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Katipō

The katipō (Latrodectus katipo) is an endangered species of spider native to New Zealand. It is one of many species in the genus Latrodectus, such as the Australian redback (L. hasseltii), and the North American black widow. The species is venomous to humans, capable of delivering a potentially dangerous bite. It is a small to medium-sized spider, with the female having a round black or brown pea-sized body. Red katipō females found in the South Island and the lower half of the North Island, are always black, and their abdomen has a distinctive red stripe bordered in white. In black katipō females found in the upper half of the North Island, this stripe is absent, pale, yellow, or replaced with cream-coloured blotches. These two forms were previously thought to be separate species. The male is much smaller than the female and quite different in appearance: white with black stripes and red diamond-shaped markings. Katipō are mainly found living in sand dunes close to the seashore. They are found throughout most of coastal New Zealand except the far south and west. Katipō feed mainly on ground dwelling insects, caught in an irregular tangled web spun amongst dune plants or other debris.

After mating in August or September, the female katipō produces five or six egg sacs in November or December. The spiderlings hatch during January and February and disperse into surrounding plants. Due to habitat loss and colonisation of their natural habitat by other exotic spiders, the katipō is threatened with extinction.

A katipō bite produces the toxic syndrome latrodectism; symptoms include extreme pain and, potentially, hypertension, seizure, or coma. Bites are rare, an antivenom is available, and no deaths have been reported since 1923. The katipō is particularly notable in New Zealand as the nation is almost entirely devoid of dangerous native wildlife; this unique status means the spider is well known, despite being rarely seen.

Taxonomy
Although the 'kātĕpo' was reported to the Linnean Society as early as 1855, the spider was formally described as Latrodectus katipo by L. Powell in 1870. Spiders of the genus Latrodectus have a worldwide distribution and include all of the commonly known widow spiders: the North American black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans), the brown widow (Latrodectus geometricus), and the European black widow (Latrodectus tredecimguttatus). The katipō's closest relative is the Australian redback spider (Latrodectus hasseltii). Latrodectus katipo and L. atritus (black katipō) were previously thought to be two separate species, but research has shown that they are a single species, L. katipo, with colour variation that is clinal over latitude and correlated with mean annual temperature. The katipō is so closely related to the redback that it was at one stage thought to be a subspecies, with the proposed name Latrodectus hasseltii katipo. Further research has shown that the katipō is distinct from the redback, having slight structural differences and striking differences in habitat preference, and it remains a distinct species. The katipō's family Theridiidae has a large number of species both in New Zealand and worldwide. They are commonly known as tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders or comb-footed spiders.

The common name katipō (singular and plural), often spelled "katipo", is from the Māori for "night stinger", derived from the words kakati (to sting) and pō (the night). This name was apparently given to the species owing to the Māori belief that the spiders bite at night. Other common names include red katipō, black katipō and New Zealand's redback.

Description
The katipō is a small to medium-sized spider. The mature female has a body size of about 8 mm with a leg span of up to 32 mm. The red katipō female, found in the South Island and the lower North Island, has a large black globular abdomen, about the size of a garden pea, with slender legs and a white-bordered orange or red stripe on its back that runs from the uppermost surface of the abdomen back to the spinnerets. The dark velvet-black abdomen is described as satin or silky in appearance, rather than being shiny. The underside of the abdomen is black and has a red patch or partial red hourglass-shaped marking. It has mainly black legs with the extremities changing to brown. The black katipō female, found in the upper North Island, does not have a red stripe on the top of its body, and the abdominal colouration is usually lighter, but is otherwise very similar in appearance to the red katipō. The hourglass pattern on the underside of the abdomen may also be less distinct, losing the middle section, and may even be absent. Variations also exist where the abdomen, cephalothorax, or entire body is brown, sometimes with a dull red or yellow stripe, or cream-coloured spots on its upper side. These different forms were at one point thought to be different species, but a 2008 study demonstrated they were different morphs of the same species.

Adult males and juveniles are quite different in appearance to the female. They are smaller in size, being about one sixth the size of an adult female. Juveniles have a brown carapace, with a predominantly white abdomen which has a series of red-orange diamonds running along the dorsal region bordered on either side by irregular black lines. Males retain this colouration into adulthood. Due to its much smaller size, Urquhart (1886) believed the male to be a separate species and named it Theridion melanozantha. This was not rectified until 1933 when it was correctly identified as the male Latrodectus katipo.

Habitat
The katipō is restricted to a highly specialised habitat and is only found near the seashore among sand dunes. They generally reside on the landward side of dunes closest to the coast where they are most sheltered from storms and sand movement. They can sometimes be associated with dunes several kilometres from the sea when these dunes extend inland for long distances.

Webs are typically established in low-growing dune plants and other vegetation such as the native pīngao (Ficinia spiralis) or the introduced marram grass (Ammophila arenaria). They may also build their webs under driftwood, stones, or other debris such as empty tin cans or bottles. Webs are almost always constructed over open sand and near the ground so as to catch crawling insects for food. Spiders inhabiting dune grasses construct their webs in open spaces between the grass tufts, while spiders inhabiting areas of shrubbery do so on the underside of a plant overhanging open sand. It has been found that these patches of open sand are necessary for katipō to build their webs as plants that envelop sand dunes in dense cover, such as exotic plants like kikuyu or buffalo grass, create an environment unsuitable for web construction. The katipō therefore prefers to spin its web amongst pīngao plants as this plant's growth pattern leaves patches of sand between each plant. The wind can then blow insects and other prey through these gaps and into the web. Marram grass has been extensively planted in New Zealand to help stabilise sand dunes and has largely replaced pīngao in many areas. Because marram grass grows in a very tight formation only leaving small gaps between tuffs, this makes it difficult for the katipō to construct a suitable web for capturing prey.

Like other theridiid spiders, the web is a disorganised, irregular tangle of fine textured silk. It is hammock-shaped and is made up of opaque yellowish-white silk. The web consists of a broad base with many supporting threads above and below, including a number of sticky guy lines anchored to debris in the sand. A cone-shaped retreat is built in the lower part of the web, although the katipō can normally be found near the main body of the web. The plants it builds its web in provide support and shelter for the nest.

Range
The katipō is endemic to New Zealand. In the North Island it is found along the West Coast from Wellington to North Cape. On the east coast of the North Island it occurs irregularly, however, it is abundant on Great Barrier Island. In the South Island it is found in coastal regions south to Dunedin on the east coast and south to Greymouth on the west coast. This southern limit is due to the katipō needing temperatures higher than about 17 °C to be maintained during the development of their eggs – in the southern areas of New Zealand it is typically colder than this.

