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Vračar plateau

Vračar plateau (Врачарски плато) is a plateau on top of the Vračar Hill in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, with an absolute height of 134 m above sea level. It is the purported location of the 1594 Burning of Saint Sava's relics by the Ottomans. The dominant position in Belgrade's cityscape made the plateau a natural location for the first meteorological observatory in Serbia, Belgrade Meteorological Station, built in 1891. The most distinctive feature of the plateau today is a massive Church of Saint Sava, visible from almost all approaches to the city, and one of the Belgrade's main landmarks. The plateau also houses Karađorđe's Park, Park Milutin Milanković, monument of Karađorđe Petrović and National Library of Serbia.

In May 2021, the plateau was protected as the spatial cultural-historical unit under the name Saint Sava's Plateau. The government noted "symbolical, memorial, cultural-historical, architectural-urban and artistic values of the locality, which represents memory spot of two turning points in Serbian history: Burning of Saint Sava's relics and the First Serbian Uprising".

Location
The plateau is located on top of the Vračar Hill, in the Vračar municipality. To the north, it descends to the Slavija Square via the neighborhoods of Savinac and Englezovac. In the east, it extends into the neighborhood of Čubura. On the southern slope are Karađorđe's Park and the Neimar neighborhood, descending to Autokomanda. This entire area was known as East Vračar. Western section is occupied by the Park Milutin Milanković and Old Belgrade Observatory, extending into the vast Clinical Center of Serbia complex and West Vračar. The main thoroughfare passing across the plateau is the Liberation Boulevard (Bulevar oslobođenja).

16th century

In 1594, Serbs rebelled against Ottoman rule in Banat, during the Long War (1591–1606) between Austrian and Ottoman Empire, along the border of two states. Serbian clergy and rebels established relations with foreign states, and in a short time captured several towns, including Vršac, Bečkerek, Lipova, Titel and Bečej, although the uprising was quickly suppressed. The rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava, medieval Serbian prince and later first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, founder of Serbian law and education, and a diplomat. He was one of the most revered saints among the Serbs.

Ottoman Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha decided to punish rebellious Serbs and ordered that the sarcophagus and relics of Saint Sava located in the Mileševa monastery be brought by military convoy to Belgrade. Along the way, the Ottoman convoy had people killed in their path so that the rebels in the woods would hear of it. The relics were publicly incinerated by the Ottomans, on 27 April 1595, as it was placed on a pyre and burnt on the Vračar plateau, and the ashes were scattered. According to Nikolaj Velimirović the flames were seen over both the Danube and the Sava rivers. The event, however, only sparked an increase in rebel activity, until the rebellion was fully suppressed in 1595.

Date and location of the Burning of Saint Sava's relics remained disputed. Even the exact year is unknown, with 1594 and 1595 being mentioned, so as the proposed locations, since the term Vračar was historically applied to the much wider territory than it occupies today. Propositions include: Crveni Krst, suggested by Gligorije Vozarović who erected reddish Vozarev Krst at the spot, which gave name to the entire neighborhood of Crveni Krst ("Red Cross"); mound of "Čupina Humka", in Tašmajdan, previously known as Little Vračar, which is the preferred location of modern historians; Vračar plateau, which attracted the widest public acceptance.

19th century
In 1806 during the siege of Belgrade in the First Serbian Uprising, Serbian army set a camp at the top of the plateau's southern slope. After the Serbs secured Belgrade, soldiers killed in the battle on the liberation day, 30 November 1806, were buried at this place, which was arranged as the Insurgents Cemetery in 1848, when the Monument to the Liberators of Belgrade was also erected. The 5.5 m tall memorial was one of the first public monuments in Belgrade. Out of the 50 original tombstones, 12 still survived into the 2020s. The patron of the monument was Aleksandar Karađorđević, the ruling prince of Serbia, and son of the First Serbian Uprising leader and the founder of the Karađorđević royal family, Karađorđe.

After the monument was erected, it was suggested that the park should be planted around it. City administration dismissed the idea, claiming lack of funds. One of the first avenues in Belgrade was planted along the Kragujevac Road (modern Liberation Boulevard), in 1848, from which the modern Karađorđe's Park developed in time. The planted seedlings were of chestnut trees, and the chestnut alley descending from the original one still survives in the park. By 1887, the cemetery and monument became neglected.

After ascending to the throne in 1889, king Alexander Obrenović ordered for the cemetery to be arranged. The remaining tombs were rearranged, the monument was renovated, and the metal fence was placed around it, while the seedlings of black locust were planted in order to form the memorial park. As the king was coming from the Obrenović dynasty, a fierce rival of the former (and future) Karađorđević dynasty, this was seen as the kings attempt to reconcile two ruling families. This prompted creation of numerous other memorial parks throughout Serbia.

The building of the First Serbian Observatory was specifically built for the astronomical and meteorological purposes at modern 8 Liberation Boulevard in 1891. It was constructed according to the design of architect Dimitrije T. Leko and equipped with the modern small instruments for astronomical and meteorological observations. Apart from its importance for astronomy and meteorology, the newly built observatory was a cradle of the seismic and geomagnetic research in Serbia. The observatory was also equipped with a seismograph. During the withdrawal from Belgrade at the end of the World War I in 1918, the occupational Austro-Hungarian army destroyed all the instruments in the observatory. The observatory was later relocated to the new complex built in Zvezdara from 1930 to 1932. That way, the building became known as the Old Zvezdara (Stara Zvezdara, meaning "old observatory").

In 1894, which was at the time celebrated as 300 years since the burning, consensus was reached to build the church on the plateau location. In 1895 the "Society for the Construction of the Church of Saint Sava on Vračar" was founded in Belgrade. A major part of the parcel donated for the construction came from Scottish missionary Francis Mackenzie, who purchased and developed this part of the city in the late 19th century. By the 1900 ukaz of King Alexander Obrenović, planned church was declared a "nationwide project". Small Church of Saint Sava was built on the location, until the proper, large church was finished.

20th century

Originally outside of the urban core of Belgrade, there were plans for the enlargement of the Karađorđe's Park 1903-1904, in order to mark the centennial of the First Serbian Uprising, which broke out in 1804. The works began only in 1907, after king Peter I Karađorđević became also president of the Society for the Embellishment of the Monuments, Parks and Environment. The society leveled the park's terrain, created pathways, planted grass, lindens, chestnuts and decorative shrubs. The hedge which encircled the park was also planted, while thujas were planted around the monument. This way, more or less, the present borders of the park were set. It covers an area of 2.52 ha.

In 1906, an architectural design competition for the future church was announced. Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences was authorized to judge the project, and it rejected all five applications as not being good enough. A series of wars followed (First Balkan War in 1912, Second Balkan War in 1913, World War I in 1914-1918), which stopped all activities on the construction of the church. Plans were also made to erect a Monument to the Third-Class Reservists in 1914, but due to the outbreak of World War I, the monument was erected on 29 July 1923. After the war, additional monuments were erected in the park. Since in 1916 the Austro-Hungarian forces demolished the Karađorđe monument in Kalemegdan, built in 1913, it was proposed after the war that new monument should be built in the park, close to the tombs of his comrades-in-arms. Also, after the war, the park got its present name. A Monument to French poet Alphonse de Lamartine was erected in 1933 in the park.

After the war, in 1919, the Society was re-established. New design competition was announced in 1926. Beside the church itself, new project was to include buildings of the Patriarchate, Ministry of Religion, Seminary and Great Religious Court. The competition rules stipulated that the new church must be in the style of the Serbo-Byzantine architecture, from the period of Prince Lazar (late 14th century). There were 24 submissions. Though the first and third prize were not awarded, the second-place submission by architect Bogdan Nestorović was selected, but the project itself, the idea of building a church, and its proposed style became a matter of fierce public debate.

Those opposing the church design pushed for the construction of the Vidovdan Temple instead, as the unified South Slav state was formed in 1918 and renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Especially vocal was art historian Kosta Strajnić. He, and his supporters, opted for the "Yugoslav, not Serbian Pantheon". They also rejected the medieval Serbian design, as it only symbolized "one tribe". Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović, original proponent of the Vidovdan Temple, though on Kosovo, not in Belgrade, supported Strajnić, insisting that the new "Yugoslav style" should be created, instead of the sacral architecture that would fit only one of the denominations. King Alexander Karađorđević publicly didn't support any solution, but privately pushed for the Meštrović's temple. King was a major proponent of integral Yugoslavism and changed state's name to Yugoslavia. Meštrović, as the most important representative of the idea of the "autochthonous Yugoslav art and architecture", was his favorite artist.

After he was elected as the new patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1930, Patriarch Varnava pushed for the traditional Serbian appearance of the church and in 1932 ordered the correction of the Nestorović design, which was done by architect Aleksandar Deroko and civil engineer Vojislav Zađin. Still, construction of the church couldn't start for several more years. King Alexander was assassinated in Marseilles, France in 1934, and the idea of integral Yugoslavism died with him. The Vidovdan Temple was never built.

