text:
Talk:Canonical form

example
I don't know whether the order of terms in a polynomials is a good example, since it would be more logical to write it in ascending order.

Btw almost all links on this page point to things about which the canonical page says (or said ;) that they are not canonical... also in view of the length of the present article, I think it might be merged into normal form. — MFH: Talk 18:52, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think normal form is a better general concept. Charles Matthews 18:59, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Use in computer linguistics
The term "canonical form" is also used to designate the normal form of dictionary entries. For single words this is the lemma form (e.g. infinitive for verbs and nominal singular for nouns if these forms exist).

For multiword terms, usually there is a head word in lemma form, but the other words may be inflected.

Example: "grüner Tee" is a canonical forms, the head word is "Tee", and it is different from the series of lemmata "grün Tee".

I totally agree!!. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Demonic224 (talk • contribs) 16:12, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

merge with canonical form (boolean algebra)
This page is so short, it should be merged with the boolean algebra page. Also, i find it very odd that the page "maxterm" redirects here.... I'm going to change that redirect. Fresheneesz 07:24, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Scope of this article / classification theorems
OK, some of the examples I included, while fitting the general pattern, probably wouldn't be called "canonical forms", but rather "classification theorem" (e.g. the types of Hilbert spaces), "structure theorem" or "representation theorem"...

But I still think it would be nice to have a big list of all these things somewhere... Ideas how to organize this?

Functor salad 12:03, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Rationalizing the denominator
...is an instance of a canonical form. Where should it be within this article. Michael Hardy (talk) 03:49, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Difference between canonical and normal form
Actually there seems to be a difference between normal and canonical forms: if two objects have different canonical forms then they are different, while the same is not true for normal forms (equality of normal or canonical forms implies the objects are identical, no difference here).

See e.g. which talks about _the_ canonical form for univariate polynomials and several normal forms for multivariate polynomials: "_a_ (not the) normal form".

Does anyone know if this distinction is established throughout mathematics? Should the normal and canonical form articles be split again? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jszymon (talk • contribs) 10:42, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, this distinction has been introduced by computer algebraists and is well established in this area. For a reference, you may look in . In WP, this distinction is described in Computer algebra.
 * I do not think useful to split this article into "normal form" and "canonical form", because the first concept may not be understood without reference to the second one. On the other hand, some edit would be needed to make the terminology of this article compatible with that of computer algebra. This not easy because normal and canonical forms rely, in computer algebra, on mathematical equality, while in this article they rely on belonging to the same equivalence class, i.e. on equality of equivalence classes. For example, the Jordan normal form (or Hermite normal form or Smith normal form) of a matrix is, in the computer algebra terminology, the canonical form of an equivalence class of matrices. D.Lazard (talk) 11:09, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Canonical form of a positive integer
"The canonical form of a positive integer in decimal representation is a finite sequence of digits that does not begin with zero"

Objection: according to the aforementioned definition of a canonical form, it is a unique representation. Yet, one can represent the positive integer 2, for instance, in decimal representation as 2.0 or 1.999.... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Plnml (talk • contribs) 19:24, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

Seriously - wtf?
I came on here to understand what canonical form meant from a computer data modelling perspective and I am pretty well versed in normal form data modelling...I have no idea what it is from this text. The text is so impenetrable. Einstein made relativity easy for me to understand in his book so I am sure that all you geniuses who understand this topic can do it for canonical form without the need to use strangely esoteric language or example. Just say what the bloody thing is. Meanwhile, I shall have to look elsewhere for my education on this subject cos this is no help: "for a class of objects on which an equivalence relation (which can differ from standard notions of equality, for instance by considering different forms of equal objects to be nonequivalent) is defined, a canonical form consists in the choice of a specific object in each class. For example, row echelon form and Jordan normal form are canonical forms for matrices." Seriously? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.59.100.28 (talk) 12:24, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree that the paragraph that you have quoted is confusing. I have edited it for clarification. On the other hand, the next paragraph (about canonical forms in computer science) is certainly closer to what means "canonical form" in data modeling. If the meaning is more specific in this area, you are welcome to add a paragraph (or to propose, here, a new paragraph). D.Lazard (talk) 13:36, 24 September 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Data normalization
Articles cover the same ground. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 17:46, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree. Data normalization, as it is described in the article, is clearly a type of canonicalization. I think it should be absorbed into this article, especially since it is a short article. — Anita5192 (talk) 18:03, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Ok, done; should be easy to revert if anyone objects. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 19:50, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

 * It looks good. Thank you!  — Anita5192 (talk) 20:36, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Canonicalization
Canonicalization is the computation of a canonical form. We appear to have at least three articles about this topic. Q VVERTYVS (hm?) 17:47, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Canonicalization looks like it should be merged into this article, but it contains a lot of material to absorb. — Anita5192 (talk) 18:12, 27 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Much of it can likely be dropped and/or summarized; I recently brushed up the wording over there and found a lot of the examples to be too specific or verbose JadeMatrix (talk) 18:11, 2 December 2015 (UTC)

 * dont merge Oh, please don't merge. Canonical form is almost entirely about math; adding grunge about the MSDOS file system and URLs and whatnot just does not make sense for a math article.   By contrast, Canonicalization is all about computing -- it even leaves off some important topics, such as normalizing tables in SQL and noSQL, which surely deserves discussion. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 21:33, 10 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canonical form


text:
Category:Young adult literature

This is a category for books described as "young adult literature" and authors of young adult books. See also young adult (psychology).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Young adult literature


text:
List of drugs: Aq–Ar

aq

 * Aqua Lube Plus
 * Aquacare
 * Aquacort
 * Aquamephyton
 * Aquaphyllin
 * Aquasol A
 * Aquatag
 * AquaTar
 * Aquatensen
 * Aquazide H

ara-arf

 * ARA-C
 * Aralast
 * Aralen
 * Aramine
 * Aranesp
 * aranidipine (INN)
 * aranotin (INN)
 * araprofen (INN)
 * arasertaconazole (INN)
 * Arava. Redirects to Leflunomide
 * Arazil
 * Arazlo
 * arbaclofen placarbil (USAN, INN)
 * arbaprostil (INN)
 * arbekacin (INN)
 * arbutamine (INN)
 * Arcalyst
 * Arcet
 * arcitumomab (INN)
 * arclofenin (INN)
 * ardacin avoparcin (INN)
 * ardenermin (USAN)
 * ardeparin sodium (INN)
 * Arduan
 * Aredia
 * Aredia
 * Arestin
 * Arestocaine hcl
 * Arexvy
 * arfalasin (INN)
 * arfendazam (INN)
 * Arfonad

arg-ars

 * Argatroban
 * argatroban (INN)
 * Argesic-SA
 * argimesna (INN)
 * arginine (INN)
 * argipressin (INN)
 * argiprestocin (INN)
 * Argyrol S.S.
 * arhalofenate (USAN, INN)
 * Aricept
 * arildone (INN)
 * Arimidex
 * aripiprazole (INN)
 * Aristocort
 * Aristogel
 * Aristospan
 * Arixtra
 * Arlex
 * Arlidin
 * armodafinil (USAN)
 * Armour Thyroid
 * arnolol (INN)
 * arofylline (INN)
 * Aromasin (Pharmacia & Upjohn Company)
 * aronixil (INN)
 * arotinolol (INN)
 * arprinocid (INN)
 * arpromidine (INN)
 * Arrestin (Inspira)
 * arsanilic acid (INN)
 * arsenic trioxide (USAN)
 * arsthinol (INN)

art

 * Artane. Redirects to Trihexyphenidyl.
 * arteflene (INN)
 * artemether (INN)
 * artemisinin (INN)
 * arterolane (INN)
 * artesunate (INN)
 * Artha-G
 * Arthropan
 * Arthrotec
 * articaine (INN)
 * artilide (INN)

arv

 * Arvestin (INN)

ary

 * AryoSeven

arz

 * Arzerra

title: List of drugs: Aq–Ar


text:
Macaroni salad

Macaroni salad is a type of pasta salad, served cold, made with cooked elbow macaroni and usually prepared with mayonnaise. Much like potato salad or coleslaw in its use, it is often served as a side dish to barbecue, fried chicken, or other picnic style dishes. Like any dish, national and regional variations abound but generally it is prepared with raw diced onions, dill or sweet pickles and celery and seasoned with salt and pepper.

Australia and New Zealand
In Australia and New Zealand, it is commonly known as pasta salad, which is usually made with cooked shell pasta pieces and bought from supermarket delis.

Philippines
In the Philippines, macaroni salad is a dessert or appetizer with a mildly sweet flavor. It does not use onions, pepper, or celery. It typically uses native sweetened jellies, cheese, as well as various fruits in contrast to western macaroni salads. It is commonly consumed during holidays such as Christmas and New Year's Day, as well as parties and gatherings. A common variant adds shredded chicken and is known as chicken salad or chicken macaroni salad.

United States
In the United States, macaroni salad has been described as a "deli staple". In Hawaii, macaroni salad is a popular staple in plate lunches and is traditionally made with grated onion and macaroni cooked until very soft. In Puerto Rico, macaroni salad may contain mayonnaise, mustard, canned tuna or bits of Spam, onions, Cubanelle peppers and pimentos.

title: Macaroni salad


text:
M114 155 mm howitzer

The M114 is a towed howitzer developed and used by the United States Army. It was first produced in 1942 as a medium artillery piece under the designation of 155 mm Howitzer M1. It saw service with the US Army during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, before being replaced by the M198 howitzer.

The gun was also used by the armed forces of many nations. The M114A1 remains in service in some countries.

Development
After the end of the First World War a board later labeled the Westervelt Board was convened to assess the artillery experience of the combatant powers and map out future directions for the US Army artillery. The conclusion of the board vis-a-vis corps (heavy field) artillery was that an ideal heavy howitzer should have range of at least 16,000 yards and allow the elevation of 65° (as opposed to the existing World War I-era M-1918 155 mm howitzer's, a license-built French Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider, 11.5 km and +42° 20' respectively). Board also recommended that the new 155-mm howitzer and the new 4.7 in gun share all the carriage, even if it compromises both designs.

The M1920 carriage resulting from this requirements was of the split-trail type with pneumatic equilibrators, permitting a total traverse of 60°. Unfortunately, it "gave considerable trouble due to the persistent failure of the top carriage" on the firing tests. In 1923–1925 the design was modified with the top carriage reinforced, with the result standardized as M1925. However, it was never built in steel, because after the evaluation of a wooden model the project was abandoned. Instead, two new carriages were developed and built in the following years, which were designated T1 (photos) and T1E1. All of them had the same ballistics (perhaps even the same gun body), with maximal range of 16,390 yds, and were undergoing tests in early 1930s. By 1934, the US Army was concerned about the arising high-speed towing requirements not satisfied by the plain bearings and solid rubber ties.

In 1939 the development began anew, by spring 1941 the first specimen was ready to be test-fired and immediately after passing them it was standardized on 15 May 1941 as Howitzer M1 on the Carriage M1. The howitzer itself differed from the older model by a lengthened barrel of 20 calibers and a new breech mechanism. Uniquely it was the sole 'slow-cone' interrupted screw mechanism to enter US service after 1920.

