text:
I Am a Rock

"I Am a Rock" is a song written by Paul Simon. It was first performed by Simon as the opening track on his album The Paul Simon Songbook which he originally recorded and released in August 1965, only in the United Kingdom. Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, as the American folk rock duo Simon & Garfunkel, re-recorded it on December 14, 1965, and included as the final track on their album Sounds of Silence, which they released on January 17, 1966. It was released as a single in 1966, and subsequently included as the B-side of the 1971 A-side reissue of "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)".

Solo-acoustic version
Thematically, "I Am a Rock" deals with isolation and emotional detachment. The song was not included on Simon & Garfunkel's acoustic debut album, Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., which was released on October 19, 1964. Some sources say that it was performed by Simon on January 27, 1965, on a promo show for the BBC. Simon likely began writing the song before the end of January 1964, and had it completed by May 1965, when he first recorded it. It was included on his solo-acoustic The Paul Simon Songbook LP released in the UK in the summer of 1965. Until 1981, the initial recording of "I Am a Rock" on The Paul Simon Song Book remained unavailable in North America. This was partly because Simon himself was dissatisfied with the album, saying on the album's liner notes: "'This L.P. contains twelve of the songs that I have written over the past two years. There are some here that I would not write today. I don't believe in them as I once did. I have included them because they played an important role in the transition. It is discomforting, almost painful, to look back over something someone else created and realize that someone else was you. I am not ashamed of where I've been and what I've thought. It's just not me anymore. It is perfectly clear to me that the songs I write today will not be mine tomorrow. I don't regret the loss.'" As a result, the Song Book album was only made available in North America when it was released as part of the boxed set of albums Paul Simon: Collected Works. The album was not released on CD until March 23, 2004. For this release Columbia included two bonus tracks, one of which was an alternate take of "I Am a Rock", during which one can plainly hear Simon stamping his foot for a beat.

In 1965, the solo-acoustic version "I Am a Rock" was also released as a rare A-side of a single in the UK, backed with "Leaves That are Green".

Electric version with Garfunkel
While Simon was in Denmark during the summer of 1965, Tom Wilson, the producer of Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M., responded to requests for "The Sound of Silence" from American radio stations and dubbed an electric guitar, bass, and drums onto the original track. He then released the song as a single, whereupon it entered the United States pop charts. When Simon heard about the success of this song, he was still touring in Europe as a solo folk singer.

Simon immediately returned to the United States, and with Garfunkel in December 1965 began a series of hasty recording sessions to match the electric "mold" created by Wilson with many of the other songs that Simon had recorded on the Song Book, including "I Am a Rock," which was re-recorded during these sessions on 14 December 1965. The result was the album Sounds of Silence, which the duo released the following January. "I Am a Rock" was the fifth and closing track on Side 2 of the record. Along with most of the other tracks on the album, it was produced by Bob Johnston and recorded in New York at Columbia Recording Studios using some of the same session players that had appeared on Bob Dylan's recent Highway 61 Revisited LP.

The album quickly capitalized on the success of the new album's title track as a #1 single, and itself rose to #21 on the Billboard charts. The duo cashed in quickly on their new-found success. They released "I Am a Rock" as a single in the late spring of 1966, and the song reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, the third single (chronologically) by Simon & Garfunkel to reach the top 5 (after "The Sound of Silence" and "Homeward Bound").

This single had two incarnations. First, as a promotion, it was released on red vinyl to radio stations, with a mono mix on one side and a stereo version on the other. These copies are somewhat difficult to locate for collectors. The standard version sold in stores, however, was the black vinyl 45 rpm record with the red Columbia Records label. The B-side was a version of "Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall," which was later released on Simon & Garfunkel's even-more-successful (and critically acclaimed) album Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme. The single mix of the song features a more prominent lead vocal track (and different phrasing in the opening lines) by Paul Simon, and less reverb, than the more common LP version.

Billboard described the song as a "beautiful lyric ballad." Cash Box described the song as a "hard-driving, pulsating ode about rather isolated young man." Record World said that the duo "sing about loneliness in usual poetic terms."

Personnel
Credits are adapted from The Words and Music of Paul Simon.

Simon & Garfunkel
 * Paul Simon – vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Art Garfunkel – vocals

Additional musicians
 * Hal Blaine – drums
 * Carol Kaye – bass guitar
 * Larry Knechtel – organ
 * Joe South – electric guitar

Other versions

 * It was covered in 1966 by The Hollies on their fourth album Would You Believe?.
 * It was covered in 1966 by The Grass Roots on their first album Where Were You When I Needed You.
 * It was covered in 1982 by The Church on their EP Singsongs.
 * It was covered in 1986 by The Coolies on their album dig..?, along with eight other tongue-in-cheek covers of Simon & Garfunkel classics.
 * It was covered in 1990 by The Hated on the Wedge 7" compilation, and released again on The Machines: Simple Machines 7"s (1990-1993) in 1994.
 * It was covered in 1993 by Red House Painters on their third album Red House Painters.
 * It was covered in 1997 by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes on their album Have a Ball.
 * It was covered in 1997 by Arjen Lucassen on his solo album Strange Hobby..
 * It was covered in 2001 by April Wine on their album Back to the Mansion.
 * It was covered in 2016 by Tim Heidecker, with parodic lyrics, as "I Am a Cuck".
 * It was sung with parody lyrics in Narf Over Troubled Water.

title: I Am a Rock


text:
Talk:Nüwa

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2019 and 15 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Vxwei. Peer reviewers: CaiNdres.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:46, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nüwa


text:
Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA

The Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA consists of Camp Becket, Camp Chimney, and Becket Day Camp, all of which take place in the Berkshires of Western Massachusetts during summer. Camp Becket and Camp Chimney identify as boys-plus and girls-plus, respectively.

The cabins do not have electricity, and each camper area (villages for Camp Becket and units for Chimney Corners Camp) has a communal bathroom where kids shower and brush their teeth. In addition to group activities and team-building, campers engage in numerous individual activities, including sports, arts and crafts, boating, ball and team games and nature activities.

During the off-seasons, there are work weekends, during which alumni, staff, and kids participate in work activities, such as wood chip spreading or fixing roofs. An alumni weekend provides an opportunity for alumni to reconnect. All of these events are hosted at Chimney Corners Camp because of the heated and insulated cabins. Camp Becket has recently constructed a new dining hall.

Chapel
Chapel is a non-religious gathering that takes place on Sundays at both Camp Becket and Chimney Corners Camp (separately). Several campers and staff are chosen to give a speech on the theme. It is an outdoor event with a designated location by the lake at both camps.

Opportunities for Older Participants
The Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA offers specialty programs for older campers, such as Construction cabins, for campers interested in carpentry and building skills, and the Adventure Odyssey cabin, for campers interested in rock climbing, bouldering, and backwoods, low-impact camping. One new structure is completed each season. The Adventure Odyssey blends sport climbing using a ropes course, climbing tower, various top-roped chimneys on the property, and off-site climbing locations, with off-site camping and hiking. The focus of this program is group building and leave-no-trace camping techniques.

Travel Service Programs (TSP)
Each summer since 1963, the Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA sends teenagers around the United States and around the world. The International Camper Exchange Programs (ICEP) focus on service work and cultural exchange in Vietnam, Chile, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, China, Peru, Armenia, Uruguay and Sweden, each of which lasts for about 35 days. The REACH program sends groups to the Cheyenne River Reservation in South Dakota to do service work and learn about Native American life today. The Teen Leadership and Service (TLS) program combines biking and community service in Vermont and New York State. Yellowstone Adventure and Service (YAS) combines adventure activities and service work in Yellowstone National Park and the Grand Tetons.

Leadership in Training Programs (LIT)
Aides Program The Aides program is an eight-and-a-half-week leader-in-training program offered to participants finishing their junior year in high school. Dr. Russell Irons started the current program in 1951 as the first step in the camp's leadership development program. Its participants consist of approximately 30 former campers selected from a very competitive pool of applicants. The focus of the Aides Program is to learn how a resident camp operates by assisting in the office, store, infirmary, and kitchen. Aides also partake in lifeguard training and join cabin groups to learn how to become counselors.

REACH The REACH program, which is explained more in the Chimney Corners section, used to be a co-ed program where people are trained to become counselors solely in South Dakota. As of 2012, the REACH program became single sex, and the participants now spend part of their time working on Native American reservations in South Dakota, and the other part in Camp Becket. It has also become a six-week program.

Camp Becket
Camp Becket, also known as Camp Becket-in-the-Berkshires, is a YMCA summer camp for boys in the Berkshires of western Massachusetts. Founded in 1903 by George Hannum on Rudd Pond in Becket, Massachusetts, it is one of the oldest continually operational summer camps in the United States, and is consistently rated among the best camps of its kind. The camp continues to teach core values espoused by its second director, Henry Gibson (tenure, 1904-1927).

These include the eight Becket Mottos:

 * Do your best
 * Play the game
 * Manners maketh the man
 * Peace through understanding
 * I can and I will
 * Each for all—all for each
 * Better faithful than famous
 * Help the other fellow

The camp is divided into four units, called villages, that each contain eight to ten cabins. From youngest to oldest, these are:

 * Iroquois (cabins named after the American Indian tribes of the Iroquois League, and Algonquin and Erie)
 * Pioneer (cabins named after famous explorers)
 * Frontier (cabins named after U.S. Forts). It is also known as the Showcase Village because it is in the middle of the camp
 * Ranger (cabins named after U.S. National Parks).

Songs
Becket has a tradition of singing songs in the dining hall after meals. It is an enthusiastic way in which campers and staff alike express their love for the camp.

One of the oldest and most often sung songs at Becket is Four Miles Up, sung in a gospel or traditional version:

Four Miles Up

Four miles up,

Four miles down,

Four miles away from Becket Town,

Guess it's worth the four mile tramp

With a Ra Ra Ra for Becket Camp!

Other traditional Becket songs include Becket in the Berkshires, "Oh, Sweet Becket", Sons of Noble Living, Try to Remember, Pink Pajamas, Mountain Dew, Becket Way, "Beckets for me", "Puff", ''"If I had a hammer", The Canoe Song, and many songs from the Big Show. The most traditional Becket song is Amici, a song about friendship written by one of the camp directors' wives. The song is only sung after all camp activities, such as campfires and talent shows.

