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Talk:Constraint programming

[Untitled]
What about YAP Prolog? http://www.ncc.up.pt/~vsc/Yap/documentation.html#SEC117 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.136.29.2 (talk • contribs) 00:33, 15 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok. At some point, this list of logic programming implementations should go to Constraint logic programming. - Liberatore(T) 10:34, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

This article needs more. I still don't know exactly what Constraint Programming is, and how it works. How about some examples?

 * ... and pointers to some relevant programming languages, and/or references to people who study such languages. I've put a stub tag on this article, because of the lack of such things. LjL 14:35, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Ooh, I didn't know that logic and constraint programming were turing-complete. Where can I find out more? Chira 01:46, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

Reorganization
Proposal:

 * 1)  Constraint programming is actually the embedding of constraints of constraint satisfaction problems into a programming language; I would not consider a constraint satisfaction problem itself a form of "constraint program";
 * 2) constraint logic programming is a form of constraint programming, but is not the only one
 * 3) I would remove the fact that constraint programming is Turing-complete, as this depends on the specific programming paradigm used (in particular, solving a CSP is not a Turing-complete problem)
 * 4) the example is about constraint logic programming over finite domains; I would move this example there

Anything missing? - Liberatore(T) 11:23, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Strings in Domains
Why are strings not added to the domain section? When testing systems, it is often needed to solve string constraints. For example, passwords must adhere to the constraints to ensure they are strong, and input on a web form has to be in correspondence with a regular expression, e.g. of a ZIP code or IBAN account number. A dedicate regex solver is Xeger https://code.google.com/p/xeger/ General purpose solvers are CVC4 http://cvc4.cs.nyu.edu/web/ and Z3str2 https://sites.google.com/site/z3strsolver/

Domains? Solvers?
There seem to be several problems with this article:

 * The domains section gives some examples, and then starts talking about "finite domains" -- is this correct? Some of the example domains are infinite, right? e.g. the linear-arithmetic constraints?
 * The implementations section lists tools, such as drools, which supposedly solve such problems, but I'm pretty sure (might be wrong) that most of these tools can't actually solve any of the example domains, and/or would have disasterous performance.
 * All of the examples given are standard examples from satisfiability modulo theories, which have nice, clean formalized notions of these domains,and are very fast at solving them ... yet this article barely mentions this.

So I'm confused ... help appreciated.linas (talk) 18:21, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

"Constraint programming began with constraint logic programming, which embeds constraints into a logic program. This variant of logic programming is due to Jaffar and Lassez, who extended in 1987 a specific class of constraints that were introduced in Prolog II."

This claim is wrong. Many constraint programming papers were published before, e.g., Ugo Montanari: Networks of constraints: Fundamental properties and applications to picture processing. Inf. Sci. 7: 95-132, 1974. Furthermore, ALICE (J.-L. Laurière) was the first constraint programming language, in 1976 ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.54.76.165 (talk) 17:11, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

Constrained optimization
What the different between Constrained optimization and Constraint programming? For me, it is the same. Jumpow (talk) 23:15, 27 February 2017 (UTC)

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Non-negativity constraints
A non-negativity constraint may be applied very simply to a parameter whose value is to be determined by means of a change of variable. For example, constraining the value of x to be positive may be achieved by determining the value of a parameter p which is numerically equal to x2. See, for example, Non-linear Optimization Techniques, by M.J. Box, D.Davies and W.H.Swan, published by Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, 1969, Chapter 5 "Constrained Optimization" for more examples. This is very useful when the parameter concerned is the value of a physical object which, by its nature, must be a positive number. Petergans (talk) 13:58, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Should this article include a list of constraint programming languages?
This article used to include a list of constraint programming languages (such as AIMMS and Constraint Handling Rules), but this list was deleted in this revision by. Should a list of constraint languages be included in this article, or should it be included in another article (such as the main list of programming languages by type)? Jarble (talk) 14:21, 27 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constraint programming


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Odyssey Channel

The Odyssey Channel was a documentary channel that was previously available on Optus Vision in Australia. It was one of the few channels on pay TV in Australia that had a large amount of Australian content available.

Due to the CSA (Content Sharing Agreement) between Optus and Foxtel, it was closed in 2004. Foxtel would not allow it on their platform due to it competing with their license of the Discovery Channel brand, and Optus decided it could no longer fund it.

Programming
The programming covered eight genres:

Some content shown on the channel was sourced from the American and Canadian television network Home & Garden Television (HGTV).
 * Issues
 * History
 * People and Places
 * Science and Technology
 * Popular Culture
 * Nature
 * Arts and Entertainment
 * Lifestyle
 * NOVA

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Odyssey Channel


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Chandra Cheeseborough

Chandra Danette Cheeseborough (later Shellman, born January 10, 1959) is a retired American sprinter. She won two gold medals and a silver at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Track and field
Cheeseborough broke onto the international track scene at age 16 by winning two gold medals at the 1975 Pan American Games, taking the 200 m in an American record time of 22.77 seconds. In 1976, she set the World junior record at 11.13 seconds by placing second at the U.S. Olympic trials, she then placed sixth in that event at the Montreal Olympic Games.

Cheeseborough graduated from Jean Ribault High School in Jacksonville, Florida in 1977, where she set the still standing NFHS national high school records in both the 100 yard (10.3) and 220 yard (23.3) dashes. The federation converted record-keeping to metric distances shortly afterward. Next she attended Tennessee State, where she was a member of national championship teams that set world indoor records of 1:08.9 minutes in the 640-yard relay and 1:47.17 in the 800-yard sprint medley relay. She qualified for the 1980 U.S. Olympic team but was unable to compete due to the 1980 Summer Olympics boycott. She did however receive one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes. She won the national indoor 200-yard dash in 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1983.

Cheeseborough's breakthrough year in the 400 m came in 1984, when she set two American records in the event, then placed second in the Los Angeles Olympics in a career best of 49.05. The 49.05 still ranks her as the #10 performer of all time. She made history at the 1984 Games when she became the first woman to win gold medals in both relays, which were held less than an hour apart. Cheeseborough also became only the second athlete, after Paavo Nurmi 60 years earlier, to win two separate Olympic running events in a single day.

Coach
Cheeseborough later became a coach and returned to Tennessee State. She was named head coach of both men and women in 1999. She also has served as an assistant coach for the U.S. team at the 1999 Junior Pan-Am Championships. In March 2007 it was announced that Cheeseborough would be the assistant coach for the 2008 Olympic team. Cheeseborough coached the sprints and hurdles for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. As head women’s track and cross-country coach at Tennessee State, her alma mater, she led the Tigerbelles to six Ohio Valley Conference championships.

title: Chandra Cheeseborough


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Yusof Ishak Secondary School

Yusof Ishak Secondary School (YISS) is a co-educational government secondary school located in Punggol, Singapore. The school is named after Yusof Ishak, the first President of Singapore.

History
The school was started under the name Jubilee Integrated Secondary School in 1965, with 984 pupils in two streams, English and Malay. It was officially opened as Yusof Ishak Secondary School at Jubilee Road on 29 July 1966, named after the first President of Singapore, Yusof Ishak. The school moved to Bukit Batok in December 1998 and inaugurated on 29 July 2000 by Ong Chit Chung, Member of Parliament for Bukit Timah GRC.

YISS was the first school to top the value-added ranking in both Express and Normal Streams. In 2010, it was evaluated as value-added, and its National Cadet Corps (Land) Girls unit received the Best Unit award.

