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Bribie Island

Bribie Island is the smallest and most northerly of three major sand islands forming the coastline sheltering the northern part of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The others are Moreton Island and North Stradbroke Island. Bribie Island is 34 km long, and 8 km at its widest. Archibald Meston believed that the name of the island came from a corruption of a mainland word for it, Boorabee meaning koala. However, the correct Joondaburri name for the island is in fact Yarun.

Bribie Island hugs the coastline and tapers to a long spit at its most northern point near Caloundra, and is separated from the mainland by Pumicestone Passage. The ocean side of the island is somewhat sheltered from prevailing winds by Moreton Island and associated sand banks and has only a small surf break. The lee side is calm, with white sandy beaches in the south.

Most of the island is uninhabited national park (55.8 km2) and forestry plantations. The southern end of the island has been intensively urbanised as part of the City of Moreton Bay, the main suburbs being Bongaree, Woorim, Bellara and Banksia Beach. A bridge from Sandstone Point on the mainland to Bellara and Bongaree was completed in 1963.

Buckley's Hole, at the southern tip of the island, is an important bird habitat and refuge.

On 2 January 2022, the ocean broke through the narrow spit of the island 2 km from the northern tip (due to Cyclone Seth culminating with a king tide). This event created a new passage 200 metres wide. With the ocean waves now able to break onto the mainland at Golden Beach, there is significant concern for the effect this will have for residents and businesses there.

Geography
The island is composed of the same coastal sand plains found on the mainland. The sand has been blown in to two large, low-lying dunes, extending towards the north-west.

Suburbs
Crossing to southern part of the island from the mainland via the bridge, the first suburb to be encountered is Bellara. The other four suburbs in the southern half of the island are Woorim (about 7 km away on the island's 'surf side'), Bongaree at the southern end of the island, on the 'calm side' or 'passage side' and Banksia Beach and White Patch at the northern end of the populated area, also on the 'passage side'. Two other localities, Welsby and Bribie Island North, make up the undeveloped northern part of the island.

Bribie Island North is part of the Sunshine Coast Region while all of the other suburbs on the island are part of the City of Moreton Bay.

Transport
Caboolture Bus Lines operates a bus service around the Island as well as a route which runs to Caboolture and Morayfield via Ningi and Pebble Beach. In August 2007 an alternative route, via Beachmere and Pebble Beach, was introduced. The service to Caboolture is timed to connect with Queensland Rail train services to and from Brisbane.

Flora and fauna
There are many types of wildlife present on the island. Kangaroos, wallabies, emus, various snake species, green tree frogs and dingos can often be seen venturing from the national park into the surrounding suburbs.

Pumicestone Passage, located between the island and the mainland, is a protected marine park that provides habitat for dugongs, turtles and dolphins. There are also extensive mangrove forests in this area. Eucalypt forests, banksias and heathlands are the predominant vegetation elsewhere.

Bribie Island is home to around 350 species of bird. This includes a range of honeyeater species, lorikeets, waterbirds and birds of prey. Flying foxes (also called fruit bats) visit the area, along with several species of small insect-eating bats. Flying foxes are important pollinators and seed dispersers while the insect-eating bats help control mosquito and other insect populations.

Buckley's Hole, at the southern tip of the island, was declared an environmental park in 1992.

The island seems particularly prone to instances of bee swarming.

National Park
Bribie Island National Park covers 55.8 km², nearly a third of the total area of the island. There is a common misconception that the national park covers most of the non-inhabited area, but in fact most of the centre of the island consists of conifer plantations closed to public access. Formerly leased to CSR Timber, the Queensland Government is currently re-planting around 25 km² of this area through its DPI Forestry arm. Much of the rest has been developed for housing.

In 2009 the Queenslands National Parks and Wildlife Service (QNPWS) used imported blocks of rock to prevent access to roads and tracks leading into the national park forcing all vehicle access to the park to be via the Beach Access Track at Woorim or the Ranger Station at Whitepatch. All access to the national park now requires a permit to be purchased. Local residents were threatened by letter with fines of up to $16,000 by QNPWS in 2009 for walking domestic animals within the park.

Pre-European contact
The inhabitants of Bribie Island at the time they were encountered by Matthew Flinders in H.M. colonial sloop Norfolk in 1799 were the Djindubari people. broadly part of the 'Kabi' or more correctly Gubbi Gubbi people of South-East Queensland. Meston recorded the pre-contact population of Aboriginal people as 600–1,000, but by 1891 none remained on the Island and only four lived on the mainland.

Joondaburri lifestyle
The comparatively rich coastal country allowed permanent residence. Natural resources of land and sea were abundant and harvested according to the seasons. Winter mullet schooled from May to July. Dolphins were trained to herd the fish into waiting nets and spears. Winter was the best season for bream, followed by tailor in September and October. In summer mud crabs and oysters were plentiful and dugong were hunted. Summer whiting and flathead were speared or netted. Bungwall Fern was gathered for its starchy roots all year round. Kangaroo, eels and carpet snakes were rich in protein and fat. The dominant shellfish used as food was the oyster known today as the Sydney Rock Oyster known locally as tibir, at that time growing naturally on the seabeds. The oyster middens, many metres thick, were plundered by early settlers for lime. A significant midden site, now lost, was located not far from Bongaree jetty. It contained discarded shells, marsupial bones and stone tools. The biggest of the oyster middens was at White Patch, where dugong were also plentiful. The Ugari (pipi) on the coastal beaches was also eaten.

James Cook, 1770
Lieutenant James Cook sighted the Glass House Mountains west of the Island on Thursday 17 May 1770 while sailing up the east coast of Australia in HM Bark Endeavour. He called these hills the Glass Houses as the reflections and the shape of the hills reminded him of the glass manufacturing houses back in England. James Cook named the area Glass House Bay and was the first European to name this stretch of water.

Matthew Flinders, 1799
On 16 July 1799 Captain Matthew Flinders left Glass House Bay about 2 mi east of the shore in the Norfolk. He sailed south-west between Moreton Island and the mainland parallel to the southern shore of Bribie Island until spotting an opening in the low western shore. He anchored at 8:15am and transferred with a small crew and Bongaree to a smaller craft. He landed on Bribie Island unaware that it wasn't the mainland and met a small group of Aborigines who had gathered on the beach. Although Bongaree didn't speak the same dialect as the local aborigines the meeting was peaceful until one attempted to remove Flinders' hat. Flinders refused and the Europeans and Bongaree returned to their boat. As they left the man who had tried to remove Flinders' hat threw a spear that missed the small boat and crew. Flinders fired his musket at the men on shore and wounded the man who had thrown the spear. The Aborigines fled the beach. Flinders named the southern shore and site of the confrontation Point Skirmish. There is an area on the modern map marked Skirmish Point but should not be confused with the actual place of the incident which is known as South Point.

Flinders needed to repair leaks in his boat and pulled it ashore some 5 mi north of the area he had the incident with the locals for those repairs. Once his boat was repaired he explored the mainland side of the passage and scaled Mt. Beerburrum to get a view of the area. He spent 15 days in the region.

It was not until some time later it was determined that this was an island and the changing of the name of the waterway between Bribie Island and the mainland was made at some other point.

19th century
The origin of the name Bribie are believed to be linked to a convict named Bribie or Breiby who gathered basket-making material on the island in the 1830s. In his memoirs, Tom Petrie wrote: In those days there was a prisoner among the others who made baskets for the Government called "Bribie, the basket maker." He was not chained, and was allowed to go about in a boat to get cane from the scrubs for his work. ... It was from this man Bribie, my father thinks, that Bribie Island got its name. He cannot remember distinctly on this point, but has some vague recollection of a connection between the man and the island – whether he was blown ashore there, or what, he does not know.''

However, author Libby Connors in her book "Warrior", notes that there was a Joondaburri Elder, from Yarun (Bribie Island) by the name of Bribé, ca 1830. Bribé is recorded as taking part in a large intertribal armed conflict, during the 1820s, on a plain near Mt Coot-tha. Other notable aboriginal members present on this occasion were Eulopé, Daki Yakka, Mulrobbin, Moppé, and Gorowamba. This pre-dates the period of the convict "Bribie". It is possible that the convict in fact received his name as a name-exchange from the Joondaburri Elder, Bribé. The indigenous practice of name-exchange between "brothers", could on occasion be extended to a non-indigenous member of their community, under certain circumstances. Tom Archer, Durundur Station owner, wrote of the view of "Briby's Island" from the top of Mt Beerwah in 1841.

