text:
Meanings of minor planet names: 19001–20000

19001–19100

 * -id=002
 * 19002 Tongkexue || || TongKe Xue, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19002·
 * -id=003
 * 19003 Erinfrey || || Erin Lynn Frey, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19003·
 * -id=004
 * 19004 Chirayath || || Ved Chirayath, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19004·
 * -id=005
 * 19005 Teckman || || Megan Elizabeth Teckman, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19005·
 * -id=007
 * 19007 Nirajnathan || || Niraj Rama Nathan, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19007·
 * -id=008
 * 19008 Kristibutler || || Kristin L. Butler, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19008·
 * -id=009
 * 19009 Galenmaly || || Galen Daniel Maly, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19009·
 * -id=017
 * 19017 Susanlederer || || Susan M. Lederer (born 1970), American planetary scientist and assistant professor of physics || ·
 * -id=019
 * 19019 Sunflower || 2000 SB || Sunflower Observatory † || 19019·
 * -id=022
 * 19022 Penzel || || Edgar Penzel, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19022·
 * -id=023
 * 19023 Varela || || Elizabeth Van Cortlandt Varela, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19023·
 * -id=025
 * 19025 Arthurpetron || || Arthur Joseph Petron, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19025·
 * -id=029
 * 19029 Briede || || Paul Briede, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19029·
 * -id=034
 * 19034 Santorini || 2554 P-L || Santorini, a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. || ·
 * -id=066
 * 19066 Ellarie || 4068 T-2 || Ella Marie (Ellarie) Chase Rosales (born 1966) of Jalisco, Mexico, is a close family friend of astronomer Daniel W. E. Green, who made the identifications for this minor planet || ·
 * -id=079
 * 19079 Hernández || 1967 KC || José Hernández, Argentinian gaucho poet || ·
 * -id=080
 * 19080 Martínfierro || 1970 JB || Martín Fierro, fictitious Argentinian hero of the poems by José Hernández || ·
 * -id=081
 * 19081 Mravinskij || || Evgenii Mravinskii, (1903–1988), an outstanding Russian musician and conductor. || ·
 * -id=082
 * 19082 Vikchernov || 1976 QS || Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov (1902–1984), a Ukrainian astronomer who obtained valuable new results on variable stars, on the dependence of brightness and color of lunar eclipses on solar activity, as well as on transient lunar phenomena || ·
 * -id=083
 * 19083 Mizuki || || Mizuki is an ancient Japanese castle built in Chikushi (now Fukuoka city) in Fukuoka Prefecture in 664. The base of the castle was 1 km by 80 m. || ·
 * -id=084
 * 19084 Eilestam || || Olle Eilestam (born 1966) is an entertainer and piano player with a large repertoire of different music. || ·
 * -id=096
 * 19096 Leonfridman || || Architect Leonid Osherovich Fridman (born 1948), director of the Crimean Institute of Design, Architect and Restoration. || ·
 * }

19101–19200

 * -id=119
 * 19119 Dimpna || || The Dictionary of Minor Planet Names which was edited by astronomer Lutz Schmadel || ·
 * -id=120
 * 19120 Doronina || || Actress Tat'yana Vasil'evna Doronina (born 1933) created splendid roles for both stage and screen. She worked in the largest Leningrad and Moscow theaters and since 1992 has been leader of the Moscow Art Academic Gorky Theatre. She was awarded People's artist of Russia (1969) and of the U.S.S.R. (1975). || ·
 * -id=122
 * 19122 Amandabosh || || Amanda S. Bosh (born 1965), a lecturer in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. || ·
 * -id=123
 * 19123 Stephenlevine || || Stephen E. Levine (born 1965), an astronomer at Lowell Observatory, is the Discovery Channel Telescope Commissioning Scientist. || ·
 * -id=126
 * 19126 Ottohahn || 1987 QW || Otto Hahn (1879–1968), German chemist and Nobel Laureate in 1944 || ·
 * -id=127
 * 19127 Olegefremov || || Oleg Efremov, chief producer and actor of Sovremennik. || ·
 * -id=129
 * 19129 Loos || || Adolf Loos, Austrian architect || 19129·
 * -id=130
 * 19130 Tytgat || || Edgard Tytgat, 19th/20th-century Belgian expressionist painter || ·
 * -id=132
 * 19132 Le Clézio || || French-Mauritian novelist of more than 30 novels, J. M. G. Le Clézio (born 1940) is particularly well known for his Voyage to Rodrigues. He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize for Literature based on his "authorship of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy" || ·
 * -id=135
 * 19135 Takashionaka || 1988 XQ || Takashi Onaka (born 1952) is a professor of infrared astronomy at the University of Tokyo. He is known for his comprehensive study of the interplanetary, circumstellar and interstellar dust based on ground-based/space-borne observations, theoretical approaches and laboratory experiments. || ·
 * -id=136
 * 19136 Strassmann || || Fritz Strassmann (1902–1980), German chemist || ·
 * -id=137
 * 19137 Copiapó || || Copiapó, a mining district in northern Chile, was in 2010 the scene of a severe mining accident, with 33 miners buried alive at a depth of almost 700 meters for more than two months. They were finally rescued alive and healthy || ·
 * -id=139
 * 19139 Apian || || Peter Apian (1495–1552), a German mathematician and cartographer. || ·
 * -id=140
 * 19140 Jansmit || || Jan Smit (born 1948), Dutch geologist and paleontologist || ·
 * -id=141
 * 19141 Poelkapelle || || Poelkapelle, a village in West Flanders near the city of Ypres. || ·
 * -id=142
 * 19142 Langemarck || || Langemarck, a village in West Flanders. || ·
 * -id=148
 * 19148 Alaska || || Alaska || ·
 * -id=149
 * 19149 Boccaccio || || Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375), an Italian poet and essayist. || ·
 * -id=155
 * 19155 Lifeson || || Alex Lifeson (Alexander Zivojinovich), Canadian guitarist and co-founder of the band Rush and an Officer of the Order of Canada || ·
 * -id=156
 * 19156 Heco || || Joseph Heco (Hikozo Hamada, 1837–1897) was born in Harima town, Hyogo prefecture. He survived a shipwreck in 1851, was taken to the US and became one of the first Japanese to become a US citizen. Returning to Japan, he published the first Japanese newspaper, while Japan was still closed to the outside world || ·
 * -id=159
 * 19159 Taenakano || 1990 TT || Tae Nakano (born 1975) plays an active part as a planetarian in the Kita-Kyushu Children's Culture and Science Museum and a researcher in the Kyushu Institute of Technology. She also undertakes outreach activities with nano-satellites. || ·
 * -id=160
 * 19160 Chikayoshitomi || || Chika Yoshitomi (born 1981) plays an active part as an astronomy communicator in Kyushu, Japan. She has worked at Hoshi no Bunka Kan, Tachibana Observatory and Kasuga-ciry Hoshi no Yakata, and has brought up many "little" astronomers. || ·
 * -id=161
 * 19161 Sakawa || || The Japanese town of Sakawa in the Kochi prefecture with a population of 20,000, known for brewing a famous brand of sake. It has produced many noted politicians, scientists, and musicians, including Masamitsu Yamasaki, who discovered comet 27P/Crommelin independently in 1928. || ·
 * -id=162
 * 19162 Wambsganss || || Joachim Wambsganss (born 1961), a German astronomer. || ·
 * -id=165
 * 19165 Nariyuki || 1991 CD || Kiyoshi Nariyuki (born 1960) has played an active part in astronomical clubs in his area, often becoming their leader in his pursuit of amateur astronomy over the past 30 years. A 0.25-m telescope is installed in the private observatory he completed in 2005. || ·
 * -id=173
 * 19173 Virginiaterése || || Virginia Terése Bogdanovich, American amateur astronomer, who assisted in organizing the photographic glass plate archive of the 1.2-m Schmidt Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory || ·
 * -id=175
 * 19175 Peterpiot || || Peter Piot (born 1949), a Belgian physician, co-discovered the ebola virus in Zaire in 1976. || ·
 * -id=178
 * 19178 Walterbothe || || Walter Bothe, A professor at Berlin, Giessen and Heidelberg. || ·
 * -id=182
 * 19182 Pitz || || Eckhart Pitz (born 1940), a German physicist at the Heidelberg Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie. He is a leading expert in astronomical instrumentation, from the extreme ultraviolet to the far infrared. || ·
 * -id=183
 * 19183 Amati || || The Amati family of violin makers worked in Cremona in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. || ·
 * -id=185
 * 19185 Guarneri || || The Guarneri family of violin makers was active in Cremona for several generations. || ·
 * -id=188
 * 19188 Dittebesard || 1991 YT || Ditte Besard (1977–2010), eldest daughter of Camilla and artist Hugo Besard, died after a struggle over many years. Implicitly remembering the goddess Eunomia, her father expressed his feelings as follows: Hour after hour, day after day, time comes downwards like falling snow and covers the present with a carpet || ·
 * -id=189
 * 19189 Stradivari || || Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker. || ·
 * -id=190
 * 19190 Morihiroshi || || Hiroshi Mori (born 1958), a Japanese amateur astronomer, is one of the members of the Yamaneko Group of Comet Observers. || ·
 * -id=197
 * 19197 Akasaki || 1992 EO || Yuka Akasaki (born 1960) has been a coach at a swimming school in Nankoku city for more than 20 years and has coached many excellent swimmers. She herself competes in Japanese Masters' swimming competitions. || ·
 * }