In 2018, in response to declining student numbers at Bukit Batok and rising demand in Punggol, the school announced its relocation to Punggol. To minimise disruption to students, MOE stopped admitting new Secondary 1 cohorts to the current Bukit Batok campus in 2019 and 2020.

The school began receiving new students at its relocated Punggol campus from 2022.

Uniform
Students wear a white shirt with the school badge worn on the left collar, coupled with dark blue shorts (for male lower secondary students), pants (for male upper secondary students), or skorts (for females). The school tie is worn on formal school functions.

Core values
The six values of YISS are Integrity, Self Respect, Purpose, Inquisitiveness, Resilience and Empathy. The school motto is Ilmu Suluh Hidup, which means "knowledge is the light of life" in Malay.

Co-curricular activities
Every YISS student is required to have a co-curricular activity. The CCAs are divided into categories: Uniformed Groups, Visual and Performing Arts, Physical Sports and Clubs & Societies. The following are the official CCAs of the school:

Uniformed Groups

Visual and Performing Arts
 * NCC
 * NPCC
 * Boys Brigade
 * Choir
 * Concert Band
 * Modern Dance
 * Chinese Orchestra

Physical Sports
 * Wushu
 * Table Tennis
 * Badminton
 * Basketball (Boys)
 * Fencing
 * Softball (Girls)

Clubs & Societies
 * Infocomm/Media
 * Robotics (best CCA)
 * Farming Club (worst CCA)
 * ELDDS
 * Art

title: Yusof Ishak Secondary School


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Rephlex Records discography

This is the complete discography of Rephlex Records.

title: Rephlex Records discography


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Common Locale Data Repository

The Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) is a project of the Unicode Consortium to provide locale data in XML format for use in computer applications. CLDR contains locale-specific information that an operating system will typically provide to applications. CLDR is written in the Locale Data Markup Language (LDML).

Details
Among the types of data that CLDR includes are the following:
 * Translations for language names
 * Translations for territory and country names
 * Translations for currency names, including singular/plural modifications
 * Translations for weekday, month, era, period of day, in full and abbreviated forms
 * Translations for time zones and example cities (or similar) for time zones
 * Translations for calendar fields
 * Patterns for formatting/parsing dates or times of day
 * Exemplar sets of characters used for writing the language
 * Patterns for formatting/parsing numbers
 * Rules for language-adapted collation
 * Rules for spelling out numbers as words
 * Rules for formatting numbers in traditional numeral systems (such as Roman and Armenian numerals)
 * Rules for transliteration between scripts, much of it based on BGN/PCGN romanization

The information is currently used in International Components for Unicode, Apple's macOS, LibreOffice, MediaWiki, and IBM's AIX, among other applications and operating systems.

CLDR overlaps somewhat with ISO/IEC 15897 (POSIX locales). POSIX locale information can be derived from CLDR by using some of CLDR's conversion tools.

CLDR is maintained by a technical committee which includes employees from IBM, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and some government-based organizations. The committee is chaired by John Emmons, of IBM; Mark Davis, of Google, is vice-chair.

The CLDR covers 400+ languages.

title: Common Locale Data Repository


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Jean-Paul St. Laurent

Jean-Paul Stephen St-Laurent (23 April 1912 – 22 December 1986) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Quebec City, Quebec.

The son of former Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent and Jeanne Renault, Jean-Paul represented the electoral district of Témiscouata in the House of Commons of Canada from 1955 to 1958 while his father was Prime Minister.

St. Laurent was a member of the Liberal Party. He was swept out in the massive Progressive Conservative landslide of 1958 that saw the Tories win the most seats in Quebec for the only time from 1896 to 1980.

He died aged 74 in 1986.

title: Jean-Paul St. Laurent


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Bobbi DePorter

Roberta "Bobbi" DePorter is the President of the Quantum Learning Network (QLN) and co-founder of the SuperCamp program.

In the late 1970s, DePorter was a co-founder of the Burklyn Business School in Vermont – an avant-garde school that taught traditional business subjects in a non-traditional manner. DePorter studied with Dr. Georgi Lozanov, who developed accelerated learning, and applied his methods at the school.

In 1982, DePorter teamed-up with Eric Jensen and Greg Simmons to co-found SuperCamp – a summer camp program designed to introduce teenagers to accelerated learning academic skills and valuable life skills. The SuperCamp program is now run by QLN and is held annually at several locations across the United States and around the world. Since 1982, more than 50,000 students worldwide have attended SuperCamp.

DePorter is a past President of the International Alliance for Learning, and a past Chairman of the San Diego Chamber of Commerce's Business Roundtable for Best Educational Practices.

title: Bobbi DePorter


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Xanthinuria

Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.

It was first formally characterized in 1954.

Presentation
Affected people have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones.

Causes
Type I xanthinuria can be caused by a deficiency of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme necessary for converting xanthine to uric acid. Type II xanthinuria and molybdenum cofactor deficiency lack one or two other enzyme activities in addition to xanthine oxidase.

Treatment
There is no specific treatment beyond maintaining a high fluid intake and avoiding foods that are high in purine.

title: Xanthinuria


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Variational perturbation theory

In mathematics, variational perturbation theory (VPT) is a mathematical method to convert divergent power series in a small expansion parameter, say
 * $$s=\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n g^n$$,

into a convergent series in powers
 * $$s=\sum_{n=0}^\infty b_n /(g^\omega)^n$$,

where $$\omega$$ is a critical exponent (the so-called index of "approach to scaling" introduced by Franz Wegner). This is possible with the help of variational parameters, which are determined by optimization order by order in $$g$$. The partial sums are converted to convergent partial sums by a method developed in 1992.

Most perturbation expansions in quantum mechanics are divergent for any small coupling strength $$g$$. They can be made convergent by VPT (for details see the first textbook cited below). The convergence is exponentially fast. After its success in quantum mechanics, VPT has been developed further to become an important mathematical tool in quantum field theory with its anomalous dimensions. Applications focus on the theory of critical phenomena. It has led to the most accurate predictions of critical exponents. More details can be read here.

title: Variational perturbation theory


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Talk:Steve Yeager

Throat Protector
The story behind the throat protector doesn't seem right, but I cannot find a reference to it anywhere else. I don't remember Yeager (or any catcher) ever wearing a catcher's mask with a throat protector while in the on-deck circle. What I do remember is that Yeager got nailed in the throat by a foul-tip that went over his glove in one of the World Series games (I cannot remember which one, but I know it was Yankees-Dodgers ... which doesn't exactly help narrow it down). He was *not* wearing a throat protector at the time, which does not coincide with the timing of its invention and use cited in this article (1976). However, he started wearing it very shortly thereafter -- may have even been for the subsequent games of this series -- along with many other catchers (and some umpires) in the following season. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nusumareta (talk • contribs) 21:53, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Nom for Deletion
On May 28, this article was nominated for deletion, see Votes for deletion/Steve Yeager. The result was keep — Xezbeth 09:44, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Combining sections
Surely you don't need a "life outside baseball" section and a "trivia" section. The statement that Steve's family were on Family Feud is in both sections.

 * Agreed and addressed. --Epeefleche 06:07, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 06:17, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Jewish baseball players
The articles says: The cited source doesn't indicate when he converted, so I'm not sure the timing of the conversion in the article is correct. But if he only became Jewish after his career was over then does he properly belong in Category: Jewish baseball players. Does anyone know of a better source?  Will Beback   talk    04:46, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * After his playing career, Yeager converted to Judaism.

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: here. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. Diannaa (talk) 23:15, 5 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steve Yeager


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Palayamkottai

Palayamkottai (also Palayankottai) is a neighbourhood in Tirunelveli City, incorporated within the Tirunelveli City Municipal Corporation. It is situated on the east bank of the Thamirabarani river, with the exception of its downtown area, which is present on the west bank.