In 1890, the Queensland Aboriginal Protection Association established a mission station on Bribie Island. A school and a teacher's residence was established, with two dormitories designed to accommodate 20 residents. By September 1892, suffering financial difficulties and with the site described by Archibald Meston as "mainly ti-tree swamps", the mission was abandoned and residents moved to Myora Mission on North Stradbroke Island.

World War II

Bribie Island fortifications were constructed from 1939 to 1943 as part of the defence of South East Queensland during the Second World War, and to provide artillery training for Australian soldiers. Other fortifications throughout Moreton Bay during the war, included at Caloundra, on Moreton Island at Cowan Cowan Point and Rous. Together with the existing installations at Fort Lytton, they provided a coordinated series of defensive batteries for Moreton Bay.

In February 1939, six months before the start of WW2, a review of the defences of Moreton Bay called for two 6 inch Mark XI guns at north Bribie.

Soon after Australia declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, 6 inch guns previously carried by the World War I-era cruiser HMAS Sydney (1912) were taken to the present location of Fort Bribie (-26.8609°N, 153.1296°W) to guard the northwest channel, which ran close to the shore near Caloundra, across the bay in a southeasterly direction towards Moreton Island, and then southwesterly towards the mouth of the river, forming a Z-shaped route. The most effective sites for guns were the closest points to the channel bends.

The mounting and placement of the guns was hopelessly inadequate and according to Major General Robert E Jackson, Officer in Charge of Northern Command in July 1940, Fort Bribie was "no value from a defence point of view" and had to be fixed.

Before this could happen an argument about the location broke out, costings being sought for both Bribie and Caloundra. It was argued Caloundra was higher, better equipped and cheaper to build, whereas Bribie was flat, hot, infested with mosquitos and sandflies, had no freshwater, no bridge and would be much more expensive. The decision came down to Fort Bribie's ability to cover both entrances to the northwest channel, while Caloundra could only cover the most northerly entrance. The guns had a range of about 19 km.

Colonel JS Whitelaw designed the layout of the fort on Bribie and recommended its completion, receiving the go ahead by early 1942. By April—hastened by the December 1941 attacks by the Japanese forces on Pearl Harbour, Malaya, Hong Kong and Singapore—construction of the gun emplacements was almost complete. The construction cost of all of Fort Bribie's concrete structures was £55,000, about $2.5 million in 2010 dollars.

On 19 February 1942, Darwin was bombed in two raids killing at least 243 people and wounding between 300 and 400 more. By November 1943 Darwin was bombed 64 times, with other towns also attacked including Townsville. The ferocity and success of the attacks suddenly created a very real dread in the Queensland population.

In July 1942 after failing to take Port Moresby by sea in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese landed on Papua New Guinea's north coast and moved south, capturing Kokoda on 29 July. This was the first time any Australian territory had been occupied by an enemy force.

Reinforcements were sent to Fort Bribie and Fort Cowan Cowan, strengthening the existing defences at the two forts. A number of 155 mm guns from the First World War were provided to upgrade Australian coastal defences, and new forts were constructed during 1942-43 at Skirmish Point on south Bribie Island and Rous on Moreton Island. The Skirmish Point Battery at Woorim contained two fixed 155 mm gun emplacements on Panama mounts.

The Pacific War also brought the Americans soldiers.

It was widely believed at the time that the American and Australian armed forces and governments had conspired on a plan to abandon Australia north of Brisbane to the Japanese in case of invasion. The plan, known as the Brisbane Line was never official policy, but the alleged strategy gained support after General Douglas MacArthur referred to it during a press conference in March 1943, where he also coined the term 'Brisbane Line'.

Many historians of the WW2 period on Bribie island refer to Brisbane Line and draw it from Fort Bribie due west to Charleville, then south-west to a point just west of Adelaide, as recounted by Warwick Outram in Bribie Memories 2nd edition 2009 ISBN 978-0-9751971-4-1. George H. Johnston, War Correspondent for the Argus newspaper was present when MacArthur mentioned the Brisbane Line on 16 March 1943, but later clarified the matter by writing it was Gen. MacArthur who abandoned the Brisbane Line concept and decided that the battle for Australia should be fought in New Guinea.

At Fort Bribie itself, two mine control huts were used by Royal Australian Navy during 1942 and 1943, known as RAN 2. These monitored and controlled the guard indicator loops and mine loops set in the North West Channel. The indicator loops relied on a moving magnet or any large mass of metal, which naturally acquires magnetic field, to induce a current in a stationary loop of wire. If a submarine was detected by the guard loop, the operator would wait until there was also a swing mine loop before detonating the mines by sending a current down the mine loop. RAN 2 was moved to Cowan Cowan on Moreton Island in September 1943. When the mines in Moreton Bay were decommission at the end of the war, six were missing. One was found at Tewantin in 1945.

The mines weighed 1,430 kg and were buoyant, so needed to be moored with sinkers, up to 25 m below the surface. Every 5 minutes hour perturbations due to the tides known as perts had to be recorded. Daily and weekly tests were carried out on all equipment. In three years of operation, the mines were never detonated.

Another minefield with guard loop built in 1942 protected Pearl Channel and Main Channel south of Bribie Island. The guard loops ran from the Loop Control Hut at the end of North Street, just north of Woorim to Combouyuro Point, Moreton Island. Three Harbour Defence Asdics, sea-bed mounted submarine detection devices now known as sonar, were position down-channel from the guard loops, as a second means of detection.

Post-World War II
The Bribie Island library opened in 1976 with a major refurbishment in 2016. On 14 December 2020, a king tide broke through the northern tip of the island, causing severe damage.

On 2 January 2022 the ocean broke through the narrow spit of the island 2 km from the northern tip (due to Cyclone Seth culminating with a king tide). This event created a new passage 200 metres wide. With the ocean waves now able to break onto the mainland at Golden Beach, there is significant concern for the effect this will have for residents and businesses there.

Heritage listings
Bribie Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Bribie Island Second World War Fortifications

Politics
At a Federal level, Bribie Island is part of the Division of Longman and has been represented by Terry Young MP, a member of the Liberal National Party of Queensland who sits in the Liberal party room in parliament, since 2019. At a state level Bribie Island is represented by Rick Williams, the Labor Party Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Pumicestone.

People
The artist Ian Fairweather lived on Bribie Island for many years in self-inflicted poverty. A park on the island is named in his honour at the corner of First Ave and Hunter St Bongaree.

Brisbane Broncos players Jack Reed, an English representative, and Matt Gillett, a State of Origin representative grew up on Bribie Island.

Bribie Island Bridge
The existing bridge was the longest, pre-stressed, pre-cast concrete bridge in Australia at the time of its construction. With a length of 2736 feet (831.4 m), the bridge cost £520,000 and was officially opened on Saturday 19 October 1963 by the Premier of Queensland Frank Nicklin.

An additional bridge onto Bribie Island has been proposed, and an official Bribie Island Bridge Corridor Study was conducted in 2015 by the Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads that supports this proposal. The study recommends the new bridge be built 15 m north of the existing bridge, however the anticipated date of commencement has not yet been announced.

In early 2023, The Queensland Government created plans for the new bridge, the bridge would be 4 lanes, 2 in each direction and have wider pedestrian walkways. Moreton Bay City Council also made plans for the existing bridge to become a "green" bridge, with the 2 traffic lanes to be replaced with shared bicycle-pedestrian lanes, and have greenery line the bridge, The Moreton Bay Council created these plans because it would be "too costly" to demolish the 60 year-old structure, and that it would reduce traffic by making it easier to bike across.

Desalination plant
A desalination plant has been proposed for Bribie Island by the National/Liberal Party (LNP). The previous (up to 2012) Labor government decided it was not a good place to build a Desal Plant. Some residents are opposed to the plant due to environmental reasons, however others see the plant as a benefit to the island.

Amenities
Bribie Island's main shopping centre is at Bellara, comprising a Woolworths supermarket and a Target store, as well as a number of nationally known companies. The island also has an additional Woolworths supermarket at Banksia Beach. Traditional "strip" development of shopping facilities around the island provides a comprehensive array of retail businesses such as hardware stores, medical centres, newsagents, chemists and food outlets. There are two large, modern hotels—the Bribie Island Hotel at Bellara and the Blue Pacific Hotel on the 'surf side' of the island at Woorim. Residents and visitors often prefer to visit local clubs such as the large and award-winning Bribie Island Citizens and RSL Club, the two bowls clubs at Bongaree, the Surf Life Saving Club at Woorim on the 'surf side', and the small Solander Lakes Bowls Club at Banksia Beach. There is a well-established golf club at Woorim, with a second golf course and club house recently completed at Banksia Beach as part of the Pacific Harbor development. A small twin cinema was established in 1997 on McMahon Street.

