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Turbomachinery

Turbomachinery, in mechanical engineering, describes machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors. While a turbine transfers energy from a fluid to a rotor, a compressor transfers energy from a rotor to a fluid. It is an important application of fluid mechanics.

These two types of machines are governed by the same basic relationships including Newton's second Law of Motion and Euler's pump and turbine equation for compressible fluids. Centrifugal pumps are also turbomachines that transfer energy from a rotor to a fluid, usually a liquid, while turbines and compressors usually work with a gas.

History
The first turbomachines could be identified as water wheels, which appeared between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE in the Mediterranean region. These were used throughout the medieval period and began the first Industrial Revolution. When steam power started to be used, as the first power source driven by the combustion of a fuel rather than renewable natural power sources, this was as reciprocating engines. Primitive turbines and conceptual designs for them, such as the smoke jack, appeared intermittently but the temperatures and pressures required for a practically efficient turbine exceeded the manufacturing technology of the time. The first patent for gas turbines were filed in 1791 by John Barber. Practical hydroelectric water turbines and steam turbines did not appear until the 1880s. Gas turbines appeared in the 1930s.

The first impulse type turbine was created by Carl Gustaf de Laval in 1883. This was closely followed by the first practical reaction type turbine in 1884, built by Charles Parsons. Parsons’ first design was a multi-stage axial-flow unit, which George Westinghouse acquired and began manufacturing in 1895, while General Electric acquired de Laval's designs in 1897. Since then, development has skyrocketed from Parsons’ early design, producing 0.746 kW, to modern nuclear steam turbines producing upwards of 1500 MW. Furthermore, steam turbines accounted for roughly 45% of electrical power generated in the United States in 2021. Then the first functioning industrial gas turbines were used in the late 1890s to power street lights (Meher-Homji, 2000).

Classification
In general, the two kinds of turbomachines encountered in practice are open and closed turbomachines. Open machines such as propellers, windmills, and unshrouded fans act on an infinite extent of fluid, whereas closed machines operate on a finite quantity of fluid as it passes through a housing or casing.

Turbomachines are also categorized according to the type of flow. When the flow is parallel to the axis of rotation, they are called axial flow machines, and when flow is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, they are referred to as radial (or centrifugal) flow machines. There is also a third category, called mixed flow machines, where both radial and axial flow velocity components are present.

Turbomachines may be further classified into two additional categories: those that absorb energy to increase the fluid pressure, i.e. pumps, fans, and compressors, and those that produce energy such as turbines by expanding flow to lower pressures. Of particular interest are applications which contain pumps, fans, compressors and turbines. These components are essential in almost all mechanical equipment systems, such as power and refrigeration cycles.

Definition
Any device that extracts energy from or imparts energy to a continuously moving stream of fluid can be called a turbomachine. Elaborating, a turbomachine is a power or heat generating machine which employs the dynamic action of a rotating element, the rotor; the action of the rotor changes the energy level of the continuously flowing fluid through the machine. Turbines, compressors and fans are all members of this family of machines.

In contrast to positive displacement machines (particularly of the reciprocating type which are low speed machines based on the mechanical and volumetric efficiency considerations), the majority of turbomachines run at comparatively higher speeds without any mechanical problems and volumetric efficiency close to one hundred percent.

Energy conversion
Turbomachines can be categorized on the basis of the direction of energy conversion:

 * Absorb power to increase the fluid pressure or head (ducted fans, compressors and pumps).
 * Produce power by expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head (hydraulic, steam and gas turbines).

Fluid flow
Turbomachines can be categorized on the basis of the nature of the flow path through the passage of the rotor:

Axial flow turbomachines - When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation, the device is termed an axial flow turbomachine. The radial component of the fluid velocity is negligible. Since there is no change in the direction of the fluid, several axial stages can be used to increase power output.

A Kaplan turbine is an example of an axial flow turbine.

In the figure: Radial flow turbomachines - When the path of the throughflow is wholly or mainly in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, the device is termed a radial flow turbomachine. Therefore, the change of radius between the entry and the exit is finite. A radial turbomachine can be inward or outward flow type depending on the purpose that needs to be served. The outward flow type increases the energy level of the fluid and vice versa. Due to continuous change in direction, several radial stages are generally not used.
 * U = Blade velocity,
 * Vf = Flow velocity,
 * V = Absolute velocity,
 * Vr = Relative velocity,
 * Vw = Tangential or Whirl component of velocity.

A centrifugal pump is an example of a radial flow turbomachine.

Mixed flow turbomachines – When axial and radial flow are both present and neither is negligible, the device is termed a mixed flow turbomachine. It combines flow and force components of both radial and axial types.

A Francis turbine is an example of a mixed-flow turbine.

Physical action
Turbomachines can finally be classified on the relative magnitude of the pressure changes that take place across a stage:

Impulse Turbomachines operate by accelerating and changing the flow direction of fluid through a stationary nozzle (the stator blade) onto the rotor blade. The nozzle serves to change the incoming pressure into velocity, the enthalpy of the fluid decreases as the velocity increases. Pressure and enthalpy drop over the rotor blades is minimal. Velocity will decrease over the rotor.

Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy. Impulse turbomachines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blading on the rotor.

A Pelton wheel is an impulse design.

Reaction Turbomachines operate by reacting to the flow of fluid through aerofoil shaped rotor and stator blades. The velocity of the fluid through the sets of blades increases slightly (as with a nozzle) as it passes from rotor to stator and vice versa. The velocity of the fluid then decreases again once it has passed between the gap. Pressure and enthalpy consistently decrease through the sets of blades.

Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid. For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently.

Most turbomachines use a combination of impulse and reaction in their design, often with impulse and reaction parts on the same blade.

Dimensionless ratios to describe turbomachinery
The following dimensionless ratios are often used for the characterisation of fluid machines. They allow a comparison of flow machines with different dimensions and boundary conditions.
 * 1) Pressure range ψ
 * 2) Flow coefficient φ (including delivery or volume number called)
 * 3) Performance numbers λ
 * 4) Run number σ
 * 5) Diameter number δ

Power Generation
Hydro electric - Hydro-electric turbomachinery uses potential energy stored in water to flow over an open impeller to turn a generator which creates electricity

Steam turbines - Steam turbines used in power generation come in many different variations. The overall principle is high pressure steam is forced over blades attached to a shaft, which turns a generator. As the steam travels through the turbine, it passes through smaller blades causing the shaft to spin faster, creating more electricity.

Gas turbines - Gas turbines work much like steam turbines. Air is forced in through a series of blades that turn a shaft. Then fuel is mixed with the air and causes a combustion reaction, increasing the power. This then causes the shaft to spin faster, creating more electricity.

Windmills - Also known as a wind turbine, windmills are increasing in popularity for their ability to efficiently use the wind to generate electricity. Although they come in many shapes and sizes, the most common one is the large three-blade. The blades work on the same principle as an airplane wing. As wind passes over the blades, it creates an area of low and high pressure, causing the blade to move, spinning a shaft and creating electricity. It is most like a steam turbine, but works with an infinite supply of wind.

Marine
Steam turbine - Steam turbines in marine applications are very similar to those in power generation. The few differences between them are size and power output. Steam turbines on ships are much smaller because they don't need to power a whole town. They aren't very common because of their high initial cost, high specific fuel consumption, and expensive machinery that goes with it.

Gas turbines - Gas turbines in marine applications are becoming more popular due to their smaller size, increased efficiency, and ability to burn cleaner fuels. They run just like gas turbines for power generation, but are also much smaller and do require more machinery for propulsion. They are most popular in naval ships as they can be at a dead stop to full power in minutes (Kayadelen, 2013), and are much smaller for a given amount of power.

Water jet - Essentially a water jet drive is like an aircraft turbojet with the difference that the operating fluid is water instead of air. Water jets are best suited to fast vessels and are thus used often by the military. Water jet propulsion has many advantages over other forms of marine propulsion, such as stern drives, outboard motors, shafted propellers and surface drives.

Auto
Turbochargers - Turbochargers are one of the most popular turbomachines. They are used mainly for adding power to engines by adding more air. It combines both forms of turbomachines. Exhaust gases from the engine spin a bladed wheel, much like a turbine. That wheel then spins another bladed wheel, sucking and compressing outside air into the engine.

Superchargers - Superchargers are used for engine-power enhancement as well, but only work off the principle of compression. They use the mechanical power from the engine to spin a screw or vane, some way to suck in and compress the air into the engine.

