text:
Emperor of the North Pole

Emperor of the North Pole is a 1973 American action adventure film directed by Robert Aldrich, starring Lee Marvin, Ernest Borgnine, Keith Carradine, and Charles Tyner. It was later re-released on home media (and is more widely known) under the shorter title Emperor of the North, ostensibly chosen by studio executives to avoid being mistaken for a heartwarming holiday story. This original title is a homage to the historic joke among Great Depression-era hobos that the world's best hobo was "Emperor of the North Pole", a way of poking fun at their own desperate situation, implying that somebody ruling over the North Pole would reign over nothing but a vast, barren, cold, empty, and stark wasteland.

The film depicts the story of two hobos' struggle (esp. vs. "The Establishment") during the Great Depression in 1930s Oregon. Its screenplay is quite significantly inspired by three separate yet inter-related self-published seminal writings from earlier decades: Jack London's 1907 travel memoir, The Road; and two lesser-known books, both by legendary hobo "A-No.-1", pen-name of Leon Ray Livingston: The Trail of the Tramp (1913) and From Coast to Coast with Jack London, his 1917 travelogue.

Carradine's character, Cigaret, uses the moniker that Jack London used during his hobo escapades, and like London, is portrayed as a young traveling companion to the older Livingston's A-No.-1 (played by Marvin), but that is where (some assert) the similarity between Carradine's character and Jack London ends, as Cigaret is portrayed in the film as immature, loud-mouthed, and not bright, opposite A-No.-1's gracious and graceful seasoned veteran.

Plot
Shack (Ernest Borgnine) is a conductor on the Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railroad, during the Great Depression. He guards his train, the No. 19, against those trying to ride for free. A hobo who is a hero to his peers, A-No.-1, manages to hop the train, and the younger, less-experienced Cigaret coattails him closely behind, only to be seen by Shack, who then locks them inside the car from outside, sealing their exit. Upon realizing their plight, A-No.-1 sets fire to the onboard hay load as a means to exit 'under cover' from the wooden livestock car in which he and Cigaret are now trapped. As Shack directs the crew to stop the train in an approaching rail yard to have yard workers help extinguish the fire and then catch his stowaways, A-No.-1 evades them all, escapes to the hobo jungle, greets his old pal Smile, who, in turn, rouses, and declares to the assembled huddle that "A-No.-1 is "King of The Road, having just arrived on the 19!". Meanwhile, Cigaret is caught by laborers back at the rail yard, who then brags to them that he was the one who rode Shack's train and that the other tramp got them caught and burned to death in the fire. Most of the workers believe him, and they dispatch another "bo" to spread the word back at the hobo jungle that Cigaret is the one who finally beat Shack. When this tramp arrives in the hobo jungle to spread the word, A-No.-1 is there, and is confronted with the story that the young braggart Cigaret is taking credit for his deed. Indignant, A-No.-1 determines to ride Shack's train all the way to Portland to prove that only he is capable of such a bold act. He has another young tenderfoot hobo tag his intention high up on the yard water tower, where everyone can see it. When word of this posting rapidly arrives back in the train shed, Shack is in the process of strangling Cigaret for daring to claim he has ridden Shack's train. Forgotten by the yard workers in their excitement over whether A-No.-1 will succeed, Cigaret quietly slips out unnoticed. The other hobos agree that the first who can successfully ride Shack's train will have earned the title "Emperor of the North Pole." Railroad workers place bets whether A-No.-1 can do it, spreading the news up and down the line by telephone and telegraph, Shack being widely known and disliked.

The next morning is foggy. Determined not to let A-No.-1 board the train, Shack has the train highball in the yard. However, one of the hobos picks the lock on a switch so that Number 19 will be shunted onto a branch linesiding, making it easier for A-No.-1 to board. Then, as the train gets back underway, A-No.-1 unhitches the engine and tender from the freight cars to keep Shack further at bay. Shack yells to A-No.-1 (now hiding back in the foggy woods) that this prank might cost 10 lives when the fast mail train comes through in just a few minutes. A-No.-1 challenges this as merely "a ghost story." Hogger (the engineer), Coaly (the stoker), and Shack desperately get the train going again, and they barely succeed in getting it onto a siding, narrowly avoiding a catastrophic collision with the mail train, nearly giving their dimwitted brakeman Cracker either a stroke, or heart attack from the stress of the near miss.

A-No.-1 re-mounts the train and hides inside a hollow metal pipe on a flatcar. As the morning advances and the fog burns off, he discovers that Cigaret is hiding in the adjacent pipe, and worse yet, may have alerted the #19's crew to their presence by leaving his hat out in the open on the flatcar's open decking. Shack stops the train on a high trestle so that he and Cracker can search for hobos more easily. Realizing that he will soon be discovered, Cigaret climbs down the trestle only to discover that A-No.-1 is already relaxing and smoking a cigar in a junk pile at the bottom of a ravine. They reboard the train beyond the trestle, but Shack notices this, ties a steel coupler pin to a rope, and drags it under the moving train (where it bounces off the passing track ties) to injure them, hitting Cigaret. A-No.-1 grabs the spike's rope, ties it to the car's undercarriage, and urges Cigaret to start climbing up the car with him, but he loses his grip (Shack has sabotaged some of the hand- and footholds) and falls off. Shack strikes Cigaret on the head with a large hammer, causing him to also fall off.

The two men go back to the junk pile and haul several buckets up the slope where they smear the rails with grease. A passenger train is slowed down sufficiently by this such that A-No.-1 and Cigaret are able to jump onto the roof of one of the cars from an overhead sluice. The two jump off at the Salem yard and A-No.-1 uses Cigaret as a foil to steal a turkey. A policeman (Simon Oakland) chases them to a hobo jungle, but is surrounded and forced to humiliate himself by barking like a dog. A-No.-1, by now deeply annoyed by Cigaret's empty boasts, tells the younger man that if he will only listen and allow himself to learn, he has what it takes to become a true hobo, possibly even Emperor of the North Pole. A-No.-1 then gets involved in a local ongoing immersion baptism service as a means of having Cigaret steal a change of clothes for them both.

Back in the Salem yard, A-No.-1 has once again tagged on the water tower his intent to ride The "#19 (train) all the way to Portland". Shack tells Hogger to take the train out of the yard at regular speed, thereby allowing the two hobos to board easily; Shack clearly wants to settle the matter once and for all. A-No.-1 and Cigaret climb aboard the undercarriage of one of the freight cars, where Shack (once again) drags a coupler pin on the end of a rope to injure them. In pain and seeing Cigaret purposefully not helping him despite being helped last time, A-No.-1 uses his foot to throw a lever that releases the pressure in the brake lines, causing the train to stop quickly. Coaly is thrown against the firebox, severely burning his back. Cracker is flung from his perch in the caboose, breaking his neck and dying in the process. Cigaret finds A-No.-1 nursing his injuries near a pond and berates him for lacking the strength and courage to go the distance. The younger man insists that he himself is going to become one of the all-time great hobos.

After this tirade, Cigaret reboards the train, but immediately retreats in fear from the hammer-wielding and very angry Shack. Just as Shack is about to deliver a fatal blow, A-No.-1 appears and begins battling Shack. A desperate struggle involving heavy chains, planks of wood, and a fire axe ensues (Cigaret watches from a safe distance, atop the caboose). A-No.-1 ultimately has the bloodied Shack at his mercy, but instead of killing him, throws him off the train. In defiance, Shack yells that A-No.-1 has not seen the last of him. A-No.-1 then tosses Cigaret off for bragging about how "they" defeated Shack, telling the kid he could have become a good bum but he's got no class. "You had the juice, kid, but not the heart", he yells, as the train rolls away to Portland, beyond the distant horizon.

Cast

 * Lee Marvin as A-No.-1
 * Ernest Borgnine as Shack
 * Keith Carradine as Cigaret
 * Charles Tyner as Cracker
 * Matt Clark as Yardlet
 * Liam Dunn as Smile
 * Simon Oakland as the Policeman
 * Malcolm Atterbury as Hogger
 * Elisha Cook, Jr. as Gray Cat
 * Harry Caesar as Coaly
 * Vic Tayback as Yardman
 * Hal Baylor as Yardman's Helper
 * Jack Collins as Yard Dispatcher
 * Joe Di Reda as Ringer
 * Diane Dye as Girl in Water
 * Robert Foulk as Conductor
 * James Goodwin as Fakir
 * Raymond Guth as Preacher
 * Sid Haig as Grease Tail
 * Karl Lukas as Pokey Stiff
 * Edward McNally as Yard Clerk
 * John Steadman as Stew Bum
 * Dave Willock as Groundhog

Production
The film was announced in January 1972.

Borgnine's fee was $150,000.

Was the fifth film (of six total) that Marvin and Borgnine appeared in together.

Filming location
The film was shot in and around the city of Cottage Grove, Oregon (also the location used by Buster Keaton for his 1927 railroad feature The General), along the Oregon, Pacific and Eastern Railway (OP&E)'s active right-of-way. Willis Kyle, president of the OP&E in 1972, allowed the film company unlimited access to make the film, after an agreement with Oregon Governor Tom McCall and 20th Century Fox. Oregon, Pacific and Eastern's rolling stock, including two steam locomotives (one being No. 19, a type 2-8-2 Baldwin Locomotive Works logging/mining Light Mikado, the other, No. 5, an ALCO 2-8-0 Consolidation), appear in the film. Also featured in the film is the Dorena Reservoir, located about 10 miles east of Cottage Grove, OP&E's railyard in downtown Cottage Grove, and the former Portland, Astoria, & Pacific Railroad's 1913-built timber trestle bridge over Mendenhall Creek near Buxton, Oregon, now part of the Banks–Vernonia State Trail.

