text:
User talk:Awbeal

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Wikiproject North Carolina
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John de Lancie
Hi, Thanks for the edit, much valued, keep it up :) - Jrgnet  Talk 18:30, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Calvin Jones (NC physician)
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moving article
Hi Awbeal, When you want to move the content of an article to a new location, please use the move button at the top of the page. The contribution history of an article has to be maintained to comply with the GFDL and its a lot easier to move a page than merge page histories, which is what I did with Operation Together Forward and Operation Forward Together. When you have non-trivial moves, you can ask at WP:RM. Thanks, BanyanTree 04:26, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Charles Manly
Sorry for delay Ive been away. It was a copyright violation. I deleted it temporarily until it was rewritten. Hope this helps Gl e n 14:25, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Hello
Awbeal - I was just wondering how you feel about the quality of information at OurCampaigns.com, as you have cited it several times. Chronicler3 16:18, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Chronicler3: I think I first saw OurCampaigns.com as a result of one of your edits, just the other day. It seems that the information (much of which doesn't seem to be available online anywhere else) is reliable but I haven't done enough looking to know for sure. Incidentally I tried to sign up for an account and nothing happened. Any insight? Awbeal 17:13, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm .. I'm not sure. Feel free to try it again. I also have an account there. I think that OC and Wiki could have a symbiotic relationship - with Wiki offering a briefer overview of election coverage and additional information at OC. Just my thoughts. Chronicler3 03:38, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Kent Annas Vanity Removal from the Lenoir Article
You removed the line pointing out the vanity line on the Lenoir,NC Article. Would it have been more within guidelines to point out the contributer was responsible for the vanity entry? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Preserver32 (talk • contribs) 15:53, 13 February 2007 (UTC).

 * I don't know. I just thought it was inappropriate and didn't make sense. Something like that ought to go on the talk page, if anywhere. I didn't know whether or not Mr. Annas was notable enough to be on the list.  After my edit, someone else seems to have decided that indeed he is not notable enough. Awbeal 19:20, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

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Mary Easely
Hi. I got from another Wikipedian that she may run for governor in 2008. Maybe that's not true.

Politics rule 11:59, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Fine, but you need to have some "official" source, some media report, or even a (reputable) blog to cite. I haven't heard anyone talk about her running for Gov, although I have heard people talk about her running for US Senate.  And the spelling of her name is Mary Easley. Awbeal 13:14, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Collettsville
Much of the information I placed into the artical was factual. Sources were included, and you deleted reliable and true information. I have already asked for you to be selective in the amount of inaccurate information you take off. Azruski 21:12, 1 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Are you kidding me? The whole section called Establishment is totally without factual basis. The "source" link (http://www.thebluffsofwilsoncreek.com/history.htm) cited does not exist. The whole section called Local Traditions is without a basis in fact as well. The links cited are either about a completely different town (Valparaiso, Indiana) or do not include the fact that is being cited. The section on Schooling is not appropriate for a Wikipedia article or is not based on fact. The section on Church is not supported by the source cited. The section on Housing is not appropriate for a Wikipedia article. And finally, the section on Trivia is not supported by the source cited (which deals primarily with eastern NC). Again, let me point out that I am from this part of the state, so I know a little bit about it.  Awbeal 21:38, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Category:Star Trek soundtracks discussion
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Wikimania in Atlanta!
Mike H. I did "That's hot" first! 22:47, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Missing legislator articles
Thanks for helping to create articles for missing representatives. In case you weren't aware of it, there's an on-going list of these articles here: WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/American politicians/Representatives. Several people add red links to the list when they find them, and create new articles to reduce the list. When the links first turn blue, I check to see that the delegation articles and ordinal congress articles link to them, and I mark them as (done). After a few days, I delete them from the list. This allows others to see which ones have been done too. Feel free to create more articles! Thanks again.--Appraiser 14:22, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Queens College
Hi- I see you added a note about Queens University of Charlotte on the Queens College page. Can I ask why you felt this was necessary? I would tend to doubt that people would ever confuse the two. However, I'll wait for a response before I revert anything. Best,Slapshot01j 01:45, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I might add, Rutgers University was also originally called Queen's College, and nobody has deemed it necessary to put a link to Rutgers on the CUNY Queens page.Slapshot01j 01:48, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I did it because the entry for Lena Springs had a link to Queens College, but it meant what is currently Queens University of Charlotte because when Springs attended there, its name was indeed Queens College. Perhaps Queens College, City University of New York ought to have a note directing people to the disambiguation pages Queen's College and/or Queen's University (disambiguation). Maybe that would be more complete than just linking to Queens University of Charlotte? Awbeal 12:19, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Done.Slapshot01j 19:16, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

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Queens College
There is no other major institution called Queens College. It's unnecessary to specify. The only thing I've seen that's close is Queens University. Enigmaman (talk) 18:20, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Correction to Henry Frye bio
Hello. I work with former NC Supreme Court Justice Henry Frye at the law firm of Brooks, Pierce, McLendon, Humphrey & Leonard, LLP, where Justice Frye serves as Of Counsel.

According to Justice Frye himself, the statement, "He went on to become the first African-American to complete a full Law degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. [1]" is not factual.

Other than Justice Frye's own words, additional proof can be found in an article published in the NC Law Review (73 N.C. Law Review 675 (1995), "People: African American and Other Minority Students and Alumni," The University of North Carolina School of Law, A Sesquicentennial History; III. The Evolution of the Modern Law School: Crucial Trends that Bridge Past and Future, written by Charles E. Daye. Mr. Daye states, "Harvey Beech, J. Kenneth Lee, and James Robert Walker, Jr., concluded their third year of law school at the University and were each awarded the LL.B. degree in 1952, thus becoming the first three African-Americans to earn law degrees at the University of North Carolina.  Beech and Lee earned their degrees at the end of the spring term and the records list their date of degree as June 1952. Walker's degree date is listed as August 1952. Thus, the inference is that he completed his work at the end of the summer session in 1952."

Additional clarifications can be found in the transcript of an interview with Justice Frye by WUNC-TV, from the Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , and from the UNC General Alumni Association, News & Publications, From the Hill Online, "Harvey Beech '52 Never Liked Being First."

Justice Frye requests this reference removed from his bio on Wikipedia. Thanks.

