text:
Command & Conquer (1995 video game)

Command & Conquer (also known by the retronym Command & Conquer: Tiberian Dawn) is a real-time strategy video game developed and published by Westwood Studios in 1995. Set in an alternate history, the game tells the story of a world war between two globalized factions: the Global Defense Initiative of the United Nations and a cult-like militant organization called the Brotherhood of Nod, led by the mysterious Kane. The groups compete for control of Tiberium, a mysterious substance that slowly spreads across the world.

Westwood conceived Command & Conquer during the final stages of the development of Dune II, and it expands on ideas explored in that title. Inspired by the events of the era, particularly the Gulf War, the team gave the game a modern warfare setting. The game contains live-action full motion video cutscenes, which star Westwood employees and a single professional actor, Joseph D. Kucan, who plays Kane. The Nintendo 64 port was developed by Looking Glass Studios.

Command & Conquer was a commercial and critical success, selling over three million copies and winning numerous awards. It has been cited as one of the greatest games ever made, and the title that defined and popularized the real-time strategy genre. The game was the first in the Command & Conquer series, which sold 30 million copies by 2009. To mark the 12th anniversary of the franchise, Electronic Arts, the current publisher and owner of the series, released the game for free in 2007.

Gameplay
Command & Conquer involves players operating as one of two playable factions on a map - the Global Defense Initiative (GDI), and the Brotherhood of Nod - developing bases, gathering resources and using them to produce troops, and then defeating their opponents by eliminating their army and either destroying or capturing their base. Base production and unit training is funded by gathering Tiberium, the game's sole resource, through the use of harvesting units, and processing them into credits through a refinery structure. Each faction has its own unique types of units, its own superweapon, and its own combat strategy: GDI relies on superior firepower and armour at the expense of greater production costs and slower movement; while Nod relies on a combination of numerical superiority, superior speed, and unconventional tactics, generally at the expense of less firepower and poor durability.

Producing units requires establishing a base through a special unit called a Mobile Construction Vehicle (MCV) - MCVs can only be deployed in open flat land, and structures must be placed within close proximity with each other. Bases can be protected with various defensive structures such as sandbags, gun turrets and concrete walls, and units are produced in production structures (i.e. Barracks for infantry, Factory for vehicles, Helipad for aircraft), with tech buildings helping to unlock more advanced units; construction options function on a tech tree, in that certain buildings must be constructed to unlock new options. Silos can be built to store more resources, as the refinery structures can only hold a finite amount, repair facilities can be built to repair damaged vehicles, and power plants are required to keep the base operational - low power slows down production, stops defensive weapons working, and causes buildings to slowly take damage over time until sufficient power is restored (either by constructing additional power plants, or selling off extra buildings to reduce total power requirements). In total, the game contains around fifty units and structures.

Command & Conquer features two single-player campaigns, one for each faction, in which the player must undertake a series of missions across a campaign map for their chosen faction. The objective of most campaign missions is usually to destroy units, or destroy / take control of enemy buildings, with each mission beginning with a briefing conducted using a mix of computer animations and live-action full motion video (FMV). At times during the campaign, the player can choose which mission to undertake, which offer different scenarios to overcome.

The original DOS release features multiplayer with up to four players, a rarity at the time, with internet-based multiplayer being made available in Command & Conquer Gold, which also features SVGA visuals. The game's Sega Saturn and PlayStation ports lack multiplayer support, though the latter was released with the inclusion of the fifteen single-player missions from The Covert Operations expansion pack, as well as six new Special Ops missions, including a secret one. The Nintendo 64 version, while lacking multiplayer support as well, features updated graphics, with 3D models and environments, and four new Special Ops missions (which are different from the ones in the PlayStation port), though the FMV cutscenes were removed and replaced with static images, accompanied by voice acting and sound effects.

Setting
Command & Conquer is set in an alternate history, and begins with a meteor crashing near the river Tiber in Italy in 1995. The meteorite brings with it an alien substance that scientists call Tiberium, named after its impact site, which can absorb and crystallize precious metals from the surrounding soil, but also terraform its surroundings and produce extremely toxic gases and radiation that is fatal to humans and animals. An ancient, cultic society called the Brotherhood of Nod, who claims to have foreseen the potentials of this new substance through their self-proclaimed messianic figure known only as Kane, invests in the development of technology to harvest and refine Tiberium crystals, far ahead of the global scientific community's own research, and use the resources it gathers to accumulate a rapidly growing army of followers worldwide.

By the beginning of the game, Tiberium has spread across the planet, with Nod forces gaining control of nearly half of the rapidly growing substance through footholds in some of the poorest nations. This wealth has enabled Nod forces to conduct increasingly ambitious terrorist attacks in wealthy countries. The Global Defense Initiative, initially formed by the United Nations as a multinational peacekeeping force in the aftermath of an alternate version of World War II, has since been repurposed as a global anti-terrorist organization, and makes its new goal the elimination of Nod across the globe. The conflict between the two sides eventually culminates in a world-wide war between GDI and Nod, with the Nod campaign taking place in Africa and the GDI campaign being set in Europe.

GDI Campaign
With the UN calling for GDI to assist in combating Nod in Europe, the player assists as a GDI commander under the command of General Mark Jamison Sheppard. After establishing a beachhead within Nod's territory in Eastern Europe, GDI focus on controlling Poland and Belarus and removing troops from occupied lands in Germany. However, Kane uses media manipulation to convince the world that GDI deliberately attacked and massacred the citizens of the Polish city of Białystok. Although Sheppard denies GDI's involvement, the UN cuts funding to the military outfit, forcing GDI to mount defensive operations against a sudden surge of Nod attacks, including protecting bases and leading Tiberium scientist Dr. Ignatio Mobius. However, Nod soon finds themselves on the defensive upon learning that it was a ruse designed by Sheppard and the UN to lure them into a false sense of security, with new funding allowing GDI to bring forth new combat units to help in battle. Eventually GDI locates Kane's main base of operation at a complex called the Temple of Nod in Sarajevo, Bosnia, with Sheppard ordering the commander to launch a final assault to defeat him. GDI succeeds, with the complex destroyed by GDI's superweapon, the space-based Ion Cannon, ending the conflict, though leaving some experts to question if Nod will cease operating.

Nod Campaign
With Nod engaged in open warfare across the globe, Kane gives orders for his forces to secure territory in Africa, with his second-in-command Seth assigning the player, a new recruit, to assist in the Brotherhood's operations. After successfully conducting operations in Northern Africa through the use of both conventional and unconventional warfare, hitting GDI targets, eliminating warlords, and securing a set of codes for nuclear missiles, Seth attempts to send the recruit to attack the United States military, but is executed by Kane for initiating a rogue operation. Upon combating the chaos Seth created, and countering GDI's efforts to re-establish themselves in Northern Africa, Kane assigns his recruit to lead the charge in securing the rest of the continent, eventually culminating in them establishing a Temple of Nod in South Africa and securing control of GDI's Ion Cannon. With the cannon secured, Kane denotes victory in Africa, and makes plans to achieve the same in Europe, allowing the recruit to use the cannon to destroy one of four historical landmarks with the hijacked Ion Cannon - the White House, the British Houses of Parliament, the Eiffel Tower, or the Brandenburg Gate - thus shattering GDI's public image.

Connection to Command & Conquer: Red Alert
Command & Conquer: Red Alert was intended to be a prequel to Command & Conquer, and both the Allied and Soviet campaigns contain references to Command & Conquer. In particular, some of the Soviet mission briefings feature Kane, while one of the cutscenes in the Allied campaign directly foreshadows the creation of GDI. Also in the Soviet final cutscene, Nadia says "this temporary chaos in Europe will only help to fuel the Brotherhood's cause", mentions "the land of Nod", and states that "the Brotherhood will tire of the USSR in the early 1990s". However, Command & Conquer has the Brotherhood of Nod start out as an underground terrorist organisation initially operating out of the African continent, not as a major political force in control of the late Soviet empire. Furthermore, the Soviet Union is shown on world maps to no longer exist at the time, with the Russian Federation being shown as a member of GDI. With the release of Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2, a hotly debated topic which arose among fans was whether Command & Conquer follows the conclusion of the Allied or Soviet storyline, with evidence existing for both sides of the debate. Former C&C designer Adam Isgreen confirmed that Tiberian Dawn in fact follows on the conclusion of Red Alert ' s Allies campaign, while Red Alert 2 and Yuri's Revenge take place in a second parallel universe, created by a new attempt to alter history in "Tiberian Incursion", the working title of Westwood Studios' cancelled version of Command & Conquer 3. The exact relationship between the events of the two games remains unclear, and their connection was later disregarded by Electronic Arts, who preferred to treat the Tiberium and Red Alert series as completely separate universes.

Development
Westwood Studios began developing Command & Conquer in early 1993, after conceiving the game near the end of Dune II’s development. The team sought to build on the foundation laid by their earlier game, and Westwood co-founder Brett Sperry later said that "Command & Conquer was the net result of the Dune II wish list". Following the success of Dune II, Sperry believed that "it was time to build the ultimate RTS" with an original intellectual property. He later said that he was "fanatical about calling the game 'Command & Conquer'" because he believed that the title was an ideal summary of the gameplay. The drag-selecting and context sensitive clicking was inspired by Apple's way of navigating on the desktop.

Command & Conquer originally took place in a high fantasy world before being redesigned. The team changed to a modern warfare setting because of the political climate of the mid-1990s, and they later cited the Gulf War as a key influence in this decision. Westwood co-founder Louis Castle said that "war was in the news and the threat of terrorism was on everyone's mind". The setting was further influenced by Sperry's belief that future wars would not be "nation-to-nation", but would rather be "fought between Western society and a kind of anarchistic terror organization that doesn't have a centralized government". The team sought to make the player feel like their computer was "a terminal to a real battlefield", going so far as to make the installation process resemble hacking a "military infrastructure". However, Castle noted that the team "created a parallel universe to avoid dealing with the sobering issues of a real war".

