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Parasaurolophus

Parasaurolophus (meaning "beside crested lizard" in reference to Saurolophus) is a genus of hadrosaurid "duck-billed" dinosaur that lived in what is now western North America and possibly Asia during the Late Cretaceous period, about 76.5–73 million years ago. It was a large herbivore that could reach over 9 m long and weigh over 5 MT, and were able to move as a biped and a quadruped. Three species are universally recognized: P. walkeri (the type species), P. tubicen, and the short-crested P. cyrtocristatus. Additionally, a fourth species, P. jiayinensis, has been proposed, although it is more commonly placed in the separate genus Charonosaurus. Remains are known from Alberta, New Mexico, and Utah, as well as possibly Heilongjiang if Charonosaurus is in fact part of the genus. The genus was first described in 1922 by William Parks from a skull and partial skeleton found in Alberta.

Parasaurolophus was a hadrosaurid, part of a diverse family of large Late Cretaceous ornithopods that are known for their range of bizarre head adornments, which were likely used for communication and increased hearing. This genus is known for its large, elaborate cranial crest, which forms a long curved tube projecting upwards and back from the skull in its largest form. Charonosaurus from China, which may have been its closest relative, had a similar skull and a potentially similar crest. Visual recognition of both species and sex, acoustic resonance, and thermoregulation have been proposed as functional explanations for the crest. It is one of the rarer hadrosaurids, known from only a handful of good specimens.

Discovery and naming
Meaning "near crested lizard", the name Parasaurolophus is derived from the Greek words para/παρα ("beside" or "near"), saurus/σαυρος ("lizard"), and lophos/λοφος ("crest"). It is based on ROM 768, a skull and partial skeleton missing most of the tail and the back legs below the knees, which was found by a field party from the University of Toronto in 1920 near Sand Creek along the Red Deer River in Alberta. These rocks are now known as the Campanian age Late Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation. William Parks named the specimen P. walkeri in honor of Sir Byron Edmund Walker, the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Ontario Museum. Parasaurolophus remains are rare in Alberta, with only one other partial skull that is possibly from the Dinosaur Park Formation and three Dinosaur Park specimens lacking their skulls that possibly belong to the genus. In some faunal lists, there is a mention of possible P. walkeri material in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, a rock unit of the late Maastrichtian age. This occurrence is not noted by Sullivan and Williamson in their 1999 review of the genus and has not been further elaborated upon elsewhere.

In 1921, Charles H. Sternberg recovered a partial skull (PMU.R1250) from what is now known as the slightly younger Kirtland Formation in San Juan County, New Mexico. This specimen was sent to Uppsala, where Carl Wiman described it as a second species, P. tubicen, in 1931. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word tǔbǐcěn, meaning "trumpeter". A second, nearly complete P. tubicen skull (NMMNH P-25100) was found in New Mexico in 1995. Using computed tomography of this skull, Robert Sullivan and Thomas Williamson gave the genus a monographic treatment in 1999 that covered aspects of its anatomy and taxonomy, as well as the functions of its crest. Williamson later published an independent review of the remains that disagreed with the taxonomic conclusions.

John Ostrom described another good specimen (FMNH P27393) from New Mexico as P. cyrtocristatus in 1961. It includes a partial skull with a short, rounded crest and much of the postcranial skeleton except for the feet, neck, and parts of the tail. Its specific name is derived from the Latin words curtus, meaning "shortened" and cristatus, meaning "crested". The specimen was found in either the top of the Fruitland Formation or, more likely, the base of the overlying Kirtland Formation. The range of this species was described in 1979, when David B. Weishampel and James A. Jensen described a partial skull with a similar crest (BYU 2467) from the Campanian age Kaiparowits Formation of Garfield County, Utah. Since then, another skull has been found in Utah with the short, rounded P. cyrtocristatus crest morphology.

Species
Parasaurolophus is known from three certain species: P. walkeri, P. tubicen, and P. cyrtocristatus. All of them can be clearly distinguished from each other and have many differences. The first named species, therefore the type, is P. walkeri. One certain specimen from the Dinosaur Park Formation is referred to it, but many more are almost certainly referable. Like stated above, it is different from the other two species, with it having a simpler internal structure than P. tubicen, along with a straighter crest and different internal structuring than P. cyrtocristatus.

The next named species is P. tubicen, which is the largest of the Parasaurolophus species. It lived in New Mexico, where three specimens are known, and can be differentiated from its other species. It possesses a long and straight crest, with a very complex interior compared to the other species. All known specimens of P. tubicen come from the De-Na-Zin Member of the Kirtland Formation.

In 1961, the third species, P. cyrtocristatus was named by John Ostrom. Its three known specimens have been found in the Fruitland and Kaiparowits formations of Utah and New Mexico. The second specimen, the first known from the Kaiparowits Formation, was originally unassigned to a specific taxon. Of the Parasaurolophus species, P. cyrtocristatus is the smallest and has the most curved crest. Because of its possession of the two above features, it has often been speculated that it was a female of P. walkeri or P. tubicen, which were all thought to be males, although P. tubicen lived approximately a million years later. As noted by Thomas Williamson, the type material of P. cyrtocristatus is about 72% the size of P. tubicen, close to the size at which other lambeosaurines are interpreted to begin showing definitive sexual dimorphism in their crests (~70% of adult size). Even though many scientists have supported the possible fact of P. cyrtocristatus being a female, many other studies have found that it is not because of the differences in age, distribution, and the large differences in the crest and its internal structure.

A study published in PLoS ONE in 2014 found that one more species could be referred to Parasaurolophus. This study, led by Xing, found Charonosaurus jiayensis was actually nested deeply inside Parasaurolophus, which created the new species P. jiayensis. If this species is indeed inside Parasaurolophus, then the genus therefore lasted until the K-Pg extinction and is known from two continents.

Description
Like most dinosaurs, the skeleton of Parasaurolophus is incompletely known. The length of the type specimen of P. walkeri is estimated at 9.45 m, and allometry-based body mass estimates indicate that a 9 m long individual would have weighed more than 5 MT. Gregory S. Paul estimated that an average adult individual of the type species would measure 7.5 m long and weigh 2.6 MT. Its skull is about 1.6 m long, including the crest, whereas the type skull of P. tubicen is over 2 m long, indicating it was a larger animal. Its single known arm was relatively short for a hadrosaurid, with a short but wide shoulder blade. The thighbone measures 103 cm long in P. walkeri and is robust for its length when compared to other hadrosaurids. The upper arm and pelvic bones were also heavily built.

Like other hadrosaurids, it was able to walk on either two legs or four. It probably preferred to forage for food on four legs, but ran on two. The neural spines of the vertebrae were tall, as was common in lambeosaurines. At their tallest over the hips, they increased the height of the back. Skin impressions are known for P. walkeri, showing uniform tubercle-like scales, but no larger structures.

Skull
The most noticeable feature was the cranial crest that protruded from the rear of the head and was made up of the premaxilla and nasal bones. The crest was hollow, with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull. The tubes were simplest in P. walkeri, and more complex in P. tubicen, where some tubes were blind and others met and separated. While P. walkeri and P. tubicen had long crests with slight curvature, P. cyrtocristatus had a short crest with a more circular profile.

Classification
As its name implies, Parasaurolophus was initially thought to be closely related to Saurolophus because of its superficially similar crest. However, it was soon reassessed as a member of the lambeosaurine subfamily of hadrosaurids—Saurolophus is a hadrosaurine. It is usually interpreted as a separate offshoot of the lambeosaurines, distinct from the helmet-crested Corythosaurus, Hypacrosaurus, and Lambeosaurus. Its closest known relative appears to be Charonosaurus, a lambeosaurine with a similar skull (but no complete crest yet) from the Amur region of northeastern China. The two may form the clade Parasaurolophini. P. cyrtocristatus, with its short, rounded crest, may be the most basal of the three known Parasaurolophus species or it may represent subadult or female specimens of P. tubicen. The following cladogram is after the 2007 redescription of Lambeosaurus magnicristatus (Evans and Reisz, 2007):

Diet and feeding
As a hadrosaurid, Parasaurolophus was a large bipedal and quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing. Its teeth were continually being replaced and were packed into dental batteries containing hundreds of teeth, but only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its beak to crop plant material, which was held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Vegetation could have been taken from the ground up to a height of around 4 m. As noted by Robert Bakker, lambeosaurines have narrower beaks than hadrosaurines, implying that Parasaurolophus and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad-beaked, crestless counterparts. Parasaurolophus had a diet consisting of leaves, twigs, and pine needles which would imply that it was a browser.

Growth
Parasaurolophus is known from many adult specimens, and a juvenile described in 2013, numbered RAM 140000 and nicknamed Joe, after a volunteer at the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology (RAM). The juvenile was discovered in the Kaiparowits Formation in 2009. Excavated by the joint expedition by museum and The Webb Schools, the juvenile has been identified as around only one year old when it died. Referred to Parasaurolophus sp., the juvenile is the most complete, as well as youngest Parasaurolophus ever found, and measures 2.5 m. This individual fits neatly into the currently known Parasaurolophus growth stages, and lived approximately 75 million years ago. Even though no complete skull of the intermediate age between RAM 14000 and adult Parasaurolophus has been found yet, a partial braincase of about the right size is known. At 25% of the total adult size, the juvenile show that crest growth of Parasaurolophus began sooner than in related genera, such as Corythosaurus. It has been suggested that Parasaurolophus adults bore such large crests, especially when compared to the related Corythosaurus, because of this difference in age between when their crests started developing. Its age also means that Parasaurolophus had a very fast growth rate, which took place in about a year. The crest of the juvenile is not long and tubular like the adults, but low and hemispherical. The skull of RAM 14000 is almost complete, with the left side only lacking a piece of the maxilla. However, the skull was split down the middle by erosion, possibly when it was resting on the bottom of a river bed. The two sides are displaced slightly, with some bones of the right being moved off the main block, also by erosion. After reconstruction, the skull viewed from the side resembles other juvenile lambeosaurines found, being roughly a trapezoid in shape.

