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Hod Stuart

William Hodgson "Hod" Stuart (February 20, 1879 – June 23, 1907) was a Canadian professional ice hockey cover-point (now known as a defenceman) who played nine seasons for several teams in different leagues from 1899 to 1907. He also played briefly for the Ottawa Rough Riders football team. With his brother Bruce, Stuart played in the first professional ice hockey league, the American-based International Professional Hockey League (IPHL), where he was regarded as one of the best players in the league.

Frustrated with the violence associated with the IPHL, he left the league late in 1906 and returned to Canada, where in 1907 he helped the Montreal Wanderers win the Stanley Cup, the championship trophy for hockey. Two months later, he died in a diving accident. To raise money for his widow and children, the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association hosted an all-star game, the first of its kind to be played in any sport. An estimated 3,800 spectators attended the Hod Stuart Memorial Game on January 2, 1908, described by the Montreal Herald as "unique in the history of hockey in Montreal, if not in the whole of Canada".

In an era when defencemen were expected to stay behind during the play, Stuart became known for his ability to score goals while playing a defensive role, and for his ability to remain calm during matches that often turned violent. He also became known for his work to reduce that violence and to increase the salaries of hockey players. His efforts were acknowledged when the Hockey Hall of Fame was created in 1945 and he became one of the first nine players to be inducted. He was joined there by his brother Bruce in 1961.

Personal life
Stuart was born in Ottawa, Ontario, the eldest son of William Stuart and Rachel Hodgson. He had two brothers, Alex and Bruce, and two sisters, Jessie and Lottio. Stuart was involved in sports from an early age. His father had been a good lacrosse player and a good curler and was at once point skip of the Ottawa Curling Club, and both Hod and Bruce played hockey from a young age, often for the same teams. Stuart also played rugby and football, and played for the local professional football team, the Ottawa Rough Riders.

Outside of hockey Stuart worked as a bricklayer, and later in his life he also worked with his father in construction. He was said to have been a quiet person, and unlike other athletes of his era was not one to talk about his exploits, except with close friends. Loughlin, his wife, came from Quebec; around 1903 they were married and had two children together.

Playing career
Stuart first joined a senior hockey team when he spent the winter of 1895–1896 with the Rat Portage Thistles, a team in northwestern Ontario. Along with his brother Bruce, Stuart joined the Ottawa Hockey Club of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) for the 1899 season. He played the 1900 season for Ottawa, captaining the team. Through his father's business contacts, Stuart got a job in Quebec and moved there in 1900; upon arriving there he joined the Quebec Bulldogs, also of the CAHL. He scored seven goals in fifteen games with the team over the next two seasons.

In 1902, the Pittsburgh Bankers of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League signed Stuart to a professional contract; this was disputed between the Bankers and the Pittsburgh Victorias, who also claimed him. Eventually the Bankers won the dispute and kept Stuart; the following year they would also sign Bruce. Stuart was offered a salary of US$15–20 per week, plus steady income from a day job in Pittsburgh. Stuart scored seven goals and had eight assists and was named the best cover-point in the league in 1903.

After one season in Pittsburgh, Stuart moved to the Portage Lakes Hockey Club, a team in northern Michigan, for the 1903–1904 season and played in fourteen exhibition games, finishing fourth on the team with thirteen goals scored. With the formation of the International Professional Hockey League, Stuart left Portage Lake for the Calumet Miners, where he accepted the positions of coach and manager, in addition to playing cover-point, for $1,800. He scored eighteen goals for Calumet in 1904–1905, helped the team with the league championship and was named to the end of season all-star team as the best cover-point in the league.

On December 11, 1905, before the start of the 1905–06 season, Stuart was suspended from the league after the western teams complained that he had won too many championships and was too rough for the league. He was reinstated by the league on December 30, and joined the Pittsburgh Professionals. After Pittsburgh finished their season, Stuart joined Calumet for one game so they could try to win the league championship, which they lost to the Portage Lakes Hockey Club. Once again he was named best cover-point in the IPHL as he scored eleven goals. A big man with a fluid skating stride, he was considered the finest defenceman of his era for his outstanding play on both offence and defence.

As the IPHL convinced players to move to the United States and get paid to play, hockey teams in Canada were forced to match the salaries in order to keep their players. Stuart, who was unhappy playing in Pittsburgh because of the violence involved in games, heard from Dickie Boon that the Montreal Wanderers, defending Stanley Cup winners, of the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA) were willing to make Stuart the highest paid player in hockey if he were to join the team. On December 13, 1906, Stuart had a letter published in the Montreal Star that detailed his problems with the IPHL. Stuart's chief concern was the officiating; he said they "don't know how to run hockey over here, the rink people appoint the most dumb and incompetent referees that could be found." In December 1906 Pittsburgh refused to play a game against Michigan Soo, claiming they did not like the choice of referee. While a common problem in the IPHL, Pittsburgh's management believed Stuart was behind the action, and released him from the team. No longer bound to any team, Stuart joined the Wanderers; his first game with the team was watched by 6,069 fans, one of the largest audiences to see a hockey game in Canada to that point. He took part in the Wanderers' Stanley Cup challenge against the New Glasgow Cubs, a team from Nova Scotia, on December 27 and 29, 1906, and along with teammates Riley Hern, Frank Glass, Moose Johnson and Jack Marshall, became the first professional hockey players to compete for the Stanley Cup.

Stuart did not escape violence in the ECAHA. On January 12, 1907, the Wanderers faced the Ottawa Senators, a game the Wanderers ultimately won 4–2. Charles Spittal of Ottawa was described as "attempting to split Cecil Blachford's skull", Alf Smith hit Stuart "across the temple with his stick, laying him out like a corpse", and Harry Smith cracked his stick across Ernie "Moose" Johnson's face, breaking Johnson's nose. Stuart was commended for his actions during the game; it was said that he neither flinched nor retaliated, even after bearing most of the hits. At a league meeting on January 18, the Montreal Victorias proposed suspending Spittal and Alf Smith for the season in response to their actions, but this was voted down and the president of the league, Fred McRobie, resigned. The next time the Senators visited Montreal for a game, the police arrested Spittal, Alf and Harry Smith, leading to $20 fines for Spittal and Alf, and an acquittal for Harry. Even with the persistent violence, Stuart helped the Wanderers to an undefeated season; they then accepted a challenge from the Kenora Thistles for the Stanley Cup. The Thistles won the series, held in January, but lost a rematch between the teams in March, giving the Cup back to the Wanderers. Stuart participated in both challenges, and though did not score a goal in any of the four games, he was said to have played the best game of his career in the first game of the series, even with a broken finger. Regarded as the most important player on the Wanderers, Stuart was said to know how to play every position on the ice, and passed his knowledge of the game onto his teammates.

Death
Tired of the constant violence, Stuart quit hockey after the Stanley Cup championship in 1907 and joined his father in construction. As part of this job, Stuart was sent to Belleville, Ontario, to oversee the building of the Belleville Drill Shed, one of his father's contracts. While in Belleville, he continued to receive offers to join a new hockey team. He was asked if he wanted to manage the Belleville team; a similar offer came from Peterborough, Ontario, while a town outside Toronto was said to have offered a railroad president's salary if Stuart would join them. On the afternoon of June 23, 1907, Stuart went to the Bay of Quinte, near Belleville, to swim with some friends. Stuart swam to the nearby lighthouse, about half a kilometre away from his group, climbed onto a platform and dove into the shallow water. He dived head first onto jagged rocks, gashing his head and breaking his neck. He was killed instantly. His body was brought back to Ottawa, where a service was held at his family's home before he was buried at Beechwood Cemetery.

All-star game
To raise money for Stuart's widow and two children, the ECAHA decided to host an all-star game, the first of its kind to be played in any sport. An estimated 3,800 spectators attended the Hod Stuart Memorial Game on January 2, 1908, with tickets selling out days in advance. Described by the Montreal Herald as "unique in the history of hockey in Montreal, if not in the whole of Canada," the event featured the Montreal Wanderers, Stuart's former team, playing against a squad of top players from the other teams in the ECAHA.