Newhitesell 17:40, 4 December 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Newhitesell (talk • contribs) 17:35, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you for this information. I will certainly remove that from the entry. I only included it because I read it in several different places and therefore believed it to be accurate. With no information about why the line kept being stricken, I had to assume that the intent was malicious.  Now that I know that this is not the case, I apologize. Awbeal 17:51, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Wonderful, thank you so much. He will be pleased.  And, I apologize as well.  It took me this long to figure out how to respond (talk).  Newhitesell 17:59, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Illnab1024 (talk) 21:34, 8 December 2007 (UTC)

Charles Manly
Greetings fellow Tar Heel. I see where the CM article has a lot of stuff about Alexander Manly. I suggest creating a separate article on the Wilmington editor. He is notable in his own right.Godspeed John Glenn! Will 18:35, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right. I have done so at Alexander Manly. Thanks for the suggestion.Awbeal (talk) 17:51, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

I like the article. I'd like to see somewhere that the Wilmington riot was the first post civil war armed insurrection. i think i saw that in the N&O article. A shameful period! I edited the cite to a reference and created a reference section. It took me a long time to figure out how to do references but they pack a lot of information into an article. See my articles on Teddy Shapou, Anthony Atala & Raymond Garthoff. I still have some older articles I have to convert to references. I went to NCCU law school. I was laughing at the Frye comment about not being the first Carolina law grad. i have a b.s. in physics from carolina. took two classes at carolina law school. one from Nakell, that guy that got arrested twice for shoplifing. he represented Chavez M at one time.Godspeed John Glenn! Will 01:01, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

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John Edwards on housing
I am confused about a change you made to a revision I made to the article on John Edwards and the Political Positions of John Edwards. (Thank you for correcting the misspelling...I usually edit with a word processor) You removed what I believe to be a responsible citation:  Edward's campaign web site.

Sincerely,

Mike DOwling —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikedow (talk • contribs) 17:16, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Michael Munger
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WPTF
You added a lot of good information to the WPTF article, but as I was trying to insert information for the years after 1941, I couldn't find your source. I tinkered with some of what you said to match what my source said but tried to leave your information intact. If you can find the actual sources for everything you said and put it under "References" the proper way, with a full web address or citation, I would appreciate it.

My information is nowhere near complete but I've been here all afternoon and I got sidetracked from my original objective. Every time I found a history of one station, I kept seeing other stations' histories.

Thanks a lot. Vchimpanzee ·  talk  ·  contributions  · 20:46, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Oops...
Oops, I was thinking of SR 639 as 'State Route 639" instead of "Senate Resolution 639". Thanks for fixing that! Aleta  Sing 18:33, 24 April 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem. I knew exactly what you were thinking.Awbeal (talk) 18:42, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

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Category:United States political leader templates
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Political party strength in North Carolina
Hi, Awbeal. Nice work on this article! I'm working on the whole series of 57 articles in the Political party strength in the United States series, and so far only a few of the states have been 'adopted' by someone really interested in that state's politics (CA, GA, IN, and NY and OH, to some extent), so I've been adding to all the other articles on a piecemeal basis. If you wanted to continue the North Carolina article on back (as in pre-1973), that would be great! Qqqqqq (talk) 19:15, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I enjoyed the challenge. I don't have the time or inclination to go farther back. Besides, it would get pretty complicated if you go back into the 19th century.  And if you go farther back into the 20th century, it would be pretty boring (Democratic control of everything). Awbeal (talk) 19:18, 9 December 2008 (UTC)
 * That's true. Most states have been far more susceptible to changes in the national mood than has NC. Qqqqqq (talk)

January 2009
Please do not add content without citing reliable sources. Before making potentially controversial edits, it is recommended that you discuss them first on the article's talk page. If you are familiar with Citing sources please take this opportunity to add references to the article. Ward3001 (talk) 22:45, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

 * You're right. My mistake, and my apologies. Ward3001 (talk) 15:40, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

DYK nomination of Kim Guadagno
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Enloe
Sorry I was unaware. I was told he was African American. And I havn't been editing it with lots of innacurate information. I created that page.. Simply it is just a mistake I made. Stop being rude. I did not see you're latest edit summary, which sourced that he was not African American. Tarheelz123 (talk) 19:53, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

North Carolina Council of State election, 2008
It goes without saying that I appreciate you correcting my many copy+paste errors in that article. But I thought I'd say it anyway. Bastin 17:03, 16 November 2009 (UTC)
 * you're welcome. Awbeal (talk) 17:11, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

North Carolina Lt. Governor elections
They are now in the articles North Carolina lieutenant governor election, 2004 and North Carolina lieutenant governor election, 2008. I will clean them up, reformat the gubernatorial elections some more, and create governor and lieutenant governor election articles for a few previous years in due course. All part of The Plan... Bastin 23:38, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Sounds good.Awbeal (talk) 19:29, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
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Rhoda Billings
Hello. I was wondering if you have any references to add to this article? You created it years ago and she's seems clearly notable, but it's been tagged for 3 years. Thanks forany help you can give on this. Regards, Markiewp (talk) 07:56, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Sure. Check it out. Thanks. Awbeal (talk) 17:32, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

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John Louis Taylor
Thanks for the help with John Louis Taylor, especially the link to John Hall. I am in the process of adding masonic notes to as many of these 19th century North Carolina masons as possible. Been spending some time looking and antique books, etc.EricCable (talk) 06:12, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

Samuel F. Patterson
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Proposed deletion of Adam Clayton Powell III

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Adding another UTS
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Democratic Governors Association Update Needed
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Speedy deletion nomination of Charles H. Mebane

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Nomination of Ronnie Ansley for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ronnie Ansley is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Are you still blocked? If so, let us know your IP address. PhilKnight (talk) 03:46, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Hello User:PhilKnight - I was unblocked and now I am blocked again. How do I determine IP address? And what is happening? This has never happened before. Awbeal (talk) 23:55, 13 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi Awbeal, your IP address is given by websites such as http://whatismyipaddress.com/ As to what's happening, one of your underlying IP addresses has been blocked as a proxy server. PhilKnight (talk) 00:10, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * User:PhilKnight thanks for your help. That site told me 104.129.204.79 Awbeal (talk) 00:12, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

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Anita Earls
Hello, I see that you say in your commentary that Earls' term has begun on the state supreme court. If you could provide the language from the statue or constitution or wherever that stipulates her term began today or provide an article that shows she was sworn in, that would be helpful.

Thanks! Snickers2686 (talk) 16:21, 2 January 2019 (UTC)
 * That's an interesting thing. Under the North Carolina Constitution - https://www.ncleg.net/Legislation/constitution/ncconstitution.html - seemingly all state office-holders' terms begin on January 1, even though it does not require that specifically of the Supreme Court. How curious. And I can't find a statute that says it either. But there is a note in the official biography of the current Chief Justice that his term began on Jan. 1 - https://www.nccourts.gov/news/tag/press-release/chief-justice-martin-delivers-state-of-the-judiciary-address-to-nc-bar-association

Awbeal (talk) 17:35, 2 January 2019 (UTC)

Ways to improve Toby Hampson
Hello, Awbeal,

Thanks for creating Toby Hampson! I edit here too, under the username Boleyn and it's nice to meet you :-)

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Ways to improve Allegra Collins
Hello, Awbeal,

Thanks for creating Allegra Collins! I edit here too, under the username Boleyn and it's nice to meet you :-)

I wanted to let you know that I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that:-

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Nomination of Leslie Petersen for deletion
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Nomination of Mary Fant Donnan for deletion
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Message from Project North Carolina
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I have reorganized and updated the content for the WikiProject North Carolina. I hope it is useful to improving collaboration.

