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Nina Tucker

Nina Tucker is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Delta Goodrem. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 11 June 2002. Goodrem was approached by producers after they saw her video for her debut single. Goodrem, who had just signed a record deal, almost turned down the role of Nina as she felt the character did not suit her style of music. The role was rewritten for her and she joined the cast. A year later, she was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma and had to leave the show for treatment. Once her health improved, she made a return to Neighbours in 2004 to tie up Nina's storylines. In 2005, Neighbours celebrated its 20th anniversary with an episode that featured many ex-cast members, in which Goodrem reprised her role as Nina once more. She returned again in March 2015 for the show's 30th anniversary, and for the show's final episode on 28 July 2022.

Nina was originally written as a bad girl character, but when the writers rewrote the role for Goodrem, she became a painfully shy school student who was described as being the "quintessential girl-next-door". Nina learned to be independent from an early age as she was travelling with her parents all over the world. She has a complicated relationship with her mother, who she sees as an embarrassment to her. In 2004, her personality underwent a change, and she was no longer shy; she had grown up and had become more assured. Goodrem's manager suggested that Nina should be an aspiring singer and Neighbours developed the character to suit her. Goodrem worked with the writers to incorporate her music into the show. One of Nina's longest running storylines was her relationship with Jack Scully (Jay Bunyan). They began their relationship while they were seeing other people and they break up twice. However, Nina realises that she loves Jack and returns from India to tell him. Goodrem believed Nina and Jack were soulmates. Nina was well received, and Goodrem won the Most Popular New Female Talent Logie Award for the role.

Casting
Neighbours approached Goodrem about appearing in the show after they saw the video for her debut single, "I Don't Care"; she was offered the role of Nina Tucker in early 2002. Goodrem almost turned down the part because she was not happy with the character written for her. She had just signed a record deal with Sony Records and felt the part did not suit her music. The Neighbours producers agreed to rewrite the role of Nina for her.

In July 2003, Goodrem was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma and was forced to leave the show to begin treatment. Goodrem was written out of Neighbours, and script producer, Luke Devenish, said: "She had to concentrate on her health, so there was no getting around it. There was absolutely no question of attempting to keep her working." Nina departed in October 2003, with an exit storyline that allowed for a return in the future. Three months' worth of scripts were rewritten, and a new character, Carmella Cammeniti (Natalie Blair), was created and introduced to cover Nina's planned storyline with Connor O'Neill (Patrick Harvey).

In March 2004, it was announced that Goodrem would be returning to Neighbours to finish her contract. Of her return, a spokesperson said "We never thought we'd see her back. Her illness stunned us all and her vastly improved health now thrills us. We can't wait for the days she's back on the set. This is where it all started for her." Goodrem told TV Week that it was important to her to tie up Nina's storylines and added: "I really felt that Nina and myself had a lot of unfinished business there." Goodrem returned to the set on 12 May. Due to Goodrem's busy schedule, the producers made sure all her scenes were shot in three days. She returned to screens in Australia on 6 September. Goodrem was one of many ex-cast members who returned to Neighbours in 2005 for an episode that celebrated the 20th anniversary of the show. Goodrem said that she "couldn't be happier" about going back to Neighbours.

Characterisation
Nina was initially meant to be a "bad girl", but the writers rewrote the part for Goodrem, and the character became a "painfully shy schoolgirl" who gets a job in the Coffee Shop. The Age described Nina as the "quintessential girl next door". Goodrem described her character as "a quiet, unassuming type of girl", who did not think anything of her amazing gift. When Goodrem was asked if she was similar to Nina, she replied "I think I am in some ways and in some ways I'm not. Nina's very shy, I really like the character Nina but I think she'd probably walk out of a room and I'd probably chat all day I think that's probably the difference, she'd sneak out of a room and I'd stay!" The BBC agreed with Goodrem and said that Nina would not say "boo to a goose" and would flee if anyone looked her way.

In 2003, Nina's mother, Trixie (Wendy Stapleton), arrived in Erinsborough after Nina's father, Nick, ended their relationship. Nina was upset to learn about her parents split and went into denial. She believed that they would get back together. Trixie was a professional singer and, during a set at Lou's Place, started to lose confidence, so Nina helped her out and saved the night. Stapleton stated that Nina and Trixie's relationship was complicated, and there were issues between them. Nina saw Trixie as an embarrassment, but she helped her out because she saw how sad her mother was. Stapleton explained more about Nina's early life saying, "Nina's life has been almost a gypsy one – living out of a suitcase while her parents toured. She's learned to be independent from an early age, though Trixie idolises her." Nina retreated into books and her imagination instead of being worldly from the travelling she has done. Stapleton and Goodrem did not get a chance to explore their respective character's relationship much further, as Goodrem was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma three weeks into the storyline. Scripts were changed so Nina was not directly involved and she was only mentioned by other characters.

When she returned in 2004, Nina was no longer shy and vulnerable. She had taken control of her life and became more assured. Goodrem welcomed her character's development and said Nina came back strong and confident. She also said: "I think she had to grow up. If she didn't come back a little bit older and wiser, then she wouldn't have learnt and grown from what's gone on in the year that she's been missing."

Singing career
Goodrem's manager, Glenn Wheatley, suggested making Nina into an aspiring singer. He said: "We didn't want that soap star-turned-singer vibe but how cool would it be if she already was a singer? Neighbours developed a character to suit her rather than the other way around." Goodrem worked with the writers to incorporate her music into the show, and Wheatley used the exposure that Neighbours gave Goodrem to relaunch her singing career. Nina had a powerful voice and wrote her own songs, but she was too shy to sing them in public. Harold Bishop (Ian Smith) discovered Nina's singing talent one day, and Connor entered one of her songs, "Born To Try", in a talent contest at UniFM, where it won. As Nina was too shy to go and receive the prize, Tahnee Coppin (Anna Jennings-Edquist) tried to take credit for the song instead. Connor stopped her and Nina overcame her shyness to sing her song. Within weeks of it being performed, "Born to Try" became the number one single in Australia.

Relationship with Jack Scully
Nina was in her first relationship with fellow student Taj Coppin (Jaime Robbie Reyne), when, during a trip away to the beach, Jack Scully (Jay Bunyan) realised he was attracted to her. When Nina was cast in Harold's play, Mission Erinsborough, alongside Jack, she realised that she liked him too and they begin an affair. Peter Mattessi of The Age said their love "bubbled until it almost erupted". Nina broke up with Taj so she could be with Jack, but before Jack could break up with his girlfriend Lori Lee (Michelle Ang), she was paralysed during an accident. Jack became torn over whether to leave Lori and be with Nina. Both Lori and Taj found out about Nina and Jack, so Nina decided to remain single, but eventually she and Jack began their relationship properly. When Nina told Jack that she was not ready to consummate their relationship, Jack cheated on her with Edwina Valdez (Lucia Smyrk). Taj told Nina about Jack's cheating and she broke up with him. She later kissed Connor in front of Jack to make him jealous. Jay Bunyan commented, "Jack gets really angry, especially with Connor, who is supposed to be his mate. He threatens to tell Nina about Connor getting Lori pregnant, as a way of getting back at him." Nina became confused about her love life and was unsure whether she still had feelings for Jack. She then decided to depart Erinsborough to go to India.

In 2004, Nina returned to win Jack back, after becoming an actress in the Indian film industry and realising that she was alone. Goodrem told TV Week, "she's been doing wonderful things in Bollywood and has been with her dad. But she was missing the love of life back in Australia, so she came back." Nina's arrival coincided with Jack's decision to get his life back together following a car crash due to his partying. Jack was "shocked" and "overwhelmed" to see Nina. Goodrem explained that Nina reminded him of what he once had and that he still had feelings for her. She said that she believed Jack and Nina were soul mates and added: "They have had a very rocky relationship, but I think they're even now." As Jack and Nina talked things through, they "fall back into each other's arms". Jack chose to leave Erinsborough to be with Nina.

