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Geelong Ring Road

The Geelong Ring Road (formerly known as the Geelong Bypass and the Geelong Outer Freeway, officially part of Princes Freeway West ) is a freeway ring road in Australia beside Geelong's western suburbs from the Princes Freeway at Corio to the Princes Highway at Waurn Ponds. It also connects to the Midland Highway towards Ballarat, and the Hamilton Highway.

History
One of the first plans for a ring road of Geelong dates back to 7 March 1969, when a report was released by the then Geelong Regional Planning Authority. It said that the ring road could be delayed for up to 15 years.

In the mid-1970s the Geelong Regional Planning Authority, Chairman by Colin K. Atkins OAM, sponsored the Geelong Transportation Plan, which canvassed a number of options for major road construction in the area. One was for a north–south freeway along the line of Latrobe Terrace, though Geelong West and Chilwell, and another was for Aberdeen Street to be upgraded into a major road with the acquisition of 99 houses. Any freeway construction through the suburbs of the city was vetoed after residents objections. The final plan advocated the construction of what became the Geelong Ring Road, although it also proposed that Latrobe Terrace become a 4-lane arterial road.

In 1979 a Melbourne firm carried out acoustic testing at Wandana Heights to ascertain the impact of a freeway. The alignment was finalised in 1979 and appeared as a proposed freeway in the Melway street directory for a number of years.

Growing traffic volumes through the centre of Geelong led to Latrobe Terrace being converted into a major arterial road in early 1989, with the construction of a bridge over the Geelong-Melbourne railway line at its northern end, and the James Harrison Bridge over the Barwon River at its southern end.

Road classification
The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2012, VicRoads declared the road as part of the Princes Freeway West (Freeway #1500), beginning at Corio-Waurn Ponds Road (Princes Highway) at Corio and ending in Waurn Ponds.

Sections
The project was renamed the Geelong Ring Road on 20 February 2007.

Construction on the Geelong Ring Road began in early 2006 with the freeway section to Waurn Ponds scheduled for completion in 2009. A total of $384 million from the Victorian and Federal Governments was committed initially to fund the first three sections of the project.

The Geelong Ring Road (freeway type) was to be constructed in three sections as follows: There was much local debate on the proposed route for Section 3. The final decision was made on 7 July 2006, while construction commenced in September 2007. It was ultimately decided that there would be no toll when the Geelong Ring Road opened to traffic.
 * Section 1: Princes Freeway, Corio to Midland Highway, Bell Post Hill
 * Section 2: Midland Highway, Hamlyn Heights to Hamilton Highway, Fyansford
 * Section 3: Hamilton Highway, Fyansford to Princes Highway, Waurn Ponds

Sections 1 and 2 were officially opened on Sunday, 14 December 2008. Two days of torrential rain beforehand threatened to disrupt the opening, however it went ahead as planned after a cessation of the storm. The two sections were opened by Victorian Premier John Brumby, who announced the naming of the feature bridge on stage two of the road as the "Lewis Bandt Bridge", in honour of the Ford Australia engineer who is credited as the inventor of the Utility vehicle, in Geelong. Section 3 was opened in June 2009.

 * Section 4: split into three sub-sections:
 * Stage 4A (Connection from Geelong Ring Road to Anglesea Road)
 * Stage 4B (Connection from Anglesea Road - Princes Highway West)
 * Stage 4C (Surf Coast Highway connection, later renamed Baanip Boulevard)

In October 2007, during the 2007 Federal election campaign the Labor party promised $107.5 million for the fourth stage of the road. It was made up of $45 million for stage 4B, on top of their promise made in September for $62.5 million towards Stage 4A. In May 2008 stages 4A and 4B were given the go ahead, with State Premier John Brumby announcing $65 million in funding for stage 4B, in addition to earlier State Government funding of $63 million for stage 4A. Running from the Princes Highway at Waurn Ponds; it will run from Anglesea Road near Hams Road, through the Blue Circle Quarry to the Princes Highway, near Draytons Road. On 17 December 2008 a $62 million contract was awarded to Fulton Hogan to design and build section 4A of the ring road to Anglesea Road. Section 4A opened in December 2011, and Section 4B opened in February 2013.

The State and Federal Governments have also each committed $110 million to duplicate the Princes Highway to Winchelsea. An extra stage connecting the road to the Surf Coast Highway was also investigated. This stage (Section 4C) opened on 3 June 2015, six months ahead of schedule, and later gazetted as Baanip Boulevard, after Willem Baa Nip, a local Wathaurung man well known to the Geelong community during the 1800s.

A shared bicycle and pedestrian pathway has also been built along the freeway from Broderick Road, Corio to Church Street, Hamlyn Heights. Built at a cost of $4 million, the trail will not connect into the Geelong bicycle network, due to a short missing link between Church Street and the Fyansford Common.

Future
A future extension of the Ring Road known as Section 5 or the Bellarine Link has been proposed which will extend the Geelong Ring Road from Baanip Boulevard to Portarlington Road. Since 2017, early planning has been undertaken by the Victorian Government to determine a preferred alignment for a future extension, however it is unlikely that this section will be built in the short-term. Community consultation was undertaken in December 2021. , the link is still being planned and developed.

Construction

Sections 1 and 2

The design and construction contract for the 10.5 km section 1 was awarded to Abigroup in November 2005 for $134.8 million. Construction work commenced on 17 February 2006. Section 2 was delivered via two separate design and construction contracts. The contract for 4.5 km of freeway was awarded to Cut and Fill Pty Ltd for $31.7 million, while FRH (now Fulton Hogan) won the $15.5 million contract for the Moorabool River bridges. Construction work on section two commenced on 27 September 2006.

The Creamery Road overpass in Bell Post Hill was the first major element of the project to be opened in January 2007 (a number of minor access road deviations had been completed earlier). The Broderick Road overpass was opened in November 2007. The 200m long bridges over the Moorabool River, the largest on the project, had the final span installed on 6 March 2008. The bridges contain 70 beams and have 12 piers.

In 2007 VicRoads said that section one was to be completed by February 2008, but by that time completion had been pushed out to the middle of 2008. By this time earth works were completed on stage two, with 700,000 cubic metres of earth moved, and installation of noise walls had started along with landscaping.

By May 2008 completion of stages one and two of the road has been delayed until November, with VicRoads stating that "wet and cold weather in recent weeks had prevented sealing the road surface". At this time the Victorian Government permitted the filming of a plane crash scene from the Nicolas Cage film Knowing on the incomplete road at Corio.

Local police expressed concerns about a staged opening of the road, with drivers using temporary shortcuts not suited to heavy traffic and large vehicles.

Construction on sections 1 and 2 reached practical completion when the road opened to traffic on 14 December 2008.

Section 3

The $108.3 million design and construction contract for section 3 was awarded on 25 July 2007 to Abigroup. Section three works include 7.5 kilometres of freeway, the transportation of 4.7 million cubic metres of earth, and twin 110-metre long bridges over the Barwon River. Construction of section 3 commenced on 14 September 2007.

By February 2008 550,000 cubic metres of earth had been moved to the north and south of Barrabool Road, and the foundation works for the arch structure over Wandana Drive were complete. Section three was originally scheduled for completion in the second half of 2009 however it was announced in early June 2009 that section three would open 6 months early on 14 June 2009.

Section 4A

The design and construction contract for section 4A was awarded to Fulton Hogan on 16 December 2008 for $61.7 million. Construction began in March 2009 and was completed by the end of 2011.

Economic benefits
The freeway saves fuel and travel time for commuters and cargo trucks.

The completion of the Geelong Ring Road was expected to bring large economic benefits to the region. Approximately 582 ha of land west of the road has been identified for use as new industrial land, however resistance from nearby residents in the Lovely Banks area to two service station developments cast some cloud over future development.

Criticism
Some opponents of the construction of the Geelong Ring Road feared that the inclusion of the road in the local Geelong roads ecosystem would have adversely affected the environmental conditions in the Geelong area. One point made was that it would "generate millions of tons of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide pollution in the Geelong and Corio Bay region".

More likely however is that the overall difference would not be significant, as traffic that would previously have travelled through the centre of Geelong via the main Melbourne Road/Latrobe Terrace/James Harrison Bridge/Settlement Road/High Street/Princes Highway West corridor, would now travel via the Geelong Ring Road, improving the environmental condition for the majority of Geelong residents, by removing that traffic from the most heavily populated areas of the city. There has been no environmental study that shows that the construction of the Geelong Ring Road would adversely affect the environment.