Filming finished on October 5, 1972.

Critical
Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 and wrote, "The movie's energies are vast but never focused; what we’re finally left with is too much undirected violence and some superb direction in an uncertain cause." In 1983 on an episode of At the Movies, Ebert praised this film's train stunts as being similar or "Something he had seen before" while reviewing Octopussy to disagree with Gene Siskel.

Vincent Canby of The New York Times praised the film as "a fine, elaborately staged action melodrama", with "splendid performances" and "almost perfect action-movie characters, people who can't bore us with their earlier histories because they don't have any. They exist solely within the time and the action of the film itself. When it stops, they vanish, but we have had a sensational ride."

Variety found the storyline "limited in scope and insufficient to sustain a full-length feature ... While there is a wealth of violence under Robert Aldrich's forceful direction, the motivating idea is bogged down frequently with time out while Marvin expounds the philosophy and finer points of hobodom to a brash young kid (Keith Carradine) who wants terribly to be accepted."

Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5 stars out of 4 and called it "a dismal adventure yarn" with "nothing in the script to make us care about either man."

Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times praised the film as "a robust, rollicking adventure yarn" with "one of the finest original screenplays to come out of Hollywood this year."

Gary Arnold of The Washington Post knocked the "gratuitous, cartoon screenplay" and went on to state, "The whole point of the movie is the climax. Without that spectacular, sickening interlude of violence, the project would be completely negligible. The film's success depends on finding more people who are excited than repelled at the prospect of watching Lee Marvin hit Ernest Borgnine with an axe."

Quentin Tarantino later wrote "theoretically Aldrich should have been perfect for Emperor of the North. But instead of the muscular rusty claw hammer type direction you’d expect from the big man, Aldrich gives into corny thirties theatrics. The film seems more like a Damon Runyonesque musical about hobos than the crowbar vs. chain donnybrook that MGM sold it to audiences as."

Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 63% based on reviews from 8 critics.

Box office
The film was a box office failure. Aldrich later confessed he misjudged the film's appeal: "I thought the symbols were so clear. It never occurred to me that the audience would miss the relationship – that Borgnine was the Establishment, that Marvin was the anti-Establishment individualistic character, and that Keith Carradine was the opportunistic youth who would sell out for whatever was most convenient. I never thought that people wouldn't root for the Marvin character. I thought everyone would say, 'I understand what Marvin is. He's trying not to be regimented and suppressed, and denied his rights, and I'm for him. ' And nobody was. It just didn't happen. Nobody cared."

Soundtrack
On June 16, 2008, Intrada Records released the only commercial CD version of composer Frank De Vol's soundtrack to the public, 35 years after the film's release. The CD, limited to 1,200 copies, immediately sold out. Featuring several unused score cues, it was learned that Bill Medley of The Righteous Brothers had originally recorded the vocals for the film's score, but was replaced at the last minute for unknown reasons by Marty Robbins.

The theme ballad, "A Man and a Train", written by Frank De Vol with lyrics by Hal David and sung by Marty Robbins, appears on his album All-Time Greatest Hits (Catalog# 77425), and the CD The Best of Marty Robbins released by Curb Records in January 2006, both featuring a second verse not used in the film.

Home media
The film was released in North America on DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on June 5, 2006, under the title Emperor of the North. The Region 2 version was available under general release in the UK from September 3, 2007, under the same title. It was also released on Blu-ray by Twilight Time on September 8, 2015.

title: Emperor of the North Pole


text:
Sesfontein Damara

The Sesfontein Damara is a group of the ǂNū-khoë (Damara) people residing around !Naniǀaus (Sesfontein) in northwestern Namibia. They are a subclan of the Damara tribe called Namidaman. Their dialect, considered to be quite conservative, differs greatly from other Damara dialects.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sesfontein Damara


text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Cleistocactus strausii2.jpg

Cleistocactus strausii2
Yet another one from my trip to Longwood Gardens →Raul654 08:46, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

+6 / -3 -- Solipsist 07:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Self-Nomination and support. - →Raul654 08:46, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - the composition is not great. It's interesting, but doesn't really grab me, I'm afraid. Lupin 01:35, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - a good pic that illustates the subject well. Nevertheless, as Lupin said, it doesn't grab me so, sorry, I have to oppose - Adrian Pingstone 07:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - I find it interesting and attention grabbing. I was like "what's that?" -- Silversmith Hewwo 09:54, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - I Like it A curate's egg 19:28, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Makes go "what the?" even though I can tell it's a cactus. Circeus 18:02, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Agree with Circeus + Brookie. -Lommer | talk 22:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Poor composition. Enochlau 04:32, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Bevo 14:45, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Chim

Chim may refer to:

 * Chim, Iran. a village in Jarahi Rural District, Iran
 * CHIM-FM, a radio station in Timmins, Ontario, Canada
 * CHIM-FM-5, a former radio station in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada, rebroadcaster of CHIM-FM

People

 * Zhan (surname), romanized as Chim in Cantonese
 * Chim Pui-chung (born 1946), Hong Kong politician
 * Jim Chim (born 1965), Hong Kong stage actor and comedian
 * Rama II of Siam (1767–1824), birth name Chim
 * Chim Lingrel (1899–1962), American football player
 * David Seymour (photographer) (1911–1956), nicknamed Chim, Polish photographer

title: Chim


text:
Fumonisin B1

Fumonisin B1 is the most prevalent member of a family of toxins, known as fumonisins, produced by multiple species of Fusarium molds, such as Fusarium verticillioides, which occur mainly in maize (corn), wheat and other cereals. Fumonisin B1 contamination of maize has been reported worldwide at mg/kg levels. Human exposure occurs at levels of micrograms to milligrams per day and is greatest in regions where maize products are the dietary staple.

Fumonisin B1 is hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic in all animal species tested. The earliest histological change to appear in either the liver or kidney of fumonisin-treated animals is increased apoptosis followed by regenerative cell proliferation. While the acute toxicity of fumonisin is low, it is the known cause of two diseases which occur in domestic animals with rapid onset: equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary oedema syndrome. Both of these diseases involve disturbed sphingolipid metabolism and cardiovascular dysfunction.

History
In 1970, an outbreak of leukoencephalomalacia in horses in South Africa was associated with the contamination of corn with the fungus Fusarium verticillioides. It is one of the most prevalent seed-borne fungi associated with corn. Another study was done on the possible role of fungal toxins in the etiology of human esophageal cancer in a region in South Africa. The diet of the people living in this area was homegrown corn and F. verticillioides was the most prevalent fungus in the corn consumed by the people with high incidence of esophageal cancer. Further outbreaks of leukoencephalomalacia and people in certain regions with high incidence of esophageal cancer led to more research on F. verticillioides. Soon they found experimentally that F. verticillioides caused leukoencephalomalacia in horses and porcine pulmonary edema in pigs. It was found to be highly hepatotoxic and cardiotoxic in rats. In 1984 it was shown that the fungus was hepatocarcinogenic in rats. The chemical nature of the metabolites causing all this had still not been discovered in 1984. After discovery of the carcinogenicity of the fungus, isolation and chemical characterization of the mycotoxins and carcinogens produced by F. verticillioides was urgent. It wasn't until 1988 that the chemical nature of the carcinogen was unraveled. Fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 were isolated from cultures of F. verticillioides at the Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis. The structures were elucidated in collaboration with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Several isomers of fumonisin B1 have been detected in solid rice culture. Now more than 100 different fumonisins are known, the most important ones being fumonisin B1, B2 and B3.

Toxicokinetics
Regarding toxicokinetics there is no human data available, but research on animals has been done.

Absorption
FB1 is taken orally via food. Overall, FB1 is poorly absorbed, less than 6%. Absorption of orally administered fumonisin B1 (10 mg/kg body weight) to rats is low (3.5% of dose) but rapid (Tmax = 1.02 h). FB1 does not significantly permeate through the human skin and hence has no significant systemic health risk after dermal exposure.

Distribution
After absorption, some appears to be retained in liver and kidneys. For rats that were fed diets containing fumonisins for several weeks, the concentrations of the fumonisins in the kidneys were approximately 10-fold higher than in the liver.

Plasma distribution of the absorbed dose conformed to a two-compartment open model and the tissue (liver, kidney) concentration time results were consistent with a one-compartment open model.

Excretion
Elimination half-life in rats is 3.15 h for plasma, 4.07 h for liver, and 7.07 h for kidney. However, FB1 is rapidly excreted mostly in its original form. Small amounts are excreted in urine; the most are excreted in feces.

Toxicodynamics
Because of their similarity, fumonisins are able to inhibit sphingosine-sphinganin-transferases and ceramide synthases and are therefore competitive inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis and metabolism.

Figure 2 shows the sphingolipid metabolism (schematic) and the inhibition caused by fumonisins. Fumonisin B1 inhibits the enzyme ceramide synthase (sphingosine N-acyltransferase), which acylates sphingoid bases. This blocks the formation of ceramide via two pathways. It inhibits de formation via de novo sphinganine and fatty acyl-CoA and via sphingosine produced by the breakdown of ceramide by ceramidase. The inhibition results in increased concentrations of sphinganine, sphingosine and their 1-phosphate metabolites and in decreased concentrations of complex sphingolipids. The accumulation of sphinganine and sphingosine is a primary cause of the toxicity of fumonisin B1 Sphinganine and sphingosine are cytotoxic, and have growth inhibitory effects. Also, these sphingoid bases induce apoptosis. Increased apoptosis seems to play an important role in the toxic effects including tumor induction. However, it should be mentioned that the reduced concentration of ceramide and the increased concentration of sphingosine-1-phosphate (as a result of FB1 intake) cause an inhibition of apoptosis and promote mitosis and regeneration. The balance between the intracellular concentration of compounds that inhibit apoptosis and those that induce apoptosis will determine the cellular response. Also, the decreased concentrations of complex sphingolipids appear to play a role in the abnormal behavior and altered morphology of the affected cells.