Notable alumni

 * Jon Lucas - writer of several screenplays, including The Hangover, Four Christmases, and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past.
 * Paul Dudley White - personal physician of President Dwight D. Eisenhower
 * Timothy Geithner - Former U.S. Treasury Secretary
 * Welles Crowther - Equities trader who saved at least nine on 9/11. While running back into the South Tower with NYFD personnel to save more people, Welles died in the tower's collapse. Also known as "the man in the red bandana."
 * Peter Sagal - Host of NPR's quiz show "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!"
 * David Blatt - Princeton basketball star and former head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers

Chimney Corners Camp
Part of the Becket Chimney Corners YMCA, Chimney Corners is a single-sex girl's sister camp to Camp Becket situated about a mile away, on Smith Pond. Chimney Corners offers many opportunities for campers, including horseback riding, tennis, soccer, and many other sports and arts activities. The camp is divided into three different age groups: The Junior Unit (cabins named after famous ships), for ages 7–11; The Intermediate Unit (cabins named after mythical places), for ages 11–13; and the Senior Unit (named after constellations), for ages 13–15. The camp is divided into two four week sessions, although the youngest campers have the opportunity to stay for just two weeks. Campers in the oldest age group can also participate in construction cabins and Adventure Odyssey was reinstated for Chimney Corners in 2014.

Campers older than 14 can take part in travel and service programs, then participate in the Aides Program or travel to a South Dakota Reservation in a program called REACH (Reaching, Educating and Caring for Humanity), and then become an Assistant Counselor and Counselor. Some of the oldest Chimney Corners staff members have been to the camp for over 13 years.

Initiated in 1991, the primary goal of the REACH Program is to help teens develop leadership skills through a service-oriented experience, based in a Lakota Sioux community in South Dakota. The services heighten the importance of volunteer service for the benefit of others. The REACH Program incorporates visits to pow-wows, Badlands National Park, Wounded Knee, Mount Rushmore, and the Crazy Horse Memorial.

In the southwestern corner of the Cheyenne River Reservation, participants stay in the Red Scaffold community center. Red Scaffold is a small town consisting of 15–30 homes, churches, cemeteries, and playgrounds with a population of approximately 100-150 people. REACH groups will also partner with the Sioux YMCA located in the town of Dupree.

Chimney Corners also has its own set of mottos:

Agape: Unconditional love for all of humanity

PACE: Positive Attitude Changes Everything

HELPS: Healthy Living, Empowering Girls and Women, Leadership and Learning, Positive Relationships, and Social Responsibility.

Chimney Corners is also rich with traditions. These include song and dance competitions called Wiff N' Poof and Song and Sign, a 5K color run during first session, and Chimney Palooza, a dance party run by the Aides, during second session.

Aides
The Aides program at Chimney provides the opportunity for around 20–30 young women to connect with each other for eight and a half weeks. The girls live in the Ina Gibson Lodge, or the IGL, with group leader/s. The group works to provide services for the camp such as working in the kitchen, office, camp store, and helping out with camper activities. They participate in leadership training programs, learn lifeguarding skills, and interact with campers while simultaneously maintaining camp traditions. One of these traditions is the important process of name selection. Each Aides group must come up with a name with the word "aide" in it, such as "Deviaides" or "Ebulaides." After choosing a name, the Aides write a song that describes their group as well as their name, while also building a sign that represents the group. Most songs refer to events of the summer and include inside jokes.

2024: Cascaides

2023: Amoraides

2022: Kalonaides

2021: Amalgamaides

2019: Ebulaides

2018: Deviaides

2017: Revelaides

2016: Coronaides

2015: Syncopaides

2014: Insigniaides

2013: Liberaides

2012: Constellaides

2011: Exuberaides

2010: Escapaides

2009: Reverberaides

2008: Scintillaides

2007: Jubilaides

2006: Invaiders

2005: Incineraides

2004: Exhiliraides

2003: Brigaides

2002: Discombobulaides

2001: Tornaideos

2000: Yippi-Ai-Aides

1999: Milleniaides

1998: Renegaides

1997: Milky Waides

1996: C.I. Aides

1995: Illuminaides

1994: Ricochaides

1993: Hip Hop Hooraides

1992: Grenaides

1991: Masqueraides

1990: Shaides

1989: Decaides

1988: Reggaides

1987: Gatoraides

1986: The Live Aides

1985: Kool - Aides

1984: Band - Aides

title: Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA


text: User talk:69.194.142.97

title: User talk:69.194.142.97


text:
London Film-Makers' Co-op

The London Film-makers' Co-operative, or LFMC, was a British film-making workshop founded in 1966. It ceased to exist in 1999 when it merged with London Video Arts to form LUX.

It grew out of film screenings at the Better Books bookstore, part of the 1960s counter-culture in London, before moving to the original Arts Lab on Drury Lane, then sharing offices with John 'Hoppy' Hopkins' BIT information service and then, with the breakaway group that formed the New Arts Lab, to the Camden-based Institute for Research in Art and Technology. With the end of IRAT's lease in 1971 the Co-op found a base in a long-term squat in a former dairy at 13a Prince of Wales Crescent in Kentish Town. For most of its life the LFMC was based in Gloucester Avenue in Camden in a run down building which for a number of years also housed the London Musicians Collective. In 1997 the LFMC moved together with London Video Arts to the new Lux Centre, Hoxton Square.

Founded by, amongst others, Stephen Dwoskin and Bob Cobbing, inspired by Jonas Mekas's The Film-Makers' Cooperative in New York. One difference between the New York Co-op and the LFMC was that the LFMC was organized as an egalitarian, worksharing cooperative, which assisted production as well as distribution.

It initially had close links with American experimental cinema. Carla Liss ran the co-op's distribution archive.

Filmmakers associated with the group include Malcolm Le Grice, Peter Gidal, Michael "Atters" Attree, Carolee Schneemann, Annabel Nicolson, Lis Rhodes, Gill Eatherley, Roger Hammond, Mike Dunford, Sandra Lahire, Vera Neubauer, David Crosswaite, Philip Goring, Sanchieboots, Fred Drummond, et al. and William Raban, who managed the LFMC workshop from 1972 - 76. Sally Potter made several short films at the LFMC in the early 1970s.

Work produced by members of the LFMC in the late 1960s and early 1970s has been labelled Structural/Materialist Film.

title: London Film-Makers' Co-op


text:
Talk:Parker (Stark novels character)

Untitled
Do all of the novels really need to be linked? Of the few links for which there are actually articles, none refer to these novels. I'm going to de-link for now, except for the film that actually refers to one of these books. Brenton 05:39, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

Copied! (but I don't care)
Hehehe, I was casually browsing through the Wikipedia and found this article, which is a copy of an article I wrote for Everything2 back in the day (you can see it at http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=683620 ).

Don't worry, I don't mind; I'm actually honoured to be a contributor to the Wikipedia in a way :) I also appreciate and like the improvements to my original article.

Just wanted to share this bit of trivia with everyone; coincidentally, the article was copied into the Wikipedia on my birthday :)

---

In one of the early novels (The Mourner?), Parker does think about his life before "The Hunter" - that he got his first gunshot wound while driving a truck of stolen tires from an Army base in England, and that he earned a BCD (Bad Conduct Discharge) from the Army. 02:35, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:PaybackPoster.jpg
The image Image:PaybackPoster.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:06, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Darwyn Cooke comics adaptation
There should be a mention that Darwyn Cooke was supposed to be adapting the series into graphic form. However, with the death of Westlake, those plans could be suspended.Rickremember (talk) 03:04, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Its coming out. Got it pre-ordered and everything! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.15.185.26 (talk) 01:50, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Not the only (character)
Confusion likely with Parker (Thunderbirds) |Parker_(character) see page views In ictu oculi (talk) 10:20, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * -- wooden superman  16:21, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

Ethical principles?
This entry states: "[Parker] does, however, live by one ethical principle: he will not double-cross another professional criminal with whom he is working, unless they try to double-cross him."

In fact, Chapter 6 of The Hunter/Point Blank (p. 42 in my edition) states: "Parker intended to take Mal's slice, too, which would give him a total of forty-five thousand — fifty percent of the take. That was the way it should be.... Parker planned on getting rid of Mal that night, but he hadn't counted on a double-cross, not one involving his wife."

So much for having "one ethical principle." In fact, Parker intended to double-cross (and kill) Mal, the fellow had who brought him in on the heist; it's just that Mal — along with Parker's wife Lynn — double-crossed Parker first. NicholasNotabene (talk) 22:26, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

How many killings?
Has anyone ever counted how many people Parker has killed? 80.4.223.173 (talk) 10:53, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parker (Stark novels character)


text:
Chobanids

The Chobanids or the Chupanids were descendants of a Mongol family of the Suldus clan that came to prominence in 14th century Persia. At first serving under the Ilkhans, they took de facto control of the territory after the fall of the Ilkhanate. The Chobanids ruled over Azerbaijan (where they were based), Arrān, parts of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, and west central Persia, while the Jalayirids took control in Baghdad.

Amir Chupan and his sons
During the early 14th century, Amir Chupan served under three successive Ilkhans, beginning with Ghazan Mahmud. A military commander of note, Chupan quickly gained a degree of influence over the Ilkhans and married several members of the line of Hulagu Khan. His power fueled resentment among the nobility, who conspired against him in 1319 but failed. The Ilkhan Abu Sa'id, however, also disliked Chupan's influence and successfully eliminated him from court. He fled in 1327 to Herat, where the Kartids executed him. Several of his sons fled to the Golden Horde or the Mamluks of Egypt while others were killed.

Baghdad Khatun
The Chobanids were not completely wiped out from Persia. A daughter of Chupan's, Baghdad Katun, had caught the eye of Abu Sa'id. During Chupan's lifetime, she had been married to Hasan Buzurg, the future founder of the Jalayirids, but after Chupan fled Hasan Buzurg divorced her, and she married Abu Sa'id. She quickly gained influence over the Ilkhan and exercised the wide powers given to her. She was alleged (but never proven) to have been involved in any conspiracies against the Ilkhan, but was believed by some to have caused Abu Sa'id's death in 1335. Abu Sa'id's successor Arpa Ke'un executed her.

