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Takao-class cruiser

The Takao-class cruiser (高雄型) was a class of four heavy cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) launched between May 1930 and April 1931. All served during World War II.

Description

The Takao class was an evolution from the preceding Myōkō-class cruiser, with heavier torpedo armament and a large, almost battleship-like bridge structure.

Like the Myōkō class, the ships were ostensibly intended to remain within the strictures of the Washington Naval Treaty, initially designed to weigh 9850 LT. However, like the Myōkōs, the Takaos ended up overweight, at 11350 LT. This markedly reduced their freeboard and stability. The large tower bridge added to the instability, but the cause of much of the excess weight remains unclear, as many components were heavier than expected.

Their main battery was ten 20.3 cm guns in five twin mounts, for the first time the Mark 2 version of the gun was used during construction, all previous heavy cruisers received it during upgrades. Three of the turrets were located before the bridge in a pyramidal distribution, with the other two aft of the main mast and aircraft handling facilities. After investigation of the recent County-class cruisers of the United Kingdom, it was decided to give the main battery some anti-aircraft ability. The turrets were equipped with increased elevation limits versus their predecessors, 70 degrees in the Takao, Atago, and Chōkai, and 55 degrees in the Maya. The gun elevation gear was improved to achieve a maximum rate of twelve degrees per second. Additional shell lifts were installed to ease supply of AA shells to the main guns. However, it was later realized that these arrangements were inadequate. The elevating gear was considered impractical and delicate (later Japanese heavy cruisers used a reduced 55 degree limit on their guns). Although the elevation rate was better, reloading could be performed only at a fixed five degrees of elevation, which reduced rate of fire at higher angles. The rate of train was still only four degrees per second. Switching of anti-aircraft fire control was found inadequate for the main guns. Finally, the turret machinery was found to be too noisy.

They were also armed with eight 24 in torpedo tubes arranged in four Type 89 twin mounts. A rapid-reload installation was provided, with four twin racks, one per launcher mount. There were sixteen reload torpedoes held in reserve, for a total of twenty-four. After refit in 1938-1939, Takao and Atago were fitted with sixteen 24 in torpedo tubes in Type 92 quadruple mounts. Two quadruple rapid-reload racks were fitted, one each to port and starboard. Arrangements were made to carry Type 93 torpedoes, which were equipped in 1940. Chōkai and Maya did not receive these more extensive modifications, but were refitted with the Type 93 torpedo and oxygen equipment in 1941. Maya was refitted 1943-1944 with sixteen 610mm torpedo tubes in four Type 92 quad mounts, but there were no reloads or rapid-reload racks.

The ships were initially equipped with four single Type 10 12 cm/45 "high-angle" anti-aircraft guns. These cannons were replaced in 1942 on the Takao and Atago with eight Type 89 12.7 cm/40 guns in four twin mounts. They were replaced on Maya with twelve Type 89 12.7 cm/40 guns in six twin mounts during a 1943-1944 refit. Chōkai retained the four Type 10s until it was sunk.

Light anti-aircraft armament comprised two "HI" Type 40mm/62 guns and two "HI" Type 7.7mm machine guns. Both designs were Vickers imports. These guns were progressively replaced and supplemented with Type 93 13mm guns and Type 96 25mm guns during refits.

History
The class would see heavy service throughout the Pacific war. Mere days after the Pearl Harbor attack, Chōkai would serve with the naval task force that trailed the battleship HMS Prince of Wales and the battlecruiser HMS Repulse for a potential surface action, but she did not manage to engage the pair before they were sunk by land-based torpedo bombers. From then on out, the class would see a service from the rest of December to January of 1942 escorting invasion convoys before taking part in vigorous shore bombardment duties to support said convoys.

Indian Ocean campaign
Eventually, the Takao class would see more active service hunting down and sinking small warships and other vessels in the Indian Ocean. On March 1st, Takao overpowered and sank the British minesweeper Scott Harley and the Dutch freighter Toradja, and captured the Dutch freighter Bintoehan. Later that night, Takao and Atago joined each other and combined fire to sink the destroyer USS Pillsbury with all hands. On March 2nd, Maya assisted in sinking the destroyer/minelayer HMS Stronghold, then the next day Maya was present during the sinking of the gunboat USS Asheville, but did not actually engage with the sinking being carried out by her consorts, the destroyers Nowaki and Arashi. Then on March 4, Takao, Atago, and Maya attacked a convoy heading to Australia, sinking the sloop HMAS Yarra, a minesweeper, a depot ship, and an oil tanker, before Atago captured two freighters. Finally, Chōkai saw action where she sank the US freighter Bienville on April 1st, then sank the British steamship Ganges on April 6th.

All four ships were involved in the Battle of Midway although none saw combat, with Atago and Chōkai in Kondō's Midway invasion Force as Cruiser Division (Sentai) 4, Section 1. Takao and Maya, as Cruiser Division 4, Section 2, were a part of the Aleutian Islands campaign as escorts for the Second Carrier Striking Force.

Guadalcanal campaign
Following Midway, the ships were sent to assist in the Guadalcanal campaign. On August 9, Chōkai served as Admiral Mikawa's flagship during the action that would become known as the battle of Savo Island, one of the most devastating Japanese navy victories of the war, sinking four allied heavy cruisers and damaging several other ships. For her part, Chōkai directly sank the heavy cruiser USS Vincennes with two torpedo hits, and via gunfire assisted in sinking the heavy cruisers HMAS Canberra and USS Astoria, while her consorts sank the heavy cruiser USS Quincy. In exchange, Chōkai was moderately damaged by three 8-inch (203 mm) shell hits from Astoria and Quincy, one knocked out her A turret, and another exploded in her chart room, injuring Mikawa. While Chōkai was in repairs, the rest of the class escorted carriers during the battles of the Eastern Solomans and Santa Cruz. On the night of November 15, Takao and Atago would see major action during the second naval battle of Guadalcanal. Together, they shelled the crippled battleship USS South Dakota, landing between 16-19 hits, before attacks by the battleship USS Washington sank the battleship Kirishima and disrupted the rest of the force, during which Atago was lightly damaged by a single 5-inch (127 mm) shell hit from Washington's secondary battery.

Soloman Islands campaign
In 1943, the four ships spent some time in Japan, then deployed to Truk and New Britain. On March 27 Maya got her big action fighting a US cruiser task force at the battle of the Komandorski Islands. Maya engaged in a gunnery duel with the heavy cruiser USS Salt Lake City, and was lightly damaged by a few straddles and near misses. However, in exchange she hit Salt Lake City with up to seven 20.3 cm (8 in) shell hits, leaving her dead in the water with a rudder jam and suffering heavy flooding. On November 5th 1943, while anchored in Rabaul harbor, Takao, Atago and Maya were damaged by American aircraft from Rear-Admiral Sherman's Task Force (TF) 38, comprising the carriers USS Saratoga and USS Princeton, escorted by two anti-aircraft cruisers and nine destroyers. A follow-up attack on 11 November by TF 38 and additional U.S. carriers damaged more Japanese ships, and all three ships had to return to Japan for repairs. During these repairs, Maya was modified to become an anti-aircraft cruiser.

Battle of Leyte Gulf
In 1944, all four ships took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, where Cruiser Division 4 was part of C Force, composed of the two super battleships Yamato and Musashi, two fast battleships Kongō and Haruna, three light carriers, eight heavy cruisers (including the four Takaos), one light cruiser and seven destroyers. The four Takao-class ships were assigned to Vice Admiral Kurita's Center Force for the Battle of Leyte Gulf, or Operation Sho-1 as it was known to the Japanese. The ships left Brunei on 22 October 1944 for what would be their last battle. On 23 October 1944, while passing through the Palawan Passage, the force was attacked by the submarines USS Darter and USS Dace. Darter attacked both Takao and Atago, hitting the former with two and the latter with four torpedoes. Atago was mortally damaged and sank rapidly, although Admiral Kurita survived the sinking. Takao was severely damaged and was escorted to Singapore by two destroyers, but after her arrival would never sail again. Dace sank Maya with a salvo of four torpedoes.

Chōkai, the last remaining ship of Cruiser Division 4, continued with the main force, pulling through the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea unscathed, before engaging in the later action off Samar. Chōkai would engage the American escort carriers, destroyers, and destroyer escorts of Taffy 3. During the action, she was engaged by the destroyer escort USS Samuel B Roberts, and was badly damaged by a torpedo hit to her stern. However, this did not put her out of action, as she continued to engage the force, firing on the escort carrier USS White Plains and scoring hits, but in turn the flat top hit Chōkai with some five 5-inch (127 mm) shells. However, fatal damage occurred when air attacks from USS Kitkun Bay dropped a bomb down the stack, destroying her engine room. After her crew was removed, the destroyer Fujinami scuttled Chōkai with torpedo hits. Several days later, Fujinami herself was sunk by American carrier aircraft with all hands, including the Chōkai survivors.

There is some debate as to how Chōkai sank. American accounts of the battle often talk about how a shell from White Plains hit the torpedo tubes and detonated them, which was what caused the fatal damage. However, Japanese records do not support this, and firmly state she was sunk by ariel bombs. The final nail in the coffin came in 2019 when Chōkai's wreck was found, and a survey shortly afterwards found the torpedo tubes to be completely intact.

The unrepaired Takao would sit in Singapore until the end of the war. With the formal surrender of the Japanese to allied forces, both Takao and the damaged heavy cruiser Myōkō were taken over by British forces. On October 29th 1946, Takao was finally expended and sunk as target practice by the light cruiser HMS Newfoundland in the Malacca Strait.