The Westmount Arena agreed to host the event for no charge, and all proceeds from the game went to Stuart's family, totaling over $2,100. Fans were asked to mail in choices of who should play on the all-star team, with the contest winners given two tickets to the game. The Wanderers, an established team, played better than the All-Stars, who had to learn to play together, and led 7–1 after the first half of the game; though the All-Stars played better in the second half, the Wanderers won by a score of 10–7.

Legacy and playing style
In the immediate aftermath of his death on June 23, 1907, and surrounding his funeral in Ottawa on June 24, many of Stuart's close colleagues in the tight-knit hockey community would pay tribute to the late sportsman. Representatives from the Ottawa Hockey Club, Ottawa Rowing Club, Ottawa Football Club, St. Patrick's Football Club, Ottawa Victorias and Montreal Wanderers were all present at the funeral services alongside family, friends and several city aldermen, all expressing regret for the passing of one of the city's most distinguished athletes. James Strachan, president of the Montreal Wanderers, called him "a splendid hockey player, and one of the finest fellows in the game," and his brother Billy Strachan, a teammate of Stuart on the 1906–07 Montreal Wanderers, said that "the little I did play in his company gave me a very high opinion of him as a player and as a man."

Around the time of his death Hod Stuart was often in the conversation not only as one of the best cover-points in the game, but also one of the best players overall. Montreal native forward Lorne Campbell, who had been a teammate of Stuart on both the Pittsburgh Bankers (WPHL) and the Pittsburgh Professionals (IPHL), claimed in a 1908 interview with the Winnipeg Tribune that Stuart was the best cover-point the game had ever seen up to that point in time, and that he had also helped revolutionize the game of the puck rushing defenceman.

Lorne Campbell would also remark that despite Stuart looking slow on the ice to some spectators, this was only due to his peculiar skating stroke that would give away a false impression, and that for a player of his big size Stuart was "the speediest that ever drew on a pair of skates to play hockey." Campbell also complimented Stuart on his stickhandling and his long reach, and claimed him to have been "one of the best generals in the game."

Lorne Campbell further claimed that while Stuart had been involved in many violent hockey games as a player, he was not himself a dirty player, "but more sinned against than sinning." Campbell claimed that Stuart "was able to take care of himself on the ice, and those stories about him going into a game with the only thought of laying some player out were pure fiction." According to Campbell Stuart took so many stick whacks across his hands, particularly between the thumb and the first fingers, that he had to devise a special hockey glove so padded with protection that a crack on that part of the hand had no effect on him.

Regular season and playoffs
Playing stats from Total Hockey

IPHL
Awards from Total Hockey

title: Hod Stuart


text: Template:Boston and Maine Railroad

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Boston and Maine Railroad


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Ronon Dex

Ronon Dex is a fictional character in the 2004 science fiction television series Stargate Atlantis. Played by Jason Momoa. The storyline is about Ronon who is from Sateda. Sateda is a civilization which was at a technological level comparable to Earth in the mid-20th century before it was devastated by the Wraith alongside all other advanced civilizations in the Pegasus galaxy. When Ronon Dex and the Atlantis expedition first met in the season 2 episode "Runner", Ronon Dex had been a Runner for the past seven years. He joined the Atlantis Expedition shortly afterward, effectively replacing Aiden Ford on Sheppard's team after Ford had become addicted to a Wraith enzyme and had fled Atlantis.

Jason Momoa, along with some of his fellow cast members, said that they think of Ronon as the Atlantis version of Chewbacca. This joke was also carried through into the show, as Lt Col Sheppard occasionally refers to Ronon as "Chewy."

Role in Stargate Atlantis
Ronon is a native of Sateda, a planet with an advanced level of technology. His grandfather suffered from Second Childhood, a condition with symptoms similar to Alzheimer's disease. Ronon became a member of the Satedan military and held the rank of Specialist. He was very close to a woman named Melena, whom Ronon considered "close enough" to a wife in "Sunday". Approximately seven years before Ronon's first contact with the Atlantis Expedition, the Wraith attacked Sateda. Ronon remained behind with Melena to fight the Wraith, but the Wraith defeated Satedan forces and Melena was killed before Ronon's eyes in an explosion. Ronon was later captured by the Wraith. When the Wraith discovered that he was much stronger and more resilient than the normal human on Sateda (or any other human civilisation in Pegasus), they turned him into a Runner, implanting a tracking device in his upper back and setting him loose to be constantly hunted. (for sports, training etc. as Ronon said later to Teyla).

Ronon stayed alive for seven years by learning several new tricks and deciding to hunt the Wraith with his weapons. He owns a rare energy pistol which emits red bursts of energy that stun or kill at the user's discretion. It resembles a revolver with a power cell where the ammunition cylinder would be located. The same type of weapon is shown to be used by a people in the Season 4 episode 'Travelers,' but Ronon displays no knowledge of these people. Ronon also carries a sword, with the hilt made from a Wraith mandible and humerus wrapped in Wraith hair, the blade made from the metal of a Wraith ship, and the scabbard made from a Wraith leather coat. The episode "The Hive" shows Ronon carrying several knives hidden on his person for use in emergencies. (He uses four in the episode and it is implied there may be more.) Ronon's seemingly unlimited supply of these blades is a source of occasional comic relief.

When the Atlantis team encounters Ronon for the first time in season 2's "Runner", they arrange the removal of the tracking device in his back. Ronon returns with them to Atlantis, where he learns that Sateda had been completely destroyed. Sheppard offers Ronon a place on his team in "Duet" after Ronon proves his worth against the Marines and Teyla in hand-to-hand combat and demonstrates his experience with guns. Ronon finds out in "Trinity" that about 300 Satedans survived the Wraith attacks and moved to other planets. In season 3's "Sateda", Ronon gets revenge on the Wraith who originally turned him into a Runner. Ronon meets with three of his old Satedan friends in season 4's "Reunion" and seriously considers leaving the Atlantis Expedition for the first time until he learns that his old friends are Wraith Worshippers. In the end, Ronon remains with the Atlantis Expedition, stating that his friends are "right here".

In season 4's "Midway", Teal'c comes to Atlantis to advise Ronon on how to deal with the IOA. This immediately provokes a rivalry, and Ronon and Teal'c engage in a sparring match. After an hour of intense but inconclusive fighting, it is proven they are equally matched. Together, they fight a group of Wraith who attempt to gate to Earth; in the process, Dex saves Teal'c from a Wraith who is feeding on him and earns IOA approval of his presence at Atlantis. (The rivalry as such is resolved; the question of who could beat whom is left open, but they become friends instead of rivals.) In one episode of season 4, Ronon and Dr. Jennifer Keller appears to take a romantic interest in each other. In Season 5 episodes "Taken," "First Contact," and "The Lost Tribe," their potential attraction is again suggested until Dr. Keller reveals that she is interested in Dr. Rodney McKay. In season 5's final episode, "Enemy at the Gate", Ronon is killed during an assault on a Wraith hive that had reached Earth's orbit. He is then revived by a Wraith and interrogated, only to be rescued by Sheppard and crew. Dex is last seen with the Atlantis Expedition crew as they safely land a cloaked but disabled Atlantis near the Golden Gate Bridge.

Conceptual history
The working name for Ronon's homeworld planet was Atteria, not Sateda.