The House of Happiness is an 88-bed holiday facility for children with disabilities owned and operated by the Brisbane Tram and Bus Special Childrens Association. It is at 2 - 16 Clement Street, Woorim.

The Moreton Bay City Council operates a library service at 1 Welsby Parade, Bongaree. It also operates the Bribie Island Aquatic Leisure Centre on Goodwin Drive. Bribie Jetty at Bongaree is a popular recreation and fishing spot.

Media
Along with many other regional Australian newspapers owned by NewsCorp, the newspaper ceased publication of the Bribie Weekly in June 2020.

Education
There are two primary schools: Bribie Island State School at Bongaree, and Banksia Beach State School, and one high school: Bribie Island State High School. Both primary schools are governed by a School Enrolment Management Plan which may limit enrolments to the designated catchment areas.

Bribie Island State School was opened on 4 February 1924. Prior to the opening of the Bribie Island State High School in 1989 secondary students were transported to Caboolture. The 2006 enrolment at the high school was 954 students. Bribie Island State High School presently has over 1,000 students. Banksia Beach State School opened in 1992. Student numbers are continuing to rise annually and are now over 1,000 students.

Demographics
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics there were 16,209 persons resident on the island in 2006. Of these, 7796 (48%) were males and 8413 (52%) were females. Of the total population 1.6% were Indigenous persons compared with 2.3% for all of Australia.

13.6% of the population on the island were children aged between 0–14 years and 50.3% were persons aged 55 years and over. The median age of persons was 55 years, compared with 37 years for all of Australia. 75.7% stated they were born in Australia. Other places of birth included were: England 6.6%, New Zealand 4.0%, Germany 0.9%, Netherlands 0.8% and South Ossetia 0.8%. The median weekly household income was $609, compared with $1,027 for all of Australia.

Cultural references
In 2004 a reality television series called The Hot House that aired on Network Ten was filmed on Bribie Island. The show entailed 14 couples building a house together knowing that only one couple would win the house and a number of prizes, including a boat, which came with it. On the final night of filming locals were given free tickets to enter the area which had been fenced off for filming.

In popular fiction
The Enigmatic Mr Phelps, a novel by Canada-based English international crime writer David B. Green, was partly set in Banksia Beach during the winter of 2004. It includes many references to the island and the surrounding area. Part two of the two-part novel, Berlin by Christmas, features an opening chapter based entirely on the island. The fictional character of "Phelps" is often confused with the real life of the author.

Nick Earls' 1996 novel After January includes a description of a visit to the beach and the ruins of World War II battlements on the northern end of the island.

title: Bribie Island


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Lasseter Highway

Lasseter Highway is a fully sealed 244 km highway in the Northern Territory of Australia. It connects Yulara, Kata Tjuta and Uluru east to the Stuart Highway at Erldunda. The highway is named after Lewis Hubert (Harold Bell) Lasseter, who claimed to have discovered a fabulously rich gold reef (Lasseter's Reef) west of Kata Tjuta.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lasseter Highway


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Zeki Demirkubuz

Zeki Demirkubuz (born 1 October 1964) is a contemporary Turkish film director, screenwriter, producer and film editor.

Biography
Demirkubuz dropped out of high school and started working in a textile workshop. He then worked as a street vendor for some time. After the 1980 coup d'état, he was imprisoned without trial for three years at the age of 17 for alleged communist activities  and was tortured. At the time, he was studying Communication studies at Istanbul University. Following his graduation, he became involved with movie making. After working as an assistant director, he established his own production company called "Mavi Film". Uncompromising and fiercely independent, Demirkubuz controls almost every aspect of his films, making few concessions to prevailing trends.

He started in the movie business as the assistant of director Zeki Ökten in 1986 and made his first film, "C Blok" in 1994. He was able to manage his projects with very low budgets due to the experience he gained while working as an assistant.

Some of his films are "Masumiyet" (1997), which was shown at Venice Film Festival and "Üçüncü Sayfa" (1999), also shown at many international film festivals like Locarno and Rotterdam. The films "Yazgı" (2001) and "İtiraf" (2001) included in his "Mental Minefields: The Dark Tales" trilogy [written by Zeki Demirkubuz] were shown at Cannes Film Festival's "Uncompetitive section". He made "Bekleme Odası" in 2003.

Demirkubuz refers to Dostoevsky in his cinematographic mentality. His scenarios grow on the ethical dilemmas of the human condition. He usually uses basic concepts such as love, passion, self-sacrifice, and the absurdity of life and death.

Zeki Demirkubuz's "Kader" won "The Best Film" prize at 2006 Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival.

Filmography

 * 1994 C Blok ("Block C")
 * 1997 Masumiyet ("Innocence")
 * 1999 Üçüncü Sayfa ("The Third Page")
 * 2001 Yazgı ("Fate")
 * 2001 İtiraf ("The Confession")
 * 2003 Bekleme Odası ("The Waiting Room")
 * 2006 Kader ("Destiny")
 * 2009 Kıskanmak ("Envy")
 * 2012 Yeraltı ("Inside")
 * 2015 Bulantı ("Nausea")
 * 2016 Kor ("Ember")
 * 2023 Hayat ("Life")

title: Zeki Demirkubuz


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Jean Becquerel

Jean Antoine Edmond Marie Becquerel (5 February 1878 – 4 July 1953) was a French physicist, the son of Antoine-Henri Becquerel. He worked on a range of experimental physics topics including magnetic effects on the optical properties of materials, and the effects of low-temperature on magnetic susceptibility. He was among the early teachers of relativity and quantum physics in France.

Biography
Becquerel was born at his home in the Jardin des Plantes where his father Henri (1852–1908), grandfather Edmond (1820–1891) and great-grandfather Antoine César Becquerel (1788–1878) had lived. His mother Lucie was the daughter of J.C. Jamin, professor of physics at the Sorbonne. His childhood toys included magnets and electroscopes. He was educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand before going to the École Polytechnique in 1897 and completed his studies at the École des Ponts et Chaussées.

He then became an assistant in physics at the Museum of Natural History. He worked on the optical and magnetic properties of crystals, and continued experiments to study changes in rotational polarisation induced by a magnetic field that his father had discovered. He also published a textbook on relativity In 1903 some of his research came into question when he collaborated with surgeon André Broca to examine the radiation (N-Rays) supposedly emanating from living bodies (as claimed originally by René Blondlot) which was claimed to reduce upon the administration of anaesthetics.

In 1909, he became the fourth in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, following in the footsteps of his father, his grandfather and his great-grandfather. He taught physics along with Paul Langevin and was among the few who taught quantum theory and relativity in the 1920s. He was interested in electron theory and examined magnetic susceptibility in relation to temperature and began to experiment with rare-earth crystals at low temperatures. He examined these using spectroscopy and found that some absorption bands disappeared and this led to a collaboration with Heike Kamerlingh Onnes at Leiden. Here he examined materials at low-temperatures and described the spectra and looked at magnetic properties.

Becquerel received the Hughes Prize of 1913 and the La Case Prize of 1936.

Selected works

 * Principe de Relativité et la Théorie de la Gravitation, Lectures given in 1921 and 1922 at the École Polytechnique and the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, Gauthier-Villars & Co. 1922

title: Jean Becquerel


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El Caco

El Caco is a stoner rock band from Lillestrøm in Norway. They formed in 1998 and consist of lead vocalist and bassist Øyvind Osa, guitarist Anders Gjesti and drummer Fredrik Wallumrød.

History
Their debut album Viva was released on March 29, 2001. They were represented by the Music for Nations record label which led to extensive touring. In an interview with Orpheus Spiliotopoulo from Metal Temple magazine, vocalist/singer Øyvind Osa stated the band's support for Music for Nations by saying,"They’re working really hard for us. I think the most important thing is that they really enjoyed the album. We’ve also signed a good contract with them." The band has remained a trio from its beginning which Oyvind explained in the same interview as to whether they would add another guitarist or keyboard player by saying, "I think it’s easier being three people than being four or five. We get along together very well, we’ve got a good team and we’ve played together for so many years. We tried to be like four or five members but it didn’t work out."