Etymology

The region Palayamkottai in Tamil is a portmanteau of ' palayam ', which refers to a settlement, and 'kottai', which translates to a fort. Historically, Palayamkottai served as the locale of an ancient fort that was employed for the administration of neighbouring districts. Today, the fort lies in ruins and is almost camouflaged by its surrounding old residential edifices. While the classical Tamil pronunciation of the neighbourhood's name is the aforementioned Palayamkottai, the vernacular pronunciation of the settlement is more akin to Palayankottai or Palayankotta, with the latter being more widely preferred by the locals.

Geography
Prior to 1994, Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai were formerly administered as two independent municipalities. Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai along with surrounding areas were subsequently merged and established Tirunelveli City, now administered by the Tirunelveli Municipal Corporation.

Palayamkottai is situated on the eastern bank of the perennial Thamirabarani river. The region is very fertile and supports a thriving agrarian community in the midst of many urbanised areas. Regular monsoon rains coupled with the Thamirabarani water sustain the primarily agrarian villages around the city. Palayamkottai is located on the National Highway in close proximity to many bigger cities (international seaport: Tuticorin - 45 km; international airports: Trivandrum - 140 km, Madurai - 150 km; domestic airport: Tuticorin - 25 km) hence supporting trade and commerce.

Religion
Hinduism is the dominant faith in Palayamkottai. The city has several Hindu temples: the Gopalaswamy temple, Thiripuraanthakaeshwarar temple, Ramar temple, and the Amman temple.

The renovation of the Gopalaswamy temple was completed by the Government of Tamil Nadu recently. It is a Vishnu temple that embodies the cultural and architectural legacy of the city. The herbal wall paintings found inside the sanctum sanctorum are considered to be rare. Built in the 11th century, the institution held its Kumbhabhishekham (consecration ceremony) on 9 July 2009.

A popular mosque in the city is located on the old Police Hospital road, with hundreds of Islamic followers chanting their prayers regularly. Melapalayam is the Muslim quarter of the city, with several mosques and schools.

The city is an epicenter in south Tamil Nadu for Christianity, scattered with a number of churches affiliated to the Tirunelveli Diocese Society of Jesus Jesuits, Church of South India (CSI), others. Joseph Constantine Beschi, better known among locals as 'Veeramaamunivar', propagated Christianity in the area. St.Xaviers' Cathedral church, situated at the heart of St. Xaviers' College and established by Jesuit priests, was among the earliest Catholic Churches in Palayamkottai. The St.Xaviers' College church is dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption.

Politics
Palayamkottai assembly constituency is a part of Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency).

Landmarks
Major localities in Palayamkottai are Vannarapettai, Murugankuruchi, Market, Samathanapuram, Kamarajar Nagar, Rahmathnagar, Perumalpuram, Maharaja nagar, High Grounds, VM Chatram and KTC Nagar and posh town called Santhi Nagar out of which Vannarpettai, Murugankurichi and Market are concentrated with largely commercial activities. There are also several other minor suburban areas which collectively contribute to the overall cityscape of Palayamkottai. The little city also has a Government Museum with a huge and realistic fibreglass Tyrannosaurus rex which is popular among the young people of Palayamkottai. The museum houses a small collection of ancient artifacts found in the areas surrounding the city. Some of its literary collections include ancient Tamil inscriptions in palm leaves.

Palayamkottai also has one of the most popular Science Centres in South India, a satellite unit of Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore. Since the Science Centre lies between Palayamkottai and Tirunelveli (the twin cities) and as it is difficult to mark a border between the two, it is often called as the Tirunelveli District Science Centre (by the district's name). It is a common hangout area for young people, and is frequently visited by teams of school students to explore and learn the principles of science through the centre's interesting outdoor equipment and experiments.

Hospitals
Palayamkottai has many hospitals and other medical facilities. Among them, Our Lady's Hospital, founded nearly 50 years ago by a Belgian nun called Sister Delphine Bruyndonx, was and still remains one of Palayamkottai's popular hospitals for people who are poor or disadvantaged. Sister Delphine was popularly called the Teresa of Tirunelveli by all the people who knew her, because she had served this society since a time when it did not have any electricity.

CSI Bell Pins Mission Hospital and the recently renovated CSI Jeyaraj Annapackiam Hospital in Palayamkottai provide free and reduced cost medical services to the local community. The Tirunelveli Medical college Hospital - a tertiary referral center, located in the High Grounds provides free services to poor people. Palayamkottai also has a specialized kidney care centre and heart surgery centre. The city also has four blood banks.

Government Siddha Medical College is also located at Palayamkottai.

Economy
There is a big market in central Palayamkottai, serviced by many bus routes. Also very popular among locals, is the Ulavar Santhai where farmers sell their products directly. The produce is very fresh and very cheap, and the market is usually very crowded in the morning with eager housewives exercising their haggling skills with the illiterate farmers. The success of the Ulavar Santhai market in Palayamkottai was under a deep speculation during the changing of governments. Now, with the ruling party DMK back in power, (which originally introduced the concept) the Ulavar Santhai is maintained well and is a grocery market for the locals.

Although there are not many supermarkets in Palayamkottai, there are practically all kinds of shops catering to the local people's needs.

Public facilities
Palayamkottai also has a fire-fighting service which conducts camps in local schools annually. The postal service has a statue of Nandhis (mascot of the Indian Postal department) at the facade. It also has the post offices, police stations, big malls, markets, etc.

Palayamkottai has a jail called Palayamkottai Central Prison, which housed several eminent people during the pre-Independence era and afterwards. The Tamil language poet Subramanya Bharathi spent a part of his life here. The District Central Jail is notable for its large capacity and tight security. The prison is a popular landmark along the periphery of the city. Even the former Chief Minister, J.Jayalalitha (late) was thrice held in the Palayamkottai jail.

Transportation
Palayamkottai Bus Stand, or Palai Bus Stand as it is popularly called by the locals, was the major connecting hub of the City bus network. In 2003, the then Chief minister J.Jayalalithaa inaugurated a major new bus terminal, the Bharat Ratna Dr. MGR Bus Stand, for Tirunelveli in Veinthankulam on Tiruvananthapuram High Road. The new bus terminal connects Palayamkottai and Tirunelveli in an extensive network of neighbouring towns, cities and also the major metropolitan cities of Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. The Palayamkottai bus terminal is also a major stopover for all buses going to Kanyakumari and Nagercoil. There are also numerous connections between the local Palayamkottai bus-stops and Tirunelveli town.

Share-autos (autorickshaws that car-pool paying customers on a common route) ply extensively along Palayamkottai's streets and are easy to flag down. The regular yellow-black Greaves Garuda autorickshaws, although plenty in number, are considered to be the common man's taxis of Palayamkottai. Autorickshaw drivers are known to overcharge tourists. Cars as taxis, are generally only available in taxi stands where tourists and locals use them to travel to short distances outside of the city. As a common practise, people of Palayamkottai or Tirunelveli do not use taxis as an alternate public transportation to buses or trains. Ola taxis have gained popularity with other private taxis as they are cheap than autos.

Nearest Air Port

Nearest airports

 * Domestic Airport

Tuticorin Airport (IATA: TCR, ICAO: VOTK).

 * International Airport

Railway Transport
 * 1) Madurai Airport (IATA: IXM, ICAO: VOMD).
 * 2) Thiruvananthapuram International Airport (IATA: TRV, ICAO: VOTV).