Mechanism of action

The proposed mechanism of action is depicted in figure 3. Fumonisin B1 occupies the space and electrostatic interactions of both sphinganine (or sphingosine) and fatty acyl-CoA in ceramide synthase. The part of FB1 that has structural similarity with sphingoid bases (the aminopentol part) may interact with the sphinganine binding site, whereas the negatively charged tricarbyllic acid groups may interact with the fatty acyl-CoA binding site.

Because FB1 also occupies the fatty acyl-CoA space, it isn't acylated, since acyl-CoA is necessary for the acylation; FB1 only inhibits ceramide synthase. However, when the tricarbillic acid groups are removed from FB1 by hydrolysis, the resulting product (aminopentol, AP1) doesn't only act as an inhibitor, but also as a substrate for ceramide synthase; aminopentol is acylated by ceramide synthase to form N-palmitoyl-AP1. This supports the suggestion that the aminopentol part of FB1 occupies the space of sphinganine in the enzyme. N-palmitoyl-AP1 is an even more potent inhibitor of ceramide synthase and may therefore play a role in the toxicity of nixtamalized fumonisins.

Toxic effects
The risks of fumonisin B1 have been evaluated by The World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety and the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission. They determined a tolerable daily intake for FB1, FB2, FB3, alone or in combination of 2 μg/kg body weight. Until now, nothing about the kinetics and metabolism of fumonisin B1 in humans have been reported. On other animals much research has been done, but it might not be comparable to humans. In mice the elimination of FB1 is very rapid, but in humans it could be much slower considering their body weight. There are several possible pathways that cause toxic effects of Fumonisin B1. Most toxic effects are due to altered sphingolipid metabolism by inhibition of ceramide synthase. Production of reactive oxygen species could occur. This increases oxidative stress and induce lipid peroxidation and could damage cells. In agreement with this some studies showed decreased levels of glutathione in liver, but other studies showed even elevated levels of glutathione. Cytotoxic effects have also been reported. Another effect of exposure to FB1 is apoptosis. This has been observed in a number of different cells and tissues. Inhibition of ceramide synthase is not responsible for this effect. The main factors could be DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation. FB1 has also immunotoxic effects, but much more research is necessary to get a clear overview of the effects on the immune system.

Neural tube defects
Neural tube defect are abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord in the embryo resulting from failure of the neural tube to close. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials have pointed out folate deficiency as a major risk factor for neural tube defects. FB1 disrupts sphingolipid metabolism and therefore this could affect folate uptake and cause neural tube defects. In 1990 and 1991 a sudden outbreak of neural tube defects occurred along the Texas-Mexico border. It is believed that this outbreak might have been due to high levels of FB1 that were observed in corn during previous years. Regions in China and South Africa with high corn consumption also have a high prevalence of neural tube defects.

Esophageal cancer
It is thought that there is a relationship between the occurrence of F. verticillioides and human esophageal cancer. A low socioeconomic status and a less varied diet, that mainly consists of corn and wheat, is associated with the appearance of esophageal cancer. This derives from epidemiologic studies in various countries. Other studies show that higher concentrations of FB1, FB2 and F. verticillioides are present in corn growing in regions with a high percentage of esophageal cancer. This in contrast with regions with low levels of F. verticillioides, FB1 and FB2 in corn. On top of this it seems that people with a high corn intake are at higher risk to develop esophageal cancer than people with low corn intake. This is observed by people in regions in Italy, Iran, Kenia, Zimbabwe, United States and Brazil with high incidence of esophageal cancer. Another study on the relationship between sphingolipid levels and cancer incidence didn't show any significant relationship between serum sphingolipids and risk of esophageal cancer. This is quite remarkable, because elevated levels of sphingolipids sphinganine and sphingosine are believed to be biomarkers for exposure of FB1.

Acute mycotoxicosis
Acute mycotoxicosis is food poisoning by food products contaminated by fungi. In 1995 an outbreak of disease characterized by diarrhea and abdominal pain occurred in 27 villages in India. This was the result of consumption of moldy sorghum and corn due to rain damage. This outbreak was studied and the mycotoxicosis was connected to consumption of unleavened bread. Corn and sorghum samples were collected from the households and examined. The corn and sorghum were contaminated by Fusarium and Aspergillus and contained high levels of FB1 compared with samples of unaffected households.

Toxic effects in animals
Much research has been done on toxic effects of FB1 in animals. In vivo studies indicate that liver and kidneys are the main target organs. Fumonisins are poorly absorbed, rapidly eliminated and not metabolized in animals. In pigs and rats there is a wide distribution of FB1 and small amounts have been found to accumulate only in liver and kidneys. In vervet monkeys, some FB1 is partially hydrolyzed in the gut.

Carcinogenic effects
In rats and mice that were exposed to FB1 tumor formation occurred. Several studies on this subject have been done. Depending on the strain of mice being used different carcinomas were shown. FB1 is shown to be nongenotoxic. Therefore, the mechanisms responsible for cancer development should lie elsewhere. Important mechanisms for cancer development due to fumonisin B1 could be oxidative damage (production of reactive oxygen species) and lipid peroxidation. Hepatic and renal tumors could also be due to apoptosis by FB1. As a response to this there could be continuous regeneration of cells, causing cancer. It seems to be that disrupted sphingolipid metabolism is the causative factor for FB1-induced carcinogenicity, as is the case with the toxic effects. Based on all these animal studies FB1 is classified by The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Porcine pulmonary edema
Porcine pulmonary edema due to FB1 is intensively studied after the first report in 1981 of swine with pulmonary edema after exposure to corn contaminated with F. verticillioides. Alteration in sphingolipid biosynthesis are reported, especially in lung, heart, kidney and liver tissue. Lethal pulmonary edema was developed within 4–7 days after exposure to feed with concentrations of FB1 >16 mg/kg body weight (>92 parts per million). Doses of 10 parts per million caused a milder form of pulmonary edema.

Equine leukoencephalomalacia
Leukoencephalomalacia is a neurotoxic disease of horses. Outbreaks of this disease in the 20th century resulted in a number of studies. Apparently FB1 was the cause for this disease. There were shown elevated levels of serum enzyme levels that indicate liver damage. They were normally observed by an elevation of the sphinganine/sphingosine ratio. FB1 possibly induces cardiovascular function, because of the elevated sphinganine/sphingosine ratio. This could be one of the main factors that causes leukoencephalomalacia.

Toxicity in laboratory animals
Effects of feeding rats with FB1 for up to 90 days were usually nephrotoxicity. Between different strains of rats, sensitivity to FB1 varied. In the kidneys the main effect was apoptosis. Also tubular atrophy and regeneration as well as decreased kidney weight was reported. Histopathologic effects on rat liver were reported after both short- and long-term exposure. The main cause was apoptosis. Mice don't seem to be very sensitive to nephrotoxic effects in comparison with rats. In mouse kidneys little histological changes were seen by high dose exposure. The liver was also the main target organ in mice. Pathology is similar as in rats, with apoptosis and hepatocellular hyperplasia. Fumonisin B1 is possibly embryotoxic if the dose is maternally toxic. A number of studies on genotoxicity indicated no mutagenetic effects. Although fumonisin could damage DNA directly by production of reactive oxygen species. Mouse embryos were exposed to FB1 and they showed inhibited sphingolipid synthesis and growth. It caused neural tube defects. Folic acid uptake was dramatically inhibited. Treatment after exposure with folic acid reduced neural tube defects by 50–65%.

Tolerable daily intake
The risks of fumonisin B1 have been evaluated by The World Health Organization's International Programme on Chemical Safety and the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission. They determined a tolerable daily intake for FB1, FB2, FB3, alone or in combination of 2 μg/kg body weight.

Detoxification
The inhibition of ceramide synthase by FB1 is thought to be reversible, since the binding is formed by noncovalent interactions. Factors that will probably induce this reversibility are reduction of cellular FB1-concentration and increasing of cellular concentrations of the substrates for ceramide synthase. Also, the rate of removal of the accumulated sphinganine and sphingosine will affect the detoxification. The information on metabolism and biotransformation of FB1 is very sparse. However, metabolism most likely occurs in the gut since partially hydrolysed and fully hydrolysed FB1 were recovered in faeces but not in bile of vervet monkeys. Bioavailability of FB1 can be reduced by treating fumonisin-contaminated corn with glucomannans extracted from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These polysaccharides are able to bind certain mycotoxins and have a 67% binding capacity for fumonisins.

title: Fumonisin B1


text:
Tim Cahill (disambiguation)

Tim Cahill (born 1979) is an Australian former footballer.

