text:
Talk:Mobile computing

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2019 and 14 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Connornak1.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 04:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

working to improve
I plan on working to improve the mobile computing page by providing more organization of more detailed information. The existing article will have more improved information on what is meant by mobile computing along with related content such as portable computerized devices used, the impacts that mobility has on different components, and as well as the interactions of using mobile computing. Sd0903 (talk) 17:29, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

no i dont think so mobile computing is itself a new research area and to be explores as a separate topic in greater details. sunil mtech wireless communication IIITA

This definition of mobile computing is too narrow: "Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage." What about someone using a tablet computer at home? I would consider this mobile computing although that doesn't necessarily fit this definition. How about something like "Mobile computing is human-computer interaction that takes place on computers that may be transported by a person during normal usage." Kenanwang (talk) 22:09, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

hai raja — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.211.25.9 (talk) 10:20, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

Your ideas whether to merge.... James Dalley
I think if merging is plausable, thoughy i think mobile computer would be a sub section of mobile computing as this is part of the whole overview. JD

Mobile computing is considered a market segment and is understood as such. merged computing is currently undifined and can mean anything.

PAL

mob.comp. is really a booming sectore in itself. its the need of the day, as no one wants to carry heavy laptops. the demand for mobile computing will lead to more advanced mobile computing. defffinetly one can say its the its the need of the day and requerement of the future. >>>>  Raj_in_niit@yahoo.com  <<<<<<  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.226.200.72 (talk) 11:12, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

What is actually written here doesn't really qualify as mobile computing IMHO. This is more of a page for portable computers then mobile computing, it needs a lot of work to deserve it's own page. Corki118 (talk) 19:37, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

I think this topic Mobile Computing is not big enough, it is for a quick reference only. While Mobile Computer topic is vast enought for everyone to understand everything about Mobile Computing also.

[in_side_the_pc@yahoo.com]

Hi, i really think the pages should be merged as they are both explained better when in the context of each other. Tobi Adesanmi (Nigeria)

Maintain As Separate Topics
___ This section covers the activity of Mobile Computing which reaches into the topics of mobile communications, mobile computing, mobile asset tracking, wireless dispatch, AVL, mobile digital video, and so on. So Mobile Computers may be a segment of Mobile computing, but I suggest we let these flourish separately and encourage cross linking between the sections. I will work on more content as well. _B1

The main problem with this page is that the phrase "mobile computing" defines itself adequately, just as do "red sock" and "big apple." Ask yourselves does the world need a long, erudite exploration of the history, uses, implications and structural characteristics of red socks? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.251.186.204 (talk) 19:33, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

Internet tablet vs. PDA
What's the practical difference between a PDA and an Internet tablet? Has the media ever drawn a distinction between the two? If a smartphone is a PDA with a cellular radio, then Android must be a PDA operating system, yet Archos 43 is marketed under the name Internet tablet. --Damian Yerrick (talk | stalk) 01:51, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

Taxonomy
We should think carefully about the overall taxonomy of computing devices. Perhaps "mobile" devices are not the same as portable ones. I'm thinking that mobile devices have cellphone capability, whereas portable computers only have Wi-Fi. Will that distinction become more or less significant with time? I don't know. Here is what I see as the taxonomy:

Desktops Portables Laptops Tablets Slate (no physical keyboard) Convertible (physical keyboard that can be disconnected or stowed under, behind the screen) Netbooks Ereaders with Wi-Fi Mobile devices Smartphones Personal hotspot devices 71.228.129.246 (talk) 17:53, 19 February 2013 (UTC)j. parsons
 * Supercomputers
 * Mainframes
 * Servers
 * Personal Computers:

Yes I agree that this is a key discussion point. Right now there are different articles on: mobile device mobile internet device smartphone mobile phone tablet computers

The tricky part of this discussion is that different viewpoints inspire different taxonomies. Here is a blog post that I wrote on the definition of mobile (with an emphasis on tablets): http://www.appcentral.com/blog/are-tablets-mobile

Kenanwang (talk) 22:02, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

"by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage" Huh? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 8.225.200.133 (talk) 22:18, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

"Mobile personal computer" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Mobile personal computer. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 November 15 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Jay (talk) 04:42, 23 November 2021 (UTC)
 * A suggestion at the RfD was to have some sort of merge  Jay (talk) 04:52, 23 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mobile computing


text:
Apensen

Apensen is a municipality southwest of Hamburg (Germany). Apensen has a population of about 3,000, the area of 20.74 km2 and belongs to the district Stade, Lower Saxony.

It belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1823 the Duchy was abolished and its territory became part of the Stade Region.

Apensen is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde ("collective municipality") Apensen.

Twin towns
Apensen is twinned with
 * POL Kolbuszowa COA.svg Kolbuszowa in Poland 🇵🇱

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Apensen


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Genetic Wuz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:11, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Genetic Wuz
''I've tried to move the personal attacks/conversation below the line. Please put votes above it. --Xcali 21:06, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)''

Once you filter out the crossrhythms site which lists every album on every page, you get ~30 hits. Obvious vanity, article written in first person. --Xcali 15:20, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete for above reason and for the butchering of the english language.--Kross 15:36, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * but the entry was only put up today so maybe you should wait and see. And besides I could find alot of bands on this encyclopedia that YOU (Xcali) don't know. And you there mr. "Butchering the english language", if only english first language people wrote on this site it would be SO much smaller. --80.229.167.70 16:29, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. First off, don't create a new header just for a comment. Second, where did I say only english speakers should be allowed to edit Wikipedia? Oh wait, thats right, I didn't.--Kross 16:36, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Just trying to make the point that the reason that Wiki is a user based encyclopedia is so people can correct mistakes aswell. Don't knock just correct. --Granted 16:42, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * I may not know them, but if they're notable, Google probably will. If Google doesn't, then it's up to the Wikipedians to decide. --Xcali 18:13, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Excuse me but Google does know them --Granted 19:01, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong delete: user seems to not be open to contributing in a positive sense to wikipedia. jglc | t | c 17:13, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * SEEMS not to be?... your going to have to tell us how a page about a music group (that some people would obviously want to read) can be negative?
 * --Granted 17:31, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Nobody wants to read your garbage. By wasting our time to delete your nonsense, you are affecting the Wikipedia community in a negative manner. jglc | t | c 22:44, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Right, you are having a go at a page that is about a music band from Denmark, but you overlook the complete 40-year-old living with his parents, humping a blow-up dole nerd? His page is a freaking “list of ancient Jedi"? How about you get rid of that useless piece of crap, and keep something that is actually relevant to this plant, and not another Galaxy someone called Nigel cares about?
 * (unsigned comment by User:81.156.248.154 —Wahoofive (talk) 18:08, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC))

