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Freddy Maertens

Freddy Maertens (born 13 February 1952) is a Belgian former professional racing cyclist who was twice world road race champion. His career coincided with the best years of another Belgian rider, Eddy Merckx, and supporters and reporters were split over who was better. Maertens' career swung between winning more than 50 races in a season to winning almost none and then back again. His life has been marked by debt and alcoholism. It took him more than two decades to pay a tax debt. At one point early in his career, between the 1976 Tour and 1977 Giro, Maertens won 28 out of 60 Grand Tour stages that he entered before abandoning the Giro due to injury on stage 8b. Eight Tour stage wins, thirteen Vuelta stage wins and seven Giro stage wins in less than one calendar year.

Personal life
Maertens was the son of what his wife, Carine, described as a hard-working middle-class couple: Gilbert Maertens and Silonne Verhaege. His mother was the daughter of a shipbuilder in Nieuwpoort harbour. She had a grocery and newspaper shop, which delivered newspapers. Gilbert Maertens, the son of a self-employed bill-sticker, was a flamboyant and restless man who was a member of the local council and on the committee of the town football club. He ran a laundry with a staff of four behind his wife's shop.

Maertens is one of four brothers: he, Mario, Luc and Marc. Marc also rode as a professional. Maertens went to the St-Bernadus college in Nieuwpoort. He read enthusiastically and showed a talent for languages. He could make himself understood in French, Italian and English as well as his native Dutch by the time he turned professional. He then went to the Onze Lieve Vrouw [Holy Mother] college in Ostend.

Maertens and Carine Brouckaert met at a cycling club dance when she was 15. She had been sewing shoes for her father, a cobbler, since the previous year. The two were introduced by Jean-Pierre Monseré and his wife, Annie. Carine was Annie's niece. She had never heard of Maertens.

They married in November 1973 and rented a house in Lombardsijde. She said: "I got to know a young boy who was more adult than his years and who knew what he wanted: to be a professional bike rider. I fell for him. Not because I thought he could become a great rider but because I felt straight away that I could play a role in his life, that he needed me. Three years later we were married. Our dream had started. We didn’t know then that it would turn into a nightmare".

On 25 May 1979 he flew to the United States to see a doctor, to confirm that he had no drug problems. He and a medical advisers flew from Amsterdam to New York City in a McDonnell Douglas DC-10. Maertens mentioned to his colleague, Paul de Nijs, that one of the engines made an odd noise. After Maertens disembarked in New York the plane continued towards Chicago but crashed on take-off when an engine fell off, killing 279.

Amateur career
Maertens rode his first race at Westhoek when he was 14, in 1966. The field included riders of 17 and 18, including some from France. The race was open to riders who did not have a licence from the Belgian federation, the BWB. He had trouble riding in a group. His second race went better. Among the riders he beat was Michel Pollentier, later a friend and a team colleague as a professional.

Maertens continued to ride unlicensed races in 1967. In 1968 he took his first licence from the BWB, riding in the nieuweling or beginners' class. He won 21 times and came second 19 times to a rider named Vandromme.

Maertens asked his father permission to leave school in his second year as a junior, or under-19, rider. He won 64 times as a junior. His father made him promise that he would train regardless of the weather.

Relationship with father
Gilbert Maertens gave his son his first bike, which Freddy Maertens described as "a second-hand thing that he’d got from a beach business for a bargain". Not until he won a race on that would he get a better one. His biographer Rik Vanwalleghem said: "The training school that Maertens went through with his father was hard. Horribly hard. Gilbert never lost sight of anything. He knew how much and how often his son trained, what he ate and drank, how much he slept, who he went around with. He imposed a merciless regime. And he had an eye open for the slightest thing that would obstruct his son's progress. He worried, for instance, that Freddy's male hormones would get the better of his son and drive him into the arms of bewitching young girl who’d put the slides under his mission. Women were the devil's work; it had been like that in the Garden of Eden and little had changed since".

Gilbert caught his son flirting with a girl and took revenge by cutting his racing bike in half. He intervened with the army, when his son was called for national service, to ask that he not be given an easier time because of his reputation.

Maertens' relationship with his father affected the rest of his life. He rode well only when he had a dominant figure behind him: first his father, then Briek Schotte and then Lomme Driessens. His wife described him as trusting and vulnerable, that he needed care because otherwise he would be "like a bird waiting for a cat".

Professional career
Maertens won 50 times as a senior, including the national championship at Nandrin. In 1970 he came second to the Frenchman, Régis Ovion, in the world amateur championship. He competed in the individual road race at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He turned professional in 1972. The frame-maker Ernest Colnago and the former champion Ercole Baldini came to his house with an offer to join their SCIC team. They offered to support him in his last year as an amateur and then take him as a professional.

Gilbert Maertens was more impressed by the Belgian businessman, Paul Claeys, who had inherited the Flandria bicycle company. Flandria already sponsored Maertens' club, SWC Torhout, and Maertens rode a Flandria bike. Claeys came to the Maertens house with his team manager, Briek Schotte, a legend in Belgian cycling. Claeys offered Gilbert Maertens a concession for Flandria bikes, allowing him to sell them without first buying them. Maertens pushed his son to sign a contract for 40,000 francs a month as an amateur and then double in his first full year as a professional. The family needed the bike concession because Silonne Maertens had fallen ill and closed her shop.

Maertens said: "I would have preferred to go to SCIC and Colnago but my father said, 'You have to do something for us too.'"

Colnago and Baldini had promised more money and a gentle start as a professional. But with Flandria Maertens rode more than 200 road races a year and on the track and in cyclo-cross in the winter. He suffered what he called the poor organisation and penny-pinching attitude of Claeys and his Flandria company. He also complained about the weight of Flandria frames; rather than ride them, he had his frames made in Italy, by Gios Torino, and had them painted in Flandria colours.

He was never paid in 1979, his last season with Flandria, which had failed. It was the start of financial troubles with tax officials (see below).

Rik Vanwalleghem says Maertens was naïve as a new professional. Belgian racing was dominated by Eddy Merckx and Roger De Vlaeminck. Maertens did not observe an unwritten rule that new professionals establish themselves gradually and not try to humiliate established riders. Instead, Maertens, just 21, charged in and upset everyone by demanding they make room for him and make room quickly". What Vanwalleghem saw as his blunder was greeted, he said, by Belgian journalists eager to write of something else after years of Merckx's international domination. That worsened relations between them.

1973 world championship
Relations between the riders and their fans reached their nadir on 2 September 1973 in the world road championship around the Montjuich climb near Barcelona. Maertens had said he was not willing to ride for Merckx. That angered Merckx's supporters who, Maertens said, six times threw cold water over his legs.

Merckx broke clear on a hill. Maertens said none of the others took up the chase and so he chased by himself. Merckx was angry that Maertens, in his view, had sabotaged his chances of winning. Maertens was the better sprinter.

The two were unable to cooperate and were caught by Luis Ocaña and Felice Gimondi. Maertens agreed to lead Merckx in the sprint and allow him to win. He would be well paid, he understood – "a fantastic offer." But Maertens rode too fast for Merckx to stay with him. Gimondi rode in Maertens' shelter instead. Maertens realised too late and Gimondi won.

Enmity between Merckx and Maertens lasted decades. It ended in 2007 when the two met in a hotel in France.

"I was smoking a cigarette and he asked me for a cigarette. He said to me, 'Freddy, we have to talk about Barcelona.' I said, 'I think so too.' And then we spoke about it for three hours and we shook hands and everything was over".

Lomme Driessens
Guillaume "Lomme" Driessens was one of three father figures in Maertens' life (see above). He started as a masseur and soigneur for Fausto Coppi. Riders in his care won the Tour seven times. He was a team director from 1947 to 1984. He died in 2006.

Maertens said: "There was my father, then in the beginning as a professional I had Schotte, then I had Driessens..." Driessens provoked the rivalry between Maertens and Merckx by insisting that far from Maertens' having betrayed Merckx by chasing him, Merckx had ensured that Maertens did not win. He had, he said, hidden his exhaustion and therefore his ability to win so as to mislead Maertens into losing. The historian Olivier Dazat said Merckx had dropped Driessens as manager of his teams and that Driessens had never forgiven him. Driessens had directed his Romeo-Smith team to ride all year against Rik Van Looy in similar circumstances and now he wanted his revenge against Merckx.

