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Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo

Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo (August 30, 1727 – March 3, 1804) was an Italian painter and printmaker in etching. He was the son of artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and elder brother of Lorenzo Baldissera Tiepolo.

Life history
Domenico was born in Venice, studied under his father, and by the age of 13 was the elder Tiepolo's chief assistant. He was one of the many assistants, including his brother Lorenzo, who transferred the designs of his father (often executed in 'oil sketch es). By the age of 20, he was producing his own work for commissioners.

He assisted his father in Würzburg 1751–3, decorating the famous stairwell fresco, in Vicenza at the Villa Valmarana ai Nani in 1757, and at the Royal Palace of Madrid for Charles III of Spain from 1762 to 1770.

Works
His painting style developed after the death of his father in 1770, at which time he returned to Venice, and worked there as well as in Genoa and Padua. His painting, though keeping the decorative influence of his father, moved from its spatial fancy and began to take a more realistic direction. His portraits and scenes of life in Venice are characterised by movement, colour, and deliberate composition.

After a lapse of 15 years, his work developed from the religious and mythological subjects of his father to a more secular style. He produced 104 sketches of Punchinello, the standard character of the commedia dell'arte (which would later become Punch in Punch and Judy), a physically deformed clown. These were created as 'Entertainments for the Children', and attempted to poke fun at the pretensions and behaviour of the viewer.

The same protagonist featured in frescos (1759-1797) in his villa di Zianigo near Mirano. These frescoes were detached and nearly sold to be dealt once again in France, but the then Minister of Public Education, blocked the export and acquired them for the city of Venice. Since 1936, they have been on display, in a near replica of the original arrangement, in the Ca Rezzonico Museum on the Grand Canal. The frescoes have undergone recent restoration. The scenes depict often cryptic events, part genre and part epic-farce, of crowds of Pulcinellos at play and work, as well as a carnival scene. The genre thematic and humor are strikingly different from the grand epic apotheoses painted his father.

Drawings and prints
Many of Domenico's works are drawings with ink wash, and he was a fine draftsman, although weaker than his father. His St. Ambrose Addressing the Young St. Augustine sketch is typical of the commissions he would receive. St. Ambrose, with the crozier and mitre, addresses and gives religious instruction to the beardless Saint Augustine. The composition has the pomp and grandiosity of his father's work, set out as if part of a theatrical display. He, however, took 18th-century Venice as the setting for this 4th-century act, drawing on his experience of the city and his many works depicting life in it.

Domenico was also a significant printmaker in etching, often reproducing his own or his father's paintings. But his original compositions include a series of twenty-four illustrations of the Idee Pittoresche sulla Fuga in Egitto ("Picturesque Scenes from the Flight into Egypt"), and one of the fourteen Stations of the Cross.

Collections
The Prado Museum, The Art Gallery of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia), the Blanton Museum of Art (University of Texas, Austin), the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Finnish National Gallery, the Honolulu Museum of Art, the Indiana University Art Museum, Kunst Indeks Danmark, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen, the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg, the Musée du Louvre (Paris), Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum (Madrid), Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya (Barcelona), the National Gallery (London), the National Museums and Galleries of Wales, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pinacoteca Ambrosiana (Milan), Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan), the Portland Art Museum, the Lázaro Galdiano Museum (Madrid), the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, the Seattle Art Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando (Madrid), the Wadsworth Atheneum, and the Rosen House at Caramooor Center for Music & the Arts, are among the public collections holding paintings by Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo.

Selected works

 * The quack or tooth puller (1754) - Musée du Louvre, Paris
 * A New Testament (edition 2006)

title: Giovanni Domenico Tiepolo


text:
Talk:Philippines/Archive 1

Untitled
The messages below were archived on June 13, 2005.

Just wondering if this is relevant enough to include in the main article:
"For comparison, although the Philippines is only slightly larger then the US State of Arizona, it has about 16 times the population and population density." --JM

Why are CALABARZON and MIMAROPA all upper case? -- Zoe

 * They are acronyms for the provinces comprising the regions. To wit:

 * CALABARZON: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon
 * MIMAROPA: Mindoro (Occidental and Oriental), Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan

 * --seav

 * Could you make that clear in the article, please? -- Zoe

 * I've stuck the full versions in parentheses after the acronym. Maybe there's a better way to do it, I don't know. --Camembert

Is it necessary to have history here AND in the history of the philippines?

 * I agree that history here is too long for an introduction to the main article. I'll shorten it later and move the details to the main article. --seav

im doing it now Vera Cruz done Vera Cruz

-

I've completed the template for this country, but I'm left with some uncertainties. Could anyone (I'm guessing seav would be a good candidate) clarify what the exact status of the Filipino language is and how English ties into it all? The Factbook and pages here seem to suggest both are of equal official status, but the Philippine government pages and the State department make a distinction in their status, with English not entirely equal to Filipino. Also, just what is the difference between the Filipino language and Pilipino?

 * According to sections 6 and 7 of Article 14 our 1987 Constitution (the current), Filipino is the national language while Filipino and English are both official languages:

 * Section 6. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino. As it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.

 * Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.

 * Section 7. For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English.

 * —Article XIV, 1987 Constitution of the Philippines

 * Regarding Pilipino and Filipino language, I'm not entirely sure myself (I was hoping some linguistics or history person would come in), but from what I was taught, Pilipino is the official language since 1946? to 1973 and Filipino afterwards. Honestly, we don't see much difference and there is a continuing debate regarding the Tagalog-centric nature of Filipino, especially coming from the the Cebuano-speaking lot.
 * seav

 * Thanks, I think I'll include both in the table then, seeing as it seems to me that this issue is not entirely resolved just yet. I read that PGMA recently restored English in higher education and it struck me as odd that the governmental portal was entirely in English, without a link to a Filipino version. Mind you, part of the difficulty is that our use of "Official language" can mean different things to different people. -Scipius 23:34 29 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Although Filipino is the national language, it is very awkward to have some documents in Filipino. That's why most Philippine sites (sadly, including government sites) use English. seav

Tagalog and English
Allow me to display my horrible ignorance. :)

Although Filipino (for practical purposes is Tagalog) and English are the official languages, Filipinos use Tagalog ( or native vernaculars like Cebuano, Ilonggo, etc.) for informal purposes and English for formal purposes. The spoken/oral language is Tagalog and other vernaculars like Ilonngo, Cebuano, Ilocano,etc..

The written language is English.

Filipinos would much rather have their text books like calculus, physics, chemistry, etc. written and taught in English rather than Tagalog. At home with family and friends however, most use their vernaculars (Tagalog for most). If English is used, there is an air or atmosphere of formality such as in school, government, ceremonies, etc.. It would be horrible nightmare for us Filipinos to study Engineering or Medicine in Pure Tagalog.

Pilipino is a more native word or pronounciation for Filipino, just like Nipponggo or Nihonggo is to Japanese, or Francais to French. There is no f sound in the original Tagalog.

Since Filipinos are very well oriented with English, a large influx of English words is expected into Tagalog. It is customary to substitue English words even if the word exists in the original vernacular.

Note also that natives like to speak their own vernaculars. e.g. Cebuanos and Illongo speakers don't like to speak Tagalog in their hometowns.

Jondel 10:23, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

-- I taught Physics in the country and many of the vernacular languages do not have native terms for many scientific concepts so almost all variables and terms had to be in english but the explanations can be in any language.

 * My dad (Angel Martinez)taught college Physics for almost 35 years at De La Salle University. His name might still be found in the laboratory manuals. English is used for Physics. But I 've had classmates in Japan from Indonesea and Malaysia. Their books on Physics, Math, Medicine etc. are in their languages. Explanations can be in any language.--Jondel 14:37, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

- Thats cool, good University. I agree with you, like I said explanations can be in any language. I don't want to start an arguement with you and hope you did not take offense. Anyways the local dialect where I taught was Kinaraya and is a cool language. -

Finally, I've altered the national motto. My research revealed that "Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa" was indeed the motto under Marcos and perhaps later, but the Republic Act No. 8491 from 1998 states under Ch. 3, Sec. 40 the current motto, which also seems to be part of the Philippine Pledge of Allegiance. The English translation is mine and may be somewhat incorrect, though I believe it covers the four parts. Please correct if necessary. -Scipius 17:24 29 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I was hesitant to include the "Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa" because that was associated with the dictator, but I couldn't find any source about the new motto if there is one. And yes, it is part of the Pledge of Allegiance (though I don't know the Pledge's new version ever since they changed it after I graduated from high school).

