text:
Talk:Esperantido

previous talk
Whoa, kwamikagami... you've doing the non-Esperanto-IALs-are-for-Romance-speakers-only thing here, too. -_-; Almafeta 14:37, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * No, not "for Romance speakers only"! I did not say that, and I did not imply it. But it would be irresponsible not to recognize that the main motivation for Ido was that Esperanto wasn't close enough to French, which was taken as the best exemplar of an international language. This is clear in the writings of the original committee members (at least as far as I've read them in secondary sources).

 * There are two main criticisms of Esperanto's grammar, orthography, and source vocabulary:
 * One, that they aren't international because they don't represent all the world's languages, and
 * Two, that they aren't international because they aren't close enough to the world's premier international languages, French/Italian/Romance (depending on the critic).
 * I don't know anyone who's attempted to fix Esperanto per critique 1, but there are plenty according to critique 2 — almost all the Esperantidos, in fact. Perhaps some of the people involved were merely interested in a purely inter-Romance language per your criticism, but many believed that making Esperanto more Romance would make it more accessible to the people of the world, as so many have studied Romance languages already. Especially back in 1907, when French was the language of international diplomacy. That is, it's a philosophical dispute over how to best approach an interlanguage, not an attempt to restrict access to it. You'll also notice that much of the drive for Ido was with French Esperantists, who naturally saw their language differently than Zamenhof saw it. Much of the vocab change substitutes Romance for German words, with people often saying how silly it is for a certain word to be German, when a perfectly good Romance word is available. "Arbitrary" is a critique that you hear frequently. You could argue about how much of the project was driven by ethnocentrism (a charge also applied to Esperanto, of course, in critique 1), but not that the aim was to sail closer to the Romance languages. Just look at the Pater noster: Romance qua, quale, tale for kiu, kiel, tiel; French -ez for the jussive; cadie for Latin hodiau; omnidiala for cxiutaga; e for Greek kaj; Romance ofensi for German sxuldoj; a for al; Italian ma for Latin sed. All of these changes bring Ido into closer alignment with the Romance languages than Esperanto is, and that's all that I claimed: "Ido ... sought to bring Esperanto into closer alignment with the Romance languages". Any reading of that to mean that Ido was intended "for Romance speakers only" is unsupported. You can add a disclaimer stating something like, "Of course, a Romance grammar and vocabulary doesn't restrict Ido to Romance speakers, but was intended to make it more accessible to the many people who have already studied a Romance language" if you like. I don't see the need for it in this article, but maybe something like that would be appropriate in the Ido or Interlingua articles. You could say the same thing in the Esperanto article, of course (just changing the source languages), but I don't see why we should be so defensive.

 * Besides the occasional apriori language like Lojban, there are only a few conlangs that aren't in effect "Latinidos". One of these is described by its creator thus: Slovio, is the international simplified Slavic language, as simple as Esperanto but understood by some 400 million people around the world. This makes Slovio one of the most widely understood languages around the world. That is, Slovio is very much like a Slavic Interlingua in its conception. Then there's Tutonish, which is one of the Germanic equivalents. There was even a conlang based on Cherokee. But nearly all stick very close to the Romance languages. You seem to get a bit defensive about that, Almafeta, but I don't mean it to be a criticism, just honesty. This is what the languages are. You'll notice that I also changed the Esperanto article along these lines: when I found it, it had claimed that Esperanto was truly international in the sense of critique 1, when it clearly isn't. Esperanto is a purely European language in its conception. Ido sought to move it into closer agreement with a perceived Romance ideal. We can leave philosophizing over whether either of these are a good thing to the people learning these languages. —kwami 19:46, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * I have always heard from Idists that it was created as a 'fixed' version of Esperanto, not as an "Romanceperanto". And although some of the old roots were changed from Esperanto to be more Romantic, many of the new 'demal'd' roots came from Russian or German.
 * In addition, a truly Romance-biased conlang would have elements that are found in every Romance language, such as modifying verbs for the subject, adjective-noun agreement, and at least a vestigial nod to Latin's declension system. (In this, except for modifying verbs, basic unmodified Esperanto is actually more romantic than Interlingua.)
 * I made two other changes. I put headings in (just for organization), and I did a bit of reorganization of different language types.  When I could, I put in more information.  I also change the reference to Ido being romantic; you can revert it if you want, but I think it's false.
 * Finally... I presume you speak Esperanto (I didn't see a Babel link on your userinfo page). Would you ask on the Esperanto 'village pump' / Esperantido talk page for English-speaking Esperanto users to help create more information on these Esperantidos?  I'd appreciate that.  :)  Almafeta 16:10, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Additionally, I don't think that the comparison of those languages is appropriate for this page, but I'm not touching it because I don't know where to move it to. Almafeta 17:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sure, I'd be happy to ask for help from Vikipedio. Drop me a line on my talk page if you like to remind me. And thanks for the Babel suggestion; I'd completely forgotten about that. As for your changes, I'd like to put Popido back in. It doesn't take much space, and samples are always helpful in illustrating a topic. I originally had the language samples in the article on Esperanto vocabulary, which was an even less appropriate place for them But I think they are appropriate in an article on those very languages.

 * As for Ido being more Romance than Eo, I think it's prett clear it is. I just scanned through part of an Ido glossary, and nearly every root was Romance. True, Ido isn't a 'naturalistic' language like Interlingua, but I never claimed that. Much of the motivation was to bring Ido closer into alignment with "Western European norms". Much of the literature says that means "French and English", but I fail to see the similarites to English, except for the Romance portion of its vocabulary. Instead it looks like much of the German and some of the English vocabulary was replaced by French and Italian words. Also, the verbal system is markedly more Romance. Much of the Committees complaint was that Eo was "too German" and "too Slavic". What does that leave us? Romance. True, Ido only adopted a few of the irrationalities of the Romance languages, but since it was an attempt to simplify and fix the irrationalities of Eo, it would be as odd for it to reintroduce verbal agreement as it would be to reintroduce a six-case declensional system! "Brought into closer alignment with Romance" doesn't imply following every idiosyncracy of the Romance languages. How about "brought into closer alignment with Western European expectations of the French, English, & Italian languages"? I'll also try to say a little more about the proposed improvements. kwami 18:30, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * PS. The Ido committee was not a group of former Esperantists. Couturat couldn't even write a simple letter in the language: all his correspondance with Zamenhof was in French! Although I'd also make substantial changes to Eo given the chance, some of them similar to the Ido reforms (like eliminating adjectival agreement and the distinction between jx and gx), it's hard to take such a man seriously. His approach seems to have been "I came, I saw, and it wasn't simplified French, so I fixed it". Most of the proposed changes to Eo that beginners come up with are ethnocentric like that. Riism, for example, is a product of native English speakers. Suggestions to eliminate the distinction between adjectives and adverbs come from native German speakers. Etc. Anyway, the most public proponent of Ido was himself never an Esperantist. kwami 18:41, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * I took out the Popido reference because we already had a Esperantido comparision section (I may be adding the Pater Noster in Sen:espera next), and it's in history if (and probably when) we start a Popido article. I'll also be editing the article for 'needless links' (links which show up within a few paragraphs of each other).
 * As to Ido, saying "bringing it into alliance with the Western European languages" may be better; unlike projects like Romanova (See bottom of page on ISO, SIL, and BCP language codes for constructed languages for link), I don't see much attempt to give Occitan, Romanian, Sicilian, etc., any immediate usability.  By the way, on Ido, you seem to be referring to its past while I'm referring to its present; I don't think either of us has the full story.
 * Incidentally, I'd be interesting in discussing/debating Esperanto's merits with you sometime, and hearing how you would modify Esperanto. We'd need a new talk page or to take it to e-mail for that, though.  Almafeta 19:31, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, regarding an Esperanto reform that doesn't represent all the world's languages: There was actually an Esperanto reform that tried to address that.  It attempted to create a langauge where 90% of the world would know one of the control languages.  Unfortunately, I don't know its name, and it has generated the same level of interest as most esperantidos.  Almafeta 19:31, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That would certainly be worth mentioning. I haven't come across it on the Vikipedio Esperantido pages. BTW, Popido was intended to be a "substandard" dialect, like you'd come across in A Clockwork Orange. That wasn't a value judgement on my part. kwami 19:50, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)

