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Ford Super Duty

The Ford Super Duty (also known as the Ford F-Series Super Duty) is a series of heavy-duty pickup trucks produced by the Ford Motor Company since the 1999 model year. Slotted above the consumer-oriented Ford F-150, the Super Duty trucks are an expansion of the Ford F-Series range, from F-250 to the F-600. The F-250 through F-450 are offered as pickup trucks, while the F-350 through F-600 are offered as chassis cabs.

Rather than adapting the lighter-duty F-150 truck for heavier use, Super Duty trucks have been designed as a dedicated variant of the Ford F-Series. The heavier-duty chassis components allow for heavier payloads and towing capabilities. With a GVWR over 8500 lb, Super Duty pickups are Class 2 and 3 trucks, while chassis-cab trucks are offered in Classes 3, 4, 5, and 6. The model line also offers Ford Power Stroke V8 diesel engines as an option.

Ford also offers a medium-duty version of the F-Series (F-650 and F-750), which is sometimes branded as the Super Duty, but is another chassis variant. The Super Duty pickup truck also served as the basis for the Ford Excursion full-sized SUV.

The Super Duty trucks and chassis-cabs are assembled at the Kentucky Truck Plant in Louisville, Kentucky, and at Ohio Assembly in Avon Lake, Ohio. Prior to 2016, medium-duty trucks were assembled in Mexico under the Blue Diamond Truck joint venture with Navistar International.

Previous use of name
In 1958, Ford introduced the Super Duty engine family as big-block V8 engines for trucks, offered in 401, 477, and 534 cubic-inch displacements. The 534 is one of the largest gasoline V8 engines ever produced by Ford. The Super Duty engines were some of the largest mass-produced gasoline V8 engines in the world (for highway vehicles).

To showcase the engine launch, the "Big Job" conventional truck variants of the F-Series were rebranded as Super Duty, a name added to other Ford trucks as well. Alongside the Ford C-Series and H-Series cabovers, the N-Series conventional adopted the Super Duty name. Though its poor fuel economy proved uncompetitive against the increasing popularity of diesel engines, the durability of the Super Duty V8 kept the engine in production until 1981.

In 1987, for the 1988 model year, Ford revitalized the name for a Class 4 truck badged as the "F-Super Duty." Manufactured solely as a chassis-cab vehicle, it was slotted between the F-350 and F-600 at the time, and was offered either with a 7.5L gasoline V8 or a 7.3L diesel V8.

F-Series change
In response to the changing demographics of pickup truck buyers during the 1980s and 1990s, as part of the redesign of the F-Series for the 1997 model year, the model family began a split into two model families, introducing the 1997 Ford F-150 as the first of two distinct F-Series lines. While still functioning as a full-size pickup, the F-150 adopted car-like aerodynamics and convenience features to expand its appeal among consumers. To appeal towards commercial and fleet buyers and owners who tow, the F-250 and F-350 were developed as a separate, dedicated heavy-duty truck platform (in place of using one platform for all of its trucks). By expanding the model line into two separate but related platforms, the inevitable compromises inherent in offering a wide range of load-carrying capacities were avoided.

Prior to the release of the Super Duty series, the previous-generation F-250HD and F-350 carried over for 1997 (alongside a separate F-250 light duty based upon the tenth-generation F-150).

First generation (1999–2007)
Beginning production in January 1998 for the 1999 model year (after a 1998 hiatus), the Ford F-Series Super Duty consisted of the F-250 pickup truck, F-350 pickup truck and chassis cab, and introduced the F-450 and F-550 chassis-cabs (see below). The Super Duty trucks were produced with three cab configurations—a two-door regular cab, 2+2 door SuperCab, and four-door crew cab. The SuperCab configuration of the Super Duty marked the introduction of two standard rear-hinged doors on the extended cab, a feature also adopted by the F-150 and Ranger/Mazda B-Series for 1999. The standard-cab pickup was produced with an 8-foot bed; SuperCab and crew cabs were produced with a 6 3/4-foot bed, with an 8-foot bed optional. Chassis cab models came with more and different bed length and wheelbase options, but with the same cabs. Two-wheel drive was standard, with four-wheel drive as an option; on F-350 pickup trucks, DRW models with four-wheel-drive became available for the first time. Unlike the F-150, while the SuperCab name was carried over, the Super Duty trucks did not even adopt SuperCrew at all (even after 2016; third generation).

Styled by Andrew Jacobson (designer of the 1997 F-150) and Moray Callum, aside from taillamp lenses and the tailgate, the Super Duty shared no visible parts with the F-150, even the interior itself. But on the powertrain side, only the base-equipment 5.4-liter V8 and 4R100 transmission were shared. Also sharing the similar aerodynamic cab design of its smaller counterpart, the exteriors of the Super Duty trucks are much different forward of the windshield. While the front-end styling is an influence often compared to the second-generation Dodge Ram, the Super Duty also derives elements of styling from much larger Ford trucks, including the Ford LTL-9000 and Aeromax, with a raised hood line, large grille, and low fenders. A feature drawn from 1996 redesign of the Louisville/Aeromax was in the design of the side window openings; the front portion is lowered, allowing for increased side visibility (as well as larger side-view mirrors). To improve aerodynamics over metal-framed mirrors, manual-telescoping trailer-tow mirrors were available as an option. As an industry first, two large, complete, ring-style front tow hooks were included. A very minor update occurred in the 2002 model year, which received a new instrument cluster with a digital odometer more similar to that of the updated 1999 F-150 cluster.

2005 update
For the 2005 model year, the Ford Super Duty trucks were given more minor exterior and interior updates. For the exterior, a new grille (inspired by the Ford Mighty F-350 Tonka concept), front bumper, and headlights were introduced alongside the introduction of a locking tailgate for all pickup trucks. Under the skin (with thicker frame rails), updated Triton gasoline engines were introduced with higher engine output and larger alternators; in response to the increased power, all trucks were given four-wheel disc brakes (with two-piston calipers). To accommodate the larger brakes, 17-inch wheels became standard, with 18-inch wheels optional (on single rear-wheel trucks); forged Alcoa wheels were an option. The long-running Twin I-Beam front suspension continued on two-wheel drive trucks.

To the interior, several changes were made to improve functionality for end users. Along with the addition of a driver-side glove compartment, the truck added the option of dashboard-mounted auxiliary switches (for owners who fit equipment such as snowplows, winches, and auxiliary lights); these are switches that were typically user designed. For users who tow, a new option was Ford TowCommand, a trailer brake controller built into the dashboard, allowing it to integrate with the ABS system and engine computer from the factory.

Mechanical details
During its production, the first-generation Ford F-Series Super Duty was sold with two gasoline and two diesel engine options.

Gasoline engines
Replacing the overhead-valve engines used in previous F-Series models, for the Super Duty, Ford transitioned to the Triton overhead-cam engine family (truck versions of the Ford Modular engines).

At its launch, the standard engine in the Super Duty was the 5.4L Triton V8. Producing 255 hp and 350 lbft of torque, the SOHC 16-valve V8 was shared with the F-150 and Ford E-Series. During 1999, the engine was retuned to 260 hp. For 2005, the cylinder heads were redesigned with three valves per cylinder, converting it to a 24-valve V8 with variable camshaft timing (VCT); output was increased to 300 hp and 365 lbft of torque. The 5.4L V8 was only offered on the F-250, F-350 SRW, F-350 DRW pickup (except crew cab), and F-350 DRW chassis-cab (regular cab only).

As a replacement for the long-running 7.5L/460 V8, for the Super Duty, Ford introduced an all-new Triton V10 (to rival Dodge's 8.0L Magnum V10). A SOHC 20-valve engine, the V10 produced 310 hp and 425 lbft of torque. In 2005, the V10 also received three-valve-per-cylinder non-VCT heads, increasing its output to 362 hp and 457 lbft of torque.

Both the V8 and V10 Triton engines are designed with a fail-safe cooling system to protect the engine in case of major coolant loss. If the engine overheats, the engine will continue to operate on half of its cylinders. Alternating back and forth between each set of four (or five) pistons, the set that is not receiving fuel and ignition is operating to pump air through the engine to lower its temperature. Although engine output is limited, dependent on upon vehicle load, outside temperature, and current road conditions, the system is designed to allow the vehicle to travel a short distance to receive service or to reach a repair facility.

Diesel engines
Available in all models, the F-Series was sold with optional Power Stroke V8 diesel engines produced under its joint venture with Navistar International.

At its launch, the F-Series Super Duty was sold with the 7.3L Power Stroke V8. Initially producing up to 235 hp/500 lb-ft of torque, the engine was retuned in 2001. Versions equipped with an automatic transmission produced 250 hp, while manual-transmission examples produced 275 hp; with either transmission, the engine produced 525 lb-ft of torque. As the 7.3L V8 was no longer able to comply with noise regulations for diesel engines, it was discontinued midway through the 2003 model year.

As a running change during the 2003 model year, the 6.0L Power Stroke V8 was introduced as the replacement for the previous 7.3L V8 in left-hand drive markets supplied with the American-assembled trucks, while RHD ones supplied from Brazil kept the 7.3L until 2005. As before, the engine continued to be produced by Navistar. A 32-valve pushrod engine, the 6.0L V8 featured a single variable-vane turbocharger. While a smaller-displacement engine than its predecessor, its output is higher than the 7.3L, providing 325 hp and 560 lbft of torque (in 2005, the torque increased to 570 lbft). Due to problems with the head bolts, Navistar redesigned the engine with reinforced heads, more torque and power, releasing the new design in 2005–2006. The 6.0L was replaced by the 6.4L as part of the Super Duty redesign for the 2008 model year.

The 6.0L Power Stroke was the target of a class-action lawsuit, alleging the engines were defective. Ford settled the lawsuit with owners and former owners of 6.0L diesel-equipped Super Duty trucks and E-Series vans in 2013, by reimbursing them for the cost of repairs to the exhaust gas recirculation system, fuel injectors, and turbocharger, which were common failure points.