User:G._Moore Talk

Malcolm Buie Seawell
You beat me too it by 16 minutes! -Indy beetle (talk) 01:15, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

Awbeal (talk) 16:38, 5 May 2020 (UTC) sorry Indy beetle! I didn't do much. You've written a great article!

"Edison County" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:2021 North Carolina elections

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The Warren Record moved to draftspace
I've moved this article into draft-space because with only two citations to self-published sources we clearly do not have enough to show that this subject meets our notability guidelines. I'm sure if it is a long-running newspaper there will be no problem finding sufficient material.

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Talk:The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle"

This page reads like it was written by someone who has just read a "Theories of History" textbook and decided to take a crack at something using all the buzzwords such as "tropes". The comparison between "all roads lead to rome" and "all roads lead to munich" is a perfect example of desperately reaching to find something new in historical thought, and falling flat on your face into absurdity. -AD

As originally written, this was specific to Hilter and his use of rhetoric which I considered too narrow. I have therefore expanded from the particular to the general for the rhetoric itself and given more brief background to the history of inter-war fascism. I had hoped to finish the work but have been distracted, so everyone else should feel free to pitch in. -David91 20:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, no-one else did pitch in
Which is my excuse for finishing this page. I confess to remaining unhappy about it. The problem with any page with a title like this is that it immediately creates NPOV problems. I think it might be better as a subsumed element in either Rhetoric or Propaganda and therefore waiver on whether to merge it. Contextualised in a description of linguistics or the semiotics of politics, one can avoid seeming to endorse the tropes by not criticising every one of them. It's a narrow path to travel and I'm not sure that I have avoided slips on the way. I have debated whether I should nominate the page for a POV check. . . In the end, I have decided to let the page stand on its own: slightly foolhardy, but I wait with interest to see if others pick up bias. -David91 19:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Is it neutral and accurate?

 * Fascist unification rhetoric is exploited by leaders to build an idealistic and utopian political movement for change.

First, it's better to explain the neologism Fascist unification rhetoric - what the heck is it?

Then, you can quote a source who asserts that such rhetoric is used to exploit.

If Hitler is the only example, then a better page title would be Hitler's unification rhetoric or perhaps Nazi propaganda.

Second, there's the risk that the reader might associate the snarl word fascist with "Unification", as if the Wikipedia were to claim that all unification is bad, that only division / revolution / independence movements or good. We're not supposed to take a position on that. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 15:58, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for your comments
Perhaps wrongly, I chose to explain the term through the material that follows the simple statement. Unification rhetoric is quite common as a term of art and the variety under discussion is particular to more authoritarian states that may or may not use corporatist economics, i.e. which conform to the fascist model.

All rhetoric is exploitative in the sense that it seeks to manipulate the audience to the advantage of the speaker. A comedian exploits rhetorical tropes to make the audience laugh. I do not think I need to cite a source for that usage which I take to be common.

Hitler was not and is not the only example. Mussolini preceded Hitler, Suharto continued it and, arguably, Robert Mugabe continues the tradition of maintaining ZANU-PF unity through his rhetoric against the farming community, homesexuals, etc. so the suggestion that this topic is somehow particular to Hitler is, with respect, misplaced.

I take your point that not all unifications are bad. So let us take a few modern examples to guide our thoughts. China argues the case for unification with Taiwan using rhetoric (one of the pro-independence political parties established in Taiwan translates its name as the "Nation-building Party" but it is not fascist). There is considerable rhetoric in Europe about the extent to which there should be unification among the member states of the EU. And there is major rhetoric being exchanged between India and Pakistan over the unification of Kashmir. But no reader would characterise any of these examples as being examples of fascist unification rhetoric because such rhetoric is used to convince people to unite in the creation of a fascist-style political movement that may or may not be able to come to power. If you feel this is not self-evident, I will paraphrase this explanation and place it as part of the heading. All other comments and suggestions are welcome. --David91 17:46, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Title change
I changed the article title from Fascist unification rhetoric to Fascism and the rhetoric of unification, because frankly I couldn't understand what the old title meant.

I also deleted the first sentence, because it raised more questions than it answered. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 04:05, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

 * Fascist unification rhetoric is exploited by leaders to build an idealistic and utopian political movement for change.

How about:
 * Many founders of political movements have used unification rhetoric to justify / motivate / convince people to support them.
 * Examples of Fascists having done this include...

Good suggestions
Being new to Wiki, I posted a question at the Pump on titles and the way they skewed attempts to edit the content. I was, and remain, a little naive, trying to keep to the original writer's intentions as much as possible. Your more dispassionate eye is welcomed. As to the first sentence, how about:

Many leaders of political movements have used unification rhetoric to convince people to support them and to build their party loyalty. In modern history, Mussolini was the first fascist to rise to power using these tropes. The same themes have subsequently appeared in the speeches of many leaders, including Idi Amin, Suharto and, most recently, Robert Mugabe who maintains ZANU-PF unity through his rhetoric against the West, the farming community, homesexuals, etc. --David91 05:32, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think what does not sound right here is the word Unification. The traditional   buzz-words for previous fascist hopefuls has been Nationalism and patriotism coupled with triumph and personal sacrifice. By directly saying Unification you are implying multinational convergence such as the EU or a single world government. (New World Order) Although my opinion rests firmly against any ideology embracing authoritarian or totalitarian rule or even tyranny of the masses as witnessed in our republic turned Democracy but not really either, (after the smoke and mirrors are pulled) I do see a bias.

 * I'm not sure I understand your point. "Unification", as used in this article, can be mini-Unification. It isn't a one world government. Instead it is more like, "the guys in the next valley over are like us, they should be a part of our country." (Rhineland, Sudetenland, Anschluss, etc). -Willmcw 10:10, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Clarification
I'm sorry I did not clarify. The word Unification alone invokes thoughts of Countries uniting or reuniting. i.e. The Reunification of Germany. Unification alone is fine but then kick in what seems like an organized attempt over the last fifty or so years to institute a fascist one world government then it takes on a whole new meaning. It seems as if you had an agenda to point out the dangers of Unification more so then how Unification can be used as a tool to help create a fascist state. To ensure it's survival, Fascism an initiator, relies on fear and panic to unite and mobilize one group against another making it a living ideology rather then an event. Unification is an event that is usally a reaction to something else. You did a great job on the article, I honestly doubt I could have written it without somehow condemning the philosophy behind fascism or assailing the character of those who participate or otherwise help to cause fascism in any form. The purpose here though is to supply information without judgement or bias. The U.S.A. seems to be developing into a bonafide fascist State. The only exception is our alleged Democratic process. Here is an article that you may find interesting. 14 points of Fascism Lenny