The ballistics of the adopted variant ended up being very similar to French Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider gun.

Carriage variants
The carriage was also used by the 4.5 inch Gun M-1. It went through a number of minor changes over time. The original Warner electric brakes were replaced by Westinghouse air brakes on the M1A1. Both the M1 and M1A1 carriages used a mid-axle firing pedestal that was extended by a ratchet mechanism. The M1A2 replaced the ratchet with a screw-jack system and also modified the traveling lock. The M1A1E1 carriage was intended for use in jungle and muddy terrain and replaced the wheels of the M1A1 with a free-wheeling tracked suspension, but the project was terminated after V-J day without having reached production. The T-9 and T-10 carriages were projects using low-grade steel alloys that were canceled when no longer needed. The T-16 was a light-weight carriage using high-grade steel that was estimated to save some 1200 lb; work began in July 1945 and continued after the war, although nothing seems to have come from it.

A mid-1960s variant was the 155mm XM123 & M123A1 auxiliary-propelled howitzers. The XM123 was produced by American Machine and Foundry and outfitted with two 20 horsepower air-cooled engines produced by Consolidated Diesel Corporation, driver's seat, steering wheel, and guide wheel on the left trail, allowing it to be more rapidly emplaced when detached from the prime mover, while the XM123A1 provided a single 20 horsepower motor with electric steering. The extra weight on the left trail displaced the howitzer after each round was fired, requiring it to be realigned, and the project was abandoned. The concept was copied from the Soviet 85mm SD-44 auxiliary-propelled antitank gun developed in 1954 and used by airborne forces.

Self-propelled mounts
The howitzer was experimentally mounted on a lengthened chassis of the M5 light tank. The resulting vehicle received the designation 155 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage T64. A single prototype was built before the T64 project was abandoned in favor of T64E1, based on the M24 Chaffee light tank chassis. This was eventually adopted as the M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage and saw action in the Korean War. Towards the end of the Korean War the US Army replaced the M41 self-propelled howitzer with the M44 self-propelled howitzer.

Ammunition
The gun fires separate-loading, bagged charge ammunition, with up to seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest). Muzzle velocity, range and penetration in the tables below are for maximum charge in form of complete M4A1 propelling charge.

Former operators

 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 🇯🇵 Japan 220 total, a small number were produced domestically as Type 58. All retired.
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 🇺🇸 United States

title: M114 155 mm howitzer


text:
Talk:Blodeuwedd

Removed content
The version that I edited contained (originally):

''Llew could not be killed during the day or night, nor indoors or outdoors, neither riding nor walking, not clothed and not naked, nor by any weapon lawfully made. He could only be killed at dusk, wrapped in a net with one foot on a cauldron and one on a goat and a weapon forged during the hours when forging weapons was forbidden.''

I have removed some of these constrictions. Whilst they can be deduced from some of the final set-up, they are not explicitly specified in the Penguin Classic edition I referred to in the article, nor in the first random semi-scholarly-looking web reference I found. My printed version merely notes in a footnote that the goat/edge of tub business means that he is additionally on neither dry land nor water. There is no mention of day/night or clothed/naked.

In addition: Blodeu(w)edd's name changes in the course of the story; she is created for Llew, not by him, and I have de-wikified the word 'goat' because there seems to be some question about whether a goat or a stag was in fact intended, according to (which is the first random semi-scholarly-looking web reference I mentioned earlier).

Feel free to revert if you have better information. I have certainly heard the net and dusk variations before. I just can't find a cite for them.

Telsa 18:55, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Etymology source
Does anyone else have a problem with accessing this source? I get the Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru header, but that's all. It fails to open for me on a laptop. Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:26, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

 * It opens fine. GPC might not open with some browsers, however. Try opening it on Edge or iOS instead. 2A00:23C6:7C14:9801:B1EB:BCE6:9D85:A98 (talk) 20:40, 15 May 2022 (UTC)

Pictures
Hi! Does someone know why both pictures used on this article are not transferred on Commons. Seeing their credits I see no reasons not. Thanks. Triton (talk) 07:20, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blodeuwedd


text:
List of drugs: Be

Beb-Bek

 * Bebulin (Baxter International)
 * becampanel (INN)
 * becantone (INN)
 * becaplermin (INN)
 * becatecarin (USAN)
 * beciparcil (INN)
 * beclamide (INN)
 * beclanorsen (INN)
 * becliconazole (INN)
 * beclobrate (INN)
 * beclometasone (INN)
 * beclotiamine (INN)
 * Beclovent
 * becocalcitol (USAN)
 * Becomject-100
 * Beconase
 * Becotin Pulvules
 * bectumomab (INN)
 * bedaquiline (USAN, INN)
 * bederocin (USAN, INN)
 * bedoradrine (INN)
 * Beepen-VK
 * befetupitant (USAN)
 * befiperide (INN)
 * befiradol (INN)
 * befloxatone (INN)
 * befunolol (INN)
 * befuraline (INN)
 * begacestat (USAN, INN)
 * bekanamycin (INN)
 * Bekemv

Bel-Bem

 * Bel-Phen-Ergot S
 * Bel-Tabs
 * belagenpumatucel-l (USAN)
 * belaperidone (INN)
 * belarizine (INN)
 * belatacept (USAN, INN)
 * Beldin
 * belfosdil (INN)
 * belimumab (USAN)
 * belinostat (USAN, INN)
 * Belix
 * Bellafoline
 * Bellatal
 * Bellergal-S
 * beloranib (INN)
 * belotecan (USAN)
 * beloxamide (INN)
 * beloxepin (INN)
 * Belviq (Arena Pharmaceuticals)
 * bemarinone (INN)
 * bemegride (INN)
 * bemesetron (INN)
 * bemetizide (INN)
 * bemitradine (INN)
 * bemoradan (INN)
 * Bemote
 * bemotrizinol (USAN)

Ben

 * Ben-Allergin-50 Injection
 * Ben-Aqua

Bena-Bene

 * Bena-D
 * benactyzine (INN)
 * Benadryl (Johnson & Johnson)
 * benafentrine (INN)
 * benaprizine (INN)
 * benaxibine (INN)
 * benazepril (INN)
 * benazeprilat (INN)
 * bencianol (INN)
 * bencisteine (INN)
 * benclonidine (INN)
 * bencyclane (INN)
 * bendacalol (INN)
 * bendamustine (INN)
 * bendazac (INN)
 * bendazol (INN)
 * Bendectin
 * benderizine (INN)
 * Bendopa
 * bendroflumethiazide (INN)
 * BeneFix (Wyeth/Pfizer)
 * Benemid
 * benethamine penicillin (INN)
 * benexate (INN)

Benf-Bens

 * benfluorex (INN)
 * benfosformin (INN)
 * benfotiamine (INN)
 * benfurodil hemisuccinate (INN)
 * benhepazone (INN)
 * Benicar HCT
 * Benicar
 * benidipine (INN)
 * benmoxin (INN)
 * Benoject
 * benolizime (INN)
 * Benoquin
 * benorilate (INN)
 * benorterone (INN)
 * benoxafos (INN)
 * benoxaprofen (INN)
 * Benoxinate
 * Benoxyl
 * benpenolisin (INN)
 * benperidol (INN)
 * benproperine (INN)
 * benralizumab (INN)
 * benrixate (INN)
 * bensalan (INN)
 * benserazide (INN)
 * bensuldazic acid (INN)
 * Bensulfoid

Bent-Beny

 * bentamapimod (INN)
 * bentazepam (INN)
 * bentemazole (INN)
 * bentiamine (INN)
 * bentipimine (INN)
 * bentiromide (INN)
 * Bentyl
 * Bentylol
 * benurestat (INN)
 * Benuryl
 * Benylin

Benza-Benzn

 * Benza
 * Benzac
 * Benzaclin
 * Benzacot
 * Benzagel
 * benzalkonium chloride (INN)
 * Benzamycin
 * benzaprinoxide (INN)
 * benzarone (INN)
 * benzarone (INN)
 * Benzashave
 * benzathine benzylpenicillin (INN)
 * benzatropine (INN)
 * benzbromarone (INN)
 * Benzedrex
 * benzestrol (INN)
 * benzethidine (INN)
 * benzethonium chloride (INN)
 * benzetimide (INN)
 * benzfetamine (INN)
 * benzilonium bromide (INN)
 * benzindopyrine (INN)
 * benziodarone (INN)
 * benzmalecene (INN)
 * benznidazole (INN)

Benzo-Benzy

 * benzobarbital (INN)
 * benzocaine (INN)
 * benzoclidine (INN)
 * Benzocol
 * benzoctamine (INN)
 * Benzodent
 * benzodepa (INN)
 * benzododecinium chloride (INN)
 * benzonatate (INN)
 * benzopyrronium bromide (INN)
 * Benzotic
 * benzotript (INN)
 * benzoxiquine (INN)
 * benzoxonium chloride (INN)
 * benzpiperylone (INN)
 * benzpyrinium bromide (INN)
 * benzquercin (INN)
 * benzquinamide (INN)
 * benzthiazide (INN)
 * benztropine (INN)
 * benzydamine (INN)
 * Benzyl Benzoate
 * benzylpenicillin (INN)
 * benzylsulfamide (INN)

Bep-Bes

 * Bepadin
 * bepafant (INN)
 * beperidium iodide (INN)
 * beperminogene perplasmid (INN)
 * bephenium hydroxynaphthoate (INN)
 * bepiastine (INN)
 * Bepotastine (USAN, INN)
 * bepridil (INN)
 * beraprost (INN)
 * berdazimer sodium (INN)
 * berefrine (INN)
 * berlafenone (INN)
 * bermoprofen (INN)
 * Berocca PN
 * beroctocog alfa (INN)
 * Berotec
 * bertilimumab (INN)
 * bertosamil (INN)
 * Berubigen
 * berupipam (INN)
 * berubicin (USAN)
 * bervastatin (INN)
 * berythromycin (INN)
 * besifloxacin hydrochloride (USAN)
 * besifovir (INN)
 * besigomsin (INN)
 * besilesomab (INN)
 * besipirdine (INN)
 * besonprodil (USAN)
 * besulpamide (INN)
 * besunide (INN)

Beta

 * Beta-2
 * Beta-HC
 * Beta-Val

Betac-Betat

 * betacarotene (INN)
 * betacetylmethadol (INN)
 * Betachron
 * Betaderm
 * betadex (INN)
 * Betadine
 * Betagan
 * betahistine (INN)
 * Betaject
 * Betalin 12
 * Betalin S
 * Betaloc
 * betameprodine (INN)
 * betamethadol (INN)
 * betamethasone acibutate (INN)
 * betamethasone (INN)
 * betamicin (INN)
 * betamipron (INN)
 * betanidine (INN)
 * Betapace
 * Betapar
 * Betapen-VK
 * betaprodine (INN)
 * Betaprone
 * Betasept
 * Betaseron
 * betasizofiran (INN)
 * Betatar
 * Betatrex

Betax-Betaz

 * Betaxin
 * betaxolol (INN)
 * Betaxon
 * betazole (INN)

Beth-Betr

 * bethanechol (INN)
 * betiatide (INN)
 * Betimol
 * Betnesol
 * Betnovate
 * Betoptic Pilo
 * Betoptic S
 * betoxycaine (INN)
 * betrixaban (USAN)

Bev-Bez

 * bevacizumab (INN)
 * bevacizumab gamma (INN)
 * bevantolol (INN)
 * bevasiranib (USAN, INN)
 * bevirimat (USAN, INN)
 * bevonium metilsulfate bolenol (INN)
 * Bexophene
 * Bextra
 * Bexxar
 * Beyfortus
 * bezafibrate (INN)
 * Bezalip
 * bezitramide (INN)

Bg

 * BG 9273

title: List of drugs: Be


text:
Category:Grammar schools

A Grammar school is a type of Secondary School in some countries.

title: Category:Grammar schools


text:
Darrel Reid

Darrel R. Reid (born June 3, 1957 in Grande Prairie, Alberta) is a Canadian policy advisor, political manager and federal candidate in two Canadian federal political elections. He is particularly notable as having occupied positions as the Chief of Staff or Deputy Chief of Staff of two Canadian federal political leaders, Preston Manning and Stephen Harper.