The red katipō is found south of approximately 39°15′ S (the western tip of Taranaki on the west coast, and just north of Waipatiki Beach in Hawke's Bay on the east coast). The black katipō is found north of approximately 38° S (Aotea Harbour, just north of Kawhia on the west coast, and Waipiro Bay and just south of the Bay of Plenty on the east coast). Both forms are found in the area in between these latitudes.

Diet
The katipō typically catches wandering ground invertebrates such as beetles (e.g. Cecyropa modesta) or amphipods (e.g. Bellorchestia quoyana), but it may occasionally catch moths, flies, and other spiders. Katipō can catch insects much larger than themselves. These larger insects often become entangled in the web and in the ensuing struggle, the web's ground anchor line breaks. The silk's elasticity causes the prey to become suspended a few centimetres off the ground. The katipō then moves to the prey, turns so that the spinnerets are facing the insect and spins silk over it. Like most theridiids, the tarsi of the hind legs have a row of strong curved bristles which are arranged as a comb. The katipō uses these to scoop sticky silk from its spinnerets and throws it over the insect with a series of rapid movements. After the insect is firmly immobilised, the spider bites it several times, usually at the joints, before spinning more silk to strengthen the web, and then administering a last long bite which ultimately kills the insect. The spider then moves the prey up into the web until it is ready to eat. If food is readily available then it is common to see five or six insects hanging in the web waiting to be ingested. The male's hunting behaviour is similar to the female's, although may not be as vigorous due to its smaller size.

Reproduction
The male wanders as an adult and in August or September goes looking for the females' webs to mate. The male will enter the female's web and vibrate the silk as he approaches her. The female is usually aggressive at first and will chase the male from the web. The courtship process consists of the male bobbing, plucking and tweaking the web along with periods of cautious approach and being chased by the female. Eventually, when she becomes docile and allows him to approach, the male will then approach the female as she hangs quietly upside down in the web. The male moves onto her ventral abdomen, tapping her rapidly until she moves to align his abdomen above hers. He then inserts his palps one at a time, leaving the female between each insertion. Copulation occurs over 10 to 30 minutes. After mating, the male retreats to groom, which is performed by running his palps and legs through his fangs and wiping them over his body. The male is not eaten by the female unlike some other widow spiders. The females lay their eggs in November or December. The eggs are round, about the size of a mustard seed, and are a transparent, purplish red. They are held together in a cream-coloured, round, ball shaped egg sac which is about 12 mm in diameter. The female constructs five or six egg sacs over the next three to four weeks. Each egg sac contains about 70 to 90 fertilised eggs. The egg sacs are hung in the centre of the spider's web and the female spins more silk over them. Over time, the exterior of the egg sac may become covered with sand. After six weeks of incubation, during January and February, the spiderlings hatch. The young spiders then disperse from the web. Little is known about the dispersal mechanism that the spiderlings use to move away from the nest. In one study, observing spiders over 24 hours, 28% used a ballooning method, which is where the young spiders use air currents to carry themselves away from the nest suspended by a single web strand, while the majority, 61%, used a bridging method where the spiderling uses its silk to move to nearby plants, and 11% still remained in the nest. The young spiderlings reach full maturity the following spring.

The close relationship between the katipō and redback is shown when mating. A male redback is able to successfully mate with a female katipō producing hybrid offspring. However, a male katipō cannot mate with the female redback as the male katipō is heavier than the male redback, and when it approaches the web it triggers a predatory response in the female leading to the male being eaten before mating occurs. There is evidence of interbreeding between katipō and redbacks in the wild.

Predators
The katipō has only one known direct predator: a small, undescribed native wasp from the family Ichneumonidae has been observed feeding on katipō eggs.

Population decline
The katipō is an endangered species and has recently become threatened with extinction. It is estimated that there are only a few thousand katipō left in about 50 areas in the North Island and eight areas in the South Island, making it rarer than some species of kiwi. A number of factors have contributed to its decline; the major ones appear to be loss of habitat and the declining quality of the remaining habitat. Human interference with their natural habitat has been occurring for over a century following European settlement. Coastal dune modification resulting from agriculture, forestry, or urban development, along with recreational activities like the use of beach buggies, off-road vehicles, beach horse riding and driftwood collection have destroyed or changed areas where katipō lives. The introduction of many invasive exotic plants has also contributed to the decline of suitable habitat.

Foreign spiders have colonised areas where suitable habitat remains. The major coloniser is the South African spider Steatoda capensis. It was first reported in the 1990s and may have displaced the katipō along the west coast of the North Island from Wellington to Whanganui, although both the katipō and S. capensis have been found sharing the same dune systems or even co-existing under the same piece of driftwood, suggesting that the two species can co-exist in similar habitats. It is possible that the displacement of the katipō by S. capensis is due to its ability to recolonise areas from which the katipō had been displaced after storms or other dune modifications. Furthermore, S. capensis breeds year-round, produces more offspring and lives in a greater range of habitats which leads to greater pressure on the katipō. S. capensis also belongs to the family Theridiidae and shares many of the katipō's features. It is of similar size, shape, general colouration, but it lacks the red stripe on its back, and may have some red, orange or yellow on its abdomen. Due to these similarities it is commonly known in New Zealand as the "false katipō".

In 2010 the katipō was one of a dozen species of previously unprotected invertebrate given full protection under the 1953 Wildlife Act, noted as "iconic, vulnerable to harm, and in serious decline". Under the Act, killing an absolutely-protected species such as a katipō is punishable by a fine or even imprisonment.

Toxicology
The katipō has venom that is medically significant in humans, although bites are rare. The incidence of bites is low as it is a shy, non-aggressive spider. Their narrow range, diminishing population, and human awareness of where they live means humans rarely encounter katipō. The katipō will only bite as a last resort; if molested, the spider will usually fold up into a ball and drop to the ground or retreat to the nearest cover. If the threat continues, the spider may throw out silk against the interference. When restrained in any way or held against skin, such as if tangled up in clothing, the spider will then bite defensively. However, if the female is with an egg sac it will remain close by it and sometimes move offensively to bite any threat.

Bites from katipō spiders produce a syndrome known as latrodectism. The venoms of all Latrodectus spiders are thought to contain similar components with the neurotoxin α-latrotoxin being the main agent responsible. Most bites are caused by female spiders; the male katipō was considered too small to cause systemic envenoming in humans. However, bites from male redback spiders have been reported, suggesting male Latrodectus spiders can cause envenoming in humans. Bites by male spiders are much rarer than those by females, perhaps due to their smaller jaws rather than lacking venom of similar potency to females or being unable to administer an effective bite. Māori legends recall many deaths, the last of which appears to have been a Māori girl who – according to the missionary Thomas Chapman – died in approximately 1849. While there were reports of severe katipō bites in 19th or early 20th century records, no other fatalities from spider bites have since been reported in New Zealand. The most recent fatality seems to have been in 1901, as reported in the Evening Post on 25 September of that year: "AUCKLAND, This Day. Mr. George Twidle, aged 47, son of Mr. George Twidle of Pukekohe, was bitten by a katipo spider on 16 September. His arm swelled, and he suffered great pain till Saturday last, when he died. He leaves a widow and several children." The most recent reported katipō bites were to a Canadian tourist in 2010 and a kayaker in 2012.