Tim Cahill may also refer to:
 * Tim Cahill (Massachusetts politician) (born 1959), American politician in Massachusetts
 * Tim Cahill (New Hampshire politician), American politician in New Hampshire
 * Tim Cahill (writer) (born 1944), founding editor at Outside magazine and adventure travel book author
 * Tim Cahill (producer) (born 1966), creator and director for My Gym Partner's a Monkey and Littlest Pet Shop
 * Tim Cahill: The Unseen Journey, a documentary about the Australian footballer

title: Tim Cahill (disambiguation)


text:
Assia Wevill

Assia Esther Wevill ( Gutmann; 15 May 1927 – 23 March 1969) was a German-Jewish woman who escaped the Nazis at the beginning of World War II and emigrated to Mandatory Palestine, via Italy, then later England, where she had an affair with the English poet Ted Hughes. While she was a successful advertising copywriter and a talented translator of poetry, she is mainly remembered in the context of her relationship with Sylvia Plath and Hughes.

Early life and marriages
Assia Gutmann was the daughter of a Jewish physician of Latvian origin, Lonya Gutmann, and a German Lutheran mother, Elisabeth "Lisa" (née Gaedeke). Her sister Celia was born on 22 September 1929. They escaped the Nazis at the beginning of World War II and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine. She spent most of her youth in Tel Aviv. Described by friends and family as a free-spirited young woman, she would go out to dance at the British soldiers' club, where she met Sergeant John Steele, with whom she moved to London in 1946 and who became her first husband in 1947.

According to her biographers, Yehuda Koren and Eilat Negev, "she had entered an essentially loveless marriage with an Englishman at the age of 20 – largely to enable her family to immigrate to England." The couple later immigrated to Vancouver, Canada, where Gutmann enrolled at the University of British Columbia and met the man who would become her second husband, Canadian economist Richard Lipsey. Gutmann and Steele divorced in 1949 and she married Lipsey in 1952.

In 1956, on a ship to London, she met the 21-year-old Canadian poet David Wevill. They began an affair and Gutmann divorced Lipsey; she and Wevill married in 1960.

Career
Wevill had a successful career in advertising and was an aspiring poet who published, under her maiden name Assia Gutmann, an English translation of the work of Israeli poet Yehuda Amichai.

Ted Hughes
In 1961, poets Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath rented their flat in Chalcot Square, Primrose Hill, London, to Assia and David Wevill, and took up residence at North Tawton, Devon. Hughes was immediately struck with Wevill, as she was with him. He later wrote:

 * We didn't find her – she found us.
 * She sniffed us out...
 * She sat there...
 * Slightly filthy with erotic mystery...
 * I saw the dreamer in her
 * Had fallen in love with me and she did not know it.
 * That moment the dreamer in me
 * Fell in love with her, and I knew it.

Plath noted their chemistry. Soon afterward, Hughes and Wevill began an affair. At the time of Plath's suicide, Wevill was pregnant with Hughes' child, but she had an abortion soon after Plath's death. The actual relationship, who instigated it and its circumstances, has been hotly debated for many years.

After Plath's suicide, Hughes moved Wevill into Court Green (the Devon home at North Tawton he had bought with Plath), where Wevill helped care for Hughes & Plath's two children, Frieda and Nicholas. Wevill was reportedly haunted by Plath's memory; she even began using things that had once belonged to Plath. In their biography of Wevill, Lover of Unreason, Koren and Negev maintain that she used Plath's items not from obsession, but for the sake of practicality since she was maintaining a household for Hughes and his children. On 3 March 1965, at age 37, Wevill gave birth to Alexandra Tatiana Elise, nicknamed Shura, while still married to David Wevill.

Ostracized by her lover's friends and family, and eclipsed by the figure of Plath in public life, Wevill became anxious and suspicious of Hughes' infidelity. Hughes began affairs with Brenda Hedden, a married acquaintance who frequented their home, and Carol Orchard, a nurse 20 years his junior, whom he would later marry in 1970. Wevill's relationship with Hughes was also fraught with other complexities, as shown by a collection of his letters to her acquired by Emory University. She was continually distraught by his reluctance to marry her and establish a home together, as well as his treatment of her as a "housekeeper". In his letter to Leonard Baskin on 16 July 1969, Hughes references Shura, his daughter with Wevill. He writes, "I have two nice children who make life a great pleasure.... I had a third, a little marvel, but she died with her mother."

Death
On 23 March 1969, Wevill died by suicide and killed her four-year-old Shura in their London home. Wevill followed Plath in utilising the gas supply from an unlit oven. She turned the oven on but didn't light it, put sleeping pills in a glass of water, consuming half herself and giving half to her four-year-old daughter, and then they both went to sleep.

In advertising
Wevill composed the 90-second "Lost Island" advertisement for "Sea Witches" ladies' hair-dye product for television and cinemas, called a "breakthrough in type" and a "huge success" by her biographers, Koren and Negev, that was "applauded in theaters." The advert can be viewed in some classic ad compilations or sometimes as an online posting.

In literature

 * Ted Hughes's volume of poetry Crow (1970) was dedicated to the memory of Wevill and Shura.
 * His poem "Folktale" deals with his relationship with Wevill:

 * She wanted the silent heraldry
 * Of the purple beach by the noble wall.
 * He wanted Cabala the ghetto demon
 * With its polythene bag full of ashes.

 * Hughes published half a dozen poems he had written for Wevill, which were hidden among the total of 240 in New Selected Poems (1989).
 * In "The Error." he wrote:

 * When her grave opened its ugly mouth
 * why didn't you just fly,
 * Why did you kneel down at the grave's edge
 * to be identified
 * accused and convicted?

 * In "The Descent", he wrote:

 * your own hands, stronger than your choked outcry,
 * Took your daughter from you. She was stripped from you,
 * The last raiment
 * Clinging round your neck, the sole remnant
 * Between you and the bed
 * In the underworld

 * Wevill appears as "Helen" in Fay Weldon's novel Down Among the Women (1971).

In film and television

 * In the feature film Sylvia (2003), Wevill is portrayed by Amira Casar.
 * In October 2015, the BBC Two documentary Ted Hughes: Stronger Than Death examined Hughes's life and work, and included an examination of the part played by Wevill.

title: Assia Wevill


text:
Live 8

Live 8 (French: En direct 8, German: Live 8, Italian: Vivi 8, Japanese: ライブ8 (romanised: Raibu 8), Russian: Прямой эфир 8 (romanised: Pryamoy efir 8)) was a string of benefit concerts that took place on 2 July 2005, in the G8 states and in South Africa. They were timed to precede the G8 conference and summit held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland, from 6–8 July 2005. Both events also coincided with the 20th anniversary of Live Aid. Run in support of the aims of the UK's Make Poverty History campaign and the Global Call to Action Against Poverty, ten simultaneous concerts were held on 2 July and one on 6 July. On 7 July, the G8 leaders pledged to double 2004 levels of aid to poor nations from US$25 billion to US$50 billion by 2010. Half of the money was to go to Africa. More than 1,000 musicians performed at the concerts, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.

Live Aid organiser Bob Geldof announced the event on 31 May. Many former Live Aid acts offered their services to the cause. Prior to the official announcement of the event, many news sources referred to the event as Live Aid 2. However, Geldof and co-organiser Midge Ure have since explicitly said they do not think of the event as the same as Live Aid. On an episode of BBC Two music-based comedy panel show Never Mind the Buzzcocks, which aired on 2 March 2006, The Cribs frontman Ryan Jarman said he had texted Geldof to suggest that a "Live Aid 2" would be a good idea. However, after organising the event, Geldof said: "This is not Live Aid 2. These concerts are the start point for The Long Walk To Justice, the one way we can all make our voices heard in unison." Many of the Live 8 backers were also involved in the largely forgotten NetAid concerts, including Executive Producer Jeff Pollack.

Organisers of Live 8 presented the "Live 8 List" to the world leaders at the Live 8 call that politicians take action to "Make Poverty History". Names from the list also appeared on the giant televisions at each concert during the broadcast.

An official Live 8 DVD set was released on 7 November 2005 internationally and 8 November 2005 in the United States.

Concerts
Broadcaster Jonathan Ross opened the European Live 8 concerts with the words: "It's two o'clock in London on July the 2nd 2005. Hyde Park welcomes the world to Live 8."

There were ten concerts held on 2 July 2005, most of them simultaneously. The first to begin was held at the Makuhari Messe in Japan, with Rize being the first of all the Live 8 performers. During the opening of the Philadelphia concert outside the city's Museum of Art, actor Will Smith led the combined audiences of London, Philadelphia, Berlin, Rome, Paris and Barrie in a synchronised finger snap, meant to represent the death of a child every three seconds in Africa.

Bob Geldof hosted the event at Hyde Park in London, England where he also performed "I Don't Like Mondays". Special guests appeared throughout the concerts. Then-Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan and Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates made speeches at the London show, while former South African President Nelson Mandela addressed the crowd in the Johannesburg venue. Guest presenters, ranging from sports stars to comedians, also introduced acts.

Included in the all-star line-up were Pink Floyd, reunited with former frontman Roger Waters for the first time in over 24 years. With the death of keyboardist Richard Wright in 2008, Live 8 was the final time the band's "classic" lineup performed together. Waters stated the band dedicated "Wish You Were Here" to their absent former member Syd Barrett, who later died in 2006.

The final event called Edinburgh 50,000 – The Final Push was held at Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 July 2005. It featured further performances from some of the artists from the other concerts, and was the closest of the eleven to the actual location of the G8 summit.

Tickets
Although the concerts were free, 66,500 pairs of tickets for the Hyde Park concert were allocated from 13 to 15 June 2005, to winners of a mobile phone text message competition that began on Monday, 6 June 2005. Entry involved sending the answer to a multiple choice question via a text message costing £1.50. Winners were drawn at random from those who correctly answered the question. Over two million messages were sent during the competition, raising £3 million. The first £1.6 million raised was given to the Prince's Trust, which had to cancel its own annual Party in the Park concert in Hyde Park that year to make way for Live 8. According to the Live 8 website, funds raised beyond the £1.6 million "will go to pay for the costs of Live 8, as it is a free event".

