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Aspen parkland

Aspen parkland refers to a very large area of transitional biome between prairie and boreal forest in two sections, namely the Peace River Country of northwestern Alberta crossing the border into British Columbia, and a much larger area stretching from central Alberta, all across central Saskatchewan to south central Manitoba and continuing into small parts of the US states of Minnesota and North Dakota. Aspen parkland consists of groves of aspen, poplar and spruce, interspersed with areas of prairie grasslands, also intersected by large stream and river valleys lined with aspen-spruce forests and dense shrubbery. This is the largest boreal-grassland transition zone in the world and is a zone of constant competition and tension as prairie and woodlands struggle to overtake each other within the parkland.

This article focuses on this biome in North America. Similar biomes also exist in Russia north of the steppes (forest steppe) and in northern Canada.

Definitions
According to the Ecological Framework of Canada, published in 1999, the Aspen Parkland ecoregion (#156) is the largest and northernmost section of Prairies Ecozone. This definition is the arc-shaped region (i.e. including the WWF's central and foothills parkland but excluding the Peace River region). Partly defined by climate, it had a mean annual temperature of approximately 1.5 °C circa 1999, and rainfall varied from 400 to 500 mm/annum. It includes the communities of Red Deer and Edmonton in Alberta; Lloydminster on the Alberta–Saskatchewan border; North Battleford, Saskatoon, Humboldt, and Yorkton in Saskatchewan; and Brandon, Manitoba as its major population centres and have a total population of 1.689 million. By this definition, there are approximately 5500000 ha of this ecoregion in the province of Alberta.

According to the World Wide Fund for Nature the Canadian Aspen forests and parklands (NA0802) encompass eight ecoregions as used in the Ecological Framework of Canada: the Peace Lowland, Western Boreal, Boreal Transition, Interlake Plain, Aspen Parkland, and Southwest Manitoba Uplands (TEC 138, 143, 149, 155, 156, 161, 163, and 164). These ecoregions lie in both the Boreal Plains Ecozone and the Prairies Ecozone (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). The Boreal sections are Manitoba Lowlands, Aspen-Oak, Aspen Grove, Mixedwood, and Lower Foothills (15-17, 18a and 19a).

Setting
The aspen parkland biome runs in a thin band no wider than 500 km through the Prairie Provinces, although it gets broader to the west, especially in Alberta. This is a hilly landscape with many small lakes and ponds. The cities of Edmonton and Saskatoon are the largest cities completely in this biome while Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, and Calgary is bordered by prairie to the east and the Foothills Parkland to the west.

There are three main sections of aspen parkland: Peace River, Central, and Foothills. The Central Parkland is the largest section and is part of main band of aspen parkland extending across Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, bordered by prairie to the south and the boreal forest to the north. The Peace River Country is located along the Peace River region of the province, extending across the border into northeastern British Columbia, and is completely surrounded by boreal forest, cutting it off from the Central Parkland, it extends as far north as Fort Vermilion at 58°N 116°W. The Foothills parkland covers the Foothills of the Rocky Mountains as far south as Waterton Lakes National Park.

Climate
The region has a humid continental climate accompanied by a subhumid low boreal transitional grassland ecoclimate. Summers are warm and short and winters can be long and cold. The mean annual temperatures range from 0.5 to 2.5 C, with summers ranging 13 to 16 C, and winters ranging -14.5 to -12.5 C. The Peace River Country in northwestern Alberta and northeastern areas of the North Interior in British Columbia has the coolest climate, but still supports extensive farmland. Southwest Manitoba sees the warmest. Annual precipitation is usually between 375 to 700 mm. Chinook winds off the foothills also occur in winter, mainly affecting Alberta.

Flora
Four significantly different habitats are common in the aspen parklands: The fescue prairie, the woodlands, the ravines and the wetlands and lakes. A rarer habitat type, tallgrass aspen parkland, occurs only in the extreme southeastern corner of the aspen parklands biome (southeastern Manitoba/northwestern Minnesota). The fescue prairie is a meadowland rich in vegetation variety which forms the cover for the development of the richer soils that underlie the parklands. The close association with woodlands and wetlands makes this a choice location for many plants and a preferred range or home site for a wide diversity of wildlife. The richer soil and increased precipitation favours the natural growth of fescue grass, but varying conditions such as moisture level and grazing pressures allow for the invasion of secondary plant species.

There are numerous grasses and sedges in the fescue prairie. Gravelly and rocky terrain is a good location for parry oat grass. Dry areas favour June, porcupine and spear grass. Wet areas are often covered with slender wheat grass and timber oat grass. Prairie rose and snowberry are common shrubs found in these grasslands.

The forested, or woodlands area is dominated by trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), other poplars and spruces, although other species of trees including paper birch (Betula papyrifera) do occur. Pines, mostly jack pine and lodgepole pine will often grow in areas that have sandy soil conditions. Other native species may include box elder, tamarack and willow, while the foothills area in the southeast of the region, such as Turtle Mountain or Spruce Woods Provincial Park, have woodland of white spruce and balsam fir but quaking aspen will dominate where the woodland has been cleared by fire. The proportion of forests to grasslands has increased somewhat over the prairie in areas not affected by agriculture in the last 100 years. This increase is partly due to the reduction of prairie fires which used to destroy the new saplings on the fringes of the aspen groves. Also, it was a common practice for farmers to plant stands of trees as windbreaks.

Aspen woodlands support an extensive understory consisting of mid-sized and small shrubs, some herbs and ground cover. Spruce-dominated woodlands usually do not support a dense understory due to more acidic and nutrient-poor soils and a denser canopy, which reduces sunlight reaching the forest floor below. However, in areas where a mixture of aspen and spruce occur, a fairly dense understory can still thrive. The mixed wood understory, as it is called, supports the greatest diversity of forest wildlife in the aspen parkland.

Large shrubs such as red-osier dogwood, beaked willow, saskatoon, chokecherry and pincherry, along with the smaller shrubs including prickly rose, snowberry, beaked hazelnut and high bush cranberry, form a dense entangled understory. Dense shrubbery is a typical feature in aspen-dominated forests. Common herbs found in the woodlands include: Lindley's aster (Aster ciliolatus), northern bedstraw (Galium boreale), pea vine, Western Canada violet (Viola canadensis), dewberry and bunchberry. Mosses appear at the base of trees and on the ground.

Wetlands are very common in this biome, including lakes, shallow open water, marshes, and grassy wetlands. Glacial erosion has contributed to such features by creating depressions in which standing water can collect. In the larger depressions, permanent lakes or ponds of water remain. Many of the lakes have a saline character, thus most shore vegetation has a high tolerance of salty soils. These lakes are known as alkali lakes. Wet meadows are flooded in the spring and dry by fall. They contain rushes, sedges and grasses and provide excellent opportunities to study the similarities and differences of these forms of vegetation.

Rivers and streams erode valleys throughout the parkland ecoregion. Steep hills and ravines result in a unique topography. Southwest slopes with increased exposure to the sun are dry and often more grass covered, while the shaded north and east exposures retain more moisture and tend to have greater forest cover. Some forms of vegetation unique to the ravines include: poplar, spruce, birch, willow, and river alder.

Wildflowers are an important component of the grassland association of the parkland. Look for common yarrow, cut-leaf anemone, rock cress, creeping white prairie aster, milk vetch, late yellow loco weed, goldenrod, wild prairie rose, prairie crocus, and tiger lily.

The aspen understory
There are three main factors which influence the understory vegetation in the aspen stands of the mixed wood forest.

1. Good sun exposure encourages a dense vegetation growth below the canopy. This is of particular importance in the early spring before the trees are in leaf.

2. Warm soil and air temperature at the base level result in rapid melting process in spring which favours the growth of shrubs.

3. A large percentage of precipitation passes through the canopy. This provides a protective snow cover in winter and in warm seasons precipitation percolates through the leaf cover to nourish plants which require surface soil moisture.

The result of the above factors is an extensive understory of vegetation in the aspen forest. Common shrubs and herbs are: saskatoon, red-osier dogwood, raspberry, wild rose, currants and bracted honeysuckle, wild sarsaparilla, hairy lungwort, asters, and peavine. Twinflower, strawberries, bunchberries, horsetails and wintergreen form an attractive grown cover.

The mineral soil is covered by a decaying cover of organic matter. Numerous consumers and decomposers create humus materials. Burrowing animals mix the new fertile materials with the soil to form a rich rooting compound.

The spruce forest understory
Factors which influence the understory vegetation of spruce stands in the boreal forest association include:

1. Year round reduced sun exposure below the canopy restricts the forest undergrowth to shade tolerant species.

2. A large percentage of the precipitation is trapped in the upper tree boughs of the spruce forest and is released through evaporation. The ground cover of feather moss quickly absorbs most of the moisture which does penetrate the canopy. These factors combine to cause drier conditions in the underlying mineral soils.

3. The fallen acidic spruce needles are not fully decomposed and combine with the moss base. Water held in the moss carries the acid from the spruce needles into the mineral soil and leaches out soil nutrients – leaving a highly acidic, low nutrient soil base which is unsuitable for most boreal vegetation.

As a result of the above factors the forest floor ranges from nearly devoid of vegetation to a dense carpet of feather moss. A sparse community of shade tolerant shrubs exists in this environment. Some species of plants in the understory are Green Alder, low bush cranberry, prickly rose, bunchberry, twinflower, wild lily-of-the-valley, northern Comandra and wintergreens.

The mixedwood stands understory
There are several factors which influence the mixedwood stands in the boreal forest.

Where there are stands of aspen and spruce forests in close association with each other, a mixed wood forest occurs. Each group forms its own microassociation as described previously.

