text:
Talk:Ñ

Images
I've taken the following photos to illustrate the letter Ñ. Use them as you see fit.

— Chameleon 21:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hotkey
What is the hotkey to type the ñ on a Windows computer? (CFIF 21:55, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC))
 * What's a hotkey? — Chameleon 22:06, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think Ctrl-~ followed by n works. Nickptar 22:19, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It probably depends on your keyboard layout. I just hit ñ.  — Chameleon 22:31, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Ctrl-~ thing doesn't work for me (CFIF 23:00, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC))

 * You can try alt-0241. Or, if you are writing in HTML (which works on Wikipedia) you can type in &ntilde;, &#0241; or &#x00F1; and it'll display as ñ.  On Wikipedia, you can just click on the ñ in the special characters box below the edit box.  Finally, you can select a keymap that includes the letter (for example, choose the keymap for Spain); I use a customised version of that keymap.  — Chameleon 08:48, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hold down alt and hit 164 on the keypad. That's what works for me. (Daniel Hawking (unreg. user) @ 0:12, Aug 14 (UTC))

For uppercase Ñ it's alt + 165

I found that alt + 1701 worked for uppercase Ñ. I'm using a (presumably) Australian keyboard.58.178.113.192 11:46, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Do your keyboard have the '~' character? Then just press it (possibly holding down the correct CTRL or ALT key) followed by a 'n' or 'N'. On a Swedish keyboard, for instance, the upper key that is to the immediate left of the big enter key gives the ~ character if you press it while holding down the ALT GRAPHICS option key. So press that, release, and then enter a normal 'n' or 'N' and you should see a 'ñ' or 'Ñ' on your screen.

I personally use the ñ key to type the ñ character. 200.127.223.79 (talk) 22:33, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Huh?
"Historically, ñ represented two N's, written as an N with a smaller N, the tilde ~, over it. For example, the Spanish word año (year) is derived from Latin ANNVS ."

 * What?

 * As it says: the tilde originally was a small lowercase n written on top of the other n. So año was originally written anno, which is clearly from the Latin annus. Jordi·✆ 17:15, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I removed the second bit of the sentence before I realized (via a picture of Ñ/ that the tilde looked like another N. It's back, and clarified. --Ihope127 01:00, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Ñ in U.S. keyboards
Maybe ñ should be in U.S. keyboards. 35 millions United Statesians, whose language is Spanish, and those non-hispanics able to speak it would be able to write in both languages (English and Spanish) without nowadays problems.
 * This is hardly an issue. There are actually keyboards with the Ñ symbol, as you know, and anyone wishing to use it can purchase one. The Spanish and English keyboards are actually the same, the only difference in them is what is printed on the keys. The difference lies in the software, something you can easily change by selecting a different key layout in any popular operating system. SaulPerdomo 01:23, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Separate letter?
The article says, "The English and Spanish alphabets classify it as an N with a tilde." Is this really true for Spanish? According to the Spanish Wikipedia, Ñ is a separate letter in the alphabet, and the Real Academia Española seems to agree when alphabetizing the entries in its dictionary.--Gabbec 21:39, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I will remove it. The English alphabet does not have it and in Spanish it is a separate letter. --Error 00:55, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Examples
From the article: "Unlike other uses of diacritics by alphabets which contain this symbol (such as ü in Astur-Leonese or â in Tagalog), in Spanish Ñ is considered a letter in its own right, with its own name (eñe) and its own place in the alphabet (after N)."

Shouldn't the examples be of words using other letters with the tilde over them, such as Portuguese São? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.69.139.153 (talk) 15:27, 8 April 2007 (UTC).

== Ñ not

Closing
From my point of view, this article is now neutral. It clearly relates the problem of changing a ñ to a n, but without claiming that to do so is indiscriminately wrong or correct. I see no reason to have a POV tag on it, so I think we should remove it. Please discuss if you disagree. --Norwaystudent 11:49, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It's still hugely Spanish-centric. You can remove the POV tag, but keep the.
 * Also:
 * Anglicism has been considered by some Spanish speakers to be an undesirable form of language contamination, who argue that with advances such as Unicode there is no typographical reason to "misspell" a loan word by replacing the ñ with a different one.
 * looks like original research, and is incorrect anyway. Computers have been able to use ñ since long before Unicode. There are reasons why people would want to anglicize things besides technological limitations. --Ptcamn 12:46, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I would remove the entire argument about Unicode, because it's doubly wrong. On one hand, as you say, it has been possible to use the ñ since way before Unicode (even in the IBM PC character set). On the other hand, despite this, and despite Unicode, in the real world there are still way too many government and business systems and databases that don't handle the ñ or don't want to. These systems tend to be decades behind... Heck, I wouldn't be surprised at all if the problem still exists in Spanish-speaking countries (however, it was more common to transliterate Peña into something like Pe#a rather than Pena). ;-) Itub 17:56, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree it reads much better now, though the sentence "Such personal decisions can be perceived by the Spanish community as denying identity and heritage." (referring to the dropping of the ~ above the n) still lacks a source, and should be slapped with a "citation needed" until that time. Otherwise it's just the writer's opinion, which is not enough. Wikipedia is as we all should know by now not about stating "what everybody knows", it's about reproducing verifiable facts and sourced claims. 195.24.29.51 08:00, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

The new picture
User:Cevlakohn put a new picture (Image:Ntildeexample2.PNG). I don't see the point in using the most obscure language possible as an example. There are 3000-4000 Panare speakers, according to the wikipedia article (I had never heard of the language). There are 400 million speakers of Spanish, so I think a Spanish example would be more representative. Also, if there are concerns about "global perspective", Spanish happens to be the only truly global language among those who use the ñ. Another alternative is to just put a picture of the letter with no sample word if you are concerned about "Spanish-centricity". Itub 18:11, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As I said above, IMO we should use a word which has been loaned into English, this being the English wikipedia. --Ptcamn 18:58, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd be happy with "piñata". Itub 19:16, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Should be in Spanish, it's the only global language that uses this letter, and piñata is not an english word, but a spanish word, every word with a Ñ in english is not english but spanish, so if you use piñata it's spanish anyway.

 * You use a strange and nonstandard definition of "English". --Ptcamn 06:31, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Piñata is fine, it's a lot better than yu'kïtiñe, which is never even given the meaning on the page. How about sueño? It means dream and sleepiness. Or we can try jalapeño, which is a Spanish word that has been borrowed into the English language. --flamma 15:03, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

The other picture
Why do we use the photo of a dirty keyboard when the spanish-language template has a picture of a nice, clean keyboard? Is there any good reason why we should keep the current one over this other one? --200.44.7.192 04:22, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't mind if you change it, in fact I encourage it. The photo on the Spanish language page is more pleasing. --flamma 15:03, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The dirt in on the camera lens, not the keyboard. But OK.  59.101.215.205 11:43, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

The name of the letter?
Is this letter called an eñe? How does one pronounce eñe? 74.136.88.231 03:41, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * In Spanish it is called "eñe" and it's pronounced en-yeh.--flamma 19:26, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Due to the way Spanish splits words into syllables, it is actually pronounced e-nyeh, if that's what you meant with the hyphen. Helios 23:50, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I like yours much better. --flamma 06:59, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Pronunciation
From the article: "It is most famously used in Spanish alphabet, where it represents a palatal nasal (IPA: [ɲ]), reminiscent of as /nj/ as in "onion" IPA: [ˈʌnjən], but not exactly the same."

 * Then how is it pronounced? The only difference I can see is that, in onion, the [n] and [j] sounds occur in different syllables, whereas the [ɲ] is all supposed to occur in one syllable. 207.69.139.153 15:36, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I say the letter like "en-yay". -Indolences 21:32, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

See palatal nasal. The /ɲ/ is one sound, not two.
 * How is the glyph (letter) prounounced in the Spanish alphabet? That's what I came here looking for. In English, the letter 'm' is spelled and pronounced 'em.' Is the Spanish spelling for the letter 'ñ' 'eñe' or is it 'enñe' ? David.daileyatsrudotedu (talk) 14:43, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

It seems that the consonant cluster /nj/ can be allophonically realised as [ɲ] by some English speakers. However, since it's not an independent phoneme in English, I'm not convinced that this description helps them to get the sound right. It seems to me that most just keep saying "ny" ("pinyata", "pinya calahda", "halapenyo", etc.) FilipeS 11:41, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

also what?
"In Spanish and some other languages (for example Aragonese, Asturian, Aymara, Quechua, Guaraní, Tagalog, Basque, Galician, Tetum) whose orthographies were created under Spanish influence, it also represents the palatal nasal."

My guess this was meant to mean "it's also used in those languages", but that's not how it parses. I propose removing the word also from the sentence. 195.24.29.51 07:54, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

IN CATALAN THE LETTER "Ñ" IS NOT USED!!! I'M CATALAN AND KNOW YOU KNOW IT STRAIGHT FROM THE HORSE'S MOUTH...SO PLEASE CHANGE IT!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Catalaalatac (talk • contribs) 19:20, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

Galician's Ñ does not come from Spanish influence, there's written evidence of its existence in the "foro do bo burgo de Castro Caldelas", written in 1228. 89.131.118.39 (talk) 13:45, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

other languages
Ñ as an alternative pronunciation of N also exists in Greek, mainly in some dialects of Greek. and in these dialects it's not always used instead of N. of course not as a part of the alphabet or anything.. that is true but i don't think i can have any source for that. i dunno if you can tell it's there for example>

with Ñ         >>http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ell-nixta.ogg

with regular N >> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ell-nychta.ogg btw nychta means night. the regular N is far more used though CuteHappyBrute (talk) 04:02, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I have seen that ñ is also present in Breton language, if somebody could complete this...--Jorge.maturana (talk) 12:17, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

How to reach the page
If you don't have a keyboard with the ñ or don't know the code (like ALT + 0241) it's very hard to reach this page. Because the "~ + n" doesn't work in the wikipedia searchbar. I got here through the page about the letter "n" under "See also". Not to add to the "n or ñ" discussion, but is it maybe a good idea to add a disambiguation/referral page to the word "ene" (for people who know the name eñe) and the letter "n"? 82.169.112.106 (talk) 21:52, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I see it has been done, or I missed it before ^_^ 82.169.112.106 (talk) 16:47, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

