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Kneeling

Kneeling is a basic human position where one or both knees touch the ground. According to Merriam-Webster, kneeling is defined as "to position the body so that one or both knees rest on the floor". Kneeling with only one knee, and not both, is called genuflection.

Kneeling is a primate behavior used to convey deference by making the figure that is kneeling appear smaller than the other. Primates themselves establish a dominance hierarchy (or "pecking order") which is important to the survival and behavior of the group. Chimpanzees, for example, have a complex social group that involves a dominant male and a corresponding female, to whom the other males and the juvenile chimps are submissive. Males who threaten the hierarchy are often severely injured or killed; in some instances, the use of submissive behavior is necessary to ensure survival.

Religion
Humans have inherited the custom of submissive behavior, and kneeling has become prevalent in religious practices. It has been used as a form of prayer and a way to worship or revere deities and supernatural entities. Britannica defines the purpose of kneeling as placing the knees downwards towards "the realm of the underworld", while the purpose of raising one's hands in prayer is to reach upwards towards "the realm of the heavenly gods". Kneeling has taken on many different forms and styles as different cultures and institutions have adopted it.

Judaism and Islam
Kneeling is one way of praying in both Judaism and Islam, however, the more prevalent way to pray in Judaism is to stand up and perform the Amidah. Kneeling in Judaism is saved for specific kneeling stones which have become obsolete. Both faiths also perform a type of kneeling prostration that involves the entire body including the head, Qidah in Hebrew, and Sajdah in Arabic. This involves getting down on both knees and extending your hands on the ground until your forehead is up against the ground as well. Sometimes the disciples go so far as to lay down completely on the floor instead of just kneeling. In Islam, kneeling or prostrating (sujud) is usually performed on a dedicated prayer rug which is treated with especial care. Though common for Islam, there is also a prayer rug in Judaism in conjunction with the holiday of Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement). This holiday is one of the few times in Judaism in which it is customary to pray while kneeling on the rug.

Christianity
The history of kneeling and prostration have always been a sign of worship in Christianity. Passages in the Bible show that kneeling is preferred over other forms of prayer. It is mentioned in the New Testament that "whenever you pray, do not be like the hypocrites; for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues". The origin of this practice is within Sacred Scripture, which states: "Therefore God also highly exalted Him and gave Him the name that is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bend, in heaven and on earth and under the earth" (NRSV). Some churches may use a kneeler in frequented areas in order to indicate where to kneel as well as provide some level of comfort during the prayer.

Proposals
Kneeling is the position often associated with traditional, Western marriage proposals. This position typically involves the person proposing kneeling with one knee on the ground, a position sometimes referred to as genuflecting, holding an engagement ring up to the person being proposed to. Kneeling in a public space in front of an apparent significant other often suggests a forthcoming proposal, and kneeling is indeed typically the expected position when proposing publicly.

While kneeling is considered a traditional style of proposing, there is little consensus on its historical origins, and it in fact appears to be a fairly modern custom. Connections have been made to kneeling in European feudal society, in which kneeling before a lord suggested servitude and surrender. Medieval imagery sometimes depicted a knight kneeling before a lady in an act of courtly love, suggesting kneeling as a form of romantic expression was similar to the submission given to lords. Kneeling during a marriage proposal has been suggested as a similar form of submission.

Christian wedding ceremonies
In Christian wedding ceremonies, especially those of the Roman Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican denominations, it is customary for the couple to kneel before the altar, following the Lord's Prayer. Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican wedding ceremonies are often conducted within a Mass, and as such the couple and wedding guests alike kneel at several points throughout the ceremony as the liturgy calls for it. Couples are sometimes given kneelers to rest on at the altar.

During the ceremony, the couple may participate in the customary placing of the veil or Lazo, a rope placed around the couple's shoulders, while they are kneeling with both knees on the ground as chosen sponsors place a veil over the head of the bride and the shoulders of the groom, or have the Lazo placed around them, in order to symbolize the binding of the marriage. Following the placement of the Lazo or veil, the couple remains in a kneeling position as the priest conducts the Nuptial Blessing.

Kneeling in sexual intercourse
The kneeling position may be used in various ways in sexual intercourse. A member of a couple may take a kneeling position in front of their partner in order to perform oral sex for the other. Other sexual positions involving kneeling may include the position commonly referred to as “doggy style,” in which one partner is crouched on all fours while the other takes a kneeling position, usually with both knees on the ground, in order to penetrate the crouching partner from behind, or various riding positions, in which one partner is kneeling with both knees down above the other partner and is penetrated from below.

BDSM
BDSM, referring to bondage, discipline and dominance, submission, and masochism, encompasses a complex variety of practices involving interpersonal relationships, typically of a sexual nature, centered around the creation of an unbalanced power dynamic. Consent is considered of the utmost importance within a BDSM relationship. Kneeling is commonplace in BDSM practices as a way to show or enforce submission to or by the dominant partner. The role of the dominant or the submissive is not exclusively gendered, though gender may influence the dynamics of a D/s relationship. Some men who serve as submissives to dominant women, for example, find comfort in the action of kneeling submissively for a woman.

East Asia
There are many forms of kneeling in East Asia presented within their daily lives and daily rituals. This is different from western culture and other religions since these daily rituals are not necessarily tied to their religion but instead more to their society and culture.

Japan
There are two forms of kneeling or prostration in Japanese culture: Dogeza and Seiza.

Dogeza is a traditional form of respectful bowing to acknowledge superiors. This practice is two steps: kneeling down onto the ground, then bending over to touch the ground with the head. It can also be to express apology or attempt to bless someone with your good favor. This practice is mainly a form of formal and deeply emotional apology to someone of a higher rank than you within society. This is more of an older form of reverence, though, that has fallen out of practice. Seiza is another Japanese kneeling position that refers to the traditional way of sitting down in Japan. This is a formal way of sitting down which was adopted by Japan after the Edo period. Since then, it has now become the traditional way of sitting down within the household and for certain cultural events. Many of the culturally significant and traditional events in Japanese society involve sitting positions such as funerals or tea parties. This form of sitting however is uncomfortable to those who have not practiced it for a long time; therefore people in Japan usually start practicing this posture at quite a young age.

China
In China, there is a form of prostration involving kneeling called Kowtow. Kowtow is where the participant kneels down then subsequently bows on the ground so that their forehead touches the ground. This was a traditional way of showing respect in China. The literal translation of the mandarin word is “knock head”. This whole process consisted of three kneelings and nine knockings of the head, nine being important since it was a number associated with the Emperor. This practice of kowtowing is not new to the Chinese nor is the concept of kneeling since they sat kneeling down for much of their history as well.

Kneeling in Ancient China
In ancient Chinese society, kowtow, or kneeling-bowing, was common for students to express gratitude to their teachers. Before learning any skills or knowledge, students or apprentices had to kneel down and bow toward their teachers to show appreciation. The students first thank the teacher and then demonstrate their commitment to the apprenticeship. After the ritual, teachers will express their willingness to teach and impart knowledge as well as life wisdoms.

Besides students and teachers, kowtow was common among children and parents as well. The younger generation also performs kowtow toward their parents to show gratitude and appreciation. Although kneeling-bowing used to be seen as the highest expression of Confucianism for the master-apprentice and children-parents relationship, the behavior has caused controversies in the modern world.

Genderization of kneeling in Greek ritual
Kneeling can be a gendered behavior in Greek Ritual. In classical attic votive reliefs, almost all kneeling worshippers are females. The Greek literature also gives similar evidence. No male kneels in Greek tragedy, and in Greek comedy, only do slaves kneel. In those literature, people kneel when they are in a horrible situation, and kneeling is therefore related to supplication for change. In most cases, kneeling is considered a ritual act of last resort that usually takes place in front of a statue of God. It is also seen as a sign of submission for those in victim positions. It turned out that in Greek ritual, kneeling is only appropriate for females or slaves.

Prehistoric Ecuador
Kneeling behaviors occurred in prehistoric Ecuador as well. Prehistoric skeletal samples from Coastal Ecuador suggest behaviors or squatting and kneeling. Bone evidence of metatarsophalangeal joints (between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones) show that the articular surface of the head of the first metatarsal bones (located behind the big toe) is extended onto the upper side. On the ventral side, the edge of the articular area is lifted away from the shaft, or the midsection of the long bone. and is extended on the lateral side. All the bone evidence suggests a tendency of prolonged hyperdorsiflexion, or an increased use of muscles in the front part of the foot, which is associated with habitual kneeling posture. In addition, the flattening of the ventral surface on metatarsal implies pressure points related to kneeling.

Health aspects of kneeling
In East Asian cultures such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese, postures with high flexion including kneeling and squatting are used more often in daily activities, while in North America, people kneel or squat less frequently in daily activities, unless for occupational, religious, or leisure practices. The favored style of those high flexion postures also differs among ethnic groups. While Caucasians tend to flex the forefoot when kneeling or squatting, East Asians are more likely to keep the foot flat on the ground.

In the two common styles of kneeling, the plantarflexed kneel and the dorsiflexed kneel, the lead leg may experience higher adduction and flexion moment, which is associated with increased knee joint loads.

Grief
People may kneel in grief, for their own losses or for others.

In 1970, Willy Brandt, Chancellor of West Germany, visited Warsaw, Poland. After laying a wreath at the memorial to the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, which had been brutally put down by the Nazi regime, he unexpectedly, and apparently spontaneously, fell to his knees for about half a minute, as a mark of humility and penance. The event is known in German as the Kniefall von Warschau (the Warsaw genuflection).

Requests
Kneeling is also used when making emotional requests, such as asking for forgiveness.

