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Badain Jaran Desert

The Badain Jaran Desert is a desert in China which spans the provinces of Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. It covers an area of 49,000 km2. By size it is the third largest desert in China.

This desert is home to some of the tallest stationary dunes on Earth, with some reaching a height of more than 500 m, although most average at around 200 m. Its tallest dune is also measured, from base to peak, as the world's third tallest dune and highest stationary dune in the world.

The desert also features over 100 spring-fed lakes that lie between the dunes, some of which are fresh water while others are extremely saline. These lakes give the desert its name which is Mongolian for "mysterious lakes". These lakes are not completely studied and high pH lakes harbor extremely interesting animal communities. It is also crossed by one river, the Ruo Shui ("weak water"), which has formed an alluvial plain in the desert.

Geography
Measuring over 49000 km2, the Badain Jaran Desert covers a significant part of the south-central part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as well as the North part of Gansu province. Located in the Alxa Plateau at about 1200 m above sea level it is listed as a subsection to the Gobi Desert. It is bound to the north by the Gobi and to the East by Mount Lang which separates it from the Ulan Buh Desert (Pinyin: wū lán bù hé shā mò Chinese: 乌兰布和沙漠)

Although most of the dunes in the desert are not stationary, the larger ones usually ranging above 200 m are static. With these dunes only the shallow surface of the sand is constantly shifting. The middle and lower layers of the highest dunes have been compacted for more than 20,000 years causing the sand particles to harden resulting in solid layers of sand and sandstone. High moisture levels inside the dunes also contribute to maintain their fixed state. This rigid structure also allows peaks, cliffs, gullies and even caves to form as a result of water erosion and desertification.

The Badain Jaran Desert, like the Tengger Desert which lies to the east (and with which the Badain Jaran Desert is currently merging due to extensive desertification) is about one-half barren, sandy desert and one-half a mixture of solid bedrock and loose gravel. Several small lakes and oases scatter the desert around which limited vegetation is able to grow.

Lakes
The Badain Jaran Desert is well known for its numerous scattered and colorful lakes. Containing more than 140 lakes they are mainly found in the southern region in the desert. These lakes can easily be found in the larger valleys between large dunes. They are believed to provide the life sustenance in the desert supporting camels, goats and horses which are herded by nomads that travel through the desert. Most lakes also support a green ring of vegetation that populate the close vicinity around the lakes.

Throughout the desert some lakes change color due to large populations of algae, Brine shrimp and mineral formations at different times in year. Evaporation can also allow others to turn into a hypersaline lake forming a salt crust around the rim of the lake.

Although their true sources are still debated it is believed that they are being maintained by underground water streams. Most arid deserts in China are surrounded by mountains that provide water sources, and this is the case with the Badain Jaran Desert. Runoff from the mountains is then collected through gravel deposits and this allows them to run through the desert, providing water sources for the scattered oases.

Within the desert there can be two main types of lakes found regarding their morphometry. The largely elongated shallow lakes mainly appear in the megadune area in the southeastern margin of the desert. Their depth often reaches less than 2 m and only measure about .2 km2. The oval-shaped, deep lakes can also be found in the compound transverse megadune area. Their maximum depth reaches around 15 m and attain a maximum size of around 1.5 km2. The lake water can be extremely saline. The shallow lakes in the southeastern region of the desert tend to have low salt concentration, averaging at less than 20 g/L. Other lakes can show higher salt concentrations going up to more than 330 g/L.

Singing Dunes
The Badain Jaran megadunes is one of the few places where the singing sand phenomenon occurs, in which the sand emits a sharp, loud noise that can be maintained for more than a minute. Although it is not fully understood, it is believed that it is caused by an electrostatic charge that is generated as wind pulls the top layers of sand down a dune slope. This will produce a low pitched rumble that can reach over 105 decibels. The "singing" starts with an avalanche of sand down the leeward face of a large dune. This phenomenon requires very specific circumstances to generate the sound. The dunes are silent throughout winter when humidity is retained in the sand. In the summer, when the sand is dry, the booming can be generated, but only on a slope of at least 30 degrees or more, on the leeward face of a dune; the same sand on the shallow, windward side cannot generate any noise. This phenomenon is only shared by around 35 other beaches and deserts around the world.

Under the same circumstances, it is also possible to generate another acoustic phenomenon. Moving a hand gently through the dry sand of a "booming sand dune" will shear the upper layer of sand off the slope and generate a burping sound emission (pulse-like, short bursts of sound).

Dunes
The Badain Jaran Desert is made up of hundreds of dunes ranging from small to large. Most of the megadunes in the desert average about 400 m from the base while the rest average around 200 m. Out of all the megadunes, the Bilutu Peak ("bì lǔ tú fēng", 必鲁图峰) is the most famous. It towers at 500 m from the base and is the tallest dune in Asia, (third tallest in the world). Unlike most of the smaller dunes the Bilutu Peak is stationary which makes it the world's tallest stationary dune.

While the larger megadunes are stationary (with only the top layer of sand shifting), the smaller dunes are constantly shifting according to wind patterns. This makes desertification a problem in surrounding areas as the desert is constantly expanding.

Climate
For tourists willing to go more out of their way, the Badain Jaran Desert is definitely a popular tourist attraction. Based upon weather patterns, temperature and sight-seeing possibilities the best time to visit is between June and October. Since the Badain Jaran Desert falls under temperate arid and extremely arid climatic zones, it is important to be prepared when traveling through the dunes. The average annual rainfall is only between 50 and 60mm and is mainly centered between June and August; however, the evaporation of precipitation is between 40 and 80 times than that of rainfall. Besides the fact that it is much colder, winter and spring have very strong winds coming mainly from the northwest getting to more than 60 days long. These winds can even get up to wind force 8. Due to these aspects of the desert climate, the popular tourist time is based upon when the climate is most comfortable. Appropriate footwear should be worn due to the fact that sand temperatures can exceed 80 °C.

Badain Jaran Temple
The Badain Jaran Temple (bā dān jí lín miào 巴丹吉林庙) is a well-preserved Tibetan-Buddhist temple located in the middle of the desert. It was built in 1868 at the side of a lake. Its isolation allowed it to survive untouched and safe from the Cultural Revolution. The fine state of preservation allows visitors to explore the temples attractions including statues, wood carvings, artifacts and a small white pagoda.

The temple is only accessible by land. Visitors normally reach it by renting a sand jeep at the tourist centers located along the S317 highway. Visitors can also choose to hire a driver for a daily fee. The vehicles available for tourists are 4X4 military jeeps with reinforced frames and deflated tires. These jeeps are able to drive through the desert, ascend and descend sand dunes. They remain operational for many hours. These trips by land include several stops at lakes, scenic spots and the Bilutu Peak.

Bilutu Peak
Bilutu Peak (必鲁图峰) is also a location which is commonly accessed using the sandjeeps. It is the world's highest stationary dune rising 450 m over the surrounding area, and peaking at 1611 m above sea level. The surrounding dunes only reach about 200 m. Although the biggest, it is one of several large stationary dunes within the Badain Jaran Desert. Upon reaching the top there will be a clear view of the surrounding dunes as well as several colorful lakes.

Khara Khoto
Also known as the ancient black city, it is located in the northwestern side of the desert near the Ruo Shui River and is located fairly close to the new city of Ejin. The ancient city was a Tangut city founded in 1032 which became the center of the Tangut empire. When Genghis Khan conquered the city it flourished again under Mongol rule. However, the city fell to Chinese armies in 1372 during the Ming dynasty and was left abandoned and in ruins. It has been untouched since. Although not accessible using the same jeeps, it is possible to find transport in the city of Ejin.

Jiabiangou Labor Camp
The infamous Jiabiangou Labor Camp was located on the edge of the desert and 27 km from Jiuquan, Gansu. Between 1957 and 1961, the camp was used for "re-education through labor" to imprison intellectuals and former government officials that were declared to be "rightist" in the Anti-Rightist Movement of the Communist Party. Out of 3,000 prisoners, 2,500 died between 1957 and 1960, during the height of the Great Chinese Famine. The remains of the camp and the unmarked graveyards were poorly maintained and are heavily guarded by the Communist Chinese government. Relatives of the dead are only permitted during the time of Qingming. In November 2013, a memorial dedicated to the dead was quickly destroyed by the local government. Many graves and human remains were also removed since then to prevent people from visiting.

title: Badain Jaran Desert


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Talk:Zelda's Adventure

Nudity?
Is there nudity in this game? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.111.237.24 (talk) 17:38, 16 March 2007 (UTC).
 * ...Are you serious? Jeff Silvers 12:51, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
 * No... Did you actually think it was Watching Zelda Dress from the Tree Outside Her Window Adventure?J'onn J'onzz 13:06, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Actually...yes. I am.

