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Hethersett

Hethersett is a large village and electoral ward in the county of Norfolk, England, about 6 mi south-west of Norwich. It covers an area of 4.22 sqmi and had a population of 5,441 in 2,321 households at the 2001 census, increasing to 5,691 at the 2011 census. In 2013 Hethersett became the first village or town in the United Kingdom to receive a Prime Minister's Big Society Award for its outstanding contribution to the Olympic legacy and sport and fitness in general.

History
The Parish of Hethersett is, by Norfolk standards, a large one, covering 2,695 acres; it was the main settlement in the ancient Hundred of Humbleyard; it lies in the Deanery of Humbleyard and in the South Norfolk district.

Hethersett stretched three miles from east to west along the line of the B1172 (the old Norwich to London road) and two miles from northwest to southeast. The road cuts it into slightly larger northern and smaller southern divisions; the Norwich to Cambridge railway follows its southern boundary but otherwise the parish has no obvious physical limits and presumably represents the land needed to feed the Saxon settlements that grew up in the area.

Residential developments to the North of the village, toward little Melton has given rise to the discovery of a Roman settlement, possibly including a Roman Villa. Residential development to the north west of the village had been put on hold as a result of the discovery of this Roman find. Trial excavations in late 2020 established that further investigations are needed.

From the west, moving in a clockwise direction, the parishes contiguous with this are those of Wymondham, Great Melton, Little Melton, Colney, Cringleford, Intwood (now part of Keswick) and Ketteringham.

The meaning of the name of Hethersett is not clear; the guide to the church suggests the enclosure for the deer: 'heedra' is an Old English word for heather or heath, and 'set' is Old English for a dwelling place, camp, stable or fold. This would give the meaning as being that of a camp or enclosure on the heath.

Although the name is Saxon, we have evidence of earlier settlers; a New Stone Age long barrow (burial mound) lies in Cantley and two areas of Roman pottery have been found in the northern part of the parish; in view of the existence of a great Roman centre at Caistor St Edmund, the latter finds are nor surprising.

The earliest description of Hethersett comes to us in the Domesday Book account of 1086; it would seem that there were perhaps 400 people in the parish by that time. The Lord of the Manor had 87 sheep and seven hives of bees, perhaps gathering nectar from the heather, among his possessions.

The Domesday Book also mentions the church with its 60 acres of land, a handsome endowment: no Saxon or Norman work remains to be seen because of later rebuilding. There is also mention of a second church and this presumably applies to the church of Cantley, then a separate parish, of which nothing now remains except some mounds in a pasture to the north of Cantley Farm. This small parish was amalgamated with its larger neighbour in 1397 although the church was used as a chapel until the 16th century.

During medieval times, the parish seems to have had an uneventful history. The present parish church was begun in 1320 and the tower and nave arcades and windows are in the decorated style (1290–1330). It is dedicated to St Remigius (438–533), the great Bishop of Rheims. Remigius de Hethersete, a priest who also participated in the building of Hingham Church, may have suggested the dedication in honour of his name-saint. The clerestory of the nave and the lovely north porch were added in the 15th century.

The Domesday village had become three manors or at least was part of three manors by the 13th century. These became known as Hethersett Cromwells, Hethersett Hacons and Hethersett Woodhall. Cromwells was the chief manor and its manor house was probably in the meadows immediately to the south of Church Farm. Hacons and Woodhall sites are less certain and the lands of these manors lay in the neighbouring parishes as well as Hethersett. Thickthorn seems to have had a separate hamlet with its own moated house near to the present Hall.

As the community grew during the 16th century, the commons became especially important to those who had little other land. Hethersett with its open green, Lynch Green, would have had cottages and farm buildings around the edge. Lynch Green opened out westwards to the great common where Wymondham, Great Melton and Hethersett parishes met. The most famous event in Hethersett's history took place in 1549 when Robert Kett and his men tore down John Flowerdew's hedges on Hethersett common. Kett's Oak is said to commemorate the spot where rebels gathered before marching to Mousehold Heath in Norwich.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, several fine houses were built or added to in the village. Access was improved by the turnpiking of the main road in the middle of the 17th century. Farmhouses of some style were built at Hill Farm, Whitehouse Farm, Cedar Grange and Beech Grove as yeomen bought up land and some of the common fields disappeared.

Woodhall, the Priory and the Old Hall were modernised and extended by Norwich merchants such as John Buckle, Mayor of Norwich in 1793, who lived in the Priory.

In the early 19th century, Hethersett Hall was built and its attractive park and ornamental lake laid out by the Back family. The Hill House estate was laid out in the 1780s by a Mr Brown. Perhaps the greatest change of all came as a result of the enclosure award of 1799 when Lynch Green was divided up and disappeared as an open space, although the tithe map shows that there were still only a few houses along Mill Road and Great Melton Road in 1844.

In Victorian Miniature, Owen Chadwick gives us a detailed account of life in the area in the middle of the 19th century. The Rev William Waite Andrew, the Vicar of Ketteringham and one of the two central characters in the book, lived at Woodhall which he bought for £3,600 in 1841, and to which he added a new western extension.

In the 19th century, village crafts and small industries employed a number of men locally; two windmills existed, one giving the name to Mill Road. Three smithies existed in the village in the 1880s and carriages were built at Harveys. There was a brickyard in Queen's Road. The railway lasted 120 years; it arrived as the Norwich & Brandon Railway in 1846, but was closed to passengers in 1966.

Hethersett lies so close to Norwich that many think of it as just another of its suburbs. It is, however, a separate community with its own vitality and quite a marked community spirit. This shows itself in a range of activities in the village but also in more permanent ways in items provided for the village through the efforts of villagers. These include a learner swimming pool in the Middle School, a bench in the memory of Zita James sited at the church, a cassette library, the conversion of School House in the Middle School to provide a Music Room, the erection of a village sign, village street plans, the Jubilee Youth Club and the Scout and Guide Hut. Trees have been planted in various parts of the village and a memorial plaque has been erected on the site of the old School (No 3 Queen's Road). The Parish Council have provided litter bins, salt and grit bins for use in icy weather and "Fido" bins. The village has a football team, Hethersett Athletic, that caters for boys and girls football from around 5 years old to men's and women's football teams.

In September 1994 the new village hall was opened in Back Lane, funded mostly by Wilcon Homes under a Section 106 Planning Gain agreement. The hall has a purpose-built stage with seating for 250 and provides a committee room for 50 people.

In 1801 Hethersett had a population of 696 (in 90 houses), by 1851 this number had nearly doubled, but it never reached this total again until 1931; since then and especially in the last 20 years or so, Hethersett's population has risen to over 5,000. It is now as large as some of Norfolk's market towns. During the past seven years the Steepletower site near the parish church has expanded rapidly; by 1995 about 360 dwellings had been completed out of a projected figure of 520.

Water supply, mains drains, a new surface water drainage system, street lights, branch library, new first school and high school, reflect the demands of a rapidly growing population for improved services. The village has its own post office, surgery, pharmacy and dentist and the square in Great Melton Road (known to locals as Oak Square) has is the centre of the shopping works fir the village. Here you can find a national chain supermarket, two independent take away food outlets, the post office, a hairdressers, an independent gift shop and an estate agent.

Other shops on the same road consist of two charity shops, a butchers and a chemist.

One other independent shop selling food, alcohol and newspapers is adjacent to the recreation field on Recreation Road.

The village has two pubs, the Queens Head and the Kings Head. The village also has a social club that is home to a bowls club and has a clubhouse bar and function room.

In 2020 Norfolk Police bought the former Old Hall School and this will become a police training centre, for Norfolk police and other constabularies around the UK.

The construction of the A11 dual carriageway from Cringleford to Wymondham initially reduced the traffic using the old A11 (now B1172), but with the growth of nearby Wymondham in terms of residential development along the Norwich Road corridor since 2018, the amount of traffic using the B1172 continues to increase.

The effects of the opening of the Norwich Southern Bypass are less direct, but already land nearby has come under pressure for development. Hethersett's situation so close to Norwich with its excellent facilities and transport links means pressures for growth and development (both desirable and undesirable) will continue in the foreseeable future.

Despite the substantial growth of housing over the last 40 years, the Parish of Hethersett still has much wildlife interest. The built up area covers less than 25% of this large parish, leaving a considerable acreage of arable land and open spaces.

Two areas of much interest are the Kissing and Suckling Lanes, both public footpaths. From the former the walker has excellent views of the park with its remaining large trees and lake. Members of the thrush family regularly feed here; sometimes in early spring these include large gatherings of fieldfares and redwings before they depart for their eastern breeding grounds. Both Canada and Barnacle geese breed in the vicinity of the lake where mallards, moorhens and coots are regularly seen. Commorants also visit these waters with a variety of other ducks dropping in from time to time. The careful observer can often see a patient heron or even a kingfisher waiting for a catch.

There are many interesting walks in the parish including footpaths to the Village Pit and from New Road to Great Melton church. They contain old hedges and mature trees providing suitable homes for various birds. Hethersett continues to grow but it remains a village with much natural beauty for those with the eyes and ears willing to seek it.

St Remigius Parish Church
Hethersett had a church at the time of the Domesday Book of 1086. How long before is unknown. There is nothing visible of the early building. Today's church dates from the 14th century with 15th-century additions. It is built of flints and local field stones with Caen stone dressings and the roof is of lead and slate.

The tower, built in four stages, supports a lead-dressed steeple which is topped by a weathervane depicting a dove perched upon a coiled serpent and holding in its beak, love-lies-bleeding. Chequered flushwork of dressed stone and flints around the plinth and buttress facings contrast with the field stones and small patches of brickwork of the tower walls. There are niches at the lower levels and a 14th-century west window with decorated tracery.

A clock faces the road, and below the battlements, on each face, are 14th-century two-light openings. Small quatrefoil openings provide daylight to the tower stairs ascending in the southwest corner. A medieval door to the stairs gives access to eight bells cast between 1607 and 1904.

An attractive 15th-century porch on the north side is built with broken flints embellished with flushwork. It is entered through a perpendicular arch flanked by side shafts with salamander capitals and angels carved within spandrels.

Inside, the ribs of a fine vaulted ceiling supporting the priest room above spring from carved corbels. The nave, enhanced in the 15th century and restored in 1858 has two roof lines and a shallow clerestory. Both aisles have matching windows.

