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Lord William Russell

Lord William Russell (20 August 1767 – 5 May 1840) was a member of the British aristocratic Russell family and longtime Member of Parliament. He did little to attract public attention after the end of his political career until, in 1840, he was murdered in his sleep by his valet.

Life
Russell was the posthumous child of Francis Russell, Marquess of Tavistock, eldest son of John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford. He was the youngest brother of Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford, and John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford, and uncle of Francis Russell, 7th Duke of Bedford.

Russell married Lady Charlotte Villiers, eldest daughter of George Bussy Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey, on 11 July 1789; they had seven children. Lady Charlotte died in 1808. As was mentioned in evidence at the trial of his murderer, Russell had a locket containing some of his wife's hair, which he valued greatly.

The Times, reporting on proceedings where Russell's eligibility to register as a voter in Middlesex and Surrey was challenged in 1836, included the information that he spent much time abroad, living in hotels when in England. However, by 1840 Lord William was residing in the London house where he was murdered.

Political career
As with many members of the Russell family, notably his nephew the future Prime Minister Lord John Russell (who was Colonial Secretary at the time of the murder), Lord William was a Whig politician.

Russell represented the county of Surrey in the House of Commons from 1789 until he was defeated in the 1807 election. Russell held junior ministerial office in the Ministry of all the Talents, being appointed a Lord of the Admiralty in 1806 and retaining the post until the fall of the ministry in 1807.

Russell, taking advantage of the fact that different constituencies polled on different dates, remained in Parliament by being elected for the Russell family pocket borough of Tavistock. He represented that constituency from 1807 until he stood down in 1819, and again from 1826 until he retired from Parliament in 1831.

During a brief stay in Venice, Italy in 1821, Russell studied at the San Lazzaro degli Armeni.

Lord William continued to support the Whig Party after he left the legislature. The Times reported in 1837 that few Whigs supported the government at the Great Middlesex Meeting, "inasmuch as not a man of them, barring the young Lord who had taken the chair, and his aged uncle Lord William Russell, ever showed fight at all".

Murder and investigation
On the morning of 6 May 1840, Russell's housemaid, Sarah Mancer, discovered the lower floors of the house in Norfolk Street (now called Dunraven Street) in disarray. Fearing that a robbery had taken place in the night, she went to the room of the Swiss valet, François Benjamin Courvoisier, and found him already dressed. Upon seeing the state of the house, he agreed that a robbery must have occurred; Courvoisier and Mancer then went to Russell's bedchamber, where Courvoisier immediately began to open the shutters, as he always did. Thus it was Mancer who first noticed that Russell was dead; his throat had been cut. The police were summoned; Courvoisier drew their attention to marks of violence upon the door to his pantry, asserting that this was where the robbers had entered the house.

A provincial doctor, Robert Blake Overton, wrote to Scotland Yard suggesting checking for fingerprints but the suggestion, though followed up, did not lead to routine use of fingerprinting by the police for another 50 years.

The police, however, came quickly to the conclusion that the "robbery" had been staged in order to draw suspicion away from some member of the household. Numerous small gold and silver articles, as well as a ten-pound banknote, were found to be missing; some of the articles were soon discovered wrapped in a parcel inside the house, which was curious – a thief would have carried them off straightaway rather than leave them behind. The discovery of several more gold articles, as well as the banknote, hidden in the wainscoting and in Courvoisier's pantry cemented their suspicion of the valet. Additionally, a screwdriver in his possession was found to match the marks on the pantry door as well as marks left by the forcing of the silverware drawer.

Courvoisier was put on trial, but the question was whether his guilt could be conclusively proven. His counsel, Charles Phillips, was doing well on the paucity of evidence, such as the lack of blood on Courvoisier's clothes, unusual in a cut-throat murder. Phillips was supposed by some to be hinting at the guilt of a maidservant in the house, when an inventory indicated that several further items of silverware were missing, and silver matching their description was located in a French hotel in Leicester Square. Samuel Warren defended Phillips against the charge he had ever imputed guilt to any woman in the house, in his 1855 book, The Mystery of Murder, and its Defence.

This report was conveyed to Courvoisier by his barrister, and he immediately confessed to both the thefts and the murder. Phillips asked his client if he now planned to change his plea from not guilty to guilty. Courvoisier insisted on maintaining the not guilty plea, and said he expected Phillips to continue the defence on that basis. The legal interest in the case arises from Phillips' approach to the judge for guidance. He was forcefully told he could not ask for such advice, so he continued the defence, knowing that his client was guilty. It led to considerable public criticism of Phillips after the trial, some papers saying he had tried to fix the blame on the maid, although the transcript shows he had specifically disclaimed making any such imputation during the trial. He did expose the fact that a policeman had planted a pair of bloody gloves in the defendant's things.

It emerged in Courvoisier's confession that Russell had discovered his silverware thefts and ordered Courvoisier to resign from the household. Rather than lose his position, Courvoisier decided to conceal the matter by murdering Russell. The lack of blood on Courvoisier's clothes was then explained; he had committed the crime while naked.

Courvoisier had reportedly read William Harrison Ainsworth's novel Jack Sheppard in the days leading up to the crime, and several news reports implied that the novel's glorification of criminal life had led him to commit the murder. However, this avenue was not pursued in Courvoisier's court defence.

Courvoisier was publicly hanged outside Newgate Prison on 6 July 1840. Charles Dickens was among the estimated crowd of 40,000 who attended. Also present was the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray, who subsequently wrote an anti-capital punishment essay, On Going to See a Man Hanged. He wrote, "I came away that morning with a disgust for murder, but it was for the murder I saw done ... I feel myself shamed and degraded at the brutal curiosity that took me to that spot." Soon afterwards the murder scene was portrayed in a peep-show at a travelling fair.

title: Lord William Russell


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Talk:List of Paranoia Agent characters

Multiple Entendre?
If the first name of Tsukiko is a play on the term "Lunacy" and her last name means bird, is it possible that this is in fact a joke about the slang phrase "loony bird"?
 * Entirely possible. I hadn't thought of that angle.--Mitsukai 00:18, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * How is Tsukiko a pun on lunacy? No matter how I say the name, I don't hear it. --Frungi 4 July 2005 03:18 (UTC)
 * It's more of a play on words than a pun due to the cross-language joke involved (see directly above for that answer). That may have to be corrected in the text.--Mitsukai 4 July 2005 03:19 (UTC)
 * But where do you get the first part of the joke (Tsukiko ≈ lunacy)? --Frungi 4 July 2005 16:14 (UTC)
 * Tsuki-ko, "moon child", but also "little moon". In some languages, "little moon" is the term for lunacy.--Mitsukai 4 July 2005 18:59 (UTC)
 * Should the article be changed to say that? It currently says the name may be a pun on the English word. --Frungi 4 July 2005 19:28 (UTC)
 * "Lunacy" is one of those words that is tied into the "little moon" or "moon" bits, so it is valid to say lunacy. We could probably reword it to say that it's a "play on words such as lunacy", but I don't think it needs to go that far.  If you want to change it, feel free to.  That's what we're here for, after all. ^_^--Mitsukai 5 July 2005 00:44 (UTC)

What was his name!?
In the minor characters section, I want to add the guy who was Tsukiko's Chief for the M & F company. You know, black T shirt, sort of husky build but he sort of has a somewhat feminine way of moving. Has the voice of a suck up sort of..but I can't remember his name. I just skimmed through the entire series quickly to see if I could find it but I couldn't. I can't see his name clearly mentioned in any cast lists either, did he even have a name? I think he'd be a valid addition to the Minor characters section.

He dies in the Radar Man episode, and his name can be read in his funeral picture. I don't know how to read kanjis, and his name is never mentioned directly in the episode. Loborojo

 * His (last) name was Hatamura. That's what he answers the phone as in the first episode. Someone who can read kanji can figure out his first name, like you said. I'm adding him to the list of minor characters. Honestly, I don't know why anyone else hasn't, since he was in three of the thirteen episodes (episodes one, two, and twelve). Monsieurxander

Originally I was going to add this to the Paranoia Agent's main page but I felt it would make it too long, so I decided to make it a sub section.

