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Peñarrubia, Abra

Peñarrubia, officially the Municipality of Peñarrubia (Ili ti Peñarrubia; ), is a 6th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 6,951 people.

Geography
Peñarrubia is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 39.19 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

Barangays
Peñarrubia is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Peñarrubia had a population of 6,951. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Peñarrubia, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Elected officials
Antonio Amasi Domes-ag was OIC Mayor of the town in 1989–1992, then elected as mayor in 1992–1995, and again for the term 1995–1998. He was replaced by his wife Lovelyn Domes-ag in 1998-2001 and 2001–2004. The election of 2004 became controversial in the whole nation when both husband and wife ran for mayoralty candidate. Antonio Domes-ag was proclaimed as the winner. In the May 2007 election, incumbent Vice Mayor Geraldine Mamsaang-Balbuena won in a matter of one vote against Antonio A. Domes-ag.

The present municipal mayor is still Jane Mamsaang-Cecilia.

title: Peñarrubia, Abra


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Pidigan

Pidigan, officially the Municipality of Pidigan (Ili ti Pidigan; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 12,475 people.

Geography
Pidigan is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 49.15 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

Pidigan is 8 km from Bangued and 400 km from Manila.

Barangays
Pidigan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Pidigan had a population of 12,475. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Pidigan, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

List of Cultural Properties of Pidigan

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pidigan


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Pilar, Abra

Pilar, officially the Municipality of Pilar (Ili ti Pilar, Bayan ng Pilar), is a municipality in the province of Abra in the Cordillera Administrative Region of the Philippines. The population was 10,146 at the 2020 census.

Geography
Pilar is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 66.10 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

Barangays
Pilar is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Pilar had a population of 10,146. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Pilar, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

title: Pilar, Abra


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Sallapadan

Sallapadan, officially the Municipality of Sallapadan (Ili ti Sallapadan; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 6,389 people.

Geography
Sallapadan is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 128.62 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

Barangays
Sallapadan is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Sallapadan had a population of 6,389. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Sallapadan, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

title: Sallapadan


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San Isidro, Abra

San Isidro, officially the Municipality of San Isidro (Ili ti San Isidro; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 4,745 people.

Geography
San Isidro is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 48.07 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

Barangays
San Isidro is politically subdivided into 9 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, San Isidro had a population of 4,745. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
San Isidro, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

title: San Isidro, Abra


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San Juan, Abra

San Juan, officially the Municipality of San Juan (Ili ti San Juan; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 10,688 people.

A major tourist attraction is Abualan Cave, but it is not yet developed. The climate is characterized by 2 distinct seasons. The dry season, which occurs from November to April, is marked by daily blue skies and clear starry nights and the wet season for the rest of the year with high rainfall intensities accompanied by storms and typhoons.

History
The present-day town of San Juan was once inhabited by Tinguians, belonging to the Inlaud Tribe. Before the Spanish colonial era, the natives were believed to have traded with the Indo-Chinese. They were believed to have bartered with them as evidenced by the presence of antique jars, big bowls, gongs, arrows and shields, beads, jewel and gems.

During the Spanish colonial era, a church was established and many of the people got baptized as Christians. The Spanish named the place San Juan.

From 1907 to 1929, San Juan was a barrio of Dolores. By virtue of a Philippine Legislature bill sponsored by Abra's then-Representative Quintín Paredes and through the initiative of Dolores's then-Vice Mayor Manuel Magala, San Juan became a separate municipality. The new municipality was inaugurated on February 28, 1929.

In the early hours of March 16, 1988, around 120 members of the New People's Army raided and burned down the town's municipal hall, though after four hours of fighting the responding government troopers were able to retake the establishment.

Geography
San Juan is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 64.08 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

Barangays
San Juan is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, San Juan had a population of 10,688. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Economy
San Juan is an agricultural town. Its major products are rice, corn and tobacco. The town has two major rivers: the Malanas River and Tineg River. These two rivers supply the townspeople with fish and they are also used to transport bamboo which is sold to resort owners in Vigan.

During the dry season, the townsfolk also plant string beans, eggplant, peanuts, bitter gourds, squashes, okra and tomatoes. Some also cultivate mangoes.

Local government
San Juan, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

title: San Juan, Abra


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San Quintin, Abra

San Quintin, officially the Municipality of San Quintin (Ili ti San Quintin; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 5,705 people.

The town is known for the Tugot ni Angalo, believed to be the footprint of the giant who was the first man in Abra mythology.

Geography
San Quintin is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 66.59 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

San Quintin is 18 km from Bangued and 390 km from Manila.

Barangays
San Quintin is politically subdivided into 6 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, San Quintin had a population of 5,705. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Products
San Quintin's main products include rice, corn, tobacco, mango and freshwater fish.

Local government
San Quintin, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

title: San Quintin, Abra


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Tayum

Tayum, officially the Municipality of Tayum (Ili ti Tayum; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 14,869 people.

Tayum is 5 km east of capital Bangued and 413 km from Manila. The town is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 61.14 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

Every 25 November, Tayum celebrates its town fiesta. Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion.

Etymology
According to historical records, Tayum was named after the indigo plant, which the Ilocanos referred to as tayum-tayum. Indigo once flourished in Tayum, and it was a source of wealth for the Ilocanos. A big vat (pagtimbugan) was used in decaying the plant into a blue-black dye called "ngila" in Barangay Deet, about a half-kilometer away from the town proper. Cotton yams were dyed using the dye.

However, at the turn of the century, a powder dye from the Anilino Factories of Germany became popular among Ilocano weavers, effectively killing the indigo industry.

Spanish colonial era
Tayum, also known as Bukaw, was founded in 1626 by an enterprising priest named Father Juan Pareja. Father Gabriel Alvarez, another equally daring and adventurous Augustinian Priest, built a temporary chapel in Tayum during his expedition to Lepanto in 1569. Tayum was formally organized as a political unit under the Spanish Regime in 1725. Don Vidal Banganan served as the first Gobernadorcillo.

With the construction of the solid bricks walled church under the successive Augustinian missions, Tayum transformed from a mere visita of Bangued into an independent mission in the year 1807. The church was built in honor of St. Catherine of Alexandria, whose feast day falls on November 25.

American invasion era
In 1904, Tayum reverted to a barrio of Bangued, due to the deterioration of peace and order at the time. Tayum's existence as a barrio came to an end on December 31, 1907, when Don Pio Balmaceda y Belmonte was appointed Teniente del barrio. Balmaceda organized his men to effectively curb lawlessness, restoring peace to the town. It regained its town status, with Don Manuel Brillantes as its first president.

Contemporary
On July 27, 2022, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck 3 km from the town. The quake killed at least eleven people and injured 567 others (19 of them in Tayum).

Barangays
Tayum is politically subdivided into 11 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Tayum had a population of 14,869. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Tayum, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

List of Cultural Properties of Tayum

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Transportation
The main mode of public transportation are tricycles and jeepneys.

title: Tayum


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Tineg

Tineg, officially the Municipality of Tineg (Ili ti Tineg; ), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 4,977 people.

History
On October 29, 2002, Mayor Clarence Benwaren was assassinated by a gunman named Edberto Jamoncio while he was attending a wedding ceremony in Calauan, Laguna.

Geography
is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 744.80 km2 constituting NaN% of the 744.80 km2 total area of Abra. Tineg boundaries will be province of the Apayao to the northeast and province of the Ilocos Norte to the north and northwest.

Climate
The climate is characterized by 2 distinct seasons. The dry season which occurs from November to April, is marked by daily blue skies and clear starry nights and the wet season for the rest of the year with high rainfall intensities accompanied by storms and typhoons.

Barangays
Tineg is politically subdivided into 10 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Tineg had a population of 4,977. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Tineg, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Attractions
There are several waterfalls in Tineg, which include the Cabato Falls, Guirem Falls, and Anito Falls.

In Tineg, cottage industries are predominant: such as bamboo and rattan crafts. It also has a number of forest resources such as wood, bamboos (like buho, bayog, and hiling), pine, rattan, and tiger grass.

title: Tineg


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Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington

Jean Alys Barker, Baroness Trumpington, (Campbell-Harris; 23 October 1922 – 26 November 2018) was a British Conservative politician and life peer. In the 1960s and 1970s she served in local government in Cambridgeshire. In 1980 she was created a life peer after which she served in the House of Lords. From an upper-class background, she was a socialite and a secretary before entering politics, as well as serving in naval intelligence in World War II.

Early life
She was born as Jean Campbell-Harris, a daughter of Major Arthur Campbell-Harris, an officer in the 7th Hariana Lancers (part of the Bengal Lancers), who served as ADC to the Viceroy of India and was an acquaintance of David Lloyd George. Her mother was Doris Robson, a wealthy American heiress of a Chicago paint manufacturer.

