text:
Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew

Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew (31 January 1633 – 18 September 1721) was Bishop of Oxford from 1671 to 1674, then Bishop of Durham from 1674 to 1721. As such he was one of the longest-serving bishops of the Church of England.

Crew was the son of John Crew, 1st Baron Crew and a grandson of Thomas Crewe, Speaker of the House of Commons. He was educated at Lincoln College, Oxford; ordained deacon and priest on the same day in Lent 1665; and appointed Rector of the college in 1668. He became dean and precentor of Chichester on 29 April 1669, Clerk of the Closet to Charles II shortly afterwards (holding that post until the Glorious Revolution in December 1688).

He was elected Bishop of Oxford in April 1671 and Bishop of Durham on 18 August 1674. He owed his rapid promotions to the Duke of York (later James VII & II), whose favour he had gained by secretly encouraging the duke's interest in the Roman Catholic Church. Crew baptised the Duke's daughter Princess Catherine in 1675 and was made a Privy Counsellor on 26 April 1676 He was present at the crucial Privy Council meeting in October 1678 where Titus Oates first revealed his great fabrication, the Popish Plot.

After the accession of James II, Crew was also appointed Dean of the Chapel Royal on 28 December 1685, staying in post until 1688. He was part of the ecclesiastical commission of 1686, which suspended Henry Compton, Bishop of London (for refusing to suspend John Sharp, then rector of St Giles's-in-the-Fields, whose anti-papal writings had rendered him obnoxious to the king) and Crew shared the administration of the see of London with Thomas Sprat, Bishop of Rochester. On the decline of King James's power, Crew dissociated himself from the court, and made a bid for the favour of William III's new government by voting for the motion that James had abdicated. He was excepted from the general pardon of 1690, but afterwards was allowed to retain his see.

His tenure as Bishop of Durham saw the first two new parishes to be erected in England since the Reformation. These were at Stockton-on-Tees in 1712 and Sunderland. The Church of the Holy Trinity in Sunderland, now redundant, was the base for responsible local government in the growing port town for the first time since the Borough of Sunderland, created by the Bishops of Durham, was crushed by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War.

From 1681 to 1688 Crew lived at 43 King Street, Covent Garden. He died in 1721. Crew had married twice: firstly to Penelope Frowde on 21 December 1691; then, after Penelope's death in 1699, secondly to Dorothy Forster on 23 July 1700. Dorothy died in 1715. In 1697, Crew succeeded his brother Thomas as the 3rd Baron Crew, but had no children and thus the barony became extinct upon his death.

Legacy
He left large estates to be devoted to charitable ends, and his benefaction to Lincoln College and to Oxford University is commemorated in the annual Creweian Oration.

His memory is also perpetuated in The Lord Crewe Arms Hotel at Blanchland, whose community Crew rebuilt. Crew bought the village in 1708 and on his death in 1721 it passed to his trust, which remains the landlord.

Crew also furnished the chapel of Steane Park, Northamptonshire, of which he was the owner (having inherited the Steane estate with the Crew barony).

Much vilified by the Whig school of historians, Crewe's contributions are now more fully appreciated. Samuel Pepys thought well of him, praising, in particular, his grave and decent manner of preaching:

"Dr. Crew did make a very pretty, neat, sober, honest sermon; and delivered it very readily, decently, and gravely, beyond his years: so as I was exceedingly taken with it, and I believe the whole chappell, he being but young; but his manner of his delivery I do like exceedingly."

Styles and titles

 * 1633–1661: Nathaniel Crew Esq.
 * 1661–1665: The Honourable Nathaniel Crew
 * 1665–1669: The Reverend and Honourable Nathaniel Crew
 * 1669–1671: The Very Reverend and Honourable Nathaniel Crew
 * 1671–1676: The Right Reverend and Honourable Nathaniel Crew
 * 1676–1697: The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Nathaniel Crew
 * 1697–1721: The Right Reverend and Right Honourable Lord Crew PC

title: Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Distributed campaigning

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Distributed campaigning
Obscure neologism. 66 Google hits, some irrelevant. I've just finished a year-long research project on this subject, and this is only the second time I've encountered the term. RadicalSubversiv E 16:10, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't appear to have the scope or impact to be encyclopedic.  Give the concept some time to develop and someday the term might deserve an article (if it sticks, of course), but not yet. -- Jonel 17:30, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, in full agreement with Jonel. When someone combines a couple of words and sticks them on a simple idea so he can sell custom software, his self-promotion of the phrase doesn't make it encyclopedic.  If the next election cycles show there's more to the idea than "our flunkies spam people from home instead of spam-phoning them from the campaign office", and if the term takes hold on a widespread basis, then it'll be more appropriate to add the article.  Barno 19:02, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 17:14, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
WAAF

WAAF may refer to:

 * Women's Auxiliary Air Force, a British military service in World War II
 * Waaf, a member of the service
 * w3af (Web application attack and audit framework), an open-source web application security scanner
 * WAAF (AM), a radio station (910 AM) licensed to Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States
 * WKVB (FM), a radio station (107.3 FM) licensed to Westborough, Massachusetts, United States, which used the WAAF call letters from 1968 to 2020
 * West Austin Antenna Farm, an antenna farm located west in Austin, Texas, United States
 * Wheeler Army Airfield

title: WAAF


text:
User talk:Hydric

Hmm en egen talk sida! Yay T_T --hydric 15:37, 2005 May 31 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hydric


text:
Talk:Lapulapu

the battle of Mactan
It is really funny that they call a battle -- 60 Spaniards versus 1,500 locals. No way would Magellan or anyone else engage in such a battle. It's remarkable that in the Philippines, Lapu-Lapu is presented as a national hero. Yet, there isn't a single Filipino presented as a hero of WWII. There might have been some, but their names have been deleted from history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.214.56.224 (talk) 01:01, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

do you know what is the cause of death of lapu-lapu?
DO you know what or who killed Lapu-lapu our first hero?? there were no records I could find so if you do know email me... jericho_tabug@yahoo.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.127.33.127 (talk • contribs) 06:50, April 19, 2007 (UTC) he died by in very old of age..dagat — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.145.71.244 (talk) 10:19, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Old age is the most logical explanation on the death of Lapulapu. Accordingly many historians and scholars agreed that Lapulapu at the time of the Magellan debacle is an old chieftain already and accordingly was never present or participated in the battle of Mactan because of his old age.  Nevertheless he is credited, which is a good thing, for the demise of Magellan.  If you search world history books, Lapulapu was neither mentioned or being credited in the death of Magellan.  Mechanized art (talk) 05:35, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

Battle of Mactan
Er.. the Battle of Mactan was a actually a battle between Rajah Humabon and Kali Pulako. Magellan was merely joining his new-found friend Humabon for a show of Spanish arms power. This breaks the popular belief that Kali Pulako defended the islands against Spanish conquest because he was actually defending his kingdom against Humabon and the Cebuanos. This is accurate since during that time there was still no concept of a "nation" or "Philippines" or "Filipinos" yet, which makes it disagreeable to make him a national hero. He was fighting for his kingdom and not of any nation. Also there was no one on one duel or fighting between Magellan and Kali Pulako. Magellan was already hurt when he arrived in the islands. He already engaged himself already in fighting off other people in the different South American areas he and his crew landed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.213.143.162 (talk • contribs) 10:01, July 26, 2007 (UTC)
 * Sources please. --seav (talk) 02:18, 4 April 2008 tae

Conjecture about where Lapulapu came from
introduces text concerning "conjecture" about "where Lapulapu came from". Firstly, I'm not sure that we want to include conjecture in the article. Secondly, the cited reference does not say anything about where Lapulapu came from. If this is a genuine issue for mention in the article, is there a better reference, please? – Wdchk (talk) 05:28, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I've commented it out for now until someone provides the references for it. It sounds like local folk etymology to me.-- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  19:20, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

cilapulapu born matau island..dagat dagat — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.145.71.244 (talk) 10:04, 26 February 2021 (UTC)

Move from "Lapu-Lapu" to "Lapulapu"
The National Quincentennial Committee (NQC), which is a government-formed committee tasked with preparations for the 500th anniversary of Magellan's arrival, the Battle of Mactan, etc., has recently argued that "Lapulapu" is the correct historical spelling of his name, without the hyphen in between, due to Pigafetta's own original spelling of Lapu-Lapu being "Çilapulapu".

(Reference: "It's Lapulapu: Gov’t committee weighs in on correct spelling of Filipino hero’s name". ABS-CBN News. 27 April 2019.)

Should we move the page accordingly? LionFosset (talk) 06:00, 30 July 2019 (UTC)

I disagree.. no need to change... .. We cannot say the spelling without (-) is the correct one or the right one,. and the spelling with the (-) is the wrong one.. since its just ways of writing of the sound or of the of word..