 * Regarding the translation, that would probably be good enough. "Maka-", strictly speaking, does not mean "love of" or "love for". Hmmm... when we say that someone is "Maka-Diyos" it may either mean that he loves God, is for God, is religious, or supports God. seav

 * If you feel it can be bettered, then please do (though try to keep it short ;)). My translation was the result of Googling for the four terms and some common sense. Would you perhaps say that "For God, People, Nature & Country" would be a better translation? -Scipius 23:34 29 May 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the translation on the page is better than the one above. seav

Republika ng Pilipinas National motto:

Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa

(Filipino: “For Love of God, People, Nature and Country”)  Capital: Manila Official languages: Filipino and English President: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo National anthem: Lupang Hinirang Area: 300,000 km² (70th largest; 0.6% water). Population:

2002 estimate—84,525,639 (12th largest).

Density—282 per km². Independence:

Declared—June 12, 1898 (from Spain).

Recognized—July 4, 1946 (from the United States). Currency:

Philippine Peso (Piso; PHP).

1 peso = 100 centavos. Time zone: UTC +8 Internet TLD: .ph Calling Code: 63

Trying out World Book Encyclopedia–style fact list. What do you think?—seav 07:44 9 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I think you ought to have discussed it at WikiProject Countries first. That's where the standard is set. - Montréalais

 * Uhhh..... I did. Only mav answered. —seav 07:21 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * ...and he told you he didn't like it. I agree with him, fwiw. - Montréalais 07:53 27 Jul 2003 (UTC)

"Moro Province"?
The article on General John Pershing says that he was appointed governor of the Philippines "Moro Province" in 1909. I assume this was some sub-division of the Philippines at the time that is no longer used? I could find no info at either Regions of the Philippines or Provinces of the Philippines. Does someone have some info on this, and perhaps any other formerly used historic divisions? -- Infrogmation 20:46, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * There are a lot of previous provinces in the Philippines that have now been split up. I don't have the source but I seem to have read something about the Moro province covering most, if not all, of Mindanao. I plan on including a semi-detailed history about the reorganization of provinces in the Provinces of the Philippines article but I definitely lack a comprehensive source of information. --seav 12:44, Feb 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * UPDATE: Here's an article that somewhat explains what Moro province is: --seav 12:48, Feb 11, 2004 (UTC)

Filipino Inventors
I'd like to open a new page or category in one of the Filipino web page.

 * Agapito Flores - There is seems to be another who is listed as the inventor of the Flourescent lamp in the wikipedia (?!!) Isn't he recognized as the inventor?I thought he applied for a patent and sold it to GE (?) Could we get some authoritative source?

 * I'm quite sure Agapito Flores is an urban legend. See . --seav 19:50, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ethernet card - This card can be found in almost every PC. The inventor is still alive and living in California.  He graduated from Mapua. It would be good if somebody wrote about him. It would be easy to do internet research on him. Jondel 09:03, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * You must be talking about Dado Banatao. See . --seav 19:50, May 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks, on the inventor info. Will look into it and see what I can write about it.Jondel

DEMOGRAPHICS
I reverted the changes which decreased the estimate of the native Malay population from 95% down to 80%, and the suggestion that 20% of Filipinos are mestizos. [The estimates stating 95% of the population being native Filipino are agreed upon the Filipino government, the latest Filipino census, and can be found quoted on the pages of Filipino embassy and consulate websites.]

Not only is 20% a gigantic overestimation of Filipino mestizos, but it is also historically impossible. There just weren’t enough Spaniards to have created such an immense proportion of past or present Filipinos to be mestizo.

Off all the Spanish colonies, the Philippines had the tiniest number of Spaniards, both in real numbers and as a percentage. And of these Spaniards, only a few fathered offspring in the Philippines, and of those that did father mestizos most were friars or priests.

Large-scale immigration of Spaniards, as happened in Latin America, never occurred in the Philippines. Historical evidence in Spain indicates that Spanish migrants to the Americas almost drained the entire population of Extremadura, as well as significant numbers from other regions. This never happened for the Philippines. The few that did go to the Philippines weren’t Spanish, they were mostly Mexicans, who themselves later returned to Mexico.

Added to this, native Filipinos didn’t die in the millions of introduced diseases. Native Americans had no immunities for Old World diseases, and in some areas 90% of the original populations died withing the first few years of conquest. Filipinos didn’t experience this holocaust because they are located in Asia, one of the three Old World continents, they had these diseases and the immunities to combat them.

The suggestion that the original small population of Filipino mestizos eventually mixed back into the native population, endowing every modern Filipino (or even 20% of Filipinos) with an extremely diluted amount of Spanish blood and ancesrty, is a fanaticized hypothesis.

Spanish mestizos in the Philippines were a very small and privileged minority, never surpassing more than 1% of the population at any given period. Because of the high status these half-breed-Spaniards held they were extremely endogamous, never again mixing back with natives. They thought of themselves as a separate class and ethnicity. The idea that they melded back into the native majority to make "mestizos" out of every living Filipino would suggest that they went against everything that they were taught. Mixing back with a native would "taint" the mestizo with more Malay blood than he “unfortunately” already had. Why - when the ideal for the mestizo was to have (and aspire for subsequent offspring and descendants to have) as little native ancestry as possible - would they then marry back into the native population? Answer; Filipino mestizos didn’t.

If anything, the argument could work for Latin America. Mestizos in Latin America were a growing majority, while unmixed Spaniards were a healthy large minority. So there was nothing special about the mestizos there, they had no special status, and the idealization of the Latin American wasn’t to be a mestizo - because most were this - it was to be a Spaniard. So it wasn't uncommon for Latin American mestizos to marry back into native communities; here it could be said that some Amerindians might have Spanish ancestry through an absorbed mestizo ancestor, but not in the case of the Philippines.

But anyway, the existance or not of Spanish genes among "pure Native Americans" isn't the topic.

To this day in the Philippines, because almost everyone is native (95%), the ideal is to be mestizo, and most Filipinos will falsely claim to be so, even citing the "mestiza great-great-grand-mother" or Spanish "great-great-grand-father", with no evidence other than a Spanish surname [and let's not even start with how Filipinos acquired Spanish surnames]. In Latin America, apart from the relatively large unmixed European population (aprox. 30%), the great majority are mixed-bloods (mestizos and mulattos combined, aprox. 50%) and becasue of this, the ideal is to be unmixed Spanish. So in Latin America's case, many of the mixed-bloods will falsley claim to be pure Spanish. This is called colonial mentality. Al-Andalus 03:19, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Article name
I've read the talk but couldn't find anything relevant to this issue. How come this article is at "Philippines" and not "The Philippines"? Mike H 18:53, Oct 4, 2004 (UTC)

Why has the motto been reverted to "Isang Bansa, Isang diwa"?

Shouldn't the Philippines entry link to Baybayin?
Other entries, like History of the Philippines, link to Baybayin. The main Philippines entry should, also. The entry for Baybayin begins:

Baybayin or Alibata is a pre-Hispanic Tagalog writing system that originated from the Javanese script Kavi. The writing system was believed to be in use as early as the 14th Century and was still in use during the Spanish colonization of the Philippine Islands. The term baybayin literally means spelling. Closely related scripts are Hanunóo, Buhid, and Tagbanwa.

-- just wanted to add my username to this entry -- iiams
 * Welcome iiams!! Maayong pagdating. (Actually filipinos say kamusta- how are you?, etc..). I'm puting these on my to do list.--Jondel 00:33, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Asian Religions
The opening paragraph states that there are three predominantly Christian nations in Asia: Timor-Leste, The Phillipines, and South Korea. Am I correct in thinking that Papua New Guniea, Armenia, Georgia, and Cyprus all fit that description as well? Should the article be revised so that it mentions only the East Asian countries, or should all be listed?

 * Sorry, It probably should be. People don't ussually think of Asia as including Armenia, Georgia, Cyprus, Turkey, Israel, etc.. It should be corrected to say East Asia or, to the effect that Asian Christian include Cyprus, Armenia, etc..--Jondel 00:20, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Geographically, Papua New Guinea isn't Asian, and the Cypriots, Armenians, and Georgians might well argue that they are Europeans, not Asians.Tom Radulovich 01:02, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Need to follow United Nations definitions. I'll be correcting asia to east asia in a short while.--Jondel 05:42, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't we change it back to the two predominantly Catholic nations in Asia? The other countries in question may have a Christian majority, but they are not predominantly Catholic. Armenia, Georgia, and Cyprus are not Catholic. It is doubtful that South Korea is predominantly Christian according to the Wikipedia article, but it's sure that it doesn't have a Catholic majority. --Wng 12:05, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

I have lived in the rural areas of the Philippines for 1-2 years. I am married to a Filipina. Please, I know this is a sensitive issue---and it was ceratinly never broached during the recent presidential campaign and election---but I believe mention of it is important to any in-depth description/discussion of the Philippines. That issue is overpopulation by way of its highest birth rate in all of Asia. The Catholic church is no champion of birth control, no one would dispute that fact. Perhaps this topic is overdue for discussion, and someone could integrate it into the Wikipedia article here on the Philippines. I worry for the country: wonderful, polite, hardworking people, who will be hampered to some extent I believe by a basic lack of awareness of the importance of family planning. I look forward to your comments and to a possible addition/edit in the main article at some point. Cheers.

