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National Union of Freedom Fighters

The National Union of Freedom Fighters (NUFF) was an armed Marxist revolutionary group in Trinidad and Tobago. Active in the aftermath of the 1970 Black Power Revolution, the group fought a guerrilla warfare campaign to overthrow the government of Prime Minister Eric Williams following the failed Black Power uprising and an unsuccessful mutiny in the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment.

NUFF formed out of the Western United Liberation Front (WOLF), a loose grouping of largely unemployed men in the western suburbs of Port of Spain. After the failed mutiny, members of WOLF decided to overthrow the government through armed rebellion. In 1971 they attempted to assassinate the lead prosecutor of the mutineers and a coast guard officer who helped suppress the army mutiny.

The group drew disaffected members of the National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), the country's leading Black Power organisation, and established a training camp in south Trinidad. In 1972 and 1973 NUFF attacked police posts to acquire weapons, robbed banks, and carried out an insurgent campaign against the government. With improved intelligence capabilities, the government was able to track the group and eventually killed or captured most of its leadership. Eighteen NUFF members and three policemen were killed during the insurgency.

Ideologically NUFF was anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist, and opposed both the foreign investors who controlled much of the economy and the local economic elites. They were notable for the extent to which women played an active role in the organisation, and included women among its guerrilla fighters. They were the only group to sustain a guerrilla insurgency in the modern English-speaking Caribbean over an extended period. Former members went on to play a role in the political process, while others were involved in the 1990 coup d'état attempt by the Jamaat al Muslimeen.

Background and formation
Trinidad and Tobago became independent from the United Kingdom in 1962 under the leadership of Eric Williams and the People's National Movement (PNM), whose political agenda was primarily nationalist and progressive. Working class Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians formed the base of support for Williams and the PNM. While independence gave political power to a Black-dominated government, the economic and social power remained subject to a "white power structure". Society in Trinidad and Tobago at the time was stratified by a combination of class and skin colour that was typical in the larger islands of the English-speaking Caribbean. Traditionally, the upper class was white, the middle class coloured (mixed-race) and working-class Black. Social mobility in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries allowed Black people to move into the middle class and coloured people to move into both the upper and lower classes, but it had kept the general pyramid of social stratification intact. Whites lost their hold on political power in the run up to independence, but retained their social and economic power. Indians—who made up 40% of the country's 945,210 people in 1970 —and smaller minorities lay outside this system of stratification. Education provided a means of social and economic advancement for Black people, allowing them to achieve a higher socio-economic status than less educated, but lighter-skinned people.

Independence moved Black and mixed-race people into the government and the public service, but much of the economy remained in the hands of British and North American corporations. The power that these corporations exercised over the local economy was seen by the Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonian working class as standing in the way of the economic, social and political advancement they had expected from a PNM government. Despite this, the need for Black Power in a country within a Black-ruled region was seen as a paradox, especially in what American geographer David Lowenthal described as the "least impoverished" and best-governed Caribbean country.

In working-class communities, groups of unemployed and under-employed young men organised themselves into tight-knit groups that engaged in rioting and gang warfare. In the western Port of Spain suburb of St. James, the most militant of these groups named themselves Block Four and Block Five. In the late 1960s a loose grouping known as the Western United Liberation Front (WOLF or WULF) was organised out of Block Five. WOLF adopted the rhetoric and styles of dress of the Black Power movement. While WOLF consisted largely of unemployed young men, it also included active members of the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment.

In 1969 West Indian students at Sir George Williams University in Montreal staged a sit-in at the university's computer centre to protest discriminatory grading practices; these protests culminated in a fire and substantial property damage. The resulting arrests and trial of a group of students was a catalyst in the formation of the National Joint Action Committee (NJAC) at the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies in Trinidad and Tobago. NJAC activists moved out of the university and worked to educate and mobilise the population, especially unemployed youth in Port of Spain and San Fernando. In February 1970 Black Power demonstrations broke out in the major urban centres in Trinidad and Tobago. Over the course of March and April these demonstrations gained support, especially after Basil Davis, a young NJAC activist, was killed by the police.

Despite a desire to include Indo-Trinidadians as partners, the leadership and support base of the movement remained predominantly Black. On 12 March NJAC organised a march from Port of Spain through County Caroni to try to draw the predominantly Indo-Trinidadian sugar workers into what was the movement. In response to this, sugar workers in Caroni organised a march from Couva which departed on 20 April with the goal of reaching the capital the following day. On 21 April the government declared a state of emergency and arrested the leaders of the protest movement. This triggered a mutiny by the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment. The mutineers, led by Raffique Shah and Rex Lassalle, surrendered after 10 days of negotiation and the government re-asserted control.

The collapse of the army mutiny was the impetus for the formation of the organisation that would become NUFF. According to Malcolm "Jai" Kernahan, one of the surviving leaders of the group, there was coordination between members of WOLF and Shah and Lassalle. When the mutiny occurred Brian Jeffers and other members of WOLF "took up arms" and headed into the hills above Port of Spain to connect with the mutineers who were stationed west of the city. When the mutineers surrendered, Jeffers, the de facto leader of WOLF, decided to continue with the goal of overthrowing the government through armed rebellion. Inspired by the foco theory guerrilla warfare developed by Che Guevara and French philosopher Régis Debray, Jeffers, Kernahan, and others organised a new group along revolutionary lines. Although some members of the group recommended that they focus on expanding and consolidating their support, more militant members of the leadership dominated the decision-making process.

In 1971 this as-yet unnamed revolutionary organisation shot Theodore Guerra, the chief prosecutor in the court-martial of the mutineers. Shortly after, Trinidad and Tobago Coast Guard commander David Bloom was also shot. Bloom had played an important role in the suppression of the mutiny; both men survived. The shootings gave the militants credibility among NJAC members who were disenchanted with what they perceived to be the organisation's nearly complete collapse following the arrest of its leadership. Guy Harewood and several other NJAC activists from the Port of Spain area joined the group in the aftermath of the shooting. These recruits helped the group expand its reach by making connections with other disaffected NJAC members.

In late 1971 Kernahan left the group in St. James and returned to his hometown of Fyzabad. In the oilfields of south Trinidad, with its history of militant trade unionism, Kernahan found people receptive to the idea of engaging in guerrilla insurgency. He gathered a group of activists and established a training camp in the forest.

Ideology
NUFF's leadership saw themselves as a vanguard organisation who would draw the working class into revolutionary thinking. Believing revolution to be imminent, they embraced the foco theory advanced by Debray and Guevara which suggested the idea that a small, mobile guerrilla force living off the land could trigger a popular uprising. NUFF saw itself as being the ones who could "guid[e] the arrow of history to its target". Their ideology was anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist and anti-sexist. They opposed both foreign investors and the local economic elites, and strove to overthrow the Williams administration through violence. Writing from death row where he awaited execution for the murder of Police Constable Austin Sankar, Kirkland Paul wrote "our just struggle seeks to pull down from their cradle of totalitarian power and authority that despotic ruling class".

