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German Patent and Trade Mark Office

The German Patent and Trade Mark Office (Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt; abbreviation: DPMA) is the German national patent office, with headquarters in Munich, and offices in Berlin and Jena. In 2006 it employed 2556 people, of which about 700 were patent examiners.

Function and status
The DPMA is the central authority in the field of intellectual property protection in Germany. Its responsibilities include the granting of patents for the registration of industrial designs, trademarks and designs, as well as for informing the public about existing industrial property rights. Recognised partner of the DPMA is the Patentinformationszentrum (Patent Information Centre), united in the Deutscher Patentinformationszentren e.V (German Patent Information Centres Association).

The legal basis of the German Patent and Trademark Office is § 26 of the Patentgesetz (German Patents Act).

History
The first unified Patentgesetz (German Patent Act) was adopted on 25 May 1877, which mandated the establishment of an authority tasked with reviewing and awarding patents. On this basis, on 1 July 1877, the Kaiserliche Patentamt (Imperial Patent Office) was founded in Berlin.

The Chairman of the newly established office was Karl Rudolf Jacobi. The first German patent was granted on 1 July 1877 for a "method for producing a red ultramarine colour", invented by Johannes Zeltner. The first trademark registration was on 16 October 1894 for a Berlin lamp producer.

In 1905, the Patent Office moved into premises designed by the architects Solf and Wichards on the corner of Gitschiner Straße and Lindenstraße in Kreuzberg, with a characteristic 243-metre front on the elevated highway.

In 1919, the Patent Office was renamed the Reichspatentamt (State Patent Office).

The Nazi anti-Semitic and anti-foreigner laws strangled scientific output and patent applications. Almost as soon as they came into power, the Nazis moved to throw the Jews out of the German Patent Offices, with only a few exceptions for those who had served at the front during World War I or who had lost a parent or son in fighting. “Law Relating to the Admission to the Profession of Patent-agent and Lawyer of 22 April 1933. The Government of the Reich has resolved the following law which is promulgated herewith: Section 1. Patent-agents which are of non-Aryan descent pursuant to the law relating to the reestablishment of the Professional Civil Service of 7 April 1933 may be taken off the roster of patent-agents kept by the Reich Patent Office up to 30 September 1933…”

In 1938, the “Aryanization” of patents was mandated, in that new patents could only be proposed and submitted if sponsored by an Aryan and German citizens, and not by dissidents, foreigners or Jews. Existing patents held by Jews must also be turned over to a German citizen. As one author stated, “Jewish commercial firms and the associated property, as well as wholesale operations and industry that are Jewish because of the degree to which they are under Jewish ownership, can be de-Jewdified [sic]. Important patents and commercial secrets must be transferred to non-Jewish control.”

The Reich Patent Office came under Nazi political party pressure as well. One of Adolf Hitler’s chauffeurs, Anton Loibl, invented the idea of attaching small pieces of glass to the pedals of bicycles, that would reflect the lights of approaching cars. In 1936, word of this invention came to the SS, and they decided to form a partnership with Loibl to market his idea. However, the idea was not all that novel, and a similar safety device had already been applied for as a patent. “But this competitor lacked something very important- the SS as a business partner. His patent application was buried. Loibl’s sailed through, and in 1938 Heinrich Himmler used his supreme authority as head of the German police to pass a new traffic law. This required all German bicycles to be equipped with Loibl’s reflective pedal… in 1938 alone, the SS received a tidy 77,740 reichsmarks from the bicycle pedal proceeds.”

In the last months of the war, many of the technical records of the German Patent Office were widely dispersed throughout Germany to preserve them from the Allied firebombing of Berlin. “One set of copies of the pending 180,000 patent applications were taken into eastern Germany where they were later lost by fire. The technical library of 300,000 volumes and the records of the secret patents were moved to Heringen, near Kassel, and 3,000 valuable reference books were sent through Czechoslovakia to Bavaria. Part of the Trademark records were moved to another building in Berlin where they were lost also by fire. Some of the technical personnel remained at the Patent Office in Berlin, some went to Heringen and others were scattered throughout Germany. The Patent Office building in Berlin was about one-third destroyed by a heavy bombing attack on 5 February 1945. US and British representatives reached Heringen in May 1945 and found some 50 former patent employees at work restoring and re-classifying the patent indexes and examination material. The library and the register of secret patents were located in a potash mine in Heringen. However, the files of the secret applications and patents had been burned upon orders of the German government shortly before the arrival of the US troops… The technical library has been moved from the potash mine in Heringen and is again available to the public. The library is equipped with 12 miles of new metal shelves which provide space for about 500,000 volumes.”

Other attempts to preserve German patents was the re-registration of the patents in other countries. In 1945, it was noted that: “Patents Transferred. That Germany is preparing in other ways to salve what she can is indicated by reports that the flight of capital on a large scale is taking place from Germany to Sweden through the transfer of German patents. The Swedish Patent Office is said to be inundated with registrations of patents on behalf of German individuals, commercial corporations and research organizations. Last year, it is said, 60 per cent of the record total of 10,000 patent registrations were German and the proportion has increased this year. Among those who registered were I.G. Farben, the Steyr-Daimler-Benz automobile manufacturers, the Siemens and A.E.G. Combines. The patents, of course, represent substantial assets."

After the Second World War, the patent office property was seized by the Allied Control Council, including patents, trademarks, and emblems, under Articles II and X of the Allied Control Council Law No. 5, 30 October 1945. Article II of this Act on 31 August 1951 set aside all Allied Control Council Law but in fact this occurred only on 12 September 1990 with the "Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany". Until 1951 the seized patents were used by the Allies technologically and economically.

On 1 October 1949, the Deutsches Patentamt (German Patent Office) moved to premises in the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In 1951 a branch office was opening in the old Reichspatentamt in Berlin. 1959, the Patent Office moved into its own building in Munich.

In 1990, the Office for Amt für Erfindungs- und Patentwesen der DDR (Inventions and Patent Office of the GDR) merged with the Patent Office.

In 1998, an office in Jena was built and the bulk of the Berlin office moved there. The Office has thus now has three locations, Munich, Jena and Berlin. In the same year was a renaming of Deutsche Patentamt to Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt (DPMA), in order to take the importance of brands as a working area of the office into account.

Originally appeals against decisions of the Office were conducted by the internally, however, since 1961 this is done in the Bundespatentgericht (Federal Patent Court).

Since 1978 and the entry into force of the European Patent Convention, the European Patent Office also issues patents effective in Germany, as part of a European patent's "bundle" of national patents.

Patent applicants
In 2006, the leaders in terms of numbers of patents at the DPMA were Siemens, with 2501 patents, Bosch, with 2202 patents, DaimlerChrysler with 1626 patents.

Inventors gallery
In 1984, the DPMA opened an "inventor's gallery", as "an incentive for all innovative forces to express themselves more, and a signal to the insurance companies to promote them long term." It was enlarged in 1987 and again in 1999 and now covers 17 German inventors: Béla Barényi, Gerd Binnig, Ludwig Bölkow, Walter Bruch, Jürgen Dethloff, Artur Fischer, Rudolf Hell, Heinz Lindenmeier, Hermann Oberth, Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain, Oskar-Erich Peter, Hans-Jürgen Quadbeck-Seeger, Ernst Ruska, Hans Sauer, Felix Wankel, Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker, Konrad Zuse

title: German Patent and Trade Mark Office


text: User talk:69.14.36.111

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.14.36.111


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Otto von Stülpnagel

Otto Edwin von Stülpnagel (16 June 1878 – 6 February 1948) was a German military commander of occupied France during the Second World War. Arrested by Allied authorities after the war, he committed suicide in prison in 1948.

Career
Otto von Stülpnagel was born on 16 June 1878 in Berlin. He was a member of the Stülpnagel family. He pursued a military career in keeping with his family's long tradition of military service. Commissioned in 1898 and accepted as a member of the Imperial General Staff, he received several decorations for distinguished service on the western front during World War I. Nominated for the Pour le Mérite, Stülpnagel survived personnel cuts mandated by the Treaty of Versailles. Dismayed by accusations of German atrocities, he published an angry defence of German military conduct in a popular book entitled Die Wahrheit über die deutschen Kriegsverbrechen (The Truth about German War Crimes) (1921). Promoted to the rank Generalleutnant (lieutenant general) in 1931, Stülpnagel played a leading role in the Reichswehr in conjunction with Kurt von Schleicher and Erich Freiherr von dem Bussche-Ippenburg during the Weimar era. Transferred to the fledgling Luftwaffe in 1934, Stülpnagel eventually took charge of the air force academy before falling from favour and retiring in March 1939.