19201–19300

 * -id=204
 * 19204 Joshuatree || 1992 ME || Joshua Tree National Park, founded in 1936 as Joshua Tree National Monument largely through the efforts of Minerva Hoyt (1866–1945). || ·
 * -id=208
 * 19208 Starrfield || 1992 RW || Sumner Starrfield (born 1940), American astronomer || ·
 * -id=210
 * 19210 Higayoshihiro || || Yoshihiro Higa (1965–2015) was an amateur astronomer and science communicator. He created the first astronomical science cafe in Sendai, Japan. He was also an amateur meteor researcher. || ·
 * -id=224
 * 19224 Orosei || || Roberto Orosei (born 1968), Italian astronomer and contributor to ESA-missions || ·
 * -id=226
 * 19226 Peiresc || || Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1580–1637), a French humanist and philosopher with a great interest in astronomy. || ·
 * -id=228
 * 19228 Uemuraikuo || || Ikuo Uemura (born 1940) is a passionate and leading member of his local astronomical club Pleiades. || ·
 * -id=230
 * 19230 Sugazi || 1993 TU || Sugazi Tanaka (born 1947), Japanese astronomer and director of the Inagawa Observatory || ·
 * -id=234
 * 19234 Victoriahibbs || || Victoria Pavin Hibbs (born 1954) has been known to the discoverer since her birth. She is now a learning specialist for children in science and mathematics and a water color installation artist. || ·
 * -id=235
 * 19235 van Schurman || || Anna Maria van Schurman (1607–1678) was the first female student at the University of Utrecht, although she was obliged to follow the courses from behind a curtain. Excelling in many disciplines, she was one of the most intellectual women in Europe. A true polyglot, she corresponded actively with scholars around the world || ·
 * -id=243
 * 19243 Bunting || || John Bunting, Scottish born Australian geologist, discovered Yarrabubba impact structure in Western Australia || 19243·
 * -id=246
 * 19246 Megumisasaki || || Megumi Sasaki, Japanese physical therapist, trained one discoverer following a cerebral infarction and allowed him to walk again || ·
 * -id=250
 * 19250 Poullain || || François Poullain de la Barre (1647–1725) was a French priest, writer, and Cartesian and feminist philosopher. In 1673 he published a radical and philosophically sophisticated defense of the equality of women and men. || ·
 * -id=251
 * 19251 Totziens || || Tot ziens!, Dutch for 'Au revoir'; the discovery was made shortly after the 1994 IAU meeting in The Hague † || 19251·
 * -id=254
 * 19254 Shojitomoko || || This name is a combination of the names of the first discoverer's parents, Shoji (b. 1929) and Tomoko (1931–2011) Hirasawa. Shoji made his son's first telescope.  || ·
 * -id=258
 * 19258 Gongyi || || Gongyi, Henan, People's Republic of China || ·
 * -id=262
 * 19262 Lucarubini || || Luca Rubini (1980–2014) was an entrepreneur, astronomy enthusiast, science communicator and expert astrophotographer. The high-quality deep-sky images he produced have been published in specialized journals. || ·
 * -id=263
 * 19263 Lavater || || Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801), a Swiss writer, clergyman and religious philosopher. || ·
 * -id=268
 * 19268 Morstadt || 1995 UZ || Josef Morstadt (1797–1869), a Czech astronomer, physicist and mathematician. || ·
 * -id=282
 * 19282 Zhangcunhao || || Zhang Cunhao (born 1928) is an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and an Academician of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World. || ·
 * -id=287
 * 19287 Paronelli || || Fede Paronelli, Italian philosopher and astronomer, lecturer at Hoepli planetarium † || 19287·
 * -id=288
 * 19288 Egami || || Katsunori Egami (born 1959) is the leader of the astronomical volunteers at the Fukuoka Science Museum. || ·
 * -id=290
 * 19290 Schroeder || || Jeff Schroeder (born 1954) has contributed to the mechanical design and fabrication of all the NEAT cameras, starting with the 1995 NEAT/GEODSS camera, continuing with the 2000 NEAT/MSSS camera and concluding with the 2001 NEAT/Oschin camera. He has worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at JPL for 22 years. || ·
 * -id=291
 * 19291 Karelzeman || 1996 LF || Karel Zeman (1910–1989), a Czech filmmaking genius and experimentator. || ·
 * -id=293
 * 19293 Dedekind || 1996 OF || Richard Dedekind (1831–1916), a German mathematician and also an accomplished pianist and cellist. || ·
 * -id=294
 * 19294 Weymouth || 1996 PF || John Weymouth (born 1922), professor emeritus of physics at the University of Nebraska. || ·
 * -id=298
 * 19298 Zhongkeda || || Zhongguokeda, native name of the  University of Science and Technology of China || ·
 * -id=300
 * 19300 Xinglong || ||  Xinglong, a county of Chengde city, Hebei Province, China. || ·
 * }

19301–19400

 * -id=303
 * 19303 Chinacyo || || Chinacyo town is on Okinoerabujima island, one of the Amami Islands, in Kagoshima Prefecture in the southern Japan. || ·
 * -id=306
 * 19306 Voves || || Voves is a French town, located in the Beauce natural region, Eure-et-Loir department || ·
 * -id=307
 * 19307 Hanayama || || Hidekazu Hanayama (born 1977) is an astronomer at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. He works on observational studies of transient objects with the Murikabushi 1.05-m reflector at the Ishigakijima Astronomical Observatory and discovered a secondary nuclear condensation of comet 213P/Van Ness. || ·
 * -id=310
 * 19310 Osawa || || Osawa, meaning big dale, is the name of the area in the southwestern part of Mitaka City where the National Observatory is located. || 19310·
 * -id=313
 * 19313 Shibatakazunari || || Kazunari Shibata (born 1954) is a professor at Kyoto University, and has served as director of Kwasan and Hida Observatories for 15 years. He has contributed to the understanding of the basic magnetohydrodynamic mechanism of jets and  ares on the Sun, stars, accretion disks, and active galactic nuclei. || ·
 * -id=314
 * 19314 Nakamuratetsu || || Tetsu Nakamura (1946–2019) was a Japanese medical doctor who worked for the Afghan people and who was gunned down on his way to his project site in Afghanistan. He started providing medical services for leprosy patients in 1984, and later for Afghan refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan. || ·
 * -id=315
 * 19315 Aizunisshinkan || || Nisshinkan, a school for children of Aizu feudal lords during Japan's Edo period. It was notable for being one of the few schools of the time to have an observatory. || ·
 * -id=318
 * 19318 Somanah || || Radhakhrishna Dinesh Somanah, Mauritian professor of physics and astrophysics and one of three pioneers of professional astronomy in the republic. || ·
 * -id=331
 * 19331 Stefanovitale || || Stefano Vitale (born 1951) is a full professor of physics at University of Trento. He is the PI of the LISA Technology Package payload on board the LISA Pathfinder mission of the ESA, launched in 2015 as a precursor to a space-borne gravitational wave observatory. || ·
 * -id=348
 * 19348 Cueca || || The cueca, the complex national dance of Chile, dates to around 1824. Partners mimic movements of rooster and hen in courting, holding and waving a white handkerchief in the right hand, dancing to guitar music, voices, drums and clapping. The name was suggested by J. Montani || ·
 * -id=349
 * 19349 Denjoy || || Arnaud Denjoy (1884–1974) was one of a group of French mathematicians (including Baire, Borel and Lebesgue) who in the early twentieth century initiated a new approach to the theory of functions of real variables, measure theory and integration. || ·
 * -id=353
 * 19353 Pierrethierry || || Pierre Thierry (born 1950) has built equipment designed for making astronomical observations. He created the Association des Utilisateurs de Détecteurs Electroniques in 1994 || ·
 * -id=354
 * 19354 Fredkoehler || || Frederic Koehler (born 1994), ISTS awardee in 2012 || ·
 * -id=355
 * 19355 Merpalehmann || || Meredith Paloma Lehmann (born 1995), ISTS awardee in 2012 || ·
 * -id=364
 * 19364 Semafor || || Theatre Semafor was a special phenomenon of Prague cultural life in the 1960s, with leading personalities Jirí Suchý (born 1931) and Jirí Slitr (1924–1969). Many of their songs became popular and they can be still heard by campfires. || ·
 * -id=366
 * 19366 Sudingqiang || || Su Ding-qiang (born 1936), an astronomer and optical engineering expert, made many creative contributions to Chinese astronomical instruments, including a new idea to apply active optics to obtain the shape of a changeable optical system that could not be realized in the conventional way || ·
 * -id=367
 * 19367 Pink Floyd || || Pink Floyd, an influential English progressive rock group. || ·
 * -id=370
 * 19370 Yukyung || || Yuk Yung (born 1946), a Caltech planetary scientist. || ·
 * -id=379
 * 19379 Labrecque || || Steve LaBrecque (born 1964) was responsible for the successful installation and operations of the NEAT/MSSS camera in 2000. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory he has also worked on the Mars orbital camera. Earlier he developed and serviced shipboard oceanographic equipment at the Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory. || ·
 * -id=383
 * 19383 Rolling Stones || || The Rolling Stones are the longest lasting rock-and-roll group, embarking on their fortieth anniversary of great music. || ·
 * -id=384
 * 19384 Winton || || Nicholas Winton, rescuer of 669 Jewish children †  || 19384·
 * -id=386
 * 19386 Axelcronstedt || || Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722–1765), a mining expert and director of mines in central Sweden, discovered the new element nickel in minerals he found in Hälsingland. Using phosphorus salts and the blowpipe technique he qualitatively analyzed colored metallic oxides || ·
 * -id=390
 * 19390 Deledda || || Grazia Deledda (1871–1936) was an Italian writer who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1926 for her idealistically-inspired writings which, with clarity, picture the life on Sardinia, her native island. || ·
 * -id=392
 * 19392 Oyamada || || Hiroyuki Oyamada (born 1970), an amateur astronomer and a member of the Chokainomori Astronomy Club in Sakata, Yamagata, Japan. || ·
 * -id=393
 * 19393 Davidthompson || || David Thompson (1770–1857), a British-Canadian furtrader and surveyor, mapped 3.9 million square kilometers of North America. Navigating the full length of the Columbia River in 1811, he produced a high-quality map of the river basin. He has been called the greatest land geographer who ever lived || ·
 * -id=395
 * 19395 Barrera || || Luis Barrera (born 1965) is head of the Institute for Astronomy of the Universidad Catholica del Norte in Antofagasta. || ·
 * -id=397
 * 19397 Lagarini || || Andrea Lagarini (born 1963) is an assistant in the science department of the European Southern Observatory in Santiago de Chile. || ·
 * -id=398
 * 19398 Creedence || || Creedence Clearwater Revival, frequently referred to as CCR or simply "Creedence", was an American rock band that gained popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s || ·
 * -id=400
 * 19400 Emileclaus || || Emile Claus (1849–1924), was a Belgian Flemish painter, known for his landscapes, especially from and around the Lys river. Influenced by Claude Monet, he developed his own impressionism and is now considered the leader of the Belgian Luminism movement. Among his most famous paintings is De Ijsvogels (1891) || ·
 * }