Role during the fall of the Ilkhanate, and Hasan-i Kuchak
Arpa Ke'un's position proved to be weak; when a granddaughter of Chupan, Delsad Katun, fled to Diyarbakr, it caused the governor of that region to attack and defeat the Ilkhan. During the strife that occurred in the next few years, individual members of the Chobanids sided with various factions, such as Arpa or Hasan Buzurg. The latter ended up marrying Delsad Katun, who provided for the heirs to the Jalayirid position.

While the Jalayirids were consolidating their position in Iraq, however, other Chobanid were also busy. Hasan Kucek, a grandson of Chupan, rallied much of the Chobanid family to his side and defeated the Jalayirids in 1338, paving the way for a Chobanid realm in the area around Tabriz. That same year, he elevated Sati Beg, sister of Abu Sa'id and widow of Chupan, to the Ilkhanid throne. To keep Sati Beg in check, he forced her to marry his puppet Suleiman Khan. Hasan Kucek continued to fight the Jalayirids (a fight which was further complicated by the incursions made by Togha Temur of Khurasan), but family infighting proved to be the most difficult challenge. Several members defected to the Jalayirids; in any case, Hasan Kucek was forced to deal with them up until his death in 1343.

Malek Ashraf and the Chobanid decline
A power struggle quickly emerged after Hasan Kucek's death. During the dispute, Hasan Kucek's brother Malek Asraf gained the upper hand and eliminated his uncles. By the end of 1344, Malek Asraf had gained effective control of the Chobanid lands. Like his predecessor, Malek Asraf used puppet monarchs from behind which he ruled. During his reign, the Chobanid attempted to capture Baghdad from the Jalayirids in 1347 but failed miserably. He also failed to seize Fars from the Injuids in 1350. As his reign wore on, Malek Asraf became more and more cruel, prompting widespread dissatisfaction amongst his subjects. When forces of the Golden Horde overran the Chobanid realm and captured Tabriz in 1357, few lamented the loss of power by the Chupanids. Malek Asraf was executed, and his family brought north to the Golden Horde. Malek Asraf's offspring were eventually killed off in Persia, bringing a definitive end to the Chobanids as a power.

title: Chobanids


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Penis removal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep Zzyzx11 (Talk) 16:35, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Penis removal
This is an unencyclopedic topic. It doesn't belong in an encyclopedia, probably belongs more likely in a history or medical journal. Charles and Co. 05:40, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep. Topic is encyclopedic and notable by Wikipedia standards. — Phil Welch 06:20, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep Article coveres notable and diverse topic well. More than sufficient amount of content and depth to warrant a stand-alone article.  Note that this one has been developing for over a year.Tobycat 06:39, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment there doesn't seem to be a VfD notice on the article page.Tobycat 06:39, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Then put up a notice, it's a Wiki after all! Fixed :) — Phil Welch 04:58, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable. Xoloz 06:55, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, maybe delist since the Vfd tag hasn't been added. Kappa 08:34, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, no, it does belong--Sophitus 10:19, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, no reason given why this shouldn't belong here. Mgm|(talk) 10:43, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good little article. Capitalistroadster 10:59, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Anybody else read that Poul Anderson story, "The Pugilist"?
 * Keep, notability. Megan1967 04:10, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep ...nervously keeping legs crossed. — RJH 05:32, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable, informative - Pete C ✍ 08:52, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Why should that topic be unencyclopedic? -- AlexR
 * Strong Keep There are many other medical listings in this encyclopedia. What makes this one different? -- alofferman 14:22, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Per what everyone else said -CunningLinguist 23:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for above reasons. A squeamish but completely valid topic. neckro 03:30, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Just kidding. Definitely keep. 70.177.90.39 05:29, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * *Smacks you.* :-D alofferman 10:59, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep It is only 'unencyclopedic' if we take a narrow definition of what an encyclopedia is. It has valuable and interesting information. Robertbrockway 21:51 4 June, 2005 (UTC)

 * Strong keep --67.161.115.23 21:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--Mr Tan 14:13, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep--EASports 22:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
John Bonifaz

John C. Bonifaz (born 22, June 1966, in Wilmington, DE) is an Amherst-based attorney and political activist specializing in constitutional law and voting rights. He is the president and co-founder of Free Speech for People. He is also the founder of the National Voting Rights Institute and a former candidate for Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. In 1999, he received a MacArthur Fellowship, popularly known as the "genius award."

Constitutional challenge and hearings on 2003 invasion of Iraq
In February and March 2003, Mr. Bonifaz served as lead counsel for a coalition of US soldiers, parents of US soldiers, and members of Congress in John Doe I v. President Bush, a constitutional challenge to President Bush's authority to wage war against Iraq absent a congressional declaration of war or equivalent action. He argued that the President's planned first-strike invasion of Iraq violated the War Powers Clause of the US Constitution. The lawsuit was initially dismissed in February 2003 and in March 2003 the dismissal was upheld on appeal. Regarding the initial dismissal, Attorney Bonifaz said "They're not supposed to sideline ... Courts cannot shirk from responsibility when it looks like a political battle." Regarding the affirmation of the dismissal, the appeals court held "... the text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an 'authorization' of such a war."

Bonifaz wrote the 2004 book Warrior-King: The Case for Impeaching George W. Bush, which chronicles that case and its meaning for the United States Constitution. The book argues that the Iraq War was illegal.

In the aftermath of the release of the Downing Street Memo in 2005, Bonifaz co-founded After Downing Street and wrote a memo to Congressman John Conyers of Michigan, the Ranking Democrat on the House Judiciary Committee, urging him to introduce a Resolution of Inquiry directing the House Judiciary Committee to launch a formal investigation into whether sufficient grounds exist for the House to impeach President George W. Bush. Bonifaz participated in a discussion with former CIA Analyst Ray McGovern led by Rep. Conyers, advocating Bush's impeachment for misrepresenting the case for the Iraq war.

National Voting Rights Institute
Bonifaz is also the founder of the National Voting Rights Institute (NVRI), where he most recently served as general counsel. In 2006, NVRI formed a partnership with Demos (US think tank), and as of January 1, 2007, Bonifaz signed on as Senior Legal Fellow with Demos. Founded in 1994, NVRI serves as a prominent legal and public education center dedicated to protecting the right of all citizens to vote and to participate in the electoral process on an equal and meaningful basis.

For his work with NVRI, he is a 1999 recipient of a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, also known as a "genius" award. In awarding the five-year fellowship, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation stated:

"Bonifaz, a public interest lawyer, uses innovative litigation to reexamine campaign finance reform arguments typically debated on first amendment grounds. Through the National Voting Rights Institute, an organization he founded, Bonifaz recasts the legal arguments to focus on fourteenth amendment protections, challenging the relationship between money and politics."

Massachusetts Clean Elections Law
In 2002, the Massachusetts legislature declined to fund the clean elections law, a public financing measure passed by voters in 1998. Bonifaz and the NVRI sued Massachusetts on behalf of Warren Tolman, a candidate for governor who had qualified for public financing and was not receiving the money. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that the legislature must fund a law passed by the voters that it has not repealed. When the legislature persisted in not releasing the necessary funds to pay Tolman and other candidates, Bonifaz went to court again, and secured a ruling allowing his coalition to force the sale of state property. The legislature repealed the clean elections law after the 2002 elections.

Campaign for Secretary
In 2006, John Bonifaz ran for the Democratic nomination to be Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 2006 against incumbent William F. Galvin. He declared his candidacy on December 1, 2005, before it was known whether Galvin would run for re-election or for governor. Galvin won the primary election, which was held on September 19, 2006.

During the campaign, Bonifaz was linked to the Green Party by his opponent, because he voted for Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in Massachusetts in 2000, and because he received a campaign contribution from Jill Stein, the Green-Rainbow Party candidate for secretary of state. Jill Stein was one of the clients he represented in the Clean Elections lawsuit, and other clients from that case donated to his campaign, including Warren Tolman, a Democratic candidate for governor in 2002. After unenrolling from the Democratic Party prior to the 2000 election, Bonifaz later re-registered as a Democrat and has never been registered as a Green.

Bonifaz's campaign focused on election reform, promoting clean elections, same day registration, voting rights for minorities, and opposition to privately owned voting machines with proprietary software.

Free Speech for People
Following the Citizens United decision, Bonifaz co-founded Free Speech for People with Jeff Clements. "Free Speech For People is a national non-partisan campaign working to restore democracy to the people and to return corporations to their place as economic rather than political entities," to quote the organization's. Bonifaz and Free Speech for People advocate for a new constitutional amendment to clarify that the Bill of Rights applies to people, not corporations.

Background
Bonifaz has also litigated international human rights and environmental law cases, and, with his father Cristobal Bonifaz, has litigated against Chevron Corporation regarding pollution in the Lago Agrio oil field in the Ecuadorian Amazon. (Cristobal Bonifaz is a native of Ecuador.)

Bonifaz's great-grandfather was Neptalí Bonifaz, who was elected president of Ecuador in 1931, but was disqualified for the presidency by the National Congress.

A graduate of Brown University in 1987 and Harvard Law School cum laude in 1992, Bonifaz is married to Lissa Pierce Bonifaz. Lissa holds a doctorate in bilingual education.

title: John Bonifaz


text:
Talk:Christine Sadler

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:17, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Christine Sadler. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051126015324/http://www.firstladies.org/library-catalog.htm to http://www.firstladies.org/library-catalog.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051126015324/http://www.firstladies.org/library-catalog.htm to http://www.firstladies.org/library-catalog.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:31, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christine Sadler


text:
Rio Grande Gorge

The Rio Grande Gorge is a geological feature in northern New Mexico where the watercourse of the Rio Grande follows a tectonic chasm. Beginning near the Colorado border, the approximately 50 mi gorge runs from northwest to southwest of Taos, New Mexico, through the basalt flows of the Taos Plateau volcanic field. The gorge depth is 800 ft just south of the Rio Grande Gorge Bridge, which spans the gorge 10 mi northwest of Taos.