Construction of the Church of Saint Sava finally began on 10 May 1935, forty years after the initial idea, and 340 years after the burning of Saint Sava's remains. The cornerstone was laid by Metropolitan Gavrilo of Montenegro, future Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V. Works were halted by the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941. The church's foundation had been completed, and the walls erected to the height of 7 and 11 m. The occupying German army used the unfinished church as Wehrmacht 's parking lot, while in 1944 the Red Army, and later the Yugoslav People's Army used it for the same purpose. After that, it was used as a storage area by various companies. The Society for Building of the Church ceased to exist and has not been revived. The remaining granite slabs intended for the construction of the church were used for the building of the Tomb of People's Heroes in 1948, in the Kalemegdan section of the Belgrade Fortress. Children who grew up in the vicinity, including the future President of Serbia Boris Tadić, didn't know the intended purpose of the unfinished construction, so they played inside thinking it was a ruin of some old castle.

There is a small, pavilion-type house in the central part of the Karađorđe's park. There were also two swimming pools in front of it, built during the Interbellum. After World War II, in the 1950s, the venue was adapted into the children's cultural center. In time, the venue was abandoned, and the pools were covered with earth and the flowers were planted. There was another, even smaller, green pavilion, at the plateau behind the house. It was used for selling food and beverages but was demolished later. In September 2019 it was announced that the house will be adapted into the "Momo Kapor Endowment". There is also a stone memorial dedicated to the victims killed in an underground shelter during German bombing of Belgrade on 6 April 1941. Built hastily before the war began, it suffered a direct hit by a bomb and collapsed, killing 192 Belgraders.

Around the old observatory building, a park was planted in the 1950s, retaining the name of Old Zvezdara. In 2010 the name of the park was changed to the Park Milutin Milanković, after Milutin Milanković who worked for decades in the observatory. The building is today the seat of the Center for the Climate Changes "Milutin Milanković". Park was renovated and re-opened under the new name on 28 December 2010.

In 1958, Patriarch German renewed the idea of finishing the Church of Saint Sava. After 88 requests for the continuation of the building, of which 82 were sent to the President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito to which Tito never personally replied. Permission for the continuation of building was granted in 1984 when patriarch talked to Dušan Čkrebić, President of Presidency of Serbia. Construction of the building began again on 12 August 1985. The walls were erected to full height of 40 meters. After the NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999, the works were halted again. Patriarch Pavle, known for his asceticism, thought that such expensive works are inappropriate when people are beaten and impoverished. After becoming a prime minister in 2001, Zoran Đinđić talked with patriarch and convinced him to continue the works.

New building of the National Library of Serbia was built on the plateau. Construction began in 1966, main works were finished in 1972, and the library was officially opened on 6 April 1973, marking the date of 6 April 1941, when German airplanes deliberately bombed old building of the library in the neighborhood of Kosančićev Venac. Designed by Ivo Kurtović, it was the first building in Belgrade specifically built to be a library.

The idea of monument dedicated to Karađorđe was revived in the 1970s. City officials decided to use already existing sculpture by sculptor Sreten Stojanović, who died in 1960. The sculpture was kept chained in the coal cellar of the "Plastika" foundry for decades and Stojanović's family decided to donate the sculpture to the city. However, it was decided not to place the monument in the park named after Karađorđe. Instead, the mound on top of the plateau, at the entry section of the path which leads to the Church of Saint Sava was selected. Thus, the park and the monument are divided by the Nebojšina Street. The monument was dedicated in 1979.

Church's discontinuation of the construction over decades resulted in numerous mistakes, including the plateau surrounding the church which remained unfinished and nonfunctional. Construction of the library in 1973 affected massively the design envisioned in 1926 by Deroko and Nestorović. Three architectural design competitions for arranging the plateau which surrounds the church were organized after World War II. One of the rejected but popular designs was the one by Mihajlo Mitrović and Mario Jobst. Using denivelation of the Liberation Boulevard, they envisioned the wide pedestrian connection with the Park Milutin Milanković across the boulevard. Denivelation would also allow space for construction of two large garages one of which would be used by the church visitors. The square in front of the temple would have green areas on its rim and would include the Alley of the Greats (with monuments to all major members of the medieval Nemanjić dynasty), while the section across the boulevard would be adapted into the green, children area.

After the fourth competition, in 1989, the project by Vladimir Macura and Đorđe Bobić was finally accepted in 1990. As with all the other aspects of the church construction, this one was controversial, too, as it was publicly criticized with disputes even including the litigation. Citizens organized in groups and signed petitions against the project under the slogan "We don't want New Belgrade on Vračar, we want small Montmartre around the church". Bobić explained that the design was influenced by the Kalemegdan Park at Belgrade Fortress. Though it was envisioned by the church and politicians as the churchyard, the authors opted for public space, a green square, or even the park. This urban square was also envisioned as the ceremonial place in case of some important events. The conceptualized "walls" of the square were the National Library on one side, and the Parochial Home (clergy house) and the planned Patriarchate Building on another.

21st century

Construction of the Macura-Bobić project finally began in 2003, and the works were ceremonially opened by prime minister Zoran Živković. The works were pushed in order to be finished by February 2004, for celebration of 200th anniversary of the First Serbian Uprising. The plateau section around the church covers some 40,000 m2. Of that, 28,373 m2 developed into the park by 2010.

The Parochial Home, with facade of shining, white stone, is work of Mateja Nenadović and his sons Miloš and Đorđe. Patriarchate Building wasn't built. The Parochial Home was deemed especially problematic, including its location inside the planned green area. It was also deemed too big for its location while the Patriarchate Building, planned in its extension, was deemed even worse as it was to be three times bigger. Old Church of Saint Sava remained dwarfed between the new church and the Parochial Home. The cubical design of the Parochial Home remained almost universally disliked.

The traffic around the plateau was organized in such way that all streets around the church section became one-way streets in order to make circling around it possible. Bus stop for public transportation was envisioned in the Skerlićeva street, below the church, but the public transportation line was never established. A parking lot was built behind the library, but only for the library purpose. The architects rejected the idea of large, either under or above the ground garage, as the regulation didn't allow it at the time, plus, the authors believed that due to the nature of the object, people should come on foot anyway. Smaller underground garages, for Parochial Home and Patriarchate Building were planned, but never built. Krušedolska Street, along which the Patriarchate Building was planned, was to be expanded to become a "major city thoroughfare". This never happened, but the avenue along the street was cut under the pretext of this plan. Traffic solution was also criticized as some urbanists considered that all of those smaller streets behind the church should become pedestrian zones, with galleries, coffee and sweet shops, artistic squares, souvenir shops, etc.

The physical churchyard and the public space are divided by the symbolical "living fence", which consist only of columns, with spaces between. There is a ground floor fountain, made of glass and stone, which covers 400 m2 and is used as the pathway when not operational. The fountain is ornamented with lights. Entire square is used for walking, even on the grassy areas, though there are relatively narrow pedestrian paths made of Jablanica marble. To enhance its "friendly" appearance. the plateau is fully flat, except for the mound with the Karađorđe Monument. Almost 2 m of earth layers were removed from the plateau to flatten it. Plan included the planting of 400 trees, but after the first ones began to dry soon, this was abandoned. The Russian Orthodox Church donated statue of Saint Sava which was placed on the side facing the street bearing the saint's name. There are two children's playgrounds.

As the result of the accepted plan, even though the new buildings in Vračar and neighboring Neimar were to have only three floors, buildings with six or seven floors were allowed. Urban historians claim that this damaged the inherited urban tissue of Vračar and Neimar. Construction of tall buildings in the narrow, small streets destroyed the neighborhood's ambiance and spirit.

Neglected for a long time, Karađorđev Park went through massive reconstruction and beautification in the early 2000s which completely rejuvenated the park, including new benches, children's playgrounds and candelabra. The idea at the time was to turn it into the first English type park in Belgrade, with added wall around the park, gates with porters and working hours, but after the failed bids for the job, the idea was scrapped.

In time, due to the lack of maintenance, the central plateau deteriorated a lot. Numerous granite slabs, used for paving of the churchyard and the pathways, crumbled and fell out, leaving holes. Scandal broke out during the visit of Russian president Vladimir Putin in January 2019 because of the sloppy repairs by the city communal services. Instead of replacing the missing slabs, more slabs were removed, filling the holes with the asphalt concrete creating patches which became laugh of the town.

In January 2020, city announced complete redesign of the plateau and the construction of the Patriarchate Building. The project was designed by architects Branislav Mitrović and Dejan Miljković. The project wasn't adopted by the city or any experts commission or jury, but by the Serbian Orthodox Church itself. The central pedestrian pathway is to be expanded and between the library and the new Patriarchate Building an artificial forest, partially growing out of the water, was to be planted. The existing fountain will be dismantled and the new one "will not be a classical fountain". Though city officials claimed there will be more green areas, from the officially presented architectural model showed more trees, but less green areas overall. First, smaller phase on the outskirts of the plateau were planned for October 2020, when the church was to be finally finished.

The design was criticized by the Association of Serbian Architects which stated the planned “forest” would degrade the historical, symbolical and social importance of the plateau by reducing the area to the profane city park. It was noted that mass gatherings organized on the plateau (funeral processions for Patriarch Pavle and prime minister Zoran Điniđić, visit of Russian president Vladimir Putin) showed that the area’s space is inadequate as it is. Massive Patriarchate Building, though planned from the start, is also deemed problematic. It is considered too big and robust for its location. It will also enclose the Krušedolska Street, the tenants in it, and obstruct the view from the numerous street's café's on the park which has a touristic value.

