text:
Data Distribution Service

The Data Distribution Service (DDS) for real-time systems is an Object Management Group (OMG) machine-to-machine (sometimes called middleware or connectivity framework) standard that aims to enable dependable, high-performance, interoperable, real-time, scalable data exchanges using a publish–subscribe pattern.

DDS addresses the real-time data exchange needs of applications within aerospace, defense, air-traffic control, autonomous vehicles, medical devices, robotics, power generation, simulation and testing, smart grid management, transportation systems, and other applications.

Model
DDS is a networking middleware that simplifies complex network programming. It implements a publish–subscribe pattern for sending and receiving data, events, and commands among the nodes. Nodes that produce information (publishers) create "topics" (e.g., temperature, location, pressure) and publish "samples". DDS delivers the samples to subscribers that declare an interest in that topic.

DDS handles transfer chores: message addressing, data marshalling and de-marshalling (so subscribers can be on different platforms from the publisher), delivery, flow control, retries, etc. Any node can be a publisher, subscriber, or both simultaneously.

The DDS publish-subscribe model virtually eliminates complex network programming for distributed applications.

DDS supports mechanisms that go beyond the basic publish-subscribe model. The key benefit is that applications that use DDS for their communications are decoupled. Little design time needs be spent on handling their mutual interactions. In particular, the applications never need information about the other participating applications, including their existence or locations. DDS transparently handles message delivery without requiring intervention from the user applications, including:

 * determining who should receive the messages
 * where recipients are located
 * what happens if messages cannot be delivered

DDS allows the user to specify quality of service (QoS) parameters to configure discovery and behavior mechanisms up-front. By exchanging messages anonymously, DDS simplifies distributed applications and encourages modular, well-structured programs. DDS also automatically handles hot-swapping redundant publishers if the primary fails. Subscribers always get the sample with the highest priority whose data is still valid (that is, whose publisher-specified validity period has not expired). It automatically switches back to the primary when it recovers, too.

Interoperability
Both proprietary and open-source software implementations of DDS are available. These include application programming interfaces (APIs) and libraries of implementations in Ada, C, C++, C#, Java, Python, Scala, Lua, Pharo, Ruby, and Rust.

DDS vendors participated in interoperability demonstrations at the OMG Spring technical meetings from 2009 to 2013.

During demos, each vendor published and subscribed to each other's topics using a test suite called the shapes demo. For example, one vendor publishes information about a shape and the other vendors can subscribe to the topic and display the results on their own shapes display. Each vendor takes turns publishing the information and the other subscribe. Two things made the demos possible: the DDS-I or Real-Time Publish-Subscribe (RTPS) protocol, and the agreement to use a common model.

In March 2009, three vendors demonstrated interoperability between the individual, independent products that implemented the OMG Real-time Publish-Subscribe protocol version 2.1 from January 2009. The demonstration included the discovery of each other's publishers and subscribers on different OS Platforms (Microsoft Windows and Linux) and supported multicast and unicast network communications.

The DDS interoperability demonstration used scenarios such as:

 * Basic connectivity to network using Internet Protocol (IP)
 * Discovery of publishers and subscribers
 * Quality of service (QoS) Compatibility between requester and offerer
 * Delay-tolerant networking
 * Multiple topics and instances of topics
 * Exclusive ownerships of topics
 * Content filtering of topic data including time and geographic

History
Development of the DDS specification started in 2001. In 2004, the Object Management Group (OMG) published DDS version 1.0. Version 1.1 was published in December 2005, 1.2 in January 2007, and 1.4 in April 2015. DDS is covered by several US patents,   among others.

The DDS specification describes two levels of interfaces:
 * A lower data-centric publish-subscribe (DCPS) level that is targeted towards the efficient delivery of the proper information to the proper recipients.
 * An optional higher data local reconstruction layer (DLRL), which allows for a simple integration of DDS into the application layer.

Other related standards followed the initial core document. The Real-time Publish-Subscribe Wire Protocol DDS Interoperability Wire Protocol Specification ensured that information published on a topic using one vendor's DDS implementation is consumable by one or more subscribers using the same or different vendor's DDS implementations. Although the specification is targeted at the DDS community, its use is not limited. Versions 2.0 was published in April 2008, version 2.1 in November 2010, 2.2 in September 2014, and 2.3 in May 2019.

DDS for Lightweight CCM (dds4ccm) offers an architectural pattern that separates the business logic from the non-functional properties. A 2012 extension added support for streams. A Java 5 Language PSM for DDS defined a Java 5 language binding, referred to as a Platform Specific Model (PSM) for DDS. It specified only the Data-Centric Publish-Subscribe (DCPS) portion of the DDS specification; Additionally, it encompasses the DDS APIs introduced by DDS-XTypes and DDS-CCM. DDS-PSM-Cxx defines the ISO/IEC C++ PSM language binding, referred to as a Platform Specific Model (PSM) for DDS. It provides a new C++ API for programming DDS that is more natural to a C++ programmer. The specification provides mappings for the application programming interface (API) specified in DDS-XTypes, and accessing quality of service (QoS) profiles specified in DDS-CCM.

Extensible and Dynamic Topic Types for DDS (DDS-XTypes) provided support for data-centric publish-subscribe communication where topics are defined with specific data structures. To be extensible, DDS topics use data types defined before compile time and used throughout the DDS global data space. This model is desirable when static type checking is useful. A Unified Modeling Language (UML) profile specified DDS domains and topics to be part of analysis and design modeling. This specification also defined how to publish and subscribe objects without first describing the types in another language, such as XML or OMG IDL. An interface definition language (IDL) was specified in 2014 independently from the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) specification chapter 3. This IDL 3.5 was compatible with the CORBA 3 specification, but extracted as its own specification allowing it to evolve independently from CORBA.

Other protocols to be mentioned are: DDS-XRCE (DDS for eXtremely Resource Constrained Environments), this specification protocol allows the communication between devices of limited resources, like microcontroller for example and a DDS network. It makes publishing and subscribing to topics via an intermediate service in a DDS domain possible and DDS-RPC (RPC Over DDS) which defines Remote Procedure Calls. These provide a bidirectional request/reply communication and determine distributed services, and are detailed using a service interface. It also supports both synchronous and asynchronous method invocation.

Starting with DDS version 1.4 in 2015, the optional DLRL layer was moved to a separate specification.

title: Data Distribution Service


text:
Rederi AB Slite

Rederi AB Slite was a Swedish shipping company, founded in 1947. The company was one of the three founding companies of Viking Line. Rederi AB Slite went bankrupt in 1993.

Early history
Rederi AB Slite was founded by Carl Bertil Myrsten together with his siblings Inga Gattberg, Sven Myrsten and Lars Myrsten in 1947. The oldest brother Robert Myrsten had his own shipping company Rederi AB Robert Myrsten and was not part of Rederi AB Slite. The Myrsten family, from Slite on the island of Gotland, had been in the shipping business since 1867, when Johan Niclas Myrsten founded the dynasty.

In mid-1950s two newbuilt cargo ships, MS Slite and MS Boge were delivered to Slite. In 1959 and 1961 respectively they were rebuilt to be able to load cars and take passengers. These ships were then put on a route between Simpnäs north of Stockholm and Mariehamn on Åland. In 1964 the company's first purpose built ferry MS Apollo (1964) was delivered. In the early 1960s there was a heavy competition from several companies on the route Sweden - Åland. This led to a cooperation between Slite and Rederi Ab Vikinglinjen, which later became a part of Rederi Ab Sally.

In 1966 the marketing company Viking Line was founded and by now Ålandsfärjan Ab, later SF Line, had joined the cooperation. Viking Line initially had three ships, Ålandsfärjan Ab's SS Ålandsfärjan, Vikinglinjen's SS Viking (1959) and Slite's Apollo. Since the name of the marketing company came from one of the other founding companies, Carl Bertil Myrsten demanded that the colour of Viking Line's ships would originate from his company. The discussion regarding colour ended when Inga Gattberg took her favourite lip stick and made a mark on the contract with the words "This is the colour we are going to use". All Viking Line's ships were therefore painted in Apollo's original red colour that now is so characteristic for Viking Line.

Growing period
During the 1970s and 1980s, ferry traffic between Sweden and Finland expanded heavily. In 1970, Slite's second MS Apollo (1970) was delivered from Jos L Meyer in West Germany. Her sister MS Diana entered service two years later.

Due to the increasing internal competition between the three companies within Viking Line, the original route between Kapellskär and Naantali was clogged with Viking Line ships during the first years of the 1970s. The companies tried new routes for their increasing fleets. Rederi Ab Sally and SF Line started traffic between Stockholm and Turku, and Sally also acquired two ships for the Stockholm-Helsinki route. Slite in turn chose to start 24-hour cruises between Stockholm and Mariehamn with the venerable SS Svea Jarl, purchased in 1976 from Silja Line and renamed SS Apollo III. To finance the purchase, the 1970-built Apollo was sold.

In 1979, Diana was replaced by the new building MS Diana II. For a couple of years, Diana II serviced on the Stockholm-Turku route but Sally pushed her back to Kapellskär-Naantali with their bigger MS Viking Sally.

