text:
Talk:Bead sort

Sorry, but it's not quite accurate to say that this algorithm is order (N). It's equivalent to the well-known "bin sort" aka Pigeonhole_sort, and it's only order(N) if the number of items to be sorted exceeds the range of possible values. Otherwise it's Omega(range of possible values), and for many real-world problems the range is a very large number compared to the size of the list.

Recall that to represent the integer 7 in a beadsort, you need an abacus that's at least seven beads tall. That means that after turning it sideways, you need to scan at least 7 spots (bins) to see if any beads fell there. If you want to allow positive and negative integers from +/- 64,000, you need to scan 128,001 bins. It's an O(128,001) algorithm - not efficient if you have only 1,000 items to sort. In general, beadsort is (theoretically) more efficient than a traditional algorithm like quicksort only where N log N > range of possible values. Just using 32-bit integers as keys, you're talking about a range of over 4.2 billion, so you're looking at a list size on the order of 2^27 (about 128 million entries) before beadsort can achieve the claimed efficiency.

Actually, I've overstated my case. You could establish a mapping (eg, a hash function) into some smaller range, and as long as the mapping was rapid & easily reversible and collisions were infrequent, you'd stay close to the claimed efficiency. But the usefulness of the algorithm is still limited either to domains where suitable low-collision mappings can be found quickly or, as I've said before, to domains where the list to be sorted is large compared to the range of values.

It's quite an interesting paper - the concept of natural algorithms is promising, and I'm not aware of any previous parallel implementations of binsort. If input and readout can be implemented efficiently then this will be quite an exciting development, and very useful for the range of problems indicated. But as currently written, the article's claims are overblown.

 * I also think O(n) is wrong. This is only achievable if the hardware is able to scale with the problem size; that is, if your abacus grows to match the size of the input.  Otherwise, the asymptotic complexity notation is meaningless.  --Doradus 18:49, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's also untrue that software implementations can't match the complexity of the hardware ones. Parallel software implementations can, as long as the number of processors scales with the range.  (And this range-dependent hardware cost also exists for hardware implementations.)  --Xplat 19:24, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

If it on average sorts in O(S) time where S is the sum of all elements of the array, if the array were a bunch of zeroes and ones wouldn’t it sort in less than O(n) time? 73.169.206.87 (talk) 17:04, 20 April 2021 (UTC)

Clarity of mathematics and consistency
I have attempted to make the formulae in this article consistent in form with one another by converting them all to LaTeX, but, as you can probably see, the formula for $$O(\sqrt n)$$ is inconsistently large compared to the other formulae. For some reason (probably improper syntax resulting from my own lack of LaTeX skill) the commands "\small", "\scriptsize" etc. do not seem to work here. If anybody can further improve the consistency in the LaTeX, that would greatly improve the article.

One more thing is that this article is currently written with highly techincal language. I doubt that a lay-person would understand most of it. For that reason, I am about to add a "too technical" tag to the article (since I am not ready to undertake simplifying the writing myself just yet).

--InformationalAnarchist 6 July 2005 18:41 (UTC)

Physical model
The physical model is claimed to have O(n) time complexity, but that's wrong. In a relativistic universe it's O(n). Even in a Newtonian universe, you'd have to place it over a large gravitating plate (O(range of values) radius) to get O(sqrt n) time, and you couldn't do better than that with gravity unless you increase the thickness of the gravitating plate with n. (In that case you can make it scale just about arbitrarily, but a time-only complexity analysis hardly seems appropriate.)  In any case, the Newtonian model is not realistic and with relativity it's O(n) regardless of the source of impetus as long as the geometry is even very roughly as illustrated.

You also have to pay O(n*range) cost for material for the poles.

--Xplat 19:19, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

so is this used anywhere other than abacuses?
Considering it "requires special hardware", it would help the reader to know if any such implementations exist and are used in any significant way. --Apantomimehorse 21:40, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

It's a natural algorithm it's not well suited to emulation. look for applications that involve ordering physical objects (eg: index cards)

coputationally pigeonhole sore is atleast as efficient and eaiser to implement. 118.90.20.246 (talk) 17:51, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

possible? implementation
C++ and possibly lisp code here: http://rosettacode.org/wiki/User_talk:MichaelChrisco —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.182.50.44 (talk) 05:36, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Zero
This algorithm also works with zeros, doesn't it? An abstract empty row remains still empty after sorting, being above all the beads. --Nikayama NDos (talk) 06:04, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

Unsourced assertion that is impossible.
"Both digital and analog hardware implementations of bead sort can achieve a sorting time of O(n); however, the implementation of this algorithm tends to be significantly slower in software and can only be used to sort lists of positive integers. Also, it would seem that even in the best case, the algorithm requires O(n^2) space."

An algorithm cannot use more space than time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sugarfrosted (talk • contribs) 03:20, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

On the example implementation
The old example was sloppy in terms of both naming and code style, made only tolerably better by edits from other contributors. I've updated the page with a version (disclaimer: of my own) that matches the beadsort process more succinctly.

Regarding efficiency: the transposed_list = [n - 1 for n in transposed_list] line creates a new list on every iteration, while alternatives like transposed_list[:] = (n - 1 for n in transposed_list) or for i in range(len(transposed_list)): transposed_list[i] -= 1 or for index, value in enumerate(transposed_list): transposed_list[index] = value - 1 avoid this — should one of them be used instead, or is it better to keep the less-efficient version for any clarity it affords? (I mean, the whole code snippet should probably be viewed as an unoptimized example anyway)

Also, if the comments are insufficient, I beg anyone who can improve them to please do so :) Wriight (talk) 02:18, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bead sort


text:
Action off La Goulette (1615)

This battle took place in December 1615 off La Goulette, Tunisia, and was a victory for a Spanish privateer squadron under Francisco de Ribera over a Tunisian fleet.

Ships involved
Spain (Ribera)

 * San Juan Bautista 36

Tunis
 * 19 armed ships - 4 vessels of 18-20 guns captured - One of the preys sank before reaching port due to battle damage

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Action off La Goulette (1615)


text:
Talk:Mackenzie River

Untitled
Hi, I was just wondering who the Mackenzie River was named by. 64.230.118.109 00:08, 25 February 2006 (UTC)megamon88

 * Alexander MacKenzie. --Qyd (talk) 04:09, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
 * 64.230.118.109 The ultimate source of the Mackenzie River is Thutade Lake 2604:3D08:7F80:6E00:3124:BBF:E603:DF20 (talk) 02:03, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Does anyone know where the river will start to freeze over? Is it for the entire length? I ask because I wonder if any ice dams form on the river in the winter months.