Days before the German invasion of Poland, Hitler recalled Stülpnagel to active service and placed him in charge of a military district in Austria (Wehrkreis XVII), and he held the latter post for fourteen months.

Military Commander in France
On 25 October 1940, German army high command transferred Stülpnagel to France and placed him in charge of a military government with the title of Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich (MBF; "Military Commander in France"). Not without controversy, this last assignment defined Stülpnagel's career.

Orders from Hitler placed the army and the MBF in charge of "security" but allowed other state and Nazi party agencies to exercise a degree of influence in Occupied France. The German ambassador in Paris, Otto Abetz, first supervised and later controlled diplomatic relations between France and Germany, but that power amounted to little in practice. Hitler would not allow his ambassador to trade concessions for French cooperation, and formal negotiations between the Third Reich and Vichy France came to nought. With control of the flow of vital raw materials, food, and people across the demarcation line that separated occupied from unoccupied France, Stülpnagel could reward French cooperation by allowing people and goods to cross military checkpoints, or he could seal the borders and bring the French economy to a grinding halt. Control over both the demarcation line inside France and borders with Germany and Belgium gave the MBF considerable influence over German policy and French affairs. Thus Stülpnagel played a major role in Franco-German relations between October 1940 and January 1942.

Determined to support the Nazi war effort by placing French industrial resources at the disposal of the German war economy, Stülpnagel discouraged all activities that did not advance the German war effort. The latter goal placed him at loggerheads with Nazi party stalwarts who viewed World War II as a struggle against Jews and their alleged Communist allies. Days after German troops occupied Paris, agents of the Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce and German embassy staff began to confiscate the art collections of prominent French Jews. Upset by the apparent seizure of France's artistic patrimony, the French government complained to German diplomats and the MBF. Eager to maintain cordial relations with the Vichy regime, Stülpnagel and his staff condemned the confiscations through a series of protests that eventually reached Hitler's desk, but to no avail. Hitler eventually exempted the Einsatzstab from military control and sanctioned the wholesale theft of Jewish art collections.

Conflict with the SS followed a similar pattern. Forced to accept an advisory role at the start of the Occupation, the SS complained of the alleged danger of the so-called 'Jewish menace' and pressed MBF to launch an active campaign against "racial opponents" in France, but lacked the authority to act independently. After French Resistance groups shot Colonel Karl Friedrich Hotz in Nantes on 20 October and Hans Gottfried Reimers in Bordeaux on 21 October 1941, Hitler ordered Stülpnagel to execute 100-150 French hostages for each attack. The MBF immediately condemned Hitler's policy through official channels, treated both attacks as a single incident, and shot a total of 98 hostages. Determined to preserve French cooperation, Stülpnagel condemned large-scale executions. In contrast, the SS demonstrated its enthusiasm for Hitler's war against the so-called Jewish conspiracy by bombing seven synagogues in Paris on the night of 2/3 October 1941. Embarrassed by the attacks, Stülpnagel complained to superiors in Berlin, but his repeated protests only reiterated tepid support for Nazi racial policy.

Suspecting the MBF of Francophilia, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, the head of Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW; Armed Forces High Command) grew tired of Stülpnagel's complaints. On 2 February 1942, he directed the MBF to answer all acts of resistance with "sharp deterrents, including the execution of a large number of imprisoned Communists, Jews, or people who carried out previous attacks, and the arrest of at least 1,000 Jews or Communists for later evacuation."

Stülpnagel, who had executed 95 hostages on 15 December 1941, refused to go any further in the implementation of the retaliation policy. He promptly submitted a bitter letter of resignation. Succeeded by his cousin Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, Stülpnagel may have suffered a nervous breakdown. He spent the remainder of the war with his wife in Berlin.

Imprisonment and death
Arrested by Allied authorities after Germany's surrender, Stülpnagel was moved to a French military prison. Charged with war crimes by French authorities, Stülpnagel committed suicide in Cherche-Midi Prison on 6 February 1948. He is buried in the Champigny-Saint-André German war cemetery.

title: Otto von Stülpnagel


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Kilcorney

Kilcorney or Kilcorny is a small village and civil parish in the barony of Muskerry West in northwest County Cork, Ireland. It is situated approximately 38 km northwest of Cork, 17 km north of Macroom, and 7 km east of Millstreet. In 2006, the population of the Kilcorney electoral division was 305. Kilcorney is part of the Dáil constituency of Cork North-West.

Geography
Townlands in Kilcorney include Crinaloo (North and South), North Horsemount, South Horsemount, Knockanroe, Laharn, Drombeg, Stonefield, Killeen, Glenleigh, Blackrock, Knockgorm, Lissacapia, Ivale, Mushera, Finnanefield, Baunreagh, Brookpark, Donoure.

The Kerrymans table is a large flat rock where people rested and goods were collected situated on the Old Butter Road on the slopes of Mushera mountain which was constructed in 1747. It is 3 miles from Kilcorney on the road to Rylane exactly midway between Killarney and Cork City, 25 miles on either side.

Mushera mountain overlooks Kilcorney standing at 2,118 feet high, the highest mountain in the Boggeragh range.

Culture
The school in Kilcorney was built in 1864.

The Kilcorney Féis, a festival of traditional Irish arts and culture, is held in Kilcorney Community Centre each year.

Sport
The local Gaelic Athletic Association clubs are Dromtarriffe GAA and St. John's GAA. Dromtarriffe plays Gaelic football and hurling at all levels, while St. John's is a Gaelic football club only. It has no underage level and competes at Junior "B" only.

title: Kilcorney


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Oil Storm

Oil Storm is a 2005 television simulation portraying a future oil-shortage crisis in the United States, precipitated by a hurricane destroying key parts of the United States' oil infrastructure. The program was an attempt to depict what would happen if the highly oil-dependent country was suddenly faced with gasoline costing upwards of $7 to $8 per gallon (as opposed to the national average of around $2 per gallon when the show first aired). Directed by James Erskine and written by Erskine and Caroline Levy, it originally aired on FX Networks on 5 June 2005, at 8 p.m. ET.

The crisis arises from a hurricane destroying an important pipeline at Port Fourchon in Louisiana, a tanker collision closing a busy port, terrorist attacks and tension with Saudi Arabia over the oil trade, and other fictional events. The program followed the lives of several people - the owners of a mom-and-pop convenience store, a paramedic, stock market and oil analysts, government officials, and others - and includes a substantial amount of human drama.

Plot
Hurricane Julia, a Category 4 hurricane, strikes the Gulf of Mexico, making a direct hit on New Orleans, Louisiana, killing thousands of people and causing severe damage. Large numbers of offshore oil rigs in the Gulf, and a major pipeline and the primary nerve center of the Gulf Coast petroleum industry at Port Fourchon, Louisiana are destroyed. It shows how the effects of that disaster could have significant consequences throughout the United States, even in areas far removed from landfall.

While the loss of life and property in the storm is staggering (with the death toll in the thousands and the damage in the billions), the greater impact is on the crippled energy industry. Due to the destruction at Port Fourchon and in the Gulf, oil prices skyrocket from $55 to $77 per barrel, and the United States government is forced to take immediate action to rebuild the Gulf's energy infrastructure. Once the storm passes, the government starts to rebuild the infrastructure at Port Fourchon (requiring a minimum of eight months) and repair or replace damaged offshore rigs (requiring a similar amount of time). Also, shipping that normally goes through Port Fourchon is rerouted to the Port of Houston; Houston's port facilities are open around-the-clock with higher-than-usual throughput, with attendant higher risk of accident.