After Momoa was cast in the role, the Sci Fi Channel objected to him keeping his long, heavy 6-pound dreadlocks. However, the hair soon became a signature of the character, and when Momoa decided to cut them off (with the producers' permission) after the completion of Season 4, he was still required to have his hair sewn back on for at least the first three episodes until there would be a scene where Ronon cuts his hair off in "Broken Ties". According to Momoa, it took nine hours to sew his hair back on for the beginning of the fifth season. However, wearing it was too painful for him to continue working. Meanwhile, the Sci-Fi Channel overruled the decision for Ronon to lose his hair. The scene had already been filmed and was cut, so he was eventually given a custom-made $10,000 wig that weighed the same as Momoa's former hair as a replacement for the rest of the season. In interviews, Momoa says that the wig was more painful and cumbersome than his original dreadlocks. Also, Momoa used various tricks to cover up several of his tattoos, including the sizeable tribal tattoo on his left forearm. Eventually, the writers incorporated a scene in the episode "Reunion" wherein he gets the tattoo.

When Valerie Halverson took over as the lead costume designer in the fourth season, Jason Momoa would bring her pieces of fabric from flea markets. The costume department would then fashion them into clothing for his character.

title: Ronon Dex


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Wega

WEGA, Wega, or WeGA may refer to:

 * WeGA or Carl-Maria-von-Weber-Gesamtausgabe, a scientific-critical edition of the works of the composer Carl Maria von Weber
 * WEGA, a German electronics manufacturer, acquired by Sony Corporation
 * WEGA (AM) (1350 AM, Candelita7), a radio station licensed to Vega Baja, Puerto Rico
 * Vega, a star in the constellation Lyra, also known as Wega
 * Wega (horse), a horse participating in 2012 Olympics equestrian events
 * WEGA (stellarator), an early version of the Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications
 * Wiener Einsatzgruppe Alarmabteilung, a SWAT team in Vienna, Austria
 * WEGA – Die Spezialeinheit der Polizei, an Austrian TV series about the Wiener Einsatzgruppe Alarmabteilung
 * Wega Industria Aeronautica, Brazilian manufacturer of aircraft including the Wega 180
 * FV Wega, a German fishing trawler in service 1933–39 and 1945–55
 * Wega, a station on the Wabern–Brilon Wald railway, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * Waya Island, Fiji, formerly spelled Wega
 * FD Trinitron/WEGA, Sony's series of flat picture tubes

title: Wega


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Malay house

Malay houses (Malay: Rumah Melayu; Jawi: رومه ملايو) refer to the vernacular dwellings of the Malays, an ethno-linguistic group inhabiting Sumatra, coastal Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.

Traditional architectural forms, such as tropically-suited roofs and harmonious proportions with decorative elements are considered to still have great cultural value by many in the region. However, these buildings require significant maintenance compared to modern construction; such as the challenges in preserving its main material, wood, from the decaying effect of tropical weather as well as termite infestation. These vernacular construction skills are gradually being lost as Malaysia continues its process of industrialisation, while in Indonesia such traditional dwellings still survive in rural areas. Though urban transformation in Singapore has expunged almost all Malay urban wards, a few houses displaying this vernacular architecture have survived, mainly concentrated in the offshore island of Pulau Ubin. The effort to preserve indigenous architectural styles of the Indonesian archipelago has been conducted through documentation and the creation replicas in provinces pavilions in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Jakarta.

Construction
Using renewable natural materials including timber and bamboo, the dwellings are often built without the use of metal including nails. Instead pre-cut holes and grooves are used to fit the timber elements into one another, effectively making it a 'prefabricated house'.

Although nails had been invented and in later houses used minimally for non-structural elements (for example, windows or panels), structural flexibility was a benefit which nailing inhibited. Without nails, a timber house could be dismantled and reconstructed in a new location. Most of the ancient Malay peoples of South-East Asia maintained a form of self-regenerating environmental culture.

Design

Traditional timber houses incorporated design principals relevant in contemporary architecture such as shading and ventilation, qualities present in the basic house features. Although Malay houses have diversity of styles according to each states, provinces, and sub-ethnics, there are common style and similarities shared among them:
 * 1) Built on stilts
 * 2) Have stairs
 * 3) Partitioned rooms
 * 4) Vernacular roof
 * 5) Adorned with decoration

Stilts
Most of Malay houses are built as Rumah Panggung (lit: "stage house") houses built on stilts. The main characteristic of a typical Malay kampung house is its on stilts or piles. This was to avoid wild animals and floods, to deter thieves, and for added ventilation. In Sumatra, traditionally stilted houses are designed to avoid dangerous wild animals, such as snakes and tigers. While in areas located close to big rivers of Sumatra and Borneo, the stilts help to elevated house above flood surface. In parts of Sabah, the number of dowry buffaloes could even depend on the number of stilts there are in the bridal family's home.

Stairs
The traditional Malay house require stairs to reach the elevated interior. Usually the stairs connected the land front of the house to the serambi (porch or verandah). Additional stairs might be found on back of the house. The stairs can be made of wood or brick structure covered with tiles. For example, in Melaka and Riau the staircase is always decoratively moulded and colourfully tiled.

Rooms
The interior is partitioned to create rooms such as serambi (verandah), living room, and bedrooms. A traditional Malay timber house usually in two parts: the main house called Rumah Ibu in honour of the mother (ibu) and the simpler Rumah Dapur or kitchen annexe, which was separated from the main house for fire protection. The proportion was important to give the house a human scale. The Rumah Ibu was named after the spacings between stilts which are said to typically follow the arms-spread width of the wife and mother in the family of the house when being built. At least one raised veranda (serambi) is attached to the house for seated work or relaxation, or where non-familiar visitors would be entertained, thus preserving the privacy of the interior.

Roof
The roof of traditional Malay houses are designed to provide shade and protection from heat and rain, as well as to provide ventilation. The basic design of a roof on a Malay house is gabled roof, an extended frame with ornaments on the edges of the roof. The vernacular Malay roof is best suited for hot and humid tropical climates. An example of the gabled roof can be found in the design of Rumah Lipat Kajang. However a pyramidal styled pitched roof can also be found on houses such as the Palembang Rumah Limas.

In Riau and Jambi there are several different styles, especially of the roof design. The Rumah Lancang or Rumah Lontik have curved roof with boat-like structure on stilts. The design somehow similar to Minang Rumah Gadang. The Rumah Lipat Kajang have flat roof structure with crossing edges forming "x" pinnacle on corners of the roof. The larger structure with similar crossed corner roof is called Rumah Limas. This type of roof and structure often used in palaces of Malay kings as well as government buildings. The Rumah Limas is also known as the traditional house of South Sumatra and Sundanese West Java, although they have same "Rumah Limas" name, the design is slightly different. The modern government and public buildings often based on Malay style roof design, such as government buildings in Riau and Jambi, as well as the roof design of Muzium Negara in Kuala Lumpur.

Decoration
Each Malay region, state or sub-ethnic groups has its own regional or group style of house with preferred details. However most of Malay houses have a typical roof ornament, a crossed roof edge structure forming "x"-like pinnacle ornament on the edge of the roof. This kind of ornament can be found in Lontik, Lipat Kajang and Limas styles. In Peninsular Malaysia's east coast, many houses have distinctive carved roof gable-end boards akin to those in Thailand and Cambodia.

