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Talk:RGB color spaces

Untitled
The external link "sRGB vs Adobe RGB: The Truth" (www.shootmaster.com) leads to a page which asks for registration. Is it the same content as it was at the time the link was added? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nemethe (talk • contribs) 19:30, 4 June 2005 (UTC)

 * It does not work here. Maybe http://www.photoenlargements.com.au/truth.html is the same Rombust (talk) 10:32, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

The external page RGB Working Space Information contains a more complete version of the table on this page with extra information about Volume, Lab Gamut Efficiency and Coding Efficiency. I think that these would be interesting pieces of data to add, but don't know how this should be done given that the table is currently from a book. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.159.248.44 (talk • contribs) 10:05, 8 June 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there any copyright or other reason that this data can't be appended to the table? --Entirety 00:22, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

scRGB
scRGB should be added (an article about it, too). I think scRGB has even larger color gamut than the new Adobe space. I'm not a graphics professional, so somebody else could do that. --Ondrejsv 17:54, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Proposed rename
Unlike articles like sRGB color space, this article is not about a color space, whose name is RGB. Rather, it is about a number of color spaces, each from the RGB color model.

I believe the title of this article may help to reinforce the mistaken idea that there is a single color space called RGB. I therefore propose renaming it in the plural, "RGB color spaces" (with redirects sorted out and minor rewording). Seeing the plural in lists of color spaces should emphasise the point.

Comments. Notinasnaid 12:53, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No comments? I'll go ahead then. I think this is one of those cases where violating the general rule in Naming conventions is worthwhile. Notinasnaid 01:00, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think this is absolutely correct, the current name is misleading. Was this changed? Was it changed back again and why? — Julian H. ✈( talk  ) 07:22, 21 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Probably some time between 2007 and now people decided there's no reason here to violate the general rule in Naming conventions. Dicklyon (talk) 07:29, 21 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree this should be renamed, but not to spaces. RGB is not a color space. RGB is a color MODEL. This article should be called the RGB color model. sRGB is a colorspace, ProPhoto is a colorspace. RGB by itself, is only a generic color model and does not have enough information to correctly store or present an image.

 * Thus, to be correct, this article should be renamed "RGB color model"Myndex (talk) 14:23, 8 February 2021 (UTC)

 * It sounds like it would be good to rename. Given that this discussion has been going on for 14 years, IMO we should give it about 2 weeks for  discussion to make the best choice. North8000 (talk) 19:10, 8 February 2021 (UTC)
 * And... uh... there is already an RGB color model article... And... I tend to agree that the level of confusion here would be helped by some renaming... If there is an RGB color model article, then does THIS article need to be combined into a general color SPACE article? If it remains separate, should it be called "RGB type color space" or "RGB color space types" or just go back to the simple but much more clear "RGB color spaces" Because there is already so much misunderstanding on this issue, it does need to be clarified, Wiki style guide notwithstanding.Myndex (talk) 05:30, 22 February 2021 (UTC)

 * FOLLOW UP: Okay so I read the Wikipedia style guide and the idea that Wikipedia should not use plurals in titles is misunderstood here. In a case like this, Wikipedia says that plurals SHOULD DEFINITELY be used. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(plurals). The odd changes from that guy that can't spell chromaticity are not needed, but the title absolutely needs to be pluralized. And to that blue guy, stop running around saying "there is no such thing as an RGB color space" RGB color spaces are the group of color spaces that use the RGB model in some way. Stop with the vandalism over what is a banal semantic argument of your personal opinion, please. Discuss these things here in talk before shredding and deleting an article.

 * All that said, I am going to change this to "RGB color spaces" to correctly indicate it is about the general class of color spaces that use the RGB additive model. Hey it only took 14 years...Myndex (talk) 19:06, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with everything that Myndex just said. North8000 (talk) 19:39, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * It cannot be singular because the term is just a categorisation/list for colorspaces that use the RGB color model as one of their properties, and not something in its own right. This is why the Definition section has no refs and just talks about RGB and colorspaces constructed using the colour model for *part* of it.
 * A better alternative would be to make this a Category page that lists colorspaces, and remove all the text about the RGB color model workings since that has its own page Liquidblueocean (talk) 23:02, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thank you I submitted a formal request, it's at the bottom of this page...

CIE (1931) values correct
I was wondering is the y value for the CIE (1931) of 0,0089 correct or does it need to be 0,089. Carnelain (talk) 15:22, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * A table on p. 139 of Wyszecki & Stiles "Color Science" (2nd ed, 1982) says the x,y,z of B are [0.16658, 0.00886, 0.82456]. The table looks correct.  But the label should perhaps be CIE 1931 (RGB) rather than just CIE (1931), and similarly the last label should be CIE 1931 (XYZ).Captain Puget (talk) 02:44, 15 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I changed it to "CIE (1931) RGB". If there's a more conventional term for it, feel free to change it.  Dicklyon (talk) 03:38, 15 December 2012 (UTC)

Too Technical?
I was searching for "68% NTSC Color Gamut," which I found in specs for a monitor, and Google brought me to this article. It sounds fascinating, but I have no idea what the scientific formulas and notations mean. Could someone who understands this subject add an introduction explaining it? Thanks. Blumrosen (talk) 16:58, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. The table and everything else in the Specifications section is pretty meaningless without an explanation.--71.214.221.92 (talk) 20:49, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

 * No, this is a technological topic, and it's handled technological, not too technical. Apart from that blame Google, not bringing to one of those "higher percent-value is better" spec-explainer-Blogs or to an explanation of "Gamut". Whole the field "Color Science" suffers a severe lack of structure in the Wikipedia. Obviously, this is fostered by the misleading idea, to explain manicly some topics again and again, that don't really concern the article's subject, and to do this in a half-knowledged manner (rather not even half). Bgks (talk) 19:35, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I work for a company that deals in this area and has colour scientists.
 * The term "RGB color space" is just a categorisation for colorspaces that use the RGB color model as one part of their properties, and not something in its own right. This is why the Definition section has no refs and just talks about RGB and colorspaces constructed using the colour model for *part* of it.
 * A better alternative would be to make this a Category page that lists colorspaces, and remove all the text about the RGB color model workings since that has its own page Liquidblueocean (talk) 23:08, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Rotation
The 3-dimensional RGB color space is made easier to visualize by an animation where the space is rotated. It overcomes the difficulty that some readers have in perceiving depth in the present line drawings. I added the animation to the article and it was deleted by an editor using Twinkle. (However Twinkle is an anti-vandalism tool that should not be used to undo good-faith changes in content.) I shall revert the deletion unless a discussion here finds a consensus against including it. Cuddlyable3 (talk) 08:49, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
 * And so done. Cuddlyable3 (talk) 18:22, 14 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I always use Twinkle for reverts; it has separate rollback and vandalism buttons; did I do something wrong? Anyway, the image impressed me as very busy/noisy/unhelpful.  Let's see if anyone else cares.  Dicklyon (talk) 01:31, 15 July 2011 (UTC)

ECI-RGB
Could someone please add eciRGB v2 to the table, and possibly create an article? A German one already exists. Thanks in advance. — Christoph Päper 16:56, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 20 October 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. Consensus was clear that this doesn't violate WP:PLURAL and the arguments made in favor of clarity were quite persuasive. Red  Slash  18:21, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