Heavy expansion
Economic difficulties plagued Rederi Ab Sally in the early 1980s. Despite having the big Viking Sally on the Stockholm - Turku route plus two new large ships on the capital route between Stockholm and Helsinki, Sally was not able to invest in more new ships. This left a spot open for Slite and SF Line to take over the capital route. In 1986, Slite's MS Olympia, at the time the largest passenger ferry in the world, was put into service between Stockholm and Helsinki, replacing Sally's the MS Viking Saga.

In October 1987 Rederi Ab Sally was sold to Effoa, the main owner of rival company Silja Line. The situation of having the main competitor owning 33% of Viking Line became untenable and Sally's shares of Viking Line were sold to Slite and SF Line. Sally's remaining ship in Viking Line service, the Viking Sally, was chartered to Slite for the next three years.

Around the same time, SF Line and Slite ordered new ships again. Slite's MS Athena (1989) replaced the Apollo III in 1989 and by 1990 it was time for the Viking Sally to be replaced with Athena's sister, the MS Kalypso. The Olympia was scheduled for replacement in 1993 when the jewel of the company's crown, the world's largest passenger ferry, MS Europa (1993) was to be delivered.

Crisis and bankruptcy
The timing of ordering of new expensive cruise ferries couldn't have been worse for Rederi AB Slite. In October 1989, just weeks after the order of the Europa was signed, the Finnish shipyard Wärtsilä Marine went bankrupt. Wärtsilä had built the Athena for Slite and was about to finish her sister, the Kalypso. The bankruptcy resulted in an increased cost for the Kalypso, about 200 million SEK.

Matters became worse when the Swedish krona was allowed to float in the autumn of 1992. Because of this, the almost finished Europa built in Germany, suddenly became 500 million SEK more expensive. Slite became unable to pay for the Europa when their bank Nordbanken, which at the time had large sums invested in Slite's main rival Silja Line, withdrew their loan guarantees. After the loss of Europa, Slite had lost over 550 million SEK within two years, 200 million due to the increased costs for the Kalypso and 350 million lost in advance payments for the Europa. Consequently, Slite was declared bankrupt in April 1993.

Aftermath
All Slite's ships were sold by compulsory auction after the bankruptcy. SF Line made bids on the Athena and the Kalypso but lost them to the heavily investing Malaysian cruise company Star Cruises. SF Line became the sole owner of Viking Line and changed its name to Viking Line Ab.

After the auction of Slite's ships and other assets, it became clear that the bankruptcy was unnecessary. All the debts could be paid for with the money gained from the ship sales. It has been speculated that Nordbanken did everything they could to break Slite in order to help their financially poor Silja Line. In March 1993 the Europa entered service for Silja Line as the MS Silja Europa.

The company was then forced to sell all of its fleet. One of their largest vessels (MS Olympia) was sold to Irish Continental Group and chartered out to P&O Ferries where it was renamed Pride of Bilbao. It operated at P&O for 17 years until 2010.

Ships
Not a complete list.

 * Slite (1959–1964)
 * Boge (1961–1963)
 * Apollo (1964–1967)
 * Visby (1967–1970, chartered)
 * Apollo (II) (1970–1976)
 * Diana (1972–1979)
 * Apollo III (1976–1989)
 * Diana II (1979–1992)
 * Olympia (1986–1993)
 * Viking Sally (1987–1990, chartered)
 * Athena (1989–1993)
 * Kalypso (1990–1993)
 * Europa (1993, never delivered)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rederi AB Slite


text:
Talk:Rau Le Creuset

First heading
This article suffers from inconsistencies and awkward phrasing. The tense changes throughout, often within a single sentence, from past to present. A single tense should be chosen and used throughout the overall account of the story, and should only change if it serves to distinguish between the account and other notes about the setting or whatnot.--Lord Shitzu 13:38, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

Ethnicity
Okay. Seriously. There's no proof that he's French-Canadian.

Spelling of name
I removed the section added by an anon arguing about the "proper" translation of the name. I'm a huge anime purist myself but the name "Raww" is in not any form official or widely used, outside of some stubborn fans on the GundamOfficial forums. Same thing with "Mwu" instead of "Mu," I don't know where these even came from, I assume some fansub that chose to use them inexplicably. Literal transliteration is Rau Ru Kuruuze (or Muu Ra Furaga in Mu's case), which is damn close to the official english name. If the name was changed significantly in the dub/sub (like Usagi --> Serena) I could see having a section on etymology, but as it stands, the paragraph was just one fan trying to push his preferred spelling.--Lord Shitzu 14:47, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

You are wrong.His name is Raww Le Klueze,not Rau Le Creuset.If you were to purchase the Master Grade ZGMF-X13A Providence Gundam model kit you would see his name spelled there as Raww,not Rau.Not that it's that important,just a detail.

 * No. I am not wrong. The spelling in one model kit means nothing, they can choose whatever spelling they want for their transliterations, but if it's wrong, it's wrong. this is the official Japanese list of ZAFT characters at the official Japanese website. There's his name written in Katakana, and a proper transliteration of ラウ・ル・クルーゼ would be Rau Ru Kruuze. Some of the r's could be l's if you prefer, but that's about it. And if you can't read Japanese, then you really have no argument at all.--Lord Shitzu 22:39, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

I definitely think the proper translation of his name is Rau Le Creuset, but it's a matter of romanization from the Japanese hiragana/katakana that it was originally written in. It's said somewhere that his name derives from the French word for "the crucible" (thus Le Creuset, not Le Kleuze, which is how it may be romanized given that "l" and "r" are somewhat interchangable in the Japanese language since "l" doesn't exist). Also, I don't think a gundam model kit is good evidence for proof for this debate because I've seen model kits/toys that incorrectly name the product being sold when the name has been established in both Japanese and English.

Hmm. I can understand using "Rau Le Creuset" over "Raww Le Klueze" in general, But, from what i've seen, Raww Le Klueze is the japanese spelling. Couldn't one at least compromise and say that whilst "Raww Le Klueze" isn't the only spelling, It is relavent? Ace Class Shadow 10:01, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Realise this discussion is somewhat old but since it and other spellings seem to still cause issues I wanted to weigh in. The weigh I see it, we have to consider that the English spellings used in Japan are intended for a mostly non-English market. In that sense, much like how recent American shows have copied things from popular Japanese shows, it is mainly being done because it's seen as cool and trendy to tap into other cultures. If these spellings held real weight they'd just be used as is when the shows are brought over. But they're not, more credible English translations are officially created for markets where English IS the primary language. Whilst these original spellings deserve a mention, there's no point in throwing a hissy fit and saying "I don't like the official English names, therefore I'll ignore them and everyone else must to!". It's getting angry over a minor and fairly irrelevent issue. It's not like we're getting localised renames (eg Amuro Ray becoming Andrew Raymond or some such).--HellCat86 16:37, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

Quotes/Notable Dialogue
I'd just like to let everyone know that the quotes and notable dialogue that I have written for this character and all other Cosmic Era characters, I copied verbatim from the English dub while I watched the episode, so do not change it unless you are correcting a typo or something, Thanks Dudeman74 00:35, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Why is it that the English dub is considered canon when it's clear the Gundam Franchise is clearly Japanese and therefore the Japanese version canonical? I'm referring to several quotations I tried to correct but wasn't allowed to because someone claimed since this is an english encyclopedia,the English dub should be used as reference. This pretty much means readers will be mislead into believing some characters said things they did not in fact utter,namely Rau Le Creuset in Phase 50 "終わらない明日へ" who clearly makes use of the word the expression "烽火と成る" which literally translates into "will become a/the beacon for new conflicts".Why am I not allowed(technically I am,but I don't want to start an edit war) to correct what is obviously a mistake? Also,in Phase 49 "終末の光" Creuset says "人の業（ごう）",which literally translates into Buddhist Karma.Therefore,Karma,instead of Destiny,should be used in said quotation. 213.22.57.101

But thats like saying, this page, "Rau Le Creuset" should instead be moved "Raww Le Klueze". Also, more people here are more familiar to the English dub due to the fact that this is a English encyclopedia so naturally, most people here are more used to the English dub since they are English speakers, and the Japanese translation would probably sound weird or strange to them. Plus, you have been the only person who has complained about this, and these dialogues have been here for quite some time, so just leave it as is so it doesn't cause problems. Thanks Dudeman74 00:52, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

I am an English and Japanese speaker.The first time I watched Gundam Seed I could hardly bake a simple sentence in Japanese,but thanks to something called perseverance I managed to learn enough to spot the sort of non-sense American and European companies come up with when dubbing Japanese anime. Because this is an english encyclopaedia we should do our very best to provided readers the best possible translation of the original Japanese dialog. Why would the Japanese translation sound weird?It's pretty straightforward. Also,is it relevant I was the only person to complain about this?What's innacurate is inaccurate regardless of how many people say it's right.I know the dub is innacurate and probably so do you,so what's wrong with wanting to give readers the oportunity to enjoy what Fukada originally intended to convey the viewers?