The loss of amenity experienced by residents in the immediate vicinity of the freeway corridor due to the severing of a number of local roads was also a source of criticism, but most of these roads have been reconnected via upgraded existing roads, or the addition of new roads.

The main opposition to this project had nothing to do with environmental issues. In 1991 VicRoads undertook its own study and decided to abandon plans to utilise the Section 3 route in favour of a bypass from Avalon Road across Corio Bay to Point Henry and then along the Barwon River valley to the Surf Coast Highway, Anglesea Road and Princes Highway West.

As a result of VicRoads decision the freeway reservation south of Princes Highway West to the Anglesea Road was abandoned and was developed as residential allotments with the approval of VicRoads and South Barwon Council.

Over the next 11 years many people built houses along the route especially from Wandana Drive to the Princes Highway West. Then in 2001 the Victorian Government initiated a project to investigate options for a Geelong Bypass. It involved a steering committee, technical committee and Community consultation committee. After 18 months the expectations based on information provided to participants was that the VicRoads preferred route would be recommended. To the surprise of almost all Westconnect - the route to the west of Geelong including the abandoned Section 3 was recommended. Much later it was found that someone had re-costed the eastern route as a full 2 lanes each way freeway construction - even though such a construction was not warranted - and that re-costing made the eastern route uneconomic.

Immediately opposition was generated by those who had built close to the Ring Road reservation. VicRoads proposes 4 alternate routes with the result that further opposition was generated from people located close to Options 2 and 3.

In May 2005 during negotiations between Planning Panels Victoria and VicRoads over an environmental Effects process, Planning Panels requested VicRoads minimise the Options to be considered. VicRoads obliged by reducing the Options to 1 and 2, even though Option 3 was the best Option. As a result, during the EES process a huge amount of pressure was put on the Planning Panel in respect of consideration of Option 3 but they only agreed to consider it if neither 1 or 2 satisfied the criteria being considered. In its recommendation, in spite of neither Option 1 or 2 satisfying the criteria. Planning Panels recommended Option 1 plus an urgent need to consider further work to overcome the problems with Option 1 including the fact it ended in the middle of a commercial area with nowhere to go to connect to Anglesea Road et cetera.

As a result, the estimated cost of the route to Anglesea Road and then around to Princes Highway West is $618 million – about $200 million more than Option 3 plus a connection to Anglesea Road would have cost. In addition the fact that the route is 3 km longer than Option 1, that most freight traffic comes from the west, and the route requires trucks to negotiate slopes down into the Waurn Ponds Valley and then back out again means the additional cost to users is around $10 million per annum. Finally around 360 households are located within 160 metres of the Ring Road and subject to noise and diesel engine particulate matter pollution whereas with the Option 3 route only 10 houses would have been within 160 metres.

Exits and Interchanges
Both Geelong Ring Road and Baanip Boulevard are entirely located within the City of Greater Geelong local government area.

title: Geelong Ring Road


text:
Talk:Secularization

I have approached the Wikification process with some trepidation, aware that netrality will be an issue. I have recast the opening into a more explanation of the issues before addressing the more technical definitional problems. This is still all in flux so, feel free to pitch in. --David91 17:35, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Editorial matters
I have completed the Wikification and hope that I have made the content more accessible. I acknowledge that this topic, being so closely related to secularism, may be considered controversial and I therefore wait with interest to see whether the world thinks I have managed to maintain an appropriate level of neutrality. --David91 06:55, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

So, secularization is....?
The intro does so much semantic dancing that I don't have a clear idea of what secularization is after reading it. Surely there's a generic enough definition to put in the first sentence? -GTBacchus(talk) 18:55, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

Material removed
The concept of secularisation consists of: o differentiation = development of religion as a specialised institution with its own sphere of competence religion retreats from fields like law, education and medicine

o privatisation = religion becomes something private = also called “internal secularisation

o desacralisation = tendency to explain everyday world in terms of material reality rather than with the help of supernatural forces - f.e. spreading of AIDS because condoms are not used enough – not because God punishes us

o liberalisation = lowering of barriers between religious groups and relaxation of orthodoxy

-->none of processes removes religion from political universe

While the content is relevant, the format does not match the rest of the page and is not linked into the page in any constructive way. This looks like simple notes which capture some of what precedes and succeeds. So the content should either be subsumed into the rest of the text or there should be a stand-alone bullet-pointed introduction which summarises all that is to follow. David91 18:35, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Material removed (March 2006)
"==Secularisation in Australia== An increasing number of Australians no longer align themselves with institutional religion. Surveys like the Australian values survey indicate that many of these people believe in a personal God or higher power and have a spiritual experience. They simply do not want their spirituality institutionalised. On the other hand, some in a conscious and organised way find non-relgious responses to their search for meaning. Some of these may belong to various humanist organisations and work for a better and less divided world gained through human means. There has also been an increase in various New Age self-fulfulment philosophies and semi-religious activities like astrology and the occult, although this may not be amount the "no religion" group alone. According to Ausralian Beuro of Statistics data, in 2001, 26% of the Australian population identified themselves as "No Religion" or "Not Stated" in a census question.

References==

This is a factual report of a trend in one country and, as such, it does not really fit into the format of this page which is seeking to be more conceptual and not give country-specific examples of how people may or may not respond when asked to give census information. The information would be better posted in pages on "religion in Australia" or how people who value their privacy respond to serveys. David91 02:43, 21 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Terence Lovat New Studies in Religion. Social Science Press pg 148 (2002)'

im so lost..?
hi,anyone help me out..have an assignment on secularisation and i dont understand it at all

its "if religion be the opium of of the people then irish were addicts" discuss this statement in relatoin to secularisation in contemporary irish society...

can anybody help? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.101.104.137 (talk) 21:01, 11 December 2006 (UTC).

Laïcisation
It might be good to add a note explaining the differences between laïcisation and secularization. I'm not really clear on what those differences are. Does anyone know more about this?--WadeMcR 01:39, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Oppose merge
I strongly oppose the suggested merge since Secularization is a concept referring to a social process while Secularism refers to an ideology. Please see ongoing discussions on Talk:Secularity and Talk:Secularism for more on this issue.PelleSmith 12:45, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Adding category:sociology of religion
I propose adding the category category:sociology of religion I am aware that it is already contained in this category via category:disengagement from religion, but I think that this subject is very important in the sociology of religion where it is treated quite extensively but linked to. Andries 20:43, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Current issues...
A copyedit to improve concision in this section which is still rather poor: overly US focussed and birth control is a poor example since it is only the Catholic hierarchy that gets worked up about this.

Removed the following section as it doesn't seem to make sense - at least not in the context of this article. Perhaps someone can turn it in Brilliant Prose:

"More research on secularization in the Middle East and the remaking of the Islamist states is being undertaken not only for its theoretical implications, but also to counter the stereotypical portrayal used to scapegoat the Islamist movements (see Edward Said and other authors on the use of the discourse to encourage unity in one community by focusing on other groups, alleging a threat in behavior characterized as irrational, undemocratic and violent)."

Pdch 20:03, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Secularization in relation to history and the current situation
This wiki article is very theoretical. The definition of secularization is given, and with it different interpetations and principles of the concept.

What I miss in this article is the relationship between secularization and the modern world. Think about things as How is secularization chenging the world, secularization through history, secularization in different parts of the world and some predicted future trends on secularization with statistics of countries and some graphs to illustrate secularization through history including the predicted future. As well as how poeple think it is caused, the reactions of religious and secular poeple, etc, etc.

 * With reading both this article on secularization and the textbook Socologly of Religion, i have found that the concept itself it not an easy one to understand or explain. The actual defination is one that has evolved and changle over time. Ive found to understand the term best in its simplest form being secularization means a life or lifestyle that is at odds with God. This article as compared to the text book give me a better understanding of the secularization thesis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Blivethnkopen (talk • contribs) 21:09, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Secularization theory and secularization hypothesis
I gather those are two alternative names for the phenomena discussed here? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 13:20, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

problematic sentence
The sentence that starts "'secular' has.." is problematic. Secular is an adjective, not a noun. Moreover it states that Christianity "had" secular clergy in the Middle Ages. "Secular clergy" just means clergy that are not members of religious orders. They have not gone away. See secular clergy. 2600:4040:7844:3A00:686B:977D:714D:DC4B (talk) 05:34, 2 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Secularization


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Quebec Route 389

Quebec's Route 389 connects Route 138 adjacent to Baie-Comeau with the Newfoundland and Labrador border, connecting with the Trans-Labrador Highway (Newfoundland and Labrador provincial route 500) to Wabush and Labrador City, and beyond to Goose Bay. On its way it skirts the eastern shore of Manicouagan Reservoir. The road is the only land connection from Labrador to the rest of North America.

