number of computer games for systems such as the Apple II. Jacobs left EA in 2009 after the company decided to merge BioWare with Mythic Entertainment.

Biography
Jacobs attended Syracuse University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree. He then attended Georgetown University Law Center and graduated with a Juris Doctor. While at GULC, he started his first computer game company, Adventures Unlimited Software Inc. in 1983. In the 1980s and until 1995, he created online games for both local networks and nationwide networks such as GEnie, AOL and Kesmai's Gamestorm network.

In 1995, he was the co-founder (along with Rob Denton), President and CEO of Mythic Entertainment, Inc. He was involved in all Mythic Entertainment games since 1995, including their most successful product, the MMORPG Dark Age Of Camelot.

In March 2011, he was the co-founder of City State Entertainment, along with Andrew Meggs, President of City State Entertainment. In 2021, the studio released its first game, a co-op PVE called Final Stand: Ragnarok, via Early Access on Steam. In March 2024, the company changed its name to Unchained Entertainment to match its proprietary game engine in preparation for the full release of Final Stand: Ragnarok later that year.

Games

 * Dragon's Gate (Lead designer, programmer, CEO, A.U.S.I., 1990)
 * Magestorm (Lead designer, CEO Mythic Entertainment, 1996)
 * Aliens Online (designer, CEO Mythic Entertainment, 1997)
 * Darkness Falls (Lead designer, CEO Mythic Entertainment, 1997)
 * Darkness Falls: The Crusade (Lead designer, head acrobat, CEO Mythic Entertainment, 1999)
 * Imperator Online (Lead designer, CEO Mythic Entertainment, 2001)
 * Dark Age of Camelot (Lead designer, CEO Mythic Entertainment, 2001)
 * Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning (Lead designer, CEO Mythic Entertainment, 2008)
 * Camelot Unchained (Lead designer, CEO City State Entertainment, TBD)

title: Mark Jacobs (game designer)


text:
GE Dash 8-40C

The GE C40-8 is a model of 6-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by GE Transportation Systems between 1987 and 1992. It is part of the GE Dash 8 Series of freight locomotives, and its wheel arrangement is of a C-C type.

This locomotive model is often referred to as a Dash 8-40C or simply "Dash 8". "Dash 8" in general refers to the electrical control series, "Dash" being a carryover from the older syntax of C40-8. The "40" refers to the baseline horsepower rating (4000 hp) of the unit, although some units may be re-rated to 4100 hp.

Later units were supplied with a wide-nose cab and are designated Dash 8-40CW, the "W" indicating a wide-nose cab.

C41-8
Some railroads, the Chicago and North Western Railway in particular, upgraded some of their units to ~4135 hp and designated them as C42-8. This designation was modified by the Union Pacific Railroad to C41-8 after its takeover of C&NW in 1995. Former C&NW units are usually identified by a grab-iron on the front nose just above the Union Pacific shield logo, and/or the "C41-8" designation on the cab side. The final three C&NW C40-8s were built with 4135 hp, and the prior 32 units were similarly modified as well. Although none of these units were ever officially classed as C41-8 by GE, a safety cab version was built as the Dash 8-41CW.

title: GE Dash 8-40C


text:
Ravine

A ravine is a landform that is narrower than a canyon and is often the product of streambank erosion. Ravines are typically classified as larger in scale than gullies, although smaller than valleys. Ravines may also be called a cleuch, dell, ghout (Nevis), gill or ghyll, glen, gorge, kloof (South Africa), and chine (Isle of Wight)

A ravine is generally a fluvial slope landform of relatively steep (cross-sectional) sides, on the order of twenty to seventy percent in gradient. Ravines may or may not have active streams flowing along the downslope channel which originally formed them; moreover, often they are characterized by intermittent streams, since their geographic scale may not be sufficiently large to support a perennial stream.

Hawaii
The shield volcanoes of Hawaii have significant impact on the distribution of ravines across the islands, specifically Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, the former of which is one the most active shield volcanoes on Earth. Both of these volcanoes show V-shaped ravines on their flanks, solely where they have been mantled by Pahala ash. Being the older of the two, Mauna Kea displays more pronounced dissection of these ravines. Rainfall and infiltration capacity are critical to valley initiation on the Hawaiian volcanoes. Once these valleys are initiated, their streams incise to form V-shaped ravines. Eventually, they become sufficiently deep ravine systems and expose groundwater activity. The deepest of these incisions are U-shaped, theatre-headed valleys.

Notable ravines

 * Babi Yar, Ukraine
 * Bam Bam Amphitheaters, Gabon
 * Barranco de Badajoz, Spain
 * Barranco del Infierno, Spain
 * Gravina Ravine, Italy
 * Moola Chotok, Pakistan
 * Ravenna Park, United States
 * Rauðfeldsgjá, Iceland
 * Stuðlagil, Iceland
 * Taishaku Valley, Japan
 * Toronto ravine system, Canada

title: Ravine


text:
George Clarke (disambiguation)

George Clarke (1661–1736) was a British Judge Advocate General, Secretary at War, Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty.

George Clarke may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * George Clarke (filmmaker), film director from Northern Ireland
 * George Elliott Clarke (born 1960), Canadian poet and playwright
 * George Clarke (architect) (born 1974), British architect and television presenter
 * George Clarke (handyman), personality on the Late Show with David Letterman
 * George Somers Leigh Clarke (1822–1882), English architect
 * George Clarke (singer), lead singer of Deafheaven
 * George Clarke (jazz musician) (1911–1985), American jazz saxophonist
 * George Clarke (actor) (1840–1906), American stage actor
 * George Clarke (comedian) (1886–1946), English stage comedian

Politics

 * George Clarke (governor) (1676–1760), colonial New York, 1736–1743
 * George Clarke (New Zealand pioneer) (1823–1913), pioneer and educationist
 * George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe (1848–1933), British colonial administrator
 * George W. Clarke (Iowa politician) (1852–1936), governor of Iowa
 * George W. Clarke (Newfoundland politician) (1910–2000), Newfoundland lawyer and politician
 * George W. Clarke (Washington politician) (1906–2006), American politician in the state of Washington
 * George Johnson Clarke (1857–1917), premier of New Brunswick
 * George Clarke (Canadian politician) (1827–?), politician in Nova Scotia
 * George Clarke (judge) (1798–1875), New Zealand missionary, teacher, public servant, politician and judge
 * George J. F. Clarke (1774–1836), active in East Florida in the Second Spanish Period
 * George L. Clarke (1813–1890), mayor of Providence, Rhode Island
 * George Thomas Clarke (1853–1925), Australian local government politician

Sport

 * George Clarke (cricketer) (1869–1955), English cricketer
 * George Clarke (footballer, born 1894) (1894–1960), footballer for Crewe Alexandra and Stoke
 * George Clarke (footballer, born 1900) (1900–1977), English football player (Aston Villa, Crystal Palace, QPR)
 * George Clarke (footballer, born 1921) (1921–2011), English football player (Ipswich Town)
 * George Clarke (winger) (fl. 1908–1910), English professional association footballer who played as a winger

Other

 * George Clarke (1768–1835), New York landowner who commissioned the construction of Hyde Hall
 * George Clarke (priest) (1793–1871), archdeacon of Antigua
 * George Aubourne Clarke (died 1949), Scottish meteorologist
 * George Clarke (prospector) (1846–1895), prospector in Queensland, Australia
 * George Calvert Clarke (1814–1900), British Army officer
 * George Frederick Clarke (1883–1974), New Brunswick author, historian and amateur archaeologist
 * George Clarke (architect-planner) (1932–2005), Australian town planner during the 1970s
 * George Marshall Clarke, African American barber in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, lynched in 1861
 * George Clarke (convict) (1806–1835), convict and bushranger known as "The Barber"

title: George Clarke (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Asbestos/Archive3

country infoboxes
Hi, there's a new Solution E that's been proposed for the country infoboxes; I've changed my vote from the Solution D that I proposed, earlier. The new option, proposed by User:Zocky, transcludes a subpage instead of using the template mechanism for this.

See: Nepal's infobox is implemented at Nepal/infobox using Template:Infobox_Country; Tuvalu's is implemented at Tuvalu/infobox as a wiki table.

Discussion is at: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Countries

voting: Country_infobox_vote

Thanks. — Davenbelle 02:39, Jan 14, 2005 (UTC)

He's back
[[user: stude62 talk:stude62]] 02:35, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Asbestos - Is there anyway that I can send you an email?

