text:
Talk:Tsuki no Misaki

Quality and Importance
Note the reason of appraisal standard01:17, 19 January 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tokyo Watcher (talk • contribs).

 * I don't know what you said but I guess what you wanted to say is probably that you'd like me to explain the reason of my reversion.
 * Quality: before rating this as A-class, I believe that The article should pass through the Good article nomination process and be granted GA status, meeting the good article standards. (see Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment) GA-class is a preparative status for A-class and you can nominate this article for the good article. Please try it if you'd like to.
 * Importance: Tsuki no Misaki is scarcely mensioned among Japanese. Even the fact that History of Minato-distinct (the Japanese title is Minato-ku shi, officially compiled by Minato-ku) describes it very shortly can be a good reason why it is rated as low-importance.
 * --Excavator 18:05, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * There is no ?-class on the quality scale of the grading scheme, and there is also neither evidence nor reference showing Tsuki no Misaki is highly important. Can you explain the intention of your editing? --Excavator 13:33, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I understand you can't show your editing is reasonable. However, this is not your web page. I believe template should be restored.--Excavator 14:51, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

The evaluation of the template is arbitrary.You should not write down a personal opinion.15:00, 22 January 2007 (UTC) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tokyo Watcher (talk • contribs).

 * I can't understand what you said. If you meant the grading scheme of Wikiproject Japan seems to be unclear, please see the article assessment which I've already shown you and of course everyone can see. Let me also recommend you to read Verifiability if my comment is very personal. Anyway, I understand you don't want to show Tsuki no Misaki has low-importance, so I don't restore the template at the moment.--Excavator 15:37, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Page moved
Page move from Tuki no Misaki. Reason for move: Manual of Style (Japan-related articles) specifies modified Hepburn romanization. The modified Hepburn romanization is tsu rather than tu. Fg2 12:30, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Remove the picture from the current edition.
I will remove because it doesn't help readers to understand what was taken on it by the picture itself and what Tsuki no Misaki is like, which had been already obsoleted in Meiji era. If anyone have comments or something, please show below. Thanks. --Excavator (talk) 14:17, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Rewrite undone
The rewrite removes all the images and makes the article less useful by removing correct and relevant information. I have undone this replacement, and I suggest that Excavator incorporate the additional information into the current article rather than completely replacing it with a poorer form of the article. ··· 日本穣 ? · Talk to Nihonjoe 19:36, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your comment, but I'm afraid that Tsuki no Misaki itself was a very locally-common name indicating rather small area a hundred years ago, and I regret to say that the article name should be changed into formal place-name, Mitadai-cho, or something like that with a subsection concerning Tsuki no Misaki if you'd like to keep current information.--Excavator (talk) 23:00, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I appreciate Tokyo Task Force help and let me say thank you again for your comment. Frankly saying, I could understand your comment from the general aspect of the Wikipedia project, but what I'm telling is a Tsuki no Misaki-specific issue, which is not so notable. My last edition has rather poor --- yes, I agree with you, but it is Tsuki no Misaki. Before reversion to the previous edition I hope you should investigate it according to Verifiability. --Excavator (talk) 14:44, 18 June 2009 (UTC) when this edit, a minor edit mark was miss-clicked, sorry.--Excavator (talk) 14:47, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

 * If anyone doesn't have an idea to solve the factual accuracy and the multiple issues treated in this article, I will revert it to my last edition. Of course, some minor defects will be also revised, though. Thanks.--Excavator (talk) 06:25, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

 * By forcing your version of the article you are edit warring, which is against policy. Please do not continue in this path or you may run into problems. If you make a change, and it is reverted, do not revert back to your version. Instead, discuss the issues here on this talk page and come to a consensus about it. As I already indicated, you've removed ALL the images from the article, as well as a large amount of the content. As you've refused to give a valid reason for it other than it was "wrong" or "outdated". If you aren't seeing the discussion you want, please bring it up in a more visible location such as WT:JA or the Tokyo task force talk page in order to get that consensus. As this is a rather obscure article, you can't expect a ton of people to just hang out here. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe 09:21, 4 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Tsuki no Misaki, which became obsolete by Meiji era, had been never used as formal name for this area. If you try to find documents including it, you will find the number of them are only ten or so, even in the library of Minato-ku. You can also find that they have very short description of Tsuki no Misaki, for example, 'A part of Mitadai-cho was also called Tsuki no Misaki ' or like that. This means they present Tsuki no Misaki is just an episode in Mitadai-cho. What I said at my first reply to you have two kinds of propositions; one is to change the article title into the formal name of this area, Mitadai-cho and then the photographs and other descriptions around this area can be explained in it. The other is to keep the article title that have the content of Tsuki no Misaki itself only.
 * Before my last reversion, I had waited for a week after my proposal of the latter selection. Of course, I would appreciate anyone's comment, but I was surprised at your reply yesterday because I believed you had enough time to tell me my explanation was not good or such thing. I don't hope any trouble, and if possible, let me know your comment or question before.
 * Now, my present version shows Tsuki no Misaki is not so notable in spite of almost all information of Tsuki no Misaki presented in it. If the article will be deleted under the community's consensus of its non-notability, I can accept it. Thanks. --Excavator (talk) 13:30, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Restoring deleted content to Mita
It appears that there used to be a great deal of information on this page relating to the area of Mita. I've been trying to read through the discussions and revision history, and I understand Excavator's point that Tsuki no Misaki is too specific a page to appropriately leave such local geographic details. However I'm still unclear why the information appears to have been removed rather than moving it to a more relevant place. I think that the deleted information belongs on the Mita page (as the Japanese version contains similar details), and I have attempted to restore that content (from revision http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsuki_no_Misaki&oldid=191943772) there. Eric's penguin (talk) 08:10, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Leave useful picture
was removed in 3 April 2012 by 203.123.15.254, added as a low quality image, but in, this place of origin was clearly written, it must place back.--183.72.180.36 (talk) 10:06, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tsuki no Misaki


text:
Polish crown jewels

The only surviving original piece of the Polish crown jewels (Polskie klejnoty koronne) from the time of the Piast dynasty is the ceremonial sword Szczerbiec. It is currently on display along with other preserved royal items at the Wawel Royal Castle Museum in Kraków.

Several royal crowns were made, including several during the 16th Century, a "Hungarian Crown", a "Swedish Crown" used by the Vasa kings, and others that were subsequently lost or destroyed. The crown regalia used by the Saxon kings, and some remainders of older Polish monarchs which were appropriated by king Augustus II, also the Elector of Saxony; like a cup of Queen Jadwiga so-called roztruchan, and the magnificent scale armour, so-called karacena, of King John III Sobieski   are today on display in the Grünes Gewölbe and the Rüstkammer in Dresden, Germany.

History
In AD 1000, during his pilgrimage to the tomb of Saint Adalbert in Gniezno, the capital of Poland until about 1040, Emperor Otto III officially recognized Duke Bolesław I the Brave as King of Poland (see Congress of Gniezno), crowning him and presenting him with a replica of the Holy Lance, also known as Saint Maurice's Spear. This relic, together with the vexillum attached to it, was probably the first insignia of the nascent Kingdom of Poland, a symbol of King Bolesław's rule, and of his allegiance to the Emperor. It remains unknown what images, if any, were painted or embroidered on the vexillum.

Starting from 1320 the regalia of the Polish kings were kept in the treasury of the Wawel Cathedral. In 1370 Louis I of Hungary decided to transfer the Polish regalia to Hungary and they were returned in 1412 to Andrzej of Rożnów embassy by Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg. During the reign of the Jagiellons the regalia were moved from the cathedral to the Wawel Castle and placed in the specially prepared Crown Treasury. In the 17th century they were repeatedly brought to Warsaw for the coronations of the Polish Queens. During the Deluge in 1655, the royal insignia were evacuated from the castle by Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Grand Marshal of the Crown and hidden in the old castle in Stará Ľubovňa. They were stored there until 1661. In 1703 during the Great Northern War they were hidden again, first in Silesia, then in Moravia. During the double election of 1733, the regalia were stolen by the follower of Stanisław I Leszczyński, Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński, Grand Treasurer of the Crown, who concealed them in the Holy Cross Church in Warsaw. In 1734, however, they were recovered from the hideout and deposited in the Jasna Góra Monastery, where they remained till 1736. In 1764, with the consent of the Sejm, the royal insignia were transported to Warsaw for the coronation of King Stanisław II August. Later returned to the Wawel Castle, where they were kept till the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

On 15 June 1794 the Prussian Army entered Kraków and captured Wawel Castle, subsequently turning it into a fortress. Shortly thereafter, the city commandant, general Leopold von Reuts began a correspondence with Berlin on the fate of furnishings of the Polish kings' residence. In the greatest secrecy, by order of king Frederick William II of Prussia, he was commanded to transfer the content of the Crown Treasury to the Secret Councillor Anton Ludwig von Hoym, who was to secure its transport via Silesia to Berlin. The locksmith brought by the Prussians broke the locks of the treasury and then opened all the boxes. The valuables were transported in 1794 and found their place in the collection of the Hohenzollerns in Berlin.

In 1800 the valuables were stored in the Berlin City Palace, where they were admired by Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, as he informed Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. In 1809 the Polish regalia were valued at 525,259 thalers and shortly after, on 17 March 1809, in accordance with the decision of Frederick William III of Prussia, all of them were melted down. The obtained gold was reused to make coins, while precious stones and pearls were handed to the Directorate of Maritime Trade in Berlin.

Components
According to an inventory of the State Treasury at the Wawel performed in 1633 by the Jerzy Ossoliński, Great Crown Chancellor the Crown Regalia of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (kept in five chests) consisted of:
 * the Crown of Bolesław I the Brave, according to a legend handed over to the first Polish monarch by Emperor Otto III, made for Władysław I the Elbow-high
 * the so-called "Queens Crown" made for Jadwiga of Kalisz
 * the so-called "Hungarian Crown" made for John II Sigismund Zápolya according to Crown of Saint Stephen
 * the so-called "Homagial Crown" for receiving homages, made for Władysław II Jagiełło
 * the so-called "Funebralis Crown" intended for funeral ceremonies of the Polish monarchs, made for Stephen Báthory
 * three sceptres and three silver orbs
 * a silver chain with the relic of the holy cross (Crux cum ligno Vitae)
 * the Ruthenian crosses and relics
 * Latin Bible copied on parchment
 * rhinoceros horn (Cornu Rynocerotis)
 * Szczerbiec, the coronation sword that was used in crowning ceremonies of most kings of Poland
 * Grunwald Swords, two Teutonic Order swords received at the Battle of Grunwald by King Władysław Jagiełło
 * the sword of Bolesław the Bold
 * the sword of Sigismund I the Old
 * three hats fringed with pearls
 * a large chest with jewel boxes, which contained a large ruby, a 0.94 carat diamond, 200 diamonds, a large emerald, among others.

