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Turkish invasion of Cyprus

The Turkish invasion of Cyprus began on 20 July 1974 and progressed in two phases over the following month. Taking place upon a background of recurrent violence perpetrated against Turkish Cypriots by the Greek majority, and in response to a Greek junta-sponsored Cypriot coup d'état five days earlier, it led to the Turkish capture and occupation of the northern part of the island.

The coup was ordered by the military junta in Greece and staged by the Cypriot National Guard in conjunction with EOKA B. It deposed the Cypriot president Archbishop Makarios III and installed Nikos Sampson. The aim of the coup was the union (enosis) of Cyprus with Greece,  and the Hellenic Republic of Cyprus to be declared.

The Turkish forces landed in Cyprus on 20 July and captured 3% of the island before a ceasefire was declared. The Greek military junta collapsed and was replaced by a civilian government. Following the breakdown of peace talks, Turkish forces enlarged their original beachhead in August 1974 resulting in the capture of approximately 36% of the island. The ceasefire line from August 1974 became the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus and is commonly referred to as the Green Line.

Around 150,000 people (amounting to more than one-quarter of the total population of Cyprus, and to one-third of its Greek Cypriot population) were displaced from the northern part of the island, where Greek Cypriots had constituted 80% of the population. Over the course of the next year, roughly 60,000 Turkish Cypriots, amounting to half the Turkish Cypriot population, were displaced from the south to the north. The Turkish invasion ended in the partition of Cyprus along the UN-monitored Green Line, which still divides Cyprus, and the formation of a de facto Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration in the north. In 1983, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) declared independence, although Turkey is the only country that recognises it. The international community considers the TRNC's territory as Turkish-occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of European Union territory since Cyprus became a member.

Ottoman and British rule
In 1571 the mostly Greek-populated island of Cyprus was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, following the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573). After 300 years of Ottoman rule the island and its population was leased to Britain by the Cyprus Convention, an agreement reached during the Congress of Berlin in 1878 between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire. On 5 November 1914, in response to the Ottoman Empire's entry into the First World War on the side of the Central Powers, the United Kingdom formally declared Cyprus (together with Egypt and Sudan) a protectorate of the British Empire and later a Crown colony, known as British Cyprus. Article 20 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 marked the end of the Turkish claim to the island. Article 21 of the treaty gave Turkish nationals ordinarily resident in Cyprus the choice of leaving the island within 2 years or to remain as British subjects.

At this time the population of Cyprus was composed of both Greeks and Turks, who identified themselves with their respective homeland. However, the elites of both communities shared the belief that they were socially more progressive and better educated, and therefore distinct from the mainlanders. Greek and Turkish Cypriots lived quietly side by side for many years.

Broadly, three main forces can be held responsible for transforming two ethnic communities into two national ones: education, British colonial practices, and insular religious teachings accompanying economic development. Formal education was perhaps the most important as it affected Cypriots during childhood and youth; education has been a main vehicle of transferring inter-communal hostility.

British colonial policies, such as the principle of "divide and rule", promoted ethnic polarisation as a strategy to reduce the threat to colonial control. For example, when Greek Cypriots rebelled in the 1950s, the Colonial Office expanded the size of the Auxiliary Police and in September 1955, established the Special Mobile Reserve which was made up exclusively of Turkish Cypriots, to combat EOKA. This and similar practices contributed to inter-communal animosity.

Although economic development and increased education reduced the explicitly religious characteristics of the two communities, the growth of nationalism on the two mainlands increased the significance of other differences. Turkish nationalism was at the core of the revolutionary programme promoted by the father of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938) and affected Turkish Cypriots who followed his principles. President of the Republic of Turkey from 1923 to 1938, Atatürk attempted to build a new nation on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire and elaborated the programme of "six principles" (the "Six Arrows") to do so.

These principles of secularism (laicism) and nationalism reduced Islam's role in the everyday life of individuals and emphasised Turkish identity as the main source of nationalism. Traditional education with a religious foundation was discarded and replaced with one that followed secular principles and, shorn of Arab and Persian influences, was purely Turkish. Turkish Cypriots quickly adopted the secular programme of Turkish nationalism.

Under Ottoman rule Turkish Cypriots had been classified as Muslims, a distinction based on religion. Being thoroughly secular, Atatürk's programme made their Turkish identity paramount, and may have further reinforced their division from their Greek Cypriot neighbours.

1950s
In the early 1950s, a Greek nationalist group was formed called the Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (EOKA, or "National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters"). Their objective was to drive the British out of the island first, and then to integrate the island with Greece. EOKA wished to remove all obstacles from their path to independence, or union with Greece.

The first secret talks for EOKA, as a nationalist organisation established to integrate the island with Greece, were started under the chairmanship of Archbishop Makarios III in Athens on 2 July 1952. In the aftermath of these meetings a "Council of Revolution" was established on 7 March 1953. In early 1954 secret weaponry shipments to Cyprus started with the knowledge of the Greek government. Lt. Georgios Grivas, formerly an officer in the Greek army, covertly disembarked on the island on 9 November 1954 and EOKA's campaign against the British forces began to grow.

The first Turk to be killed by EOKA on 21 June 1955 was a policeman. EOKA also killed Greek Cypriot leftists. After the September 1955 Istanbul Pogrom, EOKA started its activity against Turkish Cypriots.

A year later EOKA revived its attempts to achieve the union of Cyprus with Greece. Turkish Cypriots were recruited into the police by the British forces to fight against Greek Cypriots, but EOKA initially did not want to open up a second front against Turkish Cypriots. However, in January 1957, EOKA forces began targeting and killing Turkish Cypriot police deliberately to provoke Turkish Cypriot riots in Nicosia, which diverted the British army's attention away from their positions in the mountains. In the riots, at least one Greek Cypriot was killed, which was presented by the Greek Cypriot leadership as an act of Turkish aggression.

The Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT, Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı) was formed initially as a local initiative to prevent the union with Greece which was viewed by Turkish Cypriots as an existential threat due to the exodus of Cretan Turks from Crete once the union with Greece was achieved. It was later supported and organised directly by the Turkish government, and the TMT declared war on the Greek Cypriot rebels as well.

On 12 June 1958, eight Greek Cypriot men from Kondemenos village, who were arrested by the British police as part of an armed group suspected of preparing an attack against the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Skylloura, were killed by the TMT near the Turkish Cypriot populated village of Gönyeli, after being dropped off there by the British authorities. TMT also blew up the offices of the Turkish press office in Nicosia in a false flag operation to attach blame to Greek Cypriots. It also began a string of assassinations of prominent Turkish Cypriot supporters of independence. The following year, after the conclusion of the independence agreements on Cyprus, the Turkish Navy sent a ship to Cyprus fully loaded with arms for the TMT. The ship was stopped and the crew was caught red-handed in the infamous "Deniz incident".

1960–1963
British rule lasted until the middle of August 1960, when the island was declared an independent state on the basis of the London and Zürich Agreements of the previous year.

The 1960 Constitution of the Cyprus Republic proved unworkable, however, lasting only three years. Greek Cypriots wanted to end the separate Turkish Cypriot municipal councils permitted by the British in 1958, made subject to review under the 1960 agreements. For many Greek Cypriots these municipalities were the first stage on the way to the partition they feared. The Greek Cypriots wanted enosis, integration with Greece, while Turkish Cypriots wanted taksim, partition between Greece and Turkey.

Resentment also rose within the Greek Cypriot community because Turkish Cypriots had been given a larger share of governmental posts than the size of their population warranted. In accordance with the constitution 30% of civil service jobs were allocated to the Turkish community despite being only 18.3% of the population. Additionally, the position of vice president was reserved for the Turkish population, and both the president and vice president were given veto power over crucial issues.

