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Benjamin Libet

Benjamin Libet (April 12, 1916 – July 23, 2007) was an American neuroscientist who was a pioneer in the field of human consciousness. Libet was a researcher in the physiology department of the University of California, San Francisco. In 2003, he was the first recipient of the Virtual Nobel Prize in Psychology from the University of Klagenfurt "for his pioneering achievements in the experimental investigation of consciousness, initiation of action, and free will".

Life
Libet was the son of Ukrainian Jewish immigrants. Gamer Libitsky, his paternal grandfather, came to America in 1865 from a town called Brusilov in Ukraine. His mother, Anna Charovsky, emigrated from Kiev in 1913. His parents met in Chicago and married in 1915 and had Libet the next year. He had a brother, Meyer, and a sister, Dorothy. Libet attended a public elementary school and John Marshall High School. In 1939, Libet graduated from the University of Chicago, where he studied with Ralph W. Gerard.

In the 1970s, Libet was involved in research into neural activity and sensation thresholds. His initial investigations involved determining how much activation at specific sites in the brain was required to trigger artificial somatic sensations, relying on routine psychophysical procedures. This work soon crossed into an investigation into human consciousness; his most famous experiment was meant to demonstrate that the unconscious electrical processes in the brain called Bereitschaftspotential (or readiness potential) discovered by Lüder Deecke and Hans Helmut Kornhuber in 1965 precede conscious decisions to perform volitional, spontaneous acts, implying that unconscious neuronal processes precede and potentially cause volitional acts which are retrospectively felt to be consciously motivated by the subject. The experiment has caused controversy not only because it challenges the belief in free will, but also due to a criticism of its implicit assumptions.

Equipment
To gauge the relation between unconscious readiness potential and subjective feelings of volition and action, Libet required an objective method of marking the subject's conscious experience of the will to perform an action in time, and afterward comparing this information with data recording the brain's electrical activity during the same interval. For this, Libet required specialized pieces of equipment.

The first of these was the cathode ray oscilloscope, an instrument typically used to graph the amplitude and frequency of electrical signals. With a few adjustments, however, the oscilloscope could be made to act as a timer: instead of displaying a series of waves, the output was a single dot that could be made to travel in a circular motion, similar to the movements of a second hand around a clock face. This timer was set so that the time it took for the dot to travel between intervals marked on the oscilloscope was approximately forty-three milliseconds. As the angular velocity of the dot remained constant, any change in distance could easily be converted into the time it took to travel that distance.

To monitor brain activity during the same period, Libet used an electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG uses small electrodes placed at various points on the scalp that measure neuronal activity in the cortex, the outermost portion of the brain, which is associated with higher cognition. The transmission of electrical signals across regions of the cortex causes differences in measured voltage across EEG electrodes. These differences in voltage reflect changes in neuronal activity in specific areas of the cortex.

To measure the actual time of the voluntary motor act, an electromyograph (EMG) recorded the muscle movement using electrodes on the skin over the activated muscle of the forearm. The EMG time was taken as the zero time relative to which all other times were calculated.

Methods
Researchers carrying out Libet's procedure would ask each participant to sit at a desk in front of the oscilloscope timer. They would affix the EEG electrodes to the participant's scalp, and would then instruct the subject to carry out some small, simple motor activity, such as pressing a button, or flexing a finger or wrist, within a certain time frame. No limits were placed on the number of times the subject could perform the action within this period. During the experiment, the subject would be asked to note the position of the dot on the oscilloscope timer when "he/she was first aware of the wish or urge to act" (control tests with Libet's equipment demonstrated a comfortable margin of error of only −50 milliseconds). Pressing the button also recorded the position of the dot on the oscillator, this time electronically. By comparing the marked time of the button's pushing and the subject's conscious decision to act, researchers were able to calculate the total time of the trial from the subject's initial volition through to the resultant action. On average, approximately two hundred milliseconds elapsed between the first appearance of conscious will to press the button and the act of pressing it.

Researchers also analyzed EEG recordings for each trial with respect to the timing of the action. It was noted that brain activity involved in the initiation of the action, primarily centered in the secondary motor cortex, occurred, on average, approximately five hundred milliseconds before the trial ended with the pushing of the button. That is to say, researchers recorded mounting brain activity related to the resultant action as many as three hundred milliseconds before subjects reported the first awareness of conscious will to act. In other words, apparently conscious decisions to act were preceded by an unconscious buildup of electrical activity within the brain – the change in EEG signals reflecting this buildup came to be called Bereitschaftspotential or readiness potential. As of 2008, the upcoming outcome of a decision could be found in study of the brain activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex up to 7 seconds before the subject was aware of their decision. Since then, even the readiness potential argument has been refuted.

Implications of Libet's experiments
There is no majority agreement about the interpretation or the significance of Libet's experiments. However, Libet's experiments suggest to some that unconscious processes in the brain are the true initiator of volitional acts, and free will therefore plays no part in their initiation. If unconscious brain processes have already taken steps to initiate an action before consciousness is aware of any desire to perform it, the causal role of consciousness in volition is all but eliminated, according to this interpretation. For instance, Susan Blackmore's interpretation is "that conscious experience takes some time to build up and is much too slow to be responsible for making things happen".

Such a conclusion would be overdrawn as in a subsequent run of experiments, Libet found that even after the awareness of the decision to push the button had happened, people still had the capability to veto the decision and not to push the button. So they still had the capability to refrain from the decision that had earlier been made. Some therefore take this brain impulse to push the button to suggest just a readiness potential which the subject may either then go along with or may veto. So the person still has power over his or her decision.

For this reason, Libet himself regards his experimental results to be entirely compatible with the notion of free will. He finds that conscious volition is exercised in the form of 'the power of veto' (sometimes called "free won't"); the idea that conscious acquiescence is required to allow the unconscious buildup of the readiness potential to be actualized as a movement. While consciousness plays no part in the instigation of volitional acts, Libet suggested that it may still have a part to play in suppressing or withholding certain acts instigated by the unconscious. Libet noted that everyone has experienced the withholding from performing an unconscious urge. Since the subjective experience of the conscious will to act preceded the action by only 200 milliseconds, this leaves consciousness only 100–150 milliseconds to veto an action (this is because the final 20 milliseconds prior to an act are occupied by the activation of the spinal motor neurons by the primary motor cortex, and the margin of error indicated by tests utilizing the oscillator must also be considered). However, Max Velmans has argued: "Libet has shown that the experienced intention to perform an act is preceded by cerebral initiation. Why should the experienced decision to veto that intention, or to actively or passively promote its completion, be any different?"

In a study published in 2012, Aaron Schurger, Jacobo D. Sitt, and Stanislas Dehaene proposed that the occurrence of the readiness potentials observed in Libet-type experiments is stochastically occasioned by ongoing spontaneous subthreshold fluctuations in neural activity, rather than an unconscious goal-directed operation.

In an empirical study in 2019, researchers found that readiness potentials were absent for deliberate decisions, and preceded arbitrary decisions only.

Libet's experiments have received both support and opposition from other research related to the neuroscience of free will.

Reactions by dualist philosophers
The German philosopher Uwe Meixner commented, "For making an informed decision, the self needs to be conscious of the facts relevant to the decision prior to making the decision; but...the self certainly does not need to be conscious of making the decision at the very same time it makes it...the consciousness of a state of affairs P being (presently) the case is always somewhat later than the actual fact of P's being the case...".

When one is speaking to another individual, as a result of the limited velocity of light signals and the limited velocity of sound waves and the limited velocity of nerve signals, what one is experiencing as now is always slightly in the past. No person ever has a definite present awareness of what is occurring around them. There is a small time delay due to the limited velocity of these many different signals that is indiscernible to people because it is extremely short. Meixner also says, "it is hardly surprising that the consciousness of making a decision is no exception to this general rule, which is due to the dependence of consciousness on neurophysiology".