Also a private treasury of the Vasas (kept at the Royal Castle in Warsaw) consisted of:
 * the "Swedish Crown" made for King Sigismund II Augustus
 * the "Muscovy Crown" made in about 1610 for Prince Władysław Vasa's coronation as a Tsar of Russia
 * a silver White Eagle heraldic base for the royal crown (pure silver, partly gilded, 89 cm heigh); the eagle was created for King John II Casimir in Augsburg by Abraham Drentwett and Heinrich Mannlich in about 1666; presented in the times of a military weakness of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Deluge and lost war against the Ottoman Empire to Tsar of Russia by King Michael Korybut.

In 1697 a Freiburg goldsmith Johann Friedrich Klemm executed a replacement for the regalia, known as the Crown of Augustus II the Strong and intended for his coronation as a King of Poland. It was never used however, because two monks broke into the State Treasury in the Wawel Castle and stole the original regalia. The Augustus II Crown is kept in the Dresden Armory.

All of the original crown regalia were looted by the Prussians (except for the "Muscovy Crown") in 1795 after the Third Partition of the Commonwealth and destroyed on the order of Frederick William III of Prussia in March 1809 (except for the Szczerbiec).

In 1925 Polish Government purchased the silver regalia of King Augustus III and Queen Maria Josepha in Vienna for $35,000 (175,000 zł). It consisted of two crowns, two sceptres and two orbs made in about 1733. The original Crown Regalia were hidden by Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński during the War of the Polish Succession. The jewels were exhibited in Warsaw until 1939 and in 1940 they were stolen by German forces. Later they were found by the Soviet troops in Germany and sent to the USSR where they remained until 1960, when they were returned to Poland. Today they are deposited in the National Museum in Warsaw.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Polish crown jewels


text:
The Dark Age (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"The Dark Age" is episode eight of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The episode aired on The WB on November 10, 1997. It was written by executive story editors Rob Des Hotel and Dean Batali and was directed by Bruce Seth Green. The narrative follows Giles, whose friend has died, prompting the Scooby Gang to unravel his mysterious past; meanwhile, Buffy crashes into Ethan Rayne again.

Plot
A man is hurriedly making his way through the school grounds trying to find Giles, when he is approached by a decomposing woman, "Dierdre". As Giles is distracted by Buffy playing loud music in the library while doing calisthenics, he does not hear the man's cries for help at the door as the corpse strangles him, before falling to the ground and dissolving.

The next day, Giles tells Buffy to meet him later at the hospital where there will be a blood delivery, which attracts vampires. When Giles gets back to the library, a detective is waiting for him who informs Giles that there was a homicide on campus and the dead man had Giles' address on him. Giles identifies the body as an old friend from London, Philip Henry. The body has a tattoo, which Giles claims he does not recognize.

Shaken, Giles begins drinking in his grief and does not meet Buffy at the hospital, and she battles the doctor-dressed vampires alone until Angel shows up. She goes to check on Giles, but he shuts the door on her and calls another friend in London and finds out that his other friend Dierdre Page is dead too. Out of sight, he rolls up his sleeves, revealing that he has the same tattoo as Philip. Meanwhile, Philip comes back to life in the morgue, his eyes flashing, and escapes.

On Saturday, Cordelia finally tells Buffy about the homicide detective's visit. In the library, Buffy finds Giles' former friend Ethan Rayne, the costume shop owner who had caused chaos on Halloween. As she calls Giles, Ethan mentions the "Mark of Eyghon". Giles says she is in danger, and the dead Philip enters.

A panicked Giles shows up and, after a scuffle which leaves Jenny unconscious, Philip dissolves. When Jenny comes to, she seems normal but her eyes flash. Willow discovers the "Mark of Eyghon" in a book: the demon Eyghon has the ability to possess the body of a dead or unconscious host. They figure out that the demon has jumped from Philip's body to Jenny's. Possessed, Jenny tries to seduce Giles at his apartment. When Buffy comes to the rescue, Jenny jumps out the window. Giles explains to Buffy that he ran with a bad crowd when he was young, and they used the demon Eyghon as a temporary high – directing him in and out of each other's bodies. But one friend died, then Dierdre, and now it seems the rest of the group is being killed.

Buffy goes to the deserted costume shop to try to defend Ethan against Eyghon/Jenny. Ethan knocks her out, ties her up and puts the mark of Eyghon on her. He then uses acid to remove his own tattoo so that Eyghon will take Buffy instead of him. Jenny enters, completely demonic, and Buffy breaks free. Angel arrives and chokes Jenny until she loses consciousness, whereupon Eyghon moves to the nearest dead body: that of Angel. The two demons, the vampire within and Eyghon, fight for control in Angel's body, and Eyghon is destroyed. Jenny returns to normal, but Ethan escapes. Traumatized by her actions in the incident, Jenny tells Giles that she needs to take a break from their relationship in order to heal, leaving him unsure if she will ever forgive him.

Arc significance
Myles McNutt writes,

"One of the things that is really interesting about this season is that there's some stealth seriality going on. If you were to read basic loglines for ('Lie To Me') and 'The Dark Age,' the connection wouldn't be overly clear, and you'd presume that the episode is more or less just a continuation of the Ethan Rayne story from 'Halloween.' However, the final scene of 'Lie to Me' sets up questions between Buffy and Giles as it relates to maturity and challenges of the future; Giles' lie, that good and evil are always clear, plays as a broad statement about the series as a whole in that moment, but viewed in the context of 'The Dark Age' we realize that Giles was talking about his own past, and his own present.'"

Xander refers to his Uncle Rory being a taxidermist. This is corroborated in episode 16 of season 6 ("Hell's Bells") by Rory pointing out a poorly stuffed animal head at Xander and Anya's wedding.

Reception
"The Dark Age" had an audience of 3.7 million households on its original airing.

Vox ranked it at #81 of all 144 episodes on their "Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best" list (to mark the 20th anniversary of the show), writing, "This is one of the episodes that most toys with the idea of Giles having a super-cool, super-dark hidden backstory, and its conclusion neatly foreshadows the rest of Angel’s arc in season two."

According to The A.V. Club, "The Dark Age" formed a good companion to the episode "Lie To Me", further exploring themes of good and evil and how light and dark can exist in the same character. It also provides insight into the character of Giles, who is central to the episode, and illustrates a common theme of Buffy, that "stains spread", that bad deeds can have long-running consequences. Critically Touched found it interesting thematically but poor on the technical level with "far too many scenes that feel very awkwardly stitched together".

title: The Dark Age (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


text:
User:Henricus~enwiki

nl:Gebruiker:Henricus

mostly active for interwikis

title: User:Henricus~enwiki


text:
User talk:Credo~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 12:32, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
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 * How to write a great article
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Credo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Credo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:11, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Credo~enwiki


text:
User talk:Saywhat149

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! - UtherSRG 12:32, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
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Insulin resistance
Leaving requests for clarification on the article page is not a good idea. I'm happy to clarify the language; could you indicate what is unclear? JFW | T@lk  21:34, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Saywhat149


text:
Alf Smith (ice hockey)

Alfred Edward Smith (June 3, 1873 – August 21, 1953) was a Canadian amateur and professional ice hockey forward who played for the Ottawa Senators (a.k.a. Silver Seven) and Kenora Thistles. He had six younger brothers who played senior-level hockey in Ottawa: Daniel (b. 1876), Jack (b. 1878), Harry (b. 1883), Tommy (b. 1886), Billy (b. 1889) and George Smith (b. 1891). He was captain of the Ottawa Hockey Club and also coached the team.

He also played rugby football with the Ottawa Rough Riders, and, in 1902, won a championship with teammate in hockey as well Bouse Hutton.

Hockey career
Alf Smith began his hockey career playing for the Ottawa Hockey Club (Ottawa HC) of the AHAC in the 1890s. In 1897 he retired from the Ottawa HC. In 1898, he played for the Ottawa Capitals intermediate team, but did not finish the season because he was ruled to be ineligible. In 1896, Smith had accepted a $100 bonus for play with the Capitals lacrosse team. By 1898, the Amateur Athletic Association of Canada ruled that he was ineligible for play in amateur hockey. He would not play for several years, but did coach the Ottawa Hockey Club to the 1901 CAHL title.

In 1901–02, he returned to active play, as a professional, in the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League for Pittsburgh. The following year he returned to Canada to coach the Ottawa HC to their first Stanley Cup championship against the Montreal Victorias in 1903. In 1903–04 he became reinstated as an amateur and he returned to play, playing right wing on a line that featured "One Eyed" Frank McGee. As a player-coach, he would eventually lead the team to consecutive Stanley Cup victories in 1904, 1905, and 1906, the club by then known as the Silver Seven.

Smith was known as a rough player. In 1907 Smith and teammates Harry Smith and Charles Spittal were charged with assault after beating Montreal Wanderers players Hod Stuart, Ernie "Moose" Johnson and Cecil Blachford with their sticks. Harry Smith was acquitted while Spittal and Alf Smith were each fined $20.

For the 1906–07 season, McGee retired and his place on the top line was taken by Alf's brother Harry. At the conclusion of the 1907 ECAHA season, Smith moved west to play with the Stanley Cup champion Kenora Thistles, playing in the MPHL finals. He was also a player during their unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge rematch versus the Montreal Wanderers, where his presence along with Harry Westwick caused the series to be played under protest. He played one final season with Ottawa in 1908, scoring 12 goals in 9 games.

In 1908–09, he had an eventful season. Lured back to Pittsburgh for the newly reformed Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, he was suspended from two teams for rough play. He returned to Ottawa and played with several former Silver Seven players on the Senators of the Federal League. He made time that season to coach the Ottawa Cliffsides to the first Allan Cup championship, only to lose it to Queen's University in a challenge. This was his final season of play.

