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Color terminology for race

Identifying human races in terms of skin colour, at least as one among several physiological characteristics, has been common since antiquity. Such divisions appeared in rabbinical literature and in early modern scholarship, usually dividing humankind into four or five categories, with colour-based labels: red, yellow, black, white, and sometimes brown. It was long recognized that the number of categories is arbitrary and subjective, and different ethnic groups were placed in different categories at different points in time. François Bernier (1684) doubted the validity of using skin color as a racial characteristic, and Charles Darwin (1871) emphasized the gradual differences between categories. Today there is broad agreement among scientists that typological conceptions of race have no scientific basis.

Antiquity to 1600s
Categorization of racial groups by reference to skin color is common in classical antiquity. For example, it is found in e.g. Physiognomica, a Greek treatise dated to c. 300 BC.

The transmission of the "color terminology" for race from antiquity to early anthropology in 17th century Europe took place via rabbinical literature. Specifically, Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer (a medieval rabbinical text dated roughly to between the 7th to 12th centuries) contains the division of mankind into three groups based on the three sons of Noah, viz. Shem, Ham and Japheth:
 * "He [Noah] especially blessed Shem and his sons, (making them) black but comely [שחורים ונאים], and he gave them the habitable earth. He blessed Ham and his sons, (making them) black like the raven [שחורים כעורב], and he gave them as an inheritance the coast of the sea. He blessed Japheth and his sons, (making) them entirely white [כלם לבני], and he gave them for an inheritance the desert and its fields" (trans. Gerald Friedlander 1916, p. 172f.)

This division in Rabbi Eliezer and other rabbinical texts is received by Georgius Hornius (1666). In Hornius' scheme, the Japhetites (identified as Scythians, an Iranic ethnic group and Celts) are "white" (albos), the Aethiopians and Chamae are "black" (nigros), and the Indians and Semites are "brownish-yellow" (flavos), while the Jews, following Mishnah Sanhedrin, are exempt from the classification being neither black nor white but "light brown" (buxus, the color of boxwood).

François Bernier in a short article published anonymously in 1684 moves away from the "Noahide" classification, proposes to consider large subgroups of mankind based not on geographical distribution but on physiological differences. Writing in French, Bernier uses the term race, or synonymously espece "kind, species", where Hornius had used tribus "tribe" or populus "people". Bernier explicitly rejects a categorization based on skin color, arguing that the dark skin of Indians is due to exposure to the Sun only, and that the yellowish colour of some Asians, while a genuine feature, is not sufficient to establish a separate category. Instead his first category comprises most of Europe, the Near East and North Africa, including populations in the Nile Valley and the Indian peninsula he describes as being of a near "black" skin tone due to the effect of the sun. His second category includes most of Sub-Saharan Africa, again not exclusively based on skin colour but on physiological features such as the shape of nose and lips. His third category includes Southeast Asia, China and Japan as well as part of Tatarstan (Central Asia and eastern Muscovy). Members of this category are described as white, the categorization being based on facial features rather than skin colour. His fourth category are the Lapps (Lappons), described as a savage race with faces reminiscent of bears (but for which the author admits to rely on hearsay). Finally, the natives of the Americas are considered as a fifth category, described as of "olive" (olivastre) skin tone. The author furthermore considers the possible addition of more categories, specifically the "blacks of the Cape of Good Hope", which seemed to him to be of significantly different build from most other populations below the Sahara.

Early Modern physical anthropology
In the 1730s, Carl Linnaeus in his introduction of systematic taxonomy recognized four main human subspecies, termed Americanus (Americans), Europaeus (Europeans), Asiaticus (Asians) and Afer (Africans). The physical appearance of each type is briefly described, including colour adjectives referring to skin and hair colour: rufus "red" and pilis nigris "black hair" for Americans, albus "white" and pilis flavescentibus "yellowish hair" for Europeans, luridus "yellowish, sallow", pilis nigricantibus "swarthy hair" for Asians, and niger "black", pilis atris "coal-black hair" for Africans.

The views of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach on the categorization of the major races of mankind developed over the course of the 1770s to 1820s. He introduced a four-fold division in 1775, extended to five in 1779, later borne out in his work on craniology (Decas craniorum, published during 1790–1828). He also used color as the name or main label of the races but as part of the description of their physiology. Blumenbach does not name his five groups in 1779 but gives their geographic distribution. The color adjectives used in 1779 are weiss "white" (Caucasian race), gelbbraun "yellow-brown" (Mongolian race), schwarz "black" (Aethiopian race), kupferrot "copper-red" (American race) and schwarzbraun "black-brown" (Malayan race). Blumenbach belonged to a group known as the Göttingen school of history, which helped to popularize his ideas.

Blumenbach's division and choice of color-adjectives remained influential throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, with variation depending on author. René Lesson in 1847 presented a division into six groups based on simple color adjectives: White (Caucasian), Dusky (South Asian), Orange (Austronesian), Yellow (East Asian), Red (Indigenous American), Black (African). According to Barkhaus (2006) it was the adoption of both the colour terminology and the French term race by Immanuel Kant in 1775 which proved influential. Kant published an essay Von den verschiedenen Racen der Menschen "On the diverse races of mankind" in 1775, based on the system proposed by Buffon, Histoire Naturelle, in which he recognized four groups, a "white" European race (Race der Weißen), a "black" Negroid race (Negerrace), a copper-red Kalmyk race (kalmuckishe Race) and an olive-yellow Indian race (Hinduische Race).

Two historical anthropologists favored a binary racial classification system that divided people into a light skin and dark skin categories. 18th-century anthropologist Christoph Meiners, who first defined the Caucasian race, posited a "binary racial scheme" of two races with the Caucasian whose racial purity was exemplified by the "venerated... ancient Germans", although he considered some Europeans as impure "dirty whites"; and "Mongolians", who consisted of everyone else. Meiners did not include the Jews as Caucasians and ascribed them a "permanently degenerate nature". Hannah Franzieka identified 19th-century writers who believed in the "Caucasian hypothesis" and noted that "Jean-Julien Virey and Louis Antoine Desmoulines were well-known supports of the idea that Europeans came from Mount Caucasus." In his political history of racial identity, Bruce Baum wrote, "Jean-Joseph Virey (1774–1847), a follower of Chistoph Meiners, claimed that "the human races... may divided... into those who are fair and white and those who are dark or black."

Lothrop Stoddard in The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920) considered five races: White, Black, Yellow, Brown, and Amerindian (Red). In this explicitly white supremacist exposition of racial categorization, the "white" category is much more limited than in Blumenbach's scheme, essentially restricted to Europeans, while the separate "brown" category is introduced for non-European Caucasoid subgroups in North Africa, Western, Central and South Asia.