In a retrospective, Paul Mallinson of Computer & Video Games (CVG) wrote that the game's production was "speedy, focused and fun". Castle said that, because the company was creating other titles at the time, development of Command & Conquer was not a "working party", but lead programmer Joe Bostic later said that it was "so much fun that I would sometimes marvel that I actually got paid as well". The game's playtesters were enthusiastic about the game during development, which Castle later said had encouraged the team to work harder. The team created live-action FMV cutscenes for the game. These cutscenes contain no professional actors aside from Kucan, who played Kane and was heavily involved in their production. The cast is made up of Westwood team members, and a low budget meant that filming took place in "spare rooms" and warehouses. Castle later said that the team "had no illusions that we were as good as TV or film", but that the cutscenes were not intentionally campy. He credited Kucan with "taking [a] ragtag group of people who had no business in front of a camera and making something reasonably good". To replace the spice from Dune II, the team introduced Tiberium, which was inspired by the 1957 B-movie The Monolith Monsters. Castle said that the team's goal in both cases was to create "a central resource that everybody was fighting over". As with Dune II, the soundtrack was composed by Frank Klepacki.

To create the game's landscapes, the artists took digitized photographs of real world terrain and manipulated them with rendering techniques.

Release
The game was released for DOS in 1995. In 1996, the game received a Windows 95 re-release titled Command & Conquer: Gold (also known as C&C 95), featuring SVGA visuals. A port for the Macintosh was released in 1996, with the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn versions following in 1996–97, and the Nintendo 64 version arriving on June 29, 1999. Due to a deal between Virgin Interactive Entertainment and Sega, the console version was a Saturn exclusive until 1997. In 2007, Command & Conquer was released as a free download by Electronic Arts. The game's PlayStation version was later released on the PlayStation Network in Europe.

In 1996, Westwood released an expansion pack The Covert Operations, adding 15 new missions, and unlocking an easter egg mini-campaign involving dinosaurs. A spin-off game titled Command & Conquer: Sole Survivor focuses entirely on online multiplayer, putting the players in control of single units in modes such as deathmatch and capture the flag.

In 2008, an unofficial patch was released to keep C&C working on both 32 and 64 bit versions of Windows XP and higher. The patch fixes several bugs in the game, and adds upgrades like higher resolution and support for language packs.

A 3DO Interactive Multiplayer version of C&C was announced to be in development, but this port was never released.

Sales
Command & Conquer was a commercial hit. In the United States, PC Data declared it the fourth-best-selling CD-ROM product across all categories for October 1995, and #7 in the computer game category the following month. It was absent from December's top 10 in the country.

By April 1996, Command & Conquer had sold 500,000 copies worldwide, and Westwood Studios reported sales above 1 million units by September of that year. Domestically, the game was the seventh-best-selling computer game for the first half of 1996. The game was particularly popular in France and Germany, and sold 200,000 copies in the latter country by November 1996. Sales across all platforms reached 1.7 million units by February 1997, and the game went on to sell more than three million.

Critical reviews
Critical reception of Command & Conquer was highly positive. It was named the best strategy game of 1995 by PC Gamer US and—tied with Heroes of Might and Magic: A Strategic Quest—Computer Gaming World, and the year's top real-time strategy title and overall "Game of the Year" by Computer Games Strategy Plus. In 1998, Command & Conquer Gold received nominations for "Computer Entertainment Title of the Year" and "PC Strategy Game of the Year" during the AIAS' inaugural Interactive Achievement Awards.

Entertainment Weekly's Bob Strauss offered the game effusive praise, writing: "If you liked playing with toy soldiers as a kid, you'll think you've stepped on a land mine and gone to heaven". Strauss believed that its cutscenes, voice clips and "nonstop action" served to "[enliven] the usually stodgy war game genre". After highlighting its multiplayer and citing its installation process as "the coolest [...] I've ever seen", he concluded that the game "makes other war simulations look as flat as Risk". A reviewer for Next Generation called it "a game that any strategy fan has to pick up". While complaining at the lack of a high-resolution mode, he applauded the gameplay for its combination of simple and intuitive control with deep and complex strategy, and said the full motion video cutscenes add considerably to the game's depth. He also complimented the soundtrack and fast pace. Peter Smith of Computer Games Magazine called Command & Conquer "an adrenaline rush in a box", writing: "Everything about this game shouts quality". Smith lauded the game's music and sound effects, gameplay and story, and even its install program. Smith noted some minor problems, citing issues with the game's artificial intelligence, but finished by saying that "Westwood has really raised the bar with this one". Chris Hudak of GameSpot wrote: "Starting from the load-screens and straight on 'til morning, Command & Conquer is one of the finest, most brilliantly-designed computer games I have ever seen".

Martin E. Cirulis of Computer Gaming World wrote that Command & Conquer "remains mainly a good, networkable version of Dune II". Cirulis found the game's interface intuitive and described its online component as "sophisticated and easy-to-use", also praising its story for being "as interesting as the actual tactics and gunfire", and commented that he "would buy C&C2 just to see where things are going to end up". However, according to him, the developers failed "to correct major shortcomings" in Dune II, as its fog of war does not fit with the real-world setting, also finding fault with design choices in the game's missions, which he believed were structured like "puzzles" that allowed for only one way to win. Nevertheless, he concluded that it remained "the best-looking and sounding strategy game yet" despite its flaws, and that it was "more than entertaining enough to make up for its shortcomings". Writing for PC Gamer US, T. Liam McDonald wrote that the game "has all the playability of Dune II, but with more diverse units, more unusual scenarios, and impressively executed wraparound cutscenes". McDonald called its combat a "satisfying blend of action and strategy", and noted that this, combined with an attention to "little details", made the game a "success", also praising its cutscenes as "terrifically executed". Although he was disappointed that the game lacked "fancier terrain or another zoom level", McDonald concluded: "This game is a whole lot of fun, so get it, play it, and love it like your own child".

Ports
The Electronic Gaming Monthly review team gave the Saturn version their "Game of the Month" award, citing the excellent translation of the PC version, accessible gameplay, and numerous strategic options, though they criticized that the soldier graphics are too small. All four of them gave identical scores to the PlayStation version, though they noted it had marginally exceeded the Saturn version by including additional missions. Rich Leadbetter of Sega Saturn Magazine also praised the game's accessibility, as well as the mission design, effective point-and-click control with the gamepad, and strong AI for both enemy and allied troops. On other side, he said the game could have been done on the Sega CD, and objected to the omission of the PC version's multiplayer mode, contending that had it been included Command & Conquer would have been one of the Saturn's best games. Major Mike reviewed both the Saturn and PlayStation versions in the same issue of GamePro. He described them as largely the same, and said they both suffer from inaccurate cursor movement, but recommended them for their strong gameplay, sound effects, and graphics, especially the full motion video. Next Generation deemed the Saturn version "the triumphant high point of [the] real-time strategy genre for home consoles". Like Leadbetter, the reviewer highly criticized the removal of multiplayer support, but argued that the lowered graphics resolution would only be noticeable to players of the PC version, and identified the remixed redbook soundtrack and added transparencies as improvements over the PC version. Reviewing Command & Conquer’s Sega Saturn port, Next Generation Online commented that it did little to improve the core game, and noted its lower resolution and missing multiplayer functionality as significant negatives, but the review still called it one of the console's best games and a "must-buy for Saturn owners". CVG’s Kim Randell wrote that the Saturn version is "up there with AM2's finest games" and "a joy to play", as it "thrives on deceptively simple gameplay" despite its unimpressive graphics and sound, and adding that the later missions are "masterpieces of gaming design". Randell believed that the port's missing multiplayer mode would have made it as good as Virtua Fighter 2 and NiGHTS Into Dreams, but that it "isn't far off this realm of excellence" without it.

Game Informer's three reviewers praised the Saturn and PlayStation ports of Command & Conquer. While the magazine's Andy McNamara wrote that "the best way to play C&C is on the PC", he called the console version a "fantastic port" marred only by "rather clumsy" controls and the inability to save in the middle of a mission. Andrew Reiner agreed, calling it a "flawless PC port" that "perfectly" recreates the thrills of the original, but he was displeased that it did not feature multiplayer support. Jon Storm summarized it as "an excellent addition to any PlayStation or Saturn library". Glenn Rubenstein noted in his review that the score he was giving the Saturn version was the highest GameSpot had yet given to any console game, even exceeding Super Mario 64 and Tomb Raider. He said the game had converted well to Saturn, and in particular contested the way other critics counted the omission of multiplayer against it, saying that such a feature was beyond the console's capabilities. He concluded: "With its mix of in-depth strategy, tactical action, and slick storytelling, Command & Conquer brings console strategy games out of the shadow they've lived in for so long". Though he noted the PlayStation version had the advantage of additional missions, he held it to be slightly inferior to the Saturn version due to the faster speed at which it plays. He also criticized the lack of multiplayer, noting that the PlayStation Link Cable could have been used (apparently unaware that a similar link cable was available for the Saturn). A reviewer for Next Generation wrote: "Just like the ported Saturn version, PSX [PlayStation] C&C adds little to the existing game". The review's author cited the lower resolution and lack of multiplayer as low points, but noted that the addition of the Covert Operations missions "adds to the overall replay value".