General
Pumps - Pumps are another very popular turbomachine. Although there are very many different types of pumps, they all do the same thing. Pumps are used to move fluids around using some sort of mechanical power, from electric motors to full size diesel engines. Pumps have thousands of uses, and are the true basis to turbomachinery (Škorpík, 2017).

Air compressors - Air compressors are another very popular turbomachine. They work on the principle of compression by sucking in and compressing air into a holding tank. Air compressors are one of the most basic turbomachines.

Fans - Fans are the most general type of turbomachines.

Aerospace
Gas turbines - Aerospace gas turbines, more commonly known as jet engines, are the most common gas turbines.

Turbopumps - Rocket engines require very high propellant pressures and mass flow rates, meaning their pumps require a lot of power. One of the most common solutions to this issue is to use a turbopump that extracts energy from an energetic fluid flow. The source of this energetic fluid flow could be one or a combination of many things, including the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, the combustion of a portion of the propellants, or even the heating of cryogenic propellants run through coolant jackets in the combustion chamber's walls.

Partial list of turbomachine topics
Many types of dynamic continuous flow turbomachinery exist. Below is a partial list of these types. What is notable about these turbomachines is that the same fundamentals apply to all. Certainly there are significant differences between these machines and between the types of analysis that are typically applied to specific cases. This does not negate the fact that they are unified by the same underlying physics of fluid dynamics, gas dynamics, aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and thermodynamics.

 * Axial compressor
 * Axial fan
 * Centrifugal compressor
 * Centrifugal fan
 * Centrifugal pump
 * Centrifugal type supercharger
 * Exoskeletal engine
 * Francis turbine
 * Gas turbine
 * Industrial fans
 * Jet engine
 * Mechanical fan
 * Mixed flow compressor
 * Radial turbine
 * Steam turbine
 * Turbocharger
 * Turboexpander
 * Turbofans
 * Turbojet
 * Turboprop
 * Turbopump
 * Turboshaft
 * Turbines
 * Water turbine

title: Turbomachinery


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mark Begich

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 06:27, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Mark_Begich
In the What_Wikipedia_is_not article, it is stated that Wikipedia is "not a general knowledge base". While it is somewhat notable to be the mayor of the largest city in Alaska, outside of this he has not really done much. I spoke to a friend who lives in Alaska, most of what he is known for is for being mayor of Anchorage and butting heads with the govoner regarding building roads. EagleFalconn 05:10, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, mayor of a major city. "Somewhat" notable is good enough for an unlimited, open encyclopedia. Kappa 05:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I agree!
 * Keep as Kappa noted. - DS1953 05:33, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Kappa -CunningLinguist 06:33, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mayors of cities as large as Anchorage are definitely notable. Personally, I think that mayors of any city with 20000+ population (and possibly smaller) is notable. It's when we get articles on local council members that things go into the realms of non-notability. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:24, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yep, definitely a keep. Mgm|(talk) 19:17, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Its a given that the mayor of Anchorage would have an article on Wikipedia. Besides, various other mayors have articles. -- OldRight 04:43, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Farad

Picofarad
In the picofarad article, there is the following statement : "the picofarad is the smallest measurable unit of electrical capacitance". I tagged it as dubious. Please confirm. --Edcolins 19:42, August 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * It's rubbish. I removed it. --Heron 20:25, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! --Edcolins 20:46, August 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Not so far off for human sized systems. I believe it is the smallest you can buy as a capacitor. But inside ICs, the capacitances might be much smaller. Gah4 (talk) 21:07, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Not so far off for human sized systems. I believe it is the smallest you can buy as a capacitor. But inside ICs, the capacitances might be much smaller. Gah4 (talk) 21:07, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

Commercial capacitors
In the article, it says that commercial capacitors are in the range "from 100 fF to 5 kF". I think the "kF" is a mistake; the link given as reference is a component catalog where you can't even search for something beyond 1 mF. Besides, the article indicates that complete Earth can't even reach 1 F. --Comae (Talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:16, 13 June 2010 (UTC).

The band accept
I think the word "accept" in the second paragraph should link to the old rock band Accept so I changed it accordingly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.18.184.15 (talk) 11:57, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Plagiarism!
It's a copy paste of this page

Elementary Charges
Is there a named unit for capacitance measured in elementary charges per volt?

Definition
Currently, the definition section says "A farad is the charge in coulombs which a capacitor will accept for the potential across it to change 1 volt." This is wrong for several reasons, the simplest being that a farad is not a unit of charge. The definition should simply state that "1 farad = 1 coulomb/volt" and perhaps mention that capacitance is measured in farads.71.224.118.215 (talk) 03:36, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

The definition is accurate and precise. Think about it for a second. It is unfortunate it was messed up with the current faulty definition. You have to read the full sentence, and not stop half way. It says That a farad is the charge per volt. The new definition is not really a definition at all. "A farad is the value of capacitance..." is just poor writing. Also, in the new definition, "One farad is the value of capacitance that produces a potential difference of one volt when it has been charged by one coulomb.", the word "it" is used apparently referring back to the word farad. Again poor writing skills.

Please revert it back and think up a better formulation before changing the definition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.153.22.143 (talk) 01:45, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

cm
As the article says, statF is rarely used, as the normal unit for CGS capacitance is cm. (Equivalent to statF, though.) Gah4 (talk) 21:12, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

differential
At the beginning, it says that it is the ability to store an electrical charge. This is most often wrong. It is commonly the ability to store a charge differential. If you ground one side, then relative to that ground, you can store charge. In the usual use, the net charge on a capacitor is zero, with a positive charge on one side, and negative charge on the other. But not always. One can give a capacitance to, for example, the whole earth. Gah4 (talk) 10:02, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

Equivalences
I should have documented my reasoning at greater length when I originally removed (almost) all the equivalences, but here it goes. The equivalences are cited to the SI brochure, but of all the equivalences listed, only three actually appear: $$\text{kg}^{-1} \text{m}^{-2} \text{s}^4 \text{A}^2$$ and C/V (page 138), and $$\frac{A\cdot s} {V}$$ (page 166). I don't think an equivalence must be cite-able, but it should be explainable in terms of a relationship between physical quantities; for example, in tesla I edit the page to explain the tesla as a measure of flux through a surface of defined area, rather than just presenting the equivalence $$\text{T} = \frac{\text{Wb}}{\text{m}^2}$$ without comment. It is unlikely that similar explanations can be written for the farad article. Anything with squared coulombs or squared volts seemed hopeless to me, and the Hz/seconds and ohm/siemens substitutions look like substitutions just for the sake of substitutions. When those are eliminated, it leaves only the three equivalences from the SI brochure. $$\frac{A\cdot s} {V}$$ from the brochure is not in the current text of this article, but it is what clarity it would provide on top of C/V. Karl Dickman talk 03:21, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

 * I think it is useful to express a farad as coulomb squared per joule, or joule per volt squared. It gives you an idea of what the relationship between a capacitor's capacitance, energy and charge / voltage is. Having these equivalences, one can easily rearrange the formulas to see that, for example, the energy stored in a capacitor is proportional to its capacitance times voltage squared. Sure, not all these equivalences have an apparent meaning (such as $$\dfrac{\text{C}^2}{\text{N} {\cdot} \text{m}}$$), but I find especially $$\dfrac{\text{J}}{{\text{V}^2} }$$ and $$\dfrac{\text{C}^2}{\text{J}}$$ quite useful. 90.183.96.145 (talk) 22:15, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Mr. Dickman,
 * I already have corrected the otherwise useful equation, but NebY reverted it back:
 * E=(C.U^2)/2
 * so
 * 2J/V^2
 * https://www.answers.com/physics/How_many_joules_are_in_a_farad
 * So please correct the incorrect unit.
 * Thanks. :-)
 * JK Xerostomus (talk) 19:52, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * That is a very confused response at answers.com; I won't even try to explain it. Instead, note the straightforward answer below it. Alternatively, work through the equalities at Farad for yourself from left to right, confirm that
 * $$\text{F} = \dfrac{\text{A} {\cdot} \text{s}}{\text{V}} = \dfrac{\text{W} {\cdot} \text{s}} {{\text{V}^2} }$$
 * and then consider that J = W⋅s . NebY (talk) 20:00, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Dear Mr. NebY,
 * I wrote you already on my talk page. The equation E=(C.U^2)/2 is for capacitors which have charge on *two* plates. So it is as if divided by two. So that is why this seems to be contradictory with your, as I think now, correct definition of the unit of energy of a single charge or of charge flowing through a wire.
 * There is a big discussion on it:
 * https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/744497/confusion-involving-the-energy-stored-on-a-capacitor?rq=1
 * https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/52661/how-can-you-calculate-or-convert-the-rm-wh-of-a-capacitor-whose-energy-is-g
 * So sorry for the confusion, I did not know that the equation is only for capacitors and is not a general equation. :-)
 * Sincerely
 * jk Xerostomus (talk) 06:01, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farad


text: Template:Sri Aurobindo

title: Template:Sri Aurobindo


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Coffea canephora

Coffea canephora (especially C. canephora var. robusta, so predominantly cultivated that it is often simply termed Coffea robusta, or commonly robusta coffee) is a species of coffee plant that has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though widely known as Coffea robusta, the plant is scientifically identified as Coffea canephora, which has two main varieties, robusta and nganda.