Symptoms
The clinical features of latrodectism are similar for all species of Latrodectus spiders. It is generally characterised by extreme pain. Initially, the bite may be painful, but sometimes only feels like a pin prick or mild burning sensation. Within an hour victims generally develop more severe local pain with local sweating and sometimes piloerection (goosebumps). Pain, swelling and redness spread proximally from the site. Less commonly, systemic envenoming is heralded by swollen or tender regional lymph nodes; associated features include malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal or chest pain, generalised sweating, headache, fever, hypertension and tremor. Rare complications include seizure, coma, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure or localised skin infection. The duration of effects can range from a few hours to days, with severe pain persisting for over 24 hours after being bitten in some cases.

Treatment
Treatment is based on the severity of the bite; the majority of cases do not require medical care, and patients with localised pain, swelling and redness usually only require local application of ice and routine analgesics. Hospital assessment is recommended if simple analgesia does not resolve local pain or clinical features of systemic envenoming occur. In more severe bites, redback antivenom can be given. Redback antivenom can also cross-neutralise katipō venom, and it is used to treat envenoming from Latrodectus katipo in New Zealand. It is available from most major New Zealand hospitals. Antivenom will usually relieve the symptoms of systemic envenoming and is indicated in anyone suffering symptoms consistent with Latrodectus envenoming. Unlike some other antivenoms, it is not limited to patients with signs of severe, systemic envenoming. Particular indications for using antivenom are local then generalised pain, sweating or hypertension. However, good evidence to support the effectiveness of widow spider antivenoms is lacking and studies have cast some doubt on the efficacy of antivenoms in latrodectism. Pain relief agents, such as parenteral opiates, or benzodiazepines may be required as adjunct agents.

title: Katipō


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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Talk:Raurimu Spiral

Untitled
I do not see how something can lie between two landmarks both to the east of it: " between the North Island Volcanic Plateau to the east and the valleys and gorges of the Whanganui River to the east." but with limited resources I can't find a good map to resolve this.Pdn 22:27, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Broken link
The external link http://www.websnz.com/ttt/nzr/nzrrs.php3 is invalid

 * Really? It just worked for me. 66.234.222.96 (talk) 04:00, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Raurimu Spiral


text:
User talk:Bemasc

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Draft:Swimming raft concern
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Draft:Swimming raft concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Swimming raft, a page you created, has not been edited in 6 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

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Draft:Swimming raft concern
Hi there, I'm HasteurBot. I just wanted to let you know that Draft:Swimming raft, a page you created, has not been edited in 6 months. The Articles for Creation space is not an indefinite storage location for content that is not appropriate for articlespace.

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Your draft article, Draft:Swimming raft

Hello, Bemasc. It has been over six months since you last edited your Articles for Creation draft article submission, "Swimming raft".

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NYC Wiknic, June 26
Hold the date. Meetup/NYC Wiknic in Crotona Park, Sunday June 26.

Watch Meetup/NYC/Wiknic June 2022 for further details as they become available.

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title: User talk:Bemasc


text:
St. Martin's Island

Saint Martin Island (সেন্টমার্টিন দ্বীপ) is a small island (area only 3 km2) in the northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, about 9 km south of the tip of the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf peninsula, and forming the southernmost part of Bangladesh. There is a small adjoining island that is separated at high tide, called Chera Dwip. It is about 8 km west of the northwest coast of Myanmar, at the mouth of the Naf River.

History and description
Millennia ago, the island used to be an extension of the Teknaf peninsula, but portion of this peninsula later got submerged and thus the southernmost part of the aforementioned peninsula became an island, and was disconnected from the Bangladesh mainland. The island was first settled in the 18th century by Arabian merchants, who named it "Jazira". During British occupation the island was named after the then Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong Mr. Martin as St. Martin Island. Local names of the island are "Narikel Jinjira" which means "Coconut Island", and "Daruchini Dwip" which means "Cinnamon Island". It is the only coral island in Bangladesh.

Administration
The island makes up the Saint Martin's Union Parishad. It has 9 villages/areas:
 * Paschim Para (Western Neighbourhood)
 * Deil Para
 * Uttar Para (Northern Neighbourhood)
 * Majher Para (Middle Neighbourhood)
 * Purba Para (Eastern Neighbourhood)
 * Konar Para (Edge Neighbourhood)
 * Nazrul Para (Neighbourhood of Nazrul)
 * Golachipa (literally "narrow neck")
 * Dakkhin Para (Southern Neighbourhood)

Inhabitants
Most of the island's approximately 3,700 inhabitants live primarily from fishing. The other staple crops are rice and coconut. Being very common on the island, algae are collected, dried, and exported to Myanmar. Between October and April, the fishermen from neighboring areas bring their caught fishes to the island's temporary wholesale market. However, imports of chicken, meat and other foods come in from the mainland Bangladesh and Myanmar. As the centre and the south are mainly farmland and makeshift huts, most of the permanent structures are around the far north.

During the rainy season, because of the dangerous conditions on the Bay of Bengal, the inhabitants have no scope to go to the mainland (Teknaf) and their life can become dangerous. There is a hospital on the island, but in the past there has often been no doctor.

Biological diversity and bioprospecting potential
Research by the Bangladesh Department of Environment (DoE), with the assistance of the UNDP, demonstrates that the island has a number of ecosystems, including coral-rich areas, mangroves, lagoons and stony areas. The island is a safe haven to various species of fauna. The presence of 153 species of sea weeds, 66 species of coral, 187 species of oysters, 240 species of fish, 120 species of birds, 29 species of reptiles and 29 species of mammals were recorded at the St Martin's Island in 2010. The area in vicinity has been declared as a Marine Protected Area in 2022.

Marine sponges and their associated microbes produce an enormous array of antitumor, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, antibiotic and other bioactive molecules. S.I. Paul et al. (2021) explored a total of 15 bacterial genera comprising 31 different bacterial species from the 9 collected marine sponges of the island. Among them Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 have great probiotic potential. It can produce antimicrobial compounds and prevent motile Aeromonas septicemia disease (a major fish disease in Bangladesh) of Rohu (Labeo rohita). Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 produce different types of antimicrobial peptides. Fish (Labeo rohita) fed with extracellular products of Bacillus subtilis strains WS1A and YBS29 develop complete disease resistance. The metabolites and bioactive compounds derived from marine sponges and sponge microbes also afford abundant potential for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications.