Types

 * Rumah limas – Predominantly found in the city of Palembang and related with the nobles of the Palembang Sultanate
 * Rumah Limas – A different styled Rumah Limas that can be found in Riau Islands, Johor, Malacca, Pahang, Terengganu and Selangor.
 * Rumah Potong Limas – Predominantly found at West Kalimantan.
 * Rumah Lipat Kajang or Rumah Kejang Lako – Predominantly found in Jambi and Riau.
 * Rumah Melaka – Predominantly found at Johor and Malacca.
 * Rumah Tiang Dua Belas – Predominantly found in east coast of North Sumatra.
 * Rumah Lancang or Rumah Lontik – Predominantly found in Riau Kampar Regency.
 * Rumah Belah Bubung – Predominantly found in Riau Islands.
 * Rumah Kutai – Predominantly found in Perak and northern Selangor, based from Kutai architecture.
 * Rumah Perabung Lima – Predominantly found in Kelantan and Terengganu.
 * Rumah Gajah Menyusu – Predominantly found in Penang.
 * Rumah Tiang Dua Belas – Predominantly found in Kelantan, Terengganu and Pattani.
 * Rumah Bumbung Panjang – Predominantly found in Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Selangor, Johor and Pahang.
 * Rumah Air – Predominantly found in Brunei and Labuan.
 * Rumah Berbumbung Lima – Predominantly found in Bengkulu.

title: Malay house


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Talk:All the Best Cowboys Have Chinese Eyes

Untitled
Was Empty Glass the best solo record Townshend ever made? I would argue that Chinese Eyes is a better album. The production is more interesting, as is the song writing. The songs are more intricate, more detailed; this is more than just another well-crafted rock record. Even more than Empty Glass, Chinese Eyes captures a composer at his most personal even while couching his revelations in language that anyone who was alive, aware and an adult in the early 80's can relate to. While it might lack the drama of, say, Rumours, Chinese Eyes makes that collection of razor dances seem positively childish. Chinese Eyes may be relevatory but it also possesses diginity, if dignity can be found in quietly falling apart. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.109.220.235 (talk • contribs).
 * Well said! Hanz ofbyotch (talk) 18:57, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

Merging of songs

 * I would like to merge all the song articles into this article. Typically album tracks don't get their own articles unless they are singles or otherwise notable enough for a standalone article.  Additionally, a centralized source of information is much better than small bits of information sprinkled across a bunch of song stubs.  If no one objects, I'll perform the merge in the next couple days.  Wickethewok 21:01, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Works for me. Most of these song articles have no links-to except from the album or the prev/next chains.  Wasted Time R 21:20, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Done. Wickethewok 13:29, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Redirected from North Country Girl
I really don't think a search for a song should redirect to an album containing a cover of the song. North Country Girl is probably worth an entry of its own really, but if it must redirect to an album, it ought to be The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. Clearly. --Oolong (talk) 13:27, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

More on North Country Girl
Townshend's song is different from Dylan's. Different wording in the title, slight differences in the lyrics, but the tune (melody) bears no resemblance at all to Dylan's. It would have been purposeful to stress this in the article. Words: Dylan and Townshend. Music: Townshend.
 * You'd need a good reference for that, especially considering the credits say written by Dylan, arranged by Pete.Doctorhawkes (talk) 04:30, 11 April 2021 (UTC)


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Lexical diffusion

Lexical diffusion is the hypothesis that a sound change is an abrupt change that spreads gradually across the words in a language to which it is applicable. It contrasts with the Neogrammarian view that a sound change results from phonetically-conditioned articulatory drift acting uniformly on all applicable words, which implies that sound changes are regular, with exceptions attributed to analogy and dialect borrowing.

Similar views were expressed by Romance dialectologists in the late 19th century but were reformulated and renamed by William Wang and coworkers studying varieties of Chinese in the 1960s and the 1970s. William Labov found evidence for both processes but argued that they operate at different levels.

Neogrammarians

A key assumption of historical linguistics is that sound change is regular. The principle was summarized by the Neogrammarians in the late 19th century in the slogan "sound laws suffer no exceptions" and forms the basis of the comparative method of reconstruction and the tree model of linguistic evolution. Inspired by the Uniformitarian Principle of geology, Neogrammarians such as Hermann Paul described regularity as a consequence of the operation of sound change as an imperceptible articulatory drift conditioned by the phonetic environment. Leonard Bloomfield later summarized this view: "sound change is merely a change in the speaker's manner of producing phonemes and accordingly affects a phoneme at every occurrence, regardless of the nature of any particular linguistic form in which the phoneme happens to occur."

He summarized the mechanism as "phonemes change". Despite the unequivocal form in which these slogans are often quoted, the Neogrammarians admitted two exceptions to regular sound change: analogy and dialect borrowing.

Dialectologists
Uniform sound change was first challenged by Hugo Schuchardt, a dialectologist of Romance languages, who wrote in his criticism of the Neogrammarians: "Rarely-used words lag behind; very frequently used ones rush ahead. Exceptions to the sound laws are thus formed on both sides."

Dialectologists studying the Romance languages found many apparent exceptions to uniformity, as reflected in their slogan, chaque mot a son histoire ('every word has its own history'). This is commonly ascribed to Jules Gilliéron but also originated with Schuchardt. An example is the shortening of English 'u' (the foot-strut split), resulting in different vowels in the words cut and put. When the isogloss defining this feature in England is examined closely, it emerges that individual words are moving from to  over time, and individual speakers fluctuate in their pronunciation of the same words.

Some sound changes, such as metathesis or haplology, are inherently discontinuous and hence incompatible with gradual, imperceptible change.

Wang's reformulation
In 1962, Peking University published the Hanyu Fangyin Zihui, containing transcriptions of 2444 morphemes in 17 modern varieties of Chinese. The DOC project at the University of California, Berkeley, headed by William Wang, attempted to apply the comparative method to a computerized form of this data. However, the Chinese data revealed pervasive irregularities.

For example, Middle Chinese words in the third tone class (the "departing" tone) with voiced initials have two reflexes in the modern Teochew dialect, but no phonetic factor has been found to condition the split. Cheng and Wang list 12 pairs of words that were homophonous in Middle Chinese but have different modern pronunciations. Similar examples were found on other Chinese varieties and other language families. Wang accounted for such irregularities by positing a form of lexical diffusion: "we hold that words change their pronunciations by discrete, perceptible increments (i.e. phonetically abrupt), but severally at a time (i.e. lexically gradual) rather than always in a homogeneous block."

In his view, a sound change would be regular if the change had completed its progress through the lexicon, but irregularity would be seen if the change were still incomplete or if it were interrupted by another change.

Other linguists responded that the explanation of the irregularities should be sought in dialect mixture. Indeed, Wang and Lien discovered that the Teochew phenomenon was the result of borrowing from the local literary reading tradition. They present a revised model that distinguishes between the initial "actuation" of a sound change by language contact or internal factors, and its "implementation" by lexical diffusion.

Evaluation
Labov found evidence for both processes, but argued that they operate at different levels: Paul Kiparsky argues that under a proper definition of analogy as optimization, lexical diffusion is a non-proportional type of analogy similar to leveling, rather than a type of sound change.
 * Regular sound change occurs when the phonetic realization of a phoneme varies gradually and continuously. The process affects all words containing the phoneme uniformly. Examples include vowel shifts and diphthongization, weakening of glides and unstressed vowels, vocalization of liquids, and changes in the manner of articulation of consonants.
 * Lexical diffusion represents a change in the phonemes in a word (substitution, metathesis, elision, epenthesis). It is abrupt and applies to words selected by lexical, grammatical or social criteria.

title: Lexical diffusion


text:
Phillips White

Phillips White (October 28, 1729– June 24, 1811) was an American farmer from South Hampton, New Hampshire. He was a delegate for New Hampshire to the Continental Congress in 1782 and 1783.

Phillips was born in 1729 at Haverhill, Massachusetts. As a young man he settled in New Hampshire, and made his home in South Hampton for most of his life. During much of the Revolution he was active politically. He represented Rockingham County on the state's Committee of Safety a number of times between 1776 and 1783. In September 1782, White was appointed as a delegate to the Continental Congress. He attended meetings from November of that year (when the new session started) until May 1783.

White died at home and is buried in the Old Cemetery of South Hampton.

title: Phillips White


text:
Neauphle-le-Château

Neauphle-le-Château is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.

History
Neauphle-le-Château gained international fame in 1978 when, on October 8, Iranian Islamic leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini rented and moved into a house there following his exile by the regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in the midst of the Iranian Revolution, and after being deported from Iraq where he was taking refuge amongst the Shi'a community. The Ayatollah continued to reside there until the following year when he returned to Iran following the collapse of the Shah's regime and later became Iran's Supreme Leader. Due to the Ayatollah's time residing in Neauphle-le-Château, the street in Tehran on which the French Embassy in Iran is located and was previously known as Faranseh (France) street, is now renamed after the village. The small town/big village of Kahak south of the city of Qom was also renamed "Nufeloshato" in the memory of the French village. The property where he lived, at the corner of the Chevreuse Road and Jardins Path has long been fenced off and locked and the former dwelling is now destroyed.