I 'll e inserting the par below. I expect a lot of grill on this. Oh well, part of wikipedia life.

The country suffers from overpopulation by way of its highest birth rate in all of Asia. The Catholic church is no champion of birth control and impedes efforts government and NGO efforts in education and awareness of birth control and the population explotion crisis. --Jondel 14:29, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

WHO ERASED THE WHOLE ARTICLE? I PUT IT BACK! PLEASE DON'T ERASE! ：
 * No problem! Just click on the history tab (fourth), edit the page and copy the erased portion then paste back using the edit. BTW there are rules about NPOV that have to be followed, else, they have to be erased.--Jondel 14:29, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Socialism
How can the writer be so sure that socialist policies are the reason of the undevelopment? I don't exactlıy know the history of the country but I really wonder the reasons.
 * Pls feel free to edit based on factual info. Feel free to demand the reasons or basis and delete if not complied with.--Jondel 11:30, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

and also, it should be realized that Tagalog/Filipino is the most spoken language because it is the local language of Manila. It is not spoken natively by the most people in the Philippines.

Last two paragraphs very POV Deleted
Will be reorganized, reintegrated under the approp. subheadings: Nobel prizes, achievements, etc.:

Filipinos are peaceful people - Lovers of liberty and equality. However, when provoked Filipinos can show their steadfast vigilance for these by massive protests and civil disobedience. Two non-violent protests have already ousted two corrupt presidents. The first of the "People Power" revolutions was in 1986, this successful revolution gave strength to many peoples in different countries under corrupt and immoral regimes to rise up in People Power. In February 25, 2001, the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Foundation (Nobel Peace Foundation) awarded the Philippines for their “wonderful gift of the spirit. . . to the world” in the form of People Power II.

The Filipinos are a creative and intelligent people. Their nation had the first national airline in all of Asia - Philippine Airlines. The inventive Filipinos also created the Yo-yo (native hunting device), and the Karaoke (Robert del Rosario. The first Asian to have entered Harvard nd to whom credit is given for her studies that lead to the incubator is no other than a Filipino woman - Fel del Mundo.  Filipino designer Eduardo San Juan designed the Lunar Rover or more popularly known as 'moon bugger' used in Apollo landings.  The American drug giant Eli Lilly has to thank its billions of american dollar profits to a Filipino scientist Dr. Abelardo Aguilar, who discovered  Erythromycin.  However, he was never paid royalties for his discovery since lab reports he sent to the drug giant were never returned and the company registered it as its own.  The Filipino labor force contributes significant if not the major workforce in household helpers, nurses, and sailors.

--Jondel 11:19, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Cultural Identity
"Throughout Filipino history, no distinct national cultural identity was shaped". I don't know how true that is... I mean, yeah, the Philippines has been somewhat culturally disjointed through its history, but it's too bold to say outright that there was never and national cultural identity. Today you'd have to admit that Filipinos have at least some national identity. TheCoffee 21:34, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Phillippines or The Phillippines
The article title suggests the former, the usage in the article suggests the latter. Which is correct? Thryduulf 09:43, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Philippines (with one l) .  Long formal name is Republic of the Philippines. See also cia website :http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/print/rp.html --Jondel 10:20, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

original name
what was the original name of the philipines before the spanish arrived.?

 * Magellan named it something like San Lazaro at first. I heard that it should have been Maharlika and the former President Marcos wanted to change it to Maharlika. There were many tribes and regions, each speaking their own language; Ilocanos, Cebuanos, Tagalogs etc.--Jondel 00:05, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Chinese annals from the Ming Dynasty referred to the islands south of China as Ma-i. Specifically the name referred to Mindoro but more generally to the Philippine archipelago. Before the advent of Spanish explorers, the group of islands located between 9 and 18 degrees latitude in the South China Sea had no common identity. It was Ferdinand Magellan who gave that group of islands the name "Islas de San Lazaro" because he arrived on Philippine shores on the feast of St. Lazarus.

Because it was approached from the west, subsequent Spanish chroniclers described Magellan’s archipelago simply as "las islas del poniente" the islands to the west, emphasizing the westerly route to Asia that Spain claimed as its own.

Magellan may have known about or been to the Philippines having been in the Moluccas eleven years older but came back to claim governship but had to pass through a western route due to political reasons (Tordecillas treaty, : Everything to the west belongs to Spain.)--Jondel 08:35, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

The Philippines; An American Colony or Protectorate?
Unlike colonies, whilst under US control, the Philippines were allowed and maintained a form of native-based self government, which by definition made them a protectorate, and an insular areas of the United States, not a COLONLY.

Under Spanish colonial rule, the Philippines' enitre government was in the hands of the Spanish and decided in the courts of Spain and New Spain (Mexico), without any input (big or small) from local Philippine lawmakers or judges. No form of a native-based governing institution existed while under Spanish colonial rule. This made it a colony of Spain under the goverment of New Spain (which at the time was itself governed by Spaniards either directly from Spain or by those sent to govern). Al-Andalus 05:45, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added a tag to the article about the whole colony/protectorate issue. There is also some issue as to the edits saying Jose Rizal spoke different native languages or different native dialects, although I believe within the context of the sentence they are referring to the different dialects of the Filipino language. I really hope Al-Andalus and 128.253.117.XX can settle their differences in opinion. :) --Jtalledo (talk) 01:06, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * That the Philippines were a protectorate whilst under US control is NOT an opinion.

 * The Philippines were NOT a colony of the USA, by simple deffinition. You can't have a form of self-government, have free elections and native political input in the running of the country - and be considered a colony. It's just thick to not understand that. You can't argue with the definition of a word.

 * The fact that some people consider it to have been a colony, THAT is the opinion, based on emotion I might add. Al-Andalus 07:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC).

 * Philippines was a colony. No matter what Americans say, they have slaughtered over one million Pinoys during the "INVASION!!!!!"  It is disgusting to say that the Americans are treated as saints compared to Spain.  Both are same.  Cruel and disgusting!  I am so Glad that the Americans are out of the Philippines!!!

Editing External links
There's a lot of links in the External links section - I believe we should edit the list, according to the guidelines in External links. I believe we should keep some of the links directly related to the article - including most of the official sites and keep 3-5 major links in the other categories. Below is the list of links - the ones that say keep, I believe we should keep. I have also suggested some links to be moved to pages that are more closely related to the topic of the website. Reply with your thoughts. --Jtalledo (talk) 14:51, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Official websites
 * www.gov.ph - Government portal (keep)
 * www.op.gov.ph - Office of the President (keep)
 * www.senate.gov.ph - Senate (move to: Politics of the Philippines)
 * www.congress.gov.ph - House of Representatives (move to: Politics of the Philippines)
 * www.supremecourt.gov.ph - Supreme Court (keep)
 * www.comelec.gov.ph - Commission on Elections (move to: Politics of the Philippines)
 * www.dfa.gov.ph - Department of Foreign Affairs (keep)
 * www.wowphilippines.com.ph - Department of Tourism (keep)
 * www.afp.mil.ph - Armed Forces of the Philippines (move to: Military of the Philippines)

News websites

''I've tried to keep the major news networks and papers with print editions here. ''
 * Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News (http://www.inq7.net)
 * ABS-CBN News (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com) (keep)
 * Philippine Star (http://www.philstar.com) (keep)
 * The Manila Bulletin Online (http://www.mb.com.ph) (keep)
 * The Manila Times Online (http://www.manilatimes.net) (keep)
 * Sun Star Network Online (http://www.sunstar.com.ph)
 * The Daily Tribune Online (http://www.tribune.net.ph) (keep)
 * Malaya Online (http://www.malaya.com.ph) (keep)
 * Today Online (http://www.today.net.ph)
 * Kabayan Online (http://www.kabayanonline.com) (keep)
 * UNTV37 Newsmagazine Service (http://www.untvweb.com)
 * The Filipino Reporter Online (http://www.filipinoreporter.com) (keep)
 * Fast Update - Philippines (http://www.geocities.com/benign0/admin/news.html)