%C3%B1 for ñ ?
Under Ubuntu GNU/Linux OS, when I copy and paste an url containing an ñ in it (not in the domain name but in some sub pages), it becomes %C3%B1. From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cañada > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piñata > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata. Another example: http://www.lastfm.com.tr/music/Señor+Coconut > http://www.lastfm.com.tr/music/Se%C3%B1or+Coconut. Does it have something to do with "Computer usage" section? Neophyrigian (talk) 13:05, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Please, read percent-encoding and UTF-8. And you are wrong, "may be replaced" is ambiguous. Should it mean that some specification allows to use ‹ñ› in URL interchangeable with ‹%F1›? That the suggested encoding of ‹ñ› is ‹%F1›? That ‹%F1› is known to be interpreted as ‹ñ› in some environments (which should be specified)? These 3 cases are not the same statement. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 11:53, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually that's the browser decorating the URL: some browsers (not all, I think) replace the %xx symbols in the URL with their UTF-8 representation, so when you click http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1a_%28vegetal%29 what you see is http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caña_(vegetal) — 138.100.74.81 (talk) 09:09, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

equivalent for Ñ
! hello ! -- if you need to write an Ñ in Spanish, and your computer hasnt the Ñ symbol, you can write NN (double N). I think it is OK, because it was written NN in ancient times.213.37.30.13 (talk) 14:59, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

 * There are lots of usual replacements for Ñ, including NY, NN, NH, GN, NI, N... None of them are correct (it's like replacing W with VV in English), but they're often used in situations in which non-ASCII is not allowed, such as variable names in programming, or mail accounts. 138.100.74.81 (talk) 08:37, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

History
The first written Ñ is in a XIII century galician archive, as you can see in the following file: http://www.consellodacultura.org/mediateca/pubs.pdf/doc_en_galego.pdf This archive is, also, the first galician written script. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.27.169.89 (talk) 21:54, 1 November 2013 (UTC)

in Turkmen
this letter or ñ is very common in Turkmen. It is worth adding but I do not know if there is something published, written about it in English. in turkmen it stands for -ng in English. even The fact that it is very common in Turkmen is not mentioned here let alone its usage. If someone knows something about this letter's usage share please and let us add. --Sir artur (talk) 20:35, 9 April 2016 (UTC)

"Enne" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Enne. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 July 15 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 🌸 1.Ayana 🌸 (talk) 10:48, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

Also used in Iñupiaq language
While Ñ is best known for its use in Español or Spansih the letter ñ is also used in Iñupiaq language also known as the Alaskan Inuit language — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.222.180.90 (talk) 17:32, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

Request
I believe there is an error in this statement: Ñ (lower case ñ, Spanish: eñe, [ˈeɲe] (About this soundlisten)) is a letter of the modern Latin alphabet, formed by placing a tilde (also referred to as a virgulilla in Spanish) on top of an upper- or lower-case N.[1] The tilde is not strictly the same as a virgulilla. Right in the dictionary definition cited, the virgulilla is the orthographic sign itself placed above the letter, which in this case is the tilde. This translates to the English word diacritic. Examples of diacritics are the tilde, the circumflex, the acute and ague accents, the umlaut, and many others. I am hesitant to remove this, because it may be considered a popular usage. How do others feel? Fivemile13 (talk) 16:35, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm not a native Spanish speaker, but based on some looking around online, I think you're right about it being a popular usage. See the Spanish Wikipedia page "Virgulilla", which is about the tilde but also mentions apostraphes, cedillas, and acute accents as symbols that technically count as virgulillas: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgulilla  This Spanish-English dictionary entry also indicates that it can mean either any diacritic or specifically a tilde: https://www.spanishdict.com/translate/virgulilla  It would be better to use an unambiguous Spanish word, but I don't think there is one.  The Spanish word "tilde" seems to mean "acute accent", and I can't find anything more specific than "virgulilla de eñe". Justin Kunimune (talk) 18:00, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

Trending
Can anyone tell me why this page is trending? Ducky401 (talk) 05:20, 24 April 2021 (UTC)
 * A Google Doodle, apparently. Nardog (talk) 12:29, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 April 2021
There is a mistake in the text below. An 'umlaut' is mistakenly referred to as a 'dieresis'. Although umlauts and diereses use the same diacritical mark (the double dots above ä, ö, and ë for example), they represent distinct phonological phenomena. A dieresis indicates that two vowels are to be pronounced separately (instead of as a diphthong), while the umlaut represents an actual sound change to the affected vowel (the vowel pronunciation is 'fronted' in the mouth, producing a different sound).

REQUESTED CHANGE: change 'dieresis' to 'umlaut'

So this sentence: The city council of A Coruña changed the placement of the tilde from over the ⟨n⟩ to over the initial ⟨c⟩ to create a logo,[10] in a way similar to what was done by the city of Göteborg that changed the dieresis of the ⟨ö⟩ to a colon (⟨Go:teborg⟩).

Should read: The city council of A Coruña changed the placement of the tilde from over the ⟨n⟩ to over the initial ⟨c⟩ to create a logo,[10] in a way similar to what was done by the city of Göteborg that changed the umlaut of the ⟨ö⟩ to a colon (⟨Go:teborg⟩). Jonathanwc2h (talk) 18:35, 24 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Have removed the paragraph, as it's of relatively minor importance and sort of tangential to Ñ. – Thjarkur (talk) 21:33, 24 April 2021 (UTC)

Indigenous languages of Vietnam
The following indigenous languages of Vietnam use this letter for the palatal nasal: Rade, Jarai, Mnong, Koho.  Aztec Warrior |  talk  |  contribs  14:40, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

letter shift?
it is mentioned in passing, but is ñ really used as slang/txt for "não"?? the tilde's not even on the same letter!

this is significant. should be expanded on!! are there other words like this? i cannot think of even one. it'd be like abbreviating "café" as "ć"! 2601:19C:527F:A680:FCD4:8C10:E58:4D3D (talk) 03:44, 18 July 2022 (UTC)

Why Tom Scott?
Why is there a "Not to be confused with Tom Scott" thing on the top of the page? What does the letter Ñ have to do with Tom? 90.131.39.228 (talk) 05:09, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

 * His Youtube username used to be "Enyay". Justin Kunimune (talk) 22:20, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ñ


text:
User talk:Toi

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Toi


text:
List of Saint Tail characters

This is a list of known characters in the manga and anime series Saint Tail.

Main characters

 * Meimi Haneoka (羽丘 芽美)
 * The protagonist of the series, a fourteen-year-old girl at St. Paulia's Academy, and the daughter of a stage magician and a former phantom thief. Using information that Seira gets from confessionals, she sneaks out at night as Phantom Thief Saint Tail (怪盗セイント・テール), a vigilante who uses her thefts to return illegitimately obtained items to their proper owners, expose fraud, or rectify other wrongs that the legal system is unlikely to address. She primarily uses her high physical ability and stage magic inherited from her father to carry out her heists, and the name "Saint Tail" comes from the ponytail she wears in conjunction with her stage magician outfit.
 * The protagonist of the series, a fourteen-year-old girl at St. Paulia's Academy, and the daughter of a stage magician and a former phantom thief. Using information that Seira gets from confessionals, she sneaks out at night as Phantom Thief Saint Tail (怪盗セイント・テール), a vigilante who uses her thefts to return illegitimately obtained items to their proper owners, expose fraud, or rectify other wrongs that the legal system is unlikely to address. She primarily uses her high physical ability and stage magic inherited from her father to carry out her heists, and the name "Saint Tail" comes from the ponytail she wears in conjunction with her stage magician outfit.

 * As Saint Tail, she has a rivalry with her classmate, Asuka Jr., who is assigned to the Saint Tail cases as an assistant detective. As she observes his sincerity and enthusiasm while pursuing her as Saint Tail, she develops romantic feelings for him, feeling that she wants to encourage his passion and would be willing to be caught as long as he is the one to do it; however, she mistakenly believes that he would only have interest in Saint Tail and not "Meimi Haneoka", and that he would quickly despise her if he discovered her deceiving him with her secret identity due to his honest personality. Due to her feelings of guilt, she begins to withdraw into emotional isolation, failing to notice that Asuka Jr. has already begun to suspect her identity and has conversely been worried about her.

 * After Asuka Jr. unexpectedly confesses his love to Meimi and starts a romantic relationship with her, she becomes even more afraid of the idea of him discovering her deception and is unable to open up about her own feelings, but when Seira suggests that she consider retiring from being Saint Tail, she still feels an obligation to continue helping people in need. Eventually, Rosemary exposes her identity to Asuka Jr. and kidnaps him, forcing her to perform her "last theft" as Saint Tail to rescue him. In the process, Asuka Jr., who in fact has completely forgiven her, physically "catches" her in free fall and metaphorically "catches" her by relieving her of her duty as Saint Tail, resulting in Saint Tail vanishing from the public eye while Meimi returns to a normal life. Eight years later, she cuts her hair short and eventually marries Asuka Jr. after he proposes to her.

 * Daiki Asuka (飛鳥 大貴)
 * A classmate of Meimi and son of Detective Tomoki Asuka, nicknamed Asuka Jr. (アスカJr.) by most people around him. While he has high academic ability and intellect, he has poor social skills and has difficulty understanding romance or girls. He is brought onto the Saint Tail cases as an assistant due to his connections via his father; while he disapproves of Saint Tail's methods, he respects her altruistic motives and considers her to be an honorable rival. His initial motive for catching Saint Tail is to satisfy his inferiority complex over his classmates making fun of him for his failure to catch her, so he meets with Saint Tail in secret and extracts a promise from her to always send him a calling card and let him know every time she embarks on a caper, and to not allow anyone else to capture her but him.
 * A classmate of Meimi and son of Detective Tomoki Asuka, nicknamed Asuka Jr. (アスカJr.) by most people around him. While he has high academic ability and intellect, he has poor social skills and has difficulty understanding romance or girls. He is brought onto the Saint Tail cases as an assistant due to his connections via his father; while he disapproves of Saint Tail's methods, he respects her altruistic motives and considers her to be an honorable rival. His initial motive for catching Saint Tail is to satisfy his inferiority complex over his classmates making fun of him for his failure to catch her, so he meets with Saint Tail in secret and extracts a promise from her to always send him a calling card and let him know every time she embarks on a caper, and to not allow anyone else to capture her but him.