19401–19500

 * -id=407
 * 19407 Standing Bear || || Arrested for refusing to be moved to Indian Territory, Standing Bear (1834–1908) petitioned the U.S. District Court in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1879 by writ of habeas corpus. The trial led to the decision that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of the law" and have the rights of citizenship. || ·
 * -id=410
 * 19410 Guisard || || Stéphane Guisard (born 1970), an optician at the European Southern Observatory in Cerro Paranal, where he is working on the Very Large Telescope, including the very complex interferometer. || ·
 * -id=411
 * 19411 Collinarnold || || Collin David Arnold, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=413
 * 19413 Grantlewis || || Grant Allen Lewis, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=415
 * 19415 Parvamenon || || Parvathy Rama Menon, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=416
 * 19416 Benglass || || Benjamin William Glass, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=417
 * 19417 Madelynho || || Madelyn Meng-Ling Ho, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=419
 * 19419 Pinkham || || Brian Edward Pinkham, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=420
 * 19420 Vivekbuch || || Vivek Paresh Buch, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=421
 * 19421 Zachulett || || Zachary Frank Hulett, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=423
 * 19423 Hefter || || Jonathan S. Hefter, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=424
 * 19424 Andrewsong || || Andrew Joshua Song, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=425
 * 19425 Nicholasrapp || || Nicholas Dorian Rapp, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=426
 * 19426 Leal || || Eddy Leal, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=428
 * 19428 Gracehsu || || Grace Hsu, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=429
 * 19429 Grubaugh || || Daniel Boyd Grubaugh, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=430
 * 19430 Kristinaufer || || Kristina Ann Ufer, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=433
 * 19433 Naftz || || Douglas Calvin Naftz, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=434
 * 19434 Bahuffman || || Benjamin Allen Huffman, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=436
 * 19436 Marycole || || Mary Elizabeth Cole, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=437
 * 19437 Jennyblank || || Jennifer Renee Blank, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=438
 * 19438 Khaki || || Shirin Khaki, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=439
 * 19439 Allisontjong || || Allison Krystle Weili Tjong], ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=440
 * 19440 Sumatijain || || Sumati Kumari Jain, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=441
 * 19441 Trucpham || || Truc Thanh Pham, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=442
 * 19442 Brianrice || || Brian Todd Rice, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=443
 * 19443 Yanzhong || || Yan Zhong, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=444
 * 19444 Addicott || || Charles Michael Addicott, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=446
 * 19446 Muroski || || Megan Elizabeth Muroski, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=447
 * 19447 Jessicapearl || || Jessica Pearl Swartz, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=448
 * 19448 Jenniferling || || Jennifer Shui-Ming Ling, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=450
 * 19450 Sussman || || Gene Everett Sussman, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=452
 * 19452 Keeney || || Chelsea Ray Keeney, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=453
 * 19453 Murdochorne || || Richard Murdoch and Kenneth Horne, British comedians. || ·
 * -id=454
 * 19454 Henrymarr || || Henry Louis Marr, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=456
 * 19456 Pimdouglas || || Pim (1995–2001), son of Nigel and Jantina Douglas, enjoyed a brief life and brought joy to his family. This minor planet was discovered on his third birthday. || ·
 * -id=457
 * 19457 Robcastillo || || Roberto Castillo (born 1961) works at the European Southern Observatory's Paranal site, where he takes care of several instruments. He also builds telescopes for amateurs, and it is said that half the amateur telescopes in Chile have been constructed by him. || ·
 * -id=458
 * 19458 Legault || || Thierry Legault (born 1962), an amateur astronomer. || ·
 * -id=461
 * 19461 Feingold || || Samantha Megan Feingold, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=462
 * 19462 Ulissedini || || Ulisse Dini, an Italian mathematician. || ·
 * -id=463
 * 19463 Emilystoll || || Emily Erin Stoll, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=464
 * 19464 Ciarabarr || || Ciara Ann Barr, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=465
 * 19465 Amandarusso || || Amanda Maria Russo, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=466
 * 19466 Darcydiegel || || Darcy Renee Diegel, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=467
 * 19467 Amandanagy || || Amanda Mychal Nagy, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=470
 * 19470 Wenpingchen || || Wen Ping Chen (born 1958) leads the National Central University of Taiwan's participation in the Taiwan-American Occultation Survey (TAOS), the goal of which is to map the distribution of small transneptunian objects || ·
 * -id=473
 * 19473 Marygardner || || Mary Melissa Gardner, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=475
 * 19475 Mispagel || || Heather Michelle Mispagel, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=476
 * 19476 Denduluri || || Aditya Krishna Denduluri, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=477
 * 19477 Teresajentz || || Teresa Lorraine Jentz, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=478
 * 19478 Jaimeflores || || Jaime Eduardo Flores, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=482
 * 19482 Harperlee || || Harper Lee (1926–2016), an American novelist. || ·
 * -id=484
 * 19484 Vanessaspini || || Vanessa Anne Spini, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19484·
 * -id=487
 * 19487 Rosscoleman || || Ross Andrew Coleman, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19487·
 * -id=488
 * 19488 Abramcoley || || Abram Levi Coley, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=494
 * 19494 Gerbs || || James ("Gerbs") Bauer (born 1968) studies the physical nature of Centaurs and other outer solar system bodies. || ·
 * -id=495
 * 19495 Terentyeva || || Alexandra K. Terentyeva (born 1933) has been a meteor astronomer for more than 50 years at the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. . || ·
 * -id=496
 * 19496 Josephbarone || || Joseph Michael Barone, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=497
 * 19497 Pineda || || Maria Luisa Pineda, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * -id=499
 * 19499 Eugenybiryukov || || Eugeny Biryukov (born 1979), a lecturer at South Ural State University in Chelyabinsk, Russia. || ·
 * -id=500
 * 19500 Hillaryfultz || || Hillary Anne Fultz, ISEF awardee in 2003 || ·
 * }

19501–19600

 * -id=504
 * 19504 Vladalekseev || || Vladmimir Alekseev (born 1935), Russian physicist, who has conducted ground radar investigations of the Tunguska site || ·
 * -id=506
 * 19506 Angellopez || || Angel Lopez Jimenez (b. 1955), an observer at Mallorca Observatory. || ·
 * -id=509
 * 19509 Niigata || || Niigata prefecture is located on the island of Honshu, Japan. || ·
 * -id=517
 * 19517 Robertocarlos || || Roberto Carlos Braga, Brazilian pop singer || ·
 * -id=518
 * 19518 Moulding || || Erin Louise Moulding, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19518·
 * -id=521
 * 19521 Chaos || || Chaos (cosmogony) || ·
 * -id=523
 * 19523 Paolofrisi || || Paolo Frisi (1728–1784), famous Italian scientist, was an authority in the fields of mathematics, physics and astronomy. || ·
 * -id=524
 * 19524 Acaciacoleman || || Acacia Coleman is the granddaughter of the discoverer. || ·
 * -id=528
 * 19528 Delloro || || Aldo Dell'Oro (born 1971), Italian astronomer || 19528·
 * -id=531
 * 19531 Charton || || Heather Anne Charton, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19531·
 * -id=533
 * 19533 Garrison || || Carly Beth Garrison, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19533·
 * -id=534
 * 19534 Miyagi || || Miyagi, a Japanese prefecture in the Tohoku region of Honshu. || ·
 * -id=535
 * 19535 Rowanatkinson || || Rowan Sebastian Atkinson (born 1955), one of Britain's finest comedy actors of the last two decades, was inspired by the work of Jacques Tati and John Cleese. Whether the comedy is verbal, as in the television series Blackadder, or physical, as in Mr. Bean, Atkinson is always brilliant. || ·
 * -id=539
 * 19539 Anaverdu || || Ana Verdu, wife of Catalan discoverer Jaume Nomen || ·
 * -id=542
 * 19542 Lindperkins || || Lindsay Prentice Perkins, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19542·
 * -id=543
 * 19543 Burgoyne || || Nicole Burgoyne, ISEF awardee in 2003 || 19543·
 * -id=544
 * 19544 Avramkottke || || Avram Kottke, an IFAA recipient in 2003 † || 19544·
 * -id=547
 * 19547 Collier || || Theresa Collier, an IFAA recipient in 2003 † || 19547·
 * -id=550
 * 19550 Samabates || || Samantha Lee Bates, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19550·
 * -id=551
 * 19551 Peterborden || || Peter Young Borden, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19551·
 * -id=563
 * 19563 Brzezinska || || Bogna Natalia Brzezinska, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19563·
 * -id=564
 * 19564 Ajburnetti || || Anthony James Burnetti, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19564·
 * -id=568
 * 19568 Rachelmarie || || Rachel Marie Clements, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19568·
 * -id=570
 * 19570 Jessedouglas || || Jesse Douglas (1897–1965), American mathematician || ·
 * -id=572
 * 19572 Leahmarie || || Leah Marie Crowder, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19572·
 * -id=573
 * 19573 Cummings || || Ian Douglas Cummings, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19573·
 * -id=574
 * 19574 Davidedwards || || David Kitzmiller Edwards V, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19574·
 * -id=575
 * 19575 Feeny || || Dana Anne Feeny, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19575·
 * -id=577
 * 19577 Bobbyfisher || || Bobby Drake Fisher, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19577·
 * -id=578
 * 19578 Kirkdouglas || 1999 MO || Kirk Douglas (1916–2020), American actor || ·
 * -id=582
 * 19582 Blow || || Graham L. Blow (born 1954), New Zealand astronomer and award-winning photographer || ·
 * -id=584
 * 19584 Sarahgerin || || Sarah H. Gerin, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19584·
 * -id=585
 * 19585 Zachopkins || || Zachary Harvey Hopkins, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19585·
 * -id=587
 * 19587 Keremane || || Sravya Ramadugu Keremane, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19587·
 * -id=589
 * 19589 Kirkland || || Tyler Hollis Kirkland, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19589·
 * -id=591
 * 19591 Michaelklein || || Michael Aaron Klein, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19591·
 * -id=593
 * 19593 Justinkoh || || Justin Koh, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19593·
 * -id=595
 * 19595 Lafer-Sousa || || Luis Lafer-Sousa, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19595·
 * -id=596
 * 19596 Spegorlarson || || Spencer Gordon Larson, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19596·
 * -id=597
 * 19597 Ryanlee || || Ryan Thomas Lee, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19597·
 * -id=598
 * 19598 Luttrell || || Jeffrey Michael Luttrell, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19598·
 * -id=599
 * 19599 Brycemelton || || Bryce Michael Melton, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19599·
 * }