When the spruce and aspen forest types are mixed, the result can be quite different from the aspen or spruce stands. Animal and vegetation associations from each type combine to create considerable diversity of habitat which is typical of either spruce or aspen stands. The mixture of the transition soils provides an attractive environment with either pure spruce or pure aspen woodlands. An example of a bird which prefers a mixed wood habitat is the yellow-rumped warbler.

The mixedwood forest wetlands consist mainly of bogs, fens and marshes. Black spruce, tamarack, willow and bog and sphagnum mosses are the major vegetation types found in these lowlands. Dwarf birch and sedges cover large, wet areas with jack pine occurring on the sandy ridges.

For boreal aspen stands less than 40 years old, Comeau (2002) found that basal area provided a useful general predictor of understorey light levels, but, on the basis of light measurements in one 80-year-old stand, cautioned that relationships between understorey light and basal area may not hold in older stands. The literature indicates that the height growth of understorey spruce should be maximized when light levels exceed 40% or when aspen basal area is less than 14 m2/ha. Models developed by Wright and others in 1998 show radial growth of understorey white spruce increasing almost linearly with increasing light and a continuous decline in radial increment with increasing aspen basal area. When applied to Comeau's 2002 data, the Wright models suggest that spruce mortality will remain very low until aspen basal area exceeds 20 m2/ha, above which mortality will increase rapidly.

Fauna
Wildlife in the parklands include moose (Alces alces), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), black bear (Ursus americanus), coyote (Canis latrans), northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides), thirteen-lined ground squirrels, Richardson's ground squirrels, North American beaver (Castor canadensis), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), weasels, Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and gray wolf (canis lupus). Bear, moose, foxes, coyotes, beaver, snowshoe hare and red squirrels are found most often in the mixedwood stands compared to the aspen forests and spruce forests.

Burrowing rodents such as Richardson's ground squirrels, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and pocket gophers play a major role in the balance between the aspen groves and the grassland. These excavators make mounds of fresh soil which are ideal locations for the germination of poplar seeds. Once established, these trees spread by suckering, thus creating a new aspen groves.

White-tailed deer finds shelter in the aspen and graze on the grasslands; coyotes and foxes hunt the resident rodents. Historically, bison grazed on the grassland and helped to prevent the spread of aspen groves. However, bison are now mostly absent due to over hunting during settlement in the 19th century and extensive loss of habitat due to agriculture. Bison, however, can still be seen in protected areas such as Elk Island National Park east of Edmonton and in farms, where they are raised for meat. Boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) also used to roam the Parkland, especially the Peace region, but were hunted out of the area.

Wildlife in the woodlands is varied and abundant. The varying hare, weasel, fox, coyote, and white-tailed deer make their homes in this region, while water dependent mammals who make the ravines and wetland areas of the ecoregion their home are beaver, muskrats, otters and mink.

Birds of the aspen parkland include kingfishers, ruffed grouse, magpies and northern orioles. and in particular several species of warblers find this a preferred habitat.

Extensive cultivation has disturbed the habitats of some birds which nest and feed on the fescue grassland. However, the horned lark and meadowlark have managed to adapt to the new conditions. Song sparrow, vesper sparrow, and American goldfinch can often be seen in open areas.

The woodlands meanwhile are abundant with a variety of bird species. Black-capped chickadee, hairy woodpeckers, ruffed grouse, magpies, and great horned owls can be observed in all seasons. Summer residents include: red-eyed vireo, least flycatcher and northern oriole.

Birds which prefer the wetland habitat include kingfishers and bank swallows. Finally there is an abundance of bird life around the wetland marshes. Many species of ducks make their summer homes in these waters and Canada geese nest in the more remote marshes. Blackbirds, marsh wrens and black terns nest in the reeds. Franklin's gulls nest in the marsh vegetation, but range over agricultural fields for grasshoppers, crickets, and mice. Shore birds include: avocet, piping plover, spotted sandpiper, willet, Wilson's snipe and killdeer.

The invertebrate population in the woodland is enormous. Some of the most common invertebrates are roundworms, snails, segmented worms, centipedes, mites, spiders and mosquitoes. Paranthrene dollii and forest tent caterpillars are destructive to the tree cover. Insects of the wetlands in this region include caddis flies, mayflies and black flies.

Human use, threats and conservation
Before European colonization, there were large areas of western aspen and aspen parkland in the west of what would become Canada and the United States. This was maintained by light to moderate fires with a frequency of 3 to 15 years. Fire also swept the Rocky Mountains aspen as frequently as every ten years, creating large areas of parkland. Settlement increased fire frequency in the late 19th century until fire suppression became popular.

Most of the aspen parkland, like the prairie biome, has been extensively altered by agriculture over the last 100 years since settlement first began in the late 19th century. While the climate is generally cooler than in the prairies, the climate is still mild and dry enough to support large-scale farming of crops such as canola (Brassica napsus), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), and livestock grazing. The soils in the aspen parkland biome are also quite fertile, especially around Edmonton and Saskatoon. Oil and natural gas exploration and drilling have also disturbed the natural habitat, especially in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. As a result, less than 10% of the original habitat remains.

The largest blocks of intact parkland can be found in Moose Mountain Provincial Park north of Carlyle, Saskatchewan and Bronson Forest in Saskatchewan, and Elk Island National Park and Canadian Forces Base Wainwright in Alberta. The rest of the parkland area does contain fragments of original habitat, some in protected areas such as Spruce Woods Provincial Park and Turtle Mountain Provincial Park in Manitoba, and Porcupine Provincial Forest in Saskatchewan.

Human cultures
The First Nations of this region were not solely buffalo-hunting nomads, as were tribes to the south. They also relied to a great extent on trapping (rabbits, etc.) fishing, and deer and moose hunting, as well as gathering parkland berries, such as the Saskatoon berry or the high bush cranberry.

This area was one of the most important regions of the fur trade in North America. Both the Assiniboine and North Saskatchewan rivers were major fur trade routes, with a number of fur trade posts, much more so than rivers to the prairie south. The Métis people were formed around these posts from the intermarriage of white fur traders and native trappers.

Once European settlement began, this region was desired by the peasant farmers of Eastern Europe and the smallholders of Quebec for its wooded land, so that they could build and heat their own homes. This is as opposed to the primarily British and American settlers, who desired grasslands that were easier to break and plough. At the time, people of similar backgrounds were allowed to concentrate into block settlements by the federal government: for example the Edna-Star colony in Alberta, the largest concentration of Ukrainians on the prairies.

As a result of these different styles of indigenous hunting agricultural settlement, the ethnic makeup of the Prairie Provinces is somewhat divided north and south. Cree, Métis, French, and Ukrainian Canadians are concentrated in the parkland belt, and in parkland cities such as Edmonton, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg as opposed to prairie cities like Calgary and Regina, which were settled more so by people of Blackfoot, Sioux, American, English, and German backgrounds.

title: Aspen parkland


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Portal:Palestine/Featured

Gaza (غزة Ghazza) is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, approximately 78 km southwest of Jerusalem, with a population of 410,000, making it the largest city under the control of the Palestinian National Authority.

Inhabited since at least the 15th century BCE, Gaza has been dominated by several different peoples and empires throughout its history. The Philistines made it a part of their pentapolis after the Ancient Egyptians had ruled it for nearly 350 years. Under the Romans and later the Byzantines, Gaza experienced relative peace and its port flourished. In 635, it became the first city in Palestine to be conquered by the Rashidun army and quickly developed into a center of Islamic law. However, by the time the Crusaders invaded the city, it was in ruins. In later centuries, Gaza experienced several hardships from Mongol raids to floods and locusts, reducing it to a village by the 16th century when it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. During the first half of Ottoman rule, the Ridwan dynasty controlled Gaza and under them the city went through an age of great commerce and peace.

Gaza fell to British forces during World War I, becoming a part of the British Mandate of Palestine. As a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Egypt administered the newly-formed Gaza Strip territory and several improvements were undertaken in the city. Gaza was captured by Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967, but in 1993, the city was transferred to the Palestinian National Authority. Hamas took over the city in 2007 after months of clashes with its rival Fatah, and has been under a blockade by Israel.The blockade however has been proved legal by a U.N committee.

The primary economic activities of Gaza are small-scale industries, agriculture and labor. However, the economy has been devastated by the blockade and recurring conflicts. Most of Gaza's inhabitants adhere to Islam, although there exists a Christian minority. Gaza has a very young population with roughly 75% being under the age of 25, and today the city has one of the highest population densities in the world—refugees make up over half of the residents.

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title: Portal:Palestine/Featured


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User:Fryuio

The names fryuio welcome to my user site.

title: User:Fryuio


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Jordan Rift Valley

The Jordan Rift Valley, also Jordan Valley also called the Syro-African Depression, is an elongated depression located in modern-day Israel, Jordan and the West Bank. This geographic region includes the entire length of the Jordan River – from its sources, through the Hula Valley, the Korazim block, the Sea of Galilee, the (Lower) Jordan Valley, all the way to the Dead Sea, the lowest land elevation on Earth – and then continues through the Arabah depression, the Gulf of Aqaba whose shorelines it incorporates, until finally reaching the Red Sea proper at the Straits of Tiran.

History and physical features

The Jordan Rift Valley was formed many millions of years ago in the Miocene epoch (23.8 – 5.3 Myr ago) when the Arabian Plate moved northward and then eastward away from Africa. One million years later, the land between the Mediterranean and the Jordan Rift Valley rose so that the sea water stopped flooding the area. Alternatively, it was a fall in the sea level that caused the disconnection, or a mix between the two phenomena - researchers have not yet reached a consensus.

The geological and environmental evolution of the valley since its inception in the Oligocene can be seen in a variety of sedimentary and magmatic rock units, preserved as continuous sequences in the deeper basins. The outcropping formations around the basins represent alternating deposition and erosion phases.