Guerrilla campaign
On 31 May 1972 Kernahan's group, newly named the National Union of Freedom Fighters, attacked an estate police station belonging to American oil company Texaco, seized six guns and over 1,000 rounds of ammunition. The following day, armed NUFF members in north Trinidad robbed the Barclays Bank branch at the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies. The rough, forested terrain of the Northern Range provided safety for NUFF's approximately three dozen guerrilla fighters. Fidel Castro had compared the landscape to that of Cuba's Sierra Maestra, from which he had launched the Cuban Revolution.

On 1 July a group of guerrillas returning from the Northern Range were intercepted at a police roadblock and a gunfight ensued. One NUFF member, Hillary Valentine, was killed and three policemen were injured. Valentine's funeral attracted 4,000 mourners. On 23 February 1973 the Barclays Bank on Tragarete Road in Port of Spain was robbed by five men and a woman—later identified as Andrea Jacob—who stole TT$100,000 (equivalent to £20,800 at the time) and a security guard's revolver.

Acting on a tip, the police, led by Assistant Superintendent Randolph Burroughs, ambushed a group of NUFF members at a safe house in Laventille later that day. Four NUFF members were killed including John Beddoe. Jamaican sociologist Brian Meeks described Beddoe's death to be "a major blow to the movement as he is one of the people with genuine organizational capability and the leading advocate of the line for greater propaganda, education and consolidation".

On 1 June NUFF guerrillas used gelignite to destroy a transformer at the Textel Earth Station, Trinidad and Tobago's international satellite link, and left a message for Burroughs "that if he wanted [them] to come in the bush for [them]". Police responding to the incident were ambushed by guerrillas who injured four of them. As head of the Flying Squad, a specialised "anti-drug and anti-radical brigade", Burroughs was seen as an "icon of heroic manhood, public order and punishment" by his middle class admirers, and "public enemy number one" by Black radicals.

On 6 August insurgents attacked a Trinidad-Tesoro Oil Company police station in south Trinidad, stealing weapons and money. The following day, a group of nine attacked Matelot Police Station where one policeman was on duty, who they captured along with 13 shotguns, a pistol and ammunition. The insurgents set off explosives in the building, but released their captive unharmed. These attacks prompted a joint operation by the army and police against the rebels, and the government offered large rewards for Jeffers, Harewood and Jacob.

The offer of rewards for the capture of NUFF's leaders, coupled with the use of "increasingly repressive measures" to obtain information from suspects, allowed the police to ambush the northern group at their camp in Valencia on 28 August. Although the guerrillas all escaped with only minor injuries, the attack showed the benefits of the police's change in tactics. On 13 September 200 police and soldiers surprised the guerrillas in Caura, where they had retreated after the attack in Valencia. A NUFF sentry at the camp was killed and Jennifer Jones was captured. As the insurgents fled the attack on the camp, Kenneth Tenia and Jennifer's sister Beverly were killed by the police.

The killing of Beverly Jones and the arrest of her sister Jennifer drew an international response. Historian and political activist C. L. R. James sent a telegram to Williams "deplor[ing] the violent death of Beverley Jones and demand[ing the] immediate release of Jennifer Jones". Protests organised at the Trinidad and Tobago High Commission in London included members of the British Black Panthers, whose leader was Altheia Jones-LeCointe, the elder sister of Jennifer and Beverly.

After the attack on the camp in Caura, NUFF was left on the defensive: "police were on our heels, people were selling us out and we just running from ambush to ambush" recounted former NUFF member Terrance Thornhill, in a 1996 interview with Meeks. Guy Harewood was killed by the police in Curepe on 17 October 1973, leaving NUFF "effectively broken". Their last major activist, Clem Haynes, was captured by the police in Laventille in November 1974, marking the end of the movement. Overall, between 18 and 22 NUFF members and three policemen were killed over the course of the insurgency.

Aftermath
NUFF was only the second group in the modern English-speaking Caribbean to attempt a serious guerrilla uprising (the first being Henry's rebellion in Jamaica in 1960), and the only one able to create an insurgent campaign that was sustained over time. Historian and former Black Power activist Brinsley Samaroo argued that NUFF's decision to engage in an armed struggle resulted not only in the destruction of the organisation, but also prompted the government of Trinidad and Tobago to react more harshly to non-violent organisations like NJAC and to the leadership of the Oilfields Workers' Trade Union and Transport and Industrial Workers Union. Historian Jan Knippers Black has argued that NUFF never posed a large threat to Eric Williams' government.

While Williams was only mildly critical in his retrospective analysis of the Black Power movement, his assessment of NUFF was "decidedly harsh", according to Samaroo. Williams wrote: "A group of young people generally well educated (reminiscent of the unrest among affluent students in United States) are taking to the hills and forests, robbing banks, holding up paymasters, attacking isolated police stations, shooting policemen, while their well-wishers declaim against "police brutality" when a shoot-out occurs."

Williams described NUFF as lacking a clear ideology, and he attributed this largely to the fact that they lacked a foreign aggressor or colonial power to fight against. Writing in 1973 C. L. R. James described their choice to engage in a guerrilla campaign to be "premature".

Many surviving members of NUFF received lengthy prison sentences. Clem Haynes was imprisoned for eight years. Andy Thomas (later Abdullah Omowale) and Kirkland Paul (Kirklon Paul according to some sources) were sentenced to death for the murder of Police Constable Austin Sankar in 1975 and remained on death row until 1987 when they were pardoned by President Noor Hassanali. Other members of NUFF played a role in founding the United Labour Front in March 1976.

Historiography
Historian and women's studies scholar W. Chris Johnson calls NUFF "the progeny of the PNM", the children and grandchildren of the people who had brought the PNM to power in the 1950s. Journalist Owen Baptiste described them as "the sons and daughters of the very population [Williams] had so lavishly praised in 1959", people who wanted to end the oppressive economic system that the PNM government had permitted to continue despite condemning it. NUFF drew its support from unemployed young people in a society where more than half the population at the time was under the age of 19, and unemployment rates were high.

NUFF grew out of the Black Power movement, but its members believed that that movement had failed to achieve its objectives. David Millette, an attorney who spent his youth with members of NUFF and later researched the movement, considered the main point of disagreement between NUFF and NJAC to be NUFF's belief that NJAC had lost its effectiveness and was "only talking" despite the levels of unemployment, continued foreign domination of the economy, and increased police brutality. Meeks, similarly, wrote that NUFF attracted people who were unhappy with NJAC's ineffectiveness after the arrest of its leadership and its transition to a cultural nationalist ideology. He argued that NUFF attracted people who were drawn to the "armed revolution was the only solution" slogan which had become popular in 1970.