Reviewing the Nintendo 64 version of Command & Conquer, Erik Reppen of Game Informer wrote that it "has done an amazing job of completely reworking the old levels into a 3D polygonal format". Although he said that the game "offers plenty to keep you entertained", he disliked the heavy sound compression and the loss of the FMV cutscenes present in earlier versions. IGN's Aaron Boulding opened his review by saying: "To their credit, Looking Glass developed Command & Conquer with all of the elements you want from a quality RTS". Boulding praised the gameplay and the Special Ops missions, but noted that most of the units were distinct from the PC version. He was less happy with the port's graphics, calling them "hit and miss", though he lauded the audio effects and voice work. Boulding also said the controls were well handled, though a bit complicated, and concluded: "Command & Conquer is a fine game and may get a little addictive for anyone who never got into the PC version of the game. But for anyone who ran through the old version, the N64 won't offer much in the way of new thrills beyond the new N64 missions and the 3D world".

Next Generation commented that, while earlier ports had trouble recreating the mouse controls of the original, the Nintendo 64 version "handles it beautifully". The review's author stated that the controller's analog stick "allow[s for] the same simple point and click interface as the PC", adding that "the entire interface is equally responsive and well planned". The reviewer praised its graphics and audio, even calling the voice acting "the most competent [...] ever to appear en masse on the platform", but disliked its lack of multiplayer support, and concluded that the port "keeps the spirit of the game perfectly while adapting it wonderfully to the limitations of the N64". James Bottorff of The Cincinnati Enquirer believed that advancements in the real-time strategy genre rendered the Nintendo 64 port outdated, despite its new "bells and whistles". However, Bottorff wrote that those who had not played earlier Command & Conquer releases would find it "highly addictive", adding that its "controls are surprisingly good for a PC port".

A remastered version of Command & Conquer (along with its expansion packs) and its prequel, Red Alert, was done by Petroglyph Games. The Command & Conquer Remastered Collection was released on June 5, 2020.

Legacy
Command & Conquer spawned the Command & Conquer franchise, which sold 30 million copies in total by November 2009. The story of the game continued in the Tiberian series, including an action title Command & Conquer: Renegade that revisits the original game's First Tiberium War. In 1996, Westwood launched the prequel series Red Alert, telling the story of a global conflict between the Western nations and the Soviet Union which took place instead of World War II.

The game has also been cited as a large influence on the real-time strategy genre overall. In 1996, Computer Gaming World ranked Command & Conquer as the 48th best game of all time, opining that despite being not "as complete a design as Warcraft II", the game set "a new standard for great multiplayer play". That same year, Next Generation ranked it as the 49th top game of all time for how "it brought war gaming out of prehistoric, hexagonal mire and made it cool". CVG’s Mallinson wrote in 2002 that "hundreds of other strategy games", from StarCraft to Age of Empires, had borrowed concepts from Command & Conquer and "the RTS genre is still thriving, and that is all thanks to Command & Conquer". Bruce Geryk of GameSpot commented that "the name [Command & Conquer] is nearly synonymous with RTS gaming"; and GameSpy's Mark Walker wrote that "Warcraft and Dune II were little more than warm up acts" for Command & Conquer, which "blew open the genre", and credited the title with popularizing real-time strategy games in the years following its release. Dan Adams of IGN wrote that the game, alongside Warcraft: Orcs & Humans, "cemented the popularity" of the real-time strategy genre in the wake of Dune II. Polish web portal Wirtualna Polska ranked it as the seventh most addictive game "that stole our childhood".

Open source
Coinciding with the release of Command & Conquer Remastered Collection in 2020, Electronic Arts released the original source code for both Tiberian Dawn and Red Alert through GitHub under the GNU General Public License in collaboration between EA and the Command & Conquer community to aid in the development of mods. The source release has also allowed community developers to produce source ports of the original PC version of the game which was released as freeware. This now includes unofficial ports to platforms such as the PlayStation Vita and Nintendo DS derived from an upstream project called Vanilla-Conquer.

title: Command & Conquer (1995 video game)


text:
Talk:Vladimir Roslik

Untitled
See Votes for deletion/Alda Ribiero Acosta for a VfD for Alda Ribeiro Acosta and Vladimir Roslik. Result for Roslik was: keep. Eugene van der Pijll 21:21, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

An unregistered user with a dynamic .uy IP address has repeatedly replaced this article with spanish text from. The link I added a month ago is to the english version of the same document. Narge 12:09, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Vladimir Roslik


text:
Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun

Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun is a 1999 real-time strategy video game developed by Westwood Studios, published by Electronic Arts, and released exclusively for Microsoft Windows in August 1999. The game is the sequel to the 1995 game Command & Conquer. It featured new semi-3D graphics, a more futuristic sci-fi setting, and new gameplay features such as vehicles capable of hovering or burrowing. The main story of the game focuses on a second war between the UN-backed Global Defense Initiative (GDI) and the cult-like Brotherhood of Nod, both seeking to rule over an Earth which is undergoing rapid ecological collapse.

Tiberian Sun was one of the most anticipated games of 1999. Its development suffered numerous delays, with several features being cut before release. However, it was a commercial success and received positive reviews from critics, despite some of the technical bugs in the game. The dark atmosphere, foreboding soundtrack, and slow paced gameplay of Tiberian Sun received a mixed reception from fans upon release, although have earned it a cult following since. Its story of a military–industrial complex preoccupied with terrorism rather than environmental failure has been hailed as a metaphor for modern times. Several additional features were added to the game with the Firestorm expansion pack, including new units and a multiplayer global war mode. The game was later succeeded by the 2007 sequel Command & Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars, and was later licensed by Electronic Arts as freeware on February 12, 2010, with a Steam release on March 7, 2024.

Gameplay
Tiberian Sun sees players taking on opponents by building bases, gathering resources, creating armies, and then defeating their opposition by wiping out their units and either capturing or destroying their bases. Gameplay functions similar to the 1995 game, though both playable factions in the games received significant changes to balance out units but retaining notable differences with new structures and units for each - GDI rely on heavy strategic attacks, with new technologies including special defensive walls and units that can traverse bodies of water; Nod rely on unconventional, fanatical methods of attacks, with new technologies including deployable units for defensive purposes and units that can burrow under the ground and emerge behind enemy defences.

The game operates on a new isometric game engine featuring varying level terrain to give the impression of a true 3D environment, and dynamic lighting that simulates day/night cycles and special effects such as ion storms. Some buildings and armored units are rendered with voxels, although infantry is still rendered as sprites. Tiberium, the game's sole resource required to fund construction of structures and units, now consists of two types - the standard green tiberium, and a more valuable blue tiberium - while bridges in the game that are destroyed can be repaired by using a faction's engineer unit on a special hut building connected to the bridge. Crates can be found that convey bonuses such as extra credits, or healing a set number of damaged units.

While the game features network and online multiplayer modes, the game's campaign mode allows players to choose one of two factions who conduct missions across three different theatres of war - North America, Europe, and North Africa. Each faction's campaign features different missions, though a number of these include optional side missions which can be undertaken, and if completed confer a bonus that reduces its difficulty, ranging from additional units, to a reduction in enemy units.

Setting
Tiberian Sun takes place within an alternate timeline involving two factions - the Global Defense Initiative (GDI), and the Brotherhood of Nod - and an alien substance called "Tiberium", and occurs after the events of Command & Conquer. Tiberium has become a serious problem for the world since its arrival in the 1990s, not only in causing a conflict between GDI and Nod over control of the valuable crystals it creates from leeching precious metals from the soil - leading to the First Tiberium War - but also allowing the substance to slowly spread and terraform the planet's ecology and landscape, including causing mutations in humans, the formation of new alien lifeforms, and the development of new weather patterns called Ion Storms. By the 21st century, GDI is focused on researching the means to combat Tiberium's spread, making use of an orbital space station called the Philadelphia to command its forces, while Nod has splintered following the presumed death of its leader Kane, with both factions working to develop new technology to provide each with equal strength in their armies, including armoured walkers, cyborgs, advanced defensive measures, and armoured infantry.

The campaigns of Tiberian Sun focus on a new global conflict erupting in 2030, when Kane returns and re-energises Nod, forcing GDI to combat their efforts, and resulting in the Second Tiberium War. GDI's campaign focuses on the efforts of a commander who must combat the sudden surge of attacks, working alongside a faction of mutants known as "The Forgotten", in order to thwart Kane's latest plans with Tiberium. Nod's campaign focuses on the efforts of an officer who escapes execution by a de facto leader, controlled by GDI, and works to reunite Nod in order to complete Kane's plans.

GDI Campaign (Evolutionary Response)
GDI commander Michael McNeil is recalled from a training exercise to assist in combating Nod, after being informed by his superior, General James Solomon, that Kane has returned. McNeil is assigned with initially pushing out Nod forces from GDI territories in North America, led by Nod general and drug lord Vega, before Solomon assigns him to assist a recon team in securing a ship of alien origin that the Brotherhood have taken an interest in. Although the ship is secured, GDI finds it cleaned out by Vega and proceed to track him down, coming across a mutant named Umagon who requests their help in rescuing Tratos, the leader of the Forgotten, who can help explain what Vega stole. Discovering that the ship contained an alien database called the Tacitus that Kane sought, McNeil pursues Vega to his base in Central America. Cornered and learning that Kane has no further use for him, Vega takes a fatal drug overdose before his base is nuked, informing McNeil before he dies that the Tacitus is already being shipped to Nod's base in North Africa.

Learning that Nod is targeting GDI's research in Northern Europe, which focused on creating sonic crystals that can help combat Tiberium's spread, McNeil is assigned to reclaim an important GDI base in the region before pursuing after the stolen crystals. GDI soon learns that Kane has developed chemical missiles that can accelerate the spread of Tiberium across the continent, forcing McNeil to combat the imminent threat it poses along with eliminating a factory developing a new aircraft for the Brotherhood. Eventually, GDI moves towards Egypt to combat Nod at their main base in Cairo, only to learn that Kane's ultimate plan is to launch an ICBM missile containing a warhead of pure, concentrated Tiberium, that can transform the entire planet. Against the advice of Solomon, McNeil launches a direct assault on Kane's base, ultimately destroying the missile and killing Kane, ending the conflict once again, and securing the Tacitus for GDI's research team to analyze.