The north side is buttressed with dressed stone and flint while at the south, red brick replaces earlier work.

Around 1535, following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the chancel fell into disrepair. Rebuilding took place in 1897 and at the same time transepts were formed by extending the aisles eastwards. Field stones and flint facings salvaged from the foundations of the nearby ruined hall were used in the rebuild. Diagonal buttresses support the corners. The east window dates from the 14th century. Gable crosses adorn the chancel and nave.

Inside, floral decoration and texts are painted above the arches of the arcades, tower and chancel. An early 13th-century styled piscina with a marble colonette is in the chancel and another, with a trefoil head of 14th-century origins, in the Lady Chapel.

The octagonal font with traceried bowl now stands at the west end of the north aisle. The beautifully painted panels of the reredos depicting saints was the work of Sister Myra of All Hallows' Convent, Ditchingham.

In 1858, the stonework was restored and the church refitted with open benches, oak pulpit, etc., at a cost of £1,200, raised by subscription. Henry Back, J. H. Gurney and the rector were the largest contributors, the former also restoring the belfry, recasting one bell, and the latter, restoring the south porch and the two altar tombs.

Mr Back gave the organ in 1874. There are several memorials inside the church, one of the most striking being that of John Luke Iselin in the form of a black ledger stone of marble in the central aisle of the nave. He was a native of Basel in Switzerland, who came to this country in the 1770s and applied for naturalisation in 1772 after making a success as partner of a wool stapling business.

The earliest headstones are to be found at the west end of the churchyard. There is one to Mary, daughter of John and Mary Bowles, 1708, to Abigail Howes, 1779, and to Sarah, the wife of Robert Harpley, 1791.

The churchyard today is a tranquil place but in the early years of the 19th century, when body snatchers were active in acquiring bodies for anatomical dissection, there is a report that on 2 February 1825, "A body of an old man, buried in Hethersett churchyard was stolen by resurrection men. A similar outrage took place in Thorpe churchyard on the same date." An interesting connection to this incident was the fact that on 21 January 1829, there was a doctors' meeting at the Guildhall about difficulties in pursuing anatomical studies, and that the legislature was to be petitioned.

The weathervane is quite unusual, and an explanation was given in the Sunday Companion of July 1922. The living was in the gift of Caius College, Cambridge, and the design embodies the crest worn by Dr Caius, who founded Gonville College, later, Gonville and Caius, in the late 16th century.

The dove is represented holding in its beak what was the styled flower gentle, otherwise Amaranthus, love-lies-bleeding, a symbol of immortality. It was early in the 18th century that Dr John Gostlin, the patron of the living, gave the patronage to the master and fellows of the college.

John Berney was rector of Hethersett, 1736–82, and also rector of Saxlingham Nethergate and Saxlingham, and Archdeacon of Norwich. In the tithe book for 1737–69, it is recorded that Dr Berney "the liberal benefactor to this living has forborn to add the expenses of the new stable", presumably at the rectory, "the spire of the church, and many expenses in the gardens and yards".

There were three 19th-century rectors, Bartholomew Edwards, Jeremy Day, to whom the oak pulpit was dedicated, and William Reynolds Collett. Collett (1855–1903), was very interested in the history of St Remigius and Hethersett parish, and there are many entries in the parish magazines written by him.

In August 1874, the rector stated that the earliest parish register was from 1616. He estimated the population of Hethersett, then, as about 500. In 1875, he gave his view on the changes in Hethersett church in the turbulent years resulting from Queen Mary Tudor's accession in 1553.

At that time, the rector of the previous five years, Christopher Wilson, was obliged to resign and his place was taken by Edward Jackson, a more compliant man who adopted the usages of the Church of Rome and who then, on Elizabeth I's accession, adopted the requirements of the law. He remained rector until 1573.

In September 1880, Collett's notes give some idea of the situation in Hethersett in the late 17th century.

 * "After the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, property here as elsewhere changed hands. Thus the manors of Hethersett, which had been settled on Thomas Flowerdew of London, merchant, after having been mortgaged to William Gostlin, were sold in 1678 to Captain John Aide of Horstead. The advowson had since 1639, been in the hands of the Gostlin family, and in 1670, Caius College, Cambridge, presented Mr. Thomas Church to the Rectory. Some indication of the character of the man.... May be inferred from an entry in Register Book No. 2... '1671 I came hither to reside in May, during the vacation of the living, and the time before the residence the burials and the christenings were unknown to me'."

 * "The churchwardens at the generall at Windham were required to give a note of them, and promised to doe it." Then follow some imperfect records of burials, and this note in the same hand: "Mem. I have required the parishioners to finde a clerke that might bee able to write the names of such as are to bee registered. And also required by myself and the present clerke or sexton that such as are concerned should give me the names of ther children and friends deceased and borne, that they might bee better registered. But as yet cannot see any effect. Thomas Church." (The spelling is transcribed exactly)

 * "On Tuesday 26 March,...1895... the Parish council met again and received ... a report that they had inspected the Documents now belonging to the council, and kept in the Church Vestry, and received an acknowledgement signed by the Rector and Churchwardens, that they have in the Iron Chest:

 * 1) Hethersett Award and Map (in a wooden box), dated 1800
 * 2) Assessment or Valuation of the Parish 1834
 * 3) Survey 1834
 * 4) The list of the population 1801; and there are besides in the Vestry, Assessment Books from 1815 to 1834. These, according to the arrangement made on Feb.5th are to remain where they are open, of course, to inspection at reasonable hours like the documents belonging to the Rector and Churchwardens which are kept in the same place."

And in October 1899, "An effort is being made to obtain lectures by various speakers on subjects of general interest on some of the coming moonlit evenings." This is a reminder that winter events had to be planned around the phases of the moon.

Canon John Still followed the Rev. Collett as rector, 1903–14. During the late 19th century he had been a missionary at the time when cannibals were still active in Melanesia, now the Solomon Islands. He became rector in 1903 and died on 19 August 1914 during the 8.30am service whilst preaching in front of the pulpit. The place of his collapse is marked with a marble inlay.

The Back family were generous benefactors of the church. In 1860, two pieces of land were sold to the church. Later, three pieces of land to extend the churchyard, were given, the first on 2 March 1888 on the south side, reserving part as a family burial site, on 29 October 1920, a strip on the east side, and in 1943, land between the present B1172 and the sunken roadway.

A vestry meeting held in June 1897 resolved to form a committee to plan the rebuilding of the chancel of St. Remigius. However, it appears that this was a continuation of proposals formulated about 1877 as the new committee had already had sums of £1,753.10s.0d paid or promised, and architects' plans of 1877 and 1881 were available. The 1881 plan furnished by the late A. E. Browne, provided for the addition of an organ chamber at the end of the south aisle and a vestry on the north side.

The parish magazine of July 1897 goes on to state that "the east window will be restored to its original position, and beneath it, as now, will fit into the present reredos erected in 1866." There was an estimate of £2,000, which, the writer says, will be forthcoming freely. (The final account was to be £2,600.)

The rebuilding of the chancel began on 12 July 1897, the first step being the removal of the east window and much of the east wall. The foundations of the old chancel were apparently firm and good and the new walls were raised on them. In clearing these foundations at the east end, workmen found and replaced in situ the sills of two small windows which gave light to a chamber below the high altar. The then rector said that the new walls were to be two feet three inches in thickness, about eighteen inches of which being nine inches Peterborough brick, with a nine-inch outer facing of flintwork.

He also reported that about 35 years previously, when windows were removed, signs of a Norman chisel were revealed, and that a few years previously, (presumably previous to the date at which he was writing, November 1897), traces of a Norman doorway were discovered in the north porch. This would have been some 300 years before the present building was erected by Sir William Bernack and confirms the documentary evidence found in the Domesday Book.

The parish magazine of November 1897 states that the best of the flints used to rebuild the chancel were taken from the foundations of an old hall which many years previously became deserted and allowed to fall into decay. It was known as "Mockbeggar Hall" because its ancient reputation of helping the poor had been lost.

Apparently, the hall had once been owned by a wealthy man but eventually was occupied by the squatters of the time and thus needy travellers were disappointed at finding no succour, hence the unusual name. The site of this important building seems to have been on the left side of a footpath leading from the southeast corner of the churchyard over a bridge to the lane from the high road to the railway station.

The rebuilt chancel was opened and dedicated on St Peter's Day, 29 June 1898 to the memory of Mrs Mary Collett, the rector's wife who had died in December 1896. The sermon was preached by the Bishop of Travencore, an Indian diocese.

The service commenced with the singing of Psalm 24 and after prayers, a Te Deum was sung. The alms collected were not for the chancel just rebuilt, but for a fund for the restoration of the roof of the original nave, which, as the rector states, "was altered by the greedy man, (Flowerdew), who threw down the chancel just rebuilt, and who did even worse by destroying the beautiful choir at the east end of Wymondham Church. The monks were not faultless, but they were not so base as that selfish destroyer of Churches."

The final ceremony took place on Sunday 3 July, when the chancel was decorated by flowers which were then distributed to many mission rooms in London.

In 1937, the clock on the north side of the tower was placed to commemorate the Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Recently, since 1990, kitchen and toilet facilities have been installed. Other work under consideration includes a glazed screen behind the pews which will support a balcony and floor giving access to other rooms above.

Hethersett Methodists
As early as 1792, there were Wesleyan Methodists in Hethersett. The Society was one of 17 which formed the Diss Circuit. At first there was no chapel and, complying with the conditions of the 1689 Toleration Act, the house of Robert Baley (probably in Mill Road) was licensed as a preaching place.

On 1 October 1817, a Wesleyan chapel was licensed, erected it is said by a Methodist builder who rented it to the Society for £8 a year. It was what is now called the Schoolroom but without the extensions.

The Tithe Map of 1846 describes it as a Meeting House. The Hethersett Society had now been transferred to the Norwich Circuit.

In the years following the death of John Wesley there were various secessions from the Wesleyan Methodist Church; the most notable were the Methodist New Connexion (1797), the Primitive Methodists (1810) and the Bible Christians (1815). Others made attempts for reform from within, particularly the Wesleyan Methodist Association (1835) and the Wesleyan Reformers (1849). These two came together in 1857 to form the United Methodist Free Churches. In 1858 the Calvert Street Circuit, including Hethersett, separated from the Wesleyans and joined this body. Some objected to too much power being in the hands of the ministers and the denying of responsibility to lay people. Others sought to combine the independence of the congregational system with the supportive role of connexionalism.