European knights since the Middle Ages
Kneeling is viewed as a sign of submission when it is performed in a royal setting. One of the most common royal settings in which kneeling takes place is when a person is being knighted. When knighthood began in Europe in the Middle Ages, only men could become knights; when this was changed to include women, the knighted women were made dames. At the ritual portion of a religious knighthood ceremony in the Middle Ages, the man that would later be knighted knelt before a chapel altar with a sword placed on it. During the accolade, the man would kneel or bow before a knight, lord, or king to be dubbed with the flat side of a sword or a hand. The gesture of kneeling before royalty to receive a knighthood is a way of proclaiming the person's dedication to serving and honoring their country or the Church. However, knighting ceremonies are not as rigid and demanding as they once were in the Middle Ages. There have been a few changes to the aspect of kneeling that have made the ceremony accessible to a more diverse number of people. Knighting ceremonies now usually take place with the investiture, a special day when those that have been awarded with an honor from the Crown receive their award in person at a royal residence. Those that are present to be knighted are no longer required to take part in all of the expansive sections of the knighthood ceremony from the Middle Ages. One of the sections that has been waived is the need for the individual to kneel at a chapel altar with a sword placed on it. The person is still required to kneel before the monarch during the accolade in order to be dubbed, but they do so on an investiture stool.

While kneeling is seen as a sign of respect and humility in countries that have a monarch, it is not considered commonplace in countries where there is no monarch. Because of this cultural difference, kneeling is not required for individuals from these countries when they are knighted. For example, when General Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II in 1991, he was not expected to kneel to receive his knighthood because he was not a British subject. Other exceptions for kneeling before a monarch when being knighted are old age, physical inability, or health conditions.

Interacting with royalty
Kneeling is a sign of reverence and submission when done toward royalty upon meeting them. Properly acknowledging the Crown is a nervous time for some individuals that are meeting royalty for the first time or are from a country without a monarch. They want to do what is appropriate.

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, she valued the bend of an individual's knee to her over a verbal commitment as an act of loyalty. Those that would comply, like one of her favorite courtiers Blanche Parry, would be rewarded with proximity to the Crown and other political gifts. However, the British Royal Family and the Royal Household at Buckingham Palace now no longer insist or require individuals to follow traditional codes of behavior when greeting a member of the Royal Family. They still accept people who wish to follow the traditional codes, but they understand if an individual is not comfortable with kneeling, amongst other gestures, in submission.

Sports
Placing a single knee on the ground (taking a knee) may have different meanings in different sports and situations. In many sports, taking a knee is a sign of respect and solidarity when a player from either team, or an official, is injured such that they need or may need assistance to leave the playing area. In these cases, it is considered proper for all other players (but not the officials or any player assisting the injured person) to place one knee on the ground until the injured person is off the playing area.

American football and Canadian football
In American football and Canadian football, the quarterback kneel may be performed to quickly end a play and use up time on the clock with only a minimal penalty. This is particularly useful when the offensive team is ahead by a few points and does not want to risk a fumble or other turnover.

Also in American football and Canadian football, any player with the ball may take a knee to end a play or to indicate that they do not intend to advance further with the ball.

title: Kneeling


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nun'du

There is already an article on this at Nundu. Nundu is the correct spelling. Nun'du is incorrect. --drak2 13:48, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - The article Nun'du is actually written better than the article Nundu. My belief is that we should delete Nundu and then move Nun'du to Nundu, therefore preserving the better article quality. -Hoekenheef 14:38, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with you entirely. But the history isnt that important is it? Please see the updated Nundu page. --drak2
 * You still have the talk page to deal with. -Hoekenheef 18:19, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

But they're identical now... --drak2 15:12, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I vote to merge the two articles into Nundu because that is the correct spelling, and then redirect Nun'du there if needed. SujinYH 14:46, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nun'du


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User:Cwlq

Chris Quackenbush (born August 4, 1984 in Atlanta, Georgia) is a Westfieldian historian. Best known for his work A People's History of the West Fields, the title of which parodies Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States, Quackenbush is often criticised for his nationalistic rhetoric and anti-Scotch Plains stance. He has called for the unification of the Greater Westfield Area as he has termed the geographic region in North Eastern Union County immediately surrounding Westfield and consisting of Westfield, Scotch Plains, Fanwood, Cranford, Garwood, and Mountainside and has urged ethnic Westfieldmen to rise up and take control of the municipalities of the land which he claims they have historically inhabitted.

=Vespucia= In his writing, Quackenbush has stated that he intends to found a nation on the continent of Antarctica which he calls Vespucia after Amerigo Vespucci. Along with Matthew Lowenstein he will suposedly rule this region as a Bicoronar. Quackenbush openly claims the antarctic state as the destiny of the Westfieldian race who he has inimated he believes to be divinely ordained to to rule over the southernmost continent.

title: User:Cwlq


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User talk:Kpark317

"Peradidles" is wrongly spelt.. It should be paradiddle, and there already is a page on it. Maeglin

title: User talk:Kpark317


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Emrah Eren

Emrah Eren (born 13 November 1978) is a Turkish retired footballer.

Emrah has played over 250 matches at Turkish Super League and was a Turkey U21 internationals.

Career
Emrah began his career at Gaziosmanpaşa in his teenage years, playing on the right side of defence and midfield. He became professional in İstanbulspor in 1995. He soon found himself at Süper Lig team Adanaspor, and immediately made his mark despite his youth. His talent earned him a place in the Turkish under-21 team, first at 1997 Mediterranean Games where he continued to impress the scouts from many teams. Displaying pace, power, technique and hard work it was obvious that he would soon join a big team.

In the summer of 1999, he joined Galatasaray. His time there was brief, as he failed to earn much playing time. He was loaned out to Istanbulspor for a while but found that his experience on his return to Galatasaray would be the same as he had been through before. At the beginning of the 2002 season he joined league strugglers Kocaelispor. Here he found regular playing time and refound his form and began to show signs of fulfilling his promise that he had displayed in his younger years. His efficient defending combined with runs into the opposition half made him one of the stars of the team. Kocaelispor were relegated from the Superlig. Emrah left to join the Black Sea club Trabzonspor.

At Trabzonspor, Emrah has established himself as one of the best defenders in Turkish football. He has fulfilled much of the potential that he showed in his youth. He is a fan favourite due to his modesty and hard work in the team. In July 2005 he extended his contract with the team for a further three years, to 2008.

In January 2006, he joined Malatyaspor.

Emrah Eren is married with one child.

In June 2010, Emrah Eren signed a one-year contract with Konyaspor.

Honours
Galatasaray
 * Süper Lig: 1999–2000
 * Turkish Cup: 1999–2000
 * UEFA Cup: 1999–2000

Trabzonspor
 * Turkish Cup: 2003–04

Akhisar Belediyespor
 * TFF First League: 2011–12

title: Emrah Eren


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The Book of Heavy Metal

The Book of Heavy Metal is the 3rd full length album by the Swedish heavy metal band Dream Evil. This is the last album to feature Gus G. and Snowy Shaw.

DVD

 * "Tour 2003" (Footage of the band on tour, and live footage of the band performing 'M.O.M.', 'Children Of The Night' and 'Heavy Metal In The Night') – 35:13
 * "The Making Of The Book Of Heavy Metal" (The making of the band's new album) – 26:26

Personnel

 * Band
 * Niklas Isfeldt - vocals
 * Fredrik Nordström - rhythm guitars, backing vocals
 * Gus G. - lead guitars
 * Peter Stålfors - bass, backing vocals
 * Snowy Shaw - drums, backing vocals

 * Guest/Session members
 * Mats Olausson - organ and keyboards on 2, 5, 8, 10, and 12
 * Andy Alkman - 2nd lead vocals on 4
 * Per Edvardsson - harmony vocals on 5 and 11
 * Patrik J. - choir vocals on 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 10
 * Råberra Axelsson - guitar solo on 1
 * "Metal" Mike Chlasciak - guitar solo on 4

title: The Book of Heavy Metal


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Coran

Coran is an infrequently used English spelling of Qur'an (the main Islamic religious text).

It may also refer to:
 * Coran (river), a tributary of the Charente in France
 * Coran Capshaw, manager of the Dave Matthews Band
 * Coracholan languages, an alternative name for a language group within the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken in the Mexican states of Jalisco and Nayarit
 * Coran the elf, a Baldur's Gate non-player character, voiced by Brian George
 * Circle Seven Koran, the holy scripture of the Moorish Science Temple of America
 * Coran, character of the Voltron TV-Series franchise.

title: Coran


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Lipstick

Lipstick is a cosmetic product used to apply coloration and texture to lips, often made of wax and oil. Different pigments are used to produce color, and minerals such as silica may be used to provide texture. The use of lipstick dates back to early civilizations such as Sumer and the Indus Valley Civilisation, and was popularized in the Western world in the 16th century. Some lipsticks contain traces of toxic materials, such as lead and PFAS, which prompted health concerns and regulation.

Lipstick has been prominent in several women's fashion trends, often associated with women's sexuality. The color of lipstick has aesthetic and cultural significance as different colors carry different connotations. Red lipstick has historically been associated with sensuality or women's independence while black lipstick is worn by both men and women in alternative subcultures, especially punk and goth. Celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, Madonna, and Taylor Swift have contributed to the popularity and iconic images of lipstick in fashion and mainstream media.

Early history
Ancient Sumerian and Indus Valley men and women were possibly the first to invent and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. Sumerians crushed gemstones and used them to decorate their faces, mainly on the lips and around the eyes. Egyptians, such as Cleopatra VII, crushed bugs (carmine) to create a color of red on their lips. Women in the ancient Indus Valley civilization have used rectangular pieces of ochre with beveled ends as lipstick. The Kama Sutra describes lip coloring made of red lac and beeswax and method it was used. Ancient Egyptians wore lipstick to show social status rather than gender. They extracted the red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, but this dye resulted in serious illness. Lipsticks with shimmering effects were initially made using a pearlescent substance found in fish scales.

The Chinese made lipsticks that were made from beeswax more than 1,000 years ago to protect the delicate skin of the lips. During the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), scented oils were added to them, which gave the mouth an enticing factor.

In Australia, Aboriginal girls would paint their mouths red with ochre for puberty rituals.