Getting this article moving
I'm a fan of this game (Yes, fans do exist!) and I'd like to help out improving this article. Unfortunately I've not got much experience under my belt. Is there anything in particular that needs to be added to the article? If I could get some pointers like "more reviews of the game" or something, I'll do the legwork to find sources. Organics LRO 15:41, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

 * If you can expand plot, that would be great.Lucia Black (talk) 19:49, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, there's a first attempt. Lots of primary sourcing as I'm at work and can't access many websites at the moment, but I'll find some secondary's when I get home. Organics LRO 13:59, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * for plot you don't really need to verify with second party sources, but if it makes it easier for you, you can.Lucia Black (talk) 14:01, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Ah okay, I was looking at other Zelda games for ideas and some had similar cites to what I've done from in-game quotes (though I may have gone overboard), but yeah now that you mention it I don't think I saw any secondary sources. Thanks for the pointers, much appreciated. Perhaps I'll look at the other game's leads so we can get rid of the tag on top :) Organics LRO 14:40, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * No problem. secondary sources are good for any plot information that we probably wont see in-game but is meant to be relevant. such as if the game takes place 4 years after link: the faces of evilLucia Black (talk) 14:46, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Makes sense to me. This game doesn't link (haha, get it?) with other games at all, but actually there might be more plot in the manual, I'll check that out too. Organics LRO 15:24, 19 November 2013 (UTC)

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unreleased in usa
Both serials 810 0147 and 810 0157 are european serial numbers. A 310* serial exists but is from a prerelease Demonstration Disc. All the copies on ebay.com in USA were imported. --2603:8001:A101:10:2DE6:5FBE:AB31:169F (talk) 02:42, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Zelda's Adventure


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Assisted areas (United Kingdom)

Assisted areas in the United Kingdom are those areas selected for the application of regional policy to support employment. They date back to depressed special areas identified before WWII for specific assistance. Over time the support systems have changed, as have the designated areas. While the UK was a member of the European Union, the coverage and schemes were regulated as part of the EU's regional policy.

During Brexit negotiation much new grant support was suspended. From 2021 a new UK Levelling-up policy of the British government was developed.

2007-2013 map
The assisted areas of Great Britain are based upon a map drawn up and agreed with the European Commission in October 2006. The map was approved by the European Commission in December 2006 and will run from 2007 until 2013.

Under new EU guidelines, the proportion of the UK population covered by Assisted Areas has been reduced from 30.9% in the period from 2000 to 2006, to 23.9%. This reduction is a result of recent EU enlargement and the success of the UK economy leading to 2016.

The basis of the map is to provide Tier 1 and Tier 2 areas for Regional Selective Assistance grants (RSA), recently re-titled as Selective Finance for Investment in the English Regions (SFI), but remaining as RSA in Wales and Scotland, and additionally large areas of the UK, where a lower level of grant aid can also be made available to small and medium-sized enterprises. These areas are classified as Tier 3 (see tab England Tier 3), - this grant scheme is known as Enterprise Grant Scheme (EGS) for English companies, Assembly Investment Grant (AIG) for Welsh companies and Invest for Growth Scheme (IFG) for Scottish companies.

However, government aid can be only be provided by these current grant scheme within the constricts set out the European Commission, which among other constraints require a degree of proof that a project will not proceed without the requested grant aid.

England
Responsibility for delivery of the schemes in England is mainly from 1 April that of the regional development agencies for RSA grants, whilst the Small Business Service handles both EGS and SMART, although larger RSA applications still have a direct involvement in the decision taking process by the DTI (over £2M).

Scotland
Scotland has its own variant schemes of RSA and the smaller grant, IFG scheme, both administered by the Scottish Executive. Again, this is a devolved department, directly under the auspices of the Scottish Parliament.

Wales
In Wales, both RSA and the new AIG, small grant scheme, are administered by the Welsh Assembly Government from offices in Cardiff, Swansea for South Wales, and Colwyn Bay for North Wales areas.

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Colledge

Colledge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Brant Colledge (born 1994), Australian footballer
 * Cecilia Colledge (1920–2008), British figure skater
 * Daryn Colledge (born 1982), American football player
 * J. J. Colledge (1908–1997), British naval historian
 * Malcolm Colledge (1939-2015), British archaeologist, expert in the art of Palmyra
 * Richard Colledge, Australian philosopher
 * Thomas Richardson Colledge (1796–1879), Scottish surgeon and missionary

title: Colledge


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Talk:Lord William Russell

Title
Yesterday I created this article at Lord William Russell (murdered), which I agree is an awful title, but really he didn't do anything except get murdered (and that only once), so I was at a loss. (I do think he is an encyclopedic subject, as his murder made the Newgate Calendar and was famous enough seventy years later to be mentioned in E.C. Bentley's Trent's Last Case.)

But I'm not thrilled by "Lord William Russell (aristocrat)", either — doesn't the "Lord" part imply the "aristocrat" part? And, more importantly, the tag does nothing to distinguish our subject from Lord William Russell (executed), which was my primary goal. (According to the page history, someone merged the two articles in error and then reverted, or something; I can't really tell what happened!) Obviously, finding out the two gentlemen's middle names would be helpful, but assuming that's unlikely to happen, does anyone have any suggestions? --Quuxplusone 18:02, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I was just trying to disambiguate the MP for Surrey, but this led me to investigate this fascinating article. Having tied up the politician and the murder victim, both because the dates of birth and death were the same and through tracing references in The Times, we now see that Russell was quite a prominent public figure. So prominent that the journalists did not think it necessary to mention his lengthy political career when the murder took place.

 * As to the article title, given the number of Lord William Russell's in the family of the Duke of Bedford I would suggest leaving it as it is. It does disambiguate, however tautological it may be. --Gary J 05:26, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Split
I came here with the intention of splitting the article, but after looking into the situation there seems to be little point in a split as the suggested subject for the split doesn't meet WP:NOTE. I'm going to remove the split tag. I suggest this section be cleaned up to more encyclopedic and less like a story. -France3470 (talk) 15:19, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Fingerprint suggestion
This could have gone down in history... but it didn't. Worth mentioning here though.Malick78 (talk) 10:22, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
 * WP:NORUSH clearly applies Malick78! I've added it to Fingerprints and its already in List of major crimes in the United Kingdom. Regards JRPG (talk) 14:21, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

Documentary mentioning the murder case.
Just thought someone may wish to add the importance of Russell murder to the Yard. According to Secrets of Scotland Yard (at the time of this writing it is available on Netflix Instant, this is the link) when the investigation began by the Yard, the Yard was actually performing an illegal investigation. The law was such that the Yard was not allowed to look into anyone's personal life. They were strictly for preventing crime, not solving them. This is the first case that the documentary mentions so it's within the first 10 minutes. I'm not a great writer for this so I thought someone with better skills may be interested. Oh and FYI, I italicized the title because I'm not sure if it's part of a series or an independent documentary. MagnoliaSouth (talk) 20:33, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Grasshopper and ants

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was redirect to The Ant and the Grasshopper. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:13, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Grasshopper and ants
Created by serial vandal. The actual story this article covers was about a single ant. Ec5618 18:03, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Different version, different contents. (No vote as yet.) Sonic Mew 18:09, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep, notable fable, like The Fox and the Grapes. Kappa 18:31, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Ant and the Grasshopper, which I just created. It seems a legitimate topic, as one of Aesop's most famous fables. - DavidWBrooks 18:32, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect, per DavidWBrooks. The fable is more commonly known that way. Also, though, we should check to see which way the Aesop article has the title. Geogre 19:07, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Redirect per DavidWBrooks. I have placed the information in The Ant and the Grasshopper, (with a little bit of wikifying,) so this version is now not needed. Sonic Mew 19:14, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Awesome redirect, good work DavidWBrooks. -- BD2412 talk 21:33, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * Redirect to The Ant and the Grasshopper. This article here seems to give a synopsis of the 1934 Walt Disney version. --FuriousFreddy 01:14, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Cape Cod (house)

A Cape Cod house is a low, broad, single or double-story frame building with a moderately-steep-pitched gabled roof, a large central chimney, and very little ornamentation. Originating in New England in the 17th century, the simple symmetrical design was constructed of local materials to withstand the stormy weather of Cape Cod. It features a central front door flanked by multipaned windows. The space above the first floor was often left as unfinished attic space, with or without windows on the gable ends.

The building type enjoyed a boom in popularity and adaptation to modern needs in the 1930s–1950s, particularly with Colonial Revival embellishments. It remains a feature of New England homebuilding.

History

The Cape Cod cottage–type house (it is a form or type, not a style, though commonly mistakenly  referred to as a style) originated in the wood-building counties of England and was brought to America by Puritan carpenters. The harsh climate of New England tested the pioneers' ingenuity, and by lowering the house and pulling its plan into more of a square footprint, they transported the English hall and parlor house, now called the Cape Cod cottage. The type has survived and emerged as a one- to one-and-a-half-story house with wooden shutters and a clapboard or shingle exterior. Using local materials—cedar for roofing and siding shingles, oak and pine for framing and flooring —settlers built houses locally adapted to New England's extreme winter climate. Temperatures in January and February can drop to −20 °F, with snow accumulations often reaching several feet. To fight the chill, they built massive central chimneys and low-ceilinged rooms to conserve heat. The steep-roof characteristic of New England homes minimized snow load. Finally, colonists installed shutters on the windows to hold back heavy winds.

The Reverend Timothy Dwight IV (1752–1817), president of Yale University from 1795 to 1817, coined the term "Cape Cod house" after a visit to the Cape in 1800. His observations were published posthumously in Travels in New England and New York (1821–1822). The type was popularized more broadly in a slightly more elaborate Colonial Revival variant popularized in the 1930s–1950s, though traditional unornamented Capes remain common in New England.

