text:
Theoretical astronomy

Theoretical astronomy is the use of analytical and computational models based on principles from physics and chemistry to describe and explain astronomical objects and astronomical phenomena. Theorists in astronomy endeavor to create theoretical models and from the results predict observational consequences of those models. The observation of a phenomenon predicted by a model allows astronomers to select between several alternate or conflicting models as the one best able to describe the phenomena.

Ptolemy's Almagest, although a brilliant treatise on theoretical astronomy combined with a practical handbook for computation, nevertheless includes compromises to reconcile discordant observations with a geocentric model. Modern theoretical astronomy is usually assumed to have begun with the work of Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), particularly with Kepler's laws. The history of the descriptive and theoretical aspects of the Solar System mostly spans from the late sixteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century.

Theoretical astronomy is built on the work of observational astronomy, astrometry, astrochemistry, and astrophysics. Astronomy was early to adopt computational techniques to model stellar and galactic formation and celestial mechanics. From the point of view of theoretical astronomy, not only must the mathematical expression be reasonably accurate but it should preferably exist in a form which is amenable to further mathematical analysis when used in specific problems. Most of theoretical astronomy uses Newtonian theory of gravitation, considering that the effects of general relativity are weak for most celestial objects. Theoretical astronomy does not attempt to predict the position, size and temperature of every object in the universe, but by and large has concentrated upon analyzing the apparently complex but periodic motions of celestial objects.

Integrating astronomy and physics
"Contrary to the belief generally held by laboratory physicists, astronomy has contributed to the growth of our understanding of physics." Physics has helped in the elucidation of astronomical phenomena, and astronomy has helped in the elucidation of physical phenomena:
 * 1) discovery of the law of gravitation came from the information provided by the motion of the Moon and the planets,
 * 2) viability of nuclear fusion as demonstrated in the Sun and stars and yet to be reproduced on earth in a controlled form.

Integrating astronomy with physics involves

The aim of astronomy is to understand the physics and chemistry from the laboratory that is behind cosmic events so as to enrich our understanding of the cosmos and of these sciences as well.

Integrating astronomy and chemistry
Astrochemistry, the overlap of the disciplines of astronomy and chemistry, is the study of the abundance and reactions of chemical elements and molecules in space, and their interaction with radiation. The formation, atomic and chemical composition, evolution and fate of molecular gas clouds, is of special interest because it is from these clouds that solar systems form.

Infrared astronomy, for example, has revealed that the interstellar medium contains a suite of complex gas-phase carbon compounds called aromatic hydrocarbons, often abbreviated (PAHs or PACs). These molecules composed primarily of fused rings of carbon (either neutral or in an ionized state) are said to be the most common class of carbon compound in the galaxy. They are also the most common class of carbon molecule in meteorites and in cometary and asteroidal dust (cosmic dust). These compounds, as well as the amino acids, nucleobases, and many other compounds in meteorites, carry deuterium (2H) and isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen that are very rare on earth, attesting to their extraterrestrial origin. The PAHs are thought to form in hot circumstellar environments (around dying carbon rich red giant stars).

The sparseness of interstellar and interplanetary space results in some unusual chemistry, since symmetry-forbidden reactions cannot occur except on the longest of timescales. For this reason, molecules and molecular ions which are unstable on earth can be highly abundant in space, for example the H3+ ion. Astrochemistry overlaps with astrophysics and nuclear physics in characterizing the nuclear reactions which occur in stars, the consequences for stellar evolution, as well as stellar 'generations'. Indeed, the nuclear reactions in stars produce every naturally occurring chemical element. As the stellar 'generations' advance, the mass of the newly formed elements increases. A first-generation star uses elemental hydrogen (H) as a fuel source and produces helium (He). Hydrogen is the most abundant element, and it is the basic building block for all other elements as its nucleus has only one proton. Gravitational pull toward the center of a star creates massive amounts of heat and pressure, which cause nuclear fusion. Through this process of merging nuclear mass, heavier elements are formed. Lithium, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are examples of elements that form in stellar fusion. After many stellar generations, very heavy elements are formed (e.g. iron and lead).

Tools of theoretical astronomy
Theoretical astronomers use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.

Astronomy theorists endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps observers look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models.

Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data. Consistent with the general scientific approach, in the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data. In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model.

Topics of theoretical astronomy
Topics studied by theoretical astronomers include:
 * 1) stellar dynamics and evolution;
 * 2) galaxy formation;
 * 3) large-scale structure of matter in the Universe;
 * 4) origin of cosmic rays;
 * 5) general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.

Astrophysical relativity serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole (astro)physics and the study of gravitational waves.

Astronomical models
Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astronomy, now included in the Lambda-CDM model are the Big Bang, Cosmic inflation, dark matter, and fundamental theories of physics.

A few examples of this process:

Leading topics in theoretical astronomy
Dark matter and dark energy are the current leading topics in astronomy, as their discovery and controversy originated during the study of the galaxies.

Theoretical astrophysics
Of the topics approached with the tools of theoretical physics, particular consideration is often given to stellar photospheres, stellar atmospheres, the solar atmosphere, planetary atmospheres, gaseous nebulae, nonstationary stars, and the interstellar medium. Special attention is given to the internal structure of stars.

Weak equivalence principle
The observation of a neutrino burst within 3 h of the associated optical burst from Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) gave theoretical astrophysicists an opportunity to test that neutrinos and photons follow the same trajectories in the gravitational field of the galaxy.

Thermodynamics for stationary black holes
A general form of the first law of thermodynamics for stationary black holes can be derived from the microcanonical functional integral for the gravitational field. The boundary data are the thermodynamical extensive variables, including the energy and angular momentum of the system. For the simpler case of nonrelativistic mechanics as is often observed in astrophysical phenomena associated with a black hole event horizon, the density of states can be expressed as a real-time functional integral and subsequently used to deduce Feynman's imaginary-time functional integral for the canonical partition function.
 * 1) the gravitational field as described with a microcanonical system in a spatially finite region and
 * 2) the density of states expressed formally as a functional integral over Lorentzian metrics and as a functional of the geometrical boundary data that are fixed in the corresponding action,

Theoretical astrochemistry
Reaction equations and large reaction networks are an important tool in theoretical astrochemistry, especially as applied to the gas-grain chemistry of the interstellar medium. Theoretical astrochemistry offers the prospect of being able to place constraints on the inventory of organics for exogenous delivery to the early Earth.

Interstellar organics
"An important goal for theoretical astrochemistry is to elucidate which organics are of true interstellar origin, and to identify possible interstellar precursors and reaction pathways for those molecules which are the result of aqueous alterations." One of the ways this goal can be achieved is through the study of carbonaceous material as found in some meteorites. Carbonaceous chondrites (such as C1 and C2) include organic compounds such as amines and amides; alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; sulfonic and phosphonic acids; amino, hydroxycarboxylic, and carboxylic acids; purines and pyrimidines; and kerogen-type material. The organic inventories of primitive meteorites display large and variable enrichments in deuterium, carbon-13 (13C), and nitrogen-15 (15N), which is indicative of their retention of an interstellar heritage.

Chemistry in cometary comae
The chemical composition of comets should reflect both the conditions in the outer solar nebula some 4.5 × 109 ayr, and the nature of the natal interstellar cloud from which the Solar System was formed. While comets retain a strong signature of their ultimate interstellar origins, significant processing must have occurred in the protosolar nebula. Early models of coma chemistry showed that reactions can occur rapidly in the inner coma, where the most important reactions are proton transfer reactions. Such reactions can potentially cycle deuterium between the different coma molecules, altering the initial D/H ratios released from the nuclear ice, and necessitating the construction of accurate models of cometary deuterium chemistry, so that gas-phase coma observations can be safely extrapolated to give nuclear D/H ratios.

Theoretical chemical astronomy
While the lines of conceptual understanding between theoretical astrochemistry and theoretical chemical astronomy often become blurred so that the goals and tools are the same, there are subtle differences between the two sciences. Theoretical chemistry as applied to astronomy seeks to find new ways to observe chemicals in celestial objects, for example. This often leads to theoretical astrochemistry having to seek new ways to describe or explain those same observations.

Astronomical spectroscopy
The new era of chemical astronomy had to await the clear enunciation of the chemical principles of spectroscopy and the applicable theory.

Chemistry of dust condensation
Supernova radioactivity dominates light curves and the chemistry of dust condensation is also dominated by radioactivity. Dust is usually either carbon or oxides depending on which is more abundant, but Compton electrons dissociate the CO molecule in about one month. The new chemical astronomy of supernova solids depends on the supernova radioactivity:
 * 1) the radiogenesis of 44Ca from 44Ti decay after carbon condensation establishes their supernova source,
 * 2) their opacity suffices to shift emission lines blueward after 500 d and emits significant infrared luminosity,
 * 3) parallel kinetic rates determine trace isotopes in meteoritic supernova graphites,
 * 4) the chemistry is kinetic rather than due to thermal equilibrium and
 * 5) is made possible by radiodeactivation of the CO trap for carbon.