Racial categories after 1945

Following World War II, more and more biologists and anthropologists began to discontinue use of the term "race" due to its association with political ideologies of racism. Thus, The Race Question statement by the UNESCO, in the 1950s, proposed to substitute the term "ethnic groups" to the concept of "race". Categories such as Europid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid remain in use in fields such as forensic anthropology.

Color terminology remains in use in some countries with multiracial populations for the purpose of their official census, as in the United States, where the official categories are "Black", "White", "Asian", "Native American and Alaska Natives" and "Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders" and in the United Kingdom (since 1991) with official categories "White", "Asian" and "Black". Conversely, it is uncommon in English speaking countries to use "Yellow" to refer to Asian people or "Red" to refer to Indigenous peoples of the Americas. This is due to historic negative associations of the terms (ex. Yellow Peril and Redskin). However, some Asians have tried to reclaim the word by proudly self-identifying as "Yellow". Similarly, some Native Americans have tried to reclaim the term "Red".

Much of the color-based classification relates to groups that were politically significant at different points in US history (e.g., part of a wave of immigrants), and these categories do not have an obvious label for people from other groups, such as people from the Middle East or Central Asia. However, many Middle Eastern and South Asian people in the Anglophone world self-identify as "Brown", considering their skin color central to their identity. Many Hispanics, particularly mestizos, have self-identified as the Bronze race (la raza de bronce) since the 20th century. The term "Olive" has sometimes been used to refer variously to Mediterranean, South Asian, Latin American, and Pacific Islander people.

Symbolism and uses of color terminology
The Martinique-born French Frantz Fanon and African-American writers Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, and Ralph Ellison, among others, wrote that negative symbolisms surrounding the word "black" outnumber positive ones. They argued that the good vs. bad dualism associated with white and black unconsciously frame prejudiced colloquialisms. In the 1970s the term black replaced Negro in the United States.

Tone gradations
In some societies people can be sensitive to gradations of skin tone, which may be due to miscegenation or to albinism and which can affect power and prestige. In 1930s Harlem slang, such gradations were described by a tonescale of "high yaller (yellow), yaller, high brown, vaseline brown, seal brown, low brown, dark brown". These terms were sometimes referred to in blues music, both in the words of songs and in the names of performers. In 1920s Georgia, Willie Perryman followed his older brother Rufus in becoming a blues piano player: both were albino Negroes with pale skin, reddish hair and poor eyesight. Rufus was already well established as "Speckled Red", Willie became "Piano Red". The piano player and guitarist Tampa Red from the same state developed his career in Chicago at that time: his name may have come from his light skin tone, or possibly reddish hair.

More recently such categorization has been noted in the Caribbean. It is reported that skin tones play an important role in defining how Barbadians view one another, and they use terms such as "brown skin, light skin, fair skin, high brown, red, and mulatto". An assessment of racism in Trinidad notes people often being described by their skin tone, with the gradations being "HIGH RED – part White, part Black but 'clearer' than Brown-skin: HIGH BROWN – More white than Black, light skinned: DOUGLA – part Indian and part Black: LIGHT SKINNED, or CLEAR SKINNED Some Black, but more White: TRINI WHITE – Perhaps not all White, behaves like others but skin White". In Jamaica, albinism has been stigmatized, but the albino dancehall singer Yellowman took his stage name in protest against such prejudice and has helped to end this stereotype.

United States
Racial segregation in the United States was based on a binary classification, white vs. non-white, in which "white" was held to imply "purity" so that anyone with even the slightest amount of non-white ancestry was excluded from white privileges, and there could be no category of racially mixed people. In 1896 this doctrine was upheld in the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case. Traditionally the main distinction was between "white" and "black", but Japanese Americans could be accepted on both sides of the divide. As further racial groups were categorized, "white" became narrowly construed, and everyone else was categorised as a "person of color", suggesting that "white" people have no race, while racial subdivision of those "of color" was unimportant.

At college campus protests during the 1960s, a "Flag of the Races" was in use, with five stripes comprising red, black, brown, yellow, and white tones.

In the 2000 United States Census, two of the five self-designated races are labeled by a color. In the 2000 US Census, "White" refers to "person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa." In the 2000 US Census, "Black or African American" refers to a "person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa."

The other three self-designated races are not labeled by color. This is due to historic negative associations of terms like "Yellow" (for East Asians) and "Red" (for Native Americans) with racism. However, some Asian Americans and Native Americans have tried to reclaim these color terms by self-identifying as "Yellow" and "Red", respectively.

Though not an official color or racial designation in the United States census, "Brown" has been used to describe certain peoples such as Arab Americans and Indian Americans. Many Middle Eastern Americans have criticized the United States Census for denying them a racial designation, as they are classified as "White" by the United States census. Furthermore, though Asian as a racial term in the United States groups together ethnically diverse Asian peoples such as the Chinese, Indians, Filipinos and Japanese, its common usage has been criticized for only referring to East Asians. This has led some South and Southeast Asian Americans to use the term "Brown Asian" to separate themselves from East Asian Americans.

title: Color terminology for race


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stringed box

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Stringed box
Apparent self-promotion. Does not appear to be notable. Delete unless found to be verifiable and notable. -- Karada 12:30, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ````Delete```` Not even anything there at the moment.. -Snorre/Antwelm 13:32, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Nothing there. --Lord Voldemort 13:46, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Page has been reverted by User:Ahoerstemeier to contain something, but had been blanked by initial creator, therefore speedy delete. Proto 14:07, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Kid born in 1988. 2002, puts strings on box. 2005, puts box in Wikipedia. jglc | t | c 15:51, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, though a worthy article might be written about cigar box fiddles, in which case this might be worth a mention on that page. Smerdis of Tlön 18:45, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If it ever makes it into general production, that may be different. DS1953 00:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable "invention". JamesBurns 02:15, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't Delete i read something about it on google — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.194.86.166 (talk • contribs)
 * I hope you're not serious. jglc | t | c 16:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Gudgeon

A gudgeon is a socket-like, cylindrical (i.e., female) fitting attached to one component to enable a pivoting or hinging connection to a second component. The second component carries a pintle fitting, the male counterpart to the gudgeon, enabling an interpivoting connection that can be easily separated. Designs that may use gudgeon and pintle connections include hinges, shutters and boat rudders.

The gudgeon derives from the Middle English gojoun, which originated from the Middle French goujon, ironically, as this means dowel, or pin. Its first known use was in the 15th century.

Winged gudgeons
A winged gudgeon is one that has extensions that increase its ability to adhere to the fixed surface. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, winged gudgeons were used to support water wheel shafts, and later, steam engine shafts.

Gudgeon pin
This is a crucial component of piston engines. The British refer to a gudgeon pin which joins the small end of a connecting rod to a piston or crosshead. In American English this can be referred to as a wrist pin.