The lowest point in the Jordan Rift Valley is in the Dead Sea, the lowest spot of which is 790 m below sea level. The shore of the Dead Sea is the lowest dry land spot on Earth, at 400 m below sea level. With its flanks rising sharply to almost 1000 m above sea level in the west, and similarly in the east, the rift is a significant topographic feature over which a few narrow paved roads and difficult mountain tracks lead. The valley north of the Dead Sea has long been a site of agriculture because of water available from the Jordan River and numerous springs located on the valley's flanks.

Dead Sea Transform
The plate boundary that extends through the valley is variously called the Dead Sea Transform (DST) or Dead Sea Rift. The boundary separates the Arabian Plate from the African Plate, connecting the divergent plate boundary in the Red Sea (the Red Sea Rift) to the East Anatolian Fault in Turkey.

The DST fault system is generally considered to be a transform fault that has accommodated a 105 km northwards displacement of the Arabian Plate. This interpretation is based on observation of offset markers, such as river terraces, gullies and archaeological features, giving horizontal slip rates of several mm per year over the last few million years. GPS data give similar rates of present-day movement of the Arabian Plate relative to the Africa Plate. It has also been proposed that the fault zone is a rift system that is an incipient oceanic spreading center, the northern extension of the Red Sea Rift.

In 1033, the rift valley was struck by a magnitude 7.3 earthquake, believed to have been produced along the DST fault system. It caused widespread destruction, a tsunami, and killed 70,000 people.

Seismic risk
The 1033 AD event was the last large earthquake on the Jordan Valley Fault. Given the estimated slip rate is 4.9 ± 0.2 mm per year, approximately 5 m of potential slip has been accumulated. An estimated 3.5–5 m of slip could be produced during a future earthquake along a 110 km × 20 km fault area. Such an event would suggest an earthquake of 7.4, posing a great seismic threat to the region.

In late 2020, researchers at Tel Aviv University said that an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 is expected to occur in the area, resulting in many fatalities. Researchers also stated that the frequency of large earthquakes in the region is significantly underestimated. Previous studies suggested a recurrence interval of 10,000 years for magnitude 7.5 earthquakes, but the researchers said the figure was 1,300 to 1,400 years. Yosef Shapira, the then State Comptroller of Israel, said that a major earthquake in Israel could kill up to 7,000 people if safety recommendations are not enforced. Reports of the years 2001, 2004 and 2011 found that the Israeli government did not fund any retrofitting works to old construction. Although the government said in 2008 that it would retrofit hospitals and schools, no major changes were made.

title: Jordan Rift Valley


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Transnationalism

Transnationalism is a research field and social phenomenon grown out of the heightened interconnectivity between people and the receding economic and social significance of boundaries among nation states.

Overview
The term "trans-national" was popularized in the early 20th century by writer Randolph Bourne to describe a new way of thinking about relationships between cultures. However, the term itself was coined by a colleague in college. Merriam-Webster Dictionary states 1921 was the year the term "transnational" was first used in print, which was after Bourne's death.

Transnationalism as an economic process involves the global reorganization of the production process, in which various stages of the production of any product can occur in various countries, typically with the aim of minimizing costs. Economic transnationalism, commonly known as globalization, was spurred in the latter half of the 20th century by the development of the internet and wireless communication, as well as the reduction in global transportation costs caused by containerization. Multinational corporations could be seen as a form of transnationalism, in that they seek to minimize costs, and hence maximize profits, by organizing their operations in the most efficient means possible irrespective of political boundaries.

Proponents of transnational capitalism seek to facilitate the flow of people, ideas, and goods among regions. They believe that it has increasing relevance with the rapid growth of capitalist globalization. They contend that it does not make sense to link specific nation-state boundaries with for instance migratory workforces, globalized corporations, global money flow, global information flow, and global scientific cooperation. However, critical theories of transnationalism have argued that transnational capitalism has occurred through the increasing monopolization and centralization of capital by leading dominant groups in the global economy and various power blocs. Scholars critical of global capitalism (and its global ecological and inequality crises) have argued instead for a transnationalism from below between workers and co-operatives as well as popular social and political movements.

Transnationalism as concept, theory and experience has nourished an important literature in social sciences. In practice transnationalism refers to increasing functional integration of processes that cross-borders or according to others trans bordered relations of individuals, groups, firms and to mobilizations beyond state boundaries. Individuals, groups, institutions and states interact with each other in a new global space where cultural and political characteristic of national societies are combined with emerging multilevel and multinational activities. Transnationalism is a part of the process of capitalist globalization. The concept of transnationalism refers to multiple links and interactions linking people and institutions across the borders of nation-states. Although much of the more recent literature has focused on popular protest as a form of transnational activism, some research has also drawn attention to clandestine and criminal networks, as well as foreign fighters, as examples of a wider form of transnationalism.

Some have argued that diasporas, such as the overseas Chinese, are a historical precursor to modern transnationalism. However, unlike some people with transnationalist lives, most diasporas have not been voluntary. The field of diaspora politics does consider modern diasporas as having the potential to be transnational political actors and be influenced by transnational political forces. While the term "transnationalism" emphasizes the ways in which nations are no longer able to contain or control the disputes and negotiations through which social groups annex a global dimension to their meaningful practices, the notion of diaspora brings to the fore the racial dynamics underlying the international division of labor and the economic turmoil of global capital. In an article published in 2006, Asale Angel-Ajani claimed that "there is the possibility within diaspora studies to move away from the politically sanitized discourse that surrounds transnational studies". Since African diaspora studies have focused on racial formation, racism, and white supremacy, diaspora theory has the potential to bring to transnationalism "a varied political, if not radical political, perspective to the study of transnational processes and—globalization".

Causes
Different approaches have attempted to explain transnationalism. Some argue that it is driven mainly by the development of technologies that have made transportation and communication more accessible and affordable, which thus dramatically change the relationship between people and places. It is now possible for immigrants to maintain closer and more frequent contact with their home societies than ever before.

However, the integration of international migrations to the demographic future of many developed countries is another important driver for transnationalism. Beyond simply filling a demand for low-wage workers, migration also fills the demographic gaps created by declining natural populations in most industrialized countries. Today, migration accounts for three fifths of population growth on western countries as a whole, a trend that shows no signs of slowing down.

Moreover, global political transformations and new international legal regimes have weakened the state as the only legitimate source of rights. Decolonization, the fall of communism, and the ascendance of human rights have forced states to take account of persons as persons, rather than as citizens. As a result, individuals have rights regardless of their citizenship status within a country.

Others, from a neo-Marxist approach, argue that transnational class relations have come about concomitantly with novel organizational and technological advancements and the spread of transnational chains of production and finance.

Immigrant transnational activities
When immigrants engage in transnational activities, they create "social fields" that link their original country with their new country or countries of residence. "We have defined transnationalism as the process by which immigrants build social fields that link together their country of origin and their country of settlement". These social fields are the product of a series of interconnected and overlapping economic, political, and socio-cultural activities:

Economic transnational activities
Economic transnational activities such as business investments in home countries and monetary remittances are both pervasive and well documented. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) estimates that in 2006 immigrants living in developed countries sent home the equivalent of $300 billion in remittances, an amount more than double the level of international aid. This intense influx of resources may mean that for some nations development prospects become inextricably linked—if not dependent upon—the economic activities of their respective diasporas.

Political transnational activities
Political transnational activities can range from retained membership in political parties in one's country of origin and voting in its elections to even running for political office. Less formal but still significant roles include the transfer or dissemination of political ideas and norms, such as publishing an op-ed in a home country newspaper, writing a blog, or lobbying a local elected official. There is also the more extreme example of individuals such as Jesus Galvis, a travel agent in New Jersey who in 1997 ran for a Senate seat in his native Colombia. He was elected and intended to hold office simultaneously in Bogota and Hackensack, New Jersey where he served as a city councilor.

Political economy
The rise of global capitalism has occurred through a novel and increasingly functional integration of capitalist chains of production and finance across borders which is tied to the formation of a transnational capitalist class. This approach has led to a broader study of corporate networks, the global working class and the transnationalization of state apparatuses and elites.

Psychology
Transnational psychology developed in response to the new psychological contexts created by escalating globalization, global power dynamics, increasing migration, an ever more interconnected world, and other phenomena that transcend nation-state boundaries. It is a branch of psychology that applies postcolonial, postmodern context-sensitive cultural psychology, and transnational feminist lenses to the field of psychology to study, understand, and address the impact of colonization, imperialism, and globalization, and to counter the Western bias in the field of psychology. Transnational psychologists partner with members of local communities to examine the unique psychological characteristics of groups without regard to nation-state boundaries.

Socio-cultural transnational activities
Transnationalism is an analytic lens used to understand immigrant and minority populations as a meeting of multiple simultaneous histories. Socio-cultural transnational activities cover a wide array of social and cultural transactions through which ideas and meanings are exchanged. Recent research has established the concept and importance of social remittances which provide a distinct form of social capital between migrants living abroad and those who remain at home. These transfers of socio-cultural meanings and practices occur either during the increased number of visits that immigrants take back to their home countries or visits made by non-migrants to friends and families living in the receiving countries or through the dramatically increased forms of correspondence such as emails, online chat sessions, telephone calls, CDs/ VDOs, and traditional letters.

In the late 1980s, ethnic studies scholars would largely move towards models of diaspora to understand immigrant communities in relation to area studies, although lone patterns of international flow would become accompanied by the multiple flows of transnationalism. However, to say that immigrants build social fields that link those abroad with those back home is not to say that their lives are not firmly rooted in a particular place and time. Indeed, they are as much residents of their new community as anyone else.