United Kingdom and France
Lip colouring started to gain some popularity in 16th-century England. During the time of Queen Elizabeth I bright red lips and a stark white face became fashionable. At that time, lipstick was made from a blend of beeswax and red stains from plants. Only upper-class women and male actors wore makeup. Throughout most of the 19th century, the obvious use of cosmetics was not considered acceptable in Britain for respectable women, and it was associated with marginalised groups such as actors and prostitutes. It was considered brazen and uncouth to wear makeup. In the 1850s, reports were being published warning women of the dangers of using lead and vermilion in cosmetics applied to the face. The first lipstick was created by Parisian maison Guerlain in 1870. The refillable pink lipstick has a remarkable story. An employee of Aime and Gabriel Guerlain was walking in a street and happened upon the store of a candlemaker, whose wax and colored pigments gave him a eureka moment. Seeing the candlemaker's tools gave the Guerlain employee the “mad” idea of creating a waxy, lip cosmetic as a stick. By the end of the 19th century, Guerlain began to manufacture lipstick on a wider scale. The first commercial lipstick was invented in 1884, by them in Paris, France. It was covered in silk paper and made from deer tallow, castor oil, and beeswax. Prior to this, lipstick had been created at home.

Complete acceptance of the undisguised use of cosmetics in England appears to have arrived for the fashionable Londoner at least by 1921.

United States
In the 19th century, lipstick was colored with carmine dye. Carmine dye was extracted from cochineal, scale insects native to Mexico and Central America which live on cactus plants. Cochineal insects produce carminic acid to deter predation by other insects. Carminic acid, which forms 17% to 24% of the weight of the dried insects, can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs. Mixed with aluminum or calcium salts it makes carmine dye (also known as cochineal).

This lipstick did not come in a tube; it was applied with a brush. Carmine dye was expensive and the look of carmine colored lipstick was considered unnatural and theatrical, so lipstick was frowned upon for everyday wear. Only actors and actresses could get away with wearing lipstick. In 1880, few stage actresses wore lipstick in public. The famous actress, Sarah Bernhardt, began wearing lipstick and rouge in public. Before the late 19th century, women only applied makeup at home. Bernhardt often applied carmine dye to her lips in public.

In the early 1890s, carmine was mixed with an oil and wax base. The mixture gave a natural look and it was more acceptable among women. At that time, lipstick was not sold in screw up metal tube; it was sold in paper tubes, tinted papers, or in small pots. The Sears Roebuck catalog first offered rouge for lips and cheeks by the late 1890s.

By 1912 fashionable American women had come to consider lipstick acceptable, though an article in the New York Times advised on the need to apply it cautiously.

By 1915, lipstick was sold in cylinder metal containers, which had been invented by Maurice Levy. Women had to slide a tiny lever at the side of the tube with the edge of their fingernail to move the lipstick up to the top of the case, although lipsticks in push-up metal containers had been available in Europe since 1911. In 1923, the first swivel-up tube was patented by James Bruce Mason Jr. in Nashville, Tennessee. As women started to wear lipstick for photographs, photography made lipstick acceptable among women. Elizabeth Arden and Estee Lauder began selling lipstick in their salons.

During the Second World War, metal lipstick tubes were replaced by plastic and paper tubes. Lipstick was scarce during that time because some of the essential ingredients of lipstick, petroleum and castor oil, were unavailable. World War II allowed women to work in engineering and scientific research, and in the late 1940s, Hazel Bishop, an organic chemist in New York and New Jersey, created the first long lasting lipstick, called No-Smear lipstick. With the help of Raymond Specter, an advertiser, Bishop's lipstick business thrived.

Another form of lip color, a wax-free, semi-permanent liquid formula, was invented in the 1990s by the Lip-Ink International company. Other companies have imitated the idea, putting out their own versions of long-lasting "lip stain" or "liquid lip color."

Lipstick trends
Throughout the early 20th century, lipstick came in a limited number of shades. Dark red lipstick was one of the most popular shades throughout the 19th and 20th century, especially in the 1920s. Flappers wore lipstick to symbolize their independence. Lipstick was worn around the lips to form a "Cupid's bow," inspired by actress Clara Bow. At that time, it was acceptable to apply lipstick in public and during lunch, but never at dinner.

In the early 1930s, Elizabeth Arden began to introduce different lipstick colors. She inspired other companies to create a variety of lipstick shades. In the 1930s, lipstick was seen as a symbol of adult sexuality. Teenage girls believed that lipstick was a symbol of womanhood, yet adults saw it as an act of rebellion. Many Americans, especially immigrants, did not accept teenage girls wearing lipstick. A 1937 survey revealed that over 50% of teenage girls fought with their parents over lipstick.

In the mid-1940s, several teen books and magazines stressed that men prefer a natural look over a made-up look. Books and magazines also warned girls that wearing cosmetics could ruin their chances of popularity and a career. The implication of these articles was that lipstick and rouge were for teen girls who acted very provocatively with men. Teen girls were discouraged from wearing cosmetics for fear that they would be mistaken for "loose" girls or prostitutes.

By the 1950s, movie actresses Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor helped bring back dark red lips. A 1951 survey revealed that two-thirds of teenage girls wore lipstick.

In 1950 chemist Hazel Bishop formed a company, Hazel Bishop Inc., to promote her invention of long-lasting, non-smearing 'kissproof' lipstick ("stays on you... not on him"), which quickly gained acceptance. At the end of the 1950s, a cosmetic company named Gala introduced pale shimmery lipstick. Later, Max Factor created a popular lipstick color called Strawberry Meringue. Lipstick manufacturers began creating lipsticks in lavender, pale pink, white, and peach. Since parents generally frowned on teen girls wearing red lipstick, some teen girls began wearing pink and peach lipsticks, which became a trend. White or nearly white lipstick was popular in the 1960s. Rock groups such as the Ronettes and The Shirelles popularized white lipstick. Girls would apply white lipstick over pink lipstick or place under-eye concealer on their lips. During that time, many lipsticks were either matte, sheer, or slightly shiny. In the 1960s, lipstick was associated with femininity. Women who did not wear lipstick were suspected of mental illness or lesbianism.

In the 1970s, a number of cosmetic companies introduced lipsticks in more unusual colors such as iridescent light blue (Kanebo), frosted lime green (Conga Lime by Revlon), and silver sparkled navy blue (Metallic Grandma by Biba). M•A•C cosmetics continues to release limited edition and highly collectible lipsticks in a wide range of colors and finishes, including unusual hues of violets, blues, and greens.

Black lipstick became popular in the late 1970s and into the 1990s. In the 1950s, black lipstick had been worn by actresses starring in horror films. It became popular again due in part to punk and goth subcultures.

In the mid-1980s, so-called mood lipstick, akin to mood rings, was sold to adults by mainstream cosmetic companies. This type of lipstick changes colors after it is applied, based on changes in skin's pH that supposedly reflect the wearer's mood. Previously these had been available as little girls' play makeup. They had another resurgence in the very early 21st century, offered by inexpensive as well as more exclusive cosmetic lines, and color changing chemicals also appeared in lip gloss, such as Smashbox O-Gloss, and blush, such as Stila Custom Color Blush.

In the 1990s, lipstick colors became semi-matte. Shades of brown were very popular. These shades were inspired by several shows, such as Friends. In the late 1990s and into the 21st century, pearl shades became very popular. Lipsticks were no longer matte or semi-matte, but were shiny.

In the 1990s, Laura Mercier ("M") and MAC Cosmetics ("Russian Red") created red lipsticks for Madonna. Author Poppy King believes that Madonna "ushered red lipstick back in as a symbol of strength" and of "glamorous rebellion". Upon its release the "Russian Red" became a bestseller, and still one of the best-selling lipsticks of MAC according to an article published in 2020 by Vogue Spain. In 2012, Make Up For Ever created the "Aqua Rouge/Iconic Red" (shade #8) for Madonna to wear on her the MDNA Tour, and celebrities like Taylor Swift used it according to fashion-targeted magazines such as Elle.

In 2012, bright bold lip colors became trendy again with saturated colors such as hot pink, neon, and orange. American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift boosted the popularity of red lipsticks, especially with the release of her fourth studio album, Red (2012), whose cover artwork prominently features red lips. Swift has since worn red lipstick consistently. Media outlets consider red lips as one of her signature looks,   coupled with the "desirable" cupid's bow and "voluptuous" pout of her lips.

In 2014 and early 2015, nude lipsticks became popular. These lipsticks follow the general trend where "less is more". Examples of celebrities promoting this trend are Paris Hilton and Gigi Gorgeous. In late 2015 and 2016, liquid lipstick which applies like a gloss but dries matte became popularized with brands such as Anastasia Beverly Hills, Sephora, Huda Beauty, Kylie Cosmetics, NYX Cosmetics. Its most common form comes in a tube, applied with an applicator wand. Liquid lipstick tends to have more staying power and is more pigmented than traditional lipstick. However, it dries out more and cracks more readily over time depending upon the product quality.

In early 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, trend of liquid lipstick was changed from the liquid matte lipstick to semi-matte or glossy finish. However, the COVID-19 pandemic markedly reduced the popularity of lipsticks since people usually do not apply lipstick under facial mask.

Lipstick also has many variations including liquid, lip balms, glosses, crayons, pencils, liners, palettes, and stains. Balms and glosses tend to be more translucent and not as dark or vibrant as the regular lipsticks. Some individuals buy lip balms and glosses rather than lipstick, as they get a more hydrating feeling from these.

Significance in sexuality
A "lipstick lesbian" is a female who is attracted to other females, but remains stereotypically feminine and has a “girly” identity, sometimes known as a "femme." The term "lipstick lesbian" became popular when used by writer Deborah Bergman, a reporter for the Los Angeles Times.

Ingredients
Lipstick contains wax, oils, antioxidants, and emollients. Wax provides the structure to the solid lipstick. Lipsticks may be made from several waxes such as beeswax, ozokerite, and candelilla wax. Because of its high melting point, carnauba wax is a key ingredient in terms of strengthening the lipstick. Various oils and fats are used in lipsticks, such as olive oil, mineral oil, cocoa butter, lanolin, and petrolatum.