It was also the home of Deanna Durbin, a Hollywood actress, until her death on April 17, 2013. The writer Marguerite Duras lived here in a house which she described as the one in which she had lived the longest.

Transportation
The center of the village is about 2.2km away from the Villiers–Neauphle–Pontchartrain station, served by the Transilien Line N, which connects to Versailles and Paris (Gare Montparnasse).

title: Neauphle-le-Château


text:
Darren Pang

Darren Robert Pang (born February 17, 1964) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played his professional career with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (1984–85 and 1987–89).

He is currently the lead color commentator with the Chicago Blackhawks and is the #2 color commentator on TNT. He also does work for NHL Network.

Playing career
Pang grew up playing hockey in Nepean, Ontario, for the Nepean Raiders. As a youth, he played alongside many future NHLers, including Doug Smith, Dan Quinn, and Steve Yzerman. He and teammate Dan Quinn played in the 1977 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from West Ottawa. Pang later played for the Nepean Raiders Major Midget team that represented Ontario in the Air Canada Cup as a 15-year-old.

He was the first goalie drafted by the expansion Belleville Bulls, winning their first-ever game in the OHL. He was traded to the Ottawa 67's, where he won the Memorial Cup in 1984 while garnering the Top Goalie and All-Star team awards. Standing 5'5", Pang was the 2nd shortest goalie to play in the NHL, behind only Roy "Shrimp" Worters. Pang was humorously considered to have a "sixth hole" above his head. He was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1988 and was a finalist for the Calder Trophy as the NHL's Rookie of the Year, won by Hall of Famer Joe Nieuwendyk. His first win was recorded on October 18, 1987, against the Winnipeg Jets.

Pang was signed as a free agent by the Chicago Blackhawks on August 15, 1984. He also set a Blackhawks goaltender's record with six assists in the 1987–1988 NHL season and had 9 points in his brief NHL career. During training camp, Pang suffered a career-ending knee injury and was forced to retire on September 21, 1990.

Broadcast career
Today, Pang is a lead color commentator for the Chicago Blackhawks   and an ice-level analyst for national games on TNT. He also works for the NHL Network. Before TNT, he served as an ice-level analyst for NBC. Pang also contributes to Home Ice, XM Satellite Radio's all-hockey channel. Before joining the Blackhawks, he was the color commentator for the Phoenix Coyotes, St. Louis Blues, and a part-time analyst for TSN. On July 9, 2009, it was announced that he would be the color commentator for the St. Louis Blues TV broadcasts, joining John Kelly in the broadcast booth, with the former color man Bernie Federko moved to ice level. On June 8, 2023, he left the Blues to join their rival, the Blackhawks broadcasts on NBC Sports Chicago.

Previously, Pang was a top analyst for ESPN/ABC for 13 seasons and has broadcast over 95 Stanley Cup Finals games on national TV. He has worked as an analyst for three Winter Olympics. On CBS for the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan, he was assigned as the first Olympic reporter that received full access "between the benches" with no glass separating him from the benches. He also worked as an on-ice analyst/reporter in 2002 for NBC and in 2010 he worked as a studio analyst for CTV/TSN alongside Bob McKenzie, Nick Kypreos, Daren Millard, and host James Duthie.

title: Darren Pang


text:
Talk:Kanha Tiger Reserve

Untitled
Please feel free to expand my brief description of Kanha.

Antelope
Are Chousingha seen really commonly. As far as I know they are as rare as Nilgai in kanha.--Altaileopard 23:25, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

forced evictions
Comments and requests from Phil Dickie, WWF International (pdickie@wwfint.org). our practice is enter into transparent dialogue with the Wikipedia community on issues, and leave edits to the community.

The section on enforced evictions has some issues which probably go beyond any concerns held by WWF. It is correct that there have been relocations although the reference (5) is valuable but more anecdotal than academic - there must be something giving better background, perhaps from authorities, human rights publications etc. There has been considerable evolution of forest legislation to better establish Adavasi rights, so the degree to which relocation and resettlement is legal or illegal in more recent times in particular is likely not as certain as the article suggests. The reference (7) is a page from the site of WWF-India - it contains no support for the sentence Conservation officials have claimed that indigenous people are detrimental to tiger populations, but have provided no evidence to support this claim. within the article. The final sentence "In early 2015, further communities of Baiga were illegally evicted from the park.[8]" is referenced to a claim from Survival International. WWF-India has conducted checks of claims of illegal evictions including these claims and has not been able to verify the occurence of any illegal evictions. WWF-India has notified this to Survival International and urged them to take issues up with the responsible authorities. We are still collecting information on recent claims and are happy to remain in dialogue with Wikipedia on this and related entries. At this stage, we would request that the entry be edited to reflect that relocation has occured from the park core zone, that there is controversy over its legality or illegality, note that Indian law has changed over the decades covered by the article to better recognise rights and exclude forced relocation. As to the sentence Conservation officials have claimed that indigenous people are detrimental to tiger populations, but have provided no evidence to support this claim. it needs to be made clear that this is a claim made by ?????, it needs to be sourced if possible to a reference that would provide support to the claim, the invalid reference should be removed in any case or perhaps the entire sentence should just be deleted. 195.65.220.98 (talk) 11:43, 6 February 2015 (UTC) see above note on clarifying issues within Forced evictions

 * Thank you for submitting a request edit for this article. Regarding the specific points:
 * "that relocation has occured from the park core zone" - ✅ based upon one of the sources
 * "that there is controversy over its legality or illegality, note that Indian law has changed over the decades covered by the article to better recognise rights and exclude forced relocation." - a source is needed for this, but I added "according to Survival International". Do you have a source for this?
 * "As to the sentence Conservation officials have claimed that indigenous people are detrimental to tiger populations, but have provided no evidence to support this claim. it needs to be made clear that this is a claim made by ?????, it needs to be sourced if possible to a reference that would provide support to the claim, the invalid reference should be removed in any case or perhaps the entire sentence should just be deleted." ✅ this was a poor extrapolation of the information in the article. I rewrote that part.
 * I generally rewrote the information based upon what I read in the articles. If you can provide a source of information (newspaper, book, magazine, other reliable source), then a request edit can be submitted for that change. Please let me know if you have any comments about the rewording.-- CaroleHenson (talk) 06:19, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kanha Tiger Reserve


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of airports in Canada

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep. Deathphoenix 15:41, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

List of airports in Canada

 * delete: this page is redundant with Category:Airports of Canada. There are over 1,200 registered airports in Canada, and probably a couple of thousand more unregistered ones, so it makes no sense to try to maintain a list by hand.  The category is updated automatically whenever a new airport is added.  I've also vfd'd the parent page, List of airports. David 13:21, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * keep: as the original nominator, I think there's a clear consensus here that people like maintaining a list, so there's no point dragging out this process. I'm going to suggest adding a pointer to Category:Airports of Canada at the top of the article (not as a see-also at the bottom), and also encourage the list to be broken down further into regions.  Is it proper wikipedia etiquette for me to remove my vfd, or should I wait until a moderate closes this discussion?  David 16:37, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)

 * Keep Manually maintained lists are very useful, especially in pointing out where articles are missing. They tell us what articles need to be added. There are all kinds of other lists that have an equivalent category, e.g. lists of communities in each province, lists of highways by province, etc. Are we going to delete them all? Luigizanasi 16:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If we keep, how should we divide it up? There are about 1,200 registered airports in Canada, and maybe twice as many unregistered ones.  That might be too long for a single Wikipedia article.  David 23:21, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * They could be split up by province/territory, like highways are. Take a look at List of Canadian highways by province Luigizanasi 04:26, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That's the way the category is divided up. Note that big provinces like Ontario still have hundreds of airports to list.  David 16:34, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)

 * Keep. Delete nominator. -- [[Image:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Earl Andrew - talk 22:06, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. List is notable. --YUL89YYZ 08:53, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * AFAIK, "redundant with category" has never been a valid reason to delete a list; categories and lists serve related but distinct purposes. A list, for one thing, can contain redlinks that point a user to articles that still need to be written; a category can't. Keep. Bearcat 21:19, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 00:36, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be placed on a related article talk page, if one exists; in an undeletion request, if it does not; or below this section.


text:
New Rights Party

The New Rights Party (NRP) (ახალი მემარჯვენეები), also translated as New Conservative Party (NCP), was a political party in Georgia. It was an associate member of the International Democrat Union and applicant of the European People's Party.