Nod Campaign (Deus ex Kane)
Anton Slavik, an officer of Nod's elite unit called "The Black Hand", is arrested by the Brotherhood's new leader Hassan, who is a GDI spy. Before he can be executed, Slavik is rescued by a member of his crew, posing as a Nod journalist, and begins working to reunite Nod in Northern Africa, with the assistance of the Brotherhood's AI CABAL. Shortly after capturing Hassan and ending the internal conflict within the Brotherhood, Slavik reveals him to be a GDI puppet. Before Hassan is executed, Kane announces his return, fully reuniting Nod's splinter factions. Pleased with Slavik's work, Kane assigns him to disrupt a GDI excavation at Nod's former temple in Sarajevo, in order to prevent them locating an alien database and a special project housing it. However, Slavik finds the project missing, having been taken by Vega. Forced to North America to retrieve it, Slavik and his crew recover the missing project and the database (the Tacitus), but are tricked by GDI into attacking a research facility, leading to them being captured.

Imprisoned in a base in Northern Europe, Slavik receives a message from CABAL that a Nod strike force has arrived to rescue him, and executes a plan that leads to his escape. Learning from Kane that he has completed a new missile that will give Nod an ultimate victory and shape the future of the planet, Slavik implements operations to disrupt GDI's research into a new advanced battle walker, and captures a member of a highly advanced GDI base in order to infiltrate it. With Kane's plan nearing completion, Slavik attacks the base, captures it, and uses anti-satellite weapons to destroy the Philadelphia. Kane then launches his missile, achieving ascension and vanishing, while transforming the Earth into a Tiberiumized planet that he had envisioned as humanity's evolutionary future.

Development
Tiberian Sun was announced after the release of the original Command & Conquer, with a trailer featured on its discs. After Virgin Interactive Entertainment was facing financial difficulties and was selling some of its assets, Electronic Arts acquired Westwood Studios in 1998 and published Tiberian Sun, and had no direct part in its development. Tiberian Sun's development was troubled before and after the acquisition, and was delayed numerous times - first for November 1998, then for spring 1999, then ultimately summer 1999. This resulted in a number of engine and gameplay features being omitted from the game, some of which were later included in the Firestorm expansion pack, as well as numerous bugs which have not been fixed even after the patching period.

Several images and references in the Tiberian Sun "rules" file indicate that more features were planned for the release. A former Westwood employee, Adam Isgreen, who was working for Petroglyph Games at the time, elaborated upon them in March and May 2007. Drop-pods were intended to be customizable for GDI before deployment. Lighting was intended to make a huge difference for day/night play, as units spotted by light posts/towers would be susceptible to enemy fire at greater ranges, and in turn would suffer a reduction in their own range ability. Westwood planned the Hunter/Seeker Droid option to support selection of target types, but ultimately the droid was made to attack at random. Developers also did not have enough time to finalize balanced differences in terrain types.

While art direction and balancing worked out according to plan, during development many other problems occurred. For example, the dynamic battlefield with terrain alteration and forest fires was very ambitious, but had to be reduced as it led to unsolvable path finding problems. Also a "loadout" screen was to be implemented, allowing commanders to pick units to take into battle before missions. The idea did not fit into the final project, so it was cut although fully developed. Other unpolished ideas were kept in leading to a lot of feature creep. The game also had planning troubles in post production. Storage and network requirements for the digitized video did not meet the demands. The studio was working with professional actors for the first time. Recording started early when plot lines were not fully developed, but also not subject to change as re-recording would be too expensive and interfere with localisation schedules. The game engine's shift to make it look more 3D and destructible bridges took over ten times longer to program as originally estimated. Adding repairable bridges that can also be passed underneath complicated systems such as path-finding, Z-buffering, rendering, unit behavior, and AI. The bridges became a core element that was used excessively in map design.

Tiberian Sun featured full motion video cutscenes as with the 1995 game, though while the franchise's cutscene director Joseph D. Kucan reprised his role as Kane, the cast of characters created for the game involved a number of well-known Hollywood actors - GDI characters included the actors Michael Biehn and James Earl Jones; Nod characters included Frank Zagarino and Monika Schnarre; and Forgotten characters included the actors Christine Steel, Gil Birmingham, Christopher Winfield and Nils Allen Stewart.

Soundtrack
Tiberian Sun features a futuristic and ambient soundtrack by Jarrid Mendelson and Frank Klepacki, who composed the signature themes for the movie sequences, as well as the game's musical score with the intention to differ from the original Command & Conquer in order to capture the mood for each mission. Klepacki and Mendelson's soundtrack was released on CD, with only 16 tracks, on November 9, 2005, by EA Recordings (E.A.R.S), excluding the five remaining tracks and the Firestorm tracks.

Firestorm
Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun – Firestorm is an expansion pack developed by Westwood for Tiberian Sun, and published by Electronic Arts on March 7, 2000. The expansion pack brings a number of gameplay elements missing from the main game, as well as two new campaigns set after the events of the GDI campaign of the main game, a selection of new units, and the inclusion of a third faction for Skirmish mode and multiplayer. One of the more notable elements brought in by the expansion pack was the return to FMV briefings directed towards the player and a linear storyline combining the campaigns. The game's story focuses on a crisis that slowly emerges when both GDI and Nod try to make use of the AI CABAL to help them with their operations, unaware it is using them for its own schemes.

Plot
Several months after the Second Tiberium War has concluded, GDI conducts a salvage operation to recover important technology from Kane's former Temple in Cairo, including the alien database known as the Tacitus. Shortly after it is recovered, an ion storm hits the command ship Kodiak carrying it and causes it to crash. Because of a communication blackout with the space station Philadelphia, GDI officer General Paul Cortez assumes temporary command from a ground base, and assigns a commander to recover the database and any survivors at the crash site, whereupon the core is sent to a GDI research team led by Cortez's ex-wife Dr. Gabriella Boudreau, who is working to find the means to counter the spread of Tiberium before the planet becomes too toxic for humans to live on.

Meanwhile, Black Hand leader Anton Slavik faces opposition from several Nod council members to allow him to lead the Brotherhood, and assigns a task force to help him reactivate the Brotherhood's AI CABAL. Once active, CABAL assigns a Nod commander to cause disruptions against GDI settlements, as well as eliminating the mutant leader Tratos, forcing GDI to quell the resultant riot that erupts. Slavik becomes concerned over the assignments his commander received from CABAL and soon orders the AI to be shut down, only for it turn against Nod. GDI, seeking another way to translate the Tacitus with Tratos dead, acquires a core belonging to CABAL in order to use the AI, and soon learn the database is missing a segment. Upon the segment being recovered and connected to the database, CABAL betrays GDI and attacks them with cyborgs, forcing Cortez to order the evacuation of Boudreau's team.

With both GDI and Nod seeking to stop the crisis being caused by CABAL, Cortez orders his forces to prevent the AI from securing humans to be processed into more cyborgs, while Slavik assigns a team to raid a GDI base and secure an EVA unit to replace the rogue AI. Eventually, both sides form a ceasefire in the wake of CABAL's actions, deeming the AI too great a threat to ignore. Both sides launch operations to counter CABAL's forces, and eventually destroy his core, ending the crisis. Boudreau eventually manages to unlock the Tacitus and acquires a vast amount of data, allowing Cortez to provide good news to the rest of GDI command as the communication blackout ends. Meanwhile, Slavik assumes full command of Nod, making certain to continue the Brotherhood in following the visions and prophecies of Kane. Unknown to both sides, CABAL's memory feeds into a hidden cryo-bunker, where Kane resides, recovering from his wounds inflicted towards the end of the Second Tiberium War.

Firestorm follows the events as they unfolded in the GDI ending of Tiberian Sun, with its campaigns no longer structured into two competing storylines but consisting of two different narratives over the same series of events. With Nod fractured into feuding warlords following Kane's death, Anton Slavik is determined to keep Kane's ideology alive through the resurrection of Nod's highly advanced artificial intelligence, CABAL (Computer Assisted Biologically Augmented Lifeform). Meanwhile, the Global Defense Initiative continues its ongoing campaign to stop the spread of Tiberium and its monstrous mutations by retrieving the extraterrestrial Tacitus device, and decides to take control of CABAL to help it decode the device (after Nod, under orders from CABAL, assassinated Tratos, leader of the Forgotten and the only other individual on Earth with the knowledge necessary to translate the Tacitus). Unbeknownst to both GDI and Nod, CABAL has two cores and intentionally allows each faction to take possession of one so that it can simultaneously manipulate both factions to do its bidding. After securing the Tacitus, CABAL goes rogue and attempts to conquer the world through the systematic assimilation of human populations into cyborg armies, forcing GDI and Nod to unite temporarily against it. Upon successfully defeating CABAL, GDI is able to recover the Tacitus and finds a large portion of it having already been translated, bringing new hope to combating Tiberium infestation; in the Nod ending, the defeated CABAL appears to merge with the consciousness of a resurrected/recovering Kane.

Sales
Tiberian Sun was highly anticipated since the beginning of its development. It was the fastest selling game on the EA games label, selling 1.5 million copies within a month. In the German gaming magazine PC Player issue 01/2000, Tiberian Sun received a special award as "Most Hyped Game in 1999" (the year the game was released). The earlier Command & Conquer games had been commercial successes in Germany, with sales between 500,000 and 700,000 units in the region. Within eight days of release, it received a "Platinum" award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD), indicating sales of at least 200,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. This performance set records in Germany, according to the VUD. The committee raised it to "Double-Platinum" status (400,000 sales) by the end of June 2000, which made it the third computer game ever to receive the designation. Tiberian Sun sold over 1 million copies by October 12, after having shipped 1.5 million for its launch. It sold 2.4 million before the release of Red Alert 2.