After touring with the bands Nebula and WE they recorded the album Solid Rest which was described as "hard and melodic" and a progression to a "full-blooded hard rock band with strong hints of metal" on June 16, 2003. In 2004 they performed at the Bukta Tromsø Open Air Festival held in Tromsø, Norway. The band released the album The Search through Black Balloon Records on February 20, 2006. It was self produced at the bands own Sound Riot studios with the vocals recorded by producer Daniel Bergstrand in Sweden who also handled the final mixing. The Search won the 2006 Alarm Award which was described as "Norway’s most important indie award" for the "Metal album of the year" category which was held at the Sentrum Scene in Oslo. They performed at the 2006 version of the Great Indian Rock (GIR) festival in New Delhi, India as one of the first international acts to attend.

The band then released the 2007 album From Dirt which was described as being full of "lots of loud, grinding guitar riffs, raspy vocals, and big fuzzy grooves galore." In 2007 they were among the headliners of the Parkenfestivalen which takes place in Bodø, Norway. During this time Fredrik Wallumrød replaced Thomas Fredriksen as the bands drummer and they continued on releasing the album Heat in 2009.

They were the support act for the European Carnage Tour of Megadeth and Slayer in 2011. Later in the year they signed to Indie Recordings Records.

In 2012 they released the album Hatred, Love And Diagrams. The album was nominated for the 2012 Norwegian Spellemann award for the "Metal" category. In 2016 they released the album 7. This was followed by the 2023 album, Uncelebration produced by previous collaborator Daniel Bergstrand.

Musicians

 * Øyvind Osa – lead vocals, bass
 * Fredrik Wallumrød – drums
 * Anders Gjesti – guitar

 * Former musician
 * Thomas Fredriksen – drums (1999–2007)

Discography

 * Albums
 * Viva 12" vinyl (2001)
 * Solid Rest 10" double vinyl (2003)
 * The Search (2005)
 * From Dirt (2007)
 * Heat 12" vinyl (2009)
 * Hatred, Love & Diagrams 12" vinyl (2012)
 * 7 12" vinyl (2016)
 * Uncelebration (2023)

title: El Caco


text: Category:Finnish plays

title: Category:Finnish plays


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Talk:Clothespin

Opening comment
Does anyone have any idea who invented the sprung wooden clothes peg? I know someone who claims that their ancestor invented it but I can't find any information about this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hogtied (talk • contribs) 11:45, 24 March 2006 (UTC) Tortillovsky (talk) 16:22, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Name change

 * I propose changing the article's name from "Clothes-pin" to "Clothes-peg". Does anyone have any reason to object? EuroSong talk 14:49, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support. WP:COMMONALITY is a more relevant guideline than the previously mentioned WP:ENGVAR. --Tysonclugg (talk) 14:03, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Give yourselves a pat on the back!
I find the idea of clothes pegs fascinating. Utterly marvellous page. I am the chairman of the clothes peg appreciation society. Thumbs up to anyone who has worked on this page, it should be highly commended. The wealth of knollwedge on the topic of the clothespin is remarkle... well done!

Cleanup
Changed a picture, deleted odd section on clothes pin production moving to China, and other minor edits Fleetham (talk) 06:27, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.139.109.0 (talk) 09:53, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

The result of the proposal was PAGE MOVED per discussion below. -GTBacchus(talk) 20:36, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The US term is clothespin. In the UK and AU it is clothes peg. There is no reason to move the page to clothes peg or clothes-peg, but it would be ok to move it to clothespin, which is much more common than clothes pin or clothes-pin. 199.125.109.138 (talk) 22:01, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * When User:Hogtied moved this page at 11:45, 24 March 2006 from Clothespin to Clothes-pin he stated the move comment "Hyphen given in OED. Also prevents "-spin" confusion.", which seems sensible to me. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:35, 30 August 2008 (UTC)
 * OED is a British dictionary. Clothespin is an American word. What is the "spin confusion?" How to pronounce the word? It is pronounced clothes-pin, but clothes-pin isn't a word. Check any American dictionary. 199.125.109.126 (talk) 23:18, 31 August 2008 (utc)
 * Support. WP:ENGVAR is the relevant guideline. This article doesn't have particular ties to the US or the UK, so the decision is up to "the first major contributor to the article".  This was (presumably) Seth Ilys, who called the implement in question a "clothespin", tying us down to the US spelling.  We should therefore use the standard US spelling, without the hyphen. Tevildo (talk) 18:35, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Support. Actually both spellings are acceptable in the US based on dictionary lookups.  However the single word spelling is, in my opinion, far and away the most common. Vegaswikian (talk) 03:59, 5 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Removal of "Other uses" ?
That section is rather meaningless, and could best be conserved otherwise, which I'm sure it is. /Mats Henricson, 2009-08-25 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.225.9.154 (talk) 12:07, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

I believe that these "other uses" are the principal reasons for celebrating the clothespin; and that, far from being removed, this section should be expanded so as to celebrate the adaptability of Moore's deceptively simple invention. (The applications may individually be 'mundane', but they are varied and valuable)

I also think it worthwhile to include adaptations that are sold for other purposes: clipboards and closures for plastic storage bags come to mind immediately, but I am sure that there are more. I sometimes find that the original clothepeg is more practical for these applications than the commercial derivative. My kitchen drawer is never without them, even though I no longer hang my washing out.

Returning to a few alternative uses for clothespins that are not already mentioned): Holding papers together (often more appropriate than bulldog clips) Holding items while glue sets (it is not only luthiers who use it for this purpose) In the historic darkroom, a wire would be threaded through the centre of the spiral spring, and the clip used to hold celuloid and papers whoe they dried (similar to the original purpose, but the paper didn't need to be bent over) Holding music to stands for outdoor use Ditto drawing paper to the backing board (ever tried water-colour sketching in the wind)? Perhaps less obviously, as a mute for stringed instruments: it can be more convenient than the traditional wooden clip, as it can rapidly be clipped to the music stand when not in use as a mute PhysicistQuery (talk) 23:37, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Image and/or video in action
Clothpeg is a household utensil, then it seems to me that a picture of the object in real action is necessary conditions for a simple visual presentation of results The clip-in machine is a household utensil, then it seems to me that a picture of the object in real action seems to be necessary conditions for a simple visual presentation of results — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coldom (talk • contribs) 11:12, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

second part of design
that part is more about american made clothespin and market not about design of it — Preceding unsigned comment added by Endisxv (talk • contribs) 20:47, 8 June 2017 (UTC)

JA English?
ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 includes both JA and JM for Jamaica: If I read that correctly, JM has been the Officially assigned code element for Jamaica since 1974. JA is listed as an Indeterminate reservation, noting that, "Indeterminately reserved code elements are codes used to designate road vehicles under the 1949 and 1968 United Nations Conventions on Road Traffic but differing from those contained in ISO 3166-1. These code elements are expected eventually to be either eliminated or replaced ... . In the meantime, the ISO 3166/MA has reserved such code elements for an indeterminate period. ... Moreover, these codes may be reassigned by the ISO 3166/MA at any time."

Given this, might it not be appropriate to change "JA English" to "JM English"? DavidMCEddy (talk) 12:42, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

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History
History section needs some cleanup. A good half of it isn't so much about the history of clothespins themselves as it is about the misfortunes of some american company that made clothespins. If you're gonna ramble about that may as well ramble about the whole history of those swedish and chinese clothespin companies it mentions, too. 78.30.17.12 (talk) 19:54, 3 July 2019 (UTC) ===I agree Jabberwoch (talk)

Should this be reverted?
Greetings. Thanks for participating in this project. I recently added the following (the heading was "BDSM"):
 * "Clothespins may be used during acts that involve pinching such as in breast torture or zippers."

It was reverted by ; I don't want to enter a battle of "reverted editions". I think the information is valid. What do you think? I'm restoring the paragraph in the meantime. Thanks Tortillovsky (talk) 04:25, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Clothespin


text:
Paper (disambiguation)

Paper is a thin, flat material produced by the compression of fibres.

