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Talk:Andy Duncan (footballer, born 1977)

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Season	Matches	Goals	Yellow	Red 97/98	19	0	3	0 98/99	55/51	1	3	1 99/00	15	1	0	0	Broke leg in October, out rest of season 00/01	45/43	1	5	1	Injury in February? 01/02	33/26	0	3	1	Injury in March? Out rest of season 02/03	33/30	1	4	1	Groin injury in February. Out rest of season 03/04	41/40	2	1	1 04/05	44	1/0	6	0 	---	-	-	- 	285	7	25	5 TomDestry 22:08, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text: User talk:69.244.68.29

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.244.68.29


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Paul Robinette

Paul Robinette, played by Richard Brooks, is a fictional character who appeared in the TV drama series Law & Order from the pilot episode in 1990 until the final episode of the third season, "Benevolence," in 1993. He is the first of the eight Assistant District Attorneys who have been featured on Law & Order, and the only one who was Black and male. He appeared in 69 episodes.

Character overview
Robinette was born in 1961 and is introduced as having been raised in Harlem and worked his way through law school. He had the chance to work on Wall Street, but turned it down in favor of the Manhattan District Attorney's office, where he felt he could make a difference. He works under Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty). He was mentored as a teenager by Deputy Police Commander William Jefferson (Ron Foster), who inspired him to become a lawyer. In the pilot episode, "Everybody's Favorite Bagman", however, he and Stone discover that Jefferson is corrupt, and that he conspired to murder a city councilman.

In his appearances during the show's first three seasons, Robinette advocates racial equality through equal treatment, including equal punishment; while he abhors racism, he feels no sympathy for Black people who break the law. He insists on being treated as the equal of his white colleagues, without what he feels are added advantages from affirmative action policies.

Robinette's views on race change throughout the series. In the first-season episode "Out of the Half-Light", Stone asks Robinette if he thinks of himself as "a Black lawyer or a lawyer who's Black". Robinette at first says "It depends", but by the time he leaves the DA's office and becomes a defence attorney, he thinks of race as a more integral part of his reasons for practicing law, disregarding the discussion he had with Stone.

Departure from show
Robinette leaves the DA's office at the end of the third season, and eventually becomes a defense attorney who represents his clients as victims of institutionalized racism. He is replaced by Claire Kincaid (Jill Hennessy).

Initially, his disappearance from the show was never explained and was not mentioned in either the third season end or fourth season opener. NBC press releases at the time of the character's departure mentioned that Robinette had moved to a Park Avenue law firm. On the 4th season DVD, a deleted scene includes Lt. Anita Van Buren (S. Epatha Merkerson) asking to see Robinette. Stone responds with "Uh, you'll have to take a cab uptown. Park Avenue. Woodward, Martin, and Schwartz."

Guest appearances
Robinette has reappeared on the show three times: once in 1996, 2005 and 2006, as opposing counsel to Stone's successor, Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston). In the 1996 episode "Custody", he defends a Black woman who attempted to kidnap her son from his white adoptive parents. In the 2005 episode "Birthright", he defends a nurse accused of performing sterilizations on promiscuous Black teenagers whom she deems emotionally unfit to become parents. In the 2006 episode "Fear America", he defends a Muslim accused of murder who killed to cover up his terrorist activities. In that episode, Robinette accuses McCoy and the D.A.'s office of participating in a giant conspiracy to make every Muslim appear to be a terrorist. However, he maintains a respectful relationship with the DA's office, even sometimes having drinks with his now-opponents.

In 2017, the character appeared in "Uncertainty Principle", an episode of Chicago Justice, which is set in the same fictional universe as Law & Order. In the episode, Robinette travels to Chicago to defend CPD Officer Kevin Atwater (LaRoyce Hawkins) at the request of Sergeant Hank Voight (Jason Beghe), and goes up against Ben Stone's son, Cook County Assistant State's Attorney Peter Stone (Philip Winchester).

title: Paul Robinette


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Yoseikan budō

Yoseikan budō (養正館武道) (originally Yoseikan Ryu Gyokushin Jujutsu) may be classified as a sōgō budō form (総合武道, "composite" or "comprehensive" martial art), but is used here to indicate a martial art into which various martial ways have been integrated. It is probably most widely known for its descent from a pre-war style of aikido; however, it has important connections to judo, karate, western boxing, savate, and a traditional forms of Japanese combat known as gyokushin-ryū jujutsu and Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū.

The name of the art yō-sei-kan is derived from three Japanese characters, yō meaning 'teaching', sei meaning "truth", kan meaning "place", which may be translated roughly into English as "the place where the truth is taught" or alternately "place for practising what is right". The intent of the name was not to assert an exclusive possession of the truth regarding the martial arts but rather to describe how the comprehensive nature of the Yoseikan training environment allows an individual to discover their own sense of "truth" by studying a wide range of differing martial techniques, philosophies and principles.

Yoseikan budō originated in 1931 as the style created by its founder Minoru Mochizuki (1907–2003), a high ranking student and assistant to Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo, and Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of aikido, in the pre-World War II period. In addition to the very high ranks he held in these arts he was student of one of the oldest styles of traditional Japanese koryū budō, the Katori Shintō-ryō, and studied with various karate teachers including Gichin Funakoshi, the man who brought karate from the Okinawan islands to mainland Japan.

Eclectic origins
The old Yoseikan style included mainly jujutsu, aikijujutsu, kobudo and a few karate techniques, such as: foot sweeps and trips (ashi waza), standing throws (nage waza) and groundwork (ne waza); punches, kicking and blocking techniques (kihon te waza, kihon uke waza, kihon geri waza); escapes (te hodoki), joints locks, bending or twisting (kansetsu waza), variation techniques (henka waza); sword, sticks and knife techniques; counter techniques (ura waza), chokes (shime waza) and exclusive sacrifice techniques (sutemi waza) as well as a number of solo and paired katas with and without weapons.

A curious characteristic of the old style is that it did not support much of the esoteric ways that (some contend) evolved with post-World War II traditional Aikido and some of its offshoots. At one point Kisshomaru Ueshiba, the headmaster and son of the aikido founder, reputedly asked Mochizuki to refrain from using the name aikido to refer to the aiki portion of his system. The system although still employing the term aikido is also known to use the term aiki budo to refer to this part of the art. Minoru Mochizuki's 1932 licence from Ueshiba was in Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu as Ueshiba had not yet renamed the art he was teaching (which would come to be called Aikido). Still Mochizuki continued to enjoy a warm relationship with Morihei Ueshiba even in his later years.

Although perhaps philosophically most influenced by Ueshiba (in addition to his technical studies), Mochizuki’s method of teaching and systematizing his art seems to show a larger debt to the teachings of Kanō Jigorō, perhaps due to his own roots in judo. His method of developing kata and use of a scientific approach to explain the finer parts of his art seems to show the imprint of Kano's early teaching method. Indeed, it was Kano who originally sent Mochizuki, along with other judo teachers, to study aikido with Ueshiba for the purpose of bringing back the techniques for use in the Kodokan's self-defense program. Many of these aikido inspired techniques can be seen preserved in Kodokan Goshin Jutsu kata or forms of self-defense which were most likely introduced by Kenji Tomiki, another senior judo teacher, who trained with Mochizuki at Ueshiba's dojo. In Mochizuki's case perhaps Kano's plan to have judo players learn aikido worked too well, resulting in Minoru becoming a live-in student under Ueshiba and even once being asked to inherit the leadership of the art should Kisshomaru be unable to.

