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Pescopagano

Pescopagano (Lucano: Piscupagàne) is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the region of Basilicata (southern Italy). It is bounded by the comuni of Cairano, Calitri, Castelgrande, Castelnuovo di Conza, Conza della Campania, Laviano, Rapone, Sant'Andrea di Conza, Santomenna.

Main sights

 * Torre dell'Orologio (Watch Tower), built on the ancient Porta Sibilla (Sybil's Gate) of the walls. It houses a Roman bust of Ianus.
 * Il castello (the Castle) was more properly an ancient fortress under Conza.
 * Church of San Giovanni Battista (970).
 * Church of Montemauro.
 * Church of San Leonardo.
 * Church of SS. Annunziata.
 * Church of San Lorenzo in Tufara and adjacent abbey ruins.
 * Church of SS. Incoronata.
 * Church of Madonna delle Grazie (once dedicated to Saint Antony).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pescopagano


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TZU

TZU (pronounced "Tee Zed Yoo") were an Australian hip hop group, formed in 1999 by Joelistics, Yeroc, Seed MC and Paso Bionic. They used instruments in live performances, giving their shows a rock-infused feeling. Duzy What joined in 2005. TZU released four studio albums, Position Correction (2004), Smiling at Strangers (2005), Computer Love (2008, which peaked in the ARIA Charts top 30) and Millions of Moments (2012), before disbanding in 2013.

History
TZU were formed as an Australian hip hop band in 1999 in Melbourne, initially as a side project, by Joel Ma p.k.a. Joelistics on vocals, guitar and bass guitar; Corey McGregor p.k.a. Yeroc on drums and samplers; Phillip Norman p.k.a. Seed MC or Countbounce on vocals, guitar and bass guitar (ex-Pan); Shehab Tariq p.k.a. Paso Bionic (ex-Curse ov Dialect). Pan were a "drum-and-bass/funk/reggae mash-up" band, while Curse ov Dialect were an "oddball experimental hip hop group with a penchant for throwing meat at the audience."

According to Joelistics, the group's name is taken from the Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu, which was suggested by Lee Hartney of the Smith Street Band. Styled as TZU and originally pronounced "Tzu" its pronunciation was changed to "Tee Zed You" to add an "element of mystery." Their debut seven-track extended play (EP), um... just a liddlbidova mic check (2001), was recorded in a portable studio, "in the back of a truck," parked near Hobart. Local Noise's Tony Mitchell described it as "tentative." After the EP's appearance they were signed to Liberation Music.

TZU's debut album, Position Correction, appeared on 19 February 2004 and was co-produced by Seed and Yeroc, which peaked just outside the ARIA Charts top 100 in March. Greg Lawrence of WHAMMO described how the quartet, "[are] a bunch of true technicians who successfully transmit their love for beats and lyrics. The double-pronged vocal attack is more exact than the scalpel of a master surgeon, the subterranean bass growls and snappy beats are premium." Mitchell felt, "[it] covers a wide range of moods, styles and tempos, and represents another new direction in Australian hip-hop coming from an idiosyncratic Melbourne push which is making an important impact on local indigenisations of the genre."

In 2005 keyboard player, Duzy What was added to the group's line-up. TZU issued their second studio album, Smiling at Strangers, which was produced by Magoo (Regurgitator, Butterfingers). It reached the ARIA Albums Chart top 100 in late September. Mitchell noticed, "[they] can successfully combine rock and hip hop... through a desire to experiment with and stretch the often restrictive parameters of MCing and Djing." Simon Jones of Soulshine compared it to their debut album, "[they] have taken a more instrument-based approach in the studio, leaving behind the beats and samples of their debut Position Correction and replacing them with guitars, piano, drums and the occasional horn line." In February 2006 the album was short-listed for the inaugural Australian Music Prize for releases in 2005.

In February-March 2006, they won Yahoo! Music's "Who's Next" monthly music public-voted poll. In November of that year they re-released Smiling at Strangers as a limited edition 2×CD, Snarling at Strangers, with the addition of a second five-track disc, Snarl, and three music videos. The additional, previously unreleased tracks were described by Tristan of There Is no Roseability as, "a harsh critique of current politics/society. It's not as militaristic or angry as The Herd's material, but it's harsh nonetheless. It still has the genius wit and timelessness of Australian hip-hop."

In 2008, the band released their third studio album, Computer Love. Rolling Stone Australia said "Melbourne group TZU just can't stop upping the ante ... They meld classic eighties electro with the more traditional funk keeping the emphasis on authenticity and class throughout." Inpress said "Computer Love is full of old school synth's, masterful sampling and live instrumentation - a maverick in its field and release that will set a new standard for the Australian music landscape."

Richard Kingsmill, Musical Director of Australian radio station Triple J, stated in regard to the band's 2008 J Award nomination for Computer Love, "They open their album saying "TZU still feelin' awesome". I couldn't agree more. They keep growing as an act and expanding on their influences. This album has so much life and they're doing all this themselves. No mentors, producers or anyone getting in the way. Pure talent."

A remix album, titled Cover Up Motel, was released the following year in 2009, which featured remixes of songs from Computer Love. The title of the album is an anagram.

In 2012, after a period of inactivity, TZU released their fourth and final album Millions of Moments. The album takes a detour from the distinct hip-hop sounds that the group was known for, opting for an electronic pop style. To promote the album, they went on tour. The following year, the band had split up. Subsequently, Joelistics pursued a solo career and Count Bounce became a producer.

Members
Credits:
 * Joel Ma p.k.a. Joelistics – vocals, guitar, bass guitar
 * Corey McGregor p.k.a. Yeroc – drums, samplers
 * Phillip Norman p.k.a. Seed MC or Countbounce – vocals, guitar, bass guitar
 * Shehab Tariq p.k.a. Paso Bionic – turntables
 * Dustin p.k.a. Duzy What – keyboards

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually.

 * 2007
 * "In Front of Me"
 * Most Performed Urban Work
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

Australian Music Prize
The Australian Music Prize (the AMP) is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award. The commenced in 2005.

 * 2005
 * Smiling at Strangers
 * Australian Music Prize
 * Nominated
 * 2015
 * Leisure
 * Australian Music Prize
 * Nominated
 * Australian Music Prize
 * Nominated

J Awards
The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.

 * 2008
 * Computer Love
 * Australian Album of the Year
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: TZU


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User:Muxxa

Hello, my name is muxxa.. I've started my wikipedia career by rewriting deep ecology.

title: User:Muxxa


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Corypha

Corypha or the gebang palm, buri palm or talipot palm is a genus of palms (family Arecaceae), native to India, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea and northeastern Australia (Cape York Peninsula, Queensland). They are fan palms (subfamily Coryphoideae), and the leaves have a long petiole terminating in a rounded fan of numerous leaflets.

All are large palms with leaves ranging from 2–5 metres in length. They reach heights of 20–40 m and with a trunk diameter of up to 1-2.5 m. All the species are monocarpic and die after flowering. The genus is relatively slow growing and can take many years to form a trunk.

Species include:

Uses
In the Philippines, buri trees, like the sago palm, are used as sources of starch made into starch balls called landang. These are traditionally cooked into various desserts and dishes, most notably the binignit.

The leaves are often used for thatching or can be woven into baskets, etc. Three kinds of fibres, namely buri (unopened leaf fibers), raffia (mature leaf fibers), and buntal (leaf petiole fiber), may be obtained from the plant. The midrib of the leaves are also used for weaving hats in the Philippines known as calasiao hats. The Buntal Hat Festival is celebrated in Baliuag, Bulacan yearly every 6th of May.

title: Corypha


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User:Vincent0417

vincent0417 is a mass communication graduate student form [Fu Jen University] in Taiwan. His real name is Yang Cheng-Kai, 25 years-old,male. Vincent is interested in Wikipedia & civic journalism.

title: User:Vincent0417


text: User talk:217.26.163.196

title: User talk:217.26.163.196


text:
1964 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile on 4 September 1964. As the constitution prevented presidents from serving two consecutive terms, incumbent president Jorge Alessandri was ineligible for re-election. The result was a victory for Eduardo Frei Montalva of the Christian Democratic Party, who received 56% of the vote.

Electoral system
The elections were held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates who received the most votes. This affected each candidate's strategy, as if nobody received a majority, it was tradition for Congress to elect the candidate who received the most votes, although this was not a constitutional requirement. In a television interview on 3 May Frei upheld this tradition, by stating that if no candidate earned a majority, Congress should elect the candidate who received the most votes.

Campaign
A fundamental question of the election was whether to radically transform economic and political institutions or whether to reform them. The Christian Democrats supported further agrarian reform, which had begun under the Alessandri administration and exerting greater state control over the dominant copper industry. FRAP called for more drastic action, advocating the nationalization of copper, nitrate and iron mining, and eventually petroleum companies as well. For agricultural reform, Salvador Allende advocated further transformation, creating a new system based upon a mix of state, collective, and private farms, while urging that no more than 35% of the arable land would be collectivized.

Frei strongly advocated reform of politics, and in substance often differed little from FRAP's detailed proposals. But Frei took a more moderate tone, emphasizing a "Revolution in Liberty," which would transform Chilean society through democratic rather than totalitarian means, implying that Allende's election would lead to a dictatorship. This was part of a major anti-communist publicity campaign by the PDC, which was assisted substantially by the United States, to scare voters away from Allende.

Conduct
The elections took place during the Cold War, at a time when the United States was especially alarmed by the success of communist movements in Latin America. In August the Alessandri government bowed under pressure from the U.S. and broke off relations with Cuba, following the 1959 revolution. The move was opposed by FRAP, but had little direct effect on the presidential campaign. For the White House, State Department and Central Intelligence Agency the democratic election of a Marxist candidate in the Western hemisphere would be a "shocking blow to the hegemonic position of the United States."

The Church Committee of the US Senate revealed in 1975 that the CIA interfered substantially with the elections to prevent Allende winning. The CIA secretly funded more than half of Frei's campaign and supported an array of pro-Christian Democratic groups. Two other political parties were funded as well in an attempt to spread the vote. The CIA's assistance to Frei took the form of polling, voter registration and get out the vote drives, in addition to covert propaganda.