Transnationalism is criticized for being too far removed from ethnic studies' efforts to empower solidarity in minority communities. Asian American Studies provides a counterargument in that its inception was based in comparative analysis of the racial discrimination against Asian Americans and Vietnamese during the Vietnam War. A collection of scholarly articles, edited by Terese Guinsatao Monberg and Morris Young, seeks to understand how transnationalism reveals ways Asian/Americans "negotiate, resist, and work against emerging, shifting, and often intensified 'highly asymmetrical relations of power.'" Furthermore, inter-movement spillover plays an important role in transnational climate change politics. Based on these findings, one can conclude that when movements come together in the form of actors and social change tactics, movements become stronger and more prominent. This is the purpose and overall effect of inter-movement spillover.

Migration
Transnationalism has significant implications for the way we conceptualize immigration. Traditionally, immigration has been seen as an autonomous process, driven by conditions such as poverty and overpopulation in the country of origin and unrelated to conditions (such as foreign policy and economic needs) in the receiving country. Even though overpopulation, economic stagnation, and poverty all continue to create pressures for migration, they alone are not enough to produce large international migration flows. There are many countries, for example, which lack significant emigration history despite longstanding poverty. Also, most international immigration flows from the global South to the global North are not made up by the poorest of the poor, but, generally by professionals. In addition, there are countries with high levels of job creation that continue to witness emigration on a large scale.

The reasons and promoters for migration are not only embodied within the country of origin. Instead, they are rooted within the broader geopolitical and global dynamics. Significant evidence of geographic migration patterns suggests that receiving countries become home to immigrants from the receiving country's zone of influence. Then, immigration is but a fundamental component of the process of capitalist expansion, market penetration, and globalization. There are systematic and structural relations between globalization and immigration.

The emergence of a global economy has contributed both to the creation of potential emigrants abroad and to the formation of economic, cultural, and ideological links between industrialized and developing countries that later serve as bridges for the international migration. For example, the same set of circumstances and processes that have promoted the location of factories and offices abroad have also contributed to the creation of large supply of low-wage jobs for which immigrant workers constitute a desirable labor supply. Moreover, the decline of manufacturing jobs and the growth of the service sector, key drivers of the globalization of production, have transformed western economies’ occupational and income structure.

Unlike the manufacturing sector, which traditionally supplied middle-income jobs and competitive benefits, the majority of service jobs are either extremely well-paid or extremely poorly paid, with relatively few jobs in the middle-income range. Many of the jobs lack key benefits such as health insurance. Sales representatives, restaurant wait staff, administrative assistants, and custodial workers are among the growth occupations.

Finally, the fact that the major growth sectors rather than declining sectors are generating the most low-wage jobs shows that the supply of such jobs will continue to increase for the predictable future. The entry of migrant workers will similarly continue to meet the demand. In turn, this inflow provides the raw material out of which transnational communities emerge.

List of transnational organizations
Transnational organizations include:
 * Médecins Sans Frontières
 * National Alliance of Latin American and Caribbean Communities
 * Roman Catholic Church
 * No Border network

title: Transnationalism


text:
Category talk:Organic reactions

I am confused here, why a organic reactions category when we have a extensive organic reaction category? rikXL 22:19, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * There is the beginnings of a discussion on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Chemistry. ~K 02:54, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

reorganizing the categories
Hi all, I am not happy about the recent initiative to reorganize the cats in organic reactions with subcats but I will respect it. It is getting worse though with the additional subcats condensation reaction and free radical reaction bringing the total amount of subcats to 7. I have been advocating the Jerry March top 5 reaction types addition, elimination, substitution, redox and rearrangements but I fear we will end up with each of the organic reactions in its own dedicated category. Any thoughts? V8rik 22:10, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Category creep is a very real problem in Wikipedia. However, sub-categorization of 'Organic reactions' will happen eventually, because the category was getting just too large.
 * Way back when I was in grad school, I organized my papers according to the March chapters as you have suggested. I think it's a good idea, but it does have problems.  Heterocycle syntheses and complex multi-step'ers are difficult to categorize.  Here's my take on what we need:
 * 1-5) The Jerry March chapters as stated above.
 * 6) 'Heterocycle forming reactions' (because there are so many, and can easily be subcategorized.)
 * 7) 'Free radical reactions' (because they don't really fit into the March categories.)
 * 8) 'Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions' (because they're so important to organic synthesis.)
 * Remember, it's perfectly fine for a reaction to have more than one category. I think if we can get three of us to agree then we should implement the changes. ~K 01:01, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Good points. Some of the categories will be organized by general kind of reaction, some by mechanism (free radical), and some by synthetic utility (carbon-carbon bond forming). If it's all right with you, I'm going to get my Carey and have at it. —Keenan Pepper 04:16, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The eight you suggest sound practicable to me. Good idea. Walkerma 05:10, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * O.K. I'll get started on it. ~K 16:08, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oops. 'Free radical reactions' are technically a subset of 'Addition reactions'.  My bad.  I've moved the category to a subcategory of 'Addition reactions'.  I've striked it from my list above. Sorry about the confusion. ~K 16:38, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Not all free radical reactions are addition reactions. There's free-radical bromination (a substitution reaction), free-radical polymerization, and others I'm sure. Let's not mix up mechanism with result. —Keenan Pepper 06:10, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks everybody for your reactions. I am happy to see that there is agreement on 7 main subcats tops. A reaction can be included in more than one category but please go easy with adding many subsubcats and subsubsubcats. V8rik 23:13, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

More, multiple categorization
Sorry to dredge this up, but it seems to me that although the "March-style" sub-categorization of Organic Reactions is tidy, it's not particularly useful. As I understand it, categories are used to browse subjects and to find information that is hard to search for. I don't think the current categories work well because I don't see that the broad reaction type is something that people would want to browse. Personally I would go to the back of March and look at the classification of reaction by compound synthesized. I think a category for instance of "Amine-formation reactions" that covers all mechanisms would provide for a useful browsing experience.

To be the most useful, I would have each reaction in ~three sub-categories of "Organic Reactions":
 * One for the reactant type (e.g. "Reactions of halides")
 * One for the mechanism (e.g. "Nucleophilic substitution reactions")
 * One for the product (e.g. "Amine-formation reactions")

This would mean a lot of categories, but it would also make it very easy to find the reaction you're interested in. There's an impressive number of organic reactions described here, and it's a pity that right now it's hard to use this information. I also think that if accessability became easier it might have a knock-on effect of encouraging more people to contribute.

TheBendster 09:12, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It seems this is an unstoppable process. I will only emphesize here that organic reactions can have multiple categories V8rik 16:54, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes. As far as I'm concerned, the more subcats to "Chemical Reactions" there are, and the more of them that each reaction is meaningfully in, the better (to a point, obviously). However, I also agree with your comment in the above discussion that sub-subcats are a bad idea. TheBendster 06:56, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Organic reactions


text:
Poka-yoke

Poka-yoke (ポカヨケ) is a Japanese term that means "mistake-proofing" or "error prevention". It is also sometimes referred to as a forcing function or a behavior-shaping constraint.

A poka-yoke is any mechanism in a process that helps an equipment operator avoid (yokeru) mistakes (poka) and defects by preventing, correcting, or drawing attention to human errors as they occur. The concept was formalized, and the term adopted, by Shigeo Shingo as part of the Toyota Production System.

Etymology
Poka-yoke was originally baka-yoke, but as this means "fool-proofing" (or "idiot-proofing") the name was changed to the milder poka-yoke. Poka-yoke is derived from poka o yokeru (ポカを避ける), a term in shogi that means avoiding an unthinkably bad move.

Usage and examples
More broadly, the term can refer to any behavior-shaping constraint designed into a process to prevent incorrect operation by the user.

A simple poka-yoke example is demonstrated when a driver of the car equipped with a manual gearbox must press on the clutch pedal (a process step, therefore a poka-yoke) prior to starting an automobile. The interlock serves to prevent unintended movement of the car. Another example of poka-yoke would be the car equipped with an automatic transmission, which has a switch that requires the car to be in "Park" or "Neutral" before the car can be started (some automatic transmissions require the brake pedal to be depressed as well). These serve as behavior-shaping constraints as the action of "car in Park (or Neutral)" or "foot depressing the clutch/brake pedal" must be performed before the car is allowed to start. The requirement of a depressed brake pedal to shift most of the cars with an automatic transmission from "Park" to any other gear is yet another example of a poka-yoke application. Over time, the driver's behavior is conformed with the requirements by repetition and habit.

When automobiles first started shipping with on-board GPS systems, it was not uncommon to use a forcing function which prevented the user from interacting with the GPS (such as entering in a destination) while the car was in motion. This ensures that the driver's attention is not distracted by the GPS. However, many drivers found this feature irksome, and the forcing function has largely been abandoned. This reinforces the idea that forcing functions are not always the best approach to shaping behavior.

The microwave oven provides another example of a forcing function. In all modern microwave ovens, it is impossible to start the microwave while the door is still open. Likewise, the microwave will shut off automatically if the door is opened by the user. By forcing the user to close the microwave door while it is in use, it becomes impossible for the user to err by leaving the door open. Forcing functions are very effective in safety critical situations such as this, but can cause confusion in more complex systems that do not inform the user of the error that has been made.

These forcing functions are being used in the service industry as well. Call centers concerned with credit card fraud and friendly fraud are using agent-assisted automation to prevent the agent from seeing or hearing the credit card information so that it cannot be stolen. The customer punches the information into their phone keypad, the tones are masked to the agent and are not visible in the customer relationship management software.

