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Frege's propositional calculus

In mathematical logic, Frege's propositional calculus was the first axiomatization of propositional calculus. It was invented by Gottlob Frege, who also invented predicate calculus, in 1879 as part of his second-order predicate calculus (although Charles Peirce was the first to use the term "second-order" and developed his own version of the predicate calculus independently of Frege).

It makes use of just two logical operators: implication and negation, and it is constituted by six axioms and one inference rule: modus ponens. Frege's propositional calculus is equivalent to any other classical propositional calculus, such as the "standard PC" with 11 axioms. Frege's PC and standard PC share two common axioms: THEN-1 and THEN-2. Notice that axioms THEN-1 through THEN-3 only make use of (and define) the implication operator, whereas axioms FRG-1 through FRG-3 define the negation operator.

The following theorems will aim to find the remaining nine axioms of standard PC within the "theorem-space" of Frege's PC, showing that the theory of standard PC is contained within the theory of Frege's PC.

(A theory, also called here, for figurative purposes, a "theorem-space", is a set of theorems that are a subset of a universal set of well-formed formulas. The theorems are linked to each other in a directed manner by inference rules, forming a sort of dendritic network.  At the roots of the theorem-space are found the axioms, which "generate" the theorem-space much like a generating set generates a group.)

Rules
$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

Theorems
$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

$$

Note: ¬(A→¬B)→A (TH4), ¬(A→¬B)→B (TH6), and A→(B→¬(A→¬B)) (TH10), so ¬(A→¬B) behaves just like A∧B (compare with axioms AND-1, AND-2, and AND-3).

$$

TH11 is axiom NOT-1 of standard PC, called "reductio ad absurdum".

$$

$$

$$

$$

Theorem TH15 is the converse of axiom THEN-2.

$$

$$

Compare TH17 with theorem TH5.

$$

$$

Note: A→((A→B)→B) (TH8), B→((A→B)→B) (TH9), and (A→C)→((B→C)→(((A→B)→B)→C)) (TH19), so ((A→B)→B) behaves just like A∨B. (Compare with axioms OR-1, OR-2, and OR-3.)

$$

TH20 corresponds to axiom NOT-3 of standard PC, called "tertium non datur".

$$

TH21 corresponds to axiom NOT-2 of standard PC, called "ex contradictione quodlibet".

All the axioms of standard PC have been derived from Frege's PC, after having let $$ A∧B := ¬(A→¬B) and A∨B := (A→B)→B. These expressions are not unique, e.g. A∨B could also have been defined as (B→A)→A, ¬A→B, or ¬B→A. Notice, though, that the definition A∨B := (A→B)→B contains no negations. On the other hand, A∧B cannot be defined in terms of implication alone, without using negation.

In a sense, the expressions A∧B and A∨B can be thought of as "black boxes". Inside, these black boxes contain formulas made up only of implication and negation. The black boxes can contain anything, as long as when plugged into the AND-1 through AND-3 and OR-1 through OR-3 axioms of standard PC the axioms remain true. These axioms provide complete syntactic definitions of the conjunction and disjunction operators.

The next set of theorems will aim to find the remaining four axioms of Frege's PC within the "theorem-space" of standard PC, showing that the theory of Frege's PC is contained within the theory of standard PC.

$$

$$

ST2 is axiom FRG-3 of Frege's PC.

$$

$$

ST4 is axiom FRG-2 of Frege's PC.

Prove ST5: (A→(B→C))→(B→(A→C))

ST5 is axiom THEN-3 of Frege's PC.

$$

ST6 is axiom FRG-1 of Frege's PC.

Each of Frege's axioms can be derived from the standard axioms, and each of the standard axioms can be derived from Frege's axioms. This means that the two sets of axioms are interdependent and there is no axiom in one set that is independent from the other set. Therefore, the two sets of axioms generate the same theory: Frege's PC is equivalent to standard PC.

(For if the theories should be different, then one of them should contain theorems not contained by the other theory. These theorems can be derived from their own theory's axiom set: but as has been shown this entire axiom set can be derived from the other theory's axiom set, which means that the given theorems can actually be derived solely from the other theory's axiom set, so that the given theorems also belong to the other theory.  Contradiction: thus the two axiom sets span the same theorem-space. By construction: Any theorem derived from the standard axioms can be derived from Frege's axioms, and vice versa, by first proving as theorems the axioms of the other theory as shown above and then using those theorems as lemmas to derive the desired theorem.)

title: Frege's propositional calculus


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Sarcoramphus

Sarcoramphus is a genus of New World vulture that contains a single extant species, the king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa).

Extinct members of the genus include the Kern vulture (Sarcoramphus kernense) from the mid-Pliocene of North America, and Sarcoramphus fischeri from the Late Pleistocene of Peru.

A hypothetical species known as the painted vulture is also assigned to this genus, but no concrete proof of its existence has been found as of yet.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sarcoramphus


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Inside Information

Inside Information may refer to:

 * Non-public information used in insider trading, of a corporation's stock or other securities (such as bonds or stock options)
 * Inside Information, expose of the Gestapo by Hansjürgen Koehler 1940
 * Inside Information, crime novel Nicholas Bentley 1978
 * Inside Information (1934 film), an American film directed by Robert F. Hill
 * Inside Information (1939 film), an American film directed by Charles Lamont
 * Inside Information (horse) (born 1991), a racehorse and winner of Breeders' Cup Distaff
 * Inside Information (album), a 1987 album by British-American rock band Foreigner, or the title track

title: Inside Information


text:
Francis Kernan

Francis Kernan (January 14, 1816 – September 7, 1892) was an American lawyer and politician. A resident of New York, he was active in politics as a Democrat, and served in several elected offices, including member of the New York State Assembly, member of the United States House of Representatives, and United States Senator from 1875 to 1881.

Early life
Kernan was born in Wayne, New York on January 14, 1816, the son of General William Kernan, who came to America from County Cavan, Ireland in 1800, and Rose Anna (Stubbs) Kernan, who was also a native of Ireland.

He graduated from Georgetown University in 1836. Kernan then studied law with his brother in law Edward Quinn of Watkins Glen, New York, and moved to Utica, New York, in 1839 intending to pursue a legal career. He completed his studies with Joshua A. Spencer, was admitted to the bar in July 1840, and then practiced law in partnership with Spencer as Spencer and Kernan. He later practiced in partnership with relatives as the senior partner of Kernan and Quinn, later Kernan, Quinn and Kernan. From 1854 to 1857, Kernan was Reporter of Decisions for the New York Court of Appeals.

Career
Kernan was a longtime Utica school board member, and a member of the board of managers of the New York State Hospital. He also served as president of St. John's Female Orphan Asylum, co-founded in 1843 by his father-in-law, Nicholas Devereux, and Devereux's brother John. It was staffed by the Daughters of Charity from Emmitsburg, Maryland, while the Christian Brothers, ran St. Vincent's orphanage for boys.

State assembly
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Oneida County, 1st District) in 1861, and delegate to the 1867 New York Constitutional Convention. From 1870 until his death, Kernan served on the University of the State of New York Board of Regents.

U.S. House
He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-eighth Congress, defeating Republican Roscoe Conkling, and served from March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1865. In Congress he rendered important service as a member of the judiciary committee. In 1864, he was defeated for re-election by Conkling. Their political differences did not interrupt a warm personal friendship. As a member of the New York Assembly and the U.S. House during the American Civil War, Kernan was a prominent War Democrat, and was thoroughly in accord with the national government in its efforts to maintain the integrity of the Union. He was instrumental in having the per capita tax on emigrants declared unconstitutional. In 1871, Kernan was an ally in Samuel J. Tilden's efforts to overthrow the Tweed ring.

In 1872, he was the Democratic/Liberal Republican candidate for Governor of New York, but he was defeated by Republican John Adams Dix.

U.S. Senate
In January 1875, Kernan was elected a U.S. Senator from New York, the first Catholic senator from New York and its first Democratic senator in 24 years. He served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1881, alongside Roscoe Conkling. He numbered among his friends Abraham Lincoln, Horatio Seymour, Samuel J. Tilden, Thomas F. Bayard, Grover Cleveland, and other distinguished Americans, and his counsel and advice were often sought by them. He showed so decided a spirit of justice and moderation that he was often consulted by President Lincoln on matters pertaining to the conduct of the war.

Democratic national conventions
At the 1876 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis, Kernan nominated Samuel J. Tilden for President. In 1880, Kernan received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Georgetown University. In January 1881, Kernan was defeated for re-election by Republican Thomas C. Platt.

Later career
After Platt's resignation in May 1881, Kernan ran again for the Senate in the following special election but was defeated by Republican Warner Miller. At the Democratic convention of 1884, held at Chicago, he was not a delegate, but he was present at the special request of the leaders of his party and was one of the most efficient advocates, outside of the convention, for the nomination of Grover Cleveland.

Georgetown University
He represented Georgetown College at the Catholic Congress of laymen at Baltimore in 1889, and delivered a memorable address on that occasion. In charity he gave much, considering his means, as he was never a very wealthy man, to his church and to charitable institutions; and his legal advice was often freely given to the clergy and to Georgetown University.

Family
In 1843, Kernan married Hannah A. Devereux, daughter of Nicholas Devereux of Utica, one of the principal patrons and benefactors of the Catholic Church and its charitable institutions in Central and Western New York. They were the parents of 10 children.

In the rancor of politics, "...his religious views were ruthlessly assailed, but during his whole public life no breath of suspicion was ever cast on...his character or the integrity of his action, in the discharge of the high trusts confided to him." He was a great home-lover, with no fondness for the theatre, opera, or club life. He was fond of reading, of a game of cards, and was a fine conversationalist. Occasionally, but not often, he attended dinners and receptions in Washington and Utica. He often worked in his home at night over lawsuits and congressional speeches. In person he was tall, had a good figure, and an attractive, intellectual face. Without pretense or sham, he was one of nature's gentlemen. His old age was calm, genial, peaceful, and contented.