Mochizuki's inclination toward eclecticism can also be seen as part of the influence imparted to him from Kano's teachings. As Kano had fused the forms of traditional jujutsu he had learned, with elements as different as ground work from the Fusen ryu and Western wrestling tactics so too did Mochizuki strive to learn many different arts in order to expand his overall understanding of fighting methods. Indeed, many of his early explorations in arts such as iaido, jodo and classical forms of jujutsu were at the suggestion of Kano during his time at the Kodokan. He expanded this to include an investigation of Western boxing, karate and classical Japanese swordsmanship. Conversely when he made the suggestion to Ueshiba that aikidoka might benefit from a knowledge of the skilled striking techniques employed by karate practitioners his suggestion met with no enthusiasm.

On a technical level the influence of judo great Kyuzo Mifune and classical jujutsu practitioner Sanjuro Oshima of the Gyokushin-ryu cannot be overstated. One of the specialties of the Yoseikan Budo system under Minoru Mochizuki came to be the use of sutemi-waza or sacrifice techniques, in which these two teachers excelled. Although the far greater influence was undoubtedly Mifune in whose lessons the youthful Mochizuki found much greater enthusiasm, the teaching of the Gyokushin theory of 'spherical spirit' stayed with Mochizuki over the years, inspiring him to invent new techniques with this art's principles in mind. Mochizuki also credited his quick mastery of aikido with having learned this style which held many techniques in common with Ueshiba's art.

In the context of contemporary aikido Minoru Mochizuki's art seems much jujutsu and judo based. Indeed, many strong judoka came to visit and train with the master throughout his life. One such person was Frenchman Patrick Auge who still maintains his own North American based organization. The type of budo practised by Auge represents very well the practises of Mochizuki Minoru from the 1970s and 1980s when Auge was a live-in student under Minoru at Yoseikan headquarters in Shizuoka. The senior teachers from the headquarters have now re-christened their school the Seifukan and seek to preserve the original style that they learned under Mochizuki-senior.

Techniques of Minoru Mochizuki's original system
Yoseikan practitioners under Mochizuki Minoru were required to do a considerable amount of cross training in order to gain teaching credentials. This included gaining a minimum of a blackbelt in Judo in addition to training in Aikido, Karate and Katori Shinto Ryu and a brief six months training in Gyokushin-ryū Jujutsu under Sanjuro Oshima (he never fully learned it but decades later tried reconstruct Gyokushin-ryū techniques after witnessing Wrestling suplex throws in France). Techniques found in jojutsu and iaido were also included.

The following a sampling of some the techniques practised in Mochizuki's original basic curriculum:

 * Basic forms of striking (karate based)
 * Footwork (taisabaki)
 * Forms of joint manipulation (largely Aikijujutsu based) and throwing (largely Judo based)
 * Jointlock flow and counter form
 * Paired sword forms
 * Sacrifice throws (Sutemiwaza) (Based on reconstructed Gyokushin-ryū techniques and Judo)
 * Taking the attacker's sword (Tachitori)
 * Taking the attacker's staff (Bodori)
 * 2 person & 3 person grab
 * Multi person attacks

Randori or 'free practice' in both single and multi-opponent situations was also a part of everyday dojo training

Hiroo Mochizuki
Minoru Mochizuki's son (b. 1936), Hiroo Mochizuki, studied martial arts under his father from a very young age. He studied widely, in the eclectic system of his father, but whereas his father had perhaps a particular talent for judo, his son had a greater affinity for karate. Studying in France from 1957 to 1958 as a university student, he returned to the country after the death of one of his father's students Jim Alcheik and took over the large following that was growing for the art in that country. He introduced new kata of his own invention, employing both Western and Eastern inspired techniques and introduced a form of point sparring for karate and kobudo tournament styles.

Hiroo must be seen as very successful both as a major innovator and a popularizer of the art, teaching it on a far larger scale than did his father, along with his connections to the quite large aikido based organizations such as the Fédération Française Libre D'Aïkido et de Budo.

Minoru Mochizuki died in France in 2003, and before that, handed down the leadership role of the organization to Hiroo. Nowadays, few practitioners of the old style are found, as most went into the style of Yoseikan Budo created by Hiroo Mochizuki in the 1970s. The new style incorporates both traditional and modern budō, including western arts such as Western boxing, savate, and others. The new system also includes sporting and competition aspects, with innovative equipment allowing for safe yet powerful competition. The sporting and competition aspects are but a small part of the modern budō system and serve as devices of education and to demonstrate the art to the rest of the world.

Essential elements of Hiroo's Yoseikan Budo
The Yoseikan Budo of Hiroo Mochizuki is a comprehensive Japanese martial art founded by Master Minoru Mochizuki and improved by his son’s own research into the arts. Its technique is based on shockwave movement, thus allowing more powerful hits with the energy use better spread across the body. For example, punches will always be triggered by a circular hip movement, creating a shockwave transmitted to the arm; arm muscles will only help to control the movement, most of the power is transmitted by the hips. The same applies for kicks and projections.

Some of the hallmarks of Hiroo’s Yoseikan Budo is the use of atemi (using feet, fists, elbows and knees), projections (essentially techniques from judo), sacrifice techniques (sutemi), self-defense including dangerous techniques (various joint locks, elbow hits), groundwork (ne waza) with hold-ons and joint locks, and work with weapons (bokken, wood stick, knife). Hiroo’s Yoseikan is widely practiced in Japan and Europe. One of Minoru Mochizuki's students of the older style, Patrick Auge, lives in the U.S. but his focus is on Canada where the majority of that group's practitioners reside. The United States organization continues to be affiliated with Master Hiroo Mochizuki and the World Yoseikan Federation. Master Hiroo Mochizuki of France inherited the leadership of Yoseikan Budo from his father in 1999 and now heads the Ecole Mochizuki and guides the World Yoseikan Federation as a separate entity from the groups led by Auge and other senior Mochizuki students who formed the Seifukan Dojo after death of Minoru Mochizuki in the former Yoseikan headquarters dojo in Shizuoka, Japan.

Evolution
Yoseikan Budo has gone through decades of changes, modernization and improvement. Minoru Sensei never wanted to "freeze" budo in an academic form and pursued a search for constant evolution and improvement, well represented by his own words, "Never teach only what you have been taught".

Master Hiroo improved on his father's system by adding a common link to all of the martial arts Yoseikan Budo uses. This is the "vibration" or "undulation" produced by the tanden—and called qi by the Chinese—that are used in every technique (atemis, throws, locks, weapons, etc.) while allowing the user to increase his power tremendously while remaining very lithe and supple in all situations.

Yoseikan Budo is now at the same time a very traditional martial art and a modern sport all rolled into one.

Rank system
Yoseikan Budo used colored belts to signify progression in skill, but now all budoka wear a blue keikogi with a blue and white belt that represents the pulses a sine wave, without any distinctive rank marks. There are two major tiers of rank, the mudansha and the yudansha.

Competition
The standard competition involves three kinds of sparring:
 * Sude Randori (atemi/throws/osae)
 * Emono Randori (with foam-padded weapons)
 * Emono Sude Randori (combo, or padded tanto, against bare hands)

The rules for this form of randori include only very few prohibitions, but it is practiced with complete protective equipment to avoid injuries. Almost all techniques are used. (The forbidden techniques are basically kicks to the knees, head grab or twist, and joint locks).

Additionally, there are also some specialized competitions:
 * Kata
 * Aiki (with one or several opponents)
 * Kyoe Randori (the supreme form of randori)
 * Kenjutsu
 * Bajutsu (on horse back)
 * Kenpō

The Kyoe Randori involves all techniques (atemi/aiki/jujutsu) and no protective gear, but combatants must keep perfect control over all the techniques.

