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Niello

Niello  is a black mixture, usually of sulphur, copper, silver, and  lead, used as an inlay on engraved or etched metal, especially silver. It is added as a powder or paste, then fired until it melts or at least softens, and flows or is pushed into the engraved lines in the metal. It hardens and blackens when cool, and the niello on the flat surface is polished off to show the filled lines in black, contrasting with the polished metal around it. It may also be used with other metalworking techniques to cover larger areas, as seen in the sky in the diptych illustrated here. The metal where niello is to be placed is often roughened to provide a key. In many cases, especially in objects that have been buried underground, where the niello is now lost, the roughened surface indicates that it was once there.

Statistical consideration
Niello was used on a variety of objects including sword hilts, chalices, plates, horns, adornment for horses, jewellery such as bracelets, rings, pendants, and small fittings such as strap-ends, purse-bars, buttons, belt buckles and the like. It was also used to fill in the letters in inscriptions engraved on metal. Periods when engraving filled in with niello has been used to make full images with figures have been relatively few, but include some significant achievements. In ornament, it came to have competition from enamel, with far wider colour possibilities, which eventually displaced it in most of Europe.

The name derives from the Latin nigellum for the substance, or nigello or neelo, the medieval Latin for black. Though historically most common in Europe, it is also known from many parts of Asia and the Near East.

Bronze Age
There are a number of claimed uses of niello from the Mediterranean Bronze Age, all of which have been the subjects of disputes as to the actual composition of the materials used, that have not been conclusively settled, despite some decades of debate. The earliest claimed use of niello appears in late Bronze Age Byblos in Syria, around 1800 BC, in inscriptions in hieroglyphs on scimitars. In Ancient Egypt it appears a little later, in the tomb of Queen Ahhotep II, who lived about 1550 BC, on a dagger decorated with a lion chasing a calf in a rocky landscape in a style that shows Greek influence, or at least similarity to the roughly contemporary daggers from Mycenae, and perhaps other objects in the tomb.

History
At about the same time of c.1550 BC it appears on several bronze daggers from shaft grave royal tombs at Mycenae (in Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B), especially in long thin scenes running along the centre of the blade. These show the violence typical of the art of Mycenaean Greece, as well as a sophistication in both technique and figurative imagery that is startlingly original in a Greek context. There are a number of scenes of lions hunting and being hunted, attacking men and being attacked; most are now in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

These are in a mixed-media technique often called metalmalerei (German: "painting in metal"), which involves using gold and silver inlays or applied foils with black niello and the bronze, which would originally have been brightly polished. As well as providing a black colour, the niello was also used as the adhesive to hold the thin gold and silver foils in place.

Byblos in Syria, where niello first appears, was something of an Egyptian outpost on the Levant, and many scholars think that it was highly-skilled metalworkers from Syria who introduced the technique to both Egypt and Mycenaean Greece. The iconography can most easily be explained by some combination of influence from the broader traditions of Mesopotamian art where somewhat comparable imagery had been produced for over a thousand years in cylinder seals and the like, and some (such as the physique of the figures) from Minoan art, although no early niello has been found on Crete.

A decorated metal cup, the "Enkomi Cup" from Cyprus has also been claimed to use niello decoration. However, controversy has continued since the 1960s as to whether the material used on all these pieces actually is niello, and a succession of increasingly sophisticated scientific tests have failed to provide evidence of the presence of the sulphurous compounds which define niello. It has been suggested that these artefacts, or at least the daggers, use in fact a technique of patinated metal that may be the same as the Corinthian bronze known from ancient literature, and is similar to the Japanese Shakudō.

Persia
The Sassanid Persians enjoyed dining and drinking together, a social event that is visible through ceramic, glass, and silver vessels. Elite circles handled silver cups, plates, and bowls on which artisans hammered and chased intricate designs.

Sasanian niello is a decorative technique used in metalworking during the Sasanian Empire (224-651 AD). This technique was particularly popular in Sasanian silverwork, adorning objects such as plates, bowls, ewers, and jewelry. The designs often featured scenes of hunting, courtly life, animals, and mythical creatures.

Sasanian niello is notable for its fine craftsmanship and the skillful use of negative space to create detailed imagery. But in general, Niello was rarely used in Sasanian metalwork, which could use it inventively. The Metropolitan Museum of Art has Sasanian shallow bowls or dishes where in one case it forms the stripes on a tiger, and in another the horns and hoofs of goats in relief, as well as parts of the king's weapons. This relief use of niello seems to be paralleled from this period in only one piece of Byzantine silver.

A silver oval bowl decorated with tigers and grapevines, attributed to the Sasanian period of Iran (3rd-7th centuries CE) and held in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, was examined using non-invasive analytical techniques to identify the composition of the silver alloy and the niello inlay used in its decoration. The study revealed that the bowl is made of a silver-copper alloy containing approximately 3 wt.% copper. The niello inlays were found to consist solely of silver sulfide (acanthite). This composition closely resembles that of early Roman niello inlays, suggesting a possible technological link between Roman and Sasanian metalworkers during this period.

Roman, Byzantine and medieval
Niello is then hardly found until the Roman period; or perhaps it first appears around this point. Pliny the Elder (AD 23–79) describes the technique as Egyptian, and remarks the oddness of decorating silver in this way. Some of the earliest uses, from 1–300 AD, seem to be small statuettes and brooches of big cats, where niello is used for the stripes of tigers and the spots on panthers; these were very common in Roman art, as creatures of Bacchus. The animal repertoire of Roman Britain was somewhat different, and provides brooches with niello stripes on a hare and a cat. From about the 4th century, it was used for ornamental details such as borders and for inscriptions in late Roman silver, such as a dish and bowl in the Mildenhall Treasure and pieces in the Hoxne Hoard, including Christian church plate. It was often used on spoons, which were often inscribed with the owner's name, or later crosses. This type of use continued in Byzantine metalwork, from where it passed to Russia.

It is very common in Anglo-Saxon metalwork, with examples including the Tassilo Chalice, Strickland Brooch, and the Fuller Brooch, generally forming the background for motifs carried in the metal, but also used for rather crude geometric decoration of spots, triangles and stripes on small relatively everyday fittings such as strap-ends in base metal. There is similar use in Celtic, Viking, and other types of Early Medieval jewellery and metalwork, especially in northern Europe. Similar uses continued in the traditional styles of jewellery of the Middle East until at least the 20th century. The Late Roman buckle from Gaul illustrated here shows a relatively high quality early example of this sort of decoration.

In Romanesque art colourful champlevé enamel largely replaced it, although it continued to be used for small highlights of ornament, and some high quality Mosan art began to use it for small figurative images as part of large pieces, very often applied as plaques. These began to exploit the possibilities of niello for carrying a precise graphic style. The back of the Ottonian Imperial Cross (1020s) has outline engravings of figures filled with niello, the black lines forming the figures on a gold background. Later Romanesque pieces began to use a more densely engraved style, where the figures are mostly carried by the polished metal, against a black background. Romanesque champlevé enamel was applied to a cheap copper or copper alloy form, which was a great advantage, but for some pieces the prestige of precious metal was desired, and a small number of nielloed silver pieces from c. 1175–1200 adopt the ornamental vocabulary developed in Limoges enamel.

A group of high-quality pieces apparently originating in the Rhineland, which use both niello and enamel, include what may be the earliest reliquary with scenes of the murder and burial of Thomas Becket, probably from a few years after his death in 1170 (The Cloisters). Eight large nielloed plaques decorate the sides and roof, six with figures seen close-up at less than half-length, in a very different style from the cruder full-length figures in the many Limoges enamel equivalent reliquaries.

Gothic art from the 13th century continued to develop this pictorial use of niello, which reached its high point in the Renaissance. Niello continued to be widely used for simple ornament on small pieces, though at the top end goldsmiths were more likely to use black enamel to fill inscriptions on rings and the like. Niello was also used on plate armour, in this case over etched steel, as well as weapons.

Renaissance niello
Some Renaissance goldsmiths in Europe, such as Maso Finiguerra and Antonio del Pollaiuolo in Florence, decorated their works, usually in silver, by engraving the metal with a burin, after which they filled up the hollows produced by the burin with a black enamel-like compound made of silver, lead and sulphur. The resulting design, called a niello, was of much higher contrast and thus much more visible. Sometimes niello decoration was incidental to the objects, but some pieces such as paxes were effectively pictures in niello. A range of religious objects such as crucifixes and reliquaries might be decorated in this way, as well as secular objects such as knife handles, rings and other jewellery, and fittings such as buckles. It appears that niello-work was probably a specialist activity of some goldsmiths, not practiced by others, and most work came from Florence or Bologna.

Niellists were important in the history of art because they had developed skills and techniques that transferred easily to engraving plates for printmaking on paper, and nearly all the earliest engravers were trained as goldsmiths, enabling the new art medium to develop very quickly. At least in Italy, some of the very earliest engraved prints were in fact made by treating a silver object intended for niello as a printing plate with ink, before the niello was added. These are known as "niello prints", or in the cautious words of modern curators, "printed from a plate engraved in the niello manner"; in later centuries, after a collector's market grew up, many were forgeries. The genuine Renaissance prints were probably made mainly as a record of his work by the goldsmith, and perhaps as independent art objects.