Theoretical physical astronomy
Like theoretical chemical astronomy, the lines of conceptual understanding between theoretical astrophysics and theoretical physical astronomy are often blurred, but, again, there are subtle differences between these two sciences. Theoretical physics as applied to astronomy seeks to find new ways to observe physical phenomena in celestial objects and what to look for, for example. This often leads to theoretical astrophysics having to seek new ways to describe or explain those same observations, with hopefully a convergence to improve our understanding of the local environment of Earth and the physical Universe.

Weak interaction and nuclear double beta decay
Nuclear matrix elements of relevant operators as extracted from data and from a shell-model and theoretical approximations both for the two-neutrino and neutrinoless modes of decay are used to explain the weak interaction and nuclear structure aspects of nuclear double beta decay.

Neutron-rich isotopes
New neutron-rich isotopes, 34Ne, 37Na, and 43Si have been produced unambiguously for the first time, and convincing evidence for the particle instability of three others, 33Ne, 36Na, and 39Mg has been obtained. These experimental findings compare with recent theoretical predictions.

Theory of astronomical time keeping
Until recently all the time units that appear natural to us are caused by astronomical phenomena:
 * 1) Earth's orbit around the Sun => the year, and the seasons,
 * 2) Moon's orbit around the Earth => the month,
 * 3) Earth's rotation and the succession of brightness and darkness => the day (and night).

High precision appears problematic:
 * 1) ambiguities arise in the exact definition of a rotation or revolution,
 * 2) some astronomical processes are uneven and irregular, such as the noncommensurability of year, month, and day,
 * 3) there are a multitude of time scales and calendars to solve the first two problems.

Some of these time standard scales are sidereal time, solar time, and universal time.

Atomic time
From the Systeme Internationale (SI) comes the second as defined by the duration of 9 192 631 770 cycles of a particular hyperfine structure transition in the ground state of caesium-133 (133Cs). For practical usability a device is required that attempts to produce the SI second (s) such as an atomic clock. But not all such clocks agree. The weighted mean of many clocks distributed over the whole Earth defines the Temps Atomique International; i.e., the Atomic Time TAI. From the General theory of relativity the time measured depends on the altitude on earth and the spatial velocity of the clock so that TAI refers to a location on sea level that rotates with the Earth.

Ephemeris time
Since the Earth's rotation is irregular, any time scale derived from it such as Greenwich Mean Time led to recurring problems in predicting the Ephemerides for the positions of the Moon, Sun, planets and their natural satellites. In 1976 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) resolved that the theoretical basis for ephemeris time (ET) was wholly non-relativistic, and therefore, beginning in 1984 ephemeris time would be replaced by two further time scales with allowance for relativistic corrections. Their names, assigned in 1979, emphasized their dynamical nature or origin, Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) and Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT). Both were defined for continuity with ET and were based on what had become the standard SI second, which in turn had been derived from the measured second of ET.

During the period 1991–2006, the TDB and TDT time scales were both redefined and replaced, owing to difficulties or inconsistencies in their original definitions. The current fundamental relativistic time scales are Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG) and Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB). Both of these have rates that are based on the SI second in respective reference frames (and hypothetically outside the relevant gravity well), but due to relativistic effects, their rates would appear slightly faster when observed at the Earth's surface, and therefore diverge from local Earth-based time scales using the SI second at the Earth's surface.

The currently defined IAU time scales also include Terrestrial Time (TT) (replacing TDT, and now defined as a re-scaling of TCG, chosen to give TT a rate that matches the SI second when observed at the Earth's surface), and a redefined Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB), a re-scaling of TCB to give TDB a rate that matches the SI second at the Earth's surface.

Stellar dynamical time scale
For a star, the dynamical time scale is defined as the time that would be taken for a test particle released at the surface to fall under the star's potential to the centre point, if pressure forces were negligible. In other words, the dynamical time scale measures the amount of time it would take a certain star to collapse in the absence of any internal pressure. By appropriate manipulation of the equations of stellar structure this can be found to be

$$ \tau_{dynamical} \simeq \frac{R}{v} = \sqrt{\frac{R^3}{2GM}} \sim 1/\sqrt{G\rho} $$

where R is the radius of the star, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the star and v is the escape velocity. As an example, the Sun dynamical time scale is approximately 1133 seconds. Note that the actual time it would take a star like the Sun to collapse is greater because internal pressure is present.

The 'fundamental' oscillatory mode of a star will be at approximately the dynamical time scale. Oscillations at this frequency are seen in Cepheid variables.

On Earth
The basic characteristics of applied astronomical navigation are
 * 1) usable in all areas of sailing around the Earth,
 * 2) applicable autonomously (does not depend on others – persons or states) and passively (does not emit energy),
 * 3) conditional usage via optical visibility (of horizon and celestial bodies), or state of cloudiness,
 * 4) precisional measurement, sextant is 0.1', altitude and position is between 1.5' and 3.0'.
 * 5) temporal determination takes a couple of minutes (using the most modern equipment) and ≤ 30 min (using classical equipment).

The superiority of satellite navigation systems to astronomical navigation are currently undeniable, especially with the development and use of GPS/NAVSTAR. This global satellite system
 * 1) enables automated three-dimensional positioning at any moment,
 * 2) automatically determines position continuously (every second or even more often),
 * 3) determines position independent of weather conditions (visibility and cloudiness),
 * 4) determines position in real time to a few meters (two carrying frequencies) and 100 m (modest commercial receivers), which is two to three orders of magnitude better than by astronomical observation,
 * 5) is simple even without expert knowledge,
 * 6) is relatively cheap, comparable to equipment for astronomical navigation, and
 * 7) allows incorporation into integrated and automated systems of control and ship steering. The use of astronomical or celestial navigation is disappearing from the surface and beneath or above the surface of the Earth.

Geodetic astronomy is the application of astronomical methods into networks and technical projects of geodesy for
 * apparent places of stars, and their proper motions
 * precise astronomical navigation
 * astro-geodetic geoid determination and
 * modelling the rock densities of the topography and of geological layers in the subsurface
 * Satellite geodesy using the stellar background (see also astrometry and cosmic triangulation)
 * Monitoring of the Earth rotation and polar wandering
 * Contribution to the time system of physics and geosciences

Astronomical algorithms are the algorithms used to calculate ephemerides, calendars, and positions (as in celestial navigation or satellite navigation).

Many astronomical and navigational computations use the Figure of the Earth as a surface representing the Earth.

The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), formerly the International Earth Rotation Service, is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards, notably through its Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) and International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) groups.

Deep space
The Deep Space Network, or DSN, is an international network of large antennas and communication facilities that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, and radio and radar astronomy observations for the exploration of the Solar System and the universe. The network also supports selected Earth-orbiting missions. DSN is part of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).

Aboard an exploratory vehicle
An observer becomes a deep space explorer upon escaping Earth's orbit. While the Deep Space Network maintains communication and enables data download from an exploratory vessel, any local probing performed by sensors or active systems aboard usually require astronomical navigation, since the enclosing network of satellites to ensure accurate positioning is absent.

title: Theoretical astronomy


text:
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada

Fellowship of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) is an award granted to individuals that the Royal Society of Canada judges to have "made remarkable contributions in the arts, the humanities and the sciences, as well as in Canadian public life". , there are more than 2,000 living Canadian fellows, including scholars, artists, and scientists such as Margaret Atwood, Philip J. Currie, David Suzuki, Brenda Milner, Stephen Waddams, and Demetri Terzopoulos. There are four types of fellowship:
 * 1) Honorary fellows (a title of honour)
 * 2) Regularly elected fellows
 * 3) Specially elected fellows
 * 4) Foreign fellows (neither residents nor citizens of Canada)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada


text:
Valentine Hugo

Valentine Hugo (1887–1968) was a French artist and writer. She was born Valentine Marie Augustine Gross, only daughter to Auguste Gross and Zélie Démelin, in Boulogne-sur-Mer. She is best known for her work with the Russian ballet and with the French Surrealists. Hugo died in Paris.

Early life and education
A lover of the theater and music, Hugo's father raised her to share his interests until his death in 1903, which was undetermined as suicide or an accident. After her husband's death, Zélie raised her daughter alone.

Valentine Hugo received schooling in Boulogne-sur-Mer, where she received multiple awards for accomplishments in drawing, until 1907, at which time she entered the L'École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. There she worked in the studio at the Académie Humbert and exhibited in the Salon of French artists in 1909, and again in 1911. In 1908, Valentine Hugo met the artist Edmond Aman-Jean, who painted her portrait in 1909 and encouraged Hugo's artistic pursuits.

Work with the Ballets Russes
Hugo's work with the Ballets Russes established her connection with Jean Cocteau, who would introduce her to several important figures in her life, including her future husband French artist Jean Hugo (1894–1984), great-grandson of Victor Hugo. She would collaborate with him on ballet designs including Les mariés de la tour Eiffel (1921), and in 1926 she executed 24 wood engravings after maquettes by Jean Hugo for Jean Cocteau's production of Roméo et Juliette. Her involvement with the ballets provided Hugo many opportunities to progress her artwork. She often drew sketches of the ballets' choreography, and had a particular fascination with dancer and choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky. In 1913 she exhibited her paintings at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées during the premiere of The Rite of Spring.