With widespread gas lines and prices over $3.00 per gallon, the U.S. persuades Saudi Arabia to increase its oil production by 1m barrels a day. The Saudi decision to aid America causes a backlash among a restive Muslim population already energized because of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Local terrorists stage an attack on an upscale shopping mall in Riyadh which (after intervention by Saudi special forces) kills about 300 Americans associated with multinational oil companies. This attack leads the U.S. to send troops to Saudi Arabia. In the meantime, the oil crisis escalates when two large tankers collide in the narrow Houston Ship Channel, shutting down the Channel.

Once winter sets in, gas lines take a back seat to critical shortages of heating oil during a bitterly cold winter, with thousands dying in the cold. Some good news comes after the Houston Ship Channel is reopened, but on Christmas Day, the same Saudi terrorists blow up sections of the mammoth Ras Tanura refinery complex, killing 142 U.S. soldiers who were protecting the Saudi oil infrastructure; among the casualties is the eldest son of the convenience store owners. Oil prices reach $153 per barrel, and gas prices top $8 per gallon.

Meanwhile, with a government budget crisis due to military and economic pressures, farm spending is cut dramatically, leading to a subplot in which the social and political effects of this are explored. A well-renowned agricultural leader organizes a 750,000-farmer march on Washington, leading to clashes with police and the leader being taken into custody.

In the spring, the U.S. makes a deal with Russia to send 8 Moilbbl of oil by tanker, but the oil companies involved subsequently make a deal with China, which, equally hungry for oil and with greater financial reserves, outbids the U.S. This leaves America in a state of chaos, as well leading to soul-searching on whether China has now become the world's economic superpower. The country considers fast-tracking development of alternative energy sources, but there is little that can be done in the short-term to alter an economy structurally dependent on cheap foreign oil. Later, the U.S. government, showing unexpected diplomatic skill, resurrects the Russian oil deal by agreeing to a $16 billion long-term investment in its oil industry, and the China-bound tankers change course to the United States.

The crisis finally eases a year after Hurricane Julia, with Port Fourchon back at 80-percent capacity, the strategic petroleum reserve being replenished and tensions in Saudi Arabia stabilized. Oil prices drop from their highs at the height of the crisis to $73 per barrel, and gas prices nearing the $4 per gallon mark and dropping. However, the country has been through a stress as great as the Stock Market Crash of 1929, and now knowing that relying on OPEC for most of its foreign oil imports makes the United States vulnerable, Americans will never take cheap oil for granted again.

Hurricane Katrina
The events of Hurricane Katrina, its economic impact and the ensuing price increases nearly parallel some of the events in the movie. However, the damage to US oil infrastructure was less severe than in the film, and the lack of the compounding events (shutdown of Port of Houston, loss of some of Saudi Arabia's supply) means the consequences of Katrina are much less than of the fictional Julia. However, especially given the coincidence of dates (in the film, Julia strikes in early September 2005), the similarity of the early impact of the two storms has been noted.

On 28 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina was on a direct path to hit Port Fourchon and New Orleans. Many of the initial scenes of Hurricane Julia were playing out in real life with Hurricane Katrina, such as the mandatory evacuation of New Orleans, the opening of the Superdome as shelter, and the changing of traffic to contraflow. On 29 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina did not directly hit Port Fourchon but across Barataria Bay at Buras, but nonetheless some oil rigs were damaged. Saudi Arabia agreed to increase oil production to help.

On 30 August 2005, many gas stations raised prices by a considerable amount putting most of America over $3.00/gallon, as shown in the movie. On 1 September 2005, gas stations throughout the country began to run out of fuel due to worries of mass shortages. Some stations in Atlanta, Georgia sold gas at nearly $6/gallon. Most of this was due to panic buying, as noted in the film, rather than physical shortage. Subsequently, as the extent of the damage became clearer, prices eased.

The casualty numbers shown for New Orleans is also startlingly close to the casualties of Katrina. The movie shows a little more than 1700 while the official number for Katrina is 1833.

Automotive layoffs
Both Ford and GM announced layoffs and plant closings in late 2005 and early 2006. However, while one reason for the layoffs was increased gasoline prices, it was not the sole reason for the layoffs. In addition, the layoffs were on a much smaller scale than the ones shown in the film.

There was also the 2009 GM crisis in which General Motors requested and received Federal assistance. Unlike the mocumentary, GM did not die, it seemed "too big to fail" because maintaining automotive competition and the status quo seemed more important.

Attacks on Saudi refineries
In the film, al-Qaeda makes a terrorist attack on the oil facilities at Ras Tanura. On 24 February 2006 al-Qaeda attacked the nearby facility at Abqaiq, though no damage was inflicted on the facilities themselves.

title: Oil Storm


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DPMA

DPMA is an acronym that may refer to:
 * Data Processing Management Association, now Association of Information Technology Professionals
 * Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt, the German Patent and Trade Mark Office
 * Division de police maritime et aéroportuaire

title: DPMA


text:
User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/bet

user:Gangleri/sandbox/alef/bet/gimel/dalet
→ 02343 – "navigation to parent pages of a subpage"

→ 02342 – "w:he:(aleph) is a valid interwiki link at en: but not at other wiki's"

 * 1) bet – &

title: User:לערי ריינהארט/sandbox/alef/bet


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Talk:Danceteria

Old comment
Reinstated previous version of the page (again) prior to redirect. Redirect causes looping problems with Nightclub article and other links will need to be created or changed. Google test is not the only validity test for Wikipedia -- suggest taking the matter to VfD if it's all that important. Anyhow, I just did my own Google search for Danceteria NYC and got about 190 hits, which is proper for a narrow focus article according to google test (that is, "a couple hundred"). Earpol 20:58, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I was actually redirecting this to Nightclub due to the fact that in several languages Danceteria means Nightclub, which I find to be a more notable use than a club which generates 190 Google hits, but overall both instances are relatively irrelevant. --Sn0wflake 22:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * While it may only get 190 google hits ... its only mentioned in about 6000+ written books of NYC history, its mentioned in most club history/club culture books, and its mentioned in most histories of house music. Its a very notable venue in its own right. Hell there are SONGS WRITTEN about it, not just mentioning it... WRITTEN ABOUT IT. It's lack of presense on the internet is more likely due to the fact its from the pre-www age. Even if it was before your time most likely (as it was mine). And for the record my google searches return way more results than 190, Hell i get more than 190 for "Danceteria Flyer".  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 22:59, 17 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Results 1 - 10 of about 41,000 for Danceteria "New York"
 * Results 1 - 10 of about 9,550 for Danceteria "New York City"
 * Results 1 - 10 of about 12,700 for Danceteria "NYC"
 * Results 1 - 10 of about 1,570 for Danceteria Flyer

This is an old discussion, but nevertheless, why don't you simply create a stub article for the club instead of making a point in CAPITAL LETTERS about it? --Sn0wflake 01:56, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Loose Lips Sink Ships
"In 1986 a time capsule placed in an inert 200-pound bomb was buried in the patio to the west of the building. It remains underground, unknown to the present occupants."

OOPS. guess the secret's out NOW! 67.150.85.226 (talk) 22:16, 2 February 2013 (UTC)

Coordinates for Danceteria's location
The coordinates set in the article for the club were previously to the 30th street location. After checking with Beyond My Ken the 21st Street location appears to have been where the club garnered most of its notoriety, making the 21st St. location seem like the best one for the coordinates to reflect. I've changed them to reflect 30 West 21st Street. — Spin tendo Talk 22:38, 25 June 2017 (UTC)
 * See this for sources in support of this change. Beyond My Ken (talk) 00:43, 26 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Danceteria


text: File:Lifeondisplay.jpg

title: File:Lifeondisplay.jpg


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Anti-Protestantism

Anti-Protestantism is bias, hatred or distrust against some or all branches of Protestantism and/or its followers, especially when amplified in legal, political, ethic or military measures.

Protestants were not tolerated throughout most of Europe until the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 approved Lutheranism as an alternative for Roman Catholicism as a state religion of various states within the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Calvinism was not recognized until the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Other states, such as France, made similar agreements in the early stages of the Reformation. Poland–Lithuania had a long history of religious tolerance. However, the tolerance stopped after the Thirty Years' War in Germany, the persecution of Huguenots and the French Wars of Religion in France, the change in power between Protestant and Roman Catholic rulers after the death of Henry VIII of England in England, and the launch of the Counter-Reformation in Italy, Spain, Habsburg Austria and Poland-Lithuania. Anabaptism arose as a part of the Radical Reformation, lacking the support of the state which Lutheranism and Calvinism enjoyed, and thus was persecuted.