 * Delete fails WP:MUSIC—Wahoofive (talk) 18:08, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment User:Grant Fletcher is being pretty petty and tried (half assly) to VFD an article I created. Next time, use this, sport.  By the way, I pride myself in being a nerd, geek and dork.--Kross 18:13, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Relax Kross, I never accused you of being a nerd, geek or dork. Plus (this is for Wahoofive) if U start talking about WP:MUSIC then maybe u should read point 5: stating that if the band has been featured in major media then it is worth hearing about. Half of the entry is a reveiw from a music magazine. And at the bottom of the entry is a link to a radio station that plays the album quite often.--Granted 18:35, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * That would make it a copyright violation, then, would it not? Also, I don't think I'd refer to Crossrhythms as "major music media." It's a nice publication (I've read a couple issues), but it's still a niche publication. I don't think your comments on this page aren't helping your cause.--Xcali 20:10, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Deanna (Revolution Radio) - I enjoy playing Genetic Wuz. They have a unique sound which portrays the younger musicians in Europe who are having a go. I'm sick of commercial music. Its rubbish! Genetic Wuz is fresh and creative, which in my opinion shows up a lot of the commercial music we play it along side. I think this album is taking the next generation of musicians in another direction - young people are wanting to be different, to stand out, more than other generations have in the past. Of this, I'm a massive supporter. Unsigned edit by
 * This is 84.92.81.108's first edit. --Xcali 20:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Right guys here is the deal! Why are we having a frikin sh1tfit over the Christian version of Slipknot? This stuff belongs in the bible and not in an encyclopedia. This is the place where I copy paste my history essays from.
 * Ummm....and being a nerd is not a good thing to be and foreigners should not be allowed to post on wiki.....ah crap that counts me out.
 * Anyway Granted rules....but grant is a (genetic) wuz...???!!!???
 * 20:13 June 14 2005 (manually added the date yay)
 * Unsigned comment by  ''

 * Well since this many people know this band then I think it should stay on. --Granted 19:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Who? A bunch of puppets?  They don't carry much clout around here. --Xcali 20:04, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * NO WAY! KICK IT KICK IT! WE WANT NERD NEWS! Unsigned comment by  ''
 * 172.212.142.34's only edits have been to this page. --Xcali 20:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong delete. The above discussion is enough evidence, I think. jglc | t | c 20:05, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry. voted twice. jglc | t | c 22:45, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well seeing that we have had the Star Wars complication, it looks like we have hit the X-Men one too. Where do all you sad gitts come from? I didn’t know our Ex-colonial friends grew them, in such vast numbers. So I have to finish off with something a very famous Irish man thought of:
 * “America is the only country that went from barbarism to decadence without civilization in between.”
 * Sorry chaps but there is more room for something real, then an 8ft tall teddy-bare with a stupid name, and a man with iron claws in his arm… Scipio Aemilianus
 * Pseudo-signed edit by

 * While you're going on about nationality and race, how about this: Go get drunk. jglc | t | c 13:50, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - My sensors detect a sockpuppet overload. --FCYTravis 20:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep it. How is the above discussion evidence enough? what point are you trying to pull atention to? I have a point to pull atention to: If we look at what Wiki itself states in WP:MUSIC point 5: stating that if the band has been featured in major media then it is worth hearing about. As I said half of the entry is a reveiw from a music magazine (a mag is media guys) and at the bottom of the entry is a link to a radio station that plays the album quite often (plus one of the DJ's posted her own opinion). There should be no more discussing: keep the page (WP:MUSIC says so). (and are those puppet remarks directed at me? give a reason FCYTravis). --Granted 20:30, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The sockpuppet remarks are directed at the jillions of unsigned new users voting here with no other contributions. Those are considered sockpuppets. As to your other point, airplay on one station and an article in one minor magazine does not meet WP:MUSIC criteria. Regardless, the sockpuppet tactics will backfire because articles supported by sockpuppets generally tend to attract real delete votes on principle. --FCYTravis 20:36, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * WP:MUSIC is not a set of rules. Allow me to quote: "This page gives some rough guidelines which we might use to decide if a musical topic is notable" (emphasis mine).  You have also failed to establish how this group meets the criteria on that page.  --Xcali 20:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete nn band vanity, sock-puppet supported. --Etacar11 20:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Trying to figure this lark out. vanity maybe but that is because I know more than anyone on the subject (though half of this article has now been deleted anyway). There are other people other than me who have looked at this site aswell. Plus I knew many people who wanted to hear a non-bias opoion about this band and how can they get it of of there official website. So if WP:MUSIC is not a set of rules then we have nothing to go by. except it does state that wiki editors like to use it as guidelines when deciding what to delete meaning this article would be fine. Criteria was radio and magazine coverage aka major media. Plus I remember someone saying crossrythms is a minor magazine? well sorry America but over here in Europe we might just have some different magazines than you do over there. Plus GW has been played on more radio stations than one (mostly in the UK though, sorry USA you miss out). --Granted 21:17, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The problem is that we don't have evidence of the notability of this group. They may be played on radio stations, but we've got no way of knowing it.  Just getting on a few radio stations may not be enough.  Had you read my comment, I said that I was familiar with Crossrhytms.  I event went so far as to try find its circulation numbers, but I failed in that attempt.  I stick by my original statement--it's a niche magazine for those heavily into Contemporary Christian Music.  Finally, an English wikipedia will tend to be somewhat US-centric due to the number of English speaking internet users in the US versus the number of English speaking internet users outside the US.  It's a systemic bias that we constantly have to deal with here.  --Xcali 21:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * My group has been played on the radio twice or thrice. It doesn't mean jack squat. I don't deserve a wikipedia entry, and neither do these guys. jglc | t | c 22:50, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, sock puppet and personal attack limits have both been exceeded. RickK 21:57, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * I was just going to ask where RickK had been :-) Sockpuppet limit was reached a while ago. Delete as minorbandcruft supported by anonymous sockpuppets. Hermione1980 22:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Does not seem to pass WP:MUSIC, and there's a surplus of sockpuppets. --Carnildo 22:38, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. No evidence of notability and these sockpuppet edits are just oo much... Despite that, good luck in the future and maybe we can write about you someday once you do meet the notability guidelines. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 23:18, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. At this stage, they appear not to be notable enough to warrant inclusion at this stage. The heavy presence of socks detracts from the cause. Capitalistroadster 01:25, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete if only for the impoliteness of supporters. Also, non-notable. Xoloz 05:06, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established. JamesBurns 05:56, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Commenting again. Okay I can see you guys (except for a few of you) don't think this band is important enough to mention on the (non-paper) wikipedia at the moment though I have tried to establish that such things as the fact that it has had frequent radio play in the UK and that it has had a larger feature in a magazine. Maybe you guys don't think that is enough. It is obviously one music geek Vs. quite a few SW and comic book geeks (not trying to be offencive by the way, Kross admits it). Okay here is the thing: Sick of the sock puppet larck (what the heck is up with the not liking new people). You do know there are lots of people that use this site that don't have users right? well whatever guys it is up to the boys upstairs to decide i guess (wish i was one). oh yeah Sasquatch has been the biggest dude yet (except for DJ Dea of revolution radio) --Granted 13:22, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because whenever a band gets a huge defense from a bunch of anonymous users, it makes me think that they're in Wikipedia to get notability, not because of notability. --Scimitar 14:09, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * comment to Scimitar. Well the name is so odd you would have to know the band allready to find them on wikipedia. You wouldn't just random search would you now.--Granted 17:55, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Every little band with a 7" has their own Wikipedia page. As long as they're not hi-jacking a title (and I don't think that Genetic Wuz is likely to refer to anything else) there's little harm in letting the page stay. Pburka 16:47, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Guys, listen to yourselves, you sound like old women!? Don’t you have anything better to do then go and criticize someone’s page? So what if the English is broken? They are foreign for goodness sakes! And I agree with the statement that if you took of all the foreign contributions, there would be little left. So stop being such nurds and get a freaking life, rather then hammering on something so trivial? Unsigned edit by
 * If it's so trivial, then it shouldn't be in an encyclopedia. --Xcali 18:13, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I would just like to mention that you are not a nerd. Nerds do well in school and then end up making lots and lots of money, such as Bill Gates and even the giver of life to this sad and pointless being, namely Start Wars, George Lucas. You on the other hand have achieved nothing. Nerds are good and what they do best, for example, figuring out how to get to the moon. Something worthy of society, whereas you have done nothing except written down a few people who don’t exist. So don’t pride in something you are not. 18:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)Scipio Aemilianus Pseudo-signed edit by
 * Comment: User's only edits are to this page and to the "List of ancient Jedi" VfD discussion. --Xcali 20:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well to be honest, its not like you are doing anything to contribute… Unsigned edit by
 * My 1000+ edits speak for themselves. Your 0 edits outside of VFD space speak for themselves as well - via deafening silence. --FCYTravis 20:44, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That is a very sad thing to admit, 1000+, do you have a life? And on the point of Sockpuppeting, I don’t even know Genetic Wuz, but someone has to tell a jerk that he is one. This is probably the single biggest reason why Americans are hated across the world. I can only restate what I have said before:
 * “America is the only country that went from barbarism to decadence without civilization in between.” Unsigned edit by
 * First you say I'm not doing anything to contribute then you attack me for having a lot of contributions. Which is it? Get your personal attacks straight please. --FCYTravis 20:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Your contributions to the “Wuz” referral are minimal if that, and I don’t care how many contributions to exhaust pipe licking you have made. Unsigned edit by
 * I don't contribute to articles that ought to be deleted as unencyclopedic. I vote to delete them. Thanks for playing. --FCYTravis 20:54, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Anyway, this has been thoroughly entertaining. I wish to thank you all for you help in giving me a rather enjoyable evening, even if it was at your expense. For this I salute you, my ex-colonial friends. May King George V look down in delight…what a fine nation Unsigned edit by

