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E-flat major

E-flat major (or the key of E-flat) is a major scale based on E♭, consisting of the pitches E♭, F, G, A♭, B♭, C, and D. Its key signature has three flats. Its relative minor is C minor, and its parallel minor is E♭ minor, (or enharmonically D♯ minor).

The E-flat major scale is:

Scale degree chords

 * Tonic – E-flat major
 * Supertonic – F minor
 * Mediant – G minor
 * Subdominant – A-flat major
 * Dominant – B-flat major
 * Submediant – C minor
 * Leading-tone – D diminished

Characteristics
The key of E-flat major is often associated with bold, heroic music, in part because of Beethoven's usage. His Eroica Symphony, Emperor Concerto and Grand Sonata are all in this key. Beethoven's (hypothetical) 10th Symphony is also in E-flat. But even before Beethoven, Francesco Galeazzi identified E-flat major as "a heroic key, extremely majestic, grave and serious: in all these features it is superior to that of C."

Three of Mozart's completed Horn Concertos and Joseph Haydn's Trumpet Concerto are in E-flat major, and so is Anton Bruckner's Fourth Symphony with its prominent horn theme in the first movement. Another notable heroic piece in the key of E-flat major is Richard Strauss's A Hero's Life. The heroic theme from the Jupiter movement of Holst's The Planets is in E-flat major. Mahler's vast and heroic Eighth Symphony is in E-flat and his Second Symphony also ends in this key.

However, in the Classical period, E-flat major was not limited to solely bombastic brass music. "E-flat was the key Haydn chose most often for [string] quartets, ten times in all, and in every other case he wrote the slow movement in the dominant, B-flat major." Or "when composing church music and operatic music in E-flat major, [Joseph] Haydn often substituted cors anglais for oboes in this period", and also in Symphony No. 22.

E-flat major was the second-flattest key Mozart used in his music. For him, E-flat major was associated with Freemasonry; "E-flat evoked stateliness and an almost religious character."

Edward Elgar wrote his Variation IX "Nimrod" from the Enigma Variations in E-flat major. Its strong, yet vulnerable character has led the piece to become a staple at funerals, especially in Great Britain.

Shostakovich used the E-flat major scale to sarcastically evoke military glory in his Symphony No. 9.

Well-known compositions in this key

 * Johann Sebastian Bach
 * Cello Suite No. 4, BWV 1010
 * Prelude & Fugue in E-flat major "St. Anne", BWV 552
 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Septet for Strings and Woodwinds, Op. 20
 * Symphony No. 3, Op. 55 "Eroica"
 * Piano Concerto No. 5, Op. 73 "Emperor"
 * Piano Sonata No. 4, Op. 7 "Grand Sonata"
 * Piano Sonata No. 18, Op. 31/3 "The Hunt"
 * Piano Sonata No. 26, Op. 81a "Les Adieux"
 * Violin Sonata No. 3, Op. 12/3
 * Piano Trio in E-flat major, Op.70 No.2
 * Sextet for Horns and String Quartet, Op. 81b
 * String Quartet No. 10, Op. 74
 * String Quartet No. 12, Op. 127
 * Vincenzo Bellini
 * Oboe Concerto
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Intermezzo for piano op. 117/1
 * Rhapsody for piano op. 119/4
 * Clarinet Sonata op. 120/2
 * Horn trio op. 40
 * Max Bruch
 * Scottish Fantasy in E-flat major, Op. 46
 * Anton Bruckner
 * Symphony No. 4, WAB 104 "Romantic"
 * Frédéric Chopin
 * Nocturne in E-flat, Op. 9, No. 2
 * Étude in E-flat, Op. 10, No. 11
 * Grande valse brillante, Op. 18
 * Andante spianato et grande polonaise brillante, Op. 22
 * Prelude in E-flat, Op. 28, No. 19
 * Nocturne in E-flat, Op. 55, No. 2
 * Jan Ladislav Dussek
 * Piano Sonata in E-flat major, Op. 44 ("The Farewell")
 * Antonín Dvořák
 * String Quartet Op. 51
 * String Quintet Op. 97
 * Edward Elgar
 * Variations on an Original Theme, Variation IX "Nimrod"
 * Joseph Haydn
 * String Quartet Op. 33 No. 2, "The Joke"
 * Symphony No. 22, Hob.I:22 "Philosopher"
 * Symphony No. 103, Hob.I:103 "Drumroll"
 * Trumpet Concerto, Hob.VIIe:1
 * Piano Sonata in E-flat, No. 59, Hob.XVI/49
 * Piano Sonata in E-flat, No. 62, Hob XVI/52
 * Franz Liszt
 * Piano Concerto No. 1, S.124
 * Transcendental Étude No. 7 "Eroica"
 * Gustav Mahler
 * Symphony No. 8, "The Symphony of a Thousand"
 * Felix Mendelssohn
 * Symphony for string orchestra No. 6
 * Sonata for clarinet and piano
 * Octet, Op. 20
 * String Quartet (unnumbered)
 * String Quartet No. 5 Op. 44 No. 3
 * Variations for piano, Op. Posth. 82
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 * K. 16
 * Serenade for winds, K. 375
 * Piano Concerto No. 9, K. 271 "Jeunehomme"
 * Piano Concerto No. 10 for two pianos, K. 365/316a
 * Piano Concerto No. 14, K. 449
 * Piano Concerto No. 22, K. 482
 * Sinfonia Concertante for violin and viola, K. 364/320d
 * Symphony No. 39, K. 543
 * Piano Sonata, K. 282 (189g)
 * Divertimento for String Trio, K. 563
 * Trio for clarinet, viola and piano, K. 498
 * Piano Quartet, K. 493
 * Quintet for Piano and Winds, K. 452
 * String Quintet, K. 614
 * Horn Quintet, K. 407 (386c)
 * Horn Concerto, K. 417
 * Horn Concerto, K. 447
 * Horn Concerto, K. 495
 * Franz Schubert
 * Impromptu in E-flat, Op. 90 No. 2
 * Piano Trio No. 2 (Schubert)
 * Robert Schumann
 * Symphony No. 3, Op. 97 "Rhenish"
 * Piano Quintet, Op. 44
 * Piano Quartet Op. 47
 * Dmitri Shostakovich
 * Cello Concerto No. 1, Op. 107
 * Symphony No. 3, Op. 20
 * Symphony No. 9, Op. 70
 * Jean Sibelius
 * Symphony No. 5, Op. 82
 * John Philip Sousa
 * The Stars and Stripes Forever
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 * 1812 Overture, Op. 49
 * Richard Wagner
 * Prelude to Das Rheingold
 * Carl Maria von Weber
 * Grand Duo Concertant, Op. 48

title: E-flat major


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List of Canadian awards

This is a list of all known awards in Canada, conferred by either members of the royal family, viceroys, governments, or private organizations.

Royal awards

 * Vice-Regal Badge of Service (for all Lieutenant governors/territorial commissioners [gold] and all their spouses [silver])

Viceregal awards

 * Vice-Regal and Commissioners' Commendation (presented by lieutenant governors and commissioners to recognise service to their respective offices)

Royal awards in Alberta

 * Royal Life Saving Awards
 * Queen's Golden Jubilee Scholarships for the Visual and Performing Arts
 * Queen's Golden Jubilee Citizenship Medal
 * Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship Program

Viceregal awards in Alberta

 * Institute of Public Administration — Lieutenant Governor Award
 * Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Arts Awards Program
 * Lieutenant Governor's Greenwing Conservation Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Leadership for Active Communities Award

Viceregal awards in British Columbia

 * Vice-Regal and Commissioners Commendation Bar
 * Lieutenant Governor's Daryl Duke Awards for Screenwriting
 * Lieutenant Governor's Technology and Innovation Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Awards for Public Safety
 * Lieutenant Governor's Conservation Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Awards for Excellence in British Columbia Wines
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Literary Excellence
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Engineering Excellence
 * Lieutenant Governor's Silver Medal (University of Victoria)
 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Awards in Architecture
 * Lieutenant Governor's silver medal for Excellence in Public Administration
 * Lieutenant Governor's Medal for Historical Writing
 * Lieutenant Governor's Silver Medal
 * Lieutenant Governor's Trophy
 * Lieutenant Governor's Handicap
 * Lieutenant Governor's Prize
 * Vice Regal Commendation

Royal awards in Manitoba

 * Queen Elizabeth II Scholarship, Saint John's-Ravenscourt School, Winnipeg
 * Queen Elizabeth II Silverwings Youth Scholarship

Viceregal awards in Manitoba

 * Lieutenant Governor's Make a Difference Community Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Vice-Regal Volunteer Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Medal for Literacy
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Excellence in Public Administration
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Community
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba Classroom Teacher Award (discontinued)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Gold Medal (University of Manitoba, Degree Course in Agriculture)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Gold Medal (University of Winnipeg, Bachelor of Arts (General) degree)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Gold Medal (Brandon University)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Silver Medals (Red River Community College, Diploma in Science Department, Diploma in Arts Department, Certificate in Science Department, Certificate in Arts Department)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Silver Medals (Assiniboine Community College, Business Applied Arts Division, Industrial Technical Division)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Silver Medals (Keewatin Community College, Applied Studies Department, Trades and Technologies Department)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Silver Medals (Keewatin Community College, academic or vocational program)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Youth Experience Program
 * Lieutenant Governor's Trophy for the Winnipeg Music Competition Festival
 * Lieutenant Governor's Gold Medal for the Manitoba Provincial Rifle Association

