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Lehigh and Hudson River Railway

The Lehigh and Hudson River Railway (L&HR) was the smallest of the six railroads that were merged into Conrail in 1976. It was a bridge line running northeast–southwest across northwestern New Jersey, connecting the line to the Poughkeepsie Bridge at Maybrook, New York with Easton, Pennsylvania, where it interchanged with various other companies.

History

The roots of the L&HR begin with the founding of the Warwick Valley Railroad. The Warwick Valley Railroad was organized March 8, 1860 by a group of local dairymen and business owners led by Grinnell Burt (1822-1901) as a means of connecting the mainline of the New York and Erie Rail Road at Greycourt, New York southwest to Warwick, New York. It opened in 1862 and was operated as a branch of the broad-gauged Erie.

The Pequest and Wallkill Railroad was chartered by 1870 to build an extension in New Jersey, running from Belvidere on the Delaware River and Belvidere Delaware Railroad northeast to the New York state line. The Lehigh and Hudson River Railroad was chartered later as a competitor, planning to build from Belvidere to McAfee, with the Wawayanda Railroad running the rest of the way to the state line and to a connection with the Warwick Valley Railroad.

In April/May 1881, the three companies merged to form a new Lehigh and Hudson River Railroad and on April 1, 1882, the Warwick Valley Railroad joined, forming the Lehigh and Hudson River Railway (L&HR). Grinnell Burt would serve as the president of the newly consolidated line, as he had with the WVRR, up until his death in 1901 and would be instrumental in progressing the L&HR to become a "link in a great chain" of transportation in the northeast.

In the meantime, the Sussex Railroad had built a branch from Hamburg to South Vernon (McAfee); the L&HR bought this around 1881. The Warwick Valley Railroad had built an extension southwest to McAfee in March 1880, and the full line opened August 14, 1882, connecting Belvidere, New Jersey to Greycourt, New York.

For several years, the L&HR carried freight from its western connections to Greycourt where the Erie operated a branch to the car floats at Newburgh, New York. These car floats across the Hudson River served as a vital rail link to New England. However, by the 1880's this line was already being made obsolete by the planned construction of the Poughkeepsie Bridge and an all-rail route across the Hudson. Sensing the opportunity, the Orange County Railroad was chartered as an L&HR line on November 28, 1888 and opened the following year, extending the line northeast from Greycourt to Burnside where Trackage rights were obtained over a short piece of the New York, Ontario and Western Railway from the junction at Burnside west to the major junction at Campbell Hall. Shortly thereafter, the line was extended further north to Maybrook. At Maybrook, the line junctioned with the Central New England Railway, who would build an enormous staging yard for trains continuing east via the Poughkeepsie Bridge over the Hudson River to New England.

The South Easton and Phillipsburg Railroad of New Jersey, and the South Easton and Phillipsburg Railroad of Pennsylvania was organized on July 25, 1889 to build a bridge over the Delaware River between Easton, Pennsylvania and Phillipsburg, New Jersey. The former built 460' on the New Jersey side, while the latter built 850' on the Pennsylvania side. Bridge construction began on November 19, 1889, and concluded the following year on October 2. "The South Easton and Phillipsburg Railroad of New Jersey and South Easton and Phillipsburg of Pennsylvania were consolidated with the Lehigh and Hudson River Railway on April 2, 1912. Subsequently, the L&HR obtained trackage rights over 13 miles of the Pennsylvania Railroad's (PRR) Belvidere Delaware Railroad between Phillipsburg and Belvidere;once the bridge was completed, the L&HR had a continuous line from Maybrook to Easton. At Easton, an interchange could be made with the Central Railroad of New Jersey and Lehigh Valley Railroad, while interchange with the PRR was at Phillipsburg.

In 1905, the L&HR eventually obtained trackage rights over the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's (DL&W) Sussex Railroad from the junction at Andover south to Port Morris, where it interchanged with the main line of the DL&W.

The Mine Hill Railroad was the only branch built. It ran south from a junction at Franklin, New Jersey to the mines of the New Jersey Zinc Company at Sterling Hill, New Jersey.

From October 1912 until January 1916, the L&HR hosted the PRR's Federal Express passenger trains on the Poughkeepsie Bridge Route between Phillipsburg and Maybrook. With the completion of the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City on September 9, 1917, the Federal Express resumed service via Penn Station and the New Haven Line direct.

Operations
At its peak, L&HR stretched 72 miles between Belvidere and Maybrook with trackage rights on the PRR's Belvidere Delaware Railroad from Belvidere to Phillipsburg, New Jersey, across its own bridge over the Delaware River to Easton, Pennsylvania, thence via trackage rights over the CNJ to their Allentown yards.

The main purpose of the L&HR was to act as an extremely important "bridge line" forwarding traffic from the coal and manufacturing regions to New England via the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge. Because nearly 100% of its ownership stake was split between the larger railroads that the line interchanged with, and with none having a controlling interest, the L&HR could rely on steady business forwarding this freight while maintaining independent control. The railroad ran almost exclusively through trains between Allentown and Maybrook with some exceptions. As the L&HR was built along a length of the Great Appalachian Valley, grades were relatively mild and long flat stretches of rail made speeds of over 60mph common. The L&HR was an extremely efficient operation and it was possible to make the full run in less than 3 and a half hours. With the exception of a short portion of double-track at Belvidere, the entire line was single-tracked with occasional passing sidings every 5-10 miles to handle the high volume of trains. Due to this streamlined operation, trains out of Allentown ran directly to Maybrook without having to be switched or otherwise handled as almost of the freight was destined to the Poughkeepsie Bridge and New England. Trains destined to Allentown would have to be re-blocked in Warwick for the connecting carriers such as the DL&W, LV, Reading, and PRR. The DL&W interchange at Port Morris via trackage rights on the Sussex Branch at Andover Jct. proved to be incredibly important and a source of much of the L&HR's business.

Online business, once the very impetus for the original construction of the Warwick Valley Railroad, became increasingly over time, a much smaller part of the L&HR's business and operations. With a few exceptions, there were no major online heavy industries besides the dozens of creameries and ice houses that dotted the line along its entire length. The dairy industry was especially strong in Warren, Sussex, and Orange Counties where the L&HR serviced numerous farming communities and forwarded their products to the interchange with the Erie and Greycourt where they would then be sent to market in New York City. As trucks began to replace rail as the preferred method of shipping for dairy products, this business all but dried up by the late 1930's. The L&HR was also an important supplier of coal for these communities serving as a link to the anthracite mining regions of Pennsylvania via their connections with the DL&W and CNJ. However, when home heating oil began to replace coal as the primary method to heat homes, the L&HR ceased not only local coal deliveries, but saw a reduction in the volume of coal cars destined for New England via Maybrook.