 * for crying out you guys this guy just put on something personal thats all. Just give him the page don't you have anything else to do? Go and critize other sites which contain racisim or anyother of abusive stuff! Unsigned edit by
 * First edit ever by User:Ceasium. --Xcali 19:58, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah so does it matter???? i just found out what i could actually do with Wikipedia and found out that this was possible after i saw it was up for deletion and i read all the reasons and arguments, i found it so ridiculous that i thought that i might as well say something. give him the site he is not doing any harm is he????--213.78.64.116 20:05, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not only is it his first edit ever, its his *only* edit. Same with you.  Question: Would the encyclopedia have entries for every small time musical group, especially one that hardly registers any hits on Google?  Didn't think so.  Like the others have said, maybe if Genetic Wuz becomes famous or even more notable, then they can have a page on Wikipedia.  Maybe this'll make a nice goal for them. :)--Kross 23:07, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Matthew 4:7

Matthew 4:7 is the seventh verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Satan has transported Jesus to the pinnacle of the Temple of Jerusalem and told Jesus that he should throw himself down, as God in Psalm 91 promised that no harm would befall him. In this verse, Jesus quotes scripture to rebuff the devil.

Content
The original Koine Greek, according to Novum Testamentum Graece, reads:
 * ἔφη αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς πάλιν γέγραπται
 * οὐκ ἐκπειράσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου.

In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
 * Jesus said unto him, It is written again,
 * Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God.

The World English Bible translates the passage as:
 * Jesus said to him, "Again, it is written,
 * ‘You shall not test the Lord, your God.’"

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 4:7.

Analysis
As in his response to the first temptation in Matthew 4:4 Jesus again responds by quoting scripture. This quotation comes from a verse that comes two chapters before that quoted in 4:4. As with the earlier quotation it uses the exact translation found in the Septuagint. In this section of Deuteronomy Moses is instructing the Israelites on proper behaviour. In full Deuteronomy 6:16 reads "Do not test the Lord your God as you did at Massah." This is a reference to the events of where the Israelites wandering in the desert doubted God was with them (cf. ; ff). This passage is thus seen as the clearest evidence that the temptation narrative shows how Jesus avoided making the same errors as the Israelites. The quoting of Moses' dictate is also seen as a rejection of Antinomianism. Satan had originally quoted from Psalms, but Fortna notes that Jesus replies with a more fundamental verse by quoting from the Torah.

Thomas Long notes that after the child Jesus had followed the journey of Israel into Egypt, the adult Jesus retraced the adventure of Israel in the wilderness. The temptations that Jesus faced echoes the very temptations, even in the same order, that the Israelites experienced after the exodus from slavery in Egypt (Exodus 16, 17 and 19–32).

In the Gospel of Luke this temptation is the final one, and that is the ordering most commonly used by Christians. By tradition after Jesus rebuffs Satan it is Satan who plummets from the top of the temple, something frequently depicted in art and recounted in some detail in Paradise Regained.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Hilary of Poitiers: "Thus beating down the efforts of the Devil, He professes Himself both God and Lord."

Pseudo-Chrysostom: "Yet He says not, Thou shalt not tempt me thy Lord God; but, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God; which every man of God when tempted by the Devil might say; for whoso tempts a man of God, tempts God."

Rabanus Maurus: "Otherwise, it was a suggestion to Him, as man, that He should seek by requiring some miracle to know the greatness of God’s power."

Augustine: "It is a part of sound doctrine, that when man has any other means, he should not tempt the Lord his God."

Theodotus: "And it is to tempt God, in anything to expose one’s self to danger without cause."

Jerome: "the required texts are taken from the book of Deuteronomy only, that He might shew the sacraments of the second Law."

title: Matthew 4:7


text:
Garfunkel

Garfunkel is a Jewish surname that derives from Yiddish גאָרפֿינקל (gorfinkl), German Karfunkel, both ultimately from Latin Carbuncle (an archaic term for a number of red gemstones, usually red garnet), and may refer to:

 * Art Garfunkel (born 1941), American singer, poet and actor, best known as half of the folk music duo Simon & Garfunkel
 * Garfunkel (album), 1988 compilation album by Art Garfunkel
 * Jerome Garfunkel, American computer scientist notable for his work on COBOL, brother of Art Garfunkel
 * Sol Garfunkel (born 1943), American mathematician
 * Leib Garfunkel (1896–1976), Jewish advocate, journalist, politician in Lithuania
 * Garfunkel and Oates, American comedy-folk duo being Riki Lindhome and Kate Micucci
 * Riki Lindhome aka Garfunkel
 * Garfunkel and Oates (TV series), American comedy television series created by and starring the members of the titular musical duo above
 * Garfunkel's Restaurant, small chain of restaurants largely in the London, England area, but with branches in both Bath and Edinburgh

title: Garfunkel


text: Template:Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign

title: Template:Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign


text:
Co-insurance

In insurance, co-insurance or coinsurance is the splitting or spreading of risk among multiple parties.