Paper(s) or The Paper may also refer to:

Publishing and academia

 * Newspaper, a periodical publication
 * Paper (magazine), an American monthly fashion and culture magazine
 * The Paper (newspaper), a digital newspaper from Shanghai
 * The Paper (American newspaper), a 1960s underground newspaper published in East Lansing, Michigan, United States
 * Papers (software), a reference management package
 * Scholarly paper, in academic publishing, a work published in a peer-reviewed journal
 * Scientific paper
 * Term paper, a research paper written by a student as a school assignment

Society, government, and business

 * Banknote, or paper money
 * Commercial paper, a type of unsecured promissory note
 * Document, a physical representation of a body of information
 * Legal instrument or legal document
 * Identity documents
 * Breed registry or pedigreed animal documentation
 * Paper (company), an education technology software company
 * White paper, an authoritative report by a government or other organization
 * Green paper, in Europe, a non-committal report that may lead to a white paper
 * Papers (information leaks), a popular term for leaks of financial or governmental data

Film and television

 * The Paper (film), a 1994 film directed by Ron Howard and starring Michael Keaton
 * Paper (film), a 2010 Turkish film
 * The Paper (TV series), an American reality show
 * "The Paper" (SpongeBob SquarePants)
 * Novine, a 2016 Croatian TV series translated into English as The Paper by international broadcasters
 * Paper, a 2020 Indian web series by Ullu

Music

 * Paper (album), an album by Rich Robinson
 * "Paper" (Krayzie Bone song), 1999
 * "Paper" (Queen Latifah song), 1998
 * "Paper" (Svala song), 2017
 * "Papers" (song), a 2009 song by Usher
 * "Paper", a song by Talking Heads from Fear of Music
 * "Paper", a song by Falz from Moral Instruction

Other media

 * Yomiko Readman or "The Paper", a fictional character in the Japanese light-novel series Read or Die and related manga and OVA
 * Papers, a play by Allan Stratton

Other

 * Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER), a radio telescope
 * Facebook Paper, a defunct news portal, released 2014
 * Dropbox Paper, a web-based document editing tool, released 2015
 * Paper (king) (c. 14th century), ruler of Makuria

title: Paper (disambiguation)


text: Category:Catholic exorcists

title: Category:Catholic exorcists


text:
Vicky Nguyen

Vicky Nguyen (born c. 1979) is a Vietnamese-born American investigative journalist working with NBC News in New York City. Nguyen joined NBC News in April 2019 as the Investigative and Consumer correspondent. Her reporting has been seen on The Today Show, 3rd Hour Today, Nightly News with Lester Holt, NBC News Now and MSNBC.

Prior to moving to New York, Nguyen worked for KNTV, the NBC owned-and-operated station in the San Francisco Bay Area. There, she served as a senior investigative reporter for the NBC Bay Area Investigative Unit and anchor of the Sunday evening news on NBC Bay Area. Before joining NBC Bay Area, Nguyen worked at various television stations in Florida, Nevada and Arizona.

Early life and education
Nguyen was born in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. At a very young age, she and her parents fled Vietnam as refugees. After two days, two nights and a Thai pirate attack on the open ocean, their boat landed on the coast of Malaysia, where Nguyen and her family stayed in a refugee camp for 14 months. At age 2, Nguyen immigrated to the United States. A family in Eugene, Oregon sponsored her family to America. She spent most of her childhood in San Jose and Santa Rosa, and became a U.S. citizen at age 10. Nguyen went on to attend college at the University of San Francisco on an academic scholarship. During her time at the university, Nguyen was a member of the cheer squad and served as president of her student body. In 2000, she graduated as valedictorian of her class with a degree in communications and a minor in biology.

Professional career
Nguyen started her career with Central Florida News 13 in Orlando, Florida. While there, she shot, wrote and edited her stories before delivering live reports. She wrote on her blog, "I was a 'one man band.' I shot my own video on a 20 pound DVC Pro camera (and) carried my own 15 pound tripod." She then moved to ABC affiliate KOLO in Reno, Nevada as a nightside reporter and fill-in anchor.

Following her time in Reno, Nguyen moved to Phoenix, Arizona to work with KSAZ. At KSAZ, she was able to cover national stories. Notable interviews include Alex Trebek, Tyra Banks, Shaquille O'Neal and Senator John McCain. Nguyen also had the opportunity to cover the Baseline Killer and Serial Shooter investigations while with KSAZ, which was the first instance in which two separate serial killers attacked the same city at the same time.

NBC
Nguyen returned to Northern California in January 2007, and started working with NBC Bay Area as a freelance reporter. Shortly thereafter she was hired full-time, and worked as a special assignment reporter for KNTV. Nguyen was eventually promoted to anchor/senior investigative reporter with KNTV. While in that role, she worked closely with the NBC Bay Area Investigative Unit.

In April 2019, Nguyen moved from California to New York to accept a new role as an investigative and consumer correspondent for NBC News. Since joining NBC News she has been on The Today Show, 3rd Hour Today, Nightly News with Lester Holt, NBC News Daily and MSNBC. She also co-anchors NBC News Daily.

Awards
Nguyen was honored with the 2019 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Award for "Drivers Under Siege" about the rise in violent attacks on Bay Area bus operators. Her work has also been recognized with the Scripps Howard Award, the Gerald Loeb Award, the National Press Club's Society of Professional Journalists Sigma Delta Chi Award, three Gracie awards, two Clarion awards, 15 regional Emmy awards and three regional Murrow awards.

In addition, she has earned several awards from the Asian American Journalists Association (AAJA) and the Radio and Television News Directors Association (RTNDA).
 * 2015 Scripps Howard Award – Jack R. Howard Award for Television/Cable In-Depth Local Coverage.
 * 2015 Gerald Loeb Award – Video/Audio Winner.
 * 2019 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia Award.
 * 2020 New York Woman of Impact by Variety

title: Vicky Nguyen


text:
Talk:Glad (duke)

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text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Complete list of Springfield Streets

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. JeremyA 03:28, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Complete List of Springfield Streets, moved to Complete list of Springfield streets
What is this article? There is no information here at all! Supersaiyanplough 11:21, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and possible Speedy candidate. No context here (I presume it's Simponscruft) and even if there were, there's no potential content. (A list of unimportant street names in the Simpsons! Yay!) A Man In Black 11:28, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * With context, it is no longer a speedy candidate. Even given this, it's not worth merging into Springfield (the Simpsons) and it's certainly not worth keeping on its own. My vote stands. A Man In Black 00:55, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * (Speedy) delete. Even if it was a real town called Springfield, the article fails to mention the state, or even the country it's in. Also, listing streets doesn't provide the reader with any useful information when their locational relationsship isn't apparent. Mgm|(talk) 11:59, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedied. It says "Map to come soon" but it's been lying there for about a week. --khaosworks 12:08, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * I speedied it because there really was no context. Tony Sidaway then restored, then inserted the line about it being streets in the Simpsons Springfield, so obviously then it didn't qualify. I still stand by my original decision to speedy it as it was. That being said, I still say it should be Deleted as it is a simple listing and provides no useful information aside from that. It's not even good enough to qualify as cruft. --khaosworks 16:08, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly good article.  Restored as it surely doesn't qualify for speedy delete. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:55, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with the parent article Springfield (the Simpsons). Would we allow a separate list a streets from any real small town? --Doc (?) 16:42, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Well it's not a real small town. If Simpsons fans want this kind of thing I see nothing wrong with having it. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:51, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * We should, more so than this. --SPUI (talk) 21:56, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this isn't encyclopedic even if merged. RickK 20:14, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. My thought here is that the Springfield article is long enough.  I would guess that most people looking at the Springfield article are not necessarily going to want to see the names of all of the streets.  If the text is going to eat up a valuable 700 valuable bytes on the server, why load it every time someone looks at the Springfield article.  My assumption of course is that this minutae important information will exist somewhere even if the page is deleted and not merged right now. DS1953 20:41, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, a list of streets in Springfield is not encyclopedic per WP:FICT. --Metropolitan90 01:36, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic. Tradnor 02:59, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 03:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the data really is needed, then Merge. Vegaswikian 04:22, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unencyclopedic. carmeld1 23:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If the data are necessary for some purpose then merge to Springfield (The Simpsons)...but I can't see what a list of street names could possibly be used for.  If it must be kept, rename to be more in line with our style conventions, perhaps to List of streets in Springfield (The Simpsons). --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 23:10, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Cut/paste to Springfield and delete. Radiant_* 10:44, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not encylopedic. -- Joolz 01:15, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Buka Island

Buka Island is the second-largest island in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, in eastern Papua New Guinea. It is in Buka Rural LLG of North Bougainville District, with the Autonomous Region's and district's capital city of Buka on the island.

The island is separated by the narrow Buka Passage from the northwestern coast of Bougainville Island, and has an area of approximately 500 km2. Buka, Bougainville Island and the Tabar Islands and their surrounding waters are identified as being part of the Solomon Archipelago terrestrial ecoregion and marine ecoregion.

History
Buka was first occupied by humans in the Paleolithic period, with evidence for human habitation at Kilu Cave some 30,000 years ago.

British, Australian and American whaling ships visited the island in the nineteenth century for food, water and wood. The first on record was the Eliza in 1806, and the last known visit was by the Palmetto in 1881.

The present inhabitants speak languages that are from the eastward push of Austronesian languages of the Lapita Culture complex, some 2,700 years ago.