Palayamkottai also has a railway station on the Tirunelveli Junction to Tiruchendur Junction lines

Station code: PCO Station Location: Palayamkottai Zone	Southern Railway

Schools
Most schools in Palayamkottai were founded by the Christian missionaries almost a hundred years ago. Schools like St.Xavier's Hr.Sec. School, St. John's Higher Secondary School, MDT Hindu College Higher Secondary School  and Schafter High School have roughly 12,000 boys altogether, M.N. Abdur Rahman Higher Secondary School, High Ground, Cathedral Hr. Sec. School is located in the heart of the city under the shadow of the Holy Trinity Cathedral Church. Girls Schools like Mary Sargent Higher Secondary School, St. Ignatius' Convent Higher Secondary School and Sarah Tucker Hr. Sec School have over 10,000 girls enrolled. These girls' schools are very popular for their strict code of conduct. It is mostly these institutions that employ the large teaching community of Palayamkottai.

In recent years, schools in Palayamkottai have gained a state-level recognition and some are even known all around South India. Rosemary matriculation higher secondary school, Pushpalatha vidya mandir (CBSE), Chinmaya vidhyalaya, Jeyandara saraswathi swamigal school at maharajanagar, Magdalene high school, Bell international school, IIPE Matric Hr.Sec. are some schools.

Palayamkottai has schools for the blind, deaf and mentally handicapped children. These organizations are predominantly run by the Tirunelveli Diocese of Church of South India, and are:

 * Askwith School for the Visually Handicapped
 * Florence Swainson School for the Hearing Impaired
 * Bishop Sargent School for the Mentally Retarded

Colleges
Soon after completing Higher Secondary education, most young people opt for a college education right within the city.

Medial Colleges
 * Tirunelveli Medical College
 * Govt. Siddha Medical College;

Engineering Colleges
 * Government Engineering College
 * Francis Xavier Engineering College

Law College
 * Government Law College, Tirunelveli

Arts and Science colleges

St.John's College – Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli Established in 1844 by Church Missionary Society. In 1878, it got affiliated by Madars University as second grade college.
 * St. John's College

St.Xavier's College recently celebrated its 150th anniversary of the Jesuit Priests who founded the great institution. The college has also opened up a new library in 2005 with many modern amenities. The campus also has halls of residences for its large number of resident students. St. Xavier's College of Education and St.John's College are the other xavier institutes with an age restriction for admission, similar to most other colleges in India.
 * St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai

Sarah Tucker College, established in 1895 by the Church Missionary Society, was the first college for women in South India. It is named after Ms.Sarah Tucker, a physically challenged lady confined to her room in England, who was moved by the reports of the appalling condition of the women in this region due to their illiteracy. She stepped in with a crusading spirit to provide education and uplift them. This girls-only college has over eleven departments of education today.
 * Sadakathullah Appa College
 * MDT Hindu College
 * Sarah Tucker College (STC), most of these being over 100 years old.

Sports
Palayamkottai has many playgrounds filled with hyperactive young cricketers. Palayamkottai has two major public playgrounds: the "VOC maithanam" and the "Anna Stadium". Grand celebrations during the Republic day and Independence day are conducted by various schools in the VOC ground. State Level Hockey tournaments sponsored by Bell Pins are held in VOC grounds annually. A park and an indoor stadium has been built here in this ground, in order to cover the small children and youngsters. The Anna Stadium holds field hockey and Kabbadi matches at both district and state level. The stadium has an excellent professional German Hockey Turf, which trains a lot of young and energetic teams and Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) has recently released tenders for installation of synthetic athletic track in it. The stadium also houses a well maintained swimming pool.

title: Palayamkottai


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Pagophagia

Pagophagia (from Greek: pagos, frost/ice, + phagō, to eat ) is the compulsive consumption of ice or iced drinks. It is a form of the disorder known as pica, which in Latin refers to a magpie that eats everything indiscriminately. Pica's medical definition refers to the persistent consumption of nonnutritive substances, ice in this case, for over a period of at least one month. However, different studies have included alternative definitions for pagophagia, including "daily consumption of 2–11 full glasses of ice (480–2640 g)" or "the purposeful ingestion of at least one ordinary tray of ice daily for a period in excess of two months." It has been shown to be associated with iron-deficiency anemia and responsive to iron supplementation, leading some investigators to postulate that some forms of pica may be the result of nutritional deficiency.

Similarly, folk wisdom also maintained that pica reflected an appetite to compensate for nutritional deficiencies, such as low iron or zinc. In iron deficient pregnant women who experience symptoms of pagophagia, decreased cravings for ice have been observed after iron supplementation. Later research demonstrated that the substances ingested by those who have pica generally do not provide the mineral or nutrient in which people are deficient. In the long run, as people start consuming more nonfoods compulsively, pica can also cause additional nutritional deficiencies.

A hypothesis of the neurological basis of pagophagia was proposed in a 2014 study in which those with iron deficiency anemia were shown to have improved response times while performing on a neuropsychological test when given ice to chew on. As a result, the researchers hypothesized that chewing on ice causes vascular changes that allow for increased perfusion of the brain, as well as activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which also increases blood flow to the brain, allowing for increased processing speed and alertness.

Although some investigators also hypothesize that chewing ice may lessen pain in glossitis and stomatitis related to iron-deficiency anemia, the specific pathophysiology is still unknown and this hypothesis remains controversial. The American Dental Association recommends not chewing ice as it can lead to dental injury and suggests that ice should be allowed to melt in the mouth instead.

Signs and symptoms
The main symptom for pagophagia is intense cravings for chewing ice. Those with pagophagia will find themselves constantly chewing on ice cubes, shaved ice or even frost from the fridge. Since a common underlying cause of pagophagia is iron-deficiency anemia, many people with the disorder will also experience weakness, fatigue, pallor, sore tongue, dizziness, headache, and cold extremities. Other symptoms associated with iron deficiency may include brittle nails, cracking at the corner of the mouth, and restless legs syndrome. Severe cases of iron deficiency can also cause the body to make up for decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by increasing cardiac output. Thus, palpitations, angina, as well as shortness of breath may also present, specially if there is a preexisting cardiovascular disease or condition. Excess water intake from any source can lead to hyponatremia and has been noted in at least one case study.

Iron deficiency
Although compulsive consumption of ice is frequently associated with a deficiency of iron, the exact etiology of this form of pica is not well-understood. There is one hypothesis that states consumption of ice activates a vasoconstrictive response which causes an increase of blood flow to the brain. Because fatigue is the most common symptom experienced in iron-deficiency anemia due to decreased levels of oxygen delivered to the brain, the increase of blood flow to the brain through consumption of ice is thought to increase alertness and improve the symptoms of fatigue. In support of this hypothesis, individuals with iron-deficient anemia were found to have improved response times on neuropsychological tests than compared to healthy controls when chewing ice.

Reports have demonstrated the improvement or resolution of pagophagia when given iron supplementation. People with iron-deficiency anemia who showed symptoms of pagophagia had complete resolution of their symptoms when their iron levels were treated, suggesting the association between serum iron levels and symptoms of pagophagia. In another case, an individual who presented with pagophagia was prescribed 325mg tablets of ferrous sulfate twice daily. The individual was also administered 1000mg of low molecular weight dextran over 1 hour and their symptoms of pagophagia were immediately resolved. In another case, a woman with iron-deficiency anemia related to gynecological bleeding was admitted and her dietary screening showed consumption of about 80 ice cubes for day for the past 5 years. She was given iron supplementation and her anemia was treated along with the disappearance of pagophagia within two weeks.