On, the New Rights Party joined the Republican Party of Georgia in a new opposition alliance. Both parties united in "The Alliance for Georgia" led by Irakli Alasania, Georgia's ex-envoy to the United Nations in February 2009.

Following the establishment of Lelo for Georgia political party in 2019, both David Usupashvili's Development Movement and the New Rights Party merged with the new party and became part of Lelo for Georgia.

Establishment
The idea to establish the NRP began to emerge during the time when Eduard Shevardnadze was still President and his Citizens’ Union of Georgia (CUG) was an influential force on the political stage of the country.

After formation, despite small membership, the New Faction (at that point there were only ten members) managed to significantly change the situation in the Parliament.

The original membership of the New Faction consisted of David Gamkrelidze (chairman), Levan Gachechiladze, Pikria Chikhradze, Gia Karkarashvili, Irakli Iashvili, David Saganelidze, David Koghuashvili, Dodo Shelia, Giorgi Kvirikashvili, and Valeri Kvaratskhelia.

On, on the basis of the New Faction, New Movement, and Neo-Conservative Union, a new political partythe New Conservative Party of Georgiawas formed. Levan Gachechiladze was elected as NRP chairman and David Gamkrelidze as co-chairman.

Elections
In only a year from its formation, the New Rights Party achieved considerable results. In the local elections held on, NRP came out first nationwide and third in Tbilisi. After the victory in the local elections, the party set itself preparing for the parliamentary elections. A few months prior to the parliamentary elections, the NRP 2nd Congress elected David Gamkrelidze as a new chairman. The New Conservatives managed to successfully overcome the established seven per cent threshold. A number of parties boycotted the election results accusing the authorities of fraud. This triggered fierce public discontent nationwide, which eventually resulted in the toppling of Shevardnadze's regime in the Rose Revolution.

Despite the just outrage of the people, the NRP considered it unacceptable that the government should be changed by means of street demonstrations, as they believed it to be unconstitutional.

Participating in the repeat elections of 2004, the New Conservatives passed the seven per cent threshold once again. The NRP united with another center-right partyIndustry will Save Georgiaand formed a Coalition Right Opposition.

title: New Rights Party


text:
Prix Renaudot

The Prix Théophraste-Renaudot or Prix Renaudot is a French literary award.

History
The prize was created in 1926 by ten art critics awaiting the results of deliberation of the jury of the Prix Goncourt. While not officially related to the Prix Goncourt, it remains a complement to it: The Prix Renaudot laureate is announced at the same time and place as the Prix Goncourt, namely on the first Tuesday of November at the Drouant restaurant in Paris. The Renaudot jurors always pick an alternative laureate in case their first choice is awarded the Prix Goncourt.

The prize is named after Théophraste Renaudot, who created the first French newspaper in 1631.

In 2013, the Prix Redaudot essay revived the career of Gabriel Matzneff, which collapsed in 2020 as his paedophilia – long known and defended by his literary peers, including the Renaudot jurors – became more widely known through a report of one of his victims, Vanessa Springora. In the view of The New York Times, the episode illustrated "the self-perpetuating and impenetrable nature of many of France's elite institutions", including the Prix Renaudot, where "control often rests with a small, established group — overwhelmingly older, white men — that rewards like-minded friends", disregarding conflicts of interest. At the time, only one woman sat on the jury of the prize. French media also criticized the prize, and one judge, Jérôme Garcin, left the jury, but no changes took place.

Jury
As of 2021, the jury consists of:

 * Christian Giudicelli
 * Dominique Bona
 * Franz-Olivier Giesbert
 * Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud
 * Jean-Noël Pancrazi
 * Patrick Besson
 * Frédéric Beigbeder
 * Stéphanie Janicot
 * Cécile Guilbert
 * J. M. G. Le Clezio