Lipsticks get their colors from a variety of pigments and lake dyes including, but not limited to bromo acid, D&C Red No. 21, Calcium Lake such as D&C Red 7 and D&C Red 34, and D&C Orange No. 17. Pink lipsticks are made by mixing white titanium dioxide and red shades. Both organic and inorganic pigments are employed.

Matte lipsticks contain more filling agents like silica but do not have many emollients. Creme lipsticks contain more waxes than oils. Sheer and long lasting lipsticks contain more oil, while long lasting lipsticks also contain silicone oil, which seals the colors to the wearer's lips. Glossy lipstick contains more oil to give a shiny finish to the lips.

Shimmery or frost lipstick may contain mica, silica, and synthetic pearl particles, such as bismuth oxychloride, to give them a glittery or shimmering shine.

Lipstick is made from grinding and heating ingredients. Then heated waxes are added to the mix for texture. Oils and lanolin are added for specific formula requirements. Afterwards, the hot liquid is poured into a metal mold. The mixture is then chilled. Once they have hardened, they are heated in flame for half a second to create a shiny finish and to remove imperfections.

Lead traces
Lead and other trace metals may be found in many lipsticks; these occur naturally and can accidentally contaminate other ingredients during production. As contaminants are not added intentionally they will not be listed as ingredients.

In 2007, a study by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics released a report called "A Poison Kiss" that tested 33 popular brands of lipstick for lead content. The study found that 61 percent of lipsticks contained lead with levels up to 0.65 parts per million (ppm). The study raised public awareness of the issue, putting pressure on the FDA to conduct further studies using a specialized testing method. In 2009, the FDA released the follow-up study to the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics' report, which found lead was present in all 20 samples tested. The lead levels ranged from 0.09 to 3.06 ppm, with the highest levels found in lipsticks made by Cover Girl, L'Oreal, and Revlon.

In 2011, the FDA conducted an expanded survey on its previous study, which broadened the testing to 400 lipsticks that were available on the U.S. market at the time. This study was performed by Frontier Global Sciences, Inc. using the same testing method as 2009. This study found an average of 1.11 ppm compared to the 1.07 ppm average in the 2009 study, while the highest amount of 7.19 ppm in Maybelline's Color Sensational 125 – Pink Petal. This was more than twice the highest amount found in the 2009 study.

Trace amounts of lead can contaminate raw ingredients, specifically mineral based additives, as this element occurs naturally in soil, water, and air. The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics made a list of chemicals for concern which can contain toxic chemicals such as lead.

Whilst only trace amounts of lead are ingested from lipstick, lead accumulates in the body over time, which can eventually lead to lead poisoning. The most common users of lipstick are teens and adult women, and a study performed by the University of California, Berkeley found that women applied lipstick anywhere from two to fourteen times a day. This translates to up to 87 milligrams of product ingestion per day. Lead ingestion is particularly concerning for pregnant women because lead can enter the fetus from the mother.

The FDA is the regulating body of cosmetic safety under the U.S. FD&C Act. Cosmetics regulated by the FD&C Act do not need to be approved for pre-market sale, but pre-market approval is required for any color additives used in lipsticks. Currently, the FDA has not set an acceptable lead limit level for lipsticks specifically, but it has set specifications for lead in the color additives used in lipstick. The FDA's maximum lead limit level is 20 parts per million in cosmetics; however, since lipstick is absorbed through the skin and only ingested in very small quantities, the FDA does not "consider the lead levels we found in the lipsticks to be a safety concern". The CDC, on the other hand, reports that there is no safe blood level for lead and that its presence, even at low levels, can affect IQ, the ability to pay attention, and academic achievement. Once present, the effects of lead exposure on the body cannot be reversed.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
A 2021 study tested 231 makeup and personal care products and found organic fluorine, an indicator of PFAS, in more than half of the samples. High levels of fluorine were most commonly identified in waterproof mascara (82% of brands tested), foundations (63%), and liquid lipstick (62%). As many as 13 types of individual PFAS compounds were found in each product. Since PFAS compounds are highly mobile, they are readily absorbed through human skin and through tear ducts, and such products on lips are often unwittingly ingested. Manufacturers often fail to label their products as containing PFAS, which makes it difficult for cosmetics consumers to avoid products containing PFAS.

In forensic science
Traces of lipstick, cosmetics, nail polish, or other "smears" could be found left on drinking cups, glasses, cigarette butts, and tissue papers and may all be significant forensic evidence in the investigation of a crime, especially in cases such as sexual assault, homicide, and in government- or corporate-related corruption and controversies.

Lipstick, as a physical evidence, may be found on clothing, parts of the victim's or perpetrator's body, a tissue, a cigarette, etc. By comparing the composition of a lipstick smear with that of a victim or a witness, forensic scientists can demonstrate direct or indirect proof of contact or a relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant. Also, it is sometimes possible to extract saliva DNA from the lipstick print which might link a suspect to their presence at the crime scene.

Various other methods of forensic lipstick analysis are used, such as thin layer or gas chromatography, and spectroscopy and chemometrics.

title: Lipstick


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John Seybert

John Seybert (1791 – 1860) was an American bishop of the Evangelical Association. He was only the second Bishop of this denomination, a predecessor to the Evangelical United Brethren Church (and the United Methodist Church). He was elected at the General Conference of 1839.

Birth and family
Seybert was born 7 July 1791 in Manheim, Pennsylvania and died 4 January 1860 near Flat Rock, Ohio. His father, Henry, had been a German mercenary soldier in the British army during the American Revolutionary War. He was captured and imprisoned at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. After the war he became something of an indentured servant to a Mr. Schaffner, serving for three years. In 1790 Henry was married to Susan Kreuzer. Two of their four sons survived to maturity, John and David.

Early life and conversion
John, Sr. was confirmed in the Lutheran faith. He received an elementary education in German and English. The family prospered, John receiving in 1806 at his father's death a farm near Manheim. One year after Henry's death, John's mother deserted her sons and entered a religious community at Harmony, Pennsylvania, called the Rappites. Though John maintained contact with her until his death, her actions permanently alienated David from their mother.

Though raised, even confirmed, a Lutheran, John was converted at a revival held by an itinerant Evangelical preacher, Matthias Betz, in Manheim, 21 June 1810. Immediately he showed great zeal for the Christian faith. He was chosen as class leader of a class that met in Manheim. He was also recruited as class leader of a class that met in nearby Mount Joy.

Ordained ministry
Seybert was brought into the preaching ministry of the Evangelical Association by the Rev. John Dreisbach, an early denominational leader. Seybert was received as a preacher-on-trial in 1819 and appointed to the Lancaster Circuit. He began a strenuous discipline of Biblical and theological study, which he follow throughout his long ministry.

In 1822 Seybert was ordained a deacon. He went on to serve other churches/circuits, finally arriving in the Ohio Conference. While traveling through swampy areas of Ohio, he contracted malaria which kept him in precarious health the rest of his life. In 1824 he was ordained an elder. In 1825 he was elected to the supervisory position of presiding elder, appointed to the Canaan District in Pennsylvania (a large area mostly east of the Susquehanna River, south into Virginia, and north into New York).

Episcopal ministry
The expansion of the Evangelical Association, both in territory as well as the increasing complexity of its Charitable and Mission Societies, led the denomination in 1839 to adopt a great centralization of leadership. This led to John Seybert's election as Bishop, the first Evangelical leader to hold that office since the death of founder, Bishop Jacob Albright in 1808. Seybert accepted this election only after much prayer and self-examination.

As a bishop, Seybert was required to travel extensively throughout the expanding Church, both in general ministry as well as to preside at all Conferences. He traveled by carriage where roads were passable. Where there were no roads, he traveled on horseback, and sometimes walked. His travels ranged from New York, to New Jersey, to the Shenandoah Valley, to southwestern Pennsylvania, as far west as St. Louis, eastern Iowa, northern Illinois, Milwaukee, Detroit, Waterloo in Canada, Buffalo, and the Mohawk Valley. In one year (1850), for example, he traveled 106 days in Pennsylvania, 50 days in New York, 60 days in Ohio, 11 days in Michigan, 34 days in Indiana, 81 days in Illinois, 14 days in Wisconsin, 6 days in Maryland, and 3 days in Canada (for a total of 365 days). Although in later years he could have traveled by train, Bishop Seybert continued his previous methods of travel because it allowed him to minister to people in need all along his route.

title: John Seybert


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State trials

In English law, the term state trials primarily denotes trials relating to offences against the state. In practice it is a term often used of cases illustrative of the law relating to state officers or of international or constitutional law.

Bibliographical history
The first collection of accounts of state trials was published in 1719 in four volumes. Although without an editor's name, it appears that Thomas Salmon (1679–1767), an historical and geographical writer, was responsible for the collection. A second edition, increased to six volumes, under the editorship of Sollom Emlyn (1697–1754), appeared in 1730. This edition contained a lengthy preface critically surveying the condition of English law at the time.

A third edition appeared in 1742, in eight volumes, the seventh and eighth volumes having been added in 1835. Ninth and tenth volumes were added in 1766, and a fourth edition, comprising ten volumes, with the trials arranged chronologically, was published the same year. A fifth edition, originated by William Cobbett, but edited by Thomas Bayly Howell (1768–1815) and known as Cobbett's Complete Collection of State Trials, was published between 1809 and 1826. This edition is in thirty-three volumes; twenty-one of them, giving the more important state trials down to 1781, were edited by TB Howell, and the remaining volumes, bringing the trials down to 1820, by his son Thomas Jones Howell (d. 1858).

A new series, under the direction of a parliamentary committee, was projected in 1885, with the object of bringing the trials down to a later date. Eight volumes were published in 1888–1898, bringing the work down to 1858. The first three of these were edited by Sir John Macdonell, the remaining five by John Edward Power Wallis. For citation, their name may be abbreviated to St Tr (NS).

