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Wicked City (1987 film)

Wicked City (妖獣都市) is a 1987 Japanese adult animated dark fantasy action horror film produced by Video Art and Madhouse for Japan Home Video. Based on Black Guard, the first novel of the Wicked City series by Hideyuki Kikuchi, the film is the solo directorial debut of Yoshiaki Kawajiri, who also served as the character designer, storyboard artist, animation director, and a key animator.

The story takes place towards the end of the 20th century and explores the idea that the human world secretly coexists with the demon world with a secret police force known as the Black Guard protecting the boundary.

With its confluence of gothic themes and graphic, erotic violence, Wicked City is today considered a prime example of science fiction anime from Japan's bubble economy period.

Plot
The existence of the "Black World"—an alternate dimension populated by supernatural demons—is known to few humans. For centuries, a peace treaty between the Black World and the world of humans has been maintained to ensure relative harmony. Both sides of the continuum are protected by an organization of secret agents called the Black Guard, specifically from a group of radicalized members of the Black World.

In Tokyo, Renzaburō Taki, a salaryman for an electronics company by day, and a Black Guard when needed, has sex with Kanako, a young woman who he has been meeting at a local bar for three months. Kanako reveals herself to be a spider-like doppelgänger from the Black World Radicals and escapes with a sample of Taki's semen after attempting to kill him. The next day, Taki is assigned to protect Giuseppe Mayart, a comical and perverted 200-year-old mystic who is a signatory for a ratified treaty between the Human World and the Black World, and a target for the Radicals. Taki is also informed that he will be working with a partner: a Black Guard from the Black World.

While awaiting Mayart's arrival at Narita, Taki is attacked by two Radicals at the runway, but is saved by his partner—a beautiful fashion model named Makie. Taki and Makie eventually meet Mayart; the trio take shelter in a Hibiya hotel with spiritual barriers to protect it from Radicals. While playing chess to pass time, the hotelier explains to Taki, who is unsure of his responsibilities within the Black Guard, that he will only value his position once he knows what he is protecting. During an assault on the hotel by a Radical named Jin (an invention of Kawajiri's), Mayart sneaks out.

Makie and Taki find him in a soapland in the grip of a Radical who has sapped his health, prompting a frantic trip to a spiritual hospital under Black Guard protection. Halfway there, Makie is taken prisoner by a tentacle demon, and Taki is forced to leave her behind. Upon their arrival at the clinic, Mayart begins his recovery, while Mr. Shadow—the leader of the Radicals—uses a psychic projection to taunt Taki into rescuing Makie. Ignoring Mayart's threats that he will be fired, he pursues Shadow to a dilapidated building far from the hospital, where he finds Makie being gang raped by Radicals. A female Radical attempts to seduce Taki, asking him if he ever copulated with Makie, but he kills her and the Radicals violating Makie, and wounds Shadow.

While tending to each other, Makie reveals to Taki that she was once romantically involved with a member of the Radicals, and that she joined the Black Guard because of her belief in the need for peace between the two worlds. Upon returning to the clinic, the pair are fired by Taki's superior, who deems Taki's desires a liability to his duties. While driving through a tunnel with a stowaway Mayart, they are ensnared by Kanako, who—having determined that Taki and Makie were partnered for genetic reasons—attempts to kill them again. Bolts of supernatural lightning kill Kanako, while Taki and Makie are wounded. They later awaken inside a church, and passionately make love.

A final attack by Shadow comes against Taki and Makie, which is deflected by more lightning generated by a surprisingly healthy Mayart, who reveals that he was actually hired to protect his "bodyguards". Mayart and Taki almost succeed in defeating Shadow, but the final blow comes from Makie, whose powers have increased due to her being impregnated by Taki. Mayart explains that the two are essential to the new peace treaty; Taki and Makie were selected to be the first couple from both worlds that can produce half-human, half-demon children, and their bond will be instrumental in ensuring everlasting peace between the two worlds. Although angry with Mayart because they were not informed of the Black Guard's plans, Taki implicitly admits that he loves Makie and, per the hotelier's advice, wants to protect her and their child. The trio leave to attend the peace ceremony. Taki remains in the Black Guard to ensure the protection of both worlds and his loved ones.

Production
Yoshiaki Kawajiri had just completed his work directing The Running Man, a segment from the portmanteau film Neo-Tokyo (1987), and was asked to direct a 35-minute OVA short film based on Hideyuki Kikuchi's novel. Writing under the pseudonym "Kisei Chō", Norio Osada's original draft of the screenplay began with Makie's saving of Taki from two demons at Narita, and ended with Taki's first battle with Mr. Shadow and rescue of Makie. After Japan Home Video were shown the first 15 minutes of completed animation, they were impressed enough with Kawajiri's work that the runtime was extended to 80 minutes. Kawajiri saw this as an opportunity to explore more characterization and created more animation for the start, the middle and the end. The project was completed in under a year.

Hayao Miyazaki was reportedly so impressed by Kazuo Oga's art direction that he hired Oga for My Neighbor Totoro (1988).

Release
Although classified as OVA by JHV, it was released theatrically in Japan by Joy Pack Film on 19 April 1987 and received a western release dubbed by Streamline Pictures under the name Wicked City on 20 August 1993. After Streamline Pictures lost the distribution rights, it was licensed and distributed by Urban Vision. A censored version of the film was distributed by Manga Entertainment in the UK with a different dub. Both the Streamline and Manga UK dubs were released in Australia, with the Manga UK dub being released on VHS in 1994. In 1995, Manga Video released in Australia a bundle VHS consisting of Wicked City and Monster City, this version containing the Streamline dub. In 1997 when Madman Entertainment was named distributor for Manga in Australia, the Streamline dub was released on a single tape, and the Manga UK version was phased out. On 26 July 2015, Discotek Media announced at their Otakon panel that they have acquired the movie and re-released the movie on DVD in 2016 with a new video transfer and with both Streamline and Manga UK English dubs. On 28 September 2018, Toei announced a Region 2 Blu-ray release of the OVA to be released on 9 January 2019.

Critical reception
Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times stated that the film epitomizes the "sadistic, misogynistic erotica" popular in Japan. He noted that Yoshiaki Kawajiri composes scenes like a live-action filmmaker, and complimented his deft cutting and camera angles, but felt that the "Saturday-morning style animation" and juvenile story did not warrant the effort. Solomon also opined that Kisei Choo's screenplay was inscrutable. Solomon concluded his review by touching upon the belief that there is a connection between screen violence and real-life violence by pointing out that Japan is one of the least violent societies in the industrialized world.

Desson Howe of The Washington Post, who observed the level of violence toward women in the film, characterized it as a "post-Chandler, quasi-cyberpunky violence fest". Howe found the film compelling for its "gymnastic" camera angles, its kinetic pace and imaginative (if slightly twisted) images." He also found the English dubbing laughable, though he saw ominous subtext in various bits of dialogue and other moments in the film.

Richard Harrigton, also of The Washington Post, saw the film as an attempt to create the Blade Runner of Japanese animation, citing its distinctively languid pace, linear storytelling and gradual exposition. Harrington also detected a Brave New World subtext, and calling it "stylish and erotic, exciting in its limited confrontations and provocative in its ambition."

Marc Savlov of The Austin Chronicle gave the film two and a half out of five stars, calling it a "better-than-average" treatment of the "demons from an alternate universe" subject matter. Savlov stated that the film was easier to follow than Urotsukidōji: Legend of the Overfiend, due to Wicked City more linear and rapid storyline, and the lack of flashbacks and cyberpunk jargon that Savlov disliked in the genre. Savlov also appreciated the clarified animation. Savlov commented, "This may not be the second coming of Akira, but it's a step in the right direction."

Bob Strauss from Animation Magazine described it as "one of the strongest features to come out of Japan’s anime", presenting a seemingly incoherent scenario that "makes more sense as it climaxes, revealing a few solid, thematic reasons for what initially seemed to be inexplicable behavior, gratuitous sex and reckless sci-fi gimmickry." He added that there was also a "neat moral and spiritual subtext to the whole bizarre enterprise."