 * While he develops romantic feelings for Meimi at school, he remains unsure about his relationship with her due to believing that she dislikes him and has merely been putting up with him, but secretly tries to help her in various ways without informing her of his intentions. After one of Saint Tail's heists causes him to start having suspicions of her actually being Meimi, he develops an extreme obsession with catching Saint Tail himself and ascertaining whether this is the case; in the process, he begins to sympathize with Saint Tail's actions and harbor doubts about arresting her, observing that Saint Tail has become an "ideal" whom the world treats more as a concept than a human being.

 * When an incident leads to him almost being permanently taken off the Saint Tail cases, he expresses distaste at the idea of allowing anyone else to catch her in his place, feeling that he cannot trust anyone else with it; eventually, he realizes this to be an extension of his own refusal to trust anyone else with Meimi's well-being, leading to him confessing his love and beginning a romantic relationship with her. Soon after, Rosemary forcibly reveals Saint Tail's identity as Meimi to him and kidnaps him, forcing him to speculate about Meimi's intentions for four days in isolated captivity, but when Saint Tail comes to rescue him and Maju mocks one of her calling cards by calling it a "love letter", he realizes that Meimi had been trying to support him the entire time and goes out to help her, literally and figuratively "catching" her and forgiving her for everything. Eight years later, he becomes a private detective in order to carry on Saint Tail's wish of protecting Seika City, and is implied to be using Seira's confessional tips the way she once did; he continues to help keep Meimi's secret, and eventually proposes to and marries her.

 * Seira Mimori (深森 聖良)
 * A trainee nun who uses her position to hear out the townspeople's troubles through confessionals and pass on the information to Saint Tail so she can plan out her next heist. While she has a gentle personality, she often avoids things that are inconvenient for her by claiming that "everything is the will of God." She was the one originally responsible for making Meimi into Saint Tail, having convinced her to use it as an opportunity to show off the stage magic that her father had forbidden her from showing in public. She considers helping the "lost lambs" to be a duty from God, intends to share responsibility if Saint Tail gets caught, and gives her advice, information, support, and prayers to ensure that her heists go smoothly. Besides hearing out confessionals, she is also talented at information gathering, and she can also manipulate people into doing things by making use of their weaknesses.
 * A trainee nun who uses her position to hear out the townspeople's troubles through confessionals and pass on the information to Saint Tail so she can plan out her next heist. While she has a gentle personality, she often avoids things that are inconvenient for her by claiming that "everything is the will of God." She was the one originally responsible for making Meimi into Saint Tail, having convinced her to use it as an opportunity to show off the stage magic that her father had forbidden her from showing in public. She considers helping the "lost lambs" to be a duty from God, intends to share responsibility if Saint Tail gets caught, and gives her advice, information, support, and prayers to ensure that her heists go smoothly. Besides hearing out confessionals, she is also talented at information gathering, and she can also manipulate people into doing things by making use of their weaknesses.

 * While Sawatari eventually takes a romantic interest in her, she is unable to fully return his feelings due to her position requiring her to remain celibate, but she still forms a good relationship with him regardless. Eight years later, she is implied to be giving the adult Asuka Jr. information about "lost lambs" from confessionals the way she did for Saint Tail.

St. Paulia's Academy students

 * Takamiya Rina (高宮 リナ)
 * A transfer student and the niece of Mayor Morinaka. Shortly after her arrival in Seika, she declares Saint Tail to be "evil" and uses her connections to force herself onto the Saint Tail cases, easily resorting to using methods such as tear gas against Asuka Jr.'s protests.
 * Having developed feelings for Asuka Jr., she believes Saint Tail to be a romantic rival and begins harassing Meimi once she suspects that they may actually be the same person. Wanting to protect Meimi from her, Asuka Jr. agrees to a bet with Takamiya that if her suspicions are correct and Meimi is actually Saint Tail, Asuka Jr. will have to begin dating Takamiya, whereas if she turns out to be wrong, she will stop harassing Meimi. Saint Tail manages to trick Takamiya into believing her to be a cross-dressing adult man, resulting in her admitting her "loss" of the bet, leaving Meimi alone, and staying out of the Saint Tail cases for some time.
 * Having developed feelings for Asuka Jr., she believes Saint Tail to be a romantic rival and begins harassing Meimi once she suspects that they may actually be the same person. Wanting to protect Meimi from her, Asuka Jr. agrees to a bet with Takamiya that if her suspicions are correct and Meimi is actually Saint Tail, Asuka Jr. will have to begin dating Takamiya, whereas if she turns out to be wrong, she will stop harassing Meimi. Saint Tail manages to trick Takamiya into believing her to be a cross-dressing adult man, resulting in her admitting her "loss" of the bet, leaving Meimi alone, and staying out of the Saint Tail cases for some time.

 * After witnessing Asuka Jr. hesitate in capturing Saint Tail, she tries to have Morinaka take him off of the Saint Tail cases, believing that doing so will remove the biggest obstacle to him paying attention to her. However, Asuka Jr. manages to pass the test that Morinaka gives him, forcing Takamiya to realize that nothing will be able to dissuade him from pursuing Saint Tail. Once Asuka Jr. and Meimi formally enter a romantic relationship, she ultimately decides to accept it and give them her support. Eight years later, she becomes a police officer and remains unaware of Saint Tail's identity.

 * Sawatari Manato (佐渡 真人)
 * A member of St. Paulia's journalism club and a photographer who prioritizes sensationalism over accuracy when making his articles. Due to his proactive nature in looking for "scoops", he is well-informed about local gossip and thus sometimes provides useful information for Saint Tail's heists; however, because he holds a grudge against Saint Tail for having humiliated him during one of her heists, he often writes articles that slander her with baseless accusations. Although he is popular with girls in school for his good looks, he falls in love with Meimi when she pretends to show interest in his photography skills while trying to get information out of him; his attempts at aggressively flirting with her make her uncomfortable, earning Asuka Jr.'s ire on her behalf and eventually inducing jealousy at the idea of Sawatari's actions potentially taking her away from him.
 * A member of St. Paulia's journalism club and a photographer who prioritizes sensationalism over accuracy when making his articles. Due to his proactive nature in looking for "scoops", he is well-informed about local gossip and thus sometimes provides useful information for Saint Tail's heists; however, because he holds a grudge against Saint Tail for having humiliated him during one of her heists, he often writes articles that slander her with baseless accusations. Although he is popular with girls in school for his good looks, he falls in love with Meimi when she pretends to show interest in his photography skills while trying to get information out of him; his attempts at aggressively flirting with her make her uncomfortable, earning Asuka Jr.'s ire on her behalf and eventually inducing jealousy at the idea of Sawatari's actions potentially taking her away from him.

 * He eventually also takes an interest in Seira after bonding with her and considers pursuing her more seriously after Meimi begins dating Asuka Jr., but soon realizes that a relationship with her would be impossible due to her need to stay celibate. Nevertheless, he feels sympathy for her restricted lifestyle as a nun and decides to take her out on a date and give her presents to make her happy. Eight years later, he becomes a professional journalist and also remains unaware of Saint Tail's identity.

 * Ryōko (涼子) and Kyōko (恭子)
 * (Ryoko)
 * (Kyoko)
 * Two of Meimi's classmates. In the anime, Asuka Jr. briefly challenges them to try and catch Saint Tail themselves, resulting in an ill-fated attempt that ends up strengthening their friendship in the process.

 * Yasuhiro (靖広) and Chiba (千葉)
 * (Yasuhiro)
 * (Chiba)
 * Two of Asuka Jr.'s classmates who often accompany him.

Haneoka family

 * Haneoka Eimi (羽丘 映美)
 * Meimi's mother, a housewife, was once a phantom thief known as Phantom Thief Lucifer (怪盗ルシファー). During her phantom thief days, she had stolen in order to satisfy her desire to test her skills and to compete with her rival Rosemary; however, after meeting Genichiro, his kindness made her decide to change, return everything she had stolen, and retire. Although she wants Meimi to take after her, she believes that Meimi "wouldn't do anything bad" and only wants her to take after her in physical abilities instead of being a phantom thief.
 * Meimi's mother, a housewife, was once a phantom thief known as Phantom Thief Lucifer (怪盗ルシファー). During her phantom thief days, she had stolen in order to satisfy her desire to test her skills and to compete with her rival Rosemary; however, after meeting Genichiro, his kindness made her decide to change, return everything she had stolen, and retire. Although she wants Meimi to take after her, she believes that Meimi "wouldn't do anything bad" and only wants her to take after her in physical abilities instead of being a phantom thief.

 * Haneoka Gen'ichirō (羽丘 源一郎)
 * Meimi's father and a professional stage magician. He met Eimi when she was on the run from the police and helped hide her with his magic tricks, treating her with unconditional love despite her background as a thief. He is the one who taught Meimi how to do stage magic and hopes that she will follow in his footsteps as a magician; however, he had instructed her not to show anyone her magic until she became a full-fledged magician and is thus unaware of her activities as Saint Tail.
 * Meimi's father and a professional stage magician. He met Eimi when she was on the run from the police and helped hide her with his magic tricks, treating her with unconditional love despite her background as a thief. He is the one who taught Meimi how to do stage magic and hopes that she will follow in his footsteps as a magician; however, he had instructed her not to show anyone her magic until she became a full-fledged magician and is thus unaware of her activities as Saint Tail.

 * Rubī (ルビィ)
 * A hedgehog whom Meimi had bonded with at a pet shop and had been planning to buy before she ends up being bought by one of Saint Tail's heist targets. After her new owner is arrested for fraud, Meimi decides to take her in. Her name "Ruby" comes from the ruby gemstone in the engagement ring Genichiro had given Eimi. She is affectionate with Meimi and very intelligent, providing useful support to Saint Tail during her heists.
 * A hedgehog whom Meimi had bonded with at a pet shop and had been planning to buy before she ends up being bought by one of Saint Tail's heist targets. After her new owner is arrested for fraud, Meimi decides to take her in. Her name "Ruby" comes from the ruby gemstone in the engagement ring Genichiro had given Eimi. She is affectionate with Meimi and very intelligent, providing useful support to Saint Tail during her heists.