Geology
Geologically, the Rio Grande Gorge is a canyon, carved out by erosion over the last several million years. The Rio Grande Gorge and its river follow a topographical low within the larger Rio Grande Rift; a mixture of volcanic activity, shifting tectonic plates, and erosion of layers of gravels and lava yielded the recognizable narrow, deep gorge visible today.

Ecosystem
The canyon ecosystem descends 800 ft from rim to river, creating a unique diversity in plant and animal life. Ancient piñon and juniper forests are home to 500-year-old trees. Wildlife include mule deer, red-tailed hawk, mountain blue-bird, prairie dog and big horn sheep.

The climate is semi-arid with summer thunderstorms common in July and August, and snow possible from November through March. Summer temperatures range from 45 to 90 F and in winter from −15 to 45 F.

National Wild and Scenic River
In 1968, the Rio Grande was among the first eight rivers the US Congress designated into the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System to protect outstanding resources values. The Wild and Scenic River flows through the Rio Grande Gorge Recreation Area. The recreation areas include the Wild Rivers area in the north and the Orilla Verde area in the south, which provide hiking, boating, fishing and camping facilities.

Rio Grande del Norte National Monument
The gorge and 242500 acre of surrounding land was designated a national monument, Rio Grande del Norte National Monument, on March 25, 2013.

Whitewater
The gorge has Class II to Class V white water rapids that are managed for recreation by The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The BLM maintains two developed recreation areas along the river that include hiking, biking and other recreational opportunities. In New Mexico, The Rio Grande has two main sections for rafting near Taos: the Taos Box and the Racecourse Run. The Taos Box, a more dramatic, deep canyon, is famous for its big, technical Class IV rapids, while the Racecourse Run is a Class III stretch better suited for first-time rafters and families.

History
The gorge is also the site of many ancient petroglyphs. At the bottom of the gorge, the Rio Grande is flanked by hidden hot springs and many ruins. The former Chili Line also ran there.

Astronaut Training
NASA geologically trained the Apollo Astronauts at the site in March and Sept. 1971, because of the striking similarities to the Apollo 15 landing site. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included Apollo 15's David Scott and James Irwin, Apollo 16's John Young and Charlie Duke, and Apollo 17's Jack Schmitt. Notable geologist instructors included William R. Muehlberger.

title: Rio Grande Gorge


text:
Paraskevi

Paraskevi may refer to:

People

 * Saint Paraskevi (disambiguation)
 * Parashqevi Qiriazi, a.k.a. Paraskevi D. Kirias (1880–1970), Albanian teacher
 * Voula Zouboulaki (1924–2015), Egyptian-Greek actress
 * Evi Christofilopoulou (born 1956), Greek politician
 * Voula Patoulidou (born 1965), Greek hurdler and long jumper
 * Paraskevi Tsiamita (born 1972), Greek jumper
 * Paraskevi Papachristou (born 1989), Greek athlete

Places in Greece

 * Paraskevi, Achaea, a village in Achaea
 * Paraskevi, Grevena, a village in Grevena

title: Paraskevi


text:
Talk:Hinckley Township, Medina County, Ohio

Untitled
Something I've always wondered, growing up in Northeastern Ohio: Is there any connection between this township, and the mascot of radio station WMMS in Cleveland (a buzzard)? -- 05:43, 28 May 2005 SwissCelt

Hinckley, Ohio
What is the relationship between Hinckley, Ohio and Hinckley Township, Medina County, Ohio, and why are the same four famous people (Tifft, Cook, Jenkins, Jenkins) claimed for both? AnonMoos (talk) 16:29, 30 September 2021 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to this article: the demographic breakdown of Hinckley Township by ethnic/racial group. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 01:48, 5 February 2022 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Piano nobile

The piano nobile level
I replaced the sentence

 * The piano nobile is often the second floor above a service floor in the rustic style.

because I couldn't attach meaning to the expression rustic style and because it's highly unclear whether the "second floor" is British or American. (I suggest that this is a European subject and should be written in British, but I can see there might be other opinions.) The suggestion that the piano nobile is sometimes the second (third) floor rather than the first (second) comes from the German Wikipedia.

 * Defined "rustic" as used as the architectural term. It doesn't really matter which level is used as the Piano nobile can be on any except the ground. Giano | talk 09:34, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That's true, the piano nobile is not always the 1st floor (U.S.: 2nd floor) but it can also be the 2nd (U.S.: 3rd), like in the case a building has got a mezzanine between the ground floor and the 1st floor. You can see this in Italy too, not only in Germany. For example, I'm from Turin and a lot of old apartment blocks over here have got this shape, you can tell that just by watching them from the street. In these blocks the ground floor often contains the janitor's lodge, which is usually an accommodation where the janitor lives; as a matter of fact, a lot of these lodges are no longer in use today and some of them have been converted to small apartments (often for rent). Plus, ground floors also provide access to several rooms or places like the basement floor, the backyard, the shops' back doors (I mean, the shops facing the street at the ground level), etc.

Piano nobile in the U.S.
Would it be correct and useful to mention that the Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress in Washington D.C. is built on such a plan?

 * I don't think the Library of Congress is a very good example. Indisputably it has a "piano nobile", (i.e. its most important floor) but as the library is really a public building, and the piano nobile does not contain a suite of principle reception rooms in the way that is generally understood by the term.  You can add it if you want, I wouldn't revert, but is is not the best example to illustrate the subject. Giano | talk 10:07, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piano nobile


text: Category:Government of the Australian Capital Territory


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject LGBT studies/Noticeboard/Archive 1

Please do not allow this page to become a forum for the advancement of LGBT politics. If it is to exist it should be a forum for improving Wikipedia's coverage of LGBT issues in a NPOV way, jguk 08:36, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Would it be possible to get some sort of open tasks list together, per the other noticeboards? This is quite handy, but it'd be markedly more useful with that. Ambi 08:51, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Name?
Shouldn't the board be called Wikipedia:LGBT Wikipedians noticeboard? --Spinboy 16:59, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * How open do people here want to be to people who don't identify as LGBT interested in contributing about LGBT-related topics? (This includes me - I mean, I can go, no problem, but...) Quite a few of the regional notice boards are named x-related topics rather than x-ian wikipedians'; and even there, there would be less of a sense of incursion if you're from outside Australia going to an Australian notice board than if you're not LGBT and going to an LGBT notice board. So LGBT Wikipedians' would suggest it were something of a closed community in that way. (And "LGBT-related topics" would just be clumsy, I think.) Samaritan 17:45, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmmmmm..... --Spinboy 19:59, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I had this conversation in my head when I created the page. I did not want to call it "LGBT Wikipedians" because this page is for issues related to LGBT articles and not necessarily LGBT Wikipedians.  Many wikipedians of all sexual identities may be interested in LGBT issues.  I did not want the title of the page to give the message that they are not wanted here.  I've just changed the list of "LGBT wikipedians" to "wikipedians concerned with LGBT issues" for the same reason.  -- Samuel Wantman 20:34, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Why not call it "LGBT Issues Notice Board"? --Spinboy 20:50, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd agree - if I want to meet LGBT people, there are somewhat more personal places for that; this page should about the articles on WP. And it's not "issues" either - political groups have issues, we have articles.
 * Another thing, though - if transgender people are to be truly included, and not just supposed to be a fashionable token letter in the heading, a note: Sexual identity does not usually cover transgender, which is a matter of gender identity. Only groups who think it's cool to add the T*, but are annoyed when they are asked what they actually do for transpeople insist that "sexual identity" covers transgender - transgender people rarely ever use that one, since they happen to have both a sexual identity and a (trans)gender identity. -- AlexR 20:55, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point. --Spinboy 21:19, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

I agree 100% with Samaritan. The name is fine the way it is for the reasons stated. Keep it as broad as possible. Moncrief 21:22, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

I'm all for having everyone included here, but is there a place on Wikipedia where I can be proud of being a gay wikipedian? --Spinboy 04:13, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You can visit my home page anytime, Spinboy. Adam 06:53, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * What do you have in mind that you cannot do on your talk page or here? -- Samuel Wantman 06:19, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't have anything in mind really. --Spinboy 06:51, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Maybe we should reinstate the "Active LGBT Wikipedians" list on the main project page, maybe with another list for friends of the notice board who were not or not necessarily identifying? Samaritan 15:20, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Wikiproject?
Should we call this a Wikiproject? If so, Wikipedia:Wikiproject what? --Samuel Wantman 10:52, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

From the description at Regional notice boards compared to WikiProjects, we sound more like a regional notice board; notice boards are also sort of a subset of WikiProjects, at least in that Category:Regional wikipedian notice boards is a subcat of Category:WikiProjects... Samaritan 15:20, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

LGBT, queer and definition
Do we really want the rather ugly expression LGBT (which means nothing to most people) to be used in article titles? I certainly don't. Adam 10:29, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * What nomenclature would you prefer Adam? Megan1967 11:35, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no universally acceptable alternative, but I think "gay," "lesbian" or "gay and lesbian" will cover most cases. Adam 12:27, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I much prefer queer. Exclusivism sucks. Ambi 12:29, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * But did it ever blow? :) Megan1967 04:00, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to disagree; one of the reasons I and other people were moving away from "gay and lesbian" and toward "LGBT" in the first place is that "gay and lesbian" doesn't include bisexual and transgendered people. I personally prefer "queer", too, but I really don't think we can use it as it's not universally accepted (or universally recognized as being a positive label.) Bearcat 16:43, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

"Queer" is not a neutral descriptive term, it is a political statement. Many, probably most, gay men and lesbians, do not chose to identify as queer. Adam 13:03, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

I see nothing in the world ugly about LGBT as a term. I applaud ambi's reclamation of queer, but Adam has a point, and even more I think it wouldn't clearly include many ts/tg/is. Anybody reading an encyclopedia is going to encounter expressions they don't know that mean nothing to them; I don't see topic titles in physics or chemistry being edited down for mass appeal. 1.93 million Google web hits for LGBT. (1.31 for GLBT, though I could swear I've come across LGBT over GLBT by an even greater margin.) Samaritan 13:32, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