The US was countering the influence of the Soviet Union, and while the exact total of funds provided to Allende by the Soviets is unknown, records indicate he received $200,000 in 1963 and $275,000 in 1965. It was also believed by CIA Director John McCone that the Cuban government had given Allende up to $1 million, but there are no records proving this amount was paid by Cuba. In total the CIA spent $3 million in the 1964 elections, more money than Lyndon B. Johnson spent on his 1964 presidential campaign.

title: 1964 Chilean presidential election


text: User talk:69.46.211.207

title: User talk:69.46.211.207


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Shalka

Shalka may refer to:
 * Scream of the Shalka
 * Shalka, Iran
 * Shalka, Fuman, Iran
 * Shalka (meteorite)

title: Shalka


text:
Redback Networks

Redback Networks provided hardware and software used by Internet service providers to manage broadband services. The company's products included the SMS (Subscriber Management System), SmartEdge, and SmartMetro product lines.

In January 2007, the company was acquired by Ericsson.

History
Redback Networks was founded in August 1996 by Gaurav Garg, Asher Waldfogel, and William M. Salkewicz. The company received seed money from Sequoia Capital.

In May 1999, during the dot-com bubble, the company became a public company via an initial public offering. After pricing at $23 each, shares soared 266% on the first day of trading.

In November 1999, the company acquired Siara Systems, which at the time only had products in the prototype stage, for $4.3 billion in stock.

In 2000, its share price peaked at $198 but fell to $0.27 in October 2002, after the burst of the dot-com bubble.

In August 2000, the company acquired Abatis Systems.

In October 2000, the company opened a regional headquarters in Hong Kong.

In January 2007, the company was acquired by Ericsson for $1.9 billion, or $25 per share.

title: Redback Networks


text:
Talk:Conspiracy nut

Please delete, move or merge with the wiktionary version. --Noitall 06:56, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conspiracy nut


text: Category:Golf films

title: Category:Golf films


text: User:Sengkang

title: User:Sengkang


text:
Talk:Life and work of Ludwig van Beethoven

Deafness
This article doesn't really go into his deafness so much. I'd really like to know more about it. I won't insult the article by saying its not complete, but I will suggest it subtly. =)

Yeago 05:59, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yes i agree!

 * The facts on Beethoven's deafness seem to have been exaggerated. There's an interesting long journal article whose work I'll summarize later this evening, probably in a new article dedicated to Beethoven' hearing. - Gyan 19:35, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

On Beethoven's Hearing
In 1994, George Thomas Ealy published his analysis of Beethoven's hearing perception in the journal 19th-Century Music: Of Ear Trumpets and a Resonance Plate: Early Hearing Aids and Beethoven's Hearing Perception. Below is my summary of the article.

Symptoms of hearing impairment first appeared between 1796 & 1798. The first letter in which deafness is mentioned, is his 29/06/1801 letter to his friend Wegeler, a Bonn physician. This letter places the onset of impairment in 1798. However, the Heiligenstadt Testament written in October 1802, places it six years prior i.e. 1796. In a letter to Karl Amenda in July 1801, Beethoven says, "when I am playing and composing, my affliction still hampers me least; it affects me most when I am in company.". Paget's disease as well as cochlear otosclerosis are considered leading candidates for his hearing impairment.

Carl Czerny claims that Beethoven heard music and speech "perfectly well until nearly 1812.". This is supported by the almost total lack of reference to hearing loss in any of Beethoven's correspondence between 1801 and 1810, and also by the fact that he did not start using hearing aids till 1812. After 1812, he started using ear trumpets designed by Johann Mälzel. Mälzel produced 4 trumpets of different sizes for hearing speech and music, 2 of which had attached headbands, allowing for free use of the hands at the keyboard. There is documentation that Beethoven could hear speech as late as 1825. There's also evidence that Beethoven could hear at the keyboard atleast till 1826, using a resonance plate designed by the firm of Conrad Graf. The Beethoven-Archiv (Bonn) confirms its existence, but neither the plate nor any representation has survived. The largest of the ear trumpets, 23 inches in length, has a cylindrical-shaped opening, which may have attached to a coupling from the resonance plate, allowing conjunctive use at the keyboard.

Beethoven described his hearing loss in detail in two letters to Wegeler. In the first letter, "In order to give you some idea of this strange deafness, let me tell you that in the theatre I have to place myself quite close to the orchestra in order to understand what the actor is saying, and that at a distance I cannot hear the high notes of instruments or voices ... Sometimes too I can scarcely hear a person who speaks softly; I can hear sounds, it is true, but cannot make out the words. But if anyone shouts, I can't bear it" In the second letter, Beethoven complains of tinnitus but says the symptom has improved. He also writes of a case study of a deaf and dumb kid, who reportedly recovered its hearing after being subjected to Luigi Galvani's treatment using electrostatic generators (galvanism).

His last public performance as a soloist was in 1808 (Piano Concerto 4); as an accompanist - May 1814 (Piano Trio 7 - Archduke).

Ealy provides five or six examples indicating that Beethoven could hear speech & music till 1812. One of the examples for speech: In a letter to Ferdinand Ries in 1804, Beethoven describes a disagreement with Stephan von Breuning, "at table, my brother began to talk about it and said he thought that B(reuning) was to blame in the matter. I promptly denied this and said that you were to blame...But on hearing my remark B(reuning) in a rage jumped up and declared he would like to send for the caretaker" One of the examples for music: In a letter to his publishers Breitkopf and Härtel in 1809, Beethoven writes, "Tomorrow you will receive a notice about some small corrections which I made during the performance of the symphonies -- When I gave these works to you, I had not yet heard either of them performed -- and should not want to be so like a god as not to have correct something here and there in one's created works."

By 1812 conversation with Beethoven required shouting. Louis Spohr notes that Beethoven was unaware of his own speech's volume. Starting in 1818, Beethoven began to rely on writing for communication. This practice resulted in conversation books; 400 of which existed in 1827. Elliot Forbes notes that this amount is insufficient for all conversations in that period, indeed months elapse without a single recorded conversation. Edward Schulz notes in 1823 of a conversation with Beethoven he particpated in, alongwith Tobias Haslinger, "I feared that he would not be able to understand one word of what I said, in this...I was much deceived, for he made out very well all that I addressed to him slowly and in a loud tone. From his answers it was clear, that not a particle of what Mr. H[aslinger] uttered had been lost, though neither the latter, nor myself, used a machine. From this you will justly conclude, that the accounts respecting his deafness lately spread in London, are much exaggerated.". As late as 1825, Beethoven engaged in spoken conversations with close friends, although they needed to speak distinctly and loud. There are no references to Beethoven understanding spoken conversation after this. Beethoven's hearing fluctuated. Wawruch was his physician during his terminal illness in 1827, and describes Beethoven' history of hearing as such: "His hearing began to fail [after age 30] and, for all he would often enjoy untroubled intervals lasting for months at a time".

Several extracts from Beethoven's letters indicate that he was able to hear performed music as late as 1822. Wieck, father of Clara Wieck Schumann, visited Beethoven in 1826, heard Beethoven improvise, and commented favorably on his playing: "Then he improvised for me during an hour, after he had mounted his ear-trumpet and placed it on the resonance-plate on which already stood the pretty well battered, large grand piano, with its very powerful, rough tone...He played in a flowing, genial manner, for the most part orchestrally ... weaving in the clearest and most charming melodies."

The commonly held belief that Beethoven was functionally deaf should be dismissed. He had limited hearing when he composed his late works, but was not completely deaf.

Please feel free to incorporate the above material into the various Beethoven articles.

- Gyan 18:19, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Typo
The name "Beethoven" is misspelt at at least one place on this page. (218.228.195.44 13:55, 16 July 2006 (UTC))

Needs pics. íslenskur fellibylur #12 (samtal) 13:05, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Beethoven's 10th Symphony
Walter Weller's edition of the complete Beethoven symphonies has an arrangement of Beethoven's sketches for the first movement of the tenth symphony. Is there any controversy related to this or is it worth adding to the page? --Scottandrewhutchins

Beethoven's family...
I would like to question the claim that Beethoven had seven siblings, though all but two died in infancy. I believe this is a disputed fact about the life of Beethoven, and should be cited properly since there seems to be a fair amount of people around who do dispute it.

Detractors

http://www.madaboutbeethoven.com/pages/people_and_places/people_family/people_family.htm

"...Beethoven was neither the ninth child nor the fifth child of his parents. He was the eldest - strictly the number two, but his eldest brother died in infancy, as was common in those days..."

Richard Dawkins, "The God Delusion"

I've seen a bit around about seven children though most died in early infancy, so I just want someone to cite some published works on Beethoven on this before we accept it as factual.

Gapperjack 23:33, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Interesting facts about Beethoven
I think you should have some interesting facts about beethoven. I found out that Beethoven would get great big jugs of water and pour them into his hands and the water would go right through the floorboards and soak the guy living below him. Ha —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.145.151.151 (talk) 22:33, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Beethoven's Youth
Is there a citation for Beethoven's father being abusive? The books I've read say that he was an alcoholic, and it became particularly worse after Beethoven's mother died, but I haven't read anything about him being abusive. Also, it says that Beethoven's father tried to exploit him as a child prodigy by incorrectly advertising his age; from what I've read his father was "unambitious" in teaching Ludwig how to play music, and there had been honest mistakes on Beethoven's actual age. From what this article says, it makes Beethoven sound like he was forced into becoming the great musician he was through his father's ambitious, abusive, maybe self-indulgent schemes, which couldn't be further from the truth. I'm mostly getting this conflict in information from "The Life of Beethoven" by David Wyn Jones. ARBlackwood (talk) 03:21, 23 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Disregard that. Another book, "Beethoven" by Barry Cooper seems to contradict what Jone's says. It mentions that Johann was a strict teacher and "was so severe it sometimes brought the boy to tears." Still no mention of being beaten though; I stick by that notion. I'm going to assume Cooper is a more reliable source (Oxford University Press) than Jones (Cambridge University Press). ARBlackwood (talk) 03:44, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Merged into main Beethoven article
This article's contents have been merged into Ludwig van Beethoven.  Magic ♪piano 16:09, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

New updated Beethoven Site
The Beethoven Reference Site has been redesigned and has a new domain www.lvbeethoven.co.uk. Please consider adding it to your links pages. Many Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bezukhov (talk • contribs) 11:39, 22 January 2010 (UTC)


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Cadoc

Saint Cadoc or Cadog (also Modern Welsh: Catawg or Catwg; born c. 497 or before) was a 5th–6th-century Abbot of Llancarfan, near Cowbridge in Glamorgan, Wales, a monastery famous from the era of the British church as a centre of learning, where Illtud spent the first period of his religious life under Cadoc's tutelage. Cadoc is credited with the establishment of many churches in Cornwall, Brittany, Dyfed and Scotland. He is known as Cattwg Ddoeth, "the Wise", and a large collection of his maxims and moral sayings were included in Volume III of the Myvyrian Archaiology. He is listed in the 2004 edition of the Roman Martyrology under 21 September. His Norman-era "Life" is a hagiography of importance to the case for the historicity of Arthur as one of seven saints' lives that mention Arthur independently of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.