Maertens said: "I enjoyed working with Driessens. There were no problems. When you work with Driessens there are no problems. A lot of people complained about Driessens, saying he took the racers' money, that he did this, he did that. But in the morning, he was the first to wake you, he prepared your food. He was a fabulous organiser".

He was a dominant figure whose wish to control extended to standing over Carine Maertens to tell her she was not cooking minestrone correctly. Freddy Maertens said Driessens' visits and interventions meant they were no longer bosses in their own house.

Equipment war
The world championship at Barcelona was complicated by commercial interests. Professional cycling had been dominated by an Italian component maker, Campagnolo. A Japanese rival, Shimano, had recently entered the market. It supplied the Flandria team and designed a range of components specifically for it. Of the Belgian team, Maertens and Walter Godefroot used Shimano; Merckx and the others used Campagnolo.

The Belgian world championship team was training on the championship circuit two days before the race, along with some of the Italian team. Maertens said what he called the "big boss" [grand patron], since dead, at Campagnolo [named in his biography as Tullio Campagnolo] drove beside the group and shouted "Sort it out between you but Shimano mustn't be allowed to win the championship".

Maertens said Gimondi won because he pushed him into the barriers at the finish. When he demanded Belgian officials protest, he said, they answered: "We can't do that to our Italian friends".

1974 world championship
Maertens alleges that a laxative was put in his drink during the world championship in Montreal in 1974. He was handed it while he was in the lead with Bernard Thévenet and Constantino Conti. He said his masseur, Jef D’Hont, had told Gust Naessens – Merckx's soigneur – that he was going to eat and asked him to hand a bottle to his rider. Maertens took the bottle because he trusted Naessens, with whom he worked from 1981 to 1983. Maertens said: "I got confirmation of that from Gust Naessens. I asked him, 'What did you do in Montreal?'" He said Naessens replied: "It was normal, Freddy. I was asked to give you your drink and I put something in it. You were too good for my guy, so I put something in it to block you". Merckx won.

Naessens, now dead, was also Tom Simpson's soigneur when he died in the Tour de France of 1967. The following year he was banned from working in cycling for two years.

1976 world championship
Maertens started favourite for the 1976 world championship, held at Ostuni, in Italy. He came to the race in good form and with the Belgian team lined in his support. His rival, Eddy Merckx, was in decline.

The race was over hilly eight laps, a total of 288 km. The first moves came on the last lap. Yves Hézard attacked, followed by Francesco Moser and Joop Zoetemelk. Maertens made his move seven kilometres later, with Tino Conti. Maertens and Conti regained the leaders in seven kilometres. Moser attacked twice again and Maertens stayed with him. Zoetemelk and Conti lost ground. Moser realised he had no chance in a sprint with Maertens. The Belgian won by two lengths.

1977 Tour of Flanders
The Ronde van Vlaanderen museum in Oudenaarde has in its window a lettered brick with the name of each year's winner. The 1977 race is shown as won by Roger De Vlaeminck. But above it is another, that reads: "Moral winner: Freddy Maertens."

Freddy Maertens was disqualified during the race after changing his bike on the Koppenberg hill. But he was not withdrawn from the race and he carried on riding with De Vlaeminck, a rival in another team. Maertens knew he could not win and he rode the last 80 km with De Vlaeminck in his shelter. Maertens says De Vlaeminck promised 300,000 francs, which De Vlaeminck denies. He says they never discussed money. Maertens says De Vlaeminck paid 150,000 francs, which Maertens gave to Michel Pollentier and Marc Demeyer for their help. Maertens expected a further 150,000 for his own services. De Vlaeminck says they never discussed money and the argument has never closed.

Successes
Freddy Maertens often benefited by the help of his team-mates, Michel Pollentier and Marc Demeyer. They cleared a path through the bunch in the style of an earlier sprinter, Rik Van Looy. Journalists called them the Three Musketeers.

In 1976 he won eight stages of the Tour de France. He won the points classification in 1976 and again in 1978 and 1981. 1977 Vuelta

Maertens won the 1977 Vuelta a España by winning 13 stages, half the total. He imposed his will "like a South American dictator", according to the writer Olivier Dazat. He won the prologue time-trial and led the race from start to finish. 14 of the 20 stages were won by Flandria, with Pollentier taking the other stage win.

1977 Giro

Maertens again took the lead at the start by winning the prologue. He kept it until Francesco Moser became the race leader on stage five. Maertens was expected to take the lead again after Mugello, when there would be a time-trial. He had already won seven stages. The finish at Mugello ended in a crash. Michel Pollentier led Marc Demeyer into the last few hundred metres, with Maertens behind Demeyer. One by one they moved aside to let Maertens through. But he crashed, with Rik Van Linden, and broke a wrist. He abandoned the race and the rest of the team would have returned to Belgium had Maertens not persuaded them otherwise.

Wilderness years

There followed a wilderness period in which he did little of note. He started big races but often stopped after 100 km, or was dropped on unremarkable hills.

It made his performance in the 1981 Tour de France and victory in the 1981 world championship in Prague the more remarkable and was regarded as one of the greatest comebacks in cycling history. In the Tour he won the points classification as well as five stages including the final stage into Paris. In the world championship he finished in front of Giuseppe Saronni and Bernard Hinault, two short and stocky riders like himself. Journalists wondered whether the era of tall, lean riders such as Merckx, Gimondi, and De Vlaeminck was over.

A year later his record faded again. He rarely finished races and shone only in round-the-houses races, where his contract fees were needed to pay his tax debts. He did not defend his title in the 1982 world championship at Goodwood, saying he had injured his knee on a gate. He became fatter and rode for small teams for equally small salaries.

Olivier Dazat said: "His employers sacked him and others stepped in to benefit from the publicity. Freddy often forgot to go to races and was fired again. The press and those around him begged him to stop".

Other successes

As well as the Tour, Vuelta and Giro, his stage race victories included Paris–Nice (1977), the Four Days of Dunkirk (1973, 1975, 1976 and 1978), the Tour of Andalucia (1974, 1975), Tour of Belgium (1974, 1975), Tour de Luxembourg (1975), Tour of Sardinia (1977) and Vuelta y Catalunya (1977).

Despite his sprinting dominance, Maertens never won a one-day classic, coming closest with second places in the Tour of Flanders (1973) and Liège–Bastogne–Liège (1976). He was disqualified from second place in the 1977 Ronde after changing his bike on the Koppenberg climb.

Maertens also won the season-long Super Prestige Pernod International in 1976 and 1977.

Riding style
Maertens was an aggressive rider who pushed high gears. He frequently rode 53 x 13 or 14. He was a talented time-triallist and an excellent sprinter. He nurtured another sprinter Sean Kelly. His time-trial record includes winning the Grand Prix des Nations in 1976.

Financial problems
Maertens and his wife were naïve about money. Carine Maertens said money "flooded in" when her husband reached the top as a professional. Maertens estimated his earnings throughout his career as 10–15 million French francs, "which was a lot of money in the 1970s".

Carine Maertens said: "We let ourselves be sweet-talked by sponsors, team directors, managers, architects, accountants, tax advisers, bankers, investment advisers, doctors. We believed all these people. We believed them because they dressed well and they’d been to school and they could talk well. We had no experience with money, fame, celebrity. We built far too large a villa, we borrowed money until we were raw, we invested in businesses we knew nothing about. We were honest people who trusted others, who never knew there was such nastiness in the world. By the time we realised what was happening, our bank accounts had been plundered. We had a chic villa and not a franc between us".

The Flandria team was riding the Giro d'Italia when it heard rumours of trouble at the Flandria company. He received only half his salary in 1978 and none of the cash to be paid without its being registered in the accounts. In 1979, he was not paid at all. He lost money entrusted to others to invest, including 500 000 francs in the Flandria Ranch, run by his sponsor. He also lost 750 000 francs in a furniture business which burned down. By then he was being challenged by the tax authorities. He won little of significance. He said he was riding for nothing during the day and spending every evening with lawyers. He still disputes the tax that the government demanded. He and his wife lost their house, their car and their furniture.

He owed interest on interest and lost all he had. He calculated his tax bill at 30 million francs [almost US$1 million]. He insisted he owed 1.5 million francs [US$50,000]. He spent long periods without a job and without unemployment benefit and his wife cleaned houses. The problems lasted 30 years. They ended on 10 June 2011. He felt so bitter about Paul Claeys – "not a good guy; he promised and promised and..." – that he refused to attend his funeral in 2012.