Colonial and federal Capes (17th century – early 19th century)
Colonial-era Capes were most prevalent in the Northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. They were made of wood and covered in wide clapboard or shingles, often unpainted, which weathered grey over time. Most houses were small, usually 1000 – in size. Often windows of different sizes were worked into the gable ends, with those of nine and six panes the most common.

The type has a symmetrical appearance, with the front door in the center of the house and a large central chimney that could often accommodate back-to-back fireplaces. The main bedroom was on the first floor, with an often-unfinished loft on the second. A typical early house had no dormers and little or no exterior ornamentation.

Framing and layout

The overwhelming majority of early Capes were timber framed, with three bays formed by four bents. A few late examples of early Capes used stud framing, and plank framing was also used.

The first Cape Cod houses fall into four categories: the quarter, half, three-quarter, and full Cape. The comparatively rare quarter Cape is a single bay, usually a wider "outside" bay that becomes rooms. It has a single door and a single window on the front but is full depth. The half Cape is two bays, with a door to one side of the house and two windows on one side of the door; the three-quarter Cape has a door with two windows on one side and a single window on the other; while the full Cape consists of a front door in the center of the home, flanked on each side by two windows. Otherwise, the three categories of early Cape Cod houses were nearly identical in layout. Inside the front door, a central staircase led to the small upper level, which consisted of two children's bedrooms. The lower floor consisted of a hall for daily living (including cooking, dining, and gathering) and the parlor, or master bedroom.

Some use a different naming system and call the full-size version a "double Cape", but this is used more often for an extended duplex structure.

"High post", also known as "knee wall", Capes were originally an uncommon variant but became more common into the 19th century, emerging as a feature of Cape-derived vernacular architecture in the Midwest. The posts extend vertically past the first floor, increasing usable space on the second floor and simplifying joinery, at a cost of structural rigidity. The knee wall was often fenestrated with small, low windows.

Adaptations
Over the years, owners doubled the full Cape and added wings onto the rear or sides, typically single-storied. Dormers were added for increased space, light, and ventilation. A screened-in porch was sometimes added to one side of the home, rarely the front.

Colonial Revival (1930s–1950s)
Colonial Revival Cape Cod houses are very similar to colonial Cape Cod houses, but some have the chimney at one end of the living room on the side of the house. Elaborate replicas were designed for the affluent, while architects such as Royal Barry Wills modernized the Cape for middle-class families by including modern amenities that addressed demands for increased privacy and technology, including bathrooms, kitchens, and garages. Adaptations proliferated throughout suburbs that emerged after World War II, and planned communities like Levittown, New York, offered Cape Cod–style tract housing, particularly to returning soldiers.

title: Cape Cod (house)


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Fernão de Loronha

Fernão de Loronha (c. 1470 or earlier – c. 1540), whose name is often corrupted to Fernando de Noronha or Fernando della Rogna, was a prominent 16th-century Portuguese merchant of Lisbon, of Jewish descent. He was the first charter-holder (1502–1512), the first donatary captain in Brazil and sponsor of numerous early Portuguese overseas expeditions. The islands of Fernando de Noronha off the coast of Brazil, discovered by one of his expeditions and granted to Loronha and his heirs as a fief in 1504, are named after him.

Biography
Fernão de Loronha was a Sephardi Jew converted to Catholicism (cristão-novo). He was the son of Martim Afonso de Loronha and the brother of another Martim Afonso de Loronha, a clerk of the Order of Christ, both ennobled and granted a coat of arms newly created. He married Violante Rodrigues.

By 1500, Fernão de Loronha was a well-established merchant in Lisbon, where he served as the factor of Jakob Fugger, head of the wealthy German banking family of Augsburg. In his 1504 royal letter, King Manuel I of Portugal referred to Loronha as a knight of the royal household (cavaleiro da nossa casa). His acquisition of status at a time when even wealthy and notable Jews came under persecution in Portugal suggests Loronha had unusually high connections. Even the corruption of his name from Loronha to Noronha might not be accidental, but reflect a popular assumption (which he might not have been eager to correct) that he was connected to the Noronha clan, one of the most illustrious noble families in Portugal, of royal Castilian descent (although there is no evidence Loronha had any ties, by blood or marriage, to the Noronhas).

After the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500, the Portuguese crown sent out a follow-up mapping expedition in 1501 to explore the Brazilian coast. The commander of this expedition is unknown, but it was accompanied by Amerigo Vespucci, who wrote an account of it. Some scholars believe that Fernão de Loronha may have been the overall captain of this expedition, due to his interest in the country's dye wood resources. After the expedition, Loronha in fact obtained a royal lease with fellow businessmen to commercialize Brazilian dye wood and other products. Proponents of the hypothesis that Loronha commanded the 1501 mapping expedition include Duarte Leite (1923) and Greenlee (1945). Opponents include Roukema (1963).

The mapping expedition explored much of the Brazilian eastern coast from Cape São Roque in the northeast down to the environs of Cabo Frio and named many of the locations along the way. Returning to Lisbon by September 1502, the expedition reported the discovery of an abundance of brazilwood (pau-brasil) on the coast. Brazilwood was highly valued by the European cloth industry as a superb dye, producing a deep red color, but it had to be imported from India at great expense. Sensing the commercial opportunity of the new discovery, Fernando de Loronha assembled a consortium of Lisbon merchants, with himself at its head, and petitioned the crown for permission to exploit the find. In late September 1502, King Manuel of Portugal issued a charter (now lost) granting Fernão de Loronha the exclusive right to the commercial exploitation of the "Lands of Vera Cruz" (as Brazil was then known) for a period of three years. In return, Loronha was obliged to outfit and send six ships per year at his own expense, commit himself to discover 300 leagues of new coast per year and build a fort (forteza) in the new country. Loronha would also obliged pay the crown a share of his revenues: zero in the first year, one-sixth in the second year, and one quarter in the third year. However, a different account reports Loronha was given a ten-year charter, for which he paid the crown a fixed sum of 4,000 ducats per year. One possible reconciliation is that the latter reflect not the original terms, but new terms that were negotiated upon the renewal of Loronha's charter in 1505.

In April–May 1503, Loronha's consortium outfitted a new expedition of six ships under captain Gonçalo Coelho, accompanied once again by Amerigo Vespucci, to scout the Brazilian coast and set up harvesting warehouses. On August 10, 1503, the expedition stumbled on an uninhabited island off the northeast Brazilian coast that is now called the Fernando de Noronha island. However, it went through different names at that time: Vespucci called it São Lourenço, official documents called it São João, while a contemporary map, the Cantino planisphere, apparently called it Quaresma.

The Coelho-Vespucci expedition was instructed by Loronha to establish factories (feitorias, essentially warehouses) along the coast as collection points for brazilwood harvests. It is believed three warehouses were established on this expedition - one by Vespucci at Cabo Frio (manned by 24 men, thus filling the forteza requirement), another by Coelho at Porto Seguro (feitoria da Santa Cruz de Cabrália) and probably a third, also by Coelho, in Guanabara Bay (feitoria da Carioca). Around 1509 or 1511 (details uncertain), an expedition outfitted by Fernão de Loronha under Cristóvão Pires established another brazilwood factory at Baía de Todos os Santos (modern Bahia). It is believed a factory may have also been established at São Vicente around 1508 or so, although this is more speculative.

On January 14, 1504, King Manuel I of Portugal issued a royal letter granting the island of São João (Fernando de Noronha) personally to Fernão de Loronha and his descendants, thereby making Loronha the first Portuguese hereditary donatary captain of Brazil. A factory was immediately set up on the island, and quickly became the hub of Loronha's operation - brazilwood harvested directly across the water, or ferried in by small boats from the factories down the coast, were collected on the island, and dispatched on larger ships back to Portugal. By 1506, Loronha's consortium is said to have reaped a brazilwood harvest of 20,000 quintals by 1506, representing a 400-500% profit over the initial lump sum payment and ship expenses. Loronha also drummed up some business in 'novelty' pets like colorful Brazilian parrots and monkeys, cotton and occasionally, Indian slaves.

Loronha's enterprise, run with only a bare minimum of staff, was not known to employ coercion. Brazilwood and other products were acquired by trade with indigenous peoples. Brazilian Indians (mostly Tupi) did all of the woodcutting independently and delivered the harvest to the warehouses, where they traded with Loronha's agents for iron goods, tools, knives, axes, mirrors, and other miscellaneous products of that kind. The slaves were not acquired in raids, but by ransoming war captives from local tribes (although this proved tricky, given the embedded tradition of cannibalism among the Tupi, local chieftains were reluctant to sell their 'sacred' prisoners.)

Loronha's commercial charter was renewed in 1506, and then again until 1512, when the crown passed the charter to a different merchant consortium, led by Jorge Lopes Bixorda. In 1515, the Portuguese crown let Bixorda's charter expire, and finally took over the factories and the brazilwood trade itself. By this time, Spanish and French interlopers (the latter mainly outfitted by merchants from the Atlantic ports of Brittany and Normandy, connected to the cloth trade), had begun to visit the Brazilian coast with some regularity, landing brazilwood-harvesting parties and/or plundering the stores from the lightly manned Portuguese factories along the coast. As private Portuguese merchants did not have the wherewithal (nor the authority) to challenge the foreign interlopers, the losses were heavy. When the Portuguese crown took over the enterprise, it immediately set up a military coastal patrol to defend these locations. Despite losing its commercial charter, Loronha's family retained its hereditary capitaincy of Fernando de Noronha island (heirs are confirmed in documents down to 1580).