. as long as it is read,  and pronounce identically then both are correct... no matter what kind of character we used Chinese or Russian as long as it is pronounced the same when read... After all... in old times the lumad didn't used the spelling (lapulapu) nor (Lapu-lapu) they used alibata or baybahin characters in their writings... So if we say, it is wrong to  use the (-)... Then we can also say it is also  wrong to use the spelling (LapuLapu) since it didn't used tje original form instead it used roman letters and not in alibata or baybahin ... After lapulapu himself dint used roman to write his name... Asoybisaya (talk) 12:38, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree to move the page. We should respect the standard. Lapulapu is the historically correct Roman spelling, spelled not posthumously but at the actual time of encounter when he was still alive regardless if Lapulapu himself wrote his name in another script. Tagaaplaya (talk) 14:32, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Support page move. Per the official rendition of his name in national records. Lapu-lapu (with the hyphen) is a common name for groupers in both Tagalog and Cebuano languages, hence there actually is a possibility of confusion. EDIT: Yep. Bizarrely last year, a Filipino politician tried to ban the use of "Lapu-Lapu" for the fish, because it supposedly insulted the legacy of Lapulapu. I think that's a good enough reason to move the page.-- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  06:18, 11 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Please follow the instructions at Requested moves if one wants to move this page to the proposed name. Anyway, one should also consider what is the most-used version of the name as per reliable sources over the past few years (WP:COMMONNAME), not over recently. JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 18:14, 19 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Asoybisaya, Tagaaplaya, Obsidian Soul, I have issued a new page move request at the bottom of the talk page. LionFosset (talk) 14:14, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 15 March 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: '''MOVED. Reasonably clear consensus for support with no objection.''' (non-admin closure) Tagaaplaya (talk) 12:40, 24 March 2021 (UTC)

Lapu-Lapu → Lapulapu – After the National Quincentennial Committee (NQC) proposed in April 2019 to spell "Lapu-Lapu"'s name without the hyphen, the Philippine news media in recent years have largely followed suit (WP:COMMONNAME):
 * "500 years after Magellan" (March 11, 2021) by J. Albert Gamboa, Manila Bulletin.
 * "Beyond Lapulapu" (March 10, 2021) by Michael Tan, Inquirer.net.
 * "Amid holiday controversy, House panel wants Lapulapu heroism declared a special non-working holiday" (March 7, 2021) by Ben Rosario, Manila Bulletin.
 * "Commemorative Lapulapu bills and medals are now available for public purchase starting Friday, Feb. 19" (February 20, 2021), BusinessMirror.
 * "Historians unveil Lapulapu Shrine and Museum project" (July 23, 2020) by Morexette Marie B. Erram, Cebu Daily News.
 * "PhilPop, NQC produce Quincentennial playlist (January 6, 2020) by Nathalie Tomada, Philstar.com.
 * "Story-telling of Lapulapu heroism 'big challenge': PCOO exec" (September 14, 2019) by John Rey Saavedra, Philippine News Agency.
 * "Lapulapu gets spotlight in Philippines' quincentennial celebration" (September 11, 2019) by Pia Ranada, Rappler.

Also, an official commemorative ₱5000 banknote featuring Lapulapu has been issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, using the "Lapulapu" spelling: LionFosset (talk) 14:15, 15 March 2021 (UTC)
 * "BSP Issues Lapulapu Commemorative Banknote and Medal" (press release; January 18, 2020), Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas.

 * Support page move. Per the official rendition of his name in national records. Lapu-lapu (with the hyphen) is a common name for groupers in both Tagalog and Cebuano languages, hence there actually is a possibility of confusion. EDIT: Yep. Bizarrely last year, a Filipino politician tried to ban the use of "Lapu-Lapu" for the fish, because it supposedly insulted the legacy of Lapulapu. I think that's a good enough reason to move the page. (copied from my earlier reply to the section above).-- O BSIDIAN  †  S OUL  14:24, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Support page move. "Lapulapu" is the historically correct and the first Roman spelling at the time he was recorded alive. Tagaaplaya (talk) 14:53, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The use of "Lapulapu" spelling is not recent. As early as 1979, prominent Cebuano historian Resil Mojares has already been using the spelling in this paper Tagaaplaya (talk) 15:26, 15 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment Personally I support the spelling convention of "Lapulapu", though my concern is that if Lapulapu really passes the WP:COMMONNAME criteria. Seeing the news articles of two biggest networks, it seems ABS-CBN was the first to use that convention: Ready to see an aged Lapulapu? Historians say warrior hero was ‘very old’ at Battle of Mactan (dated May 9, 2020) and National Historical Commission to improve Lapulapu monument in Cebu (by Joworski Alipon, dated November 14, 2019). GMA News seems to be the last, including Lapulapu o Lapu-lapu, ano nga ba ang dapat? (dated January 27, 2021). GMA still used the hyphen version in their articles up to ca. 2019, including this (dated August 3, 2019). JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 14:44, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Leaning towards Support. Its orthography has indeed made headlines recently. Iloilo also used to be spelled Ilo-ilo so this practice of removing hyphens in reduplicated Filipino names is expected. The question is, is there a consensus or legislation for moving the eponymous city Lapu-Lapu, Philippines to Lapulapu, Philippines or Lapulapu, Cebu as well?--RioHondo (talk) 14:58, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The city could simply be just "Lapu-Lapu". I think that's enough to disambiguate these two from each other. — hueman1 ( talk •  contributions ) 15:25, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I generally prefer Lapu-Lapu City (or more rarely but unconventionally, Lapu-Lapu (city)), as there are no other Lapu-Lapu municipalities across the world (only one municipal entity bears this which is the currently-titled Lapu-Lapu, Philippines). Lapu-Lapu alone usually refers to either the grouper fish or the hero himself. But the debate for that HUC's article title needs extensive discussion as it may also affect Angeles, Philippines (Lucena was moved last year via a successful RM). But things like that should be kept aside for the meantime as this RM is for the Philippine figure and Cebuano hero. JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 15:44, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Lapu-Lapu City is officially spelled with a hyphen and has long refused to be spelled as Lapulapu . Its spelling would remain the same. Tagaaplaya (talk) 10:42, 17 March 2021 (UTC)
 * @Hue, the city taking on the unqualified title with a hyphen is out of the question here, as both "Lapulapu" and "Lapu-Lapu" still have the Mactan ruler as their primary topic. Nothing has changed there. I only brought it up because this RM might affect the city article as this is the source of the city's name. Or will it?--RioHondo (talk) 06:34, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Support Apart from the official endorsement (which does not automatically overrule WP:COMMONNAME), "Lapulapu" is well-attested in recent sources (as shown by nom), and also found in many good older sources. Ngrams is a weak guide here because of the different meanings. Btw, does anybody have an idea why "Lapulapu" peaked in the late 1960s? –Austronesier (talk) 09:29, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I dont know about the late 1960s, but 1961--that was when Opon, Cebu was officially renamed to Lapu-Lapu. And so i ask again, will this RM impact the city's artitle title being the source of its name?--RioHondo (talk) 07:55, 19 March 2021 (UTC)
 * not that much. Lapu-Lapu, Philippines will remain as it is, while Lapu-Lapu (IMO) will become a redirect to the article about the Mactan chieftain (for the meantime). I oppose the city article being moved to Lapu-Lapu as this creates confusion. According to this GMA article the use of "Lapulapu" as spelling convention for the chieftain is not forceful, but is recommended, so there are chances for several ordinary citizens and laymen to refer to the chieftain as "Lapu-Lapu" in spite of mandatory "Lapulapu" convention in the media. So "Lapu-Lapu" IMO shall become a redirect to the article of the chieftain for some time. If moving the city article warrants, then I suggest "Lapu-Lapu City" or "Lapu-Lapu (city)" (but again needs separate discussion). JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 10:06, 19 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The only direct impact of this move on the article about the city will be to respell the name of the national hero in the prose. We cannot change the official spelling of a place name only because the spelling conventions for its eponym have changed, unless the place name is overwhelmingly spelled in common usage in a way that is different from its official version (best example: Malacañang). I can't see this for Lapu-Lapu, Philippines. And I agree with, the primary topic of Lapu-Lapu should remain the datu. After the move, we will have to change the hatnote from about to redirect. –Austronesier (talk) 11:37, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Math?
It all started with an innocuous TikTok video posted by a high school student named Gracie Cunningham. Applying make-up while speaking into the camera, the teenager questioned whether math is “real.” She added: “I know it’s real, because we all learn it in school... but who came up with this concept?” Pythagoras, she muses, “didn’t even have plumbing—and he was like, ‘Let me worry about y = mx + b’”—referring to the equation describing a straight line on a two-dimensional plane. She wondered where it all came from. “I get addition,” she said, “but how would you come up with the concept of algebra? What would you need it for?”

Someone re-posted the video to Twitter, where it soon went viral. Many of the comments were unkind: One person said it was the “dumbest video” they had ever seen; others suggested it was indicative of a failed education system. Others, meanwhile, came to Cunningham’s defense, saying that her questions were actually rather profound.

Mathematicians from Cornell and from the University of Wisconsin weighed in, as did philosopher Philip Goff of Durham University in the U.K. Mathematician Eugenia Cheng, currently the scientist-in-residence at the Art Institute of Chicago, wrote a two-page reply and said Cunningham had raised profound questions about the nature of mathematics “in a very deeply probing way.”

Cunningham had unwittingly re-ignited a very ancient and unresolved debate in the philosophy of science. What, exactly, is math? Is it invented, or discovered? And are the things that mathematicians work with—numbers, algebraic equations, geometry, theorems and so on—real?

Some scholars feel very strongly that mathematical truths are “out there,” waiting to be discovered—a position known as Platonism. It takes its name from the ancient Greek thinker Plato, who imagined that mathematical truths inhabit a world of their own—not a physical world, but rather a non-physical realm of unchanging perfection; a realm that exists outside of space and time. Roger Penrose, the renowned British mathematical physicist, is a staunch Platonist. In The Emperor’s New Mind, he wrote that there appears “to be some profound reality about these mathematical concepts, going quite beyond the mental deliberations of any particular mathematician. It is as though human thought is, instead, being guided towards some external truth—a truth which has a reality of its own...”