Transportation
The only way to reach Saint Martin Island is by water transportation: boats and ships (mostly for tourists) from Cox Bazar and Teknaf. It is the southernmost union of Bangladesh situated in 120 km away from the Cox's Bazar city. The only internal transport for island is non motorized van (pulled by man.) The roads are made of concrete, and their condition are decent. All most hotels run generators until 11 PM which are not allowed afterwards, so they then rely on solar power, which is popular throughout the island. There is no electricity supply from the national grid since a hurricane in 1991.

Tourism

Saint Martin Island has become a tourist spot, and Eight shipping liners run daily trips to the island. Nowadays, tourist has become friendly to Eco tourism. Consequently, eco friendly resort- Josnaloy Beach Resort has become popular to them. Tourists can book their trip either from Chittagong or from Cox's Bazar. The surrounding coral reef has an extension named Chera Dwip. A small bush is there, which is the only green part. People do not live on this part, so it is advisable for the tourists to go there early and come back by afternoon.

A number of efforts have been proposed to preserve the several endangered species of turtles that nest on the island, as well as the corals, some of which are found only on Narikel Jinjira. Pieces of the coral reef are being removed to be sold to tourists. Nesting turtles are sometimes taken for food, and their hatchlings are often distracted by the twinkling lights along the beach. Fish, a few recently discovered, are being overfished. Every year the fishermen must venture further out to sea to get their catch. Most of them use motorless boats.

It is possible to walk around the island in a day because it measures only 8 km2 (3 sq. mile), shrinking to about 5 km2 (2 sq. mi) during high tide. The island exists only because of its coral base, so removal of that coral risks erosion of the beach.

Saint Martin lost 70% of its coral reef between 1980 and 2018 due to anthropogenic factors.

Sovereignty dispute and shootings of St. Martin's fishermen
Fishing is one of largest professional activities of St. Martin's Island's 5,500 residents; however, territorial disputes between Myanmar and Bangladesh have resulted in a state of tension between the countries that can erupt into violence, often targeting unarmed Bangladeshi fishermen. Below is a brief summary of shooting incidents against St. Martin's fishermen:
 * On October 7, 1998, between three and five Bangladeshi fishermen were killed by Burmese Navy forces just off the coast of St. Martin's Island.
 * On September 8, 1999, one Bangladeshi fisherman was shot and killed by Burmese Navy forces near Saint Martin Island. Nine crewmen from the victim's fishing boat abandoned it, swam for their lives, and were rescued by Bangladeshi forces. The Bangladeshi government lodged a formal protest note to Myanmar.
 * On August 20, 2000, the Bangladeshi police reported that Burmese border guards had shot and killed four Bangladeshi fishermen off the coast of St. Martin's Island.
 * In 2011 pirates attacked fishermen 5 km off the coast of Saint Martin Island and killed four of them.
 * On 6 October 2018, the Government of Myanmar updated its 2015-2018 map of Myanmar Information Management Unit showing St. Martin as a part of their sovereign territory and spread the maps in two global websites. Following the event, the Myanmar Ambassador in Dhaka was summoned by the Government of Bangladesh on 6 October 2018. Rear Admiral (retd) M Khurshed Alam, maritime affairs secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Bangladesh handed over a strongly worded protest note to him. The Myanmar envoy said it was a “mistake” to show the Saint Martin Island as part of his country's territory.

Climate and weather
The best weather is usually between November and February; this is the major tourist season. Between March and July, cyclones can strike. The island was devastated by a cyclone in 1991 but has fully recovered, and was untouched by the 2004 tsunami. March to July is off-season for tourists.

title: St. Martin's Island


text:
Jack Frost (disambiguation)

Jack Frost is the character from English folklore who personifies winter.

Jack Frost may also refer to:

People

 * Jack Frost (footballer, born 1870) (1870–1935), Australian footballer
 * Jack Frost (footballer, born 1920) (1920–1988), English professional footballer
 * Jack Frost (footballer, born 1992), Australian footballer
 * Jack Frost (musician) (born 1968), American guitarist
 * Jack Frost (politician) (1911–1995), Australian politician
 * John Frost (SAAF officer) (1918–1942), South African fighter ace
 * John Carver Meadows Frost (1915–1979), aka Jack Frost, British aircraft designer for Avro Canada
 * John W. Frost (born 1934), American academic and former tennis player
 * Jack Frost, pseudonym of Bob Dylan (born 1941) as producer starting in the 1990s

Bands

 * Jack Frost (Australian band), Australian rock band
 * Jack Frost (Austrian band), Austrian gothic band

Arts and entertainment

 * Jack Frost (1934 film), an animated short film produced by Ub Iwerks
 * Jack Frost (1964 film), Russian film
 * Jack Frost (TV special), a 1979 Rankin-Bass television special
 * Jack Frost (1997 film), a 1997 horror film
 * Jack Frost 2: Revenge of the Mutant Killer Snowman, the 2000 sequel to the above horror film
 * Jack Frost (1998 film), a family film starring Michael Keaton
 * Jack Frost (manhwa), a 2009 manhwa series by Go Jin Ho
 * Jack Frost, an album from Australian band Jack Frost

Fictional characters

 * Jack Frost (comics)
 * Jack Frost (Marvel Comics), pair of characters
 * Jack Frost, a character in the Vertigo Comics series The Invisibles
 * Jack Frost (Fables), a character in Jack of Fables
 * Jack Frost, an Avon Comics character based on the folkloric figure
 * Jack Frost (detective), central character in radio plays and novels by R.D. Wingfield and TV series A Touch of Frost
 * Jack Frost (mascot), the unofficial mascot of Atlus, a Japanese computer and video game company
 * Jack Frost, a minor character in the StarCraft expansion Insurrection
 * Jack Frost, a character played by Martin Short in The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause
 * Jack Frost, a character from the film Rise of the Guardians and the William Joyce book series on which it was based
 * Jack Frost, the antagonist in Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book
 * Jack Frost, antagonist of the Rainbow Magic book series

Other uses

 * Jack Frost Ski Resort, in the Poconos region of Pennsylvania, United States

title: Jack Frost (disambiguation)


text:
Magic and Medicine

Magic and Medicine is the second studio album by English rock band the Coral. It was released on 28 July 2003, through Deltasonic. Within three months of releasing their self-titled debut studio album, the band began recording material for their next album in October 2002. Sessions were produced by the Lightning Seeds frontman Ian Broudie, with co-production from the Coral; recording continued in-between tours of the United States and Europe, finishing in April 2003. Described as a pop rock and psychedelic pop release, Magic and Medicine was compared to the work of the Animals, with frontman James Skelly's vocals recalling that band's frontman Eric Burdon.