Independently of his Brazilian activities, Fernão de Loronha also participated in the outfitting of the Portuguese India Armadas of the early 1500s. The Bassas da India in the Mozambique Channel is named after one of Loronha's ships, the Judia ("Jewess"), which discovered the atoll by running into it in 1506. The original name baixas da Judia ("Judia Shoals") was corrupted into "bassas da India" by later error.

Naming Brazil
If anyone is responsible for the naming of Brazil and its inhabitants, it would be Fernão de Loronha. Although officially named the lands of Vera Cruz or Santa Cruz by the original discovers, it was during Loronha's tenure that the name of the land gradually transitioned to Terra do Brasil and its inhabitants to Brasileiros. It was rather common for 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese to refer to distant lands by their commercial product rather than their proper name (e.g. Madeira Islands, Pepper Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Spice Islands, etc.) The lands of Vera Cruz were simply popularly known as the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) for the same reason. (Some letters from the early 1500s refer to it as Terra di Papaga, "Land of Parrots" )

More curious is the demonym. In the Portuguese language, an inhabitant of Brazil is referred to as a Brasileiro, although the suffix -eiro properly denotes occupations and not inhabitants (who are typically given the suffix -ano instead). A rough English equivalent might be the suffix -or (doctor, actor) or -er (carpenter, plumber) versus -an (Indian, American). Thus an inhabitant of Brazil should have become known in Portuguese as a Brasiliano ("Brazilian"), but – uniquely among Portuguese demonyms – they are instead referenced as a Brasileiro ("Braziler"). This stems from Loronha's tenure when brasileiro was indeed a reference to an occupation: a brazilwood cutter or trader. The name of the occupation was simply gradually extended to refer to all the inhabitants of the land.

title: Fernão de Loronha


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Sentinel Waggon Works

Sentinel Waggon Works Ltd was a British company based in Shrewsbury, Shropshire that made steam-powered lorries (steam wagons), railway locomotives, and later, diesel engined lorries, buses and locomotives.

Alley & MacLellan, Sentinel Works, Jessie Street Glasgow
Alley & MacLellan was founded in 1875 and was based in Polmadie, Glasgow. This company continued in operation until the 1950s. Initially manufacturing valves and compressors for steam engines, and later whole steamships, Alley & MacLellan acquired Simpson and Bibby of Horsehay, Shropshire, manufacturer of steam-powered road vehicles, in 1903. They began producing steam road vehicles in 1905 and in 1906 introduced a five-ton vertical-boiler steam wagon, which featured a two-cylinder undertype engine and chain drive.

Around 1915, Alley & McLellan moved the steam wagon production to a new factory in Shrewsbury and it continued under a separate company (see below), and in 1918 the company also opened a third factory in Worcester specialising in valve manufacture. Both factory buildings were prefabricated in Glasgow for local assembly and in both cases core Scottish employees transferred to the new sites.

Alley & MacLellan continued to operate in the original Sentinel Works in Jessie Street, Glasgow until the 1950s. They produced a wide range of engineering products including compressors, valves, etc. The 'Sentinel' name continued to be used for the products of the original Glasgow works until the mid 20th Century.

Move to Shrewsbury

The company Sentinel Waggon Works Ltd was formed when steam wagon production was switched to a new factory, opened at Shrewsbury in 1915. There were several other slight changes to the name over the company's lifetime when further infusions of working capital were required to obviate financial problems.

Alley & MacLellan's early steam wagon was so successful that it remained in production with relatively few updates until the launch of Sentinel's famous Super in 1923. The company also produced steam railway locomotives and railcars, for railway companies and industrial customers.

In 1917, the company was bought by William Beardmore and Company.

Sentinel Waggon Works (1920) Ltd

In 1920, after financial problems, the company was reorganised as Sentinel Waggon Works (1920) Ltd. The Sentinel 'Super' model that followed in 1923 was assembled in a radical new plant at Shrewsbury, with a flow line based on Henry Ford's Model T factory at Highland Park, Michigan, with 1,550 vehicles produced.

Sentinel, along with Foden, dominated the steam market, but the 1930s saw the demise of both companies' ranges as new legislation forced the development of lighter lorries, Sentinel surviving the longest.

In 1934, Sentinel launched a new and advanced steamer – the S type which had a single-acting four-cylinder underfloor engine with longitudinal crankshaft and an overhead worm-drive axle. Their Sentinel Waggon Works' design of 1935 led to the production of 3,750 Sentinel 'Standards' in the seventeen years that followed, the biggest selling steam lorry ever. It was lighter and featured a modernised driver's cab with a set-back boiler and was available in four, six and eight-wheel form, designated S4, S6 and S8. In spite of its sophisticated design, however, it could not compete with contemporary diesel trucks for all-round convenience and payload capacity, and was phased out in the late 1930s. It was not the end of Sentinel's involvement with steam, however; the company built about 100 "S" type vehicles for export to Argentina as late as 1950, for use by the Río Turbio coal mine. It has been stated that Sentinel were never paid for the last batch of the Río Turbio production run. At least two of the Río Turbio steam wagons survive in Argentina to this day.

In 1946, Thomas Hill's signed an agency agreement with Sentinel for repair and maintenance of diesel vehicles. In 1947 Sentinel offered to extend the agreement for diesel vehicles to include the steam locomotives and an agency was accepted by Thomas Hill for sales and servicing.

Sentinel (Shrewsbury) Ltd
In 1947, the company became Sentinel (Shrewsbury) Ltd, and had developed a new range of diesel lorries. Despite Sentinel's superbly engineered vehicles, sales diminished throughout the 1950s, and by 1956 the company was forced to cease lorry production. The factory was acquired by Rolls-Royce for diesel engine production, and the remaining stock of parts and vehicles was taken over by Sentinel's chief dealer, North Cheshire Motors of Warrington, who formed a new company, Transport Vehicles (Warrington) Ltd, in 1957 to produce Sentinel-based designs under the TVW name.

In 1963, Thomas Hill's decided to renew the loco agreement and relinquish the diesel vehicle agency, concentrating all efforts on the steam locomotive work.

Rolls-Royce agree to build diesel locomotives
Despite the various interesting developments, Rolls-Royce did not consider railway locomotives to be part of their core business. They had agreed to complete all steam locos on order, and four steam receiver locos ordered by Dorman Long in 1956, but only after much consideration did Rolls-Royce finally agree at the end of 1957 to design and build a diesel locomotive of similar weight and power to the 200 hp steam loco that had sold so well. Thomas Hill's would assist in the design and development of these diesel machines and would be the sole distributor.

Last steam locomotives
In 1958, the last two Sentinel steam locomotives were delivered, marking the end of an era. Two of the newly developed steam receiver locos were delivered and proved very satisfactory in service, but Dorman Long were not happy. There had been a change of heart among their engineers as well as a change of circumstances, and they were now favouring diesel locomotives. The last two steam receiver locos were built but never delivered and ultimately all four were converted to diesel hydraulic.

Diesel production commences
The prototype Sentinel diesel locomotive was built and ready to commence trials on the former Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway (then under military control) early in 1959. It met with the approval and enthusiasm of the Company's prospective customers and before the end of the year 17 locomotives had been sold and delivered. The company was ready to produce a maximum of four locomotives a month.

By 1963, four different Sentinel diesel models were being produced, commencing with the 34-ton chain drive 0-4-0 powered by the Rolls-Royce C6SFL six-cylinder engine of 233 bhp (gross) (later uprated to 255 bhp). This was followed within a year by a 48-ton 0-6-0 rod coupled machine, fitted with a Rolls-Royce C8SFL eight-cylinder engine of 311 bhp (gross) (later uprated to 325 bhp). Between 1963 and 1966, a fleet of these diesel locomotives, eventually numbering five 0-6-0s and eighteen 0-4-0s, was supplied to the Manchester Ship Canal Company for use on the navigation's private railway network.

These Sentinels demonstrated their suitability for heavy work, but heavier and more powerful locos were called for, particularly by the steel industry, and before the end of 1963 a 74ton 0-8-0 powered by paired C8SFL engines and a 40-ton 0-4-0 fitted with a C8SFL engine had been added to the range.

Sentinel Steelman
A shaft drive 600 hp 0-6-0 machine was now being developed at Shrewsbury using the new DV8T engine. Considerable interest in this loco was expressed by Stewart and Lloyds mineral division at Corby who were operating more than 20 steam locos, mainly of the Austerity type. This new locomotive Steelman was eventually delivered to Corby in late 1967, about two years overdue. The prototype locomotive proved satisfactory and three more were ordered by Stewart and Lloyds and one by Richard Thomas and Baldwins, Scunthorpe. Stewart and Lloyds' programme to replace more than 20 steam locos over the next few years the future for Steelman looked good.

British Railways offered Stewart and Lloyds 26 second-hand Swindon-built Class 14 diesel hydraulic locomotives. The rod-coupled Class 14 were powered by a 650 hp Paxman engine with Voith Transmission and were capable of doing the work required at a fraction of the price of new Steelman locomotives. No further "Steelman" locos were built at Shrewsbury.