By the late 16th century relatively little use was made of niello, especially to create pictures, and a different type of mastic that could be used in much the same way for contrasts in decoration was devised, so European pictorial use was largely restricted to Russia, except for some watches, guns, instruments and the like. Niello has continued to be used sometimes by Western jewellers.

Kievan Rus and Russia
During the 10th to 13th century AD, Kievan Rus craftsmen possessed a high degree of skill in jewellery making. John Tsetses, a 12th-century Byzantine writer, praised the work of Kievan Rus artisans and likened their work to the creations of Daedalus, the highly skilled craftsman of Greek mythology.

The Kievan Rus technique for niello application was first shaping silver or gold by repoussé work, embossing, and casting. They would raise objects in high relief and fill the background with niello using a mixture of red copper, lead, silver, potash, borax, sulphur which was liquefied and poured into concave surfaces before being fired in a furnace. The heat of the furnace would blacken the niello and make the other ornamentation stand out more vividly.

Nielloed items were mass-produced using moulds that still survive today and were traded with Greeks, the Byzantine Empire, and other peoples that traded along the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.

During the Mongol invasion from 1237 to 1240 AD, nearly all of Kievan Rus was overrun. Settlements and workshops were burned and razed and most of the craftsmen and artisans were killed. Afterwards, skill in niello and cloisonné enamel diminished greatly. The Ukrainian Museum of Historic Treasures, located in Kiev, has a large collection of nielloed items mostly recovered from tombs found throughout Ukraine.

Later, Veliky Ustyug in North Russia, Tula and Moscow produced high quality pictorial niello pieces such as snuff boxes in contemporary styles such as Rococo and Neoclassicism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; by then Russia was virtually the only part of Europe regularly using niello in fashionable styles.

Islamic world
In the early Islamic world silver, though continuing in use for vessels at the courts of princes, was much less widely used by the merely wealthy. Instead, vessels of the copper alloys bronze and brass included inlays of silver and gold in their often elaborate decoration, leaving less of a place for niello. Other black fillings were also used, and museum descriptions are often vague about the actual substances involved.

The famous "Baptistère de Saint Louis", c. 1300, a Mamluk basin of engraved brass with gold, silver and niello inlay, which has been in France since at least 1440 (Louis XIII of France and perhaps other kings were baptized in it; now Louvre), is one example where niello is used. Here niello is the background to the figures and the arabesque ornament around them, and used to fill the lines in both.

It is used on the locking bars of some ivory boxes and caskets, and perhaps continued more widely in use on weapons, where it is certainly found in later centuries from which more material survives. It is common in the decoration of the scabbards and hilts of the large daggers called khanjali and qama traditionally carried by all males in the Caucasus region (whether Muslim or Christian). It was also used to decorate handguns when they came into use. Until modern times relatively simple niello was common on the jewellery of the Levant, used in much the same way as in medieval Europe.

Thai jewellery
Nielloware jewellery and related items from Thailand were popular gifts from American soldiers taking "R&R" in Thailand to their girlfriends/wives back home from the 1930s to the 1970s. Most of it was completely handmade jewellery.

The technique is as follows: the artisan would carve a design into the silver, leaving the figure raised by carving out the "background". He would then use the niello inlay to fill in the "background". After being baked in an open fire, the alloy would harden. It would then be sanded smooth and buffed. Finally, a silver artisan would add minute details by hand. Filigree was often used for additional ornamentation. Nielloware is classified as only being black and silver coloured. Other coloured jewellery originating during this time uses a different technique and is not considered niello.

Many of the characters shown in nielloware are characters originally found in the Hindu legend Ramayana. The Thai version is called Ramakien. Important Thai cultural symbols were also frequently used.

Ingredients and technique
Various slightly different recipes are found by modern scientific analysis, and historic accounts. In early periods, niello seems to have been made with a single sulphide, that of the main metal of the piece, even if it was gold (which would be difficult to handle). Copper sulphide niello has only been found on Roman pieces, and silver sulphide is used on silver. Later a mixture of metals was used; Pliny gives a mixed sulphide recipe with silver and copper, but seems to have been some centuries ahead of his time, as such mixtures have not been identified by analysis on pre-medieval pieces. Most Byzantine and early medieval pieces analysed are silver-copper, while silver-copper-lead pieces appear from about the 11th century onwards.

The Mappae clavicula of about the 9th century, Theophilus Presbyter (1070–1125) and Benvenuto Cellini (1500–1571) give detailed accounts, using silver-copper-lead mixtures with slightly different ratios of ingredients, Cellini using more lead. Typical ingredients have been described as: "sulfur with several metallic ingredients and borax"; "copper, silver, and lead, to which had been added sulphur while the metal was in fluid form ... [the design] was then brushed over with a solution of borax..."

While some recipes talk of using furnaces and muffles to melt the niello, others just seem to use an open fire. The necessary temperatures vary with the mixture; overall silver-copper-lead mixtures are easier to use. All mixtures have the same black appearance after work is completed.

title: Niello


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User talk:Brendan Mulroney

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Category:Metalloproteins

A metalloprotein is a protein that contains a metal cofactor or prosthetic group.

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ECMWF re-analysis

The ECMWF reanalysis project is a meteorological reanalysis project carried out by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The first reanalysis product, ERA-15, generated reanalyses for approximately 15 years, from December 1978 to February 1994. The second product, ERA-40 (originally intended as a 40-year reanalysis) begins in 1957 (the International Geophysical Year) and covers 45 years to 2002. As a precursor to a revised extended reanalysis product to replace ERA-40, ECMWF released ERA-Interim, which covers the period from 1979 to 2019. A new reanalysis product ERA5 has more recently been released by ECMWF as part of Copernicus Climate Change Services. This product has higher spatial resolution (31 km) and covers the period from 1979 to present. Extension up to 1940 became available in 2023.

In addition to reanalysing all the old data using a consistent system, the reanalyses also make use of much archived data that was not available to the original analyses. This allows for the correction of many historical hand-drawn maps where the estimation of features was common in areas of data sparsity. The ability is also present to create new maps of atmosphere levels that were not commonly used until more recent times.

Generation
Many sources of the meteorological observations were used, including radiosondes, balloons, aircraft, buoyes, satellites, scatterometers. This data was run through the ECMWF computer model at a 125 km resolution. As the ECMWF's computer model is one of the more highly regarded in the field of forecasting, many scientists take its reanalysis to have similar merit. The data is stored in GRIB format. The reanalysis was done in an effort to improve the accuracy of historical weather maps and aid in a more detailed analysis of various weather systems through a period that was severely lacking in computerized data. With the data from reanalyses such as this, many of the more modern computerized tools for analyzing storm systems can be utilized, at least in part, because of this access to a computerized simulation of the atmospheric state.

Accessing the data
The ECMWF re-analysis products are accessible from the Climate Change Services homepage. The data can be downloaded for research use from ECMWF's homepage (see external links) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research data archives. Both require registration. A Python web API can be used to download a subset of parameters for a selected region and time period.

title: ECMWF re-analysis


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User talk:Marbara

Marb is currently an anthropology student at a western university.

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Talk:Hutten Gibson

Needs content, background, etc
The quotes on the Hutten Gibson article do not provide relevant context.

More content is needed to properly present Hutten.--AI 21:37, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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User:Helios

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title: User:Helios


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Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin

Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin is a video game produced by Sega and developed by Technopop initially on the Mega Drive/Genesis. It was ported internally by Sega for the Master System and Game Gear consoles, the latter being published by Acclaim Entertainment through its Flying Edge division. An updated version released for the Sega CD was also done internally at Sega under the name of The Amazing Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin.

All versions of the video game are side-scrolling platform games, whereby the player controls superhero Spider-Man to battle various supervillains (Doctor Octopus, Sandman, The Lizard, Hobgoblin, Vulture, Mysterio, Electro, and Venom) to obtain the keys needed to disarm a nuclear bomb that the Kingpin has not only framed Spider-Man for stealing but plans to detonate within twenty-four hours. In the middle of the game, Spider-Man's wife Mary Jane Watson is also kidnapped by Venom.

Plot
A few weeks after becoming Spider-Man, Peter Parker becomes married to Mary Jane Watson. Meanwhile, Kingpin establishes a criminal empire and forcefully transforms respected scientist Otto Octavious into Doctor Octopus. Peter reveals his identity to Mary Jane, who accepts. The two are then attacked by Doctor Octopus, who claims to want to know more information about Spider-Man (and is searching for Peter due to him taking photos of Spider-Man). Peter defeats Doctor Octopus, who reveals himself to be Octavious and apologizes for his crimes. Peter is then attacked by a thug named Flint Marko, who he defeats easily, though Marko is picked up by one of Fisk’s helicopters. Fisk gains help from scientist Curt Connors, intended to be a replacement for Octavious, and transforms Marko into Sandman.