Transmissions
Four transmissions were available. Several configurations of the ZF5 five-speed manual transmission were offered: small-block pattern, big-block pattern, and diesel. Close-ratio and wide-ratio gearings were available, as well as 4WD and 2WD configurations, with the exception of integrated-driveshaft-brake 2WD versions using the 4×4-style transmission. Earlier S5-42 versions were rated to 420 lbft of torque, while later S5-47 versions were rated to 470 lbft. ZF six-speed manual for diesel engines. An optional 4R100 four-speed automatic was available for either the gasoline or diesel engines, later being replaced with the TorqShift five-speed automatic. The five-speed automatics are rated at exactly 1000 lbft, enabling higher towing capacity than trucks with the standard five- or six-speed manual transmission. The six-speed manual transmission used an integrated PTO.

Torqshift 5R110
The Torqshift five-speed 5R110 automatic transmission replaced the four-speed in the 2003 model year diesel trucks to compete with the Allison 1000 series from General Motors; it was paired with the new 6.0L diesel engine. The TorqShift design, in fact, has six forward ratios, but only five are advertised, with the "hidden" gear only used in extreme cold weather. The TorqShift first to fifth gear ratios are 3.11, 2.22, 1.55, 1.00, and 0.71:1. It also uses an alternate fourth gear, overdrive on second gear of the three-speed automatic component (0.72 × 1.55) (i.e., 1.10:1 that is used under cold start conditions) to assist in engine and transmission warm-up. On the TorqShift, once the Tow/Haul mode is activated, it can help increase a driver's control when towing large loads up and down steep grades and automatically minimizes shifts and maximizes available torque. Upon descent, the Tow/Haul mode uses engine braking to help extend brake life and improve driver control. An adaptive shift function monitors the TorqShift's performance over its lifetime and adjusts shift pressures in real time to assure consistent shift feel and compensate for wear. For ease of maintenance, the TorqShift's oil filter is a cartridge design that is usually mounted on the passenger side behind the front bumper. Also, the TorqShift's larger fluid lines and a larger transmission oil cooler help to assure cooler operating temperatures, even under the most demanding conditions. This was Ford's first automatic transmission to feature a power take-off (PTO). The transmission can be equipped with an integrated PTO provision (which automatically locks the torque converter providing power to the PTO gear when the operator turns on the PTO switch).

Transfer case and four-wheel drive
On four-wheel-drive (4×4) models, a choice was available of either a manual, chain-driven transfer case floor shifter with manual front locking hubs, or an electronic shift-on-the-fly (a $185 option over the manual) dash knob with vacuum-activated automatic and failsafe manual override front hubs. The optional FX4 models are basically a standard 4WD with an Off-Road package that includes upgraded heavy-duty Rancho shocks, added skid plates for the fuel tank and transfer case, and two "FX4" decals on both back bedsides instead of the standard "4×4". For all 4WD models, the two-speed transfer case 4×4-LOW range has a gear reduction of 2.72:1. Brazilian and Venezuelan versions had only the ESOF transfer case.

Suspension
For the first-generation Super Duty range, Ford used several different suspension configurations, depending on the model of truck. All pickup models used heavy-duty 3 in leaf springs and staggered shock absorbers. A standard stabilizer bar is included on dual rear-wheel models and an option on single rear-wheel versions. An optional slide-in camper certification package with heavier-duty springs was available on single-rear-wheel models. All versions of the Super Duty trucks came equipped with four-wheel disc brakes.

On two-wheel-drive F-250 and F-350 pickups, the Twin-I-Beam independent front suspension with coil springs was used; their 4×4 counterparts were equipped with solid front axle (Dana 50 and Dana 60) with leaf springs. In 2005, the front suspension was updated as 4×4 trucks were converted to front coil springs; to reduce unsprung weight, the mounting of the front sway bar was changed to the frame instead of the front axle. The manual locking hubs on Super Duty trucks were made by Warn.

The F-250 and F-350 single-rear-wheel versions were fitted with a 10.5 in Sterling 10.5 35-spline axle with choices of conventional or limited-slip differentials; initially developed for previous-generation Ford trucks, it was strengthened for use in the Super Duty. In dual-rear-wheel F-350s, the rear axle was a Dana 80.

On F-450 and F-550 chassis-cab trucks, the Dana 60 front axle was replaced with a Dana Super 60 in 2005; 2008–2010 and 2015–2018 F-450 pickups used Dana S 110 rear axles, while 2011–2014 F-450 pickups used Dana 80 axles. All F-450 chassis cabs used a Dana S 110, while F-550s used a Dana 135 from 1999 to 2004 and an S 110 from 2005 on.

F-250 solid axle
The Dana 50 axle featured on most F-250 Super Duty trucks differs greatly from the early models. The Dana 50 started out as a Twin-Traction Beam axle (much like independent suspension) in 1980 and lasted to 1997 models. The Super Duty models then used a solid axle version of this axle. The ring, pinion, carrier, and U-joints all remained the same, however. The Dana 50 was phased out of the trucks in 2004, in favor of the Dana 60, and was last used in the Ford Excursion.

Trim levels
Throughout its production run, the first-generation (1999–2007) Ford F-Series Super Duty was offered in three main trim levels:

The base XL was the "work truck" trim level. Its standard features included a manual transmission, an AM/FM stereo with two front door-mounted speakers, a heater and blower, vinyl-trimmed seating surfaces with bench seats, steel wheels with black center hubs, black front and rear bumpers, a black "egg-crate" front grille, and manual windows and door locks. Optional features that were offered on this trim level included cloth-trimmed seating surfaces or vinyl- and cloth-trimmed seating surfaces, power windows and door locks, an AM/FM stereo with cassette player (later, a single-disc CD player instead of a cassette player) and four speakers, chrome front and rear bumpers as part of an XL Decor Group, an automatic transmission, and air conditioning.

The midrange XLT was the most popular trim level. It added these features to the base XL trim level: an AM/FM stereo with cassette player (later, a single-disc CD player instead of a cassette player) and four speakers, cloth-trimmed seating surfaces, bright center wheel hubs, chrome front and rear bumpers, a chrome "egg-crate" front grille with black inserts, power windows and door locks, and air conditioning. Optional features that were offered on this trim level included aluminum wheels, keyless entry (later, this option became standard equipment on this trim level), an AM/FM stereo with both a cassette player and a single-disc CD player (later, a six-disc, in-dash CD changer), an automatic transmission, and a power-adjustable front driver's bench seat.

The top-of-the-line Lariat was the most luxurious trim level. It added these features to the mid-range XLT trim level: an AM/FM stereo with both a cassette player and a single-disc CD player (later, a six-disc, in-dash CD changer), leather-trimmed seating surfaces, chrome-clad (later aluminum) wheels and center wheel hubs, keyless entry, a security system, electronic climate controls, a power front bench seat with fold-down center armrest, wood interior trim panels, and a chrome front grille with chrome inserts. Available options included two-tone exterior paint, color-keyed grille insert as well as front and rear bumpers, bucket seats replacing the bench seat, heated front seats, and an automatic transmission (which later became standard on this trim level).

Special editions
There were multiple special edition Super Duty models that were offered.

In 2001, to celebrate one million Super Duty trucks produced since their introduction in 1999, Ford released a "Platinum Edition" version of the F-250 Super Duty. Acting as an additional option package for the Lariat model, the Platinum Edition also included a unique two-tone silver paint job, special leather seats, color matched trim pieces and unique "Platinum Edition" badging. Only offered in Crew Cab configuration with a six-foot bed, the Platinum Edition had a limited production run of just one year. The Platinum name would eventually return as a permanent higher end trim level in 2009 for the Ford F-150 and 2013 for the Super Duty.

For 2003, a special Centennial Edition Super Duty was offered to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Ford Motor Company. The truck could be ordered only as a Crew Cab, but a choice of bed lengths, dual or single rear wheels, and gasoline or diesel engines were available. The Centennial Edition offered as standard equipment: monochromatic black clearcoat exterior, premium Verona-grain Imola leather seating finished in two-tone parchment, Special Centennial Edition badging, and a commemorative keychain and wristwatch. The Centennial Edition also came with special leather-bound owner's manual with the embossed signatures of Henry Ford, Edsel Ford, Henry Ford II, and William Clay Ford Jr.

Also in 2003, Ford began to offer its King Ranch trim package to the F-250 and F-350 Super Duty trucks. This package included rich Castaño leather seats, audio and climate controls on the steering wheel, front heated seats, 18-inch aluminum wheels (single) or 17-inch wheels (dual), and an improved instrument panel. It was only available on Crew Cab models.

Ford offered a special Harley-Davidson edition of the Super Duty from 2004 to 2007. It was available only on single-rear-wheel models and was available with a Triton V10 or 6.0L Power Stroke diesel engine. Based upon the Lariat trim, and available in a SuperCab or Crew Cab, the Harley-Davidson edition had a unique black leather interior, with the Bar and Shield logo adorning the front and rear captain's chairs (SuperCab models had a rear bench). Heated seats, a leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel, power-adjustable pedals, and power-adjustable heated mirrors rounded out the standard equipment. Unique spun-metal gauge faceplates embroidered the carpeted floor mats, and a leather-wrapped console lid with individually serial-numbered badging rounded out unique interior appointments. The 2004 Harleys could be had with three unique paint schemes: Competition Orange/Black Clearcoat two-tone, Dark Shadow Gray/Black Clearcoat two-tone, or a solid Black Clearcoat. Unique pinstriping was found on all three of the color options.

Changes to the Harley package in 2005 corresponded to the refresh of the F-250 and F-350 Super Duty models. The Harley-Davidson edition was only available in a Crew Cab, and the 5.4L V8 was added as the base engine for the package. New unique black-trimmed headlights, a billet-style grille, and 20-inch wheels were made standard. Gone were the two-tone paint jobs, but optional were painted ghost flames; 2005 models were available in a Black or True Blue Metallic paint job. The interior stayed largely the same, with luxurious black leather captain's chairs in the front and rear and Harley Bar and Shield badging galore, but the truck received the same interior updates as other 2005 Super Duty trucks.

F-450/F-550
To bridge the gap between the pickup line and the much larger medium-duty F-650/F-750, Ford introduced the F-450 and F-550 variants of the Super Duty; with an available GVWR from 15,000 to 19,500 lb, it pushes the Super Duty into the Class 5 truck market. Available only as a chassis cab, both versions were fitted with dual rear wheels.