There are calls for keeping the square-like shape of the present plateau or even expanding it as it basically functions as the extended, open air narthex of the church and should have room for as much as possible visitors as the 1990 design unilaterally took care only of local residents' needs, neglecting the area's spiritual and religious character. Some even invoked a decades old design by Mitrović and Jobst instead of 2020 proposal. There were also repeated calls for either international or domestic public design competition, instead of clandestine process by which the church itself selected design for public space.

Underground Skerlićeva garage, under the library and the Skerlićeva Street, has been constantly announced by the city since the 2010s. In September 2022, plan for the construction of four underground floor beneath the library building was announced. The structure at the corner of the Skerlićeva and Nebojšina streets will host depots for library fonds, and exhibition gallery. Work of Branislav Mitrović and Đorđe Alfirević was selected after the design competition in December 2020. Parts of the structure will be completely covered while other sections will be covered with wavy, green roof, at the present level of the plateau. In August 2023 it was announced that works will began in 2023, and the deadline was set for 2024.

By December 2022, almost nothing has been done from the proclaimed first phase of reconstruction, which was to last from 2020 to 2021. Area in front of the church was only partially repaved, but the oak trees were not planted, nor the concrete benches were placed. Phase two, which was to be finished by 2022, didn't even start, while the existing plates deteriorated even further. In November 2023, mayor Aleksandar Šapić announced plateau reconstruction and digging of the garage for 2024, but the construction of the library's depots was omitted.

title: Vračar plateau


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User talk:Yo Mama 5000

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Now please start making some real contributions. Deb 17:13, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What?
Please be more specific. This borders on vandalising my user page. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:44, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Learn netiquette. Read the links from your welcome above. Specifically, I refer to you living the meaningless header I linked above on my talk page. As for your question about Poland, feel free to wisit Wikiportal:Poland. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 22:58, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks, I guess. But why did you post an invite to come to your user page (See mine 5 or 6 up) a while back
 * ->>>> Under Construction->>>>> | Fra || nkB 6 July 2005 20:40 (UTC)

You can, of course, delete my warning, but it was made, and it still holds. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 7 July 2005 18:45 (UTC)

Headline text
-- Yo Mama 5000 21:39, 15 July 2005(UTC)

-- Yo Mama 5000 22:16, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

On the Catholic Church of Wikipedia
As you have described yourself as a Catholic, I thought I would alert you as a co-religionist to your opportunity to delete the particularly offensive article, Catholic Church of Wikipedia.--Thomas Aquinas 22:04, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

A Message to Pro-Life Wikipedians
The section "Foetal Pain" (Fetal Pain) has been deleted from the Abortion article. Could you help restore it? If you would like to see what was deleted, go to my talk page, scroll to "Fetal Pain," and click the provided link.--Thomas Aquinas 22:34, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

CAoW
Since you are listed as a Roman Catholic, I figured I'd send you this. Catholic Alliance of wikipedia has been nominated for Deletion. Please vote and/or tell other people to vote to keep this organization on wikipedia. --Shanedidona 01:31, 25 December 2005 (UTC)

Paul Krane
Please do not remove speedy deletion tags from articles. If you do not believe the article deserves to be deleted, then please place hangon on the page and make your case on the article's talk page. Administrators will look at your reasoning before deciding what to do with the article. Thank you.  Geneb1955 Talk / CVU 00:44, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The nocontext tag had been added, it was removed with your edit. See dif -- Geneb1955 Talk / CVU 01:01, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

EREFFFGBHBHVBGHBHH
Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, as you did to EREFFFGBHBHVBGHBHH, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. -- Fr a ncs2000 00:32, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Yo Mama 5000


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Athletics at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres

The men's 100 metres was the shortest of the sprint races at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London. The competition was held over the course of three days. The first round was held on 20 July, the semifinals on 21 July, and the final on 22 July. NOCs could enter up to 12 athletes, The event was won by Reggie Walker of South Africa, the first time the gold medal went to a nation other than the United States. The Americans did stay on the podium with James Rector's silver medal. Canada won its first medal in the event, a bronze by Robert Kerr.

Background
This was the fourth time the event was held. Nathaniel Cartmell, the 1904 silver medalist, competed again in 1908, but gold medalist Archie Hahn did not. Other notable entrants included John W. Morton of Great Britain, the four-time AAA Championships winner; Reggie Walker, the 1907 South African champion; and Knut Lindberg of Sweden, the unofficial world record holder.

Austria, Belgium, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and South Africa were represented in the event for the first time. The United States and Hungary were the only two nations to have appeared at each of the first four Olympic men's 100 metres events.

Competition format
With a larger field than in 1904, the event expanded from two rounds to three: heats, semifinals, and a final. Only the top runner in each heat, of which there were 17, advanced to the semifinals. These 17 semifinalists were divided into 4 semifinal heats; again, only the top runner advanced to the final.

Records
These were the standing world and Olympic records (in seconds) prior to the 1908 Summer Olympics.

(*) unofficial

James Rector (in the 15th heat and the third semi-final) and Reggie Walker (in the first semi-final and final) both equalized the standing Olympic record. Reggie Walker's actual time in the first semi-final was 10.7, but was rounded up to the nearest fifth in accordance with rules in force at the time, so his time was given as 10$4/5$.

Heats
Times were kept for the winning runner in each heat only. They were measured to the closest $1⁄5$ second. The fastest runner advanced to the second round. The competition began at 3 p.m. on 20 July, the seventh day of the Games. A break was taken after the first nine heats to allow for four heats of the 800 metres to be run at 3:30 p.m., with the final eight heats of the 100 metres commencing at 4 p.m.

Heat 1
Duffy won this heat by three yards.

Heat 2
George was ahead of Guttormsen by three yards when he finished.

Heat 3
Cartmell crossed the finish line two yards ahead of Malfait.

Heat 4
Walker was four yards ahead of the field when he finished. Records do not indicate which of the final two runners took which place.

Heat 5
Harmer pulled up lame. Cloughen won by five yards.

Heat 6
May won by about three yards.

Heat 7
Duncan won by a yard.

Heat 8
Stevens beat world record holder Lindberg by inches.

Heat 9
Morton won by about three yards.

Heat 10
Fischer pulled up lame, leaving Kerr to defeat Chapman by three yards.

Heat 11
Phillips pulled up lame, allowing Hamilton to win by about three yards.

Heat 12
Huff was only about a yard ahead of Pankhurst when he finished.

Heat 13
Robertson won by about three yards.

Heat 14
Sherman's lead of four yards at the finish was one of the larger leads in the first round.

Heat 15
Rector's Olympic record-tying time gave him a relatively easy victory in the first round.

Heat 16
In one of the slowest of the first round heads, Stark won by about two yards.

Heat 17
Roche won by about two yards.

Semifinals
The fastest runner in each semifinal advanced to the final. The semifinals were begun at 3:35 p.m. on 21 July.

Semifinal 1
Cloughen withdrew to prepare for the 200m heats. Walker took the lead after about 50 metres and crossed the line about a yard in front of May to become the second sprinter to tie the Olympic record at the London Games. His actual time was 10.7, rounded up to the nearest fifth, in accordance with rules in force at the time; therefore, his time was given as 10$4/5$.

Semifinal 2
Hamilton withdrew to prepare for the 200m heats. Kerr had little difficulty winning this heat, leading by three yards at the finish.

Semifinal 3
Rector again won easily, tying the Olympic record for the second time.

Semifinal 4
Cartmell and Robertson ran a tight race, with Cartmell winning by about a foot.

Final
The Final of the 100 metres began at 4:15 p.m. on 22 July.

With Walker and Rector having already equalled the Olympic record before the final, it was widely expected that the final race of the 100 metres would be an exciting match between those two runners.

Walker got off to a quick lead, but Rector caught him about midway through the race and passed him. Walker responded with a great effort, pulling level with Rector, and the two ran side-by-side before Walker finally pulled ahead to win by half a yard.

Rector finished six inches ahead of Kerr, who finished two yards ahead of Cartmell for third place.


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John D. Hertz

John Daniel Hertz Sr. (April 10, 1879 – October 8, 1961) was an American businessman, thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder, and philanthropist.

Biography
Born Sándor Herz    to a Jewish family    in Szklabinya, Austria-Hungary (today Sklabiňa, a village in modern-day Martin, Slovakia). His family emigrated to Chicago when he was five. He ran away from home after being beaten by his father. He had just completed his fifth grade, the end of his formal education. He then worked as a newspaper copyboy at the Chicago Morning Herald. Hertz eventually became a reporter for the newspaper.

As a young man, Hertz was an amateur boxer, fighting as "Dan Donnelly." He won amateur championships at the Chicago Athletic Association and eventually began to box under his own name. He lived at 880 Fifth Avenue in New York City.

Business career
Hertz had extensive and complex business interests, mainly in the transport sector.

When Chicago Morning Herald, then called the Chicago Record, merged with another paper, Hertz lost his job. Although he couldn't drive, in 1904 he found a job selling cars at the suggestion of a friend. Because of the number of trade-ins, he conceived a cab company with low prices so that the common man could afford them. His sales pitch included a commitment to free roadside service at any hour, a popular proposition during a time when cars were notorious for their unreliability. In 1907, he had a fleet of seven used cars employed as cabs.