I always felt this series was extremely well done, and felt it deserved a little more of an entry. Espeically seeing as how its now being shown on TV, many will eventually begin to analyze the series.

I made some pages for individual characters not too long ago, but they weren't too popular and too full of speculation rather than facts. So rather than continue on with that mess I thought I'd try to challenge myself to make a more focused entry merely giving a short summary to each character. I'm rather new to making entry's at Wikipedia so I'm very open to suggestions, and ofcourse additional information is more than welcome to be added at anyone's leisure.
 * I would recommend breaking it into three sections, main character (if they play a significant role in the series. I'm assuming that Tsukiko, Little Slugger, Ikari and Maromi are the four that meet the bill), significant characters (other characters who play a large role in the anime but are not vital to the outcome) or minor (if they play a minor or superficial role, such as Prof. Ryu or the otaku).  Since I'm watching the series as it airs on Adult Swim, someone who has already seen the whole series might be better at determining who is and who is not a major character.--Mitsukai 19:12, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. As your watching it for the first time I don't want to give away absolutely everything, although you've probably accidentally been spoiled by much already. (Sorry. ^^;) The thing is, is that almost every episode has a different "main" set of characters, while the Detectives, Tsukiko etc are all more along the lines of recurring characters. Their role as an actual spotlighted character only happens during certain episodes, so I thought it'd be best to maybe put them in the order of which they appear. Although I will consider it once more of the series is shown on Television. Ofcourse, its always open for someone else to do the same thing, but I personally think it works really well the way it is right now. I also decided to exclude the minor characters, as most of the bigger characters I feel deserve a somewhat in depth paragraph as Kon's really done a great job of building their character's, even if they only appear for an episode at a time. Thank you for your suggestion. :3
 * I see a minor character section was added. On second thought, perhaps splitting the recurring characters to the episodic characters could work. Let me give it a shot and see how it works
 * Switched Misae and Radar Man to main recurring characters. Both are heavily featured in three episodes, are in the opening credits, and contribute QUITE A LOT to the overall storyline (much more than the Old Woman, who is also in the main recurring character category). 130.18.33.135Monsieurxander

Real villain?
I found out that after her dog died, Tsukiko Sagi "created" Makoto Kozuka's alter ego and clone as a mental scapegoat. Because of this reason, i suspect that she not only the protagonist, but is also the real main villain of the story. -- Ed Telerionus 17:53, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

I believe that the real villain of the story is Maromi. She inhibits Tsukiko's ability to come to terms with her past.Douko (talk) 03:12, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Why a separate page?
Why isn't this part of Paranoia Agent as a section? A single, 13-episode animated series doesn't seem to me to be worth splitting out a separate page just for character listings. Still, there's some good work here, and it should be preserved. -Harmil 30 June 2005 19:28 (UTC)
 * I believe it was created in an proactive attempt to adhere to the 30K limit guideline for Wikipedia pages. As the series gets more airing in the US, there's going to be multiple layers added to the main PA page and that one is going to grow rather quickly, thus necessitating breakoffs; this likely would be the first section to be broken off due to its present size as is.  A bit forward thinking, admittedly, but as you metioned, worth preserving.--Mitsukai 1 July 2005 13:34 (UTC)
 * Yes thats pretty much it. This series has a really diverse and complex cast as well as a number of things that could go over a lot of people's heads such as symbolism and story relevance. But rather than make the main page nearly unvewable due to the length we opted to make it a new page.--Kiyosuki 14:15, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

About Taeko . ..
I only saw the dubbed version on television, but didn't she discover the photos from the hidden camera in the "trash" on her father's profile, not the Internet?

No, she found them next to the trash can on the desktop. It seems her father was going to delete the files, but when he dragged them to the trash can, he missed and lefted them on the desktop. Then she found them after changing the background.

but, to ask the reaaly dark question, was it ever definitively revealed that he was selling the pics? the "YOU HAVE TO CALL ME DADDY!!!" bit with the whore was a particularly strong indicator that the pics weren't for business alone.

Thank you; that was totally what I meant. Also, it wasn't just the whore; it was the little girl at the house he was robbing just before he caught "Little Slugger." -HurriSbezu

The nature of his need for Taeko's pictures is very cojunctural. He could of been selling them for money...which would go with his overall money grubber ambitions. However, he also did seem to have some very interesting sexual fetishes...there's really no way to tell for certain. Its pretty disturbing either way however. --Kiyosuki 14:17, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Zebra, Fuyubachi, and Kamome
Me and an acquantence looked into some things, and we discoveredvarious details, such as the earliest point where they could have died and the latest point where they could have died. However, there are disputes:

 * Did they all die at the same time?
 * Zebra - It is assumed that he died after taking all the pills and inhaling the smoke
 * Fuyubachi - It is speculated that he may have died on the train, where he appeared dead
 * Kamome - It is speculated that she died before Zebra

 * Shadows
 * Shadows appear on the characters at several points, so this could be interpeted as them living, or it could be interpreted that the shadows appear on them because they have some connection to the mortal realm. They do, indeed, change clothing; and do not cast shadows outside of on themselves.

 * Ravens (crows?)
 * What do they symbolize in this episode? They appear at the bench, where they were discussing how to die, and then later when Fuyubachi discovers that they died.

 * Train victim
 * It appears that Zebra was the only one that saw him, so it raises questions of if the other two could see him. Were they dead at the time? Does the old man die on the train, and does the young girl die after they fail at hanging themselves?

Comments would be nice. -- A Link to the Past 08:27, July 17, 2005 (UTC)

A common mythological theme is that crows escort the souls of the dead to the afterlife, so crows are often used symbolically to represent the transition of the spirit to the world of the afterlife. Kamome is dead by the time she makes the second phone-call (to enter the sealed room she had to have passed through the wall, expecially as suddenly and eerily as she did. She did not want to be alone, and therefore at her death she went to meet her friends in the afterlife). Both Zebra and Fuyubachi -must- be dead after inhaling the toxic poison and swallowing all the pills, as evident by the fact neither Zebra or Fuyabachi cast shadows on the ground in any other scenes. Look closely in the train station, all three of the characters are the only characters (aside from the ghost of the man who threw himself in front of the train) who have no shadows while everyone else standing around in the station has a shadow beneath them.

 * If you watch closely as they set up the hibachi and seal the room, Kamome is hiding in the background, so she probably just wanted to hide to surprise them. This can, obviously, be intrepreted as her already being a ghost, but Zebra and Fuyubachi not being able to see or talk to her until after they have both also died--Author X 03:03, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually they all died at the same time when the bulldozer knocks down the wall of the building they are in. Kamome is not yet dead and does not walk through the wall. She can be seen looking through the window before Fuyubachi tapes it up to make an airtight seal. Even a child can remove plastic and tape from the window. Another point is if you look closely when Zebra an Fuyubachi run away from her after they first meet in person all three of them have shadows and just after the scene at the building when the three of them walk together and a cyclist passes them you can see none of them have a shadow anymore. -- SiegfriedStaufen 11:28, 23 Januari 2012 (UTC)

As for the internet chat room scenes, they are flashbacks of conversations the characters had online before the meeting in the park.

Now, the only inconsistency I see in the anime is that Fuyubachi swallowed his last painkiller from his botte in the beginning of the episode before he died (he had a shadow before the abandoned building scene) yet his pill has mysteriously returned again at the end of the episode; which is the pivotal point where he realizes he and the others are dead. The only way that could happen is if he was already dead before he ever set out to meet the others in the park, which is a definite plothole in the story. However, it -could- be explained that he was already dead and his shadow was merely a goof on part of the production team and much of his horror at the end is realizing that he was dead and his actions had caused the death of both Zebra and Kamome.

I don't think that the pill is that big of a plothole. he also feels that Zebra's hand is warm, which makes no sense either. i think that he just imagines that the pill is still there, and as they are no longer bound by the physical realm, this makes it so. this "lack of limitation" is also illustrated by their walk at the end of the episode, when as a truck drives by, they all suddenly change location. also, Zebra's the only one who sees the guy on the train because he's farther back than the other two, so he was close enough to notice. Kamome was freaked out by the jumper and Fuyubachi was attending to her. Zebra wasn't doing much of anything, and thusly noticed the other ghost.

