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Adelaide Rams

The Adelaide Rams was an Australian professional rugby league football club based in Adelaide, South Australia. The team was formed in 1995 for the planned rebel Super League competition. The Rams lasted two seasons, the first in the Super League competition in 1997 and the second in the first season of the National Rugby League (NRL) in 1998. The Rams were not a successful club, winning only 13 out of 42 games. However crowd numbers in the first season were the fifth highest of any first-grade club that year, but dwindled to sixteenth in the second season. The Adelaide club was shut down at the end of the 1998 season as a result of poor on-field performances, dwindling crowd numbers, financial losses and a reduction in the number of teams in the NRL. They remain the only team from the state of South Australia to have participated in top-level rugby league in Australia.

Background
The Australian rules football code, with origins as far back as 1843, had long dominated sport in the state. South Australia had two teams competing in the national Australian rules competition, the Australian Football League (AFL): the Adelaide Crows and, the latter starting in the AFL in the same year as the Rams first season in Super League. Port Adelaide's entry, propelled by a large local fan base in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) competition, and the Crows successes in 1997–98 made it much harder for the Rams to compete for fan support. They were also competing against the popular Adelaide 36ers who played in the National Basketball League (NBL) which at the time ran a winter season. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, was considered an Aussie rules stronghold, and in the SANFL had the oldest Aussie Rules Football league, and indeed the oldest league of any code, in Australia, as well as a viable Rugby Union competition which had been running since 1932. The South Australian Rugby League (SARL) also had a First Grade Premiership competition in place since 1976, while league been played competitively in Adelaide since the late 1940s.

The New South Wales Rugby League premiership (NSWRL) begun in 1908, as a rugby league competition mostly for clubs in the Sydney region of Australia (a team from Newcastle competed in 1908–09), a situation that lasted until 1982. The competition then expanded outside of NSW to Canberra, and to outside of Sydney with a team from Wollongong, and eventually in 1988 to Brisbane and the Gold Coast in Queensland, plus a new team from Newcastle. In 1992 the NSWRL decided to extend the competition further, by admitting four new teams for the 1995 competition, one from Western Australia, one from New Zealand and two from Queensland. The NSWRL also decided to test the viability of a rugby league team from the South Australian capital, and between 1991 and 1995 programmed five matches to be played in Adelaide at the famous Adelaide Oval. In 1991, the St. George Dragons (whose primary sponsor since the mid-late 1970s was Adelaide-based winery Penfolds) and Balmain Tigers match attracted 28,884 people, the largest attendance for any rugby league game in South Australia and the largest of the entire minor round of the 1991 NSWRL season (it was in fact the 6th highest attendance for the entire season, beating the attendance of two of the seven Finals series games). Around 20,000 attended the two matches in 1992 and 1993, and around 10,000 in 1994 and 1995. Despite this evidence of popular appeal, the NSWRL, already in the process of setting up a 20-team competition, could not see their way to admitting a team from Adelaide and their preferred option outside of rugby league strongholds of NSW, Qld and New Zealand was to have a team from Melbourne and another in Perth (the Melbourne Storm would be formed in 1998). By the end of 1995, this was apparent as the ARL had already played two international Test matches involving the Australian Kangaroos in Melbourne, as well as three State of Origin games, with Game 2 of the 1994 State of Origin series attracting a then Australian record rugby league crowd of 87,161 to the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

Formation
In 1994, the media company News Limited began developing a rival competition to the long-established NSWRL premiership: the "Super League" premiership. In response to this move the Australian Rugby League (ARL), the governing body of rugby league in Australia, took over the NSWRL. After 8 of the 20 teams in the ARL competition signed with News Limited to play in the proposed Super League competition in 1996 the organization began looking for further teams to make the new competition viable. In June 1995 the South Australian Rugby League (SARL), which governs the game of rugby league in South Australia, officially signed with Super League, who subsequently gave it a licence to form a franchise which would allow the SARL to create a Super League team. Another leading factor in the SARL's decision to sign with SL was the promise of greater financial assistance than they were receiving from the ARL.

The team was owned and supported by News Limited. Former Australian representatives Tim Pickup and Rod Reddy were named inaugural CEO and head coach respectively.

On 13 December 1995, the SARL officially launched the 'Adelaide Rams', the tenth and final team to join the Super League competition (the 9th team was the Newcastle based Hunter Mariners). In early March 1996, the ARL were successful in gaining a federal court injunction, a legal ruling that prevented the Super League from beginning competition in 1996 and the Rams were put on hold causing Tim Pickup to stand down from his post in the ensuing months. In mid-1996, News Limited successfully appealed this ruling, which enabled the competition to proceed. Wallaby rugby union halfback George Gregan was approached to switch codes to be the starting halfback for the new team for "seriously more money than" he would earn playing rugby union, though he opted to remain in the 15-man code (Gregan would ultimately go on to win the 1999 Rugby World Cup with the Wallabies and would become Wallaby captain in 2001). The first, and only Super League season, was held in 1997, and the Rams team was part of it.

Inaugural season
The SARL appointed the former Auckland Warriors marketing manager Liz Dawson as Pickup's replacement as the Rams' chief executive – the first female chief executive of any rugby league club in either the ARL or the Super League. The club had appointed St. George Dragons international back rower Rod Reddy to be their inaugural coach, along with two-time NSWRL premiership-winning and former Kangaroo tour Kerrod Walters from the Brisbane Broncos to be the first captain of the team. Most of the junior players were drawn from the SARL's lower grade competitions in Adelaide.

The club played its first premiership match on 1 March against the North Queensland Cowboys in Townsville and, after leading 16–4 at half time, eventually lost 24–16. This was also the first ever match of the Australian Super League's only season.

Their first home match, against fellow new team the Hunter Mariners in Round 3 on 14 March, was also the Rams' first win, and drew their record home attendance of 27,435 to the Adelaide Oval. This would actually turn out to be one of only two home wins for the season (not counting the 3 World Club Championship wins over visiting British teams Salford Red Devils, Leeds Rhinos and Oldham). The Rams also won four away games with their first being in Round 4 against the Auckland Warriors at the Ericsson Stadium in Auckland, New Zealand, but their overall record of 6 wins, 11 losses and 1 draw placed them second last on the Super League premiership ladder, one win ahead of North Queensland.

The Rams first home game attendance of 27,435 was the 4th highest attendance of the entire 1997 season, behind only the Grand Final at the ANZ Stadium in Brisbane (58,912), the opening game of the season in Brisbane (42,361) and a Round 6 match at the Dairy Farmers Stadium in Townsville (30,122).

Former Cronulla Sharks goal kicking utility back Kurt Wrigley was the Rams top point scorer for the season with 81 points from 5 tries, 30 goals and 1 field goal. Wrigley, and former South Sydney Rabbitohs and St George Dragons fullback Rod Maybon, were the team's top try scorers with 5 each. Super League's top point scorer for the season was Penrith Panthers centre Ryan Girdler who scored 197 points from 11 tries, 76 goals and 1 field goal while the competition's top try scorer was Canterbury Bulldogs utility back Matthew Ryan who crossed for 17 tries.

Following the unification of the Super League and ARL competitions after the 1997 season, a new National Rugby League (NRL) competition was formed. This meant that three teams would be demised, as part of the rationalisation process aimed at reducing teams to an optimal number. With the introduction of the Melbourne Storm (who despite being owned by New Ltd. were not actually a Super League team despite popular belief), and an agreement between Super League and the ARL to have a competition limited to 14 teams by 2000, the future for the Rams looked bleak. However, the Rams' home ground support, which averaged 15,330 fans each week, the 4th highest out of 22 teams across both the SL and ARL competitions, ensured that they remained in the unified 1998 competition.

World Club Championship
In addition to the Telstra Cup, the Adelaide Rams also competed in Super League's 1997 World Club Championship competition. The Rams were placed in Australasia Pool B along with the Hunter Mariners, North Queensland Cowboys and Perth Reds and would be matched up against teams from Europe Pool B including the Leeds Rhinos, Oldham Bears and Salford City Reds. The competition would see the Rams play three games at home and three in England.

The Rams won their three home games rather easily including a surprise 34–8 win over glamour side Leeds, but only managed to win one of their games in England against Oldham leaving them in third place in their pool. As only one team from Australasia Pool B would go on to the Quarter finals, this meant that the Adelaide Rams did not advance past the group stage of the tournament.

Final season
The demise of three clubs from the Super League and ARL (Western Reds and Hunter Mariners (SL), and South Queensland Crushers (ARL)) saw some player re-shuffling (which saw 1997 Queensland representative Kevin Campion sensationally cut from the club after being told he was not in Rod Reddy's plans for the team), and brought New South Wales halfback Noel Goldthorpe, speedy winger Matt Daylight, and New Zealand national rugby league team test veteran back rower Tony Iro to the Adelaide club. However, after the Rams lost nine of their first ten games, coach Reddy and the entire coaching staff were sacked by the Rams' administration. Reddy was replaced by former Perth Reds coach Dean Lance and mid-season saw the arrival of goal kicking Canberra Raiders utility back Graham Appo.

In June after numerous financial disagreements with the South Australian Cricket Association (SACA) who at the time owned the Adelaide Oval, the club changed home grounds to the smaller, 16,500 capacity Hindmarsh Stadium, a soccer specific venue which was better suited to a rugby league field than the Adelaide Oval was. The Rams celebrated the move with a record 52–0 win over the Balmain Tigers.

The club went on to win six of their last fourteen games after Lance's arrival, enough to avoid the wooden spoon awarded to the team finishing lowest on the competition ladder. Their overall results were comparable to those of their first season, coming fourth last in the 20–team competition. Appo broke several team records in his 14 games with the Rams.