Route description
The Québec North Shore Company and Hydro-Québec completed portions from Route 389 to the Manic 5 hydroelectric project site (km 213), now known as the Daniel-Johnson Dam.

From km 213, the highway follows a path traditionally used by aboriginal people and explorers, with access to the Hart Jaune Hydroelectric Complex at km 390. The town of Gagnon, now torn down, was at km 394.

From km 317 (gas station and restaurant), the highway is now paved all the way to km 495.

Starting at km 495, the "Fire Lake Mine Road" section was built by unemployed workers during a labour dispute, influenced by the presence of the railway owned by the Québec Cartier Mining Company. This section of unpaved road is notoriously known as "the trail."

From km 495 to the provincial border at km 567 (352 miles from Baie-Comeau), the road is an accident-prone section notorious for its poor surface and sharp curves.

On April 9, 2009, the Quebec government announced that $438 million would be spent for work to improve the highway from the south end as far as Fermont, with major upgrading and repair work. This will include a significant reroute in the Fire Lake-Mont-Wright section far to the southeast between approximately km 508 and km 564, rejoining the existing route by way of the Fermont access road and no longer routing through Mont-Wright. Work is expected to take fully 10 years, although planning of improvements to this northernmost section began almost immediately. The Comprehensive Study Report is now complete, and comments were accepted until Oct. 4, 2018.

The bridge over the Pékans River (around km 550) is a popular starting point for canoe trips down the Moisie River.

At km 564 is the town of Fermont, a mining town with a population of 2,918, and last Quebec port-of-call before entering Newfoundland and Labrador. Labrador City is 21 km further along what is now Highway 500, Wabush is 6 km south east of that on Highway 503 (which ends in Wabush). The Happy Valley-Goose Bay ferry terminal is located 526 km east of Wabush, along the shores of Lake Melville, with access to the Atlantic Ocean. The Labrador City/Fermont area border crossing is roughly the half-way point of the approximately 16-hour drive between the junction of Routes 138 and 389 in Baie-Comeau and the end of Route 500 (and adjunct Route 520) in Happy Valley – Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Details
The road alternates between asphalt and gravel, as shown below:

Section 1: Baie-Comeau to Manic-5
Distance:                       213 km Type of surface:            asphalt: narrow and twisty Approx. Driving Time:   2 h 30 min Speed Limit:         70 to 90 km/h

No services until Manic-5, which has basic automotive services

Section 2: Manic-5 to Relais-Gabriel
Distance:                       104 km Type of surface:           Gravel: bad condition, narrow and twisty Approx. Driving Time:  1 h 30 min Speed Limit:       70 km/h

No services until Relais-Gabriel, which has basic automotive services and restaurant

Section 3: Relais-Gabriel to Gagnon*
Distance:                       77 km Type of surface:            asphalt Approx. Driving Time:   1 h 00 min Speed Limit:          90 km/h

No services until Fermont

 * The town of Gagnon was closed in 1985.

Section 4: Gagnon to Fire Lake
Distance:                        101 km Type of surface:           asphalt, bad condition Approx. Driving Time:    1 h 15 min Speed Limit:           90 km/h

Section 5: Fire Lake to Mont-Wright
Distance:                          67 km Type of surface:               gravel: bad condition, very narrow and twisty Approx. Driving Time:      1 h 00 min Speed Limit:            70 km/h

No services until Fermont. Note that the railway crosses the road numerous times. Bids are being solicited for reconstruction over the next four years.

Section 6: Mont-Wright to Fermont
Distance:                          17 km Type of surface:               asphalt, good condition Approx. Driving Time:     0 h 10 min Speed Limit:                           90 km/h

No services until Fermont

Section 7: Fermont to Interprovincial Border
Distance:                          3 km Type of surface:               asphalt, good condition Approx. Driving Time:     0 h 5 min Speed Limit:            90 km/h

Fermont has full automotive, food and hospitality services; next services in Labrador City, 17 km from border, 20 km from Fermont

Municipalities along Route 389
The road passes through the following municipalities and unorganized territories from south to north:
 * Baie-Comeau
 * Rivière-aux-Outardes
 * Rivière-Mouchalagane
 * Fermont

title: Quebec Route 389


text:
Welfare definition of economics

The welfare definition of economics is an attempt by Alfred Marshall, a pioneer of neoclassical economics, to redefine his field of study. This definition expands the field of economic science to a larger study of humanity. Specifically, Marshall's view is that economics studies all the actions that people take in order to achieve economic welfare. In the words of Marshall, "man earns money to get material welfare." Others since Marshall have described his remark as the "welfare definition" of economics. This definition enlarged the scope of economic science by emphasizing the study of wealth and humanity together, rather than wealth alone. In his widely read textbook, Principles of Economics, published in 1890, Marshall defines economics as follows:

"Political Economy or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of material requisites of well-being."

Functions
The following are the implications of this definition:
 * 1) Economics is a study of humankind.
 * 2) Human life has several aspects: social, religious, economic and political—but economics is concerned only with the economic aspect of life.
 * 3) Promotion of welfare is the ultimate goal, but the term welfare is used in a narrow sense to meet material welfare only.

According to Edwin Cannan, "the aim of political economy or Economics is the explanation of the general causes on which the material welfare of human beings depend".

Marshall clearly explains that economic activity is different from other activity. For example,
 * If a student visits a friend who is ill, it is a social activity,
 * If a person give his vote in an election, it is a political activity.
 * If a person goes to church/temple it is a religious activity.

Marshall defines economic activity as separate from the above activities. A farmer who toils in the field, or a worker on an assembly, are performing an economic activity: they work to increase their material welfare (primarily by earning money). Money buys goods or services that satisfy wants. In other words, economics deals with effort, wants, and the satisfaction of those wants.

Impact on economics
Followers in the neoclassical tradition, such as William Beveridge and Arthur Pigou have continued to define economics in terms of material economic welfare. According to Pigou, "the range of enquiry becomes restricted to that part of social welfare that can be brought directly or indirectly into relation with the measuring rod of money".

Criticism
Marshall’s definition has been criticized by more recent economists, including Lionel Robbins. Robbins' criticisms include:

(1)Narrows down the scope of economics. Marshall distinguishes between material and non-material welfare, and confines economics to the study of material welfare. Robbins feels that economists should r attention to material welfare. There are things that are "non-material" but they promote human welfare. Robbins cites “the services of doctors, lawyers, teachers, dancers, engineers, professors". These goods "satisfy our wants and are scarce in supply”. Some economists feel that Marshall's definition of "material" includes both goods and services, and that Robbins is either misreading Marshall's text, or creating a straw man argument.

(2) Assumes equivalency between welfare and economic activity. For Robbins, there are economic activities which do not promote human welfare. For example, the sale of cocaine or heroin. Here Robbins says, “Why talk of welfare at all? Why not throw away the mask altogether”.

(3) It is a vague concept. According to Robbins, “welfare” is a vague concept to use to define economics because it is subjective. Economics is a quantitative science; but welfare cannot be quantitatively measured, and two persons cannot agree on what creates or improves welfare.

(4) It involves value judgement. Finally the word “welfare” in Marshall’s definition brings economics to the realm of ethics. Robbins would prefer that economics remain neutral in assessing the results of economic transactions..

Economic welfare
Broadly, economic welfare is the level of prosperity and standard of living of either an individual or a group of persons. In the field of economics, it specifically refers to utility gained through the achievement of material goods and services. In other words, it refers to that part of social welfare that can be fulfilled through economic activity.

According to Roefie Hueting, welfare is dependent on factors like employment, income distribution, labour conditions, leisure time, production and the scarce possible uses of the environmental functions.

Economic welfare is measured in different ways, depending on the preferences of those measuring it. Factors used to measure the economic welfare of a population, include: GDP, literacy, access to health care, and assessments of environmental quality.

title: Welfare definition of economics


text:
User:Anastasia1~enwiki

Hello everybody.

My name is Stefanie and I`m a student at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt in Bavaria/Germany. My subjects are English and French language and literature and I`m learning Spanish as well because I`m a sort of "language fan".

I got in touch with Wikipedia now, because my French didactics professor Jean-Pol Martin told us a lot about the advantages of this website and so I hope to profit a lot of them as well.