There are notes about village Societies that had failed to pay their dues; on one occasion representatives were appointed to visit Hethersett and Weston to "improve the organisation."

Since services had to be sustained in the villages by an itinerant ministry and local preachers, the local Society Steward was a person of some influence and importance. In Hethersett he paid the rent, kept the key and was said to have power to admit and exclude from the building whom he would.

Robert Richardson was Steward from 1872 to 1909. In 1880 he allowed a temperance lecturer to use the building. To the objectors he said: "I pay the rent and I hold the key, and the teetotaller can have his meeting. Them that don't like it will have to lump it."

George Bunn, a Methodist ploughman who came to live in the village, preached twice a quarter and conducted a weekly class meeting. In 1910 William Wade a local coach builder became Society Steward. He helped to form the first Chapel Trust. It owned the organ, the pulpit Bible and the lamps. It also purchased some land in the corner of Queen's Road and Lynch Green, for it was feared that the rented site on which the chapel stood might be lost when the land was auctioned on the death of its owner. In fact, it proved to be an unnecessary precaution.

On 7 July 1920, the site including chapel with pitch-pine pews, gallery, platform and pulpit together with four cottages was purchased by the Methodists for £250. The notice of sale described it as a Wesleyan chapel. In fact, there had been no return to the Mother Church. In 1907 three break away connections had come together as the United Methodist Church. Together with the Primitives and the Wesleyans they were to amalgamate in 1932 to form the Methodist Church of Great Britain.

The previous chapel, which now forms the basis of the extended building of the 1980s, was built in 1922 at a cost of £1,814. The pulpit was made of native oak by C. W. Wiles and John Harvey and the wrought iron gates by C. L. Smith. The 50th anniversary services were held on 28 and 29 October 1972 and in February the following year there were other events to mark the completion and rededication of the Schoolroom rebuilding. This included storage facilities and a kitchen with classrooms above.

In 1981 numbers of worshippers were increasing and it was felt that the church needed some sort of extension. "Operation New Look" – the fund-raising venture – with grants from bodies in Methodism, and other gifts, raised £123,000 to finance the project. The church as it is at present (1989) has been turned from north–south to east/west by removing the east wall and building on an extension to the worship area, a General Purposes Room (which can be added into the worship area), toilets, two entrance areas and a vestry. The old vestry and toilet area at the north end was included in the worship area.

A balcony was created and the organ from the Chapel at Keswick Hall was brought in. The old pulpit was used to create a smaller pulpit and the lectern. The new apse on the west side forms the back of the sanctuary area and the communion rail and the communion table of oak were crafted by Edmund (Teddy) Forster of G. W. Gooch and Sons of Norwich who were the contractors for the alterations.

The pitch-pine pews were removed and chairs are now used in varying formations. The re-opening of the extended and modernised premises took place in October 1983. The premises provide not only for the Methodists of the village but for other groups too. Gradually as the population of the village grew there was disquiet regarding the space available. The space had seemed so adequate in 1922 but its shoe box shape with narrow central aisle from narrow door to pulpit and organ, prohibited expansion at the entrance and circulation and cloakroom space were quite inadequate.

Matters came to a head in 1970. Even before that date a detailed survey of the premises had made it clear that about £800 a year for the next five years would have to be spent to avoid deterioration. The result of further discussions showed that a radical solution was necessary. On 1 April 1980 Kenneth James, a local architect, presented a report to a special meeting of the church council. Even minor modifications and improvements would cost £6,000. A more revolutionary scheme, involving enlargement to a capacity of 175, meant adding length and breadth to the existing church. This, it was said, would cost about £45,000. The meeting gave general approval, but referred the matter to the property committee for further discussion. On 4 November the council approved a more detailed scheme. One side of the church would be extended into the car park, giving more circulation and cloakroom space and an extra meeting room. On the wall opposite would be the communion table, flanked by a pulpit and reading desk made from the existing large pulpit. The congregation would be seated in a semi-circle facing the table.

A small gallery was to be provided for the organ. Later an anonymous donor was to present a fine instrument, made available on the closure of Keswick College of Education. Additional gifts of a wooden cross behind the table and an enlargement of the window looking out to the road added to the beauty of the building. As the work began, the amount of the appeal had to be raised to £70,000.

Work started towards the end of 1982. On Saturday 19 March 1983 the stone laying took place. Stones were laid by Mr David Richardson in memory of his parents, who, over the years, had done so much for the church and by Mr Herbert Thrower and Miss Sian Evans to represent the older and younger members of the congregation.

The formal re-opening and dedication took place on Saturday 22 October 1983. This was performed by Mr Paul Bartlett Lang, vice-president of the Methodist Conference. Others taking part were the chairman of the East Anglian District, the Superintendent of the Norwich Circuit, two members of the congregation and of the minister, the Rev Brian Dann.

By this time the cost had risen to £126,000. It took four years to reach that target. Grants were obtained from charitable trusts such as the Joseph Rank Benevolent Trust. There were donations from the circuit and some of its churches. There was a loan from the Chapel Aid Department and also interest free loans from members and friends. Events were organised by the "New Look" Committee and individual and group efforts such as dinners, coffee mornings, sales of work (under various names) were just some of the ingenious means of raising money.

Hethersett Masjid
Hethersett has a Masjid (Mosque & Islamic Community Centre) which is owned and operated by the Norfolk British Muslim Association.

The Masjid is located on Henstead Road in the former Church Hall building. The Masjid is open daily for prayer.

Hethersett Reformed Baptist Church
The Hethersett Reformed Baptist Church is an independent Baptist church, established in 1898. It is located on Henstead Road. Services are held on Sundays with a Bible Study and Prayer Meeting on Tuesdays.

Education
Hethersett has several schools. Hethersett Academy (formerly Hethersett High School) and two Primary schools. Hethersett VC Primary School located in the former Hethersett Junior School (formerly Hethersett Middle School) located on Queens Road, with Hethersett Woodside Primary & Nursery School having a new school built in 2019. The school was opened in 2021 for 420 students and is located on Coachmaker Way.

The village used to be home to Hethersett Old Hall School, an independent school located on Norwich Road. It was a day school for girls aged 4–18 and for boys aged 4–11 and boarding school for girls aged 9–18. The school closed in 2019.

Sport in Hethersett
Hethersett was named Active Norfolk Sports Village of the Year and Sports Champion of Champions in 2011. The village was awarded a London 2012 Olympics Inspire Award for outstanding contribution in support of the games.

A Hethersett and the Meltons Sports Association was set up in 2011 to oversee sport, fitness and well being in the villages of Hethersett, Little Melton and Great Melton. It meets quarterly.

There are sports clubs in the villages of Hethersett and the Meltons including:

 * Hethersett Athletic Football Club which has National Football Association Community Charter Mark status
 * Hethersett Hawks Cycle Speedway Club which has been in existence for over 50 years
 * Hethersett and Tas Valley Cricket Club which goes back to the 19th century and holds the nationally recognised clubmark
 * Hethersett Queen's Road Badminton Club
 * Hethersett Netball Club
 * Hethersett Junior Netball Club
 * Crusaders Rugby Club
 * Little Melton Cricket Club
 * Hethersett Social Club Bowls
 * Hethersett Playing Field Bowls Club
 * Hethersett Petanque Club

2012 Olympics
Hethersett was noted as having held more Olympic-themed events per capita than any other village, town or city in the United Kingdom. As a result of this, despite being bypassed by the torch route, the Olympic flame paid a special off-route visit to the village on Thursday 5 July before the Olympic Torch left Norwich. The Flame arrived at Hethersett High School at about 6.21am.

Awards
Hethersett was named Eastern Daily Press Pride in Norfolk Community of the Year for 2012 for villages and towns with populations over 5,000. The judges praised the village for its outstanding community spirit and can do attitude. The village won the same award in 2006. There was also praise at an award ceremony at Norfolk County Council for the village web site. In 2013 Hethersett became the first village or town in the United Kingdom to receive a Prime Minister's Big Society award.

Hethersett has won a number of awards in the past 10 years. These include:
 * South Norfolk Village Games Winners 2011 and 2012
 * Norfolk Village Games Runners-Up 2011 and 2012
 * Eastern Daily Press/Active Norfolk Sports Village of the Year 2011
 * Eastern Daily Press/Active Norfolk Sports Champion of Champions 2011
 * Run England Eastern Region Club of the Year 2012 (Hethersett Social Running Club)
 * Prime Minister's Big Society Award 2013

A number of local residents have won individual awards including: Mel Perkins (MBE for services to sport). Dr Anne Edwards (BEM for services to Science), Duncan Pigg (BEM for services to the village) and Peter Steward (South Norfolk Diamond Jubilee award for Inspiring Achievement). In 2012 Parish Councillor and Chairman of Hethersett Olympic Committee Shane Hull and organiser of the Hethersett Ducklings Playgroup Nicky Wardale were selected to run with the Olympic Torch in the lead up to the 2012 London Games. Village stalwart Duncan Pigg was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2013 New Year's Honours to mark over 60 years of service to Hethersett.

Transport
The main road through the village was turnpiked in the middle of the 17th century. Three blacksmiths existed in the village in the 1880s and carriages were built at Harveys.

The village was formerly served by Hethersett railway station, but this was closed in 1966. Regular bus services operate between the village, Wymondham and Norwich. The village is also close to the Thickthorn Park and Ride.

Businesses
Hethersett is home to a few small businesses, mainly service based, that benefit from easy access to Norwich city centre. Two of the largest businesses in Hethersett are the Park Farm Hotel and television advertising production company the JMS Group.

Hethersett has shops Co-Op – Tesco Express – Premier – Boots – Hethersett Butchers. To complement these there are two charity shops, two hairdressers, a coffee shop and the village cafe, the latter on Mill Road. There is a farm shop on New Road, a further butchers at Church Farm as well as a food shop and Church Farm Garage.