The Adelaide Rams last home game in the penultimate round of the season saw a 36–0 thrashing at the hands of the finals bound North Sydney Bears in front of 7,035 fans on 15 August 1998.

Throughout the 1998 season, the Rams attempted to build a stronger supporter base in order to avoid removal from the competition in 1999 or 2000. However, with the team's lack of on-field success, plus the success of other Adelaide-based sports teams who won national premierships/championships in 1997 and/or 1998 including the Adelaide Crows (AFL), Adelaide 36ers (NBL), Adelaide Lightning (WNBL) and Adelaide Thunderbirds (netball), saw average home attendances dropped by more than half (51.3%) from the previous years 15,330 to just 7,472 over the course of the season.

The NRL had planned to continue a 20–team competition in 1999, with a reduction to 14 teams in 2000. The Rams' management, led by newly named CEO, former dual rugby international and Manly-Warringah 1987 premiership player Michael O'Connor, had their minds set on a place in the reduced competition, and went on a buying spree, obtaining rights for players that they hoped would be productive enough for the team to survive the cut in 2000. However, after the merger between rugby league clubs St. George Dragons and Illawarra Steelers which reduced the number of teams to 19, it was decided to avoid a bye that another team needed to be dropped from the competition. As the league's desire was to keep a team in Melbourne it was decided by the NRL to cut the Rams and owners News Limited then told the club they would no longer receive funding and the club was wound up just days after it had held its 1999 season launch. With little chance of securing a contract with another club just weeks before the start of the 1999 NRL season, the players were then placed in other News Ltd. owned or financed teams including Brisbane, Canberra and Melbourne.

The cost of building and sustaining an uncompetitive rugby league team in an area dominated by another football sport had resulted in News Limited incurring heavy financial losses with the Rams. Subsequent attempts to merge with a Sydney club (rumoured to be the ARL loyal South Sydney Rabbitohs) failed, however the Canberra Raiders offered to merge with the club and effectively took over the club on 1 December 1998.

"You cannot expect the Rams to have won over South Australians after just two seasons in such an Aussie Rules stronghold, especially given the extraordinary nature of those seasons."

Future
While the Adelaide Rams no longer exist in their own right, numbers in junior rugby league in Adelaide have risen, and the SARL has begun again to promote the idea of a team based in Adelaide. Due to its efforts, NRL teams have been brought to the city to revive interest; in 2006 the Penrith Panthers scheduled a home game at Adelaide's Hindmarsh Stadium while their home ground was under renovation. The NRL helped with the promotion of the match, although the SARL were disappointed with the small crowd of 7,017. In 2008, Sydney based club the Cronulla Sharks announced they would play three matches over the next three years at Adelaide, with coach Ricky Stuart saying he wanted Adelaide to become the Sharks' second home. SARL general manager Bruce Walker has suggested that the NRL itself should take more responsibility for scheduling games in Adelaide. The 2009 match against North Queensland Cowboys attracted 8,547 people. However, at the end of the 2008 NRL season, the league's Centenary year, the Sharks decided to concentrate on their home fans and were allowed out of their contract to play in Adelaide after just one game.

In 2010, the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs took their home match against the Melbourne Storm to Adelaide in which Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs defeating the Melbourne Storm 20–18 where the game attracted 10,350 people at Adelaide Oval.

In 2008, several NRL club bosses expressed the view that the NRL should be a "national" competition, since it now had teams from all around Australia rather than just on the eastern seaboard, arguing that such a move would increase the competition's revenue. Peter Parr, the CEO of the North Queensland Cowboys and former assistant coach for the Rams in 1998, said that if the NRL had stuck with the Adelaide Rams, then rugby league in Adelaide might have flourished, making comparisons with the Melbourne Storm, a team performing successfully on and off the field in the AFL's heartland.

Early in the 2013 NRL season, the NRL's official free-to-air broadcast partner the Nine Network, began to show their Friday night and Sunday afternoon games live around Australia, including Adelaide, on their digital channel GEM.

Colours, emblem and stadium
The emblem of the team was a ram (a male sheep). The ram was chosen, according to Super League chief executive John Ribot, because it was "readily identifiable with strength and hardness". This name was considered a better alternative to the first choice, the Adelaide Aces (through a proposed sponsorship link with the Adelaide Casino), which Ribot believed was too soft a name and did not work well as a brand for a Super League team. The main colours of the Adelaide Rams were red and blue, although there was yellow in their emblem to reflect South Australia's traditional sporting colours. Their jerseys remained red and blue until the last game they played in 1998, when they used a mainly yellow jersey to avoid a colour clash with the similar jerseys of the Newcastle Knights (who were the home team).

The Rams' initial home ground was Adelaide Oval, a round park that had been used for cricket and Australian Rules Football for over a century. For their first season they had average home attendances of 15,330, the fourth highest of the Super League teams and fifth highest of all 22 teams in both competitions. In 1998, however, the Rams' home attendances diminished, dropping to an average of about 7,500, the fourth lowest of any team in the 20–team competition.

During 1998, the South Australian Cricket Association had ongoing problems with the SARL and the Rams' use of their stadium, Adelaide Oval. The Rams then moved to Hindmarsh Stadium, a rectangular stadium more suited to rugby league and owned by the South Australian Soccer Association. They celebrated with a 52–0 defeat over Balmain in their first match at the stadium. However, attendances did not improve after the move, falling below 7,500.

The Rams highest attendance at Adelaide Oval was 27,435 set in their inaugural home game against the Hunter Mariners. Their record attendance at Hindmarsh was 7,459 for their loss to 1997 ARL Grand Finalists, the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. In 1998, the Rams played their Round 15 home game against the Illawarra Steelers at the Bennett Oval in Whyalla, in part due to Whyalla's main employer being BHP who were also the Steelers major sponsor. The Steelers won the game 39–4 in front of 5,153 fans.

Most games for club

 * 41, Kerrod Walters (1997–1998)

Most points for club

 * 116 (12 tries, 34 goals), Graham Appo (1998)

Most tries for club

 * 12, Graham Appo (1998)

Most goals for club

 * 45 (45/69–65.22%), Luke Williamson (1997–1998)

Most points in a season

 * 116 (12 tries, 34 goals), Graham Appo in 1998

Most tries in a season

 * 12, Graham Appo in 1998

Most goals in a season

 * 34 (34/52–65.38%), Graham Appo in 1998

Most points in a match

 * 24 (3 tries, 6 goals), Graham Appo vs Gold Coast Chargers on 27 June 1998 @ Carrara Stadium
 * 24 (2 tries, 8 goals), Graham Appo vs Balmain Tigers on 3 July 1998 @ Hindmarsh Stadium

Most tries in a match

 * 3, Graham Appo against Gold Coast Chargers on 27 June 1998

Most goals in a match

 * 8 (8/9–88.9%), Graham Appo vs Balmain Tigers on 3 July 1998

Highest attendance (home)

 * Adelaide Oval: 27,435 vs Hunter Mariners on 14 March 1997
 * Hindmarsh Stadium: 7,459 vs Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles on 7 August 1998

Highest attendance (away)

 * Stockland Stadium (Townsville): 17,738 vs North Queensland Cowboys on 1 March 1997

Lowest attendance (home)

 * Adelaide Oval: 6,500 vs Canberra Raiders on 8 May 1998
 * Hindmarsh Stadium: 7,035 vs North Sydney Bears on 15 August 1998

Lowest attendance (away)

 * Topper Stadium (Newcastle): 2,345 vs Hunter Mariners on 5 July 1997

Team performance summary
The Rams did not win any premierships, minor premierships or wooden spoons in their two seasons. Their biggest win was 52–0 over the Balmain Tigers in 1998 and their biggest losing margin was 42 points, which occurred twice: against the Canberra Raiders in 1997 and the Penrith Panthers in 1998. The Rams had a 32.14% win percentage for all of their premiership games, which made them statistically the sixth worst team in first grade rugby league in Australia, out of 33 teams.

Of the Rams 13 wins, 7 of them were at home while 5 were away. The Rams final win came in Round 20 of the 1998 NRL season when they defeated the Auckland Warriors 22–20 at Hindmarsh Stadium in front of 7,445 fans. The club's final ever home game in Round 23 of 1998 saw them go down 36–0 to the North Sydney Bears in front of 7,035 fans, the lowest recorded attendance at Hindmarsh.

Inaugural team
North Queensland Cowboys 24 def. Adelaide Rams 16 Date: 1 March 1997 Venue: Stockland Stadium (Townsville) Attendance: 17,738 Referee: Brian Grant

title: Adelaide Rams


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Talk:List of political families

Brazilian presidents
According to Presidentes do Brasil (São Paulo: Cultura Editores, 2002), Venceslau Brás Pereira Gomes and Delfim Moreira were cousins (see pages 191 and 206). I am trying to discern whether they were first cousins or whether it was a more distant kinship.

— Diamantina 08:50, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Italy. The Medici family
I removed the voice dedicated to the Medici family, which was only one of ancient reigning family in Italy, such as the Gonzagas of Mantua, the Estes of Ferrara, the Viscontis and the Sforzas of Milan and so on. I notice it was focused over papacy, but with wrong links: this family had twoo popes: Giovanni (Leo X), son of Lorenzo, (unofficial) Sov. Lord of Florence and Giulio (Clemens VII), son of Giuliano, Lorenzo's brother and himself an unofficial sov. Lord of Florence. Alessandro was the first Sov. Duke of Florence, not a pope. He was son of Lorenzo II and son-in-law of Roman Emperor Carl V. You could include this voice in Pope's State/Vatican City, not Italy. By the way there was a larger family of related Popes deriving by Senator Teofilatto and his daughter Marozia around the year 1000.