My hobbies are: reading (Oscar Wilde, George Orwell, J.K.Rowling, Albert Camus and Theodor Storm are among my favourite writers), meeting with my friends, travelling (Spain, Italy, Greece) and -if I have time- doing sports.

de:Benutzer:Anastasia fr:Utilisateur:Chiara

title: User:Anastasia1~enwiki


text:
Luke Burbank

Luke Burbank (born May 8, 1976) is an American radio host and podcaster who hosts the Portland, Oregon-based syndicated variety show Live Wire Radio and the Seattle-based former radio program and current podcast Too Beautiful to Live. He was most recently co-host of "The Ross and Burbank Show" and host of "The Luke Burbank Show" on Seattle's KIRO-FM radio station. Burbank is also a correspondent for CBS News Sunday Morning.

Early life
Burbank was raised at Lighthouse Ranch on Table Bluff in Humboldt County, California, where he spent his private time listening to radio shows. In the 1980s his parents moved to Seattle, Washington, where he attended high school. He graduated with a communications degree from the University of Washington in 1998, with an emphasis on editorial journalism.

Radio
Early in his radio career, Burbank worked in Seattle as a producer for the conservative talk show host Kirby Wilbur as well as the public radio station's KUOW 94.9 FM local talk show The Conversation and the public radio show "Rewind". Later, Burbank moved to Los Angeles, California, where he began booking appearances for the NPR program Day to Day and worked as an assignment reporter on shows All Things Considered and Morning Edition. On November 2, 2001, he had a story aired on This American Life.

In July 2006, he became a panelist on the radio game show Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me!. He substituted as host for Peter Sagal for some weeks while Sagal finished his book, and has since guest-hosted when Sagal is on vacation.

Burbank spent two months as host of NPR's short-lived morning show The Bryant Park Project, an experiment in alternate programming by the network that aired on 13 public radio stations. Burbank left the show in mid-December 2007 in order to spend more time with his daughter in Seattle. His last appearance on the program was on December 14, 2007.

After leaving NPR, Burbank returned to Seattle to host a local show called Too Beautiful to Live. The program ran for 18 months (initially on KIRO-AM and then on KIRO-FM). It was Seattle Weekly's choice as "Best Radio Talk Show" in July 2009, but after a poor showing in the July Arbitron ratings, the radio program was canceled in September. Burbank and KIRO said that the program would continue as a daily podcast. The podcast has continued since its radio cancellation, currently on American Public Media with longest serving co-host Andrew Walsh, a veteran radio producer and sometime host in his own right.

On October 26, 2010, after one year off the KIRO airwaves, Burbank joined The Dave Ross Show as co-host. The show was renamed to The Ross and Burbank Show. On January 7, 2013, the show was involved in a KIRO morning lineup change. Ross anchored Seattle's Morning News from 6 a.m. to 9 a.m., then co-hosted The Ross and Burbank Show from 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. Burbank hosted The Luke Burbank Show from 10 a.m. to noon. with co-host Tom Tangney. On August 2, 2013, Burbank announced that he was leaving both shows to pursue longer-form broadcast opportunities.

On March 11, 2013, Burbank became the interim host for the syndicated public radio variety show Live Wire Radio. In September 2013, he became the full-time host.

Other appearances
He previously appeared in a regular weekly segment titled "Awesome, Not Awesome" on the Madeleine Brand show on KPCC until its cancellation in September 2012.

In September 2013, he starred in a Microsoft online video advertisement with his wife Carey Burbank, which made headlines after it was pulled by the company less than 24 hours later following viewer backlash. The Huffington Post declared the ad was "terrible" while The Next Web described it as "cringeworthy." Burbank defended the ad, however, saying it was "successful."

title: Luke Burbank


text:
Talk:Tamarix

Tamarix
Anybody who is familiar with the tamarix (salt cedar) is likey familiar with its classification as an invasive species and a problem in the South West. I know little about this plant but am familiar with it as it thrives in many areas where I enjoy hunting, particularly along the Colorado River.

The reason that I am writing this is that I have read and heard about attempts to erradicate these plants by treating them with herbicides, spraying them with enzymes, and importing beetles that damage the plant. None of these seem ideal and obviosly are either costly or just plain risky. If that were not the case the problem would have been solved.

In addition to being a conservationist, I am a business man and believe strongly that the best way to eliminate a resource is to establish an economic value for it and allow business to exploit it wholesale. That said, I challenge the scientific community to focus some of its attentions away from the plants weaknesses and on to its strengths. For example, I have read that the plant is fire adapted. If this means that it is less likely to burn than other woody materials pehaps a use for it can be found in the building materials industry.

It is likely that I am not the first to consider this approach but out of all the websites I have visited the focus is on how to exploit its weaknesses and I just thought I would drop this note here where someon more qualified than myself could run with this idea.

Thanks

Stephan — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.179.48.21 (talk) 17:37, 15 June 2005 (UTC)

Requested move 17 August 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (non-admin closure) Natg 19 (talk) 01:35, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

Tamarix → Tamarisk – Per WP:COMMONNAME. Tamarisk currently redirects here. Tamarisk is not an obscure localized name, but the usual name in English. — the Man in Question (in question)  23:53, 17 August 2020 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Tamarix is a name which identifies every single member of this genus to botanists and horticulturalists throughout the world. A genus can never have more than one legitimate name at any given time. For a genus name to be changed, it has to be subject to international agreement, and this name is given authority by the scientists who have studied it and determined its relationship to other plants. Those authors become the authorities for that name. It's published by all the respected databases (listed in the taxonbar). For this reason, the Latin name is preferred by Wikipedia in the vast majority of cases. Personally, I would prefer that every single plant name should be referred to by WIkipedia under its Latin name (obviously with links from the common names).

 * On the other hand, more than one common name can be applied to a plant. Some plants have many common names. This could lead to confusion where individual species or variants have completely different names in different places. It's also possible that the name "tamarisk" could be applied to a plant from a different genus, purely on the grounds that it looks like a tamarisk. There are many such cases of mistaken identity in the plant world. For instance, the name "lily" is assigned to hundreds of species - purely on the basis that somebody at some point thought they vaguely looked like lilies. Darorcilmir (talk) 06:13, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Tamarix species are known by other names outside of USA as well as inside, i.e. "salt cedar".  Leo Breman (talk) 16:07, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

To add to article
To add to this article: a photo of the wood, or an object made from the wood. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 07:22, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

Evergreen or deciduous?
The opening statement, "They are evergreen or deciduous shrubs or trees...", needs clarification. It appears to conflict with Wikipedia's statement in its entry on the word "deciduous" that "The antonym of deciduous in the botanical sense is evergreen." Deciduous is the opposite of evergreen.

If this statement is intended to convey that the plant may behave as either an evergreen OR a deciduous tree, depending upon the climate or the species, then that should be clarified. "Tamarix species can be either deciduous or evergreen, depending on the specific species and environmental conditions," would be more clear. The current phrasing implies that the terms are interchangeable, when they are antonyms.

"They may be either evergreen or deciduous..." would provide similar clarification. 76.184.182.200 (talk) 17:47, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tamarix


text:
Peter Craine

Peter Alfred Craine (30 November 1931 – 5 January 2003) was a British baker and a politician who served as Member of the House of Keys (MHK) for Douglas South.

Politics
He was originally elected with the Manx nationalist party Mec Vannin. In the 1976 election, they stood ten candidates and only Craine was successful. He is the only ever Mec Vannin MHK, although several ex-members later became MHKs. As an MHK, he held a number of posts in the Tynwald; he said he never turned a job down:
 * Chairman of the Sea Fisheries Advisory Committee (1976–81)
 * Chairman of the Assessment Board (1980-1)
 * Vice-Chairman of the Manx Electric Railway Board (1976–81)
 * Member of the Forestry, Mines and Lands Board (1976–80)
 * Member of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries (1976–81)
 * Member of the Wild Life Park Committee (1976–81)
 * Member of the Unemployment Committee (1980–81)

Craine successfully campaigned for the purchase of the Isle of Man Railway by the island government.

Craine subsequently left Mec Vannin, joining the short-lived breakaway Manx National Party which was formed in 1977 and after Craine lost the election in 1981 the Manx National Party soon ceased to exist. He unsuccessfully contested Douglas West the following year as an independent.

After he left the Tynwald, he was a councillor on the Douglas Corporation (1985-1992) and was Deputy Mayor of Douglas from 1991-2.