In the United States
In the U.S. insurance market, co-insurance is the joint assumption of risk between the insurer and the insured. In title insurance, it also means the sharing of risks between two or more title insurance companies.

In health insurance
In health insurance, copayment is fixed while co-insurance is the percentage that the insured pays after the insurance policy's deductible is exceeded, up to the policy's stop loss. It can be expressed as a pair of percentages with the insurer's portion stated first, or just a single percentage showing what the insured pays. Once the insured's out-of-pocket expenses equal the stop loss, the insurer will assume responsibility for 100% of any additional costs. 70–30, 80–20, and 90–10 insurer-insured co-insurance schemes are common, with stop loss limits of $1,000 to $3,000 after which the insurer covers all expenses.

In property insurance
Co-insurance is a penalty imposed on the insured by the insurance carrier for underinsuring the value of the tangible property. The penalty is based on a percentage stated within the policy and the amount underreported.

In title insurance
Owner's title insurance policy forms of the American Land Title Association created between 1987 and late 2006, contain co-insurance clauses. For partial losses, they require the insured carry a percentage of the risk of loss in two circumstances. The first is if the insured did not insure its title for at least 80% of its market value at the time the policy was issued. In that case, the insurer will pay only 80% of the loss. The second is if improvements constructed on the property after the policy is issued increase the property's value by at least 20% above the amount of the policy. In that case, the insurer will pay a percentage of the claim equal to the ratio of 120% of the amount of insurance purchased divided by the sum of the amount of insurance and the cost of the improvements.

Co-insurance is also used among U.S. domestic title insurers in a manner similar to that described below for the international insurance market.

In other insurance
In some cases, including employer's liability insurance, co-insurance percent denotes a function analogous to the copay function that it has in health insurance, in which the insured covers a certain percentage of the losses up to a certain level.

In business income interruption insurance, a type of time-element insurance, the co-insurance percent indicates how long the coverage will last, and can range from 50% to 125%. The former co-insurance allows for 6 months of coverage, compared to 15 months for 125%.

title: Co-insurance


text:
Mast radiator

A mast radiator (or radiating tower) is a radio mast or tower in which the metal structure itself is energized and functions as an antenna. This design, first used widely in the 1930s, is commonly used for transmitting antennas operating at low frequencies, in the LF and MF bands, in particular those used for AM radio broadcasting stations. The conductive steel mast is electrically connected to the transmitter. Its base is usually mounted on a nonconductive support to insulate it from the ground. A mast radiator is a form of monopole antenna.

Structural design
Most mast radiators are built as guyed masts. Steel lattice masts of triangular cross-section are the most common type. Square lattice masts and tubular masts are also sometimes used. To ensure that the tower is a continuous conductor, the tower's structural sections are electrically bonded at the joints by short copper jumpers which are soldered to each side or "fusion" (arc) welds across the mating flanges.

Base-fed masts, the most common type, must be insulated from the ground. At its base, the mast is usually mounted on a thick ceramic insulator, which has the compressive strength to support the tower's weight and the dielectric strength to withstand the high voltage applied by the transmitter. The RF power to drive the antenna is supplied by a impedance matching network, usually housed in an antenna tuning hut near the base of the mast, and the cable supplying the current is simply bolted or brazed to the tower. The actual transmitter is usually located in a separate building, which supplies RF power to the tuning hut via a transmission line.

To keep it upright the mast has tensioned guy wires attached, usually in sets of 3 at 120° angles, which are anchored to the ground usually with concrete anchors. Multiple sets of guys (from 2 to 5) at different levels are used to make the tower rigid against buckling. The guy lines have strain insulators inserted, usually at the top near the attachment point to the mast, to insulate the conductive cable from the mast, preventing the high voltage on the tower from reaching the ground.

Even though they are insulated from the mast the conductive guy cables can act electrically as resonant antennas (parasitic elements), absorbing and reradiating radio waves from the mast, disturbing the radiation pattern of the antenna. To prevent this, additional strain insulators are inserted at intervals in the guy cables to divide the line into nonresonant lengths: Usually segments should be limited to a maximum of one-eighth to one-tenth wavelength ($$\ \tfrac{\ 1\ }{ 8 } \lambda \sim \tfrac{ 1 }{\ 10\ } \lambda\ $$).

Mast radiators can also be built as free-standing lattice towers, wide at the bottom for stability, narrowing to a slender mast. The advantage of this construction is the elimination of guy lines and thus reduction in land area required. These towers can have a triangular or a square cross section, with each leg supported on an insulator. A disadvantage is the wide base of the tower distorts the vertical current pattern on the tower, reducing the radiation resistance and therefore the radiated power, so guyed masts are preferred.

A country's national radio ministry usually has regulatory authority over the design and operation of radio masts, in addition to local building codes which cover structural design. In the US this is the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Plans for a mast must be approved by regulators before building.

Electrical design

A single mast radiator is an omnidirectional antenna which radiates equal radio wave power in all horizontal directions. Mast radiators radiate vertically polarized radio waves, with most of the power emitted at low elevation angles. In the medium frequency (MF) and low frequency (LF) bands AM radio stations cover their listening area using ground waves, vertically polarized radio waves which travel close to the ground surface, following the contour of the terrain. Mast radiators make good ground wave antennas, and are the main type of transmitting antennas used by AM radio stations, as well as other radio services in the MF and LF bands. They also can radiate enough power at higher elevation angles for skywave (skip) radio transmission.

Most radio stations use single masts. Multiple masts fed with radio current at different phases can be used to construct directional antennas, which radiate more power in specific directions than others.

Feed system
The transmitter which generates the radio frequency current is often located in a building a short distance away from the mast, so its sensitive electronics and operating personnel will not be exposed to the strong radio waves at the base of the mast. Alternatively it is sometimes located at the base of the mast, with the transmitter room surrounded by a Faraday shield of copper screen to keep radio waves out. The current from the transmitter is delivered to the mast through a feedline, a specialized cable (transmission line) for carrying radio frequency current. At LF and MF frequencies foam insulated coaxial cable is usually used. The feedline is connected to an antenna tuning unit (impedance matching network) at the base of the mast, to match the transmission line to the mast. This may be located in a waterproof box or a small shed called an antenna tuning hut (helix house) next to the mast. The antenna tuning circuit matches the characteristic impedance of the feedline to the impedance of the antenna (given by the graph below), and includes a reactance, usually a loading coil, to tune out the reactance of the antenna, to make it resonant at the operating frequency. Without the antenna tuner the impedance mismatch between the antenna and feedline would cause a condition called standing waves (high SWR), in which some of the radio power is reflected back down the feedline toward the transmitter, resulting in inefficiency and possibly overheating the transmitter. From the antenna tuner a short feedline is bolted or brazed to the mast.