Doping
Maertens told L'Équipe that "like everyone else", he had used amphetamines in round-the-houses races but he insisted that he had ridden without drugs in big Tours – not least because he knew he would be tested for them. He was angry when Belgian television used his photograph as a backdrop to discussions about drug-taking in the sport. Rumours intensified when Maertens' successes became erratic.

Maertens was caught in drugs tests. He was first found positive after Professor Michel Debackere perfected a test in 1974 for pemoline, a drug in the amphetamine family that riders believed to be undetectable.

He was disqualified in the Flèche Wallonne of 1977 and found guilty the same year in the Tour de France, the Tour of Belgium and the Tour of Flanders. He also had a positive finding for cortisone in 1986.

Michel Pollentier is quoted as saying: "I told him I could see only one way out for him: to see a psychiatrist, advice he considered stupid. I’ve never hesitated to confess that I spent three weeks under the surveillance of Dr Dejonckheere at the St-Joseph clinic at Ostend and that after treatment I stayed under his control for another two years. Why hide it? It's impossible to come out of a situation like that without the help of a doctor."

Alcohol
Maertens drank champagne during races. And he was for a while salesman for Lanson, a champagne company. Journalists saw crates of champagne at his house and interpreted them as confirmation that he had a drinking problem.

Legend says that on the Friday before the world championship at Goodwood, England, he asked his taxi driver to join him for a pint of beer, "because he sweating so much." Lomme Driessens said: "Too much wine and not enough riding, that's his problem."

Maertens told a reporter, Guy Roger, that the stories were exaggerated. But he acknowledged later that he did have a problem. He attended meetings of Alcoholics Anonymous until word spread that he was there. Now he drinks only non-alcoholic drinks. His body, he said, reacted quickly to alcohol and he could get drunk on a single glass of beer.

Retirement
Maertens retired at the age of 35 in 1987 after deciding during a training ride that he no longer wanted to train in the wind and rain of Flanders. He worked as a salesman after retiring, including in Belgium and Luxembourg for Assos, a Swiss clothing company. He left Assos, he said, when supplies became erratic. He kept a distance from the sport. His weight rose to 100 kg. In 2000 he began to work in the Belgian National Cycling Museum ('Nationaal Wielermuseum') in his hometown Roeselare. Many visitors of the museum liked the presence of a real world champion during their visit. In 2008 he moved to the Centrum Ronde van Vlaanderen (Tour of Flanders Center) in Oudenaarde. In 2017, after health problems, he retired. He works when possible as a volunteer or special guest in both museums. The museum in Roeselare is now renamed to 'KOERS. Museum of Cycle Racing'. The bicycle shop "Maertens Sport" in Evergem on the outskirts of Ghent is owned by Freddy's brother Mario.

Amateur

 * 1971
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG Road race, National Amateur Road Championships
 * 2nd Silver medal uci.svg Road race, UCI Road World Amateur Championships

 * 1972
 * 1st GP Roeselare
 * 1st Omloop Het Volk U23 (nl)
 * 1st Omloop van de Westhoek
 * 2nd Ronde Van Vlaanderen Beloften
 * 4th Circuit des Frontières
 * 5th Flèche Ardennaise

Professional

 * 1973
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 5b (ITT)
 * 1st Scheldeprijs
 * 1st Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 * 1st Leeuwse Pijl
 * 1st Omloop van de Westkust
 * 1st Tour du Condroz
 * 1st GP Roeselare
 * 2nd Silver medal uci.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 2nd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 2nd Elfstedenronde
 * 2nd Tour of the Flemish Ardennes
 * 2nd Omloop van de Westkust
 * 3rd Dwars door België
 * 3rd Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 3rd Omloop van de Grensstreek
 * 3rd Omloop van Oost-Vlaanderen
 * 3rd Liedekerkse Pijl (fr)
 * 4th E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 4th Boucles de l'Aulne
 * 5th Paris–Roubaix
 * 5th Gent–Wevelgem
 * 8th Road race, National Road Championships
 * 8th Amstel Gold Race
 * 9th Grand Prix de Wallonie

 * 1974
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Prologue a & b, Stages 1, 2, 4, 5 & 6
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de Luxembourg
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2
 * 1st Tour of Leuven
 * 1st Jersey yellow flanders.svg Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 * 1st Omloop van Midden-Vlaanderen
 * 1st Nokere Koerse
 * 1st Elfstedenronde
 * Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Points Classification
 * 1st Stages 2, 3 & 4
 * 1st Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 * 1st Izegem Koers (nl)
 * 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 2nd Grand Prix de Wallonie
 * 2nd Critérium des As
 * 3rd Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 3b (ITT)
 * 3rd Brabantse Pijl
 * 3rd Omloop van Oost-Vlaanderen
 * 4th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 * 4th Amstel Gold Race
 * 4th Coppa Ugo Agostoni
 * 4th Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 5th Paris–Tours
 * 5th Overall GP du Midi Libre
 * 5th Boucles de l'Aulne
 * 5th GP Roeselare
 * 6th Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
 * 6th Gent–Wevelgem
 * 6th La Flèche Wallonne
 * 6th Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 6th GP Union Dortmund
 * 7th Paris–Roubaix
 * 8th Omloop Het Volk
 * 9th Milan–San Remo
 * 9th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 9th Gran Piemonte

 * 1975
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Stages 1a, 1b, 5, 6 & 7b
 * 1st Jersey blue.svg Overall Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 1a (ITT), 1b & 2
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 3b (ITT)
 * 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 * 1st Paris–Tours
 * 1st Paris–Brussels
 * 1st Tour of Leuven
 * Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 1, 2a, 2b, 3, 4 & 7b (ITT)
 * 1st Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 * 1st GP Roeselare
 * 2nd Amstel Gold Race
 * 2nd E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 2nd Coppa Ugo Agostoni
 * 2nd Trofeo Baracchi (with Michel Pollentier)
 * 2nd Hyon-Mons
 * 3rd Scheldeprijs
 * 3rd Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne
 * 3rd Gran Premio di Lugano
 * 3rd Critérium des As
 * 4th La Flèche Wallonne
 * 4th Milano–Torino
 * 4th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 * 4th Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 5th Giro di Lombardia
 * 5th Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stage 2
 * 6th Paris–Roubaix
 * 8th Tour of Flanders
 * 9th Milan–San Remo

 * 1976
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stage 2b (ITT)
 * 1st Super Prestige Pernod International
 * 1st Gent–Wevelgem
 * 1st Amstel Gold Race
 * 1st Rund um den Henninger Turm
 * 1st Züri-Metzgete
 * 1st Grand Prix des Nations
 * 1st Brabantse Pijl
 * 1st Jersey yellow flanders.svg Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
 * 1st Trofeo Baracchi (with Michel Pollentier)
 * 1st Critérium des As
 * 1st Stage 1b Escalada a Montjuïc
 * 1st Stage 2 & 3 Tour of Corsica
 * 1st Liedekerkse Pijl (fr)
 * 1st Heusden Koers
 * 2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 2nd Grand Prix de Wallonie
 * 2nd Tour de Wallonie
 * 2nd Omloop van de Grensstreek
 * 2nd G.P Betekom
 * 3rd Overall Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Stage 1a (ITT)
 * 3rd La Flèche Wallonne
 * 4th Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 2, 3, 4, 6a & 6b
 * 4th Paris–Brussels
 * 4th Tour du Condroz
 * 5th Tour of Flanders
 * 5th GP Roeselare
 * 6th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
 * 7th Overall Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Combination classification
 * 1st Prologue & Stage 1
 * 8th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 1, 3 (ITT), 7, 18a, 18b, 21 & 22a (ITT)
 * Held Jersey yellow.svg after Prologue & Stages 1–8
 * 8th Overall Ronde van Nederland
 * 1st Jersey black.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 5a & 5b (ITT)