A partial cranial endocast for RAM 14000 was reconstructed from CT scan data, the first ever for a Parasaurolophus of any ontogenetic stage. The endocast was reconstructed in two sections, one on the portion of the braincase articulated with the left half of the skull and the remainder on the disarticulated portion of the braincase. Their relative position was then approximated based on cranial landmarks and comparison with other hadrosaurids. Because of weathering, many of the smaller neural canals and foramina could not be identified for certain.

Cranial crest
Many hypotheses have been advanced as to what functions the cranial crest of Parasaurolophus performed, but most have been discredited. It is now believed that it may have had several functions: visual display for identifying species and sex, sound amplification for communication, and thermoregulation. It is not clear which was most significant at what times in the evolution of the crest and its internal nasal passages.

Differences in crests
As for other lambeosaurines, it is believed that the cranial crest of Parasaurolophus changed with age and was a sexually dimorphic characteristic in adults. James Hopson, one of the first researchers to describe lambeosaurine crests in terms of such distinctions, suggested that P. cyrtocristatus, with its small crest, was the female form of P. tubicen. Thomas Williamson suggested it was the juvenile form. Neither hypothesis became widely accepted. As only six good skulls, one juvenile braincase, and one recently discovered juvenile skull are known, additional material will help clear up these potential relationships. Williamson noted that in any case, juvenile Parasaurolophus probably had small, rounded crests like P. cyrtocristatus, that probably grew faster as individuals approached sexual maturity. Recent restudy of a juvenile braincase previously assigned to Lambeosaurus, now assigned to Parasaurolophus, provides evidence that a small tubular crest was present in juveniles. This specimen preserves a small upward flaring of the frontal bones that was similar to but smaller than what is seen in adult specimens; in adults, the frontals formed a platform that supported the base of the crest. This specimen also indicates that the growth of the crest in Parasaurolophus and the facial profile of juvenile individuals differed from the Corythosaurus-Hypacrosaurus-Lambeosaurus model, in part because the crest of Parasaurolophus lacks the thin bony 'coxcomb' that makes up the upper portion of the crest of the other three lambeosaurines.

Rejected function hypotheses
Many early suggestions focused on adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle, following the hypothesis that hadrosaurids were amphibious, a common line of thought until the 1960s. Thus, Alfred Sherwood Romer proposed it served as a snorkel, Martin Wilfarth that it was an attachment for a mobile proboscis used as a breathing tube or for food gathering, Charles M. Sternberg that it served as an airtrap to keep water out of the lungs, and Ned Colbert that it served as an air reservoir for prolonged stays underwater.

Other proposals were more mechanical in nature. William Parks, in 1922, suggested that the crest was joined to the vertebrae above the shoulders by ligaments or muscles, and helped with moving and supporting the head. This is unlikely, because in all modern archosaurs, the nuchal ligament attaches to the neck or base of the skull. Othenio Abel proposed it was used as a weapon in combat among members of the same species, and Andrew Milner suggested that it could be used as a foliage deflector, like the helmet crest (called a 'casque') of the cassowary. Still, other proposals made housing specialized organs the major function. Halszka Osmólska suggested that it housed salt glands, and John Ostrom suggested that it housed expanded areas for olfactory tissue and much improved sense of smell of the lambeosaurines, which had no obvious defensive capabilities.

Most of these hypotheses have been discredited or rejected. For example, there is no hole at the end of the crest for a snorkeling function. There are no muscle scars for a proboscis and it is dubious that an animal with a beak would need one. As a proposed airlock, it would not have kept out water. The proposed air reservoir would have been insufficient for an animal the size of Parasaurolophus. Other hadrosaurids had large heads without needing large hollow crests to serve as attachment points for supporting ligaments. Also, none of the proposals explain why the crest has such a shape, why other lambeosaurines should have crests that look much different but perform a similar function, how crestless or solid-crested hadrosaurids got along without such capabilities, or why some hadrosaurids had solid crests. These considerations particularly impact hypotheses based on increasing the capabilities of systems already present in the animal, such as the salt gland and olfaction hypotheses, and indicate that these were not primary functions of the crest. Additionally, work on the nasal cavity of lambeosaurines shows that olfactory nerves and corresponding sensory tissue were largely outside the portion of the nasal passages in the crest, so the expansion of the crest had little to do with the sense of smell.

Temperature regulation hypothesis
The large surface area and vascularization of the crest also suggests a thermoregulatory function. The first to propose the cranial crests of lambeosaurines related to temperature regulation was Wheeler (1978). He proposed that there was a nerve connection between the crest and the brain, so that the latter could be cooled by the former. The next people to publish a related idea were Teresa Maryańska and Osmólska, who realized that like modern lizards, dinosaurs could have possessed salt glands, and cooled off by osmo-regulation. In 2006 Evans published an argument about the functions of lambeosaurine crests, and supported why this could be a causing factor for the evolution of the crest.

Behavioral hypotheses
Parasaurolophus is often hypothesized to have used its crest as a resonating chamber to produce low frequency sounds to alert other members of a group or its species. This function was originally suggested by Wiman in 1931 when he described P. tubicen. He noted that the crest's internal structures are similar to those of a swan and theorized that an animal could use its elongated nasal passages to create noise. However, the nasal tubes of Hypacrosaurus, Corythosaurus, and Lambeosaurus are much more variable and complicated than the airway of Parasaurolophus. A large amount of material and data supports the hypothesis that the large, tubular crest of Parasaurolophus was a resonating chamber. Weishampel in 1981 suggested that Parasaurolophus made noises ranging between the frequencies 55 and 720 Hz, although there was some difference in the range of individual species because of the crest size, shape, and nasal passage length, most obvious in P. cyrtocristatus (interpreted as a possible female). Hopson found that there is anatomical evidence that hadrosaurids had a strong hearing. There is at least one example, in the related Corythosaurus, of a slender stapes (reptilian ear bone) in place, which combined with a large space for an eardrum implies a sensitive middle ear. Furthermore, the hadrosaurid lagena is elongate like a crocodilian's, indicating that the auditory portion of the inner ear was well-developed. Based on the similarity of hadrosaurid inner ears to those of crocodiles, he also proposed that adult hadrosaurids were sensitive to high frequencies, such as their offspring might produce. According to Weishampel, this is consistent with parents and offspring communicating.

Computer modeling of a well-preserved specimen of P. tubicen, with more complex air passages than those of P. walkeri, has allowed the reconstruction of the possible sound its crest produced. The main path resonates at around 30 Hz, but the complicated sinus anatomy causes peaks and valleys in the sound. The other main behavioral theory is that the crest was used for intra-species recognition. This means that the crest could have been used for species recognition, as a warning signal, and for other, non-sexual uses. These could have been some of the reasons crests evolved in Parasaurolophus and other hadrosaurids. Instead, social and physiological functions have become more supported as function(s) of the crest, focusing on visual and auditory identification and communication. As a large object, the crest has clear value as a visual signal and sets this animal apart from its contemporaries. The large size of hadrosaurid eye sockets and the presence of sclerotic rings in the eyes imply acute vision and diurnal habits, evidence that sight was important to these animals. If, as is commonly illustrated, a skin frill extended from the crest to the neck or back, the proposed visual display would have been even showier. As is suggested by other lambeosaurine skulls, the crest of Parasaurolophus likely permitted both species identification (such as separating it from Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus) and sexual identification by shape and size.

Soft tissue frill
Barnum Brown (1912) noted the presence of fine striations near the back of the crest that he hypothesized could be associated with the presence of a frill of skin, comparable to the one found in the modern basilisk lizard. His hypothesis was seemingly supported by skin preserved above the neck and back of Corythosaurus and Edmontosaurus. Subsequently, reconstructions of Parasaurolophus with a substantial frill of skin between the crest and neck appeared in influential paleoart including murals by Charles R. Knight and in the Walt Disney animated film, Fantasia. This led to the frill being depicted in many other sources, though the advent of the now-debunked "snorkel" hypothesis, and conflation of the frill hypothesis with the idea that the crest serves as an anchor point for neck ligaments, along with lack of strong evidence for its presence, has seen it fall out of favor in most modern depictions.

Paleopathology
P. walkeri is known from one specimen which might contain a pathology. The skeleton shows a v-shaped gap or notch in the vertebrae at the base of the neck. Originally thought to be pathologic, Parks published a second interpretation of this, as a ligament attachment to support the head. The crest would attach to the gap via muscles or ligaments, and be used to support the head while bearing a frill, like predicted to exist in some hadrosaurids. One other possibility, is that during preparation, the specimen was damaged, creating the possible pathology. The notch, however, is still considered more likely to be a pathology, even though some illustrations of Parasaurolophus restore the skin flap.

Another possible pathology was noticed by Parks, and from around the notch. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth vertebrae, directly anterior to the notch, the neural spines were damaged. The fourth had an obvious fracture, with the other two possessing a swelling at the base of the break.

Analysis of the pathology undertaken by Bertozzo et al., published in December 2020, suggests the pathology to the shoulder and thoracic ribs in the holotype of P. walkeri was plausibly the result of the dinosaur being hit by a falling tree, perhaps during a severe storm. Based on the regrowth of bone, it is suggested that the hadrosaur survived for at least one to four months to perhaps years after being injured. None of the pathologies on the holotype individual are believed to have caused or contributed to its death.

Alberta
Parasaurolophus walkeri, from the Dinosaur Park Formation, was a member of a diverse and well-documented fauna of prehistoric animals, including well-known dinosaurs such as the horned Centrosaurus, Chasmosaurus, and Styracosaurus; ornithomimids Struthiomimus; fellow duckbills Gryposaurus and Corythosaurus; tyrannosaurids Gorgosaurus and Daspletosaurus; and armored Edmontonia, Euoplocephalus and Dyoplosaurus. It was a rare constituent of this fauna. The Dinosaur Park Formation is interpreted as a low-relief setting of rivers and floodplains that became more swampy and influenced by marine conditions over time as the Western Interior Seaway transgressed westward. The climate was warmer than present-day Alberta, without frost, but with wetter and drier seasons. Conifers were apparently the dominant canopy plants, with an understory of ferns, tree ferns, and angiosperms.