Elsewhere, Mary Jane is kidnapped by Bugle reporter Eddie Brock, who has bonded to the Venom symbiote. Spider-Man defeats Sandman, but is phoned by Kingpin, who says he has employee Venom and has captured Mary Jane. Curt Connors attempts to increase Venom’s power, but fails. Kingpin injects him with an artificial serum and he becomes Lizard. Spider-Man attempts to find Kingpin’s hideout, but is stalked and captured by Lizard. Spider-Man complies to his capture, so he can get closer to Kingpin. Before they get to Kingpin’s hideout, Spider-Man injects Connors with an antidote, causing him to return to his normal form. Peter attempts to get to Kingpin’s hideout on his own using a GPS on Lizard. On his way, he is captured by a mysterious man, who refers to himself as Hobgoblin. Hobgoblin speaks of his rivalry with Kingpin, and gives his assistance in charge for Spider-Man’s cooperation. Spider-Man grudgingly complies, and the two get to Kingpin’s headquarters.

While inside Kingpin’s hideout, Kingpin reveals to Spider-Man via hologram that Hobgoblin was working for him the whole time. Hobgoblin unmasks as Harry Osborn. The two battle and Spider-Man comes out on top. Angered, Kingpin sends his three most powerful mercenaries, Vulture, Mysterio, and Electro. The three fight on a plane, with Vulture and Spider-Man being the last ones standing. Angered, Vulture cuts open the plane’s engine. Spider-Man manages to save Vulture and the passengers. Vulture reforms, but Spider-Man is attacked by Venom and Kingpin. Spider-Man fights them both at once, but is defeated. Meanwhile, Mary Jane manages to escape. In the wreckage of the plane, Spider-Man passes out, but is woken up by a reformed Octavious, Connors, and Harry Osborn as Hobgoblin. The three defeat Venom, but Kingpin sends out hundreds of criminals to plague New York. Vulture manages to help Spider-Man get into the centre of New York. Hobgoblin injects Venom with a gene cleanser, removing the Venom from his body. Kingpin, angered, retreats, swearing revenge. In an epilogue sequence, Mary Jane and Peter marry in a happy ceremony, Fisk is exposed and imprisoned, and Peter is named Daily Bugle’s employee of the month. Later, J. Jonah Jameson reads a newspaper about Spider-Man and smirks. Meanwhile, in a distant sewer, Venom stumbles through a sewer and collapses, with the Venom symbiote escaping.

Mega Drive/Genesis version
The Sega Mega Drive version was released in 1991 and was widely popular with comic book fans, helping to establish the success of the 16-bit Mega Drive/Genesis system. Critics noted that the game had superior graphics, sound and faithfully recreated the characters for the video game universe, even allowing the player to take pictures of the major and minor enemies in the video game to sell at the Daily Bugle to buy more web fluid. The additional ultra-hard challenge was a fight with Venom at the end of each round, before reaching the actual boss. In addition to Venom, there are also many other popular Spider-Man villains that player would have to fight, such as Doctor Octopus, Lizard, Electro, Mysterio, Sandman and Hobgoblin.

According to developer Randel B. Reiss, this version was a huge commercial success: two thirds of all Mega Drive owners at the time also bought the game, and single-handedly convinced Marvel Comics not to cancel the licensing deal they had with Sega.

Master System / Game Gear version
The 8-bit Sega Master System version is noted as one of the last Master System games officially sold in North America. Like other Master System games released in the United States in 1991, it is European imports that were published by Sega of America, as no boxes or manuals were produced for the American market. The game had the same basic format and storyline as the 16-bit version, with redesigned levels, cutscenes (that included a cameo from Doctor Strange) and even on the easiest setting was seen as being difficult to complete. In this version Mary Jane would not be kidnapped but still appear at the end of the game if players attain the best ending.

A nearly identical port was also released for the Sega Game Gear portable system.

Mega-CD/Sega CD version
The 16-bit Mega-CD/Sega CD version (1993) made several improvements to game to take advantage of extra memory capabilities of the CD-ROM system. Animated scenes, with voice actors, were added to move the story along and to show what happened when the player died. Gameplay was sped up in this version; Spider-Man could move and climb surfaces significantly faster than in the Mega Drive version. The game also added two new levels, extra combat moves, the ability to collect reproductions of famous Spider-Man comic books issues, and an original musical score by Spencer Nilsen and rock band Mr. Big. The game also was more non-linear as the player could venture to various locations throughout the city (including a local television station). However, the ability to take pictures during the game in order to earn money for web fluid was taken out of this version. The game also added two new levels (Mysterio's Funhouse and the Vulture in the subway). In addition, before battling the Evil Kingpin, the player must first defeat Bullseye and Typhoid Mary. The game had three different difficulty levels (easy, normal and nightmare) and a contest was held (details were provided in the instructions manual along with a sheet to mail in) to see who could successfully complete the game in the ultra-hard nightmare mode and collect all 21 comic book covers.

Alternative endings
In the final level of the Mega-CD and Mega Drive games, Spider-Man must defeat Kingpin before Mary Jane is dropped into a pit of acid. The Mega-CD version features some alternate cutscenes depending on the outcome of this level. If the player beats Kingpin, but not in time to save Mary Jane from falling into the acid pit, the police will arrest Kingpin and Spider-Man angrily vows to avenge Mary Jane. If the player fails to defeat Kingpin (or his bodyguards), Spider-Man and Mary Jane will be tied up and lowered into the acid pit together. The Mega Drive version is similar, only Kingpin will escape once Mary Jane is killed, leaving a heartbroken Spider-Man on his knees.

In the Master System version, Mary Jane doesn't get kidnapped. If the player loses or flees the final battle, though, Kingpin will get away.

Legacy
The Sega CD version of the game and its additional "Mysterio's FunHouse" level inspired a similar level in the Xbox, PS2, and Gamecube versions of the 2004 game Spider-Man 2, developed by Treyarch. Mysterio was included in the game in part as an intended homage to Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin.

title: Spider-Man vs. The Kingpin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/FriendSPOT

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Kertadjr, Wikipedia can't list every single website on the web. Try again when your site might be major enough. Golbez 21:51, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

FriendSPOT
Delete for spam --Lord Voldemort 21:38, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-Notable. --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 21:42, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete forum advertising. JamesBurns 10:11, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No Delete we do not have ads in FriendSPOT. Reza Kertadjaja 16:26, 15 Jun 2005 (PST)
 * Sorry, but anonymous contributors are not permitted to vote on VfD. Please consider registering an account. -Frazzydee|✍ 00:34, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Kept We are site focusing on Photo Sharing thru Social Networking, please take time to visit. I hope it made a difference. I just registerd as well as per reccomendation by Frazzydee Kertadjr 17:47, 15 Jun 2005 (PST)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Eugene Jarecki

Eugene Jarecki (born October 5, 1969) is an American documentary filmmaker. He is best known as a two-time winner of the Sundance Grand Jury Prize, as well as multiple Emmy and Peabody Awards, for his films Why We Fight, Reagan, and The House I Live In.

His other films include The Trials of Henry Kissinger, Freakonomics, The Opponent, and Quest of the Carib Canoe. His most recent feature, The King, was nominated for two Emmys in 2020, including Best Documentary Feature, and a 2019 Grammy Award for Best Music Film of the Year.

Jarecki is also the author of The American Way of War: Guided Missiles, Misguided Men, and a Republic in Peril (Simon & Schuster).

Early life and education
Jarecki was born in New Haven, Connecticut to Henry Jarecki and Gloria Jarecki, a former film critic at Time magazine. Jarecki grew up in New York with his brothers Andrew Jarecki (The Jinx, Capturing the Friedmans) and Thomas A. Jarecki. They also have a half-brother Nicholas Jarecki (Arbitrage). All four brothers are in the film industry, most notably Andrew who has also won the Sundance Grand Jury Prize and Emmy award for his own films and series.

After graduating from the Hackley School in 1987, Eugene attended Princeton University. There he trained as a stage director, but pivoted into film, where he experienced early success. His first short film, Season of the Lifterbees, premiered at the 1993 Sundance Film Festival and won the Time Warner Grand Prize at the Aspen Film Festival.

Film and television
In 2000, Jarecki directed two feature films. One was the documentary Quest of the Carib Canoe, which documents an effort by indigenous Carib Indians on the Island of Dominica to build an ancient ocean-going canoe and retrace their ancestors' path from South America's Orinoco Delta in what is now modern Guyana to the islands of the Caribbean. His second film that year was a dramatic feature called The Opponent released by Lionsgate.

In 2002, his first theatrical documentary feature The Trials of Henry Kissinger was released. Based on the book The Trial of Henry Kissinger by Christopher Hitchens, this film is the first of Jarecki's sweeping indictments of the perils of power. Trials was selected to launch both the Sundance Channel's DOCday venture as well as the BBC's digital channel, BBC Four. Ultimately, the film has been broadcast in over thirty countries.

Winner of the 2002 Amnesty International Award, the film was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award and In 2002,

In 2005, Jarecki distinguished himself as a filmmaker unafraid of serious, penetrating investigations. His film Why We Fight about the role of America's military-industrial complex in leading the nation into the tragic quagmire of the Iraq War, won the Sundance Grand Jury Prize and a Peabody Award. He also received a nomination for Best Documentary Screenplay from the Writers Guild of America for the film.