In 1979, ICI Billingham wanted two heavy locomotives to replace their ageing Yorkshire Janus locomotives. Their engineers visited many industrial sites, and steelworks in particular, to evaluate available locomotives. Their requirements were discussed with various UK locomotive manufacturers, and they ordered an updated version of the Sentinel Steelman design. Two machines were delivered toward the end of 1981.

UK sales of Sentinel locos were now fewer than 10 per year, their only overseas success had been to license the assembly of 36 0-6-0 locomotives by Sorefame for the Portuguese Railways in 1965/66. These locomotives became the CP Class 1150.

Steam wagons

 * Alley & MacLellan five-ton steam wagon (1906) – now commonly referred to as the "Standard" Sentinel
 * Super Sentinel (1923)
 * Sentinel DG4 (1928)
 * Sentinel DG6 (1927)
 * Sentinel DG8 (1929) – world's first four-axle, twin steer truck
 * Sentinel S4 (1933)
 * Sentinel S6 (1933)
 * Sentinel S8 (1933)

Diesel lorries

 * Sentinel HSG (1938)
 * Sentinel DV44 (1947)
 * Sentinel DV46 (1949)
 * Sentinel DV66 (1950)
 * Sentinel aircraft tug

Diesel buses

 * Sentinel 32-seat bus (1924)
 * Sentinel HSG (1935)
 * Sentinel SLC4-40 (1948)
 * Sentinel STC6-44 (1950)
 * Sentinel SL chassis (1951)

Railway vehicles
The locomotives and railcars (with a few exceptions) used the standard steam lorry boilers and engine units.

CE Class
Centre Engine

BE Class
Balanced Engine
 * LMS Sentinel 7164

DE Class
Double Engine

100 hp steam locomotives

 * Works no. 6515/1926, Isham Quarries, Northamptonshire, (ex-GWR No. 12)
 * Works no. 6520/1926, "Toby" 0-4-0VG; Port of Par, Cornwall. (Replaced 1876 Manning Wardle 0-4-0ST "Punch". Replaced by Bagnall 0-4-0ST "Alfred" and "Judy").
 * Works no. 6807/1928, "Gervase"; rebuilt as a vertical-boilered geared locomotive from 1900 Manning Wardle. (Moved to Kent & East Sussex Railway in 1972, and to the Elsecar Heritage Railway in 2008.)
 * Works no. 7026/1928, British Quarrying Co., Criggion, Montgomeryshire
 * Works no. 7299/1928, Corby Quarries, Rockingham Forest, (ex-Phoenix Tube Works)
 * Works no. 9365/1945, "Belvedere"; Isham Quarries, Northamptonshire, (ex-Thomas Hill, Rotherham): preserved at Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust
 * Works no. 9369/1946, "Musketeer"; Isham Quarries, Northamptonshire, (ex-Williams & Williams, Hooton): preserved at Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust
 * Works no. 9615/1956, Oxfordshire Ironstone Quarries, Banbury
 * LMS Sentinels 7160-3
 * LNER Class Y1
 * LNER Class Y3

200 hp steam locomotives

 * LNER Class Y10
 * S&DJR Sentinels
 * Works no. 7109/1927, Croydon Gasworks No. 37 "Joyce", preserved at Midsomer Norton railway station

Railcars

 * In 1923, the Jersey Railways & Tramways purchased a railcar for use on their line between St Helier and St Aubin.
 * In 1925, the New Zealand Railways Department bought one Sentinel-Cammell steam railcar which became part of its RM class.
 * Between 1925 and 1932, the London and North Eastern Railway bought 80 Sentinel steam railcars and four were supplied to the LNER-controlled Cheshire Lines Committee.
 * In 1928, Palestine Railways bought two Sentinel-Cammell articulated steam railcars for local services. Each unit had two cars articulated over three bogies. Palestine Railways found the railcar format inflexible, as if passenger numbers exceeded the capacity of a train it was not practical to couple up an extra coach. In 1945 PR removed the Sentinel engines and converted the railcars to ordinary coaching stock.
 * In 1931, the Tasmanian Government Railways received two 61 ft 5 in single engine Sentinel-Cammell railcars which became known as the SP Class. In 1934 two more 68 ft 2 in cars were received, and owing to higher maintenance requirements, in 1937 five more cars were received with twin-engine oil-firing boilers. In the 1950s as more diesel railcars were introduced, the boilers and engines were removed and they continued as passenger stock.
 * In 1933, the Southern Railway bought a Sentinel-Cammell steam railcar for use on the Devil's Dyke branch, in East Sussex. Although operationally successful, the single railcar was not large enough to meet the needs of this line. It was transferred away from the line in March 1936 and tried in other areas, but was withdrawn in 1940.

 * In 1935, the Ferrocarril Central del Paraguay (Paraguay Central Railway) acquired three oil-fired railcars with trailers for the suburban service between Asunción and Ypacarai.
 * In 1951, Egyptian National Railways bought 10 articulated steam railcars. Each had three carriage bodies articulated over four bogies. One is preserved by the Quainton Railway Society at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre, England.

The Doble Shunter

 * LMS Sentinel 7192 – so-called as it was fitted with an Abner Doble boiler

The Double Locomotive
A special locomotive was produced at Sentinel, for Dorman Long and named "Princess". It consisted of 2 x 0-6-0 chassis coupled together to articulate. One unit carried the cab, a 5 drum oil-fired Woolnough boiler and two 100 hp engines. The other unit housed the water and fuel tanks and also two more 100 hp engines providing a total of 400 hp. It was considered a magnificent machine by the staff but unfortunately was the only one of its kind ever built.

The Gyro locomotive
Another special was the NCB Gyro or Electrogyro Locomotive. Based on a 200 hp 4-wheeled 0-4-0 frame fitted with two "gyro units" (see Flywheel energy storage) made by Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon of Switzerland. The gyros were principally a 3ton horizontal flywheel enclosed in a vessel filled with low pressure hydrogen. A vertically mounted three-phase squirrel-cage electric motor/generator was directly coupled to each flywheel shaft. The motor took its power from a side-mounted supply at static posts via a four-contact swinging arm extended or retracted pneumatically by the driver. Power could only be taken whilst the loco was stationary alongside one of these posts. When the gyros had reached the required speed, the driver would retract the contact arm, switch the motor to generation and controlled the locomotive in a similar way to a diesel-electric loco. Charging posts had to be strategically placed around the site. A contact arm was provided on each side of the locomotive, although it is not clear if posts were installed on one or both sides of the track. Each gyro operated between 3,000rpm when fully 'charged;' and 1,800rpm before recharging. Recharging took 2$1/2$minutes and the locomotive could work for around 30 minutes before recharging. It weighed 34tons and had a maximum speed of 15 mph.

This machine was specially built for the National Coal Board (NCB) at Seaton Delaval. The intention was to investigate the use of gyroscopic storage as a potential method for a flameproof and emissions-free underground locomotive. It operated from 1958, very satisfactorily, but was eventually taken out of service because of site development and its restricted field of operation. In April 1965 it was converted for the NCB to a diesel hydraulic machine.

The Receiver Locomotives
The Receiver Locomotives were another special type built just for Dorman Long and were based on the idea of a Fireless locomotive.

Steam locomotives used by UK mainline companies

 * LNER Class Y1
 * LNER Class Y3
 * LNER Class Y10
 * S&DJR Sentinels
 * LMS Sentinels 7160-3
 * LMS Sentinel 7164
 * LMS Sentinel 7192

Road vehicles
A number of Sentinel steam wagons and tractors exist in preservation in the UK—about 117 as of 2008. They are often shown at steam fairs in the UK. For more information see the Sentinel Drivers Club website. A number also exist in Australia and other countries.

United Kingdom
There are several surviving steam and diesel locomotives located at various heritage railways around the UK, including: the Elsecar Heritage Railway, the Middleton Railway, the Foxfield Light Railway and the Chasewater Railway.

South America
Three Sentinel steam locos were used at Amsted Maxion's railway equipment plant in Cruzeiro, SP (Brazil). All three were 0-4-0T locomotives built in 1931 to gauge. Two of them worked until 2014. They were the last commercially operating steam locomotives in Brazil until then. After they were shut down, they were bought by ABPF (Associação Brasileira de Preservação Ferroviária) after a long negotiation that took more than one year. Now they are preserved at ABPF shops in Cruzeiro, near Amsted Maxion's plant:
 * Sentinel #8398 – ex SPR No. 166 and EFSJ #166; kept its numbering after 1960 at FNV and continues as No. 166.
 * Sentinel #8399 – ex SPR No. 167 and EFSJ #167; kept its numbering after 1960 at FNV and continues as No. 167.
 * Sentinel #8400 – ex SPR No. 168 and EFSJ #168; kept its numbering after 1960 at FNV and at Amsted Maxion. After an unsuccessful attempt to convert it to diesel power, it was withdrawn and was scrapped at the plant's facilities.

OO gauge models
Dapol has produced the Y1 and Y3 steam locomotive in various liveries including BR, LNER, LMS and NCB.

Hornby has produced two models of Sentinel's diesel locomotives in various liveries.