 * In most of the texts I have read, the topic of this page is called "Integralism." Perhaps Fascism and integralism would be a better title? --Cberlet 00:17, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * See Integralism for example.--Cberlet 00:18, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Content
Definitely an important topic in the greater scheme of Fascism and something that has been pretty well covered in the article. However, certain elements of the article seem to violate the 'No Original Research' policy of the Wikipedia, particularly the sections on Geographical Materialisation and Commerical Use of unification rhetoric. I could be totally wrong here (I hope I am, because the ideas in those particular paragraphs seem very logical and thought-provoking!), but it would be great if those two paragraphs could have some academic references/footnotes from the people/person who added them. This seems like the sort of article we could potentially get to front page status through a bit of elbow grease and some nice images (both of which I plan on supplying for the page as part of my wider interest in Fascist topics!). Cheers, Hauser 08:18, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I did most of the clean-up on this article. It is not really my field of interest but I have slightly clarified the source material as a start. Good luck with your proposed expansion. David91 11:43, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Can someone actually find a cite to this set of ideas being called "rhetoric of unification" or "unification rhetoric?" Because I have done a literature search and find the concepts of scapegoating, dualism, integralism, organicism, Volkishness, political religion, palingenesis, sacralzation of politics, totalitarinism, etc, but cannot find why this page is called "Fascism and the rhetoric of unification."--Cberlet 23:37, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * All the material by Burke that I have cited deals with the rhetoric of unification in the language of the fascists. He was the first academic to undertake a rigorous analysis of Hitler's use of rhetorical tropes (contemporaneously, as it happens). I inherited the title when I cleaned up the page. It was almost exclusively Hitler and a homage to Burke when I started. I debated whether to change the title then but decided that it would equally cover the more modern right-wing leaders who continue to use the same tropes, so I left it in place. I claim no particular interest in maintaining it. If you can think of something more appropriate, feel free to move to that. Good luck with the proposed upgrading work. David91 02:16, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but almost the entire page was uncited. If folks want to take the time to find actual cites and restore material, that would be great, but for now, most of the text has to be deleted to meet current Wiki demands for better citation.--Cberlet 16:50, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this page should be merged with Integralism, or moved into a broader page on Fascist propaganda techniques. Comments?

 * I think this should be Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle", which is the title of the Burke essay that this article is mostly about. This concept isn't the same as integralism, although I think Burke would say that integralism is one form that fascist unification rhetoric could take.  In any case, though, I think it would be problematic in terms of original research to put this material under the heading "integralism" when that's a word that probably never appears in the Burke essay.  A broad page on fascist propaganda techniques might be good in its own right, but it would quickly become POV-warrior flamebait. csloat (talk) 07:45, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

I went ahead and changed the name and restored some of the stuff that has been deleted; this is a start but the page could use a lot more work. csloat (talk) 21:37, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

So what is "commercial use"? Other than something bad that Hitler did, of course. Can an example be provided? One would think that a commentary on Burke's essay would include something about how it was received, as in "why do I care that Burke wrote that?" Burke's original essay had four tropes in it, perhaps those four should be marked as in the original. Since this is a commentary on an essay, it's important to make sure that what's said in it matches what was said in the essay. As in, the rule about synthesis. I mean, we all hate Nazis, but this article reads like it was written by high school students for social studies. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.232.27.11 (talk) 14:16, 2 September 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle"


text:
Pty

Pty or PTY may refer to:

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 * Tocumen International Airport (IATA airport code), Panama
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title: Pty


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text:
List of years in country music

This page indexes the individual year in country music pages. Each year is annotated with a significant event as a reference point.

Pre-1920s - 1920s - 1930s - 1940s - 1950s - 1960s - 1970s - 1980s - 1990s - 2000s - 2010s - 2020s -

Pre-1920s

 * Prior to 1920 in country music,
 * Train accidents – the C & O in 1890 near Hinton, West Virginia; train 382 occurs in 1900 in Vaughn, Mississippi; and train 97 in 1903 near Danville, Virginia – become the subject of several early country recordings.
 * The word "Hillbillie" printed for the first time in New York Journal on April 23, 1900.
 * "Rube" comedy, long country dialect tales like "Uncle Josh" become popular in 1909.

1920s

 * 1920 in country music
 * 1921 in country music
 * 1922 in country music, First commercial recordings of country music by Eck Robertson for Victor Records.
 * 1923 in country music, First radio "barn dance" WBAP in Fort Worth, Texas. "Sally Gooden" by A.C. (Eck) Robertson top country record.
 * 1924 in country music, "It Ain't Gonna Rain No Mo'" by Wendell Hall top country record. "The Prisoner's Song" recorded by Vernon Dalhart in August sells 1.3 million records by end of decade.
 * 1925 in country music, WSM signs on; first WSM Barn Dance. "The Prisoner's Song" by Vernon Dalhart top country record. Charlie Poole and The North Carolina Ramblers recorded the successful "Don't Let Your Deal Go Down Blues" and "The Girl I Loved in Sunny Tennessee" on July 27.
 * 1926 in country music, Formation of The Skillet Lickers. "The Prisoner's Song" by Vernon Dalhart second chart run Top Country Record.
 * 1927 in country music, The Carter Family, Jimmie Rodgers make their first recordings. "Bury Me Under the Weeping Willow" by the Carter Family Top Country Record.
 * 1928 in country music, "Blue Yodel" recorded by Jimmie Rodgers "Blue Yodel No. 1 (T for Texas)" Top Country Record, and one of several million sellers by Rodgers.
 * 1929 in country music, "Wildwood Flower" by the Carter Family top country record and sells one million copies. Gene Autry makes his first recordings.

1930s

 * 1930 in country music, Ken Maynard becomes first singing screen cowboy. ""Anniversary Yodel (Blue Yodel No. 7)"" by Jimmie Rodgers Top Country Record.
 * 1931 in country music, "Blue Yodel No. 8 (Mule Skinner Blues)" recorded by Jimmie Rodgers Top Country Record.
 * 1932 in country music, "Why Should I Be Lonely" by Jimmie Rodgers with Lani McIntire's Hawaiians Top Country Record.
 * 1933 in country music, Jimmie Rodgers dies in May 1933. "Yellow Rose Of Texas" by Gene Autry and Jimmy Long Top Country Record.
 * 1934 in country music, "Tumbling Tumbleweeds" recorded by the Sons of the Pioneers Top Country Record.
 * 1935 in country music, First recordings by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys. "Can the Circle Be Unbroken (By and By)" by the Carter Family Top Country Record.
 * 1936 in country music, First recordings by Ernest Tubb; formation of the Monroe Brothers (Charlie and Bill) and the Blue Sky Boys. "Mexicali Rose" by Gene Autry Top Country Record.
 * 1937 in country music, Beginning of Renfro Valley Barn Dance. "Steel Guitar Rag" recorded by Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys Top Country Record.
 * 1938 in country music, "Wabash Cannonball" recorded by Roy Acuff and the Crazy Tennesseans Top Country Record.
 * 1939 in country music, Bill Monroe formed the Blue Grass Boys. "It Makes No Difference Now" by Cliff Bruner's Texas Wanderers Top Country Record. Billboard prints its first "Hillbilly...Hits" charts. These charts will continue, primarily on a monthly basis, until 1942.