Ships
Four ships of the class were launched. All served in World War II and all were sunk or disabled by the end of the war.

title: Takao-class cruiser


text: User talk:70.49.19.92

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:70.49.19.92


text:
User:Bellenion

=Bellenion=

Mae govannen! Im Bellenion o Daiwan, tol vain! In ist e-maethad genediadod-amar in ist vain i iston si, dan melin ist e-lammas vi i amar hen, i naid e-Gelthrim, ar amar chwiniol na Dolkien(i lammas i e agor edregol XD)! Si cerin dass e-doged ist na lam Englandrim na ist na lam Cínrim, ah aníron i pelithon cared dass allaew vi Wicipedia e-lam Englandrim.

Suil!

cy:user:Bellenion es:User:Bellenion ja:user:Bellenion zh:user:Bellenion

title: User:Bellenion


text: User talk:84.67.247.25

title: User talk:84.67.247.25


text: Category:Towers in Tennessee

title: Category:Towers in Tennessee


text:
Carlton Myers

Carlton Ettore Francesco Myers (born 30 March 1971) is an Italian former professional basketball player who played in the Italian league and the EuroLeague. Myers was initially raised in the United Kingdom. One of the best European shooting guards of his generation, he won a FIBA EuroBasket title with the senior Italian national team in 1999.

Early life
Myers was born in London, England to a Caribbean father from Saint Vincent and an Italian mother from Pesaro. He was raised in London until the age of 9, when he moved with his mother to Rimini, Italy.

Professional career
During his years in Fortitudo Bologna, Myers became the great rival of another European superstar, Saša Danilović, the leader of Virtus Bologna, the other basketball team in the city. The duels and the rivalry between Myers and Danilović, are a legendary part of Italian basketball history.

National team career
With the senior men's Italian National Team, Myers played in the 1997 and 1999 editions of the FIBA EuroBasket, the 1998 FIBA World Championship, and in the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics, where he also had the honour of being his country's flag-bearer, at the opening ceremony.

Club

 * 2× Italian League MVP: 1994, 1997
 * 3× FIBA EuroStar: 1996, 1998, 1999
 * FIBA EuroLeague Top Scorer: 1997
 * Italian Cup winner: 1998
 * Italian Cup MVP: 1998
 * 2× Italian Supercup winner: 1998, 2004
 * FIBA EuroStars MVP: 1998
 * FIBA EuroStars Top Scorer: 1998
 * FIBA EuroStars 3-point Contest winner: 1998
 * Italian League champion: 2000

National team

 * Acropolis Tournament MVP: 1997
 * 1997 FIBA EuroBasket:
 * 1999 FIBA EuroBasket:
 * 1999 FIBA EuroBasket: All-Tournament Team

title: Carlton Myers


text:
User talk:Gorbash9k

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 22:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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title: User talk:Gorbash9k


text:
User talk:Teresateng

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 22:39, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Info on Sihanouk and Cambodia
Hello, Teresateng. I noticed you recently added some material to the Cambodia article regarding Sihanouk and his activities in the mid/late 1960's. The material was then added to the Norodom Sihanouk article almost verbatim by a user using an anonymous (AOL) IP. Can you cite the source of the new material you added, if possible including some page numbers? As you can tell by my comments on the Sihanouk talk page, I am no Sihanouk apologist by any means. However, your contributions include some details I have not read in any other book on Sihanouk (which, of course, doesn't mean there's anything wrong with them, just that I haven't heard them before). On a personal level, I would like to check out this book. On a Wikipedia level, I have two concerns. 1) If this info is only from one source and not accepted by a majority of scholars, it should probably be mentioned in the article instead of presented as universally accepted fact (ie. "Sihanouk biographer, author John Doe, has written that...."). 2) If info from the book is going to be included in either article I would like to list it in the "Books" or "Bibliography" subsection of the Sihanouk article. Thanks. --WilliamThweatt 21:47, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Thanks...
...for the pick up on that BPD typo. Cheers! --Sadhaka 12:47, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Teresateng


text:
Stanley Rous

Sir Stanley Ford Rous (25 April 1895 – 18 July 1986) was an English football referee and the 6th President of FIFA, serving from 1961 to 1974. He also served as secretary of the Football Association from 1934 to 1962 and was an international referee.

Early life
Rous was born in Mutford near Lowestoft in East Suffolk and attended Sir John Leman School in Beccles. He was the eldest son of a provision master but trained as a teacher in Beccles before serving in World War I as a non-commissioned officer in the 272nd Brigade of the Royal Field Artillery (East Anglian) in France, Palestine, Egypt, and Lebanon.

After the war Rous attended St Luke's College in Exeter and then became a sports teacher at Watford Boys Grammar School.

Referee
Rous played football at amateur level as a goalkeeper for clubs including Kirkley and Lowestoft Town, but was forced to retire from playing after breaking a wrist. He developed an interest in refereeing whilst watching Norwich City and later qualified as a referee while studying at St Luke's and became a football league referee in 1927. He officiated in his first international match, a 2–0 friendly win for Belgium against the Netherlands, in the Bosuilstadion, Antwerp, on 13 March in the same year. He eventually officiated in a total of 34 international matches.

He rose to the top tier of the game when he was appointed to referee the 1934 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, where Manchester City defeated Portsmouth by 2 goals to 1. The following day, after travelling to Belgium to control an international match, Rous retired from refereeing.

Rous made a major contribution to the game by rewriting the Laws of the Game in 1938, making them simpler and easier to understand. He was also the first to employ the diagonal system of control for referees as a standard practice. According to Belgian referee John Langenus, who had been in charge of the 1930 FIFA World Cup Final, he had seen referees from his country making a similar attempt at scientific positioning on the field of play.

Administrator
Rous moved on to the sphere of football administration. He served as secretary of the Football Association from 1934 to 1962. At UEFA, Rous joined the Executive Committee in 1958, becoming vice-president in March 1960, before leaving to become FIFA president the following year. During his time as FIFA president from 1961 to 1974, Rous witnessed the crowning of England as champions of the world in 1966.

Rous supported the apartheid-era South African Football Association. South Africa had been admitted to FIFA in 1954, but were expelled from their local federation, the Confederation of African Football (CAF), in 1958, and were suspended from FIFA in 1961 after failing to fulfill an ultimatum regarding anti-discrimination rules. In 1963, they were readmitted to FIFA after Rous travelled to the country to "investigate" football in the country, concluding that the game could disappear in the country if they were not readmitted, while the South African Football Association proposed playing an all-white team for the 1966 finals and an all-black team in 1970. It turned out to be short-lived. At FIFA's next annual congress, held in Tokyo just after the Olympic Games, a greater turnout of African and Asian representatives led to South Africa being suspended again, and they were ultimately expelled from FIFA in 1976.

Rous, however, continued to press for them to be readmitted, to the point that he was prepared to establish a Southern African confederation so that South Africa and Rhodesia (who were themselves expelled in 1970) could compete, but he was forced to back down after CAF members made it clear that they would withdraw en masse from FIFA at the 1966 FIFA congress in London.

In 1973 Rous insisted the USSR team play a World Cup qualifier against Chile in the aftermath of General Pinochet's military coup, at a time when thousands of political prisoners were being held in the Estádio Nacional sports stadium. The USSR however refused to do so and Chile qualified automatically for the 1974 World Cup, where they failed to advance from a group containing both West and East Germany and Australia.

Rous stood for re-election as president in 1974, but was defeated by the vigorous canvassing of João Havelange, and in the context of discontent of other nations at European domination of FIFA, as well as opposition by African and Asian countries due to the pro-South African stance of Rous. Upon his retirement as president, on 11 June 1974, he was nominated Honorary President of FIFA.

The short-lived Rous Cup was named after him, as was the Rous Stand at Watford F.C.'s Vicarage Road ground, until being renamed the Graham Taylor Stand in 2014. He wrote A History of the Laws of Association Football, published in 1974.

Personal life
Stanley Rous was married to Adrienne Gacon in 1924. He was appointed CBE in 1943 and knighted in 1949. He was a lifelong friend of one of the founding members of FIFA, Dr. Ivo Schricker (1877–1962). Rous was an active freemason attending Exonian Lodge No. 3415 in London.

Death
Rous died in Paddington, London, of leukaemia in 1986, at the age of 91. A service in his memory was held at Westminster Abbey in the September of the same year.

He is buried with his wife Lady Rous in the Holy Trinity Church in the Lickey Hills, close to both Bromsgrove and Birmingham.

title: Stanley Rous


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Tennessee


text:
Betty Engelstad Sioux Center

The Betty Engelstad Sioux Center (The Betty) is an indoor arena located in Grand Forks, North Dakota. It is adjacent to the larger $100 million Ralph Engelstad Arena in the University Village development.

The facility sits on the campus of the University of North Dakota and is used for the university's basketball and volleyball teams. The facility opened in August 2004. It has a seating capacity of 3,300. It features a 24000 sqft wood floor. In addition to university sports, the arena is used for small concerts and other community events.

title: Betty Engelstad Sioux Center


text:
User talk:Geologician

Time
Hi, Geo. Welcome to Wikipedia. Both Jim and I have considerably more experience on the Wiki that it appears that you do; your edits have been limited in the main to time alone. Perhaps you might consider leaving this article for a while and doing some work elsewhere; this would allow you to develop a better understanding of the Wiki. As I have said before, I think you make some valid and interesting points; the problem might well be in the way in which you present them. As it stands, if the edit war continues all that will happen is that time will be locked by the administrators, so that no one can edit it. That would be a shame. Banno 16:54, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Sock Puppetry Accusation
Under the user name 'Geologician' I have been accused by user Terry0051 of sock puppetry in the Discussion pages of subject 'Orbit of the Moon'. Although this  accusation is  completely without foundation, I am unable to defend myself  on the Investigations page because I have been instantly blocked and have been unable to find the email address of Peter Symonds, the blocking authority. Please forward a copy of this to him.