Selections have also been edited by Harry Lushington Stephen and others.

title: State trials


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Janet Pilgrim (model)

Janet Pilgrim (born Charlaine Edith Karalus; June 13, 1934 – May 1, 2017) was an American model who became a Playmate of the Month while employed at Playboy's corporate office. She was chosen as Playmate of the Month three times: July 1955, December 1955 and October 1956.

Miss July 1955
In 1955, Playboy was in its second year of production and had previously used professional models as Playmates. Karalus worked for Hugh Hefner in the subscription department and agreed to pose for the July 1955 episode in exchange for a new addressograph for the office. Hefner reportedly chose the name "Janet Pilgrim" as to make fun of sexual puritanism.

Karalus appeared topless with a tuxedo-clad man reported to be Hefner in the background with his back to the camera. The caption read in part: "We found Miss July in our own circulation department, processing subscriptions, renewals, and back copy orders. Her name is Janet Pilgrim and she's as efficient as she is good looking."

Response
Readers responded well to her appearance as Miss July and sent in letters asking for more Janet Pilgrim. Despite getting offers to model for outside agencies, Janet chose to appear twice more as a Playmate and was listed on Playboy's masthead as head of reader's services department for the next 10 years. Hefner at one point offered a personal phone call from Pilgrim in exchange for enrollment in a lifetime subscription to his magazine.

Pilgrim is said to be the prototype of the "girl next door" approach to Playboy Playmates from that time onward.

Personal life
In the early 1980s she attended college to become a registered nurse and worked in geriatrics. She was the daughter of Gedeminis Karalus and Hulda Wittekind. She was predeceased by her husband Alan Whitelaw, her brothers George and Donald, and sister Carol. She is survived by her sister Marilyn Pajkos; her daughters Linda (Kerry) Smith, of New Canaan; and Lisa (Gary) Wehner, of Hartwick, NY. She had five grandchildren: Zachary and Rachel Smith, of New Canaan; and Christopher, Jennifer, and Samantha Wehner, of Hartwick, New York.

She died in Norwalk, Connecticut, at the age of 82.

title: Janet Pilgrim (model)


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Talk:Chaconne

Bach's Chaconne
I think at some point we need to separate the Bach Chaconne from the original article and link them together. Right now I don't think we have enough in the article to separate them, so I encourage everybody to participate and fill it up. I will work on it more myself later. Thanx everyone.

 * I moved the Bach Chaconne section with a few alterations into a separate article on the second partita for solo violin. There is a link from this article to the separate one.

Bach's Chaconne masterful?
"One of the best known, if not most masterful, examples of the chaconne is [Bach's]." Does this mean that Bach's chaconne is one of the most masterful, or that it isn't? There might be problems both in grammar and in semantics here....

- That sentence doesn't say anything about the masterful-ness of Bach's chaconne. It is stating that it is one of the best known, even if it might not be the most masterful. It could possibly be both, but the author did not choose to say if that was so. :)

Brahms
I've always read that Brahms "resurrected" the form with the final movement of the Haydn Variations, though the article for that says it's a passacaglia. The wording seems a bit off in this article though, especially when one considers it DID seem to spawn the use of the form from there after. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ 14:40, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Holst's "Chaconne"
Wasn't the first movement of Holst's First Suite actually a passacaglia?, despite its name?
 * Yes, it is; I've just added a note (and reference) to that effect in the text. Kat Walsh (spill your mind?) 04:05, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

Italian name pronunciation
The pronunciation of the italian name is /tʃakˈko:na/, not /tʃakˈkɔna/, as in this italian etymologic dictionary, in the Gabrielli dictionary, in the Sabatini Coletti dictionary and in other dictionaries I checked. In italian dictionaries, the acute accent on e and o means closed prounciation. My italian userpage is Ptolemaios. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.144.75.96 (talk) 15:09, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * So, change it already. Everybody is an editor on Wikipedia.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 17:43, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Done.Ptolemaios--93.144.75.96 (talk) 17:55, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Enhypen's song as an example?
I refer to the latest 'example' added and seek two clarifications from fellow editors:

1. Is it appropriate to list the song as an example of a chaconne (the music form), perhaps due to its ever-repeating chord progression and not just its namesake? If so, I fear that we have to qualify pop songs of a similar repetitive nature as chaconnes too.

2. Would it help to inform readers (with citation of course) that the song is lyrically inspired by the chaconne's roots as dance music?

Additionally, if the answer to Point 1 above is 'no', I suggest moving (if we agree not to delete) any mention of the song to a new section like 'Others' or 'Reference in pop music'. 明赫邑大酋 (talk) 14:22, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chaconne


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Amalgamated Engineering Union (Australia)

The Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), originally known as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, was an Australian trade union which existed between 1852 and 1973. It represented engineers, as well as some other metal trades workers.

History
The first Australian branch of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers was formed in Sydney in 1852 by 27 members of the British union who had emigrated to Australia following a lockout in Britain. While the Australian section was the first overseas branch of the union to be formed, several others were established over the course of the 19th century, including in Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and the United States.

In 1890 a breakaway group formed the Australasian Society of Engineers, dissatisfied with the union being controlled from Britain. The ASE was to continue to operate in parallel to the AEU throughout its history, and the two organisations were bitter rivals in organising engineering workers.

In 1921, following the amalgamation of the parent ASE union with several smaller British engineering unions, the Society was renamed the Amalgamated Engineering Union. In February 1938 the Australian branch was deregistered, but was re-established later the same year, to be known as the Amalgamated Engineering Union (Australian Section). In 1969 the Australian branch separated from its British parent union, forming an autonomous union known simply as the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU). In 1972 the union began amalgamating with the Sheet Metal Working Industrial Union of Australia, the Boilermakers and Blacksmiths' Society of Australia and the Federated Jewellers, Watchmakers and Allied Trades Union of Australia. Between 1976 and 1983, this new union was called the Amalgamated Metal Workers & Shipwrights Union, before becoming the Amalgamated Metal Workers' Union (AMWU).

Constitutional Law
The ASE was famous for its involvement in the landmark 1920 High Court of Australia case, Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd., more popularly known as the Engineers' case, which overturned the doctrine of implied intergovernmental immunities, significantly altering the balance of power in Australian federalism.


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Refuse & Resist!

Refuse & Resist! ("R&R!") was a human rights activist group founded in New York City in 1987 by Emile de Antonio, Dore Ashton, Dennis Brutus, John Gerassi, Abbie Hoffman, William Kunstler, C. Clark Kissinger, Conrad Lynn, Sonia Sanchez, Rev. Fernando Santillana, and other activists who were concerned that the American government, epitomized  by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, advocated a far right-wing political program directed against the political rights of its people. Artist Keith Haring created R&R!'s logo in 1988. The organization's national office was located in New York City, with chapters at various times in Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; Honolulu, Hawaii; Los Angeles, California; Miami, Florida; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cleveland, Ohio; New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area. The organization officially dissolved in 2006. At that time, the national office closed, and the organization's files transferred to the Tamiment Library at New York University.

Refuse & Resist! opposed censorship, war, acts of police brutality,  and advocated in support of political prisoners and against the death penalty. The organization advocated reproductive rights and played an active role in the defense of abortion clinics. It also supported rights for undocumented immigrants. The group did not endorse candidates for elected public office.

Governance and methods
The organization was made up of affiliated independent organizations, individuals, local chapters, and less formal national 'networks' organized around specific initiatives or interests. The central form of the organization was a National Council which met periodically to "identify new reactionary attacks and to encourage resistance to them."

From September 1987 through early 2002, Refuse & Resist! published the print periodical CounterAttack and from 1995 until 2006 it maintained the Refuse & Resist! website as media for information about political and social events of concern in the United States and internationally.

In 1988, R&R! organized Resist in Concert! at the New York Palladium, with performances by Sinéad O'Connor, Afrika Bambaataa, De La Soul, Ikey C & Easy-Ad, Karen Finley, Lenny Kaye, Shinehead, and others.

In addition to the Resist in Concert! initiative, Refuse & Resist! involved and supported progressive art and artists, including supporting artists and arts organizations whose work was the object of governmental repression. Visual and performing artists, especially in New York and Los Angeles, were active in the Artists' Network of Refuse & Resist! and experimented with ways to integrate political themes of resistance with aesthetic expression.

R&R! initiated a periodic Courageous Resister Award to recognize important individual acts of resistance and in support of civil rights and civil liberties. Recipients included health care workers, activists against police brutality, artists, and even small towns. The first awards were presented at Resist in Concert! 1988, by Susan Sarandon, Robbie Conal, and Philip Agee.

R&R! organized public demonstrations and other forms of protest in support of abortion rights, immigrants' rights, political prisoners, and for other causes. For example, R&R! activists were actively involved in demonstrations against the 1991 invasion of Iraq and marched with thousands in the streets of New York City to protest the politics of the 2004 Republican National Convention.

Campaigns
R&R! organized against many forms of censorship. For example, when in 1989 the U.S. Congress adopted the so-called Jesse Helms Amendment, which required the National Endowment for the Art not to fund "obscene or indecent" art, R&R! organized both the "Jesse Helms Degenerate Art Show" and the "New Blasphemy Forum" in New York City as forums for artists to express opposition to the new restrictions. Likewise, R&R! came to the defense of artists, such as Ice T, whose art was the object of censorship.

R&R! opposed the invasion of privacy and government surveillance. For example, when the 1990 Census was conducted, R&R! organized public demonstrations across the U.S., in which census forms were burned in protest of what they saw as intrusive questions asked on the forms.