1940s

 * 1940 in country music, "You Are My Sunshine" by Bob Atcher and Bonnie Blue Eyes Top Country Record.
 * 1941 in country music, Gene Autry's "You Are My Sunshine" Top Country Record and sells one million copies. Ernest Tubb records and releases "Walking the Floor Over You."
 * 1942 in country music, Musicians' strike bans all recording starting August; Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., is incorporated in Tennessee.. "There's a Star-Spangled Banner Waving Somewhere" by Elton Britt Top Country Record and earns Gold record.
 * 1943 in country music, Al Dexter and His Troopers's "Pistol Packin' Mama" Top Country Record, and becomes first Country record to also top Popular music chart.
 * 1944 in country music, Billboard magazine creates national chart to track popularity of country music records. Al Dexter and His Troopers's "So Long Pal" Top Country Record.
 * 1945 in country music, "Shame on You" by Spade Cooley and His Western Band Top Country Record. Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs join the Blue Grass Boys. Often considered the beginning of Bluegrass music.
 * 1946 in country music, "Guitar Polka" by Al Dexter and His Troopers Top Country Record.
 * 1947 in country music, Hank Williams has first national hit; Eddy Arnold and his Tennessee Plowboys - "I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms) No. 1 record of 1947.
 * 1948 in country music, Eddy Arnold has five of the year's six new No. 1 songs, with "Bouquet of Roses" and "Anytime" the biggest of the lot. "Bouquet of Roses" No. 1 hit of all time based on total chart performance.
 * 1949 in country music, Hank Williams' first giant hit, "Lovesick Blues" Top Country Record.

1950s

 * 1950 in country music, 21 weeks at No. 1 for Hank Snow's "I’m Moving On."
 * 1951 in country music, The year of "Hank and Lefty" (as Merle Haggard would sing in song more than 25 years later); Hank Snow and Eddy Arnold were equally dominating; chart debut of Carl Smith.
 * 1952 in country music, The fall of Hank Williams; Kitty Wells has first solo female No. 1 song with "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels." Carl Smith becomes only country artist to have two records tied at No. 1 on the modern Billboard country charts ("Let Old Mother Nature Have Her Way" and "Don't Just Stand There")
 * 1953 in country music, Death of Hank Williams, Betty Jack Davis; crash that kills Davis will also sideline duet partner Skeeter Davis' career until the end of the 1950s.
 * 1954 in country music, Elvis Presley makes first recordings, one and only appearance on Grand Ole Opry; the rise of the pedal steel guitar; Hank Snow"s "I Don't Hurt Anymore" and the Red Foley-Kitty Wells duet "One by One" are ranked 1-2 for 19 consecutive weeks on Billboard magazine's country "Best Sellers in Stores" chart.
 * 1955 in country music, Johnny Cash, George Jones, Elvis Presley and Porter Wagoner each have first national hits; Webb Pierce spends 40 combined weeks at No. 1 on Billboard country chart's "Best Sellers in Stores" chart with "In the Jailhouse Now" (20 weeks), "I Don't Care" (12 weeks) and "Love Love Love" (eight weeks). Ozark Jubilee premieres on ABC-TV.
 * 1956 in country music, Ray Price, Marty Robbins and Johnny Horton emerge, resurrect traditional country music after the influx of rock and roll threatens the heart of country music.
 * 1957 in country music, Rock-flavored acts — Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Everly Brothers and Ricky Nelson — dominate charts; Patsy Cline debuts on the charts.
 * 1958 in country music, The Nashville sound becomes country music's response to continued encroachment of genre by rock artists; Billboard magazine consolidates best-sellers and disc jockeys' charts into one all-encompassing "Hot C&W Sides" chart.
 * 1959 in country music, Chart debut of Buck Owens and rise of trademark Bakersfield Sound; peak of the saga song, through songs such as "The Battle of New Orleans," "Long Black Veil" and "El Paso."

1960s

 * 1960 in country music, Only four songs reach No. 1 on Billboard magazine country chart during the entire year; chart debut of Loretta Lynn; death of Johnny Horton in car accident; premiere of "The Porter Wagoner Show."
 * 1961 in country music, Country Music Association announces creation of Country Music Hall of Fame; Patsy Cline has first No. 1 hit ("I Fall to Pieces").
 * 1962 in country music, Ray Charles releases Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music.
 * 1963 in country music, Tragedies befall country music, with deaths of Patsy Cline, Cowboy Copas and Hawkshaw Hawkins (plane crash); Jack Anglin (car accident, en route to Cline's funeral) and Texas Ruby (house fire) all in less than a month's span.
 * 1964 in country music, Plane crash kills Jim Reeves; chart debut of Hank Williams Jr. Connie Smith begins her eight-week stay at number one with "Once a Day".
 * 1965 in country music, Return of Eddy Arnold goes along with crossover hit "Make the World Go Away"; multi-Grammy winner with Roger Miller's "King of the Road"
 * 1966 in country music, Chart debuts of Lynn Anderson, Tammy Wynette and Charley Pride, the latter who goes on to become the most successful black performer in country music; first Academy of Country Music awards show airs (shown on tape-delay on the fading The Jimmy Dean Show).
 * 1967 in country music, First Country Music Association awards (non-televised this year only); Dolly Parton's chart debut, becomes regular on The Porter Wagoner Show.
 * 1968 in country music, Johnny Cash records At Folsom Prison; crossover successes of "Honey," "Harper Valley PTA"; Tammy Wynette records "Stand by Your Man"; final No. 1 hit for Eddy Arnold; death of Red Foley.
 * 1969 in country music, Premieres of Hee Haw, The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, The Johnny Cash Show. Marriage of George Jones and Tammy Wynette, known as "The First Couple of Country Music."