But you see, mostly not everyone here who is a fan of Gundam knows right off the bat what a Japanese word directly translates to in English, how the heck are they supposed to know 'in Phase 49 "終末の光" Creuset says "人の業（ごう）",which literally translates into Buddhist Karma.Therefore,Karma' when they have the privilege of using the English version, which is much more familiar. Also, why change something when no one is having problems with it. And by the way, I know that most people consider the English version canon, here, at least since I am not the only person who submits notable dialogue and quotes, others do as well, and they are using the exact same dialogue from the English version, I know because I check, so unless a Gundam episode is not out in English yet, most people here at least, use the English dub as reference. Dudeman74 01:12, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

They needn't know!Otherwise translators would starve.Otherwise people such as myself would have nothing to do! From the moment there are people(hired by Bandai or not) willing to subtitle the show,there's no need to learn Japanese to understand the dialog. However,both fansubbers and Bandai made some mistakes along the way.It's only understandable.I can relate to that. The above mentioned quotation took me a long time to figure out.I first watched Phase 49 when it aired in Japan and though Creuset's words were ”人の応報” which means [divine] retribution.This because I had no idea what gou meant.This was untill I learned the Kanji for Buddhist Karma and it's reading.I then said to myself "Wait a second....I'm sure I've heard this word before" and then I realized where. I won't try to persuade you or any users because I see it's useless.I don't really wanna build up the english version of Wikipedia anyway.The Japanese version has much more work to be done.

Is he Dead?
Is he actually dead? I know the blast from GENESIS hit the Providence right on, but are they any actual sources that state he is KIA? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.200.116.71 (talk • contribs) 03:33, August 2, 2006

Yes and yes. It's a largely accepted fact. Heck, they had to retcon Mu's "death" because it wasn't ambiguous enough. ACS (Wikipedian); Talk to the Ace. See what I've edited. 15:25, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

the article says that he was mortal wounded by kira beam saber and that is not true http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4E_cSWH2lEU&feature=related look at 4:31 and you will see that kira hit the gundam but not him —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.164.187.16 (talk) 00:41, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

??
Wouldn't he be Rey's twin brother?--Tempest115 02:16, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Picture
I think his unmasked appearance in GSD final PLUS may be pretty good in here. Anyone has one? 13:45, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Request of Updates of the Enlish Voices of Rau Le Creuset
Dear Fellow Wikipedia Users:

Why haven't I seen that Mr. Paul Dobson as the second English Voice of Rau Le Creuset, on his Character Page in Gundam Seed and Gundam Seed Destiny?

Could someone please fix it asap? Thanks, bye!

The Professional (talk) 21:32, 2 February 2008 (UTC)Chao-Chen (Jack) Lin

Images?
Why are the images of places people being deleted all the time?I mean Rau,Gladys,Durandal,ect. Articles need images,not just characters,but locations too,I dont get why images are always being removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.75.175.243 (talk) 01:12, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rau Le Creuset


text:
Days of Wine and Roses (song)

"Days of Wine and Roses" is a popular song, from the 1962 movie of the same name.

The music was written by Henry Mancini with lyrics by Johnny Mercer. They received the Academy Award for Best Original Song for their work, as well as the 1964 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. In 2004 it finished at #39 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

The song's lyric is notable for consisting of just two complex sentences, each of which forms one of the song's two stanzas.

Recordings
The best-known recordings of the song were by Billy Eckstine in 1961 and Andy Williams in 1963, but several other recording artists have also recorded the song, including Bill Evans, Vince Guaraldi & Bola Sete, Dick and Dee Dee, Shirley Bassey, Frank Sinatra, Julie London, Perry Como, Wes Montgomery (1963: Boss Guitar), McCoy Tyner, Jaco Pastorius and Lenny Breau. Tony Bennett sang his interpretation on his prestigious The Movie Song Album (1966). Pat Boone. Ella Fitzgerald and Joe Pass recorded their version of this song on their Pablo Records album Easy Living. The song has become a jazz standard.

Williams' version was recorded for Columbia Records. It was released as catalog number 42674. The song reached #9 on the adult contemporary chart and #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and was the featured track on the album, Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests, which peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart.

Como's version was recorded for RCA Victor Records. The recording was made on March 19, 1963. The record was issued by RCA Victor as a track on the album, The Songs I Love. On the Cash Box chart, where all singles were combined, the song reached a peak position of No. 30 in May 1963.

Vince Guaraldi and Bola Sete recorded their instrumental version for Fantasy Records in 1963. It was released on the album Vince Guaraldi, Bola Sete and Friends, and was a featured single (it did not chart).

In 2000, The Lettermen included the song on their Greatest Movie Hits album. R&B/soul singer Miki Howard recorded it for her 2008 album, Private Collection.

The phrase "days of wine and roses" is originally from the poem "Vitae Summa Brevis" by the English writer Ernest Dowson (1867–1900):

They are not long, the days of wine and roses: Out of a misty dream Our path emerges for a while, then closes Within a dream.

In 2024, Christian McBride and Edgar Meyer included the song in their album But Who's Gonna Play the Melody?.

title: Days of Wine and Roses (song)


text:
Talk:Leo McGarry

Untitled
Wanna see Leo as a VP.

One or two empty lines above and under spoiler template
BCV, I can't seem to understand why the spoiler template should have two empty lines above and under it instead of just one. If extra spacing is wanted, shouldn't it be changed in the template instead? -Fred Bradstadt 12:21, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right, I needed to find a new template and picture code. I think it is fixed now. BCV 16:04, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Hometown
How is there any question on where Leo is from? The only statement about Leo being from Boston was "You're Boston Irish-Catholic, Leo..." by Josh when Leo's pill addiction was revealed, but the "We're both men of Chicago" statement is a much clearer statement on where he's from. Boston Irish-Catholic could just mean his family was Boston Irish-Catholic, he couldn't be a 'man of Chicago' if he wasn't born there. Staxringold 13:21, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah HA! Proof! In the Season 6 episode where CJ is eventually promoted to Chief of Staff, when asked by Greg Brock who's the CoS, she responds "A cool cat name Leo McGarry, you may know him, comes outta' Chicago." Putting Chicago, Illinois as Leo's hometown. Staxringold 15:26, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, actually I think what CJ meant was that he graduated from University of Chicago. It was mentioned in the episode where he was accepting award on behalf of Chicago Humanitarian.

(JJGlendenning 04:52, 4 December 2005 (UTC))
 * I do think this settled. I think the comment about Boston was an attempt to stereotype him.

 * I think it is settled, too: He comes from Chicago. But I would not say the Boston comment is stereotyping, per se, but probably just a writing mistake.  The Boston comment was the first reference to where is he is from -- later references are all Chicago.  We don't know how the writers would attempt to correct the Boston reference, so let's not speculate. Rlove 04:01, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

I think we can say with certainty that Leo has at least spent a substantial amount of time in Chicago. The poor bastard. Phil Sandifer 04:58, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I know this is an old debate, but I think we could infer that his family might have moved from Boston before Leo was born, which would prompt Josh's comment about his Bostonian roots? It wouldn't be out of the realm of possibility that Leo's mom and dad moved from Boston to Chicago, as a lot did, joining the Irish community in Chicago. --NCC-1701 (USS Enterprise) 11:14, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This seems to me to be a debate that A) Leans towards original research, since it's not explicitly stated anywhere, and B) Leans towards an in-universe perspective on the character instead of an encyclopedic one. Phil Sandifer 14:42, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Regarding John Spencer's Death
I'd like to change to pastense, it's extremely unlikely that NBC/Warner Bros. would try to swap another actor in the same role. Any objections to pastense? -66.191.144.82 07:19, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * While it's unlikely that another actor would be put in the role, the character hasn't died yet - it's in limbo. Once the episode of his death screens, then the pronouns should be changed. Ambi 07:39, 30 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Done, unhappily.Jm307 00:55, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I have reverted these changes because of literary present tense. Fictional works are always discussed in the present tense, even if the character dies. — Scm83x hook 'em 01:05, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Something about Leo and Josh's relationship
Considering the father/son thing they had going on....idk... seems like it warrants some mention.

Leo's Funeral Wasn't at National Cathedral
I went ahead and changed the location of his funeral to the Cathedral of Mary our Queen in Baltimore, where the scene was filmed. As far as I know, there was no effort to pass it off as the National Cathedral -- it's clearly a different venue than in 2x22 ("Two Cathedrals.")

Incidentally, they filmed a scene at CMQ for 7x20 ("The Last Hurrah.") The private school that Santos and his wife are seen walking away from is the cathedral's primary school.--68.55.31.179 08:31, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Leo's funeral wouldn't be at the National Cathedral because the National Cathedral is Episcopalian and Leo was Catholic.

However the reference made just after the service to his being buried at Arlington National Cemetery in a few minutes (I thnk by C.J.) rules out the fictional use of the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen being used as the funeral venue since CMQ is in Baltimore - a good strong hour's drive even in little traffic from Arlington. As a result may I suggest that the statement about his funeral being at CMQ be amended to his funeral was filmed at CMQ?

It's my guess that given their druthers the writers/fictional "powers that be" would have probably chosen either the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception or the Cathedral of St. Matthew as local D.C. Catholic churches of impressive size and appropriate stateliness for a funeral of such magnitude. It would not have been without precedent to choose the Shrine as it has been used for a First Family wedding - as one of President Johnson's daughters was married there and Pope John Paul II visited. The argument to be made in favor of the Cathedral of St. Matthew is that it is where President Kennedy's funeral mass was and where Pope John Paul II said mass.