A Petroleum Storage Depot was built at Hethersett during World War Two for receiving fuel by rail and supplying RAF bases by road. It was connected to the Government Pipeline and Storage System in 1943/4. In 1980 a diesel pump-house was constructed and a pipeline built connecting it to RAF Coltishall. The depot had four 500-ton tanks, two 1,000-ton tanks and two 2,000-ton tanks. It was mothballed and emptied of fuel in the 2000s following the closure of RAF Coltishall, and later sold.

Publications

The Christian based Good News magazine has been in existence for over 150 years and is a monthly 32 page magazine which is financed through subscriptions and advertising. Good News also covers Great Melton and Little Melton. The e-magazine Hethersett Herald was founded in 2015 and is published at the end of each month as a free publication. Both magazines are available at wwww.hethersettherald.weebly.com.

title: Hethersett


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/One People's Project

One People's Project
Notability not established and heavily POV. Sarg 13:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. I think the two news articles I added are enough to establish notability, but if not, I'll add more.  Baxter2
 * Keep Revolución 15:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree - Keep Celestianpower 15:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ahhhh, much better now. Certainly enough to establish notability. Good job. I'm withdrawing the nomination. Sarg 16:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Badly written blubs like this one often turn into good articles. When you see one, you really need to consider using a cleanup tag instead of a VfD. If it doesn't improve, you can always VfD it later. Only serious nonsense ("Nobel Prize for Kickboxing") or obvious trivia ("Fred Fox is a popular high-school sophomore") should get an immediate VfD. Isaac R 19:11, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I tried googling it and got no significant results. The way it was written, I found very difficult to know if it was real or a hoax/attack/prank. As for serious nonsense and obvious trivia, I usually use a Speedy delete. I only bring here things that merit some discussion. And, of course, I can commit errors :D Sarg 19:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry if my comments were too personal. I'm just repeating my usual concern that people use the VfD process for every content issue. Isaac R 20:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Take it to Talk, your repeated commentary on other people's motives is inappropriate. RickK 21:48, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't worry, no offense taken :) Sarg 22:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Appear to be of some interest.Capitalistroadster 23:38, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: User talk:68.39.201.231

title: User talk:68.39.201.231


text: Category:Subdivisions of Burkina Faso

title: Category:Subdivisions of Burkina Faso


text: Template:User nds-N

title: Template:User nds-N


text: Category:Departments of Burkina Faso

title: Category:Departments of Burkina Faso


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Calcino

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:22, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Calcino
In my opinion this is nonsense. Andrew Calcino has not received a Nobel Price (most definitely not for Kick-Boxing). Googling turned up nothing on an Italian dynasty of Calcinos. Delete. -- Marcika 13:53, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is nonsense. Wish it could be speedied, but oh well. -- Captain Disdain 17:42, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Good fiction, lousy article. Isaac R 19:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nonsense. --Etacar11 01:07, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, borders on patent nonsense. Martg76 22:38, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Calcino


text:
Departments of Burkina Faso

The provinces of Burkina Faso are divided into 351 departments (as of 2014 and since local elections of 2012), whose urbanized areas (cities, towns and villages) are grouped into the same commune (municipality) with the same name as the department. The department also covers rural areas (including national natural parks) that are not governed locally by the elected municipal council of the commune (presided by its mayor, with representants elected for each village or urban sector), but by the state represented at departmental level by a prefect (supervized by the haut-commissaire of its province, themself assisted by a general secretary and acting under the hierarchic authority the governor of its region, all of them being nominated by the national government).

Status of communes
The 351 communes (municipalities) created for each one of these departments have three kinds of status :
 * 49 urban communes are grouping their main city/town (subdivided into urban sectors) and all other administrative villages in their department; in these 49 urban communes, the main city or town is subdivided into urban sectors (within the two communes with special status, each urban sector of the capital city belong to only one arrondissement, which may also include other surrounding villages outside the capital city). These 49 urban communes include:
 * the capital town (or city) of each one of the 45 provinces (and of the 13 regions); among them, 2 urban communes have a particular status: the Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso departments, that are further subdivided into "arrondissements";
 * the commune of 4 additional departments, whose capitals are now large towns covering their respective urban areas (subdivided into urban sectors rather than former separate villages) : Bittou, Garango, Niangoloko and Pouytenga.
 * 302 rural communes are grouping all administrative villages in their department. Their capitals are still considered officially as "villages", because they also cover a large rural area with dispersed population (with some exceptions expansion, notably around the largest cities of the country, whose urbanized agglomerations are expanding towards the rural area of their bordering departments and absorbing their villages; some of these departments may become urban communes as well, integrating their former villages into urban sectors of their reformed commune).

Departments (or communes) generally have the same name as their capital city or town, with a few exceptions (for historical reasons). For the local elections in 2012, communes were created in each department that still did not have one (village councils were kept but operate at advisory level under the supervision of their commune: each administrative village or urban sector elects at least 2 seats in the municipal council of their commune; for other elections at regional or national level, the smallest electoral circonscription is the whole department).

List of departments or communes by region and by province

 * Type of departments : (rur.) rural commune ; (urb.) urban commune ; (urb.p.s.) urban commune with particular status (subdivided in arrondissements).

Centre Region
(provincial, regional and national capital)
 * Kadiogo Province
 * Komki-Ipala (rur. )
 * Komsilga (rur. )
 * Koubri (rur. )
 * Ouagadougou (urb.p.s. )
 * Pabré (rur. )
 * Saaba (rur. )
 * Tanghin-Dassouri (rur. )

Plateau-Central Region
(provincial capital)
 * Ganzourgou Province
 * Boudry (rur. )
 * Kogho (rur. )
 * Méguet (rur. )
 * Mogtédo (rur. )
 * Salogo (rur. )
 * Zam (rur. )
 * Zorgho (urb. )
 * Zoungou (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Kourwéogo Province
 * Boussé (urb. )
 * Laye (rur. )
 * Niou (rur. )
 * Sourgoubila (rur. )
 * Toéghin (rur. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Oubritenga Province
 * Absouya (rur. )
 * Dapélogo (rur. )
 * Loumbila (rur. )
 * Nagréongo (rur. )
 * Ourgou-Manéga (rur. )
 * Ziniaré (urb. )
 * Zitenga (rur. )

Centre-Nord Region
(provincial capital)
 * Bam Province
 * Bourzanga (rur. )
 * Guibaré (rur. )
 * Kongoussi (urb. )
 * Nasséré (rur. )
 * Rollo (rur. )
 * Rouko (rur. )
 * Sabcé (rur. )
 * Tikaré (rur. )
 * Zimtenga (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Namentenga Province
 * Boala (rur. )
 * Boulsa (urb. )
 * Bouroum (rur. )
 * Dargo (rur. )
 * Nagbingou (rur. )
 * Tougouri (rur. )
 * Yalgo (rur. )
 * Zéguédéguin (rur. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Sanmatenga Province
 * Barsalogho (rur. )
 * Boussouma (rur. )
 * Dablo (rur. )
 * Kaya (urb. )
 * Korsimoro (rur. )
 * Mané (rur. )
 * Namissiguima (rur. )
 * Pensa (rur. )
 * Pibaoré (rur. )
 * Pissila (rur. )
 * Ziga (rur. )

Nord Region
(provincial capital)
 * Loroum Province
 * Banh (rur. )
 * Ouindigui (rur. )
 * Sollé (rur. )
 * Titao (urb. )

(provincial capital)
 * Passoré Province
 * Arbollé (rur. )
 * Bagaré (rur. )
 * Bokin (rur. )
 * Gomponsom (rur. )
 * Kirsi (rur. )
 * Lâ-Todin (rur. )
 * Pilimpikou (rur. )
 * Samba (rur. )
 * Yako (urb. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Yatenga Province
 * Barga (rur. )
 * Kaïn (rur. )
 * Kalsaka (rur. )
 * Kossouka (rur. )
 * Koumbri (rur. )
 * Namissiguima (rur. )
 * Ouahigouya (urb. )
 * Oula (rur. )
 * Rambo (rur. )
 * Séguénéga (rur. )
 * Tangaye (rur. )
 * Thiou (rur. )
 * Zogoré (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Zondoma Province
 * Bassi (rur. )
 * Boussou (rur. )
 * Gourcy (urb. )
 * Léba (rur. )
 * Tougo (rur. )

Sahel Region
(provincial capital)
 * Oudalan Province
 * Déou (rur. )
 * Gorom-Gorom (urb. )
 * Markoye (rur. )
 * Oursi (rur. )
 * Tin-Akoff (rur. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Séno Province
 * Bani (rur. )
 * Dori (urb. )
 * Falagountou (rur. )
 * Gorgadji (rur. )
 * Sampelga (rur. )
 * Seytenga (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Soum Province
 * Arbinda (rur. )
 * Baraboulé (rur. )
 * Diguel (rur. )
 * Djibo (urb. )
 * Kelbo (rur. )
 * Koutougou (rur. )
 * Nassoumbou (rur. )
 * Pobé-Mengao (rur. )
 * Tongomayel (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Yagha Province
 * Boundoré (rur. )
 * Mansila (rur. )
 * Sebba (urb. )
 * Solhan (rur. )
 * Tankougounadié (rur. )
 * Titabé (rur. )

Est Region
(provincial capital)
 * Gnagna Province
 * Bilanga (rur. )
 * Bogandé (urb. )
 * Coalla (rur. )
 * Liptougou (rur. )
 * Manni (rur. )
 * Piéla (rur. )
 * Thion (rur. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Gourma Province
 * Diabo (rur. )
 * Diapangou (rur. )
 * Fada N′Gourma (urb. )
 * Matiacoali (rur. )
 * Tibga (rur. )
 * Yamba (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Komondjari Province
 * Bartiébougou (rur. )
 * Foutouri (rur. )
 * Gayéri (urb. )

(provincial capital)
 * Kompienga Province
 * Kompienga (rur. )
 * Madjoari (rur. )
 * Pama (urb. )

(provincial capital)
 * Tapoa Province
 * Botou (rur. )
 * Diapaga (urb. )
 * Kantchari (rur. )
 * Logobou (rur. )
 * Namounou (rur. )
 * Partiaga (rur. )
 * Tambaga (rur. )
 * Tansarga (rur. )