Some ticket-winners placed their tickets for sale on internet auction site eBay, and were heavily criticised by the organisers of the event, including Bob Geldof. Initially, eBay defended its decision to allow the auctions to go ahead, stating that there were no laws against the resale of charity concert tickets. The site also offered to make a donation to Live 8 at least equivalent to the fees it would make from the ticket sales. Some people, angered by others seemingly using Live 8 to make money, placed fake bids for millions of pounds for such auctions in an attempt to force the sellers to take them off sale. It was later announced that eBay, under pressure from the British government, the public, as well as Geldof himself, would withdraw all auctions of the tickets.

Similar touting situations arose for the Edinburgh and Canadian shows, and eBay also halted the sales of the tickets.

London

 * U2 and Paul McCartney opened the London concert, playing "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". Later, Bono added a couple of lines of The Beatles' "Blackbird" to the end of "Beautiful Day".
 * Keane performed singles "Somewhere Only We Know" and "Bedshaped".
 * The classic quartet line-up of the progressive rock band Pink Floyd (Roger Waters, David Gilmour, Richard Wright and Nick Mason) played together on stage for the first time in 24 years. The band performed the songs "Speak to Me", "Breathe / Breathe (Reprise)", "Money", "Wish You Were Here" and "Comfortably Numb". They were the only band not to be verbally introduced. This was also the final performance by the full classic line-up as Richard Wright died of cancer in 2008.
 * Pete Doherty joined Elton John for a version of T. Rex's hit "Children of the Revolution".
 * Using much of the musical equipment used by rock band Travis, who had just left the stage, Bob Geldof decided on the "spur of the moment" to perform the Boomtown Rats' hit "I Don't Like Mondays".
 * Before Madonna's set, Geldof introduced Birhan Woldu, who was the starving child in the CBC News report which prompted Geldof to organise Live Aid. She held hands with Madonna while the singer performed the first verses of "Like a Prayer".
 * Chris Martin included the chorus of Status Quo's song "Rockin' All Over the World" in the bridge of Coldplay's song "In My Place". Status Quo had opened the 1985 Wembley Live Aid concert with that song. In addition, Coldplay were joined by Richard Ashcroft to perform "Bitter Sweet Symphony".
 * Robbie Williams began his set with a cover of Queen's "We Will Rock You". Williams stated in an interview that he "wanted to bring a bit of Freddie back from the original Live Aid". Williams had often performed the same section of "We Will Rock You" during his own concerts.

Philadelphia

 * Kaiser Chiefs opened the show with "I Predict a Riot", "Everyday I Love You Less And Less", and "Oh My God".
 * Kanye West performed a three-song set with a twenty-five piece string orchestra, opening with a live debut of his lead single for his then forthcoming album Late Registration. Will Smith and DJ Jazzy Jeff can be seen briefly dancing off stage.
 * Will Smith led the crowd in a sing-along to the theme song of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air".
 * Jay-Z and Linkin Park joined forces to sing the huge hit 'Numb'
 * Mayor John Street announced on stage that there were over 1 million spectators in the audience.
 * Closing act Stevie Wonder was joined on stage by Matchbox Twenty front man Rob Thomas and Maroon 5 lead singer Adam Levine. Thomas dueted with him on "Higher Ground" and Levine on "Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours". During Wonder's performance, American Idol judge Paula Abdul can be seen dancing off stage right.

Barrie, Canada
Deep Purple made an appearance and performed "Highway Star", "Smoke on the Water" and "Hush". DMC (of Run-DMC) performed with Elliot Easton of The Cars, and Joey Kramer and Tom Hamilton of Aerosmith. The Tragically Hip played a set, just before Neil Young finished off Live 8 in Barrie with "4 Strong Winds", "Rockin' in the Free World" and "O Canada".

Berlin
Some of the highlights of the Berlin show included Brian Wilson who played a set with his band, doing "Our Prayer"/"Gee", "God Only Knows", "California Girls", "Good Vibrations", and "Fun Fun Fun", as well as Green Day, having released their political rock opera "American Idiot" the previous year.

Moscow
Agatha Christie, Bi-2, Jango, Dolphin, Linda, Moral Code X, Red Elvises, Splean, Pet Shop Boys

Separate rally and anti-poverty protest in Edinburgh
On 2 July, the same day as the Live 8 concerts, a rally and protest march was held in central Edinburgh, the nearest major city to the Gleneagles venue, for the G8 conference later that week. This protest was organised by the Make Poverty History coalition as part of a series of events ahead of the G8 conference, and had already been planned before the announcement of Live 8.

An estimated 225,000 people took part, making it the largest-ever protest in Scotland and the largest ever anti-poverty protest in the UK.

Notable absences
In the weeks leading up to Live 8, British newspaper Daily Mirror began a petition, garnering support for British rock band Status Quo to play at the event. Originally offered a 6pm slot, the band already had commitments in Ireland and therefore requested an earlier slot. Their request was rejected by the organisers as there were no available slots.

There were speculations by the press that English girl group the Spice Girls would reunite for a Live 8 performance, in what would have been their first appearance as a five-piece since May 1998. At the Live 8 launch in May, Bob Geldof confirmed that organisers were trying to get the group to re-form for the event. Ultimately, the Live 8 reunion did not materialise due to a holdout by Spice Girl Mel B. During the Hyde Park concert, British comedian Peter Kay jokingly introduced the Spice Girls while he was introducing The Who.

English rock band Oasis also declined to participate in the concerts as they were performing at the City of Manchester Stadium the same evening and the day after. Noel Gallagher later expressed disapproval that musicians were expected to rally at the convenience of Geldof. Gallagher was also vocally sceptical about the impact of Live 8, citing his belief that rock stars did not have as much influence over world leaders as the Live 8 organisers may believe.

English rock band Radiohead also turned down an offer to play at the event.

Lack of racially diverse performers
The original lineup for the Hyde Park concert faced criticism for having only one non-white artist – Mariah Carey. Blur and Gorillaz frontman Damon Albarn called the lack of black performers the organisers' "greatest oversight", while Senegalese musician Baaba Maal wrote in The Independent: "I do feel it's very patronising as an African artist that more of us aren't involved."

Live 8 organisers subsequently added British R&B singer Ms. Dynamite, US rapper Snoop Dogg and Senegalese singer Youssou N'Dour to the Hyde Park lineup in response to the criticism. N'Dour was the only major African artist scheduled to perform at any of the five main concerts. A Live 8 spokesman said that a number of black performers had been approached but were not available to participate and that the event would nonetheless feature a "large urban element". Organisers also argued that there were few black British artists who could attract a large global audience, stating that Geldof's intention was to aim for the biggest global stars to ensure media attention and a large television audience. A Live 8 concert in Johannesburg and an "Africa Calling" concert featuring an entirely African lineup at the Eden Project in Cornwall, were organised following the criticisms.

Motives and controversy
Geldof's motives for organising Live 8 were questioned. TV and radio presenter Andy Kershaw - who had co-presented Live Aid in 1985 - directed criticisms at Geldof and the motives for Live 8, saying: "I am coming, reluctantly, to the conclusion that Live 8 is as much to do with Geldof showing off his ability to push around presidents and prime ministers as with pointing out the potential of Africa. Indeed, Geldof appears not to be interested in Africa's strengths, only in an Africa on its knees." Rashod Ollison of The Baltimore Sun echoed Kershaw's criticisms, calling the event a "ravenous orgy of celebrity ego trips". Geldof's approach, of pressuring G8 leaders to improve aid, forgive debt and ease trade restrictions in Africa, was questioned by John O'Shea, chief executive of international aid charity Goal. O'Shea was concerned that "Live 8 overlooked the need to tackle Africa's corrupt regimes and establish a UN peacekeeping army in Darfur, the Congo and northern Uganda."

The organisers were criticised for using Africa to revive the careers of ageing rock stars more than about helping the poor in Africa. The lineup for the Canada Live 8 concert in particular, was criticised for being "out of touch" and filled with "musical has-beens".

For the Edinburgh concert, Geldof called for children to "give up home and school for a week" to join supporters in a march (entitled The Long Walk to Justice) on 6 July, the start of the G8 summit, which drew the ire of teachers and local residents. Furthermore, the Live 8 concert's timing coincided with the long planned Make Poverty History march in Edinburgh.

Damon Albarn suggested that the performers should put pressure on their record labels to pay "some kind of tariff" from the increased record sales that would come from playing at the event, so as to "genuinely show this is an altruistic act and that there is no self-gain in it". Pink Floyd's guitarist David Gilmour announced that he would donate the profits from the increased sales in Pink Floyd's Echoes album to charity, stating: "Though the main objective has been to raise consciousness and put pressure on the G8 leaders, I will not profit from the concert. This is money that should be used to save lives."

Criticism was levelled at the Philadelphia Live 8 concert, when it was revealed that while the performers received no monetary compensation for their participation, they were given gift bags containing designer gifts worth about $12,000. The gifts included $2,000 Gibson guitars, $3,500 Hugo Boss suits and $6,000 Bertolucci watches.

