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Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier

Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier, 1st Count Sérurier (, 8 December 1742 – 21 December 1819) led a division in the War of the First Coalition and became a Marshal of the Empire under Emperor Napoleon. He was born into the minor nobility and in 1755 joined the Laon militia which was soon sent to fight in the Seven Years' War. After transferring into the regular army as an ensign, he was wounded at Warburg in 1760. He fought in the Spanish-Portuguese War in 1762. He married in 1779 after a promotion to captain. A newly minted major in 1789, the French Revolution sped up promotion so that he was colonel of the regiment in 1792. After leading Army of Italy troops in a number of actions, he became a general of brigade in 1793 and a general of division the following year.

Sérurier led a division in Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian campaign of 1796, except during bouts of illness. He especially distinguished himself at the Battle of Mondovì and the Siege of Mantua. In 1799, he again fought in Italy during the War of the Second Coalition at Verona, Magnano and Cassano, being captured in the latter action. After being paroled, he supported Napoleon's rise to political power in the Coup of 18 Brumaire in late 1799. The apex of his career occurred on 19 May 1804 when Napoleon appointed him a Marshal of the Empire. His active military career over, Sérurier served in the French Senate and was ennobled by Napoleon. In 1814, as the First French Empire was crumbling, he burned all the many flags captured by the French armies to keep them from falling into the enemy’s hands. His troops called him the "Virgin of Italy" for his rigorous standards of discipline and honesty in an army known for generals who enriched themselves by plundering the conquered territories. His surname is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, listed first on Column 24 before Murat.

Early life
Sérurier was born at Laon on 8 December 1742, the son of Mathieu-Guillaume Sérurier. The family formed part of the minor provincial nobility, his father holding the title Seigneur de Sort and the job of mole-catcher to the king's breeding stud. After 1750 his father's title became Seigneur de Saint-Gobert. Sérurier got a good education and was of sober character. He received a commission as lieutenant in the Laon militia battalion on 25 March 1755, his uncle being the unit's commander. He transferred to the Soissons militia battalion on 12 June 1758. When he heard that the Laon battalion was called to serve in the Seven Years' War he switched back to his old unit on 30 November 1758. After sustaining a bayonet wound, he transferred into the Mazarin Infantry Regiment as a cadet on 1 October 1759. At the Battle of Warburg on 31 July 1760, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel surprised the French under Louis Nicolas Victor de Felix d'Ollieres, Count Du Muy. While defending a critical post, Sérurier was hit on the right side of his face by a bullet, which broke his jaw and left a lasting scar. The injury also cost him most of his teeth. He was promoted to second lieutenant on 25 April 1762.

Sérurier's regiment was ordered to Bayonne where it joined a force under Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon. These troops entered Spain on 3 June 1762 to take part in the Spanish-Portuguese War. The first battalion, in which Sérurier served, participated in the siege of Almeida which fell to the Franco-Spanish on 25 August 1762. The unit returned to France in November that year and after the Treaty of Paris was renamed the Beauce Regiment. After the peace Sérurier was demoted to sous-lieutenant and spent six years as a drill instructor. He was promoted to second lieutenant again on 21 February 1767 and was shipped to Corsica in 1770. The Republic of Genoa transferred Corsica to France in 1764 but Pasquale Paoli led an insurrection against the occupiers which resulted in a few skirmishes. His superiors called Sérurier an "excellent officer" but he was not promoted to first lieutenant until 28 February 1778. A year later he was promoted to captain. He married Louise-Marie-Madeleine Itasse on 3 July 1779. Her father was the Registrar of the bail bondsmen of Laon.

On 29 July 1781 Sérurier was awarded the Order of Saint-Louis. On 10 May 1782 he assumed the rank of captain commandant and on 1 June 1783 he took command of the regiment's Chasseur company. Irked by the lack of promotion, he asked to retire on pension on 8 September 1788. His commanding officer argued to retain such a good officer and Sérurier transferred into the Médoc Regiment as a major on 17 May 1789. He became lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1791. Since the French Revolution the garrison at Perpignan became agitated so the regiment was sent there to calm down the other troops. Instead, the Médoc Regiment itself became affected by the troubles. On 23 July 1791, fearing that Sérurier was about to leave the country with the regiment's colors, a body of soldiers removed them from his quarters. In January 1792, 19 officers from the regiment emigrated to Spain. A story existed that Sérurier and a companion tried to flee to Spain but were nearly caught by a patrol and only his companion made it across the border. In June 1792 the Médoc, renamed the 70th Infantry Regiment, marched to the Camp of Tournoux in the Alps. Sérurier became the commanding officer of the 70th with the rank of colonel on 7 August 1792.

1792–94

On 29 September 1792, a 10,000-man division under Jacques Bernard d'Anselme crossed the Var River and occupied Nice, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. This force was part of the Army of the Midi which was split on 1 October 1792, with the troops on the Alpine front becoming the Army of the Alps. On 7 November d'Anselme's division became the Army of Italy, which included the 70th Regiment. At about this time Sérurier was arrested for harboring royalist sentiments, but Paul Barras got his rank restored. On 19 May 1793, the new army commander Gaspard Jean-Baptiste Brunet sent him with a column to occupy Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée. Sérurier moved north up the Tinée River and captured Isola on the 21st. With 3,000 troops, he attacked the Col de Raus west of Belvédère but was repulsed on 8 June. During the First Battle of Saorgio he led a major attack on the Massif de l'Authion on 12 June, but it was defeated with losses of 280 dead and 1,252 wounded. At the end of July Brunet made another assault on Massif de l'Authion while Sérurier attacked the Col de Raus again but both efforts failed. The representatives on mission were pleased with Sérurier's performance and nominated him general of brigade on 25 June; the promotion was confirmed on 22 August 1793. Meanwhile, Brunet was arrested and executed on 15 November 1793.

In September 1793 the Sardinian army tried to recapture the County of Nice. The French right flank held its ground, but on the left Sérurier gave up the east bank of the Vésubie River and fell back to Utelle on 10 September. Jacques François Dugommier took command of the left wing three days later and Sérurier took charge of the right wing of the Army of the Alps at Entrevaux. Sérurier was arrested for retreating too much and for being of noble blood. He was reinstated after the representatives on mission and the War Minister Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte termed the charges as unimportant while the citizens of Laon sent a petition vouching for his patriotism. After the fighting petered out in the December snow, Sérurier's division was transferred to form the left flank of the Army of Italy. In January 1794 he was denounced for listening to aristocratic songs and for not caring about desertions, but Bouchotte and the representatives brushed aside these charges. Under army commander Pierre Jadart Dumerbion a French offensive began on 5 April and Oneglia was seized. André Masséna commanded the 20,000-man main column on the right wing while François Macquard directed the center division and Pierre Dominique Garnier led the left division. Sérurier, who commanded Garnier's left brigade, reoccupied Isola and went on to seize the Colle delle Finestre against weak resistance. In the Second Battle of Saorgio on 24 April 1794, Masséna defeated Michelangelo Alessandro Colli-Marchi, the French inflicting 2,800 casualties on the Sardinians while losing 1,500 killed and wounded. In the aftermath, Macquard occupied Saorge and the Col de Tende while Masséna held Ormea in the Tanaro valley. At the end of June, Sérurier took part in a small operation in the Valle Stura di Demonte.

In September 1794 the Sardinians and Austrians advanced to Carcare, threatening to cut the French link to Genoa, where supplies were obtained. Advised by his artillery chief Napoleon Bonaparte, Dumerbion struck back on 15 September. While Sérurier feinted at Vinadio on the left and Macquard feinted at Limone Piemonte in the center, Masséna mounted the main thrust on the right. In the First Battle of Dego on 21 September, 18,000 French troops beat Olivier, Count of Wallis and 8,000 Austro-Sardinians. Though the allies escaped encirclement, the French later seized the port of Vado Ligure. Dumerbion and Garnier both recommended Sérurier's promotion and he was nominated general of division on 22 December 1794. Given command of the right flank division in place of Masséna who was sick, his brigadiers were Barthélemy Catherine Joubert and Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis.