Hugo and Cocteau collaborated to create the ballet Parade, which premiered on 18 May 1917. Hugo worked on several other of Satie's ballets, including Le Piège de Méduse, Socrate, and Mercure.

Hugo hosted salons with many artists, writers, and musicians in Paris, including avant-garde leaders such as Pablo Picasso, André Breton, and Paul Éluard. She would often sketch her visitors, foreshadowing her portraiture work of the Surrealist leaders later on.

Valentine and the Surrealists
Hugo met Breton in 1917, before the start of Surrealism, at one of Cocteau's readings. Her friendships with Breton and Eluard would keep her connected to the Surrealists as the movement developed, and help her to form connections with other members, such as Salvador Dalí and Max Ernst. The three often traveled together, along with other members of the movement, in 1931 and 1932. As the only member of the group who owned a vehicle, Hugo would drive her companions to their destinations.

Valentine and Jean began living apart in 1926, and eventually divorced in 1932. Her separation from her husband allowed Hugo greater freedom to be involved with the Surrealist group. She moved into the same building as Eluard and Breton in May 1932.

Hugo joined the Bureau of Surrealist Research and created the Objet à fonctionnement symbolique (1931), which was shown during the Exposition surréalistic in 1933. She took part in other exhibitions throughout her time with the group, including an exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in 1936.

Valentine and the Exquisite Corpse
Hugo participated in the exquisite corpse game practiced by the Surrealists, collaborating on drawings with Breton, Eluard, and many others. These drawings have an illusionist quality credited to Hugo's participation. She introduced new mediums to the practice, as the drawings she participated in used gouache on black paper.

Relationship with Breton
Hugo's relationship with Breton turned physical for a brief period between approximately July 1931 and May 1932. It was a tumultuous affair, and ended negatively for Hugo. On 8 May 1932, following a fight with Breton, Hugo attempted suicide. Regretting her actions, she called Eluard with enough time for him to arrive and save her life. Following this event, Breton and Hugo's friendship remained strained until 9 September of that year, when Hugo punched Breton. Their association permanently ended at this point, except for interactions during group meetings of the Surrealists. Breton never mentioned Hugo in his book Le Surréalisme et la Peinture.

Later years
In 1943, Hugo's work was included in Peggy Guggenheim's show Exhibition by 31 Women at the Art of This Century gallery in New York. After the war, she went back to stage design for choreography, while continuing to create her paintings "in secret," saving "the haunting element of surprise and chance for the end." In 1948, she completed the portrait of Picasso she had started in 1934.

Hugo died on 16 March 1968, the date of her 81st birthday.

Illustrations
Hugo was primarily known for her drawings, where a fine line against a dark background created and abundance of decorative volutes and superimposed elements. Her portraits of the leading surrealists and her illustrations for texts by Rene Char and Paul Eluard and for the edition of Achim von Arnim's Strange Tales prefaced by Breton in 1933 are particularly interesting. The foremost illustrator of Paul Éluard's work, she first exhibited with the surrealists in the Salon des Surindépendants of 1933.

Several of her illustrations are:
 * Comte de Lautréamont's Les Chants de Maldoror (1933)
 * Achim von Arnim's Contes bizarres (1933)
 * Arthur Rimbaud's Les Poètes de sept ans (1938)
 * Paul Éluard's Les Animaux et leurs hommes (1937)
 * Roger Peyrefitte's Les amitiés particulières (1946)

Exhibitions
A retrospective exhibition of her work was held at the Centre Culturel Thibaud de Champagne, Troyes, in 1977.

Other exhibitions of her work have been at: Tenerife (1935), Copenhagen (1935), New York (1937), Tokyo (1937).

title: Valentine Hugo


text:
Alexa Fluor

The Alexa Fluor family of fluorescent dyes is a series of dyes invented by Molecular Probes, now a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, and sold under the Invitrogen brand name. Alexa Fluor dyes are frequently used as cell and tissue labels in fluorescence microscopy and cell biology. Alexa Fluor dyes can be conjugated directly to primary antibodies or to secondary antibodies to amplify signal and sensitivity or other biomolecules.

The excitation and emission spectra of the Alexa Fluor series cover the visible spectrum and extend into the infrared. The individual members of the family are numbered according roughly to their excitation maxima in nanometers.

History
Richard and Rosaria Haugland, the founders of Molecular Probes, are well known in biology and chemistry for their research into fluorescent dyes useful in biological research applications. At the time that Molecular Probes was founded, such products were largely unavailable commercially. A number of fluorescent dyes that are now widely used were discovered and developed in the laboratories of Molecular Probes.—dyes such as Texas Red, Cascade Blue, Oregon Green, Marina Blue, and the Alexa Fluor family. The most famous of these, the Alexa Fluor family of dyes, were designed to improve upon properties of previously developed biological fluorescent dye families, and solve some of the issues that they possessed. The Alexa Fluor dyes were named after Alex Haugland, son of Richard and Rosaria Haugland.

Molecular Probes was acquired in 2003 by Invitrogen, who worked to further expand the Alexa Fluor family by the addition of new dyes to fill gaps not covered in the emission spectrum. In 2008, Invitrogen and the Alexa Fluor product line became a part of the Life Technologies, after the Invitrogen merger with Applied Biosystems. In 2014, Life Technologies was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific, who revitalized the Invitrogen name and brand, bringing the Alexa Fluor product line back under it.

Dyes and chemistry
The Alexa Fluor dyes were chemically synthesized through sulfonation and additional chemical modifications made to the well known families of coumarin, rhodamine, and cyanine dyes, and to the xanthene family (of which the fluorescein, an industry-standard, is a part). Sulfonation made the product Alexa Fluor dyes negatively charged and thus more hydrophilic and soluble than their parent dyes; the additional modifications were aimed to improve dye performance in other areas. For example, Alexa Fluor 488, a sulfonated and otherwise chemically modified form of fluorescein, was designed to solve the well known issues of rapid photobleaching and pH-dependent fluorescent intensity characteristic of the dye fluorescein isothiocyanate.

Comparison with other dyes
The Alexa Fluor series dyes are less pH-sensitive and more photostable than the original dyes (fluorescein, rhodamine, etc.) from which they were synthesized. While extinction coefficients of each member of this line of dyes are known (see table), quantum yields and life times are not. Brightness comparisons are also generally favorable.

Other commercial product lines provide alternatives to individual members of the line of Alexa Fluor Dyes. Comparisons with other dyes are less consistent, and also even more "delicate", depending on the conditions and techniques used. Such comparisons should be considered, depending on the conditions and techniques used, and the dye performance (signal, background, stability) needed.

Specific comparison studies

 * Alexa Fluor 647 dye compared to dye Cy5,} in an application involving conjugation to DNA.

title: Alexa Fluor


text: User talk:84.66.45.129

title: User talk:84.66.45.129


text:
Talk:Scarborough Expressway

Wait a minute...
Those pillars in the photograph look eerily similar to the old Gardiner Expressway pillars, before it was dismembered by the city of Toronto. I think we may need to check our sources on this one. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * That photo is relevant, as the dismantled eastern end of the Gardiner Expressway was part of the Scarborough Expressway plan. FamilyCompact (talk) 15:25, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

WHAT'S THIS ABOUT A "SCARBOROUGH HIGHLANDS EXPRESSWAY"??? Another Red Hill??

 * An expressway that wasn't built that would have linked the Gardiner with Highway 2A -  ʄɭoʏɗiaɲ  τ ¢  01:06, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

POV in opener
"Today, it remains the most obvious and critical "missing link" in the city's expressway system." That may be obvious to an expressway supporter, or critical to those who primarily consider road traffic; but such a statement does not balance all views, so I'm rewording it. Radagast 20:33, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scarborough Expressway


text: User talk:85.167.131.20

title: User talk:85.167.131.20


text:
Club Tropicana

"Club Tropicana" is a single by English pop duo Wham!, released on 22 July 1983 on Innervision Records. It was written by members George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley.

History
"Club Tropicana" was written in 1981 in Ridgeley's living room, before the band or bandname had been fully established, and was the second Wham! song they came up with after the initial "Wham Rap!". Although only half finished at the time of recording, it became one of the three home demos hastily made on a hired porta-studio which led to their first record contract with Innervision Records. The initial song inspiration came from their excitement over the glamour and escapism of the then burgeoning New Romantic club scene, and Michael, Ridgeley and Shirlie Holliman's occasional visits to one such club in London, Le Beat Route. The song's lyrical theme was then expanded to also include the hedonism of summery Club 18-30 holidays, whilst musically fusing a Latin jazz rhythm with a groove inspired by the Gap Band's "Burn Rubber on Me".

Synopsis
The song was a mild departure from Wham!'s previous singles, which had all been motivated by social or political issues. "Club Tropicana", however, was a homage to the infamous Pikes Hotel Ibiza, frequented by Freddie Mercury and the Wham boys themselves, the video was shot at Pikes.

Chart performance
The song was released in July 1983 and peaked at No. 4 in the UK, going on to become the 39th best selling single of 1983. It was the fourth and final single to be taken from the album Fantastic. Wham! then achieved four UK No. 1 singles before splitting at their height in 1986.

Other releases
The song was also included on the compilation album The Final and on Michael's greatest hits album Twenty Five.