Coffea robusta represents between 40% and 45% of global coffee production, with Coffea arabica constituting most of the remainder. There are several differences between the composition of coffee beans from C. arabica and C. robusta. Beans from C. robusta tend to have lower acidity, more bitterness, and a more woody and less fruity flavor compared to C. arabica beans.

Description
Robusta is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. Though widely known by the synonym Coffea robusta, the plant is currently scientifically identified as Coffea canephora, which has two main varieties, C. c. robusta and C. c. nganda. The plant has a shallow root system and grows as a robust tree or shrub to about 10 m tall. It flowers irregularly, taking about 10—11 months for the berries to ripen, producing oval-shaped beans.

The robusta plant has a greater crop yield than that of arabica, contains more caffeine (2.7% compared to arabica's 1.5%), and contains less sugar (3—7% compared to arabica's 6—9%). As it is less susceptible to pests and disease, robusta needs much less herbicide and pesticide than arabica.

Native distribution
C. canephora grows indigenously in Western and Central Africa from Liberia to Tanzania and south to Angola. It was not recognized as a species of Coffea until 1897, over a hundred years after Coffea arabica. It is also reportedly naturalized in Borneo, French Polynesia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Jamaica and the Lesser Antilles. In 1927 a hybrid between robusta and arabica was found in Timor. This strain was subsequently used to breed coffee rust-resistant plants.

Cultivation and use
Coffee made from beans of the Coffea canephora plant has low acidity and high bitterness, often with a distinct woody and nutty taste. C. canephora beans, widely known by the synonym Coffea robusta, are used primarily in instant coffee, espresso, and as a filler in ground coffee blends.

Robusta has its origins in central and western sub-Saharan Africa. It is easy to care for, has a greater crop yield, has almost double the amount of caffeine and more antioxidants, and is less susceptible to disease than arabica coffea. It represents 43% of global coffee production, with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by coffea liberica.

It is mostly grown in Vietnam, where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century, though it is also grown in India, Africa, and in Brazil, where the conilon variety is widely grown. In recent years, Vietnam, which produces mostly robusta, has become the world's largest exporter of robusta coffee, accounting for over 40% of the total production. It surpasses Brazil (25% of the world's production), Indonesia (13%), India (5%), and Uganda (5%). Brazil is still the biggest coffee producer in the world, producing one-third of the world's coffee, though 69% of that is C. arabica.

Since Robusta is easier to care for and has a greater crop yield than C. arabica, it is cheaper to produce. Roasted robusta beans produce a strong, full-bodied coffee with a distinctive earthy flavour, but usually with more bitterness than arabica due to its pyrazine content. Since arabica beans are believed to have smoother taste with more acidity and a richer flavour, they are often considered superior, while the harsher robusta beans are mostly used as a filler in lower-grade coffee blends. However, the powerful flavour can be desirable in a blend to give it perceived "strength" and "finish", notably in Italian coffee culture. Good-quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian espresso blends, at about 10–15%, to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema). It is also used as a stimulant, diuretic, antioxidant, antipyretic and relieves spasmodic asthma.

title: Coffea canephora


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Robert I, Duke of Parma

Robert I (Italian: Roberto Carlo Luigi Maria) (French: Robert Charles Louis Marie) ; 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese.

Early life
Born in Florence, Robert was the elder son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry and granddaughter of King Charles X of France. He succeeded his father to the ducal throne in 1854 upon the latter's assassination, when he was only six, while his mother stood as regent.

When Robert was eleven years old, he was deposed, as Piedmontese troops annexed other Italian states, ultimately to form the Kingdom of Italy. Despite losing his throne, Robert and his family enjoyed considerable wealth, traveling in a private train of more than a dozen cars from his castles at Schwarzau am Steinfeld near Vienna, to Villa Pianore in northwest Italy, and the magnificent Château de Chambord in France.

Death and legacy
Less than four months after Robert's death in November 1907, the Grand Marshal of the Austrian court declared six of the children of his first marriage legally incompetent (they had severe intellectual disabilities), at the behest of his widow, Maria Antonia. Nonetheless, Robert's primary heir was his son Elias, the youngest son of his first marriage and the only one of his sons by that marriage to beget children of his own. Elias also became the legal guardian of his six elder siblings. While Elias had eight children, seven of whom lived to advanced age, only one of them ever married; she had three children.

The two eldest sons of Robert's second marriage, Sixte and Xavier, eventually sued their older half-brother Elias for trying to obtain a greater share of the ducal fortune. They lost in the French courts, leaving the children of Robert's second marriage with very modest wealth, and the need to earn a living; some of his younger sons served in the Austrian armed forces. Nevertheless, two of the children born of the second marriage made extraordinary marriages: Felix married the grand-duchess of Luxembourg shortly after her accession and is the grandfather of the present duke. Zita married the last Emperor of Austria; the present claimant is her grandson.

Marriages and issue
On 5 April 1869, while in exile in Rome, he married Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1849–1882), daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. She was his half first cousin once removed, as her father (Ferdinand II) and Robert's maternal grandmother (Princess Caroline Ferdinande of Bourbon-Two Sicilies) were half-siblings, both being children of Francis I of the Two Sicilies.

Maria Pia belonged to the deposed royal family of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and was thus a Bourbon, like her husband. She gave birth to 12 children, many of whom had intellectual disabilities, before dying in childbirth:

After his first wife's death in childbirth, he remarried on 15 October 1884 to Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, daughter of the deposed King Miguel I of Portugal and his wife, Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Maria Antonia was his second cousin once removed, as her paternal grandmother (Charlotte of Spain) and Robert's paternal great-grandmother (Maria Luisa of Spain) were siblings, both being children of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma. She had another 12 children:

Honours

 * Duchy of Parma: Grand Prefect of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 19 January 1854
 * Duchy of Modena and Reggio: Grand Cross of the Order of the Eagle of Este, 1856
 * Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1897
 * Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 9 November 1899

Patrilineal descent
Robert's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if Duke Robert were to choose an historically accurate house name it would be Robert, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house.

Robert is a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma, a sub-branch of the House of Bourbon-Spain, itself originally a branch of the House of Bourbon, and thus of the Capetian dynasty and of the Robertians.

Robert's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. It follows the Dukes of Parma as well as the Kings of Spain, France, and Navarre. The line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. It is one of the oldest in Europe.