1795

On 4 November 1794, Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer replaced the ill Dumerbion as army commander. Schérer wrote that Sérurier was "a very good officer, devoted to his duties; his patriotism has been attacked in the time of Hébert and his consorts; he has emerged victorious from all these charges. In my opinion he is worthy of the post he holds on the right of the active army." Sérurier's promotion was not confirmed until 13 June 1795. The Austro-Sardinian commander Joseph Nikolaus De Vins attacked the French lines on 24 June. Most of the assaults failed but since a few positions were captured and could not be retaken, the French withdrew from Vado to Borghetto Santo Spirito by 5 July. In the new line, Masséna with 14,000 troops held the coast while Sérurier and 6,000 men defended Ormea. On 5 July Sérurier reported that a key position had been partly lost, causing consternation at army headquarters. Later that day he reported that one of his brigadiers, Louis Pelletier, retook the position. Curiously, this incident did not count against him; instead Sérurier was given command of the left wing in place of Garnier. On the evening of 31 August, his headquarters at Saint-Martin-Vésubie was surrounded by the enemy. Though only 318 soldiers were at hand, Sérurier resisted successfully until early the following morning when he attacked and scattered his attackers, capturing 86 of them. The enemy commander, the émigré Chevalier Bonnaud committed suicide. Not only was he a good soldier, but Sérurier's troops liked him, he treated the local civilians with decency and his diplomacy allowed him to serve as a link between his army and the neighboring Army of the Alps. François Christophe Kellermann then in command of both armies, wrote, "It is to the coolness and courage of this excellent officer that was due the success of this glorious day."

On 23–24 November 1795, the Battle of Loano was fought. Schérer deployed Pierre Augereau with 6,961 troops on the right, Masséna with 13,276 men in the center and Sérurier with 5,155 soldiers on the left. The plan called for Sérurier to pin down the Allied right while Masséna broke through the center and rolled up the Allied left with the help of Augereau. By luck, Wallis replaced De Vins in command of the Allies on 22 November. That day Sérurier's attack on the Colle San Bernardo was repulsed but it tied down Colli's division. The plan was carried out with success. Masséna and Augereau both defeated the forces in front of them. The Austro-Sardinians suffered losses of 3,000 killed and wounded, 4,000 prisoners, 48 guns and five colors while French losses numbered 2,500 killed and wounded and 500 captured. Snow soon compelled both armies to withdraw into winter quarters. The French soldiers were in a wretched state, with very little food; they became insubordinate and the generals quarreled. Sérurier got into a dispute with Schérer and nearly left the army. On 18 March 1796 Sérurier's division refused to obey orders.

1796

After the winter campaign, Schérer placed the divisions in the positions where they would start the 1796 campaign. From right to left, they were Masséna with two divisions on the coast, Augereau on the Bormida River, Sérurier on the Tanaro, Macquard at the Col de Tende and Garnier on the far left. On 27 March 1796 Bonaparte arrived to take command of the Army of Italy. At this date Sérurier was 53 years old with 40 years of military service. He applied to retire on a pension due to his age, health and wounds, but after meeting Bonaparte he decided to stay. Masséna later wrote that Bonaparte did not impress his generals at first. Then the new commander put on his hat and sharply questioned them; the generals went away believing that they had a true leader at last. Bonaparte's plan was to mass over 20,000 men under Masséna and Augereau near Carcare where the Austrian and Sardinian armies linked. Sérurier's division would join the others near Ceva as they moved west. His 9,448-strong division consisted of the 39th, 69th and 85th Line Infantry Demi-brigades.

In the Montenotte Campaign, the French won victories at Montenotte, Millesimo and Dego between 11 and 15 April. In the Battle of Ceva Colli's Sardinians repelled Augereau's attack but they retreated to the west when Sérurier's division appeared. Colli detailed Jean-Gaspard Dichat de Toisinge with 8,000 Sardinians and 15 guns to defend San Michele Mondovi against a French attack. On 19 April, Sérurier formed his division into two 3,000-man brigades under Pascal Antoine Fiorella and Jean Joseph Guieu plus a reserve under his personal command. The Corsaglia River was unfordable due to the spring thaw and the French attack soon stalled. However, some of Guieu's skirmishers found an unguarded footbridge and made a lodgement on the west bank. The French captured San Michele but the unpaid, hungry soldiers went on a looting spree. Led by a company of Swiss troops, Colli organized a counterattack which drove Sérurier's division out of the town, though Guieu's brigade maintained its bridgehead. The repulse cost the French about 600 casualties while the Sardinians lost 300.

Colli's troops withdrew toward Mondovì on the night of 20 April, but the move was soon discovered by the French who caught up with them at Vicoforte at mid-morning. In the Battle of Mondovì on 21 April, the brigades of Fiorella, Guieu and Elzéar Auguste Cousin de Dommartin fought their way into Vicoforte and routed the Sardinians. Dichat was killed and Henri Christian Michel de Stengel mortally wounded. Mondovì surrendered in the late afternoon. There was no looting but large requisitions of food were made from the town. Auguste de Marmont recalled of Sérurier, "To form his men into three columns, put himself at the head of the central one, throw out a cloud of skirmishers, and march at the double, sword in hand, ten paces in front of his column: that is what he did. A fine spectacle, that of an old general, resolute and decided, whose vigor was revived by the presence of the enemy. I accompanied him in this attack, the success of which was complete". On 28 April the Armistice of Cherasco was signed, taking Sardinia out of the war.

In May 1796, Bonaparte detailed Sérurier to demonstrate with his division at Valenza while the rest of the army crossed the Po River near Piacenza. After the Battle of Lodi, Bonaparte divided the Army of Italy into a cavalry reserve and four divisions including one under Sérurier. During the Battle of Borghetto on 30 May, his division feinted at the upper Mincio River while other troops made the main thrust against Johann Peter Beaulieu's army at Valeggio sul Mincio. On 1 June, the 4,700-strong division took position on the north side of the fortress of Mantua. On 8 June, Sérurier, artillerist Augustin de Lespinasse and engineer Francois, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat reconnoitered the fortress. Two days later Bonaparte put Sérurier in charge of the Siege of Mantua with about 8,000 soldiers. Soon after, Bonaparte wrote to the French Directory, "I shall not speak to you of the conduct of the intrepid General Sérurier, whose military reputation is established, and to whom we owe, amongst other things since the campaign began, the victory of Mondovi". Because of the approach of Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser's Austrian army, the siege was raised on 31 July, the heavy cannons were buried and the division withdrew behind the Oglio River. Sérurier then became feverish with malaria, so that Fiorella and Gaspard Amédée Gardanne directed the division during the Battle of Castiglione. The general returned to France to recuperate. On 14 August 1796 Bonaparte wrote a confidential assessment of his generals to the Directory. In it he wrote, "Sérurier, fights like a private, takes nothing on himself, firm; has not a good enough opinion of his troops, is ill".

1797

After his recovery Sérurier took command at Livorno (Leghorn) but he was thrilled to get the order to return to the army. On 27 December 1796 he resumed command of the Mantua siege corps, replacing Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine who had also become ill. The corps consisted of 10,000 men in two divisions under Thomas-Alexandre Dumas and Claude Dallemagne. On 14–15 January 1797 Bonaparte defeated József Alvinczi in the Battle of Rivoli, inflicting terrible losses on the Austrians. Meanwhile, a relief column under Giovanni Marchese di Provera reached the north side of Mantua and on 16 January there was a battle. The Mantua garrison launched a sortie led by Karl Philipp Sebottendorf that made progress at first but was beaten back by reinforcements under Claude Perrin Victor. At the same time, Sérurier and 1,500 troops at La Favorita Palace blocked Provera from joining the garrison. By noon Provera was hemmed in by French reinforcements and at 2:00 pm he surrendered to Sérurier with 7,000 men, 22 field guns, a pontoon train and a food convoy. Afterward, Sérurier got into a dispute with Dumas, who had commanded armies but was now a mere division commander. Angry that his contributions were not recognized, Dumas sent an abusive note to the army chief of staff Louis-Alexandre Berthier and was demoted by Bonaparte. On 30 January, Wurmser began negotiations with Sérurier for the capitulation of Mantua; this was signed on 2 February 1797 by the two generals. The articles permitted Wurmser, his staff, his generals, 700 soldiers and six artillery pieces to go free, but 16,324 men of the garrison became prisoners of war.

For the spring 1797 campaign, Bonaparte organized his army into eight divisions of which the 3rd Division under Sérurier counted 6,543 soldiers. In the Battle of Valvasone on 16 March, Bonaparte drove back the rear guard of Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen. During the operation Sérurier's division was in reserve, but in the subsequent advance it was on the right flank while Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte's division was in the center and Guieu's division was on the left flank. On 19 March Bernadotte attacked Gradisca d'Isonzo and was repulsed. After Sérurier's division swung around the south side of Gradisca and gained the heights in the rear of the town, the garrison surrendered. The French captured four battalions of Austrian infantry totaling 2,500 soldiers, 10 guns and eight colors. While Bernadotte continued advancing to the east, Guieu's division followed by Sérurier turned north in pursuit of a column under Adam Bajalics von Bajahaza. At this time Sérurier fell ill and command of his division passed to Louis François Jean Chabot. Trapped between Massena and Guieu, Bajalics was forced to surrender with 4,000 men in the Battle of Tarvis. After recovering, Sérurier resumed command of his division at Graz on 20 April and after the Treaty of Leoben the unit withdrew from Austria and took position at Sacile.