1970s

 * 1970 in country music, Loretta Lynn and Conway Twitty — who each release their signature songs during the year (she with "Coal Miner's Daughter," he with "Hello Darlin'") — record their first duet, "After the Fire is Gone".
 * 1971 in country music, Television's rural purge; African-American singer Charley Pride named CMA Entertainer of the Year; Lynn Anderson's international crossover hit "Rose Garden".
 * 1972 in country music, Fan Fair debuts; Opryland USA opens; Will the Circle be Unbroken album issued; 13-year-old Tanya Tucker becomes an overnight sensation.
 * 1973 in country music, Grand Ole Opry moves from the Ryman Auditorium to its new house in Opryland; murder of Stringbean; premiere of "American Country Countdown"; Johnny Rodriguez becomes the first Hispanic country star.
 * 1974 in country music, Rise of British-Australian pop singer Olivia Newton-John and her surprise win of the Country Music Association Female Vocalist of the Year award; veteran country performers respond with the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers in attempt to keep country music "country;" Dolly Parton leaves The Porter Wagoner Show.
 * 1975 in country music, Continued backlash over pop-influenced country after John Denver is named CMA Entertainer of the Year; country music records chart highly on the Billboard Hot 100; Willie Nelson becomes major star 15 years after his first recordings with album Redheaded Stranger; divorce of George Jones and Tammy Wynette; deaths of Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell and George Morgan.
 * 1976 in country music, CB radio-song craze hits its peak; Wanted! The Outlaws released; Loretta Lynn's autobiography becomes a New York Times best seller.
 * 1977 in country music, Death of Elvis Presley; six weeks at No. 1 for Waylon Jennings' "Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)"; Kenny Rogers makes comeback as solo country singer; Dolly Parton begins recording pop-oriented music instead of merely country.
 * 1978 in country music, Barbara Mandrell's decade-old career hits new heights with her first No. 1 record; Kenny Rogers releases "The Gambler"; Bob Kingsley becomes host of "American Country Countdown" (after several years of producing show). Deaths of Bob Luman, Johnny Bond and Mel Street.
 * 1979 in country music, Kenny Rogers releases second signature story song, "Coward Of The County," becomes top crossover artist.

1980s

 * 1980 in country music, Debuts of movies about country music and/or country singers in leading roles (Coal Miner's Daughter, Urban Cowboy); nomination of two country songs for Academy Award for Best Original Song; Alabama signs with RCA Records and begins long-term success. Death of Red Sovine.
 * 1981 in country music, Rise of neotraditional country with debuts of George Strait, John Anderson, and Ricky Skaggs; The Oak Ridge Boys release their biggest hit song, "Elvira," while Eddie Rabbitt enjoys crossover success with "I Love a Rainy Night" and "Step By Step" during second peak wave of songs crossing over to pop charts. Barbara Mandrell becomes first artist to win back to back Entertainer of the Year award 1980-1981 from CMA & ACM.
 * 1982 in country music, Alabama wins first CMA "Entertainer of the Year" award; Willie Nelson's "Always on My Mind" is a major crossover hit; death of Marty Robbins.
 * 1983 in country music, CMT, The Nashville Network premiere on cable television; The Judds sign national recording contract; Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton duet "Islands in the Stream" becomes a crossover smash.
 * 1984 in country music, Willie Nelson, Julio Iglesias duet "To All the Girls I've Loved Before"; Hank Williams Jr. records video for "All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight".
 * 1985 in country music, New York Times declares country music "dead"; Alabama sets a new Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles record for most consecutive No. 1 singles without a miss.
 * 1986 in country music, Debuts of Randy Travis, Dwight Yoakam and others reinvigorate country music; Buck Owens leaves Hee Haw; no multi-week No. 1 songs on Billboard country chart; Columbia Records drops Johnny Cash after 28 years. Conway Twitty has last No. 1 hit, "Desperado Love".
 * 1987 in country music, Reba McEntire wins unprecedented fourth Female Vocalist of the Year award from the Country Music Association; K. T. Oslin becomes a star in her late 40s, a first for a country female vocalist.
 * 1988 in country music, chronicling the history of country music on compact disc (among the first being the Country USA series); Merle Haggard's last No. 1 hit.
 * 1989 in country music, The rise and chart debuts of Garth Brooks, Clint Black, Travis Tritt and Alan Jackson; death of Keith Whitley; Ronnie Milsap has last No. 1 hit, "A Woman in Love."

1990s

 * 1990 in country music, Resurgence in multi-week No. 1s ("Hard Rock Bottom of Your Heart", "Love Without End, Amen").
 * 1991 in country music, Debuts of Diamond Rio, Trisha Yearwood, Hal Ketchum, Davis Daniel, Brooks & Dunn, B. B. Watson, Sammy Kershaw and Tracy Lawrence; Ropin' the Wind by Garth Brooks debuts at No. 1 on pop album chart, deaths of Dottie West, Webb Pierce and Tennessee Ernie Ford.
 * 1992 in country music, Hee Haw ends first-run production; the rise of line dancing and related hit singles, particularly "Achy Breaky Heart" and "Boot-Scootin' Boogie". Deaths of Roy Acuff and Roger Miller. Chart debut of John Michael Montgomery and Tim McGraw.
 * 1993 in country music, Deaths of Conway Twitty and David Houston; marriage of Shania Twain to Robert Lange; Chart debut of Toby Keith.
 * 1994 in country music, The push for more pop-influenced country (tied to the success of Garth Brooks and rise of newcomers Faith Hill and Tim McGraw); the comeback of Johnny Cash. Chart debut of Kenny Chesney.
 * 1995 in country music, The rise of Shania Twain; death of Charlie Rich; Great American Country premieres.
 * 1996 in country music, Marriage of Tim McGraw and Faith Hill; deaths of Gus Hardin and Faron Young.
 * 1997 in country music, Six weeks at No. 1 for "It's Your Love"; Shania Twain's Come On Over is released; Barbara Mandrell retires. Deaths of Bobby Helms and John Denver.
 * 1998 in country music, Deaths of Tammy Wynette, Eddie Rabbitt, Carl Perkins and Gene Autry. "This Kiss" by Faith Hill, "You're Still the One" by Shania Twain become major crossover hits, rekindling debate over pop-influenced country music.
 * 1999 in country music, Lonestar's "Amazed" spends eight weeks at No. 1, and becomes a major pop hit. Deaths of Hoyt Axton, Rex Allen and Hank Snow.