Personal life
Craine was born in Douglas and attended Douglas High School for Boys. He married June Taylor in 1953, with whom he had a son, David, a daughter, Diane, and four grandchildren. David married Anne Valerie née Kerruish, the daughter of former President of the Tynwald and speaker of the House of Keys Charles Kerruish, in 1978; Anne was an MHK from 2003 to 11. Peter was a master baker and was interested in "sailing, photography, Manx and military history, railways, heavy horses, ornithology, rifle shooting and philately".

title: Peter Craine


text:
Talk:Applied arts

?
What is a list of fine arts and applied arts?

The Fields of Applied art
Another field of "utility" crafts should be added. This cover quilts, bags, kitchen "placeholders", soap, wax, bottle corks, etc... 196.218.6.209 16:04, 5 March 2006 (UTC)RG

Proposed merger
Oppose. I am against merging this article with Handicraft, Arts and crafts. Applied Art is a different concept and although the article needs to be developed, I see no benefit in merging it with the other articles. Certainly Crafts are different from Applied Arts.

On the other hand, the Useful arts article is insubstantial and should be merged with this one. - Kleinzach 08:05, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

Oppose. The words "useful arts" are used in the US constitution and therefore seems right that they stand on there own.

Favor and oppose. The whys and wherefores concerning the validity of naming various categories in the fields of decoration and design requires an explanation which cannot be short. Even so, mine here might be inadequate. Nevertheless, I humbly offer it and apologize if it does not seem humble. "Useful arts" is archaic and appears almost nowhere in industrial-design literature today. The fact that it was used in the US Constitution attests, in a way, to its having become linguistically passé, regardless that Section 8 of the document is the basis for copyright laws. I propose that the "Useful arts" category be merged into "industrial design" (not into "Applied arts") and that the present three categories on the Wikipedia site remain: The "Arts and crafts", "Arts and Crafts Movement" and "Industrial design". However, "Applied art" should be merged into "industrial design"; they are essential one and the same. An explanation to this fact should be included to the effect that a number of design-survey books as well as auctions-house catalogs, such as Christie's and Sotheby's, once used the terms "applied art" for its sales in Britain and "decorative arts" for sales in the US. (This brings to mind discussions of the differences among "curtains", "draperies" and "drapes".) No longer in wide use, the phrase "applied art" appears to have died out, and even before its demise, Herbert Read's "industrial art" also vanished, thank goodness. The words "art" and "artist" to reference "industrial design" and "industrial designers" are pretentious and not acceptable and cloud the differences between art and design—a tedious ongoing discussion. When "artist" is substituted for "designer", there is the confession that an aritst is more highly regarded than a designer. Paola Antonelli of The Museum of Modern Art in New York cautions against the use of "art" and "artist" when meaning "design" and "designer". More and more, only the word "design" is being used to mean applied art and, also but not necessarily accurately, to mean the decorative arts. Even those such as Jean Dunand, essentially a craftsperson, are being labeled "designers", and an example of their work is a "design". Of course, the various terms have been and are being driven more by the marketplace (such as by auction houses and mass-audience magazines) than by the academy, and evidently the academicians have acquiesced. Current books and periodicals use the all-compassing word "design" for the discipline of industrial design, even though it is ambiguous and often meant to exclude graphic design, fashion, and especially the handicrafts, within which jewelry, limited-production pottery and some glass work, as examples, are placed. The problem has risen from design history's or industrial-design history's having become a new discipline in the academy. In fact, advanced degrees on the subject of "design" have been awarded generally only in the last two or so decades and are not offered by institutions in countries such as Turkey and Israel. The Parsons/Cooper-Hewitt degree, "Master of Arts in the History of Decorative Arts", has been changed within the past few years to the present degree, "Master of Arts in the History of Decorative Arts and Design" to include also graphic design. The Bard Graduate Center, which opened in New York in 1993, serves as another example. The original name of the school, which offers master's and doctoral degrees, was "The Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts". As if the name were not long enough, today its full name is "The Bard Graduate Center for Studies in the Decorative Arts, Design, and Culture", a lengthy title much in common with a French institution. Even though The Bard's name suggests an almost-everything-and-the-kitchen-sink concept, it illustrates the common parlance, differences, and validation of the use of "decorative arts" and "design" and that they are separate categories. The Bard, which is a bit progressive, would never use "useful arts" or "applied arts". Also, see Wikipedia's "Royal College of Art" category for the phrase "Degrees in the History of Design" and the peculiar but significant, if subliminal, Germanic capitalization of "Degrees", "History", and "Design" in the text. And notice the absence of "decorative arts" or "applied art" in the degrees granted by the RCA and that, similar to the Parsons/Cooper-Hewitt's program, the degrees in the history of design are offered in collaboration with the Victoria and Albert Museum. The V&A is a museum like the Cooper-Hewitt National Museum of Design which has also reassessed its relationship with the concept and word "design", since the arrival at the V&A of American curator Christopher Wilk 18 years ago. And, unlike The Bard and Parsons/Cooper-Hewitt, the RCA would never today use "decorative arts" or "applied arts" to describe its program. —Mel Byars

Since nobody supports this merger and the discussion hasn't been added to in a while, I'm going to take the merge tag off all the pages. There's a backlog of over 10,000 articles to be merged, and there's no reason for these tags to remain up if nobody supports the idea. Jaye 16:42, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

bonsai. Is it an applied art?
Is the craft, skill, design and technique used in creating a bonsai an applied art?

I consider my approach to Alcove bonsai displays as art, as having artist intent. So does that make it art? Maybe not to everyones taste or good art, but art nevertheless.

You thoughts are very welcome. Celticknotbonsai (talk) 12:11, 5 February 2009 (UTC) regards, celticknotbonsai

Adding more visual examples?
Would it give the page more appeal by adding more visual examples? Primarily official examples from the museums listed or any currently used in production. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vkn123 (talk • contribs) 22:44, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Career options
What softwares applied art students should learn for best career 122.50.218.191 (talk) 12:45, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Applied arts


text:
User talk:Suyw

Welcome
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Putting you timestamp in articles
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Sarah Michelle Gellar
Hi, only nationality goes in the header of articles not ethnicity or religion. Thanks 212.84.97.40 19:45, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Ghalliwell.JPG
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Mexican Jews
You posted the following message to my Talk page, and I thought I'd reply here:
 * Hi. I am the person workings on the Mexican Jews article. I was wondering if you could help me with a few things on it. I want to put a Table of Contents in. Change it to Mexian Jews (with a capital J) and also add Jews in Mexico as you suggested. I would also like to link it to the page about Jews in Latin America.

 * --S. Burke 21:23, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Nice to hear from you. (I'd have responded sooner, but I started a new full-time job and have way less time on my hands.) Here are some tips:
 * First, a Table of Contents appears automatically once the article has a few subsections with headings.
 * Second, you should be able to change the title to "Mexican Jews" by using the "Move" tab at the top of the Wikipedia page. The only way that wouldn't work would be if there were already a page with both words capitalized. I'll try to do that in a moment.
 * I'll check, but I think it already links to the page on Jews in Latin America. If not, I'll try to fix that. Hope this helps! Lawikitejana 01:56, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Brown.aaron.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Suyw


text:
Common millet

Common millet is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

 * Panicum miliaceum (proso millet), referred to as a common millet in recent decades
 * Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), the most commonly cultivated millet
 * Setaria italica (foxtail millet), historically referred to as common millet

title: Common millet


text:
Paul Grof

Paul Grof is a Czech-born psychiatrist in Canada who was a member of the World Health Organization committee that evaluated ecstasy. Rick Doblin notes:
 * The person appointed chairman of WHO's Expert Committee was Dr. Paul Grof, brother of Stanislav Grof, the LSD researcher. [Through him] I was able to send information about MDMA to Paul Grof. Though the committee did make MDMA illegal, they did so over the objections of the chairman, with the objections being formally noted in the committee's recommendation. Even more importantly, the committee explicitly encouraged the signatory nations to the international drug control treaty to facilitate research into MDMA, which they called a most interesting substance.(Saunders, 1994, Appendix 1, note 94)

Following his graduation in medicine, Paul Grof took his psychiatric training and became specialized in psychiatry in 1962. He worked as a research psychiatrist in the Psychiatric Research Institute in Prague, and as a fellow in psychoendocrinology of affective disorders in West Germany. In the fall of 1968 Dr. Grof was recruited as research psychiatrist and faculty member at McMaster University, Canada. Between 1974 and 1977 he helped develop and run Affective disorder Clinics at the Sunnybrook Medical Center at the University of Toronto, and several other Canadian universities. Dr. Grof spent 1977 and 1978 as a visiting scientist at the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, initially in a clinical neuropharmacology branch with Dennis Murphy and later in the psychobiology branch with Fred Goodwin. In 1982 Dr. Grof became Director of Research and Education at the Hamilton Psychiatric Hospital, a teaching hospital of McMaster University where he expanded research activities in psychobiology, and established a psychopharmacology research and training center. 1985–2000 he was active as Expert of the World Health Organization, Mental Health section and chaired both an Expert committee and a Working Group on psychotropic drugs. In 1988 Dr. Grof was recruited as Clinical Director of the Royal Ottawa Hospital. He was recently Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Ottawa, and remains so with the University of Toronto, and directs a Mood Disorders Center. He has published over 350 articles and two books, and received several national and international research awards.

title: Paul Grof


text:
User:Liberlogos/André Boisclair

WP:COPYARTICLE, old revision of André Boisclair which this user had edited, adding cocaine allegations which have since been added to the main article with citations

title: User:Liberlogos/André Boisclair


text: User talk:81.129.159.16

title: User talk:81.129.159.16


text:
Rock carvings in Central Norway

Central Norway is a region in Norway, comprising Trøndelag as well as parts of the Nordland and Møre og Romsdal counties.