Centre-Est Region
(provincial and regional capital)
 * Boulgou Province
 * Bagré (rur. )
 * Bané (rur. )
 * Béguédo (rur. )
 * Bissiga (rur. )
 * Bittou (urb. )
 * Boussouma (rur. )
 * Garango (urb. )
 * Komtoèga (rur. )
 * Niaogho (rur. )
 * Tenkodogo (urb. )
 * Zabré (rur. )
 * Zoaga (rur. )
 * Zonsé (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Koulpélogo Province
 * Comin-Yanga (rur. )
 * Dourtenga (rur. )
 * Lalgaye (rur. )
 * Ouargaye (urb. )
 * Sangha (rur. )
 * Soudougui (rur. )
 * Yargatenga (rur. )
 * Yondé (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Kouritenga Province
 * Andemtenga (rur. )
 * Baskouré (rur. )
 * Dialgaye (rur. )
 * Gounghin (rur. )
 * Kando (rur. )
 * Koupéla (urb. )
 * Pouytenga (urb. )
 * Tensobentenga (rur. )
 * Yargo (rur. )

Centre-Sud Region
(provincial capital)
 * Bazèga Province
 * Doulougou (rur. )
 * Gaongo (rur. )
 * Ipelcé (rur. )
 * Kayao (rur. )
 * Kombissiri (urb. )
 * Saponé (rur. )
 * Toécé (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Nahouri Province
 * Guiaro (rur. )
 * Pô (urb. )
 * Tiébélé (rur. )
 * Zecco (rur. )
 * Ziou (rur. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Zoundwéogo Province
 * Béré (rur. )
 * Bindé (rur. )
 * Gogo (rur. )
 * Gomboussougou (rur. )
 * Guiba (rur. )
 * Manga (urb. )
 * Nobéré (rur. )

Centre-Ouest Region
(provincial and regional capital)
 * Boulkiemdé Province
 * Bingo (rur. )
 * Imasgo (rur. )
 * Kindi (rur. )
 * Kokologho (rur. )
 * Koudougou (urb. )
 * Nanoro (rur. )
 * Nandiala (rur. )
 * Pella (rur. )
 * Poa (rur. )
 * Ramongo (rur. )
 * Sabou (rur. )
 * Siglé (rur. )
 * Soaw (rur. )
 * Sourgou (rur. )
 * Thyou (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Sanguié Province
 * Dassa (rur. )
 * Didyr (rur. )
 * Godyr (rur. )
 * Kordié (rur. )
 * Kyon (rur. )
 * Pouni (rur. )
 * Réo (urb. )
 * Ténado (rur. )
 * Zamo (rur. )
 * Zawara (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Sissili Province
 * Biéha (rur. )
 * Boura (rur. )
 * Léo (urb. )
 * Nébiélianayou (rur. )
 * Niabouri (rur. )
 * Silly (rur. )
 * Tô (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Ziro Province
 * Bakata (rur. )
 * Bougnounou (rur. )
 * Cassou (rur. )
 * Dalo (rur. )
 * Gao (rur. )
 * Sapouy (urb. )

Hauts-Bassins Region
(provincial and regional capital)
 * Houet Province
 * Bama (rur. )
 * Bobo-Dioulasso (urb.p.s. )
 * Dandé (rur. )
 * Faramana (rur. )
 * Fô (rur. )
 * Karangasso-Sambla (rur. )
 * Karangasso-Vigué (rur. )
 * Koundougou (rur. )
 * Léna (rur. )
 * Padéma (or Badéma, Badéna) (rur. )
 * Péni (rur. )
 * Satiri (rur. )
 * Toussiana (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Kénédougou Province
 * Banzon (rur. )
 * Djigouéra (rur. )
 * Kangala (rur. )
 * Kayan (rur. )
 * Koloko (rur. )
 * Kourinion (rur. )
 * Kourouma (rur. )
 * Morolaba (rur. )
 * N′Dorola (rur. )
 * Orodara (urb. )
 * Samogohiri (rur. )
 * Samorogouan (rur. )
 * Sindo (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Tuy Province
 * Békuy (rur. )
 * Béréba (rur. )
 * Boni (rur. )
 * Founzan (rur. )
 * Houndé (urb. )
 * Koti (rur. )
 * Koumbia (rur. )

Boucle du Mouhoun Region
(provincial capital)
 * Balé Province
 * Bagassi (rur. )
 * Bana (rur. )
 * Boromo (urb. )
 * Fara (rur. )
 * Oury (rur. )
 * Pâ (rur. )
 * Pompoï (rur. )
 * Poura (rur. )
 * Siby (rur. )
 * Yaho (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Banwa Province
 * Balavé (rur. )
 * Kouka (rur. )
 * Sami (rur. )
 * Sanaba (rur. )
 * Solenzo (urb. )
 * Tansila (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Kossi Province
 * Barani (rur. )
 * Bomborokui (rur. )
 * Bourasso (rur. )
 * Djibasso (rur. )
 * Dokuy (rur. )
 * Doumbala (rur. )
 * Kombori (rur. )
 * Madouba (rur. )
 * Nouna (urb. )
 * Sono (rur. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Mouhoun Province
 * Bondokuy (rur. )
 * Dédougou (urb. )
 * Douroula (rur. )
 * Kona (rur. )
 * Ouarkoye (rur. )
 * Safané (rur. )
 * Tchériba (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Nayala Province
 * Gassam (rur. )
 * Gossina (rur. )
 * Kougny (rur. )
 * Toma (urb. )
 * Yaba (rur. )
 * Yé (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Sourou Province
 * Di (rur. )
 * Gomboro (rur. )
 * Kassoum (rur. )
 * Kiembara (rur. )
 * Lanfièra (rur. )
 * Lankoué (rur. )
 * Toéni (rur. )
 * Tougan (urb. )

Cascades Region
(provincial and regional capital)
 * Comoé Province
 * Banfora (urb. )
 * Bérégadougou (rur. )
 * Mangodara (rur. )
 * Moussodougou (rur. )
 * Niangoloko (urb. )
 * Ouo (rur. )
 * Sidéradougou (rur. )
 * Soubakaniédougou (rur. )
 * Tiéfora (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Léraba Province
 * Dakoro (rur. )
 * Douna (rur. )
 * Kankalaba (rur. )
 * Loumana (rur. )
 * Niankorodougou (rur. )
 * Ouéléni (rur. )
 * Sindou (urb. )
 * Wolonkoto (rur. )

Sud-Ouest Region
(provincial capital)
 * Bougouriba Province
 * Bondigui (rur. )
 * Diébougou (urb. )
 * Dolo (rur. )
 * Iolonioro (rur. )
 * Tiankoura (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Ioba Province
 * Dano (urb. )
 * Dissin (rur. )
 * Guéguéré (rur. )
 * Koper (rur. )
 * Niégo (rur. )
 * Oronkua (rur. )
 * Ouessa (rur. )
 * Zambo (rur. )

(provincial capital)
 * Noumbiel Province
 * Batié (urb. )
 * Boussoukoula (rur. )
 * Kpuéré (rur. )
 * Legmoin (rur. )
 * Midebdo (rur. )

(provincial and regional capital)
 * Poni Province
 * Bouroum-Bouroum (rur. )
 * Bousséra (rur. )
 * Djigoué (rur. )
 * Gaoua (urb. )
 * Gbomblora (rur. )
 * Kampti (rur. )
 * Loropéni (rur. )
 * Malba (rur. )
 * Nako (rur. )
 * Périgban (or Pérignan) (rur. )

title: Departments of Burkina Faso


text: Template:User nds

title: Template:User nds


text:
Harpacticoida

Harpacticoida is an order of copepods, in the subphylum Crustacea. This order comprises 463 genera and about 3,000 species; its members are benthic copepods found throughout the world in the marine environment (most families) and in fresh water (essentially the Ameiridae, Parastenocarididae and the Canthocamptidae). A few of them are planktonic or live in association with other organisms. Harpacticoida represents the second-largest meiofaunal group in marine sediments, after nematodes. In Arctic and Antarctic seas, Harpacticoida are common inhabitants of sea ice. The name Harpacticoida comes from the Greek noun harpacticon (rapacious predator) and the suffix -oid (akin to) and means reminiscent of a predator.

Harpacticoids are distinguished from other copepods by the presence of only a very short pair of first antennae. The second pair of antennae are biramous, and the major joint within the body is located between the fourth and fifth body segments. They typically have a wide abdomen, and often have a somewhat worm-like body.

Families
53 families are currently recognised in the Harpacticoida:

 * Adenopleurellidae
 * Aegisthidae
 * Ameiridae
 * Ancorabolidae
 * Arenopontiidae
 * Argestidae
 * Balaenophilidae
 * Canthocamptidae
 * Chappuisiidae
 * Cletodidae
 * Cletopsyllidae
 * Cristacoxidae
 * Cylindropsyllidae
 * Dactylopusiidae
 * Darcythompsoniidae
 * Ectinosomatidae
 * Hamondiidae
 * Harpacticidae
 * Idyanthidae
 * Laophontidae
 * Laophontopsidae
 * Latiremidae
 * Leptastacidae
 * Leptopontiidae
 * Louriniidae
 * Metidae
 * Miraciidae
 * Nannopodidae
 * Neobradyidae
 * Normanellidae
 * Novocriniidae
 * Orthopsyllidae
 * Parameiropsidae
 * Paramesochridae
 * Parastenheliidae
 * Parastenocarididae
 * Peltidiidae
 * Phyllognathopodidae
 * Pontostratiotidae
 * Porcellidiidae
 * Protolatiremidae
 * Pseudotachidiidae
 * Rhizothricidae
 * Rometidae
 * Rotundiclipeidae
 * Superornatiremidae
 * Tachidiidae
 * Tegastidae
 * Tetragonicipitidae
 * Thalestridae
 * Thompsonulidae
 * Tisbidae
 * Zosimeidae

title: Harpacticoida


text:
Jimmy Sirrel

James Sirrel (2 February 1922 – 25 September 2008) was a Scottish football player and manager.

Born in Glasgow, Sirrel began his career with Celtic before moving to England, spending most of his playing career with Brighton & Hove Albion.

Starting his management career in the Fourth Division with Brentford, Sirrel moved to Notts County where he achieved promotion to the Second Division, and then after a spell at Sheffield United returned to Notts County to achieve promotion to the First Division for the first time since 1926. He is regarded as a legend of the club, with the County Road Stand at Notts County's Meadow Lane named after him.