1963–1974
In December 1963, the President of the Republic Makarios proposed thirteen constitutional amendments after the government was blocked by Turkish Cypriot legislators. Frustrated by these impasses and believing that the constitution prevented enosis, the Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and had designed the Akritas plan, which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan. The amendments would have involved the Turkish community giving up many of their protections as a minority, including adjusting ethnic quotas in the government and revoking the presidential and vice-presidential veto power.

These amendments were rejected by the Turkish side and the Turkish representation left the government, although there is some dispute over whether they left in protest or were forced out by the National Guard. The 1960 constitution fell apart and communal violence erupted on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. Both President Makarios and Vice President Küçük issued calls for peace, but these were ignored. Greece, Turkey, and the UK – the guarantors of the Zürich and London Agreements that had led to Cyprus' independence – wanted to send a NATO force to the island under the command of General Peter Young.

Within a week of the violence flaring up, the Turkish army contingent had moved out of its barracks and seized the most strategic position on the island across the Nicosia–Kyrenia road, the historic jugular vein of the island. They retained control of that road until 1974, at which time it acted as a crucial link in Turkey's military invasion. From 1963 up to the point of the Turkish invasion of 20 July 1974, Greek Cypriots who wanted to use the road could only do so if accompanied by a UN convoy.

700 Turkish residents of northern Nicosia, among them women and children, were taken hostage. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots, destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The British Daily Telegraph later called it an "anti Turkish pogrom". A doomed truce was declared on 26 December 1963 and a British peacekeeping despatched to oversee it.

In January 1964, negotiations were hosted by the British in London but their failure to make headway, and two vetoes thereafter by Makarios of a suggested NATO or NATO-dominated peacekeeping force, meant matters were turned over to the United Nations. After intense debate, UN Security Council Resolution 186, unanimously adopted on 4 March, recommended the creation of a UN peacekeeping force (United Nations Force in Cyprus, UNFICYP) and the designation of a UN mediator.

Violence by the militias of both sides had continued, and Turkey made several threats to invade. Indeed, Ankara had decided to do so when, in his famous letter of 5 June 1964, President Johnson of the United States warned that his country was against an invasion, making a veiled threat that NATO would not aid Turkey if its invasion of Cyprus led to a conflict with the Soviet Union. More generally, although Resolution 186 had asked all countries to avoid interfering in Cypriot affairs, the United States disregarded this and, through persistent machinations, managed to overcome manoeuvring by Makarios and protests by the Soviet Union to intimately involve itself in negotiations in the form of presidential envoy Dean Acheson. UN-mediated talks – invidiously assisted by Acheson, boycotted by Makarios because he correctly apprehended that the American goal was to terminate Cyprus' independence – began in July in Geneva. Acheson dominated proceedings and, by the end of the month, the "Acheson Plan" had become the basis for all future negotiations.

The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy. The nature of this event is still controversial: in some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly refused to withdraw due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration. They started living in enclaves in different areas that were blockaded by the National Guard and were directly supported by Turkey. The republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops. In response to this, their movement and access to basic supplies became more restricted by Greek forces.

Fighting broke out again in 1967, as the Turkish Cypriots pushed for more freedom of movement. Once again, the situation was not settled until Turkey threatened to invade on the basis that it would be protecting the Turkish population from ethnic cleansing by Greek Cypriot forces. To avoid that, a compromise was reached for Greece to be forced to remove some of its troops from the island; for Georgios Grivas, EOKA leader, to be forced to leave Cyprus and for the Cypriot government to lift some restrictions of movement and access to supplies of the Turkish populations.

Cypriot military coup of July 1974
In the spring of 1974, Greek Cypriot intelligence discovered that EOKA-B was planning a coup against President Makarios which was sponsored by the military junta of Athens.

The junta had come to power in 1967, via a military coup in Athens. In the autumn of 1973, after the student uprising on 17 November, there had been another coup in Athens, in which the original Greek junta had been replaced by one still more obscurantist, headed by the chief of Military Police, Dimitrios Ioannidis; though, the actual head was General Phaedon Gizikis. Ioannides believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathiser. This led Ioannides to support EOKA-B and the National Guard, as they tried to undermine Makarios.

On 2 July 1974, Makarios wrote an open letter to President Gizikis complaining bluntly that 'cadres of the Greek military regime support and direct the activities of the 'EOKA-B' terrorist organisation'. He also ordered that Greece remove some 600 Greek officers in the Cypriot National Guard from Cyprus. The Greek Government's immediate reply was to order the go-ahead of the coup. On 15 July 1974 sections of the Cypriot National Guard, led by its Greek officers, overthrew the government.

Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to Paphos, where the British managed to retrieve him by Westland Whirlwind helicopter in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from Akrotiri to Malta in a Royal Air Force Armstrong Whitworth Argosy transport aircraft and from there to London by de Havilland Comet the next morning.

In the meantime, Nikos Sampson was declared provisional president of the new government. Sampson was an ultra-nationalist, pro-Enosis combatant who was known to be fanatically anti-Turkish and had taken part in violence against Turkish civilians in earlier conflicts.

The Sampson regime took over radio stations and declared that Makarios had been killed; but Makarios, safe in London, was soon able to counteract these reports. The Turkish-Cypriots were not affected by the coup against Makarios; one of the reasons was that Ioannides did not want to provoke a Turkish reaction.

In response to the coup, US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger sent Joseph Sisco to try to mediate the conflict. Turkey issued a list of demands to Greece via a US negotiator. These demands included the immediate removal of Nikos Sampson, the withdrawal of 650 Greek officers from the Cypriot National Guard, the admission of Turkish troops to protect their population, equal rights for both populations, and access to the sea from the northern coast for Turkish Cypriots. Turkey, led by Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit, then appealed to the UK as a signatory of the Treaty of Guarantee to take action to return Cyprus to its neutral status. The UK declined this offer, and refused to let Turkey use its bases on Cyprus as part of the operation.

According to American diplomat James W. Spain, on the eve of the Turkish invasion US president Richard Nixon sent a letter to Bülent Ecevit that was not just reminiscent of Lyndon B. Johnson's letter to İsmet İnönü in the Cyprus crisis of 1963–64, but even harsher. However, Nixon's letter never reached the hands of the Turkish prime minister, and no one ever heard anything about it.

First Turkish invasion, July 1974

Turkey invaded Cyprus on Saturday, 20 July 1974. Heavily armed troops landed shortly before dawn at Kyrenia (Girne) on the northern coast meeting resistance from Greek and Greek Cypriot forces. Ankara said that it was invoking its right under the Treaty of Guarantee to protect the Turkish Cypriots and guarantee the independence of Cyprus. By the time the UN Security Council was able to obtain a ceasefire on 22 July the Turkish forces were in command of a narrow path between Kyrenia and Nicosia, 3% of the territory of Cyprus, which they succeeded in widening, violating the ceasefire demanded in Resolution 353.

On 20 July, the 10,000 inhabitants of the Turkish Cypriot enclave of Limassol surrendered to the Cypriot National Guard. Following this, according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot. 1,300 Turkish Cypriots were confined in a prison camp afterwards. The enclave in Famagusta was subjected to shelling and the Turkish Cypriot town of Lefka was occupied by Greek Cypriot troops.

According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, the prisoners of war taken at this stage and before the second invasion included 385 Greek Cypriots in Adana, 63 Greek Cypriots in the Saray Prison and 3,268 Turkish Cypriots in various camps in Cyprus.

On the night of 21 to 22 July 1974, a battalion of Greek commandos was transported to Nicosia from Crete in a clandestine airlift operation.