Just as nothing that is actually presently there can be observed because of the limited velocity of light but events as they are just a little in the past can be observed, in the same way people do not have a consciousness of their own decisions simultaneously with their making them but they have it undetectedly afterwards.

If the mind has the power to think without being causally determined, then all it requires to do in order to make accountable, knowledgeable, free decisions is consciousness of the pertinent facts before its decision making. However, the mind does not require to be aware or conscious of the decision itself at the same it makes that decision.

It has been suggested that consciousness is merely a side-effect of neuronal functions, an epiphenomenon of brain states (also see: Epiphenomenalism). Libet's experiments have been proffered in support of this theory; our reports of conscious instigation of our own acts are, in this view, a mistake of retrospection. However, some dualist philosophers have disputed this conclusion: "In short, the [neuronal] causes and correlates of conscious experience should not be confused with their ontology ... the only evidence about what conscious experiences are like comes from first-person sources, which consistently suggest consciousness to be something other than or additional to neuronal activity."

A more general criticism from a dualist-interactionist perspective has been raised by Alexander Batthyany who points out that Libet asked his subjects to merely "let the urge [to move] appear on its own at any time without any pre-planning or concentration on when to act". According to Batthyany, neither reductionist nor non-reductionist agency theories claim that urges which appear on their own are suitable examples of (allegedly) consciously caused events because one cannot passively wait for an urge to occur while at the same time being the one who is consciously bringing it about. Libet's results thus cannot be interpreted to provide empirical evidence in favour of agency reductionism, since non-reductionist theories, even including dualist interactionism, would predict the very same experimental results.

Timing issues
American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett argues that no clear conclusion about volition can be derived from Libet's experiment because of ambiguities in the timings of the different events involved. Libet tells when the readiness potential occurs objectively, using electrodes, but relies on the subject reporting the position of the hand of a clock to determine when the conscious decision was made. As Dennett points out, this is only a report of where it seems to the subject that various things come together, not of the objective time at which they actually occur:

"Suppose Libet knows that your readiness potential peaked at millisecond 6,810 of the experimental trial, and the clock dot was straight down (which is what you reported you saw) at millisecond 7,005. How many milliseconds should he have to add to this number to get the time you were conscious of it? The light gets from your clock face to your eyeball almost instantaneously, but the path of the signals from retina through lateral geniculate nucleus to striate cortex takes 5 to 10 milliseconds—a paltry fraction of the 300 milliseconds offset, but how much longer does it take them to get to you. (Or are you located in the striate cortex?) The visual signals have to be processed before they arrive at wherever they need to arrive for you to make a conscious decision of simultaneity. Libet's method presupposes, in short, that we can locate the intersection of two trajectories:

 * the rising-to-consciousness of signals representing the decision to flick
 * the rising to consciousness of signals representing successive clock-face orientations

so that these events occur side-by-side as it were in place where their simultaneity can be noted."

Subjective backward referral or "antedating" of sensory experience
Libet's early theory, resting on study of stimuli and sensation, was found bizarre by some commentators, including Patricia Churchland, due to the apparent idea of backward causation. Libet argued that data suggested that we retrospectively "antedate" the beginning of a sensation to the moment of the primary neuronal response. People interpreted Libet's work on stimulus and sensation in a number of different ways. John Eccles presented Libet's work as suggesting a backward step in time made by a non-physical mind. Edoardo Bisiach (1988) described Eccles as tendentious, but commented: "This is indeed the conclusion that the authors (Libet, et al.) themselves seem to be willing to force upon the reader. ... They dispute an alternative explanation, suggested by Mackay in a discussion with Libet (1979, p. 219) to the effect that 'the subjective referral backwards in time may be due to an illusory judgment made by the subject when he reports the timings', and more significant, Libet, et al. (1979, p. 220) hint at 'serious though not insurmountable difficulties' for the identity theory (of mind and matter) caused by their data."

Libet later concluded that there appeared to be "no neural mechanism that could be viewed as directly mediating or accounting for" the subjective sensory referrals backward in time (emphasis Libet's). Libet postulated that the primary evoked potential (EP) serves as a "time marker". The EP is a sharp positive potential appearing in the appropriate sensory region of the brain about 25 milliseconds after a skin stimulus. Libet's experiments demonstrated that there is an automatic subjective referral of the conscious experience backwards in time to this time marker. The skin sensation does not enter our conscious awareness until about 500 milliseconds after the skin stimulus, but we subjectively feel that the sensation occurred at the time of the stimulus.

For Libet, these subjective referrals would appear to be purely a mental function with no corresponding neural basis in the brain. Indeed, this suggestion can be more broadly generalized:

"The transformation from neuronal patterns to a subjective representation would appear to develop in a mental sphere that has emerged from that neuronal pattern. ... My view of mental subjective function is that it is an emergent property of appropriate brain functions. The conscious mental cannot exist without the brain processes that give rise to it. However, having emerged from brain activities as a unique 'property' of that physical system, the mental can exhibit phenomena not evident in the neural brain that produced it."

Conscious mental field theory
In the later part of his career, Libet proposed a theory of the conscious mental field (CMF) to explain how the mental arises from the physical brain. The two main motivations prompting this proposal were: (1) the phenomenon of the unity of subjective conscious experience and (2) the phenomenon that conscious mental function appears to influence nerve cell activity.

Regarding the unity of conscious experience, it was increasingly evident to Libet that many functions of the cortex are localized, even to a microscopic level in a region of the brain, and yet the conscious experiences related to these areas are integrated and unified. We do not experience an infinite array of individual events but rather a unitary integrated consciousness, for example, with no gaps in spatial and colored images. For Libet, some unifying process or phenomenon likely mediates the transformation of localized, particularized neuronal representations into our unified conscious experience. This process seemed to be best accountable in a mental sphere that appears to emerge from the neural events, namely, the conscious mental field.

The CMF is the mediator between the physical activities of nerve cells and the emergence of subjective experience. Thus the CMF is the entity in which unified subjective experience is present and provides the causal ability to affect or alter some neuronal functions. Libet proposed the CMF as a "property" of an emergent phenomenon of the brain; it does not exist without the brain but emerges from the appropriate system of neural activity. This proposal is related to electromagnetic theories of consciousness.

To test the proposed causal ability of the CMF to affect or alter neuronal functions, Libet proposed an experimental design, which would surgically isolate a slab of cerebral cortex (in a patient for whom such a procedure was therapeutically required). If electrical stimulation of the isolated cortex can elicit an introspective report by the subject, the CMF must be able to activate appropriate cerebral areas in order to produce the verbal report. This result would demonstrate directly that a conscious mental field could affect neuronal functions in a way that would account for the activity of the conscious will. Detailed description of the proposed experimental test is as follows:

"A small slab of sensory cortex (subserving any modality) is neuronally isolated but kept viable by making all the cortical cuts subpially. This allows the blood vessels in the pia to project into the isolated slab and provide blood flow from the arterial branches that dip vertically into the cortex. The prediction is that electrical stimulation of the sensory slab will produce a subjective response reportable by the subject. That is, activity in the isolated slab can contribute by producing its own portion of the CMF."

Libet further elaborated on CMF: "The CMF is not a Cartesian dualistic phenomenon; it is not separable from the brain. Rather, it is proposed to be a localizable system property produced by appropriate neuronal activities, and it cannot exist without them. Again, it is not a ghost in the machine. But, as a system produced by billions of nerve cell actions, it can have properties not directly predictable from these neuronal activities. It is a non-physical phenomenon, like the subjective experience that it represents. The process by which the CMF arises from its contributing elements is not describable. It must simply be regarded as a new fundamental given phenomenon in nature, which is different from other fundamental givens, like gravity or electromagnetism."

Tributes
Robert W. Doty, professor of Neurobiology and Anatomy at the University of Rochester: Benjamin Libet's discoveries are of extraordinary interest. His is almost the only approach yet to yield any credible evidence of how conscious awareness is produced by the brain. Libet's work is unique, and speaks to questions asked by all humankind.