There were several Limestone quarries and gravel pits along the line in New Jersey including at Limecrest and McAfee, but the largest online customer was the New Jersey Zinc Company at Franklin, New Jersey. Zinc ore was a major source of revenue and carloads of zinc would be sent via the L&HR to the massive Zinc mills at Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The mine was so large in fact that Franklin was once home to three railroads; the L&HR, NYS&W until 1958, and the DL&W until 1934. Although the L&HR owned very few freight cars of its own, they did have a notable fleet of zinc hoppers. A local job out of Warwick would run down to Franklin every day to switch the Zinc mine as well as local industries along the Mine Hill Railroad until the mine finally closed its doors in 1954.

With the exception of the Federal Express between 1912 and 1916, passenger operations were always a minor part of the business. Service would be truncated several times over the course of the late 1920's and 1930's with the rising usage of the automobile until the only portion of the line that retained service was the original Warwick Valley line between Warwick and a connection with the Erie Railroad at Greycourt. July 8, 1939 would be the last passenger train for the L&HR as it had been petitioning New York State to discontinue the service since at least 1938.

The L&HR was headquartered and dispatched out of Warwick, New York and had their locomotive servicing facilities there off River Street. These yards were built between 1907-1910 in order to handle the increase in traffic brought on by the opening of the DL&W interchange. At its peak, the yard included a 16-stall roundhouse, turntable, coaling tower, machine shop, scale, transfer shed, and an 8-track classification yard for sorting inbound trains from Maybrook. Earlier rail yards included one on Elm Street and the original terminus of the Warwick Valley Railroad at South Street. There was also a small classification yard and engine servicing terminal at Hudson Yard just north of Phillipsburg along the PRR's Bel-Del, a yard to service New Jersey Zinc at Franklin, and an interchange yard shared with the Erie at Greycourt.

Motive Power
During the Warwick Valley years and up until 1880, the railroad operated as a branch of the Erie Railway's broad gauge system, but when the Erie converted to standard gauge in 1880, the Warwick Valley bought their only two locomotives, a pair of 4-4-0's, from Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works. From the early years of the L&HR up until the turn of the century, most of their locomotives were bought from Cooke.

From 1894 until the end of steam in 1950, all of their locomotives were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works. This included several dozen 4-6-0 and 2-8-0 camelback locomotives built between 1904 and 1908 to coincide with the increase in traffic from the Port Morris connection. L&HR power upgraded in the years during and after WWI locomotives during this time were noted for their Wootten fireboxes; designed to burn the harder anthracite coal. By the mid 1930's all of its camelbacks would be scrapped, save for 3 that were kept to handle the local turn from Warwick to Greycourt as well as the Franklin Drill which could not handle heavier locomotives on the Mine Hill Branch. As a result of traffic surges from WWII, the L&HR bought their last steam locomotives from Baldwin in 1944; a trio of 4-8-2 Mountains that, due to war-time restrictions, were virtual copies of the Boston & Maine's R1d design

Lehigh & Hudson River Railway Locomotive Roster; 1950

Despite having been a customer of Baldwin since 1894, when the end of steam came in December 1950, the replacements would be exclusively from ALCO. The L&HR bought their first 11 RS-3's early in 1950 with two additional RS-3s being purchased in 1951 bringing their total to 13 (numbered 1-13). Commonly short on power on-hand, these would be the only locomotives for nearly a dozen years until L&HR began acquiring newer Alco C-420s in 1963, some of which were acquired by trading in older RS-3s. By 1972 the L&HR would eventually sell off all of their RS-3's leaving them with 9 C-420's numbered 21-29.

http://www.northeast.railfan.net/lhr_rstr.html

Bankruptcy
A profitable railroad for nearly its entire existence, The L&HR filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy on April 19, 1972, owing partly to Penn Central's decision to operate over other routes in order to avoid the aging Poughkeepsie Bridge, along with not paying the L&HR certain due bills due to bankruptcy laws.

Post-bankruptcy, the L&HR continued to operate a nocturnal daily freight. During the mid-1970s, the L&HR became part of a proposal to run "Bunny Ski Trains" between Hoboken, New Jersey, and the Playboy Resort (Great Gorge) in Vernon, New Jersey. The proposed service, which would have run on weekends during the winter, would have retrieved passengers westbound along the Erie Lackawanna Railway's (EL) Morristown Line to Netcong, New Jersey, then run along a short section of the remaining Sussex Branch to Andover Junction in Andover, New Jersey, and then northbound along the L&HR to the Penn Central. The service would have utilized EL's new commuter consists, but was met with stiff opposition from EL management, which was anticipating a merger with other north-eastern US railroads and did not want to enter into a venture that it viewed as a potential money-loser. The Bunny Ski Train remained a viable proposal until the remaining vestige of the Sussex Branch was removed in July 1977, after it became clear that it was no longer needed as a connector to the L&HR.

As such, in 1976 the L&HR was merged into Conrail. Subsequently, the section between Belvidere, New Jersey and Sparta, New Jersey (Sparta Junction) was abandoned. The tracks, however, remained in place until approximately 1988, when the right-of-way between these two points was acquired by land developer Jerry Turco from Conrail. Turco had also acquired most of the Lackawanna Cut-Off as part of the same deal. Conrail removed the tracks south of Sparta Junction; however, the section north of that point was already being considered by the New York, Susquehanna & Western (NYS&W) as part of a combined regional freight route with Norfolk Southern Railway (NS). The line from Warwick to Campbell Hall, New York is currently leased to the Middletown and New Jersey Railroad.

The L&HR Today
Approximately 42 miles of the original 72 miles of the original L&HR-built right-of-way is still in place from Limecrest in the township of Sparta, New Jersey to the "new" Hudson Junction within the town of Hamptonburgh, New York.

In New Jersey, the NYS&W owns the L&HR line from Sparta Junction to Pelton Crossing, a point just 3 miles north of the NY state line and at the throat of the former yards in Warwick, New York. At Sparta Junction, where the original line of the NYS&W used to cross the L&HR on a diamond, a connection has been built to allow movement between the former lines. In addition, a daily local job works out of Sparta where numerous industries are serviced by rail including a transload sugar facility, a propane facility, and others. The NYS&W also operates a single road train four times a week between Binghamton and Ridgefield Park, New Jersey which traverses the entirety of the remaining L&HR and is the only regular rail traffic between Sparta and Warwick.

From Pelton Crossing in Warwick to the "new" Hudson Junction in Hamptonburgh, the line is owned by NS which had acquired the line during the breakup of Conrail. The NS-owned portion of the line is known as the "Hudson Secondary" and while owned by the NS, it is dispatched by the NYS&W. Since 2010, the Middletown and New Jersey Railroad (on a lease from the NS)currently operates and maintains the Hudson Secondary with a semi-daily local from Campbell Hall to Warwick.