Chuck Arrington of DVD Talk, reviewing the DVD of the film, recommended that consumers "skip it", citing the transfer errors and scratches on the print, the at-times washed-out colors, and the uninteresting lengthy interview among the DVD's extras. Arrington thought that the visuals and the fight scenes were generally done well, and that the dubbing into English was acceptable, though exhibited some "wooden elements" endemic to all anime titles. Regarding the sexual violence in the film, Arrington found it excluded recommendation for most viewers, commenting, "Though not nearly as gruesome as Legend of the Overfiend, Wicked City is definitely not for children and not really for adults either."

Theron Martin of Anime News Network said that "in all, Wicked City isn't great fare, but if explicit, sexually-charged supernatural action stories appeal to you then it should fit the bill quite nicely."

Literary critic Susan J. Napier describes the film in her book, Anime From Akira to Princess Mononoke, as having similar depictions of the female body as its contemporaries: objects to be "viewed, violated, tortured" while also being "awesomely powerful, almost unstoppable". She credits the film's more nuanced and artistic approach within this context, but cites the metamorphoses of the female Black World agents as the film's ideas about female sexuality being limited to "an essentially conservative fantasy", with the powerful women's bodies being ultimately destroyed in "lengthy scenes of graphic violence".

In John Hackett and Sean Harrington's Beasts of the Deep: Sea Creatures and Popular culture, the authors place The Wicked City alongside Hokusai’s octopus prints as re-establishing a link between the maritime and the erotic.

Some of the film's fight scenes were featured in Manga Production's Mean & Mercenary VHS compilations.

Live-action remake
Wicked City, a Hong Kong live-action adaptation of the film was made in 1992 produced by Film Workshop Ltd. The film was directed by Tai Kit Mak, produced and written by Tsui Hark, and starred Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Michelle Reis, Yuen Woo-ping, Roy Cheung, and Tatsuya Nakadai. (Michelle Reis said that Tsui Hark actually directed many scenes himself. )

The story takes place in Hong Kong during a conflict between worlds of Humans and "Rapters". Special police in the city are investigating a mysterious drug named "happiness". Taki, one of the police, meets his old lover Windy, who is a rapter and now mistress of a powerful old rapter named Daishu. Taki and other special police track down and fight Daishu, but later find that he hopes to coexist with human. The son of Daishu, Shudo, is the mastermind. In the end, Shudo is defeated, but Daishu and Taki's friends die too. Windy leaves alone.

title: Wicked City (1987 film)


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Take My Life...Please!

"Take My Life...Please!" is the first segment of the twenty-second episode of the first season of the American television series The Twilight Zone. In this segment, a recently deceased stand-up comedian must perform an act that will decide his fate in the afterlife.

Plot
Billy Diamond, a top stand-up comedian, is driving away from a TV studio when he is ambushed by Dave, a struggling comedian armed with a pistol. Dave demands Billy give him money to make up for the fact that he stole one of Dave's routines and used it on a national talk show, making it unusable for Dave. Billy attempts to wrest the gun away, and the car crashes into a truck.

Billy finds himself in the backstage area of a nightclub. A man named Max explains that Billy is dead, Max is now his agent, and he must audition on stage to determine his eternal fate in the afterlife. Though still disoriented by his situation, Billy dives straight into his act. However, the audience remains silent through joke after joke, and demand he instead tell them about the time he beat up a prostitute during a drunken rage, how he stole Dave's material, and his mother's death from hypothermia after evicting her from his house, which he blames himself for. The audience laughs uproariously at Billy's shame-faced accounts of these incidents. As he leaves the stage at the end of the set, he tells Max that the on-stage confession has made him realize that he despises himself. Max says that because his act was a massive hit, he must continue to do it for the rest of eternity, repeatedly recounting the most shameful incidents of his life for the entertainment of the audience.

Legacy
This segment provided the inspiration for the episode "The Comedian" in the 2019 Twilight Zone series.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Take My Life...Please!


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User:Grue/notball

Keep. You don't need a crystal ball to verify that information.

title: User:Grue/notball


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Wicked City

Wicked City may refer to:

Books

 * The Wicked City (Singer novel), a 1972 children's novel by Isaac Bashevis Singer
 * Wicked City (novel series), a series of novels written by Hideyuki Kikuchi
 * A 2008 crime novel by Ace Atkins

Film and TV

 * The Wicked City (1916 film), a 1916 comedy short starring Gypsy Abbott
 * Wicked City (1949 film) (French: Hans le marin), a film starring Maria Montez
 * Wicked City (1987 film), a 1987 Japanese anime adaptation of the first of Kikuchi's novels
 * The Wicked City (1992 film), a live-action adaptation of the 1987 anime
 * Wicked City (TV series), a 2015 American crime drama series on ABC
 * Wicked City (2022 TV series), a supernatural television series on ALLBLK
 * Wicked City (1973 film), an Australian television play

Music

 * Wicked City (musical), a musical by Chad Beguelin

title: Wicked City


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File:Gauge.png

Cylinder and gauge line Created by: User:Bambaiah

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Ness, Lewis

Ness (Nis) is the northernmost part of the Isle of Lewis, a community consisting of about 16 villages, including Lionel, Habost, Swainbost, Cross, North and South Dell, Cross Skigersta, Skigersta, Eorodale, Adabroc, Port of Ness, Knockaird, Fivepenny and Eoropie. It was the most north-westerly community in the European Union, when the United Kingdom was a member. Its most northerly point is the Butt of Lewis. The name Ness derives from the old Norse for headland and many of the other place names in the area also have a Norse origin.

Ness is part of the Galson Estate, which is owned by Urras Oighreachd Ghabhsainn (Galson Estate Trust) which is managed by 10 local trustees elected by the community. The hand-over took place on 12 January 2007.

Ness is accessible via the A857 road and is about 40 km by road from Stornoway. Ness can also be reached by walking across the moor from North Tolsta in Back to Skigersta. It is about 16 km and takes 6 hours at a leisurely pace.

Scottish Gaelic is the language of the community with 75% being able to speak it. Peat cut from the moor, is used as a fuel for cooking and heating in many homes, but its use is on the decline. The 2001 Census results show a resident population of just under 1,000. In 1831 Ness had a population of just over 3,000.

Landmarks include the 13th-century Teampull Mholuaidh in Eoropie and the small island of Dùn Èistean which is the ancestral home of the Lewis Morrisons of the Clan Morrison. There is a road sign to the bridge across to Dùn Èistean, and archaeological excavations have been taking place there. Morrisons of Harris and Lewis can traditionally be found around Nis, and in the north-west Highlands in the county of Sutherland around the town of Durness (Scottish Gaelic: Diùranais).

Each year 10 men from Ness go out to the island of Sula Sgeir in late August for a fortnight to harvest around 2,000 young gannets known locally as Guga. The Guga hunt is a Ness tradition and the bird considered a delicacy.

A Ness boat builder called John F. Macleod from Port saved 40 lives following the sinking of H.M.Y. Iolaire by managing to take a line to shore.

Ness is known for its Sgoth, a type of clinker built skiff with a dipping lug sail. The boats were used for line fishing until the early half of the twentieth century. There are several still in active use owned by community trusts which maintain them.

School
Lionel School is the school providing for Ness. Lionel School prides itself on its sporting prowess and pupils have won trophies for football, running, badminton and swimming. The school roll is 116.

The small school at Cross closed in 2011 due to declining rolls, latterly having only 19 pupils. The buildings have now been taken over by Comunn Eachdraidh Nis, the Ness Historical Society.

Sport
Football is the main sport with Ness FC playing their home matches on Fivepenny Machair. 'Spors Nis' is a new (2007) Community Sports Centre with all the modern facilities you would expect including a two lane 10 pin bowling alley. Lionel School also has a swimming pool which is open to the public when not in use by the school.

title: Ness, Lewis


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Poikilotherm

A poikilotherm is an animal  (Greek poikilos – 'various, spotted', and therme – 'heat) whose internal temperature varies considerably. Poikilotherms have to survive and adapt to environmental stress. One of the most important stressors is temperature change, which can lead to alterations in membrane lipid order and can cause protein unfolding and denaturation at elevated temperatures. It is the opposite of a homeotherm, an animal which maintains thermal homeostasis. While the term in principle can apply to all organisms, it is generally only applied to animals, and mostly to vertebrates. Usually the fluctuations are consequence of variation in the ambient environmental temperature. Many terrestrial ectotherms are poikilothermic. However some ectotherms remain in temperature-constant environments to the point that they are actually able to maintain a constant internal temperature and are considered homeothermic. It is this distinction that often makes the term "poikilotherm" more useful than the vernacular "cold-blooded", which is sometimes used to refer to ectotherms more generally.