Collapse of the Greek junta and peace talks
On 23 July 1974 the Greek military junta collapsed mainly because of the events in Cyprus. Greek political leaders in exile started returning to the country. On 24 July 1974 Constantine Karamanlis returned from Paris and was sworn in as Prime Minister. He kept Greece from entering the war, an act that was highly criticised as an act of treason. Shortly after this Nikos Sampson renounced the presidency and Glafcos Clerides temporarily took the role of president.

The first round of peace talks took place in Geneva, Switzerland between 25 and 30 July 1974, James Callaghan, the British Foreign Secretary, having summoned a conference of the three guarantor powers. There they issued a declaration that the Turkish occupation zone should not be extended, that the Turkish enclaves should immediately be evacuated by the Greeks, and that a further conference should be held at Geneva with the two Cypriot communities present to restore peace and re-establish constitutional government. In advance of this they made two observations, one upholding the 1960 constitution, the other appearing to abandon it. They called for the Turkish Vice-President to resume his functions, but they also noted 'the existence in practice of two autonomous administrations, that of the Greek Cypriot community and that of the Turkish Cypriot community'.

By the time that the second Geneva conference met on 14 August 1974, international sympathy (which had been with the Turks in their first attack) was swinging back towards Greece now that it had restored democracy. At the second round of peace talks, Turkey demanded that the Cypriot government accept its plan for a federal state, and population transfer. When the Cypriot acting president Clerides asked for 36 to 48 hours in order to consult with Athens and with Greek Cypriot leaders, the Turkish Foreign Minister denied Clerides that opportunity on the grounds that Makarios and others would use it to play for more time.

Second Turkish invasion, 14–16 August 1974

The Turkish Foreign Minister Turan Güneş had said to the Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit, "When I say 'Ayşe should go on vacation' (Turkish: "Ayşe Tatile Çıksın"), it will mean that our armed forces are ready to go into action. Even if the telephone line is tapped, that would rouse no suspicion." An hour and a half after the conference broke up, Turan Güneş called Ecevit and said the code phrase. On 14 August Turkey launched its "Second Peace Operation", which eventually resulted in the Turkish occupation of 37% of Cyprus. Turkish occupation reached as far south as the Louroujina Salient.

In the process, many Greek Cypriots became refugees. The number of refugees is estimated to be between 140,000 and 160,000. The ceasefire line from 1974 separates the two communities on the island, and is commonly referred to as the Green Line.

After the conflict, Cypriot representatives and the United Nations consented to the transfer of the remainder of the 51,000 Turkish Cypriots that had not left their homes in the south to settle in the north, if they wished to do so.

The United Nations Security Council has challenged the legality of Turkey's action, because Article Four of the Treaty of Guarantee gives the right to guarantors to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs. The aftermath of Turkey's invasion, however, did not safeguard the Republic's sovereignty and territorial integrity, but had the opposite effect: the de facto partition of the Republic and the creation of a separate political entity in the north. On 13 February 1975, Turkey declared the occupied areas of the Republic of Cyprus to be a "Federated Turkish State", to the universal condemnation of the international community (see United Nations Security Council Resolution 367). The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to affect Turkey's relations with Cyprus, Greece, and the European Union.

Against Greek Cypriots

Turkey was found guilty by the European Commission of Human Rights for displacement of persons, deprivation of liberty, ill treatment, deprivation of life and deprivation of possessions. The Turkish policy of violently forcing a third of the island's Greek population from their homes in the occupied North, preventing their return and settling Turks from mainland Turkey is considered an example of ethnic cleansing.

In 1976 and again in 1983, the European Commission of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of repeated violations of the European Convention of Human Rights. Turkey has been condemned for preventing the return of Greek Cypriot refugees to their properties. The European Commission of Human Rights reports of 1976 and 1983 state the following:

"Having found violations of a number of Articles of the Convention, the Commission notes that the acts violating the Convention were exclusively directed against members of one of two communities in Cyprus, namely the Greek Cypriot community. It concludes by eleven votes to three that Turkey has thus failed to secure the rights and freedoms set forth in these Articles without discrimination on the grounds of ethnic origin, race, religion as required by Article 14 of the Convention."

Enclaved Greek Cypriots in the Karpass Peninsula in 1975 were subjected by the Turks to violations of their human rights so that by 2001 when the European Court of Human Rights found Turkey guilty of the violation of 14 articles of the European Convention of Human Rights in its judgement of Cyprus v Turkey (application no. 25781/94), less than 600 still remained. In the same judgement, Turkey was found guilty of violating the rights of the Turkish Cypriots by authorising the trial of civilians by a military court.

The European commission of Human Rights with 12 votes against 1, accepted evidence from the Republic of Cyprus, concerning the rapes of various Greek-Cypriot women by Turkish soldiers and the torture of many Greek-Cypriot prisoners during the invasion of the island. The high rate of rape reportedly resulted in the temporary permission of abortion in Cyprus by the conservative Cypriot Orthodox Church. According to Paul Sant Cassia, rape was used systematically to "soften" resistance and clear civilian areas through fear. Many of the atrocities were seen as revenge for the atrocities against Turkish Cypriots in 1963–64 and the massacres during the first invasion. It has been suggested that many of the atrocities were revenge killings, committed by Turkish Cypriot fighters in military uniform who might have been mistaken for Turkish soldiers. In the Karpass Peninsula, a group of Turkish Cypriots reportedly chose young girls to rape and impregnated teenage girls. There were cases of rapes, which included gang rapes, of teenage girls by Turkish soldiers and Turkish Cypriot men in the peninsula, and one case involved the rape of an old Greek Cypriot man by a Turkish Cypriot. The man was reportedly identified by the victim and two other rapists were also arrested. Raped women were sometimes outcast from society.

Against Turkish Cypriots
During the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre by EOKA B, 126 people were killed on 14 August 1974. The United Nations described the massacre as a crime against humanity, by saying "constituting a further crime against humanity committed by the Greek and Greek Cypriot gunmen." In the Tochni massacre, 85 Turkish Cypriot inhabitants were massacred.

The Washington Post covered another news of atrocity in which it is written that: "In a Greek raid on a small Turkish village near Limassol, 36 people out of a population of 200 were killed. The Greeks said that they had been given orders to kill the inhabitants of the Turkish villages before the Turkish forces arrived."

In Limassol, upon the fall of the Turkish Cypriot enclave to the Cypriot National Guard, the Turkish Cypriot quarter was burned, women raped and children shot, according to Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot eyewitness accounts. 1300 people were then led to a prison camp.

Missing people

The missing persons list of the Republic of Cyprus confirms that 83 Turkish Cypriots disappeared in Tochni on 14 August 1974. Also, as a result of the invasion, over 2000 Greek-Cypriot prisoners of war were taken to Turkey and detained in Turkish prisons. Some of them were not released and are still missing. In particular, the Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) in Cyprus, which operates under the auspices of the United Nations, is mandated to investigate approximately 1600 cases of Greek Cypriot and Greek missing persons.

The issue of missing persons in Cyprus took a new turn in the summer of 2004 when the UN-sponsored Committee on Missing Persons (CMP) began returning remains of identified missing individuals to their families. CMP designed and started to implement (from August 2006) its project on the Exhumation, Identification and Return of Remains of Missing Persons. The whole project is being implemented by bi-communal teams of Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriot scientists (archaeologists, anthropologists and geneticists) under the overall responsibility of the CMP. By the end of 2007, 57 individuals had been identified and their remains returned to their families.