There is another legend about dying where you always start the next day just like you started the previous day. So Fuyubashi will always have one pill, and the contents of the backpack. Also, they make a comment about the grim reaper being to busy to collect the souls. This is important because it explains why they have not been collected from the mortal realm. They say this after they are already dead. On another note, are we sure he is named Fuyubashi, and not Fuyuhashi? Fuyuhashi translates to "Winter Bee" but Fuyubashi doen't translate to anything significant. This would also play into the prophecy.

episode 3
The beginning of episode 3 was a litte disturbing... does anyone else agree??

Psychology
It is obvious that this show deals extensively with human psychology...It seems as though each of the victims has some sort of psychological disorder or condition (e.g. Yuichi-superiority complex, Harumi-Multiple Personalities, Tsukiko-mental and emotional divergence, etc.) It might be appropriate to include a brief psychoanalysis with each character...This might go a long way towards bringing new perspective into this discussion. I hope that someone with a fair knowledge of psychology will be able to make the appropriate edits. Dave 01:45, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Ages?
Should the information about the characters' known ages be included? e.g I was watching the Radar Man episode and it's revealed that Tsukiko's age is 22. She was 12 years old when the first "Lil Slugger" incident happened, and it was "10 years ago" as stated by the Meganecco doll. Loborojo

Shogo vs Yuichi
It is clear that these two characters were constructed as foils for each other. Even though there is evidence that the director is critical of Yuichi, I have to question the extent of this from what was shown in the anime. I think saying this about him is a bit inaccurate "[he] is really a vain, spoiled brat whose ego has been so overfilled with delusions of popularity and self-indulgence that it has made his mind weak, inflexible and delicate." Besides the unncecessary harshness of this statement, I can't help but question the accuracy of it. For example, was his concept of his own popularity delusional? I don't believe it was. I believe we were led to believe that he was in fact the most popular kid in school so I would believe that his sense of his popularity may not be humble but it certainly wasn't delusional. He certainly does seem vain especially with the numerous teeth shots and his opinion of Shogo, but exactly how spoiled is he? I didn't notice any signs of him being spoiled. His lonely birthday party was not extravagant as I would expect from a kid who is spoiled. His room and home looked typical and in no way suggested wealth or indulgence. Also, is he a brat? a brat is "A child, especially a spoiled or ill-mannered one" yet Yuichi is not spoiled and he doesn't lack manners. He cooperates with the police. Despite his mind breaking down, he was actually rather well behaved. He is clearly not a brat.
 * He was certainly mean and ill-mannered when he smugly accused Shogo and started pushing him around (when the photos were secretly taken). Brats often act nice around authority figures (like the police) just so they can more easily be mean to their peers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.191.169.132 (talk) 20:24, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Also, it is further suggested that vain self-indulgence and egotism is the reason that lil slugger attacked him. However, lil slugger also attacked Shogo. There is no explanation for this though. If these two characters are to be fairly treated as opposites, then this means that the director was in part critical of both of them. If Yuichi was too vain and egocentric, then Shogo was too submissive and allowed others to walk over him. We are meant to like Shogo for his honesty and kindness, however, he himself was actively trying stop being so passive. If Yuichi's crime was that his ego was gigantic, then Shogo's crime was his inefficacy. Furthermore, wasn't Yuichi treated as a victim throughout all of this? It is true that we see him undergo a mental breakdown and experiencing paranoia. However, we never seen any behavior of his that would require punishment such as this. In fact, the most criticism that could be leveled against Yuichi would be on what he was like before lil slugger but we saw next to none of this except for a few Toothpaste commercial inspired shots. Also, we are definitely meant to like his mother and Harumi who are both very fond of him. Even the likeable Shogo is friendly towards him. Shogo's defending of Yuichi in class against him as lil slugger can be explained as him doing the right thing as the character we like. However, later in the episode, after Yuichi had bullied Shogo, they were walking together as if friends. Clearly, Shogo doesn't think of Yuichi as a bad person despite his behavior towards him. In all of these ways, Yuichi is clearly being presented as an unwarranted victim rather than a villain being punished. I think that the way everything is paralleled between Yuichi and Shogo suggests that the director wasn't exactly critical of either of them but instead of the environment they were in at school with the peer pressure. It seems to make more sense that they were both victims of the current school system and it was lil slugger who released them from it. 159.242.10.215 20:36, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge
These character articles do not have any notabiliity and per Wikipedia policies do not qualify for independant articles. They should be merged into this article. --Kraftlos (talk) 10:15, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Agree... It looks as if all of the articles on the merge list were redirected in October 2008 to Paranoia Agent. Because of this, I'm going to remove the {Mergefrom-multiple} template. The text is still in the history of each article if anyone can be bothered to move it here. David Bailey (talk) 22:48, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Should anyone want to retrieve the additional text, please see:

 * Shougo Ushiyama
 * Mitsuhiro Maniwa
 * Misae Ikari
 * Tsukiko Sagi
 * Maromi
 * Lil' Slugger

David Bailey (talk) 22:51, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

mysterious old man = atomic bomb survivor?
I always thought that he was Hibakusha. Tinyboy21 (talk) 02:56, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Paranoia Agent characters


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Itapema

Itapema is a city in Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Colonization
The Azoreans already in the communities of São Miguel and Santo Antônio were responsible for the settlement of the bay of Porto Belo, where they helped found the parish of Porto Belo on December 18, 1824, later transformed into a village on October 13, 1832. The descendants of these immigrants, in the early 19th Century, populated the region of Itapema, giving its first administrative structure, on December 30, 1914, with the creation of its Police District.

It is known that in 1852, it was assumed that some 980 Portuguese and Azorean descendants already lived in areas of the current municipality of Itapema. This figure refers to the number of 51 mills of cassava flour and sugar. It was very common for families to have both types of mills.

Demographic growth until the mid-nineteenth century was slow. From the end of this century, Itapema receives immigrants of German, Italian, and Spanish origin who soon end up merging with the population of Azorean origin. These other people exercise little local cultural influence, since the festivities, such as the feast of the patroness - Our Lady of the Navigators - besides the games, such as Farra do Boi, Boi-de-Mamão and Cantorias do Terno-de-Reis and festivals of the Divine were brought and maintained by the Azoreans.

Names
The first denomination of Itapema was Vila de Santo Antônio de Lisboa or Tapera, a term that was related to the model of their dwellings. Its economy was based on subsistence, fishing on the coast, besides the planting of cassava and the production of flour, allied to the culture of other products such as corn, beans, coffee, rice, and watermelon.

Evolution
During the district phase, Itapema was incorporated in the city of Camboriú, from 1923 to 1925. With the population growth in the first half of the twentieth century, as well as economic importance, Itapema falls within the conditions to be considered a municipality in 1962. On January 31 of that same year, the first mayor elected in Itapema, Olegário Bernardes, was elected.

Since the 1980s, there has been significant growth in the country's housing sector. In line with what happens on a national scale, Itapema also presents an expansion of this sector, resulting in significant changes in the local landscape, linked to an acceleration of tourist flows, placing the municipality in the spotlight in the Santa Catarina scenario.

Geography
Itapema can be accessed from highway BR-101 and it is surrounded by a rocky coastline. It's located on the north-central coast of Santa Catarina state. The city has waterfalls and hills. The vegetation is composed of restinga and Atlantic forests.

Buildings
Five hundred thousand square meters of civil construction projects were built in Itapema between 2003 and 2005.

Tourism
Itapema is the third most popular tourist destination in Santa Catarina. The beaches are the biggest tourist attraction and the Meia Praia, or Middle Beach of Itapema, is the longest. Itapema has six beaches: Canto da Praia, Costão, Meia Praia, Ilhota, Central and Praia Grossa.