19601–19700

 * -id=602
 * 19602 Austinminor || || Austin Lee Minor, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19602·
 * -id=603
 * 19603 Monier || || Elizabeth Nicole Monier, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19603·
 * -id=612
 * 19612 Noordung || 1999 OO || Herman Potočnik (1892–1929), a Slovene engineer and pioneer of cosmonautics, who was the first to describe a space station in a geostationary orbit and its applications under the pseudonym of Hermann Noordung in 1928 † || ·
 * -id=614
 * 19614 Montelongo || || Michael John Montelongo, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19614·
 * -id=617
 * 19617 Duhamel || || Jean-Marie Constant Duhamel (1797–1872), a French applied mathematician, known for Duhamel's principle in the field of partial differential equations || ·
 * -id=618
 * 19618 Maša || || Maša Kandušer (born 1964) of the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, who inspired the discoverer Jure Skvarč || ·
 * -id=619
 * 19619 Bethbell || 1999 QA || Beth Bell, daughter of American discoverer Graham E. Bell || ·
 * -id=620
 * 19620 Auckland || 1999 QG || Auckland, the largest city in New Zealand || ·
 * -id=625
 * 19625 Ovaitt || || Elena Kurtz Ovaitt (born 1989), a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19625·
 * -id=629
 * 19629 Serra || || Guy Serra (1947–2000), a Catalan astrophysicist and doctoral advisor of French discoverer Alain Klotz || ·
 * -id=630
 * 19630 Janebell || || Jane Bell (born 1945), wife of American discoverer Graham E. Bell || ·
 * -id=631
 * 19631 Greensleeves || || Greensleeves, 16th-century traditional English folk song || ·
 * -id=633
 * 19633 Rusjan || || Édvard Rúsjan (1886–1911), a pioneering Slovene aircraft designer and pilot || ·
 * -id=637
 * 19637 Presbrey || || Scott Thomas Presbrey, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19637·
 * -id=638
 * 19638 Johngenereid || || John Gene Reid, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19638·
 * -id=640
 * 19640 Ethanroth || || Ethan Michael Roth, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19640·
 * -id=643
 * 19643 Jacobrucker || || Jacob Jeffrey Rucker, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19643·
 * -id=652
 * 19652 Saris || || Patrick J. G. Saris, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19652·
 * -id=656
 * 19656 Simpkins || || Taylor Simpkins, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19656·
 * -id=658
 * 19658 Sloop || || Katie Michelle Sloop, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19658·
 * -id=660
 * 19660 Danielsteck || || Daniel D'Andrea Steck, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19660·
 * -id=662
 * 19662 Stunzi || || Joseph Robert Stunzi, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19662·
 * -id=663
 * 19663 Rykerwatts || || Ryker H. Watts, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19663·
 * -id=664
 * 19664 Yancey || || Bryan D. Yancey, a DCYSC awardee in 2003 || 19664·
 * -id=676
 * 19676 Ofeliaguilar || || Ofelia Aguilar, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19676·
 * -id=678
 * 19678 Belczyk || || Pamela Belczyk, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19678·
 * -id=679
 * 19679 Gretabetteo || || Greta Betteo, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19679·
 * -id=691
 * 19691 Iwate || || The Japanese Iwate Prefecture, the country's second largest prefecture, located in northern Honshu || ·
 * -id=694
 * 19694 Dunkelman || || Lawrence Dunkelman (1917–2002), an American optical researcher and pioneer in the development of ultraviolet detectors at Naval Research Laboratory and Goddard Space Flight Center, which he applied to astronomical and geophysical problems † || ·
 * -id=695
 * 19695 Billnye || || Bill Nye (born 1955), an American science educator, television presenter, and mechanical engineer, best known for his TV program Bill Nye the Science Guy || ·
 * -id=700
 * 19700 Teitelbaum || || Hugh E. Teitelbaum (1951–2007) received a degree in criminal justice from Northeastern University and a Law Degree from George Mason University. || ·
 * }

19701–19800

 * 19701 Aomori || || Aomori Prefecture, Japan, is located in northernmost Tohoku Region, Honshu || ·
 * -id=704
 * 19704 Medlock || || Kevin Medlock (born 1954) is a Californian award-winning telescope and instrument maker known for large aperture, research-grade telescopes || ·
 * -id=707
 * 19707 Tokunai || || Tokunai Mogami (1755–1836) explored the northern area of Japan and learned astronomy, surveying and navigation from Toshiaki Honda, a Dutch scholar. He was engaged in the investigation and development of Hokkaido, Kurile Islands and Sakhalin. || ·
 * -id=711
 * 19711 Johnaligawesa || || John N.L. Aligawesa (1949–1999) was a telecommunications lecturer at the Dares-salaam Institute of Technology (DIT) in Tanzania. || ·
 * -id=713
 * 19713 Ibaraki || || The Japanese prefecture of Ibaraki houses three research centers (Tsukuba, Tokai and Kashima) that contain more than 300 research institutes || ·
 * -id=715
 * 19715 Basodino || || Basòdino is the second-highest mountain (3273 m) in the Swiss canton Ticino; its glacier is the most significant one in the canton, but it has retreated by about 1400m in the last 150 years. || ·
 * -id=718
 * 19718 Albertjarvis || || Albert G. Jarvis (1911–1996) invented fasteners for industry and the machines to produce them. In addition to being an inventor he was also a good friend and neighbor, always ready to help repair a neighbor's home or farm machinery, or help a teenager build a science project or rebuild his or her first automobile || ·
 * -id=719
 * 19719 Glasser || || William Glasser (born 1925), a psychiatrist who developed the concepts of Choice Theory and Reality Therapy || ·
 * -id=721
 * 19721 Wray || || James D. Wray (born 1936) directed the Institute of Meteoritics (1966–1967) and was deputy P.I. for NASA Skylab Experiment S-019 (1969–1980) || ·
 * -id=727
 * 19727 Allen || || Clabon Walter Allen, Australian solar physicist || ·
 * -id=730
 * 19730 Machiavelli || || Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), a Florentine statesman, Italian political theorist and writer who advocated a strong central government || ·
 * -id=731
 * 19731 Tochigi || || Tochigi, a Japanese prefecture north of Tokyo || ·
 * -id=738
 * 19738 Calinger || || Manetta Calinger, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19738·
 * -id=741
 * 19741 Callahan || || Diane Callahan, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19741·
 * -id=754
 * 19754 Paclements || || Pauline Clements, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19754·
 * -id=758
 * 19758 Janelcoulson || || Janel Opal Coulson, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19758·
 * -id=762
 * 19762 Lacrowder || || Lee Ann Crowder, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19762·
 * -id=763
 * 19763 Klimesh || 2000 MC || Matthew Klimesh (born 1968) developed the efficient data compressor for archiving the voluminous NEAT data. He has been with the Communications Systems and Research Section at Caltech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory since 1996. His research interests include data compression, rate-distortion theory and channel coding. || ·
 * -id=766
 * 19766 Katiedavis || || Katie Davis, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19766·
 * -id=768
 * 19768 Ellendoane || || Ellen Doane, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19768·
 * -id=769
 * 19769 Dolyniuk || || William Dolyniuk, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19769·
 * -id=775
 * 19775 Medmondson || 2000 PY || Matthew Edmondson, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19775·
 * -id=776
 * 19776 Balears || || The people of the western Mediterranean group of islands Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera, known as the Balears (or Balearic Islands), have a distinct culture and history. || ·
 * -id=778
 * 19778 Louisgarcia || || Louis Garcia, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19778·
 * -id=783
 * 19783 Antoniromanya || || Father Antonio Romañá, S.J. (Antonio Romañá Pujó; 1900–1981), a Spanish mathematician and astronomer of Catalan origin and director of the Ebro Observatory (Observatori de l'Ebre) † ‡ || ·
 * -id=787
 * 19787 Betsyglass || || Betsy Glass, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19787·
 * -id=788
 * 19788 Hunker || || Roxanne Hunker, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19788·
 * -id=789
 * 19789 Susanjohnson || || Susan Johnson, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || 19789·
 * }
 * }

19801–19900

 * 19801 Karenlemmon || || Karen Lemmon, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=806
 * 19806 Domatthews || || Donna Matthews, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=808
 * 19808 Elainemccall || || Elaine McCall, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=809
 * 19809 Nancyowen || || Nancy Owen, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=810
 * 19810 Partridge || || Mary Partridge, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=811
 * 19811 Kimperkins || || Kimberly Perkins, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=813
 * 19813 Ericsands || || Eric Sands, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=815
 * 19815 Marshasega || || Marsha Sega, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=816
 * 19816 Wayneseyfert || || Wayne Seyfert, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=817
 * 19817 Larashelton || || Lara Shelton, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=818
 * 19818 Shotwell || || Gary Shotwell, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=820
 * 19820 Stowers || || Josh Stowers, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=821
 * 19821 Caroltolin || || Carol Tolin, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=822
 * 19822 Vonzielonka || || Beverley vonZielonka, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=826
 * 19826 Patwalker || || Pat Walker, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=833
 * 19833 Wickwar || || Steve Wickwar, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=835
 * 19835 Zreda || || Grazyna Zreda, mentor at the DCYSC in 2003 || ·
 * -id=848
 * 19848 Yeungchuchiu || 2000 TR || At absolute magnitude 11.7, this largest minor planet found by the discoverer, just 1.2 degrees west of Jupiter, is named in honor of his father, Chu Chiu Yeung (born 1925), for his unconditional support. || ·
 * -id=852
 * 19852 Jamesalbers || || James J. Albers (born 1965), a systems engineer. || ·
 * -id=853
 * 19853 Ichinomiya || || Ichinomiya, a Japanese high school in Ichinomiya City, Aichi Prefecture || ·
 * -id=855
 * 19855 Borisalexeev || || Boris Alexeev (born 1987), ISTS awardee in 2004 || ·
 * -id=857
 * 19857 Amandajane || || Amanda Jennifer Jane Robinson is a student of psychology at the University of Kansas and an empathetic caregiver to those in need of emotional support. She is the daughter of the discoverer. || ·
 * -id=860
 * 19860 Anahtar || || Melis Nuray Anahtar (born 1986), ISTS awardee in 2004 || ·
 * -id=861
 * 19861 Auster || || Craig Louis Auster (born 1986), ISTS awardee in 2004 || ·
 * -id=872
 * 19872 Chendonghua || 6097 P-L || Donghua Chen (born 1948) of Gulangyu, Xiamen, a Chinese surgeon and active amateur astronomer || ·
 * -id=873
 * 19873 Chentao || 6632 P-L || Tao Chen (born 1980) of Suzhou, Jiangsu, Chinese amateur astronomer and co-discoverer comet C/2008 C1 (Chen-Gao) || ·
 * -id=874
 * 19874 Liudongyan || 6775 P-L || Dongyan Liu (born 1987) of Suzhou, Jiangsu, a Chinese student majoring in English at Suzhou University, who served as interpreter for the International Workshop on Cometary Astronomy and a total solar eclipse expedition in China in July 2009 || ·
 * -id=875
 * 19875 Guedes || 6791 P-L || Leandro Lage dos Santos Guedes (born 1976), a Brazilian astronomer at the Rio de Janeiro planetarium, helped to organize the fifth International Workshop on Cometary Astronomy in 2009 || ·
 * }
 * }