2000s

 * 2000 in country music, Toby Keith's breakthrough; Vince Gill and Amy Grant marry; Kenny Rogers becomes the oldest singer to have a No. 1 song; Garth Brooks announces plans for retirement; Rascal Flatts' debut album released; RFD-TV, a cable/satellite TV network focusing on farming and rural living but also features reruns of classic country music TV programming, is launched.
 * 2001 in country music, Tributes to those killed in the September 11 attacks. Death of Johnny Russell.
 * 2002 in country music, Toby Keith/Natalie Maines feud; comeback albums from Shania Twain, Faith Hill and the Dixie Chicks, The Statler Brothers final concert and retirement. Death of Waylon Jennings.
 * 2003 in country music, Rascal Flatts' "I Melt" video and Dixie Chicks controversies; deaths of Don Gibson, Johnny Paycheck, Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash; 70-year-old Willie Nelson has No. 1 hit.
 * 2004 in country music, Invasion of the MuzikMafia; death of Opry star Skeeter Davis.
 * 2005 in country music, Carrie Underwood wins American Idol; Garth Brooks marries Trisha Yearwood; Walk the Line biopic released; death of Chris LeDoux.
 * 2006 in country music, George Strait's 41st number one hit on the Billboard charts; new host for "American Country Countdown"; deaths of Buck Owens, Johnny Duncan and Freddie Fender.
 * 2007 in country music, Country music's big night at the Grammys; Garth Brooks' record-breaking hit single; deaths of Henson Cargill, Del Reeves, Porter Wagoner and Hank Thompson.
 * 2008 in country music, George Strait sets new record with 56 number one singles; deaths of Eddy Arnold and Jerry Reed; rise of Taylor Swift as a major crossover artist; Shania Twain and Robert John "Mutt" Lange separate after 14 years of marriage.
 * 2009 in country music, Brooks & Dunn announces their break up; Garth Brooks comes out of retirement; Taylor Swift-Kanye West conflict at an MTV awards show; deaths of Ernest Ashworth, Vern Gosdin, Dan Seals and Opry star Hank Locklin.

2010s

 * 2010 in country music, Taylor Swift wins four Grammy Awards including Album of the Year; Carrie Underwood becomes the first woman in history to win the ACM's Entertainer of the Year award twice; Flooding on the Cumberland River in Nashville damages parts of the city including the Grand Ole Opry House; deaths of Hank Cochran, Carl Smith and Jimmy Dean; "Need You Now" by Lady Antebellum becomes crossover smash.
 * 2011 in country music, marriage of Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert; Glen Campbell announcement that he has Alzheimer's, plans to retire; deaths of Mel McDaniel and Billie Jo Spears; Lady Antebellum wins five Grammy Awards including Record and Song of the Year; Scotty McCreery wins American Idol. “Red Solo Cup” by Toby Keith becomes a viral and crossover hit upon release.
 * 2012 in country music, George Jones and George Strait announce plans to retire from touring; Garth Brooks elected to Country Music Hall of Fame; Billboard makes changes to the Hot Country Songs chart; death of Kitty Wells.
 * 2013 in country music, Nash FM debuts; deaths of Mindy McCready, George Jones, Tompall Glaser, Jack Greene, Claude King, Cal Smith and Ray Price; Price's brief feud with Blake Shelton; "Cruise" by Florida Georgia Line breaks chart records.
 * 2014 in country music, George Strait retires from touring; Garth Brooks releases new album and begins world tour; Carrie Underwood announces pregnancy; Taylor Swift begins making pop orientated music; deaths of George Hamilton IV, Jimmy C. Newman, Dawn Sears, Kevin Sharp and Phil Everly of The Everly Brothers.
 * 2015 in country music, Keith Hill controversy; Cledus T. Judd retires; Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert divorce; deaths of Lynn Anderson, Jim Ed Brown, Little Jimmy Dickens and Daron Norwood.
 * 2016 in country music, Release of "Forever Country"; deaths of Joey Martin Feek, Holly Dunn, Glenn Frey, Merle Haggard and Jean Shepard.
 * 2017 in country music, Landmark chart accomplishments for Luke Bryan (most No. 1 hits from a single album) and Sam Hunt (longest run for a song at No. 1); deaths of Glen Campbell, Don Williams, Troy Gentry (of Montgomery Gentry) and Mel Tillis; Las Vegas shooting, Loretta Lynn suffers a stroke at home in Hurricane Mills, TN.
 * 2018 in country music, "Meant to Be" sets No. 1 longevity bar at 50 weeks; deaths of Lari White, Daryle Singletary, Freddie Hart and Roy Clark.
 * 2019 in country music, Kacey Musgraves wins four Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year; "Old Town Road" chart controversy and related rise of trap country; Hal Ketchum announces he has Alzheimer's; deaths of Sanger D. Shafer, Jim Glaser, Earl Thomas Conley and Bob Kingsley.

2020s

 * 2020 in country music, Deaths of Billy Joe Shaver, Kenny Rogers, Joe Diffie, Charlie Daniels, Mac Davis, John Prine, Jan Howard, Johnny Bush, Doug Supernaw, Hal Ketchum, Charley Pride and K. T. Oslin; ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacts multiple events, concerts; Lady A, The Chicks change to their new names following racial unrest.
 * 2021 in country music, Deaths of Ed Bruce, Jamie O'Hara of The O'Kanes, Misty Morgan of Jack Blanchard & Misty Morgan, B. J. Thomas, Tom T. Hall, Don Everly of The Everly Brothers and Stonewall Jackson; Taylor Swift begins to re-release her country albums and her re-recorded version of "Love Story" returned to number one on the country charts.
 * 2022 in country music, Deaths of Dallas Frazier, Scotty Wray of The Wrays, Warner Mack, Jimbeau Henson, Brad Martin, Jeff Carson, C. W. McCall, Shane Yellowbird, Naomi Judd of The Judds, Mickey Gilley, Deborah McCrary, Joel Whitburn, Olivia Newton-John, Luke Bell, Loretta Lynn, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Jeff Cook of Alabama; Toby Keith diagnosed with stomach cancer.
 * 2023 in country music, Bill Anderson longevity on the Grand Ole Opry; Jason Aldean controversy over lyrical and video content of "Try That in a Small Town"; deaths of Gordon Lightfoot and Claude Gray.
 * 2024 in country music, Death of Toby Keith.

title: List of years in country music


text:
Regulator (automatic control)

In automatic control, a regulator is a device which has the function of maintaining a designated characteristic. It performs the activity of managing or maintaining a range of values in a machine. The measurable property of a device is managed closely by specified conditions or an advance set value; or it can be a variable according to a predetermined arrangement scheme. It can be used generally to connote any set of various controls or devices for regulating or controlling items or objects.

Examples are a voltage regulator (which can be a transformer whose voltage ratio of transformation can be adjusted, or an electronic circuit that produces a defined voltage), a pressure regulator, such as a diving regulator, which maintains its output at a fixed pressure lower than its input, and a fuel regulator (which controls the supply of fuel).

Regulators can be designed to control anything from gases or fluids, to light or electricity. Speed can be regulated by electronic, mechanical, or electro-mechanical means. Such instances include;
 * Electronic regulators as used in modern railway sets where the voltage is raised or lowered to control the speed of the engine
 * Mechanical systems such as valves as used in fluid control systems. Purely mechanical pre-automotive systems included such designs as the Watt centrifugal governor whereas modern systems may have electronic fluid speed sensing components directing solenoids to set the valve to the desired rate.
 * Complex electro-mechanical speed control systems used to maintain speeds in modern cars (cruise control) - often including hydraulic components,
 * An aircraft engine's constant speed unit changes the propeller pitch to maintain engine speed.

title: Regulator (automatic control)


text: Category:Provinces of the Ottoman Empire


text:
File:Hes-sticker-of-approval.jpg

Home Entertainment Suppliers Pty. Ltd. NES game seal of approval.