Death and burial
Kernan died in Utica on September 7, 1892, and was interred at St. Agnes Cemetery in Utica.

title: Francis Kernan


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Cherokee Trail

The Cherokee Trail was a historic overland trail through the present-day U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming that was used from the late 1840s up through the early 1890s. The route was established in 1849 by a wagon train headed to the gold fields in California. Among the members of the expedition were a group of Cherokee. When the train formed in Indian Territory, Lewis Evans of Evansville, Arkansas, was elected Captain. Thus, this expedition is sometimes written as the Evans/Cherokee Train. In 1850 four wagon trains turned west on the Laramie Plains, along Wyoming's southern border to Fort Bridger.

According to one source, "Neither the number of wagons nor the number of people that eventually used this road to cross the Sierra Madres makes this trail significant. What makes this road unique is that Native Americans and their traveling companions did not just cross the Continental Divide; they made a path over the mountains and through the Wyoming Basin."

The trail was also known as the Trappers' Trail, but the Trapper's Trail from 1820 in Colorado often varied from Cherokee Trail and took a different route in Wyoming. It also went to Taos, New Mexico.

Route description
The route originated in Grand River near present-day Salina, Oklahoma.

According to Erb, Brown, and Hughes, "The Cherokee Trail came west out of Oklahoma along the Arkansas River Valley in Colorado to the mouth of Black Squirrel Creek, a tributary of Cherry Creek (Colorado), following the latter to the South Platte River. It went on north along the eastern base of the Rockies to the Cache la Poudre in the vicinity of Laporte and Virginia Dale then over to the Laramie Plains." The name of the trail originated from the 1849 trek to California of 130 Cherokees, with their 40 wagons, led by Captain Lewis Evans.

In 1850 four Cherokee/white wagon train crossed the South Platte River near present Denver, turned north pioneering a new wagon road to the Laramie Plains (US Hwy 270). Then west along the present Wyoming/Colorado border to Green River then NW to Fort Bridger. This route sometimes referred to as the "disease free" or "middle" route increased each year in numbers of Emigrants and cattle drives until by 1857 becoming the most heavily traveled or the major trail to California. In 1857 a new cutoff of the Cherokee Trail was established when the US Army built a road over Bridger Pass to Fort Bridger. By 1862 the Bridger Pass route of the Cherokee Trail was a well wore road when the Overland Mail and Stage moved from South Pass route on to it. In 1869 the rail road reached Utah ending the Overland Mail. The Cherokee Trail continued as an emigrant route as late as 1883 when the last wagon train from Wise County, Texas to Oregon was documented.

In 1854, an additional route was blazed on the west side of the South Platte River, crossing the Cache la Poudre River, and then to the Laramie Plains. There the trail turned west near present-day Tie Siding, and proceeded along the Colorado/Wyoming border to Green River and to Fort Bridger where it struck the other emigrant trails.

Parts of the 1854 trail can be seen on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land in Wyoming. In Sweetwater County the trail on BLM sections is marked with 4 ft concrete posts.

History
Parts of this trail had been traveled and reported earlier in the 19th century. According to Gardner, General William Ashley had used part of this route as early as 1824. Gardner also mentions that emigrants heading for Oregon wrote about the routes in and out of Browns Park in 1839. By 1849, three routes suitable for crossing the Continental Divide had been identified: Twin Groves, Wyoming, an unnamed location near present-day Rawlings, Wyoming and Bridger's Pass. The Cherokee Trail followed the Twin Groves route.

In 1849, Lieutenant Abraham Buford, escorting the mail from Santa Fe to the east, turned south at McPherson, Kansas, to follow the recently blazed Evans/Cherokee Trail with Captain Lewis Evans and Lieutenant Captain Peter Mankins, with 2nd Lieutenant George Van Hoose leading the expedition Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, and then connected with another trail to nearby Fort Smith, Arkansas. Starting in 1850 the trail was used continuously by gold seekers, emigrants and cattle drovers from Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, and the Cherokee Nation.

In 1850, a member of a wagon train en route to California discovered gold in Ralston Creek, a tributary of Clear Creek north of present-day Denver. Stories of this discovery led to further expeditions in 1858, and the subsequent 1859 Colorado Gold Rush.

In the 1860s portions of the trail from northern Colorado to Fort Bridger in Wyoming were incorporated as part of the Overland Trail and stage route between Kansas and Salt Lake City, Utah.

The outlaw L. H. Musgrove traveled on the Cherokee Trail from Colorado into Wyoming during the 1860s. A native of Mississippi, he came to California at the time of the Gold Rush. Apparently deciding that crime was more profitable than panning for gold, he was arrested and charged with murder in Fort Halleck, Wyoming, during 1863. Taken to Denver for trial, he was released on an unexplained technicality, and returned to a life of crime. Musgrove assembled a network of horse thieves known as the Musgrove Gang, who raided government posts and wagon trains along the Colorado Front Range, following the Cherokee Trail. Musgrove was finally captured and taken to jail in Denver. He started a rumor from his cell that friends were planning to help him escape, and that the citizens could not prevent this. Instead, a group of vigilantes demanded that the guards release Musgrove to them. The guards offered no resistance, so the vigilantes took possession of the prisoner. Quickly they moved him to the Larimer Street bridge and ended his criminal career by hanging him beneath the bridge on November 23, 1868.

title: Cherokee Trail


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John Wilbur (Quaker minister)

John Wilbur (July 17, 1774 – May 1, 1856) was a prominent American Quaker minister and religious thinker who was at the forefront of a controversy that led to "the second split" in the Religious Society of Friends in the United States.

Wilbur was born to Quaker parents in Hopkinton, Rhode Island. Wilbur was recognized as an Elder in 1802 and acknowledged as a minister in 1812. Always intellectually inclined, Wilbur was the teacher of the local Friends school for many years. In 1822, Wilbur was appointed to an important committee of New England Friends to investigate the "new light" movement in Lynn, Massachusetts. He made a handful of travels in the ministry, for which he became known as an exponent of traditional Quakerism.

In 1831, Wilbur went on his first trip to England and encountered a growing Evangelical thrust among the Friends there, which made him uneasy. Friends had already come through a schism a few years earlier involving Elias Hicks. During this British trip, Wilbur wrote a series of letters to George Crossfield; these letters were well-received statements of Quaker doctrine and have been in print continuously since that time.

The main body of Friends were called Orthodox because they had remained orthodox in terms of Christianity. But now Wilbur believed that some Orthodox Friends, especially those in England, were so alarmed about Hicks's perceived heterodoxy that they had gone too far in the other direction. He saw that this group of Friends was abandoning the traditional Friends practice of following God's immediate, inward guidance in favor of using their own reason to interpret and follow the Bible. They were stressing a cold intellectual acceptance of the Bible instead of a vital, direct experience of the Holy Spirit in one's heart. Wilbur quoted early Friends, such as Isaac Penington, Robert Barclay, William Penn, and George Fox to make his case that the traditional view of Friends was that the inward light takes priority over the text of the Bible. At the same time, he agreed that the Bible was inspired by God and was useful as a guide, as had the early Friends.

Wilbur returned to the United States in 1833. He became embroiled in a dispute with Joseph John Gurney, a Quaker minister from England who was speaking throughout the United States. Gurney had been heavily involved in the drafting of the London Yearly Meeting's epistle in 1836. In that epistle Friends in England officially voiced their adoption of the more Evangelical views that Wilbur had encountered and disapproved. During Gurney's sojourn in the United States, Wilbur made private comments against Gurney's views to some of his associates in New England Yearly Meeting (which encompassed Friends in the eastern 80% of New England) and acquaintances in Philadelphia Yearly Meeting.

In 1838 some members of New England Yearly Meeting accused Wilbur of making derogatory statements against Gurney in violation of the principle of handling conflicts by going through the proper channels. They ordered South Kingston Monthly Meeting (local body he belonged to) to discipline him, but the local Friends supported Wilbur. Then the Rhode Island Quarterly Meeting (an intermediary group) laid down (dissolved) the South Kingston Monthly Meeting and attached its members to the Greenwich Monthly Meeting. The latter meeting disowned Wilbur in 1843. This disownment was confirmed by his quarterly meeting and then by the yearly meeting as well.

Wilbur continued in the Friends movement with the support of many like-minded members. In 1845, a division took place in New England over the unusual treatment of Wilbur and his supporters. The smaller body, comprising about five hundred members, came to be called the "Wilburites" for their support of John Wilbur. The larger body came to be called the "Gurneyites" for their support of Joseph J. Gurney. In succeeding years, other yearly meetings divided: New York in 1846 and Ohio, Indiana, and Baltimore in 1854. The Wilburite Friends later entered into fellowship with a branch called the Conservative Friends.

Wilbur made a second journey to England in 1853–1854. He died in 1856, the same year that two other leading Wilburite Quakers died (Thomas B. Gould and Job Otis).

title: John Wilbur (Quaker minister)


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Information access

Information access is the freedom or ability to identify, obtain and make use of database or information effectively.

There are various research efforts in information access for which the objective is to simplify and make it more effective for human users to access and further process large and unwieldy amounts of data and information.

Several technologies applicable to the general area are Information Retrieval, Text Mining, Machine Translation, and Text Categorisation.

During discussions on free access to information as well as on information policy, information access is understood as concerning the insurance of free and closed access to information. Information access covers many issues including copyright, open source, privacy, and security.

Groups such as the American Library Association, the American Association of Law Libraries, Ralph Nader's Taxpayers Assets Project have advocated for free access to legal information. The vendor neutral citation movement in the legal field is working to ensure that courts will accept citations from cases on the web which do not have the traditional (copyrighted) page numbers from the West Publishing company. There is a worldwide Free Access to Law Movement which advocates free access to legal information. The Wired Magazine Article Who Owns The Law is an introduction to the access to legal information issue. Postsecondary organizations such as K-12 work to share information. They feel it is a legal and moral obligation to provide access (including to people with disabilities or impairments) to information through the services and programs they offer.