However, actually getting permission to film and having the place all to themselves which was possible at CMQ and highly unlikely at either the Shrine or St. Matthew's was, I suspect the deciding factor in the end. This is one occasion that we are supposed to suspend our knowledge of the real world and pretend! By the way - the interior shots are of a church in suburban L.A. - not CMQ. Makalaka 03:38, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Spoiler tag?
I question the value of the spoiler tag, which I for now have removed. If you're going to mention his changing jobs, and running for VP, and his death upon being elected, all in the intro paragraph, a spoiler warning after that is somewhat pointless. The only way to rectify this is to spoiler the entire article, or only mention that he begins the series as Chief of Staff in the intro, and explain his changes of position under the spoiler tag. TheHYPO 07:24, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree and have adjusted the article accordingly. --Hnsampat 15:32, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Some people are spoiler crazy, front loading an article with the very last event and putting the biggest spoiler possible front and centre, what where they thinking? This spoils things for anyone new to the series or who has not watched the entire series yet. I have reordered the article to keep it chronological, that makes it easier for people to only spoil as far as they have watched in the series. Horkana 00:04, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Spoilers are not a good reason to re-order an article. One of the most significant things about the character is the way his death fundamentally reshaped the end of the series. This information belongs in the lead. Spoiler warnings are nice, but spoiler concerns cannot be allowed to cause us to rearrange information unsatisfyingly or counter-intuitively. Phil Sandifer 01:12, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Leo's death didn't really "fundamentally reshape" the series. Sure, the show's creators may have had to rewrite some season 7 plot points and that is significant information, but it is not significant enough to merit being placed in the lead. I mean, the deaths of any main characters on any shows lead to significant changes, but that doesn't mean we have to put the details of that information front and center. --Hnsampat 01:27, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * If I recall correctly, interviews suggest that prior to Leo's death they were leaning towards a Vinick victory. And the final episodes refocused it so that the show was very, very much about Leo's legacy - the memorial service and the "Bartlet for America" napkin. And the lead should serve as a one-paragraph intro to the major stuff you need to know. Any lead for the article should end with something like "John Spencer's unexpected death in early 2006 led to the character having to be written out of the show and to the final episodes having to be rewritten heavily," as this is some of the most important out-of-universe information regarding the character. Phil Sandifer 02:10, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

I am aware of that and, like I said, Spencer's death resulted in rewriting of season 7. However, the intro to the article is about his and Leo's role throughout the series. So, it is important information to have in the article, but we shouldn't have it up front. To use a different example, the death of actor John Ritter had a huge effect on 8 Simple Rules. (In fact, you could argue that it effectively ended the show.) But, the article for the show doesn't have Ritter's death in the intro; it has a separate section for it. Likewise, if a separate article were to exist for Ritter's character, Paul Hennesy, it would not have "The death of actor John Ritter had a huge impact on the show" in the introduction; it would have a separate section for it. Likewise, John Spencer's death is a significant event and must be mentioned in the article, but it does not belong in the introduction to the article. --Hnsampat 04:54, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * But the lead should be a summary of the rest of the article. If, as you say, it is a significant event, it belongs in the intro.  Morwen - Talk 13:44, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

I have to disagree with that last point. A lead is an introduction and, while it does some summarizing, it is not meant to be a summary per se. For example, the Josiah Bartlet article does do some summarizing of his character (i.e. he's an idealized liberal president, etc.) but it doesn't summarize all the major events in his life (the assassination attempt, Zoey's kidnapping, etc.) Leo's death affected the last seven episodes of season 7, not the 154-episode series as a whole. Right now, with the event relatively fresh in our minds, we give his death undue weight. When you look at the series as a whole, it wasn't nearly as significant. Even if John Spencer's death resulted in the writers changing the winner of the election, this isn't an event so significant that we have to mention it up front. I mean, the entire 3rd season of The West Wing was about the fallout from Bartlet's MS, and yet we don't mention his MS in the lead of the Josiah Bartlet article. Bottom line: we don't need to introduce Leo by saying "Leo McGarry is the White House Chief of Staff to Josiah Bartlet on The West Wing....He died of a heart attack near the end of the last season of the show." --Hnsampat 16:25, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

His Father's suicide
I added a line regarding the suicide of Leo's father. I shoudl think that tis would be a somewhat important event in the guys life. Anyway, the line was removed. If it was done because someone doubted it happening... Leo talks about it directly in the "Taking Out the Trash Day" (1.13)

Eric Baker
At the end of the show, we know that Santos is planning on nominating Eric Baker as his VP. However, we do not actually see Baker get confirmed, so we don't know if he actually ever becomes VP. Likewise, we don't know that Baker is then nominated as the Democratic nominee for VP in the next election. Assuming that Baker did become Santos' VP, it could happen that Santos decides not to have Baker on the ticket with him when he runs for re-election. Therefore, it is improper to list Eric Baker as the next Democratic VP nominee. --Hnsampat 21:39, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Leo's USAF Rank
I added a reference to Leo's rank, which is the only time it's mentioned in the series. In the episode "Process Stories", Leo and Jordon are dancing, all the while flirting with each other. During this time, Jordon says "Colonel", referring to a colonel standing at the door behind Leo -- which he doesn't see -- and Leo says "yes ma'am", which implies that his rank was also Colonel. If I got the reference format wrong, feel free to correct it :) -- 64.164.69.221 09:43, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Ehhhh, I think that's fairly debatable as a reference. In the context of the scene it's very likely that Leo simply assumed Jordan was still flirting with him and was flirting back.  Unless anybody knows of some more solid evidence, I think it's fair to remove this reference. Shoemoney2night (talk) 07:45, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm positve that the President once introduced Leo as 'Lieutenant Colonel, United States Air Froce'. levret (talk) 19.28, 30 March 2009
 * Which episode? --Hnsampat (talk) 19:27, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Vice President-elect
I have removed "Vice President-elect" from Leo's list of job titles. The reason for this is that he died several hours before being elected Vice President. Hence, Leo never was Vice President-elect, just as he never went on to become Vice President, either. At the time he died, he was nothing more than the Vice Presidential candidate. --Hnsampat 19:56, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
 * The RNC in conference with/approval of Santos, would've chosen Santos' new running-mate. That 'new vice presidential candidate' would've received the vice presidential electoral votes in December 2006, and thus become vp-elect. GoodDay (talk) 22:27, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe this to be incorrect. Santos had the opportunity to hastily name another running mate before the election polls were closed and did not as he stated..... "Leo was on the ticket, if I win he wins".  Therefore Leo McGarry's name remained on the ticket til thee election concluded.  Even as the show progressed the Vice President position was OFFERED to Arnold Vinick (Alan Alda) but he ultimately never accepted the role and instead assumedly accepted the role of Secretary of State.  No one ever officially replaced Leo McGarry and Santos never named a V.P even after Santos was sworn in which ultimately means the ticket of Santos/McGarry won thee election and would therefore mean McGarry would have to be the Vice President-elect albeit post mortem.  Senator Baker's name was mentioned multiple times but there was never any action taken on that before the conclusion of the show.  So I submit to you that Leo McGarry would remain in place until such replacement is named AND confirmed by Congress!! BigMacOle1 (talk) 19:23, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Age
In the episode "Requiem", set just after the presidential election in 2006, Vice President Russell comments that Leo was 58 at his death. This places his birthdate in either 1948 or very late in 1947. This should, in my view, be included in the article, if only because it's one of the few times a leading character's age is mentioned on the show (the other is Toby, who is canonically established as born in 1954). Cprhodesact 06:58, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Maybe I'm splitting hairs here...
But technically, Leo wasn't divorced until the second season. He and his wife were separated as of season one's Five Votes Down, but the divorce papers weren't finalised until The Portland Trip. Shoemoney2night (talk) 08:15, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Leomcgarryfuneral.jpg
Image:Leomcgarryfuneral.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 23:38, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Leopold Thomas McGarry
In the season 2 episode 3 pre-title sequence, CJ calls McGarry "Leopold" so I'm guessing Leo is short for that name and not Leonard or something else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.1.222.140 (talk) 17:20, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

 * She's joking. Also, in the 3rd season episode "Bartlet for America" and in the 6th season finale "2162 Votes," Leo's full name is given as "Leo Thomas McGarry." --Hnsampat (talk) 18:43, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