Some of the less common hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, such as Parasaurolophus, may represent the remains of individuals who died while migrating through the region. They might also have had a more upland habitat where they may have nested or fed. The presence of Parasaurolophus and Kritosaurus in northern latitude fossil sites may represent faunal exchange between otherwise distinct northern and southern biomes in Late Cretaceous North America. Both taxa are uncommon outside of the southern biome, where, along with Pentaceratops, they are predominate members of the fauna.

New Mexico
In the Fruitland Formation of New Mexico, P. cyrtocristatus shared its habitat with other ornithischians and theropods. Specifically, its contemporaries were the ceratopsian Pentaceratops sternbergii; the pachycephalosaur Stegoceras novomexicanum; and some unidentified fossils belonging to Tyrannosauridae, ?Ornithomimus, ?Troodontidae, ?Saurornitholestes langstoni, ?Struthiomimus, Ornithopoda, ?Chasmosaurus, ?Corythosaurus, Hadrosaurinae, Hadrosauridae, and Ceratopsidae. When Parasaurolophus existed, the Fruitland Formation was swampy, positioned in the lowlands, and close to the shore of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway. The lowermost part of the Fruitland Formation is just younger than 75.56 ± 0.41 mya, with the uppermost boundary dating to 74.55 ± 0.22 mya.

Existing slightly later than the species from the Fruitland Formation, P. tubicen is also found in New Mexico, in the Kirtland Formation. Numerous vertebrate groups are from this formation, including fishes, crurotarsans, ornithischians, saurischians, pterosaurs, and turtles. The fishes are represented by the two species Melvius chauliodous and Myledalphus bipartitus. The crurotarsans include Brachychampsa montana and Denazinosuchus kirtlandicus. Ornithischians from the formation are represented by the hadrosaurids Anasazisaurus horneri, Naashoibitosaurus ostromi, Kritosaurus navajovius, and P. tubicen; the ankylosaurids Ahshislepelta minor and Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis; the ceratopsians Pentaceratops sternbergii and Titanoceratops ouranos; and the pachycephalosaurs Stegoceras novomexicanum and Sphaerotholus goodwini. Saurischians include the tyrannosaurid Bistahieversor sealeyi; the ornithomimid Ornithomimus sp.; and the troodontid "Saurornitholestes" robustus. One pterosaur is known, named Navajodactylus boerei. Turtles are fairly plentiful, and are known from Denazinemys nodosa, Basilemys nobilis, Neurankylus baueri, Plastomenus robustus and Thescelus hemispherica. Unidentified taxa are known, including the crurotarsan ?Leidyosuchus, and the theropods ?Struthiomimus, Troodontidae and Tyrannosauridae. The beginning of the Kirtland Formation dates to 74.55 ± 0.22 mya, with the formation ending at around 73.05 ± 0.25 mya.

Utah
Argon-argon radiometric dating indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.6 and 74.5 million years ago, during the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period. During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway, a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland peat swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms. This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.

Parasaurolophus shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as dromaeosaurid theropods, the troodontid Talos sampsoni, ornithomimids like Ornithomimus velox, tyrannosaurids like Teratophoneus, armored ankylosaurids, the duckbilled hadrosaur Gryposaurus monumentensis, the ceratopsians Utahceratops gettyi, Nasutoceratops titusi and Kosmoceratops richardsoni and the oviraptorosaurian Hagryphus giganteus. Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included chondrichthyans (sharks and rays), frogs, salamanders, turtles, lizards and crocodilians like the apex predator Deinosuchus. A variety of early mammals were present including multituberculates, marsupials, and insectivorans.

title: Parasaurolophus


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15th Dáil

The 15th Dáil was elected at the 1954 general election on 14 May 1954 and met on 2 June 1954. The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature), of Ireland are known as TDs. It sat with the 8th Seanad as the two Houses of the Oireachtas.

On 12 February 1957, President Seán T. O'Kelly dissolved the Dáil at the request of the Taoiseach John A. Costello on 4 February. The 15th Dáil lasted days.

Composition of the 15th Dáil
Fine Gael, the Labour Party, and Clann na Talmhan, denoted with bullets, formed the 7th government of Ireland, a minority government dependent on the support of Clann na Poblachta.

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 15th Dáil from June 1954. This was not the official seating plan.

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Patrick Hogan (Lab), who had served as Ceann Comhairle in the previous Dáil, was proposed by Éamon de Valera (FF) and seconded by Richard Mulcahy (FG) for the position. His election was approved without a vote. Hogan had served as Leas-Cheann Comhairle from 1927 to 1928, from 1932 to 1938 and from 1948 to 1951.

TDs by constituency
The list of the 147 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 15th Dáil


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User:El beatle

Currently studying for my History PhD at the University of Leicester. Three years and counting... :-(

Main interests are topics of liberation in the sixties, e.g. gay and lesbian movement, student protests, civil rights (mainly in the US), drug culture, etc. Not really sure what else to say here... Happy Wikiing!

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Arithmetic geometry

In mathematics, arithmetic geometry is roughly the application of techniques from algebraic geometry to problems in number theory. Arithmetic geometry is centered around Diophantine geometry, the study of rational points of algebraic varieties.

In more abstract terms, arithmetic geometry can be defined as the study of schemes of finite type over the spectrum of the ring of integers.

Overview
The classical objects of interest in arithmetic geometry are rational points: sets of solutions of a system of polynomial equations over number fields, finite fields, p-adic fields, or function fields, i.e. fields that are not algebraically closed excluding the real numbers. Rational points can be directly characterized by height functions which measure their arithmetic complexity.

The structure of algebraic varieties defined over non-algebraically closed fields has become a central area of interest that arose with the modern abstract development of algebraic geometry. Over finite fields, étale cohomology provides topological invariants associated to algebraic varieties. p-adic Hodge theory gives tools to examine when cohomological properties of varieties over the complex numbers extend to those over p-adic fields.

19th century: early arithmetic geometry
In the early 19th century, Carl Friedrich Gauss observed that non-zero integer solutions to homogeneous polynomial equations with rational coefficients exist if non-zero rational solutions exist.

In the 1850s, Leopold Kronecker formulated the Kronecker–Weber theorem, introduced the theory of divisors, and made numerous other connections between number theory and algebra. He then conjectured his "liebster Jugendtraum" ("dearest dream of youth"), a generalization that was later put forward by Hilbert in a modified form as his twelfth problem, which outlines a goal to have number theory operate only with rings that are quotients of polynomial rings over the integers.

Early-to-mid 20th century: algebraic developments and the Weil conjectures
In the late 1920s, André Weil demonstrated profound connections between algebraic geometry and number theory with his doctoral work leading to the Mordell–Weil theorem which demonstrates that the set of rational points of an abelian variety is a finitely generated abelian group.

Modern foundations of algebraic geometry were developed based on contemporary commutative algebra, including valuation theory and the theory of ideals by Oscar Zariski and others in the 1930s and 1940s.

In 1949, André Weil posed the landmark Weil conjectures about the local zeta-functions of algebraic varieties over finite fields. These conjectures offered a framework between algebraic geometry and number theory that propelled Alexander Grothendieck to recast the foundations making use of sheaf theory (together with Jean-Pierre Serre), and later scheme theory, in the 1950s and 1960s. Bernard Dwork proved one of the four Weil conjectures (rationality of the local zeta function) in 1960. Grothendieck developed étale cohomology theory to prove two of the Weil conjectures (together with Michael Artin and Jean-Louis Verdier) by 1965. The last of the Weil conjectures (an analogue of the Riemann hypothesis) would be finally proven in 1974 by Pierre Deligne.

Mid-to-late 20th century: developments in modularity, p-adic methods, and beyond
Between 1956 and 1957, Yutaka Taniyama and Goro Shimura posed the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture (now known as the modularity theorem) relating elliptic curves to modular forms. This connection would ultimately lead to the first proof of Fermat's Last Theorem in number theory through algebraic geometry techniques of modularity lifting developed by Andrew Wiles in 1995.

In the 1960s, Goro Shimura introduced Shimura varieties as generalizations of modular curves. Since the 1979, Shimura varieties have played a crucial role in the Langlands program as a natural realm of examples for testing conjectures.

In papers in 1977 and 1978, Barry Mazur proved the torsion conjecture giving a complete list of the possible torsion subgroups of elliptic curves over the rational numbers. Mazur's first proof of this theorem depended upon a complete analysis of the rational points on certain modular curves. In 1996, the proof of the torsion conjecture was extended to all number fields by Loïc Merel.

In 1983, Gerd Faltings proved the Mordell conjecture, demonstrating that a curve of genus greater than 1 has only finitely many rational points (where the Mordell–Weil theorem only demonstrates finite generation of the set of rational points as opposed to finiteness).

In 2001, the proof of the local Langlands conjectures for GLn was based on the geometry of certain Shimura varieties.

In the 2010s, Peter Scholze developed perfectoid spaces and new cohomology theories in arithmetic geometry over p-adic fields with application to Galois representations and certain cases of the weight-monodromy conjecture.

title: Arithmetic geometry


text:
Halton Regional Police Service

The Halton Regional Police Service provides policing service for the Regional Municipality of Halton, which is located west of Toronto, in Ontario, Canada. Halton Region encompasses the city of Burlington and the Towns of Oakville, Milton and Halton Hills. As of July 2020, the Halton Regional Police Service has over 1,000 members, including 718 sworn police officers and approximately 302 civilian and volunteer members. The service is responsible for policing a population of approximately 610,000 people in an area covering 692 square kilometers.

The chief of police is the highest-ranking officer of the Halton Regional Police Service. The position belongs to Stephen J. Tanner, who began his term on September 1, 2012, and was sworn in on September 4. The chief reports to the seven-person Halton Police Board which is independent of the Regional or Municipal Council.