Australia
Yoseikan Budo was introduced into Australia by Yoshiaki Unno a direct student of Minoru Mochizuki. The style was taught by Unno as separate disciplines (Karate, Aikido, Kobudo and Iaido). The Australian representative of the World Yoseikan Federation (WYF) evolved from a club founded in 1980 by Stephen Weir one of Unno's first Karate students. This club originally taught traditional Karate as its primary art. Weir handed over control of this club to Roy Hebden in 1996. Due to the retirement of Unno and a loss of contact with Yoseikan Japan around 2001 instructor Roy Hebden approached Hiroo Mochizuki to reconfirm the club's loyalty to the parent organisation. Yoseikan Budo Australia became directly affiliated to the Yoseikan World Federation, now the WYF, in 2002. Yoseikan Budo also remains affiliated to the Australian Karate Federation. Hebden was appointed the Australian WYF representative and has made many visits to France to train directly under Mochizuki and his senior instructors to learn Yoseikan Budo and ensure the club is now able to develop Yoseikan Budo using the principles developed by Hiroo Mochizuki. This club is based in Western Australia. Another of Unno's students, Ross Taylor, 5th Dan, heads the West Coast Aikido Martial Arts Academy in Wangara, Western Australia, and continues the teachings of Minoru Mochizuki and Unno.

title: Yoseikan budō


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/North american sex god

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete

North american sex god
Vanity, autobiographical, unverifiable Kel-nage 22:09, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This has already been speedy deleted for being patent nonsense. Nohat 22:10, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Imperial Crown of Austria

The Imperial Crown of Austria (Österreichische Kaiserkrone) is a crown formerly in use by the monarchs of the Habsburg monarchy. The crown was originally made in 1602 in Prague by Jan Vermeyen as the personal crown of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II, and therefore is also known as the Crown of Emperor Rudolf II (Rudolfskrone). The crown was used as a private crown of the Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of Hungary and Bohemia from the House of Habsburg. In 1804 it became the official crown of the newly constituted Austrian Empire. After 1867 it remained the imperial crown of the Cisleithanian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until 1918.

Description
The Imperial Crown consists of three principal elements possessing great symbolic significance: the circlet, the high arch, and the mitre.

Circlet
The circlet is dominated by eight large squares of diamonds, forming a crown in itself, which symbolises royal authority. Between the stones are two large pearls arranged vertically and set within white enamel rosettes surrounded by scrollwork. From the circlet emerge eight lilies, which were probably inspired by the Bohemian Crown of St. Wenceslas. The lilies are also associated with the fleurs-de-lis of the House of Valois. The use of eight elements was also taken from the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, which includes a circlet made out of eight plates. In the circlet are precious stones such as spinels, zircons, and pearls. The zircons are cut in such a way that they are flat at the front. Preparing precious stones for mounting in this way was a relatively new technique at the time the crown was made. The pearls were added by Alexander Emmanuel Köchert of the A. E. Köchert shop in Vienna.

Mitre
The mitre symbolises the divine right to rule, and the spiritual position of the emperor, who during coronation was consecrated symbolically as a deacon. The mitre fills the left and right sides of the crown, leaving an opening in the middle through which the high arch passes. The mitre is made of gold, with a band of enamel work depicting birds and plants. The mitre is divided into four sections representing the high honours of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II. The first section shows him kneeling, receiving the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire in Regensburg as Holy Roman Emperor. The second section shows him riding onto the coronation hill in Pressburg (Bratislava) during his coronation as King of Hungary. The third section shows his coronation procession through Prague as King of Bohemia. The fourth section depicts an allegory of his victory over the invading Turks. The Latin inscription inside the arch reads, RVDOLPHVS II ROM(ANORVM) IMP(ERATOR) AVGVSTUS HVNG(ARIAE) ET BOH(EMIAE) REX CONSTRVXIT MDCII (Rudolf II, August Emperor of the Romans, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Constructed in 1602).

High arch
The high arch was inspired by the arch of the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire. It rises from the front and back of the circlet and is studded with eight diamonds, which symbolise Christ. The emperor was regarded as governor on earth in the name of Christ. At the top of the arch is a blue-green emerald, which symbolises heaven, above a very inconspicuous cross. The emerald was not cut, but polished.

History
Since the Imperial Regalia of the Holy Roman Empire, including the Crown, were kept in Nuremberg and could only leave the city for a coronation, some rulers had their own personal crowns made. For example, when they attended a session of the Imperial Diet (Reichstag), they attended with their own crowns. The oldest depiction of such a private crown is an etching by the artist Albrecht Dürer of Emperor Maximilian I, where a depiction of a crown is seen that might have later influenced the appearance of the crown of Rudolf II.

The Imperial Crown of the Habsburg Empire of Austria was never used for a coronation, since, unlike the Holy Roman Empire, it was a hereditary monarchy and such an act of legitimization was not seen as necessary. The ceremony held was an act of investiture to mark the monarch's official ascension to the throne rather than a coronation.

The crown of Rudolf II was made in 1602 in Prague by Jan Vermeyen, one of the most outstanding goldsmiths of his time, who was called specially from Antwerp. The crown is made out of three parts: the circlet (Kronreif), the high arch (Kronbügel), and a mitre (Mitra).

In the earlier forms of the Western mitre the peaks or 'horns' were over the ears, rather than over the face and back of the head. The form of mitre used in the imperial mitral crown preserved this earlier form. This form of the imperial mitre-crown can be seen in the extant portraits of such emperors as Frederick III and Maximilian I The bronze effigy of Maximilian I found on his monumental cenotaph in the court church in Innsbruck has a crown with two arches which cross over the top of the mitre and the unique form of the imperial crown adopted by Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico appears to have been modeled on this form, but with the half-arches and the eagles on the circlet on the front, back and sides. In the later 17th century Baroque form of mitral crown of Leopold I the peaks of the mitre have been rounded into the hemispherical form Peter the Great would adopt as the Imperial Crown of Russia when he took the title emperor as Russian sovereign.

Although it is often assumed that the Imperial Crown made for Otto I with its single arch over its inner red cap was the original prototype for the western imperial crown, it is also possible that the Byzantine imperial crown, which in the twelfth century also became closed with two arches, inspired the western emperors to follow their example and also close their crowns with such a pair of arches.

Imperial Orb and Sceptre
The Imperial Crown is associated with the Imperial Orb and Sceptre, and they are displayed together in the Imperial Treasury at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria. The Imperial Orb was commissioned in 1612 by Rudolf's brother and successor, Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, and was created by Andreas Ochsenbruck. The shape takes its inspiration from the crown, especially the enamel-work which is in the same style. It is topped by a large sapphire. A peculiarity of the Sceptre is that it was said to be made from unicorn horn, but in fact it was made from the horn of a narwhal. The Imperial Orb and Sceptre were already in use before the proclamation of the Austrian Empire, as Bohemian royal regalia and for the hereditary private estates (Erbhuldigung) of the Archduchy of Austria.

Other uses

 * A number of beer companies feature the Imperial Crown on their logo, such as the Royal Brewery of Krušovice (cs: Královský Pivovar Krušovice) in the Czech Republic.
 * Some cities have their coat of arms crowned by the Imperial Crown. Amsterdam, was granted its coat of arms to be crowned by emperor Maximilian I in 1489 in recognition of its financial support for one of his wars. The crown can be seen on the spire of Westerkerk and adorning the Blauwbrug.

title: Imperial Crown of Austria


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Talk:Skankin' Pickle

Information Requested!
I have requested info and file permissions (images/audio/etc.) from Asian Man Records/Skankin' Pickle. I hope to make GREAT updates to this article soon. Joshuah Hounshell (talk) 15:49, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skankin' Pickle


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Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest

Bulgaria has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 14 times since making its debut at the 2005 contest in Kyiv. The country's best result is a second-place finish with "Beautiful Mess" performed by Kristian Kostov at the contest also in Kyiv. The Bulgarian participant broadcaster in the contest is the Bulgarian National Television (BNT).