19901–20000

 * -id=911
 * 19911 Rigaux || 1933 FK || Fernand Rigaux (1905–1962) was a Belgian astronomer at the Royal Observatory, Uccle, who discovered several asteroids (including the one that now bears his name). || ·
 * -id=912
 * 19912 Aurapenenta || || AURA penanta, for the fiftieth anniversary (penanta is 50 in modern Greek) of the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) || ·
 * -id=913
 * 19913 Aigyptios || || Aigyptios, father of the hero Antiphos, a companion of Odysseus || ·
 * -id=914
 * 19914 Klagenfurt || || Klagenfurt, Kaernten, Austria || ·
 * -id=915
 * 19915 Bochkarev || || Nikolay Gennadievich Bochkarev (born 1947), Russian astronomer || ·
 * -id=916
 * 19916 Donbass || || The Donetskij coal basin is located mainly in Ukraine and partly in Russia. || ·
 * -id=917
 * 19917 Dazaifu || || The Dazaifu government office was in charge of the Kyushu area and the two islands of Iki and Tsushima in the second half of the 7th century. It was a base of defense and diplomatic relations at that time. The corner stones of the remains of the capital towers 'tofuro' remain in Dazaifu city. || ·
 * -id=918
 * 19918 Stavby || 1977 PB || Stavby is a small village outside Uppsala. Stavby's church was started in the mid–13th century and there are still extant frescoes from the 1490s on its walls and vault. || ·
 * -id=919
 * 19919 Pogorelov || || Aleksey Vasil'evich Pogorelov (1919–2002), a Ukrainian Soviet mathematician, was responsible for the solution of a number of key problems in geometry "as a whole", in the fundamentals of geometry, in the theory of the Monge-Ampère equation and in the geometrical theory of thin elastic shells || ·
 * -id=927
 * 19927 Rogefeldt || || Pugh Rogefeldt (b. 1947) is the stage name of Anders Sture Torbjörn Rogefeldt, a Swedish singer-songwriter and guitarist. || ·
 * -id=952
 * 19952 Ashkinazi || || Alexey Alexandrovich Ashkinazi (born 1949) is deputy director for capital construction at CrAO. For 39 years he was engaged in the construction and repair of the Observatory's telescopes and residential buildings, as well as the construction of communication lines to the outside world || ·
 * -id=953
 * 19953 Takeo || || Takeo, Saga is a city in Saga prefecture on Kyushu island in Japan, surrounded by mountains. || ·
 * -id=954
 * 19954 Shigeyoshi || || Shigeyoshi Nabeshima (1800–1862) was the 28th lord of Takeo area, Saga domain in the 19th century. He imported globes and astronomical telescopes, and introduced foreign studies including astronomy. He is respected as a local hero, called Shigeyoshi-kou in Takeo. || ·
 * -id=955
 * 19955 Hollý || || Ján Hollý, Slovak poet, translator, and catholic priest † || 19955·
 * -id=962
 * 19962 Martynenko || || Vasily Vasil'evich Martynenko (1930–2000) was a researcher of meteor streams, an organizer of annual meteor expeditions and author of many papers and books. He organized an observatory for young amateurs in Simferopol, a studio of space paintings and a mineralogical museum || ·
 * -id=968
 * 19968 Palazzolascaris || || "Palazzo Lascaris" the historical home of Council of the Piedmont Region, which has promoted the culture of science, scientific knowledge, research and teaching, notably the development of initiatives with the Astrophysical Observatory of Turin. || ·
 * -id=969
 * 19969 Davidfreedman || 1988 PR || David A. Freedman (1938–2008), American statistician, 2003 recipient of the National Academy of Sciences' Carty Award || ·
 * -id=970
 * 19970 Johannpeter || || Johann Peter Hebel (1760–1826), German evangelical theologian and author of Allemannische Gedichte and Schatzkästlein des rheinischen Hausfreundes || ·
 * -id=980
 * 19980 Barrysimon || || Barry Simon (born 1952), a first-rate amateur astronomer, founded the Deep South Regional Stargaze in 1983 and has managed it since then. || ·
 * -id=981
 * 19981 Bialystock || || Białystok, Poland || ·
 * -id=982
 * 19982 Barbaradoore || 1990 BJ || Barbara Hendricks Doore (born 1933) is a cousin of the discoverer. || ·
 * -id=983
 * 19983 Inagekiyokazu || 1990 DW || Kiyokazu Inage (born 1950) is a Japanese amateur astronomer and popularizer of astronomy in Kagawa Prefecture. His main interests are nebulae, star clusters, solar eclipses and deep space observations, and he is well known for his beautiful stellar photographs. || ·
 * -id=992
 * 19992 Schönbein || || Christian Friedrich Schönbein, German chemist † || 19992·
 * -id=993
 * 19993 Günterseeber || || Günter Seeber (born 1941), a German geodesist || ·
 * -id=994
 * 19994 Tresini || || Domenico Trezzini (c. 1670–1734), a Swiss architect and engineer, who worked in St. Petersburg, Russia, beginning in 1703 and is regarded as the city's first architect. He built the Peter and Paul fortress, the Summer Palace of Peter I and the House of 12 Boards, which now houses St. Petersburg University. || ·
 * -id=998
 * 19998 Binoche || || Juliette Binoche (born 1964) became world-famous for her performance in The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988), a movie based on Milan Kundera's novel (1984) || ·
 * -id=999
 * 19999 Depardieu || || Gérard Depardieu (born 1948) and his son Guillaume Depardieu (1971–2008). French actors. || ·
 * -id=000
 * 20000 Varuna || || Varuna is one of the oldest of the vedic deities, the maker and upholder of heaven and earth. As such he is king of gods and men and the universe, and he has unlimited knowledge. || ·
 * }


text:
Talk:Silver jubilee

Comments
I gave a link to the jubilee article I plan on writing. Mike H 20:06, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I removed the 'otheruses' link. It seems quite unlikely to me that anyone would come to this page looking for the Jubilee article - it's not that hard to find... Terraxos (talk) 21:12, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

2007-02-9 Automated pywikipediabot message
--CopyToWiktionaryBot 07:07, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved without opposition. bd2412 T 04:37, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

Silver Jubilee → Silver jubilee – According to dictionaries. iyouwetheyhesheit (talk) 15:16, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Support per rationale at Talk:Diamond Jubilee.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  13:07, 13 December 2014 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Etym & RFC on moves
From the discussion at Talk:Golden jubilee:

"Yes, there should be a much better treatment on the origin of the idea. Currently, the only thing Wikipedia has is an offhand mention on 'Anniversary' that Emily Post had a rump list of materials in her Etiquette. Surely she was merely reporting on the usual conventions in upper class society at the time, though, and there should be something from before that on where this specific connection between gold and 50 came from. Wiktionary entries and OED cites seem to suggest that the original English usage was jubilee for 50 years; that the Germans started having family celebrations at 25 and 50 years distinguished as the silver and gold jubilees, feasts, or 'weddings' (one German word for 'wedding' being inclusive of anniversary celebrations); that these were known to the English but uncommon except as descriptions of German habits until the 1850s or so, presumably becoming more common through the German connections of the monarchy; and developed into something of a hierarchy by the end of Victoria's reign (her 50th year as queen was the Royal Jubilee but the 60th was the Diamond Jubilee) and by 1922 Emily Post had a full list in Etiquette for 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75. (Ignoring that Vicky's diamond was the 60th anniversary, she marked the 75th as diamond.)"

Kindly fix the historical and etymological parts of this page here but direct other replies there. — Llywelyn II   06:37, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Silver jubilee


text:
Chartered Insurance Institute

The Chartered Insurance Institute (CII) is a professional body dedicated to building public trust in the insurance and financial planning profession. The CII's purpose, as set out in its 1912 royal charter, is to 'Secure and justify the confidence of the public' in its members and the insurance sector as a whole. It aims to do this by setting standards of integrity, technical competence, and business capability. CII is a part of the Chartered Body Alliance which includes Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment (CISI) and Chartered Banker Institute.

In April 2022 Alan Vallance was appointed as the CEO of Chartered Insurance Institute, taking over after Sian Fisher's 6-year tenure. In October 2023, news reports suggested that CII had announced the departure of CEO Vallance in Q2 2024, potentially, to take up an equivalent role at the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW).

Origins
The first Insurance Institute was established in Manchester on 14 March 1873 to provide an environment for the social exchange of knowledge and ideas on the subject of insurance, with a particular focus on fire insurance, given the number of textile manufacturers in the city. The Insurance Institute of Manchester had a selective membership policy and required members to hold senior positions within the industry, which led to the creation of a Junior Insurance Institute (later Insurance Association of Manchester) in 1883 to provide education to those new to insurance.

The second local institute to be formed was the Insurance and Actuarial Society of Glasgow founded in 1881, which held education as its main focus. Following that the Insurance Institute of Ireland (in Dublin, 1885 ), Insurance Institute of Norwich (1886), Birmingham Insurance Institute (1887), Insurance Institute of Yorkshire (in Leeds, 1888), Bristol (1890), Insurance Institute of Newcastle upon Tyne (1896), and Nottingham (1896), were formed, though with varying names, e.g. Insurance Social and Musical Society of Bristol.

There was a growing interest in the idea of a central institute which would bolster the work and profile of the existing institutes, and so in March 1897 a conference of representatives from the 10 institutes was held in Manchester, and it was decided that they should form an association called The Federation of Insurance Institutes of Great Britain and Ireland. At this conference, it was also proposed that an annual journal of insurance papers should be produced, that the institutes should jointly offer examinations and certificates, and that an insurance clerks’ orphanage should be established.

Initially, the responsibility for the Journal was assumed by the Birmingham and Glasgow institutes, while the Yorkshire institute and the Manchester association prepared the educational program, proposing that the Federation should act only as an examining body while local institutes undertook the teaching. The Insurance Clerks’ Orphanage was established as an independent organization in 1902, operating out of the offices of the London Salvage Corps.

At the 1906 conference of the Federation, it was decided that a royal charter should be sought and that the London Institute should act as a headquarters. In 1908, as a step towards gaining the charter, a constitution was agreed between the institutes, and the name was changed to The Insurance Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. The royal charter was granted in 1912 and the Insurance Institute of Great Britain and Ireland became the Chartered Insurance Institute. At this time there were 21 local institutes in Great Britain and Ireland and 4 affiliated institutes from within the British Empire.

Charter
The royal charter incorporating the Chartered Insurance Institute was granted on 17 January 1912 by King George V. Each royal charter that is granted is unique in format and content as it is drawn up and contains the bye-laws deemed relevant by the body to be incorporated. A new supplemental charter, replacing all former versions of the charter, was granted by Queen Elizabeth II on 27 January 1987.

Article 3 of the CII's current charter identifies the six "objects and purposes for which the Institute is constituted":

 * To promote efficiency and improvement in the practice of insurance among persons engaged or employed in that activity, whether Members of the Institute or not, to render the conduct of such business more effective and professional, to secure and justify the confidence of the public and employers by the conduct of reliable tests of the competence of persons engaged or employed in insurance and the provisions of reliable assurances of their trustworthiness and to provide and maintain a central organization for those purposes;
 * To promote and assist the study of any subjects bearing on any branch of insurance;
 * To collect and form a body of expert opinion on the law and practice relating to all things connected with insurance;
 * To exercise supervision and control over the professional standards and conduct of the Members. To seek to improve the professional status of Fellows and Associates and to promote the interests, welfare, and advancement of the Members in general;
 * To provide information and advice about employment in insurance for Members and others;
 * To assist Members and the dependents of Members or of deceased Members suffering financial hardship by such measures as may be deemed appropriate and to contribute directly or indirectly to the work of the Insurance Charities and any other appropriate fund or charity.

The Insurance Hall
The Insurance Hall, located at 20 Aldermanbury in the City of London, was proposed by Sir Frederick William Pascoe Rutter (the 1910-11 president) in a speech delivered in 1919 entitled The CII: Its right to work, in which he proposed that the CII should have its building in London to act as a designated meeting place for members and to house a library to facilitate study. The purchase of the freehold on the land and the construction of the building was funded through donations amassed between 1919 and 1932, and debentures issued to insurance companies. The Insurance Hall was opened by King George V on 28 June 1934.