There are several ways of feeding a mast radiator: Government regulations usually require the power fed to the antenna to be monitored at the antenna base, so the antenna tuning hut also includes an antenna current sampling circuit, which sends its measurements back to the transmitter control room. The hut also usually contains the power supply for the aircraft warning lights.
 * Series excited (base feed): the mast is supported on an insulator, and is fed at the bottom; one side of the feedline from the helix house is connected to the bottom of the mast and the other to a ground system under the mast. This is the most common feed type, used in most AM radio station masts.
 * Shunt excited: the bottom of the mast is grounded, and one side of the feedline is connected to the mast part way up, and the other to the ground system under the mast. The impedance of the mast increases along its length, so by choosing the right height to connect, the antenna can be impedance matched to the feedline.  This avoids the need to insulate the mast from the ground, eliminates the need for an isolator in the aircraft light power line and the electric shock hazard of high voltages on the base of the mast.
 * Folded unipole: this can be considered a variation of shunt feed, above. The antenna mast is grounded and a tubular "skirt" of wires is attached to the top of the antenna and hangs down parallel to the mast, surrounding it, to ground level, where it is fed. It has a wider bandwidth than a single tower.
 * Sectional: also known as an "anti-fading aerial", the mast is divided into two sections with an insulator between them to make two stacked vertical antennas, fed in phase. This collinear arrangement enhances low-angle (ground wave) radiation and reduces high-angle (sky wave) radiation. This increases the distance to the mush zone where the ground wave and sky wave are at similar strength at night.

Mast height and radiation pattern

The ideal height of a mast radiator depends on transmission frequency $$f$$, the geographical distribution of the listening audience, and terrain. An unsectionalized mast radiator is a monopole antenna, and its vertical radiation pattern, the amount of power it radiates at different elevation angles, is determined by its height $$h$$ compared to the wavelength $$\lambda = c/f$$ of the radio waves, equal to the speed of light $$c$$ divided by the frequency $$f$$. The height of the mast is usually specified in fractions of the wavelength, or in "electrical degrees"
 * $$G = 360^\circ {h \over \lambda}$$

where each degree equals $$\lambda/360$$ meters. The current distribution on the mast determines the radiation pattern. The radio frequency current flows up the mast and reflects from the top, and the direct and reflected current interfere, creating an approximately sinusoidal standing wave on the mast with a node (point of zero current) at the top and a maxima one quarter wavelength down
 * $$i(y) = I_\text{max}\sin (G - y)$$

where $$i(y)$$ is the current at a height of $$y$$ electrical degrees above the ground, and $$I_\text{max}$$ is the maximum current. At heights of a little less than a multiple of a quarter wavelength, $${1 \over 4}\lambda, {1 \over 2}\lambda, {3 \over 4}\lambda$$ ...(G = 90°, 180°, 270°...) the mast is resonant; at these heights the antenna presents a pure resistance to the feedline, simplifying impedance matching the feedline to the antenna. At other lengths the antenna has capacitive reactance or inductive reactance. However masts of these lengths can be fed efficiently by cancelling the reactance of the antenna with a conjugate reactance in the matching network in the helix house. Due to the finite thickness of the mast, resistance, and other factors the actual antenna current on the mast differs significantly from the ideal sine wave assumed above, and as shown by the graph, resonant lengths of a typical tower are closer to 80°, 140°, and 240°.

Ground waves travel horizontally away from the antenna just above the ground, therefore the goal of most mast designs is to radiate a maximum amount of power in horizontal directions. An ideal monopole antenna radiates maximum power in horizontal directions at a height of 225 electrical degrees, about $5⁄8$ or 0.625 of a wavelength (this is an approximation valid for a typical finite thickness mast; for an infinitely thin mast the maximum occurs at $$2\lambda/\pi$$ = 0.637$$\lambda$$)  As shown in the diagram, at heights below a half wavelength (180 electrical degrees) the radiation pattern of the antenna has a single lobe with a maximum in horizontal directions. At heights above a half wavelength the pattern splits and has a second lobe directed into the sky at an angle of about 60°. The reason horizontal radiation is maximum at 0.625$$\lambda$$ is that at slightly above a half wavelength, the opposite phase radiation from the two lobes interferes destructively and cancels at high elevation angles, causing most of the power to be emitted in horizontal directions. Heights above 0.625$$\lambda$$ are not generally used because above this the power radiated in horizontal directions decreases rapidly due to increasing power wasted into the sky in the second lobe.

For medium wave AM broadcast band masts 0.625$$\lambda$$ would be a height of 117 - 341 m, and taller for longwave masts. The high construction costs of such tall masts mean frequently shorter masts are used.

The above gives the radiation pattern of a perfectly conducting mast over perfectly conducting ground. The actual strength of the received signal at any point on the ground is determined by two factors, the power radiated by the antenna in that direction and the path attenuation between the transmitting antenna and the receiver, which depends on ground conductivity. The design process of an actual radio mast usually involves doing a survey of soil conductivity, then using an antenna simulation computer program to calculate a map of signal strength produced by actual commercially available masts over the actual terrain. This is compared with the audience population distribution to find the best design.

Anti-fading designs
A second design goal that affects height is to reduce multipath fading in the reception area. Some of the radio energy radiated at an angle into the sky is reflected by layers of charged particles in the ionosphere and returns to Earth in the reception area. This is called the skywave. At certain distances from the antenna these radio waves are out of phase with the ground waves, and the two radio waves interfere destructively and partly or completely cancel each other, reducing the signal strength. This is called fading. At night when ionospheric reflection is strongest, this results in an annular region of low signal strength around the antenna in which reception may be inadequate, sometimes called a "zone of silence", fading wall or mush zone. However multipath fading only becomes significant if the signal strength of the skywave is within about 50% (3 dB) of the ground wave. By reducing the height of a monopole slightly the power radiated in the second lobe can be reduced enough to eliminate multipath fading, with only a small reduction in horizontal gain. The optimum height is around 190 electrical degrees or 0.53$$\lambda$$, so this is another common height for masts.

Sectionalized masts
A type of mast with improved anti-fading performance is the sectionalized mast, also called an anti-fading mast. In a sectionalized mast, insulators in the vertical support members divide the mast into two vertically stacked conductive sections, which are fed in phase by separate feedlines. This increases the proportion of power radiated in horizontal directions and allows the mast to be taller than 0.625$$\lambda$$ without excessive high angle radiation. Practical sectionals with heights of 120 over 120 degrees, 180 over 120 degrees and 180 over 180 degrees are presently in operation with good results.

Electrically short masts
The lower limit to the frequency at which mast radiators can be used is in the low frequency band, due to the increasing inefficiency of masts shorter than a quarter wavelength.

As frequency decreases the wavelength increases, requiring a taller antenna to make a given fraction of a wavelength. Construction costs and land area required increase with height, putting a practical limit on mast height. Masts over 300 m are prohibitively expensive and very few have been built; the tallest masts in the world are around 600 m.  Another constraint in some areas is height restrictions on structures; near airports aviation authorities may limit the maximum height of masts. These constraints often require a mast be used that is shorter than the ideal height.