Known as the Ultralight Capital, Itapema has annually the Ultralight Encounter held in the city, the event is a success and attracts thousands of aviation fans. The Pilots Association of Itapema prepares several surprises for the day of the meeting, such as radical maneuvers, aircraft exhibitions, flight raffles, acrobatics, parachuting, aeromodelling, and flying over the city, among other attractions.

title: Itapema


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Talk:Casandra

aww its a present its a suprise i wanted 2 show her when she gets on-line but now its gonna be destroyed b4 she gets on :'(

title: Talk:Casandra


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Blue Hussars

The Blue Hussars, known officially as the Mounted Escort, was a ceremonial cavalry unit of the Irish Army established in 1932. It escorted the President of Ireland on state occasions, most famously to and from presidential inaugurations between 1938, when the first President assumed office, and 1948, when the Escort was disbanded.

Newsreel footage from 1934 shows the Blue Hussars escorting the remains of the U.S. Diplomatic Representative to the Free State.

The name Blue Hussars is sometimes also used to refer to their successors, the motorcycle unit (2 Cavalry Squadron) of the Cavalry Corps that has provided presidential escorts since 1948.

Origins
In 1931, it was decided to provide a mounted escort for state and ceremonial functions. This escort first appeared in public in 1932 to form a guard of honour for the Papal Legate visiting the Irish Free State for the 1932 Eucharistic Congress. They were used subsequently to provide an escort for the President of the Executive Council (prime minister).

Uniforms
A uniform was originally designed by a committee that included Irish artist Seán Keating, consisting of a saffron léine (a form of tunic) with six rows of black braid and black cuffs, a blue brat (a fringed medieval shawl/cloak), tight pantaloons and a black Balmoral cap with saffron feather. For reasons that remain unknown, the original designs for the uniforms were not adopted.

The uniform design finally selected and produced for the unit consisted of tunic and breeches colored a rich sapphire blue (officially alizarine sapphire) with gold frogging and lace of the near-standard international hussar pattern and black sealskin busbies with orange-yellow plumes.

Contemporary rumour suggested (incorrectly) that these distinctive hussar-style uniforms, which gave the unit its nickname, had been found in a cupboard in Dublin Castle in 1932 and dated back to British rule in Ireland. The story was that, rather than discard them, the uniforms were used to dress the army unit escorting the legate. However, while the designs of the uniforms used were based upon British uniforms, files in the National Archives of Ireland show that £2,165 was spent purchasing the seventy uniforms used by the escort. The basic pattern was identical to that of the 8th (King's Royal Irish) Hussars, but the bright blue colour differed from the dark blue of British hussar regiments.

Soldiers in the escort
The Mounted Escort had a total of eighty horses. The escort formation consisted of an advance guard of two, a single connecting file, two flanking riders, and two troops of thirty.

The bulk of the personnel comprising the Mounted Escort were from the Artillery Corps, which during the 1930s was the only part of the Irish Defence Forces employing horses in any numbers. The Escort was not embodied permanently but was brought together for public duties and rehearsals as required. In addition to ceremonial duties, the Escort performed at horse shows and gymkhanas.

Presidential escort
The creation of the Presidency of Ireland in December 1937 resulted in a decision to use the Blue Hussars exclusively for Presidential ceremonial. Most notably, they escorted President Seán T. O'Kelly, who travelled to the 1945 inauguration in the late Queen Alexandra's horse-drawn landau, the first (and only) time when a president went to his or her inauguration in a horse-drawn carriage rather than a car.

In 1947, however, after a carriage incident at the Dublin Horse Show at the Royal Dublin Society (RDS), the government of Éamon de Valera decided to abandon the use of carriages for Irish presidents. The next year the First Inter-Party Government decided to disband the Mounted Escort also, even though between 1938 and 1945 the Escort had escorted presidents as they travelled by car. The Minister for Defence argued that motorcycles would be "more impressive" than Irish horses.

Patrick McGilligan, the Minister for Finance who advocated successfully for their abolition, defended his action in Seanad Éireann by saying

"I feel no great shame in having helped to get rid of the cavalry escort. Senator Quirke and other Senators may like to know that it was not any antagonism to horses that caused that escort to be dispensed with. I was in Government when the escort was first established. I found to my amazement and horror that some of the uniforms that the first cavalry escort were dressed in were still in existence. It was a question of uniforms having to be remade. It was a question whether it was wise in these days to start to bring out these 'Blue Hussars' again, as they were called, or whether we would not become more modern and go in for the motor-cyclist and his peculiar uniform. The change was made. I think it is a good change.''"

Within the Irish Army, their disbanding was blamed on a lack of suitable horses, a claim critics ridiculed given that Ireland was and is famed for its horses. This has the current result that, while crossbred Irish Draught and Thoroughbred horses are the mounts used by the British Household Cavalry for state and royal occasions, the Republic of Ireland imports motorcycles to fulfill that role in its own ceremonial.

Though the Blue Hussars were officially disbanded in 1948, 2 Cavalry Squadron was assigned their role and for a time was equipped with blue Honda motorcycles in honour of their predecessors. Due to this association, the unit was occasionally nicknamed the Blue Hussars.

title: Blue Hussars


text:
Jim Konstanty

Casimir James Konstanty (March 2, 1917 – June 11, 1976) was an American relief pitcher in Major League Baseball and National League Most Valuable Player of. He played for the Cincinnati Reds (1944), Boston Braves (1946), Philadelphia Phillies (1948–1954), New York Yankees (1954–1956) and St. Louis Cardinals (1956). Konstanty batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 ft tall and weighed 202 lb.

Early life
Originally from the New York hamlet of Strykersville, he was the son of a farmer. Konstanty starred in sports in high school in Arcade, New York, and also at Syracuse University, where he earned a bachelor of science degree. He was a member of the university basketball team from 1936 to 1939. Konstanty was a physical education teacher in Saint Regis Falls, New York, before becoming a professional baseball player. He pitched in semi-pro leagues for the Malone Maroons and the Massena Alcos (sponsored by the Aluminum Company of America) in 1940 and 1941. In one game he struck out 11 batters while playing for Massena.

Career
Konstanty began his pro career in 1941 at age 24. He pitched briefly with the Cincinnati Reds in and Boston Braves in, while spending 1945 performing United States Navy service. Then he spent three seasons in the minors until, when the Phillies called him up. He became a relief specialist who employed a slider and a change-up with great effectiveness.

In 1950, when the Phils "Whiz Kids" won the National League pennant, Konstanty was named the Most Valuable Player; to date, he is the only National League relief pitcher to achieve such an honor. He appeared in 74 games (then a major league record), winning 16 games with a National League leading 22 saves. He made the NL All-Star team and received the AP Athlete of the Year and the TSN Pitcher of the Year awards. In a surprise move, he was named to start Game 1 of the 1950 World Series against the New York Yankees. Konstanty gave up only four hits in eight innings but lost 1–0, his efforts outdone by Vic Raschi's two-hit shutout.

Konstanty lost some of his effectiveness after his spectacular 1950 season and was sent to the Yankees in the midseason of. He played two seasons in New York, half a season for the St. Louis Cardinals, and a few games for the San Francisco Seals before retiring in 1957. In his 11-season career, Konstanty posted a 66–48 record with 74 saves and a 3.46 ERA in 433 games. In 945 $2⁄3$ innings pitched, he struck out 268 and allowed 957 hits and 269 bases on balls. In his 36 games started, he amassed 14 complete games and two shutouts.

Post-playing career
Konstanty lived in Worcester, New York. He opened a sporting goods store in Oneonta, New York in 1948, and he would operate that store until 1973. He served as a minor-league pitching coach for the St. Louis Cardinals. From 1968 to 1972 he was the director of athletics at Hartwick College in Oneonta, New York. He lived in Worcester until his death at the age of 59.

In 2008, Casimir (Jim) Konstanty was elected into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame.

title: Jim Konstanty


text:
Sayn

Sayn was a small German county of the Holy Roman Empire which, during the Middle Ages, existed within what is today Rheinland-Pfalz.

There have been two Counties of Sayn. The first emerged in 1139 and became closely associated with the County of Sponheim early in its existence. Count Henry II was notable for being accused of satanic orgies by the Church's German Grand Inquisitor, Conrad von Marburg, in 1233. Henry was acquitted by an assembly of bishops in Mainz, but Conrad refused to accept the verdict and left Mainz. It is unknown whether it was Henry's Knights who killed Conrad on his return to Thuringia, but investigation was foregone due to the cruelty of Conrad, despite Pope Gregory IX ordering his murderers to be punished. With the death of Henry in 1246, the County passed to the Counts of Sponheim-Eberstein and thence to Sponheim-Sayn in 1261.