Trumpington took dancing lessons at Madame Vacani's school in Knightsbridge. After two years she moved to the Ballet Rambert to learn under Pearl Argyle. Her mother had lost most of her inheritance in the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and sold their home at 55 Great Cumberland Place. On the family's return from India they rented Rowling House, Goodnestone, near Sandwich, Kent, where Doris specialised in interior decorating. When war broke out, the landlord (the Lunacy Commissioners) repossessed the house for Army billets. Spring Grove was a Queen Anne-style ten-bedroom mansion at Wye, near Ashford in south Kent.

Educated at Princess Helena College, Trumpington, aged 15, left school never having taken an exam, although she was fluent in French, German and Italian. She then went to a finishing school in Paris to study art and literature. Her father took her on holiday to Biarritz. "I was a very good, left-handed tennis player. I had coaching all year round and there was serious talk of junior Wimbledon." She spent a year at Montrichard receiving coaching from French tennis champion Jean Borotra. In Paris, she stayed with Madame de Benouville, whose husband Jean was a member of the royalist group Action Française. When war broke out, she returned to England

She had two brothers educated at Eton; the elder, Alastair, was at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.

Bletchley Park, World War II and its aftermath
Initially during World War II, Lady Trumpington was attached to Lloyd George's Sussex arable farm, where she worked on the land with his daughter, lodging with his then secretary/mistress and later wife Frances Stevenson. She recalled that Lloyd George used to find reasons that were never explained to use a tape measure to take all her measurements. She then worked in naval intelligence at Bletchley Park from October 1940, making use of her knowledge of the German language to crack naval codes.

She was billeted at Great Brickhill with W. J. Locke's family, before moving to Passenham Manor, home of banker George Ansley. Her work was the centre of Z codes supervised by German-Jewish refugee, Walter Ettinghausen. Colleagues who became life-long friends included Sally, daughter of 6th Lord Grantley (later Sarah Baring); Jean, daughter of James Graham, 6th Duke of Montrose (later Lady Jean Fforde ); and Osla Benning.

"Life only really began when I went to Bletchley. That's when I made my real friends, and it was exciting being a part of something important. We used to meet up in Claridge's, and throw bread at each other and sing and behave so badly. Five shillings was the most you could spend during the war, so it was as affordable as anywhere."

At war's end, she spent four years working for the European Central Inland Transport Organization, shipping and distributing supplies to the war-torn continent with the same job description, filing clerk. But she was soon working as the effective transport manager from a 5th floor office in the Champs Elysées above Mimi Pinson's nightclub. She went to parties at the Ritz and Crillon Club, frequented by politicians. Resident at 1 Place d'Alma, she worked briefly for the suave British ambassador Duff Cooper, whose wife, previously Lady Diana Manners, was a former actress she used to visit on Broadway. Lady Diana was courted by Ernest Bevin, the Labour cabinet minister. She maintained a passion for tennis and French fashion.

Moving in political circles, she returned to London to work for an imperial Conservative, Victor Montagu, Viscount Hinchingbroke.

New York socialite
In 1952, Trumpington moved to America, travelling on board RMS Mauretania and arriving at New York on 28 January. She shared a flat above the Stork Club on East 52nd Street, off Park Avenue. She was able to secure a position with an advertising agency, Fletcher Richards at the Rockefeller Center, off 5th Avenue. Shopping on 6th Avenue, she made friends with Riv Winant, son of John Gilbert Winant, a former American ambassador to London; their friendship turned out to be long-term. They frequented haunts of wealthy high society New Yorkers such as the Round Hill Country Club, Greenwich, Connecticut, and the River Club of New York City, and the homes of East Hampton, Long Island, with membership of the exclusive Maidstone Club. Fascinated by wealth, she got on the guest list of billionaire philanthropist, Walter Annenberg. Ronnie Furse taught her to water-ski in the Chesapeake Bay. For her, the physical prowess was unnecessary, but part of the tour. Working as a secretary, she moved into a flat on 137 East 73rd Street next to Furse.

Whilst in America, she met an Englishman, (William) Alan Barker, a master at Eton College and formerly a captain in the Royal Artillery, wounded in the leg in Normandy on 16 June 1944. While working on the Harkness Commonwealth Fellowship in New York, he offered to bring her back to London. She returned to Britain during the London Season and Queen Elizabeth II's coronation, and they were engaged in October 1953. Lady Trumpington left New York for the last time by liner on 15 December. She was forced to apply for a licence to the Solicitor-General so that they could become the first couple in modern times to hold a wedding at the Chapel of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, which took place on 18 March 1954.

Return to England
After working at Eton, her husband was headmaster of The Leys School in Cambridge between 1958 and 1975, before moving to University College School, London. She played host to the rich and famous, often travelling abroad to raise funds for The Leys from parents and old boys. They invited the local dignitaries Edward Heath MP and the Duchess of Kent with the Prime Minister of Singapore to an open day. In 1961, the Queen Mother came to tea, and then again to open an extension to buildings in 1973.

On the day that Harold Wilson resigned in 1970, she invited Heath to view the cricket pitches, which was reciprocated by a visit to No.10. Other royalty continued to attend from Bahrain and Tonga. She promoted the school with her own brand of conservatism, taking care of mental health and epilepsy in the school. With Eton's help they started a boat club, spent time at Cliveden and in 1962 included among their friends, the Astors. The Macmillan era was rounded off with a world tour to drum up school business.

The couple had one son, Adam Campbell Barker, born on 31 August 1955. Adam was educated at King's School, Canterbury and Queens' College, Cambridge. He qualified as a solicitor and, later, as a barrister. He was married in 1985 to Elizabeth Mary, daughter of Eric Marsden OBE of Stourpaine Manor, Blandford.

Conservative politics
Since 1945, Mother and Baby Homes (otherwise known as maternity homes) had been places for the poor to wean their offspring. She was appointed governor of the one in Cambridge, and moved to Cambridge where her voluntary work continued. The United Cambridge Hospital Board, the Cambridge Social Services Committee, and the Cambridge Folk Museum all received her patronage. She was a member of the Rheumatism and Arthritis Association, which began serious research work on debilitation at Cambridge laboratories.

In 1963, she was elected as councillor for Trumpington on Cambridge City Council. In 1971–2, she served as Mayor of Cambridge which she described as a "folderol". That office was followed by appointment to the Cambridge bench as a justice of the peace from 1972. She granted the Freedom of Cambridge to RAF Oakington, revived the town's market, installed a travel centre, and built an entrance hall to the railway station. She opened the Elizabeth Way Bridge with former Conservative cabinet minister Rab Butler, High Steward of Cambridge University. She arranged to "twin" Cambridge with three other great university cities, Florence, Heidelberg and Split. She raised funds for Addenbrooke's Hospital and the Indo-Pakistan War Relief Fund, and undertook a swimathon.

Before the local government and administration of justice re-organisation, it was usual for the upper classes to sit on the bench as a matter of public duty. She re-entered politics in 1973, when she was elected to Cambridgeshire County Council for the Trumpington division but resigned in 1975 over the rapist scandal. She sought election to Parliament, and reached the short list for the Isle of Ely for the October 1974 election. (Dr Thomas Stuttaford was selected instead and lost to Clement Freud.) That year marked a watershed in her political career. Stepping up a gear, she moved into a visibly national profile: her son was by now fully grown and starting a career. Continuing a gradual move up the career ladder into public life, Barker matured into a serious-minded public figure; she was appointed to the Board of Visitors of the women's gaol attached to Pentonville Prison in London. She was one of the few who could get along well with the leader of her party, Margaret Thatcher.

In addition, the former councillor was appointed by the Labour government to the Mental Health Tribunal, before community care had been introduced. The following year, 1976, she was made a General Commissioner for Taxes, based on a competent showing with the city's finances. She served on various public bodies, including chair of the Air Transport Users Committee (1979–80). One of the first questions she asked in the Lords was about improving the airmail service, in which area she was regarded an expert. The binding Official Secrets clause was repealed, privatisation followed, and profitability indexation restored to Air Mail services.

Her interest in women's affairs became known for all the world to see when Thatcher became Prime Minister. Appointed as UK Representative to the UN Commission on the Status of Women it was her role to promote women's equality, marriage and divorce, healthcare, child-rearing, and human rights. She had an extensive address book in the United States; managing British interests on the Council in New York gave her a social profile that befitted her class status and ambition, but was nonetheless useful networking for the British Government. Belated recognition came from a Labour peeress:

"On a different canvas, the noble Baroness, Lady Trumpington, then UK representative at the UN Commission on the Status of Women, helped to unite the international voice of women through her irresistible humour and sense of fun. It was good to be so involved in those days." Sent by Mrs Thatcher to Copenhagen, she headed a delegation to UK's first female ambassador, Anne Warburton. At the UN she crossed the floor to greet Suzanne Mubarak, who made a brave speech for advancing peace in the Middle East.