Buildings
In buildings pintles and gudgeons are used for working shutters. Shutters were traditionally used to protect the glazing as well as help keep heat in the building at night during the colder months. Shutters are experiencing a comeback as protection from wind-borne storm debris. Architects have made use of both reclaimed historical shutter hardware as well as used stainless sailing hardware for new projects. Other uses are closet doors, barn doors, storm doors, etc. All uses require hold backs of some sort to keep shutter or door from "flapping in the wind".

Sailing
In sailing, pintles insert into gudgeons that are normally affixed to the transom of a boat. Normally, the corresponding pintle fitting on the rudder slides, lowers or clips into the gudgeon. There are variations where gudgeons are mounted to the rudder and boat, and a pivot clevis pin is inserted into these gudgeons, or the pintles are fastened to the boat, and gudgeons are attached to the rudder. In any case, the fitting with the hole is referred to as a gudgeon. They are used to attach the rudder to the boat so that it can swing freely. The rudder can then be turned with the tiller. There must be at least two gudgeon/pintle sets for stability in the rudder's attachment to the transom. The pintles must face the same direction for insertion into the gudgeons and usually one is a bit longer so it can be the first into its gudgeon, giving some stability for the insertion of the other pintle. To prevent the rudder from rising out of the gudgeons there is often some preventer such as rudder weight or a locking device slid across the path of the pintle's removal from the upper gudgeon (also referred to as a Rudder Stop). High-quality gudgeons have bushings, (plain bearing) either a solid sleeve, flanged or clenched. This will allow for smoother operation of the helm and preserve the pintles and gudgeons. A bushing can be seen as "consumable".

On some boats there are split pins/split rings through the pintail to stop gudgeons lifting. In addition while the bottom fitting is a gudgeon turning on a pintail the upper two fittings are a pair of gudgeons each with a pin joining them with split pin/washer to stop them coming out.

Lock Gates
In shipping locks, the upper pivot point for a miter gate is referred to as the gudgeon, and carries horizontal loads caused by a gate leaf hanging with no water load. The lower pivot, which carries the weight of the leaf, is referred to as the pintle.

title: Gudgeon


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Wallby

Wallby estate is situated on the outskirts of the village of Skirö in Vetlanda Municipality in Småland, Sweden. The main building was built around 1840.

title: Wallby


text: User talk:131.111.131.88

title: User talk:131.111.131.88


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User:Sol~enwiki

I used to be a Policy Director with the Centre for Internet and Society in Bangalore, and an Access to Knowledge fellow at the Information Society Project of the Yale Law School. I am a legal lead of Creative Commons India, and an alumnus of the National Law School of India University.

title: User:Sol~enwiki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alamin Siddique

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Alamin Siddique
See also stringed box, which was apparently put on Vfd at the same time I wanted to combine both into a single Vfd entry. Siddique allegedly invented an instrument called "stringed box" in 2002, neither of both check out on Google, and the articles give practically no context to verify this invention -- Ferkelparade π 12:32, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; Kid born in 1988. 2002, puts strings on box. 2005, puts box in Wikipedia. jglc | t | c 15:50, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Kid with aspirations but not notable innovations. Geogre 19:43, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 02:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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IRiver H300 series

The iRiver H300 series are a series of portable audio players developed by iRiver, made up of the iRiver H320 and H340 models. They were first announced on September 22, 2004 replacing the H100/iHP-100. Each can play music, transfer pictures directly from digital cameras and UMS-compatible devices, such as flash drives (on the international version), and display digital images on a colour screen. In the United States, the H320 initially retailed for $329 and the H340 was $429.

Features
The iRiver H300 devices support the playback of MP3, Ogg, WMA, ASF and WAV encoded audio files, with an advertised 16 hours playback time. Alongside this, it features an FM radio with 20 pre-set memories. It can also record voice and FM radio via internal or external microphone, or line-in, to MP3 format.

It supports the viewing of JPEG and BMP pictures, as well as TXT files.

Since firmware v 1.2, the devices can play movies at 10 or 15 frames per second with XviD (AVI) encoding.

Hardware
There are two models:
 * iRiver H320
 * Toshiba MK2004GAL 20 GB 1.8" hard disk with a depth of 5 mm
 * Size is approx. 62x103x22 mm (Width x Height x Depth)
 * Weight is approx. 183 g
 * iRiver H340
 * Toshiba MK4004GAH 40 GB hard disk 1.8" hard disk with a depth of 8 mm
 * Size is approx. 62x103x25 mm
 * Weight is approx. 203 g

There are two hardware types for each model. These hardware types are commonly referred to by the locations they are sold. The USA models, predominantly sold in North America, have a built in DRM key, which lets them play music with Microsoft DRM. The International models, sold everywhere but North America, do not handle DRM-restricted content and have the HOST port linked to the battery, which allows them to do USB On-The-Go. The International models also support limited xvid (10 frame/s) video playback.

North American models can be modified to support USB OTG by means of a small internal soldering job, an external modified cable, or a USB transfer box. International firmware is also required.

Firmware
There are 4 different firmware editions available for H300's
 * European - FM Radio tuner is fixed to European frequencies and the volume is limited as per EU directive. The video icon and mode introduced in v1.29 of the firmware is also not available due to licensing issues in Europe. This firmware is designated by an E appended to the version number. This firmware also ships in Australia and New Zealand.
 * Korean - FM Radio frequency is selectable between European, Korean, Japanese or Americas standards. Volume is not limited. This firmware is designated by a K appended to the version number.
 * Japanese - Same as Korean but defaults to Japanese tuner region. This firmware is designated by a J appended to the version number.
 * Americas - Capable of playing WMA DRM protected music. This firmware has been updated twice since v1.02 (v1.03, v1.04) and does not have video support. It is also not possible to upgrade US firmware to any other firmware (including v1.03 unless it comes on the player) without permanently losing DRM capabilities.

Version history
There have been different versions of the firmware over time

This firmware applies to the European, Korean and Japanese editions of the firmware.
 * International
 * 1.02: First "standard" firmware made for the players when released
 * 1.07: Shipped with new players only
 * 1.08: Shipped with new players only
 * 1.20: Added video playback support
 * 1.25: Video improved (fast-forward and rewind added) and also introduced a bug which reduced battery life considerably
 * 1.27: Battery bug fixed and still better video
 * 1.28: Added clock and WAV playback. Added use of subfolders in "text" mode and playback speed. Use of remote control no longer triggers player backlight. First version that correctly preserves dates on files copied via USB-OTG
 * 1.29: Released November 2005 – Added video icon & mode, JPEG thumbnails, Hebrew/Greek tags, 24-hour clock, resume playlist playback and true shuffle bug fixes, including bug fixes regarding the remote control's backlight. Korean firmware defaults to Korean language for the control panel.
 * 1.30: Released December 2005 – This release is for the European firmware only. Due to licensing issues in Europe, it removed the video icon & mode added in release 1.29.
 * 1.31: Released November 20, 2006 – Added quicklist (playlist) and a game (minesweeper). No word on any other additions or bugfixes. (UMS only, not for US MTP. players.)