Some effects of charging for information access, such as literature searches for physicians, is studied in the article "Fee or Free: The Effect of Charging on Information Demand". In this study, a $5 charge resulted in a 77% decrease in searches.

title: Information access


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User:Jidn

verdu bido wima

title: User:Jidn


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Ebbie Goodfellow

Ebenezer Robertson "Poker Face" Goodfellow (April 9, 1907 – September 10, 1985) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and coach. Goodfellow played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Detroit Red Wings from 1929 to 1944 as both a forward and defenceman. He helped the Red Wings win the Stanley Cup in 1935–36, 1936–37 and 1942–43. He served as captain of the Wings for five seasons, and in 1939–40 was the first Red Wing to win the NHL's Hart Trophy as his team's most valuable player. After retiring from playing, he coached in the American Hockey League (AHL) and later with the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

Hockey career
While still a junior, Goodfellow signed a contract with the professional Saskatoon Sheiks of the Western Canada Hockey League on December 25, 1924. When Saskatoon called him up in December 1926, he refused to report and played senior hockey with the Ottawa Montagnards of the Ottawa City Hockey League instead. In February 1927, his professional rights were sold to the Detroit Olympics of the AHL for $4,000. Goodfellow remained in Ottawa and was a member of the Montagnards' 1927–28 senior championship team. In 1928, he joined the Olympics and played with the club for one season. The following year, he signed with the Detroit Cougars of the NHL, starting a fourteen-year career with the team. Goodfellow was a high-scoring forward and the original center in a famous line with Herbie Lewis and Larry Aurie. During the 1930–31 season, he scored 25 goals (a franchise record that stood for fourteen years) and 48 points and was second to Howie Morenz in league scoring. After three seasons Goodfellow switched to defence, and at that position he won the Hart Memorial Trophy in 1940 and was named to the All-Star Team three times.

Goodfellow missed most of the 1942–43 season due to injury, but when coach Jack Adams was suspended during the 1943 playoffs, Goodfellow agreed to serve as coach during the suspension. Detroit went on to win the Stanley Cup, and Goodfellow's name was engraved on the Cup for a third and final time. He was one of the last NHL players to have his name engraved on the Stanley Cup as both player and coach, as league rules changed and playing coaches were disallowed. Goodfellow retired the following season after knee problems began to slow him down.

At the start of the 1947-48 season Goodfellow was persuaded out of retirement by the St. Louis Flyers of the American Hockey League (AHL). In two years as coach of the Flyers, he led them from last place to the AHL Western Division Championship, the team's highest achievement to that date. Goodfellow then became coach of the Chicago Black Hawks in 1950. After two lacklustre seasons with the Black Hawks, Goodfellow retired from the NHL for good.

In 1959 Goodfellow took part in founding the Detroit Red Wings Alumni Association, a charitable organization still in operation today. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963 and served for twenty-one years on the Hall's selection committee. He was an avid golfer and one-time caddy master at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He died of cancer on September 10, 1985, in Sarasota, Florida, and is buried at White Chapel Cemetery in Troy, Michigan.

Awards

 * NHL Second All-Star Team - 1935–36
 * NHL First All-Star Team - 1936–37, 1939–40
 * Hart Trophy (MVP) - 1939–40
 * Hockey Hall of Fame - 1963
 * Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame
 * Michigan Sports Hall of Fame - 1968

title: Ebbie Goodfellow


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Talk:Tolna, North Dakota

Untitled
"0.00% African American, 0.00% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.00% from other races (...) 0.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race." – then why mention them? this article looks like it was done by some script... Alensha 23:20, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tolna, North Dakota


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Melanonus

Melanonus is a genus of gadiform fishes containing just two species of cod-like marine fishes. This is the only genus in the family Melanonidae.

Both species are small fish, no more than 15 cm in length, and are black in colour. They live in the midwaters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, well away from coasts.

Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:
 * Melanonus gracilis Günther, 1878 (pelagic cod)
 * Melanonus zugmayeri Norman, 1930 (arrowtail)

title: Melanonus


text:
John Avery (gridiron football)

John Edward Avery, Jr. (born January 11, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels and was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the first round of the 1998 NFL draft with the 29th overall pick. Avery played in the NFL for the Dolphins, Denver Broncos and Minnesota Vikings. He played in the CFL for the Edmonton Eskimos and Toronto Argonauts. He was also in the XFL with the Chicago Enforcers.

College career
Avery attended and played football at Asheville High School in Asheville, North Carolina and, following graduation, continued his playing career at Northwest Mississippi Community College in Senatobia, Mississippi.

After two years at Northwest Mississippi Community College, Avery enrolled at the University of Mississippi. In 1996, he started five games at running back, rushing 181 times for 788 yards and 5 touchdowns, 16 receptions for 99 yards and 17 kickoff returns for 473 yards and touchdowns. In 1997, Avery started nine games for the Rebels, including the Motor City Bowl. During his final season with the Rebels, Avery totaled 166 carries for 862 yards and 7 touchdowns, added 13 receptions for 113 yards, 8 punt returns for 46 yards, and returned 13 kickoffs for 315 yards and one touchdown.

In 1997, he was a finalist for the Conerly Trophy.

Miami Dolphins
Avery was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the first round of the 1998 NFL draft with the 29th overall pick.

Denver Broncos
Avery was traded to the Denver Broncos from the Dolphins in exchange for wide receiver Marcus Nash on September 21, 1999. Avery saw limited action with Denver and was released in training camp the following season.

Chicago Enforcers
In 2001, Avery started 10 games for the Chicago Enforcers of the XFL. He led the short-lived XFL in rushing with 800 yards (on 150 carries for a 5.3 yard average), rushed for five touchdowns, and also caught 17 passes for 297 yards and two touchdowns. He was runner-up for the XFL player of the year award. Avery wore the No. 20 in the XFL, but in the Enforcers' first game of the season against the Orlando Rage he was forced to wear No. 22 for the second half because his jersey was ripped early in the game. After the conclusion of the XFL's 2001 season, Avery attended the Dallas Cowboys training camp but suffered a hamstring injury and was subsequently released.

Edmonton Eskimos
Avery's most successful year in professional football, to date, was 2002. He signed with the Canadian Football League's Edmonton Eskimos on April 26, 2002. Avery finished the season with 229 carries for 1,448 yards (6.3 yd. avg.) and nine touchdowns. Avery started the season as the second string running back behind incumbent starter Ronald Williams: as a result, he was used sparingly in the first four games of the season. When Williams was injured in a week 4 game in Saskatchewan, Avery assumed the starting halfback position. He never looked back, winning the CFL rushing title by almost 300 yards. He scored two touchdowns in the Western Division Finals, leading the Eskimos to a victory and setting the team up for a home appearance in the Grey Cup Championship at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. However, Avery suffered a leg injury in the West Final, which limited his effectiveness in the Grey Cup despite his best efforts. The Eskimos came up short in the Grey Cup game at the hands of the Montreal Alouettes, losing 25–16, but Avery finished the season a winner of the Eddie James Memorial Trophy (as the Western Division's leading rusher) and a CFL All-Star.

Minnesota Vikings
Avery signed as a free agent with the Minnesota Vikings on February 13, 2003. He played six games with one rush for 0 yards and 2 receptions, and returned 16 kickoffs for 346 yards, for a 21.6 yard average. Avery was placed on the Vikings injured reserved list with a knee injury on October 24, 2003.

Toronto Argonauts
Avery was signed by the CFL's Toronto Argonauts in 2004. Avery did not play in the Argos' two pre-season games, but he made his Toronto debut in Week 1 against the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Avery rushed 8 times for 22 yards and caught 5 passes for 27 yards in that game. In Week 8, he met his former club, Edmonton, for the first time ever, and scored his first two touchdowns as an Argonaut. Avery started in the Labour Day Classic against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in Hamilton in Week 12, and rushed for 110 yards (his first 100-yard running game as an Argonaut) on 17 carries and 1 touchdown, including his longest career CFL run – 74 yards. Avery did not suit up in Week 20 against Montreal because of a knee injury.

In the 2004 Eastern Division Semi-Final, Avery started at running back for the Argos, rushed 13 times for 32 yards (longest gain: 19 yards), and caught 1 pass for −5 yards against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats at Toronto's SkyDome (won by Toronto, 24–6). In the Eastern Final at Montreal, Avery recorded his first career win against the Alouettes in a 26–18 Argos' triumph. Avery spent most of game blocking but was handed the ball 6 times in the second half and raced for 34 yards, including the game winning romp of 25 yards for an Argos' touchdown.

At the 92nd Grey Cup Championship, Avery started at running back for the Argonauts, rushed 11 times for 75 yards (longest gain: 26 yards), and caught 4 passes for 24 yards (longest gain:  10 yards) to help the Argos win their 15th Grey Cup Championship in team history with a 27–19 triumph over the BC Lions. This Grey Cup championship also marked the first championship at any level for Avery.

In the 2005 season, Avery missed both Toronto pre-season games due to an adductor injury. Avery started 13 of 15 games at running back for the Argonauts before suffering a season-ending hamstring injury against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in Week 15. In Week 5 against the Alouettes, Avery caught the game-winning touchdown on a 14-yard reception from Argos' quarterback Damon Allen. The following week against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Avery generated 148 all-purpose yards in 34–27 win. In the 2005 Labour Day classic against Hamilton, he generated 90 yards rushing. In Week 11, Avery started at running back and generated 123 all-purpose yards and 1 touchdown against Saskatchewan. In his season-ending game against the Blue Bombers, Avery caught the Argos’ first touchdown pass of the game before leaving in the second quarter with the hamstring injury.

The 2006 season began with former NFL running back Ricky Williams making a highly publicized move to the Argonauts as a result of an off-season signing (and Williams' NFL suspension for violating the league's drug policy). The star import's presence bumped Avery further down the Argos' running back depth chart, but Williams' broken arm in a July 22 win over Saskatchewan left the door open for Avery. Prior to his scheduled return to the starting lineup against the BC Lions in Week 7, Avery suffered a leg injury in practice which delayed his comeback for another two weeks. On August 12, 2006, Avery made his 2006 debut against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in Hamilton rushing for 74 yards on 13 carries while also catching two receptions for 31 yards. The following week against the Montreal Alouettes at home, Avery ran for 94 yards on 21 carries while scoring a touchdown.