Lady Trumpington was a steward of Folkestone Racecourse (1980–92). In 1980, she was made an Honorary Fellow of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge. She was a member of the Farmers' Club and Grillion's Club in London.

Ministerial office from the Lords
In almost her first debate she found herself on two sides of the same debate: discussing Clause no.23 amendment sponsored by Duke of Norfolk to Education Bill No. 2 1980. In June 1983, she joined the Lords Works of Art Committee. She became a resident expert on the committee, where she sat until 2010.

On leaving the UN post and entering the House of Lords, she was introduced as a Baroness-in-waiting from 1983 to 1985. Thatcher recognised her capabilities when she was given a ministerial post. Despite being in the Lords as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Health and Social Security from 1985 to 1987, during which time she smoked cigarettes, and in spite of a deep concern for women's mental health with numerous charities, she would in perpetuum champion the cause of smokers to do what they wanted. A stubborn streak of wilful independence was typical of the Thatcherite in her, which she never lost up until her final verbatim speech in the Lords.

Moving to the Ministry of Agriculture, which suited her temperament better than social security, at the height of the Thatcher boom period from 1987 to 1989, she was made Parliamentary Under-Secretary. She was promoted to number two at the ministry in 1989 when the Prime Minister was still creating hereditary peerages; she valued her friendship and support. She continued until 1992, serving during John Major's administration as Minister of State at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, when at age 69 she was the oldest female minister ever.

Her last role was once again as a Baroness-in-waiting to the Queen from 1992 to 1997, when a change of government ended her career. Acting in the capacity as a whip and a courtier, she felt compelled to attend at the bedside of Sally Mugabe in a London Hospital. She also received Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan, on behalf of the Queen. On several occasions during the 1990s, Lady Trumpington became acquainted with the New Labour opposition leaders, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown at Court. She was one of the few officials on hand in 1990 to recognise the new State of Mongolia, subsequently travelling to Ulan Bator to deal with KGB-backed Russian investors on a construction project.

The New Labour government therefore decided to appoint her an Extraordinary Baroness-in-Waiting from 1998, given her many years of experience at Court. During the Labour government, she was consistently on the side of traditionalists. She voted often in favour of university tuition fees and raising the cap to £9,000; opposed constitutional reform, telling the Lords that she believed in the first-past-the-post system; and against the ban on fox hunting. Lady Trumpington was broadly in favour of Brexit, particularly the diminution of EU integration. She voted against the bill to make a referendum necessary to transfer powers back from EU to UK. Trumpington remained a principled opponent of soft measures on crime. Consistently supportive of tough measures, she was appointed Trustee of Crimestoppers in 2004. This tied in closely with ongoing visitations to Pentonville Prison, as Crimestoppers' emphasis was specific to schoolchildren and youth offending. She opposed "walking free" and community sentencing; her disarming charm when discoursing about conditions in Britain's jails alerted the Lords perspective on the significance of public participation in crime reduction initiatives.

Her sense of order, propriety and taste got her into trouble: mocked by a Labour peeress for commenting on the drab and dishevelled appearance of the House of Lords, she more than once appeared a martinet for insisting on "dress code". On another occasion she gave a V-sign to Lord King of Bridgwater in the House of Lords, 10 November 2011 when he referred to her advanced age during a Remembrance Day debate.

When she tried to debate the "plight of rural veterinary practices", the peeress pretended to be deaf: she had long railed against the most absurd forms of political correctness. In 2000–01, she was made President of the South of England Agricultural Show, taking the opportunity to promote animal health, a cause for which she had in 1995 been awarded an Honorary Membership of the British Veterinary Association, in response to her work in that ministry. Declining rural practices was caused directly by the government's farming policies; the yawning gap between policy and practice exposed weaknesses in the EFRACOM report. She had initiated the debate on 24 June 2004, and was widely praised for so doing. Throughout her career, she was notable for having raised uncomfortable truths about topics most politicians have avoided, such as the plight of women in prisons, or the fate of single mothers with mental health issues.

In December 2012, she acknowledged the campaign for the government to give official recognition to the work of Alan Turing. In a letter to the Daily Telegraph, the signatories, including Stephen Hawking, the physicist; Lord Rees, the astronomer royal; and Sir Paul Nurse, the president of the Royal Society, called on Prime Minister David Cameron to support a pardon for Turing's 1952 conviction for homosexuality. Trumpington worked at Bletchley Park during the war at the same time as Turing, commenting only on his presence.

She retired from the House of Lords on 24 October 2017, one day after her 95th birthday.

Honours

Trumpington was appointed an Officer of the National Order of Merit by the French Republic. On 4 February 1980 she was created a life peer, choosing the title Baroness Trumpington, of Sandwich in the County of Kent. She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 2005. Leaving government she was granted an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal College of Pathologists (FRCPath). Two years later she was recognised for her voluntary activities as Honorary Associate of the Royal College of Volunteer Services (ARCVS).

Media
As a castaway on Desert Island Discs in 1990 she chose as her luxury item the Crown Jewels in order to maximise her chances of being rescued.

In 2011, she published a jaunty ghost-written memoir, Coming Up Trumps. In the preface, she wrote she was persuaded by huge demands from her friends and colleagues to have an autobiography published.

On 30 November 2012, Trumpington was a guest panellist on the BBC TV's satirical news quiz Have I Got News for You; at the age of 90 she was the oldest guest to have appeared on the programme. In December 2013 she was a guest on BBC Three chat show Backchat with Jack and Michael Whitehall. In 2014 she was a guest judge in the finals of the Great British Menu.

At the end of December 2017, she was one of the guest editors for BBC Radio 4's prestigious Today programme. Topics she chose to highlight included her long-standing campaign to legalise brothels; Sangita Myska was tasked with interviewing a brothel keeper, a sex worker, and a woman who had escaped the sex industry. Another topic was living with incurable diseases such as Crohn's. John Humphrys interviewed her about her life and career, when she credited good luck for much of her success.

She was referenced as suffering from the fictional "Slimmels disease" in the spoof news and current affairs satire The Day Today.

Later life
Lady Trumpington was widowed in 1988. In later interviews with The Guardian she described enjoying her grandchildren. She also enjoyed contract bridge, needlepoint and horse racing. In January 2010, while she was out, her flat in Battersea caught fire; her possessions were badly damaged.

She died in Chelsea, London, on 26 November 2018. Her death was confirmed by her son, Adam Barker, on Twitter later that night. He wrote: "My mother passed away this afternoon in her sleep ... she had a bloody good innings."

title: Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington


text:
Tubo, Abra

Tubo, officially the Municipality of Tubo (Ili ti Tubo; ), is a 4th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 5,674 people.

History
The municipality was created on June 17, 1967, from the former municipal district of the same name, through Republic Act 5161.

Beew massacre
On May 6, 1983, Sitio Beew in Tubo was the site of several attacks by the 623rd Philippine Constabulary (623rd PC) led by Captain Berido, Lt. Rehaldo Lebua and Lt. Juanito Puyawan, which would collectively come to be known as the "Beew Massacre." The 623rd PC burned down four houses and a rice granary, which still contained the remains of three villagers including an unborn baby, and Barangay Councilman Rodolfo Labawig, pregnant mother Josefina Cayandag, and her unborn child. Beew residents,including babies and toddlers, were beaten and their houses looted in response to the residents' alleged support of protests against the logging operations of Herminio Disini's Cellophil Resources Corporation in their area.

The residents fled to Sagada where they took refuge in the Church of the St. Mary. There, they were given succor by Fr. Paul Sagayo Jr. until they could finally be aided by Atty Pablo Sanidad of the Free Legal Assistance Group and journalist Isidoro Chammag of the Bulletin Today.

The government denied the incident, and filed a case against Chammag but the Baguio Press supported Chammag and launched the "Piso para kay Chammag" campaign to raise bail for him. The charges were later dismissed and Chammag's became a landmark case in Philippine Jurisprudence.

Geography
is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 409.87 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

It is situated approximately 55 km from the provincial capital Bangued, and is at the southern tip of Abra. The town is bounded on the west by Ilocos Sur and Luba, Abra, north by Boliney, east by Kalinga and Mountain Province, and south by Mountain Province and Ilocos Sur.

Tubo can be reached through various routes. Coming from Bangued, the place can be reached by passing through the towns of Peñarrubia-Bucay-Manabo and Luba. It could also be reached via Candon-San Emilio and Tagudin-Quirino of the nearby province of Ilocos Sur, or via Besao of Mountain Province or Kalinga. Unfortunately, no road links exist herein.