Destruction of cultural heritage
In 1989, the government of Cyprus took an American art dealer to court for the return of four rare 6th-century Byzantine mosaics that survived an edict by the Byzantine Emperor, imposing the destruction of all images of sacred figures. Cyprus won the case, and the mosaics were eventually returned. In October 1997, Aydın Dikmen, who had sold the mosaics, was arrested in Germany in a police raid and found to be in possession of a stash consisting of mosaics, frescoes and icons dating back to the 6th, 12th and 15th centuries, worth over $50 million. The mosaics, depicting Saints Thaddeus and Thomas, are two more sections from the apse of the Kanakaria Church, while the frescoes, including the Last Judgement and the Tree of Jesse, were taken off the north and south walls of the Monastery of Antiphonitis, built between the 12th and 15th centuries. Frescoes found in possession of Dikmen included those from the 11th–12th century Church of Panagia Pergaminiotisa in Akanthou, which had been completely stripped of its ornate frescoes.

According to a Greek Cypriot claim, since 1974, at least 55 churches have been converted into mosques and another 50 churches and monasteries have been converted into stables, stores, hostels, or museums, or have been demolished. According to the government spokesman of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, this has been done to keep the buildings from falling into ruin.

In January 2011, the British singer Boy George returned an 18th-century icon of Christ to the Church of Cyprus that he had bought without knowing the origin. The icon, which had adorned his home for 26 years, had been looted from the church of St Charalampus from the village of New Chorio, near Kythrea, in 1974. The icon was noticed by church officials during a television interview of Boy George at his home. The church contacted the singer who agreed to return the icon at Saints Anargyroi Church, Highgate, north London.

Greek Cypriot
Greek Cypriots have claimed that the invasion and subsequent actions by Turkey have been diplomatic ploys, furthered by ultranationalist Turkish militants to justify expansionist Pan-Turkism. They have also criticised the perceived failure of Turkish intervention to achieve or justify its stated goals (protecting the sovereignty, integrity, and independence of the Republic of Cyprus), claiming that Turkey's intentions from the beginning were to create the state of Northern Cyprus.

Greek Cypriots condemn the brutality of the Turkish invasion, including but not limited to the high levels of rape, child rape and torture. Greek Cypriots emphasise that in 1976 and 1983 Turkey was found guilty by the European Commission of Human Rights of repeated violations of the European Convention of Human Rights.

Greek Cypriots have also claimed that the second wave of the Turkish invasion that occurred in August 1974, even after the Greek Junta had collapsed on 24 July 1974 and the democratic government of the Republic of Cyprus had been restored under Glafkos Clerides, did not constitute a justified intervention as had been the case with the first wave of the Turkish invasion that led to the Junta's collapse.

The stationing of 40,000 Turkish troops on Northern Cyprus after the invasion in violation of resolutions by the United Nations has also been criticised.

The United Nations Security Council Resolution 353, adopted unanimously on 20 July 1974, in response to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, the Council demanded the immediate withdrawal of all foreign military personnel present in the Republic of Cyprus in contravention of paragraph 1 of the United Nations Charter.

The United Nations Security Council Resolution 360 adopted on 16 August 1974 declared their respect for the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Cyprus, and formally recorded its disapproval of the unilateral military actions taken against it by Turkey.

Turkish Cypriot
Turkish Cypriot opinion quotes President Archbishop Makarios III, overthrown by the Greek Junta in the 1974 coup, who opposed immediate Enosis (union between Cyprus and Greece). Makarios described the coup which replaced him as "an invasion of Cyprus by Greece" in his speech to the UN security council and stated that there were "no prospects" of success in the talks aimed at resolving the situation between Greek and Turkish Cypriots, as long as the leaders of the coup, sponsored and supported by Greece, were in power.

In Resolution 573, the Council of Europe supported the legality of the first wave of the Turkish invasion that occurred in July 1974, as per Article 4 of the Guarantee Treaty of 1960, which allows Turkey, Greece, and the United Kingdom to unilaterally intervene militarily in failure of a multilateral response to crisis in Cyprus.

Aftermath
Greek Cypriots who were unhappy with the United States not stopping the Turkish invasion took part in protests and riots in front of the American embassy. Ambassador Rodger Davies was assassinated during the protests by a sniper from the extremist EOKA-B group.

Declaration of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
In 1983 the Turkish Cypriot assembly declared independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Immediately upon this declaration Britain convened a meeting of the United Nations Security Council to condemn the declaration as "legally invalid". United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 (1983) considered the "attempt to create the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is invalid, and will contribute to a worsening of the situation in Cyprus". It went on to state that it "considers the declaration referred to above as legally invalid and calls for its withdrawal".

In the following year UN resolution 550 (1984) condemned the "exchange of Ambassadors" between Turkey and the TRNC and went on to add that the Security Council "considers attempts to settle any part of Varosha by people other than its inhabitants as inadmissible and calls for the transfer of this area to the administration of the United Nations".

Neither Turkey nor the TRNC have complied with the above resolutions and Varosha remains uninhabited. In 2017, Varosha's beach was opened to be exclusively used by Turks (Turkish-Cypriots and Turkish nationals).

On 22 July 2010, United Nations' International Court of Justice decided that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence". In response to this non-legally-binding direction, German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said it "has nothing to do with any other cases in the world" including Cyprus, whereas some researchers stated the decision of ICJ provided the Turkish Cypriots an option to be used.

Ongoing negotiations
The United Nations Security Council decisions for the immediate unconditional withdrawal of all foreign troops from Cyprus soil and the safe return of the refugees to their homes have not been implemented by Turkey and the TRNC. Turkey and TRNC defend their position, stating that any such withdrawal would have led to a resumption of intercommunal fighting and killing.

In 1999, UNHCR halted its assistance activities for internally displaced persons in Cyprus.

Negotiations to find a solution to the Cyprus problem have been taking place on and off since 1964. Between 1974 and 2002, the Turkish Cypriot side was seen by the international community as the side refusing a balanced solution. Since 2002, the situation has been reversed according to US and UK officials, and the Greek Cypriot side rejected a plan which would have called for the dissolution of the Republic of Cyprus without guarantees that the Turkish occupation forces would be removed. The latest Annan Plan to reunify the island which was endorsed by the United States, United Kingdom, and Turkey was accepted by a referendum by Turkish Cypriots but overwhelmingly rejected in parallel referendum by Greek Cypriots, after the Greek Cypriot Leadership and Greek Orthodox Church urged the Greek population to vote "no".

Greek Cypriots rejected the UN settlement plan in an April 2004 referendum. On 24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriots rejected by a three-to-one margin the plan proposed by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan for the settlement of the Cyprus dispute. The plan, which was approved by a two-to-one margin by the Turkish Cypriots in a separate but simultaneous referendum, would have created a United Cyprus Republic and ensured that the entire island would reap the benefits of Cyprus's entry into the European Union on 1 May. The plan would have created a United Cyprus Republic consisting of a Greek Cypriot constituent state and a Turkish Cypriot constituent state linked by a federal government. More than half of the Greek Cypriots who were displaced in 1974 and their descendants would have had their properties returned to them and would have lived in them under Greek Cypriot administration within a period of 3.5 to 42 months after the entry into force of the settlement. For those whose property could not be returned, they would have received monetary compensation.

The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004 still divided, although the EU acquis communautaire – the body of common rights and obligations – applies only to the areas under direct government control, and is suspended in the areas occupied by the Turkish military and administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of European Union states. The Greek Cypriot government in Nicosia continues to oppose EU efforts to establish direct trade and economic links to TRNC as a way of encouraging the Turkish Cypriot community to continue to support the resolution of the Cyprus dispute.