On January 31, 2008, contract ended with the Argonauts.

Armbar Athletics

In 2014, Avery joined the Hamilton Touch Football League in Hamilton ON Canada. Avery played as a member of Armbar Athletics (former division champions). Avery retired after one season.

title: John Avery (gridiron football)


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Arrows (British band)

The Arrows were a band based in London, England. The group, which formed in 1974 and disbanded in 1977, included American singer/bassist Alan Merrill, American guitarist Jake Hooker and English drummer Paul Varley (who had replaced Clive Williams relatively early in the band's history). They had UK chart hit singles in 1974 and 1975 with "Touch Too Much" and "My Last Night with You", produced by Mickie Most on RAK Records. They recorded the original version of Merrill's song "I Love Rock 'n' Roll", later covered by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts.

Career
The Arrows had two 14-week television shows in the UK called Arrows in 1976 and 1977, which were broadcast on Granada Television and produced by Muriel Young. They are the only band to have two weekly TV series and no records released during the run of either series; a result of a conflict between the band's manager Ian Wright of the M.A.M. Agency, and the group's mentor/producer Mickie Most. Each series consisted of 14 shows, 30 minutes in length. There were 28 shows broadcast in total. Their final single, "Once Upon a Time", was released one month before the first show of their first series in 1976. Joan Jett became aware of "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" while on tour with her band the Runaways in England in 1976 and saw the group perform the song on their weekly show.

The band's only US TV appearance was on Don Kirshner's Rock Concert in February 1975. They played their UK hits, "Touch Too Much" and "Toughen Up".

The first manager of The Arrows was Peter Meaden, who had also managed The Who in the early 1960s. He came up with the band's name, which originates from The Who's logo, with the arrow pointing up.

One of Liverpool's most renowned Beatles biographers and editor of 1960s British invasion bible Mersey Beat, Bill Harry wrote his first published book about the Arrows, Arrows : The Official Story, published on Everest books in 1976.

Terry Taylor who joined the band in the autumn of 1976 for the band's second weekly TV series, is currently with Bill Wyman's Rhythm Kings band.

The band's second single "Toughen Up" made number 51 in the UK chart in 1974. That year Arrows won the Golden Lion award (Belgium) in the "best new band" category and performed at the ceremonies on Belgian television.

The Arrows highest reaching chart hit was "Touch Too Much" in 1974 which went to number 2 in the South African charts and was in the top 20 there for 15 weeks.

Arrows are the only band in the history to have hit records before their weekly TV series, and no records released during the run of their two television series. The band's last single was released a month before their first TV show was broadcast.

The Arrows song "Moving Next Door to You" (composed by Alan Merrill and Jake Hooker) was used on the BBC1 TV show Homes Under The Hammer series 18, episode 70. The song was the B-side of "My Last Night with You", produced by Mickie Most in 1975. After that, the BBC TV show used the Arrows song "We Can Make It Together" in series 19, episode 53, the b-side of the band's single "Touch Too Much".

The Arrows album First Hit was reissued in Japan on 11 March 2015, with bonus tracks on Warner Brothers Japan.

The Arrows founding band members Paul Varley (1952 – 2008), Jake Hooker (1953 – 2014) and Alan Merrill (1951 – 2020) are all deceased. Eamonn Carr of later Freddie + The Dreamers/St Cecilia fame toured as piano/keys player for The Arrows live performances.

Album

 * First Hit (1976), Rak Records

Archival releases

 * 1998 First Hit (reissue with bonus tracks) - CD
 * 2001 Singles Collection Plus
 * 2002 Tawny Tracks
 * 2004 A's B's and Rarities
 * 2015 First Hit (Japanese reissue with bonus tracks)

List of songs
The following is a sortable table of all songs by Arrows:

title: Arrows (British band)


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Talk:Threads (television show)

Is there any particular reason why this isn't on Threads, which just redirects to Thread? There are, quite rightly, many pages linking to the former page, and it's the natural place to look - why is all this content here and not there (with a note saying something along the lines of "Threads can also have a number of other meanings, see Thread for more")? sheridan 23:22, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * see Talk:Threads --Vamp:Willow 00:40, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Threads (television show)


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Michel Goulet

Michel Bernard Goulet (born April 21, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played for the Birmingham Bulls in the World Hockey Association and the Quebec Nordiques and Chicago Blackhawks in the National Hockey League. He was also a two-time Canada Cup champion with Team Canada. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1998.

WHA
Goulet played his first professional season with the Birmingham Bulls of the WHA during the 1978–79 season in which he scored 28 goals and 58 points. Following the NHL-WHA merger, Goulet was declared eligible for the 1979 entry draft and was selected by the Quebec Nordiques.

NHL
Goulet was one of the NHL's most prolific scorers during the 1980s. He achieved 50 goals in a season in four consecutive years, starting with the 1982–83 season, and became one of the centrepieces of the team along with the Šťastný brothers.

During the 1989–90 season, in which the Nordiques finished with a record of 12 wins, 61 losses and seven ties and failed to make the playoffs for the second consecutive season, Goulet was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, along with goalie Greg Millen and a sixth round pick at 1991 NHL entry draft, for Everett Sanipass, Dan Vincelette and Mario Doyon.

On March 16, 1994, during a game at the Montreal Forum, Goulet crashed into the end boards, striking his head and causing a severe concussion. Goulet announced his retirement from the NHL shortly after, as a result of the incident.

Post-retirement
On March 16, 1995, exactly one year after Goulet's career-ending injury, his number 16 was retired by the Nordiques before a large crowd at le Colisée de Québec, where he enjoyed his most productive years. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1998 alongside former teammate Peter Šťastný. In 1089 NHL games he recorded 548 goals and 604 assists for 1152 points.

While Goulet never won a Stanley Cup as a player, he did win the cup with the Colorado Avalanche in 1996 and 2001 as director of player personnel.

Goulet was a scout for the Calgary Flames until the end of the 2015-16 NHL season. He became a scout for the Anaheim Ducks at the start of the 2017-18 season.

Honours
In 2012, he was inducted into the World Hockey Association Hall of Fame in the “Legends of the Game” category.

title: Michel Goulet


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jonathan Sharpe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:46, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jonathan Sharpe
Jonathan Sharpe gets no google hits related to this article. The article states that Sharpe is "cited" in a book by Margaret Cruikshank, entitled The Gay and Lesbian Liberation Movement. Margaret is real and so is the book, but the full text search engine provided by amazon.com turns up no references to Sharpe in the work.

Also, a thorough search of edit histories leads me to believe that the author of this article,, is the same person who created the hoax article Charles Mason (Revolutionary), currently on VfD. The evidence lies in the contributions of an anon, who both edited the Mason article and who added this to the Felching article, "Famous Felchers include Jonathan Sharpe." func (talk) 23:25, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. func (talk) 23:25, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax.  Well spotted. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 23:39, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete yeah, smells like a hoax. --Etacar11 23:42, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. JamesBurns 04:23, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This person is fictional. Anon 04:23, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Blue Tongue Entertainment

Blue Tongue Entertainment Pty, Ltd. was an Australian video game developer founded in 1995. It was acquired by THQ on 17 November 2004, and remained an internal development studio of THQ until its closure in August 2011. In addition to THQ, Blue Tongue had worked with the publishers Hasbro Interactive and Vivendi Universal Games.

Blue Tongue originally provided web development services, and moved into video games in 1995 with their first release, AFL Finals Fever. It was released on 9 June 1996 and reached number 3 on the Australian software sales charts. Another game, Riding Star, was their first international release. It was ported to multiple platforms, including the PlayStation and the Game Boy. Blue Tongue developed the TOSHI game engine used internally for many of its projects.

In 2008, Blue Tongue finished de Blob, its first original game since Riding Star, for the Wii system. de Blob was met with critical acclaim from various gaming websites, including Official Nintendo Magazine, which awarded the game a rating of 92% and a Gold Award, and IGN.com, which awarded the game several Wii-specific awards in its 2008 video game awards, including Best Platform Game, Best Graphics Technology, and Best Use of Sound. In addition to the awards won, IGN also nominated de Blob for several other Wii-specific awards, including Best New IP, Best Original Score, Most Innovative Design, and Game of the Year.

In 2011, Blue Tongue was announced to be closed down under a restructuring and realignment plan by parent company, THQ.

Cancelled

 * The Avengers
 * WWE Brawl

title: Blue Tongue Entertainment


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Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions/Vote on city naming

Removed from article as per User:Balcer request; no voting for now, just discussion.

Vote
''Please write the numbers of the possibilities you'd choose, you might explain in discussion. You can choose more than one possibility (e.g. both for cities where names differs significantly and for cities where currently there is a minority), unless you choose first (both names for all cities) or the last (both names never used) possibility''

I choose 3th and 5th suggestions, as this in my opinion would be the best compromise, and would include towns where this name was/is in actual use by local population or modern times official matters. DeirYassin 22:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * 3, with possible option for 5, but the latter is seriously flawed in that the exact area of Lithuanian claims would be hard to define. Halibutt 22:19, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC) - indeed, let's discuss the vote and think of it first. Halibutt 12:55, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia policy on surveys
Not so fast. This survey has to conform with Wikipedia policy, as expressed in Survey guidelines. In particular, a single user has no right to unilaterally set up the survey and define all the questions. Balcer 22:46, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'd strongly recommend to improve the Survey guidelines first - visit Template_talk:Gdansk-Vote-Notice. Then, when this is fixed, we can carry out a vote here. Note that if we don't fix it, we are likely to end up in another quagmire like the Gdansk Vote, which seems to have failed to resolve the issue. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 10:25, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Aziz Mian

Aziz Mian Qawwal (عزیز میاں قوال) (17 April 1942 – 6 December 2000) was a Pakistani traditional qawwal famous for singing ghazals in his own style of qawwali and is considered one of the greatest qawwals in South Asia. He holds the record for singing the longest commercially released qawwali, Hashr Ke Roz Yeh Poochhunga, which runs slightly over 150 minutes and. Aziz is known by sobriquets — "Shahenshah-e-Qawwali" (King of qawwali), "Fauji Qawwal"(Military Singer) since his early performances were often in army barracks, and "the Nietzschean qawwal".