Many mathematicians seem to support this view. The things they’ve discovered over the centuries—that there is no highest prime number; that the square root of two is an irrational number; that the number pi, when expressed as a decimal, goes on forever—seem to be eternal truths, independent of the minds that found them. If we were to one day encounter intelligent aliens from another galaxy, they would not share our language or culture, but, the Platonist would argue, they might very well have made these same mathematical discoveries.

“I believe that the only way to make sense of mathematics is to believe that there are objective mathematical facts, and that they are discovered by mathematicians,” says James Robert Brown, a philosopher of science recently retired from the University of Toronto. “Working mathematicians overwhelmingly are Platonists. They don't always call themselves Platonists, but if you ask them relevant questions, it’s always the Platonistic answer that they give you.”

Other scholars—especially those working in other branches of science—view Platonism with skepticism. Scientists tend to be empiricists; they imagine the universe to be made up of things we can touch and taste and so on; things we can learn about through observation and experiment. The idea of something existing “outside of space and time” makes empiricists nervous: It sounds embarrassingly like the way religious believers talk about God, and God was banished from respectable scientific discourse a long time ago.

Platonism, as mathematician Brian Davies has put it, “has more in common with mystical religions than it does with modern science.” The fear is that if mathematicians give Plato an inch, he’ll take a mile. If the truth of mathematical statements can be confirmed just by thinking about them, then why not ethical problems, or even religious questions? Why bother with empiricism at all?

Massimo Pigliucci, a philosopher at the City University of New York, was initially attracted to Platonism—but has since come to see it as problematic. If something doesn’t have a physical existence, he asks, then what kind of existence could it possibly have? “If one ‘goes Platonic’ with math,” writes Pigliucci, empiricism “goes out the window.” (If the proof of the Pythagorean theorem exists outside of space and time, why not the “golden rule,” or even the divinity of Jesus Christ?)

The Platonist must confront further challenges: If mathematical objects exist outside of space and time, how is it that we can know anything about them? Brown doesn’t have the answer, but he suggests that we grasp the truth of mathematical statements “with the mind’s eye”—in a similar fashion, perhaps, to the way that scientists like Galileo and Einstein intuited physical truths via “thought experiments,” before actual experiments could settle the matter. Consider a famous thought experiment dreamed up by Galileo, to determine whether a heavy object falls faster than a lighter one. Just by thinking about it, Galileo was able to deduce that heavy and light objects must fall at the same rate. The trick was to imagine the two objects tethered together: Does the heavy one tug on the lighter one, to make the lighter one fall faster? Or does the lighter one act as a “brake” to slow the heavier one? The only solution that makes sense, Galileo reasoned, is that objects fall at the same rate regardless of their weight. In a similar fashion, mathematicians can prove that the angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees, or that there is no largest prime number—and they don’t need physical triangles or pebbles for counting to make the case, just a nimble brain.

“I believe that the only way to make sense of mathematics is to believe that there are objective mathematical facts, and that they are discovered by mathematicians,” says James Robert Brown, a philosopher of science recently retired from the University of Toronto. “Working mathematicians overwhelmingly are Platonists. They don't always call themselves Platonists, but if you ask them relevant questions, it’s always the Platonistic answer that they give you.”

Other scholars—especially those working in other branches of science—view Platonism with skepticism. Scientists tend to be empiricists; they imagine the universe to be made up of things we can touch and taste and so on; things we can learn about through observation and experiment. The idea of something existing “outside of space and time” makes empiricists nervous: It sounds embarrassingly like the way religious believers talk about God, and God was banished from respectable scientific discourse a long time ago.

Platonism, as mathematician Brian Davies has put it, “has more in common with mystical religions than it does with modern science.” The fear is that if mathematicians give Plato an inch, he’ll take a mile. If the truth of mathematical statements can be confirmed just by thinking about them, then why not ethical problems, or even religious questions? Why bother with empiricism at all?

Massimo Pigliucci, a philosopher at the City University of New York, was initially attracted to Platonism—but has since come to see it as problematic. If something doesn’t have a physical existence, he asks, then what kind of existence could it possibly have? “If one ‘goes Platonic’ with math,” writes Pigliucci, empiricism “goes out the window.” (If the proof of the Pythagorean theorem exists outside of space and time, why not the “golden rule,” or even the divinity of Jesus Christ?)

The Platonist must confront further challenges: If mathematical objects exist outside of space and time, how is it that we can know anything about them? Brown doesn’t have the answer, but he suggests that we grasp the truth of mathematical statements “with the mind’s eye”—in a similar fashion, perhaps, to the way that scientists like Galileo and Einstein intuited physical truths via “thought experiments,” before actual experiments could settle the matter. Consider a famous thought experiment dreamed up by Galileo, to determine whether a heavy object falls faster than a lighter one. Just by thinking about it, Galileo was able to deduce that heavy and light objects must fall at the same rate. The trick was to imagine the two objects tethered together: Does the heavy one tug on the lighter one, to make the lighter one fall faster? Or does the lighter one act as a “brake” to slow the heavier one? The only solution that makes sense, Galileo reasoned, is that objects fall at the same rate regardless of their weight. In a similar fashion, mathematicians can prove that the angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees, or that there is no largest prime number—and they don’t need physical triangles or pebbles for counting to make the case, just a nimble brain.

“I believe that the only way to make sense of mathematics is to believe that there are objective mathematical facts, and that they are discovered by mathematicians,” says James Robert Brown, a philosopher of science recently retired from the University of Toronto. “Working mathematicians overwhelmingly are Platonists. They don't always call themselves Platonists, but if you ask them relevant questions, it’s always the Platonistic answer that they give you.”

Other scholars—especially those working in other branches of science—view Platonism with skepticism. Scientists tend to be empiricists; they imagine the universe to be made up of things we can touch and taste and so on; things we can learn about through observation and experiment. The idea of something existing “outside of space and time” makes empiricists nervous: It sounds embarrassingly like the way religious believers talk about God, and God was banished from respectable scientific discourse a long time ago.

Platonism, as mathematician Brian Davies has put it, “has more in common with mystical religions than it does with modern science.” The fear is that if mathematicians give Plato an inch, he’ll take a mile. If the truth of mathematical statements can be confirmed just by thinking about them, then why not ethical problems, or even religious questions? Why bother with empiricism at all?

Massimo Pigliucci, a philosopher at the City University of New York, was initially attracted to Platonism—but has since come to see it as problematic. If something doesn’t have a physical existence, he asks, then what kind of existence could it possibly have? “If one ‘goes Platonic’ with math,” writes Pigliucci, empiricism “goes out the window.” (If the proof of the Pythagorean theorem exists outside of space and time, why not the “golden rule,” or even the divinity of Jesus Christ?)

The Platonist must confront further challenges: If mathematical objects exist outside of space and time, how is it that we can know anything about them? Brown doesn’t have the answer, but he suggests that we grasp the truth of mathematical statements “with the mind’s eye”—in a similar fashion, perhaps, to the way that scientists like Galileo and Einstein intuited physical truths via “thought experiments,” before actual experiments could settle the matter. Consider a famous thought experiment dreamed up by Galileo, to determine whether a heavy object falls faster than a lighter one. Just by thinking about it, Galileo was able to deduce that heavy and light objects must fall at the same rate. The trick was to imagine the two objects tethered together: Does the heavy one tug on the lighter one, to make the lighter one fall faster? Or does the lighter one act as a “brake” to slow the heavier one? The only solution that makes sense, Galileo reasoned, is that objects fall at the same rate regardless of their weight. In a similar fashion, mathematicians can prove that the angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees, or that there is no largest prime number—and they don’t need physical triangles or pebbles for counting to make the case, just a nimble brain.

☉~☉ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 32.214.244.32 (talk) 01:44, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't know the relevance of this "Math" article in the Lapulapu discussion. This should be deleted or move.Mechanized art (talk) 05:29, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

araling panlipunan
Gusto kulang malaman kung ano si lapu lapu at anong Meron cha at kung ano ang naganap SA buhay nya 49.145.235.11 (talk) 03:33, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

Ap
Trivia tungkol kay Lapu Lapu 112.200.30.171 (talk) 01:27, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

lapu lapu 143.44.165.45 (talk) 08:04, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lapulapu


text:
Talk:Make Poverty History

Live 8
I have changed the priority of events on 2 July: the march was more important, and was the original aim of MPH: Live8 came along so that pop stars could jump on the bandwagon as it were.Boleslaw 00:56, 15 October 2006 (UTC) DB

Merge
I suggested that End Poverty Now should be merged to this article because it began as an offshoot of the campaign. I don't think it's prominent enough to have its own article yet, but maybe sometime later it can be split if the section gets too big. Thoughts? Phydend 02:29, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

This merger has been incorrectly done. While the French version of the Make Poverty history campaign is known as Abolissons La Pauvrété (which, incidentally, literally translates to 'end poverty now'), the English version of the campaign is NOT called End Poverty Now. Put differently, the Canadian arm of the Make Poverty History campaign and the NGO known officially as End Poverty Now are completely distinct entities. The former is a campaign of collective organizations and individuals; the latter is a stand-alone organization that, while it remains affiliated with the campaign, was created independently by a small grouping of the MPH campaign's member base. In the article, everything that appears below the bulleted list is pertinent only to End Poverty Now.