History
The term poka-yoke was applied by Shigeo Shingo in the 1960s to industrial processes designed to prevent human errors. Shingo redesigned a process in which factory workers, while assembling a small switch, would often forget to insert the required spring under one of the switch buttons. In the redesigned process, the worker would perform the task in two steps, first preparing the two required springs and placing them in a placeholder, then inserting the springs from the placeholder into the switch. When a spring remained in the placeholder, the workers knew that they had forgotten to insert it and could correct the mistake effortlessly.

Shingo distinguished between the concepts of inevitable human mistakes and defects in the production. Defects occur when the mistakes are allowed to reach the customer. The aim of poka-yoke is to design the process so that mistakes can be detected and corrected immediately, eliminating defects at the source.

Implementation in manufacturing
Poka-yoke can be implemented at any step of a manufacturing process where something can go wrong or an error can be made. For example, a fixture that holds pieces for processing might be modified to only allow pieces to be held in the correct orientation, or a digital counter might track the number of spot welds on each piece to ensure that the worker executes the correct number of welds.

Shingo recognized three types of poka-yoke for detecting and preventing errors in a mass production system:

 * 1) The contact method identifies product defects by testing the product's shape, size, color, or other physical attributes.
 * 2) The fixed-value (or constant number) method alerts the operator if a certain number of movements are not made.
 * 3) The motion-step (or sequence) method determines whether the prescribed steps of the process have been followed.

Either the operator is alerted when a mistake is about to be made, or the poka-yoke device actually prevents the mistake from being made. In Shingo's lexicon, the former implementation would be called a warning poka-yoke, while the latter would be referred to as a control poka-yoke.

Shingo argued that errors are inevitable in any manufacturing process, but that if appropriate poka-yokes are implemented, then mistakes can be caught quickly and prevented from resulting in defects. By eliminating defects at the source, the cost of mistakes within a company is reduced.

Benefits of poka-yoke implementation
A typical feature of poka-yoke solutions is that they don't let an error in a process happen. Other advantages include:
 * Less time spent on training workers;
 * Elimination of many operations related to quality control;
 * Unburdening of operators from repetitive operations;
 * Promotion of the work improvement-oriented approach and actions;
 * A reduced number of rejects;
 * Immediate action when a problem occurs;
 * 100% built-in quality control;
 * Preventing bad products from reaching customers;
 * Detecting mistakes as they occur;
 * Eliminating defects before they occur.

title: Poka-yoke


text:
Veterans for America

Veterans for America is "an advocacy and humanitarian organization that works with its affiliate group, the Justice Project to engage the American public in support of policies addressing the needs of veterans, those currently in the armed services, and victims of war overseas, and to develop initiatives to make the world more secure."

Background
According to the Foundation Center's Philanthropy News Digest, Veterans for America is an outgrowth of the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, founded in 1980 by veterans Bobby Muller and John Terzano. The group merged with Veterans for Common Sense for a time in 2006, and the combined group was renamed Veterans for America in 2006.

The veterans' advocate Steve Robinson, a twenty-year Army Veteran and former Army Ranger, was the director of Veterans for America for a period. Robinson advocated on behalf of soldiers with post-traumatic stress disorder at Fort Carson in Colorado who had been pushed out of the U.S. military via administrative discharges for "personality disorders" (which, unlike medical retirements for PTSD, disqualifies them from receiving health benefits). As Veterans for America director, Robinson gave testified at congressional hearings and pressured the Government Accountability Office to investigate. Robinson also testified before Congress several times following the Walter Reed Army Medical Center neglect scandal in 2007; Robinson pushed to reduce long "the long wait times and bureaucratic tangles servicemembers faced as they waited for medical retirement after being injured in Iraq or Afghanistan." Robinson died in 2014.

title: Veterans for America


text:
Curt Siodmak

Curt Siodmak (August 10, 1902 – September 2, 2000) was a German-American novelist, screenwriter and director. He is known for his work in the horror and science fiction film genres, with such films as The Wolf Man and Donovan's Brain (the latter adapted from his novel of the same name). He was the younger brother of noir director Robert Siodmak.

Life and career
Siodmak was born Kurt Siodmak in Dresden, Germany, the son of Rosa Philippine (née Blum) and Ignatz Siodmak. His parents were both from Jewish families in Leipzig. Siodmak acquired a degree in mathematics before beginning to write novels. He invested early royalties earned by his first books in the 1929 movie Menschen am Sonntag, a documentary-style chronicle of the lives of four Berliners on one Sunday, based on their own lives. The movie was co-directed by Curt Siodmak's brother Robert and Edgar G. Ulmer, with a script by Billy Wilder in collaboration with Fred Zinnemann and cameraman Eugen Schüfftan. Siodmak was the nephew of film producer Seymour Nebenzal, who funded Menschen am Sonntag with funds borrowed from his father, Heinrich Nebenzahl.

In the following years Siodmak wrote many novels, screenplays, and short stories, including the novel F.P.1 antwortet nicht (F.P.1 Doesn't Answer) (1932) which was adapted into a film featuring Hans Albers and Peter Lorre.

Siodmak decided to emigrate after hearing an anti-Semitic tirade by the Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, and departed for England where he made a living as a screenwriter before moving to the United States in 1937. His big break in Hollywood came with the screenplay for The Wolf Man (1941), starring Lon Chaney Jr., which established the titular fictional creature as the most popular movie monster after Dracula and Frankenstein's monster. In the film, Siodmak created several werewolf "legends" — being marked by a pentagram; being practically immortal apart from being struck/shot by silver implements/bullets; and the famous verse:
 * Even a man who is pure of heart,
 * And says his prayers by night
 * May become a wolf when the wolfsbane blooms
 * And the autumn moon is bright

(The last line was changed in the sequels to "And the moon is full and bright".)

Siodmak's science-fiction novel Donovan's Brain (1942) was a bestseller that was translated into many languages and was adapted for the cinema several times, beginning in 1943 with The Lady and the Monster, then 1953's Donovan's Brain and 1962's The Brain. Other films he wrote the screenplays for include Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, I Walked with a Zombie and The Beast with Five Fingers. An extensive interview with Siodmak about his career in both Germany and Hollywood is found in Eric Leif Davin's Pioneers of Wonder. In the plots of his work, Siodmak utilised the latest scientific findings, combining those with pseudo-scientific motifs like the Jekyll and Hyde complex, the Nazi trauma and the East–West dichotomy.

In 1998, he won the Berlinale Camera at the 48th Berlin International Film Festival.

Siodmak died in his sleep on September 2, 2000, at his home in Three Rivers, California.

Novels

 * F.P.1 Doesn't Answer (1933)
 * Black Friday (1939)
 * Donovan's Brain (1942)
 * The Beast with Five Fingers (1945)
 * Whomsoever I Shall Kiss (1952)
 * Riders to the Stars (1954) (novelisation of the film Riders to the Stars)
 * Skyport (1959)
 * For Kings Only (1964)
 * Hauser's Memory (1968)
 * The Third Ear (1971)
 * City in the Sky (1974)
 * Frankenstein Meets Wolfman (1981)(novelisation of the film Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man)
 * Gabriel's Body (1991)

Short stories

 * The Eggs from Lake Tanganyika (1926)
 * Variation of a Theme (1972)
 * The P Factor (1976)
 * Experiment with Evil (1985)

Non-fiction

 * Even a Man Who Is Pure in Heart: The Life of a Writer, Not Always to His Liking (1997)
 * Wolf Man's Maker (2001) (Posthumous autobiography)

Film adaptations

 * The Shot in the Talker Studio, directed by Alfred Zeisler (1930, based on the novel Schuß im Tonfilmatelier)
 * F.P.1 antwortet nicht, directed by Karl Hartl (1932, based on the novel F.P.1 antwortet nicht)
 * I.F.1 ne répond plus, directed by Karl Hartl (1933, based on the novel F.P.1 antwortet nicht)
 * F.P.1, directed by Karl Hartl (1933, based on the novel F.P.1 antwortet nicht)
 * Girls Will Be Boys, directed by Marcel Varnel (1934, based on the play The Last Lord)
 * The Lady and the Monster, directed by George Sherman (1944, based on the novel Donovan's Brain)
 * Donovan's Brain, directed by Felix E. Feist (1953, based on the novel Donovan's Brain)
 * Studio One: Donovan's Brain (1955, TV series episode, based on the novel Donovan's Brain)
 * The Brain, directed by Freddie Francis (1962, based on the novel Donovan's Brain)
 * Hauser's Memory, directed by Boris Sagal (1970, TV film, based on the novel Hauser's Memory)
 * Der Heiligenschein, directed by Heinz Schirk (1977, TV film, based on the story Variation of a Theme)

title: Curt Siodmak


text:
User talk:334a

Name meaning
What does your user name mean?? Georgia guy 22:21, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

absolutely nothing. when i set up my account i didnt care what my name was. --3345345335534

"Abjad" alphabets
In the articles for the Semitic letters aleph etc., you have characterized them as "abjad" alphabets. But abjad is a typological classification, not a genetic one, even though "All known abjads belong to the Semitic family of scripts". So I think it would be better to characterize the alphabets as "Semitic". --Macrakis 30 June 2005 14:11 (UTC)

Pshena
shlamelokh..ana shemmi youhanna warda o ati? dakhit nasha? :)Sargon 17:14, 2 September 2005 (UTC)Assyria 90

nasha tell me where i have ever hurted my people..im doing us stronger if you dont realise that..Sargon 18:55, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

eee what ever you say khon..but syriac is the language of our church and not the language we speak (sureth)..sureth is a dialect of aramaic which can be called assyrian..and yes we are the ancient assyrians and if your assyrian and dont belive it then i guess your not assyrian..and about the kurdish numbers ive changed..the kurds are estimated to 20-40 million and i wrote that they were comprimising more than 20 million they are the world ........Get it khon?