Protestants in Latin America were largely ostracized until the abolition of certain restrictions in the 20th century. Protestantism spread with Evangelicalism and Pentecostalism gaining the majority of followers. North America became a shelter for Protestants who were fleeing Europe after the persecution increased.

Reformation
The Protestant Reformation led to a long period of warfare and communal violence between Catholic and Protestant factions, sometimes leading to massacres and forced suppression of the alternative views by the dominant faction in much of Europe.

Various European rulers supported or opposed Roman Catholicism for their own political reasons. After the Council of Trent and its Counter Reformation program, religion became an excuse or factor for territorial wars (the religious wars) and for periodic outbreaks of sectarian violence.

Anti-Protestantism originated in a reaction by the Catholic Church against the Reformation of the 16th century. Protestants, especially public ones, could be denounced as heretics and subject to prosecution in those territories, such as Spain, Italy and the Netherlands in which the Catholics were the dominant power. This movement was orchestrated by church and state as the Counter Reformation.

There were religious wars and, in some countries though not in others, eruptions of sectarian hatred such as the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, part of the French Wars of Religion.

Militant anti-Protestantism originated in a reaction by states and societies alarmed at the spread of Protestantism following the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, frequently dated from Martin Luther's 95 Theses of 1517. By 1540, Pope Paul III had sanctioned the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) as the first religious society pledged to extinguish Protestantism.

Hapsburg Europe
Protestantism was denounced as heresy, and those supporting these doctrines could be excommunicated as heretics. Thus by canon law and depending on the practice and policies of the particular Catholic country at the time, Protestants could be subject to prosecution and persecution: in those territories, such as Spain, Italy and the Netherlands, the Catholic rulers were then the dominant power. Some anti-Lutheran measures, such as the regional Spanish Inquisitions had begun earlier in response to the Reconquista and Morisco and Converso conversions.

Fascist Italy

In 1870 the newly formed Kingdom of Italy annexed the remaining Papal States, depriving the Pope of his temporal power. However, Papal rule over Italy was later restored by the Italian Fascist régime (albeit on a greatly diminished scale) in 1929 as head of the Vatican City state; under Mussolini's dictatorship, Catholicism became the state religion of Fascist Italy.

In 1938, the Italian Racial Laws and Manifesto of Race were promulgated by the Fascist régime to both outlaw and persecute Italian Jews and Protestants,  especially Evangelicals and Pentecostals. Thousands of Italian Jews and a small number of Protestants died in the Nazi concentration camps.

Francoist Spain
In Franco's authoritarian Spanish State (1936–1975), Protestantism was deliberately marginalized and persecuted. During the Civil War, Franco's regime persecuted the country's 30,000 Protestants, and forced many Protestant pastors to leave the country and various Protestant leaders were executed. Once authoritarian rule was established, non-Catholic Bibles were confiscated by police and Protestant schools were closed. Although the 1945 Spanish Bill of Rights granted freedom of private worship, Protestants suffered legal discrimination and non-Catholic religious services were not permitted publicly, to the extent that they could not be in buildings which had exterior signs indicating it was a house of worship and that public activities were prohibited.

Ireland

In Northern Ireland or pre-Catholic Emancipation Ireland, there is a hostility to Protestantism as a whole that has more to do with communal or nationalist sentiments than theological issues. During the Tudor conquest of Ireland by the Protestant state of England in the course of the 16th century, the Elizabethan state failed to convert Irish Catholics to Protestantism and thus followed a vigorous policy of confiscation, deportation, and resettlement. By dispossessing Catholics of their lands, and resettling Protestants on them, the official Government policy was to encourage a widespread campaign of proselytizing by Protestant settlers and establishment of English law in these areas. This led to a counter effort of the Counter Reformation by mostly Jesuit Catholic clergy to maintain the "old religion" of the people as the dominant religion in these regions. The result was that Catholicism came to be identified with a sense of nativism and Protestantism came to be identified with the State, as most Protestant communities were established by state policy, and Catholicism was viewed as treason to the state after this time. While Elizabeth I had initially tolerated private Catholic worship, this ended after Pope Pius V, in his 1570 papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, pronounced her to be illegitimate and unworthy of her subjects' allegiance.

The Penal Laws, first introduced in the early 17th century, were initially designed to force the native elite to conform to the state church by excluding non-Conformists and Roman Catholics from public office, and restricting land ownership, but were later, starting under Queen Elizabeth, also used to confiscate virtually all Catholic owned land and grant it to Protestant settlers from England and Scotland. The Penal Laws had a lasting effect on the population, due to their severity (celebrating Catholicism in any form was punishable by death or enslavement under the laws), and the favouritism granted Irish Anglicans served to polarise the community in terms of religion. Anti-Protestantism in Early Modern Ireland 1536–1691 thus was also largely a form of hostility to the colonisation of Ireland. Irish poetry of this era shows a marked antipathy to Protestantism, one such poem reading, "The faith of Christ [Catholicism] with the faith of Luther is like ashes in the snow". The mixture of resistance to colonization and religious disagreements led to widespread massacres of Protestant settlers in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Subsequent religious or sectarian antipathy was fueled by the atrocities committed by both sides in the Irish Confederate Wars, especially the repression of Catholicism during and after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, when Irish Catholic land was confiscated en masse, clergy were executed and discriminatory legislation was passed against Catholics.

The Penal Laws against Catholics (and also Presbyterians) were renewed in the late 17th and early 18th centuries due to fear of Catholic support for Jacobitism after the Williamite War in Ireland and were slowly repealed in 1771–1829. Penal Laws against Presbyterians were relaxed by the Toleration Act of 1719, due to their siding with the Jacobites in a 1715 rebellion. At the time the Penal Laws were in effect, Presbyterians and other non-Conformist Protestants left Ireland and settled in other countries. Some 250,000 left for the New World alone between the years 1717 and 1774, most of them arriving there from Ulster.

Sectarian conflict was continued in the late 18th century in the form of communal violence between rival Catholic and Protestant factions over land and trading rights (see Defenders (Ireland), Peep O'Day Boys and Orange Institution). The 1820s and 1830s in Ireland saw a major attempt by Protestant evangelists to convert Catholics, a campaign which caused great resentment among Catholics.

In modern Irish nationalism, anti-Protestantism is usually more nationalist than religious in tone. The main reason for this is the identification of Protestants with unionism – i.e. the support for the maintenance of the union with the United Kingdom, and opposition to Home Rule or Irish independence. In Northern Ireland, since the foundation of the Free State in 1921, Catholics, who were mainly nationalists, suffered systematic discrimination from the Protestant unionist majority. The same happened to Protestants in the Catholic-dominated South. [not in citation given]

The mixture of religious and national identities on both sides reinforces both anti-Catholic and anti-Protestant sectarian prejudice in the province.

More specifically religious anti-Protestantism in Ireland was evidenced by the acceptance of the Ne Temere decrees in the early 20th century, whereby the Catholic Church decreed that all children born into mixed Catholic-Protestant marriages had to be brought up as Catholics. Protestants in Northern Ireland had long held that their religious liberty would be threatened under a 32-county Republic of Ireland, due to that country's Constitutional support of a "special place" for the Roman Catholic Church. This article was deleted in 1972.

The Troubles
During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, Protestants with no connection to the security forces were occasionally targeted by Irish republican paramilitaries.

In 1971, a bomb exploded without warning outside a furniture showroom on the predominantly Protestant Shankill Road in West Belfast, killing two adult men, and two small children. Though no organisation ever claimed responsility for the bombing, it is widely believed to have been carried out by the Provisional IRA in retalation for the bombing of McGurk's Bar a week earlier in the predominatly Catholic New Lodge area of Belfast.

In 1974, two Protestant employees at a filling station on the Crumlin Road in Belfast were shot and killed by members of the IRA. In an alleged statement read out at the trial of one of the IRA members charged, the killings were said to have been planned in retaliation for the killings of two Catholics at another filling station.