This region of Norway contains approximately 300 rock carving and rock painting sites from the Stone Age and Bronze Age. The petroglyph sites are much more plentiful than the rock painting sites. The prehistoric art of this area is not as well known as the more popular rock carving sites of Scandinavia, such as the Rock carvings at Alta, the Nämforsen rock art site, or the many petroglyph sites in Bohuslän, Sweden - but in recent years the amount of research into this corpus has increased, due largely to the work of professor Kalle Sognnes at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.

Two kinds of rock art
Scandinavian rock art comprise two categories. The first type dates to the Stone Age (in Norway from between 8000-1800 BCE), and usually depicts mammals such as elk, red deer and reindeer, but also brown bears, whales and porpoises. It also depicts fish such as halibut and salmon, as well as birds. There are also examples of boats, humans and various geometrical figures. These rock carvings were probably made by people who used gathering, fishing and hunting as their subsistence. This type of rock art is commonly known as veideristninger (hunter's rock carvings). Since the most common motifs are hunted animals, a popular interpretation has been that the carvings were made as part of "hunter's magic" - in an attempt to gain control of the animals that were hunted.

In the later years, other interpretations have been suggested, such as the animals being totems for clans or the animals being spiritual animals seen in trance. Some sites with paintings in this style are also known.

In addition to the carved sites dating from the Stone Age, there is a series of caves on the coast of Central Norway containing painted human stick figures. As has been shown by archaeologist Hein Bjerck, these pictures are usually located in the liminal area of the cave where the natural light gives way to complete darkness. He has suggested that these pictures were part of initiation rites.

The second kind of Scandinavian rock art was made by farmers, usually in the Nordic Bronze Age, the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Roman Iron Age (In Norway approx. 1800 BCE until AD 400). The most common motifs are the cup mark (cupule), boats, horses, people (often brandishing weapons), foot soles, wagons, and many kinds of abstract geometrical symbols (such as spirals, concentric circles etc.) Interpretations of this kind of art has usually been that of a fertility cult, with the ship being a mythical ship that is sometimes seen pulling abstract representations of the sun. Danish archaeologist Flemming Kaul has attempted to recreate a complete Bronze Age cosmology by examining illustrations on Danish bronze items. He suggests that the ships and horses seen in the carvings and on the bronze items were the sun's helpers - the horse pulling the sun across the sky during the day, and the boat bringing it back through the underworld during night-time.

Distribution and placement in the landscape
The hunter's rock carvings are often found in places with striking and highly visible natural features, such as below steep cliffs, by waterfalls etc. This was part of what led to the original hunting-magic-interpretation: supposedly the carvings were made in places where animals could easily be hunted. In Central Norway, these sites have a markedly different distribution than the Bronze Age carvings. Sites are found one by one, often in isolated places.

The Bronze Age-sites, on the other hand, are usually clustered. They are often found in places with arable land that could have been used for fields and grazing, and were probably quite close to the original settlements and farms. In Central Norway there are concentrations of these carvings mainly in Stjørdal Municipality, Steinkjer Municipality, Melhus Municipality, and around the Selbu lake. Certain solitary sites also exists.

Sites open to the public
Most of the rock-art sites in Central Norway, and indeed in Scandinavia as a whole, are not meant to be visited by the public. There are no signs, no maintenance is done on the sites to keep vegetation from covering the carvings, etc. There are however some sites with information signs and parking spaces.

 * The Bølareinen site is of the Stone Age type, located approximately 30 km northeast of Steinkjer in Trøndelag. The first figure to be discovered was a naturalistic reindeer, almost life size. The placement in the landscape is striking: close to a waterfall that becomes quite large during flood season. The site was discovered in 1895, as one of the first sites of the Stone Age type in Norway. In recent years, more figures have been discovered: a bear, a person on skis, an elk, and several parts of other figures. The carvings are thought to be up to 5500 years old.
 * The Bardal rock carvings site is 10 km west of Steinkjer. The site is particularly interesting as it contains images from both of the rock carving traditions. There is a multitude of different motifs: boats, elks, people, abstract geometrical figures, horses, and a six meter long whale. The earliest carvings probably date to 6000-5500 BCE, while the later ones are from the period 1500-200 BCE.
 * The Evenhus site on the Frosta peninsula is also from the Stone Age tradition. Motifs ranges from whales, elks, boats and people. A concentration of cup marks were probably made later, perhaps during the Bronze Age.
 * Despite its uninviting name, the village of Hell (meaning "rock shelter" or "cliff overhang" in Norwegian) is a beautiful site, located near Stjørdal Municipality. It contains two large reindeer, other, smaller reindeer and an intricate, geometrical pattern. These figures could be up to 6000 years old.
 * The Leirfall rock carvings is the only public site in Central Norway with only Bronze Age carvings. It lies in the centre of Stjørdal, and because of its size, might have been a ritual centre during the Bronze Age. The site is unusual in the number of figures (more than a thousand), and must have been used in several periods from about 1500 BCE until a few hundred years AD.
 * The Stykket site lies in Stadsbygd on the Fosen peninsula, and can be reached by ferry from Trondheim. It dates to the Stone Age. On an almost vertical, undulating cliff face three near life size elks have been carved. In addition there is another animal which might represent a hare.

title: Rock carvings in Central Norway


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Talk:Lewis Powell

Vadalism
Obvious vandalism (from the same person as posted below). Reverted back to last known real page. Liontamarin 21:53, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Lewis Powell is the unofficial King of the University of Rochester Philosophy Department.

title: Talk:Lewis Powell


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Ron Tripp

Ron Tripp (born April 22, 1953) is an American chiropractor, sports executive, coach, and former competitor in judo and sambo.

He is well known in the martial arts community, especially among Brazilian jiu-jitsu and submission grappling enthusiasts, for being the only person to hold an official victory in competition over Brazilian jiu-jitsu legend Rickson Gracie. Tripp became America's first Merited and Distinguished Master of Sport in 1996. He was promoted to 6th dan by USA Judo in November 2006.

Education
A native of Lake Orion, Michigan, and graduate of Hillsdale College and Palmer College of Chiropractic.

Judo and Sambo Career
The 6-foot, 205 pound Tripp excelled in both the sports of judo and sambo. Trained by Pat Burris, two-time judo Olympian and Olympic judo coach, Tripp's competitive career in judo lasted from 1982 to 1995. He was an assistant wrestling coach at the University of Oklahoma under hall of fame coach Stan Abel from 1979 to 1992. Tripp trained in Japan for six years, and during that time trained under World Judo Champion Chonosuke Takagi at Nihon University, home of mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter and Olympic champion Makoto Takimoto and two-time All Japan judo champion Jun Konno.

Match with Rickson Gracie
At the 1993 U.S. Sambo Championships in Norman, Oklahoma, Tripp faced undefeated Rickson Gracie of the Gracie jiu-jitsu family. Tripp threw Gracie to the canvas by "uchi mata" in 47 seconds, thus giving Tripp the win under FIAS international sambo rules. Rickson disputed this loss, claiming he was misinformed of the rules of the event despite claiming to be a two-time Pan American Sambo Champion.

Coaching
In 2006, he founded C3Fights, a professional MMA company, and personally trained C3Fighters at the USA Stars Training Center in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and coached and cornered UFC fighters Joe Stevenson and Melvin Guillard at UFC events.