Biography
Cadoc's story appears in a Vita Cadoci written shortly before 1086 by Lifris of Llancarfan; "it was clearly written at Llancarfan with the purpose of honouring the house and confirming its endowments". Consequently, it is of limited historical merit though some details are of interest. Llancarfan did not survive the intrusion of Norman power into South Wales, being dissolved about 1086.

Cadoc began life under a cloud of violence. His father, Gwynllyw the Bearded, was one of the lesser kings of Wales, a brother of Saint Petroc, and a robber chieftain. He wanted to propose to Princess Gwladys, daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog, a neighboring chieftain, but Brychan turned away the envoys asking for Gwladys' hand. Wildly in love, Gwynllyw and Gwladys eloped from her father's court at Brecon and escaped over the mountains in a raid in which 200 of Gwynllyw's 300 followers perished.

Born into the royal families of Gwynllwg and Brycheiniog, it is said, he worked miracles even before his birth. Strange lights shone in his parents’ house and the cellars were miraculously filled with food.

Cadoc was born in Monmouthshire around the year 497. An angel announced his birth and summoned the hermit Meuthi to baptise and teach him. A holy well sprang up for his baptism and afterwards flowed with wine and milk. It is thought that he was baptised as Cathmail (Cadfael). After the birth of his son, Gwynllyw went on a wild celebratory raid with a new band of fearless warriors. Among other livestock, he stole the cow of an Irish monk, St. Tathyw of Caerwent. This is probably Tathan, a reputed early abbot of nearby Caerwent whose dedications appear around Llantwit Major. Tathyw was not afraid of Gwynllyw and boldly went to confront him, demanding the return of the cow. On a sudden impulse, or perhaps guided by divine inspiration, Gwynllyw decided Cadoc would go to live under the monk's care, and he was sent away to be educated at Tathyw's monastery in Caerwent. Cadoc picked up a basic knowledge of Latin and received a rudimentary education that prepared him for further studies in Ireland and Wales. Most important, Cadoc learned to appreciate the life of a monk and a priest.

One day while in the Cardiff district of Glamorgan, Cadoc was being chased by an armed swineherd from an enemy tribe. As he ran through the woods looking for a place to hide, he came upon a wild boar, white with age. Disturbed by his presence, the boar made three fierce bounds in his direction, but Cadoc's life was spared when the boar miraculously disappeared. Cadoc took this as a heavenly sign, and marked the spot with three tree branches. The valley was owned by his uncle, King Pawl of Penychen, who made a present of the land to his nephew. The location later became the site of the great church college and monastery at Llancarvan.

Maches (Latin: Machuta), the sister of Cadoc according to tradition, was killed by robbers who were stealing her finest ram. Tathan, to whom the murderers confessed their crime, built a church on the spot.

In adulthood Cadoc refused to take charge of his father's army, "preferring to fight for Christ". He founded his first monastery at Llancarfan in the Vale of Glamorgan, and from there he went to Ireland to study for three years. Returning to Wales, he studied with Bachan or Pachan, a teacher of rhetoric from Italy. He then travelled to Scotland where he founded a monastery at Cambuslang. Back at Llancarfan, his influence helped it to grow into one of the chief monasteries in South Wales.

One tradition has it that he went on pilgrimage to Rome, but more certain is the knowledge of time spent in Brittany. He settled there on an island in the Etel river, now called L'Ile de Cado, where he built an oratory, founded a monastery and devoted himself to spreading the Gospel. There are chapels dedicated to him at Belz and Locoal-Mendon in Morbihan and at Gouesnac'h in Finistère, where he is called upon to cure the deaf. His name is also the basis of some thirty Breton place-names.

Llancarfan
According to Huddleston, most Welsh writers assign the founding of Llancarfan to the period of St. Germanus's visit to Britain in A.D. 447, stating further that the first principal was St. Dubric, or Dubricius, on whose elevation to the episcopate St. Cadoc, or Cattwg, succeeded. On the other hand, he notes that the Life of St. Germanus, written by Constantius, a priest of Lyons, about fifty years after the death of the saint, says nothing at all of any school founded by him or under his auspices, in Britain, nor is mention made of his presence in Wales.

An alternate tradition holds that Llancarvan monastery or "Church of the Stags", in Glamorgan, and not far from the Bristol Channel, was founded in the latter part of the fifth century by Cadoc. Here he established a monastery and college, which became the seminary of many great and holy men. The spot at first seemed an impossible one, an almost inaccessible marsh, but he and his monks drained and cultivated it, transforming it into one of the most famous and attractive religious homes in South Wales. The plan of the building included a monastery, a college, and a hospital. Having got the community established, he went off to Ireland to study and teach. When he returned three years later, he found the monastery in ruins. Furious, he forced the monks back to manual labour, dragging timber from the woods to begin the work of reconstruction. Two stags came out of the forest to help them, which is said to be why the stream running past the monastery is called the Nant Carfan, the Stag Brook.

Rev. Rees suggests that although the monastery was said to have been situated at Llancarfan, the particular spot on which it stood was called Llanfeithin.

Scotland
About 528, after his father's death, Cadoc is said to have built a stone monastery in Scotland probably at Kilmadock, which was named for the saint, north-west of Stirling, where the Annant Burn enters the River Teith about 2 miles upstream from Doune. Near the ruins of the old Kilmadock church and graveyard is Hermit's Croft, thought to be where he lived for seven years. Seven local churches that were built in his name came under the authority of Inchmahome Priory. It is also said that Cadoc's monastery was "below Mount Bannauc" (generally taken to be the hill southwest of Stirling down which the Bannockburn flows). It has been suggested that the monastery was where the town of St Ninians now stands, two kilometers south of Stirling. Scottish followers were known as "Gille Dog", the servants of Cadog, which appears as a surname, first as Dog, and later as Doig, Dock, and Doak.

Cadoc and Arthur
Cadoc came into conflict with Arthur: the Vita depicts Arthur as great and bold, but willful. Lifris writes that Cadoc gave protection to a man who had killed three of Arthur's soldiers and Arthur was awarded a herd of cattle from Cadoc as compensation. Cadoc delivered them, but when Arthur took possession of them they were transformed into bundles of ferns. Similar incidents are often described in mediaeval biographies such as those of Carannog, Padern and Goeznovius: miracles in dealings with temporal authority bolster the case for church freedom. In later Arthurian Welsh Triads Cadoc, with Illtud and Peredur, is one of three knights said to have become keepers of the Holy Grail.

The kings Maelgwn of Gwynedd and Rhain Dremrudd of Brycheiniog also feature in the Vita. Though Saint Cadoc's Church at Caerleon, which, though of Norman origin and much rebuilt, stands on the foundations of the Roman legion headquarters, may memorialize an early cell of Cadoc's. Caerleon was also associated with Arthur.

Other legends
A certain miraculous spot associated with Cadoc had a reputed healing effect until the time of king Hiuguel (Hywel vab weyn, who died in his old age ca. 1041–44) when, due to a malevolent influence, the spot was lost.

This Cadoc, grandson of Brychan Brycheiniog, to whose offspring a large number of south-west British cult sites are dedicated, may be identical to or confused with Cadoc son of Brychan, for whom the churches at Llanspyddid near Brecon and at Llangadog, Carmarthenshire, are said to be named along with a former chapel in the parish of Kidwelly. According to Serenus de Cressy this Cadoc died AD 490, is buried in France, and is commemorated in the Calendar on 24 January.

The epithet of Doeth (Welsh for wise) induced some writers to confound him with St. Sophias (Greek for wisdom), bishop of Beneventum in Italy. Hence he is said sometimes to have died at Bannaventa (Weedon, five kilometres east of Daventry in Northamptonshire). In an episode towards the end of his vita Cadoc is carried off in a cloud from Britannia (de terra Britannie) to Beneventum, where a certain prior is warned of the coming of a "western Briton" who is to be renamed Sophias; as Sophias Cadoc becomes abbot, bishop and martyr. A magna basilica was erected over his shrine, which visiting Britons were not allowed to enter. A fictitious "Pope Alexander" is made to figure in the narrative.

Legendary genealogy

In Lives of the Cambro British saints (1853), Rev W. J Rees wrote: The genealogy of the blessed Cadoc arises from the most noble emperors of Rome, from the time of the incarnation of Jesus Christ, Augustus Cesar, in whose time Christ was born, begat Octavianus, Octavianus begat Tiberius, Tiberius begat Caius, Caius begat Claudius, Claudius begat Vespasian, Vespasian begat Titus, Titus begat Domitian, Domitian begat Nero, under whom the apostles Peter and Paul suffered, Nero begat Trajan, Trajan begat Adrian, Adrian begat Antonius, Antonius begat Commodus, Commodus begat Meobus, Meobus begat Severus, Severus begat Antonius, Antonius begat Aucanus, Aucanus begat Aurelian, Aurelian begat Alexander, Alexander begat Maximus, Maximus begat Gordian, Gordian begat Philip, Philip begat Decius, Decius begat Gallus, Callus begat Valerian, Valerian begat Cleopatra, Cleopatra begat Aurelian, Aurelian begat Titus, Titus begat Probus, Probus begat Carosius, Carosius begat Dioclesian, who persecuted the Christians throughout the whole world; for in his time the blessed martyrs Alban, that is Julian, Aaron, and many others suffered. Dioclesian begat Galerius, Galerius begat Constantine the Great the son of Helen, Constantine begat Constantius, Constantius begat Maximianus, with whom the British soldiers went from Britain, and he slew Gratian the Roman emperor, and held the government of all Europe; and he did not dismiss the soldiers, which he brought with him from Britain to return to their country on account of their bravery, but gave them many provinces and countries, that is from the pool which is on the top of the mountain of Jupiter to the city named Cantguic, and until the western mound that is Cruc Ochideint; and from those soldiers arose a nation which is called Lettau. Maximianus therefore begat Owain, Owain begat Nor, Nor begat Solor, Solor begat Glywys, Glywys begat Gwynlliw, Gwynlliw begat the most blessed Cadoc of whom we are speaking.