Bulgaria has failed to qualify for the final in 9 out of 14 appearances at the contest, most narrowly in, when "Love Unlimited" by Sofi Marinova lost out on the 10th qualifying place from the second semi-final in a tie-break with. However, on three of the five occasions that they have reached the final, they have finished in the top five: placing fifth with "Water" by Elitsa and Stoyan in, fourth with "If Love Was a Crime" by Poli Genova in , and second with "Beautiful Mess" by Kristian Kostov in 2017. In Bulgaria's two most recent final appearances, "Bones" by supergroup Equinox placed 14th in, and "Growing Up Is Getting Old" by Victoria placed 11th in.

Participation
The Bulgarian National Television (BNT) is a full member of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) since 1 January 1993, thus eligible to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest since then. It has participated in the contest representing Bulgaria since its in 2005. Before becoming a member of the EBU, earlier contests had often been broadcast on BNT.

The first participant in the contest with a Bulgarian origin is Nora Nova, a jazz and a pop singer who left Bulgaria for political reasons in 1959 and later represented in 1964.

1993–2003
BNT had planned to debut at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1993, 1996, and 2003; the latter year the broadcaster was unable to take part after the EBU decided that too many countries would be relegated from participation in 2003 if the country took part.

2005–2010
Bulgaria ultimately debuted at the contest in, with the song "Lorraine" performed by the jazz-inspired band Kaffe. Receiving only 49 points, they placed 19th in the semi-final and failed to qualify to the final. They were succeeded by "Let Me Cry" by Mariana Popova, however it also failed to qualify for the final, coming 17th with 36 points in the semi-final.

Bulgaria's first qualification for the final came in with "Water" by Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov. This was the first Bulgarian-language song to compete in the contest, placing 6th in the semi-final with 146 points. Todorova and Yankulov repeated their song in the final and received 157 points, placing 5th in a field of 24.

In previous years, if a country placed in the top 10 countries in the final they automatically qualified to the final of the next contest. Had this rule remained for the 2008 contest, Bulgaria would have directly qualified for the final. However, a change in rules due to the large intake of countries participating in the contest meant that only five countries, the host country and the "Big Four" countries, would automatically qualify to the final. As such, Bulgaria was obliged to compete in one of the two semi-finals of the 2008 contest.

At the 2008 contest, Bulgaria were represented by "DJ, Take Me Away" by Deep Zone and Balthazar. They, however, could not repeat Todorova and Yankulov's result and received only 56 points, placing 11th of 19 competing in the second semi-final, thereby failing to qualify Bulgaria for the final.

Bulgaria competed in the 2009 contest in Russia, with a two-phase national selection process beginning in October 2008. The winner was Krassimir Avramov with his song "Illusion". It failed to qualify for the final, coming 16th out of 18 participants in the first semi-final.

In October 2009, BNT announced that Miroslav Kostadinov would represent Bulgaria at the 2010 contest in Oslo, Norway, with the song "Angel si ti". It was the first song since 2007 to be sung in Bulgarian. However, for the third consecutive year, Bulgaria's entry failed to qualify for the final, coming 15th out of 17 participants in the second semi-final.

2011–2018
In 2011, Bulgaria was represented by Poli Genova, and the country's entry was sung in Bulgarian for the second consecutive year. Her song was called "Na inat", and missed out on a place for the final after coming 12th in the Semi-final 2, making 2011 the fourth year in a row that Bulgaria didn't reach the final. In that year she competed with 18 more singers in the final of "EuroBGvision" (where by means of SMS voting the TV audience selects who will represent Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest). This was her fourth time in which she took part in the "EuroBGvision" and her first win.

Sofi Marinova represented Bulgaria in the 2012 contest in Baku with "Love Unlimited". Her song was mainly in Bulgarian, but it also contains the phrase "I love you" in 12 other languages, including Turkish, Greek, Spanish, French, and Serbian. Bulgaria's entry tied with Norway for 10th place in its semi-final; however, the tie broke in favor of Norway because it received points from more countries, making 2012 the fifth year in a row that Bulgaria didn't qualify.

In 2013, Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov were chosen through an internal selection to represent Bulgaria for a second time. Their song "Samo shampioni" placed sixth in the second semi-final's televoting results, but 17th place (last) in the jury's results. The duo placed twelfth, with 45 points, thereby failing to qualify Bulgaria for the final for the sixth consecutive year. The nation subsequently announced on 22 November 2013, that they would not be participating in the 2014 contest due to financial problems.

On 15 September 2014, it was announced that Bulgaria had submitted a preliminary application to compete in the 2015 contest, but the following month, it was announced that they would not be returning to the contest. On 31 October 2014, it was announced that Bulgaria's participation was still undecided due to the political situation of the country. The EBU granted an extension and awaited a final decision. On 18 December 2014, BNT confirmed via their official Eurovision Twitter account that they would not take part in the 2015 contest.

On 15 September 2015, it was announced that BNT sent a preliminary application in order to compete in the 2016 contest, and the effective participation was further confirmed on 26 November 2015. Poli Genova was selected to represent Bulgaria for the second time, having previously done so in 2011. With "If Love Was a Crime", Poli performed twelfth at the second semi-final on 12 May 2016, and qualified for the final by finishing in 5th place with 220 points. In the final on 14 May 2016, she performed eighth and placed 4th with 307 points. In 2017, Kristian Kostov represented Bulgaria with "Beautiful Mess", being the first singer at Eurovision to have been born in the 2000s decade. He placed 1st in the second semi-final, with 403 points, the best score ever in any semi-final, qualifying Bulgaria to the finals for the third time. Kristian Kostov ended up getting the best result for Bulgaria to date, finishing in 2nd place with 615 points.

In 2018, BNT selected Equinox with "Bones". The group performed tenth in the first semi-final and qualified for the final, placing 7th with 177 points. Bulgaria reached the final for the fourth time, finishing 14th with 166 points.

2019–2022
On 10 September 2018, it was announced that Bulgaria had submitted a preliminary application to compete in the, but on 15 October 2018, BNT announced that they would not take part due to financial difficulties.

On 30 October 2019, BNT announced that Bulgaria would return for the. The country internally selected Victoria as its representative with "Tears Getting Sober". However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the contest was cancelled, and Victoria was later retained as Bulgaria's representative for the. Her entry for 2021, "Growing Up Is Getting Old", was internally chosen from a selection of songs from her EP A Little Dramatic, with input from the public and various focus groups. Victoria performed thirteenth at the second semi-final and qualified for the final, placing third with 250 points, thereby achieving Bulgaria's fifth final appearance. She then went on to finish 11th with 170 points.

In, BNT selected Intelligent Music Project with "Intention". The group failed to qualify for the final, finishing 16th in the first semi-final with 29 points. BNT later confirmed its absence from the contest, citing financial constraints.

Heads of delegation
Each participating broadcaster in the Eurovision Song Contest assigns a head of delegation as the EBU's contact person and the leader of their delegation at the event. The delegation, whose size can greatly vary, includes a head of press, the contestants, songwriters, composers and backing vocalists, among others.

title: Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest


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Brian Liesegang

Brian Liesegang (born February 10, 1970) is an American songwriter, producer, composer, guitarist and programmer, and a founding member of the rock band Filter.

Career
After leaving Nine Inch Nails, Liesegang was the producer, guitarist and founding member of the rock band Filter along with Richard Patrick. Filter was formed in 1993 in Cleveland Ohio. The album Short Bus was released on April 25, 1995 and it sold over one million copies and features Brian's work with the band. It was recorded "in a small brick house somewhere in Chicago". It is best known for the hit single "Hey Man Nice Shot", reputedly about Budd Dwyer's public suicide; but the duo had hits on many soundtracks, working with The Crystal Method and The Dust Brothers. They embarked on an exhaustive world tour, as headliners, and opening for the likes of the Smashing Pumpkins, Ozzy Osbourne, White Zombie and more....  The duo was also nominated for "Best New Band" at the MTV music awards. Brian has been mentioned on each Filter CD released since then in the liner notes, but he actually left the band during the summer of 1997. He and Richard Patrick have remained friends, and Brian contributed some production work and guitar/keyboard parts to the Filter record, The Trouble with Angels in 2010 as well as "Fades Like a Photograph" from the movie "2012".

title: Brian Liesegang


text:
Evaristo Carvalho

Evaristo do Espírito Santo Carvalho (22 October 1941 – 28 May 2022) was a São Toméan politician who served as the fourth president of São Tomé and Príncipe from 2016 to 2021. He was previously the prime minister of the country on two occasions.