Shouldn't this river ggggbe third longest since the Yukon River is over 3,500 kms in lenght and the best they are the most BEST SONGS IN YT and the best they are the most BEST SONGS IN YT and the best they are the most BEST SONGS IN YT and the best they are

Mackenzie dyke swarm
Is the Mackenzie dyke swarm near the Mackenzie River? Black Tusk 23:13, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

List of tributaries excised without explanation?
Someone removed the list of tributaries. But I don't see an ps explanation here as to why it was removed. Unless someone can offer an explanation -- I am going to restore this list. Geo Swan (talk) 21:57, 1 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I added Great Bear River with small article, also russian variant.--Beaber (talk) 17:39, 2 March 2009 (UTC)

Very different data found (perhaps erroneous)
The Mackenzie River. It contains ... Average annual discharge is 8,561 m3/sec with a maximum of 18,188 m3/sec and a minimum of 2,873 m3/sec ....
 * It seems to me that difference is too high for river with such huge lakes in the basin, average discharge is too low for watershed area. Just remark.--Beaber (talk) 22:55, 2 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It doesn't rain a whole lot in that region, and the snow is usually pretty powdery, so not much moisture. Also the high difference is probably because it freezes in the winter.  Googlemeister (talk) 15:27, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * 8926 m3/s. I use this site for a lot of discharges in the region... Shannon  talk   contribs  23:00, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Mackenzie Delta
The Mackenzie Delta is linked to several times on this page, but they are all circular references as for some reason, Wikipedia's entry for Mackenzie Delta redirect back to Mackenzie River. The Mackenzie Delta is a unique ecosystem and it deserves it's own Wikipedia article. Somehow, these links should show up in red, since there is not yet an article for this entry.--Tallard (talk) 21:00, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

Tributaries
The tributaries of Great Slave Lake are also tributaries of the Mackenzie - shouldn't they be in the list? I will add them later unless someone can specify why not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.108.58.134 (talk) 17:20, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

I think the list of tributaries was made referring to those streams that flow directly into the Mckenzie River; the tributaries that flow into Great Slave Lake are drained to the Mackenzie through the Great Bear River. If you wanted to add those you might need to restructure the table. Shannon talk   contribs   17:38, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

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Name
"The Mackenzie (previously Disappointment) River was named after Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie, who travelled the river in the hope it would lead to the Pacific Ocean, but instead reached its mouth on the Arctic Ocean on 14 July 1789."

This suggests Mackenzie named it the Disappointment (since he was disappointed that it led to the Arctic rather than the Pacific), but that it was later renamed after Mackenzie. Is this right? When did this happen and who named it such? Hairy Dude (talk) 16:42, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

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Mackenzie River incorrectly identified as the second-largest drainage system in North America?
The article opens with: The Mackenzie River is the longest river system in Canada, and has the second largest drainage basin in North America after the Mississippi River.

The Mississippi River wikipedia page opens with: The Mississippi River is the chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.

According to List of drainage basins by area, the Mackenzie River has the third-largest drainage basin in North America. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smnorm (talk • contribs) 15:32, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I clarified the wording since it probably wasn't very clear. The Mackenzie has the second largest drainage (1.8 million km2) among North American rivers; Hudson Bay consists of many separate river systems -- the largest being the Nelson River, which drains about 1 million km2. Shannon [ Talk ] 19:58, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Disappointment
The article currently claims, without citation, that Mackenzie named the river "Disappointment River". However, I just read an article from the Smithsonian that says that this claim is likely apocryphal. Apparently, the original letter in which he supposedly did this has been lost, but survives in four copies. One and only one of those four says "Disappointment River"; the other three say "Grand River" instead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rwv37 (talk • contribs) 00:47, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

Water sources
About 60 percent of the water comes from the western half of the basin, which includes the Rocky, Selwyn, and Mackenzie mountain ranges out of which spring major tributaries such as the Peace and Liard Rivers, which contribute 23 and 27 percent of the total flow, respectively. In contrast the eastern half, despite being dominated by marshland and large lakes, provides only about 25 percent of the Mackenzie's discharge.

So the western half contributes 60% of the water, and the eastern half 25%. Where does the other 15% come from? This is way too big to be a rounding error. If this is addressed in the source, I've overlooked it. Nyttend (talk) 00:34, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Old thread, but... I looked at the source and I'm not sure what the remaining 15 percent is, either. I'll dig around a bit and see if I can find an explanation. Shannon [ Talk ] 18:10, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:25, 17 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Mackenzie from-east.jpg

Hudson's bay drainage basin may be larger
The intro claims that the Mackenzie includes the second largest drainage basin in North America, behind the Mississippi. However the Mississippi river article says that the Mississippi is the second largest drainage basin behind the Hudson. The Mississippi river has a drainage basin of 2,980,000 sqkm and Hudson bay has a drainage basin of 3,861,400 sqkm according to their respective Wikipedia articles. It is then likely that this article is wrong, and the Mackenzie is actually the third largest drainage basin. YukonJan (talk) 19:58, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mackenzie River


text:
Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is the fourth studio album by Norwegian experimental electronica band Ulver. Produced with Kristoffer Rygg, together with Knut Magne Valle and Tore Ylwizaker, it was issued on 17 December 1998 via Jester Records. It is a musical adaptation of William Blake's poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. The album blends electronics, industrial music elements, progressive metal, avant-garde rock and ambient passages, following Blake's plates as track indexes. Stine Grytøyr, Ihsahn, Samoth and Fenriz all feature as guest vocalists.

The album received widespread acclaim from critics within the rock, metal and alternative music press, being awarded Album of the Month in several high-profile magazines such as Terrorizer, Metal Hammer, and Rock Hard and ranked very highly in their end of year's best polls. However, the band's new electronic sound alienated many fans of their first three albums, causing a backlash from the black metal scene.

Background
In late 1997, Kristoffer Rygg invited keyboardist, sound conceptualist, and composer Tore Ylwizaker into the collective, and together they devised a plan for The Blake Album. Musically, the album transcended black metal's aesthetics to create a genre-defying work and incorporated everything from ambient and classical sounds to industrial, progressive metal, and art rock.

Rygg stated, "For me the Blake record kind of signifies the second chapter or the new beginning – newer if you will – and not only from an ideological or lyrical perspective, but also musically because by that time I had acquired knowledge on technology and how to work with software and computers so we kind of had the knowledge to do new things with music. In a way it's quite natural that we wanted to explore other things almost from the beginning, which I think the second album, Kveldssanger, is a good example of. So we were never, like, strictly into black metal. It's actually pretty natural. I think a lot of people tend to think of it as very weird or very strange that the focus shifted so radically, but I don't."