 * 1977
 * 1st Jersey orange.svg Overall Vuelta a España
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Sprints classification
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11a (ITT), 11b, 13, 16 & 19
 * 1st Jersey white.svg Overall Paris–Nice
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 1a, 1b, 2 & 7b (ITT)
 * 1st MaillotVolta.png Overall Volta a Catalunya
 * 1st Jersey blue lines volta.svg Points classification
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 1, 3b, 4b & 7a (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
 * 1st Stages 1b, 4, 5a & 5b (ITT)
 * 1st Jersey Sardegna (Red-Blue Stripe).png Overall Giro di Sardegna
 * 1st Stage 1
 * 1st Omloop Het Volk
 * 1st Trofeo Laigueglia
 * Giro d'Italia
 * 1st Prologue, Stages 1, 4, 6a, 6b, 7 & 8a
 * Held Jersey pink.svg after Prologue & Stages 1–4
 * Held Jersey violet.svg after Prologue & Stages 1–8b
 * 1st Stage 1 Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Stage 3 Ronde van Nederland
 * 1st Delta Profronde
 * 1st G.P Malderen
 * 1st Super Prestige Pernod International
 * 2nd Tour of Flanders
 * 2nd Trofeo Baracchi (with Joop Zoetemelk)
 * 2nd Giro del Mendrisiotto
 * 3rd Paris–Roubaix
 * 5th Milan–San Remo
 * 5th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 5th Amstel Gold Race
 * 8th Overall Escalada a Montjuïc
 * 8th Paris–Brussels
 * 8th Grand Prix de Wallonie
 * 9th Overall Tour of Belgium

 * 1978
 * 1st Jersey pink.svg Overall Four Days of Dunkirk
 * 1st Stages 2a & 2b
 * 1st Omloop Het Volk
 * 1st E3 Prijs Vlaanderen
 * 1st Tour du Haut Var
 * 1st Châteauroux Classic
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Stages 5 & 7
 * 1st Stage 7a Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 * 1st Stage 5 Tour de Suisse
 * 1st Heusden Koers
 * 2nd Overall Tour of Belgium
 * 1st Jersey red.svg Points Classification
 * 2nd Overall Vuelta a Mallorca
 * 1st Stage 2b
 * 2nd De Kustpijl
 * 2nd Bruxelles–Meulebeke
 * 4th Paris–Roubaix
 * 4th Amstel Gold Race
 * 5th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
 * 6th Trofeo Laigueglia
 * 8th Tour of Flanders
 * 9th Liège–Bastogne–Liège
 * 9th Gent–Wevelgem

1979
 * 9th Primus Classic

 * 1980
 * 1st Stage 1 Cronostafetta
 * 3rd Omloop van West-Brabant
 * 6th Tour of Flanders
 * 6th Giro di Campania
 * 6th Trofeo Pantalica

 * 1981
 * 1st Jersey rainbow.svg Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * Tour de France
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
 * 1st Intermediate sprints classification
 * 1st Stages 1a, 3, 12a, 13, & 22
 * Vuelta a Andalucía
 * 1st Jersey green.svg Points Classification
 * 1st Stage 4
 * 3rd Omloop van West-Brabant
 * 7th Milan–San Remo
 * 10th Dwars door West-Vlaanderen

 * 1982
 * 1st Hyon-Mons
 * 9th Overall Three Days of De Panne

 * 1983
 * 1st G.P du Printemps à Hannut (fr)
 * 7th Grand Prix Pino Cerami

Track

 * 1975
 * 2nd Six Days of Grenoble, Madison
 * 3rd Bronze medal blank.svg National Track Championships (fr), Madison (with Walter Godefroot)

 * 1976
 * 1st Six Days of Dortmund (with Patrick Sercu)
 * 2nd Six Days of Antwerp (with Dieter Kemper)
 * 3rd National Track Championships (fr), Madison (with Marc Demeyer)

 * 1977
 * 1st MaillotBélgica.PNG National Derny Championships
 * 1st Six Days of Antwerp (with Patrick Sercu)
 * 2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Danny Clark)
 * 2nd Six Days of Milan (with Marc Demeyer)
 * 2nd Silver medal blank.svg National Track Championships (fr), Omnium
 * 3rd Bronze medal europe.svg European Championships, Omnium (with Patrick Sercu and Danny Clark)

 * 1978
 * 1st Six Days of Antwerp (with Danny Clark)
 * 3rd Bronze medal europe.svg European Championships, Omnium (with Roman Hermann and Danny Clark)

Records

 * Most stage wins in 1 Tour de France: 8 in 1976 (record shared with Charles Pélissier and Eddy Merckx)
 * Most stage wins in 1 Vuelta a España: 13 in 1977
 * Most Grand Tour stage wins in 1 season: 20 in 1977 (13 stages in the Vuelta a España and 7 in the Giro d'Italia)
 * Most wins in Four Days of Dunkirk: 4 in 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978
 * Most wins in Bruxelles–Meulebeke: 3 in 1973, 1974, 1975

Awards and honours

 * Ruban Jaune: From 1975 to 1997 (record)
 * Gan Challenge: 1976, 1977
 * Swiss Mendrisio d'Or: 1976
 * Belgian Sportsman of the Year: 1981, Runner-up: 1976
 * Introduced in the UCI Hall of Fame: 2002
 * Memoire du Cyclisme – 20th Greatest Cyclist of all Time: 2002
 * Honorary Citizen of Middelkerke: 2004
 * Bust in Lombardsijde: 2005
 * CyclingNews 5th Best Sprinter of All Time: 2023
 * UCI Top 100 of All Time: 3,955 points
 * Procyclingstats.com – All Time Wins Ranking: 10th place (147 wins)

title: Freddy Maertens


text:
Talk:Ecosystem ecology

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 9 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Yunxin Song.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:08, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Sounds
- Sounds a bit like Ecosystem Thermodynamics (e.g. Prigogine).

Merge with Systems Ecology
Hello! I realize I promised to fix the images a weekago (a few months ago) a here they are. I have released them all to public domain which I hope helps with the copyright issues. I have leftout the final image until I can figureout how to use the more specific copyright (one with attribution). Thanks to those of you who have been helping out with this first offering to the Wiki.

Some discussion has been placed on the definition of ecosystem ecology and if it merits its own category. Fields such as ecosystem thermodynamics and systems ecology are closely associated with ecosystem ecology… in fact I can easily see where there may be some confusion distinguishing them. Ecosystem ecology is separated from these fields by two characteristics: 1) Ecosystem ecology deals with pools and fluxes of organisms, elements, and energy 2) the ecosystem is a spatially distinct unit, that is, one where integration of pools and fluxes of those mentioned in (1) can be integrated across space. The result is a framework for examining ecological dynamics in a spatially implicit framework. For spatially explicit see some of the excellent articles on landscape ecology.

Overall, I encourage more dialogue on this. Professional ecologists argue whether many subfields of ecology truly deserve status as separate fields… so why should things be different on the wiki? More discussion could do a lot in defining the similarities and differences among various fields. -Ncycling User:Ncycling  July 3rd 2007

I think this page should be merged/replaced with Systems Ecology. There is very little information contained on this page anyway. Any objections? Cazort 18:23, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

Part of the problem with ecosystem ecology is that the can appear redundant... however, it is an important science for understanding global change, conservation, and especially, many natural resources issues. I feel this page should remain independent and I am planning a major expansion of the material in it. Please post your continued thoughts on this. Best, Ncycling Ncycling January 9, 2007

Any merge would be systems ecology into ecosystem ecology, since ecosystem ecology is a top-level subdisciple of ecology, while systems ecology is one of Odum's "new ideas" that are more popular with engineers than ecologists. Not sure how to merge them without the "undue weight" problems. Guettarda 19:30, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Please find posted tonight a first draft of my wiki contribution. Note also, as this is my first contribution that the formatting may be a little off. I will continue to work on this and pledge to update the page over the next week. The final section will also include a few paragraphs on cheat grass. Help, especially with links and other formatting is very welcome... as well as comments!!! The figures look bad and I will fix them. Please bare with this...