Iran
According to the article on Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel he is not married to Ayatollah Khamenei's daughter rather his daughter is married to the Ayatollah's son. Can some one clarify and correct?

--Gramscis cousinTalkStalk 08:39, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

parentheses
Is there a good reason for putting everything but the names in parentheses? I'd write it this way:

 * Bobo Craxi (son of Bettino Craxi) — former leader of the New Italian Socialist Party, then leader of The Italian Socialists now merged in the Socialist Party

—Tamfang (talk) 18:31, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

WP:SILVERLOCK :DELIBERATE VANDALISM INFLICTED BY INDIVIDUALS PROMOTING VESTED INTERESTS AND EXALTING A LOCAL FAMILY ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL::NEHRU-GANDHI FAMILY IS THE OLDEST AND MOST INFLUENTIAL POLITICAL FAMILY OF INDIA.HOWEVER,THEIR NAMES WERE SIDELINED TO PROMOTED A FAMILY WHICH IS SIMILAR TO COUNTLESS LOCAL POLITICAL FAMILIES OF INDIA WHERE RELATIVES BECOME MEMBERS OF LEGISLATURE.THE IP ADDRESS 117.226.177.68 HAS VIOLATED THE NEUTRALITY OF THE ARTICLE BY TRYING TO EXALT THE POSITION OF A HITHERTO UNKNOWN FAMILY OF INDIAN STATE OF BIHAR.This is relatively unimportant and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against the established policies — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bn bt ec01 (talk • contribs) 12:56, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Bosnia

 * Alija Izetbegović
 * Bakir Izetbegović — Preceding unsigned comment added by Palapa (talk • contribs) 18:31, 10 August 2011 (UTC)

Bangladesh The contents from the Wikipedia banned page "Bangladeshi Political Families" was recreated and re-posted here. This has now been deleted.83.81.46.94 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 20:28, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

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Should we include states with limited recognition?
[]

Should this list include countries like Taiwan, Kosovo, Abkhazia, South Osetia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Northern Cyprus? For example, first president of the Northern Cyprus (Rauf Denktaş), has a son (Serdar Denktaş) who is a politician too. These countries might have limited recognition but this does not mean that political families in these countries do not exist. I think they should be in this list.

Missing
Off the top of my head, it is missing the Barbour family of the United States. SecretName101 (talk) 10:26, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of political families


text:
QQQ (disambiguation)

QQQ is an Australian television station broadcasting in remote eastern, southern and central areas of Australia.

QQQ may also refer to:

 * Frontier in Space, a 1973 Doctor Who serial with production code QQQ
 * Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QqQ), a mass spectrometer comprising three consecutive quadrupoles
 * QQQ is the ticker symbol for Invesco QQQ, an exchange-traded fund (ETF) based on the Nasdaq-100 Index created by Invesco PowerShares
 * A Morse code signal for unknown attacker, used in conjunction with SOS

title: QQQ (disambiguation)


text: User talk:68.10.113.7

title: User talk:68.10.113.7


text:
Xihoumen Bridge

The Xihoumen Bridge is a suspension bridge on the Zhoushan Archipelago, the largest offshore island group in China.

Linking Jintang and Cezi islands, the bridge, together with the 27-kilometer cable-stayed Jintang Bridge linking Jintang and Zhenhai in the neighboring city of Ningbo, is part of the second and last phase of a bridging project started in 1999 to connect the Zhoushan Archipelago to the mainland via five bridges. The bridge forms part of the Yongzhou Expressway.

Built by the province of Zhejiang at a cost of 2.48 billion yuan (approximately US$363 million), construction began in 2005 and the main span was completed in December 2007. The bridge was opened to traffic on a test basis on 25 December 2009, at 11:58 p.m., local time alongside the Jintang Bridge, before it is officially open for traffic. The opening date was delayed due to a ship collision on 16 November 2009 that slightly damaged the side of Jintang Bridge.

The 5.3-kilometre suspension bridge connection has a 2.6-kilometre main bridge with a central span of 1,650 metres. The approaches total 2.7 kilometres. When built, it was the second-longest suspension bridge ranked by the length of the centre span after the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan.

title: Xihoumen Bridge


text:
Talk:Maxime Rodinson

Sourced, unsourced comments
Please source your contributions with references. Please sign your comments.Dogru144 19:30, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:26, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Information needed
Can you mention some more of his quotes about Islamic revolution of Iran?

And also upload and add the image of Mr Maxime

Kumarsarma (talk) 13:23, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

". . . but later turned away [from the French Communist Party] after the party's Stalinist drift."
By 1937 (when he joined it) the PCF already had a "Stalinist" reputation. In fact, the PCF was often depicted by Western authors as the quintessential Stalinist party in Western Europe. So it doesn't make much sense to write that he broke with it because of its "Stalinist drift." From what little I've read, Rodinson was expelled from the party in 1958 because he had begun to criticize it, arguing it was imposing dogmatic thinking on its members. This wasn't due to any "Stalinist drift" by the party, it was simply due to the upheaval in the international communist movement after Khrushchev's "Secret Speech." --Ismail (talk) 14:04, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maxime Rodinson


text:
Talk:Shpongle

=NPOV=

Untitled
Hmm... it may just be me, but this article doesn't seem very NPOV, reading more like a promotional sales pitch. -Tyr

 * Hmm. Not really.  I assume you mean bits like this:

 * one of the most important and influential psychedelic downtempo or Psybient music projects of recent years .... made a huge impact ... considered by many to be among the most important.

 * Well, the thing is, that's basically true. If you are into the "psyambient" scene then Shpongle are definitely amongst, if not THE, more important and influential artists.  However I am completely at a loss as to how I can back this up.  I mean... if I found a newspaper article saying so, would that really be any greater proof than my current statement based on the consensus of years of speaking to followers of this area of music, both in person and online?  It's a tough one.  I suppose their sales figures are probably much higher than others but I have no firm facts on that either.  I remember reading "Tales" sold over 50,000 or something like that (which might not sound much, but for such 'minority' music with no major label support, no radio play, no MTV, no media coverage, is pretty damn impressive).  And I would strongly suspect that "copycat" artists like Entheogenic have got nowhere near that.  But, since I can't remember the exact number I read for Tales, nor where I read it, nor have any evidence about Entheogenic's sales, that doesnt really help either. Stevekeiretsu 00:30, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Posford's "Twisted" is without any doubt at the very top of psy trance sales with 50,000 copies. 'Are You Shpongled' sold 30,000 copies without any promotion at all as a subgenre of a genre where a couple of thousand sales worldwide is a massive sucess.  The preview gigs worldwide have been among the biggest parties going and usually sell out.  Shpongle have 28,774 fans on last.fm while Ott has 5,449, Younger Brother have 5,232 and Entheogenic have 5,053.  The "psychill" tag puts Shpongle above the next two artists combined.  Tu rk ey ph an t 19:32, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

=Dave Gilmour=

i have heard that some or another shpongle album features Dave Gilmour on guitar. is it true? which one?

There's an Alan Parsons album where one of the tracks (Return To Tunguska) was done with Shpongle and David Gilmour

 * simon posford does all the guitars on their albums if i am not mistaking.

Pete Callard plays the flamenco and jazz guitars, and does the solos.

 * I came here to ask where this sort of info would fit into the article, and whether a citation of album credits would be adequate verification. Downstrike (talk) 07:50, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

=Meaning of "Shpongle"=

I'm curious what the name Shpongle means or how the name came about. I also want to know exactly how to pronounce it. Jeff

 * I don’t know what it means (probably nothing), but I do know how to pronounce it, so I’ve added an IPA transliteration for your benefit. By the way, TO ALL EDITORS: Please sign your comments on talk pages and in other discussion fora with four tildes (4×~). Raifʻhār Doremítzwr 09:52, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Shpongle or "spongle" is an english slang for beeing high on drugs.

 * No, not really, at least imho - I'm english and I've never heard it used in that sense except by people aware of / implicitly paying homage to the band. Stevekeiretsu 00:30, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * People will frequently say that they are "sphongled", "spangled" or just plain "mashed". It's all one and the same thing. There is an anecdote where Raja Ram was supposed to have said, "I'm feeling shpongled" while tripping heavily.   Tu rk ey ph an t 19:06, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

"Shpongle" Is the finish password for the Playstation 2 game "Top Gun". These guys did not just come up with the name.-DARK-67.149.1.41 (talk) 10:40, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It looks to me like the game you are referring to came out in 2001, at least 3 years after Shpongle released their first album, so the game is actually making a reference to the band. Possibly fans on the programming team.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lj solstone (talk • contribs) 23:07, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

=removal of link spam=

i have checked out the external links on this article. Following the links to last.fm and musicbrainz gives me the impression this is simply link spam. The shpongle pages on last.fm and musicbrainz do not offer ANY additional information that is not already present in the article. i would also consider discogs for deletion as all it offers in addition is a long discography. discogs is a well know resource, so that if someone really wants detailed information on discograhpies they already know how to get to the discogs website. I don't think we need last.fm and musicbrainz and discogs links on EVERY musican's and band's articles. NoMass 13:37, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Untitled fifth album
The citation for the Untitled fifth album being released in 2013 simply links to a last.fm page involving an early 2011 concert. I can see no mention of an album being released in 2013, and the page in fact claims that the album is "slated for 2012 release". Does anybody have any further information on this album? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Core1911 (talk • contribs) 14:21, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Shpongle. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091229123531/http://www.nme.com:80/artists/shpongle to http://www.nme.com/artists/shpongle
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080430002829/http://www.shpongle.org:80/index.php?menu=gallery&subpage=israel to http://www.shpongle.org/index.php?menu=gallery&subpage=israel

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:47, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Infobox image problem
The infobox currently contains an image that is a photograph taken in a club, showing the artist in front of a big projection screen. The screen displays a middle aged man with a mustache. The man on the projection is so large and in the center of the image, that it's currently (too) easy to confuse the man for the artist, particularly on certain computer screens. I suggest cropping the image, so the artist is at its center. --143.176.30.65 (talk) 14:28, 12 December 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:22, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Shpongle in Moscow.jpg

title: Talk:Shpongle


text:
Taroona High School

Taroona High School is a government co-educational comprehensive junior secondary school located in, a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Established in 1958, the school caters for approximately 1,100 students from Years 7 to 10. The school is administered by the Tasmanian Department of Education.