While largely aimed at fleet buyers, F-450 and F-550 models were configurable in XL, XLT, and Lariat trim levels available to Super Duty pickup buyers. The sole gasoline engine was the 6.8L V10, while the 7.3L Power Stroke was the diesel option; in mid-2003, this was replaced by the 6.0L Power Stroke.

In 2005, the F-450 and F-550 received further updates to the exterior than the rest of the Super Duty line, with an extended front bumper and front fenders; the F-550 received a "wide-track" front axle to sharpen its turning radius.

Worldwide
The Ford F-350 Super Duty first generation was also assembled in Venezuela as a commercial small truck from 1999 to 2010. For this market, the F-350 was equipped with the 5.4L V8 Triton engine, a five-speed manual transmission, and a choice of two- or four-wheel drive.

Ford Super Duty trucks were built in Brazil, with different engines from their North American counterparts and fewer options, initially between 1999 and 2011, with a limited reintroduction of the F-350 in 2014. The dual-rear wheel variant of the F-350 is known locally as F-4000. They were widely exported to Australia (F-250 and F-350), South Africa (F-250), and Argentina (F-250, rebadged as F-100, and the F-350 DRW rebadged as F-4000), usually following the Brazilian specification (with an obvious change of the cockpit location in the versions targeted to Australia, South Africa, and other RHD markets), but Australia had a wider range of options in pair with its American counterparts, including automatic transmission and the V8 engines. The SuperCab was never officially available in Brazil and regional export markets (Uruguay and Argentina), but was made in RHD for export to Australia. South Africa had only the MWM engine and five-speed manual transmission, with the option of 2WD and 4WD for the single cab, while the crew cab had 4WD as standard.

Second generation (2008–2010)
The second-generation Super Duty was originally going to debut for the 2007 model year, but quality issues rather pushed it back to the 2008 model year. It receives an all-new 6.4 L Power Stroke diesel V8 with piezoelectric fuel injectors and sequential turbochargers to replace the 6.0L Power Stroke single-turbo diesel V8. The new engine produces 350 hp (260 kW) and 650 ft.lbf of torque. The vehicle had its first official showing at the Texas State Fair in 2006. Ford started taking orders in January 2007. The first 2008 F-450 pickup sold to the public was delivered to Randy Whipple of Muskegon, Michigan, in February 2007.

Located near the same dash area as the last generation (but slightly to the right and more directly below the radio), this generation of Super Duty models had the same Ford TowCommand trailer brake controller and four auxiliary upfitter switches as the last generation set-up.

An optional concealed slide-out step and swing-up hand grab bar were added to the rear tailgate for easy access.

Ford introduced its all-new optional "Rapid-Heat Supplemental Cab Heater," only available with the diesel engine and TorqShift automatic transmission. In the winter, it quickly raised the cab's temperature to a comfortable level until the engine was warm enough to handle the job.

The interior of the Super Duty was completely redesigned, with a new instrument cluster (with an enhanced message center) with similar styling to that of the 11th generation F-150 (2004–2008), as well as a new steering wheel, center dash bezel, interior door panels, and seat trim. Sirius Satellite Radio, a 3.5 mm auxiliary audio input jack (for all models equipped with a CD player or CD changer), a new "premium" audio system with an external amplifier and subwoofer, and a GPS navigation system radio with a touchscreen display were all new features. In 2009, the Ford SYNC entertainment system became available on select trim levels, adding Bluetooth hands-free calling and wireless stereo audio streaming via A2DP and a USB port for the first time on the Super Duty.

2010 is also the final model year for the 6.8-liter V10 in the F-250 and F-350, as well as dual-rear-wheel configurations in short bed.

Trim
This second generation of Super Duty trucks included the F-250, F-350, and the all-new F-450. The F-250 and F-350 basically had the same payload and towing specifications as the last generation. The trim level lineup for the 2010 F-250, F-350, and F-450 consisted of the XL, XLT, Lariat, Cabela's (except F-450), King Ranch, and Harley-Davidson.

The FX4 model, which was once just an optional off-road 4×4 package that could be added to any model in the lineup, was replaced by the 4×4 Off Road Package. The FX4 became a model of its own. It still had the same specs as the previous generation but with more of a sporty trim package. The FX4 model was discontinued for the 2010 model year and was reverted to an optional off-road 4×4 package.

 * XL – Included: Vinyl upholstery, 5.4L Triton V8, 17" steel wheels with all-season tires, rear folding bench seat (XL Crew Cab), an AM/FM stereo with digital clock and 2 speakers, black vinyl floor covering, visors, sealed-beam halogen lamps, manual windows, manual locks, and manual side-view mirrors.
 * XLT – Added: 18" steel wheels, cloth upholstery, lumbar support, power locks, power mirrors, power windows with automatic driver's side window, air conditioning, an AM/FM stereo with a single-CD player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack, a digital clock and four speakers, cruise control, color coordinated carpet floor covering, tilt steering wheel, and dual-beam headlamps.
 * FX4 (2008–2009) – Added: 17" forged aluminum wheels with all-terrain tires, automatic headlamps, illuminated entry, keyless entry with driver door keypad, securi-lock anti-theft ignition, a security alarm, FX4 cloth upholstery, black all-weather floor mats, metallic faced cluster with chrome faced gauges, overhead console with sunglasses storage, and a black-leather wrapped steering wheel.
 * Lariat – Added: Power driver and passenger seats, leather upholstery, automatic air conditioning, enhanced message center with distance to empty and compass, color-coordinated leather wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, visors with illuminated mirrors, and woodgrain style accents for the dash, and later, Ford SYNC.

Special Editions
For 2008, Ford and Harley-Davidson once again joined forces to bring out a new special edition Super Duty. The Harley-Davidson package was available on both F-250 and F-350 Crew Cab single-rear-wheel models. A gasoline engine was no longer offered with the package; instead, a 6.4 L Power Stroke turbo diesel was standard. Unique black and dusted copper two-tone leather captain's chairs with bar and shield logo, leather-trimmed center console, unique gauge cluster, and embroidered carpeted floor mats rounded out interior features. Twenty-inch wheels, billet-style grille, blacked out headlights, illuminated cab steps, power folding body-color Powerscope mirrors, rubber bed mat with Harley-Davidson logo, and special badging were the exterior highlights. The truck could be ordered with two unique exterior themes—a black monochromatic look with bodyside graphics or a black-and-vintage-copper two-tone with chrome dimensional box side Harley-Davidson lettering. An Audiophile premium eight-speaker stereo with subwoofer was standard, while a DVD-based navigation system was optional. A rear-seat DVD entertainment system with 8" screen was also optional but could not be ordered with the power moonroof.

The Harley-Davidson package was updated for 2009. For the first time, this package was offered on the F-450 DRW pickup. The interior was trimmed in all black leather, instead of the previous year's two-tone trim. New colors were offered: Black with flame tape stripes, Black with Vista Blue painted flames, and Dark Blue Pearl with Vista Blue painted flames. Ford's ToughBed spray-on bedliner and a rearview camera were made options. For 2010, only minor changes were made. Dark Blue Pearl was deleted from the color options in favor of Black with Tuxedo Black painted flames and the rearview camera was made standard. 2010 was the final year Ford offered a factory Harley-Davidson Super Duty (not counting the 2020+ based limited edition).

For 2008, a 60th anniversary package was available to celebrate 60 years of the F-Series brand. Featuring two-tone paint, additional chrome trim, and special badging, 2,500 were to be built, and it was only available with the XLT trim.

For 2009 and 2010, a special Cabela's edition was available in the FX4 Crew Cab configuration. This version included a basic package and a luxury package. The basic package included cloth captain's chairs, wood trim on center stack, all-weather floor mats, front and rear locking firearm storage, and an AM/FM radio. The luxury package included everything in the basic package but with leather seats and a navigation-based radio. In addition, both versions featured special badging and two-tone paint options.

Powertrain
The same two gasoline engines and their power ratings were carried over from the previous generation. The 5.4 L V8 is standard, while the 6.8 L V10 was still a $699 option over the 5.4L V8; both were SOHC engines and used three-valve-per-cylinder heads. The 6.4 L OHV four-valve-per-cylinder Power Stroke diesel engine, supplied by Navistar, was a $6,895 option over the 5.4 L V8.

F-450 pickup
There are some unique points to highlight of the F-450 with a regular-production pickup bed, which was previously only offered as a chassis cab. It had two available axle ratios of 4.30:1 and 4.88:1. The F-450 with the optional "High Capacity Trailer Tow Package" increased the GCWR from 26000 lb to 33000 lb. Maximum payload was 6120 lb. The maximum towing capacity was 24500 lb (4.88:1 axle ratio) or 20500 lb (4.30:1 axle ratio). The only configuration was the Crew Cab (until 2019 when a Regular Cab debuted for the F-450), with an 8 ft long bed, DRW (Dual Rear Wheels), limited-slip rear axle, 10-lug 19.5 in forged Alcoa wheels, Trailer Tow package, and the TowCommand TBC (Trailer Brake Controller). The only engine offered in the F-450 was the 6.4L V8 Power Stroke sequential turbo diesel. The F-450 was equipped with a standard 6-speed manual or the optional 5-speed TorqShift automatic transmission.

Third generation (2011–2016)
The Super Duty line received a significant exterior upgrade that includes a new, bigger front fascia. Its engines were also upgraded to better compete with the new Silverado HD and Ram HD. Ford stated in the 2011 Chicago Auto Show that the 2011 trucks had the thickest gauge steel frame of any truck in its class; this was due to the frame being the same design that debuted in 1999. The 2011 Ford F-Series Super Duty was awarded Truckin's "Topline Pulling Power" award for 2011. It also won Popular Mechanics' best workhorse of 2011, and the best "Gear of the Year" in the trucks category.

The F-450 was able to tow 24400 lb and has a maximum payload of 4920 lb. The F-350 has a maximum 21600 lb of towing capacity and 3770-4600 lb of payload depending on configuration. Each engine is mated to a 6R140 heavy-duty TorqShift six-speed automatic transmission. The Ford F-250, F-350, and F-450 all come with trim levels including the XL, XLT, Lariat, King Ranch, and Platinum.