American historian Victoria Pasley described NUFF as "Marxist-socialist", and said that they differed from NJAC in seeing class, not race, as the dominant problem in society. Women in NUFF fought on equal terms with men and were seen as having equal standing in the movement. Their ability or effectiveness as guerilla fighters was not questioned, and they were not expected to simply look after the men in their encampments in the forest. Beverly Jones, who was killed by the police in Caura, participated as a guerilla fighter and became a hero to supporters after her death.

Historian Matthew Quest compares NUFF's activities of "robbing banks and striking back at brutal police" to those of the Black Liberation Army in the United States. Political scientist Perry Mars described NUFF's ideology as Maoist, and spoke of their "violent and suicidal extremism". Sociologist Anthony Maingot argued that their tactics were more in line with Carlos Marighella's Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla than with foco. According to historian Rita Pemberton and colleagues, NUFF believed that electoral systems were too flawed to produce true democracy, and that it could only be achieved through what they called "revolutionary democracy". They told their followers "you can either make it to liberation day or die trying".

Legacy
Political scientists have drawn connections between NUFF's insurgency and the 1990 coup d'état attempt by the Jamaat al Muslimeen. NUFF's use of violence in challenging the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy was seen by political scientist John La Guerre as an inspiration for the Jamaat al Muslimeen. The movements also shared a connection in the person of Abdullah Omowale (formerly Andy Thomas), who was a leading figure in both the 1990 coup attempt and in NUFF's insurgency. Jennifer Jones-Kernahan ( Jones) went on to serve as a United National Congress senator, government minister and ambassador to Cuba, while her husband Jai Kernahan contested the Laventille West constituency for the People's Partnership in the 2015 Trinidad and Tobago general election.

title: National Union of Freedom Fighters


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File:Pandora's Star.jpg

The cover to Pandora's Star.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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title: User talk:62.255.32.12


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Richard Peters (reporter)

Richard Peters, Jr. (August 17, 1780 – May 2, 1848) was an American attorney and the fourth reporter of decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from 1828 to 1843.

Early life
Richard Peters, Jr. was born in Belmont, Pennsylvania, the son of Richard Peters, an attorney later elected as Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania. Peters, Jr. studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1800.

Career
In 1816, Peters was among a group of men led by Condy Raguet who founded the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society. In the early 20th century, it was the largest savings bank in the United States. Peters served as the editor of: Chitty on Bills, Joseph Chitty on Criminal Law (1819), Bushrod Washington's Circuit Court Reports, Third Circuit (four volumes, 1803–27), and United States Statutes at Large.

He was appointed as the solicitor of Philadelphia County, serving from 1822 to 1825.

Supreme Court
In 1828, Peters was appointed as Reporter of Decisions for the Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, DC. He condensed the reports of his three predecessors to have a more concise version for legal reviews. He eliminated the arguments of counsel, annotations, and other material, thereby reducing twenty-four volumes into six. His immediate predecessor Henry Wheaton sued. The Supreme Court rejected Wheaton's claim to a common law copyright in his own reports in the first landmark case in American copyright law, Wheaton v. Peters.

The Court dismissed Peters in 1843 because of the questionable "accuracy and fidelity" of his reports; in addition, he had offended several of the justices.

Personal life
Peters was married to Abigail Willing (1777–1841), daughter of prominent Philadelphian Thomas Willing (1731–1821). Peters died in Belmont, Pennsylvania in 1848.

Published works

 * Reports of the United States Circuit Court, 1803-18 (1819);
 * Reports of the United States Supreme Court, 1828-43 (seventeen volumes, 1828–43); *Condensed Reports of Cases in the United States Supreme Court from its Organization till 1827 (six volumes, 1835)

title: Richard Peters (reporter)


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File:Fleming007impression.jpg

Summary
Ian Fleming's impression of James Bond. Commissioned by Fleming as an example for the Daily Express comic strip.

Image is held by copyright holder(s).

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Goodloe Byron

Goodloe Edgar Byron (June 22, 1929 – October 11, 1978) was an American Democratic politician who was the member of the United States House of Representatives for Maryland's 6th congressional district from 1971 until his death. He was succeeded by his widow, Beverly Byron.

Career
Byron attended The JAG School at the University of Virginia and entered U.S. Army JAG Corps. He served as a member of the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps from 1953 to 1957, honorably discharged with the rank of captain. He earned his JD from The George Washington University He later was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates (1963–1967) and the Maryland State Senate (1967–1971).

His parents, William D. Byron and Katharine Byron, both served as 6th district representative, from 1939 to 1941 and 1941 to 1943, respectively. The Byron family were communicants of Saint John's Church, Hagerstown.

U.S. Congress
Byron first ran for Congress in 1968, though he lost to Republican incumbent J. Glenn Beall Jr. Beall did not seek re-election in 1970, and Byron was elected to the open seat. He was initially viewed as a highly conservative Democrat, particularly on environmental issues. Environmental Action placed him on their list of the "Dirty Dozen" members of Congress who they felt were particularly hostile towards their cause. This led to a challenge in the 1976 Democratic primary from Dan Rupli, who nearly defeated Byron. Thereafter, Byron moderated his environmental positions, supporting some conservationist measures, though he continued to be viewed as a conservative overall.

In Congress, he served on the House Armed Services Committee in his final term.

Death
On October 11, 1978, Byron suffered a fatal heart attack while he was jogging with an aide alongside the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in western Maryland. He was pronounced dead at Washington County Hospital in Hagerstown, at the age of 49. Byron was buried in the Antietam National Cemetery in Sharpsburg, Maryland.

Byron was intrigued by the now widely discredited claim of Thomas J. Bassler, MD that nonsmokers able to complete a marathon in under four hours can eat whatever they wish and never suffer a fatal heart attack.

According to nutritionist and longevity research pioneer Nathan Pritikin, Byron had run six Boston Marathons, with a best time of 3:28:40, and had not smoked for 25 years. He ignored warnings from his physician who told him that treadmill tests from 1974 to 1978 indicated his coronary arteries were gradually closing. The last treadmill test in January 1978 "indicated severe abnormality and was positive for heart disease." The physician advised Byron to stop running until further tests could be done.

