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Agostinho da Silva

George Agostinho Baptista da Silva, GCSE (Porto, 13 February 1906 – Lisbon, 3 April 1994) was a Portuguese philosopher, essayist, and writer. His thought combines elements of pantheism and millenarism, an ethic of renunciation (like in Buddhism or Franciscanism), and a belief in freedom as the most important feature of man. Anti-dogmatic, he asserts that truth is only found in the sum of all conflicting hypothesis (in paradox). He may be considered a practical philosopher, living and working for a change in society, according to his beliefs.

He is part of a tradition of visionary thought that includes Father António Vieira and the poets Luís de Camões and Fernando Pessoa. Like Joachim de Fiore, he speaks of the coming of an age in History—the Age of the Holy Spirit—in which mankind and society attain perfection. To Agostinho da Silva, this means the absence of economy, brought about by technological evolution, and the absence of government. It also means that the nature of mankind and the nature of God will become the same. In this sense his philosophy is both an eschatology and an utopy.

Biography
(translated and adapted from: Romana Brázio Valente, "Agostinho da Silva: Síntese Biográfica")

George Agostinho Baptista da Silva was born in Porto in 1906. Later that same year, he moved to Barca d'Alva (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo), where he lived until about 6 years of age. From 1924 to 1928 he studied Classical Philology at the Faculdade de Letras of University of Porto. After graduation he began contributing to the Seara Nova magazine (a collaboration that continued until 1938).

From 1931, as a scholarship student, he attended Sorbonne and Collège de France (Paris). In 1933 he commenced teaching at Aveiro high school but was discharged in 1935 for refusing to sign a statement—then mandatory to all civil servants—which renounced participation in secret (thus subversive) organizations.

He created the Núcleo Pedagógico Antero de Quental in 1939, and in 1940 began publishing Iniciação: cadernos de informação cultural. He was arrested by the secret police in 1943 and left the country the following year.

He lived in Brazil from 1947 to 1969 due to his opposition to the authoritarian regime of the Estado Novo (New State). He taught at Faculdade Fluminense de Filosofia and collaborated with Jaime Cortesão in research about Alexandre de Gusmão (18th century diplomat). From 1952 to 1954 he taught at Federal University of Paraíba in João Pessoa and also in Pernambuco.

In 1954, again with Jaime Cortesão, he helped organize the 4th Centennial Exhibition of São Paulo. He was one of the founders of University of Santa Catarina, created the Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais (Afro-Oriental Studies Center), taught Theater Philosophy at University of Bahia, and, in 1961, became an external policy adviser to the Brazilian president Jânio Quadros. He helped create the Universidade de Brasília and its Centro de Estudos Portugueses (Portuguese Studies Center), in 1962, and, two years later, created the Casa Paulo Dias Adorno in Cachoeira and idealizes the Museu do Atlântico Sul in Salvador.

He returned to Portugal in 1969 after Salazar's illness and replacement by Marcello Caetano, which created some political and cultural opening in the regime. He continued to write and teach at Portuguese universities. He directed the Centro de Estudos Latinoamericanos (Latin-American Studies Center) at Technical University of Lisbon, and acted as a consultant to Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa (ICALP, Portuguese Culture and Language Institute).

In 1990, the Portuguese public television channel RTP1 broadcast a series of thirteen interviews with him entitled Conversas Vadias. He died at São Francisco de Xavier Hospital in Lisbon in 1994.

A documentary entitled Agostinho da Silva: Um Pensamento Vivo, directed by João Rodrigues Mattos, was released by Alfândega Filmes, in 2004. There is an unreleased interview by António Escudeiro entitled Agostinho por Si Próprio, where he talks about the worship of the Holy Spirit.

He's revered as one of the leading Portuguese intellectual personalities of the 20th century. Among his works are biographies of Michelangelo, Pasteur and St. Francis of Assisi; his most influential book may be Sete Cartas a Um Jovem Filósofo (Seven Letters to a Young Philosopher).

He was a vegetarian.

His Own Words
(translated from: Silva, Agostinho da, Educação de Portugal. Lisboa: Ulmeiro, 1989. ISBN 978-972-706-213-3)

a) "... that each man is different from myself and unique in the universe; that I am not the one, consequently, that must reflect instead of him, [...] that knows what is best for him, [...] that must point his way. Towards him I have only one right: helping him to be himself; as my essential duty to myself is being who I am, as uncomfortable as that may be [...]"

b) "... loving others and wanting their good has been the reason of much oppression and much death [...]; essentially, you must not love in others anything but freedom, theirs and yours. They must, for love, cease being slaves, as must we, for love, cease being slave owners."

c) "And it is the child the one that must be considered the noble savage, spoiling her, mis-shaping her [...] the least we possibly can [...]"

d) "Believing, thus, that man is born good, which means on my regard that he is born a brother to the world, not its owner and destroyer, I think that education [...] has not been much else than the system through which this fraternity is transformed in domination."

According to Agostinho da Silva, some of the most relevant aspects that shaped the nature of the Portuguese people and influenced the culture of Portuguese-speaking nations are: its popular religiousness, with strong elements of millenarism and mysticism; a tradition of participatory democracy and autonomy based on small local communities; a tendency towards cultural miscegenation and cosmopolitanism in balance with a nostalgia for the homeland and its cultural heritage; a slow and difficult adaptation to modernity, namely to Enlightenment ideas and capitalist economy.

title: Agostinho da Silva


text: Category:Peers of England

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Peers of England


text:
User talk:Meganeulalaellis

Hi

I'm Megan I love my self.I am so popular

title: User talk:Meganeulalaellis


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Sikorsky S-70

The Sikorsky S-70 is an American medium transport/utility helicopter family manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft. It was developed for the United States Army in the 1970s, winning a competition to be designated the UH-60 Black Hawk and spawning a large family in U.S. military service. New and improved versions of the UH-60 have been developed since. Civilian versions, and some military versions, are produced under various S-70 model designations.

Development
The S-70 family was developed to meet a United States Army requirement to replace the UH-1 Iroquois family of utility medium-lift helicopters in 1972. Three YUH-60A prototypes were constructed, with the first flying in October 1974. They were evaluated against the Boeing-Vertol YUH-61A. The YUH-60A was selected for production, and entered service as the UH-60A Black Hawk with the U.S. Army in 1979.

After entering service, the helicopter was modified for new missions and roles, including mine laying and medical evacuation. An EH-60 variant was developed to conduct electronic warfare and special operations aviation developed the MH-60 variant to support its missions. In the late 1980s the model was upgraded to the UH-60L, which featured more power and lift with the upgrade to the -701C model of the GE T700 engine. The improved UH-60M model was developed in the early 2000s. The UH-60M and its International version, the S-70i, include GPS navigation, a glass cockpit, an integrated Flight Management System, and a significant upgrade to the powertrain and rotor system adding both power and lift capability.

The S-70 can perform a variety of missions, including air cavalry, electronic warfare, and aeromedical evacuation. Versions are used to transport the President of the United States under call sign "Marine One". In air assault operations it can move a squad of 11 combat troops and equipment or carry the 105 mm M102 howitzer, thirty rounds of ammunition, and a six-man crew. Alternatively, it can carry 2600 lb of cargo or sling load 9000 lb of cargo. The S-70 is equipped with advanced avionics and electronics, such as the Global Positioning System.

The United States Navy received the first navalized SH-60B Seahawk in 1983, and the SH-60F Ocean Hawk in 1988.

The HH-60G Pave Hawk is a highly modified version of the S-70 primarily designed to recover downed aircrew or other isolated personnel during war and equipped with a rescue hoist with a 250 ft cable that has a 600 lb lift capability, and a retractable in-flight refueling probe. The United States Air Force received the MH-60G Pave Hawk in 1982.

The United States Coast Guard received the HH-60J Jayhawk in 1992. It utilizes the equipment of the HH-60G Pave Hawk on the navalized SH-60 platform.

The S-70A Firehawk is a version of the S-70 designed for firefighting, rescue, medical evacuation, and external lift of bulky cargo and equipment. The Oregon National Guard was the first military organization in the world to add the Firehawk to its inventory; the Los Angeles County Fire Department was the first municipal organization. Another Firehawk aerial firefighting operator is the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) with the S-70i variant.

The Army flies medical evacuation models configured as rotary winged medical suites. It also uses the S-70 for special operations by the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ("Night Stalkers") at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, designated as the MH-60K.

The Maple Hawk was a variant offered by Sikorsky to the Canadian Forces during a 1996 tender to replace the military's search and rescue helicopters.

Colombia
On 5 August 2010, to support its counter-narcotics and armed forces modernisation efforts, the US DSCA approved the Colombian government's request of additional 9 UH-60L (4 units allocated to the national police force).

In 2017 March, the National Police of Colombia ordered 10 additional 2nd-hand UH-60A helicopters that will increase their total to 19 helicopters in operation.