 * 1) Robert II of Worms and Rheingau (Robert of Hesbaye), 770 - 807
 * 2) Robert III of Worms and Rheingau, 808 - 834
 * 3) Robert IV the Strong, 820 - 866
 * 4) Robert I of France, 866 - 923
 * 5) Hugh the Great, 895 - 956
 * 6) Hugh Capet, 941 - 996
 * 7) Robert II of France, 972 - 1031
 * 8) Henry I of France, 1008–1060
 * 9) Philip I of France, 1053–1108
 * 10) Louis VI of France, 1081–1137
 * 11) Louis VII of France, 1120–1180
 * 12) Philip II of France, 1165–1223
 * 13) Louis VIII of France, 1187–1226
 * 14) Louis IX of France, 1215–1270
 * 15) Robert, Count of Clermont, 1256–1317
 * 16) Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, 1279–1342
 * 17) James I, Count of La Marche, 1319–1362
 * 18) John I, Count of La Marche, 1344–1393
 * 19) Louis, Count of Vendôme, 1376–1446
 * 20) Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme, 1428–1478
 * 21) François, Count of Vendôme, 1470–1495
 * 22) Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, 1489–1537
 * 23) Antoine, King of Navarre, Duke of Vendôme, 1518–1562
 * 24) Henry IV, King of France and of Navarre, 1553–1610
 * 25) Louis XIII, King of France and Navarre, 1601–1643
 * 26) Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre, 1638–1715
 * 27) Louis, Grand Dauphin of France, 1661–1711
 * 28) Philip V of Spain, 1683–1746
 * 29) Philip, Duke of Parma, 1720–1765
 * 30) Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, 1751–1802
 * 31) Louis of Etruria, 1773–1803
 * 32) Charles II, Duke of Parma, 1799–1883
 * 33) Charles III, Duke of Parma, 1823–1854
 * 34) Robert I, Duke of Parma, 1848–1907

title: Robert I, Duke of Parma


text:
Talk:The Apu Trilogy

Word
Is filmic a word? 24.91.43.225 05:17, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * From dictonary.com: "Of, relating to, or characteristic of movies; cinematic.". RickK 05:41, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well wouldn't cinematic be a better word choice? Especially since it's follwed by "Indian film". 24.91.43.225 01:38, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Apu connection source?
Is there a source proving the Simpsons' Apu was named after the Apu Trilogy?

 * The trivia comes from List of The Simpsons name origins, which cites as the reference, which in turn claims it is stated in some DVD. --euyyn 22:12, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Matt Groening states this, and is quite complimentary to the Trilogy, in the commentary for episode 7x23 - Much Apu about Nothing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.76.237.216 (talk) 20:57, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Plot?
Hasn't anybody seen the films so we can add a Plot/Summary section which tells what are them about? --euyyn 22:33, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Apu Trilogy.jpg
Image:The Apu Trilogy.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 07:24, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move page, per discussion below. -GTBacchus(talk) 21:32, 10 November 2007 (UTC) This article should be renamed to Apu (film series) to bring it inline with the naming convention pertaining to film series. Let's discuss. - LA @ 10:52, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Survey
Please state whether or not you support the renaming of this article.
 * Oppose - Apu trilogy is the established, historical name for this trilogy. To change it simply for the sake of following a Wikipedia convention would be inaccurate. — WiseKwai 12:49, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The DVD release is clear and this is how it is commonly known in the vernacular. Reginmund 14:53, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Fair use rationale for Image:The Apu Trilogy.jpg
Image:The Apu Trilogy.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:31, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Rationale corrected to include reference to this article. Johnmc (talk) 10:57, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Truffaut
At one point this article said Truffaut hated Pather Panchali. Later, however, it listed Truffaut as an admirer of Ray's. The link on the second claim led to an article that says nothing to support such assertions. As such, I removed Truffaut's name from the list of admirers until someone can come up with a cite that actually makes sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.64.4.116 (talk) 05:23, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

"greatest trilogy every made"
Significant claims like this need really good sourcing. The source given in the edit is from The Independent is by their "Chief Culture Reporter" and "Combat Sports Correspondent". The last alone makes this questionable. Ideally, the source would be from a well-known critic or film historian. The edit is presented in Wikipedia's voice with no attribution. Having that in the lead with this source is WP:UNDUE for that source. Courtesy ping for the editor,.  Ravensfire  (talk) 21:35, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Apu Trilogy


text:
Warren Township, Trumbull County, Ohio

Warren Township is one of the twenty-four townships of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 4,744 people in the township.

Geography
Warren Township is located at 41°14'18" North, 80°48'52" West (41.238206, -80.814554). Located in the southwestern part of the county, it borders the following townships and village:
 * Champion Township - north
 * Bazetta Township - northeast corner
 * Howland Township - east
 * Weathersfield Township - southeast
 * Lordstown - south
 * Newton Township - southwest corner
 * Braceville Township - west
 * Southington Township - northwest corner

A significant part of the city of Warren, the county seat of Trumbull County, is located in eastern Warren Township, and the census-designated place of Leavittsburg is located in the township's west.

Name and history
It is one of five Warren Townships statewide.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

title: Warren Township, Trumbull County, Ohio


text: File:Prince betcha.jpg

title: File:Prince betcha.jpg


text:
Ai no Dai 6 Kan

Ai no Dai 6 Kan (愛の第6感) is the sixth album from the J-pop idol group Morning Musume. The album was released on December 8, 2004.

Overview
Ai no Dai 6 Kan contains three hit singles, all released prior to the album between April and December 2004: "Roman: My Dear Boy", "Joshi Kashimashi Monogatari", and "Namida ga Tomaranai Hōkago". Ai Kago and Nozomi Tsuji (who graduated from the group in August 2004 to continue with their duo W (Double You) full-time) perform along with the other 12 members of the group at the time on the first two aforementioned tracks, recorded and released as singles when they were a part of the group, and on "Ship To The Future", a song from Morning Musume's Spring 2004 Musical Help!! Atchii Chikyu o Samasunda. Another album track, "Help!!", is also from ''Help!! Atchii Chikyu o Samasunda; a slower version of the latter was recorded by band members Rika Ishikawa and Sayumi Michishige under the name Ecomoni and released on the compilation Petit Best 5''.

The album was released at a pivotal and transitional time for the group, as upon its release in December 2004, it was already known that first generation member and group leader Kaori Iida and fourth generation member, Rika Ishikawa, would be leaving the group within three months of each other — Iida to embark on a solo career and Ishikawa to concentrate on her new group V-u-den.

Ai no Dai 6 Kan is also Mari Yaguchi's last album with the group, although she continues to work as a general entertainer under the Hello! Project banner that houses Morning Musume and its many offshoots.

A new version of the album track "Chokkan: Toki to Shite Koi wa", entitled "Chokkan 2: Nogashita Sakana wa Ōkiizo!" and featuring some different lyrics as well as new vocals by the post-Mari Yaguchi lineup, is the title track of Morning Musume's 28th single release. A live recording of the original version of "Chokkan..." was released on December 21, 2005 on the Hello! Project compilation Petit Best 6. The first pressing of album came in special packaging with a B3-sized special poster and Hello! Project Photo Card No. 0084.

Track listing
All songs written by Tsunku
 * 1) "Namida ga Tomaranai Hōkago" (涙が止まらない放課後) – 3:46
 * 2) "Sukiyaki" (すき焼き) – 3:05
 * 3) "Haru no Uta" (春の歌) – 4:16
 * 4) "Joshi Kashimashi Monogatari" (女子かしまし物語) – 6:00
 * 5) "Chokkan: Toki to Shite Koi wa" (直感～時として恋は～) – 4:15
 * 6) "Dokusen'yoku" (独占欲) – 3:46
 * 7) "Lemon Iro to Milk Tea" (レモン色とミルクティ) – 3:31
 * 8) "Roman: My Dear Boy" (浪漫 〜MY DEAR BOY〜) – 3:56
 * 9) "Koe (声) – 5:36
 * 10) "Help!!" – 2:28
 * 11) "Ship! To the Future" – 3:33
 * 12) "Joshi Kashimashi Monogatari 2" (女子かしまし物語２) – 5:08

Personnel

 * Shunzuke Suzuki – Keyboards, guitar, drum programming
 * Sting Miyamoto – Bass
 * Hiroshi Iida – Percussion
 * Masatsugu Sinozaki Strings Quartet – Strings
 * Yuichi Takahashi – Keyboards, guitar, drum programming
 * Atsuko Inaba – Vocals (background)
 * Ogu – Vocals (background), drums, percussion
 * Koji Makaino – Keyboards, guitar, bass, drum programming
 * Hideyuki "Daichi" Suzuki – Keyboards, guitar, bass, drum programming
 * Yoshinari Takegami – Brass arrangement, tenor sax
 * Futoshi Kobayashi – Trumpet
 * Wakaba Kawai – Trombone
 * Shoichiro Hitara – Keyboards, guitar, bass, drum programming
 * Tomohisa Hawazoe – Bass
 * Konta – Soprano sax
 * Yukari Hashimoto – Keyboards, drum programming
 * Hitoshi Watanabe – Bass
 * Yasuharu Nakanishi – Electric piano
 * Koichi Yuasa – Keyboards, guitar, bass, drum programming
 * Tsunku – Composer, vocals (background)

Production

 * Masakazu Kimura – Mix engineer
 * Naoki Yamada – Mix engineer
 * Kazumi Matsui – Mix engineer
 * Ryo Wakizaka – Mix engineer
 * Shinnosi Kobayashi – Recording engineer
 * Yuichi Ohtsubo – Recording engineer
 * Mitsuo Koike – Mastering engineer

title: Ai no Dai 6 Kan


text: File:Prince holy.jpg

title: File:Prince holy.jpg


text:
Talk:Yun Seon-do

Untitled
A link to the Yun Seondo article should be added some-where.(Kim Dammers) (I.e., on some other Korean page in Wik, e.g., Korean Poetry, etc. - tho I think we've done that by now.)