Susan J. Blackmore, visiting lecturer at the University of the West of England, Bristol: Many philosophers and scientists have argued that free will is an illusion. Unlike all of them, Benjamin Libet found a way to test it.

In popular culture
Libet and his research into the delay is referenced several times in song titles by musical artist the Caretaker, who was influenced by some of his work. The 2011 album An Empty Bliss Beyond This World contains a song called "Libet's Delay", which went on to be one of the more popular tracks from it. The Caretaker's final release, Everywhere at the End of Time, contains the songs "Back There Benjamin," (Referring to his first name) "Libet's All Joyful Camaraderie" and "Libet Delay", with the latter being a far more twisted, distorted version of the original "Libet's Delay". Also, the 2019 extra album Everywhere, an Empty Bliss includes a track named "Benjamin Beyond Bliss".

title: Benjamin Libet


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tyzo

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:14, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Tyzo
Not notable website, most likely the article was created by its owner; "Traffic Rank for tyzo.com: 95,796" bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 08:18, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: "Tyzo.com, is a travel directory founded in 1998 by Toby Streett rd of Portland, Oregon. The site features the largest human-edited directory of travel websites." It might be true, but even on the site itself, I can find nothing to verify this. Besides, I think there's a bigger Yahoo! travel directory, which would make this NOT the biggest as the page claims. I'm leaning towards delete, but I'll abstain for now. Mgm|(talk) 13:00, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * From what I've seen on their website, they don't even have a real "directory". On every city you click, they have the same six affiliated links to other sites. bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 14:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: If it were a leader or the biggest, then it would probably be notable. Barring that (and it appears to be untrue), delete for Wikipedia not being a web guide. Geogre 15:28, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not noteable. ConeyCyclone 17:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created 17:05, 12 Jun 2005 and mostly used to vote on VfD's. Kaibabsquirrel 21:19, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable, unuseful spam site. --FCYTravis 19:02, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Spam for spam.   — Gwalla | Talk 22:27, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 04:16, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tyzo


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Brännö

Brännö is an island in the Southern Göteborg Archipelago and a locality situated in Göteborg Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. It had 708 inhabitants in 2010 and belongs to the parish of Styrsö within Gothenburg Municipality.

History
Due to its geographical location, Brännö has throughout the centuries been a strategic location for seafarers and chieftains, from both Sweden and the adjacent Norway and Denmark.

It is believed that its inhabitants are the same as the Brondings who are referred to in the Anglo-Saxon poems Beowulf and Widsith. Beowulf, England's national epic, relates that Breca the Bronding was the childhood friend of the hero Beowulf and Widsith tells that Breca later was the lord of the Brondings.

Brännö is mentioned in the Icelandic Sagas as the location of several important thing assemblies in the Viking Age and later.[2]

During the Viking Age, Brännö played a role in the international Viking slave trade between Europe and the Muslim world. People taken captive during the Viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin slave trade or transported to Hedeby or Brännö and from there via the Volga trade route to Russia, where slaves and furs were sold to Muslim merchants in exchange for Arab silver dirham and silk, which have been found in Birka, Wollin and Dublin; initially this trade route between Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate passed via the Khazar Kaghanate, but from the early 10th-century onward it went via Volga Bulgaria and from there by caravan to Khwarazm, to the Samanid slave market in Central Asia and finally via Iran to the Abbasid Caliphate. The Laxdæla saga relates that the beautiful Irish princess Melkorka was sold as a thrall to the Icelandic chieftain Hoskuld Dala-Kollsson, during a fair on Brännö, in the 10th century.

The jetty on the island is also mentioned in the song De' ä' dans på Brännö brygga.

title: Brännö


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User talk:Simon Lieschke

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Longhair | Talk 08:19, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Welcome
Hello Simon Lieschke,

Welcome and enjoy Wikipedia. Your edits are much appreciated.

These links might help you with your contributions:
 * Tutorial
 * Manual of Style
 * Policies and Guidelines

For Wikipedia-wide involvement, visit the Communtiy Portal and the Village Pump.

Be sure to check out Australian resources, like The Australia Wikiportal, Australian Wikipedians' Notice Board, Australian Collaboration of the Fortnight, New Australian Articles and Australian stub articles. You can list yourself at Australian Wikipedians.

Also, assuming you're an Adelaidean, have you considered participating in WikiProject Adelaide? We need all the help we can get!

Again, welcome.--Cyberjunkie 11:54, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians in New Zealand
Hi, You might want to consider adding User NZ res to the top of your user page, which will add you to this category automatically and also add a nice graphic. Or simply add which will have the same effect. If you want to help find fellow kiwis Click on this link which will find all users who have "zealand" on their user page. I have done a few, but there are many more to do. Obviously don't just add it to everybody, read their user page to see if they actually live in NZ. Onco_p53 01:18, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Auckland meetup
Just to let you know that a meetup is planned in Auckland for the 25th of June (see Meetup/Auckland for more details), and that you are cordially invited. GeorgeStepanek\talk 00:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Auckland Meetup 2 Scheduled - Feb 10 2007
You are all invited to Auckland Meetup 2 on the afternoon of Saturday February 10th 2007 at Galbraith's Ale House in Mt Eden. Please see Meetup/Auckland 2 for details. You can also bookmark Meetup/Auckland to be informed of future NZ meetups. - SimonLyall 06:07, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

Concordia College, Adelaide
No big deal, but I'm puzzled as to why you made those two edits to the Concordia page? Cheers, Pdfpdf (talk) 09:51, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I happened across the page in one of my "random Wikipedia browsing sessions" and saw the mucked up tables and decided to fix them up. I generally fix up any obvious problems I notice when browsing about :) slieschke (talk) 10:33, 6 September 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Simon Lieschke


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Volley (tennis)

A volley in tennis is a shot in which the ball is struck before it bounces on the ground. Generally a player hits a volley while standing near the net, although it can be executed farther back, in the middle of the tennis court, or even near the baseline. The word derives from M. French volée meaning flight.

The primary objective of the volley is to go on the offensive and cut the amount of time for the opponent to react. Another advantage is that a player eliminates any possibility of a bad bounce from an uneven surface, such as on some grass and clay courts. Also, if near the net, a volleyer has a wider choice of angles to hit into the opponent's court. However, quick reflexes and hand–eye coordination are required to execute this shot. The primary means of countering a volley are the passing shot and the lob.

Generally, a player who advances to the net in the serve-and-volley-style game will make the initial volley fairly near the service line. The player will then move closer to the net in hopes of making a put-away volley for a winning point. It is difficult to hit an effective volley in the area between the baseline and the service line, and consequently this is often called "no man's land".

Hitting a volley and variants
A regular volley is hit with a short backswing and a punching stroke. While standing at the net, a player usually has no time to take a long backswing. When the ball comes at less pace, though, the volleyer can take a longer backswing to impart more force on the ball, which is called a swing volley. A player can also touch the ball lightly, so that the ball will fall just after the net. This is known as a drop volley.

Another type of volley is the drive volley. This is hit with full backswing and follow through. Effectively this is a volley equivalent of a groundstroke and a very aggressive shot, giving your opponent less time, and can be used as a way to approach the net (approach shot).

To be effective and safe, a volley should be either (1) a drop volley that barely passes the net, so the opposing player will not be able to get to it, or (2) a very sharply angled shot so that again the opponent will not be able to get to it, or (3) a hard shot that bounces very near both the opponent's baseline and the sideline and that serves as a set-up shot in anticipation of a weak return by the opponent. Any other volley will permit the opponent to get to the ball in plenty of time to make an aggressive return shot, either a lob or a passing shot.

Half volley
This tennis shot is called a half volley given that the ball has not been intercepted before it bounced. The racquet contacts the ball almost at surface level. The lower the ball comes at the volleyer, the more difficult this shot becomes, as it requires both adaptive thinking and quick reflexes. In such cases, it can be more advantageous to let the ball bounce and immediately hit the return on the rise rather than attempt to volley it. Some notable half volley experts included players such as: John McEnroe, Patrick Rafter, and Leander Paes.

title: Volley (tennis)


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Gouania

Gouania is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rhamnaceae. The 50 to 70 species it contains are native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Africa, Madagascar, the Indian Ocean islands, southern Asia, the Americas and Hawaii. They are shrubs or lianas. A revision of the species in Madagascar and the other western Indian Ocean islands is in preparation, where the genus has an important centre of diversity. The work will recognise several new species.