He founded the Yellow Cab Company in Chicago in 1915, which offered taxicab service at modest prices. The distinctive yellow cabs became popular and were quickly franchised throughout the United States. He then founded the Chicago Motor Coach Company in 1917 to operate bus transport services in Chicago and the Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company in 1920 to manufacture taxicabs for sale. In 1923, he founded the Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company to manufacture coaches and later cars. In 1924, he acquired a rental car business, renaming it Hertz Drive-Ur-Self Corporation.

Competition between the Yellow Cab Company and Checker Taxi in Chicago was fierce and frequently violent with a number of shootings and deaths.

By 1925, the Yellow Cab Company was owned by the "Chicago Yellow Cab Company," which in turn was owned by Hertz, Parmelee and other investors. In that year he established The Omnibus Corporation to control both the Chicago Motor Coach Company and the Fifth Avenue Coach Company in New York.

In 1925, Hertz held these positions:
 * President of the Yellow Cab Company
 * Chairman Benzoline Motor Fuel Company
 * Chairman Chicago Motor Coach Company
 * Chairman Fifth Avenue Coach Company
 * Chairman New York Transportation Company
 * Chairman Omnibus Corporation of America
 * Chairman Yellow Sleeve-Valve Engine Works
 * Chairman Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company

In 1926, he sold a majority share in Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company together with its subsidiaries, Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company and "Hertz Drive-Ur-Self," to General Motors. With the sale, Hertz joined GM's board of directors.

He then sold his remaining interest in the Yellow Cab Company in 1929 following the firebombing of his stables, where 11 horses were killed.

Hertz also became a partner at Lehman Brothers. In 1933, Robert Lehman sold Hertz a minority interest in Lehman Brothers investment bank in New York City and he remained a member of the firm until his death. In 1938, Hertz was prepared to buy Eastern Air Lines from General Motors but the airline's General Manager, Eddie Rickenbacker, was able to raise sufficient financing to acquire Eastern before Hertz could exercise his option. In 1943 he sold his remaining interest in Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company to General Motors.

Using The Omnibus Corporation he re-purchased the car rental business from General Motors in 1953. The Omnibus Corporation then divested itself of its public transport interests, changed its name to The Hertz Corporation and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange the following year.

Personal life
In 1903, he married Francis (Fannie) Kesner of Chicago with whom he had three children: Leona Jane, John Jr., and Helen. His son was born Leonard J. Hertz and changed his name at the age of seventeen to John D. Hertz Jr. in honor of his father; John Jr. later became an advertising executive and was briefly married (1942–44) to film star Myrna Loy.

Thoroughbred horse racing
John and Fannie Hertz were major figures in Thoroughbred horse racing. They owned a horse farm at Trout Valley near Cary, Illinois, another known as Amarillo Ranch in Woodland Hills, California. Stoner Creek Stud near Paris, Kentucky, became their most important breeding and training center. Raced in the name of Fannie Hertz, among her top horses were the 1928 Kentucky Derby winner and American Horse of the Year, Reigh Count, who sired Count Fleet, winner of the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing in 1943. Both horses were inducted in the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

Philanthropy
During the Cold War era, Hertz established the Fannie and John Hertz Foundation in 1953 with the purpose of supporting bright young minds in the applied sciences. Friend Edward Teller urged Hertz to orient his foundation to fund higher education. The Hertz Foundation Fellowship program is the nation's most selective. Typically more than 800 applicants vie for ten to twelve fellowships, which provide full tuition and a generous stipend at top US research universities. For his significant contribution to the security of the US, Hertz received the highest civilian award given by the Department of Defense in 1958.

In 1924, Hertz provided the city of Chicago $34,000 to install the city's first traffic lights on Michigan Avenue.

Death
Hertz died on October 8, 1961. His wife died two years later. They were originally buried together in the Rosehill Cemetery (Chicago, Illinois). Their remains are now interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.

title: John D. Hertz


text:
Francis Mackenzie (missionary)

Francis Mackenzie, was a Scottish member of the Plymouth Brethren Nazarene group, who travelled to Belgrade to start work for the British and Foreign Bible Society to foster religious observance among the people of Principality of Serbia. He stayed in Belgrade from 1876 till 1895.

Biography
He settled there when the Turks left, as did many Austrians, Germans, Czechs, and Italians. He was a prominent figure in Belgrade society and a friend of many Serbian politicians including Čedomilj Mijatović, who was the Serbian Foreign Minister. Mackenzie became very wealthy and influential and correctly predicted that Belgrade's city limits would spread eastwards. In 1879, he bought a large piece of agricultural and swampy land named “Simić’s Majur” from the son of president/chairman of Serbian Parliament-Council Stojan Simić for 7500 Dukats (gold coins). He parceled it out into lots for selling and sold them much later when out of the money he earned, he built a large Peace Hall (Sala Mira) which was renowned for political events. He was also known for policies such as not allowing restaurants on his land and forbidding smoking in all public places, which were generally disliked and eventually failed. Mackenzie contributed around eight thousand square meters of his land for the construction of the Temple of Saint Sava. His and the names of his heirs were inscribed in the list of Great Benefactors, right after the members of the royal family and senior church dignitaries.

A street in Vračar was named after him: Francis Mackenzie Street (Макензијева or Makenzijeva).

Historical references

 * Beogradske opštinske novine - Belgrade City Newspaper, 1894
 * Beograd-Izdanje opstine beogradske 1911
 * Zapisi starog Beogradjanina 2000
 * Iz starog Beograda - Zivorad P. Jovanovic, 1964
 * Siluete starog Beograda - Milan Jovanovic - Stojimirovic, 1971
 * Uspon Beograda, Milivoje M.Kostic, 2000
 * Beogradske gradske pijace, JKP Beogradske pijace, 1999
 * Vracarski glasnik, 1997-2004

title: Francis Mackenzie (missionary)


text:
Maclura tricuspidata

Maclura tricuspidata is a tree native to East Asia, occasionally grown for its fruit, somewhat similar to that of the related mulberry (Morus spp.).

Common names
Among its common names are Chinese mulberry (but not to be confused with Morus australis also known by that name), storehousebush, mandarin melon berry, silkworm thorn, cudrang, kujibbong, zhe or che.

Description
It grows up to 6 m high.

The Tanzhe Temple west of Beijing, China is named for this tree.

Uses
Aside from its edible fruit, which can also be used to make wine, the tree has several other uses. In China, its leaves are fed to silkworms, its bark is used to make paper and a reddish-yellow dye, and its roots are used medically. Its wood is also valuable, and is used for the construction of bows.

Fossil record
Fossils similar to Maclura tricuspidata have been collected from the Eocene of France, Miocene of Bulgaria, Pliocene of China and Quaternary of Japan.

title: Maclura tricuspidata


text: Template talk:Spanish Catholic missions in the Americas


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Daniel R. Anthony Jr.

Daniel Read Anthony Jr. (August 22, 1870 – August 4, 1931) was an American Republican politician and a nephew of suffragist and political leader Susan B. Anthony.

He was the son of newspaper publisher Daniel Read Anthony. He was born in Leavenworth, Kansas, on August 22, 1870; attended the public schools as well as the Michigan Military Academy at Orchard Lake, Michigan; enrolled at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor; studied law; was admitted to the bar, but did not practice extensively; engaged in newspaper work; appointed postmaster of Leavenworth, Kansas, on June 22, 1898, and served until June 30, 1902, when a successor was appointed; Mayor of Leavenworth, 1903–1905; became manager and editor of the Leavenworth Times in 1904.

He was elected as a Republican to House of Representatives of the 60th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation from body of Charles Curtis—who was elevated to the Senate; Anthony was re-elected in this capacity to the nine succeeding Congresses and served in the House from May 23, 1907 to March 3, 1929; well known for co-introducing along with Senator Curtis in December 1923 the first rendition of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution; Chairman, Committee on Appropriations in the House during the 70th Congress; was not a candidate for renomination in 1928; resumed his former business pursuits; died in Leavenworth on August 4, 1931; interment in Mount Muncie Cemetery.

title: Daniel R. Anthony Jr.


text:
File:DcTalkFreeatLast.jpg

Summary
The cover for dc Talk's album Free at Last.

title: File:DcTalkFreeatLast.jpg


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Chinese mulberry

Chinese mulberry is a common name for several trees and may refer to:

 * Morus, the mulberry genus, with several species widely cultivated in China for production of fruit and silk
 * Morus alba, the most commonly cultivated mulberry in China, and the preferred feed for silkworms
 * Morus australis, cultivated in China and native to southeast Asia
 * Morus multicaulis, now classified as a variety of Morus alba
 * Maclura tricuspidata, a plant related to the mulberries of the genus Morus, which produces similar edible fruits

title: Chinese mulberry


text: User talk:66.176.76.58

title: User talk:66.176.76.58


text:
Vision therapy

Vision therapy (VT), or behavioral optometry, is an umbrella term for alternative medicine treatments using eye exercises, based around the pseudoscientific claim that vision problems are the true underlying cause of learning difficulties, particularly in children. Vision therapy has not been shown to be effective using scientific studies, except for helping with convergence insufficiency. Most claimsfor example that the therapy can address neurological, educational, and spatial difficultieslack supporting evidence. Neither the American Academy of Pediatrics nor the American Academy of Ophthalmology support the use of vision therapy.