LGBT and GLTB etc are not specialist terms in physics, they are political contrivances, as is queer. The only neutral descriptive terms are gay, lesbian and bisexual, and they should be used, alone or in combination, as is appropriate for the article in question. Adam 13:53, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * They're also patently exclusive of a significant portion of people within the queer community. I see your point about using LGBT, and also why you mightn't want to use the term queer, but I strongly take offense at excluding bisexuals, transpeople, those who lack a distinctive sexuality, and other such groups. Using "gay and lesbian" is hardly neutral - it's taking a very clear stance to exclude a significant number of people. Ambi 13:56, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

If there are articles specific to bisexuals and transgendered persons, then they can be titled appropriately. Adam 14:07, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course you are free to have categories or lists or portals or whatever titles "lesbian and gay" - only you should really, really not include anything in there that is not plainly lesbian or gay. That means you could not include Bisexual, not Transgender, nor tons of other stuff. If, OTOH, you want to include that other stuff, you will have to include those into the title, too. After all, you would hardly advocate putting, say, Chuck Berry into a Category:White Americans, with an extra-disclaimer that well, he ain't white, but he's American. Although even that would be better, because you can be transgender, for example, without ever having been or ever plaining to be gay or lesbian; and lots of bi people also don't identify as either. So it's either in or out, but kindly no cat and then articles in there which don't quite belong -- AlexR 14:35, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * And they already are, as are articles that actually have exclusive significance to gay men or lesbians. The point is, articles that aren't uniquely specific to one of the four groups, but equally applicable to all of them, cannot be titled as if they were uniquely specific to one of the four groups. Bearcat 18:18, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

You can get a degree major or minor in Sexual Diversity Studies (yep, I see that it redirects to queer studies) at the University of Toronto, and sexual diversity studies seems to be a popular term in academic libraries, which would be an appropriate enough precedent for Wikipedia to use sexual diversity, sexually diverse, or sexual diversity studies. Just throwing these into the mix... Samaritan 14:13, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Well I hate to tell you this, but the academic elite who think up all these terms are not particularly representative of anyone but themselves. The great majority of gay men and lesbians continue to identify as gay men and lesbians, and the fact that those terms are specific to some people and not to others may be unfortunate but cannot be helped. Objecting to those terms on those grounds is like objecting to the term "dog" because it is exclusive of cats. I don't think that in the real world gay men and lesbians share an identity with bisexuals or transgendered people (most of whom identify as heterosexual), and that is why there is no one term that subsumes all those people into one category. There is certainly no consensus on this in the gay and lesbian community, so these terms cannot be imposed on articles dealing with matters specific to that community. Adam 14:31, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it's not like objecting to "dog" because it's exclusive of cats; it's more like objecting to someone imposing "dog" as the sole umbrella term for all domestic quadrupeds without regard to whether they're actually dogs or cats. Unfortunately, it's not up to you to decide that bisexuals and transgendered people aren't allowed to play in the gay and lesbian treehouse; they're already playing in it. So maybe we should consistently have separate categories for "lesbian", "gay", "bisexual" and "transgender" topics, and only use the umbrella term at the very top of the category tree. It's either that, or one umbrella term that includes all four groups. It is not, and will not be, "gay and lesbian" to the exclusion of the other two. Bearcat 16:57, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, Adam, you have something wrong there: The majority of transpeople does not identify as straight (hetero- (and homo-)sexual are problematic anyway; see Homosexuality and transgender). A rule of thumb you'll get when you ask around in trans*-groups is usually "About a third straigth, a third gay or lesbian, a third bi-, omni-, pan-, or asexual, or undecided". And that's not even counting those who identified as gay or lesbian before transitioning, and who chose not to leave those communities when transitioning. A survey a few years ago among the English transmen brought up 43 % who identified as straight - more than one third, but still less than a majority. -- AlexR 21:39, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

(Edit: Flushed my comments far left so they don't appear to be a response to Bearcat) Oh dear. This debate again. This is a serious encyclopedia, or at least that's the goal. "Queer" is a politicized word, used among a minority of GLBT people, and has no place as a general term for GLBT in this encyclopedia (though it's great that we've reclaimed it yada yada). I understand that "gay and lesbian" excludes bisexuals and transgendered people. Frankly, in many articles in which "gay and lesbian" appears, the subject matter is exclusively about gay and lesbian people and not about transgendered or bisexual people - and, often, an article has an even more specific focus: and lesbian or gay can be used alone. (I wouldn't, for example, call Midnight Cowboy or The Boys in the Band movies with "queer" themes. They are specifically movies with gay male themes. )   Granted, there are many instances when a more inclusive term is needed. I'm afraid, though, in a serious encyclopedia, we can't use the still-marginal word "queer" as a general, neutral descriptive term. LGBT is relatively awkward (but then again our lives are filled with acronyms, so it isn't that awkward), but with a definition of the term where needed, it's all right, imo. Moncrief 19:06, May 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I already agreed that "queer" can't be the term we use; this was in response to someone who suggested that "gay and lesbian" should always suffice over even "LGBT". Bearcat 19:12, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry. My comments weren't meant to be directed to you. I just read through the comments and thought it best to put my comments at the end of the line.  I guess the placement is off though.  Moncrief 19:17, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

Major media: The article pride parade begins: Then the second paragraph uses gay community as if interchangable with LGBT. Samaritan 16:36, 8 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The Advocate, national magazine of record in the United States: "Advocate.com | The Award-Winning GLBT News Site"
 * OUTtv, national cable television channel in Canada: "an exclusive lifestyle GLBT channel"
 * A pride parade is part of a festival or ceremony held by the LGBT community of a city...

To paraphrase Marjorie Garber, 'Queer' is not, finally and fundamentally, an easy political term. I'm against its use in general articles. Exploding Boy 22:04, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Moncrief's sensible comments above. How we title articles should be judged on a case-by-case basis. Adam 00:05, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Oscar Wilde and homosexuality
While we're discussing names and terminology, I though I'd point out that there is an ongoing discussion on the topic on Oscar Wilde's discussion page. There has been some controversy as to whether to describe Wilde as "gay" or "homosexual." Ganymead 00:43, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Mergers and renames
After the recent VFD on Homosexuality and morality, I noticed that redundant articles in this area seem to be sprouting up like weeds. Little tidbits of information are getting dispersed into several pages, and it's getting hard to find all the content relevant to a subtopic of interest. I propose the following changes:

-- Beland 03:54, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Religion and heterosexuality -> Merge with Religion and sexual orientation and Religion and sexuality.
 * Religion and homosexuality -> Merge with Religion and sexual orientation
 * Sexual morality -> Move to Religion and sexuality, which is a much more self-descriptive title.
 * Anti-gay slogan -> Merge with Societal attitudes towards homosexuality.

 * I'm glad to see some progress has been made merging all the various "...view of homosexuality" articles into more neutral pages. Especially now that "Christian view of homosexuality" has been moved to the more NPOV "Christianity and Homosexuality" page. Efforts should be made to do this for all such pages. When people say morality in the above, they typically mean Christian morality so it would be more neutral to explicitly define this, rather than make a vague allusions to some kind of morality. I agree with all of the above. Good work making this notice board, BTW! --Axon 09:29, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for dealing with this obvious problem. All the mergers seem fine to me, but I would request that the list of accusations and their rebuttals from Anti-gay slogans be kept whole. These arguments are among the principal weapons in the arsenals of both camps, and the tradition of gathering them for the purpose of comparison goes back to antiquity. They make the most sense as a group. Haiduc 10:07, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

OK, added to the front-page todo list. -- Beland 03:32, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

FABGLITTER

 * Is this really deserving of an article? I would say not; it seems like the author tried REALLY hard to come up with enough info to make it look detailed but it really seems useless to me. If anything it should be merged into a seperate GLBT related article. Pacian 08:07, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree - I think it's VFDable. Ambi 08:27, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Could probably be incorporated into LGBT - Google says it's not exactly common, either. The author also inserted it whereever possible, but give the Google count, I think mentioning it in LGBT and redir and removing several of the references would be the better option. -- AlexR 12:25, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Be my guest to merge if you'd like. -- Samuel Wantman 19:31, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with the merging...never heard of it myself, but hey, that doesn't mean much. Ganymead 02:29, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure this happened because I mentioned it on Talk:LGBT a couple of days ago, but I also said right up front that while I love it as an acronym, I don't really think it's actually usable for Wikipedia's purposes. Too granular or something. Bearcat 02:32, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It's just a neologism. Merging into LGBT isn't a bad idea, but I wouldn't give it too much space. Ambi 02:33, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I've merged it with LGBT. --Samuel Wantman 09:44, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Two-Spirit
Two-Spirit was either previously Berdache or merged with it or something - the article still can't decided what term it is about. Fixed at least first paragraph, but still not good. Maybe somebody with personal knowledge can help out here. -- AlexR 12:36, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * AlexR, are you familiar with the Walter Williams book? I seem to recall that he mentions examples of greater gender flexibility than would be covered by your first paragraph. I know you encouraged me to work things over, but I have been swamped lately. Haiduc 17:06, 15 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, no - My access to English books on such topics is somewhat limited. At any rate, it is quite possible that the article still is not quite correct yet; it was in pretty bad shape to begin with. -- AlexR 18:40, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Reinstated categories
The category vote was to reinstate the LGBT people subcategories. Whose responsibility is it to reinstate them? TreyHarris 06:34, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that it is anyone's responsibility in particular, but there are people who watch the CfD pages and make such changes as necessary. They should reappear soon.  -Seth Mahoney 06:46, May 16, 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks like the categories were recreated but not repopulated. I hope they don't have to be repopulated by hand. CDThieme 04:11, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I could be totally wrong, but User:Bearcat has a bot, I think. Maybe I'm thinking of someone else.  Anyhow, we might ask if he can do it.  Then again, maybe we should pick out those categories that are going to be removed and put them up on CfD.  We can then wait until after the CfD process to repopulate (which should also give time for others to try to put all the categories on CfD, which I expect will happen).  -Seth Mahoney 18:38, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * I have contacted User:Jdforrester. His bot originally depopulated the categories.  He had said previously that they could be easily repopulated if a reinstate decision was made.  It has been so requested, so hopefully it will happen soon.  My dismay when this first happened has been replaced with pride that we could all work together in making this notice board.  I am amazed how quickly it all happened! -- Samuel Wantman 08:00, 18 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
WRKO

WRKO (680 AM) is a commercial news/talk radio station licensed to Boston, Massachusetts, serving Greater Boston and much of surrounding New England. Owned by iHeartMedia, WRKO is a Class B AM station that provides secondary coverage to portions of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Maine during the day, but is highly directional at night to protect a number of clear-channel stations on adjacent frequencies. WRKO serves as the Boston affiliate for ABC News Radio, Coast to Coast AM and This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal; syndicated personalities Joe Pags, John Batchelor and Bill Cunningham; the flagship station of The Howie Carr Show, and the home of radio personality Jeff Kuhner. The WRKO studios are located in the Boston suburb of Medford, while the station transmitter resides in nearby Burlington. Besides its main analog transmission, WRKO simulcasts over the HD2 subchannel of sister station WZLX, and streams online via iHeartRadio.