The third generation of the Ford Super Duty trucks were assembled at Ford's Kentucky Truck Plant, with additional production in Venezuela. In Venezuela, the F-350 was offered as a commercial use small truck cutaway featuring a 6.2L V8 gas engine with a 5-speed manual TREMEC transmission TR-4050 with a choice of two- or four-wheel drive. Since 2012 due to government regulations, the Venezuelan F-350 Super Duty is factory equipped to use both natural gas and gasoline. The F-250 Super Duty was also recently re-introduced in this market after ten years. It was being marketed using the same engine as the Venezuelan F-350, but only with a 6-speed automatic transmission, 4×2 or 4×4 wheel drive option in both single and double cab configurations.

A feature unique to the 2011 Super Duty was the addition of a locking differential. It was only available for the F-250 and SRW F-350 4×4 models with a rear Sterling 10.5 axle. It was a US$390 option. The diesel F-250 used vacuum-boost brakes, while the F-350 used Hydro-Boost brakes. Both gas versions of the F-250 and SRW F-350 used vacuum-boost. The F-250 was a Class 2 truck, while the F-350 SRW, F-350 DRW, and F-450 pickup were Class 3 trucks. The F-250 and F-350 (SRW and DRW) have 13.66-inch front brakes and 13.39-inch rear brakes. The 2015–2016 F-250 and F-350 had 14.29-inch vented disc brakes on the front and rear axles as an improvement made for these model years. The F-450 pickup had 14.53-inch front brakes and 15.35-inch rear brakes. The F-450 had a wider track than the F-350. The F-450 remained available in Class 4 as a chassis-cab truck.

The trucks were once under investigation by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for steering failures, but the investigation revealed that the failures were caused by driver error and had nothing to do with design.

For the 2011 model year, the central bezel from the second-generation (2008–2010) Super Duty was kept, although features such as a full color LCD instrument panel display screen and a Sony premium amplified audio system with subwoofer were now available. An auxiliary audio input jack now came standard on all Super Duty models, regardless of radio choice.

In 2013, upper trim-level Super Duties could be ordered with the new MyFord Touch infotainment system with Ford SYNC, which included an eight-inch touchscreen display, a rear backup camera system, and HD Radio. The center bezel in these trucks was slightly redesigned to accommodate the new infotainment system, which was also paired with the Sony premium amplified audio system with subwoofer.

Trim

 * XL – Included: Vinyl upholstery, manual seats with cupholders and storage bin in front, manual locks, manual windows, 17" steel wheels (F-250/350) or 17" aluminum wheels (F-450), trailer brake controller (DRW), manual air conditioning, black vinyl floor covering, malfunction message center, manual towing mirrors, and an AM/FM stereo with digital clock and two speakers.
 * XLT – Added: 17" aluminum wheels, trailer brake controller, accessory delay, power locks, power windows with automatic driver's side window, cruise control, MyKey owner controls, security alarm, tinted rear windows, keyless entry, heated mirrors with turn signals, and an AM/FM stereo with single-CD player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and four speakers.
 * Lariat – Added: leather upholstery, flow through center console with lockable storage, a 120V power outlet, reverse parking aid, leather trimmed power front seats, air conditioning with auto temp control, auto-dimming rear view mirror, enhanced message center, a premium AM/FM stereo with single-CD player, MP3 capability, auxiliary input jack, SIRIUS Satellite Radio, steering wheel audio controls and eight speakers with subwoofer, auto lamp with rain lamp feature, fog lamps, power sliding rear window, power heated mirrors with spotlights and turn signals, SecuriLock entry keypad, body colored handles, and Ford SYNC.
 * King Ranch – Added: chaparral-leather trimmed seats, heated and cooled front seats, chaparral leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls, memory driver's seat, pedals and mirrors, rear view camera, remote start, King Ranch logo on seats and floor, and body color mirrors.

Engines
The 2011 Ford Super Duty was available with either a gasoline or diesel engine. The gasoline option was an E85-capable 6.2L 2-valve SOHC Ford Boss V8, which put out 385 hp and 405 lbft of torque under 10,000 lb GVWR (316 hp and 397 lbft of torque over 10,000 lb GVWR). The diesel option was the new 6.7L Power Stroke V8, producing 390 hp and 735 lbft of torque. The new engine was an entirely Ford product, unlike previous diesels, therefore reducing development costs and shipping delays.

The 6.8L V10 was dropped from the F-250 and F-350 pickup and chassis-cab models, but was carried over in the F-450 and F-550 chassis cabs; it was mated with a 5-speed automatic transmission.

Shortly after the introduction of the 6.7L Power Stroke V8, General Motors unveiled the 2011 Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra HD with the Duramax 6.6-liter turbodiesel V8, making 397 hp and 765 lbft of torque. Ford quickly responded by boosting the output of the Power Stroke just months after its initial release, to 400 hp and 800 lbft of torque. For customers who purchased a Super Duty with the original Power Stroke V8, Ford offered a free upgrade at dealerships to the new level of output. Power and torque were increased to 440 hp and 860 lbft of torque for 2015.

Transmission
No manual transmission was available in the United States, but in Mexico and Venezuela, the F-350 was available with a 5-speed manual. The automatic transmissions had a manual mode. The diesel engine's transmission optionally featured a PTO and is a "live-drive" unit ("live-drive" meaning the PTO is directly connected to the engine's crankshaft), whereas the GM's Allison 1000 transmission and Ram's Aisin used a torque converter or clutch (depending on being an automatic or manual, respectively).

Cooling system
On the 6.7L diesel engine only, there were two separate cooling systems:
 * 1) High-temperature system that runs at 194 F to cool the engine.
 * 2) Low-temperature system with a 122 F coolant for the following:
 * fuel cooler
 * EGR system
 * transmission fluid
 * air-to-water inter-cooler

A belt-driven pump mounted low on the driver side circulated the high-temperature coolant, while a separate belt-driven pump mounted higher on the passenger side circulated the low-temperature coolant.

F-450 pickup
The F-450 pickup returned for 2011. Just like the 2008–2010 model, the F-450 pickup was only available in one single configuration; a crew cab with a dual-rear-wheel 8 ft bed. The only powertrain combination again was the 6.7L Power Stroke turbodiesel V8 mated to the six-speed TorqShift automatic transmission. Trims include the XL, XLT, Lariat, King Ranch, and Platinum (the latter two were actually add-ons to the Lariat trim). Specifications:

 * Wheelbase: 172.4 in (crew cab, long bed)
 * Payload: 4920 lb (2011), 5260 lb (2012), 5880 lb (2013), 5,450 lb (2015)
 * Towing capacity: 24,400 lb (2011), 24,500 lb (2012), 24,700 lb (2013), 31,200 lb (2015)
 * Front GAWR: 5,940 lb
 * Rear GAWR: 9,100 lb
 * GVWR: 13,050 lb (2011), 13,300 lb (2012), 14,000 lb (2013–2015)
 * GCWR: 33,000 lb, 40,000 lb (2015)
 * Axle gear ratio: 4.30:1
 * 4×4 only. No two-wheel drive (unlike the 2008–2010 model; until two-wheel drive returned for 2018).
 * Alcoa forged wheels are the only available wheels.
 * LT245/75R17 (2011–2014)
 * MT225/70R19.5 (2015–2016)

Chassis cab
Chassis cab models were also updated using the new 2011 body style. Ford chassis cabs were still rated up to the industry maximum 19,500-pound Gross Vehicle Weight Rating. The Gross Combined Weight Rating was increased by 2,000 lb to 35,000 lb maximum, 5,000 lb greater than the nearest competitor.

Fourth generation (2017–2022)
On September 24, 2015, Ford unveiled the 2017 Super Duty line at the 2015 State Fair of Texas. This marked the first all-new Super Duty line since its 1998 debut; the frame is made from 95% high-strength steel and the body (like the contemporary F-150) was made from 6000 series aluminum alloy, advertised as a high-strength military grade aluminum alloy.

For the first time since 1996 with the ninth-generation F-Series, both the Super Duty and F-150 lines were constructed using the same cab to better compete with GM, Ram, and Nissan's HD trucks. In a major departure, the stand-alone front grille and stepped front fenders seen since 1999 were eliminated from the exterior. The two-bar grille introduced in 2011 was widened, integrating the headlights into its design. Despite now using the F-150 cabin, the SuperCrew name was still not used.

In a switch to an aluminum-intensive body similar to the F-150, Ford created a potential 700 lb of weight savings; in spite of the addition of heavier-duty frame and driveline components, the 2017 Super Duty weighed in at up to 350 lb less than comparable 2016 models. Ford strengthened the frame and drivetrain with fortified drive shafts, axles, brakes, towing hardware, and 4WD transfer case. F-250 and F-350 pickups were built on a fully boxed frame; chassis-cab models were produced on a frame boxed up to the rear of the cab and of open-C-channel design rearward.

For 2017 production, the Super Duty line shares its powertrain lineup with its 2016 predecessor: a 6.2L gasoline V8, 6.8L V10 (F-450 and above), with a 6.7L diesel V8 available in all versions. The 6.2L gasoline V8 engine remained at 385 hp but torque rises from 405 to 430 lbft. Additionally, the gasoline V8 produced its maximum torque at over 700 rpm less than the previous 405 lbft engine. The 6.7L diesel engine also remained at the same 440 hp but torque increased from 860 lbft upwards to 925 lbft. The diesel engine now produced its peak torque at 1,800 rpm instead of the previous 1,600 rpm. The F-250 received a TorqShift-G six-speed automatic while all other Super Duty trucks were paired with the 6R140 6-speed automatic. Crew Cab models had a 34 usgal tank for the 6.75 ft bed and 48 usgal fuel tank for the 8 ft bed.

Trim levels consisted of the XL, XLT, Lariat, King Ranch, and Platinum. The Limited trim would not debut until 2018. The trucks were available with a two-door Regular Cab, four-door SuperCab, or four-door Crew Cab (the F-450, in pickup truck configuration, was only available in this configuration until the 2019 model year with the addition of the regular cab), with short (6' 9") and long (8') bed lengths. Base prices in the U.S. ranged from $32,535 (F-250 XL) to $77,125 (F-450 Platinum).

The 2018 F-450 was the first factory pickup truck with an MSRP of $100,000, with the addition of the new Limited trim, which debuted on the 2013 Ford F-150.