Definition and conceptual basis
Vision therapy is based on the proposition that many learning disabilities in children are based on vision problems, and that these can be cured by performing eye exercises. Vision therapy lacks sound evidence, has been characterized as a pseudoscience and its practice as quackery.

Vision therapy is a broad concept that encompasses a wide range of treatment types. These include those aimed at convergence insufficiency – where it is often termed "vergence therapy" or "orthoptic therapy" – and at a variety of neurological, educational and spatial difficulties.

Efficacy
There is no good evidence that vision therapy of any benefit in treating learning disabilities, reading, dyslexia, or ADHD, although there is some evidence that it may help treat convergence insufficiency in healthy people. the consensus among ophthalmologists, orthoptists and pediatricians is that non-strabismic visual therapy lacks documented evidence of effectiveness.

A review in 2000 concluded that there were insufficient controlled studies of the approach. A 2008 review of the literature also noted that there were insufficient controlled studies, and concluded that the approaches "are not evidence-based, and thus cannot be advocated."

There is no good evidence supporting the use of vision therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with mild traumatic brain injury, although it may be useful for the treatment of post-traumatic convergence insufficiency and accommodative insufficiency.

Treatment types
There exist a few different broad classifications of vision treatment philosophies, which have been traditionally divided between optometrists, ophthalmologists, and practitioners of alternative medicine.

Orthoptic vision therapy, also known as orthoptics, is a field pertaining to the evaluation and treatment of patients with disorders of the visual system with an emphasis on binocular vision and eye movements. Commonly practiced by orthoptists, optometrists, behavioral optometrists, pediatric ophthalmologists, and general ophthalmologists, traditional orthoptics addresses problems of eye strain, visually induced headaches, strabismus, diplopia and visual-related skills required for reading.

Behavioral vision therapy, or visual integration vision therapy (also known as behavioral optometry).

There have been a number of alternative vision therapy approaches which have not been studied in traditional or evidence-based medicine. They are commonly provided by unlicensed professionals, although a minority of optometrists also provide them. These methods are commonly under scrutiny by ophthalmological and optometric journals for lack of proven effectiveness.

Orthoptic vision therapy
Orthoptics emphasises the diagnosis and non-surgical management of strabismus (wandering eye), amblyopia (lazy eye), and eye movement disorders. Evidence to support its use in amblyopia is unclear as of 2011.

Much of the practice of orthoptists concerns refraction and muscular eye control. Orthoptists are trained professionals who specialize in orthoptic treatment. With specific training, in some countries orthoptists may be involved in monitoring some forms of eye disease, such as glaucoma, cataract screening, and diabetic retinopathy.

Behavioral vision therapy
Behavioral vision therapy (BVT) aims to treat problems including difficulties of visual attention and concentration, which behavioral optometrists classify as visual information processing weaknesses. These manifest themselves as an inability to sustain focus or to shift focus from one area of space to another. Some practitioners assert that poor eye tracking may impact reading skills, and suggest that vision training may improve some of the visual skills helpful for reading.

Behavioral vision therapy is practiced primarily by optometrists who specialize in the area. Historically, there has been some difference in philosophy among optometry and medicine regarding the efficacy and relevance of vision therapy, although none support its use in treating learning disorders. Major organizations, including the International Orthoptic Association and the American Academy of Ophthalmology, have concluded that there is no validity for clinically significant improvements in vision with BVT, and therefore do not practice it. However, major optometric organizations, including the American Optometric Association, the American Academy of Optometry, the College of Optometrists in Vision Development, and the Optometric Extension Program, support the assertion that non-strabismic visual therapy does address underlying visual problems which are claimed to affect learning potential. These optometric organizations are careful to distinguish, though, that vision therapy does not directly treat learning disorders.

Behavioral optometry
Behavioral optometry is a scientifically unproven branch of optometry that explores how visual function influences a patient's day-to-day activities. Vision therapy is a subset of behavioral optometry. In general, vision therapists attempt to improve the vision, and therefore day-to-day well-being, of patients using "eye exercises," prism, and lenses, with more emphasis on the patient's visual function.

Among schools of medicine, ophthalmology does not see merit in the procedures surrounding many of behavioral optometry's practices, as there have not been enough studies of high enough rigor to warrant practicing vision therapy. According to the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, the behavioral aspects of vision therapy are considered scientifically unproven.

Techniques
In 2008, vision scientist Brendan Barrett published a review of behavioral optometry at the invitation of the UK College of Optometrists. He wrote that behavioral optometry was not a well-defined field but that proponents believed it could go beyond standard programmes, like an extension to optometry, taking a holistic approach. Barrett enumerated the therapies:
 * Vision therapy for accommodation/vergence disorders – eye exercises and training to try and alleviate these disorders. There is evidence that convergence disorders may be helped by eye exercises, but no good evidence exists that exercises help with accommodation disorders.
 * The underachieving child – therapies claimed to help children with dyslexia, dyspraxia and attention deficit disorder – a "vulnerable" target market. There is no evidence that behavioral optometry is of any benefit in relation to these conditions.
 * Prisms for near binocular disorders and for producing postural change – the use of "yoked" prisms to redirect a person's gaze and bring about a range of claimed benefits including postural improvements and increased wellbeing. There is a lack of evidence for the effect this approach may have.
 * Near point stress and low-plus – the use of special lenses to adjust near-field vision, even for people who would not normally need glasses. This is claimed to bring about postural benefits and relieve visual stress. Some research has been carried out in this area and its effectiveness remains "unproven".
 * Use of low-plus lenses at near to slow the progression of myopia.
 * Therapy to reduce myopia.
 * Behavioural approaches to the treatment of strabismus and amblyopia.
 * Training central and peripheral awareness and syntonic.
 * Sports vision therapy.
 * Neurological disorders and neurorehabilitation after trauma/stroke.

Barrett noted the lack of published controlled trials of the techniques. He found that there are a few areas where the available evidence suggest that the approach might have some value, namely in the treatment of convergence insufficiency, the use of yoked prisms in neurological patients, and in vision rehabilitation after brain disease or injury—but he found that in the other areas where the techniques have been used, i.e., the majority of situations, there is no evidence of their value. In contrast, Steven Novella points out that the only condition for which there is good quality scientific evidence is convergence disorders. This points out a problem that is common with Complementary or integrative medicine, a type of Alternative medicine, is that a promising use for treating a single disorder is applied to a wide range of disorders for which there is no evidence.

Eye exercises
The eye exercises used in vision therapy can generally be divided into two groups: those employed for "strabismic" outcomes and those employed for "non-strabismic" outcomes, to improve eye health. Ophthalmologists and orthoptists do not endorse these exercises as having clinically significant validity for improvements in vision. Usually, they see these perceptual-motor activities being in the sphere of either speech therapy or occupational therapy.

Some of the exercises used are:
 * Near the point of convergence training, or the ability for both eyes to focus on a single point in space.
 * Base-out prism reading, stereogram cards, computerized training programs are used to improve fusional vergence.
 * The wearing of convex lenses.
 * The wearing of concave lenses.
 * "Cawthorne Cooksey Exercises" also employ various eye exercises, however, these are designed to alleviate vestibular disorders, such as dizziness, rather than eye problems.
 * Antisuppression exercises for amblyopia - this is no longer commonly practiced, although occasionally it may be used.

Eye exercises used in behavioural vision therapy, also known as developmental optometry, aim to treat problems, including difficulties of visual attention and concentration, which may manifest themselves as an inability to sustain focus or to shift focus from one area of space to another.

Some of the exercises use:
 * Marsden balls
 * Rotation trainers
 * Syntonics
 * Balance board or beams
 * Saccadic fixators
 * Directional sequencers

Fusional amplitude and relative fusional amplitude training are designed to alleviate convergence insufficiency. The CITT study (Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial) was a randomized, double-blind multi-center trial (high level of reliability) indicating that orthoptic vision therapy is an effective method of treatment of convergence insufficiency (CI). Both optometrists and ophthalmologists were coauthors of this study. Fusional amplitude training is also designed to alleviate intermittent exotropia and other less common forms of strabismus.

Certain do-it-yourself eye exercises are claimed by some to improve visual acuity by reducing or eliminating refractive errors. Such claims rely mainly on anecdotal evidence, and are not generally endorsed by orthoptists, ophthalmologists or optometrists.

The German optician Hans-Joachim Haase developed a method to correct an alleged misalignment. His method, called the MKH method, is not recognized as an evidence-based approach.

Conceptual basis and effectiveness
Behavioral optometry is largely based on concepts that lack plausibility or which contradict mainstream neurology, and most of the research done has been of poor quality. As with chiropractic, there seems to be a spectrum of scientific legitimacy among practitioners: at one extreme there is some weak evidence in support of the idea that myopia may be affected by eye training; at the other extreme are concepts such as "syntonic phototherapy" which proposes that differently colored lights can be used to treat a variety of medical conditions.