Poland

In 2018, Poland sign agreement to buy S-70i for Police aviation, to replace Mi-2 reaching the end of their safe flying life.

First batch
As part of the Armed Forces of the Philippines modernization efforts, the Department of National Defense signed a contract with PZL-Mielec for 16 S-70i variant of Black Hawk helicopters worth US$241.4 million in March 2019. This to further replace the Philippine Air Force's aging fleet of UH-1 Huey helicopters. The first six units were delivered in November 2020 while the second five units were delivered in June 2021. The final five units of the first batch were delivered in December 2021.

During a nighttime training mission, one unit of the new S-70i Black Hawk crashed killing all six crew on board. In response, the Philippine Air Force grounded the entire fleet until the investigation has been completed. The Armed Forces of the Philippines later on said that "Based on the investigating team’s report, no single factor can be determined as the only cause of these mishaps."

Second batch
On 22 February 2022, the Department of National Defense signed another contract with PZL-Mielec for an additional 32 S-70i Black Hawks worth US$624 million which included an integrated logistics support and training package for pilots and maintenance crew.

With the latest contract with PZL-Mielec, the Philippines is set to become the largest operator of the S-70i variant of the Black Hawk once full delivery of the ordered units are completed.

H-60

 * AH-60 Arpia III: Based on the UH-60H platform, is an indigenous development made by the Colombian Air Force, Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) (Elbit Systems), and Sikorsky Aircraft. Main armament is Hellfire anti-tank missiles and a GAU-21 machine gun on an indigenously developed turret.
 * AH-60 Arpia IV: Based on the UH-60L, is an indigenous development made by the Colombian Air Force, IAI (Elbit Systems), and Sikorsky. Main armament is the Spike NLOS and a Nexter THL-20 gun turret.
 * UH-60 Black Hawk: The basic military utility helicopter for the U.S. Army, with MH-60A, K, L, and M Special Operations variants. VH-60N Marine Helicopter flies over the Potomac.jpg
 * VH-60 White Hawk: The U.S. presidential transport helicopter, Marine One, used by the United States Marine Corps Marine Helicopter Squadron One
 * SH-60 Seahawk: Variant for anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, maritime patrol, all-weather and day/night for the U.S. Navy.
 * Sikorsky MH-60R Seahawk: A multimission maritime helicopter for the U.S. Navy
 * Sikorsky MH-60S, unofficially known as the "Knighthawk", maritime medium-heavy lift helicopter for the U.S. Navy
 * HH-60 Pave Hawk: Heli-rescue variant for search and rescue, MEDEVAC, and combat search and rescue use on day and night operations for the USAF.
 * MH-60G Pave Hawk, Special Operations search-and-rescue helicopter variant for the U.S. Air Force.
 * HH-60 Jayhawk: Variant for maritime patrol, interdiction, and search and rescue for the United States Coast Guard. The MH-60T Jayhawk is an upgraded version.

S-70
The company name for the H-60/S-70 family is the S-70 Black Hawk.
 * S-70A Black Hawk (UH-60 Black Hawk): Military model for the export market.
 * S-70A Firehawk: Firefighting variant of the UH-60L. Tank system designed and built by Aero Union in Chico, California.
 * S-70A (N) Naval Hawk: Maritime variant that blends the S-70A Black Hawk and S-70B Seahawk designs.
 * S-70B/C Seahawk: Maritime military model for the export market.
 * S-70A-9: Australian derivative Black Hawk
 * S-70C Firehawk: Civilian water-bomber variant
 * S-70i Black Hawk: International military version assembled by Sikorsky subsidiary, PZL Mielec in Poland.
 * Turkish Aerospace Industries T-70: A Turkish variant of the S-70i, built under license by Turkish Aerospace Industries with indigenous Turkish mission-computer and avionics (by ASELSAN); flight controls, landing gear and transmission (by Alp Aviation); and T700-TEI-701D engines under license from General Electric (by Tusaş Engine Industries). Turkey was to initially produce about 109 T70s under license. U.S. Ambassador to Turkey Frank Ricciardone stated that Turkey intends to produce some 600 T70s.
 * S-70M Black Hawk: FAA type certified (Restricted Category Special Airworthiness Certificate) version based on S70i Black Hawk manufactured by Sikorsky subsidiary, PZL Mielec in Poland. S-70M Black Hawk helicopter is available to the US commercial/civil market for the missions such as agricultural operations, external cargo carriage and forest and wildlife conservation, which includes aerial firefighting missions.

Derivatives

 * Sikorsky S-71 - a proposed attack helicopter using dynamic components from the S-70.
 * Sikorsky S-92 - Civilian medium-lift derivative of the S-70/H-60 with dynamic components based on S-70/H-60 components. The S-92 took its maiden flight on December 23, 1998, at the Sikorsky Development Flight Center, West Palm Beach, Florida.
 * H-92 Superhawk - military version of the S-92. The Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone is the H-92 version for the Canadian Armed Forces.
 * Sikorsky VH-92 - VIP transport version of the S-92.

Civilian operators

 * Presidential Air Group
 * Colombian National Police UH-60L [(11, with 2 lost)] UH-60A (10) (19 total)
 * Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management Authority - Leased from Timberline Helicopters, Inc.
 * Federal Police
 * Jalisco State Police
 * Police S-70i (3) (2 on order)
 * Ministry of Internal Affairs - S-70M (7, with up to 12 to be purchased). Used by SMURD and the Romanian Police.
 * Ministry of Interior
 * General Directorate of Security
 * Police S-70i (3) (2 on order)
 * Ministry of Internal Affairs - S-70M (7, with up to 12 to be purchased). Used by SMURD and the Romanian Police.
 * Ministry of Interior
 * General Directorate of Security
 * Ministry of Interior
 * General Directorate of Security
 * General Directorate of Security
 * General Directorate of Security
 * California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE)
 * Los Angeles County Fire Department
 * Pacific Gas and Electric Company
 * San Diego Fire-Rescue Department
 * U.S. Customs and Border Protection
 * Ventura County Sheriffs Department
 * Main Directorate of Intelligence - S-70i BLACK HAWK (2 )
 * Main Directorate of Intelligence - S-70i BLACK HAWK (2 )
 * Main Directorate of Intelligence - S-70i BLACK HAWK (2 )

title: Sikorsky S-70


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Clonsilla

Clonsilla is an outer suburb of Dublin in Fingal, Ireland.

Clonsilla is also a civil parish in the barony of Castleknock in the traditional County Dublin.

Location and access
Clonsilla used to be a small village in the inner western part of County Dublin, but it is now a large residential suburban area, with Ongar and other localities developing their own subsidiary identities. It falls into the Dublin 15 postal district, the Dublin West Dáil constituency and is locally administered by Fingal County Council.

Clonsilla is roughly equidistant from Blanchardstown and Castleknock.

History
Clonsilla used to be home to horse studs including the famous Ongar stud owned by Prince Aly Khan and his then-wife Rita Hayworth.

In the late 20th and early 21st century, there was significant residential housing development in Clonsilla. Estates such as Mount Symon, Castlefield, Charnwood, Limelawn, Ravenswood, Manorfields, Portersgate, Aldemere and Windermere, were built between 1990 and 2005. As a result, the population of the area rose over the same period.

Places of interest
Luttrellstown Castle, dating from the early 15th century and once owned by members of the Guinness family, is now a hotel and golf course. It was thrown into the spotlight when David Beckham and Victoria Adams married there. American band R.E.M. also stayed here during the Monster World Tour in 1995.

Beech Park is a public park which was opened in May 2009 and is maintained by Fingal County Council. The Shackleton Gardens within Beech Park is home to a walled garden containing rare flower species. It was formerly owned by the Shackleton family.

The Royal Canal is home to several species of freshwater fish such as pike, perch and roach.

Education
Clonsilla has a number of national schools, including St. Mochta's, St. Patrick's, St. Philip's, St. Ciaran's (Hartstown), and Scoil Choilm Community National School (Porterstown). There are five secondary schools in the vicinity: Hartstown Community School, Castleknock Community College, Coolmine Community School, Luttrellstown Community College and Castleknock College. There is also an Educate Together primary and second-level school located in Hansfield, Clonsilla.

Religion

Porterstown-Clonsilla is a parish in the Blanchardstown deanery of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin. The church of St. Mochta's, located in Porterstown, serves the village proper. There are other parishes in the wider suburb.

In the Church of Ireland, the parish is part of "Castleknock and Mulhuddart with Clonsilla".

There is also a Latter-day Saint meeting house in Clonsilla.

Transport

Clonsilla railway station is an exchange station for commuter services going between Dublin and Maynooth and M3 Parkway lines. Passengers travel to Maynooth to transfer to Dublin to Sligo intercity service. Residents of Ongar and Hansfield can use Hansfield railway station.

Clonsilla is near the N3/M3 national road between Cavan and Dublin city centre.