Turkish settlers
As a result of the Turkish invasion, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe stated that the demographic structure of the island has been continuously modified as a result of the deliberate policies of the Turks. Following the occupation of Northern Cyprus, civilian settlers from Turkey began arriving on the island. Despite the lack of consensus on the exact figures, all parties concerned admitted that Turkish nationals began arriving in the northern part of the island in 1975. It was suggested that over 120,000 settlers came to Cyprus from mainland Turkey. This was a violation of the Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, which prohibits an occupier from transferring or deporting parts of its own civilian population into an occupied territory.

UN Resolution 1987/19 (1987) of the "Sub-Commission On Prevention Of Discrimination And Protection Of Minorities", which was adopted on 2 September 1987, demanded "the full restoration of all human rights to the whole population of Cyprus, including the freedom of movement, the freedom of settlement and the right to property" and also expressed "its concern also at the policy and practice of the implantation of settlers in the occupied territories of Cyprus which constitute a form of colonialism and attempt to change illegally the demographic structure of Cyprus."

In a report prepared by Mete Hatay on behalf of PRIO (Peace Research Institute Oslo), it was estimated that the number of Turkish mainlanders in the north who have been granted the right to vote is 37,000. This figure however excludes mainlanders who are married to Turkish Cypriots or adult children of mainland settlers as well as all minors. The report also estimates the number of Turkish mainlanders who have not been granted the right to vote, whom it labels as "transients", at a further 105,000.

United States arms embargo on Turkey and Republic of Cyprus
After the hostilities of 1974, the United States applied an arms embargo on both Turkey and Cyprus. The embargo on Turkey was lifted after three years by President Jimmy Carter, whereas the embargo on Cyprus remained in place for longer, having most recently been enforced on 18 November 1992. In December 2019, the US Congress lifted a decades-old arms embargo on Cyprus. On 2 September 2020, United States decided to lift embargo on selling "non-lethal" military goods to Cyprus for one year starting from 1 October.

Official publications and sources

 * The House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus.
 * 1st Report of the European Commission of Human Rights; Turkey's invasion in Cyprus and aftermath (20 July 1974 – 18 May 1976)
 * 2nd Report of the European Commission of Human Rights; Turkey's invasion in Cyprus and aftermath (19 May 1976 to 10 February 1983)
 * European Court of Human Rights Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94)
 * Reports by the UN Secretary General regarding developments in Cyprus (22 May 1974 – 6 December 1974)
 * UN Security Council documents and resolutions regarding Cyprus (12 August 1974 – 13 December 1974)
 * United Nations Peace Keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) situation reports (20 July 1974 – 18 August 1974)
 * Letters addressed to UN Secretary General regarding Cyprus (13 September 1974 – 31 December 1974)

Other sources

 * ITN documentary, Cyprus, Britain's Grim Legacy
 * Channel 4 Television documentary, Secret History – Dead or Alive?
 * Europe: Cyprus CIA World Factbook

title: Turkish invasion of Cyprus


text:
User talk:MacGyverMagic/Archive 6

Ninety Mile Beach
I don't know anything about it, I just thought it was a good article. You'll have to ask some Australian to improve it. Sorry. :) RickK 09:50, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Saleel
I'd like to know why you voted to delete, rather than improve, Saleel. Can you tell me why exactly you don't think the Saleel network, which numbers in the thousands of members deserves even a mention? or is it that you dislike the layout, in which case I'd ask what do you believe could be done to improve it ? --Irishpunktom\talk 13:54, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Evidence
I do not know how to give you a link that will shouw you the line spesific chunks of text are. ill give you the links and peices of the articles, I know its not tastefull, bear with me. Lots of personal attacks and attempts to push pov. I am using whats on Archives.

 * Directed towars me, Talk:Armenian_Genocide/Archive_13 "::You are not a moderator, a moderator can differentiate himself from his biases, you can't, I don't recognize your authority. Fadix 20:49, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)"
 * Directed towars me, Talk:Armenian_Genocide/Archive_12 "So you don't have any hidden agenda right? So, maybe you can all tell us why you only play this hijacking game in entries involving Turkey? And you are lying here, the Armenian genocide is not denied by most countries"
 * Directed towars me, Talk:Armenian_Genocide/Archive_12 "You are not following Wikipedia policy, and if you have no knowledge of the subject, you can not introduce claims which are erronous, you are not neutralising the article, you are injecting in it claims you make yourself... Wikipedia present positions recognised and NOT your position, and that is what you are doing right now. And a last thing, you obviously do have an agenda, you live in Turkey(which libraries only contain one biased version of history), and do inject your biases in every Wikipedia articles which involve Turkey. And above all, you can't hide behind the claim that you are not Turk and that you only live in Turkey, unlike you, I do not hide my ethnicity because I believe that this is irrelevent and I support the position that one is credible for what he says and not based on the social construct called ethnicity he belongs to. The next time you would want to pass as a neutral individual, don't use the word "Armanian" repeatadly exposing that it is not only a mistake, but rather the Semitic(Arab/Hebrew) or Turkish pronounciation as in "Ermen" or "Arman." Now I commited a mistake, I should not have writen this I admit, but you provoked me by claiming you have no agenda which is obvious wrong.Fadix 22:44, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)"

 * Directed towars someone else, Talk:Armenian_Genocide/Archive_10 "As an Armenian, I HAVE TO FACE MORONS LIKE THIS RACIST NAZI-LIKE FK, WHO WRITES MORONIC RACIST NAZI-LIKE TRASH SUCH AS THIS: “Ironically (given the "genocide" charge), the Ottoman government chose the more HUMANITARIAN route. Yes, things went wrong. But the intentions were good.”"

I have finite patience at times he caused me to have "outburts" but I did not regularly declared him things regularly. But that is only a product of his attitude. The links go to wikipedia archives. I did not pu every case of his attacks regarding me. All I have is examples. --Cool Cat My Talk 17:33, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Also is this a good revert? http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenia&diff=11432359&oldid=11397107

Service Stars
Well, I am hiptising. For each "active" year we can let people get a barn star, if one contribute for a year a star with visible in the middle. (I), for 2 years (I)(I) 3 (I)(I)(I) 4 (I)(V) and so on. It would be a good way to motivate oldies. This should not be used to setup a hiearcy, Regardless people are equal however peoples contributions should be recognised, like barstars? --Cool Cat My Talk 10:55, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Holocaust versus The Holocaust
The term "holocaust" has been for centuries, and is still, in common use to describe a mass killing (see Holocaust (disambiguation)). However "the Holocaust" has come to be used to describe the Shoah. At the moment I've got Holocaust redirecting to The Holocaust but when I've finished disambiguating all references to the Holocaust (I've done this kind of massive stuff before, it's easier that it might seem) I'll probably make it redirect to Holocaust (disambiguation) and editors can fix subsequent ambiguous references in the normal course of editing. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:22, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

P.O.V.
Oh me oh my, Fadix is/was active in these articles Tell me what you think. --Cool Cat My Talk 19:38, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Armenian Genocide
 * Genocides in history
 * Adana holocaust
 * Hamidian massacres

electrolytic capacitor values -s
Hi and thanks for the tip. I would greatly appreciate it if the page can be moved to the singular format. This is a good standard to follow and I did not realize it.

electrolytic caps 2
Thanks for all your help! I appreciate you taking the time to clean it up for me. I've been using Wikipedia for information for a while now and am really enthusiastic about contributing. It's nice to be a part of something that is such a big project. Thanks again!