A review in 2000 concluded that there were insufficient controlled studies of the approach. In 2008 Barrett concluded that "the continued absence of rigorous scientific evidence to support behavioural management approaches, and the paucity of controlled trials, in particular, represents a major challenge to the credibility of the theory and practice of behavioural optometry."

Behavioral optometry has been proposed as being of benefit for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism – this proposal is based on the idea that since people with these conditions often have abnormal eye movement, correcting this may address the underlying condition. Evidence supporting this approach is, however, weak; the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Ophthalmology and the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus have said that learning disabilities are neither caused nor treatable by visual methods.

Sports vision training
Practitioners of sports vision training claim to be able to enhance the function of an athlete's vision beyond what is expected in individuals with already healthy visual systems.

History
Various forms of eye exercises have been used for centuries. The concept of orthoptics was introduced in the late nineteenth century for the non-surgical treatment of strabismus. This early and traditional form of vision therapy was the foundation of what is now known as orthoptics and was based on observation not research or evidence.

In the first half of the twentieth century, orthoptists, working with ophthalmologists, introduced a variety of training techniques mainly designed to improve ocular alignment. In the second half of the twentieth century, vision therapy began to be used by specially trained optometrists to treat conditions ranging from uncomfortable vision (asthenopia), ocular motor skills, focusing control, binocular vision, depth perception, eye-hand coordination and visual processing. These treatments have been demonstrated to help many patients with poor reading and academic performance caused by their vision. There are many unscientific techniques promoted commercially and claimed specifically to improve eyesight and even to improve athletic performance.

Behavioral optometry
Behavioral optometry is considered by some optometrists to have its origins the teachings of Skeffington and Alexander. They promoted continuing education for optometrists to further their knowledge of how vision impacts performance. Vision therapy is differentiated between strabismic/orthoptic vision therapy (which many Optometrists, Orthoptists and Ophthalmologists practice) and non-strabismic vision therapy. A.M. Skeffington was an American optometrist known to some as "the father of behavioral optometry". Skeffington has been credited as co-founding the Optometric Extension Program with E.B. Alexander in 1928.

title: Vision therapy


text:
Renys

R.H. Reny, Inc., doing business as Renys: A Maine Adventure, is a chain of department stores located throughout the state of Maine. The chain has been in business since 1949 when Robert H. Reny opened his first store in Damariscotta. In 2004, two of his sons began running the chain.

In Fortune Magazine's Small Business column, Renys was cited as an example of a small business doing well in the face of competition from Walmart. Renys management studied the competition and realized the company could have an advantage in clothing. Renys purchases small lots of high-quality brands at a discount by buying production overruns, closeouts, irregulars, and factory seconds.

The company headquarters and distribution center are located in Newcastle. There are 18 retail store locations: Bangor, Bath, Belfast, Bridgton, Camden, Damariscotta (two stores), Dexter, Ellsworth, Farmington, Gardiner, Madison, Pittsfield, Portland, Saco, Topsham, Wells and Windham.

Renys had one store located in Aroostook county, the store was in Fort Kent, Maine. The store was closed in September of 1999 due to conditions of the building cited as unsafe. Renys was a popular place to shop for the residents from all around the St John Valley. The store withstood floods from the St John river, prior to the dike being built downtown. Also the store on 2 occasions had fire damage. The store was repaired and reopened only to fall to the hands of time.

title: Renys


text:
Johnette Napolitano

Johnette Napolitano (born Jonette L. Napolitano; September 22, 1957) is an American musician best known as the lead vocalist, songwriter, and bassist for the alternative rock group Concrete Blonde.

Early life
Johnette Napolitano was born and raised in Los Angeles, the eldest of five children in an Italian American family.

Her parents recognized their daughter possessed musical talent when, as a child, she was able to play "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" on piano by ear. Her mother loved show tunes. The family also listened to Johnny Cash, Marty Robbins, and the Rat Pack. At age five she enrolled in a gifted kids art program at UCLA.

Concrete Blonde
In 1986, Napolitano co-founded Concrete Blonde with guitarist James Mankey. She sang and sometimes played bass guitar. The pair had worked together under a variety of names since 1982. They released seven studio albums between 1986 and 2004, and one additional album as a collaboration with Los Illegals. Concrete Blonde had several moderately successful singles, including "God is a Bullet", "Joey", "Tomorrow Wendy", and a version of "Everybody Knows" originally by Leonard Cohen.

Concrete Blonde broke up and reformed several times, with Napolitano and Mankey as the only constant members. The band has not been active since 2012.

Solo career
She has recorded as a solo artist, with the albums Sketchbook (2002), Sketchbook 2 (2006), Scarred (2007), and Sketchbook 3 (2010). Napolitano also recorded a solo album titled Sound of a Woman around 1996–1997, and performed many of the songs on a solo tour opening for Paul Weller. The album was set to be released on IRS (a subdivision of Island Records), the label of her old band, Concrete Blonde. 1997–1998 was a bad time for Island, starting with the sudden departure of founder-CEO Chris Blackwell and ending with the total reorganization of the label. Sound of a Woman was, effectively, lost in the shuffle, and at this point is unlikely to ever be officially released. Bootleg copies of this album are rare and highly valued.

Before Concrete Blonde, Napolitano was a member of Dream 6, who released their self-titled debut EP in 1983.

In addition to Concrete Blonde, Napolitano was involved with several musical projects including Vowel Movement, a semi-improvisational musical collaboration with Holly Beth Vincent; and Pretty & Twisted, a band that also featured former Wall of Voodoo guitarist Marc Moreland.

She is one of several vocalists featured on the 1996 album No Talking, Just Head, by The Heads, including the single "Damage I've Done". The group was formed by three members of Talking Heads (Jerry Harrison, Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth). Napolitano was the primary vocalist for The Head's only concert tour. The Heads was originally intended to become a full-time band, with further studio albums and tours. A live CD-video of the first tour was planned, featuring performances from many of the album's guest artists and Napolitano on vocals for the songs originally recorded by Talking Heads. David Byrne sued the band, saying their name and presentation was too evocative of Talking Heads. The suit was settled out of court, and The Heads ceased activity.

As of 2009, Napolitano lived in Joshua Tree, California. She composes music for films and works as a gallery artist, specializing in working with discarded and reclaimed materials. She also cares for rescue horses.

Non-Concrete Blonde discography

 * Johnette Napolitano and Holly Vincent Vowel Movement (1995, Mammoth Records)
 * Pretty & Twisted (1995, Warner Bros. Records)
 * Sketchbook (2002, independently released)
 * Johnette Napolitano and Buzz Gamble "Cheap Tequila" single (2004, independently released)
 * Sketchbook 2 (2005, independently released)
 * Scarred (2007, Hybrid Recordings)
 * Sketchbook 3 (2009, Happy Hermit/independently released)
 * Naked (2015, EP, independently released)
 * The Naked Album (2015, independently released)
 * Exquisite Corpses (2022, Schoolkids Records)

Other projects
She has contributed music to many films, including the 1996 film Barb Wire, the 2006 Australian film Candy, and "Suicide Note" from Underworld.

The following films and TV programs also feature songs performed by Concrete Blonde:
 * The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986)
 * The Hidden (1987)
 * Pump Up the Volume (1990; cover version of Leonard Cohen's Everybody Knows)
 * Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990, TV) – "One Man and a Baby" episode
 * Point Break (1991)
 * Me, Myself and I (1992)
 * Beavis and Butt-Head (1993, TV) – "Blood Drive" episode
 * Jimmy Hollywood (1994)
 * Girls in Prison (1994; TV, part of the "Rebel Highway" series of films. The track was entitled "Endless Sleep", and included on the soundtrack album).
 * Losing Isaiah (1995)
 * Deadly Love (1995; TV)
 * Passions (1999)
 * The Sopranos (1999; TV) – "Calling all cars" episode
 * The Great (TV series) (2020) - "A Simple Jape" episode

Soundtrack:
 * Dead Silence (2007; "Who's Holding You Now?"). This track was not included on the soundtrack album.
 * Candy (2006; "Wedding Theme From Candy")
 * The Third Watch (2004; Season 5, Episode 17)
 * The Sopranos – "Nobody Knows Anything" (1999; "Highs Are Too High")
 * Foxfire (1996; "Dancing Barefoot"). This track was not included on the soundtrack album.
 * Barb Wire (1996, "She's So Free")
 * The Basketball Diaries (1995; "Dancing Barefoot"). This track was not included on the soundtrack album.
 * Echo Park (1986, "Tomorrow's Gonna Be")

Composer:
 * West (2007)
 * Pep Squad (1998)

Actress:
 * Cry Radio (1998) – Narrator

In 1996, Napolitano produced an album by Australian group In Vivo.

Napolitano collaborated with Danny Lohner (Nine Inch Nails, A Perfect Circle, Black Light Burns) on the horror film Dead Silence. The pair had successfully collaborated previously for the films Underworld and Wicker Park.

Napolitano contributed vocals to an album by John Trudell, and performs backing vocals in "Struck a Nerve" by Bad Religion on the Recipe For Hate album.

Napolitano performed the main vocals on the score of the Australian film West, written and directed by Daniel Krige. She also sang the title song, "Falling in Love".

Napolitano also performed the duet "My Little Problem" with Paul Westerberg on The Replacements "All Shook Down" release.