RGB color space → RGB color spaces – See also above: I read the Wikipedia style guide and the idea that Wikipedia should not use plurals in titles is misunderstood here. In a case like this, Wikipedia says that plurals SHOULD be used. REF: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(plurals) RGB color spaces refers to a GROUP of spaces that use the RGB color model, therefore "RGB color spaces" must be plural for disambiguation reasons. Singular RGB color space is incorrect as the singular generic form should be referred to as "RGB color model" while actual RGB color spaces each have specific attributes that can not be summed up by a singular noun. This is a source of great confusion and really needs to be fixed correctly, thank you Myndex (talk) 19:48, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * can you say where you are sensing confusion caused by the present singular title? Dicklyon (talk) 23:41, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support. WP:PLURAL states that Articles that actually distinguish among multiple distinct instances of related items can be sensibly given a plural title when the alternative would be to create an inappropriately large number of short articles, one on each instance, which seems to apply here. PaleAqua  (talk) 23:01, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose – the alternative here is not to create an inappropriately large number of short articles, one on each instance, but rather to treat all of the variations of RGB color space in one article. The plural is not needed to do so.  Such a move was done without discussion in 2007, and I moved it back in 2008.  Another title was used for a while, too, but I think the current title does the job well. Dicklyon (talk) 23:36, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I work for a company that deals in this area and has colour scientists.
 * The term "RGB color space" is just a categorisation for colorspaces that use the RGB color model as one part of their properties, and not something in its own right. This is why the Definition section has no refs and just talks about RGB and colorspaces constructed using the colour model for *part* of it.
 * A better alternative would be to make this a Category page that lists colorspaces, and remove all the text about the RGB color model workings since that has its own page Liquidblueocean (talk) 23:11, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Question/comment Question for the experts. What is the real distinction between a color space and a color model? And are there multiple RGB color spaces ? North8000 (talk) 00:57, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Not exactly an "expert" these days, but pretty experienced in color-space computations and such. I'd say the RGB color model is more generic, maybe linear, about combining primaries to make colors, but without specifying a whitepoint or transfer function (gamma nonlinearity).  A color space ties those down, such that the relations between numerical triples and colors is well specified.  Yes, there are many ways to tie down such details, including also the chromaticities of the primaries. Dicklyon (talk) 01:02, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi Yes there are many RGB color spaces. As far as distinction, the canonical reference is the CIE, and they are much more granular than an answer I'd typically give, you can review at https://cie.co.at/e-ilv   and they use terms "appearance model", "reproduction model", "referred state", "color space", "colorimetric system". "encoding"..... with that said, the way I like to describe it is used in other math/science also:
 * A model is the irreducible, simple form of a thing. (i.e. toy model)
 * The simplest RGB model is literally three lights, red, green blue, which can be mixed at different luminances.
 * Something is an RGB model if at some point, the component colors are reduced to red green and blue.
 * A space is the specific iteration or construction of a thing. (i.e. 3D space)
 * A color space is usually a 3D mathematical construct that defines the shape of the gamut, and is more complete in defining what each value is relative to (i.e. primaries and white point).
 * A profile is a file that contains the data, LUT, etc that defines a space.
 * CIE System is the "whole package" of maths — I'll paste some of their definitions later...Myndex (talk) 03:53, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi I'm not just sensing confusion, I am seeing much confusion directly, all the time, especially amongst programmers, game developers, and 3D artists. While the user LiquidBlueGuy has been a bit out of control on this issue, I still stand by what I wrote above. RGB is not a color space, it is a color model, and there are many color spaces that use the RGB additive model. The Wiki definition that I linked clearly indicates that plural is appropriate for this term, stating the exceptions to using singular are:
 * Articles on groups or classes of specific things (definitely applies)
 * Things like Maxwell's equations, Chebyshev polynomials, etc. The topic is naturally the system of equations.
 * Similarly, one is much more likely to mention Arabic numerals than a particular Arabic numeral.
 * Some lists may use plural titles, e.g., Lists of books.
 * Cases where the title only exists in the plural.
 * This article is about the group or list of RGB color spaces. It is not about a non-existing entity called an RGB color space. It is only about the group of those spaces, and it should be plural.Myndex (talk) 03:52, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * And to add, you said "...variations of RGB color space in one article" and I have to object, these are NOT variations on "the RGB color space" these are variations on the RGB color model. True that sRGB is a variation on the Rec.709 color space. But Rec2100 is NOT a variation, it's a completely different color space, but based on the RGB model, and therefore in the larger set of RGB color spaces. Plural, not singular.
 * The singular is "RGB color model" variations on the RGB color model are the plural RGB color spaces. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Myndex (talk • contribs) 04:07, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, I don't quite agree. An RGB color space is a entity, which the article is about (I never said the RGB color space); the article is not about the group, as Maxwell's equations is; specific instantiations of this entity are also listed, which is OK.  As for the confusion, can you show sources that exhibit it, so we can understand how it manifests and whether this proposed change might help? Dicklyon (talk) 07:33, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi While you never said "THE RGB color space" the the is implied because "RGB color space" is not a mass noun. And also in large part because the letters RGB are often part of a color space's name, and are part of the name "RGB color model" Here are a bunch of other Wiki examples:
 * Skew coordinates
 * Examples of vector spaces
 * Bill of rights
 * Civil liberties
 * The last one is key. The general case of liberties is titled Liberty, but the specific group of civil type is "civil liberties". The general case of color spaces is titled color space, but the specific group of RGB type is "RGB color spaces"
 * As for the confusion, it's everywhere. Here're some:
 * an academic paper that makes the confusion in the first paragraph.
 * Confusion in a stack question (but correctly explained by expert K.S.)
 * Another stack question
 * And regarding libraries, consider JAVA, OpenCV, SWIFT, .NET as some examples of the confusion extended to coding....
 * And at this point I've spent far too much time over an "s" Myndex (talk) 23:38, 21 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Me, too. Let's see what others think.  But consider titles such as Flower: does it mean the flower?  Should it be Flowers since there are multiple flowers and it's about them all?  I don't think so; starting an article with the indefinite article A is pretty conventional.  Dicklyon (talk) 00:51, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Totally agree and oppose the move. (Also, "Bill of rights" is already singular.) Primergrey (talk) 08:40, 23 October 2021 (UTC)
 * "Bill of Rights" is singular only as it pertains to the total bill, as such you are missing the point. Regardless there are plenty of other examples. "RGB color spaces" is a group of color spaces many of which use "RGB" as part of their name, leading to further confusion. There is not a singular "RGB color space". MOREOVER, the individual RGB color spaces are each incompatible with each other, as each has unique attributes and are not interchangeable, and require gamut mapping or other transforms. Myndex (talk) 09:22, 23 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Adding: the obvious reason, and one I failed to state initially perhaps due to its obviousness, is that each RGB color space in the group of RGB color spaces is incompatible with each other and not interchangeable without some transform or gamut mapping. Even Rec709 and sRGB which share the same primary and whitepoint coordinates still use different TRCs, and different reference/display characteristics. Some RGB spaces use imaginary primaries that can not be created as real colors. Some RGB color spaces use a simple gamma, some use a piecewise parametric TRC. Some use a D illuminant white point, some have a CCT white point that isn't even on the Planckian locus. It needs to be clear that "RGB color space" is not a generic and interchangeable thing, it is a group of things each with specific characteristics and requiring transforms to convert from one to another, many of which are non-trivial.Myndex (talk) 09:44, 23 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Weak support for the move I think that either way is fine.  The plural makes more immediately clear that there are multiple RGB color spaces, something that is not as obvious to readers as you experts as you would think.  Wiki guidelines etc. could be interpreted either way on this. North8000 (talk) 12:50, 23 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree that's not obvious from the title; there's no reason it should be. Compare Standard illuminant and any number of other titles on topics that are descriptive and also have plurals.  Dicklyon (talk) 08:39, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment: I have thought for 10+ years that the distinction made at Wikipedia between "color space" vs. "color model" seemed made up and only weakly reflective of any common usage in the wild. The terms "color space" and "color model" are in practice poorly/vaguely defined and commonly (typically?) used interchangeably. I personally think this article RGB color space should be merged into RGB color model, color space should be merged into color model, and all of the related articles should be substantially reorganized if not rewritten. But while we are here, pluralizing "color spaces" doesn’t make any improvement. –jacobolus (t) 10:15, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * At least in the context of this article, the article lead's definition can be relied on, even if others define things differently. It says "An RGB color space is defined by chromaticity coordinates of the red, green, and blue additive primaries, the whitepoint which is usually a standard illuminant, and the transfer function which is also known as the tone response curve(TRC) or gamma."  That's what distinguishes the topic of this article from that of the RGB color model article, which notes that "Before the electronic age, the RGB color model already had a solid theory behind it, based in human perception of colors." Dicklyon (talk) 02:43, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment: All of the examples of plural article titles are poor analogies for this one.
 * Maxwell's equations – The article describes a set of equations which are treated as a unit (to the point they can be rewritten as a single equation in a suitable algebraic formalism).
 * Chebyshev polynomials – This is a discussion of a particular polynomial basis (or I guess a few related bases). The polynomials in question are an infinite sequence of basis elements which are always used together. Arguably mathematicians screwed up the nomenclature, and “Chebyshev polynomial” should be the name of an arbitrary polynomial expressed in Chebyshev basis, along the lines of Laurent polynomial or Trigonometric polynomial. But at this point it is what it is.
 * Skew coordinates – this is an article about a kind of coordinate system; it makes no sense to have an article about a singular "skew coordinate". Arguably skew coordinates, curvilinear coordinates, orthogonal coordinates should be renamed to respectively skew coordinate system, curvilinear coordinate system, orthogonal coordinate system to match with coordinate system, cylindrical coordinate system, cartesian coordinate system, geographic coordinate system, etc.
 * Arabic numerals – this is an article about the specific symbols used, as a set. The main article is Hindu–Arabic numeral system. Arguably Roman numerals should be renamed. But in any event, it doesn’t make sense to have an article about one singular Arabic numeral or Roman numeral.
 * Civil liberties – The word “liberties” in this sense is never rarely used in the singular.
 * –jacobolus (t) 10:44, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi Well, if you look at my comments several sections above from some time ago, I was lobbying to merge this with RGB color model. Recent events led me to the idea that pluralizing it would be a helpful step. On reflection probably the more effective move. My opinion here is that the demonstrated confusion surrounding the generic term "RGB color space" warrants some form of change to encourage disuse. We are entering a period where an increasing number of defined RGB color spaces are entering common use, with color already a much misunderstood subject...
 * On the subject of plurals, I'm with you on all but the last (being a former civil liberties columnist). Freedom of expression is a civil liberty, so there is a singular use in this context. And there is "civil liberty" as a mass noun for the uncountable concept, and "civil liberties" for the countable group of specific liberties such as privacy, expression, redress, etc....   cheers... Myndex (talk) 17:20, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm not convinced that you've demonstrated much confusion related to this. You showed a couple of cases where people were confused, and were assuming sRGB and guessed that plain RGB meant the linearized version (typically not a bad guess, for people hacking web and camera images).  And a paper where the details of the color space were irrelevant to the HSV conversion being discussed.  As for civil liberties, I think that's an example of unnecessary plural, though the term is much more used in the plural, as a set, since 1934 (says here; not sure why). Dicklyon (talk) 20:45, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Hi  well honestly, I did not expect this to expand. I guess I'm just a little bundle of controversy, LOL. As for confusion, I have not been keeping evidence, LOLOL, and at this point I'm a bit exhausted and have actual real things to attend to. I work in Hollywood, and I can tell you the confusion is real here, except among those that work it daily.
 * On the subject of "civil liberties" as a plural popping up in 1932, I have an answer for you: AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION. While the ACLU was founded in 1920, in 1932 they were involved in the major landmark case of Powell vs Alabama, the one that now guarantees us all the right to an attorney (effective council). That pretty much launched ACLU into the public's awareness. The use then is obviously a factor as it's a name, and obviously weakens my argument.
 * Therefore, I go back to my original argument from February 2021 above, take this page and merge it with either Color space or RGB color model... then we can all get back to working on things of material merit. Or cats. Or beer. Myndex (talk) 01:59, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
 * (Still off topic) Not only is the term "civil liberty" rare, but almost all of those uses (at least in recent times) are not using it in the sense of a particular "civil liberty", but rather either (a) using "civil liberty" as a general concept (this is a distinct sense), or using the phrase as an adjective. Singular uses in the sense described at the civil liberties article are extremely rare. –jacobolus (t) 03:18, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