Clonsilla is served by several Dublin Bus routes including the 39, the 39a and the L52 from Blanchardstown Shopping Centre.

Clonsilla straddles the Royal Canal.

Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association clubs are St. Peregrines GAA, Castleknock Hurling and Football Club, and Westmanstown Gaels GAA club. A soccer club, St. Mochta’s F.C., plays at Porterstown Road. A karate club meets in the Clonsilla hall.

People

 * Glen Crowe is an Irish professional football forward. He played for Wolves, Bohemians, Shelbourne and Sporting Fingal, and represented the Republic of Ireland national football team on two occasions. Crowe was born and raised in the Clonsilla area.
 * Mark Kennedy, the Ipswich Town footballer, is from Clonsilla and started his career at St.Mochta's FC.
 * Thomas Luttrell of Luttrellstown Castle ( died 1554 ) Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, was buried in Clonsilla and left a bequest to build a chapel in his memory.

title: Clonsilla


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User talk:Ntrilok

Dog stuff
Thanks for adding the info on the Caravan Hound. I merged into the Mudhol Hound article because that seems to be the more common English name for the breed. Time will tell if/when it's recognized by the major English-language registries.

Also, the two photos you uploaded: Image:Closeupfire.jpg and Image:Dolly1.JPG--wikipedia needs to know the source for the photos (e.g., web site or who the photographer is) and what license they're released for free distribution under (for example, GFDL or public domain). Otherwise, they can't really be used on Wikipedia. Can you edit those photo description pages with this info? Thanks again.

Elf | Talk 19:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Pandikona for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Pandikona is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Pandikona until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Cavalryman (talk) 01:27, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ntrilok


text:
Talk:Bastardization

Encyclopedic?
Is this not an example of something that belongs in Wiktionary instead of Wikipedia? Would that not suggest why the article hasn't been improved? Kel-nage 22:55, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bastardization


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Joannes Susenbrotus

Joannes Susenbrotus (also spelled Susembrotus, also known as Johannes or Hans Susenbrot, 1484/1485–1542/1543) was a German humanist, teacher of Latin, and author of textbooks. Susenbrotus was born in the Imperial Free City of Wangen im Allgäu and studied at the universities of Vienna and Basel. From 1506, he was a teacher in Leutkirch, and subsequently in Pfullendorf, Schaffhausen, and – from 1522 – in Ravensburg.

He wrote several books in Latin, amongst them a Latin textbook Grammaticae artis institutio and a collection of Christian poems. His rhetorics textbook Epitome troporum defines 132 tropes and figures and gives examples of their use in ancient literature as well as references in contemporary books on rhetorics.

Living in the days of the Protestant Reformation, Susenbrotus distinctly remained a Roman Catholic. Around 1542, Susenbrotus died from injuries sustained when a drunk caskmaker beat him up in Ravensburg.

Susenbrotus' textbooks spread his name to pupils all over Europe. William Shakespeare seems to have known Epitome troporum, since – as T. W. Baldwin pointed out – he uses numerous examples from Susenbrotus' book in his works. He is also a well-known rhetorician to other Elizabethan writers and poets such as Gabriel Harvey, Thomas Nashe and Thomas Watson. On 12 March 1615, students of Trinity College, Cambridge, played the Latin comedy, Susenbrotus, or Fortunia, probably written by John Chappell, in the presence of King James I at Royston. As late as 1660 the English educationalist Charles Hoole recommends Susenbrotus' Epitome as a textbook for grammar schools.

Works

 * Grammaticae artis institutio, Schumann, Leipzig 1539, and various later editions
 * Scholae christianae epigrammatum libri duo, ex variis Christianorum poetis excerpti, ac iam à multis mendis repurgati in usum Christianorum adulescentulorum, Brylinger, Basel 1541 (collected Christian poems)
 * Epitome Troporvm Ac Schematvm Et Grammaticorum & Rhetorum: ad Authores tum prophanos tum sacros intelligendos non-minus utilis quàm necessaria, Froschauer, Tiguri (Zürich) 1541? and various later editions, first edition in England 1562
 * Methodus octo partium orationis una cum formulis declinandi nomina ac coniugandi verba, pueris nuper musarum adyta ingressis cognitu cum primis necessaria, Froschauer, Tiguri (Zürich) 1565

title: Joannes Susenbrotus


text:
Category:Hemoproteins

A hemoprotein (haem protein) is a protein containing a heme prosthetic group.

title: Category:Hemoproteins


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Shootings in the United States Of America

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 03:16, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Shootings in the United States Of America
Unmaintainable list - 1,000's every day - nothing to merge - and pretty pointless as a redirect --Doc (?) 19:14, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete as per Doc. Not only unmaintable, but not definitive.  <> Who ? ¿ ?  19:30, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The full text is: "The following is a list of shootings. Ronald Reagan President. JFK. Abe Lincoln." They left out Alfalfa, so I'm voting to delete. (And because it's unmaintainable and non-definitive.) Ground Zero 20:00, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete. RickK 20:12, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, this user has been creating nonsense articles with five different accounts now. Eliot 20:25, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete this ridiculous article, then recreate as a redirect to Gun politics. -- BD2412 talk 21:19, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * Delete unmaintainable list. JamesBurns 09:53, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Cosmic Cube

The Cosmic Cube is a fictional object appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. There are multiple Cubes in the Marvel Universe, all of which are depicted as containment devices that can empower whoever wields them. Although the first version, introduced in Tales of Suspense #79 (July 1966) and created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, originated on Earth as a weapon built by Advanced Idea Mechanics, most are of alien origins.

The Cube (renamed the Tesseract) plays a central role in several films of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in which it is ultimately depicted as containing the Space Stone, one of the six Infinity Stones.

Publication history
The first Cosmic Cube appeared in a story in Tales of Suspense #79–81 (July–Sept. 1966) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It was established as a device created by A.I.M. and capable of transforming any wish into reality, irrespective of the consequences. The Cube was also a plot device in a story that introduced the character of the Super-Adaptoid in Tales of Suspense #82–84 (Oct.–Dec. 1966). The Cube was also featured in a one-off story in Avengers #40 (1967) being found and briefly wielded by Namor.

The Cube reappeared in Captain America #115–120 (July–Dec. 1969), and featured in an epic cosmic storyline that starred arch-villain Thanos in Daredevil #107 (Jan. 1974) and Captain Marvel #25–33 (March 1972–July 1974, bi-monthly). Retrieved after Thanos' defeat, this original Cube featured in several Project Pegasus stories in Marvel Two-in-One #42–43 (Aug.–Sept. 1978), Marvel Two-in-One #57–58 (Dec. 1979–Jan. 1980), and Marvel Team-Up Annual #5 (1982).

The creation of a second Cube was shown in Super-Villain Team-Up #16–17 (May 1979 and June 1980), but this Cube was initially powerless and did not gain any reality-altering ability until years after its creation.

A major element was added to the Cube's origin—that each is in fact an evolving sentient being—in Captain America Annual #7 (1983). The sentient Cube returned in Avengers #289–290 (March–April 1988) to end the threat of the Super-Adaptoid (itself originally empowered by a "shard" of a Cosmic Cube), and then in Fantastic Four #319 (Oct. 1988). This story revealed that the villain the Molecule Man had ties to the Cube and introduced a new character.

The miniseries The Infinity War #1–6 (June–Nov. 1992) and Infinity Crusade #1–6 (June–Nov. 1993) established that the items actually exist in a variety of geometric forms called Cosmic Containment Units.

A third Cosmic Cube was created during the "Taking A.I.M." storyline that ran through Avengers #386–388 (May–July 1995) and Captain America (vol. 2) #440–441 (June–July 1995). This unstable Cube has not been seen since it was sealed in a containment chamber at the conclusion of the storyline.

The previously powerless second Cosmic Cube finally gained an ability to alter reality in Captain America (vol. 2) #445–448 (November 1995–February 1996) but it was unstable and exploded at the end of that storyline. The second Cube's power reappeared in a storyline in Captain America (vol. 3) #14–19 (Feb.–July 1999) during which its power was internalized within the Red Skull, then stolen by Korvac and taken to an alternate 31st century Earth before being returned to the Red Skull on the present-day Earth, after which it was seemingly destroyed again by exposure to anti-matter energy.

Doctor Doom acquires the Cosmic Cube in the Fantastic Four miniseries The World's Greatest Comics Magazine (2001). Doom uses a time machine to get the Cube from the ocean floor, into which it had dropped during a battle between the Red Skull and Captain America.

A Cube—together with 11 other items from Marvel and DC Comics continuity—was used once again as a plot device in the intercompany crossover series JLA/Avengers #1–4 (Sept. 2003–April 2004, bi-monthly).