Removed youtube links
There were 4 youtube links in this article, one of which was a dead link, the other 3 which didn't appear to have anything to do with this topic, I've removed them all. --Xyzzyplugh 12:56, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

lobbying against the G8 vs. making the G8 do something
this article is confused. it mistakes those people who believe that the G8 should not exist (because it is an anti-democratic policy laundering body which imposes policies debated behind closed doors) with the MakePovertyHistory and LiveAid body which lobbied the G8 to do something about poverty without criticism of the other policies or nature of the G8.

The context of this is that there have always been massive protests against the G8 and the process of demonstrations meant that the government could marginalise dissent and claim that these protests were in favour of government action. It's a classic disinformation technique which was sponsored by government funded bodies. Let's be clear about this. Not all protests had anything to do with the nebulous and pointlesss MPH/ LiveAid bandwagon...which achieved nothing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.157.32.16 (talk) 22:00, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

ONE section
"at least 0.3% of the national budget, around US$30 billion, to foreign aid, and increase it further to the UN goal of 0.7% of GDP, around US$73 billion as of 2004,"

Above implies the US budget is about the same as US GDP, clearly wrong. Bush's proposed fy2008 budget is ~$2.9 trillion, around 20% of GDP. US budget history (pdf) I think the UN goal was 0.7% of GNP, no good source, and the ONE aid goal seems to be "an additional 1% of the federal budget" for "International Affairs", which they say is already 1.2% of the budget. I think the $30B is right, but the 0.3%, 0.7% and $73B don't make sense; maybe it's best to leave the details to the main ONE Campaign page? -69.235.194.235 (talk) 12:20, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * A more specific goal is to get President George W. Bush to commit at least 0.3% of the national budget, around US$30 billion, to foreign aid, and increase it further to the UN goal of 0.7% of GDP, around US$73 billion as of 2004, over the next several years. In 2004, the United States Government spent US$7 billion on foreign aid.

 * I've removed the above, since the wrong numbers in the first sentence look bad, but I don't know enough to correct them; the second sentence may be fine for all I know, but seems a non-sequitur without the first. -69.235.194.235 (talk) 12:32, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

UK vs international MPH campaign
The article starts of talking about the MPH campaign as if it is just a UK thing. Clearly it is not when you can see further below that the MPH campaign runs in a number of different countries. I think the introduction should be changed to introduce the campaign as an international movement under GCAP and have a section on MPH in the UK. It would probably be good to have a bit about how the first MPH campaign was started and how it spread to other countries, but I think it should try and show the international nature of the campaign.

Anyone have any reservations/suggestions before I do anything?

 * Be bold.--JK the unwise (talk) 08:33, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with the comment above that it doesn't make sense to have the intro only talking about UK when it is clearly in a number of countries. However being from Australia I don't actually know how it started or how it spread, so I will start of suitably vague, but if anyone has any more to add please do! JenLouise (talk) 09:16, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

GCAP
Given that MPH and GCAP are actually different things - MPH being a country-based campaign that actively campaigns to change government policies, and GCAP being an international, umbrella campaign - and that there is already an existing article on the Global Call to Action Against Poverty (CGAP), I have removed the paragraph from this article and included a link to the other article in the intro paragraph. JenLouise (talk) 09:39, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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unclear phrase
"8th Millennium Development Goal" -- what does this mean? AnonMoos (talk) 06:37, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Make Poverty History


text:
Talk:Horace Engdahl

Untitled
Hey, look, you can add info about what he did to get on the Swedish Academy (besides being willing to take down the minutes in 5 languages), and keep this gy from taking up space on VfD! Any takers? --Jerzy·t 15:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The article could certainly do with some expansion, but it is a valid stub and can wait for the right person to come along and do the work. I don't believe that you have any actual intention to list it on VfD. Uppland 16:44, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

I too am hoping for the right person to come along & add notability to it, so i don't intend to VfD him without waiting a lot longer than this. And i don't think i'd do it w/o reading the Swedish Academy article, and probably spending 5 min on Google: IMO using VfD to get other people to do the due diligence (which IMO was missing when the stub was done) violates at least the spirit of WP:POINT. But IMO a stub that gets that long w/o any sign of notability makes n-n highly likely, and i wouldn't research it, before VfD, as long as i would before i save a typical stub that's my own idea. For me, this is not just a stub, but a weird stub that worries me abt what else is wrong with it, that apparently kept anything abt what he's done from being at hand when the stub was writ. --Jerzy·t 02:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Notability is established on the first line: he is one of the (only eighteen) members of the Swedish Academy. It's not enough for a good article, but enough for notability. In addition, he is the permanent secretary of the Academy, in other words its executive member and spokesperson. Uppland 20:01, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Is Horace Engdahl a "*real*" literary translator? ;-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.127.200.152 (talk) 23:18, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes he translated some theater plays by Heinrich von Kleist. A note on Swedish culture: Swedes are clumsy goofuses with a flair of high-culture, and errors such as Engdahl's are not too uncommon. He confused his personal taste for an objective reality. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 07:52, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horace Engdahl


text:
Talk:Satin Glass

Please do not remove redirect at this time. It links from 2004_Encyclopedia_topics/24. -- Un focused  15:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Satin Glass


text:
New Conservative Group

The New Conservative Group (also known as the New Conservatives) was a short-lived Australian political party registered in the Australian Capital Territory. It was founded in November 1991 by Robyn Nolan, a former Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly, who had resigned from that party the previous month. Nolan had not long before been told that she would not be given a winnable position on the Liberal ticket for the forthcoming 1992 election after a round of bloodletting caused by Liberal leader Trevor Kaine reasserting control over the party.

Nolan had an interest in continuing in the Assembly, however, and founded the New Conservative Group as an alternative conservative party to enable her to do this. The party subsequently ran a four-person ticket at the 1992 election. Despite Nolan's status as a sitting MP, the party polled badly, finishing ninth overall with only 1.2% of the vote. In the aftermath of the poor election performance, and failure to even hold their only seat in the Assembly, the party disbanded, with Nolan and the other candidates bowing out of politics before the 1995 election.

title: New Conservative Group


text:
Rulers of Milan

Rulers of Milan may refer to:

 * Lord of Milan (1259–1395)
 * List of dukes of Milan (1395–1814)

title: Rulers of Milan


text:
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot

'Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot' is a 1992 American buddy cop action comedy directed by Roger Spottiswoode and starring Sylvester Stallone and Estelle Getty. The film was released in the United States on February 21, 1992. The film received highly negative reviews upon release but grossed $70.6 million worldwide.

The film is generally considered a lesser film in Stallone's catalog. In 2006, in response to a question about the films Stallone wished he had not done, this film was the first one he mentioned.

Plot
Sergeant Joseph Andrew Bomowski is a tough cop. His seemingly frail mother, Tutti, comes to stay with him and progressively interferes in his life, driving him crazy.

After cleaning his gun with bleach and finding out she ruined it, Tutti buys him an illegal MAC-10 machine pistol and witnesses the murder of one of the men who sold her the gun. Tutti is taken to the police station to give a statement and starts poking around in Joe's cases. She learns the gun she purchased was part of a collection taken from a burned building, and the gun insurance money was received.

On her way back home, Tutti recognizes a man at the airport. He flees when she and Joe follow him, and Tutti remembers she saw him on America's Most Wanted for shooting his mother.

Cast

 * Sylvester Stallone as Sergeant Joseph Andrew "Joe" Bomowski
 * Estelle Getty as Tutti Bomowski
 * JoBeth Williams as Lieutenant Gwen Harper
 * Al Fann as Sergeant Lou
 * Roger Rees as J. Parnell
 * Martin Ferrero as Paulie
 * Gailard Sartain as Munroe
 * John Wesley as Sergeant Tony
 * J. Kenneth Campbell as Ross
 * Ving Rhames as Mr. Stereo
 * Richard Schiff as Gun Clerk
 * Dennis Burkley as Mitchell

Development and writing
Sylvester Stallone famously signed on to the film based solely on Arnold Schwarzenegger claiming that he was interested in working with Estelle Getty, and she had been cast as an overbearing mother in an action-comedy, something Schwarzenegger had already accomplished in his career. In October 2017, Schwarzenegger confirmed the rumor that, knowing the script was "really bad", he had publicly faked interest in starring for producers to lure Stallone.

Box office
The film brought in $28.4 million in the US and over $42.2 million internationally for a total of $70.6 million worldwide.

Critical response
The film has a 14% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 29 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "Thoroughly witless and thuddingly unfunny, Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot gives its mismatched stars very little to work with - and as a result, they really don't work." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Rita Kempley of The Washington Post called it "your worst nightmare" but stated that "the concept is actually better for Stallone than the premises of his earlier awful romps, Rhinestone and Oscar." Clifford Terry wrote in the Chicago Tribune that the film "plays like an extended sitcom-perhaps four episodes of She's the Sheriff" and also that "About two-thirds into Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot, Sylvester Stallone actually delivers the title line. That's how numbingly awful this is. Give it half a star for being in focus." Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film seemed like Stallone's response to Schwarzenegger's turn to comedies like Kindergarten Cop and added, "This is another 'high-concept' marketing hook job—a slick, slow-witted, shiny, 100% predictable movie—and the scriptwriters ... don't have anything richer on their minds than the usual feisty mother-son gags."