Returns
On 25 November 2014, it was announced that Goodrem had agreed to reprise her role for Neighbours' 30th anniversary celebrations. Goodrem began filming that day and tweeted her excitement about Nina making a guest appearance. Her return featured during three episodes starting from 16 March 2015. Series producer Jason Herbison confirmed that the theme of music would tie into the character's return. It was later confirmed that Nina returns to Erinsborough after her relationship with Jack ends. Goodrem said she understood what her character was going through, saying "I have experienced the feelings Nina is going through. I've had those moments where you question where you are going and you have to look back to know where to move forward." The singer and actress said her return to Neighbours felt "natural" and she instantly knew what Nina would be wearing the moment she went into wardrobe.

Alana Wulff from TV Week reported that Nina would check into Lassiter's Hotel under a fake name, in order to stay incognito during her return. However, she is soon spotted by Lou Carpenter (Tom Oliver) and Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne), who agree to keep her return a secret. This allows Nina to revisit her favourite haunts and reminisce about her time in Erinsborough. Goodrem told Wulff, "She's walking around feeling nostalgic. And seeing where life was so simple before everything went down with her." Nina even fills in for one of the maids at the hotel, which makes her feel "normal" again. When Paul Robinson (Stefan Dennis) see Nina, he asks her to perform at the Erinsborough Festival's closing concert, but she turns him down. However, Lou persuades her to change her mind, believing the concert will make her feel better about her life and break up with Jack.

On 28 July 2022, Goodrem returned for a one-off cameo appearance for the show's series finale.

Storylines
Nina enrolls at Erinsborough High after her school work suffers because she has been travelling the world with her parents, Nick and Trixie. Nina is shy and concealed as a result of her neglect by her parents. Nina takes up two jobs at the Coffee Shop and at Lassiter's Hotel. The residents of Ramsay Street begin to notice that she is shy and has low self-esteem. One night, Harold Bishop hears Nina singing and realises that she is good, but Nina disagrees. Harold manages to convince Nina to join the church choir, and she is asked to perform a solo, but her nerves get to her and is not able to go through with their performance. Connor O'Neill also overhears Nina singing one day and becomes close with her, as he is the only teenager who knows about her talent.

Tahnee Coppin forces Nina to admit that she is in love with Connor and then threatens to tell his girlfriend, Michelle Scully (Kate Keltie). Nina records a song called "Born to Try", which is heard by Connor. He secretly enters the song into UniFM's undiscovered talent contest. Nina is angry with Connor at first but tells her that he did it for her so she could realise her potential. Nina's song wins the contest, but she is too shy to come forward, and Tahnee takes the credit instead. Connor takes Nina to the station and she admits that she wrote and sang the song. Nina then overcomes her fears to sing "Born to Try" for the crowd, which upsets Tahnee. Nina's prize is to sing at a nightclub; afterwards, she is approached by Glenn Wheatley, but she turns down his offer.

Nina asks out Taj Coppin, after he sends her text messages, and they begin a relationship. Nina and Jack Scully are pushed into auditioning for roles in Harold's new play, and they have to perform a kiss on stage. As they went on rehearsing, they begin to get closer to each other, and they start an affair. Nina breaks up with Taj, but before Jack can break up with Lori Lee, she has an accident. Jack eventually tells Lori about Nina, and when Nina tries to apologise, Lori tells her that she will not be forgiven. Nina then tells Jack that they cannot be together. Nina sticks up for Tahnee when she is being bullied, and they become friends. Nina and Jack get back together, but when Jack tries to take things further, Nina tells him she is a virgin. Jack tells her that he is willing to wait.

Talent manager Melody Jones (Robyn Arthur) approaches Nina and asks her to sign with her. Nina forges her mother's signature on the forms and gets a regular singing gig at Lou Carpenter's pub. Nina leaves for a tour of Asia, but when she gets back she hears another singer singing one of her songs on the radio. Nina is told that she signed the rights to her music away, but Lou points out that the contract is not valid as Nina forged a signature on it. Nina sleeps with Jack for the first time, but when Taj tells her that Jack cheated on her with Edwina Valdez, their relationship ends. Nina starts getting closer to Connor and, to make Jack jealous, kisses Connor at the Lassiter's Ball.

Nina's mother, Trixie, arrives in town, and Lou gives her a singing job at his pub as he fancies her. Nina is upset to learn that Trixie and Nick are no longer together, and, when Trixie tells her that she was not married to her father, Nina leaves for Bombay to see Nick. Trixie and Lou later marry. Nina returns a year later after becoming an actress in Bollywood. She goes to see Jack and tells him that she wants to be with him. She also visits Lou and gives him some money, as Trixie had left him bankrupt. Lyn Scully (Janet Andrewartha) tells Nina that Jack needs to stay in Australia so he can sort himself out. Nina performs her last concert at Lou's Place, and she tells Jack that she will wait for him. Months later, Jack flies out to Los Angeles to be with Nina.

In 2015, Nina returns to Erinsborough. She checks into Lassiter's under a false name, and catches up with Lou and Susan. Nina goes for a walk around the town and Ramsay Street, reminiscing about her time there. She later offers to be a chambermaid at the hotel, after seeing how short staffed Terese Willis (Rebekah Elmaloglou) is. Nina tries to avoid Paul Robinson, who wants her to play at the Erinsborough Festival. She admits to Karl and Susan that she and Jack have split up, which has affected her song writing. Nina eventually finds inspiration to write a song, but she refuses Paul's offer to play at the festival, so Karl is offered the chance to be the closing act. Nina changes her mind after Lou encourages her to take a chance, while Karl fakes a sore throat. Jack later sends her a text, telling her that he likes her new song and he asks her to meet him in Florence. Lou reveals to Nina that he sent Jack a video of her performing, and she thanks him, Karl and Susan, before leaving town to meet Jack. Seven years later, Nina sends in a video call message to congratulate Toadie Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney) and Melanie Pearson (Lucinda Cowden) on their wedding.

Reception
For her portrayal of Nina, Goodrem received the Most Popular New Female Talent accolade at the 2003 Logie Awards. She also earned a nomination for Best Newcomer at the Inside Soap Awards. The following year, Goodrem was nominated for Most Popular Actress and Most Popular Personality at the Logie Awards. A writer for the BBC's Neighbours website said Nina's most notable moment was "Cheating on Taj with Jack Scully".

To celebrate Neighbours' 25th anniversary, Sky included Nina in their list of the twenty-five most memorable Neighbours characters. They stated, "Nina represents just about the only recognisable name from the lost years of Neighbours in the early noughties, as one of the least successful groups of teens in the programme's history. Remember Lori? Or Michelle? Or, Lord help us, Taj? In the absence of any usable characters, the writers did that always uncomfortable thing of letting a character get up and sing on screen. Repeatedly." They described her most memorable scenes as being discovered singing by Harold, her mother's marriage to Lou, and her relationship with Jack.

TV Week named Nina's passion for singing as one of Neighbours' "most exciting storylines ever". They said: "When it was discovered she could sing, Nina Tucker was transformed from shy highschool student into a star performer and a bit of a heart-breaker. This was cut short when Delta was diagnosed with Hodgkin's disease, leaving us in the lurch and wondering about her love affair... triangle... quadrangle!" TV Week later included Nina in their "Top 25 Neighbours characters".

While reviewing Nina's return scenes in 2015, Anna Brain of the Herald Sun commented "Nina Tucker (Delta Goodrem) is back in town, just as beautiful and bland as the day she left Erinsborough. So much has happened since releasing her first album, like, releasing more albums. There, we're all caught up." Brain's fellow critic Cameron Adams observed how the character and actress had become similar, writing "Delta Goodrem's back on Ramsay Street! Yes, Nina Tucker just casually strolls into the cafe asking for Harold. Soon she is filling in Lou and Susan about her fame and how she has been releasing albums 'every couple of years like clockwork'. Susan tells her: 'Karl still jogs to 'Born to Try', the dance remix.' Yes, the Nina/Delta lines are blurred, but Nina does take a large step back in time to work at Lassiters hotel." A Herald Sun reporter included Nina's 2015 return in their "Neighbours' 30 most memorable moments" feature.