Napolitano provided vocals on the track "I Am Where it Takes Me" by metal band Black Light Burns.

Napolitano is credited as co-writer of the Ashes Divide song "Too Late".

Napolitano wrote and sang, with Steve Wynn, the song "Conspiracy of the Heart" included in the Steve Wynn's album Kerosene Man (1990).

Pretty & Twisted
Johnette Napolitano joined Marc Moreland and Danny Montgomery to form Pretty & Twisted in 1995. Their self-titled debut, Pretty & Twisted, was produced by Napolitano and released on Warner Brother Records, Inc.

The track listing for the album was:
 * 1) "The Highs Are Too High" – 6:10
 * 2) "Mother of Pearl" – 5:05 (Bryan Ferry)
 * 3) "Souvenir" – 5:09
 * 4) "No Daddy No" – 4:34
 * 5) "iRide!" – 3:40
 * 6) "Train Song (Edge of Desperation)" – 6:30
 * 7) "Stranger" – 2:59 (Paul Westerberg, Johnette Napolitano)
 * 8) "Singing is Fire" – 3:11 (Lyrics by Charles Bukowski)
 * 9) "Don't Take Me Down" – 4:37
 * 10) "Come Away With Me" – 5:55 (words: Janis Joplin, music: Johnette Napolitano)
 * 11) "Dear Marlon Brando" – 3:30
 * 12) "Billy" – 3:39
 * 13) "Watching the Water" – 4:17

Scarred
Napolitano's solo album Scarred was released on May 28, 2007, on the label Hybrid Recordings.

Scarred track list
 * 1) "Amazing" – 4:08
 * 2) "The Scientist" – (Coldplay cover, with Danny Lohner) – 5:07
 * 3) "Scarred" – 4:09
 * 4) "Poem for the Native" – 5:19
 * 5) "My Diane" – 5:01
 * 6) "Just Like Time" – 4:41
 * 7) "Save Me" – 3:19
 * 8) "Like a Wave" – 4:41
 * 9) "Crazy Tonight" – 5:26
 * 10) "Everything for Everyone" – 4:56
 * 11) "All Tomorrow's Parties" – (The Velvet Underground cover) – 3:40
 * 12) "I'm Up Here" – 4:27

Personal life
Though raised irreligious, Napolitano converted to Roman Catholicism as an adult stating, "I’ve studied Eastern religions a lot, but the Catholic faith is what fits me best." Other lifestyle changes post-Concrete Blonde included quitting hard alcohol and marijuana.

title: Johnette Napolitano


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Street Corner Society

Street Corner Society (originally titled Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum) is an ethnography written by William Foote Whyte and published in 1943. It was Whyte's first book. It received little attention when it was first published, but upon being reissued in 1955 it became a bestseller as well as a standard college text, and established Whyte's reputation as a pioneer in participant observation.

Background
In the late 1930s, on a fellowship from Harvard University, Whyte lived in the North End of Boston, which was mostly inhabited by first- and second-generation immigrants from Italy. Whyte, who came from a well-to-do family, considered the neighborhood a slum, and wanted to learn more about its "lower class" society. Whyte lived in that district for three and a half years, including 18 months he spent with an Italian family. Through this work, Whyte became a pioneer in participant observation (which he called "participant observer research").

Overview
Street Corner Society describes various groups and communities within the district. Compaesani – people originally from the same Italian town – are one example. The first part of the book contains detailed accounts of how local gangs were formed and organized. Whyte differentiated between "corner boys" and "college boys": The lives of the "corner boys" revolved around particular street corners and the nearby shops. Conversely, the "college boys" were more interested in good education and moving up the social ladder.

The second part of the book describes the relations of social structure, politics, and racketeering in that district. It is also a testament to the importance of WPA jobs at the time.

Reception
The book was first published as Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum by the University of Chicago Press in 1943. It received little attention at the time, but when it was republished in 1955 it garnered critical praise and became a bestseller and a standard college text. It has since been translated into at least six different languages and reprinted in many editions.

Not all the reviews have been positive. The book was not popular in the North End, and Whyte's description of the neighborhood as a "slum" has been called into question. Former Boston city councilman Frederick C. Langone, who lived in the North End and knew Whyte personally, believed Whyte had mischaracterized the neighborhood:

 * What his book did to the North End was to make it look like everybody was in some kind of racket....In fact, the exact opposite was true....William Whyte's book Street Corner Society was required reading in every college. Consequently, students got the wrong perception of the North End and the Italian-American inhabitants.

title: Street Corner Society


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Savinac

Savinac (Савинац) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Vračar.

Location
Savinac is located in the western part of the municipality, on the western slopes of the Vračar hill and stretches from the Slavija square to the Vračar plateau and the Temple of Saint Sava. The main streets in the neighborhood are Svetog Save, Makenzijeva and the Boulevard of the Liberation. Originally, the term stretched west of the boulevard (present Karađorđev Park), but today not many people consider that part of Belgrade as part of Vračar.

History
The neighborhood of Savinac almost entirely overlaps the neighborhood of Englezovac. Construction of the neighborhood began in 1880 when a Scottish businessman and Nazarene Francis Mackenzie bought a large piece of land nearby (which eventually became known as Englezovac, Serbian for Englishman's place), parcelled it out into lots for selling and donated a piece of land to the Serbian Orthodox Church for the construction of the Temple of Saint Sava. "The Society for the Embellishment of Vračar" suggested to Belgrade City Council to rename Englezovac to Savinac (Serbian for Sava’s place) on March 31, 1894. They stated that it is "a shame for the Serbian capital that a whole district is called Englezovac" and inconceivable that a national shrine (Temple of Saint Sava) lie on foreign property.

In narrower sense, Savinac is just the triangular part between the streets of Svetog Save on the east, and the Boulevard of the Liberation, to which term Englezovac didn't apply.

However, the large residential and park complex new name of Savinac was gradually dropped from public usage, and the only remainder of that name was the kafana Savinac which was closed in early 2000s. In the late 1980s, many books and articles on "Old Belgrade" became popular again and so the term Englezovac, at this time already unknown to majority of people, resurfaced, but not Savinac. However, just like Savinac, it didn't get the popular usage, and most of Belgraders still refer to this part of the city as Vračar.

Apart from Savinac, other famous Belgrade kafanas in the neighborhood included Mala Astronomija ("Little Astronomy"), founded in the 1890s, and Orač ("The Plowman"), opened in 1948. Both were located along the Boulevard of the Liberation and demolished in 1996, with Orač being relocated to the Makenzijeva street in the neighborhood of Čubura.

Historically, Savinac represented geographical end of Belgrade, opposite to Kalemegdan, on Belgrade's central line Kalemegdan-Trg Republike-Terazije-Beograđanka-Slavija–Savinac, where central line, tram No 1 used to run, in the first half of the 20th century.

title: Savinac


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Grumman F3F

The Grumman F3F is a biplane fighter aircraft produced by the Grumman aircraft for the United States Navy during the mid-1930s. Designed as an improvement on the F2F, it entered service in 1936 as the last biplane to be delivered to any American military air arm. It was retired from front line squadrons at the end of 1941 before it could serve in World War II, and replaced by the Brewster F2A Buffalo. The F3F, which inherited the Leroy Grumman-designed retractable main landing gear configuration first used on the Grumman FF, served as the basis for a biplane design ultimately developed into the much more successful F4F Wildcat that succeeded the subpar Buffalo.

Design and development

The Navy's experience with the F2F revealed issues with stability and unfavorable spin characteristics, prompting the 15 October 1934 contract for the improved XF3F-1, placed before F2F deliveries began. The contract also required a capability for ground attack, in addition to the design's fighter role. Powered by the same Pratt & Whitney R-1535-72 Twin Wasp Junior engine as the F2F, the fuselage was lengthened and wing area increased over the earlier design. A reduction in wheel diameter allowed greater fuselage streamlining, eliminating the prominent bulge behind the cowling of the F2F.

The prototype, BuNo. 9727, was delivered and first flown on 20 March 1935 with company test pilot Jimmy Collins making three flights that day. Two days later, six dive-recovery flights took place; on the 10th dive, the aircraft's pullout at 8000 ft registered 14 g on the test equipment. The aircraft broke up in midair, crashing in a cemetery and killing Collins. A second, strengthened prototype was built, but it crashed on 9 May of the same year following the pilot's bailout during an unsuccessful spin recovery. The second prototype was rebuilt in three weeks, flying on 20 June 1935. An order for 54 F3F-1 fighters was placed on 24 August of that year, following the conclusion of the flight test program.

Operational history

The first production F3F-1 (BuNo 0211) was delivered on 29 January 1936 to the test group at Naval Air Station Anacostia, with squadron service beginning in March to VF-5B of USS Ranger (CV-4) and VF-6B of USS Saratoga (CV-3). Marine squadron VF-4M received the last six in January 1937.

Grumman, wanting to take advantage of the powerful new 950 hp Wright R-1820 supercharged radial engine, began work on the F3F-2 without a contract; the order for 81 aircraft was not placed until 25 July 1936, two days before the type's first flight. The engine's larger diameter changed the cowling's appearance, making the aircraft look even more like a barrel, though top speed increased to 255 mph at 12000 ft.

