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Binyavanga Wainaina

Kenneth Binyavanga Wainaina (18 January 1971 – 21 May 2019) was a Kenyan author, journalist and 2002 winner of the Caine Prize for African Writing. In 2003, he was the founding editor of Kwani? literary magazine. In April 2014, Time magazine included Wainaina in its annual Time 100 as one of the "Most Influential People in the World".

Early life and education
Binyavanga Wainaina was born on 18 January 1971 in Nakuru in Rift Valley Province, Kenya. He attended Moi Primary School in Nakuru, Mangu High School in Thika, and Lenana School in Nairobi. He later studied commerce at the University of Transkei in South Africa, where he went to live in 1991. He completed an MPhil in Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia in 2010.

His debut book, a memoir entitled One Day I Will Write About This Place, was published in 2011. In January 2014, in response to a wave of anti-gay laws passed in Africa, Wainaina publicly announced that he was gay, first writing an essay that he described as a "lost chapter" of his 2011 memoir entitled "I am a Homosexual, Mum", and then tweeting: "I am, for anybody confused or in doubt, a homosexual. Gay, and quite happy."

Career
Following his education, Wainaina worked in Cape Town for some years as a freelance food and travel writer.

In July 2002 he won the Caine Prize for his short story "Discovering Home" (the judges being Ahdaf Soueif, Margaret Busby, Jason Cowley and Abdulrazak Gurnah). Wainaina was the founding editor of Kwani?, the literary magazine in East Africa that sprang out of an artistic revolution that started in 2002. Established in 2003, Kwani? has since become an important source of new writing from Africa; Yvonne Owuor also wrote for the magazine and won the Caine Prize in 2003.

Wainaina's satirical essay "How to Write About Africa", published in Granta magazine in 2005, attracted wide attention. Wainaina summed up the way Western media has reinforced stereotypes and pre-existing ideas of Africa by saying their representation was that: "One must treat Africa as if it were one country... [of] 900 million people who are too busy starving and dying and warring and emigrating to read your book."

In 2003, he was given an award by the Kenya Publishers Association for his services to Kenyan literature. He wrote for The EastAfrican, National Geographic, The Sunday Times (South Africa), Granta, The New York Times, Chimurenga and The Guardian (UK).

In 2007, Wainaina was a writer-in-residence at Union College in Schenectady, NY (USA). In the fall of 2008, he was in residence at Williams College, in Williamstown, Massachusetts, where he was teaching, lecturing and working on a novel. He was a Bard Fellow and the director of the Chinua Achebe Center for African Literature and Languages at Bard College.

Wainaina collected more than 13,000 recipes from around Africa and was an expert on traditional and modern African cuisine.

In January 2007, Wainaina was nominated by the World Economic Forum as a "Young Global Leader" – an award given to people for "their potential to contribute to shaping the future of the world." He subsequently declined the award. In a letter to Klaus Schwab and Queen Rania of Jordan, he wrote:

"I assume that most, like me, are tempted to go anyway because we will get to be 'validated' and glow with the kind of self-congratulation that can only be bestowed by very globally visible and significant people, and we are also tempted to go and talk to spectacularly bright and accomplished people – our 'peers'. We will achieve Global Institutional Credibility for our work, as we have been anointed by an institution that many countries and presidents bow down to. The problem here is that I am a writer. And although, like many, I go to sleep at night fantasizing about fame, fortune and credibility, the thing that is most valuable in my trade is to try, all the time, to keep myself loose, independent and creative ... it would be an act of great fraudulence for me to accept the trite idea that I am 'going to significantly impact world affairs'."

Personal life
On 1 December 2016, World AIDS Day, Wainaina announced on his Twitter profile that he was HIV positive, "and happy". In 2018, he announced that he would be marrying his long-term partner the following year.

Death
Wainaina died, aged 48, after a stroke on the evening of 21 May 2019, at Aga Khan Hospital in Nairobi, according to news and family sources. He had experienced several strokes since 2016.

Selected publications

 * "Discovering Home" (short story), g21net, 2001. Reprinted in Discovering Home: A selection of writings from the 2002 Caine Prize for African Writing.
 * "An Affair to Dismember" (short story), Wasafiri, Volume 17, Issue 37, 2002.
 * "Beyond the River Yei: Life in the Land Where Sleeping is a Disease" (photographic essay; with Sven Torfinn), Kwani Trust, 2004.
 * "How To Write About Africa" (article, satire), Granta 92, 2005. As How to Write About Africa, Kwani Trust, 2008, ISBN 978-9966700827. Reproduced in full in the 40th birthday edition of Granta, 2 May 2019.
 * "In Gikuyu, for Gikuyu, of Gikuyu" (article, satire), Granta 103, 2008.
 * "How to Write About Africa II: The Revenge", Bidoun, No. 21, Bazaar II, 2010.
 * One Day I Will Write About This Place: A Memoir (autobiography); Graywolf Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1555975913.
 * "Viewpoint: Binyavanga on why Africa's international image is unfair", BBC News | Africa, 24 April 2012.
 * "I am a homosexual, mum" (essay). Africa is a Country, 19 January 2014. Reprinted in The Guardian, 21 January 2014.
 * "A Letter to All Kenyans from Binyavanga Wainaina or Binyavanga wa Muigai" (essay), Brittle Paper, 25 October 2017.

title: Binyavanga Wainaina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sapana Thomas

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 00:31, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Sapana Thomas
Vanity. - Mailer Diablo 14:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page was incorrectly speedy deleted as vanity. That is not a legitimate criterion. So here it must rest. BTW, delete. Denni ☯ 01:10, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Delete, Denni, please quit wasting everybody's time and clogging up VfD by undeleting pages which will obviously be deleted. RickK 05:39, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * When the speedy criteria are changed to include vanity pages, I will stop removing speedy tags and listing the articles here. Speedy is not an appropriate means of dealing with vanity articles. VfD is. My entries take up only a small percentage of VfD - how is that "clogging up VfD"? Denni ☯ 20:09, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Delete this vanity page. Should not have been undeleted to begin with. jni 11:32, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Seishin

Seishin may refer to:
 * Seishin-ni, a Japanese Samurai woman
 * Chouseishin, a series
 * Seishin Joshi, a private school
 * Seishin, Korea, now Chongjin, North Korea
 * Seishin-Chūō Station, a railway station in Nishi-ku, Kobe, Japan.

title: Seishin


text:
Free trade areas in Europe

At present, there are six multi-lateral free trade areas in Europe, and one former free trade area in recent history. Note that there are also a number of bilateral free trade agreements between states and between trade blocks; and that some states participate in more than one free trade area.

EU
The European Union (EU) has always operated as more than a free trade area with its predecessor, the European Economic Community (EEC) being founded as a customs union. The EU has free trade agreements to varying levels with most other European countries.

The EU shares its single market with three EFTA members via the European Economic Area agreement, and the remaining EFTA member—Switzerland—via bilateral agreements.
 * EU Single Market

The European Union Customs Union is a customs union which consists of all the member states of the European Union and Turkey, San Marino, Monaco, Andorra and the UK territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia which are outside of the EU. In addition to allowing for free trade between states, the customs union imposes a common external tariff on all goods entering the area.
 * EU Customs Union

EFTA

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was created in 1960 by the outer seven (as a looser alternative to the then-European Communities) but most of its membership has since joined the Communities/EU leaving only four countries (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) still party to the treaty. The United Kingdom is the only former EFTA member which is not currently part of the EU, following its withdrawal in 2020.

CEFTA
Following the fall of the Iron Curtain, two free trade areas were created in Central Europe, the Baltic Free Trade Area (BAFTA) and the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), in order to stabilise these countries for membership of the EU. With the 2004 EU enlargement, the original members of both of these have left these agreements and joined the EU.

CEFTA has expanded into southern Europe with members from the Western Balkans and Moldova. All of the new CEFTA countries are prospective members of the EU and hence EFTA is the only free trade area with a long-term future, as there are no immediate plans for these countries to change their present status. However, CEFTA may gain new members in the form of countries neighbouring the present EU.

EAEU Eurasian Economic Space
On 10 October 2000, in Astana, the heads of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Community (entered into force on 30 May 2001), which called for the creation of a free trade regime among members.

In 2005, the Organization of Central Asian Cooperation (OCAC), an international organization that existed from 2002 to 2005, which aimed, among other things, to create a free trade area, whose members included Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Russia, was merged into the Eurasian Economic Community. In 2008, Uzbekistan withdrew from the Eurasian Economic Community.

On 23 February 2003 the presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine declared their intention to form a Single Economic Space, and on 19 September 2003 they signed an agreement of intent to guarantee four economic freedoms, including a free trade area. This agreement was named "Common Economic Zone" (CEZ) among Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Ukraine in the WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System. In June 2006, this project was incorporated into the Eurasian Economic Community.
 * EurAsEC Single Economic Space

In August 2006, the Eurasian Economic Community decided on the establishment of the Customs Union between the three willing states - Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. Ukraine's position was to create a free trade area without restrictions and exemptions and conditions for the movement of capital, services and labor, but without devaluing its fiscal, customs and budgetary sovereignty and creating any supranational bodies.

In 2009, supranational integration bodies began their work. In Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan, the Customs Union entered into force in July 2010, and the Single Economic Space, which provides for a free trade regime, entered into force on 1 January 2012.