Barangays
Tubo is politically subdivided into 10 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

The 10 barangays are grouped into three (3) zones:
 * Zone 1: Poblacion (Mayabo), Wayangan and Supo
 * Zone 2: Tiempo, Kili, Tabacda and Amtuagan
 * Zone 3: Alangtin-Batayan, Tubtuba and Dilong

Demographics
The inhabitants belong to the Maeng tribe and speak the dialect of the same name. There is however one barangay, Tabacda, that speaks a different dialect. This is because they are believed to have originated from Kalinga and Mountain Province. Everyone can however understand and speak the common evolving dialect called Maeng together with those of Luba and parts of Villavicioa of the Province of Abra and likewise in the other municipalities of the Province of Ilocos Sur, who refer themselves as the Bago tribe.

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood but various industries are starting to grow.

All barangays and their respective sitios do now have dirt roads leading to them but can still become accessible via trails permanently established even during the Spanish era. Electricity is available except in only one barangay and two sitios. The relative nearness of the three barangays of Dilong,Tubtuba and Alangtin to the Province of Ilocos Sur provided them the privilege of being served by ISECO while all others remaining are served by ABRECO.

In the 2020 census, Tubo had a population of 5,674. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Tubo, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

title: Tubo, Abra


text:
Villaviciosa, Abra

Villaviciosa, officially the Municipality of Villaviciosa (Ili ti Villaviciosa; ), is a 5th class municipality in the province of Abra, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 5,675 people.

The population was 5,675 at the 2020 census. The town is known for the Kimkimay Lake, a reminder of the wrath of the gods against people who have numerous vices.

Geography
is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 102.93 km2 constituting NaN% of the 4,165.25 km2 total area of Abra.

The municipality is geographically situated at the southern portion of Abra, bounded in the north-west by San Isidro, north by Bucay, east by Manabo and Luba, south by San Emilio, and west by Pilar.

Villaviciosa is accessible from Benguet by land transportation through the Abra-Ilocos Sur Road, the more frequently used route. From the nearby Province of Ilocos Sur, it is also accessible through the Candon via San Emilio to LubaTamac, Villaviciosa Road and the Santa MariaBurgos via PilarVillaviciosa Road.

Barangays
Villaviciosa is politically subdivided into 8 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Villaviciosa had a population of 5,675. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Local government
Villaviciosa, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Abra, is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

title: Villaviciosa, Abra


text:
Talk:Cyrille Guimard

Championnat de France de Vitesse?
Any idea what "championnat de France de vitesse" means? It's not the "French National Road Champion" as far as I can tell.

http://www.velo-club.net/article.php?sid=4538 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Julius.kusuma (talk • contribs).

 * It's the national sprint championship. Les woodland (talk) 19:26, 22 January 2009 (UTC)les woodland

Greg Lemond
Is there a reason Greg Lemond isn't counted as a rider of Guimard's that won the Tour? Were they not together when Lemond won? 168.7.243.150 (talk) 21:14, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

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Cutty-sark (witch)

Cutty-sark (18th century Scots for a short chemise or undergarment ) is a nickname given to Nannie, a fictional witch created by Robert Burns in his 1791 poem "Tam o' Shanter", after the garment she wore. In the poem, the erotic sight of her dancing in such a short clothing caused the protagonist Tam to cry out "Weel done, Cutty-sark", which subsequently became a well-known catchphrase.

She gave her name to the tea clipper Cutty Sark, which featured her figurehead at the bow. A brand of Scotch whisky is in turn named for the ship.

Tam o' Shanter
In Burns' poem Tam o' Shanter (first published in 1791), the drunken Tam, riding home on his horse, happens upon a witches' dance. Among the dancing figures is a particularly beautiful young witch named Nannie (Scots pet-form of Anna), "ae winsome wench and wawlie" (line 164). She is wearing a harn (linen) sark (nightshirt) which fitted her as a child (a "lassie") but is now rather too short for her:

( lassie, "girl"; vauntie, "joyous, boasting"; kend, "knew"; coft, "bought"; twa, "two". )

Tam is so enthralled by the erotic spectacle that he cannot contain himself and yells out, "Weel done, Cutty-sark!" (line 189). The witches are now alerted to his presence and pursue him. Tam heads for the River Doon, because, according to folklore, witches cannot cross running water. He makes it across the bridge to safety, but not before Nannie, the "Cutty-sark", has torn the tail from his horse. The poem ends ironically, with a mock warning to all men of the devilish consequences of thinking about scantily-clad females.

The popularity of this poem was such that the phrase, "Weel done, Cutty-sark!", entered the English language via Scots as an exclamation similar to "Bravo!". Literary allusions to the original Cutty-sark abound. For example, in Ulysses, James Joyce writes, "Laughing witches in red cutty sarks ride through the air on broom sticks" (p. 695).

title: Cutty-sark (witch)


text:
Talk:Electoral roll

UK 2019 canvass reform
The section on registration in the UK is now out since the Representation of the People (Annual Canvass) (Amendment) Regulations 2019 were enacted. Does anyone mind if I have a go at updating the section? I'm a rookie editor but do have knowledge of the area. Jhartshorn (talk) 01:53, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism
Bit of vandalism going on about here lately. Mr. Billion 06:03, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Requested move
This article should be moved to 'electoral roll' - 'electoral register' is a UK-only term, and even then isn't universally used. 136.2.1.101 11:56, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Article moved, per request. Cheers. -GTBacchus(talk) 21:46, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Somebody might want to go through and change "register" to "roll" in the body of the article. -GTBacchus(talk) 21:48, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * In UK law, it is refered to as the Electoral Register (or Register of Electors). The Electoral Roll is more likely to refer to the Parochial Electoral Roll of the Church of England, so best keep references in this article as register not roll. Alsager boy 14:41, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Australian Roll
Under the Australian section it states "Since 21 July 2004 the Australian electoral roll has not been sold in any format. It has not been produced in printed format since 1985, when it changed to publication on microfiche. Today it is only produced in an electronic format, and only for viewing at an AEC office. Each office holds a copy of the electoral roll for the entire country." However, at every election I've ever been to there has been a book that the voter's name gets marked off in once they have voted. I can only assume that the book is the relevant section of the electoral roll for that polling booth, which makes the sentence in the article false. Can any verify that the statement is true? Also the Australian section contains many factual statements without any references.--Spuzzdawg 23:13, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Register more than once
In the UK is it legal to be registered at more than one address at the same time as long as you vote only once? I've heard that it is an, e.g. students, do this and decide where to vote later depending on the time of the election. -- Ralph Corderoy (talk) 10:12, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

What about the rest of the Democracies in the world?
The article (as of October 2009) focuses on the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. Fine. What about the rest of Europe? What about the Americas? What about the emerging democracies in Asia, Africa, Oceania? What about the technology involved in electoral registries in ALL those countries? The article is missing A LOT of information. Regards, --SciCorrector (talk) 16:50, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Fine
At present, the register is compiled by sending an annual canvass form to every house (a process introduced by Representation of the People Act 1918). A fine of up to £1,000 (level 3 on the Standard scale) can be imposed for giving false information.

Please could you reference where this is in the legislation? Also it might be worth stating that the act http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/1871/pdfs/uksi_20021871_en.pdf

now states the form should read (p19) "The law requires you to give the information requested in this form." but yet has not got a statute which supports this statement — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.136.149.137 (talk) 11:29, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Voter list
Hear Sanidul Axlam (talk) 11:16, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

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Spy Hard

Spy Hard is a 1996 American spy parody film starring Leslie Nielsen (who also executive produced) and Nicollette Sheridan, parodying James Bond and other action films. The introduction to the film is sung by comedy artist "Weird Al" Yankovic, and it was the first film to be written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer, who went on to write and direct parody films such as Date Movie, Disaster Movie, and Meet the Spartans. The film's title is a parody of Die Hard. The film was directed by Rick Friedberg who produced with Doug Draizin and Jeffrey Konvitz.

The film was released by Buena Vista Pictures under its Hollywood Pictures banner on May 24, 1996, receiving negative reviews from critics. While many praised Nielsen's acting and its humor, most found the script, story, and its direction disappointing. The film grossed $84 million against a production budget of $18 million.

Plot
Secret agent WD-40 Dick Steele has his work cut out for him. Along with the mysterious and lovely Veronique Ukrinsky, Agent 3.14, he must rescue the kidnapped Barbara Dahl and stop the evil genius, a General named Rancor, from seizing control of the entire world.

Rancor was wounded in an earlier encounter and no longer has arms. However, he can "arm" himself by attaching robotic limbs with various weapons attached. Steele is approached by an old friend, agent Steven Bishop, who unsuccessfully tries to recruit him out of retirement. However, when a news report Steele is watching reveals that Bishop has been killed, Steele returns to the agency. Steele given his new assignment by The Director, who also is testing out a variety of elaborate disguises. At headquarters, Steele encounters an old agency nemesis, Norm Coleman, and flirts with the Director's adoring secretary, referred to as Miss Cheevus.