Liturgical celebration
In the 2004 edition of the Roman Martyrology, Cadoc is listed among saints thought to have died on 21 September, with the Latin name Cadóci. He is mentioned as follows: 'In the monastery at Llancarfan in South Wales, Saint Cadoc the Abbot, under whose name many monasteries in Cornwall and Brittany were established.' He does not appear in the current Roman Catholic liturgical calendar of saints celebrated annually in Wales.

21 September is, however, the feast day of the Apostle Saint Matthew, and in Cardiff, St Cadoc's Day has traditionally been kept on 25 September; on the French Île de Saint-Cado, a major pardon is traditionally celebrated on the third Sunday in September. Elsewhere his traditional feast day is 24 January.

title: Cadoc


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/COOL

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Redirect. Golbez 23:58, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

COOL
Deadend article with 951 hits. →Ingoolemo←  talk  06:02, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)

 * Keep. See:, , ,  , , and other scholarly sources. El_C 07:31, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Should have been speedy deleted. No content.  RickK 19:57, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete per Rick. --Scimitar 20:10, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to CLIPS programming language Dunc|☺ 20:24, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy redirect as above. Kappa 20:39, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete
 * As above, Redirect. Uncle G 00:16, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * Redirect to CLIPS programming language. JamesBurns 05:42, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. CLIPS is the most known and used production system (because it is free of charge and exists for long time) and COOL is attempt to extend its functionality beyond simple if X -> do Y rules. The language has quite different and interesting properties from typical OO languages and IMHO deserves article of its own. The language has extensive documentation and is probably used by majority of serious projects using CLIPS or FuzzyCLIPS. Hopefully someone will add more info the article. Pavel Vozenilek 20:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * merge for now, recreate when more info gathered --MarSch 14:59, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/COOL


text:
Talk:Marcus Fulvius Flaccus

-

Untitled
Someone who understands Roman names better than i would do a service if they made a Dab out of this title, and split its current contents into two articles with the appropriate names. Alternatively, at some point, i'll probably createMarcus Fulvius Q.f. Flaccus and M. Fulvius M.f. Flaccus, and the dab. --Jerzy·t 06:03, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marcus Fulvius Flaccus


text: User talk:67.183.78.101

title: User talk:67.183.78.101


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jafnaðarstefna

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 23:56, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Jafna%F0arstefna
Icelandic dictdef. →Ingoolemo←  talk  06:07, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * Delete, it's already been transwikied. Incorrect (or rather, politically loaded) definition; it actually means "social democracy". --Angr/undefined 04:54, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Black Eagle (tank)

The Black Eagle tank (Чёрный Орёл, Chyornyy Oryol) or Object 640 was a presumed prototype main battle tank based upon the T-80U, developed by the KBTM design bureau of Omsktransmash in the late 1990s for the Russian Federation. The Black Eagle was cancelled, with all production and development halted in 2009.

The company developing the tank, Omsktransmash, went bankrupt, with its designs and projects absorbed into Uralvagonzavod and state-owned services. Before the acquisition Uralvagonzavod was developing the T-95 in competition to the Black Eagle, and then owned the rights to both projects. However, the Russian government withdrew all support and funding for both projects, and they were superseded by the T-14 Armata, which was also being developed by Uralvagonzavod.

Development
Development started during the 1980s, when the design bureau of the Leningrad Kirov Plant (LKZ) developed a new design based on the stretched T-80U chassis. The bureau closed, and the documentation was transferred to KBTM in Omsk.

A mock-up of the Black Eagle was first demonstrated at the VTTV arms exposition in Omsk, in September 1997, making a single brief pass, far from the reviewing stands. The tank appeared to be an elongated T-80U hull topped by a very large turret and gun, obscured by camouflage netting and canvas. The turret was later found out to be a crude mock-up.

An early prototype was shown at an arms exposition in Siberia, in June 1999. This tank had an elongated hull with seven pairs of road wheels instead of the T-80's six, and a turret still mostly obscured by camouflage netting.

The tank was based on a lengthened T-80U hull, with an extra pair of road wheels and a new turret. It appeared to have had very thick front armour and new-generation Kaktus explosive reactive armour on the hull and turret. The turret had a very large, box-shaped turret bustle instead of the traditional dome shape of previous Soviet and Russian main battle tanks.

According to Russian reports, the Black Eagle design had abandoned the carousel-style autoloader in the fighting compartment for an autoloader mounted in the large western-style turret bustle, which incorporates a blow-out armoured ammunition compartment for crew safety, like the U.S. M1 Abrams, the German Leopard 2, French Leclerc and several other modern western tanks. The prototype had a 125 mm tank gun, but it was stated that it may have accommodated a 152 mm gun, larger than the 120 and 125 mm-calibre guns of main battle tanks in service. There was debate about whether the Black Eagle would incorporate the Drozd or Arena countermeasure.

Cancellation
The Black Eagle project was formally cancelled in 2001 by Omsktransmash. Development of the Black Eagle was stopped due to financial problems, questions about the reliability of the design and, most importantly, the terrible performance of the T-80 upon which it was modeled in the first Chechen war. The T-80 performed so poorly that after the conflict General-Lieutenant A. Galkin, the head of the Main Armour Directorate, convinced the Minister of Defence to never again procure tanks with gas-turbine engines. This included the Black Eagle, which was later cancelled in 2009. Omsktransmash attempted to appeal the decision, but were unable to pursue the appeal after filing for bankruptcy in 2002.

In late 2011 it was announced that some technical solutions developed for the Black Eagle tank and Uralvagonzavods Object 195 (T-95) would be incorporated into the Armata Universal Combat Platform.

Autoloader
The Object 640 combined the carousel autoloader of the T-80U in the turret basket together with another autoloader in the turret bustle, unlike other Soviet and Russian tanks of the time. The turret bustle part of the autoloader housed all propellant charges and some projectiles, while the carousel autoloader only held projectiles, the less volatile part of the two-part ammunition. This new autoloader also allowed the use of longer APFSDS ammunition with increased penetration, as it was not restricted by the dimensions of the carousel autoloader.

title: Black Eagle (tank)


text:
Operation Platinum Fox

Operation Platinum Fox (Unternehmen Platinfuchs; operaatio Platinakettu) was a German and Finnish military offensive launched during World War II. Platinum Fox took place on the Eastern Front and had the objective of capturing the Barents Sea port of Murmansk. It was part of a larger operation, called Operation Silver Fox (Silberfuchs; Hopeakettu).

Background
At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa German units of Army of Norway, commanded by Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, attacked from Norway to secure Petsamo at the Finnish-Soviet border as part of Operation Reindeer. They joined Finnish forces on the border of Soviet territory. These divisions consisted of elite mountain troops mostly from Austria specially trained to operate above the Arctic Circle. The Finnish-German forces launched Operation Silver Fox (Silberfuchs), attacking Murmansk from two directions. The assault from Finnish Petsamo directly towards the port of Murmansk was codenamed Platinum Fox (Platinfuchs). The other assault was an attack Kandalaksha from Salla and to isolate Murmansk from the south by cutting off the Murmansk railway. This concurrent operation was codenamed Operation Arctic Fox (Polarfuchs).

Platinum Fox
On 29 June 1941 the Platinum Fox phase of Silver Fox was launched. Mountain Corps Norway under the command of Generalleutnant Eduard Dietl, consisting of the German 2nd Mountain Division and German 3rd Mountain Division together with the Finnish Ivalo Border Guard Battalion crossed the border and advanced on Murmansk. They were opposed by units of the Soviet 14th Army, namely the 14th and 52nd Rifle Division, which were commanded by Valerian A. Frolov. After some initial successes the advance was slowed. The German offensive met with many problems from the start, as the rough terrain with bad roads made any advance difficult. The German units also lacked proper maps and had to move mostly through unknown terrain.

The two divisions advanced in two directions. In the south the 3rd Mountain Division was able to penetrate the Soviet lines at the Titovka Valley in one day after fierce fighting and secured a bridge over the river. In the north the 2nd Mountain Division also made good progress in the first hours to secure the neck of the Rybachy Peninsula.

Nevertheless, the offensive soon met with heavy Soviet resistance, especially from some ad-hoc ground units of the Soviet Northern Fleet. The 2nd Mountain Division could not advance into the Rybachy Peninsula, and already at the start of July had to go into the defensive in this sector. Further south, after a heavy Soviet counterattack, the Germans resumed their offensive to the east to reach the Litsa River, with joint forces from both divisions. With the element of surprise lost, the Germans were only able to establish a small bridgehead over the river. After a heavy Soviet counterattack on 7 July, Dietl requested more reinforcements, but he received only a motorized machine-gun battalion from Norway.

On 10 July a new plan had to be made, after a copy of the offensive plan fell into Soviet hands. The 2nd Mountain Division had to expand the bridgehead, while the 3rd Mountain Division had to advance on the south and establish another bridgehead. The renewed attack was again initially successful, but after the Soviets landed with two battalions on the other side of the Litsa Bay further north, Dietl had to stop the offensive. The situation now became worse for the Germans, as the thinly stretched forces had to hold a 57 km long frontline along the Litsa River to the Rybachy Peninsula. With the absence of roads, the supply situation also deteriorated and the offensive stalled. Dietl asked for more reinforcements and Hitler, after initially being reluctant, agreed to transfer the 6th Mountain Division from Greece to Dietl's command. After more arguing, in August the 388th Infantry Regiment and the 9th SS Regiment from Norway were also assigned to the operation.