In 1909–10, he resumed his coaching career with Renfrew, the so-called "Millionaires" of the new National Hockey Association (NHA). He returned to coach the Ottawa Hockey Club in 1913 and coached the team until 1917. Smith later coached and managed teams in Moncton, New Brunswick, and North Bay, Ontario.

Along with Harvey Pulford, Harry Westwick and Russell Bowie, Smith was one of the final active players who had played major senior hockey in the 19th century. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962.

He died in Ottawa on August 21, 1953.

title: Alf Smith (ice hockey)


text:
Lorenzo Thomas

Lorenzo Thomas (October 26, 1804 – March 2, 1875) was an American officer in the United States Army who was Adjutant General of the Army at the beginning of the American Civil War. After the war, he was appointed temporary Secretary of War by U.S. President Andrew Johnson, precipitating Johnson's impeachment.

Early life
Thomas was born in New Castle, Delaware. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1823, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Infantry. He fought in the Seminole War in Florida and, during the Mexican–American War, he was the chief of staff to General William O. Butler. He received a brevet promotion to lieutenant colonel for Monterrey, which was made permanent in 1852. From 1853 to 1861, he served as chief of staff to the commanding general of the U.S. Army, Winfield Scott.

Civil War
Just before the start of the Civil War, Thomas was promoted to colonel and adjutant general of the U.S. Army on March 7, 1861. On August 10, 1861, U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appointed Thomas a brigadier general in the regular army, to rank from August 3, 1861, the date Lincoln sent the nomination to the U.S. Senate for confirmation. The Senate confirmed the appointment on August 5, 1861. Camp Thomas, a Regular Army training base in Columbus, Ohio, was named in his honor in July 1861. He held the position of adjutant general until he retired in 1869, except for a special assignment to recruit African-American troops in the Military Division of the Mississippi from 1863 to 1865.

Thomas did not get along well with Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton and this assignment outside of Washington, D.C., was considered a form of banishment. Many historians have claimed Thomas was banished in disgrace after conspiring to defame Union General William T. Sherman as insane. Thomas was replaced by Maj. Gen. Edward D. Townsend as Adjutant General, who would serve until 1880.

From March 17 to July 23, 1862, he served as the chairman of the War Board, the organization that assisted U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and Secretary Stanton in the management of the War Department and the command of the Union armies during the period in which there was no general-in-chief.

On April 6, 1863, General Thomas was sent by the War Department to Helena, Arkansas to recruit freedmen into the U.S. Army. He created the first black troop in Arkansas, fighting for Union side as part of Bureau of Colored Troops, which was created by the War Department on May 22, 1863.

On March 8, 1866, U.S. President Andrew Johnson nominated Thomas to the grade of brevet major general in the regular army, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on July 14, 1866.

Postbellum career
On February 21, 1868, President Johnson attempted to replace Stanton by appointing Thomas as Secretary of War ad interim. Thomas, still stinging from his bad treatment by Stanton, boasted of his ability and determination to oust him from office by force, if necessary. Some historians believe that it was this attitude in his testimony at Johnson's impeachment trial in the Senate that was partially responsible for Johnson's acquittal. Thomas retired from the Army on February 22, 1869, ten days before Johnson left office. He died in Washington, D.C. He is buried in Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown.

Fort Thomas, a military post established in Arizona Territory in 1876, was named for Thomas.

title: Lorenzo Thomas


text:
Talk:Subglacial lake

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 21 January 2020 and 30 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bauer796.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

More info
This had to start somewhere, so here it is. It would be great if someone with detailed knowledge of this could add some useful information. --Apyule 13:02, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Clarifications Needed
Thanks for "starting somewhere" but this article still contains many terms that may not be understood by the average reader. If you know more about the subject, please clarify, bearing in mind that an encyclopedia is for those who are learning, not those who know the material already:
 * temperature gradient
 * floating level
 * ground threshold
 * hydrostatic seal
 * floating line
 * grounding line
 * equipotential surface

Also,
 * a 1 m rise in the ice surface at the ice rim is as efficient in accomplishing what? as a 10 m rise in the bed level

And,
 * In Lake Vostok the ice rim has been estimated to a mere 7 m

What is the significance of this? Why the word "mere", suggesting that this is unusual or maybe even extreme? 72.208.56.42 (talk) 16:19, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

An additional query - does anyone have a reference to the "map published in 2009" ? Stephen (talk) 19:33, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Broken links
The following links were broken: Date Pinned Down for Ancient Antarctic Flood

Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments Program Office

Subglacial Lake Research and Exploration

But I didn't feel like deleting them entirely.

And the link to "The Exploration of Subglacial Lake Ellsworth" was a redirect page so I updated it. 99.9.112.31 (talk) 18:51, 1 August 2011 (UTC)NotWillDecker

Europa
Aside from the section about Jupiter's moon Europa being completely unsourced, I've also never heard any talk of "lakes" there. Subsurface ocean, yes. Lakes, no.--172.190.218.18 (talk) 05:35, 18 November 2011 (UTC)
 * NASA Sceinec News. Enjoy. Gabriel Kielland (talk) 21:34, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

First suggested?
The Lake_Vostok article says: "Russian scientist Peter Kropotkin first proposed the idea of fresh water under Antarctic ice sheets at the end of the 19th century"

This contradicts what this one says: "Subglacial lakes in Antarctica were first suggested by Oswald and Robin (1973)" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.211.212.241 (talk) 20:54, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Subglacial lake


text:
Talk:Tuki no Misaki

Page move to Tsuki no Misaki. Reason for move: Manual of Style (Japan-related articles) specifies modified Hepburn romanization. The modified Hepburn romanization is tsu rather than tu. Fg2 12:30, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tuki no Misaki


text:
The Dancing Master

The Dancing Master (first edition: The English Dancing Master) is a dancing manual containing the music and instructions for English country dances. It was first published in 1651 by John Playford.

History
It was published in several editions by John Playford and his successors from 1651 until c. 1728. The first edition contained 105 dances with single-line melodies. The 1651 book The Dancing Master by John Playford had been designed for teaching dancing. It was originally small so that the dancing master could hide it under his cloak and consult it surreptitiously. Subsequent editions introduced new songs and dances, while dropping others, and the work eventually encompassed three volumes.

Dances from The Dancing Master were re-published in arrangements by Cecil Sharp in the early 20th century. In 1957 Margaret Dean Smith completed her facsimile book Playford's English Dancing Master. This work had been the first publication of English dance tunes and her publication established her as the expert on this work.

Dances from the book, in reconstructed forms, remain popular among dancers today. Early versions of the book are rare and command high prices.

Known editions and supplements

 * 1651 – 1st edition (the only edition to be called The English Dancing Master, published by John Playford)
 * 1652 – 2nd edition
 * 1657 – 3rd edition
 * 1665 – 3rd edition
 * 1670 – 4th edition
 * 1675 – 5th edition
 * 1679 – 6th edition
 * 1679 – A Supplement to The Dancing-Master
 * 1686 – 7th edition
 * 1687? – Tunes of other Country-Dances
 * 1688? – A new Additional Sheet to the Dancing-Master
 * 1689? – A new Addition to the Dancing-Master
 * 1690 – 8th edition (the first marked as published by Henry Playford)
 * 1695 – 9th edition
 * 1696 – The second Part of the Dancing Master
 * 1698 – The Second Part of the Dancing Master, 2nd edition
 * 1698? – [Untitled supplement]
 * 1698? – An Additional Sheet to the Second Part of the Dancing-Master
 * 1698 – 10th edition
 * 1701 – 11th edition
 * 1702 – Twenty Four New Country Dances. Printed by William Pearson for Henry Playford
 * 1703 – 12th edition
 * 1706 – 13th edition (the first edition published by John Young)
 * 1709 – 14th edition
 * 1710? – Vol. the second, 1st edition
 * 1713 – 15th edition
 * 1714? – Vol. the second, 2nd edition
 * 1716 – 16th edition
 * 1718 – Vol. the second, 3rd edition
 * 1721 – Vol. the first, 17th edition
 * c1726 – The Third Volume, 2nd edition
 * c1728 – Vol. the first, 18th edition
 * 1728 – Vol. the second, 4th edition

title: The Dancing Master


text:
Pangani District, Tanga

Pangani District Council (Wilaya ya Pangani, in Swahili) is one of eleven administrative districts of Tanga Region in Tanzania. The District covers an area of 1,756 km2. It is bordered to the north by Muheza District, to the east by Zanzibar Channel, to the south by the Chalinze District of Pwani Region, and to the west by the Handeni District. The district is comparable in size to the land area of Guadeloupe. The district seat (capital) and largest settlement in Pangani district is the town of Pangani. The district is named after the historic Pangani River. As of the 2022 census, the population was Pangani district was 75,642, making it the least populous district in Tanga Region.

Wards
As of 2012, Pangani District is administratively divided into 13 wards:

 * Bushiri
 * Bweni
 * Kimang'a
 * Kipumbwi
 * Madanga
 * Mikinguni
 * Mkalamo

 * Mkwaja
 * Mwera
 * Pangani Magharibi
 * Pangani Mashariki
 * Tungamaa
 * Ubangaa

Geography
Pangani district is one of the smallest districts in Tanga region at 1,831 square kilometers, however, it has the longest coastline in the region. Pangani district is bordered to the north by the Muheza District, to the east by the Indian Ocean, to the south by the Pwani Region and to the west by the Handeni District.

Climate
Pangani district is located in the tropical zone thus having a tropical savannah climate. It is classified as As by the Köppen climate classification. It has an average annual temperature of 25.7 degrees Celsius and an annual precipitation of 1271 millimetres.

History
The Pangani district is known for being the site of the Medieval Swahili settlement in what is now the town of Pangani and Bweni across the Pangani River mouth's southern bank.

Demographics
The area that is now Pangani District has been inhabited by humans for thousands of years. The area is the ancestral home to two Bantu people groups, namely the Bondei people and the Zigua. According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Pangani District was 44,107. According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of Pangani District was 54,025, with population density of 29.5 persona per square kilometer.

Pangani, which is predominately Muslim district, is a part of the Swahili culture that extends north and south along the seashore with Zanzibar serving as its spiritual hub. The sisal and copra plantation industries, which employed both locally born employees and the enormous number of migrant labourers that make up the majority of the population, are in charge of the country's economic existence. The majority of people live in and around estates, in urban and peri-urban areas, and in predominantly male groups that are stable in structure but unstable in composition. On the other hand, the coastal villages have a predominantly female population and a high level of population and form stability.