Stovetopcookies 22:55, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Fadix
"Coolcat, I will be reverting every edits you make, you are a vandalist of articles, you are ignored. - Unsigned fadix" Something must be done immidiately regarding this person, its very time consuming for me to do a spelling correction because of his reverts claming a spelling fix is a POV. I am beeing declared a vandalist for my attempts to neutralise articles, these 3 people involved are beyond reason, I tried talking to them, they maintain a "we know best, you are biased go away" attitude. I do not want mediation, I dont need mediation these people cant seem to listen. --Cool Cat My Talk 01:29, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * About Coolcat and personal attacks: Please notice that earlier today he (Coolcat) accused Davenbelle of being unable to read. In other words, another clear personal attack by Coolcat: Stereotek 15:53, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

NJPAC article
I see your point about having just a link there. Thanks or the tip. I added a bit of info there. It's late, and we're having guests over for Easter, but I'm off work monday so hopefully I will be able to work on it then. I think it should be there, since there is a bit of content now. Well, have a Happy Easter if you celebrate it!

Stovetopcookies 04:40, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Flower
Thank you Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 09:38, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

What sort of hypocrasy is that
The guy doesn't drop his claim of "Presenting two positions as equaly valid" and he still want to discuss about it. What is this crap of "investigating" about me, as I see Mr. Coolcat is still trying to get me banned. More interesting is that I see that he has presented the said attacks comming from me. There are in the bunch those that I have directed against Torque, but have admitted it. For instance the worst attack, if you read was in response to Torque sarcastic claim of calling the Ottoman decision of sending the Armenians to die in a death march, as "Humanitarian." I could as well ask an investigation for Coolcat intrusion in every enteries that can be related with turkey. Can I? There is no way to discuss with Coolcat, because he doesn't drop his request that is anti-Wikipedia. He want to positions to be presented 50-50 and as equaly valid, and want to get the fact that most academicians support one theses against the other, deleted. Coolcat that has admitted ignoring the topic, is acting in bad fate to sabotate the genocide entry under the guises of neutrality. While this man do that, and do the same on every enteries regarding Turkey, when I suggest he might be a Turk that believe that his opinions might be more considered if he claims he is not a Turk... I get jumped on. But one a member realise Coolcat "sincerity" and question it, he is claimed to be an Armenian. Now, another veteran has realised that Coolcat is here in bad fate. While this man from the beggining has started a campagne to kick me out by writting on peoples talk page... I have decided to discuss about the issue, and what Coolcat did best was to claim 50-50, and two equaly valid positions, and deleting the parts where it is specified that most specialists support one theses against the other. If you do not call this a vandalism, please tell me what it is. Fadix 15:25, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Coolcat
FYI, this has already been looked into by the DAO: User:Blankfaze/CoolcatDAO. It could use another look. — Davenbelle 21:16, Mar 27, 2005 (UTC)

Re: Redirecting
Thanks a lot. — Instantnood 15:35, Mar 28, 2005 (UTC)

Wikiportal/Sport_and_games
Hey I added the current GCOTW to the wikiportal you set up. Hoop dat je het geen probleem vind, we kunnen nog wel wat meer medewerkers gebruiken op dat samenwerkings project ;)
 * On second thought, we're thinking of making a dedicated portal for video games. I'll remove that template from your page for now until we decide if we're gonna do this or not. Jacoplane 11:05, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cypress
Hi MGM - this is based on (a) the tradition of use of cypress and related woods in east Asia for coffins, and that (b) cedar does not occur at all in east Asia. To use cedar it would have to have been imported 4,000 km overland over very difficult mountain terrain from the nearest sources in the western Himalaya; wood was not sufficiently valuable a commodity to allow that sort of trade. I would suspect your source reference for 'cedar' would be a misapplication of the name to cypress woods (an all too common misidentification error; see e.g. sugi, an east Asian species in the cypress family commonly mis-named a 'cedar'). Worth noting though that cedar wood (imported from Lebanon, Cyprus and Turkey) was used in Egypt; whether it was specifically used in mummification I don't know - MPF 10:59, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Mummy
In the article about mummies, naturally formed mummies should be more emphasized, for example Ötzi and others. The article should also tell something about the scientific meaning of mummies, as they enable us to infer about culture, technology and science in the past. Thanks for your efforts. --Eleassar777 15:46, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Replied on PR, better then my talk page I think. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 13:23, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Copyvios
We seem to have run into each other catching copyvios. I already already added Darna to WP:CP (the guy added several copyright violations), so you don't have to worry about it. Thanks! — Knowledge Seeker দ 09:15, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Many thanks for your comments. Now I have to decide whether I'm most nervous about the voting going for or against me... Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:47, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

DYK
Greetings. You recently let me know that I was a bit sloppy in how I featured an article on DYK, cutting in line, as it were. I've read through the directions, and tried to update the page according to the rules this time. How'd I do? – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 20:54, Mar 30, 2005 (UTC)

The Advanced Wikipedian
Hi Mgm,

I'm not really sure whether you are the sort of guy who know's his Iambic pentameter from his limerick (I don't really), but if so, you might be able to improve, correct and extend The Advanced Wikipedian. -- Solipsist 22:47, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Did you know archival bot
Can you explain the DYK process more clearly? Like, tell me clearly the step by step process you take to move content to the archive pages? -- AllyUnion (talk)

 * Template talk:Did you know has a header "ARCHIVE USED SUGGESTIONS HERE" under which used suggestions are bulleted and included in reverse chronological order in blocks of items which where featured together. The top of this items is followed by a link of the picture that was used in the update should be added to this block of items in Recent additions.

 * In contrast to this section, Recent additions items are not bulleted. To compare coding of the sections, please check the edit history as that explains it far better than I do.

 * Archival of Wikipedia:Recent additions to a subpage is done by moving approximately the oldest 50 edits of the main page (a picture item still needs to be on top).

 * Hope this makes things somewhat clearer. - Mgm|(talk) 12:52, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oldest edits are being... at the bottom or the top? I can write a bot so that there are exactly 50 did you know lines (including pictures) and continuously archive any excess lines into the approprate archive.  The assumption that I will have to make is that the related (if any) image preceeds the did you know line. -- AllyUnion (talk) 13:34, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oldest items are at the bottom.
 * [[Image:Imagename|"right" or "left"|100px|alt text] is at right above the item the picture belongs to. How about alternating left and right layout of pictures. Would I need to code that in the talk page before the bot moves it? - [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm]]|(talk) 17:47, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Wait, wait, wait... am I moving stuff from "Template talk:Did you know" to "Recent additions" and then moving stuff on "Recent additions" to an archive page? -- AllyUnion (talk) 20:42, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are. We need the latest few weeks to stay at the talk page so late changes can still be made to the items in that archive. Is that a problem? Mgm|(talk) 20:56, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * "Few weeks"... I kind of need a determined time frame and how many lines to leave, and such. -- AllyUnion (talk) 21:29, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, I think the bot should leave three blocks of items. Each block signifies an update and contains the 3 or 4 items that were used. You can let the bot recognize blocks by looking for image links, right? Mgm|(talk) 21:34, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Should I start adding image links to the top of blocks on "Template talk" or is bot-aided image location change from the talk page to the Recent additions archive possible? Mgm|(talk) 21:37, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * In case you didn't know. That was me. Somehow my computer decided to log out *grumble*. Mgm|(talk) 21:44, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

The assumption link for "images" fails. Not all "blocks" as you so describe them have starting images.