Education
Reid obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Regina in 1981. This was followed by a Master of Arts degree in 1984 and a Master of Library Sciences degree in 1985, both from the University of Toronto. In 1994, he completed a doctorate in history at the Queen's University. The topic of his dissertation was the life of Albert Benjamin Simpson.

Queen's University
Between 1988 and 1994, during the course of his doctoral studies, Reid served as Information Officer and Manager, Publishing and Information Systems, of the Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, School of Policy Studies, Queen's University.

The Reform Party of Canada
Following the completion of his doctorate, Reid served as Director of Policy and Research for the Reform Party of Canada. In May 1996 he became Chief of Staff to Preston Manning, Leader of Canada’s Official Opposition. In 1997, he ran unsuccessfully as a Reform Party candidate for the riding of Lanark-Carleton.

Focus on the Family Canada
From 1998 to 2004, Reid was the president of the evangelical Christian organization Focus on the Family Canada. He promoted conservative Christian family values, while actively campaigning against issues such as divorce, abortion and same-sex marriage.

As a Corporate Executive
In 2004, Reid left Focus on the Family Canada to become Vice-President of Current Corporation, a high-tech firm specializing in night vision systems for the marine industry.

In May 2005, Reid won the Conservative nomination for Richmond and ran unsuccessfully in the subsequent federal election. Following his January, 2006 election loss, Reid became Vice President of Project Development for the Work Research Foundation, an organization with the stated mission to "influence people to a Christian view of work and public life."

Minister Rona Ambrose
In September, 2006, Reid announced that he had accepted an offer to become the Chief of Staff for Environment Minister Rona Ambrose. This was an appointment requiring the approval of the Office of the Prime Minister, in accordance with the practice established by the Prime Minister's office, following the Conservative Party minority election win earlier that year. Reid thereafter withdrew his candidacy for nomination to run again as the Conservative candidate in Richmond.

Office of the Prime Minister of Canada
In April 2007, Reid was appointed Deputy Director of Policy and Research to Prime Minister Stephen Harper. On July 7, 2008, one week after Guy Giorno assumed the position as the Prime Minister's new Chief of Staff, Reid was appointed Director of Policy in the Prime Minister's office, replacing Director of Policy and Research Mark Cameron. Reid's first parliamentary position, commencing in 1994 and as noted earlier herein, had been as Director of Policy and Research for the Reform Party of Canada. Reid later was promoted to the position of Deputy Chief of Staff. In August 2009, Reid assumed additional responsibilities to those of Deputy Chief of Staff, becoming also the Prime Minister's Director of Regional Affairs.

The Manning Centre
In August 2010, Reid became the Executive Director of The Manning Centre, a policy and research forum founded by Preston Manning.

title: Darrel Reid


text:
Kareem Campbell

Kareem Campbell (born November 14, 1973) is an American professional skateboarder. He is known for popularizing the skateboard trick "The Ghetto Bird" which is a nollie hardflip late 180°.

Skateboarding career
Kareem Campbell was an innovative professional skateboarder in the 1990s. He was featured in the World Industries videos New World Order, 20 Shot Sequence, and Trilogy, which are regarded as classics to many skateboarders. He has been called the godfather of smooth street style. He eventually went on to spawn another company of his own under the Dwindle Distribution umbrella, though he continued to ride for World Industries. He also helped found Axion Shoes. After Menace, he went on to create City Stars Skateboards also under the same Dwindle Distribution umbrella. He still operates City Star Skateboards to this day.

Campbell rose to mainstream fame in 1999 following his inclusion as a playable character in the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater video game series. Tony Hawk also credited him with increasing skateboarding's standing in the Black community. Campbell would later reprise his role in the 2020 remake of the first two games in the series.

Throughout his career Kareem has been sponsored by World Industries, Axion Shoes, Nixon Watches, Alphanumeric Clothing and more.

Personal life
Campbell is from Harlem, New York, and moved with his family to Los Angeles in his early youth.

Campbell now resides in Dallas, Texas and works in a variety of business ventures, notably real estate. His nephew is professional skateboarder, musician, and Odd Future associate Na-kel Smith.

title: Kareem Campbell


text:
User:Kthejoker

26 year old database developer from Austin, Texas.

I'm into almost any subject, from philosophy to sports to pop culture to chemistry to politics.

title: User:Kthejoker


text:
William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton

William Alexander Archibald Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton and 8th Duke of Brandon (19 February 1811 – 8 July 1863) styled Earl of Angus before 1819 and Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale between 1819 and 1852, was a Scottish nobleman and the Premier Peer of Scotland.

He was the son of Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton and Susan Euphemia Beckford, daughter of English novelist William Beckford. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He was Knight Marischal of Scotland from 1846 and Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire from 1852 until his death.

At the Mannheim Palace, on 23 February 1843, he Princess Marie Amelie of Baden]], daughter of the Grand Duke Charles of Baden and Stéphanie de Beauharnais, the adopted daughter of Napoleon I. After his marriage, he lived chiefly in Paris and Baden, taking very little interest in British affairs. They had three children:

 * William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton (1845–1895)
 * Lieutenant Charles George Douglas-Hamilton, 7th Earl of Selkirk (1847–1886), 11th Hussars
 * Lady Mary Victoria Hamilton (1850–1922), married firstly Albert I, Prince of Monaco, latterly to Prince Tassilo Festetics de Tolna.

Though he had married in 1843, the duke did not succeed to his title until 1852. In that year, he purchased the house located at 22 Arlington Street in St. James's, a district of the City of Westminster in central London from Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort for £60,000. The duke lavished expenses on the house for approximately a decade, including installing iron firebacks with his coronet and motto. Upon his death, the house passed to his widow who sold it to Ivor Guest, 1st Baron Wimborne via auction in 1867.

Legacy
He was a close friend of the French Empress Eugenie. According to Lady Helena Gleichen, they accidentally caused a scandal at the French Court when courtiers were told that Lord Hamilton would not be joining them for the hunt because of an injury and the Empress said: "Yes, I saw the bruise on his leg. It is very bad." This shocked the French court and later, the Empress had Lord Hamilton come down to show everyone that Scottish lords wore kilts, and thus, their legs were visible to everyone.

title: William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton


text:
User:Bubbachuck

About me
I'm a second year (MS2) MD/PhD student at the University of Pittsburgh. Will be beginning PhD soon.

Although I listed myself as Babel:zh-1, I cannot really read beyond the 3-year old level, but can speak Mandarin at roughly a second-grade (8 year old) native of China fluently.

Current interests include SlickDeals (similar to FatWallet), SNSD, and DBSK.

Say hi on my talk page!

Short term "to do" list

 * Fix melting temperature Mentioned agar's properties
 * Write standard free-energy change

Improve list
laminar flow cricket (insect)

Science
homologous recombination, alkaline lysis, marker gene, selectable marker, replication protein A, Carrier DNA

Bball
Basketball terms

Pages I have started
Yoshimitsu

Jubei-Chan: The Secret of the Lovely Eyepatch

Ring strain

Two-hybrid screening

Stub for Cassette (genetics)

YEPD

Syn addition and Anti addition

6/24/05 Subcloning

6/25/05 Pick and pop

7/04/05 gel isolation HAPPY INDEPENDENCE DAY!!

7/11/05 Three-point field goal forgot to login :(

7/12/05 minipreparation

7/25/05 Talim (Soul Calibur)

8/07/05 List of Soul Calibur terms

Pages I have made major contributions to:
DNA ligase

Replica plating

General Chemistry and Quantum Numbers

Hofmann elimination

Brood War Introduction

Stuff about me
My edit count

Wiki-links that are too cool!
Contributing_FAQ <-- good read for beginners!

User:Bubbachuck/Archive...cool

Special:Newpages <-- help police wikipedia from useless articles!

Copyright
Copyrights important copyright policy

Copyright problems

Public domain resources

Deletion
Votes for deletion

Deletion_policy

Criteria for speedy deletion

Deletion of vanity_articles

WP:MUSIC guidelines regarding musician articles

Google test

Editing
Template messages/Maintenance

title: User:Bubbachuck


text:
User talk:Effet

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. - Fredrik | talk 19:00, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. - Fredrik | talk 11:14, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Effet


text:
List of drugs: Br

bra-bre

 * Branchamin 4%
 * brasofensine (INN)
 * Bravecto
 * Bravecto Plus
 * Bravelle
 * brazergoline (INN)
 * Breathtek UBT
 * Brecanavir (INN, INN)
 * Breezee Mist Antifungal
 * brefonalol (INN)
 * bremazocine (INN)
 * Bremelanotide (USAN, INN)
 * Brentuximab vedotin (USAN)
 * Brenzavvy
 * brequinar (INN)
 * bretazenil (INN)
 * Brethaire
 * Brethine
 * bretylium tosilate (INN)
 * Bretylol
 * Brevibloc
 * Brevicon
 * Brevital Sodium
 * Brevoxyl
 * Brexidol 20
 * brexucabtagene autoleucel (INN)
 * Breyanzi

Bri

 * Briakinumab (USAN, INN)
 * Brian Care
 * Bricanyl
 * brifentanil (INN)
 * brimonidine (INN)
 * brinase (INN)
 * brinazarone (INN)
 * brindoxime (INN)
 * brinzolamide (INN)
 * Briobacept (USAN, INN)
 * Brioschi
 * Bristacycline
 * Bristagen
 * Bristamycin
 * Brivanib alaninate (USAN, INN)
 * Brivaracetam (USAN, INN)
 * Brivlera
 * brivudine (INN)
 * Brixadi

Brob-Brol

 * brobactam (INN)
 * broclepride (INN)
 * brocresine (INN)
 * brocrinat (INN)
 * Brodalumab (USAN, INN)
 * brodimoprim (INN)
 * Brodspec
 * brofaromine (INN)
 * Brofed
 * brofezil (INN)
 * brofoxine (INN)
 * brolaconazole (INN)
 * brolamfetamine (INN)

