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The Dangerous Liaisons

The Dangerous Liaisons is an opera in two acts and eight scenes, with music by Conrad Susa to an English libretto by Philip Littell. It is based on the 1782 novel Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos. The opera has set numbers with recitative and spoken dialog. It is set in France in the 18th century. The opera received its first performance by the San Francisco Opera on 10 September 1994, with stage direction by Colin Graham and Donald Runnicles as the conductor. The world-premiere cast included Thomas Hampson as Valmont, Frederica von Stade as Merteuil, David Hobson as Chevalier de Danceny, Renée Fleming as Tourvel and Mary Mills as Cécile de Volanges. The opera was performed at Washington Opera in March 1998. It was also aired on the American PBS television network's Great Performances, a video recording of which was also made. Albany Records released an audio recording of a performance by Manhattan School of Music Opera Theater in 2016.

Other notable performances include a 2008 production by Dicapo Opera Theater in New York City, featuring an adaptation for reduced forces.

Roles

 * Marquise de Merteuil (mezzo-soprano)
 * Vicomte de Valmont (baritone)
 * Madame de Tourvel (soprano)
 * Cécile de Volanges (soprano)
 * Madame de Rosemonde (Soprano)
 * Madame de Volanges (mezzo-soprano)
 * Chevalier de Danceny (tenor)
 * Josephine, maid to Cécile
 * Emilie, a prostitute
 * Monsieur Bertrand, an attorney (Baritone)
 * Victoire, maid to Madame de Merteuil (Mezzo-Soprano)
 * Azolan, valet to Vicomte de Valmont
 * Julie, maid to Madame de Tourvel
 * Father Anselm
 * Duel Second Number 1
 * Duel Second Number 2
 * A maid
 * A footman

Synopsis
Act I
 * Scene 1 (at the chateau of Madame de Rosemonde, outside Paris)
 * Scene 2 (various bedrooms)
 * Scene 3 (a wood on the estate of Rosemonde)

Act II
 * Scene 1 (bedroom of Madame de Merteuil, Paris)
 * Scene 2 (bedroom of Vicomte de Valmont)
 * Scene 3 (pleasure pavilion of Madame de Merteuil)
 * Scene 4 (A convent / the park at Vincennes)
 * Scene 5 (scene of Madame de Merteuil)

title: The Dangerous Liaisons


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Karl von Habsburg

Karl Habsburg (given names: Karl Thomas Robert Maria Franziskus Georg Bahnam; born 11 January 1961) is an Austrian politician and the head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, the former royal house of the defunct Austro-Hungarian thrones. As a citizen of the Republic of Austria, his legal name is Karl Habsburg-Lothringen.

Karl is the son of Otto von Habsburg and Regina Prinzessin von Sachsen-Meiningen, and the grandson of the last Austro-Hungarian emperor, Charles I. He is head and sovereign of the Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece. Karl Habsburg served as a member of the European Parliament for the Austrian People's Party (1996–1999). He is known for being pro-European and is also an advocate for the Pan-European movement.

Karl Habsburg's career has focused on the issue of protecting cultural heritage from threats such as armed conflict and natural disasters. He was president of the cultural protection organization Blue Shield International from 2008 until August 2020. In 1992/1993, he hosted a TV game show with Austrian public TV broadcaster ORF, called Who Is Who.

Early life and background
Karl Habsburg was born on 11 January 1961 in Starnberg, Bavaria. He was baptised in Pöcking, Bavaria, as Archduke Karl of Austria (Erzherzog Karl von Österreich), the name entered in the baptismal records.

At the time of his birth, his father was de facto stateless and possessed a Spanish diplomatic passport (he had grown up in Spain), while his mother was a German citizen. Like his father and siblings, he was banished from Austria for the first years of his life. However, the administrative court of Austria later ruled that applying to return to the country was legal, and his family was granted visa entrance in June 1966.