CIS: Assyrians
There is a significant population of Assyrians in Georgia, Armenia and Azerbajan. http://www.unpo.org/member.php?arg=08 < read the link

History of Armenia

Demographics of Armenia

ܓܒܪܐ ܐܠܗܐ

Making things Clear/Sipia
I am not stating they are native to the CIS per se just to the region. The Assyrian Empire encompassed a very large geographical area from Sumer to Anatolia. All of Lake Van and Lake Urmia as well as Ararat. Not to brag but I did most of the work on Chaldeans, Assyrian cuisine, and added tons to the Assyrian Category. I know where my name is in the bible too. hehe

Isaiah 20:1

Write in Assyrian
Here is a link that will tell you step by step on how to set your computer up to write in Assyrian... To download the fonts go to http://www.bethmardutho.org/meltho/

to set up your computer go to http://www.bethmardutho.org/support/meltho/docs/windowsxp/

Shlama
Shlama, I am very impressed that you know arabic. I was wondering if you would be interested in translating some arabic articles about Assyrian Villages into english? From this website [] I have written on many different villages, you can look at the list here: [] I wrote all the ones the villages of Dohuk and Nineveh. So do you think you can translate some of them? I have already asked the webmaster of the site, and he has given me the ok. Chaldean 21:31, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh ok, but if you know anybody that is willing to translate them, please get them to translate them! Chaldean 04:34, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

To my Assyrian brothers and sisters
===>A small gift that may interest you It's a userbox and regional category. Please feel free to change the wording to include Chaldeans, Syriacs, etc. You may want to add yourself. And before you ask, no, I am not ethnically Assyrian, and I use "brothers and sisters" in a more spiritual sense. If you are wondering why I do not have the Independent Assyrian template on my user page, it is simply because an Assyrian homeland isn't a viable option, and I don't want more of you killed in Iraq, frankly. Plus, if Kurdistan is ever established, an independent Assyrian is essentially impossible. God bless Assyria. -Justin (koavf), talk 03:17, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Yo!
Thanks for helping fix up the Assyrian page. The Flag isn't working though.

Paris Coordinates
Hello,

Can you tell me about your placing the city coordinates to the top right of the article - is there some sort of city-article usage general or practice that I've missed? I haven't been able to find any other articles that do the same. The coordinates where they are are not that easy to spot where they are and have no place in context for the rest of the article. Just wondering - thanks. T HE P ROMENADER 07:52, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your message. I do very much like the idea as it is a 'touch more' than something just informative numbers... but could it be placed in a better spot perhaps? I don't see why it can't be integrated into the infobox... but I guess that will have to wait until there's a spot for it there. Thanks for the heads-up.

 * PS: You didn't like my putting the TOC to the right in the same article? I find that gap between it and the infobox quite ugly - I wish there was a better solution though. Cheers.  T HE P ROMENADER  16:12, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Quotation marks
I've reverted this edit of yours on Axis of Evil. Your edit summary is correct as to what is standard usage in American English. Wikipedia, however, doesn't follow that particular convention. We use "logical" quotation mark style (quotation marks go inside the period if the period isn't part of what's being quoted). See Manual of Style. JamesMLane t c 13:31, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * You wrote, "Ah, thank you James. However, this leaves me slightly confused as this is news to me. I was under the impression American English was used for American-related topics and British for British. Does that only apply for spelling or is this a new rule?" I think the generalization you suggest is correct: Punctuation follows a universal rule, but spelling is American or British depending on the article.  I haven't thought of it in those terms before, which is why I'm not completely sure, but it seems right.  The MoS passage that I cited has been reworded along the way, but the substance of the guideline -- to follow American style by using double quotation marks, but to follow British style by placing them within the period or comma if logic dictates -- has been in the MoS for at least a couple of years.  (This version was in effect when I arrived in January 2004.) JamesMLane t c 18:54, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Username :-)
Hi 3345345335534! I noticed your good work on some disambiguation pages I was watching and was curious about your user name. I was thinking you might like to change your username to something easier to remember, that way everyone will have a better chance of interacting with you. Perhaps 334? or something completely different? Changing username is the page to request a name change. Give me a shout if you need anything --Commander Keane 05:00, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Arbil
I give up. Do what you think is right. Chaldean 02:08, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Gratitude

 * Thankyou so much for your excellent quality translation on this article!
 * I am very grateful.
 * May God bless you!
 * --Jose77 21:43, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Languages
Hi There! Can you translate my name in what language you know please, and then post it Here. I would be very grateful if you do (if you know another language apart from English and the ones on my userpage please feel free to post it on) P.S. all th translations are in alpahbetical order so when you add one please put it in alpahbetical order according to the language. Thanks!!! Abdullah Geelah 19:23, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you write my name in other variants of syriac/aramaic. Abdullah Geelah 14:45, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

47 in Aramaic
Hi, I am collecting translations for the number 47 (forty-seven). So far I have 509 translations, which you can see here. Can you help and tell me how to say and write 47 in Aramaic? And also, which "version" of Aramaic is the one you speak? I'd be most thankful; please reply on my talk page. Thank you! — N-true 14:18, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks very much for your kind help. Strange thing is, I already got a transcription in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, but it goes ܐܲܪܒܥܝܼܢ ܘܫܲܒܼܥܵܐ (ârib'în w-šâw'a). I'm guessing, my old version is wrong then. Or might it be Old Aramaic? I also have a version in an apparently extinct Assyrian and it reads ܐܪܦܝ ܫܘܐ (arpī šāwā)... all these different kinds of Aramaic and all the various names for it are making me confused. :S — N-true 15:06, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Assyrian language
Shlama, yes, the reason I wrote Assyrian is because I didn't wanted to have two different ones for new Assyrian and new Chaldean, so that is why I just directed to the disma page. Don't you think thats right? Chaldean 15:21, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * And also, Nohadra is not Syriac, so how come did you rv it? The word is older then the syriac language. Chaldean 15:22, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Khon lekethen katwin sureth, bas Arrapha ella Arrap-Ha. Chaldean 02:46, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Khon keep up the good work! I am seeing all the Aramaic pages your doing. Very proud of you. By the way, why haven't they changed the logo yet? Chaldean 02:43, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * By the way, I started this page; List of traditional Assyrian place names] - just like how they have List of traditional Greek place names. See if you can contribute anyway. Chaldean 03:08, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Khon, Tehran and Baghdad are not originally Assyrian. Do you get what I mean? The list is a collection of Assyrian/Aramaic origin names. Like Constantinople is Greek origin. Chaldean 17:50, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * You know I think we should change it. The reason I started that page was meant to collect all places names that have Assyrian/Aramaic origin, all in one place. Chaldean 18:13, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Shlama Khon, I created the [Syriac version] of this [], so that we can start adding syriac names to pages. Whenever you get a chance, please try to get some of them done. Thanks.Chaldean 23:01, 25 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi!
Did you make Jimbo Wales name in Aramaic? If you did, do you mind if you can do it on my page, User:Leor Natanov/In many languages, please??? Thanks a bunch!!! Leor Natanov 01:35, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Simele Massacre
Khon, can you write Premta De Simele in Sureth? Alaha minoukh. Chaldean 03:43, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Munir Bashir in Sureth if you can please :) Chaldean 05:53, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * No problem Khon, whatever you think is right. Chaldean 05:20, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * By the way, would you care to join? Chaldean 05:22, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Aramaic Wiktionary
I figure I'd leave you a message here rather than on your Aramaic Wikipedia userpage. You may be interested in something that I've recently proposed on Meta. :-) אמר Steve Caruso ( desk / AMA ) •  Give Back Our Membership!  05:51, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Yunan
I have reredirected that redirect to point to Yunnan, China which is the principal English language usage of the name. I have added a note about Yunan possibly meaning Ionia at the top of that page. I also took the time to update Younan to point to Ionia as well. Caerwine Caer’s whines 00:11, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

ي
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on ي, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because ي fits the criteria for speedy deletion for the following reason: unused redirect page To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting ي, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot, bearing in mind that this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion; it does not perform any nominations or deletions itself. --Android Mouse Bot 2 11:54, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Końskowola - Poland
Could you please write a stub http://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%84skowola - just a few sentences based on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%84skowola ? Only 3-5 sentences enough. Please.

P.S. If You do that, please put interwiki link into english version. 123owca321 14:57, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Aramaic wikipedia
Hi there akhun. I've seen the Aramaic wikipedia and it seems to need some help in it. I was wondering if you were only writing in classical Syriac or even modern Syriac? And I have seen some word faults in the articles where you use "Gou" for "in", while it should only be placed a "b" in the beginning of the word as, "b'beyta" and not "gou beyta". Tawdi sagi / Basima raba

Yohanun —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.216.185.79 (talk) 07:17, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

I have a cousin of mine who have studied the classical Syriac language for more then 8 years and I will contact him to see if he can help with the articles, words and grammar in the Aramaic wikipedia. Push b'shlomo--81.216.185.79 14:35, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Paulos Faraj Rahho
Shlama. Could you please write his name in Aramaic. Pshena. Chaldean (talk) 02:01, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Persian Mesopotamia
I was wondering if you could give your independent opinion here, after reading the article and the case. Thanks for your time. Chaldean (talk) 21:42, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

question
Hi...So is the Aramaic Wikipedia in Syriac? I'm curious because I might join in, once upon a day. --VKokielov (talk) 03:57, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Aha...but surely we can't expect the Aramaic-speaking readers of today to know Jewish Aramaic? I meant to ask about the language, not the script.  --VKokielov (talk) 19:39, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Never mind -- I never pay attention anymore, and have to make corrections left and right. Well -- it would be better were there Wikipedias for the vernaculars (though I wouldn't be able to write in any of them :) ), but I guess that it isn't possible yet.  --VKokielov (talk) 19:43, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * If I can reacquire Hebrew. which I lost after we left Israel, I will invest myself into making the Aramaic status quo known to the Jews there. First, because it's pedagogically sound to study a language not only akin to your own but which also gave you the alphabet of yours and ten centuries of religious wisdom; second, because it seems to me the Jews and the Assyrian Christians should understand each other -- their situations were very similar.  --VKokielov (talk) 22:57, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Translation
Shlama Khoni. I have a Swedish user who is working closely with the Swedish Wikipedia and is tryin to promote Wikipedia in the Assyrian community in Sweden. So he is trying to create these flyers and wants the following translated into Aramaic. [] When you get a chance, it would greatly be appreciated. BTW, if you happen not know a word, ask me - I'm very informative with Aramaic words and speaking, but I'm just not able to read and write it currently. Chaldean (talk) 03:59, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That Swedish user would be me. If you have any other text that I could give to Assyrians in Sweden, to promote Wikipedia, your ideas are most welcome. This PDF is the brochure we use in English and also in Swedish. --LA2 (talk) 22:39, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