A number of URLs say that Yun Seondo who stopped on Bogildo while fleeing the advance of the Chinese Qing Dynasty after the Korean Chosun king's surrender in 1637. Finding the scenery, hed decided to stay, writing his famous shijo set there. Kdammers 12:37, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Yun Seon-do


text:
William Payne Whitney

William Payne Whitney (March 20, 1876 – May 25, 1927) was an American businessman and member of the influential Whitney family. He inherited a fortune and enlarged it through business dealings, then devoted much of his money and efforts to a wide variety of philanthropic purposes. His will included funds to expand the New York Hospital, now called NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, where the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic was established.

Early life
William Payne Whitney was born on March 20, 1876, to William Collins Whitney (1841–1904) and Flora Payne (1842–1893). His siblings included: elder brother, Harry Payne Whitney (1872–1930), Pauline Payne Whitney (1874–1916), and younger sister, Dorothy Payne Whitney (1887–1968).

After his mother's death and his father's remarriage (of which he apparently disapproved), Whitney essentially dropped the first name he shared with his father, and became commonly known simply as Payne Whitney. This choice is reflected in the form of his name associated with several of his philanthropic endeavors.

Whitney was educated at the Groton School. He attended Yale College, where he was a member of Skull and Bones and Delta Kappa Epsilon, and captained the Yale rowing team. After graduating in 1898, Whitney then studied law at the Harvard Law School, receiving his Bachelor of Laws in 1901.

Career
In addition to a substantial inheritance from his father, William inherited $63,000,000 from his uncle, Col. Oliver Hazard Payne. Amongst his many investments, he possessed major holdings in banking, tobacco, railroads, mining and oil. He was also a member of the board of directors and/or an executive officer of several large corporations, including the City Bank New York, and the Great Northern Paper Company, and the Northern Finance Corporation.

Equestrianism
A horse racing enthusiast in the tradition of his father and brother, William's Greentree Stable, named for their Long Island estate, was a very significant racing and breeding operation for thoroughbred horses.

Philanthropy
Throughout his life, William Payne Whitney was involved in philanthropic work for a variety of causes. A trustee of the New York Public Library, in 1923 he gave the library $12,000,000. Whitney made charitable contributions to the rowing team at his alma mater, Yale University, including donating funds to build a dormitory for the crew.

His will bequeathed more than $20 million to establish the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic at Cornell University's medical school, now called Weill Cornell Medicine, and New York Hospital, now New York–Presbyterian Hospital in New York City.

Smaller amounts to other educational and medical institutions. Although he had contributed $1,000,000 to the Yale Endowment Fund shortly before his death, sufficient estate funds were given to enable Yale's construction of the 9½ story Payne Whitney Gymnasium that too was completed in 1932. As a tribute to him, a road in Manhasset was named after him, Payne Whitney Lane.

Personal life
In 1902, Whitney married Helen Julia Hay (1875–1944), the daughter of then-United States Secretary of State (and former U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom) John Hay. Their Stanford White-designed mansion, Payne Whitney House at 972 Fifth Avenue, was a wedding gift from his maternal uncle, Oliver Hazard Payne. The couple also had an estate, Greentree, in Manhasset, New York. Together, they had two children:

 * Joan Whitney Payson (1903–1975), who was the first owner of the New York Mets Major League Baseball team.
 * John Hay Whitney (1904–1982), who served as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom

On September 20, 1911, Whitney was aboard the RMS Olympic when it was rammed by the warship HMS Hawke. Olympic was the sister ship of the RMS Titanic.

Whitney died in 1927 at his Greentree estate.

title: William Payne Whitney


text: File:Prince emanc.jpg

title: File:Prince emanc.jpg


text:
Our Gang (novel)

Our Gang (1971) is Philip Roth's fifth novel. A marked departure from his previous book, the popular Portnoy's Complaint, Our Gang is a political satire written in the form of a closet drama. Centered on the character of "Trick E. Dixon", a caricature of then-President Richard Nixon, the book takes its cue from an actual quote from Nixon:

From personal and religious beliefs I consider abortions an unacceptable form of population control. Furthermore, unrestricted abortion policies, or abortion on-demand, I cannot square with my personal belief in the sanctity of human life—including the life of the yet unborn. For, surely, the unborn have rights also, recognized in law, recognized even in principles expounded by the United Nations.

Roth was inspired to write Our Gang by Nixon making this statement on the same week he ordered William Calley's release from prison to house arrest. As the book is written entirely as dialogue, Roth uses stage directions, such as "impish endearing smile", when Dixon is talking.

Summary
The book is six chapters long. Chapter one is entitled "Tricky comforts a troubled citizen". In the chapter, the citizen in question is concerned with William Calley's killing of twenty-two Vietnamese villagers at My Lai, but he is "seriously troubled by the possibility that Lieutenant Calley may have committed an abortion". Throughout the chapter, Dixon defends the notion that Calley may have killed a pregnant woman, covering many factors; If the pregnant woman was "showing" or not, if Calley could have communicated with her, if he really did know she was pregnant, whether the woman asked Calley to give her an abortion or not, etc. Trick E. Dixon manages to defend Calley well until the citizen asks if Calley could have given her an abortion against her will, as "an outright form of murder", and Dixon gives the following answer, which is supposed to reflect his background as a lawyer and his hard-to-pin-down nature:

"Well, of course, that is a very iffy question, isn't it? What we lawyers call a hypothetical instance—isn't it? If you will remember, we are only 'supposing' there to have been a pregnant woman in the ditch at My Lai to begin with. Suppose there 'wasn't' a pregnant woman in that ditch—which, in fact, seems from all evidence to have been the case. We are then involved in a totally academic discussion."

In chapter two, entitled "Tricky holds a press conference", Dixon takes questions from reporters with names to suit their respective personalities. The reporters are called Mr. Asslick (who, as his name suggests, "sucks up" to the President), Mr. Daring (who poses, as suggested, the more daring suggestions in the style of investigative journalism), Mr. Respectful (who acts rather meekly compared to some of his compatriots), Mr. Shrewd (who, being slightly more daring than Mr. Daring, suggests President Dixon may be giving voting rights to the unborn for purely political reasons), Miss Charming (the typical female reporter often stereotyped in media as 'charming' indeed), Mr. Practical (concerned not with the politics of the situation, but the when and the how much of the situation).

From this starting point, Roth satirizes Nixon and his cabinet—particularly Henry Kissinger ("Highbrow coach") and Spiro Agnew ("Vice President-what's-his-name")—as Tricky tries to deny that he supports sexual intercourse, provoking a group of Boy Scouts to riot in Washington, D.C. in which three are shot. Tricky tries to pin the blame on baseball player Curt Flood and the nation of Denmark, managing to obliterate the city of Copenhagen in the process. After an operation to remove his upper lip sweat gland, he is eventually assassinated by being drowned in a giant baggie filled with water, his corpse in the fetal position. Tricky ends the novel in Hell, campaigning against Satan for the position of Devil.

Reception
In The New York Times, Dwight Macdonald described the book as "far-fetched, unfair, tasteless, disturbing, logical, coarse and very funny" and "in short, a masterpiece". On the other hand, The New Republic compared the novel to MacBird! while calling it "tasteless and dreadful".

Nixon himself discussed the book with his Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, who called it "ridiculous" and "sickening". Their conversations were preserved on Nixon's White House tapes.

title: Our Gang (novel)


text:
User:KevinOwen

Kevin M. Owen

title: User:KevinOwen


text:
XGameStation series

The XGameStation is a series of embedded systems, primarily designed as a dedicated home video game console, created by Andre LaMothe and sold by his company Nurve Networks LLC. Originally designed to teach electronics and video game development to programmers, newer models concentrate more on logic design, multi-core programming, game programming, and embedded system design and programming with popular microcontrollers.