Engines
All engines were paired with a "TorqShift" 6-speed automatic transmission, with the gasoline engines featuring two transmissions: a 5-speed manual transmission (chassis cab F-350, Mexico only), and Ford's all-new "TorqShift-G" automatic transmission.

Safety recalls
On April 4, 2017, all Ford F-250 Super Duty trucks built between October 1, 2015, and April 1, 2017, were recalled because of improper and damaged rods in the parking brake and transmission allowing the truck to move while in park. This affected 52,000 trucks but no injuries or accidents were reported.

2020 refresh
The 2020 Super Duty debuted at the 2019 Chicago Auto Show in February. It featured a revised grille and tailgate design, new wheel options, and higher-quality interior materials for the Limited trim. A new 7.3-liter gasoline engine was available, nicknamed "Godzilla." Replacing the aging Triton V10, it made up to 430 horsepower and 475 lb-ft of torque. The 6.7-liter Power Stroke engine was strengthened, bumping output to 475 hp and 1050 lbft of torque. Ford's 10-speed 10R140 TorqShift automatic transmission was now standard with the diesel and 7.3-liter gasoline engines on the F-250 and all engines on the F-350; the 6-speed was still available, but only in the F-250 with the 6.2-liter engine and even the F-350 XL DRW with the Payload Package of the same engine (though this is a rare option).

2022 hydrogen fuel cell prototype
An F-550 Super Duty hydrogen fuel cell electric truck is being prototyped in cooperation with Southern California Gas Co., as part of the US Department of Energy's (DOE) SuperTruck 3 program.

F-600
For 2020, Ford reintroduced the F-600, with a name that was last used for 1994 on a medium-duty truck. Identical to the F-550, the F-600 medium-duty features the body and cab of a traditional Super Duty chassis cab but upgrades the chassis over and above the F-550 and offers no cab configurations besides a Regular Cab. The cab-to-axle options are retained. The F-600 chassis upgrades include upsized U-joints, an alteration to the diesel exhaust system to accommodate dynamic clearances for the larger U-joint crosses, upgraded brakes, and wider wheels (19×6.75" instead of 19×6") to support wider tires (245 mm instead of 225 mm) for increased tire load capacity. The model is geared towards fleet buyers who require the GVWR capacity of the heavier F-650 medium-duty but prefer the size and maneuverability of the smaller F-550 Super Duty. Available with either the 7.3L Ford Godzilla engine gasoline V8 or the 6.7L Power Stroke turbodiesel V8 engine and paired with the TorqShift 10-speed automatic transmission and two-wheel-drive (4×2) or four-wheel-drive (4×4), the F-600 went on sale in mid-2020.

 * Front brakes: 15.39 in
 * Rear brakes: 15.75 in
 * Midship fuel tank capacity: 26.5 usgal
 * Rear tank: 40 usgal
 * GCWR: 30,000 lb
 * GVWR: 22,000 lb
 * Payload: 15,090 lb
 * Hitch: 18,500 lb
 * Front sway bar: 35 mm (5160 steel)
 * Rear sway bar: 31 mm (5160 steel)

Tremor
For 2020, Ford reintroduced the "Tremor" name for the F-250 and F-350 Super Duty pickups. The nameplate was last used on the 2014 Ford F-150 as a sport appearance package. As an off-road oriented version of the F-250 and F-350 Super Duty, the Tremor models competed directly with the Ram 2500 Power Wagon and feature a suspension lift and upgraded tires and wheels from the factory. The trucks also offered details not found on other Super Duty models, such as available blacked-out accents on the front grille, wheels, side emblems, and side mirrors as well as "Tremor" decals on the sides of the pickup box. Offered as a Crew Cab model with a 6 3/4-foot pickup box, and with four-wheel-drive (4×4), the Tremor came with the new 7.3L "Godzilla" gasoline V8 engine as standard, while the 6.7L Power Stroke turbodiesel V8 engine was optional (the Ram 2500 Power Wagon still only offers a gasoline V8 engine).

Off-road upgrades include 35-inch Goodyear Wrangler Duratrac maximum-traction tires, a specially tuned rear stabilizer bar, custom 1.7-inch piston twin-tube dampers, a Dana limited-slip front differential, electronic-locking rear differential, off-road running boards, large skid plates, and extended-axle vent tubes. The Super Duty Tremor Off-Road Package has a very high ground clearance of 10.8 in and a class-leading water fording of 33 in. Also, the Super Duty Tremor Off-Road Package has the highest approach angle (31.65 degrees) and departure angle (24.51 degrees) of any Super Duty model ever built.

The new 10-speed "TorqShift" automatic transmission featured Selectable Drive Modes with settings for Deep Snow/Sand, Slippery, Eco, Tow/Haul, and Normal, as well as an exclusive Rock-Crawl mode. The Super Duty Tremor Off-Road Package also had a Trail Control feature, which is essentially cruise control for off-road driving. Crawl ratios were 53:1 for gasoline-equipped models, while the ratio for diesel-equipped models was 44:1. Another available feature for all Super Duty models (including the Tremor) was the Trailer Reverse Guidance System, which was similar to the Pro Trailer Backup Assist system in the Ford F-150 and allowed for the driver to easily back their truck and trailer with little effort. The all-new 2020 F-250 and F-350 Super Duty Tremor models went on sale in the fall of 2019.

Fifth generation (2023–present)
The fifth-generation Super Duty was revealed in September 2022. Production started in early 2023. Just like its predecessor, this generation of Super Duty shares much of the cab and interior with the contemporary F-150.

Two new engine options were introduced. The new 6.8L gasoline V8, which is essentially a short-stroked version of the 7.3L Godzilla, is standard and was initially only available on F-250 and F-350 pickup models with the base XL trim. A high-output version of the 6.7L Power Stroke diesel, producing up to 500 horsepower and 1,200 lb-ft of torque, is available on all pickup models and is included with the Limited trim. The 7.3L Godzilla is standard on F-250 and F-350 pickup models in XLT and higher trims, as well as all F-350 through F-600 chassis-cab models. All engines are paired to a 10-speed automatic transmission. Four-wheel drive is standard on XLT and higher trims on pickups as well as on the Lariat trim on chassis-cabs.

For 2024, the 6.8L V8 gained flex-fuel capability, and was now available in F-250 and F-350 pickups with the XLT trim.

Marketing
As of 2016, the Ford Super Duty is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela (F-250 and F-350), Suriname, Brazil (F-350/F-4000), Argentina (F-4000 only), Angola (F-250 and F-350), Cambodia, the Middle East, and Iceland (F-350 only) in left-hand drive (LHD) only.

In Suriname, though traffic is on the left side of the road, the import and registry of left-hand drive vehicles is allowed.

In Australia, it was officially imported in right-hand drive from Brazil from 2001 to 2006, but as of 2007, Ford no longer offers the Super Duty in Australia.

Medium-duty trucks (F-650 and F-750)

For 2000, Ford returned to the Class 6–7 truck market as it expanded the Super Duty line into the medium-duty segment. They developed a joint venture with Navistar International known as Blue Diamond Trucks, the F-650 and F-750 Super Duty were assembled in Mexico. While the chassis and other components would be common to both manufacturers, Ford and International would each source their own bodywork and powertrain; the cab for the Ford trucks would be common with other Super Duty models.

For the 2016 model year, the medium-duty truck range was given a major upgrade, following the end of the joint venture and the shift of production to the United States. In place of outsourced engines and transmissions, the 2016 F-650 and F-750 now use a 6.8L gasoline V10, a 6.7L Power Stroke diesel V8, and a 6-speed automatic transmission all supplied by Ford.

Sport-utility vehicles
From 2000 to 2005, the F-250 Super Duty served as a basis for the Ford Excursion sport-utility vehicle. Along with the Chevrolet Suburban (and its Cadillac/GMC/Holden counterparts) and the International Harvester Travelall, the Ford Excursion was one of the longest non-limousine sport-utility vehicles ever sold.

The Excursion was available in three trim packages: XLT, Limited, and top-of-the-line Eddie Bauer. It was offered in two- or four-wheel drive, and with three engine options: the 5.4L V8, the 6.8L V10, or the Power Stroke V8 turbo diesel. The Excursion was only available with an automatic transmission.

While the Excursion was sold mostly in North America and Mexico, a similar vehicle was sold in Brazil from 1998 to 2012 as a second-party conversion of the Ford F-250 crew-cab (similar to the Centurion F-Series/Bronco conversions).

Armored vehicles
As a result of the heavy-duty frame and powertrain of its chassis, the Ford Super Duty has served as a donor platform for multiple types of armored vehicles, for civilian, law enforcement, and military use. Most versions are constructed using the Ford F-550 chassis cab. Examples include the STREIT/KrAZ Spartan, Didgori-2, Lenco BearCat, Plasan Sand Cat, Roshel Senator, Terradyne Gurkha, APC Novator, Conquest Knight XV, and TAD Turangga.

title: Ford Super Duty


text:
Southern Regional Testing Agency

Southern Regional Testing Agency (SRTA) is one of five examination agencies for dentistry in the United States. Some of the other examination agencies are, Western Regional Examining Board, Central Regional Dental Testing Service, Northeast Regional Board of Dental Examiners. These were organized to better standardize clinical exams for licensure.

Member states that originally helped create the exam are: Arkansas, Kentucky, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia

Other states that accept the exam for licensure: Alabama, Colorado, Connecticut, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, Utah, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Maine, Wyoming, Vermont, West Virginia, Missouri, Massachusetts, Montana.