Dr. Manuel G. Jimenez, who did the autopsy, said Byron had "only pinprick openings" in his coronary arteries because they were filled with cholesterol. "Congressman Byron's coronary arteries were worse than most I've autopsied."

title: Goodloe Byron


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User talk:Ouphe

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You (Talk) 20:36, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
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The Secondman's Middle Stand

The Secondman's Middle Stand was Mike Watt's third solo album and the first full-length recording that he had made under his own name since the release of Contemplating The Engine Room in 1997.

The storyline for the nine-track album parallel's Watt's real-life January 2000 bout with a near-fatal infection in his perineum with one of his favorite pieces of literature, Dante's The Divine Comedy. The first three tracks of the album represent the Inferno (Watt's illness up until the time the abscess burst); the second three songs represent the Purgatorio (Watt's surgery and subsequent recovery), and the final three represent the Paradisio (Watt's resuming his everyday life and career).

Writing and recording
For the music of ...Middle Stand, Watt chose to do something he had been planning to do before the illness struck - work with a keyboardist instead of a guitarist, as he had done for his entire musical career. To play organ, he enlisted Pete Mazich, who he had played with locally in an infrequent side project, The Madonnabees, which was devoted to reinterpreting the songs of Madonna. For the drum seat, Watt tapped Jerry Trebotic, who had previously toured with Watt in his project band The Jom And Terry Show and played with both Watt and Mazich in The Madonnabes. Both musicians, like Watt, are natives of San Pedro, California, making the group the first all-Pedro band Watt had since the breakup of The Minutemen in 1985. Watt dubbed this new band The Secondmen. The Secondmen did three tours before ever recording a note of the album in the studio. For their first tour in the spring of 2002, the shows opened with the "Inferno" section of the piece. The following tour a year later added the first two songs of the "Purgatorio" section. A third tour later in 2003 mixed opening dates with the Red Hot Chili Peppers in between headlining club dates.

Prior to recording the album and a day before his 46th birthday, Watt had a bicycle accident which injured his left arm (fortunately, without any broken bones or other damage), forcing him to postpone the start of the recording sessions until January 16, 2004. For the first time in his career, Watt recorded in his home town of San Pedro, California at Karma Studio with veteran recording engineer Michael Rich, and recorded for the first time using a full digital audio system (Pro Tools) rather than analog tape.

Watt augmented the basic sound of the Secondmen in the studio with tympani and other percussion borrowed from Stephen Perkins (Jane's Addiction, Porno for Pyros, Banyan), backing vocals by alt-rock chanteuse Petra Haden, and an extensive array of effect pedals that Watt played his bass through in order to help convey some of the emotions and ideas behind the album.

No singles were released from the album, but a video for "Tied A Reed 'Round My Waist" was filmed in San Pedro by veteran video director Lance Bangs. In the winter of 2005, another Pedro native, director Mike Muscarella, filmed a trilogy of videos involving the original Secondmen lineup (Trebotic had to forego touring with the band because of family-related constraints, replaced on the road by Raul Morales) plus Ms. Haden, for the songs "Burstedman", "Beltsandedman", and "Pelicanman". All three of the videos in this trilogy, plus the video for "Tied A Reed 'Round My Waist", can be streamed at Mr. Muscarella's site, http://www.mikestheater.com. A 2005 European release of the CD includes a DVD with the videos for "Tied A Reed..." and "Beltsandedman". The cover is reminiscent of John Coltrane's album Interstellar Space, of which Watt is a fan.

Track listing
All songs written by Mike Watt

 * 1) "Boilin' Blazes" – 5:31
 * 2) "Puked to High Heaven" – 3:15
 * 3) "Burstedman" – 5:55
 * 4) "Tied a Reed 'Round My Waist" – 6:00
 * 5) "Pissbags and Tubing" – 6:17
 * 6) "Beltsandedman" – 6:40
 * 7) "The Angels Gate" – 6:32
 * 8) "Pluckin', Pedalin' and Paddlin'" – 7:02
 * 9) "Pelicanman" – 5:58

Personnel

 * Mike Watt			- 	Bass, Vocals
 * Pete Mazich		-	Hammond B3 Organ, Background Vocals
 * Jerry Trebotic		-	Drums, Percussion
 * Petra Haden		-	Background Vocals

Production

 * Arranged & Produced By Mike Watt
 * Engineered By Michael Rich
 * Assistants: David Coleman, Mike Helperman
 * Mastered By John Golden

title: The Secondman's Middle Stand


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dylan Henstock

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:13, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Dylan Henstock
Looks like vanity. I cannot find good credible sources to verify how this person is noteworthy. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 20:37, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I found nothing verifiable either. Not notable. Likely vanity. -CunningLinguist 20:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 22:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 06:12, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

I do not believe this article is vanity. New kach movement is a very famous movement worldwide and was started by the same person, Rabbi Meir Kahane, who started the Jewish Defence League. The New kach movement Johannesburg chapter was the first NKM chapter to start in South Africa and I believe that this is something noteworthy for the movement.


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Long Island Lighting Company

The Long Island Lighting Company, or LILCO ("lil-co"), was an electrical power company and natural gas utility for Long Island, New York, serving 2.7 million people in Nassau, Suffolk and Queens counties, from 1911 until 1998.

Formation
It was founded by Ellis Laurimore Phillips, an engineer, and a group of New York City investors, including George W. Olmsted. At the time, Long Island had multiple small power utilities that served individual villages; their business plan was to acquire these an interconnect them into an island-wide grid. In 1911, their first purchases were four small electric companies in Amityville, Islip, Northport and Sayville.

The Glenwood Generating Station was constructed from 1928 to 1931. The extra generating capacity was needed due to a sixfold increase in Long Island's electricity demand from 1910 to 1925. The expansion also reflected LILCO's then-novel philosophy of using few centralized power plants interconnected by transmission lines, rather than many small plants distributed through the region. In 1936 it was described as "the key electric generating plant of the Long Island system," and its control room managed LILCO's entire system.

Mid-century expansion
LILCO greatly increased its generating facilities to meet increasing power demands created by Long Island's postwar population growth. In the 1950s, two new units were constructed at the Glenwood Generating Station, and two at the new E. F. Barrett Power Station, and one at the new Far Rockaway Power Station. At the time The New York Times called the Glenwood Generating Station "one of the most modern power plants in the country," with both mechanical and electrostatic precipitators for dust and ash collection, as well as valve silencers and noise barriers. It was the first turbine generator mounted on an open deck in the Northeastern United States. Four units were also constructed at the Port Jefferson Power Station between 1948 and 1960.

The four units of the Northport Power Station, constructed between 1967 and 1977, became Long Islands largest power plant. In addition to the large steam turbine plants, LILCO built a large number of smaller gas turbine generators in the early 1970s, most of them at the E. F. Barrett Power Station and at a new facility in Holtsville.