One study looked at the relationship between pagophagia and H. pylori infection in those with iron deficiency anemia. It was found that pagophagia does not increase the risk of H. pylori infections in that specific population. In addition, H. pylori infection and pagophagia did not have a synergistic effect on the development of iron absorption abnormalities in the intestines.

Calcium deficiency
Pagophagia has been often reported with calcium deficiency but its pathophysiology is unknown.

Psychological and physiological distress
In several cases, pagophagia has been associated with certain psychological conditions such as compulsive behavior or depressive disorder where pagophagia was used as a coping mechanism to deal with psychological stress. Some suggestions for other causes of pagophagia include hunger and gastrointestinal distress related to ways the body attempts to ease the stress.

Other known risk factors for pica include "stress, cultural factors, learned behavior, low socioeconomic status, underlying mental health disorder, nutritional deficiency, child neglect, pregnancy, epilepsy, [and] familial psychopathology."

In one case report, a 42-year-old woman presented with complaints of freezer frost and eating ice. She developed a habit of eating 10 to 12 ice cubes and freezer frost each day, and eventually increased her consumption to 25 to 30 ice cubes each day. Her medical assessment revealed no past or family history of any chronic psychiatric disorder or physical disorder. Her hemoglobin, serum calcium, and stool examination were normal. One suspected cause of her pagophagia was psychological stress, the stressor being her son's annual examinations. The woman was previously prescribed venlafaxine 50mg and vitamin B-complex for two to six weeks but with no improvement. The doctor initiated fluoxetine 20mg daily for her and the venlafaxine was tapered off. The dose was increased to 30mg after three weeks and counseling and behavioral treatment was given. Her pagophagia resolved after four months. Along with this case, previous reports have shown selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors effective in treating pagophagia. Counseling and behavioral strategies such as positive and negative reinforcement should be utilized for people with psychiatric conditions.

Diagnosis
Pagophagia may often go undiagnosed as those with the condition may consider it to be harmless and not seek medical help unless the behavior begins to interfere with their lives. However, the disorder is not as harmless as it seems since underlying medical causes that remain undiagnosed may lead to complications. For example, if anemia is not treated properly, the heart will need to exert more force in order to supply adequate oxygen throughout the body which can progress to heart failure. Other complications of pagophagia include tooth sensitivity and dental injury leading to cracked or chipped teeth. Overconsumption of ice may cause bloating, gas, and stomach pain. Imaging exams such as abdominal x-rays and endoscopy may be ordered if a person presents with abdominal symptoms.

Due to the relation between pagophagia and iron deficiency anemia, diagnosis begins with obtaining a medical history, a physical exam as well as blood tests that includes a complete blood count and additional tests to determine levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, and ferritin, a protein that helps the body store iron. In individuals that are anemic, the tests would show results with lower than normal levels which would then confirm the diagnosis. If a blood slide is ordered by the doctor, it may show red blood cells that are smaller and paler than normal cells. In the case of severe iron deficiency, white blood cell count may also be low.

A differential diagnosis for psychiatric conditions should be performed in the setting of pagophagia. Schizophrenia and psychosis, other eating disorders, substance use, and autism should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Implications for practice
When screening for suspected pagophagia, it may be appropriate to include screening for iron deficiency. Screening for pagophagia may help clinicians gather valuable information towards the diagnosis and treatment, especially populations who are at risk, for iron deficiency. Women who are menstruating, pregnant, or lactating may benefit from pagophagia screening because of the high occurrence of iron deficiency in these groups. Other groups at risk due to prevalence of iron deficiency include blood donors, individuals who are post-surgery or trauma, or people who experience malabsorption of iron. Collecting information during health screening to determine any causes of blood loss, malabsorption of iron from the diet, and any laboratory tests to determine iron deficiency may be appropriate in people who present with symptoms of pagophagia. If iron deficiency is confirmed by laboratory screening, iron replacement therapy can be considered with oral supplementation. Over the counter or prescription formulations of iron containing ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulfate, or ferrous fumarate are available.

Pagophagia in iron-deficiency anemia
In one study of pica in iron deficient versus iron replete blood donors, "pica was reported in 11% of donors with iron depletion/deficiency, compared with 4% of iron-replete donors," with pagophagia accounting for 94% of reported pica cases. A case series of pagophagia in men with iron-deficiency anemia concluded "that pagophagia occurred in 34% of men with iron-deficiency anemia." Men who were older and had higher platelet counts were less likely to have pagophagia compared to younger men and those with lower platelet counts.

Pregnancy
In women, pica is "most often seen during pregnancy," with estimates of 27.8% of pregnant women experiencing pica, but pica prevalence and manifestation is culturally and geographically heterogenous. A study of pregnant women in Tehran, Iran found pica in 8.33% of the study population with pagophagia accounting for 76% of observed pica cases. Logistic regression showed a positive correlation between pica in pregnancy with pregnancy complications, lower educational attainment, and use of iron supplementation. A study of pica in pregnant Mexican-born women living in either the United States or Mexico found differing rates of pagophagy between the two groups.

Children
A meta-analysis of the prevalence of pica in German children found that 12.3% of German children "have engaged with a pica behavior at some point in their lives," but did not specify the types of pica observed. Despite pica being observed in young children, it is important to note that it is also a common eating disorder among those who are intellectually impaired. Thus, proper diagnosis of pica is essential, requiring the children to be at least above two years of age, as it is more common to see children younger than two consuming nonnutritive substances. In children, pica is usually short term and will disappear spontaneously. In terms of studies regarding a specific type of pica, a cross-sectional study of American children receiving chronic hemodialysis therapy found that 34.5% of the children studied engaged in pagophagy compared to 12.6% of children who engaged in other forms of pica.

title: Pagophagia


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Norman Elder

Norman Sam Elder (July 17, 1939 – October 15, 2003) was a Canadian explorer, exotic animal owner, writer, artist, Olympic equestrian and one of Toronto's eccentrics. He was the owner of the Norman Elder Museum at 140 Bedford Road in the Annex, an affluent neighbourhood in Toronto, Ontario.

Background
Norman Elder was a descendant of Robert James Elder, founder of the Elder Carriage Works, a carriage-making business in Toronto. The company provided carriages for the Eaton's chain of department stores.

He grew up on Park Lane Circle in Toronto, where he discovered himself, his love of animals, and his knack for outrageous endeavors.

Elder was lifelong friends with Canadian businessmen Galen Weston and Conrad Black.

He was a graduate of Upper Canada College, the University of Western Ontario and the University of Toronto.

He also ran for Alderman in Toronto, where he had many remarkable television interviews before losing.

In 1998, an Ontario Court sentenced Elder to two years less a day in prison for sexual contact with several young men.

Elder died on October 15, 2003, in Toronto of an apparent suicide by hanging. Along with Robin Hardy and Scott Symons, he was the subject of a chapter in Ian Young's 2013 book Encounters with Authors: Essays on Scott Symons, Robin Hardy, Norman Elder.

The Norman Elder Museum
The museum was a private home containing thousands of artifacts collected from his travels. The upper floors of the museum served as a rooming house for up to 10 tenants.

Two of the interior scenes in David Cronenberg's film Naked Lunch were shot in the museum's main living room and library.

The Norman Elder Museum was home to a number of exotic animals. 'Tony', a Galapagos Islands tortoise, lived for many years, roaming the first floor. He ate lettuce and would often walk to those in the room. He enjoyed his neck being scratched, and would extend it during the process. He eventually fell ill and was transported to Guelph University hospital, where he died. There, he was frozen until he could be delivered to a taxidermist. He was eventually returned to the museum stuffed.