WRKO is one of three AM stations owned by iHeartMedia in the Boston market that features a spoken word format; WBZ is all news during the day and overnight, with local talk in the evening, while WXKS carries a nationally syndicated conservative talk line up.

WLAW (1937–1953)
The station first went on the air as WLAW on December 19, 1937, at 680 on the AM dial. The station was licensed to Lawrence, Massachusetts, some 25 miles north of Boston; its transmitter was in nearby Andover. It was owned and operated by Hildreth and Rogers, publishers of the Lawrence Daily Eagle and Evening Tribune. Initially a 1,000-watt daytime-only station, WLAW would boost its power to 5,000 watts in 1940; the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) also granted the station authority to operate at night, using a directional antenna to protect the signals of KPO in San Francisco, which had been the dominant station on the clear channel of 680kHz, and WPTF in Raleigh, North Carolina, which had also been granted nighttime service on the channel.

In 1945, WLAW applied to boost its power to 50,000 watts, and relocate its transmitter to Burlington; the station would make this upgrade in 1947. In conjunction with the move, WLAW opened a Boston studio on Tremont Street in the theater district; it also maintained a third studio in Lowell. The owners also acquired an FM station: WLAW-FM (93.7 FM) was officially dedicated on November 10, 1947. In mid-1951, WLAW and WLAW-FM moved to new studios at the Hotel Bradford in Boston.

WNAC (1953–1967)
In May 1953, General Teleradio, General Tire's broadcasting division and owner of WNAC (1260 AM), bought WLAW and WLAW-FM from Hildreth and Rogers for $475,000; and concurrently sold WNAC to Vic Diehm and Associates for $125,000. WLAW's availability was seen as a way to "upgrade" the signal for WNAC; in 1947, the FCC denied a request to allow WNAC (1260 AM) to move to 1200 kHz and boost its power, using a directional 50,000-watt transmitter. On June 17, 1953, General Teleradio changed WLAW's call letters to WNAC, moved the old 1260 AM format to 680 AM, and reassigned on- and off-air personnel. In effect, this new WNAC (680 AM) licensed to Lawrence became the successor to WNAC (1260 AM) licensed to Boston. For this reason, this transaction is seen as WNAC "moving" from 1260 AM to 680 AM.

Vic Diehm and Associates subsequently changed 1260 AM's calls to WVDA and launched a new format on that station using WLAW's former studios. WLAW-FM had its license surrendered, as WNAC-FM (98.5 FM) was retained by General Teleradio; a separate station on 93.7 FM also licensed to Lawrence signed on in 1960 as WGHJ; now known as WEEI-FM. While the new WNAC was, for all intents and purposes, a Boston station, its city of license remained in Lawrence until July 25, 1957; at least until 1962, the legal station identification was "WNAC Boston-Lawrence".

For a brief time in 1956 and 1957, WNAC was affiliated with both the Mutual Broadcasting System and the NBC Radio Network after WBZ dropped NBC programming. WNAC remained a Mutual affiliate until the network, of which General Tire (by then doing business as RKO Teleradio Pictures) was a part-owner, was sold in July 1957. WNAC also lost the NBC Radio affiliation to WEZE (1260 AM) (the former WVDA) in 1957. By December 1959, RKO Teleradio adopted the RKO General banner.

WNAC-FM changed call letters to WRKO-FM on May 10, 1957, but retained its simulcast of WNAC's programming until 1963, when separate programming was inaugurated for half of the broadcast day.

WNAC, along with WRKO-FM and WNAC-TV (channel 7), were nearly sold by RKO General to NBC as part of a multi-city transaction and station trade between the two companies announced in March 1960. This arrangement wound up under review at both the FCC and the U.S. Department of Justice due to issues involving NBC's previous exchange of assets with Westinghouse Broadcasting in Cleveland and Philadelphia. Ultimately, the RKO-NBC transaction never materialized.

Top 40 era
On October 12, 1966, WRKO-FM dropped its simulcast of WNAC outside of overnights and morning drive, and introduced an automated top 40 format. Owing to WRKO-FM's relative success with that format, RKO General changed WNAC's call sign to WRKO on March 3, 1967, and the format also switched to Top 40;  both stations would still simulcast each other for 11 hours a day. With this move, the Yankee Network, of which WNAC and predecessor WNAC (1260 AM) had been the flagship station of since 1929, ceased operations.

The move to a Top 40 format in March 1967 was an enormous success. For the next decade, WRKO was one of Boston's top-rated radio stations, and absolutely dominant among its target audience of listeners in the 18-34 demographic. Known to its listeners as "The Big 68", WRKO was home to such well-known personalities as longtime morning man Dale Dorman, Chuck Knapp, Joel Cash, Johnny Dark, J. J. Wright, J. J. Jeffrey, Harry Nelson (afternoon drive and later PD of WRKO in 1978), Shadoe Stevens, Frank Kingston Smith (who was known as "Bobby Mitchell"), Steve Anthony and many others. Mel Phillips, who replaced Bob Henabery as program director, served in that position from 1967 to 1972 before being replaced by Scotty Brink.

WRKO in 1967 even took a dig at market leader WBZ, a Westinghouse Broadcasting station that played popular music. In advance of WRKO's format change to Top 40, WBZ tried to get in front of WRKO by adopting the slogan "Boss Radio" (used on famous RKO General top 40 station KHJ in Los Angeles). WRKO, in response, was rumored to have had their DJs reading a liner that said "WRKO, putting the Boss in the Restinghouse." WRKO did ultimately drive WBZ out of the top 40 format.

WRKO's other main competitor was WMEX, which was Boston's original Top 40 station, starting the format in 1957. Even though WMEX's city ratings were good, it had a highly directional signal and did not effectively reach many of the suburbs, especially at night. WRKO (and the growing popularity of FM rock stations) eventually drove WMEX to a format change in 1975, with WRKO remaining Boston's sole AM Top 40 station. In May 1975, WRKO's airborne traffic reporter, "The Red Baron" (Rick Blumberg), joined the morning team with Dale Dorman and Bill Rossi. The Red Baron was both the pilot and traffic reporter, flying at 1000 feet over Boston, in a fixed wing aircraft. 1975 and 1976 were the only years that WRKO had an aircraft in the sky.

WRKO was propelled in its success by the introduction of the so-called Drake format originated by radio programmer Bill Drake. In contrast to other Top 40 formats at the time, it featured a limited playlist of only the top hits, with strict minimal talk and a more music approach presented in a straightforward manner. This format was adopted by other stations across the country, including RKO General stations KHJ in Los Angeles, WHBQ in Memphis and WOR-FM in New York (now WEPN-FM). Virtually any station using the Drake sound rose to the top of its market.

By the end of the 1970s, however, rock and Top 40 radio had begun to migrate from AM to FM. In a three-year period from 1978 to 1981, WRKO lost a chunk of its audience. The station tried to compete with the surge in FM listening, first with a short-lived focus on album cuts and later by switching to more of an adult contemporary music format, featuring a morning program with market legend Norm Nathan. A switch to a country music format was also reportedly briefly considered. In 1980, WRKO began running talk programming during evening hours. On September 27, 1981, the station switched to an all-talk format; at 6:00 p.m. on that date, Justin Clark played the last song, "American Pie" by Don McLean.

Talk era
After switching to the talk radio format, Norm Nathan was retained as morning host; the initial lineup also included Dick Syatt in late mornings, Dr. Harry Sobel in middays, Jerry Williams in afternoon drive, and Guy Mainella and David Brudnoy in evenings. As it moved to more issue-oriented talk, some of the most prominent talk radio hosts in the country broadcast on WRKO, such as Gene Burns, the aforementioned Williams, Ted O'Brien, and Paul Parent.

But throughout the 1980s, WRKO's parent company, General Tire and Rubber, later renamed Gencorp, was under multiple federal investigations and ultimately under an FCC investigation due to its "lack of candor" for failing to disclose unlawful operations by General Tire. In the midst of the investigation into its parent company's problems, RKO General found itself under investigation for reciprocal trade practices involving several of its properties, and later for double billing by a radio network it organized, the RKO Radio Network. The FCC license hearings culminated in the loss of the company's license to operate WNAC-TV; RKO General sold the station assets to New England Television Corporation, who was awarded a license for a replacement station. WNAC-TV signed off permanently on May 21, 1982, with WNEV-TV (now WHDH-TV) taking its place the next morning.

After a long and protracted battle, FCC administrative law judge Edward Kuhlmann ruled on August 11, 1987, that all of RKO General's broadcast licenses, including WRKO's license, be denied renewal;  this excluded WOR-TV, which had its city of license changed from New York to Secaucus, New Jersey, in an attempt to avoid the loss of its license, then was divested to MCA Inc. nine months prior to the ruling. Gencorp initially appealed the ruling, but was advised by the FCC that any appeal would be denied, and that their stations should be divested instead so as to avoid the indignity of additional license stripping without compensation. As part of the settlements worked out in Boston, New York, Memphis, Chicago, Fort Lauderdale, Los Angeles and San Francisco, WRKO and its FM sister station, WROR (the former WNAC-FM and WRKO-FM; now WBZ-FM), were sold to Atlantic Ventures Corp., operated by cable television executive Steve Dodge, for $28 million in November 1988; Gencorp only received $17.5 million, with the rest being awarded to past applicants that had competed for the licenses.