This firmware only applies to the America's edition of the firmware.
 * American
 * 1.02: Shipped with new players only
 * 1.03: Shipped with new players only
 * 1.04: Release November 2005 - Added support for .WAV playback, adjustable playback speed, JPEG Thumbnails, Hebrew/Greek tags, resume playlist playback, TEXT support for subfolders, true shuffle and bug fixes. This is the first version that can upgrade the America's firmware

Custom
The H300 series can run Rockbox, an alternative, open source firmware.

title: IRiver H300 series


text:
Talk:Sperm bank

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 June 2020 and 21 August 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): S. Chu Future UCSF PharmD, AHassani, PharmD Cand, J. fong, future UCSF PharmD, R. Diaz, Future UCSF PharmD.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 June 2021 and 27 August 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): T. Ho SOP'23, T. F. McCart, Tkmurata.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:59, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

How and how long?
How do they freeze the sperm? Just drop it to freezing temperatures? Does any inert chemial need to be added? Thanks --x1987x 12:34, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

A cryos freezing medium consists of di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium di-hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, glucose, sterile water and glycerol is added to the sperm. The sperm is filled in straw or vails and then suspended in liquid nitrogen.

How long can sperm remain frozen for? Some guy 02:32, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

There is no shelf live on sperm if stored correctly.

I'm a became sperm doner here how to contact u Miyajaankhan (talk) 19:10, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

Clairification Necessary
From the article: "The sperm is stored in small vials or straws of holding between 0.4-1.0 and frozen in liquid nitrogen tanks." Holding between 0.4-1.0 what? These numbers need units. -24.118.117.0 01:30, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Well spotted. According the article Sperm donation the correct unit is "ml".  I've added it. Robert Brockway 09:49, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Copyright Problem
Lizbrays's edit introduced copyrighted material from this commercial site. Someone else will need to merge in the subsequent content but we have no choice but to revert it out. This site can be added as a reference and then the content re-added, but not plagiarized. This is a serious matter, sorry to hurt the article. I only found it by accident.

Wellspring (talk) 22:12, 21 November 2007 (UTC)

I went back to the most recent version and took out the copyrighted material. Ml66uk2 (talk) 09:06, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks.

 * Wellspring (talk) 15:55, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Citations Needed?
This article seems to have a lot of bold statements of fact that do not appear obvious to me. For example, "Most societies are built upon the family model". The article is not labeled as needing citations. I'm not qualified or confident enough to decide that but I thought I would point this out in case someone can either address that or tell me that I'm being too picky. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cutelyaware (talk • contribs) 06:58, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

race or ethnicity?
Do the banks tell the exact ethinicity of the donor, like if the women chooses white that could mean any of a number of different ethnic groups for example celtic, germanic, slavic or even jewish and all of those will produce a very different child from the other? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.99.132.30 (talk) 17:49, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

NPOV
The first half of the "general" section of the article is too POV - it reads like a pamphlet distributed by a sperm bank. Some guy (talk) 11:49, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

The paragraph you have removed was not plaigarised but was written by me some time ago. I have nothing to do with sperm banks but I am a sociologist with an interest in this area, and I added this section at a time when there was conflict between various writers when I was trying to strike a balance between them. It has been on the page for some time. If you felt it was biased in some way you could have made suggestions to amend it.

The paragraph you have deleted is often quoted in completely neutral publications. It might be a bold statement but I suggest it is a true one. You have no right to assume it has been copied from somewhere unless you can prove this. You cannot. The Gerneral section now begins rather oddly. ALEXEIS Has this dispute now been resolved? No new postings appear to have been amde about it for some months. If it has been resolved, could the note about it now be removed? ALEXEIS —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.210.144.135 (talk) 20:55, 10 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Did I say it was plagiarized? I said it "reads like a pamphlet", in other words, uses POV marketing-type language. Some guy (talk) 10:10, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Replace this whole page with the info from the Sperm Donation page?
It seems to me that the "sperm donation" page, which is anyway in need of cleaning up, is better than this page and has more detailed information as well. I propose shifting that section to here (making sure that nothing that is only on this page is lost). Thoughts? TaraIngrid (talk) 20:22, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd rather have a common subpage for a major part of the information that is common between these two articles as suggested below. Mikael Häggström (talk) 14:09, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

What about animal's semen?
Why nobody talks about semen of bulls or stallions et cetera? Also rare animal in zoo? It is placed in cryobank also. 89.178.75.149 (talk) 22:23, 17 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I'd say artificial insemination deals with this subject. Mikael Häggström (talk) 14:11, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

According to National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes for Health Website Link: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/testicular/Patient/page1 There is another reason for sperm banks not covered in this discussion, which is testicular cancer, because: ……….. “Certain treatments for testicular cancer can cause infertility that may be permanent. Patients who may wish to have children should consider sperm banking before having treatment. Sperm banking is the process of freezing sperm and storing it for later use.” — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shareresearch (talk • contribs) 19:58, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I'd say semen cryopreservation is the preferred term and target article for this issue. Mikael Häggström (talk) 14:11, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Sperm conservation & list of banks
Sperm banks not only offer the service to give sperm from donors but also to conserve the sperm for example of men who may want to have children later when they can no longer produce it themselves due to illness or age. There are even cases of men whose sperm was extracted after their death or women who used sperm their partner conserved before he died. California Cryobank seems to have been the first to practice extraction of sperm from deceased men. I created Category:Sperm banks] and wondered if it should be mentioned here where to find information about the individual sperm banks. Cryos International that is already mentioned here according to various sources claims to be the biggest one, just as California Cryobank does. The Sperm Bank of California seems notable due to their non-profit organisational form and introduction of the system to inform children about their biological father when they reach the age of 18. Crotopaxi (talk) 11:47, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

Foundations II 2020 Group 27 proposed edits
Our goals include:

 * Elaborate with citations about age of donors in parts of the world

- In China, donors need to undergo two screenings and a laboratory screening before being able to donate. [PMID 24520662] - Add Wiki:Donation Laws by Country as the citation for sperm donors donating elsewhere. R. Diaz, Future UCSF PharmD (talk) 20:39, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Elaborate with citations about reasons donors go to sperm banks
 * Elaborate on the procedures for screening and how many donors compared to demand
 * Edit through citations and append more accurate sources
 * Resolve the needed missing citations

— Preceding unsigned comment added by R. Diaz, Future UCSF PharmD (talk • contribs) 20:35, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

Foundations II 2021 Group 28 proposed edits
Our goals include:
 * Change the language of the article to be more gender-neutral
 * Addition of citations in the introduction paragraph
 * Resolve the needed missing citations
 * Elaborate with citations about the processing of sperm

T. F. McCart (talk) 20:21, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

Part 1
1. Do the group's edits substantially improve the article as described in the Wikipedia peer review "Guiding framework?"