Page Display
Like in a couple of the other articles I have contributed to (Talk:Tesla Model S), here also the current table at RGB color space is so long that the table will flow over the right edge of your screen unless you have configured your device/Wikipedia to display it in tiny characters. It is technically difficult to display it. I am again pinging you here for helpful suggestions. Neel.arunabh (talk) 02:19, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

, Neel attempted to ping you above, but since he had it wrong when his signature was expanded his attempted fix did not work. So I'm relaying the ping. Dicklyon (talk) 02:35, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Dick. Neel, I'm not sure you're going to like this suggestion, but for some of the more complex or detailed tables on Wikipedia, the best solution may simply be to find a device with a larger screen. There are limits to what you can do to make large tables fit. I'm not familiar with how the iPad handles this. Doesn't it put a scroll bar at the bottom of the screen or let you see what went off the right side by using your fingers on the touch screen to drag the content that ran off back onto the screen (in which case the left side probably scrolls out of view)? Personally I don't try to do Wikipedia on my phone, I don't think it's really fit for that use. On the other hand there are apps on my phone (like camera) that I don't do on my desktop. wbm1058 (talk) 04:13, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * No, it shows a gray background on the right. Neel.arunabh (talk) 04:38, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a topic for WP:VPT. Dicklyon (talk) 04:43, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I suggested that to him last week, and for some inexplicable reason he ran off to WP:VPR instead. – wbm1058 (talk) 04:50, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Neel.arunabh, the screen shot you uploaded doesn't really show me anything, because it doesn't show the table that you say doesn't fit. Can you try to upload another screen shot that actually shows the problem with the table? wbm1058 (talk) 05:11, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * The updated screenshot looks OK, too. It gets the whole table in. Dicklyon (talk) 05:25, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's the expected behavior. The wide table spills over into the normally-grey right margin area, but not so far as to run out of room and trigger the scroll-bar to appear, because the whole table fits (barely). – wbm1058 (talk) 05:57, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * So what's the problem? The lack of a scroll bar and the tight fit makes it look like maybe something got cut off, when it didn't? Dicklyon (talk) 06:08, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I can duplicate or simulate the behavior by reducing the size of the window (Chrome browser on Windows 7) until the scroll bar is forced to appear. There is only a grey area on the right margin when there is a scroll bar; the grey area is what you scroll into to see the right side of the table. I'm pretty sure that a screenshot of the bottom of the table window or screen would show us the scroll bar, which has to be there. The grey area only appears on the right side of the screen when you've scrolled into it, and you can make it go away by scrolling back to the left. – wbm1058 (talk) 14:22, 31 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I can also see that with Chrome on Mac. But what's wrong with it?  What do you think it should do differently?  Maybe just scroll the table instead of the whole page?  Like Template:Wide image does for wide images maybe?  Still sounds like a good topic for WP:VPT. Dicklyon (talk) 16:11, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Objection to Lambiam move (removal of s)
Hello ,

There are a number of discussion here on that topic I thought it resolved? RGB color spaces (plural) is proper per MOS, As such I object to this move and request a revert.

There have been years of discussion, before the last move, where the s was correctly added to the name. I see you have very many fine edits, and I'm sure you are involved in fields where there is substantial nuance—this is one of those very nuanced fields. While I understand that from the outside, it may seem like "no good reason for plural" at first glance, as you claimed, in the field there are clear reasons that this should remain plural, and this is in support of the MOS.

The first clear MOS exception is that this is an article "on groups or classes of specific things" such as Maxwell's equations. A second MOS reason is that this is largely al list of these related things.

And we have good reasons for wanting this specific article titled as "RGB color spaces". One of the key reasons being that there are many RGB color spaces, and unfortunately a number of them use "RGB" or "RGB color space" in their actual name, and thus are themselves referred as RGB color space (singular). This causes confusion regarding these spaces.

Examples: sRGB color space, Adobe RGB color space, ProPhoto RGB color space, and there are also different "types" of RGB color spaces, beyond the specifically named ones, such as linear RGB color space, gamma encoded RGB color space, etc. When the proper name for a thing incorporates the group name for the related things, and especially when there are also multiple types or variations, then it is proper to use the plural form for the total group of the things.

There is not just an "RGB color space" there are a myriad RGB color spaces each with their own characteristics, and generally not compatible with each other without transform. The title should reflect that.

Please revert, thank you for reading. Myndex talk  21:03, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I only saw the discussion after I completed the (complicated) move process. As it is, I think the appeal to the MOS exception is not valid. One cannot give a definition in the form of, "A Maxwell equation is a partial differential equation that ...". If it was feasible to define the concept like that, the article should be named "Maxwell equation", but the only reasonable approach is to define this concept in the plural. The same holds for the other exceptions given in our MOS. Here, it is perfectly possible and reasonable to define, in the singular, "An RGB color space is ...". The argument that there are several such colour spaces, if valid, would apply equally to countless other article titles. For example, there are many holotypes, the holotype of Pelorosaurus humerocristatus, the holotype of Marocaster coronatus, and so on. There are also many kinds of beans: the lima bean, the mung bean, the kidney bean, ... There are also many types of triangles, and so on and so forth. Yet the articles on the general concepts of holotype, bean and triangle have definitions in singular form and are titled "Holotype", "Bean" and "Triangle", as they should be. --Lambiam 06:58, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Looking at the discussion, I see one support, one weak support, and two opposes. Hardly a consensus. --Lambiam 17:04, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

IMO renaming of an article should definitely be preceded by a discussion. And IMO the "s" provides good information/clarity in an area that is often confused......the mis-impression being that there is only one RGB color space. IMO the singular term would tend to exasperate that problem. Sincerely, North8000 (talk) 13:28, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * For renaming this article perhaps yes, but in general not. There can be many reasons to rename an article, many of which are uncontroversial and do not need a discussion. I actually doubt that there are many people who know the meaning of the term "colour space" and yet think there is, somehow, a unique RGB colour space. How would such people imagine it is defined? In any case, people who have the misconception there is a specific colour space that goes by the name "RGB colour space", whether they are only a few or a great many, will hardly be aware of whether the page name of the concept of Wikipedia is a singular or a plural noun phrase. Only if they happen to look it up, under whichever version of the name, will the first words of the lead paragraph surely make them aware of their misconception. --Lambiam 17:02, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Lambiam, with all due respect, you renamed this article with a disregard for Wiki policy, not even bothering to read the talk section or open a talk topic prior to renaming. Further, your reciting and interpretation of the MOS is not what is actually stated in the MOS, which clearly supports the plural form as I and others have previously stated.
 * My objection stands, your renaming action was inappropriate, both per motivation, and per execution. Best regards.  Myndex  talk  21:12, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * As I explained above, the appeal to the MOS exceptions is based on a misinterpretation of what is stated in the MOS. The earlier discussion was incorrectly closed; there was no consensus for the move to a plural. The only inappropriate aspect in my renaming was my lack of awareness of the earlier discussion. --Lambiam 05:01, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:RGB color spaces


text:
Talk:Frazione

Source of initial article
Italian Wiki, Talk page for "Frazione"; which matches the extent of my own (lesser) knowledge. Bill 19:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ward?!
I can read in the article « is roughly equivalent to "civil parishes" or "wards"». with wikilink to Ward (country subdivision)), which is redirect to Ward (electoral subdivision).

But in Italy a "frazione" is generally not a electorial subdivision. It's simply a sub-municiplality subdivision, usually a small village which is not a Comune (municiplality) in its own. --Mezze stagioni (talk) 13:31, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

I edited the lead section to make it easier to read, so the issue shouldn't be there anymore. Cheers, Fredlesaltique (talk) 06:21, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Mezze stagioni (talk) 17:33, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Frazione


text:
Fort Wayne Fever

Fort Wayne Fever was an American soccer team based in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States. Founded in 2003, the team played in the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, until 2009, after which the franchise folded and the team left the league. The Fever, in 2013, merged in to Citadel Futbol Club into Fort Wayne United

The team played its home games at Hefner Stadium. The team's colors were white and black. The team had a sister organization, Fort Wayne Fever (W-League), which played in the W-League.