In 1988, the NYS&W built a connecting track bypassing Maybrook by curving west onto the former Erie Graham Line (current Metro-North Railroad) at a point just north of Sarah Wells Trail in the town of Hamptonburgh. This bypass eliminated pulling through trains north to Maybrook and running around the train before continuing west through Campbell Hall. As a result of this "new" Hudson Junction, the original three miles of L&HR right-of-way from HJ to Maybrook were abandoned. HJ or Hudson Junction is not to be confused with the original Hudson Junction where the Warwick Valley Railroad to Greycourt met the 1888-built Orange County Railroad (which leapt over the Erie Mainline at Greycourt north to Maybrook).

South of Limecrest just south of Sparta Junction, the line is abandoned to Belvidere; however the former PRR-owned Bel-Del, L&HR-owned Hudson Yard in Phillipsburg and the L&HR-owned South Easton & Phillipsburg Bridge over the Delaware River are still in service on the Norfolk Southern.

Although the line had always operated in a west to east orientation from Allentown to Maybrook, the NYS&W operates the line from Sparta to Warwick as east to west. The final stretch of the L&HR running west from Janes Chapel Road in Oxford, NJ to Belvidere has been preserved as a hiking trail, the Pequest Wildlife Management Area Trail. This trail crosses the Pequest river at 4 locations including the when it passes under the Pequest Viaduct carrying the Lackawanna "Old Road" across the Pequest River. The remains of old signal towers, rail ties, power lines, and mile markers can be found in the forest along this trail.

Another section of the line running north from Kennedy Rd in Green Township, NJ has been preserved as the Lehigh & Hudson Rail Trail. Whistle markers can still be found along the trail between Whitehall Rd and Rt 603. The pass under the Lackawanna Cutoff Pequest fill, despite being state owned land, has been fenced off and is not passable. The trail terminates in Andover, NJ where it crosses the Sussex Branch Trail. A new section of hiking trail has been restored beginning just to the north in Andover along the south east corner of Gardners Pond. Entering Kittatinny Valley State Park the trail continues along the east coast of Lake Aeroflex 3.5 miles until terminating at Mulford Road in Andover Township, NJ. It is unclear if any other sections of the abandoned line have been preserves as hiking trails. A full description of the line along with all bridges and stations can be found here.

title: Lehigh and Hudson River Railway


text: Talk:Cyclohexyl nitrite

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cyclohexyl nitrite


text:
User talk:Rancid24af

Some of the people, places or things you have written about in the article Ian(n) Andrew Marten may not be sufficiently well-known to merit articles of their own. The Wikipedia community welcomes newcomers, and encourages them to become Wikipedians. On Wikipedia, each user is entitled to a user page in which they can describe themselves, and this article's content may be incorporated into that page. However, to merit inclusion in the encyclopedia proper, a subject must be notable. We encourage you to write or improve articles on notable subjects.

title: User talk:Rancid24af


text:
User:Mandihoa

Edgy Lee is a fifth-generation Hawai'i born writer, artist and award-winning documentary filmmaker. She has also produced records featuring artists as varied Joe Higgs& the Wailers, and His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama. Her films include Papakolea-Story of Hawaiian Land; Paniolo O Hawai'i-Cowboys of the Far West, Waikiki-In the Wake of Dreams and The Hawaiians-Reflecting Spirit. These films were made in hopes of bringing a deeper awareness of the Hawaiian culture to a national public whose image of native Hawaiians has been shaped by sterotypes. For more information on native Hawaiian culture or to learn more about films of this type you may visit: www.filmworkspacific.com

title: User:Mandihoa


text: Category:Logic puzzles

title: Category:Logic puzzles


text:
Talk:Isopropyl nitrite

Euphoria?
I am not sure that "a brief euphoria" is a very accurate description of the effects of poppers. 87.115.255.137 (talk) 15:54, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Isopropyl nitrite


text:
Talk:Varian v. Delfino

Untitled
Some of the language used in this article seems to be biased 68.39.174.150 09:41, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Please be specific. Even better, please fix it. Thanks, -Willmcw 20:26, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * These two edits fixed the worst of it. It's readable without cringing now. Thanx... 68.39.174.238 23:16, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Another user with an exclusive interest in this case has inserted links to a sales pages for a book related to the case in unrelated entries. The entry starter and this user may be related.

lots of issues | leave me a message 06:21, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

To the original editor. Please stop adding details of your case into general/unrelated entries about the law. This is considered nonsense, and the edits will be reversed. Please also stop promoting the book by adding the sales link to unrelated entries. This is considered spam, and those contributions will also be removed. Wikipedia is a useful reference tool for millions. Please do not ruin the hard work of countless thousands of contributers by turning it into your soapbox. I'm sure this case was a dramatic event in your life, and I am sorry if you still boil with anger, but the Wikipedia is not the forum for raising awareness about your personal cause.

Regards, lots of issues | leave me a message 07:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This entry appears to be written by one of the defendants in the case. Their views are extremely biased, so the reader is directed to look at the actual court documents to better understand the facts involved. Also note the case was appealed in a court (CA 6th Appeals Court) which is strongly liberal in its interpretation of the law. While in itself not meant to be a good or bad opinion of their views, it has, unfortunately, favored the defendants in the face of blatent defamatory behaviors towards Varian personnel.

A note of caution to readers of this article: The individuals involved in this case (Mike Delfino and Mary Day) are both former employees of Varian Medical. Mike was terminated for cause and Mary voluntarily resigned soon afterwards. Both have been embroiled in a bitter and often libelous campaign against Varian Medical, in particular key executive employees of the company. While the court case blazed rather liberal internet free speech law opinions in the state of California, the remainder of the discussion, such as personal opinions, links to commercial sites selling books, etc., are not germaine to the discussion and are best ignored. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikiknut (talk • contribs) 02:26, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Sounds like you have serious issues with Dr. Delfino and Ms. Day not to mention your unfounded impression of the Calif. Sixth District Court of Appeal which ruled against Delfino and Day. You certainly need to do your homework as I find the Varian v. Delfino article, an important free speech case, both well written and well referenced. Cheers! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Amberjacker (talk • contribs) 01:12, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

removing POV template without ongoing discussion per Template:POV instructions
I've removed an old neutrality tag from this page that appears to have no active discussion per the instructions at Template:POV:
 * This template is not meant to be a permanent resident on any article. Remove this template whenever:
 * There is consensus on the talkpage or the NPOV Noticeboard that the issue has been resolved
 * It is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given
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Since there's no evidence of ongoing discussion, I'm removing the tag for now. If discussion is continuing and I've failed to see it, however, please feel free to restore the template and continue to address the issues. Thanks to everybody working on this one! -- Khazar2 (talk) 18:56, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Varian v. Delfino


text: Category:Robbie Williams albums

title: Category:Robbie Williams albums


text:
Isenburg-Wied

Isenburg-Wied was the name of a state of the Holy Roman Empire, based around Neuwied in modern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It was renamed from Isenburg-Braunsberg in 1388, and was superseded by Wied in 1462.

title: Isenburg-Wied


text:
User:Roger McCoy

I am both the eggman and the walrus. So now you know.

title: User:Roger McCoy


text:
Kwality Wall's

Kwality Wall's is an Indian multinational frozen desserts brand owned by the Indian consumer goods company Hindustan Unilever. It is a major producer and distributor of frozen dessert products in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. In Pakistan and Bangladesh, it's called only as "Wall's".