VfD / Ohio Wesleyan Buildings
I agree the phrasing of my vote may seem strange. It comes from the fact that VfD has only one of two outcomes - Delete or not ("Keep"). What happens after something is not deleted (say a merge and redirect) is secondary. I vote this way to ensure my vote is clear. -- Netoholic @ 19:05, 2005 Jan 20 (UTC)

user talk
I think you might have missed a "user" in the page name here. --fvw *  01:56, 2005 Jan 22 (UTC)

 * I did, just fixed it. I sent you an email today at an address that I found for you, did you get it? user: stude62 user talk:stude62 01:59, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks! (and a question)
Appreciate the kind greeting and the helpful links; I 'cut my teeth' on a miniWiki for the LiveJournal community milliways_bar so was somewhat familiar with the formatting before I plunged in here.

I do need some help, though -- I'm adding information to some pages linked to Sailor_Moon, and can't figure out how to add them to the section demarcated as SMoon inside a double pair of curly brackets. I finally got the category link sorted out, though (that was a little tricky, didn't expect it to be case-sensitive).

Sffcorgi 11:52, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

E/T/A: The template I'm trying to edit is ; I'm trying to add the links for Sailor Heavy Metal Papillon, Sailor Pewter Fox and Sailor Titan Kerokko.

VOD Wesleyan Buildings
Asbestos-

How long will the Wesleyan Building stay on Votes for delation. Ranamim is back, this time as Rananim - what does wikipedia do if he votes to keep the articles using all of his identities? I take it you have seen his web page? user: stude62 user talk:stude62 14:02, 25 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Hey Asbestos, thanks for the welcome. I hope I can get used to the formatting of these posts and stuff. Jasonnaas 02:21, Jan 26, 2005 (UTC)

Yesss! [punch air]
That was EXACTLY what help I needed -- I couldn't quite get the syntax right on my own, nor could I find a tutorial page for assistance. Thanks again.

Corgi 08:40, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)

VfD/Ohio Wesleyan buildings
Hi Dbenbenn — thanks for merging the information in the articles to Ohio Wesleyan University. One question: several people (including myself) noted that the pages that were being voted on would have the wrong title even if kept ("Wesleyan" being the name of any number of different universities). As it is, these are the articles that have now been turned into redirects, and thus the redirects still have incorrect titles. Should I just go ahead and move them to their correct titles? Thanks,   — Asbestos | Talk 23:42, 26 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Hi Asbestos, I think the easiest thing to do is just make redirects from whatever pages you think need them. Alternatively, you could move, for example, Elliott Hall, Wesleyan to Elliott Hall, Ohio Wesleyan, but that would just result in a redirect at Elliott Hall, Wesleyan pointing to Elliott Hall, Ohio Wesleyan.  Redirects are cheap, so having a redirect from the wrong title isn't really a problem.  Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 00:10, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Looking back at the VfD, you wrote "As far as I understand, a merge doesn't usually imply a redirect". I'm pretty sure that's wrong.  The GFDL requires that if you merge text from X to Y, then you have to keep the page history of X.  Thus, a vote of "merge and delete" just means "merge", because it can't be deleted after the merge.  dbenbenn | talk 00:30, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Medical analysis of circumcision
I thought that you needed to have it explained why O'Hara and Bensley/Boyle are not considered suitable for inclusion in the article.

See the following for discussion on Bensley/Boyle:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Medical_analysis_of_circumcision/Archive_2#Bensley.2FBoyle_survey

For the simple explanation of why the O'Hara survey is unaccepatble see the last paragraph of that link.

I trust you will now let matters be and cease to try and force unscientific trash in Wikipedia articles. Thanking you in anticipation. - Robert the Bruce 20:42, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Asbestos, this is left in reply to a comment left on my user talk page.

I have no objections to the inclusion of the Cochrane HIV report (though I may have reservations over the wording - rather than a balanced report some individuals seem intent upon extracting the few sentences or partial sentences that support their POV). However, I do object to the O'Hara "study" being included - it's clearly nonsense, and the article is better off without it. If it must be referenced, I will ensure that the version you and I agreed upon is included rather than the wild anti-circ POV version. However, I will not act to the detriment of Wiki or the article, which I feel reincluding that paragraph would do. - Jakew 00:29, 31 Jan 2005 (UTC)

welcoming users
We're trying out a new bootcamp system to introduce users to wikipedia in an active, more friendly way.

I noticed you adding welcome messages yesterday; can you add a reference when you greet new users?

Cheers, +sj +  04:02, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, templates work fine one level deep. If you come to a bootcamp you can learn more about templates :-) +sj  +

Espresso
Hi Asbestos, I am Italian and I can guarantee you that espresso comes from Latin ex premĕre (doh, I think); the Italian verb esprimere's past participle is indeed irregular and is "espresso". It is normally used in sentences as Gli ho espresso le mie preoccupazioni ("I expressed him my concers"), which is consistent with the idea of "getting something out". The irregularity is awkward since there are other similar verbs, as "premere" and "spremere" that have plain and regular past participles.

There is no immediate connection between espresso and speed, except express trains. However, these trains are no longer used in Italy anyway, since they changed the name to InterCity in order to be more expensive. :-(

Express trains, in turn, got their name originally because they were "pushed" through less important stations, stopping only at larger hubs. Orzetto 14:54, 9 Feb 2005 (UTC)

WikiMagic
Thanks for letting me know, and I'm glad you could join. I don't expect you to be hyperactive. I'm unvolved in far too much other stuff myself. Happy editing! Mgm|(talk) 08:22, Feb 10, 2005 (UTC)

Get your ass out of my edits!!
Stop vandalizing my edits! If wikipedia wont allow me to edit freely then I wont edit at all!!!! There was no reason for you to revert my entry on the list of Egyptians page. You probably just did it because some other editor friend told you to!!! what do u know about famous egyptians anyway??! Get a life!!! What you called vandalism was me reverting my contributions to this trashcan, because honestly I wont edit of a resource that finds fart fetishism a notable subject and rejects other truly notable subjects because most lousy perverted wikipedia users are narrow minded. What are you here for to push an agenda? or to create a truly comprehensive encyclopedia? Omar Filini 11:02, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

ThankYou
I'm not sure I've understood the ~.

No I have! Thanks a lot. I haven't seen anything like this before: Wikipedia's potentiality is huge. I love it Entropia 14:44, Feb 16, 2005 (UTC)

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
hey why are you erasing my posts!

I know its nowhere near perfect, but if its not up, nobodys going to be able to veiw and edit it and condese, Im just the messanger, wiki is your domain, all I ask is you please read all, and post was you feel relevant, thanks. - 198.53.203.36.

Anon edits
Thanks for your message! I have now created an account and am currently testing how to use it. — J I P | Talk 08:49, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Kiltnballs
''Hi Angr — this is just a heads-up that I've listed Image:Kiltnballs.JPG at Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion as it was orphaned (no articles link to it), out-of-focus, and appears to be unencyclopedic. If you think otherwise, feel free to say so there or at my talk page. — Asbestos | Talk 19:31, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)''
 * Hey Abestos, that's cool. It was at Kilt, where I felt it was relevant to the topic under discussion, but someone removed it a few days ago on grounds of being in poor taste. Whatever. I won't vote to keep it. --Angr 19:41, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Wonders of the World
Category: Wonders of the World (discussion) is listed on CfD again. You voted for its deletion the last time it was listed there so you may want to vote so again. See Categories for deletion. – Kpalion (talk) 09:14, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

No problem
I saw him add spam to penis earlier so decided to check on his contributes and undid the last bit of vandalism remaining, your talk page. Cool Hand Luke  12:26, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Apples, Vaud
No, I wasn't talking to you. My edit comment just referred to the nonsense "Habitants: Renards", which the anon user copied over from Apples. The problem with this is that I have never, ever heard anyone refer to any person from the village of Apples as a "renard" (which is French and means "fox"). At best, this could be an in-joke. And I happen to live quite near. I wonder where fr:Utilisateur:Greatpatton (User:Greatpatton) lives... BTW, your reverts are fine: Apples is a village, so there is no sense in talking about a capital. On the territory of the commune of Apples, there is exactly one incorporated settlement: the village Apples. Lupo

Universism Undeletion
Asbestos, please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_undeletion#Universist_Movement Universist 03:41, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Image_sleuthing
Any word yet? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 17:16, Mar 13, 2005 (UTC)

Edit count
I noticed that you had a link to the old site for kate's tools on your user page. The new page is at http://kohl.wikimedia.org/~kate/cgi-bin/count_edits.cgi – ABCD 02:03, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Good bye
Asbestos-

Thank you for your rich opinions on Wikipedia. I have closed my user page and am leaving Wikipedia.

Keep your eyes on his latest round of sock puppets: OWURob, Patnaik, OWU07, et.al. I think that you'll find with me gone, they'll evaporate as well.