On the job, Steele is assisted by an agent named Kabul, who gives him rides in a never-ending variety of specially designed cars. They seek help from McLuckey, a blond child left home alone, who is very good at fending off intruders. Steele resists the temptations of a dangerous woman he finds waiting for him in bed. But he does work very closely with Agent 3.14, whose father, Professor Ukrinsky, is also being held captive by Rancor.

Everything comes to an explosive conclusion at the General's remote fortress, where Steele rescues both Barbara Dahl and Miss Cheevus and launches a literally disarmed Rancor into outer space, saving mankind.

Title sequence
"Weird Al" Yankovic sings the title song and directed the title sequence. It is a parody of title sequences from the James Bond films designed by Maurice Binder, specifically 1965's Thunderball, complete with multiple coloured backgrounds, silhouetted figures, women dancing with guns, and "wavy" text. Additionally, an urban legend states that during the recording of the theme to Thunderball, Tom Jones held the song's final note long enough to pass out. Yankovic holds it so long that his head explodes. Originally, Yankovic had planned to loop the note to the required length, but in the studio, he discovered he was able to hold the note long enough that no looping was required. The sequence was later included on "Weird Al" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection, although, for legal reasons, all credits and titles had to be taken out, excluding that of the film and of Yankovic himself.

Box office
The film opened at number 3 at the US box office with $10,448,420 behind Mission: Impossibles opening weekend and Twisters third. It eventually grossed $26,960,191 in the United States and Canada. Internationally, it did much better, grossing $57.2 million for a worldwide total of $84 million.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 7% based on 41 reviews, and an average rating of 3.6/10. The site's critics consensus states: "Leslie Nielsen's comic gifts are undisputed, but Spy Hard's lazy script and slapdash direction fail to take advantage of them." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 25 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.

James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote: "Director Rick Friedberg [...] has crafted a dreadfully unfunny comedy that takes Naked Gun-like sketches and rehashes them without a whit of style or energy. ... For movie-after-movie, Leslie Nielsen has milked this same personality, and it's starting to wear very thin. As affable as the actor is, there's just nothing left in this caricature. However, while Spy Hard might have worked better with, say, Roger Moore in the title role (his 007 was a parody towards the end, anyway), Nielsen's performance is only a small part of a massively-flawed production. Hard is the operative word here, because, even at just eighty-one minutes, this movie is unbelievably difficult to sit through."

Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote: "Spy Hard is never funnier than during its opening credit sequence in which "Weird Al" Yankovic bellows his parody of the brassy theme song from Goldfinger, while obese cartoon silhouettes swim across the screen. ... Instead of building sustained comic set pieces, it takes a machine-gun approach to humor. Without looking at where it's aiming, it opens fire and sprays comic bullets in all directions, trusting that a few will hit the bull's-eye. A few do, but many more don't. ... Around the halfway point, Spy Hard begins to run out of ideas and becomes a series of crude, rambunctious parodies of other films. ... When Spy Hard abruptly ends after only 81 minutes, you sense that it has used up every last round of available ammunition. It was simply exhausted and couldn't move another inch."

Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle wrote: "It's done in the style of the Zucker-Abrahams-Zucker Naked Gun series, but although the style is there, the jokes aren't. Spy Hard relies on silly slapstick, takeoffs of recent films and the shock effect of celebrity cameos. But all that exertion doesn't add up to more than a handful of laughs. ... The story is too weak to work even as a clothesline for gags. Spy Hard eschews a coherent story and instead just strings together movie takeoffs. ... Nielsen, with his expert deadpan and sense of comic timing, creates the illusion of humor – for about 15 minutes. Thanks to him, what could have been an unbearable experience becomes merely empty. Still, he can't work miracles, and nothing short of a miracle could have made Spy Hard worth seeing."

Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun gave the film a negative review, writing that the film is "more of a parody of a parody than a parody" and in particular criticizing director Rick Friedberg, asking, "[w]as this poor guy ever funny?"

Marcia Gay Harden wasn't a fan of the film itself as well:

"Ugh. I hated doing that movie. [Laughs.] It was, I thought, going to be an opportunity to have a lot of fun, but it was just chaos and, uh, not so much fun. And not so funny. I mean, Leslie [Nielsen] was great, but it was really his show, and it was just… very chaotic. Behind schedule, over budget. People mention her to me, but I've never really seen the movie. All I know is that she was supposed to be sexy, and I don't know if she even was."

Allegations of studio interference
In the decades since its initial release, director Rick Friedberg has spoken at length about his unhappy experience on the film, alleging rampant interference on the part of Disney that led to an "eviscerated" final product.

A major point of contention during production was Spy Hard's target audience. While Disney insisted that Spy Hard appeal to as wide a demographic as possible (with a particular emphasis on children), Friedberg maintained that their core demographic was males in their early to late teens. Friedberg was forced to cut or rewrite entire set-pieces if Disney deemed them "too sophisticated" for young audiences. Recalling his exchanges with Disney executives, Friedberg said, "The primary thing they did which is the most painful was that they cut all of the good dialogue and all the story. I said 'No matter how funny this is, no matter what it parodies, it has to have a storyline'. They said 'Nobody gives a shit about the story - all they care about is jokes.

Late in production, with the film one day behind schedule, Friedberg claims Disney removed him as director and hired a replacement to conduct reshoots. Now unofficially working in a consultant capacity, Friedberg was sent the dailies from the reshoots, which he said were "all terrible". Final editing on Spy Hard occurred without Friedberg's involvement. Following advice from Naked Gun co-screenwriter Jim Abrahams, Disney was determined to bring Spy Hard in at a lean 84-minute running time. Friedberg says Disney refused to budge from this number and made extensive cuts to his 96-minute original version, resulting in continuity errors and a lack of narrative comprehension. The running time for Spy Hard's eventual theatrical release, before closing credits, was 77 minutes.

Interviewed on a 2022 podcast, when asked to name his favourite moment or scene from the film, Friedberg admitted, "I don't think there is a single one. I can't watch it. Its too painful for me when I see what was altered or what was cut."

title: Spy Hard


text:
Johan Björnsson Printz

Johan Björnsson Printz (July 20, 1592 – May 3, 1663) was governor from 1643 until 1653 of the Swedish colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River in North America.

Early life in Sweden
He was born in Bottnaryd, Jönköping County, in the province of Småland in 1592. He was the son of a Lutheran pastor, Björn Hansson, and Gunilla Svensdotter. Printz received his early education in Sweden followed in 1618 by theological studies at German universities. While on a journey in about 1620, he was pressed into military service. The involuntary change in occupation turned out to suit him.

During the Thirty Years' War, he initially became a mercenary for Archduke Leopold of Austria, Duke Christian of Brunswick, and King Christian IV of Denmark. Printz entered the Swedish army in 1625 rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel under King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. He was dismissed from service for surrendering the Saxon town of Chemnitz.

Life in New Sweden
By 1642, he was restored to royal favor, ennobled and appointed to be the third governor of New Sweden. He arrived at Fort Christina in the colony on 15 February 1643 with two ships, Fama (Fawn) and Svanen (The Swan). Under his rule the Swedish colony initially prospered. He built Fort Nya Elfsborg on the east bank of the Delaware, and Fort New Gothenburg on Tinicum Island (to the immediate SW of today's Philadelphia). He thus secured a monopoly of trade with the Indians that inhabited both sides of the bay and river as far north as Trenton.

On Tinicum Island, he also built his own manor house which he called The Printzhof. It was two stories high, made of hewn logs and fireplaces of brick imported from Sweden. The manor contained a finished lumber interior made from lumber sent from Sweden, glass windows and lavish draperies. The location was chosen with an eye to controlling the trade of the river and because it was close to the Dutch at Fort Masson.

He built Printz’s Mill on Cobbs Creek in 1645.

Printz, who was an energetic and conscientious governor, established harmony with the local Indians. He was a very large man, reputably over 400 pounds, which earned him the nickname "Big Belly," from the native people, the Lenni Lenape tribe. During his tenure of office, seven expeditions, containing more than 300 emigrants, sailed from Sweden. The influx of settlers was made up of farmers who dealt fairly with the Indians and established a precedent of kindliness and justice. William Penn and his followers later became indirect beneficiaries of this treatment when they were received in a friendly manner by the Indians.

Printz arranged amicable relations with English settlers, initiated trade connections with the Dutch in New Netherlands, and directed several commercial enterprises within New Sweden.

In time, problems with the surrounding Dutch and English colonies became increasingly severe. Short of supplies from Sweden, Printz was unable to prevent the Dutch and the English from practically monopolizing the beaver fur trade in the area. His main adversary was Peter Stuyvesant, Director General of New Netherlands, and earlier on, his local representative Andries Hudde.

