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List of female film and television directors

This is a list of female film and television directors. Their works may include live action and/or animated features, shorts, documentaries, telemovies, TV programs, or videos.

A

 * Jennifer Abbott (Canada)
 * Sarah Abbott (Canada)
 * Jennifer Abod (USA)
 * Marguerite Abouet (Ivory Coast)
 * Abiola Abrams (USA)
 * Mona Achache (France)
 * Nan Achnas (Indonesia)
 * Ally Acker (USA)
 * Jill Ackles (USA)
 * Kasia Adamik (Poland)
 * Catlin Adams (USA)
 * Joey Lauren Adams (USA)
 * Perry Miller Adato (USA)
 * Anita W. Addison (USA)
 * Maren Ade (Germany)
 * Harmony Adesola (Canada)
 * Elvire Adjamonsi (Benin)
 * Dianna Agron (USA)
 * Yasmin Ahmad (Malaysia)
 * Peggy Ahwesh (USA)
 * Shirikiana Aina (USA)
 * Kyōko Aizome (Japan)
 * Omolola Ajao (Canada)
 * Mania Akbari (Iran)
 * Chantal Akerman (Belgium-France)
 * Desiree Akhavan (USA)
 * Zoya Akhtar (India)
 * Nargis Akhter (Bangladesh)
 * Atuat Akkitirq (Canada)
 * Zaynê Akyol (Canada)
 * Haifaa al-Mansour (Saudi Arabia)
 * Gina Alajar (Philippines)
 * Barbara Albert (Austria)
 * Karin Albou (France)
 * Victoria Aleksanyan (Armenia)
 * Lexi Alexander (USA)
 * Debbie Allen (USA)
 * Elizabeth Allen (USA)
 * Jennifer Alleyn (Canada)
 * Natalia Almada (Mexico-USA)
 * Mairzee Almas (Canada)
 * Chihiro Amano (Japan)
 * Suzana Amaral (Brazil)
 * Tata Amaral (Brazil)
 * Barbra Amesbury (Canada)
 * Ana Lily Amirpour (UK-USA)
 * Bonnie Ammaq (Canada)
 * Valerie Amponsah (Canada)
 * Allison Anders (USA)
 * Deborah Anderson (UK-USA)
 * Gillian Anderson (USA)
 * Jane Anderson (USA)
 * Laurie Anderson (USA)
 * Madeline Anderson (USA)
 * Sarah Pia Anderson (UK-USA)
 * Sini Anderson (USA)
 * Kamila Andini (Indonesia)
 * Momoko Ando (Japan)
 * Fern Andra (USA)
 * Scilla Andreen (USA)
 * Joanna Angel (USA)
 * Irene Angelico (Canada)
 * Lucia Aniello (USA)
 * Jennifer Aniston (USA)
 * Catherine Annau (Canada)
 * Martha Ansara (Australia)
 * Jessie Anthony (Canada)
 * Lisa Rose Apramian (USA)
 * Shamim Ara (Pakistan)
 * Danielle Arbid (Lebanon)
 * Louise Archambault (Canada)
 * Francesca Archibugi (Italy)
 * Fanny Ardant (France)
 * Jane Arden (UK)
 * Asia Argento (Italy)
 * Allison Argo (USA)
 * Kay Armatage (Canada)
 * Aviva Armour-Ostroff (Canada)
 * Franny Armstrong (UK)
 * Gillian Armstrong (Australia)
 * Alethea Arnaquq-Baril (Canada)
 * Gwen Arner (USA)
 * Andrea Arnold (UK)
 * Patricia Arquette (USA)
 * Rosanna Arquette (USA)
 * Karen Arthur (USA)
 * Natasha Arthy (Denmark)
 * Larysa Artiugina (Ukraine)
 * Ritva Arvelo (Finland)
 * Dorothy Arzner (USA)
 * Dinara Asanova (Soviet Union)
 * Amma Asante (UK)
 * Mari Asato (Japan)
 * Katie Aselton (USA)
 * Asinnajaq (Canada)
 * Ratna Asmara (Indonesia)
 * Dorothy A. Atabong (Canada)
 * Daisy Aitkens (UK)
 * Jacqueline Audry (France)
 * Shona Auerbach (UK)
 * Latesha Auger (Canada)
 * Susan Avingaq (Canada)
 * Ashley Avis (USA)
 * Nurith Aviv (France)
 * Ronit Avni (Canada)
 * Tali Avrahami (Israel)
 * Lisa Azuelos (France)

B

 * Beth B (US)
 * Jamie Babbit (US)
 * Iskra Babich (Soviet Union)
 * Julia Bacha
 * Yamina Bachir-Chouikh (Algeria)
 * Marina Rice Bader (Canada)
 * Cindy Baer (US)
 * Jennifer Baichwal (Canada)
 * Norma Bailey (Canada)
 * Paule Baillargeon (Canada)
 * Robin Bain
 * Catherine Bainbridge (Canada)
 * Josiane Balasko (France)
 * Lucille Ball (US)
 * Marta Balletbò-Coll (Spain)
 * Anne Bancroft (US)
 * Rakhshan Bani-Etemad (Iran)
 * Elizabeth Banks (US)
 * Sofia Banzhaf (Canada)
 * Manon Barbeau (Canada)
 * Anaïs Barbeau-Lavalette (Canada)
 * Laurence Ferreira Barbosa (France)
 * Laura Bari
 * Céline Baril (Canada)
 * Neema Barnette (US)
 * Roseanne Barr (US)
 * Katherine Barrell (Canada)
 * Cecilia Barriga (Chile)
 * Drew Barrymore (US)
 * Maria Basaglia (Italy)
 * Svetlana Baskova (Russia)
 * Angela Bassett (US)
 * Michal Bat-Adam (Israel)
 * Joy Batchelor (UK-US)
 * Kathy Bates (US)
 * Signe Baumane (Latvia-US)
 * Janet Baus (US)
 * Jordan Bayne (US)
 * Amanda Bearse (US)
 * Maria Beatty
 * Marjorie Beaucage (Canada)
 * Renée Beaulieu (Canada)
 * Gabrielle Beaumont (UK-US)
 * André-Line Beauparlant (Canada)
 * Aida Begić (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 * Fatma Begum
 * Feryal Behzad (Iran)
 * Nancy Beiman (Canada)
 * Esther Bell (US)
 * Jennifer Lyon Bell (Netherlands-US)
 * Mary Lou Belli (US)
 * Edet Belzberg
 * María Luisa Bemberg (Argentina)
 * Nicol Ruiz Benavides (Chile)
 * Jessica Bendinger (US)
 * Yamina Benguigui (Algeria-France)
 * Sadie Benning (US)
 * Denyse Benoit (Canada)
 * Amber Benson (US)
 * Emmanuelle Bercot (France)
 * Amy J. Berg (US)
 * Zaida Bergroth (Finland)
 * Shari Springer Berman (US)
 * Joyce Bernal (Philippines)
 * Halle Berry (US)
 * Juliet Berto (France)
 * Diane Bertrand (France)
 * Julie Bertuccelli (France)
 * Maïwenn Le Besco (France)
 * Jane Marsh Beveridge
 * Troy Beyer (US)
 * Pooja Bhatt
 * Natalie Bible' (US)
 * Ric Esther Bienstock (Canada)
 * Susanne Bier (Denmark)
 * Kathryn Bigelow (US)
 * Anna Biller (US)
 * Patricia Birch (US)
 * Antonia Bird (UK)
 * Roshell Bissett (Canada)
 * Sophie Bissonnette (Canada)
 * Justine Bitagoye (Burundi)
 * Simone Bitton (Morocco)
 * Marthe Blackburn (Canada)
 * Sonia Blangiardo (US)
 * Katja Blichfeld (US)
 * Lidia Bobrova (Russia)
 * Marusya Bociurkiw (Canada)
 * Emily Kai Bock (Canada)
 * Anna Boden (US)
 * Sofia Bohdanowicz (Canada)
 * Sonia Bonspille Boileau (Canada)
 * Sophie Farkas Bolla (Canada)
 * Icíar Bollaín (Spain)
 * Natalya Bondarchuk (Soviet Union-Russia)
 * Lisa Bonet (US)
 * Sandrine Bonnaire (France)
 * Manju Borah
 * Uisenma Borchu (Mongolia)
 * Lizzie Borden (US)
 * Joyce Borenstein (Canada)
 * Shonali Bose (India)
 * Karen Boswall (UK)
 * Leyla Bouzid
 * Kansas Bowling (US)
 * Muriel Box (UK)
 * Maureen Bradley (Canada)
 * Madeline Brandeis (US)
 * Maryann Brandon (US)
 * Netalie Braun (Israel)
 * Janicza Bravo (US)
 * Anja Breien (Norway)
 * Catherine Breillat (France)
 * Zabou Breitman (France)
 * Pietra Brettkelly (New Zealand)
 * Amit Breuer (Canada)
 * Manon Briand (Canada)
 * Zana Briski (UK)
 * Tricia Brock (US)
 * Beth Broderick (US)
 * Sandrine Brodeur-Desrosiers (Canada)
 * Katrina Holden Bronson (US)
 * Katherine Brooks (US)
 * Julie Brown (US)
 * Christene Browne
 * Frances Buss Buch (US)
 * Valerie Buhagiar
 * Kathy Burke (UK)
 * Nanette Burstein (US)
 * Mira Burt-Wintonick (Canada)
 * Maria Burton (US)
 * Sophia Bush (US)
 * Akosua Busia (US)
 * Andrea Bussmann (Canada)
 * Mary Ellen Bute (US)

C

 * Dominique Cabrera (France)
 * Sophia Cacciola (US)
 * Anne-Marie Cadieux (Canada)
 * Diane Cailhier (Canada)
 * Terril Calder (Canada)
 * Julia Cameron (US)
 * Jessica Cameron (Canada)
 * Leah Cameron (Canada)
 * Peg Campbell (Canada)
 * Tisha Campbell-Martin (US)
 * Jane Campion (New Zealand)
 * Kat Candler (US)
 * Jordan Canning (Canada)
 * Dyan Cannon (US)
 * Kay Cannon (US)
 * Dominique Cardona (Canada)
 * Fernanda Cardoso (Brazil)
 * Patricia Cardoso (Colombia-US)
 * Maggie Carey (US)
 * Edith Carlmar
 * Niki Caro (New Zealand)
 * Ana Carolina (Brazil)
 * Joan Carr-Wiggin (Canada)
 * Albertina Carri (Argentina)
 * Mélanie Carrier (Canada)
 * Shelagh Carter (Canada)
 * Kirsten Carthew (Canada)
 * Alexandra Cassavetes
 * Zoe Cassavetes (US)
 * Jacqueline Castel (Canada)
 * Cecil Castellucci
 * Ruth Caudeli (Spain)
 * Liliana Cavani (Italy)
 * Geneviève Dulude-De Celles (Canada)
 * Jennifer Celotta (US)
 * Thea Červenková (Czechoslovakia)
 * Gurinder Chadha (UK)
 * Lydia Chagoll (Belgium)
 * Ilene Chaiken (US)
 * Tanuja Chandra (India)
 * Sylvia Chang (Taiwan)
 * Lyne Charlebois (Canada)
 * Miryam Charles (Canada)
 * Martine Chartrand (Canada)
 * Lilyan Chauvin (US)
 * Shu Lea Cheang (Taiwan)
 * Shirley Cheechoo (Canada)
 * Joan Chen (China)
 * Evelyn Spice Cherry (Canada)
 * Mabel Cheung (China)
 * Sagari Chhabra (India)
 * Patricia Chica (Canada-El Salvador)
 * Abigail Child (US)
 * Aisling Chin-Yee (Canada)
 * SJ Chiro (US)
 * Karen Cho (Canada)
 * Monia Chokri (Canada)
 * Lisa Cholodenko (US)
 * Joyce Chopra (US)
 * Zero Chou
 * Deborah Chow (Canada)
 * Věra Chytilová (Czech Republic)
 * Katerina Cizek
 * Julie St. Claire (US)
 * Shirley Clarke (US)
 * Millefiore Clarkes (Canada)
 * Maja Classen
 * Marie Clements (Canada)
 * Jub Clerc (Australia)
 * Susan Cohen
 * Yulie Cohen (Israel)
 * Isabel Coixet (Spain)
 * Giada Colagrande (Italy)
 * Fabienne Colas (Canada)
 * Laurie Colbert (Canada)
 * Janis Cole (Canada)
 * Cristina Comencini (Italy)
 * Nicole Conn (US)
 * Heather Connell (US)
 * Lisa Connor (US)
 * Janice Cooke-Leonard (US)
 * Martha Coolidge (US)
 * Nancy Cooperstein (US)
 * Eleanor Coppola (US)
 * Sofia Coppola (US)
 * Cristina Kotz Cornejo (US-Argentina)
 * Larissa Corriveau (Canada)
 * Catherine Corsini (France)
 * Helena Cortesina (Spain)
 * Ghyslaine Côté (Canada)
 * Michèle Cournoyer (Canada)
 * Marie-Hélène Cousineau (Canada)
 * Courteney Cox (US)
 * Kelly Fremon Craig (US)
 * Barbara Cranmer (Canada)
 * Judith Crawley (Canada)
 * Leanna Creel (US)
 * Jeanne Crépeau (Canada)
 * Nancy Criss (US)
 * Suzanne Crocker (Canada)
 * Emma-Kate Croghan (Australia)
 * Caitlin Cronenberg (Canada)
 * Catherine Crouch
 * Fiona Cumming (UK)
 * Carolynne Cunningham
 * Shelley Curtis (US)
 * Thirza Cuthand (Canada)