In 1976, eleven Protestant workmen were shot by a group which was identified in a telephone call as the "South Armagh Republican Action Force". Ten of the men died, and the sole survivor said, "One man... did all the talking and proceeded to ask each of us our religion. Our Roman Catholic works colleague was ordered to clear off and the shooting started." A 2011 report from the Historical Enquiries Team (HET) found, "These dreadful murders were carried out by the Provisional IRA and none other."

In 1983, members of the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) shot 10 worshippers who were attending a Protestant church service near the village of Darkley in County Armagh. Three of those shot were killed. The gunmen issued a statement, claiming to be from the "Catholic Reaction Force", and said that they "could easily have taken the lives of at least 20 more innocent Protestants". They demanded that loyalist paramilitarites "call an immediate halt to their vicious indiscriminate campaign against innocent Catholics", or the gunmen would "make the Darkley killings look like a picnic."

Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy had comparatively little contact with Protestantism for geographic, linguistic and historical reasons. Protestant attempts to ally with Eastern Orthodoxy proved problematic. In general, most Orthodox had the impression that Protestantism was a new heresy that arose from various previous heresies.

By the 19th century and later, some Eastern Orthodox thinkers, such as Nikolai Berdyaev, Seraphim Rose, and John Romanides believed that Northern Europe had become secular or virtually atheist due to its having been Protestant earlier. In recent eras Orthodox anti-Protestantism has grown due to aggressive Protestant proselytization in predominantly Orthodox countries.

"Hostility" to Evangelicals
In the United States, critics of the policies adopted by the Religious Right, such as opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion, often equate evangelicalism as a movement with the Religious Right. Some critics have even suggested that evangelicals are a kind of "fifth column" aimed at turning the United States or other nations into Christian theocracies.

title: Anti-Protestantism


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Caspar Wistar (physician)

Caspar Wistar (September 13, 1761 – January 22, 1818) was an American physician and anatomist. He is sometimes referred to as Caspar Wistar the Younger, to distinguish him from his grandfather of the same name. The plant genus Wisteria is named for him.

Biography
He was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Richard Wistar (1727–1781) and Sarah Wyatt (1733–1771). He was the grandson of Caspar Wistar (1696–1752), a German immigrant, Quaker and glassmaker.

Education
He was educated at the Friends' school in his native city, where he received a thorough classical training. His interest in medicine began while he was aiding in the care of the wounded after the battle of Germantown, and he made his first studies under the direction of Dr. John Redman. He studied medicine, first at the University of Pennsylvania (receiving his Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1782), and then at the University of Edinburgh (receiving his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1786). While in Scotland he was, for two successive years, president of the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh, and also president of a society for the further investigation of natural history.

Career
Upon his return to the U.S. in January 1787, he entered on the practice of his profession in Philadelphia, where he was at once appointed one of the physicians to the Philadelphia Dispensary. He was professor of chemistry and the institutes of medicine in the College of Philadelphia from 1789 till 1792, when the faculty of that institution united with the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, of which he was adjunct professor of anatomy, midwifery, and surgery until 1808. In that year, on the death of his associate, Dr. William Shippen Jr., he was given the chair of anatomy, which he retained until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1803.

For his teaching at the University of Pennsylvania, he developed a set of anatomical models—human remains preserved by injecting them with wax—to assist with the teaching of anatomy. He published A System of Anatomy in two volumes from 1811 to 1814. His fame attracted students to his lectures, and he was largely the means of establishing the reputation of the school. Meanwhile, he was chosen physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital, where he remained until 1810. His reputation as an anatomist was increased by his description of the posterior portion of the ethmoid bone with the triangular bones attached, which received universal recognition as an original treatment of the subject.

He was an early promoter of vaccination. During the yellow fever epidemic of 1793, he suffered an attack of the disease contracted while caring for his patients.

It was his habit to throw open his house once every week in the winter, and at these gatherings students, citizens, scientists, and travelers met and discussed subjects of interest. These assemblies, celebrated in the annals of Philadelphia under the title of Wistar parties, were continued long after his death by other residents of that city.

The American College of Physicians elected him a fellow in 1787, and he was appointed one of its censors in 1794, which place he retained until his death. In 1787 he was elected to membership of the American Philosophical Society, served as curator until he was chosen its vice-president in 1795, and on the resignation of Thomas Jefferson, in 1815, served as president until his death. He also served as president of the Society for the Abolition of Slavery, succeeding Benjamin Rush.

The botanist Thomas Nuttall named the genus Wisteria in his honour (some call it Wistaria but the misspelling is conserved under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature). The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology at the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1892 by his great-nephew, Isaac Jones Wistar, is also named for Caspar Wistar.

Wistar was a friend of Thomas Jefferson, with whom he worked to identify bones of the megalonyx and through whom he tutored Meriwether Lewis, including recommendations for scientific inquiry on the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Family
In 1788 he married Isabella Marshall, who died in 1790. He married Elizabeth Mifflin in 1798.

His brother Richard (20 July 1756 – 6 June 1821) was a Philadelphia merchant who built a large four-story store in 1790 where he conducted an iron and hardware business. With the profits, he purchased lands and houses in the vicinity of Philadelphia. During the Revolutionary War, Richard advocated the defense of his property by arms, which resulted in his being disowned by the Society of Friends. Richard was an inspector of prisons, and was one of the early friends and supporters of the Library Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Hospital.

Caspar was a cousin of Revolutionary diarist Sally Wister and nephew of Samuel Morris.

Death
Wistar died on January 22, 1818, of a "severe attack of typhus fever".

title: Caspar Wistar (physician)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clear creek high school

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 07:17, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Clear creek high school, now moved to Clear Creek High School
Was marked as speedy previously, claiming no useful (or rather, NN) information. - Mailer Diablo 20:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC) *Delete, my street is verifiable, and 400 people live on it (more than many of these schoolcruft stubs being created) - neither fact makes it notable or encyclopedic. Proto 11:39, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC) Whoops, voted twice. My bad, sorry. Proto 11:50, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 21:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I hate to say it, but if there's a person we have an article on who graduated from it, then I'll have to vote ''extremely weak keep. RickK 23:55, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete (change vote to Keep because heck I use to like Ultima.) Old rant: being a Texan. I have heard of this school before because of school competitions. (non-rival. My high school is way up north) However, just because a professional athlete graduated from this school doesn't mean it is justifiable to have an article. Heck the high school I graduated from had a professional athlete and he doesn't have a Wikipedia article but his accomplishments are similar to the Clear Creek pro baseball player. William Thomas (Pro Football Reference - external link) - "2-time Pro Bowler: (all-star player) 1995, 1996" Jay Buhner - "All-star (1996)" I don't consider my high school notable enough to have an article which is why I vote for a delete. --Chill Pill Bill 00:51, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep amd rename as Clear Creek High School. Capitalistroadster 01:17, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, apart from that baseball player, Lord British (Ultima designer Richard Garriott) went there. Kappa 01:33, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not sufficiently notable. Jacob1207 01:44, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, do we have articles on churches of wikipedians with articles? We do not. Proto 11:34, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but fix title. DS1953 02:09, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Utterly non-notable. Denni ☯ 03:43, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * Keep. Utterly non-non-notable. --Centauri 06:29, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep but only if title fixed and cleanedup. Vegaswikian 06:43, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Utterly non-non-non-non-notable. -- Natalinasmpf 06:48, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Clear Creek High School and keep. Verifiable and NPOV. Double Blue  (Talk) 18:38, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 18:53, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * On the basis of two alumni, weak keep, but get rid of the pointless sentences telling us who the headteacher is, the school's colours and how well one particular kid did in an exam. Dunc|☺ 19:42, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Huh? Why? Celestianpower 19:47, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and Clean up Celestianpower 19:47, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — the usual reasons — RJH 20:15, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep You 20:39, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename to Clear Creek High School. Ketsuban (is 1337) 23:30, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge conservatively into League City, Texas, which currently has little more than Rambot stats, or someone who actually cares about these schools could prove it by creating a useful article about its parent school district and listing it there. Postdlf 00:13, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. The parent district is Clear Creek Independent School District. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Great. Then merge there.  Postdlf 06:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep all high schools, even those at which Lord British is not an alumn. —RaD Man (talk) 02:40, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Schools are encyclopedic, verifiable, and important.   Un focused 04:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Please don't waste time with further nominations. CalJW 05:16, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into League City, Texas and delete - Skysmith 07:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 15:19, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep Yuckfoo 22:42, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Onoclea sensibilis

Onoclea sensibilis, the sensitive fern, also known as the bead fern, is a coarse-textured, medium to large-sized deciduous perennial fern. The name comes from its sensitivity to frost, the fronds dying quickly when first touched by it. It is sometimes treated as the only species in Onoclea, but some authors do not consider the genus monotypic.