The Cube also shows up in Captain America (vol. 5). Aleksander Lukin wants the Cube and is willing to trade the Red Skull for it. The Red Skull claims he does not have it, but has spies out looking for it. Five years later, the Skull is in New York City and is in possession of it. General Lukin sent the Winter Soldier to retrieve the Cube from the Skull, and to kill him. The Skull transfers his mind into the body of Lukin through the powers of the Cube.

A fragment of a Cube empowered a new character that featured in a single storyline in Marvel Team-Up (vol. 3) #20–24 (July–Nov. 2006), and a Cube also appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy (vol. 2) #19 (Dec. 2009). The item added a new aspect to the abilities of the villain the Absorbing Man in The Mighty Avengers #32–33 (Feb.–March 2010). A new Cosmic Cube was revealed in Avengers Assemble #5 (July 2012); it was revealed to be a working facsimile with more limited powers than the 'real thing'.

Fictional item history
The Cosmic Cubes are actually containment devices created by various civilizations throughout the Marvel Universe at various times. Examples including the Skrulls (creators of the Cube that would eventually evolve into the Shaper of Worlds), and various other, unnamed civilizations (whose Cubes were gathered/stolen by unknown means by the Magus in the Infinity War story arc and the Goddess in the Infinity Crusade story arc). These matrices—which may or may not actually be shaped like a Cube—are suffused with reality-warping energies of unknown composition that comes from the realm of the Beyonders.

Unknown to almost everyone in the Marvel Universe, including its creators, the nature of the mysterious energies are such that, after a sufficient but undefined period of time, the matrix will become self-aware and evolve into an independent, free-willed being still possessed of the original Cube's tremendous powers; the new being's overall personality is psychically imprinted with the beliefs, desires, and personalities of those who wielded it as a Cube (for example, the Shaper of Worlds, wielded for a long time by an insane and warlike Skrull Emperor, immediately destroyed a large portion of the galaxy that it was located in once it became sentient).

On Earth, the Cosmic Cube containment matrix was developed and created by an evil society of para-military scientists known as A.I.M. to further their ultimate goal of world conquest. The object is revealed to be so powerful that it drove to insanity its co-creator MODOK. Master villain and former Nazi the Red Skull obtains the device after taking control of the mind of the A.I.M. agent holding it, using a handheld device. Although apparently now all-powerful, the Skull became overconfident and was tricked and defeated by the hero Captain America, who pretended to surrender and ask to be the Skull's slave, then knocked the Cube away, causing it to fall into the ocean. It was found by Prince Namor after Hercules accidentally revealed it to him, but while battling the Avengers he lost contact with it, and it fell into the Earth. The Mole Man found it, but threw it away, not realizing its true value. Later, a shard of the Cube is also used by A.I.M. to power the android known as the Super-Adaptoid, who is sent in an unsuccessful attempt to kill Captain America.

The Red Skull eventually retrieves the Cube and toys with Captain America, but the Skull is defeated when A.I.M. uses an object called the "Catholite Block" to dissolve the Cube.

The Cube was eventually found (apparently having reformed) by Thanos who, like the Red Skull, wishes to control the universe (this also attracts the amorous attention of the cosmic entity Death). Although opposed by superhero team the Avengers and the alien Kree warrior Captain Mar-Vell, Thanos becomes supreme when he wills the Cube to make him a part of—and therefore in control of—everything. Thanos discards the Cube, believing it to be drained of power, and is then stripped of the power by the dying superhero named Mar-Vell, who shatters the Cube and restores the universe.

Brought to research installation Project: Pegasus, the Cube was stolen by villain and cult leader Victorius, and is used to create the being Jude the Entropic Man. Both are neutralized when in simultaneous contact with the Cube (and the swamp monster the Man Thing). The Cube is returned to Pegasus by Captain America and the Fantastic Four member the Thing, where it eventually transforms the alien Wundarr into the entity the Aquarian.

A second Cube was created on the Island of Exiles by a team of scientists (including Arnim Zola) working for the Red Skull and the Hate-Monger. Planning to transfer his consciousness into the completed Cube, the Hate-Monger secretly arranged for a distraction in the form of a strike team from the spy organization S.H.I.E.L.D. attacking the island in an attempt to retrieve the Cube. However, the Red Skull was aware of his plans and had kept secret the fact that the Cube project had succeeded only in creating a perfect prison, but had failed to capture the mysterious, omnidimensional x-element which gives the Cubes their reality-warping power. As a result, the Hate-Monger's mind was left trapped in a powerless Cube in the Red Skull's possession. This Cube was one of the trophies that the Red Skull kept in his home, Skull House.

During a battle to stop A.I.M. from using the Cube once again, Captain America witnesses the Cube evolve into the entity called Kubik, which becomes a student of the Shaper of Worlds. Kubik returns to Earth when attracted by an anomaly possessing a fraction of its power, revealed to be the Super-Adaptoid. The Super-Adaptoid uses its abilities to "copy" Kubik's abilities and banishes the entity, intent on creating a race in its own image. The Adaptoid, however, is tricked into shutting down by Captain America. Kubik returns and then removes the sliver of the original Cosmic Cube from the Adaptoid that gave the robot its abilities.

Kubik also battles the renegade entity the Beyonder, and reveals to the entity and former Fantastic Four villain the Molecule Man that they are in fact both parts of an incomplete Cube (officially retconning the Beyonder's powers as shown in Secret Wars in the process), and convinces them to merge their powers. This forms a new being called Kosmos, who becomes the pupil of Kubik.

The character the Magus—an evil version of anti-hero Adam Warlock—acquires five Cosmic Cubes from neighboring universes, with each appearing in a different geometric form. The Magus uses mechanical aids to manipulate the Cubes, as their combined presence would quickly cause permanent brain damage. The character uses the Cubes to create evil doppelgangers of almost all of the Marvel heroes and then alters the universe, but is tricked and defeated when acquiring the Infinity Gauntlet, as the Reality Gem is revealed to be a fake, thus creating a gap in his powers.

Although the Magus is defeated, Warlock's "good side"—the female Goddess—also appears and wishes to purge the universe of all evil. To do this, she collects 30 containment units, with each storing the power of a Cosmic Cube, and merges them into a "Cosmic Egg". Despite the fact that the Egg can fulfill the Goddess' wishes—although, unlike the Infinity Gauntlet, it has no power over the soul—the character is defeated by Warlock and Thanos. During this time, the two questioned Mephisto about the origins of the Cubes in exchange for giving a Cube to Mephisto, but they were able to cheat the deal by giving Mephisto a drained Cube, as he never specified that the Cube had to still be functional.

A third Cosmic Cube was created by an Adaptoid-controlled faction of A.I.M. based on the island of Boca Caliente. This Cube was unstable and its reality-warping ability began to leak out onto the surrounding island, creating Cube constructs of anyone that was in the thoughts of nearby people. An Avengers team attempted to stop the Cube and the dying Captain America was willing to sacrifice himself to do so. In the end, it was an Adaptoid who had been accompanying Captain America and had been impressed by his heroic nature who ended the threat by willingly transforming itself into a non-sentient containment chamber for the Cube's energies.

The second Cube was eventually recovered by the KubeKult, fanatical followers of the Hate-Monger, who spied upon the A.I.M. Adaptoids and discovered how to power it. Fearing how the Hate-Monger would punish him for his betrayal, the Red Skull allied himself with then-rogue S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Sharon Carter to kidnap the dying Captain America and restore him to health. Reluctantly working together, the trio invaded a KubeKult base to steal the erratically functioning Cube, but the Red Skull seized it and willed Captain America to be drawn inside it into an artificial reality during World War II, where Captain America and Bucky were on a mission to kill Hitler. The Red Skull believed that he would be able to wield the Cube's power only if Captain America killed Hitler's consciousness within the Cube. However, the Bucky within the Cube (actually a projection of Captain America's own mind) revealed what was really going on and Captain America was able to will himself out of the Cube. Appearing before the Skull, Captain America threw his shield in such a way that it first severed the Skull's arm, causing him to drop the Cube, and then struck and shattered the Cube itself, causing an explosion that seemingly destroyed both itself and the Red Skull.

Months later, the Red Skull reappears, now with the Cube's power internalized within his body. He was approached by the time-traveler Kang the Conqueror (actually the disguised cosmic entity Korvac), who told him that the reason he had failed to completely control the Cube's power in the past was because his knowledge of the universe was incomplete. At the suggestion of "Kang", the Skull willed the starship of Galactus to travel to Earth so he could drain it of the needed information. At the same time, Korvac (now disguised as Uatu the Watcher) appeared to Captain America and Sharon Carter and managed to convince them that the only way to prevent the Skull from becoming unstoppable was for Captain America to kill him during a brief moment of vulnerability. Captain America did so, but as the Skull died, his body released the Cube energy, which flowed into "Uatu", who revealed his true identity and used his increased power to return to his alternate 31st century Earth to conquer it. However, Captain America followed him and fought him repeatedly, with Korvac rebooting the 31st century reality each time Captain America disturbed his perfectly ordered machine world. Eventually, Captain America managed to convince Korvac that the reason he was able to achieve anything at all against Korvac was due to there being too much humanity left within Korvac when he acquired the Cube's power. Accordingly, Korvac transported himself and Captain America back to just before the Skull died, but this time Captain America did not strike the fatal blow. Vulnerable to the Skull's power, Korvac teleported himself, Captain America and Carter aboard the starship, but the Skull soon found him and scattered Korvac across six dimensions. Soon afterwards, the Skull was tricked by Captain America into entering an anti-matter energy beam within the starship's engine room, which separated the Cube energy from him. Before the energy dissipated, Captain America and the Skull were each able to use its wish-granting ability to save themselves and Carter from death.