On 3 June 1797 Bonaparte notified the French government that he was sending Sérurier with 22 captured colors. He wrote that he, "has in the last two campaigns displayed as much talent as bravery and patriotism ... General Sérurier is extremely severe with himself: he is sometimes so with others. A strict friend of discipline, and of the order and virtues most necessary to the maintenance of society, he disdains intrigue and intriguers, which has sometimes made him enemies amongst those men who are always ready to accuse of unpatriotism any one who wishes to see them submitted to their superiors". He was received in Paris by a large audience of government officials on 28 June who he assured of his loyalty and that of his soldiers. He was back with his division on 9 August and missed the Coup of 18 Fructidor. A little later Louis Desaix described him, "tall, 55 years old ... honest, estimable in every respect, considered to be an aristocrat but supported by General Bonaparte, who values and admires him". Venice was occupied by French troops but by the recent treaty was to be handed over to Austria. Bonaparte ordered Sérurier to carry out the unpleasant job of removing all military stores and ships as well as all works of art. Over the objection of the Austrians and the inhabitants, the city was thoroughly plundered. Although he was the target of anger and abuse, Sérurier did not personally benefit from the looting and did his best to prevent others from doing so. He confiscated the salt and biscuits in the Venice arsenal but that was to raise money to pay his soldiers. In the same army, Masséna and Augereau were notorious for looting for personal gain, and many lesser officers also did it. Sérurier earned such a reputation for honesty that his soldiers called him the "Virgin of Italy".

1798–99

Early in 1798 Sérurier temporarily commanded the divisions left in Italy where he had his hands full trying to calm unpaid soldiers who were on the verge of mutiny. Bonaparte did not take him on the French campaign in Egypt and Syria because he was too old. Sometime after February 1798, he was ordered to the Army of England where he made his headquarters at Rennes. On 15 September he became Inspector General of the troops in the interior of France. On 5 November 1798 he transferred back to Italy to serve under Army of Italy commander Joubert. Sérurier was ordered by Joubert to occupy Livorno, but instructions soon changed to invade the Republic of Lucca. His cavalry entered Lucca on 22 December 1798 and extorted large sums of cash and clothing for the army's use. Sérurier's 6,000 infantry arrived at the city on 2 January 1799. After declaring that Lucca was a French-style republic on 25 January, he handed it over to Miollis on 5 February and returned to Mantua. At that time, the Army of Italy was led by Schérer who gave Sérurier command of the Tyrol Division with a paper strength of 8,328 men.

The outbreak of the War of the Second Coalition saw Schérer with 43,000 troops facing Paul Kray with 50,700 Austrians near Verona and 24,551 Russians under Alexander Suvorov marching up in support. Hoping to maul Kray before his Russians allies arrived, Schérer opted to attack. On 26 March 1799 in the Battle of Verona, the French gained a success at Pastrengo in the north, fought to a draw in front of Verona and were drubbed in the south at Legnago. In the north Sérurier drove the Austrians from Rivoli Veronese. On the 27th Kray rapidly shifted his strength to the north to assist his outnumbered right wing. Schérer shuffled the positions of his divisions which exhausted the soldiers without accomplishing anything. Belatedly, Schérer tried push his advantage in the north by sending Sérurier with 6,000 troops to advance on Verona from the north. On 30 March he ran into 15,000 Austrians at Parona and was badly defeated, losing 600 killed and wounded and 1,177 prisoners. Austrian casualties numbered only 390.

The Battle of Magnano on 5 April 1799 resulted in a French defeat. In the fighting Sérurier's division included three battalions each of the 18th, 29th and 30th Light Infantry Demi brigades, one battalion of the 1st Light, 180 grenadiers, 850 cavalry and 60 gunners. Both armies advanced, Sérurier successfully capturing Villafranca on the left. However, the divisions of Claude Perrin Victor and Paul Grenier were routed on the right. The French lost 7,000–8,000 men, seven colors and eight cannons, while Kray's army sustained 5,228 casualties. The worst casualty was the confidence of the French generals and the morale of the troops. When Schérer found that 12,000 Austrians were marching from the County of Tyrol to turn his north flank, he withdrew from the line of the Mincio, leaving 12,000 soldiers to defend Mantua. During the retreat many Italian and Swiss allies deserted from the Army of Italy.

By the end of April 1799, Schérer had 28,000 troops behind the Adda River, strung out on a line 115 km in length. The army was arranged in three small corps under Sérurier on the left, Grenier in the center and Victor on the right. By the morning of 27 April, Suvorov's Austro-Russian army had won crossings over the Adda at Capriate San Gervasio and Brivio. That day Jean Victor Marie Moreau replaced Schérer in command of the Army of Italy and the Allies defeated the French in the Battle of Cassano. After a struggle, Grenier's soldiers were beaten at Trezzo while the Austrians broke through Victor's defenses at Cassano. The French withdrew toward Milan leaving Sérurier isolated and without orders between Trezzo and Brivio. During the night the old veteran entrenched 2,600–4,000 troops in an all-around defense near Verderio. Finding the French in his path, Josef Philipp Vukassovich split his division into three columns and enveloped Sérurier's position. Vukassovich reported that his enemies put up a "desperate" fight, but out of ammunition, Sérurier surrendered on the evening of 28 April. By the terms of the capitulation, the general and his officers were released on parole to France. The Austrians reported capturing 243 officers and 3,487 soldiers. Vukassovich's troops suffered 2,750 casualties, over half of the Allied losses at Cassano. Sérurier's left wing near Lake Como escaped and rejoined the main army.

Suvorov invited the captured general to dinner and found it impossible to coax any military information from him. The Russian wondered why such a reputable man should be fighting for the First French Republic. Sérurier retorted, "My father, in giving me my sword, expressly ordered me to use it only to defend my country". Historian Ramsay Weston Phipps considered Verderio to be the biggest blunder of Sérurier's career. He suggested that the general was accustomed to seeing Bonaparte save dire situations with brilliant maneuvers. When Moreau next saw the paroled general, he severely reprimanded him but later admitted to the government that Sérurier's only mistake was hewing to his orders too rigidly. This was the last time Sérurier led troops in combat.

Meanwhile, the French Directory sank in popularity after military defeats and mismanagement. Back in Paris, Sérurier became part of the Bonaparte faction, having seen nothing but disaster since serving under the military genius. Bonaparte launched the Coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 during which Sérurier led a reserve detachment of soldiers at the Pont-du-Jour. The next day, the coup almost collapsed when Bonaparte had to be rescued from the Council of Five Hundred. However, Lucien Bonaparte convinced the Council's own guard battalion that only a minority of members opposed his brother. These soldiers soon evicted the lawmakers from their own hall. During these events, Sérurier's troops arrived at Saint-Cloud and the general was heard addressing them, "The wretches! They wished to kill General Bonaparte. Do not stir soldiers; wait until you get orders". In the aftermath of the coup, Sérurier was put on a commission to determine how to use auxiliary battalions on 15 November 1799. He became a member of the Sénat conservateur (Senate) on 27 December.

Later life

In time Sérurier became vice-president of the Senate and in 1803 was appointed president of a commission that determined the border between France and Piedmont. In 1804 he was named governor of Les Invalides, a hospital and retirement home for veterans. On 19 May that year Emperor Napoleon named him an honorary Marshal of France. Out of 18 marshals appointed on this date, the other three honorary ones were François Joseph Lefebvre, François Christophe de Kellermann and Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon. Sérurier was awarded the Grand Eagle of the Légion d'Honneur and the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Iron Crown. He was ennobled as a Count of the Empire (comte de l’Empire) in 1808 and granted a pension of 40,000 francs per year.

On 31 March 1814, upon the arrival of the Sixth Coalition armies at Paris, Sérurier publicly destroyed the 1,417 captured enemy flags and personally burned the sword and sash of Frederick the Great as to not let them fall into the Allies' hands. The restored King Louis XVIII made Sérurier a Peer of France, but he joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, when the former emperor briefly returned to power. This caused him to lose his post at Les Invalides and his marshal's salary after Napoleon's second downfall. Despite his Bonapartist sympathies, acting in his role of Peer, Sérurier voted in favour of the death penalty for Marshal Michel Ney.