The exam contains six separate sections: Endodontics, Class III Composite, Class II Amalgam, Fixed Prosthodontics, and computer simulated examinations in Periodontics and Prosthodontics. Each section is scored on a pass/fail basis and has its own unique grading criteria. To successfully complete each section, applicants must score at least 75% for all procedures within that section, and applicants must pass all sections in order to pass the exam.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Southern Regional Testing Agency


text:
Alexander Seton, 3rd Earl of Dunfermline

Alexander Seton, 3rd Earl of Dunfermline (12 June 1642 – btw. 23 August/27 October 1677 ) was an Earl in the Peerage of Scotland. He succeeded his father, Charles Seton, 2nd Earl of Dunfermline, in 1672. Alexander was a younger son, but his older brother Charles had predeceased his father shortly before, in a naval battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War. As a peer, he was entitled to sit in the Parliament of Scotland. He had no children, and upon his death in 1677 the title went to his brother, James Seton, 4th Earl of Dunfermline. The title became extinct with James, who was outlawed in 1690 after fighting in the Battle of Killiecrankie, and died without heirs in 1694.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of interesting Google Maps satellite images

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - moved to userspace - SimonP 02:27, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

List of interesting Google Maps satellite images
Wikipedia is not a… catalogue of interesting aerial views of the US? --W(t) 05:49, 2005 May 29 (UTC)
 * Relegate to a user page. This is an incredibly cool page, but alas it is neither encyclopedic, nor very neutral (interesting is a value judgement).  My commendation, however, to the compiler.  It's quite interesting.  -SocratesJedi | Talk 06:56, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to something like "List of Notable Aerial Images" and include links to other aeriel views, not just Google. -CunningLinguist 06:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Notable according to what criteria? -- Cyrius|✎ 23:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or, for the sake of reaching a veredict, concur with CunningLinguist. --Sn0wflake 07:47, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep concur with CunningLinguist. Klonimus 08:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this is a interesting page. NSR 08:31, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately the title and content is opinionated. Userfy. Mgm|(talk) 10:41, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Google Maps. - SimonP 15:48, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keepsta - it is da bomb page. it is da coolest thing in da hood these days, homies.
 * Move to a user page per SocratesJedi. platypeanArchcow 16:52, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Can be expanded to include Canada and elsewhere. Notable subject matter as the Google Aerial Photos/Maps have become an Internet phenomenon of late. If there is a Google Maps article, make sure it's well linked, but I don't see a need to merge as someone would probably suggest spinning the list off into its own article anyway. The list certainly needs expansion. If the title is at issue, simply rename it, though it should still be specifically identified as Google Maps images. 23skidoo 18:51, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to user space as it isn't encyclopaedic. Hedley 19:15, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy. This is cool, but not very encyclopedic. Sarg 19:19, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Why give Google any more free advertising?  Kaibabsquirrel 20:13, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Userpagify Kinda cool though. Fawcett5 20:48, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy if at all possible; otherwise rename to something less POV. -- BD2412 talk 20:57, 2005 May 29 (UTC)

 * Userfy and delete. Cool, but not encyclopedic. Denni ☯ 00:18, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is encyclopedia and not link farm. Pavel Vozenilek 00:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep expand to include Canada and other places Revolución 04:13, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment not second vote. Use the °N, °W template to add the coordinates given in the link to individual articles (google up a decimal to dms converter). I already did so for Hoover Dam as an example how to do it. Fawcett5 04:27, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy and Delete. Would make a damned cool personal web page, but it's not an encyclopedia article.  I like it a lot.  It belongs, but not here.  -- Un  focused  04:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This page is defunct - sites like perljam and google sightseeing are doing a much better job - why not just link there from the Google Maps page?
 * Userfy. However cool, an article whose concept is basically one person's notion of what's interesting is fundamentally not encyclopedic. carmeld1 19:07, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy. -- RHaworth 19:49, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect - move site links to Google Maps, Aerial photograph, and similar pages, delete individual image links. akaDruid 07:57, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (original research as to what is 'interesting'), or move to user-space. James F. (talk) 09:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keepthis page, it's informing and interesting
 * Userfy or delete - not an encyclopedia article, original research. Just being "cool" isn't a reason to keep opinion pieces. -- Cyrius|✎ 23:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy, user can decide whether to delete it. — Asbestos | Talk  23:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: We should be sure to remove the link at Google Maps if and when this page is userified/deleted/etc. -SocratesJedi | Talk 00:04, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this is not encylopedic and interesting is completly subjective. Vegaswikian 06:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * STRONG KEEP - This page is valuable in many ways, and is a good example of how great wikipedia can be. Maybe change title to reflect something less POV --The_stuart 18:51, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's a good example of how people will vote to keep anything, even pages that are just "I like these pictures". The page violates "no original research", it violates verifiability (define interesting), it violates "not mere collections of external links" (WP:NOT), it certainly violates the spirit of "not collections of photographs with no text to go with the articles", violates "not lists or repositories of loosely associated topics", and could even be interpreted as violating "not travel guides". People rail about arguments like "not notable" not being allowed reasons for deletion, but this time, it's the people voting keep that are ignoring the written rules. -- Cyrius|✎ 19:59, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --Horseman 20:04, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Reasoning? -SocratesJedi | Talk 00:44, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - it is a list of places where satellite imagery is most interesting (whether Google provided the images or not) and as such may well end up being named and classified as such, but surely it needs to be kept - Bevo 15:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy - I created this page when its contents had made Google Maps painfully bloated. I'd proposed that the list wasn't appropriate in the article namespace but a separate article was the compromise instead.  I'll volunteer to put it in my userpage if that's what the vote result is here... -Joshuapaquin 16:55, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Above the fold

this is a word or slang term defintion. It should be in the dictionary, not a whole article.

 * I agree it should be a dictionary definition or merged into News. (please sign your comments) Calicocat 1 July 2005 19:38 (UTC)

This term is still relatively disputed amongst usability experts - Jakob Nielsen, in the example in the external links, provides ample evidence that the fold matters, whereas Ms. Tarquini "blasts the myth of the fold." Dictionary almost seems to institutional for this, as I think it's more a concept, approach, or theory than just a term. It would be easy to see this expand over time.Johnwpalmer (talk) 21:47, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Above the fold


text:
XML Shareable Playlist Format

XML Shareable Playlist Format (XSPF), pronounced spiff, is an XML-based playlist format for digital media, sponsored by the Xiph.Org Foundation.

XSPF is a file format for sharing the kind of playlist that can be played on a personal computer or portable device. In the same way that any user on any computer can open any Web page, XSPF is intended to provide portability for playlists.

Content resolution
Traditionally playlists have been composed of file paths that pointed to individual titles. This allowed a playlist to be played locally on one machine or shared if the listed file paths were URLs accessible to more than one machine (e.g., on the Web). XSPF's meta-data rich open format has permitted a new kind of playlist sharing called content resolution.

A simple form of content resolution is the localisation of a playlist based on metadata. An XSPF-compliant content resolver will open XSPF playlists and search a catalog for every title with,   and   tags, then localise the playlist to reference the available matching tracks. A catalog may reference a collection of media files on a local disk, a music subscription service like Yahoo! Music Unlimited, or some other searchable archive. The end result is shareable playlists that are not tied to a specific collection or service.

History
XSPF was created by an ad hoc working group that commenced activities in February 2004, achieved rough consensus on version 0 in April 2004, worked on implementations and fine tuning throughout summer and fall 2004, and declared the tuned version to be version 1 in January 2005.

XSPF is not a recommendation of any standards body besides the Xiph.Org Foundation.

Features

 * A playlist format like M3U or ASX
 * MIME content-type of
 * Patent-free (no patents by the primary authors)
 * Specification under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 2.5 license
 * XML, like Atom
 * Unicode support
 * Cross-platform support

Software and web playlist converters

 * Amarok
 * Foobar2000 (with appropriate plugin)
 * Audacious
 * Banshee
 * Clementine
 * Tomahawk
 * VLC media player (stand-alone player, available on every major platform)
 * XMMS2 (has a plugin to parse XSPF)
 * Last.fm (export of playlists and personal tag radios in XSPF)
 * Soundiiz (playlist converter for several streaming sites)
 * youtube-dl (downloader)

title: XML Shareable Playlist Format


text: User talk:67.121.95.80

title: User talk:67.121.95.80


text: User talk:198.36.32.25

title: User talk:198.36.32.25


text: User talk:70.242.45.228

title: User talk:70.242.45.228


text:
Talk:Gerard K. O'Neill

Page move
Google test: 5,380 for "Gerard O Neill" -K 3,840 for "Gerard K. O'Neill" 66 for "Gerard Kitchen O'Neill" --Viriditas | Talk 05:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I think this move was a mistake. He is almost always referred to as Gerard K. O'Neill or Gerry O'Neill. Britannica calls him Gerard K. O'Neill. His name is Gerard K. O'Neill on his books. Also, there are other people named Gerard O'Neill, some of them published authors. The test above is faulty because it probably picked up a number of people with the same name. I propose a page move back to the old title. Wronkiew (talk) 05:31, 22 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Good reason to move the article back. This is uncontroversial, and I've requested it as such over at WP:RM. Viriditas (talk) 08:42, 22 August 2008 (UTC)

O'Neill cylinder
This article should link to O'Neill cylinder somewhere. Thue | talk 23:55, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Done.ThuranX 15:32, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Some comments
As requested by on my talk page, here are some comments/suggestions for improvements/queries for this article (based on this version): I'll leave the GA assessment for someone else (I've never done a GA review myself), but I think that the article is certainly GA-standard. Nice work! Mike Peel (talk) 20:34, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Everything that's in the introduction should be in the body of the text, so it shouldn't need any references.
 * The references in the introduction are for details which I thought needed to be referenced as per WP:LEADCITE. Wronkiew (talk) 17:08, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * There are a couple of completely unreferenced paragraphs in "Space colonization", which I've marked. (you're very efficient!) Ideally, please check that everything is referenced.
 * I considered this section to be a summary of later subsections, so I left out the references. I added general references to both paragraphs, but there may be some details which do not appear in the cited references. These are, however, referenced when they are repeated later in the section. Wronkiew (talk) 17:08, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Has there been any work on O'Neill's space colonization ideas since 1986?
 * Sort of. The most direct influence he had on space colonization work after his death (that I could find) was the SSI conferences. I added some more detail about it in the "Legacy" section. Wronkiew (talk) 06:10, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
 * What happened to the newsletter mentioned at the end of the "Origin of the idea (1969–1974)" section?
 * I was not able to find enough references to characterize his "newsletter", so I removed the term from that section. Wronkiew (talk) 05:48, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Was he survived by his wife?
 * Wife and children, added to the death and legacy section. Wronkiew (talk) 18:07, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Selected papers: has he written many? If so, then say how many. If not (less than 20), then consider doing a complete list.
 * I added a more complete list of papers, though there are a few that I do not have complete citation details for. Wronkiew (talk) 21:16, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Selected patents: there's only 6, why not list them all?
 * Done. Wronkiew (talk) 18:07, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * As a general rule, photo credits only go on the image pages, they aren't needed in the article.
 * Removed. Wronkiew (talk) 17:08, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Have there been any autobiographical/biographical books written about O'Neill?
 * He did not write an autobiography, and I am not aware of any biographical books written about him. Wronkiew (talk) 17:08, 30 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Some sentences seem a little disjointed, e.g. the end of the first paragraph of the "Death and legacy" section.
 * I fixed up the section and improved some other sentences that didn't flow well in the rest of the article. Wronkiew (talk) 05:48, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