The album and the band in general received considerable backlash from the black metal community for abruptly changing musical styles, though the band expressly claimed to not be part of the "so-called black metal scene" in the liner notes of the booklet. While black metal purists were taken aback by the experimentation of the album, it was responsible for introducing Ulver to a far wider audience. The shift in musical direction also caused discontent between Rygg and German label Century Media, resulting in the band being dropped from the roster and Rygg subsequently forming his own label, Jester Records.

Rygg, commenting in Unrestrained magazine in 2007, said, "We spent a couple of years designing [this album], so that was by far the most serious and elaborate musical process we undertook at the time. I had started getting into computers and how you could use different software to manipulate sounds, and that led to the expansion of the palette, and how we made music. That was an interest which was there from the beginning. I think the whole perception that we just made a 180-degree shift towards something else is not entirely correct. I think we just wanted to leave the black metal thing because we felt it was limiting. Our perspectives on religion and society had started to become more difficult as well. That's why Blake was hugely interesting to us, because it was just so much more of a meticulous vision than the dissentient perspective we were part of at the time. You're always more angry when you're young and you become more moderate as you grow older so that's why Blake was fascinating to us. That was the start of chapter two, if you will, of our history." Continuing, "I was hugely into Coil and I found their music to be immensely fascinating. I checked out all their references – chaos magick, Alfred Jarry, Austin Spare and Blake and so forth. I was in London in '96 on a trip together with Ihsahn of Emperor and we went to this place, Atlantis Bookshop, a quite legendary bookstore for occult literature and stuff like that. I picked up a beautiful copy of The Marriage of Heaven and Hell and it just blew me away. I totally identified with his (Blake) way of seeing things, even though it is profoundly personal stuff."

The avant-garde electronic and progressive metal approach and clean vocal style of the album are similar to those employed by Rygg on the Arcturus album La Masquerade Infernale, released a year earlier.

Critical reception
Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell was met with critical acclaim at the time of its release, with most reviewers commenting on the drastic change in musical direction, and the ambitious task of setting William Blake's poem to music.

Writing for AllMusic, Jason Hundy commented, "Every single album they put out is almost a complete 180 from the last, which, although strange, is a very admirable quality to this band, and Marriage is no different. Between the eerie music, awkward vocals, and mysterious religious lyrics, this album has everything for the eccentric fans out in metal-land."

Oliver Side, writing for avantgarde-metal.com, comments, "[The Blake album is] clearly a great step outside what they previously had been associated with, namely black metal. The whole double album is very genre-schizophrenic, as there are also more moody, almost ambient-like acoustic tracks, and all the musical focus is put on each of Blake's inspirational shifts of emotions, so it basically changes all the time.”

Webzine Metal Reviews concluded "Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell may be messy and perhaps a little too ambitious for its own good, but yet it prevails because it's so damn brave. A complete musical reboot, and as such it has its flaws. As their peers floundered around them, Ulver took flight, and if they hadn't chosen to abandon metal entirely, they may not have even existed today."

Reviewer John Chedsey commented, “The shift into yet another musical realm should come as no surprise to anyone who has kept tabs on this group of musicians. Ulver's artistic vision extends beyond simply the area where they began.”

Given this diversity, the response from the metal media came highly unexpected: 10/10 points in Rock Hard (D); 7/7 points and Album of the Month in Hammer Magazine (D); Album of the Month in Terrorizer (UK); 15/15 in Deftone (D); 15/15 in Legacy (D); 10/10 in Psycho (IT); and 12/12 in Thrash'em All (POL).

Personnel

 * Ulver
 * Kristoffer Rygg (credited as "Trickster G.") – vocals, engineering, production
 * Tore Ylwizaker – electronic programming, engineering, mixing, co-production
 * Håvard Jørgensen – electric guitar
 * Hugh Steven James Mingay – bass guitar
 * E. Lancelot – drums

 * Additional musicians
 * Stine Grytøyr – vocals (female)
 * Falch – vinyl scratching
 * Ihsahn – additional vocals ("A Song of Liberty, Plates 25–27")
 * Samoth – additional vocals ("A Song of Liberty, Plates 25–27")
 * Fenriz – additional vocals ("A Song of Liberty, Plates 25–27")

 * Other credits
 * Knut Magne Valle – cables, wires and various sound contributions, engineering, co-production
 * Børge Finstad – mixing
 * Audhild Johanne Rype – mastering
 * Lamin Nilsen Chorr – aesthetics


text:
Talk:Hyoscyamine

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title: Talk:Hyoscyamine


text:
Talk:Centenary College of Louisiana

Presidents
These lists are long and they contain few people of encyclopedia-level significance. I propose cutting them. -- Melchior2006 (talk) 18:25, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Centenary College of Louisiana


text:
Talk:Christian punk/to do

 * History - see bands i listed below
 * Underground phase
 * Emergence of "pop punk", mirroring the punk genre as a whole
 * Philosophy
 * On one hand, Anarchists tend to look at it as a contradiction in terms.
 * On the other, adherents point to Christian Anarchy (Ellul) and radical counterculturalism of Christ.

 * NPOV cleanup (I'm putting at the end, bc I don't think it makes sense until we've merged what's there with what's yet-to-be-written)

title: Talk:Christian punk/to do


text:
Talk:American Dreams

Son?
I can't help but notice under Walker Family that the son is not mentioned. He was one of Meg's best friends.

NPOV
This is not the place for criticizing the rest of NBC's lineup. 70.112.142.116, whoever you are, you're obviously annoyed that NBC cancelled American Dreams, so you're bashing NBC. But there's a policy on Wikipedia requiring a Neutral_point_of_view in articles. That means that your personal biases don't belong in the encyclopedia. Using words like "vapid", "questionable", and "bad" shows your opinions, not facts. (And how do you know that NBC's future lineup is bad when it hasn't started airing yet?) So please stop reverting other users' removal of those words. MysteryDog 14:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Fan-fiction not necessary
Most of the fan-fiction that was part of the "future events" section of the American Dreams page is not necessary nor pertinent to the Wikipedia listing. This includes all references to Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, September 11th, etc. In the future, please stick with the official canon of the series - since its timeline supposedly ended in Summer 1966, there is no reason to speculate on Wikipedia what the characters might be doing 40 years later. Chuck the writer 02:35, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

American Dreams
On american dreams, there was a boy who played in the place where Beth waitressed, I beleve his name was josh taylor, son of Carley Simon & James Taylor. I looked all over the web page, and not a mention of his name, or, more importantly, where I can find his music. Any ideas? Send them to : cammi08@yahoo.com

The boy's name was Ben Taylor, and yes he was the offspring of James Taylor and Carly Simon.

John Pryor III's Graduation from High School
I've adjusted the estimated date of his graduation from High School to be June 1984 instead of June 1983. If one is born in December 1965, graduation would be in 1984. I know many people born during this time who graduated in 1984 and not 1983.