History
The Halton Regional Police Service was established in tandem with creating the Regional Municipality of Halton on January 1, 1974. It incorporated the former police services of Burlington, Oakville, Milton, and Halton Hills and first consisted of 205 officers and 45 civilians. The Ontario Provincial Police continued to police the remainder of the region until 1975 when the regional force had expanded to the point where it could assume responsibility for the entire area. In 2018 the new Halton Regional Police Service Headquarters at 2485 North Service Rd. W. was opened. The new facility totals 230,000 square feet in area.

Crest

 * St. Edward's Crown
 * Ribbon containing Halton's motto Progress Through Participation
 * Shield is based on the one for the Halton Region
 * Trillium - the official flower of Ontario
 * Wreath of golden leaves

Organization
The HRPS divides the region into five divisions (police stations) within three districts and one headquarters.

Headquarters
2485 North Service Road West, Oakville, Ontario, L6M 3H8

Chief Stephen J. Tanner

Deputy Chief Roger Wilkie

Deputy Chief Jeff Hill

District 1
Commanded by Superintendent Dave Stewart, Inspector Bruce Dickson
 * 10 Division - 315 Queen Street, Acton (Queen Street Substation)
 * 11 Division - 217 Guelph Street, Georgetown
 * 12 Division - 490 Childs Drive, Milton

District 2
Commanded by Superintendent Jeff Sandy and Inspector Crystal Dodds
 * 20 Division - 95 Oak Walk Drive, Oakville

District 3
Commanded by Superintendent Derek Davis and Inspector John van der Lelie
 * 30 Division - 3800 Constable Henshaw Boulevard, Burlington

Rank structure
Commanding officers
 * Chief of Police
 * Deputy Chief of Regional Operations
 * Deputy Chief of District Operations

Senior police officers
 * Superintendent
 * Inspector

Police officers
 * Staff Sergeant / Detective Sergeant
 * Sergeant / Detective
 * Police Constable / Detective Constable

Cadet Program
The Halton Regional Police Service established its one-year Police Cadet program in June 2009. The primary purpose of the Police Cadet program is to promote and enhance the career development and experience of future Police Constable candidates. The Cadets assist front-line officers throughout the region, at community events. They are also assigned to a platoon, assigned a mentor officer, and exposed to all facets of front-line police work. They have the following desired qualifications for cadets:

 * Between the ages of 19-24
 * Recent post-secondary graduate or post-secondary education

Units
Halton Regional Police Service operations are divided into several specialized units. These units include but are not limited to Drug and Human Trafficking, Firearms, Intelligence and Offender Management units, Child Abuse and Sexual Assault, Domestic Violence, Fraud, Homicide, Technology Crime, Canine, Tactical Rescue Unit, Marine, Explosive Disposal Unit, Marine Unit and a Regional Community Mobilization Bureau which includes School Liaison Officers, Community Safety and Well-Being, Crisis Outreach And Support Team, Mobile Crisis Rapid Response Team and Auxiliary Police. Investigators are also assigned at the district level to the criminal investigation bureau which investigates crimes against persons and property.

The police service also has a ceremonial wing responsible for representing the police force at local events, parades, and internal police ceremonies. The Ceremonial Services comprises the Color Guard, which is responsible for escorting the police colors on functions where their presence is required; the Chorus, a vocal group composed of civilian volunteers and serving police officers; and the Pipes & Drums, another musical ensemble which plays in a variety of parades and community events in the Halton area.

Community Policing Philosophy
The Halton Regional Police Service is widely known as one of the most progressive community policing services in Canada with its strong emphasis on the community. Community policing in the Halton region is a philosophy based on the concept that police officers and members of the public work together, in partnership, resulting in creative ways to solve contemporary community problems related to crime, fear of crime, social and physical order, and neighborhood decay. In recent years the Halton Regional Police has incorporated an intelligence-led policing strategy built around risk assessment and risk management, utilizing analysis of crime trends to affect an appropriate policing response.

Special Investigations Unit
The actions of police officers in the Province of Ontario are overseen by the Special Investigations Unit (SIU) of Ontario, a civilian agency responsible for investigating circumstances involving police and civilians that have resulted in a death, serious injury, or allegations of sexual assault. The SIU is dedicated to maintaining one law, ensuring equal justice before the law among both the police and the public. Their goal is to ensure that the criminal law is applied appropriately to police conduct, as determined through independent investigations, increasing public confidence in the police services. Complaints involving police conduct that do not result in a serious injury or death must be referred to the appropriate police service or another oversight agency, such as the Ontario Civilian Commission on Police Services.

Fleet

 * Ford Expedition
 * Dodge Charger Police Cruiser
 * Ford Taurus Police Interceptor
 * Ford Explorer Police Utility
 * Dodge RAM Unmarked
 * Dodge Grand Caravan Unmarked
 * Chevrolet Equinox LT Unmarked
 * Chrysler 300 Unmarked
 * Two Mobile Command Units
 * Armored Response Vehicle
 * Chevrolet Tahoe (Supervisor)

Wireless networks
The Halton Regional Police Service operates a P25 dispatch network as well as an LTE broadband network. Since 2019 the LTE broadband network is shared with Peel Regional Police.

title: Halton Regional Police Service


text:
Chain Bridge (Potomac River)

The Chain Bridge is a viaduct that crosses the Potomac River at Little Falls in Washington, D.C. The steel girder bridge carries close to 22,000 cars a day. It connects Washington, D.C. with affluent sections of Arlington and Fairfax counties in Virginia. On the Washington, D.C. side, the bridge connects with Canal Road. Left turns onto the Clara Barton Parkway from the Chain Bridge are prohibited, but the reverse is permitted. On the Northern Virginia side, the bridge connects with State Route 123 (Chain Bridge Road), which provides access to George Washington Memorial Parkway.

The Chain Bridge has three lanes (of which the center is reversible) and can be safely accessed by pedestrians and cyclists. The pedestrian sidewalk provides access to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal towpath via a ramp. The bridge also carries water mains which provide Arlington County with water from the Washington Aqueduct.

History
The first bridge at the location opened on July 3, 1797. It was a wooden covered bridge, and rotted and collapsed in 1804. The second bridge, of similar type, burned six months after it was built.

19th century
The third bridge was built four years later in 1808, and its method of construction gave subsequent iterations their names. It was a chain suspension bridge, using 1¼ inch bars. It was designed by Judge James E. Finley, and was 136 feet long by 15 feet wide. It was destroyed by flood in 1810 or 1812. The fourth bridge was also a chain suspension bridge, and though damaged by floods in 1815, it lasted until 1840. The fifth bridge was built in 1840, and made of chain and wood. This span collapsed in 1852.

It was replaced by a crossbeam truss structure that resembled a long garden arbor or pergola, but retained its historical name. During the American Civil War, the Chain Bridge was a popular place for the Union Army to access the countryside encampments from Fairfax County. The bridge is the site of the first Union Army Balloon Corps balloon crossing, which took place overnight on October 12, 1861, conducted by Professor Thaddeus S. C. Lowe and a band of handlers who had to precariously traverse the outsides of the fully trellised bridge. In a nine-hour ordeal, the balloon Union was fully inflated in Washington and walked out to the battlefield at Lewinsville, Virginia.

The truss bridge was swept away in an 1870 flood, and a lightweight iron truss replacement was erected in 1872–1874.

20th century
Traffic restrictions were placed on the bridge in the 1920s, and it was fully closed following the record flood of 1936. The eighth and present version of the bridge is a continuous steel girder structure, completed in 1938 on piers dating from the 1870s.

In 1982, the bridge was significantly overhauled. The overhaul widened the three 10-foot wide lanes with a 12 foot wide one and two 11 foot ones. It also replaced a set of stairs from the bridge to the C&O Trail with a ramp, removed the sidewalk on the downstream side, added a crash barrier between the sidewalk and roadway, replaced the old railing with a fence and replaced heavy concrete with a lighter type that allowed the bridge to hold more weight.

title: Chain Bridge (Potomac River)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bibolonious

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:35, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Bibolonious
Delete vanity and spam drini ☎ 18:45, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn. It looks like it's only one flash animation, not a full site of them on par with Homestar Runner or Newgrounds. --Idont Havaname 19:09, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ad. Doesn't back up claims. Vanity. Delete, speedily if possible. Mgm|(talk) 19:18, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 11:26, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity/self promotion. Gblaz 23:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I enjoyed the 5 of them on the NasMAYHEM website. very good. noXid 23:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Anal eroticism

Anal eroticism, in psychoanalysis, is sensuous pleasure derived from anal sensations. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, hypothesized that the anal stage of childhood psychosexual development was marked by the predominance of anal eroticism.

Developmental
In 1973, the psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott spoke of "the tremendous pleasure that belongs to the doing of a motion just exactly when the impulse comes...another little orgy that enriches the life of the infant". In Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the anus becomes the primary erogenous zone between the ages of 18 months and three years. The main social context for this experience is the process of toilet training, where anal pleasure becomes associated with the control of bowel movements. In his 1908 article Character and Anal Erotism, Freud argued that, through reaction formations and sublimation, anal eroticism could turn in later life into character traits such as obstinacy, orderliness and meanness.

The psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi extended Freud's findings to cover the sublimation of anal eroticism into aesthetic experiences such as painting and sculpture, as well as into an interest in money. In 1946, the psychoanalyst Otto Fenichel linked anal eroticism to feelings of disgust, to masochism, and to pornography.

The psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva would subsequently explore anal eroticism in connection with her concept of abjection.

title: Anal eroticism


text:
Ukrainian Cargo Airways

Ukrainian Cargo Airways was an airline based in Kyiv, Ukraine. It was a state-owned company operating charter passenger and cargo services. It also overhauled, leased and sold aircraft, engines and aviation equipment. Its main bases were Kyiv Boryspil International Airport (KBP) and Zaporizhzhia International Airport (OZH).