In 2019 student enrollments were 1,110. The school principal is Charles White. The school is planning to expand into years 11 and 12 with limited courses starting in the 2022 school year at the University of Tasmania campus.

The school's most notable former student is Queen Mary of Denmark.

Facilities
The school is located on the shore of the Derwent River, with a rocky beach. In 2003 Taroona High School underwent a major redevelopment. The school feeder zone covers students in the southern suburbs of Hobart such as Taroona, Dynnyrne and Sandy Bay but students also come from access schools in a wide range of other areas such as West Hobart and Blackmans Bay.

Taroona High School features four building areas each with two or more levels:
 * A Block contains the office, principal, general classrooms on the top two floors and a Learning Centre, used for teaching children with special needs. The lower floor houses the Library and the Exploring the Ocean classroom. Construction started in 1957, and it opened for use in 1958, the first building in the school. An extension called the Science Demonstration Block was added in 1969.
 * B Block is composed of a mixture of general classes as well as art rooms on the top floor, with kitchens for food based courses, general purpose classrooms on the ground floor, as well as Design and Technology workshop facilities and a fully equipped Canteen on the lower ground floor.
 * C Block was originally built in 1962. C Block is mainly devoted to both Music, Drama, and Contemporary Music classes, with all music rooms on the top floor of the new extension of the block, and Drama and Contemporary Music facilities below. C Block now contains multiple new classrooms that are used for Grade 10 classes, as well as staff offices. The entire block recently underwent extensions and renovations.
 * D Block was a temporary structure that contained class rooms, but was removed.
 * Gym - The gym is used for whole school assemblies, but mainly for the use of indoor Physical Education classes. The gym is also used for music and drama performances. Construction finished and it was opened on 26 October 1970.
 * S Block contains Science labs and classrooms as well as a seismograph and two mobile computer labs contained within the science prep room.
 * The link block connecting A and B block was constructed between 1987 and 1988. During the concrete pour for level 1 the formwork collapsed.
 * Resource Materials Centre was completed in 1977. The library moved there from A block.

Buses transporting students to and from school are operated by Metro Tasmania and Wisby Buses.

Public artworks
Art at Taroona High School includes the International Orange mural (which is blue and white) painted in 2015 by Josh Foley. in 2011 in the Art for Public Buildings Scheme, a work called Chaos Theory was made in sandblasted glass and cut vinyl by Designhaus. The exterior of the building and logo thereon was painted by Dyson Painters using Wattyl Solagard.

Curriculum
Taroona High School is committed to transforming the learning environment of the school to promote innovation, creativity and excellence in all aspects of its operations. Mandatory subjects within the school vary depending on grade. In its early years, sports included yachting as an option.
 * Core subjects: Maths, English, Science, HASS and Wellness.
 * Grade Sevens must participate in all core subjects, a full year course in Music and Computing, as well as half-year courses in Art, D&T, Drama, Chinese, French and Home Economics.
 * Grade Eights must participate in all core subjects, however they can select three Full year subjects and Two half year subjects as electives
 * Grade Nine & Tens must participate in Maths, Science and English in both years as well as complete a History and Social Sciences (HASS) course at least once in grade nine or ten. Wellness is compulsory in years 7-9 only. Students select several subjects on a semester or full year basis. Due to the complexity in the selection of these subjects, a Course Selection Guide is given to each Grade Eight and Nine student every year, usually on the return to third term.
 * Music students can study Rock/Music Industry studies or participate in the Senior Concert Band, as well as having the option of participating in the Senior Stage Band.
 * There are courses unique to this school(Australia wide) which include exploring the ocean, exploring the ocean advanced, and exploring the coastline, these can include SCUBA diving and snorkelling and as part of these courses students can receive PADI Open Water Diver, First Aid and CPR qualifications as well as teaching marine biology as a year 10 science course.
 * Graphic Design is offered to grades 8, 9 and 10.
 * There is also a special course in Grade 10 to assist students who struggle to keep up with their normal classes.
 * Previously there have also been quarter-year and half-year courses called 'Short Courses' although these are not offered within the current time-table.

School houses are called Crayfish, Gellibrand, Cartwright and Droughty after land prominences into the Derwent River.

Taroona Primary School
Taroona High School participates a great deal with the Taroona Primary School, its neighbouring school, the two education facilities making up the Taroona Learning Complex. As a result, a large number of Taroona High students come from Taroona Primary School. The Taroona Learning Centre thus provides schooling from K - 10.

Feeder schools
Associated schools: Albuera Street, Mount Nelson, Princes Street, South Hobart, Taroona Primary, Waimea Heights.

Schools with access to Taroona High School: Campbell Street, Goulburn Street, Lansdowne Crescent, Mount Stuart (this is to ensure that students whose neighbourhood high schools are single sex schools also have access to a coeducational school).

History
Lobbying for a high school south of Hobart to take students from Sandy Bay, Taroona, and the Channel district happened in 1952. The school opened in 1958.

Funds from the Commonwealth Government were made available in 1968 to construct new science laboratories.

Nine students were hurt and hospitalized after an explosion following a reaction of sodium with water on 2 May 1985.

On 3 July 1990 two students and a teacher from the school drowned in Mystery Creek Cave near Lune River.

A new technology and design centre opened in 1995.

After someone started a fire with paper towels in the boys toilet, A block had to be evacuated on 9 October 2009.

Related organisations
There is a Taroona High School Council, Student Representative Council, Parents and Friends Association, Parents Auxiliary and Old Scholars Association. Taroona High School Association Inc.

Geography and geology
Taroona High School is located in Taroona on the shore of the Derwent River. A small sandy beach on the northeast side is called Dixons Beach. A creek runs in a north east direction north of the buildings and main oval, and meets the sea between the car park and the archery field. This is called School Creek. To the south of the school campus is its access road, Meath Avenue and Melinga Place. The rock beneath the school is Paleogene sandstone and conglomerate. A boulder bed formed in the Paleogene makes up the point. A bed of tuff just to the south of A block heads east-northeast to the coast and southwest inland. The whole region north from Belhaven Avenue to School Creek is unstable ground undergoing a slow moving landslide called "School Creek Landslide". This started hundreds of years ago before there were any buildings constructed. Movement to the northwest is happening, the tennis court moved about 40 mm in 11 years, and a survey marker near the road entrance has shifted 0.4 m since 1961. Several smaller landslips are parasitic or nearby. These are the Archery Field Landslip, north of the creek; the Dixons Beach Landslip and Carpark Landslip which moved a couple of metres in the late 1980s; and Channel Highway Landslip between the Channel Highway and the primary school. The soil in the area is highly reactive expanding and contracting with changes in water content. The situation is being monitored with a real time inclinometer, and a vibrating wire piezometer, as well as survey markers and a GPS station to see where the school moves.

Headmasters and principals

 * Bernard Mitchell 1958-1959
 * N. H. Campbell 1960-1965
 * Don Lennox 1966-1971
 * C. R. O. (Ray) Barnfield 1972-1974
 * Graham Clements 1974-1989
 * Jan Baker 1991-1993
 * Greg Cairnduff -1997
 * Tony McKenny 1997-1998
 * Robin Fox 1999-2003
 * Brendan Kelly 2003-2006
 * David Hamlett 2007-2011
 * John O'Rourke 2012-2016
 * Karena Gregory (acting) 2016-2017
 * Mathew Bennell 2017-2021
 * Susan Flinn (acting) 2022
 * Charles White 2022-

Notable alumni

 * Eric Abetz, politician, former Senator for Tasmania, representing the Liberals
 * David Bartlett, politician, former Premier of Tasmania, representing Labor
 * Mark Burrows journalist
 * Mary Donaldson, Queen of Denmark
 * Stephanie Grant judoka olympian
 * Darrin Pritchard footballer
 * Michael Seddon footballer
 * Rob Valentine, former Lord Mayor of Hobart and current independent Member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
 * Justin Denholm, Current director of the Victorian tuberculosis program

Rhodes scholars from Taroona High include Michael Buchanan (1989), Rhys Edwards (1992), Jessica Radford (2004), Abishek Sharma (2005), Alex Shabala (2008), Robert Hortle (2014), Bede Jones (2016), and Brook Dambacher (2019).

title: Taroona High School


text: Category:462 deaths

title: Category:462 deaths


text: Category:422 births

title: Category:422 births


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Chhatak

Chhatak (ছাতক, Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠔꠇ; formerly known as Chhatak Bazaar) is a town in northeastern Bangladesh, on the Surma River in Chhatak Upazila of Sunamganj District in the division of Sylhet.

title: Chhatak


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Guilds and convents

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:16, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Guilds and convents
A personal essay from the same folks who brought you "period eye" Blackcats 09:02, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete more "period eye" stuff Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 12:01, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete all this period eye cruft as personal essays. Non-notable, original "research" Wikibofh 14:08, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Original research. Geogre 14:54, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, because I read this and go "what the...?" -- BD2412 talk 17:53, 2005 Jun 9 (UTC)
 * Strong delete along the lines of everything else this user has done: Original research, POV, bias. jglc | t | c 17:57, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Talk:Sleuth (1972 film)

Also a classic video game, no? --Mister Tattle 09:04, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sleuth (computer game) —jiy (talk) 02:36, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Characters
What evidence is there for calling Wyke a "long-established English country gentleman"? From his manner and affluent surroundings he may appear one, but the manner could well be adopted and the surroundings acquired. Shaffer may even have had a particular English crime writer in mind, Dennis Wheatley who bought Milton Court. Hors-la-loi 17:53, 6 November 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hors-la-loi (talk • contribs)
 * Point corrected after nearly six years. Clifford Mill (talk) 07:16, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

Cast?
Were Alec Cawthorne, John Matthews, and Eve Channing really in the film? All I can remember is Caine and Olivier. Perhaps the inclusion of these names in the cast list was a red herring?