Also, prior to submission, this article has been anonymously reviewed by four ecologists and received favorable reviews. Ncycling February 24, 2007

 * Many thanks to Ncycling for his recent expansion of the article. Wikipedia needs experts! I have some questions though - the article delves very deeply into topics such as how ecosystems work.  Since the article is about the discipline itself, maybe some sections would be better included in more specific articles more suited to such depth, such as Ecosystem. Any thoughts? +A.Ou 23:48, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I also appreciated the recent contributions, though the formatting and diagrams might be refined down the track. I'm also thinking that ecosystems ecology is not that different from systems ecology. 'Ecosystems' is short for 'ecological systems', which is the reverse word order of 'systems ecology'. Given this, it's not clear to me where one discipline starts and the other ends. It would be beneficial to show where the main difference is. The presence of the 'ecosystem engineering' concept also muddies the water re: the distinction between engineers and ecologists. Sholto Maud 04:03, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

What is the distinction between ecosystem ecology and systems ecology? I disagree with the assertion that a merge ought to be into "ecosystem ecology" and not vice versa. A google scholar search yields slightly more scholarly articles referring to "Systems ecology" than to "Ecosystem ecology". Perhaps they are separate fields...but this article in particular does not communicate how they are different. The result is confusion, even to the moderately well-educated reader such as myself. Cazort 02:52, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Ecosystems ecology is one of the three subdivisions of ecology recognized by most ecologists (along with population and community ecology). If you open any ecology textbook you will find a section of the book devoted to ecosystem ecology, but will often find no reference at all to systems ecology in the entire text. I am currently applying for academic jobs in ecology. Ecosystem ecologist is a frequent job description for ecologist jobs (as seen here http://www.biology.duke.edu/jackson/ecophys/faculty.htm) whereas systems ecologist is absent from the diverse list of currently sought after ecologists. The notion that ecosystem ecology should be merged into systems ecology is absurd. Justinleif 04:24, 12 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Your response does not answer my original question: "what is the distinction between ecosystem ecology and systems ecology?" You are talking about which field is considered more mainstream.  I think this is irrelevant to the discussion; Wikipedia is not a place where ideas get more representation just because they are more mainstream.  I will make my original question more precise: what is the distinction between the two fields?  I am curious what defines each field, what makes their approach, philosophy, or methodology different.  I have read Odum's work on System Ecology and from my understanding of it, it seems to encompass, or at least strongly connect with many of the topics discussed in this page.  Systems ecology seems to be characterized by a holistic approach, in contrast to a reductionist approach.  This is in keeping with the well-established idea that ecosystems are complex systems exhibiting emergence.  I am confused as to the two subjects of systems ecology and ecosystem ecology because I have seen the term "ecosystem ecology" used in the literature to refer to a holistic approach which I thought was the defining feature of systems ecology.  For example, Sven Erik Jørgensen lists systems ecology as one of his interests on his homepage, but he recently published a book talking about ecosystem ecology.  Is he simply interested in both subjects, or does he use the terms interchangeably?
 * If you could explain what the distinction is, I would be grateful. Right now, to be honest, this seems more of a political naming scheme than anything else, one that is being used to label certain ideas as orthodoxy and dismiss other ones.  Is anything in "ecosystem ecology" necessarily in conflict with a holistic approach, with the idea of emergence, or with the approach of general systems theory which influenced systems ecology?  Cazort 19:49, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a place where ideas get more representation just because they are more mainstream - actually yes, it is (see WP:NC.
 * My understanding of wikipedia's policy is that if there is dispute (in the literature, which can be sourced) about a naming scheme--i.e. people use the same term to refer to different things, or different terms to refer to the same thing, wikipedia is to make this distinction clear.

 * [W]hat is the distinction between the two fields? - I think the main distinction is philosophical. Mauricio describes systems ecology like this:
 * Systems ecology is a branch of ecology that attempts to understand the structure and function of ecosystems by concentrating on energy inputs and outputs of the system (Odum, 1983; Patten & Jørgensen, 1995). Systems ecology was developed partly as a way to confront the complexity of systems. The system itself is a black box and the approach trades off the ability to understand the details of the components of the system for understanding the system as a whole. (Mauricio, Rodney. 2005. Can ecology help genomics: the genome as ecosystem? Genetica (2005) 123: 205–209

Systems ecology has its origins with the Odums (especially HT Odum), and was developed by people like Holling, Ulanowicz and, apparently, Jørgensen. HT Odum developed a lot of ideas like Emergy and Maximum Power that have never really been accepted by the ecological mainstream. Ecosystem ecology also has its roots in the Odums (and Hutchinson (their doctoral adviser) and Lindeman). That idea has become a major subfield of ecology. HT took his ideas a little further. Many of the people have have embraced this view of ecological systems have opted to use "systems ecology" instead of "ecosystem ecology". The difference, as I see it, is primarily philosophical. Since many of Odum's ideas are either impractical or poorly developed theoretically, many people shy away from identifying too strongly with them. Guettarda 20:56, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This perspective that you are putting forth makes some sense, but it does not fit with everything that I have seen. In a sense it seems more applicable of the field of ecology in the United States.  I see a great deal of material in the literature referring to "systems ecology" to mean things beyond HT Odum's ideas.  Sven Erik Jørgensen's book Integration of Ecosystem Theories (recently in a new edition) uses the words almost interchangeably; he is in Denmark.  As another example, the University of Stockholm has a department of systems ecology.  Is it wedded to HT Odum's ideas?  I doubt it.  But there is an important difference in perspective between European and American ecologists.
 * Also, discussing HT Odum's ideas, I agree that his original ideas were impractical or poorly developed theoretically...but that was then; the philosophical aspects of his approach influenced others who developed other ideas that are more valid, more practical, and more scientifically testable, and I think it's unreasonable to say these things fall outside "systems ecology" just because they are more mainstream. Odum himself has gone in a somewhat different direction (but still embraces systems ecology...check out his (2000) book on modeling systems (ISBN 0125241704); it's a far cry from the material depicted on the current wikipedia page on systems ecology.  Honestly I think that page is really awful...it paints a completely inaccurate picture of systems ecology.  The ideas on it are out-of-date and many have been tossed aside even by people embracing the systems ecology approach.  On top of this the page is poorly written and doesn't even present the original ideas adequately.  But I'm not quite sure how to edit it because I'm not quite sure where "systems ecology" begins and ends.  And this discussion is just leaving me confused...I think I need to talk to someone who has extensive familiarity both approaches/fields of ecology, and most people seem to either be "in" or "out" of the systems ecology camp--which I don't think is a healthy thing for editing wikipedia.  Cazort 22:39, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Beyond Odum? Yes.  But still intellectually descendant of Odum's idea.  For some reason it seems to be most popular in Scandinavia, and among environmental engineers.  As for Odum, sadly he died in 2002.  Guettarda 03:59, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Adding Links
Great job on the page Ncycling. I began adding links to other wikipedia articles, and will try to continue that in the next few days. I agree that ecosystem ecology should not be merged with anything else. It needs to remain a separate article since it is such an important academic field, although I can see that it might sound similar to many other topics that already have wiki pages to non-ecologists. Cheers Justinleif 18:12, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Plant Ecology Winter 2023
— Assignment last updated by Ariabeth (talk) 16:45, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Applied Plant Ecology Winter 2024
— Assignment last updated by Warmedforbs (talk) 01:26, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ecosystem ecology


text: Category:Mendoza Province

title: Category:Mendoza Province


text:
Hexton

Hexton is a small village and civil parish in Hertfordshire, England, about 6 mi west of Hitchin.

This parish is a salient of Hertfordshire jutting northwards into Bedfordshire. The southern half of the parish is part of the chalky downs of the Chiltern Hills, which are covered with short turf and plantations of fir trees. The hills end abruptly and close to their foot lies the village of Hexton. It stands among grass fields and orchards at the beginning of a low plain, which, sloping gradually to the north, becomes merged in the large plain of southern Bedfordshire. The southern boundary of the parish is the grassy Icknield Way.

Hexton formerly belonged to the half-hundred of Hitchin, but when it came into the possession of the abbots of St Albans Abbey it was probably added by them to their hundred of Cashio. Hexton was originally named Hehstanstuna, Hegestanestone (11th century); Hextenestona (14th century); Hextone (15th century), from Anglo-Saxon Heahstānes tūn. Much of the parish was owned by George Hodgson, owner of Hexton Manor, a large modernized house standing in an extensive park. There is no regular village street, but most of the houses are near cross roads, which lead north, south, east and west and connect Hexton with the neighbouring small villages.

Hexton stands in well-wooded and hilly country adjacent to the Bedfordshire border. The church, dedicated to St Faith, is mediaeval with heavy 19th-century restoration. The Manor House in its extensive park dates from at least the 15th century, although it was substantially altered in 1901.

The village was owned by the de Lautour family who lived at the Manor and were descendants of the French Dukes of Bouillon, however the manor and estate was then passed on to Major Sir Patrick Ashley Cooper and is still owned by his descendants.

Ravensburgh Castle
Far older is the Iron Age camp of Ravensburgh Castle, a scheduled ancient monument which straddles a hilltop a mile to the south-west. Limited excavations during the 1960s showed that it was built about 400 BC. and refortified around 50 BC. Rectangular in shape, and enclosing nine hectares, it is strongly defended by a double rampart and ditch on the north, west and south sides, with a more massive rampart on the vulnerable eastern flank. Of its two entrances, that at the northwest corner belongs to the original build, whilst the southeastern entrance was added around 50 BC. A gap halfway along the eastern side is modern.