Other websites
 * Philippine Independence Day Celebration NY (http://www.pidci.org) (keep)
 * The Filipino Solidarity Project (http://www.los-indios-bravos.com/) Non-profit non-commercial site devoted to fostering historical, political, cultural and social awareness (keep)
 * Philippines Defense Forces Forum (http://s3.invisionfree.com/Defense_Philippines/index.php) (move to: Politics of the Philippines)
 * CIA World Factbook - Philippines (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html) (keep)
 * Tanikalang Ginto (http://www.filipinolinks.com) - Philippine links directory
 * Alleba.com (http://www.alleba.com) - WWW Virtual Library of the Philippines (keep)
 * Yehey.com (http://www.yehey.com) - Most popular Philippine portal
 * NFSP.org (http://www.nfsp-philippines.org) - National Federation of Sugarcane Planters - Philippines (move to: Economy of the Philippines)
 * ManilaMail (http://www.manilamail.com) - a reference point for understanding the Philippines and Filipinos
 * Philippines Hotel & Resort (http://www.philippines-hotel-resort.org) directory
 * DivingObsession.com - Phillipines (http://www.divingobsession.com/destination/region.tdf?regionId=180) - A guide to scuba diving in the Phillipines
 * Christian Community Portal (http://www.kaanib.net) (move to: Religion in the Philippines)
 * Filipino Community Forum (http://s6.invisionfree.com/Filipino_Community/index.php?act=idx) - Filipino Community Forum for Filipinos around the world (move to: Religion in the Philippines)
 * UP Rifle Pistol Team (http://uprpt.cjb.net) - Rifle Pistol Team Organization in the Philippines (move to: University of the Philippines)

 * Well, I trimmed down the links. I didn't follow the above plan to the letter, but the links are now down to a good size now. Compare article versions if you want. --Jtalledo (talk) 07:35, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

University of Santo Tomas
Anyone familiar with this university, please offer your opinions at Talk:University of Santo Tomas, regarding a long slow-motion edit war. -- Curps 00:12, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

---

Comments by User:Christian1611 on the above moved to Talk:University of Santo Tomas (the user with the opposing point of view has already posted there, and it's best to centralize the discussion there). -- Curps 16:27, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Spanish in the Philippines
There have been vandalisms in both the Spanish and English Wikipedia especially on the Philippines pages insisting that Spanish is an official or a spoken language there. This is a delusion. Unless you consider Chavacano a Spanish language, and about 2000 (?) individuals, we filipinos know it is not.--Jondel 01:20, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Now someone has added a "Cultural language" category to the infobox just to put the Spanish language. Is this really necessary? I don't believe many other articles on countries here have that in their infoboxes. --Jtalledo (talk) 04:36, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * No. Some kind of special mention or recogntion might be good. Please see Spanish in the Philippines. --Jondel 05:09, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Perhaps they're referring to the institution of the Spanish language as part of the curricula in most academes? All my former professors (the old-timers anyway) say that the least Spanish units they took in university was 12. Today, only Arts and Sciences colleges have Spanish in their syllabus and about 3 units at least. So it was considered a Philippine language before but it is no longer in use. Jute

Just discovered something about Spanish. Presidential Decree No. 155 (march 15, 1973) states that Spanish shall continue to be recognized as an official language in the Philippines. This is because most of the country's old laws are enacted in Spanish. This decree will apparently hold until such a time that the documents are translated into either Filipino or English. Jute

Religion
..This makes the country the largest Christian population in the Asia - Pacific region with 95% belong to the Christian fate

Does anyone have a reference to this claim? And is it really important enough to mention it here or should it be in the article Religion in the Philippines? --Jtalledo (talk) 04:42, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * East Timor has a population with more than 95 % Christian and the region should be East Asia.--Jondel 05:06, 22 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, the Philippines can easily be the country with the largest Christian population in Asia. Indonesia is considered the largest Muslim country in the world although it has lower percentage than most of the Middle Eastern countries. The largest Christian population should be based on the actual number, not the percentage. Being the 12th most populous country, there are actually only few countries that have more Christians or Catholics than the Philippines: USA, Brazil, and Mexico. It's possible that Russia might have more Christians as well. However, the Asian part or Russia have less population compared to the Philippines, so the Philippines can therefore claim to be the country with the largest Christian population in Asia. The other more populous countries do not have more Christians than the Philippines: China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Japan. --Wng 12:27, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

U.S. Connection or Intervention?
There seems to be a little edit war going on regarding the title of one of the headings. Someone keeps changing it from "The U.S. Connection" to "The U.S. Intervention". Heck, someone even changed it to "The U.S. Invasion". The "Invasion" word seems very POV and suspect in its possible justification, but what about "Intervention"? Is it POV? Which is the more accurate title for the section? --Jtalledo (talk) 14:24, 30 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Philippine-American War
>>>I think the Philippine-American war should also be listed here, as part of the Philippine History where in the Americans killed several thousand native Filipinos, mostly civilians. This would be really interesting.<<< Especially since the Spanish gave up/sold the Philippines to the Americans via the Treaty of Paris. We all know that the Philippine people were colonized by the Spanish...but most obviously RAPED (of their culture and pride) and ENSLAVED by the Kingdom and Conquistadors of Spain (as were the many Latin American countries). The Filipinos were definitely distraught over this deal between two major countries. Early american soldiers surely didn't want to be in a country where people did not want them. But at least they stayed and eventually there was some form of defense from the SLAUGHTERING JAPANESE who arrived in World War II. Who know's what kind of holocaust may have occurred if Americans hadn't stayed to fight along side their Filipino soldier comrads. Yes, the "American Cemetery" in Manila is filled with mostly Filipino soldiers, but it was the American military and General Douglas McArthur who vowed to return and liberate the Philippines, asia, and all of it's people from the tirany of the Japanese Empire. America is no saint...but neither were the Spanish or Japenese. But if you were to offer a Filipino an opportunity to WORK in either of the 3 countries...which one do you think they'd choose??? Hmmmmm....    as this person continued to state>>>>>I wish that the editors here would focus more on the important events rather than the DEMOGRAPHICS or racial composition of Philippines.<<< (what? do expect the editor to focus on how the Philippines was invaded and taken over by several destructive countries??  or how about how the philippines was robbed of it's heritage by the oppressionistic rulers of spain and it's unfair/unholy catholic leaders?!)))

Major Regional Languages instead of Working Languages
I did two things and I'll tell you why.

1. Change Working Languages to Major Regional Languages. What is a "working" language? I don't know.

2. The languages listed under Working Languages, with the exception of Cebuano, are not spoken by a great number of Filipinos. Perhaps Chabacano is an exception, too, but there are many other languages that are spoken more than Chabacano. And I have listed those. The languages I listed are spoken at the very least by one million Filipinos as a native language. I know some Tausugs and their Arabic is only limited to basic phrases like wassalam and assalamu alaykum.

That's it. Ayos na ba? --Chris 00:57, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

.............

 * The phrase Working Languages was used in describing the languages of East Timor. As far as I can tell, they are languages that are NOT meant to be official or expected to be permanent, but are useful lingua francas due to significance or current popularity as in the case of East Timor, Indonesean and English. Hence, they are not appropriate. Major Regional language is much better. Let us not delude ourselves with Spanish. It is not getting popular.--Jondel 01:29, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * To the anonymous user from Oz ... But Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic are far from being languages of any great significance in the country. If you feel that they must be noted, then make mention of them somewhere with respects to the subtopics of economic and marketing - if indeed they are used in those respects.