Dietl now made plans to renew the offensive, with the fresh SS regiments leading the assault, in September before the onset of the winter would make it difficult to fight. But a combination of British and Soviet surface ships and aircraft, which constantly attacked German shipping to the northern ports, hampered the arrival of reinforcements and supplies and would delay the arrival of the 6th Mountain Division to October. Nevertheless, on 8 September Dietl started with the renewed offensive without the 6th Mountain Division. The initial assault failed badly and the SS regiments, untrained for arctic warfare, took heavy casualties. The Germans made some initial progress, but a Soviet counterattack stopped the offensive soon after.

Constant attacks by Soviet submarines and British surface ships (consisting of a force of two aircraft carriers, two cruisers and six destroyers) also sank numerous German ships and worsened the supply situation even more. For this reason von Falkenhorst prohibited German shipping from sailing east of the North Cape on 13 September. Hitler again pressured to continue the offensive, but Dietl made it clear, that with the dire supply situation and without further reinforcements no further advance was possible. On 19 September the Germans retreated from their bridgehead east of the Litsa river. More Soviet reinforcements arrived in the area and on 21 September the German offensive was broken off. Mountain Corps Norway was ordered to now defend the frontline and secure the Petsamo area and its nickel-mines, as a renewed offensive was ruled out. In mid-October the 2nd Mountain Division withdrew to Petsamo and the 6th Mountain Division replaced the 3rd Mountain Division along the Litsa line. The 3rd Mountain Division was then moved back to Germany in December.

During the winter of 1941, the Soviets launched several heavy attacks on the Litsa as well as the Rybachy Peninsula front. The dug-in German units were able to hold it, cementing the front line for the next years.

Conclusion
Operation Platinum Fox was a German failure. Although Dietl was able to make some ground, his insufficient forces were soon stopped by the Soviets. The presence of British-Soviet naval forces at the Barents Sea hampered German efforts to adequately supply his forces and the general unwillingness of the German High Command to reinforce something which they considered as a secondary theater paved the way for the only successful Soviet resistance in the early stages of Operation Barbarossa. The failure of Platinum Fox had a significant impact on the course of the war in the east. Murmansk was a major base for the Soviet Northern fleet and it also was the destination of shipped Western Allied aid to the Soviet Union. With the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, the stream of supplies intensified even more through the Lend-Lease pact. A large part of this was delivered via the Northern route to the port of Murmansk, and the port of Arkhangelsk, contributing to its continued resistance.

In recognition of its role in the successful defense of Murmansk, the Soviet 52nd Rifle Division was renamed 10th Guards Rifle Division on 26 December 1941.

German

 * German 2nd Mountain Division
 * German 3rd Mountain Division

Under the direct command of AOK Lappland:
 * Finnish Separate Detachment (Petsamo) (Erillinen Osasto (Petsamo))
 * 14th Finnish Infantry Regiment (Jalkaväkirykmentti 14 (JR 14))
 * Finnish Ivalo Border Guard Battalion

Soviet

 * 14th Rifle Division
 * 52nd Rifle Division
 * 1st Polar Division
 * Several non assigned ad-hoc units

title: Operation Platinum Fox


text:
List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies

This is a list of U.S. state and local law enforcement agencies — local, regional, special and statewide government agencies (state police) of the U.S. states, of the federal district, and of the territories that provide law enforcement duties, including investigations, prevention and patrol functions. In addition, the Attorney General's office of each state may have their own investigators.

The Bureau of Justice Statistics conducted a census of state and local law enforcement agencies every four years 1992-2008.

States and DC

 * List of law enforcement agencies in Alabama
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Alaska
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Arizona
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Arkansas
 * List of law enforcement agencies in California
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Colorado
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Connecticut
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Delaware
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Florida
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Georgia
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Hawaii
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Idaho
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Illinois
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Indiana
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Iowa
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Kansas
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Kentucky
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Maine
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Maryland
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Massachusetts
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Michigan
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Minnesota
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Mississippi
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Missouri
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Montana
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Nebraska
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Nevada
 * List of law enforcement agencies in New Hampshire
 * List of law enforcement agencies in New Jersey
 * List of law enforcement agencies in New Mexico
 * List of law enforcement agencies in New York
 * List of law enforcement agencies in North Carolina
 * List of law enforcement agencies in North Dakota
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Ohio
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Oklahoma
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Oregon
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Pennsylvania
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Rhode Island
 * List of law enforcement agencies in South Carolina
 * List of law enforcement agencies in South Dakota
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Tennessee
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Texas
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Utah
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Vermont
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Virginia
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Washington (state)
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Washington, D.C.
 * List of law enforcement agencies in West Virginia
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Wisconsin
 * List of law enforcement agencies in Wyoming

Territories

 * Law enforcement in American Samoa
 * Law enforcement in Guam
 * Law enforcement in the Northern Mariana Islands
 * Law enforcement in Puerto Rico
 * Law enforcement in the United States Virgin Islands


text:
Annihilus

Annihilus is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, primarily as an adversary to the Fantastic Four. The character debuted in Fantastic Four Annual #6, which was published in November 1968. Annihilus was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, and was notably featured in the "Annihilation" event.

Annihilus has at various times been the ruler of the Negative Zone, controlling its inhabitants via his powerful Cosmic Control Rod. He first encountered the Fantastic Four after Reed Richards discovered how to travel to the Negative Zone from Earth. Over the years he clashed with the Fantastic Four on many occasions, often with the group foiling his plans to invade Earth. He is often the partner of Blastaar, who started out as a rival to Annihilus' rule of the Negative Zone before becoming allies.

Annihilus has appeared in a number of Marvel media, including several Fantastic Four shows, as well as The Super Hero Squad Show, The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. and Ultimate Spider-Man. In 2009, Annihilus was ranked as IGN's 94th Greatest Comic Book Villain of All Time.

Publication history
The character first appears in Fantastic Four Annual #6 (1968), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. He had a recurring role in the series, including issues #108–110, #140–141, #181–183, #251–256, #289–290, and Fantastic Four Unlimited #3.

He played a small role in the Kree–Skrull War issues of Avengers, #89, 96–97. Other appearances include The Avengers #233, Marvel Team-Up #2, Marvel Two-in-One #75, and Thor #404–405, #434–435.

The character was the main antagonist in Annihilation, appearing in the prologue, the second issue of the Silver Surfer mini-series, and all six issues of the main title. He died in issue six, but has since been reborn. He appeared as an infant in War of Kings: Ascension #2.

Fictional character biography
Annihilus first encountered the Fantastic Four when they entered the Negative Zone seeking anti-particles needed to treat Sue's cosmic ray-related pregnancy complications. Annihilus's minions captured the heroes, but they escaped, stealing his Control Rod. They returned it after siphoning off the needed anti-particles and returned to Earth.

Annihilus was challenged by a research scientist, Janus the Nega-Man, who developed a module capable of harnessing antimatter energy within the Negative Zone. Annihilus defeated Janus, forcing the Nega-Man to lead him to Earth, but Janus was instead seemingly killed in the exploding atmosphere where matter meets antimatter. Annihilus nearly crossed over to Earth through one of Mister Fantastic's portals, but was driven back by the Avengers. Annihilus battled the Frightful Four, and once again attempted to escape the Negative Zone, but was foiled by Spider-Man and the Human Torch.

Sensing great power within Franklin Richards, Annihilus abducted him, along with the Fantastic Four, Medusa, Wyatt Wingfoot, and Agatha Harkness into the Negative Zone. He used a machine to prematurely release the child's full power potential, hoping to transfer the expended energies into himself. The Four defeated Annihilus and escaped back to Earth. Annihilus later allied with Mr. Fantastic against the Mad Thinker.

Blastaar, a fellow Negative Zone warlord, stole the Control Rod and left Annihilus to die. Desperate, Annihilus tried to escape to Earth. He was defeated by the Avengers and Fantastic Four before returning to the Negative Zone. Annihilus was revived by Blastaar and regained his Control Rod.

Annihilus attacked the dimension of Asgard, home of the Norse Gods, but was repelled by King Odin. Annihilus later kidnapped a sleeping Odin, transporting him to the Negative Zone to steal his power. Annihilus was defeated by Thunderstrike.

Soon after, Annihilus and Blastaar joined forces with fellow Negative Zone warlord Syphonn. During a confrontation with Adam Warlock, Annihilus and Blastaar betrayed Syphonn, allowing him to be defeated.

Annihilus began leading the Annihilation Wave, an enormous fleet of Negative Zone battleships, ostensibly claiming to have the goal of conquering the universe. He claims that the universe is expanding into areas of the Negative Zone, making the universe now rightfully his territory. His forces destroy the Kyln, an intergalactic power station and maximum security prison, and the planet Xandar, headquarters of the Nova Corps. He allies with Thanos and two beings that were trapped in the Kyln by Galactus, Tenebrous, and Aegis. Tenebrous and Aegis defeat Galactus and the Silver Surfer, and the two are connected to a giant mechanism in Annihilus' starship. Annihilus' goal is actually creating a massive Power Cosmic bomb that will destroy the Universe and the Negative Zone, leaving Annihilus the only survivor. Drax and the Silver Surfer manage to free Galactus, who destroys the Annihilation Wave. Nova battles and kills Annihilus. Annihilus was later reborn as an infant with all of the original's memories.

During the War of Kings, the Negative Zone is invaded by Darkhawk and his ally Talon. They discover the infant Annihilus and his Cosmic Control Rod have been placed under the care of a lesser lord of the Negative Zone, Catastrophus. Catastrophus had been using the Cosmic Control Rod to stunt the development of the infant Annihilus, hoping to prolong his own rule. Talon slew Catastrophus and seized the Control Rod, before calling out to the infant Annihilus and asking it to remember in the future that he had spared the creature's life.

During a later incursion into the Negative Zone, Johnny Storm discovers that Annihilus's forces have been rebuilt to "pre-Crunch assault levels," but are currently embroiled in a struggle with Blastaar's forces. Central to that struggle is a city built from the remains of the Negative Zone Prison Alpha. The war is further complicated by the involvement of the Universal Inhumans.