Also living in the museum were two very large pythons and a boa constrictor which lived in the basement and often escaped to other parts of the house. Also residing in the house from time to time were a fruit bat, three lemurs, several chinchillas and numerous ferrets.

Of the myriad artifacts displayed within the museum, the most peculiar were a reconstructed panther skeleton, a collection of grapefruit-sized turquoise malachite eggs, fossilized elephant bird eggs, unexploded military mortar shells, an elephant skull with jaw-bone, dried elephant dung balls, a stuffed dingo, and various human skulls from the Ganges river.

The front garden of the museum was enclosed by an 8 foot high iron polar bear fence purchased from the Riverdale Zoo during renovations.

The back garden held an underground, granite-walled tunnel which led to a room known as the tomb. The entrance to the tunnel was a secret doorway under Elder's bed in the first-floor master bedroom.

140 Bedford Road was gutted and renovated after Elder's death, leaving little trace of the house's former occupant. Norman's beloved dog Charley (who was stuffed and mounted on a movable wheeled platform) was retrieved and is owned by a private collector.

Explorer
As an explorer, Elder embarked on lengthy expeditions to remote areas of Papua New Guinea, Namibia, the Amazon, the Congo, the Arctic, Madagascar, and many other countries. He founded the Canadian Chapter of the Explorers Club in 1979.

He wrote This Thing of Darkness, a book about the Amazon with the foreword written by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

Equestrian
Elder was an accomplished equestrian. He competed as a member of the Canadian Equestrian Team in Three-Day Eventing at the Olympic Games, first in Rome in 1960, and again in Mexico City in 1968.

He also competed in the 1959 Pan-American Games, where in he placed third individually riding Prince Maple, and also won team gold. In 1967 he finished second individually, riding Ranae Doe.

His brother Jim Elder also competed in the Olympics six times in equestrian events, winning one gold medal.

Elder was the author of The Norman Elder Horse Book.

Conviction for indecent assault
In 1998, Elder pleaded guilty to indecently assaulting 10 young men between 1970 and 1980. On March 12, 1998, Judge Faith Finnestad sentenced Elder to two years less a day in jail.

The men were all between the ages of 18 and 20 at the time of the encounters but Canada's laws at the time gave 21 as the age of consent for same-sex contact.

Books

 * This Thing of Darkness: Elder's Amazon Notebooks, Published by NC Press, Box 4010, Terminal A, Toronto, Ontario, 1979, ISBN 978-0-89696-086-2
 * The Norman Elder Horse Book, Published by NC Press, Box 4010, Terminal A, Toronto, Ontario.
 * Noshitaka: when I came to the Machiguengas, self-published, Don Mills, Ontario, 1966

title: Norman Elder


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Pál Szinyei Merse

Pál Szinyei Merse (4 July 1845, Szinyeújfalu – 2 February 1920, Jernye) was a Hungarian painter and art educator.

Biography
He was born into a family of the old nobility who supported the Hungarian Revolution. Because of the political unrest, he attended private schools. In 1864, with the support of his parents, he enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where he studied under Alexander von Wagner. Later, from 1867 to 1869, his teacher was Karl von Piloty. While there, he met Wilhelm Leibl, who introduced him to plein-air painting. After seeing a major art exhibition in 1869, he was anxious to get to work and left the Academy. In 1870, at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War he moved to Genoa and was inclined to stay there, but returned in 1872 at the urging of his father. Once there, he set up a studio near one operated by his friend, Arnold Böcklin. The following year, he got married. Soon, he was largely occupied with financial matters and his painting suffered. After years of critical abuse and increasing family problems, he gave up painting for over a decade, beginning in 1882.

In 1887, his problems culminated in a divorce. For the next few years, he concentrated on raising his son Félix, who had remained with him. When Félix left home, his friends began a campaign to convince him that he should start painting again. In 1894, they organized a retrospective exhibition where one of his works was purchased by the Emperor Franz Joseph. For the rest of his life, he painted incessantly, although he was still very critical of himself and produced fewer paintings per year than before.

In 1896, he was elected to the Diet of Hungary, where he advocated for major reforms in art education. He then began to exhibit widely, in Paris, St.Louis, Berlin and Rome, among other places. In 1902, he went blind in one eye, but continued to work at the same pace. In 1905, he became President of the Hungarian University of Fine Arts. He held that office until his death, encouraging young artists and supporting the art colony in Nagybánya.

In 1912, the Ernst Museum organized the largest exhibition of his works up to that time and he was awarded the small cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary. Later, the Museum of Fine Arts set aside a room for his paintings. After his death, a group of his friends created the "Szinyei Merse Society" to continue his work of discovering and promoting new, young artists.

title: Pál Szinyei Merse


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Liberty Bridge (Budapest)

Liberty Bridge or Freedom Bridge (Szabadság Híd, ) in Budapest, Hungary, connects Buda and Pest across the River Danube. It is the third southernmost public road bridge in Budapest, located at the southern end of the City Centre. It was originally named Ferenc József híd (Franz Joseph Bridge).

At its two ends are two public squares, Gellért tér (at the foot of Gellért Hill, with the Gellért Spa and Hotel Gellért) and Fővám tér (with the Great Market Hall).

The Liberty Bridge is the shortest bridge in Budapest's center. Initially built as part of the Millennium World Exhibition at the end of the 19th century, the bridge features art nouveau design, mythological sculptures and the country's coat of arms adorned on its side.

The northeastern house contains a museum on the bridges of Budapest. The bridge was the first in the city to be rebuilt after suffering heavy damage during World War II.

Construction
The bridge was built between 1894 and 1896 to the plans of János Feketeházy. Although radically different in structure (it is a cantilever truss bridge with a suspended middle span), the bridge imitates the general outline of a chain-type bridge, which was considered an aesthetically preferable form at the time of construction. The bridge was opened in the presence of Emperor Franz Joseph; the last silver rivet on the Pest abutment was inserted into the iron structure by the Emperor himself, and the bridge was originally named after him.

Dimensions and decorations
The bridge is 333.6 m in length and 20.1 m in width. The top of the four masts are decorated with large bronze statues of the Turul, a falcon-like bird, prominent in ancient Hungarian mythology.

Traffic
A number of trams cross the bridge as well as other road vehicles, but there is an initiative to convert it to a pedestrian-only crossing now that the fourth underground metro line is completed.

title: Liberty Bridge (Budapest)


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Theodore Meighen

Theodore Roosevelt O'Neil Meighen (October 1905 – 1979) was a Canadian lawyer and philanthropist. He was the eldest son of former Prime Minister Arthur Meighen and Isabel Cox.

Education
Meighen was born in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. He attended the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario in 1925, student #1865. He studied law at Université Laval in Quebec City.

Career
He practiced law in Montreal, and became a senior partner in the firm of McMaster Meighen. During World War II, he was based in Halifax, Nova Scotia while serving in the Royal Canadian Artillery. After the war he retired, with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

He established the T. R. Meighen Family Foundation in 1969.

Family
Meighen married Margaret "Peggy" DeLancey Robinson in 1937. She was a descendant of American Loyalist Beverley Robinson. Their children included Michael Meighen, who was later named to the Senate of Canada. Following Theodore Meighen's death, Peggy married Senator Hartland Molson in 1990, and remains the only Canadian ever to have both a son and a husband sitting in the Canadian Senate simultaneously. She died on December 18, 2000, at the age of 85, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Theodore Meighen was also the brother of arts philanthropist Lillian Meighen Wright.

title: Theodore Meighen


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Tanglin Secondary School

Tanglin Secondary School was a co-educational government secondary school in Clementi, Singapore.