D

 * Cherien Dabis (US)
 * Nia DaCosta (US)
 * Eva Dahr (Norway)
 * Holly Dale (Canada)
 * Marie-Julie Dallaire (Canada)
 * Tamela D'Amico
 * Aimée Danis (Canada)
 * Mireille Dansereau (Canada)
 * Gia Darling
 * Joan Darling (US)
 * Rima Das (India)
 * Julie Dash (US)
 * Charlotte Dauphin (France)
 * Byambasuren Davaa (Mongolia-Germany)
 * Dorothy Davenport (US) (also as Mrs. Wallace Reid)
 * Marie Davignon (Canada)
 * Tamra Davis (US)
 * Roxann Dawson (US)
 * Deborah Day (Canada)
 * Linda Day (US)
 * Camille de Casabianca (France)
 * Laura de Jonge (Canada)
 * Maria de Medeiros (Portugal)
 * Miranda de Pencier (Canada)
 * Charlotte de Turckheim (France)
 * Marina de Van (France)
 * Autumn de Wilde (US)
 * Rowan Deacon (UK)
 * Josephine Decker (US)
 * Tracey Deer (Canada)
 * Regine Deforges (France)
 * Donna Deitch (US)
 * Katrina del Mar (US)
 * Julie Delpy (France-US)
 * Paula Delsol (France)
 * Claire Denis (France)
 * Pouran Derakhshandeh (Iran)
 * Sophie Deraspe (Canada)
 * Maya Deren (US)
 * Dhvani Desai (India)
 * Virginie Despentes (France)
 * Arundhati Devi (India)
 * Aminder Dhaliwal (Canada)
 * Aishwarya R. Dhanush (India)
 * Katherine Dieckmann (US)
 * Susie Dietter (US)
 * Nia Dinata (Indonesia)
 * Mati Diop (France)
 * Zoe Dirse (Canada)
 * Abigail Disney (US)
 * Leila Djansi (US-Ghana)
 * Assia Djebar (Algeria)
 * Nana Djordjadze (Georgia)
 * Shannen Doherty (US)
 * Gail Dolgin (US)
 * Trish Dolman (Canada)
 * Mary Agnes Donoghue (US)
 * Mia Donovan (Canada)
 * Andrea Dorfman (Canada)
 * Anita Doron (Canada)
 * Doris Dörrie (Germany)
 * Nicole Dorsey (Canada)
 * Illeana Douglas (US)
 * Elissa Down (Australia)
 * Rosvita Dransfeld (Canada)
 * Polly Draper (US)
 * Fran Drescher (US)
 * Marie Dressler (Canada)
 * Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Drew
 * Kate Drummond (Canada)
 * Julia Ducournau (France)
 * Germaine Dulac (France)
 * Alma Duncan (Canada)
 * Lena Dunham (US)
 * Cheryl Dunye (Liberia-US)
 * Sophie Dupuis (Canada)
 * Marguerite Duras (France)
 * Clea DuVall (US)
 * Ava DuVernay (US)
 * Gaëlle d'Ynglemare (Canada)

E

 * Christine Edzard (France)
 * Blessing Effiom Egbe (Nigeria)
 * Michelle Ehlen (US)
 * Debra Eisenstadt
 * Jihan El-Tahri
 * Jan Eliasberg (US)
 * Phyllis Ellis (Canada)
 * Bille Eltringham (UK-US)
 * Sheri Elwood (Canada)
 * Erma Elzy-Jones (US)
 * Anne Émond (Canada)
 * Esther Eng (US)
 * Diane English (US)
 * Jackie English (Canada)
 * Ildikó Enyedi (Hungary)
 * Nora Ephron (US)
 * Marie Epstein
 * Abby Epstein (US)
 * Anna Eriksson (Finland)
 * Deniz Gamze Ergüven
 * Claudia Morgado Escanilla (Canada)
 * Danishka Esterhazy (Canada)
 * Bang Eun-jin (South Korea)
 * Yasmin Evering-Kerr (Canada)
 * Ewa Ewart (Poland)
 * Valie Export (Austria)
 * Tali Shalom Ezer (Israel)

F

 * Trey Fanjoy (US)
 * Mitra Farahani
 * Danielle Faraldo (US)
 * Coralie Fargeat (France)
 * Valerie Faris (US)
 * Marianne Farley (Canada)
 * Vera Farmiga
 * Forough Farrokhzad
 * Sepideh Farsi
 * Safi Faye (Senegal)
 * Daniela Fejerman (Argentina)
 * Rachel Feldman (US)
 * Emerald Fennell (UK)
 * Lynne Fernie (Canada)
 * Pascale Ferran (France)
 * Pepita Ferrari (Canada)
 * Sally Field (US)
 * Chip Fields (US)
 * Kim Fields (US)
 * Martha Fiennes (UK)
 * Sophie Fiennes (UK)
 * Denise Filiatrault
 * Lee Filipovski (Canada)
 * Roberta Findlay (US)
 * Frauke Finsterwalder (Germany)
 * Jenna Fischer (US)
 * Jennifer Flackett (US)
 * Tracy Flannigan
 * Luise Fleck
 * Ann Marie Fleming (Canada)
 * Anne Fletcher (US)
 * Shannon Flynn (US)
 * Anna Foerster
 * Susanna Fogel (US)
 * Cheryl Foggo (Canada)
 * Deanne Foley (Canada)
 * Sheree Folkson
 * Megan Follows (Canada)
 * Anne Fontaine (Luxembourg)
 * Maya Forbes (US)
 * Amanda Forbis (Canada)
 * Victoria Forester (Canada)
 * Sadaf Foroughi (Iran)
 * Kyllikki Forssell (Finland)
 * Sarah Fortin (Canada)
 * Amparo Fortuny (Spain)
 * Gwendolyn Audrey Foster (US)
 * Jodie Foster (US)
 * Kathryn Foster (US)
 * Lilibet Foster (US)
 * Tori Foster (Canada)
 * Beryl Fox (Canada)
 * Jennifer Fox
 * Sarain Fox (Canada)
 * Rana Abu Fraihah (Palestine-Israel)
 * Bonnie Franklin (US)
 * Raquel Freire (Portugal)
 * Camelia Frieberg (Canada)
 * Liz Friedlander (US)
 * Kim Friedman
 * Vivi Friedman (Finland-US)
 * Kim Friedman (US)
 * Su Friedrich (US)
 * Shirley Frimpong-Manso
 * Grete Frische
 * Sarah Frost (US)
 * Soleil Moon Frye (US)
 * Pamela Fryman (US)
 * Kei Fujiwara
 * Mellissa Fung (Canada)
 * Kelly Fyffe-Marshall (Canada)

G

 * Bethany Joy Galeotti (US)
 * Maya Gallus (Canada)
 * Nisha Ganatra (Canada)
 * Shruti Ganguly (India)
 * Liz Garbus (US)
 * Emmanuelle Schick Garcia (Canada)
 * Nicole Garcia (French Algiers)
 * Jennifer Garner (US)
 * Jem Garrard (Canada)
 * Katy Garretson (US)
 * Jennie Garth (US)
 * Sarah Baril Gaudet (Canada)
 * Karen Gaviola (US)
 * Julie Gavras (France)
 * Sarah Gavron (UK)
 * Katrin Gebbe (Germany)
 * Ngardy Conteh George (Canada)
 * Geretta Geretta
 * Valeriya Gai Germanika (Russia)
 * Greta Gerwig (US)
 * Jennifer Getzinger (US)
 * Tina Gharavi (Iran-US-UK-NZ)
 * Coky Giedroyc (UK)
 * Maria Giese (US)
 * Melody Gilbert
 * Melissa Gilbert (US)
 * Leah Gilliam (US)
 * Abby Ginzberg (US)
 * Tess Girard (Canada)
 * Lillian Gish (US)
 * Ellen Gittelsohn (US)
 * Rose Glass (UK)
 * Lesli Linka Glatter (US)
 * Delphine Gleize (France)
 * Alesia Glidewell (US)
 * Lana Gogoberidze (Soviet Union-Georgia)
 * Dana Goldberg (Israel)
 * Whoopi Goldberg (US)
 * Valeria Golino (Italy)
 * Rosser Goodman (US)
 * Dennie Gordon (US)
 * Marleen Gorris (Netherlands)
 * Rachel Goslins
 * Lisa Gottlieb (US)
 * Danis Goulet (Canada)
 * Sophie Goyette (Canada)
 * Marita Grabiak (US)
 * Briar Grace-Smith (New Zealand)
 * Debra Granik (US)
 * Anais Granofsky (Canada)
 * Lee Grant (US)
 * Susannah Grant (US)
 * Janet Greek (US)
 * Lynnie Greene (US)
 * Amy Greenfield
 * Lauren Greenfield
 * Maggie Greenwald (US)
 * Annie Griffin (US-UK)
 * Allison Grodner (US)
 * Esther Gronenborn
 * Patricia Gruben (Canada)
 * Aurora Guerrero (US)
 * Gigi Saul Guerrero (Canada)
 * Luce Guilbeault (Canada)
 * Sonali Gulati (India-US)
 * Xiaolu Guo
 * Jasmine Guy (US)
 * Alice Guy-Blaché (France-US)
 * Maggie Gyllenhaal (US)

H

 * Alli Haapasalo (Finland)
 * Joana Hadjithomas (Lebanon)
 * Lucile Hadžihalilović (France)
 * Mona Zandi Haghighi (Iran)
 * Helen Haig-Brown (Canada)
 * Randa Haines (US)
 * Maha Haj (Palestine)
 * Pam Hall (Canada)
 * Sachi Hamano (Japan)
 * Lisa Gay Hamilton (US)
 * Sylvia Hamilton (Canada)
 * Tanya Hamilton (US)
 * Barbara Hammer (US)
 * Sanaa Hamri (Morocco-US)
 * Michelle Handelman (US)
 * Kristin Hanggi (US)
 * Teresa Hannigan (Canada)
 * Marion Hänsel (Belgium)
 * Mia Hansen-Løve (France)
 * Banchi Hanuse (Canada)
 * Neasa Hardiman (Ireland)
 * Catherine Hardwicke (US)
 * Mariska Hargitay (US)
 * Alicia K. Harris (Canada)
 * Danielle Harris (US)
 * Emily Harris (United Kingdom)
 * Mary Harron (Canada)
 * Jackée Harry (US)
 * Bobbi Jo Hart (Canada)
 * Melissa Joan Hart (US)
 * Phoebe Hart (Australia)
 * Gail Harvey (Canada)
 * Jessica Hausner (Austria)
 * Goldie Hawn (US)
 * Gwen Haworth (Canada)
 * Salma Hayek (Mexico-US)
 * Helaine Head (US)
 * Leslye Headland (US)
 * Julie Hébert (US)
 * Anne Heche (US)
 * Jen Heck (US)
 * Amy Heckerling (US)
 * Sian Heder (US)
 * Birgit Hein (Germany)
 * Manijeh Hekmat (Iran)
 * Marielle Heller (US)
 * Katherine Helmond (US)
 * Heather Hemmens (US)
 * Felicia D. Henderson (US)
 * Maryam Henein (Canada)
 * Jill Hennessy (Canada)
 * Astrid Henning-Jensen (Denmark)
 * Kathleen Hepburn (Canada)
 * Jennifer Love Hewitt (US)
 * Sachiko Hidari (Japan)
 * Heather Hill (US)
 * Cheryl Hines (US)
 * Ivy Ho (Hong Kong)
 * Lyndall Hobbs (Australia-US)
 * Victoria Hochberg (US)
 * Tamar Simon Hoffs (US)
 * Joanna Hogg (UK)
 * Agnieszka Holland (Poland)
 * Helen Holmes (US)
 * Peggy Holmes (US)
 * Nicole Holofcener (US)
 * Mahboubeh Honarian (Iran-Canada)
 * Solveig Hoogesteijn (Sweden-Venezuela)
 * Zoe Leigh Hopkins (Canada)
 * Gwyneth Horder-Payton (US)
 * Rebecca Horn (Germany)
 * Mars Horodyski (Canada)
 * Anna Maria Horsford (US)
 * Joan Horvath
 * Sally El Hosaini (UK-Egypt)
 * Dianne Houston (US)
 * Bryce Dallas Howard (US)
 * Tiffany Hsiung (Canada)
 * Tasha Hubbard (Canada)
 * Bronwen Hughes (Canada)
 * Ann Hui (Hong Kong)
 * Danielle Huillet (France)
 * Bonnie Hunt (US)
 * Courtney Hunt (US)
 * Helen Hunt (US)
 * Nicki Hunter (US)
 * Tonya Hurley (US)
 * Zora Neale Hurston (US)
 * Anjelica Huston (US)
 * Sophie Hyde (Australia)