There is a clear cultural split in the late 19th century between the dialect-speaking, Christian and Pagan, migrants on the sisal estates and the Swahili-speaking, Muslims of the coastal Swahili towns. The historical disparity between the Afro-Arab elite and their slaves is reflected in the limited social interaction between these groups.

The real social divide is between the older, more established Swahili families in the established villages who own land, speak Swahili, profess Islam, and follow a subset of Islamic culture, and the immigrants who are viewed as socially inferior and who are Christians or pagan and speak different languages. The former group, plantation owners or fishermen, who are employers of labour, is sharply divided from the latter who provide the work for them, are not very interested in permanent agriculture, and are highly mobile. This dichotomy, which was originally derived from the distinction between the coastal Afro-Arab slave economy and the inland slave-providing tribes, is still maintained today in the economic sphere.

The Swahili families are under continual strain to maintain their conscious superiority particularly when the migrants settle locally. Neither side is interested in contact with the other. Transfers to the superior group are well disguised and take place through marriage and conversion to Islam, combined with slow assimilation during a long period of residence on the fringe of a Swahili village until with the passage of years the newcomers are gradually accepted as part of the Swahili society. Against this background, the presence of the immigrant residents in the villages is to be explained. They consist partly of long-term migrants exfoliated from the estates, after a period of residence on them, because of social ambition (i.e. to be regarded as a member of the coastal superior class or because of the more significant economic benefit to be derived from cultivating their plantations bought with their savings or cleared from the bush.

title: Pangani District, Tanga


text:
Clint Smith

Clinton James "Snuffy" Smith (December 12, 1913 – May 19, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre and head coach best known for his time spent in the National Hockey League (NHL) as a player with the New York Rangers and the Chicago Black Hawks. Following Smith's 10-year NHL career, he served as both a head coach and player in the United States Hockey League (USHL) and American Hockey League (AHL).

Minor leagues (1932–1937)
Before beginning his NHL career with the New York Rangers in 1936–37, Smith played in several minor professional leagues. After splitting his first professional season in 1932–33 with the Springfield Indians of the Canadian-American Hockey League (CAHL) and Saskatoon Crescents of the West Coast Hockey League (WCHL), Smith moved further west to play for the Vancouver Lions of the North West Hockey League (NWHL), where he led the league in scoring with 25 goals in his rookie year. He then went on to lead the league in points the next two seasons with 44- and 53-point campaigns.

In 1936–37, Smith joined the International-American Hockey League (I-AHL), precursor to the American Hockey League (AHL), and finished second in league scoring to Jack Markle with 54 points as a member of the Philadelphia Ramblers. He helped lead his team to the Finals of the inaugural Calder Cup championship but lost to the Syracuse Stars in four games of what was a five-game series.

New York Rangers (1937–1943)
Smith began his NHL career with the Rangers with a short 2-game stint in, during which he notched his first NHL career goal. He quickly became an integral player on the Rangers roster, leading the team in scoring in his second full NHL season in with 41 points. Going the length of the campaign with just one minor penalty, he was also awarded the Lady Byng Trophy, his first of two in his career. The following season, he helped lead the Rangers to the Stanley Cup championship, defeating the Toronto Maple Leafs in six games (the win was the Rangers' last before their 54-year Cup drought, ending in 1994).

Despite winning the Stanley Cup that year, however, Smith's production began to tail off with the Rangers, scoring only 24 points that championship year. Despite improving to 33 points in, Smith ended his 6-year tenure with the Rangers following that season.

Chicago Black Hawks (1943–1947)
Joining the Chicago Black Hawks in 1943–44, Smith rejuvenated his career playing on a line with future fellow Hockey Hall of Famers, Bill Mosienko and Doug Bentley. He recorded 23 goals and established an NHL record for single-season assists with 49 (broken the following season by Elmer Lach of the Montreal Canadiens) for an NHL career-high 72 points. The combined total of Mosienko, Bentley, and Smith's points that season also set an NHL record for a line with 219. Smith's record-setting season was complemented by a second Lady Byng Trophy, having only accumulated 4 penalty minutes.

The following season, in 1944–45, Smith succeeded Bentley Smith set another NHL record with a four-goal period against the Montreal Canadiens on March 4, 1945 (Smith shares the record with several other players). The remainder of Smith's four-season stay in Chicago was not met with as much offensive success as his initial campaign with the team, but he did, however, record three straight 20-goal seasons, including a personal best 26-goal season in 1945–46. After his production dipped to 26 points in 1946–47, he retired from the NHL.

Coaching in the minors (1947–1952)
Smith returned to the minor leagues in 1947–48, joining the short-lived United States Hockey League (USHL) with the Tulsa Oilers. He led Tulsa in scoring with 71 points in his only season while also serving as the team's head coach. Finishing in the top ten in league scoring, he won the Herman W. Paterson Cup as league MVP.

The following season, he also did double duty playing and coaching in St. Paul Saints, where he played for three seasons. In 1951–52, Smith joined the Cincinnati Mohawks of the AHL, coaching them to the second round of the Calder Cup playoffs and playing in a limited role, appearing in just 2 games. Smith retired following his one-season stint with the Mohawks both as a coach and player.

Retirement
Following Smith's retirement, he returned to Vancouver, where he competed in the NWHL to play oldtimers hockey. He made his residence there and became a founding member of the British Columbia Hockey Benevolent Association, also known as the Canucks Alumni, and at one point held the position of president.

Thirty-nine years following his professional retirement, Smith was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991.

At the time of his death on June 15, 2008, Ray Getliffe, a left winger who played for the Boston Bruins and Montreal Canadiens was said to be the oldest living person to have played in the NHL. Later, it was reported that Smith was the oldest living person to have ever played in the NHL. Both these reports, however, overlooked players who had only played a limited number of games, such as Louis Holmes and Al Suomi. Getliffe, who died at the age of 94, was just several months younger than Smith at the time of his death, while Holmes and Suomi were 97 and 95, respectively at that time. On May 19, 2009, Smith died at the age of 95, leaving Suomi as the oldest living NHL player, at the current age of 99.

He was the last surviving member of Rangers 1940 Stanley Cup team.

In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Smith at No. 35 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.

Awards

 * Won the Lady Byng Trophy in 1939 and 1944.
 * Won a Stanley Cup with the New York Rangers in 1940.
 * Won the Herman W. Paterson Cup as USHL MVP in 1948.

title: Clint Smith


text:
Walter A. Starr Jr.

Walter A. "Pete" Starr Jr. (1903–1933) was an American lawyer and mountain climber.

A graduate of Stanford University, Starr was a respected lawyer in San Francisco, but he is better known for his abilities as a mountain climber and an explorer of the Sierra Nevada. Starr was well known for his hiking ability in the mountains, sometimes walking up to 50 miles a day for several days in a row. Starr was a life member of the Sierra Club.

In August 1933, he failed to return from a month-long hike in the Minarets. The search that followed, which led to the eventual discovery of his body by Norman Clyde, is one of the most dramatic true tales of the Sierra exploration. His body was buried where it was found.

Starr's final notes were compiled and edited by his father into "Starr’s Guide to the John Muir Trail and the High Sierra Region" which was published a year after his death by the Sierra Club. This book has been edited and revised many times and served hikers and climbers for many years as the standard reference to the trails of the Sierra. A revised version is currently available.

Walter Starr is the namesake of Mount Starr in the Sierra Nevada.

title: Walter A. Starr Jr.


text:
Fangzhuang Subdistrict

Fangzhuang Subdistrict is a subdistrict and residential area in northern Fengtai District. It is bounded to the north and south by the 2nd and 3rd Ring Roads, and to the west and east by Tiantan Dong Lu and Fangzhuang Dong Lu. As of 2020, it has a population of 74,999.

The subdistrict got its current name Fangzhuang due to its historical origin as an estate of Fang family.

History
In 1951, three villages of this area (Puzhuang, Huangtukeng and Yushu) merged to form the Puhuangyu Township. In 1958, it was incorporated into People's Commune of Nanyuan as Puhuangyu Production Team. Farmers left the region in 1984 as new residential areas were being constructed.

Fangzhuang was developed in 1985, and was the first "modernized" residential area of Beijing. In 2021, it lost its status as an area.

Administrative Divisions
As of 2023, there are 17 communities within Fangzhuang Subdistrict:

Landscape
Fangzhuang features dense concentrations of high rise apartments, along with several primary and secondary schools, hospitals, a courthouse and the Fangzhuang Sports Park.

Fangzhuang is divided into four neighborhoods: 芳古园 (Fangguyuan), 芳城园 (Fangchengyuan), 芳群园 (Fangqunyuan), 芳星园 (Fangxingyuan). The second character of each neighborhood name, taken together, spells 古城群星, which means the "stars of the ancient city." Historically, Fangzhuang was well known as an area where the affluent of southern Beijing lived (南城富人区).

Fangzhuang is home to the Ezone Sk8 Park.

Transport
Fangzhuang is served by Fangzhuang station (Line 14), Puhuangyu station (Lines 5 and 14), and by many city bus routes.

title: Fangzhuang Subdistrict


text:
Hooley Smith

Reginald Joseph "Hooley" Smith (January 7, 1903 – August 24, 1963) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played for the Ottawa Senators, Montreal Maroons, Boston Bruins and New York Americans between 1924 and 1941. He won the Stanley Cup twice, with Ottawa and Montreal. Prior to turning professional he played at the 1924 Winter Olympics, winning a gold medal with the Canada national team. He is possibly the first National Hockey League player to wear a helmet.

Playing career
Born in Toronto, Ontario, Smith played amateur hockey for the Toronto Granites team that won the Allan Cup and a gold medal for Canada at the 1924 Winter Olympics. He had an outstanding Olympic ice hockey tournament, scoring 17 goals and 33 points in five games.

He started his professional career with the 'Super Six' of the Ottawa Senators the following winter. In his first season with Ottawa, he received a head injury. When he returned to play he wore a jockey-type helmet to protect his head. In 1926–27, Ottawa won the Stanley Cup against Boston. It was the last game that Smith played with Ottawa. After attacking Harry Oliver in the final game of that series, he was suspended for a month of the following year. Ottawa had lost money during the season despite winning the Stanley Cup and the team sold Smith to the Montreal Maroons.