Description
The sterile and fertile fronds of Onoclea sensibilis have independent stalks originating from the same rhizome, quite different from other ferns. The bright, yellow-green trophophylls (sterile fronds) are deeply pinnatifid and are typically borne at intervals along the creeping rhizome. The sterile fronds are deciduous with trophopods, swollen bases, that serve as over winter storage organs. The sterile fronds of ''O. var. sensibilis'' have a length of 1–1.3 m (3–4 ft) with 5–11 pinnae, leaf pairs, evenly spaced along the stipe. ''O. var. interrupta Maxim.'' fronds are shorter, 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long, with fewer pinnae, only 5–8 pairs. The sporophylls (fertile fronds) are smaller, 20–45 cm (8–18 in) in length, non-green at maturity and have very narrow pinnae. They are persistent, standing 2–3 years. The sori comprise clusters of sporangia (spore cases) 2–4 mm (1/10–1/6 in) in diameter, like beads, on upright fertile fronds, hence the common name Bead fern.

Sori are typically bilaterally symmetrical, though leaf forms have been observed with pinnae fertile only on a single side of the rachis. This form, named O. sensibilis L. F. hemiphyllodes (Kiss & Kümmerle, 1926) and a second, O. sensibilis L. F. obtusilobata having flat pinnules (not curled or bead shaped), were deemed to be variations not meriting taxonomic recognition (J. M. Beitel et al. 1981). The fiddleheads have a pale reddish color.

Morphology
The spermatogenesis process spans formation of spermatogenous cells to the release of spore. In homosporous ferns, like O. sensibilis L., developing spermatids are surrounded by two different walls at specific development stages, as opposed to a single wall reported in other species. Other differences include a delayed formation of the osmiophilic crest and during sperm release the cap cell removes intact, as opposed to forming a pore or collapsing altogether. Spores are monolete with the antheridium, or sporangium, containing either 32 or 64 sperm spores, usually being 64. Regardless of the number, the capsule's volume remains nearly the same.

The mechanics of spore release and its timing are controlled by springtime humidity. The small fertile margins, that in live-form held spore in tightly rolled structures, maintain their dry, leathery shape over winter. These pinnules respond to spring's higher humidity by opening, releasing their spore into the air. Subsequent gametophytes are unisexual in early development, favoring cross-fertilization, later becoming bisexual to ensure species survival.

Species
The genus Onoclea was cast by Carl Linnaeus in 1751, separating from the fern's prior association with the Angiopteris genus. The binominal name, Onoclea sensibilis, was published in his 1753 Species Plantarum.

Varieties
Onoclea sensibilis has two geographically disjunctive varieties. ''Onoclea sensibilis var. sensibilis'' is native to North America; Canada's central and eastern regions and the United States' north, central and eastern regions. ''Onoclea sensibilis var. interrupta Maximowicz (aka Maxim.'') is native to Southeast Siberia, Japan and China. The varietal difference is their ultimate height, ''O. var. interrupta Maxim.'' only reaching half the height of its sister.

Alternate names
Regional colloquial names for Onoclea sensibilis, the sensitive fern, focus on its characteristics.
 * bead fern, an alternate name based on its fertile beaded pinnae (leaflets)
 * bolletjesvaren; Dutch, meaning "ball fern"
 * druebregne; Danish, meaning "grape fern"
 * dwa’hũdes gananitsga’kwaʼ; Cayuga, meaning "deer, what they lie on"
 * harilik pärljalg; Estonian, meaning "common pearl leg"
 * helmisaniainen; Finnish, meaning "mother of pearl"
 * pärlbräken; Swedish, meaning "pearl bracts"
 * unì·suwεkwaʼ; Onondaga, meaning "bait"

Etymology
Onoclea sensibilis' name was descriptive. Onoclea comes from the Greek onos, meaning a vessel, and kleio, meaning to close, describing the closely rolled sori on its fertile fronds. Its species, from the Late Latin sensibilis, means sensitive, describing its high sensitivity to autumn's first frost and to drought.

Distribution and habitat
Onoclea sensibilis is native to Northern Hemisphere temperate regions; the Russian Far East, China and Eastern Asia, and a wide native distribution in Northern America. It ranges from Newfoundland south to Florida and west to Texas, the Rocky Mountains, North and South Dakota, Quebec, and Manitoba.

It has become naturalized in western Europe and New Zealand.

Onoclea sensibilis can be found at elevations from sea level up to 1500 m in fresh water habitats, not brackish, as its spore germination ceases at salt (NaCl) levels ≥ 0.6%, moderately saline water and higher.

Onoclea sensibilis grows best in moist shaded or partially shaded areas, dwelling in a variety of swamp and wood habitats: wet meadows, thickets and bogs, as well as stream and riverbanks and roadside ditches. It tolerates extremely wet soils, appearing in soggy ground or at the very edge of water in shade or sun. The plant can tolerate dryer conditions in shade.

It prefers acidic (pH <6.8), loose, sandy to loam, limestone-based soils.

Ecology
The Onoclea sensibilis plant has remained essentially unchanged over millions of years. A fifty-seven million year old fossil of Paleocene epoch flora shows specimens virtually identical to modern samples. It has a life cycle featuring alternation of generations, sexual and asexual reproduction; its sporophyte generation matures in autumn, casts its spores in the spring and the gametophyte generation follows. Sporophytes require 5–10 years of growth before reaching their mature fern height.

Sensitive ferns propagate by both spore dispersion and rhizome growth. Its growth clusters attract local fauna where small wildlife find habitat, deer bed upon its dense mat and in winter wild turkeys use the fertile spore stalks as a secondary food source. They can become aggressive and a nuisance if established near preferable vegetation. The University of Maine's Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries classifies the sensitive fern as a herbaceous broadleaf weed.

Its deciduous fronds do not tolerate freezing temperatures, however, the plant survives USDA hardiness zones 4–8, or minimum temperatures of −20 °C to −15 °C (−4 °F to 5 °F) having the Royal Horticultural Society's H6 rating. Winter survival is enhanced if the dried frond petiole bases are left intact.

Nutrient beneficial ectotrophic mycorrhizal associations may occur in Onoclea sensibilis, Pteridium aquilinum and Adiantum pedatum located in oak and hickory forests.

Onoclea sensibilis is a wetland indicator, listed as a Facultative Wetland Hydrophyte in the 2013 (US) National Wetland Plant List due to its observed affinity for wetter soils.

Opinion is mixed regarding the species' tolerance to disturbance of its growing environment. In one forest setting, a decade long decline was noticed following even single-cut tree felling operations. In other settings sensitive ferns appear opportunistic, disturbance not being a problem. They spread to form colonies, often the first species to inhabit disturbed areas.

Pests and diseases
Onoclea sensibilis hosts insects, fungi, bacteria and even a parasitic vine, Cuscuta gronovii (scaldweed), that can overgrow and constrict it.

Insects
Insects feeding upon the Onoclea sensibilis target both its leaves and rhizome roots. Amphorophora ampullata fern aphids, Chirosia gleniensis fern miners and the larvae of sawflies Hemitaxonus dubitatus and Stromboceros delicatulus feed on its leaves. Larvae of moth species Phlogophora iris (olive angle shades, pictured), Callopistria cordata (silver-spotted fern moth) and  Papaipema inquaesita (Sensitive Fern Borer)  are known to feed on both stems and rhizomes.