I

 * Ansa Ikonen (Finland)
 * Indrani (US-India)
 * Dana Inkster (Canada)
 * Laura Innes (US)
 * Nyla Innuksuk (Canada)
 * Diana Lee Inosanto (US)
 * Bodil Ipsen (Denmark)
 * Elisapie Isaac (Canada)
 * Debbie Isitt (UK)
 * Lula Ali Ismaïl (Canada)
 * Madeline Ivalu (Canada)
 * Julia Crawford Ivers (US)
 * Sangita Iyer (Canada)

J

 * Mehreen Jabbar
 * Annemarie Jacir
 * Lisa Jackson (Canada)
 * Katie Jacobs (US)
 * Sarah Jacobson (US)
 * Jeong Jae-eun (South Korea)
 * Wanda Jakubowska (Poland)
 * Anna Elizabeth James (US)
 * Annabel Jankel (UK-US)
 * Agnès Jaoui (France)
 * Sophie Jarvis (Canada)
 * Kathleen Jayme (Canada)
 * Marianne Jean-Baptiste (US)
 * Christine Jeffs (New Zealand)
 * Patty Jenkins (US)
 * Tamara Jenkins (US)
 * Caytha Jentis (US)
 * Katherine Jerkovic (Canada)
 * Slater Jewell-Kemker (Canada)
 * Renuka Jeyapalan (Canada)
 * Xiao Jiang (China)
 * Liu Jiayin (China)
 * Xu Jinglei (China)
 * Stephanie Johnes (US)
 * Amy Jo Johnson (Canada)
 * Karen Johnson (US)
 * Kirsten Johnson (US)
 * Angelina Jolie (US)
 * Stephanie Joline (Canada)
 * Amy Holden Jones (US)
 * G. B. Jones (Canada)
 * Rachel Leah Jones (US-Israel)
 * Meryam Joobeur (Canada)
 * Hella Joof (Denmark)
 * Yashira Jordán
 * Mary Jordan (Canada-US)
 * Elena Jordi (Spain)
 * Nana Jorjadze (Soviet Union-Georgia)
 * Suma Josson (India)
 * Petra Joy
 * Maureen Judge (Canada)
 * Miranda July (US)
 * July Jung (South Korea)
 * Ingrid Jungermann (US)
 * Marie-Ève Juste (Canada)

K

 * Wanuri Kahiu (Kenya)
 * Shahnewaz Kakoli (Bangladesh)
 * Kelley Kali (US)
 * Alex Kalymnios (US)
 * Deborah Kampmeier
 * Ellie Kanner (US)
 * Nelly Kaplan
 * Betty Kaplan (Argentina)
 * Deborah Kaplan (US)
 * Prema Karanth (India)
 * Niki Karimi (Iran)
 * Anna Karina
 * Alexa Karolinski (Germany)
 * Matia Karrell (US)
 * Nicole Kassell (US)
 * Daphna Kastner (Canada)
 * Nancy Kates (US)
 * Sandra Kaudelka (Germany)
 * Ish Amitoj Kaur
 * Mariko Kawana
 * Naomi Kawase (Japan)
 * Diane Keaton (US)
 * Elodie Keene (US)
 * Alan Rowe Kelly (US)
 * Jennifer Kent (Australia)
 * Elza Kephart (Canada)
 * Amanda Kernell (Sweden)
 * Sarah Kernochan (US)
 * Joanna Kerns (US)
 * T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh (US)
 * Dorota Kędzierzawska (Poland)
 * Noura Kevorkian (Syria-Canada)
 * Farah Khan (India)
 * Callie Khouri (US)
 * Beeban Kidron (UK)
 * Kaleena Kiff (US)
 * Ceyda Aslı Kılıçkıran
 * Clare Kilner (US)
 * Gloria Ui Young Kim (Canada)
 * Jacqueline Kim
 * So Yong Kim (South Korea-US)
 * Regina King (US)
 * Eilis Kirwan (Ireland)
 * Eriko Kitagawa (Japan)
 * Bonnie Sherr Klein (Canada)
 * Karen Knox (Canada)
 * Ana Kokkinos (Australia)
 * Kathy Kolla (US)
 * Frances Koncan (Canada)
 * Larysa Kondracki (Canada)
 * Sudha Kongara (India)
 * Barbara Kopple (US)
 * Torill Kove (Canada)
 * Leonie Krippendorff (Germany)
 * Ellen Kuras (US)
 * Diane Kurys (France)
 * Karyn Kusama (US)
 * Ayten Kuyululu (Turkey-Sweden-Australia)
 * Julia Kwan (Canada)
 * Sandra Kybartas (Canada)

L

 * Nadine Labaki (Lebanon)
 * Vlasta Lah (Argentina)
 * Christine Lahti (US)
 * Kalpana Lajmi (India)
 * Karen Lam (Canada)
 * Evelyn Lambart (Canada)
 * Alix Lambert (US)
 * Mary Lambert (US)
 * Micheline Lanctôt (Canada)
 * Jessica Landaw (US)
 * Valerie Landsburg (US)
 * Samantha Lang (Australia)
 * Yelena Lanskaya (US-Russia)
 * Tanya Lapointe (Canada)
 * Brie Larson (US)
 * Michelle Latimer (Canada)
 * Clara Law (China)
 * Teza Lawrence (Canada)
 * Tracie Laymon (US)
 * Alexandra Lazarowich (Canada)
 * Margaret Lazarus (US)
 * Elizabeth Lazebnik (Canada)
 * Lauren Lazin (US)
 * Caroline Leaf (US-Canada)
 * Jeanne Leblanc (Canada)
 * Alexandra Leclère (France)
 * Mimi Leder (US)
 * Carinne Leduc (Canada)
 * Georgia Lee (US)
 * Helen Lee (Canada)
 * Iara Lee (Brazil)
 * Jennifer Lee (US)
 * Karin Lee (Canada)
 * Min Sook Lee (Canada)
 * Sook-Yin Lee (Canada)
 * Wendee Lee (US)
 * Kat Lehmer (US)
 * Jennifer Jason Leigh (US)
 * Julia Leigh (Australia)
 * Rita Leistner (Canada)
 * Valérie Lemercier (France)
 * Kasi Lemmons (US)
 * Marquise Lepage (Canada)
 * Glory Leppänen (Finland)
 * Chloé Leriche (Canada)
 * Mira Lesmana (Indonesia)
 * Chandler Levack (Canada)
 * Naomi Levine (US)
 * Anne Lévy-Morelle (Belgium)
 * Mary Lewis (Canada)
 * Sharon Lewis (Canada)
 * Li Yu (family name: Li) (China)
 * Leslie Libman (US)
 * Yin Lichuan (China)
 * Allison Liddi-Brown (US)
 * Rakel Liekki (Finland)
 * Sharon Liese (US)
 * Georgina Lightning (Canada)
 * Nnegest Likké (US)
 * Desiree Lim (Malaysia)
 * Caroline Link (Germany)
 * Tatyana Lioznova (Soviet Union)
 * Christine Lipinska (France)
 * Marion Lipschutz (US)
 * Lynne Littman (US)
 * Renata Litvinova (Russia)
 * Jennie Livingston (US)
 * Ma Liwen (China)
 * Claudia Llosa (Peru)
 * Phyllida Lloyd (UK)
 * Jayne Loader (US)
 * Sondra Locke (US)
 * Barbara Loden (US)
 * Julia Loktev (US)
 * Brenda Longfellow (Canada)
 * Kim Longinotto (UK)
 * Kamala Lopez (US)
 * Sophie Lorain (Canada)
 * Ariane Louis-Seize (Canada)
 * Juliana Luecking (US)
 * Agnieszka Lukasiak (Sweden)
 * Kátia Lund (Brazil)
 * Luo Luo (China)
 * Ida Lupino (US)
 * Joy Lusco (US)
 * Noémie Lvovsky (France)
 * Lottie Lyell (Australia)
 * Dorothy Lyman (US)
 * Tucia Lyman (US)
 * Jennifer Lynch (US)
 * Lisbeth Lynghøft (Denmark)
 * Gillian Lynne (UK)

M

 * Kate Maberly (UK)
 * Tina Mabry (US)
 * Hettie MacDonald (UK)
 * Shauna MacDonald (Canada)
 * Michelle MacLaren (Canada-US)
 * Angelina Maccarone (Germany)
 * Allison Mack (US)
 * Barbie MacLaurin (UK)
 * Alison Maclean (Canada)
 * Aoife Madden
 * Mary Madeiras (US)
 * Madhumitha
 * Madonna (US)
 * Maria Maggenti (US)
 * Adriana Maggs (US)
 * Sharon Maguire (UK)
 * Donatella Maiorca (Italy)
 * Maïwenn (France)
 * Taru Mäkelä (Finland)
 * Hana Makhmalbaf (Iran)
 * Samira Makhmalbaf (Iran)
 * Sarah Maldoror (France)
 * Yassamin Maleknasr
 * Anna Malle
 * Nancy Malone (US)
 * Laura Mañá (Spain)
 * Gail Mancuso (US)
 * Babette Mangolte
 * Suhasini Maniratnam (India)
 * Ami Canaan Mann (US)
 * Andrea Mann
 * Émilie Mannering (Canada)
 * Michelle Manning (US)
 * Dinah Manoff (US)
 * Auli Mantila (Finland)
 * Sophie Marceau (France)
 * Frances Marion (US)
 * Eisha Marjara (Canada)
 * Giulia Marletta
 * Alina Marazzi (Italy)
 * Joanne Marcotte (Canada)
 * Guylaine Maroist (Canada)
 * Liz Marshall (Canada)
 * Penny Marshall (US)
 * Tonie Marshall (France)
 * Lucrecia Martel (Argentina)
 * Catherine Martin (Canada)
 * Darnell Martin (US)
 * Aurora Martinez
 * Marsha Mason (US)
 * Laetitia Masson (France)
 * Mary Stuart Masterson (US)
 * Anna Mastro
 * Jean Mathieson (Canada)
 * Yasmine Mathurin (Canada)
 * Tomoko Matsunashi
 * Gail Maurice (Canada)
 * Elaine May (US)
 * Juliet May (UK)
 * Melanie Mayron (US)
 * Patricia Mazuy (France)
 * Trish McAdam (Ireland)
 * Aoife McArdle (Ireland)
 * Elske McCain
 * Beth McCarthy-Miller (US)
 * Claire McCarthy (Australia)
 * Naomi McCormack (Canada)
 * Jennette McCurdy (US)
 * Paulette McDonagh (Australia)
 * Sally McDonald (US)
 * Francine McDougall (Australia-US)
 * Christine McGlade (Canada)
 * Molly McGlynn (Canada)
 * Mary McGuckian (Ireland-UK)
 * Danica McKellar (US)
 * Ashley McKenzie (Canada)
 * Nancy McKeon (US)
 * Gillian McKercher (Canada)
 * Tawnia McKiernan (US)
 * Sheila McLaughlin (US)
 * Carolyn McMaster (Canada)
 * Chelsea McMullan (Canada)
 * Lucile McVey (2nd Mrs. Sidney Drew) (US)
 * Nancy Meckler (UK)
 * Ann Medina (Canada)
 * Stella Meghie (Canada)
 * Anisa Mehdi (Canada)
 * Deepa Mehta (Canada-India)
 * Vijaya Mehta (India)
 * Hu Mei (China)
 * Ursula Meier (France)
 * Anna Melikian (Russia)
 * Kay Mellor (UK)
 * Linda Mendoza (US)
 * Weyni Mengesha (Canada)
 * Nina Menkes
 * Anjali Menon (India)
 * Melanie Merkosky (Canada)
 * Natalya Merkulova (Russia)
 * Agnès Merlet (France)
 * Marzieh Meshkini (Iran)
 * Márta Mészáros (Hungary)
 * Leah Meyerhoff (US)
 * Nancy Meyers (US)
 * Liu Miaomiao (China)
 * Maude Michaud (Canada)
 * Vanessa Middleton (US)
 * Anne-Marie Miéville (Switzerland)
 * Ina Mihalache (Canada)
 * Gia Milani (Canada)
 * Tamineh Milani (Iran)
 * Amy Miller (Canada)
 * Elisa Miller
 * Rebecca Miller (US)
 * Sharron Miller (US)
 * Jacquelyn Mills (Canada)
 * Pilar Miró (Spain)
 * Fawzia Mirza (Canada)
 * Efrat Mishori (Israel)
 * Adrienne Mitchell (Canada)
 * Dorothea Mitchell (Canada)
 * Martha Mitchell (US)
 * Monika Mitchell (US-Canada)
 * Jill Mitwell (US)
 * Ariane Mnouchkine (France)
 * Siue Moffat (Canada)
 * Tracey Moffat (Australia)
 * Hengameh Mofid
 * Michelle Mohabeer (Canada)
 * Hillie Molenaar
 * Josefina Molina (Spain)
 * Karen Moncrieff (US)
 * Nadine Monfils (Belgium)
 * Caroline Monnet (Canada)
 * Adriana Monti (Italy)
 * Christine Moore (US)
 * Jocelyn Moorhouse
 * Soudabeh Moradian
 * Jeanne Moreau (France)
 * Yolande Moreau (Belgium)
 * Wendy Morgan (Canada)
 * Stephanie Morgenstern (Canada)
 * Makoto Moriwaki (Japan)
 * Carol Morley (UK)
 * Judy Morris
 * Dee Mosbacher
 * Kim Moses (US)
 * Emilia Mosquito
 * Granaz Moussavi (Iran)
 * Jasmin Mozaffari (Canada)
 * Katharina Mückstein (Austria)
 * Nimisha Mukerji (Canada)
 * April Mullen (Canada)
 * Kira Muratova (Soviet Union)
 * Beth Murphy
 * Colleen Murphy (Canada)
 * Alison Murray (Canada-UK)
 * Tosca Musk (Canada)
 * Jinna Mutune (Kenya)
 * Anna Muylaert (Brazil)
 * Gloria Muzio (US)
 * Toni Myers (Canada)
 * Léa Mysius (France)