Selected species

 * Gouania corylifolia Raddi (Brazil)
 * Gouania hillebrandii Oliv. ex Hillebr. (Hawaii)
 * Gouania leptostachya DC. (South Asia, Southeast Asia)
 * Gouania longispicata (Central Africa)
 * Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. – chewstick or toothbrush tree (Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, northern South America)
 * Gouania meyenii Steud. – smoothfruit chewstick (Hawaii)
 * Gouania napalensis Wall. (India, Nepal)
 * Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urb. (Mexico, Central and South America)
 * Gouania vitifolia A.Gray – Oahu chewstick (Hawaii)

title: Gouania


text:
CKBY-FM

CKBY-FM (101.1 MHz, Country 101.1) is a commercial radio station licensed to Smiths Falls, Ontario, and serving the National Capital Region including Ottawa. It is owned by Rogers Radio, a division of Rogers Sports & Media. From 2020 to 2023 it was branded as CityNews 101.1 with the call letters CJET-FM which simulcasted a News/Talk format with co-owned CIWW. On October 26, 2023, the CityNews branding and simulcast was terminated, CIWW went silent, and 101.1 reverted to its former call letters and Country format, which had been at 92.3 FM.

CKBY-FM has radio studios in Smiths Falls (as part of its license agreement), with auxiliary studios at the Rogers Ottawa cluster on Thurston Drive and Conroy Road.

CKBY-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the current maximum power for Canadian FM stations. The transmitter is on Ontario Highway 15 near Line Route 7 in Beckwith, Ontario.

History
The station was launched at 101.1 MHz on January 20, 1969 as CJET-FM, a sister station to the AM radio station CJET. The station on 101.1 changed its callsign to CKUE-FM in the early 1970s.

In 1984, the stations were acquired by CHEZ-FM Inc., the owner of Ottawa's CHEZ. In 1986, CKUE-FM changed its callsign to CHEQ-FM, and adopted the Q101 brand. Q101 switched from its longtime adult contemporary format to country music in 1990, but the country format was financially unsuccessful.

In 1993, CHEZ acquired rights to the callsign and format of CFMO-FM, an easy listening station in Ottawa which CHUM Limited had converted to hot adult contemporary CKKL-FM.

In 1999, the CHEZ group of stations were acquired by Rogers Media. On December 31 of that year, Rogers converted the station to a modern rock format and moved the station's studios into Ottawa, using the callsign CIOX-FM and the brand name Xfm. However, in 2001 the CRTC found that by operating CIOX as an Ottawa station, Rogers was in contravention of market concentration rules about the number of radio stations in a single market that can be owned by the same company. As a result, the CRTC ordered Rogers to return the station to Smiths Falls.

In October 2003, the station stunted for the day as 101.1 Frank FM, playing pretty much anything.

On January 9, 2004, at Noon, the station adopted its current format when Rogers converted the former CKBY in Ottawa to the current CISS-FM. 101.1 became CKBY-FM Y101, and 105.3 became CISS-FM a month later after the format change. On June 28, 2013, the station was rebranded as Country 101.1 as part of a standardization of Rogers' country stations. On December 3, 2020, as part of a larger realignment of Rogers' Ottawa stations, the station flipped to news/talk as an FM simulcast of CIWW, with both stations also rebranded as CityNews Ottawa. The country format moved to sister station CJET-FM 92.3, with the stations also swapping call signs. This realignment was reversed on October 26, 2023, with CKBY-FM moving back to 101.1 and the CityNews format being discontinued.

All-news programming
During its CityNews period, on weekdays, local all-news blocks were heard in morning and afternoon drive time. In middays, two local talk shows air: Rob Snow in late mornings and Sam Laprade in early afternoons. Their shows were repeated in the evening. Overnights featured the national all-news service shared with CFTR Toronto, CFFR Calgary and CKWX Vancouver.

On weekends, all-news blocks were heard in the morning and overnight, with talk shows in the afternoon and CBS Sports Radio in the evening. ABC News Radio supplies reports on world and U.S. news. Toronto Blue Jays baseball games were carried. The Blue Jays, CKBY-FM and CIWW are all co-owned by Rogers Communications.

title: CKBY-FM


text:
Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination

The Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination (OIPC) was the Australian Government-led unit for the coordination of policy, programs and services for Indigenous Australians from July 2004 to August 2011.

The OIPC was formally established in July 2004 within the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA), in the wake of the dissolution of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). It was formally dissolved in August 2011 when its functions were integrated within the divisions and branches of the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA).

History
The Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination was formally established on 1 July 2004 within the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs to replace ATSIC and its associated services. With the machinery of government changes in January 2006, the OIPC was transferred to the newly established Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaCSIA).

After the change of government in December 2007, the portfolio was renamed the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA), and the coordination of the Indigenous Coordination Centres and some program management responsibilities were integrated throughout the department. Throughout the existence of the OIPC within FaHCSIA, responsibilities for policy development, program management and service delivery were increasingly mainstreamed and integrated across distinct divisions and branches. The Rudd government also established the Coordinator-General of Remote Indigenous Services in 2009 to coordinate service delivery to remote Indigenous communities.

The OIPC was formally disbanded in name and integrated into the Indigenous Policy and Engagement Division of FaHCSIA in August 2011.

FaHCSIA was discontinued with the election of the Abbott government in September 2013, with the transfer of Indigenous affairs to the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and the creation of the Indigenous Affairs Group.

Responsibilities
The OIPC was responsible for whole-of-government Indigenous policy development and service delivery and managed a regional network of Indigenous Coordination Centres across states and territories. The OIPC also worked with state and territory governments through Council of Australian Governments (COAG) arrangements.


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Govenia

Govenia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family Orchidaceae. The type species, Govenia superba, was transferred from Maxillaria superba and a genus name was given to commemorate J.R. Gowen, secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.

The species in this genus are terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic, and native to Mexico, Central and South America, the West Indies and Florida. This genus has cormous, egg-shaped pseudobulbs and thin, plicate leaves that are always paired. According to the Royal Horticultural Society, Gov. is the official abbreviation for this genus.

Species
The following species are recognized as of June 2014:

 * 1) Govenia alba A. Rich. & Galeotti 1845
 * 2) Govenia bella E.W. Greenw. 1987 (Oaxaca, Mexico)
 * 3) Govenia ciliilabia Ames & C. Schweinf. 1930 (Costa Rica; El Salvador; Panama)
 * 4) Govenia dressleriana E.W. Greenw. 1993 (El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico)
 * 5) Govenia elliptica S. Watson 1891 (Mexico)
 * 6) Govenia fasciata Lindl. 1 843 (Venezuela)
 * 7) †Govenia floridana P.M. Br. 2000 (Florida; extinct)
 * 8) Govenia greenwoodii Dressler & Soto Arenas 2003 (Honduras)
 * 9) Govenia jouyana R. González 1983
 * 10) Govenia lagenophora Lindl. 1839 (El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico)
 * 11) Govenia latifolia (Kunth) Garay & G.A.Romero 1999
 * 12) Govenia liliacea (Lex.) Lindl. 1835 (Mexico; Central America)
 * 13) Govenia matudae E.W.Greenw. & Soto Arenas 2002
 * 14) Govenia praecox Salazar & E.W. Greenw. 1993 (Veracruz, Mexico)
 * 15) Govenia purpusii Schltr. 1918
 * 16) Govenia quadriplicata Rchb. f. 1866
 * 17) Govenia rubellilabia García-Cruz 2006
 * 18) Govenia sodiroi Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador)
 * 19) Govenia superba (La Llave & Lex.) Lindl. ex Lodd. 1831 : El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico)
 * 20) Govenia tequilana Dressler & Hágsater 1973 (Mexico)
 * 21) Govenia tingens Poepp. & Endl. 1837-1838 (Ecuador; Peru)
 * 22) Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. 1839 (Bolivia; Ecuador; Argentina)
 * 23) Govenia viaria Dressler 2002
 * 24) Govenia vilcabambana Dodson 1994 (Ecuador)

title: Govenia


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Mobile Botanical Gardens

The Mobile Botanical Gardens were founded in 1974, and are located on Museum Drive in the Spring Hill community in Mobile, Alabama, United States.