History
Kwality Wall's is a company of Hindustan Unilever, the arm of Unilever in India. It is an amalgamated brand name created out of two previously separate independent companies that Unilever took over: Kwality of India and Wall's of United Kingdom.

Kwality, the original Indian company, was founded in 1956, and was the first in the region to import machinery for the mass production and sale of ice cream on a commercial scale. In 1995, in view of the growth potential of the frozen confections market, Kwality entered into an agreement with Lever, and has since been known by its current umbrella name. At the same time, other brands acquired by Hindustan Unilever, such as Gaylord-Milkfood, were phased out in favour of promoting the Kwality Wall's brand. This arrangement allows for local production and sale of Wall's products that are popular in its home market, such as the Cornetto cone, and to create local variations on others, such as the Feast Jaljeera Blast. Kwality Wall's was ranked 464th among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2012, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory. In the Brand Trust Report 2013, Kwality Wall's was ranked 632nd among India's most trusted brands and subsequently, according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, Kwality Wall's was ranked 382nd among India's most trusted brands.

In August 2013, Kwality Wall's extended to Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei and Nepal.

Logo
The logo used for Kwality Wall's is a slight variation from that used by the other Heartbrand products, in that there are two distinct hearts in the Kwality Wall’s logo (with the inner heart being closed but the outer heart having a gap), rather than a single stroke forming both hearts. The original Heartbrand logo is used on the Kwality Wall's India website, but the logo variant is used on products.

title: Kwality Wall's


text:
Max Graham

Max Graham (born April 17, 1971) is a British-Canadian DJ, composer, and producer of dance music. Known for fusing progressive house, trance, and techno, he is most famous for his open-to-close DJ Sets (where he typically plays 6 to 8 hours), his Cycles CD series/radio show, and his remix of the classic song "Owner of a Lonely Heart" (by Yes) in 2005. He is also the founder of record labels Re*Brand and Cycles.

Biography
Graham was born in London, England, and lived in Spain, New York City and Los Angeles before settling in Ottawa, Canada, in 1989. At age 15, in 1986, he began as a hip-hop DJ before discovering dance music in the 1990s. He was a resident DJ at the famed Atomic Nightclub in Ottawa from 1997–2001. He has been touring globally as a DJ and producing melodic dance music since 2000.

1997–2001: Atomic Nightclub, Hope Recordings
During his residency at Atomic Nightclub, Graham was discovered by label executives and signed to Hope Recordings; one of his first productions, “Airtight”, was noticed by Nick Warren and Paul Oakenfold in 2000. Oakenfold subsequently put two of Graham's tracks on his album Another World. Tiesto also put “Airtight” on his In Search of Sunrise 2 album. That same year, “Airtight” was nominated for a Juno Award. He gained immediate acclaim and was voted #23 in the DJMag top 100 DJs for 2001 and was chosen to mix the famous Tranceport CD Series (Tranceport 4) that year.

2002–2004: ShineMusic and the "sidechain" mixes
Graham created the "Shine" concept in 2002, which included a mix CD, a label (Shinemusic), and club nights. In 2004, Graham signed two singles to Sander Kleinenberg's Little Mountain label, entitled "Does She Know Yet?" and "Automatic Weapon". His remixes at the time went by the name "Max Graham's Sidechain Mix", named after the bass-pad sound that was heavily sidechained in his tracks. Included in these remixes was Guy Gerber's “Stoppage Time”, released on John Digweed's Bedrock Label.

2005–2006: "Owner of a Lonely Heart", Essential Mix
Graham produced a bootleg remix of Yes track "Owner of a Lonely Heart", which was played on BBC Radio 1 and signed by Ministry of Sound and released globally. It reached #9 in the UK, giving Graham his first Top-10 UK Hit. During this same period, Graham was signed to the Bullitt agency and released music on Deep Dish's Yoshitoshi Recordings, including the single "Crank". 2006 saw him invited for his first Essential Mix.

2008–2010: Armada, Cycles and Radio (Artist album)
In 2008, Graham shifted to a more melodic sound and signed with Armada Music. He began his CD series Cycles, which featured 8 compilations throughout the series, including a selection of progressive and trance songs. In 2010, he release his first artist album, Radio, which included collaborations with Jessica Riddle, Neev Kennedy, Ana Criado and Protoculture.

2011–2014: open-to-close sets, trance, and "The Evil ID"
From 2008 to 2017, Graham released a new Cycles CD almost every year as a self-proclaimed "snapshot" of his current DJ sound. He also began touring exclusively playing open-to-close shows, where he focused on a wide variety of genres and a true journey of music. Producing under his own name, he made singles "Sun In The Winter", "Nothing Else Matters", and the hit "The Evil ID", which was championed by Armin Van Buuren at Tomorrowland. Graham also performed regularly at A State Of Trance shows. During that period, Graham teamed up with Protoculture to release a string of singles and remixes, including a remake of Grace’s "Not Over Yet".

2015–2017: Leaving Armada, moving away from trance, changing sound
In 2015, Graham began to move away from trance (due to the changing sound that no longer appealed to him) and left Armada, closing down his Rebrand label in the process. His sound changed, and he started the label Cycles with Black Hole Recordings. This period saw more underground releases, like "Redemption" and "One Hundred", and showcased deeper sounds such as the tracks "Argentina" and "Sunrise in Flight". He also collaborated with Estiva on the track "Generation".

2017: The End of Cycles
In late 2017, Graham announced via Facebook that he was ending the weekly Cycles Radio episodes and taking an extended break from touring and making music.

2019: The Return
In 2019, Graham returned to the scene and announced via social media in August that he was in the studio working on his second artist album as well as relaunching Cycles Radio with a new monthly format. In March 2021, however, Graham announced that he would be taking another indefinite hiatus.

DJing
Graham is known mostly these days as a DJ for his open-to-close sets, where he typically plays 6–8 hours. He has performed on Above and Beyond's Group Therapy Radio (multiple times), Pete Tong's Essential Mix, John Digweed's Transitions, and Armin van Buuren's A State of Trance. He has toured to over 75 countries and performed at such festivals as Ultra, Tomorrowland and Dance Valley as well as performed at some of the most famed venues in the world, including Pacha, Ibiza; Ushuaia, Ibiza; Twilo, New York; Space Terrace, Miami; and open-to-close sets at Cielo, New York, and Output, New York.