Antennas significantly shorter than the fundamental resonant length of one-quarter of the wavelength (0.25$$\lambda$$, 90 electrical degrees) are called electrically short antennas. Electrically short antennas are efficient radiators; the gain of even a short antenna is very close to that of a quarter-wave antenna. However they cannot be driven efficiently due to their low radiation resistance. The radiation resistance of the antenna, the electrical resistance which represents power radiated as radio waves, which is around 25–37 ohms at one-quarter wavelength, decreases below one-quarter wavelength with the square of the ratio of mast height to wavelength. Other electrical resistances in the antenna system, the ohmic resistance of the mast and the buried ground system, are in series with the radiation resistance, and the transmitter power divides proportionally between them. As the radiation resistance decreases more of the transmitter power is dissipated as heat in these resistances, reducing the efficiency of the antenna. Masts shorter than 0.17$$\lambda$$ (60 electrical degrees) are seldom used. At this height, the radiation resistance is about 10 ohms, so the typical resistance of a buried ground system, 2 ohms, is about 20% of the radiation resistance, so below this height over 20% of the transmitter power is wasted in the ground system.

A second problem with electrically short masts is that the capacitive reactance of the mast is high, requiring a large loading coil in the antenna tuner to tune it out and make the mast resonant. The high reactance vs the low resistance give the antenna a high Q factor; the antenna and coil act as a high Q tuned circuit, reducing the usable bandwidth of the antenna.

At lower frequencies mast radiators are replaced by more elaborate capacitively toploaded antennas such as the T antenna or umbrella antenna which can have higher efficiency.

Capacitive toploads

In circumstances in which short masts must be used, a capacitive topload (also known as top hat or capacitance hat) is sometimes added at the top of the mast to increase the radiated power. This is a round screen of horizontal wires extending radially from the top of the antenna. It acts as a capacitor plate; the increased current in the mast required to charge and discharge the topload capacitance each RF cycle increases the radiated power. Since the topload acts electrically like an additional length of mast, this is called "electrically lengthening" the antenna. Another way to construct a capacity hat is to use sections of the top guy wire set, by inserting the strain insulators in the guy line a short distance from the mast. Capacity hats are structurally limited to the equivalent of 15-30 degrees of added electrical height.

Grounding system
For mast radiators the earth under the mast is part of the antenna; the current fed to the mast passes through the air into the ground under the antenna as displacement current (electric field). The ground also serves as a ground plane to reflect the radio waves. The antenna is fed power between the bottom of the mast and ground so it requires a grounding (Earthing) system under the antenna to make contact with the soil to collect the return current. One side of the feedline from the helix house is attached to the mast, and the other side to the ground system. The ground system is in series with the antenna and carries the full antenna current, so for efficiency its resistance must be kept low, under two ohms, so it consists of a network of cables buried in the earth. Since for an omnidirectional antenna the Earth currents travel radially toward the ground point from all directions, the grounding system usually consists of a radial pattern of buried cables extending outward from the base of the mast in all directions, connected together to the ground lead at a terminal next to the base. The transmitter power lost in the ground resistance, and so the efficiency of the antenna, depends on the soil conductivity. This varies widely; marshy ground or ponds, particularly salt water, provide the lowest resistance ground. The RF current density in the earth, and thus the power loss per square meter, increases the closer one gets to the ground terminal at the base of the mast, so the radial ground system can be thought of as replacing the soil with a higher conductivity medium, copper, in the parts of the ground carrying high current density, to reduce power losses.

A standard widely used ground system acceptable to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is 120 equally-spaced radial ground wires extending out one quarter of a wavelength (.25$$\lambda$$, 90 electrical degrees) from the mast. No. 10 gauge soft-drawn copper wire is typically used, buried 4 to 10 in deep. For AM broadcast band masts this requires a circular land area extending from the mast 47 - 136 m. This is usually planted with grass, which is kept mowed short as tall grass can increase power loss in certain circumstances. If the land area around the mast is too limited for such long radials, they can in many cases be replaced by a greater number of shorter radials. The metal support under the mast insulator is bonded to the ground system with conductive metal straps so no voltage appears across the concrete pad supporting the mast, as concrete has poor dielectric qualities.

For masts near a half-wavelength high (180 electrical degrees) the mast has a voltage maximum (antinode) near its base, which results in strong electric fields in the earth above the ground wires near the mast where the displacement current enters the ground. This can cause significant dielectric power losses in the earth. To reduce this loss these antennas often use a conductive copper ground screen around the mast connected to the buried ground wires, either lying on the ground or elevated a few feet, to shield the ground from the electric field. Another solution is to increase the number of ground wires near the mast and bury them very shallowly in a surface layer of asphalt pavement, which has low dielectric losses.

Fencing
Base-fed mast radiators have a high voltage on the base of the mast, which can deliver a dangerous electric shock to a grounded person touching it. The potential on the mast is typically several thousand volts with respect to the ground. Electrical codes require such exposed high voltage equipment to be fenced off from the public, so the mast and antenna tuning hut are surrounded by a locked fence. Usually a chain-link fence is used, but sometimes wooden fences are used to prevent currents induced in a metallic fence from distorting the radiation pattern of the antenna. An alternate design is to mount the mast on top of the antenna tuning hut, out of the reach of the public, eliminating the need for a fence.

Aircraft warning lights
Antenna masts are tall enough that they can be a hazard to aircraft. Aviation regulations require masts to be painted in alternating strips of international orange and white paint, and have aircraft warning lights along their length, to make them more visible to aircraft. Regulations require flashing lights at the top, and (depending on height) at several points along the length of the tower. The high radio frequency voltage on the mast poses a problem for powering the warning lights: the power cable which runs down the mast from the lights to connect to the mains power line is at the high RF potential of the mast. Without protective equipment it would conduct radio frequency (RF) current to the AC power wiring ground, short-circuiting the mast. To prevent this a protective isolator is installed in the lighting power cable at the base of the mast which blocks the RF current while letting the low frequency 50 or 60 Hz AC power pass through up the mast. Several types of isolator devices have been used:

 * Austin transformer – this is a specialized type of isolation transformer made specifically for this use, in which the primary and secondary windings of the transformer are separated by an air gap, wide enough so the high voltage on the antenna cannot jump across. It consists of a ring-shaped toroidal iron core with the primary winding wrapped around it, mounted on a bracket extending from the concrete base below the antenna insulator, connected to the lighting power source.  The secondary winding which provides power to the mast lights is a ring-shaped coil that threads through the toroidal core like two links in a chain, with an air gap between the two. The magnetic field created by the primary winding induces current in the secondary winding without the necessity of a direct connection between them.
 * Choke – this consists of an inductor, a coil of fine wire wound around a cylindrical form. The impedance (resistance to AC current) of an inductor increases with the frequency of the current.  The isolation choke is a low pass filter, it is constructed to have a high impedance at radio frequencies which prevents the RF current from passing through, but negligible impedance at the lower 50/60 Hz mains frequency, so the AC power can pass through to the lights.   A choke is inserted in each of the 3 lines (hot, neutral, safety ground) that make up the power cable.  The low voltage end of each choke is bypassed through a capacitor to ground, so high voltage induced in the low voltage end by capacitive coupling through the interwinding capacitance of the choke is conducted to ground.
 * Parallel resonant circuit (trap) – this consists of an inductor and capacitor connected in parallel in the power line. The values of the inductance and capacitance are chosen so the circuit's resonant frequency is the operating frequency of the antenna.  A parallel resonant circuit has a very high impedance (thousands of ohms) at its resonant frequency, so it blocks the RF current, but low impedance at all other frequencies, allowing the AC lighting power through.  This circuit only blocks the specific frequency it is tuned to, so if the frequency of the radio transmitter is changed, the trap must be adjusted.