Laureates

 * 1926: Nicolo Peccavi, Armand Lunel (Éditions Gallimard)
 * 1927: Maïtena, Bernard Nabonne (Grasset)
 * 1928: Le Joueur de triangle, André Obey (Grasset)
 * 1929: La Table aux crevés, Marcel Aymé (Gallimard)
 * 1930: Piège, Germaine Beaumont (Lemerre)
 * 1931: L'Innocent, Philippe Hériat (Denoël)
 * 1932: Voyage au bout de la nuit, Louis-Ferdinand Céline (Denoël)
 * 1933: Le roi dort, Charles Braibant (Denoël)
 * 1934: Blanc, Louis Francis (Gallimard)
 * 1935: Jours sans gloire, François de Roux (Gallimard)
 * 1936: Les Beaux Quartiers, Louis Aragon (Denoël)
 * 1937: Mervale, Jean Rogissart (Denoël)
 * 1938: Léonie la bienheureuse, Pierre Jean Launay (Denoël)
 * 1939: Les Javanais, Jean Malaquais (Denoël)
 * 1940: La Vallée heureuse, Jules Roy (Charlot)
 * 1941: Quand le temps travaillait pour nous, Paul Mousset (Grasset)
 * 1942: Les Liens de chaîne, Robert Gaillard (Colbert)
 * 1943: J'étais médecin avec les chars, Dr. André Soubiran (Didier)
 * 1944: Les Amitiés particulières, Roger Peyrefitte (La Table ronde)
 * 1945: Le Mas Théotime, Henri Bosco (Charlot)
 * 1946: L'Univers concentrationnaire, David Rousset (Minuit)
 * 1947: Je vivrai l'amour des autres, Jean Cayrol (Le Seuil)
 * 1948: Voyage aux horizons, Pierre Fisson (Julliard)
 * 1949: Le Jeu de patience, Louis Guilloux (Gallimard)
 * 1950: Les Orgues de l'enfer, Pierre Molaine (Corréa)
 * 1951: Le Dieu nu, Robert Margerit (Gallimard)
 * 1952: L'Amour de rien, Jacques Perry (Julliard)
 * 1953: La Dernière Innocence, Célia Bertin (Corréa)
 * 1954: Le Passage, Jean Reverzy (Julliard)
 * 1955: Le Moissonneur d'épines, Georges Govy (La Table ronde)
 * 1956: Le Père, André Perrin (Julliard)
 * 1957: La Modification, Michel Butor (Minuit)
 * 1958: La Lézarde, Édouard Glissant (Le Seuil)
 * 1959: L'Expérience, Albert Palle (Julliard)
 * 1960: Le Bonheur fragile, Alfred Kern (Gallimard)
 * 1961: Les Blés, Roger Bordier (Calmann-Lévy)
 * 1962: Le Veilleur de nuit, Simone Jacquemard (Le Seuil)
 * 1963: Le Procès-verbal, J. M. G. Le Clézio (Gallimard)
 * 1964: L'Écluse, Jean-Pierre Faye (Le Seuil)
 * 1965: Les Choses, Georges Perec (Julliard)
 * 1966: La Bataille de Toulouse, José Cabanis (Gallimard)
 * 1967: Le Monde tel qu'il est, Salvat Etchart (Mercure de France)
 * 1968: Le Devoir de violence, Yambo Ouologuem (Le Seuil)
 * 1969: Les Feux de la colère, Max Olivier-Lacamp (Grasset)
 * 1970: Isabelle ou l'arrière-saison, Jean Freustié (La Table ronde)
 * 1971: Le Sac du palais d'été, Pierre-Jean Rémy (Gallimard)
 * 1972: La Nuit américaine, Christopher Frank (Le Seuil)
 * 1973: La Terrasse des Bernardini, Suzanne Prou (Calmann-Lévy)
 * 1974: Voyage à l'étranger, Georges Borgeaud (Grasset)
 * 1975: L'Homme de sable, Jean Joubert (Grasset)
 * 1976: L'Amour les yeux fermés, Michel Henry (Gallimard)
 * 1977: Les Combattants du petit bonheur, Alphonse Boudard (La Table ronde)
 * 1978: L'Herbe à brûler, Conrad Detrez (Calmann-Lévy)
 * 1979: Affaires étrangères, Jean-Marc Roberts (Le Seuil)
 * 1980: Les Portes de Gubbio, Danièle Sallenave (Le Seuil)
 * 1981: La Nuit du décret, Michel Del Castillo (Le Seuil)
 * 1982: La Faculté des songes, Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud (Grasset)
 * 1983: Avant-Guerre, Jean-Marie Rouart (Grasset)
 * 1984: La Place, Annie Ernaux (Gallimard)
 * 1985: Mes nuits sont plus belles que vos jours, Raphaëlle Billetdoux (Grasset)
 * 1986: Station balnéaire, Christian Giudicelli (Gallimard)
 * 1987: L'Enfant halluciné, René-Jean Clot (Grasset)
 * 1988: Hadriana dans tous mes rêves, René Depestre (Gallimard)
 * 1989: Les Comptoirs du Sud, Philippe Doumenc (Le Seuil)
 * 1990: Les Frères Romance, Jean Colombier (Calmann-Lévy)
 * 1991: La Séparation, Dan Franck (Le Seuil)
 * 1992: La Démence du boxeur, François Weyergans (Gallimard)
 * 1993: Les Corps célestes, Nicolas Bréhal
 * 1994: Comme ton père, Guillaume Le Touze (L'Olivier)
 * 1995: Les Braban, Patrick Besson
 * 1996: Un silence d'environ une demi-heure, Boris Schreiber
 * 1997: Les Voleurs de beauté, Pascal Bruckner (Grasset)
 * 1998: Le Manuscrit de Port-Ebène, Dominique Bona (Gallimard)
 * 1999: L'Enfant léopard, Daniel Picouly (Grasset)
 * 2000: Allah n'est pas obligé, Ahmadou Kourouma (Le Seuil)
 * 2001: Céleste, Martine Le Coz (Editions du Rocher)
 * 2002: Assam, Gérard de Cortanze (Albin Michel)
 * 2003: Les Âmes grises, Philippe Claudel (Stock)
 * 2004: Suite française, Irène Némirovsky (Denoël)
 * 2005: Mes mauvaises pensées, Nina Bouraoui (Stock)
 * 2006: Mémoires de porc-épic, Alain Mabanckou (Le Seuil)
 * 2007: Chagrin d'école, Daniel Pennac (Gallimard)
 * 2008: Le Roi de Kahel (The King of Kahel), Tierno Monénembo (Le Seuil)
 * 2009: Un roman français, Frédéric Beigbeder (Grasset)
 * 2010: Apocalypse bébé, Virginie Despentes (Grasset)
 * 2011: Limonov, Emmanuel Carrère (P.O.L.)
 * 2012: Notre-Dame du Nil, Scholastique Mukasonga (Gallimard/Continents Noirs)
 * 2013: Naissance, Yann Moix (Grasset)
 * 2014: Charlotte, David Foenkinos (Gallimard)
 * 2015: D'après une histoire vraie, Delphine de Vigan (Lattès)
 * 2016: Babylone, Yasmina Reza (Flammarion)
 * 2017: La disparition de Josef Mengele, Olivier Guez (Grasset)
 * 2018: Le Sillon, Valérie Manteau (Le Tripode)
 * 2019: La Panthère des neiges, Sylvain Tesson (Gallimard)
 * 2020: Histoire du fils, Marie-Hélène Lafon (Buchet/Chastel)
 * 2021: Premier Sang, Amélie Nothomb (Albin Michel)
 * 2022: Performance, Simon Liberati (Grasset)
 * 2023: Les Insolents, Ann Scott

Prix Renaudot de l'essai

 * 2001: Protée et autres essais, Simon Leys (Gallimard)
 * 2002: Le Silence de Delphes, Claude-Michel Cluny (La Différence)
 * 2003: Dictionnaire amoureux de l'Amérique, Yves Berger (Plon)
 * 2004: Madame Proust, Évelyne Bloch-Dano (Grasset)
 * 2005: Le Roman de Constantinople, Gilles Martin-Chauffier (Le Rocher)
 * 2006: Jean-François Revel : un esprit libre, Pierre Boncenne (Plon)
 * 2007: Le Benarès-Kyôto, Olivier Germain-Thomas (Le Rocher)
 * 2008: Autobiographie d'un épouvantail, Boris Cyrulnik (Odile Jacob)
 * 2009: Alias Caracalla, Daniel Cordier (Gallimard)
 * 2010: L'affaire de l'esclave Furcy, Mohammed Aïssaoui (Gallimard)
 * 2011: Fontenoy ne reviendra plus, Gérard Guégan (Stock)
 * 2012: Le Dernier Modèle, Frank Maubert (Fayard)
 * 2013: Séraphin c'est la fin!, Gabriel Matzneff (La Table ronde)
 * 2014: De chez nous, Christian Authier (Stock)
 * 2015: Leïlah Mahi 1932, Didier Blonde (Gallimard)
 * 2016: Le Monde libre, Aude Lancelin (Les Liens qui libèrent)
 * 2017: De l'ardeur, Justine Augier (Actes Sud)
 * 2018: Avec toutes mes sympathies, Olivia de Lamberterie (Stock)
 * 2019: (Très) cher cinéma français, Éric Neuhoff (Albin Michel)
 * 2020: Les Villes de papier : Une vie d'Emily Dickinson, Dominique Fortier (Alto, Grasset)
 * 2021: Dans ma rue y avait trois boutiques Anthony Palou (Presses de la Cité)
 * 2022: Déjeunons sur l'herbe, Guillaume Durand (Bouquins)
 * 2023: De Gaulle, une vie : l'homme de personne (1890–1944), Jean-Luc Barré

Prix Renaudot du livre de poche

 * 2009: Palestine, Hubert Haddad (Le Livre de Poche/Zulma)
 * 2010: L'origine de la violence, Fabrice Humbert (Le Livre de poche)
 * 2011: A l'enfant que je n'aurai pas, Linda Lê (NiL)
 * 2012: Les Vieilles, Pascale Gautier (Folio/Gallimard)
 * 2013: Le Pérégrin émerveillé, Jean-Louis Gouraud (Babel/Actes Sud)
 * 2014: Le Garçon incassable, Florence Seyvos (Points)
 * 2015: La fiancée était à dos d'âne, Vénus Khoury-Ghata (Folio/Gallimard)
 * 2016: La mémoire du monde, Stéphanie Janicot (Le Livre de poche)
 * 2017: Les méduses ont-elles sommeil ?, (Folio/Gallimard)
 * 2018: Dieu, Allah, moi et les autres, Salim Bachi (Folio/Gallimard)
 * 2019: Une vieille histoire. Nouvelle version, Jonathan Littell (Folio/Gallimard)
 * 2020: Charles de Gaulle, (Tempus/Perrin)
 * 2021: Louis Jouvet, Olivier Rony
 * 2022: Vivre avec nos morts, Delphine Horvilleur
 * 2023: Le Retournement, Manuel Carcassonne