History
Fort Wayne Fever entered the USL Premier Development League as an expansion franchise in 2003, having already existed for many years as a successful youth soccer organization in the Fort Wayne area. Playing out of Hefner Stadium, Fever had a rocky start to life in competition: they lost their first ever competitive game 2–0 to state rivals Indiana Invaders, but did pick up a couple of wins in their first encounters, 2–1 over Columbus Shooting Stars and 4–2 on the road at Kalamazoo Kingdom. Fever were competitive throughout most of the rest of the season, especially away from home, where they enjoyed several healthy victories, including a 3–1 win over Columbus in early June, a 3–0 over Toledo Slayers in early July, and a 2–1 over Sioux Falls Spitfire. Two losses and a tie in their final three games – including a 4–0 thrashing at the hands of Michigan Bucks on the last day of the season – put paid to any playoff hopes Fever may have had; they finished their debut year a close third in the Great Lakes Division, just six points behind Indiana.

2004 was a great season for Fort Wayne, who built on their excellent debut year and were genuine challengers for their divisional title. They started the season with bang, flattening Kalamazoo Kingdom 5–2 on the opening day of the season, and registering several other high-scoring wins, 3–2 over Toledo Slayers and 4–3 over Cleveland Internationals, the latter of which saw striker Omar Jarun winning it for Fever with a 109th minute golden goal. Fort Wayne were unstoppable in June, winning six games out of six, and outscoring their opponents 24 to 6. They demolished Indiana Blast 7–3 off a hat trick from Daniel Broxup, and overwhelmed West Michigan Edge 6–1 with Broxup's second trio of the year. As the season entered its final month Fever looked poised to take their first divisional title, but inexplicably folded in the run-in, losing two of their final four regular season games, including a 1–5 humiliation at home to Michigan Bucks. Despite beating Indiana Invaders 4–3 on the final day of the season, they eventually finished the year in second place in the Great Lakes Division, just one point behind champs Michigan Bucks, but into the playoffs for the first time. Sadly for Fever, their playoff campaign was a short one, as they lost 3–1 to Heartland Division champions Chicago Fire Premier first time out; nevertheless, Fever's achievements for the year were admirable. Daniel Broxup was a monster in front of goal, netting an astonishing 19 times, making him the 5th highest scorer in the PDL in 2004, while Josh Tudela and Philip Wilson both provided 5 assists each.

Fever began 2005 continuing the form with which they had ended 2004; a 5–2 opening day victory over Toledo Slayers (courtesy of four goals from Daniel Broxup) was immediately followed by a 3–1 win on the road over Kalamazoo Kingdom, and Fort Wayne looked poised to challenge for honors again. However, and for reasons unclear, things never quite came together for the team. Throughout the year, Fever's form was either feast or famine: every game was either a one-sided blowout victory, or a demoralizing heavy defeat. Kyle Dulworth scored an 88th-minute winner in their 4–3 victory over Kalamazoo in early June, they outscored Thunder Bay Chill 9–2 in their three games in late June and early July and absolutely flattened West Michigan Edge 6–1 in the penultimate game of the season. However, they were annihilated 7–0 at home Michigan Bucks in mid-June, and also suffered a desperate four-game losing streak in July, losing 5–1 to Thunder Bay, 4–0 to West Michigan, and 3–1 to Chicago Fire Premier in quick succession. The 5–0 defeat to Indiana Invaders on the final day of the season ended the campaign on a low note; they finished the year fourth in the Great Lakes Division, a full 22 points behind division champs Chicago Fire Premier, and out of the playoffs. Daniel Broxup was again Fort Wayne's top scorer, albeit with just 7 goals on the season, while Kyle Dulworth contributed 4 assists.

Fort Wayne's form took a calamitous turn in 2006; they won just one game all season long – 2–0 over Cleveland Internationals in early June off a brace from Lance Muckey – and lost or tied their other 15 encounters, and only finished out of the Great Lakes Division basement by virtue of the fact that they tied more games than the equally abysmal Cleveland Internationals. To Fever's credit, most of their losses were tight affairs, usually one goal decisions, often as a result of conceding heartbreaking late winners. In the most extreme examples, West Michigan Edge scored a 90th-minute goal to win 2–1 on the opening day of the season, and then came from a goal down to win 3–2 in their second encounter in June, and they even let a 3-goal lead slip in their 3–3 tie with the Michigan Bucks. It was all quite frustrating for the Fever fans, who were not used to seeing their team suffer this badly. Philip Wilson was Fort Wayne's top scorer, with 8 goals; John Michael Hayden and John Mellencamp registered 2 assists apiece.

Things got slightly better for Fever in 2007, as they improved to a 4–11–1 record, but still finished rock bottom of the Great Lakes Division, mainly as a result of the improved form of rivals Cleveland Internationals. Three of their four victories came in the early part of the season, and included a battling 3–2 victory over West Michigan Edge and two wins over Cleveland, the second of which saw Fever fight back from a goal down to register another 3–2 result. Unfortunately, elsewhere, Fort Wayne suffered: as was the case before, Fever at least kept the majority of the scorelines respectable, only losing spectacularly once, 5–0 away at Chicago Fire Premier. Everything else was tight – they let a 2-goal lead slip to lose 3–2 to West Michigan in mid-June, and dropped a tight 1–0 decision at home to new boys St. Louis Lions, although they did come back from 3–1 down to tie 3–3 with Cleveland on July 1 thanks to late goals from Philip Wilson and Harrison Heller, their only tie of the season. Their only other victory of the season came in mid-July against Toronto Lynx, a bad-tempered game which saw both sides reduced to 10 men, but where Fort Wayne held on take a 3–2 win. Their top scorer, yet again, was the reliable Philip Wilson, with 5 goals, while Gary Boughton contributed 3 assists.

Fort Wayne moved to the Midwest Division following the 2008 PDL divisional re-alignment, but remained disappointingly uncompetitive, slumping to a 2–9–5 record, and finishing fourth of five in the division, 18 points behind champs Chicago Fire Premier. Ironically, one of Fever's two wins was against Chicago, a 1–0 decision away off a goal from Gary Boughton. Sadly, this was about as good as it got for Fever; they leaked goals everywhere else they went, losing 5–0 to Michigan Bucks, 4–1 to Toronto Lynx, and losing 2–1 in three consecutive games at home to Chicago, new boys Kalamazoo Outrage, and the resurgent Cleveland Internationals, who scored an 87th-minute winner to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat. Fever's only other win of the season was actually a pretty comprehensive 4–1 revenge victory over Toronto Lynx in which Gary Boughton scored a hat trick, but they reverted to form quickly thereafter. The 5–0 loss to West Virginia Chaos in the penultimate game was perhaps the season's nadir; Boughton was Fort Wayne's top scorer with 6 goals.

In spring 2013, Fever merged into Cidadel Futbol Club to create the new Fort Wayne United Soccer Club.

Final squad
vs. Chicago Fire Premier, July 18, 2009

Head coaches

 * 🇺🇸 Bobby Poursanidis (2005–2009)

Stadia

 * Hefner Stadium; Fort Wayne, Indiana (2003–2009)

Average attendance
Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20100105175057/http://www.uslsoccer.com/history/index_E.html.

 * 2005: 415
 * 2006: 257
 * 2007: 298
 * 2008: not yet available
 * 2009: 862

title: Fort Wayne Fever


text:
File:KUTFALTFBL.jpg

Fair use rationale for use in Kick Up the Fire, and Let the Flames Break Loose

 * No free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information.
 * The image does not replace the original market role of the single.
 * The image is low resolution.
 * The image has previously been published.
 * The image meets general Wikipedia content requirements.
 * The image contributes significantly to the article by illustrating the subject of the article.

title: File:KUTFALTFBL.jpg


text:
User talk:0nizuka the Great

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. Shanes 19:32, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. — Asbestos | Talk  19:43, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:0nizuka the Great


text: Category:Regions of Uzbekistan

title: Category:Regions of Uzbekistan


text:
Ernie Isley

Ernest Isley (born March 7, 1952) is an American musician, best known as a member of the musical ensemble The Isley Brothers, and also the splinter group Isley-Jasper-Isley.

Biography
Ernie was born in Cincinnati, where his older brothers formed The Isley Brothers, first as a gospel group, then as a secular singing group. In 1960, his family moved to Englewood/Teaneck, New Jersey. He attended Dwight Morrow High School. During this period, Jimi Hendrix (known then as Jimmy Hendrix) joined the group and lived with the family from Spring of 1963 through Thanksgiving of 1965. Young Ernie was fascinated watching Hendrix practice and play. It was a great influence on his guitar playing. "While their older brothers toured America, the younger Isley boys enrolled successively in Englewood Junior High and Dwight Morrow High School. 'We always had lots of instruments lying around the house—Stratocaster Fenders and jazz instruments—so naturally we were interested and decided to learn how to play,' Ernie Isley said." He resides in St. Louis, Missouri. Ernie started playing drums at 12. His first live gig as a member of his brothers' band was as a drummer in 1966 at the age of 14. Ernie was influenced by José Feliciano's version of "Light My Fire" and in 1968 got his first guitar. He is a self-taught musician. In 1968 he did his first professional recording, playing bass on the Isley Brothers' breakthrough funk smash "It's Your Thing", released in 1969. He played electric guitar, acoustic guitar, and drums on the group's early 1970s albums Get Into Something, Givin' It Back, and Brother, Brother, Brother, before fully joining the group in 1973, becoming a multi-instrumentalist playing acoustic guitar, electric guitar, drums and percussion.