It has been suggested that Ravensburgh might have been the headquarters of the Celtic chieftain Cassivelaunus, attacked in 54 BC. The excavations showed signs of burning on the eastern rampart. Access to the site is strictly limited. Finds of pottery and a bird-headed weaving comb are in the Stockwood Discovery Centre, Luton. Hexton Chalk Pit is a nature reserve managed by the Herts and Middlesex Wildlife Trust.

title: Hexton


text:
Bernt Notke

Bernt Notke (c. 1440 – before May 1509) was a late Gothic artist from the Baltic region. He has been described as one of the foremost artists of his time in northern Europe.

Life
Very little is known about the life of Bernt Notke. The Notke family came from Tallinn (Estonia) and his father was probably the trader and ship-owner Michel Notke, who had his main business there. His mother was probably Michel's second wife Gertraut, who was from Visby. Bernt Notke was born in the small town of Lassan in Pomerania. He was married (at least once), but the name of his wife remains unknown; she died before he did and is not mentioned in his last will and testament. The couple is known to have had two daughters, one named Anneke and another whose name has not been preserved and who seems to have had an intellectual disability.

He seems to have spent part of his youth in Flanders and there begun to learn his trade as an artist. He probably worked in the workshop of tapestry weaver Pasquier Grenier in Tournai, where he learned to work on art objects of a large scale. He probably also learned how to divide the labour in a workshop in a contemporary way there, as several of his own works were large, communal undertakings (see below). In the early 1460s he settled in Lübeck, where he would continue to live for the larger part of his life, although he would also intermittently live in Sweden and frequently traveled to cities around the Baltic Sea. He is mentioned in written sources for the first time by the city council of Lübeck on 14 April 1467. In 1479, he acquired a stone house on Breite Strasse, a prestigious address in Lübeck. He was in Stockholm for a prolonged period 1491 – 1497, during which time he for three years held the office of mint master of the realm in Sweden, but he left the city after the end of the regency of Sten Sture the Elder. After 1497, he lived in Lübeck until his death in 1509. In 1505, he acquired the title of Werkmeister at the Church of Saint Peter.

Artistic range
Medieval art differed from contemporary art in several ways, not least in that while modern artists often work in private studios, the production of medieval art was a communal undertaking in a workshop. This was also the case with Bernt Notke, who was the head of such a workshop. During renovation of the large triumphal cross made by Notke in 1470–77, a note signed by Notke and five co-workers was discovered in a hollow part of one of the sculptures. It lists, apart from Notke himself, a carpenter, a painter and three other artisans. The question whether Notke was first and foremost a painter, a woodworker or simply main organiser and entrepreneur is not clear. He was called "painter" by the city council of Lübeck in a document from 1467. He and his workshop produced art in the form of tapestries, wooden sculptures, and paintings. The main type of artwork produced by the workshop of Bernt Notke was altarpieces, incorporating both sculptures and painting. Encyclopædia Britannica claims that he was also active as an engraver, but this claim is not found in other sources.

Lübeck Danse Macabre
It has been pointed out that already the first work known to have been made by Notke (between 1463 – 1466) is of unusual character: it was a 2 m high and at least 26 m long tapestry depicting the popular late medieval motif of the Danse Macabre (the dance of Death), made for a chapel of St. Mary's Church in Lübeck. It was lost, most likely destroyed, during the allied bombing of Lübeck in 1942. A copy, made in 1701 by Anton Wortmann, survives.

Tallinn Danse Macabre
A second Danse Macabre, made at approximately the same time as the one in Lübeck, survives in part (c. 7 m) Tallinn (Estonia), in St. Nicholas' Church. It has been suggested that the fragment in Tallinn may have been a piece cut out from the Lübeck Danse Macabre, but this is not certain. Regardless, both display the characteristic vivid expressionism that would become characteristic for Notke.

Lübeck triumphal cross
In 1470 – 1478, Notke executed a very large sculpture group, a so-called triumphal cross (in English sometimes referred to as a rood) for display in Lübeck Cathedral. It consists of a total of 72 sculptures and is made of oak wood; dendrochronology has confirmed that the wood comes from oak trees felled near Lübeck c. 1470. The ensemble has been praised for its realism, monumentality and expressiveness. The patron ordering the art-piece was bishop Albert Krummedik. Notke and his workshop also executed an elaborate gallery in Lübeck Cathedral, ordered by the mayor of Lübeck.

Aarhus Cathedral altarpiece
In 1479 the altarpiece of Aarhus Cathedral in Denmark was inaugurated, another monumental work from Notke's workshop. As with the Lübeck triumphal cross, it was commissioned by an important member of the clergy, bishop. With its 12 m of height, it was at the time the largest altarpiece in the Nordic countries. It consists of a large number of sculptures, where the central panel contains three large, dominating sculptures of Saint Anne, John the Baptist and Pope Clement I. The altarpiece is signed by Bernt Notke in three places. Influences from the early Northern Renaissance that began to spread from the Low Countries at this time can be traced in the realistic portraiture of some of the sculptures.

High Altar in the Tallinn Church of the Holy Ghost
Another lavish altarpiece made by Notke is that of the Church of the Holy Ghost in Tallinn (Estonia), finished in 1483. It can be safely attributed to Notke also due to the fact that several letters by his hand have been preserved, in which he asks for the delayed payment for the altarpiece. The altarpiece is considerably more modest at a height of 3.5 m, but it is significant in that it is the earliest altarpiece in the Baltic region where the central panel is not a formal line-up of saints but rather depicts a biblical scene, in this case the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and Mary. Other novelties introduced to the art of the region through this altarpiece is the setting of the scene in an independent interior space (the scene takes place in a chapel) and, on the more technical side, a new system of folds in the drapery of the sculptures. It is the only of Notke's altarpieces that still retains the original paint and colour.

Saint George and the Dragon (Stockholm)
Arguably the most famous sculpture by Notke is the free-standing sculpture of Saint George and the Dragon for Storkyrkan (the main church) in Stockholm inaugurated on New Year's Eve 1489. The statue had been commissioned by the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder, to commemorate Sture's victory over King Christian I of Denmark in the 1471 Battle of Brunkeberg. There is a copy of the sculpture in St. Catherine's Church in Lübeck and one in bronze on Köpmantorget in Stockholm (inaugurated 1912). The statue inspired numerous other (albeit less elaborate) wooden depictions of the same subject in Sweden, Finland and Germany.

Other works
A number of other unusual pieces of art in Sweden have been attributed to Notke's workshop. One is a portrait sculpture depicting Charles VIII of Sweden, today in Gripsholm Castle but originally possibly from the Riddarholm Church or part of the Saint George and the Dragon sculpture group (see above). The altarpiece in Rytterne Church in Västmanland in Sweden has also been attributed to Bernt Notke; it displays the Mass of Saint Gregory in an unusually realistic way. There is also a sculpture depicting Saint Eric in Strängnäs Cathedral, one depicting Thomas Becket (previously in Skepptuna Church but now in the Swedish History Museum) and an altarpiece in a church in Skellefteå in Sweden. An altarpiece that has only survived in fragments, the Schonenfahrer altarpiece (currently in St. Anne's Museum Quarter, Lübeck) is attributed to Notke on stylistic grounds.

Works previously attributed to Notke and lost works
Previously, an altarpiece in Trondenes Church near Harstad in Norway (the world's northernmost medieval church) was attributed to Notke, but the attribution has later been called into doubt. Several other works from different countries around the Baltic Sea and in Belgium have also earlier been attributed to Notke, but without much certainty. A number of works by Notke's hand have also been lost. The main altarpiece of Uppsala Cathedral was made by Notke but destroyed in a fire in 1702 (the appearance of approximately half of the altarpiece is known through drawings). Made in c. 1471, this colossal altarpiece dedicated to St. Eric probably helped establish Notke's reputation in Scandinavia. A large painting depicting the Mass of Saint Gregory for Saint Mary's Church in Lübeck is likewise known via depictions in the form of photographs, but the original was destroyed during the 1942 bombing of the city.