In the United States, Tiberian Sun sold 419,533 copies by the end of 1999, for revenues of $18.62 million. This made it the region's sixth-best-selling and fourth-highest-grossing computer game of 1999. It sold another 283,544 units ($8.08 million) in the country during 2000. In the United Kingdom, it remained the sixth-best-selling computer game of all time by 2006.

Critical reviews
Tiberian Sun was voted #29 in PC Gamer Magazine's Readers All-Time Top 50 Games Poll in the April 2000 issue. GameGenie.com rated the game 5/5: "This game is worth much more than what you pay, because if you look at everything that has been put together in this game, you'll see how truly awesome it is. My point, and bottom line, is that just about anyone can enjoy this game. They may not sit down and play it for hours on end every day like a large number of war gamers will, but they still can watch the movies and play around with the units enough that they'll have fun. I heartily recommend this game to everyone".

Daniel Erickson reviewed the PC version of the game for Next Generation, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Bottom Line: Westwood has fine tuned Command & Conquer, but that's not enough to please the RTS-crazed gaming public".

GameSpot noted that the new soundtrack is "catchy", and stated that the game is an excellent sequel to the original Command & Conquer.

Despite some of the game's technical issues, many reviewers considered the interactive environment, new graphics, new array of units, new concepts, single-player (story wise) and the popular multi-player to be the significant high-points of Tiberian Sun, and credited it with high rankings.

Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun was named as a finalist by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences for "Computer Game of the Year" and "Computer Strategy Game of the Year" during the 3rd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, both of which ultimately went to Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings.

title: Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun


text: Category:Towers in Belgium

title: Category:Towers in Belgium


text:
Infernal (Danish band)

Infernal (occasionally stylized with metal umlaut as Infërnal) is a dance-pop group from Denmark, consisting of members Lina Rafn and Paw Lagermann. They made their Danish debut in 1997 with the release of the track "Sorti de L'enfer", and went on to international chart success in the 2000s. Their most successful single to date has been "From Paris to Berlin", which charted well in many European countries throughout 2006 and 2007. In addition to the original single, an alternate version was released in the UK titled "From London to Berlin", supporting England in the 2006 Football World Cup.

Infernal have released four studio albums, with the 1998 debut album Infernal Affairs reaching double platinum sales in Denmark. Their mainstream breakthrough came with From Paris to Berlin from 2004, and the success continued with Electric Cabaret in 2008, certified with double platinum and platinum, respectively.

Paw Lagermann and Lina Rafn have made a comeback in 2012 as a duo called Paw&Lina with the hit single "Stolt af mig selv?"

1997–2003: Musical beginnings and early success
Infernal started out as a three-piece band in 1997 with Lina, Paw, and Søren Haahr, but Søren left the group in 2000. Initially they were known for their unconventional style of singing as well as their experimental blend of different genres of music. In recent years they have turned towards more songwriting and their sound have gone from a subgenre club-sound to dance-oriented pop-sound aimed at the charts. An example of their early musical experiments is their track "Kalinka" which is based on the Russian Drobushki folk melody. From 1998 to 2004, the band released four albums in their native Denmark, three studio albums, one of them being a re-issue and one remix/live compilation album. All of them spawned Top 10 hits in Denmark, for example "Sunrise", "Muzaik", "Kiss The Sky", "Kalinka" and "You Receive Me", the latter being the theme song for a Danish season of the TV show Big Brother.

2004–2007: International breakthrough
In 2004, their third studio album From Paris to Berlin was released. With the release of the title track, "From Paris to Berlin", they went on to major international chart-success. "From Paris to Berlin" became the only song released by a Danish act nominated at the Nordic Music Awards 2005. Ahead of the World Cup 2006, "From Paris to Berlin" was re-recorded for the English market with lyrics celebrating the English football squad, titled "From London to Berlin". However, the song was withdrawn from radio airplay and TV following England's knockout from the World Cup. In July 2006, "From Paris to Berlin" climbed to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and remained in the top five for seven weeks, becoming the 6th best selling single in the UK in 2006.

The following single released in the UK was "Self Control". It was a cover of a 1984 song by Italian pop singer Raf, which was also covered by Laura Branigan that same year. The Infernal version stalled at number 18 on the UK charts, and number 14 in Ireland. The single was not released in Spain, due to a similar version being released by Spanish singer Soraya Arnelas. Instead, they released "Ten Miles" in Spain, which topped the Spanish singles charts in November 2006. "I Won't Be Crying" served as the third single in Europe but failed to build momentum and gain significant airplay in the UK. It still went on to become a moderate hit in Europe and became the band's most watched video on YouTube, passing 3,000,000 views.

On 28 May 2007, the band released a new version of their From Paris to Berlin album, this time in Europe and Asia. The new album contained two new songs and a bonus DVD on the Japanese edition. Counting sales of both first and second versions, From Paris to Berlin has sold more than one million copies worldwide. Afterwards, "Ten Miles", was released in Europe. The song became an unexpected hit for the duo, surpassing the peak of "I Won't Be Crying" in Europe and reaching Top 5 in Poland.

2008–2016: Electric Cabaret and Fall from Grace

"We are experimenting with the sound and the direction of the album. The only thing we know is that we want it to be a little less feathers&sequins and a bit more jeans&T-shirt’ish. I don’t know how that sounds. We only know what feeling we are trying to create."

— Lina Rafn on the creation of the 2010 album.

The band announced in February 2008 that their next album, Electric Cabaret, would be released worldwide on 11 August 2008. The lead single, "Downtown Boys", was premiered at Boogie Prisen, a Danish award show on national TV. The single was released on 14 April 2008 and peaked at number two on the Danish Singles Chart, surpassing the peaks of "Self Control" and "I Won't Be Crying", and number one for four weeks on the Danish Airplay Chart, being their first single to top the chart. On 13 June 2008, the full track list and album cover were released. The album met positive reviews, stating that stand-out tracks from the album include "Punk Disco" and "Redefinition". Electric Cabaret was Infernal's first album to be released digitally through the band's official website, allowing fans from countries where the band is not signed to buy their music legally.

On 26 June 2009 Lina Rafn announced that Infernal had started working on material for their fifth studio album, which was at that time scheduled to be released "sometime in 2010". The overall sound of the album was described as "less feathers&sequins and a bit more jeans&T-shirt'ish." In November 2009, Paw Lagermann said that they had written three songs with Thomas Troelsen, who had previously co-written "Dead or Alive" from Electric Cabaret, including one outtake from the previous album, which had been reworked. He also revealed that they recorded 16-18 potential songs for the album, some of which would remain instrumental tracks. On 4 April 2010, Lagermann revealed that the album Fall from Grace would be released in late September 2010. He also said that the lead single off the album, "Love Is All...", would be released in early May 2010. On 10 July 2010, the entire Fall from Grace track list was posted by Infernal themselves on their official website.

On 15 September 2010, Infernal released the second single from Fall from Grace, "Alone, Together". The single was released in Scandinavian iTunes Stores and their own Music Store that utilizes the music downloading service Klicktrack. In the first two weeks after its release, Fall from Grace sold only 1,850 copies in Denmark.

On 27 April 2012 Infernal released a different version of "Love Is All..." for the UK audience.

On 10 November 2012 Infernal released the single "Can't Go Back". After its release, Infernal denied it was from an album and announced that Fall from Grace would in fact be their last full album, as the process of creating album became stressful for Rafn, who with Lagermann, create the music as well as write the lyrics for the songs. The band stated that they would focus on releasing songs and touring more.

On 4 January 2013 the record label EMI released a compilation album titled De første fra Infernal, which translates as The first from Infernal.

On 9 September Infernal released the live EP Put Your Fucking Hands Up.

2017–2022: Singles
In early 2017 Infernal released the promotional single "Hurricane", which was intended to be from a forthcoming album that did not materialise. The official remix reached number two on the Danish Dance Chart in February 2017 and spent 14 weeks in the Dance Chart top 10.

Two more promotional singles followed in May 2017—"Weightless" and "Holding On".

In December 2017 Infernal released the single "Not Alone (Alo Elo Ele)" through streaming platforms. The song reached number nine on the Danish dance chart in February 2018.

The band released the single "Fist Up" on 16 March 2018, followed by "Made You Love Me" on 18 May 2018, "Don't U Know That I Care" on 12 October 2018, and "WeToo" on 21 December 2018. The band also toured in late 2018.

On 12 July 2019 Infernal released the single, "1000 Colours", a track they wrote for the 25th anniversary of Danish brand REMA 1000. After a positive response to it they decided to release it as a single.

On 15 November 2019 Infernal released the single "Techno Tombola" in promotion of their tour they were on at the time.

On 8 May 2020 Infernal released the single "We Luv", announcing that the song is the official Vi Elsker anthem.

On 7 May 2021 Infernal released the single "Inner Fire".

2017–Present: 25 years of Infernal & HORMESIS
On November 16 Infernal posted a countdown clock for a special announcement celebrating 25 years of Infernal's musical career; they also announced their new album. On November 17 Infernal released their new album, titled HORMESIS.

Discography
Notes
 * Infernal Affairs (1998)
 * Waiting for Daylight (2000)
 * From Paris to Berlin (2004)
 * Electric Cabaret (2008)
 * Fall from Grace (2010)
 * HORMESIS (2022)

A Waiting for Daylight was re-released in 2001 as Muzaik with re-recorded versions and previously unreleased songs. B From Paris to Berlin was re-released in an international, UK, US and Taiwan editions from 2005 to 2007.

Paw&Lina
Paw Lagermann and Lina Rafn of Infernal have also made recordings as a duo under the name Paw&Lina. A version of the Infernal album Electric Cabaret with a commentary track stretching over the entire album done in Danish was released crediting Paw & Lina and was also made available for download

The duo Paw&Lina also had a comeback in 2012 with the hit single "Stolt af mig selv?" that reached number eight on the Danish Singles Chart.