Fungi
Parasitic fungi include Ceratobasidium anceps, causing frond and stem necrosis; Ceratobasidium cornigerum, covering stems with saprophyte growths; and Uredinopsis mirabilis, a distinct rust species unique to the Sensitive Fern. Invasive fungi like Taphrina filicina, Taphrina hiratsukae and Phyllactinia corylea, synonym Phyllactinia guttata can infect leaves, causing blisters or white powdery mildew.

Fungi can develop beneath beech trees, where aphid honeydew secretions accumulate; these strictly epiphyllous honeydew fungi, Sclerotiomyces colchicus and Scorias spongiosa (Schwein.) Fr., have been recorded on Onoclea sensibilis, where their sooty mold buildup impairs leaf function.

Bacteria
Onoclea sensibilis can host Burkholderia plantarii which causes stem lesions. B. plantarii is a pathogen of bacterial seedling blight in rice. In a multi-year study the weedy presence of O. sensibilis at rice paddy fields and a means to convey the bacterium (rainfall runoff) implicated it as the source of bacterial blight outbreaks when paired with enabling environmental conditions.

Pharmacology
Onoclea sensibilis has two internally-synthesized chemical defenses against insects. Ingesting any part of the plant introduces thiaminase enzymes and phytoecdysteroid hormones which can disrupt an insect's molting cycle, preventing its full development.

Mammal
Onoclea sensibilis has been implicated in equine poisoning and death, especially if eaten in quantity. The exact cause is unproven, but thiaminase poisoning, causing an extreme Vitamin B1 deficiency is suspected.

Human
Its human toxicity is not well defined; no specific warnings for Onoclea sensibilis have been found. Its summaries, however, frequently include precautionary statements that ferns, in general, may contain natural carcinogens and/or the enzyme thiaminase, the latter being dangerous in high concentration. Historically, some Native American peoples have consumed Onoclea sensibilis without apparent distress; see Food uses in this article.

Food
Onoclea sensibilis has limited value for food use, considered a famine food by some and reserved for times of scarcity. Cooking heat eliminates its thiaminase content. The Iroquois treated Onoclea sensibilis as an early springtime vegetable, prepared like spinach, the fiddleheads cooked and "seasoned with salt, pepper or butter" (Waugh, 1916). After removing the "brown scales" (sori), leaves were processed likewise. Its young shoots have been sold as delicacies in Asian markets.

Horticultural
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in traditional and native plant gardens, and in natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Gardeners employ rhizome division and are aided by spore harvesting guides. Its decomposing fronds make an effective mulch, suppressing undergrowth. Plantings can become aggressive, weedy if not sited properly.

Decorative
Its cut fronds are used in dried flower arrangements.

Folk medicine
Historically, Native American peoples used Onoclea sensibilis for oral and topical indigenous treatments.

title: Onoclea sensibilis


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User:Abbracadabra

historian

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Abraham in History and Tradition

 * This article presents information about the John Van Seters book; for general information about the topic, see Abraham: Historicity and origins and The Bible and history.

Abraham in History and Tradition is a book by biblical scholar John Van Seters.

The book is divided into two parts, Abraham in History and Abraham in Tradition. In Part I, Van Seters argues that there is no unambiguous evidence pointing to an origin for the stories in the 2nd millennium BC. "Arguments based on reconstructing the patriarch's nomadic way of life, the personal names in Genesis, the social customs reflected in the stories, and correlation of the traditions of Genesis with the archaeological data of the Middle Bronze Age have all been found, in Part One above, to be quite defective in demonstrating an origin for the Abraham tradition in the second millennium B.C.". This finding has implications for certain then-current strands in Biblical criticism: "Consequently, without any such effective historical controls on the tradition one cannot use any part of it in an attempt to reconstruct the primitive period of Israelite history. Furthermore, a vague presupposition about the antiquity of the tradition based upon a consensus approval of such arguments should no longer be used as a warrant for proposing a history of the tradition related to early premonarchic times."

Part II forms a critique of "tradition-history" or "tradition-analysis", the theory current at the time that Genesis retained traces of oral traditions dating from the 2nd millennium. "There is virtually no way of deciding when oral narrative forms or motifs became associated with a particular person such as Abraham, and it could well have happened in every case when the story was first put in written form. The results of the literary examination of the Abraham tradition, in Part Two, would suggest that oral forms and motifs are confined to a rather small part of the tradition."

On "Biblical archaeology" and the Albright school
The book was a paradigm shift in Near Eastern Studies and Biblical archaeology, since it challenged the dominant view, popularised by William Foxwell Albright, that the patriarchal narratives of Genesis can be identified on archaeological grounds with the Mesopotamian world of 2nd millennium BC. Van Seters noted that many of Albright's parallels were vague, and fit other regions than Mesopotamia and other times than 2nd millennium. Specially severe was his analysis of Genesis 14, where he pointed out that the political situation described in Genesis 14 - a Near East dominated by a coalition led by Elam and including Hatti, Assyria and Babylonia - is not confirmed by any monuments, king lists, or other historical and archaeological sources. Van Seters also pointed out that the ten kings mentioned in Genesis 14 cannot be found in any ancient documents outside the Bible.

On "Tradition history"
The book was also a criticism of the school of Tradition history advanced most notably by Hermann Gunkel and Martin Noth: Van Seters "argues that Noth's (1948) idea of a "pentateuchal oral tradition" is flawed both historically (with respect to the history of Israel) and analogically (given Noth's comparisons with the development of Icelandic saga) [and] contends that traces of folkloric structure do not make it inevitable 'that the tradition as a whole, or even [certain] parts of it, derive from a pre-literate period'". Van Seters instead proposed that Genesis was an essentially literary work, but one based on a process of supplementation by successive authors rather on a redactorial process (i.e., on the combination of separate documents by an editor or editors). This in turn amounted to a major challenge to the Documentary Hypothesis, the dominant theory concerning the origins of the Pentateuch.

On the "documentary hypothesis" and the formation of the Torah
At the time Van Seters published "Abraham in History and Tradition" the dominant scholarly theory regarding the composition of the Pentateuch was the Documentary Hypothesis. This held that the books of the Torah, including the Genesis accounts of Abraham and the Patriarchs, were based on four independent sources. Each of these was originally a complete document in itself, dating from between the 10th and 7th centuries BC and combined into the final work by a Redactor (editor) in the Persian period, c.450 BC. Van Seters retained the idea of source documents but dropped the idea of a redactor, which meant dropping the documentary model itself. In its place he adopted a supplemental model, "a successive supplementation of one source or author by another," in which a Yahwist (not identical with Wellhausen's Yahwist) working in the period of the Babylonian exile was the major but not the final author of Genesis. Van Seter's schema is as follows:
 * i. Pre-Yahwistic first stage: 12:1, 4a, 6a, 7, 10-20; 13:1-2; I6:1-3a, 4-9, IIab, 12; 13:18; 18:1a, 10-14; 21:2, 6-7 (all except the references to Lot). These represent a small unified work with three episodes and a brief framework.
 * ii. Pre-Yahwistic second stage ("E"): 20:1-17; 21:25-26, 28-31a. This represents one unified story that originally came after the adventure in Egypt (13:1), to which it was added. It was subsequently transposed to its present position by the Yahwist, who added 20:iii. Ia ("From there ... Negeb") as a transition.
 * Yahwist:
 * a. brief secondary additions to previous works: 12:2-3, 6b, c8-9; 16:7b, 10, 11c, 13-14; 20:Iaα; 21:I.
 * b. larger episodic units: 13:3-5, 7-17; chap. 15; 18:Ib-9, I5-19:38; 21:8-24, 27, 3Ib-34; chap. 22; chap. 24; 25:I-6, II; (chap. 26). All incorporated with some new arrangement of the materials.

 * iv. Priestly:
 * a. secondary genealogical and chronological additions: 11:26-32; 12:4b-5; 13:6; 16:3b, 15-16; 21:3-5; 25:7-10.
 * b. larger episodic units: chaps. 17 and 23.

 * v. Post-Priestly: chap. 14 (of which vv. 18-20 are secondary).