Difficulties
LILCO was long notorious for its high rates. Indeed, according to a 1999 article in The New York Times, LILCO's rates were considered part of an "unholy trinity of life on Long Island", along with the Long Island Rail Road's service woes and traffic snarls on the Long Island Expressway.

In 1983, the Suffolk County legislature resolved that the county could not be safely evacuated in the event of an emergency at the LILCO built Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant. In an effort to show they were prepared for the event of a nuclear mishap at Shoreham, LILCO created a volunteer organization, staffed by Shoreham engineers and various staff from LILCO itself, named LERO (Local Emergency Response Organization) to provide assistance to the public.

Hurricane Gloria hit Long Island on September 27, 1985, but power was not fully restored until October 8. The utility's poor response to the storm further eroded public confidence in LILCO's ability to handle an emergency and placed increased pressure to shutter the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant.

In the end, in a political decision born from LILCO's inability to present a viable evacuation plan for Suffolk County, Shoreham was closed down in 1992 after never having operated at more than minimum power for testing purposes.

Demise and aftermath
On March 5, 1998, final Federal approval was received for LIPA to take over LILCO's electrical transmission network. The deal was completed later that year. LILCO's power distribution assets were bought by the Long Island Power Authority (LIPA), a public authority. The rest of LILCO, including its electrical generation and natural gas businesses, merged with Brooklyn Union Gas to form KeySpan, which continued to run LILCO's old transmission network under contract with LIPA.

KeySpan was taken over by National Grid USA in 2007. National Grid handed control of Long Island's electrical transmission system to New Jersey utility Public Service Enterprise Group in 2014.

Major power plants
All locations are in New York. In addition to the major plants, LILCO constructed smaller gas turbine plants at the above facilities and in East Hampton North, Holtsville, Southampton, Southold, and West Babylon.

title: Long Island Lighting Company


text:
Time's Eye

Time's Eye is a 2003 science fiction novel co-written by British writers Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter. It is the first book in the A Time Odyssey series. The next book in the series is Sunstorm.

Plot
The story begins with a series of individuals from different time periods encountering motionless, hovering spheres—and each other—in the region of the Northwest Frontier. Two early hominins, a mother and daughter, are the first. They lack a language, but are referred to in the narration as "Seeker" and "Grasper". Just after encountering a sphere, they are captured by strange creatures in red, later revealed to be British Redcoats.

In the year 2037, a UN peacekeeper helicopter is badly damaged by an R.P.G. It crashes near Jamrud Fort, which is defended by British soldiers and sepoys from 1885—including the same redcoats who captured Seeker and Grasper, which the British call "man-apes". Also present at the fort are the factor Cecil de Morgan, and two journalist observers, the American Josh White and the Anglo-Indian "Ruddy"—a young and as-yet unknown Rudyard Kipling.

The helicopter crew comprises an American pilot, Chief Warrant Officer Casey Othic; a British Indian observer, Lieutenant Bisesa Dutt; and Chief Warrant Officer Abdikadir Omar, an Afghan Pashtun with blue eyes and strawberry blond hair, which he claims is inherited from soldiers in the army of Alexander the Great. All three survive the helicopter crash, and they are taken prisoner by the British. Both sides soon realise that they are from different time periods, brought together by an event they name the "Discontinuity", and begin working together.

Abdikadir investigates one of the spheres, located near the fort, which the British call an "Eye". He determines that it possesses inexplicable properties; among other things, its circumference and volume are not related to its radius by a factor of pi, as in ordinary geometry, but by a factor of exactly 3. The 19th-century British, however, have become accustomed to the sphere, and use a camouflage net draped over it as a cage for the "man-apes".

Also beginning in 2037, a Soyuz capsule departs the International Space Station to return to Earth. Aboard are two Russians, Musa Ivanov and Kolya Krivalapov, and an American, Sable Jones. Sable is abrasive and ambitious, which Kolya believes has helped her succeed in her field, but she especially irritates Musa. The Soyuz loses contact with ground control, and takes up orbit rather than re-entering the atmosphere. They manage to establish radio contact with the "moderns" in Jamrud, and through the cosmonauts' observations, the characters learn that the Earth has become a patchwork conglomerate of terrain, and people, from different time periods spanning two million years ago up to the 21st century. Aside from Jamrud, and a site in North America that might be 19th-century Chicago, the cosmonauts' observations find no signs of industrial civilisation at all. They do, however, detect one other radio signal: a beacon of unknown origin located at the site of Babylon.

After weeks of orbiting, the cosmonauts decide to bring the Soyuz down in central Asia, where their observations have noted signs of extensive, but still pre-industrial, habitation. From there they hope to make their way to Jamrud. Before re-entry, Musa suggests that calling this patchwork world "Earth" is inappropriate, and proposes the name "Mir" instead; not for the "antique Russian space station", but for the Russian word мир, meaning both "peace" and "world".

The Soyuz lands successfully, but upon exiting the craft, Musa is decapitated by a Mongol warrior. Kolya, remembering a few words of Mongolian, manages to convince the Mongols that they are "emissaries of Heaven", and Sable and Kolya are loaded onto a cart heading east. They have arrived in the Mongol Empire of the 13th century, during the reign of Genghis Khan, to whom the "emissaries" are brought.

At the Khan's court, Kolya lays plans to use the Mongol army to enter China and rebuild the trading posts and towns that were lost in the Discontinuity. Sable disagrees, and instead proposes to take the army to Babylon. She hopes to find the unexplained radio beacon, believing it connected to whatever inconceivable event caused the Discontinuity, and thus the centre of power in "Mir". When Sable saves the Khan's life by shooting dead a sabre-toothed cat with her hidden side arm, Genghis accepts her as truly an emissary of Heaven, takes her to his bed, and agrees to her plan to take Babylon.

Meanwhile, the British have encountered the army of Alexander the Great, on the march down the Indus after the revolt that ended Alexander's eastward expansion. Alexander is suffering from his injury in the Mallian Campaign, but recovers, and the British and Macedonian forces form an alliance. Their goal, too, is Babylon; Alexander wishes to return to the capital of his Persian empire, and the "moderns" wish to locate the radio beacon. Alexander's army arrives at Babylon before the Khan, and has time to explore it. A sphere at least three times larger than those previously seen is discovered in the Temple of Marduk, and is found to be the source of the radio signals.

Meanwhile, the Khan's army reaches and sacks 19th-century Bishkek, massacring almost the entire population. Seeing this, Kolya plots against the Khan and Sable. As they near Babylon, he uses the radio equipment from the Soyuz to contact Casey and warn him of the coming Mongols. Sable catches Kolya in the act, but since the Mongols refuse to spill the "royal blood" of an emissary of Heaven, they blind and deafen him and throw him, alive, into a boarded-over pit.