The second County of Sayn emerged as a partition of Sponheim-Sayn in 1283 (the other partition being Sayn-Homburg). It was notable for its numerous co-reigns, and it endured until 1608 when it was inherited by the Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn. A lack of clear heirs of William III of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn led to the temporary annexation of the comital territories by the Archbishop of Cologne until the succession was decided. In 1648 following the Thirty Years' War, the County was divided between Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn-Altenkirchen and Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hachenburg.

Counts of Sayn (1139–1246)

 * Eberhard I (1139–76)
 * Henry I/II (1176–1203) with…
 * Eberhard II (1176–1202) with…
 * Henry II/III (1202–46)
 * Godfrey II/III, Count of Sponheim (Regent, 1181–1220)
 * John I, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg (Regent, 1226–1246)
 * Mechtilde (fl. 1278-1282)

Counts of Sayn (1283–1608)

 * John I (1283–1324)
 * John II (1324–59)
 * John III (1359–1403)
 * Gerard I (1403–19)
 * Theodore (1419–52)
 * Gerard II (1452–93)
 * Gerard III (1493–1506) with…
 * Sebastian I (1493–98) with…
 * John IV (1498–1529)
 * John V (1529–60) with…
 * Sebastian II (1529–73) with…
 * Adolph (1560–68) with…
 * Henry IV (1560–1606) with…
 * Herman (1560–71)
 * Anna Elizabeth (1606–08)

title: Sayn


text:
Žarkovo

Žarkovo (Жарково, ) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Čukarica.

Location and divisions
Žarkovo (Greater Žarkovo) is one of the most populous single neighborhoods of Belgrade. As such, it is divided in several sub-neighborhoods, which were built as Žarkovo's extensions: Julino Brdo and Repište to the north, Cerak-Cerak II to the west and Bele Vode and Rupčine to the south.

In general, Greater Žarkovo is bordered by the Čukarica, Banovo Brdo and Sunčana Padina to the north, Košutnjak (with Filmski Grad) to the east, Skojevsko Naselje and Cerak Vinogradi to the northeast and Makiš to the west. On the south, it is bordered by the open fields of Stari Lanci, Novi Lanci and Rupčine, but with the urbanized strip of land alongside the Belgrade-Bar railway and the Vodovodska Street it makes a continuous built-up area with Železnik to the southwest.

Etymology
The village was named Belo Vrelo (White Water Spring). It was mentioned for the first time under its present name in 1523, in Ottoman defter. Žarkovo got its name after primićur Žarko. Primićur was a title, Slavic version of the German word kramar, chief of the military guard which escorted trade caravans.

However, according to the local Žarkovo's folk legend, parts of the village were named after the events surrounding the gigantic evil dragon who harassed the villagers in the area around the water spring above the village. Living in the cave next to the spring, dragon was abducting the most beautiful girls who would come to get water from the water source. In the end, the dragon was killed by the brave young man named Žarko. The humongous animal slammed into the ground creating a valley. Where his head fell, the Zmajevac Hill was formed (Serbian zmaj, dragon), where was his tail is modern Repište (rep, tail), Repište Creek (also known as Zmajevac Creek or Žarkovo Creek) began to flow where his body slammed from the tail which Žarko cut off, while Žarkovo itself was named after the hero who killed the dragon. Urbanized area around the stream is also called Zmajevac and is today one of the sub-neighborhoods of Žarkovo.

Another theory is that the name came from the word žar (ember). For centuries, the nearby Sava river was the frontier between various states and large empires, so the settlements along the river were often attacked and burned. For example, town of Obrenovac, southwest from Žarkovo, was previously called Palež (burned ground, arson).

Geography
There are several streams in the neighborhood, like the Zmajevac, but Žarkovo developed in the valley of the Paripovac stream. The Paripovac is also the longest stream in the area. Its spring is between modern streets of Jablanička and Arčibalda Rajsa, on the southwest slopes of the Košutnjak. It flew to the northwest parallel to the streets of Ratka Mitrovića and Ace Joksimovića, and then turning to the west, flowing into one of the numerous water canals in Makiš. In this final section, the stream cut one of the deepest river valleys in Belgrade area.

The stream is today mostly conducted underground, into the sewage system. The deep, carved valley remained to this day, and one of the streets around it is called Provalijska (Chasm). Crossed by the Žarkovo Bridge, it is the only remaining point where the stream is still visible today. However, an informal settlement developed at the bottom of the valley, under the bridge, polluting the stream and covering it with garbage.

History
The remains of the large Neolithic settlement from the period of the Vinča culture, known as the Ledine locality, was found in the area (Cerak Vinogradi). With the localities Vinča-Belo Brdo and Usek, it is one of the longest existing Vinčan settlement that has been discovered so far.

Žarkovo became important border trade settlement after the border between Austria and the Ottoman Empire stabilized on the Sava river. Serbian merchants were selling entire herds of pigs and oxen via Žarkovo and the Ostružnica ferry on the Sava's bank. But, also because of its location, most of the military attacks on Belgrade originated from Žarkovo's direction, after forcing a river crossing. This included the Austrian attacks of 1717 by Prince Eugene of Savoy, and 1789 by Ernst Gideon von Laudon. Austrian map of Belgrade area from 1721 shows Žarkovo as having 42 houses, located where Žarkovo's center is today. The village had three "walled" water wells and cemetery with a chapel, situated on the same location as today. This makes Žarkovo cemetery the oldest surviving cemetery on the territory of modern Belgrade.

Prior to the First Serbian Uprising, Žarkovo was the central location for supplying rebels with weapons. After the uprising started in 1804, it was an unofficial military base of Karađorđe and Serbian rebel army. Belgrade's Ottoman pasha, Bekir Pasha, met with Karađorđe in Žarkovo, reached an agreement regarding the Ottoman outlaws, Dahije, and asked Karađorđe not to attack Belgrade, but to make headquarter outside of the city, in Vračar. He agreed, let the Ottomans through the gauntlet (with Serbian soldiers firing in the air) organized at modern Bele Vode section of Žarkovo and moved the army. He attacked and liberated Belgrade in 1806.

After the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, Žarkovo continued to prosper. Surroundings were fertile. Uphill in the Košutnjak direction was fertile arable land while the terrain above Repište was known for grapevines. IN the Železnik direction there were thick forests while Makiš contained meadows suitable for livestock. It was recorded that natural conditions for breeding pigs were so good, that the farmers didn't even have to feed them. In 1840 the school was opened, with 19 boys and 1 girl pupil.

Žarkovo was granted self-administration in 1839, and on 2 July 1856 the municipality was formed. According to the records of the day, the municipality was bordered by the right bank of the Sava river, left bank of the Topčiderka river, and by the territories of the Kneževac, Železnik and Ostružnica villages. Žarkovo municipality was more important than the village of Čukarica, which split from it as a separate municipality on 21 December 1911 by the ukaz of King Peter I of Serbia, and territorially cut off Žarkovo from both rivers.

Beginning of the 20th century was the "golden age" of Žarkovo. Prior to World War I, it was considered one of the wealthiest municipalities in Serbia and occupied much larger territory than what is considered Žarkovo today. The administration had so many assets at its disposal to rent, that no municipal taxes were introduced on the population. During the war, German field marshal August von Mackensen's plan to attack Belgrade, again included Žarkovo as one of the focal points in the first days of the attack. After the war, and creation of the united South Slav state, Žarkovo lost its lucrative border trading post importance.

Žarkovo was still considered to be a wealthy village, known for its dairy. In 1936, Žarkovo produced 14,000 litres of milk daily for the Belgrade markets. The surrounding area was known for fertile land and with the large market of the nearby Belgrade for the farmers' products, farmers and craftsmen families in Žarkovo turned affluent. The village had a cinema, culture center, municipal and administrative building, etc. Municipality of Žarkovo was abolished in July 1955 and it was annexed to the municipality of Čukarica. A direct line of the Belgrade public transportation, No. 31, connected Žarkovo to downtown Belgrade, at the Republic Square.