Production
Graham's production varies in genre and has been at times hard to classify. Under his name, he makes predominantly progressive house and progressive trance, while he also makes techno under the alias Shelter.

Label Ownership
He has owned three record labels: ShineMusic, Rebrand Records and Cycles Music. In total, he hosted Cycles Radio for 337 episodes from

Studio albums

 * 2010: Radio – Armada Music

Mix albums

 * 1996: A Delicate Sound of Many – Unknown
 * 2000: Cream CD2 – Yul Records
 * 2001: Transport 4 – Kinetic Records
 * 2004: Shine – System Recordings
 * 2005: Mixmag Live – DMC
 * 2007: Bal En Blanc – Bal En Blanc
 * 2008: Re*Brand, The Story so Far – Armada Music
 * 2008: Max Graham Presents Cycles – Armada Music
 * 2010: Max Graham Presents Cycles2 – Armada Music
 * 2011: Max Graham Presents Cycles3 – Armada Music
 * 2013: Max Graham Presents Cycles4 – Armada Music
 * 2014: Max Graham Presents Cycles5 – Armada Music
 * 2015: Cycles6 Mixed by Max Graham – Armada Music
 * 2016: Cycles7 Mixed by Max Graham – Black Hole Recordings
 * 2017: Cycles8 Mixed by Max Graham – Black Hole Recordings

Singles

 * 2000: Love the Bomb – Teknology
 * 2000: Backdraft – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Shoreline – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Bar None – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Airtight – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Yaletown – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Skyline – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Falling Together – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Sepia – Hope Recordings
 * 2001: Dying to Survive – Hope Recordings
 * 2002: Tell You – Hope Recordings
 * 2004: Coastline – Shinemusic
 * 2004: Does She Know Yet – Little Mountain Recordings
 * 2004: Automatic Weapon – Little Mountain Recordings
 * 2005: Gone Feat Jessica Riddle – Shinemusic
 * 2005: Owner of a Lonely Heart vs Yes – Ministry of Sound Record Label
 * 2005: Crank – Yoshitoshi Recordings
 * 2006: Space Disco – Re*Brand Records
 * 2006: Cosmic Funk – Re*Brand Records
 * 2007: Smack – Re*Brand Records
 * 2008: Carbine – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2008: Turkish Delight – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2008: Frozen – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2008: The Power of One – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2008: Clear View Feat Jessica Riddle – Tell me – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2010: Sun in the Winter Feat Neev Kennedy – Coldharbour Recordings
 * 2010: Dusky 2010 (Does She Know Yet) – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2010: Nothing Else Matters Feat Ana Criado – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2011: F.Y.C. – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2011: So Caught Up feat Neev Kennedy Armada Music
 * 2012: Still There's You Feat Jeza – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2012: Sona – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2013: Where You Are Feat Alana Aldea – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2013: Diamonds with Tania Zygar – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2013: The Evil ID – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2014: Lekker with Maarten de Jong – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2014: Axiom with Protoculture – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2014: Purple – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2015: Rock Steady (as Shelter) – Yin Yang
 * 2015: Redemption – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings
 * 2015: Pinned (as Shelter) – Yin Yang
 * 2015: One Hundred (Late Night Mix; Raw Mix) – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings
 * 2015: Sunrise in Flight / Argentina – Cycles Blackhole Recordings
 * 2016: End Beginning – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings
 * 2016: Amnesia – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings
 * 2017: Generation with Estiva – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings
 * 2017: BCN – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings
 * 2017: Guiding Light feat. Neev Kennedy – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings

Remixes

 * 2000: Bullitt – Cried to Dream – Virgin Music
 * 2000: Starecase – Lost 22 – Hope Recordings
 * 2000: Subgod – Velodrome TV – Polyester
 * 2000: Vicious Cycles – Vicious Cycles – Platipus Records
 * 2001: Uberzone – Bounce – Astralwerks
 * 2001: Conjure One – Redemption – Nettwerk
 * 2001: globe – Can't Stop Fallin' In Love – Avex Trax
 * 2002: Conjure One – Sleep – Nettwerk
 * 2002: Cultivate – Broken Pieces – Lost Language
 * 2002: Barakka – Song to the Siren – Lost Language
 * 2003: Strawberry Fields – Release Records
 * 2004: Madoka – Afterburner – Private Reality
 * 2004: Jase From Outta Space – Do What You Want – Shine Music
 * 2004: Tilt – Twelve – Lost Language
 * 2004: DT8 Project – Winter – Data Records
 * 2005: Sam Perez – Across the Ocean – Yoshitoshi
 * 2005: Leah – Contact High – Wooden Records
 * 2006: Filterheadz – Endless Summer – Love Distortion
 * 2007: Purple Code – The Rising – Re*Brand Records
 * 2008: Marcus Schossow – Swedish Beatballs – Coldharbour
 * 2008: Jerome Isma – Vila Nova – Electric
 * 2010: tyDi Feat. Tanya Zygar – Half Light – AVA Recordings
 * 2010: Filo & Peri ft. Audrey Gallagher – This Night – VANDIT
 * 2011: Grace – Not Over Yet w/ Protoculture – Perfecto
 * 2011: Protoculture – Topaz – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2012: Solarstone & Scott Bond – 3rd Earth – Captivating Sounds w/ Armada Music
 * 2013: Gabriel & Dresden ft. Neil Ormandy – Tomorrow Comes w/ Protoculture – Organized Nature w/ Armada Music
 * 2015: Solid Stone ft. Jennifer Rene – Not Enough – Re*Brand Records w/ Armada Music
 * 2017: Forerunners – Relic – Cycles w/ Black Hole Recordings
 * 2019: Michael & Levan with Stiven Rivic – Stardust – Kunai Music

DJ Magazine Top 100 rankings

 * 2001: No. 23 (Debut)
 * 2002: No. 83
 * 2003: No. 56
 * 2004: No. 64
 * 2005: No. 96

title: Max Graham


text: User talk:64.180.211.107

title: User talk:64.180.211.107


text:
Talk:Methyl nitrite

Synthesis
I made it by esterification (xs Methanol and Sodium Bisulphate then adding Sodium Nitrite, capture the resulting gas with a dry ice cold trap. Used it for monopropellant rockets. Nitromethane article says traces of Methyl Nitrite responsible for explosions, should emphasize hazard. Perhaps Methyl Iodide and Sodium Cobaltinitrite, rather than Silver Nitrite, as nitrogen is bound tightly by Cobalt. There should be some reference to Methyl Nitrite chemistry; like other alkyl nitrites it forms complexes and has Nitroxyl (NO, Nitroglycerin) physiology in the animal/human body, should be part of its toxicity warning. Shjacks45 (talk) 14:39, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methyl nitrite


text:
Skype for Business Server

Skype for Business Server (formerly Microsoft Office Communications Server and Microsoft Lync Server) is real-time communications server software that provides the infrastructure for enterprise instant messaging, presence, VoIP, ad hoc and structured conferences (audio, video and web conferencing) and PSTN connectivity through a third-party gateway or SIP trunk. These features are available within an organization, between organizations and with external users on the public internet or standard phones (on the PSTN as well as SIP trunking).