In 1899 the German Empire laid claim to the island, annexing it into German New Guinea.

World War II
Buka Island was occupied by Japanese troops during World War II, and it was the site of important Japanese airfields that were considered strategic by the allies.

Although the island was bombed by allied air forces and warships, allied armies never fought in Buka. After holding out for years on poor supplies, the Japanese surrendered in 1945 when allied troops were approaching the Selau peninsula on nearby Bougainville.

Economy
The economy of Buka can be divided into a very small urban component and the village sector. The village sector is characterised by subsistence farming, primarily of sweet potato as a staple food, and the production of copra and cocoa as cash crops by family-sized units and small cooperative work groups. Vanilla and tropical spice crops have made a halting progress, and remain very minor sources of income for villagers.

The urban sector at Buka Passage includes the Bougainville representatives of major New Guinean business, such as Bank South Pacific, CPL (which purchases cash crops), Agmark, presence of the Autonomous Bougainville Government, which is based in Kubu, near Buka Passage. There are a number of small businesses in the island.

Buka Airport is the principal airport in the Bougainville area. It has scheduled service to Rabaul, Lae, and Port Moresby.

Geography
Buka is a relatively flat island some 52 km long in the north–south axis, and up to 18 km wide in the west–east axis. It is separated from Bougainville by the Buka Passage, a narrow, deep and very fast flowing tidal channel about 200 m wide. The east coast is the windward side for most of the year, and is characterised by a coastal cliff that rises close to the ocean, leaving only a narrow and often rocky beach. A coral reef rings the entire island, it is narrow on the east coast, which is battered by oceanic winds and large waves; it spreads out into lagoons on the west coast.

Along the western coast there is a small mountain range, named the Richard Parkinson Range, after the German planter and explorer. The highest peak in this range is Mt. Bei, which is 458 m in elevation. The range runs between Buka and Carola Harbour. The few larger rivers on the island flow from headwaters in the range's interior. The largest is the Gagan River.

The rest of the island is a large raised limestone formation. It rises 10 m inland, and 70 - 100 m along the cliffs at the eastern coast. The cliffs correspond to the reef of an ancient lagoon.

The limestone morphology means that there is very little surface water available throughout most of the island. This poses a problem for the island's residents, especially during the dry season, when water is collected by villagers from "kukubui" springs along the foot of the cliffs.

Subdivisions
The island is divided into five Autonomous Bougainville Government electorates:
 * Haku
 * Peit (covering the West Coast and Solos)
 * Halia (from Tohatsi to Hahalis),
 * Hagogohe (from Salasa to Sing)
 * Tsitalato (from Lonahan to Buka Passage).

Each of these electorates has its own local government, known as Councils of Elders.

Buka is the main city on Buka Island, and the present-day capital of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. It is located on the northern coast of Buka Passage. On old maps it is named "Chinatown". The land the city occupies was formally known as Leta. There has been considerable expansion of the city in recent years, and also in nearby Kubu, location of the Autonomous Bougainville Government Parliament, and Hutjena, the location of the national high school serving Buka.

Language and ethnic groups
The main island of Buka is occupied by two distinct language groups, Solos and Halia. The latter is split into two dialects in Buka Island: Hanahan Halia spoken along the east coast from Buka Passage (known locally as Ieta) to Tohatsi and Haku, spoken in the north coast villages from Elutupan to Lontis. A third dialect of Halia, known as Selau is spoken in the peninsula of the same name in north Bougainville. Halia and Haku speakers easily understand each other, Selau is a more distant dialect. Solos is a distinct language within the North Bougainvillean Austronesian family, and Halia and Solos are not mutually intelligible.

On the west coast of Buka there are five small inhabited islands that have close cultural and linguistic ties to the main island of Buka. From north to south these are Pororan and nearby Hitau, Petats and Yamen and Matsungan. The language of these islands is distinct from Halia and Solos, but resembles Halia more closely than it does Solos. This language is referred to as Petats in the linguistic literature, and as West Coast in Buka.

Culture and customs
Although separated into three or four different language groups, Buka society shows very similar traits throughout the island. Traditional Buka society conformed to a broad pattern of Melanesian horticultural organisation. Coastal (or "tasi" – beach) villagers, namely the Haku, Halia and West Coast speakers, planted taro, kept chickens, fished and collected shellfish. The Solos fished in Buka's rivers and traded forest products and taro with the Halia and West Coast islanders. As in most Pacific Islands, pigs were, and still are, extremely important and are seldom eaten except in the course of rituals and formal feasts. The cuscus (a type of marsupial) and various birds also supplement the diet.

Descent is matrilineal and the kinship terminology is based on a Hawaiian system. Buka kinship does not prescribe a post-marital residence, but it is generally preferred that a young couple live first with the husband's maternal relatives, and later move to the wife's land. The reason for this is that though a man will require assistance from his clansfolk, his children belong to his wife's clan.

Chiefs
There are inherited positions of authority for men, or chieftainships called tsunono (in Halia, or close cognates in the other languages). Women can also be "chiefs", known as teitahol in Halia and tuhikauu in Haku. Traditionally, women chiefs have little overt authority, although they are extremely well respected. Women have a sacred value, rather than secular power. This is changing somewhat under the influence of NGOs and also because of women's leadership role in the peace movement during the Bougainville Civil War.

Although tsunono are in theory genealogically determined, in practice the rule is often broken. If a man is not a good speaker, or if his brother is an exceptional one, the body of tsunono can recognise him as a "mausman" (spokesman in Tok Pisin) or tsonpepeito (guardian in Halia).

Tsunono do not wield arbitrary power. They must represent the interests of their clan. Although the clan cannot (easily) remove a tsunono if he fails to do this, they can make it very difficult for him to mobilise the land and labour resources required to be an effective political agent.

Each sub-clan has its own clan house, known as a tsuhana. These buildings are extremely important in Buka political organisation, they are public buildings in which feasts are conducted for funerals, memorials and reconciliations. Typically, a clan or village will meet to discuss political affairs within the tsuhana. Large wooden slit-gongs are kept there, and struck to call meetings, announce funerals, deaths and other village events.

Tsuhana are associated with the body of the tsunono. Striking the post of a tsuhana in anger is said to be equivalent to assaulting the chief, and requires expiation by the sacrifice of a pig. The construction of a tsuhana is an elaborate process, though the actual building is usually quite humble. Each step in the construction requires the sacrifice of pigs, and this in turn requires mobilisation of the sub-clan and its allies. A tsuhana must be built for a tsunono chief to be regarded as powerful and authoritative.

In general, tsunono and tsuhana have authority over a sub-clan, or hamlet sized territory encompassing between five and twenty nuclear families. There is, however, a hierarchy of tsunono. Typically several tsuhana will combine under the leadership of a preeminent clan, and the leader of this clan will be called tsunono mal. This relationship is not irrevocable, and requires the assent of other tsunono. It is not possible, or at least it is not easy, for a tsunono to conquer and force other tsuhana to submit to his own.

The most powerful chief is called munihil. This chief has in theory power over clans of a moiety class in a district encompassing perhaps several villages. Such a chief will not be the largest and most powerful landholder, and will rarely have a strong genealogical claim over all the villages. Sometimes such a chief will not even be a local, but a preeminent leader drawn from a distant area. His claim to leadership is not his own, but derives from the collective agreement of the tsunono who "put him forward" so that he can represent them.

Moiety classes and clans
There are four moiety classes in all Buka societies – Nakaripa, Naboen, Nakas and Natasi. Nakaripa and Naboen are represented by totemic emblems the fowl and the eagle, while Nakas is represented by a dog and there is no consensus as to the totem of Natasi, but kotoiana, a kind of sea hawk, is often suggested, along with pue, the froth of the sea break. Nakaripa and Naboen are prestige classes and the overwhelming majority of the population will claim to belong to one or the other, even if they are genealogically members of the low prestige classes Nakas and Natasi. Traditionally, the latter carried out the prestige classes' dirty work; more recently these groups have become independent ('bruklus') and assert themselves as "clans in their own right".

While Buka will call their moiety categories "clans" in Tok Pisin and English, this is not sociologically accurate and the word is actually used in two different senses, corresponding to what anthropologists would recognise as moieties and clans. (This is also a feature of the Halia language, the Halia term in question is pinaposa.) There are clans, which trace common descent and will occasionally act as corporate entities. These clans are land-holding groups, though often clans will be represented by sub-clans in different villages, or even in different linguistic areas.