Lightning protection and grounding switch
At its base, the mast should have a lightning arrester consisting of a ball or horn spark gap between the mast and the ground terminal, so that current from a lightning strike to the mast will be conducted to ground. The conductor from the lightning arrester should go directly to a metal ground stake by the shortest path. The top of the mast should have a lightning rod to protect the top aircraft warning light. The mast should also have a DC path to ground, so that static electric charges on the mast can drain off. Also at the base is a grounding switch, which is used to connect the mast to the ground system during maintenance operations to ensure that there is no chance that high voltage will be present on the mast when personnel are working on it.

Colocated antennas
A tall radio mast is a convenient structure to mount other wireless antennas on, so many radio stations lease space on their towers to other radio services for their antennas. These are called colocated antennas. Types of antenna often mounted on mast radiators are: fiberglass whip antennas for land mobile radio systems for taxi and delivery services, dish antennas for microwave relay links carrying commercial telecommunications and internet data, FM radio broadcasting antennas consisting of collinear bays of twisted dipole elements, and cellular base station antennas.

As long as the colocated antennas do not operate at frequencies anywhere near the transmitting frequency of the mast, it is usually possible to isolate them electrically from the voltage on the mast. The transmission lines feeding RF power to the colocated antennas pose much the same problem as the aircraft lighting power lines: they have to pass down the tower and across the base insulator and connect to low voltage equipment, so without isolation devices, they will carry the high mast voltage and can short circuit the mast to ground. The transmission lines are isolated by low pass filter inductors consisting of helixes of coaxial cable wound on a nonconductive form.

History
The vertical or monopole antenna was invented and patented by radio entrepreneur Guglielmo Marconi in 1896 during his development of the first practical radio transmitters and receivers. He initially used horizontal dipole antennas invented by Heinrich Hertz, but was not able to communicate further than a few miles. He discovered by experiment that if he connected one terminal of his transmitter and receiver to a vertical wire suspended overhead, and the other terminal to a metal plate buried in the Earth, he could transmit for longer distances. Marconi's antennas, as well as most other vertical antennas through the 1920s, were constructed of wires suspended by wooden masts.

One of the first large mast radiators was the experimental tubular 420 ft mast erected in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden for his spark gap transmitter at Brant Rock, Massachusetts with which he made the first two-way transatlantic transmission, communicating with an identical antenna in Machrihanish, Scotland. However, during the radiotelegraphy era before 1920 most long-distance radio stations transmitted in the longwave band, which limited the vertical height of the radiator to much less than a quarter wavelength, so the antenna was electrically short and had low radiation resistance from 5 to 30 ohms. Therefore, most transmitters used capacitively toploaded antennas like the umbrella antenna or inverted L and T antenna to increase the power radiated. During this era, the operation of antennas was little understood, and designs were based on trial and error and half-understood rules of thumb.

The beginning of AM radio broadcasting in 1920 and the allocation of medium wave frequencies to broadcasting stations sparked an increase in interest in medium wave antennas. The flattop or T-antenna was used as the main broadcasting antenna through the 1920s. It had the disadvantage that it required two masts, twice the construction cost of a single mast antenna, far more land area, and parasitic currents in the masts distorted the radiation pattern. Two historic papers published in 1924 by Stuart Ballantine led to the development of the mast radiator. One derived the radiation resistance of a vertical monopole antenna over a ground plane. He found that the radiation resistance increased to a maximum at a length of a half wavelength, so a mast around that length had an input resistance that was much higher than the ground resistance, reducing the fraction of transmitter power that was lost in the ground system, eliminating the need for a capacitive topload. In a second paper the same year he showed that the amount of power radiated horizontally in ground waves reached a maximum at a mast height of 0.625$$\lambda$$ (225 electrical degrees). By 1930 the disadvantages of the T antenna led broadcasters to adopt the mast radiator antenna. One of the first types used was the diamond cantilever or Blaw-Knox tower. This had a diamond (rhombohedral) shape which made it rigid, so only one set of guy lines was needed, at its wide waist. The pointed lower end of the antenna ended in a large ceramic insulator in the form of a ball-and-socket joint on a concrete base, relieving bending moments on the structure. The first, a 665 ft half-wave mast was installed at radio station WABC's 50 kW Wayne, New Jersey transmitter in 1931. Radial wire ground systems were also introduced during this era.

During the 1930s the broadcast industry recognized the problem of multipath fading, that at night high angle waves reflected from the ionosphere interfered with the ground waves, causing an annular region of poor reception at a certain distance from the antenna. It was found that the diamond shape of the Blaw-Knox tower had an unfavorable current distribution which increased the power emitted at high angles. By the 1940s the AM broadcast industry had abandoned the Blaw-Knox design for the narrow, uniform cross section lattice mast used today, which had a better radiation pattern. It was found that reducing the height of the monopole mast from 225 electrical degrees to 190 degrees could eliminate the high angle radio waves that caused fading. Sectional masts were also developed in this era.

title: Mast radiator


text:
Atomic Trades and Labor Council

The Atomic Trades and Labor Council (ATLC) is a labor union umbrella organization, affiliated with the Metal Trades Department of the AFL–CIO, that serves as the bargaining unit representing about 2,100 workers employed by U.S. Department of Energy contractors at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

The ATLC was established in 1946 and was certified by the National Labor Relations Board on September 25, 1946, as the bargaining unit for Oak Ridge National Laboratory employees located at the X-10 site. It was certified to represent Y-12 employees in 1951.

The ATLC's members belong to 16 international unions and 17 local unions, including:
 * International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers Local 52
 * Service Employees International Union Local 166
 * International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers Local 453
 * United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners Local 50
 * International Chemical Workers Union Council of the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 715c / Local 252c
 * UNITE HERE Local 623
 * International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 760
 * International Association of Fire Fighters Local I-2
 * International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Local 480
 * International Union of Operating Engineers Local 900
 * International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and Canada Local 1805
 * United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada Local 718
 * International Association of Bridge, Structural, Ornamental and Reinforcing Iron Workers Local 384
 * Sheet Metal Workers International Association Local 5
 * International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local 519
 * Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association of the United States and Canada Local 78

ATLC currently has a four-year contract, from April 2009 through April 2013, with UT-Battelle that covers work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Its current contract with B&W Y-12, covering workers at Y-12, extends through June 22, 2013.

title: Atomic Trades and Labor Council


text:
DOS Plus

DOS Plus (erroneously also known as DOS+) was the first operating system developed by Digital Research's OEM Support Group in Newbury, Berkshire, UK, first released in 1985. DOS Plus 1.0 was based on CP/M-86 Plus combined with the PCMODE emulator from Concurrent PC DOS 4.11. While CP/M-86 Plus and Concurrent DOS 4.1 still had been developed in the United States, Concurrent PC DOS 4.11 was an internationalized and bug-fixed version brought forward by Digital Research UK. Later DOS Plus 2.x issues were based on Concurrent PC DOS 5.0 instead. In the broader picture, DOS Plus can be seen as an intermediate step between Concurrent CP/M-86 and DR DOS.