1997?
Currently, the article reads "In 1997, he travels to New Hampshire in an attempt to persuade his old friend Governor Josiah Bartlet to run for the Democratic presidential nomination". This is probably nitpicking, but it was never explicitly stated the year Leo first pitched Bartlet the idea of running for President. In fact, the producers seemed to go out of their way to never nail down the time frame in which the series was set. Granted, in late 1999 when the show premiered, it was strongly implied the President was inaugurated less than a year earlier, which would have put the election in late 1998, meaning the campaign would likely have started in real-world 1997. But it was never stated whether the series was set in the same time in which it aired. The fact at the elections in which Bartlet was elected occurred 2 years removed from real-world presidential elections--not to mention the Santos/Vinick campaign having began a year early and concluding with an election in real-world April, would suggest references to years are inaccurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aoystreck (talk • contribs) 03:14, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Leo's appearance
Is information about the way Leo dresses notable? Seems to me that it's trivia and somewhat speculative, no? Plus, aren't we also injecting our own opinions into the article by including a section based on the premise that Leo's style of dress is "unusually conservative"? I've removed the section in question (see the diff here), but what are the thoughts of the community on this? --Hnsampat (talk) 11:54, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's relevant, and I do agree it's all fairly subjective. Shoemoney2night (talk) 23:35, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * So, based on our mini-discussion here, I had removed the section in question. However, an IP user (who I suspect is the same person who added it to begin with) has reverted my removal, without explanation and without contributing to the discussion here, despite my requests to contribute here before reverting. The only communication with the user who added the section has been through edit summaries and on my talk page, where the user has been rather hostile, accusing me in no uncertain terms of claiming ownership of this article, suggesting that I "consider jumping into a lake," and calling me "pathetic" on multiple occasions. I don't want to set off any kind of revert war here (enough reverting has gone on for a while) and so I would like to please build some consensus here. I argue that the section is completely non-notable and based strictly on an opinion (i.e., that Leo dresses "conservatively"). What are the thoughts of the community? --Hnsampat (talk) 06:07, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree. It's not at all notable enough to warrant its own section and is very subjective, with no secondary sources to back it up. - Shoemoney2night (talk) 23:06, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I also agree. Unless a source is found that discusses the appearance of the character in a way that is consistent with that editor's contributions, I don't think that it really asserts itself as something deserving of its own section.  At this point, it's somewhere between not being notable, original research and synthesis.  Celarnor Talk to me  23:00, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * In addition to all of this, I am quite frustrated that the user who keeps adding this refuses to participate in this duscussion. I have done my best to assume good faith, but it seems clear from this article's edit history and from the many messages I have left on the talk pages of this user's various IP addresses that this anonymous user doesn't merely neglect to participate or abstain from participating but has instead consciously refused to participate. I have raised the matter at WP:ANI and am seeking guidance on how to deal with this. --Hnsampat (talk) 23:29, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I believe that if an editor refuses to discuss their edits - either on the article's talk page or on their talk page - good faith becomes moot. One anon IP hit 4 reverts yesterday; I warned them at 4 and they stopped.  If they had been warned at 3 they could have been reported at 4.  While it is frustrating dealing with editors who ignore any attempt at consensus-building, I'd urge restraint and calm - avoid edit-warring, warn the editor  when they hit 3 reverts, and  report them when they hit 4 reverts.  Hopefully they'll either get bored or realise they need to discuss changes that don't - yet - have consensus. FWIW, with a decent cite I believe there could be a reference to Leo's appearance in the article, but without a decent cite it's purely subjective.  I'm inclined to assume good faith in as much as it's possible the anon simply doesn't understand the need for citing external sources rather than inserting our own views.  This flag once was red   01:53, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Edit-War continues, I've listed the article at WP:RFP. --PaterMcFly (talk) 08:33, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

Acting choices
I was listening to a DVD commentary the other day in which Aaron Sorkin and Tommy Schlamme were discussing John Spencer's attention to detail in his acting choices - for instance, that Leo would never wear his jacket unbuttoned in front of the president, which is why he'll often buttoning his jacket while he's walking into the Oval Office. Would this count as relevant, or is it a little too trivial? - Shoemoney2night (talk) 23:06, 24 May 2008 (UTC)
 * My gut instinct is that it's too trivial. However, we could possibly include it if we find other commentary about Spencer's acting choices when it comes to Leo. Usually, though, my instinct is that acting choices are generally non-notable unless an acting choice leads to something significant and memorable (e.g., Robert De Niro ad-libbing "You talkin' to me?" while filming Taxi Driver). --Hnsampat (talk) 23:55, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

I'm not sure on it but I think I disagree with you Hnsampat :) - something thats rare because given what you've said on most of this disucssion, u know ur stuff. But I think this might be combined with some of that edit-war stuff that happened (it wasn't me!) when you argued over his appearance. Can I refer you to the episode in Season 7 called Requiem. The funeral of Leo's death and when the staff members went up to the residence with the President to talk about his life. And they laughed about his suits. How he had probably never worn the same suit twice. Then someone said they were Italian when another staffer (can't remember now) corrected that person and said they were British. Then Annabeth Schott said he wore pink shirts and peach shirts that CJ laughed he couldn't pull off. Bartlet mentioned Leo was a heavy smoker. That isn't mentioned here either. The edit war wager said Leo was conservative in his appearance. That was a stupid remark. But certainly there merit behind the idea of the article. We never see Leo out of a suit unless he is wearing PJs. We can make an article about how Leo was very particular about his appearance. So we can talk about his extensive suit collection and how he chose to appear in front of the President (buttoning the jacket) - he even admitted himself he pays attention to appearance when he told the nurse who was looking after him that he will take medical and dietary advice but when she tries to tell him not to wear a suit he replies he aint taking fashion advice. The President noticed it when Leo came in the middle of a night wearing a suit. President was very casual and said to Leo, why are you in a suit, its the middle of the night. Leo said i didnt wear a neck tie. This is a hell of a lot of information we could include in an article about Leo. It's another side to him that viewers and the actual dialog picks up about him. Let's see where this disucssion goes :) But it's paramount we include the fact he was a heavy smoker. We should do the same on the Josiah Bartlet article (except he no longer a heavy smoker, just the occassional). Sorry for the long entry just trying to make my case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.185.37.66 (talk) 16:28, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Here's the problem. We're engaging in original research here. We've come up with our own conclusion (i.e., Leo is particular about his dress) and are now looking for evidence to support that conclusion. But, in Wikipedia, we can only include what has been reported on in multiple reliable independent third-party sources. If there are reliable third-party sources out there somewhere that have commented this extensively on Leo's appearance, then we can regroup for discussion. However, as it stands it's just our observations, which we can't use as the basis of a Wikipedia article. Also, despite any mention by Bartlet, I don't think I've ever seen Leo smoke even once. Thanks for your comments! :) --Hnsampat (talk) 18:42, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Okay I totally understand about the appearance stuff. I guess the only third party stuff is the stuff someone said about Leo buttoning his jacket. Anyway, on the smoking stuff, I remember seeing Leo smoke outside the Oval Office once but cant remember the name. That doesnt matter, Leo was a very heavy smoker. Bartlet told the story about how he took Leo camping / fishing (in the episode Requiem, Season 7) took help him get over his addiction to cigarettes. Then when they're out in the middle of a lake fishing he has a nicotine fit and demands Bartlet take the boat back to shore. Bartlet tells him they aren't going until they fill their bucket up with fish. Leo takes the shot gun and starts shooting into the water, soon fishing start floating to the surface, he turns to Bartlet and says "now give me the damn bucket". This should DEFINITELY be included. So funny now I think about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.185.130.126 (talk) 14:42, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The episode you're thinking of featured Bartlet smoking outside the White House, not Leo. As far as Leo being a heavy smoker, what you're talking about sounds like something that the writers made up in one episode that was totally unsupported by anything we've seen in the rest of the series (the writers had a tendency to do that in the post-Sorkin years). I argue that it should not be included, because it seems like a trivial detail that is only mentioned in one episode. This isn't like Leo's heavy drinking, which formed the basis of several story arcs throughout the series. This is simply trivia. Thanks! --Hnsampat (talk) 15:42, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

No I'm not mistaken, I've seen Bartlet smoke in the series many times. In this episode I remember seeing Leo smoke outside the White House. And though you might not respect the work of the writers in the post-Sorkin years, you haven't got the right to ignore what they have written about the character. They have written into the character that he was a heavy smoker and so therefore, unless you suddenly have the authority to overrule the series' own dialog, I don't think you can dismiss it as a trivial detail. This is something apart of the character's history and should be included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.186.85.191 (talk) 15:43, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but I'm afraid you misunderstood what I was saying. I wasn't letting my opinion of the post-Sorkin writers obscure my objectivity. Rather, what I was pointing out was that the references to Leo's smoking are few and far between. My understanding from what you're telling me is that it was mentioned in one short piece of dialogue in one episode and he was supposedly seen smoking in another one (I'd appreciate an exact episode reference for both, if you could). This doesn't necessarily make it notable enough to mention in the article. Remember, the article is not supposed to be a collection of random facts or trivia about the character. The only characteristics we really should include are the ones that have received significant attention. For instance, Leo's alcoholism has received significant attention, both in the series and outside of the series. Up until you mentioned it, I never even noticed any reference to Leo smoking (not that my knowledge is the be-all, end-all when it comes to The West Wing). If you can find more evidence of Leo smoking having any kind of notability (such as it being reported on in reliable third-party sources), then we can talk about inclusion. But, as it stands, it's just a random fact grounded in very little. Remember, just because it's true doesn't automatically make it worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia. The article should only include notable information. The lone mention of Leo smoking is "interesting, but not notable" which is Wikipedia's exact definition of trivia. Thanks for understanding! --Hnsampat (talk) 15:59, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I have to agree with Hnsampat, this seems like a fairly trivial detail which probably doesn't warrant inclusion. I haven't seen the episode in which Jed tells the anecdote about Leo's smoking, but his smoking doesn't play a particularly notable role in the series.  To my knowledge, there are only two scenes in which he's smoking - one is a flashback in "Bartlet for America" when he relapses into drinking, and the other is in "Angel Maintenance" when the President's life is potentially in danger when something goes wrong with Air Force One (and Sorkin does like to use cigarettes as dramatic tools - ie. the symbolic cigarette butt in the church in "Two Cathedrals").  I don't think that's as notable as Jed's smoking, which we not only see often but which is also referred to by other characters in several episodes.