By contrast, the moiety classes encompass many different clans. Moiety classification is important in conflict resolution and in the organisation of authority. For a man to succeed his mother's brother as tsunono, the "opposite" moiety (always either Nakaripa or Naboen) will hatsunono (make tsunono). During reconciliation ceremonies, the "opposite" moiety will make speeches setting conditions on the reconciling parties and will preside over sacrifices.

Contemporary religion
Today the overwhelming majority of Buka are Christians, divided into a Roman Catholic majority and a large minority of United Church (Methodist), as well as many different Pentecostal and evangelical sects.

Social and religious movements
Buka is famous in the anthropological literature as the site of a large and militant social movement called the Hahalis Welfare Society, as well as several other political and religious movements. These are often termed "cargo cults" by their opponents, although the utility of this term is a matter of dispute amongst anthropologists and historians of the Pacific.

title: Buka Island


text: User talk:69.65.94.100

title: User talk:69.65.94.100


text:
Talk:Capital requirement

Consquences of Undercapitlaization
It's baffling that nowhere in this article it's explained how regulators respond to undercapitalization or that ultimately a bank will be (should be?) foreclosed on for being undercapitalized/having negative equity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.150.57.105 (talk) 22:00, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

 * To "baffle" means "to confuse so as to keep from understanding or solving; [to] puzzle; [to] confound...." Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, p. 104, World Publishing Co., Inc. (2nd Coll. Ed. 1978). So, it appears that you may be "confused, puzzled or confounded" by the fact that the article does not contain some relevant information you believe should be in the article. You should not be confused, puzzled or confounded. Many articles on many topics in many places (in Wikipedia and elsewhere) may seem to be incomplete to you, or to me, or to someone else. Wikipedia is maintained by unpaid volunteers. Wikipedia articles are generally works in progress -- not completed ones. If you want to improve the article, review Wikipedia's policies and guidelines and add information from reliable, previously published sources. Famspear (talk) 22:13, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

Citibank Assets
The Citibank example showing "Components of Capital under Regulatory Guidelines" states numbers are in $million. The 2003 risk adjusted assets were $750,293. Seems a bit high ($750 trillion).192.26.212.72 (talk) 19:22, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

It would be a useful comparative example to add the capital ratios in Citigroup at the end of 2008. - Tenebris —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.112.24.44 (talk) 20:25, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

I believe we are seeing $750+ $Billion in that example. Is that still high in your opinion? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.3.141.215 (talk) 16:01, 13 March 2011 (UTC)

Perhaps the tone should be adjusted slightly to sound more fair and balanced, and some unsensible concepts be clarified
I think some changed to the second paragraph about inflation adjustments etc should be clarified or changed. For example the "...has destroyed bank credit analysis departments" etc. Also the inflation adjustment explanation doesn't make any sense to me. If the bank has 10 equity, 90 deposits and 100 loaned out with a risk weight of 1.0 to simplify. Why would only the capital value be adjusted for inflation and not the lended out money? It doesn't make any sense. Is the loans in another currency than the capital? -- 16:30, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Headline
Basel II supersedes Basel I. Thus this is somewhat obsolete now and applies only to the few countries that have opted out of the Basel II accord (most notably China, India and the US (Basel II only applies to some 10 of the largest banks).

INDIA is committed to honour BASEL-II norms. And, the Reserve Bank of India, the central supervisory bank in India, is already making changes in the financial sector to make all banks align their financial position/structures with those of Basle-II norms, which shall be applicable from 31.03.2007. A major offshoot of these steps is the need to raise a lot of capital from the domestic and international market by many major Indian banks.

what is meant by Average total consolidated assets ?

is leverage ratio is not debt to equity ratio ? please clarify the leverage in context of Capital Requirement.

Include insurance companies?
I think insurance companies have to adhere to capital requirements, too, but they seem to be excluded from this article. The sentence
 * The capital requirement is a bank regulation, which sets a framework on how banks and depository institutions must handle their capital

could be replaced by
 * The capital requirement is a regulation, which sets a framework on how banks, depository institutions and insurance companies must handle their capital.ML-Est 17:04, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks
I think this is an excellent article. Thanks to all those who contributed. Wish there were more articles of similar quality. Todd (talk) 19:12, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

Too many Cs ?
"The 5 C's of Credit, Character, Cash Flow, Collateral, Conditions and Capital", - umm, isn't that 6 ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mahutchinson (talk • contribs) 15:15, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Simple initial definition
Is there any way to give at some point a simple definition in layman's term? (e.g. "Banks require that 8% capital to asset ratio", linking it to balance sheet and implications) This simple explanation can serve the role of a "model": it does not reflect reality exactly, but permits an understanding for the uninitiated. Thanks for the excellent work. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.103.221.18 (talk) 05:56, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Support the March proposal to merge Minimum capital requirement to here, as that page is unreferenced and heavily overlaps in scope with this one. I also note that there was an unopposed 2015 proposal to do the same (see Talk:Minimum capital requirement). However, let's continue the discussion here. Klbrain (talk) 20:46, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Coming back to this, I note no referenced material on Minimum capital requirement, and that is has been tagged since 2013 for referencing. Given this, applying WP:TNT to that page and redirecting here (where the important content is covered already in a better manner). Klbrain (talk) 05:14, 1 September 2022 (UTC)

"Capital buffer"
Could an editor well versed in this topic define a capital buffer in a section here or elsewhere? E.g. Domestic Stability Buffer is described as a "capital buffer" by a regulator. Cheers, Facts707 (talk) 10:21, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Capital requirement


text:
User talk:Chemiker~enwiki

Re: ''The link to the MSDS sheet does not work I would fix this but I am afraid of making a mistake. ~Chemiker 17:45 Mar 15, 2005'' from Phosgene Talk:

Go ahead and give it a shot. That's what the preview button is for! Also, be sure to sign your "talks" with four tildes (~). It will turn into a signature like this -> Ayeroxor 11:27, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Chemiker~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected anniversaries/June 6

As you have protected the page, it is your obligation to listen to wikipedians' requests. I'll drop a note here and check back tomorrow. What is the purpose of protecting two days in advance? This page wont go on the main page, and the essense of "Being Bold" in updating is made impossible.

Please check National holiday of Sweden for comparisment. The event mentioned on Selected anniversaries is not really the main celebrated event for the national day.

--Fred-Chess 11:27, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought it's Constitution Day in Sweden. No ? -- 199.71.174.100 08:20, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

New Queue

 * Governor Davis H. Waite ordered the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894. - Tim1965 14:51, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

D-day
No link to Normandy Landings ?? - Estel (talk) 02:24, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * As a general rule, to maintain some variety of topics on the Main Page as a whole, an event is not posted this year if it is also the subject of this year's scheduled featured article or featured picture — like today. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:15, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

 * If D-Day were today’s featured article, I could somewhat understand the logic of not having D-Day as one of the on-this-day’s articles. But, I do not think that logic equally applies to when the featured picture is of, or connected to, D-Day. While today’s image is instantly recognizable and instantly associated with D-Day for many of us, for many others it simply is not. For many, there is little to no recognition. And, as time goes by, this will be more and more the case. I think that D-Day, if not the article of the day, should always be listed in the on-this-day’s articles. Thanks! Face-smile.svg — Spike  Toronto  01:40, 6 June 2015 (UTC)
 * It's a long-standing rule that predates even my involvement. TFA and POTD trump OTD. — howcheng  {chat} 02:46, 7 June 2015 (UTC)
 * This year there is nothing on the main page relating to D-day. I think D-day is the most notable thing that occurred on June 6 and should be added. --Pithon314 (talk) 02:25, 6 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Articles go in and out of rotation every year. D-Day was included in both 2019 and 2020, so it can take a break and give some other articles an opportunity to appear. — howcheng  {chat} 07:10, 9 June 2021 (UTC)
 * D-Day wasn't included on the front page in 2022 either. I understand that recurring topics change rotation to allow other articles to fill in, however, this being such a monumental event that it should still be linked on the front page. Springbok001 (talk) 13:19, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there no exceptions to the rule mentioned above? This seems like an event that any reader should see on the main page somewhere. I understand it not being the featured article year after year, but why can it not be mentioned in at least the OTD? I mean absolutely no disrespect to the contributors that compiled today's OTD nor do I mean any disrespect to any of the events listed, but the Normandy invasions absolutely could have been placed in that list as far as historical importance goes. Could not some of the other entries be shortened, and D-Day slipped in?Mulstev (talk) 16:22, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * No eligible article is guaranteed an appearance any year. Preference is usually given to those with significant milestone anniversaries, but that's it. Otherwise, we try to maintain a variety of historical eras, topics, and locations. For this year, I decided to go with 1982's blurb because it hadn't featured in 5 years, the 2017 one as it's the first time for that one, so a third war article would have been too much. — howcheng  {chat} 17:11, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