Early life and background
Aziz Mian was born as Abdul Aziz (Urdu: عبد العزیز) in Delhi, British India. The exclamation Mian, which he often used in his qawwalis, became part of his stage name. He began to introduce himself as Aziz Mian Meeruthi. The word Meeruthi refers to Meerut, a city in northern India, from where he migrated to Pakistan in 1947.

At the age of ten, he began learning Harmonium under the tutelage of Ustad Abdul Wahid Khan of Lahore. He received sixteen years of training at the Data Ganj Baksh School of Lahore, and earned masters (M.A) degrees in Urdu literature, Islamic Studies and Philosophy And Bachelor's degree in English literature  from the University of Punjab, Lahore.

Career
Aziz Mian was one of the non-traditional Pakistani Qawwals. His voice was raspy and powerful. Aziz Mian was the only prominent qawwal to write his own lyrics (though, like others, he also performed songs written by other poets). Aziz Mian was a contemporary, and often a competitor of Sabri Brothers.

He first began performing at private gatherings. However, his official ‘start' came in 1966, when he performed in front of the Shah of Iran Reza Shah Pahlavi. The Shah of Iran was so moved by his performance that he gave Aziz Mian a gold medal. From this moment on, Aziz Mian gained popularity and started releasing albums. In addition to singing qawwalis, he was also an expert at singing ghazals. He became a noted member of the qawwal community due to his unique and crisp voice. In the early days of his career, he was nicknamed Fauji Qawwal (فوجی قوال) (meaning "Military Qawwal") because most of his early stage-performances were in military barracks for the army personnel. He was known for a "more recitative, more dramatic diction" and was inclined toward qawwali's religious rather than entertainment qualities, though he also enjoyed success in more ashiqana sufi qawwalis.

He was fond of discussing religious and Sufi paradoxes in his qawwalis. He directly addressed Allah and complained about the misery of man (the greatest creation of the Almighty). In addition to his own poetry, Aziz Mian performed poetry by Allama Iqbal, and a number of contemporary Urdu poets, including Qamar Jalalvi, Jigar Moradabadi, Tabish Kanpuri S M Sadiq, Saifuddin Saif and Qateel Shifai.

Death
Aziz Mian died from complications of hepatitis in Tehran, Iran on 6 December 2000. He was in Iran at the invitation of the Government of Iran, to perform on the occasion of Imam Ali's death anniversary, that was his final performance. In that show all his fans included himself are crying that is the reason for Aziz can't continue singing. He is buried in Multan, on the brink of Nau Bahar Nehar[Canal]. His death anniversary (Urs) is celebrated every year on the first Thursday of May, the Urs celebrations commence with the 'Ghusal' ceremony conducted by Mian Saheb's son Shibli Aziz and Rasm e Sandal of Baba Nadir Hussain famously known as 'Tootan Waali Sarkar' who is Peer O Murshid (Spiritual Master) of Aziz Mian. The Urs celebrations continue for three days, starting with 'Ghusal' followed by 'Chadar Poshi' and 'Mehfil e Samaa' (Mehfil-e-Samaa) of Qawwali ('samaa' means the listening audience in Urdu and Arabic). Around seven to eight qawwal groups perform. The celebration terminates after the last ritual of 'Qul'. The Urs (death anniversary) celebration are organized by Shibli Aziz Mian, who is more interested in mysticism and Sufi traditions. He is promoting and propagating this spiritual heritage of his father and have quite a number of disciples (mureeds) and followers.

Family
Aziz Mian had 12 children. And had nine sons Amir Khusro, Shibli, Junaid, Tabreiz, Imran, Naeem, Buali,shahbaz ali,and Farhan, etc. His son Shibli is not a qawwal but his successor in Sufism, while all other sons have followed his footsteps in Qawwali. They are very similar in style to Aziz Mian himself and like other sons of famous qawwals (Amjad Sabri for example, or Waheed and Naveed Chishti), they perform many of their father's hits. Tabrez is however considered to be the closest to his father's style. His looks and his style are a mirror image of his father. Tabrez also toured North America for a tribute to Aziz Mian Qawwal.

Legacy

 * Aziz Mian Qawwal is considered to be one of the influential Sufi Qawwali singers of Pakistan
 * His famous Qawwali Main Sharabi was featured in Indian movie Cocktail and was sung by his son Imran Aziz Mian
 * A bridge was named after Aziz Mian as Aziz Mian Bridge near his shrine in Multan.

Awards and recognition

 * His First Tour Was Of Iran During 1966, There He Performed His First International Performance Before Shah Of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, he was awarded with a Gold Medal after the performance.
 * For his service in music, the Government of Pakistan awarded him the Pride of Performance medal in 1989.

Works
Aziz Mian Qawwal received a worldwide recognition and fame with his Masterworks and earned the title of One of the Greatest Qawwals, Some of his works include – (Lyrics by – Tabish Kanpuri & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Abdul Hamid Alam) (Lyrics by – Saifuddin Saif) (Lyrics by – Allama Simab Akbarabadi & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Tabish Kanpuri & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Abdul Hamid Alam & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Nazeer Banarasi & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Ustaad Qamar Jalalvi & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Purnam Allahbadi & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Qateel Shifai & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Kabir Das, Allama Iqbal, & Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Aziz Mian) (Lyrics by – Aziz Mian)
 * Teri Soorat Nigahon Mein Phirti Rahe / Main Sharabi Main Sharabi
 * Allah Hi Jaane Kaun Bashar Hai
 * Nabi Nabi Ya Nabi Nabi
 * Aadmi Hai Benazir
 * Meri Daastan E Hasrat
 * Naseem E Subha Gulshan Mein
 * Bewafa Yun Tera Muskurana Bhool Jaane Ke Qaabil Nahi Hai
 * Haaye Kambakht Tu Ne Pi Hi Nahi
 * Unki Aakhon Se Masti Barasti Rahe
 * Aasman Se Utaara Gaya
 * Kabhi Kaha Na Kisi Se / Daba Ke Chal Diye
 * Mere Khoon E Arzoo / Ye Maqam E Zindagani
 * Woh Dil Hi Kya Tere Milne Ki Jo Dua Na Kare
 * Main Kya Janu Ram Tera Gorakh Dhandha
 * Jannat Mujhe Mile Na Mile
 * Hashr Ke Roz Main Poochoonga
 * Meri Arzoo Muhammad / Na Kaleem Ka Tassawur

Albums

 * 1976 Aziz Mian (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1976 Allah Hi Jaane Kaun Bashar Hai (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1977 Aziz Mian Qawwal & Party (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1978 Baksh Deta Toh Baat Kuch Bhi Na Thi (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1978 Is Tere Sar Ki Qasam (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1978 Voh Dil Hi Kya Tere Milne Ki Jo Dua Na Kare (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1979 Aziz Mian & Others – Teri Soorat Nigahon Mei Phirti Rahe / Main Sharabi (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1979 Ashk Aankho Mei Thamte Nahi Hai (Emi Pakistan)
 * 1979 Ik Mard E Qalandar (Shalimar Recording Company Pakistan / Multitone Records)
 * 1980 Nabi Nabi Ya Nabi Nabi (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1980 Ye Mai Hai Zara Sonch (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1980 Aaj Ki Raat Hai (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1980 Aziz Mian Qawwal (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1980 Tarrapte Hai Machalte Hai (Shalimar Recording Company Pakistan / Multitone Records)
 * 1981 Aziz Mian Ka Wada (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1981 Aziz Mian Vol.1 (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1981 Aziz Mian Vol.2 (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1982 Aankh Barsi Hai Tere Naam Pe (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1982 Tha Bhi Mai Aur Hoo Bhi Mai (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1983 Yeh Paisa Kya Karega (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1983 Mitti Ki Moorat (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1983 Shahbaz Qalandar (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1983 Soey Maikada Na Jaate (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1984 Hashr Ke Roz Volume – 1 & 2 (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1984 Jannat Mujhe Mile Na Mile (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1984 Ae Ri Mai Toh Prem Deewani (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1985 Aasman Se Utaara Gaya (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1985 Jalwo Se Muhammad (S) Ke (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1986 Rag Rag Bole Rasool (S) Meri (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1986 Bhala Hua Kabeera (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1990 Is Daur Ke Insaan Se Kuch Bhool Hui Hai (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1990 Greatest Hits Of Aziz Mian (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1992 Milegi Shaikh Ko Jannat (OSA Records)
 * 1993 Sharabee Sharabee Teri Soorat (OSA Records)
 * 1993 Sharabee Live in England (OSA Records)
 * 1994 Qalandar Mast Qalandar Vol.5 (OSA Records)
 * 1994 Takhti Vol.30 (OSA Records)
 * 1994 Taj Dar E Haram Vol.32 (OSA Records)
 * 1994 Shaam Pae Gayee (OSA Records)
 * 1995 Wadah (OSA Records)
 * 1995 Saaya E Mustafa Hussain (OSA Records)
 * 1995 Sajdah (OSA Records)
 * 1995 Rut Albeli Raat Suhani Vol.4 (OSA Records)
 * 1995 Naseem E Subha (OSA Records)
 * 1995 Dhoom (OSA Records)
 * 1995 Allah Hi Jaane Vol.14 (OSA Records)
 * 1996 Mere Khoon E Arzoo Ko (Sonic Enterprises)
 * 1996 Khwaja Piya (OSA Records)
 * 1996 Khwaja Ki Deewani (OSA Records)
 * 1996 Ishq Mei Ham (OSA Records)
 * 1996 Dil Jala (OSA Records)
 * 1996 Bhar Do Jholi (OSA Records)
 * 1996 Bewafa Vol.15 (OSA Records)
 * 1997 Jannat Mujhe Mile (OSA Records)
 * 1997 Allah Hi Jane Live in England (OSA Records)
 * 1997 Akhian Dee Gali (OSA records)
 * 1997 Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharni (MovieBox UK)
 * 1997 Allah Bahot Bada Hai (Moviebox Birmingham)
 * 1998 Shikwa Jawab E Shikwa (OSA Records)
 * 1999 Maati Ke Putle(OSA Records)
 * 1999 Chaadar Fatima Ki (OSA Records)
 * 1999 Humen Toh Loot Liya (Hi-Tech Music)
 * 1999 Bade Badnaseeb Theh Hum (Hi-Tech Music)
 * 2003 Nas Nas Bole Nabi Nabi (S) (OSA Records)
 * 2003 Duniya Ka Ajeeb Bazaar – Last Recording (OSA Records)
 * 2007 Mere Saamne Reh (OSA Records)
 * 2014 Hum Kaise Guzaara Karte Hai (EMI Pakistan)
 * Contributing artist
 * 1987 Sher E Yazdaan Ali Ali (EMI Pakistan)
 * 1987 Maikhana – Aziz Miyan & Sabri Brothers (EMI Pakistan)
 * 2004 Main Sharabi – Aziz Mian & Sabri Brothers Qawwal (OSA Records)
 * 2006 The Best Qawwali Album in the World Ever – Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, The Sabri Brothers & Aziz Mian (EMI Pakistan)