This is the program's basic pseudocode: \n\n" (\n is newline in programming terms) \n\n" has been found, increase the block count
 * 1) Scan for the first "  "
 * 2) While the next "  " has not been found then search for: (outer loop)
 * 3) * Find " \n\n" or " \n\n" or "
 * 1) Repeat the following steps: (inner loop)
 * 2) Look for: "...that" or " [[ Image:" (the latter is case insensitive)
 * 3) Find the next: "...that" or " [[ Image:" (the latter is case insensitive)
 * 4) Save this as a "Did you know" line
 * 5) Increase did you know line count
 * 6) If " \n\n" or " \n\n" or "

This way, I can store each block like you say. Once the did you know line count has exceeded 50 items, place into the archive. If the archive has exceeded 50 items, close the archive. Sounds about right? -- AllyUnion (talk) 02:17, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks about right if this is the code to archive Recent additions pages, but I've got no idea if the code is correct as I have very limited programming knowledge. Will this make you count from the bottom up? Cause we need the oldest (bottom) 50 items. BTW Thanks for looking into this. Mgm|(talk) 07:31, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, pseudocode is like writing semi-English but in a code like fashion. Just ask yourself whether or not these steps are the logical approaches that you would do in a step by step fashion.  The difference between you and computer is that the computer can only handle one instruction at a time, so you have to break down everything to the smallest parts and describe in detail what you need to do. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:57, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way, each archive is about 50, right? It doesn't have to be exactly 50 correct?

The bot is coming along slowly. There are some code process development that I'm thinking over. Don't worry about running it, when it's done, I'll get it up and running under a special bot username. -- AllyUnion (talk) 09:48, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The pseudocode is from top to bottom. The reason for this is that it needs to count from top to bottom as files are read from top to bottom.  I'm writing the bot to process the whole page and count everything.  Of course, the bottom most lines will be removed, but it won't know that unless it is counted correctly.  The pseudocode is written to count everything. -- AllyUnion (talk) 00:54, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank You!
Hi MacGyverMagic,

I would like to thank you for your vote of support and confidence for my adminship, it has been much appreciated. If you need anything in future that requires my attention, please do not hesitate to contact me. :)

- Cheers, Mailer Diablo 18:22, 31 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Unusual articles
Re, duplicate edit. Oh, that's odd, I remember getting an edit conflict message, but I'm pretty sure the content I placed there wan;t in the top window. Maybe I just pressed 'submit' twice quickly with a shaky finger or something. Thanks for the fix. --bodnotbod 19:30, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Possibly bad instructions on DYK
Hello again. So I updated the DYK page again, and I notice that some of the instructions may be incorrect or out of date. So I updated the Did you know template page and talk page to give more consistent instructions. I thought I'd run it by you, to see if you agree with the changes.

Diffs:

– Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 21:25, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

Re: trains on DYK
Understood. I'll try to spread out my nominations a bit more henceforth. There's just so much more that could easily be written (like all the red links on WikiProject Trains/Todo or User:Slambo/Railroaders), that it's easy to get a little carried away in adding new data. Maybe time to get back to getting more existing articles up to Featured level (which inherently adds time between nominations)... slambo 21:31, Mar 31, 2005 (UTC)

RE: Susej on DYK
For what it is worth, I agree with your Rv action. This one seemed to leap right onto the Main Page without following the customary progression on the DYK Talk page. Vaoverland 11:49, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

MacGyver
You know, McGyver article has room for improvement. Wana assist? --Cool Cat My Talk 12:32, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I dont want to be refered in anyway else tha Coolcat. They know it and they are there to annoy me just check their latest contributions. --Cool Cat My Talk 12:51, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You got me
Yes, my nick, as I use it is tipicaly an oxymoron, I am neither cool nor am I feline like. I am a boring comp eng ;) --Cool Cat My Talk 13:02, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Devil's Lake controversy
I see you responded to Alexwcovington's request to step in on the Devil's Lake article controversy. I hope before you move pages back that you read the comments on the talk pages and the clarification I put on the Help Desk request, because what he's saying is a rather skewed version of events. DreamGuy 20:37, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Armenian genocide
You've claimed that Tony has done nothing wrong, I entry disagree, a new user just log, and makes changes that Coolcat wanted to make, and clearly POV oriented, while it took days to get the article neutralised, when I revert it back, Tony revert it and lock the article. This is a CLEAR abuses of administration privilages, while the article in its original form was submitted for comment and peer review and mediation. Not only Tony took a clear position in the dispute, but he acted irresponsabily by choosing a version from a new registered alias against many other members. And now, after making that clear to him, he irresponsably still maintain that version. I want to know how to report Tony, because I believe this is obviously an abuses of power. Fadix 01:57, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * MGM I am sorry for using your personal talk as a message board but I have to reply to this.
 * I think you are over reacting fadix, you declared Tony the most Neutral admin a while ago, now you say this. By making loud noise you irritate people. The more you irritate the more people dislike you. Tony reported a review for his own desicion. If he really wants to remove you he can ban you, I think. --Cool Cat My Talk 07:53, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes! He was acting very neutraly, until he locked the article on the edit you wanted to make, from a newly created alias... and he even claimed that he locked it in what he believed to be a better choice. As for irritating people, look whos talking. Fadix 14:57, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think like your idea of template though I'm a bit hazy as to how one goes about doing that. If you want to step in and install that template, be my guest. Never mind, I figured it out and did it myself. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 17:05, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way, Coolcat, it's wrong to say I could ban Fadix (or even block him). Nobody is acting that badly, not you, not Fadix, and I couldn't just decide to block someone even if I wanted to. I know you all get angry and upset because this article is about a very important issue and it can seem sometimes that the other editors are trying to distort it.  But as an outsider I view your behavior as reasonable in the circumstances, and I'm only trying to encourage you to reach agreement on the article. This means you all have to try to respect the other person's point of view, even if you don't accept the validity of his interpretation. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 15:55, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * This is NOT about other editors "seem" to distort it. The other editor DID distort the article, and if Mr. Coolcat was the neutral person he claims to be, he would ACCEPT that... but with my suspicion that both are the same... I don't expect him to accept it. Fadix 20:29, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I think Ill join up with the mummy thing
I was hoeping the amount of study time I wasited on National Geogaphic not be waisted. --Cool Cat My Talk 07:48, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yeah Ill work on it though not today. I created the stub. --Cool Cat My Talk 08:39, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Ill explain you why I made it the way I made it, though you have to see my progress there. --Cool Cat My Talk 19:40, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Scan initiated, gathering data.
--Cool Cat My Talk 09:17, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: WExCUp
Awesomely cool, welcome aboard! :) - RedWordSmith 16:56, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

Links and intestines
Lungs vs Lungs are the same I know but latter higligts all leters. I also fixed one broken link, no one can spell intestants correctly :P ;) --Cool Cat My Talk 19:30, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hmm... Aperantly not. LoL. :P --Cool Cat My Talk 19:31, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Re: Speedy
Thanks. At first, I thought it would be fun to scan through all of the new articles that are coming in. As a result, I got into the job of tagging them as I see them. Zzyzx11 22:35, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Template:Kurdistan Workers Party/Timeline
Hi Mgm, I saw you in the history of some of User:Coolcat's template experiments; I've reworked what he was doing as subpages in his user space; there's a discussion on my talk page and I adjusted his notice on the village pump. The timeline is still a template and I thought I should give you a heads-up; it's still used by Kurdistan Workers Party which I'm not going to touch for now. — Davenbelle 06:31, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

Searching
I want it to be where if you search for "Sandbox 2", it shows my sandbox! I don't want to need to search for "User:flarn2005/sandbox"! How can I make it like that for all users? Thanks!

P.S. I know there are rules like this for every sandbox, but there are rules that cussing and other offensive content are not allowed in any article, right?