Population
In 1821, 53 houses were recorded in Žarkovo, with 71 tax payers (married men) and 154 men from 7 to 70 years old in total. In 1870 it had 105 houses and 580 inhabitants.

Until the 1970s, Žarkovo was a suburb of Belgrade, a separate, extremely fast growing town (population 1961: 8,636; 1971: 28,761), so it was administratively annexed to the Belgrade City proper, becoming local community within the city, and an extensive development of the border neighborhoods in the 1970s and 1980s (Banovo Brdo, Sunčana Padina, Cerak Vinogradi, Skojevsko Naselje), connected Žarkovo and the rest of Belgrade into one continuous built-up area. In 1981 local community of Žarkovo had a population of 43,721, which was already 40% of the population in the urban section of the Čukarica municipality. Later, the local community was divided into several smaller ones, but the population of Žarkovo in widest sense was 71,773 in 2002. Čukarica municipality recreated local community of Žarkovo, which included Julino Brdo and Bele Vode but without Cerak. Žarkovo had a population of 30,979 in 2011 (with Cerak, 74,972).

Characteristics
The Old School building was constructed in 1840 as both the school and the seat of the village administration. In 1880 the administration moved out, and the school, later named "Ljuba Nenadović", continued until 1968 when it was moved into another building. The old building was declared a cultural monument in 1965, but was left to the elements since the pupils moved out. By the 2010s, it was totally neglected and desolate. The school was built from solid materials, with a simple design of a modest, standardized architectural "box" style. It had two classrooms and several smaller auxiliary rooms, including the teacher's quarters. The ground-floor object has a cellar beneath a part of the roof, which is four-gabled and covered with flat tiles. The house was declared a cultural monument. In 2020 it was decided to adapt it into the Museum of Žarkovo and Čukarica. Reconstruction began later that year 2020. Under the name оф Heritage Museum of Žarkovo, as a department of the Belgrade City Museum, it was opened on 17 May 2022.

The old, large two-storey building, which was the administrative seat of the municipality, was built in 1921. At the plateau next to the building, there was a monument dedicated to the fallen heroes in World War II, but was later moved next to the "Ljuba Nenadović" elementary school. After it lost its administrative purpose in 1955, it hosted pharmacy, bakery and finally a library. It wasn't maintained well and became crumbly. The building was demolished in 1986, during the complete overhaul of the Trgovačka Street, central street in the neighborhood. Big, glass-plated shopping mall was built instead, and as the commercial facilities spread around it, it is today the busiest part of Žarkovo and a major crossroad of numerous public transportation and intercity bus lines. The locality is today known as the Žarkovo Center. A shopping mall, built in the area in the 1990s, has been nicknamed Titanic, and then officially named Shopping Mall Titanic (TC Titanik), due to its pointy shape, which resembles ship's bow.

A major communal problem is an informal Romany settlement under the Žarkovo Bridge, in the valley of the Paripovac stream. The settlers mostly collect garbage for further sale or recycling. In time, they created a landfill around the settlement, clogging the remaining above-the-ground flow of the stream with waste. The municipality cleaned the landfill and the stream several times, but to no avail.

With only 12 m, Žarkovo's Lovačka street is officially the shortest street in Belgrade.

Žarkovo Selo
Žarkovo Selo (Serbian for Žarkovo village) or Old Žarkovo, is the oldest part of Žarkovo. Urbanized today, with its small houses with backyards and short streets, it still distinct itself from the rest of the modern, tall buildings in the neighborhood. It had a population of 4,219 in 1981 (9,6% of the whole population of Žarkovo) and 7,625 in 2002 (10,6%).

Economy

Žarkovo is mostly residential area. Western part of the neighborhood, alongside the Milorada Jovanovića Street is industrialized though, so as the area on the Makiš-Bele Vode border (freight train station and a marshalling yard on the Belgrade-Bar railway, the largest one in Belgrade, and the central facilities (including the water factory) of the Belgrade waterworks). Military Technical Institute Belgrade (former Aeronautical Technical Institute) is located in the Žarkovo's extensions Bele Vode.

The main street in Žarkovo, the Trgovačka Street is developing into a new commercial center, as an extension of the major commercial center and the main street of Banovo Brdo, the Požeška Street. Trgovačka Street itself extends into the major road in western Serbia, the Ibar Highway.

title: Žarkovo


text:
Vyroneia

Vyroneia (Βυρώνεια, before 1924: Χατζή Μπεηλίκ - Chatzi Beilik ) is a town located in the municipal unit of Petritsi in the northwestern part of Serres regional unit, Greece. It is situated near the Bulgarian border, on the right bank of the river Strymon, south of the Kerkini mountains, and east of the Lake Kerkini. Vyroneia is 4 km west of Neo Petritsi and 12 km northwest of Sidirokastro. The community has an area of 44.42 km2.

History
Vyroneia, then known as Hadji-Beylik, was a military base for the Greek army during the Second Balkan War. The village was also used as a military base for male civilians who had been conscripted due to the general mobilisation of 1974.

Transport
The settlement has a station on the railway line from Thessaloniki to Serres and Alexandroupoli. Near the train station is the National Aquarium of Vyroneia, the second in Greece after Rhodes. The Vyroneia Cultural Society presents every June a cultural event called "Vyroneia".

Persons

 * Ioannis Melissanidis
 * Kostas Iosifidis

title: Vyroneia


text:
Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.

Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc., 88 F. Supp. 2d 116, (S.D.N.Y. 1999), aff'd 210 F.3d 88 (2d Cir. 2000), more widely known as the Pepsi Points case, is an American contract law case regarding offer and acceptance. The case was brought in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in 1999; its judgment was written by Kimba Wood.

In 1996, PepsiCo began a promotional loyalty program in which customers could earn Pepsi Points which could be traded for physical items. A television commercial for the loyalty program displayed the commercial's protagonist flying to school in a McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II vertical take off jet aircraft, valued at $37.4 million at the time, which could be redeemed for 7,000,000 Pepsi Points. The plaintiff, John Leonard, discovered these could be directly purchased from Pepsi at 10¢ per point. Leonard delivered a check for $700,008.50 to PepsiCo, attempting to purchase the jet. PepsiCo initially refuted Leonard's offer, citing the humorous nature of the offer in the advertisement. Leonard then sued PepsiCo, Inc. in an effort to enforce the offer and acceptance perceived by Leonard to be made in the advertisement. In her judgment, Wood sided with PepsiCo, noting the frivolous and improbable nature of landing a fighter jet in a school zone that was portrayed by the protagonist. PepsiCo would re-release the advertisement, valuing the jet at 700,000,000 Pepsi Points.

Background

In the mid-1990s, Pepsi faced competition from Coca-Cola, and sought to attract a younger audience. In March 1996, Pepsi began the Pepsi Stuff promotional campaign, allowing customers to accrue Pepsi Points that could, in turn, be redeemed for items such as T-shirts and leather jackets. These points could be earned through purchasing Pepsi products, with labels attached to the boxes of such products. The campaign was the largest in Pepsi's history. To advertise the promotion, Pepsi released a series of television commercials; one of these commercials showcased a computer-generated Pepsi-branded AV-8 Harrier II, a Harrier jet manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. The commercial, which offered the jet for 7,000,000 Pepsi Points, caught the attention of John Leonard, a 21-year-old business student. In place of a label, the promotion allowed Pepsi Points to be directly purchased for 10¢ per point, a detail noticed by Leonard, who convinced five investors to lend him a total of $700,000. Leonard sent a check for $700,008.50 (including $10 for shipping and handling), and 15 labels, per promotion rules. The offer was refused by Pepsi, who referred to the promotion of the Harrier jet in the commercial as "fanciful" and stated its intention was to create a "humorous and entertaining ad".

Procedural history
The claim alleged both breach of contract and fraud. The case was originally brought in Florida, but eventually heard in New York. The defendant, PepsiCo, moved for summary judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. Among other claims made, Leonard claimed that a federal judge was incapable of deciding on the matter, and that instead the decision had to be made by a jury consisting of members of the "Pepsi Generation" to whom the advertisement would allegedly constitute an offer.