 * As for modifying Esperanto, I think the most important thing is to greatly reduce its bloated vocabulary. Most of the proposed reforms come from a European background and aren't nearly as important to people not raised with Western European languages. A more systematic vocabulary would be less familiar to Europeans, but a "naturalistic" vocabulary is a real killer for the Asian Esperantists I've known. (It's not a problem with African Esperantists, at least south of the Sahara, because for the most part they're already schooled in English or a Romance language.) I would introduce an indicative suffix that does not indicate tense, perhaps -es, so that tense would be no more obligatory than aspect is in current Esperanto. (This is another difficulty in parts of Asia.) Also, I like the Italian plural, but am not sure how to extend it systematically, and would only use adjectival plurals when modifying more than one noun, or not at all. And I think that perhaps the plural should be optional in nouns. (That's not such a difficulty in Asia, however.) I'd keep an obligatory accusative to allow the word order to be truly free (i.e., pragmatic), but would use je or a dedicated preposition instead of the -n case suffix. (However, the -n is great for indicating direction, and very easy to use.) I'd use the masculine prefix and, of the non-specialized masculine words, I would keep only viro masculine (opposite femo), and would make li epicene and create a new masculine pronoun. I'd also reduce the number of phonemic contrasts to get back to the basic Latin alphabet: c ("ch") for both c and ĉ, x ("sh") for ŝ and maybe sc, j for both ĝ and ĵ, etc. Plus some minor word replacements and disambiguations. But the common desire for eliminating the correlative system, or the mal- prefix, and many other proposed reforms, seems to be very Eurocentric, and disappear as soon as someone learns the language, and I have no problem with them. I think that covers the basics. I take it you'd prefer a much more "naturalistic" language? kwami 20:27, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * As for wanting a much more 'naturalistic' language... hehe.  When it comes to conlangs, I've already found the one that suits my wants in a IAL; I moved from Esperanto, to Ido, to Occidental, to finally Interlingua.  However, when we're talking about making Esperanto the best language it can be, we're talking about something else entirely...  something like this, maybe?  Almafeta 19:06, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting. Reminds me very much of proto-Esperanto, which treated pronouns as grammatical nouns, used -s for the plural, etc. But I don't think it's as different from Eo as you might think. I'll comment on the talk page. kwami 22:11, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)

Just to note
It's strange to see 'Main article: Esperanto' at the top of the article. ALthough I guess it works; I never created this page intending to be part of the Esperanto discussion; I created it because I found Esperantidos to be more interesting than Esperanto, and worthy of more discussion than their predecessor. Almafeta 16:01, 29 August 2005 (UTC)

 * No reason why we can't just say "See also Esperanto". kwami 18:41, 2005 August 29 (UTC)

Bonjang
I don't know why this is mentioned. Bonjang is a completely unrelated language, as far as I can tell. How can it be at all an Esperantido, if it didn't evolve or was designed, in any discernible manner, from Esperanto? Neither the roots (from *kat to yotang) nor the grammar show any relation.

The website link doesn't mention Esperanto once.

It is a very pretty language though.

Atomsprengja 01:37, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Both the official site and Langmaker say it is influenced by Eo, though.Cameron Nedland 22:12, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Baza (language)

 * see Deletion review/Log/2007 June 18
 * – (View AfD) (View log)

Contested prod. Subject is a proposal made in 2003 to limit the vocabulary in Esperanto and its derivatives. Article makes no claim for the subject's notability, and cites no reliable third-party publications. The only provided sources are the self-published (and freely hosted) website of Greg Hoover, the proposal's creator, and the proposal's associated profile at the constructed language wiki Langmaker, which was also authored by Greg Hoover.

Attempts to use Google to establish notability or lack thereof prove difficult, as "Baza" is both a town in Granada and a common adjective in the Esperanto language. Baza's alternative name, "Inter-Esperanto" returns matches of the phrase "inter Esperanto" (no hyphen), which is quite common since "inter" is an Esperanto word for the preposition "between". Despite several attempts, I have not been able to find any reliable third-party sources on either Google or Google Scholar. A search on EBSCOhost, a search engine for academic journals, has also revealed nothing. -- Schaefer (talk) 00:27, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Delete I think the nominator pretty much sums it up. This is unreviewed, non-peer reviewed material that evidently has not been published anywhere. It is therefore not proper for Wikipedia.  Jody B talk 02:45, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Note: This debate has been included in the list of Language-related deletions.   -- John Vandenberg 01:38, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Delete: per nom, complete failure of WP:V. Given the circumstances, it's incumbent on anyone wishing to save the article (as, per policy, it should be in any event in all cases) to provide proper sourcing before the AfD closes.    RGTraynor  18:11, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Delete per WP:NOR or WP:MADEUP. semper fictilis 20:09, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Delete. Search of major papers for Baza + language over last 10 years also turns up zip.  - Aagtbdfoua 01:54, 14 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

Comunleng
Why does Comunleng redirect here? Is it related to Esperantido in any way? --Amir E. Aharoni 09:02, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

Esperan
Is Esperan notable enough to be mentioned? It seems just a personal project. --Error (talk) 21:46, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless there's community usage. kwami (talk) 23:08, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

orthography
Anon, orthography belongs in the orthography article, not here. There's already a section about the h-system, x-system, etc. We don't need it said twice there and again here. Please discuss it first. Personally, I don't see how all the info about Portuguese etc. is relevant, but perhaps you can convince others. kwami (talk) 23:53, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Also, Vikipedio d n include these as Esperantidoj. If you want to argue they are, you need some evidence. kwami (talk) 00:15, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

merge
I wouldn't merge the list here. It's mostly a bunch of red links, which we don't want, and if we remove the links, it's still just a bunch of meaningless names. (I have doubts about some of them anyway.) We might want to just delete the list; I can understand it as a placeholder in eo-wiki, but don't see any point to having it here. kwami (talk) 09:20, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Part of me agrees with you. I most certainly wouldn't import the list here in toto. What I was thinking of is something along the lines of a short section on "Minor esperantidos" that would not include the ones already discussed elsewhere in the article and those that you have doubts about. In a few cases, however, I'd say that mentioning them is at least warranted. Hence my suggestion to move at least part of the list here, but not necessarily in the form of a list. —IJzeren Jan Uszkiełtu?  10:16, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * We could mention Saussure, since half of them are his. And anything with a blurb in eo-wiki might be worth a line or two. I don't think any of them actually have a description in eo-wiki, so there isn't much to say. kwami (talk) 10:43, 14 August 2008 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a good criterion to me! —IJzeren Jan Uszkiełtu?  11:38, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Okay, here are the ones we don't have in the article that have something on eo-wiki, sometimes just stubs. Some of them aren't really idos, either, as they're simply reminiscent of Eo rather than derived from it.

3 articles with actual content:
 * Esperan, (2003 kreita pro estetikaj kialoj) [personal ideal language project]
 * Linguna (1978-1992) [web blogs--actually used?]
 * Romanal (1912) [proposal to the Delegation that lost out to Ido]

9 stubs with samples:
 * Adjuvanto (de Beaufront) [dubious claim]
 * Antido (de Saussure, 1919)
 * Esperantido (de Saussure, 1920)
 * Nov-Esperanto (de Saussure, 1925) [final form of Antido]
 * Esperantuisho
 * Mondlango
 * Novam (1928)
 * Slava Esperanto (Josef Konechný, 1912)
 * Snifferanto (2006) [links to pages using the lang. gram. not finished]
 * Unitario (1987)
 * Vikto (1981)

Stubs without samples: Ido reform:
 * Carmeni (1997)
 * Eo, mallongaj radikoj (1926) [not even a stub]
 * Esperando (2000)
 * Dutalingue (1908) [stub, no samples]

Not separate lang proposals, so not Espidos:
 * Normlingva Esperanto, tehxnika jxargono
 * Framasona Esperanto (not really an ido, just jargon added to Eo)

Separate langs/codes, so not Espidos:
 * Neo (Alfandari, 1961)
 * Universala lingva kodo, fikcia [a code, not speakable]

I'm going ahead and deleting the list. kwami (talk) 01:52, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Oh, as for calling them "minor idos", apart from Ido, all esperantidos are minor. kwami (talk) 01:55, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

Most of these are personal projects that never got anywhere. The only ones that seem to me to have any historical interest at all are Romanal, which should probably just be a line or two in the history section of the Ido article, and the Antido family, which should probably just be a line in the history section of the Esperanto II article. I don't know if Saussure had any influence, but it appears that several of the words he proposed made it into Eo—but maybe he took them from Ido? Linguna, like Snifferanto, looks like it has ongoing web development, so maybe it is of some interest. I don't know if it's just a personal project like Esperan, or actually has some followers. kwami (talk) 05:34, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Sen:esperanto and Esperant'
These two Esperantidoj seem to have been invented by single persons and put on Wikipedia without their being at all widespread. Wikipedia is not a place for self-publication. Jchthys (talk) 22:47, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