Poikilothermic animals include types of vertebrate animals, specifically some fish, amphibians, and reptiles, as well as many invertebrate animals. The naked mole-rat and sloth are some of the rare mammals which are poikilothermic.

Etymology
The term derives from Greek poikilos (ποικίλος), meaning "varied," ultimately from a root meaning "dappled" or "painted," and thermos (θερμός), meaning "heat".

Physiology

Poikilotherm animals must be able to function over a wider range of temperatures than homeotherms. The speed of most chemical reactions vary with temperature, and in order to function poikilotherms may have four to ten enzyme systems that operate at different temperatures for an important chemical reaction. As a result, poikilotherms often have larger, more complex genomes than homeotherms in the same ecological niche. Frogs are a notable example of this effect, though their complex development is also an important factor in their large genome.

Because their metabolism is variable and generally below that of homeothermic animals, sustained high-energy activities like powered flight in large animals or maintaining a large brain is generally beyond poikilotherm animals. The metabolism of poikilotherms favors strategies such as sit-and-wait hunting over chasing prey for larger animals with high movement cost. As they do not use their metabolisms to heat or cool themselves, total energy requirement over time is low. For the same body weight, poikilotherms need only 5 to 10% of the energy of homeotherms.

Adaptations in poikilotherms

 * Some adaptations are behavioral. Lizards and snakes bask in the sun in the early morning and late evening, and seek shelter around noon.
 * The eggs of the yellow-faced bumblebee are unable to regulate heat. A behavioral adaptation to combat this is incubation, where to maintain the internal temperatures of eggs, the queen and her workers will incubate the brood almost constantly, by warming their abdomens and touching them to the eggs. The bumblebee generates heat by shivering flight muscles even though they are not flying.
 * Termite mounds are usually oriented in a north–south direction so that they absorb as much heat as possible around dawn and dusk and minimise heat absorption around noon.
 * Tuna are able to warm their entire bodies through a heat exchange mechanism called the rete mirabile, which helps keep heat inside the body, and minimises the loss of heat through the gills. They also have their swimming muscles near the center of their bodies instead of near the surface, which minimises heat loss.
 * Gigantothermy means growing to large size in order to reduce heat loss, such as in sea turtles and ice-age megafauna. Body volume increases proportionally faster than does body surface, with increasing size; and less body surface area per unit body volume tends to minimise heat loss.
 * Camels, although they are homeotherms, thermoregulate using a method termed "temperature cycling" to conserve energy. In hot deserts, they allow their body temperature to rise during the day and fall during the night, adjusting their body temperature to cycle over approximately 6 °C.

Ecology
It is comparatively easy for a poikilotherm to accumulate enough energy to reproduce. Poikilotherms at the same trophic level often have much shorter generations than homeotherms: weeks rather than years. Such applies even to animals with similar ecological roles such as cats and snakes.

This difference in energy requirement also means that a given food source can support a greater density of poikilothermic animals than homeothermic animals. This is reflected in the predator-prey ratio which is usually higher in poikilothermic fauna compared to homeothermic ones. However, when homeotherms and poikilotherms have similar niches, and compete, the homeotherm can often drive poikilothermic competitors to extinction, because homeotherms can gather food for a greater fraction of each day and in more effective, specialized ways (e.g. chimpanzees actively seeking out and collecting army ants with sticks versus the typical poikilotherm sit-and-wait strategy).

In medicine
In medicine, loss of normal thermoregulation is referred to as poikilothermia. This can be seen in compartment syndrome and with use of sedative-hypnotics like barbiturates, ethanol, and chloral hydrate. REM sleep is considered a poikilothermic state in humans. Poikilothermia is one of the signs of acute limb ischemia.

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Prostyle

Prostyle and Prostylos (πρόστυλος), literally meaning “with columns in front”, is an architectural term designating temples (especially Greek and Roman) featuring a row of columns on the front. The term is often used as an adjective when referring to the portico of a classical building, which projects from the main structure. First used in Etruscan and Greek temples, this motif was later incorporated by the Romans into their temples.

Examples of prostyle include the Temple of Athena Nike, Akropolis, Athens, a prostyle tetrastyle (i.e. with four columns). There are also prostyle hexastyle and prostyle octastyle temples.

This architectural element probably originated in the eastern Greek isles in the 8th century BCE, but there are also many examples in archaic temples in southern Italy.

The subsequent evolution of temple design came with the amphiprostyle, where there are rows of columns both in front and at the back of the temple.

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Talk:The Last Day of Pompeii

Untitled
The articles on Karl Briullov and The Last Days of Pompeii were apparently plgiarized from. Many changes are required. -Ghirlandajo 09:25, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

File:Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Karl Brullov - The Last Day of Pompeii - Google Art Project.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on October 25, 2015. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2015-10-25. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Chris Woodrich (talk) 23:48, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

Interwiki links
Apologies for the edit conflicts with my recent edits. I thought the article had stabilised enough for me to contribute. If I'd known a flurry of edits was coming I'd have gone elsewhere and come back later.

Can someone please explain the problem with the three interwiki links that have been removed. They provide links to articles in other languages on three of the notable paintings mentioned in this article. Some are very good - the Russian article on Moses and the Brazen Serpent is a featured article!
 * Nicolas Poussin's The Plague at Ashdod
 * Feodor Bruni's Moses and the Brazen Serpent
 * Karl Bryullov's own Death of Ines de Castro

Some readers will be able to understand the languages enough to read the articles, or at least machine translate them, and someone might be encouraged to create articles here.
 * Thanks for your efforts but I removed them because they just redirect to the English Wikipedia. Do you want to try again? Not sure what the correct wikicode is. The other option would be to redlink them on the English Wikipedia in which case someone might create them. Philafrenzy (talk) 11:17, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Please can you confirm what you see above in say the first bullet point. I am using the ill template (shorthand for Interlanguage link). You should see a blue link to Nicolas Poussin then a redlink to The Plague at Ashdod because it has not yet been written in English yet. And then in brackets a link to an article on the Italian wikipedia, it:Peste di Azoth like this: (it).
 * My mistake, I have reinstated them. Thank you. Philafrenzy (talk) 12:38, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Ok. Thanks. Wondered if there might be some sort of problem I was not seeing. The ill template is useful replacement for a redlink where there is a notable topic with an article in another language.  You just have to look out for the little link in brackets.

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Jamshidieh Park

Jamshidieh Park (or Jamshidieh Stone Garden), is a park located in the neighbourhood of Niavaran at the base of Kolakchal mountain.

History
The premises was established as a private garden by the Qajar prince and engineer Jamshid Davallu Qajar during the Pahlavi era. The Stone Garden became a public park in 1977, it was reconstructed and expanded with the addition of Ferdowsi garden in 1995.

Features
The stone garden's main waterfall and pond are central to the garden's design.

title: Jamshidieh Park


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Robert Craigie, Lord Glendoick

Robert Craigie, Lord Glendoick (1688–1760) was a Scottish politician and judge. He was baptised on 4 March 1688 and died on 10 March 1760.

On 2 April 1742 he was elected member of parliament for the Tain Burghs constituency in northern Scotland. He continued to represent this seat until the general election of 1747, when he did not seek re-election. Admitted as an advocate in 1710, he was appointed Lord Advocate in 1742 and Lord President of the Court of Session in 1754. He took the judicial title of Lord Glendoick from his estate of Glendoick House to the east of Perth.

Family
His great nephew was Robert Craigie, Lord Craigie.

title: Robert Craigie, Lord Glendoick


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Union Chain Bridge

The Union Chain Bridge or Union Bridge is a suspension bridge that spans the River Tweed between Horncliffe, Northumberland, England and Fishwick, Berwickshire, Scotland. It is 4 mi upstream of Berwick-upon-Tweed. When it opened in 1820 it was the longest wrought iron suspension bridge in the world with a span of 449 ft, and the first vehicular bridge of its type in the United Kingdom. Although work started on the Menai Suspension Bridge first, the Union Bridge was completed first. The suspension bridge, which is a Category A listed building in Scotland, is now the oldest to be still carrying road traffic.