Sérurier was restored to the dignity of marshal in 1819. He died on 21 December that year in Paris and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery. His body was not transferred to Les Invalides until 26 February 1847 SERURIER is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 24.

title: Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:TheInvisibleInvasion.jpg


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User:Jamesmoran

a cool person

title: User:Jamesmoran


text: Talk:Sons of Kyuss

title: Talk:Sons of Kyuss


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lauren Tolstoi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:36, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Lauren Tolstoi
Vanity or something in that region. --W(t) 23:50, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * Delete. Looks like a hate site to me  David D. 23:55, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. Harro5 23:56, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it, whatever it is. --Canderson7 00:03, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Just an attack on the kid Xcali 00:37, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Clearly just a personal attack TomPhil 12:43, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Hate site.--Takver 13:54, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Personal attack.  Quale 01:27, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Gregory Scott Johnson

VFD
After some soul searching, I've withdrawn my nomination for VFD. Zerbey 23:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

I wouldn't delete this one, either. There are articles for other convicted murderers, and his case brought up ethical issues that will have to be addressed in other cases. Is it ethical to harvest the organs of condemned convicts? Would another method of execution, such as beheading or shooting which allows a more certain harvesting of a condemned inmate, be permissible by law?

If anything, this article could be expanded to give more biographical data (examples: birthdate and the place of the crime by city and county, maybe his record of convictions). I think that a description of the man's crime is enough to establish that he was a very bad character and won't make a perverse hero out of him.

--66.231.47.145 02:29, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

The debate, which ended with keep is at Votes for deletion/Gregory Scott Johnson. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:16, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

US citizen?
I just came across Johnson by going through the Recent deaths list. There is no mention whatsoever — neither there ("Gregory Scott Johnson, executed for murdering an 82-year-old woman, had asked for a temporary reprieve to donate his liver to his sister") nor here — about his nationality. Somewhere in the middle of the article the legal situation in Indiana is referred to, so that's the only hint that that might have been his native state.

Please don't assume that everyone knows all about such a case already when they read a Wikipedia article. Similarly, there are far too many biographical entries here already starting with "... is an actor", "...is a professional wrestler", "... was a philanthropist" etc. etc. as if everyone who is not referred to as a "German biologist" or "Australian novelist" were automatically American.

Usually I fix things like that myself and do not complain, but in this case I just don't know anything about it.  20:22, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Needs sources
Added one source that I didn't read to see if covers the materical in article. Added unref tag. --FloNight 12:24, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gregory Scott Johnson


text:
Leo Abse

Leopold Abse (22 April 1917 – 19 August 2008) was a British lawyer and politician. He was a British Labour MP for nearly 30 years, noted for promoting private member's bills to decriminalise male homosexual relations and liberalise the divorce laws. During his parliamentary career, Abse introduced more private member's bills than any other parliamentarian in the 20th century. After his retirement from Parliament he wrote several books about politics, based on his interest in psychoanalysis.

Family and background
Leo Abse was one of the sons of Rudolf Abse, a Jewish solicitor and cinema owner who lived in Cardiff. His maternal grandfather, Tobias, had emigrated to Wales from Siemiatycze, a Polish town then located within the Russian Empire. His grandmother came from Germany. Abse's younger brother Dannie Abse (1923–2014) was a poet, and his older brother Wilfred Abse (1915–2005) a psychoanalyst. He also had a sister, Hulda. Abse attended Howard Gardens High School in Cardiff and then the London School of Economics, where he studied law. Having joined the Labour Party in 1934, he clandestinely visited Spain during the closing months of the Spanish Civil War, in 1939.

Abse married Marjorie Davies in 1955. They had two children: Tobias (now a Marxist historian) and Bathsheba. Marjorie died in 1996. His second marriage was to Ania Czepulkowska, in 2000, when Abse was 83 and Czepulkowska 33. Abse died on 19 August 2008. Some 10 years after her husband died, Mrs Czepulkowska-Abse broke her silence and spoke to the South Wales Argus and paid tribute to her husband. She confirmed that she is still living and working in London.

Political involvement
During the Second World War Abse served in the Royal Air Force. He was in Cairo in 1944 when some of the British military personnel stationed there set up a "Forces Parliament" in which they debated the structure of society they wanted to see in the post-war world. Abse's idealistic left-wing views were fully in tune with the majority opinion among the lower ranks at its meetings, but the existence of the "Parliament" disturbed the senior officers. When Abse moved a motion supporting nationalization of the Bank of England he was arrested and the Forces Parliament was forcibly dissolved.

After the end of the war Abse set up in practice as a solicitor in Cardiff. In 1951 he established his own law firm, Leo Abse & Cohen, which eventually grew to be the biggest in the city. He was also elected as Chairman of Cardiff Labour Party for two years from 1951, relinquishing the post when he was elected to Cardiff City Council in 1953. Abse fought the safe Conservative seat of Cardiff North in the 1955 general election, and was defeated.

In Parliament
Granville West, the Labour MP for Pontypool and, like Abse, a solicitor, was awarded one of the first life peerages in 1958. Unusually for a town in the South Wales valleys at that time, the National Union of Mineworkers was not in control of the nomination of West's successor as Labour candidate, since Pontypool was a centre of the railway industry. Abse won the candidature and then won the seat at the by-election.

In the House of Commons Abse swiftly acquired a reputation for independence of spirit. He made a point of dressing flamboyantly on Budget Day and liked to drop references from Freudian psychotherapy into his speeches. Abse made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 22 January 1959 on the subject of education, mentioning that he had a primary school in his constituency which had two classes of over 50 pupils in one room. Although his abilities might have taken him to high office, Abse remained a backbench MP. This factor, together with the safety of his seat, freed him from the restrictions that dissuaded many other MPs from taking up controversial subjects.

In 1963, Abse was selected in third place in the ballot for Private Member's Bills and introduced the Matrimonial Causes Bill, which simplified and made easier the legal process of divorce.

In the mid-1960s, Abse began corresponding with members of the British Humanist Association and other MPs and peers who were non-religious and had shared ethical views and political ambitions. Together they founded the All-Party Parliamentary Humanist Group, whose concerns at that time included homosexual law reform, abortion law reform, and racial and religious equality.

In 1957 the Wolfenden Report had recommended that the law be changed to decriminalise consenting male homosexual sex, but the government had taken no action. Abse began to promote a Bill to put Wolfenden's recommendations into law in February 1962. He kept pressing the issue, and after Humphry Berkeley (Conservative MP for Lancaster) lost his seat in the 1966 general election, Abse became the main sponsor for the legalisation. Although with the Labour landslide of 1966 there was a majority for the bill, it was still vulnerable but Abse persuaded Roy Jenkins to give the measure government time, which eventually saw the bill through onto the statute book as the Sexual Offences Act 1967.

In 1968 he was appointed to a Home Office advisory committee on the penal system. He was elected Chairman of the group of Welsh Labour MPs in 1971.

In 1973, Abse requested that the government ban the rock singer Alice Cooper and his group from performing in England, stating that Cooper was "peddling the culture of the concentration camp". Abse said: "Pop is one thing, anthems of necrophilia are quite another".

Abse was chosen as chairman of a select committee on abortion from 1975 to 1977. His report advocated restrictions on abortion, including a lowering of the time limit within which abortion was legal from 28 weeks. He fought in the House of Commons for the enactment of his committee's recommendations, and continued the fight in 1980 when the Conservative MP John Corrie proposed a bill along similar lines: Abse refused to compromise on a limit of 24 weeks.

Abse was an opponent of devolution when it was proposed in the late 1970s. He also proposed a separate referendum on whether the Shetland Islands ought to be part of a devolved Scotland. Abse was briefly Chair of the Welsh Affairs Select Committee when it was first set up in January 1980, but resigned in November 1981. One of the reasons he opposed devolution was that he thought some in Wales, whom he called "fanatics", wanted to use it to promote the use of the Welsh language.

Abse added to his reputation for taking maverick stances by strongly urging that British forces be withdrawn from Northern Ireland. He opposed nuclear power and nuclear weapons, and criticised Margaret Thatcher for insisting that Argentina unconditionally surrender over the Falkland Islands. He supported British membership of the European Communities. His support for liberal divorce laws led him to propose a new 'child-centred' divorce reform in the early 1980s; the bill was piloted by Martin Stevens, Conservative MP for Fulham.

Abse was elected for the renamed seat of Torfaen in 1983, but retired from Parliament in 1987. His nomination for a seat in the House of Lords was vetoed by Margaret Thatcher.

Retirement and later writings
The first of the books Abse wrote following retirement, Margaret, Daughter of Beatrice (1989), is a "psycho-biography" of Margaret Thatcher, taking its title from the observation that while Mrs Thatcher frequently referred to her father, she claimed not to have had anything to say to her mother from the age of 15.