An embassy from Alexander to the Mongols is rebuffed; Alexander's general Ptolemy is beheaded, and the survivors return mutilated. The defence of Babylon is organised, with the moderns introducing the Macedonians to guns and grenades. The combined Macedonian–British force meets the Mongols before the gates of the city. The defence is gradually worn down by the Mongols, and the shock of modern arms is blunted by Sable having prepared the Mongol troops, just as the British had the Macedonians.

However, Kolya is still alive. Knowing more of the Mongols than Sable did, he had already guessed what their punishment of him would be: to bury him alive, beneath the yurt of the Khan himself. Having hidden a water supply and an improvised bomb on his person, he chooses his moment and detonates the bomb, killing the Khan.

When the signal of the Khan's death reaches the field, most of the Mongols withdraw in order to hold a kurultai. However, a small force remains under Sable's command. They break through the weakened defenders and head straight for the Temple of Marduk and the massive sphere, dubbed the "Eye of Marduk". Bisesa confronts Sable in the Temple and incapacitates her, but Ruddy is fatally shot.

Alexander's lover Hephaestion died in the battle, but Alexander refuses the public mourning period. Sable is executed, as is Cecil de Morgan, who had sold secrets to the Mongols and told Sable where to find the Eye of Marduk. The Macedonians and British settle in Babylon and establish a home there.

Bisesa spends all of her time studying the Eye of Marduk, becoming convinced that ancient, intelligent beings are observing them through it, and that she has been able to not only sense their presence, but communicate with them. Neither her friends' concern, nor an expedition with Alexander around the Mediterranean, nor her romantic relationship with Josh, distract her for long. Meanwhile, the British have again used an Eye to support the cage holding Seeker and Grasper, but the Eye begins to compel the "man-apes" to act in unusual ways, as if performing experiments on them.

Bisesa believes that the beings behind the Eye have agreed to grant her request: to take her home, to Earth. The beings do indeed use the Eye to take her away from Mir, together with Josh, who insists on accompanying her. However, their first destination is a blasted wasteland, possibly the result of nuclear devastation, and Bisesa concludes that they are in the far future, perhaps millions of years from their own time. Another Eye appears and takes Bisesa—and only Bisesa—away again; before she vanishes, they grant her plea to send Josh back to Mir instead of leaving him alone in the waste.

As the story concludes, there is a chapter from the point of view of the ancient beings, the "Firstborn", explaining that they arose in the early days of the universe, on a planet orbiting a powerful but short-lived star. When their star died, they saw it as the beginning of the heat death of the universe. Wanting to stop anything that might hasten the end of the universe and thus the end of intelligent life, they set out to find other intelligent beings developing advanced technology, and to stop them before they can develop to the point of consuming "too much" energy.

On Mir, Seeker and Grasper have been released, but Grasper, changed by her time under the Eye, begins to imagine a future for her kind in this world, a future of successfully competing with the humans. Lastly, Bisesa arrives on Earth, in her home in London, the day after her helicopter flight. Her eight-year-old daughter Myra is there, and Bisesa promises to explain her sudden appearance and strange state, but then she sees an Eye floating over the city.

title: Time's Eye


text:
Talk:Cube Zero

Merge summary of other movies
I would only merge parts, afterall the three movies are only loosely connected (cast is totally different each time, as is the philosophy behind it) (clem 20:38, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC))
 * I wrote most of the Cube Zero article, and I don't have a problem with this. 205.188.117.14 14:07, 18 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Rather than moving the overall summary into the article about the first movie, I've created a new Cube series article that describes all three movies and how they relate. -- Bovineone 07:14, 18 October 2005 (UTC)
 * If "the first two movies take place entirely within the maze" then would someone mind either explaining the end of Cube 2 or removing this ridiculous sentence? --Charax 22:38, 27 March 2006 (UTC)

Any news of another sequel?
just wondering. Maybe Sasha didn't put the data what was taken. Besides, they have to explain how the cube evolved from an escape room to a hypercube or if it still even has an escape room. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.94.57.226 (talk) 02:31, 3 May 2007 (UTC).

Deletion of false information
Im removing the trivia section which claims that Wynn is catagorically not Kazan from the original cube as I have just listened to the directors commentary and among other things he says "mabye this is Kazan or how Kazan came to be, making this much more of a prequel than a sequel". The director clearly meant for this issue to be left open ended and I think the author of this section of text was placing their own interpretation on this. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.109.46.177 (talk • contribs).

Traps/Clean Sweep
There were some errors and assumptions made in the traps section. They have been corrected. The comment about the clean sweep not explaining how clothing was removed was inaccurate. The movie clearly shows that a clean sweep incinerates people and clothing, see the 1 hour 20 minute mark when Haskell falls victim to the clean sweep. The scene clearly shows both he and his clothing are incinerated leaving nothing left in the room. Leavemade 02:07, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Critical reception
There needs to be some more "out of universe" information added, like critical reception, filming locations, green lighting progress and such. JayKeaton (talk) 06:21, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Plausible traps?
"The traps in Cube Zero are more similar to the mechanical, plausible traps in the original Cube."

Most of the traps are physically impossible.

The "swinging dicer" is impossible, since wire sharp enough to cut through flesh and bones must be very fine. But if it's fine, it will also be fragile and will break before being able to penetrate the skin. In the original Cube movie you also see that there's almost no force required to tear the wire mesh through the victim's body. At first you don't see that he's hit by the mesh, you just hear that noise and he stops moving. Then you see a bit of blood and it doesn't seem as if he's badly wounded. Then he falls apart in a matter of seconds. If he was hit by this fine mesh, it would have pressed him towards one wall or the floor or whatever direction it was moving to and maybe then cut into him, provided the mesh wouldn't just break.

The acid trap is the most physically impossible trap in the whole cube series. If it was a strong acid, it would have tasted sour because of the hydrogen ions, but he thought it was water. And it would have caused irritation when coming into contact with his skin. Furthermore, the water from his tissue would have diluted the acid so that at some point it won't do significant damage any more. And finally, when acid comes into contact with blood, the blood will coagulate, which will stop the bleeding.

The "bolt-and-wire-shooting" trap has the same problem as the "swinging dicer". If the wires are sharp and thin, they will break, if they are thick, they won't cut into the tissue.