Playing career
Born in Glasgow, Sirrel started his professional career at Celtic in 1946, but made just 13 appearances in three years before signing for Bradford Park Avenue in 1949, but again failed to get regular first team football, playing only 12 matches. In 1951 he joined Brighton & Hove Albion, where he made 55 appearances before signing for Aldershot in 1954. He retired from playing in 1957.

Brentford
Sirrel moved to Brentford as trainer in February 1965, before accepting the job of caretaker manager in February 1967. After being appointed to the role full-time, he spent two full seasons at the helm of Brentford where the club finished in 14th and 11th-placed positions in the Fourth Division. The 1969–70 season started well for Brentford and by November they were mounting a decent challenge for automatic promotion to Division Three. However, at the beginning of that month it was announced that Sirrel would be leaving Griffin Park to join Notts County as their new manager.

Notts County
Upon taking his new position Sirrel said "Ask any kid what he knows about Notts County and he'll tell you they're the oldest football team in the world. By the time I've finished he'll know a lot more," immediately endearing himself amongst Notts County supporters.

From previous managers Jack Wheeler and Billy Gray, Sirrel had inherited a team including Don Masson, David Needham, Bob Worthington and Les Bradd, and his team would become increasingly difficult to beat. His first season in charge of the Magpies ended with a respectable seventh-place finish after several seasons of struggle on the pitch and financial woes off it.

The following season the Magpies stormed their way to the Fourth Division Championship. It would be the end of September before the Magpies would be beaten and the season would be completed without a single defeat at Meadow Lane. Sirrel built a solid defence, difficult to break down which would concede just 36 goals, while in front of goal, Sirrel built an equally impressive goalscoring side which would score an average of 2.47 goals per game.

The following season Notts excelled again, missing out on a second successive promotion by three points. Sirrel's status as a Notts County legend was fast becoming confirmed.

The 1972–73 season started off slowly for the Magpies and by the end of the year they were languishing in 16th place. However, Notts would lose just twice more all season and secure second place and promotion into the Second Division following a final day 4–1 victory over Tranmere Rovers.

Sirrel had overseen a transformation of Notts which had seen them go from Division Four strugglers to a Division Two side in little under four years. For the next two seasons, the Magpies would finish with respectable midtable positions and looked to be heading that way again during 1975–76. Sirrel however announced that he would leave Notts County for Sheffield United and was appointed their new manager on 21 October 1975, replacing Ken Furphy.

Sheffield United
The Blades had suffered an awful start to their First Division season and were bottom having recorded just one win in 13 games up to Sirrel's appointment. Despite his best efforts, he was unable to motivate his players and the Blades would record just five more wins and finish the season relegated in bottom place.

With little money to spend, Sirrel was unable to stop the slide at Bramall Lane and the following season United finished 11th in the Second Division. The 1977–78 season started in similar fashion and on 27 September 1977, Sirrel left Bramall Lane with United struggling at the foot of the table. He returned to Notts County, who were also going through a hard time.

Sirrel is the designer of the present Sheffield United club badge. Up until Sirrel's tenure in charge at Bramall Lane, the Blades used Sheffield's coat of arms. This was until Sheffield City Council copyrighted it, forcing the Blades to look elsewhere for a badge. Sirrel sat down and designed the badge that is still used today.

Return to Notts County
Sirrel returned on 5 October 1977 and found a Magpies side struggling to avoid relegation back into Division Three. Sirrel was able to save Notts from the drop with the club eventually finishing in a respectable 15th place. The following season saw Notts record a 6th-placed finish but the season after that the Magpies struggled again, finishing in 17th place.

The 1980–81 season would go down as perhaps Sirrel's finest achievement as manager of Notts County. Including a new generation of players bought in by Sirrel and the returning Don Masson, the Magpies would finish the season in second place, and a 2–0 win over Chelsea at Stamford Bridge confirmed that the Magpies would be playing First Division football for the first time since 1926.

Despite being favourites to make an immediate return to the Second Division, some memorable wins ensured that the Magpies would finish comfortably in midtable in their first season back in the top flight.

Sirrel brought in Howard Wilkinson to be a head coach for Notts County's second season in the Division One. Sirrel continued on as General Manager and the club subsequently managed a comfortable 15th-placed finish.

Staying on as General Manager, a new coach came in for the Magpies' third season of top flight football. Larry Lloyd had previously won silverware with Nottingham Forest. However, the Magpies' were relegated into Division Two at the end of the season. Lloyd was dismissed the following season with the Magpies staring a second consecutive relegation in the face and Sirrel was again appointed manager in an unsuccessful attempt to avoid the drop.

The 1985–86 season began in the Third Division and with financial difficulty brewing, Sirrel would oversee two midtable finishes over the next seasons. His retirement as Notts County manager came at the end of the 1986–87 season, eighteen years after he arrived at the club. He then became chief scout for Derby County.

In 1993, the newly redeveloped County Road Stand at Notts County's Meadow Lane was renamed the Jimmy Sirrel Stand in his honour:

Derek Pavis phoned me up one day and asked if they could name a stand after me. I said it would be a bloody honour! Hopefully it would remain there for many, many years.

It's really a wonderful accolade.

Personal life
Apart from football, Sirrel was a keen gardener and enjoyed bowls.

Sirrel died aged 86 on 25 September 2008.

Sirrel was buried on 7 October 2008 as fans and great figures from the world of football alike turned out to pay their respects to the Magpies legend.

title: Jimmy Sirrel


text:
René Echevarria

René Echevarria is an American screenwriter and producer. He has worked on a number of television series, including Star Trek: The Next Generation, Dark Angel and Castle. He created The 4400 for USA Network, Carnival Row for Amazon, and was show runner on Terra Nova.

Early life, family and education
René Echevarria was born in St. Petersburg, Florida. He has a Cuban-American background. He attended St. Petersburg Catholic High School.

Before attending university, he was expecting to follow his father into medicine. However, while attending Duke University, he joined a production of The Real Inspector Hound and decided to go into the theatrical arts. He graduated from Duke in 1984, having majored in history.

Early years
After graduating college, Echevarria travelled to New York to start work in theatre. He started work at the Circle Repertory Company, and became assistant director on a production of a play, Darts. He also appeared in plays, including some productions at the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club and the Chelsea Theater Center. He travelled to the UK with a production of the play Prepared, which was performed both at the World's End Theatre and at the Edinburgh Film Festival.

Screenwriter
Echevarria's first screenwriting credit came after he submitted an unsolicited script to the science fiction series Star Trek: The Next Generation. After re-writes by both Echevarria and the writing team on the show, this became the episode "The Offspring". He was hired to redraft "Transfigurations" and was subsequently hired as a writer on the series. During his time working on the series, he wrote over 30 episodes. Following this, he began writing for fellow Star Trek series, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. One of the episodes he co-wrote with Ronald D. Moore, "Trials and Tribble-ations", was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Following Star Trek, he worked on a series of television shows including Now and Again, Castle, Dark Angel and Medium.

Producer
Echevarria created The 4400 alongside Scott Peters for USA Network. He was reunited with one of his colleagues from Deep Space Nine, as Ira Steven Behr was one of the producers on the series. Echevarria was also involved in the development of the Teen Wolf television series for MTV, where he remained on the series as an executive producer.

Echevarria was working as the show runner on ABC's television adaptation of the film True Lies, when he was asked to take over production duties on the pilot of Terra Nova. This followed the termination of four writers and another producer, amid a series of other issues with the production. The production cost $14 million, and suffered from a three-month delay, and Echevarria and fellow producer Brannon Braga both denied that there was a deliberate axing of staff, attributing it to the movement of the production to Australia. Echevarria subsequently signed a full-time deal with 20th Century Fox Television, the studio behind Terra Nova, as show runner for the television series, and was involved in the promotion of the show.

In February 2013, he joined the team on television series Intelligence as executive producer and show runner. He left the series during the following July, in a split which was described as amicable. In July 2014, he signed a two-script deal with Legendary Television to develop new series from the back catalogue of the studio.

title: René Echevarria


text: Category:Provinces of Equatorial Guinea

title: Category:Provinces of Equatorial Guinea


text:
Congaree

Congaree may refer to:
 * Congaree people, a tribe of Native Americans who lived in South Carolina
 * Congaree River, South Carolina, United States
 * Congaree National Park, South Carolina
 * Congaree (horse), American thoroughbred racehorse
 * Congaree Golf Club, a private golf club in Ridgeland, SC

title: Congaree


text:
Cooum River

The Cooum River, or simply Koovam, is one of the shortest classified rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal. This river is about 72 km in length, flowing 32 km in the city of Chennai (urban part) and the rest in rural part. The river is highly polluted in the urban area (Chennai). Along with the Adyar River running parallel to the south and the Kosasthalaiyar River, the river trifurcates the city of Chennai and separates Northern Chennai from Central Chennai. It is also sometimes known as Thiruvallikenni river

Its source is in a place by the Kesavaram Anaicut built across Kallar river in Vellore district adjoining Chennai district. From its origin in the Kesavaram village to Thandurai (Pattabiram), Avadi, Thiruverkadu Anaikat, the river remains unpolluted. Beyond this point, the river is highly polluted till its mouth on the Bay of Bengal. In Chennai district, the river flows through three corporation zones—Kilpauk, Nungambakkam and Triplicane—for a total length of 16 km.

Owing to the intensive use of surface water upstream for agriculture, indiscriminate pumping of groundwater leading to reduced base flow in the river, formation of a sand bar at the mouth of the river, discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents, and encroachment along the banks, the river, especially downstream, has been highly polluted. In 2018 alone, about 21,665 tonnes of waste were removed from the river.

History
The Cooum was earlier known as the Triplicane river. The name of Cooum appears to be derived from Tamil literature. The name may have been derived from the Tamil term coopam meaning 'well' or 'deep pit'. The word coovalan denotes a person who is well versed in the science of ground water, well water and stagnant water.

Once this river was said to have its origin in Dharmapuri district, but now due to some earth table changes, it has shortened its course to Thiruvallur district. Ancient documents from the nearby temples states about one 'reaching salvation' on having a dip in the Cooum. The Cooum river was then clean and unpolluted.