Other characters

 * Asuka Tomoki (飛鳥 友貴)
 * Asuka Jr.'s father, a police detective who had pursued Lucifer in the past. Asuka Jr. joins the Saint Tail cases specifically because he considers his father to be too "incompetent" for the job. In the anime, he appears to assist his son on cases and arrest any criminals she exposes.
 * Asuka Jr.'s father, a police detective who had pursued Lucifer in the past. Asuka Jr. joins the Saint Tail cases specifically because he considers his father to be too "incompetent" for the job. In the anime, he appears to assist his son on cases and arrest any criminals she exposes.

 * Hideo Morinaka (森中 秀雄)
 * The mayor of Seika City and Takamiya's uncle. He is in charge of Asuka Jr.'s appointment in the Saint Tail cases and also allows Takamiya to join at her request; while he initially considers taking Asuka Jr. off the case after Takamiya accuses him of being unmotivated, he allows him to stay on after he is able to prove himself.
 * The mayor of Seika City and Takamiya's uncle. He is in charge of Asuka Jr.'s appointment in the Saint Tail cases and also allows Takamiya to join at her request; while he initially considers taking Asuka Jr. off the case after Takamiya accuses him of being unmotivated, he allows him to stay on after he is able to prove himself.

 * Maju Sendo (仙道 真珠)
 * A thief who runs a fortune-telling shop named "Pandora" that actually serves as a front to get her clients to hand over their goods via hypnosis. As Rosemary's adoptive daughter and accomplice, she assists her with her revenge on Lucifer by identifying Meimi as Saint Tail and using hypnosis to induce her to confess all of her guilt about deceiving Asuka Jr., thus revealing him to be her greatest weakness. She then uses her hypnosis on the townspeople to make Saint Tail into a scapegoat for her own thefts and helps Rosemary expose Saint Tail's identity to Asuka Jr. before kidnapping him. Eventually, after a brief struggle with Saint Tail, she follows her mother in finding more towns to pillage.
 * A thief who runs a fortune-telling shop named "Pandora" that actually serves as a front to get her clients to hand over their goods via hypnosis. As Rosemary's adoptive daughter and accomplice, she assists her with her revenge on Lucifer by identifying Meimi as Saint Tail and using hypnosis to induce her to confess all of her guilt about deceiving Asuka Jr., thus revealing him to be her greatest weakness. She then uses her hypnosis on the townspeople to make Saint Tail into a scapegoat for her own thefts and helps Rosemary expose Saint Tail's identity to Asuka Jr. before kidnapping him. Eventually, after a brief struggle with Saint Tail, she follows her mother in finding more towns to pillage.

 * Kabako Sendo (仙道 椛子)
 * A phantom thief known as Phantom Thief Rosemary (怪盗ローズマリー), as well as Eimi's rival during her days as Lucifer. Her specialty is using jade powder to induce hallucinations or put people to sleep. She adopted and trained Maju as a thief, and the two of them travel around towns to steal from their inhabitants and live in luxury. She holds a grudge against Lucifer for broadcasting her real name in public via one of her calling cards, as she finds her given name "Kabako" to be embarrassing.
 * A phantom thief known as Phantom Thief Rosemary (怪盗ローズマリー), as well as Eimi's rival during her days as Lucifer. Her specialty is using jade powder to induce hallucinations or put people to sleep. She adopted and trained Maju as a thief, and the two of them travel around towns to steal from their inhabitants and live in luxury. She holds a grudge against Lucifer for broadcasting her real name in public via one of her calling cards, as she finds her given name "Kabako" to be embarrassing.

 * She and Maju arrive in Seika in the hopes of vengeance on Lucifer, but after learning that Eimi is retired, she decides to enact her revenge on Saint Tail instead. After Meimi accidentally uses her real name on her calling card, Rosemary retaliates by revealing her identity to Asuka Jr. and kidnapping him. When Saint Tail arrives to rescue him, Rosemary takes an interest in her skills as a thief and offers to adopt her so she can join her and Maju in stealing for luxury, but Saint Tail refuses; eventually, after witnessing Asuka Jr. reuniting with Meimi and showing her unconditional love, Rosemary expresses wistfulness at the idea of having met someone like him twenty years earlier and decides to leave town with Maju.

title: List of Saint Tail characters


text: Category:Television stations in Alberta

title: Category:Television stations in Alberta


text:
Wallis (island)

Wallis (Uvea) is a Polynesian atoll/island in the Pacific Ocean belonging to the French overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer, or COM) of Wallis and Futuna. It lies north of Tonga, northeast of Fiji, east-northeast of the Hoorn Islands, east of Fiji's Rotuma, southeast of Tuvalu, southwest of Tokelau and west of Samoa. Its area is almost 100 km2 with 8,333 people. Its capital is Mata Utu. Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion. Its highest point is Mount Lulu Fakahega (131 m). Wallis is of volcanic origin with fertile soil and some remaining lakes. Rainfall is plentiful.

It was part of the Tongan maritime empire from around the 13th to 16th century. By that time the influence of the Tui Tonga had declined so much that Uvea became important in itself. The big fortress of Talietumu close to Lotoalahi in Mua was the last holdout of the Tongans until they were defeated. The island was renamed "Wallis" after a Cornish navigator, Captain Samuel Wallis, who saw it while sailing aboard HMS Dolphin (1751) on 16 August 1767. On 5 April 1842, the authorities of Wallis Island requested protection by France with a protectorate treaty signed in April 1887. After a referendum in 1959, Wallis became a French Overseas Territory in 1961.

Geography

The island has an area of 77.5 km2 and a circumference of c. 50 km. Its highest point is Mount Lulu Fakahega, which rises 131 m. There are also a few large lakes such as Lake Lalolalo. These crater lakes attest to the island's volcanic origin. Some of the lakes, such as Lalolalo and Lanu'tavake appear as almost perfect circles with straight vertical walls.

Wallis Island is located 240 km northeast of Futuna and Alofi islands which form the Hoorn archipelago. Together with some 15 smaller islands surrounding it, on its huge barrier reef, it forms the Wallis archipelago. Wallis has a fertile volcanic soil and sufficient rainfall to allow subsistence farming.

Wallis is subdivided into three districts (north to south):

 * Hihifo: 5 villages: Vailala, Tufuone, Vaitupu, Malae, and Alele
 * Hahake: 6 villages: Liku, Aka'aka, Mata Utu, Ahoa, Falaleu, and Ha'afuasia
 * Mu'a: 10 villages: Lavegahau, Tepa, Gahi, Ha’atofo, Mala’efo’ou, Kolopo, Halalo, Utufua, Vaimalau, and Teesi

Sub-equatorial oceanic trade winds make the island hot and humid. The average temperature is around 26 °C all year round and almost never drops below 24 °C, and in the rainy season is held in the 28 - 32 C range.

Rainfall is 2500 – per year, up to 4000 mm in Wallis and Futuna. This rain is likely at least 260 days in a year, and the humidity is 80%. The rainy season lasts from November to April. The same period (November to March), the season of storms, is associated with the passage over the territory of the islands of powerful tropical cyclones. It is followed, in May to October–December, by a cooler and drier season because of the predominance in this period of the southeast trade winds.

Climate data of Wallis Island
Wallis (Hihifo District) has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af). The average annual temperature in Hihifo is 27.6 C. The average annual rainfall is 3278.7 mm with January as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in April, at around 28.0 C, and lowest in July, at around 27.0 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hihifo was 33.4 C on 29 April 2004; the coldest temperature ever recorded was 18.0 C on 14 July 2014.

Climate crisis
Whilst Wallis is high enough to be in no danger of complete submersion due to the rising sea-levels, most of the population lives in coastal settlements which will be affected.

History
Archaeological excavations have identified sites on Wallis dating from circa 1400 AD. It was part of the Tongan maritime empire from around the 13th to 16th century. By that time the influence of the Tui Tonga had declined so much that Uvea became important in itself. Several current, high-ranking Tongan titles, like Halaevalu, trace their descent from Uvea. A legendary large canoe, the Lomipeau, was built on the island as a donation to the Tui Tonga. The big fortress of Talietumu close to Lotoalahi in Mua was the last holdout of the Tongans until they were defeated. The ruins of the place are still a tourist attraction.

The island was renamed "Wallis" after a Cornish navigator, Captain Samuel Wallis, who saw it while sailing aboard HMS Dolphin (1751) on 16 August 1767, following his discovery of Tahiti.

In 1835, Uvea was attacked by a party of armed missionaries from Tonga, who attempted to convert the island to Protestantism by force. In October 1837, Jean-Baptiste Pompallier visited, and after negotiations with Lavelua, left a priest and a brother behind, ostensibly to learn the language and establish friendly relations. Four years later they reported that Wallis was a Catholic community. On 5 April 1842, the authorities of Wallis Island requested protection by France. A protectorate treaty was signed in April 1887.

During World War II the island's administration was pro-Vichy until a Free French corvette from New Caledonia deposed the regime on 26 May 1942. Units of the US Marine Corps landed on Wallis on 29 May 1942.

After a referendum in 1959, Wallis became a French Overseas Territory in 1961.

Demographics
The population of the island was 8,333 in 2018 (72% of the territory's population). Most of the inhabitants speak Uvean (or Wallisian) as their mother tongue.

Culture and religion
Religion ("Lotu") and culture ("Aga'ifenua") are very close in Wallis. Everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and especially by the Roman Catholic feasts. Each village has its own patron saint. Each district has its great church. The chief cathedral is the Cathedral of Mata Utu. Almost all the people are Roman Catholic ("Lotu Katolika"), and there are numerous religious buildings on the island.

At their arrival, Catholic missionaries were welcomed by the King Vaimua Lavelua then baptized "Soane-Patita Vaimua". Bishop Bataillon developed close relationships with the royal families. As Private Councillor of Queen Amelia, he established in 1847 the Lano Seminary (the first Catholic seminary of Oceania).

Lano celebrated 150 years in 1997. The anniversary was attended by Samoan Cardinal Pio Taofinu'u, who studied there in the 1940s, and a big delegation from Tonga, Samoa, Fiji and New-Caledonia.

Wallis and Futuna was established as an apostolic vicariate on 11 November 1935 and promoted to a diocese on 21 June 1966.

Transportation
The only commercial flights to Wallis are operated by the New Caledonia-based Aircalin. There is an Aircalin office in Mata Utu in Hahake.

Education
The island has 12 primary schools, four junior high schools, and one senior high school/sixth-form college.
 * Junior high schools (collèges) in Wallis: Mataotama de Malae, Alofivai de Lano, Vaimoana de Lavegahau, and Tinemui de Teesi
 * The senior high school/sixth-form college is Lycée d'Etat de Wallis et Futuna on Wallis

Museums
Uvea Museum Association is a private museum in Mata Utu which records the history of the Second World War on the island.