The Human Torch dies stopping a horde of aliens from the Negative Zone. Later, when Reed Richards opens a window to the Negative Zone and menaces Annihilus with the Ultimate Nullifier, Annihilus in return brandishes Johnny's uniform to Reed.

Annihilus uses regenerative surgery to revive the Human Torch, turning him into a gladiator when he refuses to reopen the portal from the Negative Zone.

Annihilus is contacted by an alternative version of Reed Richards (one of the last survivors of the Council of Reeds) via the Cult of the Negative Zone, a religious movement worshipping Annihilus. As part of a plan to orchestrate an event known as the "War of Four Cities", Richards offers to open a massive portal between the Negative Zone and Earth, allowing the Annihilation Wave to pass through. Annihilus agrees, and sends forces to attack the Baxter Building and secure its Negative Zone gateway.

Johnny Storm learns of the plan and enlists the Inhumans Light Brigade in an uprising, attacking Annihilus' forces as they prepare to cross over. With the aid of Light Brigade member Kal Blackbane, Johnny wrests the Cosmic Control Rod away from Annihilus, and takes control of the Annihilation Wave armada, using it to battle the Kree fleet as well as the Mad Celestials. Annihilus is captured and a leash is placed around his neck.

After a rebellion breaks out for free elections in the Negative Zone, Annihilus wins as a write-in candidate for new leader of the Negative Zone, with 14,980,336,901,214 votes for him.

During the Infinity storyline, Annihilus appears as a member of the Galactic Council.

It is later revealed that Annihilus is still trapped in a child form, and has been using a mechanized stand-in for public appearances. Seeking to return to a more impressive size, he has his agents arrange the abduction of Bruce Banner. After his scientists study Banner's physiology and learn what allows him to transform into the Hulk, Annihilus is mutated into a gigantic, more monstrous form. With this new form, Annihilus and his army make another attempt to conquer the universe. They are successful, ravaging many worlds and killing most of Earth's heroes. However, with help from Above-All-Others, Thanos and Adam Warlock are able to travel back in time and prevent Annihilus' invasion from ever occurring. Warlock then uses his powers to devolve Annihilus into a primitive insect, which is then stepped on by Thanos.

Annihilus, now back to a more standard form, later begins kidnapping and enslaving shipwreck survivors on a desolate world. Using the Nega-Bands to open a portal out of the Negative Zone, Annihilus plots to destroy Earth and the rest of the universe by using a powerful energy cannon. However, he is thwarted by the All-New, All-Different Avengers, who are able to steal the Nega-Bands and destroy the weapon.

Powers and abilities
Annihilus is capable of self-propelled flight and can withstand the vacuum of space. He wears "armor"—actually an insectoid exoskeleton with some armored components—that grants him resistance to most forms of injury (extreme temperatures, ballistic force, bullets, etc.). He has superhuman physical abilities. He is able to breathe in the vacuum of empty space, and his wings can carry him at speeds of up to 150 miles per hour.

Annihilus wields the Cosmic Control Rod, a weapon of great power. It allows him to manipulate cosmic energy and control the molecular structure of matter. The rod is capable of projecting vast amounts of destructive energy and concussive force. Continuous exposure to the cosmic energies of the rod has also slowed the aging process of its wielder, making Annihilus virtually immortal. Though not always engaging himself in direct combat, Annihilus has proved to be a very formidable opponent, and was able to defeat the Thing, Thor, Nova Prime, Quasar, and Blastaar in individual fights with relative ease. Annihilus also sometimes wields energy pistols based on Tyannan technology that he has modified.

In Annihilation: Nova, Annihilus killed Quasar, and gained his Quantum Bands, adding to Annihilus's power. By using these in combination with most of his stored power reserves Annihilus was able to withstand a massive blast from Galactus in the Annihilation series. While the blast destroyed his entire army, along with several solar systems, Annihilus was able to survive. Even as a partially-grown adolescent, he was capable of withstanding the Human Torch's hottest flame with little effort, claiming that "not even all the suns in the sky" would be enough to burn him.

He also leads an elite personal guard, the Centurions, 200 superpowered aliens, each from a different Negative Zone world. They are extremely loyal to him and form a devastatingly effective army.

Fantastic Four #600 reveals that Annihilus is always reborn upon death, as he was at the conclusion of the Annihilation miniseries. This is described by Annihilus as "endless resurrection ... can't stop living."

Reception

 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Ahmyor 12th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list.

Age of Apocalypse
When the mutant known as Legion traveled back in time to kill his father's long time nemesis Magneto to prevent Xavier from dealing with years of conflict, so Charles could be a true father to him, Legion failed and accidentally killed Xavier instead resulting in the "Age of Apocalypse" reality.

With the battle between Legion and a team of X-Men sent back in time to stop him seen worldwide on television, mutants were revealed for the first time a full decade before they were seen in the normal Marvel Universe. Apocalypse made the decision to move up his quest for the creation of a world in his image: a world where mutants ruled and Survival of the Fittest was the only law.

In this harsh world, the X-Man known as Blink would travel to the Negative Zone where she met Ahmyor, a freedom fighter native to the Negative Zone who joined the rebellion against their malicious leader, Blastaar. The two would exchange fists rather than greetings at first, though the battle would end in a stalemate. Once Ahmyor realized she meant him no harm, the two called a truce and he began to explain to her his situation. The people wanted to restore control to their previous ruler, Annihilus, who was also malevolent, but the lesser of two evils in this case. For some time, Ahmyor had been haunted by visions of their tortured leader Annihilus who had been made undone in his quest for order through domination. He could feel his gnawing need for power, the endless struggle that drove him to madness, but blue-clad interlopers called the Fantastic Four would inevitably see to his end.

Despite not having any memories of herself, the girl found the spirit of rebellion to be a familiar one and joined his cause. Over the course of a week, Ahmyor would fall in love with this angel. She made him extremely happy as both a warrior and as a man and helped restore his soul. Eventually, the couple was captured and taken to Blastaar who revealed that Ahmyor was actually Annihilus. Blink felt betrayed as she believed she had done the honorable thing by aiding in a rebellion, but it appeared that she was only helping a dictator reclaim his empire. Ahmyor explained that he was amnesiac just like Blink was and had no recollection of his former life. When he was removed from power, he regressed to an earlier, humanoid stage in his being. However, his knowledge of the truth caused him to begin reverting into his insectoid form.

Blastaar had previously acquired the Annihilation Cannon, a deadly invention made by Annihilus that could not be fired without the Cosmic Control Rod joined to the form of its creator. With Ahmyor/Annihilus now in his clutches, Blastaar finally had the key to active this ultimate weapon and he planned on using it to destroy Earth. Suddenly, Blink with a renewed dedication to her beloved and found him bound to the Annihilation Cannon. She moved quickly to free him, but discovered that the device had been altered so that it would explode if Annihilus was removed from it. Ahmyor's transformation into Annihilus was nearly complete and he urged her to leave him and the Negative Zone as he was no longer the man she loved. With tears in her eyes, Blink teleported Ahmyor away, sent the Annihilation Cannon to Blastaar's position, and teleported herself back home where the X-Men had been frantically searching for her. Subsequently, Annihilus was once again himself. An image fluttered across his mind's eye, causing him to pause, and giving him a moment's worth of peace. It was an image of the only being ever to reach him, the only one he ever loved. However, it faded just as quickly as it had come and was replaced with rage that burned in his heart as thoughts of revenge boiled within him.

Heroes Reborn (2021)
In the 2021 Heroes Reborn reality, General Annihilus is the leader of the Bottled Hive of Annihilation which are a race of small but powerful insects from Negative Zone. He is among the inmates that escape. General Annihilus and Ultron are defeated by Hyperion who use his freezing breath on the Bottled Hive of Annihilation.

Mangaverse
In the Marvel Mangaverse, Annihilus is a gigantic, 100 ft monster that attacks the Earth, but is confronted and defeated by the Fantastic Four.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Fantastic Four encountered an Annihilus-like creature in their first foray into the N-Zone. Translating machines implanted in the Four's space suits dubbed the creature Nihil, though Nihil himself stated this is a caste title and not his proper name. Nihil ruled over a space station composed of the fused remains of several alien space ships. It orbited near a dying red dwarf star for warmth because the whole N-Zone is experiencing entropic decay.

Like Annihilus, Nihil and his caste are from a species that can live over a million years. Not wanting to die before he is supposed to naturally, when Nihil learned that the UFF were from a different, younger universe he engineered a plan to escape and kill them. Johnny Storm, who for the entire trip had been experiencing discomfort, fell ill and was rushed by Sue back to their ship. Reed Richards and Ben Grimm went along with her but once they returned to tell Nihil of their situation Nihil revealed his intention to steal their ship, named by Johnny as the Awesome, and go to Earth. He exploded his translation devices, thereby rupturing Reed and Ben's space suits and exposing them to the N-Zone's highly acidic atmosphere. Nihil then sent his previously unseen soldiers to kill them but Reed sealed his damaged suit by covering his shattered face mask with his hand, and Ben discovered his lungs filter out poisons, enabling him to battle Nihil.

In the ensuing fight, Ben ripped Nihil's right wing off, most of Nihil's soldiers were beaten by the enslaved alien refugees living on the space station, and Ben and Reed escaped to the Awesome. Nihil then launched a bioship after the UFF when they were racing back to Earth. Nihil's flagship managed to make it through but both ships crashed on to the Las Vegas Strip. Another battle started between Nihil and the Fantastic Four. During it, Johnny Storm emerged from the Awesome, discovering that he would periodically enter hibernation and shed his dead skin cells so that his powers would regenerate, and then entered the fight. At the climax of the battle, Nihil pinned Reed to the ground and opened his jaws to consume him, but Reed, stating that he was better than Nihil because he could adapt and Nihil just wanted to rule, stretched and jammed a plasma emitting weapon into Nihil's mouth. Nihil tried to pry the rod out by the trigger and his head was subsequently blown up. Nihil is at this time presumed dead and his body is most likely in government possession. Many of Nihil's soldiers survived and they were presumably captured if not killed. The lasting effect of this battle is that the Fantastic Four's secrecy was blown and the team had to be given a formal introduction to the world.