House of Habsburg titles and issues
In 1961, Karl's father, Otto von Habsburg, renounced all claims to the defunct Austrian throne, as a necessary legal condition to being allowed to return to Austria. Karl does not use his ancestral titles, because unlike most European countries, even the unofficial use of such titles is not permitted in Hungary and Austria. Habsburg says: "I don't refer to titles, I'm not that vain. People use these titles out of respect for history and the role of my family in history."Although the Adelsaufhebungsgesetz (Law on the Abolition of the Nobility) abolished all Austrian and Hungarian noble, royal, and imperial titles in 1919, and their usage is still illegal in those countries, media elsewhere occasionally refer to Karl Habsburg by his ancestral titles of Archduke of Austria, Royal Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia.

At the request of the USSR, which was wary of a restoration of the monarchy, the anti-Habsburg laws became mandatory international and constitutional components of the Austrian State Treaty in 1955. The family tried to get their former property returned under rules for victims of the Nazi regime. The attempt of Karl Habsburg failed because the law of expropriation still has constitutional status. On 1 January 2007, his father relinquished his position as the head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, a status which then devolved on Karl. In 2008, he became the Grand Master of the Order of Saint George.

As head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, Karl undertakes numerous commitments. On the one hand, these are cultural, historical, political, but also tourist events and, on the other hand, commitments to orders of chivalry, associations or military units. Many events, such as the participation in the peace flight in 2018 as a pilot with his plane, concerned the centenary of World War I. In 2019 there were many events in honor of his ancestor Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. He is supported in this work by an adjutant general.

Education
Between 1982 and 1989, Habsburg studied law, philosophy, and political science at the University of Salzburg, passing his first staatsexamen in 1984; while there, he spent a year studying law and philosophy at Michigan State University in the United States. He received graduate degrees in business and law from IMADEC University in 2012.

Military service
Karl Habsburg did his military service in 1981 as a platoon commander of a Jäger (infantry) platoon as a one-year volunteer with the Austrian Armed Forces, where he later also completed his pilot training, He is currently a reserve Hauptmann (captain) in the Austrian Air Force. He is also an Austrian Army Cultural Property Protection Officer, first with the staff of the Military Command of Salzburg, later with the Armed Forces High Command, currently with IHSW at Staff College. As a paratrooper, he was elected President of the European Military Paratroopers Association (Europäischen Militär- Fallschirmsprungverbandes e.V.) in 2001 - a role that he still holds today.

Activism
Since 1986, Karl Habsburg has been president of the Austrian branch of the Paneuropean Union, which co-organised the Pan-European Picnic. In May 1990, Habsburg personally led an aid convoy to Vilnius with food, medicine and clothing as a representative of the Paneuropean Union, in response to the Soviet Union's blockade of raw materials following the proclamation of Lithuanian independence in March 1990. In 1991 he organized international aid against the destruction in Dubrovnik and in the former Yugoslavia.

European Parliament
In October 1996, Habsburg was elected as a member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Austria, representing the Austrian People's Party.

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
On 19 January 2002, he was appointed Director General of UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) by the UNPO Steering Committee.

Blue Shield
From 7 December 2008, he became the President of the Association of National Committees of the Blue Shield, a cultural protection organisation that later became Blue Shield International. Habsburg was a strong supporter of those who created the "No Strike List" of cultural heritage sites and cultural sites that should be preserved when attacks or flight operations were carried out. This particularly moved NATO troops to protect the cultural assets and the economic and cultural basis of the civilian population.

Habsburg particularly supports the bringing together of military and civilian personnel and the cooperation of various international organizations for the protection of cultural assets, such as the Blue Shield, UNIFIL and UNESCO deployment in Lebanon in 2019, and the cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross in 2020. After the explosion in the port of Beirut in Lebanon in summer 2020, Habsburg helped coordinate the reconstruction and aid on site. He stepped down as President of the Blue Shield at the General Assembly in August 2020.

Since 2010 he has been chairman of the advisory board of the Competence Center for Cultural Heritage and Cultural Property Protection at the University of Vienna. He delivers lectures and training courses worldwide on the role of the military in protecting cultural property, such as at the United States Africa Command, the Civil-Military Cooperation Centre of Excellence or the Theresian Military Academy. He emphasizes that it is crucial for cultural property protection to be on the spot quickly: "We know the importance to be fast and in a place where there is a potential conflict or an actual conflict; you have to be there really fast to make an assessment and to see what you can do to immediately help."