Appraisal
Notke is widely recognised as an accomplished artist. He has been described as "one of the most important artists in eastern Germany and the surrounding area during the 15th century" and "one of the most important late Gothic artists in northern Europe". Philippe Dollinger states that if there is any artist who can be called "Hanseatic", it is Notke. It has been said that he was the only artist in northern Germany who can be compared with the astonishing artistic developments in the south of the country, and at the same time that he is the foremost representative of late Gothic art in the Baltic region. Jan Svanberg calls him one of the greatest late Gothic artists in Europe and considers especially the Saint George and the Dragon in Stockholm and the triumphal cross in Lübeck to be among the masterpieces of European sculpture. Others note his "forceful personality" and compares Notke to a "North German antipode to Veit Stoss, both as a producer of altarpieces and as a personality". Still others have been less exuberant in their praise and he has also been called "a routine producer of altarpieces".

As noted above, Bernt Notke directly or indirectly influenced the evolution of art in the Baltic region, and influences derived from Notke can be seen in works of art as far south as Lüneburg (where a Danse Macabre by Hans Espenrad is considered a direct influence from Notke). At least two of his pupils are known by name, (also known as Hynryk Wylsynck, fl. c. 1483, died 1533) and Henning van der Heide (c. 1460 – 1521). Henning van der Heide is recognised as his most accomplished follower.

Commemoration
A sculpture commemorating Bernt Notke stands in the harbour of his native town Lassan.

title: Bernt Notke


text:
Estadio Tres de Marzo

The Estadio Tres de Marzo is a stadium in Zapopan, Jalisco, México. It is currently used for football and American football. The stadium is the home ground of Tecos of the Liga Premier de México, Halcones de Zapopan and Jaguares de Jalisco of the Liga de Balompié Mexicano and Reyes de Jalisco of the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional. It has a capacity of 18,779 and was constructed inside the campus of the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara.

History
Construction of the Estadio Tres de Marzo began on 1971, when the newly founded football team of the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG), that back then played in the third tier of Mexican football, needed a stadium. The steel stands were prefabricated and had a capacity of around 3,000 people. The stadium was named to honor the establishing date of the UAG: 3 March 1935.

In 1973, in virtue of UAG ascending to the second level of Mexican football and according to a ruling from the Mexican Football Federation that demanded that Second Division teams must have a stadium with minimum capacity of 15,000 people, new concrete stands were constructed on the sides of the pitch.

In 1975, after the Tecos de la UAG ascended to the Primera División de Mexico, the stands were once again remodeled in order to meet the minimum demands of the division which was 25,000 people.

The stadium once again went through renovation in order to accommodate the 1986 World Cup which brought the capacity to 30,015 people after new standing room areas were created.

In 1999, Estadio Tres de Marzo underwent its last major renovation which included improvements such as a new pitch and drainage system. The stadium earns its name for the founding date of the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, On March 3, 1935.

Later, in 2009, Estadio Tres de Marzo was remodeled to fit the new modern look of Estudiantes Tecos and changed the stands' colors from being yellow and red, to wine red, while also drawing out the team's logo in the middle of both the east and west sides of the main stands.

In June 2020, Jaguares de Jalisco and Halcones de Zapopan of the Liga de Balompié Mexicano moved to the stadium. Jaguares de Jalisco and UAG invested money in renovations for the stadium.

In February 2022, ahead of the 2022 LFA season, the Reyes de Jalisco of the Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional (LFA) announced that they would play in the stadium, becoming the first professional gridiron football team to do so.

1986 FIFA World Cup
It hosted 3 matches of the tournament.

Facilities
To account for being inside of UAG, a 4,000 vehicle parking lot is found along la Avenida de la Patria, which provides easy access to nearly the entire city of Guadalajara.

title: Estadio Tres de Marzo


text:
Anticipatory repudiation

Anticipatory repudiation or anticipatory breach is a concept in the law of contracts which describes words or conduct by a contracting party that evinces an intention not to perform or not to be bound by provisions of the agreement that require performance in the future.

Repudiation and retraction
A party is considered to have repudiated a contract when they evidence a lack of willingness or an inability to perform their contractual obligations. A repudiation of a contract by one party (the repudiating party) will entitle the other party (the aggrieved party) to elect to terminate the contract. This is based on objective intentions i.e. the repudiating party's words or conduct.; This unwillingness or inability to perform a condition must deprive the aggrieved party of substantially the whole of the benefit that they would have received if the remaining obligations were performed under the contract. When such an event occurs, the performing party to the contract is excused from having to fulfill his or her obligations. However, the repudiation can be retracted by the promising party so long as there has been no material change in the position of the performing party in the interim. A retraction of the repudiation restores the performer's obligation to perform on the contract.

Another rationale for the doctrine of repudiation is based on the breach of an implied term not rendering future performance futile: "[O]ne essential promise which is implied in every contract is that neither party will without just cause repudiate his obligations under the contract, whether the time for performance has arrived or not."

Repudiation of a contract by one party entitles the other party the right to terminate and claim for damages. However, it is possible that the repudiating party does not repudiate the entire contract but only certain obligations. In this case, the aggrieved party will only acquire the right to terminate if the repudiating party repudiates an obligation which, if breached, would grant a right to terminate.

If the promising party's repudiation makes it impossible to fulfil its promise, then retraction is not possible and no act by the promising party can restore the performing party's obligations under the contract. For example, if A promises to give B a unique sculpture in exchange for B painting A's house, but A then sells the sculpture to C before B begins the job, this act by A constitutes an anticipatory repudiation which excuses B from performing. Once the sculpture has left A's possession, there is no way that A can fulfil the promise to give the sculpture to B.

The Privy Council ruled in 1966 that a party who asserts "a genuinely held but erroneous view as to the effect of the contract" should not be treated as in repudiation, but in the case of Vaswani v Italian Motors, a car seller's conduct went beyond mere assertion of such an opinion, and in demanding more money for a sale than the agreed price, and in forcing the intending buyer into loss of his deposit, the conduct was held to be repudiatory. This was the case even though the demand for a higher price was made bona fide because the supply price for the car, a Ferrari Testarossa, had increased during the order period.

The question arises as to why any party would want to provide notice of anticipatory breach. The reason is that once the performing party is informed of the anticipatory breach, a duty is then created for the performing party to mitigate damages as a result of the breach. Another situation where anticipatory repudiation can occur is where a party has reason to believe the other party is not going to perform and requests reasonable assurances that the other party will perform (see UCC 2-609(1)). If such reasonable assurances are not given, it will constitute anticipatory repudiation, for which the performing party has various remedies, including termination. However, anticipatory repudiation only applies to a bilateral executory contract with non-performed duties on both sides. Additionally, the repudiation must be unequivocal.

Measuring damages
In some or all common law jurisdictions, the measure of damages for an anticipatory breach is no different from the measure of damages for any other breach of contract.

Uniform Commercial Code
According to UCC 2-713(1), damages are to be measured at the time when the buyer learned of the breach. This is easy with a one transaction sale, e.g. a widget at the purchaser's door step on X date; but when does the purchaser learn of the breach in an anticipatory repudiation? There are three main views:

 * 1) When the buyer learns of the repudiation
 * 2) When the buyer learns of repudiation plus a commercially reasonable time
 * 3) UCC 2-610(a) gives this indication, the purchaser would be waiting at your risk if the vendor determined the market price at the time you learn of repudiation.
 * 4) UCC 2-723(1) would indicate this, but it would be superfluous with 2-713 so 2-713 must have something other than the plain meaning.
 * 5) (1) If an action based on anticipatory repudiation comes to 2-723 trial before the time for performance with respect to some or all of the goods, any damages based on market price (Section UCC 2-708 or Section UCC 2-713) shall be determined according to the price of such goods prevailing at the time when the aggrieved party learned of the repudiation.
 * 6) This is the majority view: when repudiation is accepted or within a commercial reasonable time
 * 7) Time of performance, when the trail that occurs after the time of performance
 * 8) This is different from the plain reading for UCC 2-713.

title: Anticipatory repudiation


text: User talk:151.188.16.19

title: User talk:151.188.16.19


text:
Kamezuka Park

Kamezuka Park (亀塚公園) is a children's park in Minato Ward Mita 4-16-20 in Tokyo in Japan. A literal translation of its name is “turtle tomb park”. It lies on the Tsuki no Misaki plateau. A Japanese temple, Saikai-ji, is next to the park.

title: Kamezuka Park


text:
Shari Eubank

Shari Eubank (born June 12, 1947) is a retired American actress, best known for her starring role in the Russ Meyer film Supervixens.