On December 1, 1992, Atlantic Ventures acquired WHDH (850 AM) from New England Television Corporation, which had put the station up for sale to help pay down debt; the sale put the two talk stations under the same ownership. Atlantic Ventures merged with two other radio groups, Stoner Broadcasting Systems and Multi Market Communications, on June 5, 1993, to form American Radio Systems; the combined company would then purchase the intellectual property of WEEI (590 AM) from Back Bay Broadcasters on August 15, 1994. As part of the deal, WHDH would change its call letters to WEEI, and change format to sports radio; The Rush Limbaugh Show, Howie Carr and the "Skyway Patrol" traffic report branding were all moved from WHDH to WRKO in the transaction, which was consummated on August 29.

Westinghouse Electric Corporation, then-parent company of CBS Radio, announced its acquisition of American Radio Systems in September 1997; the merger was completed in 1998. As the combined company would have controlled 59 percent of advertising revenues in the Boston market, as well as three of the top five radio stations, in April 1998 the Department of Justice ordered CBS to divest WRKO, WEEI, WAAF (now WKVB), and WEGQ (now WEEI-FM), as well as KSD and KLOU in St. Louis and WOCT in Baltimore, as a condition of its approval of the merger. In August 1998, Entercom announced plans to acquire the four Boston-area stations, along with WWTM (now WVEI), from CBS for $140 million.

WRKO was, from 1986 to 1994, the flagship station for the Boston Red Sox. In 2006, Entercom inked a 10-year deal to make WRKO the co-flagship station for the Red Sox Radio Network along with WEEI; WEEI once again became the sole flagship station on August 26, 2009. WRKO also carried Boston Celtics basketball broadcasts from 2005 to 2007, when WEEI assumed the flagship station role.

Howie Carr took over for Jerry Williams in the afternoon drive time slot in 1994; Williams would move first to late mornings, then to weekend afternoons in January 1997, before leaving WRKO altogether in October 1998. The Howie Carr Show eventually was picked up by other talk stations around New England and briefly syndicated by ABC Radio Networks before syndication was taken over by Entercom, and ultimately, by Carr himself. After a lengthy labor dispute between Carr and Entercom in 2007, WRKO dropped the program in November 2014, with Carr signing WMEX as a replacement affiliate for the Boston market. WRKO and Howie Carr reached an agreement to carry the show again on March 16, 2015, but with the station as an affiliate instead of acting as his employer.

On November 16, 2006, all on-air news anchors and traffic reporters were fired. WGBH-TV's Beat the Press reported that the news and traffic reporters were informed individually and received severance pay. WRKO contracted with Metro Networks (now the Total Traffic and Weather Network) to provide hourly news updates, including traffic and weather, during the day. In announcing the decision, WRKO said that the station's local news and issues would be driven by the talk show hosts, instead of the news anchors.

The station itself made news in early November 2006, when late morning host John DePetro was fired following his on-air description of gubernatorial candidate Grace Ross as a "fat lesbian". Former Massachusetts House Speaker Tom Finneran was then hired as WRKO's morning-drive host in January 2007, replacing Scott Allen Miller; WRKO host Todd Feinburg was added as a co-host in January 2009. Finneran was dropped from the lineup at the end of May 2012; his replacement, Michele McPhee, was paired with Fineburg until October 31, when Jeff Kuhner was moved into the time slot.

Massachusetts state trooper Grant Moulison was WRKO's lead traffic reporter from 1985 until retiring from the force in April 2006, with 32 years of service behind him.

WRKO has notably dropped The Rush Limbaugh Show from its schedule two different times: the first time came in March 2010 when Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia, current owners of WRKO) launched a talk station of its own on WXKS (1200 AM), and picked up the affiliation rights to it and other programs syndicated by Premiere Networks; this also included Coast to Coast AM, which WRKO aired in overnights. After WXKS changed formats from talk radio to all-comedy in August 2012, both Rush Limbaugh and Coast to Coast AM returned to WRKO's lineup. WRKO dropped Rush Limbaugh again in May 2015, citing the expenses for running Limbaugh had risen too steeply; Kuhner was moved to the midday time slot; the replacement morning show, co-hosted by Kim Carrigan and Doug "VB" Goudie, featured material from Boston.com as part of a content partnership with The Boston Globe.

iHeart era
On February 2, 2017, CBS Radio announced it would merge with Entercom; that October 10, CBS and Entercom placed WRKO, along with WKAF, WBZ, WBZ-FM, and WZLX, up for divestiture as part of the process of obtaining regulatory approval of the merger. iHeartMedia acquired WRKO, WBZ, WZLX and WKAF as part of a multi-market station and asset swap between it and Entercom; to meet ownership limits set by the FCC, WKOX was designated to be divested. The merger was approved on November 9, 2017, and consummated on November 17. Until WKOX's spinoff into the Ocean Stations Trust was completed, WRKO was operated by the Entercom Divestiture Trust, while the sister stations began being operated by iHeart once the merger closed. iHeart began operating WRKO on December 19, 2017; on that date, it completed its acquisition of WRKO, WZLX, WKAF, and WBZ. With the ownership change, WRKO added a simulcast on the HD-2 signal of WZLX.

WRKO's studios moved to iHeartMedia's facilities in Medford in July 2018; the main talk studio is shared with WBZ.

In late November 2018, WRKO moved Jeff Kuhner back to morning drive and Doug Goudie to middays, with Kim Carrigan exiting the station. Two years later, iHeart laid off Goudie, and announced a new show to be hosted by Grace Curley and produced by the Howie Carr Radio Network, which was launched on January 4, 2021.

Programming
WRKO has local conservative talk shows on its weekday schedule, including Jeff Kuhner, who hosts the morning drive time program, and The Howie Carr Show, hosted by Howie Carr, airs in late afternoons; Carr's show is regionally syndicated to a number of other talk stations in New England, and an hour of Carr's show is simulcast on the cable network Newsmax TV. Conservative talk shows hosted by Jesse Kelly (syndicated via Premiere Networks); and Joe Pags (syndicated via Compass Media Networks) air during the evening hours. Paranormal/conspiracy theory oriented program Coast to Coast AM with George Noory airs through the overnight hours, via Premiere Networks. This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal, also syndicated via Compass Media Networks, airs in the early morning hours.

WRKO airs several weekend talk programs, including: Gun Talk, The Money Pit Home Improvement Radio Show and The Lutheran Hour; syndicated shows hosted by Gil Gross and Bill Cunningham; and assorted brokered programming.

title: WRKO


text: Category:Canadian mystery writers

title: Category:Canadian mystery writers


text:
Talk:Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem

Added source for Coronation, trying to balance the current bias of the article
to quote the historian Baldwin about the factionalism leading to Hattin "since the kingdom was split into two factions, partisan historians handed down to posterity two sets of villains and heroes"

Hamilton, the main source of this article, clearly is biased on Sybilla's side; I am not going to present the other and start an edit war, by quoting Runciman, I will delete the most obbious POV and add facts reference by baldwin more neutral work

Untitled
In the movie, "Kingdom of Heaven", she virtually ends-up with Balian.

62.78's edits
I see Drachenfyre has already fixed this up, but I still have a question for 62.78: what exactly are you reading? Can you tell us which book(s) and which author(s) you are using? It would really be helpful here, especially since your other recent edits to Isabella, Humphrey, and Richard Lionheart have also been rather...suspect, to say the least. (I'll repeat again that it would also be helpful if you created a username.) Adam Bishop 18:27, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Not thankful for your persistent cries for "helpfulness". The response remains same: no.

 * In my personal bookshelf I have Zoe Oldenbourgs: the crusades. Years ago, i have read plenty of other books on crusades etc. e.g Runciman, Norwich, byzantine histories too. Howeve, I am not willing to misuse my time by trying to remember all books and articles I have read.

 * Then, finally, your cry "suspect", I believe, shows disgusting things about yourself. 62.78.124.139 20:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, 62.78, your tyraid here shows "disgusting things about yourself", too! And I would say it shows more about yourself then anyone else.Drachenfyre 4 July 2005 21:56 (UTC)

 * And furthermore, for you to bludgeon onto these pages, which others have actively sought-out source material for, and to add uncorraborated material begs for others to question your sources. Your memory of past books read is not good enough for me. If you do not wish to be questioned, as clearly you do not, then you should come prepared with sources. I recommend for you to get off your high horse, mosey over to your book shelf or nearest libary, look up your sources, and document correctly. If not, expect others who have the source material to change your editsDrachenfyre 5 July 2005 00:09 (UTC)

legitimacy
Someone had written a comment (should we say proclamation): "Sibylla's legitimacy was secured, ratified, and aknowladged during the lifetime of her father and her brother. Only the adherants of the Maria Comena faction would have ressurected this notion."

That, however, is sadly wrong, in its straightforward oversimplification.

Everyone who has read about medieval customs, knows that they did not overly honor legislation or ratifications. All those depended on the power of the ruler who wanted the thing. A dead ruler was no more extremely mighty. You have to remember that centralized state was missing, as we know the state. Authorities, courts, and officialdom were quite like as such are today between sovereign states.

And we know that between states, even today, agreements and treaties are sometimes not worth of the ink which is spent to writing them.

In medieval local and reiona politics, ratifications of legitimacy were almost routinely voided and resurrected when lords battled on successions and inheritances. The matter regarding Baldwin and Sibylla was actually very tasty, since it was so good and clear. There had been mich flimsier causes (such as denying someone's legitimacy because their parents were in "spiritual kinship", one's parent was another's godparent. Or a marriage annulled because the church doors were not open during the marriage wows.)

It is no untruth that the Kingdom of Jerusalem was perceived as a republic of noble houses and religious orders. A republic without centralized byrocracy. Rather a republic with "particularist laws" and with exterritorial rights.

For example, Zoe Oldenbourg in her book "The Crusades", p 389, and in other places too, mentions the widespread idea that Agnes de Courtenay's children could be regarded as bastards.

Medieval thinking was not necessarily logical nor consistent. King Baldwin IV was already crowned and consecrated as king by representatives of god, but Sybille was only a possible future claimant. When thinking about reasons to keep Sibylle away from the throne, they did not necessarily mean anything re B IV's status. And, in 1186, B IV was already dead, the question at hand was to have the monarch installed, as legally as possible.