The "speaker trap" is also very fake. I highly doubt that it's technically possible to create sound waves of such a high sound pressure level, that could kill a person, let alone those five tiny speakers. At music festivals they use huge PA speakers which are as high as the stage itself and they are far from producing hazardous sound levels. And finally, if the victim realized that he was trapped, why didn't he rip the membranes off the speakers? And why didn't the sound pressure destroy the speakers themselves?

the "speaker trap" is not exactly the rough power of sound, it's a harmonic tuning of the vibrational frequency under which the flesh explodes —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.68.79.45 (talk) 22:29, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

So maybe we should mention that the traps are not plausible at all .. and explain why they are sci-fi and not possible in real world physics. 217.94.250.233 (talk) 16:16, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

I'd like to add that the case with the wire not working... what he is saying is true, but I think it might be safe to assume that they are using an awesomely sturdy and thin razor like wire. They obviously have a lot of money to construct such a cube, and I find it possible that they would spend a nice amount of money on superior wire. There is also the possibility of the wire actually moving while it slices, causing it to slice with less friction, like a saw. 69.228.208.12 (talk) 00:47, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

 * First off here, going by simple laws of physics, if the wire were fine enough and durable enough it would pass directly through him if travelling at a high enough speed. Which as you can see in the movie, it moves quite quickly.

 * Correction to the Acid Trap idea. I don't believe it was acid he was sprayed with. It clearly was water he was doused in and I believe it was more of a flesh eating virus or a culture of flesh eating bacteria. The bacteria wouldn't have a flavor and would've been able to seep into his skin through osmosis. If you watch in the first cube, Renn was hit with an acid trap and it reacted very differently than the trap in Cube Zero.

 * In response to above: Even rope can cut through flesh if pulled tight enough using friction and force. Read a text book before making posts like your Bill Nye.

 * To above: It wasn't the amount of sound being produced but the wavelength it was being produced at. Also substances containing water, flesh for instance, reacts differently to sound waves than metal and other waterless materials.69.244.165.163 (talk)

All rooms trap rooms?
I don't think so. As far as I understood, Jax moved the rooms with traps around the one Wynn and the others were in so that there was no escape.

Stars
"Reel Film gave the film three out of 4 stars." I gave it, and the entire franchise a zero. Jason Palpatine (talk) 18:34, 29 June 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect / Mis-stated Information?
I've watched this film several times, and actually just finished watching it a few minutes ago, and some of these statements don't seem correct:

1. "This movie explains the origins of the Cube and the people who control it."
 * Where are the origins of the cube explained? There are some vague allusions to its purpose, but nothing much about any origin.  Also, as the sentence is worded, it makes it sound like "the movie explains the people who control it."  First of all, that just don't sound good.  Secondly, it shows some people who operate some of it, but it's very clear that they have limited knowledge of the big picture, and even perhaps those above Dodd and Winn have a limited understanding as well.  And do these people really control the cube, or merely operate it?

2. "he was sprayed with a very strong base."
 * Correct me if I'm wrong, but where is it confirmed that he was sprayed with a base?

3. "A man named Eric watching this in an observation room with his co-worker named Dodd, reveals that it is only a recording. "
 * I understand what this sentence is trying to say, but it needs to be re-written. It's nonsensical as is.

4. "Afterwards, Eric is shown to be sketching a portrait of Dodd (in the form of a superhero called Chessman), whilst playing chess with Dodd, who has a chess board in front of him, which Eric is not looking at, as he is on the other table, just drawing and naming his moves. "
 * Long, rambling, poor sentence.

I'm actually going to stop pointing out all the mediocre writing. The information seems fine for the most part, but it needs to be reworded. I'll actually take a stab at cleaning some of this up if no one else wants the job.

5. "His behavior is identical to Kazan, an autistic man from the first movie, suggesting that Kazan may actually be an employee of IZON"
 * No confirmation that Kazan is autistic in the first film. "Mentally challenged" or "mentally handicapped" is about the best we can do.  Also, I think it might be a stretch to say that this scene suggests Kazan was an employee of IZON.  Too much speculation.  Obviously we're supposed to infer that Kazan possibly underwent a similar procedure to that of Winn, but how or why that came about (such as being an IZON employee) is totally unknown.  Patrick of J (talk) 21:39, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Good points. Also, is it confirmed that this is actually a prequel?  It kind of seems like some people merely speculated that this is a prequel.  68.147.192.41 (talk) 04:32, 24 January 2015 (UTC)  BrianPansky (talk) 04:34, 24 January 2015 (UTC)

 * "Izon" is a name used only in the second film, which also established the existence of "alternate dimensions" containing duplicates of some people. Since the film's poster (used in this article) does NOT depict the doors as having a stylized capital I (which would be appropriate if the filmmakers wanted to imply Izon was involved), there's really no reason to assume any of these films have a firm connection with one another chronologically...or even take place in the same fictional universe.  The writers have made no particular effort to build a continuity of details, but rather of themes.  Asat (talk) 16:40, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

Not a base
I don't think the liquid sprayed onto Ryjkin is meant to represent a strong base. Chemical burns from bases quickly start to cause pain (if not as quickly as acid burns). The liquid would feel soapy to the touch and taste funny. Ryjkin thinks it's water for quite some time, licking it off his skin. My theory is the liquid is meant to contain a digestive enzyme of some sort.--Cancun771 (talk) 15:35, 20 December 2014 (UTC)

Minor plot corrections
1. There are only two buttons in the elevator: UP and DOWN. 2. Dodd does not in any way suggest the Jax eviscerate him; Jax quickly comes up with the solution on his own. It might also be worth noting that the forehead tattoos on the soldier in Rains' dream and on Haskell (as well as the orientation of the doors on vertical walls in the film) feature a stylized capital "I", 90 degrees different from the image in the poster used for this article. Asat (talk) 09:43, 4 July 2015 (UTC)

Tag review
"This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed." I think this can be removed CRAuser (talk) 21:41, 27 May 2017 (UTC)

Listed cast member missing from Plot section
Diego Klattenhoff as Quigley is listed in the Cast section, but his character is not mentioned at all in the Plot section.124.37.83.250 (talk) 10:01, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cube Zero


text: Category:United States student societies


text:
Kvinneby amulet

The Kvinneby amulet (Öl SAS1989;43) is an 11th-century runic amulet found in the mid-1950s buried in the village of Södra Kvinneby in Öland, Sweden. The amulet is believed to date from roughly 1050-1130 CE. The amulet is a square copper plate measuring approximately 5 cm on each side. Near one edge there is a small hole, presumably used for hanging it around the neck.

Inscription
The inscription consists of some 143 runes, written boustrophedon, supplemented by an engraving of a fish; the relevance of the fish to the text is unclear.

The inscription is one of the longest and best preserved for its time but it has proven hard to interpret. The “official” Rundata interpretation is: "Here I carve(d) protection for you, Bófi, with/… … … to you is certain. And may the lightning hold all evil away from Bófi. May Þórr protect him with that hammer which came from out of the sea. Flee from evilness! You/it get/gets nothing from Bófi. The gods are under him and over him."