Broma-Bromo

 * bromacrylide (INN)
 * bromadoline (INN)
 * Bromadol
 * Bromaline Elixir
 * bromamide (INN)
 * Bromanate
 * Bromanyl
 * Bromarest
 * Bromatapp
 * bromazepam (INN)
 * bromazine (INN)
 * Brombay
 * bromchlorenone (INN)
 * bromebric acid (INN)
 * bromelains (INN)
 * bromerguride (INN)
 * brometenamine (INN)
 * Bromfed-DM
 * bromfenac (INN)
 * Bromfenex
 * bromhexine (INN)
 * bromindione (INN)
 * bromisoval (INN)
 * bromociclen (INN)
 * bromocriptine (INN)
 * bromofenofos (INN)
 * bromofos (INN)
 * bromopride (INN)
 * bromoxanide (INN)

Bromp

 * bromperidol (INN)
 * Bromphen
 * brompheniramine (INN)
 * Brompheril

Bron-Brox

 * Broncho Saline
 * Bronitin Mist
 * Bronkaid Mist
 * Bronkaid
 * Bronkephrine
 * Bronkodyl
 * Bronkometer
 * Bronkosol
 * bronopol (INN)
 * Brontex
 * broparestrol (INN)
 * broperamole (INN)
 * bropirimine (INN)
 * broquinaldol (INN)
 * brosotamide (INN)
 * brosuximide (INN)
 * Brotame
 * brotianide (INN)
 * brotizolam (INN)
 * brovanexine (INN)
 * brovincamine (INN)
 * broxaldine (INN)
 * broxaterol (INN)
 * broxitalamic acid (INN)
 * broxuridine (INN)
 * broxyquinoline (INN)

Bry

 * Bryrel

title: List of drugs: Br


text:
Eek! The Cat

'Eek! The Cat (retitled Eek! and the Terrible Thunderlizards and eventually Eek! Stravaganza') is an animated series, created by Savage Steve Holland and Bill Kopp, produced by Fox Kids and Savage Studios with animation by Nelvana. Broadcast from 1992 to 1997 on Fox's former Saturday Morning children's block Fox Kids, it aired in Canada on YTV from 1992 to 1998.

Ownership of the series passed to Disney in 2001 when Disney acquired Fox Kids Worldwide.

Premise
''Eek! the Cat'' revolves around the misadventures of a jolly purple cat named Eek, who lives in the fictitious city of McTropolis. His motto is "it never hurts to help", an attitude that generally gets him into trouble, from which much of the physical and visual humor of the show is derived. Initially, most of the humor centered around Eek's various injuries during his attempts to help or save another character; over the course of the series, a far wider variety of humor is utilized and Eek generally has the capacity to unintentionally deal as much, if not more pain to other characters (mainly Sharky the Sharkdog) as he undergoes himself.

Other characters include: Eek's human family, with whom he is unable to communicate via spoken language; Sharky the Sharkdog, who despises Eek, something the cat is most of the time oblivious to; and Eek's girlfriend, Annabelle, who he sees as beautiful despite other characters commenting on her weight.

The show featured a guitar riff intro, slapstick humor, and pop culture references. Shows vary from standard cartoon fare to film spoofs (such as Apocalypse Now and A Clockwork Orange). During the second season, a special musical episode titled "Quadrapedia" aired; the first Christmas episode was written almost entirely in rhyme. The show featured many cameos by celebrities, some of whom came back for several episodes.

Main characters

 * Eek the Cat (voiced by Bill Kopp) – Eek always puts others' safety, needs, and comfort before his own. Eek can talk with all animals and most humans. However, he is, oddly enough, unable to converse with his owners: Mom, Wendy Elizabeth, and J.B. He often exclaims "Kumbaya!" His motto is "It never hurts to help!", although with Eek this is rarely the case. The major running gag within the show is that Eek's selfless nature usually gets him (and most of the time Sharky) caught up in painful situations such as getting caught in mail and baggage sorters (both of which appear designed to intentionally damage their contents) and being chased by Sharky, upon which he would scream "Oh gosh, it hurts!" while the Sharkdog's acoustic guitar theme played. Despite his misfortunes, episodes usually end with Eek rewarded in a way due to his selfless nature and willingness to face the adversity squarely. He has frequently been shown to be a girl magnet, attracting many beautiful females throughout the series while gently turning them down and informing them that he already has Annabelle as a girlfriend.
 * Annabelle (voiced by Tawny Kitaen in 1992–1995, Karen Haber in 1994-1995 and 1997) – A female cat and Eek's girlfriend who appears like a Southern belle with an exaggerated southern accent. She is extremely fat although her arms and legs are quite skinny. Eek somehow seems to be unaware of her size and just sees Annabelle as being very beautiful. He is genuinely surprised, whenever someone comments on Annabelle's weight and his attitude is: "The more of you there is, the more there is to love". Eek fell in love with Annabelle the first time he saw her, when he was hit by the arrow of a one-winged cupid. Like Wendy Elizabeth, Annabelle is quite emotional and can burst into tears if anything upsets her. Anabelle is implied in many instances to be gluttonous, quickly appearing at buffet tables to scarf down all the food on it and ordering large amounts at restaurants, snack bars and drive-ins. Despite being present in the theme song, Anabelle doesn't appear in the series proper until the episode "Catsanova".
 * Sharky the Sharkdog – Annabelle's pet guard dog who defends her house with the viciousness (and also the overall appearance) of a shark. Sharky does not talk, but more than makes up for it in growls (though other animal characters such as Eek can comprehend what he is saying, and subtitles are sometimes provided). Sharky typically terrorizes Eek for fun, although occasionally as a reaction to Eek's incessant trouble-causing helpfulness. There are moments where the two get along and partner in the plot line, but they happen to be rare. He can also show rare moments of friendliness towards Eek, such as in "It's a Wonderful Nine Lives" where he shows up at Eek's house on Christmas with his other friends and family near the end of the special. Sharky loves to bite things, mostly mail-carriers. Sharky also has quite a bit of skill as a craftsman; he is constantly rebuilding his doghouse after Eek accidentally destroys it. Like Snoopy's doghouse, the interior of Sharky's doghouse resembles a cavernous mansion with several floors and a garage. Sharky has a curious affiliation with firearms and explosives, which often backfire on him. In many cases, Sharky and Eek's relationship follows a subtle pattern of karma and catharsis. Similar to Tom from Tom and Jerry, Sharky was drawn in a quadrupedal stance in the earliest episodes, but beginning with "Shark Therapy" in season two, he gradually became almost exclusively bipedal and obtained the same level of anthropomorphism as the other animal characters, albeit without the ability to speak.
 * Elmo the Elk (voiced by Savage Steve Holland) - Elmo (also known as Elmo: The Brown Nosed Reindeer, The Incredible Elmo) is an elk and Eek's extremely inept but loyal friend who typically maintains a courageous façade, but is actually quite cowardly. He is often trying to raise money to pay for some operation on his younger brother Timmy, which often involves him and Eek in dangerous stunts or some form of action adventure. He also believes that there are 31 days in the month of June. In his first appearance, Elmo had a thick Italian accent which proceeded to get more downplayed as the series progressed.
 * Timmy – Elmo's younger brother who apparently suffers from a range of obscure medical ailments and is constantly in need of expensive medical treatments. This results in Elmo trying to raise money, often with Eek's help, although these activities usually involve dangerous stunts which only end in pain for Eek.
 * Mom (voiced by Elinor Donahue) - The apparently single mother of the family that owns Eek. She loves studying foreign languages and a running gag features her absent-mindedly listening to foreign language cassettes, reciting the nonsensical translations of English phrases while cleaning the house, unknowingly causing mayhem in the process - a particular favorite is "Spangalese". Once on a flight to England she listened to a tape of British-accented English, a language she found especially challenging. She is very warm and loving towards Wendy Elizabeth and J.B., often indulging them and giving them their favorite treats. She has an optimistic personality similar to Eek, and always tends to look on the bright side despite the mayhem that arises.
 * Wendy Elizabeth and J.B. (voiced by Elizabeth Daily and Charlie Adler) – The children of the family that owns Eek, Wendy Elizabeth and J.B. are whiny (the latter to a lesser extent) and hyperactive. They watch a lot of television, and often eat strange things like literal bags of sugar or meals such as "their favorite", herring and toothpaste sandwiches. Their favorite show is The Squishy Bearz Rainbow of Enchanted Fun Minute, a spoof of the Care Bears. They have similarities in their personalities, but also differences. J.B. is slightly low on overall intelligence, but has a more even temper and better control of his emotions, while Wendy Elizabeth is a bit smarter, but also very emotionally fragile, crying or sobbing over the slightest bad or undesirable thing that may happen to her (such as getting a defective bicycle bell for her birthday, getting a "D" on a test, or initially getting no treats on Halloween), sometimes causing natural disasters like earthquakes in doing so. Nonetheless, both children are generally shown to be goodhearted and love Eek and their mother very much.
 * Mittens (voiced by Dan Castellaneta in 1992–1994, John Kassir in 1995–1997) – Eek's friend who is also a cat. His fur is light blue, he always wears red mittens (owing to his name), and he belongs to an old woman with failing sight. He suffers from extreme paranoia and he always ends a sentence with the word "Man" (e.g. "Look out, man!"). Mittens appears to have been based on Dennis Hopper's unnamed photojournalist character from Apocalypse Now, even portraying the equivalent character in the episode "Eekpocalypse Now!"

Supporting characters

 * The Squishy Bearz – Four colorful bears with their own children's TV program called The Squishy Bearz Rainbow of Enchanted Fun Minute set in the land of Toodlesnook in a parody of the Care Bears.
 * Kozy (voiced by Jaid Barrymore in earlier episodes, Elizabeth Daily in later episodes) - A yellow bear who has a happy and friendly attitude.
 * Puffy (voiced by Cam Clarke) - A blue bear who has a happy and friendly attitude.
 * Wuz Wuz (voiced by Cam Clarke) - A pink bear who has a happy and friendly attitude.
 * Pierre (voiced by Bill Kopp) - A green bear who speaks with a French accent, wears a beret, is bitter and cynical, but also carries considerably more intelligence and common-sense than the others and often has to save them from their own naivety and stop disasters in the making.
 * Granny (voiced by Charlie Adler) - An old lady that Eek often encounters.
 * Steven – A squirrel who lives in a nearby tree. Steven and his family are too incredibly boring for even Eek to stand being around them for long. Eek first met them during one of his evasions from Sharky. They even prove to be boring when Sharky finally gets in.
 * Susan - The wife of Steven.
 * Steven Junior - The son of Steven.
 * Hally - The daughter of Steven.
 * Acorn - The son of Steven.
 * Gunter - The son of Steven.
 * Piggy the Penguin (voiced by Cam Clarke) – First appearing in the episode "The Lord of the Fleas" (a parody of Lord of the Flies), Piggy is a small penguin with thick eyeglasses who can often be seen sporting a pig mask. He is often seen in the company of a larger and deeper-voiced penguin as they take part in the bizarre circumstances of the show. Often, in a running gag, Piggy will discover something strange and attempt to inform his larger companion, who then responds by saying "Shut up Piggy!" Piggy has a distinct British accent, another reference to The Lord of the Flies. Piggy returns several times in quick cameos and occasionally takes a larger role.
 * Hank and Jib (voiced by Dan Castellaneta and Bill Kopp) – A pair of government scientists working at Cape Carbunkle a ground control station. A running gag has them clutching cups of coffee and conversing in dull tones while in the company of other scientists attempting to get the Hubble Space Telescope operational. However, a character or object from the show's main story usually causes the telescope either malfunction or to point to somewhere on Earth like a beach where Fabio is relaxing. Once one of the outcomes happen, Hank would ask "Who wants lunch?" or a variation of that. On other occasions, Hank and Jib would work on an experiment with drawbacks that the governor had forewarned them about.
 * Platinum - A woman wrestler and member of the Patriotic Warriors team who wears a stars and stripes outfit. She is Sharky's main love interest although she seemingly doesn't return his affection except for in "Lord of the Fleas", where she comes to Sharky's pool party and feeds him grapes. She, like many other female characters on the show, has shown herself to be attracted to Eek, mainly in "Eek's Funny Thing That He Does".