 * Yes, they have improved the article. I liked how the sections were separated in chronological order going from general to recruitment to screening to collection and to storage. The group elaborated on demographics and controversy which I thought was helpful since they briefly discussed equity. The information under each section was easy to understand. There are some sections within the article such as "Services" that could be shortened. Ahsieh3 (talk) 06:29, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, the article has substantially improved. The lead section is thorough and easy to understand; however, it is information-dense and could be shortened. For example, details such as the regulation of sperm banks in the US and other countries could be condensed, or left out and expanded upon later in the article instead. The article has a clear structure. The sections are organized in a sensible order (chronologically), and the article presents different viewpoints and positions, as evidenced by the inclusion of a "Controversy" section. In addition, the article has a neutral point of view and includes a variety of reliable sources. A. Duong-Le (talk) 08:07, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, I believe the group's edits improved the article by describing more in depth about each section. They explained in depth about what a sperm bank is, populations it is for, and demographics and controversies of people that utilize sperm banks. I thought they were gender and sexuality inclusive and were neutral with the points they made throughout the article. I liked how there were sections for each topic, and each section had a different discussion about sperm donors or recipients. However, there were a lot of information in the introduction and history part that could have been taken out or organized a little better. Ayee510 (talk) 08:40, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think the group's edits have improved the article by adding quality information to the "processing sperm", "storage", "demographics", and "controversy" sections. I appreciated their effort to include points regarding equity and their use of neutral terminology when referring to donors and recipients. A.Castro.UCSF (talk) 17:18, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

2. Has the group achieve its overall goals for improvement?

 * Yes, they used terms like "individuals" or "partner" to try to be more gender-neutral. They were able to add citations in the introduction paragraph. There are still some missing citations that need to be fixed later on. They were able to elaborate on how sperm is processed using at least two secondary sources and they did a good job keeping this section fairly simple to understand. Ahsieh3 (talk) 06:00, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, the group used gender-neutral phrases such as "individuals" and "people". Citations were successfully added throughout the introduction paragraph. However, the missing citations were not all resolved. The section on processing sperm was successfully expanded upon with reliable sources. A. Duong-Le (talk) 08:23, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think the group achieved their overall goals for improvement. The language they used was more gender neutral, as well as inclusive by adding words, such as "single women", "same-gendered couples", "individuals", and "partners". There were more citations added in the introduction paragraph. In the processing sperm section, they expanded it and added reliable sources. Throughout the article, there are still citations needed to be added, but overall they did a good job improving this article.Ayee510 (talk) 08:40, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes, I believe overall the group has achieved its goal for improving the article, especially when in regards to adding quality scientific evidence. However, I believe the article could be strengthened by organizing the information into clear sections. For example, the information in the "lead" section regarding Henry IV might be better placed in the general section under a "history" subheading. Using clear and concise language and proper grammar would also help to further improve the article and make it easier for the general public to understand. Lastly, there are some points in the article where "needs citation" are visible, like in last paragraph of the "general" section, that should be filled in with quality sources. The article as a whole is very comprehensive and provides useful information for readers. A.Castro.UCSF (talk) 17:39, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

Part 2
1. Does the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view?

Overall the article presents a neutral point of view that attempts to show non-biased information. The content of the "Controversy" and "Use" sections were handled well, but more concise and clear writing would further strengthen these sections and the article as a whole. The portion regarding the United States in the "Information about donor" subheading should be revisited. It implies that the sperm banks may not adhere to their own policies when it comes to how many times they provide sperm. It also brings into question the truthfulness of the sperm banks to provide accurate information on the donors. There are no citations for either of these claims, and so citations should be provided, or these claims should be re-written/taken out to give a more neutral tone. A.Castro.UCSF (talk) 16:56, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

2. Are the points included verifiable with cited secondary sources that are freely available?

The points that were added contain citations that are easily found. There are some sections such as "General", "Screening of donors", and "Use" that are missing citations. Of their references that I looked at, there was a mix of secondary sources and news articles. Their secondary sources were all relevant, backed the points they were making and were found on PubMed as review articles. I appreciated the information from California Cryobank but it might need to be prefaced with "California Cryobank, a sperm bank, suggested that [insert info] on their website." There are also references from Quartz, Insider, and Rewire News Group that may not qualify as reliable sources. These might need to be removed or changed to a secondary source. Ahsieh3 (talk) 05:39, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

3. Are the edits formatted consistent with Wikipedia's manual of style? (explain)

Yes, the edits follow Wikipedia's manual of style for the most part. The article has appropriate content that pertains to the topic of the article, the article presents a neutral point of view (with different perspectives, as evidenced by the "Controversy" section), and the writing is simple and easy to understand. The article has a clear structure and is organized by chronological headings, which group information together and allow for easy reading. However, punctuation is not consistent throughout the article and should be revised. A. Duong-Le (talk) 08:42, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

4. Do the edits reflect language that supports diversity, equity, and inclusion?

I believe these edits included inclusion in diversity and equity. They explained how sperm banks were not only for those who could not conceive, and reflected language that were gender and sexuality inclusive. Also, they included demographics of people who typically use sperm donor banks and I liked how they discussed about the controversies of the sperm bank pool. They further explained about the lack of diversity in the sperm bank pool, such as height, race, and limited choices among ethnic minorities. This article mentioned how much sperm donors get paid, but did not expand on how much it was for those to pay for the sperm. Overall, I liked how this article explained who was eligible to be a donor, donor payments, and demographics of who can use sperm bank services.Ayee510 (talk) 08:40, 3 August 2021 (UTC)

Sukranu bank
Shukranu bank  kahan hai 2409:4042:2D87:3554:0:0:1D4B:7302 (talk) 11:13, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Mujhe sukranu bank se jurna hi mobile number 8830435362 Brijesh Kumar choudhari (talk) 11:25, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

Sell spram
Spram sell korta chi 103.58.95.142 (talk) 08:34, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sperm bank


text:
SWiSH Max

SWiSH Max is a Flash, Dynamic HTML and vector graphic creation tool that is commonly used to create interactive and cross-platform movies, animations, and presentations. It was developed and distributed by Swishzone.com Pty Ltd, based in Sydney, Australia. In October 2016, Swishzone.com posted a message on their website indicating that Swishzone.com was closed and their products were removed from distribution. A software key generated was made available for download from their home page.

SWiSH Max primarily outputs to the .swf format, which is currently under control of Adobe Systems.

SWiSH Max was designed for the Windows operating system. SWiSH Max3 added features such as a knife drawing tool, advanced shape operations, and ActionScript 2.0 classes.

