text:
Talk:Tau'ri

Tauri / Tau'ri
I'd like to change this back to "Tau'ri". It may be personal taste--I'm used to seeing it and hearing it that way, with the break between syllables. Also, "Tauri" makes me think of bulls...

Anyone else want to chime in with an opinion one way or the other? —wwoods 02:03, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Scotland
When I said, "specifically, Scotland", I kind of meant that the most important person from the UK was Carson Beckett. No big deal, though. But where do you get your info about all those nations? I'd like to know. LD 20:34, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

 * From the show itself, just looking at the flag patches they wear. The first episode specially was a good source for that. Screencaptures are also helpful.
 * If you want to make that distinction with Scotland, then you have to make it with USA and Canada too. I just wanted to list all national flags shown, regardless of the character who wears them --Andromeda 21:32, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Why was the list removed?
It may seem trivial, but that list of nations can be useful. LD 20:26, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Tau'ri / Taur'i?
We know that the Goa'uld word for a genetically advanced human is a "hok'taur." Should the proper spelling be Taur'i then, as opposed to Tau'ri? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.57.49.249 (talk • contribs)

Who Changed the pic?
i think that the picture should be changed back to people actually in stargate instead of some random dude. and for person who did change this fore shame. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.12.116.197 (talk • contribs)

Vala as SG-1 member?
I remember in the episode where Vala formally becomes part of the SGC Landry and Mitchell said that she would be a probational SGC member, not specifically a member of SG-1. If that's so, then Vala should not be listed with Teal'c or Jonas as SG-1 non-Tau'ri members. Wl219 16:14, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Well, she does become a member of SG-1 in "Memento Mori"... Maartentje 10:35, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Military Capabilities
I've made some additions to this section by elaborating on Earth's conventional (ie. real) Military capacity. I haven't tried to establish how effective entities such as the Australian Defence Force or the People's Liberation Army might be against a Goa'uld attack, since they are never depecited fighting any aliens. Basically I pointed out that we have millions of soldiers scattered across the planet with Tanks, Artillery, Combat Aircraft, Warships and of course Weapons of Mass Destruction that would at least pose some sort of obstacle to any invasion. P.S. They would likely be a massive obstacle to any attack, as discovery of an alien threat would no doubt lead every Army on Earth to change their priorities towards defence against external attack and hence change their entire defensive posture. Moreover, Jaffa go down to a brief burst of small arms fire even when wearing full armour, so their effectiveness against the massive numbers of trained Infantry troops they would face here is limited, let alone against Tanks, Artillery and Attack helos. The Gou'uld might have some counter-part to Tanks and the like that hasn't been shown, or alternatively they may never have seen the need to develop such weapons as they've never encountered them on the primitive or peaceful worlds they have conquered. The Kull warriors would be more of a problem.

 * in the alternate reality seen in "There But Fore the Grace of God", Earth's militaries were apparently not very effective against the Goa'uld. fine, they would certainly kill some Jaffa on the ground, but the Goa'uld could wipe out entire armies from orbit and there wouldn't be a thing that all those tanks and attack helicopters could do about it. Maartentje 14:47, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I would think our jets would do some damage since an F-16 was shown to be able to destroy a Alkesh in Insiders

Alkeshes, fine, but when a mothership would wipe out all Earth's cities, airfields and military bases from orbit... when the Goa'uld would want to occupy the planet, they wouldn't stand much of a chance indeed, but when they would want to blast us out of existence, the conventional military would don't even matter... Maartentje 00:04, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Point taken, although I still contest that we would constitute a very difficult target compared to the other Races shown. Essentially such a conflict would likely take the form of a surprise attack from orbit to spread chaos and panic throughout the planet, and from there the Goa'uld would try to eliminate any opposition that arose methodically. We'd probably try to fight a guerila war of sorts since that's how it usually pans out on the show, only this time on a massive scale (there are 6 and a half billion of us after all). --Spoonman.au 03:56, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

About the military capabilities, is it really "Earth" that operates a modest fleet of starships? Since this ships are operated by the US Air Force, shouldn't it say that the United States operates the ships? 17:07, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

The people or the planet? ==

Hi.

I think I've also heard this term used to refer to the planet Earth itself in some SG episodes. Should this be mentioned? For example, in SG-1's Season 2 episode, "The Tok'ra, part 1", there is the following line: "I assume you are from the first world, the Tau'ri." It is obvious that it is being used to refer to the planet Earth. It therefore seems it is used to refer to both the people of Earth and the Earth itself. 74.38.32.195 07:25, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

DRMRMcKay (talk) 12:35, 26 November 2007 (UTC)== As far as I understand it, Tau'ri was originally translated, as you said, to "first world" so we were "the people of the Tau'ri" so to speak. I guess common usage in the galaxy led to the term Tau'ri referring to the people as well as the planet.

Relationships with other cultures
Where did that bit about the Asgard destroying Orilla and taking out several Ori cruisers come from? Last I checked Orilla isn't even in the Milky Way galaxy. Admittedly I've missed a couple episodes, but the idea that the entire Asgard race suddenly went extinct is unfathomable. I've not found any sources for it yet. Gateworld makes no mention of it. Eban 17:40, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * "Unending" - The Asgard destroy there planet as they're dying, very fast. The Odyssey is outfitted with lots Asgard technology and there knowledge databases. Orilla is not in the Milky Way, either. Matthew 18:06, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent, thank you Eban 20:22, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Control of Ancient outpost in Antarctica
I was under the impression what the Ancient outpost in Antarctica was under the control of the IOA, not the Department of Homeworld Security, as stated in the IOA Wiki article. Oldsk3wl 11:08, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Most powerful race in the universe?
this isn't necessarily true. there could be thousands of more advanced races in the far reaches of space. and what about the nox and the furlings? (Bigandyc 14:36, 3 October 2007 (UTC))

I agree, so I tagged the technology section with an original research tag. 129.16.49.4 19:02, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

USS Phoenix
The page lists the Phoenix as a 304, we don't necessarily know that for sure. And to stay consistent with the BC-304 page on this issue, I removed the ship from the list of Tau'ri ships. It shouldn't be listed until the actual episode airs since it isn't cannon until it is on TV. Pre-production information can change and shouldn't be used. - OracleGuy01 (talk) 19:44, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

I've had to remove it twice now, can this page be semi locked (at least locked to edits by non loged-in users)--Heruur (talk) 07:00, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

The Bulls?
"Also possibly "The Bulls" as Tauri is the plural form of the latin word for bull, Taurus."

How is this relevant? Tau'ri is a Go'auld word which is based in ancient Egyptian. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.223.213.122 (talk) 00:57, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

First Mission
It says in the article that the first off-world mission was to Chulak. This should be Abydos, should it not?. Alakazam (talk) 01:21, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Merging should be swapped
Shouldn't the Stargate Programme be merged into the Tau'ri article instead and not the other way around. This seems like a little more sense to me. Matthew R Dunn (talk) 19:22, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Please follow the "Discuss" link next to the merge proposal at the top of the article. – sgeureka t•c 20:04, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I just left a short, but (in my opinion) compelling argument on the Wikiproject discussion page. Matthew R Dunn (talk) 22:48, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tau'ri


text:
User talk:Bill-on-the-Hill

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Cerro Grande fire
Regarding images of the fire, I noticed a pair of before/after images of an historic building, the "Trinity Test" at V-site, are on http://eweb.lanl.gov/PubDocs/LA-UR-04-8964-CRMP.pdf, Figures 15.2 and 15.3 (pages 62 and 63). At work, I am running Mediawiki on an Ubuntu server for our local group's wiki, so I'm learning more than I really wanted to know about the admin side of a wiki. But that's another story. But I am tempted to fire up my old Ubuntu box here at home and install Mediawiki on it too. That way I would have my own Super-sandbox with respect to uploaded images and such. BTW, I *was* stuck in traffic for four hours that May 11 morning. You lucked out, but missed the birds all singing at 2 AM when the fire made it look like the sun was coming up in the northwest. Later. Chyeburashka 05:04, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Dome fire and La Mesa fire
For completeness, someone should write articles for the Dome and La Mesa fires. The latter was still fresh in people's minds when I arrived here 25 years ago. When the Dome fire blew up, I was getting a brake job done to my truck at RPM. That was quite impressive. Like the Viveash fire, only closer. I'm glad we had a few years since the Cerro Grande before putting together the article. I don't think a NPOV would have been possible right after the fire. Chyeburashka 03:34, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I was home today, so I plunged forward and created articles for the Dome Fire, the La Mesa Fire and even the Water Canyon Fire, which may be borderline, but since it required the evacuation of the townsite, it seemed to have some significance in the total picture of the history of major fires in this area. Perhaps some old-timers will have something to add. Chyeburashka 18:54, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for your help
Thank you for your help in the Charles S. Lawrence article. It earned a DYK on November 1, 2006. I apologize for this being late, but I greatly appreciated it. Chris 15:02, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Another perspective needed for an article being considered for deletion
Please take a quick look at the Vera von Blumenthal article. The articles for deletion entry for this article shows that some people (IMHO) are not getting the importance of Blumenthal and therefore wish to can the article since its subject is 'Non-notable'. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Chyeburashka (talk • contribs) 02:52, 20 December 2006 (UTC).

 * I've done this. -- Bill-on-the-Hill 15:24, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

mycomorphbox for Tricholoma pardinum
Hello Bill, would you mind adding a template:mycomorphbox to the article you started? The template page has instructions, or you can use one of the mycomorphboxes on most other mushroom pages as a model. If you need any assistance, drop me a note. Debivort 19:30, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll add a box for Tricholoma pardinum when I get a minute, but it's going to take a bit of research. This species doesn't seem to have as much on-line "scientific" (as opposed to casual) documentation as one might expect from its nasty reputation for causing severe GI distress.  Some of the box entries may therefore be a bit tentative.  If you find something there before I do, by all means feel free. -- Bill-on-the-Hill 01:56, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Bill - thanks for the reply. It has made me think the template should be modified so that not all fields are required, if only some information is available. I'll try working on that. I'll also pull out some of my texts in case they have a description. Debivort 02:59, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * So it turns out the template already has this functionality. If you can't find a particular trait, just omit that line of the template code and it will render just fine. Here is an example (my test to see if this worked):User:Debivort/test/mycomorphtest. Debivort 05:30, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Your example looks good, but rather than simply omitting a trait, it would be better to have an option for "don't know" or "awaiting research" or something like that. I haven't seen any papers stating that T. pardinum is mycorrhizal, for example, but I'd bet that it is, and a diligent search might turn something up.  Leaving this as something "to be added" (maybe the best option) would tee it up as needing some help.  Who "owns" the template and could do that?
 * Well, I thought about this, and concluded that it is almost certain that someone knows all those characters, presumably at least whoever described the species in the primary literature, and so a "don't know" would really only reflect the wiki community's stance, rather than a fact about the scientific body of knowledge. That said...a way of knowing what mycomorphboxes are incomplete could be useful - maybe a template that could be included on the talk page that could solve this as a way of tagging incomplete mycoboxes. As for ownership, I started the template, but like everything here, anyone can edit it. Debivort 15:51, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW, I was intrigued to see references to Wilson Peak, El Diente and Mount Sneffels on your user page -- 14ering is a long-standing passion of mine, and El Diente is one of only 8 or 9 Colorado 14ers that I have not climbed, despite three attempts. I've toyed with improving some of the Colorado mountain articles, but there are only so many hours in a day ... -- Bill-on-the-Hill 14:41, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
 * How far have you gotten toward El Diente peak? It's such a nasty peak, I'm very glad we made it to the top just so that we have no excuse to go back again. Debivort 15:51, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

St. Louis Cardinals project
I've changed the block parameters; you should be able to edit now. Mackensen (talk) 21:51, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Redundancy comments
I've replaced 1A. As for the cyclone example, typically and usually are interchangeable, according to my dictionary. But I take your point about the inference that both variables are undesirably mapped onto each other in the "solution". I've removed the usually bit. Thanks for your comments. More are welcome, if you feel in the mood to nitpick. Soon, I'm going to put up some "advanced" editing exercises using this format. These will involve a range of issues, not just those that are redundancy-related.

Are you thinking of being an occasional reviewer at WP:FAC and WP:FAR? Just the odd review can keep them on their toes. Tony  (talk)  03:28, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Age
BTW, I kidded you about your age - that's because I'm almost as old. Bubba73 (talk), 15:46, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Tree line
Hi, neighbor. (I live in Española.) I noticed you've said at several articles that the tree line in the Sangres and Jemez is unusually high. Is that compared to other mountains at the same latitude? Out of curiosity, do you have any idea what causes it? —JerryFriedman (Talk) 06:16, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. It'll be interesting if we run across an explanation. —JerryFriedman  (Talk) 03:42, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

this should give you a warm inner glow....

 * Tricholoma pardinum a stub you created, is now a Good Article...Casliber (talk · contribs) 00:55, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Glacial lakeoutburst flood Merger discussion
Thanks for commenting on the glacial lake outburst flood merger recommendation. As the only other commenter to date, I'd appreciate further discussion. I understood that you view the term jökulhlaup as limited to volcanic-related phenomenon. I believe jökulhlaup is actually used more broadly than glacial lake outburst flood (and that the Venn diagram would show "jökulhlaup" totally includes "glacial lake outburst flood"). Your thoughts and comments would be appreciated there. Thanks - Williamborg (Bill) 21:47, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

REMINDER: You are required to cite sources for challenged information
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome and appreciate your contributions, such as in Sopaipilla, but we regretfully cannot accept original research. Please find and add a reliable citation to your recent edit so we can verify your work. Uncited information may be removed at any time. Thanks for your efforts, and happy editing! JBsupreme ( talk ) 15:24, 18 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I've been an editor here a lot longer than you have, bucko, and I've managed to do it without turning into an insufferable, fascistic twit. Take the arrogance and condescension and put 'em where the sun don't shine. -- Bill-on-the-Hill (talk) 23:20, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Request for comment
Could you comment on my proposal related to nudity in images in the idea lab? Ryan Vesey (talk) 01:31, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

Suggestion for WikiProject United States to support WikiProject New Mexico
It was recently suggested that WikiProject New Mexico, to which you are a member, may be inactive or semi-active and it might be beneficial to include it in the list of projects supported by WikiProject United States. After reviewing the project it appears that there haven't been much active discussion on the talk page in some time and the only content updates appear to be simple maintenance so being supported by a larger project might be beneficial. I have begun a discussion on the projects talk page to see how the members of the project feel about this suggestion. Another user has added the project to the WPUS template and I added it to the list of supported projects in the WPUS main project page but before I take any further action I wanted to contact each of the active members for their input. --Kumioko (talk) 14:29, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

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Talkback
Thanks for the information about Cotopaxi. I was just reading it because I was doing some research on Ecuador for a blog I had to write for work, so I didn't know about the controversy surrounding it. That's interesting to know! I did delete that sentence initially because it seemed pretty randomly stuck in there, especially with the italics, but now I understand why it should be there! JustAMuggle (talk) 05:14, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

Category:American Shogi players
Category:American Shogi players, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Greg Bard (talk) 14:59, 28 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I've responded there. I think it would be best to leave that and its companion category as they are, for reasons I describe there, but don't feel strongly about it. -- Bill-on-the-Hill (talk) 16:33, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

John R. Huizenga DYK
Hi, I checked out your nomination, please check my comment on the page. Best regards Hekerui (talk) 19:54, 10 May 2014 (UTC)

DYK for John R. Huizenga
v/r - TP 18:41, 19 May 2014 (UTC) 18:48, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Larry David Evans

A tag has been placed on Larry David Evans requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a real person or group of people that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Girth Summit  (blether) 17:36, 15 February 2019 (UTC)
 * This is one of the most bone-headed calls for speedy deletion that I have ever seen here, and that's going some. This guy is a freaking International Master of chess.  That is the second highest title awarded by FIDE for tournament achievement, behind International Grandmaster, and it puts him into VERY elite company, particularly given that he was active at a time when it was a lot harder to get that title than it is now.

 * Anyone who does not understand the significance of a FIDE title has no business blatting about deletia in chess articles. -- Bill-on-the-Hill (talk) 19:42, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Larry David Evans for deletion
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title: User talk:Bill-on-the-Hill


text:
List of high schools in South Dakota

This is a list of high schools in the state of South Dakota.

Closed schools
This is an incomplete list of former schools, nicknames, years closed, and additional info.

 * Agar High School "Hi-Pointers" (pre-1984)/"Chargers" (1993-20??), Agar (Closed 1984, reopened 1993, closed 20??, now part of Sully Buttes High School)
 * Akaska High School "Raiders"
 * Alpena High School "Wildcats", Alpena
 * Amherst High School "Wildcats"
 * Andover High School "Gorillas"
 * Ardmore High School "Rattlers"
 * Argonne High School "Arrows"
 * Artesian-Letcher High School "Rams", Artesian (Closed, now part of Sanborn Central High School)
 * Ashton High School "Cardinals"
 * Astoria High School "Comets"
 * Athol High School "Arrows"
 * Augustana Academy "Knights", Canton
 * Bancroft Eagles
 * Barnard Bears
 * Bath Warriors
 * Belvidere Comets
 * Big Stone City Lions
 * Blunt Monarchs
 * Bonesteel Tigers
 * Bonilla Eagles
 * Bradley Bombers
 * Brandt Bulldogs
 * Brentford Braves
 * Bridgewater Wildcats
 * Bristol High School "Pirates", Bristol (Closed in 2004)
 * Bruce Bees
 * Bryant Scotties
 * Buffalo Gap Buffaloes
 * Burbank Owls
 * Burke Bulldogs
 * Canning Coyotes
 * Canova Eagles
 * Carthage Eagles
 * Cathedral High School "Gaels", Rapid City
 * Cathedral High School "Irish", Sioux Falls
 * Cavour Cougars
 * Chancellor Wildcats
 * Claire City Comets
 * Claremont Honkers
 * Clark Comets
 * Colman Wildcats
 * Colton Panthers
 * Conde High School "Spartans", Conde (closed, now part of Doland High, Groton High, Northwestern High)
 * Corona Midgets
 * Corsica Comets
 * Cottonwood Coyotes
 * Columbia Comets
 * Cresbard High School "Comets", Cresbard (Closed, now part of Faulkton Area School)
 * Dallas Coyotes
 * Dante Gophers
 * Davis Bulldogs
 * Deadwood Bears
 * Delmont Wildcats
 * Draper Bulldogs
 * Eagle Butte Warriors
 * Eastern High School "Yellowjackets", Madison
 * Egan Bluejays
 * Elk Point Pointers
 * Emery High School "Eagles", Emery (Consolidated with Bridgewater in 2011, now called Bridgewater-Emery High School)
 * Erwin Arrows
 * Fairfax Broncos
 * Farmer Orioles
 * Fedora Tigers
 * Florence Flyers
 * Forestburg Buccaneers
 * Frankfort Falcons
 * Franklin Flyers
 * Fort Pierre Buffaloes
 * Fort Thompson Buffaloes
 * Fulton Pirates
 * Gann Valley Buffaloes
 * Garden City Dragons
 * Gary Tigers
 * Gayville Orioles
 * Geddes Rams
 * General Beadle High School "Bluejays", Madison
 * Glenham High School "Eagles", Glenham, South Dakota (closed in 1984, now part of Selby Area Schools)
 * Goodwin Eagles
 * Harrold High School, Harrold (Closed, now part of Highmore-Harrold Schools)
 * Hartford Pirates
 * Hayti Redbirds
 * Hazel Mustangs
 * Hecla Rockets
 * Henry Owls
 * Hetland Broncos
 * Hitchcock Bluejays
 * Holabird Cardinals
 * Hosmer Tigers (Closed, now part of Edmunds-Central Schools)
 * Hudson Trojans
 * Humboldt Eagles
 * Hurley High School "Bulldogs", Hurley, (Closed, now part of Viborg-Hurley High School)
 * Interior Cubs
 * Irene High School "Cardinals", Irene (Closed, now part of Irene-Wakonda)
 * Isabel High School "Wildcats", Isabel (Closed, now Part of Timber Lake High, Mclntosh High)
 * Java Panthers (Closed, now part of Selby Area Schools)
 * Jefferson Blackhawks
 * Kennebec Canaries
 * Kidder Tigers
 * Lake City Golden Eagles
 * Lake Norden Bluejays
 * Lane Trojans
 * Lebanon Bulldogs
 * Letcher Tigers
 * Lily Wildcats
 * Logan Arrows
 * Loyalton Lions
 * Lyons Lions
 * Midland High School, Midland (Closed, now part of Kadoka Area High School)
 * Martin Warriors
 * Meckling Panthers
 * Melette Terriers
 * Monroe "Wooden Shoed Canaries"
 * New Effington Tigers
 * Nisland Mustangs
 * Northville Panthers
 * Northwestern Lutheran Academy Wildcats
 * Notre Dame High School "Comets", Mitchell
 * Oldham Dragons
 * Olivet Eagles
 * Onaka Pirates
 * Onida Warriors
 * Orient Hawks
 * Orland Eagles
 * Peever Panthers
 * Pickstown Engineers
 * Piedmont Hawks
 * Pierpont Panthers
 * Plano Panthers
 * Pollock High School "Bulldogs", Pollock (Closed, now part of Mobridge-Pollock High School)
 * Polo Bears
 * Presho Wolves
 * Provo Rattlers
 * Pukwana Wildcats
 * Quinn Quintuplets
 * Ramona Rockets
 * Ravinia Bears
 * Raymond Redwings
 * Ree Heights Warriors
 * Reliance Longhorns
 * Rockham Trojans
 * Roscoe Hornets
 * Roslyn High School "Vikings", Roslyn
 * St. Agatha High School "Agates", Howard
 * St. Lawrence Wolves
 * St. Martens High School "Ravens", Rapid City
 * St. Thomas Shamrocks
 * Salem Cubs
 * Seneca Bluejays
 * Sherman Tigers
 * Sinai Rebels
 * Spencer Cardinals
 * South Dakota School for the Deaf Pheasants
 * South Shore Comets
 * Springfield Trojans
 * Stickney High School "Raiders", Stickney (Closed, now part of Corsica-Stickney High School)
 * Strandburg Tigers
 * Stratford Vikings
 * Tabor Cardinals
 * Thomas Tigers
 * Thompson Buffaloes
 * Thorpe Wolves
 * Trent Warriors
 * Toronto Vikings
 * Tripp Wildcats
 * Tulare Chieftains
 * Turton Frogs
 * Tyndall Panthers
 * Vale Beetdiggers
 * Valley Springs Wolverines
 * Veblen High School "Cardinals", Veblen (Closed, now part of Sisseton High School)
 * Vienna Panthers
 * Virgil Pirates
 * Vivian Bearcats
 * Volin Bluejays
 * Wakonda High School "Warriors", Wakonda (Closed, now part of Irene-Wakonda)
 * Wallace Bulldogs
 * Wasta Flyers
 * Waverly Woodchucks
 * Wentworth Warriors
 * Wessington Warriors
 * Wessington Springs Academy "Hornets", Wessington Springs
 * West Lyman Raiders
 * White Wildcats
 * White Lake Wolverines
 * Winfred Warriors
 * Willow Lake Pirates
 * Witten Wildcats
 * Wolsey Cardinals
 * Wood Bulldogs
 * Worthing Eagles
 * Yale Trojans

title: List of high schools in South Dakota


text:
Bake sale

A bake sale, also known as a cake sale or cake stall, is a fundraising activity where baked goods such as doughnuts, cupcakes and cookies, sometimes along with other foods, are sold. Bake sales are usually held by small, non-profit organizations, such as clubs, school groups and charitable organizations. Bake sales are often set up around an area of pedestrian traffic, such as outside a grocery store or at a busy intersection near a mall.

Bake sales are also a popular means of fundraising within corporations and political organizations.

History
The advent of bake sales dates back to the 1800s, during which time women used their domestic skills to fulfill expectations of charity. Since then, bake sales have been frequently used as a form of raising money for political or social causes. In the early 1900s, suffragettes in Virginia used bake sales as a means to raise money to further the cause of women's suffrage. During the civil rights movement in the United States, Georgia Gilmore began a covert baking club that, in order to fund resistance efforts, sold savory meals and baked goods out of members' homes as well as in local establishments and at protest meetings.

In response to the murder of George Floyd in 2020, pastry chefs Willa Pelini, Paola Velez, and Rob Rubba organized a series of national bake sales that eventually became known as Bakers Against Racism. Originally intended as a singular event, the initiative attracted the participation of professional and hobbyist bakers across the country, each of whom contributed baked goods for various sales to raise money for organizations that support Black lives. Bakers Against Racism has since expanded efforts to help organizations working to end hate crimes against Asian Americans and people of Pacific Islander heritage.

Conduct
Bake sales are most often held to raise money for specific causes or for a particular organization, and frequently take place at schools or churches. Goods most commonly sold at bake sales include cookies, brownies, cupcakes, and muffins.

title: Bake sale


text:
Quảng Ninh province

Quảng Ninh or Quangninh is a province along the northeastern coast of Vietnam. It is about 153 km (95 mi) east of Hanoi, comprising four cities, two district-level towns and seven rural districts. The provincial capital is Hạ Long. The province covers an area of 6207.95 km2 and, as of 2023, had a population of 1,413,452. Nearly 80% of the province is mountainous with abundant land, forest, water and mineral resources, with 90% of Vietnam's coal output extracted from the province. The province is also home to Hạ Long Bay, a World Heritage Site that has 1,969 islands, out of which 989 have been given names.

Quảng Ninh has a Human Development Index of 0.769 (high), ranking sixth among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.

Etymology
The name of Quảng Ninh province is the compound name of two former provinces: Quảng Yên and Hải Ninh according to the naming of President Ho Chi Minh.

Geography
The province has the shape of an oblique rectangle inclined in a northeast-to-southwest direction. To the west, the province borders an extended forest and mountain region. To the east, it is adjacent to the Gulf of Bắc Bộ. It features a meandering coastline, estuaries and tidal flats and more than 2,000 large and small islands. Exactly 1,030 of these have been named. Quảng Ninh's coordinates are longitude 106º25′ to 108º25′ east and latitude 20º40′ to 21º40′ north. Its width from east to west is 195 km (at the widest part). The length from north to south of the province is 102 km. The northernmost point is in a mountain range at Mo Toòng village (Hoành Mô Commune, Bình Liêu District). The southernmost point is in Hạ Mai Island (Ngọc Vừng Commune, Vân Đồn District). The westernmost point is in Vàng Chua River (Bình Dương and Nguyễn Huệ communes, Đông Triều District). The easternmost point is inland at Got Cape, northeast of Trà Cổ Commune, Móng Cái Town.

Quảng Ninh has a common international border with the People's Republic of China. Inland, north of province (Bình Liêu, Hải Hà districts) and Móng Cái borders Dongxing City and Fangcheng County in Guangxi, PRC with the borderline of 170 km. To the east, it adjuncts to Bắc Bộ Gulf. The province also borders Lạng Sơn, Bắc Giang and Hải Dương provinces to the west, and the city of Hải Phòng to the south. The coastal line is 250 km. The total area of Quảng Ninh is 8,239.243 km2, of which 5,938 km2 is mainland. The area of islands, bays and sea is a tremendous 2,448.853 km2. The total area of the islands is 619.913 km2.

Topography
Quảng Ninh is a mountainous and coastal province, with more than 80 per cent of its area being made up of mountains and hills. The 2,000 some islands are also considered mountains. The mountainous zone can be divided into two parts: the eastern mountainous region extending from Tiên Yên through Bình Liêu, Hải Hà, Đầm Hà and Móng Cái; and the western zone ranging from Tiên Yên through Ba Chẽ and Hoành Bồ, north of Uông Bí Town. The former is a continuation of the Thâp Van Đai Son range in China. There are two main chains: Quảng Nam Châu 1,507 m and Cao Xiêm 1,330 m. The western zone features smooth and curved mountains called Đông Triều with Yên Tu Mount 1,068 m in Uông Bí region and Am Váp Mount 1,094 m in Hoành Bồ District.

The midland and coastal plains include a low range of hills weathered by both wind and water; forming fields and river basins. They include the zones of Đông Triêu, Uông Bí, northern Yên Hưng, southern Tiên Yên, Hải Hà and some of Móng Cái. In the estuaries, alluvial soil is deposited, creating low tidal flats. This can be found in the areas of southern Uông Bí, southern Yên Hưng (Hà Nam Island), eastern Yên Hưng, Đông Rui (Tiên Yên), southern Đầm Hà and Mong Cai, southeastern Hải Hà. The midlands and plains of the coastline are extremely favourable for agriculture and transport. It has become a densely populated area.

The sea and island zone of Quảng Ninh has a unique terrain. There are more than 2,000 islands, making up two-thirds of the country's islands. They extend along the coast for more than 250 km and divide into numerous layers. The largest islands are Cái Bầu and Bản Sen, while the smallest are just like rocks in a garden. Vân Đồn and Cô Tô are island districts. There are thousands of islands on Hạ Long Bay and Bái Tử Long Bay, many of which contain caves. Besides areas of alluvial deposits, there are also white sand zones which have built up from tidal action. Some places have formed white sand mines producing materials for the glass industry (Van Hai), or have developed into tourism spots (Trà Cổ, Quan Lạn, Minh Châu, Ngọc Vừng).

The sea bottom terrain of Quảng Ninh isn't smooth, and has an average depth of 20 m. There are the remnants of ancient streams and underwater rocky banks. The streams from the mainland connect to deep drains along the sea-floor; creating a series of waterways, canals and harbours along the coast.

Hydrography
In Quảng Ninh, there are numerous rivers and springs, but most are short and small, and feature currents that differ between seasons. In winter, most rivers run dry; in summer, waterfalls pick up fast currents. The water current reaches 1.45 m3/s in dry season, but up to 1,500 m3/s in the rainy season. Quảng Ninh's sea borders upon the Gulf of Bắc Bộ. It is large and protected by the ranks of islands, so the wind is quieter and the water smoother. The gulf's current runs from north to south. It is Vietnam's coldest sea, with the temperature sometimes dipping below 13 °C. The average tide level recorded is 2.5 m.

Water resources

Water resources in the province of Quảng Ninh are abundant and distinct. The largest rivers are: the Ka Long (the natural national border between China and Vietnam), Hà Côi, Đầm Hà, Tiên Yên, Phố Cũ, Ba Chẽ, Diễn Vọng, Trới, Míp, Uông, Đạm and Cầm rivers. The provincial border is the Kinh Thầy River which joins the Đá Bạch River and runs into Bạch Đằng. The total static capacity is estimated at 175.106 m3 of water. Out of the 72 lakes and dams, there are 28 large lakes with a total of capacity of 195.53 million m3 of water. The largest is Yên Lập Lake, which blocks the Míp Estuary. Its water volume is 1.18 million m3. Other lakes include: Khuất Động, Trúc Bài Sơn, Khe Táu, Đoan Tĩnh, Khe Uơn, Khe Chếnh, Yên Trung, Bến Châu, Trại Lốc, Rộc Cả and An Biên.

Underground running water is also abundant, and can even be found on some of the larger islands. According to prospective data, 13 urban and industrial areas make use of 64,388 m3 water/day. In the province there are natural bottle water points in Quảng Hanh (Cẩm Phả), Khe Lạc (Tiên Yên) and Đồng Long (Bình Liêu). Mineral water is concentrated in the village of Quảng Hanh. Presently, there are 15 exploration holes, and according to preliminary results, capacity could be 1,004 m3/day. Quảng Hanh mineral water is clear and colourless, with mineral content varying from 3.5 to 5.05 g/L.

Mineral resources
The province has rich natural mineral resources of coal, limestone, clay, kaolin, white sand, granite and so forth. Large reserves of anthracite coal account for 90 per cent of coal output of Vietnam. Limestone reserves are estimated at 3.1 billion tonnes which would be the basic input for cement manufacture. Other mineral resources phosphoric, titan, antimony, quartz and oil have been found which could auger more industrial projects in the Province. Clay and glassy sand, important material inputs in the building industry for manufacture of tiles, bricks fired-bricks, bricks, ceramics, are in abundance.

Climate

Quảng Ninh's climate is symbolic of the climate of North Vietnam; featuring all four seasons. In summer, it is hot, humid and rainy, while monsoons flourish. The average annual temperature recorded is 22.9 °C. In winter, it is cold (between 1 and 3 °C), dry, and sees little rainfall (between 150 mm and 400 mm). The average humidity is 82 percent. Annual average rainfall, influenced by north-eastern monsoons, varies between 1,700 mm and 2,400 mm (maximum recorded is 2751 mm), with rainfall concentrated in the summer months for 90 to 170 days, particularly in July and August.

In comparison to other provinces in the north, Quảng Ninh has been more under the influences of north-eastern monsoon. The wind blows strongly and the temperature drops to between 1 and. During the north-east monsoon, high mountainous regions such as Bình Liêu and Hải Hà, Đầm Hà experiences temperatures below 0 °C. Storms have a large influence on the province, mainly in June, July and August. The intensity can be extremely strong, especially in island and coastal regions.

Because of the terrain differences, the climates of sub-regions differ. The border area of the Móng Cái District is colder and rainy, with an average temperature of around 22 °C and rainfall reaching 2,751 mm. In the Yên Hưng District, the most southern area, the average temperature is 24 °C and gets an average rainfall of 1,700 mm. The high mountainous region of Hoành Bồ, and Ba Chẽ districts, has 20 days of frost a year, and is subject to little rainfall. In the Bình Liêu District there is heavy rain (2,400 mm) and winter lasts for six months. The offshore island region is not the wettest area, with only 1,700 to 1,800 mm of rainfall per year, but winter is often accompanied by thick mists.

Prehistoric
Quảng Ninh is a land of rich history. In Hạ Long Bay area has archaeological remains of prehistoric people from 3000 to 1500 BC. This period is characterized as Hạ Long culture with many archaeological shells used as jewelry and money exchange, ancient animal bones, and human bones.

This land of Quảng Ninh is one of the 15 tribes of Văn Lang State.

Feudal
Quảng Ninh area has had several names: The historic sites of Quảng Ninh Province:
 * Ngô dynasty called Lục Châu
 * Lý dynasty called Đông Hải
 * Trần dynasty called Hải Đông
 * Later Lê dynasty called An Bang
 * Nguyễn dynasty called Quảng Yên
 * 1) Bạch Đằng River. Today the territory of Quảng Yên town, the region adjacent to the city of Hai Phong.
 * 2) Commercial Vân Đồn port. With the naval war against the Mongol Empire. This sector Quan Lang and Minh Chau, Vân Đồn District
 * 3) Tomb of Trần dynasty. The capital is home to the Trần dynasty ancestors before migrating down the Thái Bình, Thien Truong. Today the territory of Đông Triều District
 * 4) Yên Tu Mount. The land of Trúc Lâm Zen. Today the territory of Uông Bí city.

French colonial period to the present
After the invasion of occupied Tonkin, in 1899 the French part Quảng Yên established Hải Ninh province. Seeing coal mineral resources. French colonialists increase in mining zones Hong Gai, Mao Khe, Vang Danh, Cam Pha Town, Ha Tu, etc. Established the Northern Coal Company of France (SFCT) exclusive exploitation and consumption of coal, power scavenged resources and exploitation of colonies. Along with the coal industry, Quảng Ninh is one of the Vietnamese working class formed the earliest.

The general strike of more than 30,000 miners 12 November 1936 demanding higher wages reduce the hours of glorious victory has become one of the most iconic historical events of the Vietnamese revolutionary movement during play for civil rights democracy and national independence. Later became the traditional date of the mines: Date indomitable mines. After the August Revolution in 1945, Vietnam's independence, the government at the hands of the people. 1963 platform is the Hong Quang and provinces Hải Ninh Government Democratic Republic of Vietnam established the province Quảng Ninh. According to the setting of Ho Chi Minh, the name of the province is the name of two transplant Quảng Yên and Hải Ninh old. During the Sino-Vietnamese War, the province was the site of the Battle of Móng Cái and the Battle of Cao Ba Lanh. The area of the province of Quảng Ninh is 8,239.243 km ².

Administrative divisions
Quảng Ninh is divided into 13 district-level sub-divisions and 177 commune-level sub-divisions:

Demographics
According to the General Statistics Office of the Government of Vietnam, the population of Quảng Ninh Province, as of 2019, was 1,320,324 with a density of 216 persons per km2 over a total land area of 6178.21 km2. The male population during this period was 671,522 while the female population was 648,802. The rural population was 498,338 (36.1% of total population) against an urban population of 822,761 (63.9% of total population).

There are about 40 ethnic groups in Quảng Ninh recognized by the Vietnamese government. Each ethnicity has their own language, traditions, and subculture. The largest ethnic groups are: Vietnamese 87.69%, Dao 5.57%, Tày 3.08%, and Sán Dìu 1.56%, with all others composing the remaining 2.1% (2019 census).

In this land of ancient culture the dominant religious beliefs are of Buddhists, Christians and ancestor worship in addition to other folk beliefs.

Fauna and flora
Quảng Ninh features a diversified and abundant environmental system, thanks to its varied terrain, climate and soil. The province thus has a rich biodiversity of flora and fauna. Identified floral species are numbered at 1,027 of 6 phyla, while faunal species are 120.

Fauna
There are the regular domestic animals: cattle, pigs, poultry, cats, dogs, and rabbits. Cattle breeding has developed well in the mountainous regions, while the Móng Cái pig is now famous for its especially lean meat. In eastern districts, swans hybridized with ducks, called cà sáy by locals, are also becoming popular. Numerous foreign cattle are imported as well: buffaloes from India, milk cows from the Netherlands and India and horses, sheep and goats from Mongolia.

Wild animals
Formerly, as with the rest of Vietnam, there were once numerous wild animals. In more remote times, there were elephants, rhinoceros, tigers, leopards and bears roaming the area. Today, there are monkeys, deer, pheasants, eagles, wild boars, various birds and tortoises (which unfortunately are less abundant than they once were).

Aquatic fauna
In Quảng Ninh aquatic fauna is very abundant, both fresh and sea water. There are large species of fish in the Gulf of Bắc Bộ. In addition, there are special species such as pearl mussels, stockfish, sea turtles and lobsters, while along the coastline, oysters and edible seaweed abound. These numerous fish resources of the sea have always been an important source of income for the residents of Quảng Ninh.

Flora
Quảng Ninh's floral strong point has always been forestry. Agricultural land is narrow and unfertilized, so the production of rice, maize and sweet potatoes is poor. Making up for this is high productivity from fruit trees, lumber trees and industrial plants.

The area for fruit trees in the Đông Triều District totals around 30 km2. Formerly in Quảng Ninh, there was diverse and high-quality wood available, in particular ironwood and teak trees. Presently, there are mainly pine trees. In mountainous areas, there are a variety of trees and plants, providing spices and traditional medicines.

Economy
Although economy of the region is agriculture based, other sectors of industries and tourism are also getting priority attention.

Being in the northern economic triangle (Hà Nội – Hải Phòng – Quảng Ninh), the province has abundant resources and has immense potential to develop the economy in every sector. The People's Committee of Quảng Ninh province in 2007 approved proposals for development plans up to 2020. Industrial development is taking place at a rapid pace. Mineral extraction industries are being developed. Special economic zones are being created and the plans envisage making the province a modern industrial province by 2015. The two economic development zones under development are the Mong Cai Border Gate Economic Zone and the Van Don Economic Zone. Tourism is also a sector of economic development, which has been given priority. Quảng Ninh has targeted to become a regional high-quality tourism center and an economic growth hub in the North with synchronized socio-economic and technical infrastructure and improved living conditions.

Some of the economic indicators in agriculture, industries and other sectors are the following. There are only 1,440 farms as against the national number of 120,699

The output value of agriculture produce at constant 1994 prices in the province was 952.5 billion đồngs against the national value of 156,681.9 billion đồngs.

The province produced 227,700 tonnes of cereals as against the national production of 43.68 million tonnes

The per capita production of cereals in the district was 205.2 kg as against the national figure of 501.8 kg. in 2008.

In 2007, the industrial output of the province was 37,987.5 billion VND against the national output of 1.47 million billion VND.

Historical places
The province has number of attractions connected with the landforms such as the mountains and the sea or the bay, religious places of worship and festivals. Some of these are:

Mountains
Bài Thơ Mountain is a limestone mountain formation, which rises to a height of 106 meters, right in the middle of Hạ Long City. It appears like a giant castle with three towers of the undulating rock. Another famous mountain is the That Bai Tho Mountain, which was earlier called the Transmission Mount (Then). It has historical linkage to the visit of Emperor Lê Thánh Tông to the provincial city in 1468. The emperor was moved by the beauty of the mountain covered with clouds, called it a young fairy of Hạ Long and got a poem written on it and engraved on the southern side of the rocky cliff. In 1729, Lord Trịnh Cương did a painting and poem on Emperor Lê Thánh Tông on this mountain. That's why it was called Bai Tho mountain (Poem mountain). Bai Tho mountain is an important historical and cultural relic as well as a tourist attraction.

Temples

Two popular temples in the province are the Cua Ong Temple is located on a mountain overlooking low Bai Tu Long Bay, and the Tien Temple located next to the headquarters of People's Committee of Cam La commune.

Bạch Đằng beach is a historical site which commemorates the 13th-century victory of Trần Quốc Tuấn over the Mongols, who had invaded the country with 30,000 troops.
 * Bạch Đằng beach

Transportation system

The road network in the province consists of the National Highways No. 10, 18, and 48. Highway No. 10 links to Hanoi, Haiphong and other northern provinces. National Highway 4B connects the province with Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng.

The Van Don International Airport serves the province. Hanoi's Noi Bai International Airport is linked to the Mong Cai International Border Gate over a road distance of 288 km.

The Hanoi–Hạ Long (Cai Lan port) railway line has been improved. Rail links of 64 km length connect to industries in the province.

The water transport is provided by its many rivers and the sea ports such as the Cai Lan port (largest deep water port in North Vietnam is under further expansion to handle cargo of 7–10 million tonnes per year. Another port is the Cu Ong port, which can handle ships of 65,000–70,000 DWT capacity. Other minor ports in the coastline of the province are the Bo, Cau Trang, B12, Mui Chua, Dien Cong, Bach Thai Buoi, Tien Yen and Dan Tien.

The Bính Bridge crosses the Cấm River and ultimately connects the province with the city of Hai Phong.

title: Quảng Ninh province


text:
User talk:William Shatner's Hairpiece

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --W(t) 02:05, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --W(t) 02:06, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)

title: User talk:William Shatner's Hairpiece


text:
Talk:USS Odyssey

For a May 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/USS Odyssey

title: Talk:USS Odyssey


text: User talk:68.63.157.162

title: User talk:68.63.157.162


text:
Ex delicto

Ex delicto, Latin for "from a wrong" or "from a transgression", is a legal term that indicates a consequence of a tort, though the phrase can also refer to the consequence of a crime. This is often opposed to ex contractu.

title: Ex delicto


text:
Cassini oval

[[File:Cassini-3kurv.svg|300px|thumb|Three Cassini ovals, differing by the range within which the parameter $e$ (equal to $b/a$) falls:

Not shown: $0 < e < 1$ (convex).]]

In geometry, a Cassini oval is a quartic plane curve defined as the locus of points in the plane such that the product of the distances to two fixed points (foci) is constant. This may be contrasted with an ellipse, for which the sum of the distances is constant, rather than the product. Cassini ovals are the special case of polynomial lemniscates when the polynomial used has degree 2.

Cassini ovals are named after the astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini who studied them in the late 17th century. Cassini believed that a planet orbiting around another body traveled on one of these ovals, with the body it orbited around at one focus of the oval. Other names include Cassinian ovals, Cassinian curves and ovals of Cassini.

Formal definition
A Cassini oval is a set of points, such that for any point $$P$$ of the set, the product of the distances $$|PP_1|,\, |PP_2|$$ to two fixed points $$P_1, P_2$$ is a constant, usually written as $$b^2$$ where $$b > 0$$:
 * $$\{P : |PP_1| \!\!\;\times\!\!\; |PP_2| = b^2 \}\ .$$

As with an ellipse, the fixed points $$P_1,P_2$$ are called the foci of the Cassini oval.

Equations
If the foci are (a, 0) and (−a, 0), then the equation of the curve is
 * $$((x-a)^2+y^2)((x+a)^2+y^2) = b^4.$$

When expanded this becomes
 * $$(x^2+y^2)^2-2a^2(x^2-y^2)+a^4 = b^4.$$

The equivalent polar equation is
 * $$r^4-2a^2r^2 \cos 2\theta = b^4-a^4.\,$$

Shape

The curve depends, up to similarity, on $e = 1$. When $1 < e < √2$, the curve consists of two disconnected loops, each of which contains a focus. When $e ≥ √2$, the curve is the lemniscate of Bernoulli having the shape of a sideways figure eight with a double point (specifically, a crunode) at the origin. When $e = b/a$, the curve is a single, connected loop enclosing both foci. It is peanut-shaped for $$1 < e < \sqrt{2}$$ and convex for $$e \geq \sqrt{2} \,.$$ The limiting case of $e < 1$ (hence $e = 1$), in which case the foci coincide with each other, is a circle.

The curve always has x-intercepts at $e > 1$ where $a → 0$. When $e → ∞$ there are two additional real x-intercepts and when $± c$ there are two real y-intercepts, all other x- and y-intercepts being imaginary.

The curve has double points at the circular points at infinity, in other words the curve is bicircular. These points are biflecnodes, meaning that the curve has two distinct tangents at these points and each branch of the curve has a point of inflection there. From this information and Plücker's formulas it is possible to deduce the Plücker numbers for the case $c^{2} = a^{2} + b^{2}$: degree = 4, class = 8, number of nodes = 2, number of cusps = 0, number of double tangents = 8, number of points of inflection = 12, genus = 1.

The tangents at the circular points are given by $e < 1$ which have real points of intersection at $e > 1$. So the foci are, in fact, foci in the sense defined by Plücker. The circular points are points of inflection so these are triple foci. When $e ≠ 1$ the curve has class eight, which implies that there should be a total of eight real foci. Six of these have been accounted for in the two triple foci and the remaining two are at $$\begin{align} \left(\pm a \sqrt{1-e^4}, 0\right) &\quad (e<1), \\ \left(0, \pm a \sqrt{e^4-1}\right) &\quad (e>1). \end{align}$$ So the additional foci are on the x-axis when the curve has two loops and on the y-axis when the curve has a single loop.

Cassini ovals and orthogonal trajectories
Orthogonal trajectories of a given pencil of curves are curves which intersect all given curves orthogonally. For example the orthogonal trajectories of a pencil of confocal ellipses are the confocal hyperbolas with the same foci. For Cassini ovals one has:
 * The orthogonal trajectories of the Cassini curves with foci $$P_1, P_2$$ are the equilateral hyperbolas containing $$P_1, P_2$$ with the same center as the Cassini ovals (see picture).

Proof: For simplicity one chooses $$P_1 = (1,0),\, P_2 = (-1,0)$$.
 * The Cassini ovals have the equation $$f(x,y) = (x^2+y^2)^2 - 2(x^2-y^2) + 1 - b^4 = 0.$$
 * The equilateral hyperbolas (their asymptotes are rectangular) containing $$(1, 0), (-1, 0)$$ with center $$(0, 0)$$ can be described by the equation $$x^2 - y^2 - \lambda x y - 1 = 0,\ \ \ \lambda \in \R.$$

These conic sections have no points with the y-axis in common and intersect the x-axis at $$(\pm 1, 0)$$. Their discriminants show that these curves are hyperbolas. A more detailed investigation reveals that the hyperbolas are rectangular. In order to get normals, which are independent from parameter $$\lambda$$ the following implicit representation is more convenient $$g(x,y) = \frac{x^2 - y^2 -1}{xy} - \lambda = \frac{x}{y} - \frac{y}{x} - \frac{1}{xy} - \lambda = 0 \; .$$ A simple calculation shows that $$\operatorname{grad}f(x,y) \cdot \operatorname{grad}g(x,y) = 0$$ for all $$(x,y),\, x \ne 0 \ne y$$. Hence the Cassini ovals and the hyperbolas intersect orthogonally.

Remark: The image depicting the Cassini ovals and the hyperbolas looks like the equipotential curves of two equal point charges together with the lines of the generated electrical field. But for the potential of two equal point charges one has $$1/|PP_1| + 1/|PP_2| = \text{constant}$$. (See Implicit curve.) Instead these curves actually correspond to the (plane sections of) equipotential sets of two infinite wires with equal constant line charge density, or alternatively, to the level sets of the sums of the Green’s functions for the Laplacian in two dimensions centered at the foci.

The single-loop and double loop Cassini curves can be represented as the orthogonal trajectories of each other when each family is coaxal but not confocal. If the single-loops are described by $$(x^2+y^2)-1=axy$$ then the foci are variable on the axis $$y=x$$ if $$a>0$$, $$y=-x$$ if $$a<0$$; if the double-loops are described by $$(x^2+y^2)+1=b(x^2-y^2)$$ then the axes are, respectively, $$y=0$$ and $$x=0$$. Each curve, up to similarity, appears twice in the image, which now resembles the field lines and potential curves for four equal point charges, located at $$(\pm1,0)$$ and $$(0,\pm1)$$. Further, the portion of this image in the upper half-plane depicts the following situation: The double-loops are a reduced set of congruence classes for the central Steiner conics in the hyperbolic plane produced by direct collineations; and each single-loop is the locus of points $$P$$ such that the angle $$OPQ$$ is constant, where $$O=(0,1)$$ and $$Q$$ is the foot of the perpendicular through $$P$$ on the line described by $$x^2+y^2=1$$.

Examples
The second is a Cassini oval defined by the equation $$L_2=\{c: \operatorname{abs}(c^2 + c)=ER \}.$$  Its foci are at the points c on the complex plane that have orbits where every second value of z is equal to zero, which are the values 0 and −1.

Cassini ovals on tori
Cassini ovals appear as planar sections of tori, but only when the cutting plane is parallel to the axis of the torus and its distance to the axis equals the radius of the generating circle (see picture).

The intersection of the torus with equation
 * $$\left(x^2+y^2+z^2 + R^2 - r^2\right)^2 = 4R^2 \!\left(x^2+y^2\right)$$

and the plane $$y=r$$ yields
 * $$\left(x^2+z^2 + R^2\right)^2 = 4R^2 \!\left(x^2+r^2\right).$$

After partially resolving the first bracket one gets the equation
 * $$\left(x^2+z^2\right)^2 -2R^2(x^2-z^2)= 4R^2r^2-R^4,$$

which is the equation of a Cassini oval with parameters $$b^2 = 2Rr$$ and $$a = R$$.

Generalizations
Cassini's method is easy to generalize to curves and surfaces with an arbitrarily many defining points: describes in the planar case an implicit curve and in 3-space an implicit surface.
 * $$|PP_1| \times |PP_2| \times \cdots \times |PP_n| = b^n$$

title: Cassini oval


text:
AIOC

AIOC may refer to:
 * Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
 * Azerbaijan International Operating Company

title: AIOC


text:
Self-induced abortion

A self-induced abortion (also called a self-managed abortion, or sometimes a self-induced miscarriage) is an abortion performed by the pregnant woman herself, or with the help of other, non-medical assistance. Although the term includes abortions induced outside of a clinical setting with legal, sometimes over-the-counter medication, it also refers to efforts to terminate a pregnancy through alternative, potentially more dangerous methods. Such practices may present a threat to the health of women.

Self-induced (or self-managed) abortion is often attempted during the beginning of pregnancy (the first eight weeks from the last menstrual period). In recent years, significant reductions in maternal death and injury resulting from self-induced abortions have been attributed to the increasing availability of misoprostol (known commercially as "Cytotec"). This medication is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 that is inexpensive, widely available, and has multiple uses, including the treatment of post-partum hemorrhage, stomach ulcers, cervical preparation and induction of labor. The World Health Organization (WHO) has endorsed two regimens for abortion up to 12 weeks of pregnancy using misoprostol: a standardized regimen of mifepristone and misoprostol and a regimen of misoprostol alone. The regimen with misoprostol alone has been shown to be up to 83% effective in terminating a pregnancy but is more effective combined with mifepristone.

Methods attempted
Women can use many different methods to self-manage (or self-induce) an abortion. Some are safe and effective, while others are dangerous to the health of the woman and/or ineffective at terminating a pregnancy.

Mifepristone and/or misoprostol
The only scientifically studied effective self-induced abortion method is ingesting a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol or misoprostol alone. The combination of these medications is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In some countries, these pills may be available over-the-counter in pharmacies, although some pharmacies do not provide accurate instructions on use. In Latin America, women have reported self-inducing abortions with misoprostol alone since the 1980s. The history of women self-managing abortion with pills includes projects such as the Socorristas in Argentina and Las Libres in Mexico. Other countries have "safe abortion hotlines", which facilitate access to pills, provide instructions on proper use of the pills, and provide emotional, logistical, and/or financial support. Some women use online abortion pill help services such as Women on Web and Aid Access to order mifepristone and/or misoprostol, with reported effectiveness and safety in pregnancy termination and satisfaction in the service. Instructions on abortion pill use are widely available on the websites of the World Health Organization (WHO), Gynuity Health Projects, and the International Women's Health Coalition.

First trimester medical abortion is highly safe and effective. The side effects of medication abortion include uterine cramping and prolonged bleeding, and common side effects include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The majority of women who use abortion pills on their own do not need an ultrasound or a clinician, although one may be recommended to ensure that the pregnancy is not ectopic. In the rare case of a complication, a woman can access a clinician skilled in miscarriage management, which is available in all countries.

Studies confirm a correlation between the increase in the self-administration of medical abortion with misoprostol, and a reduction in maternal morbidity and mortality. Some studies argue that unfettered access to medication abortion is a key tenet of public health, human rights, and reproductive rights.

Physical trauma, herbs, and other substances
Self-induced abortion methods vary around the world. The most commonly recorded are ingestion of plants or herbs, ingesting toxic substances, causing trauma to the uterus, causing physical trauma to the body, using alcohol and drugs in an attempt to end the pregnancy, and ingesting other substances and mixtures. There are no known effectiveness studies for plants, herbs, drugs, alcohol, or other substances. These methods are more likely to cause bodily harm to the pregnant woman than to be effective in terminating a pregnancy. Causing physical trauma to a woman's body or uterus may also result in physical harm or even death to the woman instead of causing an abortion.

A descriptive study of women seeking to induce abortion in Cape Town, South Africa found that the women used abortifacients from three major sources: traditional healers, illegal abortion providers, and home remedies prepared using over-the-counter ingredients. The abortifacients included assorted pills (some that were likely misoprostol, others included antiviral drugs, hypertension medication, and izifozonke), herbal blends of unclear origin, commercial herbal blends (including Stametta), "Dutch remedies" (including Vornokroy, Helmin drops, and potassium permanganate), abrasive substances, alcohol, bleach, ammonia, other household cleaners, and laxatives.

Rates
, an estimated 56 million abortions occurred worldwide, of which 25 million are considered by the WHO to be less safe or least safe. Induced abortion is considered safe when WHO recommended methods are used by trained persons, less safe when only one of those two criteria is met, and least safe when neither is met. Self-induced abortions can be safe or unsafe depending on the methods used.

It is difficult to measure the prevalence or rate of self-induced abortions. , in the United States, the estimate was that one in 10 abortions is self-induced. While maternal morbidity and mortality from unsafe abortion has continued to increase due to population growth, in Latin America, from 2005 to 2012, there was a 31% decrease in the number of complications from unsafe abortion, from 7.7/1,000 to 5.3/1,000. Researchers believe that this may be due to the wide availability of misoprostol in Latin America. In late 2019, it was reported that rates of self-induced abortion in the United States were rising, partly due to fears that more conservative policies would limit access to clinical abortion, and partly due to the increased availability and convenience of telehealth medical supervision and prescriptions and mail-order drugs.

History
The practice of attempted self-induced abortion has long been recorded in the United States. Turn-of-the-20th-century birth control advocate Margaret Sanger wrote in her autobiography of a 1912 incident in which she was summoned to treat a woman who had nearly died from such an attempt. In a letter to The New York Times, gynecologist Waldo L. Fielding wrote:

"The familiar symbol of illegal abortion is the infamous "coat hanger" — which may be the symbol, but is in no way a myth. In my years in New York, several women arrived with a hanger still in place. Whoever put it in – perhaps the patient herself – found it trapped in the cervix and could not remove it...However, not simply coat hangers were used. Almost any implement you can imagine had been and was used to start an abortion – darning needles, crochet hooks, cut-glass salt shakers, soda bottles, sometimes intact, sometimes with the top broken off."

Charles Jewett wrote The Practice of Obstetrics in 1901. In it, he stated, "Oil of tansy and oil of rue are much relied on by the laity for the production of abortion, and almost every day one may read of fatal results attending their use. Oil of tansy in large doses is said to excite epileptiform convulsions; quite recently one of my colleagues met such a case in his practice."

In the 1994 documentary Motherless: A Legacy of Loss from Illegal Abortion, Louis Gerstley, M.D., said that, in addition to knitting needles, some women would use the spokes of bicycle wheels or umbrellas. "Anything that was metal and long and thin would be used," he stated. He stated that a common complication from such a procedure was that the object would puncture through the uterus and injure the intestines, and the women would subsequently die from peritonitis and infection. Later in the film, he mentioned that potassium permanganate tablets were sometimes used. The tablets were inserted into the vagina where they caused a chemical burn so intense that a hole may be left in the tissue. He claimed the tablets left the surrounding tissue in such a state that doctors trying to stitch up the wound couldn't do so because "the tissue was like trying to suture butter." Dr. Mildred Hanson also described the use of potassium permanganate tablets in the 2003 documentary Voices of Choice: Physicians Who Provided Abortions Before Roe v. Wade. She said, "the women would bleed like crazy because it would just eat big holes in the vagina."

Dr. David Reuben mentions that many African women use a carved wooden "abortion stick" to induce, which has often been handed down.

A study concluded in 1968 determined that over 500,000 illegal abortions were performed every year in the United States, a portion of which were performed by women acting alone. The study suggested that the number of women dying as a result of self-induced abortions exceeded those resulting from abortions performed by another person. A 1979 study noted that many women who required hospitalization following self-induced abortion attempts were admitted under the pretext of having had a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion.

WHO estimates that approximately 25 million abortions continue to be performed unsafely each year. Around 7 million women are admitted to hospitals every year in developing countries and between 4.7% – 13.2% of all maternal deaths can be attributed to unsafe abortion. Almost every one of these deaths and disabilities could have been prevented through sexual education, family planning, and the provision of safe abortion services. Abortion pills, which were first used by Brazilian women in the 1980s, can prevent many of these deaths from unsafe abortion.

United States
In the United States, experts report that self-induced abortion can be medically safe but legally risky. The 1973 Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade, which was overturned in the 2022 case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, made abortion more readily available throughout the U.S., yet women who have abortions with pills ordered online or through non-clinical means may face risk of arrest.

It is not common for women in the United States to be charged for the crime of self-inducing an abortion. However, a small number of people in the U.S. have been arrested for ending their own pregnancies with pills ordered online, including Purvi Patel, Jennie Linn McCormack, and Kenlissia Jones. These women were prosecuted under a variety of laws including laws directly criminalizing self-induced abortions, laws criminalizing harm to fetuses, criminal abortion laws misapplied to people who self-induce, and various laws deployed when no other legal authorization could be found. In 2022, Lizelle Herrera of Texas was charged with murder after the authorities alleged that she caused "the death of an individual by self-induced abortion". It was unclear whether she had an abortion herself or helped someone else with it. According to University of Texas law professor Stephen Vladeck, the state law exempts the mother from criminal homicide charges for aborting her own child. On 10 April 2022, the district attorney of Texas announced that the murder charges would be dismissed.

As of 2019, there are seven states with laws directly criminalizing self-induced abortion, 11 states with laws criminalizing harm to fetuses that lack adequate exemptions for the pregnant woman, and 15 states with criminal abortion laws that could be applied to women who self-induce an abortion. Both the National Lawyers Guild and the American Medical Association passed resolutions condemning the criminalization of self-induced abortion.

title: Self-induced abortion


text:
Aérotrain

The Aérotrain was an experimental Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle (TACV), or hovertrain, developed in France from 1965 to 1977 under the engineering leadership of Jean Bertin (1917–1975) – and intended to bring the French rail network to the cutting edge of land-based public transportation.

Though similar to a maglev design, which levitates a train car over a complex electromagnetic track to eliminate all resistance other than aerodynamic drag, the Aérotrain – also a "train without wheels" – rode on an air cushion over a simple reinforced concrete track or guideway and could travel at the speed of a maglev train, without the further technical complexity and expense of its track. In many respects, the entire concept resembled a product of the aircraft rather than rail industry.

History
In 1969, a U.S. company, Rohr Industries, licensed the Aérotrain technology to build the hovertrains in the United States. That same year the Aérotrain established the world record for a TACV, the pilots saying that with a longer track even higher speeds could have been reached without major difficulties. The final prototype, the Aérotrain I80, set a world speed record in 1974 for overland air cushion vehicles, reaching a speed of 259.5 mph and a peak speed of 267.4 mph. The prototypes, which ultimately used twin turbine engines through a ducted propeller with seven blades, demonstrated they could accelerate and decelerate quickly, which offered a huge advantage of enabling effective service between tightly spaced stops.

US Secretary of Transportation John Volpe, the mayor of Los Angeles and representatives and transportation specialists from over 18 countries came to France and participated in test rides, studied the system and reported on the Aérotrain. Bertin felt the technology was sufficiently realized for full implementation, and the French government signed a contract to implement full-scale service on the outskirts of Paris, between Cergy and La Défense. The Aérotrain nonetheless ran into increasing internal conflicts with its client SNCF, which had no research and development department of its own and strongly favored improving the existing rail system.

Aérotrain faced numerous design challenges. The system would require new elevated guideways for every implementation – further pitting Aérotrain against efforts to improve existing "wheeled" rail system. Bertin's Versailles-based companies, Bertin and Co and Aeroglide Systems, worked to resolve issues with sudden changes in air pressure, as when the train would pass another train or enter a tunnel. Prototypes used gas turbines with giant propellers, which created tremendous noise both inside and outside the train car itself – and thus required reduced speeds in urban areas. SNCF felt they already had trains that could run at those reduced speeds. Proponents pointed out electric linear induction motors could make the TACV silent. Eventually SNCF simply opposed the project, citing a broad litany of concerns.

In 1974, after his election as President of France, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing formally annulled the contract for the Aérotrain Cergy-La Défense line and SNCF formally shifted support to the TGV as its high-speed ground-transportation solution. Notably, D'Estaing's wife was the granddaughter of Eugène Schneider, founder of what became an international syndicate, Schneider Group. Noted Belgian journalist Karel Vereycken pointed out: "the Schneider dynasty have been and are still a pillar of the history of the French railroad and steel industry. Hence, the innovation of the Aérotrain (to be built by the aircraft industry) would not, in the short run, have made them more wealthy and one can easily imagine that a train without wheels does not get much enthusiastic approval of the feudal wheel producers." Rohr abandoned the technology in 1975.

Test tracks
Most of the track for the Aérotrain was constructed of ferroconcrete to provide an inverted "T" shape for the monorail, with the tracks ultimately used only for experimental purposes.

 * The first test track was 6.7 km long and was built in February 1966 in Gometz-le-Châtel, Essonne, France, for Aérotrains 01 and 02, re-using an abandoned railway formation. The track is visible today, partially demolished for urban expansion, with most of the remaining track in ruins. A section was kept and restored as a memorial at a roundabout in Gometz.
 * A second track made of aluminium and asphalt was built in 1969 for Aérotrain prototype S44 in Gometz-le-Châtel, built meters away from and parallel to the first track. The aluminium guide rail was disposed of after the tests, the rest of the asphalt track was kept intact and converted into a pedestrian path in 2008 and 2009.
 * In 1969, a third, 18 km test track was built to test Aérotrain prototype I80. This test track was in Loiret, France, north from Orléans, stretching between Saran and Ruan, a location that would enable it to be used in a future Paris-Orléans line. The track was elevated 5 m above the ground, was supported by pillars and allowed speeds of 400 km/h. A platform stood at each end of the line to reverse the train, while a hangar on the central platform at Chevilly housed the test vehicle. This line, while abandoned, became a famous landmark subject to disputes over its visual condition after the end of the Aérotrain programme – and remains today, visible to the east of RN20 and the Paris-Orléans railway line.
 * Until 1974, a fourth, 2.4 km test track was to be found at the High Speed Ground Test Center near Pueblo, Colorado in the United States. This test track was built for the UTACV prototype. Due to its length, it was suited only for a top speed of 233 km/h (145 mph).

Prototypes
Five prototypes were built:
 * Aérotrain 01 was a 1/2 scale (10.11 m, 2.6 t) prototype. It was originally propelled by a three-bladed reversible-pitch propeller powered by a 260 hp aircraft engine, which was later replaced by a Turbomeca Marboré jet engine. The air cushion is maintained by two 50 hp compressors. It had places for four passengers and two crew.
 * Aérotrain 02 (shown in picture in test track section) was another sub-scale prototype, seating two crew. It was powered by a Pratt & Whitney JT12 turbojet.
 * Aérotrain S44 was a full-size passenger-carrying car intended for suburban commuter service at speeds of 200 km/h (in particular links between city centres and airports). It was equipped with a Linear Induction Motor (linear motor) propulsion system supplied by Merlin-Gérin.
 * Aérotrain I80 was a full-size passenger-carrying car for intercity service. It was 25.6 m long, 3.2 m wide, 3.3 m high, had a mass of 11.25 t empty, and had 80 passenger seats. In its original configuration (as I80-250 for 250 km/h), it was propelled by twin Turbomeca Turmo III E3 turboshaft (1,610 hp each) powering a ducted propeller, 2.3 m in diameter, with seven blades of variable pitch. A Turbomeca Turmastazou 14 turboshaft engine powered the air compressors – six vertical for support and six horizontal for guidance. Braking was typically provided by reverse thrust of the propeller, and in emergencies by a friction brake on the central rail. External noise was 90–95 dBA at 60 m. I80-250 was later rebuilt for 350 km/h and re-designated as the I-80 HV (Haute Vitesse = high speed). The main change was the new propulsion system, a JT8D turbofan from Pratt & Whitney mounted on top. I-80 HV established the world speed record for overland air cushion vehicles on 5 March 1974 with a mean speed of 417.6 km/h and a peak speed of 430.4 km/h.
 * UTACV was a prototype built by Rohr Industries for the United States Department of Transportation's TACV program, built under the Bertin Aérotrain licence in the United States.

The Rohr Aerotrain
In 1970, Rohr Industries decided to develop a tracked air-cushion vehicle as part of a project by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA) to sponsor development of new mass-transit technology to meet future transit requirements.

The Rohr prototype, officially called the Urban Tracked Air Cushion Vehicle (UTACV) and colloquially the Rohr Aerotrain, was propelled by linear motor and was designed to carry 60 passengers at 240 km/h (150 mph). It had a length of 28 m (94 ft) and an empty weight of 20.8 tonnes (20,800 kg, 46,000 pounds).

A test track was built in Pueblo, Colorado, where the prototype reached speeds of 233 km/h, constrained by the length of track. Funding from UMTA ceased and the Rohr Industries Aérotrain was never commercialized. The Rohr prototype Aérotrain remained on the premises of the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum from approximately 1978 until July 2009, whereupon it was moved to the Pueblo Railway museum. The museum plans to open an Aérotrain exhibit within the test vehicle.

Timeline

 * 1963 — Jean Bertin presents a 1/12 scale model, 1.4 meters in length, to the public authorities and to SNCF.
 * 15 April 1965 — Creation of the Société d'étude de l'Aérotrain (Company for the study of the Aérotrain).
 * 16 December 1965 — Completion of the construction of the first prototype, Aérotrain 01.
 * 21 February 1966 — Official inauguration in Seine-et-Oise (but now in Essonne) of the 6.7 km trial track for Aérotrain 01 between Gometz-le-Châtel and Limours (on the abandoned easement of the Paris-Chartres via Gallardon line). That day, in front of the press, Aérotrain 01 reached 100 km/h. Days later it reached 200 km/h.
 * 23 December 1966 — An added rocket provides a combined power of 1700 hp, the Aérotrain 01 reached a speed of 303 km/h.
 * 1 November 1967 — Equipped with a jet engine, Aérotrain 01 reached a speed of 345 km/h.
 * 1967 — Construction of Aérotrain 02.
 * May 1967 — Tests start with Aérotrain 02 on the Gometz-le-Châtel trial track, 300 km/h is attained.
 * 22 January 1969 — With an added rocket, Aérotrain 02 reaches the record speed of 422 km/h.
 * 1969 — Construction of an experimental 18 km track between Ruan, to the north of Artenay, and Saran (Orléans) in the Loiret.
 * 7 July 1969 — The Aérotrain I80 prototype for 250 km/h is presented to the public.
 * September 1969 — Tests start with Aérotrain I80 on the Orléans test track. 250 km/h attained on 13 September.
 * 1969 — Construction of the Aérotrain S44. In tests from December 1969 to January 1972, it achieved 170 km/h on a 3 km-long test track.
 * 7 March 1970 — Release of a postage stamp honoring the Aérotrain.
 * 1970 — Rohr Industries starts the construction of the UTACV prototype in the United States.
 * October 1973 — Reconstruction of the Aérotrain I80 for 350 km/h as the I80 HV.
 * 1974 — The government abandons the project for the construction of an Aérotrain line between the Orly and Roissy airports for another between La Défense and Cergy in the Paris metropolitan area.
 * 5 March 1974 — The Aérotrain I80 HV breaks the land speed record for rail vehicles for air-cushioned vehicles at 430.4 km/h.
 * 21 June 1974 — The contract for a commercial line between La Défense and Cergy is signed.
 * 17 July 1974 — The government abandons the La Défense-Cergy project.
 * September 1975 — Announcement of a TGV line to be constructed between Paris and Lyon.
 * 1974 — Testing with the Rohr Industries UTACV prototype at the High Speed Ground Test Center near Pueblo, Colorado, begins.
 * October 1975 — The Rohr Industries UTACV prototype is mothballed after funding for the programme runs out.
 * 21 December 1975 — Jean Bertin dies.
 * 17 July 1991 — A fire destroys the Aérotrain S44 in its hangar at Gometz.
 * 22 March 1992 — A fire destroys the Aérotrain I80 HV and the hangar at Chevilly. After clean-up operations, only the platform is left.
 * July 2004 — The memory of the trials on the Gometz line is commemorated by the dedication of a roundabout in Gometz and a sculpture by Georges Saulterre representing the Aérotrain.
 * February 2007 — A 120-meter-long section of track is demolished north of Chevilly to make way for the new A19 highway.
 * August 2015 — The 20-meter-long span of track crossing the RD125 road adjacent to the platform at Chevilly was taken down, having been struck and damaged by an agricultural vehicle on 20th July. The beam remains on the ground between the road and the platform and is visible from the road.

Other experimental hovercraft trains

 * Grumman also developed an air-cushion transportation prototype (also known as tracked air cushion vehicle or TACV), tested within the same facility in Pueblo, which also stopped when UMTA funding ceased in the 1970s.
 * In Britain a similar technology was developed under the name of Tracked Hovercraft.

Legacy
Jean Bertin, suffering with cancer and overworked after a decade of effort, died in December 1975. The I-80 Aérotrain made its last trip on December 27, 1977. On July 17, 1991, the S-44 Aérotrain prototype was destroyed by fire in its storage facility at Gometz-la-Ville and in 1992 the I-80 prototype was destroyed in Chevilly by arson. Of the four prototypes that had been built, the last two remain stored in Versailles, France.

Jean Bertin's company, now Bertin-Technologie, remains in business, focusing on the aerospace, defense, and transportation sectors. Outside Orléans, the remains of the abandoned and partially-demolished elevated concrete test track still stand to this day, easily visible from the parallel SNCF Paris-Orléans railway.

title: Aérotrain


text:
Category:Non-Newtonian fluids

Non-Newtonian fluids are fluids with that deviate from Newtonian behavior.

title: Category:Non-Newtonian fluids


text:
Wild Geese

Wild Geese may refer to:

Animals

 * Geese
 * Greylag geese, specifically

Literature

 * Wild Geese (novel), a 1925 Canadian novel by Martha Ostenso
 * The Wild Geese (Carney novel), a 1978 novel by Daniel Carney
 * The Wild Geese (Mori novel), a 1911 Japanese novel by Ōgai Mori
 * The Temple of the Wild Geese, a 1961 Japanese novella by Tsutomu Mizukami
 * Wild Geese, a 1986 poem by Mary Oliver

Film and videos

 * Wild Geese (film), a 1927 silent film based on the novel by Ostenso
 * The Wild Geese (1953 film), a Japanese film based on the novel by Mori Ogai
 * The Temple of Wild Geese, a 1962 Japanese film directed by Yūzō Kawashima
 * The Wild Geese, a 1978 British mercenary war film based on Carney's novel
 * Wild Geese II, a 1985 sequel to the above
 * Code Name: Wild Geese, a 1980 Italian mercenary war film
 * Wild Geese (video ballad), a 2006 English video ballad

Sports

 * Wild Geese GAA, an Irish Gaelic Athletic Association club
 * London Irish Wild Geese, a nickname of the London Irish Amateur rugby team
 * Wild Geese GFC, an Irish GAA club formed in Southern California

Other

 * Wild Geese (soldiers), Irish soldiers who served in European armies after being exiled from Ireland
 * "Wild Geese" (song), a 1917 war poem by Walter Flex, set to music by Robert Götz
 * "Wild Geese", a song by the Drums from Encyclopedia, 2014
 * Wild Geese, a rabbit in the Japanese manga Is the Order a Rabbit?

title: Wild Geese


text:
User talk:Jirrupin

Say hi!!

WP:AO
Hi. Regarding your change to Wollstonecraft: When would you suggest WP:AO is relevant, if not for dynamic information? My edit removed the "as of 2006 text", but helped ensure it doesn't get overlooked indefinitely. Chovain 14:43, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You are quite right, please accept my apologies! I was somehow unaware of the WP:AO policy. Obviously you were very much in the right and the convention is entirely appropriate. I've changed the text to what you previously had. Sorry for the stuff-up! --Jirrupin 22:22, 27 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey, no problem. For the record, it's not an official policy as such; It's more of a guideline...  But it's a great way of making sure facts that we know will change at some point in the future will not fall through the cracks. Chovain 01:15, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

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Vandalism???
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title: User talk:Jirrupin


text:
Talk:Kevin Humphreys (rugby league)

Untitled
For a May 2005 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/Kevin Humphreys

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 10:11, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 21:22, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Kevin Emery Humphreys → Kevin Humphreys — The name by which he was known. WWGB (talk) 03:04, 29 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Kevin Humphreys (rugby league)