Villains

 * Zoltar (voiced by Brad Garrett in normal form) – An evil alien bent on invading or destroying Earth for various reasons that often involves using Annabelle to power his laser, but his attempts are always thwarted by Eek and his friends. He would often use different disguises of an innocent figure in order to get close to Annabelle.
 * The Rat Pack -Four rats who are described by a narrator as "four sinister rodents from the wrong side of the tracks whose sole occupation is making life miserable for others". They first appear in the episode "Bearz N' the Hood".
 * Ringo (voiced by Eddie Deezen) - The leader of the Rat Pack.
 * Shifty - The tallest member of the Rat Pack.
 * Loser - The shortest member of the Rat Pack.
 * Stinky - The least intelligent member of the Rat Pack.

The Terrible Thunderlizards
The Terrible Thunderlizards segment was introduced in the middle of the second season of ''Eek! The Cat''. Like Eek!, this segment was also created by Holland and Kopp. It ran from November 20, 1993, to July 28, 1997. The show was originally intended to be a spin-off from ''Eek! The Cat, but it aired as a weekly segment on Eek! Stravaganza''.

Like Eek!, the segment was produced by Fox and Savage Studios with animation by Nelvana. The segment chronicled the misadventures of a trio of dinosaur mercenaries named Doc Tari (voiced by Savage Steve Holland), Bo Diddly Squat (voiced by Jason Priestley in 1994–1996, Corey Feldman in 1996–1997), and Day Z. Cutter (voiced by Bill Kopp) who were released from incarceration by General Galapagos (voiced by Kurtwood Smith) and charged with the task of eliminating two primitive human beings Bill and Scooter (voiced by Charlie Adler and Curtis Armstrong). Despite their superior size and firepower and the obliviousness of their targets, the mercenaries always fail with comedic results. When they are not after the humans, the Thunderlizards must protect Jurassic City from the Thuggosaurs led by Thuggo (voiced by Brad Garrett).

Klutter!
The Klutter! segment came in the fourth season of ''Eek! Stravaganza'' in 1995. It followed Ryan and Wade Heap (voiced by Cam Clarke and Savage Steve Holland) and their pet Klutter (vocal effects provided by Kirk Thatcher), who they created from a static reaction to pile of junk that their mother Andrea (voiced by Kathy Ireland) wanted them to pick up because the constant allergies of their father John (voiced by David Silverman) made it impossible for them to have a real dog. There are other characters in the show, like Sandee Heap (voiced by Sandy Fox), who was lonely at first, before Klutter came into their lives. They went on mysteries, a la Scooby-Doo, to save animals and solve crimes.

Klutter! ended in February 1996 with 8 segments. Unlike Eek! and Thunderlizards, the segment was created by David Silverman and Holland along with being animated by Film Roman.

Production
The original idea for the show came from Savage Steve Holland's experience as a cat owner. One of his cats was named Eek. In an early design, Eek was colored pink instead of purple. The series was originally titled The Six and a Half Lives of Eek the Cat. Originally, Jon Lovitz, Gene Wilder and Steve Martin were considered for the voice of Eek, but Bill Kopp decided to voice the character himself, using a voice he and his siblings gave to one of their cats.

The show premiered on the now-defunct Fox Kids block in 1992 as ''Eek! The Cat''. Thirteen 20 minute episodes were produced for its first season. A recurring character named Mr. Iwanter was a caricature of then-Fox Kids executive Sid Iwanter.

For the second season in 1993, the show's format was retooled (except for "It's A Very Merry Eek's Mas", which originally aired as a prime-time special). In each episode were two nine-minute segments. One was ''Eek! the Cat''. The other was The Terrible Thunderlizards. The Thunderlizards segments were intended to air at the start of the season, but it began two months later because of production delays. When they started airing, the series title was changed to ''Eek! And The Terrible Thunderlizards''. Also, the creators originally intended to include two one-minute segments. The first would feature the Squishy Bearz, and the second one were to feature other characters from Eek!, but because the show turned out to be too long, the one-minute segments were scrapped. In January 1994, Fox aired four Thunderlizards segments as two Thunderlizards specials.

During the season, Kopp left the show (though he still did the voice of Eek and others) for his own show, The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show for Disney, which would later own Eek! as well.

For the third season in 1994, the name was changed once again to ''Eek! Stravaganza'', keeping the same format that was used in the second season.

In the fall of 1995, another segment called Klutter was added, rotating with the Thunderlizards. This segment lasted a year. Kato Kaelin was originally scheduled to be a guest voice in an episode, but Fox network refused.

Fox canceled ''Eek! Stravaganza'' in November 1996, though they eventually aired the final episodes in the summer of 1997.

Most episodes of ''Eek! Stravaganza'' were then re-run from August 1998 to April 1999 on Freeform, back when it was called Fox Family.

For years, all that was available commercially was a single VHS tape with the episodes "Catsanova" and "HawaiiEek 5–0" on it. It was released in 1995. In July 2001, Eek! and other properties of Saban Entertainment were sold to The Walt Disney Company. As of 2017, no word from Disney has been spoken about releasing the series to DVD in North America. Twelve DVD volumes have been released by Jetix in the Czech Republic under the title "Kocour Raplík", another Jetix DVD for Russian markets under the title "Кот Ик", and four Hungarian Jetix DVDs under the title "Nyekk a Macska".

Several episodes of the series used to be available to watch on the ABC Family website and was also seen on the Jetix and Jetix Play channels in some parts of Europe.

Cast

 * Bill Kopp - Eek! The Cat, Pierre, Jib, Day Z. Kutter ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment), Additional Voices
 * Charles Adler - JB, Granny (1992, 1995), Bill ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment), Additional Voices
 * Curtis Armstrong - Scooter ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment")
 * Jaid Barrymore - Kozy (earlier episodes)
 * Dan Castellaneta - Mittens (1992–1994), Hank, Mel Erving ("Klutter!" segment), Additional Voices (1992–1995)
 * Cam Clarke - Puffy, Wuz Wuz, Piggy the Penguin, Dr. Steggy ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment), Ryan Heap ("Klutter!" segment), Additional Voices
 * Elizabeth Daily - Wendy Elizabeth (1992–1995), Kozy (II, on "Cape Fur" until the end of the show), Additional Voices
 * Elinor Donahue - Mom (1992–1995, 1997), Additional Voices
 * Corey Feldman - Bo Diddly Squatt ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment; 1996–1997)
 * Sandy Fox - Sandee Heap ("Klutter!" segment)
 * Brad Garrett - Zoltar, Thuggo ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment), Additional Voices
 * Karen Haber - Annabelle (II, filled in for Tawny in 1994–1995, and permanently in 1997)
 * Amy Heckerling - Nel Irving ("Klutter!" segment)
 * Savage Steve Holland - Elmo The Elk, Doc Tari ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment), Wade Heap ("Klutter" segment), Additional Voices
 * Kathy Ireland - Andrea Heap ("Klutter!" segment)
 * John Kassir - Mittens (1994–1997), Additional Voices
 * Tawny Kitaen - Annabelle (I, 1992–1995)
 * Gary Owens - Announcer, Narrator, Additional Voices
 * Jason Priestley - Bo Diddly Squatt ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment; 1994–1996)
 * David Silverman - John Heap ("Klutter!" segment)
 * Kurtwood Smith - General Galapagos ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment), The Brain (in "Eek's International Adventure")
 * Halle Stanford - Vanna Erving ("Klutter!" segment)
 * Kirk Thatcher - Klutter ("Klutter!" segment)
 * Michael Zorek - Kopp ("Klutter!" segment)

Guest stars
The following are listed under this billing in the credits:

 * Gillian Anderson - Agent Dana Scully (in "Eek Space-9")
 * Shane and Sia Barbi - Themselves (in "It's a Very Merry Eek's Mas" and "Honey I Shrunk the Cat")
 * Don Cornelius - Himself (in "Shark Doggy Dog")
 * Tim Curry - Narrator (in "It's A Wonderful Nine Lives")
 * Eddie Deezen - Ringo
 * David Duchovny - Agent Fox Mulder (in "Eek Space-9")
 * Adam Goldberg -
 * Nina Goldin -
 * Bobcat Goldthwait - Blitzen (in "It's a Very Merry Eek's Mas")
 * Chuck Jagger - Himself (1997)
 * Fabio - Himself (in "Dazed and Eekstremely Confused" and "Fists of Furry")
 * Phil Hartman - Psycho Bunny (in "Cape Fur")
 * Buck Henry - Cupid (in "Catsanova")
 * Nia James - Herself (1995)
 * Kimberley Kates - Witch (in "HallowEek")
 * John Landis - Himself (in "Dazed and Eekstremely Confused")
 * Chris Leary - Himself (in "Shark Doggy Dog" and "The Sound of MusEek")
 * Heather Locklear - Alice (in "Fatal Eekstraction")
 * Margaret Loesch - Herself (in "Eek's SnEek PEek" and "Nightmare on Elmo St.")
 * Gayle Obonzinski -
 * Bronson Pinchot -
 * Cynthia Rothrock (Black Belt Hall of Fame/Stunt Woman/Actress); Herself (in "Fists of Furry")
 * William Shatner - Santa Claus (in "It's a Very Merry Eek's Mas"), Commander Berzerk (in "Eek Space-9")
 * Dee Snider - Dee Snidersaur (in "Molten Rock-n-Roll")
 * Julie Strain - Herself (1997)
 * Mr. T - Mr. T-Rex ("The Terrible Thunderlizards" segment) (1994–1996)
 * John Walsh - Himself (in "The FugEektive")
 * "Weird Al" Yankovic - Himself (in "The FugEektive")
 * Ralph Cirella (The Howard Stern Show)

Video game
An ''Eek! The Cat'' video game was released for the Super NES in 1994. Time Extension listed ''Eek! The Cat'' as one of the worst SNES games.

title: Eek! The Cat


text:
Mundkur

Mundkur is a village in Karkala Taluk, Udupi district, Karnataka, India. The Durga Parameshwari temple located here was built circa 9th century AD.