Political career
Carvalho was prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe from 7 July 1994 to 25 October 1994 and again from 26 September 2001 to 28 March 2002. He was a member of the Independent Democratic Action (ADI) party.

Carvalho contested the 2011 São Toméan presidential election, while he was the President of the National Assembly. He had been supported in his campaign by then current Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada. Carvalho finished second in the first round with 21.8 percent of the vote, behind former president, Manuel Pinto da Costa. Costa was victorious in the two person runoff election, with 52.9 percent of the vote. Carvalho subsequently became vice president of the ADI.

Presidency
In the July 2016 presidential election, Carvalho won the most votes but fell slightly short of a majority with 49.8 percent, so a second round runoff was held a few weeks later. However, Costa, the incumbent president, withdrew from the 7 August runoff poll, alleging fraud in the July election. This effectively handed the presidency to Carvalho. He was inaugurated into the role on 3 September. The election process was well received internationally, with a United States Department of State press release stating that "This election is a yet another demonstration of São Tomé and Príncipe's long-standing commitment to democratic values. Through their exemplary conduct, the people of São Tomé and Príncipe continue to serve as a beacon of democracy for other countries."

Death
On 28 May 2022, Carvalho died following a prolonged illness. He was 80.

title: Evaristo Carvalho


text:
Harem (zoology)

A harem is an animal group consisting of one or two males, a number of females, and their offspring. The dominant male drives off other males and maintains the unity of the group. If present, the second male is subservient to the dominant male. As juvenile males grow, they leave the group and roam as solitary individuals or join bachelor herds. Females in the group may be inter-related. The dominant male mates with the females as they become sexually active and drives off competitors, until he is displaced by another male. In some species, incoming males that achieve dominant status may commit infanticide.

For the male, the primary benefit of the harem system is obtaining exclusive access to a group of mature females. The females benefit from being in a stable social group and the associated benefits of grooming, predator avoidance and cooperative defense of territory. The disadvantages for the male are the energetic costs of gaining or defending a harem which may leave him with reduced reproductive success. The females are disadvantaged if their offspring are killed during dominance battles or by incoming males.

Overview
The term harem is used in zoology to distinguish social organization consisting of a group of females, their offspring, and one to two males.

The single male, called the dominant male, may be accompanied by another young male, called a "follower" male. Females that closely associate with the dominant male are called "central females," while females who associate less frequently with the dominant male are called "peripheral females." Juvenile male offspring leave the harem and live either solitarily, or, with other young males in groups known as bachelor herds. Sexually mature female offspring may stay within their natal harem, or may join another harem. The females in a harem may be, but are not exclusively, genetically related.

For instance, the females in hamadryas baboon harems are not usually genetically related because their harems are formed by "kidnapping" females from other harems and subsequent herding. In contrast, gelada harems are based on kinship ties to genetically related females. Multiple harems may assemble into larger groups known as "clans" or "teams".

Harem cohesiveness is mediated by the dominant male who fights off invading males to keep claim over the harem. In some harem-forming species, when a dominant male vacates his harem (due to death, defection to another harem, or usurpation) the incoming male sometimes commits infanticide of the offspring. Because time and resources are no longer being devoted to the offspring, infanticide often stimulates the female to return to sexual receptivity and fertility sooner than if the offspring were to survive. Furthermore, while lactating, females do not ovulate and consequently are not fertile. Infanticide therefore has the potential to increase the incoming male's reproductive success.

Benefits
Harems are a beneficial social structure for the dominant male, as it allows him access to several reproductively available females at a time. Harems provide protection for the females within a particular harem, as dominant males will fiercely ward off potential invaders. This level of protection may also, such in the case of the common pheasant, reduce the energy expended by females on remaining alert to, or fleeing from, invading males. Harems allow bonding and socialization among the female members, which can result in greater control over access to females as determined by the females' preferences. Harems also facilitate socialized behavior such as grooming and cooperative defense of territory.

Costs
Harems can prove energetically costly for both males and females. Males spend substantial amounts of energy engaging in battles to invade a harem, or to keep hold of a harem once dominance has been established. Such energy expenditure can result in reduced reproductive success such as in the case of red deer. This is especially true when there is high turnover rates of dominant males, as frequent intense fighting can result in great expenditure of energy. High turnover rate of dominant males can also be energetically costly for the females as their offspring are frequently killed in harems where infanticide occurs. Harems can also negatively affect females if there is intra-harem competition among females for resources.

A lower-cost alternative mating strategy, useful to bachelors without a harem, is kleptogyny (from Greek klepto- "stealing" and -gyny "female"), popularly known as the "sneaky fucker strategy", where a male sneaks in to mate while the harem owner is distracted: in the case of red deer, when the harem stag is involved in a fight with another older stag. The strategy is also recorded in the elephant seal.

Examples
Animals that form harems include:

Mammals

 * Red deer
 * Sika deer
 * Elk
 * Fallow deer
 * Collared Peccary
 * Fur seal
 * Elephant seal
 * Greater short-nosed fruit bat
 * Jamaican fruit bat
 * African lion (harem referred to as a "pride") with the infrequent strategy of two coequal males (often brothers) who enter the territory of an existing harem and share the dominance, which makes it easier to depose the existing alpha male.

Primates

 * Hamadryas baboon
 * Gelada baboon
 * Golden snub-nosed monkey
 * Guinea baboon
 * Gray langurs
 * Chimpanzee
 * Gorilla

Birds

 * Common pheasant
 * Greater rhea
 * Northern harrier
 * red-winged blackbird

Insects

 * Bark beetle
 * Tree weta
 * Malaysian stalk-eyed fly forms temporary harems even though mating frequency is high and the behavior of multiple mating partners is common.

Fish

 * Hogfish
 * Several species of cichlid
 * California sheephead

title: Harem (zoology)


text: File:THEFUTUREEMBRACE.jpg

title: File:THEFUTUREEMBRACE.jpg


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Norfolk (1798 sloop)

The Colonial sloop Norfolk was built on Norfolk Island in 1798 of Norfolk Island Pine. She was wrecked in 1800.

Cumpston describes Norfolk as, “A decked longboat built at Norfolk I[sland].” Governor Hunter quickly put Norfolk under the command of Matthew Flinders, the Sailing Master Peter Hibbs (seaman formerly on the "Sirius") Norfolk was to be used as a survey vessel. In 1798-99 Norfolk was used by Flinders and Bass to circumnavigate Tasmania – proving the existence of Bass Strait. Flinders also took Norfolk north to chart Cook's Morton's Bay (now Moreton Bay) and Hervey's Bay (Hervey Bay).
 * "The necessity of a vessel to keep up a more frequent intercourse with Norfolk Island, ...having been much felt by the want of various stores ...occasioned Captain Townson, the Commanding officer, to construct a small decked boat, sloop rigged, in which he sent His letters to this port..."

Norfolk was then used to supply produce from the Windsor Area to Port Jackson, until 1800 when convicts seized her at the mouth of the Hawkesbury River. Intending to sail her to Maluku, the convicts ran her aground at what was later called "Pirate Point" on the northern side of the mouth to the Hunter River. Today, the point is in the suburb of.