Prototype Versions
The XGameStation was originally conceived of as a handheld system called the nanoGear based around the 68HC12 microprocessor, a modern derivative of the 6809. The system would also contain modern derivatives of the 6502 and Z-80 microprocessors, for retro coders and hackers, and to make emulation of classic computer and video game systems easier. After several iterations, the plan changed to use an ARM microprocessor and an FPGA on which a custom designed GPU was implemented. But after finishing this project it was decided that the resulting system was cost prohibitive and much too advanced for beginners. Instead, the plan was changed again finally resulting in the XGS Micro Edition, based on the SX52 microcontroller. The ARM and FPGA-based system was renamed the XGS Mega Edition after the release of the Micro Edition, and though planned to be sold, it was never released.

Original XGameStation
Then original XGameStation was announced by August 2003.

XGS Micro Edition (ME)
The XGS Micro Edition was announced in 2004. The XGS Micro Edition is a pre-built video game console based around the SX52 microcontroller, which is a high-speed PIC microcontroller running at 80 MHz for a total of 80 MIPS. The color television video signal is generated in software on the microcontroller. Sound is generated by a ROHM BU8763 chip. For input, the system has a single PS/2 connector for keyboard or mouse input, as well as two DB-9 for connecting Atari-compatible joysticks. Programming is done in assembly language or in a custom written XGS Basic, either on a PC and then transferred to the console or on the system itself. It has add-on packs for creating your own expansion card and electronic experimenting kit. The Micro Edition contains the XGameStation unit, "Designing Your Own Video Game Console" - a detailed book in PDF format teaching the basics of electronics, a power supply, A/V cables, a joystick, a COM cable, and a few extras such as a PDF version of one of Andre LaMothe's previous books "Tricks of the Windows Game Programming Gurus".

Video signal generated by software
The most remarkable aspect of the SX52 Processor is its ability to create a color video signal using only software, and still have the power to simultaneously run the software that uses this video display in order to create an elementary video game or game demo. These latter programs may or may not evolve into a real (playable) game, as often the memory of the SX52 processor is too restricted to support them. Some people also write non-game video demos to show off the video display possibilities of the system.

Obsolete status of the SX52
The SX52 has been made obsolete by Parallax, the company that now packages the SX-series of micro controller dies, made by Ubicom, because they did not have a package with 52 pins. However, according to the people at XGameStation, there are enough SX52 chips available for all their future needs. On July 31, 2009, Parallax announced that the whole line of SX microcontrollers will be discontinued.

XGS Pico Edition (PE)
The Pico Edition is a simplified version of the Micro Edition in a build-it-yourself kit. The Pico Edition was announced in 2005. The Pico Edition is based around the SX28 microcontroller, which, like the SX52, is a high-speed PIC microcontroller running at 80 MHz for a total of 80 MIPS, though it has less RAM and Flash capacity. Like the Micro Edition, the color television video signal is generated in software on the microcontroller. However, unlike the Micro Edition, the audio signal is also generated directly by the microcontroller and not by an external chip. For input, the system simply reads pushbuttons connected to its input pins. Programming is done in assembly language or in a custom written XGS Basic, on a PC and then transferred to the console. The Pico comes in several different kit forms: the 1.0 kit which comes with a breadboard, a CD with assembly instructions and selected chapters of the same ebook as the Micro Edition and the same extras, the SX28, and the discrete components of the system; and the 2.0 kit, which consists of the 1.0 kit and a solderless PCB (which is also available as an add-on separately); and the Game Console Starter Kit, which includes the 2.0 kit, a hard copy of "The Black Art of Video Game Console Design", and a soldering iron and solder.

XGS AVR 8-Bit and XGS PIC 16-Bit Development Systems
Released on December 26, 2008, the XGS AVR 8-Bit and XGS PIC 16-Bit development systems are embedded system development kits, meant to be very competitive entry/midrange development kits for their respective microcontrollers. The systems were designed together and so share much of the same design other than the main processor. The video signal is generated in software like the XGS Micro and Pico Editions; however, there is color helper hardware to generate the colorburst part of the video signal. The audio signal is also generated directly by the microcontroller. For input, like the XGS Micro, two DB-9 ports and a PS/2 port are supplied. However, instead of being compatible with Atari joysticks, the DB-9 ports are compatible with Nintendo gamepads (though directly connecting an NES or SNES controller would require a pin adapter). Unlike the prior XGS and Hydra systems, programming is primarily in C/C++, utilizing system-specific libraries, though assembly programming and a custom written XGS Basic are also available. The XGS Basic code runs on both systems without modification. Unlike the XGS Micro Edition, code cannot be edited on the system itself - a PC is required. The XGS AVR 8-Bit processor is an Atmel MEGA AVR 644P with 64K FLASH and 4K SRAM running at over 28 MIPS. The XGS PIC 16-Bit processor is a PIC24 with 256K FLASH and 16K SRAM running at over 40 MIPS.

Hydra System
In 2006 Andre LaMothe launched his new HYDRA Game Development Kit, a much more powerful system than the XGS Micro Edition. Unlike the other systems by Nurve, the Hydra does not carry the XGS branding. The Hydra uses the multi-core Parallax Propeller microcontroller, which has an architecture resembling the Cell microprocessor used in the PlayStation 3. The Propeller runs at 80 MHz and uses eight processor cores, called COGs, to reach a performance of 160 MIPS. It also has much more memory than the Micro Edition's SX52: 32K RAM and a 32K ROM which contains a bitmap font for the video display generator, (the Propeller can generate a high quality VGA or PAL/NTSC color picture using software and some special support logic built into each CPU core), tables for mathematical function, and an interpreter for the multi threaded SPIN language. Each CPU core also has its own 2K RAM (512 32bit words) of dedicated memory. For input, the system has two PS/2 ports for a mouse and keyboard (which are sold with the system) and two NES compatible game controller ports (one game controller is included). The system also has a mini USB interface for programming the system, an RJ-11 Ethernet port, and a 128K serial Flash EEPROM for storage. There are also add-ons, such as a 512K external RAM card.

title: XGameStation series


text:
User talk:Mister Tattle

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 05:27, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Proposed deletion of Spacecataz

The article Spacecataz has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * A search for reliable, secondary sources reveals an insufficient amount of significant coverage. This article fails Wikipedia's general notability guideline.

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Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Neelix (talk) 18:56, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mister Tattle


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Storrow Band

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:31, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

The Storrow Band
Their debut album was released in May and they have since gone on hiatus. No entries at allmusic or artistdirect. "Storrow Band" gets 18 Google hits. Their album is apparently only purchasable online. RickK 05:29, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC) allow me to respectfully make a slight correction to a couple of errors above- the entry did not say the band had gone on hiatus, but rather that one member had gone on hiatus in order to recieve a college education. The band itself is very much hard at work as demonstrated by a consistant tour schedule. Additionally, the band is an indie band which explains lack of entries on popular music sites such as allmusic. The record is available in independent record stores and the band currently has pending distribution deals with barnes and noble and other national distributors. The Storrow Band has listings on indie sites including starpolish, purevolume, sdam, and myspace music. Most importantly, the proof of this band's significance lies in the music itself, which will continue to take on more public relevance as the group continues to gather momentum. once again previous users' comments are misinformed; as noted above, the band has distribution through several record stores. Additionally, an independent band can absoultely hold the same validity as one committed to a major label. notability is not directly about widespread distribution; if this were the case, only popular culture icons would be "notable" in this encyclopedia, and many avant garde and fringe movements would be ignored. The same cultural forces which have enabled a site such as this to exist have also reshaped the way the music industry works, and a band without major label support can still hold relevance for a large number of people. This is a real band and the information contained in the write-up is factually true. This honors the spirit of a database that prides itself in having a wide variety of knowledge and information.
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 10:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. Put this article on hiatus. --Etacar11 19:49, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC
 * (above unsigned comment by 68.70.94.240)
 * Keep. Real band, real album = notable. Grace Note 06:24, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A band whose only album is only purchasable online is no more notable than an author whose books are only available through vanity presses. RickK 20:41, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. band is active and appears to be present in many indie music outlets. --Magicandmusic 19:27, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * User's only edits are here and to the talk page. --Etacar11 19:41, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:MUSIC and point out which of the keep criteria this band matches. RickK 23:18, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Where's the notability? The band was formed a year ago. Musicians don't seem to have any previous history. Some Google hits, but mostly for announcements of performances in pizza parlors or similar venues. WP has a low threshold of fame, but it's higher than this. Isaac R 22:39, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for now. Perhaps at some future point in time they will meet wikipedia's notability requirements. --Scimitar 18:40, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per RickK, Scimitar and others. Quale 15:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Talk:Emancipation (Prince album)

Untitled
Okay WTF is going on with this page?? Check the 'edit this page' tab, there's a whole bunch of informationt that refuses to show up for some weird reason. M.C. Brown Shoes 05:30, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Disc times
The figures that I got from iTunes [59:52, 59:52, 59:56] don't match up with the supposed exactly 3 hour run time, which is odd.