0-4-4 DH

 * R3179 ESSO 4wDM Diesel, Sentinel Locootive, 'Cattewater'
 * R3180 Tarmac 4wDM Diesel, Sentinel Locomotive
 * R3353 Balfour Beatty, Sentinel Diesel
 * R30009 London Carriers International, Sentinel, 0-4-0, 'Jean'
 * R30010 Hitachi, Sentinel, 0-4-0, 'Chiaki Ueda'

0-6-0 DH

 * R30083 Port of Bristol Authority, Sentinel, 0-6-0, 39
 * R300084 MSC, Sentinel, 0-6-0, 3001
 * R300085 NCB, Sentinel, 0-6-0, Stanton No. 57
 * R30306 London Transport, Sentinel, 0-6-0, DL. 81
 * R30307 Potter Logistics, Sentinel, 0-6-0, 'Pride of the Fens'

O gauge models
Dapol has produced the Y1 and Y3 steam locomotive in various liveries including BR, LNER, LMS and NCB.

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The Schizoid Man

"The Schizoid Man" could refer to:
 * Schizoid personality disorder
 * The Schizoid Man (The Prisoner), an episode of The Prisoner
 * The Schizoid Man (Star Trek: The Next Generation), an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation (which was named after the Prisoner episode).
 * Schizoid Man (comics), a character from Marvel Comics
 * 21st Century Schizoid Man, a song by King Crimson

title: The Schizoid Man


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Teebah Airlines

Teebah Airlines was a Sierra Leone registered charter airline based in Amman, Jordan, leasing its aircraft out to other airlines on demand. Its main base was Queen Alia International Airport.

History
The airline was established in 2004, with the first flight having been operated on behalf of Iraqi Airways, linking Baghdad with Basra. Teebah Airlines was shut down in 2008.

The airline was on the List of air carriers banned in the European Union.

title: Teebah Airlines


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gum ball ice cream

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 03:13, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)

Gum ball ice cream
Note: Put up for vfd by Theluckytamer, but actual vfd page not started by him

 * Speedy Delete The article says nothing that can't be guessed by the title. Sonic Mew 18:07, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete almost a speedy candidate. Very little encyclopedic content. JamesBurns 05:27, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * File under "duh" as in duh-lete. Gazpacho 02:38, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Unnatural Selection

Unnatural Selection may refer to:

Fiction

 * Unnatural Selection (Buffy novel), a 1999 novel based on the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Unnatural Selection, a 2006 Gideon Oliver novel by Aaron Elkins
 * Saurians: Unnatural Selection, a 2002 CrossGen comic book

Nonfiction

 * Unnatural Selection: Why the Geeks Will Inherit the Earth, a 2013 book by Mark Roeder
 * Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys Over Girls, and the Consequences of a World Full of Men, a 2011 book by Mara Hvistendahl
 * Unnatural Selection, a 2018 illustrated natural history book by Katrina van Grouw

Music

 * Unnatural Selection (Flotsam and Jetsam album), 1999
 * Unnatural Selection (Havok album) or the title song, 2013
 * "Unnatural Selection", a song by Ayreon from 01011001, 2008
 * "Unnatural Selection", a song by Muse from The Resistance, 2009

Television

 * Unnatural Selection (TV series), a 2019 Netflix documentary series
 * "Unnatural Selection" (The Outer Limits), an episode
 * "Unnatural Selection" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), an episode
 * "Unnatural Selection" (Stargate SG-1), an episode

Other uses

 * Unnatural Selection (film), a 1996 British direct-to-video film in the P.R.O.B.E. series
 * Unnatural Selection (video game), a 1993 video game by Maxis

title: Unnatural Selection


text:
Sant Boi de Llobregat

Sant Boi de Llobregat is a city in the Province of Barcelona in Catalonia, Spain, located on the banks of the Llobregat river. In 2019 it had 83,605 inhabitants.

The city is divided into six neighborhoods (named barris in Catalan): Ciutat Cooperativa-Molí Nou, Marianao-Can Paulet, Barri Centre, Vinyets-Molí Vell, Camps Blancs-Canons-Orioles, and Casablanca.

It is bordered on the north by the towns of Santa Coloma de Cervelló and Sant Joan Despí and the village of Sant Climent de Llobregat; on the east by the town of Cornellà de Llobregat; on the west by Viladecans; and on the south by El Prat de Llobregat and the Mediterranean Sea (via a narrow southward salient).

Economy
Although the main business activity is trading, which is centered around the service sector, Sant Boi is also known for industrial activities, especially metallurgy. Agriculturally, its mild climate and fertile waterlogged lands, located at the mouth of the Llobregat river, produce a wide variety of vegetables, including the famous Llobregat Delta artichokes. The region offers three different artichoke varieties: white artichoke from Tudela, camús from Bretagne (considered to be the largest variety) and artichoke from Benicarló. Production is concentrated mostly in March, but products can be found in local markets throughout the year.

Politics
The mayor of the town is Lluïsa Moret Sabidó (Socialists' Party of Catalonia, PSC), and the political composition of the city council seats is as follows:

 * Socialists' Party of Catalonia: 10
 * Initiative for Catalonia Greens: 4
 * Citizens – Party of the Citizenry: 3
 * Republican Left of Catalonia: 3
 * Gent de Sant Boi: 2
 * People's Party: 2
 * Convergence and Union: 1

History
The finding of archaeological remains corresponding to Iberian colonies (VI-I bC) and to the Romans (I-V aC)―a noteworthy Roman bath is located near the river―suggests that Sant Boi was created in pre-Roman times.

As with most of the surrounding lands, from the 8th to the 11th century the town was controlled by the Moors, until their expulsion from Iberia during the Reconquista. The Moors called it Alcalá, which means "castle", due to the existence of a hillock from where the river and the valley were dominated. The town's current name is derived from the name of Saint Baudilus, known as Boi or Baldiri in Catalonia.

During the Middle Ages, the village progressively grew, expanding from the castle's surroundings to adjacent zones. A baroque-style church was built during the 16th century. The growth continued in the following centuries, giving rise to numerous "masies" (typical Catalan agricultural country houses) near the river and fertile lands. By the end of the 19th century, Sant Boi was a village of nearly 5,000 inhabitants, with an economy driven mainly by agriculture.

In the early stages of the 20th century, industry arrived and subsequently flourished in Sant Boi, ranging from brick manufacturing to metalwork. With the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939, there was a massive influx of immigrants from many different parts of Spain. These new arrivals consisted mostly of people from villages and small towns. They were searching for jobs and career opportunities in the city of Barcelona since it was stimulated by the regrowth of Catalan industry in post-war Spain.

The population rose from 10,000 people in 1940 to 65,000 in 1975. This period is characterized by the construction of complete quarters (Casablanca, Camps Blancs, and Cooperativa) for the housing of immigrants. Sant Boi is now a town with more than 80,000 inhabitants, with well-established industrial and service sectors, and good cultural and recreational offerings.

Demography
was

Notable places

 * Sant Baldiri's Church
 * Roman Bathhouses
 * Sant Ramon Hermitage

Sport
The town has a rugby union club (UE Santboiana), and a football club (FC Santboià).

Prominent people from Sant Boi

 * Sergio Aguza – footballer
 * Carlos Casquero – former footballer
 * Pau Gasol – NBA player (San Antonio Spurs)
 * Marc Gasol – NBA player (Toronto Raptors)
 * Both Gasol brothers were actually born in Barcelona, at the hospital where their parents worked. The family moved from another Barcelona suburb, Cornellà, to Sant Boi when Pau was 6 years old and Marc was a year old.
 * Oriol Ripol – professional rugby player
 * Manel Esteller – scientist

title: Sant Boi de Llobregat


text: User talk:67.113.4.205

title: User talk:67.113.4.205


text:
Mladeč

Mladeč (Lautsch) is a municipality and village in Olomouc District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.

Administrative parts
The villages of Nové Zámky and Sobáčov are administrative parts of Mladeč.

Geography
Mladeč is located about 20 km northwest of Olomouc. It extends into three geomorphological regions. The southern part of the municipal territory with the Mladeč and Sobáčov villages lies in the Zábřeh Highlands. The central part lies in the Upper Morava Valley. The northern part with the Nové Zámky village lies in the Hanušovice Highlands.

The Morava River flows through the central area of the municipality. The brook of Mlýnský potok, a tributary of the Morava, also flows through the municipality and is divided here into two branches. There are two fishponds in the municipality: Sobáčovský and Zámecký. Most of the municipality is located in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area.

History
The first written mention of Mladeč is from 1350. Sobáčov was first mentioned in 1351.

Transport
The D35 motorway (part of the European route E442) from Olomouc to the Hradec Králové Region passes through the municipality.

Sights
Mladeč is known for the Mladeč caves. The caves are open to the public.

In Nové Zámky is a Neoclassical castle. It was built in 1813–1820 by a complete reconstruction of an old Baroque hunting lodge, according to the design by Joseph Hardtmuth. Around the castle is a large landscape park.