N

 * Dana Nachman (US)
 * Fanta Régina Nacro
 * Ruba Nadda (Canada)
 * Janice Nadeau (Canada)
 * Phyllis Nagy (US)
 * Mira Nair (India)
 * Najwa Najjar (Palestine)
 * Laurel Nakadate (US)
 * Shasha Nakhai (Canada)
 * Isabelle Nanty (France)
 * Darlene Naponse (Canada)
 * Terre Nash (Canada)
 * Sandra Nashaat
 * Afia Nathaniel (Pakistan)
 * Zarqa Nawaz (Canada)
 * Anjali Nayar (Canada)
 * Lynne Naylor (Canada)
 * Mariam Ndagire (Uganda)
 * Jennifer Yuh Nelson
 * Laura Neri (Belgium)
 * Shirin Neshat
 * Jennifer Siebel Newsom (US)
 * Carol Nguyen (Canada)
 * Nafiss Nia (Iran-The Netherlands)
 * Jill Nicholls (UK)
 * Lisa Niemi (US)
 * Jessica Nilsson
 * Mika Ninagawa (Japan)
 * Vijaya Nirmala (India)
 * Miwa Nishikawa (Japan)
 * Michelle Nolden (Canada)
 * Peg Norman (Canada)
 * Mabel Normand (US)
 * Isabel Noronha (Mozambique)
 * Elvira Notari (Italy)
 * Lily Nottage (Canada)
 * Maria Novaro (Mexico)
 * Lynn Novick (US)
 * Radda Novikova (Russia)
 * Cherie Nowlan (Australia-UK)
 * Marti Noxon (US)

O

 * Mipo O (Japan)
 * Claire Oakley (UK)
 * Kim O'Bomsawin (Canada)
 * Katharine O'Brien (US)
 * Shelagh O'Brien (Canada)
 * Renee O'Connor (US)
 * Alice O'Fredericks (Denmark)
 * Eileen O'Meara (US)
 * Alanis Obomsawin (Canada)
 * Diane Obomsawin (Canada)
 * Paula van der Oest (Netherlands)
 * Naoko Ogigami (Japan)
 * Mipo Oh (Japan)
 * Linda Ohama (Canada)
 * Annette K. Olesen (Denmark)
 * Susan Oliver (US)
 * Madeleine Olnek (US)
 * Jenni Olson (US)
 * Gulshat Omarova (Kazakhstan)
 * Yoko Ono (US-Japan)
 * Midi Onodera (Canada)
 * Ngozi Onwurah (Nigeria-UK)
 * Suemay Oram (UK-Brazil)
 * Ruth Orkin (US)
 * Renée Oro (Argentina)
 * Katrin Ottarsdóttir (Faroe Islands)
 * Ulrike Ottinger (Germany)
 * Halima Ouardiri (Switzerland-Canada)
 * Jackie Oudney (UK)
 * Akosua Adoma Owusu (US)
 * Jan Oxenberg (US)

P

 * Nisha Pahuja (Canada)
 * Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri (US, India, Canada, UK)
 * Euzhan Palcy (Martinique)
 * Gail Palmer
 * Sai Paranjpye (India)
 * Véréna Paravel (France)
 * Megan Park (Canada)
 * Claire Parker (US-France)
 * Francine Parker (US)
 * Gudrun Parker (Canada)
 * Molly Parker (Canada)
 * Pratibha Parmar (Kenya-UK)
 * Laura Parnes
 * Christine Pascal (France)
 * Stacie Passon (US)
 * Lesley Ann Patten (Canada)
 * Paula Patton (US)
 * Nelofer Pazira
 * Barbara Peeters (US)
 * Kimberly Peirce (US)
 * Andrée Pelletier (Canada)
 * Francine Pelletier (journalist) (Canada)
 * Alexandra Pelosi (US)
 * Nadine Pequeneza (Canada)
 * Sumitra Peries
 * Cristina Perincioli (Switzerland-Germany)
 * Janet Perlman
 * Ellen Perry (US)
 * Donna Pescow (US)
 * Kristine Peterson
 * Lori Petty (US)
 * Jennifer Phang (US)
 * Carmine Pierre-Dufour (Canada)
 * Ileana Pietrobruno (Canada)
 * Lydia Dean Pilcher (US)
 * Justine Pimlott (Canada)
 * Carol Pineau
 * Agnieszka Piotrowska (UK)
 * Mary Kay Place (US)
 * Jennifer Podemski (Canada)
 * Amy Poehler (US)
 * Anne Claire Poirier (Canada)
 * Laura Poitras (US)
 * Lindsey Pollard (Canada)
 * Sarah Polley (Canada)
 * Léa Pool (Switzerland-Canada)
 * Leanne Pooley (New Zealand)
 * Cynthia J. Popp (US)
 * Lourdes Portillo (US-Mexico)
 * Natalie Portman (Israel-US)
 * Franka Potente (Germany)
 * Sally Potter (UK)
 * Brigitte Poupart (Canada)
 * Deborah Pratt (US)
 * Olga Preobrazhenskaya (Russian Empire-USSR)
 * Ellen S. Pressman (US)
 * Gaylene Preston (New Zealand)
 * Carrie Preston (US)
 * Claire Prieto (Canada)
 * Gina Prince-Bythewood (US)
 * Kardeisha Provo (Canada)
 * Lkhagvadulam Purev-Ochir (Mongolia)

Q

 * Vivian Qu (China)
 * Gracia Querejeta (Spain)
 * Katell Quillévéré (France)
 * Joanna Quinn (UK)

R

 * Tahani Rached (Canada)
 * Deborah Raffin (US)
 * Eliane Raheb (Lebanon)
 * Yvonne Rainer (US)
 * Rajashree
 * Soundarya Rajinikanth
 * Peggy Rajski (US)
 * Bhanumathi Ramakrishna
 * Lynne Ramsay (UK)
 * Suze Randall
 * Roopa Rao (India)
 * Jenny Raskin (US)
 * Irma Raush (Soviet Union-Russia)
 * Olga Rautenkranzová (Czechoslovakia)
 * Trisha Ray
 * Amy Redford (US)
 * Cleo Reece (Canada)
 * Jennifer Reeder (US)
 * Dee Rees (US)
 * Kelly Reichardt (US)
 * Halina Reijn (Netherlands)
 * Lotte Reiniger (Germany-UK)
 * Catherine Reitman (Canada, US)
 * Revathi (India)
 * Shabnam Rezaei (US)
 * Shonda Rhimes (US)
 * Cloudy Rhodes (Australia)
 * Andrea Giles Rich (US)
 * Chantal Richard (France)
 * Miranda Richardson (UK)
 * Patricia Richardson (US)
 * Salli Richardson (US)
 * Yoruba Richen (US)
 * Lisa Rideout (Canada)
 * Leni Riefenstahl (Germany)
 * Nicole Riegel (US)
 * Patricia Riggen (Mexico-US)
 * Diana Ringo (Finland)
 * Tristan Risk (Canada)
 * Marialy Rivas (Chile)
 * Joan Rivers
 * Chloé Robichaud (Canada)
 * Angela Robinson (US)
 * Jennifer Kaytin Robinson (US)
 * Julie Anne Robinson (UK)
 * Melanie Rodriga
 * Lina Rodriguez (Canada)
 * Rosemary Rodriguez (US)
 * Gerry Rogers
 * Juliana Rojas
 * Sophy Romvari (Canada)
 * Bethany Rooney (US)
 * Jeanne Roques (aka Musidora) (France)
 * Alison E. Rose (Canada)
 * Lee Rose (US)
 * Sue Rose (US)
 * Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum (US)
 * Rose Rosenblatt (US)
 * Tatia Rosenthal
 * Theola Ross (Canada)
 * Tracee Ellis Ross (US)
 * Vanessa Roth
 * Stephanie Rothman (US)
 * Brigitte Roüan (France)
 * Candida Royalle
 * Patricia Rozema (Canada)
 * Catarina Ruivo (Portugal)
 * Marisa Ryan (US)
 * Marja-Lewis Ryan (US)

S

 * Jocelyne Saab (Lebanon)
 * Randa Chahal Sabag (Lebanon)
 * Lynne Sachs (US)
 * Jean Sagal (US)
 * Leontine Sagan (Austria-Hungary)
 * Michelle St. John (Canada)
 * Annie St-Pierre (Canada)
 * Marie-Josée Saint-Pierre (Canada)
 * Tazuko Sakane (Japan)
 * Gabriela Samper (Colombia)
 * Helke Sander (Germany)
 * Helma Sanders-Brahms (Germany)
 * Isabel Sandoval (Philippines)
 * Arlene Sanford (US)
 * Sangeeta (Pakistan)
 * Satarupa Sanyal (India)
 * Shamim Sarif (UK)
 * Valeria Sarmiento (Chile-France)
 * Inoka Sathyangani (Sri Lanka)
 * Shimako Satō (Japan)
 * Marjane Satrapi (Iran-France)
 * Tina Satter (US)
 * Brigitte Sauriol (Canada)
 * Savitri (India)
 * Nancy Savoca (US)
 * Lorene Scafaria (US)
 * Lone Scherfig (Denmark)
 * Suzanne Schiffman (France)
 * Greta Schiller (US)
 * Jillian Schlesinger (US)
 * Roslyn Schwartz (Canada)
 * Céline Sciamma (France)
 * Jordan Scott (UK)
 * Cynthia Scott (Canada)
 * Nell Scovell (US)
 * Beverly Sebastion (US)
 * Lorraine Segato (Canada)
 * Susan Seidelman (US)
 * Amy Seimetz (US)
 * Emma Seligman (Canada)
 * Arna Selznick (Canada)
 * Yoshiko Sembon (Japan)
 * Aparna Sen (India)
 * Lorraine Senna (US)
 * Amy Serrano (Cuba-US)
 * Coline Serreau (France)
 * Mary Sexton (Canada)
 * Beverly Shaffer (Canada-US)
 * Lee Shallat-Chemel (US)
 * Meher Afroz Shaon (Bangladesh)
 * Kathleen Shannon (Canada)
 * Jessica Sharzer (US)
 * Helen Shaver (Canada-US)
 * Tal Shefi (US-Israel)
 * Adrienne Shelly (US)
 * Angela Shelton (US)
 * Lynn Shelton (US)
 * Millicent Shelton (US)
 * Tali Shemesh (Israel)
 * Larisa Shepitko (Soviet Union)
 * Kirsten Sheridan (Ireland)
 * Amy Sherman-Palladino (US)
 * Cindy Sherman (US)
 * Domee Shi (Canada)
 * Ann Shin (Canada)
 * Sofia Shinas (Canada)
 * Nell Shipman (Canada)
 * Janell Shirtcliff (US)
 * Tiffany Shlain (US)
 * Tima Shomali (Jordan)
 * Cate Shortland (Australia)
 * Esfir Shub (Soviet Union)
 * Mina Shum (Canada)
 * Huang Shuqin (China)
 * Mrs. Sidney Drew (US)
 * Trish Sie (US)
 * Evann Siebens (Canada)
 * Lois Siegel (Canada)
 * Floria Sigismondi (Canada)
 * Joan Micklin Silver (US)
 * Barbara Simmons (US)
 * Carla Simón (Spain)
 * Lisa Simon (US)
 * Ellen Simpson (Canada)
 * Madeleine Sims-Fewer (Canada)
 * Anne-Marie Sirois (Canada)
 * Thérèse Sita-Bella (Cameroon)
 * Kari Skogland (Canada)
 * Holly Goldberg Sloan (US)
 * Jean Smith (Canada)
 * Alison Snowden (UK-Canada)
 * Helena Solberg (Brazil)
 * Yuliya Solntseva (Soviet Union)
 * Frances-Anne Solomon (Canada-Trinidad and Tobago)
 * Julia Solomonoff (Argentina)
 * Mingmongkol Sonakul (Thailand)
 * Celine Song (Canada)
 * Safiya Songhai (US)
 * Susan Sontag (US)
 * Jen and Sylvia Soska (Canada)
 * Jane Spencer (US)
 * Penelope Spheeris (US)
 * Jill Sprecher (US)
 * Avigail Sperber (Israel)
 * Sylvia Spring (Canada)
 * Emily Squires (US)
 * Yael Staav (Canada)
 * Nicole Stamp (Canada)
 * Wendey Stanzler (US)
 * Casandra Stark (US)
 * J.A. Steel (US)
 * Paprika Steen (Denmark)
 * Johanna Stein (Canada)
 * Susan Steinberg (US)
 * Jennifer Steinman (US)
 * Katherine Stenholm (US)
 * Martha Stephens (US)
 * Stella Stevens (US)
 * Julie Stewart (Canada)
 * Ginny Stikeman (Canada)
 * Virginia L. Stone (US)
 * Lynne Stopkewich (Canada)
 * Brett Story (Canada)
 * Barbra Streisand (US)
 * Susan Strickler (US)
 * Susan Stroman (US)
 * Amanda Strong (Canada)
 * Vera Stroyeva (Soviet Union)
 * Sara Sugarman (UK)
 * Sabiha Sumar (Pakistan)
 * Vaishnavi Sundar (India)
 * Elizabeth Sung (Hong Kong)
 * Alla Surikova (Russia)
 * Mouly Surya (Indonesia)
 * Lela Swift (US)
 * Brigitte Sy (France)
 * Ramata-Toulaye Sy (France)
 * Małgorzata Szumowska (Poland)