Terry0051, who may be a Wiki review editor, sent the above irate message to my User page when I questioned the accuracy of existing images on the subject page, provided a reasonable alternative for sensible discussion, and criticized his obscure supporting RS whilst providing my alternative classical textbook RS. I replied to his user page pointing this out. Terry0051 places great reliance in support of his beliefs on a cited 1912 paper by Turner in which the mathematical analysis is plain wrong and the concluding sentence is indefensible. Any mathematician will see immediately that Turner's formulas illogically combine moon-based coordinates with sun-based coordinates. (His expressions need 'n' to be replaced with 'n+1' to make any sense.)

I have never heard of my so-called alter ego Saheenjim but have contributed occasional pieces to Wiki over the years with very rare controversy. I am surprised that any Wiki editor would jump to extreme measures of a personal warning and blocking, without taking account of the views of other contributors to the discussion page. Any such review editorial rights held by Terry0051 should be suspended forthwith. Geologician (talk) 11:42, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

It seems that Terry0051 edited my talk page to remove the above comment. Yet he accuses me of disruptive comment. I am sure experienced Wiki review editors will sort this out. Geologician (talk) 12:24, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

[From Terry0051] The accusation made earlier today by Geologician is false, I did not remove anything from Geologician's talkpage. Geologician appears to have jumped hastily to a false conclusion after clicking on a link which points to the 'diff' that resulted from my message requesting him to adhere to WP guidelines especially in regard to disruptive editing. (Geologician has now deleted that message, along with previous messages on his talk-page, some to related effect). The 'diff' shows the state of the talk page immediately after addition of my request-message: and at that time-point, Geologician had not yet posted the comment which he now says that I deleted. So the reason why Geologician's more recent comment does not form part of the 'diff' is the time-point to which the 'diff' relates, it is not because of any deletion (of which there has been none except by Geologician himself). Terry0051 (talk) 18:10, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

[From Geologician} I assume that the Wiki 'powers that be' will read my ongoing defense of Terry0051's spurious accusation and draw their own conclusions. They have only to consider the timing of Terry0051's posting of the link to my Talk page (19:27, 4 July 2009 (UTC)) to realize that Terry0051 deliberately linked to a previous version of my talk page so that my existing post( 11:42, 4 July 2009 (UTC)), refuting his points in detail, would not be seen. I do not believe that this is in the spirit of honest editorship of Wikipedia and am confident that the 'Judges' will find in my favour. If I have raised some controversy in my edits it is because Wiki instructions invite editors to be 'bold'. I am a very experienced scientist and believe in logic and facts when applied to scientific subjects rather than some artificial consensus position that could be more appropriate for philosophical and arts subjects. Geologician (talk) 12:18, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Provisional unblock
The Ban Appeal Subcommittee has considered your appeal and decided to provisionally suspend your ban for three months, subject to the following terms:

 * 1) You edit from one account and one account only;
 * 2) You abide strictly by sockpuppetry policy;
 * 3) You accept that your account will be checkusered from time to time to verify compliance;
 * 4) If the three months pass without incident, the unblock automatically becomes permanent.

As you have now accepted these terms by email, your account has been unblocked. Roger Davies talk 10:50, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

Thank you Roger. The unblock will obviously vindicate me from Terry0051's accusation of sockpuppetry, so I shall look forward to an apology by that user when it becomes permanent, if not immediately. Geologician (talk) 22:58, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Or you could assume good faith on the part of Terry0051 and let the matter drop :)  Roger Davies  talk 05:52, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

[From Terry0051] Terry0051 (talk) 14:42, 23 July 2009 (UTC)

File:Velocity.png listed for deletion
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Your submission at Articles for creation: Sedimentary Isostasy (March 1)
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 SITH   (talk)   16:43, 1 March 2019 (UTC)

Your submission at Articles for creation: Sedimentary isostasy has been accepted
 Sedimentary isostasy, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as B-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. If your account is more than four days old and you have made at least 10 edits you can create articles yourself without posting a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for Creation if you prefer. Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! Graeme Bartlett (talk) 01:50, 10 July 2019 (UTC)
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Your draft article, Draft:Sedimentary isostasy

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! UnitedStatesian (talk) 18:49, 25 July 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Geologician


text:
User talk:70.49.201.77

Nomination of Le Club des 100 Watts for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Le Club des 100 Watts is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Le Club des 100 Watts until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Boleyn (talk) 08:24, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:70.49.201.77


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Maine


text:
John Augustus

John Augustus (c. 1785 – June 21, 1859) was an American boot maker and penal reformer. He is credited with coining the English term "probation" and is called the "Father of Probation" in the United States because of his pioneering efforts to campaign for more lenient sentences for convicted criminals based on their backgrounds.

Life
Augustus was born in Woburn, Massachusetts. His interest in prisoner rehabilitation began in 1841, when he was touched by the case of a man arrested for public intoxication and paid his bail, moving the judge to set the man free. Thus began Augustus' practice of paying peoples' bail. Augustus' success rate could rival - and possibly surpass - the success rate of any rehabilitation program available today. His work brought him the devotion and aid of many Boston philanthropists and organizations. Augustus' success started him on an 18-year run as the first probation officer. At his death, it was noted that of the 1,946 people he helped, only ten proved unworthy (for which he forfeited bail).

Augustus died on June 21, 1859, in Boston, Massachusetts.

title: John Augustus


text: Category:Towers in Missouri

title: Category:Towers in Missouri


text:
Caye Caulker

Caye Caulker (Spanish: Cayo Caulker) is a small limestone coral island off the coast of Belize in the Caribbean Sea measuring about 5 mi (north to south) by less than 1 mi (east to west). The town on the island is known by the name Caye Caulker Village. The population of Caye Caulker is approximately 2,000 people.

Caye Caulker is located approximately 20 mi north-northeast of Belize City, and is accessible by high-speed water taxi or small plane. In recent years, the island has become a popular destination for backpackers and other tourists. There are over 50 hotels and a number of restaurants and shops.

Geography
The island is made up of a sand bar over a limestone shelf. An underwater cave named Giant Cave is found below the Caye in the limestone. In front of the village, a shallow lagoon, between 6 in and 14 ft deep, meets the Belize Barrier Reef to the east. This reef is known as a dry reef with the reef exposed at the surface, while further north the reef is a deep reef and lies under 2 to 8 ft of water. The area is popular with windsurfers.

A narrow waterway known as the Split divides the island in two. Some people state that the Split was created by Hurricane Hattie in 1961 which devastated Belize City; however, this is largely untrue. Villagers who actually hand dredged it maintain that it is largely a man-made feature. The Village Council Chairman at the time, Ramon Reyes, recounts that he and others dredged the waterway by hand after Hurricane Hattie opened a passage a few inches deep. This made a practical water way between the west and east sides of the island, intended at first for dugout canoes. The increased flow of tidal water has dredged the opening to 100 ft deep, fortuitously now allowing passage for larger boats. The natural erosion of the soft sand banks of the waterway continues to this day and threatens to further widen the passage.

Demographics
At the time of the 2010 census, Caye Caulker had a population of 1,763. Of these, 65.6% were Mestizo, 15.3% Creole, 4.3% Caucasian, 3.6% Ketchi Maya, 2.9% Garifuna, 2.4% Mopan Maya, 2.3% Mixed, 1.4% Asian, 0.7% East Indian, 0.6% African, 0.3% Mennonite, 0.1% Yucatec Maya and 0.3% others.

Settlement
Caye Caulker is thought to have been inhabited for hundreds of years; however, the recent population levels did not start until the Caste War of Yucatan in 1847, when many mestizos of mixed Maya and Spanish descent fled the massacres taking place across the Yucatán.

The area of the village was granted to Luciano Reyes by Queen Victoria around 1870. Lots were sold to six or seven families, most of which still have descendants on the island today. The influence of these families is still very apparent.

The location of the main settlement on the island is thought to have remained unchanged for hundreds of years. The bay at the back of the village provides shelter for boats while the reef at the front provides good protection from large waves. The coral sand near the village provides adequate anchorage compared to the soft mud found elsewhere on the island.

Hurricane Hattie
When Hurricane Hattie struck the island in 1961, a storm surge swept across the narrow part of the village. The wooden schoolhouse, being used as a shelter at the time, was destroyed by waves, killing 13, mostly children. The eye of the storm passed to the south of the island, sparing it from further destruction.

The village council was supported in the task of rebuilding by Governor Thornley's Emergency Committee and formed teams to do various types of work. About 42 houses were built in a few weeks. The British Army also helped, with helicopters bringing medical and food supplies. Caye Caulker remains vulnerable to direct hits from hurricanes because it has no defenses from storm surges.

In modern times, there have been at least four major hurricanes which have devastated the island, the most recent of which was Hurricane Keith in 2000. Since the island is only 8 ft at its highest point, a strong storm surge can easily cover the entire island, as occurred during Hattie and Keith.

Economy
The main industry on the island prior to tourism was fishing. The island sits in the middle of natural migration routes for fish, and feeding grounds for conch and lobster. During World War II, fishermen living on the island also collected debris from torpedoed ships in the Caribbean that came floating ashore. The most lucrative were bales of rubber. The fishing industry is thought to support about 80 families on the island.