Both Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert disliked the film, and both gave it a thumbs down in their onscreen review of the film. Ebert said it was "one of the worst movies I've ever seen"; in his newspaper review (in which he awarded half of one star out of four), Ebert wrote while Stallone and Getty had both performed well in other comedic roles, ''Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot'' was "one of those movies so dimwitted, so utterly lacking in even the smallest morsel of redeeming value, that you stare at the screen in stunned disbelief. It is moronic beyond comprehension, an exercise in desperation during which even Sylvester Stallone, a repository of self-confidence, seems to be disheartened." Siskel gave the film zero stars out of four and stated that if the script had been submitted to the staff of The Golden Girls, which co-starred Getty, it "would be summarily dismissed as too flimsy for a half-hour sitcom. There is not one laugh nor surprising moment to be found, starting with the scene where Stallone and Getty happen upon a jumper atop a building and Getty manages to bring the man down safely using a bullhorn."

Sylvester Stallone has stated that ''Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot'' was the worst film he had ever starred in. He told Ain't It Cool News that it was "maybe one of the worst films in the entire solar system, including alien productions we've never seen", that "a flatworm could write a better script", and that "in some countries – China, I believe – running [the movie] once a week on government television has lowered the birth rate to zero. If they ran it twice a week, I believe in twenty years China would be extinct."

Later Stallone said:"Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot was supposed to be like Throw Momma From the Train with the mom as this really nasty piece of work. Instead you hire the nicest woman in Hollywood, Estelle Getty, who you wish was your mother. That's the end of that! Also, I had heard Schwarzenegger was going to do that movie and I said, 'I'm going to beat him to it.' I think he set me up."

In 2006, in response to a question that Stallone was asked about the films he wished he never starred in, he started with this one.

Accolades
It was the recipient of three Golden Raspberry Awards: Stallone as Worst Actor, Getty as Worst Supporting Actress, and Worst Screenplay.

In popular culture
The film was mentioned when Stallone hosted an episode of Saturday Night Live in 1997; in one particular skit, Stallone comes across someone in a terrible car accident (Norm Macdonald) who does not like any of his work and ridicules his films. As he lies dying, he mutters something quietly that only Stallone can hear, and when a passerby (Will Ferrell) asks what he said, Stallone is reluctant to say it until he is grilled some more, at which point he virulently yells "He said Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot...SUCKED!"

The title of The Simpsons episode "Stop, or My Dog Will Shoot!" is a reference to the film. That episode involves the Simpsons' dog joining the Springfield Police Force after saving Homer from a corn maze.

In Mortal Kombat 11, during a pre-match dialogue exchange between John Rambo (voiced by Stallone) and Cassie Cage, Cassie references the film's title.

title: Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot


text:
Radiosensitivity

Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation.

Cells types affected
Cells are least sensitive when in the S phase, then the G1 phase, then the G2 phase, and most sensitive in the M phase of the cell cycle. This is described by the 'law of Bergonié and Tribondeau', formulated in 1906: X-rays are more effective on cells which have a greater reproductive activity.

From their observations, they concluded that quickly dividing tumor cells are generally more sensitive than the majority of body cells. This is not always true. Tumor cells can be hypoxic and therefore less sensitive to X-rays because most of their effects are mediated by the free radicals produced by ionizing oxygen.

It has meanwhile been shown that the most sensitive cells are those that are undifferentiated, well nourished, dividing quickly and highly active metabolically. Amongst the body cells, the most sensitive are spermatogonia and erythroblasts, epidermal stem cells, gastrointestinal stem cells. The least sensitive are nerve cells and muscle fibers.

Very sensitive cells are also oocytes and lymphocytes, although they are resting cells and do not meet the criteria described above. The reasons for their sensitivity are not clear.

There also appears to be a genetic basis for the varied vulnerability of cells to ionizing radiation. This has been demonstrated across several cancer types and in normal tissues.

Cell damage classification
The damage to the cell can be lethal (the cell dies) or sublethal (the cell can repair itself). Cell damage can ultimately lead to health effects which can be classified as either Tissue Reactions or Stochastic Effects according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection.

Tissue reactions
Tissue reactions have a threshold of irradiation under which they do not appear and above which they typically appear. Fractionation of dose, dose rate, the application of antioxidants and other factors may affect the precise threshold at which a tissue reaction occurs. Tissue reactions include skin reactions (epilation, erythema, moist desquamation), cataracts, circulatory disease, and other conditions. Seven proteins were discovered in a systematic review, which correlated with radiosensitivity in normal tissues: γH2AX, TP53BP1, VEGFA, CASP3, CDKN2A, IL6, and IL1B.

Stochastic effects
Stochastic effects do not have a threshold of irradiation, are coincidental, and cannot be avoided. They can be divided into somatic and genetic effects. Among the somatic effects, secondary cancer is the most important. It develops because radiation causes DNA mutations directly and indirectly. Direct effects are those caused by ionizing particles and rays themselves, while the indirect effects are those that are caused by free radicals, generated especially in water radiolysis and oxygen radiolysis. The genetic effects confer the predisposition of radiosensitivity to the offspring. The process is not well understood yet.

Target structures
For decades, the main cellular target for radiation induced damage was thought to be the DNA molecule. This view has been challenged by data indicating that in order to increase survival, the cells must protect their proteins, which in turn repair the damage in the DNA. An important part of protection of proteins (but not DNA) against the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are the main mechanism of radiation toxicity, is played by non-enzymatic complexes of manganese ions and small organic metabolites. These complexes were shown to protect the proteins from oxidation in vitro and also increased radiation survival in mice. An application of the synthetically reconstituted protective mixture with manganese was shown to preserve the immunogenicity of viral and bacterial epitopes at radiation doses far above those necessary to kill the microorganisms, thus opening a possibility for a quick whole-organism vaccine production. The intracellular manganese content and the nature of complexes it forms (both measurable by electron paramagnetic resonance) were shown to correlate with radiosensitivity in bacteria, archaea, fungi and human cells. An association was also found between total cellular manganese contents and their variation, and clinically inferred radioresponsiveness in different tumor cells, a finding that may be useful for more precise radiodosages and improved treatment of cancer patients.

title: Radiosensitivity


text:
Vallis Alpes

Vallis Alpes (Latin for "Alpine Valley") is a lunar valley feature that bisects the Montes Alpes range. It extends 166 km from the Mare Imbrium basin, trending east-northeast to the edge of the Mare Frigoris. The valley is narrow at both ends and widens to a maximum width of about 10 km along the middle stretch. The selenographic coordinates of the center of this feature are.

The valley floor is a flat, lava-flooded surface that is bisected by a slender, broken, cleft-like rille. The center rille is a challenging target for telescope observation from the Earth and described as, "notoriously hard to spot." The rille itself is longer than the valley proper, at 196.65 km ± 10.98 km, and has a width of 0.58 km ± 0.09 km and depth of 77.69 m ± 28.07 m.

The sides of the valley rise from the floor to the surrounding highland terrain, a blocky, irregular surface. The southern face of the valley is straighter than the northern side, which is slightly bowed and uneven. The more rugged edges of the valley lie at the narrow west-southwest end that cuts through the mountain range.

Most likely this valley is a graben that was subsequently flooded with magma from Mare Imbrium and Mare Frigoris. However, the valley could have been formed by stress fractures due to expansion of the mantle or contraction after solidification of regolith. It is not dissimilar to other linear features radiating from Mare Imbrium, and the impact event which created the Imbrium basin may have also led to the stresses creating Vallis Alpes. Lava flooding and thermal or tensional stress fractures are two causes of graben formation.

This valley was discovered in 1727 by Francesco Bianchini. Its name was confirmed by the International Astronomical Union in 1961.

title: Vallis Alpes


text:
1997 French Open

The 1997 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 26 May until 8 June. It was the 101st staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1997.

Men's singles
🇧🇷 Gustavo Kuerten defeated 🇪🇸 Sergi Bruguera, 6–3, 6–4, 6–2
 * • It was Kuerten's 1st career Grand Slam singles title (and his 1st title overall).

Women's singles
🇭🇷 Iva Majoli defeated 🇨🇭 Martina Hingis, 6–4, 6–2
 * • It was Majoli's 1st and only career Grand Slam singles title.

Men's doubles
🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov / 🇨🇿 Daniel Vacek defeated 🇦🇺 Todd Woodbridge / 🇦🇺 Mark Woodforde, 7–6, 4–6, 6–3
 * • It was Kafelnikov's 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and his 2nd (consecutive) title at the French Open.
 * • It was Vacek's 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and his 2nd (consecutive) title at the French Open.

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Gigi Fernández / 🇧🇾 Natalia Zvereva defeated 🇺🇸 Mary Joe Fernández / 🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond, 6–2, 6–3
 * • It was Fernández' 16th career Grand Slam doubles title and her 6th and last title at the French Open.
 * • It was Zvereva's 17th career Grand Slam doubles title and her 6th and last title at the French Open.

Mixed doubles
🇯🇵 Rika Hiraki / 🇮🇳 Mahesh Bhupathi defeated 🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond / 🇺🇸 Patrick Galbraith, 6–4, 6–1
 * • It was Hiraki's 1st and only career Grand Slam mixed doubles title.
 * • It was Bhupathi's 1st career Grand Slam mixed doubles title.

Boys' singles
🇩🇪 Daniel Elsner defeated 🇵🇪 Luis Horna, 6–4, 6–4

Girls' singles
🇧🇪 Justine Henin defeated Cara Black, 4–6, 6–4, 6–4

Boys' doubles
🇻🇪 José de Armas / 🇵🇪 Luis Horna defeated 🇫🇷 Arnaud Di Pasquale / 🇫🇷 Julien Jeanpierre, 6–4, 2–6, 7–5

Girls' doubles
Cara Black / 🇰🇿 Irina Selyutina defeated Maja Matevžič /  Katarina Srebotnik, 6–0, 5–7, 7–5

title: 1997 French Open


text:
Category:Estonian musical groups

This category includes musical groups from Estonia.

title: Category:Estonian musical groups


text: Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire


text:
Talk:Battle of Jena

We need some more info on this battle.