T

 * Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers (Canada)
 * Rea Tajiri
 * Lisa Takeba (Japan)
 * Tanya Talaga (Canada)
 * Rachel Talalay (US)
 * Shashwati Talukdar
 * Bhavna Talwar
 * Amber Tamblyn (US)
 * Yuki Tanada (Japan)
 * Kinuyo Tanaka (Japan)
 * Loveleen Tandan
 * Cyndi Tang (US)
 * Amanda Tapping (Canada-US)
 * Nadia Tass (Macedonia)
 * Heather Taylor
 * Sharine Taylor (Canada)
 * Sam Taylor-Wood (UK)
 * Julie Taymor (US)
 * Sakane Tazuko
 * Valeria Bruni Tedeschi (Italy-France)
 * Nathalie Teirlinck (Belgium)
 * Suzie Templeton
 * Angela Tessinari (US)
 * Joan Tewkesbury (US)
 * Lucy Thane
 * Betty Thomas (US)
 * Madison Thomas (Canada)
 * May Miles Thomas
 * Pam Thomas (US)
 * Caroline Thompson (US)
 * Danièle Thompson (France)
 * Jessica M. Thompson (US-Australia)
 * Jody Thompson (Canada)
 * Lea Thompson (US)
 * Ninja Thyberg (Sweden)
 * Wendy Tilby (Canada)
 * Ondi Timoner (US)
 * Victory Tischler-Blue
 * Stacy Title (US)
 * Kamala Todd (Canada)
 * Loretta Todd (Canada)
 * Maria Sole Tognazzi (Italy)
 * Pamela Tola (Finland)
 * Farkhondeh Torabi
 * Gariné Torossian
 * Fina Torres (Venezuela)
 * Pimpaka Towira (Thailand)
 * Sarah Townsend (UK)
 * Wendy Toye
 * Mouna Traoré (Canada)
 * Lindalee Tracey (Canada)
 * Jackie Traverse (Canada)
 * Julie Tremble (Canada)
 * Monika Treut (Germany)
 * Justine Triet (France)
 * Nadine Trintignant (France)
 * Lexie Findarle Trivundza (US)
 * Anne Troake (Canada)
 * Fien Troch (Belgium)
 * Rose Troche (US)
 * Alice Troughton (UK)
 * Athina Rachel Tsangari (Greece)
 * Susan Tully (UK)
 * Marie-Hélène Turcotte (Canada)
 * Guinevere Turner (US)
 * Aisha Tyler (US)
 * Hermína Týrlová (Czechoslovakia)

U

 * Liv Ullmann (Norway)
 * Sima Urale (New Zealand-Samoa)
 * Urszula Urbaniak (Poland)

V

 * Esther Valiquette (Canada)
 * Agnès Varda (France; born in Belgium)
 * Flore Vasseur (France)
 * Pam Veasey (US)
 * Nicole Védrès (France)
 * Ajita Suchitra Veera (India)
 * Norma Safford Vela (US)
 * Ingrid Veninger (Canada)
 * Katherena Vermette (Canada)
 * Rhayne Vermette (Canada)
 * Chris Vermorcken (Belgium)
 * Myriam Verreault (Canada)
 * Virginie Verrier (France)
 * Sandrine Veysset (France)
 * Manuela Viegas (Portugal)
 * Teresa Villaverde (Portugal)
 * Vidhu Vincent (India)
 * Michal Vinik (Israel)
 * Bárbara Virgínia (Portugal)
 * Wiebke von Carolsfeld (Canada)
 * Katja von Garnier (Germany)
 * Daisy von Scherler Mayer (US)
 * Margarethe von Trotta (Germany)
 * Jürgen Vsych (US)
 * Johanna Vuoksenmaa (Finland)

W

 * Lana & Lilly Wachowski (US)
 * Louise Wadley (Australia)
 * Kristina Wagenbauer (Canada)
 * Maria Wagner (US)
 * Sally Wainwright (UK)
 * Lucy Walker (UK)
 * Mary Walker-Sawka (Canada)
 * Nancy Walker (US)
 * Dahvi Waller (Canada)
 * Aisling Walsh (Ireland)
 * Dearbhla Walsh
 * Shannon Walsh (Canada)
 * Laura Wandel (Belgium)
 * Aloha Wanderwell (Canada)
 * Lulu Wang (US)
 * Rachel Ward (Australia)
 * Sarah Watt (Australia)
 * Kim Wayans (US)
 * Dreya Weber (US)
 * Lois Weber (US)
 * Zhao Wei
 * Claudia Weill (US)
 * Leilah Weinraub (US)
 * Andrea Weiss (US)
 * Valerie Weiss (US)
 * Aerlyn Weissman (Canada)
 * Yvonne Welbon (US)
 * Audrey Wells (US)
 * Charlotte Wells (UK)
 * Christine Welsh
 * Jiang Wenli (China)
 * Lina Wertmüller (Italy)
 * Anne Wheeler (Canada)
 * Sherry White (Canada)
 * Susanna White (UK)
 * Roxann Whitebean (Canada)
 * Kanchi Wichmann (UK)
 * Joyce Wieland (Canada)
 * Nettie Wild (Canada)
 * Olivia Wilde (US)
 * Dawn Wilkinson (Canada)
 * Dena Williams (Canada)
 * JoBeth Williams (US)
 * Tucky Williams (US)
 * Georgina Willis (Australia)
 * Chandra Wilson (US)
 * Lois Wilson (US)
 * Margery Wilson (US)
 * Sandy Wilson (Canada)
 * Doris Wishman (US)
 * Agnieszka Wojtowicz-Vosloo (US)
 * Christie Will Wolf (Canada)
 * Mariloup Wolfe (Canada)
 * Joyce Wong (Canada)
 * Victoria Wood (UK)
 * Kate Woods (Australia-US)
 * Jacqueline Wright
 * Robin Wright (US)
 * Alice Wu (US)

X

 * Xue Xiaolu (China)

Y

 * Naoko Yamada (Japan)
 * Tizuka Yamasaki (Brazil)
 * Chikako Yamashiro (Japan)
 * Yūki Yamato (Japan)
 * Cathy Yan
 * Ruby Yang (China)
 * Yong-hi Yang
 * Pamela Yates (US)
 * Linda Yellen (US)
 * Ning Ying (China)
 * Suzi Yoonessi
 * Yumi Yoshiyuki (Japan)
 * Aleysa Young (Canada)
 * Heather Young (Canada)
 * Byun Young-joo
 * Nathalie Younglai (Canada)
 * Asia Youngman (Canada)
 * Jessica Yu (US)

Z

 * Samia Zaman (Bangladesh)
 * Sara Zandieh (Iran-US)
 * Yolande Zauberman (France)
 * Jasmila Žbanić (Bosnia/Herzegovina)
 * Ona Zee (US)
 * Maryanne Zéhil (Canada)
 * Mai Zetterling (Sweden)
 * Chenyang Zhao (China)
 * Chloé Zhao (China-US)
 * Zhang Nuanxin (China)
 * Monica Zanetti (Australia)
 * Binka Zhelyazkova (Bulgaria)
 * Lydia Zimmermann (Spain)
 * Magdalena Zyzak (US)


text:
Roderic O'Conor

Roderic O'Conor (17 October 1860 – 18 March 1940) was an Irish painter who spent much of his later career in Paris and as part of the Pont-Aven movement. O'Conor's work demonstrates Impressionist and Post-Impressionist influence.

Early life and training
Born in Milltown, Castleplunket, County Roscommon in Ireland, O'Conor attended the Metropolitan School and Royal Hibernian Academy early in his career. His father, Roderic Joseph O'Conor, acted as a justice of the peace and was appointed high sheriff of the county in 1863. His mother, Eleanor Mary, was brought up in a landowning family from County Meath. The family relocated to Dublin when O'Conor was still a child. He studied at Ampleforth College, and like his classmate, Richard Moynan, travelled to Antwerp before moving to Paris to gain further experience. While in France, he was influenced by the Impressionists.

Works
In 1892, O'Conor went to Pont-Aven in Brittany where he worked closely with a group of artists around the Post-Impressionist Paul Gauguin, whom he befriended. His method of painting with textured strokes of contrasting colours also owed much to Van Gogh.

Relationship with Somerset Maugham
In the early twentieth century, O'Conor was one of a group of painters, writers and intellectuals who frequented the Chat Blanc, a restaurant in the rue d'Odessa near the Gare Montparnasse in Paris, a group that included Gerald Kelly, Aleister Crowley and the young Somerset Maugham. O'Conor "took an immediate dislike to Maugham, who later recalled that his presence at the table seemed to irritate the Irishman and he had only to venture a remark to have O'Conor attack it." Maugham had his revenge on O'Conor by using him as the basis for two fictional characters, O'Brien in The Magician and Clutton in Of Human Bondage. Both portraits are unflattering: O'Brien is "a failure whose bitterness has warped his soul so that, unforgiving of the success of others, he lashes out at any artist of talent", while Clutton is "a sardonic painter who is most cheerful when he can find a victim for his sarcasm". However, it was through O'Conor that Maugham first became interested in Gauguin (Maugham travelled to Tahiti and based his novel The Moon and Sixpence on the life of Gauguin).

Personal life and legacy
In 1933, O'Conor married his partner Henrietta (Renée) Honta, who had sometimes modelled for him. The couple lived in France and Spain, until O'Conor's death at their home in France. He died in Nueil-sur-Layon, France on 18 March 1940.

In March 2011, a work by O'Conor sold for £337,250 (€383,993). Landscape, Cassis, an oil-on-canvas, was painted by O'Conor in the south of France in 1913 and sold at Sotheby's for significantly higher than the estimate price.

Works in collections

 * Auckland Art Gallery
 * Ulster Museum, Belfast
 * Art Institute of Chicago
 * Hugh Lane Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin
 * National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
 * Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh
 * Indianapolis Museum of Art
 * Hunt Museum, Limerick
 * Tate Britain, London
 * Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * Musée d’Orsay, Paris
 * Musée des Beaux-Arts de Pont-Aven
 * Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney
 * Te Papa, Wellington

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Roderic O'Conor


text:
Chaoyang, Liaoning

Chaoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.

With a vast land area of almost 20000 km2, it is by area the largest prefecture-level city in Liaoning, and borders on Hebei province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west.

The area under Chaoyang's jurisdictional control is split up into two counties (Jianping, Chaoyang), two urban districts (Longcheng, Shuangta), two county-level cities (Beipiao, Lingyuan), and the Harqin Left Wing Mongolian Autonomous County. The total regional population is 3 million, while the urban centre where the government office is located has a population of 430,000 and forms the core of Chaoyang.

Known as China's 'fossil city', many important paleontological discoveries have been made in Chaoyang, and the Harqin region is the oldest currently known prehistoric site in northern China. Two of the most remarkable Early Cretaceous birds known to date were recovered in the vicinity of the Jiufotang Formation rocks and named Longipteryx chaoyangensis and Sapeornis chaoyangensis in reference to the city.

Name
The name "Chaoyang" originates from a poem found in one of the oldest collections of Chinese poetry, the Shijing. "A wutong tree grew on a mountain. A fenghuang bird perched at the top and sang towards the morning sun" (Chaoyang's name means "morning sun" in Chinese). The eastern part of Chaoyang is home to a mountain that has been called Fenghuang Mountain since ancient times. In 1778, this mountain was connected with the poem from the Shijing and Chaoyang was given its current name.

History
Chaoyang has a long and rich history. The discovery of the over five-thousand-year-old Niuheliang Hongshan Cultural Ruins in the region has drawn attention to Chaoyang as one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture. The area first appears in Chinese historical records as “Liucheng County” in the Early Han period of the 3rd century B.C. In 342 AD, King of the Former Yan, Murong Huang, made Chaoyang his capital under the name Longcheng ("Dragon City"), and the city remained the capital through the Later Yan and Northern Yan periods. The center of Longcheng was located at the old town of modern Chaoyang. Since this time, Chaoyang has functioned as a center of Buddhism in Northeast China, with the construction of Longxiang temple in 345 AD forming the beginning of Buddhist culture in the Northeast.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Liucheng (renamed from Longcheng) was the seat of Ying Prefecture (Yingzhou, 營州). It was a prosperous multi-cultural city whose inhabitants included the Khitans, Kumo Xi, Mohe, Shiwei, Goguryeo, Göktürks and Sogdians. The Khitan general Li Guangbi of Tang dynasty, who played an instrumental role during the war against the An Lushan rebels, was a native of Liucheng. The city went into a period of decline after the An Lushan rebellion. The Liao dynasty established Ba Prefecture (霸州) at Liucheng. As its importance grew again a century later, it was renamed Xingzhong Prefecture (兴中府). The city was abandoned during the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

The Mongols seized Chaoyang and surrounding regions. When they submitted to the Manchu Qing Dynasty, Chaoyang was controlled by Chinggisid princes and descendants of Jelme. Their territories became Tümed Right Wing Banner, Kharachin Left Wing Banner, Kharachin Right Wing Banner, and Kharachin Middle Banner, all of which were under Josutu League.