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User talk:Essgay

This is just a little note to say "Yes, this really is me, not a vandal." If you have questions, drop by my talk page. Essjay ·  talk 12:16, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:Lickey Hills

I have a few issues with this. Firstly the Lickey Ridge is much larger than anything which can be called the Lickey Hills. The ridge runs right down almost to Bromsgrove, miles from anywhere that might be called the Lickey Hills. For this reason I would argue that 'Lickey Hills' actually *is* the country park, nothing more (that certainly is the only way I have ever heard it used), and the geological information should be in the arcticle about the ridge.

Your edits seem to imply there is a non-descript general area called the Lickey Hills, I am not sure what this refers to beyond the Lickey Hills Country Park.

In either case I have a lot of material about the history of the country park (and the golf club) as a place where the people of Birmingham went on days out, as well as details about the Lickey Beacon (which is with the hills) and the Earl of Plymouths obelisk (which is also within the Hills country park).

I intend to flesh out the article about the Lickey Hills Country park with some scans of picture postcards and a few details about the tea rooms, the Cadbury connection etc.

My second issue, which again is one of article naming disambiguation, is that the Lickey Incline is NOT within the Lickey Hills, it runs down the ridge from Blackwell to Bromsgrove- it is located at least 2 miles from the Lickey Hills. This is factual inaccuracy in the article you can check on the map or by having a drive down there.

The problem is that 'the lickey incline runs through the hills' does not reflect reality. Better to have an expanded article about the incline in my view, and link to it from the Hills article. Then have one overarching article about the ridge discussing the geology.

Thoughts? Leonig Mig 12:27, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's a multiple usage problem. A look at the birmimgham.gov.uk pages shows there's "Lickey Hills", singular, the well-defined park; "the Lickey Hills" (aka the Lickeys"), plural, an ill-defined geographical region (see ); and a deal of slippage between the two. Maps don't seem terribly consistent; on my AZ (uncertain date), the caption "Lickey Hills" specifically labels the Lickey Ridge. Difficult. RayGirvan 10:55, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Ray's observation certainly reflects local usage, in my experience. Andy Mabbett 11:15, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I just had a look at - very nice online reprint of the 1887-1893 OS maps - this link is to the first L of Lickey Hills. On these, "Lickey Hills" again labels specifically the Rednal, Blueberry and Cofton Hills, so I assume that's the original geographical use. The geology link explicitly defines "Lickey Ridge" as that same line of quartzite hills. The Lickey Incline has nothing to do with this, but goes up over the Bunter formation of which Beacon Hill is part. RayGirvan 18:16, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting, I wonder if there is a general name which could be given to the overall bunch of hills; not only the Lickeys, but the Bunter formations and the hills around Wheeley Farm also- they are clearly part of an interrelated geological (glacial?) process. Leonig Mig 13:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've been thinking about this and it would be perhaps foolish to forget the "Lickey Woods" as a possible source of the name. The wooded area of region is pretty contiguous with the area people generally refer 'the Lickeys". Leonig Mig 01:00, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Could be. On the earlier matter, I skimmed some maps and my geological books today, and can find no generic name for the upland (for want of a better word) that extends as a ridge all the way from Clent, via Beacon Hill, to Blackwell. RayGirvan 01:17, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

You will then both know that the Lickey Incline passes one and a half miles away from any part of the Lickey Hills (ill-defined-geographic area). Therefore whoever keeps reverting 'runs through' should cease as this is false. Leonig Mig 11:44, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Coston / Cofton ?
Talking of Old-Maps, have you noticed that Cofton used to be ? -- RHaworth 01:00, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Yes: the Cofton Hackett page mentions that it was "Coston Hvckett" in the Domesday, but I didn't realise the change was so recent. The dual usage is interesting. It's not a standard phonetic drift - could typography have had some influence?

 * (Very nice links - I hadn't worked out the code to access an Old-Maps page). RayGirvan 02:19, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Coston to Cofton

 * That will have come from a simple hand copying error at some stage in the past. The old English S looks like a modern day f and similar transmogrifications of village names have happened over the centuries all over the country. I am currently writing my autobiography and had just mentioned walks at the Lickeys in the early 1950s (must have been before 1953 because I remember travelling to Rednal on the tram), collecting bilberrys for pies each autumn and sledging down Beacon Hill in the endless snows of winter. 21stCenturyGreenstuff (talk) 00:13, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

General Question
I've just added a photo to the page, can someone in the know get rid of the awful black boundary around it, it looks awful. Thanks! Cls 23:48, 1st August 2006

Castle Date
The article gives the impression that the mock "castle" that houses the toposcope was built in 1988 - That cannot be right, I remember playing on it as a child in the early 1960s. I've been back to look at it today and a plaque in front of the "castle" indicates it was built in 1907 to comemorate the land being donated by Cadbury. Maybe the Toposcope was resited within the "castle" in 1988 but the building itself is certainly much older. - John Dell — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.1.163.102 (talk) 19:50, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

Quite agree! - this website gives photos of the castle and the plaque! - http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM6NVB_Beacon_Hill_Toposcope — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.70.80.249 (talk) 13:56, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

 * It appears that the whole thing was rebuilt in 1988 to mark the Park's centenary . The 1907 date is when the land at Beacon Hill was bought by Edward, George and Henry Cadbury and added to the land that they had given earlier to the City of Birmingham page 106. I used to go sledging here in the 60s, but oddly I don't remember the castle. I'll add the information about the gift of Beacon Hill in 1907 to the article and tweak the toposcope section to match the available sources. Mikenorton (talk) 18:19, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * You don't remember the castle from the 1960s Mike because it was not there in its current form. The toposcope plaque was mounted on a simple circular turret like structure with a single walkway around it. The elaborate fort design with extra wings was only added in 1988. Don't make any changes till better references and proof can be found. 21st CENTURY  GREENSTUFF 20:39, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds more like what I remember, but I can't find any sources that explain that. I've already tweaked the article to say that the structure was rebuilt in 1988 - so I hope that's OK. The plaque itself is less than clear, referring to "restored and refurbished". Mikenorton (talk) 20:51, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I queried it at the Birmingham History Forum and already received this reply from a senior forum member It has been many, many years since I played "up The Lickeys" as a child, but the structure that I see on photos now, is NOT how I remember it. I have also spoken to my Mom and Uncle who were born in Rubery (My Uncle still lives at "The bottom of The Lickeys").

 * Mom, who again hasnt been up there for many years, described it as a drum shaped structure with steps (which is how I remember it) My Uncle also said it is not now how it used to be. He said he will ask around to see if he can get hold of a photo.

 * If anyone comes up with a pre-1988 photo I will upload it. The original 1907 circular structure is still there in current photos and what was added in 1988 was the flying buttress wings with their archways and the castellated coping stones on the top rim. 21st CENTURY  GREENSTUFF 02:03, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

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Cultural lag

The difference between material culture and non-material culture is known as cultural lag. The term cultural lag refers to the notion that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations, and the resulting social problems that are caused by this lag. In other words, cultural lag occurs whenever there is an unequal rate of change between different parts of culture causing a gap between material and non-material culture. Subsequently, cultural lag does not only apply to this idea only, but also relates to theory and explanation. It helps by identifying and explaining social problems to predict future problems in society. The term was first coined in William F. Ogburn's 1922 work Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature.

As explained by James W. Woodward, when the material conditions change, changes are occasioned in the adaptive culture, but these changes in the adaptive culture do not synchronize exactly with the change in the material culture, this delay is the culture lag. If people fail to adjust to the rapid environmental and technological changes it will cause a lag or a gap between the cultures. This resonates with ideas of technological determinism, which means that technology determines the development of its cultural values and social structure. That is, it can presuppose that technology has independent effects on society at large. However it does not necessarily assign causality to technology. Rather cultural lag focuses examination on the period of adjustment to new technologies. According to sociologists William F. Ogburn, cultural lag is a common societal phenomenon due to the tendency of material culture to evolve and change rapidly and voluminously while non-material culture tends to resist change and remain fixed for a far longer period of time. This is due to the fact that ideals and values are much harder to change than physical things are. Due to the opposing nature of these two aspects of culture, adaptation of new technology becomes rather difficult. This can cause a disconnect between people and their society or culture. This distinction between material and non-material culture is also a contribution of Ogburn's 1922 work on social change. Ogburn's classic example of cultural lag was the period of adaptation when automobiles became faster and more efficient. It took some time for society to start building infrastructure that would tailor mainly to the new, more efficient, vehicles. This is because people are not comfortable with change and it takes them a little time to adapt. Hence, the term cultural lag.