Business and media activities
In 1992/1993, he hosted a TV game show with Austrian public TV broadcaster ORF, called Who Is Who.

Since 2009, he has been a shareholder in a media group in the Netherlands, consisting of radio stations, a magazine and a music television channel. He is also one of the three co-founders of BG Privatinvest, a Vienna-based investment company. In December 2010 the company acquired the two most important Bulgarian daily newspapers, Dneven Trud and 24 Chasa. After ongoing conflicts with Bulgarian partners, BG Privatinvest sold the newspapers in April 2011.

Personal life

Habsburg has lived in Austria, since 1981, and resided in Casa Austria, formerly called Villa Swoboda, in Anif, near the city of Salzburg, until 2022. On 31 January 1993 in Mariazell, he married Baroness Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza (born 7 June 1958 in Lausanne), the only daughter of Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon, a European industrialist, and his third wife, the fashion model Fiona Frances Elaine Campbell-Walter. The marriage received the dynastic authorization of Karl's father, as head of the House of Habsburg, despite objections from some members of the family as the bride, although a baroness in the nobility of pre-republican Hungary and Transylvania, did not descend in the canonically legitimate male line from a family of dynastic (ruling or formerly ruling or mediatised) status.

After 10 years of marriage, the couple separated in 2003. They divorced in 2017.

Karl and Francesca have three children:
 * Eleonore Maria del Pilar Iona Christina Jelena (born 28 February 1994 in Salzburg). Married civilly to Jérôme d'Ambrosio on 20 July 2020.
 * Ferdinand Zvonimir Maria Balthus Keith Michael Otto Antal Bahnam Leonhard (born 21 June 1997 in Salzburg).
 * Gloria Maria Bogdana Paloma Regina Fiona Gabriela (born 15 October 1999 in Salzburg), her godmother is Gloria, Princess of Thurn and Taxis.

In the spring of 2022 in Portugal, Karl married Christian Nicolau de Almeida Reid, a woman of Portuguese descent.

In March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, he tested positive for the virus. Habsburg self-isolated at home. Karl von Habsburg was officially declared healthy after almost three weeks of quarantine. After his illness, Karl Habsburg encouraged everyone to follow the official protective measures strictly, and asked survivors of the disease to donate blood plasma.

Controversies
In July 1998 an Austrian court fined Karl von Habsburg 180,000 schillings ($14,300); he had failed to declare immediately to customs officials that he had an antique diadem in his luggage when he crossed the border from Switzerland in July 1996. The diadem belonged to his wife who intended to wear it at a wedding ceremony.

Also in 1998, evidence emerged that during Habsburg's election campaign for membership in the European Parliament two years prior, his political party the ÖVP, had benefited from at least 30,000 Marks worth of World Vision donations via Paneurope Austria while Karl Habsburg sat on the board of World Vision Austria, apparently without noticing the director's dubiously legal activities. His father exacerbated the controversy when he complained that his son was being attacked unfairly and drew a parallel between the name "Habsburg" and a yellow badge. ÖVP did not nominate Karl von Habsburg again for the 1999 elections. In 2004, Karl von Habsburg paid 37,000 euros to the new World Vision Austria branch.

Dynastic

 * House of Habsburg-Lorraine:
 * Sovereign and Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece
 * Sovereign of the Order of the Starry Cross
 * Sovereign and Grand Master of the Order of Saint George
 * House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies:
 * Knight of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
 * Royal House of Sulu:
 * Grand Cordon of the Royal and Hashemite Order of the Pearl

National

 * 🇹🇴 Tonga:
 * Knight Grand Cross, Special Class of The Most Devoted Royal Household Order of Tonga
 * King Tupou VI Coronation Medal
 * : Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Other

 * Grand Master of the Military Order of Saint Sebastian in Europe (Ritterschaft vom Heiligen Sebastianus in Europa)
 * Supreme Bearer of the Couleur of the Austrian Catholic Student Fraternities ("katholisch-österreichischen Landsmannschaften")
 * Protector of the Order of Knights of Wine (Ordo Equestris Vini Europae)
 * Ehrenritter of the Teutonic Order

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Karl von Habsburg


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Almighty dollar

"Almighty dollar" is an idiom often used to satirize obsession with material wealth, or with capitalism in general. The phrase implies that money is a kind of deity.