History
The airline was established in July 1997 and started operations in January 1998 using decommissioned aircraft of the Ukrainian air force. Since 1998, UCA have been used to fulfil UN programmes in Yugoslavia (Kosovo) and Africa (Sierra Leone, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to deliver relief cargo, transport peacekeeping troops and evacuate refugees. It is 100% owned by the State Property Fund of Ukraine. The airline was shut down by the Ukrainian civil aviation authority over safety concerns in 2009. The carrier had also been blacklisted by the European Union.

Banned Status
Ukrainian Cargo Airways had appeared on the list of prohibited E.U. air carriers which means that it was banned for safety reasons from operating services of any kind within the E.U. In November 2009 the European Commission removed Ukrainian Cargo Airways from this list.

Fleet
The Ukrainian Cargo Airways fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at August 2006):

 * 3 Antonov An-12
 * 2 Antonov An-26
 * 19 Ilyushin Il-76MD
 * 2 Ilyushin Il-76
 * 1 Tupolev Tu-154B-2

Incidents

 * On 8 May 2003, a chartered Ukrainian Cargo Airways Ilyushin Il-76, en route from Kinshasa to Lubumbashi carrying an unknown number of soldiers and their families suffered a violent uncontrolled decompression when the cargo door accidentally opened at altitude causing, blowing an unknown number of people to their deaths. Survivors had to cling to ropes and netting on the plane. The plane managed to return to Kinshasa with about 40 survivors. Death estimates vary from zero (Ukrainian government), 17, 60 and 129 by various officials and as many as 200 people by some survivors.
 * On 4 October 2007, a Canadian Forces chartered Ukrainian Cargo Airways Ilyushin Il-76 flying from Keflavik International Airport, Iceland struck some trees while on approach to CFB Trenton. The aircraft managed to land safely, but initially, the incident was not reported by the flight crew until base officials noticed wood debris on the runway and went to inspect the aircraft. The inspection revealed marks on the belly of the aircraft from the impact, and minor damage to the main landing gear.

In the Media
A Ukrainian Cargo Airways Ilyushin Il-76 was seen in the third series of Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, being used to smuggle drugs inside Lada cars.

title: Ukrainian Cargo Airways


text:
User:Rstandefer

Ahoy, I'm Robert Standefer. I'm a technical_advisor at Microsoft in Redmond, Washington.

Articles I originated
Python

Lane Frost

WebSiphon

Final girl

Steak de Burgo

Abar Rouse (since merged)

title: User:Rstandefer


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mechanical lobster

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:34, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Mechanical lobster
Band vanity. If it turns out to be more notable than I thought, it needs a rewrite to a more encyclopedic tone. Mgm|(talk) 18:47, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * deleted after listing period on WP:CP--Duk 16:37, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. First page of the 388 Google hits is Soundclick and a bunch of that don't have to do with the band. --Idont Havaname 19:07, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 11:27, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Robert Dundas of Arniston, the Elder

Robert Dundas of Arniston, the elder, 2nd Lord Arniston (1685–1753) was a Scottish lawyer, and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1737. In 1728 he reintroduced into Scottish juries the possible verdicts of guilty or not guilty as against proven or not proven. He was Lord President of the Court of Session from 1748 to 1753.

Early life
Dundas was born on 9 December 1685, the second son of Robert Dundas, Lord Arniston, a judge of the court of session, and his wife Margaret Sinclair, daughter of Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenson. The family's Edinburgh house was at the head of Old Fishmarket Close on the Royal Mile. The house was later destroyed in the Great Fire of Edinburgh.

He was educated at Utrecht in about 1700 and was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 26 July 1709, and  became a profound lawyer through his Interest and talent.

Career
In about 1717 Dundas was appointed Assessor to city of Edinburgh and was also appointed in 1717 Solicitor General for Scotland by the secretary of state, the Duke of Roxburghe, the head of the Squadrone. He found this an irksome position, and in 1718 applied to succeed Eliot of Minto on the bench, but the place was already given to Sir Walter Pringle. However, he was promoted in 1720 by the Duke of Roxburghe to be Lord Advocate, in succession to Sir David Dalrymple. On 9 December 1721 he became dean of the Faculty of Advocates. On 11 July 1721 he resigned the post of assessor to the city of Edinburgh and an acrimonious correspondence took place between him and the magistrates of Edinburgh.

At the 1722 British general election Dundas  was returned as Member of Parliament for  Edinburghshire. He was a major opponent of the malt-tax in 1724, after the Argyll party came into power with Robert Walpole. He was counsel for the Glasgow magistrates after they were charged with conniving at the riots against the tax. He became a key figure in agitation against the tax and also encouraged the Edinburgh brewers to resist. In the Commons, on 4 March 1726, he blamed the riots on the mismanagement of the Government and the military authorities. Later he put forward a proposal to allocate part of the malt tax to improvements in Scotland. In 1727 he proposed a counter-address against the malt tax instead of a loyal address of the court of session.

In 1726 he commissioned William Adam to design Arniston House, a few miles south of Edinburgh and this became his family home.

At the 1727 British general election Dundas was returned unopposed as MP for Edinburghshire and continued in opposition. He spoke against the Government in the Dunkirk debate on 12 February 1730 and also in 1730 promoted a bill to give the court of session the power of adjourning. After his return unopposed at the 1734 British general election, he was the chief adviser of the opposition formed of representative peers and members of parliament against the administration of Scotch affairs adopted by Lord Ilay. With Erskine of Grange, he joined with the opposition in an attack in both Houses on the methods   which the Government had used in  the recent election of Scottish representative peers. This opposition movement was, however, unsuccessful. On 5 May 1735 the Commons passed a bill drafted by Erskine and introduced by Dundas to prevent the wrongful imprisonment of persons coming to vote in elections, but the bill was thrown out by the House of Lords. On 10 June 1737, Dundas was appointed a judge of the court of session, in succession to Sir Walter Pringle of Newhall, and vacated his seat in the House of Commons.

In 1745, Dundas' son Robert dissuaded his father from retiring into private life, but it was believed, he would have retired in 1748 if his hopes of becoming lord president had been disappointed. After a vacancy of nine months, the ministry and independent Whigs, overrode the Duke of Argyll's opposition, and on 10 September 1748 Dundas succeeded Duncan Forbes of Culloden as lord president, and filled the office for the rest of his life.

His main Edinburgh address was a mansion on Fishmarket Close, off the Royal Mile which had formerly been the house of George Heriot (destroyed in the Great Fire of Edinburgh in 1824).

Dundas dies at Abbey Hill, Edinburgh, on 26 August 1753. He was buried on 31 August in the family tomb in the Arniston aisle of Borthwick Parish Church.

Most famous case
Dunas's most famous case was his defence of James Carnegie of Finhaven in 1728 on his trial for the murder of Charles, earl of Strathmore, whom he killed in a drunken brawl by mistake for Lyon of Bridgeton. The original practice was to allow the jury to find the prisoner generally guilty or not guilty; about the time of Charles II this was altered to a finding upon the facts of proven or not proven. In this case it was clear that Carnegie killed Strathmore. If the jury were to find the fact proven, leaving the court to pronounce the legal effect of that finding, Carnegie was a dead man. Dundas forced the court to return to the older course, and the jury found Carnegie not guilty, and this practice was adopted in subsequent cases.

Assessment
As an advocate he was both eloquent and ingenious; in private life idle and convivial. Dundas's appearance was forbidding and his voice harsh; his portrait is preserved at Arniston, and is engraved in the Arniston Memoirs.

Family
Dundas married, twice. In 1712, Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Robert Watson of Muirhouse, who, with four of his children, died in January 1734 of smallpox, and by her he had a son, Robert, afterwards lord president, and other children.

On 3 June 1734, he married Anne, daughter of Sir William Gordon, bart., of Invergordon, by whom he had five sons and a daughter. One of these sons, Henry, was Treasurer of the Navy and 1st Viscount Melville, whereas one of his daughters was the wife to Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan.

title: Robert Dundas of Arniston, the Elder


text: User talk:203.117.33.23

title: User talk:203.117.33.23


text:
Pierre van Hooijdonk

Petrus "Pierre" Ferdinandus Johannes van Hooijdonk (born 29 November 1969) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a striker. He had spells with clubs across Europe where he was a prolific goal scorer. Van Hooijdonk was capped 46 times for the Netherlands national team, for which he scored 14 goals and played in the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Euro 2000 and Euro 2004. Noted for his bending free kicks, he is regarded by some as one of the greatest free kick specialists of all time.

Early life
Van Hooijdonk was born in Steenbergen. His Moroccan biological father left Van Hooijdonk's mother before his birth. He grew up in Welberg (nl), a small village near Steenbergen. His favourite team was NAC Breda whose game he followed wholeheartedly. At 11 years old, while playing with local team SC Welberg's youth squad, he took part in a trial on the NAC open day, impressed their scouts and joined the club. At that time he played mainly as a right midfielder; when he was 14, he was cut from NAC's academy and he went into amateur football with VV Steenbergen. He then switched his position to become a striker, and ascended to the club's first team.

Early career
As RBC Roosendaal were in financial trouble they were obliged to having youth players feature within their senior teams. In the 1988–89 season, Van Hooijdonk made his debut for RBC as a substitute. While playing as a sub for the club he soon scored three goals. With the club's main striker suffering from an injury Van Hooijdonk played almost the majority of the season's second half, scoring six goals in 32 matches. He signed his first professional contract with RBC soon thereafter. Van Hooijdonk made a greater impression in the following season becoming a key player for the team, scoring 27 times in 37 matches. Several teams went on to show interest in him such as NAC Breda. Van Hooijdonk didn't hesitate in signing a contract with NAC, and rejoined his boyhood club.

NAC paid 400,000 guilders for the transfer of Van Hooijdonk. In returning to NAC, he was both positive in his outlook as well as determined to illustrate his quality. Van Hooijdonk succeeded at such going on to help the team win promotion to the Eredivisie in 1993. During his time at the club he got his first call up, in December 1994, to play for the Netherlands. During the rest of that season, he set a scoring streak in 11 consecutive Eredivisie matches. Within the 1994–95 winter break, Celtic made a deal with NAC which saw Van Hooijdonk join up with the Scottish outfit at once. Altogether he scored 81 goals in 115 appearances for NAC.