Alongside directors Alex Gibney, Morgan Spurlock, and Rachel Grady, Jarecki directed a segment of the 2010 feature Freakonomics based on the 2005 book Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner. The film premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival that year.

In 2011, Jarecki returned to the Sundance Film Festival with his Emmy Award-winning film Reagan, before its national television release on HBO on what would have been the 40th President's 100th birthday. The next year, The House I Live In, his film about America's War on Drugs, won Jarecki a second Grand Jury Prize at Sundance as well as a second Peabody Award. Achieving a level of mainstream recognition, the film's producers included Danny Glover, John Legend, Brad Pitt, and Russell Simmons. In order to create a genuine impact, the film was exhibited in over 130 U.S. prisons, churches, and statehouses, as well as on Capitol Hill. Along with the music video of the same name, featuring John Legend, and the viral short Just Say No...to the War on Drugs, (both directed by Jarecki), the film is credited with changing the national conversation on U.S. drug policy.

In 2014, Jarecki took part in the first Ted Talk in the history of Cuba at Havana's Teatro Nacional. Events that occurred in the days leading up to the talk became the subject of Jarecki's 2016 short film, The Cyclist (El Ciclista) which he directed for The New Yorker/Amazon.

In 2015, Jarecki served as executive producer on the documentary feature film (T)ERROR, directed by Lyric Cabral and David Felix Sutcliff, which won Jarecki a Sundance Special Jury Prize and his second Emmy Award. That same year, he also executive produced Laura Israel's feature documentary Don't Blink – Robert Frank about the late legendary photographer's work and career.

His most recent film, The King, produced by Steven Soderbergh, Errol Morris, and Rosanne Cash, premiered at Cannes and Sundance. Nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Music Film, The King is a musical road trip in Elvis Presley's 1963 Rolls-Royce that features Alec Baldwin, Chuck D, Emmylou Harris, Mike Myers, Rosanne Cash, Van Jones, and Ethan Hawke, among others, tracing the rise and fall of Elvis as a metaphor for the country he left behind. Alongside the film, Jarecki created a series of music videos for artists such as Lana Del Rey, M. Ward, The Handsome Family, Immortal Technique, and the Stax Music Academy All-Stars.

In 2018, Jarecki's first public contemporary art exhibit, entitled Promised Land, was featured at Miami Art Basel as part of "This is Not America" at the Faena Hotel, Miami Beach. A multiscreen video presentation, Promised Land was inspired by Jarecki's 2018 film, The King.

In 2019, it was announced that Jarecki is returning to dramatic filmmaking with a yet-untitled action film about a Saharan, Tuareg nomad, who seeks revenge for a crime committed against his tribal customs. Jarecki wrote the screenplay with his son Jonas Jarecki, based on a best-selling novel. Addison O'Dea is producing.

Public policy
As a public intellectual on U.S. domestic and international policy, Jarecki has appeared on a variety of national television programs including The Daily Show, The Colbert Report, Real Time with Bill Maher, Fox & Friends, and Charlie Rose. In 2010, he created the short film Move Your Money, encouraging Americans to move their banking from "too big to fail" banks into smaller community banks and credit unions. It became a viral sensation leading to an estimated 4 million Americans moving their money out of major banks. Jarecki is also the Founder and Executive director of The Eisenhower Project, an academic public policy group, dedicated, in the spirit of Dwight D. Eisenhower, to studying the forces that shape American foreign policy. He has been a visiting fellow at Brown University's Watson Institute for International Studies and is the author of The American Way of War (2008), published by Simon & Schuster/Free Press.

Jarecki has also participated as a speaker at several international conferences including Ted, Nantucket Project, and will.i.am's "TRANS4M" gathering for the i.am.angel Foundation.

At the 2014 Nantucket Project, Jarecki conducted a public interview with WikiLeaks editor-in-chief Julian Assange as a hologram, beamed in to Nantucket from his place of asylum at the Ecuadorian Embassy in London.

Jarecki wrote in The Guardian before the event, "it crosses my mind I may be abetting a crime or violating international extradition laws. But I reassure myself that, in this regard, the worldwide web remains a kind of wild wild west, and the virtual escape of a person is not (yet?) a crime."

As a sequel to this interview, Jarecki publicly interviewed former U.S. Army soldier Chelsea Manning at the 2017 Nantucket Project, after her 35-year prison sentence was commuted by President Obama. In The Guardian, Jarecki wrote, "Manning sees connections in the duty of the soldier who uncovers high crimes, to the death of secrecy in the digital age, to the role of the individual in a society where privacy is as besieged as sexual orientation."

In April 2020, Jarecki created the Trump Death Clock, a 56-foot billboard in Times Square, New York City, that attributed U.S. COVID-19 deaths to Donald Trump and his administration's alleged delayed response to the pandemic.

Interviews

 * The Brooklyn Rail: "The Nature of the System/It's the System Not the Man: Eugene Jarecki in conversation with Williams Cole"
 * New York Magazine: "Childhood in New York", featuring Jarecki
 * a BBC Storyville interview
 * a BBC World interview
 * on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart
 * on The Charlie Rose Show
 * on The Colbert Report

Full films

 * Why We Fight – Google Video, 1 hr 39 min 1 sec
 * The Trials of Henry Kissinger  – Google Video, 1 hr 19 min 41 sec
 * Move Your Money short film on YouTube

title: Eugene Jarecki


text:
Morello crime family

The Morello crime family was one of the earliest crime families to be established in the United States and New York City. The Morellos were based in Manhattan's Italian Harlem and eventually gained dominance in the Italian underworld by defeating the rival Neapolitan Camorra of Brooklyn. They were the predecessors of what eventually became known as the Genovese crime family.

From Corleone to America
The Morello family traces back to Corleone, Sicily. In 1865, Calogero Morello married Angelina Piazza who gave birth to two children: Giuseppe Morello (born May 2, 1867) and Maria Morello-Lima (née Morello, born c. 1869). Calogero Morello died in 1872, and one year later Piazza remarried to Bernardo Terranova. The new marriage produced five children: three sons, Vincenzo (born 1886), Ciro (born 1888) and Nicolo (born 1890), and two daughters, Lucia (born 1877) and Salvatrice (born 1880). Critchley mentions a possible third sister of the Terranovas, Rosalia Lomonte (1892 – October 14, 1915).

In 1892, Giuseppe Morello emigrated to the United States. On March 8, 1893, Giuseppe's family arrived in New York: his wife Maria Rosa Marvalisi, his mother Angelina Piazza, his stepfather Bernardo Terranova, his half-brothers Ciro, Nicolo, and Vincenzo, and his half-sister Rosalia. The Morello-Terranova family lived in New York for a while before moving to Louisiana, then Texas, and by 1896 the family was back in New York City.

107th Street Mob
The brothers returned to New York and became known as the 107th Street Mob (sometimes called the Morello Gang) dominating East Harlem, Manhattan, and parts of the Bronx. Giuseppe Morello's strongest ally was Ignazio Lupo, a mobster who controlled Little Italy, Manhattan. On December 23, 1903, Lupo married Morello's half sister, Salvatrice Terranova.

The Morello-Lupo alliance continued to prosper in 1903, when the group began a major counterfeiting ring with powerful Sicilian mafioso Don Vito Cascio Ferro, printing $5 bills in Sicily and smuggling them into the United States. Many of the later "barrel murders", particularly that of Giuseppe "Joe" Catania, Sr. (whose body was found in July 1902), were thought to have been committed by the Morellos, who employed numerous members of the counterfeiting operation.

On April 13, 1903, the body of Benedetto Madonia, brother-in-law to police informant Giuseppe DiPrimo (de Priemo), was found in a barrel after being brutally tortured. A United States Secret Service detective, who had been investigating the counterfeiting ring, traced the man to a restaurant where he was seen with Morello crime family boss, Ignazio Lupo, along with associate and hitman, Tommaso "The Ox" Petto. New York detective Joseph Petrosino later confirmed Madonia's identity after visiting DiPrimo at Sing Sing Prison. A letter by Madonia seeking to leave the organization was found in a search of Madonia's house. With this evidence, several mafiosi were arrested including Morello, Lupo, Petto, and restaurant owner Pietro Inzarillo, as well as several other members. However, the charges were later dropped after witnesses changed their statements.

The Morello family had consolidated their hold on Upper Manhattan. Additionally, on November 15, 1909, New York police raided a building the Morellos were using in Highland, New York, as a front for their counterfeiting operation and recovered a large amount of American and Canadian counterfeit bills. After letters were found by Black Hand victims from New Orleans, fifteen members of the Morellos were arrested, including bosses Giuseppe Morello and Ignazio Lupo and member Pasquale Vassi, who possessed $1,200 worth of counterfeit money.

The trials began on January 26, 1910, and ended on February 19 with all members involved convicted, including Morello and Lupo, who were sentenced to 30 and 25 years, respectively, at Atlanta Federal Prison.