Biography
Eubank was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico on June 12, 1947. The following year, her family moved east to Farmer City, Illinois. Eubank attended Farmer City High School, where she was a cheerleader and homecoming queen. After graduating from high school in 1965, Eubank studied at Illinois Wesleyan University and became a member of the Masquers—a student drama organization. Graduate work followed, before she began a modeling and acting career that included two feature films.

Meyer, who said "she had real guts", said she inherited a great deal of money from her family.

Filmography

 * Supervixens (1975), SuperAngel/SuperVixen
 * Chesty Anderson, USN (1976), Chesty Anderson

title: Shari Eubank


text:
Estadio Neza 86

Estadio Neza 86 is a football stadium in Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, a commuter town located east of Mexico City in the State of Mexico. The stadium is located on the grounds of the main campus of the Universidad Tecnológica de Nezahualcóyotl. The stadium will be renovated soon, which will decrease the capacity.

History
The stadium is often reported to have been constructed primarily as a venue for the 1986 FIFA World Cup. It was however already opened in 1981, while Mexico was not awarded the World Cup until 1983. The venue was first called Estadio José López Portillo before receiving the name Neza 86 for the World Cup tournament.

Club Deportivo Coyotes Neza
Club Deportivo Neza were in need of a suitable home arena, the Coyotes having played their home games under temporary conditions since their rise to the México Primera División in 1978. Deportivo Neza used the stadium from its opening until the club had to withdraw from the Primera División for financial reasons at the end of the 1987-88 season.

Club de Fútbol Potros Neza
After the Coyotes' withdrawal from professional football, newly formed CF Potros Neza stepped in. Potros had acquired their licence for then second-tier Segunda División from first-league team Correcaminos UAT, who had in turn bought their Primera División licence from Deportivo Neza. The Potros were off to a good start as they reached promotion immediately in the 1988-89 season. However, the team fell apart after their first-league licence was sold to CD Veracruz before the kick-off of the 1989-90 season.

Toros Neza
Nezahualcóyotl's next sporting hope were Toros Neza, who saw promotion to the Primera División in 1993. However, right into their first season they were confronted with a problem new to Mexican football: The Mexican Football Federation questioned the suitability of Estadio Neza as a top-flight stadium, although it was only 12 years old and had 7 years before served as a World Cup venue. Soon the stadium was banned from hosting Primera División matches, so that the Toros were forced to play 14 home games of the 1993-94 season in Pachuca. After some upgrades to the stadium, first league football came back to  Estadio Neza in 1994-95 and remained there until the Toros were relegated in 2000. During the following two seasons, the venue saw second-tier football, with the Toros playing in the Primera División A. After the Toros sold their licence, the stadium was threatened by vacancy.

Between 2010 and 2013, a new team called Toros Neza returned to the stadium, participating in the Ascenso MX, in Clausura 2013 the club won the championship and played the promotion final to Liga MX, however, the team was not promoted and at the end of the season it was sold to new owners, who relocated it to Ciudad del Carmen and was renamed as Delfines F.C.

In 2014 another project was created to continue football in Neza, participating in the Liga Premier de Ascenso, finally, this team was dissolved in 2015 due to financial problems.

In 2020, a new club called Neza Fútbol Club, but with the aim of recovering the identity of the Toros, showed plans to use the stadium in the Liga de Balompié Mexicano, at first, the City Council denied permission to use this enclosure due to lack of security conditions due to the deterioration of the stadium, finally, in November the team was allowed to play its matches in this place, so professional football returned to the stadium after of five years.

Atlante
A new tenant was found in nearby Mexico City-based Atlante, who did not have their own stadium and had been guests at Estadio Azteca, which was oversized for their purposes. Atlante played most of their home matches of the 2002–03 and 2003-04 seasons at Estadio Neza 86, bringing first-division football back to Nezahualcóyotl. However, due to tensions between the Municipal Authority and Atlante's management, during the Clausura 2004 the club pulled out of the stadium and returned to host its home games back at Estadio Azteca.

1986 FIFA World Cup
Estadio Neza 86 hosted three matches during the 1986 FIFA World Cup.

Current use
Since November 2020, the stadium is used by Neza Fútbol Club, a team that participates in the Liga de Balompié Mexicano, an independent league of the Mexican Football Federation. Since July 2021, the stadium is also used by Leviatán F.C., a team that plays in Serie A de México.

title: Estadio Neza 86


text:
Graveley, Hertfordshire

Graveley is a village and civil parish about four miles east of Hitchin and two miles north of Stevenage in Hertfordshire, England. The population of the parish in the 2011 census was 487. A milestone in the village states that it is 33 miles from London.

History
Graveley is mentioned in the Domesday Book. It was granted by William the Conqueror to Goisbert of Beauvais. The village is built on a Roman road, which developed into a section of the Great North Road. The village was by-passed by the A1 (M) motorway in the 1960s.

Parish boundaries
The parish absorbed the site of a lost settlement, Chesfield (or Chivesfield), about a mile to the east of Graveley; little remains there apart from the ruined walls of its 14th-century church, a farm and a couple of cottages. Graveley and Chesfield had been separate parishes but were united in 1445.

In 1953 the southern part of Graveley parish, including Corey's Mill and the future site of the Lister Hospital, was transferred to become part of Stevenage Urban District.

In 2011 Graveley parish ceded some of its territory to become the new civil parish of Great Ashby.

Architecture
The medieval church is of flint construction. There are a number of attractive cottages and houses, including The George and Dragon pub, which has an 18th-century facade, and The Wagon & Horses. At one time there were four pubs, but two have now closed down.

title: Graveley, Hertfordshire


text:
Category:Lakes of Trinidad and Tobago

This category is for articles pertaining to lakes and reservoirs in Trinidad and Tobago.

title: Category:Lakes of Trinidad and Tobago


text:
Talk:List of United States Navy installations

Untitled
removing NS Roosevelt Roads as it is no longer active. Article states active bases.--Mitsukai 14:40, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 44 external links on List of United States Navy installations. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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Interactive map is faulty
Red dots show navy bases. There are Navy bases in Texas and Washington state, but they are not shown on the map. This needs to be fixed.Dogru144 (talk) 13:50, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

Korea
On this page “Republic of Korea” and “South Korea” are two different categories. I think they should be combined. NotFromMarkkleeberg (talk) 22:40, 15 March 2024 (UTC)


text:
Wansdyke (district)

Wansdyke was a non-metropolitan district within the County of Avon west of England from 1974 to 1996.

The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974 as part of a reform of local authorities throughout England and Wales. Under the reorganisation, the area surrounding the cities of Bath and Bristol was formed into the new county of Avon, named after the river that passes through the area. The county was divided into six districts, one of which was formed from the areas of the Keynsham and Norton-Radstock urban districts, Bathavon Rural District and part of Clutton Rural District in Somerset. The district was named after the Wansdyke earthwork.

Following a review by the Local Government Commission for England, both the County of Avon and District of Wansdyke were abolished on 1 April 1996. Wansdyke was merged with neighbouring City of Bath to form the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset.

The Parliamentary constituency of Wansdyke, covering a similar but not identical area, was replaced at the 2010 general election when it was split and merged into the North East Somerset and Kingswood constituencies.

title: Wansdyke (district)


text:
User:Rxs~enwiki

Let me sandbox. thanx to Oblivious introducing me, i am wiki-ing

title: User:Rxs~enwiki


text:
Pasquale Cicogna

Pasquale Cicogna was the Doge of Venice from 1585 to 1595. He supported the claim of Henry of Navarre to the French throne, and convinced Pope Sixtus V to support Henry in exchange for his conversion to Catholicism.

He broke with tradition by scattering silver coins, rather than gold ducats, to the crowd during his coronation procession. These coins were known from then on as cicognini. As his reign of Doge continued his popularity increased because he was very diplomatic and able to tackle major problems with great success.

Arguably, one of his greatest successes was converting the Rialto Bridge, one of Venice's major landmarks and the only bridge over the Grand Canal of Venice, from wood to stone between 1588 and 1591. Although greater names such as Michelangelo had submitted designs, Pasquale chose the more humble architect Antonio da Ponte and his nephew Antonio Contin to design and rebuild the Rialto Bridge. After Pasquale Cicogna died of a fever in 1595 a memorial was inscribed on the bridge to the Doge. His dogaressa was Laura Morozini.

title: Pasquale Cicogna


text: Template:Marre, Pinkepank - Diesel spotters guide