 * What am I worried about? I am worried that people who know nothing about the Philippines will get the wrong impression about the country. The real Philippines isn't a monoculture as the "Filipino" language suggests. But it's a multicultural archipelago which has been that long before the first Europeans set foot there. Spanish, Chinese, and Arabic in no way faithfully represent the rich diversity of ethnolinguistic groups there. Let us not kid ourselves. Furthermore, should various countries in the world put English as a working language even when other languages represent its cultures more and English really doesn't? Of course not! --Chris 19:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

No unifying language problem
Spanish(or Tagalog or English or Cebuano) is OK but there is regional social peer pressure to not speak a non-native language.
 * Language is a problem in the Philippines. (We do need a unifying language)
 * Many don't speak English or Tagalog (consider Cebuanos, Ilocanos, etc.) at home. (Tagalogs of course speak Tagalog)
 * Filipinos have no Unifying language
 * There is a feeling that Tagalog should be the national language. However, Cebuanos, Ilocanos and other regional speakers refuse to speak Tagalog at home (of course with other regional speakers they speak Tagalog and English as the lingua franca). This is one reason why Quezon and his committee named the language Filipino/Pilipino and not Tagalog - for fear of repercussions from other regional speakers, especially the Cebuanos.
 * There is regional peer social pressure to not speak a non-native language; e.g. English and Spanish are considered the language of the rich or elitist. English is used in formal situations. There is an atmosphere of formality or academia, etc., when it is spoken.
 * English is too embedded as the language of education and government; e.g. try to convince a medical student to study Medicine in Filipino or calculus in Filipino/Tagalog/Cebuano and see what happens. In general people read and write in English but speak Tagalog or the regional language.
 * Most Filipinos may not know this but we have around 13 million Spanish manuscripts in the Philippine historical archives. Some of the land titles are still in Spanish. People around 55 years old and above have birth certificates written in both English and Spanish.
 * Living in Japan where there are many foreigners speaking different languages, I realize that there are too many language hang-ups in Filipino society. For me it really doesn't matter what language you speak (I like languages). Not having a unified common language presents problems. Not being able to express emotions, etc., or the feeling of awkwardness, or being misunderstood is a big problem. If a battered Bisaya wife presents her problems in a court of law in Manila (where Tagalog is spoken but English is used), she may fear being laughed at because her regional ('probinsya') accent comes out, complicating matters more. There is an outsider mentality which non-native speakers vividly feel. There was a Malaysian student at my University who looked like a Filipino. He was scolded for talking in English and not Tagalog; the librarian accused him of being elitist ('ang yabang mo', ek ek). He explained that he was Malaysian and not Filipino and could speak only in English and Malaysian. There are many similar cases like this.  --Jondel 00:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ethnic Austronesians?
What is an ethnic Austranesian?

First of all we must outline what "ethnic" and "ethnicity" actually mean.

Then we must determine if we can honestly deem the speakers of the world's largest spanning linguistic family as a monolithic "ethnic" group, when in fact most so called "Austronesians" (ie speakers of Austronesian languages) are actually belong to various unrelated TRUE "ethnic groups"; Malays, native Taiwanese, Polynesians, etc. These groups have nothing in common with one another, other than their current spoken languages being derived from an ancient proto-Austronesian language spoken tens of thousands of years ago. The Malays (of the Malay archipelago, which encompasses the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia) as a group are a valid ethnic grouping, as these people's cultures, customs, and traditional tribal beliefs - prior to the relatively recent introduction of Abrahamic religions - are a common shared related and intertwined heritage.

To propose the label "ethnic Austronesian" is like proposing "ethnic Indo-European". No such thing exists, because Indo-European is a linguistic group, even though within this linguistic group one can often find "ethnic groupings", but which are unrelated.

That which makes an "ethnic Afghan" related to an "ethnic Bengali" and "ethnic Hindu" - but not "ethnically" related to the examples which will be given below - is their cultural customs (a.k.a. ethnicity), not their languages (which are Indo-European). Likewise, that which makes an "ethnic Spaniard" related to an "ethnic German" and an "ethnic Greek" - but not "ethnically" related to the examples which were given above - is their shared cultural customs (a.k.a. ethnicity) not their languages (which are also Indo-European).

"Ethnic Austronesian" is a very poor attempt at coining a new "ethnic" category in order to avoid using "Malay" (which is a true group, whether people want to belong to it or not). In fact, by simple definition of "ethnic" grouping, "Ethnic Austronesian" fails to meet every criteria of what constitutes an ethnicity; customs, codes, traditions and ancestral ties. Ancient linguistic relationship is one of the last factors looked in defining an ethnic group, and it is most certainly not the ONLY factor to be used when determining "ethnicity".

Ancient linguistic relationships, are just that; an ancient linguistic relationship. I can't stress this enough. One wouldn't propose both people from Turkey and Japan are "ethnic Uralo-Altaics", because Turkish and Japanese are proposed members of this linguistic family. Even if it was shown that they are members of this family of languages, this only makes them related languages, not an "ethnic grouping", especially not in the context of what "ethnicity" means, and considering the unrelatedness of modern Turkish and Japanese people. Such is the case of the Polynesians, native Taiwanese and Malays suggested to be "ethnic Austronesians".

"Also, I reverted Malay to Austronesian. Malay is a misleading term that is being avoided." Quoted from an Edit Summary posted by user Christopher Sundita on 00:45, 3 Jun 2005.

The term Malay could only be "a misleading term" for the uneducated and academically ignorant. Well, aren't we lucky that the purpose of Wikipedia (and education in general) is to combat academic ignorance in an effort to educate all those wishing to learn ;

Typo on the Area section of the infobox
• Total 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) (72rd)

It should probably say 72nd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.190.67.21 (talk) 07:13, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Already corrected - thanks for the suggestion! BushelCandle (talk) 14:19, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 12 March 2017
Please add this to the page ClueBotNg (talk) 15:19, 12 March 2017 (UTC)

Edit request
Context should be shown that Philippine-war was preceded by the Spanish-american war. America Liberated Philippines from 300 years of Spanish rule, the Spaniards fueled a guerilla war against America. America restructured Philippines over a generation into a democracy and fought off the Japanese occupation. then let the country go. obviously America kept their military bases for obvious reasons. context should be added, my grandpa fought in the Philippines and a lot of his buddies died there. now they have freedom. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:e000:fb89:7800:f593:261f:8032:deaa (talk) 19:12, 1 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Please note that Wikipedia does not publish original research, so you'll need to cite reliable sources for any specific addition or change you're proposing. Rivertorch   FIRE WATER   03:04, 2 June 2017 (UTC)

Marawi Conflict
23 of May 2017 while the importance of being able to see the terrorist attacks to happen this brutal siege that has comprise of the Philippine government against the ISIS insurgency in the Visayas region of the Philippines Brutal long siege in recent conflicts that has happened in the region has finally subsided as the ISIS insurgence had lost eventually in this long hard fought brutal siege that should not be forgotten as part of the modern contemporary military history of the Philippines. Casualties: Philippines 168 KIA and 1,400+ wounded ISIS 978 killed 12 captured Total strength Philippines: 3,000 in June 6,500 by June ISIS: 1,000 militants @https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi 2600:4040:A4DB:A600:8059:2428:93E0:3FD6 (talk) 21:58, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Philippines/Archive 1


text:
Huevos rancheros

Huevos rancheros (, 'ranch-style eggs') is a breakfast egg dish served in the style of the traditional large mid-morning fare on rural Mexican farms.

Basic dish
The basic dish consists of fried eggs served on lightly fried or charred corn or flour tortillas topped with a spicy salsa made of tomatoes, chili peppers, and onion. Common accompaniments include refried beans, Mexican-style rice, and guacamole or slices of avocado, with cilantro as a garnish.

Variants
As the dish spread beyond Mexico, variations using pureed chile or enchilada sauce instead of tomato-chili pico de gallo have appeared. Non-Mexican additions such as cheese, sour cream, and lettuce also have become common additions beyond the dish's native range.

In New Mexico, huevos rancheros use red or green New Mexico chile instead of ranchero sauce, rarely include rice, and typically include hash browns, refried beans, and melted cheese on top. In some cases, meat is also included.

Huevos divorciados (divorced eggs) are simply two eggs served in the same style as huevos rancheros but with a different sauce for each egg – usually a salsa roja and a salsa verde.

Similar dishes are huevos motuleños of Yucatan and New Mexican enchiladas montadas.

Another variation, huevos ahogados or drowned eggs, is a traditional Mexican breakfast of eggs poached in a tomato-chile salsa.

title: Huevos rancheros


text:
James Henry

James Henry may refer to:

In government and military

 * James Henry (Continental Congress) (1731–1804), American lawyer, Continental Congressman for Virginia
 * James Buchanan Henry (1833–1915), lawyer, writer, secretary to the President, nephew and ward of James Buchanan
 * James D. Henry (1797–1834), American militia officer
 * James Henry (judge) (born 1962), justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland
 * James Henry (soldier) (1833–1911), Union Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * James R. Henry (politician) (born 1963), member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives

In sport

 * James Henry (footballer) (born 1989), English footballer for Oxford United F.C.
 * James R. Henry (American football), American college football player and coach
 * James Henry (ice hockey), American ice hockey player and coach

Other people

 * James Henry (poet) (1798–1876), Irish poet and scholar
 * James Henry (writer), British comedy writer
 * James Dupree Henry (1950–1984), American criminal executed in Florida
 * James E. Henry (1831–1912), American logging executive
 * James Macintyre Henry (1852–1929), Scottish architect
 * James S. Henry, American economist, attorney, and investigative journalist
 * James Pepper Henry, American museum director

title: James Henry


text:
What Child Is This?