"Don't Think You're the First" served as the lead single from Magic and Medicine, released on 3 March 2003. The Coral toured the following month, and then performed at the Midsummer Night's Scream and Glastonbury Festivals. "Pass It On" was released as the second single on 14 July 2003, which was followed by further festivals appearances, at International de Benicassim and V Festival, and a supporting slot for Blur on their European tour. The album's third and fourth singles, "Secret Kiss" and "Bill McCai", were released on 6 October 2003 and 24 November 2003, respectively; the latter coincided with a UK tour in the same month.

Magic and Medicine received generally favourable reviews from music critics, with some finding it an improvement over the Coral's debut album. It topped the charts in both Scotland and the UK, while also charting in Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden. The album was later certified gold in the UK, while "Pass It On" was certified silver. All four of the album's singles reached the top 30 in both Scotland and the UK, with "Pass It On" reaching the highest at number five in both territories.

Background and production
The Coral released their self-titled debut studio album in July 2002, through Deltasonic; it charted at number five in the United Kingdom, where it was subsequently certified gold. Its two singles – "Goodbye" and "Dreaming of You" – became top 30 hits in both the UK and Scotland, with the latter reaching number 13 in the UK. The album was promoted with three tours of the UK, including a co-headlining one with the Music, as well as performances at the Isle of Wight and V Festivals. Following a period at home, the band opted to make an album relating to "where we lived; the dark side of small town life. Street parties, silver tea-sets, secret suicides". By October 2002, they were recording material for it; Ian Broudie of the Lightning Seeds as the main producer, with co-production from the band, and Jon Gray acting as engineer. Seven backing tracks were made over the course of five days at Elevator Studios in Liverpool.

After this, the Coral went on a tour of the UK, before returning to the studio later in the month. In early 2003, the band supported Supergrass on their tour of the United States, which featured appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and Last Call with Carson Daly, and then went to Europe. Following the conclusion of tour, the band held further recording sessions, having recorded up to 35 songs by this point. The Coral were due to embark on a tour of the UK in February 2003; however, guitarist Lee Southall suffered from tendonitis. As a result of this, Broudie played rhythm guitar on "Pass It On". Deltasonic co-founder Alan Wills remarked that the band did not record any single-sounding songs, prompting them to record two songs from earlier in their career, "Bill McCai" and "Pass It On". The album was finished by April 2003; it was mastered by Gary Butler at RST Onestop in Prescot, Merseyside.

Composition and lyrics
Musically, the sound of Magic and Medicine has been described as pop rock, and psychedelic pop, compared to the work of the Animals, with frontman James Skelly's vocals recalling the Animals frontman Eric Burdon. Keyboardist Nick Power said they wanted the album to be more "organic [... with] a strong acoustic vibe", in contrast to the "really spontaneous" self-titled album. Skelly wrote over half of the album, with the reminder co-written with Power or guitarist Bill Ryder-Jones; "Eskimo Lament" was written solely by Power. Additional musicians appeared on the recordings: Louis Baccino with a flute on "Don't Think You're the First"; Megan Childs of Gorky's Zygotic Mynci with a violin on "Milkwood Blues"; Martin Smith, Simon James and Andy Frizell with brass on "Eskimo Lament" and "Confessions of A.D.D.D."; Ollie Brindley with double bass on "All of Our Love"; and Andy Brindley with a harmonica on "All of Our Love".

The opening track, "In the Forest", begins with Power's organ, setting a darker mood for the rest of the album. Skelly said the chorus lyrics were adapted from a Woody Guthrie track; bassist Paul Duffy said his part was influenced by the work of the Beach Boys. "Don't Think You're the First" begins similar to songs by the Doors, with a key change during the middle section, accompanied by a melodica, before leading into dub reggae. The title was inspired from an occasion where Skelly played what he thought was a new chord shape. While Duffy said it influenced by a song by Nat King Cole, the rest of the band said the music was a homage to the sound of Joe Meek, with guitarist Lee Southall using part of his instrument to make Meek-like percussion. "Liezah" is an acoustic song, with a melody evoking Belle and Sebastian, that talks about a character that was influenced by The Sun Also Rises (1926) by Ernest Hemingway. Power and Skelly wrote it while they were travelling to Birmingham. shortly after Ryder-Jones showed Skelly how to play a Simon & Garfunkel track on guitar. The band compared the Moby Grape-indebted "Talkin' Gypsy Market Blues" to work of Cheech & Chong and "Motorpsycho Nitemare" (1964) by Bob Dylan. Skelly wrote it after he bought a pair of boots from a gypsy market while holidaying with his girlfriend in Portugal. "Secret Kiss" is a slower song with an organ part in the vein of the Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek, and a clipping guitar riff styled after Pink Floyd. It came about after listening to the Chordettes, Love and ballroom music, with one of the lyrics being directly take from "Soft Sands" (1957) by the Chordettes.

"Milkwood Blues", which includes jazz breakdowns and ends with a violin, discusses being in a small town while tripping on acid. It features Wills reading from Under Milk Wood (1954) by Thomas. "Bill McCai" is an upbeat folk rock song about a sad middle-aged man who dies by its conclusion. The track, which pre-dated their debut album, was initially passed on when Ian Skelly thought it sounded closer to Travis. "Eskimo Lament" features gentle piano, plucked guitarwork and a trumpet; Power said he wanted it to have a "funeral procession feel", attempting to emulate "I'm Only Sleeping" (1966) by the Beatles and "Rockin' Chair" (1969) by the Band. With the ballad "Careless Hands", which sees James Skelly's voice recall Lee Mavers of the La's, Skelly wanted to compose a track that "Jonny Mathis could sing". "Pass It On" is an acoustic song that sees Skelly discussing his mortality, with a melody reminiscent of Paul McCartney. He had written the song when he was 17 year-old while on a train visiting Power. Power said "All of Our Love" recalled "I Won't Hurt You" (1966) by the West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band. The closing track, "Confessions of A.D.D.D.", is a love song, akin to the works of the Super Furry Animals. It is a homage to Arthur Lee of Love, and ends with a three minute extended jam section. The "A.D.D.D." part of the title, which stands for A Damp Dog Day, was spoken by Deltasonic co-founder Joe Fearon; Power theorised that it related to the film Dog Day Afternoon (1975). Skelly said the lyrics were inspired from a book he owned about pirates.