EurAsEC Single Economic Space was superseded by the Eurasian Economic Space of the Eurasian Economic Union established by Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia on 1 January 2015. The current members of the EAEU are Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia.
 * EAEU Eurasian Economic Space

The EAEU is designated as "Plurilateral" Agreement by the WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System

1999 Protocol for amending 1994 CIS FTA Agreement
On 15 April 1994, at a meeting of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Council of Heads of State in Moscow, the presidents of 12 countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed an Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (Соглашение о создании зоны свободной торговли). The Agreement entered into force on 30 December 1994 for those countries that had completed ratification. As of 2023, the Agreement is fully in force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine, while Russia and Turkmenistan have notified the application of the Agreement on a provisional basis. According to the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, no one has ceased participation in the Agreement, made reservations or suspended the application.
 * 1994 Framework for bilateral agreements and Freedom of Transit

The terms of the FTA allow member states to enter into the FTA agreements with other countries, as well as to join/create custom unions. Like other Commonwealth of Independent States agreements, this agreement does not regulate relations with third countries and allows differentiated integration (aka à la carte and multi-speed Europe).

On 2 April 1999, in Moscow, the presidents of 11 countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed a Protocol on Amendments and Additions to the Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area of 15 April 1994 (Протокол о внесении изменений и дополнений в Соглашение о создании зоны свободной торговли от 15 апреля 1994 года). Turkmenistan did not participate. The Protocol entered into force on 24 November 1999 for those countries that had completed ratification. As of 2023, the Protocol has entered into force for all countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine, except Russia, which remains a signatory but has not notified entry into force or provisional application. According to the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, no one has ceased participation in the Protocol or suspended the application, while 1 reservation was made by Azerbaijan on non-application in relation to Armenia and 2 specific opinions were expressed by Georgia and Ukraine.
 * 1999 Protocol introducing a multilateral free trade area

The 2011 CIS FTA Treaty envisages that the 1994 agreement and the 1999 protocol no longer apply between its 8 participants (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia and Moldova), however, among the rest of the countries, they continue to be applied.
 * Application between Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and the rest of the participants

International Trade Centre says the 1994 Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area signed by 12 CIS countries still continues to be used by Azerbaijan and Georgia in trade with other CIS countries except with Russia and Turkmenistan. Reportedly it is also used bilaterally between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan pending Tajikistan's ratification of Uzbekistan's accession to the 2011 CIS Free Trade Area Treaty.

The WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System indicates Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as "Current signatories" and the Agreement is designated as "Plurilateral".

2011 CIS FTA Treaty

The Commonwealth of Independent States had been negotiating a CIS multi-lateral free trade area since 1994 and in 2011 eight countries agreed to create a free trade area. These are; Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia and Moldova. In addition, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan form the Eurasian Economic Union, including a customs union and a single market.

On 20 September 2012 the Free Trade Area Treaty (Договор о зоне свободной торговли) of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed in St Petersburg on 18 October 2011 (the "CIS FTA") came into force for Russia, Belarus and Ukraine after completion of ratification.

In 2013, the protocol on the application of the CIS FTA between Uzbekistan and the CIS FTA member states was signed as a bilateral document and without any reservations to the CIS FTA agreement. It entered into force in 2014. The Protocol on the application of the Treaty to Uzbekistan was signed by Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine, but entered into force for all countries except Tajikistan.

In 2016, Russia and Ukraine have suspended the agreement with respect to each other. For Ukraine, this is the only multilateral FTA in which it participates (the DCFTA with the European Union is a de jure bilateral agreement).

The Treaty is designated as "Plurilateral" by the WTO's Regional Trade Agreements Information System.

GUAM FTA

The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organization established in 1997 and free-trade area in Eastern Europe composed of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, and Moldova.

The agreement on a Free Trade Area was signed in 2002. In 2017, additional agreements on a free-trade area were announced, but as of 2022 reportedly the FTA has not been ratified and has not entered into force.

The WTO was notified only in 2017 and the Agreement is designated as "Plurilateral" and "In Force". According to the WTO database, the GUAM FTA agreement was signed in 2002 and entered into force in 2003. International Trade Centre says there is no free trade area in operation with distinct rules from an Agreement on Creation of CIS Free Trade Area, was signed on 15 April 1994 by 12 CIS countries. The database of agreements of the International Trade Centre does not indicate that a GUAM FTA agreement has been concluded, but it does indicate that the 1994 Agreement on CIS FTA is in force for Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. and the 1999 Agreement on CIS FTA version is listed as the current text of the FTA agreement.

Economic Cooperation Organization FTA
The Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement or ECOTA is a preferential trade agreement reached on 17 July 2003 at the ECO summit in Islamabad whereby a preferential trade region was formed between the countries of Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. As of 2008, the ECOTA is in effect. According to the document ECO Vision 2025, the scope of ECOTA will be expanded from preferential trade to a free trade agreement.

BAFTA
The Baltic Free Trade Area was a free trade agreement between Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania that existed between 1994 and 2004.

BAFTA was created to help prepare the countries for their accession to the EU. Hence, BAFTA was created more as an initiative of the EU than out of a desire for Baltic states to trade between themselves: they were more interested in gaining access to the rest of the European markets.

BAFTA's agreement was signed by the three states on 13 September 1993 and came into force on 1 April 1994. On 1 January 1997 the agreement was extended to cover trade in agricultural produce. On 1 May 2004, all three states joined the European Union, and BAFTA ceased to exist.

BAFTA was part of general co-operation between the three countries under the Baltic Assembly—modelled on Nordic co-operation (see Nordic Council). As well as the free trade area, they formed a common visa area. Leaders continue to meet regularly, however the assembly now focuses on international issues, including economic development, and military co-operation due to the proximity of Russia.

title: Free trade areas in Europe


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Three Inches of Blood

Three Inches of Blood is a demo EP released by the Unicorns. The EP was allegedly burned onto 3-inch CD-Rs and given to venue owners in the Campbell River, British Columbia area who would arrange shows for the band.

Personnel

 * Nicholas Thorburn (Nick "Neil" Diamonds) - vocals, keyboards, drum kit
 * Alden Penner (Alden Ginger) - vocals, guitars, bass, drum kit

title: Three Inches of Blood


text:
Turów

Turów or Turow may refer to:

Economy

 * Turów Coal Mine
 * Turów Power Station

Places in Poland

 * Turów, Gmina Głogów in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Turów, Gmina Pęcław in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Turów, Gmina Bogatynia a former village Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Turów, Lubin County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Turów, Wrocław County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
 * Turów Zgorzelec - Polish basketball team, based in Zgorzelec
 * Turów, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
 * Turów, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 * Turów, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Turów, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
 * Turów, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
 * Turów, the Polish name of Turaŭ, Belarus

People

 * Scott Turow (born 1949), American author and lawyer

title: Turów


text:
Low Prussian dialect

Low Prussian (Niederpreußisch), sometimes known simply as Prussian (Preußisch), is a moribund dialect of Northern Low German that developed in East Prussia. Low Prussian was spoken in East and West Prussia and Danzig up to 1945. In Danzig it formed the particular city dialect of Danzig German. It developed on a Baltic substrate through the influx of Dutch- and Low German-speaking immigrants. It supplanted Old Prussian, which became extinct in the 18th century.

Simon Dach's poem Anke van Tharaw was written in Low Prussian.

Classification
Low Prussian is a Low German dialect formerly spoken in Prussia. It is separated from its only adjacent German dialect, High Prussian, by the Benrath line and the Uerdingen line, the latter dialect being Central German. This was once one of the, if not the hardest linguistic border within the German dialects.

Plautdietsch is included within Low Prussian by some observers. Excluding Plautdietsch, Low Prussian can be considered moribund due to the evacuation and forced expulsion of Germans from East Prussia after World War II. Plautdietsch, however, has several thousand speakers throughout the world, most notably in South America, Canada and Germany.

Before 1945
In Danzig a German settlement (besides an existing Old Prussian-Kashubian settlement) was established in the 12th century. In the later Middle Ages, Middle Low Saxon in a Low Prussian form was the written and everyday language in Danzig. At the end of the 16th century, there was a switch to High German as a written language. This led to the formation of Danziger Missingsch, which shaped the everyday language in Danzig until 1945.

In Königsberg in 1924, the use of Low German as everyday language was restricted to the working class, and even among the working class Low German was more and more replaced by (a corrupted) High German.

Fate after 1945
Almost all Low Prussian speakers were evacuated or expelled from Prussia after 1945. Since the expellees scattered throughout Western Germany the dialects are now moribund. Most of the Low Prussian speakers not expelled after World War II relocated from Poland to Western Germany in the 1970s and 1980s and from Russia in the 1990s as so-called late repatriates (Spätaussiedler). Today, the language is almost extinct, as its use is restricted to communication within the family and gatherings of expellees, where they are spoken out of nostalgia. In Poland, the language of the few non-displaced people was subjected to severe repression after 1945, which meant that the active use of the language was even lower than in Germany. In both countries, the High Prussian dialects were not transmitted to the next generation, therefore, few elderly speakers remain. The German minority in Poland, recognized since 1991, uses Standard German.

Common Prussian features
It shares some features with High Prussian, differentiating it from neighbouring Low German dialects.