 * correct. There are no such people as Alec Cawthorne or Eve Channing. I added information accordingly. I am a bit at a loss about "john matthews", as the man seems to be real, but I don't remember him in the movie. I also don't have the movie, so I can't tell. Dietwald 10:19, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It was intended to reveal as little about the movie as possible so as to make it a complete surprise to the audience. Hence the false cast at the beginning of the film consisted of fictional people playing roles that did not exist. To have revealed that there were only two actors in the film, would have quite spoiled the surprise.

 * I will add this note also to the article. Yakksoho 05:31, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Deleted the (Caine and Olivier) reference about being the whole cast nominated for Oscar for the same reasons cited above (this is, avoid spoilers on the plot) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Walmedo (talk • contribs) 11:42, 3 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Per Wikipedia content guidelines we do not omit or delete any information just because it constitutes a spoiler. Spoilers are treated like any other information. Mmyers1976 (talk) 12:10, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

Missing citations throughout
Tagged for cleanup; see WP:Cite and WP:NOR. This article quotes from sources not identified and thus unverified and unverifiable; please supply citations in notes throughout as needed. Thank you. --NYScholar 20:30, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Sleuth movie.jpg
Image:Sleuth movie.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 05:29, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

St. John Lord Merridew
The main character in Andrew Wyke's novels—Sinjin Lord Merridew—is actually St. John Lord Merridew. "Sinjin" is a UK pronounciation of St. John. This is difficult information to come by, so it is being noted here. Tisn't (talk) 23:17, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

Deathtrap/Sleuth plot similarity
Ring Cinema deleted my text noting the similarities between this film and Deathtrap (film). I had provided multiple sources, including reviews by Roger Ebert and Janet Maslin and several published books, which explicitly note the similarity between these two Michael Caine films. Ring Cinema first deleted my sources, then deleted the sentence they were supporting. Ring Cinema performed both these deletions AFTER I opened a discussion on this issue on the Deathtrap article's Talk page. Coming to this page and performing the exact same deletion when he fully knew I had opened a dialogue with him to try to resolve this conflict dispute verges on edit warring. I have opened a Dispute Resolution Noticeboard discussion on this issue as it pertains to Deathtrap, and the resolution of that discussion will be binding to this article as well. Mmyers1976 (talk) 19:56, 5 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, the citations don't agree on the nature of the similarity. It's not a good practice to single out critics in the lead section either. This proposal has not received any support in the discussion at Deathtrap, so I think until there is a consensus to include it in the lead it is correct to leave it out. I don't see where you are opening a dialogue, actually. You are simply ignoring everyone's objections. I believe I offered the idea of including the material elsewhere in the article instead of cutting it altogether, so perhaps you could take my suggestion. --Ring Cinema (talk) 04:31, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

My bad for not providinga link to the Deathtrap discussion when I started this section; we should be confining our discussion to one Talk page for simplicity. I will copy Ring Cinema's latest comments over there and address them there. Anyone coming after, please discuss there, not here. Thanks, Mmyers1976 (talk) 14:12, 6 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sleuth (1972 film)


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Alloparenting

Alloparenting (also referred to as alloparental care) is a term used to classify any form of parental care provided by an individual towards young that are not its own direct offspring. These are often referred to as "non-descendant" young, even though grandchildren can be among them. Among humans, alloparenting is often performed by a child's grandparents and older siblings. Individuals providing this care are referred to using the neutral term of alloparent (or "helper").

Alloparental care encapsulates a diverse range of parenting systems across a range of animal groups and social structures. The alloparent–young relationship can be mutualistic or parasitic, and between or within species. Cooperative breeding, joint brood care, reciprocal allonursing, brood parasitism and cuckoldry represent situations in which alloparenting plays a role.

Alloparenting is a form of parenting that is not found often in the wild. With this type of care comes some costs, including the spending of time and energy for caring for another's offspring at your own expense with no direct benefits from it. This form of parenting is seen frequently among the human population. However, it is not as popular among other species. Alloparenting is rare among classes of animals such as birds and mammals, with only about 3% of mammals exhibiting this parenting style, but this does not mean it does not occur. In species that alloparent, it has been seen that offspring grow at faster rates and are often weaned earlier.

Behavior
The behavior revolving around alloparental care is more or less the same among species. The term "babysitting" is often used as a way to describe how this parental style works. In humans, alloparenting is seen abundantly and it mainly revolves around this term. Other parents and people watch others' young and help care for them while the biological parents are busy. This is seen in sperm whales as well. To allow the mother to dive and gather food and resources, the whales in their social group separate their dives allowing for the baby to be monitored and overseen by a whale during all times. Superb starlings also perform this behavior. Their group living situation contributes to many potential parent figures in the young's life. The mother and father may provide the heat and guarding of the nest however it is a network of other superb starlings that also watch over and take care of the offspring as well. These behaviors allow for the parents to have more freedom while knowing that the young are cared for. Alloparental care itself involves certain behaviors from the individuals partaking in this care. In humans and chimpanzees, this may involve carrying, walking with, cleaning, and physical contact with the young. In other animals such as whales, birds, and Indian free-range dogs, these behaviors may be feeding/regurgitating food, giving warmth, and guarding. In sea lions, behaviors such as allonursing may be seen. Behavior is the center of alloparenting and without parental care, many species' young would not survive.

Allonursing
Allonursing falls under alloparenting. Allonursing is when a female provides nourishment for offspring that is not their own. With alloparenting being as rare as it is, allonursing is even rarer. One reason for this is because for a female to allow for the suckling and nursing of young, the female too must have had an offspring recently to provide the nourishment. In a mother's milk, different antibodies and immune boosting nutrients can be found. Allonursing helps the offspring receive more immune compounds than those of just its mother's. Allonursing not only benefits the offspring but it also benefits the nurser as well by allowing them to gain maternal experience and therefore when their offspring is around they will be able to strengthen their survival. In a study done with cooperative breeders and non-cooperative breeding species, the researchers found that there were fewer cooperative breeding species that allonursed however it was not a significant amount. In noncooperative breeding species, 66% of litter-bearing group living species allonursed compared to 31% of monotocous species. In both cases, milk composition was not a factor.

In a case study done with sea lions, allonursing can be seen as well. In this study, the researchers recorded an allonursing event when an individual was observed nursing more than one pup at a time and suckling was being performed by a pup or yearling that was confirmed as not her own by tags, brands, or natural marking. If there was any doubt in this, the event was not concluded. During this study, allonursing was seen twice during the pupping season and more commonly occurred later on. Primiparous females were seen more often allonursing a pup than multiparous females. Unless the multiparous female was sleeping, oftentimes they would not allow nonfilial pups to suckle and immediately terminate any allosuckling as soon as they noticed the nonfilial pup. This was different from the primiparous females who allowed for allonursing to continue.

Through these studies, it can be seen that allonursing is not common and for many, it is all based on the specific species and way of life. Although allonursing is beneficial to the offspring in receiving a wider variety of immune compounds, many species do not partake in this event.

Theory
In biology, ethology and sociology, alloparental care is defined as any form of parental care, which is directed towards non-descendant young. It was first used by Edward O. Wilson in 1975, in his book Sociobiology in an attempt to define a neutral term which could encapsulate the gender and relation specific terms of 'aunite' and 'auncle' which had previously been coined in the literature to describe this sort of behaviour. In addition, Wilson used the term alloparent (or 'helper') to refer to the individuals providing the care, and proposed allomaternal and allopaternal as phrases that could be used to distinguish the sex of the helper. The word alloparent roughly translates to "other-parent" based on the Greek root "allo", meaning other, and the Latin root "parens", meaning parent.

Alloparenting encapsulates a diverse range of parenting systems and behaviours. Simply, it can be understood as a system of parenting in which individuals other than the direct genetic parents act in a parental role, either for a short, or extended period of time. This definition does not exclude alloparents who are genetically 'related' to the offspring, such as siblings and aunts, who are often observed as 'helpers at the nest'. In instances where this is the case, the alloparent and the offspring share a degree of relatedness (r [the coefficient of relatedness] > 0), and therefore kin selection is often involved in the evolution of the behaviour. Use of the term non-descendant young, as opposed to non-related young is therefore an important distinction in the definition of alloparenting. The non-descendant young in whom the alloparent invests can be conspecific (of the same species) or heterospecific (of a different species), a phenomenon often observed in fish and a select number of bird species.