title: Aziz Mian


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Leandro (footballer, born 1959)

José Leandro de Souza Ferreira (born 17 March 1959), known as Leandro, is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a defender.

He played for Flamengo during his whole professional career, first as a right-sided full-back and, from 1983 on, as a central defender. He also played for the Brazil national team in the 1980s, including at the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

Club career
Leandro spent his entire club career Flamengo, where he won four Brazilian national leagues, five Rio State championships, one Libertadores da América, and one Intercontinental Cup against Liverpool. In total, he played 417 matches and scored 14 goals for Flamengo.

International career
Leandro was capped 27 times for Brazil between September 1981 and May 1986, scoring two goals. He took part at the 1982 FIFA World Cup, where he was part of a star-studded Brazilian team, along with Zico, Júnior, Falcão, Sócrates, and many others, including Éder and Toninho Cerezo. Despite the plethora of creative midfield talent in the team, and the exciting brand of attacking football that they displayed throughout the tournament, Brazil were eliminated in the second round, after placing second in the so-called "Group of Death" with rivals and defending champions Argentina, as well as the eventual champions Italy.

Leandro also took part at the 1983 Copa América, where Brazil finished in second place. A principled man, he refused to go to 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, however, after a disagreement with the coach Telê Santana over the exclusion of his teammate Renato from the squad.

After retirement
Leandro prematurely retired in 1990 at 31 years of age. He currently owns and manages a restaurant and hotel in his hometown Cabo Frio.

Style of play
Considered one of the greatest Brazilian defenders of all-time, Leandro started his career as an offensive-minded right-sided full-back or wing-back. In this role, he was capable of delivering decisive crosses to the forwards, or indeed taking a shot at goal himself. He also had an ability to dribble past opposing players and get forward. Leandro was also able to cover the flank both offensively and defensively: he could often be found in the outside right position, yet would get back to defence when needed.

After several knee injuries and some surgeries in 1985, Leandro started to play as a centre-back, also achieving much success in this role, and was still called up to the Brazil national squad to play in this new position.

Club

 * Flamengo
 * Campeonato Carioca: 1978, 1979, 1979, 1981, 1986
 * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1980, 1982, 1983
 * Copa União: 1987
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1981
 * Copa Libertadores: 1981
 * Copa do Brasil: 1990

Individual

 * Bola de Prata: 1982, 1985

title: Leandro (footballer, born 1959)


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Catopsis

Catopsis is a genus in the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Tillandsioideae. The genus name is from the Greek “kata” (hanging down) and “opsis” (appearance). Catopsis is a genus of plants widespread across much of Latin America from Mexico to Brazil, plus Florida and the West Indies. One of the species, Catopsis berteroniana, is thought to be carnivorous.

title: Catopsis


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Megachasma

Megachasma is a genus of mackerel sharks. It is usually considered to be the sole genus in the distinct family Megachasmidae, though suggestion has been made that it may belong in the family Cetorhinidae, of which the basking shark is currently the sole extant member. Megachasma is known from a single living species, Megachasma pelagios.

In addition to the living M. pelagios, however, two extinct megamouth species – the Priabonian M. alisonae and the Oligocene–Miocene M. applegatei – have also recently been proposed on the basis of fossilized tooth remains. An early ancestor of the recent species Megachasma pelagios was reported from the early Miocene (Burdigalian) of Belgium. However, the Cretaceous-aged M. comanchensis has been recently reclassified as an odontaspid shark in the genus Pseudomegachasma, and is in fact unrelated to the megamouth shark despite similar teeth morphology.

They are a very rare genus of shark that are mainly found in temperate and tropical waters among the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. The top sighting spots are Taiwan, Japan, and the Philippines.

title: Megachasma


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Kaffe (band)

Kaffe (Каффе) was a Bulgarian jazz band who represented their home country in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest. The group, who sung the song "Lorraine", finished 19th in the semi-final.

Biography
Kaffe represented Bulgaria at their debut in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 in Kyiv ending 19th in the semi-final and failed to make it to the Finals round. The following year the group disbanded and the members pursued their solo careers.

Orlin Pavlov – vocals
Orlin Pavlov was born on 23 April 1979 in Sofia and is the son of opera singers. He studied theatrical art and graduated from the University of Drama Arts in the city of Plovdiv.

In 2001 he started his artistic career as a dancer – a profession that took him to many countries, including the Netherlands, Poland, Germany and Egypt, and onto the most famous stages in Europe, such as the Grand Theatre. In 2002, Orlin settled down in Sofia, opened a newspaper and read that Kaffe were searching for a vocalist. This was the beginning of his career as Kaffe’s frontman.

Georgi Yanev – guitar
He is well known as an award-winning music producer and recording artist. Georgi Yanev was born on 23 April 1977 in Blagoevgrad. When he was a teenager his parents moved to Russia and it was there that Georgi graduated from high school.

The next important step in his life was to pack his things and go to Berklee(USA) to study guitar in the world-famous Berklee College of Music. Georgi came back to Bulgaria in 1999 and – together with Valery Tsenkov – founded the band Badu, which after several transformations became Kaffe. Alongside his career as a musician, Georgi Yanev started to study psychology in Blagoevgrad’s University from which he has now graduated.

Milen Kukosharov – keyboard
Milen Kukosharov was born on 15 May 1978 in Plovdiv where he graduated from the College of Music. He started his career as keyboard player in a band called Infinity. In the last couple of years Milen has worked with many of the most famous Bulgarian musicians – Theodosii Spassov, Mitko Rupchev and Stefan Valdobrev – and he has been a member of Kaffe since 2002. He still studies at the Music Conservatory in Sofia.

Valery Tzenkov – drums
Valery Tzenkov, born on 3 September 1973, started to play different instruments when he was a child. He tried piano and guitar but his favourite was drums.

The study of drums brought him to the Music High School in Varna, later the Jazz Academy in Graz (Austria) and finally to the famous Berklee College of Music where he met Georgi Yanev.

Back in Bulgaria, Valery Tzenkov and Georgi Yanev founded the band Badu, which later became Kaffe.

Martin Tashev – trumpet
Martin Tashev was born on 9 July 1979 in Plovdiv. He graduated from Music College in Plovdic (trumpet) and is currently a student in the Music Conservatory in Sofia.

Together with Milen Kukosharov, Martin Tashev played in the band Infinity and – in 2002 – became a member of Kaffe for whom you can hear him on the trumpet and as a vocalist.

On Kaffe’s debut album, Martin even raps in Spanish.

Veselin Veselinov-Eko – bass guitar
Veselin Veselinov-Eko was born on 19 October 1963 in Sofia where he graduated from Music Conservatory (bass guitar and double bass).

Veselin has worked with world-famous musicians – amongst them Ivo Papazov, Teodosi Spasov, Vasko Vasilev, Benny Paupin, Anatoli Vapirov, Yildiz Ibrahimova and Okay Temiz.

Veselin Veselinov-Eko is also a composer and music producer. He is the newest member of Kaffe.

The song "Lorraine," with which Kaffe represented Bulgaria in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest, was written and composed by Veselin together with Orlin Pavlov.

title: Kaffe (band)


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Tsukimi

Tsukimi (月見) or Otsukimi (お月見), meaning, "moon-viewing", are Japanese festivals honoring the autumn moon, a variant of the Mid-Autumn Festival. The celebration of the full moon typically takes place on the 15th day of the eighth month of the traditional Japanese calendar, known as Jūgoya (十五夜); the waxing moon is celebrated on the 13th day of the ninth month, known as Jūsan'ya (十三夜). These days normally fall in September and October of the modern solar calendar.

The tradition dates to the Heian era, and is now so popular in Japan that some people repeat the activities for several evenings following the appearance of the full moon during the eighth lunisolar month.

Tsukimi traditions include displaying decorations made from Japanese pampas grass (susuki) and eating rice dumplings called Tsukimi dango in order to celebrate the beauty of the Moon. Seasonal produce are also displayed as offerings to the Moon. Sweet potatoes are offered to the full moon, while beans or chestnuts are offered to the waxing moon the following month. The alternate names of the celebrations, Imomeigetsu (meaning "potato harvest moon") and Mamemeigetsu (meaning "bean harvest moon") or Kurimeigetsu (meaning "chestnut harvest moon") are derived from these offerings.