Archaeology
Mladeč is an Aurignacian archaeological site with directly dated remains of early modern human dating to about 31,000 radiocarbon years. The site contains remains of at least half a dozen individuals, including children. They are the oldest bones that indicate a human settlement or community in Europe. The Mladeč collection also includes Aurignacian tools and art associated with early modern humans. The remains appear to show some Neanderthal-like features.

title: Mladeč


text: User talk:67.113.5.38

title: User talk:67.113.5.38


text: User talk:67.113.5.40

title: User talk:67.113.5.40


text:
HMS Boyne

Six ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Boyne after the Battle of the Boyne, 1690.

 * HMS Boyne (1692) was an 80-gun second rate. This ship of the line was launched in 1692, rebuilt in 1739 and broken up in 1763. When under the command of Captain Dursley she helped take Gibraltar in 1704.
 * HMS Boyne (1766) was a 70-gun third rate launched in 1766 and broken up in 1783.
 * HMS Boyne (1790) was a 98-gun second rate launched in 1790. She was the flagship of Vice Admiral John Jervis in 1794. She caught fire and burnt at Spithead on 1 May 1795.
 * HMS Boyne (1810) was a 98-gun second rate launched in 1810 and commanded first by Thomas Hastings and later Henry Chads. She was renamed HMS Excellent (shore establishment) in 1834 and Queen Charlotte in 1859. Her career ended in 1861.
 * HMS Boyne (1904) was a River-class destroyer launched in 1904 and broken up in 1919
 * HMS Boyne (1918) was a Mersey-class trawler launched in 1918 and sold in 1946.

title: HMS Boyne


text:
Naturi Naughton

Naturi Cora Maria Naughton-Lewis (born May 20, 1984) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Naughton is best known as one-third of the R&B group 3LW and for her acting roles in the films Fame and Notorious, playing rapper Lil' Kim in the latter film. Naughton was a series regular on the NBC series The Playboy Club as Bunny Brenda, starred in the first season of the Lifetime drama series The Client List as Kendra and starred in the Starz drama Power as Tasha St. Patrick, a role she reprised in the spin-off series Power Book II: Ghost. In 2022, she starred as Jill “Da Thrill” in the ABC series Queens.

Early life and education
Naughton was born and raised in East Orange, New Jersey, the daughter of Brenda, a part-time paralegal, and Ezra Naughton, a retired accountant. Her father is originally from St. Croix U.S. Virgin Islands and her mother is from Raleigh, North Carolina. Her musical talent emerged at the age of five years, when she joined her church choir at New Hope Baptist Church (the same church where Whitney Houston performed in her youth) in Newark, New Jersey. She continued her musical studies at the Newark School of the Arts. She attended St. Joseph's Catholic school and Immaculate Conception High School in Montclair, New Jersey. She has sung the national anthem at various events in New Jersey and attended Seton Hall University.

3LW
In 1999, at age 15, Naughton joined Adrienne Bailon and Kiely Williams to form the group 3LW. Their first single, "No More (Baby I'ma Do Right)", was released in the fall of 2000. "No More" was a success and was followed by the second single, "Playas Gon' Play" in early 2001. The group's debut album, 3LW, was released on December 5, 2000. The album went platinum, selling 1.3 million copies in the U.S. In the summer of 2001, the group went on the MTV TRL tour along with Destiny's Child, Dream, Nelly, Eve, and Jessica Simpson.

3LW spent the first half of 2002 in the studio, recording an album tentatively titled Same Game, Different Rules. The album and its intended lead single "Uh Oh" were presented to the label, who felt it did not have enough urban radio appeal. The tracks from Same Game, Different Rules were leaked to the Internet in MP3 format, and Epic considered dropping the band. A fan support campaign for 3LW named 'Never Let Go of 3LW' followed, and the act was retained. Recording a new set of tracks, 3LW returned in the summer of 2002 with the P. Diddy-produced single "I Do (Wanna Get Close To You)", featuring Loon.

By August 2002, the group was set to release its newest LP, A Girl Can Mack, when Naughton announced that she was no longer a member of the group. Naughton says that the other two girls and their management had forced her out. The problems reached a breaking point after a heated argument with Williams, Bailon, and their manager, which allegedly ended with Williams throwing a hot plate full of KFC food at Naughton. Epic Records then ended their relationship with both 3LW and Naughton. Despite Naughton's departure both Bailon and Williams resumed as a duo for a short amount of time and later Jessica Benson became Naughton's replacement. The group has since disbanded. In May 2017, she reunited with former groupmate Bailon on the daytime talk show The Real, who promoted the season premiere of Power.

Solo work
Naughton recorded five tracks for the Fame soundtrack which was released on August 25, 2009. The following month Naughton scored her first solo chart entry ever with her cover of Fame peaking at No. 33 on the UK Singles Chart. The single also reached the Top 20 in Finland, Portugal and Norway. In 2010 an extended play was released titled Fame Presents Naturi Naughton as Denise: Didn't I Tell You. The EP included tracks already heard before as well as previously unreleased tracks.

In February 2010, when appearing on the BET talk show The Mo'Nique Show, Naughton expressed interest in recording a solo-debut album. However, Naughton has revealed she is instead focusing on her acting career but has not ruled out an album. An ensemble of demos have leaked to the internet, including a duet with Lil' Kim. However, it is unknown whether or not they will be released on her debut album. She was believed to be working with music producer Full Force at the time.

Acting
In March 2008, Naughton was cast to portray Grammy Award-winning rap artist Lil' Kim in Notorious, a biopic film about The Notorious B.I.G. The film was released in January 2009 to mixed reviews and went on to make over $43 million worldwide. Lil' Kim has stated that she wasn't mad at Naughton who portrayed her and that she was mad at how they portrayed her.

Naughton was cast as Denise, an aspiring singer, in the Lionsgate remake of the 1980 film of the same name Fame. Filming took place in New York City and Los Angeles in November and December 2008. The film was released in September 2009 and opened No. 3 at the U.S. box office in its opening weekend despite negative reviews from critics. The film went on to make $77 million worldwide.

In August 2010, Naughton was announced to appear in an episode of the AMC drama television series Mad Men. Naughton portrays the role of Toni Charles, a Playboy Bunny mistress to the character Lane Pryce. The episode, "Hands and Knees", aired on September 26, 2010. The role marked the second time Naughton portrayed a fictional Playboy Bunny. That same month Naughton appeared in the Warner Bros. Pictures comedy film Lottery Ticket.

In March 2011, Naughton appeared in the drama television series pilot The Playboy Club which centers around the lives of the employees of the original Playboy Club operating in Chicago. The series was picked up by NBC in May 2011. Naughton portrayed the role of Brenda, a Playboy Bunny who dreams of being the first African-American Playboy centerfold. The series premiered on September 19, 2011 and was cancelled after three episodes due to low ratings. In October 2011, Naughton appeared in an episode of the sitcom It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Naughton portrays the role of a 1970s jazz club singer named Shadynasty. In December 2011, Naughton was announced to have been cast in the Lifetime drama television series The Client List opposite Jennifer Love Hewitt. The series is a re-imagining of the 2010 film of the same name The Client List. Naughton portrays the role of Kendra a hard-working masseuse at a parlor. The series premiered on April 8, 2012 to 2.79 million viewers and mixed reviews from critics. In May 2012, Lifetime renewed the series for a 15-episode second season.

2012–present: Power and Queens
In September 2012, Naughton starred in the BET original film Let The Church Say Amen which is adapted from author ReShonda Tate Billingsley's 2005 best-selling novel of the same name. The film was the directorial debut of actress Regina King.

Naughton starred in the Starz drama Power as Tasha St. Patrick, the wife of James "Ghost" St. Patrick played by Omari Hardwick, a New York nightclub owner living a double life as a drug kingpin. She won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, for the third season. She reprised her role as Tasha in the spin-off series Power Book II: Ghost, which began airing in September 2020.

On March 8, 2021, it was announced that Naughton was to join the cast of American Broadcasting Company's music series Queens, alongside Brandy and Eve. In May 2021, it was announced the show was being picked up for a full series,   followed by the first official trailer, released on May 18, 2021. On October 1, 2021, the first promo single from Queens (“Nasty Girl") was released featuring Naughton alongside the cast: Brandy, Eve and Velazquez. A music video, directed by Tim Story, was released on the same day. This was followed on October 18, 2021 by another rap song from the Queens soundtrack: “The Introduction”, which was co-written by Nas. Queens debuted on October 19, 2021 and reviews were largely positive; Caroline Framke for Variety praised the quartet’s musical offering, calling their raps “sharp and distinct […] making clear their talent as both individuals and a swaggering collective”. Angie Han for The Hollywood Reporter called the show “Impressive […] lavish […] magic”.

Personal life
In March 2017, Naughton announced that she was expecting her first child. She welcomed a daughter on July 19, 2017. In April 2022, she married the founder of Owner's district and serial entrepreneur Two Lewis in a lavish wedding in Atlanta. She welcomed her second child, a son on May 27, 2023.

Discography

 * Fame Presents Naturi Naughton as Denise: Didn't I Tell You (2010)

title: Naturi Naughton


text:
Judah Folkman

Moses Judah Folkman (February 24, 1933 – January 14, 2008) was an American biologist and pediatric surgeon best known for his research on tumor angiogenesis, the process by which a tumor attracts blood vessels to nourish itself and sustain its existence. He founded the field of angiogenesis research, which has led to the discovery of a number of therapies based on inhibiting or stimulating neovascularization.