Release
"Don't Think You're the First" was released as the lead single from Magic and Medicine on 3 March 2003. Two versions were released on CD in the UK: the first with "Witchcraft", "See-Through Bergerac", and the music video for "Don't Think You're the First", while the second featured "Tiger Lily" and "Teenage Machine Age". The "Don't Think You're the First" video was filmed in a forest close to where the members lived. The Coral's February 2003 UK trek was rescheduled for April and May 2003, with support from the Basement. In June 2003, the band headlined A Midsummer Night's Scream festival in their hometown, and then performed at that year's Glastonbury Festival. "Pass It On" was released as a single on 14 July 2003. The CD version included "Run Run" and an acoustic version of "Shadows Falls"; the DVD version featured the videos for "Pass It On", an acoustic version of "Calendars and Clocks", "Heartaches and Pancakes", and The Curry File Documentary. For the "Pass It On" music video, the band were in the middle of touring with Supergrass when they stopped off at a ghost town near Randsburg, California. They contacted Wills, who promptly booked director James Slater, flying him out the following day. Part of the video was filmed inside a shack owned by Jenny Olsen, who can be seen in it dancing around ram skulls.

Originally scheduled for release on 21 July 2003 under the name Matrix Farm, Magic and Medicine was eventually released a week later on 28 July 2003. The Japanese edition included "When Good Times Go Bad" and "Boys at the Window" as extra tracks. In August 2003, the band appeared at the International de Benicassim and V Festivals. Following this, they toured across Europe supporting Blur. "Secret Kiss" was released as a single on 6 October 2003. Two versions were released on CD in the UK: the first with "Who's That Knockin'", "See My Love", and the music video for "Secret Kiss", while the second included "God Knows" and "Not the Girl". The "Secret Kiss" video was filmed in alleyways and local social clubs; the band said it starred "belly dancers, ballroom dancers, monks gowns and an Alsatian", which they considered it to be akin to the Rolling Thunder Revue, "but in a retirement town". "Bill McCai" was released as a single on 24 November 2003. Two versions were released on CD in the UK: the first with "Boy at the Window", "Nosferatu", and the music video for "Bill McCai", while the second featured "When the Good Times Go Bad" and "From a Leaf to a Tree". The "Bill McCai" music video was filmed in Amsterdam the previous month. Magic and Medicine was released in the US on 10 February 2004 as a two-CD release, packaged with the Nightfreak and the Sons of Becker (2004) mini album.

Reception
Magic and Medicine was met with generally favourable from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 76, based on 18 reviews.

In a review for Entertainment Weekly, Greg Kot wrote that it lacked "the self-titled debut's exhilarating peaks," though found Magic and Medicine to be "more consistent." NME Ted Kessler said it was "[n]ot quite" a landmark album, "[i]t is still, nevertheless, a quite dazzling album." AllMusic reviewer Tim DiGravina wrote that the Coral "rein in their influences and just stick with the program of creating rocking tunes." He added that the "songwriting, playing, and production are so subtle," Magic and Medicine comes across as a "mature, solid throwback." Blender writer Dorian Lynskey said it was "more mature, more focused and a little less fun" than their debut.

In a review for Rolling Stone, Jenny Eliscu wrote that with a number of the "flower-power rockers" the Coral imitate, they "seem to have run out of material after they recorded their debut." She added that Magic and Medicine "is little more than mimicry and affectation", taking from "the playbooks of true Sixties weirdos", such as Love and the Seeds. Pitchfork contributor Neil Robertson noted the "frenetic freakout leanings" of their debut had been removed "in favor of a more humble approach", with more emphasis on the song writing, "[i]t all sounds far less interesting." David Peschek of The Guardian referred to the album as "an ultimately frustrating piece of work", while "more often than not this music feels like a tasteful collection of lovely sounds rather than songs."

Magic and Medicine topped the chart in the UK and Scotland. It also reached number four in Ireland, number 20 in Norway, number 39 in the Wallonia region of Belgium, number 43 in New Zealand, number 60 in Sweden, number 64 in France, number 69 in Japan, and number 99 in Germany. "Don't Think You're the First" reached number ten in the UK, and number 11 in Scotland. "Pass It On" reached number five in the UK and Scotland, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) in 2024. "Secret Kiss" reached number 25 in the UK, and number 28 in Scotland. "Bill McCai" reached number 23 in the UK, and number 28 in Scotland. Magic and Medicine appeared at number 78 on the 2003 UK year-end chart. The album was certified gold by the BPI. Playlouder ranked it at number five on their list of the 20 worst albums of the year.

Track listing
All songs written by James Skelly, except where noted.

Personnel
Personnel per booklet.

The Coral
 * James Skelly – vocals, guitar
 * Nick Power – piano, organ, backing vocals
 * Lee Southall – guitar, backing vocals
 * Bill Ryder-Jones – guitar
 * Paul Duffy – bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Ian Skelly – drums

Additional musicians
 * Louis Baccino – flute (track 2)
 * Megan Childs – violin (track 6)
 * Martin Smith – brass (tracks 8 and 12)
 * Simon James – brass (tracks 8 and 12)
 * Andy Frizell – brass (tracks 8 and 12)
 * Ollie Brindley – double bass (track 11)
 * Andy Brindley – harmonica (track 11)

Production
 * Ian Broudie – producer
 * The Coral – co-producer
 * Jon Gray – engineer
 * Gary Butler – mastering

Design
 * Ian Skelly – sleeve illustrations
 * Kevin Power – photography
 * Ray Tang – photography
 * Lyndsey Smith-Das – photography
 * Arthur Janssen – photography
 * Jonathan Worth – photography
 * Juno – design, layout
 * Scott Jonas – machine illustration

title: Magic and Medicine


text: Template:User be

title: Template:User be


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Chris davis

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:31, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Chris davis
I try not to say "vanity page", but this one looks to be a vanity page, and Google hits appear to be for a variety of Chris Davises. Deltabeignet 22:31, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Not to mention that the title isn't capitalized properly. For shame! :P — flamingspinach | (talk) 22:40, 2005 May 26 (UTC)
 * Delete: "noted for his offshore outsourcing efforts"? At age 16? Doubtful. Further, if he's won "state-wide (Maine) awards for his work in the web development field", let's see a list of the awards. That offers some hope for this person being notable. Failing such presentation, this is pure vanity. --Durin 22:42, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. - Etacar11 23:02, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Xcali 23:27, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Czalex

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I write mainly into the Belarusian Wikipedia and on Belarusian topics in other Wikipedias.

meta:User:Czalex

Interests
Belarus, Latvia, Austria, Germany, Heraldry

Heraldry
Pahonia | Coat of arms of Courland | Coat of arms of Biaroza | Coat of arms of Livonia