The Insurance Hall is a Grade-II listed building in a Tudorbethan style with stained glass windows bearing the names and emblems of insurance companies that subscribed to the CII and finished internally with wood paneling. The building initially contained a 480-seat conference hall, a council chamber, a library, a museum, a common-room and writing room for members, 4 classrooms and offices occupied by the CII staff, the Insurance Institute of London, the Life Office's Association, the Insurance Charities, and the Insurance Official's Society. The Insurance Hall was one of few buildings in the area left standing after the bombardment of 29th-30th December 1940, in part due to the efforts of the house steward, Gordon Edward Stewart, who remained in the building to put out fires during the raid. Following the raid, the CII hosted the events of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries and the Institute of Actuaries as their halls had been destroyed.In 1964 the adjoining land at 21 Aldermanbury was developed into a 5-story extension to the Insurance Hall to provide more office space for the CII. In 1986, after a period of refurbishment that redeveloped the conference hall and lower ground floor into a banqueting suite, the Insurance Hall was reopened by the Lord Mayor of London.

In 2018 the CII sold Aldermanbury to the Corporation of London and moved to 21 Lombard Street. The CII has since moved again to 20 Fenchurch Street, sharing a floor with the Chartered Institute of Securities and investments.

In 2020 the Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment and Chartered Insurance Institute both reviewed their property footprints following the pandemic 2020. The CII decided to sub-let part of the CISI's existing office space at the prime location of 20 Fenchurch Street (known as the ‘walkie talkie’) from early 2021. The arrangement will see the CISI remodeling their existing space in the building to create a new physically separate office for the CII (for a lease of five years) and will form the main headquarters for both international organizations.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms of the Chartered Insurance Institute was granted on 25 September 1933. It is composed of a blue shield displaying symbols representing the four original classes of insurance:

 * Salamander representing fire insurance
 * Three anchors representing marine insurance
 * Two parallel chains representing accident insurance
 * A wheat-sheaf representing life insurance

The coat of arms was installed on the façade of the Insurance Hall on its opening in 1934. It was subsequently matriculated in Scotland. Two Scottish Local Institutes obtained the grant of differenced versions, incorporating a castle in Edinburgh and a lamb in Perth.

The full display of heraldic attributes, known as achievement, was granted in 1957 to mark the CII's Diamond Jubilee. The additional elements are:

 * Crown: a Saxon crown and a medieval helmet representing the connection of the site of Aldermanbury with its history, as the area was the site of an Anglo-Saxon fortified residence.
 * Helmet: the helmet, made of steel, in profile and with its visor closed, denotes the rank of ‘gentlemen and esquires’ who constituted the CII's member base.
 * Crest: the crest takes the shape of a hand grasping a sword by its blade, instead of by its handle, symbolizing the risk-mitigating effects of insurance. It is also intended to represent the sword of St Paul, a feature of the coat of arms of the City of London, which was, and still is, the main center of insurance.
 * Supporters: on the right-hand side stands the royal lion of England and on the left-hand side is a bearded unicorn, the symbol of Scotland. Both have silver fishtails, golden fins, and talons to commemorate the institute's overseas activities. The role played by the CII in the education and support of the insurance profession is symbolized by the books held by both supporters.
 * Motto: the Latin motto ‘consilium scientia located beneath the coat of arms. It is interpreted as ‘counsel and knowledge’, emphasizing the dependence of those working in insurance upon sound knowledge and wise advice, owed as much by the institute to those who seek its aid as by the professional insurer as a member of the institute to its clients (CII). The motto was first used by the CII in a golden badge created for the president in 1926 and was later incorporated in the achievement.

A representation of the full achievement of armorial bearings was installed on the rear façade of the building.

Membership
At the time that the institute was granted a royal charter in 1912, full membership was only open to "men working in insurance." Following the First World War, in 1919, the ban on women sitting exams was lifted. A year later, 25 women entered the institute. In 1921, the first woman achieved Fellowship. An equal membership fee was introduced in 1966. Until then, apart from diploma holders, women had to pay only a nominal fee to join the "Lady Members Committee". The same year, an alternative cheaper 'lady social membership' was also offered by some local institutes, which was purely for organizing and participating in social events.

By comparison, today members of the CII are open to anyone connected with insurance or financial services, including students intending to join the profession.

As of 2021, the CII has more than 123,879 members.

There are eight levels of membership:

 * Ordinary: individual members who do not hold a CII qualification.
 * Discover: exclusively for secondary school and college teachers and students in the UK and students enrolled on full-time degree courses at UK universities.
 * Society of Mortgage Professionals (SMP) Ordinary: automatic membership for members of the SMP with the designated mortgage qualification.
 * Certificate: holders of the CII Certificate in Insurance. Designated by the letters "Cert CII".
 * Diploma: holders of the CII Diploma in Insurance. Designated by the letters "Dip CII".
 * Advanced Diploma: holders of the CII Advanced Diploma in Insurance. Designated by the letters "ACII".
 * Fellowship: holders of the highest CII qualification. Designated by the letters "FCII".
 * Chartered: professional title awarded to members who hold either the Advanced Diploma or Fellowship and have a minimum of five years of industry experience.

Titles and qualifications
As a chartered body, the CII has the right to grant specific chartered titles. Members must first qualify themselves by passing a rigorous examination process and obtain the required minimum credits for the respective designation, after which they can request the grant for a new title at a general meeting of the membership. This is followed by a petition to the Privy Council. If the Privy Council deem the petition agreeable, a minister signs an order allowing the CII to incorporate the right to grant and award the new title. The change is then duly inserted into the institute's bye-laws.

The CII has five chartered titles which may be conferred upon individuals in the profession depending upon their specialization:

 * Chartered Insurance Broker
 * Chartered Insurer
 * Chartered Insurance Practitioner
 * Chartered Insurance Risk Manager
 * Chartered Financial Planner

In addition, there are three Chartered titles to cover different specializations for organizations in the insurance and financial advice profession:

The examination qualification process includes units which are assessed through Multiple Choice Questions, Mixed Assessments, Coursework and Dissertations based on the specialization opted by the member.
 * Chartered Insurance Brokers
 * Chartered Insurers
 * Chartered Financial Planners

Local and affiliated global insurance institutes
Every CII member in the UK, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man is automatically a member of one of 58 local institutes. There are an additional seven associated institutes in Gibraltar and the Republic of Ireland. Members outside of the UK have the option of membership in one of 70 affiliated global insurance institutes.

Library
A strong desire to form a central Insurance Library in London existed before the Charter incorporation in 1912. The objectives of the then Insurance Institute of Great Britain and Ireland included ‘to encourage the study of all subjects bearing on every branch of insurance, and to form a Library for the use of members’. These objectives were then written into the 1912 Charter as the obligation for the CII to maintain a library of resources related to insurance for the benefit of its members. However, it was not until the opening of the Insurance Hall in 1934 that the Chartered Insurance Institute Library was established. Before that date, federated Insurance Institutes maintained insurance libraries across the UK and Ireland.

The CII Library was initially run in conjunction with the Insurance Institute of London library. The original intention was to run both libraries side by side, the London Insurance Institute Library as a lending library for members of that institute and the Chartered Insurance Institute Library as a reference library for all members.[3] Both libraries eventually merged into one single Library that now acts as a central lending library and knowledge service for all members.

CII membership today gives insurance and personal finance members full access to CII Knowledge Services, including the library, book lending (in the EU/EEA), copies of articles or chapters, and member-only content in our online knowledge bank.

Museum
The Museum in Aldermanbury had existed since the opening of the Insurance Hall in 1934. The Museum originally exhibited a 19th-century fire brigade engine which is now housed at the American Museum in Bath. In 1934 the illustrator C. Walter Hodges painted a frieze that surrounds the four walls of the museum area, depicting allegories of marine, fire, accident, and life insurance. The Insurance Hall is designated as a Grade II listed building, in part due to these murals. The professional body's move from Aldermanbury to a smaller, more modern space in the city, resulted in the CII launching an ‘Our History’ website dedicated to bringing the heritage of the organization, and the wider evolution of insurance, to life. The website includes a 360-degree virtual tour of the Insurance Hall and displays the unique stained-glass windows of the historic building as well as the CII's collection of more than 1500 Fire Marks, which were formerly on display in the staircase of the Aldermanbury building. There are also digitalized versions of hundreds of insurance-related documents, dating back as far as 1669, plus rare, no longer in print books, that give valuable insight into past insurance processes. The original 1912 Charter of the Chartered Insurance Institute can also be found on the site.

title: Chartered Insurance Institute


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Anarchism without adjectives

Anarchism without adjectives is a pluralist tendency of anarchism that opposes sectarianism and advocates for cooperation between different anarchist schools of thought. First formulated by the Spanish anarchists Ricardo Mella and Fernando Tarrida del Mármol, as a way to bridge the ideological divide between the collectivists and communist factions, it was later adopted by the Italian anarchist Errico Malatesta and the American individualist Voltairine de Cleyre.

Anarchists without adjectives are suspicious of dogmatism and criticise prescriptions for a post-capitalist future, which they consider authoritarian. Instead they hold that a new society should be allowed to emerge spontaneously after a social revolution, which they believe could result in the experimental development of different economic forms in different locations. They thus tend to focus on taking action in the present, with contemporary forms outright rejecting utopianism.

Background
When anarchist communism was first formulated in 1876, debates over its merits led to a split within the Anarchist International, as French and Italian communists clashed with collectivists from Spain. At the 1877 Vervies Conference, Swiss anarchist leader James Guillaume attempted to overcome the split by arguing that "each group be free to determine its own solutions".

This position was adopted by a number of Spanish anarchists, who advocated for the tolerance of different, coexisting anarchist schools of thought. In 1886, Catalan anarchists around the periodical Acracia began attempting to settle the communist-collectivist split by propagating a kind of "non-denominational" anarchism. Despite opposition from anarchist communists around the Tierra y Libertad paper, these anarchists began referring to themselves as "socialist anarchists" and used terms such as "indifferent anarchism" or "plain and simple anarchism" in order to overcome the divide.

In 1888, the anti-sectarian campaign was adopted by a circle of anarchist intellectuals led by Antoni Pellicer, who formulated a perspective that rejected any qualifying labels for anarchism. This perspective was developed further by the political theorists Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and Ricardo Mella, who articulated an "unhyphenated form of anarchism" which they termed "anarchism without adjectives" (Anarquismo sin adjetivos).