In Wotan, My Enemy (1994) Abse took a psychoanalytic approach to explaining the origin of British hostility to Germany and the idea of the European Union. In The Man behind the Smile: Tony Blair and the Politics of Perversion (1996), Abse highlighted some of the aspects of Tony Blair that were later to be cited by Blair's opponents on the left. A revised edition, Tony Blair: The Man who Lost His Smile (2003), was published in the United States. In this edition Abse took the opportunity to claim that he had paid off a blackmailer who had been targeting a fellow Welsh MP George Thomas (Speaker of the House of Commons from 1976 to 1983), on the basis of Thomas's (closeted) homosexuality.

Finally, in Fellatio, Masochism, Politics and Love (1997), Abse drew attention to the fact that fellatio had been unspoken of a generation before but had come to be seen as an essential part of casual sexual relationships. He analysed the tendency for men to engage in risky behaviour by placing their trust in women whom they barely knew and linked it to political developments.

Memorial
A bust of Abse was unveiled at the National Museum of Wales in Cardiff on 22 October 2009. The sculpture was funded by the firm of solicitors he founded, Leo Abse and Cohen, and was made by Abse's second cousin, Luke Shepherd.

In popular culture
Abse was played by actor Anthony O'Donnell in the TV series A Very English Scandal.

Publications

 * Private Member (MacDonald, London, 1973)
 * Margaret, Daughter of Beatrice (Jonathan Cape, London, 1989)
 * Wotan, My Enemy (Robson Books, London, 1994)
 * Tony Blair: The Man behind the Smile (Robson Books, London, 1996)
 * Fellatio, Masochism, Politics and Love (Robson Books, London, 1997)
 * Tony Blair: The Man who Lost his Smile (Robson Books, London, 2003)
 * The Bi-sexuality of Daniel Defoe: a psychoanalytic survey of the man and his works (Karnac Books, London, 2006)

title: Leo Abse


text:
The Invisible Invasion

The Invisible Invasion is the fourth studio album by English rock band the Coral. It was released on 23 May 2005, through Deltasonic. Following on from the stop-gap release of the mini album Nightfreak and the Sons of Becker (2004), the band began recording their next album with Geoff Barrow and Adrian Utley of Portishead as producers. Sessions were mainly held at Monnow Valley Studio, with additional recording being done at Elevator Studios. Described as a psychedelia album, it had more of a stripped-down sound compared to their past releases.

"In the Morning" was released as the lead single to The Invisible Invasion on 9 May 2005. The Coral supported with performances at the Glastonbury and T in the Park festivals, alongside a support slot for three Oasis gigs; guitarist Bill Ryder-Jones was absent due to a stress-related illness. The album's second single "Something Inside of Me" was released on 22 August 2005, which was followed by an appearance at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. The band went on a tour of the United Kingdom in October 2005, and closed out the year with two more shows in that territory.

The Invisible Invasion received generally favourable reviews from music critics, with some highlighting its stripped-down nature. It peaked at number five in the UK, while also charting in France, Ireland, and Japan. The album would later be certified gold in the UK, while "In the Morning" was certified silver. Both of the album's singles charted in the UK, while "In the Morning" also charted in Ireland, and "Something Inside of Me" also charted in Scotland.

Background and production
The Coral released their second studio album Magic and Medicine in July 2003. Its four singles – "Don't Think You're the First", "Pass It On", "Secret Kiss", and "Bill McCai" – all reached the top 30 of the UK Singles Chart, with "Pass It On" peaking the highest at number five. In January 2004, the band released Nightfreak and the Sons of Becker, a mini album that acted as a stop-gap release until they could begin work on their third studio album. The Invisible Invasion was produced by Geoff Barrow and Adrian Utley of Portishead; the majority of it was recorded at Monnow Valley, with the exception of "A Warning to the Curious", which was recorded at Elevator Studios in Liverpool.

Keyboardist Nick Power said the band were big fans of Portishead but did not approach them about any producing work, until "word got back to us that they were big fans of ours." Additional recording for "She Sings the Mourning", "Cripples Crown", "So Long Ago", "Far from the Crowd", and "Arabian Sand" was done at Elevator, with assistance Matthew Edge. Utley served as engineer for all the recordings, with assistance from Steve Davis and Edge. The band took a brief break from recording to play a one-off show in Bath. Barrow, Utley and Craig Silvey mixed the recordings at Moles Studio in Bath, with mix engineer Nick Joplin, and assistance from Paul Corkett. The album was then mastered by Frank Arkwright at Whitfield Street Studios.

Composition and lyrics
Musically, the sound of The Invisible Invasion has been described as psychedelia. It had more of a stripped-down sound than their past releases. Frontman James Skelly wrote the majority of the album, either by himself or co-writing with Power, guitarist Bill Ryder-Jones or guitarist Lee Southall; the band as a whole wrote "Arabian Sand". The opening track, "She Sings the Mourning", featured bowed guitar and a shuffle beat, earning it a comparison to Can. James Skelly said "Cripples Crown" referred to a "rock in Runcorn that me and Ian [Skelly] used to say Jesus threw the devil off." The folk-pop song "So Long Ago" is a homage to the Wright brothers, and is followed by the new wave track "The Operator".

"A Warning to the Curious" was compared to "My White Devil" (1983) by Echo & the Bunnymen. "In the Morning" is a pop rock song about small town melancholy, reminiscent of the work of the Boo Radleys. "Something Inside of Me" recalled the work of Madness. "Come Home" sees the narrator waiting for his partner to come home, which is continued into "Far from the Crowd"; the latter includes a tribal beat. The folk-pop song "Leaving Today" was done in the vein of the Byrds, and is followed by "Arabian Sand", which was influenced by Mad Man in the Desert, a painting by artist Salvador Dalí. The album closes with the folk-pop ballad "Late Afternoon".

Release
"In the Morning" was released as a single on 9 May 2005. Two versions were released on CD in the UK: the first with "Leeslunchboxbyblueleadandthevelcrounderpants", while the second featured "Gina Jones", "The Image of Richard Burton as Crom", and the music video for "In the Morning". The Invisible Invasion was released on 23 May 2005, through Deltasonic; its title is taken from "Something Inside of Me". Some copies came with a bonus disc consisting of a live session recorded for BBC Radio 1's Lamacq Live. The Japanese edition included "Gina Jones" and "Leeslunchboxbyblueleadandthevelcrounderpants" as extra tracks. Following this, they appeared at Glastonbury Festival and T in the Park, and supported Oasis for three shows; Ryder-Jones was absent from these shows due to a stress-related illness.

"Something Inside of Me" was released as a single on 22 August 2005. Two versions were released on CD in the UK: the first with "The Conjurer", while the second included "The Case of Arthur Tannen", "The Box", and the music video for "Something Inside of Me". Following this, the band performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. In October 2005, the band went on a tour of the UK. In November 2005, it was revealed that Sony was distributing albums with Extended Copy Protection, a controversial feature that automatically installed rootkit software if played on any Microsoft Windows machine. Alongside being unable to copy CDs, the software reported the users' listening habits back to Sony and exposed the computer to malicious attacks via exploits. In spite of Sony refusing to release a list of the affected albums, the Electronic Frontier Foundation identified The Invisible Invasion as one of the discs with the software. The band closed the year with two UK shows in December 2005.

Extended copy protection
In the fall of 2005, The Invisible Invasion appeared on a list of the 52 CD releases from Sony BMG that were identified as having been shipped with the controversial Extended Copy Protection (XCP) computer software, which, in addition to preventing a copy of the disc from being made, was identified by many security software vendors as having also reported the users' listening habits back to Sony and also exposed any Microsoft Windows computer known to have the CD inserted to malicious attacks that exploited insecure features of the rootkit software. Sony discontinued use of the technology on November 11, 2005, and recalled this and other titles affected by XCP, and asked customers to submit copies affected by the software to the company so that it could replace them with copies that did not contain the software.

Reception
The Invisible Invasion was met with generally favourable from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 73, based on 21 reviews.

AllMusic reviewer Tim Sendra said "[t]hings are pretty much as you would expect them to be", citing Skelly as "still channel[ing] the voice of Ian McCullough, the guitars [...] still sparkle and shine, and the band is still inventive and interesting." The major difference he found was the "stripped-down and focused sound", aided by Barrow and Utley. He called the tracks on the album "among the best they have written and are quite varied as well". Dom Gourlay of Drowned in Sound wrote that it was "far from being a difficult third album, instead providing another shining example that the Grandsons of Invention have plenty more use for their test tubes and bunsen burners just yet.". The Guardian Maddy Costa said the band "attempt[ed] to fuse both sides of their personality", the "[d]emented, fractious, febrile psychedelia" and "[j]aunty, impish, unaffected pop". She noted that while not "everything on the album is so compelling", if the listen felt their "attention drifting it gets snagged again by an impenetrably peculiar lyric [... it's] sounds only the Coral can produce." NME writer Simon Hayes Budgen said that in spite of Barrow and Utley's production, the record was "still clearly a Coral album," with the "chirpy psychedelia" having been sedated "considerably and no longer dominates the speakers." He added that the band "get the chance to show that they can turn in proper, craft-standard pop when they need to."