R&R! upheld reproductive freedom for women and posed the slogan "Abortion on Demand & without Apology!" In this activity, they frequently defended physicians and women's health clinics. In response to the judicial opinions in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Rust v. Sullivan, R&R! deliberately disrupted two sessions of the U.S. Supreme Court, which was the first time that court had ever experienced public protest. In related events, activists occupied the offices of U.S. Congressman Henry Hyde and the National Right to Life Committee, both whom opposed abortion. During the 1990s, R&R! were vocal and uncompromising opponents of Operation Rescue, a group known for staging protests and civil disobedience against abortion clinics. Refuse & Resist! also co-initiated the National Day of Appreciation for Abortion Providers in 1996, which has since become an annual event.

R&R! supported the defense of Mumia Abu-Jamal, an early member, who was accused and convicted of murder in 1982. Citing suppressed and allegedly falsified evidence presented against Mumia, R&R! joined with many others in exposing his trial and conviction as political persecution and a vendetta conducted by the Philadelphia Police Department. R&R! was active in the international "Free Mumia" campaign. in 1995, R&R initiated a series of "Philly Freedom Summers" in which students and other youth converged in Philadelphia, to raise public awareness and support for Abu-Jamal and for a new trial. It was during the first summer that they spoke out against Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, who signed a death warrant for Abu-Jamal that June. That August the execution order was stayed, but Abu-Jamal remains in prison pending the outcome of his appeal.

R&R! supported the rights of all immigrants, raising the slogan "We Are All Illegals!" Activists often protested at the offices of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and at the United States Coast Guard base in Miami, Florida, in opposition to the return of Haitian refugees back to Haiti. In Texas, activists were arrested for climbing the fences of a 'secret' INS detention facility and exposing its activities.

R&R! organized the first National Conference Against the War on Drugs. They revealed photographs of alleged "boot camps" supposedly being used to incarcerate youths as punishment for what they felt were victimless drug crimes.

title: Refuse & Resist!


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Robert Vansittart (judge)

Robert Vansittart (December 28, 1728 – January 31, 1789) was an English jurist, antiquarian and rake.

Life
The son of Arthur Vansittart and Martha, daughter of Sir John Stonhouse, 3rd Baronet, and elder brother of Henry Vansittart, he grew up in Shottesbrooke in Berkshire. He was educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Oxford, becoming a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford in 1748. In 1753, he was called to the bar at the Inner Temple. He held a number of minor judicial appointments, including that of recorder of Maidenhead in 1758 and Newbury in 1764, before being appointed Regius Professor of civil law at Oxford in 1767, a chair he held until his death. He published a number of antiquarian works in his spare time.

He was a close acquaintance of Samuel Johnson, William Hogarth and Paul Whitehead and a participant in the debauchery of the Hellfire Club.

He died, unmarried, in Oxford.

A character in one of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's comedies is named for him following a meeting in Italy.

title: Robert Vansittart (judge)


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Kneeling chair

A kneeling chair is a type of chair for sitting in a position with the thighs dropped to an angle of about 60° to 70° from vertical (as opposed to 90° when sitting in a normal chair), with some of the body's weight supported by the shins.

History
In 1979, Hans Christian Mengshoel invented the original kneeling chair of modern times, the Balans chair. Three Norwegian designers, Oddvin Rykken, Peter Opsvik, and Professor Svein Gusrud developed chairs based on the same principle.

Purpose
The kneeling chair is meant to reduce lower back strain by dividing the burden of one's weight between the shins and the buttocks. People with coccyx or tailbone pain resulting from significant numbers of hours in a sitting position (e.g., office desk jobs) are common candidates for such chairs.

A proper kneeling chair creates the open body angle by lowering the angle of the lower body, keeping the spine in alignment and the sitter properly positioned to task. The benefit of this position is that if one leans inward, the body angle remains 90° or wider. A misconception regarding kneeling chairs is that the body's weight bears on the knees, and thus users with poor knees cannot use the chair. In a proper kneeling chair, most of the weight remains on the buttocks, and some of the weight bears on the shins, not the knees. The primary function of the shin rests (knee rests) is to keep one from falling forward out of the chair.

A saddle chair provides another way to keep the body from falling forward; this type of seat is generally seen in some sit stand stools, which seek to emulate the straddle riding or saddle position of a horseback rider.

Academic studies
Conclusions from scientific work on the possible benefits of the kneeling position point in different directions.

A. C. Mandal's research from the 1960s to the 1990s concluded that a forward sloping seat did effectively tip the pelvis forward, opening up the angle between torso and thigh, and thereby correctly aligns the spine, indicating a more suitable position for long periods of sitting.

Drury and Francher studied the original Balans kneeling chair in 1985, concluding that overall it was "no better than conventional chairs and could be worse than well-designed conventional office chairs".

Lander, et al. conducted another experiment in 1987 comparing the kneeling chair with a conventional chair, finding support for claims of increased blood circulation.

A 1989 study on a sample of 20 subjects concluded that the Balans chair promoted greater lumbar curvature than the "straight back chair" during relaxed sitting, typing, and writing, and that it be helpful in treatment of lower back injuries.

A 2008 study confirms that "ergonomically designed kneeling chairs set at +20° inclination do maintain standing lumbar curvature to a greater extent than sitting on a standard computer chair".

title: Kneeling chair


text:
Robert Stacy McCain

Robert Stacy McCain (born October 6, 1959) is an American conservative journalist, writer, and blogger. McCain is a former assistant national editor and reporter for The Washington Times and co-author (with Lynn Vincent) of the 2006 book Donkey Cons: Sex, Crime, and Corruption in the Democratic Party. He is proprietor of the blog, The Other McCain.

Early life
Robert Stacy McCain was born on October 6, 1959.

The Washington Times
McCain joined the staff of The Washington Times in November 1997. In addition to his regular duties as an editor, McCain also contributed numerous by-lined news and feature articles to The Washington Times. He frequently reported on controversial issues in the "culture war," including stories related to sexuality, education, and history. His writing about communism included feature stories about Joseph McCarthy, The Black Book of Communism, and the obituary of former U.S. Communist Party leader Gus Hall. McCain's reporting on controversies surrounding sexuality included features about Alfred Kinsey, the Jesse Dirkhising murder case, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Judith Levine's controversial 2002 book, Harmful to Minors.

In 2003, McCain was named editor of the "Culture, Etc." page of The Washington Times, which appears on Page A2 of the newspaper Monday through Friday. Over the years, McCain interviewed many prominent authors and personalities.

In 2006, McCain co-wrote Donkey Cons with Lynn Vincent (ISBN 978-1-59555-024-8), and created a blog to promote the book.

McCain also contributed freelance articles, reviews and commentary pieces to a number of publications including The American Spectator, Reason, The American Conservative, Ripon Forum, and Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture.

2008 - present
In January 2008, McCain announced he would resign from The Washington Times in order to concentrate on a book project and began blogging about the 2008 presidential race as "The Other McCain." In March 2010, McCain returned to the Times as a freelance writer, covering a New York congressional race with a candidate with connections to the Tea Party.

On March 13, 2013, McCain was named the editor-in-chief at ViralRead.com.

In February 2017, McCain was permanently banned from Twitter for "participating in targeted abuse."

Controversy
The Southern Poverty Law Center reported in 2000 that McCain was once a member of the League of the South. Writer Barrett Brown accuses McCain of failing to disclose conflicts of interest, writing in his book Hot, Fat and Clouded, that McCain is "a member of the sons of Confederate Veterans, for instance, an organization which the reader may recall from a few seconds ago, when McCain was covering it in the context of an objective news article regarding a controversial dispute between the organization of which he's a member and a fellow whom he and the organization both strongly opposed -- and who belonged to a certain race with whom McCain has elsewhere expressed great interest."

Brown also accuses McCain of writing under the pseudonym "Burke C. Dabney" for the white supremacist magazine American Renaissance.

Personal life
McCain lives on the Atlantic Seaboard with his wife. They have six children, whom they homeschooled. He is a Baptist, and has remarked, "I am a poor excuse for a Christian, but I really do have a deep faith in God".

McCain frequently derides now-deceased U.S. Senator and former presidential candidate John McCain as "Crazy Cousin John". The distant kinship is based on a common ancestor in South Carolina listed in the 1790 Census.

title: Robert Stacy McCain


text:
Westheimer Street Festival

The Westheimer Street Festival was a community street fair held bi-annually in Houston, Texas, United States from approximately 1971 to 2004. The festival underwent name and management changes afterwards. By 2009 the street festival was absorbed into what is currently now known as the Free Press Summer Fest.

Community context
The festival (as well as its current successor, The Westheimer Block Party) takes its name from Westheimer Road, a thoroughfare in Houston which extends from approximately Bagby Street to the Westpark Tollway. At its near terminus, Westheimer Road passes for a number of blocks through Neartown. This area has acquired a reputation as Houston's 'bohemian' enclave sometime between the end of World War II and the 1960s. By the time of the Street Festival's inception, the Neartown area served as the social and geographic hub of Houston's Gay and Lesbian Community, as well as the focal point of alternative art and music within the City of Houston at large.

Origin and early history
What became the Westheimer Street Festival was an offshoot of the Westheimer Colony Art Festival (known as the Bayou City Art Festival since 1997), which was established in 1971 as an arts/crafts festival. Both the original event and the later street fair occurred twice yearly over the course of a weekend in mid-April and a weekend in mid-October. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the 'Westheimer Art Festival' and the 'Westheimer Street Festival' continued to diverge. At one point, the art festival became a fenced-off, paid-admission event held in the parking lot of a strip center at the intersection of Westheimer Road and Montrose Boulevard. By this time, the Street Festival extended a dozen blocks along Westheimer and included well over a hundred art and craft vendors, food vendors and beer booths, as well as several outdoor stages showcasing local bands and musicians. Eventually, the Westheimer Colony Association decided to vacate the Neartown area altogether, first moving to downtown Houston and later Memorial Park—reorganizing in the process as the Bayou City Art Festival.