JJ Pryor Jr's Lehigh "Scholarship"
JJ would have never had to join the Marines if he was hurt playing football at Lehigh. Lehigh doesn't have pure athletic scholarships, but gives "Grants in Aid" instead. Thus financial aid doesn't stop if he couldn't play a sport. So he could have finished college (assuming his grades were good enough, Lehigh has pretty rigorous academics) and then decided whether he wished to go to Marine OCS when he graduated in 1967. He also could have taken Army or Air Force ROTC at Lehigh if he wished. GCW50 18:00, 21 August 2006 (UTC) (Lehigh Class of 1972)

snippets
There should be something about the format of the show being disconnected 90-second snippets which jumped around a lot ("Meanwhile, back at the ranch..."). I could never figure out what was suppposed to be going on. AnonMoos 15:35, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Jimmy Carter
Where in the world did that Jimmy Carter thing come from? Is that just an assumption or did that actually come from something in the show? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 141.158.157.94 (talk) 00:31, 7 February 2007 (UTC).

Unsourced material
The following is unsourced information:

While this is interesting, we can't use it unless you provide a source. Also, none of this is really trivia, as trivia by its definition is "unimportant information" - it therefore shouldn't be in a trivia section but instead the information should be incorporated into the main article. - Tbsdy lives (talk) 05:08, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * According to a Star Magazine issue, Meg Pryor's character was loosely based on actual American Bandstand regular Fran Giordano.
 * The closing song of the series is "Bookends Theme" by Simon and Garfunkel
 * The role of Beth was originally offered to Christy Carlson Romano
 * East Catholic High School is presumed to be based on Philadelphia's West Catholic, which won the 1965 Catholic League football championship.

Lehigh University
In the opening paragraph it says that this show is based in Philadelphia and partly Lehigh University. Lehigh in only featured in a limited number of episodes. In fact, there are far more episodes that take place when JJ is in Vietnam than Lehigh. I will change it so that it only says Philadelphia, since that is kind of the "home base" for all of the show's main characters. —Preceding unsigned comment added by PowerSurge1000 (talk • contribs) 21:06, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Copyediting Question
What is a "contact artist"?

Last paragraph of series overview section contradicting and unclear
The final paragraph of the section "Series Overview" stats by saying it's important to know it follows real history, but then says a "main difference." If the show keeps all historical events accurate except when American Bandstand left Philly, it should just say that. But saying "this is the same" and then immediately referencing a difference is confusing to a reader who isn't familiar with the show. Like me. This page was developed a long time ago, but hopefully someone who knows the show can clear this up for those of us who are considering watching it. MandieJ1975 (talk) 09:41, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:American Dreams


text:
Ronald Edsforth

Ronald Edsforth is a visiting professor of history, and chair of globalization studies in the MALS Department at Dartmouth College.

Edsforth has published several books, including The New Deal: America's Response to the Great Depression. He has also acted a consultant for the PBS documentary, America on Wheels.

Edsforth has taught courses in globalization studies and in war and peace studies in recent years. He is currently writing a history of the world peace movement. He has been a vocal opponent of the Iraq War.

title: Ronald Edsforth


text:
Nodezilla

Nodezilla is a peer-to-peer network software written in C++ (core, aka Network Agent) and Java (GUI), and the GUI part is released under the GNU General Public License. It attempts to provide anonymity.

Features
Technically, Nodezilla is a secured, distributed and fault-tolerant routing system (aka Grid network). Its main purpose is to serve as a link for distributed services built on top of it (like chat, efficient video multicast streaming, file sharing, secured file store ...).

Nodezilla provides cache features; any server may create a local replica of any data object. These local replicas provide faster access and robustness to network partitions. They also reduce network congestion by localizing access traffic. It is assumed that any server in the infrastructure may crash, leak information, or become compromised, therefore in order to ensure data protection, redundancy and TLS encryption are used. As the developers have not published the source code of the Network Agent yet, no independent validation of the provided level of anonymity has been performed.

It currently offers three services:
 * Anonymous file sharing
 * Hierarchical multimedia streaming
 * Digital photo sharing with selected friends.

The project also offers a plugin for Vuze, the popular BitTorrent Client, enabling users to publish and distribute .torrent files without index nor tracker web pages.

authors: Я сошла с ума

title: Nodezilla


text:
Dickie Bird

Harold Dennis "Dickie" Bird, (born 19 April 1933), is an English former cricketer and retired international cricket umpire. During his long umpiring career, he became a much-loved figure among players and viewing public, due to his excellence as an umpire, but also his many eccentricities.

Bird played first-class cricket for Yorkshire and Leicestershire as a right-handed batsman, but only scored two centuries in 93 appearances. His career was blighted by a knee injury, which eventually forced him to retire aged 31. He umpired in 66 Test matches (at the time a world record) and 69 One Day Internationals, including 3 World Cup Finals.

In February 2014, Yorkshire announced that Bird was to be voted in as the club's president at their Annual General Meeting on 29 March.

Bird's autobiography, published in 1997, has sold more than a million copies.

Early life
Harold Dennis Bird was born at Church Lane, Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on Wednesday, 19 April 1933, but when he was two years old, he moved with his family to New Lodge estate as his house was pulled down in a slum clearance scheme. The son of a coal miner, he gained the nickname 'Dickie' at school. In 1944, Bird failed his 11-plus examination and went to Raley Secondary Modern School, leaving at the age of 15. For a while, he worked at a coal mine, but gave it up, deciding it was not for him. Instead, he set out for a career in sport.

Playing career
When a knee injury put paid to playing football professionally, he followed his second love, cricket. In his early career in Barnsley, he played club cricket in the same team as journalist and chat show host Michael Parkinson, who became a lifelong friend; they were later joined in the team by Geoffrey Boycott. In 1956, Bird signed up with his home county, Yorkshire. Boycott has spoken highly of Bird's ability as a batsman, but feels that his attempt to forge a career as a county cricketer was hampered by his inability to control his nerves – although he was also not helped by stiff competition for the opening batsman's position. Indeed, after scoring his first (and only) County Championship century of 181* in a 1959 match against Glamorgan at Bradford, in the absence of the regular opener Ken Taylor (who was playing for England), he was dropped when Taylor returned from international duty in the next match. Bird played only five more championship matches that season (plus the MCC versus Champion County match), four in the middle order rather than his preferred opener's position, and spent most of the season as "twelfth man": hardly a situation conducive to building confidence in his batting. Shortly before the start of the 1960 season he moved to Leicestershire, where at first he enjoyed a more or less regular place in the team. In his first season (1960), he scored over 1,000 runs, including a century against the touring South Africans which would prove to be his only other first-class century. However, he faded out of the team, thanks to a combination of loss of form, confidence and a recurrence of his persistent knee injury, playing his last match in 1964. Overall, between 1956 and 1964, Bird played first-class cricket as a batsman for Yorkshire and Leicestershire in 93 matches, mostly in the County Championship.