Social Change With Respect to Culture and Original Nature (1922)
Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature is a 1922 work by Ogburn. This work was crucial in drawing attention to issues with social changes and responses. In this work he first coined the term 'cultural lag' to describe a lag between material and non-material cultures. Ogburn states that there is a gap between traditional cultural values and the technical realities in the world. This work was innovative at the time of its release and brought light to the issues of 'cultural lag' and the possible solutions that could fix these issues. This was not the first time these issues have been looked at, but this is the first time that real solutions were presented. Ogburn's theory was not widely accepted at first due to people having different interpretations of the work. In the book he also details the four factors of technical development, which are: invention, accumulation, diffusion, and adjustment. In the work he suggests that primary engine of change and progress is technology, but that it is tempered by social responses. The book had mixed a mixed response due to the fact that many interpreted his findings in many different ways.

By: William F. Ogburn
In Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature, renowned sociologist William F. Ogburn coins the term 'cultural lag'. Ogburn states his thesis of cultural lag in this work. He says that the source of most modern social change is material culture. His theory of cultural lag suggests that a period of maladjustment occurs when the non-material culture is struggling to adapt to new material conditions. The rapid changes material culture force other parts of culture to change, but the rate of change in these other parts of culture is much slower. He states that people live in a state of 'maladjustment' because of this. Ogburn makes claims that he played a considerable role in solving the issue of social evolution. He goes on to say that the fours solving factors of social evolution are: invention, exponential accumulation, diffusion, and adjustment. This work was unique and innovative at the time of its publication.

By: William F. Ogburn
On Culture and Change is a work by William F. Ogburn which is a collection of 25 works from the years 1912–1961. It is an examination of social change and culture from the perspective of a sociologist. The 25 topics discussed in the work are separated into four topics: social evolution, social trends, short-run changes, and the subjective in the social sciences. This collection of works examines culture and social change in the world. The findings and information in On Culture and Change continues to be influential and useful to this day.

By: Alvin Toffler
In Future Shock, Alvin Toffler outlines the shattering stress and disorientation that rapid change people feel when they are subjected to too much change in too short of a time. Toffler says that society is undergoing a transformation from an industrial society to a "super-industrial" society. He states that this accelerating rate of change is causing people to feel disconnected from the culture. Toffler argues that balance is needed between the accelerated rates of change in society and the limited pace of human response. Toffler says that it is not impossible to attempt to slow or even control the rapid change and that it is possible for the future to arrive before society is ready for it. Toffler says that the only way to keep equilibrium would be to create social and new personal regulators. Strategies need to be put in place so that rapid culture change can be shaped and controlled.

By: Richard L. Brinkman, June E. Brinkman
In Cultural Lag: Conception & Theory, Richard & June Brinkman go into what the theory and concept of cultural lag actually is. They go into detail about the points supporting and the points disputing the concept of cultural lag. They evaluate Ogburn's claims about cultural lag and make them more understandable. The work evaluates the existence of cultural lag and its ability to possibly predict and describe cultural change in society. The work also goes into the relevance of the concept of cultural lag to socioeconomic policies in the world.

Material and non-material culture
Material and non-material culture both are a big part of the theory of cultural lag. The theory states that material culture evolves and changes much quicker than non-material culture. Material culture being physical things, such as technology & infrastructure, and non-material culture being non-physical things, such as religion, ideals, and rules. Non-material culture lags behind material culture because the pace of human response is much slower than the pace of material change. New inventions and physical things that make people's lives easier are developed every single day, things such as religions and ideals are not. This is why there is cultural lag, if there is an invention created that goes against people's ideals it will take some time in order for them to accept the new invention and use it.

Material culture
Material culture is a term used by sociologists that refers to all physical objects that humans create that give meaning or define a culture. These are physical things that can be touched, felt, tasted, or observed with a sense. The term can include things like houses, churches, machines, furniture, or anything else for which a person may have some sentiment. The term can also include some things that cannot be seen but can be used. Things like the internet and television are also covered under the material culture definition. Material culture changes rapidly and changes depending where in the world somebody is. The environment may present different challenges in different parts of the world that is why material culture is so different everywhere. For example, houses in the heart of Tokyo are going to be smaller than the houses in Austin, Texas.

Non-material culture
Non-material culture is a term used by sociologists that refers to non-physical things such as ideas, values, beliefs, and rules that shape a culture. There are different belief systems everywhere in the world, different religions, myths, and legends that people may believe in. These non-physical things can be information passed down from past generations or new ideas thought up by somebody in today's world. Non-Material culture tends to lag behind material culture due to the fact that it is easier to create a physical object that people will use than it is to create a system of beliefs or ideals that people will use and follow. Non-material culture tends to be very different wherever in the world someone is. This is because people from different backgrounds and areas in the world were raised on different ideals and beliefs that help shape society and culture.

Problems with cultural lag
Cultural lag creates problems for a society in a multitude of ways. The issue of cultural lag tends to permeate any discussion in which the implementation of some new technology is a topic. For example, the advent of stem cell research has given rise to many new, potentially beneficial medical technologies; however these new technologies have also raised serious ethical questions about the use of stem cells in medicine. In this example, the cultural lag is the fear of people to use a new possibly beneficial medical practices because of ethical issues. This shows that there really is a disconnect between material culture (Stem cell research) and non-material culture (Issues with ethics). Cultural lag is seen as an issue because failure to develop broad social consensus on appropriate applications of modern technology may lead to breakdowns in social solidarity and the rise of social conflict.

Another issue that cultural lag causes is the rise of social conflict. Sometimes, people realize that they are disconnected with what is going on in society and they try to do everything they can to get back into the loop. This may result in a race to eliminate the cultural lag. For example, in the 1980s the arms race was in full effect. This is partly because one country discovered how to efficiently and safely use the widely thought unsafe nuclear power/energy. Once the United States was able to successfully harvest nuclear energy into a weapon many other countries realized that maybe nuclear energy isn't that bad and started to build weapons of mass destruction of their own.

Issues can also arise when an aspect of culture changes so rapidly that society is unable to prepare or adjust to it. This is seen in the example of cars overtaking other modes of transportation in the past. Since the production and ownership of cars increased so rapidly society was unable to keep up with it. Broader roads, traffic rules, and separate lanes for horses did not come until some time after automobiles became a part of the mainstream culture. This caused dangerous situations for pedestrians and the people driving these new automobiles. Sometimes society is not ready for the future and this could cause dangerous situations for certain people or groups of people.

Conclusion

 * Disruptive innovation
 * Not invented here
 * Progress trap
 * Zeitgeist

title: Cultural lag


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John Koerner

"Spider" John Koerner (August 31, 1938 – May 18, 2024) was an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He was best known as a guitarist and vocalist in the blues trio Koerner, Ray & Glover, with Dave Ray and Tony Glover. He also made albums as a solo performer and with Willie Murphy, and was an important mentor to the young Bob Dylan.

In a profile of Koerner for the magazine fRoots in 2010, Ian Anderson wrote that "Spider John Koerner is an American national treasure, a genuine folk blues hero. Bizarrely, most of his fellow countrypersons remain blissfully unaware of this, in spite of his being one of the key figures of the 1960s folk boom." The Encyclopedia of Popular Music called him "one of the most talented songwriters of his generation."

Early life and education
Koerner was born on August 31, 1938, in Rochester, New York, to Marion and Allan Koerner. His father was a Methodist minister, as had been his grandfather and great-grandfather. The family also lived briefly in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during World War II. He worked at an automobile shop and gained the nickname "Spider" because he would climb up shelves to reach parts.