 * You could argue the same about all of the idos. Esperant' is (was?) used by more than one person, which is more than we can say for Saussure's projects. kwami (talk) 03:17, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I put those on when I worked on this article a while ago when I was looking for unusual examples of esperantidos, so I'd have a sufficient number of samples each. Now that other esperantido articles are being merged into this one, people should feel free to take out any esperantido that isn't an illuminating example of the kind of changes people make to Esperanto.  Almafeta (talk) 20:39, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't see much point to keeping sen:esperanto, actually, but Esperant' is unusual in actually being used, and so (unless I'm wrong there) IMO should definitely be kept. kwami (talk) 20:26, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Mistakes in Esperant'
I'm not sure that words like "hodiu" and "anku" are possible in Esperant', although they are given as examples in this page. In standard Esperanto, obeying the Fundamento, the words ending in aŭ such as hodiaŭ and ankaŭ are single roots, not combined roots. According to Lernu je Esperant', the dialect completely follows the Fundamento, albeit strangely. It does not contain any evidence that "hodiu" and "anku" are permissible, and I suspect that these would be written as hodiaŭu and ankaŭu. I realize that this may constitute original research, but I am a fluent Esperanto speaker and would be happy to provide more references. --n-k, 20:23, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, ank- and hodi- *are* the roots, though they are seldom used that way. This is one of the things people play with. According to Kalocsay & Waringhien, "-aŭ does not belong to the root, but is only a conventional ending, and is thus as easily left off as the o in nouns." Zamenhof wrote of the "neutral but definite ending aŭ", that is, that -aŭ does not define the part of speech of the root. He suggested in 1892 that it could be replaced with an apostrophe. (Plena analiza gramatiko, 1985:121.) The substitution of -aŭ with other part-of-speech endings, as in anke, apena/apene, morgo/morge, has been "tolerated" by the Esperanto Academy since 1910. (Ibid., p 409:Rim. IV.) kwami (talk) 21:11, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Be that as it may, those words appear in the Universala Vortaro of the Fundamento as single roots. You've offered sufficient evidence for me to concede that they may as well remain in the article, but as an aside, I feel I should point out that they can never be considered to be in accordance with the Fundamento, regardless as to what Zamenhof and the Akademio later said. Remember, it's "netuŝebla," even by the author. And according to Lernu je Esperant', "Unua regul' grave plejas: CXiamu onia obe' je l' fundament'! Maleblas tro' de tiu dir'." --n-k, 23:13, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, here is a link to an Esperant' page that contains the forms ankauxu and hodiauxu. I am fairly certain that I am right, and that even in Esperant' treating these as dual-rooted is nonstandard at best, and could be considered "incorrect." Also, here is a link to the Universala Vortaro. Please observe that the aŭ-words are listed as monoradical. --n-k, 23:25, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

"Sen:esepera" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Sen:esepera. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 July 30 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Soumya-8974 talk contribs subpages 07:47, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

Internasia
Was there once a section on Internasia, now deleted? It is now mentioned only among the samples. —Tamfang (talk) 16:52, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Esperantido


text:
Wikipedia talk:List of sound files/playlist

I'm confused - how can http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Morissette_-_Ironic.ogg be free? Isn't it still under copyright?

 * It came from a US Army site that claimed everything on it was public domain. Since the site was almost certantly wrong, we've since removed the content. Please point out any other such mistakes you've seen. Thanks! --Gmaxwell 23:49, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Other things not available:

 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Zap_Mama-Wadidyusay.ogg
 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Thievery_Corporation-DC_3000.ogg
 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/The_Rapture-Sister_Saviour_%28Blackstrobe_Remix%29.ogg
 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/The_Beastie_Boys-Now_Get_Busy.ogg
 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Spoon-Revenge%21.ogg
 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Paul_Westerberg-Looking_Up_In_Heaven.ogg
 * All items following each-other, so I guess it keeps going down on that section of the list. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.37.114.120 (talk) 13:27, 9 November 2011 (UTC)