Jamie Gill of Yahoo! Launch said having Barrow and Utley produce the album made it come across as "reliably clean and gleaming". He added that listeners would "never be ashamed to own but wouldn’t necessarily feel the need to play all that often, either." Now Elizabeth Bromstein noted that it had a "darker, more lonesome feel [...] but in a fun way, with plenty of whimsy." She considered the "whole 60s pop thing [...] tired", in spite of this, "instrumentally this is a great record." In a review for Rolling Stone, Christian Hoard wrote that the band "sometimes sound small, especially when they up the tempo on self-consciously trippy cuts" like the opening track, "but on The Invisible Invasion they better themselves by refusing to try so damn hard." Pitchfork contributor Adam Moerder wrote that the band "reverted to a subdued and almost jaded sound", with the album displaying "way too many wrinkles and stretch marks". PopMatters reviewer Stephen Haag said if their debut album "didn't break them Stateside, then nothing will." He added that The Invisible Invasion name "may prove to be an unfortunately apt title in America", while it "doesn't have to, and shouldn't, be this way.". Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine found it to do "nothing to distinguish itself" from the band's peers; while it contained "enough of a paranoid streak to pass for thematic coherence", that "doesn’t automatically mean depth."

The Invisible Invasion peaked at number five in the UK. It also reached number 16 in Ireland, number 53 in Japan, and number 104 in France. "In the Morning" charted at number six in the UK, and number 28 in Ireland. "Something Inside of Me" peaked at number 42 in the UK, and number 83 in Scotland. The Invisible Invasion was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), while "In the Morning" went silver.

Track listing
Writing credits per booklet.

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

The Coral
 * James Skelly – vocals, guitar
 * Lee Southall – guitar
 * Bill Ryder-Jones – guitar
 * Paul Duffy – bass guitar
 * Nick Power – keyboards
 * Ian Skelly – drums

Production and design
 * Geoff Barrow – producer, mixing
 * Adrian Utley – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Steve Davis – assistant engineer (all except track 5)
 * Matthew Edge – assistant engineer (track 5), additional recordings assistance (tracks 1–3, 9 and 11)
 * Craig Silvey – mixing
 * Nick Joplin – assistant mix engineer
 * Paul Corkett – additional mix assistant
 * Claire Lewis – additional monitoring assistant
 * Frank Arkwright – mastering
 * Ian Skelly – art, design
 * Kevin Power – art, design

title: The Invisible Invasion


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ipublicon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. CDC  (talk)  18:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ipublicon
Wikipedia is not a cyrstal ball and looks to be advertising Evil Monkey∴Hello 23:54, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete agreed Xcali 00:38, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. An ad. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 05:49, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Ada of Caria

Ada of Caria (Ἄδα) (fl. 377 – 326 BC) was a member of the House of Hecatomnus (the Hecatomnids) and ruler of Caria during the mid-4th century BC, first as Persian Satrap and later as Queen under the auspices of Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon.

History
Ada was the daughter of Hecatomnus, satrap of Caria, sister of Mausolus, Pixodarus, Artemisia, and Idrieus.

While Ada's father is known to have been Hekatomnos, the identity of her mother is less clear. There is a possibility that her mother might have been Aba, daughter of Hyssaldomos and a sister of Hekatomnos. This view however is challenged by scholars who believe either that the sibling marriages of the Hecatomnids were purely symbolic in nature and that while Ada was attested as his consort, it is not known if she was the mother of Hekatomnos children.

Four of the siblings intermarried: Mausolus wed Artemisia, while Ada was married to her brother Idrieus. Pixodarus married outside of the family. Every child of Hecatomnus would govern over Caria at some point. Mausolus and Artemisia first ruled together, and after Mausolus' death, Artemisia ruled alone until she died in 344 BC.

Idrieus and Ada ruled together for four years, until his death. During their rule, they kept close ties to the Hellenic world. The joint regents were mentioned as donors to the Temple of Athena in Tegea, and seem to have also been major patrons of Delphi. After the death of her husband, Ada became the sole satrap of Caria, but was expelled by her brother Pixodarus in 340 BC. Upon his death in 335 BC, was succeeded by his own son-in-law, the Persian Orontobates. Ada fled to the fortress of Alinda, where she maintained her rule in exile.

When Alexander the Great entered Caria in 334 BC, Ada adopted Alexander as her son and surrendered Alinda to him. Alexander accepted her offer and, in return, gave Ada formal command of the Siege of Halicarnassus. After the fall of Halicarnassus, Alexander returned Alinda to Ada and made her queen of all of Caria. Ada's popularity with the populace in turn ensured the Carians' loyalty to Alexander.

""Ada meanwhile held only Alinda, the strongest fortress in Caria; and when Alexander entered Caria she went to meet him, surrendering Alinda and adopting Alexander as her son. Alexander gave Alinda to her charge, and did not reject the title of son, and when he had taken Halicarnassus and became master of the rest of Caria, he gave her command of the whole country.""

- Arrian, Anabasis, 1.23.8

She was under the protection of Asander, Hellenistic satrap of Lydia.

Ada sarcophagus
According to Turkish archaeologists, the tomb of Ada has been discovered, although this claim remains unresolved. Her remains are on display in the archaeological museum of Bodrum.

title: Ada of Caria


text:
File:AnthraxI'mTheMan.jpg

Summary
Anthrax - I'm the Man album cover.

Copyright 1987 Island Records

title: File:AnthraxI'mTheMan.jpg


text:
Lebl

Lebl may refer to:

People

 * Ilektra Lebl (born 1999), Greek swimmer
 * Martin Lébl (born 1980), Czech volleyball player
 * Paulina Lebl-Albala (1891-1967), Serbian feminist, translator, literary critic, literature theoretician, and professor
 * Petr Lébl (1965-1999), Czech theatre director, scenographer, actor, designer, and artistic director

Other

 * LEBL, airport code for Josep Tarradellas Barcelona–El Prat Airport in Catalonia, Spain

title: Lebl


text:
Talk:Huge cardinal

Question
In the formula

 * κ is almost huge iff there is j : V → M with critical point κ and <j(κ)M ⊂ M.

I am having trouble understanding the notation <j(κ)M ⊂ M.

And in the formula

 * κ is n-huge iff there is j : V → M with critical point κ and j^n (κ)M ⊂ M.

should
 * j^n (κ)M ⊂ M

be
 * j n (κ) M ⊂ M ?

Is this standard notation? Oleg Alexandrov 00:00, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Ben Standeven 04:49, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * j^n refers to the nth iterate of the function j. It should be superscripted again, but I don't know if that can be done in HTML. The <j(kappa) bit means that M need only be closed under sequences with length less than kappa, rather than sequences of length kappa.

 * Thanks! Oleg Alexandrov 14:56, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Totally huge cardinals
Is there such a thing as a totally huge cardinal, meaning one that is nhuge for all n? (I mean, are these considered, and under that name?) The analogy here is with the totally ineffable cardinals. -- Toby Bartels 08:31, 13 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I think that "totally huge" would be a Reinhardt cardinal which is inconsistent with the axiom of choice. JRSpriggs 09:44, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If you mean that κ is n-huge with the same elementary embedding j for each n∈ω, then this would be what I would call almost ω-huge (see the section below on that topic). If the j might be different for each n, then it might be weaker than that. JRSpriggs (talk) 08:23, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Critical point
What is a critical point, in this context? The current link seems inappropriate. It surely has nothing to do with any kind of derivative. The Infidel 15:04, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Critical point (set theory) has been fixed now (I hope). Please look at it again. JRSpriggs 06:32, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Almost ω-huge
Even though ω-huge is inconsistent, almost ω-huge might be consistent. In fact, I suspect that it is the same as the rank-into-rank axiom I2. Do you know? JRSpriggs (talk) 03:07, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I now see that almost ω-huge is the same as ω-huge because λ (the limit of $$j^n(\kappa)$$ as n goes to ω) has cofinality ω instead of being regular. Thus it is forbidden by Kunen's inconsistency theorem. Presumably that means that it is not the same as I2. JRSpriggs (talk) 06:08, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not any kind of problem that $$\lambda$$ has cofinality $$\aleph_0$$. This is precisely how the $$\lambda$$ in all of the rank-into-rank axioms is defined (as the $$\omega^{th}$$ functional iterate of $$j$$). The cofinal $$\omega$$-sequence is obvious, as is $$\lambda$$'s status as a strong limit.