A Cosmic Cube was one of the 12 items of power sought by superhero teams the Avengers and the Justice League of America when they competed against each other in a game organized by Krona and the Grandmaster. It was the final item of the quest, found in the Savage Land, where both teams converged for a full-scale fight, during which Green Lantern Kyle Rayner was able to use the Cube as a substitute power source for his power ring when his usual battery had been stolen and the ring was running out of power. Quicksilver was finally able to gain the Cube, bringing the game to a stalemate, but to make sure Krona lost, Captain America helped Batman to take it, because they were the only ones, aside from the Atom, who knew the true stakes of the game: Krona had forced the Grandmaster to take the Justice League as his representatives, so the League had to win in order to prevent Krona from destroying the Marvel Universe. Batman briefly attempted to use the Cube to end the game — having been filled in on its capabilities by Captain America — before the Grandmaster took it from him to tally up the score. Enraged at his loss, Krona attacked the Grandmaster, who then used the Cube along with all other items of power to temporarily fuse the Marvel and DC Universes and imprison Krona in the intersection, hoping he would be unable to destroy a universe if his own existence were linked to it.

The Red Skull has finally created one by using pieces of the previous Cubes, and Aleksander Lukin wants it as much. The Red Skull is assassinated by the one person that Lukin was willing to trade for the Cube—the Winter Soldier. In the process of being assassinated, the Skull uses the Cube's power to transfer his mind into the body of Lukin for some time.

A youth called Curtis Doyle becomes the hero Freedom Ring when he finds a fragment of the original Cube in the form of a ring, which allows the altering of reality in a very limited area of 15 feet around the wearer. The character dies in battle saving Captain America, Spider-Man, Spider-Woman, and Wolverine from the villain Iron Maniac. The ring is later found by a friend of Doyle, a Skrull who had settled on Earth and adopts the name the 'Crusader'.

The powerful entity D'Spayre attempted to enhance his power by using a Cosmic Cube to draw on the grief of the general public in the aftermath of Captain America's assassination, only for his use of the Cube to have an apparently unintended side-effect when it granted the 'wish' of those who wanted Captain America back by drawing the Invaders into the present. He was defeated in a confrontation with the New Avengers when Echo proved immune to his powers due to her deafness, allowing her to take the Cube from him. The Cube is then used by Paul Anslem, a World War II soldier who had traveled with the Invaders against his will. Anslem's intentions to save his friends, who had died during an assault on a Nazi stronghold, allows the Red Skull of the World War II era to gain enough power to take over Earth. Anslem again regains control of the Cube with super-powered assistance and restores the timeline to what it should have been.

A Cube is also given to Guardians of the Galaxy member Star-Lord by time-traveling villain Kang the Conqueror to use against Adam Warlock's evil alter ego, the Magus. However, the Magus altered perception to make it seem like the Cube's power was used up. Star-Lord used the Cube's last bit of energy for real by subduing the reborn Thanos, rendering it a "cosmic paperweight".

The Absorbing Man becomes capable of assimilating the abilities of a fraction of a Cube. He is stopped by criminal mastermind Norman Osborn, who uses a magical sword (provided by the Asgardian god Loki) to neutralize the Absorbing Man's abilities.

A new Cosmic Cube is later revealed to have been created by the U.S. government. It is stolen by members of the Zodiac at the behest of Thanos. Thanos' plot is later foiled by the combined might of the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy.

During the Avengers: Standoff! storyline, Maria Hill and the rest of S.H.I.E.L.D. used pieces of a Cosmic Cube to create Kobik, a near-omnipotent child, originally conceived by Longshot and the Cosmic Cube "Miss Grapples". With Kobik's help, S.H.I.E.L.D. began brainwashing supervillains into becoming mild-mannered civilians, who were then imprisoned in a gated community called Pleasant Hill. When the villains rebel, Kobik decides to bring Steve Rogers, then reduced to an old man due to the breakdown of his Super-Soldier serum, back to his physical peak, but due to the Red Skull's influence over the Cube from which Kobik was made, she unknowingly replaces Rogers with a covert HYDRA loyalist version of him, believing that to be the "right" version of him. This results in the real Rogers' consciousness becoming trapped within the Cube until he finds Kobik and encourages her to set things right by showing the atrocities his doppelgänger had committed in the name of HYDRA during the Secret Empire storyline; she then brings him back to the real world, with some help from the heroes outside.

Mephisto was later revealed to apparently be able to reenergize with devilishly red hue the cosmic cube that Warlock and Thanos had given him so many years ago, which he named the Pandemonium Cube, otherwise referred to as the Hellahedron. Mephisto then gave the cube to Phil Coulson whom used it to remake the Marvel Universe into the Heroes Reborn Universe where Coulson became President of the United States, the Squadron Supreme replaced the Avengers and Mephisto is worshipped like a God. However the cube wasn't perfect, though. Somehow, Blade the Vampire Hunter of Earth-616 was unaffected by the reality warp and began gathering the Avengers to change reality back to its previous state.

As their perfect universe began to collapse on itself and the Avengers slowly start to see the cracks in the exposed fraud reality, Coulson decides to use the Pandemonium Cube again as a last-ditch effort to save everything he created only to witness his version of the world come to an end at the hands of Earth's Mightiest Heroes once the cube was apparently destroyed. However this defeat does not seem to have stung Mephisto at all, in fact, once reality has been set right again, Mephisto holding the Pandemonium Cube with Phil Coulson trapped inside, revealed that while his minion was defeated, the whole reality warp was only to bringing together 615 different Mepihstos from across the multiverse and to demonstrate how much reality could be changed by just one Mephisto.

"Heroes Reborn"
In the "Heroes Reborn" miniseries, Phil Coulson and Mephisto used the Pandemonium Cube, or Hellahedron, to change reality so that the Squadron Supreme of America are Earth's mightiest heroes instead of the Avengers. After the latter group slowly reform and fight to change reality back however, Coulson attempts to use the Pandemonium Cube to defeat them. Despite his best efforts, Captain America steals it from Coulson and gives it to Echo and Star Brand to change reality back. Following this, Mephisto traps Coulson's soul in the Pandemonium Cube.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel imprint alternate universe title Ultimate Fantastic Four, Mister Fantastic builds a "cuboid volitional lattice" courtesy of a deliberate, subconscious suggestion from the Ultimate version of the Titan Thanos. Another version of the Cube exists as a creation of A.I.M. under the employment of Red Skull, which they stole blueprints of from the Fantastic Four's recently abandoned Baxter Building.

A version of the Cosmic Cube is seen in Project Pegasus alongside the Watcher and Infinity Gauntlet.