After his county career ended Bird was a cricket professional for Paignton between 1965 and 1969, scoring over 10,000 runs. He coached cricket at Plymouth College between 1966 and 1968, and coached in Johannesburg in 1968 and 1969.

Umpiring career
He stood in his first county game in 1970. Three years later, he officiated at his first Test match, England v New Zealand at Headingley in Leeds. The other umpire was Charlie Eliott as England won by an innings and one run. Bird also umpired in the second and third tests of that summer's tour by the West Indies – both of which proved eventful: in the second test at Edgbaston, Bird had to umpire from the bowler's end at both ends for couple of overs, with a substitute umpire at square leg, when Arthur Fagg refused to continue in protest against the conduct of the West Indian players. Then, in the third test at Lords, play was interrupted by an IRA bomb scare (later found out to be a hoax). While the crowd cleared out of the ground in record time, Bird and the players sat down in the centre of the pitch, knowing there was no bomb there. He gained a reputation for stopping play for weather, and almost never giving batsmen out LBW – he gave LBWs so seldom that if he did give it, there was absolutely no doubt the batsman was out. Bird was also very strict on the definitions of "intimidatory bowling", both from short-pitched deliveries and high full tosses, and made it abundantly clear he would tolerate none of it.

Bird was an umpire in the final of the inaugural Cricket World Cup in 1975. A pitch invasion followed the West Indies' 17-run victory, and number of players and umpires had items of their playing outfits "souvenired" by the crowd. A year later, Bird was a passenger on a bus in South London, when he noticed the conductor was wearing a white hat very similar to the one he favoured, and asked the conductor where he obtained it from. "Man, haven't you heard of Mr Dickie Bird," he replied. "This is one of his hats. I took it off his head at the World Cup final... we all ran onto the field and I won the race."

Bird's attention to detail was placed under scrutiny at the Centenary Test between England and Australia at Lord's in 1980. Although the Saturday of this particular match had mostly pleasant sunshine, Bird and his fellow umpire, David Constant, refused to let play start because of the previous night's rain; parts of the outfield were still too waterlogged, according to the officials. Angry Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) members scuffled with Constant as he and the team captains returned to the Long Room after their fifth pitch inspection. The two captains, Ian Botham and Greg Chappell, had to intervene to protect Constant. Bird, however, was still on the pitch at the time according to his own recounting of the event in his book. When play finally started at 3:45 pm, police had to escort the umpires through the Long Room and on to the field. This was not the only occasion where Bird had to stop play, despite current sunny conditions, because of previous bad weather: in the 1988 Test at Headingley against the West Indies, an overnight rainstorm caused a blocked drain to overflow with a delayed action: the pitch was fine but the bowler's run-up was slowly flooding from underneath, the water level was oozing up over Curtly Ambrose's bootlaces, and Bird's as well when he went over to investigate, and the umpires had to take the players off while the outfield was cleared of water.

One of Bird's strengths was his ability to manage and earn the respect of some of the more volatile players in the game, sometimes by using his infectious humour. He was also known as being eccentric, famously arriving at a ground five hours early as the Queen was to visit that day.

At the beginning of his final Test in 1996, the two teams – India and England – formed a guard of honour as he came out, and he received a standing ovation from the crowd. Bird, an emotional man, was in tears. His eyes had to clear quickly, though, because two minutes later he had to give England captain Mike Atherton out LBW in the first over. Two years later, in 1998, he stood in his last county match.

Bird umpired in 66 Test matches (at the time a world record) and 69 One Day Internationals including 3 World Cup Finals.

He came out of retirement in January 2007 to umpire in the XXXX Gold Beach Cricket Tri-Nations series involving cricketing legends from England, the West Indies and Australia, which partly took place at Scarborough Beach in Perth, Western Australia.

Post retirement
Bird went on to write his autobiography simply titled My Autobiography (with a foreword by Michael Parkinson), which sold more than a million copies. A sequel titled White Cap and Bails – Adventures of a Much Travelled Umpire was published in 1999 by Hodder and Stoughton. Bird set up the Dickie Bird Foundation to help disadvantaged under-18s achieve their potential in sport.

He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1992 when he was surprised by Michael Aspel at Yorkshire Television.

Bird appeared in one episode of Trigger Happy TV. He also appeared in an episode of Top Gear in 2010. That year he also took part in BBC's The Young Ones, in which six celebrities in their seventies and eighties, attempted to overcome some of the problems of ageing, by harking back to the 1970s. He also made a guest appearance in Series 16 Ep 7 of Heartbeat umpiring a cricket match. Bird was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1986 and Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to cricket and charity. Bird has also received honorary doctorates from Huddersfield, Leeds and Sheffield Hallam Universities. Bird was awarded the Freedom of Barnsley in 2000. He was awarded Honorary Life Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1996.

A six-foot statue of Bird erected in his honour near the place of his birth in Barnsley was unveiled on 30 June 2009. It has subsequently been raised by putting it on a five-foot-high plinth in order to discourage late night revellers hanging inappropriate items on the famous finger.

On his pending appointment as President of Yorkshire CCC in 2014, Bird stated "Never in my wildest dreams did I think that I would become the president of the greatest cricket club in the world".

In August 2014, Bird was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

In March 2021, Bird spoke to the BBC about his loneliness while shielding during the COVID-19 lockdown. He said that exercise was the key to him keeping his spirits up.

Umpiring records

 * , Bird has officiated the most test matches in a single nation – 54 in England and has officiated in more test matches at Lord's (15) than any other umpire.

title: Dickie Bird


text:
Slovene dialects

In a purely dialectological sense, Slovene dialects (slovenska narečja, slovenska narječja ) are the regionally diverse varieties that evolved from old Slovene, a South Slavic language of which the standardized modern version is Standard Slovene. This also includes several dialects in Croatia, most notably the so-called Western Goran dialect, which is actually Kostel dialect. In reality, speakers in Croatia self-identify themselves as speaking Croatian, which is a result of a ten centuries old country border passing through the dialects since the Francia. In addition, two dialects situated in Slovene (and the speakers self identify as speaking Slovene) did not evolve from Slovene (left out in the map on the right). The Čičarija dialect is a Chakavian dialect and parts of White Carniola were populated by Serbs during the Turkish invasion and therefore Shtokavian is spoken there.