Description
The gardens are situated on 100 acre and are a blend of cultivated areas and natural habitats, including the Rhododendron Garden, Camellia Wintergarden, Fern Glade, Fragrance and Texture Garden, Japanese Maple Garden, Herb garden, and a Longleaf Pine habitat of 40 acre.

The Rhododendron Garden contains eight collections of approximately 1,000 evergreen and native azaleas. The plantings were newly installed in 2006 within an older azalea garden. The collections here include Encore, Harris, Holly Springs, Mobile, National Arboretum Kurumes, Nuccio, Robin Hill, and Southern Indica. This is the most comprehensive rhododendron collection anywhere along the Gulf Coast. Another area of special note is the Longleaf Pine Habitat, a preserved remnant of the great southern longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem that once dominated the American South. It is an extremely diversified habitat with 49 vascular plant families, 159 vascular plant species, 72 woody species, and 21 naturalized species cataloged in May and June 2007. Installed in 2007, the Camellia Wintergarden is a collection of 500 camellias, 350 newly planted, with 75 planted over thirty years ago.

Mobile Botanical Gardens is a 501(c)3 non-profit, and funding is mainly through contributions, grants, plant sales, and membership dues. It is open year-round from dawn to dusk. Admission is $5 for adults, children 12 and under are free.

title: Mobile Botanical Gardens


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UYCUA

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:14, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

UYCUA
Local section (approx. 100 members) at the University of York of the British Tory party. It might have been notable if it had been a small but independent conservative society with a long history of its own, but as a minor section of a national political party, it seems less worthy of an article. Uppland 08:30, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Do not even redirect, as this is a local-only thing. Besides which, it is an abbreviation of something that hasn't a full title in the Wikipedia and shouldn't have a full title in Wikipedia. Geogre 15:30, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not noteable. ConeyCyclone 17:47, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created 17:05, 12 Jun 2005 and mostly used to vote on VfD's. Kaibabsquirrel 21:18, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/UYCUA


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Cumoniscidae

Cumoniscidae is a family of crustaceans in the class Tantulocarida, classified under the superclass Multicrustacea. The family was previously known as Deoterthridae, but Cumoniscidae was determined to be senior subjective synonym.

The family contains the following genera:

 * Amphitantulus Boxshall & Vader, 1993
 * Aphotocentor Huys, 1991
 * Arcticotantulus Kornev, Tchesunov & Rybnikov, 2004
 * Boreotantulus Huys & Boxshall, 1988
 * Campyloxiphos Huys, 1991
 * Coralliotantulus Huys, 1991
 * Cumoniscus Bonnier, 1903
 * Deoterthron Bradford & Hewitt, 1980
 * Dicrotrichura Huys, 1989
 * Itoitantulus Huys, Ohtsuka Boxshall & Itô, 1992
 * Tantulacus Huys, Andersen & Kristensen, 1992

The genus Onceroxenus Boxshall & Lincoln, 1987 was previously place in this family but is now placed in the monotypic family Onceroxenidae.

title: Cumoniscidae


text: Template:History of Vietnam

title: Template:History of Vietnam


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Arithmomania

Arithmomania (from Greek arithmós, "number", and maníā, "compulsion") is a mental disorder that may be seen as an expression of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Individuals experiencing this disorder have a strong need to count their actions or objects in their surroundings.

Those with arithmomania may, for instance, feel compelled to count the steps while ascending or descending a flight of stairs or to count the number of letters in words. They often feel it is necessary to perform an action a certain number of times to prevent alleged calamities. Other examples include counting tiles on the floor or ceiling, the number of lines on the highway, or touching things a certain number of times such as a door knob or a table.

Arithmomania sometimes develops into a complex system in which the person assigns values or numbers to people, objects and events in order to deduce their coherence. Sometimes numbers are linked to the past events and the person remembers the events again and again by particular numerical values. One performs their actions a particular number of times, and this number is linked to their particular satisfied event. Counting may be done aloud or in thought.

Folklore
European folklore concerning vampires often depicts them with arithmomania, such as a compulsion to count seeds or grains of millet. Count von Count, a vampire character on Sesame Street, is known for counting everything and anything.

In popular culture
Inspector Franklin Jalbert, a character in the 2024 novella Danny Coughlin's Bad Dream by Stephen King, suffers from arithmomania.

title: Arithmomania


text:
Edmund Law

Edmund Law (6 June 1703 – 14 August 1787) was a churchman in the Church of England. He served as Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, as Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge from 1764 to 1769, and as bishop of Carlisle from 1768 to 1787.

Life
Edmund Law was born in the parish of Cartmel, Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire on 6 June 1703, son of Edmund Law, curate of Staveley-in-Cartmel and master of a small school there from 1693 to 1742, and Patience, daughter of Christopher Langbaine, of Kendal, Westmoreland. Per Law's friend and biographer William Paley, the Laws descended from a family of yeomen long settled at Askham in Westmoreland. The senior Edmund Law seems on his marriage to have settled on his wife's property at Buck Crag, about four miles from Staveley. There his only son, Edmund, the future bishop, was born. The boy, educated first at Cartmel school, and afterwards at the free grammar school at Kendal, went to St. John's College, Cambridge. He earned his B.A. in 1723. Soon elected fellow of Christ's College, he proceeded M.A. in 1727. He was always an earnest student. At Cambridge his chief friends were Daniel Waterland, master of Magdalene College, John Jortin, and John Taylor, the editor of Demosthenes. He was said to be a great personal influence on the intellectual development of Richard Watson, Bishop of Landaff.

In 1737, Law was presented with the living of Greystoke in Cumberland, the gift of which at this time devolved on the university, and soon afterwards he married Mary, daughter of John Christian, of Ewanrigg, Cumberland. Her mother Bridget was daughter of John (a.k.a. Humphrey) Senhouse, of a Cumberland landed gentry family with descent from King Edward I. In 1743, he was made archdeacon of Carlisle, and in 1746 he left Greystoke for Great Salkeld, the rectory of which was annexed to the archdeaconry.

Law became Master of Peterhouse on 12 November 1754, and at the same time resigned his archdeaconry. In 1760, Law was appointed librarian, or rather proto-bibliothecarius, of the university of Cambridge, an office created in 1721, and first filled by Dr. Conyers Middleton, and in 1764 he was made Knightbridge professor of moral philosophy. In 1763, he was presented to the archdeaconry of Staffordshire and a prebend in Lichfield Cathedral by his former pupil, Frederick Cornwallis; he received a prebend in Lincoln Cathedral in 1764, and in 1767, a prebendal stall in Durham Cathedral through the influence of the Duke of Newcastle.

Bishop of Carlisle
In 1768, Law was recommended by the Duke of Grafton, then chancellor of the university, to the bishopric of Carlisle. His friend and biographer William Paley declares that Law regarded his elevation as a satisfactory proof that decent freedom of inquiry was not discouraged.

Death and legacy
Law died at Rose Castle, in Dalston, Cumbria on 14 August 1787, in his eighty-fifth year. He was buried in Carlisle Cathedral, where the inscription on his monument commemorates his zeal alike for Christian truth and Christian liberty, adding "religionem simplicem et incorruptam nisi salva libertate stare non-posse arbitratus." His biographer, who knew him well, describes the bishop as "a man of great softnesse of manners, and of the mildest and most tranquil disposition. His voice was never raised above its ordinary pitch. His countenance seemed never to have been ruffled."