Mafia–Camorra War
With Giuseppe Morello's and Lupo's convictions, Nicholas "Nick" Terranova, the youngest of the three Terranova brothers, took over the family with the aid of his older brothers, Vincenzo and Ciro. The family was involved in many criminal activities from East Harlem to Greenwich Village. Soon after opening the Venezia Restaurant, the club became a popular hangout for the city's underworld.

Without Joseph Morello and Lupo the Wolf at the helm, the Morellos' power was waning. During this time, Gaetano Reina, a captain within the family, took advantage of its weakened status and broke off, forming his own separate mafia famiglia based mostly in the Bronx. Nick Terranova made an effort to unify much of the Italian underworld in the face of these problems. His efforts to unify the Sicilian mafiosi and the Neapolitan camorristi during the early 1910s were unsuccessful despite his best efforts.

During this time, the Morellos had allied with powerful and prominent East Harlem businessmen and camorristi, including Giosue Gallucci, who possessed local political connections, and the Lamonti brothers. Gaetano "Thomas" Lamonti and brother Fortunato "Charles" Lamonti were known as cousins of the Morellos and owned a feed store down the street from the famous Murder Stable owned by Ignazio Lupo. After the 1914 murder of Charles Lamonti and the 1915 murder of Gallucci, the alliance between the Morellos and the East Harlem camorristi ended. The Brooklyn camorristi made plans to eliminate the mafiosi from Manhattan.

In early 1916, Camorra boss Pellegrino Morano and lieutenant Vincenzo Paragallo began moving into Morello territory. After six months of fighting, Morano offered a truce to end the stalemate. Mafia boss Nick Morello agreed to a meeting arranged at a Navy Street café owned by camorrista Alessandro Vollero. However, upon arriving on September 7, 1916, Morello was ambushed by five members of the Brooklyn Camorra group and killed along with bodyguard Charles Ubriaco. While the loss of the Morello family's senior leader was a blow to the Mafia, Morano was quickly charged with Nick Morello's murder after two members of the Camorra group, Tony Notoro and Ralph Daniello, contacted New York police and implicated Morano and Alessandro Vollero, revealing the war between the Sicilian and Neapolitan gangs. Both Morano and Vollero, after being denied help from New York detective Michael Mealli, along with the remaining leaders of the camorristi were convicted of murder and imprisoned, effectively ending the Mafia-Camorra War.

Morello family war
The Mafia–Camorra war ended in 1917, and Terranova brothers Vincenzo and Ciro kept control of the family. Many former Brooklyn Camorra members joined the Morello family; Umberto Valenti was one of new members. One year earlier in 1916, Giuseppe Masseria was released from prison after serving three years for burglary of a Bowery pawnshop and became a top member in the family. In 1918, Ciro Terranova was tried for the murders of gambling bosses Charles Lombardi and Joe DiMarco; the case was later dismissed. In 1920, both Giuseppe Morello and Ignazio Lupo were released from prison so their former captain, now Manhattan Mafia boss, Salvatore D'Aquila, sensing his power to be threatened by their return, ordered their murders.

One of D'Aquila's men, Umberto Valenti, had also run afoul of his boss and was under threat of death. To re-ingratiate himself with D'Aquila, Valenti would take out the rising power, the former captain and current ally of the Morello's, Giuseppe Masseria. First attempts failed and a war was on. On December 29, 1921, Masseria's men murdered Valenti's ally Salvatore Muaro on Chrystie Street. Then Valenti had Vincent Terranova murdered, effectively taking out the head of the Morello family. On May 8, 1922, while Terranova was in front of his home at 116th Street and 2nd Avenue, he was shot by a gunman from a moving car. Masseria ordered his men to murder Valenti and his bodyguard Silva Tagliagamba; they ambushed Valenti and Tagliabamba at Grande and Mulberry Streets in Manhattan shooting Tagliabamba but Valenti escaped. On August 11, 1922, Masseria's men (supposedly including a young Charlie Luciano) murdered Valenti ending the conflict. Masseria became the boss of the Morello family, and Giuseppe Morello became his underboss.

Boss

 * 1890s–1909 — Giuseppe "the Clutch Hand" Morello — founded the 107th Street Mob; imprisoned 1909
 * 1909–1916 — Nicholas "Nick Morello" Terranova — killed during Mafia–Camorra war on September 7, 1916
 * 1916–1920 — Vincenzo "Vincent" Terranova — stepped down becoming underboss
 * 1920–1922 — Giuseppe "the Clutch Hand" Morello — stepped down becoming underboss
 * 1922–1931 — Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria — paroled in 1920, became boss in 1922

Underboss

 * 1903–1909 — Ignazio "Lupo the Wolf" Lupo — imprisoned 1910
 * 1909–1916 — Vincenzo "Vincent" Terranova — became boss
 * 1916–1920 — Ciro "The Artichoke King" Terranova — stepped down
 * 1920–1922 — Vincenzo "Vincent" Terranova — murdered on May 8, 1922
 * 1922–1930 — Giuseppe "the Clutch Hand" Morello — murdered on August 15, 1930

Former members

 * Giuseppe Fanaro – a member of the Morello family who was involved in the Barrel murder of 1903. In November 1913, Fanaro was murdered by members of the Lomonte and Alfred Mineo's gangs.
 * Eugene "Charles" Ubriaco – a member of the Morello family, he lived on East 114th Street. Ubriaco was arrested in June 1915 for carrying a revolver and was released on bail. On September 7, 1916, Ubriaco along with Nicholas Morello meet with the Navy Street gang in Brooklyn and they both were shot to death on Johnson Street in Brooklyn.
 * Tomasso "The Ox" Petto

title: Morello crime family


text:
Psie Pole

Psie Pole (, Hundsfeld, ), lit. 'Dog Field', is a former borough of Wrocław located in the north-eastern part of the city.

Before 1928, it used to be an independent city. On March 21, 1991, the newly created City Office of Wrocław assumed many of the functions previously carried out within the borough. The name, though, remained in use, mainly for statistical and administrative purposes.

It lies in the city's northern and northeastern parts, on the right shore of the Oder River. A part of Psie Pole is one of Wrocław's greenest neighborhoods, and its suburban location makes it an important transport hub toward Warsaw, Łódź and other locations in central Poland.

The Polish General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces is located in Psie Pole.

Subdivision
Since 1991, Psie Pole has been divided into 11 districts:

 * Karłowice-Różanka
 * Kowale
 * Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów
 * Psie Pole-Zawidawie
 * Pawłowice
 * Sołtysowice
 * Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota
 * Widawa
 * Lipa Piotrowska
 * Świniary
 * Osobowice-Rędzin

History
Psie Pole is considered to be the site of the 1109 Battle of Hundsfeld between the Poles and the Germans, although the existence of this battle is doubted by historians because it was not mentioned until a century later.

The local parish church of Saints James and Christopher dates back to the early 13th century, and the settlement was mentioned in medieval Polish documents under its Old Polish name Pzepole (1206) and Psepole (1266).

During World War II, the Germans established and operated a female subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in the district.

title: Psie Pole


text:
Annihilation (disambiguation)

Annihilation, in physics, is an effect that occurs when a particle collides with an antiparticle.

Annihilation may also refer to:

Comics

 * Annihilation (comics), a Marvel Comics 2006 event featuring several cosmic characters
 * Annihilation: Conquest, a 2007 series featuring similar themes and marketed as a sequel of the above comic book series

Literature

 * Annihilation (Forgotten Realms novel), a 2004 novel by Philip Athans set in the Forgotten Realms universe
 * Annihilation (VanderMeer novel), a 2014 novel by Jeff VanderMeer and the first entry in the Southern Reach Trilogy
 * Annihilation (Houellebecq novel), a 2022 novel by Michel Houellebecq

Films

 * Annihilation (film), a 2018 film based on VanderMeer's novel
 * Mortal Kombat Annihilation, the sequel to Mortal Kombat

Games

 * Annihilation, a map pack for Call of Duty: Black Ops

Music

 * Annihilation (album), 2001 Rebaelliun album
 * "Annihilate" (song), a 2023 song by Metro Boomin, Swae Lee, Lil Wayne and Offset
 * "Annihilation", a song from the album Dehumanization by Crucifix

Law

 * Family annihilation, the act of killing everyone in a family.

Logic and mathematics

 * Annihilation, an operation in classical logic
 * Creation and annihilation operators, mathematical operators utilized in the field of quantum mechanics

title: Annihilation (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Don Pianta

On 25 May 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Don Pianta for a record of the discussion. Rossami (talk) 21:44, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Pianta


text:
Talk:Gamma-Linolenic acid

Broken Link
The citation after the statement "It has a number of side-effects, including a reduction in hemoglobin, hematuria, gastrointestinal disturbance, fatigue, and headache" in the health effects section is broken due to a change in the linked website.