For centuries, Cooum has been an integral part of the socio-economic and cultural life of the city. Till the early twentieth century, it was a clean river, most suitable for navigation. In ancient times, it played a pivotal part in the far-flung maritime trade between the Roman Empire, South India and Sri Lanka. Cooum's proximity to the ancient port of Manarpha or Mylapore added to the river's strategic importance. Manarpha was frequented by Roman merchants who came here to buy Indian textiles, gemstones and spices. In return, India procured gold, silver, copper and high-quality wine from the Romans. Archaeologists have discovered ancient Roman wine jars, and Roman and Chinese coins, on the banks of the river. In the late eighteenth century, Pachaiyappa Mudaliar, the renowned philanthropist, bathed in this river before offering prayers at the Komaleeswarar Temple in Komaleeswaranpet.

Cooum River and the nearby Elambore River (or North River), which flows into the Cooum at its mouth, were running very close to each other near the former Central Jail area opposite Chennai Central. During floods, both the watercourses inundated the whole area. In the 1700s, the two rivers were linked by a cut to equalise the floods in both the rivers and a bridge was constructed between these rivers in 1710 across the cut.

Polluted part of the Cooum is presently spoiled by filth and pollution, and the water quality has considered to be highly toxic and completely non-potable. The 2004 tsunami cleaned the mouth of the river; however, the river returned to its usual polluted self within a short period. Nevertheless, the river is still being used for drinking water needs of many villages in the banks of the unpolluted part of the river.

Origin and course
The Cooum River originates in a village of the same name in Kadambathur union in Tiruvallur district, about 70 km from Chennai, although starting its main course at Sattarai village, around 65 km from Chennai. Flowing through Thiruverkadu, it enters the Chennai District at Arumbakkam after meandering for about 54 km. It then passes through some of the oldest residential areas for another 18 km such as Choolaimedu, Chetpet, Egmore and Chintadripet, where the river channel is about 30 m wide. Close to Egmore, the river forks into two—the northern and the southern arms—both of which join again near the Napier bridge, thus forming an island, known as the Island Grounds. The northern part of the Buckingham Canal joins the Cooum near the old Central Jail while the southern part of the same canal emerges from the river, just behind the University of Madras campus. The river finally joins the Bay of Bengal south of the Fort St George, just below the Napier Bridge. Once a fresh water source, it is today a drainage course inside the city of Chennai. The total length of the river is about 65 km. The river flows to a length of 40 km in the Chennai Metropolitan Area, of which 16 km fall within the Chennai district limits. The total catchment area of the river is about 400 km2, and the bed width ranges from 40 to 120 m. The capacity of the river is 19500 m3/s, and the anticipated flood discharge is around 22000 m3/s. Once a fishing river, it has borne the brunt of the city's unplanned developmental explosion. The Kesavaram dam diverts the river into the Chembarambakkam Lake from which water is used for the supply of drinking water to the city of Chennai. Thereafter, the flow of water in the river is much reduced.

Three ancient Shiva temples are located at the source of the river. The first is Tiruvirkolam, in Cooum village, and the other is at Ilambaiyankottur. The third is Thiruverkadu Shiva temple. Koyambedu temple is also in its banks. These temples have been featured in the Thevaram sung by the Saivite saint Thirugnana Sambandar. There is one more temple called the Veerebathrasami temple. The god in the temple is otherwise known as "Akoramoorthy". This temple is at Pillayarkuppam, 2 km from Cooum village. In ancient Tamil Nadu, under the Chola Empire, the river Cooum was referred to as Kashtabudhyotpathihi. They all form a group of villages called Padhinaru Nattham. The river drains into the Bay of Bengal at Chepauk in Chennai marking the northernmost boundary of the Marina Beach. The delta also marks the southern boundary of the Port of Chennai.

The width of the river course varies all along from 35 to 150 m, which includes the area occupied by the slums.

Islets and the river mouth
The major islet in the course of the river is the Island Grounds in Chennai less than a kilometre from the mouth. The river splits into two near Chinthadripet and encircles a piece of land isolating it from the surrounding land before draining into the eastern sea. However, the mouth of the river is not too wide and does not have any islet. The river mouth has groynes running to a total length of nearly 250 m. The opening between the groynes is about 170 m to facilitate tidal action. The impact of high tide bringing in sea water is felt for nearly 3 km in the river. At present, the river has to be periodically cleaned to prevent sand deposits near the river mouth, close to the Napier bridge, which are removed at frequent intervals using at least two machines to facilitate tidal action and avoid flooding. About 80000 m3 of sand were removed in 2010–11.

The river basin spans an area of 505.88 square kilometers.

Bridges
There are nine major bridges built over the urban part of the river. These are the Napier Bridge, the Wallajah Bridge, the Periamet Bridge, the Chintradripet Bridge or the St Andrew's Bridge, Harris Bridge, Commander-in-Chief Road Bridge, College Road Bridge, Spur Tank Bridge and the Aminjikarai Bridge. Apart from these there are several smaller bridges built across the river. The Corporation of Chennai maintains about 13 of these bridges.

A new bridge across the river connecting Golden George Nagar in Mogappair with Nerkundram is being constructed by the state highways department at a cost of ₹ 113 million. Work started in August 2010 and is expected to be completed by March 2013. The bridge with 10 spans measures about 110 m long and nearly 24 m wide, accommodating six-lane traffic, with space provisions for bicycles and pedestrians.

Flora and fauna
According to scientists, around 1950, Cooum had 49 species of fish, and by the late 1970s, this was reduced to 21 species. However, on date, there are no fish in the river, owing to highly toxic pollutants found in the river water.

Pollution
The river is narrow, placid, slow and meandering. The river is primarily fed by discharge from tank and water bodies and has seen a steady drop in freshwater over the years, a primary reason for its present-day condition. However, the core problem of the Cooum has been that due to the sand bar, the river mouth near the Napier Bridge gets blocked for most of the time, preventing the river water from draining into the sea. This has, eventually, made the river, in its 18-km-long stretch in the central district, a stinking cesspool.

Tests of water samples reveals almost zero dissolved oxygen and substantial presence of faecal coliform bacteria, besides heavy metals such as lead, zinc and cadmium.

The study of the river was undertaken as part of a World Bank-funded project and shows that it is 80 per cent more polluted than treated sewer. Fish were able to survive in the water for only 3 to 5 hours even after samples were diluted. There are traces of heavy metals like copper and pesticides like endosulphan and lindane in it. Public Works Department sources said government agencies like Chennai Corporation and business units and retail outlets on the banks of the river were responsible for the pollution. The water has almost no dissolved oxygen, and instead there are traces of heavy metals like copper, besides sewage and sludge. Due to its narrowness and about 3,500 illegal hutments along its banks, it has not been recently desilted, which has closed it to river traffic. Per 2003 enumeration, about 9,000 families live along the river, in addition to 450 shops and commercial buildings. There are 700-odd points in the river bank where sewage flows straight into the river. There are 127 identified sewage outfalls into the river, out of which 85 are in use.

Nearly 30 per cent of the estimated 55 e6l of untreated sewage being let into the waterways of Chennai daily, including by Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, gets into the Cooum river. About 60 per cent of the untreated sewage gets into the Buckingham Canal and the Adyar River takes the rest. In 2010, about 340 sewage outfalls into the waterways were identified. Of them, more than 130 sewage outfalls were in the Cooum River and a majority of them were between Aminjikarai and Nungambakkam. In some of the spots in areas such as Maduravoyal, more than 7 tonnes of municipal solid waste is being dumped in the river every day.

Fortunately, there is another 42 km of this river which is still not polluted (as of the year 2015), which can be used to transport the water into Chennai and to store drinking water for Chennai's needs. There is a huge amount of sand deposits in the banks of the unpolluted part of the Cooum river that could rejuvenate the ground water level of numerous villages in the banks of this river.

Cleanup
According to the records available with the state public department, efforts to restore the waterway first began back in 1872 under the British. The earliest recorded proposal was mooted in 1890. After Independence, the then chief minister C. N. Annadurai launched a Cooum Improvement Scheme at a cost of ₹ 19 million in September 1967, six months after the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party came to power for the first time in the state, when M. Karunanidhi was PWD minister. The project comprised installation of a regulator and a sand pump at the river mouth, protecting the sides of the river with cement concrete slabs from the Chetput bridge to the Napier Bridge, provision of a walkway on either side of the river, removal of encroachments on the banks of the river and, more importantly, the diversion of sewage. In addition, seven boat jetties were built. In February 1973, when Karunanidhi was chief minister, he launched a pleasure boat service at a cost of ₹ 22 million, and roving boats, powered boats and paddle boats were made available at a nominal charge. However, the efforts went futile when the sand pump developed snags. Incidentally, the jetties built for the purpose still dot the riverfront.

In 1996, when the DMK returned to power, the government made another bid—this time covering all important watercourses, including the Buckingham Canal and the Adyar. This resulted in the implementation of the ₹ 12,000-million Chennai City River Conservation Project (CCRCP) in January 2001, which was substantially supported by the Union Environment and Forests Ministry. This time, the new project aimed at arresting the sewage outfalls and strengthening the sewer network. However, this too did not yield the desired results since the project did not cover Tiruvallur district, which accounts for 54 km of the river stretch.

After the DMK took charge again in May 2006, the eco-restoration of the Cooum again came to the fore. To facilitate the implementation of the project, the Chennai River Authority, headed by the Deputy Chief Minister, was formed in December 2009 to clean up the entire stretch of the river within 10 years. This aimed at coordinating the implementation of various projects.

In 2010, the Tamil Nadu government signed an MoU with Singapore Cooperation Enterprise (SEC), a Singapore agency for the restoration project. The agency prepared a preliminary report after discussions with various stake holders of the project including Chennai Corporation, municipal administrations, Metrowater, Pollution Control Board, Slum Clearance Board and the public works department.

There is currently the World Bank–funded Irrigated Agriculture Modernisation and Water Bodies Restoration and Management Project to clean up the river, under which the upper reaches of the river are proposed to be covered. The World Bank has approved ₹ 224.1 million for the Cooum restoration project towards development of its irrigation potential. Improving the irrigation efficiency of Cooum upstream is one of the main objectives of the project. The upper region of the river, mainly Kancheepuram, Chengalpattu and Thiruvallur districts, will be benefiting from this special fund.