Deities
The prime deity is Sri Durgaparameshwari in the form of Mahishamardini, holding the demon Mahisha upside down and piercing thrishul on his body. Hence the name Mundakke oori nintha OOru became Mundkur in the later stage as per one version. Other deities being worshiped are Sri MahaGanapathi (Kshipraprasaada swaroopi), Navagraha, Naaga, AshwaththaVriksha, Dhoomavathi, Raktheshwari, Vyaghra Chamundi (Pilichandi), Vaarahi (Panjurli), and Rakshopi Devatha (Protector from evil Spirits) in the temple. Photos of Sri Madhvacharya, Sri Vadiraja swamiji, Sri Raghavendra Swamiji, and Sri Bhootharaja are installed in Sri Madhva Mandira, where bhajans and poojas are held regularly.

title: Mundkur


text:
19th Dáil

The 19th Dáil was elected at the 1969 general election on 18 June 1969 and met on 2 July 1969. The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs. It sat with the 12th Seanad as the two Houses of the Oireachtas.

On 5 February 1973, President Éamon de Valera dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Jack Lynch. The 19th Dáil lasted days.

Composition of the 19th Dáil
Fianna Fáil, denoted with bullet, formed the 13th government of Ireland, a majority government.

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 19th Dáil from July 1969. This was not the official seating plan.

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Cormac Breslin (FF), who had served as Ceann Comhairle from November 1967, was proposed by Jack Lynch (FF) and seconded by Liam Cosgrave (FG) for the position. His election was approved without a vote.

TDs by constituency
The list of the 144 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency.

title: 19th Dáil


text:
CAF Champions League

The CAF Champions League, known for sponsorship purposes as the TotalEnergies CAF Champions League and formerly the African Cup of Champions Clubs, is an annual club football competition organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) and contested by top-division African clubs, deciding the competition winners through a round robin group stage to qualify for a double-legged knockout stage, and then a home and away final. It is the most prestigious club competition in African football.

The winner of the each season of the competition earns a berth for the FIFA Club World Cup, a tournament contested between the champion clubs from all six continental confederations, faces the winner of the CAF Confederation Cup in the following season's CAF Super Cup and from 2024 onwards, along with the next 4 best teams, a place in the new FIFA Intercontinental Cup. Clubs that finish as runners-up their national leagues, having not qualified for the Champions League, are eligible for the second-tier CAF Confederation Cup.

Egyptian clubs have the highest number of victories (18 titles), followed by Morocco with 7. Cameroon, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco have the largest number of winning teams, with three clubs from each having won the title. The competition has been won by 26 clubs, 12 of which have won it more than once. Al Ahly is the most successful club in the competition's history, having it a record 12 times, including the most recent season and are the current African champions, having beaten Espérance de Tunis 1–0 on aggregate in the 2024 final.

History

Established in 1964 as the African Cup of Champions Clubs, the first team to lift the trophy was Cameroonian team Oryx Douala who beat Stade Malien of Mali 2–1 in a one-off final.

The 1966 edition introduced the two-legged 'home and away' final, which saw another Malian team AS Real Bamako take on Stade d'Abidjan of Ivory Coast. Real Bamako won the home leg 3–1 but it all came apart for them in the away game in Abidjan as the Ivorians went on to win 4–1 to take the title 5–4 on aggregate.

In 1967 when Asante Kotoko of Ghana met TP Mazembe of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (or the DRC for short), both matches ended in draws (1–1 and 2–2 respectively). CAF arranged a play-off, but Kotoko failed to appear and the title was handed to Mazembe, who went on to win the title again the following year.

However, the Ghanaians got their revenge in 1970, when Kotoko and Mazembe once again met in the final. Once again, the first game ended 1–1, but against expectation, the Ghanaians ran out 2–1 winners in their away game to lift the title that had eluded them three years earlier.

The 1970s saw a remarkable rise in the fortunes of Cameroonian club football, which created the platform of success enjoyed by Cameroonian football at international level today. Between 1971 and 1980 Cameroonian teams won the cup four times, with Canon Yaoundé taking three titles (1971, 1978 and 1980 ) and US Douala lifting the cup in 1979. In between the Cameroonian victories the honor was shared with another team enjoying a golden age, Guinean side Hafia Conakry, who won it three times during this period (1972, 1975 and 1977 )

1997–present: Change of name and rise in reputation
Apart from the introduction of the away goals rule, very little changed in this competition until 1997, when CAF under Issa Hayatou took the bold step to follow the lead established a few years earlier by UEFA by creating a league/group stage in the tournament and changing the name to the CAF Champions League (in line with UEFA's own Champions League). CAF also introduced prize money for participants for the first time with the initial offering of US$1 million to the winners and US$750,000 to the runners-up, making the rebranded competition the richest African club competition at the time.

In the new format, the league champions of the respective CAF member countries go through a series of qualification rounds until a round of 16 stage. The 8 winners are then drawn into two groups of 4 teams each, with each team playing each other on a home and away basis. At the end of the league stage, the top team in each group met in the final, in two-legged games (home and away). In the 2001 season, the CAF introduced the semi-final stage after group stage, then the top two teams in each group would meet in the semi-finals, with the winners going through to contest the final.

Beginning with the 2009 season, the prize money increased to $1.5 million for the champions and $1 million for the runner-ups. Since the competition rebranded in 1997, teams from North Africa have come to dominate the competition and its records. Morocco's Raja Casablanca won two of the first three editions, but Al Ahly became the most successful team, winning the 2001, 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2012 editions, while Zamalek managed to be champions in 2002. Tunisian teams broke into the winners' circle with Étoile du Sahel winning the 2007 edition after being a losing finalist in 2004 and 2005. For its part, Espérance de Tunis achieved its second continental title in 2011 after having lost in the finals in the 1999, 2000, 2010 and 2012 editions. Despite the clear dominance of North African teams, Nigerian club Enyimba won their first two titles back-to-back in 2003 and 2004. ASEC Mimosas from Ivory Coast and Accra Hearts of Oak from Ghana added two championships for West Africa. In 2010, TP Mazembe from the DRC became the first club to repeat as champions on two occasions, with the first pair of wins arriving in 1967 and 1968, before repeating the feat again in 2009 and 2010. In 2017, the group phase was expanded from 2 groups of 4 teams to 4 groups of 16, with the automatic addition of the quarter-finals stage.

The 2020–21 season was played behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa in line with global football leagues and competitions. Nevertheless, Al Ahly faced bitter rivals Zamalek in an-all Egyptian final (the first time two clubs from the same country compete in any final in the competition's history), with the former emerging victorious and winning its ninth title. Al Ahly successfully defended their title for a record-extending 10th time the following season by beating 10-men Kaizer Chiefs of South Africa, but were unable to secure a 3rd consecutive title in a row and 11th title in 2022 as they were defeated 2–0 by Moroccan club Wydad AC who instead captured their 3rd title. With a return to two-legged finals after a 24-month hiatus owing to the pandemic, Al Ahly roared back, got their revenge the following season and wrestled the title back from Wydad, thus claiming their 11th title in 2023 with a 3–2 aggregate win thanks to foward Mohamed Abdelmoneim's tie-breaking goal and successfully defended it for the second time in the space of half a decade (5 years) in 2024 for a record extending 12th title with a 1–0 aggregate win over Tunisia's Esperance.

With the introduction of the Africa Football League in the 2023–24 season, CAF plans to keep the Champions League, as the new competition will not be its replacement. However, media reports speculate that CAF could potentially eliminate the group phase and have the competition exclusively made up of two-legged knockout matchups, as per the original format of the African Cup of Champions Clubs era from 1964 to 1996.

Qualification
The CAF Champions League is open to the winners of all CAF-affiliated national leagues, as well as the title holders from the previous season. From the 2004 season onward, with the merging of the CAF Cup and the African Cup Winners' Cup to create the second-tier CAF Confederation Cup, the runners-up of football leagues of the 12 highest-ranked countries also enter the tournament, making up a total of 64 in-competition teams. The 12 countries would be ranked based on the performance of their clubs in the previous 5 seasons/editions of the competition (the plain definition of the CAF 5-year ranking).

The number of teams that each association enters into the CAF Champions League is determined annually through criteria as set by the CAF Competitions Committee. The higher an association's ranking as determined by the criteria, the more teams represent the association in the Champions League, and the fewer qualification rounds the association's teams must compete in.

The CAF Champions League operates primarily as a knockout competition, with trim-down qualification rounds, a group stage, a two-legged knockout stage and a one-off final. At the start of the competition, the 64 qualified teams enter 2 qualification rounds: the preliminary stage and the first round. After the first qualifying round, the remaining teams are split into four groups of 4, whereas the teams each first-round winner vanquished transfer to the second qualification round of the Confederation Cup for hopes of group stage progression. The winners and runners-up of each group progress to the two-legged knockout stage for hopes of progression to a one-off final for a chance to lift the trophy for their member association.

Sponsorship
In October 2004, MTN contracted a four-year deal to sponsor CAF's competitions worth US$12.5 million, which at that time was the biggest sponsorship deal in African sporting history.

In 2008, CAF put a value of €100 million for a comprehensive and long-term package of its competitions when it opened tenders for a new sponsor, which was scooped up by French telecommunications giant Orange through the signing of an eight-year deal the following year in July, whose terms were not disclosed.

On 21 July 2016, French energy and petroleum giant, TotalEnergies (at the time known as Total S.A.) secured an 8-year sponsorship package from CAF to support its competitions, including its main competition, the Africa Cup of Nations.

Current Sponsors:

Trophy and medals
Each year, the winning team is presented with the CAF Champions League, the current version of which has been awarded since the competition name change in 1997. Forty gold medals are presented to the competition winners and 40 silver medals to the runners-up.

1997–2008
Following the competition rebranding to its current name in 1997, CAF introduced prize money for the eight participants in group stage for the first time in an African club football competition. This first tranche lasted until 2008.

2009–2016
CAF increased prize money to be shared between the group stage clubs, which was 8 at the time, as follows:

2017–2022
This third tranche of the prize money from CAF showed an increase to be shared between the group stage clubs, which increased to 16 from 2017 to date, as follows:

* Note: National Associations receive an additional equivalent share of 5% for each amount awarded to clubs.

2023–present
On 19 May 2023, CAF announced an increase in the prize money to be shared between the 16 group stage clubs, which is the latest tranche, as follows:

Broadcast coverage
Below are the current broadcast rights holders of this competition:

All-time table (Top 25 Clubs)

 * As of 22 May 2023. All matches including qualifying were taken into account with a game decided by penalties counted as draw. No awarded/withdrawn games were counted.

* Number in parentheses show number of participations.

title: CAF Champions League


text:
Clipping (phonetics)

In phonetics, clipping is the process of shortening the articulation of a phonetic segment, usually a vowel. A clipped vowel is pronounced more quickly than an unclipped vowel and is often also reduced.

Dutch
Particularly in Netherlands Dutch, vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened and centralized, which is particularly noticeable with tense vowels; compare the phoneme in konijn  'rabbit' and koning  'king'.