There is some debate as to whether interspecific alloparenting (caring for the young of another species) constitutes 'true' alloparental care, particularly when the relationship is parasitic for the alloparent, and the care being directed is therefore 'misdirected' or constitutes a maladaptive behaviour. Though such parasitic relationships, such as what occurs with cuckoo chicks, were not specifically addressed by Edward O. Wilson in his original discussion, adoption and slavery across species in ants was discussed; a relationship which could be described as parasitic for the heterospecific young. This article will consider interspecific and parasitic alloparental behaviours to satisfy the definition of alloparental care.

Alloparental investment
In 1972, Robert Trivers defined parental investment as: "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring" (Trivers, 1972).

This concept of parental investment applies to the alloparent in the same way that it does to the genetic parent; however, any investment into the production of gametes, which Trivers included in his definition, is not relevant, and is therefore usually restricted to behavioral considerations for the alloparent. Possible forms of investment provided by an alloparent can be defined by three of the four classifications of energy expenditure proposed by Crawford and Balon (1996): Given that the alloparent is never the genetic parent, and was therefore not involved in the reproductive behavior/copulation that produced the young, the Type I classification, 'energy investment in gametes', is not relevant when we consider alloparental investment.
 * Type II – Preparing for the offspring prior to zygotic development in terms of nest/den building and territory defense.
 * Type III – Direct provisioning of food for the young.
 * Type IV – Tending to, caring for, feeding, defending and teaching the young.

Classification
The forms of alloparental care which occur in nature are numerous and varied and resist classification. Relationships between the alloparent and the young, and the alloparent and the genetic parent, range from cooperative and mutualistic to exploitative and parasitic. The below outline provides one classification for the many forms of alloparenting which have been observed:

'True' (mutualistic)
This form of alloparenting is characterized by interactions/relationships which provide and overall fitness benefit to the alloparent, the young, and the genetic parent. This sort of parental care is often closely tied to social organisation and is thus very common in advanced animal societies such as primates. It can take on the forms of:

 * Cooperative breeding – This system of breeding is characterised by individuals (alloparents) who delay or forego their personal reproduction in order to assist in the reproduction of other individuals within the group, often a dominant breeding pair. The alloparent 'helpers' are most commonly the siblings of the new offspring, or siblings to the breeding pair. This system is common amongst birds, primates and mammals such as the blackbacked jackal, and African wild dogs who share in pup feeding and display 'babysitting' behaviour. Cooperative breeding is often provided as strong evidence in support of kin selection. Cooperative breeding, particularly in birds, is favored in marginal environments where food is limited or there are high predation rates and it is therefore tough for a breeding pair to successfully raise young on their own. Newly independent young may also find alloparenting the most successful reproduction option available to them in environments where the resources are scarce or there is habitat saturation. An extreme case of cooperative breeding is what occurs in eusocial insects such as some bee and ant species where a caste system has evolved and workers forgo their personal reproduction to aid in the reproductive success of the colony, gaining indirect fitness benefits through assisting related young.
 * Joint brood care ('babysitting') – Communal care of broods is similar to cooperative breeding, but more commonly involves a number of reproductive pairs or mothers. Sometimes referred to as 'babysitting' or reciprocal cooperation, this system of parenting allows the genetic parents greater foraging freedom, and appears to be supported by the mutual benefits participating individuals acquire through reciprocal altruism. Reciprocal altruism involves individuals performing acts to increase the fitness of another individual, in the hope that the act will be reciprocated. It is not dependent on relatedness, and therefore, babysitting behaviour is often observed amongst non-kin. This form of alloparental care has been observed in reindeer and elk who display reciprocal allonursing and form 'nursery' herds, and vampire bats who display reciprocity in food sharing. Babysitting females are frequently observed in primate species, such as the ring-tailed lemur, vervet monkeys, rhesus macaques and langurs. The formation of nursery groups has also been reported in the Atlantic bottle-nose dolphin and sperm whales. There are some cases in which brood amalgamation between two species has been observed. In Lake Malawi, cichlid parents are seen to 'farm out' their brood into the brood a potential predator, the Bagrus meridionalis catfish, and remain to help defend against predators. Intriguingly, the catfish's care of heterospecific young is mutualistic for all parties.

'Misdirected' (parasitic)
Relationships between 'parents' and young that are in some way parasitic, perhaps resulting from reproductive errors or maladaptive behaviour, constitute an interesting and somewhat hazy form of alloparental care. In some cases, alloparents may find themselves investing in heterospecific young, and gaining none, or very little overall fitness benefit. Although ultimately maladaptive, this sort of behaviour may be supported by an inability of parents to recognise their own young (for example stolen fertilisations in fish), or supernormal stimuli 'enslaving' the alloparent into providing the care, as is seen in the case of brood parasitism of the cuckoo bird. The genetic parents and the young are not exempt to parasitism and exploitation either. In some species of fish, males exhibit zygote stealing, or alloparents may kidnap free-swimming young to help reduce selective pressures on their own brood. In some cases, alloparents may exploit young in order to receive immediate benefits. In some primate species, low ranking individuals, particularly males, will temporarily care for young in order to increase social status, gain reproductive benefits or use them for 'agonistic buffering', often with little concern for the welfare of the young. Two well-documented types of parasitic or misdirected alloparenting are:

 * Brood parasitism: this is where the genetic parent will leave their young in either the care of a conspecific or heterospecific alloparent who commonly has a brood of their own.
 * Cuckoldry: this occurs in many colonially breeding bird species where extra-pair copulations may take place and the males end up caring for unrelated offspring.

To the alloparent
Benefits acquired by the alloparent are dependent on the form of alloparental care, but range from:
 * Indirect fitness benefits gained via kin selection
 * Parental experience: gaining mothering/parental practice through 'babysitting' can increase the likelihood that the alloparents future genetic offspring will survive.
 * Increase in social rank
 * Extra-pair breeding opportunities/acquisition of mates
 * Protection from predation during cooperative breeding or joint brood care.
 * 'Agonistic buffering': individuals may enlist the influence of young within a group as protection during aggressive interactions.
 * Acquisition of home territory following cooperative breeding
 * Increased survival of genetic offspring during joint brood care

To the young
In almost all forms of alloparenting, the young receives an overall fitness benefit from the care provided. In cooperative breeding or joint brood care, the presence of 'helpers' at the nest or den will usually increase the young's probability of surviving. This has been observed in a number of species including the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas). In a study of jackal groups in Tanzania spanning three and a half years, it was found that the presence of sibling helpers in the den had a significant positive correlation to offspring survivorship. Through helping feed the mother and her pups, guarding the litter, and contributing to their grooming and learning of how to hunt, each helper in addition to the parents, added 1.5 surviving pups to the litter. By helping raise their full siblings, with whom they share a coefficient of relatedness of $1/2$, the helpers were benefiting from increasing their inclusive fitness.

In cooperative breeding
In cooperative breeding, mothers are able to conserve energy, travel further away from nesting grounds to forage for food/supplies, maintain social interactions, and better protect their offspring from predators. The offspring that experience alloparental care benefit from increased protection from predators, development of social cues, and learning group dynamics through social interactions. The alloparents benefit as they are given the opportunity to gain mothering skills before they have reached reproductive age. The relationships formed through alloparenting have also been seen to enhance the stability of the family, herd, or community over time.

To the young
In some instances of alloparental care the young are exploited, which may lead to mistreatment by the alloparent. An example of this is when male primates use young for 'agonistic buffering' during confrontations with dominant males. If the alloparents are inexperienced as parents, this could pose as a danger to the young. In some cases of brood amalgamation, young are positioned in a way that subjects them to greater predation risk than the genetic young of the alloparent.

To the alloparent
Alloparenting, given that the behaviour is often initiated by the alloparent, is rarely a costly act for the individual providing the care. Instances where the alloparent receives no benefits, or incurs a cost, generally involve parasitic relationships, where the individual has performed a reproductive mistake, or is misdirecting their parental care.

Evolution
In many discussions of alloparental care, the comment is often made that alloparenting can at first appear altruistic. This appearance stems from the fact that benefits to the alloparent are very rarely immediate, and any fitness benefits gained are indirect. Though alloparenting systems based on reciprocal altruism are well studied, purely altruistic care provided by an alloparent has not been observed. Two of the main evolutionary driving forces of alloparental behaviour are kin selection and reciprocal altruism. In cases where the alloparent and young share no degree of relatedness, other benefits to the alloparent will have contributed to the evolution of the behaviour, such as 'mothering-practice' or increased survivorship through association with a group. The cases where an evolution of such behaviour is most difficult to explain are parasitic relationships such as the cuckoo chick in the nest of a smaller host parent. Behavioral ecologists have cited supernormal stimuli, reproductive errors, or the inability of alloparents to recognize their young as explanations that may support this behaviour.

In general, the occurrence of alloparental care is the result of both the life history traits of the species (how their evolution has predisposed them to behave), and the ecological conditions in which the individual finds themselves.

Evolution of cooperative breeding
Cooperative breeding constitutes a unique case of alloparenting with a specific evolution. It is a key example of where the evolution has been driven by the combination of life history traits and ecological factors, which act as the triggers. The first hypothesis put forward for the evolution of cooperative breeding was that a shortage of suitable breeding habitat encouraged young to remain at the nest or territory for a period of time before attempting to raise their own young. For example, habitat saturation was shown to be responsible for the occurrence of cooperative breeding in the Seychelles warbler, a small passerine bird. It was also observed that remaining at the nest correlated to a higher chance of inheriting the parent's territory. Additional ecological constraints have since been proposed as factors favoring cooperative breeding: As a result, cooperative breeding is often seen in populations where there is: This has in turn selected for species producing a small number of offspring who require a large amount of parental care.
 * Reduced survival probability following dispersal
 * Reduced probability of finding a mate
 * Reduced chance of successful breeding once a territory has been established
 * High population density
 * Intense competition for food, territory and resources
 * Stable environment

In nature
Cooperative breeding exists in 9% of birds and in 3% of mammals.