As a member of the Maroons, Hooley would be a part of one of the best early forward lines in NHL history, the "S line". He, Nels Stewart and Albert "Babe" Siebert made up the famous line that was feared throughout the NHL. Smith was named captain of the Maroons and was their captain when the team won its final Stanley Cup in 1935.

By the mid-1930s the Maroons were experiencing financial difficulties and he was sold to Boston, where he only played for one season. He then was sold to the New York Americans. Starting with 1938–39, he played defence for the Americans until 1941 after which he retired. From the 1940 season, he held the NHL mark for career games played, which he held until 1944, when surpassed by Dit Clapper.

Later life
Hooley Smith died as a result of a heart attack on August 24, 1963, at St. Mary's Hospital in Montreal. At the time of his death, he was the last surviving member of the famed "S" line. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972.

Transactions
Source: Legends of Hockey Statistics for Hooley Smith
 * October 31, 1924 – Signed as a free agent by Ottawa Senators.
 * October 7, 1927 – Traded to Montreal Maroons by Ottawa for Harry Broadbent and $22,500.
 * October 26, 1936 – Traded to Boston by Mtl. Maroons for cash and future considerations (Gerry Shannon, December 4, 1936).
 * November 5, 1937 – Traded to New York Americans by Boston for cash.

title: Hooley Smith


text:
Freeport R.F.C.

Freeport Rugby Football Club are one of the five men's football teams in the Grand Bahama Football League, representing their home city of Freeport, Bahamas.

The annual winner of the Grand Bahamas League flies to the capital Nassau to play a triangle tournament with the winner of the Abaco League and the New Providence League to find the National Champion of Bahamas title. In the last years for organisational reason the triangle-tournament was not played. So the national champions were automatically the three winners of the three leagues.

Achievements

 * Bahamas National Championship Final: 1
 * 1996

 * Grand Bahama Football League: 1
 * 1996

title: Freeport R.F.C.


text:
Ordnance, RCL, 3.45 in

The 3.45 inch RCL was an 88 mm British recoilless weapon, designed by Sir Dennis Burney during the Second World War. Delayed by problems due to breech wear because of gas erosion upon firing, it did not see action, as was hoped, in the Far East, particularly Burma. However, it did lead to the post-war Mobat and Wombat recoilless rifles.

History
Burney was privy to the design of the 20mm m/42, a recoilless rifle designed by the Swedish Bofors Carl Gustaf company during World War II, but it had little bearing on his work as the Carl Gustav was a large bore rifle design intended to remove the recoil experienced with anti-tank rifles such as the Boys anti-tank rifle or similar large calibre bolt-action rifles which required large cartridges to deliver high-velocity rounds. The usefulness of anti-tank rifles was lost as tanks were built with much thicker armour during the war. Although Burney's designs did not have high muzzle velocities, this was compensated for by the use of a shell which relied on a HESH explosive instead of speed and weight to penetrate the armour.

Burney founded the Broadway Trust Company for the production of the gun.

Design
This was a weapon that could be fired from the shoulder, giving unrestricted traverse or elevation within the limits of the human frame, or mounted on a simple tripod. A portion of the propelling charge bled through holes in the cartridge wall and into a space around the breech and then backwards through four venturis. This counterblast backwards cancelled out the recoil.

Specification
Ordnance, RCL, 3.45in Mk 1
 * Weight: 75 lb
 * Length: 68.55 in
 * Barrel length: 14.75 calibres
 * Muzzle velocity: 600 ft/second (180 m/s)
 * Range: 1000 yd
 * Ammunition: Cartridge RCL, 3.45 inch WB ("Wallbuster") 3.45 in
 * Type: HESH
 * Propellant: 11.125 lb cordite
 * Filling : plastic explosive
 * Weight (complete round): 16.25 lb

title: Ordnance, RCL, 3.45 in


text:
Isawa

Isawa may refer to:

Religion

 * Aissawa, a Sufi order in Morocco
 * Isawa (Nigeria), an Islamic subgroup in Nigeria

Iwate Prefecture

 * Isawa District, Iwate, a district of Iwate Prefecture, Japan
 * Isawa, Iwate, a former town, now part of Oshu City, Iwate Prefecture
 * Isawa River, a river in Iwate Prefecture

Yamanashi Prefecture

 * Isawa, Yamanashi, a former town, now a part of Fuefuki City, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan
 * Isawa-onsen Station, a railway station on the JR Chūō Main Line in Yamanashi Prefecture

title: Isawa


text: User talk:220.238.89.168

title: User talk:220.238.89.168


text:
Allan Stanley

Allan Herbert Stanley (March 1, 1926 – October 18, 2013) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Boston Bruins, Philadelphia Flyers and Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League between 1948 and 1969. A four-times Stanley Cup winner and three-times member of the second NHL All-Star team, Stanley was inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.

Playing career
Stanley spent the 1943 through 1948 seasons with various teams including the Boston Olympics of the EHL, Porcupine Combines of the NOHA and the Providence Reds of AHL. He finally began his storied NHL career in 1948–49 with the New York Rangers. He played five years in New York before spending the 1953–54 season in the WHL with Vancouver. Stanley started his 1954–55 season in New York with the Rangers and was soon traded to the Chicago Black Hawks where he finished that season and the next.

Stanley spent the 1956–57 and 1957–58 season with the Boston Bruins then went on to spend ten years with the Toronto Maple Leafs, where he would be named one of the team's alternate captains. He acquired the nicknames "Snowshoes" and "Silent Sam" for his slow, plodding skating style, although he was a strong stay-at-home defender and an important part of the Leafs teams which won four Stanley Cups in six years in the 1960s in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967.

After the 1967 Cup win, Stanley finished off his career playing for the Philadelphia Flyers in 1968–69.

In 1,244 NHL regular-season games, Stanley scored 100 goals, 333 assists for a total of 433 points. He had a total of 792 minutes in the penalty box. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.

Awards and achievements

 * Named to the NHL second All-Star team in 1960, 1961, and 1966
 * Won the Stanley Cup in 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1967
 * In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, was ranked No. 60 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons

Death
On October 18th, 2013, the 87 year old Stanley was found dead in his home in Bobcaygeon, Ontario.

title: Allan Stanley


text:
Talk:Qi Yu

Ah! I don't know how to use the merge template, but isn't the same deity meant as in the article about Chi You? In my Chinese mythology book, Qi Yu isn't mentioned with a single word, and they seem to look they same, don't they? Furthermore, Shen Nong and Yan Di were the same deitys/mythical ancestors in most traditions. There must have been a misunderstanding due to a Pinyin misspelling, I guess.

title: Talk:Qi Yu


text:
Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model

This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group $SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)$. The theory is commonly viewed as describing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson.

The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent, however despite having huge and continued successes in providing experimental predictions it does leave some unexplained phenomena. In particular, although the physics of special relativity is incorporated, general relativity is not, and the Standard Model will fail at energies or distances where the graviton is expected to emerge. Therefore, in a modern field theory context, it is seen as an effective field theory.

Quantum field theory

The standard model is a quantum field theory, meaning its fundamental objects are quantum fields, which are defined at all points in spacetime. QFT treats particles as excited states (also called quanta) of their underlying quantum fields, which are more fundamental than the particles. These fields are That these are quantum rather than classical fields has the mathematical consequence that they are operator-valued. In particular, values of the fields generally do not commute. As operators, they act upon a quantum state (ket vector).
 * the fermion fields, $Y_{W}$, which account for "matter particles";
 * the electroweak boson fields $$W_1$$, $$W_2$$, $$W_3$$, and $Q$;
 * the gluon field, $ψ$; and
 * the Higgs field, $B$.

Alternative presentations of the fields
As is common in quantum theory, there is more than one way to look at things. At first the basic fields given above may not seem to correspond well with the "fundamental particles" in the chart above, but there are several alternative presentations that, in particular contexts, may be more appropriate than those that are given above.

Fermions
Rather than having one fermion field $G_{a}$, it can be split up into separate components for each type of particle. This mirrors the historical evolution of quantum field theory, since the electron component $T_{3}$ (describing the electron and its antiparticle the positron) is then the original $φ$ field of quantum electrodynamics, which was later accompanied by $ψ$ and $ψ$ fields for the muon and tauon respectively (and their antiparticles). Electroweak theory added $$\psi_{\nu_{\mathrm e}}, \psi_{\nu_\mu}$$, and $$\psi_{\nu_\tau}$$ for the corresponding neutrinos. The quarks add still further components. In order to be four-spinors like the electron and other lepton components, there must be one quark component for every combination of flavor and color, bringing the total to 24 (3 for charged leptons, 3 for neutrinos, and 2·3·3 = 18 for quarks). Each of these is a four component bispinor, for a total of 96 complex-valued components for the fermion field.

An important definition is the barred fermion field $$\bar{\psi}$$, which is defined to be $$ \psi^\dagger \gamma^0 $$, where $$\dagger$$ denotes the Hermitian adjoint of $ψ_{μ}$, and $ψ_{e}$ is the zeroth gamma matrix. If $ψ_{τ}$ is thought of as an $γ^{0}$ matrix then $$\bar{\psi}$$ should be thought of as a $n × 1$ matrix.

A chiral theory
An independent decomposition of $ψ$ is that into chirality components: "Left" chirality: $\psi^{\rm L} = \frac{1}{2}(1-\gamma_5)\psi$

"Right" chirality: $\psi^{\rm R} = \frac{1}{2}(1+\gamma_5)\psi$ where $$\gamma_5$$ is the fifth gamma matrix. This is very important in the Standard Model because left and right chirality components are treated differently by the gauge interactions.

In particular, under weak isospin SU(2) transformations the left-handed particles are weak-isospin doublets, whereas the right-handed are singlets – i.e. the weak isospin of $1 × n$ is zero. Put more simply, the weak interaction could rotate e.g. a left-handed electron into a left-handed neutrino (with emission of a $ψ_{R}$), but could not do so with the same right-handed particles. As an aside, the right-handed neutrino originally did not exist in the standard model – but the discovery of neutrino oscillation implies that neutrinos must have mass, and since chirality can change during the propagation of a massive particle, right-handed neutrinos must exist in reality. This does not however change the (experimentally-proven) chiral nature of the weak interaction.