Ernie is a prolific songwriter, penning, among others, "Fight the Power (Part 1 & 2)", "Harvest for the World", "Voyage to Atlantis", "(At Your Best) You Are Love", "Footsteps In the Dark", "Brown Eyed Girl" and co-writing "That Lady", "Between the Sheets" and "Take Me To The Next Phase". His guitar riffs are recognizable on "Summer Breeze", "That Lady", "Voyage To Atlantis" and "Choosey Lover". In 1984, Ernie, Marvin and Chris formed the group Isley-Jasper-Isley, releasing three albums. In 1990, Ernie released his first solo album, High Wire. In the same year he recorded a cover version of The Cars' "Let's Go" for the compilation album Rubáiyát. In 1991, he rejoined Ronald and Marvin on tour and in the studio. In 1996 they released their platinum CD Mission to Please, and in 2001 "Eternal", the lyrics to the title track is co-written by Ernie.

The Isley Brothers were inducted into the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame in 1992. In 2014 the Isley Brothers received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2010 and 2011 he participated on the Experience Hendrix Tour. He is a musician on the Janet Jackson album Discipline, on the tracks "Never Letchu Go" and "The 1". He performed on the majority of the 2012 Joss Stone CD The Soul Sessions Vol. 2. Ernie and Ronald continue to work together on tour and in the studio. Ernie and Ronald teamed up with Carlos Santana, releasing the 13 track The Power of Peace in 2017. In 2022, the Isley Brothers teamed with Beyoncé to remake "Make Me Say It Again, Girl", originally released in 1975.

In 2020, Ernie was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame as a member of the Isley Brothers, and is currently touring domestically and internationally with Ronald on The Isley Brothers 60th Anniversary Tour.

Fender Custom Shop has built for him three custom Zeal Stratocasters, using his personal design. Ernie is active as a musical mentor in schools and community music programs. He has been a returning guest lecturer at Berklee School of Music in Boston. He is married and has one daughter, Alexandra Isley (Alex Isley) who is also an R&B artist. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of music by the Berklee College of Music on May 7, 2016.

title: Ernie Isley


text:
Canton of Capellen

Capellen (Kapellen) is a canton in southwestern Luxembourg. It is named after Capellen, which is not a commune but rather a section of the commune of Mamer. It borders Belgium.

Administrative divisions
Capellen Canton consists of the following nine communes:

 * Dippach
 * Garnich
 * Habscht
 * Käerjeng
 * Kehlen
 * Koerich
 * Kopstal
 * Mamer
 * Steinfort

Mergers

 * On 1 January 2012 the former communes of Bascharage and Clemency (both from Capellen Canton) were merged to create the commune of Käerjeng. The law creating Käerjeng was passed on 24 May 2011.
 * On 1 January 2018 the former communes of Hobscheid and Septfontaines (both from Capellen Canton) were merged to create the commune of Habscht. The law creating Habscht was passed on 24 December 2017.

title: Canton of Capellen


text:
William B. Franke

William Birrell Franke (April 15, 1894 – June 30, 1979) was an American businessman and government official. He was best known for his service as United States Secretary of the Navy from 1959 to 1961 under Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Biography
Franke was born in Troy, New York, the son of William G. and Helena E. (Birrell) Franke. He was educated in Troy, and attended Pace College, where he graduated with a business degree and specialized in accounting.

Business career
His career included position as an accountant, manager and executive with Cluett, Peabody & Company of New York City, Naramore, Niles & Company of Rochester, New York and Touche, Nivin & Company of New York City. He was later the senior partner in Franke, Hannon & Withey, a New York accountancy firm. Franke was also a member of the board of directors of several other companies, including chairman of the board for the John Simmons Company of Newark, New Jersey and board of directors member for the General Shale Products Corporation of Johnson City, Tennessee and the Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway. In 1935 and 1936 Franke attracted notice when he completed audits of Louisiana State University following the assassination of Huey P. Long that exposed inconsistencies in university records and finances.

Government service
From 1948 to 1951, Franke was a member of the United States Army Controller's Civilian Panel. He was a Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense from 1951 to 1952.

Franke served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) from 1954 to 1957. He served as Under Secretary of the Navy from April 1957 until June 1959. As Secretary of the Navy at the end of the Eisenhower administration, Franke was instrumental in developing and implementing new, modern technology for the United States Navy, including the use of nuclear-powered warships.

Later life
After retiring, he resided at his family's summer home, Pasture House, in Benson, Vermont. He maintained an office in Rutland, where he worked as an investment counselor. He was also a board of directors member and advisory board member for Vermont's Howard Bank.

Death and burial
Franke died in Rutland after complications from gall bladder surgery. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Benson.

Honors and awards
In 1948, Franke received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the University of Louisville. In 1955, he received an honorary LL.D. from Pace College. He was awarded the Army's Patriotic Civilian Commendation, the Department of Defense's Distinguished Service Award, and the Medal of Freedom to recognize his work at the Department of Defense and Department of the Navy.

Family
Franke married the former Bertha Irene Ready of Schenectady, New York, who pre-deceased him. They were the parents of three daughters, Phyllis, Anne, and Patricia.

title: William B. Franke


text:
Canton of Esch-sur-Alzette

Esch-sur-Alzette (Esch-Uelzecht) is a canton in southwestern Luxembourg. It is both the second most populous and second most densely populated canton after the canton of Luxembourg. It borders Belgium & France.

Administrative divisions
Esch-sur-Alzette Canton consists of the following fourteen communes:

 * Bettembourg
 * Differdange
 * Dudelange
 * Esch-sur-Alzette
 * Frisange
 * Kayl
 * Leudelange
 * Mondercange
 * Pétange
 * Reckange-sur-Mess
 * Roeser
 * Rumelange
 * Sanem
 * Schifflange

History
Like the other cantons of Luxembourg, the canton of Esch dates back to 31 August 1795. However, it was created under the name of the canton of Soleuvre. This term was of short duration since, already on 22 October 1796, a new decree renamed it the canton of Bascharage. Bascharage canton was less spread-out than the current canton of Esch since Leudelange, Pontpierre, Bettembourg and Dudelange belonged to the canton of Hesperange, created to the south of the capital. Bascharage canton, on the other hand, included Marner, which is now in Capellen canton. Subsequently, there was a new disruption of the cantonal borders, which were at the same time administrative and judicial divisions, after a consular decree of 6 March 1802. The number of cantons in the Forêts department was reduced from 37 to 27 and, in the place of Bascharage canton, a canton of Bettembourg was created. However, this did not have the same borders as its predecessor, as it lost its western part, which went to the neighbouring canton of Messancy. The boundary between the cantons of Bettembourg and Messancy passes between Differdange (in the canton of Messancy), and Belvaux (in the canton of Bettembourg). Twelve years later came the end of Napoleon's Empire, the end of the Forêts department, and Luxembourg's de facto incorporation into the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Dutch administration maintained the French administrative divisions, except for renaming arrondissements to districts.

After the Belgian Revolution of 1830, this system ended and for nine years, the administration of the Grand-Duchy — before its third partition — was carried out by Belgium, except for the city and federal fortress of Luxembourg, with its Prussian garrison. Under the French and Dutch administration, there had been a district of Luxembourg, whose commissioner naturally resided in Luxembourg City. In order to administer this district, apart from Luxembourg City itself, the seat of the commissioner, an agent of the Belgian government, had been transferred to Bettembourg. This village of 740 habitants was now the administrative centre of the district. The notary Philippe Hanno, a Luxembourg native, was named district commissioner with residence in Bettembourg. In the night of 15 February 1834, the Prussian general du Moulin, commandant of the Fortress of Luxembourg, had Hanno captured in Bettembourg and imprisoned in Luxembourg. It required the intervention of France and the United Kingdom before Hanno was released.

The Treaty of London of 1839 divided Luxembourg, and in doing so, also partitioned the border cantons, from Troisvierges to Pétange.

The neighbour of the canton of Esch was that of Messancy, whose territory mostly passed to Belgium. The rest, that is the communes of Pétange and Differdange, was added to the canton of Bettembourg. At the same time, however, Bettembourg canton lost the commune of Dippach to the canton of Capellen, and the commune of Weiler-la-Tour to Luxembourg canton. With 13,116 inhabitants, the canton of Bettembourg was second to that of Luxembourg, with 27,891 inhabitants. Bettembourg was an agricultural canton. Minette ore was still unknown. Alluvial ore was scraped and washed in Bascharage, Pétange, Differdange, Esch, Kayl and Bettembourg. In terms of factories, there was only the blast furnace of Lasauvage. There were no cities. Esch, which would later become a city, had at this time only 1,400 inhabitants. In Esch, there were two tanneries.