Brackets in 'Dietary' section
Change of bracketing reverted because the phrase within the brackets refers to the case where efficiency of conversion is impaired; the remainder of the sentence deals with the case where efficiency is not impaired but there is excessive consumption - it therefore belongs outside the brackets. Beechnut (talk) 20:22, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I apologize, as I misread it from that context. However, I also noticed that the source that is cited at the end of the sentence doesn't seem to refer to the examples in parentheses, but only the part after them that it is adjacent to.  Do you have sources for the examples that are in parentheses? mmortal03 (talk) 06:19, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem. As I understand the reference, Horrobin gives two examples (Atopic Eczema and Diabetes) where there is impairment of the production of GLA, but none where there is an excessive consumption of GLA - it is mentioned only in the abstract.  However he does cover the subject more thoroughly in Horrobin D.F. (1990) Gamma Linolenic-Acid.  Reviews in Contemporary Pharmacotherapy 1(1):1-41 and gives three situations where it may arise. 1) Where there are high rates of cell division (e.g. regenerating tissue or cancer). 2) Excessive fatty acid oxidation (e.g. During inflammation, alcoholism or malignancy). 3) Excessive mobilisation of arachidonic acid (e.g. During anti-inflammatory or antiviral responses).  We could use this reference instead of the one currently cited as it gives a wider treatment of the subject, but it's not available online and so is less accessible.  I'm easy either way. Beechnut (talk) 21:03, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Depression
I believe that the use of EPO for depression should be mentioned. This use is highly speculative, but it is a use of the oil. 67.168.59.171 21:10, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Cleaning up article
This article contains a lot of unsourced and hard to believe claims. Unless some high quality sources can be brought to back them up, I'm going to remove all of the dubious claims to talk so they are not stated as fact in the article. I thought I'd note that here in order to give a chance to fix up the article instead of yanking it all out right now and/or adding a tag to the article. Thanks - Taxman Talk 21:44, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * I added the tag, because as a casual reader this would not have been clear to me had I not read the talk page, and I think it's important to note. 67.168.59.171 21:41, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * You are responding to a two year old dispute. Unless there are some disputable facts in the current article that you can point to, there is no need for the disputed tag.  --Ed (Edgar181) 23:21, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

EPO
please explain what is meant by EPO

EPO = Evening Primrose Oil

Unsourced Statement
Moved these here as they had a 'fact' tag on for months with no response:
 * It is strongly advised that people should not take GLA together with anticonvulsant medication. It is also discouraged to take GLA over any sort of long term due to studies showing that it can lead to inflammation and other problems.

David.Throop 19:50, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Quackwatch link
I restored the quackwatch link. The remover claimed it was spam. But there was no advertising on the link page, and the citations there seem to be in good order. Looking at User:I'clast recent history, he seems to be on a mission to stamp out Quackwatch links. I didn't introduce the quackwatch link here, but I wrote the Horrobin paragraph in its current form. The Quackwatch link buttresses the claim in the article that Horrobin's work was controversial. David.Throop 04:24, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * User:I'clast has again removed the link
 * Primrose Oil and Eczema: How Research Was Promoted and Suppressed Critical summary on Quackwatch of research on and marketing for evening primrose oil.
 * I believe the link should remain. Text at the quackwatch (written by Barrett) site goes far beyond the other BMJ references in detail about the Horrobin and GLA controversy.  I'clast, you mention in the note on your edit revert that you are doing this because of another editor's concern.  Who is the other editor?  I notice that there is currently a Requests_for_arbitration/Barrett_v._Rosenthal that concerns an edit war around other statements by and about Stephen Barrett.  Should this disagreement be added to that arbitration?  In your comment, you indicate that the quackwatch site is per se an ad.  Could you extend that idea?  I don't get it.David.Throop 15:09, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * There has been a *lengthy* discussion (see their archives) around the QW, SB, NCAHF articles. The nature of this qroup of ~20 websites, and their presence at Wikipedia, has been explored, and continues to be explored, at length. Basically the QW articles are not peer reviewed, QW & co suffer known, self-admitted, severe bias that, on review, is thinly disguised POV with some stark examples. Most current is the dawning realization of how frequently QW & co are used as WP:RS for technically related statements, where WP seems to be a spamlink farm for QW etc and where QW has been repeatedly shown to be technically unreliable. Even a number of JD, PhD, DO, MD, MD-PhD types yield to one degree or another on this point (discussed across even more articles).  The QW articles seem to find limited WP:RS as very restrained uses for opinion and sentiment about *broad* fields (GLA is not broad, naturopathy would be broad).

 * Although a number specific and severe technical flaws have been discussed, I will also invite your own examination of the content of the discussed articles, e.g. put on the science end of your ChemE specs for a bit. There are things that emerge, and there's still more, too.  As for this specific article, the GLA history ends in a rather blatant personal attack on Horrobin that seems to find its home in BMJ editorials rather than being technically sourced material, inappropriate for such a subject article.  I would rather not have a discussion on GLA, desaturase pathways, adjuvants, testing problems, in vivo, in vitro, species differences, industrial-academic subreption, and specific applications on an obviously unsettled subject.  I have made another attempt to improve that last passage just toning it down. On Horrobin, when I say ghastly ad hom, read this.--I'clast 17:06, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

WTF do you mean by WP:RS?? Sep 12 2007 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.5.70.65 (talk) 22:31, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
 * WikiPedia : Reliable Sources – WP:RS
 * It's a guideline, not a policy
 * David.Throop (talk) 02:01, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Chapped lips
I suffered from exfoilative cheilitis and GLA cured me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Chueyjoo (talk • contribs) 19:44, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

Linoleic vs Linolenic
(Ref recent edits by 216.221.35.153) Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are two different substances. Both have 18 carbon atoms but linoleic acid has 2 double bonds and linolenic acid has three double bonds. There are two common forms of linolenic acid which differ by the positions of the double bonds in the chain: alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-3 and gamma-linolenic acid is an omega-6. See Essential fatty acid for the full story. Beechnut (talk) 21:21, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Inconsistency?
The article starts by saying "γ-Linolenic acid (GLA) ... is an essential fatty acid" then it later says "The human body produces GLA from linoleic acid (LA)" surly this contradicts the first statement that its an "Essential" fatty acid. I always though the term essential meant the body needs it and cannot reproduce it itself? The wiki definition is "Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that cannot be constructed within an organism (generally all references are to humans) from other components" But in the GLA article it says it can be made from Linoic acid, it also later explains that some people (elderly) cant reproduce it, so for them it is essential. But it seems this may need to be clarified. Or maybe I'm just getting confused for no reason. Lancswingchun (talk) 08:25, 7 July 2009 (UTC)
 * It is reasonable to be confused :-) GLA can be made in the body from linoleic acid (LA) and so, by one definition, it can't be an EFA.  On the other hand, if you make an organism EFA-deficient by depriving it of LA, GLA will relieve all the symptoms so, by that criterion, it is an EFA. In other words, LA achieves its major EFA actions through its conversion to GLA, so GLA can effectively replace it.  The same is true for stearidonic acid for the omega-3 pathway.  There is indeed an inconsistency between this article and the one on EFAs but IMHO it is the EFA one which needs to be modified.  Hope this helps.  Beechnut (talk) 20:04, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Oats and advertisements
I have removed the sentence

"Additionally, steel-cut oats which are slow-cooked are a source of GLA, but only if they have not been toasted or steamed. "

from the section "dietary sources." The supporting reference is an advertisement for a specific brand of steel-cut oats which does not even support the claim about toasting or steaming. The only mention of gamma-linolenic acid in this advertising page is:

"Oatmeal is the only food that naturally contains GLA (gamma linolenic acid) an essential fatty acid critical to the body's production of the favorable eicosanoids (PGE1 - prostaglandins). Eating steel-cut oats (very slow cooking) four times a week will provide you with a good supply of GLA."

Jay L09 (talk) 19:50, 18 February 2011 (UTC)

what qualifies as "considerable"?
spirulina ia listed a a food source that has considerable quantities of GLA. However spirulina is bacteria, it is ~70% protein by raw weight. It is only 7.1 to 7.4% TOTAL fats, of which GLA is by far the largest share. But ~6% is not what I would call a "considerable quantity"... spirulina oil is not sold commercially because spirulina's low lipid content makes it considered unsuitable as a lipid source (it would cost a small fortune). although I don't know, whole milk is ~4% lipid so maybe for food sources it counts. I would rephrase with "the lipid content of spirulina". --—  r obbie  page talk 18:08, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

The anti-cancer claims don't seem to be adequately supported by the footnotes.
The cancer information is interesting, and should be kept, but conformed to state no more than the underlying sources.

The study

J Nutr. 1998 Sep;128(9):1411-4.

Importance of dietary gamma-linolenic acid in human health and nutrition.

seems at most to suggest a theoretical possibility perhaps worth investigating, not any clinical or even population outcomes.

The BBC article concludes:

 * "However, there is no evidence to suggest that taking GLA supplements can help prevent cancer. The best ways to reduce the risk of cancer are to avoid smoking and keep a healthy body weight."

 * Dr Sarah Rawlings of Breakthrough Breast Cancer said: "These early findings are interesting, however, this research does not suggest that women with breast cancer should routinely take evening primrose oil and any woman with questions about treatment should discuss them with her doctor." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ocdnctx (talk • contribs) 21:46, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

David Horrobin's papers are very dubious in nature.
David Horrobin's papers were not peer reviewed, lacked scientific method, and were largely self-published. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Horrobin They should be removed or at the minimum corroborated with other evidence that isn't referencing this dubious paper. I am not aware of any in existence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.117.39.210 (talk) 20:31, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 15:47, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Talk:Old Bailey

Untitled
Some of this article is in the first person i.e. 'I recommend'. Would it be better for this to be edited to read 'it is recommended' or 'it has been recommended' with the latter less likely to need a proper reference. 82.47.151.13 09:11, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

62.189.123.39 08:01, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Move requested
I'm no British-proper-names expert, but I thought it was referred to as "the Old Bailey", not "The Old Bailey", and in any event Wikipedia doesn't use initial articles except in exact titles (movies, books) and for disambiguation ("The Pentagon"). Am I the only one who thinks this article ought to be moved to Old Bailey? (Notice "What links here", by the way.) --Quuxplusone 21:45, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support: The familiar name of the Central Criminal Court is the "Old Bailey". This is also the name of the road on which the court is located. The terminology is confirmed by reference to Her Majesty's Court Service website. JPF 22:50, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. James F. (talk) 22:57, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. "The" is not an inseparable part of the name itself, and so this move would make inline linking easier. Jonathunder 16:08, 2005 Jun 19 (UTC)

 * Support. Gene Nygaard 23:17, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 18:41, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"In popular culture"?
Is there any need to have an entire section devoted to the plot of "V for Vendetta"? Does the statue of justice's appearance in one novel/movie deserve to be mentioned at all? Mixsynth 23:09, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see why it is here. It does nothing to increase the reader's understanding of the Old Bailey. --PullUpYourSocks 00:51, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. JPF 09:19, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Mentioning popular culture is common in many articles. This article needs further development, and someone has referenced only the most recent appearance.  Feel free to include other major appearances in pop culture.  Rofti 20:39, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Two lengthy paragraphs, making up an entire major section of the article, about a minor scene in V for Vendetta, aren't appropriate when Rumpole - an entire series in which the subject matter of the article prominently - only got two sentences tucked into a different section.129.97.79.144 19:51, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

 * One might take into account the fact that the movie is the only context from which many people - well, pretty much anyone outside the UK - know of this building!

Obviously, an encyclopedic article focusing on the historical aspects of a British criminal court building would not mention a mere $54 million film's casual reference to it .. but this is Wikipedia, not the Britannica. :) Muad 07:01, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

There was too much information about the appearence of the Old Bailey in V for Vendetta. It dominated the page and made the article more like an article about the destruction of the Old Bailey in V for Vendetta rather than the building it's history or it's use.

The fact that this is not the Encyclopedia Britannica doesn't mean that such a protracted account of a comic and book should be included in the article. If that were allowed their would be no reason not to give detailed accounts of almost all of Rumpole's exploits or any other fictional goings on in the building.

For these reasons, and those given above, I have edited the offending section to just one line.

Isn't Old Bailey mentioned in the rhyme "Oranges and Lemons" in George Orwell's 1984? I don't have it in front of me to check.72.77.66.99 (talk) 17:14, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Ghost?
According to the List of haunted locations, there's a ghost here. Should it be mentioned on the wikipage for the Old Bailey?

equity?
Is the balance really for equity or perhaps equality or justice? --AlanH 14:32, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Pre 1907
Clearly from the name, picture and Dickens reference there was a court before 1907. But the text says little about it. --Henrygb 14:36, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Origin of the Name?
According to http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/history/the-old-bailey/ the court is named after the street on which it is located, not directly, as implied by the article, after the bailey part of a castle. --ukexpat 14:53, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Recorder of London redirects here
Why does Recorder of London redirect here? Recorder of London should have its own page. At the very least, the Recorder of London link in the Judges section should be removed, because it just brings you back to this same page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kellyoyo (talk • contribs) 23:49, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I've removed the circular link. The Recorder of London page sounds like a good idea - you could turn the redirect page into a stub article to start it off. Richerman (talk) 01:19, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

Number of court rooms
Just to clarify the number: although some listings (eg XHIBIT suggest there are 20 courtrooms, number 19 is not used as such, and there is no number 20! --AlisonW (talk) 19:36, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Article name
This page appears to be about the Central Criminal Court and very little to do with Old Bailey which is a street. The page needs renaming or the information transferring to a new correctly named page and details of the street adding to this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.64.2.55 (talk) 18:17, 4 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I disagree. Calling the court venue the "Old Bailey" through metonymy is pretty common in the media. The policy is to try to use the most common name, rather than the officially correct name. Anywikiuser (talk) 09:58, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

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Double Switch (video game)

Double Switch is an adventure interactive movie video game originally released for Sega CD, Sega Saturn and Microsoft Windows and later remastered for mobile, Steam, PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch. The game was produced by Digital Pictures and has a similar "trap-em-up" format to Space Panic, Heiankyo Alien, and Digital Pictures's earlier game, Night Trap. Apart from the HUD, the graphics consist of live action full motion video clips starring Corey Haim.

Cast

 * Corey Haim as Eddie
 * Deborah Harry as Elizabeth
 * Camille Cooper as Alex
 * R. Lee Ermey as Lyle the Handyman
 * Irwin Keyes as Brutus
 * David Packer as Jeff
 * Wendy Gazelle as Phoebe
 * Kimberly Oja as Laura
 * Taylor Negron as Slick Sammy

Storyline
The game takes place in an apartment complex called the Edward Arms, which was built by the famous industrialist Lionel Atwater Edward III at the turn of the 20th Century. Built following an archaeological expedition to the Valley of the Kings, the building has an ancient Egypt theme and is rumored to hide a valuable statue of Isix (named after the precursor to Digital Pictures) stolen by Edward during his expedition. The player character, an anonymous, silent protagonist, is contacted via video call by the current owner of the Edward Arms, a young man named Eddie. Eddie says that he has equipped the building with cameras and traps to protect the tenants from the local criminal element, but one of the tenants has locked him in the basement. He gives the player character control of the cameras and traps and directs him to protect the tenants, trap the handyman Lyle whenever possible, and find the security codes to get him out.

After the player character acquires all the security codes, Eddie confides in him that one of the tenants is a killer. When he emerges from his basement prison, Eddie runs into Lyle and Elizabeth, the building's manager. Eddie and Lyle's argument reveals that Eddie is mentally unhinged, that Lyle and Elizabeth are his parents, and that Lyle locked him in the basement to keep him from doing harm to himself or others.

Each tenant has their own plot line that overlaps into the main plot. Alex, a journalist fresh out of college, enthusiastically investigates the many dangerous goings-on. Laura, an aspiring architect, and Phoebe, an archaeology student, share a room and have acquired a unique Egyptian statue. Another room is occupied by Scream, a hard rock band in search of a record deal. Brutus is an aging mobster whose father worked on the construction of the Edward Arms. His father told him of gold concealed in the building, and Brutus wants to find it so he can pay off a debt to a dangerous mob boss. Elizabeth is trying to rekindle her relationship with Lyle. Though Lyle is held back by fears that any children they have will turn out like Eddie, he ultimately yields to her seductions.

Members of a secret society infiltrate the Edward Arms and go after Phoebe and Jeff as soon as they spot them with the statue. They escape and Jeff hides the statue in his room just before an A&R man arrives to audition Scream. One of the secret society attacks Jeff during the audition, but the player character uses a trap to save him and the A&R man decides to give Scream the label's fullest support. Meanwhile, Lyle goes around the building showing the player character dangerous traps that Eddie either did not know about or chose not to share with him. Lyle rewires these traps to give the player character control so that he can stop Eddie.

The building's killer appears dressed as a mummy. He herds the tenants into reach of the traps and tries to spring the traps using a remote control. The player character saves the tenants, and as the mummy is locked into a chair trap, Alex and Phoebe take the remote control away and unmask the mummy as Eddie. Enraged, Eddie vows to kill everyone in the building.

Alex and Phoebe petition Elizabeth for help, but Elizabeth is in denial of Eddie's problems. Angered by the girls' accusations, she locks the Edward Arms's entrance, trapping the tenants inside. Aided by the player character's trapping Eddie, the girls reunite with Laura and Jeff. Jeff suggests that Brutus likely has a gun that they can use to protect themselves. They find Brutus in his room, where Eddie attacks them, but is again trapped by the player character and returned to his basement prison. Elizabeth takes the statue from the girls and explains that Eddie had figured out that the statue is actually a key which transforms the entire Edward Arms into a giant treasury. The tenants stare in unified awe at the riches on display. Afterwards, someone takes the statue out of the lock to the treasury, resealing it.

Gameplay
The objective of the game is to protect the tenants of the Edward Arms. The player character never actually enters the building, and must protect the tenants using the surveillance cameras, sensors, and traps installed in eight of the rooms. Using the cameras, the player may view any of the rooms, but can only view one room at a time, as with Night Trap. However, unlike Night Trap, at all times a mini map shows the player whether tenants, intruders, or both are present in each room, and an alarm sounds when an intruder enters any room. In addition, many of the intruders' appearances occur at random. Success in the game thus depends on quickly and effectively responding to situations rather than on determining when and where enemies appear.

When a tenant or intruder approaches a trap, the player may trap them by arming and then activating the trap. Trapping a tenant sometimes has no real consequences, but often results in a game over. If the player does not trap a solid majority of intruders as they appear, the game ends. Also, while most intruders do no particular harm when they appear, the player must trap any enemies who try to shut off the building's power, disconnect the phone lines, or attack the tenants. If an enemy succeeds in any one of those three things, the game immediately ends.

In addition to these objectives, each of the game's three levels (referred to in the manual as "acts") has its own special objective. In the first level the player must view the security codes needed to free Eddie from the basement. In level two the player must gain access to new hidden alcove traps. Level 3 includes a boss who the player must trap six times. If the player misses any opportunity to trap the boss, the boss will attack one or more of the tenants, resulting in a game over.

Development
The Windows, Sega Saturn, and Mac editions were released later with enhanced video quality and Eddie's references to the Sega Genesis controller removed, though a TV in the game shows a screenshot from the Sega CD version no matter what version is being played.

Reception
Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the Sega CD version a 6 out of 10, describing it as "like Night Trap, [but] a little more involving". Manny LaMancha of GamePro praised the full-motion video quality and Thomas Dolby's music for the game, and said that "Double Switch is good enough that it'll sit in your CD tray until you're done – and you'll be glad you stuck it through the end."

Reviewing the Saturn version, a Next Generation critic felt that Double Switch holds up fairly well as a movie, with high production values, decent acting, and "top-notch" sets, but not as a game. He particularly noted the awkward interface and the repetitiveness of having to rewatch the same video segments over and over while using trial and error to figure out the correct course of actions. He also said that the poor video quality would have been acceptable on the Sega CD, but not on the Saturn. While Electronic Gaming Monthly never published an official review of the Saturn version, their preview based on a 90% complete beta was written in the manner of a review. They agreed that the graphics, while an improvement over the Sega CD version, are not up to Saturn standards, and also criticized the "highly confusing" gameplay. They concluded, "Players who are expecting a revamped version of Night Trap are sadly mistaken. This title boasts nothing more than a fallen star thrown in with other B-actors that have as much of a future as this title."

Re-release
After Digital Pictures' bankruptcy, the games were purchased by a consortium that included visual effects company Flash Film Works. In December 2016, Double Switch was remastered from the original source video and released as an app for Google Play and iTunes. Additionally, in June 2018 it was announced that William Mesa and Flash Film Works had partnered with Screaming Villains and Limited Run Games to release the game on PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch as Double Switch: 25th Anniversary Edition.

title: Double Switch (video game)


text:
User:AlexSasha

Sashka loves Sasha too. ;)

title: User:AlexSasha


text:
Lacus Aestatis

Lacus Aestatis (Latin aestātis, "Summer Lake") consists of two relatively small patches of smooth, interconnected lunar mare, located near the western limb of the Moon in the southwestern highlands. It was originally called Mare Aestatis but was renamed at the 1970 IAU convention. The selenographic coordinates of this feature are 15.0° S, 69.0° W, and it lies within a diameter of 90 km. The lake has a combined surface area in the order of 400 km2.

The northwestern part of this feature is located to the east-southeast of the crater Rocca, and is contained within the rim of the satellite crater Rocca A. The other part lies to the southeast of the first, and forms an elongated, irregular patch that extends generally in a north-south direction. The southern tip lies about one crater diameter to the northwest of the flooded crater Crüger. Crater counts of this feature yield an age of 3.50 Gyr for the basalt, placing its formation in the Imbrian era.

title: Lacus Aestatis


text:
User talk:AlexSasha

Sasha is wonderful. :)

title: User talk:AlexSasha


text:
Dick Sisler

Richard Alan Sisler (November 2, 1920 – November 20, 1998) was an American player, coach, and manager in Major League Baseball. The son of Hall of Fame first baseman and two-time .400 hitter George Sisler, Dick Sisler's younger brother Dave was a relief pitcher in the 1950s and 1960s with four MLB teams, and his older brother George Jr. was a longtime executive in Minor League Baseball (MiLB).

Early life
Sisler was born in St. Louis, Missouri. At John Burroughs School, a progressive private school his father helped found in 1923, he excelled in football, basketball, track, and baseball. Sisler enrolled at Colgate University, where he played baseball for one year before dropping out to sign a minor-league contract with the St. Louis Cardinals. He spent four years in the minor leagues, then, in 1943, enlisted in the United States Navy to help fight World War II. Sisler rose to chief petty officer and served as a physical instructor at the Bainbridge Naval Training Center in Maryland.

Upon his discharge in 1945, the Cardinals sent Sisler to Cuba to learn how to play first base. After a couple of weeks, the Cubans were proclaiming Sisler as their Babe Ruth. In his first game, Sisler recorded two home runs and in another game hit three more. He then made his MLB debut with the Redbirds in April 1946, spending a full season for the eventual National League and World Series champions.

Playing career
Listed at 6 ft tall and 205 lb, Sisler batted left-handed and threw right-handed.

Sisler was a journeyman left fielder and first baseman for the Cardinals (1946–47; 1952–53), Philadelphia Phillies (1948–51) and Cincinnati Reds (1952). He was traded along with Virgil Stallcup from the Reds to the Cardinals for Wally Westlake and Eddie Kazak on May 13, 1952. In an eight-season major-league career, he hit .276 with 720 hits, 55 home runs and 360 RBI in 799 games. Defensively, he recorded an overall .984 fielding percentage playing primarily at first base and left field.

Only with the Phillies did Sisler play on a consistent basis; he was Philadelphia's most-used first baseman in 1948 and 1949, and regular left fielder in 1950 and 1951. He made the National League All-Star team in 1950, a season during which Sisler reached personal bests in games played (141), games started (136, all in left field), at bats (523), runs scored (79), hits (155), doubles (29), homers (13), runs batted in (83), on-base percentage (.373), slugging percentage (.442) and batting average (.296). The season also gave Sisler lasting fame.

Pennant-winning home run
On the 1950 season's closing day, at Ebbets Field, with the game tied at one, Sisler hit a tenth-inning, opposite-field three-run home run against the Brooklyn Dodgers that led to the "Whiz Kids" Phillies winning the club's first National League pennant in 35 years. Had Philadelphia lost, the Phillies and Dodgers would have finished in a flatfooted tie for the NL championship and played a best-of-three playoff.

The home run (coupled with his slugging five years earlier in the Cuban winter league) made Sisler world-famous in baseball and literary circles when Ernest Hemingway immortalized him in his novel The Old Man and the Sea. In a conversation between an aging Cuban fisherman and his young apprentice discussing the unfolding 1950 big-league season, the older man says: "In the other league, between Brooklyn and Philadelphia, I must take Brooklyn. But then I think of Dick Sisler and those great drives in the old park. There was nothing ever like them. He hits the longest ball I have ever seen."

His father, Hall of Fame player George Sr., had become a scout for Brooklyn after his own playing career ended, and served in that capacity when Dick Sisler hit his pennant-winning home run. When asked after the pennant-winning game how he felt when his son beat his current team, the Dodgers, George replied, "I felt awful and terrific at the same time."

In the 1950 World Series that followed, however, Sisler would collect only one single in 17 at bats (.059), as the Phillies were swept by the New York Yankees in four games. Earlier, in 1946, he had gone hitless in two at bats as a pinch hitter for the Cardinals in that season's Fall Classic, but picked up a World Series ring when the Redbirds defeated the Boston Red Sox in seven games.

Coaching and managerial career
After managing in the minor leagues with the Double-A Nashville Vols and Triple-A Seattle Rainiers, Sisler became a coach for Cincinnati in 1961, serving under manager Fred Hutchinson.

In August 1964, he was promoted to acting manager when Hutchinson, suffering from terminal cancer, was forced to give up the reins. He led the Reds to a 32–21 record, and the team finished in a second-place tie (with the Phillies), one game behind the Cardinals. After his formal appointment as manager in October 1964, he brought the Reds home fourth in 1965 with an 89–73 mark before being fired at season's end. He then returned to the major league coaching ranks with the Cardinals (1966–70), San Diego Padres (1975–76) and New York Mets (1979–80). In, while serving as the Cardinals' first base coach, Sisler earned his second World Series ring when St. Louis again defeated the Red Sox in seven games. In his late sixties, he was still working with young players as a roving hitting instructor in the Cardinal farm system.

He died November 20, 1998, at the age of 78 in Nashville, Tennessee.

title: Dick Sisler


text:
Talk:Zess T.

On 25 May 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Votes for deletion/Zess T. for a record of the discussion. Rossami (talk) 21:47, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zess T.


text:
User:Emiellaiendiay

This is the userpage of Emiellaiendiay. If you want to contact me, use my Talk page.

I have no tolerance for vandalism and people who create accounts for no reason other than the userpage. If you're going to edit Wikipedia, make useful contributions to the articles.

title: User:Emiellaiendiay