A couple more quick comments: Mike Peel (talk) 22:50, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * How were his second and third books critically received? Were they popular, or ignored? Did they win any awards? The linked-to article on the second book really needs a thorough overhaul...
 * I added some information from reviews of the second and third books, and cleaned up the 2081 article. Wronkiew (talk) 06:51, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Was the high speed train system concept developed any further after his death?
 * O'Neill's colleague started a company to develop the magnetic trains. Their installations haven't been very high speed, but they are based on the same idea. I added some stuff about it in the "Death and legacy" section. 16:21, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * What relevance does "The rocket stage re-entered the atmosphere in May 2002" have to O'Neill? Was this the part which contained his ashes?
 * It was. I rewrote parts of this section to make it more clear where his ashes went and I removed some unnecessary detail. Wronkiew (talk) 06:52, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It might be worth clarifying whether he was survived by Tasha, or his ex-wife Sylvia, or both.
 * Clarified. Wronkiew (talk) 06:47, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Fourth child
This came up at the FA review, he had three children with his first wife and was survived by four children. If anyone can get a source so that we can add the missing child into his bio a Barnstar awaits thee.  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  07:39, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * But if it isn't in a reliable source or it doesn't name his mother then I will take it away. Wronkiew (talk) 07:54, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Found the fourth child, through the brother's obituary, and added the name and the reference. Alice (talk) 02:52, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Categories
I have removed Category:Futurology since the article is not about futurology and he is not a futurologist and have removed Category:Space colonization for similar reasons. A mention in the Space colonization article may be all that is required. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 21:36, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't care about futurology cat, but the other one... perhaps you should take a while away from the wikipedia; I think you've been working too hard or something. We don't remove information from a category because it hasn't been included some place else, not if there's reliable sources in the article that make it valid in that category. If you do stuff like that, the Wikipedia would be soon empty. Basically words fail me, to the extent that I'm wondering whether your edits are well-meant.Rememberway (talk) 21:47, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Please try and be civil. Do not make assumptions about my state of mind. Please focus on the issue. Do not overstate the case. Familiarise yourself with WP categorisation. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 21:58, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * So you're claiming that Gerard O'Neill isn't most known for his work on space colonization, or you're saying that his work on space colonization, that is referenced in this article isn't notable and therefore shouldn't be in the category?Rememberway (talk) 23:19, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I'm still thinking that your edit is indistinguishable from vandalism. If an anonymous IP had done this, I would be checking his other edits and considering him for blocking if he'd done other edits. I'd like to believe you, but ultimately just because you state that it isn't doesn't mean it isn't.Rememberway (talk) 23:19, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you can explain in more detail how this isn't significant to that category?Rememberway (talk) 23:19, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

 * To call my removal of two categories as akin to vandalism is farcical. I have spent sufficient time on WP categorisation to be familiar with how articles should be categorised. Categories on a topic such as space colonisation or futurology should not contain biographical articles. As an example Category:Science does not contain articles about scientists. They are all place in Category:Scientists and its subcategories. Also, I am not claiming the Gerard O'Neill is not known for his work on space colonisation. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 00:00, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * OK, that at least sounds plausibly not deliberate vandalism, although it still doesn't make any ultimate sense. So you're saying that (essentially) you don't think that anyone should be in any category except a derivative of Category:Person. So you're essentially trying to force the category system to be a tree, instead of a directed graph? So you think that somebody famous for (for example) starting an entire field of endeavour, and that may have notable comments about that field, is not categorisable as being a significant part of that field?Rememberway (talk) 01:21, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * No, I don't think all biographical articles should be in subcats of Category:People but I think the vast majority probably should. Note that since there is a Category:Futurists O'Neill should not be in Category:Futurology {yet you keep on reverting it to that cat). I don't think he should be in Category:Futurologists since all he has done is to write one book on that theme. A few examples of people and topic categories that I came across are:
 * Category:Evolution does not contain Charles Darwin
 * Category:Printing does contain Category:Johannes Gutenberg
 * If there was a space colonisation proponents category O'Neill should be in it but such a category is a case of overcategorisation. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 21:41, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * WTF?Rememberway (talk) 23:36, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Category evolution does indirectly contain Charles Darwin.Rememberway (talk) 23:36, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Category Printing does indirectly contain Johannes Gutenberg, in fact he has an entire subcategory, which is directly linked.Rememberway (talk) 23:36, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * If that's basically what you're saying, I'd like you please to point to the policy that says that, because I would want to amend it to not saying that; as far as I know there's no policy that says that, and last time I read it, it didn't say that.Rememberway (talk) 01:21, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * There is no categorisation policy - there is only a guideline. Specific edits of the type that we are discussing are not outlined. The closest part of the guideline is probably "Each article should be placed in all of the most specific categories to which it logically belongs." -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 21:41, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Yeah, and Gerard O'Neill is already noted in both this article and the space colonization article for being a significant theorist in Space colonization, as is (for example) Konstantin Tsiolkovski, which rightfully puts them on topic and in these particular categories; the people that come up with things are usually very much considered part of the overall topic that must be covered. Or would you want to remove the Wright Brothers from aircraft categories as well? Tell me, are there any other similar category removals that you have done anywhere else?Rememberway (talk) 23:36, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * WP behavioural guideline is to assume good faith. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 21:41, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, you were, and continue to be acting very strangely.Rememberway (talk) 23:36, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * As you have stated that is your opinion. Let's see what happens with the results at WP:AN/I to see what others think about my behaviour. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 08:09, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Claenup tag
I have added the cleanup tag since I feel that there are two categories that are not appropriate for this article. (see previous section). -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 00:02, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I have removed it because you are unable to point to any policy or guideline that their presence violates.Rememberway (talk) 00:24, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

Video of o neill
hello i found this video do you think i can put it on this wiki page ? http://blip.tv/erik-down-under/the-vision-of-gerard-k-o-neill-4115006 are there some other video of him around on the net ? by the way this article is just beautifull, i hope i will learn to do that kind of things someday --Beaucouplusneutre (talk) 21:00, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

reference about o neill
hello, i have googled this one with no success, does someone knows where to read this article in full ? i have tried nasa and aiaa ^ O'Neill, Gerard K.; Driggers, G.; and O'Leary, B.: New Routes to Manufacturing in Space. Astronautics and Aeronautics, vol. 18, October 1980, pp. 46-51. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Beaucouplusneutre (talk • contribs) 11:16, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Libraries are your best best. Other than that... maybe this will help. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 04:11, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

Lagrange Point Diagram
The Lagrange Point diagram should be corrected by moving L2 to be only slightly further from the Moon than L2 is. 94.30.84.71 (talk) 12:52, 12 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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1975 interview with Isaac Asimov and Gerard K. O'Neill
A source to improve the article. This TV interview from 1975 has long been referred to, but the TV films had been (apparently) lost. References to the interview became almost mythical, since no copies were known. Well, a film copy was found; and the Space Studies Institute has done a re-recording and digital re-mastering; now on YouTube since 22 May 2018.

Here is the link: The Roundtable TV Interview, WNET New York, 1975; re-released by the Space Studies Institute on YouTube 22 May 2018. Cheers. N2e (talk) 04:27, 25 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gerard K. O'Neill


text:
Money Hunt: The Mystery of the Missing Link

Money Hunt: The Mystery of the Missing Link was a 1984 contest video directed by David Hemmings and written by Gregory Ross. The video was a contest containing the clues necessary to solve a puzzle. The first person to solve the contest by calling a toll-free telephone number by the deadline would receive USD 100,000.

The video was hosted by John Hillerman, who narrated a short opening segment directly to the viewer explaining the contest rules and providing a few cursory hints. The remainder of the video was a half-hour narrative, in the form of a farcical film noir detective story. The detective, "Cash Hunt" (played by John Ashton) attempted to solve the same puzzle as the viewer. The solution consisted of a city and state within the United States, a safe deposit box, and a telephone number (the toll-free number necessary to phone in the solution).


text:
Edward Eagar

Edward Eagar (1787–1866) was a lawyer, merchant and criminal.

Early life
Eagar was born in Killarney, Ireland. His parents were landed gentry so he was well educated. He trained as a solicitor and became an attorney to His Majesty's Courts in Ireland. In 1809 he was charged with forging a bill of exchange, and he was convicted and sentenced to death. He pleaded for clemency and either his family influence or his conversion to Christianity saw him gaoled for 18 months until he was transported to Sydney. The chaplain sent with him to Australia a letter to Reverend Samuel Marsden that said, "Edward Eagar has really become a new creature."

Transportation
The ship Providence arrived in Sydney in 1811 and Eagar was assigned to teach children. He soon commenced Bible classes in the Windsor district. He was then given charge of the local school. In 1812 he met with two newcomers, Thomas Bowden and John Hoskin, and they formed the first membership of the first Methodist church in Australia, known as Wesley Mission, on 12 March 1812. Eagar wrote to the Methodist Conference in England to "send us a Minister lest we die in our sins". The Minister, Reverend Samuel Leigh, arrived in 1815, and Eagar introduced him to Governor Macquarie. Reverend Leigh was the first Methodist minister in Australia, and he is remembered by the Leigh Memorial Church in Parramatta. Leigh was formerly remembered in the name of the Methodist Theological College, Leigh College, at Strathfield South, New South Wales and, with its absorption into the new United Theological College at North Parramatta, New South Wales, he is now remembered in the Leigh Theological Library of the Centre for Ministry which houses the college.