In 1956, he began attending the University of Minnesota, majoring in aeronautical engineering. He started playing guitar in his second year and left college to tour the United States. He lived in Los Angeles and later enlisted in the Marines. He went through boot camp in San Diego and went into training for the infantry, but changed his mind and was able to leave the military after getting into a serious car crash. While in California, he discovered folk-music clubs for the first time.

Music career
Koerner returned to Minnesota and became involved in the Minneapolis music scene, where he met Dave Ray and Tony Glover. They formed a loose-knit trio, releasing albums under the name Koerner, Ray & Glover. They were also inveterate record collectors, particularly of old folk and blues discs; Koerner was particularly influenced by the Folkways Records compilation The Country Blues, telling one interviewer later that "listening to it expanded my understanding – I realised if you want to be like those people you don't copy 'em, no; you steal from them and write your own stuff." The group gained notice with their first album, Blues, Rags and Hollers, originally released by Audiophile in 1963 and re-released by Elektra Records later that year.

In a 1964 interview in Melody Maker, John Lennon called the record one of his personal favorites. In 2016, David Bowie told Vanity Fair that the album introduced him to the sound of a 12-string guitar, and praised it for "demolishing the puny vocalizations of 'folk' trios like the Kingston Trio and Peter, Paul and Whatsit, Koerner and company showed how it should be done."

Koerner was an early influence on Bob Dylan, who mentioned Koerner in his autobiography, Chronicles. Speaking of the early 1960s, Koerner later said, "We were all goofy, you know. We were thinkers and drinkers and artists and players, and Dylan was one of us. He was another guy."

Koerner was the first musician that Dylan met in Minneapolis, at the Ten O'Clock Scholar coffeehouse. Dylan wrote in Chronicles that "Koerner was tall and thin with a look of perpetual amusement on his face. We hit it off right away." Koerner was a few years more experienced as a musician, and took Dylan under his wing to teach him folk and blues songs. "When he spoke he was soft-spoken, but when he sang he became a field holler shouter. Koerner was an exciting singer, and we began playing a lot together", Dylan wrote. They performed often as a duo, but each also played frequently on his own. Around this time, Koerner also met Tennessee bluesman Big Joe Williams, whose modified nine-string guitar inspired Koerner to try similar modifications to his own instrument, including adding a seventh string so that he had two "G" strings an octave apart.

In 1965, Koerner recorded his first solo album, Spider Blues, for Elektra and appeared at the Newport Folk Festival accompanied by Glover. He continued playing on the folk circuit and joined with Willie Murphy to record Running, Jumping, Standing Still in 1969. (One song, "I Ain't Blue", was later covered by Bonnie Raitt on her debut album.) The duo split up in the early 1970s. Koerner pursued an unsuccessful career in filmmaking, retiring from music and moving to Copenhagen, Denmark, where he made the black-and-white film The Secret of Sleep.

He lived in Denmark for several years, and also worked there as a bartender, a department-store cleaner, and in a porcelain factory. When his interest in music returned, he decided to focus more on folk music than blues, and formed a new group called Spider John's American Folk Band that played frequently in Denmark. He moved back to Minneapolis and continued performing music in the traditional folk genre. In 1974, he released an album featuring his revised sound, Some American Folk Songs Like They Used To. Music writer David Dicaire, in his book The Folk Music Revival, 1958–1970, wrote that the album "announced a shift to more traditional folk songs rather than the blues-drenched material of prior releases and what fans had come to expect from him. It ignited his career at a time when folk was in serious decline."

After more than a decade, he released a new album, Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Been on Red House Records in 1986. In 1990, Red House released a live album recorded at the World Theater in St. Paul, Legends of Folk, featuring Koerner with Ramblin' Jack Elliott and U. Utah Phillips, which Richard Meyer of Allmusic called an "excellent concert recording." Koerner continued to perform and release new albums from time to time, including 1992's Raised by Humans, 1996's StarGeezer, and his final album, What's Left of Spider John in 2013. Koerner also appeared with the Koerner, Ray & Glover trio on the 1996 set One Foot in the Groove, chronicling a performance at Minneapolis theater Bryant-Lake Bowl, and with Glover on the concert album Live @ The 400 Bar in 2009.

A retrospective album capturing a solo live performance and radio interview recorded on the same day as a studio session for Blues, Rags and Hollers, March 1963, was released in 2010. The album was released by Mark Trehus, owner of the Minneapolis record store Treehouse Records and a longtime fan of Koerner, on his label Nero's Neptune Records, along with a re-release of Music Is Just a Bunch of Notes which included a video of Koerner's experimental film The Secret of Sleep.

Koerner performed at the Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island in 2012. He played "retirement" shows at the Cedar Cultural Center in 2017 and 2019.

Koerner was a frequent performer and fixture at the West Bank bar Palmer's, where he spent so much time that he had his newspaper delivered there. When Palmer's was used as a filming location for the 2005 film Factotum, Koerner was an extra, and can be seen sitting at the bar next to Lili Taylor and Matt Dillon in one scene.

When he officially retired in 2023, Koerner donated one of his guitars, a 12-string Epiphone, to Palmer's, where it is on display in a glass case. Koerner also gave his 12-string Gretsch guitar to his friend Charlie Parr, a fellow blues musician, requesting that Parr continue using it on stage.

In a profile on Koerner for the magazine Record Collector in 2013, the musician discussed his relative lack of fame compared to musicians like Dylan and Raitt who came after him: "I think you have to really want that kind of success and adulation. And I'm just not like that. ... It's just not in my character to go chasing after fame."

Legacy
In 2013, music writer Elijah Wald said that "Koerner was in some ways the most exciting artist in the folk-blues revival. He was the only young white artist who shaped a unique, personal style rather than trying to sound like older black performers. He made up his own songs, developed not only his own guitar style but a seven-string guitar, and had an incredible sense of rhythm. I've talked with many of the other players of that period, and all thought of him as particularly innovative and talented."

Music writer David Dicaire, in his book The Folk Music Revival, 1958–1970, called Koerner "a folk blues heavyweight" and said that "perhaps more than any other figure during the folk revival, he championed the bluesier side of traditional music." He also said that Koerner's time in Europe was important for the genre as a whole, writing that Koerner "made folk blues much more respectable by spreading it across many different countries."

Personal life and death
Koerner was married three times, to Jeannie Buranen, Lisbet Gerlach Madsen, and Laura Cavanaugh. He had two sons and a daughter, as well as five grandchildren.

Koerner also was an amateur astronomer, and never lost the habit of tinkering from his never-completed engineering degree, designing and building his own telescope, boat, harmonica stand, and what an article in City Pages described as "a makeshift lawnmower assembled partly from a bicycle."

Koerner died of bile duct cancer in Minneapolis on May 18, 2024. He was 85.

Awards and recognition
In 1983, the Minnesota Music Academy named Koerner, Ray and Glover "Best Folk Group", and in 1985, inducted them into the MMA Hall of Fame.

Filmmaker Don McGlynn made a documentary about Koerner, Been Here... Done That, in 2005.

In 2008, Koerner, Ray & Glover were inducted into the Minnesota Blues Hall of Fame under the category Blues Recordings for Blues, Rags and Hollers.

Koerner, Ray & Glover were honored with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh.

In popular culture
Science fiction writer Spider Robinson adopted his nickname out of admiration for Koerner and his music.

Discography

 * with Koerner, Ray & Glover
 * Blues, Rags and Hollers (1963)
 * Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers (1964)
 * The Return of Koerner, Ray & Glover (1965)"
 * Good Old Koerner, Ray & Glover (1972)
 * One Foot in the Groove (1996)
 * with Willie Murphy
 * Running, Jumping, Standing Still (1969)
 * Music Is Just a Bunch of Notes (1972)
 * with Ramblin' Jack Elliott and Utah Phillips
 * Legends of Folk (1990)
 * with Tony Glover
 * Live @ The 400 Bar (2009)
 * Solo
 * Spider Blues (1965)
 * Some American Folk Songs Like They Used To (1974)
 * Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Been (1986)
 * Raised by Humans (1992)
 * StarGeezer (1996)
 * March 1963 (2010)
 * What's Left of Spider John (2013)

title: John Koerner


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Marinette Pichon

Marinette Pichon (born 26 November 1975) is a French former football player.