Printz also was an autocratic administrator and his growing quarrels with the settlers led several of them to petition to take their grievances directly to the Swedish government. Printz had the ringleader of the dissident colonists, Anders Jönsson, hanged on August 1, 1653, but tensions continued to grow. Grievances included lack of land rights and trade rights. In 1653 Hans Månsson and 21 others including Olof Persson Stille, Peter Minuit and Sven Gunnarsson signed a petition opposing his rule.

Eventually, Printz found his position impossible, and in 1654 he returned to Sweden. His son-in-law Johan Papegoja, married to his daughter Armegott Printz, was acting governor until John Rising (Johan Risingh) was appointed Governor in his place.

Later life in Sweden
On his return to Sweden, Printz was made a general. Several years later, in 1658, he was appointed governor of Jönköping. The information on this period in his life is limited.

Family
He was survived by five daughters, among them the well known Armegot Printz, and his second wife, Maria von Linnestau, who he had married in 1642. He was predeceased by his son, and also by his first wife, Elizabeth von Boche, whom he had married in 1622.

Memorials

 * Governor Printz Park is located just south of I-95 at the Route 420 in Essington, PA.
 * The New Sweden Marker at 2nd Street & Taylor Avenue in Essington, Pennsylvania acknowledges the role of Johan Printz.
 * The Printzhof in Essington, Pennsylvania is listed on National Historic Landmark Register Number: 66000661.
 * A portion of U.S. Route 13 north of Wilmington, Delaware is named Governor Printz Boulevard.
 * A portion of Pennsylvania Route 291 in Tinicum Township is named Governor Printz Boulevard.
 * The site of Printz's Mill on Cobbs Creek in Darby, PA is indicated by a Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Marker.
 * The Johan Printz Sculpture is in the park Rådhusparken in Jönköping, Sweden.
 * The Johan Printz Plaque is in the church yard of Bottnaryd kyrka in Jönköping, Sweden
 * The Liberty ship SS Johan Printz.

Other Reading

 * Johnson, Amandus. Instruction for Johan Printz, Governor of New Sweden, "The First Constitution or Supreme Law of the States of Pennsylvania and Delaware". (translated from the Swedish. Philadelphia: The Swedish Colonial Society, 1930)
 * Weslager, C. A. New Sweden on the Delaware: 1638-1655  (Wilmington, DE: The Middle Atlantic Press, 1988).

title: Johan Björnsson Printz


text:
Limor Livnat

Limor Livnat (born 22 September 1950) is an Israeli former politician. She served as a member of the Knesset for Likud between 1992 and 2015, and was Minister of Communications, Minister of Education, and Minister of Culture & Sport.

Biography
Born in Haifa, Livnat studied at Tel Aviv University. A supporter of Menachem Begin, she joined Herut in 1970, and became head of Likud's youth organisation in 1977. She first entered the Knesset on 14 April 1992, shortly before the 1992 elections, as a replacement for Haim Corfu. She retained her seat in the elections, and in her first full term, served as chairwoman of the Committee for the Advancement of the Status of Women, the Subcommittee on Laws of Personal Status and the Parliamentary Committee for Investigating Murder of Women by their Spouses.

She retained her seat in the 1996 elections, and was appointed Minister of Communications in Binyamin Netanyahu's government. During her term, she attempted to increase competition in the Israeli communications sector by weakening and privatizing Bezeq, which had previously held a monopoly over the country's landline phone sector.

Tensions between Livnat and Netanyahu climaxed in the former's resignation from government in 1997 and subsequent attempts to end Netanyahu's leadership of the Likud. Following Netanyahu's resignation from the Likud leadership after the party's defeat in the 1999 elections, Livnat supported Ariel Sharon's successful attempt to serve as the next chairperson of the party. After Sharon's victory over Ehud Barak in the special election for Prime Minister in 2001, Livnat was appointed Minister of Education in both governments he formed.

She was re-elected in 2003, and continued to serve as Minister of Education until Likud left the coalition (now headed by the newly formed Kadima) in 2006. She retained her seat in the 2006 and 2009 elections, after which she was appointed to the new Minister of Culture and Sport post. Prior to the 2013 elections she lost her place as the top-ranking woman in Likud, finishing below Tzipi Hotovely and Miri Regev in the party primaries. However, she was re-elected and continued in the ministerial role.

In December 2014 Livnat announced that she was leaving politics, and would not run in the March 2015 elections.

Livnat has also served as Vice Chairwoman and Acting Chairwoman of the World Likud Movement.

In February 2021, Livnat announced that she was leaving Likud after 51 years of membership in protest of Benjamin Netanyahu signing a surplus agreement with the far-right Religious Zionist Party. She later expressed support for Gideon Sa'ar and his party New Hope.

Personal views and life
Although overtly secular, Livnat is generally identified as a right wing conservative, both morally and politically. A supporter of Revisionist Zionism, she ideologically opposed the Oslo Accords as well as the notion of relinquishing control over the West Bank. In this light she has voiced concerns over US President George W. Bush's Road Map for Peace. She also regularly attends events in honor of the pre-independence militant organizations, such as the Irgun and Lehi. However, she did not actively oppose Ariel Sharon's disengagement plan.

In April, 2011, Livnat's nephew, Ben-Joseph Livnat, 25, was shot dead by a Palestinian Authority policeman when trying to break through a Palestinian road block after an unauthorized visit to the Joseph's Tomb in Palestinian-administered area of Nablus. Livnat described the shooting death of her nephew as an act of terrorism. An IDF report released a month later concluded that the event was not a premeditated terror attack, but that the policeman had acted "maliciously" and with the intent to harm.

In an interview with Army Radio on 25 December 2011, Livnat, who was then leading the Interministerial Committee on the Status of Women, opined that segregation on public transport should be permitted in entirely ultra-orthodox areas of the country. "I don't think we should tell them how to live," said Livnat, "We should live and let live...When we are speaking about a mixed city, however, or a city where haredim or religious people oppose segregation, we must fight the phenomenon of public segregation between sexes," she added.

A resident of Tel Aviv, Livnat is married and has two children.

title: Limor Livnat


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Golden Tee Golf

Golden Tee Golf is a golf arcade game series by Incredible Technologies. Its signature feature is the use of a trackball to determine the power, direction and curve of the player's golf shot. Play modes include casual 18-hole golf, closest to the pin, and online tournaments. One of the longest running arcade game series, Golden Tee has maintained a large following and spawned a competitive tournament scene.

History

The Golden Tee series began as a project at Incredible Technologies to create a large scale golf simulator for sizable family entertainment centers. The idea was scrapped, but not before programmer Larry Hodgson had already written software to create virtual golf courses. Rather than discard his work, Hodgson retooled the concept to develop a golf game for regular arcade cabinets. He worked with co-designer Jim Zielinski, who initially rendered the courses using Deluxe Paint. Instead of a regular joystick and buttons for controls, they used a trackball, which Incredible Technologies had previously used for Capcom Bowling.

The first Golden Tee was play-tested in a bar, a venue which would become the most popular location for Golden Tee cabinets. Released in 1989, the first iteration was sold exclusively as a kit that could be used to convert existing arcade machines to Golden Tee. It sold relatively well, but the series would find greater success with Golden Tee 3D several years later. The 1995 Peter Jacobson's Golden Tee 3D Golf (featuring Peter Jacobsen) was the first in the series to support online networked play. Rather than being networked to each other, the cabinets were all linked to a central computer which compared scores for tournament play. The first test tournament, held on 24 game cabinets in the Chicago area from November 24 to December 17, 1995, awarded real money to the winners, including a $1,000 grand prize. The first "real world" tournament was held mid-June to July 7, 1996, on 145 cabinets across six states, and was considered a major success. By the end of 1996, 1,250 cabinets were installed across 32 states. The tournament gave rise to a large competitive play scene for the franchise. Ryan Bourgeois has won the US national championship three times.

Since Golden Tee 3D, Incredible Technologies has released a new entry in the series to arcades every year. Versions of the game have also been published for the original PlayStation, Microsoft Windows, iOS and Android. A plug-n-play dedicated console version has also been released. On May 16, 2022, Golden Tee PGA Tour 2022 was released. Later that year on October 24, Home Edition was released.

title: Golden Tee Golf


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Zenith camera

A zenith camera is an astrogeodetic telescope used today primarily for the local surveys of Earth's gravity field. Zenith cameras are designed as transportable field instruments for the direct observation of the plumb line (astronomical latitude and longitude) and vertical deflections.

Instrument
A zenith camera combines an optical lens (about 10–20 cm aperture) with a digital image sensor (CCD) in order to image stars near the zenith. Electronic levels (tilt sensors) serve as a means to point the lens towards zenith. Zenith cameras are generally mounted on a turnable platform to allow star images to be taken in two camera directions (two-face-measurement). Because zenith cameras are usually designed as non-tracking and non-scanning instruments, exposure times are kept short, at the order of few 0.1 s, yielding rather circular star images. Exposure epochs are mostly recorded by means of the timing-capability of GPS-receivers (time-tagging).