B-side
The B-side, "Blue (Armed with Love)", is a semi-instrumental dub track, which was cut once the Fantastic album was finished – Michael was involved as sole producer. Michael and Ridgeley spent the 11 hours they had available putting the track together, but it wasn't fully finished and ended up being released in its incomplete state as a B-side. During their "Club Fantastic" tour in late 1983 and in 1985 in China, they performed a more developed version of this song live, complete with sung verses. This version was released as "Blue (Live in China)" on their 1986 LP Music from the Edge of Heaven as well as the B-side of 1985's single release of "Last Christmas". "Blue" was first available on CD on the compilation So80s 12 in 2019 and on streaming services in 2023 with the edition of The Singles: Echoes from the Edge of Heaven, the duo's last compilation album released.

Music video
A video directed by Duncan Gibbins was made at Pikes Hotel in Ibiza, owned by Tony Pike with scenes of Michael and Ridgeley on the beach, making eyes at bikini-clad girls played by their backing singers Dee C. Lee and Shirlie Holliman. They are also seen relaxing by a pool and sipping cocktails, with Michael lounging on a lilo in white Speedos, along with the famous scene of trumpet-playing taking place in the pool itself. A twist in the sexual tension between the two men and two women is revealed at the end, when it turns out that Michael and Ridgeley are airline pilots and Dee and Shirlie are stewardesses.

It was during this trip to Ibiza that Michael had his first physical homosexual encounter, confirming to himself that he was definitely either homosexual or bisexual. He confided first in Shirlie Holliman and then in Ridgeley, who both were OK with it.

As of February 2024, the music video has received more than 33.9 million views on YouTube. The music video was used as an homage for Lewis Capaldi's music video for "Forget Me" in 2022.

title: Club Tropicana


text:
Virgilio Canio Corbo

Virgilio Canio Corbo (1918, in Avigliano – December 6, 1991 in Capernaum) was an Italian Franciscan Friar and professor of archaeology at the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum in Jerusalem.

Life
Virgilio Canio Corbo was born in Avigliano, Italy on July 8, 1918. At the age of ten, he entered the minor seminary Franciscan Custody of Terra Santa (CTS). He was ordained a priest in Bethlehem in 1942. From 1946 to 1949 he studied at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, where he obtained a doctorate in Oriental Science. (His thesis, The excavations of Kh. Siyar El-Ghanam (Shepherd's Field) and the surrounding monasteries, was published in 1955.)

Archaeological exploration
Corbo began teaching, first at the Franciscan minor seminary in Al-Qubeiba, and from 1950 to 1968 at the major Franciscan seminary in Jerusalem. While at Al-Qubeiba, he became interested in the work of archaeologist and fellow Franciscan Bellarmino Bagatti, and made some experimental excavations in the village. In expanding his investigations to other monastic ruins, and through literary sources was able to identify the monastery of St. Theodore at Bir el Qutt. Here he discovered the oldest extant Georgian inscriptions yet found. These give an important look into the everyday life of the early monks. In October 1987, on a visit to Jerusalem, Ilia II of Georgia, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia presented Corbo with a commemorative coin celebrating 1500 years of the Evangelization of Georgia for helping to increase awareness of the Georgian monastic tradition in the Holy Land.

He will be remembered for excavating many important holy places. Father Corbo was responsible for organizing the Terra Sancta pavilion at the exhibition of missionary art for the 1950 Holy Year. This resulted in the publication of Sacred art in the Holy Places. From 1950 to 1955, Corbo was director of the magazine La Terra Santa, and in 1951 was put in charge of the restoration of a number of shrines administered by CTS. In this he worked with architect Antonio Barluzzi. One of the buildings restored was the Chapel of the Shepherd's Field, another was the Church of Saint John the Baptist, Ein Karem. From 1956 to 1959, he was custos of the friary at Gethsemane.

In 1962 Corbo and Stanislao Loffreda, from the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum of Jerusalem, began archaeological excavation of the Herodium. Work continued until 1967: they discovered the upper citadel, at the top of the hill.

Corbo also excavated the interior of the Byzantine basilica on Mount Nebo. In 1963, he was put in charge of restoring the original pavements for exhibition. In the modern chapel presbytery, built to protect the site and provide worship space, remnants of mosaic floors from different periods can be seen.

In 1968 Corbo and Loffreda began work at Capharnaum. Between 1971 and 1977 they began work at Magdala. From 1978 to 1981, they carried out excavations were carried out at Machaerus. Corbo's group was the first to prove that the castle of Machaerus was definitely one of the mosaic-decorated fortified palaces of King Herod the Great.

His name will be especially tied to two sacred places: the Holy Sepulcher and Capharnaum, the "city of Jesus".

He is remembered for the excavations of many religious sites:
 * the "Shepherds' field" near Bethlehem
 * the place of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives
 * Herodium, a fortress-palace and funeral site of Herod the Great
 * Machaerus, another Herodian fortress-palace across the Dead Sea in modern-day Jordan, the site of the decapitation of St John the Baptist
 * the Old Georgian Bir el Qutt inscriptions
 * a Byzantine basilica and monastery on Mt. Nebo in Jordan
 * the church of the Holy Sepulchre
 * the ancient city of Magdala

Corbo died in Capharnaum on December 6, 1991.

Works

 * Archaeological research at the Mount of Olives (1965)
 * The Capernaum synagogue after the excavations in 1969 (1970)
 * The house of Saint Peter at Capharnaum (1972)
 * Capernaum I (1975)

title: Virgilio Canio Corbo


title: File:Khanate2001.jpg


text:
Talk:Beatus of Liébana

Man, text and manuscript
There seems to be a great deal of confusion going on in this article and at Beatus of Liébana, Commentaries on the Apocalypse. Beatus of Liébana was a man. He wrote, among other things, a text, the Commentary on the Apocalypse. This text survives in several manuscripts, some of which are lavishly illuminated and are amongst the most important extant examples of Mozarabic illumination. I firmly believe that the man, the text and each of the manuscripts (or at least the illuminated ones) should have their own articles. As time permits, I will write articles for the manuscripts, unless someone beats me to it. Until then, I am going to convert this article into an article on the man, and redirect Beatus of Liébana, Commentaries on the Apocalypse to here. Dsmdgold 20:41, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Worse, although this is the page on Beatus, it is dominated by text that seems to have wandered in from Kingdom of Asturias. That may work in a term paper on the exegesis of the Commentaries, but the encyclopedia article should be about the man. I don't have the subject area knowledge to fix that; I just came across the article by accident, but I'll expand the bio with more information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. David Brooks 17:51, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Touché. The EB1911 article is primarily about the map and its derivatives, which should probably have its own article. David Brooks 18:09, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Beatus of Liébana. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140303191623/http://www.christdesert.org/cgi-bin/martyrology.dynamic.5.cgi?name=beatus_of_liebana to http://www.christdesert.org/cgi-bin/martyrology.dynamic.5.cgi?name=beatus_of_liebana

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:10, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beatus of Liébana


text:
Cuttyhunk Island

Cuttyhunk Island is the outermost of the Elizabeth Islands in Massachusetts. A small outpost for the harvesting of sassafras was occupied for a few weeks in 1602, arguably making it the first English settlement in New England. Cuttyhunk is located between Buzzards Bay to the north and Vineyard Sound to the south. Penikese Island and Nashawena Island are located to the north and east respectively.

The island has a land area of 580 acre, and a population of 52 persons as of the 2000 census. It is the fourth largest in area of the Elizabeth Islands and home to the village of Cuttyhunk. It lies entirely within the town of Gosnold.

Ecology
Cuttyhunk is about a mile and a half long, and three-quarters of a mile wide, with a large natural harbor at the eastern end of the island. Fully half of the main part of the island is set apart as a nature preserve. It is home to a wide variety of birds such as piping plovers, least terns and Massachusetts' American oystercatchers, as well as White-tailed deer, White-footed mice, and Eastern cottontails. It also has a small population of coyotes. Cuttyhunk has most varieties of New England's wildflowers, as well as bayberry, sweet peas, and a host of other plant life.

Two large peninsular arms extend from the main body of the island, named Canapitsit (the southern arm) and Copicut Neck (the northern arm). The shore is made up largely of rocks, testimony to Cuttyhunk's glacial origins. Cuttyhunk is covered with rocks and stones that are elsewhere found only in the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.

There are three stretches of sandy beach: along the channel that leads to the harbor (Channel Beach), around the sunken barges that connect Canapitsit to the main body of land (Barges Beach), and at "Church's beach," which connects Copicut to the main island. Much of Cuttyhunk's rocky shore is bounded by steep cliffs made of rock, sand, and clay. The western end of the island is taken up by the West End Pond, much of which is currently used for shellfish farming. A monument to Bartholomew Gosnold's 1602 landing stands on a small island in the Pond.

The highest point on the island is Lookout Hill, standing at 154 ft above sea level. The Lookout is home to one of the six (one now buried) defensive bunkers built by the United States Coast Guard in 1941 to watch the surrounding ocean for Nazi U-boats. Stripped of their observation equipment and weaponry at the end of World War II, the bunkers are now picnic areas. They offer views of the island and its surrounding waters. The Coast Guard station has not been active since 1964.