My best to you - and remember to keep your eye on Rananim; he is cruel and he is dangerous He is a liar who will turn on you when it no longer serves his purpose to use you has he has in these past few weeks. Stude62 14:08, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

deletion of image deletion
It was an accident I guess Rmrfstar 02:23, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Spam?
Sorry Man.... Did not know that "external links" to providers of the subject matter at hand counted as "spam" - Where are the rules of Wikipedia? Read about the site in the WSJ. BMI Gaming is the leading national provider of old video arcade games, and though we would be a good resource for those looking to purchase older games. We have be written about in the New York Times, Fortune Magazine, Wired, etc.... - User talk:65.8.14.99 10:21, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

After reading up on the guidelines of Wiki, we object to your categorization of our placing of external links in specific gaming categorys of unique and very hard to find products that we carry. Each and every catagory we have placed a link in we actually carry that title game for sale on our web site, www.bmigaming.com. BMI Gaming is the largest consumer provider of video arcade games and pinball machines in the nation, with over 500 arcade games for sale at any given time. We also host the world's largest showroom and museum of arcade games, with over 220 games set on free play in our showroom based in Boca Raton, FL. We have been written about in the New York Times, FORTUNE Magazine, Wired Magazine, The Robb Report, and countless other local and regional newspapers, in addition to national radio shows and PBS TV.

I would ask politely that you replace the hard work we tried to accomplice this evening, based on Wiki guidelines as set forth here, that we quickly found and read after receiving your messages about us "spamming" the site....

From this site:

 * Advertising. Articles about companies and products are fine if they are written in an objective and unbiased style and their subject is relevant enough to merit an article.

 * External links to commercial organisations are acceptable if they can serve to identify major corporations associated with a topic (see finishing school for an example). Please note Wikipedia does not endorse any businesses and it does not set up affiliate programs.

Please reply via email since we haveyet to setup an account here

Sincerely,

Dave info@bmigaming.com BMI Gaming - The World's Largest Gaming Superstore Boca Raton, FL 561-391-7200 / 877-FLA-PINS

--

Reply to your post: What we are attempting to do is PERFECTLY FINE by the guidelines on the site. We are NOT "spamming", but very selectively placing one external link in gaming categories where we are experts in the subhect matter at hand.

It would appear from your actions and the guidelines there that you are imposing your own anti-capitalist or communistic views here, which go against the written guidelines stated above taken directly from this site, and denying anyone looking for arcade game information or to buy a game the right to make their own decision. We are NOT just a "e-commerce" site peddling wiggets, but a community, with over 400 pages and over 750,000 words in our web site, with many informative articles about how to buy a machines, how to ship a machine, what to look for in a machine, machine details, pictures, production dates and amounts, game features, gameroom planning information and much more. We are the LEADING RESOURCE on the web and in our local area for people interested in considering arcade games for the home, and by that definition, we should be more than entitled to place strategic links to our site anywhere there is synergy with the subject matter at hand (arcade games) and our expertise in the subject matter. If you have a legitimate complaint, thats another matter. User:65.8.14.99 (Dave) 11:00, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcoming message
The title pretty much sums it up, doesn't it? Thanks for the message, it made me feel welcome. I hope my contributions are appreciated by the community Sarg 14:20, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi again. Since you said I could ask you if I had problems, here I am with my first one :) I'm having a little problem with VfD. I want to nominate an article called Cheeses%85 because it is a duplicate. As you can see, it has ... in its name, which is displayed with %85. The problem comes when I have to update today's [| log on VfD] with 'Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Cheeses%85'. It doesn't recognize the link. I have tried with other formatting techniques, but without much success. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Sarg 13:08, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * What a mess! Apparently Andy and you fixed it. Now it is working as needed. Thanks a lot! Sarg 15:11, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Spam?
Hi Jmabel — could I just get a quick second opinion on whether you think these contributions by User:65.8.14.99 count as spam? I've reverted them all, but have since recieved several angry messages and emails saying they ought not be counted as spam (and, oddly, calling me a Communist). If you have a moment, I'd appreciate an opinion. Thanks! — Asbestos | Talk  10:48, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course. Absolutely spam, and commercial spam at that. Not even in a gray zone. -- Jmabel | Talk 15:43, Mar 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Asbestos -- I happened to come across this exchange with Dave, and I'd just like to let you know this is 100% grade A link spam, no preservatives or artificial sweeteners added. My advice to you is to ignore Dave's missives and keep on reverting his spam. Regards & happy editing, Wile E. Heresiarch 07:01, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I normally avoid using the epithet 'spam', but it seems entirely justified in this case. There is no attempt to establish relevance to the article on which the advertisement is placed.  Noisy | Talk 09:31, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

Clerk Mentality
Hi Sam..

So what exactly is your personal defination of "arbritrary links" in the context of your email comments below? Because Wiki sure does not have one, at least where I have read - Perhaps you might send me the link to it please.

Also, you point out below : "Linking the article "Joust", for instance, toan _informative_, non-commercial article on your site _might_ be within the external linking policy" (sic) -

Sam, have you ever READ Wiki's "external linking policy" or is this just more your bullshit, anti-capitalist office clerk mentality behavioral pattern intended to foster your own self-esteem? You most definitely have NO clue whatsoever as to what Wiki really is about, at least by your offering up your utterly stupid comment that "Wikipedia is about creating an encyclopedia" - Especially then Wiki SPECIFICALLY goes out of its way to state that it is NOT an encyclopedia... Or did do you miss that part in "administer" training? ( Also, for my records, what other two administrators did you "consult" with on this issue? (I saw one above from "Jmabel", who I would take does not have a clue about video arcade games, or us for that matter, or about the published Wiki policy on commercial links) - I have a friend or two here that I would like to discuss your reacent actions with before moving furthur into it.

David

user
How to change the user name? I would like to do it.

Märklin boxes
Hi

yes I do think its good information, collectors use the information as well as the print run information to try and date their Märklin equipment. I am hoping that others will add the actual date ranges to the article to improve the accuracy of dating an item.

Regarding the images, I thought that checking the box on the upload page would indicate the rights stuff - so I will go and look at that again and try to add the info. I took them all and am happy to put them into the Public Domain...

Dale

Thx for Templates Tip
Thanks for the tip on templates. I made those changes. It will save me a few seconds of OpenInNewWindow/Copy/Paste time from now on. I borrowed your anonymous user boilerplate on User:Feco/Templates. It's mirrored there, with the only change being I stuck my sig at the bottom (see User:Feco/anon). Let me know it's ok for me to use your template. Feco 19:52, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Follow-up Q on templates... I have them working fine, although I find they're prone to edits by other users. For example, I post on someone's talk page. If they click the EDIT link by that section, it launches the editor on my template. I tried sticking a  on my templates, but that doesn't seem to help. Any tips? Feco 00:16, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Free iPods
the free iPods is not a scam. i know a lot fo people who have recieved theirs. i think it's a great idea that other people shoudl know about. isn't that the point of this? to spread information freely? and who doesn't like free stuff?

Six degrees of Wikipedia
No, I didn't know about Six Degrees of Wikipedia. Thanks for the link! BTW, you're the first person to respond to that item since I put it on my user page about 2 years ago. -- llywrch 16:11, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More Thanks,at yours
Hello. i is for me one great honour and poses much pride in aid in this articles of japanese nationalism,japanese defensive politicis 1905-40 to asian mainland,strike north and south groups and south sea areas.

some historians and certain persons questioned about of why type of ideology and/or political and philosopical ideals can to move at figth at Imperial japanese forces during ww2? or how are the political and military think why theirs poses or which are your ideological and political doctrines why are use to trained at Imperial military Japanese forces?

well,i expect why my little and humble support can to present any response at respect or for less served how point of cominzed to one posterior historical analizes or discusion at respect,for compared these doctrines and ideology with other axis companions; Germany and Italy or the Allies counterparts;British,Dutch,China,USSR or USA military ,ideological and political doctrines,but in historical sense,clear.

i am having to oportunity to knowed over particular topic and decide to present historical information at respect with informative pourposes.

if one very scarcy knowed topic ,why appareing interesting in military and political history,if how i can to cover one absence of information at respect,thing why prided much.i remember why debt to continuing my personal work in karafuto economics and social aspects and general information of manchukuo(economical,social,farming,geographical,etc) why i stay incomplete still.i poses similar information of Meng Chiang State too,why liked to sended at yours.

for way i present one historic list of diverse source of additional information of general and political aspects for all interest in know more about of lifestyle,political,ideological and other aspects of Japanese Empire during 30s and 40s years times.

more thanks at yours,for permit aided for your historical sources.

Your Humble server Wladimir K. Panama (ancient username Wladk.)

change of username
I can't change my username. I wish to do this. But sign shows, that service don't work. What should I do in this situation?