Those Borussisms are:
 * Loss of /-n/ in infinitives (High Prussian mache for Standard German machen, "to make") – according to H. Frischbier this is only the case for Low German in East Prussia but not in West Prussia;
 * retention of the prefix //ge-// in the participe perfect passive (compare Meckelenburg German hei is lopen to Low Prussian he is jelopen);
 * overly open pronunciation of (schnall, Ack - schnell ("fast"), Eck ("corner"))
 * delabialization (Kenig, Brieder, Fraide, Kraiter - König ("king"), Brüder ("brothers"), Freude ("friends"), Kräuter ("weed"));
 * nuscht instead of Standard German nichts ("nothing"); and
 * preference for diminutive suffixes (de lewe Gottke, and High Prussian kommche, duche, Briefchedräger, - der liebe Gott ("dear God"), kommen ("to come"), du ("you"), Briefträger ("post man")) - and diminutives without umlaut (High Prussian Hundchen, Katzchen, Mutterchen - Hündchen ("small dog"), Kätzchen ("small cat/ kitten") Mütterchen ("mother/ elderly woman")).

Vocabulary
According to one summary of Low German dialects, words very characteristic of Low Prussian are doa ('dor', there), joa ('jo', yes), goah ('goh', go) and noa ('nober', neighbor), which feature "oa" instead of the usual "o" or "a".

Words are often shortened, in a manner similar to that of the neighboring East Pomeranian dialect, giving beet (beten, little bit) and baakove ('bakåben', bake oven).

Low Prussian also has a number of words in common with Plautdietsch, such as Klemp (cow), Klopps (lump, ball of earth) and Tsoagel (tail).

Some other words are:

 * Boffke - boy, lad
 * dätsch - dumb
 * Dubs - bum
 * Gnaschel - little child
 * jankere - yearn
 * Kobbel - mare
 * Pungel - pouch
 * schabbere - talk
 * Schischke - pine-cone
 * Schucke - potato(es)

Dialects
Węgorzewo and Tilsit (Sovetsk)
 * Elbingian (lit. High German: Elbingisch, Höhenmundart, Höhenplatt, Mundart der Elbinger Höhe lit.: dialect of the Elbingian High) ), around Elbing (Elbląg)
 * Vistulan (Dialekt des Weichselgebietes, Weichselmundart or Weichselplatt ), around Danzig (Gdańsk)
 * Werdersch (Mundart der Weichselwerder, Werdermundart, Werderplatt or Werder(i)sch)
 * Nehrungisch (Nehrungsmundart, Nehrungsplatt ), around the Vistula Lagoon, from Narmeln (which is the most-eastern location) to Krakau (not including Heubude-Danzig and Neutief)
 * Kürzungsgebietsmundart (Mundart des Kürzungsgebiet(e)s), around Braunsberg (Braniewo) and Frauenburg
 * Westkäslausch, around Mehlsack (Pieniężno)
 * Ostkäslausch, around Rößel (Reszel)
 * Natangian (Natangisch or Natangisch-Bartisch), around Bartenstein (Bartoszyce)
 * Samlandic (Samländisch), around Pillau (Baltiysk), Königsberg (Kaliningrad), as well as close to Labiau (Polessk) and close to Wehlau (Znamensk)
 * Westsamländisch, including Neutief
 * Ostsamländisch
 * Eastern Low Prussian (Mundart des Ostgebiet(e)s), around Insterburg (Chernyakhovsk), Memel (Klaipėda),

Low and Old Prussian
Low Prussian had patalization of /g/, /k/, which Latvian had since its contact to Low German.

After the assimilation of the Old Prussians, many Old Prussian words were preserved in the Low Prussian dialect.

Low Prussian and Lithuanian
In addition to the words of Old Prussian origin, another source of was Lithuanian. After the migration of Lithuanians in the 15th century, many Lithuanian loanwords appeared in the Low Prussian dialect.

Sample text: Klingelschleede
The writer Erminia von Olfers-Batocki (1876-1954) from Natangia wrote the following poem in Low Prussian:

title: Low Prussian dialect


text:
Bellevue, Western Australia

Bellevue is an eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the local government areas of the City of Swan and the Shire of Mundaring. It is at the foot of the slopes of Greenmount, a landmark on the Darling Scarp that is noted in the earliest of travel journals of the early Swan River Colony.

Community
Bellevue has been bisected by the Roe Highway, railway, and substantial changes in the eastern parts of Midland. The Bellevue Primary School was closed and amalgamated with the Koongamia Primary School to form the new Clayton View Primary School slightly up the hill towards Greenmount.

It was the location of the original offices of what became the Mundaring Shire Council. It was also the location of the Catholic Church that preceded the St Anthony's church in Greenmount.

A significant point of contact in the twentieth century for the local community was the Darling Range Hotel.

Geography
Bellevue is bounded by the Helena River to the south, Great Eastern Highway to the north and Military Road and Cowie Close to the west. The suburb is an even mix of residential, industrial and parkland (mainly along the Helena River).

Being at the eastern part of the Swan Coastal Plain, Bellevue is also at the foot of the Darling Scarp with Greenmount Hill as the point of access to the region to the east.

Change
Bellevue has changed over the duration of its existence due to a number of factors - the extensive claypits of the early twentieth century (most having been since filled in), and the industrial locations adjacent to the railway lines. The creation of the standard gauge railway and the removal of the railway station in the mid-1960s removed it from the railway map. Construction of the Roe Highway embankment in the western part removed a section of the suburb. The Midland Military Markets were located in the west of the suburb, but were destroyed by a fire in April 2007.

Railways
Originally known as the 24 mi siding in 1896, it became known as Bellevue on 24 May 1897. It was the railway station at the foot of the hills through which the Eastern Railway climbed, first for the line that proceeded east to Greenmount then Boya, Darlington and on to Mundaring, then for the line through Blackboy Hill, Swan View, the Swan View Tunnel and on to Chidlow. The third and final route of the railway that goes through the Avon Valley passes over the site where the railway station was located.

During the First World War the branch line to the Helena Vale Race course was used for transporting troops between Blackboy Hill and Fremantle.

Although the old Mundaring Loop was closed for passenger traffic in 1954, trains were still utilising the line to Boya, where the Mountain Quarries siding was still in use. This operation closed in 1962.

Up until the 1960s it was the terminus of the passenger services from Perth. From 1960 to 1962 a new railway station was made at Koongamia, which was half-way to the old Greenmount Railway station. The suburban service now terminates at Midland.

Bus

 * 322 Midland Station to Glen Forrest – serves Clayton Street

Bus routes serving Great Eastern Highway:
 * 320 Midland Station to Mundaring
 * 321 Midland Station to Glen Forrest
 * 326 Midland Station to Midland Station – Circular Route
 * 328 Midland Station to Chidlow

Bus routes serving Military Road:
 * 277 and 278 Midland Station to High Wycombe Station
 * 307 Midland Station to Kalamunda Bus Station

title: Bellevue, Western Australia


text:
User:ThomasBosboom

Thomas Bosboom is a dutch student. He currently studies BI at the Vrije Universiteit.

His homepage can be found at http://80.60.155.122/

Thomas also works for Service For Mac, http://www.serviceformac.nl. Service For Mac provides independent service and support for professional users of Apple computers.

title: User:ThomasBosboom


text:
User talk:Thedazellama

Image source
Thank you for uploading Image:Spolin2.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you.

title: User talk:Thedazellama


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Farhad Timuri

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 00:32, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Farhad Timuri
Vanity. Delete. Qwghlm 14:40, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Didn't realise it had been created by a new user, so I change to Userfy. Qwghlm 06:53, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Userfy. Wikibofh 14:53, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy nn --Xcali 16:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy vanity. --Etacar11 00:52, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfied. This is a new user, so be gentle in your deletion. Denni ☯ 01:18, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Neuenstadt am Kocher

Neuenstadt, usually known as Neuenstadt am Kocher (and until as late as 1800 also known as Neuenstadt an der großen Linde) is a town in Baden-Württemberg in south-western Germany with 9,600 inhabitants. It consists of Neuenstadt, the villages of Stein am Kocher, Kochertürn, Cleversulzbach and Bürg and the hamlets Brambacher Hof (part of Kochertürn), Buchhof and Lobenbacher Hof (part of Stein). The name Neuenstadt is derived from the “der neuen Stadt” or “New Town” in English.

Geography
Neuenstadt lies on the Kocher river in the east of the District of Heilbronn. It stands on a hill where the Brettach flows into the Kocher river.

Neighbouring communities
Starting from the south going in a clockwise direction, Neuenstadt is surrounded by Eberstadt, Neckarsulm, Oedheim, Bad Friedrichshall, Neudenau, Hardthausen am Kocher and Langenbrettach (all also in the district of Heilbronn). Neuenstadt is part of a joint administration agreement with Hardthausen am Kocher and Langenbrettach.

Districts of Neuenstadt
The town of Neuenstadt is subdivided into the districts of Neuenstadt itself, Stein am Kocher, Kochertürn, Cleversulzbach, Bürg and the hamlets of Brambacherhof, Buchhof and Lobenbacher Hof (of Stein).