By Tarrida
A pupil of Anselmo Lorenzo, Tarrida had initially been attracted to collectivist anarchism, through the federalism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Francesc Pi i Margall. By 1889, he had become a prolific anarchist speaker and writer for Acracia, winning support from many of Barcelona's workers, who delegated him to the International Workers Congresses of Paris. Drawing from his background in mathematics, Tarrida considered anarchism to be a universal philosophy with scientifically-validated principles. Although himself a collectivist, he rejected rigid doctrine and refused to engage in the debate between the collectivists and communists, instead upholding Pellicer's formula for an anarchism that included a diversity of economic systems. From this position, he first developed his theory of "anarchism without adjectives".

Tarrida first used the term at a November 1889 meeting in Barcelona, when he called for anarchists to reject of all forms of dogma in order to conform closer with the principles of "nature, science and justice". The communist-collectivist feud, which dominated the anarchist discourse of the time, had encouraged Tarrida to issue an appeal for an ecumenical approach to anarchism, calling for tolerance between different anarchist tendencies in order to focus on the cause of revolutionary anarchism. He concluded that if anarchists were to be consistent with their anti-dogmatic tendencies, which upheld freedom of thought, they ought not to impose their own economic programmes on others. Nevertheless, the feud persisted, with French communists denouncing the Spanish collectivists as authoritarian and scrutinising Tarrida's proposal for an "anarchism without adjectives".

The following year, in the pages of the French communist newspaper Le Révolté, Tarrida replied that the pursuit of anarchy and the abolition of the State ought to be emphasised as the common foundation of anarchism. He held the economic question to be of "secondary importance", rejecting any rigid systematic theory and upholding the complimentary potential of different anarchist economic propositions. The French communists, he argued, had become too ideologically rigid and puritanical, which had isolated them from other anarchist groups and rendered them ineffective as a force against the bourgeoisie. He concluded by encouraging them to drop their utopian tendencies to preconceive an immutable future anarchist society, so that they could better adapt to the changing social and economic conditions of the present. He also criticised the French communists for attempting to impose a "foreign style of anarchism" on Spanish collectivists, whose organisationalist tendencies had arisen from different material conditions and had proven an effective response to those conditions. Although Tarrida rejected the communists' indiscriminate anti-organizational stance, he was also opposed to rigidity within Spanish collectivism, arguing that the Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (FTRE) had "outlived its usefulness" by growing increasingly bureaucratic and accepting its dissolution.

By Mella
A different approach to "anarchism without adjectives" was taken up by the prolific anarchist theorist Ricardo Mella. In contrast to Tarrida, who recommended that different anarchist systems be synthesised, Mella called for free experimentation to determine the best system for a given circumstance. Mella believed that the great divide within anarchism wasn't between communism and collectivism, but between tolerance and intransigence, the latter of which created divisions over the supremacy of different forms of dogma. When Mella began writing for Acracia, he initially called for tolerance between anarchist tendencies as a way to prevent communist ideas from becoming predominant in Spain. In his article La reacción y la revolución, Mella argued against dogmatic economic prescriptions for a future anarchist society, declaring that a revolutionary movement could only arise from a diversity of perspectives that could "proceed according to whatever traditions and customs best suited the circumstances at hand."

Although Mella remained a staunch collectivist and anti-communist, he nevertheless opposed the internecine split between the two factions, attempting to keep the debate between them healthy by continuing his advocacy of non-denominational anarchism. As time went on, he became more tolerant of communism, considering it to be possible for it to coexist alongside other economic systems. He even went on to defend anarchist communists from attacks by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso and translated the work of Peter Kropotkin, although he remained uncomfortable fully endorsing communist views for the rest of his life.

In 1889, Mella published the apotheosis of his development of anarchism without adjectives: his utopian novella La Nueva Utopía, which examined the possible social and economic forms of a future anarchist society. In the book, Mella depicts a society that had undergone a social revolution, resulting in the complete satisfaction of their needs and a harmonious cooperation between its inhabitants. Such an economic and social reorganization of society had been achieved after multiple centuries of experimentation and hard work, driven by scientific and technological progress, which had eliminated both toil and environmental pollution.

In Europe
Throughout the 1890s, Tarrida and Mella continued their campaign for the adoption of a non-sectarian form of anarchism, eventually achieving some success. Many other anarchists, including Anselmo Lorenzo and Joan Montseny, began calling for an end to the dogmatic schism between communists and collectivists, with the adjectives themselves even taking on negative connotations among those that had tired of the split. Inspired by Tarrida and Mella, many other European anarchists began to eschew hyphenated labels and refer solely to anarchy as their end goal, rejecting prescriptions for a future society as inherently authoritarian. Anarchism without adjectives was taken up by Élisée Reclus and Max Nettlau, the latter of whom called for a non-sectarian anarchism that accounted for both communism and individualism, without universalizing either, leaving room for experimentation in different possibilities of economic organization.

The position was also adopted by the Italian communist Errico Malatesta, who likewise argued against dogmatism within the anarchist movement, declaring: "Let us do away with all exclusivism of schools of thinking." Malatesta warned that "one must beware, at the risk of certain disaster, of supposing that one’s system is the only, and infallible, one [...] and that its success must be assured at all costs, by means other than those which depend on persuasion, which spring from the evidence of facts." Malatesta posited that as anarchism centres spontaneity, it would be wrong for anarchists to impose economic prescriptions. He concluded that different anarchist tendencies should therefore unite within a single organisation, which centred a shared anarchist method. Malatesta also began referring to himself as an "anarchist socialist", in order to promote inclusivity of different anarchist schools. In the pages of Le Révolté, Malatesta declared that "[i]t is not right for us, to say the least, to fall into strife over mere hypotheses".

By the turn of the 20th century, anarchism without adjectives had spread beyond Europe to the Americas, where many anarchists were increasingly migrating. In Buenos Aires, Antoni Pellicer argued that Argentine workers ought to reject dogmatism and embrace anarchism without adjectives. It also found its way to the United States, where American anarchists were brought over to the idea by the arguments of Tarrida del Marmól.

In the United States
In the United States, there was also an intense debate between individualist anarchists around Benjamin Tucker and the anarchist communists around Johann Most, who dismissed each other's ideas as un-anarchistic. Troubled by the "bitter debates" between anarchists from divergent schools of economic thought, those who did not see a need to confine themselves to one particular school of thought called for more tolerance among anarchists, with some of them explicitly terming it "anarchism without adjectives".

Starting in the 1880s, many American anarchists began to prioritize their commonly-held anti-statism over their differing economic methods, which they saw as of secondary importance and something to be left until the future. In 1893, William and Lizzie Holmes organized an international anarchist conference in Chicago, where they attempted to formulate a common programme for anarchists to unite behind. They were joined by Voltairine de Cleyre, Honoré Jackson, C. L. James, Lucy Parsons and William Henry van Ornum, but the conference was boycotted by Benjamin Tucker and Johann Most, who were still locked in an ideological conflict. Over the subsequent years, the Holmes couple and their circle continued attempting to reconcile the different anarchist factions, even going as far as to advocate for an anti-authoritarian united front with Georgists, socialists and nationalists. In 1895, the Jewish anarchist J. A. Maryson began calling for a "pure and simple" anarchism that upheld freedom of opinion, arguing that diversity was an essential component of freedom.

By the 1900s, the most visible American exponent of anarchism without adjectives was Voltairine de Cleyre, who adopted the term from Tarrida del Mármol, and likewise advocated for cooperation between different anarchist philosophies and strategies. She criticised economic dogmatism, believing that after the state was abolished, different localities would be free to experiment in different economic forms of anarchism, ranging from mutualism to communism.

During the last years of her life, de Cleyre argued passionately against anarchist sectarianism, declaring her desire to rid the anarchist movement of "those outrageous excommunications which belong properly to the Church of Rome, and which serve no purpose but to bring us into deserved contempt with outsiders." Skeptical of "high-sounding theories", which she considered to be indicative of intellectual elitism, de Cleyre preferred to support action in the present rather than indulge in debates over the future. She believed that a future free society could not be forecast, due to the uncertainty of how society might evolve, and thus upheld all experiments in the direction of greater freedom as intrinsically good.

As she saw shortcomings in each anarchist school of thought, arguing for the best elements of each to be synthesized into a more pragmatic philosophy, historian Paul Avrich argued that de Cleyre "cannot be fitted into any single anarchist category". Until the end of her life, she insisted on labelling herself simply as an "anarchist", even as she personally moved from American individualism towards the anarchist communism advocated by Emma Goldman. Herself inspired by Max Stirner's individualist anarchism, Goldman also came to reject visionary thinking of "blueprints for the future", instead declaring that anarchist methods must be adapted depending on the circumstances of different places and times.

Anarchism without adjectives was later taken up by Luigi Galleani and the Galleanisti, who went so far as to reject formal organizational structures, claiming the end point of any organization was to move towards conservatism and eventually become reactionary. Other Italian-American anarchists, who were not followers of Galleani, also came to consider themselves anarchists without adjectives, rejecting specific currents and individual leaders.

Contemporary developments
Eventually, the term "anarchism without adjectives" largely fell out of use, although its anti-sectarian principles were still implicitly upheld by some contemporary anarchists, following the development of diverse new social movements. Research by Dana M. Williams found that North American anarchists were more likely to reject the labels of "red" or "green anarchist", in favour of simply identifying as "anarchist", "anti-authoritarian" or some form of "anarchist without adjectives".

Voltairine de Cleyre's contributions to anarchism without adjectives have been particularly influential on the development of contemporary anarchism, which has often neglected prescriptive models for alternatives to globalization and neoliberalism. de Cleyre's conception of anarchism without adjectives was adopted by the anarchist historian Peter Marshall, who argued against false binaries that separate economic systems or dichotomise the individual against the community. The anarchist communist Wayne Price has also proposed that a post-capitalist transition would be carried out in an "experimental, pluralist, and decentralized society," which would utilise different solutions to the specific issues that affect them. Post-anarchism, while attaching an adjective to anarchism, has also argued for a polythetic classification of different anarchist schools of thought, proposing an "anarchism with many possible adjectives".

title: Anarchism without adjectives


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Michael York (disambiguation)

Michael York (born 1942) is an English actor

Michael York may also refer to:
 * Michael York (religious studies scholar), American religious studies scholar
 * Michael York (field hockey) (born 1967), Australian former field hockey defender
 * Michael M. York (born 1953), American journalist and attorney
 * Mike York (born 1978), ice hockey player
 * Mike York (baseball) (born 1964), former MLB pitcher

title: Michael York (disambiguation)


text:
List of The Fairly OddParents episodes

The Fairly OddParents is an American animated television series created by Butch Hartman for Nickelodeon. The series follows the adventures of Timmy Turner, a 10-year-old boy who is neglected by his parents and abused by his babysitter, Vicky. One day, he is granted two fairy godparents named Cosmo and Wanda who grant him his every wish to improve his miserable life. However, these wishes usually backfire and cause a series of problems that Timmy must fix.