Law's wife predeceased him in 1772, leaving eight sons- including John Law (1745–1810), Bishop of Elphin, Ewan Law (1747–1829), MP for Westbury (1795–1800) and Newtown (1802), Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough (1750–1818), Lord Chief Justice, Thomas Law (1756–1834), investor in Washington, D.C., and George Henry Law (1761–1845), Bishop of Chester and Bishop of Bath and Wells- and four daughters, the youngest of whom, Joanna, married Sir Thomas Rumbold, Governor of Madras.

The bishop's portrait was three times painted by Romney: in 1777 for Sir Thomas Rumbolt; in 1783 for Dr. John Law, then Bishop of Clonfert; and a half-length, without his robes, in 1787 for Edward Law, afterwards Lord Ellenborough.

Works
His first literary work was his Essay on the Origin of Evil, a translation of Archbishop William King's De Origine Mali, which Law illustrated with copious notes in 1731. In 1734, while still at Christ's College, he prepared, with John Taylor, Thomas Johnson, and Sandys Hutchinson, an edition of Robert Estienne's Thesaurus Linguæ Latinæ, and in the same year appeared his Enquiry into the Ideas of Space and Time, an attack upon à priori proofs of the existence of God, in answer to a work by John Jackson entitled The Existence and Unity of God proved from his Nature and Attributes.

The work by which he is perhaps best known, Considerations on the State of the World with regard to the Theory of Religion, was published by him at Cambridge in 1745. The main idea of the book is that the human race has been, and is, through a process of divine education, gradually and continuously progressing in religion, natural or revealed, at the same rate as it progresses in all other knowledge. In his philosophical opinions he was an ardent disciple of John Locke, in politics he was a whig, and as a priest he represented the most latitudinarian position of the day, but his Christian belief was grounded firmly on the evidence of miracles The Theory of Religion went through many editions, being subsequently enlarged with Reflections on the Life and Character of Christ, and an Appendix concerning the use of the words Soul and Spirit in the Holy Scripture. Another edition, with Paley's life of the author prefixed, was published by his son, George Henry Law, then bishop of Chester, in 1820. A German translation, made from the fifth enlarged edition, was printed at Leipzig in 1771.

In 1754, Law advocated in his public exercise for the degree of D.D. his favourite doctrine that the soul, which in his view was not naturally immortal, passed into a state of sleep between death and the resurrection. This theory met with much opposition; it was, however, defended by Archdeacon Francis Blackburne.

In 1774, Law, now a bishop, published anonymously an outspoken declaration in favour of religious toleration in a pamphlet entitled Considerations on the Propriety of requiring Subscription to Articles of Faith. It was suggested by a petition presented to parliament in 1772, by Archdeacon Francis Blackburne and others for the abolition of subscription, and Law argued that it was unreasonable to impose upon a clergyman in any church more than a promise to comply with its liturgy, rites, and offices, without exacting any profession of such minister's present belief, still less any promise of constant belief, in particular doctrines. The publication was attacked by Thomas Randolph of Oxford, and defended by A Friend of Religious Liberty in a tract attributed by some to Paley, and said to have been his first literary production.

In 1777 Law published an edition of the Works of Locke, in 4 vols., with a preface and a life of the author. This included, anonymously, his 1769 essay 'A Defence of Mr. Locke's Opinion Concerning Personal Identity'. Law also published several sermons. His interleaved Bible, with many manuscript notes, is preserved in the British Museum.

title: Edmund Law


text:
Talk:Einstein (disambiguation)

what about einstein ring ,Einstein Observatory, Einstein Cross, einstein (crater), Einstein Refrigerator, Einstein@Home and Einstein tensor
 * Added. Thanks for the info-- Chris 73 Talk 16:39, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

What about Einstein (noun) The use of Albert Einstein's surname has become a common synecdoche, as it uses a particular name to represent a class of people: geniuses

(Ashley Somogyi (talk) 22:17, 5 July 2020 (UTC))
 * That's just a word definition. Wikipedia doesn't have an article on that use of the word, so there's nothing to link/navigate to. Clarityfiend (talk) 23:02, 5 July 2020 (UTC)

Cleanup
This disambiguation page was marked for cleanup per WP:DAB. In the process, I moved all people with the surname Einstein over to Einstein (surname) per MoS:DAB. I deleted Tagore Einstein Council from the list because there are no further wiki articles about this topic (yet). WP:DAB says "Lists of articles of which the disambiguated term forms only a part of the article title don't belong here. Disambiguation pages are not search indices. Do not add links that merely contain part of the page title (where there is no significant risk of confusion)," so many terms got moved to the "See also" section. I've also deleted the descriptions for terms in that section but provide the old descriptions for context.

– sgeureka t•c 20:12, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Einstein Bros. Bagels, a bagel and coffee chain in the United States
 * Einstein on the Beach, an opera scored and written by the minimalist composer Philip Glass
 * EinStein würfelt nicht, a board game
 * Baby Einstein, a company that specializes in learning toys and films for babies and toddlers
 * Einstein refrigerator, a refrigerator co-invented by Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was also the name of a character in the television series Alien Nation. He was a janitor who had a very high IQ. I can't believe no one has mentioned said Albert Einstein in this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.232.143.231 (talk) 14:58, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Einstein (disambiguation)


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Great Barford

Great Barford is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Bedford, Bedfordshire, England, around 5 miles north-east of Bedford town centre. It lies on the River Great Ouse at. It is twinned with Wöllstein, Germany. The village is bypassed by the busy A421 road on the way between the M1 near Milton Keynes and the A1 near St Neots.

The village is known for its All Saints Church, with a 15th-century tower, and its similarly ancient bridge. The surroundings and historic buildings make it a favoured destination for canoeing, angling and picnics. Nearby places include Renhold and Blunham.

History
Great Barford was mentioned in the Domesday Book as an important site, probably as a means of crossing the river that skirts the village. Although the area of the original ford was dug up in 1973, the bridge has existed since at least the 15th century.

The village itself is large and scattered but the majority of the houses are in the south-east of the parish. Throughout the village there are a large variety of houses some dating to the 17th century.

The village was once home to Great Barford Castle, a Norman motte and bailey castle, which stood to the north of the village, but a priory has since been built on its location.

A very early reference to Barford may perhaps be found in a charter by which Offa, King of Mercia, in 792 confirmed various lands to the monastery of St. Albans. The charter purports to have been granted in the place which is called 'Æt beranforda.' The text of the charter is certainly spurious, but the witnesses and dating clause may well have been taken from a genuine instrument. Even so, however, the identification with the present Barford cannot be considered certain.

Education
As part of Bedford Borough, Great Barford no longer shares a three-tier schooling system and is now home to a primary school (Great Barford Primary Academy).

For secondary school education, students of Great Barford are in the catchment area of Sandy Secondary School in the nearby market town of Sandy and also of Mark Rutherford School in the town of Bedford. Mark Rutherford School is now the main catchment area school for the village, following the adoption of the two tier education system.

title: Great Barford


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Islamophilia

Sockpuppets
What is going on here? Why are there so many anonymous IP votes for Keep for this page? Why has User:Blackcats marked them? Are they sock puppet votes by Blackcats? Should this be reported to an admin? Axon 08:37, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I went through and marked the clear sockpuppets. It's been overrun. --FCYTravis 08:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sockpuppet Delete votes
Somebody keeps deleting "sockpuppet" from "delete" sockpuppet votes (assuming that if the only contribution of the user is this delete vote, it means sockpuppet.)