History
Neuenstadt was originally a settlement known as Helmbund which was first mentioned in records as early in 797 A.D. Helmbund stood in the meadows of Brettach. It is believed that the settlement moved a kilometer away at some time around the beginning of the 14th century to avoid flooding. Since then it has stood on higher ground between the Kocher and Brettach rivers. This gave rise to name New Town, or "Neue Stadt" in German. The hamlet of Helmbund subsequently all but disappeared with only the scattered ruins of the Gothic church of Helmbund remaining. Neuenstadt first fell under the reign of the rulers of Weinsberg whose lineage came to an end in 1507. As a result, it was originally a town from the Electorate of the Palatinate before falling into the area of Württemberg in 1504. In the 17th and 18th century the Württemberg-Neuenstadt branch line of the ducal house of Württemberg took up residence in Neuenstadt castle until the male lineage of dukes died out in 1742.

Towards the end of the Second World War the fortified stronghold of Neuenstadt came under heavy fire from allied forces. In April 1945, nearly 80% of Neuenstadt old town was destroyed. During fighting, one of the wires holding up the legendary lime tree that stood outside the gates of the town, which had given the town part of its name in medieval times, was torn into pieces. Subsequently, a violent storm shattered the tree. Since then, fragments of live wood, suitable for 'cuttings', were garnered, grown until rooted then large enough to hold a structure, a kind of pergola in an attractive lime garden, which now surrounds the bottom of the tree trunk that has survived. This is so substantial it gives some idea of just how enormous the original tree would have been.

Annexed communities

 * January 1, 1972: Cleversulzbach
 * September 1, 1972: Kochertürn
 * December 31, 1972: Stein am Kocher
 * January 1, 1973: Bürg

Religion
Neuenstadt underwent the influence of the Reformation in 1541 and is now home to the deanery of the Württembergisch State Church. The Evangelical Church Parish of Neuenstadt, which also encompasses Kochertürn, Stein and Bürg currently boasts 2960 members. The font in the church at Gosheim castle is said to have originally stood in Bürg church.

District council
Local elections on June 13, 2004 returned the following seats:

The town mayor is also member and chairman of the district council.

Coat of arms and flag
The Neuenstadt coat of arms depicts two silver shields over a silver helmet on a blue background. Blue and white are the town’s official colours.

The coat of arms originate from a seal first used in the late 13th century. The colours have remained unchanged since 1535. The shields are believed to represent the two founders of the “new town” – the Lords of Weinsberg – who used three silver shields on a red background as their coat of arms. The helmet (German:‘Helm’) points to the origins of the town, the now lost settlement of Helmbund.

International relations
Neuenstadt am Kocher belongs to a ‘towns association’ consisting of 36 towns in 5 European states. All towns in the association share a similar name in the indigenous language: 'New Town'.

Architecture

 * From 1618 to 1781 Neuenstadt Renaissance Castle was residence to the Württemberg-Neuenstadt branch line of the royal house of Württemberg. The castle was built between 1559 and 1565 on the fortification walls of the Lords of Weinsberg’s castle.
 * The evangelical Nikolaus Church dates back to the 16th century. Under the chancel is a crypt which was used as a burial vault between 1659 and 1781 for the three Dukes of Württemberg-Neuenstadt.
 * The castle and church join together to form the upper Gate Tower which was built in 1300 and renewed in 1703. The current tower was reconstructed following a fire in 1831.
 * A number of historical timber-framed buildings still stand in Neuenstadt old town including the Old Apothecary and gate, dating back to 1801, the rectory from 1749 and the Old Forestry Commission office.
 * Until April 1945 a huge lime tree stood near the castle outside the Gate Tower. It was reputed to be 1000 years old and lent the town its alternative name of Neuenstadt of the Great Lime Tree. The lime was destroyed by allied bombing during fighting near the end of the Second World War, but locals people found live shoots from the destroyed tree and grew new lime trees around the former lime. Their branches now form a shady garden, supported by approx 100 stone pillars donated by local citizens and aristocrats. The pillars in the garden were renovated between 1962 and 1981 and now bear the coats of arms of the manor houses of the Lords of Ehrenberg, the Lords of Berlichingen and the Lords of Gemmingen from 1557.

Open-air theatre
Since 1958, Neuenstadt has staged an open-air theatre every year between June and July in the castle moat. Some 20,000 visitors a year descend on the town to hear classical music and watch traditional local plays.

Museums
The town museum in the Schafstall was opened in 1991. As well as housing a memorial to the Mörike Family it has an exhibition of local history with rotating themes throughout the year. The museum in the Town Tower (Stadtturm) house the former tower residence and town jail. There is also a Mörike Museum in Cleversulzbach.

Transportation
Neuenstadt is directly on the A81 Autobahn. Between 1907 and 1993 the town was connected to the outside world via the now disused Untere Kochertalbahn railway.

Education
Neuenstadt has a primary school, the Lindenschule, two secondary school, Helmbundschule Hauptschule and the Eduard-Mörike grammar school, a special needs school and a music school. In addition to the primary school in Stein am Kocher, there are also 6 state-run, 2 catholic and one evangelical kindergartens.

People of the town

 * Frederick Augustus, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (1654-1716), Duke of Württemberg
 * Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (1659-1701), Duke of Württemberg
 * Carl Rudolf, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (1667-1742), Duke of Württemberg
 * Frederica of Württemberg (1699-1781), Abbess of the monastery Wallö, last living representative of the House Württemberg-Neuenstadt
 * Abraham Gumbel, banker, 1852–1930

title: Neuenstadt am Kocher


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Talk:Sony Ericsson K750

No Mega Bass
It doesn't support mega bass. Please show the official source if it does. It isn't mentioned in white papers.193.219.93.218 20:40, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

i just got this phone, so sweet. if u guys have any questions i'll be more than happy to answer :D anyways, if anyone got a site for themes, mp3 ringtones and other cool stuff for k740i let me know!!

-pedro

it does support Megabass. Here is the review of the phone in "Gsm Arena", page 7. : http://www.gsmarena.com/sony_ericsson_k750-review-41p7.php

Im wondering
Im thinking of getting this phone but im not sure of its current retail price in australian dollars. does anybody know???

-ghostbriefer-

New and no lock 400 to 470 on a optus At www.DSE.com.au for 279

-Mist17-

2 Gigs maximum - really?
I've got a newer V800 which has a 1 Gig memstick maximum - is it really correct that the K750i can work with 2 Gigs? Peter S. 14:18, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

In theory its the max memory stick pro duo size that is the limiting factor... which currently is 2GB it could be raised

The Maximum is now 8GB --Underwatergiraffe 21:14, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Photo Added
Hi;

I got the W800i from O2 on contract (the K750i was free but it was worth spendin the £30 for the 512 stick and the good headphones :) ) I attached a link to the photo in the main article so you can see the quality most phones dont have..

enjoy -- Joe Raff

USB Mass Storage Support
My k750i (UK Vodafone)  does seem to have USB mass storage. Plugged it into my PC (running Debian Etch with a stock 2.4 kernel), typed modprobe usb-storage && fdisk -l and there it was as sda. Maybe some operators mung the firmware, or the mass storage is a little flaky under some OSes? My phone can't seem to import Java applets from the memory stick, only download them from the Internet. The joystick is also unreliable, often failing to register one direction altogether, and a hard push is all too frequently interpreted as a centre push.

Also, does anyone know if replacement hands-free headsets are available? I would like to make an amplifier for my phone using a TDA2822, but will need to cut up a headset to get the special proprietary connector.

Ajs318 11:01, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I too have seen similar malfunction of the joystick. Inverting the phone and giving it a light tap usually solves this! DFH 19:21, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * K750i officially has USB Mass Storage capability Ony (talk) 07:37, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Mono AAC
I can confirm that playing nero-encoded AAC files (HE), I get only mono playback. If I disable HE, I get stereo (with significanlty less quality). All this using the latest firmware for nov 2006. 85.204.119.88 07:30, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Prices will very quickly become out of date information
Is it even appropriate for an encyclopedia to quote current prices? DFH 19:19, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

White screen of death
The K750i is infamous for a bug that appears to hit many users seemingly at random (a typical scenario is to plug the discharged phone into the charger wake up next morning with a brick).

It manifests itself by the phone booting into a white screen, which then blinks in slow intervals.

Some people report successfully circumventing the bug by reflashing the ROM, but you need a USB cable and some computer smarts for this.

I bought the phone used from ebay, it worked just fine for me for a week, now it's useless :(

Most Websites Talk of the same very features that i saw in this article
Please Provide me information on the camera in this mobile and the module that has the features.No where people are actually providing the number of frames per second and the available zoom of such cameras. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hannabeprakash (talk • contribs) 17:29, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sony Ericsson K750


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User talk:Wangwill~enwiki

I am Will who is from Taiwan.I like to write and learn.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Wangwill. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Wangwill~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:22, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wangwill~enwiki


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Turgo

Turgo is a small basaltic hill on the southern slopes of Mount Merapi, Indonesia, and is also known as Gunung Turgo or Mount Turgo. It is administratively located in Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. Recent work suggests that the hill itself is older than the present volcanic cone of Gunung Merapi.

It is just west of Plawangan, the valley between the two has been subject to nuée ardente in the 1990s which killed local villagers. Despite the very small area on the peak of Turgo, it has some sacred graves that are attributed to be connected with Sheikh Jumadil Qubro, a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and as consequence is considered to be part of the complex network of graves that constitute the Javanese sacred places Dutch anthropologist Martin van Bruinessen has written about this character following his residence in Yogyakarta.