Notable people

 * Ilaïsaane Lauouvéa - politician in New Caledonia

title: Wallis (island)


text:
User talk:Mulad/2003 archive

Hello, Mulad. Welcome to Wikipedia! Just a note, subpages aren't used anymore; instead, a link to the album's name is used (i.e. Blonde on Blonde instead of Bob Dylan/Blonde on Blonde). In instances where an article already exists, "(album)" can be appended to the title's text (i.e. Bob Dylan can point to Bob Dylan (album)). Regards. -- Notheruser 23:19 28 May 2003 (UTC)

Hiya. Thought you might find this interesting, not so much the guideline which you have down, but rather the tilde trick. Hephaestos 06:15 30 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I did just notice that last night. Thanks, though —Mulad 16:15 30 May 2003 (UTC)

Feel free to rearrange the Joel and Ethan Coen article. I started it, but I don't own it. :-) (and, besides, the flow of the article is a little stilted, aside from needing information about O Brother, Where Art Thou? and The Man Who Wasn't There--speaking of which, I've got a lengthy article waiting on the last one. If you're familiar with the last one, I'll upload it. It's been waiting for me to watch it again as one or two of the plot details towards the end have escaped me. Best, Koyaanis Qatsi 02:54 31 May 2003 (UTC)

History of computing has moved to History of computing hardware, so you may want to update the link on your user page accordingly. Cheers, Cyan 22:01, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mulad/2003 archive


text:
User talk:Mulad/2004 archive

Early 2004
Hi. Over on Jesse Ventura you (rhetorically) asked ''eh? do people have stylesheet-deficient browsers?'' :) That would be a resounding "yes". One of the biggest differences between current browsers seems to be their precise handing of the default margin and padding settings. Worse, they'll probably converge on some solution that breaks have of the CSS markup on wikipedia. Bummer, huh?  -- Finlay McWalter 02:09, 30 Jan 2004 (UTC)

That is a really great article on Lake Minnetonka. I went in to copyedit it and couldn't find anything to fix. :) Wish I could get mine to go right the first time. - Hephaestos 03:43, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Heh, thanks! —Mulad 04:16, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I see you ran into the Realtor issue on Geraldine Ferraro ... if you check the edit history of that article, you'll see that a particularly enthusiastic used-house-salesman had wanted it written as REALTOR (r). I work for a newspaper, and we have this fight with Realtors all the time - it's a made-up, copyrighted word, like Xerox, so they have a point - but what they really want is for it to always be printed in all-caps, color letters twice as big as anything else, with a hypertext link to their ads! DavidWBrooks 17:36, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I looked at the edit history and then read the Realtor article itself, so I just decided to put it back the way it was before I edited today. —Mulad 18:19, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Howdy. I just took a look at the article on Saartje Baartman, which I copyedited last night. I note (and question) your additional changes. (1)Saartje is a diminuitive form of a Dutch surname. Would be like "Mikey" in English. I think the translation should remain. (2) Standard SI form of date is year-month-day. Common American is month-day-year, but this is by no means standard or universal. I don't want to revert your other good edits, but would prefer to see these ones changed back. Denni 19:43, 2004 Mar 15 (UTC)

 * Heh. Well, I will politely refuse to do year-month-day, but I will accept day-month-year (except on articles that are centered on American subjects, which I believe should be month-day-year).  On your first point, I was unaware that the name was a translation—I thought it was a nickname.  I will make that more clear. —Mulad 19:58, 15 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Mulad. I'm always willing to compromise as long as it's done my way (kiiiding!!) And I'm sure you'll come around to year-month-day about the same time as Americans come around to kilometres and degrees C, which should happen just shortly before the sun goes nova. Denni 20:02, 2004 Mar 17 (UTC)

Hi Mike - the aircraft footer is only a navigational aid to other aircraft articles and lists of aircraft articles, not to articles on general aircraft categories - these should go in the article's "See also" list. Alternatively (and probably preferably), the link to X-plane should feature in the article somewhere. Take a look at WikiProject Aircraft for examples, and of course, if you'd like to suggest changing the footers, please feel free to discuss it there. --Rlandmann 00:29, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I've also made a suggestion on the List of experimental aircraft as to the scope of that list. Let me know what you think. --Rlandmann 00:39, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hello. I let you know that the North Korean local name for the Sea of Japan is the "East Sea of Korea" (朝鮮東海), not "East Sea." --Nanshu 03:27, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

HMT is Her Majesty's Troopship as it noted on the RMS Lancastria page. Mintguy (T)

You're absolutely right; the image is clearly copyrighted and I should have caught it when I picked it up. I guess I was just excited because it is a *very* spiffy pic. Thanks for noticing. :) -- Seth Ilys 11:57, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Mike

The "Clear Channel Banned Songs" list is thought to be a hoax. See for details. CC did ask stations to be sensitive and there may have some sort of list but it was never published and the one spread around isn't it. Unless you have some new knowledge of the veracity of the list you probably should revert these changes. Jgm 02:24, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I see that the snopes page has a big red "False" at the top, but that doesn't mean the list never existed. The songs were considered "questionable."  Also, I grant that it was largely generated by program directors rather than the corporate office. —Mulad 02:58, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

 * I have not been able to prove or disprove that the list distributed on the Internet (I used the one linked on Clear Channel Communications, http://www.f---edcompany.com/extras/clearchannel_email.cfm ) was the same as the one distributed at CC. Since I can neither prove nor disprove, I have decided to neither add nor remove any references.  For anyone who cares, the last edits I made were Don McLean and "American Pie". —Mulad 03:13, May 3, 2004 (UTC)

I think there is a pretty, um, "clear" consensus that:

 * The "list" was not an official CC proclamation but the work of a particular PD that was passed around and morphed into various versions;

 * The version of the list published on Slate and elsewhere may or may not represent anything in particular other than a list of songs that might remind people of the tragedy.

Given these things, I think the only accurate wording for such references might be something like: ''In the days following 9/11, a list of "sensitive" songs suggested to be dropped from airplay was circulated on the internet; this list is thought to have originated with a program director at a Clear Channel radio station but was not an official Clear Channel directive. Song X and song Y by this artist appeared on at least one version of this list.'' Now, given this explanation, the question becomes: is a song's presence on this list even noteworthy enough for inclusion in an article about the artist? I don't see how knowing that a song was on the list is going to add to one's understanding of the artist, anyway (unless the artist reacted somehow to the "banning", of which I know no cases).

What I'd suggest is to create an indpendent article on the whole flap, including the "list" and the proper level of explanation about it. Where desired, a one-liner in the artist or song article could then point to that article. Jgm 11:53, 3 May 2004 (UTC)

Hello Mulad,

I just wanted to thank you for your work on the Patty Wetterling page. I am the first one to create an entry for her ([the IP address entry]). I'm so glad someone out there with more time on their hands was able to give her a quality write-up.  Kuddos to you!

Oiarbovnb 14:21, May 12, 2004 (UTC)

Hi, can I ask why you removed all that information from MoveOn.org? Some of your changes I agreed with, and kept, but IIRC, removing facts that are verifiable and relevant is somewhat frowned upon. Is there a problem with those you took out? Yours, Meelar 15:02, 14 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Whoops, that was totally accidental (must have edited an old version of the page without realizing it) —Mulad 15:30, May 14, 2004 (UTC)

Hi

Since I see you're from the Minneapolis area, you might be interested in a Meetup there. UninvitedCompany 16:21, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

Hey Mulad. Since I can't use photoshop, would you mind reducing the resolution of Image:MetroRailInside.jpg ? WhisperToMe 04:21, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I was reading the ABC Family page, and the article fails to mention the channel's first fifteen years, when it was first CBN and then The Family Channel. It was a major cable channel offering so it does very much warrant mention. Mike H 02:12, Jun 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I apologize if I sounded bitchy. I know what the channel used to be, but I don't know exact dates or anything like that. If I do edit the article, it'll have to be tomorrow after some searching. I have a big television book so that won't be horribly hard. Mike H 02:55, Jun 27, 2004 (UTC)

Hi Mulad,

I just wanted to say thank you for helping with the Grand Excursion article.

 * JesseG 01:13, 10 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm so sorry!
I am sooooooooooo sorry, my little brother finds it funny to come on here and mess with other's work! I'm going to download a site blocker right now so that he cant access this site without a password, Sorry againb ~ XSholtz (PS please message me after you get this message so I know u read it)

Hiawatha Line
Thanks for doing an absolutely fantastic job on the Hiawatha Line article (and I'm sure many other Minnesota articles, this was just the first I've come across)! kmccoy (talk) 10:37, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Image Problems
Hi, Mulad:

The maps at North Pyongan (Image:NK-hamgyongbukto.png) and North Hamgyong are missing incomplete: there are lines missing from them... Could you take a look at them? The maps at South Pyongan, North Hwanghae, and South Hwanghae are okay. --Sewing 09:05, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Actually, I just contacted the German Wikipedian directly who uploaded the maps on their site. I figure that's probably the better approach! --Sewing 11:35, 22 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Rochester, MN
I was curious to see who had done such a great job of fleshing out the Elmer L. Andersen article. I see you are also from the Rochester area (hi, neighbor!).

(BTW, the Rochester article is a bit boring. One of these days I should try to expand it.) -- Jonathunder 18:21, 2004 Nov 16 (UTC)

Adminship
Recently I did some analysis of contribution history for Wikipedia, the fruits of which are at Another list of Wikipedians in order of arrival. As I reviewed the list, I noted that there are about a dozen longtime contributors who have not been made administrators. You are one of them. Accordingly, I would like to nominate you for adminship, with your permission. If you would appreciate such a nomination, please let me know on my talk page. If you do wish to decline, a note so saying would also be appreciated, though not necessary.

Besides, you're one of the many Wikipedians from Minnesota. I am not far from the town of Kenyon, to your northwest.

Kindest regards, The Uninvited Co., Inc. 20:46, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started the Free the Rambot Articles Project which has the goals of getting users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to... using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) version 1.0 and 2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to the GFDL (which every contribution made to Wikipedia is licensed under), but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles (See the Multi-licensing Guide for more information). Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. So far over 90% of people who have responded have done this.
 * 1) ...all U.S. state, county, and city articles...
 * 2) ...all articles...