English
Many dialects of English (such as Australian English, General American English, Received Pronunciation, South African English and Standard Canadian English) have two types of non-phonemic clipping: pre-fortis clipping and rhythmic clipping.

The first type occurs in a stressed syllable before a fortis consonant, so that e.g. bet has a vowel that is shorter than the one in bed. Vowels preceding voiceless consonants that begin a next syllable (as in keychain ) are not affected by this rule.

Rhythmic clipping occurs in polysyllabic words. The more syllables a word has, the shorter its vowels are and so the first vowel of readership is shorter than in reader, which, in turn, is shorter than in read.

Clipping with vowel reduction also occurs in many unstressed syllables.

Because of the variability of vowel length, the ⟨ː⟩ diacritic is sometimes omitted in IPA transcriptions of English and so words such as dawn or lead are transcribed as and, instead of the more usual  and. Neither type of transcription is more correct, as both convey exactly the same information, but transcription systems that use the length mark make it more clear whether a vowel is checked or free. Compare the length of the RP vowel in the word not as opposed to the corresponding  in Canadian English, which is typically longer (like RP ) because Canadian  is a free vowel (checked  is very rare in North America, as it relies on a three-way distinction between,  and ) and so can also be transcribed as.

The Scottish vowel length rule is used instead of those rules in Scotland and sometimes also in Northern Ireland.

Serbo-Croatian
Many speakers of Serbo-Croatian from Croatia and Serbia pronounce historical unstressed long vowels as short, with some exceptions (such as genitive plural endings). Therefore, the name Jadranka is pronounced, rather than.

title: Clipping (phonetics)


text:
Nashoba Community

The Nashoba Community was an experimental project of Frances "Fanny" Wright, initiated in 1825 to educate and emancipate slaves. It was located in a 2,000-acre (8 km2) woodland on the side of present-day Germantown, Tennessee, a Memphis suburb, along the Wolf River. It was a small-scale test of her full-compensation emancipation plan in which no slaveholders would lose money for emancipating slaves. Instead, Wright proposed that, through a system of unified labor, the slaves would buy their freedom and then be transported to Haiti or the settlements which would become Liberia.

Purpose
The commune was to create a demonstration of Wright's emancipation plan: to create a place to educate slaves and prepare them for freedom and colonization in Haiti or Liberia. Wright was strongly influenced by Robert Owen and his utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana. Surviving for three years, Nashoba outlasted New Harmony.

Wright first expressed her plan of emancipation in an article called "A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States, without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South," which she published in the New Harmony Gazette in October 1825. Wright believed that if she could arrange emancipation without financial loss to slaveholders, planters of the South would use it. She believed that slaveholders were "anxious to manumit their people, but apprehensive about throwing them unprepared into the world." Wright imagined that if her experimental community was successful, its methods could be applied throughout the nation.

Wright raised funds and recruited people. Among the first were the Englishman George Flower and his family, who had founded another settlement in Albion, Illinois. The social reformer Emily Ronalds contributed £300 to the scheme. Wright could not raise sufficient monetary support however and ended up using a good portion of her own fortune to buy land and slaves. She called it "Nashoba," the Chickasaw word for "wolf."

Nashoba is remembered as an egalitarian, interracial community, but it did not reach these goals. While Wright was a champion of emancipation, the slaves in the community were her property until they could buy themselves out. In "Revisiting Nashoba," Gail Bederman says, "Nashoba's continued commitment to colonization and fully compensated emancipation meant that its slaves remained both subordinates and, most fundamentally, property."

When the compensated emancipation plan failed to produce results, Wright turned Nashoba into a kind of utopian community. The white members of the community became the trustees and were responsible for administering the property and making the decisions. The slaves could never become trustees.

Wright left Nashoba in 1827 for Europe to recover from malaria. During her absence, the trustees managed the community, but by Wright's return in 1828, Nashoba had collapsed. At its largest, Nashoba had only 20 members.

Nashoba is described briefly in Frances Trollope's 1832 book Domestic Manners of the Americans. She visited Nashoba with Wright in 1827 and lived in the United States for a few years. Her work was critical of American society for its lack of polish. She thought residents at Nashoba lacked both sufficient provisions and luxuries.

Demise
The interim managers of Nashoba instigated the concept of free love within the commune. In practice, it was interracial, but far from egalitarian. As rumors spread of inter-racial marriage, the Commune encountered increasing financial difficulty, eventually leading to its collapse in 1828.

Before Nashoba failed, Wright was returning by ship to America. On her journey, she wrote "Explanatory Notes Respecting the Nature and Objects of the Institution of Nashoba, and of the Principles upon which it is Founded." She elaborated on a notion of Nashoba as an interracial and egalitarian utopia. Her plan outlined in "Explanatory Notes" was never put into effect, however; Nashoba had already failed when Wright arrived back in the US. Wright personally chartered a ship and delivered the remaining slaves of Nashoba to Haiti, where she emancipated them.

Legacy
Despite the failure of Nashoba, it provided an example of working utopian theory. Wright had progressive ideas of liberty and equality for her time, but the burden of leadership and financial hardship proved too much for the community.

In 1963 Edd Winfield Parks published Nashoba, described as "a novel about Fanny Wright's gallant utopian experiment to emancipate the slaves".

The Twin Oaks Community, founded in 1967, is an intentional community of 100 members in Virginia. All the buildings are named after former communities, and one residence has been named for Nashoba.

Additionally, the Neshoba Unitarian Universalist Church, founded in 1992 in the area where the commune was located, is named after Nashoba.

The name Nashoba (sometimes spelled "Neshoba") is still used in the Germantown area for place names, such as Neshoba Road running between Kirby Parkway and Kimbrough Road. It was also briefly the name of Germantown during World War I as a sign of "protest" against the country of Germany.

title: Nashoba Community


text:
Talk:Maddy Prior

TV work by Maddy Prior....
I am fairly sure I recall Maddy Prior's voice being used as part of a BBC Schools program on 18th Century History in the early 1980's.

This may have been from pre-existing recordings though...

Programme in question entitled 'The Great Wen', with the relevant folk song referencing the 'three legged mare' (in reference to the Tyburn Gallows) Sfan00 IMG (talk) 17:52, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Refers to Nov. and Dec. 2013 as if in the future
Recent tours and albums liss "In November and December 2013, Prior is also touring again … " as if that were in the future, and no further information is given, although it is now 2018. 2604:2000:F64D:FC00:60ED:23CA:25C5:48E7 (talk) 01:58, 16 September 2018 (UTC) Recent Tours: Maddy is most definitely doing a lot of dates in 2019 for the 50th anniversary tour, I've just been at one.95.175.214.126 (talk) 09:19, 4 December 2019 (UTC)§

Methodist roots
Maddy's work with the Carnival Band is based on her personal involvement with the Methodist Church in Kilburn in her early teens. This remains an important part of her persona, and she tries to alternate Autumn tours of Steeleye and Carnival, although the Covid Pandemic has disrupted this. In passing, I've been in her backing choir for the London Cadogan Hall gigs.

The wider setting forms in a communal house, Fairport, in Muswell Hill. From this emerged not only Fairport Convention, but also the core performers of the 1960s Folk Rock scene. Inspired by the EFDSS Ralph Vaughan Williams Memorial Library in Camden's Cecil Sharp House, they broke away from the clones of the elderly vocalists he recorded a century ago, pilloried by Kenneth Williams' character Rambling Sid Rumpo (Round the Horne), and the American folk subset of Country and Western. As the Kilburn Irish community was thriving, Maddy and Tim span off from there into Scottish Borders folklore. 51.186.207.194 (talk) 21:17, 2 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maddy Prior


text:
CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada

CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada, [2004] 1 SCR 339,, is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada case that established the threshold of originality and the bounds of fair dealing in Canadian copyright law. A group of publishers sued the Law Society of Upper Canada for copyright infringement for providing photocopy services to researchers. The Court unanimously held that the Law Society's practice fell within the bounds of fair dealing.

Background
Since 1954 the Law Society of Upper Canada, a statutory, non-profit organization, offered request-based photocopying services to students, members, the judiciary, and authorized researchers at their Great Library at Osgoode Hall. The Law Society provided single copies of legal articles, statutes, and decisions to those who requested them. It also allowed visitors to the Great Library to use photocopiers to make individual copies of works held by the library.,

Three of the largest publishers of legal sources, CCH Canadian Limited, Carswell Thomson Professional Publishing and Canada Law Book Inc., sued the Law Society for copyright infringement of 11 specific works based on these activities. They requested relief in the form a declaration of subsistence of copyright in these works and a permanent injunction barring the Great Library from reproducing these works or any other works published by the plaintiffs.

In response, the Law Society argued that the services it offered were necessary to provide equal access to the library's collection of legal materials. Many of the materials held at the library are non-circulating, which makes access to the original copies difficult to those who do not work near-by. The Law Society sought a declaration that its activities did not infringe on the publishers' copyrights, by either the provision of a single copy of a work or by allowing patrons to avail themselves of the self-service photocopiers.

Ruling
The unanimous judgment of the Court was delivered by Chief Justice McLachlin. The Court held that the Law Society did not infringe any copyright when single copies of decisions, statutes, regulations, etc. were made by the library or by its patrons using photocopiers to do similarly.

In reaching its ruling, the Court needed to rule on four questions:

 * 1) Were the publishers' materials "original works" protected by copyright?
 * 2) Did the Great Library authorize copyright infringement by maintaining self-service photocopiers and copies of the publishers' works for its patrons' use?
 * 3) Were the Law Society's dealings with the publishers' works "fair dealing[s]" under s. 29 of the Copyright Act?
 * 4) Did Canada Law Book consent to have its works reproduced by the Great Library?

The Court also considered whether the Law Society infringed on copyrights by providing a fax service, and whether the Great Library qualified under the Library exemption. With respect to these considerations, the Court considered four sub-issues:

 * 1) Did the Law Society's fax transmissions of the publishers' works constitute communications "to the public" within s. 3(1)(f) of the Copyright Act so as to constitute copyright infringement?
 * 2) Did the Law Society infringe copyright by selling copies of the publishers' works contrary to s. 27(2) of the Copyright Act?
 * 3) Does the Law Society qualify for an exemption as a "library, archive or museum" under ss. 2 and 30.2(1) of the Copyright Act?
 * 4) To the extent that the Law Society has been found to infringe any one or more of the publishers' copyrighted works, are the publishers entitled to a permanent injunction under s. 34(1) of the Copyright Act?

Subsistence of copyright
In relation to the first issue, the Court looked at what is considered the meaning of "original work". Chief Justice McLachlin first remarked that copyright does not protect ideas, but rather their expression. In comparison with the similar US Supreme Court case of Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service, McLachlin rejected Justice O'Connor's "minimal degree of creativity" test but agreed with her assessment of the "sweat of the brow" approach and found it too low a requirement.