Career highlights

 * 1970-1994: Competed in judo, sambo, and wrestling tournaments
 * 1990: Submitted by Rigan Machado in 39 seconds, Pan Am finals
 * 1994: Defeated Andrew Bourdeau to win the FIAS World Heavyweight Championship of Sambo in Montreal, Canada

Sport

 * 1994 World Sambo Champion
 * 7-time World Medalist Sambo
 * 1989 World Judo Team Belgrade (lost first fight against Bjarni Friðriksson )
 * Mifune Cup Team Bronze Medalist Open Division
 * Three time Sambo National Champion (1988, 1989, 1990)
 * Winner of the first Bart Conner Award Recognizing Oklahoma's Most Outstanding Athlete 1987
 * 2010 Recipient of the Annual Pioneers of Sambo by the American Sombo Association
 * President of USA Judo 2000-2008
 * Member of U.S. Olympic Committee 2000-2004
 * Co-founder and President of C3Fights
 * Three time U.S. Olympic Festival Medal winner (1986, 1987, 1990)

Career

 * Merited Master of Sports
 * President of the Oklahoma Board of Chiropractic Examiners (1997–)
 * District Director, Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards (2003–2009)
 * Chairman of the FCLB Board of Directors 2008-2009
 * Recipient of the FCLB George W. Ardvison Award 2010, Baltimore
 * Vice-chairman of the Board of International Oil and Gas Holdings
 * Elected as a Director of the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners in May 2011

title: Ron Tripp


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Stop the City

Stop the City demonstrations of 1983 and 1984 were described as a 'Carnival Against War, Oppression and Destruction', in other words protests against the military-financial complex. These demonstrations can be seen as the forerunner of the anti-globalisation protests of the 1990s, especially those in London, England, on May Day and the Carnival against Capitalism on 18 June 1999. They were partially inspired by the actions of the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp.

Activities that formed part of the biggest of these events were separate day-long street blockades of the financial district (the City of London) which supporters of the protest argued are a major centre for profiteering, and consequently a root cause of many of the world's problems. The largest blockade involved 3,000 people, which succeeded in causing a £100 million shortfall on the day according to The Times. Around 1,000 arrests were subsequently made by the police over 18 months.

Inspirations
There were several inspirations for the protest. At the time there was a growing anti-militarist and anti-nuclear movement across Europe represented in the UK by CND and the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, which repeatedly blockaded the RAF Greenham Common base in protest at nuclear weapons being placed there. A new generation of anarchists were being drawn into activism through anarcho-punk.

1983 demonstration in London
On 29 September 1983, 1500 people demonstrated in order to disrupt the financial activities of the City of London. Buildings were blockaded and leaflets handed out.

The protest was unusual for the time since it had not met with the police to discuss a route or stewarding, it was not organised by a political party or trade union and the plan was not to march from one point to another.

Afterwards, Penny Rimbaud of Crass declared it “a massive success, the best gig of the year." Rimbaud listed the following actions: work stopped at the Royal Exchange, shops selling fur attacked, restaurants stink-bombed, building locks glued, telephone lines jammed.

Around 200 arrestees faced charges, with the court dates set for November 1983. Solidarity days were organised with the theme 'Actions against Banks.'

1984 demonstrations in London
The second demonstration was planned by anarchists meeting at the squatted ambulance station on Old Kent Road in south London. The squat also organised a benefit gig which raised £300 and featured Flux of Pink Indians, Kukl and Flowers in the Dustbin. The rough plan for the day was as follows:
 * 08:00 Start
 * 10:00 Roadblock of Threadneedle Street
 * 11:00, 13:00, 14:00 Noise protests
 * 12:00 A “die-in” lasting two minutes.
 * 16:00 Demonstration at the Royal Exchange
 * 18:00 Support for any arrestees at Guildhall court

The demonstration happened on 29 March 1984. In addition to the events stated above there were feminist actions such as the mass theft of tampons from Boots the chemists, animal rights protests against fur and alternative energy protests outside the Central Electricity Generating Board. In total, 550 police officers were deployed and there were around 400 arrests. Writing in The Times a correspondent described "a combination of punks, anarchists, nuclear disarmers, and people demanding the liberation of gays, women or animals."

At an evaluation conference attended by around 65 people on 14–15 April it was decided to do another Stop the City in September 1984 and also to do a short-notice event in May. The 31 May Stop the City was swamped by police and viewed by organisers as a failure. It was acknowledged that more publicity was needed.

The fourth Stop the City took place on 27 September 1984, with benefit gigs happening at the Dickie Dirts squat in Coldharbour Lane in Brixton, south London. St. Pauls Cathedral and the Royal Exchange were sealed off against demonstrators. A 'people's party' was held in a bank and banners were hung up. A counter group handed out leaflets urging city workers to 'aggravate an anarchist.' The water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed red and there was an impromptu anti-apartheid demonstration on Oxford Street. The police tactic was again to swamp the protests. Of the 470 arrests, most were released again swiftly.

Penny Rimbaud wrote that "Aware that we had been out-manoeuvred, no further Stop the City actions took place in London."

1984 demonstrations around UK
Before the second Stop the City in London in 1984, there were also smaller demonstrations attacking banks in Bristol and Glasgow one week earlier.

Following the fourth Stop the City event in London, there were other demonstrations across the UK, including Birmingham. In Leeds, on 9 August 1984, activists including members of Chumbawamba chained up the doors of a porn cinema, threw Monopoly money onto shoppers, gave out leaflets and ran a pirate radio station which blocked wavelengths used by BBC radio stations.

Reflections
Stop the City was criticised by the Anarchist Workers Group for creating an anarchist ghetto politics.

Whilst seen as initially successful, the demonstrations also provoked questions for anarcho-punk activists about how to make alliances with other groups and what aims to strive for in future. It was clear that the numbers of people on Stop the City protests were nothing like the 400,000 people attending the CND rally at Hyde Park in 1983.

An hour-long documentary was made about the second Stop the City event by members of Crass Mick Duffield (camera), Joy de Vivre (sound) and Andy Palmer (interviewer).

title: Stop the City


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Bury the Hatchet (album)

Bury the Hatchet is the fourth studio album by Irish alternative rock band the Cranberries, released on 19 April 1999. In the US, the album had shipped 500,000 copies as of 2 June 1999, and received a gold certification.

The album is the first album released by the band after their first hiatus, which began in September 1996. Dolores O'Riordan had taken that time to heal from stress-induced diseases, and also had her first child, Taylor, during this period. This last fact influenced some of the tracks on the album, most notably "Animal Instinct" and "You and Me".

The themes of the songs vary from maternity and children to divorce and child abuse.

Album cover
The album cover, which was designed by Storm Thorgerson, depicts a naked man being watched by a giant eye in a barren landscape. The picture was taken in Oljato-Monument Valley, Arizona, and was later featured on Pitchfork's list of "The Worst Record Covers of All Time", which stated "Storm Thorgerson's artwork fluctuates between the iconic and the inane. This one falls into the latter category." Thorgerson also designed the cover for their 2001 album Wake Up and Smell the Coffee. The vinyl edition's cover is different, with the nude man and the giant eye in a desert setting (with colouring and lighting adjusted appropriately), but the original cover pictures are used on the record labels. The back cover shows the man turned around, shouting at the eye.

Vinyl
The vinyl version features a different track order (this is retained on the 2015 reissue).

Personnel

 * The Cranberries
 * Dolores O'Riordan – vocals, guitar, keyboards
 * Noel Hogan – acoustic and electric guitars
 * Mike Hogan – bass guitar
 * Fergal Lawler – drums, percussion

title: Bury the Hatchet (album)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Persecution of Muslims

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page, if it exists; or after the end of this archived section. The result of the debate was Keep. Scimitar 16:42, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Persecution of Muslims

 * Delete The purpose of this Islamist article is to brainwash people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.203.202.156 (talk • contribs) 17:47, 15 Jun 2005
 * Nominator forgot to add to the VfD log; adding to today's log. --cesarb 22:54, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Factually inaccurate propaganda. Deeptrivia 23:03, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep If there are clearly persecution of other religion articles why shouldn't there be any for Muslims. It is unfair not to include one about Muslims. --Anonymous editor 00:50, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and clean up. If this article were to be deleted we would introduce a systematic bias unless we also deleted Persecution of the Jews and Persecution of Christians as well. Andreww 02:08, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep — Why not, we've got similar articles for Jews and Christians. We could probably write a similar article for almost every other religious group, then categorize them under "pot-kettle-black". — RJH 02:40, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Rewrite As per previous vote, we have pages for other religions, I do however feel that the page could use a rewrite to make it conform to NPOV and styling standards.