History
Although the phrase "almighty dollar" was not popularized until the 1900s, similar phrases had been used much earlier. For example, the British writer Ben Jonson wrote in 1616: "Whilst that for which all virtue now is sold, And almost every vice, almighty gold."

The "dollar" version of the phrase is commonly attributed to Washington Irving, who used it in the story "The Creole Village," first published in the 1837 edition of The Magnolia, a literary annual:

"The almighty dollar, that great object of universal devotion throughout our land, seems to have no genuine devotees in these peculiar villages; and unless some of its missionaries penetrate there, and erect banking houses and other pious shrines, there is no knowing how long the inhabitants may remain in their present state of contented poverty."

Charles Dickens used the phrase in Chapter III, "Boston", of his American Notes, published in 1842.

Edward Bulwer-Lytton is often credited with coining the related phrase "pursuit of the almighty dollar", which he used in his 1871 novel The Coming Race. More obscure uses of the phrase can be found as far back as 1852.

In popular culture
"The Almighty Dollar" is the name of a 2007 Ozzy Osbourne song from his album Black Rain. The song argues that money and greed are destroying the planet by blinding people to problems such as global warming and pollution.

"Almighty Dollar" is the name of a Devin the Dude song from his 2007 album Waitin' to Inhale. It is a lament both of a marijuana user's lack of money and the declining buying power of the US dollar.

The words "Almighty Dollar" are repeated in the 1973 funk hit single "For the Love of Money" by The O'Jays. The song cautions against the intense desire for money and the negative effects that such desire can have on a person's personality and actions.

The phrase "Almighty Dollar" is repeated many times in the song "Money (In God We Trust)" by the funk metal band Extreme.

title: Almighty dollar


text:
User:Greekmythfan

Regardless of what people may tell you...I'm a person. A Homo sapien. Why does my username suggest I like Greek myths? Well....long story.

Lolzors man. Lolzors.

title: User:Greekmythfan


text:
Rhynchospora colorata

Rhynchospora colorata, also known as starrush whitetop, white star sedge and white-topped sedge, is a perennial flowering plant in the sedge family. It has white bracts, giving it the appearance of white petals with long, green points. It is native to southeastern North America, from Virginia west to New Mexico in the United States, and south into the Caribbean islands.

The inflorescence is a dense cluster of small spikes, each containing several tiny flowers. It sits on top of 3–10 green and white bracts that grow to 10–15 cm long. These bracts look much like leaves, but the actual leaves arise from the base of the plant.

title: Rhynchospora colorata


text:
Talk:Distributed control system

History
Electronic digital based DCS goes back to circa 1974 with Honeywell (and others) launching digital DCS eg TDC200. BBC (Brown Boveri et Cie now part of ABB) also had a digital DCS. By the 1990's most large industrial plants had replaced the majority of pneumatic and hydraulic control systems. In the early 2000's most Industrial DCS's were ported to Windows (R) OS platforms after presure from cost cutting and emmbedded IT infrastructure.

Not every distributed control system is part of a manufacturing system. Big ships have them; jet planes have them, etc.

DCS and SCADA
somehow i belive that SCADA is the new word and DCS was mostly used until the early 90`s if you take a look at the homepages of different providers, all are calling their system SCADA and somewhere in the text DCS popps up.

the differences are minute and the article should be merged with SCAD

 * SCADA I usually think of as related to controlling something that's spread out over a wide geographic area, like a power grid. Distributed control I usually think is spread over at most a plant site, and "closes the loop" for process control - SCADA systems to my way of thinking just monitor or alarm, and leave loop control to local elements.  Both terms are still in use and I think they don't entirely overlap - I'd object to merging the articles. (You can create a user ID and sign your remarks!) --Wtshymanski 22:17, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

DCS is NOT SCADA anymore than an analogue computer is a digital computer !

DCS = top down design solution to factory automation : hence Distributed control system; as it is integrated at the highest factory wide production level; it includes alarming; recording; control and monitoring complete with an integrated graphical front end (HMI or Human Machine Interface). Minimal number of diferent tools to configure; normally everything runs under a common control system (at computer level) SCADA = Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - normally displayed using a (third party) Human Machine Interface. In any given plant (factory) there may be several diferent SCADA systems - sometimes from different suppliers. PLC - individual controls - commonly used as stand alone 'skids' that control logical sub-units of plant - frequently now attached to a SCADA front end to give central control. By default this is bottom up design.

DCS engineers frequently deal with factory wide apllications; PLC engineers frequently deal with single machine/unit control.

With the drive to more and more open standards (cf OPC ) DCS suppliers have had to make their previously be-spoke systems more and more open. At the same time the need to integrate at the lower machine level is driving PLC suppliers to offer more and more integrated systems. Resulting in an ever narrowing gap between top end PLC solutions and bottom end DCS.

The main differential therefor is that DCS requires a top down factory/plant wide design with as little interaction with low level control as possible whilest SCADA/PLC continues to be a bottom up desgin more concerned with intimate dealings with 'bits & bytes' level of machine control. Petedtm 20:49, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

SCADA can be and is increasingly a sub-system or process I/O data provider of a DCS system. The DCS system, one performing process monitoring and closed loop control (Set Point - Process Value = Error --> output), indeed will include field instrument inputs as well as SCADA system inputs. Control points may be comprised of but not limited to one type or a combination of field input/ output instrumentation, OPC (OLE for Process Control) points, SCADA points and human input. DCS systems, systems intended to monitor and control processes like petroleum refining, chemical processes and raw material production (paper, metal foil, etc), typically include hardware (controllers, SCADA, PLC or even other DCS systems) to interface with real world devices (pumps, switches, valves, fans, etc). The controllers are compact computers system in their own right but offer limited or no human access without use of a programming computer networked to the controller and acting as a terminal or station. The DCS more often today represents the front end of associated controllers, PLCs or SCADA devices and may be used to modify SCADA, PLC and controller control routines and I/O module assignments.[CDJ, 2215 GMT-5 21NOV2006] Ma ne maoj

DCS/PLC/SCADA not comparable
There appears to be much confusion between the definitions and the common usage of these terms. The architectural distinction between a global controller with complete knowledge and local controls is the most significant. Collection of historical data is entirely orthogonal to the control philosophy and should be clearly identified as such. Safety is an important aspect of the topic that is covered, but not clearly described.

PLC describes a hardware/software device that replaces hard-wired relay logic panels. The name is a trademark of Allen-Bradley, and should probably not be used in objective descriptions of programmable controllers. Such controllers can be deployed either centrally or in a distributed landscape, depending on the installation and available technology. They have traditionally (as identified in the article and the talk page) been used in discrete facility control, often (but not necessarily) in smaller installations. Generally, machines with automatic controls have a supervisory safety control defined independently of the normal operation. This may, or may not, be implemented in the same hardware.

Distributed control systems (DCS), in contrast, are characterised by large numbers of controllers responsible individually for the control of small numbers of (typically continuous process) variables with quite localised process loops across spatially distributed facilities with often safety critical aspects. Such facilities are often described in process and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams and can be controlled without global knowledge. Safety is typically provided through low-level redundancy, although nuclear plants often require independent parallel implementations for assured operation.

SCADA was a marketing pitch applied when software-only solutions to replacements for machine and process mimics became available. The important first word is Supervisory. SCADA are not intended to control a process. They are meant to allow operators to adjust set-points (DCS-speak) or modify tag values (PLC-speak) of the underlying control system. They additionally record process history. Thus, a classic DCS like the Valmet DAMATIC incorporates controllers and SCADA functionality. This is the direct result of introducing microprocessor controllers into a process control environment with computerised control rooms. Early SCADA solutions were implemented to provide DCS level historian functionality in programmable controller landscapes that had previously not incorporated large persistent storage.