 * Discography

title: Infernal (Danish band)


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Kazakhstan


text: Template:Cimarron class oiler (1939)

title: Template:Cimarron class oiler (1939)


text:
Josef Müller (CSU politician)

Josef Müller (27 March 1898 – 12 September 1979), also known as "Ochsensepp" ("Joe Ox"), was a German politician. He was a member of the resistance during World War II and afterwards one of the founders of the Christian Social Union (CSU). He was a devout Catholic and a leading figure in the Catholic resistance to Hitler.

Early life
Born in Steinwiesen, Kingdom of Bavaria, Müller was a lifelong Catholic. He entered the legal profession after serving as a mortar-man in the Royal Bavarian Army on the Western Front from 1916 to 1919.

He was discharged as a senior sergeant.

Müller became politically active during the Weimar Republic as a member of the Bavarian People's Party.

Third Reich
During the Nazi period he worked as an attorney defending many Nazi opponents. He also was part of the Catholic resistance and was in contact with resistance figures in the Abwehr (German military intelligence) such as Admiral Canaris, Hans von Dohnanyi and Hans Oster.

Missions to Rome
Early in the war (1939–1940), Müller made a number of trips to the Vatican City under the identity "X". He carried correspondence between the German Resistance and British intelligence that sought co-operation in a coup to replace Hitler's regime with an anti-Nazi civilian government supported by the German military. The correspondence and related intelligence passed through an intermediary to the hands of Pope Pius XII, who would review it and in turn forward it to Lord Halifax in Britain. Dohnanyi summarized the material into a report, containing list of individuals slated to assume roles in a post-coup civilian government. Despite Müller's urgings, Dohnanyi failed to destroy this document and during the purges following the failed assassination attempt on Hitler in July 1944, it fell into the hands of the Gestapo, which led to the arrests, trials and executions of many resistance members.

The Pope's Private Secretary, Robert Leiber, acted as the intermediary for Pius and met with Müller, who visited Rome in 1939 and 1940. The Vatican considered Müller to be a representative of Colonel-General Beck and agreed to offer the machinery for mediation between the German Resistance and the Allies. Hans Oster, Wilhelm Canaris and Hans von Dohnányi, backed by Beck, told Müller to ask Pius to ascertain whether the British would enter negotiations with the German opposition which wanted to overthrow Hitler. The British agreed to negotiate, provided the Vatican could vouch for the opposition's representative. Pius, communicating with Britain's Francis d'Arcy Osborne, channelled communications back and forth in secrecy. The Vatican agreed to send a letter outlining the basis for peace with England and the participation of the Pope was used to try to persuade senior German Generals Halder and Brauchitsch to act against Hitler. Negotiations were tense, with a Western offensive expected, and on the basis that substantive negotiations could only follow the replacement of the Hitler regime. The British government had doubts as to the capacity of the conspirators. Nevertheless, the resistance were encouraged by the talks, and Muller told Leiber that a coup would occur in February. Pius appeared to continue to hope for a coup in Germany into March 1940. The negotiations ultimately proved fruitless. Hitler's swift victories over France and the Low Countries deflated the will of the German military to resist Hitler. Muller was arrested during the Nazis first raid on Military Intelligence in 1943. He spent the rest of the war in concentration camps, ending up at Dachau.

Imprisonment
After his arrest in 1943 he was interned at the concentration camp Flossenbürg. Unlike fellow inmates Canaris, Oster and Bonhoeffer, who were executed in April 1945, Müller was spared at the last moment, at the foot of the scaffold, through the intervention of Johann Rattenhuber who convinced Ernst Kaltenbrunner that keeping Müller alive might help Germany negotiate more favourable surrender terms. Instead, Müller was transferred to Tyrol in late April 1945 along with 138 other "special prisoners" (Sonderhäftlinge) and "kin prisoners" (Sippenhäftlinge), persons of prominence the Nazi SS had hauled off in the final days of the war to Niederdorf, South Tyrol, where they were to be hidden and used as bargaining chips. They were liberated by the Fifth U.S. Army on 5 May 1945.

Later life
After the war, he advocated forming a new Christian party of both Catholics and Protestants. With Adam Stegerwald, he was one of the founders of the Christian Social Union (CSU), serving as the party's first chairman from 1946 to 1949. Müller belonged to the more liberal wing of the party and was the main opponent of the more conservative wing under Alois Hundhammer. He was one of the patrons of the young Franz Josef Strauß.

After the CSU had won the first postwar elections in 1946, Hundhammer opposed Müller's nomination as minister-president of Bavaria and proposed for Hans Ehard to be elected as a compromise candidate instead. Once elected, Ehard appointed Hundhammer as minister of culture, but in 1947, Müller entered the cabinet as well as minister of justice. From 1950 onwards, he also was deputy prime minister. He resigned from the government in 1952.

He died on 12 September 1979, in Munich.

title: Josef Müller (CSU politician)


text:
Talk:Josef Müller (CSU politician)

Content to be merged
This section is moved over from the Ludwig Kaas page, since it deals more with Müller than with Kaas.

Late in 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, Kaas was with Father Robert Leiber, JS, one of two key vatican figures for the secret Vatican Exchanges. General Ludwig Beck had nominated the lawyer Dr. Josef Müller as representative of the Widerstand within the German army. Müller had longstanding ties to Pope Pius XII, dating from the latters days as Nuncio in Munich (1917-1920), and was very close to Cardinal Faulhaber.

Müller installed himself under an assumed Abwehr guise in Rome and at the request of the, mostly Protestant figures of the military Widerstand General Beck believed that Pius XII with his close ties Germany could convince the Allies of the existence of a valid German opposition to Hitler.

The Pope required as conditio sine qua non that secret and untraceable negotiations be in this period of Friedensgesprache or hiatus before the full fury of the German attack in the west, and that they lead alone towards the installation of an administration in Germany with which negotiation was possible.

Müller would travel to Rome from Berlin with instructions from Hans Oster or Hans von Dohnanyi and see primarily Monsignor Ludwig Kaas or Pater Robert Leiber. Early in the negotiations Kaas intimated that it was the Holy Father's wish that the connection with Müller be through Pater Leiber. There was never a direct contact between Müller and the Pope, and the entire negotiations, which surface in British foreign office records, was composed of a series of oral questions and answers in a tenuous and intricate thread of communication between Berlin, Rome and London. Dohnanyi alone wrote an elaborate summary report known as "X-Report", which in 1944 fell into the hands of the Gestapo. Müller had his records purposefully destroyed in 1943 and thus the substance of the negotiations are shrouded in mystery.

It seems the British were keen, as power was still with Chamberlain and Halifax and the later corrected vacillation concerning German demands was evident.

At any rate the implication is that all involved were prepared to foresee some solution based on sufficient German territorial aggrandisement to placate the German people after the "loss" of their "Adolf Hitler" during wartime.

The British policy was to swiftly change once Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain.

Monsignor Kaas is reported as alerting the British contact, the Minister to the Holy See, Francis D'Arcy Osborne, the views of  Hermann Göring in anti-communist sympathy with the opposition.

The German Army widerstand conspirators were to return  again to the Pope as intermediary following the Casablanca Conference  of 1943 and Pater Robert Leiber again is co-ordinated by Kaas  following contact by Josef Muller. The burdensome policy  of Unconditional Surrender (to the widerstand) after  Casablanca. was over-ridden by leading plotter General Beck's belief that the opposition in Germany were set to strike. This time the Pope gained  no response whatever from the Allies, but the widerstand * claim that  Pater  Leiber was able to re-inforce the opposition because   Pius XII had misgivings concerning unconditional surrender, and was prepared, should they strike, to recognise the replacing regime. Even at this stage territorial German hegemony in Europe  was envisaged, thus the conclusion remains that the Pope throughout contemplated  a cementing  of this  hegemony.

 * The Widerstand can be taken to include the present as much as the past . The analysis undertaken by many historians  represents as much of an exegesis of opposition policy, as of a record, hence the widerstand can be considered to be still active, largely in a  salvation of the conscience within the German nation.

To be merged?
Should this be merged as well: Joseph Müller (Catholic lawyer). -- User:Docu
 * Done! Str1977 (talk) 17:27, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Josef Müller (CSU politician)


text: Category:Towers in Austria

title: Category:Towers in Austria


text: Category:Towers in Slovakia

title: Category:Towers in Slovakia


text: Template:Kennebec class fleet replenishment oiler


text:
2005 Kyrgyz presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Kyrgyzstan on 10 July 2005. The result was a landslide victory for acting President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, marking the end of his interim government formed after the previous president, Askar Akayev, was overthrown in the revolution in March 2005.

Post-revolution transition
On Thursday 24 March 2005, President Akayev fled the country as protesters overran government buildings. The Prime Minister Nikolai Tanayev also resigned within the same day creating a power vacuum. The constitution clearly states “If the President becomes unable to carry out their duties for reasons such as death, illness or impeachment, the Prime Minister shall carry out their duties until the election of a new head of state. This must take place within three months of the termination of their Presidency.” This therefore presented the Kyrgyz parliament with a legal problem. Ishenbai Kadyrbekov, the Speaker of Parliament immediately assumed power, unconstitutionally. The next day, opposition leader Kurmanbek Bakiyev was appointed Prime Minister and thus Interim President.

The interim period was one of increasing political tension and a breakdown in the rule of law. The new unicameral parliament – elected amid allegations of fraud – went into session on 22 March. However, its mandate was revoked just two days later, with the Supreme Court declaring the old chamber the rightful body. This decision was then once more revoked by an agreement between the rival chambers. The “old” parliament dissolved itself, and the “new” parliament gained recognition as the legitimate body (although a number of individual seats remained in dispute and subject to review by courts). This drew some protests from people who argued that the uprising was in direct relation to the rigged election which had created the new legislature. Additionally Bermet Akayeva and other politicians were allowed to sit in the new chamber for a significant period, before also having their mandates declared null and void.