It is relatively funny that Baldwin IV's own testament also laid the situation like that: it specifically was built on idea that Sibylla was not necessarily the rightful heiress, that Isabella could have as good or better rights. Baldwin IV did that and did not mention about the legality of his own rule. 62.78.104.183 23:36, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course it is nice that Drachenfyre wants to be nice to this enormously good royal woman. It is a nice thing that she desires that only nice things ever happened to the queen. Sadly, also bad things happened in real world. Such as that Sybille was born of couple which later was deemed not a valid marriage. It caused the shadow of bastardy upon Sybille.

I think that the repetitive eagerness with which she and her allies at the time pleaded her right, is itself arousing suspicion whether her right there contemporary was held strong. Need of such proclamations of course signals some weakness in her right. I think everyone there knew her be the elder daughter of Amalric I - and, it itself was sufficient, were there no problems in her legal right. However, Reynald needed to stress her right in overflowing words to the populace. And Bernard Hamilton (apparently a biographer) has obviously so much taken his research object's interests in his heart that he stresses her legal right, I think, too much. From my analysis, I have concluded that Bernard Hamilton thus is a recent partisan, at least supporter, of Sibylla, which is why Hamilton's writings should be treated cautiously. 62.78.106.246 07:19, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I get the impression you have not looked at certain books before you talk about them (nor have you seen certain movies). It might be a good idea to at least look at the book, you don't even have to read it! Anyway, certainly Hamilton is not the only authority on the subject, but taking the opposite stance - that Sibylla somehow usurped the throne, or whatever you are trying to imply - is not a good idea either. Adam Bishop 22:59, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Not a bastard: According to her father, Sibylla was his heir, along with her brother. This is the "security" of which I wrote. The Latin Church of Jerusalem, which negociated the annulment, rulled that though the marrage was annuled, Sibylla and Baldwin IV were the legal successors of their father. This was the ratification with which I wrote. The "aknowladged" portion with was the continued assumption that Sibylla was the heir to the throne all the way up to 1183. Indeed, she was assumed the heir to such a degree and was the focus as the best way to reach kingship even the Iblin family moved to have her married into their ranks... and if one were to accept Eroul's acct, she too would have married into that family had it not been for the agressive moves of Tripoli and Bohemud. Sibylla was married to Guy so as not to have her married to someone they choose. Knig Baldwin IV was good with this as he had to give his accent. It was not until Guy's behaivor irritated the realm that Sibylla, hitherto the direct heir of her brother, own position became weakened. Drachenfyre 4 July 2005 22:34 (UTC)

 * In view of this, it is a small matter that Sibylla's opponants used a "wisker" of illigitmacy to promote their own claim: namely young Isabelle's claim to the throne.Drachenfyre 4 July 2005 22:34 (UTC)

legitimacy problem had and had not effect on Baldwin IV
Someone is putting back the small piece "would have also negated Baldwin IV's rule" into the place dealing with 1186, when Baldwin IV already was dead, over a year. At that point, it is clear hopefully to us all that any negation re B IV was not relevant. His reign already ended and in facto he reigned. Nothing could negate its existence. On the other hand, the fact that he reigned (say, mistakes happen), does not make Sibylla any more legitimate than she is.

Were that piece offered to some point of B IV's reign, it would be relevant, but as postmortem it is irrelevant. Therefore I am removing it from that place.

We have to remember that people overall are not logical nor consistent. Use of the same pretext against Sibylla does not mean that it must be used (have been used) against Baldwin IV. People do so, also did in those days.

Medieval people were particularly illogical, because of their religious (better: superstitious) beliefs. To many it would have been perfectly well to think that things went bad during an illegitimate's reign, therefore the illegitimate sister should not be allowed to ascend. Superstition: no more curse, if no illegitimate ruler any longer.

In real world there in 1170's-80's, I think Baldwin IV was uncontestedly allowed to reign because
 * 1) he was male, and only male available, there were no close male heirs of the royal dynasty (only cousins and second cousins)
 * 2) in Middle Ages, bastards succeeding were not unheard of - there plenty of cases...
 * 3) the legitimate Isabella was almost an infant when B IV ascended - at that point, not very useful to favor Isabella
 * 4) later, B IV was apparently regarded as sort of saint - medieval people tended to awe in front of sickness 62.78.124.139 20:19, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * In the real world there in the 1170's-'80's, I think Sibylla was legitimate because

 * 1) She was recognized as the legal successor of her father in 1163

 * 2) The Latin Church of Jerusalem ruled she was legitimate, though the origional marrage was annuled

 * 3) Sibylla remained the chief focus for ambitious rulers through out her brother's reign as the best way to the kingship

 * 4) More Importantly: Sibylla took the initive and negociated with the Haute Cour, who endorsed her as Queen. Ultimatly, it was this same haute Cour that suported her grandmother Melisende, her father Almeric I, her brother Baldwin IV.

 * Drachenfyre 4 July 2005 21:58 (UTC)

 * It would be desirable that Drachenfyre were not to make so many typos all over the place. And (4) Haute Cour changed all the time. Certainly there were not very many members of HC to decide upon Sibylla's accession who had supported her grandmother. (3) Isabella's potential grew as she reached her teens and later adulthood. Do not forget that she was perhaps a decade younger than Sibylla. Thus, Sibylla's position had a tendency to weaken every year. (2) and (1) father's decision did not mean very much, particularly after he died. All the time, kings' testaments were even ignored. The church changed its mind all the time, and clerics battled among themselves. Many were opportunists. One of the basics regarding the medieval church's rulings on marriage and legitimact was the idea of marriage being unviolable sacrament, it either existed for life or did not exist. Divorce was unknown, in pinciple. This here also was annulation. Sibylla's legitimization was the exception to church principles, and such exceptions tend to crumble and deteriorate when circumstances change and new decisionmakers ascend. I believe the problem of "bastardy" was existent all those years, and rather important in the later stages. 217.140.193.123 20:50, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * The underlying issue is her marriage. If she had been married to anyone but Guy - if William had lived, say - it's unlikely her right to succeed would have been challenged so fiercely. But stopping Sibylla - or making her annul him - was the only way to stop Guy. Silverwhistle 20:46, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

crown matrimonial - please avoid mixing two different arguments
In the article, someone wants to keep the entire sentence "Bernard Hamilton wrote "there is no real doubt, following the precedent of Melisende, that Sibylla, as the elder daughter of King Amalric, had the best claim to the throne; equally, there could be no doubt after the ceremony that Guy only held the crown matrimonial.". However, it is on the spot where clearly is an analysis of crowned Sibylla, and position of Guy. Thus, the argument should only deal there with the Guy position, i.e was it crown matrimonial or something bigger. I hope that no one mixes the question of Sibylla's personal right there, as it is a different argument and controversial, dealt elsewhere.

Because of these reasons, from that pot, I will remove the idea "Bernard Hamilton wrote "there is no real doubt, following the precedent of Melisende, that Sibylla, as the elder daughter of King Amalric, had the best claim to the throne", and leave only that part of citation that deals with crown matrimonial. 62.78.124.139 20:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Infobox
There should be an infobox for the article, seeing as most royals and nobles have one.--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 13:32, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I've added one. Have juggled the images around to fit slightly. Hchc2009 (talk) 12:52, 23 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Since the infobox makes this claim, in what sense was Agnes of Courtenay Sibylla's predecessor? Seems to me, unless we're being sexist about this, her predecessor was Baldwin V. And rew D alby  17:14, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Fixed. Surtsicna (talk) 17:57, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem


text:
La ricotta

La ricotta (ricotta, a curd cheese) is a short film written and directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini in 1963 and is part of the omnibus film Ro.Go.Pa.G.

Plot
In summary, the film deals with the film production of the Passion of Jesus with a director acting like Pasolini yet played by Orson Welles. The most biting social critique is shown through the main character of Stracci (meaning "rags"). Stracci is a poor and starving man who works as an extra (ironically, the "good thief") who is not given pity or mercy. Stracci tries everything to get something to eat and he finally does. Unfortunately the ricotta cheese he avidly gorges on, combined with the awkward position he's forced to assume while being "crucified" in front of the camera prove a fatal combination and he dies from indigestion. Stracci represents the poor and the marginalized people, "the ones who hunger for bread" who, according to Pasolini, are neglected by a society, which prides itself on being Christian. Thus, in this view, the Roman Catholicism of Italy is more concerned with status and prominence than helping the poor, a teaching of Christ that Pasolini admired greatly.

Interpretations
The production of the Passion, done outside of Rome, represents a corrupted society who is interested in superficial beauty and yet possesses a corrupted core. This is demonstrated with the extras' lack of interest with the film itself, preferring instead to dance to ya-ya twist music, lying around during break time and tormenting Stracci. This is also demonstrated in the elaborate poses the director has set up, evoking the great Italian Renaissance, particularly of Pontormo and Fiorentino, which the young actors have no interest in.

Controversy
Pasolini, in a disclaimer tacked onto the beginning of "La ricotta," affirms that the event narrated, the Passion, is the greatest event that has ever occurred, and as in The Gospel According to St. Matthew, stressed that he held in great respect the Christian heritage. Despite this assertion, Pasolini was accused of holding contempt for the state religion and was sentenced four months of conviction, which he avoided by paying a fine. The sentence was later declared void by an appeals court.

Resources
The film is more easily available as a supplement on the Mamma Roma DVD available through the Criterion Collection

 * "Pasolini, Mamma Roma and 'La ricotta'" by Gary Indiana
 * Pasolini by Enzo Siciliano
 * Pasolini on Pasolini, interviews by Oswald Stacks
 * Linguaggi e metalinguaggi ne La ricotta di Pier Paolo Pasolini. Il cibo, Erminia Passannanti, Brindin press, Salisbury, UK, (2005);
 * Pasolini, La ricotta. Il sacro trasgredito, Erminia Passannanti, Brindin press, Salisbury, UK, (2007);
 * La nudità del sacro nei film di Pier Paolo Pasolini Erminia Passannanti, Brindin press, Salisbury, UK, (2019);

title: La ricotta