Also, it seems that new players (itunes, my DVD player) give those times, while older CD players (including my laserdisc player) give times of [60:02, 60:01, and 60:02] which, while closer, still isn't exact. Hmm, I wonder what's up. I would expect newer technology to be more accurate, but who knows?

24.17.7.15 20:37, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Prince.eye.gif
Image:Prince.eye.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 16:28, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

distributor EMI bankrupt
Purple Vault says that EMI went bankrupt while distributing Emancipation. I remember that story, but I can't find any source. warpozio (talk) 18:32, 19 June 2016 (UTC)

"" while also returning slightly to the "computer" theme he explored a decade earlier ""
There's no source to this sentence and no reference to what songs/albums --- if the exact year 10 years prior - what computer theme was being explored a decade earlier. . . — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.60.219.125 (talk) 22:49, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emancipation (Prince album)


text:
Jules T. Freund

Jules Freund (June 24, 1890 – April 22, 1960) was a Hungarian born American immunologist, most famous for the Freund's adjuvant.

According to the Journal of Immunology, "Jules (Julius) Freund studied in Budapest at the Royal Hungarian University. After receiving the degree of M.D. at the age of 23, he served as Medical Interne in the Austrian Army (1913–1914) and was attached to the Department of Hygiene at the University as Assistant. Following the outbreak of war in 1914, he saw service in the Austrian Army and returned to the University in Budapest as Commissioner for Hygiene in the army. He held the post of assistant professor in Preventive Medicine, earning the Certificate of Public Health in 1920. In 1922 he went to Hamburg, working in the Department of Hygiene at the Medical School."

In 1942, Jules Freund and Katherine McDermott published a paper on their experiments on immunization of guinea pigs with horse serum containing killed tubercle bacilli and adjuvant. Their paper is generally considered to be a landmark in immunology.

Freund shared the 1959 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with Albert Coons for research done independently.

title: Jules T. Freund


text:
Paul Farmer

Paul Edward Farmer (October 26, 1959 – February 21, 2022) was an American medical anthropologist and physician. Farmer held an MD and PhD from Harvard University, where he was a University Professor and the chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School. He was the co-founder and chief strategist of Partners In Health (PIH), an international non-profit organization that since 1987 has provided direct health care services and undertaken research and advocacy activities on behalf of those who are sick and living in poverty. He was professor of medicine and chief of the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

Farmer and his colleagues in the U.S. and abroad pioneered novel community-based treatment strategies that demonstrate the delivery of high-quality health care in resource-poor settings in the U.S. and abroad. Their work is documented in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine, Clinical Infectious Diseases, the British Medical Journal, and Social Science and Medicine.

Farmer wrote extensively on Health and Human Rights, the role of social inequalities in the distribution and outcome of infectious diseases, and global health. Farmer pioneered the concept of community health works and decentralized models of care.

He was known as "the man who would cure the world", as described in the book Mountains Beyond Mountains by Tracy Kidder. Farmer and Partners in Health received the Peace Abbey Foundation Courage of Conscience Award in 2007 for saving lives by providing free health care to people in the world’s poorest communities and working to improve health care systems globally. The story of PIH is also told in the 2017 documentary Bending the Arc. He was a proponent of liberation theology.

On April 24, 2021, Farmer was named Aurora Humanitarian in recognition of his work with PIH.

Early life and education
Farmer was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, and raised in Weeki Wachee, Florida. He had first lived in Alabama for some of his childhood years. Then when his family moved to Florida, Farmer and his family of eight lived in an old school bus that his father had transformed into a mobile home. Farmer recounted his father as a “free spirit,” as he later on pursued commercial fishing and took his family to live with him on a houseboat in the Gulf of Mexico. Farmer’s father then anchored the houseboat in a primitive bayou called Jenkins Creek where the family bathed, bringing jugs with drinking water from Brooksville. Farmer prioritized his education and excelled academically in school. Farmer’s parents often read serious literature to their children, motivating them to learn as much as possible in regard to all that the world had to offer. The family dealt with financial difficulties that often led them to work in different environments. One summer, Farmer’s family worked with Haitian migrant workers and picked citrus fruit, which was Farmer's first encounter of many with Haitian people.

He was the brother of former professional wrestler Jeff Farmer. He was a graduate of Hernando High School in Brooksville, Florida, where he was elected president of his senior class. He attended Duke University as a Benjamin N. Duke Scholar, graduating summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in medical anthropology in 1982. During his time at Duke, he went to Paris for half a year and learned French fluently which benefited him in his future work. He then came across the work of Rudolf Virchow, the 19th century German physician and scientist that developed public health medicine, who inspired Farmer's career trajectory. Farmer’s passions were further shaped by the political atmosphere around him at the time with civil war and revolution breaking out in Central America (including the Nicaraguan Revolution, Salvadoran Civil War, and Guatemalan Civil War), and the rise of liberation theology which the Catholic clergy used to defy authoritarianism in the region. This ideology emphasized the “preferential option for the poor,” which consisted of the physical and spiritual wellbeing of the poor as a crucial component of the word of God. To some followers of Christianity, part of “liberation theology" that Christians need to focus on as their primary obligation involves helping the least fortunate of those around them.

Farmer later became involved with migrant labor camps near campus, and came into contact with Sister Juliana DeWolf. She was working with the United Farm Workers, seeking to ameliorate the living circumstances of the laborers harvesting tobacco. Through this encounter, Farmer befriended many of the Haitian farm workers, and listened to their life experiences and stories. He became interested in Haiti and began learning Creole, interviewing Haitian migrant workers, and reading about Haiti's history. In 1983, while still in school, he started working with villages in Haiti's Central Plateau to help incorporate modern health care practices in their communities. He ended up writing and co-writing more than 100 scholarly papers and several books.

After graduating from Duke, Farmer began volunteering at a hospital in Cange, Haiti. Subsequently, he attended Harvard University, earning an MD and a PhD in medical anthropology in 1990, returning to Haiti multiple times during medical school to continue his work in Cange. He completed an internal medicine residency at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in 1993 and an infectious disease fellowship in 1996. Farmer was board certified in internal medicine and infectious disease.

International work
In 1987, Farmer, along with his colleagues from Harvard Jim Yong Kim, Ophelia Dahl, Thomas J. White and Todd McCormack, co-founded Partners In Health. PIH began in Cange in the Central Plateau of Haiti and at the time of Farmer's death in February 2022 operated 16 sites across the country, with approximately 7,000 employees. PIH in Cange was known as Zanmi Lasante, the sister organization of PIH. Zanmi Lasante built schools, homes, and communal sanitation and water systems to help the community in central Haiti have improved facilities and resources. The organization vaccinated all of the local children while successfully decreasing malnutrition and infant mortality rates in the area. Zanmi Lasante also focused on AIDS prevention during the HIV crisis and successfully decreased HIV transmission rates to 4% from mothers to babies.

In 1999, the World Health Organization designated Farmer and a fellow PIH worker Jim Yong Kim to facilitate global multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) treatment programs, ensuring successful deliveries of antibiotics. With the help of a $44.7 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Farmer created specific drug-therapy initiatives for individuals in Haiti, Peru, and Russia. With this program having some of the highest cure rates in the world, it was clear that treating MDR TB could be done cost effectively in poor countries with functional delivery systems.

Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais opened in 2013 and provides tertiary care to patients, including oncology and trauma surgery services. Partners In Health also works in Rwanda, Lesotho, Malawi, Mexico, Peru, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Russia, and the Navajo Nation. The University of Global Health Equity is an initiative of Partners In Health that started in 2015 and focused on delivering the highest quality of health care by addressing the critical social and systemic forces causing inequities and inefficiencies in health care delivery.

In 2003, author Tracy Kidder's Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World was published. The book describes Farmer's work in Haiti, Peru, and Russia.