Data processing
Depending on the CCD sensor - lens combination used, few tens to hundreds of stars are captured with a single digital zenith image. The positions of imaged stars are measured by means of digital image processing algorithms, such as image moment analysis or point spread functions to fit the star images. Star catalogues, such as Tycho-2 or UCAC-3 are used as celestial reference to reduce the star images. The zenith point is interpolated into the field of imaged stars, and corrected for the exposure time and (small) tilt of the telescope axis to yield the direction of the plumb line.

Accuracy and applications
If the geodetic coordinates of the zenith camera is known or measured, e.g., with a GPS-receiver, vertical deflections are obtained as result of the zenith camera measurement. Zenith cameras deliver astronomical coordinates and vertical deflections accurate to about 0.1 seconds of arc. Zenith cameras with CCD image sensors are efficient to collect vertical deflections at about 10 field stations per night. Zenith cameras have been used for accurate local surveys of Earth's gravity field (geoid, quasigeoid).

title: Zenith camera


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1994 amendment of the Constitution of Argentina

The 1994 amendment to the Constitution of Argentina was approved on 22 August 1994 by a Constitutional Assembly that met in the twin cities of Santa Fe and Paraná. The calling for elections for the Constitutional Convention and the main issues to be decided were agreed in 1993 between President Carlos Menem, and former president and leader of the opposition, Raúl Alfonsín.

Constitutional Assembly election
On April 10, 1994 the conventional constituent elections were held. The Justicialist Party led by President Menem won the elections with 38.50% of the votes. Radical Civic Union came second with a scant 19.74%, while two newly born forces each obtained 13%: the progressive peronist Broad Front, led by Carlos Álvarez, and the rightist Movement for Dignity and Independence, led by the carapintada military man Aldo Rico.

Out of a total of 305 constituents, the Justicialist Party obtained 137 representatives, Radical Civic Union 74, Broad Front 31, Movement for Dignity and Independence 21, Union of the Democratic Center 4, Socialist Party 3, Republican Force 7, Progressive Democratic Party 3 and various provincial parties 28.

Ratification
The Constitutional Reform Convention was chaired by Osvaldo Mercuri of the Justicialist Party.

On August 22, 1994, after three months of deliberations in the cities of Santa Fe (traditional seat of constitutional conventions) and Paraná, the reform of 43 articles was finally approved in Santa Fe. The deliberations did not end without altercations; for instance, Monsignor Jaime de Nevares resigned his seat, claiming the convention to be "vitiated with absolute nullity".

Main points
Amongst the most important points of the reform are:
 * Argentina ratifies its legitimate and non-prescribing sovereignty over the Falkland Islands under Temporary Provisions
 * The international legislation on human rights, and every other International Treaty ratified or to be ratified by Argentina, was deemed to hold an equal status to the Constitution as supreme law.
 * The length of the presidential term was shortened from six to four years. The reelection of the president and the vice-president was allowed once consecutively, and the requirement for the president and vice-president to be Roman Catholics was removed.
 * The presidential elections, formerly by the indirect vote of an electoral college became a direct election, with a modified two-round ballotage system.
 * The terms of senators were also shortened, from nine to six years. It was also established that every district was to elect three senators (up from the previous two) by direct elections (instead of being elected by provincial legislatures).
 * The capital city, Buenos Aires, was given the special status of Autonomous City (Ciudad Autónoma), and its population was given the right to elect a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor).
 * The doctrine of de facto government was repealed, and it was established that any further attempt at breaking the constitutional order was to be deemed illegal, as severe penalties were to be established for the perpetrators and the right to resist a coup d'état was validated.
 * The office of Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers was established, with the intention of attenuating the strong Presidentialist character of the Argentine government
 * An independent institution, called the Judiciary Council (Consejo de la Magistratura), was established with mandate to administer, regulate and control the functioning of the judiciary, to select the candidates for Federal Justicies, and to initiate impeachments to depose them. It is composed of members from both houses of the National Congress, officials selected by the President, and representatives from the legal profession, judges and the academics.
 * The issuing of Necessity and Urgency Decrees was regulated.
 * An independent office, that of ombudsman, was created.

Other specific provisions
In order to provide an effective protection to individual rights, the 1994 amendment has introduced actions called: "amparo" (injunctions), "hábeas corpus", and "hábeas data". "Amparo" gives the possibility to any person to request that a judge declare the unconstitutionality of an act or ruling on which an action or omission of public authorities or private individuals is based that, in an actual or imminent manner, causes damage or restrains a right recognized by the Constitution, the law, or an international treaty. This action requires that no other effective judicial means be available. "Hábeas corpus" is an action that can be filled to protect the right of physical freedom when it is threatened, limited, modified, or injured, or in case of illegitimate aggravation of conditions of detention. "Hábeas data" is an action that can be filled by any individual to take notice of any information referred to him, registered in public or private registers, and to request its suppression, rectification, confidentiality, or updating.

Another innovation introduced by the 1994 amendment is the right of citizens to introduce bills before the House of Deputies that must be considered by Congress within the next twelve months. A further innovative provision is the recognition of the right of every inhabitant to a healthy environment in article 41 that establishes that

all inhabitants are entitled to the right to a healthy and balanced environment fit for human development in order that productive activities shall meet present needs without endangering those of future generations; and shall have the duty to preserve it. As a first priority, environmental damage shall bring about the obligation to repair it according to law. The authorities shall provide for the protection of this right, the rational use of natural resources, the preservation of the natural and cultural heritage and of the biological diversity, and shall also provide for environmental information and education. The Federal Government shall regulate the minimum protection standard, and the provinces those necessary to reinforce them, without altering their local jurisdictions. The entry into the national territory of present or potential dangerous wastes, and of radioactive ones, is forbidden.

Additionally, there are precise provisions referring to protection of consumers rights, defense of competition, control of natural or legal monopolies, and of public services' quality and efficiency.


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Aerotrain (GM)

The Aerotrain was a streamlined trainset that the General Motors (GM) Electro-Motive Division (EMD) introduced in 1955. GM originally designated the light-weight consist as Train-Y (Pullman-Standard's Train-X project was already underway) before the company adopted the Aerotrain marketing name.

Design and components
GM's Styling Section first brought the Aerotrain's train to life, as it did for all of GM's body designs of that mid-century era. Chuck Jordan was in charge of designing the Aerotrain as chief designer of special projects. GM constructed two Aerotrains, each of which used one of the last two (serial numbers 21463 and 21464) of three experimental diesel–electric EMD LWT12 power cars that the company built.

GM based the EMD LWT12's power components on those in the EMD SW1200 switcher. Like the SW1200, the LWT12 used the company's model EMD 567C 12-cylinder prime mover that could produce 1,200 horsepower. The power car featured a cab that mimicked an aircraft's cockpit. The locomotive's overall design was similar to that of General Motors automobiles at the time.

The company completed the Aerotrains by coupling each of the two locomotives to sets of ten modified GM Truck & Coach Division (GMC) 40-seat intercity highway bus bodies. Designed to resemble the new PD-4501 Scenicruiser buses that GMC was building for Greyhound, the Aerotrain's passenger cars had windows with slanted sides. The finned back end of the train resembled the rear of a 1955 Chevrolet or Pontiac station wagon. Each car rode on two axles with an air suspension system that was intended to give a smooth ride, but had the opposite effect.

GM returned to a concept first used at the start of the streamliner era: semi-permanently coupled trains. The cars were 40 feet long, half the length of standard designs, thereby reducing the weight by 50%. To further reduce weight, the locomotives and cars were made of aluminum, rather than steel.

History
On August 22, 1955, Mrs. N.C. Dezendorf, the wife of GM vice-president and EMD general manager N.C. Dezendorf, christened the first Aerotrain trainset (GM-T1) during a press preview of the train that EMD held at its plant in McCook, Illinois (mailing address: La Grange, Illinois) near Chicago. On January 5, 1956, one Aerotrain made a test run from Washington to Newark on the Pennsylvania Railroad while the other traveled in four hours from Chicago to Detroit on the New York Central Railroad. In late February 1956, the Pennsylvania Railroad rented the first train from GM and began operating it between New York City and Pittsburgh as the Pennsy (No. 1000). In June, the Pennsylvania reduced its Aerotrain's route, whereupon the trainset traveled only between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.

After the second train’s initial test run on January 5, General Motors demonstrated it on several railroads, including the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, where in April the train operated in California between Los Angeles and San Diego as a San Diegan. In late April, the New York Central began to operate that train in revenue service as the Great Lakes Aerotrain between Chicago and Detroit during a trial period. From July to October, the New York Central ran the train between Chicago and Cleveland while continuing the trial period, after which it returned the train to GM.