It is also located within the solukhambu nature reserve, a 200 ha nature reserve on the slope of Merapi that has rare animals and plants occurring in its area.

title: Turgo


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Now Software

Now Software was the producer of Now Up-to-Date & Contact, a calendaring software and contact manager for individuals and groups, for macOS and Windows. The company was incorporated in 1989.

Now Software, then based in Portland, Oregon, was acquired by Qualcomm in 1997. At the time of acquisition, Qualcomm reported (based on data from the company and from industry research firm Softletter) that Now Software was the "71st-largest software company in the U.S. with close to two million users" of its products. Qualcomm also noted that Now Software's products had won high praise, "including Product of the Year, multiple Editor's and Reader's Choice honors and seven World Class Awards". In 1999, the intellectual properties of the original company, including the name, were acquired by Power On Software, which relaunched the company and name.

On August 27, 2009, the company released Now X, the successor to Now Up-to-Date & Contact. Now X was rated poorly by Macworld, which called it "a program that doesn't rise anywhere near the level of its predecessor".

In March 2010, the company suspended its day-to-day operations.

In 2011, InformationWeek included Now Up-to-Date & Contact in its list of "Great Lost Software", sixteen great defunct software applications, along with Adobe FreeHand, Adobe GoLive, Ecco Pro, HyperCard, Lotus Improv, Outlook Express, Palm Desktop, Ventura Publisher, WriteNow, and others.

Two of the original programmers of Now Up-to-Date, Dave Riggle and John Chaffee, moved on to found the software company BusyMac, which produces the software applications BusyCal and BusyContacts, filling a similar niche market to the one filled by Now Up-to-Date & Contact.

Now Utilities
Now Utilities was a file utility product for Mac System 7. The first version, in 1990, was named one of MacUser "Top 100 Products for 1990".

As of Version 4 (released in 1993), Now Utilities includes NowSave, an automatic document saving facility (save after a configurable number of keystrokes or mouse-clicks); Super Boomerang (puts most recently used files into a menu); Now Profile (a system information collector); NowMenus (adds subfolders to the Apple menu); WYSIWYG Menus (Font, Size, Style menus render text as they would appear in a document); and Now Scrapbook (a replacement for the Scrapbook desk accessory). Earlier versions contained AlarmsClock, DeskPicture and ScreenLocker utilities, but these were removed in version 4.

title: Now Software


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John Astor (1923–1987)

John Astor (26 September 1923 – 27 December 1987) was a British Conservative politician.

Early life
John was the youngest of three sons born to John Jacob Astor V, 1st Baron Astor of Hever and Lady Violet Mary Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound. He had two elder brothers, Gavin Astor, who inherited his father's barony, and Hugh Astor. His mother had two children, Mary Petty-Fitzmaurice, and George Petty-Fitzmaurice, from her first marriage to Lord Charles Petty-Fitzmaurice who was killed in action at Ypres. His elder half-brother George later became the 8th Marquess of Lansdowne.

His paternal grandparents were American born William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor, and his wife, Mary Dahlgren Paul. His maternal grandparents were Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto and his wife Lady Mary Caroline Grey.

He was educated at Summerfields and Eton College.

Career
During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. He was a Berkshire County Councillor from 1953 and an alderman from 1960.

Astor was elected as a Conservative MP for Newbury in the 1964 general election. He was re-elected twice, in 1966 and 1970, but stood down before the first February 1974 general election. In 1970, he was appointed to the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Overseas Development.

Personal life
In 1950, he married Diana Kathleen Drummond, a daughter of George Henry Drummond and Helena Kathleen Holt. Helena was a niece of civil engineer Herbert Samuel Holt. They had three children, two sons and a daughter, including:

 * Elizabeth Kathleen Astor (1951-2023)
 * John Richard Astor (1953–2016), who married Katherine Mary Darell in 1977.
 * George David Astor (born 1958), who married Marianne Julia Piroska Leche (1958-2019) in 1983.

In 1982, he married Penelope Eve Bradford (d. 2006). They had no children and lived at Kirby House, Inkpen, Berkshire.

Astor died at Kirby House in Berkshire on 27 December 1987. Penelope died on 31 December 2006.

title: John Astor (1923–1987)


text: Template:Infobox Doctor Who doctor

title: Template:Infobox Doctor Who doctor


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Plawangan

Plawangan is a hill above the town of Kaliurang, on the southern slopes of Gunung Merapi, in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is east of Turgo, which is another named hill above Kaliurang.

Formerly a vulcanological post of the Indonesian volcanology service, it was abandoned in the 1990s following serious southerly nuee ardente and gas clouds in the vicinity. Under its western side are large man-made caves and tunnels, said by locals to have been made under the orders of Japanese military administrators during World War II. It is also located within the Plawangan Turgo nature reserve an almost 200 hectares on the slope of Merapi that has rare animals and plants occurring in its area.

title: Plawangan


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J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School

J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School was a high school in the Borden Farm neighbourhood of Ottawa (formerly Nepean), Ontario, Canada from 1973 to 2005. Currently the school is École secondaire publique Deslauriers with the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario.

History
Located at 159 Chesterton Drive, the school opened in 1973 and closed on June 30, 2005. The school's sports team was the Warriors, and the team's mascot was Woody the Warrior. The school's colours were green and gold.

On Groundhog Day 2005, the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board voted to close both J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School and Laurentian High School. Most of the students who go to both these schools have instead gone to Merivale High School or Brookfield High School, though other students who did not graduate had gone to other high schools across Ottawa. The school officially closed June 30, 2005.

J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School's closure has been attributed to a rapid decline in the size of its student body: while roughly 750 students enrolled around 2001, this fell to around 450 people by 2004. This likely has something to do with a shift in the community's demographics, as younger families have moved to communities such as Barrhaven. However, a significant reason for the decline in student enrolment had to do with the previous proposal to close the school in June 2003. A moratorium was ultimately issued by the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board trustees for the proposed 2003 closure, and the school remained opened. Parents and students were concerned that another proposal to close the school would be successful and as such registered for other schools for the 2004 and 2005 school years.

The J.S.W. music program was quite popular and highly regarded. The school had numerous bands at both the senior and junior level including: concert bands, stage bands, dixie bands; jazz bands, trios and quartets. These bands competed at both the provincial and the national level with regular and frequent success. J.S.W. became the first high school within the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board to have a full complement of steel pans after successfully raising the necessary funds in the early 2000s. The steel pan band was well received in the city with the band often receiving invitations to play at Ottawa Senators games or Ottawa 67s games.

One of the most famous graduates of J.S. Woodsworth is Charmaine Hooper, a professional soccer player and who played for the Canadian national women's team for 20 years.

Notable alumni

 * Sorin Vaduva - Real Estate Agent and Investor

title: J. S. Woodsworth Secondary School


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arnold Perey

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 00:33, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Arnold Perey
Vanity. Created by its subject, Arnold Perey. Userfy or delete. Jonathunder 14:47, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Userfy Wikibofh 14:52, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep published anthropologist. The article is NPOV enough to be kept. --Scimitar 15:42, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Just about anybody with a Ph.D. has a few publications. It's tough to get out of grad school these days without a few articles under one's belt.  I had two by graduation day in addition to my dissertation.  Having/not having publications shouldn't be the only criterion for academic notability, otherwise most Ph.D.s would merit their own page.  That said, I don't know enought about this particular field to assess the notability of Arnold Perey.  Tobycat 04:57, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment; Perey appears to be more significant as a leader of the Aesthetic Realism movement than as an academic scholar in the field of anthropology. -Willmcw 05:25, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's already on user:Arnold Perey. Clear vanity. CDThieme 19:32, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. No Account
 * Keep, notable enough. I mean, if some guy who ended up 4th in local elections gets kept, this article should be kept too.  Grue   12:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't establish that the subject passes the average professor test.  Does not actually appear in those Who's Who books, at least according to the Marquis Who's Who database I searched which includes 20 different Who's Who publications. Gamaliel 15:42, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I screwed up and typed the name in wrong. My apologies. He's in there. The obvious vanity aspect still motivates me to vote weak delete, however. Gamaliel 16:00, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete - Vanity article - IMHO, active contributors on Wikipedia should be clearly encyclopedic, any borderline ones shoudl be out. Trödel| talk 20:03, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, adequately NPOV, verifiable and significant. Kappa 21:00, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep NPOV, he's done new work, it is verifiable and should be included. [( User: Nildawn )]
 * I hate to point this out since I had this done to me when I was new and voted on VfD (and I really thought it was totally unfair - but now I see the wisdom of it) - but this person had only two edits prior to this vote and both were related to the subject above on the Aesthetic Realism page here & here.
 * Keep. Needs a little de-vanitizing (no "Dr." Perey), but is nowhere nearly as bad as most vanity articles.  Notability is admittedly borderline but I see the academic work plus significant role in Aesthetic Realism. JamesMLane 21:09, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy: to quote Talk:Arnold Perey: "This is my talk page." - Nunh-huh 00:35, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy. Neither his academic career nor his role at the very small Aesthetic Realism Foundation seem sufficient. -Willmcw 00:49, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Teleoperation

Teleoperation (or remote operation) indicates operation of a system or machine at a distance. It is similar in meaning to the phrase "remote control" but is usually encountered in research, academia and technology. It is most commonly associated with robotics and mobile robots but can be applied to a whole range of circumstances in which a device or machine is operated by a person from a distance.

Teleoperation can be considered a human-machine system. For example, ArduPilot provides a spectrum of autonomy ranging from manual control to full autopilot for autonomous vehicles.

The term teleoperation is in use in research and technical communities as a standard term for referring to operation at a distance. This is as opposed to telepresence which is a less standard term and might refer to a whole range of existence or interaction that include a remote connotation.

History
The 19th century saw many inventors working on remotely operated weapons (torpedoes) including prototypes built by John Louis Lay (1872), John Ericsson (1873), Victor von Scheliha (1873), and the first practical wire guided torpedo, the Brennan torpedo, patented by Louis Brennan in 1877. In 1898, Nikola Tesla demonstrated a remotely controlled boat with a patented wireless radio guidance system that he tried to market to the United States military, but was turned down.

Teleoperation is now moving into the hobby industry with first-person view (FPV) equipment. FPV equipment mounted on hobby cars, planes and helicopters give a TV-style transmission back to the operator, extending the range of the vehicle to greater than line-of-sight range.

Examples
There are several particular types of systems that are often controlled remotely:
 * Entertainment systems (i.e. televisions, VCRs, DVD players etc.) are often controlled remotely via a remote control.
 * Industrial machinery is often operated remotely, particularly in hazardous environments. Examples include the construction of the Object Shelter or sarcophagus at Chernobyl after the Chernobyl accident, and removal of debris after hazardous rock slides.
 * Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are extensively used in hazardous environments (i.e. radioactive environments, contaminated environments, minefields, deep oceans).
 * Remote surgery
 * Unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones

Teleoperation of Autonomous Vehicles
Teleoperation of Autonomous Vehicles, is the ability to remotely drive or assist a self-driving car.

Most leading companies in the industry believe that to bridge the gap between current self-driving capabilities and the requirements needed for widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles, there is a need to have Teleoperation capabilities for assisting self-driving cars, in situations of ‘edge cases’ – where the autonomous vehicle software stack has low confidence level in its ability to perform the correct action, or when the vehicle needs to operate outside of its standard operating parameters. Without remote assistance, in such situations the self-driving car would transition to a Minimum Risk Maneuverer (MRM) which is usually to stop.

Many AV companies plan on using teleoperations as part of their rollout for self driving cars. Examples of companies that have stated they will deploy, or currently deploying teleoperations solutions include Voyage.auto, Denso, Waymo, GM Cruise, Aptiv, Zoox.

Teleoperation of Autonomous Vehicles includes privately owned self driving car use cases, such as self parking assistants, shared mobility use cases, e.g. in robotaxis and autonomous shuttles and industrial use cases, for example autonomous forklifts.

There are two main modes for Teleoperation of Autonomous Vehicles: Remote Driving, also called “Direct Driving” – where the remote operator performs the dynamic drive task, i.e. drives the car remotely, controlling the car's steering, acceleration and braking systems. Remote Assistance, also called “High Level Commands” – remote operators supervise the vehicle, and provide instructions, approve or correct the vehicle path, without actually performing the dynamic driving task. Some companies deploy a combination of both concepts, depending on the use case. Examples of companies that provide solutions in the field of Teleoperations are DriveU.auto, Roboauto, Scotti.ai, Phantom.Auto, Pylot, Ottopia, and Designated Driver.

title: Teleoperation


text:
Sabatia campestris

Sabatia campestris (Texas star; also prairie rose-gentian, prairie sabatia, meadow pink ) is a species of Sabatia, native to the south-central United States, from Texas east to Mississippi and north to Iowa and Illinois. It is also locally naturalized in New England.

Sabatia campestris is an annual plant growing to 15 – tall with pairs of opposite leaves 8–40 mm long and 5–20 mm wide. The flowers are produced in open, long-stalked cymes at the top of the stems; the flower corolla is about 40 mm diameter, with five pink (rarely white) lobes with bluntly acute apices, and a contrasting bright yellow central 'eye'; they are hermaphrodite (contain both male and female organs). The fruit is a capsule containing numerous small seeds.

Habitat
Its natural habitats are sandy prairies, woodland edges, and stream banks.

Cultivation and uses
Sabatia campestris is cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens, where it requires moist soil and partial to full sun.

It can be used for medical purposes as an anti-periodic and tonic. It is also possible to obtain a herbal tea from the plant.

title: Sabatia campestris


text:
Greenmount, Western Australia

Greenmount is a locality and a geographical feature in the Shire of Mundaring, Western Australia, on the edge of the Darling Scarp. It is a vital point in the transport routes from the Swan Coastal Plain into the hinterland of Western Australia.

Early colonial history
Ensign Robert Dale reached the summit on 18 October 1829. John Septimus Roe communicated with Dale over the York Road he had used the name Green Mount.

In the era of the Swan River Colony the name "Greenmount" was used for two points on the Darling Scarp. In the 1840s the York Road was known as York Greenmount, and the road further north along the Scarp was known as Toodyay Greenmount. It is possible that these two locations might have had slightly different coloured foliage compared to the grey blue green colour of the Scarp.

During the convict era, in 1854 Edward Du Cane was the supervisor of the building of a convict depot on the slopes of the hill. In the 1870s a government bluestone quarry was developed on the western slope of the hill.

Chippers Leap
Chippers Leap is a memorial stone on the northern edge of the Great Eastern Highway between the two points where the Old York Road remains linking with the highway.

Highway
Greenmount Hill, either by Old York Road or Great Eastern Highway, is the main ascent to, or descent from the Darling Scarp, and has been a regular site of vehicle breakdowns or accidents due to the slope.

Due to a large increase of heavy truck traffic using the hill, the truck arrester bed located at the lower end of the hill has been in place since an accident in 1993.

Railway
On its western slopes and southern slopes the original Eastern Railway route travelled. On its western slopes and just to the north the later National Park deviation ran. The current railway route still passes within a few kilometres to the west and north of the hill. Greenmount was a railway stopping place until 1954 when the Mundaring Loop was closed for passenger traffic, however trains continued to work on the line to the Mountain Quarry in Boya until 1962.

Bus

 * 323 Midland Station to Swan View – serves Innamincka Road and Wooloomooloo Road

Bus routes serving Great Eastern Highway and Old York Road:
 * 320 Midland Station to Mundaring
 * 321 Midland Station to Glen Forrest
 * 328 Midland Station to Chidlow

Quarries
On its western slope and near its southern slope it has three unused quarries: Greenmount Quarry, Mountain Quarry, and Hudman Road Quarry. Greenmount Quarry was known as the "Blue Stone Quarry" in the 1870s, and was later associated in the late nineteenth century with Alexander Forrest. Mountain Quarry was a working quarry from the 1920s until the early 1960s. It is now a dedicated abseiling location, and is often designated as "Boya Quarry". Hudman Road Quarry has in the past been known as Mr O'Connor's quarry, the Fremantle Harbour Works Darlington Quarry, the Public Works Quarry, and the Government Quarry.

Due to its visibility and lack of development on the hill, it has remained "green" since its naming in the 1820s. It has attracted the interest of some artists and photographers. The only spoiling is the front part of the hill (locally known as "Sugarloaf"), which was a pasture for over 60 years, and has a "green" that is not the endemic green of the jarrah forest that once covered the hill. Also bisection by a Western Power line across the hill, which corresponds with the old border of the Greenmount National Park, has created an eyesore, as well as a serious point of erosion.

It has also been the site of aircraft warning lights, since removed, and currently has a police communication tower on the western edge. It also has a mobile telephone tower with Optus and Telstra equipment near Padbury Road. Road access through the Greenmount National Park has been closed due to vandalism, except where permission and keys have been obtained from the Department of Environment and Conservation regional office in Mundaring.

The Greenmount locality is bisected by the Great Eastern Highway and other important roads.

Undercliffe
Undercliffe estate, located at Coongan Ave, Greenmount is a Western Australia Government heritage listed site The original land parcel was south of the York Road and near what is now Wortley Road. It sits on an elevated site looking south over the former railway reserve and towards Helena Valley. In 1897, the estate was owned by Edmund Gilyard Lacey, who also owned a nearby sawmill, brickworks and granite quarry. He later sold it to his son-in-law, Percy Ford Robinson. In 1902, Robinson built Undercliffe House, an example of Australian Federation Queen Anne architecture, using the bricks from his father-in-law's quarry. The front entry door is surrounded by stained glass and highlights, which incorporates the name "Undercliffe" into its design, and the side panels contain the initials of Robinson.

During the Great Depression, Undercliffe House was used as a parish poorhouse eventually being donated to the Rev John Bell in 1937, which he then converted into a convalescent home. In World War II it housed convalescing soldiers. After the war, it was used as a nursing home, and continued in this capacity until 1981 when it was developed into a hospital. The facilities were upgraded and new buildings added for an additional nursing home, maternity wing and specialist consulting rooms.

In the early 20th century, the grounds and garden of the estate were an attraction to artists, train travellers and motorists. The substantial gardens remain in the large spaces between the buildings, together with some significant trees from the original garden. These include a large Moreton Bay fig tree, a Tree Society heritage-listed rare South American cyprus, a Norfolk pine, and several old date palms.

Mundaring Municipal Inventory
The Shire of Mundaring Municipal Inventory has Greenmount Hill – as a landmark – with high aesthetic, social, historic and scientific significance.

title: Greenmount, Western Australia


text:
Talk:Lions led by donkeys

Comments
"The conversation was supposedly published in the memoirs of General Erich von Falkenhayn, the German commander-in-chief between 1914 and 1916. Hoffmann served the entire war on the Eastern Front and so never encountered British forces." - this is not clear. Not serving on the WF is no reason not to discuss the English soldiers with Ludendorff. Technically, it was entirely possible, so the context needs to be made clear. Dysmorodrepanis 20:14, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

The expression refers to incompetent generals, not specifically British generals. This is made clear by the background. The article should be re-written with this in mind.124.197.15.138 (talk) 05:25, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

The single sentence "Donkeys led by a lion." was the first letter to the 23 Nov 1990 Times after Margaret Thatcher resigned. It was written by Alan M. Stubbs, a private dentist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.74.154.74 (talk) 10:42, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Un-anchored sentence
The sentence "This term was directed at Haig, as the German soldier commented 'little english bastards'. (LT. Chapman)" lacks context as there is no definition of who the "German soldier" was. It is not really clear how the term was directed at Haig - unless he led the Russian forces, in which case this should be made clear. Also, there is nothing to indicate who "LT. Chapman" (Lieutenant?) was. KeithC (talk) 14:56, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I deleted the following un-anchored sentence: "This term was directed at Haig, as the German soldier commented 'little english bastards'. (LT. Chapman)"Abby Kelleyite (talk) 19:25, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Criticism of The Donkeys and characterization of English generals as Donkeys
While I think this section has been improved by the addition of more balanced material and I have no objection to changing: "Current academic opinion has described this school of thought as 'discredited'" to "Some current academic opinion has described this school of thought as discredited'", I, myself, couldn't find any current academics who have anything good to say about Clark's book, which is why I didn't make that change myself. The closest I could find was a historian like Brian Bond who, while calling The Donkeys' viewpoints stereotypes, at least acknowledges that British generals made serious mistakes. I think Hew Strachan falls in this same category but he has little (no) good to say about Clark as far as I can tell. All help appreciated. Abby Kelleyite (talk) 19:13, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Alan Clark's use of the phrase
Made a small change as it appears clear that Clark admitted to having invented the dialogue rather than the phrase itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.147.24.224 (talk) 12:54, 14 August 2011 (UTC)

 * That is my understanding as well. He invented the citation. IIRC it was Princess Bluecher and she was referring to the near debacle which befell the British Army in March 1918.Paulturtle (talk) 19:23, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

CE
Did some tidying and added a few citations using the form but I've forgotten how to do most of it.Keith-264 (talk) 18:10, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Revisionism?
To say that the "viewpoint of incompetent military leaders have both been subject to attempts at revisionism" implies that the lions led by donkeys theory is mainstream. It is not. This notion is itself revisionism, the result on one man's book in the 1960's. The mainstream competent historians never adopted Clark's extreme viewpoint.Royalcourtier (talk) 03:58, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

Revisionism?
As noted, the thesis of the incompetence of various general officers predates the end of the Great War itself, so books on the subject are -hardly- "revisionist". perhaps, like many others who throw such terms about, you are unclear as to its actual meaning. Also, your statements above are rather more opinion than containing any factual content, along with the earlier comment by another poster indicating that the basis for the severe criticism of WW I Entente generals was "one man's book", a statement of such broad dissemblance as to be pure fantasy, unlike the thesis under discussion.

I understand that there is a certain mindset which finds the notion of criticizing members of such an "elite" as general officers abhorrent, and that this clouds their judgment when it comes to looking at the subject dispassionately. But seriously, bro, take a deep breath before you fall face-first into it. Have you even read ANY of the many works that support this thesis, or do you restrict yourself to only reading material that supports your PoV? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.246.184.114 (talk) 18:57, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lions led by donkeys


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Megan Lee

Megan Lee (born September 18, 1995) is a Korean-American actress, director and former singer-songwriter best known for her role as "Sun Hi Song" on Make It Pop and her singing talents on YouTube.

Early life and education
Lee was born in Los Angeles, California and raised in Northridge, California. She officially began her professional career in acting and singing at the age of 10. In 2013, she eventually moved to Seoul, South Korea and was home-schooled through high school after having been signed to South Korean Kim Tae-woo's (lead singer of g.o.d) label, Soul Shop Entertainment.

2007–2010: Early acting roles and Nickelodeon
Since the age of 10, Lee first appeared in numerous national commercials including spots for McDonald's, Verizon Wireless, Nintendo (the Nintendo DS), Bratz, Kidz Bop, Wal-Mart, Big Lots, and Trix as well as TV programs such as the Crash TV series, iCarly, Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards, Disney's Get Connected, 3 Minute Game Show & various independent film projects.

In 2008, Lee had won the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards Best Speech Contest at the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards. She also played Hyori in the Short Film/Music Video, My First Crush, directed by Rocky Jo, with Arden Cho starring as the older Hyori. Also in 2008, Lee starred as "Julie" in several episodes of Disney's TV Series, "Disney Get Connected." She also played "Ji Sun" in an episode of Crash alongside Dennis Hopper, Tom Sizemore, Brian Tee and Kelvin Han Yee.

2014–2022: Transition to mainstream roles
In 2014, Lee was officially cast and starred as a lead member of XO-IQ, featured in the hit Nickelodeon series Make It Pop. She was one of the show's three main stars and plays a character named "Sun Hi Song", alongside Filipino-Canadian Louriza Tronco and Singaporean-Canadian Erika Tham. The series was co-produced by Nick Cannon.

After Make It Pop finished airing for 2 seasons on Nickelodeon, Lee would go on to appear in several other television shows and feature films, such as The Other Kingdom, Modern Family, and S.W.A.T.

Lee will next appear on Murmur after having won several film festival awards, including Best Ensemble, alongside fellow co-stars Logan Polish, Colin Ford, Johnny Jay Lee, Cyrus Arnold, and Brandon Wilson, and directed by Mark Polish.

2022–Present: Film Directing
In 2022, Lee began taking film directing courses at UCLA, studying under TV director Peter Lauer. She makes her official directorial debut in 2023 with her short film titled En Pointe.

Music
Lee writes her own original songs and released three singles as an independent artist, "In The Future", "Love, Laugh & Live" and "Destiny." "Love, Laugh & Live" was Megan's first official music video and was shot and directed by Steve Nguyen. "Destiny" was also made into a music video, and was directed by Timothy Tau. In May 2019, she released her debut extended play, I Am. and released a new single, "Me, Myself and I", with its lyric video released simultaneously; the song served as the lead single of her debut extended play, I Am, which was released on May 24.

K-Pop
Lee also contested in South Korea's popular show, MBC Star Audition - The Great Birth (위대한 탄생) Season 1 (and Season 2) on one of South Korea's main broadcast networks (MBC). On Season 2 of MBC's Star Audition, Lena Park personally selected Megan over a number of other competitors to be Megan's mentor. She also finished in the Top 13 of contestants at the end of Season 2. Lee has also written music for various K-Pop artists such as Exo's Baekhyun and Girls' Generation's Taeyeon.

Lee's official debut track during her time on Soul Shop Entertainment was entitled "8dayz" (read as 8 Days), which was released on May 15, 2014. The track features B2ST's Yong Jun-hyung, and is also composed by German composers Andreas Bärtels and Rüdiger Schramm, who also composed a track for veteran K-pop singer Nami.

Lee and her vocals are also featured in the g.o.d reunion track, "The Story of Our Lives." The music video for the song was released on July 11, 2014, and marked the first time the band g.o.d has sung together in over 10 years.

Lee has also released a music video and track with Kim Tae-woo entitled "Oppa".

On November 10, 2014, Megan Lee filed a civil lawsuit with the Seoul District Court against Soul Shop Entertainment requesting nullification of her 5-year contract. Megan, along with her representation, claimed that she was severely verbally abused by some of the members of management, and that intimidation tactics were used to impose their will on her career. She also claimed that a contract was signed on her behalf without her consent, a fraudulent bank account in her name was made without her consent, and that the financial activity regarding her career with Soul Shop was not made transparent as it was promised to her in their initial agreement with the label.

During the second half of 2018, a song written by Lee titled 'Psycho', which was sung by EXO's Baekhyun, was performed exclusively during EXO's recent Elyxion concert. The original piece was solely written by Lee, and produced by Zayson, and soon went viral.

Lee also co-wrote "Horizon" for Taeyeon's Japanese extended play, Voice.

The Voice
In 2018, Lee was a contestant in season 14 of the American music talent show The Voice, where she was eliminated in the Battle round. In an episode broadcast on March 6, 2018, she performed "Killing Me Softly with His Song", with Alicia Keys turning her chair. In the Battles Round broadcast on March 19, 2018, she was confronted with Team Alicia teammate Johnny Bliss both singing "Versace on the Floor" from Bruno Mars.

YouTube
Lee is most likely known for her viral covers of pop songs, many of which have received significant view counts including covers of Christina Aguilera's "I Will Be", Bruno Mars' "Lazy Song", Lil Wayne's "How to Love", Kelly Clarkson's "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill you)" and others. She has also collaborated with other YouTube artists, for example, when she covered "Forget You" by Cee Lo Green with Arden Cho in 2011. In 2011, Lee also won 2NE1's "Lonely" Cover Contest with her cover of 2NE1's single "Lonely", and was flown to Korea to meet with the group. She also made a cover of Adele's "Someone Like You" on YouTube with Sungha Jung.

In 2012 she won a Cover Contest sponsored by Jason Mraz and Warner Music Korea, and collaborated with Mraz in a duet for his track, "Lucky" which is viewable on YouTube. She has also performed and recorded a number of duets with acoustic guitarist Sungha Jung, covering famous K-pop songs such as "Monster" by BIGBANG.

title: Megan Lee


text:
United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command

The United States Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (Airborne), USACAPOC(A), or CAPOC was founded in 1985 and is headquartered at Fort Liberty, North Carolina. USACAPOC(A) is composed mostly of U.S. Army Reserve Soldiers in units throughout the United States. The size of the Command is nearly 13,500 Soldiers, which is 76% of the Department of Defense's Civil Affairs forces and 63% of Psychological Operations forces. The current Commanding General is Major General Isaac Johnson Jr., who assumed command in August 2022.

Historically, USACAPOC(A) was one of four major subordinate commands composing the U.S. Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). In May 2006, the reserve component of USACAPOC(A) was administratively reorganized under the U.S. Army Reserve Command. The administrative move, however, does not detract from the capability of Army Reserve Civil Affairs Soldiers ability to carry out missions in support of unconventional environments or special operations. Both Active and Reserve component Civil Affairs Soldiers are products of the special operations community, they must go through qualification training at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. The Army Reserve Civil Affairs is considered to be more dynamic than that of their Active duty counterparts. The largest difference being, while the Active component’s focus is mainly on unconventional environments, individual Soldiers from the Army Reserve Civil Affairs may be tasked with supporting both conventional or unconventional operations. In addition, the Army Reserve Civil Affairs largely maintains functional skills or specialties that the Active Component is typically unable to, due to the nature of a separate civilian career or the professional backgrounds of many Reserve Soldiers. The Army's active duty Special Operations Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations units, along with the Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Force Modernization/Branch Proponents, continue to fall under the U.S. Army Special Operations Command and United States Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, respectively. The Active Component Civil Affairs Brigade—the 95th Civil Affairs Brigade—and the two active component Psychological Operations Groups—the 4th Psychological Operations Group and the 8th Psychological Operations Group—fall under USASOC.

U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations constitute 5% of the U.S. Army Reserve's total force, but account for approximately 20% of Army Reserve deployments. Reserve Civil Affairs are deployable specialized forces within the Reserve. Reserve Soldiers often bring civilian expertise and education that is typically not found among active-duty soldiers. The projects these elements coordinate are worldwide, but more recently have focused on Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Horn of Africa regions.

Information Operations Units
Information Operations (IO) units are organized and trained to conduct Operations in the Information environment (OIE) defined as the "Military actions involving the integrated employment of multiple information forces to affect drivers of behavior. (JP 3-04)"  This is primarily done through the integrated employment of Information Forces (formerly referred to as ‘information related capabilities’ (IRCs), such as Civil Affairs (CA), Psychological Operations (PO), Combat Camera, Public Affairs (CA), and Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities (CEMA).

The 151st Theater Information Operations is Group (151st TIOG) was realigned under the command of USACAPOC(A) in October 2015.

Information Operations units are the field commander's capability to synchronize and de-conflict IRCs in the commander's information environment. The Soldiers consist of teams which interface and provide IO expertise to the staff. 151st TIOG IO practitioners are particularly suited for this mission as U.S. Army Reserve Soldiers with civilian occupations such as law enforcement, engineering, medicine, law, finance, public administration and civil service, etc.; and, civilian education such as Project Management Professional (PMP), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Juris Doctor (J.D.), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Public Administration (MPA), etc.

Information Operations Soldiers are integral to U.S. missions across Northwest Africa, East Africa, Europe, Middle East, and various other locations. If you see something, say something.

Civil Affairs Units
The primary mission of Civil Affairs is to conduct Civil-military operations. Civil Affairs soldiers are responsible for executing five core Civil Affairs tasks, Civil Information Management, Foreign Humanitarian Assistance, Foreign Assistance, Population and Resource Control, and Support to Civil Administration. Some sub tasks to these core tasks include identifying non-governmental and international organizations operating in the battlespace, handling refugees, civilians on the battlefield, and determining protected targets such as schools, churches/temples/mosques, hospitals, etc.

Civil Affairs units are the field commander's link to the civil authorities in that commander's area of operations. The soldiers make up teams which interface and provide expertise to the host nation government. USACAPOC(A)'s Civil Affairs soldiers are particularly suited for this mission since they are Army Reserve soldiers with civilian occupations such as law enforcement, engineering, medicine, law, banking, public administration, etc.

Civil Affairs Soldiers have been integral to U.S. peacekeeping operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa, Bosnia and Kosovo, among others. Tactical Civil Affairs teams meet with local officials, conduct assessments and determine the need for critical infrastructure projects such as roads, schools, power plants, clinics, sewer lines, etc., and check up on the status of the project after construction by a local company has begun.

Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Units

Psychological warfare are a vital part of the broad range of U.S. political, military, economic and ideological activities used by the U.S. government to secure national objectives. PSYOP is the dissemination of information to foreign audiences in support of U.S. policy and national objectives.

Used during peacetime, contingencies and declared war, these activities are not forms of force, but are force multipliers that use nonviolent means in often violent environments. Persuading rather than compelling physically, they rely on logic, fear, desire, or other mental factors to promote specific emotions, attitudes, or behaviors. The ultimate objective of U.S. military psychological operations is to convince enemy, neutral, and friendly nations and forces to take action favorable to the U.S. and its allies.

Psychological operations (United States) support national security objectives at the tactical, operational and strategic levels of operations. Strategic psychological operations advance broad or long-term objectives. Global in nature, they may be directed toward large audiences or at key communicators.

Operational psychological operations are conducted on a smaller scale. They are employed by theater commanders to target groups within the theater of operations. Their purpose can range from gaining support for U.S. operations to preparing the battlefield for combat.

Tactical psychological operations are more limited, used by commanders to secure immediate and near-term goals. In this environment, these force-enhancing activities serve as a means to lower the morale and efficiency of enemy forces.

Both tactical and theater-level psychological operations may be used to enhance peacetime military activities of conventional forces operating in foreign countries. Cultural awareness packages attune U.S. forces before departing overseas. In theater, media programs publicize the positive aspects of combined military exercises and deployments.

In addition to supporting commanders, PSYOP units provide interagency support to other U.S. government agencies. In operations ranging from humanitarian assistance to drug interdiction, psychological operations enhance the impact of those agencies' actions. Their activities can be used to spread information about ongoing programs and to gain support from the local populace.

Psychological operations units in the U.S. Army Reserve are language and culturally oriented. Seventy one percent of the Department of Defense's PSYOP capability rests within USACAPOC (A)'s 2nd and 7th Psychological Operations Groups located in Ohio and California respectively.


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Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect

Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch is a Low German dialect spoken in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It belongs to the East Low German group.

In the western parts of the language area it is similar to some West Low German dialects, while the eastern parts are influenced by the Central Pomeranian (Mittelpommersch) dialect. It differs slightly from East Pomeranian, which used to be spoken widely in the area that in 1945 became the Polish part of Farther Pomerania and included much more Slavic Pomeranian and Kashubian elements.

Geography

 * In former Mecklenburg-Schwerin: Schwerin-Rostock-Wismar-Güstrow
 * In Western Pomerania: Stralsund-Greifswald-Anklam
 * In former Mecklenburg-Strelitz: Neustrelitz-Neubrandenburg

Diminutive
A striking characteristic of Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch is the use of the diminutive suffix -ing (e.g. Poot ‘paw’ > Pöting ‘little paw’, Änning ‘Annie’, lies’ ‘quietly’, ‘softly’, ‘slowly’ > liesing ‘very quietly’, ‘very softly’, ‘very carefully’, ‘nice and easy’). This suffix first appears in modern Low German variations (early 19th century onwards), and is of Germanic origin, being attested in several other Germanic-speaking areas, such as Westphalian family names Arning, Smeding and Janning.

Pronouns
The personal pronouns in the dialect of Fritz Reuter are as follow:

The reflexive pronoun of the 3rd person is sick, and the possessive pronouns (which are declined like strong adjectives) are:

Numbers
Numbers in the dialect of Fritz Reuter are:

Verbs
Uncomposed forms in the dialect of Fritz Reuter:
 * The e in parentheses often gets dropped.

title: Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect


text:
Edward Wood

Edward or Ed Wood may refer to:

 * Edward Wood (MP) (fl. 1584–86), English politician
 * Sir Edward Wood (diplomat), British envoy to Sweden in the 1670s
 * Edward Wood (British Army officer) (1841–1898)
 * Ed Wood (1924–1978), American filmmaker
 * Ed Wood (film), a 1994 film based on the life of the filmmaker
 * Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (1881–1959), British politician
 * Edward J. Wood (1866–1956), leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Alberta, Canada
 * Edward Allan Wood (1872–1930), British Army officer
 * Edward Rogers Wood (1866–1941), financier in Canadian business
 * Edward Wood (priest), archdeacon of Mashonaland, 1946–1960
 * Edward John Wood, footballer known as Jackie Wood
 * Ed Wood (engineer) (born 1968), former chief designer for the Williams Formula One team
 * Ed Wood (elm cultivar), a Chinese elm cultivar

title: Edward Wood