Biographies
Zianon Pazniak | Vincuk Viačorka | Mikałaj Ułaščyk | Mikałaj Sudziłoŭski | Maksim Bahdanovič | Alexander Nadson | Francišak Alachnovič | Jan Zaprudnik | Hienadz Karpienka | Paval Sieviaryniets | Hienadz Buraukin | Jan Stankievič | Ivan Yermachenka | Jerzy Turonek | Raman Skirmunt | Sergiusz Gajek | Siarhei Mikhalok | Maksim Tank | Siarhiej Prytycki

Geography
Biaroza rajon | Zdzitava | Brīvības iela

Landmarks
Red Church | Zhyrovichy monastery | Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary | Lauryshava Monastery | Biaroza monastery

History
Belarusian Independence Party | Soviet repressions in Belarus | Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus | Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union | Communist Party of West Belarus | Biełastok vobłasć | Baranavičy vobłasć | Vilejka vobłasć | Pinsk vobłasć | Słuck defence action | Vobłasć of Polesia | Połack Vobłasć | Babrujsk Vobłasć | Litvin | October 29-30, 1937 executions in Belarus | Talaka

Misc
World Association of Belarusians | Stary Olsa | Zviazda | Belorusy i rynok | Belarusian Russians | Niva (newspaper) | Malady Front | Hramada | Polish minority in Belarus | Belarusian Orthodox Church | Association of Belarusians in Great Britain

title: User:Czalex


text:
Peter Hollander Ridder

Peter Hollander Ridder (1608–1692) was the governor of the Swedish colony of New Sweden from 1640 until 1643.

Early life
Peter Hollander Ridder's father was a Dutchman living in Ekenäs, Finland. Ridder later entered the Swedish Navy where he was promoted to lieutenant in 1637. On 1 July 1639 he was appointed commander of Fort Christina in New Sweden and left Gothenburg on the ship Kalmar Nyckel in September 1639. The voyage went via Amsterdam and Ridder arrived (along with among second Reorus Torkillus) to the colony in April 1640.

Governor of New Sweden
After a difficult journey he arrived to New Sweden, together with a handful of settlers, on board the Kalmar Nyckel on her second expedition April 17, 1640. On the same day, Ridder replaced Måns Nilsson Kling as governor. Upon arrival Ridder wrote back to Sweden to Admiral Claes Fleming and Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna requesting more colonists and skilled workmen. This request was fulfilled when Kalmar Nyckel and Charitas arrived to the settlement on November 7, 1641 with additional settlers including many Forest Finns.

He purchased more land from Lenape Indians north of modern-day Philadelphia. This parcel was along the Delaware River between the Falls of the Delaware and Schuylkill River, between what is today Trenton, New Jersey and Morrisville Pennsylvania. When Johan Björnsson Printz took over as governor of New Sweden, Ridder returned to Sweden to serve in the Swedish Navy.

Later life
He left New Sweden in April 1643 on the ship Fama and arrived in Gothenburg in July. Ridder continued his service in the navy and took part in operations against Denmark in 1644. In February 1659 Ridder took part in the fleet's attempt to capture Copenhagen during the Second Danish War, during this operation he was wounded. During the autumn, he then led a naval force that maintained the connection with Stettin in Swedish Pomerania, which was besieged by Brandenburg and Austria. He became a major in 1660 and served as the governor of Vyborg (Swedish: Viborg) in Karelia from 1666 until 1681. Vyborg, the easternmost outpost of the Realm of Sweden, is today located in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.

Personal life
On November 30, 1644, Ridder married Elisabet Johansdotter in Storkyrkan in Stockholm, the couple then had several children.

Other sources

 * Johnson, Amandus. The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware Volume I, Their History and Relation to the Indians, Dutch and English, 1638-1664 (Philadelphia: The Swedish Colonial Society, 1911)
 * Johnson, Amandus. The Swedes in America 1638-1900: Volume I, The Swedes on the Delaware 1638-1664 (Philadelphia: The Swedish Colonial Society, 1914)
 * Johnson, Amandus. The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664, Volume II (Philadelphia: The Swedish Colonial Society, 1927)
 * Weslager, C. A. New Sweden on the Delaware: 1638-1655  (Wilmington, DE: The Middle Atlantic Press, 1988)

title: Peter Hollander Ridder


text: Portal:Ukraine

title: Portal:Ukraine


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Neu Schwabenland

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:30, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Neu Schwabenland
Original research, not to say totally nutsoid. Frjwoolley 22:33, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Ditto. — flamingspinach | (talk) 22:39, 2005 May 26 (UTC)
 * Delete original research, and WAY out there. - Etacar11 23:07, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete *extremely* original "research". Ben-w 23:16, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — seems like some variety of alternate history or game fiction. — RJH 14:57, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I have come to the conclusion that this article should be deleted. RickK 19:23, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Environmental consulting

Environmental consulting is often a form of compliance consulting, in which the consultant ensures that the client maintains an appropriate measure of compliance with environmental regulations. Sustainable consulting is a specialized field that offers guidance and solutions for businesses seeking to operate in an environmentally responsible and sustainable way. The goal of sustainable consulting is to help organizations reduce their environmental impact while maintaining profitability and social responsibility. There are many types of environmental consultants, but the two main groups are those who enter the field from the industry side, and those who enter the field from the environmentalist side.

Environmental consultants work in a very wide variety of fields. Whether it be providing construction services such as Asbestos Hazard Assessments or Lead Hazard Assessments or conducting due diligence reports for customers to rid them of possible sanctions. Consultancies may generalize across a wide range of disciplines or specialize in certain areas of environmental consultancy such as waste management.

Environmental consultants usually have an undergraduate degree and sometimes even master's degree in Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science, Environmental Studies, Geology, or some other science discipline. They should have deep knowledge on environmental regulations, which they can advise particular clients in the private industry or public government institutions to help them steer clear of possible fines, legal action or misguided transactions.

Environmental consulting spans a wide spectrum of industry. The most basic industry that environmental consulting remains prominent in is the commercial estate market. Many commercial lenders rely on both small and large environmental firms. Many commercial lenders will not lend monies to borrowers if the property or personal capital does not exceed the worth of the land. If an environmental problem is discovered property owners that deem themselves a responsible party will most likely reserve monies in escrow in order to resolve the environmental impact.

With increasing numbers of construction, agriculture, and scientific companies employing environmental consultancies, the industry can expect growth in the vicinity of 9.7 percent in 2008, amidst mounting public concern over environmental degradation and climate change. And while some companies are genuinely motivated by concern for the environment, for others, hiring consultants to appear to be "going green" has proven to be a useful marketing tool. Growing government funding into renewable energy and technologies producing low emissions is also helping growth, as organizations investing in research and development in these areas are often major employers of environmental consultants.

Subdisciplines
There are numerous areas in which environmental consultants might work (in no particular order):

Contaminated Land can involve assessments such as a Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment.