Television

 * The Cosmic Cube appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes. In the episode "Everything is Wonderful", A.I.M. creates it for HYDRA, though the former's leader MODOK secretly intends to swindle the latter. Upon discovering the cube's potential for their plans however, A.I.M. returns HYDRA's money and claims the project was a failure so they can use the cube for themselves. However, HYDRA leader Baron Strucker sees through MODOK's deception and a battle ensues between the two groups for possession of the cube in the subsequent episode "Hail Hydra". As a result, the Avengers intervene, defeat both groups, and claim the cube. Amidst the battle, Captain America holds it and unconsciously uses its power to revive his fallen comrade Bucky Barnes at the moment of his death.
 * The Cosmic Cube, referred to as the Tesseract, appears in Avengers Assemble. In the episode "By the Numbers", the Avengers and the Cabal race to claim the Tesseract before the other group, with the latter succeeding in doing so. In "Exodus", the Red Skull builds a machine powered by the Tesseract to send the Cabal through various portals and conquer other worlds, but Iron Man foils the plot and turns the Cabal against him. Despite this, the Red Skull uses the Tesseract's power to become the Cosmic Skull and seek vengeance against the Avengers in "The Final Showdown". While he is defeated by the heroes and the Cabal, he escapes and presents the Tesseract to Thanos.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
An adapted version of the Cosmic Cube, referred to as the Tesseract, appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Sources outside of the films reveal that it was originally safeguarded by the Asgardians before it ended up on Earth.
 * Introduced in the mid-credits scene of the live-action film Thor (2011), the Tesseract is shown to be in Nick Fury and S.H.I.E.L.D.'s custody.
 * In the live-action film Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), the Tesseract is found by Hydra during World War II, who use it to create advanced weaponry. At the end of the war, it falls into the Arctic Ocean after transporting the Red Skull to space when he grabs it. It is later recovered by Howard Stark.
 * In the live-action film The Avengers (2012), Loki steals the Tesseract from S.H.I.E.L.D. and uses it to create a portal to allow an invading army of Chitauri to attack the Earth, but they are defeated by the Avengers. After the battle, Thor takes the Tesseract back to Asgard.
 * While the Tesseract does not appear in the live-action film Thor: The Dark World (2013), it is stated in this and the live-action film Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) that it contains the Space Stone, one of six Infinity Stones.
 * The Tesseract makes a brief appearance in the live-action film Thor: Ragnarok (2017), in which Loki steals it while helping Thor evacuate Asgard's population from Hela's wrath.
 * In the live-action film Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Thanos attacks the Asgardians' escape ship and nearly kills Thor, forcing Loki to give the Tesseract to Thanos to save his brother's life. Thanos crushes the cube to free the Space Stone and place it in his Infinity Gauntlet before eventually initiating the Blip once he finds the remaining five Stones.
 * In the live-action film Captain Marvel (2019), which takes place in the 1990s, Project Pegasus scientist Dr. Wendy Lawson attempts to use the Tesseract to build a light-speed engine. During a test run however, the engine explodes, granting Carol Danvers cosmic powers.
 * As of the live-action film Avengers: Endgame (2019), Thanos has destroyed the Infinity Stones to prevent the Avengers from undoing the Blip. When the heroes discover time travel five years later, they use it to retrieve past versions of the Stones and build their own Infinity Gauntlet. Tony Stark and Scott Lang attempt to collect the Tesseract in the aftermath of the Avengers' battle with Loki in 2012, but inadvertently lose it to the 2012 Loki, who uses it to open a portal and escape from his Avengers' custody. In response, Stark and Steve Rogers travel to S.H.I.E.L.D. headquarters in 1970 and successfully obtain an earlier version of the Tesseract. Once the Avengers undo the Blip and defeat an alternate timeline version of Thanos who followed them to their time, Rogers returns the time-displaced Stones to their proper places in the timeline.
 * In the Disney+ live-action series Loki episode "Glorious Purpose", the alternate 2012 Loki who escaped with his version of the Tesseract is captured by the Time Variance Authority, with the cube being depowered as the Infinity Stones do not work outside the multiverse.
 * In the Disney+ animated series What If...? episode "What If... Captain Carter Were the First Avenger?", the Tesseract appears in an alternate timeline wherein Peggy Carter receives the Super Soldier Serum instead of Rogers.

Video games

 * The MCU's Tesseract appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes. Originally kept in Odin's vault on Asgard, it is stolen by Loki, who is defeated by Captain America, Thor, Wolverine, and the Human Torch. While the others are arguing over what they should do with the Tesseract, Wolverine grabs it and brings it to the X-Mansion in the hopes that Professor X can use it to locate Magneto. However, it is stolen by Magneto during the Brotherhood of Mutants' attack on the mansion and given to Doctor Doom, who uses it to power a ray gun to defeat Galactus before the latter destroys the Earth so that Doom can conquer it. Following Doom's defeat, Loki reveals that the ray gun is actually a mind control device, which he uses on Galactus in an attempt to destroy both Earth and Asgard. However, he is foiled by an alliance of heroes and villains who send Loki and Galactus through a wormhole. In the process, Thor destroys Loki's mind control device and the Tesseract is claimed by S.H.I.E.L.D. for safeguarding.
 * The Cosmic Cube appears in Marvel's Avengers. This version is a containment device, codenamed "Project Omega", built by Monica Rappaccini of A.I.M. to prevent a future Kree invasion of Earth. When she used it however, the Cube froze her, Nick Fury, and nearby S.H.I.E.L.D. and A.I.M. agents and Kree Sentries in time while the rest of the world was eventually destroyed by a nuclear war and collapsed into chaos. The first two DLC expansion packs for the game, "Operation: Kate Bishop - Taking A.I.M." and "Operation: Hawkeye - Future Imperfect", focus on the Avengers trying to avert this apocalyptic future after learning about what happened from a time-travelling Hawkeye.

Miscellaneous

 * A flawed Cosmic Cube appears in Steven A. Roman's Chaos Engine novel series, with the object passing between Doctor Doom, Magneto, and the Red Skull. As each of them use it to create his own unique version of a perfect world, a team of X-Men who were operating outside of their reality when the initial change occurred work to stop them. They eventually realize that the cube "superimposes" another alternate reality over the X-Men's world of origin, temporarily merging them with their counterparts while draining the wish-maker's life energy. The crisis concludes when one of the Red Skull's lieutenants, who joined the Skull's group unaware of the scale of his evil, sacrifices himself to use the Cube to restore everything to normal.
 * The Cosmic Cube appears in Marvel Universe Live!. This version is said to have the ability to corrupt any who attempt to use it. As such, Thor attempts to destroy it with Mjolnir. However, Loki uses a fragment of the cube to duplicate it for his own use, forcing the Avengers to retrieve the other fragments from Hydra, A.I.M., and the Sinister Six to stop him.

title: Cosmic Cube


text:
S70

S70 or S-70 may refer to:

Aircraft

 * Sikorsky S-70, an American military helicopter family
 * SIPA S.70, a French prototype transport aircraft
 * Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B, a Russian stealth UAV

Automobiles

 * BMW S70, an automobile engine
 * Daihatsu Hijet (S70), a Japanese kei truck
 * Jinbei S70, a Chinese crossover
 * Toyota Crown (S70), a Japanese sedan
 * Traum S70, a Chinese crossover
 * Volvo S70, a compact executive car
 * Proton S70, a compact C-segment sedan based on the 4th generation Geely Emgrand

Other uses

 * Canon PowerShot S70, a digital camera
 * County Route S70 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
 * HMAS Ovens (S 70), a submarine of the Royal Australian Navy
 * Siemens S70, also Avanto S70, a light rail vehicle
 * S70, a postcode district for Barnsley, England

title: S70


text:
National University of Science and Technology MISiS

The National University of Science and Technology (MISiS) (Национальный исследовательский технологический университет МИСиС) is a public technological university in the field of steelmaking and metallurgy, based in Moscow, Russia. It was established in 1918 as a part of the Moscow Mining Academy. In 1930, it became independent. During Stalin's regime, the institute was renamed as Stalin Moscow Institute of Steel. It adopted the name Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys in 1962 after uniting with the Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Gold. The status of technological university was awarded in 1993 and the status of a National University in 2008, when the institution adopted its current name. It was ranked the # 1,017 university in the world in 2023.

MISIS is a member of the Higher Metallurgical Education Association, whose members include universities from Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. It had joint degree programmes with the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Freiberg, Germany, and the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine in Nancy, France.

Institutes

 * Institute of Metallurgy, Ecology and Quality
 * Institute of Physical Chemistry of Materials
 * Institute of Materials Technology
 * Institute of Mining
 * Institute of Computer Science and Economics
 * Institute of Humanities
 * Institute of Information Business Systems
 * Faculty of Part-Time Education
 * Post Higher Education Centre
 * Preparatory Faculty
 * Mining

Notable alumni

 * Viktor Berkovsky, Soviet and Ukrainian bard
 * Mikhail Fridman, Ukrainian-born Russian–Israeli businessman, billionaire, and oligarch
 * German Khan, Ukrainian-Russian businessman, billionaire, and oligarch
 * Eduard Shifrin, Ukrainian entrepreneur and co-owner of the Midland Group
 * Vladimir Solovyov, Russian TV presenter and propagandist

MISIS has about 16,500 undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students, and a faculty of about 1200, including 326 professors and 350 associate professors.


text:
Night Fever

"Night Fever" is a song written and performed by the Bee Gees. It first appeared on the soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever on RSO Records. Producer Robert Stigwood wanted to call the film Saturday Night, but singer Robin Gibb expressed hesitation at the title. Stigwood liked the title Night Fever but was wary of marketing a movie with that name. The song bounded up the Billboard charts while the Bee Gees’ two previous hits from Saturday Night Fever soundtrack ("How Deep is Your Love" and "Stayin' Alive") were still in the top ten. The record debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart at #76, then leaped up 44 positions to #32. It then moved: 32–17–8–5–2–1. It remained at #1 for eight weeks (the most for any single that year), and ultimately spent 13 weeks in the top 10. For the first five weeks that "Night Fever" was at #1, "Stayin' Alive" was at #2. Also, for one week in March, Bee Gees related songs held five of the top positions on the Hot 100 chart, and four of the top five positions, with "Night Fever" at the top of the list. The B-side of "Night Fever" was a live version of "Down the Road" taken from the Bee Gees 1977 album, Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live.