Graphics
SWiSH Max is generally considered to be a simpler and less costly Flash creation tool in comparison with Adobe Flash. SWiSH Max does not support some Adobe Flash features such as ActionScript 3.0, shape tweens, and bitmap drawing capabilities. It does, however, include general Flash creation features such as vector drawing, motion tweens, and symbol editing. In addition, SWiSH Max incorporates a number of automated effects and transitions, which make building certain Flash elements such as buttons, advanced transition effects, and interactive Flash sites simpler. One drawback of SWiSH Max is its inability to open or save .fla files, which limits exchanges between other programs to final .swf files.

Scripting
The scripting used in SWiSH Max is a variation of ActionScript, commonly known as SWiSH script. SWiSH script contains most ActionScript 2.0 functionality, including support for ActionScript 2.0 classes in SWiSH Max 3.

title: SWiSH Max


text:
Richard Oakes (guitarist)

Richard John Oakes (born 1 October 1976) is an English musician and songwriter, best known as the guitarist, occasional pianist, backing vocalist and co-songwriter of the English band Suede.

Early life
Richard Oakes was born in Perivale, West London, and grew up in the Parkstone area of Poole, Dorset in southwestern England. He first started playing when he came across a Spanish guitar that his sister owned. The album that initially influenced him to pursue a career in music was The Story of the Clash, Volume 1, which he heard when he was 12. Prior to joining Suede, Oakes played in a band called "TED" along with his friends Peter Field (vocals) and Colin Forbes (Rhythm guitar). The band was actually originally titled 'PIPATED' – 'Plug in Peter and the Electric Daffodils'.

Suede
The first gig Oakes attended was one of Suede's at the Poole Arts Centre in May 1993. Upon hearing that guitarist Bernard Butler had left the band and that the band were auditioning for a replacement, he recorded versions of Suede songs and some of his own material on a 4 track recorder, which he sent to the band's fanclub along with a note that read "Take me or leave me." When drummer Simon Gilbert heard Anderson playing back the tape whilst going through audition tapes, he mistakenly believed it to be an early Suede demo. After the second audition Oakes was invited to join the band.

At the age of 17, and after beating approximately five hundred candidates, Oakes officially joined Suede on 17 September 1994 (2 weeks before his 18th birthday). Oakes first public appearance with the band was on Top of the Pops, while his first full live appearance was at a secret fan club gig at London's Raw Club on 10 October 1994. The first song he performed live, and the first video he appeared in, was "We are the Pigs".

His first co-writing credits were the B-sides of single "New Generation", "Together" and "Bentswood Boys". Oakes went on to co-write many songs with Anderson on subsequent albums and B-side material, several of which went on to become hit singles in the UK.

Oakes joined his former bandmates for three UK Suede concerts in 2010, followed by a concert at London's O2 Arena in December of that year, then festival appearances in Sweden, Hultsfredsfestivalen in July and Denmark and Norway in August. Suedes's reunion continued with their sixth album, Bloodsports, on which Oakes co-wrote all but two of the songs, released in March 2013.

Suede released their seventh album Night Thoughts on 22 January 2016 to widespread critical acclaim. Oakes co-wrote all but four of the songs. It was accompanied by a feature film, directed by Roger Sargent. During their 2016 tour the band performed the first half of their set from behind a screen onto which Sargent's film was projected.

Artmagic
Artmagic is a duo formed by Oakes and producer/singer Sean McGhee in 2008. Their debut EP, I Keep on Walking, was released on 23 May 2011, followed by a single, "Forever in Negative" on 25 June 2012. Their debut album, Become The One You Love, was released on 2 July 2012. A further single, "Down in the River" followed on 21 October 2012.

A new song, "Sing For The Snowfall" was released on Christmas Day 2017. A single, "The Clean Room", was released on 27 April 2018. The duo's second album, The Songs of Other England, was released on 15 June 2018.

Influences
One of Oakes's main influences is John McGeoch of Siouxsie and the Banshees.

title: Richard Oakes (guitarist)


text:
Baal I

Baal I was a king of Tyre (680–660 BC). His name is the same as that of the Phoenician deity, Baal. He was tributary to the Assyrians, who had conquered the rest of Phoenicia.

Treaty with Esarhaddon
In c. 675 BC, Baal I entered into a vassal treaty with Esarhaddon (currently in the British Museum) in exchange for Tyre's trading rights. These two rulers are possibly depicted together on the Victory stele of Esarhaddon, issued in c. 670 BC. In the stele, which was erected to commemorate the defeat of Egypt, the figure that supposedly represents the Phoenician king was shown with pierced lips tied to strings that were coiled around Esarhaddon's left hand.

Sources noted that Baal I was a prominent vassal and may have enjoyed exceptional favor in Assyria due to several factors. His navy helped the Assyrians capture Abdi-Milkuti, the king of Sidon, and cement Assyrian authority in Cyprus. He may also have assisted the Assyrians in their war against Elam. Baal I was also the first ruler in the list of tributaries who provided materials for Esarhaddon's palace at Nineveh.

By 671, BC Baal I defied Assyria after it secured an alliance with Taharqo, king of Cush. Esarhaddon attacked Tyre and Baal I later capitulated, ceding most of his mainland towns. His daughters were sent to the Assyrian king along with substantial dowries. Scholars, however, cited that Esarhaddon failed to conquer Tyre. Baal I was never captured and he kept his throne. While Esarhaddon claimed in the Victory Stele that he conquered the city, he merely managed to blockade the island, cutting it from its supply of water and food.

Ashurbanipal's reign
The king of Tyre was again cited in the inscriptions of Esarhaddon's son Ashurbanipal. He was first mentioned for his participation in the king's second campaign along the Delta and the Nile valley to establish the Assyrian domination in Egypt. The inscriptions recorded a later war with Baal I due to his relations with Egypt. The king may have also refused to pay tribute. In retaliation, Ashurbanipal blockaded the harbor of Tyre until Baal I surrendered. Ashurbanipal's account of the siege stated:"[Because] he did not honor my royal commands and did not obey the pronouncements from my lips, I set up blockades against him. To prevent his people from leaving, I reinforced its garrison. By sea and dry land, I took control of all of his routes and thus cut off all access to him."Around 668, Baal I was cited paying tribute and sending naval assistance to Ashurbarnipal's campaign against Egypt. He also sent his son Yehawmelek to Ashurbanipal (r. 668–627 BC) with heavy tribute. According to Ashurbanipal's own account, Baal's son was later sent back as an act of mercy. Baal also enjoyed special rights and privileges even on the mainland, which some scholars suggested may have required a new treaty.

title: Baal I


text:
Caliber Comics

Caliber Comics or Caliber Press is an American comic book publisher founded in 1989 by Gary Reed. Featuring primarily creator-owned comics, Caliber published over 1,300 comics in the decade following its inception and is ranked as one of America's leading independent publishers. Caliber ceased publishing in 2000, but resumed operations in 2015, and continued after Reed died in 2016.