Energy may entail feasibility studies and analysis for renewable energy projects. For example, a study may attempt to answer the question: Would a micro-hydro-generation scheme pay for itself over the course of its operational life?

Geotechnical might include activities such as site investigations, geotechnical engineering (foundation design, slope stability), and restoration quality assurance.

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are large complicated systems that are often not implemented using internal man/woman power. Standards such as ISO 14001 define criteria for an EMS and provide assurance to company management, employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved and there is compliance with any applicable legislation. Such work is usually outsourced to consultants.

Green Claims: Environmental Consultants may be employed to substantiate green claims, such as eco labels, which may involve work on supply chain or embodied carbon.

Compliance: As governments become more and more environmental in their thinking, so do their legal frameworks. In the UK, businesses are covered by numerous pieces of legislation such as oil storage regulations and the Environment Act 1995. If they are found to be in breach of these regulations, they may face severe civil or criminal actions depending on the extent of the breach. Environmental Consultants can perform compliance checks to determine if the business in question is compliant with the current regulations.

Impact Assessment: see Environmental impact statement

Flood Risk, the most common of which may be a Phase 1 Screening Study.

Asbestos Management

Radon

Carbon: There are various aspects of a company's carbon foot print that may be managed by consultants. They may have internal reduction strategies, or they may be tied in with national targets. Emissions trading is also an important aspect of Carbon Management.

title: Environmental consulting


text:
Easy street

Easy Street may refer to:

Film

 * Easy Street (1917 film), a Charlie Chaplin comedy
 * Easy Street (1930 film), by Oscar Micheaux, US
 * Easy Street (TV series), 1986–87 US sitcom

Music

 * Easy Street (band), UK, 1970s
 * Easy Street, 1976, by the band
 * Easy Street (Eric Marienthal album), 1997
 * Easy Street, a 2016 album by Eric Hutchinson

Songs

 * "Easy Street" (Alan Rankin Jones song), a 1940 jazz standard
 * "Easy Street", from the musical Annie
 * "Easy Street", by Randy Newman from Harps and Angels
 * "Easy Street", by Soul Asylum from And the Horse They Rode In On
 * "Easy Street", by Edgar Winter from Shock Treatment
 * "Easy Street", by The Collapsable Hearts Club, in "The Cell", an episode of The Walking Dead

Other

 * Easy Street, play by Nigel Williams (author)
 * Easy Street (book), a memoir by Susan Berman about her mobster father, David Berman

title: Easy street


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gordon Springs, Georgia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 03:33, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gordon Springs, Georgia

 * Delete: There is no such town in Georgia. There once was some property named Gordon Springs, and a spa-hotel was built upon it to take advantage of some mineral springs. However, there is no town today in Georgia by that name. See (blocked link deleted) and note the absence of 'Gordon Springs'. Note that the text in this article is virtually identical to that found on Gordon Springs, South Carolina (which is also up for VfD). I suspect the author is attempting to create more basis for his article on Evan Pryzant (which is up for VfD). The author has made some other contributions/edits that are questionable, such as the article Hard clam which was speedied for nonsense. --Durin 22:34, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: unverifiable and even if verifiable, not notable. Samw 02:32, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sholtar 02:57, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as fixed; the place it now refers to does exist. --SPUI (talk) 03:04, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:...exists as a small, unremarkable, spring. It's not a town. Should we have articles for every spring and small stream in the world? I can't see that as reasonable. Is it remarkable for something? Unusual species of fish perhaps? --Durin 05:30, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, we should. --SPUI (talk) 06:02, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok. Why? We don't have articles on every primary school, and won't. What makes small creeks/springs of sufficient significance to warrant inclusion? --Durin 15:05, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Why did you find it necessary to create five redirects for a page that is up for VfD? I'll put those up for deletion too. --Durin 05:30, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The place has three different names, with and without the Georgia. This is standard practice. --SPUI (talk) 06:02, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Examples of this standard practice other than ones you have created? Regardless, I can't see the logic in referring to small creeks as ', ' . --Durin 15:05, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Even if it wasn't standard practice, it would be common sense. Kappa 00:34, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep as fixed up, real spring and community. Multiple redirects are appropriate, and would get deleted if the article was. Kappa 07:51, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this is a historical place. There are references to the place in historical maps and documents (e.g.,, , , , , and has a 1920 photo). Although perhaps not entirely reliable as a source, this account describes the place as being built by the father of Confederate General John Brown Gordon, and one of the "most fashionable watering placed (sic) in Georgia" before the Civil War. older ≠ wiser 14:06, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep real places. -- BD2412  talk  18:05, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm still bothered by the idea of a spring being referred to in an article title as ", ". This seems especially problematic for small, unremarkable springs/streams/creeks as there are likely to be many replicate names if we were to use this model for article naming. It is certain this is not a town, so it is inappropriate for it to be named in the " , " convention. If it is a neighborhood/community (I still have my doubts) then perhaps it should follow the Willowbrook, Staten Island model? --Durin 21:19, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a place that has taken its name from the nearby springs. While it may not be much to see in the present day, it is a place that is identified as a locale on period maps from the 19th century. There is a longstanding precedent for placenames to be taken from nearby geographical features, even springs and creeks. older ≠ wiser 01:07, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Dimimimon7

Please take note that with every edit to Wikipedia, your unique internet address (IP Address) is logged, even if it isn't displayed. Continuing to vandalize Wikipedia and/or circumventing previous bans will result in notification of your ISP by a Wikipedia administrator. Damicatz 18:38, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dimimimon7


text:
Legendary Champions

Legendary Champions is a 1968 documentary film written and directed by Harry Chapin for boxing promoter Bill Cayton's The Big Fights Inc. production company which features legendary boxers in action. Some famed and pioneering boxers were also filmed in scenes set outside of the ring, many of which are unique, including several early boxers; John L. Sullivan, for example, is shown in the only film ever taken of him.

The documentary includes a history of Jack Johnson out of the ring. The narrator states that Johnson is seen picking a defeated boxer's teeth out of one of his gloves. The film of the Dempsey-Willard fight is very violent. Attire worn by some of the early boxers is more revealing than what modern-day boxers use and, at the other extreme, tights were also worn by some boxers.

The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

title: Legendary Champions


text:
Talk:The Brothership

VfD
On May 14, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge/redirect. See Votes for deletion/Gemma Purdy for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:37, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Brothership


text:
Talk:Kaya (Vocal Group)

VfD
On May 14, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge/redirect. See Votes for deletion/Gemma Purdy for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:37, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kaya (Vocal Group)


text:
Talk:Gemma Purdy

VfD
On May 14, 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was merge/redirect. See Votes for deletion/Gemma Purdy for a record of the discussion. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:37, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gemma Purdy