 * Nutshell: Wikipedia articles can be shared with any other GFDL project but open/free projects using the incompatible Creative Commons Licenses (e.g. WikiTravel) can't use our stuff and we can't use theirs. It is important to us that other free projects can use our stuff.  So we use their licenses too.

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the   template (or    for public domain) into their user page, but there are other templates for other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace   with   . If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know at my talk page what you think. It's important to know, even if you choose to do anything so I don't keep asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk) 14:31, Dec 3, 2004 (UTC)

aircraft(s)
...that one of the first aircrafts to cross the Atlantic was the Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boat, which went on to serve in the Luftwaffe in WWII?

You changed aircrafts to aircraft. Now I'm not a native English speaker, but when there is a sentence fragment that says one of the first, shouldn't the following word be plural? One of the first implies it is part of a group. I've seen similar constructions here on wikipedia, and I really wanna know what the deal is. [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 18:59, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)
 * Really? I've been speaking English for quite some time, but I never come across this one... Anyway, I won't forget now. Thanks for the grammar lesson :) Is there any difference between American and British spelling on this? [[User:MacGyverMagic|Mgm|(talk)]] 19:04, Dec 6, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mulad/2004 archive


text:
Seashell (color)

Seashell is an off-white color that resembles some of the very pale pinkish tones that are common in many seashells.

The first recorded use of seashell as a color name in English was in 1926.

In 1987, "seashell" was included as one of the X11 colors.

title: Seashell (color)


text:
Xorcist

Xorcist is the name of an American musical group whose output has ranged from electro-industrial and ambient.

Background
Peter Stone (a.k.a. DJ/VJ Bat) became interested in electronics and computers at a young age, leading eventually to his leaving high school early to take a job at a software company. As a child he took piano and drum lessons, and later recognized the possibilities in using electronics to create music via artists such as Gary Numan and Yello.

Stone formed Xorcist as a one-man act after leaving his previous band, Belief, circa 1986-7. He stylized the name by dropping the "e" from "exorcist," partially to avoid conflation with a metal band by that name. Stone began by producing and self-releasing demo cassettes, one of which found its way to 21st Circuitry label co-founder, Don Blanchard, leading to a contract with the label. Xorcist's debut album, Damned Souls, was released in 1991; the first release on 21st Circuitry. The album was quickly followed by multiple compilation appearances, including a 1993 cover of Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit". In 1994, Xorcist released Phantoms, a collection of unreleased tracks dating back to 1987 which peaked at No. 22 on the CMJ RPM charts in the US.

Stone founded the Cyberden in 1991, a BBS focused on underground music and culture. The Cyberden allowed bands, record labels, and fans to interact in an online community via chat and to exchange content using FTP or computer-based GUI clients. Stone discontinued the Cyberden by 1996 due to financial issues, but transitioned the community to the web via hallucinet.com. Stone also co-founded Bay area goth-industrial club, House of Usher. The club hosted both live and DJ performances, usually split into two rooms, one for goth and darkwave music, and the other focusing on "cyber" and industrial music.

For the 1993 Lollapalooza tour, Stone produced "The CyberPit," an interactive public area in the festival's "Village" where festival attendees could interact with networked computers to consult an interactive festival directory, post messages to the main stage screen, and online chat with other attendees.

Although a solo act, Stone worked with others for live performances including Xavier Haight of Bay area industrial band, Malign, and producer Don Blanchard. By 1997, Xorcist grew to include Evoltwin. In addition to providing some vocals, Evoltwin created the cover art for Soul Reflection and other subsequent releases.

Stone also created two side projects, Xenon and Diode Fetish.

Xorcist went dormant after 2000, but re-emerged in 2017 with a pair of self-released instrumental compositions, followed in 2018 by the full-length album, God. Later that year, Stone release a remix album, Legion, featuring remixes of Xorcist tracks by Scar Tissue, Prospero, and others.

Stone still DJs and VJs under the name DJ/VJ Bat, and maintains the Xorcist.com website to promote his work.

Sound design
Stone's work in sound design has appeared in MTV's Aeon Flux, and his work creating music and sound design in the video games Iron Helix, Bad Mojo and Space Bunnies Must Die.

title: Xorcist


text:
Five O'Clock Shadow

Five O'Clock Shadow is an a cappella group from Boston, Massachusetts, that has been in existence since 1991. The band has performed on FOX News, A&E Network, ABC, ESPN and VH-1's "breakthrough" series. They have released four cassettes and six CDs, winning many Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards.

The group has toured with many famous acts including The Boston Pops, Aaron Neville, Edwin McCain, Patti LaBelle, Kool and the Gang, Blessed Union of Souls and James Brown.

Current members

 * Dan Lennon - tenor (1995–present)
 * Paul Pampinella - baritone (1998–present)
 * Caleb Whelden - tenor (2003–present)
 * Judd Tomaselli - bass (2012–present)
 * Scott Cobban - vocal percussion/beatbox, baritone (2012–present)
 * Jon Lavalley - tenor (2022–present)

Former members
Former members include
 * Jim Meyers - tenor, founder (1991-1992)
 * Bill Eddy - tenor (1991-2000)
 * Jeff Thacher - tenor/vocal percussion (1991-1993), currently with the vocal band Rockapella
 * Warren Tessier - baritone (1991-1997)
 * Terry Sanger - bass (1991-1993)
 * Dave Harrison - baritone/vocal banjo (1993-1997)
 * Mike Mendyke - bass (1993-1998), currently with the vocal band Dick Van Dyke and The Vantastix
 * Wes Carroll - tenor/vocal percussion (1993-1997)
 * Scott Harris - baritone (1997)
 * Mike Barnicle - tenor (2001-2003)
 * Steve Roslonek - tenor (1997-1998), currently performs children's music as SteveSongs
 * Roopak Ahuja - tenor (2000-2001), currently with the vocal band MO5AIC
 * Samrat Chakrabarti - vocal percussion (1997-1998)
 * David "Stack" Stackhouse - vocal percussion & vocal bass ("beatbass") (1998-2012)
 * Oren Malka - tenor (1997-2021)

title: Five O'Clock Shadow


text: User talk:24.159.179.23

title: User talk:24.159.179.23


text:
Henry Newton Brown

Henry Newton Brown (1857 – April 30, 1884) was an American Old West gunman who played the roles of both lawman and outlaw during his life.

Brown was raised in Cold Springs Township, in Phelps County, ten miles south of Rolla, Missouri. An orphan, he lived there with his uncle Jasper and aunt Aldamira Richardson until the age of seventeen, when he left home and headed west. He drifted through various cowboy jobs in Colorado and Texas, supposedly killing a man in a gunfight in the Texas Panhandle.

Lincoln County War
In 1877, Brown landed in the New Mexico Territory, and became embroiled in the Lincoln County War. Brown joined Billy the Kid and cowboys as "The Regulators", working John Tunstall's Rio Feliz Ranch.

On April 1, 1878, Brown, Billy the Kid, Jim French, Frank McNab, John Middleton and Fred Waite ambushed and murdered Lincoln County Sheriff William Brady, who was indirectly responsible for the death of Tunstall. Three days later, at the Gunfight at Blazer's Mill, Brown and the Regulators engaged in a gunfight with Buckshot Roberts, another man they believed involved in Tunstall's murder. Roberts received a serious gunshot wound from Charlie Bowdre which later proved to be fatal, but not before he managed to kill the Regulators' nominal leader, Richard M. Brewer. Retreating into proprietor Blazer's office, Roberts continued a prolonged firefight with Brown and the Regulators. He died the next day.

The Lincoln County Regulators — fugitives now for the Brady killing — spent the next several months in hiding. Then on July 15, 1878, they became trapped, along with one of Tunstall's partners, Alexander McSween, in McSween's home in Lincoln by members of "The House" and some of Brady's men. Henry Brown was one of three Regulators not actually in McSween's house at the time, but instead was sniping at Brady's men from a grain warehouse behind the Tunstall store. He escaped with Billy the Kid and the others when the siegers set fire to the house. McSween was shot down while fleeing the blaze, and his death essentially marked the end of the Lincoln County Cattle War.

Outlaw to lawman
In the fall of that year, Brown, Billy the Kid, and a few of the remaining Regulators trailed a herd of rustled horses to the little town of Tascosa in the Texas Panhandle. After the horses were sold the Regulators returned to their old haunts, but Brown, named in two murder warrants in the state of New Mexico, wisely remained in Texas where he eventually became a lawman. It has not been established whether he was a deputy sheriff of Oldham County, Texas; Marshal of Tascosa or a constable. He had a quick temper and was quickly dismissed because he "was always wanting to fight and get his mane up."

Brown thereafter drifted through the (Oklahoma) Indian Territory and into Kansas, working on ranches. In July, 1882, when about 25 years old, he settled in Caldwell, Kansas—a rough cattle town comparable to Dodge City and Abilene—where he was first appointed Assistant Marshal of the city; then promoted to marshal about five months later. The Chisholm Trail met the Santa Fe tracks in Caldwell and as the terminus of the trail, it had a long history of violence. Brown, an outlaw turned lawman, and Ben Wheeler, who had been a former Texas lawman turned outlaw, joined forces (with Wheeler as Assistant Marshal) and effectively cleaned up the town.

Brown was described by contemporaries as a "very much undersize" man who didn't smoke, drink, chew, or gamble, and was noted to be in regular attendance at the Methodist Church. Said to be "exceedingly modest and, in fact, bashful," he displayed an introvert presence but "gained the entire confidence of the people . . . and . . . conducted himself in such a manner that the doors of society were always open to him."

But, "he had a square set jaw, not unlike that of a bull dog" and "his face indicated firmness and a lack of physical fear." "His words were few and parted with reluctantly," and when duty called, Brown's demeanor changed immediately. He was easily angered: his temper flared instantly and his outwardly meek manner transformed into one of deadly grave purpose. One contemporary commented that "he was a two-gun man. He could take a six-shooter in each hand and make one think a battle was on."

From the grateful community, in appreciation for his service, he was given an extensively engraved, gold and silver mounted Winchester rifle. A silver medallion was affixed to the stock inscribed: "Presented to City Marshal H. N. Brown For valuable services rendered In behalf of the Citizens of Caldwell Kas A. N. Colson Mayor Dec 1882"

Brown killed a gambler, Newt Boyce, with the rifle (in the line of duty) on December 16, 1883. Another killing attributed to Brown in Caldwell was that of Spotted Horse, a renegade Indian.