Royal awards in New Brunswick

 * Queen Elizabeth II Scholarship

Viceregal awards in New Brunswick

 * Lieutenant Governor's Prix Dialogue Award du lieutenant-gouverneur
 * Lieutenant-Governor's Award for Excellence in Architecture
 * Lieutenant-Governor's Award for Excellence in Public Administration
 * Lieutenant-Governor's Prize for the Conservation of Wild Atlantic Salmon
 * Lieutenant-Governor's Award for Youth in Action, Youth in Motion

Newfoundland and Labrador
Lieutenant Governor's awards of Excellence in Architecture

Viceregal awards in Nova Scotia

 * Vice-Regal and Commissioners Commendation Bar
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia Masterworks Arts Award
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia's Ready to Write/Prêt à Écrire Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Conservation
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award of Excellence in Engineering
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award of Excellence in Public Administration
 * Lieutenant Governor's Design Awards for Architecture
 * Lieutenant Governor's Education Medal
 * Lieutenant Governor's Greenwing Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Nova Scotia Talent Trust Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Princess Louise Fusiliers Award for Excellence
 * Lieutenant Governor's Teaching Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Community Spirit Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Faith In Action Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Intergenerational Awards
 * Lieutenant Governor's Community Voluntarism Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Persons with Disabilities Employer Partnership Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Hope and Inspiration Award
 * Nova Scotia Talent Trust Award

Royal awards in Ontario

 * Queen Elizabeth II Scholarship
 * Queen Elizabeth II Aiming for the Top Scholarship
 * Ontario Golden Jubilee Award for Civilian Bravery
 * Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Award

Viceregal awards in Ontario

 * Vice-Regal and Commissioners Commendation Bar
 * Lieutenant Governor's Community Volunteer Award for Students
 * Lieutenant Governor's Ontario Heritage Awards
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Marketing Excellence in Ontario
 * Lieutenant Governor's Literacy Pin
 * Lieutenant Governor's Community Volunteer Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Heritage
 * Lieutenant Governor's Games Trophies, Award, and Medallions
 * Lieutenant Governor's Medal of Distinction in Public Administration
 * Lieutenant Governor's Cup
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Excellence in Ontario Wines

Government awards in Ontario

 * Amethyst Award for Outstanding Achievement by Ontario Public Servants
 * Community Action Award
 * Lincoln M. Alexander Award
 * Ontario Volunteer Service Awards
 * Outstanding Achievement Awards for Voluntarism in Ontario
 * Senior Achievement Award
 * Senior of the Year Award
 * Trillium Book Award
 * Ontario Medal for Young Volunteers

Viceregal awards in Quebec

 * Vice-Regal and Commissioners Commendation Bar
 * Lieutenant Governor's Youth Medal (bronze)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Seniors Medal (silver)
 * Lieutenant Governor's Medal for Exceptional Merit (gold)

Government awards in Quebec

 * Prix du Québec; awarded by the government of Quebec to individuals for cultural and scientific achievements. Founded in 1977, the government annually awards six awards in the cultural field and five in the scientific field.

Cultural awards
 * Prix Albert-Tessier
 * Prix Athanase-David
 * Prix Denise-Pelletier
 * Prix Georges-Émile-Lapalme
 * Prix Gérard-Morisset
 * Prix Paul-Émile-Borduas

Scientific awards
 * Prix Albert-Tessier
 * Prix Armand-Frappier
 * Prix Léon-Gérin
 * Prix Lionel-Boulet
 * Prix Marie-Victorin
 * Prix Wilder-Penfield

Royal awards in Saskatchewan

 * Prince Edward Drama Scholarship
 * Prince of Wales Scholarship
 * Queen Elizabeth II Centennial Aboriginal Scholarship
 * Queen Elizabeth II Scholarship
 * Queen Elizabeth II Scholarship in Parliamentary Studies

Viceregal awards in Saskatchewan

 * Vice-Regal and Commissioners Commendation Bar
 * Canadian Cancer Society, Saskatchewan Division, Lieutenant Governor's Award of Distinction
 * Heritage Canada Foundation Lieutenant Governor's Award
 * Institute of Public Administration of Canada Lieutenant Governor's Medal
 * Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan Heritage Architecture Excellence Award
 * Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan Meritorious Achievement Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Arts
 * Lieutenant Governor's Award for Outstanding Service to Rural Saskatchewan
 * Lieutenant Governor's Awards of Excellence
 * Lieutenant Governor's Medal for the Regina Men's Bonspiel
 * Lieutenant Governor's Oval Sled Dog Award
 * Saskatchewan Lieutenant Governor's Greenwing Conservation Award
 * Lieutenant Governor's Celebration of the Arts Pin

Yukon

 * Order of Polaris

Municipal awards

 * Order of Montreal
 * Order of Hamilton
 * Order of Ottawa

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Canadian awards


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A-flat major

A-flat major (or the key of A-flat) is a major scale based on A♭, with the pitches A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, F, and G. Its key signature has four flats.

The A-flat major scale is:

Its relative minor is F minor. Its parallel minor, A-flat minor, is usually written instead as the enharmonic key of G-sharp minor, since A-flat minor, which contains seven flats, is not normally used. Its enharmonic, G-sharp major, with eight sharps, including the F𝄪, has a similar problem, and so A-flat major is often used as the parallel major for G-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation also occurs with the keys of D-flat major and C-sharp minor.)

Scale degree chords

 * Tonic – A-flat major
 * Supertonic – B-flat minor
 * Mediant – C minor
 * Subdominant – D-flat major
 * Dominant – E-flat major
 * Submediant – F minor
 * Leading-tone – G diminished

Compositions in A-flat major
Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works, a practice which Anton Bruckner imitated in his first two C minor symphonies and also Antonín Dvořák in his only C minor symphony. The second movement of Haydn's 43rd symphony in E-flat major is in A-flat major. Frédéric Chopin used this key in many of his works, particularly in his waltzes.

Since A-flat major was rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works of the 18th century, passages or movements in the key often retained the timpani settings of the preceding movement. For example, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 has the timpani set to C and G for the first movement. With hand-tuned timpani, there is no time to re-tune the timpani to A-flat and E-flat for the slow second movement in A-flat major; accordingly, the timpani in this movement are reserved for the passages in C major. In Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor, however, the timpani are re-tuned between the first movement in C minor and the following in A-flat major.

Charles-Marie Widor considered A-flat major to be the second best key for flute music.

A-flat major was the flattest major key to be used as the home key for the keyboard and piano sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti, Joseph Haydn and Ludwig van Beethoven, with each of them using the key for two sonatas: Scarlatti's K. 127 and K. 130, Haydn's Hob XVI 43 and 46, and Beethoven's Op. 26 and Op. 110, while Franz Schubert used it for one piano sonata. It was also the flattest major key to be used for the preludes and fugues in Johann Sebastian Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, as flatter major keys were notated as their enharmonic equivalents.

Felix Mendelssohn, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, John Field, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner each wrote one piano concerto in A-flat (Mendelssohn's being for two pianos); they had the horns and trumpet tuned to E-flat. Max Bruch's Concerto for Two Pianos in A-flat minor has its last movement in A-flat major, which is the parallel major; this concerto plays with the contrast between the two keys.

Scott Joplin's Maple Leaf Rag is also written in A-flat major (the trio part of the composition is written in D-flat major).

Other compositions in A-flat major include:

 * Ludwig van Beethoven
 * Piano Sonata No. 12
 * Piano Sonata No. 31
 * Carl Maria von Weber
 * Piano Sonata No. 2
 * Frédéric Chopin
 * Polonaise-Fantaisie, Op. 61
 * "Heroic" Polonaise, Op. 53
 * Ballade No. 3, Op. 47
 * Étude Op. 10 No. 10
 * Étude Op. 25 No. 1
 * Trois nouvelles études, No. 2
 * Nocturne Op. 32 No. 2
 * Prelude Op. 28 No. 17
 * Waltz Op. 34 No. 1
 * Waltz Op. 42
 * Waltz Op. 64 No. 3
 * Waltz, Op. 69, No. 1
 * Mazurka Op. 59 No. 2
 * Mazurka Op. 50 No. 2
 * Impromptu No. 1, Op. 29
 * Antonín Dvořák
 * String Quartet No. 14
 * Edward Elgar
 * Symphony No. 1
 * Franz Liszt
 * Transcendental Étude No. 9, "Ricordanza"
 * Au Lac de Wallenstadt, Au bord d'une source and Eglogue from Années de Pèlerinage No. 1
 * Sonetto 123 del Petrarca from Années de Pèlerinage No. 2
 * Liebesträume No. 1 and 3
 * Feuilles d'Album
 * Élégie sur des motifs du Prince Louis Ferdinand de Prusse, S. 168
 * Felix Mendelssohn
 * Second Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra
 * Lieder ohne Worte, Op. 38/6 and Op. 53/1
 * Ferdinand Ries
 * Piano concerto no. 8 Op. 151, Gruß an den Rhein
 * Franz Schubert
 * Mass No. 5 D 678
 * Piano Sonata D 557
 * Impromptu Op. 90/4 (D 899/4) and Op. 142/2 (D 935/2)
 * Dmitri Shostakovich
 * String Quartet No. 10, Op. 118

title: A-flat major


text: Category:General Hospital characters

title: Category:General Hospital characters


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Negative space

In art and design, negative space is the empty space around and between the subject(s) of an image. Negative space may be most evident when the space around a subject, not the subject itself, forms an interesting or artistically relevant shape, and such space occasionally is used to artistic effect as the "real" subject of an image.

Overview
The use of negative space is a key element of artistic composition. The Japanese word "ma" is sometimes used for this concept, for example in garden design. In a composition, the positive space has the more visual weight while the surrounding space - that is less visually important is seen as the negative space.

In a two-tone, black-and-white image, a subject is normally depicted in black and the space around it is left blank (white), thereby forming a silhouette of the subject. Reversing the tones so that the space around the subject is printed black and the subject itself is left blank, however, causes the negative space to be apparent as it forms shapes around the subject. This is called figure-ground reversal.

In graphic design of printed or displayed materials, where effective communication is the objective, the use of negative space may be crucial. Not only within the typography, but in its placement in relation to the whole. It is the basis of why upper and lower case typography always is more legible than the use of all capital letters. Negative space varies around lower case letters, allowing the human eye to distinguish each word rapidly as one distinctive item, rather than having to parse out what the words are in a string of letters that all present the same overall profile as in all caps. The same judicious use of negative space drives the effectiveness of the entire design. Because of the long history of the use of black ink on white paper, "white space" is the term often used in graphics to identify the same separation.

Elements of an image that distract from the intended subject, or in the case of photography, objects in the same focal plane, are not considered negative space. Negative space may be used to depict a subject in a chosen medium by showing everything around the subject, but not the subject itself. Use of negative space will produce a silhouette of the subject. Most often, negative space is used as a neutral or contrasting background to draw attention to the main subject, which then is referred to as the positive space. In photography, negative space may also connote a type of shadows called ephemeral shadows. Here, lighting is used to express the existence of an unseen space.

Use
Considering and improving the balance between negative space and positive space in a composition is considered by many to enhance the design. This basic, but often overlooked, principle of design gives the eye a "place to rest," increasing the appeal of a composition through subtle means.

The use of negative space in art may be analogous to silence in music, but only when it is juxtaposed with adjacent musical ideas. As such, there is a difference between inert and active silences in music, where the latter is more closely analogous to negative space in art.

Negative space in art, also referred to as "air space", is the space around and between objects. Instead of focusing on drawing the actual object, for a negative space drawing, the focus is on what's between the objects. For example, if one is drawing a plant, they would draw the space in-between the leaves, not the actual leaves. This technique requires one to forget about a conceptual meaning of an object and forces them to observe through shapes, rather than drawing what they may think an object looks like.

Negative space is used with figure-ground ambigrams and tessellations to display words or pictures in different directions after rotation (one way or other depending on the symmetry of the image).

title: Negative space


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D-flat major

D-flat major (or the key of D-flat) is a major scale based on D♭, consisting of the pitches D♭, E♭, F, G♭, A♭, B♭ and C. Its key signature has five flats.

The D-flat major scale is:

Its relative minor is B-flat minor. Its parallel minor, D-flat minor, is usually replaced by C-sharp minor, since D-flat minor features a B𝄫 (B-double-flat) in its key signature making it less convenient to use. C-sharp major, the enharmonic equivalent to D-flat major, has a similar problem as it contains seven sharps. Therefore, D-flat major is often used as the parallel major for C-sharp minor. (The same enharmonic situation occurs with the keys of A-flat major and G-sharp minor, and to some extent, with the keys of G-flat major and F-sharp minor).

For example, in his Prelude No. 15 in D-flat major ("Raindrop"), Frédéric Chopin switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor for the middle section in the parallel minor, while in his Fantaisie-Impromptu and Scherzo No. 3, primarily in C-sharp minor, he switches to D-flat major for the middle section for the opposite reason. Claude Debussy likewise switches from D-flat major to C-sharp minor in the significant section in his famous "Clair de lune". Antonín Dvořák's New World Symphony also switches to C-sharp minor for a while for the significant section in the slow movement.

In music for the harp, D-flat major is preferred enharmonically not only because harp strings are more resonant in the flat position and the key has fewer accidentals, but also because modulation to the dominant key is easier (by putting the G pedal in the natural position, whereas there is no double-sharp position in which to put the F pedal for G-sharp major).

Scale degree chords

 * Tonic – D-flat major
 * Supertonic – E-flat minor
 * Mediant – F minor
 * Subdominant – G-flat major
 * Dominant – A-flat major
 * Submediant – B-flat minor
 * Leading-tone – C diminished

Compositions in D-flat major
Hector Berlioz called the key "majestic" in his 1856 Grand Traité d'Instrumentation et d'Orchestration modernes, while having a much different opinion of its enharmonic counterpart, calling it "Less vague; and more elegant". Despite this, when he came to orchestrate Carl Maria von Weber's piano piece Invitation to the Dance in 1841, he transposed it from D-flat to D major, to give the strings a more manageable key and to produce a brighter sound.

Charles-Marie Widor considered D-flat major to be the best key for flute music.

Although this key was unexplored during the Baroque and Classical periods and was rarely used as the main key for orchestral works of the 18th century, Franz Schubert used it quite frequently in his sets of écossaises, valses and so on, as well as entering it and even flatter keys in his sonatas, impromptus and the like. Ludwig van Beethoven, too, used this key extensively in his second piano concerto. D-flat major was used as the key for the slow movements of Joseph Haydn's Piano Sonata Hob XVI:46 in A-flat major, and Beethoven's Appassionata Sonata. Chopin's Minute Waltz from Op. 64 is in D-flat major.

A part of the trio of Scott Joplin's "Maple Leaf Rag" is written in D-flat major.

The flattened pitches of D-flat major correspond to the black keys of the piano, and there is much significant piano music written in this key. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 is written in B-flat minor, but the famous opening theme is in D-flat major. Tchaikovsky composed the second movement of Piano Concerto No. 1 also in D-flat. Sergei Rachmaninoff composed the famous 18th variation of his Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini in this key, perhaps emphasizing the generally held view that D-flat major is the most romantically flavored of the major keys; and his friend Nikolai Medtner similarly chose it for the sensually romantic "big tune" in the last movement of his Piano Concerto No. 3 ("Ballade"). Claude Debussy also composed the famous "Clair de lune" in this key, with a significant section in C-sharp minor. Edvard Grieg composed the second movement of his Piano Concerto in D-flat. Frédéric Chopin's Nocturne in D-flat, Op. 27 and Berceuse, Op. 57 are in this key. Franz Liszt composed heavily in this key, with his most recognizable piece being the third movement of his piano composition Trois études de concert, dubbed "Un sospiro". Liszt took advantage of the piano's configuration of the key and used it to create an arpeggiating melody using alternating hands. Several of his Consolations are also written in this key.

In orchestral music, the examples are fewer. Gustav Mahler concluded his Ninth Symphony with an Adagio in D-flat major, rather than the home key of D major of the first movement. Anton Bruckner wrote the third movement of his Symphony No. 8 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in C minor. Antonín Dvořák wrote the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 in D-flat major, while every other movement is in E minor. The first piano concerto of Sergei Prokofiev is also written in D-flat major, with a short slow movement in G-sharp minor. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Piano Concerto, Op. 38 in the key of D-flat major. Choral writing explores D-flat infrequently, notable examples being Robert Schumann's Requiem, Op. 148, Gabriel Fauré's Cantique de Jean Racine and Sergei Rachmaninoff's "Nunc Dimittis" from his All-Night Vigil, Op. 37. Vincent d'Indy's String Quartet No. 3, Op. 96, which is in D-flat.

title: D-flat major


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Chad Clifton

Jeffrey Chad Clifton (born June 26, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle for 12 seasons with the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tennessee Volunteers and was selected by the Packers in the second round of the 2000 NFL draft. During his career, he was named to two Pro Bowls and was part of the team that won Super Bowl XLV over the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Early years
Clifton was born in Martin, Tennessee. At Westview High School in Martin, Clifton was an all-around athlete. He lettered four times in football, starting his last three seasons as a two-way player. In addition to football, he was on the basketball team for three years. Throughout his high school years, Clifton played on the defensive tackle position and on tight end as a sophomore and offensive tackle in his junior and senior years. As a senior, he was named an All-American by Parade and Scholastic Coach magazines and received the Gatorade Circle of Champions "Player of the Year" award and Tennessee Class 2A Mr. Football lineman award. Clifton's team lost in the state playoffs in his junior and senior years to Briarcrest Christian School in Memphis, Tennessee, whose offensive coordinator was former Ole Miss head coach Hugh Freeze.

College career
In 1995, Clifton enrolled at the University of Tennessee and redshirted his first year. From then on, he was a fixture on the offensive line. He started one season at the right tackle position and three at the left tackle position. During these four years, the Tennessee Volunteers enjoyed great success with a 43–7 record and a win in the Fiesta Bowl over Florida State following the 1998 regular season to claim the National Championship. Clifton was a two-time All-Southeastern Conference selection (1997 second-team, 1998 first-team) and a Sporting News second-team All-American as a senior.

Green Bay Packers
During the 2000 NFL draft, the Packers selected Clifton in the second round with the 44th overall pick.

Halfway through his rookie season, Clifton took over the starting left tackle position and would remain there for the rest of the season. He enjoyed continued success during his second season when he established a reputation as one of the NFL's best and unheralded blindside blockers for Brett Favre. He started 14 of the 16 regular season games and both playoff games in the 2001 season.

Clifton's 2002 season seemed as promising as his first two. However, on November 24, he suffered a severe pelvic injury after receiving a blindside hit from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive tackle Warren Sapp. Because the incident occurred after an interception with Clifton far from the play, Sapp received harsh criticism for his action. After the game, when Packers head coach Mike Sherman told Sapp that his play was uncalled for, Sapp began angrily shouting at Sherman in a tirade that was caught on camera, with Sapp famously screaming "put a jersey on". For his part, Sapp did not visit or telephone Clifton during his four-day stay in a Tampa Bay hospital. As a result of his injury, Clifton missed the rest of the season, was hospitalized for almost a week, and could not walk unaided for five more weeks. In 2005, the NFL Competition Committee agreed on new guidelines for "unnecessary roughness", making hits such as that suffered by Clifton illegal.

Clifton returned in 2003 to start all 16 regular season games and two more games in the playoffs. He played all 1,031 offensive snaps that season and contributed to establishing a team record for fewest sacks allowed in a season with 19.

Clifton started all games for the Packers in the 2004 and 2005 seasons before being inactive in Week 7 of the 2006 season. He started every game the rest of the 2006 season.

In the 2007 season, Clifton started all 16 games in the regular season and the Packers' two playoff games. On January 23, 2008, it was announced that he would replace Seattle Seahawks tackle Walter Jones in the 2008 Pro Bowl, which was his first career Pro Bowl. He went to Hawaii to the Pro Bowl with teammates wide receiver Donald Driver, defensive end Aaron Kampman, and cornerback Al Harris, as well as head coach Mike McCarthy. Clifton's quarterback, Brett Favre, was scheduled to be in the Pro Bowl, but was replaced by Jeff Garcia.

Clifton started and appeared in 15 games in the 2008 season. He started and appeared in 12 regular season games and one playoff game for the Packers in the 2009 season.

On March 5, 2010, the Packers re-signed Clifton to a three-year, $20 million contract, with $7.5 million guaranteed.

Clifton appeared in all 16 regular season games and four postseason games for the Packers in the 2010 season. At the end of the 2010 season, Clifton and the Packers appeared in Super Bowl XLV. He was a starter in the 31–25 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers. He earned a second career Pro Bowl nomination. He was ranked 99th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011.

In the 2011 season, Clifton missed a majority of the season with back and hamstring injuries.

On April 23, 2012, Clifton was released by the Packers after failing a physical.

Clifton did not sign with another NFL team after his release.

In 2016, Clifton was named to the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.

In 2017, Clifton was inducted into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame.

title: Chad Clifton


text:
G-flat major

G-flat major (or the key of G-flat) is a major scale based on G♭, consisting of the pitches G♭, A♭, B♭, C♭, D♭, E♭, and F. Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative minor is E-flat minor (or enharmonically D-sharp minor). Its parallel minor, G-flat minor, is usually replaced by F-sharp minor, since G-flat minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use. Its direct enharmonic equivalent, F-sharp major, contains the same number of sharps as the G-flat major key does flats.

The G-flat major scale is:

Scale degree chords

 * Tonic – G-flat major
 * Supertonic – A-flat minor
 * Mediant – B-flat minor
 * Subdominant – C-flat major
 * Dominant – D-flat major
 * Submediant – E-flat minor
 * Leading-tone – F diminished

Characteristics
Like F-sharp major, G-flat major is rarely chosen as the main key for orchestral works. It is more often used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert. It is the predominant key of Maurice Ravel's Introduction and Allegro for harp, flute, clarinet and string quartet, and is also used in the second movement "Le Gibet" of Ravel's famous Gaspard de la nuit.

A striking use of G-flat major can be found in the love duet "Tu l'as dit" that concludes the fourth act of Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Les Huguenots.

When writing works in all 24 major and minor keys, Alkan, Rachmaninoff, Scriabin, Shchedrin and Winding used G-flat major over F-sharp major. Muzio Clementi chose F-sharp in his set for the prelude, but G-flat for the final "Grande Exercice" which modulates through all the keys.

Antonín Dvořák composed Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat major, while its middle section is in the parallel key (F-sharp minor, enharmonic equivalent to the theoretical G-flat minor).

Gustav Mahler was fond of using G-flat major in key passages of his symphonies. Examples include: the choral entry during the finale of his Second Symphony, during the first movement of his Third Symphony, the modulatory section of the Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony, and during the Rondo–Finale of his Seventh Symphony. Mahler's Tenth Symphony was composed in the enharmonic key of F-sharp major.

This key is more often found in piano music, as the use of all five black keys allows an easier conformity to the player's hands, despite the numerous flats. In particular, the black keys G♭, A♭, B♭, D♭, and E♭ correspond to the 5 notes of the G-flat pentatonic scale. Austrian composer Franz Schubert chose this key for his third impromptu from his first collection of impromptus (1827). Polish composer Frédéric Chopin wrote two études in the key of G-flat major: Étude Op. 10, No. 5 "Black Key" and Étude Op. 25, No. 9 "Butterfly" as well as a waltz in Op. 70. French composer Claude Debussy used this key for one of his most popular compositions, La fille aux cheveux de lin, the eighth prélude from his Préludes, Book I (1909–1910). The Flohwalzer can be played in G-flat major, or F-sharp major, for its easy fingering.

John Rutter has chosen G-flat major for a number of his compositions, including "Mary's Lullaby" and "What sweeter music". In a charity interview he explained several of the reasons that drew him to this key. In many soprano voices there is a break round about E (a tenth above middle C) with the result that it is not their best note, bypassed in the key of G-flat major. It is thus, he claims, a very vocal key. Additionally, writing for strings, there are no open strings in this key, so that vibrato can be used on any note, making it a warm and expressive key. He also cites its facility on a piano keyboard.

title: G-flat major


text:
Windsor railway station, Sydney

Windsor railway station is a heritage-listed railway station located on the Richmond line, serving the Sydney suburb of Windsor, in New South Wales, Australia. It is served by Sydney Trains T1 Western and T5 Cumberland line services. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
Windsor station opened on 1 December 1864 coinciding with that of the Richmond line. It was constructed by W & A Elphinstone. The original station building was a combination residence and office, as were built at Riverstone railway station and Mulgrave railway station on the same line. This was purchased and relocated to be converted into a private home in Milhelm Street.

A major upgrading of most stations on this line occurred in the 1880s, including Windsor. In April 1883 the contract for a brick station building and platform was awarded to G. Jones. The station was rebuilt with the goods yard including the brick faced platform. The present brick platform building dates from 1884 and its design reflects similar buildings at Riverstone and Richmond.

A skillion roof and timber clad signal box constructed c. 1916 behind the Up end of the platform is no longer extant. A timber and gable roofed ex-goods shed on the Down side of the track beyond the Down end of the platform was extant in 2001 but is no longer extant.

The line was electrified in 1991. Plans show alterations to the station building c. 1941. The platform building was extensively repaired and upgraded in 1997. All platform structures other than the main brick building were removed.

Platforms and services
Historically, Windsor has been served by services operating from Sydney CBD/North Shore, branching off the Western Line at Blacktown. However, after a major timetable change for the Sydney Trains network on 26 November 2017, Cumberland line services started continuing out to Richmond, rather than terminating at Schofields, during the late night, taking over from the Richmond line at these times.

Transport links
Busways operates 10 bus routes via Windsor station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 671: to Riverstone station via McGraths Hill & Vineyard
 * 672: to Pitt Town to Wisemans Ferry Punt
 * 679: to Maraylya via Scheyville
 * 668: to Richmond station via Freemans Reach & Glossodia
 * 669: to Sackville Change of bus required at Wilberforce
 * 673: to Penrith station via Llandilo
 * 674: to Mount Druitt station via Berkshire Park and Whalan
 * 675A: anti-clockwise loop via Richmond & Bligh Park
 * 675C: clockwise loop via Bligh Park & Richmond
 * 676: to South Windsor

CDC NSW operates one bus route via Windsor station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 608: to Rouse Hill

Most buses travel to Windsor shops on Kable Street and Hawkesbury Hospital during the day before/after Windsor station.

Windsor station is served by one NightRide route:
 * N71: S to Town Hall station

Description
The Windsor station complex consists of a type-3, second-class roadside brick station building with a brick-faced platform (both (1883). The goods yard contains a brick-faced platform, class 1, 5 tonne iron Philadelphia jib crane (1880s), modern steel framed, corrugated metal sheds (c. 1990), and a Corrugated metal gabled gangers shed with timber frame (c. 1883).

Station building and platform (1883)
The Windsor station building is a large face-brick building in what is known as a type 3 second class roadside sign. It is a symmetrically organised central building with two wings attached to either side. The Down side wing is a rectangular larger building while the Up end wing is almost a square building. The central building features a hipped and valley slate roof, two tall brick chimneys with corbelled tops and round hoods, moulded and dentilated eaves, a corrugated iron ogee style veranda along the street side of the central building, and a wide corrugated metal platform awning supported on cast iron columns, exposed rafters and decorative brackets. Wings feature flat roofs obscured behind low parapets and moulded cornices. The building's vertically proportioned fenestration is original with cement rendered lintels resembling segmental stone arch appearance.

The building retains much of its internal original elements including moulded plaster cornices, timber skirtings, fireplace (blocked), mini orb ceiling lining in the office and timber joinery. The overall historic character of the interiors are evident despite the changes and refurbishments over time.

The station building is generally in very good condition.

Windsor station has a brick faced road side platform with concrete deck and asphalt finish. White aluminium palisade fencing has been erected along the station street boundary and both ends of the platform. Modern platform furniture, bins, light fittings and signage also feature along the platform.

Goods yard
The yard is a large, irregularly shaped site that is fenced and contains remnants of the 19th century Windsor station goods yard. It is an overgrown yard with patches of concrete and asphalt slabs and remnants of rail sidings and anchor points on the ground.

Remnants of the former curved brick faced goods platform are evident under the overgrown vegetation and rubble. An original 1880s goods crane fixed on an octagonal concrete base is the only intact extant element of the former goods yard. It is an iron jib crane with a hook dropping from the end of a single rotating arm. The crane is a Class 1, 5 tonne hand crane, No T181.

There are three modern steel framed sheds within the goods yard; One is a large corrugated metal sheeted and gabled shed, with two identical metal sheeted small sheds behind it.

Located beyond the fenced area of the goods yard, the gangers shed is a timber-framed gabled shed with corrugated metal wall and roof sheeting. It features timber floorboards, timber roof trusses, timber sliding loading doors, and wire mesh covered windows. The gangers shed is in poor condition both internally and externally. Only roof sheeting appears to be new fabric and is in good condition.

Notable moveable items include:
 * A Seth Thomas Clock (# 1886), working condition, in the ticket office.
 * Two timber L-shaped/corner seats in the waiting room.
 * An enamel station name board with timber frame on the platform side of the station building.
 * An Ajax brand safe (#1004) in the SM's office.

The former goods yard has high archaeological potential due to the extent of remnant rail sidings, anchor points and former goods platform dating to the first railway.

The goods yard is in relatively poor condition due to overgrown vegetation and patches of rubble storage.

Modifications and dates

 * 1883 – The station was rebuilt with the goods yard including the brick faced platform and Type 1 jib crane.
 * 15 Jan 1890 – Water column from Mudgee re-erected.
 * c.1916 – A skillion roof and timber clad signal box constructed behind the Up end of the platform (no longer extant).
 * 33 July 1939 – Platform extended.
 * 1943 – Alterations to station buildings and offices completed.
 * 1945 – Raising platform height; and providing asphalt strip and brick coping.
 * 28 September 1975 – Hawkesbury Dairy siding removed.
 * 1997 – The platform building was extensively repaired and upgraded. All platform structures other than the main brick building were removed.
 * 1991 – The line was electrified.
 * unknown date – Station Master's residence sold to private ownership (to north of Station on Brabyn Street)

Heritage listing
Windsor Railway Station is of state significance as one of the stations built during the major upgrading works along the Richmond line in the 1880s providing evidence of the prosperity, and social and economic development of the Windsor area following the arrival of the railway during the 19th Century. The 1883 station building is a fine example of a Victorian second-class station building and is a significant landmark within the historic town centre. The goods yard is of research significance for its potential to yield information on the operational system and layout of the late 19th century goods handling through the remnants of rail sidings, brick faced platform, hand crane and anchor points. However, its integrity has been compromised due to the removal of the majority of its associated structures and its non-operational state.

Windsor railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Windsor Station is historically significant as one of the stations built during the major upgrading works along Richmond line in the 1880s, maintaining physical evidence of a station layout including a goods yard dating from the early 1880s. Although buildings other than the main station building have been removed the station together with the hand crane and brick faced platform of the goods yard are important in demonstrating the configuration, styles and elements that were used in the goods handling and transport in the farming district of the Hawkesbury at the time.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.

Constructed in 1883, the station building is aesthetically significant as a fine example of a Victorian second-class road side station building providing evidence of the prosperity, and social and economic development of the Windsor area. The building is a landmark within the historic town centre.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

The place has the potential to contribute to the local community's sense of place, and can provide a connection to the local community's past.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

The goods yard has potential to yield information on the operational system and layout of late 19th century goods handling through the remnants of rail sidings, the brick faced platform, crane and anchor points. The extent of surviving remnant elements warrant brief archaeological investigation.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Windsor Station combined with its associated goods yard is a rare example of an 1880s railway station layout despite being modified and the majority of the structures removed.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

Windsor Station is one of three stations (others Richmond and Riverstone) incorporating larger station buildings built on the Richmond line in the 1880s that differ significantly from other smaller and simpler stations on the line. The station building is a fine example of a late nineteenth century second-class station building representing the peak of achievement in station architecture.

title: Windsor railway station, Sydney


text: User talk:68.4.91.67

title: User talk:68.4.91.67


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gladys Warhol

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was  delete mikka (t) 04:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gladys Warhol
I don't know whether Tubgirl is notable (and I don't care)- but I doubt anyone will search for her as googleless 'Gladys' --Doc (?) 00:40, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete almost certainly an attack, and on the 0.00001% chance that it's true, would still be not-notable and unencyclopedic. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:07, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment Looks like the article is now tagged as speedy delete since the original author blanked the page. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:09, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Now that the article has been restored, delete as it is an attack page. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:08, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Unverifiable, probable attack page. (At least I don't want to be tasked with verifying this.) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  01:53, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as per User:Android79. Double Blue  (Talk) 02:08, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete attack page. --Xcali 14:57, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Since we have a consensus that this is an attack page - can it be speedied for the sake of the victim?? --Doc (?) 15:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No verifiable references yet presented. Likely attack page, therefore untrue, therefore vandalism, therefore a valid candidate for speedy deletion. So I've speedy-deleted it. Dpbsmith (talk) 16:25, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
File:KidMcCoy.jpg

Picture taken in 1899 and obtained at. IT should therefore be public domain.

title: File:KidMcCoy.jpg


text:
Bill Sammon

Bill Sammon is a former managing editor and vice president for Fox News, as well as an author and newspaper columnist. He had previously worked as White House correspondent for The Washington Times and the Washington Examiner before joining Fox News in August 2008.

Personal life
A graduate of Saint Ignatius High School, in Cleveland, Ohio, and Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, Sammon lives in Maryland with his wife, Becky, and their five children. He is 6 feet 7 inches tall and was reportedly nicknamed "Big Stretch" or "Superstretch" by President George W. Bush.

Career
Sammon authored four New York Times bestsellers: At Any Cost: How Al Gore Tried to Steal the Election; Fighting Back: The War on Terrorism From Inside the White House; Misunderestimated: The President Battles Terrorism, Media Bias and the Bush Haters; and Strategery: How George W. Bush Is Defeating Terrorists, Outwitting Democrats, and Confounding the Mainstream Media. These books have been largely derided as overtly favorable to President George W. Bush and his administration. Vanity Fair critic James Wolcott listed Strategery among other related books on Bush written by "faithful holdouts in Bush's pep squad [who] are happy to have endowed him with superpowers" as "hagiography mash notes whose toothy gleam of triumphalism was almost blinding". Reporter David Weigel sarcastically referred to these books as "scathing critiques of presidential power". The American Prospect wrote that Sammon "wrote an astonishing four books on the topic of Bush's super-awesomeness".

He is a frequent guest on Fox News programs like Special Report with Brit Hume, Fox News Sunday, and Hannity & Colmes. On September 13, 2007, Sammon appeared on Special Report and argued that Theodore Olson should be confirmed as Attorney General.

On February 27, 2009, Sammon was promoted to vice president of Fox News and Washington managing editor.

In January 2021, Sammon announced he was retiring at the end of the month, with his position to be assumed by editorial staff members. On the night of the 2020 United States presidential election, Sammon had supervised the network's Decision Desk HQ, which had controversially declared Arizona for then-Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden. Sammon's departure, along with that of Chris Stirewalt, was seen as retaliatory in light of President Donald Trump's criticism of the network and subsequent decline in viewership. It was subsequently reported that Murdoch suggested that it was "maybe best to let Bill go right away" as a "big message with Trump people".

Fox News memos
Media watchdog group Media Matters for America published memos allegedly written by Sammon while he was Washington managing editor at Fox News where he reminded recipients not to refer to the public option proposal in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act by name, but instead use terms like "government-run health insurance" or to use various qualifiers. The publication of the memos received attention from media observers.

Another leaked memo showed Sammon had given orders for Fox News to characterize then-Senator Barack Obama as a socialist. Sammon said Obama's remarks were "tantamount to socialism", on-air and in a FoxNews.com column, while sending around a memo noting Obama's "references to socialism, liberalism, Marxism and Marxists" in his 1995 memoir Dreams From My Father. Some questions that were asked by Fox journalists were allegedly scripted by Sammon. Sammon later explained the incident as a product of his "rather mischievous speculation about whether Barack Obama really advocated socialism, a premise that privately I found rather far-fetched".

In 2009, during the Copenhagen Summit, Sammon instructed Fox News reporters to "refrain from asserting that the planet has warmed (or cooled) in any given period without IMMEDIATELY pointing out that such theories are based upon data that critics have called into question."

title: Bill Sammon


text:
Talk:Gail Kim

Untitled
The "assaults" mentioned in the article bring up a question: How does Wikipedia distinguish between the (sorry, wrestling fans) obviously scripted events called "assaults" and actual real-world assaults? There's no discussion of police and legal action re these "assaults," which tells me that the fiction of wrestling is being discussed as if it were reality. Derrick Chapman 22:30, 25 August 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Derrickchapman (talk • contribs)

Orphaned references in Gail Kim
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Gail Kim's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "WWE": From Samoa Joe:  From Eve Torres:  From Heath Slater:  From Rhino (wrestler): http://www.wwe.com/superstars/rhyno From Daniel Bryan:  From Kia Stevens:  From D-Von Dudley:  From Rosa Mendes:

From Ken Shamrock:

From WWE Diva:

From Bubba Ray Dudley:

From A.J. Styles:

From Ladder match:

From David Sahadi:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 19:31, 23 June 2016 (UTC)

Eat Defeat
Please stop changing the maneuver's type to "stomp facebreaker". The move is specifically called an "inverted stomp facebreaker" because it is done in a reversed fashion, as oppose to actually stomping on one's face, and this is well-documented. This also means stop changing the name of the move that's in between the hash tag and the vertical bar to this, as this is vandalism of the move's name tagged with the "professional wrestling throws" page. Thank you. AjaKongfan —Preceding undated comment added 01:30, 10 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Gail Kim


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Left handed catcher's mitt

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete  mikka (t) 04:23, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Left handed catcher's mitt
Wikipedia is not a slang dictionary. Denni ☯ 00:43, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * Delete. Agree with User:Denni. Double Blue  (Talk) 02:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to mitt? Radiant_* 09:27, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:01, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Xcali 14:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * "Something that sounds real but isn't". Redirect to hoax? Mgm|(talk) 15:43, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as slang dicdef, without redirecting to hoax. I thought this article was about catchers' mitts in baseball! --Idont Havaname 19:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete wasting our time (WOT) Fabartus 22:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete slang dicdef. JamesBurns 10:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
U8

U8 may refer to:

 * U8 (Berlin U-Bahn), a line on the Berlin U-Bahn
 * U8 Global Student Partnership for Development
 * German submarine U-8, one of several German submarines
 * Yangwang U8, a luxury SUV by BYD Auto
 * the IATA code for Armavia airline
 * another designation for the Beechcraft L-23 Seminole
 * Ultima VIII: Pagan, a video game
 * , a name for the 8-bit unsigned integer, especially in Rust

title: U8


text:
User:SofaKing381222

This is my user page from 2005. I apologize that it's outdated. I am now living in Los Angeles, lactose-intolerant, an Apple user, and own no pets.

title: User:SofaKing381222


text:
Panch phoron

Panch phoron, panch phodan or pancha phutana is a whole spice blend, originating from the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent and used in the cuisines of Eastern India and Northeastern India, especially in the cuisines of Bhojpur, Mithila, Odisha, Assam, Bengal and Nepal. The name literally means "five spices".

All of the spices in panch phoron are seeds. Typically, panch phoron consists of cumin seed (jeera), nigella seed (kalonji), fenugreek seed (methi), wild celery seed (radhuni or joni in Assamese) and fennel seed (sauf) in equal parts. Some cooks prefer to use a smaller proportion of fenugreek seeds, because of their mildly bitter taste.

title: Panch phoron


text: User talk:134.159.97.130

title: User talk:134.159.97.130


text:
Emilie Schenkl

Emilie Schenkl (26 December 1910 – 13 March 1996) was an Austrian stenographer, secretary and trunk exchange operator. She was the wife or the companion of Subhas Chandra Bose, an Indian nationalist leader.

Schenkl met Bose in 1934, and the two formed a romantic relationship while she worked for him as a secretary. She later became the mother of their daughter Anita Bose Pfaff during Bose's stay in Germany from 3 April 1941 until 8 February 1943. Following his departure from wartime Europe for Southeast Asia, Schenkl and her baby daughter were left without economic support. Bose, who thereafter tried to oppose British rule in India militarily with Japanese patronage, died in a plane crash soon after the Japanese surrender in August 1945.

In 1948, Schenkl and her daughter were met by Bose's brother Sarat Chandra Bose and his family in an emotional meeting in Vienna. In the post-war years, Schenkl worked shifts in the trunk exchange and was the main breadwinner of her family, which included her daughter and her mother.

Early life
Emilie Schenkl was born in Vienna on 26 December 1910 in an Austrian Catholic family. The paternal granddaughter of a shoemaker and the daughter of a veterinarian, she started primary school late—towards the end of the Great War—on account of her father's reluctance for her to have formal schooling. Her father became unhappy with her progress in secondary school and enrolled her in a nunnery for four years.

Schenkl decided against becoming a nun and went back to school, finishing when she was 20. The Great Depression had begun in Europe. Consequently, she was unemployed for a few years.

She was introduced to Bose in June 1934, or sometime thereafter, through a mutual friend, Dr. Mathur, an Indian physician living in Vienna. Bose, nearly 13 years her senior, had arrived there with a contract from a British publisher for writing a book on Indian politics. As Schenkl could take shorthand and her English and typing skills were good, she was hired by Bose. The book became The Indian Struggle. They soon fell in love and were married on 26 December 1937 in Bad Gastein during another visit by Bose in a secret Hindu ceremony, but without a Hindu priest, witnesses, or civil record. Bose went back to India and reappeared in Nazi Germany, living in Berlin during the period April 1941 – February 1943.

Berlin during the war
Sometime after Bose had arrived in Berlin, according to historian Romain Hayes, "the (German) Foreign Office procured a luxurious residence for him along with a butler, cook, gardener, and an SS-chauffeured car. Emilie Schenkl moved in openly with him. The Germans, aware of the nature of the relationship, refrained from any involvement." However, most of the staff in the Special Bureau for India, which had been set up to aid Bose, did not get along with Emilie. In particular Adam von Trott, Alexander Werth and Freda Kretschemer, according to historian Leonard A. Gordon, "appear to have disliked her intensely. They believed that she and Bose were not married and that she was using her liaison with Bose to live an especially comfortable life during the hard times of war" and that differences were compounded by issues of class.

In November 1942, Schenkl gave birth to their daughter. In February 1943, Bose left Schenkl and their baby daughter and boarded a German submarine to travel, via transfer to a Japanese submarine, to Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia. With Japanese support, he formed a Provisional Government of Free India and revamped an army, the Indian National Army, whose goal was to gain India's independence militarily with Japanese help. Bose's effort was unsuccessful. He died in a plane crash in Taihoku (now Taipei), Japanese-held Formosa, now Taiwan, on 18 August 1945, while attempting to escape to the Japanese-held town of Dairen (now Dalian) on the Manchurian peninsula.

Later life
Schenkl and her daughter survived the war with no support or communication from Bose. During their seven years and eight months of marriage, Schenkl and Bose spent less than three years together, putting strains on Schenkl. Bose never publicly acknowledged his marriage and privately did so only in a letter to his brother Sarat written in Bengali and given to Emilie before he left Europe, with instructions for it to be posted to him in the event of his death.

In the post-war years, Schenkl worked shifts in the trunk exchange and was the main breadwinner of her family, which included her daughter and her mother. Although some family members from Bose's extended family, including his brother Sarat Chandra Bose, welcomed Schenkl and her daughter and met with her in Austria in 1948, Schenkl never visited India. According to her daughter, Schenkl was a very private woman and tight-lipped about her relationship with Bose. Emilie Schenkl died in 1996.

title: Emilie Schenkl


text:
Out of the Trees

Out of the Trees is a 1975 television sketch show pilot written by Graham Chapman, Douglas Adams and Bernard McKenna that was broadcast on BBC 2 in 1976. The show shared some of the stream-of-consciousness style of Monty Python's Flying Circus, of which Chapman was a member. Actors included Chapman, Mark Wing-Davey and Simon Jones. The instrumental theme tune was by Neil Innes.

The concept of the show was, according to Chapman, to follow the exploits of two modern-day linguists who would travel around a Britain gripped which is in rapid decline. The linguists would comment upon the origins of a word or phrase, which would then be the genesis of a sketch. Although two scripts were written (the second a collaboration between Chapman and David Yallop), only one episode was ever filmed. It was broadcast only once by the BBC, with little promotion, at 10pm on Saturday 10 January 1976 opposite Match of the Day, and so was seen by relatively few people. The original broadcast standard videotape of the show was subsequently wiped, as often occurred at the time, and the show was then unseen for decades.

The film segments shot in outdoor locations survived, and consist of a sketch titled "Severance of a Peony", and some inserts intended for an item about Genghis Khan. The former was included on the DVD for Adams's 1981 TV series adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and also appeared, rewritten as an anecdote, in Chapman's book A Liar's Autobiography. Rewrites of the Genghis Khan sketch appear in some editions of Adams's posthumously published work The Salmon of Doubt as the short story "The Private Life of Genghis Khan".

It was reported in 2005, by a representative posting on the forum at the archive television website The Mausoleum Club, that a videotape made by Chapman on an obsolete format had been given to the National Film Television and Videotape Archive. It was restored, a process which took 2 years and shown at the National Film Theatre on Saturday, 2 December 2006 as part of the Missing Believed Wiped event. It was shown again on 24 September 2019 as part of the BFI commemoration of fifty years of Python.

title: Out of the Trees


text:
Talk:List of House episodes

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Merger proposal
I would suggest that List of diagnoses from House (TV series) was an unnecessary split from this article, but the information was never in this article for it to be split off from. The list of diagnoses article contains no reliable sources for it to pass WP:GNG and even if they were added, the information would be better accessed if it was an additional column here. An alternate proposal would be to split each season section and merge them into each respective season article. Aspects (talk) 20:34, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The List of Diagnoses was never "split from this article", but all the information contained therein did in fact come from the this article's episode list. It was created separately and after the fact as a quick reference so the any diagnoses/disease could be easily found, either by episodic order or alphaberical order, without having to hunt through each individual, non-sortable season article. This article relies on the same sources as virtually every other tv episode guide on this project, the information comes from the episodes themselves. That's why each diagnoses is listed with an episode and season number. There is no need to merge that list into this article as it's purpose was to be separate. The "alternate" proposal would also defeat the purpose of having the entire list in one simple, sortable, user-friendly helpful list. In fact, my intention now is to link each episode to each episode number on the list, to make cross-referencing even easier. This will make the list more an actual episode list as well. One question for User:Aspects, this list is almost two years old, why the sudden urge to get rid of it? - the WOLF  child  21:13, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * To answer the question for the age of the diagnoses article, while I did edit it July to remove some categories fix a category, when I saw the edit war over the same categories, it made me look again at the article as a whole instead of from a cody editing perspective and I found the article to be lacking in Wikipedia standards. I thought the information might be helpful and found other article(s) that the information could belong in, instead of starting a WP:AfD. I am not sure how helpful the diagnoses article has been to readers in the past two years since it was not included in the House template until I added it today, so I am not sure how many readers were aware of its existence. With the addition into the template and this merge discussion, if editors find it the diagnoses article to be kept as its own article, hopefully it can be added to in meaningful ways. Aspects (talk) 22:01, 26 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, that last bit there... that is how I'd like to see tbings go. - the WOLF  child  01:17, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
 * It's been 3 months and no support for this merge. Tags removed. - the WOLF  child  05:30, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

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text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Kerney Thomas/archive1

Kerney Thomas
great article...spent a lot of time on it...self-nomination...good info and tells as much as possible about his ministry.

 * Refer to peer review. 1) cite your sources 2) There is almost nothing about the man outside of his ministry work; tell us about his youth and family 3) It's bad form to show a screen shot without pixelizing out the phone number; it looks more like an advertisement than a featured article. slambo 01:13, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * "He has been married to Debra L. Thomas for 27 years and has two children, Kerney Thomas III and Krystle." uh...thats family info right there...geez this guy is a 3:00 am tv preacher...not exactly a wealth of pics of info out there...

 * Exactly, only one sentence. It isn't nothing, it's almost nothing.  A bit of judicious digging around should be able to find some more information.  Who were his parents?  Where was he born?  Where (in what cities) has he lived?  Where did he go to school?  Does he hold any advanced degrees?  Has he been honored by any notable groups?  I can appreciate that the information may not be easy to find, but with it missing here, the article is not, IMHO, FA quality yet.  slambo 20:31, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've pixellized the phone and url on the screenshot and uplaoded the image to a different filename, and formatted the image in a manner more consistent with other biography articles. The original image didn't have any copyright or fair use tag on it, so it may get deleted by one of the automatic image deletion processes (see Untagged images).  Since I'm guessing that the image was a screenshot of a TV broadcast, I've tagged the updated image with  .  So, there's one objection down, how about those references? slambo 20:44, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Refer to peer review. No references, details are quite sparse, odd unsubstantiated language ("humorously and incorrectly points out..."? What does that mean?), photograph's toll free number needs to be pixellated, blurred or cropped out, arguments ("appears to be unbiblical according to Scripture") skirting original research and or POV ("many find humourous" - how many? Is there a survey?). Needs a lot of cleaning up before it approaches consideration. No offense meant to the nominator, who has done substantial work on this, but more needs to be done. Nominating this for FA is very premature. --khaosworks 02:28, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. I'd like to encourage the submitter to flesh out this article, because it is interesting, and the general topic of TV preachers, and late-night ones specifically, has a certain fascination. But the article just isn't anywhere near as complete as, say, Eugene Scott or Tammy Faye. There are no references at all, except to Thomas's own web site, and that makes the whole article come off as something subjective, written by one person who thinks Thomas is amusing. For instance, there is no reference to back up the statement that "He leads a very controversial broadcast in Christian circles, as most of his teachings are considered false." There is an external link to a third-party web site about him, but all that site really does is list a bunch of his quotes. --Bcrowell 14:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object, not comprehensive. Neutralitytalk 19:55, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matthew Wright

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect. Mackensen (talk) 16:48, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Matthew Wright
Suspect body, links are both bad, no Google hit for book. Gee, could this be vandalism? Vote now and vote often. Denni ☯ 00:52, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * Delete. Concur with Denni. Sjakkalle 06:48, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Wright Stuff. (Matthew Wright is also the name of a minor British TV personality). Proto 11:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Proto. Hiding 12:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect or Delete Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:58, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Xcali 14:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Proto.--Kristjan Wager 17:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect An eventual article about the journalist would also be good. The JPS 22:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Wright Stuff. JamesBurns 10:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Catullus 6

Catullus 6 is a Latin poem of seventeen lines in Phalaecean hendecasyllabic metre by the Roman poet Catullus.

Analysis
Flavius is teased about an intrigue which he has in vain tried to conceal. With the general theme, E. T. Merrill compares Catullus 55.1ff. and Horace, Carmina 1.27; 2.4.

In his Victorian translation of Catullus, R. F. Burton titles the poem "To Flavius: Mis-speaking his Mistress".

title: Catullus 6


text:
Renae Lawrence

Renae Lawrence (born 11 October 1977) is an Australian woman who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine.

In April 2005, on her third trip to Bali, Lawrence was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar with 2.689 kg of heroin concealed on her body. After a criminal trial in which she cooperated with investigators and informed on the ringleaders, she was sentenced on 13 February 2006 to life imprisonment. Her appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the life sentence reduced to 20 years was successful on 26 April 2006.

Lawrence was moved from Kerobokan Prison in late 2013 to a prison in Negara, Bali after authorities accused her of a plot to kill prison guards. At her own request in March 2014, Lawrence was subsequently transferred to a prison in Bangli to be closer to Denpasar for her family and visitors.

When given a five-month remission of sentence on Indonesia's Independence Day in 2009, Lawrence’s sentence was commuted in 2018. She was released and deported on 21 November 2018.

Background
Lawrence, from Newcastle, New South Wales, lived for a decade with her same sex partner, who was ten years her senior. After this relationship ended in October 2004, Lawrence moved back in with her mother and stepfather. Her biological father described Lawrence, who was 27 at the time of her arrest, as being naïve and unworldly.

Initially employed as a trainee panel beater with a smash repair company, Lawrence later gained employment at Eurest, a catering company, where she met Martin Stephens, Matthew Norman, and her supervisor, Andrew Chan. All four were later convicted of drug trafficking as members of the Bali Nine.

Alleged trafficking conspiracy
Media reports claim that in early October 2004 Lawrence was invited to Chan's Enfield (Sydney) home to celebrate her 27th birthday. Chan allegedly told her that she was to travel with him to Bali without being told the detail behind the mission. Lawrence claimed that Chan would cover all flights and accommodation. However, if she disobeyed him or disclosed the nature of their arrangement, he would harm her family. Conversely, Lawrence would be rewarded for following instructions. It was also reported that she met Myuran Sukumaran around this time. On 16 October 2004, Lawrence flew to Bali on what Indonesian police claim was a false passport. It was alleged that Chan entered Bali on the same date. Lawrence claimed that she was in regular contact with Chan whilst she stayed in the Istana Rama Hotel in Kuta, and Chan in Kuta's sprawling Hard Rock complex. Media reports stated that Lawrence alleged that on 22 October 2004, Sukumaran strapped packages to the body of both Lawrence and Chan, and with Chan's girlfriend, Grace, boarded a commercial flight to Australia, successfully clearing security, customs and immigration in both Indonesia and Australia. Lawrence claimed that she and Chan were met at the airport, the packages removed, all of them taken to another house, and then Lawrence went home. A few days later Lawrence claimed that Chan handed her an envelope with A$10,000 cash.

A similar trip was organised following Chan's orders, Lawrence claimed, where she departed Australia on 5 December 2004. Lawrence claimed that seven others were involved, including Chan, Matthew Norman, and Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen (going by the alias of David). Lawrence claim that she was again given cash to purchase flights and accommodation for eight days, staying again at the Istana Rama in Kuta. However, the second delivery was aborted when heroin suppliers failed to deliver "due to a financial matter or someone knowing about the plan the shipment was cancelled".

According to Lawrence, again under Chan's instructions, Lawrence departed Australia on 6 April 2005. The day before, Lawrence, Stephens and Si Yi Chen met with Sukumaran where police allege drug smuggling tools such as sealable plastic bags, medical tape, elastic waist bands and skin tight bike shorts were stuffed into the bags of Lawrence and Stephens. Lawrence claims she was given cash; whilst Stephens claims that his life was threatened. Media reports claim that police records show that Lawrence was in daily contact with Chan, whilst in Bali, until 13 April, when Chan changed his mobile phone number. On the same day, he instructed Lawrence and other members of the Bali Nine to change hotels. The original planned departure date of 14 April from Bali was delayed as Chan suspected Australian and Indonesian police were aware of his plans.

Arrest in Indonesia
Lawrence was arrested by Indonesian police on 17 April 2005 at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali. Heroin weighing 2.689 kg was discovered strapped to her legs and chest, concealed underneath her clothing. Scott Rush, Michael Czugaj and Stephens were arrested at the same time as Lawrence. On 20 April 2005, graphic footage of the arrests and subsequent police questioning of Lawrence and other members of the Bali Nine was aired on Australian television.

On the same day that Lawrence was arrested, Indonesian police also arrested Chen, Nguyen, Sukumaran and Norman at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta. Alleged co-ringleader, Chan was also arrested the same day whilst seated on an Australian Airlines flight waiting to depart Denpasar for Sydney. At the time Chan was arrested, he was carrying three mobile phones and a boarding pass. No drugs were found in his possession. On her arrest, Lawrence accused Chan of threatening her life if she did not continue with the plan to import drugs. Lawrence also claimed, but later retracted her statement that Chan had offered her A$15,000 if she followed his instructions. Lawrence also rejected police allegations that she travelled to Bali previously on a false passport.

Criticism of Australian Federal Police tipoff
Lee Rush, the father of Scott Rush (a fellow member of the Bali Nine) said that he contacted the Australian Federal Police (AFP) prior to the commission of the offence, fearing his son was travelling to Bali and would commit a drug-related crime. Rush senior claims then to have received assurances from the AFP that they would tell his son he was under surveillance to dissuade him from going through with the crime before the group's departure from Indonesia. Scott Rush's lawyers said he was never contacted. It was revealed that the AFP alerted Indonesian police that a crime was to be committed approximately two weeks before the arrests, and had commenced an investigation about ten weeks prior to the arrests. When the Bali Nine were arrested, the news of the tipoff became public and there was criticism of the role of the AFP in protecting the interests of Australian citizens.

Commenting on the matter at the time, AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty was reported as saying:

Rush took action in the Federal Court of Australia against the AFP for breach of the bilateral treaty between Indonesia and Australia when information was handed by the AFP to the Indonesians. Rush's case claimed that such information should only be released by the Attorney-General. However, the Commonwealth Government maintained that the treaty only applies after a suspect is charged. The application was dismissed by the Federal Court in January 2006.

Criminal trial
In December 2005, as the trials began, it was reported that tensions were building between the Bali Nine drug mules and Sukumaran and Chan. Several days later, lawyers acting for some members of the Bali Nine initially sought the support of the Director of Public Prosecutions to intervene and lay charges for conspiracy to import drugs, so that the nine could be extradited and charged under Australian law. However, the judges hearing the trial matters in Bali called for Australia not to intervene in Indonesia's right to impose capital punishment. Lawyers acting for Stephens, one of the Bali Nine, claimed the fairness of his trial was in jeopardy following comments made in the media by Indonesian Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda that Australians should be prepared for members of the Bali Nine to receive a death sentence, if found guilty.

Czugaj and Rush, both since convicted members of the Bali Nine and school friends from Brisbane, testified that they had never met Lawrence or Stephens until they were all arrested together at Ngurah Rai Airport. Rush also testified against Lawrence at her trial; whilst Lawrence testified against both Rush and Chan. Meanwhile, in a counter-claim, Chan alleged that it was Lawrence who was the ringleader. Chan claimed that Lawrence had given him Rp1 million to take suitcases with heroin to the Melasti Hotel.

It was reported that the indictment claimed that Lawrence was a drug mule who was recruited in Sydney, was paid for her return flight and accommodation to Bali by members of the conspiracy and then had 2 kg of heroin strapped to her body by Chan, Sukumaran and another of the group. Central to Lawrence's defence was her fear of Chan and the alleged retributions Chan, her former manager at Eurest, was planning to take on her family if she and others did not follow Chan's orders. Lawrence admitted to her role in attempting to smuggle the drugs to Australia, saying before the Denpasar District Court on 8 January 2006:

Sentencing and appeal
In spite of widespread media reports that Lawrence had been cooperative with police, the Indonesian judges found no evidence of Lawrence claims her life was threatened. Judge I Gusti Ngurah Astawa said during sentencing:

In what was an apparent shock for Lawrence and her defence team, she was sentenced on 13 February 2006 to life imprisonment, together with Rush. Commenting on the sentences at the time, Australian Federal Police Commissioner Keelty stated:

The Australian Prime Minister John Howard was reported as commenting:

As verdicts and sentences were handed down in the trials of the Bali Nine, additional arrests were made in Australia.

Prison life
In 2005, Lawrence reportedly attempted suicide twice in prison and also suffered a broken arm due to a self harm incident. These incidents occurred after learning that Andrew Chan was to be moved to the same prison.

In June 2006, Lawrence claimed she had a Balinese girlfriend with whom she shared a prison cell. Lawrence and Schapelle Corby, both serving time for drug trafficking in Kerobokan Prison, developed a close but at times fraught relationship. In an interview with Woman's Day magazine, Lawrence said she was appointed to care for Corby and had watched Corby's mental stability deteriorate.

Commutation
Lawrence appealed the sentence to the Indonesian Supreme Court. On 26 April 2006, a sentence of 20 years imprisonment was handed down. In November 2018 her sentence was commuted, and she was released and deported to Australia on 21 November 2018.

Return to Australia
Upon return to Australia in November 2018, Lawrence handed herself in to NSW Police pursuant to outstanding warrants for car theft, driving unlicensed, exceeding the speed limit by 40 km/h and failing to stop for police on 26 March 2005. Lawrence was due to appear on 26 April 2005 in the Gosford Magistrates Court. However, due to her arrest in Indonesia nine days earlier, she failed to appear. In November 2018, Lawrence was released on bail for subsequent hearing in Newcastle Local Court on 6 December 2018. The case was then adjourned until 17 January 2019, at which time Lawrence's lawyer entered a guilty plea for sentencing on 1 February 2019, and was given a $1,000.00 fine with a twelve-month Community Corrections Order.

title: Renae Lawrence


text:
User talk:Heymay

Welcome!
Hello Heymay, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your question at Talk:Bantu; I responded there, although I don't think I can be of much help in this case. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using four tildes, like this: ~~~~ — it produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! — mark ✎ 00:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.
 * You might also like to know about the Africa-related regional notice board and and WikiProject Countering Systemic Bias.

title: User talk:Heymay


text:
Abdelkader Hachani

Abdelkader Hachani (عبد القادر حشاني; 26 December 1956 – 22 November 1999) was a leading figure and founding member of the Islamic Salvation Front (or FIS), an Algerian Islamic party.

Career
Following the arrests of Abassi Madani and Ali Belhadj on 30 June 1991, he became the party's effective leader (after four days of contested leadership by Mohamed Said.) He led the party to victory in the National Assembly elections of December 1991; shortly afterwards, he was arrested on 22 January 1992.

As the Algerian Civil War raged, he was released in July 1997. The court handed him a sentence of five years, which he had already served waiting for the trial. He played a prominent role in negotiating the Islamic Salvation Army's (AIS) cease-fire of October 1997, but condemned President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's Civil Harmony Act.

Hachani was shot by an assassin in the waiting room of a dental clinic in the Bab El Oued district of Algiers on 22 November 1999, and subsequently died in hospital. In December, the government announced that it had arrested Fouad Boulemia, a GIA member, for the murder; Boulemia was convicted in a controversial trial, sentenced to death, and then released.

Hachani was trained as a petrochemical engineer. Within FIS, he was considered a member of the Djaz'ara (Algerianist) wing. He left four children behind.

title: Abdelkader Hachani


text:
Shoshana Damari

Shoshana Damari (שושנה דמארי; March 31, 1923 – February 14, 2006) was a Yemeni-Israeli singer known as the "Queen of Hebrew Music."

Biography
Shoshana Damari was born as Shodia Damari on the eve of Passover in Dhamar, Yemen as the eldest daughter in a family of five children. Her parents were Lihya-Zachariah and Gazal-Ayla Demari.

Her family arrived by foot at the Aden port and from there arrived in Israel by train through El Qantara, Egypt on June 15, 1924, when Shoshana was one and a half years old, and settled in Rishon Lezion when Damari was two years old.

From a young age Damari played drums and sang accompaniment for her mother, who performed at family celebrations and gatherings of the Yemenite community in Israel. At age 14, her first songs were broadcast on the radio. She studied singing and acting at the Shulamit Studio in Tel Aviv.

In August 1938, she performed for the first time as a soloist on the radio in Yemenite songs by the poet Shalom Shabazi, accompanied by oud and drums.

In 1939 Damari held her first concert as a soloist, accompanied on the piano by Nahum Nardi.

In February 1940, she married the director of "Shulamit" Shlomo Bosmi, who also served as her artistic agent. On January 27, 1943, the couple had their only daughter, Nava Bosmi. Damari performed as a singer at that time also outside of her activity in "Shulamit".

Damari died in Tel Aviv after a brief bout of pneumonia. She died whilst Kalaniyot was sung by her family and friends who had been sitting in vigil during her final few days. She was buried in the Trumpeldor Cemetery in Tel Aviv.

Music career
In 1945, Damari joined Li-La-Lo, a revue theater established by impresario Moshe Wallin. The group performed light entertainment and satire as a counterweight to the serious theater of the time. Damari became known for her distinctive husky voice and Yemenite pronunciation.

During the War of Independence, Damari performed some of the songs that became most associated with the war, such as "The Last Battle", "Bat Sheva" and "There were times" (to the words of Haim Hefer). Her performances in front of the soldiers made a great impression.

On the eve of the rise of the State of Israel, with Moshe Wilensky, she made an exciting concert tour in the detention camps in Cyprus, where she sang the song "The Home" and also a well-known song in Yiddish called "Raisins and Almonds" ("Razhinkes mit Mandalen"). She then said that because of the crowd's crying and excitement, she was never able to finish the song to the end.

Soon she became a famous singer and the audience flocked to her performances. Songs that she renewed at that time, "The Van is Driving" (originally by Esther Gamlielit) and "You have to ring twice" (originally from the theater "Kol Haruhot") immediately became identified with her.

Her first record was released in 1948 and her best-known song Kalaniyot (Anemones), by Moshe Wilensky, dates from that period. She was especially popular among Israeli soldiers, for whom she frequently performed. After the independence of Israel and throughout the late 1970s, Damari performed all over the United States, France, England, South Africa, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Canada, Scandinavia and Japan.

In the 1950s, Damari was a guest on Moshe Wilensky's radio programs on Kol Israel, where she performed new songs he had composed, such as "The Little Shepherd from the Valley" and "Leor Ha-Zikronot". She also recorded a number of songs by Wilensky and Yehiel Moher, originally performed by the Nahal band ("Hora Mamtera", "Mul Har Sinai", "Ballad on a spring and sea"), and they immediately became more identified with her than with the original performance.

She was warmly received by the audience at national and international festivals in Israel and abroad, serving as Israel's unofficial cultural ambassador and earning the title of “First lady of Israeli song.” In the mid-1980s, Damari teamed up with Boaz Sharabi for a duet that brought her back into the limelight.

In 2005, she recorded two tracks for the Mimaamakim album by Idan Raichel's Project and participated in some of their live performances. The two had been slated to begin another joint project.

Awards and recognition
In 1988, Damari was awarded the Israel Prize for Hebrew song. and an ACUM lifetime achievement award in 1995.

As part of the 60th celebration of the State of Israel in 2008, Damari was chosen as the "singer of the 60th", the most beloved singer in the country's 60 years, in a vote conducted by Channel 1 and Reshet Gimel.

On March 31, 2013, Google celebrated her 90th birthday with a Google Doodle.

Film career

 * Hill 24 Doesn't Answer
 * Be'Ein Moledet
 * Hatikvah

title: Shoshana Damari


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 * DionysosProteus 10:24, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:George Bernard Shaw