Update
Is this list updated from Sound/list? emijrp (talk) 21:52, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Missing files
So, I tried to download all of the files on the page (with wget -i if it matters) and the following files gave me 404 not found errors:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_1-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_1-2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_1-3.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_2-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_2-2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Martinu_-_Sonata_for_cello_and_piano_2-3.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Martinu-_Concerto_for_2_Pianos_and_Orchestra-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Martinu-_Concerto_for_2_Pianos_and_Orchestra-2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Martinu-_Concerto_for_2_Pianos_and_Orchestra-3.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Bartok_-_Op.4b_-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Bartok_-_Op.4b_-2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Bartok_-_Out-of-Doors_Suite-1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Bartok_-_Out-of-Doors_Suite2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Felix_Mendelssohn_-_Symphonie_3_a-moll_-_4._Allegro_vivacissimo_-_Allegro_m%E6stoso_assai.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/La_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Jean_Sibelius_-_Valse_Triste.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/Sousa%27s_band.stars_stripes_forever.EDIS-SRP-0194-20.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d0/Moonlight_Sonata.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Beethoven_-_opus30-1_04.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Beethoven_-_opus30-2_05.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Beethoven_-_opus30-3_06.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Overt%FCre_c-moll%2C_op._62.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Moonlight_Sonata_opus_27.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Ravel_-_La_Valse.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d4/Guaka-GTRSHV-23kbps.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bd/Rondo_Alla_Turka.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/K545_allegro.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/K545_andante.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/K545_rondo.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Mozart_-_KV_570.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Don_Giovanni_-_Overt%FCre.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Klavierkonzert_C-Dur_-_2._Andante.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Sinfonia_Concertante_f%FCr_Violine%2C_Viola_und_Orchester_-_3._Presto.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Zap_Mama-Wadidyusay.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Thievery_Corporation-DC_3000.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/The_Rapture-Sister_Saviour_%28Blackstrobe_Remix%29.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/The_Beastie_Boys-Now_Get_Busy.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Spoon-Revenge%21.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Paul_Westerberg-Looking_Up_In_Heaven.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/My_Morning_Jacket-One_Big_Holiday.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Matmos-Action_At_A_Distance.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Le_Tigre-Fake_French.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gilberto_Gil-Oslodum.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/DJ_Dolores-Osolodum_2004.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/David_Byrne-My_Fair_Lady.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Dan_the_Automator-Relaxation_Spa_Treatment.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Danger_Mouse_%26_Jemini-What_U_Sittin_On_%28Starring_Cee_Lo_And_Tha_Alkaholiks%29.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Cornelius-Wataridori_2.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Chuck_D_With_Fine_Arts_Militia-No_Meaning_No.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Anderson-_A_Trumpeter%27s_Lullaby.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Anderson-_The_Golden_Years.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Anderson-_The_Syncopated_Clock.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Anderson-_The_Typewriter.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Bach-_Sleepers%2C_Awake%21.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Bennett-_Symphonic_Songs_for_Band_-_Celebration.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Bennett-_Symphonic_Songs_for_Band_-_Serenade.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Bennett-_Symphonic_Songs_for_Band_-_Spiritual.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Berlioz-_Beatrice_et_Benedict_Overture.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Bernstein-_Symphonic_Dances_from_West_Side_Story_-_1_Scherzo.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Bernstein-_Symphonic_Dances_from_West_Side_Story_-_2_Mambo.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Bernstein-_Symphonic_Dances_from_West_Side_Story_-_3_Cha-Cha.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Bernstein-_Symphonic_Dances_from_West_Side_Story_-_4_Fugue.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Camphouse-_A_Movement_for_Rosa.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Copland-_Variations_on_a_Shaker_Medley.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Creston-_Celebration_Overture.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Curnow-_Where_Never_Lark_or_Eagle_Flew.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Debussy-_La_Mer_-_1_-_De_l%27aube_a_midi_sur_la_mer.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Debussy-_La_Mer_-_2_-_Jeux_de_vagues.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Debussy-_La_Mer_-_3_-_Dialogue_du_vent_et_de_la_mer.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Donizetti-_Allegro_in_C_Major.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Dvorak-_Carnival_Op92.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Forte-_Forte-_Van_Gogh_Portraits_-_1_-_The_Potato_Eaters.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Forte-_Van_Gogh_Portraits_-_2_-_La_Berceuse.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Forte-_Van_Gogh_Portraits_-_3_-_The_Zouave.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Forte-_Van_Gogh_Portraits_-_4_-_The_Drawbridge.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Forte-_Van_Gogh_Portraits_-_5_-_Finale-_Self-Portrait_of_the_Artiste.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Gershwin-_Second_Prelude.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Goldman-_Golden_Gate_March.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Grainger-_Lincolnshire_Posey_-_1_-_Lisbon.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Grainger-_Lincolnshire_Posey_-_3_-_Rufford_Park_Poachers.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Grainger-_Lincolnshire_Posey_-_4_-_The_Brisk_Young_Sailor.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Grainger-_Lincolnshire_Posey_-_5_-_Lord_Melbourne.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Grainger-_Lincolnshire_Posey_-_6_-_The_Lost_Lady_Found.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Hanson-_Chorale_and_Alleluia.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Heins-_The_Flight_of_Icarus.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Hejnal_Krakowa_%28Polish_Traditional%29.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Hespe-_King_O%27the_Clouds.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Holst-_First_Suite_In_E-Flat_For_Military_Band_-_Chaconne.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Holst-_First_Suite_In_E-Flat_For_Military_Band_-_Intermezzo.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Holst-_First_Suite_In_E-Flat_For_Military_Band_-_March.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Holst-_jupiter.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Holst-_mercury.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Holst-_Second_Suite_In_F_For_Military_Band_-_March.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Holst-_Second_Suite_In_F_For_Military_Band_-_Song_Of_The_Blacksmith.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Holst-_Second_Suite_In_F_For_Military_Band_-_Song_Without_Words.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Mahr-_The_Soaring_Hawk.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Martin-_Centennial_Prelude.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/McBeth-_Through_Countless_Halls_of_Air_-_1_-_Daedalus_and_Icarus.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Melillo-_In_A_Service_Beyond_Self.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Pascuzzi-_American_Celebration_Overture.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Persichetti-_Psalm_for_Band.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Prokofiev-_Scythian_Suite%2C_Op20_-_2_-_The_Enemy_God_and_the_Dance_of_the_Spirits_of_Darkness.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Rogers-_The_March_of_the_Siamese_Children.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Roumanis-_An_American_Ode_-_1_-_Slowly_with_Elegance.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Roumanis-_An_American_Ode_-_2_-_Animated_Dialogues.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Schuman-_George_Washington_Bridge.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Shchedrin-_Naughty_Limmericks_-_Concerto_for_Orchestra_No1.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Shostakovich-_Ballet_Suite_No4%2C_Scherzo.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Spaniola-_Space_Fanfare.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Stamp-_Cloudsplitter_Fanfare.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Stamp-_Escapade.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Stamp-_Gavorkna_Fanfare.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Strauss-_Also_Sprach_Zarathustra%2C_einleitung.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Suppe-_Morning%2C_Noon_and_Night_in_Vienna.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Tull-_The_Final_Covenant.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Walton-_Crown_Imperial.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Williams-_Fanfare_and_Allegro.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Williams-_The_Patriots.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Yasinitsky-_First_Flight_-_1_-_Airborn.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Yasinitsky-_First_Flight_-_2_-_Three_Dimensional_View.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Varyag.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Adam_-_Cantique_de_Noel.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Akeley_-_Banana_Boat_Blues.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Akeley_-_Frogs_are_Human_Too.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Akeley_-_Thoughts.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Alford_-_Eagle_Squadron.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Anderson_-_Sleigh_Ride.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Ascione_-_Aim_High_Real_High.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Ascione_-_Shapes.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ascione_-_Sidewalk_Shuffle.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Auken_-_Tailgate_Ramble.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Bach_-_My_Spirit_Be_Joyful.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Barroso_-_Brazil.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Berg_-_Friday_Night_at_the_Cadillac_Club.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Bernstein_-_West_Side_Story_-_Maria.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Bernstein_-_West_Side_Story_-_Prologue.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Bernstein_-_West_Side_Story_-_Somewhere.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Bernstein_-_West_Side_Story_-_Tonight.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Bliss_-_Variations_on_an_Old_Welsh_Air.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Cahn_-_Because_You%27re_Mine.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Cahn_-_Be_My_Love.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Cahn_-_Call_Me_Irresponsible.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Chatman_-_Everyday_I_Have_the_Blues.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Clapton_-_Tears_in_Heaven.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Coady_-_The_Smoocher.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Coady_-_Unlike_You.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Conti_-_The_Right_Stuff.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Cray_-_Armed_Services_Medley.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Damase_-_Dix-Sept_Variations%2C_Op_22.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Davis_-_Lover_Man.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Donizetti_-_Una_Furtiva_Lagrima%2C_from_L%27Elisir_d%27Amore.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Dostal_-_Flieger-Marsch.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Ethridge_-_Waterfalls.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Falla_-_Four_Spanish_Pieces_-_Andaluza.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Falla_-_Four_Spanish_Pieces_-_Aragonesa.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Falla_-_Four_Spanish_Pieces_-_Cubana.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Falla_-_Four_Spanish_Pieces_-_Montanesa.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Florence_-_Nobody%27s_Human.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Frank_-_Knights_of_the_Air.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Frasier_-_The_Last_Full_Measure_of_Devotion.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Freunlich_-_In_the_Meantime.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Goodwin_-_Those_Magnificent_Men_in_their_flying_Machines.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gruber_-_Silent_Night.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Halvorsen_-_Entry_March_of_the_Boyars.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Hill_-_Be_My_Baby_Tonight.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ives_-_March_Intercollegiate.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Jewell_-_American_Leader.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Kern_-_All_the_Things_You_Are.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/King_-_The_Melody_Shop.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Knox_-_Why_Haven%27t_I_Heard_from_You.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Madden_-_Fantasy_on_a_Bell_Carol.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Menken_-_Beauty_and_the_Beast.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Mercer-_Jeepers_Creepers.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Miller_-_If_I_Could.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Morissette_-_Ironic.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Morrison_-_Changing_Times.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Murphy_-_In_Flight_Lunch.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Nelson_-_Life%27s_Door.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Nelson_-_Mind_is_a_Tool.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Newsom_-_In_Honor_of_General_Jimmy_Doolittle.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Pestalozza_-_Ciribiribin.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Poala_-_It%27s_the_Most_Wonderful_Time_of_the_Year.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Porter_-_Hotcha_Cornia.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Prima_-_Sing%2C_Sing%2C_Sing.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Rachmaninov_-_Variations_on_a_Theme_of_Corelli%2C_Op_42.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Reed_-_Russian_Christmas_Music.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Robinson_-_Margie.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Rogers%2CHammerstein_-_You%27ll_Never_Walk_Alone.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Rogers_-_The_March_of_the_Siamese_Children.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Salutari_-_Amazonas.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Scott_-_United_States_Air_Force_Blue.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Sidwell_-_Sparkling_Diamonds.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Smith_-_Symphonic_Prelude_on_Adeste_Fideles.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Sousa_-_The_Aviators.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sousa_-_The_Stars_and_Stripes_Forever.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Stevens_-_Seasons-A_Symphony_for_Brass_Quintet%2C_Mvt_III_-_Autumn.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Suguitan_-_Join_the_Fun.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Tchaikovsky_-_Nutcracker_Suite_-_Chinese_Dance.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Tchaikovsky_-_Nutcracker_Suite_-_March.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Tchaikovsky_-_Nutcracker_Suite_-_Overture.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Tchaikovsky_-_Nutcracker_Suite_-_Trepak.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Walker_-_There_is_Another_Road.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Wall_-_Little_Linda.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Ward_-_America_the_Beautiful.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Werle_-_Glider_Pilots%27_Reunion_March.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Wilson_-_It_Mostly_Bees_that_Way_Sigmund_Floyd.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Wilson_-_Music_Man_Medley.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Wyche_-_Alright%2C_Okay%2C_You_Win.ogg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Zawinul_-_Mercy%2C_Mercy%2C_Mercy.ogg 02:42, 14 November 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dakane2 (talk • contribs)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Blaupunkt

Untitled
Dammit this thing's addictive - An unnamed, senior Blaupunkt executive (retd)

Added information about Blaupunkt's involvement with ARI and Traffic Information Memo - --SimonMackay 7 July 2005 05:18 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Blaupunkt-logo.jpg
Image:Blaupunkt-logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 04:12, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:48, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Blaupunkt. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080918133218/http://www.bluespot.co.uk:80/history.asp to http://www.bluespot.co.uk/history.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:01, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Blaupunkt. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090228104719/http://www.aureliusinvest.de/adhoc_pr_%2018122008_en.html to http://www.aureliusinvest.de/adhoc_pr_%2018122008_en.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.bluespot.co.uk/history.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:56, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Blaupunkt. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111005064822/http://www.tuningslide.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/Blaupunkt_Verona_1963.jpg to http://www.tuningslide.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/Blaupunkt_Verona_1963.jpg

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:00, 30 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blaupunkt


text:
Talk:Level of invention

Can we have some examples of solutions that fit each of these levels, please? -- The Anome 14:39, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Level of invention. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050624134438/http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/what_innovation_review.shtml to http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/what_innovation_review.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050312021728/http://www.innovativecapacity.com/innovativecapacity.htm to http://www.innovativecapacity.com/innovativecapacity.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:03, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

This article probably needs to get deleted
Looks like it's basically a personal essay with a personal way to view invention. Zero real references and zero content referenced. North8000 (talk) 16:39, 16 July 2021 (UTC)

 * @North8000 The inventor of Triz, Genrikh Altshuller and the system of Triz is a solid and well utilised system.
 * What is needed is some links to the original papers published by Genrikh Altshuller rather than what seems to be link farming for some other papers based on the original research and system.
 * I disagree. It just needs better citations to the original author. 2404:4408:8739:B900:FC24:DD1:B501:2B6C (talk) 07:10, 21 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The one thing that would resolve the issue is addition of suitable references. North8000 (talk) 16:39, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Level of invention


text:
Sideman

A sideman is a professional musician who is hired to perform live with a solo artist, or with a group in which they are not a regular band member. The term is usually used to describe musicians that play with jazz or rock artists, whether solo or a group.