Biography
Pichon had a dysfunctional childhood with an alcoholic father.

Career
She started her career at Saint-Memmie Olympique, then signed on to the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), the American professional league. She played for the Philadelphia Charge during their 2002 and 2003 seasons, in 2002 ranking second in the league in goals scored and winning the Most Valuable Player and Offensive Player of the Year awards. In 2003, she tied for the lead in goals scored and led the league in goals per game.

After the WUSA disbanded in 2003, she returned to France, where she played for Juvisy FCF. She was the leading domestic scorer in the 2000/01, 2001/02, 2004/05, and 2005/06 seasons. She also played for the New Jersey Wildcats in the American W-League during their 2004 season, leading the league that year in both goals scored and total points despite playing in only ten matches.

International career
She appeared for France from 1994 until 2006, announcing her retirement at the age of 31 following France's elimination from World Cup qualifying. During her career, she scored 81 goals in 112 international matches. She played for France at the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Personal life
In November 2012, a change in law gave Pichon the distinction of being the second woman in France to be granted "paternity" leave. Her wife gave birth to their son following in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Pichon received a Legion of Honour.

In popular culture
In 2023, Garance Marillier portrayed Pichon in Marinette, a biographical film of her life adapted from Pichon's autobiography Ne jamais rien lâcher.

title: Marinette Pichon


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Solaris Volume Manager

Solaris Volume Manager (SVM; formerly known as Online: DiskSuite, and later Solstice DiskSuite) is a software package for creating, modifying and controlling RAID-0 (concatenation and stripe) volumes, RAID-1 (mirror) volumes, RAID 0+1 volumes, RAID 1+0 volumes, RAID-5 volumes, and soft partitions.

Version 1.0 of Online: DiskSuite was released as an add-on product for SunOS in late 1991; the product has undergone significant enhancements over the years. SVM has been included as a standard part of Solaris since Solaris 8 was released in February 2000.

SVM is similar in functionality to later software volume managers such as FreeBSD Vinum volume manager, allowing metadevices (virtual disks) to be concatenated, striped or mirrored together from physical ones. It also supports soft partitioning, dynamic hot spares, and growing metadevices. The mirrors support dirty region logging (DRL, called resync regions in DiskSuite) and logging support for RAID-5.

The ZFS file system, added in the Solaris 10 6/06 release, has its own integrated volume management capabilities, but SVM continues to be included with Solaris for use with other file systems.

title: Solaris Volume Manager


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Bartolomeu Perestrello

Bartolomeu Perestrello (, in Italian Bartolomeo Perestrello), 1st Capitão Donatário, Lord and Governor of the Island of Porto Santo (c. 1395 – 1457) was a Portuguese navigator and explorer that is claimed to have discovered and populated Porto Santo Island (1419) together with João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira. The account of his participation in the discovery is disputed by some historians.

Biography
He was a son of Micer Filippo Pallastrelli (called Filipe Perestrello in Portugal), a Lombard knight who came to Portugal some say erroneously in the train of Queen Leonor of Aragon and here he was a Nobleman of John I of Portugal, who recognized his Coat of Arms and made him a Nobleman of Coat of Arms in 1433; he was married to Caterina Visconti (of the Visconti of Verona not from the ones of Milan), with whom he came to Portugal in 1385, and granted, in 1437, two houses at the Sub-Ripas Street in the City of Coimbra. He was the son of Micer Gabriele Pallastrelli, a Lombard nobleman from Piacenza, and second wife Bertolina Bracciforti. Nobleman and Fidalgo-Esquire of the House of Infante João, Lord of Reguengos and master of the Portuguese Order of Saint James (Santiago), he was granted in 1446, as a hereditary fief (capitania), the island of Porto Santo and, together with his fellow fleet commanders, started the colonization of the islands.

One of his daughters, Filipa Moniz Perestrelo (born c. 1455), around 1479 married Christopher Columbus, who lived in Madeira and Porto Santo.

A legend attributes the responsibility for the poor vegetation of Porto Santo to him. On his first disembarkation in the island he brought one pregnant doe-rabbit that escaped and its progeny overran the island in a few years. In fact, the island was poor in water, and what seemed to be a good enterprise for him became the cause of his family financial ruin.

Family
He married four times, firstly to Margarida Martins, without known issue, secondly with Branca Dias, fathering Branca Dias Perestrello, lady-in-waiting to Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, and mistress of Dom Pedro de Noronha (Castle of Gijón, 1379 – August 20, 1452), 4th Archbishop of Lisbon (1424–1452), by whom she had issue, including D. Pedro de Noronha, Lord Chamberlain to King John II of Portugal. Thirdly in 1446 to Brites Furtado de Mendonça, (aunt of King John II's mistress Ana de Mendonça) and had issue including Izeu Perestrelo, wife of Pedro Correia, First Captain of Graciosa Island in the Azores and one of King John II's twenty-five bodyguards. His fourth marriage to Isabel Moniz also had issue, including Filipa, one of the 12 Comendadoras of Santiago, who married Columbus, Violante who married Miguel Molyarte and lived in Seville, Spain and Bartolomeu Perestrelo II, Third Captain of Porto Santo.

He was the brother of Rafael Perestrello, head of the Perestrellos of Torres Vedras. He also had two sisters: Catarina Perestrello, married to Aires Anes de Beja, Escrivão da Puridade (a Secretary) of John I of Portugal.

title: Bartolomeu Perestrello


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Chip-scale package

A chip scale package or chip-scale package (CSP) is a type of integrated circuit package.

Originally, CSP was the acronym for chip-size packaging. Since only a few packages are chip size, the meaning of the acronym was adapted to chip-scale packaging. According to IPC's standard J-STD-012, Implementation of Flip Chip and Chip Scale Technology, in order to qualify as chip scale, the package must have an area no greater than 1.2 times that of the die and it must be a single-die, direct surface mountable package. Another criterion that is often applied to qualify these packages as CSPs is their ball pitch should be no more than 1 mm.

The concept was first proposed by Junichi Kasai of Fujitsu and Gen Murakami of Hitachi Cable in 1993. The first concept demonstration however came from Mitsubishi Electric.

The die may be mounted on an interposer upon which pads or balls are formed, like with flip chip ball grid array (BGA) packaging, or the pads may be etched or printed directly onto the silicon wafer, resulting in a package very close to the size of the silicon die: such a package is called a wafer-level package (WLP) or a wafer-level chip-scale package (WL-CSP). WL-CSP had been in development since 1990s, and several companies begun volume production in early 2000, such as Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE).

Types
Chip scale packages can be classified into the following groups:
 * 1) Customized leadframe-based CSP (LFCSP)
 * 2) Flexible substrate-based CSP
 * 3) Flip-chip CSP (FCCSP)
 * 4) Rigid substrate-based CSP
 * 5) Wafer-level redistribution CSP (WL-CSP)

title: Chip-scale package


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List of law schools in India

This is a list of law schools in India.