 * An $$I2$$ cardinal is however equivalent to an $$\omega$$-superstrong cardinal (this result is due to Kanamori). Perhaps that'd be worth adding to the superstrong cardinals article. Ekki, deliquent psychopomp (talk) 04:11, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

$ω$-huge inconsistent?
What's the source for this assertion, now vexatiously auto-mirrored all over the web? The term itself is uncommon in the literature I'm familiar with, but usually means nothing more than a cardinal $n$-huge for all $n∈N$, which any rank-into-rank cardinal satisfies (as noted on this very page). More specifically, this property is strictly weaker than $WA_{0}$ - any cardinal satisfying $WA_{0}$ is already $ω$-superhuge in this sense, and there's a known ascending chain of consistency strength $WA_{0}$ < Wholeness Axiom < I3. Hugh Woodin has adopted of late a slightly idiosyncratic definition of $ω$-huge:

 * there exist ordinals $$\kappa < \lambda < \gamma$$ such that $$V_{\kappa} \prec V_{\lambda} \prec V_{\gamma}$$ and

 * $$\kappa$$ is the critical point of a nontrivial automorphism $$j:V_{\lambda+1} \to V_{\lambda+1}$$

which is obviously a mild extension of I1, and neither known nor suspected to be inconsistent.

If I were to guess what happened here, I'd venture that this offhand remark by Matt Foreman in Generic Large Cardinals "...using PCF theory one can show that there is no “generic $ω$-huge cardinal”, an analogue to a result of Kunen for ordinary large cardinals," has been misinterpreted: 'generic' large cardinals are the critical points of nontrivial elementary embeddings which are defined in some forcing extension $V[G]$. A generic $ω$-huge cardinal is not the same thing as an $ω$-huge cardinal. But that's only a guess, as this section lacks citations and there is no mention of $ω$-huge cardinals in the references given. In any case, barring a relevant mention in the literature, I'd prefer this section vanish along with the mention in Kunen's inconsistency theorem (the latter should definitely go, as the refutation of generic $ω$-huge cardinals does not use Kunen's theorem and is analogous only inasmuch as it refutes a plausible, natural extension to axioms believed consistent).

Apologies for barbarous formatting. Ekki, deliquent psychopomp (talk) 23:33, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Ask a question, figure out the answer yourself, heh. There is an allusion to the inconsistency of $$\omega$$-huge cardinals in Maddy's Believing the Axioms, though she's referring to closure under sequences of length $$\omega$$ which, using the usual sort of ordinal indexing, would be $$\omega+1$$-hugeness, and Kunen's theorem does preclude that, as it already precludes $$\omega+1$$-superstrongness. At least it's a current jargon dispute rather than a factual dispute. Ekki, deliquent psychopomp (talk) 05:46, 14 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Indeed this is probably just a question of terminology. If ω-huge is defined as at Huge cardinal, then it implies the existence in M of $$j \upharpoonright \lambda \,$$ and thus $$j '' \lambda \,$$ which is the first thing proven impossible by Kunen's theorem. Since that meaning is contradictory and thus not useful, I am not surprised that someone would choose to give it a different meaning which is not contradictory. JRSpriggs (talk) 08:31, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huge cardinal


text:
NSU University School

The NSU University School, commonly known as University School or simply U-School, is a fully accredited, independent, college preparatory school in Davie, Florida, that serves grades pre-K through grade 12. The school is located on the Nova Southeastern University (NSU) campus. It is divided into "Lower", "Middle", and "Upper" schools, respectively representing national elementary, middle and high school divisions. NSU University School also has a preschool that provides early care and education for children 18 months through four years. Over the summer, NSU University School offers Camp Nova, a variety of summer programs for students from preschool through grade 11. In 2015 William J. Kopas became its headmaster, replacing Jerome Chermak who had served in that role for 16 years.

Notable alumni

 * Matthew Pearl ('93), novelist and educator
 * Scott Weinger ('93), actor best known for the voice of the title character in Aladdin (1992)
 * Seth Gabel ('99), actor
 * Josh Gad ('99), actor
 * Lauren Book ('03), member of the Florida Senate from the 32nd district
 * Michael Waller ('04), contemporary classical music and avant-garde composer
 * A.J. Steigman ('04), competitive chess player, former investment banker, and CEO of Soletron
 * Eric Reyes ('09), soccer player for Puerto Rico national football team
 * Daniel Braverman ('12), Kansas City Chiefs wide receiver
 * Skai Moore ('13), Indianapolis Colts linebacker
 * Mike White ('13), Miami Dolphins quarterback
 * Quincy Wilson ('14), former New York Jets cornerback
 * Vernon Carey Jr. ('19), NBA pro basketball player Utah Jazz
 * Zay Flowers ('19), Baltimore Ravens wide receiver
 * Simone Johnson ('19), professional wrestler currently signed to WWE
 * Kenny McIntosh ('19), Seattle Seahawks running back
 * Scottie Barnes (class of '20, transferred out for senior season) 2022 NBA Rookie of the Year Award winner
 * Taylor Hendricks (class of '22, transferred out for junior season), basketball player
 * Jett Howard (class of '22, transferred out for junior season), basketball player

title: NSU University School


text:
Union Township, Auglaize County, Ohio

Union Township is one of the fourteen townships of Auglaize County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 1,746 people in the township.

Geography
Located in the northeastern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Perry Township, Allen County – north
 * Auglaize Township, Allen County – northeast corner
 * Wayne Township – east
 * Goshen Township – southeast
 * Clay Township – south
 * Pusheta Township – southwest corner
 * Duchouquet Township – west

The unincorporated communities of Saint Johns and Uniopolis lie in the township's west and southwest respectively.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has an area of 92.9 sqkm.

Name and history
It is one of twenty-seven Union Townships statewide.

The township was formed in 1836, while still part of Allen County. One of its earliest settlers was Hugh T. Rinehart, who immigrated to the township in 1839. His house is still in existence; it has been designated a historic site.

Government
The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Public services
The Wapakoneta City School District encompasses a large part of the township, with the eastern third served by the Waynesfield-Goshen Local School District.

Most of the township is served by the Wapakoneta (45895) post office, with the eastern third served by the Waynesfield (45896) post office. Uniopolis (45888) and Saint Johns (45884) maintain post offices.

title: Union Township, Auglaize County, Ohio


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Caulfield Grammar School/archive2

Caulfield Grammar School
This article has been subject to a previous peer review, and has recently failed a FAC nomination. I would like to see if there is any more that can be done to this article, aside from things already mentioned. Thanks. Harro5 00:06, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't think of anything else. It already seems pretty comprehensive. Thanks. — RJH 16:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I spent some time thinking about this one. Out of the actionable objections on the FAC listing, most of them seemed to boil down to "not comprehensive" or "doesn't represent Wikipedia's best work".  However, I do think that, for the most recent 5-10 years of the school's history, the article is interesting, comprehensive, and well written.  The school hall burned down?  The students vandalised the Great Wall of China?  Wow, this is the sort of information that illustrates the school's importance.  However, information along these lines doesn't appear to be given for the previous 120 years of the school's history.  I'm going to assume that the problem wasn't that the school was really boring all that time, but that the references don't effectively illustrate the school's importance.

 * Most of the references covering the period between 1881 and the mid to late 1990s seem to be either written by or with the school itself. Naturally, these references are going to be somewhat biased; they're not going to mention things like (I'm just making this stuff up; I don't know what really goes on at the school) the violent hazing rituals, the time that the school was the laughingstock of the football league, the rivalry with the school across town that culminates in yearly vandalism, violence, and drunkenness before, during, and after the big game, the time that the school went bankrupt, and so on.  Also, they may not go into the underlying detail regarding the events that they do mention.  For example, they might mention the school's football championships, when it built its campuses and when it celebrated its 100th anniversary, but not why the school opened these campuses, why it decided to become a boarding school, what sort of competition it had to face in the football league, what the 100th anniversary celebrations were like, and so on.

 * I have no doubt that verifiable information on these events exists; the problem is how to find it. If you're lucky, there might be some stuff in the local history section of the local library that provides more information about significant events in the school's history.  If not, but you have been able to find rough dates and you don't mind investing a fair bit of time in this venture, you might be able to flesh out some of the events via a visit to the library's microfilm room.  There might be other good sources that I'm not aware of.  This might end up being a time-consuming venture but it should make for a great article.