Sidemen and sidewomen are often well-versed in multiple styles of music, and can be hired at any level of the music industry, from playing in a cover band to backing up established artists on major tours.

While many artists can work as sidemen or session musicians, others will only fill one role. The generally accepted difference is that a sideman performs live while a session musician is hired to perform in a recording studio.

Career progression
Aspiring musicians often start out as sidemen, playing rhythm guitar, comping on keyboards, playing drums in the rhythm section, or singing backing vocals for a well-known bandleader or singer. Once sidemen have become experienced with live performance and recording with established artists, some move on to develop their own sound, a recognized name, and fans of their own, or go on to form their own groups, at which point they become bandleaders and recruit their own sidemen and sidewomen. Some examples of this are:
 * James Burton and Glen Hardin, playing guitar and keyboards respectively, who performed in Elvis Presley's TCB Band, also backed Gram Parsons before joining newcomer Rodney Crowell and veteran Albert Lee in Emmylou Harris' "Hot Band".
 * Don Henley and Glenn Frey were in the initial backup band for Linda Ronstadt, which toured in support of her eponymous debut album. Afterwards, with the addition of Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner, they formed the Eagles.

Some sidemen become famous for their musical specialties, and become highly sought-after by pop, rock, blues, jazz and country music bands. Examples of some of these include multi-instrumentalists. David Lindley is a multi-instrumentalist who has worked with such diverse musicians as Curtis Mayfield, Dolly Parton, Jackson Browne, and Hani Naser.

Waddy Wachtel's guitar licks and experience have placed him as a bandleader while on tour with Stevie Nicks, and Chuck Leavell, who has toured with The Allman Brothers Band, but more often, is onstage with The Rolling Stones on keyboards.

Often sidemen go on to form their own groups and/or solo careers; for instance, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Pete Best acted as sidemen to Tony Sheridan before becoming famous as The Beatles, with the addition of Ringo Starr. Jimmy Page left his first attempts working in bands to hone his skills as a session player, where he met John Paul Jones; he later recruited Robert Plant and John Bonham to form Led Zeppelin. Bob Dylan's first recorded song was as a harmonica sideman on Harry Belafonte's cover of "Midnight Special".

Other musicians may take time from their own bands to tour or record as a sideman for other artists, such as punk bassist Mike Watt with J Mascis and the Fog or Iggy and the Stooges.

title: Sideman


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Leonid Brezhnev/archive1

Leonid Brezhnev
I personally found this article a most helpful reference. JBurnham 14:41, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It isn't so much that I doubt the claim as I think the article would stand a better chance as exemplifying the best of wikipedia with a reference section. --Scimitar 17:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object I haven't read the entire article yet, but I must object on the lack of References. slambo 15:39, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can add one (all of the content here is easily verifiable, bordering on general knowledge). In the meantime, are you having a tough time with any specific claims, which I can try to verify for you? JBurnham 16:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object for now. This statement suggests a need for references:
 * Brezhnev ruled the Soviet Union longer than any man except Stalin, but his posthumous reputation is very low, both in Russia and among historians.
 * Object. References are an absolute requirement for a FA. Claims like "his orders are dated June 22nd" (relating to his being drafted during WWII) must have precise source information, regardless of how well-known the facts are. Phil s 18:26, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It also occurs to me now that the three first paragraphs or "Crisis of the regime" are largely irrelevant to Brezhnev's biography and redundant with respect to other Soviet Union articles; the two first paragraphs basically detail generalities about the Stalin era and its economic consequences, and the third paragraph is a rather vague description of sociopolitical problems in the 1970s Soviet Union—Brezhnev is never mentionned, nor are any of his specific measures or policies that could have contributed to the situation; while it's good too provide some context, I feel three paragraphs is too much of a digression, and could be condensed. Phil s 19:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It could definitely use a mention of his (bumbling) role in the Yom Kippur War →Raul654 19:05, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Follow up - when I made that comment, since I made that comment, I have expanded the Yom Kippur War article considerably, so that now you can just merely copy/summarize what is written there. →Raul654 08:29, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object: Very informative. No doubt written by someone very knowledgable on the subject. I can see no gaping errors but without references it might as well be fiction.  Cannot these frequent non referenced articles be sifted out and legitimately failed  before time is wasted looking at them. Giano | talk 12:58, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, not comprehensive. Neutralitytalk 19:52, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Lead is too short, no references. Comment: it looks like just a bio. Our standard is to have a discussion of influences, policies, and such, and I see few of that in the article as well, leading me to say it may not be comprehensive. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 20:36, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Battle of Refugio

The Battle of Refugio was fought from March 12–15, 1836, near Refugio, Texas. Mexican General José Urrea and 1,500 Centralista soldiers fought against Amon B. King and his 28 American volunteers and Lieutenant Colonel William Ward and his approximately 120 Americans. The battle, a part of the Goliad Campaign of the Texas Revolution, resulted in a Mexican victory and splintered Texan resistance.

Background
Under President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model to a more centralized government. His increasingly dictatorial policies, including the revocation of the Constitution of 1824 in early 1835, incited federalists throughout the nation to revolt. The Mexican army quickly put down revolts in the Mexican interior, including a brutal suppression of militias in Oaxaca and Zacatecas. Unrest continued in the Mexican state Coahuila y Tejas. The area that bordered the United States, known as Texas, was populated primarily by English-speaking settlers, known as Texians. In October, the Texians took up arms in what became known as the Texas Revolution. The following month, Texians declared themselves part of a state independent from Coahuila and created a provisional state government based on the principles of the Constitution of 1824. By the end of the year, all Mexican troops had been expelled from Texas.

Determined to quash the rebellion, Santa Anna began assembling a large force to restore order; by the end of 1835, his army numbered 6,019 soldiers. In late December, at his behest, the Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". In the early nineteenth century, captured pirates were executed immediately. The resolution thus gave the Mexican Army permission to take no prisoners in the war against the Texians. Santa Anna personally led the bulk of his troops inland to San Antonio de Béxar and ordered General José de Urrea to lead 550 troops [additional units would follow] along the Atascocita Road toward Goliad. Urrea's mission objectives were twofold, first, protect the Mexican Army's southern flank. Secondly, clear the Texas Gulf Coast and occupy the various ports. This operation would intercept and stop the ongoing flow of men and supplies, isolating the Texas rebellion. Although Urrea eventually achieved his objectives, delays and high casualties prevented the General and his men from giving General Santa Anna's main force important support. This operation and successful suppression of the rebellion along the Texas Gulf Coast have become known as the Goliad Campaign.

Prelude
Colonel James Fannin and his men had improved the fortifications at the old Presidio La Bahía and renamed it "Fort Defiance." News of the fate of Texians under Frank W. Johnson at the Battle of San Patricio and James Grant at the Battle of Agua Dulce (both captured in earlier fights) created confusion rather than stirring the volunteers gathered at Goliad into action.

On March 7, Lewis Ayers brought Fannin news from Refugio, a town 25 mi south of Goliad. The week before, the Victoriana Guardes, a group of Tejano (native Mexican residents) who supported centralism, had ransacked the town. After destroying much property, the Guards, a militia under the command of Captain Carlos de la Garza, made camp just outside the town. Several pro-independence Anglo families, including Ayers' wife and children, remained in the Refugio area, afraid that if they stayed they would be captured by the Mexican army, but that if they left they would be harmed by de la Garza's men.