Replica
In 1998-99 Bern Cuthbertson OAM from Sandy Bay, Tasmania, re-enacted all of Norfolk's journeys in a replica vessel, constructed of Tasmania Huon and Celery Top pines. The replica Norfolk is now on display at The Bass and Flinders Centre in George Town on Tasmania's Tamar River.

A limited amount of sterling silver and 18-carat gold medallions were hand-made to commemorate the voyages of Bern Cuthbertson's Norfolk. These medallions were mainly given to those that sailed with Bern.

In 2000 the Queensland Place Names Board named Norfolk Point (-27.4508°N, 153.1914°W) which was on reclaimed land in the Manly boat harbour in Moreton Bay in honour of Matthew Flinders and the replica's visit. A plaque on the point commemorates the naming.

Affiliations

 * TS Norfolk, Australian Navy Cadets

title: Norfolk (1798 sloop)


text:
Cross processing

Cross processing (sometimes abbreviated to Xpro) is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film. The effect was discovered independently by many different photographers often by mistake in the days of C-22 and E-4. Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast. The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film. Cross processing has been used in a variety of photographic and cinematographic practices, most notably rising in popularity during the 1990s. Similar effects can also be achieved with digital filter effects.

Analogue
Cross processing usually involves one of the two following methods. However, cross processing can take other forms, such as negative color print film or positive color reversal film in black and white developer. Another form of cross-processing involves processing ECN-2 motion picture film in C-41 still picture chemistry, although doing so requires removal of the remjet layer before processing. This results in a higher contrast than normal, but without any effect on the colors.
 * Processing positive color reversal film in C-41 chemicals, resulting in a negative image on a colorless base.
 * Processing negative color print film in E-6 chemicals, resulting in a positive image but with the orange base of a normally processed color negative.

The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined by many factors such as the make and type of the film used, the amount of light exposed onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film.

Digital
Cross processing effects can be simulated in digital photography by a number of techniques involving the manipulation of contrast/brightness, hue/saturation and curves. However, these digital tools lack the unpredictable nature of regular cross processed images. These digital techniques are most often executed in photo editing programs such as Photoshop, but can also be reproduced through filters in apps such as Instagram or VSCO.

Cross processing in artistic practice
Cross processing was most prominently used in fashion photography in the 1990s. Some notable pioneers of the fashion photography craze include Nick Knight and Anton Corbijn.

Cross processing has been used as a cinematography technique in various movies beginning in the 1990s. Some of these movies include Clockers, U-Turn, and Get on the Bus. Newton Thomas Sigel, who used the technique for the "Demon-Vision" sequences in Fallen, noted in a 1999 interview that "working with cross-processed film is a tricky thing", and that it is more difficult than working with still photographs.

Popular reception
It is overall unclear when cross processing became a prominent technique, with some believing that it began to rise in popularity in the early 1970s. By 1995, the technique was best known for its use in fashion photography. The rise in popularity is occasionally attributed to being an act of rebellion against the rise of digital photography, as cross processing was a very manual process that left much to chance. When cross-processing became more commonly used in the 1990s, development labs that offered the service for film were sparse due to film companies considering it to be a conflict of interest to process film using a competitor's technique. However, a major consequence of the rise of digital photography was that custom film labs that provided analogue cross processing began to shut down, and by the end of the 1990s cross processing fell out of popularity.

title: Cross processing


text:
List of administrative divisions of Shaanxi

Shaanxi, a province of the People's Republic of China, is made up of the following administrative divisions.

Administrative divisions
These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. The following table lists only the prefecture-level and county-level divisions of Shaanxi.


text:
User:RJC

Current Projects

 * Spend less time on Wikipedia! Other than that, promise eventually to:
 * Expand upon Epistles (Plato) and related pages.
 * First ♦  Second ♦  Third ♦  Fourth ♦   Fifth  ♦  Sixth ♦   Seventh  ♦  Eighth ♦   Ninth  ♦   Tenth  ♦  Eleventh ♦   Twelfth  ♦  Thirteenth

 * Improve pages related to Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche and his works.
 * Improve Ancient Greek philosophy.
 * Improve pages related to Habeas corpus in the United States.
 * Transclude lists of major legislation by each Congress.

Useful Essays

 * Content: Wikipedia is not for things made up one day ♦ Complete bollocks ♦ Beware of the tigers ♦ Vanispamcruftisement ♦ Fact laundering ♦ Handling trivia ♦ You Are Probably Not a Lexicologist or a Lexicographer ♦ I think you got lost on the way to MySpace ♦ No reliable sources, no verifiability, no article
 * Discussions: Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument ♦ Exceptions should leave the rule intact ♦ What "Ignore all rules" means ♦ Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions ♦ Avoid thread mode ♦ Avoid Repeated Arguments ♦ Don't enlist the masses ♦ Process is important ♦ Policy shopping ♦ Sarcasm is really helpful
 * Policies: Don't stuff beans up your nose ♦ No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man
 * Normal Editors: Competence is required ♦ Credentials matter ♦ Expert editors ♦ Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass ♦ No angry mastodons ♦ Tar pit ♦ Don't be a fanatic
 * Some Editors: Tendentious editing ♦ Call a spade a spade ♦ How many legs does a horse have? ♦ BOLD, revert, revert, revert ♦ Shunning ♦ Mark of Cain ♦ You can't squeeze blood from a turnip ♦ You spat in my soup!

Template and Policy Reminders

 * Category:Coherency templates
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 * WP:ENGVAR on American and British spelling; see also WP:RETAIN
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title: User:RJC


text:
Talk:Cabinet collective responsibility

Do other countries apart from the UK have this convention
For people that known about other Westminister system governments like Canada and Australia: do other countries apart from the UK have this convention? If so, please say so on this page and this article can be updated appropriately. Deus Ex 22:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The practice is certainly used in Canada and I'm pretty sure it is present in other Westminster system countries. I have thus changed the article to make it more general. - SimonP 22:47, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Australia does use this convention. -Brisbane

Traditionally New Zealand has the convention too, although it is has been watered down quite a bit post-MMP by the demands of coalition government. Ben Arnold 01:25, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There is at least one country that applies the cabinet collective responsibility: France, although they have an elected president. In France, this is a political convention and not a rule; that involves that there may be exceptions: a minister can express a point of view that is not the official one without leaving. For example Rama Yade (minister) was officialy against the visit in Paris of Muammar Gaddafi in 2010 and she said it harshly as Gaddafi was in France (approximatively: our republic is not a carpet on which a dictator can wipe the blood of his hands). But she remained minister because her point of view was quite popular...
 * But this remains rare: normaly the ministers agree or don't say what they really think to follow the cabinet responsibility convention.
 * Further explanations and examples on the french wikipedia page: solidarité gouvernementale or solidarité ministérielle (in french...).

 * This convention should exist in Germany also be there is no name or expression in german to describe this convention.