Uncensored broadcasts
Despite the show being broadcast before the watershed in the United Kingdom, there was no attempt at censorship by the BBC. The network came under fire for its coverage of the Live 8 concerts due to the amount of live swearing by several performers that was broadcast before the watershed. Madonna, Snoop Dogg, Razorlight, Green Day, U2 and Velvet Revolver were also criticised for their use of foul language during their performances. An investigation by the UK media regulator Ofcom ruled that television audiences were subjected to "the most offensive language" and demanded that the BBC issue an on-air apology.

In the United States, ABC drew criticism from the Parents Television Council when its delayed airing of the Hyde Park concert highlights failed to censor The Who's performance of "Who Are You" which contained the lyric, "Who the fuck are you?". ABC responded: "Unfortunately, one inappropriate phrase sung by one performer was initially missed and made it into the East Coast network feed. It was subsequently edited out of the West Coast feed."

Other
MTV and VH1 were criticised for their coverage of the Live 8 concerts. Media critics and viewers complained that the networks focused too little on the actual musical performances, pointing to the frequent switching between artists and concerts, and cutting to commercials, interviews or "educational segments" while bands were still performing. The VJs also received criticism for frequently talking over the performances. The following weekend, MTV and VH1 re-aired ten commercial-free hours of music performances from the Live 8 concerts in response to the criticism.

The London concert also received criticism when alcohol was outlawed for concertgoers, but made available for the VIPs.

Legacy
On 2 July 2006, BBC One, CTV and MTV broadcast Live 8: What a Difference a Day Makes. In the UK, the special was 60 minutes as compared to the U.S. version on MTV, which was 90 minutes long. The special was aired on MTV at 07:30 Eastern time, giving nearly no chance for viewers to be made aware of the broadcast. Instead of airing the special late at night, MTV aired their normal broadcasting schedule for Sundays, again adding to the criticism of MTV's lack of interest in Live 8.

The Live 8 on AOL worldwide multi-feed webcast by America Online won the first Emmy Award for content delivered via the Internet, cellphones, and iPods ("Broadband award"). Live 8 on AOL was chosen as the winner out of 74 entrants.

In a report issued in June 2006, the G8 have reportedly not lived up to their promises set in 2005. According to DATA, the US, U.K., Italy, and France increased their development-assistance pledges and actual aid to Africa in 2005, but Germany maintained its former level of contribution and Canada decreased aid in 2005. In general, the G8 is moving slowly in the effort to meet its promises.

Some consider Live 8 to be a success, including Bob Geldof himself. However, others including the World Socialist Web Site dismissed Live 8 as a "public relations stunt" for G8 leaders and multinational corporations, due to the disparity between the rhetoric of the events and the actual efforts made after the events in reducing poverty. Geldof also believes that public attention was quickly diverted by the London bombings on 7 July 2005, the day after Live 8 Edinburgh which was the final concert in the series.

title: Live 8


text:
TMB

TMB may refer to:

Organizations

 * Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited, India
 * Texas Medical Board
 * Thai Military Bank
 * Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, Spain

Places

 * Kendall-Tamiami Executive Airport near Miami, Florida, US, IATA code
 * Tsing Ma Bridge, a longest span suspension bridge in Hong Kong
 * Two-Mile Borris, a village in County Tipperary, Ireland

Events

 * Tour du Mont Blanc, a walk

Science and technology

 * Trimethylborane
 * Tumor mutational burden
 * 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine, a chemical stain.
 * TMB and TMSB series mines

Arts

 * The Spirit of Troy, the University of Southern California Trojan Marching Band
 * The Midnight Beast, a British comedy music group

Other Uses

 * The Third Millennium Bible, a minor update to the King James Version

title: TMB


text:
User talk:Calgarytom

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 08:53, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Image:Early Robitaille.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 08:53, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calgarytom


text:
Template talk:Samuel Beckett

Colors
Are the colors absolutely necessary as they make maintenance of this template a "real" pain. also the maintenance tag on the top left are almost invisible. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  15:28, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The creator of the template reintroduced the black. Personally, I think it makes sense for Beckett. That or a dark grey at the very least. Maintenance is such a marginal and infrequent activity that i think it shouldn't be a major consideration. DionysosProteus 16:49, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Samuel Beckett


text:
Olivier Long

Olivier Long (11 October 1915 – 19 March 2003) was a Swiss Ambassador and the director-general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade from 6 May 1968 to 1 October 1980.

Oliver Long was born at Petit-Veyrier, Switzerland, near Geneva, on 11 October 1915. Besides having studied in London and Harvard, he had a Doctor of Laws from the University of Paris and Doctor of Political Science from the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies. After military service in 1939-43, he joined the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and traveled across wartime Europe, negotiating prisoner-of-war exchanges and food relief assistance. After the war, he joined the Swiss federal government, and after service in Washington and London he began to work on trade issues as the director general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. He helped keep the Western world moving toward freer trade in the 1970s despite protectionist pressures brought on by soaring oil prices, inflation and recession.

As director general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade from 1968 to 1980, Oliver Long helped to bring about the largest reductions in tariffs since World War II. GATT, an organization based in Geneva, was created in 1948 to oversee international trade. He was the second director general of GATT, taking over from Eric Wyndham White, who had run the organization for the first 20 years of its existence. At first he was reluctant to take the job, since doing so meant giving up his post as Switzerland's ambassador to Britain and Malta, which he had accepted in 1967.

Representatives of the leading industrial nations met at a 1973 summit meeting in Tokyo, setting off a six-year free-trade effort that became known as the Tokyo Round. These were difficult years for proponents of free trade. When oil prices quadrupled at the end of 1973—a consequence of actions by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries—the twin shocks of recession and inflation rippled through the world economy. National currencies became exceptionally unstable. Industries everywhere pleaded with their governments for protection against foreign competitors. Yet Long managed to hold the world's democratic industrial governments, as well as some 20 developing countries, to the free trade commitments they had made at the start of negotiations. Not only did many tariffs drop, the Tokyo Round also represented the most comprehensive effort until then to eliminate or control other sorts of trade barriers, like quotas and export subsidies. In 1995, at the conclusion of another trade-liberalizing exercise known as the Uruguay Round, GATT's role in governing world commerce was assumed by the World Trade Organization, a new and more powerful institution.

Because of his close personal ties with many leading French politicians, Oliver Long became an intermediary between Charles de Gaulle's government in Paris and the Algerian National Liberation Front. He helped set up the talks that eventually led to the Evian agreements of 1962, which ended the Algerian war.

Oliver Long returned to commercial diplomacy, playing a prominent role in negotiations that led to creation of the European Free Trade Association, a trading bloc set up in 1959 by seven European countries that did not wish to join the six-nation European Community, or Common Market. He was also a professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, and was the author of several books and articles on economic affairs and political science.

He is survived by his wife, the former Francine Roels, whom he married in 1946, and by two daughters and a son, Dr. Eric Long.

title: Olivier Long


text:
Clementi MRT station

Clementi MRT station is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East–West Line (EWL). Located in Clementi, Singapore, the station is located along Commonwealth Avenue West and serves landmarks such as The Clementi Mall, Clementi Bus Interchange and Clementi Fire Station.

Built as part of Phase IA of the MRT system, the EWL station opened on 12 March 1988. An oil spill on the tracks led to two trains colliding at the station on 5 August 1993. The station saw further upgrades such as new half-height platform doors and fans above the platforms to improve ventilation, as well as new linkways which opened in 2018. In September 2022, it was announced that the station would become an interchange station with the Cross Island Line (CRL) as part of Phase 2 of the line.

East West line

Clementi station was first constructed as part of Phase IA of the MRT system, a 8.5 km segment which spans from Tiong Bahru to this station. Initially planned to be built as part of Phase II, this segment was targeted to be completed in 1988 right after the completion of MRT Phase I to increase Phase I's catchment area. The contract for the construction of Clementi station and 2 km of viaducts was awarded to a joint venture between Lim Kah Ngam Construction and Aoki Corporation for S$48.7 million (US$0 million in ) in April 1985.

The station opened for a public preview on 27 and 28 February 1988, before operations commenced on 12 March that year. On the opening day, Clementi station was the most visited station among the Phase IA stations with 80,000 recorded trips and 125,618 passengers.

In 2012, half-height platform screen doors was installed at this station as part of the Land Transport Authority's (LTA) programme to improve safety in MRT stations. High-volume low-speed fans were installed above the platforms of the station between 2012 and 2013 as part of a national programme to improve ventaliation at station platforms.

Two new link bridges, along with new fare gates and escalators, were built and opened in 2018 to improve connectivity to new flats near the station. Noise barriers were installed along the viaduct stretch from Clementi Road to Clementi Station as part of a S$17 million (US$ million) contract awarded to CKT Thomas Pte Ltd in January 2015. Another set of noise barriers from Clementi Avenue 4 to Lempeng Drive were installed from 2018 to 2020.

Clementi rail incident
On the morning of 5 August 1993, two trains collided at the station after one became stalled at the station due to a technical fault. The crash left 156 people injured, eight of them seriously. The trains were taken out of service while engineers conducted checks on signalling equipment at the Clementi, Buona Vista and Commonwealth stations. MRT operations resumed the next day. For further engineering checks between the Buona Vista and Clementi stations, trains at Buona Vista were not allowed to depart until the train at Clementi left; this restriction was lifted on 8 August.

An independent inquiry panel concluded that a damaged maintenance locomotive spilled oil on the tracks the morning of the crash. While workers were aware of the spill, the cleaning crew were delayed from accessing the tracks. Ten trains had experienced braking issues leading up to the crash. The stalled train used its emergency brakes to stop at Clementi station and needed to recharge its brake systems before moving off. The automatic braking system of the subsequent train failed to prevent the collision. As MRT staff had followed procedures, none faced disciplinary action as a result of the crash. The inquiry recommended increased inspections of locomotives and for the station master to look out for oil spills on tracks.