Striped bass
Cuttyhunk has been a popular site for large striped bass. In 1913, Charles Church caught a world-record striped bass that weighed 73 pounds. That record lasted many years. Charles Cinto duplicated the effort, landing a 73-pound striped bass near Cuttyhunk in 1967. Cuttyhunk has been the home port to many notable fishing guides. Many of these guides troll secret lures attached by stainless-steel or nickel-alloy wire along the rocky reefs near the island where large female striped bass reside from the spring through the autumn. The most notable reef, Sow and Pigs Reef, was where Mr. Cinto caught his striped bass.

History

The island was originally named Poocuohhunkkunnah (probably from the Wampanoag for "Point of departure" or "Land's end") by the native Wampanoag tribe. In 1602 English explorer Bartholomew Gosnold renamed the island. On March 6, 1602, Gosnold set out aboard the barque The Concord from Falmouth, England to plant a colony in the New World of America. Gosnold and his men landed near Kennebunkport, Maine, then explored Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Cuttyhunk. They established a modest fort on Cuttyhunk where they planned to harvest sassafras, a valuable commodity in Europe at the time. After exploring the islands for less than a month, the men returned with The Concord to England.

In 1606 the King granted the Elizabeth Islands to the Council of New England, which dissolved in 1635. After this, they became the property of William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling. Stirling sold the islands to Thomas Mayhew in 1641, and in 1663 James Stuart, Duke of York assumed proprietorship over them.

In 1668, Mayhew sold Cuttyhunk to Philip Smith, Peleg Sanford, and Thomas Ward of Newport, Rhode Island. In 1688, Peleg Sanford acquired his partners' rights in the island, and sold half of it to Ralph Earle of Dartmouth. He in turn immediately sold his property to his son, Ralph Jr., who became the island's first permanent English settler. He and other colonists harvested the island of all of its timber, leaving it bare and wind-swept.

In 1693, Peleg Slocum purchased all of the holdings on Cuttyhunk, and became its sole owner. The Slocum family continued to live on Cuttyhunk for the next one hundred sixty-five years. Several generations were slaveholders of Africans transported to the English colony for labor.

In 1858, William C.N. Swift, Thomas Nye, and Eben Perry bought Cuttyhunk from Otis Slocum for fifty dollars. In 1864, the town of Gosnold was finally incorporated.

19th- and 20th-century timeline

 * 1872–73 Cuttyhunk school was built
 * 1874 First town meeting
 * 1889 Town cemetery established
 * 1892 Town library established
 * 1976 WTG Energy Systems erected a prototype 200 kW wind turbine generator (windmill) to supply a portion of the island's electric power.

Notable residents

 * Paul Cuffe (1759–1817)

Cuttyhunk Fishing Club
In 1864 some members of The West Island Club in Sakonnet Point, Rhode Island grew dissatisfied with that club's regulations. They looked for a place to start their own fishing club. After a visit to Cuttyhunk, these powerful New York gentlemen decided they had found their spot. In 1865, they purchased a large portion of the island, and built 26 "fishing stands"—long, wooden platforms that stretched out from rock to rock into the surf—all around the island. They limited initial membership to fifty men, with a single negative vote of the active members sufficient to bar a man from membership. The admission fee was $300. Eventually, the membership was expanded to sixty, then seventy-five.

Each evening, the members of the Club met to draw lots to determine which fishing stand each would use the next day. Each member employed a "chummer"—a young boy paid to bait the member's hook with lobster tail, and cast chunks of lobster into the surf to attract striped bass. They paid the chummer $1 per fish caught, or more if the fish were particularly large. Records were kept of the number, size, and location of the fish caught, and by whom. Cuttyhunk gained a reputation for being a prime location for sportfishing, especially for striped bass.

The Cuttyhunk Fishing Club gave the Cuttyhunk Church the land to build on in 1880 (the Church celebrated its 125th anniversary in the summer of 2006). Every Fourth of July, the club would host a party for island residents, including fireworks displays. In 1921, William M. Wood bought out the Cuttyhunk Fishing Club's interest in the island, along with any other land that was for sale. He wanted a place for his young children to summer. He invited other young, wealthy couples who were his friends to purchase summer homes on the island, to provide playmates for his children. The Wood family owns a great deal of the island to this day. Descendants of many of the families who purchased property from Wood still summer on the island annually.

Both Presidents Teddy Roosevelt and William Taft were known to stay and fish out of the Cuttyhunk Fishing Club.

Lighthouses, pilots and shipwrecks
The treacherous waters of the Vineyard Sound and Buzzards Bay were tricky for novices to navigate. Early on in the island's history, island men began to make a large part of their living piloting boats past the dangerous reefs and towards the ports of New Bedford, Providence, and Boston. Men stood atop Lookout Hill with spyglasses in hand, scanning the horizon for incoming whaling ships headed for New Bedford. When a ship appeared, the men would scramble down to the shore to their boats in a race to be the first to offer services as a pilot. In 1903, Cuttyhunk pilots guided as many as eleven ships a day to New Bedford harbor. The reefs were indeed dangerous. In 1847 the Massachusetts Humane Society established life-saving stations throughout the Elizabeth Islands, supplied with items needed by islanders to assist boats in trouble.

The lighthouse was decommissioned and torn down in 1947, replaced by a skeleton tower. The keeper's house was also destroyed. The tower that replaced the old light house is no longer functional. The only surviving structure from the lighthouse station is a stone oil house, and its door and roof are missing.

Notable shipwrecks

 * February 24, 1893 – The brig Aquatic was wrecked off Sow and Pigs reef on the West End of Cuttyhunk. In that disaster, five Cuttyhunk lifesavers were killed at sea while trying to save the ship's passengers and crew.
 * November 27, 1898 – The passenger and freight steamer Fairfax was wrecked off Sow and Pigs reef in the midst of the infamous Portland Gale, during which it is estimated over 150 ships and 400 lives were lost. Despite the intensity of the storm, all passengers (6) and crew landed safely.
 * August 26, 1924 – The whaleship Wanderer, the last such ship to leave New Bedford. She put to sea on August 25, 1924 and anchored near Cuttyhunk to await the completion of her crew. The next morning, the seas rose and the Wanderer dragged her anchors, drifting toward Sow and Pigs.  As the anchor chains snapped, the crew knew the ship was lost and abandoned it in two whaleboats.  Cuttyhunk lifesavers set to sea to help the men make it to shore, but by the time they reached the area, the two boats had disappeared.  One boat made it to Cuttyhunk, and the other to the Vineyard Sound lightship.

Years later the grinding stone from the Wanderer, which had been found prior, year unknown, was found propping up the old stairs that lead to the Cuttyhunk Corner Store. Once discovered under the steps it was set into the new floor of the gift shop, and can be seen front and center as one enters the gift shop. There is a clear engraving on the circular stone that reads Wanderer.
 * In August 1992, the Cunard Lines ocean liner, Queen Elizabeth 2 badly damaged her hull by running aground on a previously uncharted shoal about 2.5 mi south southwest of Cuttyhunk. The ship suffered $13.2 million in damage, and the company lost $50 million when the ship was out of commission.

Population and culture
Cuttyhunk is part of the town of Gosnold, Massachusetts and home to 10 year-round residents. The town's population swells to about 400 in the summer with vacationers and boaters. Cuttyhunk has a few trucks, but most people travel on foot or by golf cart. Cuttyhunk's natural harbor is a popular spot for boaters to tie up for a night or even a summer.

Cuttyhunk continues to be a popular site for sportfishing, with striped bass and bluefish being the most frequent catches. Lobstering is an occupation for a few of the island's residents, as is boat building, shellfishing, and carpentry. The island is served by a ferry named the M/V Cuttyhunk, which makes frequent trips to Cuttyhunk from New Bedford during the summer.

There is one bed and breakfast - the Cuttyhunk Fishing Club - and many home rentals for summer tourists, but given its small size, other facilities on the island are limited, with three retail stores and only a few spots for lunch or dinner.

The single school on the island had one teacher and three students as of August 2009; in June 2019, eighth grader Gwen Lynch graduated as the sole member of the Class of 2019. The school has plans to reopen as a STEAM Academy, which would offer weeklong seminar-style programs in lieu of having full-time students on-island.

Popular culture

 * The New England social critic Edward Everett Hale in a lecture in 1903 suggested that Cuttyhunk Island, rather than Roanoke Island in North Carolina, is the setting for William Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Such theories are based more on folklore and supposition than historic documentation.
 * On June 24, 2005, Cuttyhunk was the last stop of the Boston Red Sox World Series Trophy tour.
 * The island is the subject of a song in William Finn's musical A New Brain. The song is entitled "Sitting Becalmed in the Lee of Cuttyhunk".

title: Cuttyhunk Island


text:
Talk:Coherent state

Every quantum state is a certain superposition of eigenstates of any potential (since they are complete), so I don't think this something that should be in the first line of the article. J S Lundeen 20:42, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sure. Looks a lot better now. Thanks. --Gerd Breitenbach 19:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cortonin, there is a difference between a state which is coherent and a "coherent state". A "coherent state" is a specific superposition of fock states (see article). A state that is coherent has a definite phase between the terms in the superposition describing it. The opposite of this is a completely [mixed state]. J S Lundeen 22:54, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Seems like the discussion here is limited to "canonical" coherent states, ie. those based on the Heisenberg group. Coherent states can and have been defined for any group. Also, the section on "mathematical characteristics" presents the smoothness of the coherent state overlap as a "difficulty" - but the fact is that it's precisely because of this smoothness that coherent states are mathematically "nice" to deal with.