The growth of tourism on the island
Tourism first started on the island around 1964, with only a few visitors on weekends from the mainland Belleview Hotel, brought out by a local boat called 'Sailfish', built by a schoolteacher beside the then Teachers House. The early tourists were mostly people working with the Belize Government. Around 1969, Dr. Hildebrand of the University of Corpus Christi started visiting each winter with a Marine Biology Expedition of around 24 students. Backpackers also found their way to the island at this time, but transportation was only by fishing sailboats and there was no accommodation. The Auxillou family pioneered the tourism industry and the first scuba diving lessons and trips were started around the late 1960s.

As speedboats came into use in the 1970s tourists became more regular. Hippies following the so-called "Gringo Trail", of Isla Mujeres, Tulum, Caye Caulker, Tikal and Lake Atitlan in Guatemala passed through the island (many of them making use of the easily available marijuana). The reputation spread by word of mouth.

Today, the diversified economy of the village still includes lobster, fish, and tourists. Internet e-commerce is growing in a small way. Recent hurricanes had a major effect on lobster fishing as well as dramatically affecting the vegetation. The island ecology is slowly returning to that prior to the storms. The island is now becoming a center for many painters and some musicians.

The small airplanes and asphalt-paved airstrip of Caye Caulker Airport may appear small to visitors accustomed to jet airliners and long concrete runways, but the system of barrier islands support a lively network of air transportation with an array of travel times. For those passengers preferring a route more commonly adopted by locals, there are regular water taxi services providing transportation to and from the island. San Pedro Express and Ocean Ferry are currently offering service from Caye Caulker to San Pedro Town and Belize City. Regular taxi service is available from the main Belize City airport to the docks for both companies. The watercraft typically sport two to four large motors and make the journey in 30 to 50 minutes depending on weather and the size of the boat.

Once on the island, the main mode of transport is simply walking. The roads are well defined, and crossing the island takes 20 to 40 minutes depending on road conditions. Bicycles and golf carts are also common and can be easily rented. Visitors prone to sunburn should take extra precautions, as the island is entirely white coral sand, and reflected sunlight can cause mild sunburns even in the shade. The Island is also used as a popular launch off for scuba diving the Great Blue Hole, with several expeditions per week.

title: Caye Caulker


text:
Talk:Stanley Rous

Untitled

 * Sir" is often left off page titles. --Wetman 22:46, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I will redirect Sir Stanley Rous to Stanley Rous then. --Carioca 23:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hey, if the guy died at 91, then he was born in 1905, not 1895. or he died at 100 ? 195.56.50.235 14:17, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Eh? 1895 + 91 = 1986 (the year he died). Oops. Ref (chew) (do) 00:20, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Ashes scattered: Norfolk or Suffolk
Hi. The article claimed at one point that his ashes were scattered on a football pitch near where he was born in Norfolk. Also categorised as Born in Norfolk.

I can assure you that he was born in Mutford, Suffolk, as per his autobiography referenced in the article. I have amended the relevant category. I also assumed that the ashes-scattering reference was therefore mistaken, and happened on a Suffolk football pitch. However, having attempted and failed to find a reliable source for this information, I am forced to remove it as per the guideline. If anyone comes up with a good reference for the deleted content, please re-add it along with the reference. Thanks. Ref (chew) (do) 20:12, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Bizarrely the article had two different birth and death locations! I;ve cleared it up and added a bunch of biographical stuff which comes from good sources. I have no idea if he was cremated even let alone where his ashes may be. I doubt somehow that that's the most important thing about him! --Blue Square Thing (talk) 19:40, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

Do staff count as alumni?
Should Stanley Rous be included amongst the Category:Alumni of Watford Grammar School for Boys? Alastair Cutting 00:16, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * No - see this meaning for alumnus/alumni. Sir Stanley was a staff member, not a graduate or ex-pupil/student. It was in other words a job. Thanks. Ref (chew) (do) 16:07, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The usual definition I understand, but Alumnus also has this quote, which made me think it is becoming a legitimate use:
 * "Recently, the definition of "alumni" has expanded to include people who have departed from any kind of organization or program. As such, one can potentially be a "corporate alum" of XYZ Company, or an alum of a military branch, non-profit organization, fraternities and sororities, or training process." Alastair Cutting 22:44, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Nevertheless, the clear meaning I take from those references to Watford contained in his autobiography are that the post he held there was primarily a job to him. I think it contextually wrong therefore to include him as alumni. That is only my opinion. Consensus would obviously win out if it were added to the article. Ref (chew) (do) 18:40, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Stanley Rous


text:
Cryogenic processor

A cryogenic processor is a device engineered to reduce the temperature of an object to cryogenic levels, typically around −300°F (−184.44°C), at a moderate rate in order to prevent thermal shock to the components being treated. The inception of commercial cryogenic processors dates back to the late 1960s, pioneered by Ed Busch. The development of programmable microprocessor controls allowed machines to follow temperature profiles that increased the effectiveness of the process. Certain manufacturers integrate home computers into cryogenic processors to program the temperature profiles.

Before programmable controls were added to control cryogenic processors, the treatment process of an object was done manually by immersing the object in liquid nitrogen. This method often induced thermal shock, leading to structural cracks within the object. Contemporary cryogenic processors monitor temperature fluctuations and modulate the liquid nitrogen input to ensure that only fractional changes in temperature occur over a specific period of time. These temperature readings and adjustments are synthesized into profiles that are used to repeat the process when treating similarly grouped objects.

The standard processing cycle for contemporary cryogenic processors spans a three-day period, which includes 24 hours to reach the optimal minimum temperature for the product, 24 hours to hold the product at the minimum temperature, and 24 hours to return the product to room temperature. Certain items necessitate post-cryogenic heating in an oven to achieve higher temperatures. While some processors can provide both the negative and positive extreme temperatures, in some instances, distinct apparatuses like a cryogenic processor and a specialized oven may yield superior outcomes, contingent on the application.

The optimal minimum temperatures for objects, as well as the hold times involved, are determined by utilizing different research methods and are backed by analysis of the product to determine the optimum procedure for a particular product. The advent of novel metals and their amalgamations in new market products may necessitate alterations to processing profiles to suit these materials. Additionally, thermal profiles might be revised in response to insights from case studies conducted by either the manufacturer or the clientele of cryogenic services. When a cryogenic processor is manufactured, the thermal profiles for the year of manufacture will be included. Nonetheless, profiles originating from the initial engineering phase of the processor model could be antiquated. Manufacturers facing budget constraints might include obsolete profiles with processors due to limited research funding.

To find thermal profiles for cryogenics, a number of companies maintain thermal profiles of various products that are updated for accuracy at regular intervals according to ongoing research, including data from independent trials and studies. Acquiring these profiles can pose challenges if their use is not educational, primarily within institutional research contexts, as they typically only provide the updated profiles to their longtime service center partners.

It is asserted that cryogenic processors have revolutionized the domain of cryogenics. Previously, cryogenics was largely theoretical, with inconsistent results from incremental improvements. Ongoing research aims to increase the accuracy of temperature treatment profiles, as well as the efficiency of hardware and associated control systems.

title: Cryogenic processor


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Missouri


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 10

July 10

 * 2013 – A Northrop Grumman X-47B unmanned combat air vehicle demonstrator lands aboard USS George H. W. Bush (CVN-77) in the Atlantic Ocean off Virginia. Taking off from Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, the X-47B flies about 140 miles (225 km), makes a landing approach, is deliberately waved off to test its go-around capability, then lands after its second approach, all without human in-flight input. It is both the first time that an unmanned aerial vehicle lands on an aircraft carrier autonomously and the first extended autonomous flight by a military unmanned aerial vehicle of any kind.

 * 2011 – Egypt ends its unrestricted immigration policy for Libyan nationals arriving in Egypt by air.

 * 2006 – PIA Flight 688, a Fokker F27, crashes into a wheat field near Multan, Pakistan ten minutes after taking off, killing all 41 passengers and 4 crew members on board.

 * 2004 – First flight of the Aerocomp Comp Air Jet

 * 2002 – Crossair Flight 850, a Saab 2000, strikes an earth bank after landing at Werneuchen Airfield after multiple diversions due to a storm system; all 20 on board survive; the aircraft is written off.

 * 2002 – A Sikorsky H-34 crashed and sank into the Brookville Reservoir in Brookville, Indiana. The pilot Steve Myler and co-pilot Joseph Rukazina, both made it out while the mechanic Michael Jarski lost his life.

 * 2000 – EADS is formed by the merger of Aérospatiale-Matra, Dornier, DaimlerChrysler Aerospace, and Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA).

 * 1991 – L'Express Airlines Flight 508, a Beechcraft Model 99, crashes while on approach Birmingham Municipal Airport in Birmingham, Alabama, due to severe thunderstorms. Two survive the crash out of 15 on board.

 * 1985 – Aeroflot Flight 7425, a Tupolev Tu-154B, stalls while cruising at 38,000 feet (11,600 m) and enters an unrecoverable spin, killing all 200 aboard.

 * 1978 – Airbus Industrie announces a decision to proceed with development of the A300 B10, a shortened version of the A300 with a capacity of 225 passengers, compared to 281 on the B2 and B4. The designation is later changed to the A310.

 * 1968 – First flight of The Mil V-12 (also referred to as the Mi-12, NATO reporting name "Homer"), largest helicopter ever built.

 * 1965 – First US Air Force aerial victories of the Vietnam War scored by F-4 Phantoms

 * 1965 – Skyways Coach-Air Avro 748 crashes on landing at Lympne Airport, Kent, United Kingdom due to a waterlogged runway; all 52 on board survive; this crash marks the first loss of the Avro 748/HS 748.

 * 1962 – Launch of Telstar 1, First satellite to relay television signals. It successfully relayed through space the First television pictures, telephone calls, fax images and provided the First live transatlantic television feed.