After an administrative reorganisation, necessitated by the partition, a decree of 12 October 1842 transferred the justice of the peace, and therefore the administrative centre of the canton, from Bettembourg to Esch. The reason was that, due to the additions to the west and the territorial losses in the east mentioned above, the canton's centre had moved to the west, and now, more than ever, Bettembourg was on the periphery.

However, the question of its administrative centre came up again when, in 1849, the Chamber of Deputies, considered a bill to re-establish the justice of the peace in Bettembourg, and therefore the canton's centre. The originator of this bill was the notary Graas, from Bettembourg. Four communes of the canton supported it, while seven opposed it. The government was also against it, and the bill failed.

In 1860, the mayors of Clemency, Dippach, Bascharage, Pétange, Sanem and Differdange addressed a petition to the Assembly of Estates, demanding that due to their great distance from the canton's centre Esch, they should be carved off and organised into their own new canton of Bascharage. The petition was not taken into consideration by the Assembly.

Since then, the canton of Esch has seen several internal changes.

Since 1847, the inhabitants of Leudelange had not ceased to demand their separation from the commune of Reckange, and to be organised into a distinct commune. As justification they invoked Reckange's distance of more than 6 km, the fact that Leudelange was already a parish and that, until 1821, there had been a commune of Leudelange. At the session of the Estates of 15 February 1856, this was approved by 33 votes to 3. Then, in 1862, in a petition to the Estates, the commune of Leudelange demanded to be detached from the canton of Esch to be added to that of Luxembourg.

title: Canton of Esch-sur-Alzette


text:
Albert Schatz (scientist)

Albert Israel Schatz (2 February 1920 – 17 January 2005) was an American microbiologist and academic who discovered streptomycin, the first antibiotic known to be effective for the treatment of tuberculosis. He graduated from Rutgers University in 1942 with a bachelor's degree in soil microbiology, and received his doctorate from Rutgers in 1945. His PhD research led directly to the discovery of streptomycin.

Born to a family of farmers, Schatz was inspired to study soil science for its potential applicability to take up his family occupation. Topping his class at Rutgers in 1942, he immediately worked under Selman Waksman, then head of the Department of Soil Microbiology, but was drafted to the US Army to serve in the World War II. After a back injury led to his discharge from the army, he rejoined Waksman in 1943 as a PhD student. Working in isolation from others due to his use of the dreaded tuberculosis bacterium (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), he discovered a new antibiotic which he named "streptomycin" that was proven safe and effective against the tuberculosis bacterium and other bacteria. He also contributed to the discovery another antibiotic albomycin in 1947.

The discovery of streptomycin led to controversies over its royalties from commercial production, and the Nobel Prize. Unbeknownst to Schatz, Waksman had claimed financial benefits only for himself and the Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation. A lawsuit granted Schatz 3% of the royalties and legal recognition as the co-discover. Then, the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded solely to Waksman explicitly "for his discovery of streptomycin," which The Lancet remarked as "a considerable mistake by failing to recognize Schatz's contribution." As an act of goodwill, Schatz was honored with the Rutgers University Medal in 1994.

Early life and education
Schatz was born in Norwich, Connecticut, US, and attended schools at Passaic, New Jersey. His parents, Russian Jewish émigré father Julius Schatz and English mother Rae Schatz were farmers. He entered the College of Agriculture at Rutgers State University of New Jersey in 1932. He completed the Bachelor of Science with honours in soil science in 1942, topping his class. The day he received his result in May, he joined Selman Waksman who headed the Department of Soil Microbiology at Rutgers, as a postgraduate assistant. Waksman had been directing a research program searching for new antibiotic compounds produced by microorganisms in ordinary soil since 1937, and his teams were to discover more than 10 such chemicals between 1940 and 1952. A fellow student, Doris Ralston, described Schatz as "A poverty-stricken, brilliant student who worked with a burning intensity."

Schatz initially worked on the antibiotics, actinomycin, clavacin and streptothricin, which Waksman had developed. He soon found out that these compounds were too toxic in animals to be of any practical usage in humans. After working for five months he was conscripted to the US Army in December 1942 during World War II. As a man with microbiology background, he was posted as a bacteriologist in the Medical Detachment of the Air Force, stationed in army hospitals in Florida. He was discharged on 15 June 1943 due to back injury.

With an option to work in a pharmaceutic company or pursue a PhD, Schatz chose the latter. He rejoined Waksman's lab from where he received a PhD in 1945 with the thesis "Streptomycin, an Antibiotic Produced by Actinomyces griseus." His PhD work led to the discovery of the first antibiotic, streptomycin, that is effective against tuberculosis.

Career
After leaving Rutgers in 1946, Schatz worked at Brooklyn College, and the National Agricultural College in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Much of Schatz later work was on dentistry starting from 1953. While working as the Chief of the Division of Microbiology at the Philadelphia General Hospital, Schatz and his uncle Joseph J. Martin at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine developed a theory on the cause of tooth decay. The theory which they named "proteolysis-chelation theory" rooted in Schatz's original research in 1955. The full framework of the theory was published in 1962.

Schatz became the Most Distinguished Professor of the Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy at the University of Chile from 1962 to 1965, then professor of education at Washington University in St. Louis from 1965 to 1969, and professor of science education at Temple University from 1969 to 1980. At Chile, he continued to study the effects of fluoridation of drinking water.

Discovery of streptomycin
On his return to Waksman's lab in 1943, Schatz offered to take on the search for an antibiotic effective against Gram-negative bacteria responsible for other penicillin-resistant diseases. There was no antibiotic then usable for the treatment of infections by Gram-negative bacteria – the only effective compound, streptothricin, although having low toxicity to leukocytes, was considered too toxic and too weak for clinical application. At that time, William Hugh Feldman at the Mayo Clinic had suggested Waksman to look for antibiotics that would fight tuberculosis. But Waksman had no intention as he was afraid to handle a bacterium as deadly as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative pathogen of tuberculosis. When Schatz learned of this, he insisted that he take up a research on a tuberculosis drug, to which Waksman agreed. Feldman gave him H-37, the most virulent tuberculosis bacterial strain in humans that was available.

Waksman made sure that Schatz worked alone and remained isolated in the basement of the laboratory, and ordered Schatz that the bacterial samples should never leave the basement. Within three and a half months, Schatz had identified two related strains of bacteria (Streptomyces griseus) that belong to the group (order) Actinomycetes whose secretions stopped the growth of tuberculosis bacterium and several Gram-negative bacteria. One strain came from a throat swab of a healthy chicken, the other from a heavily manured field soil. He recollected his research saying:"During that time, I slept on a wooden bench in the laboratory. I drew a horizontal line with a red glassmarking pencil on the flasks from which I was distilling. If I was asleep when the liquid boiled down to the red mark, the night watchman woke me up and I added more liquid. This was during World War II when rationing was in effect. I therefore recycled organic solvents that I used in sufficiently large volumes to justify recycling. I worked day and night to produce that streptomycin because I wanted Feldman to do toxicity and in vivo tests as soon as possible, and because Waksman did not assign anyone to help me."In the afternoon of 19 October, Schatz noticed that the tuberculosis bacteria were killed by his actinomycete extract, which he gave the name "streptomycin" following the scientific name of the source and the earlier antibiotic streptothricin discovered by Waksman and H. Boyd Woodruff in 1942. The bacteria from chicken used in the experiment was provided by another researcher Doris Jones, and Elizabeth Bugie performed the antibacterial tests. Schatz, Bugie and Waksman reported the discovery in the journal Experimental Biology and Medicine which published it on 1 January 1944. The new compound was effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the human strain of tuberculosis bacterium, which is neither a Gram-negative or Gram-positive species. Their conclusion states:"Streptomycin, like streptothricin, possesses strong bactericidal properties, and preliminary experiments tended to indicate that the two substances are also comparable in their low toxicity to animals and in their in vivo activity. The various chemical and biological properties of streptomycin tend to point to this compound as one closely related to streptothricin; the fact that it differs from the latter in the nature of its antibacterial activity may indicate a closely related but not the same type of molecule."With his lab mates, Schatz announced on 4 August 1944 the effectiveness of streptomycin in vivo in experimental tuberculosis in mice. He and Waksman reported the effectiveness of streptomycin against different strains of tuberculosis bacterium and other related pathogens on 1 November 1944, and published a series of papers on the production of streptomycin and related antibiotics the next year. In 1946, they identified that only specific species of actinomycetes produce streptomycin.

Feldman and his team conducted the first clinical trial and toxicity tests at the Mayo Clinic in late 1944 and reported it in 1945. The first individual treated was a 21-year-old girl who had advanced pulmonary tuberculosis and was given streptomycin on 20 November 1944. By 1946, experiments conducted under the projects of Merck in the UK and USA had proven streptomycin's effectiveness against TB, bubonic plague, cholera, typhoid fever, and other penicillin-resistant diseases. All the original samples in clinical trials were prepared by Schatz alone.

Patent, lawsuit and settlement (1946-1950)
Waksman knew that patenting streptomycin could be difficult because US patent law prohibited natural products and Schatz method had no particular novelty. With the help of the Merck lawyers who had aided him patenting actinomycin and streptothricin, he argued that the new compound was chemically distinct from the natural compound in the bacteria. This convinced the patenting authority.