Cross Island line
The station was first announced to interchange with the Cross Island line (CRL) on 20 September 2022 by Transport Minister S Iswaran. The CRL platforms will be constructed as part of CRL Phase 2, a 15 km segment spanning six stations from Turf City station to Jurong Lake District station. The station is expected to be completed in 2032.

The contract for the construction of CRL Clementi station was awarded to a joint venture between China Communications Construction Company Limited (Singapore Branch) and Sinohydro Corporation Limited (Singapore Branch) for S$514 million (US$ million) in October 2023. Construction of the new station was scheduled to begin in 2024 and be completed in 2032. To facilitate the construction of the new CRL station, the Clementi police headquarters and the neighbourhood police centre were relocated to Lempeng Drive.

Station details
Clementi station serves the EWL and is between the Jurong East and Dover stations. The official station code is EW23. Being part of the EWL, the station is operated by SMRT Trains. The station will be a future interchange station with the CRL. The station is located along Commonwealth Avenue West and has four entrances. Surrounding landmarks of the station include The Clementi Mall, Clementi Bus Interchange, Clementi Fire Station, Clementi Polyclinic, Masjid Darussalam and Clementi Primary School.

title: Clementi MRT station


text:
York House, St James's Palace

York House is a historic wing of St James's Palace, London, built for Frederick, Prince of Wales, on his marriage in 1736. It is in the north-western part of the palace on the site of a former suttling-house (canteen) for the Guards; it overlooks Ambassadors' Court and Cleveland Row to the west of the old Chapel Royal. Prince Frederick occupied it for about a year, until his quarrel with his father drove him from Court.

In 1795, Princess Caroline resided here before her marriage with the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV. Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, subsequently King of Hanover, lived here for a great many years; and the Duchess of Cambridge was identified with it from 1851 until her death in 1889. Later occupants included the future George V, the late Duke and Duchess of Gloucester from 1936 to 1970, and Princes Charles, William and Harry, who used it before moving to Clarence House.

As Edward, Prince of Wales, the future Edward VIII lived at York House, before his refurbishment of Fort Belvedere in Windsor Great Park.

The building includes a suite of somewhat low-pitched rooms on the ground-floor, several drawing-rooms on the first floor, a corridor in the rear, and the servants' rooms on the top storey; all facing Cleveland Row. The ceilings of the top floor are low, height having been sacrificed to that of the drawing-room floor; during the nineteenth century this was a common practice in London mansions.

The name York House has been used at various times for other houses occupied by various Dukes of York, including those now known as Cumberland House, Dover House, Lancaster House and The Albany.

title: York House, St James's Palace


text:
Thin Ice

Thin Ice may refer to:

Films

 * Jesse Stone: Thin Ice, a 2009 American TV crime drama
 * Thin Ice (1919 film), an American silent drama
 * Thin Ice (1937 film), an American romantic comedy
 * Thin Ice (2000 film), a British television thriller
 * Thin Ice (2011 film), an American comedic drama
 * Thin Ice (2013 film), a climate change documentary

Episodes

 * "Thin Ice", a 1985 episode of MacGyver
 * "Thin Ice", a 2001 episode of Even Stevens
 * "Thin Ice", a 2007 episode of All Saints
 * "Thin Ice" (Doctor Who episode), 2017

Series

 * Thin Ice (2006 TV series), a 2006 British comedy show
 * Thin Ice (2020 TV series), a Swedish-Icelandic-French drama series
 * Thin Ice (2023 TV series), a Chinese tv series

Music

 * "The Thin Ice", a 1979 Pink Floyd song
 * "Thin Ice", a song by Little River Band from the 1986 album No Reins
 * "Thin Ice", a song by Lenny Kravitz from his 1995 album Circus
 * Thin Ice (band), an American hardcore band

Other uses

 * Thin Ice, a 1997 memoir by Bruce McCall
 * Thin Ice (audio drama), a 2011 Doctor Who drama
 * Thin Ice (game), a 1989 board game
 * Thin Ice (novel), by Compton Mackenzie, 1956

title: Thin Ice


text:
1962 in India

The following lists events that happened during 1962 in the Republic of India.

Incumbents

 * President of India – Rajendra Prasad until 13 May, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
 * Prime Minister of India – Jawaharlal Nehru
 * Vice President of India – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan until 13 May; Zakir Husain
 * Chief Justice of India – Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha

Governors

 * Andhra Pradesh – Bhim Sen Sachar (until 8 September), Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh (starting 8 September)
 * Assam – Satyavant Mallannah Shrinagesh (until 7 September), Vishnu Sahay (starting 7 September)
 * Bihar – Zakir Hussain (until 11 May), M. A. S. Ayyangar (starting 11 May)
 * Gujarat – Mehdi Nawaz Jung
 * Karnataka – Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar
 * Kerala – V. V. Giri
 * Madhya Pradesh – Hari Vinayak Pataskar
 * Maharashtra –
 * until 16 April: Sri Prakasa
 * 16 April-6 October: P. Subbarayan
 * starting 28 November: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
 * Odisha – Yeshwant Narayan Sukthankar (until 15 September), Ajudhia Nath Khosla (starting 15 September)
 * Punjab – Narahar Vishnu Gadgil (until 1 October), Pattom A. Thanu Pillai (starting 1 October)
 * Rajasthan – Gurumukh Nihal Singh (until 16 April), Sampurnanand (starting 16 April)
 * Uttar Pradesh – Burgula Ramakrishna Rao (until 15 April), Bishwanath Das (starting 15 April)
 * West Bengal – Padmaja Naidu

Events

 * National income - ₹200,769 million
 * 10 February - Indian National Committee for Space Research set up with Vikram Sarabhai from Physical Research Laboratory leading it.
 * 3 April – Jawaharlal Nehru is elected de facto Prime Minister of India.
 * 6 May – India defeats the Philippines in the Eastern Zone final of 1962 Davis Cup at New Delhi
 * 28 July – A locust swarm threatens New Delhi.
 * 21 September – A border conflict between China and India erupts into fighting.
 * 10 October – Beginning of the Sino-Indian War, a border dispute involving two of the world's largest nations (between India and the People's Republic of China).
 * 20 October – Chinese troops invade Kashmir and illegally captured Aksai Chin thereby starting the Sino-Indian War.
 * 26 October - Emergency enforced in India for the first time following the Sino-Indian War.
 * 21 November – China withdraws troops from Arunachal Pradesh and orders ceasefire along the McMahon Line.
 * 19 December – The last foreign-occupied territory of India, Daman and Diu, is integrated into India.
 * Internment of Chinese-Indians at Deoli, Rajasthan

Law

 * 28 October – Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962 promulgated as ordinance.
 * The twelfth and Thirteenth Amendment of The Constitution of India

Births

 * 1 January – Ravi Raghavendra, actor.
 * 17 January – Karan Kapoor, actor, model and photographer.
 * 12 February – Jagapathi Babu, actor.
 * 12 February – Kanal Kannan, actor, action choreographer and screenwriter.
 * 17 March – Kalpana Chawla, Indian-American Astronaut and First Indian women to go to space. (died 2003).
 * 31 March – Ramki, actor.
 * 3 April – Jaya Prada, actress and politician.
 * 7 April – Ram Gopal Varma, film director, writer and producer.
 * 13 May – Acharya Shri Mahashraman, 11th Acharya of Jain Terapanth Sect
 * 27 May – Ravi Shastri, cricketer.
 * 5 June – C. Sylendra Babu, Indian Police Service Officer.
 * 14 June – Jayaprakash, actor and producer
 * 9 June – N. K. Senthamarai Kannan, Indian Police Service Officer.
 * 3 July – U. Sagayam, former career Indian civil servant
 * 6 July – Thota Narasimham, Indian politician and member of parliament from Kakinada.
 * 12 July – Shiva Rajkumar, actor and producer.
 * 4 August – Thalaivasal Vijay, actor and dubbing artist
 * 10 August – Atiq Ahmed, gangster and politician. (d. 2023)
 * 15 August – Arjun Sarja, actor, producer and director.
 * 25 August – Rajiv Kapoor, actor, producer and director. (d. 2021)
 * 4 September – Kiran More, cricketer.
 * 16 November – Ambika, actress.

Full date unknown

 * Sucheta Dalal, finance journalist.
 * Madhavi, actress.

Deaths

 * 11 June – Chhabi Biswas, actor (b. 1900).
 * 1 July – Bidhan Chandra Roy, second Chief Minister of West Bengal (b. 1882).
 * 4 December – Annapurnanand, Hindi writer (B 21 Sep. 1895)

Full date unknown

 * K. C. Dey, actor (b. 1893).

title: 1962 in India


text:
Interstellar Overdrive

"Interstellar Overdrive" is an instrumental composition written and performed by the English rock band Pink Floyd. The song was written in 1966 and is on their 1967 debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, clocking in at almost ten minutes in length. It features long sections of free-form instrumental improvisation reflective of the group's live performances.

The song originated when guitarist Syd Barrett heard the band's manager Peter Jenner humming a song, which Barrett tried to interpret by playing it on his guitar. Sharing the same emphasis on chromaticism with "Astronomy Domine", the piece was recorded in several takes during March and April 1967. An earlier, longer recording of the song can be heard on the soundtrack to the film Tonite Let's All Make Love in London, which was recorded at Sound Technique Studios in early 1967 and was released in the same year. Other versions of the track appear on various bootleg recordings. The piece has been covered by acts such as T. Rex, Pearl Jam, Camper Van Beethoven, Hawkwind, the Melvins, and Simon House.