Yes, it is limited to "canonical" coherent states. I don't know much about non-canonical definitions. If you do, feel free to add a section. However, the main part of the article should remain focused on the canonical definition since this is both the standard definition and the historical one.--J S Lundeen 16:09, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

quadratures
This article introduces dimensionless quadratures X & P in terms of x & p which are never defined or named. It would be nice if it told what these variables are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.6.136.128 (talk) 19:13, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

This has been fixed in the article.--J S Lundeen (talk) 14:07, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

The first figure looks strange.
Several things seem to be wrong with the first figure.

If it shows the result of HOMODINE detection, why the amplitude is periodic?

It the leyend says "electric field", why the ordincte axis is labeled "noise current"? What is sense of negative values of the noise?

Perhaps, the figure represents variation of current at the HETERODYNE detection; then the frequency of oscillation in the figure is just difference of frequencies of two interfering lasers.

Is it possible, to put marks at the time axis (abscissas); and plot not only the noise figure, but also the pulsation of photocurrent?

dima 06:56, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

The first figure is real data from a Nature paper which measured these states. It was posted by an author of that paper. I doubt he will revise the figure. We are very lucky he added them, otherwise they would be copyrighted. The noise current would be better labelled as "difference current". It is the difference in photocurrent created in two detectors in a balanced homodyne scheme. In the theory of homodyning, this difference current is proportional to the electric field.--J S Lundeen (talk) 13:52, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

"non-correct" paragraphs.
Hello, 67.101.213.215 Let us discuss here the paragraphs you qualified as "incorrect" (13:19, 5 January 2008).

About phase of state of a single photon - very difficult question. The answer depends on the definition of phase. While we have only few photons (and perhaps no photons at all), the intuitive concept about phase fails. How about phase of a coherent state with parameter $$\alpha=0.5$$, the contribution of multiphoton states in this case is small. How about linear combination of states with definite number of photons: $$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} |0\rangle + \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} |1\rangle $$?

About coherent light from a conventional laser - it is not coherent state. The mathematical expectation of the field in any mode is practically zero. For this reason, the coherent combination of several lasers is not trivial. (One would be able to combine the coherent states with just beam splitter.)

Please, recover the article. I repeat, the discussion should be moved here. dima (talk) 13:43, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Domitori, I was not 67.101.213.215 but I agree with his/her edits. I agree that it is a matter of debate whether a laser actually produces a coherent state, ala recent debates by Molmer, Terry Rudolph, Rob Speckens and Barry Sanders. However, this is still a controversial subject. Most quantum optics scientists believe that a laser does produce a coherent state and the standard textbooks also support this view. As an encyclopedia article, this should present the accepted view of the field. As such I have deleted this content. --J S Lundeen (talk) 22:40, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi, Lundeen. The coherent state is destroyed in a quantum amplifier; even if the input state is coherent, the output is not. The laser output coupler releases the light after it passes through the active medium which should be considered as quantum amplifier. Linear splitting does not make the coherent state from a non-coherent state. It is very simple reason, why the laser output (even if highly coherent) is NOT a coherent state. Cold you provide an exact reference (preferably verbatim) to the claim that the coherent state can be produced with a commercial laser? We need to cite such a reference in articles laser, coherent state, quantum amplifier and quantum noise. dima (talk) 04:58, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Domitori, I am not disagreeing with your statements about quantum amplifiers. Still, it is accepted in this field that a laser puts out a coherent state. All the books cited in the article state this. For example: Loudon, 3rd ed. p. 310: "The picture of single-mode laser light provided by the above calculations shows a field excitation that approaches the form of a coherent state as the pumping increases to values well above threshold." Of course, as with all of physics, there are approximations and limits involved with this statement. Could you please remove from other articles statements similar to the ones you added to this article? Thanks. --J S Lundeen (talk) 13:45, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I too was shocked by the sentence "Actually the picture of one photon being in phase with another is not valid in quantum theory." Maybe you meant that "the phase of a Fock state with occupation number n relative to the phase of another Fock state with occupation number m not equal to n is not defined."
 * But I do not think that is true either. Consider an S matrix amplitude which is the sum of several Feynman diagrams, and in which the number of virtual photons varies from one diagram to the next. All the phases matter. Sometimes diagrams cancel each other, etc.
 * But you probably had something in mind when you wrote "Actually ..." Tell us the situation you had in mind or maybe give us a literature reference. James W. Overbeck Don't know how the font got messed up and I do not see how to fix it. Sorry. (talk) 22:15, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Lundeen, other users already did that you suggest. I still do not understand: if the two identical single-mode lasers generate the coherent state, why not to compine their beams with just a beam splitter into a simgle mode beam of twiced power? Why all the analysis about coherent addition?
 * If a good pulsed laser emits the coherent pulses, what experiment would you suggest to verify that the state is coherent, not an entamblement of n-photonic states with thermal phonons in the gain medium? dima (talk) 08:53, 14 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Domitori, I agree there are no experiments which distinguish between a mixture of n-photon states (with appropriate weightings) and a coherent state. There are experiments that can measure the absolute phase of a laser pulse (e.g. relative to the peak of the pulse as in ionization experiments with ultrafast pulses (this has been done), or e.g. relative to a classical clock via a frequency comb stretching from the visible to the radiofrequency part of the spectrum (this has not been done)). These measurements collapse the state into a particular phase and thus a pure coherent state. However, this is still controversial research. The accepted thinking is that a laser creates a coherent state. This is what an encyclopedia article should say. This thinking will not lead to errors in calculations simply because there are no experiments that distinguish the difference. If you haven't already, could you remove your edits about this subject from the other articles you added them to?  J S Lundeen (talk) 15:49, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

wave packet
Sometimes written wave-packet, sometimes wavepacket, and sometimes wave packet. Please correct this in a consistent manner. Randomblue (talk) 11:56, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Coherent state is left unchanged by the detection (or annihilation) of a particle?
I am dubious about the sentence Physically, this formula means that a coherent state is left unchanged by the detection (or annihilation) of a particle that applies to the formula $$\hat{a}|\alpha\rangle=\alpha|\alpha\rangle$$. A state is left unchanged by detection if $$\hat{a}|\alpha\rangle=|\alpha\rangle$$, i.e. if $$\alpha=1$$. That's generally not (never?) the case for a coherent state. Arjen Dijksman (talk) 20:18, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

A state is a vector in the Hilbert space, so the factor $$\alpha$$ does not change the state ( $$|\alpha\rangle$$ and $$ \alpha|\alpha\rangle$$ are the same state). Simone De Liberato (talk) 23:17, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

The article is very confusing because the applications and examples are mixed in with the definitions. The annihilation operators in question need not be particle annihilation operators - and in the paradigmatic example involving the harmonic oscillator, they're not. --Exphysicist (talk) 15:16, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree: the article is confusing because the definitions are mixed up with the applications and examples. I'll repeat this below. 178.38.106.251 (talk) 01:20, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

Anyway, the coherent state is NOT left unchanged by the creation of a particle, since $$[\hat{a}, \hat{a}^\dagger] \neq 0$$. I'm changing it.--Jorgealda (talk) 10:43, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

"Mathematical Characteristics" - cleanup needed?!
Why are coherent states being compared to "Fock states"? Surely the relevant point is simply the observation that they're not an orthogonal set. The first equation is confusing because \alpha and \beta are complex parameters on the left hand side, but they look like real parameters in the delta function of the right hand side.

I don't think the fact that a adjoint doesn't have an eigenket is in any way a "difficulty". Note that a not having an "eigenbra" is exactly the same statement as a adjoint not having an eigenket, not an additional piece of information. Talking of which, I would vote to replace the "right eigenstate" with just "eigenstate" further up the page - either it's an eigenstate of a, or it isn't. The whole left/right thing is really a notational game involving the Dirac notation, not a fundamental statement about the Hilbert space. --Exphysicist (talk) 15:49, 11 October 2008 (UTC)

--24.205.207.106 (talk) 23:03, 17 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I second the removal of "right" eigenstate because the information is redundant. Either a state is an eigenstate or it isn't.
 * "$$\alpha$$ is a complex number, that is not necessarily real" in the section "Quantum Mechanical Definition" is redundant. Complex numbers are by definition not necessarily real. Readers who are not aware of this, should consult http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number instead.
 * "Schrödinger found minimum uncertainty states for the linear harmonic oscillator to be the eigenstates of (X - iP)" in the same section does not appear to be correct because the annihilation operator is defined as $$\hat{a}=x+\imath p$$ (neglecting units) whereas $$x-\imath p$$ refers to the creation operator

 * surely right doesn't mean "proper" or anything similar, but right(handed), meaning an eigenstate when put into in operator from the right (as a ket). 91.15.138.121 (talk) 23:43, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The 23:08, 28 April 2009 Xiongfeng version of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia.--Wing (talk) 14:08, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Explicit wavefunction
Shouldn't the explicit position-(and maybe momentum-)space wavefunctions be written down? Njerseyguy (talk) 13:52, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

Amazing Page
This page, especially the Applications to Quantum Mechanics section, is what I consider to be a shining example of what more Wikipedia physics-related webpages should look like. Kudos to the author and editors. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.53.206.125 (talk) 15:32, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Agreed, it's an excellent article. Dratman (talk) 14:25, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Splitting and renaming this article
I think (together with some knowledgeable colleagues) that this article is OK (except for some details to be edited), but by far too restrictive. Indeed it covers essentially only the application of coherent states in quantum optics. This is justified historically, but in the recent years, coherent states have become an important field in mathematical physics, starting with the connection with group theory introduced by Perelomov (see his textbook from 1986). For instance, coherent state quantization, Gazeau-Klauder coherent states, wavelets (which are coherent states of the affine group) are flourishing domains that deserve to be described in Wikipedia. A large part of these developments is already contained in the textbook by Ali-Antoine-Gazeau (Springer 2000) and much more has happened since then.