History
Tsukimi refers to the Japanese tradition of holding parties to view the harvest moon. The custom is thought to have originated with Japanese aristocrats during the Heian period; influenced by the Chinese custom of Mid-Autumn Festival, they would gather to recite poetry under the full moon of the eighth month of the solar calendar, known as the "Mid-Autumn Moon" (中秋の名月). On the evening of the full moon, it is traditional to gather in a place where the Moon can be seen clearly, decorate the scene with Japanese pampas grass, and to serve white rice dumplings (known as Tsukimi dango), taro, edamame, chestnuts and other seasonal foods, plus sake as offerings to the Moon in order to pray for an abundant harvest. These dishes are known collectively as Tsukimi dishes (月見料理). Due to the ubiquity of sweet potato or taro among these dishes, the tradition is known as Imomeigetsu (芋名月) or "Potato harvest moon."

From 862 until 1683, the Japanese calendar was arranged so that the full moon fell on the 13th day of each month. In 1684, however, the calendar was altered so that the new moon fell on the first day of each month, moving the full moon two days later, to the 15th day of the month. While some people in Edo (present-day Tokyo) shifted their Tsukimi activities to the 15th day of the month, others continued to observe the festival on the 13th day. Furthermore, there were various regional observances in some parts of Japan on the 17th day of the month, as well as Buddhist observances on the 23rd or the 26th day, all of which were used as pretexts for often late-night parties during the autumn throughout the Edo period. This custom was brought to a swift end during the Meiji period.

Festivals dedicated to the Moon have a long history in Japan. During the Heian period elements of the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival were introduced to Japan. Members of the aristocratic class would hold moon-viewing events aboard boats in order to view the Moon's reflection on the surface of the water. The writing of waka poetry was also an element of such mid-autumn Moon viewing festivities.

There are specific terms in Japanese to refer to occasions when the Moon is not visible on the traditional mid-autumn evening, including Mugetsu (無月) and Ugetsu (雨月). Even when the Moon is not visible, however, Tsukimi parties are held. A Unicode emoji exists for Tsukimi (🎑), featuring pampas grass, dango and the Moon.

Related foods

It is traditional to serve Tsukimi dango and seasonal produce offerings during Tsukimi, as described above. In addition, there are several other dishes associated with Tsukimi.

Boiled soba or udon noodles topped with nori and raw egg, then covered with broth are known as Tsukimi soba or Tsukimi udon. In Kitakyushu an egg served atop yaki udon is known as Tenmado, another name for Tsukimi in the local dialect. Similarly when a raw quail egg is used to top sushi, like battleship sushi gunkanzushi or a handroll temaki it is referred to as tsukimi style.

At some Japanese fast food restaurants, a special Fall Menu is offered during September and October featuring fried egg sandwiches known as Tsukimi burgers.

title: Tsukimi


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Horatio (Hamlet)

Horatio is a character in William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet.

He was present on the field when King Hamlet (the father of the main character, Prince Hamlet) defeated Fortinbras (the king of Norway), and he has travelled to court from the University of Wittenberg (where he was familiar with Prince Hamlet) for the funeral of King Hamlet. Hamlet is glad to see him, and Horatio remains at court without official appointment, simply as "Hamlet's friend". He is on relatively familiar terms with other characters. For example, when Gertrude (the queen) is reluctant to admit the "distract" Ophelia, she changes her mind following Horatio's advice. Hamlet has departed for England by this point, and is not supposed to return.

Horatio is not directly involved in any intrigue at the court, but he makes a good foil and sounding board for Hamlet. Being from Wittenberg, a university that defined the institutional switch from theology to humanism, Horatio epitomizes the early modern fusion of Stoic and Protestant rationality.

Name
Horatio is a variation of the Latin Horatius. Many commentators have linked the name to the Latin words ratiō ("reason") and ōrātor ("speaker"), noting his role as a reasoner with Prince Hamlet, and surviving (even though he begged for death) to tell Hamlet's heroic tale at the end of the play.

Role in the play
Horatio is present in the first scene of the play, accompanying Barnardo and Marcellus on watch duty, for they claim to have "twice seen" the ghost of King Hamlet. He is initially skeptical, but is "harrow[ed] [...] with fear and wonder" when he sees the ghost. Being a scholar, he is urged to speak to the ghost. It is Horatio's idea to tell Hamlet about the ghost, supposing that "This spirit, dumb to us, will speak to him".

Horatio swears secrecy pertaining to the ghost and Hamlet's "antic disposition". He is privy to much of Hamlet's thinking, and symbolizes the ultimate faithful friend. In Act Three, Hamlet confesses his very high opinion of Horatio. Horatio is the first main character to know of Hamlet's return to Denmark. Horatio only doubts Hamlet's judgement once, when Hamlet has arranged for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be killed. Otherwise, Horatio supports every decision Hamlet makes.

Horatio is present through most of the major scenes of the play, but Hamlet is usually the only person to acknowledge him. When other characters address him, they are almost always telling him to leave. He is often in scenes remembered as soliloquies, such as Hamlet's famous scene with Yorick's skull. He is present during the mousetrap play, and when Ophelia's madness is revealed, and when Hamlet reveals himself at Ophelia's grave, and in the final scene. Near the end of the play, when Hamlet tells him "how ill all’s here about my heart", he suggests that Hamlet obey that ill feeling. But Hamlet is indifferent to prospective harm. Horatio is the only main character to survive. He does intend to poison himself, saying that he is "more an antique Roman than a Dane", but Hamlet, dying, implores him rather to deal with the fallout and "wounded name": "If thou didst ever hold me in thy heart, Absent thee from felicity a while, And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain To tell my story."

Horatio's role, though secondary, is central to the drama. Through his role of 'outside observer', he makes the audience believe Hamlet's actions, no matter how incredible they may look to readers at first sight. For example, Horatio sees the Ghost, so the audience is led to believe that the Ghost is real.

title: Horatio (Hamlet)


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Littorina

Littorina is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.

These small snails live in the tidal zone of rocky shores.

Overview
In Europe there are about nine species in this genus, one of which is the rough periwinkle, Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792). Another closely related (supposed) species Littorina tenebrosa (Montagu 1802) was thought to be distinct because of its different ecological requirements, but current studies have shown that it is not at all clear whether the two are indeed separate species or whether L. tenebrosa is perhaps merely an ecotype (an ecological form) of L. saxatilis.

Littorina has given its name to the Littorina Sea, the geologic precursor of the Baltic Sea.

Distribution
The periwinkles are found on the seashore in the littoral zone and sublittoral zone in all parts of the world. In the Baltic they live within the influence of freshwater, and frequently become distorted in consequence.

Description
The thick, pointed shell is turbinated and has few whorls. The aperture is rounded. The outer lip is acute. The columella is rather flattened and imperforate. The operculum is paucispiral. The lingual teeth are hooked and trilobed. The uncini (small teeth on the radula) are hooked and dentated.

Species
The type species:Turbo littoreus Linnaeus, 1758 restricts the species in this genus to the northern hemisphere, moderate and cold zones. The tropical species belong in other genera of the same family

Species in the genus Littorina include
 * Littorina aleutica Dall, 1872
 * Littorina arcana Hannaford-Ellis, 1978
 * Littorina brevicula (Philippi, 1844)
 * Littorina compressa Jeffreys, 1865
 * Littorina fabalis (Turton, 1825)
 * Littorina horikawai Matsubayashi & Habe in Habe, 1979
 * Littorina islandica Reid, 1996 †
 * Littorina kasatka Reid, Zaslavskaya & Sergievsky, 1991
 * Littorina keenae Rosewater, 1978
 * Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758), Common periwinkle
 * Littorina mandshurica (Schrenk, 1861)
 * Littorina natica Reid, 1996
 * Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758), flat periwinkle
 * Littorina petricola Arnold, 1908 †
 * Littorina plena Gould, 1849
 * Littorina remondii Gabb, 1866 †
 * Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792), rough periwinkle
 * Littorina scutulata Gould, 1849, checkered periwinkle
 * Littorina sitkana Philippi, 1846
 * Littorina sookensis Clark & Arnold, 1923 †
 *  Littorina squalida Broderip & Sowerby, 1829
 * Littorina subrotundata (Carpenter, 1864)
 * Littorina varia
 * Littorina zebra

 * Species brought into synonymy:
 * Littorina aestuarii Jeffreys, 1865 : synonym of Littorina obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Littorina affinis d'Orbigny, 1839 : synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
 * Littorina angulifera is a synonym for Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822)
 * Littorina arenica Jay, 1839 : synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
 * Litorina arenica Dunker, 1845 : synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
 * Littorina canariensis d'Orbigny, 1839 : synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
 * Littorina cingulifera R. W. Dunker, 1845 : synonym of Littoraria cingulifera R. W. Dunker, 1845
 * Litorina globosa Dunker, 1845 : synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
 *  Littorina granularis Gray, 1839 : synonym of Echinolittorina miliaris (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833)
 * Littorina lamellosa Souverbie, 1861 : synonym of Fossarus lamellosus (Souverbie, 1861)
 * Littorina marnat Potiez & Michaud, 1838 : synonym of Echinolittorina punctata (Gmelin, 1791)
 * Littorina obesa (G.B. Sowerby, 1832 ): synonym of Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791)
 * Littorina petraeus (Montagu, 1803) : synonym of Melarhaphe neritoides (Linnaeus, 1758)
 * Littorina planaxis G.B. Sowerby I, 1844 : synonym of Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
 * Littorina saxatilis jugosa Montagu, 1803 : synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
 * Littorina saxatilis nigrolineata Gray, 1839 : synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)
 * Littorina striata is a synonym for Tectarius striatus (King & Broderip, 1832)
 * Littorina undulata Gray, 1839 : synonym of Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839)
 * Littorina unifasciata antipodum: synonym of Austrolittorina antipodum (Philippi, 1847)
 * Littorina ziczac is a synonym for Echinolittorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791)
 * Littorina zonaria Bean, 1844 : synonym of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi, 1792)

title: Littorina


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Bank of New Brunswick

The Bank of New Brunswick, established in 1820, was the first Canadian bank to operate under a charter. The bank operated independently in New Brunswick and later in Prince Edward Island until it merged with the Bank of Nova Scotia (now Scotiabank) in 1913.