Rationale for use in Home Entertainment Suppliers

 * This image shows the seal introduced by HES to combat claims by Nintendo that games sold without the Nintendo Seal of Quality could not be guaranteed to operate properly on NES hardware. Showing the image allows readers to compare it with the NES symbol, and understand the article's comparison between the two.

 * The image is being used in an appropriate educational and transformative way, as envisaged by US Fair Use law, to further a discussion of the history of HES and the presentation of its products, in a way that in no sense conflicts with the original use of the symbol. It is in any case questionable whether the sybmol sufficiently achieves the required threshold of originality to attract US copyright protection.

title: File:Hes-sticker-of-approval.jpg


text:
Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009

A total solar eclipse occurred at the Moon's descending node of orbit on Wednesday, July 22, 2009,  with a magnitude of 1.07991. It was the longest total solar eclipse during the 21st century with totality lasting a maximum of 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds off the coast of Southeast Asia, causing tourist interest in eastern China, Pakistan, Japan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Its greatest magnitude was 1.07991, occurring only 6 hours, 18 minutes after perigee.

Eclipse season
This was the second eclipse for the mid-2009 eclipse season, with the first having been the July 2009 lunar eclipse. The third eclipse of the season was the August 2009 lunar eclipse.

The solar eclipse was the 37th eclipse of the 136th Saros cycle, which began with a partial eclipse on June 14, 1360, and is expected to conclude with a partial eclipse on July 30, 2622.

Visibility
A partial eclipse was seen within the broad path of the Moon's penumbra, including most of Southeast Asia (all of Pakistan, India and China) and north-eastern Oceania.

The total eclipse was visible from a narrow corridor through northern India, eastern Nepal, northern Bangladesh, Bhutan, the northern tip of Myanmar, central China and the Pacific Ocean, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands, the whole Volcano Islands except South Iwo Jima, Marshall Islands, and Kiribati.

Totality was visible in many large cities, including Dhaka and Dinajpur, and Chapai Nawabganj district in Bangladesh; Surat, Vadodara, Bhopal, Varanasi, Patna, Gaya, Siliguri, Tawang and Guwahati in India; and Chengdu, Nanchong, Chongqing, Yichang, Jingzhou, Wuhan, Huanggang, Hefei, Hangzhou, Wuxi, Huzhou, Suzhou, Jiaxing, Ningbo, Shanghai as well as over the Three Gorges Dam in China. However, in Shanghai, the largest city in the eclipse's path, the view was obscured by heavy clouds. According to NASA, the Japanese island Kitaio Jima was predicted to have the best viewing conditions featuring both longer viewing time (being the closest point of land to the point of greatest eclipse) and lower cloud cover statistics than all of continental Asia.

The eclipse, and the reaction of thousands of observers at Varanasi was captured by the Science Channel Wonders of the Universe series hosted by Brian Cox.

This eclipse may be the most-viewed total solar eclipse in history, with 30 million people in Shanghai and Hangzhou alone.

Observations

Thousands of pilgrims gathered on the banks of the Ganges River in Varanasi, India to experience the eclipse as a religious or spiritual event. Some people expected that there would be a relationship, either positive or negative, between their health and the occurrence of the eclipse.

Indian scientists observed the solar eclipse from an Indian Air Force plane.

The Chinese government used the opportunity to provide scientific education and to dispel any superstition. A flight by China Eastern Airlines from Wuhan to Shanghai took a slight detour and followed the course of the eclipse to allow longer observation time for the scientists on board.

Observers in Japan were excited by the prospect of experiencing the first eclipse in 46 years, but found the experience dampened by cloudy skies obscuring the view.

In Bangladesh, where the eclipse lasted approximately 3 minutes and 44 seconds, thousands of people were able to witness the eclipse despite rain and overcast skies.

Duration

This solar eclipse was the longest total solar eclipse to occur in the 21st century, and will not be surpassed in duration until 13 June 2132 (Saros 139, ascending node) which will last for 6 minutes and 55 seconds. Totality lasted for up to 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds (0.14 seconds shorter than 6 minutes and 39 seconds), with the maximum eclipse occurring in the ocean at 02:35:21 UTC about 100 km south of the Bonin Islands, southeast of Japan. The uninhabited North Iwo Jima island was the landmass with totality time closest to maximum, while the closest inhabited point was Akusekijima, where the eclipse lasted 6 minutes and 26 seconds.

The cruise ship Costa Classica was chartered specifically to view this eclipse and by viewing the eclipse at the point of maximum duration and cruising along the centerline during the event, duration was extended to 6 minutes, 42 seconds.

The eclipse was part of Saros series 136, descending node, as was the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991, which was slightly longer, lasting up to 6 minutes 53.08 seconds (previous eclipses of the same saros series on June 30, 1973, and June 20, 1955, were longer, lasting 7 min 03.55 and 7 min 07.74, respectively). The next event from this series will be on August 2, 2027 (6 minutes and 22.64 seconds). The exceptional duration was a result of the Moon being near perigee, with the apparent diameter of the Moon 7.991% larger than the Sun (magnitude 1.07991) and the Earth being near aphelion where the Sun appeared slightly smaller.

In contrast the annular solar eclipse of January 26, 2009 (Saros 131, ascending node) occurred 3.3 days after lunar apogee and 7.175% smaller apparent diameter to the sun. And the next solar eclipse of January 15, 2010 (Saros 141, ascending node) was also annular, 1.8 days before lunar apogee, with the Moon 8.097% smaller than the Sun.

View from space

The Terrain Mapping Camera in the Chandrayaan-1 lunar mission was used to image the earth during the eclipse.

It was also observed by the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT:

Eclipses of 2009

 * An annular solar eclipse on January 26.
 * A penumbral lunar eclipse on February 9.
 * A penumbral lunar eclipse on July 7.
 * A total solar eclipse on July 22.
 * A penumbral lunar eclipse on August 6.
 * A partial lunar eclipse on December 31.

This total eclipse was the second in the series of three eclipses in a one-month period, with two minor penumbral lunar eclipses, first on July 7 and last on August 6.

Metonic

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of October 3, 2005
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 10, 2013

Tzolkinex

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of June 10, 2002
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of September 1, 2016

Half-Saros

 * Preceded by: Lunar eclipse of July 16, 2000
 * Followed by: Lunar eclipse of July 27, 2018

Tritos

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 22, 1998
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of June 21, 2020

Solar Saros 136

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027

Inex

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of August 10, 1980
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of July 2, 2038

Triad

 * Preceded by: Solar eclipse of September 21, 1922
 * Followed by: Solar eclipse of May 22, 2096

title: Solar eclipse of July 22, 2009