 * I'm not sure exactly what you did. Did you go to Special:Userlogin, type in your desired username, type in your password both times, and press "Create account"? If so it should have worked. — Asbestos | Talk  12:50, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

freeipods
cmon, couldnt you leave that up for a little, its not like i was defacing the site or anything, it actually fit into the article. humorless bastard...
 * What fit into which article? Assuming this is about Free iPods, I merely voted to delete the site. Oh, and possibly removed your referral number — I guess that's what you mean. Tough, I guess. That's not what articles are for. — Asbestos | Talk  08:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

cog sci
There are only a few schools that offer that major, my school cmu being one, and I didnt think wesly did. How did you major there? Were there any job openings after that or did you have to go to grad school?

 * You're right, actually. Wesleyan doesn't have a cognitive science major. I had to apply and design it myself, doing what they call a "University Major." It was nice as it meant that I could pick and choose all the interesting classes out of Neurobiology, Philosophy and Psychology, without taking otherwise-required large introductory classes.
 * As for jobs — I didn't even look. At the time I wasn't interested in a job in cog sci, and went straight to grad school to study AI. Now, who knows? Might think about going back into a cog sci related field. We'll see, I guess. — Asbestos | Talk  08:19, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Great Wall of China hoax
I actually don't have to book, it was cited by a man who contributed this story to another book and cited this book as his reference. As far as what he took from the book I don't know. The only sentences word for word I used are the quotes by reporters. I added my own historical information and topic headings that he didn't have. I borrowed a few adverbs, but not one sentence is 'word for word'. Admittedly, it is not a standard encyclopedic type entry, I really don't know how to make it otherwise. Actually if you read it carefully, you will probably find many grammatical errors, as generally I tend to ignore grammar, and let others fix it. Also the word "incredible" one dictionary definition of this word is 'something hard to believe', so it really isn't an opinion word the way I'm using it. Feel free to correct or rewrite what doesn't make sense, although I prefer no information be deleted. LibraryLion

No problem, and thanks for your comments. I think I will write on the discussion page some specifics on the article just to clarify. LibraryLion

Ball High School
Look at the Talk:Ball High School page Texaswebscout 10:14, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for the friendly welcome
Thanks for the welcome. I'll read the links you sent to me. Ta.

Beli 10:16, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)beli

Thanks for the heads up
Apologies. I was not aware of Wikipedia's policy on pictures but will remove it ASAP. Regards, Salva 20:02, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Papal Installation and What's Possible
This will all be moot Sunday,but I still firmly disagree with your position on what is more speculative/realistic.To assume that a man given five days to undergo a ceremony can replace that ceremony and come up with a very expensive central item for the replacement ceremony--which is what the text you retain suggests-- is extremely speculative.That his cited traditionalism may manifest itself in a commitment to restore the Coronation as at least an option for future Popes,as I suggest in the text you have deleted twice,is clearly,as I state,more likely.--Louis Epstein/le@put.com/12.144.5.2 18:31, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Italian translation
Thanks for help with Italian text. -PioM talk 19:31, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Style usage vote
I believe that your vote in Survey_on_Style-Prefixed_Honorary_Titles does not match the comments you make in explanation. The option you vote for is to prefix all known styles--including those of "any random person" (e.g. the fringe anti-Popes). Of course, it's your vote to make; but you might want to read the stated options again. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 18:02, 2005 Apr 30 (UTC)

Hey Asbestos! Thanx for your welcome note!
Thanx for that friendly welcome of yours....I promise to do my duty as a Wikipedian!!! Keep up the good work!!!

Padillo 6:57, 08 May 2005

Bootcamps
Hi Asbestos,

There hasn't been much sustained interest in the bootcamp. On a few occasions there have been gatherings there to cover specific topics, and for a while there were weekly meetings on Thursdays. What I found is that people would occasionally pop into the IRC channel during the day, but unless there was an announcement in other IRC chans, nobody would show up. The bootcamps we had were full of non-newbies who were curious (and often learned something)... maybe we need something else for the true newbs? I wonder if I should just cancel the whole thing. +sj +  20:04, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

"Vote corralling" discussion

 * moved from User talk:Whig

His belief iii is correct, not incorrect. He was asking people not to vote their true preferences, i.e., to prevent any option but A from winning, by voting dishonest preferences for B, C, D, in order to block Z. Votes for B, C, D will not block Z. A vote for A and only A is a vote against Z, a vote for A>B>C>D>Z is also a vote against Z, accorded no greater weight for having ranked B, C and D. His mistaken belief that the system could be gamed in this way is not the point, except insofar as it demonstrated a flaw in the Debian modification of CSSD. Asking people not to vote their true preferences is asking them to vote dishonestly, whatever his motivations may have been and however ill-founded his expectations.

And yes, I was angry, but I am not made to feel he acted in good faith simply because he was in error about the consequence. I gladly assume good faith where an advocation to dishonesty is not made. The record to the contrary speaks for itself. Whig 17:50, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't help but think it a little hypocritical, though, that you and Lulu appear to be discussing votes that you state are not your actual preferences, while criticizing Jtdirl for suggesting that other people do the same. Changing your vote "to try to avoid an inconclusive survey result" may be laudable, but above you note that not voting your true preferences is voting dishonestly, and it is on this categorical principle that you have attacked Jtdirl. As both sets of actions are designed to influence the survey by not voting for one's true preference, but instead by calculating the effect of a ranking on the over-all outcome, I can't help but notice a level of hypocrisy in your attacks.
 * FWIW, though, I've changed my votes so that 3>1: Options 1 and 2 are clearly illogical and I freely admit that I don't know what I was thinking. — Asbestos | Talk  21:04, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I would note, Asbestos, that I disagreed with Whig's suggestion that Jtdirl acted inappropriately in encouraging voters to complete their preferences. And on my User:talk page, I stated that I also felt that Whig's suggestion seemed to be for tactical voting (and I did not change my vote in accordance with Whig's recommendation).  That said, I don't really think there is anything wrong with tactical voting as a matter of principle.  So while Jtdirl was not wrong, neither is Whig, really.  That said, my own vote now reflects my actual preference (and has all along, though I had a slight change of opinion along the way on the merits of alternatives 4 and 3; my first two preferences either way though). Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 22:20, 2005 May 12 (UTC)

 * copied from User talk:Whig

 * I'm not opposed to Alternative 3, and I prefer to compromise in favor of the "non-Alternative 1" consensus than to allow those who might swing their votes at the last minute to intentionally create a deadlock from using my vote to help them be able to do so. Call it defensive strategy if you like, but it is my honest preference, given Lulu's insightful observation above [on my Talk page]. Whig 23:05, 12 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Btw, if you'll note my last comment on the now-archived thread at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (biographies)/Survey on Style-Prefixed Honorary Titles/Vote Corralling in reply to Bratsche: "A compromise can be considered tactical, but it isn't dishonest." Whig 03:33, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

Capoeira
Not sure how to respond to messages. I typed it up in my talk page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:TomCerul#Angola

Disrupting Wikipedia vote
You voted once for the policy at Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. Despite a 75% support that vote was rejected by the minority. A new vote has been called with a two week limit at Wikipedia talk:Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. Please take a moment to participate. Thanks. - Tεx  τ  urε  17:10, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

3RR

 * moved from User talk:E.A

Hi, firstly apologies for the anon edit, my PC has got a virus, have to access internet from safe mode, forgot to log in.

Thanks for your involvement, the reason i have had to relentlessy revert is because Argy edits have turned a relatively neutral article into a list of legal rulings with no analysis, insulting language to Turkish Cypriots and downright lies. He has made no compromises while i have reworded my edits to get him to stop reverting. He has discounted my sources (even though their the same as his!), he has listed a section of human right abuses by Turks, but refuses any wrongdoing was done unto Turks. I would be glad to be rid of this article, but it seems, with the exception of rather good anon edits today and Schnuder, that no one is interested in balancing and removing his insulting POV's.

 * I can't comment on the article at hand, knowing very little about it. What you could do, however, would be to list the article at Requests for comment (under Article content disputes), and place a notice in the article's talk page saying that you have done so. This should encourage other editors who know about the situation to discuss the article and try to reach some consensus on what should and what should not be in the article.
 * Whatever you do, though, you should try to stop reverting the article. An admin who sees that would be liable to block you immediately, even if your version of the article is more accurate. — Asbestos | Talk  21:22, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Hi,

A very qualified user is producing an excellent and impartial article on the Cyprus conflict, user Argyrosargyrou is again filling it with hate filled drivel. Is there no way to stop him? Im not too clued up on procedures in Wikipedia. Thanks. --E.A 15:33, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Flaming POI FPC
Hi Asbestos,

I've just closed the FPC vote on your photo Image:FlamingPoi.jpg. It ended up not getting promoted, which I feel is a shame. I must admit I hadn't noticed that tide had turned with the later 'no' votes. However most of these were technical concerns over compression artifacts — I think they were worrying about the blockiness and checkerboard patterns in the dark orange/black regions bordering the flames.