Merge
Could we merge this article and the other stub Battle of Auerstädt with the larger Battle of Jena-Auerstedt? GhePeU 23:31, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of Jena


text:
Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha

Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (1807–1883), also known as Çırpanlı Abdi Pasha or Abdul Kerim Pasha, son of Ahmed Pasha, was an Ottoman military commander, born in Chirpan, Ottoman Bulgaria.

Career
He graduated from the military academy in Constantinople and was sent to Vienna to continue his education (1836–1841). He was the commander of the Ottoman forces based in eastern Anatolia during the Crimean War where he led many assaults against the Russian forces based in Gyumri. He assumed the command of the fortress at Kars and won the Battle of Bayandir. However, he was isolated from the court in Constantinople, and due to plotting by his well-connected subordinate, Ahmed Pasha, he was blamed for one of Ahmed Pasha's military failures. Subsequently, in January 1854, Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha was discharged from his position and replaced by the same Ahmed Pasha. After the war he was appointed as the governor of Thessaloniki.

He was elected to the constitutional parliament in 1876 as a senator, though he retained his position in the army and dealt with several riots in Serbia in 1877. Because of his success in dealing with these riots, he was appointed as the commander of a division of the Danube forces during the Russo-Turkish War. After several command failures in this war, he was court martialed and exiled to the island of Rhodes, where he died.

title: Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha


text:
Herman Haupt

Herman Haupt (March 26, 1817 – December 14, 1905) was an American civil engineer and railroad construction engineer and executive. As a Union Army General during the American Civil War, he revolutionized U.S. military transportation, particularly the use of railroads.

Early and family life
Haupt (whose first name was sometimes spelled Hermann) was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 26, 1817, the son of Jacob and Anna Margaretta Wiall Haupt. Jacob, a merchant, died when Herman was 12 years old, leaving Anna to support three sons and two daughters. Herman worked part-time to pay his school tuition, then in 1831 was appointed to the United States Military Academy at the age of 14 by President Andrew Jackson. He graduated in 1835 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Infantry that July.

On August 30, 1838, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, he married Ann Cecelia (Celia) Keller, with whom he would have seven sons and four daughters. In the 1870 census, Louis, Herman, Charles, Frank and Alex were living at home with their parents in Philadelphia's Ward 10, as were their sisters Mary and Ella.

Early career
Haupt resigned his Army commission on September 30, 1835, to accept a job under Henry R Campbell as Assistant Engineer engaged in the surveys of the Norristown and Allentown Railroad and of the Norristown & Valley Railroad, 15 years later merged into the Chester Valley Railroad. At 19, he was appointed Assistant Engineer in the state service and surveyed the line from Gettysburg to the Potomac across the South Mountain, a right-of-way that became part of the Western Maryland Railroad.

In 1839, Haupt patented a bridge construction technique called the Haupt Truss. Two of his Haupt truss bridges, both built in 1854, still stand in Altoona and Ardmore, Pennsylvania.

In 1840, Haupt was appointed a professor of mathematics and engineering at Pennsylvania College (now Gettysburg College). He drew the attention of J. Edgar Thomson who became chief engineer of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Haupt returned to the railroad business in 1847, accepting a position as construction engineer on the Pennsylvania Railroad, then becoming its general superintendent from 1849 to 1851. Haupt and Thomson designed the Horseshoe Curve (now a National Historic Landmark) which enabled the Pennsylvania Railroad to cross the Allegheny Mountains and reach Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

From 1851 until 1853, Haupt was the chief engineer of the Southern Railroad of Mississippi, then became the Pennsylvania Railroad's chief engineer until 1856; in the latter position he completed the Mountain Division with the Allegheny Tunnel, opening the line through to Pittsburgh. He was the chief engineer on the five-mile (8 km) Hoosac Tunnel project through the Berkshires in Western Massachusetts from 1856 to 1861.

He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1871.

Civil War

In the spring of 1862, a year after the start of the Civil War, the U.S. War Department organized a new bureau responsible for constructing and operating military railroads in the United States. On April 27, Haupt was appointed chief of the bureau by Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, as a colonel and aide-de-camp to major general Irvin McDowell, then in command of the defenses of Washington, D.C. Haupt repaired and fortified war-damaged railroad lines in the vicinity of Washington, armed and trained railroad staff, and improved telegraph communications along the railroad lines. Among his most challenging assignments was restoring the strategic Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad line, including the Potomac Creek Bridge, after its partial destruction by Confederate forces. Despite an inexperienced workforce and other serious impediments, Haupt had the line back in use in under two weeks. President Abraham Lincoln was impressed with Haupt's work there. In a visit on May 28, 1862, he observed: "That man Haupt has built a bridge four hundred feet long and one hundred feet high, across Potomac Creek, on which loaded trains are passing every hour, and upon my word, gentlemen, there is nothing in it but cornstalks and beanpoles."

Haupt was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers on September 5, 1862, but he initially refused the appointment, explaining that he would be happy to serve without official rank or pay, but he did not want to limit his freedom to work in private business – and he privately bridled at the protocols and discipline of Army service. He worked with Gen. Daniel McCallum, a fellow railroad man and later became good friends with John H. Devereux, the Superintendent of the United States Military Railroad at Alexandria, Virginia and later General Superintendent of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh Railroad. However, he chafed at dealing with other Union army commanders. He also preferred civilian crews, including those consisting of former slaves ("contraband negroes"), to military ones. His Construction Corps had 300 men divided into 10-man squads by June 1862, and was later enlarged to include bridge-builders, then construction of freight cars, barracks, wharves, warehouses, etcetera. Its range of operation was extended to Tennessee and it accompanied Sherman's thrust through Georgia under the direction of Colonel William Wierman Wright and division engineer Eben C. Smeed.

Haupt also experimented with bridge demolition using "torpedoes", as mines were called at the time, inserted in holes drilled in trusses. He also discussed in a November 1862 report various methods of destroying locomotives, determining that firing a cannon ball through the boiler rendered it irreparable, while locomotives with fireboxes drained then fired could be repaired. He also tested a lightweight 2-clamp "rail-twister" invented by his subordinate Eben C. Smeed, for use in raids behind enemy lines.

Offered promotion again in early autumn 1863, Haupt hinged his acceptance on three conditions: that a central Bureau of U.S. Military Railroads be established to inspect, direct, and receive reports concerning construction and operation of all military railroads; difficulties with commanding generals be avoided through consultation and cooperation within their departments; the chief of the bureau should be free to move wherever his personal presence was necessary or to attend to whatever public or private business required his attention. The War Department declined to accept his terms. Haupt's appointment was eventually rescinded on September 5, 1863, and he left the service on September 14.

During his year as a general, however, he made an enormous impact on the Union war effort. The Civil War was one of the first wars in which large-scale railroad transportation was used to move and supply armies rapidly over long distances. Haupt assisted the Union Army of Virginia and Army of the Potomac in the Northern Virginia Campaign, the Maryland Campaign, and was particularly effective in supporting the Gettysburg Campaign, conducted in an area he knew well from his youth. His hastily organized trains kept the Union Army well supplied, and he organized the returning trains to carry thousands of Union wounded to hospitals. After the Battle of Gettysburg, Haupt boarded one of his trains and arrived at the White House on July 6, 1863, becoming the first to inform President Lincoln that General Robert E. Lee's defeated Confederate army was not being pursued vigorously by Union Major General George G. Meade.

During his service, Haupt developed and implemented "general principles of railroad supply operation" and "also detailed methods of construction and destruction of railroad equipment". His two main principles were that the military should never interfere with the efficient running of the railroad and that rolling stock should be emptied and returned promptly to enable their re-use as transport.

Postbellum
After his war service, Haupt returned to railroad, bridge, pipeline, and tunnel construction. He worked with the Richmond and Danville Railroad then was the general manager of Piedmont Air-Line Railway (from Richmond, Virginia, to Atlanta, Georgia), 1872 to 1876; Tide Water Pipe Line Company, 1875- ; general manager of the transcontinental Northern Pacific Railroad, 1881 to 1885; president of the Dakota and Great Southern Railroad, 1885 to 1886.

Haupt became wealthy from investments in railroads, mining, and Pennsylvania real estate, but eventually lost most of his fortune, in part due to political complications involving the completion of the Hoosac Tunnel. He and his wife purchased a small resort hotel at Mountain Lake in Giles County, Virginia. He invented a drilling machine that won the highest prize of the Royal Polytechnic Society of Great Britain and was the first to prove the practicability of transporting oil in pipes.

Haupt also authored several papers and books: Hints on Bridge Building (1840), The General Theory of Bridge Construction (1851), Plan for the Improvement of the Ohio River (1855), Military Bridges (1864) and Reminiscences (1901).

Death and legacy
Haupt died of a heart attack at age 88 in Jersey City, New Jersey, stricken while traveling on the Pennsylvania Railroad in a Pullman car named "Irma" on a journey from New York to Philadelphia. He is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. His son Lewis M. Haupt was a noted civil engineer and professor. In 1974, the Thetford Center Covered Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a prime surviving example of a Haupt truss bridge.