Tanglin Technical Secondary School (1964 - 1993)
Tanglin Secondary School which was located at 369 Commonwealth Avenue in the area called Tanglin Halt was officially opened by Education Minister Ong Pang Boon on 16 October 1964. It was Singapore’s first Chinese medium technical school, and the first institution to admit female students to technical courses. It was renamed Tanglin Technical Secondary School in 1969. The school motto was in Malay, “Berusaha Untok Berjaya”, of which translates to the same meaning as the current motto in English.

Tanglin Secondary School
It was switched later to the Chinese medium pre-university classes, and renamed Tanglin Secondary School and relocated to the current premises at 301 West Coast Road in 1993.

Merger of Clementi Woods Secondary School
In 2014, the Ministry of Education announced a merger of Clementi Woods Secondary School with Tanglin Secondary School, taking effect in 2016. The merged school retains the name and campus of Tanglin Secondary.

Merger into New Town Secondary School
In 2021, the Ministry of Education announced Tanglin Secondary School will be merged into New Town Secondary School in 2023.

The old school site will be the site of West Coast MRT station.

Special Programmes

 * Bias for Engineering (Niche)
 * Bias for Arts (Niche)
 * Multimedia Digital Science Enrichment
 * Y2Y Entrepreneur Incubation Programmes
 * School Family Education
 * BASICS Character Education
 * School Exchange and Twinning Programme
 * Music Education Programme for Secondary 1 and 2
 * Dance Education for Secondary 1 and 2 boys and girls
 * Environmental Education Programme
 * Advanced Elective/Elective Module Programme(AEM/EM)
 * Applied Graded Subject (AGS)

Notable alumni

 * Cedric Foo: Member of Parliament
 * Zainudin Nordin: Member of Parliament
 * Mark Phooi: Entrepreneur
 * Jayley Woo: Actress, Mediacorp
 * Andie Chen: Actor, Mediacorp
 * Sharil Ishak: Singapore Footballer

title: Tanglin Secondary School


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Mars (Gackt album)

Mars is the first full-length studio album released by Japanese solo artist Gackt. It was released on April 26, 2000.

Release
The album was released on April 26, 2000, by Nippon Crown. In the second counting week of May, it reached number three on the Oricon charts, with sales of 153,500 copies. In the upcoming week, it was at the number sixteen, with sales of 23,540 copies. It charted for only five weeks. Since its release, the album has sold more than 200,000 copies. It was certified gold by RIAJ in 2000.

Preceding the release of the album was the release of three singles, "Vanilla", "Mirror", and "Oasis". The first single, "Vanilla", is one of Gackt's most popular and commercially successful songs. It reached number four on the fourth counting week of August 1999, with sales of 104,650 copies. In the upcoming three weeks, it was at number thirteen two times, and fifteen, with sales of 40,990, and 31,810, and 22,440 copies. It charted for ten weeks. With 248,360 copies sold, it was the 89th best-selling single of the year, and it was certified Gold by RIAJ. The single was later re-released in 2002. It charted for six weeks, reaching number twelve, with sales of 19,220 copies.

The second single, "Mirror", reached number nine on the third counting week of February 2000, with sales of 76,690 copies. It charted for 6 weeks, and sold over 116,770 copies. The third single, "Oasis", reached number seven on the fourth counting week of February 2000, with sales of 84,690 copies. It charted for 6 weeks, and sold over 126,280 copies.

Promotion
Mars ~Sora Kara no Hōmon-sha~ Kaisō (MARS 〜空からの訪問者〜 回想) was the first live tour of Gackt. It was released on VHS on October 4, 2000, and on DVD on November 11, 2000. Lawson sold a special backstage report titled Mars ~Sora Kara no Hōmon-sha~ Kiseki on November 27, 2000. The VHS contained making-of videos for all of the special screens used in the show. The video recording of the final concert was filmed on June 1, 2000, at the Yokohama Arena.

Album credits

 * Personnel
 * Vocals, Piano: Gackt
 * Guitar, Violin: You
 * Guitar: Masa Shinozaki
 * Effects, Guitar: Nao Kimura
 * Bass, “M-4” Laugh Voice: Ren
 * Music Adviser: Yohei Shimada
 * Guitar: Chachamaru, Isamu Ohashi
 * Keyboards & Orchestra Arrangement: Shusei Tsukamoto
 * Keyboards: Jun-ichi “Igao” Igarashi (Envers)
 * Drums: Kota Igarashi (by the courtesy of Epic Records), Kozo Suganuma, Toshiyuki Sugino, Eby, Takashi Kawaguchi
 * Violin: Gen Ittetsu
 * Cello: Masami Horisawa
 * ”M-9” Chorus: Junko Hirotani
 * ”M-11” Chorus: Ryoko Sato
 * ”M-8” Accordion, Voice: Emi=Eleonia
 * ”M-12” Kid’s Chorus: Eimi Mori, Yuma Kita, Suzuka Kita, Yusuke Nonaka, Yukine Kaneko, Taiga Gunji

 * Production
 * Producer: Gackt
 * Associate Producer: Chachamaru
 * Executive Producer: Tomonori Sato (Nippon Crown), You Harada (Museum Museum)
 * Recording Engineer: Motonari Matsumoto, Atsuo Akabe, Hiroshi Tanigawa, Susumu Iguchi, Yukio “ucchyi” Uchiumi
 * Mastering Engineer: Yoichi Aikawa (Rolling Sound Mastering Stuio)

 * Design
 * Art Direction & Design: Jun Misaki
 * Photographer: Kenji Tsukagoshi

title: Mars (Gackt album)


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Electronic correlation

Electronic correlation is the interaction between electrons in the electronic structure of a quantum system. The correlation energy is a measure of how much the movement of one electron is influenced by the presence of all other electrons.

Atomic and molecular systems

Within the Hartree–Fock method of quantum chemistry, the antisymmetric wave function is approximated by a single Slater determinant. Exact wave functions, however, cannot generally be expressed as single determinants. The single-determinant approximation does not take into account Coulomb correlation, leading to a total electronic energy different from the exact solution of the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Therefore, the Hartree–Fock limit is always above this exact energy. The difference is called the correlation energy, a term coined by Löwdin. The concept of the correlation energy was studied earlier by Wigner.

A certain amount of electron correlation is already considered within the HF approximation, found in the electron exchange term describing the correlation between electrons with parallel spin. This basic correlation prevents two parallel-spin electrons from being found at the same point in space and is often called Pauli correlation. Coulomb correlation, on the other hand, describes the correlation between the spatial position of electrons due to their Coulomb repulsion, and is responsible for chemically important effects such as London dispersion. There is also a correlation related to the overall symmetry or total spin of the considered system.

The word correlation energy has to be used with caution. First it is usually defined as the energy difference of a correlated method relative to the Hartree–Fock energy. But this is not the full correlation energy because some correlation is already included in HF. Secondly the correlation energy is highly dependent on the basis set used. The "exact" energy is the energy with full correlation and complete basis set.

Electron correlation is sometimes divided into dynamical and non-dynamical (static) correlation. Dynamical correlation is the correlation of the movement of electrons and is described under electron correlation dynamics and also with the configuration interaction (CI) method. Static correlation is important for molecules where the ground state is well described only with more than one (nearly-)degenerate determinant. In this case the Hartree–Fock wavefunction (only one determinant) is qualitatively wrong. The multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) method takes account of this static correlation, but not dynamical correlation.

If one wants to calculate excitation energies (energy differences between the ground and excited states) one has to be careful that both states are equally balanced (e.g., Multireference configuration interaction).