"What Child Is This?" is a Christmas carol with lyrics written by William Chatterton Dix in 1865 and set to the tune of "Greensleeves", a traditional English folk song, in 1871. Although written in Great Britain, the carol today is more popular in the United States than its country of origin.

Composition
The first verse poses a rhetorical question in the first half, with the response coming in the second half. The second verse contains another question that is answered, while the final verse is a universal appeal to everyone urging them "to accept Christ". The carol's melody has been described as "soulful", "haunting and beautiful" in nature.

Context
The context of the carol centres around the Adoration of the Shepherds who visit during the Nativity of Jesus. The questions posed in the lyrics reflect what the shepherds were possibly pondering to themselves when they encountered Jesus, with the rest of the carol providing a response to their questions.

Text
What child is this, who, laid to rest On Mary's lap, is sleeping? Whom angels greet with anthems sweet While shepherds watch are keeping? This, this is Christ the King, Whom shepherds guard and angels sing; Haste, haste to bring him laud, The babe, the son of Mary.

Why lies he in such mean estate Where ox and ass are feeding? Good Christian, fear: for sinners here The silent Word is pleading. Nails, spear shall pierce him through, The cross be borne for me, for you. Hail, hail the Word made flesh, The babe, the son of Mary.

So bring him incense, gold, and myrrh, Come, peasant, king, to own him; The King of kings salvation brings, Let loving hearts enthrone him. Raise, raise a song on high, The virgin sings her lullaby. Joy, joy, for Christ is born, The babe, the son of Mary.

Background and influence
At the time he was writing the lyrics to "What Child Is This?" in 1865, William Chatterton Dix was working as the manager of an insurance company. He was afflicted by an unexpected and severe illness that resulted in him being bedridden and suffering from severe depression. His near-death experience brought about a spiritual renewal in him while he was recovering. During this time, he read the Bible comprehensively and was inspired to author hymns like "Alleluia! Sing to Jesus!" and "As with Gladness Men of Old". The precise time in 1865 when he wrote the poem "The Manger Throne" is disputed. While the St. Petersburg Times details how Dix penned the work after reading the Gospel for Epiphany that year (Matthew 2:1–12) recounting the journey of the Biblical Magi; Singer's Library of Song: Medium Voice contends that it was actually authored during the Christmas of 1865.

History
Although written in 1865, "What Child Is This?" was only first published six years later in 1871, when it featured in Christmas Carols New and Old, a "prestigious" and "influential" collection of carols that was published in the United Kingdom. The hymnal was edited by Henry Ramsden Bramley and John Stainer; even though it is not known with certainty who paired the three stanzas from "The Manger Throne" with the music from "Greensleeves", the third edition of The Christmas Encyclopedia by William D. Crump and Stories of the Great Christmas Carols both suggest that Stainer – who was also responsible for "harmoniz[ing] the musical setting" – may have done so.

title: What Child Is This?


text:
Hoseo

Hoseo is a region coinciding with the former Chungcheong Province in what is now South Korea. Today, the term refers to Daejeon, Sejong City, South Chungcheong and North Chungcheong Provinces. Hoseo people use Chungcheong dialect. The name is often used to refer to people residing in the region. Nowadays Chungcheong is more frequently used instead of Hoseo. The region will host the World University Summer Games in 2027.

title: Hoseo


text:
Assurance contract

An assurance contract, also known as a provision point mechanism, or crowdaction, is a game-theoretic mechanism and a financial technology that facilitates the voluntary creation of public goods and club goods in the face of collective action problems such as the free rider problem.

The free rider problem is that there may be actions that would benefit a large group of people, but once the action is taken, there is no way to exclude those who did not pay for the action from the benefits. This leads to a game theoretic problem: all members of a group might be better off if an action were taken, and the members of the group contributed to the cost of the action, but many members of the group may make the perfectly rational decision to let others pay for it, then reap the benefits for free, possibly with the result that no action is taken. The result of this rational game play is lower utility for everyone.

Operation
In a binding way, members of a group pledge to contribute to action A if a total contribution level is reached (often a monetary threshold, or a quorum of N members making the same pledge). If the threshold level is met (perhaps by a certain expiration date), the action is taken and the public good is provided; otherwise, the parties are not bound to carry through the action and any monetary contributions are refunded. The treatment of excess contributions varies: they may be lost, rebated proportionally to the contributors, or used to provide more of the public good.

The binding mechanism may be a contract enforced by a government, a contract enforced by a private organization (e.g. a mediator, a protection agency in an anarcho-capitalist society, etc.), an escrow organization (in such cases, the "binding contract" is "signed" by depositing funds in advance, which are later either disbursed according to the contract, or refunded), etc.

In the economics literature, assurance contracts were first described by Bagnoli and Lipman (1989). From 2005 to 2015, a website called pledgebank.com provided a way to do assurance contracts online with strangers using phrases like, "I will do ['some action'] but only if ['some number'] other people will do the same." In 2017, collaction.org released an English language website for assurance contracts, calling them 'crowdacting'.

Ideological support
Assurance contracts are popular with libertarians and anarcho-capitalists who see it as a voluntary alternative to taxation.

Assurance contracts are also relevant to international public good provision problems, as international organisations often lack the power to draw in revenue through taxation and must instead rely upon contributions from their members.

Dominant assurance contracts
Dominant assurance contracts, created by Alex Tabarrok, involve an extra component, an entrepreneur who profits when the quorum is reached and pays the signors extra if it is not. If the quorum is not formed, the signors do not pay their share and indeed actively profit from having participated since they keep the money the entrepreneur paid them. Conversely, if the quorum succeeds, the entrepreneur is compensated for taking the risk of the quorum failing. Thus, a player will benefit whether or not the quorum succeeds; if it fails the player reaps a monetary return, and if it succeeds, the player pays only a small amount more than under an assurance contract, and the public good will be provided.

Tabarrok asserts that this creates a dominant strategy of participation for all players. Because all players will calculate that it is in their best interests to participate, the contract will succeed, and the entrepreneur will be rewarded. In a meta-game, this reward is an incentive for other entrepreneurs to enter the DAC market, driving down the cost disadvantage of dominant assurance contract versus regular assurance contracts.

title: Assurance contract


text:
Busáras

Busáras (from bus + áras "building") is the central bus station in Dublin, Ireland for Intercity and regional bus services operated by Bus Éireann. Designed in the International Modern style, Busáras is also a stop on the Red Line of the Luas system, in Store Street just before the terminus at Dublin Connolly railway station. Áras Mhic Dhiarmada ("Mac Diarmada House") is the official name of the building, which also includes the headquarters of the Department of Social Protection. CIÉ, parent of Bus Éireann, leases the lower floors from the department. Áras Mhic Dhiarmada is named after Seán Mac Diarmada, a leader of the Easter Rising in 1916.

History
The need for a central bus station in Dublin was identified first by the magazine the Irish Builder and Engineer in 1937, citing the large volume of passengers waiting for buses out of Dublin along the quays without shelter or other facilities. Four potential locations were identified for the new station: Store Street, Aston Quay, Wood Quay, and Haymarket, Smithfield. Due to the location and low cost, and proximity to two roads, the Store Street site was selected by the Irish Omnibus Company. The site was also close to Amiens Street train station, and the ferry terminals at Dublin Port. The Store Street site was placed between the warehouses and stores of the Dublin docklands and the 18th century Custom House. The site was purchased for £13,000.

Michael Scott and his team of young architects and designers were engaged to design the scheme, with discussions beginning 1944. Initially a circular two-storey building was proposed for the site and with outline planning permission granted on these plans, the stores were demolished. The planned building rose from 2 to 4 storeys, as the newly formed Córas Iompar Éireann (CIÉ) sought to amalgamate all of its disparate offices across the city into the one building. The Irish Times featured a photomontage of the proposed new building with the Custom House on its front page. The montage claimed to be drawn from the submitted plans with Dublin Corporation on 3 October 1946. Scott began legal proceedings against the paper, claiming that the montage was libellous due to its misrepresentation of his design. He eventually settled for an apology and costs from the newspaper in April 1947. The prospect of a tall modern building imposed behind the Custom House generated considerable criticism from the public, and led to assurances from the Corporation that advice would be sought on the approval of any plans.

When CIÉ sought planning permission on the new, finalised plans for the bus station the planning committee rejected it by a narrow majority. After an appeal the permission was granted, again by a narrow majority, with conditions that some stylistic changes were made. In this plan, an 8-story block was mounted on a 2-storey bus station podium at the rear of the site, but it was deemed too tall as regards fire safety, and that the tower would impact on the right to light of other buildings on Store Street. This resulted the lowering of the office block scheme.