The entire F3F-2 production series was delivered in between 1937 and 1938; when deliveries ended, all seven Navy and Marine Corps pursuit squadrons were equipped with Grumman single-seat fighters. Further aerodynamic improvements were made to an F3F-2 (BuNo 1031) based on wind tunnel studies in the NACA Langley 30' x 60' full-scale wind tunnel and became the XF3F-3. It featured a larger-diameter propeller, and a complete revision of the fuselage skinning forward of the aft cabane strut in order to improve aerodynamics and reduce carbon monoxide intrusion. On 21 June 1938, the Navy ordered 27 F3F-3s, as new monoplane fighters like the Brewster F2A and Grumman's own F4F Wildcat were taking longer to develop than had been planned.

With the introduction of the Brewster F2A-1, the Navy's biplane fighter days were numbered. All F3Fs were withdrawn from squadron service by the end of 1941, though 117 were assigned to naval bases (Mainly NAS Miami and NAS Corpus Christi) and used for training and utility duties until December 1943.

The G-32 and G-32A two-place aircraft were used by the U.S. Army Air Force as ferry-pilot trainers, under the designation UC-103/UC-103A.

A civilian aerobatic two-seat variant, the G-22A "Gulfhawk II," was constructed in 1936 and flown by Major Alfred "Al" Williams, head of Gulf Oil's aviation department.

Variants
Data from: Aerofiles - Grumman
 * G-11
 * Company designation for F3F-1 carrier-borne fighters

 * XF3F-1
 * Three prototypes of the F3F (all with the same Bureau Number, 9727), powered by single 700 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1535-84 Twin Wasp Juniors

 * F3F-1
 * Initial production version for the US Navy, 54 built. BuNos 0211 through 0264.

 * G-19
 * Company designation for the F3F-2 and F3F-3

 * XF3F-2
 * A single prototype (BuNo 0452), powered by a single 850 hp Wright XR-1820-22 Cyclone G

 * F3F-2
 * Second production model for the US Navy, powered by a single 950 hp Wright R-1820-22 Cyclone, 81 built. BuNos 0967 through 1047.

 * XF3F-3
 * A single prototype (BuNo 1031) of the F3F-3 with curved windshield, a modified forward fuselage with a widened diameter and cowling with a single cowl flap on either side

 * F3F-3
 * Final production variant for the US Navy, 27 built. Featured a redesigned forward fuselage forward of the aft cabane struts. BuNos 1444 through 1470.

 * G-22 Gulfhawk II
 * A single hybrid F2F/F3F, powered by a 1000 hp Wright R-1820 Cyclone, for display pilot Al Williams, sponsored by the Gulf Oil Company for demonstration flights and aerobatic displays. The G-22 Gulfhawk II was retired to the National Air Museum in October 1948.

 * G-32 Gulfhawk III / G-32A
 * A two-seat civilian variant of the F3F series, powered by a 1000 hp Wright R-1820 Cyclone. Two aircraft were built, one (G-32, NC1051) for noted Gulf Oil pilot Alford Williams as the "Gulfhawk III", and the second (G-32A, NC1326) retained by Grumman as a fast executive transport-chase aircraft. Both of these aircraft incorporated landing flaps into the lower surface of the upper wing, the only variant of the series to be so fitted.

 * UC-103
 * Both G-32 aircraft were impressed into the USAAF in 1942; Williams's G-32 Gulfhawk III was destroyed in a crash in Florida and the G-32A survived until 1971 when it crashed after being abandoned due to an inflight fire

Operators

 * United States Army Air Forces
 * United States Marine Corps
 * VF-4M
 * VMF-1
 * VMF-2
 * VMF-211
 * VMJ-1
 * United States Navy
 * VF-2B
 * VF-3B
 * VF-5B
 * VF-6B
 * VF-2
 * VF-3
 * VF-4
 * VF-5
 * VF-6
 * VF-71
 * VF-72
 * VF-72

Surviving aircraft
Today, there are four flying aircraft, three F3F-2 models and the Grumman demonstrator G-32A, all which were restored by Herb Tischler's Texas Airplane Factory in Fort Worth. The restorations took four years and consisted of rebuilding the G-32A from original blueprints with tooling built at the Texas Airplane Factory. The wreckage of three -2 aircraft which had originally crashed in Hawaii were utilized to complete the other restorations.

 * 0972 – F3F-2 owned by Hawks Zeroq3 in Sonoma, California. This airframe was restored by Chris Prevost and has been on the flight line at Vintage Aircraft in Sonoma, California. It has since been sold to Lewis Air Legends in Texas.
 * 0976 – F3F-2 on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida. This aircraft was ditched off the coast of San Diego by Marine aviator Robert E. Galer on 29 August 1940 while attempting a landing on Saratoga. The fighter was rediscovered by a U.S. Navy submarine in June 1988, and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the San Diego Aerospace Museum before going on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum.
 * 1028 – F3F-2 on display at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
 * 1033 – F3F-2 owned by the National Museum of World War II Aviation in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
 * 335 – G-22 on static display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.
 * Replica – G-32A owned by Comanche Warbirds Inc in Houston, Texas. This airframe is a replica rebuilt at the Texas Airplane Factory using the identity of G-32A construction number 447, which crashed in 1971.

title: Grumman F3F


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Talk:Query optimizer

The two imlementation sections use different terminology. That needs to be fixed.

The left-deep definition is still on the Join (SQL) page. That really should be pulled out and merged with the Tree traversal page somehow.

Derekian 17:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In the Join ordering section, we see "This heuristic reduces the number of plans that need to be considered (n! instead of 4^n)", but n! increase faster than 4^n, did the author wanted the reverse ?

207.45.248.18 17:33, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

merge with query optimization?
There's a separate page on query optimization (which looks unfinished). Shouldn't they be merged? Eclecticos (talk) 04:23, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Yes.. merge them. Optimizatation is the goal and the process, while Optimizer is how it is done in a real commercial database. Lot of information about the first but very limited, closely gauared information from each vendor about specific implementations. Also, ideas in optimization will always stay ahead of the curve. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Thedb2guy (talk • contribs) 20:38, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Merge. I think that Query Optimizer be a sub section under Query Optimization. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 196.3.94.70 (talk) 15:48, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Don't Merge. I think it should be left as such with just providing link in both pages to access each other. The query optimizer is the component of a database management system. Query optimization is the goal of technical rewriting/changing the query by either, the query optimizer, automated tuning software (e.g. query hints) or manual intervention (e.g. create index). In other words both are different encyclopedia entities which surround the same topic.

Merge. I think there is unlikely to be enough distinction between these two topics to merit two separate articles. For example, we don't have separate articles for pile driver and pile driving, nor for teacher and teaching, nor for editor and editing. --Doradus (talk) 01:59, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

Merge. I would rather see both under query optimization, but either way there shouldn't be two pages unless there's enough content to justify it. There is plenty to say about optimization but little to say about optimizers themselves. Although they are separate concepts we would essentially be reducing optimizers to a stub if we made them separate articles. 99.236.33.105 (talk)

Don't Merge. They should remain two separate topics. Optimization should be the advantages and disadvantages along with the theory behind different types of optimization. Optimizer should have all different types of actual optimizers. That being said, I think some of the content from Optimizer belongs in Optimization; however they should remain separate pages. Someone could add information about different optimizers used by different DBMS's, and the specifics about them. 137.99.14.134 (talk) 01:07, 27 April 2010 (UTC)Kralco626

Merge i up for merge ,,,cool 99.236.33.105 (talk) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.8.220.9 (talk) 09:28, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

reopening merge proposal
it's been 4 years, and Query optimization remains stubby. Gzuckier (talk) 06:01, 3 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I implemented the merge since I can't see any useful difference between the articles, and there was significant overlap. -- Beland (talk) 02:17, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Query optimizer


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User:Kmns~enwiki

Selamat Datang

title: User:Kmns~enwiki


text: Template talk:X3

title: Template talk:X3


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Sopan

Sant Sopandeo was a sant of the Varkari and also the younger brother of Dnyaneshwar.

Sopan(19 November 1277 A.D- 29 December 1296 A.D), attained samadhi at Saswad near Pune. He wrote a book, the Sopandevi based on the Marathi translation of the Bhagavad Gita along with 50 or so abhangs.

Siblings

 * 1) Nivruttinath: The eldest brother of Sopan, Nivrutti was an authority on the philosophy of the Nath. Gahininath, one of the nine Nath gurus, accepted Nivrutti as his disciple and initiated him into the Nath sect, instructing him to propagate devotion to Shri Krishna. Dnyaneshwar accepted his elder brother as his own guru. After the early samadhi of Dnyaneshwar, Nivrutti travelled with his sister Muktai on a pilgrimage along the Tapti River, where they were caught in a thunderstorm and Muktai was swept away. Nivrutti obtained samadhi at Tryambakeshwar. Around 375 abhangs are attributed to him but the authorship of many of them is disputed due to the difference in writing style and philosophy.

 * 1) Dnyaneshwar (1275–1296): The second of the siblings was a 13th-century Marathi sant, poet, philosopher and yogi of the Nath tradition whose Jñānēśvarī (a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Amrutanubhav are considered to be milestones in Marathi literature.

 * 1) Muktabai: His younger sister, Muktabai wrote forty-one abhangs throughout her lifespan.

title: Sopan