 * (Also, I haven't seen many of the post-season 4 episodes so maybe I've missed some plot development, but is it accurate to call Jed a "reformed smoker"? As I remember it he smokes fairly regularly.  Or did he quit during the post-Sorkin years?) -Shoemoney2night (talk) 05:49, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

I'm trying to find the website but I read that the production team described him as a "reformed smoker who snuck a few now and again". I strongly believe though, given that Leo did die of a heart attack, we include some of his previous habits. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.211.146.93 (talk) 04:18, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

 * But we should only include notable habits. Leo's alcoholism and drug abuse were discussed extensively on the show. Supposedly, Leo's smoking was only mentioned once. His wardrobe was given more attention than his smoking, and we already decided that not even his wardrobe is notable enough to be mentioned. So, his smoking shouldn't be included, either. --Hnsampat (talk) 15:15, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Edit protection - edit request
Would it be possible to remove the section "Appearance and Taste", per the discussion above? All editors except one seem to agree that this is uncited, subjective and not relevant to the article; the only editor who disagrees is a dynamic IP (I'm assuming all the opposition anons are the same since they're all Telstra Internet IPs from Canberra) who refuses to discuss the matter either here, on their numerous talk pages (User talk:121.222.234.76, User talk:124.177.105.158) and who seems to have civility problems with editors who disagree with them. This has been discussed at WP:ANI, but it's a difficult situation to resolve as the editor's IP address changes regularly and the editor won't discuss.

Cheers! This flag once was red  08:46, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

 * ✅ Cheers, PeterSymonds (talk)  13:46, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you, it's appreciated! This flag once was red   04:00, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Religion?
Why is Leo's religion listed as Catholic? In the whole of the West Wing, I don't recall there ever being any mention of his religious beliefs —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.46.178.216 (talk) 23:37, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * In "The Short List" (season 1, episode 9), Josh describes Leo as "Boston Irish Catholic." --Hnsampat (talk) 00:53, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * In addition, as some have discounted that line, he has a Catholic funeral in "Requiem."--Tim Thomason 10:53, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Secretary of Labor?
Is it certain that Leo McGary was supposed to have been "Secretary of Labor?" I seem to recall that it was "Secretary of Defense." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.127.212.149 (talk) 01:49, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It was definitely Secretary of Labor. --Hnsampat (talk) 10:21, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It's mentioned several times throughout the series as Labour. -mattbuck (Talk) 11:40, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

manner as CoS
I think a note on his style as Chief of Staff is appropriate. I would call it self-righteous, dictatorial and verging on always being the smartest person in the room. Thoughts? 66.67.32.161 (talk) 22:23, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leo McGarry


text:
Swansea Airport

Swansea Airport (Maes Awyr Abertawe) is located in the middle of Fairwood Common on the Gower Peninsula 6 mi to the west of Swansea, Wales.

Operations
Swansea Airport has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P867) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee, fixed wing light aircraft experience flights and flying lessons are conducted by the Cambrian Flying Club, microlight flying lessons are also conducted by the Gower flight centre. The airport has two runways: 04/22 and 10/28. A part of the disused runway 15/33 is now used as taxiway Bravo.

The airport is mainly used to handle helicopters and privately-owned aircraft. The Wales Air Ambulance used to operate from the airport but has now moved to a purpose-built site

The airport is also used by corporate aircraft as well as police, military and naval helicopters.

Several small general aviation companies such as experience flight, Gower flight centre and Cambrian flying club conduct fixed-wing pilot training; and parachuting operations; from the airport.

As of 1 October 2023, the landlord, the City and County of Swansea has initiated legal proceedings to reclaim the lease from Swansea Airport Ltd, with the Court Hearing listed for 16 September 2024, after the CAA suspended the operating license for systemic failure of safety rules. The council have also been liaising with Swansea Airport Stakeholders Alliance, a group of operators and supporters regarding the interim operation of the airport to protect the locally-based businesses.

Facilities
Located on the eastern part of the site is the airport's only terminal building. The control tower is integrated into the terminal building. The airport has two hangars. The airport is covered by CAT1 fire cover.

The airport may be reached via the A4118, running through the Gower Peninsula. Being quite distant from any major routes and having to use mainly suburban roads, it takes approximately 20 minutes to reach from the nearest M4 junction.

History
Swansea Airport was built on what was originally common land during the Second World War. The aerodrome was declared operational on 15 June 1941 as RAF Fairwood Common, after taking nearly a year to develop. It was built as a day and night fighter station within 10 Group RAF Fighter Command. The aerodrome became a sector station in October 1941, taking on the responsibility for the air defence of South and West Wales including shipping in the Bristol and St George's Channels.

The aerodrome fulfilled a variety of military roles during the Second World War, with the addition of an Armament Practice Camp in October 1943 which expanded into an Armament Practice Station in July 1945 following which it went into 'care and maintenance' in October 1946. Finally decommissioned by the RAF in spring 1949, private flying started in July 1949 with the formation of Swansea Flying Club at the renamed Fairwood Common Airfield. The airfield hosted a number of air races and motor/motorcycle races but it was not until 1957 that Swansea Corporation allowed Cambrian Airways to run the airport for them on a commercial basis. Renamed Swansea Airport, it was officially opened on 1 June 1957 with Cambrian Airways inaugural flight arriving from Jersey. Then in the following 12 years, a variety of airlines operated through the airport with varying degrees of success. Cambrian Airways operated services to Jersey and Guernsey; and Morton Air Services operated a service to Gatwick. Scheduled regular flights then ceased in 1969. During the 1970s and 1980s, mostly ad hoc and summer charter flights continued to operate, mainly by Dan Air/Skyways. However, for a period at the end of the 1970s Air Anglia flew a Piper PA-31 Navajo Chieftain on a year-round scheduled service linking Norwich and Newquay via Birmingham and Swansea.

The 1990s saw the arrival of Heli-air Wales to the airport, and so began the era of Helicopter Training in South Wales. In April 2000, Swansea entrepreneur Martin Morgan via his company Jaxx Landing Ltd., bought the remaining lease. Ambitious plans were put in place to upgrade the then run-down facilities. The airport changed ownership again in 2003, when the Morgans sold their interest in the airport to Swansea Airport Limited, owned by Air Wales owner and director Roy Thomas, who was appointed CEO of the airport company. With the take over of the airport by Jaxx Landing, activity at the airport began to increase: the Welsh Air Ambulance service based a MBB Bö 105 helicopter at the airport in March 2001. In August 2001, gliders of 636 VGS moved from Aberporth back to Swansea Airport. In March 2016 636 VGS was disbanded and the Wales Air Ambulance helicopter moved to a new base in Dafen, Llanelli at the end of May 2016

Air Wales used the airport between October 2001 and October 2004, offering flights to Dublin, Cork, Amsterdam, Jersey and London. However, the venture was not successful. After 18 months of operation, Air Wales's owner Roy Thomas had invested more than £3.25 million of his personal fortune into the airport. The venture received only one tenth of the passengers needed to make the business viable. The final straw came when the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority demanded that the airport's landing lights be improved at a cost of £350,000. Roy Thomas decided to pull out of Swansea Airport and concentrate Air Wales's operations at Cardiff International Airport instead. Since 29 October 2004, there have been no scheduled flights operating from the airport.

From 2008 to 2011 the airport was the base for the Yak-52 formation aerobatic team 'Team Osprey'. In Spring 2014 a new formation aerobatic team was formed at the airport with Vans aircraft, Team Raven displaying in the 2014 and 2015 air show seasons with 5 aircraft increasing to 6 by mid-July 2016.

Development of the airport
The Welsh Assembly Government is conducting studies into improving the facilities at the airport as part of the transport infrastructure development strategy for the whole of Wales. These improvements may require some public sector support. Development proposals include: a new terminal building, new hangars, upgraded operating facilities, new fencing and a new access road.

There has been widespread local opposition against the idea of further development of the airport. The main concerns are: the impact on the internationally important Special Area of Conservation which almost surrounds the airport; noise from the increased number of flights at the airport; and the negative impact of the development of the airport on the local scenery, since Gower is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. In addition, the undulating and boggy common land beyond the airport perimeter fence to the North East makes extension of the runway (Runway 04/22) difficult.

The airport website does not rule out aircraft chartering to/from Swansea, although being an unlicensed aerodrome, this would be at the operators' own risk and subject to insurance conditions.

title: Swansea Airport


text:
Lake Fork Reservoir

Lake Fork Reservoir is a reservoir located in Wood, Rains, and Hopkins counties in the state of Texas, between the towns of Quitman, Alba, Emory, and Yantis, Texas.