Henry Brown gained status in the higher realms of Caldwell society when he married Alice Maude Levagood, the daughter of a well-to-do Caldwell brick maker. Alice had a college degree―rare for females of that era.

Marshal Brown and his assistant kept the town clean, and by the time they were appointed to their third term, they were lauded by the citizens as the best and most effective team of lawmen the town had ever had.

The Medicine Valley bank robbery
In April, 1884, Brown and Wheeler concocted a story convincing the mayor to give them leave to travel into the Indian Territory to hunt a murderer. With two Cherokee Outlet cowboys, William Smith and John Wesley, they rode to Medicine Lodge, Kansas, and attempted to rob the Medicine Valley Bank. Almost immediately, their attempt fell apart in disaster when gunfire erupted and two of the bank officers were shot. Most conventional accounts name Brown as bank president Wylie Payne's murderer. But T. A. McNeal, author of When Kansas Was Young, sat at his friend Payne's bedside as he lay dying and reports that Payne named Wesley as his killer. Wheeler (and possibly, Wesley) shot George Geppert, the bank's chief cashier who, just before he died, sealed the vault, preventing the robbers from escaping with any money.

Brown and the outlaws fled under fire, pursued by a posse composed of 12 cowboys that happened to be in a stable directly across the street from the bank. The four fugitives, closely pursued by the posse, unwittingly rode into a box canyon several miles south of the town and were eventually forced to surrender.

Later, incarcerated in the town's small jail, they anticipated a lynch mob, and were offered the opportunity to write letters to their loved ones. Brown did write a poignant letter to his wife. It read in part: "Darling Wife: I am in jail here. Four of us tried to rob the bank here and one man shot one of the men in the bank. I want you to come and see me as soon as you can. I will send you all of my things and you can sell them. But keep the Winchester. It is hard for me to write this letter, but it was all for you, my sweet wife, and for the love I have for you. "Do not go back on me. If you do it will kill me. Be true to me as long as you live, and come to see me if you think enough of me. My love is just the same as it always was. Oh, how I did hate to leave you last Sunday evening. But I did not think this would happen. I thought we could take in the money and not have any trouble with it, but a man's fondest hopes are sometimes broken with trouble. We would not have been arrested but one of our horses gave out and we could not leave him [the rider] alone. I do not know what to write. Do the best you can with everything. I want you to send me some clothes. Sell all the things you don't need. Have your picture taken and send it to me. Now, my dear wife, go and see Mr. Witzleben and Mr. Nyce and get the money. If a mob does not kill us we will come out all right after while. Maude, I did not shoot anyone and didn't want the others to kill anyone. But they did and that is all there is about it. Now, my darling wife, goodbye. H. N. Brown."

Death
Realizing that a lynching was imminent, Wesley removed his boot and with it, the shackle of the leg-iron with which he had been shackled to Brown. Brown tied the loose end of the leg-iron to his leg with his bandana allowing him to run unencumbered. Smith, handcuffed to Wheeler, was able to slip the handcuff over his small hand resulting, unknown to the gathering mob, in all four being free. When the lynch mob came at 9 pm and opened the door, Brown burst through the startled lynch mob to an alley alongside the jail. As he ran past, he was blasted with both barrels of a shotgun at almost point blank range. He died being nearly torn in half. Wheeler ran about 100 yards before being horribly wounded in a barrage of gunfire but lived long enough to hang with Smith and Wesley shortly afterward when the three were hanged on an elm tree by the mob.

Other media
In the film ''Chisum', when Billy proposes robbing Murphy's bank to help avenge his murdered employer, Tom O'Folliard recommends Brown as a man to recruit for the raid. Brown is played by an uncredited actor during the climactic battle, and it's unclear whether he is one of the five surviving members of Billy's gang.

In the film Young Guns II Henry Brown was combined with fellow Regulator Jim French and presented as a composite named Hendry William French. Timid and clumsy, the film's portrayal of French by actor Alan Ruck bears little actual resemblance to either outlaw.

The actor William Smith played Brown in the 1969 episode "The Restless Man" of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days, hosted by Robert Taylor.

title: Henry Newton Brown


text:
LBV

LBV may refer to:

 * Late bottled vintage, a type of Port wine
 * Luminous blue variable, a very bright, blue, hypergiant variable star
 * Libreville International Airport (IATA: LBV), in Libreville, Gabon
 * Load bearing vest, an individual integrated fighting system
 * Line Break Valve, a kind of valve in industry which closes automatically in occurrence of sudden pressure drop between its upstream and downstream
 * Lake Buena Vista, home of Walt Disney World.
 * A World War 2 type craft; see
 * A clothing brand founded by Joss Sackler

title: LBV


text:
Luminous blue variable

Luminous blue variables (LBVs) are massive evolved stars that show unpredictable and sometimes dramatic variations in their spectra and brightness. They are also known as S Doradus variables after S Doradus, one of the brightest stars of the Large Magellanic Cloud. They are considered to be rare.

Discovery and history
The LBV stars P Cygni and η Carinae have been known as unusual variables since the 17th century, but their true nature was not fully understood until late in the 20th century.

In 1922 John Charles Duncan published the first three variable stars ever detected in an external galaxy, variables 1, 2, and 3, in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). These were followed up by Edwin Hubble with three more in 1926: A, B, and C in M33. Then in 1929 Hubble added a list of variables detected in M31. Of these, Var A, Var B, Var C, and Var 2 in M33 and Var 19 in M31 were followed up with a detailed study by Hubble and Allan Sandage in 1953. Var 1 in M33 was excluded as being too faint and Var 3 had already been classified as a Cepheid variable. At the time they were simply described as irregular variables, although remarkable for being the brightest stars in those galaxies. The original Hubble Sandage paper contains a footnote that S Doradus might be the same type of star, but expressed strong reservations, so the link would have to wait several decades to be confirmed.

Later papers referred to these five stars as Hubble–Sandage variables. In the 1970s, Var 83 in M33 and AE Andromedae, AF Andromedae (=Var 19), Var 15, and Var A-1 in M31 were added to the list and described by several authors as "luminous blue variables", although it was not considered a formal name at the time. The spectra were found to contain lines with P Cygni profiles and were compared to η Carinae. In 1978, Roberta M. Humphreys published a study of eight variables in M31 and M33 (excluding Var A) and referred to them as luminous blue variables, as well as making the link to the S Doradus class of variable stars. In 1984 in a presentation at the IAU symposium, Peter Conti formally grouped the S Doradus variables, Hubble–Sandage variables, η Carinae, P Cygni, and other similar stars together under the term "luminous blue variables" and shortened it to LBV. He also clearly separated them from those other luminous blue stars, the Wolf–Rayet stars.

Variable star types are usually named after the first member discovered to be variable, for example δ Sct variables named after the star δ Sct. The first luminous blue variable to be identified as a variable star was P Cygni, and these stars have been referred to as P Cygni type variables. The General Catalogue of Variable Stars decided there was a possibility of confusion with P Cygni profiles, which also occur in other types of stars, and chose the acronym SDOR for "variables of the S Doradus type". The term "S Doradus variable" was used to describe P Cygni, S Doradus, η Carinae, and the Hubble-Sandage variables as a group in 1974.

Physical properties
LBVs are massive unstable supergiant (or hypergiant) stars that show a variety of spectroscopic and photometric variation, most obviously periodic outbursts and occasional much larger eruptions.

In their "quiescent" state they are typically B-type stars, occasionally slightly hotter, with unusual emission lines. They are found in a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram known as the S Doradus instability strip, where the least luminous have a temperature around 10,000 K and a luminosity about 250,000 times that of the Sun, whereas the most luminous have a temperature around 25,000 K and a luminosity over a million times that of the Sun, making them some of the most luminous of all stars.

During a normal outburst the temperature decreases to around 8,500 K for all stars, slightly hotter than the yellow hypergiants. The bolometric luminosity usually remains constant, which means that visual brightness increases somewhat by a magnitude or two. A few examples have been found where luminosity appears to change during an outburst, but the properties of these unusual stars are difficult to determine accurately. For example, AG Carinae may decrease in luminosity by around 30% during outbursts; and AFGL 2298 has been observed to dramatically increase its luminosity during an outburst although it is not clear if that should be classified as a modest giant eruption. S Doradus typifies this behaviour, which has been referred to as strong-active cycle, and it is regarded as a key criterion for identifying luminous blue variables. Two distinct periodicities are seen, either variations taking longer than 20 years, or less than 10 years. In some cases, the variations are much smaller, less than half a magnitude, with only small temperature reductions. These are referred to as weak-active cycles and always occur on timescales of less than 10 years.

Some LBVs have been observed to undergo giant eruptions with dramatically increased mass loss and luminosity, so violent that several were initially catalogued as supernovae. The outbursts mean there are usually nebulae around such stars; η Carinae is the best-studied and most luminous known example, but may not be typical. It is generally assumed that all luminous blue variables undergo one or more of these large eruptions, but they have only been observed in two or three well-studied stars and possibly a handful of supernova imposters. The two clear examples in the Milky Way galaxy, P Cygni and η Carinae, and the possible example in the Small Magellanic Cloud, HD 5980A, have not shown strong-cycle variations. It is still possible that the two types of variability occur in different groups of stars. 3-D simulations have shown that these outbursts may be caused by variations in helium opacity.

Many luminous blue variables also show small amplitude variability with periods less than a year, which appears typical of Alpha Cygni variables, and stochastic (i.e. totally random) variations.

Luminous blue variables are by definition more luminous than most stars and also more massive, but within a very wide range. The most luminous are more than (Eta Carinae reaches 4.6 million) and have masses approaching, possibly exceeding,. The least luminous have luminosities around and masses as low as, although they would have been considerably more massive as main-sequence stars, due to their rapid mass loss. Their high mass loss rates could be due to outbursts and very high luminosity and show some enhancement of helium and nitrogen.