Although the Qing officially prohibited the Chinese from immigrating to Mongol lands, the southernmost league of Mongolia was flooded by Chinese peasants. As a result, several Chinese prefectures were created within the Mongol lands, and the Chinese came under the jurisdiction of the neighboring Chengde-fu. Chaoyang County was established in 1778, with its seat at the old town of Chaoyang.

In 1891, a Chinese secret society named Jindandao raised a rebellion, massacring tens of thousands of Mongols and forcing survivors to flee northward.

Under Manchukuo, the eastern part of Chaoyang, including the city of Chaoyang, belonged to Kin-chow Province while the western part constituted Jehol Province. The People's Republic of China incorporated Chaoyang into Liaoning Province in 1955 although ethnic Mongols wished to join Inner Mongolia. It was declared a prefecture level city in 1984.

Geography and climate
Chaoyang has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate/semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwa/BSk), with cold but very dry winters, and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are relatively brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −9.2 °C in January to 25.0 °C in July, for an annual average of 9.52 °C. A majority of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Due to the aridity, diurnal temperature variation is large, especially during spring and autumn, and averages 12.9 C-change annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 71% in January, the city averages 2,748 hours of bright sunshine annually.

Administrative divisions
The prefecture is divided into 7 administrative areas. There are 2 districts, 2 subordinate cities and 3 counties of which one county is an Autonomous County for the Mongolian minority.

Economy
Agriculture forms the backbone of Chaoyang's economy. In addition to wheat, corn, beans, and potatoes, Chaoyang is also an important region for the growing of cotton and fruit. The city has also begun to venture into the production of shaji (sea-buckthorn berries), which have become popular in China because of their dual use as food and as medicine. Chaoyang is home to the largest man-made thicket of shaji.

Chaoyang has more than 1,600 industrial enterprises, manufacturing a wide range of products including steel, machinery, textiles, diesel engines, automobiles, and paper. Lingyuan Iron and Steel Works and the Liaoning Tyre Factory are two of the largest such enterprises.

The city is served by Chaoyang Airport.

Fossils
Liaoning, and in particular Chaoyang, has become the focus of great interest in the world of palaeontology. During the 1990s, many new, unique and fascinating fossils were discovered in this region. Some of the finds have completely revolutionised our ideas of dinosaurs and shed new light on the origin of birds. Chaoyang's fossils are in the Jiufotang Formation. These fossils include: Liaoxipterus, a genus of ctenochasmatid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous; Microraptor, a feathered dinosaur; and several early birds such as Longipteryx, Sapeornis, Yanornis and Jeholornis, an early bird. Insects have also been found such as Dictyoptera, a fossilised cockroach and Hymenoptera, a fossil bee, which also date to the Lower Cretaceous period. A local trade in rare fossils has developed in the wake of the finds, with an estimated sixty vendors gathering in one area, called Ancient Street.

Friendship cities

 * 🇯🇵 Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan - (2000)

title: Chaoyang, Liaoning


text:
Luton Airport Parkway station

Luton Airport Parkway station is on the Midland Main Line in England, serving south Luton and Luton Airport in Bedfordshire. The station is situated in Luton's Park Town district, being 29.27 mi from London St Pancras between Harpenden to the south and Luton to the north. Its three-letter station code is LTN, also the IATA code for the airport.

The station is served by Thameslink operated trains on the Thameslink route and by East Midlands Railway.

It is situated approximately 1 mi west of the airport. Luton DART, a light rail/people mover transit, links the station to the airport terminal.

History
The Bedford–London section of the Midland Main Line was opened on 1 October 1868 by the Midland Railway to provide a new direct route into London St Pancras. The Midland Main Line had stations in the Luton area at Luton, Chiltern Green and Harpenden.

Luton Municipal Airport was opened on 16 July 1938 by the Secretary of State for Air, Kingsley Wood. During World War Two, the airport served as an RAF base for No. 264 Squadron RAF, but the airport returned to civilian use after the war. From the 1950s and 1960s, the airport's business increased with the growth of the package holiday market (later assisted by a popular 1977 television advert for Campari featuring Lorraine Chase which mentioned the airport). The nearest railway station to Luton Airport was Luton railway station, approximately 2 mi away in Luton town centre; although the Midland Main Line line passed close to Luton Airport, for the first 60 years of the airport's operation there was no dedicated railway station. To support the increasing passenger traffic, Luton Airport provided a shuttle bus service from Luton to the airport terminal.

In 1999, Luton Airport Parkway was opened. Although it was designed specifically to serve Luton Airport, it was also given the parkway name, a title applied to British railway stations that have been designed as a park and ride railway station with motorists in mind, providing car parking facilities for commuters travelling onwards into London. Because the parkway station was located approximately 1 mi to the west of Luton Airport, and airport was at the top of a hill, it was still necessary to link to the airport with shuttle buses. Initially these were operated by National Car Parks on behalf of the airport's owners and provided passengers with a free transfer. In January 2008 the free shuttle bus service was replaced by a more frequent, but chargeable, service provided by First Capital Connect.

With the opening of the cross-London Thameslink route 11 years earlier, the new station provided a direct rail link from Luton Airport to central and south London, Gatwick Airport and Brighton, as well as the Midland Mainline Routes to the East Midlands. In November 2008, the station became the first on the Thameslink route to have its platforms extended in order to accommodate twelve-coach trains as part of the Thameslink Programme. In April 2013, a new northern entrance was opened on Kimpton Road, Luton.

Contactless bank cards (but not Oyster cards) became valid for journeys to and from London from October 2019.

Rail services
Services at Luton Airport Parkway are operated by East Midlands Railway and Thameslink mostly using and  EMUs.

East Midlands Railway

East Midlands Railway runs most of their services under the EMR Connect / Luton Airport Express banner, after it became an official separate brand in 2023.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 2 tph to London St Pancras International
 * 2 tph to Corby

On Sundays only, a limited number of intercity East Midlands Railway services between Nottingham and Sheffield and London St Pancras International call at the station using DMUs.

On Weekdays, a very limited early morning and late evening service between Derby and Nottingham and London St Pancras International calls at the station.

Thameslink

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:

 * 6 tph to Luton of which 4 continue to Bedford
 * 2 tph to Brighton via Gatwick Airport
 * 2 tph to Three Bridges via Redhill
 * 2 tph to Rainham via Dartford

During the peak hours, the station is served by additional services to and from Orpington, Sutton, East Grinstead and Littlehampton.

Thameslink also operate a half-hourly night service between Bedford and Three Bridges on Sunday to Friday nights.

Luton DART
Luton DART, a 1.4 mi light rail/ automated guided people mover line, provides a five-minute transfer between Luton Airport Parkway station and Luton Airport. It operates 24 hours a day. The DART platforms are located in a terminus building above the Parkway station, connected to the main-line rail platforms via lifts and escalators and a footbridge.

The DART transit was officially opened by King Charles III in December 2022. It opened to passengers on 10 March 2023 and has replaced the shuttle bus service.

The single fare for the DART is £4.90. Rail tickets marked "Luton Airport" include the price of the DART transit. Concessions are given to Luton residents, and free travel is provided for holders of concessionary travel passes and disabled blue badge holders, and for airport workers.

Bus services
Parkway station is served by bus services on the Luton to Dunstable Busway Route A, which run between Dunstable and Luton Airport via Luton railway station.

Until March 2023 a dedicated airport shuttle bus service was in operation to convey air passengers from the Parkway station to the airport terminal. The single fare was £2.40, and the return fare was £3.80. Rail tickets marked "Luton Airport" included the bus fare. The shuttle bus has now been replaced by the Luton DART light rail transit.

Station facilities

 * Four platforms
 * Four waiting rooms
 * Newsagent/Cafe
 * Telephones
 * ATM
 * Ticket barriers
 * FastTicket machine
 * Toilets
 * Multistorey car park
 * Free 20 minute wait car park
 * The station participates in the Plusbus scheme where train and bus tickets can be bought together for a cheaper price. It is in the same town as Luton and Leagrave stations.

title: Luton Airport Parkway station


text:
Yad

A yad (יד; האַנט, lit. 'hand') is a Jewish ritual pointer, or stylus, popularly known as a Torah pointer, used by the reader to follow the text during the Torah reading from the parchment Torah scrolls. It is often shaped like a long rod, capped by a small hand with its index finger pointing from it.

Rationale
Beyond its practical usage in pointing out letters, the yad ensures that the parchment is not touched during the reading. There are several suggested reasons for this, including the mistaken idea that the fragile parchment is easily damaged by skin oils. However, the reason provided by the Talmud and other aspects of Jewish tradition state that the original reason was related to ritual purity.

While not required when chanting from the Torah, a yad is used frequently and is considered a ("embellishment of the commandment") of reading the Torah.

Manufacture
A yad can be made of any number of materials, though silver is common, especially used in crowning the yad.

Mountain Jews
The Mountain Jews had a particular way of handling pointers: they were held in pairs forming a V-shape dividing the text into passages. They were made and donated in pairs, even joined with a chain when they had inscriptions related to the same event. Their shapes were of two types: a flat bar and a bar twisted into a long tight screw-like shape with a flat part. In both types, the pointing part is made in the shape of a flat broad leaf with a rounded tip.

From the inscriptions on the pointers, one may deduce a specific ritual of Mountain Jews: before reading, the Torah is displayed to the congregation and the pointer indicated to it as a conceptual parallel to the guiding hand of God.

There are a number of different names for the pointer used by the Mountain Jews, indicating the variety of traditions. Most common ones are etzba (אצבע) and kulmus (קולמוס).

title: Yad


text:
User talk:Mel Etitis/Archive 13

Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Church of Reality
I added my reasoning on the vfd topic. Falphin 19:58, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:172.149.244.189
Why did you place an indefinite block against an IP with only a single contribution? A long but not indefinite block would accomplish the same goal but not run the risk of overblocking down the road when someone else has the IP. I've looked through the block log and don't seen any recent evidence of this editor using another IP, so it also seems that they were blocked after a single edit without warning. What am I missing? --Gmaxwell 20:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

copyvio
Gotcha... knew I was missing something... didn't the copyvio tag once remove the text in question? Lachatdelarue (talk) 22:50, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On visual associations
Hi, I'd be interested in your take on a certain matter. A certain user, Klonimus, is insisting on including a photo of Adolf Eichmann in our article on Ward Churchill, who rather imfamously mentioned Eichmann in an essay he wrote on 9/11. Klonimus has added a long caption to the photo and also a paragraph on Eichman to the article. I have just removed the photo and trimmed the reference to Eichmann to one line.

From a stylistic point of view, I don't believe a photo of Eichmann belongs in an article on Ward Churchill; images should pertain to him, the subject of the article. Likewise, the added paragraph is an obvious digression from the narrative. In a more abstract sense, I believe the image subliminally suggests a strong assocation of Churchill with Nazism, which I think is vastly unfair (not that I necessarily agree with all Churchill's ideas). If you have a moment, I would appreciate your opinion. -- Viajero | Talk 01:21, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

your irrationalism
You are being very irrational about selling space. I think it would do wikipedia a lot of good if you just stepped out of it for a bit. THE KING 08:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I believe that you're referring to Extra-terrestrial real estate. I note that your most recent edit was removal of "", an edit that you summarized as "rv vandalism by Mel". This in turn would imply that addition of these templates constitutes vandalism. That's an odd conception of vandalism; might you benefit from a little cooling off? That little matter aside, are the templates justified? That the second word in the article is "controvertial" (sic) suggests that yes, it does need copyediting. -- Hoary 08:29, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

 * There's not much that I can add. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:44, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Signature help
A question about your signature - is the best way to get the formatting by typing it in an area like this one and then pasting into the box on the preferences page? And if so, was there a specific tool that you used to get the colours? I'm new to WP and so am not au fait with formatting tricks etc, which is something I'd like to learn.

