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Dame Alice Owen's School

Dame Alice Owen's School (DAOS, or simply Dame Alice Owen's or Owen's) is an 11–18 co-educational, partially selective secondary school and sixth form with academy status in Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, England. It is part of the Dame Alice Owen's Foundation; its trustees are the Worshipful Company of Brewers.

It was founded in Islington as a boys' school for 30 students in 1613, which makes it one of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom, and is named after its founder, the 17th-century philanthropist Alice Owen. Over time, the boys' school expanded. A girls' school was built in 1886, and the two schools were merged in 1973; the mixed school moved to its current location at Dugdale Hill Lane in Potters Bar in stages between 1973 and 1976.

The school is one of the highest performing state schools in England and Wales in terms of the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) and GCE Advanced Level (A-Level) results, and is considered one of the best schools in the UK. In 2016, it was named the State Secondary School of the Year by The Sunday Times in the newspaper's rankings for the 2016–17 school year, and also received praise from Tatler and The Daily Telegraph. In 2020, it was named Regional State School of the Decade for the South East of England by The Sunday Times. The latest Ofsted Inspection Report was published in 2023 with the inspection team judging Dame Alice Owen's School Outstanding in all areas.

Foundation: pre–1613

Dame Alice Owen's School was founded in 1613 by the English philanthropist Alice Owen (née Wilkes; 1547 – 26 November 1613). Owen decided to found a school to thank God for saving her when she was a child after she narrowly avoided being struck by an arrow, which passed through her hat, in the fields in Islington; the exact nature of this event is disputed.

The death of her third husband (the judge Thomas Owen) in 1598 caused Alice Owen to be free to carry out her plans. On 6 June 1608, she acquired a licence to purchase 11 acre of ground in Islington and Clerkenwell, on which to build a hospital for 10 poor widows, and to confer power over that land (and some other land; in total, it was worth £40 a year) to the Worshipful Company of Brewers (her first husband, Henry Robinson, had been a member of the company). The site had been called the "Hermitage" field. In 1609, Owen officially gave authority over the charity she had founded to the Brewers' Company; by indentures dated in that year, she had given the company an annual payment of £25 to support her almshouses.

After founding the almshouses in 1608 on the site, which was on the east side of St John Street, in 1610 Owen obtained the right to build a school and chapel in the same location. It was built between 1610 and 1612 and probably opened in 1613. Three iron arrows were fixed into a gable in the building, to commemorate the time when she was almost hit by an arrow; Owen also erected a free chapel there. On 20 September 1613, she made rules for her school (and the almshouses); notably, the school was to take thirty boys – twenty-four from Islington and six from Clerkenwell – and be inspected by the Brewers' Company once a year.

The rules also stated that the school's headmaster was to be paid five pounds every three months and be given a house to live in for free; he was to teach writing, mathematics and bookkeeping. Her will (which was dated 10 June 1613), directed the yearly purchase of land worth £20 in order to pay the headmaster's salary. The first man to hold the position was William Leske, who held the position until 1614 before resigning. Samuel Lewis Jnr writes that according to John Stow's Survey of London, building the school and almshouses, as well as purchasing the land, cost £1776. To provide her charity with an income, the executor of Owen's will, Sir Thomas Rich, bought a 41 acre farm in Orsett in Essex for £22.

Traditions
The school has maintained many traditions from the time of its founding, such as the giving of a small amount of "beer money" to every pupil. This is a reminder of the school's long-standing close association with the brewing industry and the Worshipful Company of Brewers. Pupils in Year Seven receive a special five-pound coin in a ceremony at Brewers' Hall in London, while the older years are given money at school by the Master of the Worshipful Company of Brewers on the last day of the academic year.

Early years and expansion: 1613–1886

William Smith, who held the position of headmaster between 1666 and 1678, was dismissed because of alleged involvement in the Popish Plot. In 1731, Thomas Dennett, who had been the headmaster since 1717, ran away.

In 1818, the Charity Commission found that there were 55 boys at the school – the 30 specified by Owen, and 25 private pupils (several of whom boarded with Alexander Balfour, who served as headmaster from 1791 to 1824). Only the private pupils learned French and Latin (the other children had the opportunity to learn Latin, but none took it). At the time, the headmaster earned £30 a year. The value of the trust estates in Islington and Clerkenwell had grown to £900 a year by 1830. The school was rebuilt and a new almshouse was built in 1840 or 1841 on a new site in Owen Street, Islington (near their previous location), at a cost of about £6,000, because the old buildings had fallen into disrepair; the original buildings were demolished.

The school was expanded when new classrooms were built in 1846 and 1860. In 1842, there were 85 boys attending the school – one-fifth (17) of them were from Clerkenwell while four-fifths (68) were from Islington – though the new school was intended to be for 120 boys. That number of pupils had been reached by 1865 when there were 100 boys from Islington and 20 from Clerkenwell at the school (all aged between 7 and 14).

A new project received royal assent on 14 August 1878; this scheme enabled the school to expand into two schools – one for 300 boys, and the other for that many girls. The almshouse was demolished so that a playground could be built (the former inhabitants of the almshouse received pensions). The front of the boys' school was rebuilt on a larger scale at this time. The girls' school was opened in Owen's Row in 1886; its first headmistress was Emily Armstrong.

Two independent schools in Islington: 1886–1951
The boys' school was expanded further in 1895–96 so that 420 boys could go there; a new wing was built, which included a library and science laboratories. In 1897, a memorial to Alice Owen (in the form of a statue) was commissioned; this statue is still located in the modern school. A building used for lunch as well as art and woodwork was built in 1904. During Robert Chomeley's time as headmaster (1909–27), the boys' school obtained playing fields in Oakleigh Park and he built several huts there, which were used for lessons. An assembly hall was added to the boys' school during his tenure; it was built in 1927.

The schools were evacuated to Bedford during the Second World War, in which the schools' buildings were badly damaged. The girls' school was mostly destroyed by bombing in 1940 and had to be rebuilt; on 15 October 1940, 143 people were sheltering in the basement when a parachute mine hit the building, causing a pipe to flood the basement and killing 109 of the occupants. (A memorial to the people who died in the bombing was unveiled in 2005 at City and Islington College, at the former site of Dame Alice Owen's School's playground). Temporary huts were initially used when the students returned in 1945; a new five-storey girls' school building was built between 1960 and 1963.

Two voluntary aided schools in Islington: 1951–1976
In 1951, Dame Alice Owen's took voluntary aided status, while retaining its separation into two single-sex schools. Both schools were in Goswell Road, facing each other across the boys' playground.

In 1963, there were over six hundred boys in the boys' school, of whom more than a hundred were in the sixth form. That year, the boys' and girls' schools celebrated the 350th anniversary of the foundation; this involved various celebrations, including sporting events and concerts. The first official history of the school, by Reg Dare, was also published that year; there was also a Thanksgiving Service at St Paul's Cathedral on 30 April. A new building, part of the girls' school, was opened in October. Funds were raised to purchase a residential centre for both of the schools to use. Pupils stayed there for periods of several days and learned there; the centre, which was located outside London, was called Harrock House. It opened in May 1965, and closed in 1985 due to the cost of maintaining it.

The two schools merged in 1973 and were run as a mixed school while pupils were transferred in stages to the school's current location in Potters Bar in Hertfordshire between 1973 and July 1976. Reasons for the move included the restrictions of the site in Islington and a decline in the number of pupils in the area. The new school was opened on 8 June 1976 by Princess Anne.

The former boys' school building has now been demolished; the girls' school building is now part of City and Islington College.

Mixed school in Potters Bar: 1976–present
On 2 November 1990, the Duke of Edinburgh visited the school and opened a new building for physics and information technology that also houses a library, called the Edinburgh Centre. On 25 November 1997, Princess Anne opened a building for the sixth form and modern languages called the Bernard Ryan Centre. Five other buildings have been added to the site since 1976.

In 2011, the school became an academy; it had previously been a voluntary-aided school. In January 2019, the school received a grant of £50 000 from Hertsmere Borough Council to refurbish an astroturf sports pitch. Later that year, a new teaching block known as the "Brewers Education Centre" was completed, after over a year of construction. The building was formally opened in 2021 in a ceremony with the Worshipful Company of Brewers. The building cost approximately £5 million, with funding coming from the UK government and the Brewers' Company. The Bernard Ryan Centre was due to undergo extensive renovation in 2023.

400th anniversary (2013)
To commemorate the school's quatercentenary in 2013, the school established a 400th Anniversary Committee chaired by the musician Gary Kemp (with Peter Martin, the chair of governors, as vice-chairman), which organised several events. Kemp is an Old Owenian (former student) who met some of the future members of his band Spandau Ballet at the school. Construction was set to start in February 2013. By November 2013, more than £840 000 had been raised. In 2014, Lord Winston unveiled the new block. Staff and volunteers made a cake at the school, large enough for all the staff, students and parents to share; this marked the beginning of the celebrations. The film director and producer Sir Alan Parker (also an Old Owenian) directed a Celebration Concert at the Royal Albert Hall in April 2013, (it was planned to take place on 23 April 2013) featuring performances by various groups of students, as well as members of Spandau Ballet (including Kemp). A Thanksgiving Service was held at St Paul's Cathedral on 30 April 2013; it was meant to be held a week after the concert. In November, the train company First Capital Connect named one of its trains "Dame Alice Owens 400 years of learning" to honour the occasion.

In conjunction with the celebrations, a 400th Anniversary Appeal was set up to raise £1 million towards a new science building for the school. It was launched in February 2011 by Lord Robert Winston. Kemp was the chairman of the appeal; he said that the school needs assistance "to support ... the scientists of tomorrow". The total cost of the building was predicted to be £6 million. The new block was unveiled by Lord Winston in 2014 (some of the funding came from the appeal).

Governance
The Dame Alice Owen's Foundation supports the school, and its trustees are the Worshipful Company of Brewers. The school's governing body consists of thirteen Foundation Governors (whose appointments are endorsed by the Worshipful Company of Brewers, since they are trustees of the Dame Alice Owen's Foundation), two elected teacher-governors, the headteacher and three elected parent-governors. The Governing Body meets once in every school term, and will hold additional meetings if necessary. , the Chair of Governors is Peter Martin.

Admissions
The school is partially selective by means of an entrance examination; roughly a third of pupils are selected based on academic ability, while others are chosen because of musical skills, having a sibling at the school or living in the school's catchment area (which includes Islington, from where 20 pupils are admitted yearly because the school was previously located there). 200 pupils are admitted to Year 7 annually; this is the school's published admission number. Sixty-five children enter through the entrance examinations each year (there are two, which take place on different days – the first tests verbal reasoning and English and the second tests mathematics) and 10 through a musical aptitude test. There are 22 places available for children who live close to the school; this criterion was introduced in 2008 to give priority to those who live locally. There were 38 applications under this criterion in 2018. Tatler have described the admissions procedure as "mind-boggling". The school also allows external applications to its sixth form.

Students are drawn from a wide area, and the school is heavily oversubscribed. In 2013, it received 665 more applications than there were places. , fewer than a quarter of applications succeed; ten people apply for every place offered to external candidates to the sixth form. In 2018, the school received 819 applications, of which 359 had the school as their first preference.

In 2006, Alan Davison, the school's headteacher at that time, strongly opposed a plan by the Department for Education and Skills to ban partially selective schools from prioritising applications from the siblings of students attending the school, saying that the proposal threatened the school's "family-friendly atmosphere", and also stated that potentially affected schools were obtaining legal advice (the government never implemented the rule).

The school has reported that many families buy or rent houses near the school that they only live in for a short time in order to obtain a place at the school for their children, then move back to their original homes soon after. The school believed that this practice disadvantages families that have lived in the area for a long time. According to the school, half of the pupils who had received places due to proximity to the school in 2008 had moved back to previous homes which were further from the school by 2010. The school introduced several rules to combat this problem; one requirement is that families who retain a previous home within 50 mi of the school must live in the new home for 36 months before applying to the school, else the new address will only be treated as a temporary address. This was increased from 24 months for the 2018 and 2019 admissions. In 2018, a parent objected to this change on the grounds that it disadvantaged families who did not want to sell their former homes, arguing that the concerns about families moving away from the area after obtaining a place were not applicable to him and that school made the change without thinking of people in his situation. The Office of the Schools Adjudicator, which works with the Department for Education, did not uphold the objection; it ruled that the arrangements did not affect a particular racial or social group and that they were fair. In 2013, Davison criticised Hertfordshire County Council and the British government for their alleged lack of response to fraudulent applications for the places at the school available based on residence (it was claimed that in order to qualify, people were renting or buying houses near the school without living in them). He said "[p]eople will do anything to [obtain a place at the school]".

Academic performance

In terms of exam results, the school is one of the highest-ranked state schools in the country. In 2022, 40% of all Year 11 GCSE entries were graded 9 (old A*), and 93% of all Year 11 students secured 5 or more grades 9-4 (the grade range for a pass.) At A-Level, 44% of all entries were graded A*, 92% were graded A*-B and all entries secured a pass grade.

Around 90 per cent of students enter higher education, with a significant number going to Oxbridge.

Dame Alice Owen's School has been a Science Specialist School since 2007 and 43 per cent of students go on to study science. The school holds regular lectures, organised by its science society, for students. The school aimed to attract additional government funding, with over £250 000 already raised, to support the construction of a new science block, which finished in 2014.

Extracurricular activities
Many pupils take part in the Duke of Edinburgh Award, including around 30 annually who do the Gold Award, the highest level. School trips accompany students' learning, with many trips international, for example Religious Studies trips to the Galapagos Islands and Costa Rica, as well as Geography and History trips to Iceland and Ypres. There are also opportunities for students to visit the school's partner school in Tanzania.

School sports include football, gymnastics, rugby and athletics; some pupils represent the school at the national level. The school also has bands, orchestras and choirs, and pupils can learn musical instruments. Concerts take place at the end of every academic term including the school's many ensembles. The school has several students enrolled in the National Youth Orchestra. The school puts on drama productions each year. The school's clubs and societies include chess and debating. The school has a student-produced magazine, called The Arrow, which was first published in 1899 and is now published once a year.

Location and school grounds
Dame Alice Owen's School is situated in the south of Potters Bar, just north of the M25 motorway and near South Mimms services (which are to the west of the school). Its grounds have an area of 34 acre and include a lake and large playing fields. In 2014, Alice Rose, writing for Tatler magazine, praised its "excellent facilities" and "smart campus"; in 2016, the journalist Sue Leonard, writing in The Times, said that the school "offers...facilities many other secondary schools can only envy", and described its sports grounds as "enormous".

Students at the school come from a wide area, and the school is served by six bus routes. Four of these are London bus routes contracted by Transport for London (TfL): the 313, 626, 692 and 699 (Arriva London operates the 313 route, Sullivan Buses operates the 626 route, and the 692 and 699 routes are operated by Uno.) Two other bus routes operated on behalf of Hertfordshire County Council, the 242 (operated by Metroline), and the 610 (operated by Uno), also serve the school. More than 200 students also travel to school by train daily via Potters Bar railway station.

Allegations of racism
A 2002 Ofsted report remarked that "the governors and senior management team have not included ‘racial equality as an integral part of all formal and informal training’". It further noted that "in a Sixth Form English literature lesson examining unseen poems, all those studied were written by white poets" and that "The National Curriculum refers to ‘using materials which reflect cultural diversity and provide positive images of race, sex and disability’. The school has very few such materials, for example posters and information about the achievements of black scientists, which are easily available."

In 2021, 800 students participated in a mass walkout to protest what they viewed as a failure by the school to take action against racial abuse and bullying . In a statement, the school stated that "we have not always lived up to this aim [to 'be an inclusive environment where everyone can feel supported']"

Notable alumni
The school has had many notable former pupils, who are referred to as Old Owenians. Those for careers in the entertainment industry include Fiona Wade, an actress in the soap opera Emmerdale; Dame Beryl Grey, a ballerina; Jessica Tandy, an Academy Award-winning actress; Both Tony Hadley, lead singer and Gary Kemp, the lead guitarist and songwriter for the band Spandau Ballet, and Sir Alan Parker, a film director.

Sportsperson alumni include the gymnast Gabrielle Jupp; Jodie Williams, a sprinter; Paul Robinson, a professional footballer, and Dame Mary Glen-Haig, a gold-medal-winning fencer at the Commonwealth Games. Old Owenians notable for their achievements in science are Frederick Gugenheim Gregory, a botanist who won the Royal Medal; Leslie Reginald Cox, a palaeontologist, and the chemist Leslie Orgel, who is known for inventing Orgel's rules. The Marxist journalist and historian Andrew Rothstein also went to the school.

Two former Labour MPs have attended the school: Ronald Chamberlain, MP for Norwood, and Millie Miller, leader of Camden Council and MP for Ilford North. The politician Alan Amos, who was the Conservative MP for Hexham, taught at the school between 1976 and 1984.

List of headteachers
The modern and former boys' and girls' schools have had many headteachers:

Mixed school in Potters Bar

 * Hannah Nemko, 2016–present
 * Alan Davison, 2005–2016
 * Aldon T. Williamson, 1994–2005
 * David Bolton, 1982–1994
 * Gerald F. Jones, 1973–1982 (previously head of the boys' grammar school in Islington)

Mixed school in Islington

 * Ronald C. Puddephatt, 1973–1976

Girls' grammar school

 * Celia Nest Kisch, 1960–1973
 * Eslie P. Ward, 1945–1960
 * Agnes Mary Bozman, 1933–1945
 * Eleanor Wilson, 1914–1933
 * Emily Armstrong, 1886–1914

Second boys' grammar school

 * Gerald F. Jones, 1962–1973 (he became the headteacher of the modern, mixed school; see above)
 * Edward H. Burrough, 1955–1962
 * Walter Garstang, 1948–1954
 * Oliver W. Mitchell, 1939–1948
 * Rev Harry Asman, 1929–1939
 * Edwin T. England, 1927–1929
 * Robert F. Cholmeley CBE, 1909–1927
 * James Easterbrook, 1881–1909
 * Thomas H. Way, 1879–1881
 * John Hoare, 1840–1879 (previously head of the first boys' grammar school)

Masters of the first boys' grammar school

 * John Hoare, 1833–1840 (he became the headmaster of the second boys' school; see above)
 * Joseph Summersby, 1825–1833
 * Alexander Balfour, 1791–1824
 * David Davies, 1750–1791
 * Richard Shilton, 1738–1750
 * Henry Clarke, 1731–1738
 * Thomas Dennett, 1717–1731
 * Laurence Brandreth, 1716–1717
 * George Thomson, 1711–1716
 * Roger Rogerson, 1699–1711
 * William Vickars, 1692–1699
 * John Clutterbuck, 1678–1692
 * William Smith, 1666–1678
 * Mr Fowle, 1665–1666
 * John Clarke, 1665
 * George Lovejoy, 1654–1665
 * Peter Dowell, 1628–1654
 * Nathaniel Bate, 1626–1628
 * John Jorden, 1624–1626
 * John Weston, 1624
 * Mr Lymer, 1620–1624
 * Mr Jones, 1617–1620
 * John Hewes, 1614–1617
 * William Leske, 1613–1614

title: Dame Alice Owen's School


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Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir

Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir, also known as Torfhildur Hólm (2 February 1845 – 14 November 1918) was an Icelandic author who lived for many years in Canada. She was perhaps the first Icelander to make a living as an author, and is frequently cited as the first Icelandic woman novelist.

Biography
Torfhildur was born at Kálfafellsstaður in Skaftafellssýsla (now in Austur-Skaftafellssýsla), where her father, Þorsteinn Einarson, was a clergyman. She went to Reykjavík at age 17 and studied there and in Copenhagen and worked as a private teacher before marrying Jakob Hólm when she was 29. He died a year later and in 1876 she emigrated to Canada, where she lived in New Iceland and Winnipeg for 13 years. After working as a teacher for a number of years, she returned to Iceland in 1889 and two years later was granted a writer's pension by the Althing, the first woman to receive such artistic support; there was disagreement about the appropriateness of the award and it was reduced and ultimately made part of her widow's pension. She died in Reykjavík during the worldwide pandemic of Spanish flu of 1918–1920.

Work
She published her first short story in 1879 in Framfari, the first Icelandic newspaper published in North America. Her first novel, Brynjolfur Sveinsson biskup, was published in Reykjavík in 1882 and was both the first novel and first work by a female author to be formally printed in Iceland. Elding (1889) is a historical novel. Some of her work appeared in a Danish periodical published in Chicago, Illustrered Familjeblad. After her return to Iceland she edited two literary journals, Draupnir and Dvöl, in which her short fiction and two later novels appeared, and a children's magazine, Tíbrá. The folk tales she collected from Icelanders in Canada during her first few years there were published in 1962, and point, according to folklorist David Buchan, to an interesting difference between the Icelandic and the Faroese traditions; in the latter the ballad tradition is one of male public performance, where the Icelandic tradition is found in the female, domestic sphere.

Her writing shows both romantic and realist traits; some of her short stories are fables and allegories, but others deal with contemporary life, with the importance of women's education as a recurring theme. As a historical novelist, she is credited with giving the genre "its most capable treatment" among Icelandic authors.

Novels

 * Brynjólfur Sveinsson biskup (1882)
 * Kjartan og Guðrún (1886)
 * Elding (1889)
 * Högni og Ingibjörg (1889)
 * Jón biskup Vídalín (Draupnir)
 * Jón biskup Arason (Draupnir)

Short fiction

 * "Spekingurinn og heimskinginn" (Framfari, 1878)
 * "Andvari" (Illustrered Familjeblad, Chicago, 1878)
 * "Guð heyrir börnin" (Framfari, 1878)
 * "Stjarnan mín" (Framfari, 1878)
 * "Seint fyrnist forn ást" (Framfari, 1879)
 * "Tárablómið" (Framfari, 1879)
 * "Heiðarbærinn" (Framfari, 1879)
 * "Gunnlög og Sigrid" (Illustrered Familjeblad, 1880)
 * Sögur og ævintýri (1884; collection)
 * Smásögur handa börnum og unglingum (1886; collection of children's stories)
 * Barnasögur (1890; collection of children's stories)
 * Þjóðsögur og sagnir (1962; ed. Finnur Sigmundsson)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Torfhildur Þorsteinsdóttir


text: User talk:69.19.139.142

title: User talk:69.19.139.142


text:
Citadel Station

Citadel Station may refer to:

Stations

 * Carlisle Citadel station, the original name of Carlisle railway station, England
 * Leith Citadel railway station, a former station in Leith, Scotland

Fiction

 * Citadel Station, a space station orbiting Saturn in the video game System Shock

 * Citadel, a space station in the Mass Effect video game series

title: Citadel Station


text:
List of high schools in Washington (state)

This is a list of high schools in the state of Washington.

Adams County

 * Othello High School, Othello
 * Lind-Ritzville High School, Ritzville
 * Washtucna High School, Washtucna

Asotin County

 * Asotin Junior Senior High School, Asotin
 * Clarkston High School, Clarkston

Benton County

 * Kiona-Benton City High School, Benton City
 * Delta High School, Pasco (Regional STEM Highschool)

Kennewick

 * Benton/Franklin Juvenile Justice Center
 * Kamiakin High School
 * Kennewick High School
 * River View High School
 * Southridge High School
 * Tri City Area Vocational Skills Center

Prosser

 * Prosser Falls Education Center
 * Prosser High School

Richland

 * Hanford High School
 * Liberty Christian School
 * Richland High School
 * Rivers Edge High School

Chelan County

 * Cascade High School, Leavenworth
 * Cashmere High School, Cashmere
 * Chelan High School, Chelan
 * Entiat Junior Senior High School, Entiat
 * Manson Junior Senior High School, Manson

Wenatchee

 * Vocational Skills Center North Central
 * Wenatchee High School
 * Westside High School

Clallam County

 * Clallam Bay High School, Clallam Bay
 * Crescent High School, near Port Angeles
 * Forks High School, Forks
 * Port Angeles High School, Port Angeles
 * Quileute Tribal School, La Push
 * Sequim High School, Sequim
 * La Push High School, La Push

Clark County

 * Battle Ground High School, Battle Ground
 * CAM Academy, Battle Ground
 * Camas High School, Camas
 * Columbia Adventist Academy, Battle Ground
 * Columbia River High School, Vancouver
 * Cornerstone Christian Schools, Vancouver
 * Discovery High School, Camas
 * Evergreen High School, Vancouver
 * Excelsior High School, Washougal
 * Firm Foundation Christian School, Battle Ground
 * Fort Vancouver High School, Vancouver
 * Henrietta Lacks Health and Bioscience High School, Vancouver
 * Heritage High School, Vancouver
 * Hockinson High School, Brush Prairie
 * Hudson's Bay High School, Vancouver
 * King's Way Christian Schools, Vancouver
 * La Center High School, La Center
 * Lewis and Clark High School, Vancouver
 * Mountain View High School, Vancouver
 * Prairie High School, Brush Prairie
 * Ridgefield High School, Ridgefield
 * Seton Catholic High School, Vancouver
 * Skyview High School, Vancouver
 * Union High School, Vancouver
 * Vancouver Christian High School, Vancouver (1997—2012)
 * Vancouver iTech Preparatory, Vancouver
 * Vancouver School of Arts and Academics, Vancouver
 * Washougal High School, Washougal

Columbia County

 * Dayton High School, Dayton

Cowlitz County

 * Castle Rock High School, Castle Rock
 * Kalama High School, Kalama
 * Toutle Lake High School, Toutle
 * Woodland High School, Woodland

Kelso

 * Cornerstone Community Christian School
 * Kelso High School
 * Loowit High School

Longview

 * R. A. Long High School
 * Mark Morris High School

Douglas County

 * Bridgeport High School, Bridgeport
 * Eastmont High School, East Wenatchee
 * Mansfield High School, Mansfield
 * Waterville High School, Waterville

Ferry County

 * Curlew High School, Curlew
 * Inchelium High School, Inchelium
 * Republic Junior-Senior High School, Republic

Franklin County

 * Ainsworth High School, Pasco (Ainsworth) (defunct)
 * Chiawana High School, Pasco
 * Connell High School, Connell
 * Eltopia High School, Eltopia (defunct, closed after 1963-64 school year)
 * Kahlotus High School, Kahlotus
 * Palouse Junction High School, Connell
 * Pasco High School, Pasco
 * Tri-Cities Prep, Pasco
 * Delta High School, Pasco (Regional STEM Highschool)

Garfield County

 * Pomeroy Junior Senior High School, Pomeroy

Grant County

 * Almira-Coulee-Hartline High School, Coulee City
 * Ephrata Senior High School, Ephrata
 * Lake Roosevelt High School, Coulee Dam
 * Quincy High School, Quincy
 * Royal High School, Royal City
 * Skilskin High School, Grand Coulee
 * Soap Lake High School, Soap Lake
 * Wahluke High School, Mattawa
 * Warden High School, Warden

Moses Lake

 * Moses Lake High School
 * Moses Lake Christian Academy

Grays Harbor County

 * Elma High School, Elma
 * Hoquiam High School, Hoquiam
 * Lake Quinault High School, Amanda Park
 * Montesano Junior-Senior High School, Montesano
 * North Beach High School, Ocean Shores
 * Ocosta High School, Westport

Aberdeen

 * Harbor High School
 * J. M. Weatherwax High School
 * Wishkah Valley School

Island County

 * Coupeville High School, Coupeville
 * Midway Alternative School, Oak Harbor(closed 2006)
 * Oak Harbor High School, Oak Harbor
 * South Whidbey High School, Langley

Jefferson County

 * Chimacum High School, Chimacum
 * Quilcene High School, Quilcene

Port Townsend

 * Jefferson Community School
 * Port Townsend High School

King County

 * Auburn School District
 * Auburn High School, Auburn
 * Auburn Mountainview High School, Auburn
 * Auburn Riverside High School, Auburn
 * West Auburn High School, Auburn
 * Bellevue School District
 * Bellevue High School, Bellevue
 * Interlake High School, Bellevue
 * International School, Bellevue
 * Newport High School, Bellevue
 * Sammamish High School, Bellevue
 * Enumclaw School District
 * Enumclaw High School, Enumclaw
 * Federal Way School District
 * Decatur High School, Federal Way
 * Federal Way High School, Federal Way
 * Harry S. Truman High School, Federal Way
 * Internet Academy, Federal Way
 * Thomas Jefferson High School, Auburn
 * Todd Beamer High School, Federal Way
 * Highline School District
 * Evergreen High School, White Center
 * Glacier High School, SeaTac (closed)
 * Highline High School, Burien
 * Mount Rainier High School, Des Moines
 * Raisbeck Aviation High School, Tukwila
 * Tyee High School, SeaTac
 * Kent School District
 * Kent-Meridian High School, Kent
 * Kentlake High School, Kent
 * Kentridge High School, Kent
 * Kentwood High School, Covington
 * Issaquah School District
 * Issaquah High School, Issaquah
 * Liberty Senior High School, Renton
 * Skyline High School, Sammamish
 * Tiger Mountain Community High, Issaquah
 * Lake Washington School District
 * BEST High School, Kirkland
 * Eastlake High School, Sammamish
 * International Community School, Kirkland
 * Juanita High School, Kirkland
 * Lake Washington High School, Kirkland
 * Redmond High School, Redmond
 * Tesla STEM High School, Redmond
 * Mercer Island School District
 * Mercer Island High School, Mercer Island
 * Northshore School District
 * Bothell High School, Bothell
 * Inglemoor High School, Kenmore
 * North Creek High School, Bothell
 * Woodinville High School, Woodinville
 * Innovation Lab High School, Bothell
 * Renton School District
 * Black River High School, Seattle
 * Hazen High School, Renton
 * Lindbergh High School, Renton
 * Renton High School, Renton
 * Riverview School District
 * Cedarcrest High School, Duvall
 * Seattle Public Schools
 * Ballard High School, Seattle
 * Broadway High School, Seattle (closed)
 * The Center School, Seattle
 * Grover Cleveland High School, Seattle
 * Chief Sealth International High School, Seattle
 * Franklin High School, Seattle
 * Garfield High School, Seattle
 * Nathan Hale High School, Seattle
 * Ingraham High School, Seattle
 * Lincoln High School, Seattle
 * John Marshall Alternative School, Seattle (closed)
 * Middle College High School, Seattle
 * The Nova Project, Seattle
 * Queen Anne High School, Seattle (closed)
 * Rainier Beach High School, Seattle
 * Roosevelt High School, Seattle
 * Seahawks Academy, Seattle (closed)
 * South Lake High School, Seattle
 * West Seattle High School, Seattle
 * Shoreline School District
 * Shorecrest High School, Shoreline
 * Shoreline High School, Shoreline (closed)
 * Shorewood High School, Shoreline
 * Skykomish School District
 * Skykomish High School
 * Snoqualmie Valley Public Schools
 * Mount Si High School, Snoqualmie
 * Two Rivers School, North Bend
 * Tahoma School District
 * Tahoma High School, Maple Valley
 * Tukwila School District
 * Foster High School, Tukwila
 * Vashon School District
 * Vashon Island High School, Vashon

Private Schools
 * Auburn Adventist Academy, Auburn
 * Bear Creek School, Redmond
 * Bellevue Christian School, Bellevue
 * Bishop Blanchet High School, Seattle
 * The Bush School, Seattle
 * Cedar Park Christian School, Bothell
 * Christian Faith School, SeaTac
 * Chrysalis School, Woodinville
 * Dartmoor School, Bellevue, Issaquah, Seattle, Woodinville
 * Eastside Catholic School, Sammamish
 * Eastside Preparatory School, Kirkland
 * Evergreen Lutheran High School, Des Moines
 * Forest Ridge School of the Sacred Heart, Bellevue
 * Holy Names Academy, Seattle
 * John F Kennedy Memorial High School, Burien
 * Kent View Christian Senior High School, Auburn
 * King's Schools, Shoreline
 * Lakeside School, Seattle
 * Northwest School, Seattle
 * Northwest Yeshiva High School, Mercer Island
 * O'Dea High School, Seattle
 * Overlake High School, Redmond
 * Puget Sound Adventist Academy, Kirkland
 * St. Christopher Academy, Seattle
 * Seattle Academy of Arts and Sciences, Seattle
 * Seattle Christian Schools, SeaTac
 * Seattle Lutheran High School, Seattle
 * Seattle Preparatory School, Seattle
 * Seattle Urban Academy, Seattle
 * Seattle Waldorf School, Seattle
 * Spring Academy, Seattle
 * University Preparatory Academy, Seattle
 * Washington Academy of Performing Arts, Redmond

Kitsap County

 * North Kitsap High School, Poulsbo
 * South Kitsap High School, Port Orchard

Bainbridge Island

 * Bainbridge High School
 * Eagle Harbor High School

Bremerton

 * Bremerton High School
 * Renaissance High School

Kingston

 * Kingston High School
 * Spectrum Community School

Silverdale

 * Central Kitsap High School
 * Klahowya Secondary School
 * Olympic High School

Kittitas County

 * Cle Elum-Roslyn High School, Cle Elum
 * Easton High School, Easton
 * Ellensburg High School, Ellensburg
 * Kittitas High School, Kittitas
 * Thorp High School, Thorp

Klickitat County

 * Bickleton High School, Bickleton
 * Columbia High School, White Salmon
 * Glenwood Secondary School, Glenwood
 * Goldendale High School, Goldendale
 * Klickatat High School, Klickitat
 * Lyle Middle & High School, Lyle
 * Trout Lake High School, Trout Lake
 * Wishram High School, Wishram

Lewis County

 * Centralia High School, Centralia
 * Green Hill Academic School, Chehalis
 * Mossyrock Middle & High School, Mossyrock
 * Napavine High School, Napavine
 * Onalaska High School, Onalaska
 * Toledo High School, Toledo
 * W. F. West High School, Chehalis
 * White Pass Junior-Senior High School, Randle
 * Winlock Senior High School, Winlock
 * Morton High School, Morton
 * Pe Ell High School, Pe Ell
 * Adna High School, Adna

Lincoln County

 * Christian Heritage School, Edwall
 * Creston High School, Creston
 * Davenport High School, Davenport
 * Harrington High School, Harrington
 * Odessa High School, Odessa
 * Reardan High School, Reardan
 * Sprague High School, Sprague
 * Wilbur High School, Wilbur

Mason County

 * Mary M Knight School, Matlock
 * North Mason Senior High School, Belfair
 * Shelton High School, Shelton
 * Choice Alternative High School, Shelton

Okanogan County

 * Brewster High School, Brewster
 * Liberty Bell Junior-Senior High School, Winthrop
 * Okanogan Junior-Senior High School, Okanogan
 * Omak Alternative High School, Omak
 * Omak High School, Omak
 * Oroville High School, Oroville
 * Pateros High School, Pateros
 * Tonasket High School, Tonasket
 * North County Christian School, Oroville
 * Lake Roosevelt High School, Coulee Dam

Pacific County

 * Ilwaco High School, Ilwaco
 * Naselle Junior Senior High Schools, Naselle
 * Raymond Junior Senior High School, Raymond
 * South Bend High School, South Bend
 * Willapa Valley Junior Senior High School, Menlo

Pend Oreille County

 * Cusick Junior Senior High School, Cusick
 * Newport High School, Newport
 * Selkirk Junior-Senior High School, Ione

Pierce County

 * Bethel School District
 * Bethel High School, Spanaway
 * Graham-Kapowsin High School, Graham
 * Spanaway Lake High School, Spanaway
 * Clover Park School District
 * Clover Park High School, Lakewood
 * Lakes High School, Lakewood
 * Franklin Pierce School District
 * Washington High School, Parkland
 * Franklin Pierce High School, Parkland
 * Gates Secondary School, Parkland
 * Peninsula School District
 * Gig Harbor High School, Gig Harbor
 * Henderson Bay Alternative High School, Gig Harbor
 * Peninsula High School, Gig Harbor
 * Puyallup School District
 * Emerald Ridge High School, Puyallup
 * Puyallup High School, Puyallup
 * E. B. Walker High School, Puyallup
 * Governor John R. Rogers High School, Puyallup
 * Steilacoom Historical School District #1
 * Steilacoom High School, Steilacoom
 * Sumner School District
 * Bonney Lake High School, Bonney Lake
 * Sumner Senior High School, Sumner
 * Tacoma Public Schools
 * Henry Foss High School, Tacoma
 * Lincoln High School, Tacoma
 * Mount Tahoma High School, Tacoma
 * Oakland Alternative High School, Tacoma
 * Science and Math Institute, Tacoma
 * Silas High School (formerly "Wilson"), Tacoma
 * Stadium High School, Tacoma
 * Tacoma School of the Arts, Tacoma
 * Others
 * Carbonado K-8th School, Carbonado
 * Curtis Senior High School, University Place
 * Eatonville High School, Eatonville
 * Fife High School, Tacoma
 * Orting High School, Orting
 * White River High School, Buckley
 * Private Schools
 * Annie Wright School, Tacoma
 * Bellarmine Preparatory School, Tacoma
 * Cascade Christian Junior and Senior High School, Puyallup
 * Charles Wright Academy, Tacoma
 * Covenant High School, Tacoma
 * Life Christian School, Tacoma
 * Mount Rainier Lutheran High School, Tacoma
 * Northwest Christian School, Puyallup
 * Tacoma Baptist High School, Tacoma

San Juan County

 * Friday Harbor High School, Friday Harbor
 * Lopez Island High School, Lopez Island
 * Orcas Island High School, Eastsound

Skagit County

 * Anacortes High School, Anacortes
 * Burlington-Edison High School, Burlington
 * Concrete High School, Concrete
 * La Conner High School, La Conner
 * Mount Vernon High School, Mount Vernon
 * Mount Vernon Christian High School, Mount Vernon
 * Emerson High School, Mount Vernon
 * Sedro-Woolley High School, Sedro-Woolley
 * State Street High School, Sedro-Woolley
 * Twin Cedars High School, Concrete

Skamania County

 * Stevenson High School, Stevenson

Snohomish County

 * Arlington School District
 * Arlington High School, Arlington
 * Weston High School, Arlington
 * Edmonds School District
 * Edmonds Woodway High School, Edmonds
 * Lynnwood High School, Bothell
 * Meadowdale High School, Lynnwood
 * Mountlake Terrace High School, Mountlake Terrace
 * Scriber Lake High School, Lynnwood
 * Everett Public Schools
 * Cascade High School, Everett
 * Everett High School, Everett
 * Henry M. Jackson High School, Mill Creek
 * Sequoia High School, Everett
 * Lake Stevens School District
 * Lake Stevens High School, Lake Stevens
 * PROVE High School, Lake Stevens
 * Lakewood School District
 * Lakewood High School (Washington)
 * Marysville School District
 * Marysville Arts & Technology High School, Marysville
 * Marysville Alternative High School, Marysville
 * Marysville Junior High School, Marysville (grade 9 only)
 * Marysville Getchell High School, Marysville
 * Marysville Pilchuck High School, Marysville
 * Tulalip Heritage School
 * Mukilteo School District
 * ACES Alternative High School, Everett
 * Kamiak High School, Mukilteo
 * Mariner High School, Everett
 * Snohomish School District
 * AIM High School, Snohomish
 * Snohomish High School, Snohomish
 * Glacier Peak High School, Snohomish
 * Stanwood School District
 * Lincoln Hill High School, Stanwood
 * Stanwood High School, Stanwood
 * Other Public Schools
 * Darrington High School, Darrington
 * Granite Falls High School, Granite Falls
 * Monroe High School, Monroe
 * Sultan Senior High School, Sultan
 * Private Schools
 * Archbishop Thomas J. Murphy High School, Everett
 * Arlington Christian School, Arlington (K-12)
 * Grace Academy, Marysville (K-12)
 * Grace Chapel Christian School, Mountlake Terrace (1-12)
 * Harvest Time Church School, Lynnwood (1-12)
 * Hillcrest Academy, Everett (1-12)
 * Master's Touch Christian School, Marysville (K-12)
 * Montessori Schools-Snohomish County, Everett (K-12)
 * Northwest Christian School, Everett (K-12)
 * Pacific Learning Center NW, Lynnwood (K-12)
 * Solomon Christian School, Edmonds (7-12)

Spokane County

 * Central Valley School District, Spokane Valley
 * Central Valley High School, Spokane Valley
 * Mica Peak High School, Spokane Valley
 * Ridgeline High School, Liberty Lake
 * Spokane Valley Tech, Spokane Valley
 * University High School Spokane Valley
 * Cheney School District
 * Cheney High School, Cheney
 * Three Springs High School, Cheney
 * Deer Park School District
 * Deer Park High School, Deer Park
 * East Valley School District
 * East Valley High School, Spokane Valley
 * Freeman School District
 * Freeman High School, Rockford
 * Liberty School District
 * Liberty High School, Spangle
 * Mead School District
 * Five Mile Prairie, Spokane
 * Mead Senior High School, Spokane
 * Mt. Spokane High School, Mead
 * North Star School
 * Medical Lake School District
 * Medical Lake High School, Medical Lake
 * Medical Lake Endeavors, Medical Lake
 * Newport School District
 * Newport High School
 * Pend Oreille River School
 * Nine Mile Falls School District
 * Lakeside High School, Nine Mile Falls
 * Reardan-Edwall School District
 * Reardan Middle & High School
 * Riverside School District
 * Riverside High School, Chattaroy
 * Rosalia School District (Joint School District with Whitman County)
 * Rosalia High School
 * Spokane School District
 * Joel E. Ferris High School, Spokane
 * Lewis & Clark High School, Spokane
 * North Central High School, Spokane
 * On Track Academy, Spokane
 * Pratt Academy, Spokane Valley
 * John R. Rogers High School, Spokane
 * Shadle Park High School, Spokane
 * The Community School at Bancroft, Spokane
 * Bryant Center/TEC, Spokane
 * NEWTech Skill Center, Spokane
 * St. John School District (Joint School District with Whitman County)
 * St. John-Endicott High School
 * Tekoa School District (Joint School District with Whitman County)
 * Tekoa High School
 * West Valley School District
 * Dishman Hills High School, Spokane Valley
 * West Valley High School, Spokane Valley
 * Spokane Valley High School, Spokane
 * Private
 * Covenant Christian School, Spokane Valley (private)
 * Enlightium Academy, Spokane (private)
 * Gonzaga Preparatory School, Spokane (private)
 * Northwest Christian School, Colbert (private)
 * The Oaks Classical Christian Academy, Spokane Valley (private)
 * Palisades Christian Academy, Spokane (private)
 * St. George's School, Spokane (private)
 * Saint Michael's Academy, Spokane (private)
 * Upper Columbia Academy, Spangle (private)
 * Valley Christian School, Spokane Valley (private)

Stevens County

 * Colville High School, Colville
 * Jenkins High School, Chewelah
 * Kettle Falls High School, Kettle Falls
 * Northport High School, Northport
 * Mary Walker High School, Springdale
 * Wellpinit Junior Senior High School, Wellpinit
 * Lakeside High School, Nine Mile Falls

Thurston County
New Market Skills Center, Tumwater
 * Olympia School District, Olympia
 * Avanti High School
 * Capital High School
 * Olympia High School
 * Olympia Regional Learning Academy
 * North Thurston Public Schools, Lacey
 * North Thurston High School
 * River Ridge High School
 * South Sound High School
 * Timberline High School
 * Rainier School District
 * Rainier High School, Rainier
 * Rochester School District
 * Rochester High School, Rochester
 * Tenino School District
 * Tenino High School, Tenino
 * Tumwater School District
 * A.G. West Black Hills High School, Tumwater
 * Tumwater High School, Tumwater
 * Yelm Community Schools
 * Yelm High School, Yelm
 * Other high schools
 * Eagle View Christian School, Yelm
 * Maple Lane School, Centralia
 * Northwest Christian High School, Lacey
 * Pope John Paul II High School, Lacey

Wahkiakum County

 * Wahkiakum High School, Cathlamet

Walla Walla County

 * Columbia High School, Burbank
 * DeSales Catholic High School, Walla Walla
 * Jubilee Christian Academy
 * Prescott Junior Senior High School, Prescott
 * Waitsburg High School, Waitsburg
 * Walla Walla High School, Walla Walla
 * Walla Walla Valley Academy, College Place
 * Touchet High School, Touchet

Whatcom County

 * Bellingham High School, Bellingham
 * Blaine High School, Blaine
 * Clearview Alternative High School, Ferndale
 * Cornerstone Christian School, Lynden
 * Explorations Academy, Bellingham
 * Ferndale High School, Ferndale
 * Lummi High School, Bellingham
 * Lynden High School, Lynden
 * Lynden Christian High School, Lynden
 * Meridian High School, Bellingham
 * Mount Baker Senior High School, Deming
 * Nooksack Valley High School, Everson
 * Options High School Bellingham School District Alternative High School, Bellingham
 * Sehome High School, Bellingham
 * Squalicum High School, Bellingham
 * Timber Ridge Alternative High School, Mount Baker, Meridian, and Nooksack fed
 * Windward High School, Ferndale

Whitman County

 * Colfax High School, Colfax
 * Colton High School, Colton
 * Garfield-Palouse High School, Palouse
 * Lacrosse High School, Lacrosse
 * Oakesdale High School, Oakesdale
 * St. John/Endicott High School, St. John
 * Tekoa High School, Tekoa

Pullman

 * Pullman High School
 * Pullman Christian School

Yakima County

 * Grandview High School, Grandview
 * Granger High School, Granger
 * Highland High School, Cowiche
 * La Salle High School, Union Gap
 * Mabton Junior-Senior High School, Mabton
 * Naches Valley High School, Naches
 * Selah High School, Selah, Washington
 * Selah Academy
 * Wapato High School, Wapato
 * Zillah High School, Zillah

Sunnyside

 * Sunnyside Christian High School
 * Sunnyside High School

Toppenish

 * Eagle High School
 * Toppenish High School
 * Yakama Tribal School

White Swan

 * Wellpinit-Fort Semco High School
 * White Swan High School

Yakima

 * A.C. Davis High School
 * East Valley High School
 * Eisenhower High School
 * Riverside Christian School
 * West Valley High School


text:
Railing

Railing or railings may refer to:

 * Railings (horse), a racehorse
 * Guard rail, a structure blocking an area from access
 * Cable railings, a type of guard rail
 * Handrail, a structure designed to provide support on or near a staircase
 * Grab bar, a structure to provide support elsewhere, for instance in a bathroom or kitchen
 * Insufflation (medicine), the act of inhaling a substance, generally a drug
 * "Railing," a song by Roni Size & Reprazent from their album New Forms

title: Railing


text:
Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge

Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge is a 13450 acre U.S. National Wildlife Refuge located in northwestern Colorado. It is located in Moffat County in the extreme northwestern corner of the state, in an isolated mountain valley of Browns Park on both sides of the Green River, approximately 25 mi below Flaming Gorge Dam. Established in 1965, the refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service office in Maybell, Colorado. The refuge is approximately 53 mi northwest of Maybell on State Highway 318. The refuge consists of bottomland and adjacent benchland. The western border of the refuge is the Colorado-Utah state line. The refuge is surrounded by adjacent lines of the Bureau of Land Management. The refuge contains the site of the former Fort Davy Crockett that was constructed in 1837 to protect trappers against attacks by Blackfoot Native Americans.

Description
The acquisition of the refuge lands was approved by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission on August 20, 1963 in order to develop and manage waterfowl habitat in that portion of Browns Park within the state of Colorado. The private land was purchased with funds from the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act. The first tract of private land was acquired on July 13, 1965. As of 2005, 5356 acre have been purchased at a cost of $622,976, 6794 acre have been withdrawn from public domain lands, and 1305 acre are leased from the state of Colorado (state school sections). There is one private inholding on the refuge, a 200 acre tract of grassland and cottonwood groves located at the southeast end of the refuge.

The primary purpose of the refuge is to provide high quality nesting and migration habitat for the Great Basin Canada goose, ducks and other migratory birds. Before the construction of Flaming Gorge Dam in 1962, the Green River flooded annually, creating excellent waterfowl nesting, feeding and resting marshes in the backwater sloughs and old stream meanders. The dam stopped the flooding, eliminating much of this waterfowl habitat. Pumping from the Green River, along with water diverted from Beaver and Vermillion Creeks, now maintains nine marsh units comprising approximately 1430 acre. The river covers approximately 1000 acre along with sedimentary river bottomlands. Well vegetated grasslands interspersed with cottonwood, willows, salt cedar, greasewood and sage cover approximately 5000 acre. The remainder of the refuge (6000 acre) is alluvial benchlands and steep rocky mountain slopes. Elevations vary from 5355 to 6200 ft above sea level.

The refuge is home to approximately 200 species of birds at various times of the year. Nesting birds in the refuge include mallards, redheads, teal, canvasbacks, other ducks, and Canada geese. About 300 goslings and 2,500 ducklings hatch there annually. The waterfowl population typically swells by thousands during the spring and fall migrations. Bald eagles frequent the refuge during the winter. Golden eagles and peregrine falcons are seen soaring over the refuge during spring and summer. Bird watching is available at several locations in habitats ranging from semi-arid sage brush to lush wetlands and cottonwood stands adjacent to the Green River.

The refuge is also home to mammal species such as deer, elk, pronghorn, and an occasional bighorn sheep, especially during moderate or severe winters. Moose are found in the wet, riparian areas during the spring, summer and fall. Deer and elk are commonly seen anywhere on the refuge during moderate to severe winters. River otter use the Green River and refuge wetlands year round.

title: Browns Park National Wildlife Refuge


text:
Leymus

Leymus is a genus of plants in the grass family Poaceae (Gramineae). It is widespread across Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

 * Leymus aemulans - Xinjiang, Central Asia
 * Leymus ajanensis - Siberia, Russian Far East, Alaska
 * Leymus akmolinensis - Siberia, Kazakhstan, European Russia
 * Leymus alaicus - Central Asia
 * Leymus altus - Xinjiang
 * Leymus ambiguus - mountains of western US
 * Leymus angustus - Altai wild rye - China, Mongolia, Siberia, Central Asia
 * Leymus arenarius - lyme grass - Europe
 * Leymus aristiglumus - Qinghai
 * Leymus × buriaticus - Siberia
 * Leymus cappadocicus - Turkey, Afghanistan
 * Leymus chinensis - China, Korea, Mongolia, Amur, Siberia
 * Leymus cinereus - basin wild rye - western North America (US and Canada)
 * Leymus condensatus - giant wild rye - California, Baja California, Coahuila
 * Leymus crassiusculus - Qinghai, Shanxi
 * Leymus divaricatus - Kazakhstan
 * Leymus duthiei - China, Korea, Japan, Nepal, northern India
 * Leymus erianthus - Chile, Argentina
 * Leymus × fedtschenkoi - Kyrgyzstan
 * Leymus flavescens - Alberta, northwestern US
 * Leymus flexilis - Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan
 * Leymus flexus - Qinghai, Gansu, Shanxi
 * Leymus innovatus - from Alaska and Northwest Territories to South Dakota and Ontario
 * Leymus × jenisseiensis - Siberia
 * Leymus karelinii - Xinjiang, Central Asia, European Russia
 * Leymus komarovii - China, Mongolia, Korea, Russian Far East
 * Leymus kopetdaghensis - Turkmenistan
 * Leymus lanatus - Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan
 * Leymus latiglumis - Uzbekistan
 * Leymus leptostachyus - Qinghai, Xinjiang
 * Leymus mollis - colder parts of Asia and North America
 * Leymus multicaulis - European Russia, Central Asia, Xinjiang
 * Leymus × multiflorus - California
 * Leymus mundus - Tibet, Gansu
 * Leymus nikitinii - Turkmenistan
 * Leymus oblongolemmatus - Qinghai
 * Leymus obvipodus - Qinghai
 * Leymus ordensis - Siberia
 * Leymus paboanus - Russia, China, Mongolia, Central Asia, Afghanistan
 * Leymus pacificus - California
 * Leymus paucispiculus - Qinghai, Gansu
 * Leymus pendulus - Qinghai
 * Leymus pishanicus - Xinjiang
 * Leymus pluriflorus - Qinghai, Gansu
 * Leymus pseudoracemosus - Qinghai
 * Leymus pubinodis - Xinjiang
 * Leymus racemosus - mammoth wild rye - Eurasia from Bulgaria to Mongolia
 * Leymus × ramosoides - European Russia
 * Leymus ramosus - Eurasia from Crimea to Mongolia
 * Leymus ruoqiangensis - Xinjiang, Qinghai
 * Leymus salina - western US
 * Leymus secalinus - Siberia, Mongolia, China, Korea, Central Asia, Himalayas
 * Leymus shanxiensis - Shanxi
 * Leymus sibiricus - Russia from Altai Krai to Magadan
 * Leymus × sphacelatus - Tuva
 * Leymus spiniformis - Qinghai, Shanxi
 * Leymus tianschanicus - Iran, Central Asia, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia
 * Leymus triticoides - creeping wild rye - British Columbia, western US, Baja California, Tamaulipas
 * Leymus × tuvinicus - Siberia
 * Leymus × vancouverensis - British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California
 * Leymus villosissimus - Yakutia, Magadan, Kamchatka, Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia
 * Leymus yiunensis - Xinjiang

Butterfly food plant
Butterflies whose caterpillars feed on Leymus include the Zabulon skipper.

title: Leymus


text:
Piedboeuf Brewery

Piedboeuf Brewery (Brasserie Piedbœuf, ) is a brewery in Jupille-sur-Meuse, Belgium. It is owned by Anheuser–Busch InBev. The main brand is Jupiler, the best selling beer in Belgium.

History
In 1812, the company was founded in Jupille by Jacques-Pascal Piedboeuf (1782-1839). It was not a brewery, but a boiler works manufacturing not only brewing equipment, but also stationary engines, ship boilers, large factory boilers and locomotive boilers supplied in particular to locomotive builders Saint-Léonard and Carels. The Jacques Piedbœuf boiler works continued these activities until 1947. At the same time, Adrien Piedbœuf began producing motor vehicles in his workshops in 1900, founding the Impéria brand in 1904.

In 1853, his son Jean-Théodore Piedbœuf, who succeeded him at the head of the boiler works, began brewing. The small brewery was set up in the cellars of the Charlemagne Tower; this first Piedbœuf brewery failed to survive.

Today's Brasserie Piedbœuf owes its origins to a brewery founded in 1873 by Henri Lhoest-Collinet and inherited by his daughter, who in 1892 married Théodore Piedbœuf, nephew of Jean-Théodore Piedbœuf.

Until the First World War, production remained modest, covering only the surrounding area. In 1905, 5 horse-drawn vehicles and a truck were used for deliveries. In 1915, Henri Piedbœuf took over the company. In 1921, with a production of 3,000 hectoliters, the brewery still ranked only 724th in Belgium. It was at this point that the company began bottom-fermenting. By 1930, the company was producing 50,000 hectoliters and ranking 21st. In 1965, on the eve of the launch of Jupiler (in September 1966), the company passed the million hectoliter mark and employed 1,800 people. By 1979, after several acquisitions, the group employed 3,800 people and produced 2.75 million hectoliters of beer, as well as other lemonades and fruit juices.

The Piedbœuf brewery became part of the Interbrew group (formed from the 1987 merger of the Artois, Leuven and Piedbœuf breweries). On March 3, 2004, Interbrew merged with Brazilian brewer Companhia de Bebidas das Americas (AmBev) to form InBev, which merged with Anheuser-Busch in 2008.

Variety

 * « Jupiler » is a 5.2% abv, pale lager. It is made from malt, maize (corn), water, hops and yeast. The name "Jupiler" comes from its place of origin, Jupille. It was created in 1966.
 * « Jupiler N.A. » a 0.5% abv pale lager, created in 2004.
 * « Jupiler Blue » a 3.3% abv pale lager, created in 2006.
 * « Jupiler Force» a soda.
 * « Jupiler Tauro » an 8.3% abv strong pale lager, created in 2008.
 * « Piedbœuf Blonde » a 1.1% abv blond table beer.
 * « Piedbœuf Brune » a 1.5% abv brown table beer.
 * « Piedbœuf Triple » a 3.8% abv triple table beer.
 * « Piedbœuf Excellence » a 2% abv table beer.
 * « Piedbœuf Foncée» a 1.5% abv table beer.
 * « Delhaize Blond/ Blonde » a 1.5% abv table beer.
 * « Delhaize Bruin/ Brune » a 1.5% abv table beer.

As part of the Anheuser–Busch InBev group, it also brews other beer, including Stella Artois, Leffe and Hoegaarden

title: Piedboeuf Brewery


text:
User talk:MattMan

Note 1
You do not need to sign your edits to articles. Who you are is automatically recorded in the "history" - check it out.

20:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Note 2
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title: User talk:MattMan


text:
Talk:University of Florida

Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:University of Florida


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Wild rye

Wild rye is a common name used for several grasses. Wild ryes belong to any of three genera:

 * Elymus (wheatgrasses)
 * Leymus
 * Psathyrostachys

title: Wild rye


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Cassiopeia A

Cassiopeia A (Cas A) is a supernova remnant (SNR) in the constellation Cassiopeia and the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky at frequencies above 1 GHz. The supernova occurred approximately 11000 ly away within the Milky Way; given the width of the Orion Arm, it lies in the next-nearest arm outwards, the Perseus Arm, about 30 degrees from the Galactic anticenter. The expanding cloud of material left over from the supernova now appears approximately 10 ly across from Earth's perspective. It has been seen in wavelengths of visible light with amateur telescopes down to 234 mm (9.25 in) with filters.

It is estimated that light from the supernova itself first reached Earth near the 1690s, although there are no definitively corresponding records from then. Cas A is circumpolar at and above mid-Northern latitudes which had extensive records and basic telescopes. Its likely omission in records is probably due to interstellar dust absorbing optical wavelength radiation before it reached Earth, although it is possible that it was recorded as a sixth magnitude star 3 Cassiopeiae by John Flamsteed. Possible explanations lean toward the idea that the source star was unusually massive and had previously ejected much of its outer layers. These outer layers would have cloaked the star and absorbed much of the visible-light emission as the inner star collapsed.

Cas A was among the first discrete astronomical radio sources found. Its discovery was reported in 1948 by Martin Ryle and Francis Graham-Smith, astronomers at Cambridge, based on observations with the Long Michelson Interferometer. The optical component was first identified in 1950.

Possible observations
Calculations working back from the currently observed expansion point to an explosion that would have become visible on Earth around 1667. Astronomer William Ashworth and others have suggested that the Astronomer Royal John Flamsteed may have inadvertently observed the supernova on 16 August 1680, when he catalogued a sixth-magnitude star 3 Cassiopeiae, but there is no corresponding star at the recorded position. Possible explanations include an error in the position, or that a transient was recorded. Caroline Herschel noted that a star in the vicinity of τ Cas, HD 220562, fit well with 3 Cas if a common error in sextant readings was made. Alternatively, the star AR Cassiopeiae may have been observed, again with the position recorded incorrectly. The position and timing mean that it may have been an observation of the Cassiopeia A progenitor supernova. Another suggestion from recent cross-disciplinary research is that the supernova was the "noon day star", observed in 1630, that was thought to have heralded the birth of Charles II, the future monarch of Great Britain.

No supernova occurring within the Milky Way has been visible to the naked eye from Earth since.

Expansion
The expansion shell has a temperature of around 30 million K, and is expanding at 4000−6000 km/s.

Observations of the exploded star through the Hubble Space Telescope have shown that, despite the original belief that the remnants were expanding in a uniform manner, there are high velocity outlying eject knots moving with transverse velocities of 5,500−14,500 km/s with the highest speeds occurring in two nearly opposing jets. When the view of the expanding star uses colors to differentiate materials of different chemical compositions, it shows that similar materials often remain gathered together in the remnants of the explosion.

Radio source
Cas A had a flux density of 2720 ± 50 Jy at 1 GHz in 1980. Because the supernova remnant is cooling, its flux density is decreasing. At 1 GHz, its flux density is decreasing at a rate of 0.97 ± 0.04 percent per year. This decrease means that, at frequencies below 1 GHz, Cas A is now less intense than Cygnus A. Cas A is still the brightest extrasolar radio source in the sky at frequencies above 1 GHz.

X-ray source
Although Cas X-1 (or Cas XR-1), the apparent first X-ray source in the constellation Cassiopeia was not detected during the 16 June 1964, Aerobee sounding rocket flight, it was considered as a possible source. Cas A was scanned during another Aerobee rocket flight of 1 October 1964, but no significant X-ray flux above background was associated with the position. Cas XR-1 was discovered by an Aerobee rocket flight on 25 April 1965, at RA 23:21:0 Dec +58°30′. Cas X-1 is Cas A, a Type II SNR at RA 23:18:0 Dec +58°30′. The designations Cassiopeia X-1, Cas XR-1, Cas X-1 are no longer used, but the X-ray source is Cas A (SNR G111.7-02.1) at 2U 2321+58.

In 1999, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory found CXOU J232327.8+584842, a central compact object that is the neutron star remnant left by the explosion.

Supernova reflected echo
In 2005 an infrared echo of the Cassiopeia A explosion was observed on nearby gas clouds using Spitzer Space Telescope. The infrared echo was also seen by IRAS and studied with the Infrared Spectrograph. Previously it was suspected that a flare in 1950 from a central pulsar could be responsible for the infrared echo. With the new data it was concluded that this is unlikely the case and that the infrared echo was caused by thermal emission by dust, which was heated by the radiative output of the supernova during the shock breakout. The infrared echo is accompanied by a scattered light echo. The recorded spectrum of the optical light echo proved the supernova was of Type IIb, meaning it resulted from the internal collapse and violent explosion of a massive star, most probably a red supergiant with a helium core which had lost almost all of its hydrogen envelope. This was the first observation of the light echo of a supernova whose explosion had not been directly observed which opens up the possibility of studying and reconstructing past astronomical events. In 2011 a study used spectra from different positions of the light echo to confirm that the Cassiopeia A supernova was asymmetric.

Phosphorus detection
In 2013, astronomers detected phosphorus in Cassiopeia A, which confirmed that this element is produced in supernovae through supernova nucleosynthesis. The phosphorus-to-iron ratio in material from the supernova remnant could be up to 100 times higher than in the Milky Way in general.

title: Cassiopeia A


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alcofrolic

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Alcofrolic
Non-notable neologism. --Tabor 20:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong delete - It is literally not worth the calories that my fingers would expend to type out in full the many and obvious reasons that this article deserves deletion. Schmeitgeist 22:46, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Is this even a word? Even if it was a word, it doesn't look like it could be expanded into a wikipedia article, or even a stub. If its a word, wiktionary it. --Phroziac 22:50, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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User:Pd~enwiki

There is no valuable information here.

title: User:Pd~enwiki


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LATAM Airlines Perú

LATAM Airlines Perú (formerly LAN Perú S.A.) is an airline based in Lima, Peru. It is a subsidiary of LATAM Airlines Group, which owns 49% of the airline. It operates scheduled domestic and international services. Its main hub is Jorge Chávez International Airport. LATAM Perú is the dominant airline in Peru, controlling 73.4% of the domestic market. The airline serves as flag carrier of Peru.

History

LAN Peru was established in July 1998 by the entrepreneurs Mr. Boris Hirmas Rubio, Lorenzo Sousa Debarbieri, Cristian Said and Dr Javier Rodriguez Larrain and LAN-Chile in Lima. Operations began on 2 July 1999, with domestic services from Jorge Chávez International Airport to Cusco and Arequipa. Its launch marked the reappearance of a new major national airline in Peru after the demise of giants Aeroperú, Faucett Perú and others. An international service to Miami was added on November 15, 1999.

The airline became a subsidiary of LAN Airlines in September 2002, owned by LAN (49%), ER Larraín (30%), and Inversiones Aéreas (21%) and has 1,500 employees. In 2004, it was incorporated into LAN Airlines holding with the change of the name of the parent company.

In 2004, a court order temporarily suspended flights because of alleged irregularities in the company's incorporation.Subsequently, the ruling party generated controversy for questioning the work of Judge Eloy Zamalloa, who denounced the promulgation of a decree law that opposed such a judicial decision.

During the third quarter of 2006, LAN Peru added 8 new Airbus A319s to its fleet, intended to replace its Boeing 737-200s for domestic operations in Peruvian territory. In October 2006, LAN Perú obtained authorization from the Peruvian DGAC to operate as an Aeronautical Maintenance Workshop (TMA), granting it the number 029. This allows it, in addition to supporting LAN operations, to offer service to other companies that have aircraft with Peruvian registration.

In 2008, the airline transported about 3.5 million passengers, with 2.9 million in the domestic market. In October 2009, the airline was authorized to provide aircraft maintenance services.

LAN Peru was dissolved on August 6, 2015, upon completion of the merger between LAN Airlines and TAM Airlines announced on August 13 2010 creating the LATAM Airlines Group, one of the largest commercial airline consortiums in Latin America and one of the largest worldwide. Subsequently, on May 5, 2016 (almost 6 years after the beginning of the merger with TAM Líneas Aéreas) it began to operate officially and definitively as LATAM Airlines, which meant the change of corporate image and brand, which is estimated to cost $60 million US dollars.

On 26 September 2019, Delta Air Lines announced its plans to buy 20% of the LATAM Airlines Group for $1.9 billion, to expand Delta's access to the Latin American market. Additionally, Delta agreed to pay LATAM's exit fee from Oneworld and to take delivery of all Airbus A350 XWB aircraft that LATAM had on order. On 1 January 2020, it was reported that Delta Air Lines' acquisition of the 20% stake in the LATAM group was completed. Group CEO Enrique Cueto stepped down on 31 March 2020, and was succeeded by Roberto Alvo, the group's then-current Chief Commercial Officer. On 31 January 2020, LATAM announced that it would leave Oneworld three months later on 1 May.

On 26 May 2020, the LATAM Airlines Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in the United States due to economic problems attributed to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation, although they are currently operating and have been negotiating terms. In August, the company announced its second-quarter results, projecting improved operational prospects. To assist with the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, the company announced that its subsidiary LATAM Peru would help distribute vaccines to fifteen provinces in Peru for free.

In 2024, LATAM Peru, along with the other LATAM subsidiaries would receive a new livery with the countries national colors.

Codeshare agreements
LATAM Perú has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:
 * Korean Air
 * WestJet

Current fleet

, LATAM Perú operates the following aircraft:

Former fleet
The airline previously operated the following aircraft:

Accidents and incidents

 * On November 18, 2022, LATAM Perú Flight 2213, an Airbus A320neo (registered CC-BHB) was taking off from Jorge Chávez International Airport when it collided with a fire engine that was crossing the runway, killing two firefighters and seriously injuring a third. All 102 passengers and 6 crew aboard the aircraft escaped with 4 suffering serious injuries and 36 suffering minor injuries.

title: LATAM Airlines Perú


text:
Silene acaulis

Silene acaulis, known as moss campion or cushion pink, is a small wildflower that is common all over the high arctic and tundra and in high mountains of Eurasia and North America (Alps, Carpathians, southern Siberia, Pyrenees, British Isles, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Greenland, Rocky Mountains). It is an evergreen perennial flowering plant in the carnation family Caryophyllaceae.

It is also called the compass plant, since the flowers appear first on the south side of the cushion. (Various other plants also have this name.)

Description
Moss campion is a low, ground-hugging plant. It may seem densely matted and moss-like. The dense cushions are up to a foot or more in diameter. The bright green leaves are narrow, arising from the base of the plant. The dead leaves from the previous season persist for years, and pink flowers are borne singly on short stalks that may be up to 1 in long, but are usually much shorter.

It usually has pink flowers, though very rarely they may be white. The flowers are solitary and star-shaped. The flowers are female, male or hermaphrodite. They are between 6-12 mm wide, with hermaphrodite flowers being larger than the female ones. Female flowers produce better quality seeds than hermaphrodites and male flowers produce better quality pollen than hermaphrodites. The cushions can change the gender of their flowers between years. Gender frequencies change with altitude, the frequency of female flowers increasing with higher elevation. They usually appear in June through August. The flowers are held by a calyx which is rather firm and thick.

The sepals are joined together into a tube that conceals the bases of the petals, which are entire. The 10 stamens and 3 styles extend well beyond the throat of the flower. The stems and leaves are very sticky and viscid, which may discourage ants and beetles from climbing on the plant. The variety exscapa has shorter flowering stems. The other variety subacaulescens, from Wyoming and Colorado, has pale pink flowers all summer.

Plants in Colorado have been estimated to reach 75 to 100 years in age, and Alaskan plants may reach 300 years. The oldest known moss campion is 350 years old and has a diameter of two feet.

Distribution and habitat

Moss campion is common all over the high arctic and the higher mountains of Eurasia and North America (south to the Alps, Carpathians, southern Siberia, Pyrenees, British Isles, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Rocky Mountains). In the United States it inhabits Colorado, the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, the Wallowa Mountains of Oregon, the Olympics, the northern Cascades of Washington, and Alaska.

Range: It inhabits alpine fellfield, on windswept rocky ridges and summits above treeline. It grows mainly in dry, gravelly localities, but also in damper places. With the cushions it produces its own, warmer climate with higher temperatures inside, when the sun shines.
 * USA (AK, AZ, CO, ID, ME, MT, NH, NM, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY)
 * CAN (AB, BC, LB, NF, NS, NT, NU, ON, QC, SK, YT)
 * DEN (GL), FRA (SPM)

Ecology
In Maine it is possibly extirpated, and in New Hampshire ''Silene acaulis var. exscapa'' is threatened.

Experimental warming has been shown to start flowering substantially earlier than control cushions experiencing ambient temperature. Both the male and female phases developed faster in the OTCs and capsules (fruits) matured earlier, and the cushions produced more mature seeds and had a higher seed/ovule ratio contributing to an overall positive reproductive response. However, a study on four populations across a latitudinal gradient in North America showed that southern populations of moss campion had lower survival and recruitment, but higher individual growth, rates than more northern populations. Furthermore, vital rates such as growth, survival, and fruits per area were shown to increase in moderately warmer years yet declined in the very warmest years, suggesting that a change in climate into warmer conditions or more frequent unusually warm summers may eventually lead to negative impacts. Another study showed that, while the short term responses were positive, they turned negative on medium-term, suggestion that moss campion may be at risk in future global warming. Projections produced under different climate scenarios suggest that S. acaulis will likely face climate-driven fast decline in suitable areas on the British Isles and across North America, and that upward and northward shifts to occupy new climatically suitable areas are improbable in the future.

Cultivation
The seeds should be sown early in the spring time. Put the seedlings into separate pots, and it is recommended to let them winter in the greenhouse for their first winter season. To clean them rub the capsules through a screen. It is advised to plant them in the late spring or early summer because division takes place in the spring. They should be grown in well-drained soil with full sun. The climate can be cool.

Toxicity
There is no listing that moss campion is toxic, though it does have saponins which, though toxic, are hard to absorb in the body. They can be broken down by thorough cooking. Its advised to not consume large amounts of this plant.

Uses
The plant used to be used for children with colic. The raw root skin plants were consumed as a vegetable in Iceland and in Arctic regions.

title: Silene acaulis


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User talk:Akapsycho

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 20:20, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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IB Biology and wikibooks
Not sure I can help you on wikibooks -- was that suggested at the village pump? My own concern about the article is that it doesn't seem to be well-defined or tightly focussed. I'd have thought a syllabus could be defined much more tightly than the "question and answer" format you seem to be starting. And I feel it needs to be given a clearer background; are there other articles you could refer to to clarify the context? (Your earlier expansion of the lead paragraph did help here somewhat.) Alai 00:56, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Welcome to Wikipedia. I agree your biology material needs to be in Wikibooks.  There are two different Wikibook projects on biology in general and several more on more narrow biological subjects.  You probably want IB Biology although you should also check out Biology.  Take a look at some of the books on more narrow subjects, like Cell Biology.  You can just cut and paste your whole article to an appropriate new page there or add it in sections.  Please note that your Wikipedia login registration doesn't carry over to Wikibooks, so you should register again at Wikibooks (you can use the same name), otherwise your contributions will be anonymous.  Good luck. DS1953 14:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Usercategorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Luxembourg page as living in or being associated with Luxembourg. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Luxembourg for instructions. Rmky87 14:47, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

BeNeLux template
Dear Akapsycho, since you are living in Luxembourg I thougt I might contact you with this request: A couple of editors are currently working on a new version of the "History of the Low Countries" template. You can see the new template at Template:History of the Low Countries.

There is still a bit of uncertainty about the importance of certain 19th century events, most notably the end of Luxembourg's membership in the German Confederation in 1867/67, and the end of the personal union with the Netherlands in 1890. The issue is, which of these events should be included in the template: both, the one, the other, or none at all.

I'd appreciate your comments at Template talk:History of the Low Countries.

Cheers, Str1977 (smile back) 16:57, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Akapsycho


text:
User talk:Pd~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! --JYolkowski // talk 20:20, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Pd. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Pd~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:31, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pd~enwiki


text:
Tomás Gutiérrez Alea

Tomás Gutiérrez Alea (December 11, 1928 – April 16, 1996) was a Cuban film director and screenwriter. Gutiérrez Alea wrote and directed more than twenty features, documentaries, and short films, which are known for his sharp insight into post-Revolutionary Cuba, and possess a delicate balance between dedication to the revolution and criticism of the social, economic, and political conditions of the country.

Gutiérrez's work is representative of a cinematic movement occurring in the 1960s and 1970s known collectively as the New Latin American Cinema. This collective movement, also referred to by various writers by specific names such as "Third Cinema", "Cine Libre", and "Imperfect Cinema," was concerned largely with the problems of neocolonialism and cultural identity. The movement rejected both the commercial perfection of the Hollywood style, and the auteur-oriented European art cinema, for a cinema created as a tool for political and social change. Due in no small part to the filmmakers’ lack of resources, aesthetic was of secondary importance to cinema's social function. The movement's main goal was to create films in which the viewer became an active, self-aware participant in the discourse of the film. Viewers were presented with an analysis of a current problem within society that as of that time had no clear solution, hoping to make the audience aware of the problem and to leave the theater willing to become actors of social change.

Early life
Born in Havana on December 11, 1928, Gutiérrez was raised in an affluent, politically progressive family. After receiving his law degree from the University of Havana in 1951, Gutiérrez studied cinema at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, graduating in 1953. He was heavily influenced by Italian Neorealism, and created his first films in Rome with future Cuban colleague Julio García Espinosa, with whom he co-directed the documentary film El Mégano (The Charcoal Worker).

Shortly after the success of the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959, Gutiérrez, Espinosa, and several other young filmmakers founded the Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC). As ardent supporters of the Revolution, ICAIC was a filmmaker's collective which believed film to be the most important modern art form and the best medium to distribute revolutionary thought to the masses. Gutiérrez's Esta Tierra Nuestra (This Land Of Ours), was the first documentary made after the revolutionary victory. ICAIC focused mostly on documentaries and newsreels in its formative years, but eventually expanded into production of feature films, including Gutiérrez's early Historias de la Revolución (Stories Of The Revolution) (1960), ICAIC's first fiction film, and Doce sillas (The Twelve Chairs), (1962). Stories of the Revolution was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival and The Twelve Chairs was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival.

Most popular works
Gutiérrez's first widely successful feature, Muerte de un burócrata (Death of a Bureaucrat) (1966) introduces itself as a sort of homage to the history of cinematic comedy, and includes direct allusions to the work of Buster Keaton, Laurel & Hardy, Luis Buñuel, and many others. The story follows a young man's confounding plight through bureaucratic offices to have his dead uncle exhumed and then reburied after the body is buried with his identification card.

His next film, Memorias del Subdesarrollo (Memories of Underdevelopment) (1968) was the first Cuban film to be shown in the United States since the Revolution. Based on Edmundo Desnoes’s novella "Inconsolable Memories," the film is the memoir of a morally ambiguous bourgeois intellectual living in Havana in the period between the Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The protagonist is unwilling to take a political stance one way or another, yet continues to despise the country around him for being backwards and underdeveloped. His life eventually fades into nothingness, becoming a personality which has no use in this new Cuba.

In a self-reflexive cameo appearance, Gutiérrez calls the film a "collage...with a little bit of everything". Gutiérrez uses a dizzying array of materials and filmic styles in Memories, from documentary-style narrative sequences which use long unbroken shots taken from handheld cameras to agitational montage sequences reminiscent of the films of early Soviet filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein. Memories makes use of various types of media including direct documentary footage shot, still photos, archive and newsreel footage, clips of Hollywood films, and recorded speeches by Fidel Castro and John F. Kennedy, to create a seemingly disarticulated film language that is in direct contrast to the straightforward Hollywood style.

Although criticism of the Revolution and Cuban society was at the heart of not only Memories, but all of Gutiérrez's works, Gutiérrez continued to be a dedicated supporter of Cuban Socialism. But his works could hardly be described as propaganda either. Gutiérrez described the motivation for his contradictory approach by saying: "...cinema provides an active and mobilizing element, which stimulates participation in the revolutionary process. Then, it is not sufficient to have a moralizing cinema based on harangue and exhortation. We need a cinema that promotes and develops a critical attitude. But how to criticize and at the same time strengthen the reality in which we are immersed?"

Commenting on his style, Gutiérrez called himself "a man who makes criticism inside the revolution, who wants to ameliorate the process, to perfect it, but not to destroy it".

Late career and legacy
In the following decades, Gutiérrez divided his time between making his own films and mentoring promising young filmmakers through ICAIC.

In 1972 and 1976, respectively, Gutiérrez completed two historical feature films, Una pelea cubana contra los demonios (A Cuban Fight Against the Demons) and La última cena (The Last Supper). Both set in Spanish colonial Cuba, the films study contradictions and hypocrisy in Cuba's past of imperialism, religion, and slavery.

Hasta cierto punto (Up to a Certain Point) (starring Gutiérrez's wife, Mirta Ibarra.) The film underwent some censorship and remains to this day considered by Cuban critics one of his lesser works, though it is still highly regarded. The director himself said jokingly that the film was only successful "up to a certain point"

In the early 1990s, Gutiérrez fell into ill health, forcing him to co-direct his last two films with his friend Juan Carlos Tabío. The first, Fresa y Chocolate (Strawberry and Chocolate) (1993) became the first Cuban film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. The film's story centers on the oft conflictory relationship between a committed Marxist student and a flamboyantly gay artist. Gutiérrez's final film, Guantanamera, (1994) uses traditional elements such as an ensemble cast and romantic comedy to take a more subtle approach to Gutiérrez's old targets: underdevelopment and bureaucracy. The film won the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize at the 44th Berlin International Film Festival.

Titón, as he was known to his friends, died in Havana on April 16, 1996, at age 67. He is buried in the Colon Cemetery, Havana.

Three of Gutiérrez's films—Death of a Bureaucrat, Una Pelea Cubana contra los Demonios, and Los Sobrevivientes—were preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2017 and 2019.

Filmography

 * La caperucita roja (1947) - short film
 * El faquir (1947) - short film
 * Una confusión cotidiana (1950) - short film, codirected with Nestor Almendros and based upon "A Common Confusion" by Franz Kafka
 * Il sogno de Giovanni Bassain (1953) - short film, codirected with Filippo Perrone
 * El mégano (1955) - short documentary film, codirected with Julio García Espinosa and made in collaboration with Alfredo Guevara, José Massip
 * La toma de La Habana por los ingleses (1958) - short documentary film
 * Esta tierra nuestra (1959) - short documentary film, codirected with Julio García Espinosa
 * Stories of the Revolution (Historias de la revolución) (1960) - Fiction, 81 minutes
 * General Assembly (Asamblea general) (1960) - short documentary film
 * Death to the Invader (Muerte al invasor) (1961) - short documentary film, codirected with Santiago Álvarez
 * The Twelve Chairs (Las doce sillas) (1962) - Fiction, 97 minutes
 * Cumbite (1964) - Fiction, 82 minutes
 * Death of a Bureaucrat (Muerte de un burócrata) (1966) - Fiction, 85 minutes
 * Memories of Underdevelopment (Memorias del Subdesarrollo) (1968) - Fiction, 97 minutes
 * A Cuban Fight Against Demons (Una pelea cubana contra los demonios) (1971) - Fiction, 130 minutes
 * El arte del tabaco (1974) - short documentary film
 * El camino de la mirra y el incienso (1975) - short documentary film, codirected by Constante Diego
 * The Last Supper (La última cena) (1976) - Fiction, 120 minutes
 * La sexta parte del mundo (1977) - documentary film, codirected with Julio García Espinosa
 * The Survivors (Los sobrevivientes) (1979) - Fiction, 130 minutes
 * Up to a Certain Point (Hasta cierto punto) (1983) - Fiction, 88 minutes
 * Letters from the Park (Cartas del parque) (1989) - Fiction, 88 minutes
 * Far Apart (Contigo en la distancia) (1991) - segment of the anthology film Con el amor no se juega
 * Fresa y Chocolate (1993) - codirected with Juan Carlos Tabío, Fiction, 110 minutes
 * Guantanamera (1995) - codirected with Juan Carlos Tabío, Fiction, 101 minutes

title: Tomás Gutiérrez Alea


text:
Crown of Napoleon

The Crown of Napoleon (Couronne de Napoléon Ier) was a coronation crown manufactured for Napoleon I and used in his coronation as Emperor of the French on December 2, 1804. Napoleon called this crown the "Crown of Charlemagne", which was the name of the ancient royal coronation crown of France that had been destroyed during the French Revolution. This name allowed Napoleon to compare himself to the famed mediaeval monarch Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor.

Origins
The French Revolution of the 1790s had led to the destruction of most of the ancient French Crown Jewels, along with the eventual abolition of the French monarchy and the executions of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. When Napoleon declared himself Emperor of the French a decade later, he decided to create new imperial regalia, the centrepiece of which was his "Charlemagne crown".

Napoleon contributed to the autheticity of his new crown and claiming it was Charlemagne's by paying for a study in 1804 that attested the crown's authenticity and antiquity. To make this more credible, this publication claimed to have been published for the first time at the end of the Reign of Terror, like the crown had survived the Revolution.

Usage
At Napoleon's coronation, which took place at Notre Dame Cathedral instead of Reims Cathedral, the traditional location of French royal coronations, he actually used two crowns. Initially, he placed a laurel crown of the Roman emperors on his own head. Afterward, he briefly placed the imperial crown on his head, then touched it to the head of his empress, Joséphine.

Design
As was the norm with Continental European crowns, Napoleon's crown is made up of eight half-arches. They are set with shell cameos and carved carnelians which meet at a golden globe, on top of which is placed a cross. The crown itself is mock mediaeval in style, reliant totally on gold and metallic decoration and devoid of the major covering with diamonds and jewels fashionable in crowns made later in the 19th century.

After the First Empire
The Crown of Napoleon was used until his second overthrow in 1815. King Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, was installed on the throne as King of France following Napoleon's overthrow. In contrast both to his brother and to Napoleon, the new king opted not to have a coronation. When his brother, Charles X became king in 1824, he reinstated the traditional monarchical coronation in Reims and he was crowned using the sole remaining pre-revolutionary French royal crown, the Crown of Louis XV. No more French coronations, either imperial or royal, followed Charles X's overthrow in 1830.

When Napoleon III proclaimed himself French emperor in 1852, he opted neither to have a coronation nor to wear Napoleon I's crown. Nevertheless, two crowns were created for him, the Crown of Napoleon III and, for his consort, the Crown of Empress Eugénie.

Sale of the French Crown Jewels
In 1885, to impede any further attempts at royal or imperial restorations, the French National Assembly opted to sell most of the French Crown Jewels. Only a handful of crowns were kept for historic reasons, and they had their precious jewels replaced in them by decorated glass. Napoleon I's crown was one of the few kept. It is now on display in the Louvre museum in Paris.

title: Crown of Napoleon