Methods
In simple terms, the molecular orbitals of the Hartree–Fock method are optimized by evaluating the energy of an electron in each molecular orbital moving in the mean field of all other electrons, rather than including the instantaneous repulsion between electrons.

To account for electron correlation, there are many post-Hartree–Fock methods, including:

One of the most important methods for correcting for the missing correlation is the configuration interaction (CI) method. Starting with the Hartree–Fock wavefunction as the ground determinant, one takes a linear combination of the ground and excited determinants $$ \Phi_I$$ as the correlated wavefunction and optimizes the weighting factors $$c_I$$ according to the Variational Principle. When taking all possible excited determinants, one speaks of Full-CI. In a Full-CI wavefunction all electrons are fully correlated. For non-small molecules, Full-CI is much too computationally expensive. One truncates the CI expansion and gets well-correlated wavefunctions and well-correlated energies according to the level of truncation.
 * configuration interaction (CI)

Perturbation theory gives correlated energies, but no new wavefunctions. PT is not variational. This means the calculated energy is not an upper bound for the exact energy. It is possible to partition Møller–Plesset perturbation theory energies via Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA) energy partitioning (although most commonly the correlation energy is not partitioned). This is an extension to the theory of Atoms in Molecules. IQA energy partitioning enables one to look in detail at the correlation energy contributions from individual atoms and atomic interactions. IQA correlation energy partitioning has also been shown to be possible with coupled cluster methods.
 * Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP3, MP4, etc.)

 * multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF)

There are also combinations possible. E.g. one can have some nearly degenerate determinants for the multi-configurational self-consistent field method to account for static correlation and/or some truncated CI method for the biggest part of dynamical correlation and/or on top some perturbational ansatz for small perturbing (unimportant) determinants. Examples for those combinations are CASPT2 and SORCI.

 * Explicitly correlated wavefunction (R12 method)

This approach includes a term depending on interelectron distance into wavefunction. This leads to faster convergence in terms of basis set size than pure gaussian-type basis set, but requires calculation of more complex integrals. To simplify them, interelectron distances are expanded into a series making for simpler integrals. The idea of R12 methods is quite old, but practical implementations begun to appear only recently.

Crystalline systems
In condensed matter physics, electrons are typically described with reference to a periodic lattice of atomic nuclei. Non-interacting electrons are therefore typically described by Bloch waves, which correspond to the delocalized, symmetry adapted molecular orbitals used in molecules (while Wannier functions correspond to localized molecular orbitals). A number of important theoretical approximations have been proposed to explain electron correlations in these crystalline systems.

The Fermi liquid model of correlated electrons in metals is able to explain the temperature dependence of resistivity by electron-electron interactions. It also forms the basis for the BCS theory of superconductivity, which is the result of phonon-mediated electron-electron interactions.

Systems that escape a Fermi liquid description are said to be strongly-correlated. In them, interactions plays such an important role that qualitatively new phenomena emerge. This is the case, for example, when the electrons are close to a metal-insulator transition. The Hubbard model is based on the tight-binding approximation, and can explain conductor-insulator transitions in Mott insulators such as transition metal oxides by the presence of repulsive Coulombic interactions between electrons. Its one-dimensional version is considered an archetype of the strong-correlations problem and displays many dramatic manifestations such as quasi-particle fractionalization. However, there is no exact solution of the Hubbard model in more than one dimension.

The RKKY interaction can explain electron spin correlations between unpaired inner shell electrons in different atoms in a conducting crystal by a second-order interaction that is mediated by conduction electrons.

The Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid model approximates second order electron-electron interactions as bosonic interactions.

Mathematical viewpoint
For two independent electrons a and b,

 * $$\rho(\mathbf{r}_a,\mathbf{r}_b) \sim \rho(\mathbf{r}_a)\rho(\mathbf{r}_b), \, $$

where $ρ(r_{a},r_{b})$ represents the joint electronic density, or the probability density of finding electron a at $r_{a}$ and electron b at $r_{b}$. Within this notation, $ρ(r_{a},r_{b}) dr_{a} dr_{b}$ represents the probability of finding the two electrons in their respective volume elements $dr_{a}$ and $dr_{b}$.

If these two electrons are correlated, then the probability of finding electron a at a certain position in space depends on the position of electron b, and vice versa. In other words, the product of their independent density functions does not adequately describe the real situation. At small distances, the uncorrelated pair density is too large; at large distances, the uncorrelated pair density is too small (i.e. the electrons tend to "avoid each other").

title: Electronic correlation


text:
Railway stations in Newport

There have been many railway stations in Newport, due to its importance as a port for the industrial Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire valleys. The only stations in use at the moment are Newport in the city centre and in the Western valley Pye Corner and Rogerstone.

History

 * 19 June 1850 Newport High Street was opened by the South Wales Railway.
 * 21/23 December 1850 A temporary terminus station was opened at Courtybella on the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company's Western Valley line.
 * 1 July 1852 The Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company opened a temporary station at Marshes Turnpike Gate on Barrack Hill as the southern terminus of its Eastern Valley line from Pontypool.
 * 4 August 1852 Newport Dock Street was opened by the Monmouthshire Railway on its Western Valley line.
 * 9 March 1853 Newport Mill Street opened to replace the Barrack Hill terminus.
 * May 1855 the Eastern Valley line was connected to the Western Valley line at Dock Street.
 * 1 August 1863 Amalgamation of the South Wales Railway and the Great Western Railway amalgamated.
 * 17 September 1874 Pontypool, Caerleon and Newport Railway opened from Pontypool South Junction to Maindee Junctions for goods trains.
 * 21 December 1874 Passenger trains on the Pontypool, Caerleon and Newport Railway run to High Street station.
 * April 1878 Connection made from Llantarnam Junction on the Pontypool, Caerleon and Newport Railway to Cwmbran Junction on Eastern Valley line. Eastern Valley trains divert, via Caerleon, to Newport High Street.
 * 1 January 1879 Park Junction to Gaer Junction opened allowing the Western Valley line access to use High Street station.
 * 1 August 1880 Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Company and Great Western Railway amalgamated. Mill Street and Dock Street passenger stations closed.
 * 28 November 1966 Newport Mill Street yard closed.

Former suburban stations
The following list of stations are all within the present city boundary, although all have subsequently closed:

 * Bassaleg Junction (1850-1962)
 * Bassaleg (1865-1962)
 * Caerleon (1874-1962)
 * Llanwern (1850-1960)
 * Marshes Turnpike Gate (1852-1853)
 * Marshfield (1850-1959)
 * Newport Courtybella (1850-1852)
 * Newport Mill Street (1853-1880)
 * Newport Dock Street (1852-1880)
 * Rhiwderin (1865-1954)

The future
There are plans to operate services to Newport station on the newly reopened Ebbw Valley Railway and re-open more former stations on the line as part of a wider transport strategy for the city. Currently services operate between and.

The Newport Unitary Development Plan lists the following policies in part 4 under "Public Transport":

T1 The railway system will be safeguarded and developed by: The provision of new stations at Caerleon, Coedkernew (Newport West), Rogerstone, Bassaleg (Pye Corner), Maesglas (Newport West Central) and Llanwern;  the protection of disused railway lines from development;  Protecting and encouraging rail access to industrial development;  Promoting the re-opening of the Western Valley line to passenger traffic;  Supporting improved rail links to Newport Docks and river wharves;  Promoting the upgrading of the South Wales Main Line and through services to the continent;  Supporting applications for government grant for new rail facilities.
 * Railways

title: Railway stations in Newport