In December 1956, the Union Pacific Railroad began to operate the second train between Los Angeles and Las Vegas as the City of Las Vegas (No. 1001). The Pennsy continued to run between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh until June 1957, after which time the first trainset joined the second in the Union Pacific's City of Las Vegas service. Dissatisfied with both, the Union Pacific stopped operating the trainsets in September and October 1957.

In October, 1958, General Motors sold both trainsets at a discount to the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad (the Rock Island line), which designated their locomotives as numbers 2 and 3 while using both trainsets in commuter service between Chicago and Joliet. The two trainsets ended service in 1966, ten years after they first ran. Although the Rock Island scrapped or re-used most of the trainsets' equipment, both locomotives and two pairs of coaches remain on display in museums.

Meanwhile, the first EMD LWT12 locomotive (serial number 20826), began to travel on the Rock Island line between Chicago and Peoria in February 1956 when pulling the line's Jet Rocket train, which bore a strong resemblance to an Aerotrain. The Rock Island later designated the power car as locomotive number 1.

The American Car and Foundry Company constructed the Jet Rocket coaches, most of which were similar, but not identical, to those of the Talgo II. The last car resembled that of the future Talgo III.

Unlike the slanted sides of the windows on the Aerotrain's ten coaches, the windows on the Jet Rocket's twelve coaches had vertical sides. In addition, the Jet Rocket's Talgo-like coaches had one axle, whereas the Aerotrain's coaches had two.

After less than two years, the Rock Island shortened the Jet Rocket's route. The train then traveled only between Chicago and Joliet, as did the railroad's two Aerotrains. The railroad scrapped the train several years later.

GM's "lightweight with a heavyweight future" was introduced at a time when passenger train revenues were declining due to competition from airlines and private automobiles. Although they featured a streamlined design, the Aerotrains failed to capture the public's imagination. Their cars, based on GM's bus designs and using an air cushioning system, were rough riding and uncomfortable. The design of the locomotive section made routine maintenance difficult and it was underpowered.

Originally intended to reach speeds of up to 100 mph and to travel between New York City and Chicago in 10.5 hours, modifications reduced the Aerotrain's maximum speed to 80 mph. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe needed a helper locomotive to enable the 1,200 horsepower LWT-12 power car to climb the Sorrento grade outside of San Diego when pulling the Aerotrain's ten coaches as a San Diegan. A Union Pacific LWT-12 later required the assistance of a 1,750 horsepower EMD GP9 switcher locomotive to transport the cars of the City of Las Vegas up Southern California's Cajon Pass. Uncomfortable riding conditions associated with the Aerotrain's higher speeds later prompted the Rock Island line to restrict its two cheaply-purchased Aerotrains to low-speed commuter service in and near Chicago, retiring the trainsets in 1966, after a decade of active service with the various operators.

Preserved Aerotrains
The EMD LWT12 locomotives and two passenger cars of each of the two Aerotrains that GM constructed are now on display. The National Railroad Museum in Green Bay, Wisconsin, exhibits the Rock Island line's repainted Aerotrain locomotive number 2 and two of its coaches (parts of trainset number 2). The National Museum of Transportation in Kirkwood, Missouri (near St. Louis) exhibits the Rock Island's similarly repainted Aerotrain locomotive number 3 and two coaches (parts of trainset number 1). The designs on the repainted locomotives do not resemble those that the power cars bore when last serving the Rock Island line.

Aerotrain legacy
Disneyland operated a scale version of the Aerotrain known as the Viewliner from 1957 to 1959. The Washington Park and Zoo Railway in Portland, Oregon, has operated a scale, diesel-powered replica of the Aerotrain (dubbed the Zooliner) to transport zoo visitors since 1958. Idlewild Park in Reno, Nevada, operates a small train whose locomotive is fashioned after that of the Aerotrain.

The Viewliner
On June 26, 1957, the narrow-gauge Santa Fe and Disneyland Viewliner (billed by Disneyland as "the fastest miniature train in the world") commenced operation. Two separate trains, designed and built as scale replicas of the futuristic Aerotrain, traveled a figure-eight track through parts of Tomorrowland and Fantasyland parallel to a portion of the Disneyland Railroad (DRR) main line. The Tomorrowland train featured cars that were named for the planets while the cars of the Fantasyland train were named after various Disney characters.

The modern, streamlined trains were placed in service to represent the future of rail travel in contrast to the steam-powered DRR which represented its past. Motive power for each train consisted of an integral head-end unit driven by an Oldsmobile "Rocket" V8 gasoline engine. Oldsmobile also furnished the windscreen, doors and instrument console for each of the two 5,000 lb (2,300 kg) locomotives. The attraction operated until September 15, 1958, when construction began on the Matterhorn and Submarine Voyage; the Disneyland Monorail System took the place of the Viewliner in June of the following year.

The Zooliner

The Zooliner, one of three trains on the Washington Park and Zoo Railway operating in the Oregon Zoo in Portland, is a 5/8-scale replica of the Aerotrain. The Zooliner entered service in 1958. On June 14, 2008, the zoo held a "50th Birthday" celebration for the locomotive. The Zooliner remains the primary train for the zoo.

Train-X
Train-X was a lightweight set of nine short all-aluminum coaches articulated together that Pullman-Standard built and that two 1,000–horsepower Baldwin RP-210 diesel-hydraulic locomotives (one on each end) transported. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (the New Haven Railroad) operated as the Dan'l Webster the consist that the coaches and locomotives formed. The train traveled between New York City's Grand Central Terminal and Boston's South Station from 1957 to 1958.

A nearly identical train having only one locomotive ran between Cleveland and Cincinnati as the New York Central Railroad's Ohio Xplorer from 1956 to 1957. Timetables show that the Ohio Xplorer ran in 1956 during a time that the railroad was running the second Aerotrain trainset (the Great Lakes Aerotrain) between Cleveland and Chicago. The two left Cleveland at 6:45 and 6:35 a.m. respectively and returned during the evening.

title: Aerotrain (GM)


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Jorge Burruchaga

Jorge Luis Burruchaga (born 9 October 1962), nicknamed Burru, is an Argentine association football coach and former professional football player. He played both as an attacking midfielder and forward and scored the winning goal in the final of the 1986 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
Born in Gualeguay, Entre Ríos, Burruchaga started playing in 1980 for Arsenal de Sarandí in Argentina's then second division.

He contracted with Independiente in 1982 and debuted in a victory against Estudiantes de La Plata on 12 February. He was part of the team that won the Metropolitano 1983, the Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental Cup in 1984.

He was then transferred to French team Nantes, where he played for seven years. He also played one year for Valenciennes, where he was involved in a bribing scandal involving the French and European champions Olympique de Marseille 'buying' a 1–0 league win at Valenciennes on 20 May 1993. Marseille midfielder Jean-Jacques Eydelie and the club's general manager, Jean-Pierre Bernès, had offered him money to throw the game. Burruchaga said he agreed but then changed his mind. He was subsequently given a suspended six-month jail sentence when judgment was delivered on 15 May 1995.

He returned to Argentina for his last spell in Independiente, when he won a Supercopa Sudamericana and a Recopa Sudamericana both in 1995.

He retired from professional football on 10 April 1998 in a match against Vélez Sársfield.

International career
Burruchaga was part of the Argentina squad that won the 1986 FIFA World Cup, scoring two goals, including the goal that gave Argentina the 3–2 victory against West Germany in the final match. He also participated in all Argentine matches at the 1990 FIFA World Cup and scored one goal in the tournament. He scored a total of 13 goals for Argentina in 59 games from 1983 until 1990.

Managerial career
Burruchaga coached Arsenal de Sarandí since its arrival to first division in 2002, and succeeded in keeping the team far from the bottom of the standings. For the 2005–06 season, he signed with Estudiantes de La Plata. In May 2006, he moved to Independiente and resigned in April 2007. He has also managed Banfield from 2008 to 2009

On 5 May 2009, Burruchaga returned to Arsenal de Sarandí but resigned in 2010. He managed Paraguayan Club Libertad since 2011. He managed Atletico Rafaela in the Argentinian Primera Division from 2012 to June 2014. In 2015, Burruchaga returned to Rafaela in his second period as a coach.

At the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Burruchaga served as Argentina national football team's general manager.

Personal life
In 1995, his wife Laura Mendoza died from the injuries sustained in a car crash. Burruchaga is father of the footballer Mauro Burruchaga and tennis player Román Burruchaga.

Club
Independiente
 * Primera División: 1983 Metropolitano
 * Copa Libertadores: 1984
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1984
 * Supercopa Sudamericana: 1995
 * Recopa Sudamericana: 1995

Nantes
 * Ligue 1 runner-up: 1985–86

International
Argentina
 * FIFA World Cup: 1986; runner-up: 1990

Individual

 * Copa América Top Scorer: 1983
 * French Division 1 Foreign Player of the Year: 1985–86
 * IFFHS Argentina All Times Dream Team (Team B): 2021

title: Jorge Burruchaga