There fore we suggest to split the article in two. The present article (properly edited, with references updated) should become "Coherent states (Quantum Physics)" and a new article introduced, called "Coherent states (Mathematical Physics)". Both are ready for posting. CSmaker (talk) 13:23, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Detections
The article repeated uses the word "detection". Is this synonymous with "measurement"?

I understand "measurement" to mean that you pick a Hermitian operator, apply it, and afterwards the state changes to some eigenstate of that operator. Yet the article says:

 * A Poisson distribution is a necessary and sufficient condition that all detections are statistically independent. Compare this to a single-particle state ( |1〉Fock state): once one particle is detected, there is zero probability of detecting another.

Wouldn't the rules of "measurement" mean that after a measurement, the system switches to an eigenstate of whatever you've measured? Or does "detection" mean that you apply only the specific operator a? If so, what are the possible outcomes of this, and how do you calculate probabilities? Is detection a kind of measurement?

I'm having difficulty attaching the processes suggested by the wordage to a sequence of operator applications.

178.38.106.251 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:42, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

Electric field unexplained and out of place
From the article:

 * ''For an optical field,
 * $$~E_{\rm R} =

\left(\frac{\hbar\omega}{2\epsilon_0 V} \right)^{1/2} \!\!\!\cos(\theta) X \qquad \text{and} \qquad ~E_{\rm I} = \left(\frac{\hbar\omega}{2\epsilon_0 V}\right)^{1/2} \!\!\!\sin(\theta) X~$$
 * ''are the real and imaginary components of the mode of the electric field.

Here it appears that the electric field is being recast as an operator, but this has not been formally stated, explained, or linked. Also I'm puzzled by the formula since it makes it look like E is a multiple of X. That is strange. Is E supposed to be a plane wave, or an eigenmode of something? The word "mode" is used but the mode is not identified. Is θ a constant?

In any case, this equation for an electric field seems out of place here. The whole section is cast in the language of an abstract harmonic oscillator being used to record an occupancy number. I realize that photons are a main application of this, but that should be said in words, not by an orphan equation that's not otherwise connected to the text. Can it be deleted? 178.38.106.251 (talk) 19:20, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

Ordering of concepts in section entitled Quantum mechanical definition
This section uses many concepts before they are formally defined. It's confusing. Here are two examples that I fixed, I hope.

(1) ...so it is an eigenstate of the operator (X+iP). Shouldn't it be mentioned that this is the operator â? This is stated later, but it would make more sense to the reader if it were pointed out now.

(2) (If the uncertainty is minimized, but not necessarily equally balanced between X and P, the state is called a squeezed coherent state.) A coherent state was defined several paragraphs earlier as an eigenfunction of â. But it was never connected by name with the variational characterization that motivated Schroedinger. Yet we are already giving a caveat to the connection that was not made.

I fixed these, pushing the expositional strategy marginally in the direction "modern definitions" from "historical unfolding".

We now have the paragraph: ''Using the notation for multi-photon states, Glauber characterized the state of complete coherence to all orders in the electromagnetic field to be the right eigenstate of the annihilation operator—formally, in a mathematical sense, the same state. The name coherent state took hold after Glauber's work.''

Perhaps someone with knowledge could rephrase this to make Glauber's contribution not seem tautological in the present context.

Derivation of minimization condition desired
The article states: The quantum state of the harmonic oscillator that minimizes the uncertainty relation with uncertainty equally distributed between X and P satisfies the equation... How is the equation derived? At the very least there is a Lagrange multiplier missing.

178.38.106.251 (talk) 20:20, 26 April 2015 (UTC)

"Quantum mechanical definition" section is confusing
To repeat from 2008: ''"The article is confusing because the definitions are mixed up with the applications and examples."

Not just mixed up. The definitions are implicitly "glued" to the concrete examples, when in reality they are simpler and more general. And this is done without informing the reader. He finds out only because later remarks reveal the implicit assumption that we're doing a certain example. Viz. the intermittent reference to "photons" and to "Fock states" that appear throughout the section called "Quantum mechanical definition".

Here is a possible re-ordering.

(1) A coherent state can be presented first as an uncertainty-minimizing, equal-distribution state of the harmonic oscillator. This leads quickly to an eigenvalue equation using the x+ip operator. It can be solved for the Poisson distribution. (This concrete formula should be displayed early on.)

(2) Then the harmonic oscillator can be interpreted as a storage facility for someone else's bosonic quantum states -- here is where Fock states and occupancy numbers come in. The ladder operators become creation/destruction/number operators, the designation "coherent state" now fits, historically and conceptually, for what has been defined. (Or maybe it already fits in (1). Knowing this kind of nuance is why I'm reading the article instead of writing it.)

(3) As an application, the bosons can be photons. Either this should be left to the end, or it should be announced up front at the beginning and be carried out systematically. Not intermittently.

As it stands, everything is done first. Meaning all jumbled together.

The article tries to say too many overarching, philosophical things about coherent states before it has the language to do so. Also, it tries to do modern definitions and historical development at the same time. This is not so easy.

That said, the article has a lot of interesting remarks and as a test of knowledge it's first rate.

178.38.106.251 (talk) 08:09, 27 April 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 4 January 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved as requested per the discussion below. Dekimasu よ! 17:27, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Coherent states → Coherent state – WP:NCPLURAL. The term "coherent state" has 48 occurences in the article, "coherent states" has 51. The WP:FIRST sentence starts with the singular form. Each has about the same number of inlinks (35ish). So from internal evidence alone I think the article should be at the singular title. 94.21.10.204 (talk) 12:48, 4 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Surachit (talk) 01:47, 5 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. We have bound state. — wing   gundam  19:30, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Coherent state


text: Talk:Khanate (album)

title: Talk:Khanate (album)


text:
Henry Trollope

Admiral Sir Henry Trollope, GCB (20 April 1756 – 2 November 1839) was an officer of the British Royal Navy.

Early life
Henry Trollope was born the son of the Reverend John Trollope of Bucklebury on 20 April 1756. His paternal grandfather, also named Henry, was the brother of Sir Thomas Trollope, 4th Baronet.

Early career
Trollope entered the Royal Navy at the age of fourteen in April 1771. He joined the ship of the line HMS Captain, flagship of Rear-Admiral John Montagu, which subsequently sailed to the North America Station. While on board Captain Trollope rose from captain's servant to able seaman and then to midshipman. The ship returned to England in 1774 and Trollope then transferred to the ship of the line HMS Asia, also on the North America Station, to serve in the American Revolutionary War. As such he fought at the Battle of Lexington on 19 April 1775 and at the Battle of Bunker Hill on 17 June. At both battles he served in Asia's small boats, covering the British retreat at Lexington and assisting in landing the troops at Bunker Hill. His actions during these battles resulted in him being temporarily assigned to HMS Kingfisher soon afterwards to assist in the British response to the rising up of Virginia.

Trollope subsequently fought at the Siege of Boston before in 1777 reverting to his position on board Asia to return to England. He was promoted to lieutenant on 25 April 1777 and as such joined the fourth-rate Bristol as her third lieutenant. Bristol soon sailed to New York conveying a group of troop ships. Upon arriving Trollope was chosen to take Bristol's boats up the North River in an attempt to reinforce the army of General John Burgoyne with more soldiers. Burgoyne surrendered before Trollope could reach him and he returned to Bristol. The ship joined the fleet of Vice-Admiral Lord Howe off Delaware and subsequently participated in the capture of Philadelphia on 26 September.