The split between centralised logic controllers and DCS has mostly blurred to the point of unrecognizability and for example the latest process control system from Siemens, PCS, utilises centralised programmable controllers as the computational element. This requires that the edge devices now independently provide the necessary safety functions that protect the process from either controller or communication failures.

The confusion results from a difference in design approach between process and discrete engineering approaches, historical architectural preferences of practitioners, technology limitations that are now largely resolved and many vested commercial interests protecting turf.

I'd suggest a clearer separation between the typical intent of DCS of controlling many independent loops familiar to process engineers and the classic discrete control provided by programmable controllers. The actual implementation is, and should be described as largely orthogonal to the intent, and SCADA relegated to its peripheral position in the discussion. I'm not offering to do this as I anticipate repeated reversion and refuse to get embroiled in the religious discussions that will follow.

--User:pekkapihlajasaari 26 December 2019 —Preceding undated comment added 14:45, 26 December 2019 (UTC)

Marketing speak
There's a little too much gee-whizzery in the article just now. It needs to be made more encyclopediac in tone. It needs more comparision with other techniques of process control. Some neutral history would always be good, as would be a block diagram. Is there now a fundamental difference between SCADA and DCS? Was there? I think of SCADA operating over dispersed geographic areas and DCS within a plant, but there's not much fundamental difference in what you see when you look at the boxes on the plant floor. --Wtshymanski 22:30, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

A Potential Explanation of the Confusion
Most of these comments are trying to explain an evolution of different systems and terminology that has taken place over three or four decades. This can be very confusing without a broad historic perspective. For example, there are Distributed Control Systems in the architecture sense in airplanes, but it would be generally agreed that aircraft do not have DCS systems. DCS systems generally refer to the particular functional distributed control system design that exist in Industrial Process plants (Oil & Gas, Refining, Chemical, Pharmaceutical, some Food & Beverage, Water & Wastewater, Utility Power, Mining, Metals, etc...).. Although PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) systems can be considered distributed, they are not DCS systems in the sense that they are generally applied to Discrete Factory Automation applications.. (Plants that make "Things" rather than "Stuff"). SCADA's history is rooted in pipeline and power distribution applications where there was a need to gather a lot of remote data and do a little bit of control with sites that were widely geographically separated. Each of these types of systems have their particular functional needs that are different. DCS systems used in hazardous explosive environments in Oil production have different requirements than PLC based systems that are controlling the manufacturing and packaging of auto parts for example. Although what you might see in the plants as Boxes that look alike, are in fact quite different in a bunch of ways. As proof of this, companies who are strong on the Process side like Emerson and Foxboro/invensys have had difficulty trying to leverage their systems into Factory Automation. Rockwell Automation, the US leader in PLCs has always wanted to leverage their strength in Factory Automation into the process side, but similarly has not been able to do that.

Having said all of this, the boundaries between these systems are becoming more gray as time goes on and technology provides more and more bridges between them --Mike (talk) 23:23, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

The Root of the differences
The primary differences between PLC control (monitored by SCADA or not) and DCS control is about the function of the processing of data. PLC scan rates are faster due to the programming residing in a single place: the central processor. While DCS is just as described: distributed control. The DCS scan rates are higher, because data is processed in various places and then sent to other places for control or monitoring. If the PLC processor fails (without redundancy) all control is lost and the PLC will set itself to a fail safe state, i.e. all outputs go to safe state. DCS has many controllers for various areas of control, hence the name distributed. A single controller failure (without redundancy) will cost the loss of part of a process but not necessarily all.

SCADA, though it's name implies control, is more often used as data aquisistion. A DCS system can act as a SCADA in relation to a PLC. The lines between DCS and SCADA are indeed more blurred than ever before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.35.225.231 (talk) 12:30, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Distributed control system