Features
One basic use of Skype for Business Server is instant messaging (IM) and presence within a single organization. This includes support for rich presence information, file transfer and voice and video communication. Skype for Business Server uses Interactive Connectivity Establishment for NAT traversal and TLS encryption to enable secure voice and video both inside and outside the corporate network.

Skype for Business Server also supports remote users, both corporate users on the Internet (e.g. mobile or home workers) as well as users in partner companies. Skype for Business supports identity federation, enabling interoperability with other corporate IM networks. Federation can be configured either manually (where each partner manually configures the relevant edge servers in the other organization) or automatically (using the appropriate SRV records in the DNS).

Microsoft Skype for Business Server uses Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for signaling along with the SIMPLE extensions to SIP for IM and presence. Media is transferred using RTP and SRTP. The live meeting client uses Persistent Shared Object Model (PSOM) to download meeting content. The communicator client also uses HTTPS to connect with the web components server to download address books and expand distribution lists. By default, supported combinations include encrypted communications using SIP over TLS and SRTP as well as unencrypted SIP over TCP and RTP. Microsoft has published details of supported configuration for qualified vendors through Unified Communications Open Interoperability Program (UCOIP).

IM is only one portion of the Skype for Business suite. The other major components are VoIP telephony and video conferencing through the desktop communicator client. Remote access is possible using the desktop, mobile and web clients.

Several third parties have incorporated Skype for Business functionality on existing platforms. HP has implemented it on its Halo video conferencing platform.

History
When Microsoft Office Live Communications Server was originally launched on 29 December 2003, it replaced the Exchange Instant Messenger Service that had been included in Exchange 2000, but which was removed from the Exchange 2003 feature set. Holders of Exchange 2000 licenses which included Software Assurance were entitled to receive Live Communications Server as an upgrade, along with Exchange 2003; however, Live Communications Server Client Access Licenses were purchased as normal for new users.

OCS R2 was announced at VoiceCon in Amsterdam in October 2008, a year after releasing Office Communications Server 2007.

Microsoft released Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007 R2 in February 2009. The R2 release added the following features:

 * Dial-in audioconferencing
 * Desktop sharing
 * Persistent Group Chat (only available on Windows OS clients)
 * Attendant console and delegation
 * Session Initiation Protocol trunking
 * Mobility and single-number reach

Microsoft Lync Server 2010 reached general availability in November 2010. Microsoft Lync 2013 was released to manufacturing in October 2012 with SP1 being released in March 2014. In 2015, the new version of Lync became Skype for Business with a new client experience, new server release and updates to the service in Office 365. Microsoft has stated that general availability for Skype for Business Server 2019 is targeted for the end of 2018.

Versions

 * 2018 - Skype for Business Server 2019 (due end of 2018)
 * 2015 - Skype for Business Server 2015
 * 2012 - Lync Server 2013 (RTM 11 October 2012)
 * 2010 - Lync Server 2010
 * 2009 - Office Communications Server 2007 R2
 * 2007 - Office Communications Server 2007
 * 2006 - Live Communications Server 2005 with SP1
 * 2005 - Live Communications Server 2005, codenamed Vienna
 * 2003 - Live Communications Server 2003

Client software and devices
Microsoft Lync is the primary client application released with Lync Server. This client is used for IM, presence, voice and video calls, desktop sharing, file transfer and ad hoc conferences. With Lync 2013 there will be a release of Lync Light Client with fewer features. Microsoft also ships the Microsoft Attendant Console. This is a version of the Lync more oriented towards receptionists or delegates / secretaries or others who get a large volume of inbound calls.

Persistent Group Chat functionality (introduced with Lync Server 2010 ) is only supported on the Windows OS client at this time. This requires an additional server or multiple servers for processing group chat transactions.

Other client software and devices include: The documentation of Lync 2013 contains references to Lync Room Edition Devices - these are anticipated to provide close to immersive experience.
 * Lync Mobile is a mobile edition of the Lync Server 2010 client that offers similar functionality, including voice calls via the GSM network, instant messaging, presence and single number reachability. Clients for Lync Mobile includes the IPhone, IPad, Android, Windows Phone 7 and 8. New releases of Lync Mobile 2013 (Wave 2) are anticipated, bringing features such as collaboration and voice and video over IP.
 * Microsoft RoundTable is an audio and video conferencing device that provides a 360-degree view of the conference room and tracks the various speakers. This device is now produced and sold via Polycom under the product name CX5000.
 * The Skype for Business client is supported by Lync Server 2013, as well as Skype for Business Server.
 * LG-Nortel and Polycom also make IP phones in a traditional phone form factor that operate an embedded edition of Office Communicator 2007. The physical plastic phones as referred by Microsoft are also named Tanjay Phones.
 * IP Desk Phones 'Optimized for Lync': Powered by Lync Phone Edition these phones have full support to PBX functionalities, access to calendar and contacts, rich conferencing, extended functionalities when connected to the PC, and integrated security and manageability. Built from the ground up for Lync, these phones come in different models designed to meet specific business needs, including a rich information worker experience, a basic desk phone, common area phone, or conference room phone. Aastra and other vendors offer IP Desk Phones Optimized for Microsoft Lync.
 * Damaka has Lync clients for Android, iOS (iPhone/iPad), BlackBerry, Symbian, Windows 8, Mac OS X. It provides chat, voice, file transfer, video, and desktop sharing functions.
 * Fisil has Lync clients for Linux, Android, iPhone, iPad.

Linux support:

Fisil makes the only available supported Linux client for Lync. The unifiedme.co.uk reference lists a Pidgin-based workaround, but according to the information at CERN, it has important limitations. The Damaka reference leads to the Google+ main page and has no information on a Linux client that I could find. The Fisil reference goes to a project management company that can write custom software.

Compliance
Lync Server also has the capability to log and archive all instant message traffic passing through the server and to create Call Detail Records for conferences and voice. These features can help provide compliance with legal requirements for many organizations. The Archiving server is not an overall end-to-end compliance solution, as archiving requires you to install the Archiving Server and to configure front end servers accordingly.