Judgment
The court, presided over by Judge Kimba Wood, rejected Leonard's claims and denied recovery on several grounds, including:
 * 1) It was found that the advertisement featuring the jet did not constitute an offer under the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.
 * 2) The court found that no reasonable person could have believed that the company seriously intended to convey a jet worth roughly $37.4 million for $700,000, i.e., that it was mere puffery.
 * 3) The value of the alleged contract meant that it fell under the provisions of the Statute of Frauds, but the statute's requirement for a written agreement between the parties was not fulfilled, so a contract had not been formed.

In justifying its conclusion that the commercial was "evidently done in jest" and that "The notion of traveling to school in a Harrier Jet is an exaggerated adolescent fantasy," the court made several observations regarding the nature and content of the commercial, including:

 * "The callow youth featured in the commercial is a highly improbable pilot, one who could barely be trusted with the keys to his parents' car, much less the prized aircraft of the United States Marine Corps."
 * "The teenager's comment that flying a Harrier Jet to school 'sure beats the bus' evinces an improbably insouciant attitude toward the relative difficulty and danger of piloting a fighter plane in a residential area."
 * "No school would provide landing space for a student's fighter jet, or condone the disruption the jet's use would cause."

The court also stated that: "In light of the Harrier Jet's well-documented function in attacking and destroying surface and air targets, armed reconnaissance and air interdiction, and offensive and defensive anti-aircraft warfare, depiction of such a jet as a way to get to school in the morning is clearly not serious even if, as plaintiff contends, the jet is capable of being acquired 'in a form that eliminates [its] potential for military use.'"

The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which issued a brief, per curiam opinion concluding, "We affirm for substantially the reasons stated in Judge Wood's opinion."

Aftermath
Pepsi never cashed the check, so there was no case for fraud. Pepsi continued to air the commercial, but it updated the cost of the Harrier Jet to 700 million Pepsi Points and added a clarifying "Just Kidding" disclaimer. The Pentagon stated that the Harrier Jet would not be sold to civilians without "demilitarization", which, in the case of the Harrier, would have included stripping it of its ability to land and take off vertically.

On November 17, 2022, a docuseries about the case titled Pepsi, Where's My Jet? was released on Netflix.

title: Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.


text: Talk:Korean sculpture

title: Talk:Korean sculpture


text:
Olivier Kapo

Obou Narcisse Olivier Kapo (born 27 September 1980), known as Olivier Kapo, is a French former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder or left winger.

Early life
Born in Marcory, Ivory Coast, Kapo acquired French nationality by naturalization on 3 November 1998.

Early career
He began his professional career with Auxerre in 1999. He joined Juventus on a free transfer in the summer of 2004, but he struggled to adapt to life in Turin and did not play much as he was behind Pavel Nedvěd in the left midfield role. As a result, he was loaned to Monaco for the 2005–06 season.

When Juventus were forcibly relegated to Serie B, Kapo returned to Turin, but went back on loan due to the abundance of midfielders. He signed for Spanish La Liga club Levante, scoring five goals in 32 appearances.

Birmingham City

Kapo signed for Birmingham City on 29 June 2007 for a fee of £3 million. He claimed to have rejected other offers to sign for the club, suggesting his style of play was better suited to English football. He scored on his Premier League debut, against Chelsea in a 3–2 defeat on 12 August 2007.

Wigan Athletic
Kapo signed for Wigan Athletic on 16 July 2008, signing a three-year deal for a fee reported as £3.5 million, a move which reunited him with former manager Steve Bruce. He scored his first goal for Wigan in a 4–1 League Cup win over Ipswich Town on 24 September 2008, and his first league goal in a 2–1 defeat to Chelsea on 28 February 2009. On 8 January 2010, Kapo moved to Boulogne on a six-month loan deal, and left Wigan by mutual consent in August 2010.

Celtic
On 4 November 2010, Kapo signed for Celtic on an 18-month deal. He was allocated the number 77 jersey. He stated he turned down better money from other clubs to sign for the Glasgow side, including an offer from Bundesliga club SC Freiburg. He was encouraged to join the club after consulting with his friend, ex-Celtic player Jean-Joël Perrier-Doumbé. Kapo made his debut against St Johnstone at home in the Scottish Premier League as a second-half substitute, hitting the bar and then assisting the second goal in a 2–0 victory. He was released from his Celtic contract in January 2011, although the player claimed he walked out on the club because they had unilaterally changed the terms of his contract.

Al Ahli SC
In February 2011, Kapo signed for Qatar club Al Ahli SC on a five-month contract. He scored twice to help Al Ahli to only their second win of the season, beating Qatar SC 3–1. After only five appearances and two league goals, he terminated his contract with the club of the Persian Gulf during the following summer.

Return to Auxerre
He signed an 18-month contract with former club Auxerre in January 2012, after a few weeks spent training with the club.

Levadiakos FC
When his contract expired, Kapo signed a two-year deal with Superleague Greece club Levadiakos. In September 2014, he stated in the French media that "everything is corrupted in Greek football, mafia-controlled, while FIFA and UEFA simply don't care".

Korona Kielce
On 15 August 2014, Kapo signed a one-year contract with the Polish Ekstraklasa side Korona Kielce. He scored his first goal for Korona in the matchday 12, as his team drew 2–2 with Lech Poznań. In total, he scored seven goals. After the 2014–15 Ekstraklasa season, his contract was not extended.

International career
He won nine caps for France. He represented his country in the 2003 Confederations Cup, scoring against New Zealand, and was a substitute in the final as France beat Cameroon. He has also scored in friendlies against Egypt and Serbia and Montenegro. Kapo's last cap came in 2004.

Personal life
His nephew, Maxen, is a footballer who turned professional with Paris Saint-Germain and made his senior debut with Lausanne-Sport.

Honours
'''Auxerre
 * Coupe de France: 2002–03

France
 * FIFA Confederations Cup: 2003

title: Olivier Kapo


text:
Raphael Cilento

Sir Raphael West Cilento (2 December 1893 – 15 April 1985), often known as "Ray", was an Australian medical practitioner and public health administrator.

Early life and education
Cilento was born in Jamestown, South Australia, in 1893, son of Raphael Ambrose Cilento, a stationmaster (whose father Salvatore had emigrated from Naples, Italy in 1855), and Frances Ellen Elizabeth (née West). His younger brother, Alan Watson West Cilento (born 1908), became General Manager of the Savings Bank of South Australia from 1961 to 1968.

He was educated at Prince Alfred College, but although he was determined from an early age to study medicine, he was initially thwarted in doing so due to lack of money. Therefore, he trained first as a school teacher, sponsored by the Education Department, from 1908 and taught at Port Pirie in 1910 and 1911. He eventually entered the University of Adelaide Medical School on borrowed funds, but while there he won so many scholarships and other prizes that he ended his course with a respectable bank balance.

Early career
For the earlier part of his working life, Cilento's interests were mainly in public health and, specifically, tropical medicine. He served with the Australian Army's Tropical Force in New Guinea which superseded the German administration after the First World War. Later he joined the British colonial service in Malaya.

On his return to Australia he was Director of the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine in Townsville, Queensland, from 1922 to 1924.

Middle career
Following a further term in New Guinea, Cilento became Director of the Commonwealth Government's Division of Tropical Hygiene in Brisbane. He held that role from 1928 to 1934.

In 1934, Queensland's Forgan Smith Government set out to create one of the world's first universally free public health systems. Minister for Health Ned Hanlon recruited Cilento to achieve this goal as Director-General of Health and Medical Services. Cilento, despite his subsequent identification with the political right wing, never lost his belief in government-funded health care. To assist in his policy-making objectives, he studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 1939.

As Director-General (a position he held till 1945), and combined with the presidency of the state's Medical Board (as well as with the medicine professorship at the University of Queensland), he firmly opposed the anti-polio methods of Elizabeth Kenny, although at first he had spoken politely enough of her work to give the impression that he favoured it.

Cilento was knighted by King George V in 1935 (when only 42 years old) for his contributions to public service and tropical medicine. He achieved international fame after World War II for his work in aiding refugees with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. In July 1945 he was the first civilian doctor to enter Belsen concentration camp, after doing considerable work on malaria control in The Balkans. He was Director for Refugees and Displaced Persons from 1946 to 1947, and from 1948 was director of disaster relief in Palestine but resigned in 1950 after expressing sympathy with dispossessed Palestinian refugees. He returned to Australia in 1951.