Finally - when I post on my (humble) talk page to try it out, the bit of my sig that links to my talk page appears in bold, black text and isn't a link. I notice you have a link to your talk page on your talk page (as part of a sig) and I was wondering how this is done. Thanks! --High Hopes 09:33, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply - much appreciated. High (Hopes) 11:54, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Incorrect reprimand
Please refrain from inserting your personal comments onto the Requests for protection page in contravention of what is stated on the page as official Wikipedia policy : This is not the place to discuss or dispute articles, users, or policies. Also, as a Administrators, you have an obligation to end personal attacks that this ANONYMOUS vandal repeatedly puts onto the Requests for protection page. Too, the comments you left on my talk page are false and it is obvious you never read the facts. When someone deliberately inserts knowingly falsified information into articles, they are a Vandal. Once a Vandal, they remain a Vandal. Changing tactics doesn't make you no longer a Vandal. When the Vandal then insert comments on the Requests for protection page in violation of Wikipedia policy, then an act done by a Vandal is in fact vandalism. Thank you. Ted Wilkes 19:33, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * User:Ted Wilkes has repeatedly deleted passages from articles and comments by other users on discussion pages. See, for instance, Requests for page protection, history page. In my opinion, he is identical with users NightCrawler and JillandJack who are, or repeatedly were, under a Wikipedia hard ban. See User:DW. His IP address should be blocked. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.141.216.197 (talk • contribs) 20:38, 5 Jun 2005

Attitudes on Wikipedia
"Simple Fairness" demands that you and your sockpuppet Yuber stop vandalizing my user page, Rogue Admin.Enviroknot 19:44, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

My conduct
It seems that I'm likely to become involved in many disputes similar to the one at Islamist terrorism. I'd like some input regarding my conduct there: are my comments reasonably calm? did I revert anything I shouldn't have? did I correctly cite policy? I'd just like some input, so I know what areas I can do better on. Thanks, →Ingoolemo←   talk  21:06, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

Apologies
My judgement was indeed wrong in this instance, and I apologise earnestly. I could not find this evidence for IP linking on the ArbComm page. However, I do consider the sockpuppet template inherently a personal attack, unless proven otherwise by the ArbComm. Clearly you do not agree with this opinion, and I respect that. Once again, I apologise if I have offended you. Incidentally, I do think that much of what Enviroknot says is nonsense. His accusation against you of sockpuppetry is the most ridiculous I have ever heard. I still think it is important to assume good faith until there is conclusive evidence otherwise. I have not seen that evidence, so I am bound to assume good faith. I am very sorry that we have clashed again so soon. Best wishes, smoddy 22:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it also doesn't help that I have a GCSE tomorrow... *Gulp*. Cheers, smoddy 22:12, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not until two o'clock, and it's only biology. ;-). Off to bed now, though! smoddy 22:37, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

monobook.js

 * Thanks for pointing it out. I had removed the  &  statements when debuging and  I actually fell asleep at the computer when working on it!  Thanks again. … G u y M … (soapbox) 22:51, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

re: Mr Tan
You might be right that your original comment was appropriate to the Admin Noticeboard. Unfortunately, I couldn't think of any way to preserve your comment without bringing the rest of the irrelevant content back. I could not convince myself that any more productive contributions were going to come from continued discussion on that page. I took the liberty of assuming that your point had been adequately made and that it was time to close down that particular discussion thread. Apologies if I overstepped. Rossami (talk) 01:31, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I must admit that I was skeptical - I thought the fight would continue regardless. But experience is proving you right.  It was also a more elegant solution than my ham-handed approach.  Your solution was better than mine.  Rossami (talk) 13:07, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

They are at it again ACW-Utah
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACW-Utah

Ok, background, ACW is the wrestling organization that Chad Bryant works for. I dont know if this article is an advertisement or a way to start more flame war stuff. However, I feel this is a vanity entry as ACW is far far far too small and insignificant to warrent an entry. This would be like putting an entry up for my 2 dogs.

The thing is, the facts stated in the article ARE true and verifiable, so I dont know what to make of it. I think you are needed to make a call on the whole thing.

I think its just an attempt to carry the flame war to Wiki, in which case the article needs to be deleted.

TruthCrusader

 * Hey TruthCrusader, how about you shut the hell up for once? YOUR opinion does not matter -- the article WAS valid, and the information WAS correct.  The article is going back up; I will make some minor changes within the content but the article shall return, you hoser.  --The Lone Stranger 12:25, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image:Michael Collins.jpg
I would have thought that since the page was speedied as vandalism, the image should be speedied along with it, but I've listed it on IFD now anyway. sjorford →•← 10:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ACW-Utah
I have a REAL big problem with you deleting my created entry of ACW-Utah for "personal attacks". There WERE no personal attacks within the article -- if you had bothered to get your head out of your ass and actually peruse it, you would see that I did everything I could to make it as valid and as non-personal as possible.

If you believe there was a personal attack then you should have left a note on my talk page to discuss it. I am going to put the article back up and you can discuss it as much as you like on its talk page.

It may have seemed to you to be a personal attack due to the mention of a certain Wikipedia user on here who has been attacked multiple times on his talk and user page, but the facts concerning said user can be backed up through online and offline records, and you should have at least asked me to edit those particular sections or at the very least edited them out yourself.

Fuck you, you self-centered, elitist douchebag. I'm really getting tired of your nonsense with Wikipedia entries and how you apparantly feel that you are some sort of "Wikipedia police" free to remove what you want. I don't care if you are an admin or not -- this one was bullshit! --The Lone Stranger 12:24, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Annie nocenti, with the lower-case n.
Uh, sorry to bother you, but could I ask you why you wouldn't delete "Annie nocenti"? Seriously, it's not supposed to be there; Annie Nocenti is the only one that should exist. I mean, it doesn't even conform to the naming conventions that indicate fairly clearly that proper names of people should be capitalized). I mean, right now, anyone who types "annie nocenti" into the search bar gets a page titled "Annie Nocenti" (since that's what the mistitled "Annie nocenti" page redirects itself to after I moved the page to its proper place), which is empty besides a redirect to "Ann Nocenti", the main article -- but the user doesn't end up there because Wikipedia (quite properly) doesn't allow redirects that follow a redirect. (I realize that a workaround for this problem is to fix the redirect at "Annie nocenti" to point to "Ann Nocenti" instead of "Annie Nocenti", but that doesn't change the fact that "Annie nocenti" is a completely useless page that only exists because I made a mistake.)

Point is, I created the mistitled page by accident and would like it to be removed. I believe that this falls under the speedy deletion policy -- "Any page which is requested for deletion by the original author, provided the author reasonably explains that it was created by mistake, and the page was edited only by its author". Seeing as I created the page by mistake, there was and never has been any actual content on the page, and it was edited only by me (well, until you removed the speedy deletion tag, anyway =)), I don't really understand what the problem here is...? -- Captain Disdain 13:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you're right; I was under the impression that someone typing "Annie nocenti" into the search bar would end up at "Annie Nocenti" anyway, but experimentation proved that it wasn't the case. (I couldn't tell you why I thought that. Let's not go there...) I was further confused by the fact that you left the page there but didn't fix the redirect... In any case, sorry to waste your time there. -- Captain Disdain 13:42, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Misleading food names
I am actually all in favor of the non-neutral-point-of-view version of sweetbreads, but I am terribly curious as to why you reverted to it just now. --Mothperson 14:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Um - as a semi-vegetarian, myself, let me tell you that the person who wrote "people who think it's all right to eat body parts" (I may not have the exact wording here) was not talking about health hazards of eating internal organs. --Mothperson 15:15, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Because it strongly implies these people are disgusting barbarians, which they are, made plain by the use of the word "acceptable." OMG. What am I doing??? I don't really want to convince you. Let it stay. By the by, I've just been reading about marshmallows, and I'm going to add them to the list, okay? No marshmallow in them for at least a century. --Mothperson 16:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Most marshmallows contain animal hooves and things. I don't suppose I can point that out? Never mind. --Mothperson 16:07, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Most people have no idea why marshmallows are called marshmallows. But I was forgetting one of my personal Wikipedia rules, which is not to question you. Anyway, I hate marshmallows. --Mothperson 16:46, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Real marshmallows - yeah. Anything for science, as long as they don't contain mammal by-products. There are recipes. We could make them ourselves if we had access to the marshmallow. And I think I do. Huh. --Mothperson 17:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The first recipe produces fudge or fondant, the second - meringues. How bad can they be? --Mothperson 17:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

sorry for the confusion. This ought to clear it up.
I guess I went off half-cocked. I'm too much off a softie. And there was a lot of lag problems. But I think the stir I've made is now un-stirred (if there's such a word). -- Uncle Ed (talk) 15:48, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks Mel Etitis :)
Thank you for the welcome Mel Etitis Marknorth 17:22, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

thanks for the welcome
(belated) thanks for the welcome. Like most beginners, it seems, I assumed the message was automated. -- Jon Dowland 21:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Question
On what grounds did you revert my changes to "Faith-based"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.237.225.251 (talk • contribs) 23:09, 6 Jun 2005

Removal of ACW-Utah Page Is Unjustified and Wrong
How dare you delete the ACW-Utah page. Everything on that page was based in fact and you are doing the public a grave disservice by thwarting the dissemination of truth. I really don't understand your rationale for aborting the entry and you are apparently so arrogant that you don't even both to offer an explanation or justification for your actions.--Captain Spinkicker 23:21, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

My RFA: Thanks
Thank you for your support on my RFA. Now that I have been promoted, I promise to be as hardworking and fair with the admin tools as I have been with the other areas here on Wikipedia. See you around and happy editing. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 00:42, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Could You Elaborate On Suharto "Overhaul"?
I just need a bit more guidance on the "overhaul" that you suggest for the Suharto entry?

Please understand that my first desire is to add a bit more depth to the entry before Suharto dies. My biggest fear is that when this happens (which could be any day now) is that there will be attempts by former patrons of the regime to whitewash its worst excesses, so I am looking to pre-empt that by thoroughly researching and posting as many of my findings now. On the other hand, I could see that the result of such an approach could be a haphazard organization of all the new information.

At any rate, my thanks for your candor.--Daniel 01:37, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

Closing RFC
Did you ever figure out how to do this or should I ask another sysop? The discussion is quite dead, anyhow. Thanks for any help. Whig 06:23, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

change of username?
Hi,

I recently got the following advice about changing my username:

"Concerning your handle: if you want to change your actual username (rather than just masking it as it appears you have done), you contact an administrator and they'll migrate your edits, discussion, etc to the new username. See Wikipedia:List of administrators to find an admin -- User:Mel Etitis is a nice guy and could probably advise you. --Chiacomo (talk) 23:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)"

Do I need to put in some sort of formal request for a change in username, or am I doing so now?

Thanks ahead of time for the trouble,

prokaryote 20:10, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Me and GCSEs
Hi Mel. I would have put this up above, but the chances of your finding it are slim... How do you get so many more messages then me? How do you seem to end up in every dispute, always arguing exactly the way I would in terms of articles? You amaze me. Which leads me (somehow) to my biology exam, which was, well, less than difficult. There was, in fact, a digestive system-labelling question, but it involved putting a big X on a liver, so no troubles there. Maths today was also easy – GCSEs should really be in interesting subjects... Philosophy? I'd love that! Anyway, cheers, smoddy 21:37, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

another quick question
Sorry to bother you again, but I had one more thing to ask:

Can my old username simply be deleted off the site entirely from the places it is now listed? The reason I ask is that I didn't realize when I made the original username and password that it would show up all over the site every time I did something. The organization I work for tends to frown on that sort of thing.

I'm planning on making an entirely new username and password and starting there from scratch, but I just wanted to check first to see if I could get rid of my old one. Besides, I have to admit I hate being that "visible."

Thanks again,

prokaryote 23:35, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you for voting on my RFA. Have some pie! I was pleasantly surprised by the sheer number of supporters (including several people that usually disagree with my opinion). I shall do my best with the proverbial mop. Yours, Radiant_ >|< 08:17, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

why the rv on WPLJ?
Why the complete rv on my changes to WPLJ? The existing article had missed that it was originally WABC-FM, and had the old format wrong (it was freeform, then album rock; there's no such radio format as progressive rock). Please state what you found "not understandable" in my changes and I'll work to improve them. A full rv was unwarranted. Wasted Time R 16:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jewish Task Force
Hi. Now that the page has been locked, how do we go about getting other people (besides me and 24.193.128.76) go come and create a consensus on how the article should look? Right now it seems to be unattended. Also, if you have time be sure to listen to the latest "Take Back America" on the JTF website to hear what 24.193.128.76 refers to as a "civil rights organization" - it only takes about 10 minutes to get the idea of what they are about. 168.209.98.35 16:58, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't make myself clear. Rather than asking for it to be unprotected (which it's not ready for yet) I am asking if we can get other people to help mediate (if that is the correct choice of words) to help make it NPOV.  If you leave it to me and 24.193.128 we would never come up with an agreement. 168.209.98.35 17:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rita Quintero
Sorry, I have no idea, I just edited the page to fix the link which went to the wrong Luis Enrique. --Dryazan 17:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your 3RR violation at Islamic Terrorism
You have been reported.
 * You have made 4 edits inside 11 hours on this page, but I notice you have accused the reporting user of vandalism. I am assuming good faith on your part, so please could you give your side of the story at WP:AN/3RR. Thryduulf 18:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is ridiculous. Mel was clearly and openly revert warring. I don't normally do 3RR's, but when other administrators won't I guess I have to step in. Blocked for being an admin and letting us all down. As always email is welcome. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 18:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Enviroknot
Mel, may I suggest that you let off this user? While I now agree with you about his sockpuppetness (did you know I was officially Wikipedia's Socksmeller Pursuivant?), I think it is pointless to keep going on this crusade. If the ArbComm agrees with you, you will be vindicated and people who remove the notice will be vandals. If it doesn't, you may well end up with egg on your face. As I say, I think he is a sockpuppet, but I nevertheless think it would be better for the wiki-atmosphere if you were to let off for a while.