Instead, McLachlin took the middle ground by requiring "that an original work be the product of an exercise of skill and judgment" where "skill" is "the use of one's knowledge, developed aptitude or practised ability in producing the work" and "judgment" is "the use of one's capacity for discernment or ability to form an opinion or evaluation by comparing different possible options in producing the work". As well, "[t]he exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial that it could be characterized as a purely mechanical exercise." Importantly, it is required that the work "must be more than a mere copy of another work." However, "creativity is not required to make a work 'original'."

In concluding that all eleven works were protected by copyright, she noted that the creation of headnotes, summaries, and topical indices involved sufficient exercise of skill and judgment so as to render them "original" works. However, she also noted that the judgments themselves were not copyrightable, nor were the typographical corrections done by the editors sufficient to attract copyright protection.

Authorization
The second issue was whether, by providing library patrons with access to photocopiers, the library was implicitly authorizing copyright infringement. McLachlin dismissed this argument by stating that providing access to a machine that could be used to infringe copyright does not suggest sufficient "authorization" to violate copyright. It is presumed that a patron with access to the machines would use them lawfully. However the presumption can be rebutted by evidence that shows "a certain relationship or degree of control existed between the alleged authorizer and the persons who committed the copyright infringement". The publishers presented no such evidence. The fact that the library posted a notice to patrons stating that photocopiers should not be used to infringe on copyrights was not an acknowledgment that such infringement occurred. Finally, the Law Society did not have direct control of its patrons, as with a master-servant relationship, and therefore could not be said that it exercised control over its patrons.

Fair dealing
The third issue dealt with the scope of "fair dealing" and more specifically what constitutes "research" under s. 29 of the Copyright Act.

McLachlin noted that fair dealing was to be regarded as an "integral part" of the Copyright Act rather than "simply a defence". The fair dealing exceptions were characterized as a user right, and must be balanced against the rights of copyright owners.

When claiming "fair dealing" the defendant must show that 1) the dealing was for the purpose of either research or private study and that 2) it was fair.

In interpreting "research" the Court stated that it "must be given a large and liberal interpretation in order to ensure that users' rights are not unduly constrained." Consequently, it is not limited to private and non-commercial contexts. Therefore, the library made the copies for research purposes.

McLachlin then examined the meaning of "fair" in the contexts of "dealings". She cited Lord Denning in Hubbard v. Vosper when he described fair dealing as being a "question of degree" that cannot be defined concretely. She followed this by adopting the reasoning of Linden JA, which incorporated English and US views, in defining six factors to determine fairness:

 * 1) The purpose of the dealing
 * 2) The character of the dealing
 * 3) The amount of the dealing
 * 4) Alternatives to the dealing
 * 5) The nature of the work
 * 6) The effect of the dealing on the work

In application of these factors to the facts McLachlin found that, given the restrictions put in place by the Law Society for copying the materials, the library was acting fairly. She also found that the library could rely on its general practice to establish fair dealing, and was not required to show that all patrons used the material in a fair way.

In referencing Théberge v. Galerie d'Art du Petit Champlain inc., McLachlin emphasized the importance of balancing "the public interest in promoting the encouragement and dissemination of works of the arts and intellect and obtaining a just reward for the creator." She also clarified that "fair dealing" does not provide merely a defense which removes liability, but instead defines the outer boundaries of copyright and grants a right to the user.

Consent
Given her ruling that the Law Society's actions were fair, McLachlin declined answering the fourth issue.

Legality of fax transmissions
McLachlin concluded that a single fax transmission to a single recipient was not a "transmission to the public" within the meaning of the copyright law.

Sale of materials
For the sale of a copy of copyrighted materials to involve secondary infringement, it must be shown that "(1) the copy must be the product of primary infringement; (2) the secondary infringer must have known or should have known that he or she is dealing with a product of infringement; and (3) the secondary dealing must be established; that is, there must have been a sale." Since McLachlin ruled that the copy was fair and therefore was not a product of primary infringement, the sale of the materials could not involve secondary infringement.

Library exemption
"In order to qualify as a library, the Great Library: (1) must not be established or conducted for profit; (2) must not be administered or controlled by a body that is established or conducted for profit; and (3) must hold and maintain a collection of documents and other materials that is open to the public or to researchers." Since McLachlin already concluded the library's dealings were fair, she did not need to rule on this issue. Regardless, she determined that the Great Library would have qualified for the library exemption.

Injunctive relief
Since the Great Library was found not to have infringed on copyrighted material, no determination was made as to whether the Court of Appeals was correct in denying injunctive relief.


text:
Embedded journalism

Embedded journalism refers to war correspondents being attached to military units involved in armed conflicts. While the term could be applied to many historical interactions between journalists and military personnel, it first came to be used in the media coverage of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The United States military responded to pressure from the country's news media who were disappointed by the level of access granted during the 1991 Gulf War and the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan.

Journalists who instead opted to cover the invasion of Iraq on the battlefield while unattached to any military force came to be called "unilaterals." Journalists chose to act as unilaterals to avoid the restrictions imposed on them by the military, and sometimes embed restrictions, which required embeds to stay with assigned units. Journalists sometimes opted to act as unilaterals out of concern that being under the constant protection of troops in the US-led coalition on the battlefield would bias their judgement in favor of coalition forces. The military often regarded unilateral journalists as sources of trouble on the battlefield and refuse to talk to them or not recognize unilateral journalists as "official" media.

The practice has been criticized as being part of a propaganda campaign whereby embedded journalists accompanied the invading forces as cheerleaders and media relations representatives.

2003 invasion of Iraq
At the start of the war in March 2003, as many as 775 reporters and photographers were traveling as embedded journalists. These reporters signed contracts with the military promising not to report information that could compromise unit position, future missions, classified weapons, and information they might find. Joint training for war correspondents started in November 2002 in advance of start of the war. When asked why the military decided to embed journalists with the troops, Lt. Col. Rick Long of the U.S. Marine Corps replied, "Frankly, our job is to win the war. Part of that is information warfare. So we are going to attempt to dominate the information environment."

Military control
The first journalist to run afoul of U.S. military rules in Iraq was freelancer Philip Smucker, travelling on assignment for The Christian Science Monitor with the 1st Marine Division. Smucker was not officially embedded, but all reporters in the theater of war were deemed subject to Pentagon oversight. On March 26, 2003, during an interview with CNN, Smucker disclosed the location of a Marine unit, as he'd also done during an interview with NPR. He was thereafter expelled.

Four days later, Fox News Channel correspondent Geraldo Rivera similarly broadcast details from Iraq of the position and plans of U.S. troops. "Let me draw a few lines here for you," he said, making on-camera marks in the sand. "First, I want to make some emphasis here that these hash marks here, this is us. We own that territory. It's 40%, maybe even a little more than that." At another point, complained a CENTCOM spokesman, Rivera "actually revealed the time of an attack prior to its occurrence." Although Rivera—like Philip Smucker—was not officially embedded, he was swiftly escorted back to Kuwait. A week later, Rivera apologized. "I'm sorry that it happened," he said on Fox News Channel, "and I assure you that it was inadvertent. Nobody was hurt by what I said. No mission was compromised." However, a network review, he admitted, "showed that I did indeed break one of the rules related to embedment."

In December 2005 the U.S. Coalition Forces Land Component Command in Kuwait pulled the credentials of two embedded journalists on a two-week assignment for the Virginian-Pilot newspaper in Norfolk, Virginia, claiming they violated a prohibition against photographing damaged vehicles.

Criticism
The ethics of embedded journalism are considered controversial. The practice has been criticized as being part of a propaganda campaign and an effort to keep reporters away from civilian populations and sympathetic to invading forces; for example by the documentary films War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death and The War You Don't See.

Embed critics objected that the level of military oversight was too strict and that embedded journalists would make reports that were too sympathetic to the American side of the war, leading to use of the alternate term "inbedded journalist" or "inbeds". "Those correspondents who drive around in tanks and armored personnel carriers," said journalist Gay Talese in an interview, "who are spoon-fed what the military gives them and they become mascots for the military, these journalists. I wouldn't have journalists embedded if I had any power!... There are stories you can do that aren't done. I've said that many times."

On June 14, 2014, The New York Times published an opinion piece critical of embedded journalism during both the U.S. military occupation of Iraq and the war in Afghanistan. It was written by PVT Chelsea Manning, the former U.S. Army intelligence analyst known for leaking the largest set of classified documents in American history. At no point during her 2009–10 deployment in Iraq, Manning wrote, were there more than a dozen American journalists covering military operations—in a country of 31 million people and 117,000 U.S. troops. Manning charged that vetting of reporters by military public affairs officials was used "to screen out those judged likely to produce critical coverage," and that once embedded, journalists tended "to avoid controversial reporting that could raise red flags" out of fear having their access terminated. "A result," wrote Manning, "is that the American public's access to the facts is gutted, which leaves them with no way to evaluate the conduct of American officials." Manning noted, "This program of limiting press access was challenged in court in 2013 by a freelance reporter, Wayne Anderson, who claimed to have followed his agreement but to have been terminated after publishing adverse reports about the conflict in Afghanistan. The ruling on his case upheld the military's position that there was no constitutionally protected right to be an embedded journalist."

Gina Cavallaro, a reporter for the Army Times, said, "They're [the journalists] relying more on the military to get them where they want to go, and as a result, the military is getting smarter about getting its own story told." But, she added, "I don't necessarily consider that a bad thing."

Dangers
During both the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were used extensively against U.S.-led Coalition forces, and accounted for the majority of Coalition casualties. Journalists travelling with ground forces were at the same risk. On January 29, 2006, while embedded with the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division, ABC's World News Tonight co-anchor Bob Woodruff and cameraman Doug Vogt were, together with an Iraqi soldier, seriously injured when their convoy was ambushed near Taji, Iraq, and an IED detonated beneath them. At the time of the attack, Woodruff and Vogt were exposed, standing in the back hatch of their Iraqi mechanized vehicle taping a video log of the patrol.

title: Embedded journalism


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Rîbnița District

The Rîbnița District (Raionul Rîbnița; Рыбницкий район; Рибницький район) is an administrative district of Transnistria (de facto) in Moldova (de jure). Its seat is the city of Rîbnița, sometimes spelt as "Râbnița". It is located at 47.75°N, 29°W. The district contains this city and 22 other communes (with a total of 47 localities, including small villages and hamlets):

Rîbnița is located along the river Dniester, in the northern half of Transnistria. According to the 2004 Census in Transnistria, the population of the district is 82,699 people, including 24,729 (29.90%) Moldovans, 37,554 (45.41%) Ukrainians, 14,237 (17.22%) Russians, 149 (0.18%) Gagauzians, 309 (0.37%) Bulgarians, 51 (0.06%) Roma, 177 (0.64%) Jews, 528 (0.64%) Poles, 412 (0.50%) Belarusians, 150 (0.18%) Germans, 81 (0.10%) Armenians, and 4,322 (5.23%) others and non-declared.

List of heads of the state administration of the Rîbnița District and the town of Rîbnița

 * Tamara Kharitonovna Kilivnik (3 February 2012 - August 2012)
 * Tatiana Mikhailovna Turanskaya (30 August 2012 – 10 July 2013)
 * Alla Fedorovna Demyanova (18 September 2013 – )

title: Rîbnița District