Public IM connectivity (PIC)
Lync Server also enables organizations to interoperate with four external IM services: AOL Instant Messenger, Microsoft Messenger service, Yahoo! Messenger, and Google Talk. PIC was first introduced with Service Pack 1 for Live Communications Server 2005, PIC is licensed separately for Yahoo, but is free for AOL and Messenger service for customers with Software Assurance. Microsoft announced that effective 30 June 2014, they will no longer support PIC connectivity to AOL/AIM

SIPE plugin
, the third-party SIPE plugin enables third-party clients such as Pidgin, Adium and Miranda NG as well as clients using the Telepathy framework to support MS Lync Servers with some limitation (Audio but no SRTP, No Video) via the extended version of SIP/SIMPLE.

XMPP
Lync Server has an XMPP gateway server to federate with external XMPP servers. With Lync Server 2013, XMPP is natively part of the product.

The ejabberd XMPP server has a bridge that enables federation with OCS servers, without gateways (transports).

Competition
Competitors to Lync Server include:
 * Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise OpenTouch Conversation Platform
 * 3CX Phone System; 3CX Phone System for Windows is a software-based IP PBX
 * Alceo's BCS Communicator
 * Asterisk (PBX) Platform - SIP, ISDN, IAX, SMS, open source telephone system
 * AT&T UC and SIP Services
 * Avaya Aura (tm) Presence Services (with Messaging) and one-X software
 * Bopup Communication Server; Based on private and secure IM protocol
 * Cisco's Unified Communications Manager IM & Presence (on-Prem) or WebEx Connect Jabber Service (Cisco cloud)
 * ejabberd
 * Elastix; Elastix PBX, VoIP email, IM, faxing and collaboration functionality
 * openUC Enterprise
 * IBM's Lotus Sametime
 * iChat Server (see Mac OS X Server)
 * Jabber XCP (from Jabber, Inc., not to be confused with the IETF open standard XMPP)
 * NEC's UCB and UCE
 * Mitel Micollab
 * Openfire
 * Prosody
 * ShoreTel
 * Siemens' OpenScape
 * sipXecs
 * Sun Java System Instant Messaging (see Sun Java System Communications Suite)
 * Swyx
 * Tigase
 * TrueConf
 * Vertical Communications
 * Algoria; TWS

In instant messaging, the free public instant messaging networks (Google, Live Messenger, Yahoo and AOL) are widely used and represent a degree of competition. There have been attempts by other vendors at providing solutions such as Yahoo!'s Enterprise Instant Messenger; however these attempts have been largely unsuccessful. An ICQ corporate client and server option once existed, but it is no longer supported or developed.

Products such as Cisco Unified Presence Server (Version 6.0.2+) support federation with Microsoft Office Communication Server 2007 to provide presence of Cisco IP phones and remote call control of the IP phone from the Microsoft Office Communicator client.

The Siemens OpenScape solution offers a federation with the Office communicator, and also an integration into the office communicator, allowing to use the standard functionalities of the office communication suite together with the SIP based voice functionalities of the Siemens platform.

The Asterisk telephone platform supports SIP, IAX, and ISDN connections. Most telephones that support these protocols may be used with Asterisk, including software phone clients.

title: Skype for Business Server


text:
Template talk:Editcount

Opening heading
This is a really good idea, but it has a flaw: It doesn't work for usernames that include spaces. works fine.doesn't.Note that it works when manually typing a User name into the edit counter.Leaving the space in creates this:, and leaving it out won't do much good either: -Sonic Mew July 9, 2005 18:08 (UTC)

 * It has to do with the whole underscore thing. --AllyUnion (talk) 00:20, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Try . TZMT (de:T) 13:58, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Updated code - working again :)
I've rewritten this code. The wannabe_kate tool seems to be down permanently since late 2008. (I see that User:Interiot left in December 2007). The new code uses the soxred93 tool. Functionality in the new code is identical to before but has been extended to allow a custom link text. The issue mentioned above is also fixed. The result of the update will be a resumption of normal service for editors currently using the template, bug fixes compared to the old code and an extension of functionality.

The new code is:

An administrator will need to make this chance since the template is locked. The new code can be seen from my sandbox for now:

--rannṗáirtí anaiṫnid (coṁrá) 22:52, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:50, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you! --rannṗáirtí anaiṫnid (coṁrá) 13:16, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

More parameters
Hi. Can this template allow more parameters? I mean language and family. I would like to link to users in other projects. Thanks. emijrp (talk) 17:55, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Edit request
Could someone wrap the template in ? The result would look something like this:

Edit count for

-- Σ  talk contribs   00:38, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree. Nice improvement. --RA (talk) 21:07, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * But ... it's an external link isn't it ? —Th e DJ (talk • contribs) 22:01, 31 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Toolserver is good, though. -- Σ  talk contribs   22:05, 31 July 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ Based on the limited discussion above, I've gone ahead with the change. If anyone wants to dispute it, please let me know (I don't plan to watch this talk page) and I will revert if necessary and open a discussion in a more prominent venue. --RL0919 (talk) 05:28, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 29 January 2014
The ToolServer link to the new WMFLabs link. Here's a updated sandbox one.

///Euro Car GT  01:12, 29 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done. I unprotected the page as well, seeing as there were less than 200 transclusions and they were mostly in the user namespace. — Mr. Stradivarius  ♪ talk ♪ 05:47, 29 January 2014 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 22 February 2021
The base url has changed. The base url redirects to https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec

The url in the example https://tools.wmflabs.org/supercount/index.php?user=Jimbo+Wales&project=en.wikipedia

now redirects to https://xtools.wmflabs.org/ec/en.wikipedia/Jimbo%20Wales

And should be updated.-- Auric   talk  15:33, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
 * please make your change in the sandbox (Template:Editcount/sandbox), test it - then reactivate the edit request when ready. — xaosflux  Talk 17:37, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Done. Everything looks fine to me.-- Auric   talk  17:55, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Elliot321 (talk | contribs) 19:10, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Spaces in template don't work
When using spaces in the template (such as ), the spaces will be replaced by a plus instead of the correct %20. Dudhhr (talk) 02:55, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

Please replace with  so that the template uses the correct %20 required in the URL as a substitute for a space. Implemented in the sandbox, templates on test page working correctly. 192.76.8.91 (talk) 16:07, 10 May 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅, and thank you both very much!  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 20:25, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Editcount


text:
Waratah (disambiguation)

The Waratah is the genus Telopea, of shrubs native to southeastern Australia.