DYK
Would you rather I just not edit the template again? I know it's unofficially "your thing." Mike H 09:32, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'll keep the piece of advice in mind, then! Thanks :) Mike H 09:37, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

Right now I've been writing some articles that were glaring omissions from Wikipedia, at least from my American point of view. Ruth's Chris Steak House now has an article, as does the 1960s girls' toy Chatty Cathy. Other than that, I got involved in a messy POV dispute on Terri Schiavo, and got reported for 3RR (to be fair, that article got 100 edits over 12 hours and the first revert was from about 12 hours before the other three...I had forgotten I'd even done it). The user who reported me has been pushing his POV and getting quite vindictive. But eh. Mike H 17:50, Apr 4, 2005 (UTC)

I'm the author of the broad fish tapeworm article you put on DYK today. I wanted to thank you for posting it and to ask you a quick question/favor. Is there a way for me to add that DYK template to my user page? I'd like to have a record that I once made it onto the front page. Thanks in advance. Dave (talk) 19:35, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Dave (talk)

Thank you
Thank you for supporting my adminship — I vow to use my super powers for good not evil. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 09:06, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

DYK
My apologies. I followed the DYK archiving procedures that I was familiar with, but if they're different now than they used to be, please correct my errors. Thanks! -- Seth Ilys 12:13, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Did you know bot progress
For the images, I may decide to leave the bot not to do the left and right as it will not be able to give an alternative text to the image in the first place. It might be better for someone to do that manually. It would be a minor annoyance... I could have it always reorder the left and right, making the first picture always start from the left or something. You're request is a bit featured heavy, and I have to think carefully over what I'm coding. -- AllyUnion (talk) 12:17, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for the kind words on my talk page. It's frustrating when you think you're doing good (if thankless) work and you keep having to defend yourself over and over and over again. However, friendly words from others help a ton, my spirits have been lifted. Kevin Rector 13:49, Apr 6, 2005 (UTC)

Images and media for deletion votes

 * I am contacting people who previously helped to vote to delete a generally objectionable photograph by a vote of 88 to 21, and who might be unaware that immediately after that image was voted to be deleted someone posted another which was very similar in content. My objections to this, and the previous image that was voted to be deleted might be based upon reasons far different from any that you have, but I do object to it, and consider the posting of such images to be acts of asinine stupidity, which burdens the project and its major educational aims in ways that they should not be burdened, and can be extremely detrimental to the acceptance and growth of WIkipedia's use and influence. Thus far those who I believe to be in the extreme minority of Wikipedians who would like to include these images, many who have been channeled to the voting page from the article with which it is associated have dominated the voting, 23 to 12 (as of the time that I composed this message). I would like to be somewhat instrumental in shedding a bit more light upon the issue, and if possible, helping to turn the tide against its inclusion. It might also be necessary to begin making an effort to establish an explicit Wikipedia policy against explicite photographic depictions of humans engaged in erotic, auto-erotic, or quasi-erotic activities. To my limited knowledge such images have not been accepted as appropriate anywhere else within this project, and frankly I can agree with those who are casually labeled prudes for opposing their inclusion, that they should not be. Vitally important information that might be unwelcome by some is one thing that should never be deleted, but un-needed images that can eventually prevent or impede many thousands or millions of people from gaining access to the great mass of truly important information that Wikipedia provides is quite another. There are vitally important distinctions to be made. Whatever your reasons, or final decisions upon the matter, I am appealing for more input on the voting that is occurring at Wikipedia:Images_and_media_for_deletion ~ Achilles † 21:29, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

soory was hit by a 747... :P
Working on the article. Egiptians have had rituals and protocol. Like social classes been treated differently. --Cool Cat My Talk 23:52, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Merging complete! not.
Are people merging things in a hybernating state? Southern Kurdistan had been waiting to be merged too long :( Is there a voiting of some sort? --Cool Cat My Talk 08:53, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Merging Complete! Power overwhelimng. Mmmm zerglings... :P Not all my demands are demanding, what do you think about the ritual intro? I am infuenced by several pages but I think its ok to do that :P --Cool Cat My Talk 09:13, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sorry About That Chief
Salve, MacGyverMagic! Haven't communicated with you lately. Hope all is well with you. Sorry about that with "Did You Know"--those were my first postings there. I've gone and bolded the relevant article titles for you. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 15:05, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

European tree frog sandbox
Hey, I have added the spawn part, although I am not sure of my use of the word clutch, I basicly mean a cluster and I am not sure if clutch has that meaning besides being part of a car. It's not that easy to translate an article full of biological terms, but if you want further help, certainly tell me. Btw your numbers for adult animals don't mtch the german version whereas they are 30 to 50mm, seldom reaching 60mm. Matthias Aubin April 7

Well then, I guess I will be working on the article. Just promise me you read over my changes, I do not feel that confident with the subject. Might have read my own talkpage, would have known how to sign. 24.95.57.19 21:59, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Scooped!
You scooped me on my first attempt to welcome a newbie...spent so much time fiddling over getting it right that I ended up with an edit conflict! Oh well :) Guettarda 20:03, 7 Apr 2005 (UTC)

--Sorry, I am seriously conflicted about the performance of the Wikipedia software and moderators. I am beginning to think that I can still do better with google and blogs... I read through some of the deletions pages and am concerned with the point of fame, notability, and broad interest that seems to be part of this decision process. I understand to some extent the vanity arguments and such, but I am interested in seeing a place that is a bit of a more level playing field. Wikipedia is what it is and I have no qualms with that, but I look forward to a site that will finally combine all of the information of the world into one huge collaboration. I am new, so forgive my opinions if they are in ignorance. (Unsigned comment by Mpetre)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:MacGyverMagic/Archive 6


text:
Rosalie Bradford

Rosalie Bradford (August 27, 1943 – November 29, 2006) was an American woman who once held the Guinness World Record as the world's heaviest woman.

Weight gain
In her early twenties she met a man whom she married. The couple eventually had a son. Bradford found herself staying home with their son and cooking a lot. Her weight continued to accelerate uncontrollably, as did her appetite. She eventually tried several diets and joined Weight Watchers with little success.

Finally, after a blood infection landed her in the hospital, Bradford gave up on exercise altogether when the necessary bed rest allowed for her weight gain to accelerate. She remained immobile for eight years. She measured at 1200 lb in January 1987. In 1988, she became so depressed and frustrated that she attempted to commit suicide with painkillers, although, due to her weight, these only made her sleep for a couple of days.

Weight loss
A concerned friend contacted Richard Simmons, a familiar face in the weight-loss industry. Simmons then contacted Bradford and spoke to her at length. She recalled Simmons saying “God doesn’t make junk and you are worth the effort.” After the phone call she received a package from him containing some exercise tapes and an eating plan.

Bradford started small by clapping her hands along to the videos. "It was the only movement I could do," she explained. She focused on her diet and stuck to Simmons’ plan. After a year she had dropped 420 lb. Eventually she got some more outside help from a physiotherapist and soon her weight dropped to 500 lb, a total weight loss of 553 lb. Bradford persisted with her weight-loss plan and eventually reduced her weight to 283 lb, claiming a total weight loss of 917 lb. The lymphatic system in her legs was damaged in one of five surgeries to remove excess skin left by her weight loss.

Bradford appeared on the Channel 4 television programme BodyShock giving advice to Patrick Deuel. The episode was first broadcast in August 2007.

Death
Rosalie Bradford died on November 29, 2006, at a hospital in Lakeland (near her Auburndale, Florida, home). She was 63 years old, and was survived by her husband Bob Bradford and son Robbie. She lost the world record of having lost the most weight by a woman to Mayra Rosales in 2013.

Statistics

 * Weight: 1200 pounds (544 kg)
 * BMI: 193.7
 * Height: 5 foot 6 inches (1.68 m)

title: Rosalie Bradford


text:
Ellerhoop

Ellerhoop is a municipality in the district of Pinneberg in Schleswig Holstein, Germany. It is twinned with the village of Hurst Green, East Sussex, UK.

Geography
Ellerhoop is situated to the north of Hamburg, close to the A23 Autobahn.

Points of interest

 * Arboretum Ellerhoop-Thiensen

title: Ellerhoop