 * I've also heard about one country in Scandinavia that applies a specific rule for this: if a minister declares before a vote of confidence that he/she is against the law that could make the government fall and if the government falls, the minister can stay as minister in the next government. I've never checked this strange information --Norbi à Metz (talk) 23:09, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Smoking
I don't have the reference to hand but there was public dissent from collective responsibility over the smoking ban in clubs in England before the UK Parliament voted in favour. --Philip Baird Shearer (talk) 18:10, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Cabinet responsibility vs cabinet solidarity
The article is very unclear about the distinction between cabinet collective responsibility and cabinet solidarity. For a brief distinction between the two, see this blog post. The distinction is also made by

Merge discussion
As the previous section of this talk page states, the current articles do not establish what the difference is between Cabinet collective responsibility and Cabinet solidarity. How common is it to have one without the other? One might say that one is a consequence of the other; but such a nice distinction is better discussed in a single article than either or both of two separate ones. jnestorius(talk) 12:40, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Merge - Cabinet collective responsibility and cabinet solidarity are the same principle. One could argue that cabinet solidarity is the applied version of cabinet collective responsibility but this is not a reason to have two separate articles on the same topic. Ebonelm (talk) 21:58, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

Need to have three heads in Indian system: Legislative head, Executive head and Grievance or Preferential head (Ombudsman).
Two way approach for cross checking of the functioning of the system. Single heads makes it authoritative whereas cross functional working style will create checks and balance by its nature similar to line managers or functional managers. It will help learn and develop steps taken by other two heads and suo motto. Thanking sincerely Pritam Das Contact-7896419889 Email id-preetam94351@gmail.com Pritam94351 (talk) 01:45, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cabinet collective responsibility


text:
Talk:Luzhniki Stadium

Wrong etymology
Name "Luzhniki" comes not from "meadow" (луг) but from profession horse shepherd and meadow caretaker (лужник). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.165.173.131 (talk) 03:13, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
As I know, it was called Central Lenin Stadium (Russian:Центральный стадион имени В.И.Ленина). Cmapm 22:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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Peter Stringer

Peter Alexander Stringer (born 13 December 1977) is an Irish former rugby union player who played at scrum-half. He played 13 seasons with Irish province Munster from 1998 to 2011; he then played seven seasons from 2011 to 2018 in England with various teams — Saracens, Newcastle Falcons, Bath, Sale Sharks and Worcester Warriors. Internationally, Stringer represented Ireland and the Barbarians. He announced his retirement from rugby in June 2018.

Munster
Stringer made his Munster debut against Ulster on 3 October 1998, in an Irish Inter-Provincial Championship game. He made his Heineken Cup debut for Munster against Perpignan on 10 October 1998.

Stringer was Munster's first-choice scrum-half for the 2000 Heineken Cup Final against Northampton Saints, a game which Munster lost 8–9. Stringer was again at scrum-half for Munster in the 2002 Heineken Cup Final against Leicester Tigers, which Leicester won 15–9. This game also involved the infamous 'Hand of Back' incident, in which Neil Back, the Leicester flanker, knocked the ball out of Stringer's hands during his put-in to a Munster scrum near the Leicester try-line, ultimately denying Munster any chance of a comeback.

Stringer's first silverware with Munster came in February 2003, when they secured the 2002–03 Celtic League. He was also Munster's scrum-half when they beat Llanelli Scarlets to win the Celtic Cup in May 2005.

Stringer played a key role for Munster during the 2005–06 Heineken Cup, helping the team reach their third final. Before the 2006 Heineken Cup Final, Stringer was criticised for not scoring enough tries. During the final, he saw that Biarritz's scrum-half, Dimitri Yachvili, was out of position, and Stringer quickly scored Munster's second try, helping to secure a 23–19 win, and Munster's first European Cup.

During the 2007–08 Heineken Cup, Stringer lost his place in the Munster team to Tomás O'Leary. He was on the bench for Munster's 16–13 win over Toulouse in the 2008 Heineken Cup Final, but did not come on.

Stringer was part of the Munster team that won the 2008–09 Celtic League, and was on the bench when Munster won the 2011 Celtic League Grand Final, beating rivals and newly crowned Heineken Cup Champions Leinster 19–9 in Thomond Park.

During the 2010–11 season, Stringer also became Munster's most capped player ever, overtaking the record previously held by Alan Quinlan. He achieved the feat when he came on as a substitute in Munster's Celtic League victory against Leinster on 2 April 2011.

On 27 March 2012, while still on loan with Newcastle, Stringer signed a deal to extend his Munster contract by one year.

Loan to Saracens
On 3 December 2011, it was announced that Stringer would join Aviva Premiership side Saracens on a three-month loan. He officially joined up with Saracens on 5 December 2011. He made his debut for Saracens in their Heineken Cup pool fixture against Ospreys on 10 December 2011. Stringer made his first appearance in the Aviva Premiership for Saracens against Harlequins on 27 December 2011. He scored his first try for the club in the Anglo-Welsh Cup game against Worcester Warriors on 29 January 2012. Stringer's last game for Saracens was against Northampton Saints on 4 March 2012.

Loan to Newcastle
Munster confirmed on 23 February 2012 that Stringer would join another Aviva Premiership side, Newcastle Falcons, on loan immediately after the conclusion of his loan at Saracens, and would be there until the end of the 2011–12 season. He joined up with the club officially on 13 March 2012. Stringer made his debut for Newcastle on 23 March 2012, against Worcester Warriors in the Aviva Premiership. He scored his first try for Newcastle in his last game for the club, during the relegation-decider against London Wasps, which Newcastle won 14–10.

Bath
It was announced on 21 January 2013 that Stringer would return to the Aviva Premiership for a third time, this time on loan with Bath Rugby as cover for injured first-choice scrum-half Michael Claassens. He scored two tries on his debut with Bath. Stringer agreed an extension to his loan deal with Bath in March 2013, which saw him stay with the side until the end of the 2012–13 season. It was announced on 9 April 2013 that Stringer had signed a one-year contract with Bath, which saw him join the club as a full-time player from the 2013–14 season. Stringer signed a new one-year contract with Bath in March 2014.

Sale Sharks
On 19 May 2015, it was announced Stringer had signed a one-year deal with Sale Sharks. In February 2016, Stringer signed a one-year contract extension with Sale. In April 2016, Stringer was named the Sale Sharks Player of the Year for the 2015–16 season. At the end of the 2016–17 season, Sale announced that Stringer would be leaving the club, while Stringer himself declared his intention to continue playing professional rugby.

Worcester Warriors
On 20 July 2017, Worcester Warriors announced that they had signed Stringer on a six-month contract to cover Francois Hougaard while he is on international duty. The contract meant Stringer would be playing professional rugby as a 40-year-old and would join his longtime Munster and Ireland teammate Donncha O'Callaghan at the club.

Ireland
Stringer debuted for Ireland against Scotland in February in the 2000 Six Nations Championship. Between then and 2006, he appeared in 76 out of Ireland's 85 matches. Stringer quickly became known for his ability to take down larger players, especially with one handed "Ankle taps", and game changing moments.

Stringer was part of the Ireland teams that won the Six Nations Triple Crown in 2004, 2006, and 2007. Stringer, having lost his starting role to Eoin Reddan, played in three of Ireland's five matches in the 2008 Six Nations coming off the bench as a substitute in each one.

On 14 March 2009, Stringer put in a Man-of-the-Match performance for Ireland against Scotland during the 2009 Six Nations Championship. Losing 12–9 at half-time in Murrayfield, Stringer made a break and passed to Jamie Heaslip, who scored a match-turning try that eventually saw Ireland win 15–22. A week later, Stringer came off the bench during Ireland's final 2009 Six Nations game against Wales. In the dying minutes of the game, Stringer passed the ball from a ruck to Ronan O'Gara, who then scored the drop-goal that won Ireland's first Grand Slam since 1948.

Stringer was selected in Ireland's squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup, and played in all five of Ireland's games at the tournament. He was also in the 2007 Rugby World Cup squad, but played only in the first two pool games, before being replaced by Eoin Reddan took over the starting scrum-half role for Ireland for the remainder of the tournament. Stringer was included in Ireland's squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup warm-ups in August, but did not feature in any of the warm-up tests and was not selected in the final 30-man squad for the World Cup in New Zealand, as Murray, Reddan, and Boss were Ireland's scrum-halves selected. His last matches for Ireland came in the 2011 Six Nations Championship where he came off the bench as a substitute behind Reddan; Stringer's last match in a 24–8 win against England on 19 March.

Barbarians
On 12 August 2000, Stringer played for the Barbarians against Germany. He was invited to play for the side again, this time playing against Australia on 26 November 2011.

Personal life
Stringer married Debbie O’Leary in the Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación Church in Plaza de la Iglesia in the old town of Marbella, Spain, on 9 June 2015. The couple welcomed their first child, a son named Noah, in April 2017. The couple's second son, Oscar, was born in March 2020.