Andhra Pradesh

 * Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjun NagarGuntur
 * A.C. Andhra Christian College, Guntur
 * All Saints Christian Law College, Visakhapatnam
 * Andhra University College of Law, of Andhra University, Waltair, Visakhapatnam
 * Anantha College of Law, Tirupati
 * Anantapur Law College, Anantapur
 * A.V.R. Amrutha College of Law, Visakhapatnam
 * Bapatla Education Society's Law College, Bapatla
 * C.R.R. Law College, Eluru
 * Dr Ambedkar Global Law Institute, Tirupati, formerly Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Law College
 * Dr Ambedkar Global Law Institute, Tirupati, formerly Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Law College
 * Dr. B.R. Ambedkar P.G. Centre, Etcherla, Srikakulam
 * Daita Sriramulu Hindu College of Law, Machilipatnam
 * Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Visakhapatnam
 * D.N. Raju Law College, Bhimavaram
 * D.S.R. Hindu Law College, Machilipatnam
 * Gitam School of Law, of GITAM University, Visakhapatnam
 * G.S.K.M. Law College, Rajahmundry
 * Indira Priyadarshini Law College, Ongole
 * JC College of Law, Guntur
 * KKC College of Law, Chittoor
 * K.L.U. College of Law, Green Fields of Vaddeshwaram University of Guntur
 * MAM LAW College, Kesanupalli (village), Narasaraopet (mandal), Palnadu
 * M.M. College of Law, Vijayawada
 * M.P.R. Law College, Srikakulam
 * M.R.V.R.G.R Law College, Viziayanagaram
 * N.B.M. Law College, Visakhapatnam
 * Ns Law College, Devaraju Gattu village, near Markapur
 * NVP Law College, Visakhapatnam
 * Osmania Law College, Kurnool
 * PS Raju Law College, Kakinada
 * Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Law, Kakinada
 * Sri R.K.M. Law College, Chittoor
 * Shri Shiridi Sai Vidya Parishad Law College, Amalapuram
 * Shri Shiridi Sai Vidya Parishad Law College, Anakapalli
 * Smt. Basava Rama Tarakam Memorial Law College, Cuddapah
 * Smt Velagapudi Durgamba Siddhartha Law College, Vijayawada
 * Sree Vijaya Nagar Law College, Anantapur
 * Sri Eshwar Reddy College of Law, Tirupati
 * Sri P. Basi Reddy College of Law, Cuddapah
 * Sri Prasunna College of Law, Kurnool
 * Sri Sankara's Law College, Kurnool
 * Sri Venkateswara College of Law, Tirupati
 * Sri Venkateshwara University, Tirupati
 * Sri Krishnadevaraya University of Anantapur
 * Sri Padmavati Mahila Viswavidyalayam of Tirupati
 * Sri Venkateswara University of Tirupati
 * University Law College, Waltair (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar College of Law)
 * University College of Law, A. Nagarjuna
 * V.R. Law College, Nellore
 * Veeravalli College of Law, Rajahmundhry
 * Vikramasimhapuri University of Nellore
 * Visakha Law College, Visakhapatnam
 * Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa

Arunachal Pradesh

 * Jarbom Gamlin Government Law College

Assam

 * National Law University and Judicial Academy, Assam
 * JB Law College, Guwahati
 * University Law College, Guwahati University
 * NEF Law College, Guwahati
 * Dispur Law College, Guwahati
 * Jorhat Law College, Jorhat
 * Tezpur Law College, Tezpur
 * BRM Government Law College, Guwahati
 * Dhubri Law College, Dhubri
 * Nowgong Law College, Nowgong
 * Diphu Law College, Diphu
 * Assam University, Silchar
 * A. K. Chanda Law College, Silchar
 * Karimganj Law College, Karimganj
 * Dr. R. K. B. Law College, Dibrugarh
 * IIPA Law Institute, Dibrugarh
 * D.H.S.K. Law College, Dibrugarh
 * S.I.P.E. Law College, Dibrugarh
 * Morigaon Law College, Morigaon
 * Royal School of Law and Administration, Guwahati
 * Bongaigaon Law College, Bongaigaon

Bihar

 * Chanakya National Law University, Patna
 * Central University of South Bihar, Gaya
 * Anugrah Memorial Law college, Gaya
 * Biswanath Singh Institute of Legal Studies, Munger
 * Bihar Institute of Law, Patna
 * Biraja Mohan Thakur Law College, Purnia
 * R. M. M. Law College, Saharsa
 * Mahadeo Singh Law College, Bhagalpur
 * Suryadeo Law College, Katihar
 * S.K.J. Law College, Muzaffarpur
 * Patna Law College, Patna
 * Bidheh Law College, Madhubani
 * Samastipur Law College, Samastipur

Chhattisgarh

 * MATS Law School, MATS University, Raipur
 * Department of Law, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur
 * Faculty of Law, Dr. C. V. Raman University
 * Faculty of Law, Kalinga University, Raipur
 * Hidyatullah National Law University, Raipur
 * Jyoti Bhushan Pratap Singh Law College, Korba
 * School of Law, ISBM University
 * School of Law, ITM University, Raipur
 * School of Studies in Law, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur

Delhi

 * University School of Law and Legal Studies, constituent law college of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, established in 2001
 * National Law University, Delhi, established in 2008
 * Amity Law School, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
 * Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, New Delhi, with three centres: Campus Law Centre, Law Centre I and Law Centre II
 * Indian Law Institute, New Delhi
 * Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
 * Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
 * Faculty of Law, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
 * Gitarattan International Business School, New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
 * Trinity Institute of Professional Studies (TIPS), New Delhi (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)

Goa

 * Govind Ramnath Kare College of Law, Margao (affiliated to Goa University)
 * V. M. Salgaocar College of Law, Panji

Gujarat

 * Auro University, Surat
 * Gujarat Law Society, Ahmedabad
 * Baroda School of Legal Studies, Faculty of Law, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
 * Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar
 * School of Law Forensic Justice & Policy Studies, National Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar
 * Nirma University, Ahmedabad
 * Unitedworld School of Law, Gandhinagar
 * Department of Law, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat

Haryana

 * KR Mangalam University
 * Jagan Nath University, NCR Bahadurgarh
 * Jindal Global Law School, Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana
 * Smt. Shanti Devi Law College, Rewari, affiliated with Maharshi Dayanand University
 * Baba Mast Nath University, in Asthal Bohar, Rohtak
 * Kurushetra University
 * Maharishi Dayanand University Rohtak
 * Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Law University
 * MDU Center for Professional and Allied Studies, GurugramI
 * GD Goenka University

Himachal Pradesh

 * Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla
 * Himachal Pradesh National Law University, Shimla

Jammu and Kashmir

 * School of Legal Studies, Central University of Kashmir
 * Vitasta School of Law and Humanities, Srinagar, Kashmir
 * Deptt. of Law, Kashmir University, Srinagar
 * Sopore Law College, Sopore
 * Kashmir Law College, Srinagar
 * K. C. Education Foundation’s Law College, Pulwama-Kashmir
 * Department of Law, University of Jammu
 * Dogra Law College, Jammu
 * Kishen Chand Law College, Jammu
 * C. M. H. College of Legal Studies, Jammu
 * Jammu Law College, Jammu
 * Ashoka Law College, Kathuva
 * Calliope School of Legal Studies, Jammu
 * S. E. T. Law School, Bari Brahmana, Jammu
 * Bhargava Law College, Samba
 * Law School, Jammu University, Jammu
 * R. K. Law College, Bari Brahmana, Jammu

Jharkhand

 * National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi
 * Chotanagpur Law College, Ranchi University, Ranchi
 * Jharkhand Vidhi Mahavidyalaya, Kodarma
 * Radha Govind Law College, Ramgarh
 * Imamul Hai Khan Law College, Bokaro Steel City
 * Law College Dhanbad, Dhanbad
 * Bhishma Narain Singh Law College, Palamu

Karnataka

 * Alliance School of Law, Bangalore
 * CMR Law School, Bangalore
 * KLE Law College - offers LLB, BA.LLB and BBA. LLB (accredited to Karnataka State Law University, Hubali and recognised by Bar Council of India)
 * M. S. Ramaiah College of Law, Bangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
 * National Law School of India University, Bangalore
 * Al-Ameen College of Law, Hosur Road, Bangalore
 * CBR National College of Law, Shivamogga (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
 * Kristu Jayanti College of Law, Bengaluru (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
 * School of Law, Presidency University, Bangalore
 * Raja Lakhamgouda Law College, Belgaum
 * School of Law, Christ University, Bangalore
 * Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheswara Law College and Centre for Post Graduate Studies in Law, Mangalore (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
 * G.K Law College, Hubli (affiliated to Karnataka State Law University)
 * University Law College, Bangalore University, Bangalore