Discussions moved from the voting page
I have left "Read this first" on the main page, as it is (IMHO) a helpful reminder for people to exercise NPOV in their voting. — Dan Johnson TC 19:06, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC)

Original Research Argument
Well, just because some people haven't heard of this word before, doesn't make it original research. See this for example. This French article exactly describes what is being talked about here. There are more references. Please wait for the article to get expanded. If you check the history of the article, the vote for deletion was added just a few minutes after the article was initiated. Clearly, the person did not wait to see what it is going to be about.
 * Comment made by Deeptrivia (talk•contribs)

 * Yes, thanks for bringing in a French source on English wikipedia. That is immensely helpful for those of us who don't speak nor ever wish to learn French.Yuber(talk) 04:02, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Many people speak French as a second language and adding the article will be of service to this people, thus increasing informational value. I do not understand the point of Yuber. --Germen 11:42, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Dubious argument at best: the google test would still return the same hits if islamophobia were in more in use in the French language. Axon 12:05, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a good reference, the language doesn't make any difference, it's a familiar enough European language. But the article was refused by Les Cahiers Rationalistes and eventually published by an extremist publication Liberty Vox in February.  This makes it somewhat marginal.  I still think it's too much of a neologism, and incredibly POV, to pass muster. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 13:46, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tally

 * I was of the understanding that VFD's were about Consensus and not a simple majority, and thus that Votes by established users outweigh those from anon IPs who were invited here by a user on an internet forum? --Irishpunktom\talk 11:12, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * It depends really, administrator's discretion. If it's found that a VfD page is being abused then they will handle it differently... gren 15:29, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

TO THE ADMINISTRATOR
Many delete votes are sockpuppets. The "DELETE" vote is the only contribution/first contribution of these sockpuppet "users" to wikipedia till date. Irishpunktom keeps deleting the sockpuppet tag from "DELETE" votes. Why should Irishpunktom not be banned from wikipedia? User:141.151.238.172 (signed by AlexR 09:48, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC) - obviously, the IP can shout, but not sign.)
 * This thast wonderful wikipedia community spirit I've heard so much about? --Irishpunktom\talk 10:17, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, I added [sockpuppet] comment to all unsigned comments. --Germen 11:51, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sockpuppet comments
(This section was originally in the middle of the vote list.)

I just checked all these IPs. They belong to different parts of the world, so are definitely different people. You can verify this if you want.

 * They all popped up right around the same time, so it's probably just one or two people messing around with different servers and stuff. But it's a moot point, because even if what you say were true, then all that would mean is that somebody went on some anti-Muslim blog or newsgroup and asked all their internet-buddies to come and "vote" on this.  Blackcats 02:16, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * In fact, here is the page. A deliberate attempt to game Wikipedia if ever there was one. I think this should be reported to the administrators. Axon 09:22, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I strongly agree with Axon about the abuse; I am unsure about the article itself, leaning towards a Weak keep. jglc | t | c 16:32, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Question:  Is it wrong to take VfDs to other fora? There's no forum of Wikipedians I know of. There should be some mechanism to make other wikipedians aware of a VfD in progress, rather than relying on votes of only those who happen to accidently drop by on the page, or those who have set Pages on votes for deletion as their homepage, and vote on every page marked for deletion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Deeptrivia (talk • contribs) 21:27, 14 Jun 2005

 * It is fine to publicise VfD within the existing Wikipedia community. There are pages that publicise all new VfDs and interested parties can subscribe to them. However, I believe it is wrong to post links to Wikipedia on external forum with the specific intent of trying to garner additional votes for your side, particularly when a VfD isn' going your way.

 * As we can see, this has disrupted this page flooding it with a bunch of anonymous and sockpuppet votes that will be ignored. If you are the person responsible for the message on the Hindenet forum or some other forum I ask you take it down immediately. Axon 10:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Note about sockpuppet
Administrator, please do not go by the sockpuppet comments written by some people in front of some votes, because some of them are totally wrong. I was surprised to find sockpuppet against my vote of keep. I have over 100 edits. See my contributions here: It's clear that someone here wants to get this article deleted by hook or crook, just to prove a point. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.203.202.156 (talk • contribs) 17:40, 2005 Jun 17 (UTC)

I concur, crooks indeed. This is not atypical of those who wish to defend their cult. Some crook wrote sockpuppet next to mine as well. user:Fresca Scongili Butifara June 20, 2005


text:
Talk:Llandudno Junction

llandudno junction is rubbish for the teenagers because they get thrown off da bowling green at 9oclock and then are left to walk the streets soo people shud get together and do sumething about it and build them somewhere hang round instead of the streets

Quite agree, maybe a night-school where they could learn how to spell and use punctuation.

title: Talk:Llandudno Junction


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/G.114

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 06:16, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

G.114
It's a rather technical somethingorother about some telecommunications protocol (I think). NN, anyway. Jeffrey O. Gustafson 08:42, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. We already have these ITU-T recommendations. Hopefully a VfD nomination will spur someone into making this into a proper article. -- RHaworth 10:47, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Keep, notable. Kappa 11:03, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Noteable. ConeyCyclone 17:47, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created 17:05, 12 Jun 2005 and mostly used to vote on VfD's. Kaibabsquirrel 21:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Has marginal notability. JamesBurns 04:17, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment I'm sorry, but this article has severe problems.  If G.114 is notable, can someone please put in the article, more clearly, what G.114 is (because, honsetly, what's there makes little sense), and explain why it's notable.  Notability should always be established in an article. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson 00:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/G.114


text:
Carmen Russo

Carmela Carolina Fernanda "Carmen" Russo (born 3 October 1959) is an Italian showgirl, television personality, actress, dancer, model, dance teacher and occasional singer.

Russo started her career as a model in the mid-1970s participating in several beauty contests in Italy. She first came to the public's attention for her roles in the commedia erotica all'italiana (sex comedy) genre, such as Mia moglie torna a scuola, Giovani, belle... probabilmente ricche, and Paulo Roberto Cotechiño centravanti di sfondamento.

She subsequently established herself as a television star in the 1980s with the variety shows Drive In, Risatissima, and Grand Hotel. In 2003 and 2006, she also participated in the Italian and Spanish versions of the reality show Celebrity Survivor. She won in the Spanish version Supervivientes. In 2017, she also competed in Grande Fratello VIP 2, the Italian version of Celebrity Big Brother. During her career, she released also three unsuccessful studio albums, Stars on Donna, Le canzoni di "Drive in...", and Una notte italiana, and she was also chosen many times as a model for Playmen magazine during the 1980s.

Early life
Russo was born in Genoa, on 3 October 1959. Her father, Giovanni Russo, was a Sicilian policeman, and her mother, Emilian Giuseppina Gherardini, worked as a cashier at the cinema "Olimpia". Her parents moved to Pavullo nel Frignano, a town in the province of Modena, Emilia-Romagna, and in 1969 her family returned to Genoa, where she joined a dance academy. In 1973, she finished middle school and her parents enrolled her at the Istituto Tecnico per il Turismo in Genoa, so that she would not give dance her full attention. She studied dance under Wanda Nardi, the most important dance school of the time in Genoa. She also began working as a model, appearing on a poster for the department store Coin.

1974–1975: Beauty contests and night shows
In 1974, at the age of 13, Russo won her first important beauty contest, "Miss Liguria". The previous year, Russo also won the title of "Miss Emilia" held in Pavullo nel Frignano, but it was a qualification that had no value for the national contest. As the winner of "Miss Liguria", Russo qualified for the "Miss Italia" competition, but she was disqualified because she was too young.

1975–1979: Rome, film appearances, and TV
In 1975, Russo and Mention moved to Rome, home of the major Italian film studios. The couple arrived in Rome and moved into an apartment close to Cinecittà. Every morning, Russo reportedly stood in long queues to submit auditions for a part in a movie. She was hired for a small part in the comedy movie Di che segno sei? with Adriano Celentano and Alberto Sordi.

In 1977, Russo was hired by Federico Fellini for a minor role in the film City of Women starring Marcello Mastroianni. In the movie, she shows her breasts, but was not credited. She then appeared in the crime movie Genova a mano armata as the cashier at the bar, and also made an appearance in Die linkshändige Frau (The Left-Handed Woman). The movie was a hit, especially in Germany, and was entered into the 1978 Cannes Film Festival.