Celtic
Van Hooijdonk made his Celtic debut on 11 January 1995 in a league match against Hearts at Hampden Park. The striker made an instant impact for his new team by scoring a stunning opening goal. Hearts went on to equalise and so the game finished 1–1. Van Hooijdonk settled quickly at Celtic and he became an instant favourite with the fans. When Van Hooijdonk arrived at Celtic they had not won any trophies in six years. With Van Hooijdonk in tow Celtic won the Scottish Cup of that season with him being the only goalscorer in the final against Airdrie in May 1995.

The following 1995–96 season, saw Van Hooijdonk in outstanding form for Celtic. He scored 32 goals, including 26 in the League which saw him finish as top scorer. Of particular note was his prowess at scoring from free kicks. However, despite Van Hooijdonk's goals and the attractive football being played by manager Tommy Burns' side, Celtic still finished the season without any silverware.

Van Hooijdonk's next season at Celtic, 1996–97, was an unhappy time for both the player and the club. A row with the Celtic chairman/owner, Fergus McCann, would rumble on and as a result, he often ended up on the bench. The manager of the Netherlands national team Guus Hiddink then told him he wouldn't be selected for such as long as he was not a regular at Celtic.

He eventually left Celtic over a wage dispute towards the end of the 1996–97 season, stating that the reputed £7,000 a week rise he was being offered might be "good enough for the homeless" to live on "but not for an international striker." In total Van Hooijdonk scored 52 goals for Celtic in 84 appearances. He went on to join up with Nottingham Forest in a deal worth up to £4.5 million.

Nottingham Forest
Van Hooijdonk arrived as Forest were in deep relegation trouble, struggling to maintain their position in the Premier League. He made his debut for Forest in a 1–1 draw against Blackburn on 11 March 1997. It was hoped the arrival of van Hooijdonk would kick-start their survival, but he scored just one goal in his eight games for them that season. Although only one of those games was lost, the other seven were drawn and Forest were relegated. He immediately pledged his future to help the club regain its status.

The following season was an unqualified success, both for him and Forest. Forest won the title and promotion in a competitive league (facing stiff opposition from Sunderland, Charlton and Middlesbrough), with van Hooijdonk scoring 34 goals and building up a good partnership with strike partner Kevin Campbell, who scored 23 times. During the 97–98 season, Van Hooijdonk clashed with manager Dave Bassett over the setup of the team, and desired a move to PSV Eindhoven. Newcastle United also offered £7 million for him, but Bassett would only let Van Hooijdonk go for £10 million. He was a regular in the Netherlands national squad, and was named in the Dutch squad for 1998 FIFA World Cup in France where he scored as a substitute in the match against South Korea.

After the World Cup had finished he discovered that the promised strengthening to the Forest squad to enable them to cope back in the Premier League had not transpired, indeed that his strike partner Campbell (who had an ongoing back injury) had been sold to Trabzonspor for £2.5m. The club had also announced that Scot Gemmill was dropped from the first team for refusing to sign a new contract, and that club captain and terrace hero Colin Cooper was being allowed to leave to the team promoted alongside them as runners up, Middlesbrough. Van Hooijdonk asked for a transfer. The club's new owners refused. Van Hooijdonk announced that he had been told previously that he could leave the club at the end of the 1997–98 season if he so wished, that he felt betrayed by the club's owners who had failed to deliver on their promises to him regarding the strengthening of the team, and that he felt he could no longer play for his employers. Forest, desperate for a striker, refused to allow him to be transfer-listed again, so van Hooijdonk announced his intention to strike. He kept fit by training with his former club NAC Breda.

Because of his behaviour, Van Hooijdonk received criticism both from fans and from his teammates, not least from team-mate Steve Stone and manager Dave Bassett. The club refused to listen to offers for him, as they needed a top striker and the stand-off lasted until early November when van Hooijdonk, realising that he had no choice, agreed to return and played in a game against Wimbledon. By this time the club was again in relegation trouble: bottom of the league without a win in nine games. He played sporadically between then and the end of the season. He scored 6 goals in his 19 starts in the Premier League, including his first goal in his second game back against Forest's fierce rivals Derby County, helping them to a draw. Infamously after this goal, most of his team-mates refused to celebrate alongside him, instead going to Scot Gemmill, the man who crossed the ball to him. He also scored a last-minute home equaliser against rivals Liverpool with a trademark free-kick that protected Forest's proud unbeaten home run against them that went back to 1984. In another game against Leicester City he scored to put Forest 1-0 up but was then sent off as they ultimately lost 3–1. Forest ended the 1998–99 Premier League season bottom and were relegated. Ralf Rangnick, then coach of VfB Stuttgart, wanted to bring Van Hooijdonk to Germany, but chairman Gerhard Mayer-Vorfelder refused, feeling that Van Hooijdonk was too expensive at the age of 30.

Vitesse
At the end of the 1998–99 season he returned to the Netherlands with SBV Vitesse in a £3.5m move to continue his career after and did much to convince his critics of his goal-scoring abilities when he helped the Arnhem team to a UEFA Cup spot with 25 goals in one season. He also returned to the Netherlands national team in this period.

Benfica
Van Hooijdonk then signed a three-year deal for Benfica in 2000 where he joined up with one of the former Celtic F.C. 'three amigos' Jorge Cadete. He eventually only played one season for them with 19 goals. At Benfica he faced the same structural problems as he faced at Nottingham Forest and the team used three different managers throughout the season. The new chairman at the club had no faith in Van Hooijdonk and he was set back into its second team. Benfica was planning on selling him to another foreign club, but all Van Hooijdonk wanted was to return to his home country. At the end of the 2000–01 season, he signed for his fourth Dutch club, Feyenoord.

Feyenoord
While at Feyenoord, he will always be remembered for his free kick abilities and his integral part in the UEFA Cup 2001–02 win. He scored two goals against Borussia Dortmund in the final at De Kuip and his performances helped Feyenoord beat Freiburg, Rangers, PSV Eindhoven and Inter Milan in earlier rounds.

Later career
Never one to settle down, van Hooijdonk joined Fenerbahçe SK at the beginning of the 2003–04 season where he featured in 52 games for the Turkish club and scored 32 goals (24 in his first season). He was nicknamed Aziz Pierre (means Saint Pierre in Turkish) by fans. He wore the number 17, the same number that he wore for the national team. He won the Süper Lig title in 2003–04 (the first top-tier championship of his career) and again the following year in 2004–05 with Fenerbahçe.

In mid-2005, he signed again for his former club, NAC, playing 17 games, scoring 5 goals. During the winter transfer window of the 2005–06 season, he signed for another former club, Feyenoord, where he scored 8 goals in 37 appearances. On 17 October 2006, Van Hooijdonk announced his retirement at the end of the 2006–07 season. On 13 May 2007, he eventually played his final professional match after a draw with Feyenoord against FC Groningen in the play-offs, having played 550 games (335 goals) in the highest leagues in 18 seasons of professional football.

Personal life
Van Hooijdonk has a son, Sydney, who made his debut for NAC Breda in 2018.

It was reported in May 2008 that van Hooijdonk had been a victim of fraud and had lost £2,000,000 to a scam, which involved him investing in a Chinese textile company that did not exist.

Honours
Celtic
 * Scottish Cup: 1994–95

Nottingham Forest
 * Football League First Division: 1997–98

Feyenoord
 * UEFA Cup: 2001–02

Fenerbahçe
 * Süper Lig: 2003–04, 2004–05

Individual
 * Scottish Premier Division Top Scorer: 1995–96
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1997–98 First Division
 * Football League First Division top scorer: 1997–98
 * Nottingham Forest Player of the Year: 1997–98
 * UEFA Cup Top Scorer: 2001–02
 * Eredivisie Top Scorer: 2001–02
 * Dutch Footballer of the Year: 2001–02
 * Turkish Footballer of the Year: 2004

title: Pierre van Hooijdonk


text: User talk:203.117.33.25

title: User talk:203.117.33.25


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Charles Mason (Revolutionary)

What? Vanity page? If you talk to those who know about these things in the UK, this is hardly a vanity page. This is a man who was imprisoned for a lengthy period of time for his beliefs, and has never fully recovered from his experiences. Talk to any genuine left-wing student at any of Britain's more 'academic' universities, and you'll find his name held in the highest esteem. It's mainly due to the UK's capitalist press that he's been almost excised from general political consciousness (such as it exists now in the UK) - not the case whilst the Morning Star (Socialist Worker) was still around. Is this yet another attempt by capitalist society to try to delete this hero of so many true socialists from ever having existed?


text:
New England Culinary Institute

The New England Culinary Institute (NECI) was a private for-profit culinary school in Montpelier, Vermont. It was open for 40 years before shutting down as result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

History
NECI was founded on June 15, 1980, by Fran Voigt and John Dranow. The first NECI class, conducted by Chef Michel LeBorgne, had seven students. The enrollment rose to approximately 800 in 1999, but fell to 500 in 2015 and to around 300 at the beginning of 2017. A second campus was operated in Essex, Vermont, from August 1989 through August 2009.

The institute ran a number of restaurants in Montpelier, and also provided food service for Vermont College and National Life. It was accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges.

By the 2010s, enrollment in culinary institutes in the United States was in decline, and culinary programs nationwide were closing. The institute discontinued all credit-bearing academic programs in the summer of 2021. The institution's official statement about the closing stated that "the pandemic proved to be the burden that we could not overcome. As directed by the State of Vermont we closed all our retail operations in March 2020, which severely limited our ability to continue to deliver a college level, hands on culinary education, on an economically viable basis."

In December 2020, because of the pandemic, NECI had to close. Alumnus Alton Brown, students, faculty and other staff had just celebrated the 40th anniversary of the institution's start.