Evolution
Because of these stars' large mass and high luminosity, their lifetime is very short—only a few million years in total and much less than a million years in the LBV phase. They are rapidly evolving on observable timescales; examples have been detected where stars with Wolf–Rayet spectra (WNL/Ofpe) have developed to show LBV outbursts and a handful of supernovae have been traced to likely LBV progenitors. Recent theoretical research confirms the latter scenario, where luminous blue variable stars are the final evolutionary stage of some massive stars before they explode as supernovae, for at least stars with initial masses between 20 and 25 solar masses. For more-massive stars, computer simulations of their evolution suggest the luminous blue variable phase takes place during the latest phases of core hydrogen burning (LBV with high surface temperature), the hydrogen shell burning phase (LBV with lower surface temperature), and the earliest part of the core helium burning phase (LBV with high surface temperature again) before transitioning to the Wolf–Rayet phase, thus being analogous to the red giant and red supergiant phases of less massive stars.

There appear to be two groups of LBVs, one with luminosities above 630,000 times the Sun and the other with luminosities below 400,000 times the Sun, although this is disputed in more-recent research. Models have been constructed showing that the lower-luminosity group are post-red-supergiants with initial masses of 30–60 times the Sun, whereas the higher-luminosity group are population-II stars with initial masses 60–90 times the Sun that never develop to red supergiants, although they may become yellow hypergiants. Some models suggest that LBVs are a stage in the evolution of very massive stars required for them to shed excess mass, whereas others require that most of the mass is lost at an earlier cool-supergiant stage. Normal outbursts and the stellar winds in the quiescent state are not sufficient for the required mass loss, but LBVs occasionally produce abnormally large outbursts that can be mistaken for a faint supernova and these may shed the necessary mass. Recent models all agree that the LBV stage occurs after the main-sequence stage and before the hydrogen-depleted Wolf–Rayet stage, and that essentially all LBV stars will eventually explode as supernovae. LBVs apparently can explode directly as a supernova, but probably only a small fraction do. If the star does not lose enough mass before the end of the LBV stage, it may undergo a particularly powerful supernova created by pair-instability. The latest models of stellar evolution suggest that some single stars with initial masses around 20 times that of the Sun will explode as LBVs as type II-P, type IIb, or type Ib supernovae, whereas binary stars undergo much-more-complex evolution through envelope stripping leading to less predictable outcomes.

Supernova-like outbursts
Luminous blue variable stars can undergo "giant outbursts" with dramatically increased mass loss and luminosity. η Carinae is the prototypical example, with P Cygni showing one or more similar outbursts 300–400 years ago, but dozens have now been catalogued in external galaxies. Many of these were initially classified as supernovae but re-examined because of unusual features. The nature of the outbursts and of the progenitor stars seems to be highly variable, with the outbursts most likely having several different causes. The historical η Carinae and P Cygni outbursts, and several seen more recently in external galaxies, have lasted years or decades whereas some of the supernova imposter events have declined to normal brightness within months. Well-studied examples are:
 * SN 1954J
 * SN 1961V
 * SN 1997bs

Early models of stellar evolution had predicted that although the high-mass stars that produce LBVs would often or always end their lives as supernovae, the supernova explosion would not occur at the LBV stage. Prompted by the progenitor of SN 1987A being a blue supergiant, and most likely an LBV, several subsequent supernovae have been associated with LBV progenitors. The progenitor of SN 2005gl has been shown to be an LBV apparently in outburst only a few years earlier. Progenitors of several other type IIn supernovae have been detected and were likely to have been LBVs:
 * SN 2009ip
 * SN 2010jl

Modelling suggests that at near-solar metallicity, stars with an initial mass around will explode as a supernova while in the LBV stage of their lives. They will be post-red-supergiants with luminosities a few hundred thousand times that of the Sun. The supernova is expected to be of type II, most likely type IIb, although possibly type IIn due to episodes of enhanced mass loss that occur as an LBV and in the yellow-hypergiant stage.

List of LBVs
The identification of LBVs requires confirmation of the characteristic spectral and photometric variations, but these stars can be "quiescent" for decades or centuries at which time they are indistinguishable from many other hot luminous stars. A candidate luminous blue variable (cLBV) can be identified relatively quickly on the basis of its spectrum or luminosity, and dozens have been catalogued in the Milky Way during recent surveys.

Recent studies of dense clusters and mass spectrographic analysis of luminous stars have identified dozens of probable LBVs in the Milky Way out of a likely total population of just a few hundred, although few have been observed in enough detail to confirm the characteristic types of variability. In addition the majority of the LBVs in the Magellanic Clouds have been identified, several dozen in M31 and M33, plus a handful in other local group galaxies.

Milky Way
Suspected: Several more LBV's have been found near or in the Galactic Center:
 * η Carinae
 * P Cygni
 * AG Carinae
 * HR Carinae
 * V432 Carinae (Wray 15-751)
 * V4029 Sagittarii (HD 168607)
 * V905 Scorpii (HD 160529)
 * V1672 Aquilae (AFGL 2298)
 * W1-243 (in Westerlund 1)
 * V481 Scuti (LBV G24.73+0.69)
 * GCIRS 34W
 * MWC 930 (= V446 Scuti)
 * Wray 16-137
 * WS1 (discovered as WISE Shell 1 )
 * MN44
 * MN48
 * G79.29+0.46
 * Wray 17-96
 * HD 316285
 * MN 112
 * GAL 026.47+00.02

 * V4650 Sagittarii (FMM 362 or qF362, in the Quintuplet cluster)
 * V4998 Sagittarii (LBV3, G0.120 0.048, very close to the Quintuplet cluster)
 * Pistol star, Peony star and LBV 1806-20 (candidate LBV's, see below)

Large Magellanic Cloud

 * S Doradus
 * HD 269858 (= R127)
 * HD 269006 (= R71)
 * HD 269929 (= R143)
 * HD 269662 (= R110)
 * HD 269700 (= R116)
 * HD 269582 (= MWC 112)
 * HD 269216
 * HD 37836 (candidate)

Small Magellanic Cloud

 * HD 5980 (= R14)
 * HD 6884 (= R40)

Andromeda Galaxy

 * AF Andromedae
 * AE Andromedae
 * Var 15
 * Var A-1
 * J004526.62+415006.3
 * J004051.59+403303.0
 * LAMOST J0037+4016

Triangulum Galaxy

 * Var 2 (an extremely hot star showing no variability since 1935 and hardly studied)
 * Var 83
 * Var B
 * Var C
 * GR 290 (Romano's star, an unusually hot LBV )

NGC 2403:
 * V12
 * V37
 * V38

NGC 1156

 * J025941.21+251412.2
 * J025941.54+251421.8

NGC 2366 (NGC 2363)

 * NGC 2363-V1

NGC 4449

 * J122809.72+440514.8
 * J122817.83+440630.8

NGC 4736 (Messier 94)

 * NGC 4736_1

PHL 293B

 * Unnamed star that underwent an outburst from 1998 to 2008 in an unusual supernova-like event, and has now disappeared

Sunburst galaxy

 * Godzilla

Other
A number of cLBVs in the Milky Way (and in the case of Sanduleak -69° 202, in the LMC) are well known because of their extreme luminosity or unusual characteristics, including:
 * GCIRS 16SW (S97, candidate LBV orbiting the black hole at the center of this galaxy)
 * Wray 17-96 (unusual hypergiant in the gap between the two semi-stable LBV regions)
 * Pistol Star (once thought to be the most luminous star in the galaxy)
 * LBV 1806-20 (one of the most luminous stars known)
 * Sanduleak -69° 202 (the star that exploded as SN 1987A)
 * Cygnus OB2-12 (blue hypergiant and one of the most luminous stars known)
 * HD 80077 (blue hypergiant)
 * V1429 Aquilae (with a supergiant companion, very similar to a less luminous η Car)
 * V4030 Sagittarii (hypergiant surrounded by a nebula identical to the one around Sanduleak -69° 202)
 * WR 102ka (the Peony star, one of the most luminous stars known, and would be one of the hottest LBVs)
 * Sher 25 (blue supergiant in NGC 3603 with a bipolar outflow and surrounded by a circumstellar ring)
 * BD+40°4210 (blue supergiant in the stellar association Cygnus OB2)

Further well-known stars have been LBVs relatively recently, are LBVs in a stable phase or are not currently classified as LBVs but may be transitioning into LBVs:
 * Zeta-1 Scorpii (naked-eye hypergiant)
 * IRC+10420 (yellow hypergiant that has increased its temperature into the LBV range)
 * V509 Cassiopeiae (= HR 8752, an unusual yellow hypergiant evolving bluewards)
 * Rho Cassiopeiae (unstable yellow hypergiant suffering periodic outbursts)

title: Luminous blue variable


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Ararat anomaly

The Ararat anomaly is an alleged structure appearing on photographs of the snowfields near the summit of Mount Ararat, Turkey, and advanced by some Christian believers as the remains of Noah's Ark.

Location
The anomaly is located on the northwest corner of the Western Plateau of Mount Ararat (approximately 39.70278°N, 44.275°W) at about 15500 ft, some 2.2 km west of the 16854 ft summit, on the edge of what appears from the photographs to be a steep downward slope.

History of existing imagery
It was first filmed during a U.S. Air Force aerial reconnaissance mission in 1949 - the Ararat massif sits on the former Turkish/Soviet border, and was thus an area of military interest - and was accordingly given a classification of "secret" as were subsequent photographs taken in 1956, 1973, 1976, 1990, and 1992, by aircraft and satellites.

Six frames from the 1949 footage were released under the Freedom of Information Act to Porcher Taylor, a professor at the University of Richmond in Virginia, and a scholar at the Washington-based Center for Strategic and International Studies specializing in satellite intelligence and diplomacy, in 1995.

A joint research project was later established between Insight Magazine and Space Imaging (now GeoEye), using the IKONOS satellite. IKONOS captured the anomaly on August 5 and September 13, 2000. GeoEye has constructed a computerized video of the imagery it captured of the anomaly. The structure appears at approximately halfway through the video. A controversial "bird's eye view" satellite image, taken by IKONOS later in 2003 for the same research project, was released to the public in 2006. The Mount Ararat area also has been imaged by France's SPOT satellite in September 1989, Landsat in the 1970s and NASA's Space Shuttle in 1994, as well as military satellite images captured by the CIA's KH-9 (Keyhole 9) in 1973 and KH-11 (Keyhole 11) in 1976  and 1990–1992.

Analysis
The Defense Intelligence Agency believes the anomaly shows "linear facades in the glacial ice underlying more recently accumulated ice and snow".

title: Ararat anomaly