In May 2009, Farmer was named Chair of Harvard Medical School's Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, succeeding Jim Yong Kim, his longtime friend and colleague. On December 17, 2010, Harvard University's President, Drew Gilpin Faust, and the President and Fellows of Harvard College, named Farmer as a University Professor, the highest honor that the University can bestow on one of its faculty members.

In August 2009, Farmer was named United Nations Deputy Special Envoy to Haiti (serving under former U.S. President Bill Clinton), in his capacity as Special Envoy.

In December 2012, Farmer was appointed the United Nations Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Community Based Medicine and Lessons from Haiti.

In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Farmer worked with PIH to develop a contact-tracing program in Massachusetts.

Farmer was editor-in-chief of Health and Human Rights. He was on the board of the Aristide Foundation for Democracy and was a co-founder and board member of the Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti. He was on the Board of PIVOT, a recently formed healthcare and research organization operating in Madagascar. He was a member of the Advisory Board of Incentives for Global Health, the NGO focused on developing the Health Impact Fund. He also served on the Global Advisory Council of GlobeMed, a student-driven global health organization that works through a partnership model.

Farmer served on the Advisory Board of Universities Allied for Essential Medicines, an international student-driven advocacy organization that works on issues of medicine development and affordability. Farmer was a board member of Kageno Worldwide, Inc., a community development agency that has worked in Kenya and Rwanda. He was also on the Board of Trustees for EqualHealth, which builds critical consciousness towards health equity.

Personal life and death
Farmer was married to Didi Bertrand Farmer, a Haitian medical anthropologist and community health specialist who has led several initiatives at Partners in Health. Her most recent work focuses on empowering girls and young women in Haiti and Rwanda. They had three children. Farmer was Catholic.

In February 2022, Farmer was one of 38 Harvard faculty to sign a letter to The Harvard Crimson defending Professor John Comaroff, who had been found to have violated the university's sexual and professional conduct policies. After students filed a lawsuit with detailed allegations of Comaroff's actions and the university's failure to respond, Farmer was one of several signatories to say that he wished to retract his signature.

Farmer died in his sleep from an acute cardiac event in Butaro, Rwanda, on February 21, 2022, at the age of 62. Farmer had been involved in medical education at Butaro District Hospital and the Butaro campus of the University of Global Health Equity, which accepted its first class of medical students in 2019.

Books

 * Fevers, Feuds, and Diamonds: Ebola and the Ravages of History. Paul Farmer. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020. ISBN 978-0-374-23432-4 Farmer first visited the Western African Ebola virus epidemic site in July 2014, and much of the book is devoted to his personal experiences. Reviewing the outbreak in 2020, he noted that there were almost no Ebola deaths in the U.S. or Europe. By Farmer's account, the West Africa Ebola death toll arose from the longstanding failure to invest in basic health infrastructure which resulted in a lack of proper medical care. Looking at the history of West Africa, Farmer blames the almost five centuries of European rule that resulted in the "rapacious extraction — of rubber latex, timber, minerals, gold, diamonds and human chattel" for the country's inability to provide adequate health care.
 * AIDS and Accusation: Haiti and the Geography of Blame, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, 1993, 2006 edition: ISBN 978-0-520-08343-1
 * The Uses of Haiti, Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994, 2003, 2005 edition: ISBN 978-1-56751-242-7
 * Infections and Inequalities: The Modern Plagues, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999, revised 2001 edition: ISBN 978-0-520-22913-6
 * Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, 2005 edition: ISBN 978-0-520-24326-2
 * Global Health in Times of Violence, co-edited with Barbara Rylko-Bauer and Linda Whiteford, School for Advanced Research Press, 2009 edition: ISBN 978-1-934691-14-4
 * Women, Poverty & AIDS: Sex, Drugs and Structural Violence (Series in Health and Social Justice), with coauthor Margaret Connors, Common Courage Press; Reprint edition (September 1996), ISBN 978-1-56751-074-4
 * Partner to the Poor: A Paul Farmer Reader. Ed. Haun Saussy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-520-25713-9
 * Haiti After the Earthquake, Ed. Abbey Gardner and Cassia van der Hoof Holstein. PublicAffairs, July 12, 2011, ISBN 978-1-58648-973-1
 * To Repair the World: Paul Farmer Speaks to the Next Generation. Ed. Jonathan Weigel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-520-27597-3
 * In the Company of the Poor: conversations between Dr. Paul Farmer and Fr. Gustavo Gutierrez. Ed. Michael Griffin and Jennie Weiss Block. Orbis Books, 2013: ISBN 978-1-62698-050-1
 * Reimagining Global Health. Paul Farmer, Jim Yong Kim, Arthur Kleinman, and Matthew Basilico. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-520-27199-9

Awards and recognition
Farmer was the recipient of numerous honors, including the Bronislaw Malinowski Award and the Margaret Mead Award from the Society for Applied Anthropology, the Outstanding International Physician (Nathan Davis) Award from the American Medical Association, a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, and, with his Partners In Health colleagues, the Hilton Humanitarian Prize. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, from which he was awarded the 2018 Public Welfare Medal. In 2020, he was awarded the million-dollar Berggruen Prize.

 * 1993: MacArthur Fellowship
 * 1999: Margaret Mead Award, American Anthropological Association and Society for Applied Anthropology, for “Infections and Inequalities”
 * 2002: Outstanding International Physician Award (Nathan Davis Award), American Medical Association
 * 2005: Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize (awarded to Partners In Health)
 * 2005: Rudolf Virchow Award, Professional Prize (with Dr. Arachu Castro), Society for Medical Anthropology
 * 2006: Union Medal, Union Theological Seminary
 * 2006: Honorary Doctor of Laws, Princeton University
 * 2007: Honorary Doctor of Science, Emory University
 * 2007: The Peace Abbey Foundation Courage of Conscience Award
 * 2009: Recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Archbishop Desmond Tutu at an awards ceremony at St. Georges Cathedral in Cape Town, South Africa
 * 2009: Honorary Doctor of Letters, Columbia University
 * 2010: Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Pennsylvania
 * 2010: S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards
 * 2011: named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers
 * 2011: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, University of South Florida
 * 2011: Doctor of Humane Letters, Honoris Causa, Georgetown University
 * 2012: Honorary Doctor of Science, Northwestern University
 * 2013: Honorary Doctor of Science, American University
 * 2013: Sword of Loyola, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine
 * 2015: Blessed are the Peacemakers Award, Catholic Theological Union
 * 2015: Forbes 400 Lifetime Achievement Award For Social Entrepreneurship
 * 2016: Bronislaw Malinowski Award, Society for Applied Anthropology
 * 2018: Public Welfare Medal, National Academy of Sciences
 * 2018: Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 * 2019: Honorary Doctor of Laws, McGill University
 * 2019: Gold Medal for Distinguished Service to Humanity, The National Institute of Social Sciences
 * 2019: Rwanda National Order of Outstanding Friendship (Igihango), by the President of Rwanda His Excellency Paul Kagame
 * 2020: Recipient of the million dollar Berggruen Prize for Philosophy and Culture
 * 2021: Aurora Humanitarian, in recognition of his work with PIH
 * 2022: Inamori Ethics Prize
 * 2022 (posthumous) WHO Director-General’s Global Health Leaders Award

title: Paul Farmer


text:
Soviet locomotive class OR23

Built in 1949, the opposed-piston 2-10-4 was one of a number of Soviet locomotive designs that was unsuccessful. The cylinders were placed above the center driving axle. Unlike nearly all steam locomotives, the pistons had rods on both ends which transferred power to the wheels. The idea was to balance the driving forces on the wheels, allowing the counterweights on the wheels to be smaller and reducing "hammer blow" on the track. The locomotive was never repeated and the design was a failure. The locomotive was never used for more than testing and was returned to its builder, the Voroshilovgrad Works, and scrapped sometime afterward.

title: Soviet locomotive class OR23


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Talk:Martin Sargent

updates
adding his new website as the blog link is broken http://www.sargeworld.com/ Oni-dracula 05:42, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Dating Morgan
Could someone provide a reference showing that he dated Morgan Webb. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Culled (talk • contribs) 21:53, 29 March 2007 (UTC). Martin Sargent dated Morgan Webb????!?!!? I never heard of this before, I want a source

sourcing
I think that the article is sourced enough to take down the lack of citations tag. If you think otherwise, undo and respond why here in the talk page andyzweb (talk) 21:37, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martin Sargent


text:
User talk:Mahatmastick

License tagging for Image:Guitynovin.jpg
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title: User talk:Mahatmastick