Founding
The Bank of New Brunswick was established on March 25, 1820 in the pre-Confederation Province of New Brunswick, Canada, under a charter from the British government. It was founded in Saint John, New Brunswick by a group of the colony's prominent businessmen. At the time, Saint John was the largest city in the Maritime Provinces, exceeding in population both Halifax, Nova Scotia, and for a time during the 19th century, even Toronto, Ontario.

John Robinson was elected the first President of the Bank of New Brunswick and served until 1824 when he was succeeded by Charles Simonds. The Bank expanded through the acquisition of the City Bank of Saint John in 1839. By 1842, the bank held £100,000 in capital.

New Headquarters
Following the Great Fire in Saint John, the bank's headquarters were established in a new building built on Prince William Street in 1879, with a neoclassical bank façade reminiscent of a Corinthian temple of finance. The Bank of New Brunswick Building is on the Registry of Historical Places of Canada.

Expansion to Prince Edward Island
The acquisition of the Summerside Bank of P.E.I. in 1901, expanded the Bank's network. Following the City Bank acquisition, City Bank president Thomas Leavitt became president of the Bank of New Brunswick. Leavitt came from a family of merchants, shipowners and shipmasters of Saint John, New Brunswick. The Bank of New Brunswick on 268 Water Street, Summerside, Prince Edward Island, built 1909 to 1910 is on the Registry of Historical Places of Canada.

Merger
After Confederation in 1867, the four banks which had been established in New Brunswick began to struggle, as more and more investment money began moving to central Canada, and manufacturing in the new province began to decline. Over the objections of The Saint John Board of Trade, Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservative government voted down the Commercial Union Bill of March 5, 1888 which would have given Saint John direct access to a larger market in New England. By the early part of the 20th century it became apparent that none of the four banks were attracting enough capital to remain competitive. Saint John, the largest city, failed to attract investment from overseas despite 4% higher returns compared to Upper Canada.

The Bank of New Brunswick and its shareholders accepted an offer to merge with the Bank of Nova Scotia on February 15, 1913. As many of its investors were financing the opening up of the west, the bank's headquarters was moved to in Montreal. The Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank) eventually moved its headquarters to Toronto - Canada's banking and financial centre.

Bank notes
Like the other Canadian chartered banks established before the 1934 Bank of Canada Act, the Bank of New Brunswick and the Summerside Bank issued their own paper money. Around $30,000 in notes are in circulation. These notes can be reimbursed by the Bank of Canada, but their rarity often leads collectors to purchase them at a premium.

title: Bank of New Brunswick


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matthew Wayne Selznick

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:45, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Matthew Wayne Selznick
Non-notable. Was marked as a copyvio but linked site was a Wikipedia mirror. Created by a user who's name seems to suggest a vanity page Kiand 23:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 23:45, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 04:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Atteva

Atteva is a genus of moths in the monotypic family Attevidae. The group has a pantropical distribution; however, the range of at least one species, Atteva aurea, extends into the temperate zone. No consistent hypotheses regarding the relationships, placement, and ranking of Attevidae have been published, but the prevalent view is that they likely form a monophyletic group within the Yponomeutoidea.

Species

 * Atteva albiguttata - Zeller, 1873 (from Australia)
 * Atteva albitarsis - Zeller, 1875 (Australian region)
 * Atteva aleatrix - Meyrick, 1922 (from Fiji)
 * Atteva anisochrysa - Meyrick, 1928 (from New Britain)
 * Atteva apicalis - Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1863 (from Java, Philippines)
 * Atteva aurata - Butler, 1882 (Duke of York Islands/ Papua New Guinea)
 * Atteva aurea - ( Fitch, 1856) (neotropics)
 * Atteva balanota - Meyrick, 1910 (from the Philippines)
 * Atteva basalis - Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1863 (from the Moluccas)
 * Atteva charopis - Turner, 1903 (from Australia)
 * Atteva chionosticta - Durrant, 1916 (from Dutch New Guinea)
 * Atteva conspicua - Walsingham, 1900 (from Moluccas/Papua New Guinea)
 * Atteva cosmogona - Meyrick, 1931 (from Brazil)
 * Atteva cuprina - Felder, 1875 (from Moluccas/Celebes)
 * Atteva emissella - Walker, 1863 (from Sarawak/Borneo)
 * Atteva fabricella - Wallengren, 1861 from India/Borneo)
 * Atteva fabriciella - Swederus, 1787
 * Atteva flavivitta - Walker, 1866 (from Colombia)
 * Atteva floridana - (Neumoegen) (from Florida)
 * Atteva fulviguttata - Zeller, 1873 (from the Antilles)
 * Atteva gemmata - Grote, 1873 (from Cuba)
 * Atteva heliodoxa - Meyrick, 1910
 * Atteva hesychina - Turner, 1923 (from Australia)
 * Atteva holenopla - Diakonoff, 1967 (from Luzon, Philippines)
 * Atteva hysginiella - Wallengren, 1861 (from Galapagos)
 * Atteva impariguttata - Zeller, 1877 (from Sri Lanka)
 * Atteva impunctella - Ritsema, 1875 (from Ternate/Moluccas)
 * Atteva intermedia - Becker, 2009 (from Antigua)
 * Atteva iris - Felder, 1875 (from Moluccas)
 * Atteva mathewi - Butler, 1887 (from New Hebrides)
 * Atteva megalastra - Meyrick, 1907 (from Australia)
 * Atteva modesta - Snellen, 1901
 * Atteva monerythra - Meyrick, 1926 (from Galapagos)
 * Atteva monoplanetis - Meyrick, 1910 (from Bismarck archipelago)
 * Atteva niphocosma - Turner, 1903 (from Australia)
 * Atteva niveigutta - Walker, 1854 (Sylhet, Bangladesh)
 * Atteva numeratrix - Meyrick, 1930 (from Brazil)
 * Atteva pastulella - Fabricius, 1787
 * Atteva porphyris - Meyrick, 1907 (from the Salomon islands)
 * Atteva pulchella - Moore, 1888
 * Atteva pustulella - Fabricius, 1794 (neotropics)
 * Atteva pyrothorax - Meyrick, 1928
 * Atteva rawlinsi - Becker, 2009 (from the Dominican Republic)
 * Atteva rex - Butler, 1887 (from Salomon islands)
 * Atteva sciodoxa - Meyrick, 1908 (from Burma/Borneo)
 * Atteva scolecias - Meyrick, 1928 (from the Philippines)
 * Atteva siderea - Walsingham, 1891 (from the Dominican Republic)
 * Atteva sidereoides - Becker, 2009 (from Jamaica)
 * Atteva sphaerodoxa - Meyrick, 1918 (from New Guinea)
 * Atteva sphaerotrocha - Meyrick, 1936 (from New Caledonia)
 * Atteva subaurata - Durrant, 1900 (from Sikkim and Assam)
 * Atteva teratias - Meyrick, 1907 (Woodlark Isl./Papua New Guinea)
 * Atteva triplex - Diakonoff, 1967 (from the Philippines)
 * Atteva wallengreni - Sohn & Wu, 2013 (from China, Thailand, Vietnam)
 * Atteva yanguifella - Sohn & Wu, 2013 (from China)
 * Atteva zebra - Duckworth, 1967 (from Panama)
 * Atteva zebrina - Becker, 2009 (from Brazil)

Former species

 * Atteva brucea - Moore, 1859 (synonym of Atteva fabriciella)
 * Atteva carteri - Walsingham, 1891 (from Gambia - synonym of Syncallia stellata Guérin-Méneville, 1844
 * Atteva niviguttella - Walker, 1863 (synonym of Atteva fabriciella)

title: Atteva


text:
Talk:Leandro (footballer, born 1959)

Untitled
My expertise is not in this area, but I'm guessing this guy is the same as Leonardo Nascimento de Araujo? If so, make the redirect. The JPS 23:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * They are not the same. --DR31 (talk) 23:14, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Moved from article
Only in Brazil could a right back be as flamboyant as Leandro. In 1982, he was the star-studded Brazilian team's unsung hero, a secret weapon capable of delivering decisive crosses to the forwards, or indeed taking a pop himself. He also had an ability to dribble past players and probably covered more ground than any other player in the team - he could often be found in the outside left position, yet would get back to defence when needed. A principled man, he refused to go to Mexico after a disagreement with the coach Santana. Their loss.

In my opinion, the above edit by 62.69.57.130 contains POV issues substantial enough to remove this from the article.

If someone more familiar with the subject matter can add to and rewrite the above in a way that feels less like a "glowing review" of the person and more like a factual account, then feel free to do so.

--BinaryTed 18:08, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leandro (footballer, born 1959)


text:
Saltator

Saltator is a genus of passerine birds in the tanager family Thraupidae that are found in Central and South America. They have thick bills, relatively long tails and strong legs and feet. Before the introduction of molecular genetic methods in the 21st century these species were placed in the cardinal family Cardinalidae.

Taxonomy
The genus was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816 with the buff-throated saltator as the type species. The name is from the Latin saltator, saltatoris meaning "dancer".

The saltators were traditionally grouped with the cardinals, either in the subfamily Cardinalinae within an expanded Emberizidae or in a separate family Cardinalidae. Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the saltators are embedded within the tanager family Thraupidae. Within the Thraupidae the genus Saltator is now placed with the genus Saltatricula in the subfamily Saltatorinae. The relationship of the subfamily to the other subfamilies within the Thraupidae is uncertain.

Species
The genus contains 16 species:

The rufous-bellied mountain saltator was formerly a member of this genus. It is now placed in the subfamily Thraupinae and is the only member of the genus Pseudosaltator. Its common name has been changed to rufous-bellied mountain tanager. The black-throated saltator was also formerly assigned to this genus. It is now placed together with the many-colored Chaco finch in the genus Saltatricula as the two species form a divergent clade that is sister to the other members of Saltator.

title: Saltator