Best regards, smoddy 17:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Death Gargantuous
Another user had already added the speedy deletion tag, but it was removed by the person who had created the article. I merely restored it. (from user page by Jon Hart)
 * Moved by smoddy 20:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Castor Oyl
Could you please undelete Castor Oyl, which you deleted, IMO inappropriately? This was the main character of a nationally syndicated comic strip, Thimble Theater, for years before the more famous Popeye, as explained in earlier legitimate edits (look at the 7 May 2005 version, for example). Thanks; if you disagree with undeletion please contact me on my talk page. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 20:53, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:24.193.128.76
Hi. User:24.193.128.76 is still making personal attacks against me. I do not want him blocked but I do want him to stop and start discussing the article. Who do I report this to if he does it again? I think if someone of authority asks him to stop he will. 168.209.98.35 22:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Requests for arbitration/RFC
In case you might be interested, the ArbCom is seeking input on handling content/NPOV disputes. I'd be particularly interested in any comments you have on my alternate solution (#13). Whig 22:07, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Spiceworld
I'd like to request to move Spiceworld (album) over to Spiceworld. Since there is nothing else on Wikipedia that uses the name "Spiceworld", I do not see why "album" has to be included next to the name. DrippingInk 22:12, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Blether
I am unable to find any significant uses of the phrase "faith-based" from before its current proponents (as documented in the Faith-Based article) started using it. The Oxford Universal Dictionary includes only faith-cure, faith-healer, and faith healing, as combined terms (plus faithful, faithless, and faithworthy). Unless you can point out some significant earlier uses, it *is* a neologism.

There are no references for the bald statements about "human sacrifice", nor even about the "grey areas" about religions that the author suspects to be frauds! I have to admit that I thought the article was partly a hoax. Human sacrifice as part of the definition of "faith-based"? Of course I removed it, when there was no support for the notion.

Also, Wikipedia practice is *not* to REVERT other peoples' changes when you happen to disagree with them. It is to *revise* their changes to an appropriate neutral point of view. The original article is full of POV. Mine, I thought, was less so. Go back and see.

Do you think because you're Mr. Edited Lots of Pages you can just run roughshod over other contributors? You should know the etiquette better than I!

Edits to Wiki entry on Ayn Rand
You reverted some edits I made to the "Controversy" sections. I deleted the part that said the romantic relationships in her novels always required cheating. That is innacurate. Cheating was involved only in "Atlas Shrugged" and "We the Living." In "Anthem" and "The Fountainhead" the protagonists' romantic involvements did not involve any sort of infidelity.

Request for advice
Hi Mel,

You've mentioned that you've taught English as a foreign language at Oxford, and I thought I could seek your advice with regards to an article naming problem I've encountered at the article Departments of the Singapore Government.

It started off from Template:Politics of Singapore, where "Government departments" was linked to Government of Singapore. From what I understood of government (in the English/Singaporean context), it is synonymous with "cabinet". Therefore I took the liberty of re-directing Government of Singapore to Cabinet of Singapore.

This created some misunderstanding between me and Huaiwei, as shown in Talk:Government of Singapore and Talk:Departments of the Singapore Government. It seems to me the root of the problem was that both of us had a different understanding of the word "government".

I would like to seek your opinion as someone who speaks English as a first language and is (may be?) slightly proficient in politics. Did I have a wrong interpretation of the word "government"? Thanks in advance for your help! =Travisyoung= 16:13, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Mel,

 * Thanks for your reply. Seems like I based my understanding of the word "government" on a definition that was too narrow (which I thought was more appropriate for an article on politics of Singapore). Thanks for your help, really appreciate it!

 * =Travisyoung= 02:30, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Policy on Censorship
Keeping busy, I see! Is there a formal Wiki policy on censorship? Had a disturbing conflict with an otherwise responsible user who twice removed material from a talk page and cited several policies/practices as authorization to do so. When (s)he removed the material, (s)he made no edit summary and did not leave a note about his actions. The material was not vandalism, obscene, or even objectionable (to me, at least), but seemed too extreme in its content for the editor. To me, (s)he seemed to be protecting the talk page from potential controversy. This does not seem the Wiki way! (S)he apologized for "offending me," but asserted that (s)he did not regret the action and would do it again. I always stand strongly against censorship, and so I have drawn a line in the sand on this one. This must have been addressed many times here. Can you give me a reference? Thanks. WBardwin 16:48, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Mel. For future reference -- could you point me to that policy?  'preciate it.  WBardwin 23:53, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

One of us now
Good to see you back. ;-) SlimVirgin (talk) 23:38, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mel Etitis/Archive 13


text:
Tomb of Nefertari

QV66 is the tomb of Nefertari, the Great Wife of Pharaoh Ramesses II, in Egypt's Valley of the Queens. It was discovered by Ernesto Schiaparelli (the director of the Egyptian Museum in Turin) in 1904. It is called the Sistine Chapel of Ancient Egypt. Nefertari, which means "beautiful companion", was Ramesses II's favorite wife; he went out of his way to make this obvious, referring to her as "the one for whom the sun shines" in his writings, built the Temple of Hathor to idolize her as a deity, and commissioned portraiture wall paintings. In the Valley of the Queens, Nefertari's tomb once held the mummified body and representative symbolisms of her, consistent with most Egyptian tombs of the period. Now, everything had been looted except for two thirds of the 5,200 square feet of wall paintings. For what still remains, these wall paintings characterized Nefertari's character. Her face received particular attention to emphasize her beauty, especially the shape of her eyes, the blush of her cheeks, and her eyebrows. Some paintings were full of lines and color of red, blue, yellow, and green that portrayed exquisite directions to navigating through the afterlife to paradise.

Decoration and layout

A flight of steps cut out of the rock gives access to the antechamber, which is decorated with paintings based on Chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead. This astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with a myriad of golden five-pointed stars. The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening flanked by representation of Osiris at left and Anubis at right; this in turn leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering scenes, preceded by a vestibule in which the paintings portray Nefertari being presented to the gods who welcome her. On the north wall of the antechamber is the stairway that goes down to the burial chamber. This latter is a vast quadrangular room covering a surface area about 90 square meters, the astronomical ceiling of which is supported by four pillars entirely covered with decoration. Originally, the queen's red granite sarcophagus lay in the middle of this chamber. According to religious doctrines of the time, it was in this chamber, which the ancient Egyptians called the "golden hall" that the regeneration of the deceased took place. This decorative pictogram of the walls in the burial chamber drew inspirations from chapters 144 and 146 of the Book of the Dead: in the left half of the chamber, there are passages from chapter 144 concerning the gates and doors of the kingdom of Osiris, their guardians, and the magic formulas that had to be uttered by the deceased in order to go past the doors. The tomb itself is primarily focused on the Queen's life and on her death. Of the wall full of paintings, the "Queen playing Draughts" is a portrayal of Nefertari playing the game of Senet. A whole entire wall was dedicated to show the Queen at play, demonstrating the importance of the game of Senet. Interpretations suggest that a physical board game of Senet may have possibly been stolen, along with the body and other symbolic images of Nefertari. Nefertari may have been very clever, and possibly have been a writer in her lifetime. ^4 This can be alluded because of a painting in the tomb of Nefertari coming before the god of writing and literacy, Thoth, to proclaim her title as a scribe. Nefertari lived an elegant life on earth, and she is also promised an elegant afterlife. Chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead, which tells a spell for the Queen, is inscribed on the tomb. This spell is supposed to guide Nefertari on how to transform into a ba, which is a bird. For Nefertari to become a bird in the afterlife holds a promise of freedom to move around.

By contemporary standards, the real value of the paintings found within the tomb is that they are the best preserved and most detailed source of the ancient Egyptian's journey towards the afterlife. The tomb features several extracts from the Book of the Dead from chapters 148, 94, 146, 17 and 144 and tells of all the ceremonies and tests taking place from the death of Nefertari up until the end of her journey, depicted on the door of her burial chamber, in which Nefertari is reborn and emerges from the eastern horizon as a sun disc, forever immortalized in victory over the world of darkness.

The details of the ceremonies concerning the afterlife also tell us much about the duties and roles of many major and minor gods during the reign of the 19th Dynasty in the New Kingdom. Gods mentioned on the tomb walls include Isis, Osiris, Anubis, Hathor, Neith, Serket, Ma'at, Wadjet, Nekhbet, Amunet, Ra, Nephthys, Khepri, Amun, and Horus. By the time that Schiaparelli rediscovered Nefertari's tomb it had already been found by tomb raiders, who had stolen all the treasure buried with the Queen, including her sarcophagus trough and mummy. Parts of the mummy's knees were found in the burial chamber, and were taken to the Egyptian Museum in Turin by Schiaparelli, where they are still kept today.

Closure
The tomb was closed to the public in 1950 because of various problems that threatened the paintings, which are considered to be the best preserved and most eloquent decorations of any Egyptian burial site. Closure of the tomb was due to large areas of paint and plaster strata deteriorating from the walls, and paint flaking remained an issue, even when the tomb was closed to the public. The paintings are found on almost every available surface in the tomb, including thousands of stars painted on the ceiling of the burial chamber on a blue background to represent the sky.After the discovery of the tomb, scientists found deterioration in many paintings caused by water damage, bacterial growth, salt formation, and recently, the humidity of visitors' breath. There are two factors that damaged the tomb at a rapid rate: Capillary absorption of trapped flood-waters into the tombs walls and direct entry of flood-waters. Flood-water causes immediate damage to the tomb, while absorbed waters cause morphological changes that contribute to the deterioration of paint and plaster. In 1986, an operation to restore all the paintings within the tomb and to replace over 3,000 years worth of dust and soot with paper pasted to the fragile walls and ceilings to preserve the paintings was embarked upon by the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation and the Getty Conservation Institute; the actual restoration work began in 1988 and was completed in April 1992. Upon completion of the restoration work, Egyptian authorities decided to severely restrict public access to the tomb in order to preserve the delicate paintings found within. Five years later, Egypt's Prime Minister, Hisham Zazao, declared the tomb to be reopened to visitors, 150 visitors at a time. In 2006, the tomb was restricted to visitors once again, except for private tours of a maximum of 20 people purchasing a license for US$3000. As of December 2023, holders of a 2000 EGP entry ticket or a premium Luxor pass can visit this tomb. To this day, the Getty Conservation Institute regularly monitors the tomb. As of March 5, 2024 it has been closed for urgent renovations.

title: Tomb of Nefertari


text:
Category:Electroweak theory

This category contains articles that deal with the electroweak interaction, a well-established physical theory that forms part of the standard model of particle physics.

title: Category:Electroweak theory


text:
Category:Country classifications

This category is only about classification systems. There shouldn't be any individual countries in this category.

title: Category:Country classifications


text:
Saxifraga flagellaris

Saxifraga flagellaris, the whiplash saxifrage or flagellate saxifrage, is a plant native all over the Eurasian Arctic Coast, Siberia, Far East, Caucasus and some areas of northern Rocky Mountains. It is not very common. It is also known as spider saxifrage or "spider plant", though the latter name more commonly refers to the unrelated Chlorophytum comosum (Agavaceae).

The broadsepal saxifrage (S. platysepala) was formerly included in the present species, then made a separate species, and later again made a subspecies, Saxifraga flagellaris ssp. platysepala—broadsepal saxifrage (http://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/itisca/next?v_tsn=24270&taxa=&p_format=&p_ifx=&p_lang=). The species found in Greenland, Svalbard, Alaska etc. is Saxifraga flagellaris ssp. platysepala—broadsepal saxifrage.

The stems are single, erect and leafy, growing to 3–10 cm tall. The basal leaves in a dense rosette from which long, filiform runners radiate ending in a small, rooting offset; they also have glandular hairs on the margins. Each stem usually has one terminal flower, rarely two, with golden yellow petals, much longer than the calyx lobes. The whole plant is more or less red. It grows in moist places, on gravel or in moss carpets.

It is not in any danger of extinction, but is yet very rare.

Saxifraga flagellaris was described by Willdenow. Other authors often used the name for Saxifraga platysepala (broadsepal saxifrage).

title: Saxifraga flagellaris


text:
File:Strappingyoungladcity.jpg

Cover of Strapping Young Lad's album City.

Fair use in City (Strapping Young Lad album)
Though this picture is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) The picture is used as the primary means of visual identification of the article topic, namely City, the second album by a famous band, Strapping Young Lad.
 * 2) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original. In particular, copies of the picture could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 3) It is a low resolution picture.
 * 4) The picture is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 5) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted picture of comparable educational value.

Fair use in Strapping Young Lad
Though this picture is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) The picture is of lower resolution and quality than the original.
 * 2) The picture is only a small portion of the commercial product.
 * 3) The use of the cover will not affect the value of the original work or limit the copyright holder's rights or ability to distribute the original. In particular, copies of the picture could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) It is not replaceable with an uncopyrighted or freely copyrighted picture of comparable educational value.
 * 5) The picture of the cover art is used in the first subsection of the History section of the article Strapping Young Lad, which discusses the album City in great detail.
 * 6) The picture is used as the primary means of visual identification of the cover depicting a diesel fuel injection system, a critical part of the album's concept.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: File:Strappingyoungladcity.jpg