Selected works

 * Hints on Bridge Building, published in 1840
 * General Theory of Bridge Construction, 1851
 * Plan for Improvement of the Ohio River, 1855
 * Military Bridges, 1864
 * Report upon the System of the Holly Steam Combination Co. Ltd., 1879
 * Reminiscences of General Herman Haupt Wright & Joys, 1901 - United States - 331 pages

In popular culture

 * Haupt is a character in the alternate history novels Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War and Grant Comes East by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen.
 * Haupt also appears in the TV miniseries The Blue and the Gray by Walter Brooke.

title: Herman Haupt


text:
Henry Archdall

Henry Kingsley Archdall (2 March 1886 – 27 February 1976) was an Australian academic and clergyman. After teaching at Cambridge University, in Australia and in New Zealand, he became Principal of St David's College, Lampeter and Chancellor of St David's Cathedral, then headmaster of King's College, Auckland.

Life and church
Archdall was born in Balmain, Sydney, New South Wales, the son of an Anglican clergyman. After studying at Sydney Grammar School and Sydney University, where he obtained a first-class degree in philosophy and classics, he studied at Trinity College, Cambridge for a degree in Christian Ethics.

He then became a Fellow and Lecturer at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1911, becoming Dean in 1914. Having been ordained as an Anglican priest, he returned to Australia as rector of Christchurch, Newcastle and Dean of the diocese. After serving as headmaster and chaplain of The Armidale School, New South Wales from 1919 to 1926, he was then headmaster and chaplain of King's College, Auckland from 1926 to 1935. Archdall then returned to Britain as chaplain and director of religious studies at Wellington College, Berkshire before succeeding Maurice Jones as Principal of St David's College (as Lampeter University was then called). He strengthened the work of the college as a centre for training clergy, emphasising in particular the need for a good general university education. In his capacity as Principal of St David's, he became a Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford in 1941. He became Chancellor of St David's Cathedral in 1940, and was appointed as an emeritus Canon in 1956. He was a visiting fellow at Yale University (1954–55), visiting professor at Berkeley Divinity School (1954–57) and Episcopal Chaplain at Heidelberg (1957–59).

He married Laura Madden and they had three sons (two of whom were killed during the Second World War) and one daughter.

title: Henry Archdall


text:
Talk:Youngling

he is a anice boi named anaaking PogU

130.133.8.114 15:49, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Youngling


text:
Large sieve

The large sieve is a method (or family of methods and related ideas) in analytic number theory. It is a type of sieve where up to half of all residue classes of numbers are removed, as opposed to small sieves such as the Selberg sieve wherein only a few residue classes are removed. The method has been further heightened by the larger sieve which removes arbitrarily many residue classes.

Name
Its name comes from its original application: given a set $$ S \subset \{ 1,\ldots,N \}$$ such that the elements of S are forbidden to lie in a set Ap ⊂ Z/p Z modulo every prime p, how large can S be? Here Ap is thought of as being large, i.e., at least as large as a constant times p; if this is not the case, we speak of a small sieve.

History
The early history of the large sieve traces back to work of Yu. B. Linnik, in 1941, working on the problem of the least quadratic non-residue. Subsequently Alfréd Rényi worked on it, using probability methods. It was only two decades later, after quite a number of contributions by others, that the large sieve was formulated in a way that was more definitive. This happened in the early 1960s, in independent work of Klaus Roth and Enrico Bombieri. It is also around that time that the connection with the duality principle became better understood. In the mid-1960s, the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem was proved as a major application of large sieves using estimations of mean values of Dirichlet characters. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, many of the key ingredients and estimates were simplified by Patrick X. Gallagher.

Development
Large-sieve methods have been developed enough that they are applicable to small-sieve situations as well. Something is commonly seen as related to the large sieve not necessarily in terms of whether it is related to the kind of situation outlined above, but, rather, if it involves one of the two methods of proof traditionally used to yield a large-sieve result:

Approximate Plancherel inequality
If a set S is ill-distributed modulo p (by virtue, for example, of being excluded from the congruence classes Ap) then the Fourier coefficients $$\widehat{f_p}(a)$$ of the characteristic function fp of the set S mod p are in average large. These coefficients can be lifted to values $$\widehat{f}(a/p)$$ of the Fourier transform $$\widehat{f}$$ of the characteristic function f of the set S (i.e.,

 * $$\widehat{f}(a/p)=\widehat{f_p}(a)$$).

By bounding derivatives, we can see that $$\widehat{f}(x)$$ must be large, on average, for all x near rational numbers of the form a/p. Large here means "a relatively large constant times |S|". Since
 * $$|f|_2 = \sqrt{|S|},$$

we get a contradiction with the Plancherel identity
 * $$|\widehat{f}|_2=|f|_2$$

unless |S| is small. (In practice, to optimise bounds, people nowadays modify the Plancherel identity into an equality rather than bound derivatives as above.)

Duality principle
One can prove a strong large-sieve result easily by noting the following basic fact from functional analysis: the norm of a linear operator (i.e.,
 * $$\sup_v |Av|_W/|v|_V, \, $$

where A is an operator from a linear space V to a linear space W) equals the norm of its adjoint i.e.,

 * $$\sup_w |A^* w|^*_V/|w|^*_W$$.

This principle itself has come to acquire the name "large sieve" in some of the mathematical literature.

It is also possible to derive the large sieve from majorants in the style of Selberg (see Selberg, Collected Works, vol II, Lectures on sieves).

title: Large sieve


text: User talk:12.129.98.129

title: User talk:12.129.98.129


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Talk:Mario Superstar Baseball

Character List
That's a mighty large character list you've got there. -- gakon5 (talk)

Voices
What the heck is up with that list of voices? Monty Mole's voice was synthesized, not human. -- DrillClaw (talk)

Pac-Man?
Pac-man is not a playable character in Mario Superstar Baseball, where the heck is that confimed. Also, whoose team would he be on?
 * It has been removed as it was vandalism. However, one should note that Pac Man did appear in the Japanese arcade version of Mario Kart-- T B C ☆ O   M   G! 04:04, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Sequel?
Is it just me or is alot of stuff listed in that sequel section sound really far-fetched?

Strange Glitch
Today I came across what I think is a rare and strange glitch. You see, today, I was playing 2 player with my brother. My team captain was Waluigi and he was Yoshi. I was Waluigi and I was pitching to Birdo, who had 5 team stars. We were in Bowser's Castle. Anyway, Birdo did a star hit, and she immediately hit a charged shot (not a Weird Egg) that knocked the ball out of the park. I immediately knew something was wrong. Suddenly, random spots of the screen were blurred out by this white light. I thought my disk was scratched or something, but when I looked it over later, it was spotless. So, anyway, right when "HOME RUN" appeared on the screen, it turned completely black. I couldn't see anything except for what looked like a giant bird's wing flapping on the right side of my TV screen, and I could hear a bird flapping its wings. The game played normally after that. But that instant home run shot cost my little brother all of his team stars, instead of two.

Weird. If anyone knows anything about this, could you respond here? It might be worth mentioning in the article. Waluigi Freak 99 20:45, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Ok, me and my dad in early 2006 were playing MSB, and he was Waluigi, and I was pitching, when i pitched the ball, he made an insane homerun, its the same thing with you, exept for the glitch. When that super homerun happens, you get an automatic homerun, it happens rarely. I don't know about that glitch thing, but its probably another video expirience. --Wikialexdx 03:38, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

That "glitch" happens when you get a perfect hit with a star swing. I don't believe that the "bird" thing actually happened, though. It sounds too impossible. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Birdetta (talk • contribs) 02:38, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Bomb omb derby
It says that this minigame is for 1 player only. I however have played against my mate so am resaonably sure it isn't! Dr_P 23:57, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

"Playing as Bowser"
Shouldn't that just be added into the Challenge mode section, where it discusses how to play as Bowser? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.232.67.251 (talk) 19:28, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mario Superstar Baseball


text:
The Inner Circle (Meltzer novel)

The Inner Circle is a 2011 novel written by Brad Meltzer about Beecher White, a young man working in the National Archives. While working in the archives, Beecher and his childhood crush discover a 200-year-old dictionary belonging to George Washington. For reasons unknown, the sitting president keeps the dictionary hidden. Beecher wants to discover why, and the answer leads to murder, conspiracy, and the best-kept secret that all U.S. presidents have shared.

According to WorldCat, the book is in 2082 libraries.

Plot synopsis
Beecher White works in the National Archives. That means he spends his working days protecting the most important documents of the U.S. government and history. This means he keeps other people's stories, but has never been part of the story. Until now.

One day, Beecher's old childhood crush shows up to ask Beecher for his help hunting down her long lost father. Hoping to impress Clementine, he takes her to a secret vault which the President uses to review highly classified documents. While in the vault, they accidentally stumble on a priceless artifact: a 200-year-old dictionary hidden in a secret desk compartment that once belonged to George Washington. The diary is the spark that ignites an adventure involving Clementine, Beecher and the highest reaches of the national government. A dead body and a trail of mystery obstruct Beecher's discovery of the truth behind this national treasure. Within the diary is a coded puzzle that hides a dark secret that tracks all the way back to the beginning of the United States. It is a secret that some will kill to keep secret.

title: The Inner Circle (Meltzer novel)


text:
Category:Radiobiology

Radiobiology is the study of the response of biological tissues to ionizing radiation.

title: Category:Radiobiology


text:
Now Then...

Now Then... is the fourth album by the Northern Irish band Stiff Little Fingers, released in 1982. It was produced by Nick Tauber. Some songs employed a horn section. The band broke up after the release of the album.

Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that the album "continues the exploration of more accessible musical turf and is full of solid rock songs that pair energy and melody with clever guitar play."