Due to financial losses in 1947, CIÉ were unable to continue construction and a new Irish government, led by John A. Costello, halted the project. The new government planned to use any office space for its own uses, rather than allowing CIÉ exclusive claim, as the government was unable to stop the project entirely. After a number of suggestions, in 1949 the proposal that the offices be taken up by the new Department of Social Welfare and the Tánaiste's office and that an unemployment office for women also be housed on the ground floor. Owing to financial strain, CIÉ sold the building to the Irish state and set about planning a more basic and utilitarian bus station in Smithfield. The Smithfield plans were rejected, and CIÉ was ultimately nationalised, and the planned bus station with office space for government use was approved. Construction on the site remained stopped from 1948 to 1951, leaving a "vast concrete carcass" unfinished with Myles na Gopaleen naming it the "bust station". It was the election of a new Fianna Fáil government in 1951 who had campaigned for the retention of the bus station, that ensured the project was completed for its intended purpose. It was officially opened on 19 October 1953 at a cost of over £1,000,000.

Architecture
The building has an L-shaped plan with two rectilinear blocks of differing heights sitting at right angles, with a circular hall at the ground floor designed in an International Modern style, influenced strongly by Le Corbusier. The British engineer Ove Arup was commissioned to oversee some of the elements of the design, such as the wavy concrete canopy which overhangs the concourse. It was designed to be a multi-functional building, with a restaurant, nightclub, cinema and other services all housed within it. The building incorporated a number of materials to create texture, such as brass, Danish bronze, copper, Portland stone cladding, Irish oak flooring, terrazzo stairways, and mosaics designed by Patrick Scott. Some of this original detailing remains.

It was one of the first modern buildings in Dublin that attempted to integrate art and architecture, utilising elements like glass facades and a pavilionised top storey with a reinforced concrete flat roof, the building won the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland Triennial Gold medal in 1955. It was heralded as "Europe’s first postwar office building" by American and British journals. The building has remained popular with architects, but less so with the public.

The Eblana Theatre, originally intended as a newsreel venue, in the basement of the building was used as a theatre venue from 1959 to 1995. The building was featured on the highest value stamp issued in the Architecture definitive postage stamp set issued in 1982 by the P&T, the forerunner of An Post.

Developments
In 2006, Bus Éireann sought planning permission for the €2 million-plus second phase of refurbishment of the building. The proposal involved repairing and cleaning the bronze glazing and brickwork at ground floor level, to be overseen by conservation architects and an expert in bronze. Proposed works on the west-facing entrance lobby included new entrances at both sides, with bronze automatic sliding doors and uplights installed to the underside of the canopy. The refurbishment work was carried out by Collen Construction over a period of seven months and had a contract value of €1.7 million.

Luas stop
Busáras is served by Dublin's Luas light rail tram system. The Luas stop is located in Store Street, and is one of only three stops on the system with an island platform. When it opened in 2004, it was the penultimate stop on the Red Line for trams travelling north to Station. In 2009, the line was extended and Busáras became the last stop before a junction, with trams either turning left to Connolly or continuing eastwards towards The Point. Passengers at Connolly who wish to board the Luas are encouraged to make the short walk to Busáras, where trams are more frequent.

title: Busáras


text:
Talk:Winterfresh

what's the ingredient that makes it taste so different from british minty chewing gum?
 * winterfresh is just wrigley's name for wintergreen. --Philip Laurence 15:45, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

I removed the part about the taste, and what could be described as highly suspectable 'side affects'. There was no reference made in the article to confirm that one could get "a cold nose, shortness of breath, a feeling of lightheadedness, attraction to the chewer, and/or nosebleed". The "attraction to the chewer" part seems very fictional sounding.

A quick Google search also produced nothing more than a few 'studies' about the taste depending on temp, and a few studies on Colgate's tooth paste with the same name. I also removed the link to "youth culture" as it no longer has any relevance. --Dunarie 02:12, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

New Packaging
I was in a store today and saw that Winterfresh has new packaging. Too bad I opened it before I came to this page. Can anybody update the picture? --Ryan Gardner 12:02, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

poland / romania
FYI - winterfresh is also available and produced in poland. poland-produced packages have polish and romanian descriptions on them so it is probably available also in romania. --83.24.32.32 10:56, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Product ownership
Big Red, Eclipse, Doublemint, 5, Extra, Freemont, Hubba Bubba, Juicy Fruit, Orbit, Spearmint, and Winterfresh gum products are currently owned by Mars, Inc. 2600:1008:B09F:C559:0:1C:5E7:4801 (talk) 22:36, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Winterfresh


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User:Delpir

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title: User:Delpir


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Anto Kovačević

Anto Kovačević (21 March 1952 – 14 November 2020) was a Croatian philosopher, publicist and politician.

A native of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kovačević earned a Ph.D. degree from the University of Vienna. He entered Croatian politics in early 1990s as one of the most prominent members of the Croatian Christian Democratic Union (HKDU). He was outspoken critic of Franjo Tuđman and his handling of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a member of opposition alliance that included the left-wing Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP), he entered the Croatian Parliament in 1995.

As the rule of Franjo Tuđman neared its end, Kovačević, as well as his party, began to distance itself from Croatian political centre and shift to hardline nationalist right, embodied in their new partners Croatian Party of Rights (HSP).

During the 2005 presidential election, Kovačević ran as HKDU candidate, finishing 8th with 0.86% of the vote. He died from COVID-19 in Zagreb on 15 November 2020, at age 68.

title: Anto Kovačević


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Haeso

Haesŏ, or Haeseo, is a region of Korea that occupies what is now North Hwanghae and South Hwanghae provinces of North Korea, as well as Baengnyeong Island and Ongjin County of South Korea. The region once hosted the Hwanghae Province of the Joseon period.

The name of the region, Haesŏ, means "West of the Sea", in reference to the region being to the west of Gyeonggi Bay, the portion of the Yellow Sea offshore of Incheon and Ganghwa Island.

Joseon and Korean Empire periods
From 1392 to 1910, the House of Yi (or "House of Ri" ( Munhwa'ŏ : 李氏朝鮮/리씨 조선) in North Korean) ruled over the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. The modern provinces of Korea were established in the 15th century. Hwanghae Province was originally formed in 1395 as Punghae Province (豐海道/풍해도 punghae-do), then was renamed to Hwanghae (黃海道/황해도 hwanghae-do) in 1417 by taking the first syllables of the provinces two principal cities: Hwangju and Haeju.

Contemporary history (1910 – present)
In 1910, Korea was annexed into the Empire of Japan, and its administrative divisions were rearranged. Hwanghae Province was reorganized into Kōkai-dō, with Kaishū (Haeju) serving as its capital.

Since 1945, most of Haeso has been under the jurisdiction of North Korea, while only several islands off the coast of South Hwanghae province are under the jurisdiction of South Korea. In 1954, Hwanghae Province was divided into the current North Hwanghae and South Hwanghae provinces.

title: Haeso


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Sacadura Cabral

Artur de Sacadura Freire Cabral, GCTE (23 May 1881 – 15 November 1924), known simply as Sacadura Cabral, was a Portuguese aviation pioneer. He, together with fellow aviator Gago Coutinho, conducted the first flight across the South Atlantic Ocean in 1922, and also the first using only astronomical navigation, from Lisbon, Portugal, to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Disappearance and aftermath
On 15 November 1924, he disappeared while flying over the English Channel, along with his co-pilot, Mechanical Corporal José Correia, due to fog and his shortening eyesight (which never kept him from flying). Although some mechanical wreckage from his seaplane was discovered four days later, the bodies were never recovered. A statue dedicated to them is located in Lisbon. Another statue is located in his hometown, Celorico da Beira. He was the granduncle of Portuguese politicians Miguel Portas and Paulo Portas.

title: Sacadura Cabral


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Roldan v. Los Angeles County

Roldan v. Los Angeles County,, 18 P.2d 706, was a 1930s court case in California confirming that the state's anti-miscegenation laws at the time did not bar the marriage of a Filipino and a white person. However, the precedent lasted barely a week before the law was specifically amended to illegalize such marriages.

Background
The case involved a Filipino American man, Salvador Roldan, engaged to a white British woman, Marjorie Rogers. Roldan was an Ilocano from northern Luzon. Since 1880, California Civil Code Section 60 had prohibited marriages between white persons and "negros", "mulattos", or "Mongolians", but there was confusion over whether Filipinos were part of that last category. California Attorney General Ulysses S. Webb had issued an advisory opinion in 1926 that Filipinos were part of the "Mongolian race". In 1930, a court had denied another Filipino man, Tony Moreno, permission to marry his white fiancée and ruled that Filipinos and other "Malayans" were part of the "Mongolian race" and thus not eligible to marry whites.