Fannin agreed to send troops to evacuate the settlers as soon as oxen and carts were available to assist with the transport. Three days later, the army's carts returned from Port Lavaca with supplies for the garrison. As soon as they were unloaded, Fannin called for volunteers to go to Refugio. On March 11, Captain Amon B. King led 28 men of his company and most of the carts to evacuate the settlers. They arrived that evening and camped for the night at Mission Nuestra Senora del Refugio, where some of the Anglo families had taken refuge. The Mexican Catholic Church had abandoned the mission some years earlier. The mission was a semi ruin. No priests or other church officials were stationed at the old mission. Irish immigrant settlers from the Refugio area had recently repaired the main building's roof, doors, and windows. They repaired pews and other interior furnishings and furniture. Although these repairs were crude and very basic, they made it possible to hold services when a priest could be found.

The following morning, King led his troops to the ranch of Esteban Lopez, where the family of Lewis Ayers was staying. King arrested six Tejanos he had heard were ransacking abandoned homes. After he learned that other Tejanos were plundering homes about 8 mi south, King took half of his men on an unauthorized mission to pursue them. They rode into an ambush staged by a group of de la Garza's men and Karankawa Indians. The Texians extricated themselves from the fight and returned to the Lopez ranch. All of the families gathered there were then escorted to the mission in Refugio.

Elements of Urrea's advance cavalry arrived in Refugio shortly after King and the families returned to the mission. Mexican troops and de la Garza's Guards (approx. 100 total troops) surrounded the mission. King sent a messenger to Fannin, asking for reinforcements. Earlier that day, Fannin had received notice that Mexican troops had taken the Alamo, killing all of the defenders.

Battle
Fannin dispatched Lt. Colonel William Ward, a fellow Georgian, an organizer, and former commander of the Georgia Battalion. This unit and a company commanded by   Captain Peyton S. Wyatt, attached to the Georgia Battalion, would make up the balance of the relief column. The men departed in the early morning hours of the 13th of March. Fannin had decided to evacuate his position as soon as King and Ward returned. He ordered Ward to make all haste; avoid offensive contact with the Mexicans, gather the civilians, and return as soon as possible. To facilitate rapid movement, the Georgia Battalion carried only 36 rounds of ammunition per man as extended fighting was not expected. The column arrived in the early afternoon of the same day after a forced march over muddy roads. Ward found the mission under attack by some Mexican Cavalry and local Mexican militia. These forces retired after the Georgia Battalion fired one or two volleys.

Although successful in breaking up the siege on the 13th, the arrival of Ward at Refugio led to conflict over command with Captain King who insisted, as the first commander on the scene, he should be in charge of the combined force, even though Lt. Colonel Ward was his regimental executive officer and outranked him. Ward insisted, after a short rest, the Georgia Battalion, King's Company should gather up the civilians and evacuate the Refugio Mission, returning to Goliad. King refused and stated he was taking his men to attack a ranch believed to be providing support for Captain Carlos de la Garza and the Mexican militias forces. The tense confrontation resulted in a stand-off. King departed with his men and a few of the members of the Georgia Battalion (primarily from Wyatt's Company). The possibility of plunder and revenge was just too powerful for some. King and his men departed the mission in the early morning hours of the 14th. The failure of the King to accept the orders directly from Fannin would have great ramifications for Fannin's entire command. 8.

After King departed, more of Urrea's troops continued arriving and slowly, again, fully invested in the mission. Sometime, late on the 13th or early morning hours of the 14th, a party of men under Captain Wyatt left the mission on patrol. They found a small group of Mexicans, probably militia, asleep and attacked, driving them away and killing 20-25 of the enemy. Early on the morning of the 14th, after King had departed, the Georgians heard firing in the distance. Thinking King may need assistance, Ward ordered two companies of the Georgia Battalion to form ranks and slowly move forward. The formation of 50-60 men halted after only 100 to 200 yards. To their front, the Georgians found a large formation of regular Mexican Army and were forced to return to the mission. Soon after, a water party from the mission came under fire but was successful in bringing a large quantity of water back to the mission. As the Mexican Army maneuvered around the mission, Ward's men, under sporadic fire, attempted to further fortify the Refugio Mission complex. Ward assigned his 2nd company (Bullock's Company, (Captain U. J Bullock was absent. suffering from a case of measles, he had been left on the Texas coast and was never reunited with his company)), First Sergent Francis Marion Hunt of Macon Georgia commanding, to a low rock wall, part of an animal corral, to the east of the Mission building. This was necessary to cover the approach to the mission as the low wall blocked the view of the approaches to the mission. The rest of the Georgia Battalion manned windows and dug some loopholes in the church's walls. For the most part, due to their ammunition shortage, the men did not return the Mexican fire.

Before King advanced far, he found a far stronger Mexican military presence in the area and was forced to halt and find concealment in a wooded area approximately 2 miles from the mission. Before long, Mexican local militia under the command of Carlos de la Garza discovered the small Texian force and firing broke out. Sometime later, King's command heard gunfire in the direction of the mission. The Mexican militia force had been content to engage the Texian force at some distance and the fire had been ineffective. King and his force began to move in the direction of the mission using cover and partial concealment of the terrain trees. But again, the company was forced to halt as units of the regular Mexican Army joined the attack. King's force, behind trees and rocks, made an effective defense for a time, causing severe losses to the enemy finally running out of ammunition. Mexican accounts state a wounded King and his men surrendered to Garza's militia. They were turned over to regular Mexican forces and executed near the Refugio mission on the 15th or early on 16 March 1836. King's men were left where they fell.

Back at Refugio Mission on the morning of the 14th. Mexican Army units continued to arrive adding their musket fire to attack the mission. This fire was largely ineffective at first. The shooting continued for at least another hour as the Mexicans slowly maneuvered closer to the mission. Due to the shortage of ammunition, Ward ordered his command to hold their fire until the enemy came closer. Soon, a small cannon joined in but the thick stone walls of the mission could not be penetrated. When Mexican troops began to mass in the open 200 to 300 yards distant, the Georgians opened fire with their rifles with great effect and continued to take a toll as Urrea's troops advanced both on foot and mounted. The attack was well coordinated with multiple regimental and battalion-sized units attacking different points of the mission's perimeter. In some places, Mexican formations reached the low stone perimeter wall that surrounded the Mission. But none reached the church or crossed the far wall defended by Bullock's Company. The Georgia Battalion turned back 3, possibly 4, major attacks. At least 2 were focused at the low stone wall to the east of the mission. Samuel Hardaway, a 15-year-old native of Macon Georgia native, and L. T. Pease, also from Macon Georgia, were members of Bullock's Company and two of the few who survived the battle and the war. Both published narratives concerning their service. Pease states in his narrative he and the rest of Bullock's Company were stationed on the low stone wall east of the mission. Both he and Samuel Hardaway describe heavy fighting with the ranks of the enemy coming very near to the wall before melting away from the Georgian's fire. The ground was littered with many of the dead and dying. Witnesses report only three members of the Georgia Battalion were wounded. One soldier's wound appeared mortal. Another was shot in the leg and could not walk. Lastly, Colonel Ward had been struck by falling masonry dislodged by cannon fire. Estimates of Mexican casualties vary from 150 to 600 wounded and killed. General José de Urrea, the commander of this wing of the Mexican Army, reports seemed to change over the years following the war. His first reporting claimed around 200 killed and wounded. Those present on the Texas side also vary. From a low of 150 to as high as 600 are reported. Unit rosters of Urrea's force before March 12 and after March 17 show a decline of over 300 fits for duty on the 17th. Mexican casualty reports do not include losses for Mexican militia units who fought this day. These units were in skirmishes and or full-scale battles from the 12th to the 20th of March. Ward sent courier James Humphries and at least one other to Fannin for orders as the fighting slowed on the evening of the 14th. Late on the 14th, Edward Perry, a Texas prisoner of the Mexican Army, was sent by General Urrea with a surrender demand. He told Ward both his couriers and one sent by Fannin had been intercepted by Urrea. He also forwarded a letter from Fannin, captured from Fannin's messenger. This letter ordered Ward to fall back to Victoria, where Texas forces were to regroup.

During that long day of the 14th, Mexican units continued to arrive. By evening Urrea had concentrated a force estimated to number 1200 soldiers, infantry and cavalry, 100-200 Mexican Mounted Militia, and several pieces of artillery were deployed. General Urrea made no secret of his numbers, hoping to force a surrender by intimidation. The Georgian had a front-row seat to the pageantry of the bands and deploying units. Despite the ever-increasing strength of his foe and aware the Georgia Battalion could expect no help, Ward sent Mr. Perry back to Urrea with his answer. "The Georgians would not surrender."

With his supply of bullets and powder almost exhausted, Ward made plans to comply with Fannin's orders. That night or in the early morning hours of the 15th of March, in a driving rainstorm, the Georgia Battalion, carrying their rifles, a very few rounds of ammunition, and little else, quietly made their way through Mexican lines without notice of Mexican sentries. The wounded and at least one other healthy member of the unit, civilians, and approximately 25 Mexican prisoners (unharmed) would remain behind. Ward and the bulk of his men escaped toward Copano, then turned at Melon Creek and headed for Victoria.