 * 1959 – First flight of the Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-152 A, prototype single-seat fighter/interceptor, part of the Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-150 family.

 * 1956 – Sgt DE Stevenson twice entered an aviation fuel fire at Montmedy, France, and brought it under control. He was awarded the George Medal.

 * 1955 – Death of Étienne Oehmichen, French engineer and helicopter designer.

 * 1953 – New York Airways becomes the First scheduled helicopter carrier in the USA and the First passenger helicopter carrier in the world

 * 1952 – A Boeing B-29-95-BW Superfortress, 45-21761, c/n 13655, converted to F-13A, crashes on the runway at Fairchild AFB, Washington, with ROTC cadets on board. There were no casualties, although the aircraft was a total loss and the hulk was later used by the fire department for practice fires.

 * 1947 – First flight of the Airspeed Ambassador

 * 1945 – Aircraft from the 20 aircraft carriers of U. S. Navy Task Force 38 strike Tokyo and vicinity. In addition, 536 B-29 s drop 3,872 tons (3,512,655 kg) of bombs on Sendai and other cities in Japan.

 * 1943 – Operation Husky, the British and American landings on Sicily, begins supporting naval forces include the British aircraft carriers HMS Indomitable and HMS Formidable Axis aircraft attack Allied ships offshore, and a Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber sinks the American destroyer USS Maddox (DD-622) with the loss of 212 lives. Floatplanes based on American light cruisers provide valuable spotting support for naval gunfire against targets ashore.

 * 1943 – Six U. S. Army Air Forces B-24 Liberators take off from Attu to fly the 1,300 miles (2,093 km) round-trip to attack the Japanese base at Paramushiro, in what would have been the first Allied air raid against the Kurile Islands; however, they are diverted en route to join B-25 Mitchells in attacking a convoy of Japanese transports, suffering one aircraft damaged before returning to Attu. On the same day a separate formation of eight B-25 s on its own initiative attempts to bomb Paramushiro; they bomb an unidentified land mass through overcast without knowing if it is Japan, the Kuriles, the Kamchatka Peninsula, or an unidentified North Pacific island.

 * 1942 – The Commander-in-Chief, United States Navy, Admiral Ernest J. King, orders U. S. Navy sea frontier commanders to establish a system by which commercial aviators can report submarine sightings. By November, the five major U. S. airlines, the Naval Air Transport Service, the U. S. Army’s Air Transport Command, and British flying boats on transatlantic routes all are involved.

 * 1942 – First flight of the Douglas A-26 Invader.

 * 1942 – Birth of Pyotr Ilyich Klimuk, Soviet cosmonaut and First Belarusian to perform space travel

 * 1940 – The fourth Messerschmitt Bf 109 F series prototype makes its first flight in Germany, powered by one of the new 1,350-hp Daimler Benz DB 601E.

 * 1940 – The Battle of Britain commences with the first German attacks on British convoys in the English Channel.

 * 1939 – The Willoughby Delta 8 (or delta F), British small twin-engined aerodynamic test bed for a proposed flying wing airliner, crashes killing pilot Hugh Olley and the Delta's designer, Percival Willoughby.

 * 1938 – “Yankee Clipper” completes First passenger flight over Atlantic.

 * 1938 – Howard Hughes, with crew members Harry Connor, Tom Thurlow, Richard Stoddart and Ed Lund, begin a record-breaking round-the-world flight in a specially modified Lockheed Super Electra. They cut in half the time set by Wiley Post 1933; their flying time is 71 hours, 11 min, 10 seconds.

 * 1935 – Bell Aircraft Corporation is founded in Buffalo, New York.

 * 1935 – Air Bleu starts daily mail operations in France.

 * 1929 – First flight of the Macchi M.67, Italian racing seaplane designed for the Schneider Trophy race.

 * 1924 – Japanese aircraft sink a ship for the first time, when Imperial Japanese Navy bombers use level bombing from an average height of 1,000 m (3,281 feet) over the course of four hours to sink the retired coast defense battleship Iwami off Yokosuka.

 * 1922 – The Aircraft Development Corporation is incorporated in Michigan in the United States. It later changes its name to Detroit Aircraft Corporation.

 * 1919 – Death of Jean Marie Dominique Navarre, French WWI fighter ace. While practicing for a flight through the Arc de Triomphe, Navarre crashed his plane and died at Villacoublay.

 * 1919 – British rigid airship, R-34, takes off from Long Island, New York, for a trip back to Pulham, Norfolk, for the First Atlantic double-crossing (return flight).

 * 1916 – First flight of The Savoia-Pomilio SP.2, Italian biplane reconnaissance and bomber aircraft, refined version of the SP.1, basic configuration from the Farman MF.11.

 * 1914 – July 10-11, German Reinhold Böhm flies his Albatros-biplane 24 hours and 12 min without refueling and nonstop. This one-man-flight record lasted until 1927.

 * 1910 – Walter Brookins attained an altitude of 6,175 feet in a Wright biplane on 9 Jul 1910, becoming the First to fly a mile high and wins a prize of $5,000 for his feat.

 * 1897 – Birth of Carlo Tosi, Italian WWI pilot.

 * 1897 – Birth of Stanley 'Stan' Stanger, Canadian WWI flying ace.

 * 1894 – Birth of Frank Granger Quigley DSO, MC & Bar, Canadian WWI fighter ace.

 * 1877 – Birth of Hélène Dutrieu, Belgian – French cycling world champion, stunt cyclist, stunt motorcyclist, automobile racer, stunt driver, pioneer aviator, wartime ambulance driver, and director of a military hospital.

 * 1845 – Birth of Joseph Eustache Crocé-Spinelli, French balloonist.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 10


text:
Upper Darby High School

Upper Darby High School (UDHS) is a four-year public high school located in Upper Darby Township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Upper Darby School District. Established in 1895, it is the oldest high school in Delaware County.

As of the 2023-2024 school year, the school had an enrollment of 4,388 students and 233.23 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student-teacher ratio of 16.49.

The population is diverse, with over 55 nationalities of students. It has a long-established football rivalry with Monsignor Bonner High School, located less than a block away. Upper Darby High School was a part of the inspiration for Upper Darby alumna Tina Fey's movie comedy Mean Girls. The mascot of Upper Darby High is the Royal, which is portrayed as a lion. In previous years, it was a court jester. The school emblem is the royal oak tree, the yearbook is named the Oak, and the newspaper is called the Acorn. An Acorn award is rewarded every year at the UDAEF Sweet Night Out Foundation Ball in February.

Upper Darby Senior High School is one of the largest high schools in Pennsylvania by enrollment. The High School is also home to the Upper Darby Performing Arts Center, and the Summer Stage program.

Campus
The campus is adjacent to, but not within, the Drexel Hill census-designated place. It has a Drexel Hill postal address.

Arts
Upper Darby High School is home to the Upper Darby Performing Arts Center, a nearly 1,800-seat theater that hosts not only school functions, but also between 200 and 400 events annually. During the summer, the arts center hosts the largest summer theater group in Delaware County: Summer Stage, with over 200 participants in multiple musicals. Harry Dietzler founded the Summer Stage program in 1976.

Extracurriculars
Upper Darby High School offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and an extensive sports program.

Sports
Upper Darby sports teams compete in the Central League.

The District funds:

 * Boys Sports:
 * Baseball – AAAAAA
 * Basketball	– AAAAAA
 * Cross Country – AAA
 * Football – AAAAAA
 * Golf – AAA
 * Indoor Track and Field – AAAA
 * Lacrosse – AAA
 * Soccer – AAAA
 * Swimming and Diving -AAA
 * Tennis – AAA
 * Track and Field	– AAA
 * Wrestling – AAA
 * Girls Sports:
 * Basketball – AAAAAA
 * Cheerleading – AAAA
 * Cross Country – AAA
 * Field Hockey – AAA
 * Golf – AAA
 * Indoor Track and Field – AAAA
 * Lacrosse – AAA
 * Soccer (Fall) – AAA
 * Softball – AAAAAA
 * Swimming and Diving – AAA
 * Girls' Tennis – AAA
 * Track and Field	 – AAA
 * Volleyball – AAAA

According to PIAA directory July 2012

Notable alumni
Upper Darby High School's Wall of Fame committee recognizes individuals who have become leaders in their industries. Alumni recognized on Upper Darby High School's Wall of Fame members are indicated with WoF after their biographical summary:

 * Lloyd Alexander, former author and writer, The Black Cauldron (WoF)
 * Keith Andes, former Broadway and film actor
 * Chuck Dixon, comic book writer (WoF)
 * Mario Civera, former Pennsylvania State Representative (WoF)
 * Jim Croce, former singer-songwriter (WoF)
 * Mark Cronin, creator and producer of VH1 shows (WoF)
 * Tina Fey, former senior writer, Saturday Night Live, and scriptwriter and co-star, Mean Girls and 30 Rock WoF
 * D'or Fischer, former professional basketball player, Israeli National League
 * Derek Frey, film director and producer
 * D. Barry Gibbons, former Pennsylvania State Representative
 * Kermit Gordon, former Brookings Institution president and former Office of Management and Budget director WoF
 * Rei Hance, actress, The Blair Witch Project and Taken
 * Jeff LaBar, former rock musician, Cinderella
 * Simoni Lawrence, former professional football player, Canadian Football League
 * Bob Lloyd, former professional basketball player, New York Nets, and NCAA First Team All-American at Rutgers
 * F. Joseph Loeper, former Pennsylvania State Senator and Majority Leader (WoF)
 * David MacAdam, former head of image structure at Eastman Kodak Research Laboratory Optical Society of America president, discovered MacAdam ellipses
 * Shannon Meehan, Iraq War veteran, author, disabled Veterans activist (WoF)
 * Terrence J. Nolen, artistic director, Arden Theatre Company (WoF)
 * Grace O'Connell, University of California, Berkeley bioengineer (WoF)
 * Dorothy Germain Porter, amateur golfer, U.S. Women's Amateur golf champion in 1949 and U.S. Senior Women's Amateur champion in 1977, 1980, 1981, 1983 (WoF)
 * Jack Ramsay, former college and professional basketball coach and broadcaster (WoF)
 * Maaly Raw, hip hop producer for Lil Uzi Vert and others
 * Todd Rucci, former professional football player, New England Patriots
 * Todd Rundgren, rock musician and award-winning record producer
 * Alvin Sargent, two-time Academy Award winner for Julia and Ordinary People (WoF)
 * Marty Stern, former women's cross-country coach, Villanova Wildcats (WoF)
 * George Wackenhut, Wackenhut founder (WoF)
 * Floyd Wedderburn, former professional football player, Seattle Seahawks
 * Carolyn "Bunny" Welsh, former Chester County, Pennsylvania sheriff and one of 22 female sheriffs in the U.S. WoF
 * William Wharton, writer, Birdy, which was adapted into a film of the same name (WoF)

title: Upper Darby High School


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 25

July 25

 * 2011 – NATO aircraft strike various targets in Ziltan, Libya. The Libyan government claims that they struck a health clinic, a food-storage complex, and a military base and killed at least 11 civilians. NATO later rejects the claims, saying its planes hit a command-and-control node and a vehicle storage facility.

 * 2008 – Qantas Flight 30, a Boeing 747-438 en route from Hong Kong to Melbourne, performs an emergency descent and lands in Manila after a hull penetration results in rapid decompression. All aboard survive.

 * 2000 – Air France Flight 4590 Concorde crashes during takeoff from Paris, France after its fuel tank catches fire, killing 9 crew and 100 passengers as well as four on the ground; the entire Concorde fleet is grounded for one year.

 * 1984 – Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk, floating around the Salyut 7 space station for over 3 1/2 hours.

 * 1973 – The Soviet Union launches Mars 5, the fifth of seven of probes sent to the red planet in the 1960s and 70 s. Mars 5 would reach Mars in February of 1974, where it would transmit about 60 photos back to Earth before losing pressurization.

 * 1962 – The US Army forms its first armed helicopter company, using UH-1 Hueys

 * 1962 – The third launch attempt of a nuclear warhead in Operation Fishbowl, as part of Operation Dominic, aboard an Douglas SM-75 Thor IRBM, 58-2291, vehicle number 180, from Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean, named Bluegill Prime, after the 2 June 1962 failure of the first attempt, Bluegill, also fails when, due to a sticking valve, the Thor missile malfunctions after ignition of the rocket engine, but before leaving the launch pad. The range safety officer destroys the nuclear warhead by radio command with the missile still on the launch pad. The vehicle then explodes, causing extensive damage in the area of the launch pad. Although there was no danger of an accidental nuclear explosion, the destruction of the nuclear warhead on the pad causes extensive contamination of the area by alpha-emitting radioactive materials. Burning rocket fuel, flowing through the cable trenches, causes extensive chemical contamination of the trenches and the equipment associated with the cabling in the trenches. The radiation contamination on Johnston Island is determined to be a major problem, and it is necessary to decontaminate the entire area before the badly damaged launch pad can be rebuilt. Further launch operations will not resume until 15 October 1962. Although, by definition, this qualifies as a Broken Arrow incident, this test is rarely included in lists of such mishaps.

 * 1952 – French Leduc 0.22-01 ramjet-powered prototype interceptor, repaired following 27 November 1951 landing accident, strikes its SNCASE Languedoc launch aircraft, F-BCUT, on release and is forced to make a belly-landing. Limited range of design causes project to be dropped and second prototype not completed.

 * 1950 – Middle East Airlines “Dakota” aircraft was on its way from Jerusalem to Beirut when an Israeli military aircraft opened fire at the Lebanese-Israeli border. The radio operator “Antoine Wazir” was hit by a deadly bullet while sitting in his chair near the pilot.

 * 1949 – Second Lieutenant Bob Kipp of the Canadian Blue Devils aerobatic team is killed in a training accident.

 * 1949 – RCAF World War II ace, Squadron Leader Robert Allen "Bob" Kipp, DSO, DFC, (12 October 1919 - 25 July 1949), commanding officer of No. 410 Squadron, is killed while practicing aerobatics in a de Havilland Vampire F.3 of the Blue Devils demonstration team.

 * 1948 – A Douglas C-47B-15-DK Skytrain, 43-49534, c/n 15350/26795, participating in the Berlin Airlift, departs Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany, strikes apartment building on approach to Berlin and crashes in the street, killing both crew, 1st Lt. Charles H. King, and 1st Lt. Robert W. Stuber.

 * 1947 – First (of two) North American XP-82 Twin Mustangs, 44-83886, c/n 120-43742, of the 611 AAF Base Unit, crash lands at Eglin Field, Florida.

 * 1947 – US Air Force, Navy & War Dept form US Dept of Defense.

 * 1945 – No. 7 Squadron was disbanded.

 * 1944 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious strike Sabang, Sumatra.

 * 1943 – 100 U. S. Army Eighth Air Force bombers attack Hamburg.

 * 1943 – (Overnight) – 705 British bombers attack Essen, Germany, causing considerable damage to the Krupp works. Twenty-six British aircraft do not return.

 * 1943 – U. S. Army Fifth Air Force B-25 Mitchell bombers destroy two Japanese destroyers aground on a reef near Cape Gloucester, New Britain.

 * 1940 – (Overnight) 166 British bombers strike German airfields in the Netherlands and targets in the Ruhr.

 * 1939 – First flight of the Avro Manchester

 * 1938 – The Battle of the Ebro begins in Spain with a Republican offensive. Although Nationalist bombers attack bridges over the Ebro, Nationalist fighters are still deployed in Valencia and Spanish Republican fighter pilots trained in the Soviet Union gain local air superiority flying improved versions of the Polikarpov I-15 and I-16.

 * 1937 – The Battle of Brunete ends. During the 20-day-long battle, the Republicans have lost about 100 aircraft, while the Nationalists have lost 23. The appearance of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter and Heinkel He 111 bomber and the Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 bomber in numbers during the battle signals the end of Republican air superiority in the Spanish Civil War.

 * 1923 – The first Canadian built amphibian, the Vickers Viking IV, was flown from the St. Lawrence at Montreal.

 * 1915 – Captain Lanoe Hawker of the RFC wins first Victoria Cross for aerial combat, over France.

 * 1909 – Van den Schkrouff makes the first flight in Russia in a Voisin biplane at Odessa.

 * 1909 – Louis Blériot claims a £1,000 prize from the British Daily Mail newspaper for being the first pilot to cross the English Channel. He makes the crossing in his Blériot Type XI from Les Barraques (near Calais) to Northfall Meadow (near Dover Castle) in 37 min. Blériot also received an additional £3,000 from the French government.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 25


text:
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text:
Buccaneer 18

The Buccaneer 18, also called the Buccaneer dinghy and the Gloucester 18, is an American planing sailing dinghy that was designed in 1966 by Rod Macalpine-Downie and Dick Gibbs as a one-design racer and day sailer. The prototype was first shown in 1967 at Yachting's "One of a Kind" Regatta, in which it placed second.

Production
The design has built by a long line of companies in the United States. About 5,000 boats had been built by the time production ended in 2020.

The design was initially built by Chrysler Marine, a division of the Chrysler Corporation, in Plano, Texas, starting in 1968. The company completed just over 4,000 boats, during the period 1968-1980. As a result of a government bailout of Chrysler Marine's car manufacturing parent company, the marine division was sold in 1980 to a consortium of six former Chrysler Marine executives who formed Texas Marine International Inc. (Texas Marine Industries), retaining the location in Plano, Texas. Texas Marine built about 700 boats in 1981-1982.

Wellcraft Marine Corporation's Starwind division built the design from 1982-1984, completing about 250 boats.

From 1985-1986 Gloucester Yachts, part of Lockley Newport Boats, built 59 boats under the name Gloucester 18, before the company went out of business in 1988. Cardinal Yachts took over production from 1987-2000, building 28 boats over 13 years.

In 2008 Nickels Boatworks became the official builder. That company merged with WindRider LLC in 2015 and production continued at their Burton, Michigan plant, under the WindRider name until 2020.

Design
The Buccaneer 18 is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of vinylester resin fiberglass, with wooden trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with foam-filled anodized aluminum spars. The hull has a spooned raked stem, a slightly reverse transom, a transom-hung, kick-up rudder controlled by a tiller and a kick-up centerboard. It displaces 500 lb and has positive flotation for safety.

The boat has a draft of 3.83 ft with the centerboard extended and 7 in with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

For sailing the design may be equipped with a spinnaker of 178 sqft. It has adjustable jib fairleads and jib roller furling. A boom vang, jib hauler and spinnaker launching tube are optional. For stowage it has a lazarette and compartment under the covered foredeck.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 87.9 and is raced with a minimum crew of two sailors, although it can accommodate six people.