 * Keep and Cleanup. Notable religions merit articles on persecutions against them; sadly (or fortunately, I guess, depending on POV), every notable religion has some history of serious persecution. Xoloz 04:41, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and Cleanup: Since other articles like Persecution of the Jews and Persecution of Christians are here, no reason to delete this. A little rewrite may be required though. --Ragib 06:17, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Just because something needs work is not a reason to delete it. It's a valid topic. --Fastfission 06:43, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, obviously. Part of a series. - Mustafaa 19:12, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * STRONG DELETE Highly POV resulting in propoganda with it being too strong POV and factually inaccurate to allow rewrite. For example, it discusses "Muslim persecution in Spain" without even mentioning the Muslim invasion of Spain or the long campaign of warfare the Muslims used to conquer and convert the pennisula. An armed response to an invasion is not persecution! It cannot be logically equalled to say, the Holocaust were a peaceful ethnic minority were made scapegoats and killed.Similarly, "Muslim persecution during the Crusades" - The Crusades were an armed response to the Muslim persecution of Christian pilgrims. While the Crusaders slaughtering Muslims in Jerusalem was wrong, an action like that is more like total warfare, not persecution. That's like saying the massive bombing of Dresden, Germany in WWII, was persecution? Barneygumble 15:42, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * German scholars do sometimes suggest that Dresden was unnecessarily brutal. Though I disagree, a discussion of the issue, in NPOV form, would be valuable and thoroughly encyclopedic, IMO.  POV problems with the article are not a real for deletion, only cleanup. Xoloz 06:59, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Atlant 15:49, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep POV content is a reason to edit, not VfD. Saswann 16:36, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Sensitive topics should have the best and widest information available about them. Then people can make a decision for themselves. — Sesel wa  21:00, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. "Persecution" is a valid scholarly topic since about the 1970s or early 80s theres been a lot of research done on it and much available material to draw from (none of which is cited here). Stbalbach 22:45, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV vandalism magnet. JamesBurns 08:10, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Islamist playground. This article is going to turn into an unmaintainable POV fest. Klonimus 04:46, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete Factually incorrect. Confuses persecution of muslims with conflict with muslims, war with muslims, defence against muslim invasions, etc.
 * Unsigned comment by 70.105.188.134. Xoloz 06:55, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.


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User talk:NishD

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You (Talk) 17:48, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:NishD


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Noel Lemass

Noel Thomas Lemass (14 February 1929 – 13 April 1976) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance from 1969 to 1973. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for Dublin South-West from 1956 to 1976.

Early life
Born in Dublin in 1929, Lemass was the son of Seán Lemass, a Fianna Fáil TD, and Kathleen Lemass (née Hughes). He was named after his uncle, a victim of the Irish Civil War in the early 1920s. Lemass was educated at Catholic University School, Leeson Street in Dublin and later at Newbridge College in County Kildare. Against his father's wishes, rather than attend university, he undertook business training and later became an executive member and branch secretary of the Irish Commercial Travellers' Association.

Political career
Lemass followed his father into politics in 1955, when he was elected to Dublin City Council. He was elected to Dáil Éireann in a by-election in Dublin South-West the following year. The by-election was a loss for Fine Gael, who was in government at the time, and whose TD had held the seat for a number of years.

He was active in a number of political councils and other groupings. From 1966 to 1968, he was a member of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe. He was also a member of the Irish-British Parliamentary Group and the Irish-French Parliamentary Group.

In 1969, Lemass was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Finance, with responsibility for the Board of Works. In his first year at the Department he served under his brother-in-law Charles Haughey, and later under George Colley.

When Fianna Fáil lost office in 1973, Lemass was named spokesperson for physical planning and the environment. He held that position until January 1975, when he was dropped from the front bench.

Personal life
Lemass married Eileen Delaney in 1950. The couple had four children. Lemass's wife was a member of Dublin Corporation. She entered the Dáil following the death of her husband.

title: Noel Lemass


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Talk:Lara Sacher

Return?
Not yet mentioned on BBC or Yahoo sites, is it a hoax? even by Neighbours standards it'd be a big plot twist. --MartinUK 21:25, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a hoax to me although it does seem to be fairly persistantly rumoured. Should not be in the article unless a source can be cited DAylen 21:45, 17 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'm removing it. If someone wants to add it back - source it! This kind of thing is rampant on soap-related pages, and a lot of the Neighbours "return" rumours seem to be added by the same person. The same was done to the article on character Dee Bliss. These people seriously need a new hobby than adding silly rumours with no sources. Who told you? Your hairdresser? SOURCE IT!--HillbillyProfane (talk) 00:37, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Archive
this image if her is inappropriate
 * Er, how exactly is it inappropriate? Looking at her date of birth, she is eighteen, and turns nineteen in a couple of months. Secondly, this was a screen shot taken from a G rated TV Show. Surely if it's okay for a G rated tv show, it's okay for Wikipedia, which as far as I can tell has no real censorshop policies. And it's hardly pornographic. Cyclone49 03:05, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I think a better photo could probably be sourced. While there's nothing explicitly pornographic about it, I'm curious as to why you chose this particular scene, if not for the titilation factor. She's an actor, not an underwear model, so I'm sure there are more fitting images that could be used. Cnwb 23:42, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * In all honesty, it was the first image of her I found. And that episode has also gained a certain notability among Neighbours fans. Cyclone49 13:33, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * It's the photo used on her fansite, which she presumably has no objection to. There are other good ones on her site though - http://img382.imageshack.us/my.php?image=ch22200511100550209uk.jpg for example --MartinUK 18:04, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Isn't that a good enoigh reason?! ;) pomegranate 21:50, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

The Hannah Greenwood thing hardly seems relevent - they weren't on the show at the same time. --MartinUK 19:31, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Teaching Career
Sacher experienced a short teaching career at Balwyn Primary School in Balwyn, Victoria as a student teacher. She became involved in 2010 and taught part-time for a term. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jetninja109 (talk • contribs) 02:10, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Hey, you have to find a source and then add it. Otherwise it counts as original research, sorry about that. I did listen to an interview with her though, (might be pre 2010) and she was teaching at "Drama with a Difference". Rain  the 1  02:43, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lara Sacher


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Alsnö hus

Alsnö hus (Alsnö House) is the ruin of a palace at the Hovgården settlement archaeological site, located on the island of Adelsö (formerly called Alsnö) in Lake Mälaren in central-eastern Sweden. The ruins are part of the combined Birka and Hovgården UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
The ruin is next to five burial mounds, up to 45 meters in diameter, which date back to the Vendel Period (i.e. Late Iron Age, c. 500-800 AD) when Hovgården was a King's Court (Kungsgård). The royal castle Alsnö hus reflects the importance of Birka, the trade settlement on Björkö island just south of Adelsö. However, Birka was abandoned around 975, but apparently the royal mansion continued to be of importance as the runestone U 11 (c. 1070 CE) was erected next to it.

Alsnö hus first appears in historical records in 1200 as mansionem regiam Alsnu, i.e. a house of more than ordinary proportions. However, 70 years later King Magnus Barnlock had the old fortress replaced by a summer residence built in brick. In contrast to the many fortifications built during the era, this building was a summer residence more adapted to offer comfort than defence and it regularly served both Magnus and his son Birger during summers. The Ordinance of Alsnö (Alsnö stadga) was made here in 1279, often said to be the foundation of the Swedish nobility as a separate social class and the start the Swedish feudal system. Large parts of the Romanesque parish church Adelsö Church next to the present ruins date from this period and was possibly commissioned by the king.

The building was ruined by the end of the 14th century, and little remains today. When the ruins were excavated in 1916-18, a huge number of crossbow bolts were found, indicating the palace might have been burnt down by the pirates of Albert von Mecklenburg who raided the Baltic in an attempt to restore the Swedish crown to Albert.

The ruins were bought by the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities (Vitterhetsakademien) in the 1950s and 1960s and are today preserved by the Swedish National Heritage Board (Riksantikvarieämbetet).

title: Alsnö hus


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User:CrnaGora/Simpsons Gallery

My Simpsons Articles

 * Groundskeeper Willie
 * Edna Krabappel
 * Seymour Skinner
 * Otto Mann
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 * Nelson Muntz
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 * Fat Tony
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My Simpsons Templates

 * Template:Infobox The Simpsons Season 17
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title: User:CrnaGora/Simpsons Gallery