By the early 1990s, the Westheimer Street Festival had grown to an event that hosted as many as 300,000 attendees over a two-day period, requiring street closure on Westheimer for about half a dozen blocks and resulting in traffic jams for several blocks further in both directions. The festival had originally been a fairly anarchistic and organic event, with no central organization. Realizing that an event of this size required professional management, the City of Houston took steps to ensure that there would be no Westheimer Street Festival in the absence of professional management. The principal step was an agreement with the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission to prevent the issuance of so-called 'picnic permits' within the blocks covered by the festival. The TABC agreed that they would only issue a single alcohol permit to the individual or entity holding a street closure permit from the city. The city then restricted the conditions for obtaining the permit: it would not be issued unless the applicant had taken out an insurance policy covering the event and hired sufficient clean-up, sanitation, and security to guarantee minimal impact on surrounding residences. Under these circumstances, the Westheimer Street Festival came under the control of The Westheimer Street Festival Corporation, as led by John Florez.

Recent history and controversy
Frictions between the street fair and local residents were only somewhat abated by Mr. Florez's management. He had no prior experience as an event producer and a tendency to minimize the event budget wherever possible. A frequent complaint from neighborhood homeowners was a chronic lack of portable toilets (and the attendant consequences), with minimal attention to post-event clean-up running a close second. What had started out as a friendly neighborhood event held by and for residents of a relaxed and fairly bohemian community had become a bacchanal crowding of thousands into a neighborhood increasingly dominated by upscale condominiums and their increasingly conservative inhabitants.

By the late 1990s, matters had reached the point where city council members Annise Parker and Chris Bell felt obliged to introduce a city ordinance requiring public hearings as a precondition for the issuance of a street closure permit. The ordinance became law on June 16, 1999. The last 'true' WestFest in Neartown was held on October 16 and 17, 1999. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Florez moved his event out of Neartown altogether, and for several years produced an event called "The Westheimer Street Festival in Exile" in Eleanor Tinsley Park several miles north of the original festival site. At this point, the last vestige of any similarity to the original community event was pretty well gone. Other parties beckoned however, and by 2002 the "Westheimer Street Festival in Exile" had largely run out of steam.

In 2003, Mr. Florez attempted to return his event to Neartown by unofficially piggybacking it onto the Annual Gay Pride Parade. The principal effect of this attempt was to alienate many of Mr. Florez's remaining friends in the Houston Gay and Lesbian Community and further cement opposition of local community groups to the entire idea of a neighborhood street party. Florez relocated to San Antonio in late 2004; he was murdered on June 23, 2007, by two young men at his local video store, Videos Mexicanos, who wanted to travel to Houston for the annual Gay Pride Weekend festivities.

Rebirth as The Westheimer Block Party
October 15, 2005 saw the return, of sorts, of the Westheimer Street Festival. Initially called 'WestFest Compressed' and now known as 'The Westheimer Block Party', this event is the brainchild of Free Press Houston publisher Omar Afra. While it bears extremely little resemblance to the oversized and unmanageable street festival of the 1980s and 1990s, it bears considerable similarity to the community street festival and art show as it existed in the 1970s and early 1980s. The event occurs without street closure on series of properties around the intersection of Westheimer road and Taft Street. Changes the Neartown area has experienced over the last twenty years rule out the possibility that the 'Block Party' will ever grow to match the original festival. It has experienced a slow and steady growth over the last two years, however, and seems to be finding friends and supporters within the community. Afra later invested in a Westheimer Block Party replacement, the Free Press Summer Fest since 2009 where it is likely that a new reincarnation of the Westheimer Street Festival is done for good.

title: Westheimer Street Festival


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Eastern Yellow Robin

Eastern Yellow Robin
First this is a beautiful image, however this image has a cc-by-nd-nc licence. This is a "non-free" licence. Our current policy doesn't allow this type of restriction on images, and this will eventually have to be removed. I've contacted the uploader (User:Tannin) to ask for a relicencing, but received a polite but unambiguous "no". Zeimusu | (Talk page) 14:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delist and delete. It's too small anyways. Someone should go through and tag all of Tannin's files for deletion. Maybe he will flinch and change to GFDL (which isn't very friendly to comercial users). This link is Broken 17:12, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delist - Bevo 03:04, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delist Junes 14:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As an inlegible picture this can be delisted immediately. ed g2s  •  talk  19:45, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delisted This link is Broken 22:17, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:TimNelson/Categorisation

This is a sample of a categorisation system that I will discuss on the Categorisation page.

= Category:Arts/Arts =

Category:Fine Arts -- Category:Literature -- Category:Music -- Category:Performing Arts -- Category:History -- Category:Philosophy

= Human Systems = (aka Social Sciences)

Idealistic Systems
(Why-focused)

Category:Economics -- Category:Politics -- Category:Psychology -- Category:Sociology -- Category:Anthropology

Practical Systems
(How-focused)

Category:Education -- Category:Law -- Category:Media -- Category:Mental Health (Psychiatry (mind medicine), Mental Coaching/Self-Development (mind fitness)) -- Resource Allocation (Business, Accounting, Management, Finance, Leadership)

= Category:Sciences/Science =

Sciences
(Why-focused)

Category:Physical Sciences -- Category:Biology -- Category:Mathematics -- Category:Computer Science

Category:Engineering
(How-focused)

Category:Electronic Engineering -- Category:Mechanical Engineering -- Category:Software Engineering -- Category:Civil Engineering -- Category:Health

= Religion =

Theology
(Why-focused) Category:Systematic Theology -- Category:Exegetical Theology -- Category:Historical Theology

Ministry
(How-focused) Category:Lecturing -- Category:Teaching -- Category:Administration -- Category:Pastoral -- Category:External Relations

title: User:TimNelson/Categorisation


text:
Stephen bar Sudayli

Stephen Bar Sudhaile was a Syrian Christian mystical writer established in Jerusalem who flourished as thinker about the end of the 5th century AD.

Life
The earlier part of his career was passed at Edessa, of which he may have been a native. He afterwards removed to Jerusalem, where he lived as a monk and endeavoured to make converts to his doctrines, both by teaching among the community there and by letters to his former friends at Edessa.

He was the author of commentaries on the Bible and other theological works. Two of his eminent contemporaries Jacob of Serugh (451-521) and Philoxenus of Mabbogh (d. 523), wrote letters in condemnation of his teaching. His two main theses which they attacked were: (1) the limited duration of the future punishment of sinners, and (2) the pantheistic doctrine that all nature is consubstantial with the Divine essence, that the whole universe has emanated from God, and will in the end return to and be absorbed in him.

The book of Hierotheus
The fame of Stephen as a writer rests on his identification with the author of a treatise which survives in a single Syriac manuscript (British Library Add MS 7189, written mainly in the 13th century), The book of Hierotheus on the hidden mysteries of the house of God.

Date and authorship
The work claims to have been composed in the 1st century AD, by a certain Hierotheus who was the disciple of Saint Paul and the teacher of Dionysius the Areopagite. But, like the works which pass under the name of Dionysius, it is undoubtedly pseudonymous, and most Syriac writers who mention it attribute it to Stephen. The author of the Book of Hierotheus is sometimes referred to as Pseudo-Hierotheus as his follower, Dionysius the Areopagite, is called Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite to differentiate them from the biblical figures.

Summary
An interesting discussion and summary of the book were given by A. L. Frothingham (Stephen bar Sudhaili, Leiden, 1886), but the text was not edited until F. S. Marsh's edition of 1927. From Frothingham's analysis we learn that the work consists of five books; after briefly describing the origin of the world by emanation from the Supreme Good it is mainly occupied with the description of the stages by which the mind returns to union with God, who finally becomes all in all. To describe the contents in a few words: at the beginning we find the statement regarding absolute existence, and the emanation from primordial essence of the spiritual and material universes: then comes, what occupies almost the entire work, the experience of the mind in search of perfection during this life. Finally comes the description of the various phases of existence as the mind rises into complete union with, and ultimate absorption into, the primitive essence. The keynote to the experience of the mind is its absolute identification with Christ; but the son finally resigns the kingdom unto the Father, and all distinct existence comes to an end, being lost in the chaos of the Good (Frothingham, p. 92).

One of the most distinguishing features of the work is the skill with which the language of the Bible is interpreted along the lines of his pantheistic theology. In this and other respects the book harmonizes well with the picture of Stephens teaching afforded by the letter of Philoxenus to the Edessene priests Abraham and Orestes (Frothingham, pp. 28–48). The Book of Hierotheus is probably an original Syriac work, and not translated from Greek. Its relation to the Pseudo-Dionysian literature is a difficult question; probably Frothingham (p. 83) goes too far in suggesting that it was prior to all the pseudo-Dionysian writings (cf. Ryssel in Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte).

Surviving manuscripts
The unique manuscript in which the Book of Hierotheus survives furnishes along with its text the commentary made upon it by Theodosius, Patriarch of Antioch (887–896), who appears to have sympathized with its teaching. A rearrangement and abridgment of the work was made by the great Miaphysite author Bar-Hebraeus (1226–1286), who expunged or garbled much of its unorthodox teaching. The copy that he used is the manuscript which now survives in the British Museum.

title: Stephen bar Sudayli


text: Category:Sacraments

title: Category:Sacraments


text:
File:Cypress Hill Self-Titled.jpg

Fair use in Cypress Hill (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Cypress Hill Self-Titled.jpg


text:
Talk:Veszprém County

Article title
Veszprém County → Veszprém (county) – Format for counties of Hungary with ambiguous names is X (county), see discussion on Talk:Counties of Hungary. Markussep 14:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Untitled

 * This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 20:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Veszprém County


text:
Joseph Adams (mercenary)

Joe S. "Tirador" Adams, Jr. is an American private investigator and former mercenary who trained the forces of, and acted as a bodyguard for, Adolfo Calero, one of the leaders of the Contra rebellion in Nicaragua. In his 1988 trial in Florida for violations of the Neutrality Act, Adams was accused of having done so on behalf of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. Adams was the first person indicted in Iran-Contra, was convicted, sentenced to one day of unsupervised probation and a $50.00 fine, and then pardoned. Adams has been the subject of over 100 newspaper articles. Adams has also been featured in mercenary magazines such as Eagle and Soldier of Fortune.