Beginnings
Gary Reed, who previously owned a chain of bookstores, began publishing with the release of two titles acquired from Arrow Comics—Deadworld and The Realm. Other initial launches included Caliber Presents, featuring the work of Vince Locke, Mark Bloodworth, Tim Vigil, James O'Barr, and Guy Davis; the first issue of Baker Street, co-created by Reed and Guy Davis; and the initial appearance of O’Barr’s The Crow.

Expansion
Reed arranged with "Pocket Classics", a series of illustrated books similar in design to Classics Illustrated, to be released to the direct market via Caliber Press. Over forty titles were distributed. The interest in literary works continued for Caliber when in 1991 the new imprint Tome Press was launched. Tome featured historical and biographical material in addition to literature. Over 65 different Tome Press titles would be released on subjects as diverse as the Russian Revolution, The Alamo, Amelia Earhart, El Cid, Jack London stories, reprints of classic art print series, and dozens of others.

After its initial launch, Caliber expanded by bringing in new creators and projects. Jim Calafiore was first published with his graphic novella, Progeny. In Grafik Muzik, Mike Allred introduced his Madman character, Kevin VanHook's Frost series which was the storyline for the film released in 2002, Ted Slampyak's Jazz Age Chronicles, Philip Hester's Fringe, Stuart Immonen's Playground, John Bergin's Ashes, and other titles such as Go-Man, Northguard, Varcel's Vixens, and more.

In the early 1990s, Caliber launched three new imprints, Gauntlet and Iconografix. Gauntlet was an action-based line whose leading titles were U.N. Force, Berzerker (featuring work from Rob Liefeld and Angel Medina), Patrick Zircher's Samurai Seven, and Serpent Rising (based on the stage play). Iconografix dealt with more obscure and cutting-edge material that included humor comics as well as comics often referred to as the "slice of life." Included here were the first issues of Ed Brubaker's Lowlife, Meatcake from Dame Darcy, Bound & Gagged from Michael Aushenker, and a number of projects from Dave Cooper, Jason Lutes, and Matt Howarth.

Caliber had ventured into licensed comics with their early release of Moontrap, the science fiction film starring Star Trek's Walter Koenig, and the production of a comic for Troma Films called Frostbiter: Wrath of the Wendigo; but it was the full-color adaptation of The Rocky Horror Picture Show, written and drawn by Kevin VanHook that proved the most successful.

Another licensed property was Mechanoid Invasion, a 1981 RPG from Palladium Books made into a 3-book comic called The Mechanoids beginning in Spring 1991. Another comic property affiliated with Caliber called Justice Machine had also been adapted into a Heroes Unlimited sourcebook by Palladium. This was based on the original Noble Comics version by Gustovich in 1981, while Caliber distributed the New Justice Machine sequel by Ellis from 1989.

The expansion of Caliber continued with projects including Michael Lark's Airwaves, Silencers from Mark Askwith and R. G. Taylor, and Negative Burn, the anthology title that would run for 50 issues and was picked up by Desperado Publishing.

Stabur merger and further expansion
In late 1993, Caliber merged with the Stabur Corporation. Reed became president of Stabur as well as staying on with Caliber. Caliber began to produce special comics for Wal-Mart, including the series Big Bang Comics (which later would have a long run at Image Comics), Stormquest, and a number of literary adaptations, including a version of Frankenstein. Caliber also produced some records and a specialty magazine, ARC, for distribution outside comics.

In 1993, the principles of Stabur were involved in starting up a new toy company with Spawn creator Todd McFarlane. Reed was named vice president of McFarlane Toys while still running Stabur and Caliber. Jim Pruett was hired to take over some of the editorial duties of Caliber. Reed would stay with McFarlane Toys until May 1996.

Caliber expanded in the mid-1990s with titles such as David Mack's Kabuki, Brian Bendis' A.K.A. Goldfish and Jinx, Mark Ricketts' Nowheresville, Mike Carey and Michael Gaydos on Inferno, and in 1995, Caliber launched the sub-imprint of New Worlds. New Worlds' titles were loosely connected, and included Raven Chronicles, Helsing, Seeker, Saint Germaine, Red Diaries, Black Mist, and others. Although not an actual shared universe, the settings and characters could cross over with each other and often did.

As Caliber expanded, more editorial staff was hired to handle the growing line of comics. Moebius Comics launched and fan favorites Mr. Monster and Maze Agency returned. Caliber handled the distribution of Amazing Comics, which featured the work of Mike Deodato. Brian Lumley's Necroscope and Whitley Strieber's Communion series were signed on for comic releases. Jon Sable from Mike Grell was announced but never came out. Caliber also started a new imprint in 1997, Tapestry Comics, that featured an "all ages" approach.

Decline and demise
As the overall comic market declined with the consolidation of the distribution system, Caliber slowly cut back on the number of titles. Caliber found some success of producing comics that appealed outside the usual comics market with some of the Tome Press titles including the Sherlock Holmes Reader, which had the majority of its sales outside the traditional comic stores.

The demise of Caliber can be attributed primarily to the problems associated with the Spawn PowerCardz game. Caliber had invested heavily in time and money to launch the collectible card game and had great potential with purchase orders. However, the printer of the card game was running behind in production and outsourced the collation of the game to another printer who didn't understand the random assortment of the cards. When the game appeared with improper collation, the purchase orders, which exceeded over two million dollars, were cancelled. Although a lawsuit was filed and Caliber won, by the time the judgment came, it was too late. In addition, the printer declared bankruptcy and Caliber was left only with portions of the unusable product.

In 2000, Caliber released the last of its titles, and Gary Reed moved on to concentrate on teaching college biology and freelance writing. Many of Caliber's top titles continued on with new publishers, including Baker Street, Deadworld, Saint Germaine, Kilroy Is Here, Negative Burn, Raven Chronicles, and Red Diaries. Reed had been reviving many of the Caliber titles with reprints of collections and all new series, initially from Image Comics, then from Desperado Publishing and Transfuzion Publishing. Deadworld continued to be printed in new volumes via Desperado but now under the IDW banner.

Relaunch and death of Gary Reed
In 2015, Gary Reed undertook a relaunch of Caliber, and solicited orders in the summer of 2016 for several new and reprint publications; however, he died suddenly in October 2016. Caliber has continued publishing, as of 2018, with graphic novels and comics such as Weirdsdale, Knights of the Skull, Nightlinger, The Shepherd, and Infinite.