Deciphering attempts
There have been six other serious attempts to decipher the text. This article treats each in turn.

Bruce E. Nilsson 1976
Bruce E. Nilsson was the first to offer an interpretation of the amulet. Ignoring what seem to be bind runes at the start of the inscription, he offered this transliteration:

 * tiʀþiʀbirk
 * bufimiʀfultihu
 * risþeʀuisinbral
 * tilufranbufaþorketih
 * ansmiʀþemhamrisamhuʀ
 * hafikamflufraniluit
 * feʀekiafbufakuþiʀu
 * untiʀhanumaukyfiʀhan
 * um

and the following translation into English:

"Glory to thee bear I, Bove. Help me! Who is wiser than thee? And bear all in (the form of) evil from Bove. May Thor protect him with that hammer which came from the sea, (and which) fled from evil. Wit fares not from Bove. The gods are under him and over him."

Nilsson interprets: “[T]he amulet is an invocation to the gods to protect Bove, especially while he is at sea.” This he bases on the carving of the fish, the mention of the sea in the text and the place where the amulet was found.

Nilsson understands the mention of Thor and his hammer as a reference of the story of Thor's fishing; where he threw his hammer at the head of Jörmungandr, the Midgard serpent. Since Thor's hammer always returns to its thrower it might in this case be said that it ‘fled from evil’ and ‘came from the sea’.

Nilsson does not attempt to solve the first few runic symbols of the inscription. He ventures a guess that they might conceal the name or cognomen of a god. The fish looks more promising to Nilsson. He suggests that it might contain coded runes. The fins of the fish can, according to him, be represented graphically as:

This might represent the runes ‘nbh’ in some order. Nilsson suggests that the meaning is based on the names of the runes; thus the amulet should give a björg from hagl and nauð or a “deliverance” from “hail” and “need”. He adds that this is “not at all certain”.

Nilsson's interpretation is not treated critically by later authors.

Ivar Lindquist 1987 (a posthumous publication)
Ivar Lindquist took some 30 years to ponder the amulet. He offers a plethora of interpretations – all, however, within the same central theme. According to Lindquist the amulet contains a solemn prayer to the Earth Goddess, referred to as ‘Erka’, ‘Fold’ and ‘Undirgoð’ (:the god beneath) and her ‘single son’ Thor.

Two of Lindquist’s suggested interpretations are: "Here I, in poetry am familiar with the god(dess) beneath, for me, Bófi, to save myself. Earth, I am known to thee! May the one son keep evil away from Bófi. May Þórr protect him with the hammer that smashes Ámr, the heavy Ámr. Flee, foul ill-wight! Get nothing from Bófi. Gods are under him and over him."

Also: "I here to Erka, the undergod of the world, for me, Bófi, to save myself. Earth, I am known to thee! And may the lightning raiser help evil from Bófi. May Þórr protect him with the hammer that smashes Ámr. Go the sea, Ámr! Flee, foul ill-wight! Get nothing from Bófi. Gods are under him and over him."

On etymological grounds Lindquist reasons that Ámr is a demon of sickness.

Börje Westlund 1989
According to Westlund, Lindquist’s attempts at deciphering the “bind runes” at the beginning of the inscription are misguided. In Westlund’s opinion these are not complicated bind runes but elaborate forms of normal runes. To support his claim he compares the runes with an inscription found near Novgorod in 1983 and treated by the Russian runologist Elena Melnikova in 1987. This is material not available to Lindquist and Nilsson.

Westlund reads the first runes as “hiristikþirbirkbufi” and takes them to mean (in standardized West Norse) “Hér rísti ek þér björg Bófi,” which would come out in English as “Here I carve protection for you, Bófi.” This is a major change from Lindquist's interpretation. Instead of Bófi being the carver talking about himself we have a separate carver that addresses Bófi in the inscription.

Westlund goes on to refuse Lindquist’s “prayer to Earth” in favor of a more magical interpretation. While he rejects Lindquist’s interpretation of “me R fultihuþis” (“with Earth in mind”) and Nilsson’s interpretation of “samhu R hafikam” (“that came from the sea”) he does not offer alternative explanations. On the whole he suggests that Lindquist read too much into the inscription and tries to go for a more “mundane” solution to the problem. His transliteration and translation of the whole inscription follow:

x hiristik þiʀ birk / bufi meʀ fultihu / þis þeʀ uis in bral / tilu fran bufa þor keti h / ans miʀ þem hamri samhuʀ / hafikam fly fran iluit feʀ eki af bufa kuþ iʀu / untiʀ hanum auk yfiʀ han / um

"Here I may carve (or: I carved) protection for you, Bófi, with … is certain to you. And may the lightning keep evil (away) from Bófi. Thor Protect him with that hammer … Flee from the evil being! It (?) gets nothing from Bófi. Gods are under him and over him."

In his conclusion Westlund rejects Lindquist’s view of the amulet as a solemn heathen prayer. In his opinion the mention of Thor and ‘the gods’ reflects a post-conversion magical view of the heathen gods. He even goes as far as suggesting that the wearer of the amulet was probably a baptised Christian.

Ottar Grønvik 1992
In 1992 Ottar Grønvik offered a new interpretation which is essentially an attempt to rehabilitate Lindquist's work. Lindquist's bind-runes are brought back into play.

 * h(i)ʀiurkimsutiʀkuþiʀbirk
 * bufimeʀfultihu
 * þisþeʀuisinbral
 * tilufranbufaþorketih
 * ansmiʀþemhamrisamhyʀ
 * hafikamflyfraniluit
 * feʀekiafbufakuþiʀu
 * untiʀhanumaukyfiʀhan
 * um

Jonna Louis-Jensen 2001
In 2001 Jonna Louis-Jensen continued in the same vein as Grønvik with an interpretation involving a sickness demon named Ámr. She offers the following normalized text and English translation.

Pereswetoff-Morath 2019
As part of her dissertation “Viking-Age Runic Plates: Readings and Interpretations”, Sofia Pereswetoff-Morath discusses this find. She chooses to read the “bindrunes” at the start as a form of encryption which introduces meaningless staves to make reading more difficult, noting that bindrunes occur nowhere else in the inscription, even in places where they would have been useful. She advocates for a broad dating of 1050–1130.

Her reading most closely resembles that of Bruce E. Nilsson, disregarding all speculation about a demon Ámr.

 * English: ”Here I carve (may I carve/carved) help for you, Bove, with complete assistance. Fire is safe for you (known to you), (the fire which) took all evil away from Bove. May Thor protect him with the hammer which came from the sea. Flee from the evil one! Magic (evil) achieves nothing with Bove. Gods are under him and over him.”

title: Kvinneby amulet