Furthermore, $W^{−}$ acts differently on $$\psi^{\rm L}_{\mathrm e}$$ and $$\psi^{\rm R}_{\mathrm e}$$ (because they have different weak hypercharges).

Mass and interaction eigenstates
A distinction can thus be made between, for example, the mass and interaction eigenstates of the neutrino. The former is the state that propagates in free space, whereas the latter is the different state that participates in interactions. Which is the "fundamental" particle? For the neutrino, it is conventional to define the "flavor" (,, or ) by the interaction eigenstate, whereas for the quarks we define the flavor (up, down, etc.) by the mass state. We can switch between these states using the CKM matrix for the quarks, or the PMNS matrix for the neutrinos (the charged leptons on the other hand are eigenstates of both mass and flavor).

As an aside, if a complex phase term exists within either of these matrices, it will give rise to direct CP violation, which could explain the dominance of matter over antimatter in our current universe. This has been proven for the CKM matrix, and is expected for the PMNS matrix.

Positive and negative energies
Finally, the quantum fields are sometimes decomposed into "positive" and "negative" energy parts: $U(1)$. This is not so common when a quantum field theory has been set up, but often features prominently in the process of quantizing a field theory.

Bosons
Due to the Higgs mechanism, the electroweak boson fields $$W_1$$, $$W_2$$, $$W_3$$, and $$B$$ "mix" to create the states that are physically observable. To retain gauge invariance, the underlying fields must be massless, but the observable states can gain masses in the process. These states are:

The massive neutral (Z) boson: $$ Z= \cos \theta_{\rm W} W_3 - \sin \theta_{\rm W} B$$ The massless neutral boson: $$ A = \sin \theta_{\rm W} W_3 + \cos \theta_{\rm W} B$$ The massive charged W bosons: $$W^{\pm} = \frac1{\sqrt2}\left(W_1 \mp i W_2\right)$$ where $ψ = ψ^{+} + ψ^{−}$ is the Weinberg angle.

The $ψ$ field is the photon, which corresponds classically to the well-known electromagnetic four-potential – i.e. the electric and magnetic fields. The $ψ$ field actually contributes in every process the photon does, but due to its large mass, the contribution is usually negligible.

Perturbative QFT and the interaction picture
Much of the qualitative descriptions of the standard model in terms of "particles" and "forces" comes from the perturbative quantum field theory view of the model. In this, the Lagrangian is decomposed as $$\mathcal{L} = \mathcal{L}_0 + \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{I}$$ into separate free field and interaction Lagrangians. The free fields care for particles in isolation, whereas processes involving several particles arise through interactions. The idea is that the state vector should only change when particles interact, meaning a free particle is one whose quantum state is constant. This corresponds to the interaction picture in quantum mechanics.

In the more common Schrödinger picture, even the states of free particles change over time: typically the phase changes at a rate that depends on their energy. In the alternative Heisenberg picture, state vectors are kept constant, at the price of having the operators (in particular the observables) be time-dependent. The interaction picture constitutes an intermediate between the two, where some time dependence is placed in the operators (the quantum fields) and some in the state vector. In QFT, the former is called the free field part of the model, and the latter is called the interaction part. The free field model can be solved exactly, and then the solutions to the full model can be expressed as perturbations of the free field solutions, for example using the Dyson series.

It should be observed that the decomposition into free fields and interactions is in principle arbitrary. For example, renormalization in QED modifies the mass of the free field electron to match that of a physical electron (with an electromagnetic field), and will in doing so add a term to the free field Lagrangian which must be cancelled by a counterterm in the interaction Lagrangian, that then shows up as a two-line vertex in the Feynman diagrams. This is also how the Higgs field is thought to give particles mass: the part of the interaction term that corresponds to the nonzero vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field is moved from the interaction to the free field Lagrangian, where it looks just like a mass term having nothing to do with the Higgs field.

Free fields
Under the usual free/interaction decomposition, which is suitable for low energies, the free fields obey the following equations: These equations can be solved exactly. One usually does so by considering first solutions that are periodic with some period $A$ along each spatial axis; later taking the limit: $θ_{W}$ will lift this periodicity restriction.
 * The fermion field $Z$ satisfies the Dirac equation; $$ (i \hbar \gamma^\mu \partial_\mu - m_{\rm f} c) \psi_{\rm f} = 0 $$ for each type $$f$$ of fermion.
 * The photon field $ψ$ satisfies the wave equation $$ \partial_\mu \partial^\mu A^\nu = 0 $$.
 * The Higgs field $A$ satisfies the Klein–Gordon equation.
 * The weak interaction fields $θ_{W}$ satisfy the Proca equation.

In the periodic case, the solution for a field $φ$ (any of the above) can be expressed as a Fourier series of the form $$ F(x) = \beta \sum_{\mathbf{p}} \sum_r E_{\mathbf{p}}^{-\frac{1}{2}} \left( a_r(\mathbf{p}) u_r(\mathbf{p}) e^{-\frac{ipx}{\hbar}} + b^\dagger_r(\mathbf{p}) v_r(\mathbf{p}) e^{\frac{ipx}{\hbar}} \right)$$ where: In the limit $Z, W^{±}$, the sum would turn into an integral with help from the $L$ hidden inside $F$. The numeric value of $β$ also depends on the normalization chosen for $$u_r(\mathbf{p})$$ and $$v_r(\mathbf{p})$$.
 * $A^{μ}$ is a normalization factor; for the fermion field $$\psi_{\rm f}$$ it is $\sqrt{ m_{\rm f} c^2 / V}$, where $$V = L^3 $$ is the volume of the fundamental cell considered; for the photon field $L$ it is $$\hbar c / \sqrt{2V} $$.
 * The sum over $L → ∞$ is over all momenta consistent with the period $r$, i.e., over all vectors $$\frac{2\pi\hbar}{L}(n_1,n_2,n_3)$$ where $$n_1,n_2,n_3$$ are integers.
 * The sum over $m$ covers other degrees of freedom specific for the field, such as polarization or spin; it usually comes out as a sum from $p$ to $1$ or from $2$ to $1$.
 * $3$ is the relativistic energy for a momentum $E_{p}$ quantum of the field, $=\sqrt{m^2 c^4 + c^2 \mathbf{p}^2}$ when the rest mass is $a$.
 * $p$ and $$b^\dagger_r(\mathbf{p})$$ are annihilation and creation operators respectively for "a-particles" and "b-particles" respectively of momentum $a_{r}(p)$; "b-particles" are the antiparticles of "a-particles". Different fields have different "a-" and "b-particles". For some fields, $b$ and $V$ are the same.
 * $p$ and $u_{r}(p)$ are non-operators that carry the vector or spinor aspects of the field (where relevant).
 * $$p = (E_{\mathbf{p}}/c, \mathbf{p})$$ is the four-momentum for a quantum with momentum $v_{r}(p)$. $$px = p_\mu x^\mu$$ denotes an inner product of four-vectors.

Technically, $$a^\dagger_r(\mathbf{p})$$ is the Hermitian adjoint of the operator $p$ in the inner product space of ket vectors. The identification of $$a^\dagger_r(\mathbf{p})$$ and $L → ∞$ as creation and annihilation operators comes from comparing conserved quantities for a state before and after one of these have acted upon it. $$a^\dagger_r(\mathbf{p})$$ can for example be seen to add one particle, because it will add $a_{r}(p)$ to the eigenvalue of the a-particle number operator, and the momentum of that particle ought to be $a_{r}(p)$ since the eigenvalue of the vector-valued momentum operator increases by that much. For these derivations, one starts out with expressions for the operators in terms of the quantum fields. That the operators with $$\dagger$$ are creation operators and the one without annihilation operators is a convention, imposed by the sign of the commutation relations postulated for them.

An important step in preparation for calculating in perturbative quantum field theory is to separate the "operator" factors $β$ and $β$ above from their corresponding vector or spinor factors $a$ and $b$. The vertices of Feynman graphs come from the way that $u$ and $v$ from different factors in the interaction Lagrangian fit together, whereas the edges come from the way that the $u$s and $v$s must be moved around in order to put terms in the Dyson series on normal form.

Interaction terms and the path integral approach
The Lagrangian can also be derived without using creation and annihilation operators (the "canonical" formalism) by using a path integral formulation, pioneered by Feynman building on the earlier work of Dirac. Feynman diagrams are pictorial representations of interaction terms. A quick derivation is indeed presented at the article on Feynman diagrams.

Lagrangian formalism
We can now give some more detail about the aforementioned free and interaction terms appearing in the Standard Model Lagrangian density. Any such term must be both gauge and reference-frame invariant, otherwise the laws of physics would depend on an arbitrary choice or the frame of an observer. Therefore, the global Poincaré symmetry, consisting of translational symmetry, rotational symmetry and the inertial reference frame invariance central to the theory of special relativity must apply. The local $1$ gauge symmetry is the internal symmetry. The three factors of the gauge symmetry together give rise to the three fundamental interactions, after some appropriate relations have been defined, as we shall see.

Kinetic terms
A free particle can be represented by a mass term, and a kinetic term that relates to the "motion" of the fields.

Fermion fields
The kinetic term for a Dirac fermion is $$i\bar{\psi}\gamma^{\mu}\partial_{\mu}\psi$$ where the notations are carried from earlier in the article. $a$ can represent any, or all, Dirac fermions in the standard model. Generally, as below, this term is included within the couplings (creating an overall "dynamical" term).

Gauge fields
For the spin-1 fields, first define the field strength tensor $$F^a_{\mu\nu}=\partial_{\mu}A^{a}_{ \nu} - \partial_{\nu}A^{a}_{ \mu} + g f^{abc} A^{b}_{\mu} A^{c}_{\nu}$$ for a given gauge field (here we use $b$), with gauge coupling constant $ψ$. The quantity $p$ is the structure constant of the particular gauge group, defined by the commutator $$[t_a, t_b] = if^{abc} t_c,$$ where $A$ are the generators of the group. In an abelian (commutative) group (such as the $SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)$ we use here) the structure constants vanish, since the generators $g$ all commute with each other. Of course, this is not the case in general – the standard model includes the non-Abelian $^{abc}$ and $U(1)$ groups (such groups lead to what is called a Yang–Mills gauge theory).