In the patent agreement on 1 May 1946, both Schatz and Waksman agreed to receive a token $1.00 as recognition for being the inventors of the streptomycin production method, so that the beneficiary would be Rutgers and not individuals. Schatz agreed to make streptomycin available as readily and inexpensively as possible, and he understood that the foundation also was to receive no profit from the discovery. At Waksman's request, Schatz signed over his right to royalties from the US streptomycin patent to the Rutgers Research and Endowment Foundation, and later signed over his foreign rights. The US Patent Office granted titled "Improvement in Streptomycin and Processes of Preparation" to Schatz and Waksman on 21 September 1948. Merck was to get an exclusive right for commercial production. Schatz was the lead author of the paper on streptomycin discovery with Bugie as the second. Bugie was excluded from the patent due to Waksman's impression that she would "just get married." Years later Bugie told her daughters, "If women's lib had been around, my name would have been on the patent."

Schatz began to feel that Waksman was playing down his (Schatz's) role in the discovery and taking all the credit. In 1949, it became publicised that Waksman, contrary to his public pronouncements, had a private agreement with the foundation giving him 20% of the royalties – which by then had amounted to $350,000 ($ adjusted for inflation) – and the Rutgers foundation 80%. In March 1950, Schatz, filed a lawsuit against Waksman and the foundation for a share of the royalties and recognition of his role in the discovery of streptomycin. Bugie supported Schatz on the discovery, but did not participate in the royalty matter. Waksman denied receiving any financial benefits. After the court trial on 29 December 1950, the Superior Court of New Jersey issued the verdict in favor of Schatz, concluding that "[Schatz] is entitled to credit legally and scientifically as co-discoverer, with Dr. Selman A. Waksman, of streptomycin."

An out-of-court settlement awarded Schatz $120,000 for the foreign patent rights, and 3% of the royalties, representing about $15,000 per annum for several years. Waksman got 10% and 7% was evenly distributed to all workers in Waksman's lab. With its 80% share, the Rutgers established the Waksman Institute of Microbiology. Schatz was never again able to find work in a top-level microbiology lab.

Nobel Prize 1952 and controversy
In October 1952, Waksman was announced as the sole winner of the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis." The Nobel committee statement given by presenter Arvid Wallgren at the award ceremony in Stockholm on 12 December 1952 was "Selman Waksman, the Caroline Medical Institute has awarded you this year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for your ingenious, systematic and successful studies of the soil microbes that led to the discovery of streptomycin" rather than "for the discovery of streptomycin" as the original announcement said. But the official citation was specific "for his discovery". In his accounts on streptomycin discovery, Waksman never mentioned Schatz. When Feldman performed the first clinical trial of streptomycin, he did not know that the new drug had been discovered by Schatz, and it was much later in Chile (the 1960s) where he met Schatz that the story was brought up in their conversation.

In the 1980s Milton Wainwright from Sheffield University interviewed Rutgers faculty members for his 1990 book on antibiotics, Miracle Cure, asking questions about Schatz, it piqued the curiosity of some professors, who made their own inquiries and spoke with Schatz. A group of professors, including Karl Maramorosch and Douglas Eveleigh, began to lobby for Schatz's rehabilitation, because they were convinced that Schatz had been the victim of an injustice. This culminated in Rutgers awarding him the 1994 Rutgers University Medal, the university's highest honor.

In 2005,The Lancet commented: "The Nobel committee made a considerable mistake by failing to recognise Schatz's contribution."

Discovery of albomycin
The discovery of streptomycin was followed by that of grisein. Donald M. Reynolds, Schatz and Waksman reported the discovery in 1947. The new antibiotic was isolated from the same bacteria that produced streptomycin. It was not as powerful as streptomycin or streptothricin, but was less toxic and effective against most Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. When other related compounds were discovered from other bacteria, grisein was considered as member of a more specific compound, albomycin. These compounds were later commonly referred to as "Trojan horse" antibiotics for their ability to act as their molecular targets inside the cells.

Dental research and controversy (1954-1992)
Since 1945, the US has advocated water fluoridation to prevent tooth decay. Supported by his uncle Martin, Schatz investigated the cause of tooth decay from the mid-1950s. When he began he was surprised to learn that the cause of tooth decay was tacitly assumed to be acidity in the mouth, without any experimental evidence. The acid theory, as it was known, stated that hydrogen ions (which determine pH) are the critical factor for dental health. But his experiments showed that tooth decay occurs regardless of acidity or alkalinity. in 1962, he and his uncle offered a new explanation for tooth decay, the "proteolysis-chelation theory." (He later referred to his original 1954 theory as the "chelation theory." ) The theory emphasized biochemical reactions over acid demineralization. According to the theory, caries develop as bacteria invade the teeth cavities in the presence of organic compounds (chelating agents) such as sugars, lipids and citrates to break down (proteolyze) the tooth protein (keratin); the process is independent of the pH of the environment.

His findings also led him to oppose the fluoridation of drinking water based on his understanding of the biochemical impact of fluoride on tissue. He challenged the fluoridation of drinking water by public health programs. Reporting in 1967 the "Increased death rate in Chile associated with artificial fluoridation of drinking water, with implications for other Latin American countries and for the United States," he further claimed that in Chile, water fluoridation not only failed to prevent tooth decay, but instead caused increased cancer that led to increased death among people with malnutrition. He also criticized a scientific paper published in 1966 that presented the advantages of water fluoridation in the Curico province of Chile, arguing that the data was incomplete. In 1978, the US Department of Health Center for Disease Control in Atlanta issued a public statement that Schatz's data was improperly analyzed and did not present the true relationship between water fluoridation and cancer and mortality with the conclusion: "Water fluoridation for the purpose of dental caries prophylaxis poses no hazard relevant to cancer causation." In 1992, he was severely criticized in The New Zealand Medical Journal for bias and publication in an obscure journal. He responded by claiming that the publication was in a legitimate journal, and that the critics had overlooked a separate publication in The Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry.

Personal life
Schatz's initial interest in soil microbiology stemmed from his intention to become a farmer following his parents. Seeing workers being assaulted by the authorities during the Depression prompted him to lifelong socialism and humanitarianism. He married Vivian Rosenfeld, a student at New Jersey College for Women, in March 1945 and they had two daughters, Linda and Diane.

Awards, honors and tributes
Schatz received honorary degrees from Brazil, Peru, Chile, and the Dominican Republic. On the 50th anniversary of the discovery of streptomycin, in 1994, he was awarded the Rutgers University Medal. The New York Times placed Schatz and Waksman's 1948 streptomycin patent in the top 10 discoveries of the 20th century. The university has made Schatz's basement lab into a museum documenting his and other antibiotic discoveries made at the college.

Legacy
As a result of the streptomycin controversy, regulations were passed in the US aimed at ensuring graduate students get due recognition and reward for their contributions. Albert Schatz's archives were donated to the Temple University Library.

title: Albert Schatz (scientist)


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Hollywood High (video game)

Hollywood High is a creative writing game released in 1996 by Theatrix Interactive. It is the sequel to Theatrix's Hollywood. The game features a choice of 37 scenes and multiple human cartoon characters. Users input text and watch the characters read it. Although Theatrix Interactive has since become defunct, the program was picked up by Tom Snyder productions, a division of Scholastic Corporation. The software can also be bought online directly from the main site. The product was available in Windows (R) 95, Windows 3.1, and Macintosh (R) CD-ROM formats.

The seed for Hollywood High was planted when Theatrix asked users what type of game they would like to see next, and there was much enthusiasm for a computer game based on teenage life.

Hollywood High features nine teenage characters (four boys and five girls), a mother, an athletic coach and a baby sibling. Players may change the voices, names, and jobs/interests of the characters. The characters include:

 * Lily, a bubblegum-chewing girl with a blonde ponytail, identified in the Hollywood High promotional material as "Lily the ponytail girl"
 * Matt, a brown-haired grunge aficionado, identified in the promotional material as "Matt the flannel shirt kid"
 * Gus, a blonde punk rocker
 * Anna, a female basketball player
 * Gary, an African-American nerd in a red sweater and sporting a hi-top fade haircut
 * Baby, a baby in a high chair
 * Glenn, an Asian black-haired teen with a blue sweatshirt and hood
 * Ruth, a red-headed babysitter
 * Ed, an Asian athletic coach
 * Jenny, an African-American soccer player sporting the number 7
 * Susan, a parent with a blonde ponytail
 * Stella, an Asian class clown wearing a large blue hat

There are 55 settings available in all, including the mall, the bathroom, the beach, prom and the eye of a storm.

When Theatrix's Hollywood and Hollywood High were installed on the same computer, the two could be combined by using a key received by calling Theatrix after launching the "Unlock Hollywood" program; however, since the developer is now defunct, this feature is no longer available, and Scholastic has not picked this back up, due to low demand.

A web series, based on and created with the game was launched in 2012, using the same settings and characters but with drastically altered personalities and roles.

Similar games

 * 3D Movie Maker
 * The Movies
 * The Simpsons: Cartoon Studio

title: Hollywood High (video game)


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Ligue de football de Saint-Martin

The Ligue de football de Saint-Martin is the official football federation of the Collectivity of Saint Martin. It became a recognized regional league of the French Football Federation in 2016.