It may be possible to fix this with a less compressed version of the photo then renominating it for FPC in a month or so. Let me know if I can help. -- Solipsist 06:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Asbestos/Archive3


text: Category:191 BC deaths

title: Category:191 BC deaths


text:
Brian Bromberg

Brian Bromberg (born December 5, 1960) is an American jazz bassist and record producer who performs on electric and acoustic instruments.

Biography
Bromberg was born on December 5, 1960, in Tucson, Arizona. His father and brother both played drums, which influenced him to take up the instrument, and at the age of 13 he began seriously pursuing a career as a drummer. Around this time, the leader of his school orchestra steered him towards the upright bass. From then on, he committed himself to a strict practice regimen and even "tested out of high school early" because of the rigorous schedule he set for himself.

Bromberg felt it was essential to gain experience playing live and he accepted virtually every gig he could get. He often played "five to seven nights a week with several different bands." In 1979, Marc Johnson, the bassist working with jazz pianist Bill Evans, heard Bromberg's playing and recommended him to saxophonist Stan Getz, who needed a new bass player. Getz auditioned Bromberg and hired him, and at the age of 19, with only six years of experience on the bass, he found himself touring internationally. Bromberg later worked with other big names in the music business, and become a producer for artists in his genre.

In March 2011, Bromberg partnered with Carvin Guitars to produce a signature model electric bass. The B24 and B25 were based on his own design, which had previously been manufactured by Peavey and Dean. In 2014, Carvin rebranded to Kiesel for most new instruments, and the Brian Bromberg model followed suit in 2015.

Releases as a solo artist
Bromberg's early albums were in the smooth jazz genre and his first two, New Day 1986) and Basses Loaded (1988), caught the attention of smooth jazz radio. His third album, Magic Rain (1989) "became the most played album on smooth jazz radio during the first week of its release". Bromberg's fourth record, BASSically Speaking, consisted of his oldest material re-mastered with new additions, and reached reached top 5 on the radio charts and No. 7 on the Billboard sales charts.

In 1991 he put out a straightforward jazz album, It's About Time, The Acoustic Project, which reached number four on the mainstream jazz charts. He also recorded in a trio with Freddie Hubbard and Ernie Watts. After It's About Time, he returned to smooth jazz and released Brian Bromberg in 1993. The label went out of business in the week it was released.

Bromberg took a break from recording to design basses for Peavey and tour as a clinician, In 1991 he signed with Zebra Records. In February 1998, he released a new album, You Know That Feeling, recorded with Rick Braun, Joe Sample, Jeff Lorber, and Everette Harp. It became his most successful yet and was the first smooth jazz number one record of his career, producing three singles in a row that each went to number three on the charts. The album spent seventeen consecutive months on the charts, eight months in the top ten, and nearly six months in the top five. It was the fifth most-played smooth jazz album of the year. Songs from You Know That Feeling are still played on smooth jazz stations across America.

After You Know That Feeling, Bromberg's albums moved on from his smooth jazz roots. Wood (2002), produced by a Japanese label, was recorded with pianist Randy Waldman and brother David Bromberg on drums. In addition to the solo pieces, Wood and Wood 2 (with drummer Vinnie Colaiuta replacing David Bromberg) contain interpretations of music by Wayne Shorter and Woody Herman. In 2003, Bromberg made a record titled Jaco, in which he performed Jaco Pastorius songs. Two Years later (in 2005) he released Metal with drummer Joel Taylor.

Bromberg uses a piccolo bass on some of his recordings for melody lines instead of six-string guitars. This unusual instrumentation, tuned an octave higher than usual, is explained in the liner notes. "There are no guitar melodies or solos on this recording. All guitar-sounding parts are played on piccolo bass".

Bromberg has produced eight top-ten hits, seven top-five hits, and two number-one hits. He plays a 300-year-old double bass and also uses Dean, Bob Mick, Mick Donner and Peavey basses with Epifani amplification. He owns a signature edition Carvin bass.

Releases with the JB Project
In 2003 Bromberg formed The JB Project with Jazz Fusion drummer Akira Jimbo. Their first release Brombo! was published in 2003, featuring Otmaro Ruíz on piano, and contained a mixture of classical music (Ode To Joy by Beethoven), Jazz standards (Giant Steps by John Coltrane, So What by Miles Davis), Contemporary/Pop piecew (Mambo No. 5 by Pérez Prado, And I Love Her by John Lennon & Paul McCartney), as well as their own material. A second release, Brombo II!!, followed in 2004, and a third, Brombo III!!!, in 2017. On this album, piano players Patrice Rushen and Jeff Lorber can be heard, in addition to Otmaro Ruíz, who played on all three JB Project albums.

Discography

 * A New Day (1986)
 * Basses Loaded (1988)
 * Magic Rain (1989)
 * BASSically Speaking (1990)
 * It's About Time: The Acoustic Project (1991)
 * Brian Bromberg (1993)
 * You Know That Feeling (1997)
 * Wood (2002)
 * Jaco (2002)
 * Brombo! JB Project (2003)
 * Choices (2004)
 * Bass Freak Out (2004)
 * Brombo II!! JB Project (2004)
 * Metal (2005)
 * Wood II (2006)
 * Downright Upright (2007)
 * Hands (2009)
 * It Is What It Is (2009)
 * Bromberg Plays Hendrix (2010)
 * Compared To That (2012)
 * In the Spirit of Jobim (2012)
 * Full Circle (2016)
 * Brombo III!!! JB Project (2017)
 * Thicker Than Water (2018)
 * Celebrate Me Home: The Holiday Sessions (2020)
 * A Little Driving Music (2021)
 * The Magic of Moonlight (2023)

title: Brian Bromberg


text:
West Vračar

West Vračar or Zapadni Vračar (Serbian Cyrillic: Западни Врачар), is a former urban neighborhood and municipality of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It was located in Belgrade's municipality of Savski Venac to which northern section it generally corresponds today.

Location
Zapadni Vračar was located in the area which today covers the northern part of the municipality of Savski Venac. It bordered the neighborhoods of Savamala and Bara Venecija to the north, Istočni Vračar (today Vračar) to the east and Senjak and Jatagan Mala (today Mostar and Prokop) to the south. It makes the western part of the much larger former neighborhood of Vračar.

History
Building of Zapadni Vračar marks the start of the construction of modern Belgrade, after the Ottoman occupation. It was constructed with broad streets and boulevards, parks and monuments. It was housing all Serbian public buildings and state institutions, in the first half of the 19th century.

The Christian population which lived within the moat of the medieval Belgrade's Kalemegdan fortress, overpopulated the city. Due to the Turkish presence, it was demanded that Prince Miloš Obrenović spread the surroundings.

The immediate surroundings comprised the villages of Savamala, Palilula, and large uninhibited reclaimed areas of what used to be the "Ciganska Bara", later renamed into Bara Venecija, broad swampy areas and vineyards). Belgrade's rich went hunting wild geese to the unnamed pool, nowadays the crossroads of Kneza Miloša and Kralja Milana's streets. Where the Zeleni Venac market is today, at the beginning of the 20th century was a pool, as well as the site of an unsuccessful attempt of the construction of the National Theatre.

From 1929 to 1935 a public swimming pool was built within the complex of the DIF building. It was the second such venue in Belgrade, after the 1904 pool at the Steam Bath of the Brothers Krsmanović, in the neighborhood of Dorćol.

A densely urbanized block was built right above the Slavija square, along the Kragujevac Road, modern Liberation Boulevard. In the triangularly shaped area between the boulevard and Tiršova and Katićeva streets, a massive building of the Teacher's Center was built, "a jewel of architect Nikola Nestorović". It was adjoined by the annex - the Pensionary - designed by Đura Bodrošić, facing Katićeva, and Mining Directorate, facing the boulevard. Across the Katićeva are two old mansions built by industrialist Đorđe Roš and his brother. The triangular area was hit on 6 April 1941 during the German bombing of Belgrade, and after two days of fire, completely burned to the ground, while the Roš' mansions across the street survived. Area was left empty until the 1960s, when was adapted into a park-like green area, which was finally adapted into the proper park in 2021.

In August 2021 it was announced that city's Institute for the Cultural Monuments' Protection is conducting a study on declaring two sections of West Vračar a protected spatial cultural-historical units: West Vračar and State Hospital Complex.

Municipality

The municipality of Vračar was officially formed in 1952 after Belgrade was administratively reorganized from districts (rejon) to municipalities. Already on September 1, 1955 Vračar was divided into Zapadni Vračar and Istočni Vračar. Year and a half later, on January 1, 1957, parts of Istočni Vračar merged with the municipality of Neimar and the western part of the municipality of Terazije to create new, albeit the smallest one municipality in Belgrade. Zapadni Vračar merged with the municipality of Topčidersko Brdo to create the municipality of Savski Venac, while the easternmost section of Istočni Vračar became part of the municipality of Zvezdara. Zapadni Vračar is still a name of the small local community within Savski Venac, with a population of 7,644 in 2002 (15,991 including neighboring local communities).

Features
The Building of the "Matica" Sokol House is located in the neighborhood, at 27 Deligradska Street. It is better known today as the Old DIF (Stari DIF). The building was constructed from 1929 to 1935. Original plans envisioned much more sculptural ornaments on the façade, but during the construction the project was reduced to the more plain appearance. It was designed by architect Momir Korunović, known as the "Serbian Gaudi", and is today considered his best public service object in Belgrade. The building was declared a cultural monument in 2007. Decorative lights were placed on the building in November 2021.

At 79 Svetozara Markovića Street (originally, 62 Studenička Street), a building of the Czech House was built in 1928. It was built by the Czechs living in Belgrade. The lot was purchased in 1925 and the construction began in October 1926. Kindergarten, school, theatrical hall and numerous offices were located in the building, designed by Alois Mezera. After 1938, it became a major stopover for Czech refugees who fled Czechoslovakia and waited for French immigration papers. After German occupation of Belgrade in 1941, the Czech school was turned into the German one. The Czech school was restored in 1946, but was closed in 1960 as it had small number of pupils. The state nationalized the building in 1964. The building was never protected, but was part of preliminary (temporary) protected areas of Vračar, and later of West Vračar, which expired in 2020. It hosts the offices of the West Vračar local community. In May 2021, Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić stated that the building will be donated to the Czech Republic.

title: West Vračar


text:
User talk:Ronald Bennett

Welcome to Wikipedia, Daniel

 * Don't be afraid to edit articles - be bold
 * If you have any problems, visit the help page, ask me via my talk page or when you see me, or contact your local Wikipedia administrator.
 * Why not start right now. If you're not sure where to go, try searching, browsing, or just jump straight in at a random page.

Also, if you look towards the top of your page, you will find that you can view a page's discussion or edit history, edit it or add it to your watchlist, or look at your user page, talk page, preferences, watchlist of contributions list.

Good look in the Wikipedia world - Jawr256 11:26, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Middle-earth
Hello, !

Thank you for joining WikiProject Middle-earth and contributing to improve Tolkien-related articles. We are glad to have you join in the effort!

Here're some good links and subpages related to our WikiProject.

 * Middle-earth WikiProject discussion
 * Middle-earth WikiProject things to do - A compilation of all the tasks that are needed to do
 * Middle-earth Standards (talk)
 * Middle-earth WikiProject Portal

If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to ask on our talk page.

Thank you for your contributions and have fun editing!

P.S. Just letting you know that there's a new proposal of the syntax by Carcharoth here, so please share your opinion as a WP:ME participant. — Mir  l   e   n   22:56, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

HI BENNETT
I'm just trying to practise with Wikipedia. I'm JP (in your set @ Archie [9-1]) How ya doin' Bennet!!! If you wanna talk to me I'm Don Black. What a cool name I hear you ask. Yes, I know. Ask questions about VIDEOGAMES, and I'm your man. See you later Ronald Don Black 14:12, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

DON BLACK
Yo. Do ya know how to create entirely new pages? Don Black 12:23, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ronald Bennett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Speed of monochromatic light

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:18, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Speed of monochromatic light
Not sure if this is original research, an attempt at communication, or something else entirely; but it's not an encyclopedia article. Delete Rlandmann 11:28, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) Thanks Mike but back again! If a fixed frequency approaches me with the speed of light and I am receding at half the speed of light its frequency will appear to be reduced. This makes me think that I must be receiving it more slowly and I am stuck on this point. It looks like simple logic and the fallacy is eluding me. Arthur Hinks. — RJH 15:45, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hopelessly misguided. A hint for the author: speed of light in vacuum is always constant, and doesn't depend on its frequency (or on the relative speed of the source and the observer; see theory of relativity). Delete. - Mike Rosoft
 * Response: I know.  But I want to know how the constant speed of light squares with the Doppler effect between monochromatic light and white light.  The Doppler effect shows a change of frequency which seems to imply a lower speed of approach. Arthur Hinks.
 * No, change of frequency does not imply a change in speed of light. (Once again, speed of light in vacuum is always constant.) It implies a change of its wave length. The following equation holds for the wave length of light (and any other wave): $$\lambda = \frac{c}{f} $$ Where λ is the wave length, c is the speed of the wave's propagation, and f is frequency. - Mike Rosoft 17:02, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:23, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per WP:NOR. Kappa 12:59, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — "...clearly showing that the monochrome signal must have slowed down." Huh? Only true in a non-vacuum medium, per widely accepted physics principles. (C.f. special relativity.) Article appears to be personal research and opinion, with no references. Topic already covered by doppler shift article.

I DIDN'T MEAN SLOWED DOWN. Sorry I misled you! Please, please comment on this new summary;- IN A NUTSHELL: A red shifted hydrogen marker strikes us at a lower frequency, telling us that WE must be receding from it’s source (Hubble). The implication of that is that the light (COMING IN AT SPEED C) is hitting us more slowly! Arthur Hinks.

 * Delete: I learned some physics!  And at the university, they said it couldn't be done! (Original research and Deep Thoughts.) Geogre 18:27, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge anything salvageable with Group velocity and/or Phase velocity
 * Delete in agreement with Mike R. I already knew some physics.  I see no indication that Doppler shift or any other article would gain (rather than lose) usefulness by merging any content from this article.  Maybe the stretching of this finite (or perhaps infinitesimal) information over more not-paper would cause the knowledge to be accelerated.  Barno 19:54, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as original research. Nothing there that can be merged. --Carnildo 22:07, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as (un)original (non)research. Mike is right: Einstein's theory shows that light does not ever, in a vacuum, change speed. This applies whether you are in motion or not - whether towards or away from the beam of light. The speed of light, $$c$$ is so denoted because it is The Universal Constant. Wikipedia is not really the place for asking questions - there are many websites out there that provide just such a service. -Splash 22:30, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Stockholm Codex Aureus

The Stockholm Codex Aureus (Stockholm, National Library of Sweden, MS A. 135, also known as the Codex Aureus of Canterbury and Codex Aureus Holmiensis) is a Gospel book written in the mid-eighth century in Southumbria, probably in Canterbury, whose decoration combines Insular and Italian elements. Southumbria produced a number of important illuminated manuscripts during the eighth and early ninth centuries, including the Vespasian Psalter, the Stockholm Codex Aureus, three Mercian prayer books (the Royal Prayer book, the Book of Nunnaminster and the Book of Cerne), the Tiberius Bede and the British Library's Royal Bible.

Description
The manuscript has 193 surviving folios which measure 395 by. It contains the text of the four Gospels in Latin written in an uncial script on vellum leaves that alternately are dyed purple and undyed. The purple-dyed leaves are written with gold, silver, and white pigment, the undyed ones with black ink and red pigment. On some folios, the differing colours of ink are arranged to form geometric patterns. Purple parchment was, in the Roman and Byzantine Empires, reserved for Imperial manuscripts, and in the West reserved for the grandest commissions, and often only seen on a few pages.

The illustration programme includes two surviving evangelist portraits, six canon tables and seven large decorated initials. The manuscript is the oldest surviving example of initials decorated with gold leaf. The style is a blend of Insular art, as in the Chi-Rho initial shown, and Mediterranean traditions, possibly including some from early Carolingian art. In the opening shown at the start of Matthew the evangelist portrait to the left is in a consistent adaptation of Italian style, probably closely following some lost model, though adding interlace to the chair frame, while the text page to the right is mainly in Insular style, especially in the first line, with its vigorous Celtic spirals and interlace. The following lines revert to a quieter style more typical of Frankish manuscripts of the period. Yet the same artist almost certainly produced both pages, and is very confident in both styles. The other surviving evangelist portrait of John includes roundels with Celtic spiral decoration probably drawn from the enamelled escutcheons of hanging bowls. This is one of the so-called "Tiberius group" of manuscripts, which leant towards the Italian style, and appear to be associated with Kent, or perhaps the kingdom of Mercia in the heyday of the Mercian Supremacy. It is, in the usual chronology, the last English manuscript in which "developed trumpet spiral patterns" are found.