A team from Chennai has visited San Antonio in Texas to see how they successfully did the clean-up of a polluted river. The team comprised former Deputy Chief Minister M. K. Stalin, former Chennai Mayor M. Subramaniam and other senior officers. One of the city's dream projects is to clean up this river on or before 2020. The initiative has been taken up by the Central and State governments to clean up the river and rediscover the pleasures of traditional boat racing. The Chennai Rivers Restoration Trust (CRRT) has asked the Chennai Corporation to chalk out an action plan to remove construction debris dumped on the banks of the river.

The Water Resources Department (WRD) started flushing a 30 km stretch of the Cooum in December 2010, initially discharging about 200 cuft/s of surplus water from the Poondi reservoir into the river.

In September 2011, the WRD began cleaning the river at a cost of ₹ 10.2 million and the work is expected to be completed within a fortnight.

In 2012, the government allotted ₹ 3,000 million towards construction of 337 sewage cleaning systems in the waterways in the city, including 105 locations in the Cooum river. Others include 49 points in Adyar river and 183 locations in the Buckingham Canal.

Other developments
A visitor centre near the mouth of the river on the Marina Beach, similar to the Marina Barrage Visitor Centre in Singapore and San Antonio Visitor Center in the United States, has been planned as part of an initiative to create awareness of the need for clean waterways.

In 2011, the Tamil Nadu Sailing Association planned to build a marina at the mouth of the Cooum river along the southern bank, where yachts and pleasure boats could dock. The ₹ 300-million project involves first building a breakwater in the sea so that the waters at the marina are placid and the boats do not keep bobbing up and down with the incursion of waves. However, the by-catch is a more important function—the breakwater will prevent silting and clogging of the river's mouth, allowing for structures such as a boat repair facility, a base for the Tamil Nadu Coastal Police, and sailing academy to be put up on the bank. By 2013, the estimate for the setting up of a sailing centre and marina to accommodate 24 yachts has increased to ₹ 450 million.

A nature trail along the river has been proposed for which a draft ecological plan has been prepared by the Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure and Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL). The project is planned from College Road bridge to Chetpet bridge by the Chennai River Restoration Trust in view of the biological diversity of the area which was undisturbed for decades. According to the draft ecological plan, floral species such as Indian almond, black wattle, sacred fig, madras thorn, Indian mulberry, neem, banyan, magizham, Indian cork tree, punnai, sirukkambil, karumugai, shenbagam, bayur tree, kadamba, pavazha malli, vetiver grass, palmarosa, agave, lemon grass and subabul would be part of species along the nature trail which would play a role in erosion management. The nature trail would be based on an "elevated boardwalk" model with "uncompressed natural wood" and "fibre reinforced plastic". The entry and exit would be on College Road near the DPI complex. Apart from the parking facilities on the DPI premises, a stretch along the road between the entry point and the College Road Bridge would be demarcated for additional parking. Five points located at 200 m intervals along the trail have been selected for erecting break-out areas including one for a canopy walk. The facility has been planned without electrical fittings and has been designed as a "day trail".

It is proposed that Chennai Metro rails are to be built about 30 m under the bed of the river. The line that comes from the Madras High Court area reaches the metro's Central station in front of Ripon Building, crosses the river and passes underneath the neighbourhoods of Chintadripet to reach the underground station at the new secretariat on Anna Salai. The tunnels for the metro rail are to be made without cutting open the ground, with giant machines boring the tunnels as the river flows above. Custom-made tunnel boring machines costing ₹ 600 million each have been imported from Germany for the purpose.

Eco restoration and nature trail
Key aspects of the Cooum river eco-restoration plan includes 11 maintenance ways of 9.6 km, 22 walkways of 24 km, and 17 cycle tracks of 19 km, in addition to 24 parks and riverfront vegetation. The total budget for the eco-restoration is ₹ 19,340 million.

As part of the eco-restoration, in July 2018, the corporation began work on the 1.5-km nature trail between the College Road bridge in Nungambakkam and the Munroe bridge in Chetput. Modelled on the San Antonio River Walk in the United States, the trail is being built in two phases at a cost of ₹ 98.2 million and includes a butterfly park in a 5000 square meter area. Given the raise in the maximum flood level in the past years being 70% to 5.94 meters, the boardwalk has been increased from 3.5 meters to more than 6 meters using corrosion-resistant steel. The boardwalk will measure 1.65 meters and will be covered with greenery, with a provision to park 70 vehicles. The butterfly park will be built in the second phase.

Occasional water flows
During the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, the empty waterway enabled it to take in much of the incoming ocean water. Some say this would not have been possible had the river been in full flow.

In November 2005, three days of torrential rains flushed out the waste and cleaned up the river, and the river looked clear for a brief period. Egrets and cormorants too were cited flocking the river to feast on fish. The river discharged the floodwater at a rate of about 21500 m3/s.

Legacy
A 1928 poem by V. H. Shipley describes the river as follows:"Of dirt and smell your sources wake... And near the sea where one would think Your water might be cleaner, It forms a cesspit by the bridge, Adjoining the Marina. Oh viscid stream! Oh smelling flood. Oh green and beastly river!"

title: Cooum River


text: Category:1891 in law

title: Category:1891 in law


text:
Brigitte Horney

Brigitte Horney (29 March 1911 – 27 July 1988) was a German theatre and film actress. Best remembered was her role as Empress Katherine the Great in the 1943 version of the UFA film version of Baron Münchhausen, directed by Josef von Báky, with Hans Albers in the title role.

Early life
Brigitte Horney was born and grew up in Dahlem, Berlin, the daughter of noted psychoanalyst Karen Horney.

Career
She was, for more than a decade, engaged with Berlin's Volksbühne. When she accepted the starring role in the highly popular film Love, Death and the Devil (1934), a new star was born with the Leitmotif song "So oder so ist das Leben".

Horney was a good friend of the actor Joachim Gottschalk and appeared in four films with him. Although Gottschalk had fallen from favor with Nazi officials, Horney attended Gottschalk's funeral (Germany, 1941), regardless of the political and career implications of doing so.

Personal life
After the Second World War she became an American citizen, but continued to visit Germany frequently, where she had a house in Bavaria. She married the eminent Jewish art historian Hanns Swarzenski, a leading authority on German Romanesque manuscripts.

Death
She continued to work in films and television (i.e. Oliver Twist) until her death in Hamburg in 1988.

Film

 * Farewell (1930) - Hella, retailer
 * Fra Diavolo (1931) - Anita
 * Rasputin, Demon with Women (1932)
 * The Country Schoolmaster (1933) - Martha Detlefsen
 * Ein Mann will nach Deutschland (1934) - Manuela Ortiguez
 * The Eternal Dream (1934) - Maria
 * Love, Death and the Devil (1934) - Ruby
 * Blood Brothers (1935) - Mara, die Magd
 * The Eternal Dream (1935) - Marie
 * The Green Domino (1935) - Ellen Fehling / Marianne Fehling
 * Savoy Hotel 217 (1936) - Nastasja Andrejevna Daschenko
 * City of Anatol (1936) - Franziska Maniu
 * The House of the Spaniard (1936) - Margarita de Guzman
 * Secret Lives (1937) - Lena Schmidt
 * Der Katzensteg (1937) - Dienstmagd Regine Hackelberg - Tochter
 * Faded Melody (1938) - Barbara Lorenz
 * Revolutionshochzeit (1938) - Aline
 * Anna Favetti (1938) - Anna Favetti
 * You and I (1938) - Anna Uhlig
 * Uproar in Damascus (1939) - Vera Niemayer
 * Target in the Clouds (1939) - Margot Boje
 * The Governor (1939) - Maria
 * A Woman Like You (1939) - Dr. Maria Pretorius
 * Liberated Hands (1939) - Dürthen, Schafhirtin
 * Enemies (1940) - Anna
 * The Girl from Fano (1941) - Patricia
 * Illusion (1941 film) (1941) - Maria Roth
 * Beloved World (1942) - Karin Ranke
 * Baron Munchhausen (1943) - Tsarin Catherine II
 * Am Ende der Welt (1947) - Roberta Bell
 * Die Frau am Weg (1948) - Christine
 * Verspieltes Leben (1949) - Ulyssa von Siebenmühlen
 * Melody of Fate (1950)
 * As Long as You're Near Me (1953) - Mona Arendt
 * Prisoners of Love (1954) - Dr. Hildegard Thomas
 * The Last Summer (1954) - Tatjana Tolemainen
 * The Glass Tower (1957) - Dr. Bruning
 * Darkness Fell on Gotenhafen (1960) - Generalin von Reuss
 * The Inheritance of Bjorndal (1960) - Tante Eleonore
 * The Cry of the Wild Geese (1961) - Mrs. Sandbo
 * Miracle of the White Stallions (1963) - Countess Arco-Valley
 * Neues vom Hexer (1965) - Lady Aston
 * I Am Looking for a Man (1966) - Helene Schmidt
 * The Trygon Factor (1966) - Sister General
 * Old Mamsell's Secret (1972 film) (1972, TV film) - Cordula Hellwig
 * Haus der Frauen (1977, TV film) - Julia
 * Charlotte (1981) - Grandma
 * Bella Donna (1983) - Jutta

Television

 * Derrick - Season 4, Episode 3: "Eine Nacht im Oktober" (1977) - Mrs. Lechner
 * Heidi (1978 TV series) (1978, TV series) - Grandmother
 * Derrick - Season 7, Episode 6: "Die Entscheidung" (1980) - Ina Hauff
 * Huckleberry Finn and His Friends (1980, TV miniseries) - Aunt Polly
 * Jakob und Adele (1982–1989, TV series) - Adele Schliemann
 * Teufels Großmutter (1986, TV series) - Dorothea Teufel
 * Das Erbe der Guldenburgs (1987–1989, TV series) - Hertha von Guldenburg (final appearance)

title: Brigitte Horney


text:
Nazareth Bank

Nazareth Bank is a large submerged bank in the Indian Ocean.

Geography
It lies about 1,040 km east of northern Madagascar and 280 km south of the Saya de Malha Bank. The closest land is Cargados Carajos shoals, a small and remote dependency of Mauritius located 140 km to the southwest. The Nazareth Bank is part of the vast undersea Mascarene Plateau and of the Reunion hotspot track.

The center of the bank is at -14.5°N, 60.66667°W. Its extent is about 176 km north–south and up to 87 km east–west, with a surface of about 11,000 km2. This undersea bank is administered by Mauritius.

title: Nazareth Bank