Spoken Slovene is often considered to have at least 48 dialects (narečja) and 13 subdialects (podnarečja). The exact number of dialects is open to debate, ranging from as many as 50 to merely 7. According to the official chart, published by the Fran Ramovš Institute, there are 48 dialects and 13 subdialects, but that includes all dialects spoken in Slovene. Čičarija dialect is included as a separate dialect and Shtokavian in White Carniola is merged with South White Carniolan. However, the official chart was not updated to include Čabar dialect, which was only recently been discovered to have evolved differently than Kostel dialect, under which it was traditionally listed. Therefore, that division includes 48 dialects and 13 subdialects.

The various dialects are so different from each other that a speaker of one dialect may have a very difficult time understanding a speaker of another, particularly if they belong to different regional groups. Speakers of dialects that strongly differ accommodate each other by gravitating toward standard Slovene. The only exception to that is the Resian dialect, which is the most isolated dialect, and on top of that, the speakers were never able to attend Slovene schools and are therefore completely unfamiliar with Standard Slovene.

Slovene dialects are part of the South Slavic dialect continuum, transitioning into Serbo-Croatian Kajkavian dialect to the southeast and Chakavian dialect to the southwest, but also bordering Friulian and Italian to the west, German to the north, and Hungarian to the northeast. The dialects are spoken primarily in Slovenia, but are extending in all neighboring countries Austria, Italy, Croatia, and Hungary.

History of research
Primož Trubar, the author of the first Slovene book has already been aware of the wide diversity among the Slovene speakers and has written that some speakers might have a hard time understanding the book. First attempt to classify the dialects was made in 1809 by Jernej Kopitar, writing about two dialects in his Grammatik der slavischen Sprache in Krain, Kärnten und Steyermark. He split the dialects into two groups depending if their pronunciation of *ła is wa or la. Fran Miklosich similarly split the language in two dialects, but focusing on the pronunciation of Proto-Slavic ê. In the western dialect, it is pronounced ie and ei̯ in the eastern. Vatroslav Oblak split the two dialects by the evolution of long *ъ and *ь, which divided Slovene into the southwestern dialect where they evolved to a and northeastern dialect where they evolved to e. This division was completely contradictory to Miklosich's one, so a conclusion that not enough data was gathered was reached.

Karel Glaser has made further divisions in 1898, dividing the varieties into the southeastern and northwestern dialect group, which were then subdivided into the Hungarian (now known as Panonian), Kajkavian (which he considered to be a Slovene dialect), other Styrian, Carinthian, Upper Carniolan, Lower Carniolan, Karst-Littoral, and Venetian dialects (now joined together as the Littoral dialect group) and was thus the first more serious attempt to classify the dialects.

Other attempts to classify the language were made by Izmail Sreznevsky in the early 19th century, followed by Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (focusing on Resia, Venetian Slovenia, Cerkno, and Bled), Karel Štrekelj (focusing on the Karst), and Ivan Scheinig (focusing on Carinthia). This was followed by efforts by Ivan Grafenauer (Gail Valley), Josip Tominšek (Savinja Valley), and others.

Efforts before the Second World War were spearheaded by Lucien Tesnière, Fran Ramovš (which added the Rovte dialect group), and Aleksander Isachenko, and after the war by Tine Logar and Jakob Rigler (sl), which both made vital corrections to the Ramovš division. Eventually, the classification proposed by Ramovš was accepted with corrections and additions by Logar and Rigler, published in 1983 as the Karta slovenskih narečij (Map of Slovenian Dialects).

Before the 21st century, it was known that Čičarija dialect was Chakavian, but it was only then discovered that the national borders also do not follow the Slovene–Serbo-Croatian border elsewhere. These changes are mostly accepted in Slovene and international literature, but not in Croatian, mainly because of the different institutes researching both countries and the speakers' self-identification.

Evolution
All Slovene dialects originate from Old Slovene (also referred to as Alpine Slovene), present around 1000–1200. Alpine Slovene itself was formed from two transitional languages, Northwestern and Southeastern Alpine Slavic, which existed in 800–1000, when they both transitioned to Slovene.

Unification
Northwestern Alpine Slavic formed in what is today southern Austria and eastern Italy and was initially showing signs of it actually being a West Slavic language, but the Southeastern was closer to Western Kajkavian and Chakavian, and was actually derived from the Southwestern Alpine-Western Panonian-Littoral South Slavic, from which Western Kajkavian and Chakavian were also formed. They already featured some changes: In southeastern Alpine Slovene, *tl, *dl, *tn, and *dn got simplified into *l, *l, *n, and *n, respectively (PS *modliti (sę) "to pray, to beg", NWAS modliti (sę), SEAS moliti (sę), SS molíti). Proto-Slavic *vy- and *jьz-, both meaning "from" did not both exist in Alpine Slavic anymore. Northwestern Alpine Slavic kept the *vy- while the Southeastern kept the other one (PS *vy-bьrati / *jьz-bьrati "to choose", NWAS *vy-brati, SEAS *iz-brati, SS izbráti).

Both forms then followed the same changes which then separated Slovene from other languages.

The last common language of the Slovenes, also called Alpine Slavic or Alpine Slovene (around 1200) had the following vowels: All vowels could be long or short, stressed or unstressed. The Proto-Slavic vowel *y merged with *i. Additionally, there were also two syllabic sonorants, *r̥ and *ł̥, which formed from Proto-Slavic *CьrC / *CъrC, and *CьlC / *CъlC, respectively. It is however debated what *ě was actually like. It might have sounded like *[ä] (like displayed above) or like *[ẹ].
 * Long and short circumflex vowels in words composed of (in the time of the transition) two or more syllables was moved to the following syllable, and lengthened (AS sě̑no "hay", Old Slovene *sěnȏ; AS prȍso "oat", OS *prosȏ).
 * The short final acute syllable became unstressed: PS *(V̄̆)V̄V̍ / *V̄V̀ъ̯ / ь̯, AS *(V̆)V̄V̀, OS *(V̆)V́V, for example PS *gně̄zdo̍ "nest", OS *gně́zdo.
 * All remaining unstressed long vowels became short.
 * Stressed vowels became tense, lengthened, and consequently raised, and because of that they tend to diphthongize.
 * Unstressed vowels were spoken loosely, because of which some get reduced in some dialects.

The language also had the following consonants: Notes:

 * The labiodental fricative */f/ was rare and only appeared in loanwords.
 * *[ł] was an allophone of */l/ before a consonant, before a pause, or before the back vowels.

Fragmentation
The language then very quickly split into two dialects, splitting almost entirely along the former Northwestern Alpine Slavic–Southeastern Alpine Slavic isogloss. The dialects then divided further into the northern, western, southern, and eastern dialect. After that, the dialects fragmented further, mostly influenced by geographical features and contact with other dialects and languages.