Alloparenting behavior is known from 120 mammal and 150 avian species. "In mammals, care typically encompasses allolactation, pup-feeding, babysitting and carrying young." This is seen when male Barbary macaques carry around unrelated infants and care for them for hours at a time. Another example is when warthog sows suckle piglets from other litters after the sows have lost their own litters.

'Babysitting' in sperm whales
Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) are deep diving cetaceans that exhibit alloparental care in the form of 'babysitting'. When the whales are young, they are not able to dive to and remain at the depths that their mothers frequent in order to graze and feed. Yet being left at the surface alone makes them vulnerable to predators like killer whales and sharks. Sperm whale social groups appear to modulate their diving behaviour in order to provide alloparental care to young within the group and reduce the time they spend alone at the surface, at the same time allowing the mother greater foraging freedom. They do this by changing the synchronicity of their dives to limit the time a young whale spends alone. As the 'babysitters' or alloparents dive and resurface the calves swim between them and therefore care is provided by a number of members within the social group.

To observe alloparental care in sperm whales, researchers looked at patterns of diving and surfacing in groups with calves compared to groups without calves. The calves were observed accompanied by an adult member other than the mother and this allowed the mothers to feed while the calf was protected. The overlapping dive improves the survivability of the calf and benefits the mothers involved with the dive changes. This form of alloparenting is a learned behavior that occurs under certain circumstances. The neurobiological background in sperm whales has not been deeply observed but coincides with the basis for alloparental care and adolescents learning motherly actions early and the calves gaining the most benefit.

Pilot whales
Alloparental care in pilot whales is observed in both direct and indirect forms. Babysitting is a form of direct care while shelter construction and maintenance are indirect care. The pilot whales had observed care through escorting from a non-biological member of the group. The results show that most pilot whale calves were accompanied by an escort as newborns and young calves. This study discovered that alloparental was occurring at the group level and not at the unit level. The companions providing the care were more often males than females; which is different from many of the other species listed. In other species, the males teach the social norms and behavior in group-living which explains the male companions. Reciprocal altruism is the expected return of behavior in the future and this is an explanation for this escorting behavior. By escorting the young of another parent, the alloparent can expect the same to happen with their young. Pilot whales demonstrate alloparental care in the form of escorting and this has limited cost to the alloparent through reciprocal altruism.

Interspecific brood amalgamation
In Lake Malawi, it has been observed that a select few species of cichlids will 'farm out' their young into catfish (Bagrus meridionalis) broods, a larger predatory fish. In many cases the cichlid parent will remain close by to participate in mutualistic defense of the young. In a study by Mckaye et al. (1985), 50% of observed catfish broods contained cichlid young; with the catfish offspring in these broods having six times greater survivorship. This increased survivorship of the alloparent's young has been linked to the dilution effect, and the way that the geometry of the interspecific school is manipulated such that the cichlid young are forced to the periphery, where they are more vulnerable to predation. It is through this manipulation that the catfish young gain greater protection from predators. Although placed in a more vulnerable position, the cichlid young still benefit from the interaction; both their genetic and 'allo' parents defend against predators (mutualistic defense), and being a mouth breeding species, this 'farming out' (which frees them from the mouth) may allow the cichlid young to forage more and grow faster. It has also been observed that the bagrid catfish alloparent will allow the cichlid young to feed off the skin on its dorsal surface. This case of interspecific brood care, which in some cases results in full adoption, is unique in that it is uncommon to see care of heterospecifics where the relationship is mutualistic for all parties.

Chimpanzees
Alloparental care was observed and studied in Chimpanzees. Alloparenting was a huge part of a successful twin chimpanzee's upbringing. The mother of the twins observed was Sango and they observed the parental care of these babies starting at 2 years old. In chimpanzees, there are four kinds of parenting behavior: walking together, infant carriage, grooming, and physical contact. The male twin, who was named Daiya, spent most of the time raised by Sango, his mother. Along with her care, his father Robin spent an abundance of time expressing physical contact with him and very little grooming. He also was seen walking with him often. The other chimpanzee females in the enclosure did not focus on Daiya much. Koyuki and Cherry provided a lot of physical contact with the toddler and were seen walking with him scarcely. Chelsea, another female who helped nurture him, walked with him and provided physical contact along with minimal grooming. Judy, the last female in the enclosure barely helped nurture him, she only showed physical contact a few times. The care for the female twin, Sakura, differed greatly between the fully grown adult chimpanzees. Rather than Sango providing the most care for her own young, Cherry was seen with her the most. Although Sango did provide all four parenting behaviors, she provided little grooming and walking compared to what she provided for Daiya. Like Sango, Robin provided much less care for the female twin compared to the male twin. In Sakura's case, a lot more alloparenting was observed. Cherry provided all four parenting behaviors for Sakura and so did Koyuki. Chelsea provided three out of the four parenting types and instead of grooming as she did with Daiya, she was seen carrying Sakura instead. Judy was not present as much in Sakura's upbringing just as seen with Daiya, however, she was spotted walking with her on occasion.

Indian free-range dogs
Alloparenting is observed in Indian free-range dogs as they roam the streets of India. In this study, the researchers spent their time following one dog known as ML during the first season and her daughter PW, during the second. They found that ML spent roughly 18.05% of her time with her pups. Of this 18.05%, 5.55% of that was spent actively parenting. Over time as the pups grew up and got more independent ML spent less time with them. For PW, she spent 65% of her time with her pups which 84.6% of that was spent actively parenting. For PW, her mother ML helped parent two of her pups. This occurred in the second year when ML did not give birth to any litter herself. ML showed all the behaviors of actual parenting. She helped groom, provide food, play, and protect the pups however she did not allow them to suckle. ML spent a significantly higher amount of time and effort guarding than she did with any other active parental care behaviors when alloparenting. When ML was alloparenting her grandchildren, the amount of time spent with them did not decrease as it did for her pups. Instead, she spent the same amount of time with them. She did not show any bias towards them and cared for each pup equally. Although there was no decrease in her time spent, her time alloparenting overall was less than what both her and PW spent with their kin.

In humans
Alloparenting in humans is a common form of parental care in a variety of cultures and can include care giving from siblings, grandparents, other relatives and unrelated family members such as teachers for providing learning and support. One particular example is a situation in which grandparents adopt a parental role. This is sometimes named a "skipped generation household". In 1997, 8% of children in the United States lived with their grandparents, with the grandparents being the caregivers in one third of those cases. According to Deihl, the Efé people of Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo practice alloparenting, with care for infants coming from siblings, grandparents, and older members of the community. Deihl states that where siblings are alloparents this provides adolescents experience of being a parent.

Human psychology in alloparenting
The traditional model of child psychology in relation to parents is called, "Classical Attachment" in which the child has a strong attachment to one figure (the mother). In alloparenting communities, attachment theory suggest that the same sort of bond is shared between the child and multiple community members. This has potential advantages for the child and the parents. The child has a diversified network of caregivers which can provide intimate emotional support. The parent's cost of child rearing goes down as well as the emotional cost and cost of tangible resources. According to The US National Library of Medicine, alloparenting has proven to activate portions of the brain that are correlated with decreasing stress levels.

Cause
Alloparental care has many benefits for the young as well as the biological parents of the young. It occurs when there is a high energetic command of the biological parents and the group living of these animals. Alloparenting helps to reduce the stresses on these animals and reduce the overall energetic demands of having offspring. The evolution of alloparenting came to rise by the rise of language which leads to cooperation, intelligence, and complex social interactions. There is an observed correlation between brain size and alloparental care by non-mothers. Oxytocin is an important hormone involved in maternal behavior. A study on voles found that the expression of oxytocin receptors proportionally affects the alloparental behavior in adult female voles. Prolactin was researched because, in biparental marmoset, the cortisol levels were higher in males than no parent males. However, there are many hypotheses about the role prolactin, cortisol, and another hypothalamic pituitary axis has on male alloparental behavior, however, there is still more research on the exact roles. There are many hormones involved in parental care and these are leads to the causes of alloparental care.

Effect
Providing alloparental care has many effects on both the receiver of the care and the recipient. A historian named Stephanie Coontz said human children “do best in societies where childrearing is considered too important to be left entirely to parents.” This implies that in terms of humans alloparenting has a positive effect on the child. Receiving care from a variety of caregivers gives children the opportunity to learn from many and receive love in different ways. Introducing a child to this environment allows them to adapt and learn to love and trust widely which will be beneficial in their future adolescent and adult years when they have to leave the comfort of home.

Providing alloparental care comes at a cost to the provider of the care and there are acute and long-term effects that the provider experiences. Prairie voles exposed to pups for 3 hours results in an increase of c-Fos expression in the brain region activated by maternal behavior and c-Fos was in oxytocin neural activation. Male voles put under stressful experiences increased huddling, licking, and grooming of unrelated pups. This shows that for males alloparental care could come as a form of stress relief. There is also an observed increase in cardiovascular activity, with a constant increase of heart rate when alloparents are around pups and this is related to the alloparent providing more heat to the pup. One consequence of alloparental care in a study done on prairie voles is that adolescents exposed to pups showed a decrease in parental care to biological pups. Other long-term consequences include increased competitiveness, heightened anxiety, and association with reproductive suppression. In a study done on primates, it was found that alloparenting has a positive correlation with infant development. However, this could lead to malnutrition because mothers must provide more nutrients to keep up with the faster growth and development. Alloparental care is complex and has long-term  and acute effects on the animal providing the behavior.

title: Alloparenting


text:
Jeff Lang

Jeff Lang (born 9 November 1969) is an Australian guitarist, songwriter, vocalist and music producer. Lang plays various types of guitar, both slide and standard, as well as banjo, mandolin, cümbüş and drums.