The bridge is also a Grade I listed building in England and an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. It lies on Sustrans Route 1 and the Pennine Cycleway. Its chains are represented on the Flag of Berwickshire.

History
Before the opening of the Union Bridge, crossing the river at this point involved an 11 mi round trip via Berwick downstream or a 20 mi trip via Coldstream upstream. (Ladykirk and Norham Bridge did not open until 1888.) The Tweed was forded in the vicinity of the bridge site, but the route was impassable during periods of high water. The Berwick and North Durham Turnpike Trust took on responsibility for improving matters by issuing a specification for a bridge.

Construction
The bridge was designed by an Royal Navy officer, Captain Samuel Brown. Brown joined the Navy in 1795, and seeing the need for an improvement on the hemp ropes used, which frequently failed with resulting loss to shipping, he employed blacksmiths to create experimental wrought iron chains. HMS Penelope (1798) was fitted with iron rigging in 1806, and in a test voyage proved successful enough that in 1808, with his cousin Samuel Lenox, he set up a company that would become Brown Lenox & Co. Brown left the Navy in 1812, and in 1813 he built a prototype suspension bridge of 105 ft span, using 296 st of iron. It was sufficiently strong to support a carriage, and John Rennie and Thomas Telford reported favourably upon it.

Brown took out a patent in 1816 for a method of manufacturing chains, followed by a patent titled Construction of a Bridge by the Formation and Uniting of its Component Parts in July 1817. In around 1817, Brown proposed a 1000 ft span bridge over the River Mersey at Runcorn, but this bridge was not built. It is not known why Brown became involved with the Union Bridge project, but agreed to take on the work based on a specification dated September 1818.

Brown knew little of masonry, and Rennie did this aspect of the work.

The bridge proposal received consent in July 1819, with the authority of an Act of Parliament that had been passed in 1802, and construction began on 2 August 1819.

The bridge, which has its western end in Scotland and its eastern end in England, was built with a single span of 449 ft. There is a sandstone pier on the Scottish side, while the English side has a sandstone tower built into the side of the river bluffs that supports the bridges chains. It is this configuration as to why the Scottish side has a straight approach road but across the river, the road turns sharply south due to the river bank's steep sides.

It opened on 26 July 1820, with an opening ceremony attended by the celebrated Scottish civil engineer Robert Stevenson among others. Captain Brown tested the bridge in a curricle towing twelve carts before a crowd of about 700 spectators crossed. Until 1885, tolls were charged for crossing the bridge; the toll cottage on the English side was demolished in 1955.

Usage
With the abolition of turnpike tolls in 1883, maintenance of the bridge passed to the Tweed Bridges Trust. When the Trust was wound up the bridge became the responsibility of Scottish Borders Council and Northumberland County Council and is now maintained by the latter.

In addition to the 1902 addition of cables, the bridge has been strengthened and refurbished on many occasions. The bridge deck was substantially renewed in 1871, and again in 1974, with the chains reinforced at intervals throughout its life.

Maintenance and restoration
The bridge was closed to motor vehicles for several months during 2007 due to one of the bridge hangers breaking. In December 2008 the bridge was closed to traffic as a result of a landslide.

In March 2013 there was a proposal to close the bridge because there was a lack of funds to maintain it. In 2013, the bridge was placed on Historic England's Heritage at Risk register. In October 2014, local enthusiasts and activists started a campaign to have the bridge fully restored in time for its bicentenary in 2020.

In March 2017 Scottish Borders Council and Northumberland County Council agreed to contribute £550,000 each towards a restoration project that was then expected to cost £5 million. Between then and August 2020 further pledges were made by both councils, the National Lottery Heritage Fund and Historic England. The work started in October 2020 and was expected to cost £10.5 million and take around 18 months. The chains were cut in March 2021 and the restored bridge was due to re-open in early 2022. In August 2022, the bridge was reported as being "almost complete" and it was reopened on 17 April 2023. Shortly after its restoration, in July 2023, the bridge was designated as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

title: Union Chain Bridge


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Waldemar Hoven

Waldemar Hoven (10 February 1903 – 2 June 1948) was a Nazi physician at Buchenwald concentration camp, and convicted war criminal for conducting human experiments regarding typhus which led to the deaths of many concentration camp prisoners, and as one of the organizers of the euthanasia program Aktion T4; this Nazi initiative resulted in the systematic murder of 275,000 to 300,000 disabled people. He was sentenced to death and hanged on 2 June 1948.

Early life and Nazi Party membership
Hoven was born in Freiburg, Baden, Germany. Between 1919 and 1921, Hoven visited Denmark and Sweden to study agriculture. In the 1920s, he visited the United States, where he worked as a movie extra in Hollywood. In the 1930s, Hoven went to Paris, where he had an affair with an American woman who gave him an extremely valuable gold cigarette case. Hoven finally returned home to Freiburg in 1933, where he completed his high school studies. He then attended the Universities of Freiburg and Munich. In 1934, he joined the SS. In 1939, he concluded his medical studies and became a physician for the SS. Hoven rose to the rank of Hauptsturmführer (Captain) in the Waffen SS.

War crimes
After completing his basic training in the Waffen SS, he became assistant medical officer in the Buchenwald concentration camp and held this position until 1941; in January 1941 he became the second camp doctor of Buchenwald, and became chief camp physician at least as early as June 1942.

Hoven was involved in the administration of medical experiments regarding typhus and the tolerance of serum containing phenol, and which led to the deaths of many inmates. He was also involved in the Aktion T4 programs, during which people with disabilities were killed, along with Jewish people who were considered unfit for work. According to other prisoners, Hoven was murdering 90 to 100 prisoners every week, for a year and a half, with phenol injections.

Arrest and release
He was arrested by the Nazis on 12 September 1943, accused of giving a lethal injection of phenol to Hauptscharführer Rudolf Köhler, an SS officer who was a potential witness in an investigation against Ilse Koch, with whom Hoven was rumoured to be having an affair. Hoven was charged with murder, but the case was delayed. He was released on 15 March 1945 due to the shortage of doctors.

Doctors' Trial
Hoven was arrested at the end of World War II by the Allies and put on trial as a defendant at the Doctors' Trial, one of the Nuremberg Trials. He was found guilty of war crimes, crimes against humanity and membership in a criminal organization (the SS). He was sentenced to death and hanged on 2 June 1948 at Landsberg Prison in Bavaria.

title: Waldemar Hoven


text:
Talk:Hardcore Holly

Went easy?
Had any of you heard that Bart Gunn went easy on Holly in the Brawl For All, and Holly went nuts at him afterwards?:OD(Halbared 09:34, 16 April 2006 (UTC))

No but it soudns believeable. Hollywoodd 01:14, 13 June 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kperfekt722 (talk • contribs)

Lesnar
There should be a reference to the fact that Lesnar broke his neck because he was sandbagging him. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.17.33.116 (talk) 21:51, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced statements
Moved from the article:

 * Holly has gained something of a reputation as a bully due to his stiff in-ring style by which he has injured wrestlers to the degree that they must take time off, such as with former WWE employee Matt Morgan and following unstaged incidents, such as his treatment of Tough Enough III contestant Matt Cappotelli and his vindictive attack on the face of René Duprée during a match as punishment after Dupree got into a traffic accident with Holly's rental car and neglected to own up to it, resulting in monetary damages and legal issues for Holly. Some believe him to be a real life "enforcer" used by Vince McMahon to punish poor behavior on the part of young wrestlers. He is also one of the leaders of the Wrestler's Court with John Bradshaw Layfield, responsible for in-house policing of wrestlers and rumored hazing. While some fans were highly critical of Holly's actions, others defended his actions as the typical means of conflict resolution within the wrestling industry, which is not unionized and poorly regulated and therefore lacks conventional mechanisms for addressing grievances.

I don't see anything in the references/external links that really supports this, unless you want to look at some forum posts by random fans. Also, please note that its much better to say "This person" or "This organization" believes, instead of saying "Some" believe -- its important to attribute points of view to their sources. I'd also question whether or not any of this belongs in a section on his personal life, since it appears to all be wrestling related. .:.Jareth.:. babelfish 13:37, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

I do think that some mention of the incident with Bob Holly and Matt Cappotelli should be mentioned as Bob Holly left the man beaten and bloodied on national television. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.49.157.11 (talk) 19:04, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Current status
Okay, so basically the word is that Holly is in rehab for substance addiction. Problem is...on the WWE list of employees article, it says in rehab without any source. Here, whenever somebody tries to edit it in, also without a source, it keeps getting removed. Shouldn't it also be removed from the roster page for not being sourced? Or are there some different kinda policy here? --Kaizer13 (talk) 05:43, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Wrestling school
On the recently released shoot interview with RFVideo, Bob claimed that he does not run a wrestling school, nor is he married anymore. Any way this can be used as a reliable source? The shoot interview, that is. --81.191.27.34 (talk) 19:51, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

Return to WWE?
According to PWMania. WWE have showed some interested in bringing back former superstar Bob Hardcore Holly and former DX member Badass Billy Gunn as just a tag team. They want former superstars they can get over and bill as tough old veterans aganist some of the new younger talent. Both are real-life good friends. As apparently Sopp pitched the idea to John Laurinaitis.

I read it at lordsofpain. Hold any truth? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.48.114.20 (talk) 21:22, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Neither lordsofpain nor PWMania are reliable sources, so it won't be added to the article. ♥ Nici ♥ Vampire ♥ Heart ♥ 23:15, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Haha, I guess they were right when they said WWE were talking about big name returns. --Kaizer13 (talk) 01:40, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

YouShoot interview
after watching his YouShoot interview where he answers alot of the things that have been said about him... like the Rene Dupree incident and other things like the Brock Lesnar powerbomb and that sort of stuff... he explains all of it in detail and how the powerbomb was in fact botched by them both and Lesnar rang him up at hospital to see if he's ok and they were actually friends and it was a mistake... after watching the interview alot of the stuff written on this page is only conjecture and therefore is not proven fact so should it be written that he "broke kayfabe" and all this stuff if it isn't proven? just a thought people should check the interview out... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.100.183.244 (talk) 19:25, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Not the champ
Bob Holly was not the Intercontinental Champion. WWE's website clearly lists that due to the controversial match between Jarrett and Holly, Jarrett was stripped of the title. How could he have been stripped of the championship if Holly had won it in the match? It's pretty straightforward: Jarrett didn't lost the title to Holly. He lost the title because of the controversy, but it didn't go to Holly. Instead it went to no one, and they had another match to determine the champion.

Moreoever, Wikipedia's own page for the List of WWE Intercontinental Champions doesn't have Holly as being champion, not even as an unofficial/unrecognised by WWE reign like in the case of some of Moolah's Women's Champion reigns or some of the early United States Championship reigns. Now you can't have one page say he held the title, and one page say he didn't. That ruins the credability of both. Also, on the talk page for the list of Intercontinental Champions, TJ Spyke brings up the point, and prevails, about not allowing Holly's "reign" to be included due to the fact that "WWE doesn't consider him a former champ." 76.29.170.69 (talk) 10:52, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, upon further review of the sources (numbers 4 and 5), both make it fairly clear that it wasn't a title reign. One source(4) even points out that although he pinned Jarrett, "because Jarrett's foot was on the ropes, the title was held up," meaning no one was delcared the champion. And in the other source (5), it says that Holly was set up for a "seeming" title run, but the win was overruled and the title was vacant.76.29.170.69 (talk) 13:24, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

For posterity's sake
Blah, blah, blah

 * For the record, the section above presents my reasoning for the removal of the information, to which there was only one reply that was along the lines of "Stop bitching about it. He was the champ. Proof? My fist." And that 'rebuttal' was removed by another user on the basis of bad faith/personal attack. I presented the reasonings and you did not respond to them Vampire . 67.181.76.194 (talk) 11:27, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

"Bitching", you say? Now, there was no need for a practical demonstration there. --84.202.160.33 (talk) 19:57, 13 February 2012 (UTC)

NASCAR
On his RF Shoot interview (and possibly his new book), he talks about NASCAR in the sense that he actually drove in the sport. Are there any sources which support this? The article currently mentions fleetingly that his NASCAR driver gimmick was just that—a gimmick, with no mention of an actual motor racing career. Needs the real story. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 21:38, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I wandered over here today (surfing wrestler articles) and I noticed that, despite being stated in the 1st sentence of the lead that he was a former driver, absolutely nothing further on this (a racing career) is present in the article. Pretty strange for a "good article". I'd always assumed this was merely a gimmick, and, pending addition of any substantial content, I am going to boldly remove this from the lead as wholly unsupported (& likely non-notable) in the article text... Roberticus  talk  20:36, 12 September 2014 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. While there are cases to be made for either name, it appears his WP:STAGENAME is the WP:COMMONNAME. --BDD (talk) 18:57, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

Bob Holly → Hardcore Holly – Howard was known professionally as "Hardcore Holly", not "Bob Holly". To the best of my knowledge, he has never performed as "Bob Holly". Having the article at Bob Holly is a hybrid of his real name and his professional name, which is potentially misleading and confusing. This will allow far more direct linking. McPhail (talk) 15:56, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Support as nominator. McPhail (talk) 15:58, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support I think that Hardciore Holly is his common name. --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 16:49, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support He was known as Hardcore Holly to wrestling fans for a decade (1999–2009), if not longer. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 17:01, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per everyone else.oknazevad (talk) 18:11, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose He's been Bob Holly since 1988 (aside from briefly being Thurman "Sparky" Plugg in 1994), whether his nickname was "Spark Plugg", "Bombastic Bob" or "Hardcore". Commentators didn't try to pretend his "real" first name wasn't Bob. Not the same as say, Jamal becoming Umaga or Aaron Stevens becoming Damien Sandow. Just a nickname, even though a common ringname. InedibleHulk (talk) 18:57, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * And in case you need an official WWE story: "Thurman “Sparky” Plugg debuted in the 1994 Royal Rumble Match as a stock car driver taking a break from the racetrack to grapple with WWE Superstars. The moniker was soon abandoned in favor of a name he would retain for the remainder of his WWE tenure: Bob Holly." InedibleHulk (talk) 22:57, 30 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Hulk, if you would read downwards in that official WWE bio you cited, When that partnership crumbled, Holly re-emerged ... Changing his name to Hardcore Holly, the nasty brawler held the title on six occasions and established his on-screen persona as one of the toughest men in WWE — a fact the locker room was already well familiar with ... ... Lesnar slammed Holly onto the canvas, breaking Hardcore’s neck. Starship.paint (talk) 10:31, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I did read that, and also watched his career on TV. The name changed in the way a person changes clothes. "Hardcore" was an addition, just like "Bombastic", not a replacement. The nickname got more focus than many because he was basically carrying the new Hardcore division, but he was still Bob Holly, and Jim Ross was never shy about mentioning it. When a source appears to contradict itself, there's often an easy explanation. InedibleHulk (talk) 11:37, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose. While he was famous as "Hardcore" Holly, that was really just one gimmick, throughout which the commentators would still refer to him as "Bob Holly" or "Bob 'Hardcore' Holly". —  Richard  BB  07:58, 3 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose- Even while going by Hardcore Holly, he was called "Bob" by everybody. His full name is definitely his most common name. Feed  back  ☎ 18:49, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment - I'd have to disagree with the claims that he is as well known as "Bob Holly" as he is as "Hardcore Holly". He was always announced to the ring as Hardcore Holly, listed on WWE.com's roster page as Hardcore Holly (including in his current alumni page), was named Hardcore Holly in video games, toys and other merchandise, and even had "Hardcore Holly" written on his shorts. By the same logic, Triple H should be moved to Hunter Hearst Helmsley since that's his character's full name and he's still regularly referred to as "Hunter". Going by WP:COMMONNAME, Hardcore Holly is the logical page title. McPhail (talk) 19:40, 3 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Decent point, quite similar. Though the transformation from "Hunter Hearat Helmsley" to "Triple H" is more drastic than slapping a nickname on a surname. The "Holly" part instantly invokes his first name (like Bulldog Brown/Brower, Crusher Blackwell/Lisowski or Whipper Watson/Wilson), while with Triple H and Scotty 2 Hotty, the origins are more of a riddle (albeit simple ones). Does that make sense? InedibleHulk (talk) 06:49, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Support - while his kayfabe real name (odd as that sounds) has been Bob Holly for quite some time, his commonname is almost certainly Hardcore Holly. As McPhail points out this is a similar case to Triple H, who regularly is/was called "Hunter", but achieved most success and exposure under the Triple H moniker.LM2000 (talk) 21:59, 3 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Support - there is no doubt his ring name was Bob "Hardcore" Holly, but as per McPhail's and LM2000's arguments, "Hardcore Holly" is the common name here, not "Bob Holly". WWE website naming him as Hardcore Holly is a plus. Other evidence: google search - "Hardcore Holly" - 595,000 results, "Bob Holly" - 199,000 results. Google News - "Hardcore Holly" - 28 results, "Bob Holly" - 10 results. Google Images - "Hardcore Holly" - 109,000 results, "Bob Holly" - 56,100 results. Starship.paint (talk) 10:31, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Google results must be taken with a large pinch of salt. It counts almost everything, including absolute garbage (News Archives are admittedly better). The guess it displays at the top of the results is often off by tens of thousands (or more) compared to the number you get by going to the last page and multiplying by ten (before even subtracting thousands of duplicates). Also a clear bias in that "Hardcore Holly" came about in 1999, around the same the Internet started getting big. We didn't have thousands of TV reports, news recycling and social media opinions in his pure Bob Holly days. InedibleHulk (talk) 04:01, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Even comparing our own numbers, I get "about 6,180,000 results" for Hardcore Holly (verbatim). That's a tad more than 595,000. Our image results match up, at 109,000. But my list ends at Page 42. 42 x 20 = 840 (or 108,160 less than advertised). And many of those aren't pictures of Holly, or even contain the words. InedibleHulk (talk) 04:05, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

 *  Support - Per Hardcore Holly being his WP:COMMONNAME as he was most known and billed as Hardcore Holly for 10 years, Bob Holly was always a secondary name like Hunter. He has a clear majority in google hits per Starship.paint's point above.  STATic  message me!  15:02, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment Let's not forget about his time on WWF Tough Enough, from which he received a fair bit of "mainstream" exposure (including kicking Matt Cappotelli's ass, which went kind of viral), as Bob. InedibleHulk (talk) 09:52, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment Honestly, would everyone be satisfied with Bob "Hardcore" Holly instead? Seems most recognizable to me now. Starship.paint (talk) 22:20, 7 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't support this for two reasons - he was rarely, if ever, referred to as "Bob "Hardcore" Holly", so this is creating a new name for him, and it wouldn't support direct linking. I'd say this name wouldn't comply with the policies on conciseness, consistency and naturalness set out at WP:NAME. McPhail (talk) 11:09, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That's a poor interim solution, and not a good one. WP rarely has article names with quotes in between, and as McPhail pointed out, Bob "Hardcore" Holly is probably less common than either Bob Holly or Hardcore Holly. After all, we don't have articles named Steve "Sting" Borden, Jason "Christian" Reso, Mark "Undertaker" Calaway or Adam "Edge" Copeland, etc. Mac Dreamstate (talk) 20:54, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd just like to point out that Steve "Sting" Borden, Jason "Christian" Reso etc. are not really relevant examples given that none of them were well known under Steve Borden or Jason Reso while Holly was well known as both Bob and Hardcore. Starship.paint (talk) 02:55, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * No sir, I also don't like it. InedibleHulk (talk) 07:46, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment His autobiography is titled "The Hardcore Truth: The Bob Holly Story". Mike Tenay told me that, during his TNA return, as Bob Holly (though I see I also could have just read this biography article). InedibleHulk (talk) 07:46, 9 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Good point, but I'd just like to point out that on the cover, the Hardcore word is the largest while the Bob Holly words are not as prominent. Starship.paint (talk) 02:55, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Yeah, and I do not think his own autobiography is a bases on what we call him on Wikipedia, it's a prevalence in reliable sources.  STATic  message me!  03:28, 10 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

"Superstar" Bob Howard
According to Slam! Sports (typically a reliable source), Holly used this ring name early in his career. Last week, however, Holly gave an interview with Solomonster Sounds Off, in which he said this is patently untrue (http://solomonster.podbean.com/mf/web/bgtquu/solomonster455-HOLLY.mp3 at the 46–47 minute mark). I have removed this content from the article. 185.54.163.177 (talk) 03:22, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

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"Unrecognized"...
197.87.135.139 (talk) 09:49, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * According to WWE.com, Holly never won the match or the title, since the match ended in controversy and Jeff Jarrett was stripped from the title. We don't list every dusty finish title change. --HHH Pedrigree (talk) 13:48, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I know it doesn't hold a lot of weight but Holly has, sometimes, billed himself as a former champion. And in regards to the night in question, he was announced as the champion, given the belt, then walked backstage as the champion. So factually, even if for an hour or so, he was the champion.
 * Personally I'd keep it listed. But 100% with an "Unrecognized" note to it. However, WWE has flip-flopped on reigns before (Hardcore Title wins during house shows as one great example, Chyna/Jericho's dual reign as another example). Xanarki (talk) 19:54, 16 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, right now. But they used to recognize it..

https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x17ebpo_al-snow-vs-hardcore-holly-bob-holly-hardcore-match-st-valentine-s-day-massacre-wwf_sport Listen to what Michael Cole says.

Nobody claims that WWE recognizes Holly as a former Intercontinental Champion NOW. But they did recognize him as a former Intercontinental Champion in the past. That's why it's an Unrecognized Reign, m'kay?

title: Talk:Hardcore Holly


text:
Talk:Catherine Helen Spence

Untitled
The claim that CHS was the first woman to stand for public office in Australia seems unlikely. Pete 09:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Because "public office" is ambiguous (and perhaps misleading), I have reworded the associated statement. She was indeed Australia's first female political candidate, but whether the Federal Conventions constitute "public office", I am unsure. She never stood for Parliament. In any case, I intend to expand the article - with references ;).--Cyberjunkie 14:57, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm still not sure that she was Australia's first female political candidate, whether unsuccessful or not. I have the collection of her writings edited by Helen Thomson (into which I am delighted to find that I had tucked a pristine example of the $5 note to serve as a bookmark and then forgotten), but Helen the editor doesn'5t say whether CGS was the first candidate or not, and CHS in the portion of her autobiography included gives herself no more than a line on the subject, merely saying that she was unsuccessful.

 * She was a remarkable woman, and has long been one of my heroes. It is a shame that she was not elected, for then amongst the generally white male bearded middle class Founding Fathers, we would have had a Mother!

 * She certainly deserves more room in Wikidedia than she currently occupies, but I fear that I would find it hard to know when to stop, because I would like to sing her praises endlessly. However, I shall at least roll up my sleeves and make a start. Pete 23:38, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * South Australia was the first in the world to grant women the right to political candidacy, and indeed, the only place in Australia to have granted said right at the time of the Federal Conventions. From my reading on the web so far (I haven't had time to access literature), this website (see 1897) prepared by the State Library of South Australia, showing significant dates for South Australian women, concurs.--Cyberjunkie 07:57, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. Makes her all the more courageous! Pete 08:50, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What does this bot entry mean - Simple: Catherine Spence. I have never seen that form and Wikipedia should reflect current and past usage not push it in new directions. It's not something to go to the barricades over, but it seems pointless.--Doug butler (talk) 15:25, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Catherine Helen Spence


text:
Codex Vyssegradensis

The Vyšehrad Codex (Kodex vyšehradský; Latin Codex Vyssegradensis), also known as the Coronation Gospels of King Vratislaus, is a late 11th-century illuminated Romanesque Gospel Book, which is considered the most important and most valuable manuscript kept in Bohemia (Czech Republic). Its extremely rich iconography and its visual components rank it among the most precious illuminated manuscripts of the second half of the 11th century in Europe. It was probably made at the order of Czech diplomats to honour an anniversary of the Czech King Vratislav's coronation which took place in 1085 (Vratislav was the first king of Bohemia, which was previously a dukedom). The codex is of Danubian provenance, and closely related to three other surviving manuscripts – two of them now in Poland and one in the Prague Chapter Library. They probably originated in the circle of the scriptorium at the Monastery of St. Emmeram in Regensburg. The manuscript is now located in the Czech National Library, Prague under the signature XIV A 13. In 2005 it was declared as a National cultural monument of the Czech Republic.

The earliest known representation of the Tree of Jesse is in the book. In a paper analysing this image, J.A. Hayes Williams points out that the iconography employed is very different from that usually found in such images, which she argues relates to an assertion of the rightful kingship of the royal patron. The page showing the Jesse Tree is accompanied by a number of other illuminated pages of which four depict the Ancestors of Christ. The Jesse Tree has not been used to support a number of figures, as is usual. Instead, the passage from Isaiah has been depicted in a very literal way. In the picture, the prophet Isaiah approaches Jesse from beneath whose feet is springing a tree, and wraps around him a banner with words upon it which translate literally as: "A little rod from Jesse gives rise to a splendid flower", following the language of the Vulgate. Instead of the ancestors seen in later depictions, seven doves (with haloes) perch in the branches. These, in a motif from Byzantine art, represent the Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit as described by the Apostle Paul. Williams go on to compare it with two other famous images, the Tree of Jesse window at Chartres Cathedral and the Lambeth Bible in England.

title: Codex Vyssegradensis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chami William Pitaimy

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. JeremyA 16:02, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Chami William Pitaimy
I came across this page at radom when i was browsing through the dead end pages. It's apparently been here since January, but it doesn't link to anything and nothing links to it. As far as I can tell, it's patent nonsence. The first line says "Chami William Pitaimy was the Portuguese heavy-weight champion in the early 19th century and now holds the distinction as the oldest living man in the world." So supposedly the dude's around 200 now... Google has ten hits, and they look to be mostly copies of the original Wikipedia article. I guess it was probably just wannabe BJODN that nobody got around to dealing with yet, and I've probably wasted too much time already typing this up. So without further ado, delete. Blackcats 09:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 11:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Name doesn't even appear Portugese. Unverifiable, internally contradictory, all potentials for a massive hoax. Delete. JFW | T@lk  11:36, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax/nonsense. --Etacar11 17:05, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Union Bridge

Union Bridge may refer to:

 * Union Bridge, Ottawa, in Canada, a predecessor of the Chaudière Bridge
 * Union Bridge, Aberdeen, in Scotland
 * Union Bridge, Tweed, between England and Scotland
 * Union Bridge, Maryland, a town in the United States
 * Union Bridge Historic District
 * Union Bridge Company, a former American bridge builder

title: Union Bridge


text:
Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra

The Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra was written by Igor Stravinsky in Nice between 1926 and 1929. The score was revised in 1949.

Stravinsky designed the Capriccio to be a virtuosic vehicle which would allow him to earn a living from playing the piano part. The Capriccio, together with the Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments, belonged to a catalogue of breadwinning pieces which Stravinsky composed to support himself after fleeing the Russian Revolution to live in Western Europe.

History
The Allegro capriccioso movement that would become the finale was begun first, in Nice on Christmas Day 1928, and provided the musical material from which the other movements grew. It was followed by the second movement, completed at Echarvines, near Talloires, on 13 September 1929, and then by the opening Presto. The orchestration of the first movement was completed on 26 October and that of the last movement on 9 November 1929.

The premiere took place in the Salle Pleyel, Paris, on 6 December 1929, with the Orchestre symphonique de Paris conducted by Ernest Ansermet (who had founded the orchestra that winter season) and featuring the composer at the piano. The next year, Stravinsky made a commercial recording of the work as soloist, with the Straram Orchestra, conducted by Ernest Ansermet. Beginning in the mind-1930s, Stravinsky's son Soulima often performed it as soloist, most often with his father conducting.

In 1949 Stravinsky corrected a number of misprints and omissions in the score, and this version was published in 1952. Unfortunately, a few new mistakes were added in this new edition, the most important of which was a change of the tempo marking at rehearsal number 14 from the original dotted-quaver = 88 to 80, which contradicts the specification that the semiquavers remain the same.

Amongst other influences on the Capriccio, Stravinsky very much had in mind Carl Maria von Weber, whom he described as "a prince of music".

The three movements are played attacca (without interruption) and take just under twenty minutes to perform. 1. Presto

2. Andante rapsodico

3. Allegro capriccioso ma tempo giusto

Instrumentation
The Capriccio is scored for solo piano, pairs of woodwinds (flutes doubling piccolo, oboes, clarinets doubling piccolo clarinet, and bassoons), cor anglais, four horns, three trombones, tuba, strings and timpani.

In addition to the solo piano, there is a concertino group of soloists consisting of the first violinist, first violist, first cellist and first bassist.

Ballet productions
The score was first used as ballet music when Léonide Massine choreographed it in 1947 for the Teatro alla Scala, Milan. The décor for this production was by Nicola Benois. A second production was created in 1957 with choreography, décor, and costumes by Alan Carter.

The original 1929 version of the Capriccio was used by George Balanchine as the score for the "Rubies" section of his full-length 1967 ballet Jewels.

title: Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra


text:
Abusir

Abusir (ابو صير ; Egyptian pr wsjr ; ⲃⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲓ busiri, "the resting place of Osiris"; Βούσιρις) is the name given to an ancient Egyptian archaeological pyramid complex comprising the ruins of 4 kings' pyramids dating to the Old Kingdom period, and is part of the Pyramid Fields of the Memphis and its Necropolis UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The pyramid complex is named after the neighbouring village of Abusir, in the markaz (county) of Badrashin, Giza. The Abusir pyramid complex is located on the Western Desert plateau at the edge of the cultivated plain, with the Giza Pyramids to its north, and Saqqara to its south, and served as one of the main elite cemeteries for the ancient Egyptian capital city of Memphis. Several other villages in northern and southern Egypt are named Abusir or Busiri.

The locality of Abusir took its turn as the focus of the prestigious western burial rites operating out of the then-capital of Memphis during the Old Kingdom 5th Dynasty. As an elite cemetery, neighbouring Giza had by then "filled up" with the massive pyramids and other monuments of the 4th Dynasty, leading the 5th Dynasty pharaohs to seek sites elsewhere for their own funerary monuments.

Abusir was the origin of the largest find of Old Kingdom papyri to date — the Abusir Papyri. In the late nineteenth century, a number of Western museums acquired collections of fragmentary papyri from the administrative (temple) records of one Abusir funerary cult, that of king Neferirkare Kakai. This discovery was supplemented in the late twentieth century when excavations by a Czech expedition to the site revealed papyri from two other cult complexes, that of the pharaoh Neferefre (also read Raneferef) and for the king's mother Khentkaus II.

The Czech Institute of Egyptology of the Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague has been conducting excavations at Abusir since 1960, beginning with the mastaba of Ptahshepses, directed by Zbyněk Žába. The concession was extended since 1976 with the southern part of the royal necropolis, directed by Miroslav Verner. Since 1991, the institute excavates also at the site of Abusir South. The excavations are presently directed by Miroslav Bárta.

There are considerable catacombs near the ancient town of Busiris, as stated in (Pliny xxxvi. 12. s. 16). To the south of Busiris one great cemetery appears to have stretched over the plain. The Heptanomite Busiris was in fact a hamlet standing at one extremity of the necropolis of Memphis.

Necropolis
Earliest tombs on the site are from the Early Dynastic Period, First Dynasty. Tombs, including stairway tombs, were uncovered north of pyramid field.

There are a total of 4 kings' pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abusir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty; perhaps signalling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low quality local stone. All of the major pyramids at Abusir were built as step pyramids, although the largest of them—the Pyramid of Neferirkare—is believed to have originally been built as a step pyramid some seventy metres in height and then later transformed into a "true" pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry.

Complete list of excavated structures until the year 2019 is available in this article. The map is also published online as a searchable application.

Major pyramids
The three major royal pyramids are The two unfinished royal pyramids are
 * the earliest, Pyramid of Sahure, known for its finely carved reliefs
 * the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, the tallest pyramid at the site
 * the Pyramid of Niuserre, the most intact pyramid at the site

 * the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre
 * the unfinished pyramid of Shepseskare?

Smaller pyramids

 * the pyramid of Queen Khentkaus II, wife of Neferirkare and mother of Neferefre and Niuserre
 * Lepsius Pyramid no. 24 — The pyramid belonged to a woman, likely a queen. The name of the vizier Ptahshepses appears among builders' marks, which dates the pyramid to the time of Pharaoh Nyuserre
 * Lepsius Pyramid no. 25 — Likely the pyramid of a queen from the Fifth Dynasty

Mastabas of courtiers
The tombs of several high officials and family members are located in the direct vicinity of their king's pyramid: Four mastabas south-east of the pyramid complex of Raneferef create a so-called "Nakthsare" cemetery, presumably tombs of the persons related to King Raneferef:
 * the mastaba of Ptahshepses (vizier under Nyuserre)
 * the mastaba of Prince Nakhtsare (son of Raneferef or Nyuserre)
 * the mastaba of "count" Kakaibaef
 * the mastaba of Queen Khentkaus III, likely a spouse of Raneferef
 * the mastaba of anonymous owner AS 31

Abusir South
Directly north of Saqqara is a cemetery of lower-ranking officials of the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom. The earliest First Dynasty tombs are on the so-called "Bonnet cemetery" named after Hans Bonnet, who published the site. It was excavated in 1910 by Georg Steindorff and Uvo Hölscher. Recently, copper artefacts in the collection of Leipzig University, from the site, were studied. One vessel, ÄMUL 2162, was made of a peculiar material, arsenical copper with nickel, which could be imported to Egypt.

The Old Kingdom cemetery at Abusir South includes the following tombs:
 * the tomb of Ity (early Fourth Dynasty)
 * the tomb of Hetepi (priest, beginning of Third Dynasty)
 * the tomb of Nyankhseshat (property custodian of the king, early Fourth Dynasty), with a stela of a Fifth-Dynasty official Sekhemka and his presumed spouse Henutsen
 * the tomb of Kaaper (architect and priest, early Fifth Dynasty)
 * the tomb of Rahotep (priest, end of Fifth Dynasty)
 * the tomb of Fetekti (priest, end of Fifth Dynasty)
 * the tomb of Qar and his sons (vizier, early Sixth Dynasty, sons from late Sixth Dynasty, reign of Pepi II Neferkare)
 * the rock cut tomb of New Kingdom Nakhtmin (charioteer)

Saite-Persian cemetery
On a small hill directly south of the pyramid of Neferefre is a cemetery of tombs from the Saite period:
 * the tomb of Udjahorresnet
 * the tomb of Iufaa
 * the tomb of Menekhibneko
 * the tomb of Padihor
 * tomb R3

A temple
Also found at Abusir were substantial remains of a Ramesside temple, perhaps built by Ramses II. The temple lies about 500 meters south east of the pyramids, close to the cultivation in the desert. The main building of the temple was built of limestone. There were three cellars, a small hall with four columns and a courtyard (with mudbrick walls) with ten limestone columns. The limestone building was placed within a larger complex made of mud bricks with a pylon and magazines. The temple seems to have been dedicated to the solar cult, in particular the gods Ra, Amun, and Nekhbet. Fragments of polychrome reliefs and numerous examples of the titles of Ramesses II have been recovered. The temple was built above the mud brick tombs of Third and Fifth Dynasty.

Site looting during 2011 protests
Abusir, Saqqara and Dahshur suffered damage by looters during the 2011 Egyptian protests. Part of the false door from the tomb of the priest Rahotep was stolen, and store rooms were broken into. The looted structures are mapped out e.g. in this article.

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh), as the rest of Egypt.

title: Abusir


text:
Fausto Poli

Fausto Poli (17 February 1581 – 7 October 1653) was a Roman Catholic prelate and Cardinal.

Biography
Born in Usigni in Umbria, as a young man he went to Rome and was soon noticed by Maffeo Barberini, a cleric of the Apostolic Chamber and a fellow Umbrian from nearby Spoleto, soon to become Pope under the name of Urban VIII. In 1632 he was made Majordomo and Prefect of the Lateran palace, in which posts he was responsible for supervising church and court ceremonies. On 25 Jul 1633, he was consecrated Titular Archbishop of Amasia in partibus by Antonio Marcello Barberini (seniore), Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Onofrio, with Giovanni della Robbia, Bishop of Bertinoro, and Benedetto Landi, Bishop Emeritus of Fossombrone, serving as co-consecrators. He served at Vienna as nuncio to the Infanta Maríe, sister of King Philip II of Spain and wife of Emperor Maximilian II.

As private secretary to Pope Urban, among his most valuable services was that of purchasing old works of art, or commissioning new works, for that inveterate collector; among the artists he encouraged was Claude Lorrain. In 1641 he commissioned Lorrain's Seaport with the Embarkation of Saint Ursula.

He was rewarded toward the end of Urban's pontificate by being raised to the purple as Cardinal-Priest of San Crisogono on 31 August 1643. He was appointed Bishop of Orvieto in 1644.

He participated in the Papal conclave of 1644 which elected Urban's successor, Pope Innocent X.

Saint Rita
Throughout his life, he remained very devoted to his home town and region. In addition to beautifying Usigni, he was instrumental in developing iron mines in the area, and he was also so greatly devoted to Rita of Cascia (beatified by Urban in 1627), adorning her church in that town and promoting her cult, that he is often considered to have been the main force in establishing her present cult and popularity. The second edition (1652) of Girolamo de Ghetti's Breve Racconto della Vita e Miracoli della B. Rita da Cascia is dedicated to him.

Death and burial
Poli died in Orvieto in 1653; he was buried according to his wishes in the Chapel of the Guardian Angel in his titular church of San Crisogono.

title: Fausto Poli


text:
Berezniki

Berezniki (Березники́) is the second-largest city in Perm Krai, Russia. The city is located on the banks of the Kama River, in the Ural Mountains with a population of 137,091 as of 2021.

Etymology
The name Berezniki is derived from a birch forest originally situated in the city's location.

History
The first Russian settlements in the city appeared in the 16th - 17th century on the basis of salt mines.

It was founded in 1873. City status was granted to it in 1932 as its industry was rapidly expanding under Joseph Stalin.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of krai significance of Berezniki—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Berezniki is incorporated as Berezniki Urban Okrug.

Economy
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the city's population dropped due to increased unemployment. Nevertheless, the city was able to keep its main industries on track. Large chemical plants such as titanium and sodium factories as well as several huge potassium, magnesium and potash mines are operational in Berezniki.

The potash mine, owned by Uralkali, was the basis of the fortune of Dmitry Rybolovlev who sold his interest in 2010 to Suleyman Kerimov. Mine supports in the huge underground mine, about 1,000 feet (~300 metres) beneath the city, consist of soluble salt which is being dissolved by water flooding into the mine. The city, a former Soviet-era labor camp, was built near the work site, over the mine. Several sinkholes, some huge, have opened within the city. The situation requires round-the-clock monitoring. The problem is believed to be limited to a small part of the mine which was not filled properly and is limited in its future impact, but the relocation of the city is under consideration. The largest sinkhole, locally dubbed, "The Grandfather" by 2012, was 340 yards (~310 metres) wide, 430 yards (~390 metres) long, and 780 feet (~240 metres) deep. When it opened in 2007 the hole was initially 80 m long, 40 m wide and 200 m deep. The sinkhole was expected to expand, and destroy part of the only rail line which leads to and from the potash mines, and, being that Berezniki produces around 10% of the world's potash, this would lead global demand towards Canada, potentially damaging the local economy. Nobody was injured when the sinkhole appeared.

Culture
Berezniki has a theatre and a museum of regional history.

Every year from July 17 to the 20th the town celebrates its mosquitoes. They have music, dancing and a "most delicious girl" competition. In the competition, the girls stand for 20 minutes in their shorts and vests, and the one who receives the most bites wins.

Population
The city was in 124th place out of 1115 cities of Russia in terms of population in 2019.

According to the 2010 census, Russians formed a majority in the city with a 90.87%, while Tatars (3.16%) were the largest minority, followed by Ukrainians (0.81%), Permian Komi (0.67%) and Germans (0.51%).

Transportation
Berezniki is served by the Berezniki Airport, which mainly serves helicopters. A railway station is closed since it is located in the sinkhole area and has been damaged beyond repair. In the city, public transport service is operated with trolleybuses.

Notable people

 * Vasily Pavlovich Boryagin, Hero of Socialist Labor
 * Dmitry Rybolovlev, Russian billionaire, controlled the leading Berezniki potash mines from 2000 — 2011
 * Boris Yeltsin, Russia's first president, attended Pushkin High School in Berezniki

title: Berezniki


text: Category:Compositions by Igor Stravinsky