Selected titles

 * A.K.A. Goldfish
 * Alan Moore's Songbook
 * Ashes
 * Baker Street
 * Beck & Caul
 * Big Bang Comics
 * Black Mist
 * Boston Bombers
 * Brian Lumley's Necroscope
 * Caliber Presents
 * Cavewoman: Rain
 * The Crow
 * Daemonstorm
 * Deadworld
 * Death Sin
 * Dicks
 * Disciples
 * Fire
 * Golgothika
 * The Hanged Man (1998), #1–2 (reprints the "Mazeworld" stories from 2000 AD)
 * Helsing
 * Inferno
 * Jinx
 * Kabuki
 * Kaos Moon
 * Kilroy Is Here
 * Kingdom of the Wicked
 * Legendlore
 * Level X (1996), #1–2 (collected in 2017 as Level X: Machine of Dreams)
 * Lori Lovecraft
 * The Lost
 * Magus
 * The Marquis
 * Maze Agency
 * Mike Deodato Comics
 * Moebius Comics
 * Mr. Monster
 * Nature of the Beast
 * Negative Burn (1993–1997), #1–50
 * New Worlds Anthology (1996), #1–6
 * Nowheresville
 * Nowheresville (1995), #1
 * Death by Starlight (1995), #1–4
 * The History of Cool (1997), #1
 * Oz
 * Oz (1994–1997), #0–20
 * Oz Special 1: Scarecrow (1995), #1
 * Oz Special 2: Lion (1995), #1
 * Oz Special 3: Tinman (1995), #1
 * Oz Special 4: Freedom Fighters (1995), #1
 * Romance in Rags (1996), #1–3
 * Straw and Sorcery (1997), #1–3
 * Raven Chronicles (1995–1997), #1–14
 * Red Diaries
 * Renfield
 * The Realm
 * v1 (1989–1991), #14–21
 * v2 (1993–1995), #1–13
 * The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1990–1991), #1–3
 * Saint Germaine
 * Scarlet in Gaslight (1996), TPB (reprints #1–4 of the Eternity Comics series)
 * Seeker
 * The Searchers (1996), #1–4
 * The Searchers: Apostle of Mercy (1997), #1–2
 * Sherlock Holmes
 * Ship of Fools (1996), #1–2
 * Silencers (1991), #1–4
 * The Silent Invasion (1996), #1–6 (reprints the first half of the Renegade Press series)
 * Silverfawn (1989), #1 (a The Realm character)
 * Sinergy: A Journey Through Hell (2015), #1–5
 * Spawn PowerCardz
 * Startling Crime Illustrated (1991), #1
 * Stormquest (1994–1995), #1–6
 * Strange Attractors: Moon Fever (1997), #1–2 (continues from the RetroGrafix series Strange Attractors #1–15)
 * Sudden Gravity
 * The Sussex Vampire (1996), #1
 * Swords of Shar-Pei
 * Technopolis
 * Untouchables
 * The War of the Worlds (1996), #1–5 (collected in 2002 by Arrow Press as The War of the Worlds: Haven and the Hellweed)
 * Whitley Streiber's Beyond Communion
 * The Worlds of H.P. Lovecraft (continued under Tome imprint)
 * Arthur Jermyn (1993), #1
 * Dagon (1993), #1–2
 * The Music of Erich Zaan (1993), #1
 * The Picture in the House (1993), #1
 * The Statement of Randolph Carter (1996), #1

Amazing Comics

 * Angel Heat: The Ninth Order (1997), #1
 * Dangerous Secrets (1997), #1
 * The Experimentals (1997), #1

Tome Press

 * The Dance of Death (1992), #1
 * Dante's Inferno (1992), #1–2
 * Dinosaurs: An Illustrated Guide (1991), #1
 * Erewhon (1992), #1
 * Hunting of the Shark (1992)
 * Jack London
 * Chinago and Other Stories (1991)
 * Koolau the Leper (1991)
 * A Piece of Steak (1991)
 * Jack the Ripper (1998), #1
 * The Man Who Would Be King (1993), #1
 * Medieval Tales: Murder of Thomas Becket
 * Pre-Raphaelite Persuasion
 * Professor Challenger: The Poisoned Belt (1997)
 * Sherlock Holmes: Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Holmes (1998)
 * Siege of The Alamo
 * Song of the Cid (1991), #1–2
 * Suppressed! (1991), #1
 * True Spy Stories (1991), #1
 * Troy (1997), #1–2
 * The Worlds of H.P. Lovecraft
 * The Alchemist (1997), #1
 * The Lurking Fear (1997), #1
 * The Tomb (1997), #1
 * Beyond the Walls of Sleep (1998), #1
 * Zulunation (1991), #1–3

New Worlds

 * Black Mist
 * Helsing
 * Raven Chronicles
 * The Red Diaries
 * Saint Germaine
 * Seeker

Gauntlet

 * Berzerker
 * Samurai Seven
 * Serpent Rising
 * U.N. Force (1993), #1–5

Iconografix

 * Bound & Gagged
 * Lowlife
 * Meatcake
 * Very Vicky

Tapestry Press

 * BoonDoggle
 * Dreamwalker (1996–1997), #1–4 (from Dreamwalker Press; see Avatar Press)
 * Explorers v2 (1996–1997), #1–3 (from Explorer Press)
 * The Hoon
 * Pakkins' Land
 * Patty Cake (1996–1997), #1–2
 * A Patty Cake Christmas (1996), #1
 * Shades of Gray Comics and Stories
 * Tapestry Anthology (1997), #1
 * Terror Tots
 * Trollords v4 (1997), #1–2 (from Apple Press)

title: Caliber Comics


text:
Mat Osman

Mathew David Osman (born 9 October 1967) is an English musician and author, best known as the bassist in the rock band Suede. Osman and singer Brett Anderson are the only remaining founding members left in Suede, and perform along with drummer Simon Gilbert, who has appeared on many Suede albums. Osman is also a writer; he has written two novels and contributed to various publications. He is the brother of presenter and author Richard Osman.

Biography
Osman was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, but was raised mainly in Haywards Heath, West Sussex. Osman's younger brother is the presenter, author, and comedian Richard Osman. He studied at the London School of Economics where in 1989, he was awarded a BSc in Economics.

Osman met future Suede lead singer Brett Anderson in Haywards Heath, and they played together in early garage bands such as The Pigs and Suave And Elegant. Osman co-wrote some of Suede's songs, including "Lost in TV", "Europe Is Our Playground", "Attitude" and "Golden Gun". After Suede broke up in 2003, Osman provided music for television programmes, such as 8 Out of 10 Cats, The Marriage Ref and You Have Been Watching. He returned to perform with Suede when the band reformed in 2010.

Osman was the London editor of the email magazine le cool and the editor of its London guidebook, published in summer 2008. His writing has also been published in British magazines and newspapers including The Guardian, The Independent and The Observer.

Osman's first novel, The Ruins, was published in February 2020 by Repeater Books and his second, The Ghost Theatre, was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in 2023. He co-authored the book England on Fire with Stephen Ellcock.

With Suede

 * Suede (1993)
 * Dog Man Star (1994)
 * Coming Up (1996)
 * Head Music (1999)
 * A New Morning (2002)
 * Bloodsports (2013)
 * Night Thoughts (2016)
 * The Blue Hour (2018)
 * Autofiction (2022)

title: Mat Osman