Early life
Born in 1933 in Cleveland, Ohio, Judah Folkman accompanied his father, a rabbi, on visits to hospital patients. By age seven, he knew he wanted to be a doctor rather than follow in his father's footsteps, so he could offer cures in addition to comfort. His father replied, "In that case, you can be a rabbi-like doctor," words his son took to heart.

Folkman graduated from Ohio State University in 1953, and then Harvard Medical School in 1957. While a student at Harvard Medical School, he trained under Robert Edward Gross and also worked on a prototype pacemaker, work that he never published.

In 1960, his residency was interrupted when he was drafted in the United States Navy and did research for the Navy until 1962 at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. During that time, he studied the use of silastic for the sustained release of lipophilic drugs; the 1964 publication of that work helped inspire the technological development of the Norplant implantable contraceptive at the Population Council.

The navy research was focused on developing artificial blood; in the course of testing potential products to see if they could keep alive thymus glands taken from rabbits, he noticed that tumors in the gland could not grow as they did if the glands were perfused with blood. His curiosity as to why led to his work on angiogenesis.

After his two years work for the navy, Folkman completed his residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. He worked as an assistant surgeon at Boston City Hospital, then trained further in pediatric surgery at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia under C. Everett Koop.

Career
In 1967 he was appointed surgeon-in-chief of Children's Hospital Boston at the age of 34. Folkman was appointed the Julia Dyckman Andrus Professor of Pediatric Surgery at Harvard Medical School in 1968, where he was also Professor of Cell Biology. He was the youngest full Professor at Harvard Medical School in history. In addition to directing the Children's Hospital Boston Surgical Research Laboratories, which grew to become the Vascular Biology Program, for nearly four decades, he was the Scientific Director of the hospital's Vascular Anomalies Center.

In 1971, he reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that solid tumors are angiogenesis-dependent. He hypothesized that there was an unknown "factor" that tumors secreted to help it increase its blood supply, and that if that factor could be blocked, tumors would wither and die. Though his hypothesis was initially disregarded and treated with skepticism by most experts in the field, Folkman persisted with his research. He and collaborators, who included Bert L. Vallee, soon identified the already-known fibroblast growth factor as an angiogenic factor, but the team's work showed that there were additional, unknown factors. To help accelerate the work, Folkman started collaborating with industry. In 1974 Harvard University and Monsanto signed a ten-year industrial-funded research grant to support his cancer research, which at that time was the largest such arrangement ever made; medical inventions arising from that research were the first for which Harvard allowed its faculty to submit a patent application. Robert Langer worked as a postdoc in Folkman's lab during this time, concentrating on using silastic and other materials to deliver drugs.

In the mid to late 1980s, two other angiogenic factors were identified by other labs that had been inspired by his work: angiogenin and VEGF. With the factors identified, drug discovery could begin. When the Monsanto agreement (which yielded no products for Monsanto) ended, Folkman started receiving research funding from Takeda and then from a startup company, Entremed, that put half its venture capital funding into research in the Folkman lab.

Donald E. Ingber soon discovered that a fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus, secreted a chemical, fumagillin, that inhibited angiogenesis. Takeda performed medicinal chemistry to optimize it, leading to development of TNP-470. Folkman's team later tested it in adults with hemangiomas; they also used interferon alpha, an already approved drug that they had already shown to be an angiogenesis inhibitor, to treat infants with hemangiomas in some of the first clinical trials of angiogenesis inhibitors which were published in 1992. In these trials they also studied the levels of fibroblast growth factor in the urine of the trial subjects and published that work in 1994; these were some of the first explorations of the use of biomarkers in clinical trials as surrogate endpoints.

In 1991 Michael O"Reilly, working in the Folkman lab with Entremed funding, discovered the first endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor, angiostatin and then another, endostatin. Entremed began developing them and soon struck a collaboration with Bristol-Myers, which caught national interest and spurred further investment in angiogenesis inhibitors by other pharma companies.

In 1993 he surprised the scientific world by hypothesizing that angiogenesis is as important in blood cancers as it is in solid tumors, and the next year he published work showing that a biomarker of angiogenesis was higher in all people with cancer, but especially high in people with blood cancers, and other evidence of the role of angiogenesis in blood cancers emerged as well. Meanwhile, a member of his lab, Robert D'Amato, was looking for angiogenesis inhibitors, and discovered that thalidomide inhibited angiogenesis in 1994. Around that time, the wife of a man who was dying of multiple myeloma and whom standard treatments had failed, called Folkman asking him about his anti-angiogenesis ideas. Folkman convinced the patient's doctor to try thalidomide, and that doctor ended up conducting a clinical trial of thalidomide for people with multiple myeloma in which about a third of the subjects responded to the treatment. The results of that trial were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1999.

In 2004, the first angiogenesis inhibitor, bevacizumab (Avastin), was approved by the FDA, as a treatment for colon cancer. It is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that was discovered and developed by Napoleone Ferrara, a scientist at Genentech. A similar drug, Lucentis, was later approved for treating macular degeneration. After further work was done by Celgene and others, in 2006 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for thalidomide in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients.

Awards
Folkman was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, among others. He was the author of some 400 papers and more than 100 book chapters and monographs and received scores of United States awards and honors for his research as well as numerous international awards, including the George Ledlie Prize from Harvard, Canada's Gairdner Foundation International Award, Israel's Wolf Prize, Germany's Ernst Schering Prize, the United Kingdom Society for Endocrinology's Dale Medal in 2000, Prince of Asturias Award, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and Switzerland's Dr. Josef Steiner Cancer Research Award. In 2005 he was awarded the Scientific Grand Prize of the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation.

He was awarded the Massry Prize from the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California in 1997. On May 29, 1998, Folkman received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University, Sweden

Personal life
Folkman died of a heart attack in Denver on January 14, 2008, at the age of 74 en route to deliver the 2008 Keynote Address at the Keystone Symposium (Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis in Development and Disease) in Vancouver, British Columbia.

He was survived by his wife, Paula, whom he met and married while doing his surgical residency, two daughters, and a granddaughter.

title: Judah Folkman


text: User talk:67.113.6.45

title: User talk:67.113.6.45


text:
Binevenagh

Binevenagh is a large, steep-sided hill in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is part of the Keenaght Hills, which mark the western edge of the Antrim Plateau, formed around 60 million years ago by molten lava. Binevenagh and its cliffs overlook the Magilligan peninsula and dominate the skyline over the villages of Bellarena, Downhill, Castlerock and Benone beach. The area has been classified as both an Area of Special Scientific Interest and as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). The total area of the AONB is 138 km2.

The Bishop's Road, named after the Bishop of Derry, extends across the plateau. Notable features include the Mussenden Temple and a cliff top viewing area on the Bishop's Road giving good views over Lough Foyle and across Inishowen in County Donegal.

Sport

 * Gliding - the Ulster Gliding Club uses the slopes for gliders.
 * Hang gliding and Paragliding - the slopes are used for soaring by the Ulster Hang gliding and Paragliding Club (UHPC).
 * Fishing - an artificial lake at the top of the mountain is used for trout fishing.
 * Motorsport - the Coleraine & District Motor Club run the Eagles Rock hillclimbing event during the month of July.

Railway access
The trains on the Belfast-Derry railway line, run by NI Railways (NIR), call at Bellarena railway station between Waterside railway station, in Derry, and Castlerock railway station. Trains continue from Castlerock to Coleraine railway station and other stations to Belfast Lanyon Place and Belfast Grand Central.

Plane crash
On 24 June 1944 a Royal Air Force Consolidated B-24 Liberator (FL977) of No. 5 Squadron RAF was returning to RAF Ballykelly after a combat mission over Iceland. The aircraft crashed into Binevenagh during its third attempt to land, killing all nine crewmembers onboard.

title: Binevenagh


text:
Fabric Shortest Path First

Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) is a routing protocol used in Fibre Channel computer networks. It calculates the best path between network switches, establishes routes across the fabric and calculates alternate routes in event of a failure or network topology change. FSPF can guarantee in-sequence delivery of frames, even if the routing topology has changed during a failure, by enforcing a 'hold down' time before a new path is activated.

FSPF was created by Brocade Communications Systems in collaboration with Gadzoox, McDATA, Ancor Communications (now QLogic), and Vixel; it was submitted as an American National Standards Institute standard. It was introduced in 2000. The protocol is similar in conception to the Open Shortest Path First used in IP networks. FSPF has been adopted as the industry standard for routing between Fibre Channel switches within a fabric.

A management information base for FSPF was published as RFC 4626.

title: Fabric Shortest Path First


text:
Academy Achievement Award

The Academy Achievement Award is an award presented by the Canadian Gemini Awards to an individual for their "exceptional, outstanding or ongoing contribution or service to the Canadian television industry." It is presented at the discretion of the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television (not necessarily every year).

List of past recipients

 * 1996: W.K. Donovan
 * 1997: Arthur Weinthal
 * 1998: Jim Burt
 * 1999: A. Gordon Craig
 * 2000: W. Paterson Ferns
 * 2001: Dorothy Gardner
 * 2002: Trina McQueen
 * 2003: Michael Maclear

 * 2007: John Kastner
 * 2010: Linda Schuyler
 * 2011: Christina Jennings

title: Academy Achievement Award