Television

 * An illusionary version of Annihilus makes a cameo appearance in the Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends episode "The Prison Plot".
 * Annihilus appears in the Fantastic Four (1994) episode "Behold the Negative Zone", voiced by Clyde Kusatsu.
 * Annihilus appears in Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes, voiced by Scott McNeil. In the episode "Annihilation", the Fantastic Four are teleported to the Negative Zone and attacked by Annihilus' insectoid soldiers. After being captured and brought to Annihilus' warship, they learn that Doctor Doom had tricked Annihilus into believing that the Four were there to steal his power source, the Cosmic Control Rod, before Doom steals it for himself in an attempt to conquer Earth. The Four convince Annihilus of Doom's treachery, and he temporarily puts aside his hate for humans to aid the Four in retrieving his Control Rod from Doom before returning to the Negative Zone. In the episode "Contest of Champions", the Grandmaster pits Annihilus, among other supervillains, against the Fantastic Four. In the ensuing battle, Annihilus is defeated by the Invisible Woman and returned to the Negative Zone.
 * Annihilus appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Double Negation at the World's End", voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.
 * Annihilus appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode "Assault on 42".
 * Annihilus appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced by Robin Atkin Downes. In the two-part series premiere "Doorway to Destruction", Annihilus uses mind-control devices supplied by the Leader to brainwash Skaar and the Red Hulk to help him attack Vista Verde and siphon gamma energy so he can open a portal to the Negative Zone and invade Earth. However, he is foiled by the Hulk, She-Hulk, and A-Bomb. In the episode "Into the Negative Zone", the Leader steals and modifies Annihilus' Cosmic Control Rod, but is defeated by the Hulk, allowing Annihilus to take the rod back and escape.
 * Annihilus appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Contest of Champions" Pt. 3, voiced again by Robin Atkin Downes. The Grandmaster pairs him with Attuma and Terrax to fight the Collector's team of Spider-Man, Iron Spider, Agent Venom, and Thor.

Film
Annihilus was originally intended to appear in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, but was ultimately replaced with the High Evolutionary.

Video games

 * Annihilus appears as a boss in Fantastic Four (2005), voiced by Lex Lang.
 * Annihilus was originally intended to appear as a boss in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, but was cut from the final release for unknown reasons.
 * Annihilus appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad: The Infinity Gauntlet, voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. He collaborates with Nebula to use the Time Gem to protect themselves from a time bomb that will make everyone else old. However, they are defeated by the Invisible Woman and Nova.
 * Annihilus appears in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
 * Annihilus serves as an alternate costume for the Human Torch in the Facebook game, Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * Annihilus appears in Marvel: Contest of Champions.
 * Annihilus appears in the "Shadow of Doom" DLC of Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced by Robin Atkin Downes. The Fantastic Four join the heroes that Doctor Doom trapped in the Negative Zone and steal Annihilus' Cosmic Control Rod so they can return to Earth.
 * Annihilus appears in Marvel Snap.

Board game
Annihilus is a Mastermind in the Annihilation expansion set for Legendary: A Marvel Deck Building Game.

Merchandise

 * An Annihilus figure was released in series 3 of Toy Biz's Marvel Super Heroes action figure line.
 * An Annihilus figure was released in series 3 of Toy Biz's Fantastic Four cartoon tie-in toy line.
 * Annihilus served as a build-a-figure for the "Annihilus Series" of Hasbro's Marvel Legends line and a Wal-mart exclusive repaint.
 * An Annihilus figure was released in series 5 of Hasbro's Marvel Super Hero Squad.
 * Annihilus was added to HeroClix in 2013 after winning a fan poll in 2012.

title: Annihilus


text:
1958 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile on 4 September 1958. The result was a victory for Jorge Alessandri, who ran as an independent. Allende's defeat has been commonly attributed to Antonio Zamorano, also known as "Cura de Catapilco", entering the race as a populist left-wing candidate and taking votes from Allende's electorate. This explanation has been questioned by modern research that infers Zamorano took votes from across the political spectrum. The "Catapilco" effect remains a trope in Chilean electoral discourse used to indicate a candidate that finishes third and is believed to have hindered the runner-up.

Electoral system
The election was held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates that received the most votes.

title: 1958 Chilean presidential election


text:
Wolverine World Wide

Wolverine World Wide, Inc. or Wolverine Worldwide, is a publicly traded American footwear manufacturer based in Rockford, Michigan. The shoemaker is known for its eponymous brand, Wolverine Boots and Shoes, as well as other brands, such as Hush Puppies, Chaco, and Merrell. The company also manufactures licensed footwear for other firms, such as Caterpillar and Harley-Davidson. In 2012, Wolverine World Wide added Saucony, Keds, Stride Rite and Sperry Top-Sider to its list of brands, after acquiring the Performance Lifestyle Group of Collective Brands in a $1.23 billion transaction that also involved the sale of Payless ShoeSource and Collective Licensing International to private equity firms Blum Capital Partners and Golden Gate Capital.

Founding and early years
Fredrick Hirth and G. A. Krause founded the company in 1883. Hirth and Krause bought a small leather shop in Grand Rapids, Michigan, starting with a capital investment of $2,900. In 1901, they built a plant in Rockford Michigan, just north of Grand Rapids. They purchased and expanded the Rogue River Electric Light and Power Company to power their new plant and the city of Rockford. In 1903, operations began and in 1908, a tannery followed. The company thus processed its own raw materials and manufactured its own shoes sold through the Hirth-Krause Company. In 1921 the company changed its name to Wolverine Shoe and Tanning Corporation. During the period 1916-1923 its earnings increased 700%.

In 1941, during World War II, the Wolverine Shoe and Tanning Company began to work for the U.S. Navy, developing pigskin gloves and inventing what later became known as pigskin suede.

Name change and acquisitions
In 1964, the company changed its name to Wolverine World Wide, Inc. and in 1965 became a publicly traded company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Hush Puppies, a casual footwear brand founded by the company in 1958, quickly rose to popularity in the 1960s.

In 1994, Wolverine World Wide introduced Cat Footwear, a licensed brand of shoes using the Caterpillar Inc. name.

In 1995, the Council of Fashion Designers of America voted Hush Puppies as Fashion Accessory of the Year.

In 1997, the company continued expanding by purchasing the Merrell brand.

In 1998, Wolverine World Wide acquired the global license for footwear from the Harley-Davidson Motor Company.

Wolverine World Wide acquisitions in the 2000s included the 2003 purchase of Sebago and 2009 purchases of Chaco and the UK-based brand Cushe. The company discontinued the Cushe brand in 2015 and sold Sebago to Italian publicly traded company BasicNet in 2017.

In 2006, Wolverine World Wide entered into a global footwear licensing deal with Patagonia. The company stopped production of Patagonia footwear in 2014.

2012–present
Wolverine World Wide nearly doubled in size after its 2012 acquisition of the Performance Lifestyle Group of Collective Brands, which added Saucony, Keds, Stride Rite and Sperry Top-Sider brands to its portfolio. In 2017 the company sold its United States Department of Defense footwear business along with a factory in Big Rapids, Michigan to Tennessee-based footwear manufacturer Original Footwear. In the same year Wolverine World Wide converted Stride Rite to a licensed brand operated by New York City-based Vida Shoes International.

The company is based out of corporate offices in Rockford, Michigan and Waltham, Massachusetts. Wolverine World Wide also operates three distribution centers in the United States, one in Canada and one in the Netherlands. As of December 29, 2018, Wolverine World Wide operated 80 retail stores in the U.S. and Canada and 42 consumer-direct eCommerce sites. According to the company's 2018 annual report, "substantially all of the units sourced by the Company are procured from numerous third-party manufacturers in the Asia Pacific region. The Company maintains offices in the Asia Pacific region to develop and facilitate sourcing strategies."

Wolverine World Wide operated various PFAS dumpsites throughout Belmont and Rockford that contaminated the drinking water of residents. These sites contaminated the water for hundreds of residents. The chemicals involved have been linked to various negative health effects, including several cancers. In February 2020 Wolverine settled Grand Rapids federal court action by agreeing to pay $69.5 million to provide town-supplied drinking water to affected residents.

In 2019, Wolverine World Wide reorganized into two operating segments:

The company acquired British athleisure retailer Sweaty Betty in 2021 and divested its Keds and Sperry brands in 2023–24.
 * Wolverine Michigan Group whose brands include Bates, Cat Footwear, Chaco, Harley-Davidson Footwear, Hush Puppies, HyTest, Merrell and Wolverine
 * Wolverine Boston Group whose brands include Keds, Saucony, Sperry Top-Sider, the Stride Rite licensed business and the kids footwear businesses of Cat, Hush Puppies, Keds, Merrell, Saucony and Sperry

title: Wolverine World Wide


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Ukrainian Riding Horse

The Ukrainian Riding Horse (украї́нський верхови́й кінь) or Ukrainian Saddle Horse is a modern Ukrainian breed of warmblood sport horse. Breeding began in the years after the Second World War at the stud farm of Dnipropetrovsk in central Ukraine – at that time in the USSR – and later expanded to three other state stud farms. It derives from cross-breeding of Hanoverian, Thoroughbred and Trakehner stallions with local mares or with Hungarian Furioso, Gidran Arab or Nonius mares. It incorporates the last bloodlines of the extinct Orlov-Rostopchin or Russian Saddle Horse. It was bred to compete in show jumping, three-day eventing and dressage, but is also suitable as a general riding horse.

History
Breeding of the Ukrainian Saddle Horse began in the years after the Second World War at the stud farm of Dnipropetrovsk, in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in central Ukraine, which at that time was part of the Soviet Union. Breeding was based principally on cross-breeding of Hanoverian, Thoroughbred and Trakehner stallions with mares of local or of Hungarian Furioso, Gidran Arab or Nonius stock, but also incorporated the last bloodlines of the extinct Orlov-Rostopchin or Russian Saddle Horse.