Operational history
The type is supported by a type club, the Buccaneer 18 Class Association, that regulates the boat design and holds races.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote that the, "Buccaneer, originally built by Chrysler, is a big boat with a 7-foot 3-inch cockpit, seating six. The boat was designed to be easy to sail and maintain. The hull is planing, with the wide beam well aft and a lean bow."

title: Buccaneer 18


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Colorado


text:
Cake (firework)

A cake firework, also known as a multiple tube device, is a firework comprising a series of Roman candles, small aerial shells, or a combination of both, connected together by a high-speed fuse. Typically, the internal fusing is set to fire each tube in series, or to fire several tubes at the same time, or a combination of these. Typically a cake will resemble from the outside a simple cube or other rectangular covered shape; after firing, a large number of cardboard tubes (the candles) will be visible in the top of the firework (the paper cover having been blown off by the discharging stars). In a traditional cake, all the candles point upwards; a variant is called the fan or angle cake.

Cakes are one of the most popular types of firework, as they can create spectacular and long-lasting effects from a single ignition while minimising safety concern. In the UK, the reclassification of aerial shells to Category 4 has popularised cakes as a method for achieving similar effects while staying within safety guidelines, particularly by firing multiple candles at the same time.

Cakes vary greatly in size, weight and duration. Some last only a few seconds and contain only a few tubes, while others may last for several minutes, contain upwards of 1,000 tubes, and measure over 1 cuyd in size. Large "finale Cakes" containing dozens of shells up to 4 inch-diameter are not uncommon, and some cakes, particularly those containing large amounts of dragon's eggs, can weigh over 100 lb prior to discharge.

title: Cake (firework)


text: Category:Towers in Colorado

title: Category:Towers in Colorado


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Saltshaker

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 18:21, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Saltshaker
Nonsense dic def, delete --nixie 22:51, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Since this is a widely used and understood term, I vote the definition be maintained. Furthermore, while it may be seen as slang, it cannot be seen as pejoritive or derogitory, hence its standing is sound. Maintain -- Barrettmagic 22:52, 2005 Jun 15 (according to edit history. Uncle G 00:18, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC))
 * Delete. Neologism? Mr Bound 22:56, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Challenge Does not meet Wikipedia criteria for nonsense (IE - total, completely and irremediably confused, patented, poorly written, patisan, religious, flame bait, obscene, vandalism, non-native, hoaxes or fictional) User: Barrettmagic (actually 137.69.85.36 23:03, 2005 Jun 15 according to edit history. Uncle G 00:18, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC))
 * Sure, it may not be "patent nonsense" in the official Wikipedia definition of it, but I think "nonsense" here is being used in its everyday meaning instead, especially considering the fact that patent nonsense is usually nominated for speedy deletion. But just because something isn't patent nonsense doesn't mean the article should be kept. — Ливай | ☺ 23:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Speculative etymology. No merge candidates. JFW | T@lk  23:03, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Neologism, most of the "saltshaker" links I get on Google are to Christian sites, so it appears to be a term of some religious significance. The usage in question, while potentially existing, does not appear to be in widespread use. --FCYTravis 23:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) - keep as rewritten.
 * Delete . The slang definitions of the word that I could find include a variety of sexual topics, but like a lot of slang neologisms it seems to have widely divergent meanings depending on who is using it. And like all poorly-defined slang neologisms, it probably doesn't belong here in the Wikipedia. I doubt it is "widely used and understood" based on this and the fact that I have never heard it in my life. — Ливай | ☺ 23:08, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Change of vote: Keep rewritten article. Very nice job! — Ливай | ☺ 02:10, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Maintain 'have never heard it in my life' - isnt that what wikipedia is all about? to learn and grow? Besides it has no christian connection - I'm a heathen. For more information on the term, please visit www.myassismygift.com Barrettmagic 23:15, 2005 Jun 15 (according to edit history. Uncle G 00:18, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC))
 * Well, if you want to claim that it is widely used and understood I would like to see some evidence of that. The fact that I have never heard it used (and that nobody else has said that they have heard it) is evidence that it is not widely used or understood, as is the fact that it is not listed in the Urban Dictionary and the fact that I cannot find any instance of the word being used as such on Google. Wikipedia is about learning about the world at large, not about learning slang terms used among a group of friends somewhere. — Ливай | ☺ 23:24, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * please visit www.myassismygift.com — since that redirects to http://www.barrettmagic.com/, and since you are User:Barrettmagic, you are apparently citing yourself as a source, providing no verifiability at all. isnt that what wikipedia is all about? — Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia.  It isn't about promoting made-up slang definitions for words.  This is for several reasons:
 * Wikipedia is not a soapbox.
 * Wikipedia is not a dictionary, especially not a slang dictionary. Definitions of words are not what we do here in the first place.  They are Wiktionary's job. Wiktionary doesn't accept made-up definitions for words, either, though.  It documents how words have been and are actually used in practice, not new meanings of words or newly coined words that people don't (yet) use.  If you want to promote slang definitions that you have made up, you are in completely the wrong place.  Go to Urban Dictionary.  That's what they do there.  If your slang word catches on and enters widespread, independent, use, then it becomes eligible for Wiktionary.
 * Uncle G 01:01, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC)
 * Delete in the current state, its a more of a Dicdef and therefore cannot be expanded too much. Also, wikipedia is not a slang/idiom guide (or neologism in this case) see Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 23:10, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Either re-direct to salt (if impossible to make greater than a stub) or keep if possible. Georgia guy 23:17, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Would support keeping a "real" article on saltshakers though, they're a notable genre of collectable item. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  00:00, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Note that Georgia guy has provided a rewritten article about saltshakers, the containers for salt that one finds on dining tables — what I expected the article to be about when I saw the title, to be honest. Uncle G 00:21, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC)
 * This isn't the boat hire company (which is just another company, it seems), the Australian conservation project, or the musician (who might not meet the WP:MUSIC criteria, in any case). Redirect to salt shaker, unless someone writes about the Australian conservation project, which seems to be significant. Uncle G 01:01, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC)
 * ... as someone just has. ☺ Rewritten article again. Uncle G 01:28, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC)

 * Keep after rewrite. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 22:53, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the Aussie conservation project. DS 14:48, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User:GPHemsley/To Do

Wikification

 * None

Organization

 * WikiProject Countries
 * WikiProject Crayola and Category:Crayola – Need to be expanded to encompass all Crayola products
 * See above two links for more details
 * List of DIN standards – Needs more details, as well as more standards
 * Most of the links link to non-existing articles that need to be created

Disambiguation

 * None

title: User:GPHemsley/To Do


text:
Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland

[[File:Shield of Arms of Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, KG, CBE, MVO, TD.png|thumb|262px|right|Garter-encircled shield of arms of

Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, KG, as displayed on his Order of the Garter stall plate in St. George's Chapel.]] Alan Ian Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, (17 April 1880 – 23 August 1930) was a British peer, army officer, and newspaper proprietor.

Military career
Percy was a second lieutenant of the 2nd Volunteer Battalion the Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment), when he was admitted as a second lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards on 24 January 1900. He was part of a detachment sent to South Africa in March 1900 to reinforce the 3rd battalion during the Second Boer War, and served with his regiment there until the war ended. For his service, he received the Queen's South Africa Medal. Following the end of the war, he returned to the United Kingdom in August 1902. During his time as ADC to the Governor General of Canada, he undertook a wager to walk 111 miles from one city to another in three days—despite blizzards and heavy snowfall, he completed the challenge and won the wager. During the First World War he served with the Grenadier Guards, working with the Intelligence Department to provide eyewitness accounts of battles and the front line. His brother Lord William Percy also served during the war; wounded in 1915, he spent the remainder of the war working as a military attorney. He was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. On 1 October 1918 he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment).

Political activities
Politically Percy was a Tory diehard. He was a staunch supporter of the House of Lords. He wrote for the National Review on military matters.

From 1921, he funded the Boswell Publishing Company, and then in 1922 until his death, the Patriot, a radical right-wing weekly which published articles by Nesta Webster and promulgated a mix of anti-communism and antisemitism.

In 1924, he acquired an interest in The Morning Post.

Other activities
The Duke was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland. For one year before his death, he served as Chancellor of the University of Durham, a role his father had also held. His father, the 7th Duke, was an alderman on the Middlesex County Council up to his death. In July 1918, he was chosen to fill the vacancy on the council in his father's place.

In 1930, the Duke wrote a short story The Shadow on the Moor, a fox-hunting ghost story in the manner of M R James set in Northumberland, in which the hunter becomes the hunted. Originally privately published, the story remains in print as a short novella.

Family
Percy was the son of Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland, and Lady Edith Campbell.

On 18 October 1911, Percy married Lady Helen Magdalen Gordon-Lennox (daughter of Charles Gordon-Lennox, 7th Duke of Richmond). They had six children:

 * Henry George Alan Percy, 9th Duke of Northumberland (15 July 1912, killed in action 21 May 1940)
 * Hugh Algernon Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland (6 April 1914, died 11 October 1988); he married Lady Elizabeth Montagu Douglas Scott on 12 June 1946. They have seven children.
 * Lady Elizabeth Ivy Percy (25 May 1916 – 16 September 2008); she married Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton on 2 December 1937. They have five children.
 * Lady Diana Evelyn Percy (23 November 1917 – 16 June 1978); she married John Egerton, 6th Duke of Sutherland on 29 April 1939. They had no children.
 * Lord Richard Charles Percy (11 February 1921 – 20 December 1989). Educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. Joined the Grenadier Guards in 1941, serving with the Regiment's 1st Battalion in the Guards Armoured Division in North West Europe until retiring with the rank of Major in 1946; joined the Territorial Army regiment, the Northumberland Hussars in 1947 (Lieutenant-Colonel commanding 1958–1961). He was a lecturer in Zoology at Newcastle University for 36 years. He married Sarah Jane Elizabeth Norton (1937–1978), daughter of Petre Norton of The Manor House, Whalton, on 10 September 1966. They had two children:
 * Algernon Alan Percy (17 March 1969)
 * Josceline Richard Percy (2 June 1971)
 * Lord Richard Charles Percy married secondly Hon. Clayre Campbell in 1979.

 * Lord Geoffrey William Percy (8 July 1925 – 4 December 1984); he married Mary Elizabeth Lea on 27 May 1955. They had one daughter:
 * Diana Ruth Percy (22 November 1956)

The 8th Duke died on 23 August 1930 and was buried in the Northumberland Vault, within Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded in the dukedom and his other titles by his eldest son, George.

Works

 * A Year Ago: Eye-witness's Narrative of the War from March 30th to July 18th, 1915, with E. D. Swinton, Longmans, Green & Co., 1916.
 * "The Realities of the Situation," The Patriot, Vol. I, No. 1, 9 February 1922.
 * First Jewish Bid For World Power, Reprinted from the Patriot, January, 1930.
 * The Shadow on the Moor, 1930
 * "La Salamandre" The story of a vivandière 1934

Other
 * W. H. Mallock, Democracy; being an Abridged Edition of 'The Limits of Pure Democracy', with an introduction by the Duke of Northumberland, Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 1924.

title: Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland


text:
Katharineum

The Katharineum zu Lübeck is a humanistic gymnasium founded 1531 in the Hanseatic city Lübeck, Germany. In 2006 the 475th anniversary of this Latin school was celebrated with several events. The school uses the buildings of a former Franciscan monastery next to Saint Catherine Church, which was extended in the 1880s.

At the Katharineum it is possible to choose Latin as the first foreign language. In year nine it is also possible to choose ancient Greek as the third foreign language.

Thomas Mann, himself a student of the Katharineum, thought of this school when describing the school Hanno went to in the Buddenbrooks. Mann, who as a bad student had to resit two years, made it clear that he disliked the Katharineum by describing both the school and the teachers with strong sarcasm. His brother Heinrich Mann described the school and one infamous teacher in Professor Unrat.

Notable students

 * Blumenberg, Hans
 * Carlebach, Felix
 * Geibel, Emanuel
 * Graba, Carl Julian
 * Mann, Thomas
 * Mühsam, Erich
 * Overbeck, Friedrich
 * Radbruch, Gustav
 * Storm, Theodor
 * Walther Schubring

title: Katharineum


text:
User:GPHemsley/Done

Templates

 * Crayola Infobox
 * User ia-1
 * Diacritical marks
 * Nissan
 * archive-nav

Wikification

 * WikiProject Biography
 * Michael R. Clifford – Astronaut; originally linked off of Template:Opentask
 * Completed: 20 August 2004 (UTC)
 * James M. Kelly – Astronaut; originally linked off of Template:Opentask
 * Completed: 20 August 2004 (UTC)

Organization

 * None

Disambiguation

 * Letter (disambiguation)
 * Letter
 * Paper size
 * Node
 * Node (astronomy)
 * Node (botany)
 * Node (computer science)
 * Node (networking)
 * Node (physics)
 * Redirects:
 * Node (graph theory)
 * Node (IT)
 * Node (programming)
 * Sam Jaffe
 * Sam Jaffe (actor)
 * Sam Jaffe (producer)
 * Eridanus
 * Eridanus (mythology)
 * Eridanus (constellation)
 * The Crucible (disambiguation)
 * The Crucible
 * Crucible Theatre
 * Crucible
 * Chung Kwei
 * Chung Kwei (algorithm)
 * Capella
 * Capella (star)
 * Capella University

title: User:GPHemsley/Done


text:
Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 27

July 27

 * 2010 – Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460, a McDonnell Douglas MD-11 freighter, catches fire and breaks in half as it lands at King Khalid International Airport, injuring the German pilot and co-pilot.

 * 2007 – Two TV news AS-350 AStar helicopters collided in mid-air over Phoenix, Arizona, killing all four aboard.

 * 2002 – Sknyliv air show disaster: A Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27UB crashes during the Lviv airshow killing 85 spectators, 5 of them children. 199 were injured. Pilots managed to eject, but the plane crashed on spectators watching the airshow from the ground. The plane lacked the altitude to escape the crash, and it hit the tribune and fell on the ground. As stated by Ukrainian Defense Ministry, the crash was caused because of engine failure. Pilots, unit commanders later jailed.

 * 2001 – First flight of the Sukhoi Su-38

 * 1999 – Rollout of the Boeing Business Jet (BBJ). On Oct. 11 Boeing Business Jets will launch the larger BBJ 2.

 * 1996 – The final General Dynamics F-111 F attack aircraft are withdrawn from USAF service; on its retirement, the aircraft finally receives an official popular name: "Aardvark. "

 * 1989 – Korean Air Flight 803, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashes while attempting to land in heavy fog at Tripoli, Libya. 75 of the 199 passengers and crew on board plus 4 people on the ground are killed in the accident.

 * 1983 – First flight of the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia

 * 1982 – A United States Air Force F-5B and a F-5F collide over Tucson, Arizona, three crew ejected but one was killed.

 * 1982 – A USAF Sikorsky HH-53C, 69-5792, (conflict here—second source lists it as 69-5782) from the 1551st CCTW at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, crashed following a descent from a night time refueling mission, four killed.

 * 1971 – Indian Air Force production HAL HF-24 Marut Mk.1, flown by Wing Commander J. K. Mohlah, crashes just after takeoff at Bangalore, pilot KWF.

 * 1965 – American aircraft strike a surface-to-air missile site for the first time, attacking an SA-2 Guideline site in North Vietnam.

 * 1963 – United Arab Airlines Flight 869, a de Havilland Comet 4C, crashes into the sea while on approach to Bombay Airport, India, killing all 63 on board.

 * 1961 – During Arctic ASW reconnaissance, Bill Misener and crew of 415 Squadron flew Argus 20722 for 30 hours and 20 min.

 * 1960 – North American F-100C Super Sabre, assigned to the USAF Thunderbirds on 28 March 1960, is destroyed this date during a solo proficiency flight when it crashes fifty miles from Nellis AFB, Nevada, killing Capt. John R. Crane.

 * 1956 – IvA USAF Boeing B-47E-130-BW Stratojet, 53-4230, of the 307th Bomb Wing from Lincoln AFB, Nebraska, crashes while making touch-and-goes at RAF Lakenheath, skidding off runway and into nuclear weapons storage igloo holding three Mark 6 nuclear bombs, burns. No weapons in the facility go off and all are later repaired. Stratojet was unarmed.

 * 1955 – El Al Flight 402, a Lockheed L-049 Constellation, inadvertently strays over Bulgarian territory on its way from Vienna to Tel Aviv, and is shot down by two Bulgarian fighter aircraft, killing all 58 on board.

 * 1954 – Second prototype Avro Vulcan, VX777, suffers substantial damage when it swings off runway upon landing at Farnborough. It will not fly for six months.

 * 1953 – The Korean War ends.

 * 1950 – RCAF moved in support of United Nations action in Korea. No. 426 (Transport) Squadron began airlift of supplies to Tokyo, Japan.

 * 1949 – First flight of the de Havilland Comet

 * 1947 – First flight of the Bristol Sycamore

 * 1947 – First flight of the Tupolev Tu-12

 * 1946 – First flight of the Supermarine Attacker

 * 1944 – Introduced: Gloster Meteors of No. 616 Squadron RAF fly their first V1 interception mission

 * 1943 – (Overnight) – 787 British bombers attack Hamburg, with a loss of 17 aircraft. Atmospheric conditions create a self-propagating tornadic firestorm with winds of 150 mph (240 km/hr) and flames reaching 1,000 feet (305 m) in altitude, resulting in one of the most destructive air raids in history. Air temperatures reach 1,500 degrees F (850 degrees C), causing asphalt in city streets to catch fire. At least 40,000 people die in the raid and 1,200,000 flee the city, which does not regain its previous industrial capacity for the rest of the war. The raid shocks Germany.

 * 1942 – F/S G. F. Beurling downed four enemy aircraft while serving with the RAF in Malta.

 * 1939 – The first of 38 B-23 Dragons built flew.

 * 1937 – First flight of the Focke-Wulf Fw 200

 * 1934 – First prototype Messerschmitt Bf 108A, D-LBUM, accepted by the Luftwaffe for competition flying, crashes, killing the pilot, a member of Erhard Milch's staff at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Ministry of Aviation).

 * 1931 – The Air Line Pilots Association of the USA is formed.

 * 1929 – Western Canada Airways pilot W. L. Brintnell flew a Fokker F. VII/3 M from Vancouver to Winnipeg 10 hours, 30 min.

 * 1928 – The Boeing Model 80, a 12-passenger trimotor biplane transport, makes its first flight. The design is upgraded to the 18-passenger Model 80 A, which makes its first flight a year later.

 * 1923 – A Navy Cox-Klemin XS-1 was the first airplane launched from a submarine.

 * 1923 – Edward Stinson lands his Junkers at Mitchell Field in New York after making the first non-stop flight from Chicago.

 * 1920 – Radio compass used for first time for aircraft navigation.

 * 1912 – Lieutenant John Rodgers and Ensign Charles Maddox, in a Wright B1 Flyer, send the first wireless message from an airplane to a ship, the torpedo boat USS Stringham, stationed in Annapolis, Maryland.

 * 1909 – Orville Wright makes the first official test flight of the U. S. Army’s first airplane in Fort Myer, Virginia. President William Howard Taft, his cabinet, and 10,000 spectators witness the flight. The flight lasts 1 h 12 m 40 s.

 * 1901 – Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first of a series of test glides at Kill Devil Hills near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Their redesigned biplane glider No. 2 has a larger wing area and wing control worked by a pilot’s hip-cradle device.

title: Portal:Aviation/Anniversaries/July 27