AllMusic called the album an attempt "to become a full-fledged mainstream rock band," writing that "leader Jake Burns had always professed a high regard for Bruce Springsteen and Little Feat as much as his punk elders, and his lyrics here changed in tone rather than theme."

Track listing

 * 1) "Falling Down" (Fingers, Gordon Ogilvie) – 3:19
 * 2) "Won't Be Told" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:25
 * 3) "Love of the Common People" (John Hurley, Ronnie Wilkins, arranged by Fingers) – 2:39
 * 4) "The Price of Admission" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:22
 * 5) "Touch and Go" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:22
 * 6) "Stands to Reason" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:06
 * 7) "Bits of Kids" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:40
 * 8) "Welcome to the Whole Week" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:45
 * 9) "Big City Night" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:55
 * 10) "Talkback" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 2:48
 * 11) "Is That What You Fought the War For?" (Fingers, Ogilvie) – 3:55

The following tracks were included on the 2001 EMI re-release:

Personnel
with:
 * Stiff Little Fingers
 * Jake Burns – vocals, guitar, occasional keyboards
 * Dolphin Taylor – drums, percussion, vocals, occasional keyboards
 * Henry Cluney – guitar, vocals
 * Ali McMordie – bass guitar
 * Dick Morrissey, Jeff Daly, Martin Drover - horns on "Talkback"
 * Technical
 * Tim Friese-Greene - producer on "Talkback"
 * Simon Hanhart - engineer
 * Brian Cooke - artwork, photography

title: Now Then...


text:
Christopher Mayer (American actor)

Christopher Mayer (born George Charles Mayer III; February 21, 1954 – July 23, 2011), also known as Chip Mayer, was an American film and TV actor who was best known for portraying Vance Duke on The Dukes of Hazzard for 19 episodes during season 5 when cousins Coy and Vance Duke temporarily replaced Bo and Luke Duke (due to a salary dispute between producers and the original actors).

Career
Mayer played the role of Vance Duke in 19 episodes of the fifth season of The Dukes of Hazzard during 1982–83. Mayer continued his work in television and movies into the early 1990s, including a stint on the daytime serial Santa Barbara. He also played Kenneth Falk in the film Liar Liar (1997) alongside Jim Carrey. He appeared on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, season 7, episode 15, "Badda Bing Badda Bang" as a security guard in 1999. His last TV credit was a guest appearance on 18 Wheels of Justice in 2000.

Personal life
Mayer's first marriage was to actress Teri Copley, with whom he had a daughter, Ashley. Mayer's second marriage was to Eileen Davidson, an actress on the daytime serials Days of Our Lives and The Young and the Restless. Mayer's third marriage was to actress Shauna Sullivan in 1988, with whom he had two more daughters, Alexandra and Angelica. Mayer was engaged to Catherine Irvine at the time of his death.

Mayer was found dead of natural causes in his Los Angeles home in Sherman Oaks on July 23, 2011.

title: Christopher Mayer (American actor)


text: Category:Collaborative real-time editors


text:
Wielka Encyklopedia PWN

Wielka Encyklopedia PWN (Great PWN Encyclopedia) is a universal encyclopedia in Polish, published by Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN (until 1991 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe — State Scientific Publishers, PWN) in Warsaw, between 2001 and 2005.

It is a replacement for the socialist-era Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN (Great Universal Encyclopedia), which was considered outdated and criticised for reflecting the official ideology of the period when it was produced. Wielka Encyklopedia PWN surpasses its predecessor in size, with 140,000 entries in 30 volumes plus a supplement, and is now the largest Polish "traditional" encyclopedia ever issued.

The Polish Wikipedia exceeded the Wielka Encyklopedia PWN's number of articles on 22 October 2005.

title: Wielka Encyklopedia PWN


text:
Mediana

Mediana is an important archeological site from the late Roman period, located in the eastern suburb of the Serbian city of Niš. It represents a luxurious residence with a highly organised economy. Excavations have revealed a villa with peristyle, thermae, granary and water tower. The residence dates to the reign of Constantine the Great 306 to 337. Although Roman artifacts can be found scattered all over the area of present-day Niš, Mediana represents the best-preserved part of Roman Naissus. In 1979, Mediana was added to the Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance list, protected by the Republic of Serbia.

History
Constantine the Great (280–337) was born and raised in Naissus. In one of the city's luxurious suburbs he erected a majestic residence, where he often resided and attended to state affairs. Historical records testify it was in Naissus that he passed several laws – in 315, 319, 324, and 334.

After Constantine's death in 337, the imperial residence in Mediana was used by several other emperors, either as a place of rest on their long journeys or during preparations for war. Thus, Constantine's sons, Constantius II and Constans, stayed in Naissus in the winter of 340, signing an edict there. Later on, Constans used it as a temporary residence. According to the Hieronimus' Chronicles, after Vetranio, commander of the Danubian army, had been proclaimed emperor in Sirmium, he surrendered the insignia of imperial power to Constantius II in Naissus, doubtless at the imperial villa, in 350.

Julian the Apostate unexpectedly spent some time in Naissus on his expedition against Constantius II, at the end of 361. During his two-month stay, Julian wrote long epistles to the Senate and to Athens, Corinth and other Greek towns, explaining his policy and seeking support. In 364 AD, the brother emperors Valentinian I and Valens went to the villa to arrange the division of the imperial territories between them. Valentinian's presence there is attested by several imperial edicts.

According to Olympiodorus of Thebes, Naissus was the native town of another Roman emperor – Constantius III, husband of Galla Placidia and father of Valentinian III.

The residence was abandoned after the city of Naissus was devastated by Attila's hordes in 442.

Site
The residence was erected on flat terrain, on an area which covers over 400,000 square metres, on a high bank, some distance from the river, at the foot of the hills which frame the Nišava Valley, near a thermal water source. There was a street in the east-west direction which passed on the south side of the villa with peristyle and the granary located 150 metres from it. From this street it was possible to approach these buildings. The central area was occupied by the villa with its open peristyle, nymphaeum and thermae; to the west of the villa was the granary, and somewhat to the north a spacious building with octagonal and circular rooms. To the south of the villa are the remains of several villas and functional service structures. What strikes the eye is that the luxurious buildings of solid material with columns, decorated with marble facing, mosaics and frescoes, are concentrated mainly around the central villa and its peristyle, while the economic buildings are located to the west of the granary towards Naissus.

Villa

The villa occupies the central position in Mediana. The villa comprises an area of about 6.000 m² (98,6 x 63 m) and included thermae on the west side and a smaller nymphaeum on the east side. The longitudinal axis of the villa is in the north-south direction. The whole northern part was heated. The villa was luxuriously decorated, to which testify the marble columns, bases and capitals of different sizes, reliefs on pilaster capitals and parapet slabs, the remains of wall covering of expensive, multicoloured marble, frescoes, etc. The mosaic floors that covered the whole of the peristyle porch (450 m²) and the audience room have been well preserved. The porch mosaics are geometrical. Figural mosaics are at the entrance of the audience room. The middle part of the audience hall is covered with a broad rectangular field with a geometric pattern, done in the manner of the finest artist. The central part of this structure is a hexagon (3,2 m on the side) with a fountain in the middle, also in the form of hexagon. The lead pipe, used to supply water, can be seen in the middle of the fountain. Smaller spaces surround the hexagon; one of their sides is the polygon of the hexagon. The floor of the nymphaeum is covered with mosaic. The wide outer frame of the hexagon is covered with alternating stylized lotus flowers, and is underlined on the inner side, by a triple border. The lateral spaces about the hexagon are also decorated by mosaic.

Thermae
Thermae are situated northwest of the villa and were probably connected to it. The entrance to the bath is from the south side. The thermae of Mediana were probably used by the owners of the villa, who could reach them directly from their rooms. The corridor on the way to the baths is decorated by floor mosaics, with geometric patterns of the same quality as the mosaics in the peristyle. The vestibule and apodyterium are covered by brick and the middle room is partly covered with brick and partly with mosaic made here of larger white marble tesserae.

Granary
The granary (horreum) is located about 150 metres west of the villa. This is a spacious rectangular building (91 x 27 m), with the longitudinal axis oriented east-west. Along the west wall there were basins 1.40 m deep, which served for storing liquids, (olive oil and wine).

Water tower
A water tower (castellum aquae) was ordinarily found at the end of each Roman aqueduct. Water was supplied from this reservoir to the wells and fountains, basins, thermae and maybe the irrigation canals. Its longitudinal axis is oriented north-south. There is a 10-meter height differential between the water tower site and the valley in which the Mediana buildings are located, providing a head for the fountains.

Churches
Two Early Christian churches have been excavated, both built simultaneously sometime after 378. The first church was unearthed in 2000, when a Chi Rho monogram was found. Only 8 metres south of the first, a second church was excavated in 2007, among the findings was a bronze ring with a cross. The findings are evidence of Mediana being a highly Christian community.

As of July 2019 the site was closed for visitors for the sake of construction work, without a re-opening date indicated.

Genetics
examined two males buried at Mediana between the late 4th and early 5th centuries. These individuals had artificially deformed skulls characteristic of Germanic peoples, and are presumed to have belonged to the Gothic cultural circle. Genetic analysis suggested that these individuals were mostly of North Central European ancestry, with slight Iron Age steppe admixture, which is compatible with Germanic peoples. One male carried the paternal haplogroup I1a2a1a1a/I-Z141 and the maternal haplogroup H5b, while the other carried the maternal haplogroup H41a. Haplogroup I1 is characteristic of Northern Europe and has not been found in the Balkans earlier, suggesting gene flow from the north.

title: Mediana