It was impounded by the Lake Fork Dam in 1980, and reached its normal pool surface elevation of 403.0 ft above mean sea level in 1985. It consists of 27264 acre, offers 315 mi of shoreline, and has a drainage area of 493 sqmi. The dam is 12410 ft in length and impounds Lake Fork Creek, a tributary of the Sabine River, and other major creeks are Big Caney and Little Caney.

The dam and reservoir with a maximum capacity of 675819 acre.ft are owned and operated by the Sabine River Authority, a state agency.

It officially serves as a reservoir for Dallas and its suburbs. However, it is best known for its fishing, as it holds 15 of the top 20 Texas State Record largemouth bass ever caught, making it one of the premier trophy bass fishing lakes in the world.

Fishing
Lake Fork Reservoir was created as a textbook fishery, including initial stockings before the lake filled. Lake Fork Reservoir was established, by the Texas Parks and Wildlife, as a premier bass fishing lake, with 732,514 Florida-strain largemouth bass being stocked from 1979 through 1987. Lake Fork Reservoir offers excellent fish habitat with 80% standing timber left intact, and hydrilla, milfoil, and duckweed being the predominant vegetation. Other species of fish include catfish, sand bass, yellow bass, black and white crappie, sunfish, bowfin, gar, and bluegill. The predominant food source for the larger fish is shad, minnows, and crawfish.

To preserve the great Lake Fork Reservoir bass fisheries, the Texas Parks and Wildlife implemented a protected slot limit of no bass between 16 and 24 in will be kept, and will be returned into the waters of Lake Fork immediately. A five bass per day limit can be kept, consisting of five-under 16 in, or one-over 24 in, and four-under 16 in.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, the Lake Fork Reservoir has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded at Lake Fork Reservoir was 108 F on July 19, 2006, while the coldest temperature recorded was -7 F on February 16, 2021.

Resources

 * source: Army Corps of Engineers, and USGS

title: Lake Fork Reservoir


text:
7 (Madness album)

7 (also known as Madness 7) is the third studio album by the English ska and pop band Madness. Released in October 1981, it peaked at No. 5 on the UK Albums Chart. All but one track was recorded at Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas in the summer of 1981, the exception being "Grey Day" which was recorded in London earlier in the year. Although in 2011 co-producer Alan Winstanley stated in the Guided Tour of Madness boxed-set that much of the album was re-recorded in London when they returned from Nassau.

Track listing
There were several different versions of the album released throughout the world. Some territories removed the not so tourist-friendly "Day on the Town" while others replaced it with "Never Ask Twice (a.k.a. Aeroplane/Airplane)", which was issued on the "Shut Up" 12" single in the UK. In Belgium "Never Ask Twice" was issued on a one-sided 7" single with initial copies of the album. France renamed "Day on the Town" as "A Place in the City". Australia added "It Must Be Love" and "Never Ask Twice", Spain replaced "Cardiac Arrest" with "It Must Be Love" and Japan added "In the City", which was issued there as a single after it was initially written for and used to promote Honda City cars in television commercials.

Initial vinyl pressings featured different mixes of some tracks (most notably "Mrs Hutchinson" and "Day on the Town"), which haven't been used since.

2010 reissue
In 2009 and 2010, Madness re-released their entire back catalogue of studio albums up until 1999's Wonderful with a bonus CD and extra tracks. 7 was reissued by Union Square Music's collector's label Salvo on 12 April 2010.

 * CD 1
 * The original album
 * *The first disc contains the thirteen tracks from the original album plus four promo videos.

 * The promo videos
 * 1) Grey Day
 * 2) Shut Up
 * 3) It Must be Love
 * 4) Cardiac Arrest

 * CD 2

Personnel
Madness
 * Graham "Suggs" McPherson – lead vocals
 * Mike Barson – piano, organ, vibes, marimba, tubular bells
 * Chris Foreman – guitar, sitar
 * Mark Bedford – bass
 * Lee Thompson – saxophones, burps, squeaks, lead vocals on track 10
 * Daniel Woodgate – drums, congas
 * Chas Smash – backing vocals, trumpet

Technical
 * Clive Langer – producer, engineer
 * Alan Winstanley – producer, engineer
 * Arun Chakraverty – mastering
 * Stella Artwork – cover
 * C-More – cover
 * Mike Putland – photography

2010 reissue
 * Dale Griffin – producer on Richard Skinner session
 * Mike Engels – engineer on Richard Skinner session
 * Tim Turan – remastering
 * Martin 'Cally' Callomon – art direction, design
 * David Quantick – liner notes

title: 7 (Madness album)


text:
Norrie disease

Norrie disease is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disorder that primarily affects the eyes and almost always leads to blindness. It is caused by mutations in the Norrin cystine knot growth factor gene, also referred to as Norrie Disease Pseudoglioma (NDP) gene. Norrie disease manifests with vision impairment either at birth, or within a few weeks of life, following an ocular event like retinal detachment and is progressive through childhood and adolescence. It generally begins with retinal degeneration, which occurs before birth and results in blindness at birth (congenital) or early infancy, usually by 3 months of age.

Patients with Norrie disease may develop cataracts, leukocoria (where the pupils appear white when light is shone on them), along with other developmental issues in the eye, such as shrinking of the globe and the wasting away of the iris.

In addition to the congenital ocular symptoms, the majority of individuals afflicted by this disease develop progressive hearing loss caused by vascular abnormalities in the cochlea. Hearing loss usually begins in early childhood and may be mild at first before becoming more progressive by the third or forth decade of life.

Roughly 30-50 percent of those affected by the disease might encounter cognitive challenges, learning difficulties, incoordination of movements or behavioral abnormalities. These developmental delays often surpass those expected from their visual impairment alone. Additionally, behavioral issues such as psychosis, aggression, and cognitive decline may manifest in patients. Intellectual disabilities have been observed in 20-30% of cases, while dementia, though uncommon, can emerge in late adulthood. About 15% of patients are estimated to develop all the features of the disease.

Due to the X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance, Norrie disease affects almost entirely males. Only in very rare cases, females have been diagnosed with Norrie disease; cases of symptomatic female carriers have been reported. It is a very rare disorder that is not associated with any specific ethnic or racial groups, with cases reported worldwide (including cases in North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Australasia). While more than 400 cases have been described, the prevalence and incidence of the disease still remains unknown.

Presentation
The most prominent symptoms initially observed in Norrie disease are ocular. Initial characteristics are usually identified at birth or in early infancy, with parents often noticing abnormal eye features or that their child fails to show a response to light. The first visible finding is leukocoria, a grayish-yellow pupillary reflection that originates from a mass of disorganized tissue behind the lens. This material, which possibly includes an already detached retina, may be confused with a tumor and thus is termed pseudoglioma. However, an affected baby may have a normally sized eye globe and unremarkable iris, anterior chamber, cornea and intraocular pressure. Over the first few months of life, complete or partial retinal detachment evolves. From infancy through childhood, the patient may undergo progressive changes in the disease. Disease progression often includes vitreoretinal hemorrhages, the formation of cataracts, deterioration of the iris with adhesions forming between the iris and the lens or the cornea, and shallowing of the anterior chamber which may increase intraocular pressure, causing eye pain. As the situation worsens, there is corneal opacification, where the cornea becomes opaque, and band keratopathy. Intraocular pressure is lost and the globe shrinks. In the last stage of Norrie disease, the globes appear small and sunken in (phthisis bulbi) and the cornea appears to be milky.

Auditory symptoms are common with Norrie disease. Progressive hearing loss has been reported to occur in 85–90% of patients and onset is generally in childhood and before the patient reaches their mid-20s. Early hearing loss is sensorineural, mild and asymmetric. By adolescence, high-frequency hearing loss begins to appear. Hearing loss is severe, symmetric, and broad-spectrum by the age of 35 years. However, studies show that while hearing deteriorates, the ability to speak well is highly preserved. The slowly progressing hearing loss is more problematic to adjust to than the congenital blindness for most people with Norrie disease.

Additional characteristics
Individuals with Norrie disease can also have cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Developmental delay or learning difficulties are present in about 30 to 50% of males who have Norrie disease. Psycho-social disturbances and poorly characterized behavior abnormalities may also be present. In a study reporting extraocular manifestations in 56 patients with Norrie disease, conditions reported included cognitive impairment (28% of patients), behavioral issues, for example autism spectrum disorder (27% of patients presented with autism or autism-like disorders), neurological features, including seizure disorders and epilepsy (16% of patients reported seizures or seizure history), and peripheral vascular disease (38% of patients).

Additionally, children with visual impairment have been shown to struggle establishing regular sleep/wake cycles due to reduced light perception impacting on their understanding of night and day; this can impact on the individual's behavior, mood and cognitive ability. Consistent with this, some case reports of Norrie disease patients have reported the presence of sleep disorders.

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) has also been associated with Norrie disease. In a study of 56 patients with Norrie disease, 21 patients (38%) reported PVD (including varicose veins, peripheral venous stasis ulcers and erectile dysfunction). Due to the known role of the protein norrin in the vascular development of the eye and inner ear, as well as the association with PVD, norrin is thought to have an important angiogenic role in the body.