The former President, Akayev refused to resign until April, creating a legally questionable period whereby two heads of state existed (The parliament had allowed Bakiyev to take over without impeaching Akayev or initiating any legal process that formally ended his Presidency). The former leader's lawyers are still claiming that he legally remains President of Kyrgyzstan.

An upsurge in violence also occurred following the revolution. On 1 June hundreds of people forced their way into Kyrgyzstan's Supreme Court, ejecting protesters who had held it for more than a month. The occupation was being held in support of candidates who lost during the parliamentary elections in April. The sit-in had prevented the court from operating. After an hour of clashes, unarmed police and soldiers reportedly managed to separate the two groups, whilst one witness said they had seen several injured people taken away in ambulances.

Kyrgyz legislator Jyrgalbek Surabaldiev was shot dead in Bishkek on 10 June, following an attack on another politician Bayaman Erkinbayev in April. During the same day protesters, allegedly demonstrating against Erkinbayev, were fired on in the southern city of Osh. At least one person was killed, and five others were injured as a result of the violence.

Candidates
The Central Election Commission completed registering presidential candidates on 13 June. Elections had last been held on October 29, 2000, with the next previously scheduled for late 2005. The 2000 election was marred by allegations of fraud, heightened by the high percentage of the vote for President Akayev - 74%. His nearest rival was Omurbek Tekebayev who polled 14%. Former Vice-President and opposition leader Felix Kulov had initially decided to run in the 2005 poll, but later withdrew from the race. This followed an agreement with acting President Bakyiev, whereby Kulov would become Prime Minister should the interim leader win the election. Urmatbek Baryktabasov, a businessman from eastern Karakol, was refused registration for the election, after authorities cited his alleged Kazakh citizenship. More than 100 Kyrgyz protesters demanding his registration subsequently stormed Bishkek's main government building, occupying it for several hours.

Six candidates were registered: acting President Kurmanbek Bakiyev; businessman Akbaraly Aitikeev; ombudsman Tursunbai Bakir uulu; former Interior Minister Keneshbek Duishebaev; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan head Jypar Jeksheev; and Non-governmental organization activist Toktaim Umetalieva. Former Jalalabad Province Governor Jusupbek Sharipov, a seventh candidate, withdrew from the race on 23 June. He said that he wished to support Bakiev-Kulov, and work towards national unity.

The candidates met each other in a series of televised head-to-head debates from 4 July, culminating in a gathering of all individuals on Friday 8 July.

Conduct
Over 80 international organisations requested accreditation for the election including: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (369 observers), Commonwealth of Independent States Mission (261), National Democratic Institution (32), “Future without corruption” PU (24), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, International Democratic Institution, embassies and other organisations. In total, 810 observers and 187 foreign correspondents intend to cover the ballot.

The OSCE declared the process as "tangible progress toward meeting OSCE and other international commitments" in its internet press release the following day. However, election monitors observed a "small number of serious irregularities," particularly during vote counting. Kimmo Kiljunen, head of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly delegation, told a news conference in Bishkek on 11 July. Representatives of the CIS-EMO however stated "It is impossible to say that the presidential elections in Kyrgyzstan were fair and met the international standards in full". The group had previously said that the disputed 2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections were "free and fair".

Maksim Maksimovich, the lawyer of former President Akayev, claimed he could not vote in Moscow because his name had not been included on a voter list. His daughter, Bermet Akaeva however voted without incident in Bishkek. She claimed to have voted for the candidate who would not lead the country into catastrophe, according to RIA-Novosti news agency.

Results
With Bakiev expected to easily win, the authorities feared a low turnout. However by 17:00 (Bishkek time) the Central Election Commission declared that around 53 percent of voters had participated. The law states that one vote over 50 percent is needed for the election to be deemed valid. The preliminary results of the ballot show that after 1,967 polling stations out of 2,181 (90.19%) returned results Bakiev has secured a landslide.

Aftermath
Bakiyev was sworn into office in Bishkek on 14 August.

title: 2005 Kyrgyz presidential election


text: Category:Towers in the Netherlands

title: Category:Towers in the Netherlands


text: Category:Towers in Poland

title: Category:Towers in Poland


text:
Talk:Tree pangolin

Okay folks being pangolins are my favorite critter. I am interested in updating it's entry on the Wikipedia. I do have a couple questions though.

For example why is pink seemingly used for all animals in the taxobox. I compared it with other mammals, but fish, geese etc. Would it not be better to associate colors with certain aspects of the animals? Is it that no one has felt a standard would be useful?

Next question recently a tree pangolin got a lot of publicity and the same picture was used in a number of different periodicals as well as online. Does this make the picture a fair use picture that could be used on Wikipedia?

Your input is greatly appreciated!

Proposed move
I propose that this page be moved to Tree Pangolin to standardize the pangolin pages. Currently, 6 of the 8 species have the "P" capitalized in their article name. (See also: Talk:Philippine pangolin) dude❶❽❶❽ (talk) 20:54, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Done, and updated text to match title. - UtherSRG (talk) 04:48, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

hi
is it legal to have as a pet i live in new jersy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.5.133.62 (talk) 22:09, 21 October 2013 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Bio 488 Mammalogy
— Assignment last updated by Janawollesen (talk) 03:09, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tree pangolin


text: Category:Towers in Lithuania

title: Category:Towers in Lithuania


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Lithuania


text: Category:Towers in Latvia

title: Category:Towers in Latvia


text:
Talk:Pitts

Untitled
This should be appropriately combined with Pitts Special. DJ Clayworth 21:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Agree totally. Having two seperate articles is redundant. I suggest that the heading Pitts be attributed to Curtis Pitts with a bio of the great man and a sub-link to the famous Pitts Special. Owning and flying a Pitts Special is surely one of lifes most sublimely pleasurable experiences. Big yachts are for those doomed to never understand :)

title: Talk:Pitts


text:
Talk:Phil Anselmo

Down as a side project
Should Down be listed under the side projects tab or as its his current main band should it be moved in to its own section and expanded upon? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.168.34.242 (talk) 12:50, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Removal of unsubstantiated/inappropriate material
I removed the short blurb claiming that Phil's voice has been damaged or weakened by chronic drug and alcohol abuse. This is unsubstantiated, uncited, and obviously one person's opinion. Clearly this isn't appropriate for an encyclopedic article. C'mon, you know you can't put this stuff in here.

70.94.32.98 05:39, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Reverted racism section
I think it is possible to make this assertion about Anselmo and have it be relevant to the article, but it doesn't work as written. First, tone is unencyclopedic and POV. If you're going to make edits that are potentially inflammatory, you really have to do your homework and get this right. Beyond that, the lyrics mentioned are misquoted and, additionally, do not support the theory that Anselmo is a racist. I'm sure that there is evidence to that effect out there, but this is not a good example. Also, adequate sources would go a long way toward making this more palatable. Again, I'm not averse to this section being added in (the whole article needs a lot of work...let's be honest), but if you're going to court controversy, you really should take time to do some research and composition to get the facts straight and the tone right. I'll look forward to seeing what you come up with. Happy editing. NObodyNOWHERE (talk) 06:29, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

There is a Superjoint song (Personal Insult) where Phil uses the phrase "sand nigger"

Anyone who simply takes someone who has made numerous suspiciously racist-sounding outbursts at their word when they say that they're not racist should have their head checked. That's textbook dog whistle racism and requires more investigation than simply leaving it in their hands, because of course they'll just say whatever is in their best public relations interests.

You just used the term "dog whistle racism", which is a term only employed by people using witch hunt tactics. Cultural Marxists, FAAAAR leftist SJW's, etc, use false accusations of racism against any and everyone who disagrees with them, to silence and discredit them. What you subjectively see as dog whistle racism is not a valid rational basis for saying someone is racist. It may very well be that he is racist, but only if he does things which satisfy the objective standards for racism, *NOT* satisfy the far left's witch hunting standards for racism, which are OBJECTIVELY INVALID AND INTELLECTUALLY DISHONEST. Try again try hard.

-- Alright first and foremost the person above me didn't sign what he wrote. Ok since we are all tossing around pov I thought I'd just go ahead and drop mine. Anyone who makes multiple racist outbursts should have their heads checked? Ok with who do we start? Phil because he's white or can Carlos Mencia get his head checked first? Plantation style racism is as strong as it's ever been but shock and awe comes from a white guy. Look at our country. Obama is elected president and suddenly Martin Luther King jrs dream has been met which should be a giant red flag that it hasn't. It's not until men or women don't get judge by the color of their skin that that will ever be the case. We had the world's eyes on us and they were talking like we finally stepped up to their level but hell how many countries have elected a minority president, prime minister or what ever the high leader is called? South Africa? No since ending apartheid they not elected one leader from the minority race in their country. All we have here is a case for white guilt. When a Black rapper comes out hating on a cracker that is perfectly fine. Look at racism in the history of this country. Look out at the people we pick to hate on and push as something high. But I wonder how many people want to know the history. I wonder how many motherfuckers know who John Casor is and what's the significants behind his relationship with Anthony Johnson. Phil is no more racist than Carlos Mencia. I don't think Carlos is racist but I do find it interesting that questions of his and numerous other people being racist doesn't come up but it comes around to being no question that Anselmo is racist.70.15.191.119 (talk) 23:09, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Great, so you essentially have a bog-standard Tea Party perspective of horribly tortured, unrecognizable redefinitions of the key notions behind "racism" that twists it all around, just soooo..... white people aren't so bad for being racist. Gee, what a shocker. I have no idea what the outrage of the entitled, well-off white person in America against the forces of change is supposed to prove Re: Anselmo, but you didn't even prove yourself capable of reading the initial statement - if someone makes numerous racist-sounding outbursts, but then goes on to say "oh I'm not racist" - and you believe them just because they said so - THEN you need to have your head checked, because of course they're going to say whatever is in the best interests for their public relations. Having his sales plummet as a result of justified anti-racist backlash wouldn't make his day.