Kerala

 * Government Law College Calicut, under Calicut University
 * Government Law College, Ernakulam, Kochi, under Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
 * Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram, under Kerala University, Thiruvananthapuram
 * Government Law College, Thrissur, under Calicut University, Calicut
 * Divine Law College, Pathanapuram(affiliated to Kerala University)
 * Mar Gregorios College of Law, Thiruvananthapuram (affiliated to Kerala University)
 * Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram (affiliated to Kerala University)
 * Markaz Law College, under Calicut University, Thenjippalam
 * MMNSS College Kottiyam, Kollam (affiliated to Kerala University)
 * National University of Advanced Legal Studies, Kochi
 * School of Legal Studies, CUSAT, Kochi
 * Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies, Kollam (affiliated to Kerala University)
 * Bharata Mata School of Legal Studies (BSOLS), Aluva

Madhya Pradesh

 * Shri Vaishnav Institute of Law, Indore
 * Jagran Lakecity University, School of Law, Bhopal
 * National Law Institute University, Bhopal
 * Dharmashastra National Law University, Jabalpur

Maharashtra

 * A.K.K. New Law Academy, Pune, affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune
 * Government Law College, Mumbai, affiliated to University of Mumbai
 * RTMNU's Dr. Ambedkar College of Law, Main Branch, Nagpur
 * Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai
 * Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur
 * Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad
 * School of Law, University of Mumbai
 * Shahaji Law College, Kolhapur, est. in 1933, affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur
 * Siddharth College of Law, Mumbai, affiliated to University of Mumbai
 * ILS Law College, Pune, affiliated to University of Pune
 * New Law College, Pune, constituent of Bharati Vidyapeeth
 * Symbiosis Law School, Pune, constituent of Symbiosis International University
 * GJ Advani Law College, affiliated to University of Mumbai
 * Rizvi Law College, affiliated to University of Mumbai
 * New Law College, Mumbai, affiliated to University of Mumbai

Manipur

 * L.M.S. Law College, Imphal

Mizoram

 * Mizoram Law College, Aizawl

Meghalaya

 * Shillong Law College, Shillong
 * Tura Law College, Tura

Nagaland

 * Kohima Law College, Kohima

Odisha

 * KIIT Law School, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar
 * National Law University Odisha, Cuttack
 * Madhusudan Law College, Cuttack
 * Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed University National School of Law, Bhubaneswar
 * Utkal University Law College, Bhubaneswar
 * Berhampur University PG Department of Law, Berhampur
 * Sambalpur University PG Department of Law, Sambalpur
 * North Odisha University PG Department of Law, Baripada
 * The Law College, Cuttack
 * Jeypore Law College, Jeypore
 * Xavier Law School, Xavier University, Bhubaneswar

Punjab

 * St. Soldier Law college, Jalandhar
 * Army Institute of Law, Mohali
 * Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Patiala
 * Baba Kundan Singh Memorial Law College, Moga, Punjab
 * Bhai Gurdas College of Law, Sangrur
 * KCL Institute of Law, Jalandhar
 * Baba Farid Law College, Faridkot
 * Universal Law College, Mohali
 * VMS College of Law, Batala
 * Rayat College of Law, Railmajra
 * Khalsa College of Law, Amritsar
 * Bathinda College of Law, Bathinda
 * Aryans College of Law, Patiala
 * Bahra College of Law, Patiala

Rajasthan

 * University Five Year Law College, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur
 * Seedling School of Law and Governance, Jaipur National University, Jaipur
 * National Law University, Jodhpur
 * Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University
 * Mody University of Science & Technology
 * Raffles University, Neemrana
 * Mohan Lal Sukhadiya University College of Law, Udaipur
 * RNB Global University

Sikkim

 * Sikkim University, Gangtok (est. 2006)

Tamil Nadu

 * Crescent School of Law B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai (established 1984)
 * Institute of Legal Education (ILE - online law school) Tiruchirappalli (established 2022)
 * Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai (established 1891)
 * Government Law College, Coimbatore (established 1979)
 * Government Law College, Madurai (established 1979)
 * Government Law College, Tiruchirapalli (established 1979)
 * Central Law College, Salem, Salem (established 1984)
 * Government Law College, Chengalpattu (established 2002)
 * Government Law College, Tirunelveli (established 1996)
 * Government Law College, Vellore (established 2008)
 * Tamil Nadu National Law University, Tiruchirappalli (established 2012)
 * v, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation, University, Chennai
 * SASTRA University, School of Law, Thanjavur
 * VIT University, VIT Law School, Chennai
 * PRIST University, School of Law, Madurai (established 2015)
 * School of Law, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai

Telangana

 * Nalsar University of Law, Hyderabad (established 1998)
 * Symbiosis Law School, Hyderabad
 * University College of Law, Osmania University, Hyderabad
 * Mahatma Gandhi Law College, near LB Nagar, Hyderabad
 * Keshav Memorial College of Law, Hyderabad
 * Pendekanti Law College, Hyderabad
 * Padala Rama Reddi Law College, Hyderabad
 * ICFAI Law School, Hyderabad
 * Justice Kumarayya Law College, Karimnagar

Tripura

 * Tripura Government Law College

Uttar Pradesh

 * AMROHA College of Law, Amroha, Uttar Pradesh
 * Asian Law College, Noida
 * Asian Vidhi Evam Nyayik Vigyan Mahavidyalay, Nawabganj, Bareilly
 * School of Law, Justice & Governance, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida
 * Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow, Lucknow
 * Faculty of Law, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Awadh University, Ayodhya
 * Faculty of Law, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
 * Faculty of Law, University of Allahabad
 * DME Law School (affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University)
 * Faculty of Law, Integral University, Lucknow
 * Symbiosis Law School, Noida (constituent college of Symbiosis International University)
 * Galgotias University, School of Law, Greater Noida
 * Kanpur University
 * Amity Law School, Noida (constituent college of Amity University)
 * Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, Lucknow
 * Faculty of Law, Aligarh Muslim University
 * The Glocal University (Glocal School of Law), Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh
 * Janhit College of Law, Greater Noida
 * Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida
 * Faculty of Law, Agra College
 * Chaudhary Charan Singh Vidhi Mahavidyalaya, Heonra (Saifai), Etawah district
 * SRMS college of law, Bareilly
 * PGS National College of Law, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University
 * Innovative Institute of Law, Greater Noida
 * Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida

Uttarakhand

 * Graphic Era
 * ICFAI Law School (ILS), Dehradun
 * University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
 * Law College, Dehradun
 * Department of Law, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University
 * Department of Law, Kumaun University
 * Siddhartha Law College, Dehradun
 * Quantum University
 * Unity Law College (ULC), Kumaon

West Bengal

 * Balurghat Law College (affiliated to University of Gour Banga)
 * Department of Law, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
 * Bankura Samhati Law College (affiliated to Bankura University)
 * Department of Law, Aliah University, Kolkata
 * Haldia Law College, Haldia (affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
 * South Calcutta Law College, Kolkata (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
 * School of Law, Brainware University, Kolkata (UGC-recognised, private state university in West Bengal)
 * Hooghly Mohsin College, Hooghly (affiliated to University of Burdwan)
 * Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
 * Midnapore Law College, Midnapore (affiliated to Vidyasagar University)
 * Rajiv Gandhi School of Intellectual Property Law, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
 * Surendranath Law College, Kolkata (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
 * Indian Institute of Legal Studies, Siliguri (affiliated to University of North Bengal)
 * Kingston Law College, Barasat (affiliated to West Bengal State University)
 * Rabindra Shiksha Sammilani Law College, Baruipur (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
 * LJD Law College Falta (affiliated to University of Calcutta)
 * Snehangshu Kanta Acharya Institute of Law (affiliated to University of Kalyani)
 * Mohammad Abdul Bari Institute of Juridical Science (affiliated to University of Kalyani)
 * Law College Durgapur (affiliated to Kazi Nazrul University)
 * Durgapur Institute of Legal Studies (affiliated to Kazi Nazrul University)
 * Jalpaiguri Law College (affiliated to University of North Bengal)
 * West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata

title: List of law schools in India