 * The other thing that might be beneficial is to reorganise the article so that more of the article content is in a "History" section, rather than in sections about the campuses, school activities, etc. Hope this helps, JYolkowski // talk 02:04, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I am currently looking for someone to have a good read of the article and try to correct some criticism that the prose isn't quite right. Thanks. Harro5 11:09, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)


text:
BAE Systems Marine

BAE Systems Marine Limited was the shipbuilding subsidiary of BAE Systems, formed in 1999, which manufactured the full range of naval ships; nuclear submarines, frigates, destroyers, amphibious ships.

In 2003 BAE Systems Marine was split into separate submarine and surface ship units; BAE Systems Submarines and BAE Systems Naval Ships. The latter was merged into a BAE Systems/VT Group joint venture, BVT Surface Fleet in 2008, which subsequently became BAE Systems Surface Ships in 2009.

History
BAE Systems Marine was created following the merger of Marconi Electronic Systems (MES) and British Aerospace (BAe) to form BAE Systems in 1999. Like other parts of the business (e.g. Marconi Avionics) the former Marconi Marine was required to be "firewalled" within the new company.

Marconi Marine owned the major assets which made up BAE Systems Marine:
 * BAE Systems Marine (YSL)
 * BAE Systems Marine (VSEL)
 * BAE Systems Marine (Kvaerner Govan)

In 2003 the YSL and Govan shipyards were placed under the control of a new unit of BAE, BAE Systems Naval Ships. The shipyard at Barrow became part of BAE Systems Submarine Solutions. This reorganisation was, to quote the company, "to provide a focus on the UK and export surface warship building market."

title: BAE Systems Marine


text: User talk:70.108.109.113

title: User talk:70.108.109.113


text: User talk:192.132.225.130

title: User talk:192.132.225.130


text:
Talk:Dunhill Records

Untitled
Moved this from page to here — siro  χ  o  00:04, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Where did you get your information? Al Bennett owned Liberty Records and  never had anything to do with Dunhill.  Dunhill was started by four people not 3 Jay Lasker was the President and the one of the 4 original owners...mlasker@hartdistrict.org

material moved from talk page
Your information is wrong - I am the daughter of the president of the cmpany -Jay Lasker who was ommitted...Bobby Roberts was also my uncle. If you have any questions regarding ABC/Dunhill or Dunhill Records you can contact me at mlasker@hartdistrict.org...please remove the above info.

title: Talk:Dunhill Records


text: User talk:82.41.40.145

title: User talk:82.41.40.145


text:
Matthew 3

Matthew 3 is the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is the first chapter dealing with the ministry of Jesus, with events taking place some three decades after the close of the infancy narrative related in the previous two chapters. The focus of this chapter is on the preaching of John the Baptist and the Baptism of Jesus.

For the first time since Matthew 1:1 there are clear links with the Gospel of Mark. Many scholars are certain that a good portion of this chapter is a reworking of Mark 1. The chapter also parallels Luke 3, also believed to be based on Mark 1. A number of passages shared by Luke and Matthew, but not found in Mark, are commonly ascribed to the hypothetical source 'Q'.

Text
The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 17 verses.

Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:
 * Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 405 (~ 200; extant verses 16–17)
 * Papyrus 101 (3rd century; extant verses 10–12; 16–17)
 * Codex Vaticanus (~325–350; complete)
 * Codex Sinaiticus (~330–360; complete)
 * Codex Washingtonianus (~400)
 * Codex Bezae (~400; complete)
 * Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; complete)

Summary
In the Jerusalem Bible (1966), this chapter launches the gospel's "narrative section" in which the Kingdom of Heaven is proclaimed. The Kingdom of Heaven is one of the key motifs within Matthew's gospel. The chapter opens with a portrait of John the Baptist. It describes his preaching, clothing, and diet, presenting him as a preacher in the wilderness prophesizing about the "wrath to come". The chapter then moves to a tirade, ascribed to John, against the Pharisees and Sadducees in which he warns them to repent. This includes the famous "brood of vipers" line at Matthew 3:7. Jesus then arrives from Galilee to be baptized, at a location about 70–80 miles from Nazareth, around the same section of Jordan River where Israelites crossed into the Promised Land under the leadership of Joshua. The chapter closes with the Baptism of Jesus, the voice of the Father, and the appearance of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove.

Full text
In the King James Version, this chapter reads:

1 In those days came John the Baptist, preaching in the wilderness of Judaea, 2 And saying, Repent ye: for the kingdom of heaven is at hand. 3 this is he that was spoken of by the prophet Esaias, saying, The voice of one crying in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths straight. 4 And the same John had his raiment of camel's hair, and a leathern girdle about his loins; and his meat was locusts and wild honey. 5 Then went out to him Jerusalem, and all Judaea, and all the region round about Jordan, 6 And were baptized of him in Jordan, confessing their sins. 7 But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees come to his baptism, he said unto them, O generation of vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? 8 Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance: 9 And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham. 10 And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. 11 I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance. but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire: 12 Whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly purge his floor, and gather his wheat into the garner; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire. 13 Then cometh Jesus from Galilee to Jordan unto John, to be baptized of him. 14 But John forbad him, saying, I have need to be baptized of thee, and comest thou to me? 15 And Jesus answering said unto him, Suffer it to be so now: for thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness. Then he suffered him. 16 And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him: 17 And lo a voice from heaven, saying, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.

title: Matthew 3


text:
TorrentSpy

TorrentSpy was a popular BitTorrent indexing website. It provided .torrent files, which enabled users to exchange data between one another.

It also provided a forum to comment on them and integrated the user-driven content site ShoutWire into the front page. In August 2007, there were more than 1,000,000 torrents indexed with thousands of new torrents indexed every day.

The Motion Picture Association of America filed a lawsuit in February 2006 for TorrentSpy facilitating copyright infringement as many torrents on its site were linking to copyrighted films. In December 2007 the court ruled against TorrentSpy.

On March 24, 2008, facing further fines for not cooperating with the court, TorrentSpy shut itself down.

History
In February 2006, the MPAA filed lawsuits against TorrentSpy, isoHunt, and others for "abusing technology to facilitate infringement of copyrighted works."

On May 29, 2007, A United States federal judge ordered that TorrentSpy begin monitoring its users' activities and to submit these logs to the Motion Picture Association of America. The TorrentSpy attorney, Ira Rothken, stated that TorrentSpy would rather deny access to U.S. users before it started monitoring anyone, since such monitoring is in violation of TorrentSpy's own privacy policy.

In August 2007, TorrentSpy began denying access to United States users and international users using US-based ISPs. In response, the MPAA filed documents calling TorrentSpy's denial of access "another illegitimate attempt by defendants to evade authority of this court and the May 29 order", and asking for sanctions. The ability for users to make comments on individual torrents was also disabled at this time.

In October 2007, a former TorrentSpy associate, Robert Anderson, said that the MPAA paid him $15,000 for inside information about the website. He was also able to hack into TorrentSpy's e-mail system and hand over confidential information to the MPAA. Even though MPAA admitted in the court having bought the inside e-mails, justice ruled that they contained no business secrets, nor that there would have been anything illegal in the procedure.

On March 24, 2008, TorrentSpy's servers were shut down, shortly after a message was posted commenting on the end of TorrentSpy:

"Friends of TorrentSpy,

We have decided on our own, not due to any court order or agreement, to bring the Torrentspy.com search engine to an end and thus we permanently closed down worldwide on March 24, 2008.

The legal climate in the USA for copyright, privacy of search requests, and links to torrent files in search results is simply too hostile. We spent the last two years, and hundreds of thousands of dollars, defending the rights of our users and ourselves.

Ultimately the Court demanded actions that in our view were inconsistent with our privacy policy, traditional court rules, and International law; therefore, we now feel compelled to provide the ultimate method of privacy protection for our users - permanent shutdown.

It was a wild ride,

The TorrentSpy Team"

'Big Brother in the form of an increasingly powerful government and in an increasingly powerful private sector will pile the records high with reasons why privacy should give way to national security, to law and order [...] and the like.' - Justice William O. Douglas"

On May 7, 2008, a federal judge ordered TorrentSpy to pay the Motion Picture Association of America $110 million for alleged infringement of thousands of copyrighted film and TV shows. In a four-page final ruling, U.S. District Court Judge Florence-Marie Cooper entered the multimillion-dollar judgement against TorrentSpy parent company Valence Media as terminating sanctions for destroying User IP Address evidence related to the case. Cooper also issued a permanent injunction against the Web site. "This substantial money judgment sends a strong message about the illegality of these sites," MPAA chairman and CEO Dan Glickman said. "The demise of TorrentSpy is a clear victory for the studios." Whether the MPAA will collect the $110 million from TorrentSpy remains to be seen.

title: TorrentSpy


text: User talk:69.144.145.180

title: User talk:69.144.145.180