During this time, she continued to work as a showgirl in nightclubs, and in 1978, she hosted, with Ettore Andenna, the TV show La bustarella, which aired on Antenna 3 Lombardia. In the same year, she appeared in Portobello with Enzo Tortora aired in Raiuno. Later, Russo appeared in many others films and debuted in the theater supporting Walter Chiari in Hai mai provato con l'acqua calda?. With this play, Russo won the Premio de Curtis. Due to the expansion of her career, she decided to settle permanently in Rome, which was also the home of the agency "Gymnasium".

1980–1983: Major roles, Playmen, and music
During the summer of 1979 Russo appeared for the first time in the Italian magazine for men Playmen, at the age of nineteen. After she appeared again in the magazine in late 1980, in 1981 and two times in 1982 and 1984. She became one of the highest paid nude models in Italy.

In 1980, Russo participated in the making of two films: Patrick vive ancora with Gianni Dei and La settimana bianca. During the filming of La settimana bianca, she met Gianfranco D'Angelo, who helped Russo to enter the world of television. In this year, Russo also shot Le porno killers, her first role as a protagonist. In the film, Russo played a bisexual killer. In the movie, she was credited as Carmen Bizet. Her artistic breakthrough came in 1981. She left Mention and ended the job as show girl in nightclubs. Russo's next films were starring roles in the sex comedies La maestra di sci and Mia moglie torna a scuola.

At the end of 1981, Russo signed with Fontana Records for the release of a single. Her first single, "Notte senza luna", was promoted on Italian radio. In December 1981, Russo performed the B-side of the song "Stiamo insieme stasera" during the Italian TV show Blitz aired on Raiuno. The performance was shot on the Italian destroyer Ardito (D 550). Russo also performed "Stuntman", an unreleased song.

Russo saw significant career success in 1982 and 1983. During this time, she starred in four films. Russo began with Quella peste di Pierina with Marina Marfoglia and Oreste Lionello, a few months after turning Buona come il pane. She was subsequently chosen by Pierfrancesco Pingitore for the movie Il tifoso, l'arbitro e il calciatore with Pippo Franco, Alvaro Vitali, Marisa Merlini, and Daniela Poggi and then for Giovani, belle... probabilmente ricche with Gianfranco D'Angelo, Nadia Cassini, and Edwige Fenech. In early 1983, Russo also released her first full-length studio album Stars on Donna, released as Carmen. The album contains cover versions of songs by Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder.

1983–1986: Mediaset success and latest movies
Brando Giordani and Emilio Ravel, journalists and authors, called Russo to participate in the program Colosseum, aired on Raidue. Later in 1983, Russo participated in the TV show Drive In, in which she played a sexy cashier. Russo was a primadonna in the show, where she sings dances and recites.

The theme of the show was originally sung by Cristina Moffa ("Zucchero, Zucchero"), later changed to the cover of Patty Pravo 1968 hit "La Bambola" singing by Russo. The closing credits music, "Chiammame Ambresso" written by Cristiano Malgioglio, was also sung by Russo. During the show, Russo promoted her albums Stars on Donna and Le canzoni di "Drive In...". Le canzoni di "Drive In"...' contains selected track of songs performed by Russo in the show. From the album was also released one single, "Mi scusi signorina". In 1984, Russo also took part for the commercial of the candys "Morositas".

In the same year at the height of popularity, she took part in Ti spacco il muso, bimba with Oreste Lionello and Sergio Vasta, Paulo Roberto Cotechiño centravanti di sfondamento with Franca Valeri, and finally Cuando calienta el sol... vamos alla playa, a '60s musical-comedy film set with Claudia Vegliante and Edoardo Vianello.

In 1985, Russo returned to television, appearing in Risatissima and then in Grand Hotel on Canale 5. She also recorded the theme "Sì", an Italo disco song that had moderate success. In 1986, Russo hosted Un fantastico tragico venerdì with Lino Banfi and Massimo Boldi, which devoted Carmen as a star of classical ballet. Also for this show, she recorded the theme "Camomillati Venerdì".

1987–1993 : Marriage, return in Rai and Spanish TV
After a television-show pause in 1988, performed her last film to date Rimini, Rimini – Un anno dopo with Andrea Ronco and Eva Grimaldi. With this film Russo, turned 26 films including six as the main role.

Russo participated in the TV musical Io Jane, tu Tarzan directed by Enzo Trapani. The show did not achieve success despite the ballets always being elaborate. Due to the failure of her last program in 1990, Russo did only some appearances as a guest in several TV shows: Buonasera con Tino Scotti, Blitz, Black- out, Mixer, Stasera niente di nuovo, Playboy di mezzanotte, Pop Corn, A botta calda, and "Domenica, in which she was a permanent guest in the 1990–1991 season.

Later in 1991, Russo decided to leave Italy and go to Spain to conduct Vip Noche, for the Telecinco network, for 60 episodes. The show had an unexpected success, with 41% of share every time. Also at Telecinco, Russo worked on two editions of the Sunday program Batalla de las estrellas. which Russo co-hosted with José Luis Moreno TVE for two years, as it aired at prime time on Saturdays.

Private life
On 26 June 1987, Russo married choreographer and dancer in a small church in Cassano delle Murge. They have a daughter, Maria. Carmen Russo considers herself Roman Catholic.

Filmography

 * 1975 Di che segno sei?
 * 1976 Merciless Man
 * 1977 The Left-Handed Woman
 * 1977 Nerone
 * 1979 Riavanti... Marsch!
 * 1979 Liquirizia
 * 1979 Un'ombra nell'ombra
 * 1979 I viaggiatori della sera
 * 1979 The Nurse in the Military Madhouse
 * 1980 Patrick Still Lives
 * 1980 City of Women
 * 1980 La settimana bianca
 * 1980 Le porno killers
 * 1981 Ski Mistress
 * 1981 Odd Squad
 * 1981 Mia moglie torna a scuola
 * 1982 Quella peste di Pierina
 * 1982 Buona come il pane
 * 1982 Il tifoso, l'arbitro e il calciatore
 * 1982 Giovani, belle... probabilmente ricche
 * 1983 Ti spacco il muso, bimba
 * 1983 Paulo Roberto Cotechiño centravanti di sfondamento
 * 1983 Cuando calienta el sol... vamos alla playa
 * 1988 Rimini, Rimini – Un anno dopo

TV works

 * 1978 La bustarella on Antenna 3 Lombardia
 * 1978 Portobello on Raiuno
 * 1979 Sam et Sally, episode "Bedelia"
 * 1983 Colosseum on Raidue
 * 1983 Drive In on Italia 1
 * 1985 Risatissima on Canale 5
 * 1986 Un fantastico tragico venerdì on Rete 4
 * 1986 Grand Hotel on Canale 5
 * 1989 Io Jane, tu Tarzan on Raiuno
 * 1990 Domenica in on Raiuno
 * 1991 Vip Noche on Telecinco
 * 1993 La batalla de las estrellas on Telecinco
 * 1994 Notte italiana on Italia 7
 * 2003 & 2012 L'isola dei famosi on Rai Due
 * 2006 Supervivientes on Telecinco
 * 2007 Buona domenica on Canale 5
 * 2017 & 2021 Grande Fratello VIP on Canale 5

Albums

 * 1983: Stars on Donna part one / Stars on Donna part two (Monkey Music Records Mr 31032)
 * 1983: Stars on Donna (Monkey Music Records Mr 31721)
 * 1984: Le canzoni di "Drive in..." (F1 Team 33318)
 * 1992: Una notte italiana (Canaveral QR 1000)
 * 1996: Macho Mambo EP/Mini album (Canaveral)

Singles

 * 1981: "Notte senza luna"
 * 1984: "Mi scusi, signorina"
 * 1985: "Sì"
 * 1985: "Mai, Mai, Mai"
 * 1986: "Camomillati Venerdì"
 * 1987: "Bravi, Settepiù"
 * 1989: "Io Jane tu Tarzan"
 * 1993: "Ciù Ciù Dance" EP (Real Sound RS5410)

title: Carmen Russo