Academics
The institute offered the following credentials:
 * Certificate in Professional Cooking
 * Certificate in Professional Baking and Pastry
 * Associate in Occupational Studies
 * Bachelor of Arts

Notable alumni

 * Amanda Chantal Bacon – American entrepreneur
 * Alton Brown – TV host of various cooking shows
 * Paul Hogan – Former Australian Consul turned celebrity butler
 * Gavin Kaysen – chef de cuisine of Cafe Boulud in New York City

title: New England Culinary Institute


text:
Functional design

Functional Design is a paradigm used to simplify the design of hardware and software devices such as computer software and, increasingly, 3D models. A functional design assures that each modular part of a device has only one responsibility and performs that responsibility with the minimum of side effects on other parts. Functionally designed modules tend to have low coupling.

Advantages
The advantage for implementation is that if a software module has a single purpose, it will be simpler, and therefore easier and less expensive, to design and implement.

Systems with functionally designed parts are easier to modify because each part does only what it claims to do.

Since maintenance is more than 3/4 of a successful system's life, this feature is a crucial advantage. It also makes the system easier to understand and document, which simplifies training. The result is that the practical lifetime of a functional system is longer.

In a system of programs, a functional module will be easier to reuse because it is less likely to have side effects that appear in other parts of the system.

Technique
The standard way to assure functional design is to review the description of a module. If the description includes conjunctions such as "and" or "or", then the design has more than one responsibility, and is therefore likely to have side effects. The responsibilities need to be divided into several modules in order to achieve a functional design.

Critiques and limits
Every computer system has parts that cannot be functionally pure because they exist to distribute CPU cycles or other resources to different modules. For example, most systems have an "initialization" section that starts up the modules. Other well-known examples are the interrupt vector table and the main loop.

Some functions inherently have mixed semantics. For example, a function "move the car from the garage" inherently has a side effect of changing the "car position". In some cases, the mixed semantics can extend over a large topological tree or graph of related concepts. In these unusual cases, functional design is not recommended by some authorities. Instead polymorphism, inheritance, or procedural methods may be preferred.

Applied to 3D modeling and simulation
Recently several software companies have introduced functional design as a concept to describe a Parametric feature based modeler for 3D modeling and simulation. In this context, they mean a parametric model of an object where the parameters are tied to real-world design criteria, such as an axle that will adjust its diameter based on the strength of the material and the amount of force being applied to it in the simulation. It is hoped that this will create efficiencies in the design process for mechanical and perhaps even architectural/structural assemblies by integrating the results of finite element analysis directly to the behavior of individual objects.

title: Functional design


text:
Fréttablaðið

Fréttablaðið (The Newspaper) was a free Icelandic newspaper. It was distributed five days per week. At its peak, it was the most read newspaper in Iceland.

History and profile
Fréttablaðið was established in 2001. It was originally owned primarily by the media group 365. The paper was published six days per week, Monday — Saturday until September 2003, when its frequency was switched to daily. As of 2019, it was published six days per week again, and as of 2020, it was published five days per week. It is entirely funded by advertising.

Fréttablaðið has been described as siding politically with the Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin) and for favouring Icelandic membership of the European Union. However, some of its editors have sided with the conservative Independence Party (Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn), and its former editor-in-chief and regular columnist is Independence Party's former leader and Prime Minister Þorsteinn Pálsson.

In the period of 2001–2002, the paper had a circulation of 70,000. In 2019, it had a circulation of 80,000. Forty percent of Iceland respondents to a Gallup survey stated that they read the paper.

In 2017, 365 Miðlar sold most of its assets to Fjarskipti ehf, the parent company of Vodafone Iceland, including the website visir.is. 365 Miðlar kept Fréttablaðið along with Glamour magazine and opened a new website, frettabladid.is. As of 2020, it was the sixth most popular website in Iceland. After the sale to fjarskipti, 365 Miðlar moved operations to Fréttablaðið, Glamour magazine and frettabladid.is under Torg ehf., its subsidiary.

In October 2019, Helgi Magnússon and other investors bought 365 Miðlar's shares in Torg ehf. Helgi had previously bought 50% of Torg ehf's stocks earlier in 2019. As a part of the sale, Ólöf Skaftadóttir stepped down as editor and was replaced with Jón Þórisson. After the sale, the new owners announced their plans to merge Fréttablaðið with the TV station Hringbraut.

In October 2020, the paper was accused of publishing fake news by the United States embassy in Iceland due to a report saying that the embassy's employees were asked to work despite one worker contracting COVID-19. In 2021 Torg ehf., the owner of the paper, received 81 million Icelandic krónas (about $US637,443) in subsidies issued to Icelandic media by the government of Iceland.

On 31 March 2023, the paper ceased publication and laid off all staff.

title: Fréttablaðið


text:
Flag of Orkney

The Flag of Orkney was the winner of a public flag consultation in February and March 2007. In the flag consultation the people of Orkney were asked for their preferred design from a short list of 5, all of which had been approved by the Court of the Lord Lyon. The chosen design was that of Duncan Tullock of Birsay, which polled 53% of the 200 votes cast by the public.

The colours red and yellow are from the Scottish and Norwegian royal coats of arms, which both use yellow and red, with a lion rampant. The flag symbolises the islands' Scottish and Norwegian heritage. The blue is taken from the flag of Scotland and also represents the sea and the maritime heritage of the islands.

2007 competition finalists

Former flag of Orkney
The former flag of Orkney was adopted in 1995. In 2001, the flag of Orkney, the traditional flag of St Magnus, was declined official recognition by the Lord Lyon, the heraldic authority of Scotland, due to similarity with other national flags; as well as the flag of the Kalmar Union.

title: Flag of Orkney


text: Template:Regions of Uzbekistan

title: Template:Regions of Uzbekistan


text:
Refugee Council

The Refugee Council is a UK based organisation which works with refugees and asylum seekers. The organisation provides support and advice to refugees and asylum seekers, as well as support for other refugee and asylum seeker organisations. The Refugee Council also produces many reports and educational material relating to refugee issues, and lobbies politicians and the media on these issues. The Council works in partnership with many other refugee organisations, including the British Red Cross, Scottish Refugee Council, Welsh Refugee Council, North of England Refugee Service, Northern Refugee Centre, and Refugee Action.

History
The Refugee Council originated from two independent organisations, British Council for Aid to Refugees (BCAR) and the Standing Conference on Refugees (SCOR), which were both founded in 1951 following the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. In 1981 these two organisations merged to form the British Refugee Council which was later renamed the Refugee Council due to the establishment of various other regional refugee councils. The Refugee Council Archives are held at University of East London, Docklands Campus.

Work
The Refugee Council's head office is in Stratford London. The organisation's main activities are providing support and advice to asylum seekers and refugees themselves as well as to other organisations, undertaking research and policy work, and campaigning on behalf of refugees and asylum seekers. The Refugee Council is a member organisation of the Asylum Support Partnership and European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE).

Support and advice
Refugee Council has received an exemption from the OISC to provide immigration advice and holds the Quality Mark for advice work. Regional offices throughout England provide services to asylum seekers and refugees including:

 * Advice about where to apply for support, and help with applying;
 * Information about the UK's 'dispersal policy';
 * Information about other services which can assist;
 * Help with problems with accommodation, racial harassment, physical and mental health; and
 * Help with appealing against rejection of a UKBA support application.

These services are available either in the Refugee Council offices or on the phone.

Drop in services provide hot meals, food parcels, clothes and English classes, as well as advice and support.

In addition, the Refugee Council offers special advice to unaccompanied children, including children who are under 18 when they arrive in the UK and young people aged 18–21 who are caring for younger siblings. This specialist support includes

 * Help to obtain legal representation, and guiding the child through the process;
 * Accompanying the child to asylum interviews, hearings, tribunals etc.;
 * Supporting the child during doctor's or social service appointments; and

In 2011 the charity launched a new Own Language Telephone Advice Service (OLTAS) providing free multilingual advice for asylum seekers and refugees.

Campaigning
In 2005, Refugee Council launched a campaign called Don't Believe the Type aimed at combating what they see as hostility and prejudice towards asylum seekers and refugees.

In 2008 Refugee Council formed the Still Human Still Here coalition with Amnesty International UK, Medical Foundation and over 40 other organisations, which is dedicated to highlighting the plight of tens of thousands of refused asylum seekers in UK and campaigning to end destitution of asylum seekers.

In 2011 the charity launched the Proud to Protect pledge which with the help of celebrity supporters gathered over 10,000 signatures.

In 2012 the charity launched the London♥Refugees campaign for the London Mayoral elections.

Current

 * Emma Thompson
 * Alf Dubs

Former

 * Hari Kunzru
 * Sir Bill Morris

Chief executives

 * Martin Barber, 1982–1988
 * Alf Dubs, 1988–1995
 * Nick Hardwick, June 1995 – January 2003
 * Margaret Lally, (acting) June 2003 – August 2003
 * Maeve Sherlock, August 2003 – October 2006
 * Anna Reisenberger (acting) October 2006 – May 2007
 * Donna Covey, May 2007 – October 2012
 * Shān Nicholas, (interim) October 2012 – March 2013
 * Maurice Wren, March 2013 – November 2020
 * Enver Solomon, December 2020 – present

title: Refugee Council


text: User talk:203.173.159.115

title: User talk:203.173.159.115


text:
Talk:Matrix of Leadership

Untitled
Alpha Trion, the 'old man' transformer who was Optimus Prime's mentor was his predecessor in the line of the Matrix, this is clearly shown in the episode where Prime comes back to life and uses the Matrix to wipe out the plague that affects the entire universe, Prime converses with Trion inside the matrix.