After this Trollope transferred to the fourth-rate HMS Chatham which returned to England for a refit, arriving at Sheerness Dockyard in early 1778. Trollope had become the first lieutenant of Chatham by this time, but after France entered the war on the United States' side he successfully petitioned to be given command of the cutter HMS Kite. Kite was stationed on the Downs Station and Trollope saw the opportunity for early promotion through commanding her against the newly hostile France. Kite sailed from port on 14 March, one day after France officially entered the war, and the same day he captured a French brig off Calais. Kite was kept busy over the ensuing months examining merchant vessels for enemy goods and taking a number of them as prize. Trollope was sailing in Kite off Portland on 30 March when he discovered a French 28-gun frigate chasing thirty British merchant ships; he engaged the frigate and successfully chased her away from her prey. A day later he similarly attacked and forced the withdrawal of an 18-gun brig. In this action Kite's rigging was heavily damaged and Trollope was forced to go to Portsmouth Dockyard for repairs. For his successes during this period he was promoted to commander on 16 April 1779.

Post Captain
He was promoted to Post Captain in 1781. Following the peace of 1783 between Britain and the United States of America, he lived in Wales before returning to sea in 1790 as the captain of the 38-gun fifth rate Prudente.

Trollope, described as "carronade-crazy" in Gardiner's Warships of the Napoleonic Era, commanded two ships armed entirely with carronades: Rainbow, a 44-gun frigate with which he stunned the French frigate Hébé (1782) into surrendering without resistance; and Glatton, with which he routed a French squadron of four frigates, two corvettes, a brig and a cutter, and drove them into Flushing.

The Nore Mutiny
In March–April 1797, Trollope kept Glatton's crew from joining the Nore mutiny. By threatening to fire on the 64-gun Overyssel and the 40-gun Beaulieu, which were in open mutiny, he convinced their crews to return to duty.

The battle of Camperdown
Later in 1797 he commanded the 74-gun Russell at the Battle of Camperdown. For his part in this victory he was made a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath and elevated as a Knight Grand Cross in 1831.

Retirement
He was promoted to rear admiral on 1 January 1801 and to Admiral in 1812, but did not serve in an active role. He committed suicide at Freshford, near Bath on 2 November 1839.

Legacy
The Captain-class frigate HMS Trollope was named for him.

title: Henry Trollope


text:
Talk:Henry Trollope

Place of birth
His place of birth seems to be uncertain. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography gives Norwich, but DANFS  gives Bucklebury in Berkshire. Gdr 20:46, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * His biography from Oxford University Press by P.K. Crimmin lists Bucklebury in Berkshire as well. I say we add it, there's a majority here. =) Panzer V Panther 02:22, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Revolutionary War?
I'm almost certainly showing my ignorance here, but why would a naval officer have fought at Lexington and Bunker Hill? Stilgar135 03:48, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Sailors of the time often fought engagements on land; warfare was simpler and the branches of the military less specialized. In the Napoleonic Wars the Royal Navy carried out many amphibious operations with a mixture of regular troops, marines, and sailors. Gdr 2005-06-28 12:24:26 (UTC)

 * There's an article from Oxford University Press written on him that says he was commanding boats that landed troops. Panzer V Panther 20:28, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Henry Trollope


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Virtual University

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Since the author removed it himself, no reason not to delete it. Golbez 22:07, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Virtual University
An ad for a non-wikipedia project. --W(t) 20:46, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * it was intended as a brainstorming nucleus for Wikiversity proposals and material - all will be within wikipedia, its a vision to create some academic reviewed articles, example Antarctic krill - I did not move it to the wikipedia subnamespace, started it in the general namespace Uwe Kils 01:05, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * we got a first response from a scientist in the United Kingdom: Amalasingh found the project and dreams with us on his user page - I invited him to join an academic board for Wikiversity and I contacted other faculty in Norway and Australia and Germany to join - Uwe Kils 00:29, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Userfy to User:Kils. Mgm|(talk) 21:42, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur. I encourage you to send the soon-to-be User talk:Kils/Virtual University to colegues, Uwe, and it would, ultimately, work the same way as you wish — a link is a link. :) But the policy is that  In other words: it's in the wrong name space; a minor oversight. El_C 12:20, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * thank you, El, but nobody will find it there, its not googled there - we had it in the normal namespace, then Weyes moved it to wikipedia namespace Uwe Kils 13:05, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry - Gwalla moved it Uwe Kils 11:52, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * I know, yes. But is it notable enough right now to be in the article namespace? As I said on your talk page, I strikes me as a policy proposal, so I'm not sure that, at this point, it falls under  El_C 13:54, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I did no such thing:
 * (cur) (last) 21:28, 2005 Jun 10 Gwalla (Virtual University moved to Wikipedia:Virtual University)
 * --W(t) 11:11, 2005 Jun 16 (UTC)

 * Please keep: Amalasingh 15:14, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep and move it back to the normal namespace - we will fill more and I invited more Uwe Kils 20:25, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy. Wikipedia articles are not intended to be a "brainstorming nucleus," as the article says it is. carmeld1 03:19, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * who says so? every article is just that - that's the nice difference to established/ old fashion / stuck organs like Encarta and Britannnica, and it is the reason for the amazing growth and popularity - we are just trying to address some of the critics and add some new ventures for academic usability - the "news" section is also not typical for an encyclopedia - we just want to promote / propose an academic track and hope to attract faculty and students - nobody forces you to read or contribute to this ;-) - Uwe Kils 12:44, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * archive - took the article off - little interest - we do it elsewhere - Uwe Kils  Klönschnack 18:19, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1975)

Jonathan Lewis (born 26 August 1975) is a former England cricketer and current head coach of England Women's Cricket and UP Warriorz in Women's Premier League. He was brought up in Swindon where he was educated at Churchfields School and Swindon College. He played for Swindon CC and, in Minor Counties cricket, for Wiltshire County Cricket Club in 1993. He joined Northamptonshire in 1994 and played for its Second XI but returned to Wiltshire in 1995. In the same year, he joined Gloucestershire and made his first-class debut. He has played for the English cricket team in Twenty20, One Day International and Test matches. He was appointed Gloucestershire captain in 2006.

In 2005, Lewis was included in the England squad for the two Tests against Bangladesh, but did not play in either match. He did, however, make his first international appearance in the Twenty20 game against Australia in June, and took 4–24 in his four overs as England recorded a crushing 100-run victory. He made his One Day International debut a few days later in England's win against Bangladesh at The Oval, again impressing with 3–32 from ten overs. He was included in the 13-man squad for the home series against Sri Lanka in 2006, making his Test debut at Trent Bridge on 2 June 2006 and taking a wicket with his fourth delivery (and third legitimate ball) in Test cricket. He is the 634th player to represent England at Test cricket.

He was selected in a number of Test squads during the summer of 2006, but only played in one Test against Sri Lanka, coming to be regarded as something of a perennial 12th man. He did however bowl well in the ODIs against Pakistan, having finally been given an extended run in the side. Lewis was selected in England's 15-man squad for the Cricket World Cup 2007, which was held in the Caribbean. His most recent appearance for England was a sole appearance in the 2007 limited overs series against India.

On 29 July 2011, it was announced that after 16 years with Gloucestershire, Lewis was to join Surrey on a two-year deal. Lewis left Surrey at the end of the 2013 season to join Sussex on a one-year contract ahead of the 2014 season. On 28 November 2014, Lewis announced his retirement from the professional game to become bowling coach at Sussex.

In 2015 was appointed as assistant head coach at Sussex County Cricket Club. In 2016 Lewis started as the head coach for England Young Lions. In March 2021, he was appointed as England Fast Bowling Coach, working with the likes of Jofra Archer, Mark Wood and Ben Stokes. Lewis was also the bowling coach for the Sri Lanka national cricket team from 2019 - 2021.

In 2022 Lewis was appointed as head coach of England Women's Cricket. Lewis and his new team played their 1st international series in the West Indies in December 2022. In February 2023 Lewis was appointed as head coach of UP Warriorz in the inaugural Indian Womens Premier League.

title: Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1975)


text:
User:Tubesock

Tubesock is the best Wiki-user ever.

title: User:Tubesock


text:
Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1970)

Jonathan James Benjamin Lewis (born 21 May 1970, Isleworth, Middlesex, England) is the current Batting Coach of Bangladesh.

He represented Essex (1990–1996; Cap 1995) and Durham (1997–2006, Captain 2001–2004) as a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm medium fast bowler in 205 first-class matches. He scored 10,281 runs at an average of 31.92 with a highest score of 210. He scored 16 hundreds and 66 fifties.

He attended King Edward VI Grammar School, Chelmsford, Essex.

Coaching
Lewis was appointed second team coach by Durham County Cricket Club. In June 2013 first team coach Geoff Cook suffered a heart attack and Lewis deputised, helping Durham to their third County Championship title win (Cook survived). Lewis was appointed first team coach on a full-time basis in December 2013.

title: Jon Lewis (cricketer, born 1970)


text:
Talk:Beatus of Liébana, Commentaries on the Apocalypse

Man, text and manuscript
There seems to be a great deal of confusion going on in this article and at Beatus of Liébana. Beatus of Liébana was a man. He wrote, among other things, a text, the Commentary on the Apocalypse. This text survives in several manuscripts, some of which are lavishly illuminated and are amongst the most important extant examples of Mozarabic illumination. I firmly believe that the man, the text and each of the manuscripts (or at least the illuminated ones) should have their own articles. As time permits, I will write articles for the manuscripts, unless someone beats me to it. Until then, I am going to convert Beatus of Liébana into an article on the man, and redirect this article there.