Composition and music
"Interstellar Overdrive" was one of the first psychedelic instrumental improvisations recorded by a rock band. It was seen as Pink Floyd's first foray into space rock (along with "Astronomy Domine"), although band members would later disparage this term. It has been described as an experimental rock, psychedelic rock, and free improvisation piece, as well as an example of proto-prog. "Interstellar Overdrive" originated when early Pink Floyd manager Peter Jenner was trying to hum a song he could not remember the name of (most commonly identified as Love's cover of "My Little Red Book"). Guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett followed Jenner's humming with his guitar and used it as the basis for the principal melody of "Interstellar Overdrive". Bassist Roger Waters once told Barrett that the song's riff reminded him of the theme tune from Steptoe and Son (by Ron Grainer). Around the time the song was written, Barrett was inspired by AMM and their guitarist Keith Rowe, who had a pattern of moving pieces of metal along his guitar's fretboard. The free-form section (and also, "Pow R. Toc H.") was inspired by Frank Zappa's free-form Freak Out! and The Byrds' "Eight Miles High".

"Interstellar Overdrive" shares an emphasis on chromaticism with "Astronomy Domine". The main theme descends chromatically from B to G, before resolving to E, all chords major. The opening hook of the piece is a distorted, descending guitar riff, played by Barrett, its composer, with Waters on bass and Richard Wright on organ. Nick Mason's drums then kick in, and after the riff repeats itself a bit, the track turns into improvisation, including modal improvisations, flourishes on the Farfisa organ, and quiet interludes. The song gradually becomes almost structureless and in free-form tempo, punctuated only by strange guitar noises. Eventually, however, the entire band restates the main theme, which is repeated with decreasing tempo and more deliberate intensity. Waters once called the song "an abstract piece". A bass riff in the song later evolved into another Pink Floyd song, "Let There Be More Light", which was written by Waters.

Recording
The stereo version of the song has an organ moving from speaker to speaker; the effect is lost on the mono version of the song, where it simply gains an extra organ and guitar sound. However, the organ is very prominent during the first 50 seconds of the mono version—along with some special effects—but inaudible in the stereo mix until the improvised section. Five takes of the song were originally recorded on 27 February 1967, with a sixth later recorded on 16 March 1967, in an attempt to create a shorter version, with overdubs in June of that year. The Piper version also appears on the official compilation albums Relics and A Nice Pair. Despite Smith trying to bring the rest of the album's tracks from a jam-long length to something more manageable, Smith relented for "Interstellar Overdrive", as Jenner recalled: "It was definitely the deal that—hey, here you can do 'Interstellar Overdrive', you can do what you like, you can do your weird shit. So 'Interstellar Overdrive' was the weird shit . . . and again, hats off to Norman for letting them do that." A delay effect was created by producer Norman Smith by superimposing a second version of the song over a previous version. Smith played the drum roll on the song near the very end.

Alternative versions and live performances
The studio recording on The Piper at the Gates of Dawn is the one that most listeners are familiar with, yet several other versions survive from both the recording studio and the stage. It was first recorded as a demo on 31 October 1966, recorded live-in-studio at Thompson Private Recording Company. This version was used as the audio sound to the film San Francisco, which was made by a friend of Barrett's, Anthony Stern. While filmmaker Peter Whitehead and his secondhand Stern were having a discussion, the topic about Pink Floyd was brought about by Stern, to which Whitehead told him, "yeah, terrible music". Stern said that "they're successful now", and suggest the pair go watch Pink Floyd, at their gig at the Royal College of Art. Whitehead recalled that they "went to UFO and I liked them. Not connected to pop music, a long improvisatory quality, ideal for what I wanted." Whitehead convinced Pink Floyd to record "Interstellar Overdrive" for a film he was working on. Before turning up at the recording studio, the band held a rehearsal, and the next day, 11 January 1967, went to Sound Techniques studios. The studio, which was originally a dairy factory, was run by engineers Geoff Frost and John Wood.

For the session, which was booked for two hours, Wood and Joe Boyd operated the mixing desk, while Whitehead and Stern were filming. This recording of the song lasted nearly 16-minutes in length, recorded onto a 4-track recorder in one take, as the band didn't want to have to play through the song again. The band then played another original instrumental, titled "Nick's Boogie". While 5 seconds of the band playing was included in Whitehead's Tonite Let's All Make Love in London film, edits of the recording was included on the film's respective soundtrack. The soundtrack (released in 1968) includes an edited version of the song and two reprises of it. The full version is available on the album London '66–'67. While attempting to get the band a record deal, Boyd returned with the group to Sound Techniques studios. There, Boyd and the band recorded a demo tape which was to be given to various record labels, one of the songs that features on the tape was "Interstellar Overdrive". An early, unoverdubbed, shortened mix of the album's "Interstellar Overdrive" was used for a French EP released in July 1967. The 40th anniversary edition of The Piper at the Gates of Dawn contains two different, five-minute-long versions of the song, one of them being take 6 from 16 March.

Despite its encapsulation of their concert repertoire under the leadership of guitarist and composer Barrett, the long, improvisational, freeform structure of the piece is not particularly representative of the group's recorded output. As drummer Mason states in his book Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd, live versions of the song featured many sections that did not appear on the album, and would often last more than 20 minutes. During the band's days playing in residence at London underground clubs such as the UFO (Underground Freak Out), the song usually opened their show. It occupied other positions, including the encore, until it was retired from the band's setlist in 1970. The song had first appeared in live performances in the autumn of 1966. During one performance of the song, at a gig organized by Hoppy Hopkins, Pink Floyd managed to blow out the power of a venue. Hopkins called it "Very cold, very dirty but very nice." After recording session for Piper were over, Pink Floyd played a 30-minute version of "Interstellar Overdrive". Pink Floyd were filmed performing the song for Granada Television's Scene Special Documentary, in January 1967 at the UFO Club. A late-Barrett era rendition was recorded live in Rotterdam in November 1967, at the Hippy-Happy Fair. The song was later replaced by "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" as the main part of the band's set lists, after Barrett left the band. It continued to be performed as an encore, with the last documented appearance in Montreux on 21 November 1970. A version of "Interstellar Overdrive" was cut from the Ummagumma live album. The song was played by Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets in 2018.

In 1969, Frank Zappa joined the band onstage at the Actuel Festival in Amougies, Belgium, to perform a long loose version of the song. Although Zappa himself later had no recollection of the performance, Floyd drummer Mason praised him, saying, "Zappa is really one of those rare musicians that can play with us. The little he did in Amougies was terribly correct."

The song has been released in many different lengths across different releases, original 1967 Piper at the Gates of Dawn releases have the track at, whilst the edited 1968 Tonite Lets All Make Love in London version clocks in at. This same recording was released in its entirety twice, first on the 1990 reissue of the album, and then again in 1995 on the EP London '66–'67 clocking in at. The earliest studio recording of the song to be released was the 1966 recording with a running time of and was released in 2017 on the Interstellar Overdrive single. Three live performances of the song featured on The Early Years 1965–1972 boxset, with timings being (recorded in 1969),  (recorded in 1967) and  (recorded in 1968).

Covers and legacy
"Interstellar Overdrive" has been covered by many artists, including Teenage Fanclub and Kylesa.
 * Camper Van Beethoven covered the song on their studio album Camper Van Beethoven.
 * Nick Mason's Saucerful of Secrets included it in their repertoire of early Floyd material. "What I don't want to do is slavishly copy what we did on the album," Mason noted. "The great thing with 'Interstellar' is that it's a piece that lends itself to improvisation. What I'd like to do is capture some of the weirdness – some of the very specific things that Syd did – but actually bring a bit of our own language into it."
 * The album version was ranked number 36 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 greatest guitar songs of all time.
 * The song featured on Pink Floyd's compilation Relics, and was considered for—but ultimately left off—their career-spanning retrospective Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd.
 * "Interstellar Overdrive" was used in the 2016 film Doctor Strange, starring Benedict Cumberbatch in the title role.

Personnel
Personnel per The Piper at the Gates of Dawn liner notes.
 * Syd Barrett – guitar
 * Roger Waters – bass guitar
 * Rick Wright – Farfisa organ
 * Nick Mason – drums

with:
 * Norman Smith – drum roll

title: Interstellar Overdrive


text:
User talk:193.190.11.97

Nonsense of Hoofdpagina
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Hoofdpagina, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Hoofdpagina provides no meaningful content or history, and the text is unsalvageably incoherent. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Hoofdpagina, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to contact the bot operator if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that '''this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. To see the user who deleted the page, click here''' CSDWarnBot (talk) 08:50, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of PDMS
A tag has been placed on PDMS, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become an encyclopedia article. Please read the guidelines on spam as well as FAQ/Business for more information. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you.  Teapot  george Talk  12:25, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Document server

The article Document server has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Merely a dictionary definition

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Keφr (talk) 04:34, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Hoofdpagina listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Hoofdpagina. Since you had some involvement with the Hoofdpagina redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 15:19, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Intelligent Small World Autonomous Robots for Micro-manipulation

The article Intelligent Small World Autonomous Robots for Micro-manipulation has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "poorly-referenced article about a non-notable research project, fails WP:GNG"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. DoubleGrazing (talk) 07:09, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

Category:Pathological science has been nominated for merging
Category:Pathological science has been nominated for merging. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you.  - car chasm (talk) 03:02, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:193.190.11.97