It was originally affiliated to CONCACAF as the Comité de Football des Îles du Nord and included Saint Barthélemy, which now has its own governing body, the Comité de Football de Saint Barthélemy.

title: Ligue de football de Saint-Martin


text:
Talk:George Strickland Kingston

Suggested move
This article should be at George Kingston. I will move it unless someone can give me a reason not to. Adam 06:17, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I note that all incoming links are to George Strickland Kingston, and that the title of the book referenced under Further reading also uses "Strickland". I suspect that means the current situation is correct. --Scott Davis Talk 10:13, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Correct in the sense that that is what he was called in his lifetime, like George Bernard Shaw? Adam 10:46, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That's what I meant, yes. But I've listed all the evidence I have to support it. If community censensus is that the current George Kingston should become George Kingston (disambiguation) and George Strickland Kingston should become George Kingston, I'd accept it. --Scott Davis Talk 13:40, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

If you're confident that that is what he was called, OK. Adam 13:54, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Donna the dog and Kingston's competence
None of the references appear to mention that Kingston picked up a dog in South America which then led him to find the River Torrens. Further investigation shows that none of the information in this edit in 2017 by appears to be supported by the only reference used in that section, but is hinted by "Kingston's ability as a surveyor was frequently questioned and it was he who was spared to return to England in August 1837 to ask for reinforcements for the Survey Department." so could be true, if supported by more references. The same edit removed a reference which is now a dead link but I found it in the archives where it asserts that it was Light who was incompetent, saved by Kingston. --Scott Davis Talk 02:17, 11 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Over a year later, I have removed the story of the dog and the assessment of competence. Happy to see them returned if neutral references are found. --Scott Davis Talk 13:42, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree about the dog but have added to the article some accurate material about competence with proper reference. GooglerW (talk) 11:22, 31 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you --Scott Davis Talk 14:09, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Strickland Kingston


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Mark Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian

Mark Kerr (or Ker), 1st Earl of Lothian (1553 – 8 April 1609) was a Scottish nobleman and politician. He became the first Earl of Lothian in 1606.

Family background
He was a member of the "famous border family" of Ker of Cessford. He was the son of Mark Kerr, abbot of Newbattle Abbey, Midlothian, and Helen Leslie, sister of the Earl of Rothes. The House of Kerr was of Anglo-Norman and Norse lineage, and the Kerrs of Fernihirst settled in Scotland in the 13th century. Kerr and his family lived in Newbattle Abbey, a mansion occupying the site of a Cistercian abbey founded in 1140.

Career
Kerr was named Vicar of Linton in 1567. He was appointed Master of Requests in 1577, a role he held until 1606. He was a gentleman of the king's chamber in 1580. In 1581, he succeeded his father as Commendator of Newbottle.

Like his father, Mark Kerr was an Extraordinary Lord of Session under king beginning in 1584, with his lands at Newbattle made into a Barony.

On 28 October 1587, he was made a Lord of Parliament as Lord Newbottle, or possibly 15 October 1591. In 1587 he was made a baron and Privy Counsellor.

In December 1593, Kerr was appointed to a committee to audit the account of money spent by the Chancellor, John Maitland of Thirlestane, on the royal voyages. The funds in question came from the English subsidy and the dowry of Anne of Denmark.

In 1604 he acted as interim Chancellor. He was created Earl of Lothian on 10 July 1606, and resigned the office of Master of Requests in the same year.

An English list of the Scottish nobility states his residences were "Morphele" and Prestongrange.

Marriage and family
He married Margaret Maxwell, a daughter of John Maxwell, Lord Herries. Kerr and his wife were said to have 31 children. Their children included:
 * Robert Kerr, 2nd Earl of Lothian
 * Anne Kerr
 * Margaret Kerr, who married James Hay, 7th Lord Hay of Yester
 * Janet Kerr, who married William Cunningham, 8th Earl of Glencairn
 * Jean Kerr, who married (1) Robert Boyd, Master of Boyd, (2) David Lindsay, 12th Earl of Crawford, (3) Thomas Hamilton of Robertoun. In 1623 King James made steps to help the dowager Countess of Crawford and her children, because she had been a faithful servant to Anne of Denmark.

Death
He died on 8 April 1609.

His wife Margaret Maxwell was accused of causing his death through witchcraft. She died at Prestongrange House on 8 January 1617.

He was succeeded by his son Robert, 2nd Earl of Lothian. The second earl had no sons, and the title passed to his daughter Anne Kerr, Countess of Lothian. In 1631 her husband was created William Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian.

title: Mark Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian


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South African military decorations

An overview of South African military decorations and medals, which form part of the South African honours system.

Colonial forces 1894–1913
The colonial military forces received British military decorations in wartime. From 1894, the colonial governments awarded medals for distinguished conduct and for long service. This was the general practice in the British Empire at that time. The colonial medals were:

 * Decorations
 * Volunteer Officers' Decoration (VD) (1894–1901)
 * Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration (VD) (1900–13)
 * Distinguished Conduct Medal (1894–1913)
 * Distinguished Conduct Medal (Natal) 1894–1913)
 * Distinguished Conduct Medal (Cape of Good Hope) (1894–1913)
 * Distinguished Conduct Medal (Transvaal) (1902–1913)
 * Campaign medals
 * Cape of Good Hope General Service Medal (1900)
 * Natal Native Rebellion Medal (1907)
 * Long service medals
 * Meritorious Service Medal (1845–1913)
 * Meritorious Service Medal (Cape of Good Hope) (1896–1913)
 * Meritorious Service Medal (Natal) (1896–1913)
 * Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (1830–1896)
 * Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Cape of Good Hope) (1896–1910)
 * Army Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (Natal) (1896–1910)
 * Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal (1910–1913)
 * Volunteer Long Service Medal for India and the Colonies (1896–1901)
 * Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal (1900–13).

Union Defence Forces 1913–1952
The colonial forces were replaced in 1912 by the Union Defence Forces, which continued the system. British decorations for gallantry and distinguished service were awarded during World War I and World War II, and the South African government granted the other categories of award. They were:

 * Decoration
 * Distinguished Conduct Medal (1914–40)
 * Campaign medals
 * Victory Medal (1919)
 * Africa Service Medal (1943)
 * Long service medals
 * Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond the Seas Medal (1913–1930)
 * Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (Military) (1930–39)
 * Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct (South Africa) (1939–52)
 * Meritorious Service Medal (1914–40)
 * Colonial Auxiliary Forces Officers' Decoration (VD) (1913–39)
 * Colonial Auxiliary Forces Long Service Medal (1913–39)
 * Efficiency Decoration (ED) (1939–52)
 * Efficiency Medal (1939–52)
 * RNVR Volunteer Officers' Decoration Medal (VD) (1915–49)
 * RNVR Long Service & Good Conduct Medal (1915–49)
 * Air Efficiency Award (1950–52).

Boer war veterans
In 1920, the South African government instituted a separate set of awards, for Boer veterans of the 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer War — neither of the Boer republics for which they had fought had had its own honours system. The awards were:

 * Decoration
 * Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst (Decoration for Devoted Service) (DTD)
 * Campaign medals
 * South African Republic & Orange Free State War Medal
 * Wounds Ribbon.

1952–1975
South Africa introduced its own honours system in 1952. Its largest component was a series of military decorations and medals, which not only replaced the existing long service medals, but provided substitutes for the decorations which the British government had awarded in wartime:

1975–2003
A new system was introduced in 1975. It retained seven of the existing decorations and medals. Innovations included a hierarchy of merit awards, cumulative long service medals, and colour-coded ribbons. As the South African Defence Force was engaged in military operations in South West Africa and Angola throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the number of awards granted each year increased significantly. Additional decorations were instituted between 1987 and 1991.

Armed opposition organisations
In 1996, two separate sets of decorations were instituted for veterans who had served in the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe during the armed campaign against the former government.

South African National Defence Force
The South African National Defence Force, which was formed in 1994 by amalgamating the SADF, the liberation armies, and the military forces of the former homelands, used the SADF decorations and medals until 2003, when a new series of decorations was instituted:

title: South African military decorations


text:
Canton of Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg) is a canton in the south of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Its name, like the name of the Grand Duchy itself, derives from the name of its principal city, Luxembourg (more commonly known as Luxembourg City). It is not to be confused with the former district of Luxembourg, one of three administrative units in Luxembourg abolished in October 2015.

It is the only canton, other than Mersch, that is entirely surrounded by other cantons and, therefore, has no international boundary.

Administrative divisions
Luxembourg Canton consists of the following eleven communes:

 * Bertrange
 * Contern
 * Hesperange
 * Luxembourg
 * Niederanven
 * Sandweiler
 * Schuttrange
 * Steinsel
 * Strassen
 * Walferdange
 * Weiler-la-Tour

Mergers

 * On 26 March 1920 the former communes of Hamm, Hollerich and Rollingergrund (all from Luxembourg Canton) were merged into the commune of Luxembourg.
 * On 1 July 1920 the former commune of Eich (from Luxembourg Canton) was merged into the commune of Luxembourg.

title: Canton of Luxembourg


text: Talk:The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages