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The Diviners

The Diviners is a novel by Margaret Laurence. Published by McClelland & Stewart in 1974, it was Laurence's final novel, and is considered one of the classics of Canadian literature.

The novel won the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction in 1974. The protagonist of the novel is Morag Gunn, a fiercely independent writer who grew up in Manawaka, Manitoba. Morag has a difficult relationship with her daughter Pique and her Métis lover Jules Tonnerre, and struggles to maintain her independence.

The Diviners was adapted for television by Anne Wheeler, with a screenplay by Linda Svendsen, and aired on CBC Television in 1993. Sonja Smits starred as Morag, and Tom Jackson starred as Jules Tonnerre.

The book has been repeatedly banned by school boards and high schools. It is a regularly featured book on the American Library Association's Freedom to Read campaign.

Plot summary
The Diviners follows the story of fictional Canadian novelist, Morag Gunn. Morag's life is believed to be loosely based upon Laurence's personal experiences. Aritha Van Herk argues that when observing all of Laurence's work, it is evident that The Diviners explicitly connects the author's emotions, experiences, and professional development to the protagonist more than any of her other novels.

The novel begins in Morag's rural Ontario cabin. Morag wakes up one morning and finds a note from her daughter, Pique, explaining that she has left home to learn about her Metis heritage. Flashbacks explore Morag's adolescence when she embarked on a similar journey many years ago. As a novelist, Morag also struggles with her writing, and frequently questions her understanding of the world. She contemplates how words can describe the natural environment around her, but struggles without attaining success – she believes that nature is capable of both nurturing life and destroying it, and contemplates the strange duality.

Morag begins to have more flashbacks. She reflects on her traumatic childhood, including the death of her parents who both died from polio, and her transition into a foster care household. Morag's foster parents, Christie and Prin, were of a significantly lower economic standing than her biological parents, and she did not treat them with respect. Christie's eccentric actions ignore social norms, and provides a platform for the novel's critique of socioeconomic class. Morag yearns to leave home, and enrolls in university, moving to Winnipeg where she initiates a relationship with an older professor, Brooke Skelton. Their relationship appears normal, and they are later married.

Skelton begins to verbally abuse Morag, and she begins an affair with fellow Metis and childhood friend, Jules Tonnerre. Morag attempts to become pregnant with Jules, and Pique is conceived. Her marriage with Skelton ends, and she moves to Vancouver to focus on writing.

Morag produces her first novel, and then moves to England. She continues to focus on writing, but must also care for Pique. She becomes lonely and moves back to Canada, where she learns that Christie is dying.

The novel's final section returns to the present. Morag finishes her latest novel, and Pique returns home.

Main characters
Morag Gunn – Morag is the principal protagonist in "The Diviners". Laurence told the story from this character's perspective. Morag was born in Manawaka, a fictional town in Manitoba that Laurence based on the one in which she actually lived and worked. Laurence depicted Morag as a fiercely independent and free spirited woman who frequently moves from location to location in search of "home" (e.g., Morag's move to McConnell's Landing). Although Laurence told Morag's story chronologically, the author often interspersed the narrative with episodes from Morag's past, utilizing "Memorybank Movies" that revealed various formative experiences that Morag had while growing up in the prairies.

Morag is interested in stories of old Scottish clans, stemming from her guardian Christie's love of the past. A story that keeps repeating is that of Piper Gunn and Colin “Gunner” Gunn. The latter saved Christie during World War I. Morag also takes inspiration from, and questions the depictions of femininity in, the work of female Canadian authors such as Catharine Parr Traill. She often has silent conversations with herself about these subjects.

Piquette "Pique" Gunn – Piquette is Morag's daughter by Jules Tonnerre. Pique's character arc parallels that of Morag, growing up and exploring the world. Through her character arc Laurence depicts Pique's character as free spirited and fiercely independent, similar to Morag and Jules.

Jules "Skinner" Tonnerre – Jules is a descendant of the Métis people of Canada. Like Morag, Jules is independent and proud of his heritage. He expresses this by composing and performing songs the lyrical content of which often concern his grandfather and Louis Riel. Although Jules grows up in squalor he does not regard either his father or his sisters with animosity. He often takes care of them and, upon their untimely passing, he mourns them. Jules's siblings are Val, Paul, Jacques and Pique, the last of whom is Piquette Gunn's namesake. Later in the novel Jules forms a band with Billy Joe.

Christie Logan – Christie was Morag's guardian while she grew up in Manawaka. He is married to Princess "Prin" Logan. The children of Manawaka refer to him derisively as “the scavenger”. He works at the Manawaka garbage dump, the so-called Nuisance Grounds. Christie is proud of his work, stating that one can learn a lot from what people throw out. Morag writes that the smell of the Nuisance Grounds does not leave Christie. It is an inextricable part of him.

Princess "Prin" Logan – Prin is the overweight adoptive mother of Morag. She is the daughter of a British remittance man, forced to emigrate to Canada. She makes Morag's childhood school clothes. Morag writes that Prin has a high pitched voice and that she is “a born whiner”.

Brooke Skelton – He is Morag's partner in what turns out to be her only marriage and committed relationship. Laurence depicts him as a man in his thirties with greying hair and a professor of 17th Century Literature. Brooke grew up in India and emigrated to Canada. After Morag and Brooke's marriage falters Morag leaves for Vancouver. Brooke eventually remarries. Morag notes his second wife looks much younger than her.

Lazarus Tonnerre – Lazarus, a war veteran, is Jules's abusive father.

Royland – A resident of Manawaka, Royland divines for water. He helps Morag by catching pickerel in the river. At the conclusion of the text Royland states that he does not understand the process of divining, that it is a mystery to him, and that he would not divine again.

The Smiths – Thomas and Maudie Smith are Morag's "A-Okay" neighbours. They often ask Morag for her advice on poetry.

Minor characters
Dr. Paul Cates

Niall Cameron

Lachlan MacLachlan – editor and owner of the local Manawaka newspaper

Simon Pearl and Archie McVitie – Lawyers based around Manawaka

Miss Melrose – From Manwaka College, encourages Morag to write poetry, although Morag notes that she is a bit “grim” (141)

Ella – friend to Morag, marries Mort and has two children.

Gord – Pique's partner

Mrs. Maggie Tefler – short-tempered landlady in Kitsilano, Vancouver. Runs a boarding house that Morag titles “Bleak House” that contains another resident, Old Mr. Johnson

Hank Masterson – representative of Wand Publishing

Milward Crispin – Literary agent

Fan Brady – exotic snakedancer, provides Morag with lodging as she works on her writing.

Carol – Teenage babysitter in Kitsilano, Vancouver

Harold – broadcasters, reads the news, has an affair with Morag

Chas

J. Sampson – bookstore owner, “Agonistes Bookshop” in London, High Street.

Daniel McRaith – Highland Scotsman who meets Morag, has an affair with and later revealed to be a father of seven children with his wife Bridie. Morag accompanies Daniel to Scotland on a symbolic pilgrimage to find out about her clan roots.

Hector Jonas – owner of Jacopina Chapel, funeral home in Manawaka during Christie's funeral.

Students from the Manawaka school
Stacey Cameron

Mavis Duncan

Julie Kazlik

Ross McVitie

Mike Lobodiak

Al Cates

Steve Kowalski

Jamie Halpern

Eva Winkler – One of the few individuals from Manawaka that Morag likes speaking with, Winkler also takes care of Prin during her later days coping with obesity.

Vanessa MacLeod – a reference to Laurence's separate work, “A bird in the house” where she explores the lives of the MacLeod family. Laurence's interest is in the prairie literature and how life functions within the vastness of the Canadian landscape.

Genre and style
Critics have argued that The Diviners is a künstlerroman (a novel that follows the growth and development of an artist, like James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man). According to Nora Stovel, Laurence uses three methods to dramatize Morag's creative development: "first, she employs a tripartite educational model of reading, critiquing, and writing. Moreover, she includes mentors – Christie Logan, Miss Melrose, and Brooke Skelton – who teach Morag to read and write. Most important, she embeds Morag's fictions in the narrative to illustrate her literary development". In addition to being a künstlerroman, the Diviners is metafiction, as it dramatizes Morag's internal and external life as a writer. This is evident in the way Laurence frames the novel with “images of Morag, the writer, seated at her kitchen table in front of the window, overlooking the river, trying to write, in the Now of the novel”. These images dominate the frame sections of the novel – the first section, River of Now and Then, and the last section, The Diviners. Stovel notes that Morag reflects Laurence herself, and that she gives the reader a glimpse into her creative process through her focal character. Hence the metafictional elements of the novel can also be read as self-reflexive, as they reflect Laurence writing her novel in her cabin on the Otonabee River.

According to scholar Brenda Beckman-Long, genre and gender are intricately linked in The Diviners, and the novel is "a hybrid of realism, autobiographical and confessional genres" that combine "to establish the authority of a female perspective". She considers the ending of the novel, which suggests that Morag's life story has come to an end as the novel reaches its conclusion, and reads the text as an autobiography. Further supporting this point are the numerous interior monologues that pervade the novel. For Beckman-Long, these passages are reminiscent of narration in a film, and she cites a specific line from the novel: "A popular misconception is that we can’t change the past – everyone is constantly changing their own past, recalling it, revising it”. Aside from these autobiographical elements, Laurence also employs literary realism, which is evidenced by her "ostensibly objective third-person narrator". These techniques are blended to create Morag's life story.

The Manawaka Cycle is part of a Canadian modernist movement, and thus many of Laurence's novels make use of modernist techniques. In The Diviners, Laurence eschews linearity, and the text shifts through time and space to produce the effect of simultaneity. As a literary technique, simultaneity is characterized by the “concurrent presentation of elements from different places, multiple points-of-view, [and] radically disconnected segments of time". For instance, the opening section of The Diviners, titled River of Now and Then,suggests "two levels of narrative" and conveys the simultaneity of past and present. (This is also demonstrated in the novel's opening line: "The river flowed both ways".) Throughout the novel, past and present interweave; they are irrevocably connected so that the reader's sense of time is distorted. Finally, critic Richard Lane brings in the issue of gender, and argues that the novel “foregrounds simultaneity as a major component of écriture féminine, the protagonist Morag Gunn and her Métis daughter shifting the focus of the cycle to class, ethnicity and history".

Women and Self-Discovery
As scholar Sumathy Swamy articulates, "Laurence's Manawaka novels The Stone Angel (1964), A Jest of God (1966), The Fire Dwellers (1969), and The Diviners (1974)...[have] given remarkable portraits of women fighting with their personal determination through self-assessment to find significant prototypes in their lives. Her characters, in the opening of the novels, might be victims but by the end they refuse to become victimized." Swamy goes onto describe that Laurence's main character, Morag, "searches for her identity as a woman, mother and writer and as an individual in a community." For example, Morag learns about her sexual identity, realizing that "in lovemaking...touch is significantly more meaningful for Morag than sight and speech."

Race and Post-Colonialism

Robert D. Chambers writes that "Morag dares to love across racial lines, and it may be this aspect, rather than anything else, which has made The Diviners so controversial within Canada." Morag is a white-Canadian, while her lover, and Pique's father, is Métis. Neil ten Kortenaar claims that The Diviners is a post-colonial novel, two possible reasons being that "it is a rejection of England and English literature in favour of a native tradition based on orality; and it is a celebration of creolization, the blending of different cultures in an indigenous mix." When Morag and Jules unite and Morag gives birth to Pique, the result "is a child who carries in her veins the blood of both settlers and indigenes. Pique Tonnerre Gunn's inheritance is cultural as well as genetic. Her mother passes on to her the stories of both sides of the racial divide."

Language Redefined

Christl Verduyn argues that "The Diviners comprises a movement 'against language.' By probing words' meanings, and by devices such as the use of 'memory bank movies' and photographs, Laurence includes an interrogation of language and of writing itself. This allows the novel to question itself as a 'formed/formal language.' In this way, The Diviners participates in the critical examination of literature and language carries out in recent years by feminist literary theory." For Verdyun, language in this novel is "a source and vehicle of contradiction." For example, Christie's misuse of language aims to expose "social inauthenticity and counterfeit language" and Morag is both "attracted to and at the same time would like to reject his particular diction."

Reception
In a Kirkus review from 1974, The Diviners is described as one of Laurence's "least effective novels," and "generally too crowded and warmed over." Other sources, focusing on the inclusion of Canadian "socio-cultural engagements", state that the novel is "widely considered to be Laurence's masterpiece, and one of the greatest Canadian novels ever written."

The book is noted in a 1994 Globe and Mail article as "[c]ritically acclaimed but sexually explicit" alongside complaints from parents seeking to have the book banned from high schools in the Peterborough County Board of Education. Repeated mentions of the "salty language" and questionable content have followed the novel since its publication in 1974 through to the current time period. Yet, it is also praised for its acknowledgement of important social issue, including the after effects of colonialism, single motherhood, interracial relations, and the relationship between parent and child.

More recent discussion of the novel liken its relevance in the 2000s to aging rather than being considered a dated work of literature.

title: The Diviners


text: Category:Books by Margaret Laurence

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Books by Margaret Laurence


text:
Mount Matthews

Mount Matthews is the highest peak in the Remutaka Range to the east of Wellington, New Zealand. Mt Matthews reaches a height of 940 metres and although not special on that account, it has significance in regard to its distinctive aspect as seen from the capital; it is the highest peak that can be seen on the sky line east of the city. The mountain reaches just above the bushline and can be climbed as a day hike without mountaineering equipment but is nevertheless a strenuous and steep climb and a full day should be allowed by the time access to the feet of the ranges is included. Access is gained either from the Wairarapa (eastern) side of the Remutaka Range from the Ōrongorongo River on the Wellington side of the range. New Zealand archaeologist George Leslie Adkin was a notable climber of Mount Matthews. The species Rhypodes chinai is also native to Mount Matthews. Native plants including nikau palms and kiekie vines are also seen on the trail.

title: Mount Matthews


text: User talk:67.160.51.197

title: User talk:67.160.51.197


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Plasma acceleration

Plasma acceleration is a technique for accelerating charged particles, such as electrons or ions, using the electric field associated with electron plasma wave or other high-gradient plasma structures. These plasma acceleration structures are created using either ultra-short laser pulses or energetic particle beams that are matched to the plasma parameters. The technique offers a way to build affordable and compact particle accelerators.

Once fully developed, the technology can replace many of the traditional accelerators with applications ranging from high energy physics to medical and industrial applications. Medical applications include betatron and free-electron light sources for diagnostics or radiation therapy and proton sources for hadron therapy.

History
The basic concepts of plasma acceleration and its possibilities were originally conceived by Toshiki Tajima and John M. Dawson of UCLA in 1979. The initial experimental designs for a "wakefield" accelerator were conceived at UCLA by Chandrashekhar J. Joshi et al.

The Texas Petawatt laser facility at the University of Texas at Austin accelerated electrons to 2 GeV over about 2 cm (1.6×1021 gn). This record was broken (by more than twice) in 2014 by the scientists at the BELLA Center at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, when they produced electron beams up to 4.25 GeV.

In late 2014, researchers from SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory using the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) published proof of the viability of plasma acceleration technology. It was shown to be able to achieve 400 to 500 times higher energy transfer compared to a general linear accelerator design.

A proof-of-principle plasma wakefield accelerator experiment using a 400 GeV proton beam from the Super Proton Synchrotron is currently operating at CERN. The experiment, named AWAKE, started experiments at the end of 2016.

In August 2020 scientists reported the achievement of a milestone in the development of laser-plasma accelerators and demonstrate their longest stable operation of 30 hours.

Wakefield acceleration
A plasma consists of a fluid of positive and negative charged particles, generally created by heating or photo-ionizing (direct / tunneling / multi-photon / barrier-suppression) a dilute gas. Under normal conditions the plasma will be macroscopically neutral (or quasi-neutral), an equal mix of electrons and ions in equilibrium. However, if a strong enough external electric or electromagnetic field is applied, the plasma electrons, which are very light in comparison to the background ions (by a factor of 1836), will separate spatially from the massive ions creating a charge imbalance in the perturbed region. A particle injected into such a plasma would be accelerated by the charge separation field, but since the magnitude of this separation is generally similar to that of the external field, apparently nothing is gained in comparison to a conventional system that simply applies the field directly to the particle. But, the plasma medium acts as the most efficient transformer (currently known) of the transverse field of an electromagnetic wave into longitudinal fields of a plasma wave. In existing accelerator technology various appropriately designed materials are used to convert from transverse propagating extremely intense fields into longitudinal fields that the particles can get a kick from. This process is achieved using two approaches: standing-wave structures (such as resonant cavities) or traveling-wave structures such as disc-loaded waveguides etc. But, the limitation of materials interacting with higher and higher fields is that they eventually get destroyed through ionization and breakdown. Here the plasma accelerator science provides the breakthrough to generate, sustain, and exploit the highest fields ever produced in the laboratory.

The acceleration gradient produced by a plasma wake is in the order of the wave breaking field, which is
 * $$E_0 = \sqrt{\frac{m_e n_e c^2}{\varepsilon_0}}.$$

In this equation, $$E_0$$ is the electric field, $$c$$ is the speed of light in vacuum, $$m_e$$ is the mass of the electron, $$n_e$$ is the plasma electron density (in particles per unit volume), and $$\varepsilon_0$$ is the permittivity of free space.

What makes the system useful is the possibility of introducing waves of very high charge separation that propagate through the plasma similar to the traveling-wave concept in the conventional accelerator. The accelerator thereby phase-locks a particle bunch on a wave and this loaded space-charge wave accelerates them to higher velocities while retaining the bunch properties. Currently, plasma wakes are excited by appropriately shaped laser pulses or electron bunches. Plasma electrons are driven out and away from the center of wake by the ponderomotive force or the electrostatic fields from the exciting fields (electron or laser). Plasma ions are too massive to move significantly and are assumed to be stationary at the time-scales of plasma electron response to the exciting fields. As the exciting fields pass through the plasma, the plasma electrons experience a massive attractive force back to the center of the wake by the positive plasma ions chamber, bubble or column that have remained positioned there, as they were originally in the unexcited plasma. This forms a full wake of an extremely high longitudinal (accelerating) and transverse (focusing) electric field. The positive charge from ions in the charge-separation region then creates a huge gradient between the back of the wake, where there are many electrons, and the middle of the wake, where there are mostly ions. Any electrons in between these two areas will be accelerated (in self-injection mechanism). In the external bunch injection schemes the electrons are strategically injected to arrive at the evacuated region during maximum excursion or expulsion of the plasma electrons.

A beam-driven wake can be created by sending a relativistic proton or electron bunch into an appropriate plasma or gas. In some cases, the gas can be ionized by the electron bunch, so that the electron bunch both creates the plasma and the wake. This requires an electron bunch with relatively high charge and thus strong fields. The high fields of the electron bunch then push the plasma electrons out from the center, creating the wake.

Similar to a beam-driven wake, a laser pulse can be used to excite the plasma wake. As the pulse travels through the plasma, the electric field of the light separates the electrons and nucleons in the same way that an external field would.

If the fields are strong enough, all of the ionized plasma electrons can be removed from the center of the wake: this is known as the "blowout regime". Although the particles are not moving very quickly during this period, macroscopically it appears that a "bubble" of charge is moving through the plasma at close to the speed of light. The bubble is the region cleared of electrons that is thus positively charged, followed by the region where the electrons fall back into the center and is thus negatively charged. This leads to a small area of very strong potential gradient following the laser pulse.

In the linear regime, plasma electrons aren't completely removed from the center of the wake. In this case, the linear plasma wave equation can be applied. However, the wake appears very similar to the blowout regime, and the physics of acceleration is the same.

It is this "wakefield" that is used for particle acceleration. A particle injected into the plasma near the high-density area will experience an acceleration toward (or away) from it, an acceleration that continues as the wakefield travels through the column, until the particle eventually reaches the speed of the wakefield. Even higher energies can be reached by injecting the particle to travel across the face of the wakefield, much like a surfer can travel at speeds much higher than the wave they surf on by traveling across it. Accelerators designed to take advantage of this technique have been referred to colloquially as "surfatrons".

The wakefield acceleration can be categorized into several types according to how the electron plasma wave is formed: Some experiments are:
 * plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA): The electron plasma wave is formed by an electron or proton bunch.
 * laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA): A laser pulse is introduced to form an electron plasma wave.
 * laser beat-wave acceleration (LBWA): The electron plasma wave arises based on different frequency generation of two laser pulses. The "Surfatron" is an improvement on this technique.
 * self-modulated laser wakefield acceleration (SMLWFA): The formation of an electron plasma wave is achieved by a laser pulse modulated by stimulated Raman forward scattering instability.

Target normal sheath acceleration
Laser–solid-target-based ion acceleration has become an active area of research, especially since the discovery of the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA). This new scheme offers further improvements in hadrontherapy, fusion fast ignition and sources for fundamental research. Nonetheless, the maximum energies achieved so far with this scheme are in the order of 100 MeV energies.

The main laser-solid acceleration scheme is Target Normal Sheath Acceleration, TNSA as it is usually referred as. TNSA like other laser based acceleration techniques is not capable of directly accelerating the ions. Instead it is a multi-step process consisting of several stages each with its associated difficulty to model mathematically. For this reason, so far there exists no perfect theoretical model capable of producing quantitative predictions for the TNSA mechanism. Particle-in-Cell simulations are usually employed to efficiently achieve predictions.

The scheme employs a solid target that interacts firstly with the laser prepulse, this ionises the target turning it into a plasma and causing a pre-expansion of the target front. Which produces an underdense plasma region at the front of the target, the so-called preplasma. Once the main laser pulse arrives at the target front it will then propagate through this underdense region and be reflected from the front surface of the target propagating back through the preplasma. Throughout this process the laser has heated up the electrons in the underdense region and accelerated them via stochastic heating. This heating process is incredibly important, producing a high temperature electron populations is key for the next steps of the process. The importance of the preplasma in the electron heating process has recently been studied both theoretically and experimentally showing how longer preplasmas lead to stronger electron heating and an enhancement in TNSA. The hot electrons propagate through the solid target and exit it through the rear end. In doing so, the electrons produce an incredibly strong electric field, in the order of TV/m, through charge separation. This electric field, also referred to as the sheath field due to its resemblance with the shape of a sheath from a sword, is responsible for the acceleration of the ions. On the rear face of the target there is a small layer of contaminants (usually light hydrocarbons and water vapor). These contaminants are ionised by the strong electric field generated by the hot electrons and then accelerated. Which leads to an energetic ion beam and completes the acceleration process.

Responsible for the spiky, fast ion front of the expanding plasma is an ion wave breaking process that takes place in the initial phase of the evolution and is described by the Sack-Schamel equation.

Comparison with RF acceleration
The advantage of plasma acceleration is that its acceleration field can be much stronger than that of conventional radio-frequency (RF) accelerators. In RF accelerators, the field has an upper limit determined by the threshold for dielectric breakdown of the acceleration tube. This limits the amount of acceleration over any given length, requiring very long accelerators to reach high energies. In contrast, the maximum field in a plasma is defined by mechanical qualities and turbulence, but is generally several orders of magnitude stronger than with RF accelerators. It is hoped that a compact particle accelerator can be created based on plasma acceleration techniques or accelerators for much higher energy can be built, if long accelerators are realizable with an accelerating field of 10 GV/m.

Current experimental devices show accelerating gradients several orders of magnitude better than current particle accelerators over very short distances, and about one order of magnitude better (1 GeV/m vs 0.1 GeV/m for an RF accelerator ) at the one meter scale.

For example, an experimental laser plasma accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory accelerates electrons to 1 GeV over about 3.3 cm (5.4×1020 gn), and one conventional accelerator (highest electron energy accelerator) at SLAC requires 64 m to reach the same energy. Similarly, using plasmas an energy gain of more than 40 GeV was achieved using the SLAC SLC beam (42 GeV) in just 85 cm using a plasma wakefield accelerator (8.9×1020 gn).

title: Plasma acceleration


text:
Columbia High School

Columbia High School may refer to:

 * Columbia High School (Huntsville, Alabama)
 * Columbia High School (Georgia)
 * Columbia High School (Florida)
 * Columbia High School (Idaho)
 * Columbia High School (Illinois)
 * Columbia High School (Mississippi), a Mississippi Landmark
 * Columbia High School (Columbia, Missouri)
 * Columbia High School (New Jersey), Maplewood, New Jersey
 * Columbia High School (New York), East Greenbush, New York
 * Columbia High School (Ohio)
 * Columbia High School (South Carolina)
 * Columbia High School (Texas)
 * Columbia High School (Burbank, Washington)
 * Columbia High School (White Salmon, Washington)

title: Columbia High School


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Template talk:Vocab-stub

I believe this template should be deprecated. Vocabulary stubs are almost by definition mere dictionary definitions. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. The existence of this template is having the unfortunate effect of encouraging people to add definitions to Wikipedia instead of to Wiktionary (where they belong). Rossami (talk) 06:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Vocabulary deserves an encyclopedia entry if its origin, background and usage can be discussed in more depth than you would expect from a mere definition. – Smyth\talk 14:35, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Is there a vocab-stub that doesn't assume the article hasn't been moved to Wiktionary yet? —Tokek 13:35, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

Edited the markup to read about definitions or usages of words or phrases as there have been many vocab stubs that are being resent to stub by people making the assumtion that this is a marker for discussing the topic of vocabularies, not about the expanded definitions of words or phrases.  xaosflux  Talk / CVU 19:05, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Removed the text "Also consider copying it to Wiktionary", which had been tacked onto the end of the template. The vast majority of vocab-stubs are already on Wiktionary in the proper form, and we certainly shouldn't be encouraging people to "copy" Wikipedia articles into Wiktionary; Wiktionary has its own style and format, and transwikied content should respect that. (However, as I said, most vocab stubs are either dicdefs, which should be deleted per the usual process, or else are real stubs with corresponding Wiktionary pages already.) ((Afterthought: We could make a template for "This article may or may not be on Wiktionary already", but that's getting ridiculous. Editors who care can go check for themselves, and editors who don't care shouldn't be imposed upon.)) --Quuxplusone 02:38, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Misunderstanding of use...
I think there has been a misunderstanding of this stub's use. It is not meant to be primarily for items awaiting a move to wiktionary - it is intended primarily for articles relating to vocabulary and usage that are beyond what could satisfactorily be included in a wiktionary article, and are therefore deserving of a wikipedia entry in their own right. As such, it's surprising that this stub has been deprecated, especially since to the best of my knowledge this has never been discussed at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting (which is where such a decision would have been made). I've initiated discussion on this point at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Stub sorting - please comment there. Grutness...wha?  22:52, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
 * It appears to me that there was unanimity in that discussion that it indeed isn't. If it's really been 'deprecated' for half a year, it'd be about time to delete it, no?  What seems to be going on here is not so much a deprecation of the template, as implied deprecation of the topic of the articles, which completely at odds with the purpose of stub template.  If it's to be transwiki'd, use copy to Wiktionary, there's absolutely no need to have a putative stub template that plays the same role (apparently now explicit, given the addition of the corresponding category to this template).  See also my comments at dmcdevit's talk page.  Alai 21:28, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Deprecated or not? In favor of which template?
The article Known Depredator currently contains the TWCleanup template. One action it suggests is:

 * Edit it so that the article's topic is not a particular word or other morpheme and remove this notice. Note that is deprecated.

So, is this vocab-stub template deprecated or not? And if so, in favor of which template?

I'm also asking about this template at Template talk:TWCleanup. Sorry I can't do more than raise the question and thanks for all your work and help! -- Geekdiva (talk) 13:31, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It's been deprecated almost forever, in theory, although some people have tried to put it to different use at various times (see above). Basically, it's not deprecated in favor of any particular template. It shouldn't be used, and where it is, it is sort of a warning sign that the article is either mis-tagged or does not belong in Wikipedia. Stubbish Wikipedia articles are sometimes definitions, but Wikipedia also is not a dictionary, so there is an important distinction between articles which only discuss a word as a word and articles which discuss the concept behind the word (i.e., the referent) or have an obvious potential to do so. In the former case, where the article is a dead-end definitional entry, this stub category is a mistake because the article is a mistake: it should likely be prodded or merged elsewhere, not tagged as a stub. In the latter case, where there is a stubbish, definitional article about an encyclopedic concept, this stub category is a mistake because the article should be tagged with a stub category that is relevant to the article's topic and not just stuck in this category because it happens to be about a piece of vocabulary. In short, valid articles don't belong in here because no one will look for them here, and, at the same time, many or most vocabulary "stubs" really ought to be transwikied and deleted outright, not given a tag that legitimizes them and encourages expansion. Dominic·t 10:09, 6 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Vocab-stub


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User:Atsi Otani/Matsudaira Katamori

Matsudaira Katamori (松平容保), (February 15, 1836−December 5, 1893) was a samurai that lived in the last days of the Edo period and the early Meiji period. He was the 9th daimyo of the Aizu han and the Military Comissioner of Kyoto during the Meiji Restoration period. During the Boshin War, Katamori and the Aizu han fought against the Meiji Government armies, but were severly defeated. Katamori's life was spared, and he later became the Chief of the Tōshōgū Shrine. He, along with three of his brothers, had highly influential roles during the Meiji Restoration and were called the four Takasu brothers.

Biography
Matsudaira Katamori was born on Febuary 15, 1836, between Matsudaira Yoshitatsu, Daimyo of the Takasu han, and one of his concubines, who was a woman from the Komori han, known by her Buddhist name, Zenkyō-in. He was Yoshitatsu's seventh son, and his childhood name was Keinosuke (銈之丞). He was later adopted by Matsudaira Katanaka, daimyo of the Aizu han in 1846, and married Katanaka's daughter, Toshihime, in 1856. He became the 9th daimyo of the Aizu han in 1852, and also inherited the title "Higo no Kami" (govenor of Higo), an honorific title that was traditionally inherited by the daimyos of the Aizu han.

In 1862, Katamori became the Military Comissioner of Kyoto, a position which was created retain control of the city, which was under the influence of Sonnō Jōi militants. In order to achieve this purpose, Katamori used patrolling units, such as the Shinsengumi and the Mimawarigumi. Katamori also played a large role in the Coup D'etat of September 30 (or the Coup D'etat of August 18), and the Forbidden Gates Incident (禁門の変, Kinmon no Hen), which both involved clashes between the Aizu han and the Choshu han. These events lead to increased animosity towards Katamori and the Aizu han within the Choshu han.

Katamori tried to achieve peaceful resolutions after the Battle of Toba Fushimi, but members of the new Meiji government refused. This was because the new government was primarily composed of people from Choshu and Satsuma, who resented Katamori for his activities as the Military Comissioner. Although the Oetsu Reppan Domei supported the Aizu han and Katamori, they were eventually defeated in the Aizu War. His life was spared, and he later became the Chief Priest of the Nikko Tōshōgū Shrine. He died on December 5, 1893, and recieved the posthumous Shinto name of Chūseiryōjin, the "god of loyalty and sincerity." His heir, Matsudaira Nobunori, was adopted from the Mito Tokugawa family. However, Yoshinori left the Aizu Matsudaira family soon after the Meiji Restoration, to let Matsudaira Kataharu become the heir of the family. Matsudaira Kataharu was Katamori's eldest biological son, born from one of Katamori's two concubines after Nobunori was adopted.

See also: Matsudaira Teru

title: User:Atsi Otani/Matsudaira Katamori


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dusty Mangum

This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this  page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:10, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Dusty Mangum
This article is about a minor college football place kicker - not notable enough for an encyclopedia article. Rangerdude 06:20, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The subject scored the winning field goal in the 2005 Rose Bowl, which has been acclaimed as one of the greatest games in the storied history of that contest.  Johntex 06:30, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This single event may be worth a brief mention on another article about the Rose Bowl or the game, but Mangum himself is not notable enough for a full article of his own. Rangerdude 06:37, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment As the article points out, he also holds the school record for most consecutive PATs (Points After Touchdown) for a storied football program such as UT, that is certainly notable. He holds numerous other records and awards as well.  Johntex 06:47, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Keep. I'm Canadian and know nothing about American college football. That said, this guy seems more notable than a number of articles we already have. Scimitar 14:40, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. -Willmcw 07:14, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. Don%27t_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point
 * CommentI echo WP:POINT. Obvious retaliation for Johntex's having listed a Rangerdude article on VfD: Texas Media Watch. · Katefan0(scribble) 14:42, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a big football fan, I am sympathetic to the cause of any bio article on a football player. However, though Mangum was a good kicker, he has little chance of every playing in the NFL and in a few years he will just be a distant memory of another player in the Longhorns' history.--Sophitus 10:25, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — Set a school record at a major university. Borderline keeper, but he'll probably be the answer to a trivia question some day. :) — RJH 15:27, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. One of the more notable players on a UT football team is just half a notability rung down from the NFL. You won't see me putting Kansas's "kicker" up on WP anytime soon, but Mangum is at least regionally recognized. ESkog 16:55, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep getting into the NFL is not an agreed minimum standard. Notable enough, too much there to merge.  Wikipedia is not paper.  -- Un  focused  17:04, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Not all college footballers are worthy o retention but those that set records are. Capitalistroadster 17:17, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: A school record isn't very meaningful. The heroic act on the field was memorable.  However, it is better to merge his matter to the Rose Bowl in question and set up a redirect there until he establishes more than local notability or has a sustained career.  School records fall every year, while NCAA records much less often.  Geogre 17:53, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Although I agree that Rangerdude is being disruptive, I vote delete. Non-notable college player.  If he makes it in the pros, or is voted into the College Football Hall of Fame, then I will reconsider.  RickK 19:49, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable (yet anyway). --W(t) 21:21, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks like a well-written and interesting encyclopedia entry to me. Double Blue  (Talk) 23:44, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - I still think it's B.S. that the Rose Bowl isn't Pac10 vs. Big 10 any more... regardless, Mangum is certainly notable enough to be included in the (notpaper) encyclopedia. -- Jonel 03:02, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hasnt established notability yet. Megan1967 03:21, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I agree his performance in the Bowl, together with the record, make him notable, at least insofar as he is a likely trivia answer. Xoloz 06:24, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * User has 12 edits, all to VfD pages. RickK 19:06, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think that is kind or especially relevant -- might be considered "biting" a newbie. I've just registered, but I'm a long time peruser and occasional grammar correcter. I was this address formerly (141.211.138.85.) 500 edits. If someone can make a reasonable and sincere contribution anywhere, please don't try to ostracize them. Don't assume people are sock-puppets if they can write in complete sentences. Xoloz 05:29, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no personal attack there, nor was one implied. I did not even say you were a sock puppet.  The above is merely a statement of fact.  And if you look at the procedures for votes for deletion, you will see that the votes of anons and new users can be discounted by the admin who closes the vote.  This was merely applying more information for the admin.  And if, as you say, you're not a newbie, then you would know that.  RickK 05:41, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I didn't claim it was a personal attack, but do maintain it is irrelevant in light of my provided information. I have, as a somewhat-newbie, only seen these posting-number "clarifications" attached to sock-puppets in the past. This is why I believed the notice was unkind, when attached to one who has -- finally -- bothered to register. In any event, my post served to notify the admin of my additional edits, relevant information.  I have no aspirations to be a Wikipedia devotee, but I will defend my right to vote as a sincere good-faith user.Xoloz 06:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Then may I suggest you contribute to the actual article space? RickK 07:09, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * If you examine my former IP address provided prior to your rhetorical question, you will see that I have, and I will. I am too circumspect regarding my intellect to contribute enormous content, but I do proofread well enough.  Your rhetorical question also strikes me as less than kind, incidentally, but I will restrain from bickering further. Xoloz 07:38, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Fascinating debate here, and one that raises a question for me. I've had a user account for about two weeks and been editing anonymously for about two months.  Yet, I didn't know that "newbie" votes could be discounted.  Does that still make me one of these newbies?  At what point, after how many edits or how long after becoming a user do my votes count?  I hope that my work on Vfd has not been in vain.  I hope you can clarify this, Rick.--Sophitus 08:03, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Of course it's up to the admin who actually closes the discussion, but the general rule of thumb is 50 edits. RickK 21:28, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non notable college player. JamesBurns 10:56, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Osamu Tezuka's Star System

Untitled
Why remove the description of the characters Hosuke Sharaku, Ahill, Chiyoko Wato and Pinoko? Fafner 06:21, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * They are not part of the system, I was mistaken. Noticed it after looking through Tezuka's website. Purple Rose 14:04, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * What's the "system" part of this? Is this page referring to the Omega Factor game, or comic book guest stars and cameos, primarily? 惑乱 分からん 11:33, 23 March 2006 (UTC)

On my additions to the Star System
After going through the English portion of TezukaOsamu@World and the section on the Star system, I noticed that there were quite a few characters that Tezuka enjoyed using whenever possible who were not mentioned at all on this page.

After going through the Star System and finding all the characters that had their own page, I added links to those characters here on the list.

In addition to the "Stars" that appear frequently and often, there's also the major stars that deserve recognition due to their popularity and that they are the stars, or co-stars, of their own manga.

Examples include: Pinoko (Black Jack's surrogate daughter) Wato Chiyoko (Sharaku, Hosuke's guardian and friend) Unico (Star of a manga that used his own name)

...and then some!

I'm going to try to make this list as definitive as I can so it can work alongside the [Category:Osamu Tezuka characters] page.

Hopefully, this will all come together quite well.

OtakuMan 15:00, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

big merge
I think that almost all of the entries here should be merged into this article with their named de-wikified, with only the really exceptional ones (like Astro Boy) linking to their own articles. I wanted to post this intention here first, however, in case anyone has any objections to it. If there aren't any objections within the next few days, I'll go ahead and do it. Luvcraft (talk) 16:39, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Elephun
Ochanomizu(Elephun) is not creator of Astro Boy. Depending of the version he either meets a fully functional Astro Boy created by Tenma, or he finishes the last work on an Astro Boy made by dr. Tenma. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.242.163.84 (talk) 19:30, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That's right, I changed "Creator" to "Mentor". That seems more adequate to me, but feel free to change it if you see more adequate terms. Fafner (talk) 09:21, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on Osamu Tezuka's Star System
Cyberbot II has detected links on Osamu Tezuka's Star System which have been added to the blacklist, either globally or locally. Links tend to be blacklisted because they have a history of being spammed or are highly inappropriate for Wikipedia. The addition will be logged at one of these locations: local or global If you believe the specific link should be exempt from the blacklist, you may request that it is white-listed. Alternatively, you may request that the link is removed from or altered on the blacklist locally or globally. When requesting whitelisting, be sure to supply the link to be whitelisted and wrap the link in nowiki tags. Please do not remove the tag until the issue is resolved. You may set the invisible parameter to "true" whilst requests to white-list are being processed. Should you require any help with this process, please ask at the help desk.

Below is a list of links that were found on the main page:

 * http://tezukainenglish.com/?q=node/17
 * Triggered by  on the global blacklist

If you would like me to provide more information on the talk page, contact User:Cyberpower678 and ask him to program me with more info.

From your friendly hard working bot.— cyberbot II NotifyOnline 07:23, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

Single source issue
I notice that a reference has been added and my redirect undone, okay that's fine but can anyone provide additional sources here rather than the one primary source? If sources cant be found I will place this up for AfD. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 01:36, 15 February 2015 (UTC) I added 2 links to the main Tezuka sources on the net featuring Tezuka Character Star System info Draivika (talk) 00:22, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

Hosuke Sharaku
While Sharaku is the main villain in Omega Factor, Tezuka passed away in 1989, 15 years before the release of Omega Factor so he himself could not have reused Sharaku. Please reword to be more specific. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.36.195.185 (talk) 05:08, 5 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Osamu Tezuka's Star System


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Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District

The Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District (PYLUSD) is a public school district that serves Placentia, Yorba Linda, and parts of Anaheim, Brea, and Fullerton located in northeast Orange County, California and is rapidly developing county territory that reaches the Riverside County line. The school district covers 45 sqmi and employs 2,000 people. Its student enrollment is approximately 24,000, and the District's 34 school sites include 20 elementary schools, 5 middle schools, 1 K-8 school, 4 comprehensive high schools, 1 special education school, 1 continuation high school, 1 TK-12 home school, and 1 K-12 online school, alongside 5 state preschools. The superintendent is Dr. James Elsasser, Ed.D., and the Board of Education includes Carrie Buck, Marilyn Anderson, Leandra Blades, Shawn Youngblood, and Karin Freeman. Twenty-five schools have been designated California Distinguished Schools, eight have been named National Blue Ribbon Schools, seventeen have been honored as California Gold Ribbon Schools, one has earned the title of California Model Continuation High School, and another has received California's Exemplary Independent Study recognition. The district has also been placed on the College Board’s AP District Honor Roll three times since the program's inception in 2011. The high schools featured are consistently named to "America's Best High Schools" rankings issued by Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report, and other news organizations.

Academics
Academically, the District's students excel on standardized tests, outpacing both state and county averages. Students have won high honors in the county, state, and national competitions, including Academic Decathlon and Science Olympiad tournaments, Mock Trial, and both visual and performing arts competitions. The District averages 30 National Merit and Commended Scholars each year. Graduating classes traditionally earn millions of dollars in academic and athletic scholarships. Graduates attend the most prestigious colleges and universities and often receive appointments to the Air Force Academy, Annapolis and West Point. Notably, Olympic gold medal winners Janet Evans and Michele Granger are among these graduates, as are former state senator John Lewis, world-renowned opera soprano Deborah Voigt, nationally recognized physician Dr. William Schoolcraft, baseball stars Dan Petry, Phil Nevin, and Brett Boone, and NASA astronaut Joe Acaba.

History
The school district dates back to 1874 and has always maintained a rich, historical tradition. A portion of the 1912 Bradford schoolhouse still stands at one of our current high school sites, which opened in 1933. The remainder of the district's existing schools were built primarily in the 1960s and 1970s. Thanks to two community bond measures, four new schools opened between 2004 and 2009. The bonds also provided for the renovation of every school in the district and resulted in modernized classrooms equipped with the latest teaching technology tools, new libraries, new school offices, new science labs, computer pods between classrooms, expanded parking lots, new gyms, new playgrounds, new gyms, new training, and locker rooms, and much more.

The Placentia-Yorba Linda Unified School District obtained its name after the 1989 merger between the school districts serving the established community of Placentia and the growing area of Yorba Linda. In 2002 and 2008, the community expressed their support of schools by approving school bond measures to renovate existing schools and build new ones.

Elementary schools

 * Brookhaven: Laura Fisher
 * Bryant Ranch: Shannon Robles
 * Fairmont: Anne San Roman
 * George Key: Rebecca Allan
 * Glenknoll: Teresa Mulcahy
 * Glenview: Jane Roh
 * Golden: Kristin McDonald
 * Lakeview: Stephanie Given
 * Linda Vista: Kristen Petrovacki
 * Mabel Paine: Geoffrey Smith
 * Melrose: Janie Yoo

 * Morse: Tonya Gordillo
 * Rio Vista: Brandon Frank
 * Rose Drive: Kathleen Escaleras-Nappi
 * Ruby Drive: Lisa Carmona
 * Sierra Vista: Jacque Bluemel
 * Topaz: Eva Matthews
 * Travis Ranch: Kristen Petrovacki
 * Tynes: Tonya Gordillo
 * Van Buren: David Cammarato
 * Wagner: Janice Weber
 * Woodsboro: Melanie Carmona

Middle schools

 * Bernardo Yorba: Beth Fisher
 * Kraemer: Michael Young
 * Travis Ranch: Kristen Petrovacki
 * Tuffree: David Okamoto
 * Valadez: Dr. Christa Borgese
 * Yorba Linda: Paige Stills

High schools

 * El Dorado: Joey Davis
 * Esperanza: Jeff Giles
 * Valencia: Chris Herzfeld
 * Yorba Linda: Richard Dinh

Alternative education schools

 * El Camino Real (9–12 continuation): Scott Mazurier
 * La Entrada (9–12 independent study) – Carey Cecil
 * Parkview (K–12 home school/independent study): Dominique Polchow


text:
Soviet locomotive class AA20

The AA20 was a one-off steam locomotive constructed by the Soviet Union.

Wheel arrangement
The AA20 was a "4-14-4" (Russian notation: 2-7-2) locomotive (using the Whyte notation classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement). It featured four leading wheels, fourteen coupled driving wheels (seven axles) in a rigid frame, and four trailing wheels.

Equivalent classifications in other notations would have been:
 * UIC classification: 2G2 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
 * French classification: 272
 * Turkish classification: 711
 * Swiss classification: 7/11
 * Russian classification: 2-7-2

Prerequisites for the appearance of a steam locomotive
By the 1930s On Soviet railways, the requirements for traction and train speed increased significantly. The existing steam locomotives of type 0-5-0 (series E) and type 1-5-0, the adhesion weight of which did not exceed 85 tons, were no longer able to fully cope with the increased volume of transportation. There was an urgent need to replace them with much more powerful locomotives.

Different groups of specialists proposed different solutions. Some suggested leaving five driving wheel pairs on the locomotive and only increasing the load from the axle on the rails, while strengthening the railway track. Others insisted on keeping the load from the driving wheel sets within 20 tons, while increasing their number. Both groups of specialists did not take into account that at that time the cars were mainly equipped with a screw harness ( automatic couplers on Soviet railways would be installed en masse only in 1934), which could withstand a force not exceeding 20 tf.

A significant motivating factor in the creation of the Soviet steam locomotive type 2-7-2 was the experience of German and mainly North American locomotive building, in the creation of steam locomotives with six moving axles in one rigid frame, respectively, types: 1-6-0 and 2- 6-1.

The technical assignment, issued in the spring of 1930, for an alternative preliminary design of a Soviet high-speed freight steam locomotive, with more than five moving axles in one rigid frame, provided for a maximum axial load on the rails of 20 tons, that is, the same as for the preliminary design of a Soviet steam locomotive type 1-5-1 (future FD), which significantly complicated the task for designers. If for the high-speed American type 2-6-1 with an average design axle load from the driving wheel pair on the rail - 26.9 tons - back in 1926, it was possible to successfully implement the specified traction and speed characteristics, then for the high-speed Soviet design version, taking into account given axial load - 20 tons, the number of driving axles had to be increased to seven... At the same time, inevitably, according to the conditions for ensuring fit into the curves, The design of the driving mechanism and crew part became even more complicated. However, the acquisition of practical experience in solving such a complex technical problem was considered appropriate for the young Soviet school of locomotive building, in terms of the implementation of an unusually large-sized locomotive boiler and crew part with seven coupling axles - an absolute record in the practice of world locomotive building.

Design and manufacture of a steam locomotive
In 1931, a group of young engineers, graduates of MIIT, prepared a preliminary design of a steam locomotive with a 1-7-2 wheel arrangement and a rail load not exceeding 20 t from the wheel pair. In theory, such a locomotive should have provided maximum carrying capacity and significantly reduced the cost of transportation due to the possibility of using low-grade coal and eliminating the use of articulated locomotives. At the same time, the load on the rails, which does not go beyond the standards, would allow the use of such locomotives without special reinforcement of the tracks. The driving wheels of the locomotive with a diameter of 1550 mm were located in one rigid frame.

Working drawings of the new locomotive were already drawn up at the Voroshilovgrad Locomotive Plant, which was given the task by the NKPS to manufacture two locomotives of this type. However, during the detailed design it turned out that when using the 1-7-2 wheel formula it would not be possible to withstand the weight restrictions, so it was decided to switch to the 2-7-2 type. In addition to changing the wheel formula, the project has undergone a number of other changes. In particular, the diameter of the cylinders was increased from 735 to 740 mm, and the area of the grate was increased from 10 m2 to 12 m2. The steam pressure in the boiler should have been 17 kgf/cm2. The locomotive received a radial boiler firebox, a timber frame and a steam superheater of the Chusov system. The production of the locomotive at the plant proceeded slowly, largely due to the fact that at the same time the plant was mastering the mass production of FD type 1-5-1 steam locomotives. For the same reasons, it was decided to abandon the production of a second locomotive. The locomotive was ready only at the end of 1934. The new locomotive received the letter designation AA (in honor of Andrei Andreevich Andreev, who held the post of People's Commissar of the NKPS in 1931-1935) and the full designation of the locomotive AA20-1 (20 is the load from the moving wheelsets on the rails in tons).

Adhesion weight
The locomotive's weight was 140 tons, the cylinder diameter was 735 mm, and the piston stroke was 812 mm. The area of the grate was 10 m2, and the evaporating heating surface of the boiler was 445 m2. Much of the calculation work on the crew section was carried out by engineer K.P. Korolev, a future major specialist in the field of locomotive dynamics, the author of many books.

Design Features
The AA steam locomotive was the first and only locomotive in the world history with seven driving axles in one rigid frame. The steam locomotive's boiler was one of the largest locomotive boilers in Europe. Due to the sheer size of the locomotive, a number of measures were taken to improve the curve fit of the locomotive. In particular, the front bogie was able to deviate from the longitudinal axis of the locomotive within ± 145 mm (at the extreme points), the rear bogie - within ± 265 mm. The clearance of the first and second wheelsets was ± 27 mm, the seventh ± 35 mm. In addition, the wheels of the third, fourth and fifth pairs had no ridges, and the width of their bands was 175 mm.

The locomotive was also distinguished by an original system of force transmission from the steam engine piston rod to the driving wheelsets. Thus, on a conventional steam locomotive the tractive force is transmitted to one of the axles (leading wheelset), and from it through drawbars directly to all other moving axles. On the AA locomotive the tractive force was transmitted to the fourth driving axle, and from it the tractive force was directly transmitted to the first three coupling axles. This axle was also connected to the fifth wheelset by a special drawbar, and the sixth and seventh axles were driven directly from the fifth driving axel.

title: Soviet locomotive class AA20


text:
Surrendered Enemy Personnel

Surrendered Enemy Personnel (SEP) is a designation for captive enemy soldiers (similar to Disarmed Enemy Forces). It was most commonly used by British forces towards German forces in Europe, and towards Japanese and associated forces in Asia after the end of World War II.

On March 1, 1947, the U.S. stated that the SEPs should be regarded as POWs and be treated in accordance with the Geneva conventions.

The designation of SEP allowed the Royal Navy to use the German command structure to facilitate the disbandment of the Kriegsmarine.

In the Malayan Emergency the UK also used the definition SEP, alongside Captured Enemy Personnel (CEP). The distinction made was that SEP were insurgents who surrendered to the British, while Captured Enemy Personnel were not. Both designations were treated as prisoners of war.

title: Surrendered Enemy Personnel


text:
Talk:Amphotericin B

Nanotechnology
Research work is going on AmphotericinB with concepts from Nanotechnology for early identification or AIDS

 * Well, provide a reference and stick it in the article! I fail to understand how an antifungal could be of any use in detecting viral particles, but I hope you can enlighten us. JFW | T@lk  13:41, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Sorry that I added this to the uses section, I was just refering to information found in here. The quote is "Both amphotericin B and doxorubicin have been investigated as potentially effective against CJD, but as yet there is no strong evidence that either drug is effective..."

Also, searches of this drug with CJD show that testing has been done with these. I didn't see references for anything else on this page and didn't want to add a references section just for this one comment.

I do not profess to be a doctor. I just saw that info on the CJD article had AmphotericinB in it and decided to add it here. --Thingy1 (talk) 18:08, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

amphotericin-b CAPSULES
NON-TOXIC form of amphotericin-b

New delivery system
This was added:

 * Researchers (Wasan KM et al.) at the University of British Columbia (Canada) discovered new drug delivery system for Amphotericin B (AMB), bypassing notable renal toxicity associated with currently available intravenous AMB formulation. A clinical study of the drug delivery system, involving 50-100 patients, is planned for later this year. Newer oral AMB preparation will provide more effective, less toxic and cheaper alternative to intravenous AMB, as per press release submitted on 5-March-2006.

This needs rewriting. What is the delivery system? Why is it different from AmBisome? What benefits are expected? Why do we need to mention a system that hasn't even finished its trials? JFW | T@lk  22:35, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I agree, this is too vague. Also, instead of citing press releases, which are about as useful and unskewed as Pravda or Faux News, we would need the original reference for evaluation.

Instead of listing all commercial preparations, it would be more useful to emphasize the common principle of the lipid/liposome preparations, i.e. the reduction of the free concentration of amphotericin B, which prevents it from accumulation at toxic concentrations in human cell membranes. The fungal cell membranes, since they contain ergosterol, bind amphotericin more avidly and will extract the amphotericin from the liposomal carriers over time.

Re the other 'news' on potassium efflux not always leading to cell death: That is old stuff; cell killing is dose-dependent. I don't think it has been shown that the concentrations that are reached inside the fungal cell membranes in vivo are sublethal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.97.47.157 (talk) 23:55, 18 February 2008 (UTC)

Amphotericin is commercially available as an oral preparation. One example of such is Fungilin lozenges. 14.200.249.238 (talk) 08:21, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Amphotericin Image
The chemical structure at the beginning of the article is not correct. Specifically, all stereocenters on the mycosamine sugar are inverted.

Additionally, with regard to the following passage under the Mechanism of Action section: ''Recently, however, researchers found evidence that pore formation is not necessarily linked to cell death (i.e. Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 2004). The actual mechanism of action may be more complex and multi-faceted.'' Aside from likely being primary literature, the citation provided is incomplete, and no additional reference is given. Without proper referencing, this should probably be deleted. Knappdm (talk) 22:20, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

 * This edit (User:The chemistds, 8 October 2012) replaced the intro image to address stereochemical concerns. DMacks (talk) 17:18, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

There are also some stereochemical errors in the biosynthetic intermediates, which likely originate in the published literature. A correction was published, DOI 10.1016/S1074-5521(03)00007-3 Mert0014 (talk) 10:51, 30 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I removed the old image from the article. Anyone is welcome to create an updated one. DMacks (talk) 19:47, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

misc. problems
"Routes" has "slow i.v.-infusion only" but "Uses" states that "oral preparations of amphotericin B are used". The molecular mass is 924.08 not 923.49. (Do the math: H=1.00794, C=12.0107, N=14.0067, O=15.9994) Amphotericin A has a single bond between the 28th & 29th carbons not a double bond between C-27 & C-28 (Journal of Antibiotics 38 175). The primary effect leading to fungal cell death is direct binding to ergosterol; pore formation is a secondary mechanism (PNAS 109 2234). 69.72.27.135 (talk) 05:16, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Oral Preparations
Quote "An oral preparation exists, but is not commercially available"

This is not correct. I have in front of me a recently bought (France) 40ml bottle of "Fungizone 10 per cent oral suspension" with leaflet in English and French. Date of leaflet revision May 1999. Date de revision de la notice Avril 2010. Composition : AMPHOTERICIN B quantity equivalent to 10g of Amphotericin B (potency 1000µg/mg) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fuhndhu (talk • contribs) 16:49, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Not only available, but I am taking it four times a day as "FUNGIZONE 10%, suspension buvable Amphotéricine B". This suspension is intended for topical application to the digestive tract, as an oral systemic supplement to the topical treatment of thrush / ringworm and as a preventive treatment for immunocompromised patients. Cost for 20 day course of 80 5 ml doses is €45.

Quote "In the past it had been used for fungal infections of the surface of the GI tract such as thrush, but has been replaced by other antifungals such as nystatin and fluconazole"

Not replaced by, displaced by - last time my doctor prescribed fluconazole (much cheaper) this time amphotericin B, a question of resistance?

Made by Haupt Pharma Wolfratshausen GMBH, marketed by Bristol Myers Squibb.TonyTebby (talk) 14:54, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

Valley fever
I ran into some articles such as Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii, the "causative agents" of Valley fever, that is serious (one reference). The use of Amphotericin B, specifically when administered by injection or Intravenous therapy for Meningitis ties into these articles and links to this one. The endemic area of Coccidioidomycosis is all or parts of several states and another country so there should be inclusion to tie these article together. C. immitis appears to be in California and Arizona and C. posadasii the rest. Otr500 (talk) 12:08, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amphotericin B


text:
Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum

Category Electromagnetic spectrum
I added a category so the articles are automatically mutually accessible. After the article's next edit which reloads the template, that is. (SEWilco 06:26, 27 May 2005 (UTC))

Indigo? Where is Cyan?
In the EMS article describes the visible spectrum as consisting of violet, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange and red. Where did indigo come from? And where is cyan? Matveims 00:01, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Has there been enough talk about the inclusion of indigo for there to be a poll on whether indigo should actually be included?? Here is my answer:

Indigo is known almost exclusively for its inclusion in ROYGBIV, which is because Newton wanted 7 colors instead of just 6. I don't think it is really talked about practically in anyway independent of its inclusion in ROYGBIV. I say remove it. Any objections?? Georgia guy 00:04, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * {|cellspacing=0 style="text-align:center;width:310px;height:70px;background:#000;padding:5px;color:#FFF;"

 * style="background:#8B00FF;width:14.3%;"|Violet
 * style="background:#4B0082;width:14.3%;"|Indigo
 * style="background:#0000FF;width:14.3%;"|Blue
 * style="background:#00FF00;width:14.3%;"|Green
 * style="background:#FFFF00;width:14.3%;"|Yellow
 * style="background:#FFA500;width:14.3%;"|Orange
 * style="background:#FF0000;width:14.3%;"|Red
 * }
 * [[Image:Spectrum441pxWithnm.png]]
 * {|cellspacing=0 style="text-align:center;width:310px;height:70px;background:#000;padding:5px;color:#FFF;"

 * style="background:#8B00FF;width:14.3%;"|Violet
 * style="background:#0000FF;width:14.3%;"|Blue
 * style="background:#00FFFF;width:14.3%;"|Cyan
 * style="background:#00FF00;width:14.3%;"|Green
 * style="background:#FFFF00;width:14.3%;"|Yellow
 * style="background:#FFA500;width:14.3%;"|Orange
 * style="background:#FF0000;width:14.3%;"|Red
 * }
 * Which one looks like a more accurate representation of the color spectrum to you? In my oppinion, the bottom one (with cyan). Let's hope we can get someone other then us two involved in this discussion too. Matveims 03:15, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

So, shall we include cyan in the spectrum? User:Matveims 01:46, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

I didn't know this debate was going on, so let's perhaps take a step back? The division of the optical spectrum is arbitrary. We have to use something, and Newton's seven colours are as good a division as any (if we were to select colours based on the examples above then we might eliminate blue!). The "seven colours of the rainbow" have been known to generations of school kids and are widely accepted throughout education and elsewhere. Wikipedia should not try to modify current thinking - it should report it. I suggest we re-instate the ROYGBIV listing until a fuller debate has taken place. Alternatively we could set up an article for the "traditional spectrum", but that doesn't get over the problem of the template. Arcturus 23:26, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * That was the first response in 12 days. Do you think Matveims will be aware of that?? Please put that on User talk:Matveims. Georgia guy 23:28, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * If Matveims is interested in the debate he should be watching this page. I'll put a comment on his talk page to direct him here. Arcturus 23:31, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm surprised that ROYGBIV is the standard, actually. In most of east europe (where I grew up), the standard is ROYGCBV (the cyan version). There's even a chant: "Каждый Охотник Желает Знать Где Сидит Фазан". Perhaps wikipedia just has non-standard definitions for colors "blue" and "violet," so it desn't resemble therainbow as closely. OF course, if ROYGBIV is the standard, I'd go along. But then, why not to correct the Electromagnetic spectrum article? Sorry id I'm making too big of a deal about this. I would like to get the colors right.Matveims 01:36, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Excuse me, but cyan is not a monochromatic color (it's a mix of green and blue), so it shouldn't be listed in a list of EM spectrum, in my opinion! Only monochromatic colors (meaning existing of only 1 specific frequency in the spectrum) should be listed here. R U Bn (Talk • contrib) 12:42, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

 * You know, the rods (and/or cones) in our eyes are only sensitive to the electromagnetic-wave frequencies of what we call red, green, and blue. All other colors are merely varying combinations of these three.  That's why color monitors can emulate pretty much any color that we can see while having only red, green, and blue phosphors.  Believe it or not, these three are the only true primary colors.  Though it doesn't seem as intuitive, yellow is a combination of red and green, and violet looks reddish blue because it's between the blue frequency and the doubled frequency of red.

Subscript Ka, Ku ?
If anyone thinks that the "a" and "u" in the K-band links should be subscripted, here's the code to do it.

 * Microwave spectrum: V band | K band: Ka band, Ku band | X band | C band | S band | L band

I tried it and found it ugly, so I haven't put that stuff in, but others may think differently about it.

Atlant 17:49, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Radio spectrum added
I've added a sub-table for the radio spectrum. I think it's a useful addition to a template that claims to describe the EM spectrum, but I'm not entirely satisfied with it for two reasons:

 * 1) It overlaps but doesn't completely replace the functioning of the existing "radio_spectrum" template (no frequency chart here), and
 * 2) Its EHF and SHF catagories overlap the Microwave category.

I'll try to continue improving this, but if anyone else wants to jump in, please feel free!

Atlant 13:20, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

Indigo
Indigo should be put back onto the template as it is recognized as being a part of the em spectrum. -- Wikipedical 00:44, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * See further up this talk page for info about indigo. Georgia guy 00:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Besides one or two objections, that section does not show any consensus. --  Wikipedical 01:10, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

It's necessary to use the right tone of indigo which approximates spectrum indigo. The tone of indigo that approximates spectrum indigo is called electric indigo. Keraunos (talk) 21:19, 19 April 2010 (UTC) Chartreuse green, spring green, and cyan should also be included as spectrum colors, but they are not included solely because it is not traditional to do so; it is only traditional to depict the spectrum as having the seven colors originally assigned to it by Isaac Newton. If chartreuse, spring green, and cyan were included, that would make ten spectrum colors. How one divides up the spectrum is somewhat arbitrary because it is a continuum of color. Keraunos (talk) 21:30, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

What about adding some color ? Request for votes/comments
Proposal as below nextto "Visible (optical) spectrum:":

ja:Template:電磁波 ro:Format:SpectruEM ru:Шаблон:EMSpectrum

title: Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vanity pages for vandals

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep both. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:49, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Long term abuse/Willy on Wheels and Long term abuse/Wikipedia is Communism
User:Willy on Wheels and User:Wikipedia is Communism are no doubt attention seekers, or as I think, one and the same attention seeker, and getting an entire entry on WP:VIP all for himself gives him precisely the attention that he desires. That WoW enjoys this page can be seen from this diff. In all likelihood, all the userpages of the blocked sockpuppets are "trophies", and these pages, in effect vanity pages for WoW and WiC, must be the biggest trophies of them all. I think we should take these trophies away. Sjakkalle 07:00, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree, I don't see why we should keep a lengthy record of every vandal. Delete Radiant_* 07:14, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Be bold: redirect them to Vandalism in progress, or to the associated userpages (User:Willy on Wheels and User:Wikipedia is Communism), and forget about them. —Charles P. (Mirv) 07:24, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * With input coming in, I am moving this now to the Votes for deletion page. I would prefer to get this page deleted utterly, without even a redirect as a trace. Sjakkalle 07:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: As stated on Wikipedia talk:Long term abuse/Wikipedia is Communism, the original reason why these pages were created was to decrease the load on VIP. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 10:48, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I have no questions about the page being set up for all the right reasons. However, I don't think there is any need to chronicle all the vandalism done by these users, and I certainly don't think there is any need for the long lists of sockpuppets that they have used. A brief description of their activities under the long term alerts section will suffice. Sjakkalle 10:54, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I see no reason to keep these especially since they (at least in the case of WoW) are a trophy and a target for further vandalism. --nixie 08:04, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Wikipedia is not a trophy cabinet. Thryduulf 08:36, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy this. Utter Vanity Lord Patrick 10:41, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral I too have come to realize that these pages do little to manage the vandals. I made the page (WiC) simply because it was clogging up the long ternm alerts page.There have been times when one of the vandals struck repeatedly that this page was useful but I suppose short term alerts could serve that roll as well. BrokenSegue 11:20, 27 May 2005 (UTC) I switch to weak keep after reading the below. BrokenSegue 19:23, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. These pages are in fact sections of Vandalism in progress/Long term alerts which were split off because they were getting too big. They are meant to help watching for new vandalism of the same kind, not as trophies. And if the vandal starts targetting them, it serves as a useful canary. --cesarb 13:20, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. People who devote their time to vandal-patrolling have kept a painstaking record of this sort of thing in order to prevent it reoccurring (which in this case has been effective). It's rather offensive to see such work brushed aside as vanity or excess. — Dan | Talk 13:23, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * This is not an attempt to brush aside the work of vandal hunters. The point of listing these for deletion is to eliminate pages which I feel are giving too much attention to a vandal. Sjakkalle 13:46, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, per cesarb and Rdsmith. Ambi 13:28, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment, I think a better way to keep track of these vandals is with a template, like that it already put on WiC. The template should be listed with the long term alert, and applied to new pages, it can also be used to find the already banned socks. These tropy pages aren't really necessary if such a system was in place. --nixie 14:48, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * So the solution to the attention problem is to give him even more attention by VfDing it? Keep. silsor 15:21, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Refactor. Willy on Wheels, Ass Pus/Pelican Shit/Bugger, and  is Communism (whom several have suspected to be all one single individual) are recurring pests.  But what is equally tedious to deal with are the "There's a new vandal! HE MUST BE DEALT WITH!" screaming alerts that come up on the talk pages of the various projects' main pages, VIP pages, and sysop user pages.  These pages, here and on other WikiMedia projects, are not just trophies.  They are ways of informing well-meaning editors that this is not some massive immediate emergency that requires spamming of talk pages, but a regular, long-term, simmering, problem, that will be dealt with this time as it was dealt with the last umpteen times.  (They have also been ways of editors venting their frustrations at the perceived inabilities or unwillingnesses of developers to deal with these problems.)  Recording the modus operandi of this(these) vandal(s) is important, so that well-meaning editors can recognize more of the same old vandalism from the same person when they see it.  I think that information about these vandals should be merged, however.   is Communism has appeared on Wikipedia, Wikibooks, and Wikinews to my knowledge.   Willy on Wheels and Ass Pus has(have) appeared even on non-WikiMedia wikis, such as SwarmWiki.  In many cases, an attack on one wiki is almost immediately followed by attacks on others using the same user name.  There's an area on Meta that is specifically devoted to cross-project vandalism.  It should be employed to greater extent for this(these) vandal(s). Uncle G 15:28, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * Keep this is valuable information for vandal hunters. Unfortunately, they're always going to have some attention. Let's make it easier to track them down and ignore them as much as possible. Besides, it provides a central point to share info on them and stops info on them from spreading too much. (I'm not against an alternative for keeping info on these vandals, but such a system should be in place before deleting this info.) Mgm|(talk) 20:30, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I'm not sure they're honestly of much use to vandal hunters, but they're good faith efforts at being useful, and if some people feel they are being useful by all means let's keep them.
 * Unsigned by User:Weyes. Hedley 21:26, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Sadly, I just see it as quite a necessary page, and Willy is helping us by adding his new sockpuppets to it anyway. Hedley 21:26, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's useful for many RC patrollers. It's also sometimes used to keep track of which IPs were used by the vandals.  Their userpages need not contain extensive biographies, just their unique characteristics (i.e. "inserting the text 'WIKIPEDIA IS COMMUNISM'") and the IPs used. -Frazzydee|✍ 23:03, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful tool. — Phil Welch 05:45, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, nothing wrong with it. --bjwebb 09:40, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep we need this page. W.Knight 12:53, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Above vote by another Willy sockpuppet. -- Infrogmation 16:48, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful to keep track, but refactor as needed, obviously. James F. (talk) 17:18, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as future evidence and for record keeping purposes. --InShaneee 03:47, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the pages are no bigger trophies than the ones we give to all users - their user pages. Alternatively, the stuff may be taken to a user page. --Just my 2 cents -- Hemanshu 06:11, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 *  is communism --Sockenpuppe 04:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Jumbo Snails 00:06, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * User has three edits (including the above), all made on the 31st of may. The other two edits are vandalism to User:CAPS LOCK and one rv. -Frazzydee|✍ 22:01, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep cos i is got a long bit a willy dat iz gonna stik it in u innit Large Remis 14:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Added by This link is Broken
 * Anonymous users cannot vote, and the user who signed does not exist. Striking out vote. -Frazzydee|✍ 22:01, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I watch the WiC page, and boy, it is very userful for people who are new to the Wiki to find out who these people are. Plus, they were created since the Long Term Alerts page was flooded with all of this information, making the page very long. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 23:37, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep A very dangerous vandel that has caused a lot of problems on Wikipedia. A record of these actions should be kept. -Husnock 21:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I guess they are "trophies", but this is important stuff, and should be kept around for future reference. Most likely, the vandal will pop up again, and anything here might be helpful. (Vote from User:Bratsche)
 * Comment The supposed Willy on Wheels actually has this linked to from his Slashdot account. So he obviously does enjoy this page here.   ral  315  14:33, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, He is not going to get anymore enjoyment out of this VfD page. I think that these pages ought to have been deleted, but I'm clearly in the minority in this. I am shutting down this debate now. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:49, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:John Marshall High School (Los Angeles)

Questions
A couple of comments/questions: Thanks. Dale Arnett 06:29, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Where is this John Marshall High School?
 * You're going to have to make a disambig sometime. I know of a John Marshall High School in West Virginia that this article doesn't describe, and I'm sure there are other schools by that name elsewhere in the US.

Few points about the article
I wonder who wrote this article (my best guess is the it was modified by a student or a teacher). As the statement states, the article needs to be cleaned up and upgraded to meet the Wikipedia's guidelines. I have some suggestions. I would like to have this article be considered for deletion. Or somebody please upgrade this article to meet the standards of Wikipedia. And please change the title of the article to something like "John Marshall High School, Los Angeles." By the way I'm impressed by how the editor was accurate about certain facts about the high school. Thanks.

Concerns about the article
Well i am a john marshall H.S. student and it seems to me that this article was written either by a magnet student or a magnet teacher but let's not forget that magnet doesn't really portray John Marshall High School- the magnet program was additional and may receive separate funding. In order to accurately portray the school other programs must be considered such as the Decathalon team,sports history,programs that have helped the success of the school such as The Humanitas University prep-academy and Advanced studies academy. The school is not portrayed correctly and they want to attribute the magnet program as a whole as the school identity when its not accurate --even though other things said may be facts the article should be changed...The article should be revised once again and it shouln't only meet editing-and-grammar standards but also it should be completely accurate if not it should be deleted...

Cristina G.

Semi-protected edit request on 20 August 2014
Hi I would like to edit John Marshall high school I would like to make changes to the dean and the motto i would really appreciate it if I can edit it

Dean Luis (talk) 06:40, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

If you want to suggest a change, please request this in the form "Please replace XXX with YYY" or "Please add ZZZ between PPP and QQQ". Please also cite reliable sources to back up your request. - Arjayay (talk) 07:47, 20 August 2014 (UTC)
 * ❌ This is not the right page to request additional user rights.


text:
Maurice Edelman

Israel Maurice Edelman (2 March 1911 – 14 December 1975) was a British Labour Party politician, journalist, and novelist from Wales who represented Coventry constituencies in the House of Commons for over 30 years, from 1945 until his death.

Early life
Maurice Edelman was born to a Jewish family in Cardiff in 1911. His parents had come to Wales seven years earlier, escaping the pogroms in Tsarist Russia. His father was a photographer. He was educated at Cardiff High School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was an Exhibitioner in Modern Languages (French, German and later Russian). He joined the plywood industry in 1931 as a company director and at the outbreak of the Second World War was engaged in research into the application of plywood and plastic materials to aircraft construction. In 1933, he married Matilda "Tilli" Yeager, and they had two daughters.

Writing career
Edelman was a prolific journalist and author of several works of fiction and non-fiction. During the Second World War, he was a correspondent for Picture Post. His non-fiction works include France: The Birth of the Fourth Republic, and a biography of David Ben Gurion. He also produced screenplays for television broadcasts during the 1960s and 1970s. His novels include A Trial of Love (1951), Who Goes Home? (1953), A Dream of Treason (1954), The Happy Ones (1957), A Call on Kuprim (1959), The Minister (1961), The Fratricides (1963), The Prime Minister's Daughter (1964), All on a Summer's Night (1969), Disraeli In Love (1972) and Disraeli Rising (1975).

Political career
At the 1945 election Edelman was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry West. In 1950 he won the new seat of Coventry North.

He was a vice-chairman of the British Council and chairman of the Franco-British Parliamentary Relations Committee. Staunchly Pro-European, he was a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949. A lifelong Francophile, Edelman was appointed Officier de la Légion d'Honneur in 1960, having previously been awarded Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur in 1954.

He appeared on the live television panel show What's My Line? from New York on 29 April 1962.

He was also president of the Anglo-Jewish Association, and an active member of the Friends of the Hebrew University.

Following further boundary changes in 1974, Edelman represented Coventry North West until his death, from an embolism, at Royal Brompton Hospital on 14 December 1975. His successor was Geoffrey Robinson, who won a by-election on 4 March 1976.

title: Maurice Edelman


text: Template:Infobox U.S. county

title: Template:Infobox U.S. county


text:
Trees for Life (Scotland)

Trees for Life is a registered charity working to rewild the Scottish Highlands.

The Caledonian Forest once covered a large area of the Highlands of Scotland as extensive stands of majestic Scots pine, interspersed with birch, rowan, juniper and aspen trees, but is now reduced to about 2% of its former extent. Through planting native species of trees, removing non-native species and fencing seedlings to protect them from overgrazing by deer and sheep, Trees for Life aims to help the natural regeneration of the forest. Its long-term goal is to create a fully restored, healthy ecosystem, with the reintroduction of missing species of wildlife, such as the beaver, red squirrel, and lynx. Trees for Life work across the following key areas:

 * Supporting landscape restoration.
 * Reintroducing and protecting native animals.
 * Helping to connect communities and people with nature.
 * Enabling rewilding at scale through advocacy and partnership work.

Volunteers have helped to support Trees for Life’s work by growing and planting trees, and monitoring wildlife through their volunteering programmes. By engaging people from diverse backgrounds, Trees for Life aims to achieve a powerful and educational experience that will promote the work of nature restoration to wider audiences and lead to increased support for the return of the forest and its species.

Trees for Life value collaboration, and are engaging with communities, landowners, and businesses to ensure that people thrive alongside the expanding wild forest. Nature restoration helps to combat the challenges of the climate emergency and biodiversity crisis as nature-rich landscapes are more diverse and resilient, and help to store carbon, and reduce flooding and erosion.

History
Trees for Life was founded in 1986 by Alan Watson Featherstone, as a project under the Findhorn Foundation. Practical work began in 1989, and the first volunteer week was held in 1991. Trees for Life was registered as an independent charity in 1993. Trees for Life has been working tirelessly to restore the Caledonian Forest, especially in Glen Affric where one of the most important fragments of Caledonian Forest survived and at Dundreggan, a Highland estate the charity bought in 2008.

Initial work took place in Glen Cannich, but they have also supported woodland creation in Glen Affric, where they operate in partnership with Forestry and Land Scotland and the National Trust for Scotland. Since the early days, work expanded into other nearby glens, such as Glenmoriston, to the south of Glen Affric, at Achnashellach, and at Corrimony, where they worked in partnership with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

Trees for Life are working to ensure the full range of native trees are returning to the Highlands including Scots pine, aspen, and mountain top willows and birches. Their Dundreggan tree nursery is key to supporting this work by providing the hard to grow and rare trees.

Volunteer Rewilding Weeks
Trees for Life offer volunteer Rewilding Weeks held in spring and autumn, and at varying locations across the Scottish Highlands, depending on work required. Rewilding Weeks are run by two leaders and consist of a small group of volunteers. Work carried out includes tasks such as native tree planting, non-native species removal, seed collection, fencing, and working in their tree nursery. Trees for Life are passionate about providing initiatives for individuals to directly engage with rewilding.

Dundreggan Estate
In August 2008 Trees for Life purchased the 10,000 acre Dundreggan Estate in Glenmoriston, in the Scottish Highlands – one of the largest areas of land in the UK to be bought for forest restoration.

Dundreggan, lying on the north side of Glenmoriston to the west of Loch Ness, is home to declining species such as black grouse and wood ants. It contains areas of ancient woodland, including one of Scotland's best areas of juniper as well as significant areas of dwarf birch. It was previously managed as a traditional sporting estate for many years, and heavy grazing by sheep, goats, and deer has prevented the healthy growth of woodland and other natural habitats.

Trees for Life's long-term plan will see Dundreggan restored to a wild landscape of diverse natural forest cover, with the return of native wildlife. In 2020, golden eagles, a spectacular bird of prey, returned to breed at the estate for the first time in 40 years. Trees for Life also engages a larger, more diverse audience with the natural and cultural heritage of the Highlands through their Dundreggan Rewilding Centre, a world-class, environmentally sensitive facility that serves as a gateway to the wider landscape.

Dundreggan Rewilding Centre
An initiative by rewilding charity, Trees for Life, the Dundreggan Rewilding Centre is the first of its kind in the world and opened in April 2023 at the Dundreggan Estate. The Rewilding Centre has the An Nead café, An Spiris accommodation, and their visitor experience team delivers a varied programme of events, tours, and activities. The Rewilding Centre is the perfect place to explore Scotland's wild forest and experience rewilding in action.

Affric Highlands
Affric Highlands is a 30-year collaborative initiative by Trees for Life and Rewilding Europe who are working to restore woodland, peatland and riverside habitats in the Scottish Highlands. Rewilding supports nature, climate and people by boosting biodiversity, creating jobs, and supporting re-peopling. In June 2022, Affric Highlands was recommended for UN flagship status by the Scottish and UK governments.

Rewilding Nation
The Scottish Rewilding Alliance, a coalition of more than 20 organisations - including Trees for Life - is urging the Scottish Government to declare Scotland a Rewilding Nation and to commit to nature recovery across 30% of land and sea.

In 2024, the Scottish Rewilding Alliance launched a Rewilding Nation Charter. A campaign, backed by Hollywood actor Leonardo DiCaprio, calling for Scotland to become the first Rewilding Nation in the world.

title: Trees for Life (Scotland)