Inspiration and writing
When Bee Gees manager Robert Stigwood was producing a movie about a New York disco scene, the working title for the film at that time was Saturday Night. Stigwood asked the group to write a song using that name as a title, but the Bee Gees disliked it. They had already written a song called "Night Fever", so the group convinced Stigwood to use that and change the film to Saturday Night Fever.

The string intro of "Night Fever" was inspired by "Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith, according to keyboardist Blue Weaver when he was performing it one morning at the sessions and Barry Gibb walked in and heard the new idea for this song. As Weaver explains the history behind this song:

"...'Night Fever' started off because Barry walked in one morning when I was trying to work out something. I always wanted to do a disco version of Theme from A Summer Place by the Percy Faith Orchestra or something - it was a big hit in the Sixties. I was playing that, and Barry said, 'What was that?' and I said, 'Theme from A Summer Place', and Barry said, 'No, it wasn't'. It was new. Barry heard the idea - I was playing it on a string synthesizer and sang the riff over it."

- Blue Weaver

Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb and Maurice Gibb completed the lyrics for "Night Fever" sitting on a staircase (reminiscent of their first international hit "New York Mining Disaster 1941", which was written also in a staircase back in 1967).

Recording
The Bee Gees began recording this song by April 1977 in France and finishing it in September the same year. A demo of "Night Fever" with some instrumental and vocals heard on it exists and was available to download on Rhino Records' website in 2009 or earlier.

"...For 'Night Fever' the group had the hook-line and rhythm - they usually pat their legs to set up a song's rhythm when they first sing it - and parts of the verses. They had the emotion, same as on the record. We put down battery first, so the feel was locked in. The electric piano part was put on before the bass, then the heavy guitar parts. We had the sound, but we needed something there to shake it so we used the thunder sound."

- Albhy Galuten

Reception
According to Billboard, it has a "jumping disco beat" and a "smooth falsetto lead" vocal. Cash Box similarly said that it has "dancin' beat, scratchy guitar, sweeping orchestration and the familiar falsetto." Record World predicted that it would become "another dance tempo hit" for the Bee Gees.

Legacy
It also replaced Andy Gibb's "Love Is Thicker Than Water" at number one and was in turn replaced by Yvonne Elliman's "If I Can't Have You"—all of which were written and produced by the Gibb brothers. It would be the third of six consecutive US #1s for the band, tying the Beatles for the record for most consecutive #1 singles. Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1978, behind Andy Gibb's "Shadow Dancing".

"Night Fever" topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks, their third UK number-one, and in the US it remained the number-one Billboard Hot 100 single for over two months in 1978. In addition to Saturday Night Fever, the song has also appeared in the movie and on the soundtrack for Mystery Men. The song is listed at number 38 on Billboard's All Time Top 100. It is also featured in other films including Luna, Mr. Saturday Night, I.D., Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?, and Avenue Montaigne.

Music video
A music video was made for the song in 1978, but not shown to the public until 26 years later, in 2004. It features the brothers singing the song in a darkened studio, layered over background video filmed while driving along "Motel Row" on Collins Avenue, a 3 mi motel strip in what is now Sunny Isles Beach, Florida. Most of the motels which appear in the video are now closed or demolished, including several whose names are reminiscent of Las Vegas resorts (Castaways, Desert Inn, Sahara, Golden Nugget).

Personnel

 * Barry Gibb – lead, harmony and backing vocals, rhythm guitar
 * Robin Gibb – harmony and backing vocals
 * Maurice Gibb – bass, harmony and backing vocals
 * Alan Kendall – lead guitar
 * Dennis Bryon – drums
 * Blue Weaver – Fender Rhodes electric piano, harpsichord, piano, and ARP String Ensemble

Ex-It version
In 1996, the Austrian music group Ex-It covered the song and made a small notable success. Large parts of the original were retained in this version, but with many rap passages added. This cover is the compilations ''Dance Now! 14, Maxi Dance Sensation 21 and Hot Hits [TL 541/35]''.

Music video
The music video copies many elements of the movie Saturday Night Fever and satirizes the same. At the beginning of the video, the DJ plays the song, while the protagonist and his girlfriend in a tool shop look around and watch a radio. Then prepare for a visit to a disco and dance there in the rest of the plot.

title: Night Fever


text:
User talk:Claviola

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! Hope you like it here, and stick around.

Here are some tips to help you get started:

 * To sign your posts (on talk pages, for example) use the '~' symbol. To insert just your name, type ~~~ (3 tildes), or, to insert your name and timestamp, use ~~~~ (4 tildes).
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Meelar (talk) 19:15, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

P.S. Articles like Clonsilla aren't candidates for speedy deletion. Only articles that are strictly within the criteria can be speedy deleted. Thanks again.

 * No problem. Best wishes and keep editing, Meelar (talk) 19:22, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

M0nster0 15:21, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cheers!

VFD
Did you add the nomination to today's main vfd listing? -- Mgm|(talk) 20:47, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Interpol edit
Hi, you removed the link to http://pcking.ca/wikilyrics/index.php/Category:Interpol that someone added as "spam", but it's just another wiki, except it's full of lyrics. Why did you do so? -- claviola (talk to me) 07:23, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * See Votes for deletion/Wikilyrics. --W(t) 07:24, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

SMS.ac talk page.
Hi,

68.101.166.109 has changed wording of several of your posts in the talk page, and had done the stupid childish kind of vandalism to the article page. I reverted the article page, unfortunately, I have to run, so could not take time to check individual changes to the talk pages. I reverted the most recent changes, but apparently there are some more around 4th September - you may want to have a look if your comments are intact after his changes on those days. Thanks. Greenleaf 06:03, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

You may want to look at the SMS.ac, Inc. page once more - I noticed you have participated in the past. The article was recently stubbed and is being rebuilt. --Raga 20:41, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Claremont
What is the encyclopedical relevance of such an information? --Attilios 09:37, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Queluz National Palace
This article, to which you contributed, will be featured on the Main Page on January 5, 2008. Risker (talk) 17:50, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

hi
Hi. I found you in categories of users who can contribute in English and Portuguese. I myself am a native speaker of English, but I'm well on my way to learning Portuguese. Just check out my user page and talk page, and join in any of the discussions. To keep updated, you can even put a watch on my user page, which will automatically watch my talk page. :-) learnportuguese (talk) 20:22, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Your edit on English people
Hello. It looks like when you fixed those typos, you also deleted 51,000 characters (probably by accident?). I restored that content, but didn't revert the spelling mistakes. Thanks! Schfifty Three  00:40, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:49, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Claviola


text: User talk:130.232.107.70

title: User talk:130.232.107.70


text:
User talk:JimO

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  19:17, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

I am simply amazed at the lack of substance in this individuals reply, and lack of ability to respond without credible facts, just fiction. Hence my entire reason in responding to this webpage claptrap. Obtuse retort are typical of this mindset and a willingness to try to bend reality. The same council that ran in 2001 and were reelected in 2004 where reelected (with two exceptions, one incumbent that was on our side and a new comer with similar views as ours) with considerable less votes that in 2001. I also doubled the number of votes than in 2001. Of course, this individual will overlook that point because it would not meet his or her own 'Agenda". Whereas I can accept, points of views this individual apparently and quite evidently cannot. Voter apathy, large candidate field that would result in a vote spread apparently does not enter this individuals mindset because it would continue to show their stupidity. If one looks at the votes, the other candidates got and what the incumbents did not get from the previous election would indicate that the public did not reelect them with the resounding vote this individual claims. Incredible. As a researcher this individuals would laugh his/their claim to the gutter were it belongs. I have received an incredible large, and favorable, response to my views and have had some people who didn't know of me before support me, from Doctors, scientists, nurses, lawyers, tradesmen and a large number of senior citizens. My problem in the past two elections was name recognition and in Medicine Hat, that is a big factor. There are at least two council members elected and reelected not because they are good council member (read useless and lackluster) but because they had the name recognition. Even they lost votes in 2004, so please explain that. Once again, the stupidity and lack of intestinal fortitude has this individual once again speaking without facts. Redcliff council did not permit affected businesspersons and the public an opportunity to be involved with their bylaw as in Medicine Hat because they just rubber-stamped Medicine Hats bylaw as theirs. Again, this reeks of poor governance, not because it was about adult businesses but because that is not what is permitted in accordance to a good council following acceptable practices regardless of the issue. It is appalling when Redcliff town council enters into arguments with irresponsible remarks in an effort to justify their decisions. The open council meeting they did have after which the vote to accept was made was not a cool calm debate and was fueled with absurd remarks and similar mob rule as the public that did show from the Anti porn group. It is incredible how democracy is only acceptable when they want it to be and then work diligently to deny democratic protocol to those they oppose. It appears an issue such as this does not warrant adherences to the Municipal Government Act. More importantly, it has also resulted in poor government compliance in other Medicine Hat issues, such as the Ponds, the Skateboard bylaw, the Electric Roadhouse and others issues. But then again that is what I was fighting against and not "Porn" as this individual continues to lament about with such simpleton remarks. If this individual would take the time to be more observant of "Medicine Hat" politics they would see that this attitude of not representing the public has transcend into other issues hence my "real" reasoning for my response and have the support of an increasing population of my city. Once more, this individual takes the cowardly approach of not listing their name or the nerve to contact me to get the real facts and not what he/she perceives to be the truth before they set to type their dull-wittedly obtuse statements. Show courage…step up to the plate and let others judge you as you have judged me. Put your name on the ballet or write a letter to the editor and let see if you get acceptance for such drivel.