History
An inscription asks for prayers for four individuals, one a goldsmith (Wulfhelm). The others are Ceolhard, Niclas and Ealhhun, who were presumably the monks responsible for creating the manuscript and the elaborate metalwork cover it no doubt originally possessed. In the late ninth century it was looted by a Viking army and Ealdorman Aelfred (Alfred), ealdorman of Surrey, had to pay a ransom to get it back. Above and below the Latin text of the Gospel of St. Matthew is an added inscription in Old English recording how the manuscript was ransomed from a Viking army who had stolen it on one of their raids in Kent by Alfred, and given to Christ Church, Canterbury. It reads:

 * "In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. I, Ealdorman Alfred and Wærburh my wife obtained these books from the heathen army with our pure money, that was with pure gold, and this we did for the love of God and for the benefit of our souls and because we did not wish these holy books to remain longer in heathen possession. And now they wish to give them to Christ Church to the praise and glory and honour of God..."

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it was in Spain, and in 1690 it was bought for the Swedish royal collection. It is now kept in the National Library of Sweden.

title: Stockholm Codex Aureus


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Georgette

Georgette is a feminine given name, the French form of Γεωργία (Geōrgia), the feminine form of George.

Georgette may refer to:

People

 * Georgette Barry (1919–2003), stage name Andrea King, American actress
 * Georgette Bauerdorf (1924–1944), American socialite, heiress and murder victim
 * Georgette Berube (1927–2005), American politician
 * Georgette Chen (1906–1993), Singaporean painter
 * Georgette Harvey (1882–1952), African-American singer and actress
 * Georgette Heyer (1902–1974), English novelist
 * Georgette Kalil (born 2002), Ecuadorian model and beauty pageant titleholder
 * Georgette Klinger (1915–2004), Czech-born American businesswoman and cosmetologist
 * Georgette Leblanc (1869–1941, French operatic soprano, actress and author
 * Georgette Lenoir (fl. 1922–1928), French track and field athlete, world record holder in the 800 meters and 1000 meters
 * Georgette Meyer (1919–1965), also known as Dickey Chapelle, American photojournalist
 * Georgette Mosbacher (born 1947), American business entrepreneur, executive, political activist and United States Ambassador to Poland
 * Georgette Peterson (1863–1947), Hungarian-born composer, pianist and singer
 * Georgette Seabrooke (1916–2011), American muralist, illustrator, art therapist, non-profit chief executive and educator
 * Georgette Sheridan (born 1952), Canadian lawyer and politician
 * Georgette Tsinguirides (born 1928), German ballet dancer, ballet mistress and choreologist
 * Georgette Valle (born 1924), American former politician
 * Googie Withers (1917–2011), Anglo-Indian actress

Pseudonym

 * Georgette Spelvin, variant on George Spelvin, a traditional American theatre pseudonym

Fictional characters

 * Georgette Franklin (Baxter), recurring character on the American sitcom Mary Tyler Moore, played by Georgia Engel
 * Georgette Lemare, in the anime/manga Strike Witches
 * Georgette, in the 1988 animated musical film Oliver & Company

Other uses

 * Georgette (fabric), a lightweight fabric
 * Battle of the Lys, also known as Operation Georgette

title: Georgette


text:
Hoori

Hoori (火折尊), also known as Hikohohodemi no Mikoto (彦火火出見尊), is a figure in Japanese mythology, the third and youngest son of Ninigi-no-Mikoto and the blossom princess Konohanasakuya-hime. He is one of the ancestors of the Emperors of Japan as the grandfather of Emperor Jimmu. He is also known as Yamasachi-hiko (山幸彦).

Mythology
Hoori's legend is told in both the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. Hoori was a hunter, and he had an argument with his brother Hoderi, a fisherman, over a fish-hook that Hoori had forced his elder brother to lend him and had lost. Hoderi claimed that Hoori should give back the fish-hook, for he refused to accept another one (due to the belief that each tool is animated and hence unique). Hoori then descended to the bottom of the sea to search, but was unable to find it. Instead, he found Toyotama-hime, the daughter of the sea god, Ryūjin. The sea god helped Hoori find Hoderi's lost hook, and Hoori later married Toyotama-hime.

Hoori lived with his wife in a palace under the sea for three years, but after that Hoori became home-sick and wished to return to his own country. His brother forgave him after he returned the hook, and Toyotama-hime gave birth to a son named Ugayafukiaezu. During the time when Toyotama-hime was giving birth to her child, she had Hoori swear not to attempt to see her real figure. But he broke his promise and discovered her true form was a dragon (specifically a wani). She was ashamed and returned to her father, never to return. Ugayafukiaezu married Toyotama-hime's sister, Tamayori-hime, who brought him up, and she gave birth to Emperor Jimmu, who was the first Emperor of Japan. Hoori reigned in Takachiho, Hyūga Province for 560 years.

Hoori is often associated with both his parents and his wife. He is worshiped mainly as a god of cereals or grain. In Japanese mythology, it was said that the ho (火) part of his name meant fire, but etymologically, it is a different character pronounced ho (穂), which refers to crops, particularly rice. Ori (折り) indicates a crop that is so rich, it bends under its own weight. Another name for him, Hohodemi, means many harvests.

Genealogy
Hoori is part of the three generations of Hyuga, a period between Tenson kōrin and Jimmu's Eastern Expedition.

title: Hoori


text:
User:Jawr256/Stuff

Contents

 * Death counts in Doctor Who stories
 * Long names etc. in new series
 * Maths courswork 3-D stuff
 * New series sonic screwdriver uses
 * Settings of episodes that I have seen
 * Top Trumps

title: User:Jawr256/Stuff


text:
East Vračar

East Vračar or Istočni Vračar (Serbian Cyrillic: Источни Врачар) is a former urban neighborhood and municipality of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It was located in Belgrade's municipality of Vračar to which it generally corresponds today. In 1952, the region was split into East Vračar and Neimar. The patron saint of East Vračar is Saint Sava.

title: East Vračar


text:
Lemnian language

The Lemnian language was spoken on the island of Lemnos, Greece, in the second half of the 6th century BC. It is mainly attested by an inscription found on a funerary stele, termed the Lemnos stele, discovered in 1885 near Kaminia. Fragments of inscriptions on local pottery show that it was spoken there by a community. In 2009, a newly discovered inscription was reported from the site of Hephaistia, the principal ancient city of Lemnos. Lemnian is largely accepted as being a Tyrsenian language, and as such related to Etruscan and Raetic. After the Athenians conquered the island in the latter half of the 6th century BC, Lemnian was replaced by Attic Greek.

Writing system
The Lemnian inscriptions are in Western Greek alphabet, also called "red alphabet". The red type is found in most parts of central and northern mainland Greece (Thessaly, Boeotia and most of the Peloponnese), as well as the island of Euboea, and in colonies associated with these places, including most colonies in Italy. The alphabet used for Lemnian inscriptions is similar to an archaic variant used to write the Etruscan language in southern Etruria.

Classification

A relationship between Lemnian, Raetic and Etruscan, as a Tyrsenian language family, has been proposed by German linguist Helmut Rix due to close connections in vocabulary and grammar. For example,
 * Both Etruscan and Lemnian share two unique dative cases, type-I *-si and type-II *-ale, shown both on the Lemnos Stele (Hulaie-ši, 'for Hulaie', Φukiasi-ale, 'for the Phocaean') and in inscriptions written in Etruscan (aule-si, 'to Aule', on the Cippus Perusinus; as well as the inscription mi mulu Laris-ale Velχaina-si, meaning 'I was blessed for Laris Velchaina');
 * A few lexical correspondences have been noted, such as Lemnian avis ('year') and Etruscan avils (genitive case); or Lemnian šialχvis ('sixty') and Etruscan šealχls (genitive case), both sharing the same internal structure "number + decade suffix + inflectional ending" (Lemnian: ši + alχvi + -s, Etruscan: še + alχl + s);
 * They also share the genitive in *-s and a simple past tense in *-a-i (Etruscan -$⟨e⟩$ as in ame 'was' (< *amai); Lemnian -$⟨ai⟩$ as in šivai, meaning 'lived').

Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher, Carlo De Simone, Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, or Rex E. Wallace. Common features between Etruscan, Raetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology, phonology, and syntax. On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Raetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split. The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe.

According to Dutch historian Luuk De Ligt, the Lemnian language could have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula.

Scholars such as Norbert Oettinger, Michel Gras and Carlo De Simone think that Lemnian is the testimony of an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples.

After more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found that would support a migration from Lemnos to Etruria or to the Alps where Raetic was spoken. The indigenous inhabitants of Lemnos, also called in ancient times Sinteis, were the Sintians, a Thracian population.

A 2021 archeogenetic analysis of Etruscan individuals concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and genetically similar to the Early Iron Age Latins, and that the Etruscan language, and therefore the other languages of the Tyrrhenian family, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages, as already argued by German geneticist Johannes Krause who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as Basque, Paleo-Sardinian and Minoan) "developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution". The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula".

Vowels
Like Etruscan, the Lemnian language appears to have had a four-vowel system, consisting of "i", "e", "a" and "o". Other languages in the neighbourhood of the Lemnian area, namely Hittite and Akkadian, had similar four-vowel systems, suggesting early areal influence.