International analysis by opposition
Correct as of 5 July 2017

title: Peter Stringer


text:
Theory of knowledge (IB course)

Theory of Knowledge (TOK) is a compulsory core subject of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme covering, for example, epistemological topics. It is marked on a letter scale (A-E) and aims to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on the nature of knowledge, and on how we know what we claim to know." Students who attain an E will not be able to receive their final IB Diploma.

Course description
Theory of Knowledge is a course created by the IB organization and must not be conceived as pure epistemology. This course involves a process of exploring and sharing students' views on "knowledge questions" (an umbrella term for "everything that can be approached from a TOK point of view"), so "there is no end to the valid questions that may arise", "there are many different ways to approach TOK," "the sheer scope of the TOK course is daunting" and "teachers and students need the confidence to go too far outside their traditional comfort zones." Teachers are entitled to select a teaching methodology and course material that will convey the theoretical foundation of essential concepts and may provide an environment in which these concepts can be discussed and debated. The focus of the discussion should not be the differentiation between "right" and "wrong" ideas but on the quality of justification and a balanced approach to the knowledge claim in question.

The TOK course uses a combination, in no particular order ("many entry points and sequences are possible"):
 * Ways of knowing: (sense perception, reason, emotion, faith, imagination, intuition, memory, and language). Note that this is no longer mandatory in the new ToK course (first assessment 2022). How do we gain knowledge of the world, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each way in which we learn of the world and our place in it. Until 2014, there were only four ways of knowing (sense perception, reason, emotion, and language, but the IB curriculum then changed to include four other ways of knowing: intuition, imagination, faith, and memory).
 * Areas of knowledge (mathematics, natural sciences, human sciences, history, religious knowledge systems, indigenous knowledge systems, the arts and ethics): their distinct natures and methods of gaining knowledge, the types of claim each makes and the issues to consider (e.g., "How do you know that the scientific method is a valid method of gaining knowledge?", "What is the reason for having historical knowledge, and how is it applied in life?"). The IB originally had six areas of knowledge: mathematics, natural sciences, human sciences, history, the arts and ethics. In 2014, the IB curriculum changed to include two more areas of knowledge: religious knowledge systems and indigenous knowledge systems.
 * Factors that transcend individual ways of knowing and areas of knowledge:
 * Nature of knowing: what are the differences between information, data, belief, faith, opinion, knowledge and wisdom?
 * Knowledge communities: what is taken for granted in a community? How can we decide which beliefs we ought to check further?
 * Knowers' perspective and applications of knowledge: how do age, education, culture and experience influence selection of sources and formation of knowledge claims? If you know something, or how to do something, do you have a responsibility to use your knowledge? By using different types of AOK (areas of knowledge) and WOK (ways of knowing) you can then start to write counterclaims and claims in different types of texts.
 * Justifications of knowledge claims: why should claims be assessed critically? Are logic, sensory perception, revelation, faith, memory, consensus, intuition, and self-awareness equally reliable justifications? Use of coherence, correspondence, pragmatism, and consensus as criteria of truth.

The TOK course is expected to involve 100 teaching hours over the two years of the Diploma Programme. Having followed the course, students should be competent to analyse knowledge claims and respond to knowledge issues in the context of different areas of knowledge and ways of knowing, expressing ideas accurately and honestly, using examples from their own experiences as learners and in outside life.

 * Personal knowledge is the systematic assimilation of shared knowledge acquired in different areas of knowledge through a process that vary within disciplines.
 * Shared knowledge is the accumulation of bodies of knowledge in different areas of knowledge, the media and society.
 * The Knowledge Framework is a scheme that contains five elements: scope and application, language, methodology, historical development and links to personal knowledge.

Assessment
In the past, Theory of Knowledge was assessed in two parts: an externally examined 1200- to 1600-word essay and an internally assessed presentation. As of 2022, this has been replaced with an exhibition. Each part is scored using assessment criteria, which differ between the essay and presentation. The total score is converted into a grade from A to E. A similar system is used for the Extended Essay. Students can gain up to 3 points for the diploma based on the grades achieved for TOK and EE. No diploma is awarded if a candidate fails to submit either the TOK essay or TOK presentation, or receives grade E for either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge.

TOK essay
For each exam session, the IB prescribes six essay titles from which students must choose. Each title raises generic cross-disciplinary questions about knowledge, and the student is expected to consider the issues raised in the title and reach conclusions about them. The essay should put forward claims and counterclaims, linking knowledge issues to areas of knowledge and ways of knowing, and show evidence of original thinking by the student. Essays over the maximum word count of 1,600 are penalised with a one mark reduction, and any content beyond the 1600th word of the essay is not read by the examiner.

TOK presentation (Last exam 2021)
During the Theory of Knowledge course, students must plan and deliver at least one (in individual or small group, maximum three students) presentation to the class. The topic is based on a real-life situation of interest to the student, e.g. "Reliability of media reporting of science", "What makes something a work of art?" and the presentation is expected to show why the topic is significant, linking it to a relevant main knowledge question (KQ), and discussing those issues and examining the implications of approaching the question from different perspectives, given by WOKs (ways of knowing), and at least one AOK (area of knowledge). Teachers have wide latitude to help with topic selection and identifying suitable approaches. About ten minutes should be allowed for each presenter.

TOK exhibition (First exam 2022)
The TOK exhibition is a new assessment component implemented for all the candidates graduating in 2022 and after. It replaces the TOK presentation and bears the same assessment weight (33%).

According to the 2022 IB Guide, the TOK exhibition explores how TOK manifests in the world around us by creating an exhibition of three objects (or images of objects) that connect to only one of the themes (either core or optional) and on only one of the 35 prompts provided within the new Guide. Each object must be accompanied by a written commentary. The total word count must be at most 950 words.

These 35 prompts are knowledge questions such as: ''What counts as knowledge? Who owns knowledge? Are some things unknowable?'' etc.

title: Theory of knowledge (IB course)


text:
User:Momow~enwiki

French, see http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Momow

title: User:Momow~enwiki


text:
John Townson

John Townson (c. 1759 – 8 May 1835) was an army officer and settler in the colony of New South Wales. He entered the 18th Regiment of Foot in 1779 and was part of the Gibraltar garrison. He transferred to the New South Wales Corps in October 1789 and arrived in Sydney on the Second Fleet ship Scarborough in June 1790.

Townson spent most of his military service in the colony at Norfolk Island where he was stationed for six years and received a twenty-acre (81,000 m2) lease. In 1794 he was a member of the court of inquiry investigating Lieutenant Governor King's actions during the 1793 mutiny on the island. He was promoted and captain, and from September 1796 to November 1799 acted as lieutenant-governor of Norfolk Island while King was absent in England.

His administration was generally efficient and he seems to have had a steadying influence on the population of convicts and settlers. During his regime, the only ship built on the island, the sloop Norfolk, used by Matthew Flinders to circumnavigate Van Diemen's Land, was constructed in 1798. He lacked confidence in Governor Hunter and his complaints to England played a part in Hunter's recall.

Townson left Norfolk Island in 1800 and returned to England, where through illness he retired and sold his commission in July 1803.

He returned to Sydney in 1806, and after come controversy was granted 2000 acres (8 km2) in the Bexley and Hurstville districts. He sold these in 1812 and developed further grants on the Tamar River in Van Diemen's Land. Townson died in Sydney on 8 July 1835, leaving an estate worth £5,000.

Townson is described by his biographer as "an efficient, if unspectacular, administrator." Unlike many of his fellow New South Wales Corps officers, he does not seem to have been involved in the rum traffic. He was generally well liked by his contemporaries but ill-health and deafness led him to avoid public life, and earned him a reputation in his later years "of being unsettled and querulous."

title: John Townson