Prior to the creation of The Fairly OddParents, Hartman was working at Cartoon Network on Dexter's Laboratory and Johnny Bravo. The series is based on a series of Frederator's Oh Yeah! Cartoons, beginning with the short "The Fairly OddParents!". From 1998 until 2002, the ''Oh Yeah! Cartoons series aired ten Fairly OddParents'' shorts with a run time of seven and a half minutes each. The show's success has spanned three Jimmy Timmy Power Hour crossover movies and three full-length live-action films. Notable television films include "Abra-Catastrophe!", which aired in 2003, and "Channel Chasers", which aired a year later in 2004. The latest live-action film, A Fairly Odd Summer was released in 2014. The first eight seasons, with the help of Amazon, were released on DVD in 2012. After a year-long hiatus, the series returned in 2013 with its ninth season, which began airing on March 23, 2013 with the half-hour special "Fairly OddPet".

On August 17, 2015, a tenth season was officially announced, and it introduced another new character named Chloe Carmichael, Timmy's new neighbor who also has Cosmo and Wanda as her fairy godparents due to a fairy shortage. On December 30, 2015, Nickelodeon's Twitter posted the new character's picture, and the Season 10 premiere date, January 15, 2016. The series moved to Nicktoons in 2017 to air the remainder of Season 10, which switched to Flash animation beginning with its fourteenth episode.

The final episode aired on July 26, 2017. A live-action/animated sequel of the series premiered on Paramount+ on March 31, 2022.

Episodes
All of the episodes of The Fairly OddParents listed below are arranged in the order of the Amazon DVD releases for the first eight seasons, with seasons 9 and 10 ordered in their packaging order, rather than their original production or broadcast order.

title: List of The Fairly OddParents episodes


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Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II

The Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II marked the 25th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952. It was celebrated with large-scale parties and parades throughout the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth throughout 1977, culminating in June with the official "Jubilee Days", held to coincide with the Queen's Official Birthday. The anniversary date itself was commemorated in church services across the land on 6 February 1977, and continued to be for the rest of that month. In March, preparations started for large parties in every major city of the United Kingdom, as well as for smaller ones for countless individual streets throughout the country.

National and international goodwill visits
No monarch before Queen Elizabeth II had visited more of the United Kingdom in such a short span of time (the trips lasted three months). All in all, the Queen and her husband Prince Philip visited a total of 36 counties. The trip started with record crowds gathering to see the Queen and Prince Philip in Glasgow, Scotland, on 17 May. After moving to England (where a record one million spectators came to greet the couple in Lancashire) and Wales, the Queen and Prince Philip wrapped up the first of their trips with a visit to Northern Ireland. Among the places visited during the national trips were numerous schools, which were the subject of a television special hosted by presenter Valerie Singleton.

Later in the summer, the Queen and Prince Philip embarked on a Commonwealth visit that first brought them to island nations such as Fiji and Tonga, following up with longer stints in New Zealand and Australia, with a final stop in Papua New Guinea before going on to the British holdings in the West Indies. The final stop on the international tour was a trip to Canada, in which Prince Charles joined the couple to greet the crowds.

Australia

During the Queen's Silver Jubilee tour of Australia in March 1977, a Silver Jubilee Parade was held in front of Parliament House in Canberra.

The Royal Australian Mint released a commemorative Silver Jubilee 50c coin, which featured twenty-five representations of St Edward's Crown.

Two commemoratives stamps were released by Australia Post to celebrate the Jubilee.

Australian artist, Paul Fitzgerald, was commissioned to complete the only official portrait of the Queen during the Silver Jubilee year.

The 1977 Silver Jubilee and Queen's Birthday Honours in Australia were announced on 14 June 1977.

Silver Jubilee celebrations culminated in December 1977 with 35,000 serving personnel taking part in open parades across Australia.

Canada

The Queen and her husband visited Canada in 1977 to mark her Silver Jubilee. During the tour, the Queen attended the opening of the Parliamentary session and delivered the Speech from the Throne, the second time in Canadian history that she had done so.

To mark the milestone, Canada instituted a Silver Jubilee medal on 6 February 1977. It was awarded to individuals who had been deemed to have made a significant contribution to their fellow citizens, their community or to Canada.

A 25-cent stamp was issued to celebrate the Silver Jubilee in Canada.

The Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Endowment Fund for Study in a Second Language was launched that provided funding for young Canadians interested in increasing their proficiency in another language.

New Zealand

During the Queen's Silver Jubilee tour of New Zealand from 22 February to 7 March 1977, she and Prince Philip visited 11 centres in New Zealand. The Queen opened the Beehive, Parliament's new executive wing in Wellington.

A set of stamps was released by New Zealand to mark the Queen's Silver Jubilee.

To commemorate the Silver Jubilee, Queen Elizabeth the Second National Trust was established in New Zealand as a national trust to encourage and promote the provision, protection, and enhancement of open space for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of New Zealand.

The 1977 Queen's Silver Jubilee and Birthday Honours in New Zealand were announced on 11 June 1977.

United Kingdom

On 3 May, a humble address was presented to the Queen on the occasion of her Silver Jubilee. The next day, she addressed Parliament at Westminster Hall, and her speech was deemed controversial by some parliamentarians. The Queen referred to "keen discussion of proposals for devolution to Scotland and Wales within the United Kingdom". While she could "readily understand these aspirations", the Queen added that she could not "forget that I was crowned Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Perhaps this Jubilee is a time to remind ourselves of the benefits which union has conferred, at home and in our international dealings, on the inhabitants of all parts of this United Kingdom". The SNP MP Donald Stewart later asked if Prime Minister James Callaghan accepted "responsibility" for the Queen's remarks.

On 6 June, the Queen lit a bonfire beacon at Windsor Castle, the light of which spread across the night in a chain of other beacons throughout the whole country. On 7 June, crowds lined the route of the procession to St Paul's Cathedral, where the royal family attended a national service of thanksgiving alongside many world leaders, including United States President Jimmy Carter, and Prime Minister James Callaghan as well as all of the living former prime ministers (Harold Macmillan, The Lord Home of the Hirsel, Sir Harold Wilson and Edward Heath). The service was followed by lunch in the Guildhall, hosted by the Lord Mayor of the City of London Peter Vanneck. At the reception, the Queen was quoted as saying:

When I was twenty-one I pledged my life to the service of our people and I asked for God's help to make good that vow. Although that vow was made in my salad days, when I was green in judgement, I do not regret nor retract one word of it.

After the luncheon, the procession continued down The Mall to Buckingham Palace, where an estimated one million people lined the pavements to see the family wave to onlookers. A further 500 million people around the Commonwealth watched the day's events on live television. On 7 June, streets and villages threw elaborate parties for all their residents, and many streets strung bunting (the little flags were usually modelled in pattern after the Union Flag) from rooftop to rooftop across the street. In addition to parties, many streets decorated motor vehicles as historical events from Britain's past, and drove them about town, organising their very own parades. In London alone there were over 4000 organised parties for individual streets and neighbourhoods. Throughout the entire day, onlookers were greeted by the Queen many times as she made several appearances for pictures from the balcony of Buckingham Palace.

On 9 June, the Queen made a Royal Progress trip via boat up the River Thames from Greenwich to Lambeth, in a re-enactment of the famous progresses taken by Queen Elizabeth I. On the trip, the Queen officially opened the Silver Jubilee Walkway and the South Bank Jubilee Gardens, two of numerous places named after the festivities. In the evening, she presided over a fireworks display and was taken subsequently by a procession of lighted carriages to Buckingham Palace, where she greeted onlookers yet again from her balcony.

Lasting impact
A fountain in the central lawn of the New Palace Yard was installed in 1977 to commemorate the Silver Jubilee and recalls the lost medieval fountain of Henry VI. The fountain stands in an octagonal pool in the centre of which is a large welded steel sculpture by Walenty Pytel. The sculpture is decorated with depictions of birds and beasts from six continents and is surmounted by a gilded crown.

Various places were named after the Jubilee. The under-construction "Fleet line" of the London Underground was renamed the Jubilee line, and given a silver line colour, though it did not open until 1979. Other places named after the Jubilee were the Silver Jubilee Walkway and the Jubilee Gardens in South Bank, London. The Silver Jubilee Bridge – connecting Runcorn and Widnes across the Mersey – was also renamed in honour of this jubilee.

Apart from names, the Jubilee also saw the borough of Derby granted the status of a city.

Similar parties and parades were planned for the Golden Jubilee in 2002.

For the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012, a 100 m by 70 m print of a photograph of the British royal family taken during her Silver Jubilee celebrations at Buckingham Palace was erected in front of the Sea Containers House under renovation.

Commemorative memorabilia
A round silver pendant, designed by the then newly retired English rower, John Pinches, was issued by Franklin Mint in 1977 to commemorate the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee. The double-sided oval pendant has a distinctive design incorporating the four emblems of the countries of the United Kingdom: the Tudor rose for England, daffodils for Wales, thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Northern Ireland.

Around the edges of the pendant can be seen Silver Jubilee 1977, (C) JP 77 P and a full hallmark: JP (maker's mark for John Pinches), 925, London Assay Office mark for imported silver, date stamp C (for year 1977) and queen's head (for silver jubilee year).

In popular culture
Before, during, and after the events of Jubilee, the event was addressed in many media of popular culture throughout the Commonwealth.

With the official UK record chart for Jubilee week about to be released, the Daily Mirror predicted that "God Save the Queen" by the British punk rock band the Sex Pistols would be number one. As it turned out, the controversial record placed second, behind a Rod Stewart single in its fourth week at the top. Many believed that the record had actually qualified for the top spot, but that the chart had been rigged to prevent a spectacle. McLaren later claimed that CBS Records, which was distributing both singles, told him that the Sex Pistols were actually outselling Stewart two to one. There is evidence that an exceptional directive was issued by the British Phonographic Institute, which oversaw the chart-compiling bureau, to exclude sales from record-company operated shops such as Virgin's for that week only.

On 7 June, Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren and the record label Virgin arranged to charter a private boat and have the Sex Pistols perform while sailing down the River Thames, passing Westminster Pier and the Houses of Parliament. The event, a mockery of the Queen's river procession planned for two days later, ended in chaos. Police launches forced the boat to dock, and constabulary surrounded the gangplanks at the pier. While the band members and their equipment were hustled down a side stairwell, McLaren, Vivienne Westwood, and many of the band's entourage were arrested.

On 6 and 7 June, Queen finished their A Day at the Races Tour by playing two concerts at Earls Court, London to commemorate the Jubilee. The concerts also saw the band use a lighting rig in the shape of a crown for the first time.

The soap opera Coronation Street wrote an elaborate Jubilee parade into the storyline, having Rovers' Return Inn manager Annie Walker dress up in elaborate costume as Elizabeth I. Ken Barlow and "Uncle Albert" played Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing respectively. The Jubilee also figured into the time-travel storyline of a 1983 Doctor Who story, Mawdryn Undead. The Jubilee was depicted in the finale of the third season of The Crown with Olivia Colman as the Queen.

title: Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II