However, the following year, Judge Walter Guerin granted a marriage licence for Gavino Visco to marry Ruth M. Salas. The groom was a Filipino of Spanish ancestry, while the bride was an indigenous Mexican; however, Guerin stated that he would have granted the licence even if the bride were white. In August 1931, Roldan and Rogers's application for a marriage licence was rejected by the Los Angeles County clerk. The couple petitioned for a writ of mandate with the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Judge Walter Gates granted the writ.

Appeals
County counsels L. E. Lampton and Everett Mattoon appealed Gates' decision to the California Court of Appeal for the Second District. Webb, as well as Associate Attorney General Frank English, filed amici briefs on behalf of Lampton and Mattoon. While the case was being heard, other counties in California continued to refuse to issue marriage licences to Filipino-white couples. The appellate court's decision hinged on examination of the theories of racial anthropology current in the late 19th century when the law was drafted, in an effort to discern the legislative intent. County officials cited the work of Aleš Hrdlička in arguing that Filipinos were indeed part of the "Mongolian race". However, Justice T. Archbald, who wrote the opinion in the case, disagreed, stating that J. F. Blumenbach's taxonomy, which classified "Malays" and "Mongolians" separately, was the dominant theory through the early 20th century. He also pointed out that the term "Mongolians" in popular opinion was meant principally to apply to the Chinese, in reaction to the late 19th century influx of Chinese immigrants. The court thus concluded that Filipinos were members of the "Malay race" and not the "Mongoloid race", finding Roldan and Rogers' marriage legal.

County officials appealed the case again to the Supreme Court of California in 1933. On March 27, 1933, the Supreme Court announced that it would not review the case, effectively upholding the appellate court's decision. Soon after that announcement, the California State Legislature voted to amend Civil Code Section 60 to ensure that the law against interracial marriage also covered "members of the Malay race". California Governor James Rolph signed the amendment into law on April 5, 1933.

title: Roldan v. Los Angeles County


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Gago Coutinho

Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho, GCTE, GCC (17 February 1869 – 18 February 1959), generally known simply as Gago Coutinho, was a Portuguese geographer, cartographer, naval officer, historian and aviator. An aviation pioneer, Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral were the first to cross the South Atlantic Ocean by air, in a journey from March to June 1922, started in Lisbon, Portugal, and finished in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using a seaplane variant of the British reconnaissance biplane Fairey III.

In June 2022, the centenary of the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic, it was announced that Faro Airport will officially change its name to Gago Coutinho Airport.

Early life
He was born in Belém, Lisbon, in a modest family, the son of José Viegas Gago Coutinho and his cousin, Fortunata Maria Coutinho. He finished high school in 1885, and entered the Polytechnic School, where he studied for one year, as preparation for his entrance at the Naval School, in Alfeite, Almada, in 1886.

Naval and geographical career
He joined the Navy in 1886 as an aspirant. In 1890, he was promoted to marine guard, in 1891 to second lieutenant, and in 1895 to first lieutenant. In 1907 he was promoted to captain-lieutenant and in 1915 to frigate captain. In 1920 he became captain of sea-and-war. In 1922 he was promoted to vice-admiral, and in 1958 to admiral. During his first Navy years, he did several travels, being the first in the corvette "Afonso de Albuquerque", from 7 December 1888 to 16 January 1891, where he traveled to Mozambique as a member of the Naval Division of Eastern Africa. He did several naval travels the following years, until 31 March 1898, when he did his first commission as an overseas geographer, in Portuguese Timor. Since March 1898, Gago Coutinho activities were developed mostly at the Cartography Commission, created in 1883. From 27 July 1898 to 19 April 1899, he was involved in field work, working at the delimitation of the borders and at the survey of the geographical chart of the most remote Portuguese colony. After his return to Portugal, he was assigned to work at the delimitation of the borders of Niassa territory in Mozambique, from 5 September 1900 to 28 February 1901. He then moved to Angola, where he worked at the delimitation of Noqui's borders, until the end of 1901. He returned to Mozambique, working for the borders delimitation in Tete district, between 27 February 1904 and 18 December 1905.

Gago Coutinho was nominated head of the Geodesical Mission of Eastern Africa in May 1907, a post he held until the beginning of 1911. It was during this assignment that he met Portuguese aviator pioneer Artur de Sacadura Cabral, who become his close friend and who would be his mentor for future aviation projects. Afterwards, he led the Portuguese mission that delimited Angola borders in Barotze, which was formed in 1912. The year after his return to Portugal, he was nominated the head of the Geodesical Mission of São Tomé and Príncipe, in 1915, which he was until middle 1919. In 1917, Gago Coutinho and Artur de Sacadura Cabral did their first flights together. In 1919, encouraged by his friend, he started to dedicate himself to the improvement of the aerial navigation methods. They took several flights together to study the methods, the most important was the first flight from Lisbon to Funchal, in 1919. Artur de Sacadura Cabral had already delineated by them the project of making the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic, meant to take place in 1922, the year of the centennial of the independence of Brazil.

First aerial crossing of the South Atlantic
The Fairey IIIB seaplane named Lusitânia used by Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral for their transatlantic flight did not have enough fuel capacity to make the entire trip unaided so various stops were made along the way and the aviators were shadowed by a support ship, República. On the journey down the Brazilian coast a heavy rain storm caused the aircraft's engine to fail and the aviators were forced to ditch in the ocean. Realizing that something was wrong, the República sent out a distress signal asking other ships in the area to look out for the seaplane. After some time in the water, the aviators were found by a British freighter. The Paris City of the Reardon Smith Line, under Captain A.E. Tamlyn, en route from Cardiff to Rio, rescued Coutinho and Cabral; they completed their journey with a new aircraft. A commemorative painting of the rescue was made by the Portuguese painter and cartoonist José Stuart Carvalhais.

Inventions
Gago Coutinho invented a type of sextant incorporating two spirit levels to provide an artificial horizon. This adaptation of the traditional marine sextant allowed navigation without visual reference to the real horizon. He also invented an optical flight instrument, to be mounted on the plane's cockpit floor, which measures leeway in flight whenever ground remains visible.

Historical work
He dedicated himself to the nautical history of the Portuguese Discoveries after 1924. His vast body of work later would be published in A Náutica dos Descobrimentos (The Nautical of the Discoveries) (1951–1952), in two volumes.

Criticism of relativity
Gago Coutinho was a critic of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and authored articles and books against it. His arguments were well publicized, causing mathematician Ruy Luís Gomes to defend relativity against his criticisms.

title: Gago Coutinho


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Gwandong

Gwandong (관동; ) is a region coinciding with the former Gangwon Province in Korea. Today, the term refers to South Korea's Gangwon Province and North Korea's Kangwon Province. The name is often used to refer to people residing in the region.

The term literally means "east of Daegwallyeong", a mountain pass in the Taebaek Mountains of the eastern Korean peninsula.

This area is divided into Yeongseo and Yeongdong by the Taebaek Mountains.

title: Gwandong


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Social unrest in Trinidad and Tobago

Social unrest has shaped the development of Trinidad and Tobago since the middle of the 19th century. Attempts by the British colonial government to crack down on the celebration of Carnival sparked the Canboulay Riots in 1881 and 1884. Attempts to control the celebration of Hosay by the Indian population culminated in the Hosay Riots in 1884. In the early 20th century, the Water riots culminated in the destruction of the Red House, the seat of government, by a mob of protestors.

In response to poor working conditions and inadequate pay, the Labour riots of 1937 shook Trinidad and led to the birth of the trade union movement. Labour problems again resulted in unrest in 1965. The rise of the Black Power movement late in the 1960s culminated in the 1970 Black Power Revolution which threatened the government of Prime Minister Eric Williams. In 1975 there was labour unrest when the major unions representing oil workers and sugar workers marched in San Fernando and were met by brutal police resistance. This became known as "Bloody Tuesday". Further unrest in the 1970s had little lasting impact. The economic downturn following the end of the oil boom saw the People's National Movement losing power after 30 unbroken years in government. Austerity measures introduced by the new National Alliance for Reconstruction government led to a series of protests by labour and social groups. One of these groups, the Islamist Jamaat al Muslimeen staged an attempted coup d'état in July 1990.

title: Social unrest in Trinidad and Tobago


text: Category talk:Magnetism

title: Category talk:Magnetism


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User:Mr Tan/Sandbox

Templates for Min-nan by adding Teochew (under construction):

title: User:Mr Tan/Sandbox


text: Template:Political ideologies

title: Template:Political ideologies