He is a three-time ARIA Award winner, for his albums Rolling Through This World (2002), Djan Djan (2010) and Carried in Mind (2012). Lang has performed at festivals all across the world including The Dublin Blues Festival, Philadelphia Folk Festival, Quebec City Music Festival, Falcon Ridge Folk Festival, Winterhawk Bluegrass Festival, Fuji Rock, Glastonbury Festival, Echo Park China, Ottawa BluesFest as well as in Australia at Port Fairy, Woodford, Bluesfest Byron Bay and Womadelaide.

Lang approaches record deals on a record-by-record basis saying "I still own all my records. The early albums, like Cedar Grove, still come out through an independent distribution deal" and he picks his own musicians and how he wishes each record to sound.

1969–1993: early years and the Jeff Lang Band
Jeff Lang became interested in music at age eight, when he started playing the clarinet. His early influences were AC/DC, Bob Dylan, Leo Kottke, Ry Cooder, Roy Buchanan and Neil Young. As a teen, Lang began to learn guitar and commenced performing as a blues guitarist at 17, supporting artists like Albert Collins, Rory Gallagher and Trudy Lynn. His musical vocabulary expanded to include traditional Celtic and folk elements as he began recording his own material in 1990. Along with gigs in local blues bands, Lang formed the Jeff Lang Band as a showcase for his songwriting skills. The band disbanded in 1993 and he concentrated on playing solo shows. Lang said the band disbandment was a "purely instinctive decision" and one he has never looked back from.

1994–2003: career beginnings
In 1994, Lang self-released his debut studio album titled, Ravenswood, which was followed by a live recording titled Disturbed Folk in 1995.

In 1996, Lang released Native Dog Creek on Black Market Music. The album was named Best Australian Blues Album in Rhythms Magazine's readers poll.

In 1998, Lang released his third studio album titled, Cedar Grove, which was nominated for Best Blues and Roots Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 1999. In 1999, Lang released a limited edition album titled, The Silverbacks with Hat Fitz.

In 2001, Lang released Everything Is Still with Angus Diggs. The album was again nominated for Best Blues and Roots Album at the ARIA Music Awards of 2001. In 2002, Lang join Bob Brozman and collaborated again with Diggs on the album Rolling Through This World. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2002, the album, won the ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album, Lang's first win.

2004–2018: ARIA and APRA Awards
In July 2004, Lang released his seventh studio album Whatever Makes You Happy, his first on ABC Music. The album, became his first album to reach the ARIA top 100, peaking at number 91.

In 2005, Lang released You Have to Dig Deep to Bury Daddy on ABC Classics. Lang said "There are a couple of instrumental things on this album that were actually recorded some years ago. They were in the background for possible inclusion on other albums. Specifically, tracks like 'And All the Snow Melted' and 'I'm Not the One Sweating Like They Just Told Me a Lie'.. had a darker mood. They didn't seem to fit on the last record. So what I did this time around was, I put them on the table first. I wanted to use these instrumental pieces. So I started with them and recorded stuff with that in mind."

In April 2005, Lang collaborated with Chris Whitley and went on to release Dislocation Blues in August 2006. The album peaked at number 64 on the ARIA Charts. Half Seas Over was released in 2008 and Chimeradour in 2009. All three albums were released on ABC Roots and all nominated for ARIA Awards. Chris Whitley died in November 2005.

In 2009, Lang collaborated with Mamadou Diabate and Bobby Singh on the album Djan Djan. The album which was released in 2010. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010, the album won Best World Music Album.

In 2011, Lang released Carried in Mind.

In 2012, Lang was presented with the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's National Folk Recording Award. Also in 2012, Lang added vocals to Maru Tarang's album Blue City.

In May 2014, Lang released the soundtrack to the TV series The Gods of Wheat Street. This won Lang his first APRA Award at the APRA Music Awards of 2014, where he won Best Television Theme.

2019–present: Some Memories Never Die
In 2019, Lang released Next They Come for You, on LP. The album is an instrumental recording featuring Lang and his regular drummer Danny McKenna playing music they wrote together without restrictions, constraints.

In 2020, Lang published his book Some Memories Never Die. Lang said "For Some Memories Never Die I wanted to connect recollections from the life I've lived to some of the songs I've made up along the way. I wasn't looking to write a linear autobiography, with my life's journey laid out in order of occurrence, more a series of stand-alone vignettes was what I had in mind. I wasn't sure exactly how a good many of these tales could be connected to the songs I intended to include, as I don't generally write autobiographical songs. But as I wrote down the varied reminiscences, certain stories seemed to go together and themes became apparent to me. Gradually it all seemed to find its form, and Some Memories Never Die is the end result."

Over the lock downs of 2020 and 2021 Lang and Alison Ferrier formed the band High Ace and released Snow Cap Menace on Furry Records in 2022.

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector. They commenced in 2006

 * 2010
 * Chimeradour
 * Best Independent Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". Lang has been nominated for one award.

 * 2014 || "The Gods of Wheat Street" || Best Television Theme || Nominated
 * 2014 || "The Gods of Wheat Street" || Best Television Theme || Nominated

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Lang has won 3 awards from 10 nominations.

 * 1999
 * Cedar Grove
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * 2001
 * Everything Is Still (with Angus Diggs)
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * 2002
 * Rolling Through This World (with Bob Brozman)
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Won
 * 2004
 * Whatever Makes You Happy
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * 2005
 * You Have to Dig Deep to Bury Daddy
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * 2007
 * Dislocation Blues (with Chris Whitley)
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * 2008
 * Half Seas Over
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2010
 * Djan Djan (with Mamadou Diabate and Bobby Singh)
 * Best World Music Album
 * Won
 * Chimeradour
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * 2012
 * Carried in Mind
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Won
 * Won
 * Chimeradour
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Nominated
 * 2012
 * Carried in Mind
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Won
 * Best Blues and Roots Album
 * Won

Equipment
Lang primarily plays acoustic guitars, although he has an unorthodox way of amplifying them, running a combination of a built-in microphone and a Sunrise magnetic pick-up together for his clean acoustic sound, while also running the output of the Sunrise pick-up through various effects through an electric guitar amplifier allowing him to obtain both acoustic and distorted electric guitar tones from the same guitar. This approach has been hugely influential in the Australian scene, particularly after the well-known guitarist John Butler was inspired by Lang's playing and sound to pursue a very similar setup.

title: Jeff Lang


text:
Epsilon Geminorum

Epsilon Geminorum or ε Geminorum, formally named Mebsuta, is a star in the constellation of Gemini, on the outstretched right 'leg' of the twin Castor. The apparent visual magnitude of +3.06 makes it one of the brighter stars in this constellation. The distance to this star is determined at 860 ly.

Nomenclature
ε Geminorum (Latinised to Epsilon Geminorum) is the star's Bayer designation. It bore the traditional names Mebsuta, Melboula or Melucta. Mebsuta has its roots in an ancient Arabian view where it and the star Mekbuda (Zeta Geminorum) were the paws of a huge lion extending over many present-day constellations. Mebsuta ('Mabsūṭah' مبسوطة) comes from a phrase referring to the outstretched paw. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Mebsuta for this star.

In Chinese, 井宿 (Jǐng Su), meaning Well (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of ε Geminorum, μ Geminorum, ν Geminorum, γ Geminorum, ξ Geminorum, 36 Geminorum, ζ Geminorum and λ Geminorum. Consequently, ε Geminorum itself is known as 井宿五 (Jǐng Su wǔ, the Fifth Star of Well.)

Properties
The spectrum of this star matches a stellar classification of G8 Ib, where the luminosity class of Ib indicates this is a lower luminosity supergiant star. Alternatively, it may be a star that has passed through the asymptotic giant branch stage and possesses a detached shell of dust. The estimated mass of this star is over 5.3 times the mass of the Sun, and, at an age of 100 million years, it has expanded to a 130 times the Sun's size. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.

Epsilon Geminorum is radiating around 9,640 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of $8.09$. It is this temperature that gives it the yellow-hued glow of a G-type star. A surface magnetic field with a strength of $861$ has been detected on this star. This topologically complex field is most likely generated by a dynamo formed from the deep convection zone in the star's outer envelope.

It is located around 860 light-years from Earth based on a photogeometric distance from Bailer-Jones et al (2021). At this distance, the apparent magnitude is diminished by 0.92 magnitudes due to interstellar extinction between Earth and the star.

Occultations
Epsilon Geminorum lies near the ecliptic, so it can be occulted by the Moon or a planet. Such an occultation took place on April 8, 1976 by Mars, which allowed the oblateness of the planet's outer atmosphere to be measured. Epsilon Geminorum was occulted by Mercury on June 10, 1940, and on September 3, 2015 it was occulted by the asteroid 112 Iphigenia.

In culture
USS Melucta (AK-131) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the star.

title: Epsilon Geminorum


text:
Virtual property

Virtual property may refer to:

 * A group-theoretic property that holds virtually
 * The analogue of property in a virtual economy

title: Virtual property