2012 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:55, 5 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Battle of Belleau Wood (appears on June 26)
 * Omitted: Battle of Embabo; Chicago 'L' (ineligible—POTD for 2012); Normandy landings; Tetris (ineligible—maintenance); Tamil language (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Shivaji (first appearance); Battle of Stoney Creek (first appearance); YMCA (2nd appearance, last in 2009; rescued from Ineligible); Queensland (first appearance); Battle of Long Khanh (first appearance)

2013 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:09, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (not a very good date for this)
 * New articles (unused): Hughes Airwest Flight 706
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Chicago 'L'
 * Omitted: Shivaji; Queensland; Invasion of Normandy/Normandy landings; Battle of Long Khanh
 * Included: Battle of Embabo (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 (3rd appearance, last in 2010); 1982 Lebanon War (8th appearance, last in 2010); Tamil language (3rd appearance, last in 2011)
 * Repeats: Battle of Stoney Creek (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 200th anniversary)

2014 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 05:58, 5 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: YMCA (maintenance); Invasion of Normandy/Normandy landings (D-Day naval deceptions is TFA for 2014)
 * Omitted: Battle of Stoney Creek; Battle of Embabo; Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894; 1982 Lebanon War; Tamil language (ineligible—maintenance)
 * Included: Shivaji (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Queensland (2nd appearance, last in 2012); Chicago 'L' (2nd appearance, last in 2011); Novarupta (first appearance); Josef Mengele (first appearance; rescued from Ineligible)

2015 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 10:13, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Joseph Force Crater (appears on August 6)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Tamil language
 * Omitted: Queensland; Chicago "L"; Novarupta
 * Included: Battle of Embabo (3rd appearance, last in 2013); Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 (4th appearance, last in 2013); Hughes Airwest Flight 706 (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Shivaji (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total); Josef Mengele (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

Ashmolean Museum
Hey, there's a sentence in the article saying that the museum was opened on 24 May 1683. Can it make the article eligible? Mhhossein (talk) 13:21, 2 June 2016 (UTC)
 * No, the sentence with the date has to be cited to a reliable source. I checked the source for the next sentence and it does not include the date. — howcheng  {chat} 21:10, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

2016 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 03:27, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Omitted: Shivaji; Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894; Hughes Airwest Flight 706; Josef Mengele
 * Included: First Battle of Memphis (first appearance); Novarupta (2nd appearance, last in 2014); 1982 Lebanon War (9th appearance, last in 2013); Tamil language (4th appearance, last in 2013)
 * Repeats: Battle of Embabo (2nd consecutive appearance, 4 total)

2017 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:58, 6 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Deleted: Ashmolean Museum (moved to May 24)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Shivaji (maintenance); Queensland (maintenance)
 * Omitted: First Battle of Memphis; Battle of Embabo; 1982 Lebanon War; Tamil language
 * Included: Conspiracy of the Slaves (first appearance); Chicago "L" (3rd appearance, last in 2014); Normandy landings (4th appearance, last in 2012; blurb previously also featured Invasion of Normandy, which is currently ineligible); 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident (2nd appearance, last in 2010); Robert Passelewe (first appearance); Frank Chee Willeto (first appearance); Maria Alyokhina (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Novarupta (2nd consecutive appearance, 3 total)

Protected edit request on 7 June 2017
199.227.9.66 (talk) 14:53, 7 June 2017 (UTC) Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (June 7, 1965). The United States Supreme Court legalized contraception holding that the statute forbidding its use violated marital privacy right.
 * ❌. Two reasons: 1) you are on the talk page for June 6, not June 7; 2) the article is tagged as requiring expansion, which makes it ineligible for inclusion. Please see WP:OTDRULES for more information. — howcheng  {chat} 16:03, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

75th anniversary
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, which was the basis for the film A League of Their Own played its first game June 6, 1943. Eligible? Alanscottwalker (talk) 13:56, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * It's very close. There are a few paragraphs in the History and Legacy sections that aren't cited, and a citation for the list of league champions would be good too. Thanks. — howcheng  {chat} 15:34, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Try to get to work. thx. Alanscottwalker (talk) 15:43, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Think I did it. Alanscottwalker (talk) 17:50, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks for that. I've put it in for this year. — howcheng  {chat} 19:06, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Alanscottwalker (talk) 19:31, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I messed-up, I have to apologies to you personally and to Wikipedia. I got 'excited' when I read an article on the anniversary.  And rushed over here and never looked back.  In looking for any new coverage on the web today to add to the article, I see I mistook "this Wednesday" for one week later than it should have been (May 30).  Mea culpa, mea maxima culpa.  I have 'fixed' the article.  Can I go ahead and transfer this discussion to May 30, with a note, and do anything else that needs to be corrected?  Really sorry, for the mistake and now the extra work.  Alanscottwalker (talk) 15:14, 7 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh well, we're only human. Blurb has been moved to May 30. Thanks for your work on this. — howcheng  {chat} 16:38, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

2018 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 06:15, 6 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: 1982 Lebanon War (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Conspiracy of the Slaves; Chicago "L"; Novarupta; Normandy landings; 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident; Robert Passelewe; Frank Chee Willeto; Maria Alyokhina
 * Included: Shivaji (4th appearance, last in 2015; rescued from Ineligible); Battle of Stoney Creek (3rd appearance, last in 2013); All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (first appearance; 75th anniversary); Josef Mengele (3rd appearance, last in 2015); Tamil language (5th appearance, last in 2016); Jeremy Bentham (first appearance); John A. Macdonald (first appearance); Angie Ballard (first appearance)

2019 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 16:36, 6 June 2019 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): Robert Stirling (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Shivaji; Battle of Stoney Creek; All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (moved to May 30); Josef Mengele; Tamil language; Jeremy Bentham; John A. Macdonald; Angie Ballard
 * Included: Battle of Novara (1513) (2nd appearance, last in 2009; accidentally got deleted in 2011); Conspiracy of the Slaves (2nd appearance, last in 2017); Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 (5th appearance, last in 2015; 125th anniversary); Normandy landings (5th appearance, last in 2017; 75th anniversary); Hughes Airwest Flight 706 (2nd appearance, last in 2015); Regiomontanus (first appearance); Lillian Russell (first appearance)
 * Repeats: John A. Macdonald (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total)

2020 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 18:41, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Moved to Ineligible: Jeremy Bentham (maintenance)
 * Omitted: Battle of Novara (1513); 1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta; Hughes Airwest Flight 706; Regiomontanus; John A. Macdonald; Lillian Russell
 * Included: National Day of Sweden (rescued from Ineligible); Alexis St. Martin (first appearance); Battle of Embabo (5th appearance, last in 2016); Novarupta (4th appearance, last in 2017); Marcellin Champagnat (first appearance); Henry Allingham (first appearance); Natalie Morales (journalist)
 * Repeats: Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total); Normandy landings (2nd consecutive appearance, 6 total)

2021 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 08:06, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Rescued from Ineligible (unused): Jeremy Bentham
 * Omitted: Alexis St. Martin; Battle of Embabo; Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894; Normandy landings; Marcellin Champagnat; Natalie Morales (journalist)
 * Included: Shivaji (5th appearance, last in 2018); Chicago "L" (4th appearance, last in 2017); Battle of Long Khánh (2nd appearance, last in 2012; 50th anniversary); Josef Mengele (4th appearance, last in 2018); Norbert of Xanten (first appearance); Jean Pouliot (first appearance)
 * Repeats: Novarupta (2nd consecutive appearance, 5 total); Henry Allingham (2nd consecutive appearance, 2 total; 125th birthday)

2022 notes
— howcheng  {chat} 07:39, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * New articles (ineligible): David Scott (TFA for 2022)
 * Omitted: Shivaji; Chicago "L"; Novarupta; Battle of Long Khánh; Josef Mengele; Norbert of Xanten; Henry Allingham; Jean Pouliot
 * Included: 1749 Muslim slave revolt in Malta (3rd appearance, last in 2019); Alexis St. Martin (2nd appearance, last in 2020); Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894 (7th appearance, last in 2020); 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident (3rd appearance, last in 2017; 40th anniversary); Battle of Raqqa (2017) (first appearance); Jeremy Bentham (2nd appearance, last in 2018); Lillian Russell (2nd appearance, last in 2019; 100th anniversary); Natalie Morales (journalist) (2nd appearance, last in 2020; 50th birthday)