At Refugio Mission, Mexican forces were not aware of their foe's escape until daylight when the former Mexican prisoners left the mission. The wounded and Anglo civilians braced for the arrival of the Mexican Army. While those remaining in the mission were searched and systematically robbed of any valuables, Mexican officers soon arrived on the scene and restored order. The wounded were protected (for a time) from ill-treatments by common soldiers and women and children were made safe. Later, some of the common soldiers returned and executed the wounded. It is not known if they were acting under orders. Some historians believe the good treatment of the former Mexican prisoners helped to assuage, at least in part, the Mexican Army's desire for retribution. Juan José Holzinger, a German-Mexican officer, saw fit to save Lewis T. Ayers, Francis Dieterich, Benjamin Odlum, and eight men from local families. The families who feared injury or death by Mexican forces were allowed to return to their homes unharmed. Events proved the rescue attempts by King's company and the Georgia Battalion unnecessary.

To avoid Mexican cavalry, Ward and his men were forced to travel among the trees and heavy undergrowth along the creeks and many swamps. They waded in hip-deep water for hours each day. Rain was frequent and the nights cold in these days of late March. Soldiers were forced to rest and sleep in trees. The command continued for days eating frogs, snakes whatever they could find. They did find and shoot a cow and rested for a time but were forced to return to the swamps upon the approach of Mexican forces. Although unfamiliar with the terrain, they struggled toward Victoria where it was thought Fannin should be. Survivors reported hearing gunfire in the direction of Coleto Creek two days before they neared Victoria. Men began to struggle and became lost or simply did not wake up until the Battalion had moved on. Some of these men would prove to be the lucky ones but many of the lost were found by Mexican forces who rarely took prisoners. At Victoria, they found no time for rest; it was overrun with Urrea's troops. The group was forced to scatter after a short skirmish with Urrea's cavalry. Staying off the main roads, they moved toward Lavaca Bay, with ten of them eventually escaping. The remainder were surrounded and captured on March 22 by Urrea, two miles from Dimmit's Landing. Informed of Fannin's surrender, Ward and the men of the Georgia Battalion were promised surrender on the same terms given to Fannin's command at Coleto Creek. They were marched back to Victoria, where Holzinger again saved twenty-six men, by conscripting them as laborers for Urrea. Urrea had left Colonel Telesforo Alavez, in charge of Victoria. Señora Francita Alavez intervened with her husband as well, to make sure the captive laborers' lives would be saved. The remainder were sent to Goliad by March 25, joining a wounded Fannin and the rest of the Goliad garrison. Two days later, the men were told they would march to the Texas coast and freedom, instead, they have marched a mile away from their former fortress and were shot under direct orders of General Santa Anna. Out of the 81 total soldiers under Ward's command that escaped Refugio 55, including Ward, were executed and 26 were saved by Señora Alavez and Colonel Alavez.

Overview and outcome
King and, later Ward, failed their attempt to evacuate the Anglo civilians at Refugio. Their ultimate fate was virtually guaranteed by King's willful disobedience of his superior officer's orders (and Fannin's clear instructions). Colonel Fannin's waiting for the return of a significant portion of his command also allowed General Urrea to overtake the rest of the Texas forces under his command on the road to Victoria at Coleto Creek. General Urrea could still have caught and defeated a united and stronger force if King and Ward had escaped Refugio and reunited with Fannin. A larger force would probably further increase Mexican's losses but likely would not have changed the outcome. Fannin had received orders from General Sam Houston while King and Ward were away that directed him to evacuate Goliad and retire to Victoria as soon as possible. A timely withdrawal and ultimately, reinforcement with substantial numbers of troops would allow Fannin to remain on the field as an effective fighting force. Reluctant to leave before the various detachments returned, Fannin failed to leave Goliad ahead of Urrea's advance, leading to the Battle of Coleto. Fannin, in his short period of command, had demonstrated a slowness and lack of basic organizational skills necessary to move a large military force any distance. But the failure of this Texan force to move was not entirely his fault. The revolutionary government had failed to provide the transport and basic supplies necessary to transform a static garrison trained and equipped only for defense in place. Even if not delayed, Fannin's attempt to join with Houston was not a certainty.

The sacrifice of the Texas volunteers at Refugio and Coleto Creek did result in severe damage to General Urrea's command and greatly delayed his advance, preventing his force from supporting the main army at San Jacinto. Additionally, Lt. Colonel Ward's successful breakout and withdrawal from the Refugio Mission during the night of 14–15 March 1836 and the 7-day retreat across rivers and through numerous swamps and bayous should be recognized as a notable military achievement. Ward, his officers, and non-commissioned officers were able to preserve unit integrity for the most part. Poorly equipped and clothed, lacking adequate food, the men of the Georgia Battalion continued to act in concert as a military unit and fighting force for the Texas cause. General Urrea was forced to deploy hundreds of his men to find and destroy the Georgians. Ward and the Georgia Battalion were able to fight off and successfully break contact with at least two Mexican Cavalry units and continue their march towards Victoria. Colonel Ward complied with Fannin's orders to reach Victoria. A feat Fannin, with a much larger force and a shorter distance to travel, could not do. When Ward found Victoria in the hands of the enemy, he continued to reach a haven for his men and came within two miles of Dimmit's Landing before being overtaken and again surrounded by a force of regular Mexican Army troops. Surviving witnesses state the Georgia Battalion, using the very last of their ammunition, bayonets, and their rifles as clubs fought off one last attack. General Urrea only then offered surrender terms, the same terms that vaguely offered a chance of parole and repatriation to the United States accepted by Fannin a few days earlier. Ward felt his men could again reach the timber and swamps and continue their march and told his officers he was against surrender. But the Georgia Battalion was a volunteer unit and he let his officers and men decide. Hungry, tired, and suffering from exposure, the men voted to accept the Mexican General's terms. Though Ward's leadership, the Georgia Battalion continued as an effective fighting force for one very valuable week against an enemy force that was 12 times their number. Seven more days for Houston and his Army.

Legacy
In the public square across the street from the county courthouse in Refugio, the King Monument stands as an honor to Captain King and his men. In the early 1900s, the square was owned by the State of Texas and was named King's State Park. In the 1850s the Texas Governor and Legislature agreed, in exchange for the sacrifice of the young Georgians and to repay Georgia for weapons and military supplies provided to Texas, and to Georgia's request a monument be erected to honor the Georgia Battalion, the state would pay for a monument to be erected in Texas. For a time, Texas plead poverty. Then construction and Texas again delayed the promised monument. Georgia still waits, but, to this day, the state of Texas has not satisfied this debt of honor. However, the city of Albany, Texas constructed a fountain as a monument to Ward and the Georgia Battalion in 1976.

title: Battle of Refugio


text:
Albright College

Albright College is a private liberal arts college in Reading, Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1856.

History
Albright College traces its founding to 1856 when Union Seminary opened. Present-day Albright was formed by the mergers of several institutions: Albright Collegiate Institute, Central Pennsylvania College, and Schuylkill College.

Albright Collegiate Institute opened in 1895 and was renamed Albright College three years later. Union Seminary, meanwhile, became Central Pennsylvania College in 1887 and merged with Albright College in 1902. Schuylkill Seminary, the third institution, was founded in 1881, became Schuylkill College in 1923, and merged into Albright in 1928.

Albright's campus relocated from Myerstown, to Schuylkill College's campus, which is the present location of Albright, at the base of Mount Penn in Reading.

The college is named for Pennsylvania-German evangelical preacher Jacob Albright, who founded the Evangelical Association (later known as the Evangelical United Brethren Church). Born in 1759 in Douglass Township, (now Montgomery County) with the given name of Johannes Jacob Albrecht, the family changed their surname to "Albright" following Jacob's 1808 death.

Academics
Albright College students are encouraged to cross and combine areas of study without taking longer to graduate. The college offers Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees, as well as a Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees in education. The college also offers online and accelerated degree programs.

Albright offers a wide range of classical and pre-professional programs. It created one of the first undergraduate psychobiology programs in the nation in the 1960s. The college's liberal arts curriculum has a cross-program focus that allows students to create an individualized education. Fully half of Albright students have concentrations that combine two or three fields of learning.