In northwestern dialect, *ę and *ǫ stayed the same, while in the southeastern dialect, both were denasalized and first turned into *ä and *å, and then into *ȩ and *o̧. The nasal still exists only in Jaun Valley dialect, but other have so-called rinezem 'rhinism', in which the nasal vowel turns into a denasalized vowel and a nasal consonant; e.g., PS *mě̋sęcь "month", Gail Valley mẹ̑senc, SS mẹ̑sec.

The yat (*ě) was pronounced as a near-open vowel *ä in the northwestern dialect and then evolved first to and *ȩ then to *a and it was pronounced as *ẹ in the southern dialect, which then evolved into *i The long yat (*ě̄), however, diphthongized into *ie in the northwestern and into the *ei̯ in the southeastern. Similarly, ō also diphthongized into *uo and *ou̯, respectively.

The southeastern dialect also rounded the *a into *å and (partially) centralized *u into a vowel that was noted with *u̇ (but not to be confused with the Ramovš u̇). The dialects then in 13th and 14 century further subdivided depending on how short acute vowels and *ə̄ evolved. In the non-final syllables, all short vowels were turned into long acute vowels, except in eastern dialect. Northern Styrian dialect (which formed from the southern dialect), did not lengthen the vowels in syllables that were followed by two other. The short vowels in the last syllable evolved into short circumflex vowels in all dialects. The *ə̄ evolved into *a in west and most of the south dialect, but evolved into *e in the 14th century. This change happened after the lengthening, so it also affected those vowels.

Formation of dialects
From that, dialect bases formed. The northern dialect evolved into the Carinthian base, the predecessor of dialects in Carinthian dialect group and Resian dialect. The Western dialect evolved into two dialect bases: The Venetian-Karst base and the Soča–Idrija base, which evolved into northern Littoral and western Rovte dialects. The eastern dialect was the predecessor to Northern Styrian and Panonian bases; however, the southern dialect evolved into three bases: Southern Styrian, Lower Carniolan, and Upper Carniolan, which, apart from the eponyomous dialects, also evolved into southern Littoral dialects. At that time, many changes occurred which were not connected to the history of the dialect but more to the region where the dialects were spoken.

Consonants
Parallel to the vowel changes, consonants also evolved, however not as much. The changes were the following:
 * /t’/ has in all dialects evolved into /ć/, in most also to /č/, and in some also to /c/.
 * */g/ has in many dialects quickly turned into /ɣ/, which then turned to a voiced or voiceless /h/ in some dialects, or even disappeared altogether. */k/ also turned to /q/ in some Carinthian dialects.
 * */b/ and */d/ turned into spirantized /ƀ/ and /đ/.
 * */x/ disappeared in some dialects.
 * */c/ and */č/, */s/ and */š/, and */z/, and */ž/ turned in some dialects into the same sound, /ċ/, /ṡ/, and /ż/, respectively.
 * Sonorant */w/ turned into /v/ (IPA //) before vowels in most Slovene dialects and to /u̯/ before a break or a consonant. In some dialects, it turned into the non-sononorant /v/ (IPA //) and, like all other non-sonorants, has a voiceless version /f/, used before the pause or another voiceless consonant.
 * */r/ has in some dialects turned into /ṙ/.
 * The palatal consonants evolved each differently:
 * */ŕ/ did not remain in any Slovene dialect. It either turned to /r/ in any position or to /r/ + /j/ in some positions.
 * */ń/ either stayed like that, or turned into /j/ + /n/, /j̃/, /j/, but only rarely into /n/, especially before vowels.
 * */l’/ either stayed like that, or turned into /j/ + /l/, /l/, or /j/.
 * Some consonants got palatalized again before the front vowels. The dorsal non-sonorants also got simplified further:
 * */k’/ turned into /t’/, or further into /č/.
 * */g’/ turned into /d’/, and then universally into /j/.
 * */x’/ turned into /ś/, or further into /š/.
 * The consonants rarely also broke into /j/ + /k/, /j/ + /g/, and /j/ + /x/
 * */i̯/ tends to disappear in front of vowels. In eastern dialects, it has evolved into /j/, or even further into /d’/, or /ǯ́/.
 * *[ł] mostly turned into [u̯] before a pause or a consonant. Before the back vowels, it either stayed the same, or turned into [w] / [v], or [l]. In some dialects, it turned into a phoneme.

Accent shifts
There were many accent shifts and other changes that did not happen in all dialects. Only the shifts *sě̑no / prȍso > *sěnȏ / prosȏ and *svě̄t́à > *svě́t́a happened in all dialects, but others that happened later did not encompass all of them. The first happened in the 15th century, which moved the stress from the circumflex short open or closed final syllable to the preceding mid short syllable (*e or *o), turning it acute doing that (e. g. *ženȁ > *žèna). This change happened in most of the dialects (except a part of Rosen Valley, Resian, Torre Valley, Natisone Valley, and the southern part of Soča dialect), but many of them have lengthened the vowel into a long one. Another shift that happened in most dialects in the 17th century was the shift from the circumflex short open or closed final syllable to the preceding extra-short syllable (*ə) and also turning it acute (e. g. *məglȁ > *mə̀gla). This change did not happen where the *ženȁ > *žèna did not happen, but also in Upper Carniolan dialect group and Lower Carniolan dialect. Therefore, in Standard Slovene, both accents are allowed, but favoring the unshifted one.

Other shifts that happened in fewer dialects were:

 * From short circumflex closed final syllables to the preceding syllable, turning it acute (*pijȁn > *pìjan), which happened in some Littoral, Rovte, Styrian, and Lower Carniolan dialects in the 18th century.
 * From short circumflex closed final syllables to a vowel two syllables in a word before, turning it acute (*ropotȁt > *ròpotat), which happened in Karst, Inner Carniolan, Istrian, and in part Kostel dialect.
 * From long circumflex syllable to a preceding syllable, shortening and turning it acute (*sěnȏ > *sě̀no), which happened in many, not closely related and geographically separate dialects from the 18th century onwards.
 * From long acute syllable to a preceding syllable while also shortening the vowel (*kováč > *kòvač), which happened in Kostel and North White Carniolan dialects.
 * From short acute first syllable in words with three syllables to a following syllable (*bàbica > *babìca), which happened in a part of Rosen Valley, Jaun Valley, Mežica, North Pohorje-Remšnik, Upper Savinja, Kozjak subdialect, and a part of Torre Valley dialect.
 * From long acute first syllable in words with two syllables to a following syllable, but the destressed vowel is still long and the new vowel is short and circumflex (*zíma > *zīmȁ), which happened in a part of Torre Valley dialect.