Waratah may also refer to:
 * The plant genus Alloxylon, the tree waratahs
 * Waratah, New South Wales, a suburb of Newcastle
 * Waratah, Tasmania, a town in northwest Tasmania
 * Waratah Bay, a bay in Victoria, Australia
 * SS Waratah, a steamer that mysteriously disappeared in 1909
 * The Warratahs, a country-rock band from New Zealand
 * New South Wales Waratahs, a Super Rugby team
 * Waratah motorcycles manufactured in Sydney
 * Sydney Trains A & B sets, a type of multiple unit electric train in Sydney branded as Waratah
 * Waratah (steam tug), part of the Sydney Heritage Fleet
 * A type of Steel fence post in New Zealand and Australia

title: Waratah (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Ethyl nitrite

B.Pt. Is NOT 62.6’C.

It IS 17’C which is 62.6’F Ref: The Merck Index 11th Edition, p. 3779

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 07:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

68.231.184.11 (talk) 02:07, 22 May 2009 (UTC)This is described as "spirits of nitre" in the archaic terms list. It was mentioned as a horse remedy in "Little Britches" by Ralph Moody, ca. 1906. (book weitten 1950).68.231.184.11 (talk) 02:07, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Hazard Diamond
Is the classification in the article cited? As far as I know, tert-butyl hydroperoxide is the only chemical which is classified with a "4" in all three categories. --79.243.254.103 (talk) 23:26, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Inhalation
It is not possible to breathe ethyl nitrite without noticing! Nitrite esters cause dilatation of blood vessels. I you inhale these compounds you get a feeling like your head is blown up, your heart starts pounding and your face gets red! --FK1954 (talk) 11:30, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethyl nitrite


text:
Wied-Dierdorf

Wied-Dierdorf was a County of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, located on the Wied River. It was created as a partition of Wied in 1631, and was inherited by Wied-Neuwied in 1709.

Counts of Wied-Dierdorf (1631–1709)

 * John Ernest (1631–1664)
 * Louis Frederick (1664–1709)

title: Wied-Dierdorf


text:
Surdulica

Surdulica (Сурдулица) is a town and municipality located in the Pčinja District of southern Serbia. As of 2011, the population of the town is around 10,000, while the municipality has 20,319 inhabitants.

History
Historically, the town by its modern name was first mentioned in texts from 1530 by Benedict Kuripešić. Following the revolutions of Serbia and the last Turks out of the town in 1877, it soon started to grow and develop in the hands of the independent nation of Serbia. Today, it is an industrial town with beautiful nature and plenty of wildlife.

Massacre during World War I
During World War I, 2,000–3,000 men were massacred by Bulgarian forces in the town from 1916 to 1917.

Yugoslavia (1918–92)
From 1929 to 1941, Surdulica was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After World War II, Surdulica gradually industrialized, with one of the largest employers in the town being Zastava Pes, a supplier to Zastava's automotive wing. With the introduction of sanctions against Yugoslavia during the 1990s, Zastava Pes reduced its workforce by 70% and had its international contracts terminated.

1999 NATO bombings
Over the course of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Surdulica was subject to NATO bombings on multiple occasions. By the end of the bombing campaign, approximately fifty homes were destroyed and around 600 more were damaged in Surdulica alone. On April 27, 1999, NATO missiles struck several houses in the southern town of Surdulica. A CNN journalist named Alessio Vinci subsequently visited the local morgue, where he reported 16 civilians killed as a result of the attack. One of Serbia's public broadcasters, RTS, reported that 20 civilians were killed during the April 27 bombings, whereas Human Rights Watch only recorded eleven deaths. Many of the victims had been killed in a single house on Zmaj Jova street, owned by Vojislav Milić. Milić's family and several neighbors took refuge in Milić's basement when his house was struck by two bombs, after which nine people were killed in his house alone.

Over the night of May 30–31, 1999, NATO airstrikes destroyed a sanatorium and a retirement home in Surdulica. Human Rights Watch published the names of the 23 civilians killed in the sanatorium.

Geography
The town stands at 480 m above sea level; it is surrounded by mountains to the north by Čemernik and to the south by Vardenik; the highest peak Strešer stands at 1875 meters high. Some twenty kilometres along the river Vrla and up the mountains there is a highland called Vlasina. In the 1950s, a man made dam created a lake called Vlasinsko Jezero (Vlasina Lake) which is famous for its peat floating islands which were harvested by local farmers. The highland of Vlasina is unique natural reserve with rich wildlife in particular the many rare species of migrating birds that use this unique place as a stop on their migrating way north or south. The lake is rich with fish and is one of largest reservoirs of clean water in that part of the country. The surrounding soil is lush and green resembling the Devon Downs or Argentine pampas. It presents great potential for cattle breeding and dairy production. It has distinct four seasons with long snowy winters and brief hot summers. There are also two streams running from the mountains and joining at the town of Surdulica. This is where the Romanovce River joins the Vrla River on their way to South Morava and thence to the Danube and the Black Sea.

Settlements
Aside from the town of Surdulica, the municipality includes the following settlements:

 * Alakince
 * Bacijevce
 * Belo Polje
 * Binovce
 * Bitvrđa
 * Božica
 * Vlasina Okruglica
 * Vlasina Rid
 * Vlasina Stojkovićeva
 * Vučadelce
 * Gornja Koznica
 * Gornje Romanovce
 * Groznatovci
 * Danjino Selo
 * Dikava
 * Donje Romanovce
 * Drajinci
 * Dugi Del
 * Dugojnica
 * Zagužanje
 * Jelašnica
 * Kalabovce
 * Kijevac
 * Klisura
 * Kolunica
 * Kostroševci
 * Leskova Bara
 * Masurica
 * Mačkatica
 * Novo Selo
 * Palja
 * Rđavica
 * Stajkovce
 * Strezimirovci
 * Suvojnica
 * Suhi Dol
 * Topli Do
 * Topli Dol
 * Troskač
 * Ćurkovica

Demographics
According to the 2011 census results, the municipality of Surdulica has a population of 20,319 inhabitants.

Ethnic groups
The ethnic composition of the municipality of Surdulica:

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Education
There are two primary schools in the town of Surdulica - Vuk Karadžić and Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, and several schools in the villages around the town. There are three secondary schools: Svetozar Marković Gimnazija (Grammar School), Josif Pančić School of Agriculture and a technical college, Nikola Tesla. In line with falling population in the municipality of Surdulica the number of high school students is also falling.

Sports
The local football team is FK Radnik Surdulica, which play in the Serbian SuperLiga.

Notes and references

 * Notes
 * Zmaj Jova street is named after Jovan Jovanović Zmaj. Serbian variations of nouns are such that the street is spelled as "Zmaj Jove" (as opposed to having an "a" letter at the end) in the context of the sentence in the OK Radio article on the Milić family from Surdulica.

 * References

 * Sources

title: Surdulica


text:
Talk:Butyl nitrite

Redirection from Butyl Nitrate
Why does Butyl Nitrate redirect to here? They are not the same compound. Ali 24789 18:24, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This has now been fixed (by Bob). ~ Danelo 23:43, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Butyl nitrite