Genetics
Norrie disease is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the NDP gene, located on Xp11.4 (GeneID: 4693). It is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. This means that almost only males are affected. Sons of affected men will not have the mutation, while all of their daughters will be genetic carriers of the mutation. Female carriers usually show no clinical symptoms, but will pass the mutation to 50% of their offspring. Daughters with the mutated gene will also be, like their mother, asymptomatic carriers, but 50% of their sons will express clinical symptoms.

Females are very unlikely to express clinical signs. However, there have been a few rare cases where females have shown symptoms associated with Norrie disease such as retinal abnormalities and mild hearing loss. Additionally, cases of symptomatic female carriers have been reported. One possible scenario that could lead to a female case of Norrie disease is if both of their copies of the NDP gene bear mutations, which could be the case in consanguineous families or due to a spontaneous somatic mutation. Another explanation for affected females could be skewed X-chromosome inactivation. In this latter case, carrier females with one mutated NDP allele could have a higher proportion of defective norrin being expressed, leading to the presentation of symptoms of Norrie disease.

The NDP gene
Norrie disease is caused by a mutation in the Norrin cystine knot growth factor gene, also known as the Norrie disease (pseudoglioma) gene or NDP gene. Mutations could include splicing or mis-sense mutations, as well as partial or full gene deletion. The normal function of the NDP gene is to produce the instructions for creating a protein called norrin. For the normal development of the eye and other body systems, norrin is believed to be crucial. Norrin also appears to be crucial in the specialization of the cells of the retina and the establishment of a blood supply to the inner ear and the tissues of the retina. The role of norrin in the specialization of retinal cells for their unique sensory function is impeded by the mutation of NDP. This results in an accumulation of immature retinal cells in the back of the eye. When norrin's role in the establishment of blood vessels supplying the eye is disrupted, the tissues cannot develop properly.

Norrin is not only important in the development of the eye. The mutation of the NDP gene can affect other systems of the body as well. The most severe problems are caused by chromosomal deletions in the region of the NDP gene, causing the prevention of the gene product, or even that of the neighboring MAO genes. When the mutations simply change a single amino acid in norrin, the effects are less widespread and severe. However, the location and type of the NDP mutation does not necessarily determine the degree of severity of the disease, since highly varying clinical signs have been diagnosed in patients carrying exactly the same mutation. Therefore, the involvement of other modifying genes is very likely. On the other hand, if certain structurally important amino acids are changed (e.g. the cysteines forming the putative cystine knot), the clinical outcome has been shown to be more serious.

Diagnosis
Norrie disease and other NDP related diseases are diagnosed with the combination of clinical findings and molecular genetic testing. Molecular genetic testing identifies the mutations that cause the disease in about 95% of affected males. Clinical diagnoses rely on ocular findings. Norrie disease is diagnosed when grayish-yellow fibrovascular masses are found behind the eye from birth through three months. Doctors also look for progression of the disease from three months through 8–10 years of age. Some of these progressions include cataracts, iris atrophy, shallowing of anterior chamber, and shrinking of the globe. Children with the condition either have only light perception or no vision at all.

In addition to its use for initial diagnosis, molecular genetic testing is used to confirm diagnostic testing (such as diagnosis by ocular examination), for carrier testing females, prenatal diagnosis, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. There are three types of clinical molecular genetic testing. In approximately 95% of males, mis-sense and splice mutations of the NDP gene and partial or whole gene deletions are detected using sequence analysis. Deletion/duplication analysis can be used to detect the 15% of mutations that are submicroscopic deletions. This is also used when testing for carrier females. The last testing used is linkage analysis, which is used when the first two types are unavailable. Linkage analysis is also recommended for those families who have more than one member affected by the disease.

MRI is often used to diagnose the retinal dysplasia that occurs with the Norrie disease. However, the retinal dysplasia can be indistinguishable on MRI from persistent fetal vasculature, or the dysplasia of trisomy 13 and Walker–Warburg syndrome.

For families with an existing history of Norrie disease, genetic counselling and in utero diagnosis of Norrie disease may be considered. In utero diagnosis has been reported to include genetic testing by amniocentesis and ultrasonography to examine fetal eyes. Confirmation of diagnosis on the first day of life by ophthalmological examination under anesthesia has also been reported in some cases.

Management
Ocular, auditory and behavioral management are the most common areas of intervention and treatment for patients with Norrie disease. For ocular (eye) management, often patients already have complete retinal detachment at birth, or by the time of diagnosis, so surgical intervention is often not offered. However, there is some evidence for the benefit of early surgery or laser therapy for cases where retinal detachment is incomplete. Surgery may also be used to treat increased intraocular pressure and in rare cases enucleation (removal) of the eye is considered to control pain.

A high proportion (85–90%) of individuals with Norrie disease experience progressive hearing loss in their second decade of life. In most cases, use of hearing aids has been shown to be effective into middle or late adulthood. For more significantly impaired hearing, cochlear implants may also be considered.

30-50% of individuals with Norrie disease have been reported to present with developmental delay or cognitive impairment. Additionally, behavioral issues have also been reported. Supportive intervention and therapy, for example working with speech and language therapists and occupational therapists, can be used to maximize educational opportunities for these individuals. Furthermore, training of teachers and school counselors on how to best support children with vision and hearing impairment can be extremely beneficial.

Routine monitoring of individuals with Norrie disease is recommended to best manage the disease. This includes regular follow-up with an ophthalmologist, even when vision is severely compromised. Additionally, due to the high proportion of individuals with Norrie disease who develop hearing loss, regular monitoring of hearing loss is beneficial to allow any hearing loss to be detected early and then correctly managed. More recently, the use of dual sensory clinics has been proposed to provide improved care to patients living with conditions such as Norrie disease. For example, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), London are building a new Sight and Sound center, with the aim of improving the patient experience for individuals with conditions such as Norrie disease. The benefits of dual sensory clinics include improved communication between the different health care professionals (HCPs) involved in management of Norrie disease (e.g. ophthalmologists and audiologists) as well as allowing more consistent training of staff on best practices for managing and interacting with individuals with sensory impairment.

Individuals with Norrie disease can often feel isolated from society due to difficulties in communication. In cases where hearing loss is also experienced, this psychological burden has been shown to increase. For example, a number of Norrie disease patients have been reported to experience transient depression correlating with the onset of hearing loss. Because of this, the provision of emotional support to individuals with Norrie disease can be as important as clinical treatment strategies in terms of improving their quality of life and reducing disease burden.

Research
Research into understanding Norrie disease and how to improve the lives of those with Norrie disease is ongoing. For example, research is taking place at Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL GOSICH) to study the developmental changes in the ear and eye in Norrie disease, with the hope to understand how to improve current treatment strategies. The group at UCL GOSICH is focusing particularly on the hearing loss aspect of the disease, and whether it might be possible to treat by gene therapy.

History
In 1961, a Danish ophthalmologist named Mette Warburg reported on a Danish family that showed seven cases of a hereditary degenerative disease throughout seven generations. The first member of the family to be thoroughly studied was a 12-month-old boy. At the child's examination at three months, it was noticed that he was normal except that his lens appeared to be opaque and his irises were deteriorating. The area behind his lens was filled with a growing yellowish mass. Five months later, his left eye was removed due to suspicion of retinoblastoma, a cancerous tumor on the retina. A histologic examination showed a hemorrhagic necrotic mass in the posterior chamber, surrounded by undifferentiated (immature, undeveloped) glial tissue. The diagnosis included a pseudotumor of the retina, hyperplasia of retinal, ciliary, and iris pigment epithelium, hypoplasia and necrosis of the inner layer of the retina, cataract, and phthisis bulbi. The physician had suspected a tumor, although it emerged that it was a developmental defect that led to the malformation of inner parts of the eye. Because the eye was not functional, cells had already begun to die (necrosis) and the eye globe began to shrink due to its dysfunction (phthisi bulbi). In this Danish family, five of the seven people in these cases developed deafness later in life. Also, in four of the seven, mental capacity was determined to be low. After Warburg researched literature under various medical categories, she discovered 48 similar cases which she believed were caused by this disease as well. She then suggested this disease be named after another famous Danish ophthalmologist, Gordon Norrie (1855–1941). Norrie was greatly recognized for his work with the blind and for being a surgeon at the Danish Institute for the Blind for 35 years. The NDP gene was previously named the “Norrie disease (pseudoglioma)” gene, which is still used widely when referring to NDP. However, the current approved name for NDP is “Norrin cystine knot growth factor”.

Culture
There are two patient organizations for people affected by Norrie disease. The Norrie Disease Association (NDA) was founded in 1994 and is a US-based non-profit organization aiming to provide information and support to people living with Norrie disease and their families. The NDA holds a conference on Norrie disease every three years in Boston, US. The Norrie Disease Foundation (NDF) is a UK-based charity established in 2016. The main aims of NDF are to provide support for families and promote pioneering research into Norrie disease. They organize two family days a year where families with Norrie disease can come together to share experiences, meet each other and build relationships and supportive networks. The websites for both patient organizations contain useful information for patients and their families about the disease.

title: Norrie disease