Classification
Dialects can be classified in two ways. The most common is the horizontal division, which groups dialects by how they sound today, but there is also the vertical division, which classifies the dialects by how they evolved. Therefore, the criteria for vertical division are mostly the older changes (listed above) and younger for the horizontal division. The groups of dialects in horizontal division are called "dialect groups" (narečne skupine or narečne baze) and those in vertical division are called "dialect bases" (narečne ploskve).

The dialects can also have several subdialects (podnarečja), and are further divided into microdialects (govori, lit. speeches).

Horizontal division
Horizontal division used today is a refined version of division proposed by Ramovš in 1935. He grouped the dialects by the general sound and feel of the dialect, as many Slovenes similarly divided the dialects prior to proper research.

He grouped the dialects into eight distinct groups: The Carinthian, Littoral, Rovte, Upper Carniolan, Lower Carniolan, Styrian, Pannonian, and Mixed Kočevje dialects, which he did not even research. According to the now official chart, the only change is the inclusion of Mixed Kočevje dialects into the Lower Carniolan group:

 * 1) The Carinthian dialect group (koroška narečna skupina): spoken by Carinthian Slovenes in Austria, in Slovenian Carinthia, and in the northwestern parts of Slovenian Styria along the upper Drava Valley, and in the westernmost areas of Upper Carniola on the border with Italy. Among other features, this group is characterized by late denasalization of *ę and *ǫ, diphthongization of long yat  into a close vowel and open reflex of short yat, lengthening of old acute syllables and short neo-acute syllables, and an e-like reflex of the long *ə and ə-like reflex of the short *ə.
 * 2) The Littoral dialect group (primorska narečna skupina), spoken in most of the Slovenian Littoral (except for the area around Tolmin and Cerkno, where Rovte dialects are spoken) and in the western part of Inner Carniola; it is also spoken by Slovenes in the Italian provinces of Trieste and Gorizia, and in the mountainous areas of eastern Friuli (Venetian Slovenia and Resia). This group includes very heterogeneous dialects. Among other features, it is characterized by diphthongization of yat > *ie and  *o > *uo, which were also borrowed by southern dialect. The western dialects in this group have preserved pitch accent whereas the others have a non-tonal stress accent and some do not even differentiate between long and short vowels.
 * 3) The Rovte dialect group (rovtarska narečna skupina), spoken in the mountainous areas of west-central Slovenia, on the border between the Slovenian Littoral, Upper Carniola, and Inner Carniola, in a triangle between the towns of Tolmin, Škofja Loka, and Vrhnika. Among other features, this group is characterized by shortening of long diphthongal *ie and *uo, akanye, and general development of *g to.
 * 4) The Upper Carniolan dialect group (gorenjska narečna skupina), spoken in most of Upper Carniola and in Ljubljana. Among other features, this group is characterized by monophthongal stressed vowels, an acute semivowel, pitch accent, standard circumflex shift, and two accentual retractions with some exceptions. It features narrowing of *o and *e in preaccentual position, akanye (reduction of *o to a) in postaccentual position, and strong syncope. There is a partial development of *g to, preservation of bilabial *w, and general hardening of soft *l’ and *ń.
 * 5) The Lower Carniolan dialect group (dolenjska narečna skupina), spoken in most of Lower Carniola and in the eastern half of Inner Carniola. Among other features, this group is characterized by pitch accent, extensive diphththongization (ei̯, ie, ou̯), an a-colored *ə, shift of *o > u, and partial akanye.
 * 6) The Styrian dialect group (štajerska narečna skupina), spoken in central and eastern Slovenian Styria and in the Lower Sava Valley and Central Sava Valley. Among other features, this group is characterized by loss of pitch accent, tonemically high and lengthened accented syllables, lengthening of accented short syllables, and frequent development of *a > o̧, and *u > ü in the eastern part of the territory.
 * 7) The Pannonian dialect group (panonska narečna skupina), or northeastern dialect group, spoken in northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje, in the eastern areas of Slovenian Styria), and among the Hungarian Slovenes. Among other features, this group is characterized by loss of pitch accent, non-lengthened short syllables, and a new acute on short syllables.

The horizontal division is in professional literature based on various non-linguistic and linguistic factors. Non-linguistic factors include settlement patterns and geographical features (rivers, mountains) that helped shape various isoglosses. Linguistic factors include language contact with non-Slavic languages to some extent, phonological and prosodic elements in particular, and to a lesser extent word-formational, lexical, and inflectional elements. Specifically, the primary distinguishing linguistic features are preservation or loss of pitch accent, reflexes of nasal *ę, nasal *ǫ, yat (ě), and the yers (ъ, ь), but also (to a lesser extent) vowel inventory, diphthongization, and degree and type of vowel reduction.

Vertical division
The dialects can be split into eight dialect bases that formed from the 15th century onward, emerging from the four dialects. The bases are:

 * Northwestern dialect
 * Northern dialect
 * Carinthian dialect base (koroška narečna ploskev), which evolved into Carinthian dialects and into Resian dialect in the Littoral dialect group.
 * Western dialect
 * Venetian-Karst dialect base (beneško-kraška narečna ploskev), which evolved into Natisone and Torre Valley dialects, Brda dialect, and Karst dialect in the Littoral dialect group.
 * Soča-Idrija dialect base (obsoško-idrijska narečna ploskev), which evolved into Soča dialect in the Littoral dialect group and into Tolmin, Cerkno, and Črni Vrh dialects, which are in Rovte dialect group.
 * Southeastern dialect
 * Southern dialect
 * Upper Carniolan dialect base (gorenjska narečna ploskev), which evolved into Upper Carniolan dialects, as well as Horjul, Škofja Loka, and Poljane dialects in Rovte dialect group.
 * Lower Carniolan dialect base (dolenjska narečna ploskev), which evolved into Lower Carniolan dialects, but also Inner Carniolan and Istrian dialects in Littoral dialect group and the Lower Sava Valley dialect in Styrian dialect group.
 * Southern Styrian dialect base (južnoštajerska narečna ploskev), which evolved into Central Styrian, Kozje-Bizeljsko, and Central Savinja dialects in Styrian dialect group.
 * Eastern dialect
 * Northern Styrian dialect base (severnoštajerska narečna ploskev), which evolved into South Pohorje, and Upper Savinja dialects in Styrian dialect group.
 * Pannonian dialect base (panonska narečna ploskev), which evolved into Pannonian dialects.

List of dialects
The following grouping of dialects and subdialects is based on the official map of Slovene dialects by Fran Ramovš, Tine Logar, and Jakob Rigler (sl) (from which the first Slovene term listed in parentheses is taken), with additions of Matej Šekli and other sources.

title: Slovene dialects