A former member of the United States Marine Corps, Adams has also worked as a mercenary and security consultant in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe. He currently operates Adams Investigations in St. Louis, Missouri and has worked numerous high-profile cases there, including the capture of an FBI Top Ten Most-Wanted Fugitive.

Adams is a former bodybuilder and powerlifter who appeared in several of Joe Weider's publications in the 1970s, and appeared in shoots with former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.

In the 1980s, Adams was the subject of controversy in the St. Louis area when, acting as a bounty hunter, a prisoner in his custody died from the effects of a stun gun.

Hyperlinks

 * "Meet Colonel Joe S. Adams". The Washington Guard Foundation. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024.
 * "Colonel Joe Adams". Project Bluelight Scouts. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024.

title: Joseph Adams (mercenary)


text:
Talk:Flight of the Navigator

Astoria / LIC
So, I used to love this movie back in the day, and I'm pretty sure that the scene where they first show the spacecraft after crashing into the towers is filmed in NYC by the ConEd station on the river. I can recognize those 3 smokestacks anywhere, and unfortunately I'm not in a position to confirm or dis-confirm anything. Somebody help me out! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenswood_Generating_Station — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.243.191.131 (talk) 10:07, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Removed Small Section
I took out one sentence that made no sense at all. I re-wrote it a few times, hoping that while doing so I could hit on the sentence's secret meaning, but had no luck.Gingermint (talk) 23:53, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

"Many had seen in the trailer that a silver, acorn-shaped vessel would constitute the alien spacecraft, which is called a Trimaxion Drone Ship by Max (hence his nickname). The movie opens with the shot of such a vessel flying across the Miami skyline; however, a dog suddenly catches the object, revealing it to be a silver Frisbee." Who is Max? (I know, because of the movie, but in the context of this sentence it means nothing). Also, the movie does NOT open with a shot of such a vessel. "... a dog suddenly catches the object, revealing it to be a silver Frisbee." The sentence contradicts itself. Maybe it is a problem of literacy or logic but the sentence is removed now. Gingermint (talk) 23:58, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Special effects
Some discussion on the special effects here would be nice. At the time, I thought the ship's mirroring and transforming effects were phenominal. -- Sy / (talk) 14:12, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Added mention of liquid metal properties of the ship. -- Hydrargyrum
 * Did you only say that because your username means "Mercury"? ;) --  Denelson83  22:57, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Akai 5900 Digital Sampler ? Not really...
In the end credits of the movie they mentioned an "Akai 5900" Digital Sampler. IMHO there is no Akai 5900. It should read "Akai S900", one of Akai's most popular MIDI-Samplers that came out in 1986. See —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.79.139.139 (talk) 06:08, 12 December 2006 (UTC).
 * It's a typographical error. The machine they used was most likely the Akai 'S'900, which my quick research indicates came out in 1986, the same year as Flight of the Navigator. So it's not just your humble opinion. Atypicaloracle (talk)

Introduction
I just wanted to leave a note saying that I know I made an already too short introduction shorter, but the words I removed didn't add meaning. By way of justification: "transported in time eight years into the future" is tautology, and there's no need to say "somehow" if you're then going to explain how it happened. Perhaps an explanation of the title could be used to pad the introduction - it actually includes no mention of flying or navigating. I haven't seen this film in ages so I can't recall details well enough to add them. 212.248.180.200 (talk) 15:14, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The explanation was very confusing. As it was explained in the film, and according to laws of physics, it would involve Eistein's Theory of relativity. He traveled faster than the speed of light and (also mentioned in the film) time "slows down" when you approach the speed of light. He was only "gone" a few hours, but since his travel was at that speed, the people back on earth observed 8 years gone by. Doctorindy (talk) 01:12, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

Speed mentioned in this article doesn't make sense
"This planet is described as being exactly 560 light-years away from Earth. The travel time used by the spacecraft to reach it is 2.2 solar hours, implying a speed of approximately 2.25 million times the speed of light."

560 lightyears / 2.2 hours is indeed 2.25 million times the speed of light. That distance was travelled twice though! so it would be 5.5 million times the speed of light. Even this doesn't really make sense, as that would use the distance as measured from a stationary observer (probably on earth) but takes the dilated time of the moving ship. Correct would be: Using the time passed on earth (8 years) and distance as observed from earth (= 2 * 560 lightyears).

So the speed was "only" be 1120 lightyears / 8 years = 140 times the speed of light. --Flo422 (talk) 14:28, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Good point
Magnius's overzealous policing of this article recently quenched someone pointing out that although David knew the phone number of his parents' new house, he didn't know its address. Was this explained in the film? Before he is taken to NASA his parents could have given him their new number and not their new address. It still seems strange to me. Or did I miss something?110.33.37.131 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 01:39, 11 December 2009 (UTC).

Paul Mall?
why does every reference to Paul Ruebens refer to him as "Paul Mall"?? Paul Ruebens is in the ending credits as Paul Mall. I'd like to know more. At least this should be mentioned as trivia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.191.249.12 (talk) 20:09, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

It's meant to be a flip reference to a once popular cigarette brand.Godofredo29 (talk) 19:03, 23 August 2013 (UTC)

Robert Sheckley's "Specialist"
I'm surprised that there's no credit anywhere to Sheckley's "Specialist": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_(short_story) gatotkatja (talk) 16:27, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Voice of Max was really 2 people, not just Paul Reubens
I remember reading some time ago, that before release Disney decided to completely re-record Max's voice, but to do contract clauses, they had to leave Paul Reubens credited. I found on this site: http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/Flight-of-the-Navigator/Max/ evidence that Taro Ishida was also used for voice over. I think this is why you definatley hear PeeWee Herman in one part of the movie, but he sounds completely different in another part. The sad thing is not anywhere, not here, not on Disney site or on IMDB do they give Taro Ishida credit for the voice which from what I can tell, was used for Max for 95% of the movie. Perhaps if someone doesn't disagree with me, we could give credit where credit is due and add him to the cast list here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.66.212.46 (talk) 23:57, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

 * If you click Taro Ishida’s pic on the Behind the Voice Actors page, it becomes immediately clear he didn’t just do 95%—he was Max for 100% of the movie. Not only that, but you’ll see he’s voiced scores of other Disney films, including The Little Mermaid, Fox and the Hound, Winnie the Pooh… in Japanese. What I’m saying is, Taro Ishida does the Japanese dubs for Disney movies, but, no, the original voice actor was in fact “Paul Mall.”
 * It’s also worth bearing in mind that Pee-wee Herman is but one character Paul Reubens has played, and so it’s not like that’s his normal speaking voice. The trademark Pee-wee laugh and “That’s so funny I forgot to laugh!”-type cracks in the film are not-so-subtle nods to his more famous role, but the rest of it sounds so different because… it’s not Pee-wee.
 * It also appears Mr. Ishida passed about a month ago. :( —Wiki Wikardo 05:18, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Yes, it does not sound like Reubens at ALL for most of the movie, except for that brief Pee-Wee Herman laugh after he does a scan of David's head, and how would David know about Pee-Wee, he was gone from 78-86, he should have never heard of him.96.233.107.168 (talk) 08:36, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

Unsourced Material
Below information was tagged for needing sources in 2010. Feel free to reinsert into the article with appropriate references. DonIago (talk) 17:53, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

 * It is insane to see this information present from 2013 because Captain Disillusion made a video last summer that extensively covered the technology used in this film. I understand YouTube is self-published but the 45 minute video of information can make venturing for sources of the above a bit easier. The production section could be expanded. – The Grid  ( talk )  15:34, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

Time dilation doesn't explain it
I just saw the movie for the first time and caught a major physics error that hasn't been mentioned here. To quote the article:
 * His subconscious mind tells the scientists that he was taken to a planet called Phaelon, 560 light-years away, in just over a two-hour journey, and they realize that he has been subjected to time dilation as a result of having travelled at speeds far exceeding light, thus explaining why eight years have passed on Earth, but not for him.

No way! Time dilation would apply only to the trip to Phaelon and back, stated in the movie to have taken 2.2 hours each way. But he was evidently on Phaelon for eight years, and time dilation doesn't figure into that at all. I was waiting to find out that he was held in some kind of stasis on Phaelon, but no such thing was ever mentioned. The scriptwriters just dropped the ball. --Thnidu (talk) 00:17, 11 January 2015 (UTC)

Plus there's the issue of what kind of FTL drive max had, if you warp space, expand it behind you and contract it in front of you, time dilation wouldn't apply, and it obviously has to be faster than light to get there in 2.2 solar hours, time dilation only applies when you are traveling close to the speed of light, or near a black hole, going faster than light (if that's possible somehow, by current physics no) you'd be going BACK in time. 96.233.107.168 (talk) 08:34, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

It's an '80s movie every bit as accurate as Top Gun. That explains it. 68.229.212.186 (talk) 21:04, 31 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Lionsgate and Jim Henson Company to help reboot
Check out the article here - http://variety.com/2017/film/news/flight-of-the-navigator-reboot-joe-henderson-1202575383/ ChipmunkRaccoon (talk) 19:35, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

nao entendo por que o artigo em portugues tenta afastar o filme do genero drama se boa parte do filme é o personagem nao se encaixar mais no mundo que ele foi devolvido dai a necessidade dele ter de voltar para a mesma epoca inicial senao o filme ja estaria resolvido com o retorno dele bastaria se readaptar algo que o filme mostra como sendo "impossivel" como seria a historia se nao houvesse como ter retorno no tempo so o retorno espacial — Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.64.66.13 (talk) 15:10, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

Beatles - I Get Around, I Get Around.
Did the Beatles song. "I Get Around" get titled differently in the Flight of the Navigator? or was it omitted from the Sound Track list? It's the part David actually tries flying the ship himself with the controls and Max changes the radio station for him and they're cruising around the planet. "Compliance!!!" CaribDigita (talk) 14:50, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flight of the Navigator