DOS Plus is able to run programs written for either CP/M-86 or MS-DOS 2.11, and can read and write the floppy formats used by both of these systems. Up to four CP/M-86 programs can be multitasked, but only one DOS program can be run at a time.

User interface
DOS Plus attempts to present the same command-line interface as MS-DOS. Like MS-DOS, it has a command-line interpreter called  (alternative name  ). There is an  file, but no   (except for FIDDLOAD, an extension to load some field-installable device drivers (FIDD) in some versions of DOS Plus 2.1). The major difference the user will notice is that the bottom line of the screen contains status information similar to:

DDT86   ALARM                  UK8 PRN=LPT1      Num    10:17:30

The left-hand side of the status bar shows running processes. The leftmost one will be visible on the screen; the others (if any) are running in the background. The right-hand side shows the keyboard layout in use (UK8 in the above example), the printer port assignment, the keyboard Caps Lock and Num Lock status, and the current time. If a DOS program is running, the status line is not shown. DOS programs cannot be run in the background.

The keyboard layout in use can be changed by pressing, and one of the function keys –.

Commands
DOS Plus contains a number of extra commands to support its multitasking features:

 * ADDMEM: Sets the amount of extra memory to allocate to EXE programs.
 * ALARM: A message alarm clock.
 * BACKG: Allows background processes to be listed and stopped.
 * COMSIZE: Sets the amount of memory to allocate to COM programs.
 * PRINT: Print spooler.
 * SLICE: Sets the amount of processor time to give to the foreground program. See also the %$SLICE% environment variable.
 * USER: Sets the user number to use when accessing CP/M media.

It also contains subsets of the standard DOS commands and CP/M commands – for example, it has both a built-in  command, and a   utility, both of which copy files.

The  command can assign one of the three drives N:, O: or P: to a directory on a different drive, in a similar manner to the MS-DOS command. For example,

CD N:=C:\DATA\ACCOUNTS

will cause the directory  to appear as drive N:. This so-called floating drive feature allows old programs which don't support subdirectories to work under DOS Plus and can be used to make file handling at the command prompt much easier. This feature is also present in Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager 7, and REAL/32, however, these systems extend the concept to all unused drive letters from A: to Z:, except for drive letter L:. DR DOS 3.31 – 6.0 (up to the November 1992 updates with BDOS 6.7 only) also support this (including drive letter L:). Under the later systems, the 4DOS/NDOS command processor supports this features as well. Floating drives are implemented in the BDOS kernel, not in the command line shell, thus this feature can also be used from within DOS applications when entering directory paths for as long as the application does not parse and split the dirspec for further processing.

Using a similar feature, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager and REAL/32 will dynamically assign a floating drive L: to the load path of a loaded application, thereby allowing applications to refer to files residing in their load directory under a standardized drive letter instead of under a fixed absolute path. This load drive feature makes it much easier to move software installations on and across disks without having to adapt paths to overlays, configuration files or user data stored in the load directory or subsequent directories. (For similar reasons, the appendage to the environment block associated with loaded applications under MS-DOS/PC DOS 3.0 (and higher) contains a reference to the load path of the executable, however, this consumes more resident memory, and to take advantage of it, support for it must be coded into the executable, whereas DRI's solutions transparently works with any kind of application.)

Another feature resulting from the BDOS' internal organization of current working directories as relative links to parent directories is the theoretically unlimited directory depth supported by all those above mentioned operating systems – in contrast to MS-DOS/PC DOS (and DR DOS since 1992), where an MS-DOS compatible internal data structure named Current Directory Structure (CDS) limits directory depths to a maximum of 66 characters.

These features can be attributed to the fact that CP/M itself did not have a concept of subdirectories, and DOS was emulated under these operating systems, so directories had to be translated to internal CP/M structures in some intelligent way.

Internal structure
DOS Plus boots from a single file called either DOSPLUS.SYS or NETPLUS.SYS (rather than the IO.SYS / MSDOS.SYS combination of MS-DOS). This file is in the CP/M-86 CMD format, and is structured internally as a number of modules:

 * The BDOS basic disk operating system kernel, which handles multitasking and implements the CP/M API.
 * The XIOS extended input/output system, which is the machine-dependent component that performs low-level disc and character I/O.
 * In the case of NETPLUS.SYS with DR Net support.
 * The DOS emulator (internally named PCMODE), which converts each MS-DOS function call into one or more CP/M calls. In the case of a request to change the current directory, for example, this would translate to a series of 'open directory' calls, one for each directory in the provided path.
 * A stub which loads COMMAND.COM (or DOSPLUS.COM) when required. This stub contains the string "OS=CPCDOS", suggesting that it is based on the Concurrent PC DOS codebase.

Computers that used DOS Plus
DOS Plus was the main operating system in ROM for the Philips :YES, for which it was originally developed. PC compatible versions were supplied with the Amstrad PC1512 and the Jasmin Turbo from the French company T.R.A.N. S.A. The non-IBM PC compatible BBC Master 512, came with DOS Plus 1.2, 1.2a or 2.1,  also in conjunction with Solidisk's PC Plus memory expansion. There were DOS Plus 2.1e/g adaptations for the Apricot ACT series' non-standard 315 KB and 720 KB FAT12 floppy formats. The logical sectored FAT hard disk format (partition type 0xF2) of Sperry IT PCs, and the 80186 co-processor boards for the Acorn Archimedes A300 and A310 as well as Acorn 286 prototypes were supported as well.

Versions
Known operating system versions include:

 * DOS Plus 1.0 (ROMed in Philips :YES) (with BDOS 4.1).
 * DOS Plus 1.1 (with BDOS 4.1)
 * DOS Plus 1.2 (with BDOS 4.1)
 * DOS Plus 2.1 (with BDOS 5.0)

title: DOS Plus


text:
Talk:The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (film)

Untitled
I think a picture of the box is needed at the top of the page. dogman15

Hmm...
I could probably scan the DVD, and credit the scan as such, if that's allowed. I've always been curious, but after reading the plot summary, I can see why the movie bombed. The article alone is hard to follow. I imagine the movie is hard to follow as well.--The Bulldozer 00:28, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Kailash29792 (talk)  07:17, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

conflicting information
This source mentions the film was released on June 26, 2001 not February 2001 on VHS. Timur9008 (talk) 18:21, 14 September 2019 (UTC) https://web.archive.org/web/20010708155134/http://www.hive4media.com:80/index.cfm?sec_id=8&id=2557&ad_image=0&format=2

About Rocky and Bullwinkle film
Are you sure that the film is released in 2000? Mead1992 (talk) 00:02, 23 November 2022 (UTC)

Wife forever
I add that Rocket J. Squirrel and Bullwinkle J. Moose are the romantic couple husband and wife 181.15.218.66 (talk) 20:38, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Soon as you can find a reliable source for it. Q  T C 20:46, 10 April 2024 (UTC)