Lemnos Stele

The stele, also known as the stele of Kaminia, was found built into a church wall in Kaminia and is now at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens. The 6th century date is based on the fact that in 510 BC the Athenian Miltiades invaded Lemnos and hellenized it. The stele bears a low-relief bust of a man and is inscribed in an alphabet similar to the western ("Chalcidian") Greek alphabet. The inscription is in Boustrophedon style, and has been transliterated but had not been successfully translated until serious linguistic analysis based on comparisons with Etruscan, combined with breakthroughs in Etruscan's own translation started to yield fruit.

The inscription consists of 198 characters forming 33 to 40 words, word separation sometimes indicated with one to three dots. The text on the front consists of three parts, two written vertically (1; 6-7) and one horizontally (2-5). Comprehensible is the phrase sivai avis šialχvis ('lived forty' years, B.3), reminiscent of Etruscan maχs śealχis-c ('and forty-five years'), seeming to refer to the person to whom this funerary monument was dedicated, holaiesi φokiašiale ('to Holaie Phokiaš' B.1), who appeared to have been an official called maras at some point marasm avis aomai ('and was a maras one year'B3), compare Etruscan -m "and" (postposition), and maru. Oddly, this text also contains a word naφoθ that seems to be connected to Etruscan nefts "nephew/uncle"; but this is a fairly clear borrowing from Latin nepot-, suggesting that the speakers of this language migrated at some point from the Italic peninsula (or independently borrowed this Indo-European word from somewhere else).

G.Kleinschmidt in 1893 proposed such translation of expression haralio eptesio - king έπιτιδημι. It is a high probability that here king/tyrant of Athens Hippias was mentioned. Tyrand Hippias died in Lemnos in 490 BC.

Transcription:
 * front:
 * A.1. holaies:naφoθ:siasi
 * A.2. maras:mav
 * A.3. šialχveis:avis
 * A.4. evišθo:seronaiθ
 * A.5. sivai
 * A.6. aker:tavarsio
 * A.7. vanalašial:seronai:morinail
 * side:
 * B.1. holaiesi:φokiašiale:seronaiθ:evišθo:toverona
 * B.2. rom:haralio:sivai:eptesio:arai:tis:φoke
 * B.3. sivai:avis:šialχvis:marasm:avis:aomai

Hephaistia inscription
Another Lemnian inscription was found during excavations at Hephaistia on the island of Lemnos in 2009. The inscription consists of 26 letters arranged in two lines of boustrophedonic script.

Transcription:
 * upper line (left to right):
 * hktaonosi:heloke
 * lower line (right to left):
 * soromš:aslaš

title: Lemnian language


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brian Peppers

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:51, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Discussion blanked as a courtesy to article's subject The Uninvited Co., Inc. 20:19, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Hard Head

Hard Head (stylized as HAP.D HEAD), originally known in Korea as Dr. Bulgehead (hangul = 짱구 박사|RR = Jjang-gu Bagsa|MR = Jjang-gu Baksa), in which both the original title and characters were loosely based on a comic book series of the same name, created by painter Woo-young Koh with his author and brother Woo-young Go.

This is an obscure 2D side-scrolling platform game that was developed and produced by SunA Electronics of an unknown team of game designers/programmers, and internationally released only for the arcades from South Korea to arcades worldwide during the 1988 Summer Olympics.

Gameplay
The gameplay and visuals are similar to Famicom games such as Super Mario Bros. (1985) but with a more bizarre and offbeat twist, as well as an unusual storyline. Player(s) take the roles of the two titular protagonists who are on a quest in a fictionalized village of Austria to please their female companion and fight off enemies.

Similar to Bubble Bobble (1986), the Head Twins are able to use bubble-guns to entrap inexplicable hazards such as Indians, chicks, scissors, bandits, toothbrush, insects, snails, larva, cat like creatures, little purple skulls, and monsters so they can jump on their heads to knock them off the stage, they can also find bombs and steel mallets to clobber anything in their paths, which is also a homage to the game Wrecking Crew (1985).

The twins live up to their names by using their protruding and powerful heads to break blocks, some of which contain items and power-ups, other times, there is a heart-shaped collectible that must be obtained during each stages which would show an animation played of their lover having a deeply intimate moment with one of the heroes by kissing them after stripping down, the heart erases all enemies off the screen while raising the player's score. Levels go from start to finish by surpassing each time limits and finding soccer balls to kick through each goal for bonus points.

There are a total of 16 levels to traverse from. The game can be played in either single player mode or cooperative mode, allowing Player 2 to control the second twin brother whenever they choose to join the gameplay, both players must progress each level at the same time or encounter monstrous-looking bosses. If one stands still the other can only move a few steps before the screen will not scroll any farther.

Note: (There is a cultural error in the first boss battle where in the stage background features the Flag of Australia instead of the Flag of Austria.)

Characters

 * Head Twins (헤드 트윈)
 * The names of the three-haired Austrian heroic duo are Hard Head (하드 헤드) who dons red lederhosen, alongside his twin brother Dr. Bulgehead (짱구 박사) who dons cyan lederhosen. Armed with bubble guns, sledgehammers, bombs, and super strong big-heads; the duo embarks on a romantic and courageous adventure to collect goods, battle creatures and monsters, and to please their girlfriend.

 * Girlfriend (여자 친구)
 * The yellow-haired lover of Hard Head (and apparently Dr. Bulgehead), she is a female hippie who wears a red dirndlkleid and appears at the end of all 16 phases, followed by an additional big-headed spawn, with legs, and bugged-out glasses for each phase passed, until she has all 16. There is a color-pallette error in the "cutscenes" of the girlfriend having gray hair like an elderly woman.

Music
Classical music is extensively used as the soundtrack for this game. Edited extracts from Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake Op. 20 (1st movement), Mozart's 40th Symphony K. 550 (1st movement), and Chopin's Fantaisie-Impromptu Op. 66 can repeatedly be heard through the game.

Reception
Advanced Computer Entertainment compared the game to Super Mario Bros. and called it "unoriginal but addicting fun." Your Sinclair also compared the game to Super Mario Bros., calling it a tribute to Nintendo's game. They also made note of the game's offbeat humor, saying that the game was a "good laugh" and "exactly the same as one of the funniest computer games ever." They rated the game an 8 out of 10.

Bootleg
A hacked version of this game titled "POPPER" was manufactured and released in 1989, but it is unknown of what region it was developed and produced from.

Sequel
In 1991, a second installment was released, titled Hard Head 2, originally titled Dr. Bulgehead 2 (hangul = 짱구 박사 2|RR = Jjang-gu Bagsa Du|MR = Jjang-gu Baksa Du). It was released in North America by Space Age Electronics. Unlike the original game, Hard Head 2 has similar gameplay to other arcade platform games such as Ghouls 'n Ghosts (1988) and Toki (1989). In the game's story, Hard Head is dancing with his girlfriend until all of a sudden, the devil of hell rises and holds her hostage in his mouth. In between levels, the devil chews on Hard Head’s girlfriend, then he heroically says "I am going to rescue you, may you being safe!...". Hard Head once again enlists the help of his twin brother Dr. Bulgehead to the rescue, they both can take two hits from any foe. After one hit, the hero(s) lose their overalls and runs around only in their foot-wear. New weapons have been added: a kanabō and a morning star. Also, now the heroes can pick up wings, which make them able to glide by holding the jump button down.

Other games
SunA Electronics throughout the years have released 20 other different arcade cabinets since 1985. Here are the other arcade machines made by SunA Electronics before and after the time period that Hard Head 1 & 2 was produced:

 * 블록 - Block (Arkanoid bootleg) (1986)
 * 고인돌 - GoinDol (1987)
 * 슈퍼 레인저 - Super Ranger (Rolling Thunder bootleg) (1988)
 * 러프 레인저 - Rough Ranger (Sharp Image licence) (1988)
 * 스파크맨 - Spark Man (1989)
 * 스타 파이터 - Star Fighter (1990)
 * 브릭 존 - Brick Zone (1992)
 * 격투 (Gyeoktu) - Best of Best (1994)
 * 퀴즈6000아카데미 - Quiz 6000 Academy (1994)
 * 프랙챔피온 - Flag Champion (1995)
 * 업다운챔피온 - Up Down Champion (1995)
 * 퀴즈 토피아 - Quiz Topia (1995)
 * 백스트리스사커 - Back Street Soccer (1996)
 * 울트라바룬 - Ultra Balloon (1996)
 * 탱고탱고 - Tango Tango (1998)
 * 위너라인 - Winner Line (1999)
 * 파이프라인 - Pipeline (1999)
 * Redemption games (1997-2005)
 * 고 2000 - GO 2000 (2000)

title: Hard Head