CHU
See Changing_username/SUL — Rlevse  •  Talk  • 02:17, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Re Carthage
Hello. In the etymology of Carthage: קרת חדשת is not Phoenician. Or is it? ktr (talk) 06:47, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Not really sure. Carthaginian (Punic language) most likely. Old Phoenician used a different (more primitive) abjad than subsequent languages deriving from it. Anyhow let's leave it as it is for the time being until we get more concrete info on it. ktr (talk) 16:35, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Shlama Akhon

 * Below this I have left an identical message to Assyria 90.

I have just created a new article entitled Assyrian Pentecostal Church. I am trying to expand the history section of the article and I could use your assistance. I have come across three pages in Assyrian and I want to ask you if you can take the time to translate them into English for me so I can incorporate them into my article. I can see you are very talented in translating articles from Assyrian Aramaic to English so I came to you for some help. I would greatly appreciate it if you can translate these all into proper English. I am having some trouble finding the words in English to describe the words used in this document. If you have any time

I have taken the time to scan and upload these images to this website for easy access. Click on the images to get a zoomed in version for a better look, the font gets bigger and easier to read. The first file is the cover page of the book. The second and third images talk about the church’s history from its inception to present day. I dont need a translation of the first page because I already know it but I do need the rest. I am looking for other users who can contribute to the translation as well, so if you're not able to, it's ok. Again Thank you in advance.

 * APC 1 http://item.slide.com/r/1/112/i/f7Qa4Gm_5D8zh6Ty1TAbQZAUbTLofgrx/

 * APC 2 http://item.slide.com/r/1/16/i/7qu_CTS11z-_CWVbmFvEMsymMVlyAf8w/

 * APC 3 http://item.slide.com/r/1/31/i/ZJp1Gdh73T8yTkVo7ThKZua-6QLTVa3h/

Ninevite (talk) 20:24, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Thank you so much brother, I appreciate you taking the time to translate this for me, I am very grateful for it. I will see if I can translate the remainder from Assyria 90 Allaha Barelookh. Ninevite (talk) 03:46, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Shlama
Can you please put the assyrian translation of the name of the church in the Assyrian Pentecostal Church Article like the first sentence of this article where it says the name of the church in assyrian and transliterates it in english (The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East[1] (Syriac: ܥܕܬܐ ܩܕܝܫܬܐ ܘܫܠܝܚܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ̈ܝܐ, ‘Ittā Qaddishtā wa-Shlikhāitā Qattoliqi d-Madnĕkhā d-Ātārāyē). The full name of the church is here  under the picture of the cross and under the title of book of holy songs. There it states the full name of the church. I would apprecciate it if you can write the it in assyrian and transliterate it in english and put it in the first sentece of the Assyrian Pentecostal Church as done with the first sentence of the Assyrian Church of the East. baseema raba Ninevite (talk) 03:05, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for the translation, Do you mind adding Aturaye since the picture mentions it as Ittā d-Akhonāwāthā Pēnṭēqosṭāyē Aturaye de Iran without adding iran since it has branches throughout the world. BaseemaNinevite (talk) 02:51, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Shlama
I have a question for you, I am experiencing a problem in viewing words in Assyrian. Before I was able to to see the actual letters in our langauge but now all I see is boxes instead of the alphabetical letters such as Assyrian Church of the East. All over wikipedia and aramaic wikipedia I now see just boxes instead of the actual assyrian letters. I am not sure why this is happening. What can I do to fix this so I am able to see the words in assyrian as I used to. thanks Ninevite (talk) 02:10, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

ilpet medem d-lisana suraya :)
since we last talked.

Now I'm even trying my hand at Arabic (ah! gasp!), and...it's beginning to seem to me that anyone who knows Syriac together with Arabic should read Hebrew ab initio. Is that right, or do you need a dictionary? :) --VKokielov (talk) 22:59, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Shlama
Hello friend, I have Wiki user who has some questions on adding Syriac Text and hyperlinks to his new article at Dioceses. He has asked me a question here towards the bottom of the paragraph regarding this. Your help will be greatly appreciated. Best Regards. Ninevite (talk) 17:26, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Typing Syriac on Wikipedia
Hi there! Thanks for the advice on inputting Syriac in Wikipedia articles. I've tried it out and it seems to work: thus, Beth Garmaï (Syriac: ܒܝܬܓܪܡܝ). As you say, it takes a bit of time to do it letter by letter, but that won't matter for an article like Dioceses of the Church of the East, where I'm only adding Syriac glosses after place names. I can do it slowly over a number of weeks. Djwilms (talk) 01:31, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

ܫܠܵܐܡܵܐ
ܠܸܢ ܦܲܪܡܘܼܝܹܐ ܡܘܼܕܝ݂ܬ ܡܵܥܪܵܐ ܠܕܘܼܟܬܝ݂, ܡܵܣܸܬ ܛܲܡܪܸܬܠܝ݂? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Assyrio (talk • contribs) 02:58, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

ܕܵܚܝ݂ ܐܵܬܝ݂ܬ ܡܵܪܵܐ ܒܵܣܸܬ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܘ ܩܸܢ ܫܲܚܠܸܦܸܬܠܹܐ

ܐܵܬܝ݂ ܡܵܪܸܬ ܠܲܡܣܸܢ ܕܲܩܪܸܢ ܟܬܘܿܬܵܐ ܒܵܣܸܬ ܩܵܠܵܐ?

ܘ ܕܵܚܝ݂ܠܹܐ ܣܘܼܪܸܬ ܕܝ݂ܝܝ݂؟ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Assyrio (talk • contribs) 05:52, 1 March 2010 (UTC)
 * ܒܵܣܸܬ means about, and ܩܸܢ means about what you did, I can speak good English, but I like to talk/write in Syriac, maybe I misspelled the words in Syriac. If so, my oops.

angel
hi what is the right IPA pronunciation for the neo-aramaic version of english "angel"? is it "malak", "malax" or any other pronunciation? thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.238.239.191 (talk) 15:19, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

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Assyrian language
Hiya, I see you've converted Assyrian language into a disambig. Per WP:FIXDABLINKS, could you help fix the links that now point to the disambig? (Especially since this is a tricky one that could use expert help.) Thanks, -- Ja Ga  talk 11:33, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Barnstar!
Shlama lokh 334, You just got a barnstar! I really admire your work and impartiality, wish all Assyrians were a bit like you :/. You're doing an amazing work at arcwiki and wiktionary. Khayyet.--  R a f y  talk 20:43, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

Names in wikipedia
Hi there, I'm looking for certain names in Wikipedia, because there are lots of people already in the encyclopedia whose names were originally written in aramaic. I think it depicts history in a wrong way as long as we have only the "western transcription" of the names of famous people. As I'm not fit to transkribe from the transcription back to aramaic, I would ask your help. Could you write the names or give me a homepage where I can find them?: Mahbub ibn Qustantin; Manbidsch; Gabriel ibn Bukhtishu; Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu;  Isho bar Noun;  Schimun Bar Sabba'ei; Alopen Would be great. Looking forward to talk to you. Shi Annan 13:49, 27. Mai 2013 (CEST) —Preceding undated comment added 11:50, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

Meer, Beytüşşebap
Can you change the title of Meer, Beytüşşebap(Assyrian page). Instead of ܡܝܪ we should use ܡܥܪ. https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%AA_%28%DC%97%DC%9F%DC%AA%DC%9D%29 Thank you. --Gabygabi (talk) 10:58, 25 September 2015 (UTC)

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Template:Kuwait listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Template:Kuwait. Since you had some involvement with the Template:Kuwait redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 01:04, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Thanks for your helpful and really constructive editing on Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, namely in the grammar section. I'm glad there are people interested in the Assyrian grammar on Wikipedia, as most other languages have a very in-depth grammar section, and Assyrian didn't up until a year or two ago when I expanded it and added content. We need to improve and expand the grammar category with more and more content (so feel free to do so).