The theatre program has been honored by the Kennedy Center American College Theater Festival consistently for many years. Albright's Domino Players Company has been invited to perform at the Region II KCACTF Festival 10 times in the last 18 years (2004, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2020). At the National Conference held every April in Washington DC, Albright's theatre program has garnered dozens of awards for distinguished work in performance, direction, dramaturgy, scenic, sound, costume, and lighting design. Acclaimed productions of “Waiting for Godot” (2007), “Clybourne Park” (2016), “A Raisin in the Sun” (2018) have also been named “Outstanding Production of a Play” – recognizing them as the best college production of their years. “A Raisin in the Sun” also received eight other national awards, for distinguished performance, scenic and lighting design, director and performances.

The Albright Creative Research Experience (ACRE) is a multi-disciplinary program that affords undergraduate students the opportunity to conduct research or pursue creative endeavors during the three-week January Interim or summer break. The students, who work one-on-one with faculty members, can be from any discipline, from STEM subjects to the humanities.

Rankings
In 2017, Albright College was named one of the "Best Northeastern" schools by The Princeton Review; this was the fourteenth consecutive year that the college was included in that category. For 2024, U.S. News & World Report ranked the college tied at #146 out of 211 in National Liberal Arts Colleges and tied at #31 in Top Performers on Social Mobility. In 2018, U.S. News ranked Albright 33rd out of 208 national liberal arts colleges in the "Campus Ethnic Diversity" category, and in the "Economic Diversity" category, Albright ranked 27th out of 210 national liberal arts schools. The Economist magazine listed Albright among the top 50 American colleges and universities for economic value in 2015.

Athletics
Albright College athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III as a member of the Middle Atlantic Conferences.

Charles "Pop" Kelchner founded the men's basketball team in 1900 and was athletic director at Albright College for 21 years. He was involved in aspects of Major League Baseball for over 50 years. Albright College dedicated the baseball field as Kelchner Field in 1952. Branch Rickey gave the dedication speech, with Connie Mack in attendance. Kelchner was a graduate of Lafayette College with two degrees and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, Classical Latin and Greek. He served as Professor of Languages and athletic director.

Doggie Julian was the head football coach at Albright from 1929 to 1930. Clarence Lester "Biggie" Munn was the head football coach at Albright College from 1935 to 1936, before coaching Syracuse University (1946), and most notably Michigan State College (1947–1953), where his 1952 squad won a national championship.

William "Lone Star" Dietz was the director of athletics and head football coach at Albright from 1937 to 1942. Dietz led the football team to their first undefeated season in 1937. He previously led Washington State to 1916 Rose Bowl victory. In the National Football League, Dietz had coached the Boston "Redskins" (1933–1934), the forerunner of the Washington Commanders. Dietz is in the Albright College Athletic Hall of Fame and the College Football Hall of Fame.

In 1948, the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) and Albright College played the first intercollegiate football game between an Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) institution and a majority-white institution.

The Philadelphia Eagles held pre-season training camp at Albright from 1968 through 1972.

Wilbur G. Renken was athletic director and basketball head coach for 38 consecutive seasons. A highly regarded figure in collegiate athletics in general and specifically basketball, Renken was the president of the United States Olympic Basketball Team Selection Committee for the 1976 Olympic Games. He also served as the president of the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) in 1979–1980.

On October 11, 2017, sophomore backup quarterback Gyree Durante was dismissed from the football team for kneeling during the national anthem before the team's game against Delaware Valley University, going against a collective team decision made before the game to kneel for the coin toss and stand for the anthem. Then-president Jacquelyn Fetrow later offered reinstatement to the team to Durante (and two other players who did not fully kneel during the coin toss), saying that further review of the details surrounding the game's events found that "what we understood to be shared agreement among players, student leaders and coaches has not been adequately supported.”. Durante, however, declined reinstatement, citing his former teammates' stated lack of trust in him.

WXAC
Albright's campus radio station, WXAC 91.3 FM is a student-operated college radio station. The initial call name was WALC, but was later changed to WXAC on March 8, 1965. WALC had been the same call name for the Alcoa Steamship Lines.

Notable alumni

 * Chester Anuszak (stage name: Jon Dough), class of 1984, adult film actor
 * Haps Benfer, class of 1914, college football, basketball, and baseball head coach
 * Joseph E. Coleman, class of 1948, politician, attorney and chemist; first African-American elected president of Philadelphia City Council
 * Leo Disend, class of 1938, played tackle with the Green Bay Packers and the Brooklyn Dodgers football team
 * Edwin Erickson, class of 1960, State Senator, Pennsylvania
 * Jacquelyn S. Fetrow, class of 1982, computational biologist, former president of Albright College, former Provost and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Richmond
 * John Fetterman, class of 1991, United States Senator, 2023-Present; 34th Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, 2019–2023
 * Doris Freedman, class of 1950, pioneer in the field of public art
 * Robert Gerhart, class of 1941, Pennsylvania State Senator for the 11th district from 1969 to 1972
 * Robert P. Hollenbeck (born 1931), politician who served six terms in the New Jersey General Assembly from the 36th Legislative District.
 * Thomas R. Kline, class of 1969, leading trial lawyer
 * Casey Lawrence, class of 2010, professional baseball pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays of Major League Baseball
 * Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, class of 1994, Kenyan poet and author, Associate Professor of English and Africana Studies at Cornell University
 * Hidy Ochiai, class of 1966, author and actor, introduced the Washin-Ryu style of karate in the United States
 * Anthony Portantino, class of 1983, State Senator, California
 * Danene Sorace, class of 1994, Mayor of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, former director of Answer program at Rutgers University.
 * Bob Spitz, class of 1971, celebrity biographer
 * Matthew Urbanski, class of 1985, landscape architect
 * Russell Weigley, class of 1952, Distinguished University Professor of History at Temple University
 * Victor Yarnell, class of 1951, 41st Mayor of Reading, Pennsylvania

title: Albright College


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/George F. Kennan

George F. Kennan
Another article I found quite helpful, especially with all the citations. JBurnham 14:43, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC) ***It would also be quite helpful to include Kennan's various positions (ambassador, etc) as well as the fact that he is a writer in the first sentence. As it is, you have to read to the entire intro to find out exactly what he did. I would rewrite the first sentence as "George F. Kennen, (dates) American writer, political critic and ambassador known as "the father of containment" and a leading figure in the Cold War." After reading the intro, I must say I'm still not exactly clear on what Kennen did beside being a political critic and ambassador. You mention that he left the State Department in 1950, but what did he do at the State Department? That's not stated in the intro. Ganymead 20:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object for now. The lead section is quite overwhelming at 5 paragraphs, four of them long--that should be cut down to about 2, perhaps 3. Meelar (talk) 16:18, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Better? JBurnham 16:48, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Lead could still be more concise, but I change my vote to support. Meelar (talk) 17:50, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Ganymead 04:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This should clear up the above. JBurnham 21:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Object There needs to be a proper "references" section per Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus comment above. Paul August ☎ 20:39, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Minor object, should this quote: if were are really all-powerful, and could hope to get away with it. I very much doubted that this was the case, read we are? There are 4 inline links to webpages that should be turned into footnotes. I think that external links to 10 obituries is a bit excessive. The book section should be called biblography or publications so that it is clear that those books were written by Keenan--nixie 00:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) --nixie 00:30, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * See The only objection I did not resolve was the four inline links. I'm holding off on that since there seems to be a reason for including some as inline references while others as footnotes. The references to print material are in the footnotes. The references that can be found online are the inline citations. IMO the more inline links to webpages, the easier it is for the reader. JBurnham 10:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with JBurnham on this. Meelar (talk) 19:13, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I think its best to apply one system to everything, but I'll remove the objection if more people support. --nixie 05:32, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Minor object . No references. I see them in Notes, but this is not proper formatting. After this is formatted properly, I will likely support. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 20:38, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The very last edit changed the formating. I changed it back to "References and notes," so this should no longer be a problem. JBurnham 21:17, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What I'd like is to see a REFERENCE sections, listing books with their ISBN numbers and such, as per Cite sources. I am not objecting anymore, but I can't support until this section is properly created. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 09:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * All right, I support now. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. My only reservation about this is that I feel that the Lead lacks punch but this concern is not strong enough to merit any objection. --Theo (Talk) 14:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That's probably my fault, since I modfified the original lead. Let me know how I can fix that. JBurnham 15:35, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I have been bold and copy edited the lead myself. I may have deleted information that is not covered in the main body of the article (although I believe that the lead should summarise material that is covered in more detail later) so do check it and insert the lost details into the appropriate parts of the body.  I would do it myself but I am off to bed. --Theo  (Talk) 00:56, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Excellent work. The prose flows much better now. I don't see any problems, BTW. JBurnham 02:08, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, although the prose could use tightening up in places. --Scimitar 20:22, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support An important article for the main page. (Though I could have been less gutless and included more on some of his controversial recent work when writing this article.) 172 06:17, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text: Talk:Cave Troll

title: Talk:Cave Troll