"We had the world's eyes on us and they were talking like we finally stepped up to their level but hell how many countries have elected a minority president, prime minister or what ever the high leader is called?" Well, Britain had a Jewish PM as long ago as the 19th Century (Disraeli). More recently, India's leading party is led by a white european (Sonia Gandhi) and their PM is a Sikh - a tiny minority in a country as populous as India, the world's largest democracy of course.

Vocal Range
Clarrification on Phil's vocal range. Currently this article says he has the identical to Chris Cornell (See Cornell's article). Surely this is incorrect, as this would apparently make Phil a tenor (according to Cornell's article at least, either way one of the articles needs correction). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.141.59.29 (talk) 01:17, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Further discussion, as stated in this forum https://therangeplanet.proboards.com/thread/1060/phil-anselmo, claims Phil's vocal range is E1 - B♭5 . It's probably the most well documented resource available online regarding this aspect.
 * Forum posts are not a reliable source unfortunately FMSky (talk) 17:14, 21 April 2021 (UTC)

Grindcore
Should be added to genres. 87.70.89.223 (talk) 15:52, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Defunct side projects
I think this needed cleaning up. The wording was pretty biased it seems, especially the Christ Inversion section. It almost seemed like an advertisement. I removed "On the band's MySpace page, they describe their sound as "the venomous vomit of Satan!" and cite Venom, Celtic Frost, and Satan as influences." as it doesn't seem to be significant or encyclopedic

Also, I think there should be more more verifiable sources in Defunct side projects If anyone ever has the time or resources, or is bored enough to do so Maelstromlusby (talk) 02:50, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * "Venomous vomit of Satan" sounds like a Bloom County joke. MrBook (talk) 17:10, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

early childhood?
A pet rottweiler that died in 2009 should not be mentioned as early childhood, unless that dog had biblical longevity. Also, the source makes no mention of his father's restaurant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.79.13.15 (talk) 15:35, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Reliable source?
Had changed some of the personal information as per this interview: "Phil Anselmo Plays Wikipedia Fact or Fiction" However, it has been reverted. Maybe Mr Anselmo isn't a reliable source for such information? -- Hillbillyholiday talk 22:12, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I restored both of these changes DANZIG666 (talk) 14:36, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks DANZIG666! -- Hillbillyholiday talk 18:46, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

Black metal
His new supergroup, Scour, is straight-up Black metal, plus Superjoint were partly Black metal, so I'm putting it in the genres. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MaggotSupremacy555 (talk • contribs) 16:41, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Phil Anselmo. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Replaced archive link http://www.webcitation.org/6nJskWuFg?url=http://rocksverige.se/phil-anselmo-kort-intervju-med-den-fargstarke-sangaren/ with https://www.webcitation.org/6nJskWuFg?url=http://rocksverige.se/phil-anselmo-kort-intervju-med-den-fargstarke-sangaren/ on http://rocksverige.se/phil-anselmo-kort-intervju-med-den-fargstarke-sangaren/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BN/lib00142,0EAF97EAAE9DA721.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BN/lib00142,0EAF9825A7209AA9.html
 * Added tag to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=51603
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120419043321/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/phil-anselmo-on-vinnie-paul-my-door-is-wide-open/ to http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/phil-anselmo-on-vinnie-paul-my-door-is-wide-open/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130725031555/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/phil-anselmo-only-a-fool-would-leave-out-black-sabbath/ to http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/phil-anselmo-only-a-fool-would-leave-out-black-sabbath/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20120908012253/http://www.philanselmo.com/news/2010/0628.htm to http://www.philanselmo.com/news/2010/0628.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:34, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Autobiography?
A while back I heard Phil was going to write an autobiography but there's nothing about it on the page now. Does anyone know if he's still planning on writing one and should this be included on the page? VenomousConcept (talk) 16:04, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 April 2021
add this:

The Satanic
The Satanic was a death metal band that was active between 1993-1994, Their influences included Darkthrone, Beherit, & Blasphemy. The band featured Joe Fazzio (Vocals), Steven Gaille (Guitar), Kirk Windstein (live Guitar) and Philip Anselmo (Drums/Backing Vocals). They only did 2 shows, the first one was with Apostasy and Hangnail and the second one was with Graveyard Rodeo. They recorded a demo in 1993 in a studio owned by Ryan Ahrens. Only a certain amount of copies were made, some went to the band, some went too a select few friends of the band, and another one was sent to a record company. The band members all had costumes and their own aliases. Steve was Tragedy Bestower, Kirk was Nun Molester, Marc was Dark Lord of Weregoats, Phil was Clovenhoof, & Joe was Corpse Grinder. Thenecr0wizard (talk) 02:17, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm unsure if YouTube links are valid sources. Could someone more experienced provide an insight? MBihun (talk) 07:44, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Youtube videos are not valid sources. You need to find secondary sources discussing the band in relation to Anselmo. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 11:22, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clearing that up. MBihun (talk) 15:13, 17 April 2021 (UTC)

Why do you want to hide Anselmo's explicit racist atitudes?
It quite moving and touching the effort that users like Dr.Pinsky and FMSky are putting in this article on trying to smoothen or hide Anselmo's racist attitudes, even though there are videos from live concerts, interviews, "White Power" shouts in concerts, Hitler salute, Confederate flags to show the opposite. Arguing that some Pantera lyrics talk about "unity" because they say "f*ck all racial matters" at the same time he says in a concert in Canada that "it is a white thing" and some rap artists are "pissing over the white culture" seems quite reasonable though. Wow. Congratulations for failing to understand the most basic elements that identify someone with strong racists beliefs and what fighting racism is about.

EDIT: now Hey man im josh now joined this "hide the racism and try to make a lame balance" task force.

tty666 (talk) 18:40, 29 June 2022 (UTC +2)

 * Hello I hope you understand how inappropriate it is to make personal attacks and accuse people of being racist for having a disagreement regarding content. I'd like to take this opportunity to point you towards assume good faith of fellow editors. I'd also like to mention, as I did on your talk page, the three revert rule regarding edit warring.
 * I'd argue it's relevant to leave the content in because it shows a shift in attitude. Hey man im josh (talk) 16:54, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Hey @Hey man im josh, I actually understand how it is inappropriate to assume that you are in good faith while absolutely ignore the importance on being fair on putting elements about such important social matters in a scale. It is a matter of values, of course; mine here in Europe maybe are not the same as yours in North America, but one thing is important to remark: racism is the almost the same, everywhere in the world. I didn't called you "racist", please be attentive to what was written to you; I affirmed that you joined a biased task force on behalf of a racist person, trying to balance the unbalanceable. Hence, I can't assume you are in plain good faith. In addition, lyrics written in the past indeed shows a shift in the attitude of today; to worse. Please, be reasonable. Tty666 (talk) 17:11, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Regardless of how anyone feels one way or the other about it, I've removed the lyric interpertations per the rule regarding No original research. Merely linking to the Pantera website with the lyrics to the songs and claiming that anyone can see they have a theme of "unity" or an antiracist message is subjective, in particular this analysis of a primary source wasn't supported by any secondary or tertiary source as required by the Primary, secondary and tertiary sources section of NOR. In particular, NOR clearly states "All analyses and interpretive or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary or tertiary source and must not be an original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors" X0n10ox (talk) 06:19, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

"Scour(band)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scour(band)&redirect=no Scour(band)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 22:27, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phil Anselmo


text: Category:Towers in Georgia (country)

title: Category:Towers in Georgia (country)


text:
User talk:Loutoons

Get a clue, already. If you want to vandalize a page, go somewhere else. Love, 67.52.188.182 21:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Loutoons


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/IVDiffusion

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Delete --Allen3 talk 01:05, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

IVDiffusion
Band vanity. Google never heard of them. Delete. -- Marcika 21:31, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Good advice: take that unique sound to a record label, get a little more exposure, then come back. Until that happens- delete--Scimitar 21:48, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. Does not meet WP:MUSIC criteria at all. Tobycat 06:54, 17 July 2005 (UTC)\
 * Delete Gutsy but misguided. Lomedae 12:15, July 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. --Blu Aardvark | (talk) 12:18, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Friday 20:29, 17 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn band vanity. --Etacar11 00:04, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. Fails WP:MUSIC guidelines. JamesBurns 03:41, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Zwitter

Zwitter is the German word for "hybrid" or "hermaphrodite". It may refer to:
 * A zwitterion, in chemistry
 * An intersex person, in Karl Heinrich Ulrichs' Uranian typology
 * A song on the Rammstein album Mutter

title: Zwitter


text:
User talk:InterwikiLinksRule

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You (Talk) 21:31, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

ToDo
Adriaen de Vries: bild und augsburg

German Wikipedia
Just in case you are visiting here first, I posted some comments on German Wikipedia. Thanks. -- WB 23:00, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

Your monobook is in Category:Wikipedia tools
Your monobook is in Category:Wikipedia tools. This is most likely because when you were copying scripts into yout monobook you accidentaly copied their category. Since your monobook is not a tool itself, please remove this category from it. If you intend for your monobook to be a tool, please consider creating a subpage with a more descriptive name, and moving the category there. Thank you, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:35, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
 * oops, sorry, it's out of the category now. Cheers, --InterwikiLinksRule 21:44, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:InterwikiLinksRule


text: Category:Towers in Turkey

title: Category:Towers in Turkey