Jim Ogston

title: User talk:JimO


text:
Yeshe Tsogyal

Yeshe Tsogyal (c. 757 or 777 – 817 CE), also known as "Victorious Ocean of Knowledge", "Knowledge Lake Empress" (, ཡེ་ཤེས་མཚོ་རྒྱལ), or by her Sanskrit name Jñānasāgara "Knowledge Ocean", or by her clan name "Lady Kharchen", attained enlightenment in her lifetime and is considered the Mother of Tibetan Buddhism. Yeshe Tsogyal is the highest woman in the Nyingma Vajrayana lineage. Some sources say she, as Princess of Karchen, was either a wife or consort of Tri Songdetsen, emperor of Tibet, when she began studying Buddhism with Padmasambhava, who became her main karmamudrā consort. Padmasambhava is a founder-figure of the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, and is considered as a second buddha of our era. She is known to have revealed terma with Padmasambhava and was also the main scribe for these terma. Later, Yeshe Tsogyal also hid many of Padmasambhava's terma on her own, under the instructions of Padmasambhava for future generations.

Born a princess in the region of Kharchen, Tibet, in about 777 CE, she fled from arranged marriages until captured for Tri Songdetsen. Yeshe Tsogyal lived for approximately 99 years and is a preeminent figure in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism and a role model for contemporary spiritual practitioners. Although often referred to as being Padamasambhava's main consort, Yeshe Tsogyal was primarily a spiritual master and teacher in her own right.

Based on her spiritual accomplishments, the Nyingma and Karma Kagyu schools of Tibetan Buddhism recognize Yeshe Tsogyal as a female Buddha. The translators of Lady of the Lotus-Born, the namtar, or spiritual biography, that Yeshe Tsogyal left as a terma, observe:

"As Dodrup Tenpai Nyima makes clear, beings able to reveal Termas must have at least the realization of the Perfection Stage practices. On the other hand, the one who originates the Treasures must have the supreme attainment of Buddhahood. Lady of the Lotus-Born is thus a testimony of Yeshe Tsogyal's enlightenment."

Biography and historicity
Given Yeshe Tsogyal's important place in the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, there are questions about whether she is an actual historical figure. There are at least four translations of Yeshe Tsogyal's spiritual biography in English, and one in French. Yet, "From a historical perspective, however, this hagiography of Ye she's mtsho rgyal leaves some important questions unanswered... More basic yet is the question of whether Ye she's mtsho rgyal is a historical figure at all. The problem is that none of the contemporary epigraphy ever mentions a Ye shes mtsho rgyal, nor a Mkhar chen bra' (her clan title), at least as far as we know."

Even so, in another publication, this same scholar writes,"There are no contemporary inscriptions that mention her, and so there is some question about whether she is really a historical figure. But she appears at a relatively early point—by at least the twelfth century—in the mythologized accounts of the conversion of Tibet to a Buddhist country, and references to her clan title Mkhar chen Bza (Karchen Za) also make her historicity credible. It is certainly possible that there was such a queen who became involved in Buddhist meditative practices, even if her story was elaborated greatly as the narrative of Tibet's conversion developed."

So whether there is enough historical evidence to confirm or deny Yeshe Tsogyal as a historical figure, from the perspective of the spiritual traditions within which she is prominent, the details of her life are rich. Here are some of the details of Yeshe Tsogyal's conception and birth:

According to legend, Yeshe Tsogyal was born in the same manner as the Buddha, a mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly. She is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha's own mother, Maya. Her name, "Wisdom Lake Queen", derives from her birth causing a nearby lake to double in size.

Her spiritual inclinations were present from a very young age and Yeshe Tsogyal wanted to pursue a life of dharma practice rather than marry. She felt so strongly about this, that she ran away and had to be brought back by force. At the age of sixteen, she was compelled into an unwanted arranged marriage with the then-emperor of Tibet, Tri Songdetsen.

It was after their marriage, that Tri Songdetsen invited Padmasambhava to come to Tibet from India and propagate the Buddhist teachings. Yeshe Tsogyal was given by Tri Songdetsen to Padmasambhava as an offering. Padmasambhava freed Yeshe Tsogyal and she became Padmasambhava's main disciple and consort.

In the body of a woman

As to the question of the place of female practitioners in Tibetan Buddhism, Yeshe Tsogyal has been an important role model. When she herself asked about "her inferior female body" (a common theme in the biographies of female spiritual practitioners), Padmasambhava advised Yeshe Tsogyal that far from being a hindrance to enlightenment, as was generally accepted, a woman's body is an asset: "The basis for realizing enlightenment is a human body. Male or female, there is no great difference. But if she develops the mind bent on enlightenment the woman’s body is better."

After many years of serious study and meditative practice, Yeshe Tsogyal's level of spiritual awakening, enlightenment, was equal to that of Padmasambhava.

Her spiritual practices
Yeshe Tsogyal is also known to have spent many years in isolated meditation retreat. She accomplished several different cycles of tantric spiritual practices that she received from Padmasambhava and various wisdom beings including the practices of Vajrakilaya, Zhitro, tummo (inner heat), and karmamudrā practice.

For example, one scholar relates how Yeshe Tsogyal received the empowerment to practice Zhitro from a wisdom being, a vidyādhara:

"After succeeding in a variety of feats, including beheading a tiger, she gains access to an elaborate palace where she receives esoteric initiations from several vidyādharas and buddhas. She returns to Chingpu and after a year is robbed by seven bandits whom she then converts to Buddhist practice. She proceeds with the bandits on a magic carpet to the place Oḍḍiyāna where they all receive peaceful and wrathful deity practice (zhitro) initiations from a vidyādhara, who gives her the secret name Kharchen Za and cavorts in bliss with her."

All of these practices brought Yeshe Tsogyal to awakening. Among lay Tibetans, she is understood as a fully enlightened Buddha who takes the form of an ordinary woman so as to be accessible to the average person, "who, for the time being, do not see her Vajravarahi form as a fully perfected deity."

Students
At the time of her death, Yeshe Tsogyal is known to have had eleven main students, both women and men. Yeshe Tsogyal's Zur Lineage holders include:

 * Karchen Zhonnu Dronma
 * Monmo Tashi Khyidren, or Tashi Children (of Bhutan)
 * Shelkar Dorje Tsomo, or Dorje Tsomo (of Shelkar)
 * Be Yeshe Nyingpo
 * Ma Rinchen Chok
 * Odren Zhonu Pel, or Odren Pelgyi Zhonnu
 * Langlab Gyelwa Jangchub Dorje
 * Lasum Gyelwa Jangjub, or Atsara Sale
 * Darcha Dorje Pawo
 * Ukyi Nyima, or Surya Tepa (of central Tibet)
 * Queen Li-za Jangchub Dronma, or Jangchub Drolma (of Khotan), Queen of Tri Songdetsen

All of Yeshe Tsogyal's final teachings were given at the request of one of these eleven main disciples.

Other Tibetan lineage holders include King Mutri Tsenpo, Prince Murum Tsenpo, Princess Ngang-chung Pelgyi Gyelmo. Nepalese lineage holders include Jila Jhipa, Vasudhara, Śākya Dema, Gelong Namkhai Nyingpo (whom she taught in Bhutan), yoginī Demo or Dewamo or Chonema or Dechenmo, Selta, and Lodro Kyi.

Along with the eleven main lineage holders, there were approximately 79 other students present during the final teachings of Yeshe Tsogyal. Some sources say that there were no less than 100 people present for these final teachings.

Emanations
Yeshe Tsogyal is also considered a manifestation of the Bodhisattva Tara. She is also considered to be an emanation of Samantabhadrī, Prajnaparamita, and Vajrayogini. In the Life of Yeshe Tsogyel, Padmasambhava predicted that Yeshe Tsogyel would be reborn as Machig Labdrön; her consort, Atsara Sale, would become Topabhadra, Machig’s husband; her assistant and another of Padmasambhava’s consorts, Tashi Khyidren, would be reborn as Machig’s only daughter, and so on. All of the important figures in Tsogyel’s life were to be reborn in the life of Machig Labdron, including Padmasambhava himself, who would become Dampa Sangye.

title: Yeshe Tsogyal