I do have a question about the modern Assyrian language (not sure if you're a linguist or at least perhaps you have some knowledge in grammar?); Does Assyrian have any grammatical cases, if any? I know, and I've heard that, Assyrian pretty much lacks them overall. But does it show some sense of grammatical cases in some areas or aspects (after all, Aramaic and Akkadian especially had grammatical cases)? I'm really dying to know. I've looked and looked for sources on that, and they don't tell me either (that modern Assyrian has Cases or that it lacks them). Hell, to my surprise, a few sources have told me Assyrian is ergative (Khan 2008), but still nothing on grammatical cases, oddly. Funny, really. --Meganesia (talk) 11:10, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

Bassima rabba. :)

I have some linguistic training (in addition to speaking Sureth): Hebrew and all dialects of Aramaic (and, if I'm not mistaken, all other Northwest Semitic languages) lost their case endings, though they are present in Akkadian (East Semitic) and Classical Arabic (Southwest Semitic). Languages that lack Indo-European-style cases usually express the same relationships in other ways, like through adpositions or adverbs. :) --334a (talk) 05:05, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Le daqra. :)

 * So, in Assyrian, when somebody says anenwa ("it was me") or Samiwa ("it was Sam") - These are not Cases (as I though Cases involve nouns or pronouns which are inflected, no)? --Meganesia (talk) 06:12, 12 December 2018 (UTC)

I wouldn't say that those are a great example of cases, no. An example of case distinction in personal pronouns would be:

An example of case distinction in common nouns would be:

Like I said, though, these are a little different from the case system in Akkadian and Arabic and very different from the case system in typical Indo-European; e.g. Latin cases:

Compared to Old English and Latin, Modern English barely has any cases (and most grammars wouldn't teach it as having cases). Although you can do it, technically, it doesn't really make sense to describe Sureth as having cases either because, again, we usually use a mixture of adpositions and adverbs in place of Latin-type case endings. --334a (talk) 04:41, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

 * I see, thank you. I mean, I do sort of get the gist of grammatical case, but it's not always 100% clear or understandable to me (as I seem to confuse them with inflections as well). Another question is about the ergativity (another linguistic typology that I sort of get, but not completely understand). An example from that source is that "qim-leh" (he got up/it got up) and "qti-leh" (it got cut/he cut it) are ergative. Okay, since Assyrian is a flexible language, wouldn't these have a nominative-accusative form as well (in Assyrian I mean)? And what makes "qim-leh" ergative in essence? --Meganesia (talk) 06:18, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

 * 1) Nouns are "declined" for case, and "declensions" are a type of inflection. (Verbs are "conjugated", and "conjugations" are also a type of inflection).
 * 2) To answer your question of "what makes 'qim-leh' ergative in essence", it would be the use of leh rather than aw. I can understand why some linguists might describe Sureth as having partial ergativity in the past tense, but I don't know if I would completely agree with that (which might explain why it confuses you).

So an ergative-absolutive construction encodes subjects of intransitive verbs not like subjects of transitive verbs but like objects of transitive verbs. For example:

Note the "I" and "me" and how they match up.

Now, strictly speaking, if we wanted to add a subject pronoun to xze-li, it would not be "ana" because, in strict Sureth, ana xze-li would be ungrammatical since it would literally mean "I was seen-by me". The pronoun we are looking for here would be aw, as in aw xze-li, or "he was seen-by me" (i.e. "I saw him"). In modern Sureth, this passive construction is slowly losing its meaning in many dialects so that it is in fact completely correct to say ana xze-li, with xze-li just becoming a regular conjugated form ("I saw," not "seen-by me"), no different from xazin ("I see"). Some more examples of this in my dialect:

Note the different masculine, feminine, and plural inflections of "eaten". This is falling out of favour nowadays to where many just have this:

Note the use of the subject pronoun ana (despite being a historically passive construction) and also the inflected forms of "eaten" having lost inflection for gender/number.

I hope I was able to answer some of your questions. If it's still not clear, don't fret--this stuff isn't common sense or intuitive, you'll get it eventually with more time and practice. Let me know if there's anything else I can help you with. :) --334a (talk) 19:55, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

Akkadian "eshaggu" or "ishku"
Hi, I was told that the Arabic word "asheq" (which is borrowed into Turkish and Iranian 'ashek', meaning infatuation) has roots to Akkadian "eshaggu" or "ishku" (as you put it, but I think eshaggu may have been used?). Testicles may have been used a symbol for passion, love and desire. So the word evolved into "love" or "infatuation" as centuries went by and ultimately borrowed into Arabic to mean that way. What are your thoughts? Are there any sources to this? This was just word of mouth or a speculation. But I find it interesting. If anything, I think in the Assyrian Neo-Aramaic article, this should be noted as a speculation or something that could be possible in the notes section of ishku/testicles. Want to know your take either way. Thanks. -- 115.64.133.112 (talk) 01:35, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

Shlama lukh/lekh!

There needs to be a reliable source for this as Wikipedia has strict policies against speculation and original research. The article for the Arabic word on Wiktionary (to which you linked) has a few different sources but none of them mention an Akkadian or Aramaic origin; instead, it links to an Arabic root. This doesn't necessarily mean that the current etymology is correct (sources can be wrong or incomplete). Personally, I think the Assyrian origin of the Arabic word is a folk etymology since a) the sound shift of a plain glottal stop to `ayin and a plain "k" to an Arabic qaaf is a little much, and b) coupled with the semantic shift, it's a big stretch. Again, though, it doesn't matter what I think because Wikipedia doesn't allow original research. If you can find even one reliable source that confirms your theory, then by all means: add and reference it. :) --334a (talk) 04:38, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

Shlama. I see your point. Though about Wikipedia and its sources, remember it isn't very consistent in this regard. Many articles have a plethora of statements that are in dire need of sources (unsourced content aren't removed a lot of times, but usually are kept in good faith as the person who wrote them may have some knowledge). If anything, I actually meant that we can add something like this: "" - A note that states a citation is in need for the Asheq relation (as you did the same thing there). I don't know, but I think there is a reasonable link between the word even if it is blurry and vague, and despite the shift from K to Q. A few Assyrian/Akkadian so-called "linguists" have brought it up on Facebook.

About the "stretched semantic shifts", doesn't Arabic use 'g' for 'goom' ("rise"/"get up"), whereas Assyrian uses 'q' ("qoo")? Perhaps g, q and k are 'interchangeable' and would shift depending on the dialect and language? 'K' even changes to 'ch' in various Assyrian/Arabic dialects too. Just to point that out. -- 115.64.133.112 (talk) 08:36, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

I am aware that there is a lot of unsourced and suspicious material on Wikipedia (one thing that is consistent, though, is that "good" and "featured" articles have to have sources or they will never reach that status). I am also aware of the similarities between velar and uvular plosives and of affricatization. I just do not believe that the glottal stop shifted to `ayin AND the "k" shifted to qaaf AND the meaning changed into something vaguely related to the original meaning (again, it is entirely possible that I'm wrong). I find loanwords from Aramaic into Arabic are relatively recent and haven't had enough time to develop and change (see examples here and here and here). Please do not add information from people on Facebook, which is a cesspool of people who don't know what they're talking about. Stick to scholars and actual linguists. :) --334a (talk) 06:06, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

"Surith" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Surith. Since you had some involvement with the Surith redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Pam D  12:32, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

Shlama
Shlama elokh!

Thanks for your edit on the Tyari page!

I would like to ask you if you have seen the Assyrian tribes page? It has been quite decimated...

Best regards Ashurpedia (talk) 12:29, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

''bshayna, akhoni! la daqra.'' :)

''min eniwit bimara? ayya patha? ay holah khliqta, lamṣin mshakhlpinnah.'' --334a (talk) 17:48, 27 April 2020 (UTC)

Pshena khoni!

hee ayen. garek tarsekhla... eet kha kma nashe lakha dona makhroye pathe d omtan... garek odekh khamendi...

Basima! Ashurpedia (talk) 01:59, 28 April 2020 (UTC)

Correcting the corrections
The world has too many people who think they know what they are doing. It's making me grumpy. Shenme (talk) 23:52, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

How did you map Akkadian words to their Assyrian equivalents?
This was such a great edit https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suret_language&type=revision&diff=909953204&oldid=909807402. I was wondering what process you had followed to map Akkadian words to their Assyrian equivalents. Can you drop a note in this section of the talk page https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Assyrian_continuity#Updating_the_number_of_Akkadian_words_used_by_Assyrians to explain your process so others may follow it if they want to hash out the table even more? 2600:1010:B00C:92EF:69C2:30C:FDA0:2D07 (talk) 02:11, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

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Syriac text
Hi,

Could you please help me find the Syriac name of the Mor Ephrem Syriac Orthodox Church that is in the background on this photo?

Best, a455bcd9 (Antoine) (talk) 20:42, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

Hello,

Apologies for the late response. I've fixed it for you on the page; thank you for creating it! --334a (talk) 03:32, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot! a455bcd9 (Antoine) (talk) 18:18, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic for deletion
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title: User talk:334a


text:
Toby Stevenson (athlete)

Toby "Crash" Stevenson (born November 19, 1976, in Odessa, Texas) is an Olympic class pole vaulter from the United States. He is known for being the only pole vaulter in the international elite to wear a helmet during jumps.

Biography
While attending Permian High School, Stevenson set 24 high school records, taking three district championships, and winning the state title in 1995, when he was also the top-ranked 18-year-old pole vaulter in the world. Stevenson later went on to graduate from Stanford University. He currently coaches pole vault and multi-event athletes, at the University of Washington. Among the athletes he has coached is 2016 Olympic Champion Ekaterini Stefanidi.

Since the fall of 2002, Stevenson has been a resident athlete at the U.S. Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California. He won the 2004 Olympic silver medal in pole vaulting, the 2003 Pan American Games gold medal, and the 2004 USA Indoor gold medal.

He is known for his emotional antics after a successful vault. He played his pole like a guitar after his silver medal vault.

On Friday, January 29, 2010, he officially retired from pole vaulting at the 2010 National Pole Vault Summit in Reno, NV.

From February, 2014, he is working as Head of Activity for Hammarby Athletics in Stockholm, Sweden.

After a four-year stint coaching at the University of Kentucky, where he coached Olivia Gruver to her second straight NCAA outdoor title, as well as coaching decathlete Tim Duckworth to both the NCAA decathlon and heptathlon crowns, Stevenson was named associate head track & field coach in charge of the jumps and multi-events at the University of Washington on July 11, 2018.

title: Toby Stevenson (athlete)