We need to introduce three gauge fields corresponding to each of the subgroups $SU(2)$.
 * The gluon field tensor will be denoted by $$G^{a}_{\mu\nu}$$, where the index $t_{i}$ labels elements of the $SU(3)$ representation of color SU(3). The strong coupling constant is conventionally labelled $SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)$ (or simply $t_{a}$ where there is no ambiguity). The observations leading to the discovery of this part of the Standard Model are discussed in the article in quantum chromodynamics.
 * The notation $$W^a_{\mu\nu}$$ will be used for the gauge field tensor of $8$ where $a$ runs over the $g_{s}$ generators of this group. The coupling can be denoted $SU(2)$ or again simply $g$. The gauge field will be denoted by $$W^a_{\mu}$$.
 * The gauge field tensor for the $3$ of weak hypercharge will be denoted by $g_{w}$, the coupling by $U(1)$, and the gauge field by $a$.

The kinetic term can now be written as $$\mathcal{L}_{\rm{kin}} = - {1\over 4} B_{\mu\nu} B^{\mu\nu} - {1\over 2} \mathrm{tr} W_{\mu\nu} W^{\mu\nu} - {1\over 2} \mathrm{tr} G_{\mu\nu} G^{\mu\nu}$$ where the traces are over the $B_{μν}$ and $g′$ indices hidden in $g$ and $B_{μ}$ respectively. The two-index objects are the field strengths derived from $W$ and $G$ the vector fields. There are also two extra hidden parameters: the theta angles for $SU(2)$ and $SU(3)$.

Coupling terms
The next step is to "couple" the gauge fields to the fermions, allowing for interactions.

Electroweak sector
The electroweak sector interacts with the symmetry group $SU(2)$, where the subscript L indicates coupling only to left-handed fermions. $$ \mathcal{L}_\mathrm{EW} = \sum_\psi\bar\psi\gamma^\mu \left(i\partial_\mu-g^\prime{1\over2}Y_\mathrm{W}B_\mu-g{1\over2}\boldsymbol{\tau}\mathbf{W}_\mu\right)\psi$$ where $W$ is the $SU(3)$ gauge field; $U(1) × SU(2)_{L}$ is the weak hypercharge (the generator of the $U(1)$ group); $Y_{W}$ is the three-component $U(1)$ gauge field; and the components of $W_{μ}$ are the Pauli matrices (infinitesimal generators of the $SU(2)$ group) whose eigenvalues give the weak isospin. Note that we have to redefine a new $τ$ symmetry of weak hypercharge, different from QED, in order to achieve the unification with the weak force. The electric charge $G$, third component of weak isospin $SU(2)$ (also called $U(1)$ or $B_{μ}$) and weak hypercharge $T_{3}$ are related by $$ Q = T_3 + \tfrac{1}{2} Y_{\rm W},$$ (or by the alternative convention $T_{z}, I_{3}$). The first convention, used in this article, is equivalent to the earlier Gell-Mann–Nishijima formula. It makes the hypercharge be twice the average charge of a given isomultiplet.

One may then define the conserved current for weak isospin as $$\mathbf{j}_\mu = {1\over 2}\bar{\psi}_{\rm L} \gamma_\mu\boldsymbol{\tau}\psi_{\rm L}$$ and for weak hypercharge as $$j_{\mu}^{Y}=2(j_{\mu}^{\rm em} - j_{\mu}^3)~,$$ where $$j_{\mu}^{\rm em}$$ is the electric current and $$j_{\mu}^3$$ the third weak isospin current. As explained above, these currents mix to create the physically observed bosons, which also leads to testable relations between the coupling constants.

To explain this in a simpler way, we can see the effect of the electroweak interaction by picking out terms from the Lagrangian. We see that the SU(2) symmetry acts on each (left-handed) fermion doublet contained in $Q$, for example $$-{g\over 2}(\bar{\nu}_e \;\bar{e})\tau^+ \gamma_{\mu}(W^+)^{\mu} \begin{pmatrix} {\nu_e} \\ e \end{pmatrix} = -{g\over 2}\bar{\nu}_e\gamma_{\mu}(W^+)^{\mu}e $$ where the particles are understood to be left-handed, and where $$\tau^{+}\equiv {1 \over 2}(\tau^1{+}i\tau^2)= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$

This is an interaction corresponding to a "rotation in weak isospin space" or in other words, a transformation between $Y_{W}$ and $Q = T_{3} + Y_{W}$ via emission of a $e_{L}$ boson. The $ν_{eL}$ symmetry, on the other hand, is similar to electromagnetism, but acts on all "weak hypercharged" fermions (both left- and right-handed) via the neutral $W^{−}$, as well as the charged fermions via the photon.

Quantum chromodynamics sector
The quantum chromodynamics (QCD) sector defines the interactions between quarks and gluons, with $U(1)$ symmetry, generated by $I_{z}$. Since leptons do not interact with gluons, they are not affected by this sector. The Dirac Lagrangian of the quarks coupled to the gluon fields is given by $$\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{QCD}} = i\overline U \left(\partial_\mu-ig_sG_\mu^a T^a \right )\gamma^\mu U + i\overline D \left(\partial_\mu-i g_s G_\mu^a T^a \right )\gamma^\mu D.$$ where $ψ$ and $T_{a}$ are the Dirac spinors associated with up and down-type quarks, and other notations are continued from the previous section.

Mass terms
The mass term arising from the Dirac Lagrangian (for any fermion $U$) is $$-m\bar{\psi}\psi$$, which is not invariant under the electroweak symmetry. This can be seen by writing $D$ in terms of left and right-handed components (skipping the actual calculation): $$-m\bar{\psi}\psi=-m(\bar{\psi}_{\rm L}\psi_{\rm R}+\bar{\psi}_{\rm R}\psi_{\rm L})$$ i.e. contribution from $$\bar{\psi}_{\rm L}\psi_{\rm L}$$ and $$\bar{\psi}_{\rm R}\psi_{\rm R}$$ terms do not appear. We see that the mass-generating interaction is achieved by constant flipping of particle chirality. The spin-half particles have no right/left chirality pair with the same $Z^{0}$ representations and equal and opposite weak hypercharges, so assuming these gauge charges are conserved in the vacuum, none of the spin-half particles could ever swap chirality, and must remain massless. Additionally, we know experimentally that the W and Z bosons are massive, but a boson mass term contains the combination e.g. $ψ$, which clearly depends on the choice of gauge. Therefore, none of the standard model fermions or bosons can "begin" with mass, but must acquire it by some other mechanism.

Higgs mechanism
The solution to both these problems comes from the Higgs mechanism, which involves scalar fields (the number of which depend on the exact form of Higgs mechanism) which (to give the briefest possible description) are "absorbed" by the massive bosons as degrees of freedom, and which couple to the fermions via Yukawa coupling to create what looks like mass terms.

In the Standard Model, the Higgs field is a complex scalar field of the group $SU(3)$: $$ \phi= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} \phi^+ \\ \phi^0 \end{pmatrix},$$ where the superscripts $SU(2)$ and $SU(2)_{L}$ indicate the electric charge ($ψ$) of the components. The weak hypercharge ($+$) of both components is $0$.

The Higgs part of the Lagrangian is $$\mathcal{L}_{\rm H} = \left [\left (\partial_\mu -ig W_\mu^a t^a -ig'Y_{\phi} B_\mu \right )\phi \right ]^2 + \mu^2 \phi^\dagger\phi-\lambda (\phi^\dagger\phi)^2,$$ where $Y_{W}$ and $1$, so that the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking can be used. There is a parameter here, at first hidden within the shape of the potential, that is very important. In a unitarity gauge one can set $$\phi^+=0$$ and make $$\phi^0$$ real. Then $$\langle\phi^0\rangle=v$$ is the non-vanishing vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field. $$v$$ has units of mass, and it is the only parameter in the Standard Model that is not dimensionless. It is also much smaller than the Planck scale and about twice the Higgs mass, setting the scale for the mass of all other particles in the Standard Model. This is the only real fine-tuning to a small nonzero value in the Standard Model. Quadratic terms in $A^{μ}A_{μ}$ and $Q$ arise, which give masses to the W and Z bosons: $$\begin{align} M_{\rm W} &= \tfrac{1}{2}vg \\ M_{\rm Z} &= \tfrac{1}{2} v\sqrt{g^2+{g'}^2} \end{align}$$

The mass of the Higgs boson itself is given by $M_{\rm H}= \sqrt{2 \mu^2 } \equiv \sqrt{ 2 \lambda v^2 }.$

Yukawa interaction
The Yukawa interaction terms are $$\mathcal{L}_\text{Yukawa} = (Y_\text{u})_{mn}(\bar{q}_\text{L})_m \tilde{\varphi}(u_\text{R})_n + (Y_\text{d})_{mn}(\bar{q}_\text{L})_m \varphi(d_\text{R})_n + (Y_\text{e})_{mn}(\bar{L}_\text{L})_m \tilde{\varphi}(e_\text{R})_n + \mathrm{h.c.} $$ where $$Y_\text{u}$$, $$Y_\text{d}$$, and $$Y_\text{e}$$ are $λ > 0$ matrices of Yukawa couplings, with the $W_{μ}$ term giving the coupling of the generations $B_{μ}$ and $mn$, and h.c. means Hermitian conjugate of preceding terms. The fields $$q_\text{L}$$ and $$L_\text{L}$$ are left-handed quark and lepton doublets. Likewise, $$u_\text{R}$$, $$d_\text{R}$$ and $$e_\text{R}$$ are right-handed up-type quark, down-type quark, and lepton singlets. Finally $$\varphi$$ is the Higgs doublet and $$\tilde{\varphi} = i\tau_2\varphi^{*}$$

Neutrino masses
As previously mentioned, evidence shows neutrinos must have mass. But within the standard model, the right-handed neutrino does not exist, so even with a Yukawa coupling neutrinos remain massless. An obvious solution is to simply add a right-handed neutrino $μ^{2} > 0$, which requires the addition of a new Dirac mass term in the Yukawa sector: $$ \mathcal{L}^\text{Dir}_{\nu} = (Y_\nu)_{mn}(\bar{L}_L)_m \varphi (\nu_R)_n + \mathrm{h.c.} $$

This field however must be a sterile neutrino, since being right-handed it experimentally belongs to an isospin singlet ($3 × 3$) and also has charge $ν_{R}$, implying $T_{3} = 0$ (see above) i.e. it does not even participate in the weak interaction. The experimental evidence for sterile neutrinos is currently inconclusive.

Another possibility to consider is that the neutrino satisfies the Majorana equation, which at first seems possible due to its zero electric charge. In this case a new Majorana mass term is added to the Yukawa sector: $$ \mathcal{L}^\text{Maj}_{\nu} = -\frac{1}{2} m \left ( \overline{\nu}^C\nu + \overline{\nu}\nu^C \right ) $$ where $m$ denotes a charge conjugated (i.e. anti-) particle, and the $$\nu$$ terms are consistently all left (or all right) chirality (note that a left-chirality projection of an antiparticle is a right-handed field; care must be taken here due to different notations sometimes used). Here we are essentially flipping between left-handed neutrinos and right-handed anti-neutrinos (it is furthermore possible but not necessary that neutrinos are their own antiparticle, so these particles are the same). However, for left-chirality neutrinos, this term changes weak hypercharge by 2 units – not possible with the standard Higgs interaction, requiring the Higgs field to be extended to include an extra triplet with weak hypercharge = 2 – whereas for right-chirality neutrinos, no Higgs extensions are necessary. For both left and right chirality cases, Majorana terms violate lepton number, but possibly at a level beyond the current sensitivity of experiments to detect such violations.

It is possible to include both Dirac and Majorana mass terms in the same theory, which (in contrast to the Dirac-mass-only approach) can provide a “natural” explanation for the smallness of the observed neutrino masses, by linking the right-handed neutrinos to yet-unknown physics around the GUT scale (see seesaw mechanism).

Since in any case new fields must be postulated to explain the experimental results, neutrinos are an obvious gateway to searching physics beyond the Standard Model.

Detailed information
This section provides more detail on some aspects, and some reference material. Explicit Lagrangian terms are also provided here.

Field content in detail
The Standard Model has the following fields. These describe one generation of leptons and quarks, and there are three generations, so there are three copies of each fermionic field. By CPT symmetry, there is a set of fermions and antifermions with opposite parity and charges. If a left-handed fermion spans some representation its antiparticle (right-handed antifermion) spans the dual representation (note that $$\bar{\mathbf{2}}={\mathbf{2}}$$ for SU(2), because it is pseudo-real). The column "representation" indicates under which representations of the gauge groups that each field transforms, in the order (SU(3), SU(2), U(1)) and for the U(1) group, the value of the weak hypercharge is listed. There are twice as many left-handed lepton field components as right-handed lepton field components in each generation, but an equal number of left-handed quark and right-handed quark field components.

Fermion content
This table is based in part on data gathered by the Particle Data Group.

Free parameters
Upon writing the most general Lagrangian with massless neutrinos, one finds that the dynamics depend on 19 parameters, whose numerical values are established by experiment. Straightforward extensions of the Standard Model with massive neutrinos need 7 more parameters (3 masses and 4 PMNS matrix parameters) for a total of 26 parameters. The neutrino parameter values are still uncertain. The 19 certain parameters are summarized here.

The choice of free parameters is somewhat arbitrary. In the table above, gauge couplings are listed as free parameters, therefore with this choice the Weinberg angle is not a free parameter – it is defined as $$\tan\theta_{\rm W} = {g_1}/{g_2}$$. Likewise, the fine-structure constant of QED is $$\alpha = \frac{1}{4 \pi}\frac{(g_1 g_2)^2}{g_1^2 + g_2^2}$$. Instead of fermion masses, dimensionless Yukawa couplings can be chosen as free parameters. For example, the electron mass depends on the Yukawa coupling of the electron to the Higgs field, and its value is $$m_{\rm e} = y_{\rm e}v/{\sqrt{2}}$$. Instead of the Higgs mass, the Higgs self-coupling strength $$\lambda = \frac{m_{\rm H}^2}{2v^2}$$, which is approximately 0.129, can be chosen as a free parameter. Instead of the Higgs vacuum expectation value, the $$\mu^2$$ parameter directly from the Higgs self-interaction term $$\mu^2 \phi^\dagger\phi-\lambda (\phi^\dagger\phi)^2$$ can be chosen. Its value is $$\mu^2 = \lambda v^2 = {m_{\rm H}^2}/2$$, or approximately $$\mu$$ = $n$.

The value of the vacuum energy (or more precisely, the renormalization scale used to calculate this energy) may also be treated as an additional free parameter. The renormalization scale may be identified with the Planck scale or fine-tuned to match the observed cosmological constant. However, both options are problematic.

Additional symmetries of the Standard Model
From the theoretical point of view, the Standard Model exhibits four additional global symmetries, not postulated at the outset of its construction, collectively denoted accidental symmetries, which are continuous U(1) global symmetries. The transformations leaving the Lagrangian invariant are: $$\psi_\text{q}(x) \to e^{i\alpha/3}\psi_\text{q}$$ $$E_{\rm L} \to e^{i\beta} E_{\rm L}\text{ and }(e_{\rm R})^\text{c}   \to e^{i\beta}(e_{\rm R})^\text{c}$$ $$M_{\rm L} \to e^{i\beta} M_{\rm L}\text{ and }(\mu_{\rm R})^\text{c} \to e^{i\beta}(\mu_{\rm R})^\text{c}$$ $$T_{\rm L} \to e^{i\beta} T_{\rm L}\text{ and }(\tau_{\rm R})^\text{c} \to e^{i\beta}(\tau_{\rm R})^\text{c}$$

The first transformation rule is shorthand meaning that all quark fields for all generations must be rotated by an identical phase simultaneously. The fields $Q = 0$ and $$(\mu_{\rm R})^\text{c}, (\tau_{\rm R})^\text{c}$$ are the 2nd (muon) and 3rd (tau) generation analogs of $Y_{W} = 0$ and $$(e_{\rm R})^\text{c}$$ fields.

By Noether's theorem, each symmetry above has an associated conservation law: the conservation of baryon number, electron number, muon number, and tau number. Each quark is assigned a baryon number of $\frac{1}{3}$, while each antiquark is assigned a baryon number of $-\frac{1}{3}$. Conservation of baryon number implies that the number of quarks minus the number of antiquarks is a constant. Within experimental limits, no violation of this conservation law has been found.

Similarly, each electron and its associated neutrino is assigned an electron number of +1, while the anti-electron and the associated anti-neutrino carry a −1 electron number. Similarly, the muons and their neutrinos are assigned a muon number of +1 and the tau leptons are assigned a tau lepton number of +1. The Standard Model predicts that each of these three numbers should be conserved separately in a manner similar to the way baryon number is conserved. These numbers are collectively known as lepton family numbers (LF). (This result depends on the assumption made in Standard Model that neutrinos are massless. Experimentally, neutrino oscillations demonstrate that individual electron, muon and tau numbers are not conserved.)

In addition to the accidental (but exact) symmetries described above, the Standard Model exhibits several approximate symmetries. These are the "SU(2) custodial symmetry" and the "SU(2) or SU(3) quark flavor symmetry".

U(1) symmetry
For the leptons, the gauge group can be written $U(1)_{Y}$. The two U(1) factors can be combined into $SU(2)_{L}$ where l is the lepton number. Gauging of the lepton number is ruled out by experiment, leaving only the possible gauge group $SU(3)_{C}$. A similar argument in the quark sector also gives the same result for the electroweak theory.

Charged and neutral current couplings and Fermi theory
The charged currents $$j^{\mp} = j^{1} \pm i j^{2}$$ are $$j^-_\mu = \overline U_{i\mathrm{L}}\gamma_\mu D_{i\mathrm{L}} +\overline \nu_{i\mathrm{L}}\gamma_\mu l_{i\mathrm{L}}.$$ These charged currents are precisely those that entered the Fermi theory of beta decay. The action contains the charge current piece $$\mathcal{L}_{\rm CC} = \frac g{\sqrt2}(j_\mu^+W^{-\mu}+j_\mu^-W^{+\mu}).$$ For energy much less than the mass of the W-boson, the effective theory becomes the current–current contact interaction of the Fermi theory, $$2\sqrt{2} G_{\rm F} J_\mu ^+ J^{\mu-} $$.

However, gauge invariance now requires that the component $$W^{3}$$ of the gauge field also be coupled to a current that lies in the triplet of SU(2). However, this mixes with the U(1), and another current in that sector is needed. These currents must be uncharged in order to conserve charge. So neutral currents are also required, $$j_\mu^3 = \frac 1 2 \left(\overline U_{i\mathrm{L}}\gamma_\mu U_{i\mathrm{L}} - \overline D_{i\mathrm{L}}\gamma_\mu D_{i\mathrm{L}} + \overline \nu_{i\mathrm{L}}\gamma_\mu \nu_{i\mathrm{L}} - \overline l_{i\mathrm{L}}\gamma_\mu l_{i\mathrm{L}}\right)$$ $$j_\mu^{\rm em} = \frac23\overline U_i\gamma_\mu U_i -\frac13\overline D_i\gamma_\mu D_i - \overline l_i\gamma_\mu l_i.$$ The neutral current piece in the Lagrangian is then $$\mathcal{L}_{\rm NC} = e j_\mu^{\rm em} A^\mu + \frac g{\cos\theta_{\rm W}}(J_\mu^3-\sin^2\theta_{\rm W}J_\mu^{\rm em})Z^\mu.$$

References and external links

 * An introduction to quantum field theory, by M.E. Peskin and D.V. Schroeder (HarperCollins, 1995) ISBN 0-201-50397-2.
 * Gauge theory of elementary particle physics, by T.P. Cheng and L.F. Li (Oxford University Press, 1982) ISBN 0-19-851961-3.
 * Standard Model Lagrangian with explicit Higgs terms (T.D. Gutierrez, ca 1999) (PDF, PostScript, and LaTeX version)
 * The quantum theory of fields (vol 2), by S. Weinberg (Cambridge University Press, 1996) ISBN 0-521-55002-5.
 * Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell (Second Edition), by A. Zee (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 978-1-4008-3532-4.
 * An Introduction to Particle Physics and the Standard Model, by R. Mann (CRC Press, 2010) ISBN 978-1420082982
 * Physics From Symmetry by J. Schwichtenberg (Springer, 2015) ISBN 3319192000. Especially page 86


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