Prix Renaudot des lycéens

 * 1992: Aden, Anne-Marie Garat, (Seuil)
 * 1993: Jacob Jacobi,, (Julliard)
 * 1994: Une mort de théâtre, Claude Mourthé, (Julliard)
 * 1995: Le Jeu du roman, Louise Lambrichs (Seuil)
 * 1996: L'Ode à la reine, (Calmann-Lévy)
 * 1997: L'Homme du cinquième jour, Jean-Philippe Arrou-Vignod, (Gallimard)
 * 1998: Une poignée de gens, Anne Wiazemsky, (Gallimard)
 * 1999: Foraine, Paul Fournel, (Seuil)
 * 2000: Dans ces bras-là, Camille Laurens, (POL)
 * 2001: Le Soir du chien, Marie-Hélène Lafon, (Buchet Chastel)
 * 2002: La Métaphysique du chien,, (Buchet Chastel)
 * 2003: Silence, on ment,, (Grasset)
 * 2004: La Dernière Leçon, Noëlle Châtelet, (Seuil)
 * 2005: Festins secrets,, (L'Esprit des péninsules)
 * 2006: Maos, Morgan Sportès, (Grasset)
 * 2007: Le Cœur cousu Carole Martinez, (Gallimard)
 * 2008: Le Voyage du fils,, (Grasset)
 * 2009: Ce que je sais de Vera Candida, Véronique Ovaldé, (L'Olivier)
 * 2010: Dans la nuit brune Agnès Desarthe, (L'Olivier)
 * 2011: Rien ne s'oppose à la nuit, Delphine de Vigan, (Jean-Claude Lattès)
 * 2012: L'Hiver des hommes, Lionel Duroy, (Julliard)
 * 2013: Plonger,, (Gallimard)
 * 2014: L'Amour et les Forêts, Éric Reinhardt, (Gallimard)
 * 2015: Juste avant l'oubli, Alice Zeniter
 * 2016: Giboulées de soleil, Lenka Hornakova-Civade, (Alma)
 * 2017: Nos richesses, Kaouther Adimi, (Le Seuil)
 * 2018: La Vraie vie, Adeline Dieudonné (L'Iconoclaste)
 * 2019: Le Bal des folles, (Albin Michel)
 * 2020: Le Métier de Mourir, Jean-René Van der Plaetsen (Grasset)
 * 2021: La carte postale, Anne Berest (Grasset)
 * 2022: On était des loups, Sandrine Collette
 * 2023: Panorama, Lilia Hassaine

title: Prix Renaudot


text:
Talk:Phillips White

Untitled
This is a very short biography, but I have not find any more info that can be connected with certainty to this man. 'Pillips' was obviously a name used in several generations of the family. There are records of a PW in Massachusetts as early as 1707. A PW graduated from Harvard in 1772 (his son?), but his age and the date would be wrong for the subject. Lou I 13:24, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phillips White


text:
User:Azizah

Studying extensively about human mind and behaviour, exploring when and why people react in certain ways at certain situations, I just have keen interest in people. I enjoy being around nice people (off course all people do); especially those who show high altruistic identity; I wanna know what kind of internal-drive that pushes them to sacrifice for others. If this drive is a learned behaviour, I would propogate it to the masses, so that our life will be a worthliving one.

I have a big, loving family and friends around. I am convinced that loves and affections are contagious; I cherish others' happiness, and I would share mine with others. For me success is meaningful only if one could celebrate and share its sweetness with people who love and care about him/her. I won't put myself, ALONE at a peak- would rather join the rest down there- be together with people who have faith in me.

I've tried making myself believe in true love?, still trying.. It has been a long journey.. finding one, and it seems to be as such.. for quite sometimes...

title: User:Azizah


text:
Industry Will Save Georgia

Industry Will Save Georgia (მრეწველობა გადაარჩენს საქართველოს) is a center-right conservative political party in Georgia.

It was founded in 1999 by Gogi Topadze, the proprietor of a big beer and drinks company (Kazbegi) and gathered pro-business and industrial lobbyists. Its main objective was to change the country's economic policy, especially by fighting the influence of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The party took part in the 1999 parliamentary elections and won 15 seats, making it the third-strongest party. Even though it was not part of the government, it co-operated with then-ruling Citizens' Union of Georgia (CUG) of President Eduard Shevardnadze and did not constitute a firm opposition. During the 2004 legislative election, the party was part of the Rightist Opposition alliance, together with the New Rights party. The coalition won 23 seats, making it the second force in parliament, behind new president Mikheil Saakashvili's dominating United National Movement. In the 2012 parliamentary election, the party participated as part of the winning Georgian Dream alliance. The party left the Georgian Dream coalition before the 2016 parliamentary elections. Despite this, the Georgian Dream coalition continues to cooperate with the party. During the 2016 elections, Industry Will Save Georgia won their only majoritarian, Simon Nozadze, constituency without facing a competing candidate from the Georgian Dream.

In his book Semiotics of Drink and Drinking, anthropologist Paul Manning describes Gogi Topadze's ideology as "attempting to create an autarchic link on national production to national consumption."

title: Industry Will Save Georgia


text:
Tavisupleba (political party)

Tavisupleba (თავისუფლება, lit. 'Freedom') or Freedom Movement is a political party in Georgia. It is led by Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, a son of the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.

At the 2004 Georgian parliamentary election, the party won 4.2% of the popular vote.

title: Tavisupleba (political party)


text:
Christine Ockrent

Christine Ockrent (born 24 April 1944) is a Belgian journalist whose career has principally centered on French television.

She interviewed Amir Abbas Hoveyda, the former Iranian prime minister, in Qasr prison after the Islamic revolution in 1979. It was the last interview with Hoveyda before his execution.

Early life
Ockrent was born in Brussels, Belgium, daughter of Belgian diplomat Roger Ockrent. She attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school in Paris. She graduated from the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) in 1965.

Career
She worked for the CBS news magazine, 60 Minutes, while in charge of morning news for Europe 1 in France. In 1981, she became the first female anchor of the 8 pm news on the Antenne 2 television channel. Afterwards, she worked for TF1 as anchor of the evening news at France 2; and since 1990 for France 3 as the host of different news magazines.

She was chief of the L'Express editorial office. For over a decade she presented France Europe Express, a TV show about European issues. She is a fervent supporter of a united Europe, signing the Soros letter for a federal answer to the crisis of the euro.

Ockrent held the number two post at the Société de l'audiovisuel extérieur de la France, until she was relieved in May 2011. She refused to resign, saying that she had had to endure "nine months of manoeuvres that have sullied my honour and reputation".

She is a former member of the Saint-Simon Foundation think-tank.

In 2002, Ockrent wrote the preface to Ma guerre à L'indifference (English: My war against indifference), a book by United Nations official Jean-Sélim Kanaan. She is the author of more than a dozen works including: La Double vie d'Hillary Clinton (The Double Life of Hillary Clinton), Robert Laffont (2001) Les Oligarques : le système Poutine (The Oligarchs, The Putin System), Robert Laffont (2014) Le Prince mystère de l'Arabie (The Mysterious Prince of Arabie). Mohammed Ben Salman, les mirages d'un pouvoir absolu, Robert Laffont (2018).

Other activities

 * Institute of Advanced Studies in National Defence (IHEDN), Member of the Scientific Council (since 2020)
 * European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member

Personal life
Ockrent is the life partner of Bernard Kouchner, a French politician and the former foreign minister, with whom she had a son, Alexandre, born 11 March 1986.

title: Christine Ockrent


text:
User:Svnutn

Severino Utnaga, consultant.

title: User:Svnutn


text:
Democratic Union for Revival

The Democratic Union for Revival (დემოკრატიული აღორძინების კავშირი) was a political party in Georgia. The party acquired its current name in 1998, having operated since 1992 under the chairmanship of Aslan Abashidze and the name "Adjaran Union for the rebirth of Georgia" ("საქართველოს აღორძინების აჭარის კავშირი").

The party ceased to exist following the 2004 Adjarian revolution.

Political platform
The party represented regional interests and demanded greater autonomy of the bodies of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara from the central government. According to the party, the economic growth along with the market economy should be encouraged by the state bodies through social guarantees.

title: Democratic Union for Revival