Breeding expanded to three other state stud farms: the Oleksandriysky stud at Likarivka in Oleksandriia Raion of Kirovohrad Oblast in central Ukraine: the Provalsky stud at Provallya in Sverdlovsk Raion of Luhansk Oblast in the easternmost part of Ukraine; and the Skadovsky stud at Bilozerka in Kherson Oblast in the south of the country. When these were closed, breeding continued at Dnipropetrovsk, and some horses were moved to the historic Derkulsky Stud at Danilivka, Bilovodsk Raion, in Bilovodsk Raion of Luhansk Oblast, and to the Yagilnytsky Stud at Yahilnytsia in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast in the western part of the country. From 1975 breeding was also carried out at the Lozivsky stud farm at Kinne, Lozivsky Raion, in Lozivsky Raion of Kharkiv Oblast in eastern Ukraine.

There are seven lines within the breed, of which the Bespechny is closest to the extinct Orlov-Rostopchin breed.

A stud-book was begun in 1971. The breed received the official approval of the State Committee for Food and Procurement of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1990, not long before the break-up of the Soviet Union and the independence of Ukraine.

In 2004 there were 1393 horses registered, distributed among 5 state stud farms and 20 breeders in 13 of the oblasts of Ukraine; of these, 84 were stallions. This represented about 23% of the total purebred horse population of the country, and was slightly lower than the numbers of the Russian Trotter, the most numerous breed.

Characteristics
The Ukrainian Riding Horse is muscular and solidly built, with high withers, a broad deep chest, a long straight back, a long sloping croup and strong legs well set on. The head is well proportioned, with a straight profile.

Use
The Ukrainian Riding Horse has been bred to compete in show jumping, three-day eventing and dressage. It is also suitable as a general riding horse.

title: Ukrainian Riding Horse


text: User talk:69.107.50.143

title: User talk:69.107.50.143


text:
Blastaar

Blastaar (also known as the Living Bomb-Burst and Blasstaar) is a  character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Fantastic Four #62 (May 1967). Blastaar is an opponent of the Fantastic Four and lives in the Negative Zone. He is also an enemy of Annihilus, another Fantastic Four villain.

Publication history
Blastaar debuted in Fantastic Four #62 (May 1967), created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.

He appeared in the 2016 Spider-Man/Deadpool series.

Fictional character biography
Blastaar is a member of an alien race known as the Baluurians, of the planet Baluur in the Negative Zone (in Sector 56-D, as charted by Reed Richards). He ruled the Baluurians as their monarch ruthlessly until his subjects rebelled and rose against him. Blastaar was deposed as monarch, and became a Negative Zone outlaw. Blastaar was locked up in a special containment suit and set adrift in outer space in the Negative Zone. When he broke loose he sighted Reed Richards, who had been trapped in the Negative Zone as well and followed him and Triton back to Earth. He fought with the Sandman and Reed Richards' group of superheroes, the Fantastic Four but was driven back to the Negative Zone by Mister Fantastic.

Over the following years Blastaar would repeatedly return to Earth to attempt to conquer it and fight the Fantastic Four many times, as well as the Avengers, Thor and other superheroes.

Blastaar went into a coma at one point, but was revived by Professor Paxton Pentecost and became an unwilling servant of Pentecost. Blastaar was forced to battle the Human Torch and the Hulk. He was defeated and imprisoned in adamantium and sunk into the Atlantic Ocean. Blastaar was later freed from his adamantium prison, and battled the Inhumans.

Blastaar later made his first alliance with Annihilus, another conqueror living in the Negative Zone. Blastaar utilized the Super-Adaptoid in an attempt to regain the throne of Baluur. He was opposed by his wife Nyglar, who summoned the Thing and the Avengers to thwart Blastaar and his allies. Blastaar later did regain the throne of Baluur and started to conquer Negative Zone, only opposed by Annihilus. Blastaar led a fleet of warships to conquer Earth, and captured Reed Richards. Blastaar freed Annihilus in an attempt to prevent the Fantastic Four from thwarting his conquest of Earth. Blastaar and Annihilus battled, however. Blastaar was betrayed by his subordinate, Tanjaar, and paralyzed.

Blastaar was later discovered in the Negative Zone by the Eternals. He overthrew the Eternals, but was then defeated by the Avengers and remanded to custody of the Eternals.

Annihilus and Blastaar have teamed up at times, but usually they are fierce enemies. Blastaar's son, Burstaar, has helped his father, but has his own ambitions and allied himself with the Kree.

Annihilation
Blastaar was seen with the Spaceknights, aiding Nova's attempt to assassinate Annihilus.

Blastaar also appeared in the opening pages of Annihilation: Conquest #1. Blastaar is seen leading a group of Kree soldiers against the Phalanx, but the group is defeated and Blastaar is captured. The Phalanx interrogates Blastaar, and continue to torture him until he apparently dies when he doesn't say a word. This death appears to be simply a hibernation that Blastaar can reverse, which he has used to fool the Phalanx temporarily.

War of Kings
Prior to his appearance in Guardians of the Galaxy #7, Blastaar became king of the Negative Zone. He and his forces seize control of Negative Zone Prison Alpha and recruit a number of the imprisoned Earth superhumans there into his army. Later he is approached by the Raptors Talon and Razor, who offer Blastaar the Cosmic Control Rod they took from Catastrophus, in exchange for his assistance in influencing the outcome of the War between the Shi'ar and the Inhumans. The prison is taken away from Blastaar by super-powered forces of the US Government. The convict Hardball assists in this setback for Blastaar.

Following the climax of the war, Blastaar had an encounter with Nova and his fellow Centurions who were in the process of battling renegade Kree and Shi'ar soldiers. Blastaar wished to capture the soldiers for himself to further assert his own position as ruler over Kree territories. Avoiding a fight, Nova appealed to Blastaar's desire to be seen as a legitimate king and ruler and convinced him to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the Nova Corps.

Thanos Imperative
Blastaar and his forces allied with the consortium of galactic rulers who fought off infection from the Cancerverse. Although he regularly antagonized his more heroic and altruistic allies such as Medusa, the Guardians of the Galaxy and Nova. Eventually, he opted to retreat his forces in an act of self-preservation and no longer aid the heroes.

Annihilators
Blastaar made a bid to become King of the Kree, Shi'ar and Inhumans by staging a coup against Medusa shortly after the depletion and exhaustion of her armies following Thanos Imperative. He beat Medusa but before he could truly claim the throne, his mutiny was thwarted by the arrival of the Annihilators. The new superteam made short work of Blastaar and banished him back to the Negative Zone.

Powers and abilities
Blastaar has superhuman strength and endurance, being unaffected by conventional weaponry and extreme variations in temperature and pressure. He can live without nourishment for several weeks and survive in the vacuum of space by entering a state of hibernation.

He is capable of self-propelled flight at escape velocity. He can project blasts of highly concussive kinetic force from his hands. He can channel the same concussive force to give him flight by propelling himself through the air like a rocket, and can maintain this thrust almost indefinitely. His energy blasts can temporarily disrupt the molecular integrity of the Eternals.

He is also highly trained in the arts of warfare of and by his race and has access to advanced technology from his home world such as starships and powerful plasma-based weapons. Most often, however, he only uses his powers without augmentation.

Television

 * Blastaar appears in Fantastic Four (1967), voiced by Frank Gerstle.
 * Blastaar appears in The New Fantastic Four, voiced by Ted Cassidy.
 * Blastaar makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends episode "Attack of the Arachnoid".
 * Blastaar appears in Fantastic Four (1994), voiced by Ron Friedman.
 * Blastaar appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Contest of Champions" [Pt. 2], voiced again by James Arnold Taylor.
 * Blastaar appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., voiced again by James Arnold Taylor. This version possesses Negative Zone snakes with petrifying venom. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Monsters No More", he joins the Leader's Agents of C.R.A.S.H. to discredit the eponymous Agents of S.M.A.S.H.

Video games
Blastaar appears in Fantastic Four (2005), voiced by Bob Joles.

Collected editions
The following trade collections contain appearances by Blastaar.

title: Blastaar


text:
1952 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile on 4 September 1952. The result was a victory for Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who ran as an independent.

Electoral system
The election was held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates who received the most votes.

Pedro Enrique Alfonso
Alfonso was the candidate of the Radical Party, and was also supported by the social democratic parties. His government would have become the fourth consecutive Radical administration, since Pedro Aguirre Cerda was elected president.

Salvador Allende
Allende, a Senator, was the candidate of the Socialist Party, and was running for President for the first time. He had the support of the banned Communist Party. Allende would run three more times, winning in 1970.

Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
Former President Ibáñez was an independent Senator for Santiago, and was attempting to reach the presidency, once again, by popular vote. He had the support of minor parties, like the Socialist Popular Party and the Agrarian Labor Party, among others.

Arturo Matte
Matte was a Liberal Party Senator supported by the Liberal and Conservative parties. He was Finance Minister under the administration of Juan Antonio Ríos.

title: 1952 Chilean presidential election


text:
1942 Chilean presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Chile on February 1, 1942. The result was a victory for Juan Antonio Ríos of the Radical Party, who received 56% of the vote.

Electoral system
The election was held using the absolute majority system, under which a candidate had to receive over 50% of the popular vote to be elected. If no candidate received over 50% of the vote, both houses of the National Congress would come together to vote on the two candidates who received the most votes.

Background
In 1941, due to his rapidly escalating illness, President Pedro Aguirre Cerda appointed his Minister of the Interior, Jerónimo Méndez as vice-president and died soon after, on November 25, 1941. Aguirre Cerda's two natural successors were Juan Antonio Ríos and Gabriel González Videla, both members of his Radical Party, while the right-wing coalition was united by a common candidate, former President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who had the support of the Conservative party, Liberal Party, National Socialist Party, Popular Socialist Vanguard and the majority of the independents.

Ríos started to campaign early but two days before the internal primaries of his party, Gabriel González Videla (the ambassador to Brazil) returned to Chile to dispute him the nomination. The results were too close to call, so a tribunal of honor (electoral commission) was constituted, and Juan Antonio Ríos was finally proclaimed the candidate of a left-wing coalition of parties, the Democratic Alliance, which was formed by the Radical Party, the Socialist Party, the Communist Party, the Democratic Party and the Workers' Socialist Party.

One of the candidates in the election was identified by American and British intelligence as an ally of the Axis countries, which led to debates in the US government about intervening in the election and abandoning Franklin D. Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy.

title: 1942 Chilean presidential election