"The Matrix was also included in the Japanese-only Masterpiece Ultra Magnus redeco of the toy, but it could not be opened." Unless this was intended to be a joke at Magnus's expense, I beg to differ. The Matrix inside my Masterpiece Ultra Magnus opens perfectly well, and infact appears indistinguisable to the one in my 20th Anniversary Prime, aside from a lighter gold on the casing around the gem.--TheTurnipKing 21:04, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Alpha Trion was a leader. He lead the original Transformer rebellion. But it was much later on though when he first possessed the Matrix of Leadership prior to passing it to Optimus Prime. Since he was a leader at some point would help explain why he was inside the Martix even though he would not have the Maxtrix itself until the 6th Autobot leader had died for a short period of time before he recontructed Optimus Prime and passed it to him. From the original cartoon it did appear that only dead Autobot leaders reside within the Matrix. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.202.49.196 (talk) 22:42, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

anti-Decepticon bias
"Galvatron (Any attempt to use the Matrix has met with failure)"

This is clearly POV. The same could be said of Ultra "I can't lead the autobots out of a paper bag" Magnus, but it isn't mentioned in the entry. --66.216.68.28 20:32, 17 August 2005 (UTC)

Allspark/Matrix
The Matrix and the Allspark are entirely different things. The Matrix is a relic passed from Autobot Leader to Leader. It was a small blue crystal held within said Leader's chest that had a wise variety of powers, including bestowing knowledge and destroying evil like Unicron.

The Allspark is of unknown origin that creates Transformers. It is a large cube that can change into a small cube, and emits transformer energy that changes objects into Transformers. It is also highly dangerous and can destroy a Transformer when it comes into contact with their Spark.

The two are entirely different objects, there is no similarity beyond "they create Transformers". Saying they are similar is OR and entirely incorrect. And until someone provides a source that says the Allspark is similar to the Matrix instead of just using OR to say it is, I'm going to remove this section. Even if they were similar, because the two are named different it's still OR to link them. The Clawed One 22:57, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Your message displays that you do not understand them. The Matrix was first seen as a computer program and then as a casement with the Matrix within it (ref: Marvel US as on page). The Matrix was the source of life for Transformers (ref: later issues in the 65-75 range) and gave life (as referenced on the page).
 * The Allspark gives life (as shown with the cellphone in the movie) and is the source of life of Transformers (early comments in the movie). How is this different? It is not.
 * Their appearance in BOTH is questionable. The Allspark was inside the cube, never seen directly. The Matrix was almost always shown inside its casing (when it was shown, which it often was not). There is no evidence that they are the same or different.
 * The simple fact is the Allspark is plainly derived from the Matrix. We are not, in this article, saying that they ARE the same, but that they at the least seem to function in very similar fashions (as I have described above). It is both a factual and relevant statement.
 * VigilancePrime 00:06, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * PS: The Matrix just about destroyed Thuderwing and later almost destroyed Prime, and that was without direct contact.
 * If there's no evidence that they're the same or different, then again, it's OR. You are of the opinion that they are the same and are using your own perception of the two to justify these rvs without a viable source. The Clawed One 00:56, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Please read the content. I am not saying that they ARE the same. The text is not saying that. I am saying that they appear to operate in a similar way or have a similar function. The text tells the same. You're the one that is mis-reading it to your own ends. VigilancePrime 05:21, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Again, if the text just implies they are similar, then it's still OR, non-NPOV, etc. You're miss-reading my comments as well. It doesn't matter if they are similar or not, either way, the statement is unsourced and should be removed. If they are similar, then it's still unsourced. And if it isn't, it's speculation, and Wikipedia does not list speculations. The Clawed One 06:28, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

"In the 2007 Transformers movie, there is a hidden relic called the Allspark, which Megatron plans to use for his own ends. Although called the 'Allspark' in the film, it appears to function like the Matrix."

This is an unsourced, speculative claim. It makes a comparison based on personal observation. This isn't acceptible. Please do not add it to the article without a source. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 09:19, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * This is not a sufficient reference. It is a blog. Please use a reliable source. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 09:40, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Waitasecond. Whether or not that's a blog, that doesn't even make the claim. It doesn't compare the Allspark to the Matrix. - A Man In Bl♟ck (conspire | past ops) 09:41, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Matrix
"Any similarity between the Matrix and the Allspark is already noted on the Allspark page, and there's no good reason why the page needs an entirely new heading to say what another, more appropriate article discusses at length. Unless you have anything but your observations of the movie's content, and no written source to back the claim up, it is still direct observation and OR. The Clawed One 15:42, 12 July 2007 (UTC)"

That's a ridiculous argument. You're saying that it is perfectly viable for one page but not another? That is a direct contraditcion of your earlier arguments where you state that it is not acceptable from a Wiki standpoint. You can't have it both ways. Think of it like this: The Battle of Gettysburg should be listed on BOTH the General Lee page and the General Grant page. Your argument is like saying, "since it's talked about on the General Lee page, we shouldn't even mention it on the General Grant page." Think about it. VigilancePrime 15:49, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

"You're twisting what I said to meet your own needs. The Allspark page as a whole in unsourced, and yes, that sentence is not needed, but I know you'd just revert that as well. You still do not have a source besides your own observation of the film. The Clawed One 15:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)"

In other words, the film is not a good enough reference? I'm confused. THIS page is marked as unsourced as well, and that is slowly changing. I have already sourced a good deal of it and continue to do so. You keep deleting one section that you seem to have a penchant hatred for. It's been explained, reworded pursuant to your concerns, and still is not good enough, even though it is now clearly not drawing conclusions and even is (though meagerly) referenced. I don't get it. What's your problem with it this time (since it keeps changing)? VigilancePrime 15:57, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

You're still avoiding the sourcing issue. Provide a written source besides direct observation of the film. The next time you revert this, I *will* report you. The Clawed One 15:51, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

OOOH! You'll report me for what? Adding a perfectly factual statement to an article? You're the one off trying to cause trouble here. No matter how this is modified to address your concerns, you still have some chip on your shoulder about it and I have been trying constantly to improve this for you. That is impossible as each time your argument changes. I'm not the only one in this camp, but you're the only one I see deleting it constantly. Take the hint. FIX it if you think it needs to be re-reworded. VigilancePrime 15:56, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Now your starting to imtimadate people.Oldandslow217 15:53, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

More accurately, he's TRYING to intimidate... VigilancePrime 15:56, 12 July 2007 (UTC) :-)

 * I'm just saying what I'm gonna do. You two are both continuing to avoid the real issue of NO SOURCE TO BACK UP SPECULATIVE INFORMATION. Instead of yelling at me for removing such improper data, try to find a viable source to back up your claims. These will help. The Clawed One 15:58, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

No original research Verifiability

And you are both about to violate this one as well.

I can't make this any clearer, but here it is.

You have NO SOURCE. The data is based on your own OBSERVATION of the film. The similarity is SPECULATION. You're VANDALIZING. Is any of this getting through to you? I have nothing more to say. Provide a written source besides observation. The Clawed One 16:01, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * How about this: Nobody has been yelling at anyone. You've been threatening, but there's been no yelling, even by you (and besides, I have my speakers turned off).
 * I have not been reverting. I have been elaborating in most all my edits. I have been adding information for the purpose of appeasing you. You're the only one who does nothing but revert.
 * Maybe I'm missing the part where the movie is not citable. It'd be pretty tough to have any movie article without citing the movie, eh? (And you can verify it by watching the film... have you done that yet?)
 * Vandalizing... you don't know the first thing about vandalizing. I have seen (and reverted) vandalism that would set you straight on the term. (But that accusation did add needed humor to this page.)
 * The similarity is not speculation. Try this: "Lantana is a plant with green leaves and colored blooms. In this way, it is similar to many other garden plants such as roses, tulips, and hyacinth."
 * The source is stated. The information is not speculation. It is fact. You may not like it, but it is the case regardless.
 * But have a nice day anyway. VigilancePrime 16:22, 12 July 2007 (UTC) :-)
 * Comment — Right, enough. I've warned both of you since you're both well past three reverts. Continue to ignore this rule and you will end up blocked. I'm not involved in any way, but edit wars really aren't helping to better the encyclopaedia. Angus Lepper(T, C, D) 16:27, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * SOURCE ADDED.
 * And I have not "simply" been reverting.
 * But I don't suppose actual improvements to the article matter to you.
 * VigilancePrime 16:33, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

self-reference
"The Answer.com page you sourced was just quoting Wikipedia. Try again. The Clawed One 16:35, 12 July 2007 (UTC)"

 * Whoops... I missed that aspect. I had read a more recent version of that Wiki page and so it sounded different (cause it was). My mistake. (I knew it couldn't be that easy to find...) VigilancePrime 16:41, 12 July 2007 (UTC) :-)

 * I honestly don't understand why you two cannot accept that you cannot win this. An Admin himself removed the information and agreed with my reasons for such an edit. Does that not mean a thing to you guys? The Clawed One 16:45, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

And an Admin cannot be wrong? Why was it removed? If I find a reference, not quoting Wiki, that states something along the lines of the Allspark being the source of Transformers life, making it analogous to the Creation Matrix from the Marvel Comics, which is what this entire debate I THINK has centered on, would that be enough for you? VigilancePrime 16:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. If you have a viable source providing the comparison, go nuts. I have no problem admitting when I've been wrong.

As a note, though, IMDB isn't a good source. Most of the data there is user submitted and not reliable. The Clawed One 16:52, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Welcome back (to me)

 * So, I've been away from this article for awhile... real life, Capybara, Oozlefinch and the like having taken my WikiTime. Anyway, I made a couple minor copyedits but had a question for the masses...
 * With the recent name change, I noticed the line in the article - one which I accurately added a long time agi IIRC - which stated, "The first appearance of the Creation Matrix, later also known as the Autobot Matrix of Leadership, was in Marvel's Transformers comics " If the first use of this article's subject were as the Creation Matrix, and that really started this whole thing, shouldn't that be the name of the article with Matrix of Leadership redirecting there instead?
 * Food for thought (and consensus) from someone who actually has the complete 80-issue series (and the 4 GI Joe crossover issues, and the 4 Headmaster crossover issues). VigilancePrime (talk) 03:42, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, the concept of "Creation Matrix" predates "Autobot Matrix of Leadership". But I think using "Matrix of Leadership" as the article's title is okay because the term "Matrix of Leadership" is much more frequently used. --TX55 (talk) 07:36, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Matrix of Leadership