Later life
Cilento's later life in his native land was characterised by frustration at being unable to find appropriate employment in government service or academia. This failure was at least partly the consequence of his increasingly racist and ultra-conservative views, exemplified by his involvement with the Australian League of Rights during the 1950s and 1960s in particular, and his continued public support for the White Australia Policy long after this doctrine had ceased to be part of the Australian party-political mainstream. Professor Mark Finnane of Griffith University has written in the journal Queensland Review that "[m]uch of his brilliance, energetically applied to the development of sound research and policy in the control and eradication of tropical diseases, was directed also to applying the developing techniques of epidemiology and tropical medicine in the service of ideas about racial hierarchies which had a firm basis in the nineteenth century. These ideas eventually would be discredited by the history as well as science unfolding from the 1920s, but even so Cilento hung on to them well past their waning. Into the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, he was still writing about the white man in the tropics and racial vitality in ways that ensured his reputation for good work in other domains would struggle to survive his own monomania."

In a letter in The Courier-Mail (18 May 1965) on Australian clergy's attitude to the Vietnam War he said 'I am not a practising Christian – I am sorry for it ... I regret that I have not the gift of faith'.

Cilento died on 15 April 1985 in the Brisbane suburb of Oxley and was survived by his wife and six children. Although he had been married in a Church of England service, he was brought up Catholic and was buried with Catholic rites at Pinnaroo Lawn Cemetery.

Family
In 1918, whilst they were both studying medicine at the University of Adelaide, Cilento became engaged to, and on 18 March 1920 at St Columba's Church of England, Hawthorn he married Phyllis McGlew, who also became a well-known medical practitioner and medical writer. They briefly set up in general practice in Tranmere before departing for Malaya in October.

Together they had three sons and three daughters. The three sons and Ruth became medical practitioners, Margaret became an artist, and Diane became an actress.

 * Raphael C. F. Cilento (19 February 1921 – 21 May 2012) became a neurosurgeon. He married Billie Solomon in 1947, and had four children: Adrienne, Julien, Vivienne and Raphael. He took over his mother's practice in Brisbane in 1949. In 1953, he had a son Vivian Walker (later Kabul Oodgeroo Noonuccal) with Kath Walker (later Oodgeroo Noonuccal), who was working for his parents as a domestic servant. He later divorced Billie and married Mavis Ross in 1958. They had five children: Penny, Giovanna, Abby, Naomi and Benjamin. His youngest son, Benjamin West Cilento, also became a physician who lived in the Houston, Texas area with his wife and three children. He is also an accomplished artist in his own right. From 1963–2007, Raphael was licensed to practise in New York. He had a fall in his early 80s that incapacitated him and he died of pneumonia at the age of 91.

 * Margaret Cilento (23 December 1923 – 21 November 2006) became a painter and printmaker. She grew up in Brisbane, moved to Sydney in 1943, and joined her father in New York in 1945. She spent most of the 1950s and early 1960s in Europe, marrying Geoffrey Maslen in 1963, and returned to Brisbane in 1965 to raise their family. She took up art again seriously around 2000, holding several exhibitions. Margaret Cilento , Dictionary of Australian Artists Online, www.daao.org.au

Photo circa 1950  from Angus Trumble's blog. Caption: ''On the way back to England by way of the Riviera, the party went on another boat trip to see the Calanques at Cassis, not far from Marseilles. Left to right, André, Margaret Cilento [the artist; daughter of Sir Raphael and Lady Cilento, and older sister of the actress Diane Cilento], Boatman, and Nipper.'' Pictures of 69 of Margaret's works can be found on The National Library of Australia website Run away to paint the circus, 15 June 2005, Sydney Morning Herald Breaking New Ground, 27 July to 30 September 2007, QUT Art Museum. "Education kit"

 * Ruth A Yolanda Cilento (30 July 1925 – 18 April 2016) graduated in medicine and surgery from Queensland University in 1949. She took up duty at Cairns Base Hospital in December 1949, and married Westall David Smout in 1950. In addition to a medical career, she had three children, is a sculptor, a sketcher, has an angora goat stud and wrote a children's book, Moreton Bay Adventure in 1961, which elder sister Margaret illustrated.

 * Carl Lindsay Cilento (1928-2004) married Diana Lauderdale Maitland in 1952. They had six children: Peter (1953), Miranda (1955), Joanne and Belinda (1957), Richard (1961) and Madeline (1966).

 * Elizabeth Diane Cilento (2 April 1932   – 6 October 2011) was born in Brisbane.    She was an actress who married three times, secondly to Sean Connery, and was the mother of actor Jason Connery.

 * David Cilento (21 February 1936 – 8 November 2020)

Other interests

 * He twice attempted to enter parliament, once as a Democratic Party candidate for the Senate in the 1953 election, and as an Independent Democrat for the House of Representatives seat of McPherson in 1954.
 * He was a member of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland and its president in 1933–34, 1943–45 and 1953–68.
 * He was member of the National Trust of Queensland and president from 1966 to 1971.

Publications
Sir Raphael Cilento's publications include:

 * Cilento, Raphael (1920) Climatic conditions in North Queensland : as they affect the health and virility of the people Brisbane : A.J. Cumming, Government Printer
 * Cilento, Raphael (1925a) Preventive medicine and hygiene in the tropical territories under Australian control Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. Wellington : Govt. Printer
 * Cilento, Raphael (1925b) The white man in the tropics : with especial reference to Australia and its dependencies Service publication (Australia. Division of Tropical Hygiene) ; no.7. Melbourne : H.J. Green, Govt. Printer
 * Cilento, Raphael (1936) Nutrition and numbers Livingstone lectures. Sydney : Camden College
 * Cilento, Raphael (1944a) Blueprint for the health of a nation Sydney : Scotow Press
 * Cilento, Raphael (1944b) Tropical diseases in Australasia: a handbook . Brisbane : W.R. Smith & Paterson. (2nd Edition)
 * Cilento, Raphael & Lack, Clem (1959) "Wild white men" in Queensland : a monograph. Brisbane : W.R. Smith & Paterson for the Royal Historical Society of Queensland
 * Cilento, Raphael& Lack, Clem. & Centenary Celebrations Council (Qld.) (Historical Committee) (1959), Triumph in the tropics : an historical sketch of Queensland / compiled and edited by Sir Raphael Cilento ; with the assistance of Clem Lack ; for the Historical Committee of the Centenary Celebrations Council of Queensland Smith & Paterson, Brisbane, Qld.
 * Cilento, Raphael (1963) Medicine in Queensland : a monograph Council of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland. Brisbane : Smith & Paterson.
 * Cilento, Raphael (1972) Australia's racial heritage : an address Australian League of Rights Seminar, Melbourne, September 1971. Adelaide : Australian Heritage Society,

title: Raphael Cilento


text:
Sponheim-Sayn

Sponheim-Sayn was a county of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was created as a partition of Sponheim-Starkenburg in 1261, and it comprised the lands of the former county of Sayn. In 1283, it was divided into Sayn and Sayn-Homburg.

Count of Sponheim-Sayn

 * Godfrey I (1261–83)

title: Sponheim-Sayn


text:
Talk:Suseok

wood replaced by stone
The first paragraph of § Evaluation ends with the sentence
 * The animistic belief of nature being alive, and large-scaled elements of nature having souls, has led to the continued use of massive sculpted stone in natural forms throughout Korean traditional entranceways, as the firstgrowth cedarwood used for gates is now rare.

Since firstgrowth cedarwood has evidently been completely or almost completely replaced by "massive sculpted stone" for these uses, that wood should no longer be described as being used for gates. I have changed it to "formerly used for gates". --Thnidu (talk) 19:50, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Suseok


text:
Talk:Happy Hollow Park & Zoo

Berryhill, Oklahoma was called Happy Hollow until 1910's.AboutWestTulsa 02:06, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tarik
What kind of animal was Tarik? --Hailey 17:00, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

I just looked it up and Tarik was a bear!--Hailey 17:01, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Happy Hollow Park & Zoo