Eagar assisted in founding the Sydney Benevolent Society, and subsequently the Royal Women's Hospital at Paddington, the British and Foreign Bible Society, and the Australian Religious Tract Society. He established the Society for the Protection and Civilisation of Distressed Islanders of the South Seas. He also planned the first mission to Aboriginal Australians. He also put up 10 per cent of the funding capital to establish the Bank of New South Wales, now known as Westpac, but he was angry that he was not allowed to become a director of the bank because he had been a convict.

Convict rights
In 1818 Eagar was granted a full pardon. However, Judge Jeffery Hart Bent did not let him forget he had been a convict and had been discarded from practice as a lawyer. He lost a court case because pardoned convicts did not have a right to own property, to sue, to give evidence in court or to have other civil rights. Other emancipated convicts also saw their rights denied. So Eagar took up their case with the British Government. He fought for trial by jury and for freedom to trade commercially. This was the first Australian attempt to change government policy. Dr William Redfern, after whom the Sydney suburb of Redfern is named, and Edward Eagar sailed to London in 1821 to argue the case in the Court of St. James's on behalf of other emancipated convicts. Eagar fought the case for 20 years, and eventually won.

Legacy
Eagar was one of Australia's first liberal political agitators. He left his wife and three sons behind, taking his daughter with him to London. He was never to return. He married a 16-year-old girl and they had 10 children. His Sydney wife, Jemima, moved into a new house in Macquarie Street, just down the road from Parliament House, paid for by William Wentworth, with whom she had a son. At the time Wentworth was arguably Australia's most famous citizen. He was among the first settlers to cross the Blue Mountains and the most powerful member of the Legislative Council. Eagar's son Geoffrey became the first accountant of the Bank of New South Wales, a leading public servant, a member of the Legislative Council and eventually Treasurer of New South Wales, described as the best Treasurer of the nineteenth century, and a long-serving Cabinet Minister.

The Wesley Mission's Edward Eagar Lodge in Surry Hills is named after Edward.

title: Edward Eagar


text:
File:Venomblackmetal.jpg

Fair use in Black Metal (album)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a CD/album cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the CD/album in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the album artwork on another CD.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image on the cover is significant because it was made by a famous artist.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (scan/photo) of the album/CD cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the record company or the artist. Claimed as fair use regardless.

title: File:Venomblackmetal.jpg


text:
Death Row: Snoop Doggy Dogg at His Best

Death Row: Snoop Doggy Dogg at His Best is the first greatest hits album that includes his hits and also includes 6 never before released songs from Snoop Dogg's Death Row Records days. It was released on October 23, 2001, by Suge Knight. It was re-released on March 20, 2006.

Although this CD was released in 2001, it only featured songs that Snoop Dogg had recorded during his Death Row era. Therefore, none of the songs from his No Limit releases, "Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told", "No Limit Top Dogg", or "Tha Last Meal" were included on this album, even though they were released before this one.

title: Death Row: Snoop Doggy Dogg at His Best


text:
Talk:Eduardo Lonardi

Untitled
Can anyone translate from Spanish wikipedia? gren 06:06, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eduardo Lonardi


text: User talk:70.22.44.136

title: User talk:70.22.44.136


text:
Ostrožac Castle

Ostrožac Castle (Bosnian) is a castle located in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Una-Sana Canton on the outskirts of the town of Cazin, in the village of Ostrožac. The castle dates back to the 13th century when Ostrožac was part of property of the noble house of Babonić family. In 1592 it was captured by the Ottoman Empire and established as an Ottoman province of Bosnia. The castle was rebuilt between 1900 and 1906 by Major of Bihać Lothar Von Berks as a birthday present for his wife, member of the Habsburg family.

On a session held on 7 November 2013, the Commission for National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina decided to designate Ostrožac castle the National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in a category of the architectural ensemble.

The castle hosts a 55-year old event known under the name Colony of sculptors Ostrožac. This event produced number of monumental sculptures carved in bihacite stone, of which more than 150 is left in the castle courtyard as a permanent exhibition, forming the open-air Sculpture Park Ostrožac, unique in Southeastern Europe. According to the decision of the Commission for National Monuments, the sculptures are an "integral and inalienable" part of the architectural ensemble as a wider monument. Tourism and civic organizations of Cazin and Ostrožac use the castle grounds for shows, concerts, performances and variety of events. For the time being, the castle complex is being repaired at slow pace and only most urgent repairs have been done, although comprehensive plans for restoration of entire complex exist.

title: Ostrožac Castle


text:
FAAC

FAAC (Freeware Advanced Audio Coder) is a software project which includes the AAC encoder FAAC and decoder FAAD2. It supports MPEG-2 AAC as well as MPEG-4 AAC. It supports several MPEG-4 Audio object types (LC, Main, LTP for encoding and SBR, PS, ER, LD for decoding), file formats (ADTS AAC, raw AAC, MP4), multichannel and gapless encoding/decoding and MP4 metadata tags. The encoder and decoder is compatible with standard-compliant audio applications using one or more of these object types and facilities. It also supports Digital Radio Mondiale.

FAAC and FAAD2, being distributed in C source code form, can be compiled on various platforms and are distributed free of charge. FAAD2 is free software. FAAC contains some code which is published as Free Software, but as a whole it is only distributed under a proprietary license.

FAAC was originally written by Menno Bakker.

FAAC encoder
FAAC stands for Freeware Advanced Audio Coder. The FAAC encoder is an audio compression computer program that creates AAC (MPEG-2 AAC/MPEG-4 AAC ) sound files from other formats (usually, CD-DA audio files). It contains a library (libfaac) that can be used by other programs. AAC files are commonly used in computer programs and portable music players, being Apple Inc.'s recommended format for the company's iPod music player.

Some of the features that FAAC has are: cross-platform support, "reasonably" fast encoding, support for more than one "object type" of the AAC format, multi-channel encoding, and support for Digital Radio Mondiale streams. It also supports multi-channel streams, like 5.1. The MPEG-4 object types of the AAC format supported by FAAC are the "Low Complexity" (LC), "Main", and "Long Term Prediction" (LTP). The MPEG-2 AAC profiles supported by FAAC are LC and Main. The SBR and PS object types are not supported, so the HE-AAC and HE-AACv2 profiles are also not supported. The object type "Low Complexity" is the default and also happens to be used in videos meant to be playable for portable players (like Apple's iPod) and used by video-hosting sites (like YouTube).

FAAC has been evaluated as a somewhat "lower quality" option than other aac encoders.

Alternatives for AAC encoding in Unix-like operating systems
FAAC is one of six alternatives that Linux/Unix users have for creating AAC files. The others are:

 * The Fraunhofer-developed "FDK AAC" encoder library included as part of Android. The FDK AAC source code is licensed under a custom-copyleft license, and has been ported to other platforms as libfdk-aac. The library is built around fixed-point math and supports only 16-bit PCM input.
 * The Nero AG-developed "Nero AAC Codec", which has a proprietary license, and is not available for the entire range of hardware architectures that these operating systems are able to run. Nero no longer develops this encoder, but the package is still available, and it remains a high-quality option for AAC encoding.
 * The libavcodec native AAC encoder (separate versions maintained by FFmpeg and Libav) was experimental but considered "better than vo-aacenc" in at least some tests.    It was written by Konstantin Shishkov, and released under version 2.1 of the LGPL. The AAC encoder used in FFmpeg's version of libavcodec was significantly improved for version 3.0 of FFmpeg and is no longer considered experimental. Libav has not merged this work.
 * libvo_aacenc, the Android VisualOn AAC encoder. This encoder was replaced in Android by the FDK AAC encoder mentioned above, and is considered a poor-quality option.
 * The (nonfree) libaacplus which implements the High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding.
 * Mac OS X users can utilize Apple's AAC encoder with the command-line afconvert tool.

FAAD2 decoder
FAAD2 is Freeware Advanced Audio (AAC) Decoder including SBR decoding. It is MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 AAC decoder and supports MPEG-4 audio object types LC, Main, LTP, LD, ER, SBR and PS, which can be combined also to HE-AAC and HE-AACv2 Profile (AAC LC+SBR+PS). It contains a library (libfaad) that can be used by other programs.

FAAD and FAAD2 were originally written by Menno Bakker from Nero AG. FAAD2 is the successor to FAAD1, which was deprecated.

FAAD is Freeware Advanced Audio Decoder. It was first released in 2000 and it did not support SBR and PS audio object types. The last version of FAAD1 was 2002-01-04. All development later focused in FAAD2. The SBR decoding support (HE-AAC) was added in the version release on 25 July 2003. FAAD2 version 2.0 was released on 6 February 2004.

Licensing
FAAC contains code based on the ISO MPEG-4 reference code, whose license is not compatible with the LGPL license. Only the FAAC changes to this ISO MPEG-4 reference code are licensed under the LGPL license. The ISO MPEG-4 reference software was published as ISO/IEC 14496-5 (MPEG-4 Part 5: Reference software) and it is freely available for download from ISO website. ISO/IEC gives users of the MPEG-2 NBC/MPEG-4 Audio standards free license to this software module or modifications thereof for use in hardware or software products claiming conformance to the MPEG-2 NBC/MPEG-4 Audio standards. Those intending to use this software module in hardware or software products are advised that this use may infringe existing patents.

FAAD2 is licensed under the GPL v2 (and later GPL versions). Code from FAAD2 is copyright of Nero AG (the "appropriate copyright message" mentioned in section 2c of the GPLv2). The source code contains a note that the use of this software may require the payment of patent royalties. Commercial non-GPL licensing of this software is also possible.

FAAD (FAAD1) modifications to the ISO MPEG-4 AAC reference code were distributed under the GPL.

Other software
FAAC and FAAD2 are used in the following software products and libraries:

 * Avidemux video editing software.
 * CDex uses FAAC encoder.
 * FFmpeg supports AAC encoding through external library libfaac, and using its experimental native encoder.
 * fre:ac uses FAAC and FAAD2 for AAC support.
 * GStreamer multimedia framework uses FAAC and FAAD.
 * MPlayer uses FAAD2.
 * VLC media player uses the FAAC (encoder) and FAAD (decoder) to provide support for AAC audio.
 * Music Player Daemon uses FAAD2
 * Music on Console uses FAAD2

There is also other software that uses FAAC libraries.

title: FAAC