A celebrated scholarly argument ensued between Van Seters and Rolf Rendtorff over the role and existence of the redactors, Van Seters arguing that they did not exist, Rendtorff and his followers arguing that they were essential. Van Seters stated his position as follows: It was the Documentary Hypothesis that created the redactor as a literary device, a deus ex machina, to make the whole theory work. That is the only really distinctive feature of the Documentary Hypothesis and it is this part of the theory that Rendtorff and others have retained. Now we supposedly have editors without any authors, which is absurd ... It is high time that the "redactor" takes his leave and the author is restored to his rightful place in literary criticism.

title: Abraham in History and Tradition


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Herend

Herend (German: Herrendorf) is a small town in Hungary (Europe), near the city of Veszprém.

The history of the town goes back into Roman times, indicated by the findings near the precincts of the town, while in the Middle Ages a few villages occupied the area where the current town stands. After the Ottoman Turkish administration of Hungary, the then-village was largely emptied, but the Barren of Herend was repopulated between 1764 and 1847.

Herend Porcelain Manufactory
The town is most famous for its long tradition of excellent porcelain manufacturing. Founded in 1826, Herend Porcelain Manufactory is one of the world's largest ceramic factories, specializing in luxury hand painted and gilded porcelain. In the mid-19th century it was purveyor to the Habsburg Dynasty and aristocratic customers throughout Europe. Many of its classic patterns are still in production. After the fall of communism in Hungary the factory was privatised and is now 75% owned by its management and workers, exporting to over 60 countries of the world. Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton got a special painted Herend Porcelain as wedding gift from Hungary on 29 April 2011.

Sights to see
The Porcelain Museum of Herend has been opened to visitors since 1964 and was chosen as the museum of the year 2002 in Hungary.

Population
The racial makeup of Herend was 87.5% Hungarian, 11.03% German, 1% Gypsy, 0.2% Romanian.

Religion
The religious distribution of the town is 47.1% Roman Catholic, 49.5% Hungarian Reformed Church, 1.8% Evangelical, 1.6% irreligious.

Notable residents

 * Vince Stingl (1796 - around 1850), porcelain manufacturer, businessman, founder of the Herend Porcelain Manufactory
 * Móric Fischer de Farkasházy (1799-1880), businessman, investor, industrialist, owner of the Herend Porcelain Manufactory
 * Johanna Bischitz von Heves (1827-1898), philanthropist
 * Eugen Fischer de Farkasházy (1861-1926), investor, businessman, owner of the Herend Porcelain Manufactory

title: Herend


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Emplotting

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 20:14, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Emplotting
Possible hoax? Original word? Google only returned 30 results. - Mailer Diablo 20:56, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If kept, the title should be Emplottment and it needs a good cleanup and wikify.  Vegaswikian 06:46, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 18:12, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Pierre Ouellette

Pierre Ouellette (born 1945) is an American science fiction author. He lives in Portland, Oregon. He wrote the science fiction thrillers The Deus Machine (Villard Books, 1994) and The Third Pandemic (Pocket Books, 1996). Writing under the name of Pierre Davis, his third novel A Breed Apart was published in 2009 by Bantam-Dell. A fourth book, entitled Origin Unknown was published in July 2011. His fifth book, titled The Forever Man, was published in January 2014 by Alibi Books, a Random House imprint. His latest novel, Bakersfield, a crime story set in mid-1950s California, was due out in September 2018 from Jorvik Press. In 2000, Ouellette sold the advertising and PR agency he co-founded, and works as a video and film producer and guitarist when not writing.

title: Pierre Ouellette


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User:Shinjitsu~enwiki

Hello! My name is Shinjitsu (信実). This is a pseudonym and it is a Japanese word. It means "truth",  or "true fact" but also "sincerity" or "honesty". I chose this name because I like to see/hear the truth in everything, especially on Wikipedia! If I have doubts about the given 'facts', I like to do thorough research to find out the truth about a statement and/or find all the true facts behind a story... What I write myself, is in all honesty. I try to be sincere in everything I say/write... Besides, the name Shinjitsu just sounds beautiful!

I hope to give a good contribution to Wikipedia. I have already contributed anonymously, but now I found it time for a user name... My English is quite good, but not of a native level, so I hope to improve it by adding new articles (which others then can correct) or by reading other's articles and corrections.

My interests are: physics, technology, astronomy, mathematics, earth sciences, psychology, anthropology, law, English and Japan.

I wish everybody lots of fun on Wikipedia and I hope to get to know some Wikipedians soon...

Regards,
 * Shinjitsu
 * 20:57, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hello again! Have been away from Wikipedia for a little while. I was very busy studying... Soon I will put more energy in contributing to this wonderful world of knowledge!! — Shinjitsu (Talk) 11:35, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Shinjitsu~enwiki


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Lynn Compton

Lynn Davis "Buck" Compton (December 31, 1921 – February 25, 2012) was an American jurist, law enforcement officer, and United States Army officer during World War II, serving as a paratrooper in "Easy Company" of the 506th Infantry Regiment within the 101st Airborne Division.

After the war, he joined the Los Angeles Police Department and later the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office, acting as the lead prosecutor in the trial of Sirhan Sirhan for the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. He was eventually appointed as a judge on the California Court of Appeal.

Compton's World War II exploits were depicted in the 1992 book Band of Brothers by historian Stephen E. Ambrose, and the 2001 HBO miniseries of the same name, in which Compton was portrayed by American actor Neal McDonough.

Early life
Compton was born in Los Angeles, California. Early on, he gave himself the nickname "Buck" due to feeling that Lynn was a name better suited to a girl. His mother Ethel worked for movie studios and a young Compton worked as an extra in films. He was thrown off the set of Modern Times after angering the film's star Charlie Chaplin. He was an athlete at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), being named an all-conference catcher and All-American selection in 1942. Among his baseball teammates was Jackie Robinson. Compton was later inducted into the UCLA Baseball Hall of Fame. He majored in physical education, with a minor in education. He joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity in 1940. He also started at guard with the UCLA football team in the 1943 Rose Bowl game on January 1, 1943.

Military service
At UCLA, Compton participated in ROTC under Cadet Commander John Singlaub. In December 1943, he joined the Army and was assigned to E "Easy" Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment in the 101st Airborne Division. During Operation Overlord, Compton participated in Easy Company's action at Brécourt Manor under the leadership of Richard Winters. Compton and his fellow paratroopers assaulted a German battery of four 105 mm howitzers firing on Utah Beach, disabling the guns and routing the enemy. During the battle, he threw a hand grenade that was said to have had no arc and hit the German soldier on the back of the helmet. Compton was awarded the Silver Star for his action in the battle.

Later in 1944, Compton was shot through the buttocks while participating in Operation Market Garden, the Allies' ill-fated attempt to seize a number of bridges in the Netherlands and cross the Rhine River into Nazi Germany. The bullet traveled sideways, through one side of the buttocks and out the other side. After a partial recovery, he returned to Easy Company in time for the siege in the frozen Ardennes; the Battle of the Bulge.

During the battle, Compton was evacuated for severe trench foot. Stephen E. Ambrose concluded that Compton had been "unnerved" by witnessing two of his closest friends, Joe Toye and William Guarnere, badly wounded by German artillery. Compton wrote in his autobiography, "...although I was affected by the horrors of Bastogne, I do not believe I was clinically shell shocked, as the series portrays me. In real life, while I was hollering for the medic, trying to figure out what to do, I remember two distinct thoughts: How are we going to help the wounded guys?...Maybe this is the time the Germans are really going to get us all." In December 1945 he was discharged from service and returned home to California.

In 1947, he joined the Air Force Reserve, serving in the Office of Special Investigations and eventually Judge Advocate General Corps before retiring as a lieutenant colonel in 1970.

Criminal justice career
In 1946, Compton returned to UCLA to complete his degree; he turned down an offer to play minor league baseball, choosing instead to concentrate on his continued public service aspirations. Compton married Donna Newman in October 1947 and the couple adopted two daughters.

Compton became employed as a police officer with the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) in 1946, also attending Loyola Law School. Compton quickly rose the LAPD ranks, becoming a detective in the Central Burglary Division. He left the LAPD for the District Attorney's office in 1951, serving as a deputy district attorney. In 1964, LA District Attorney Evelle J. Younger appointed Compton to the position of chief deputy district attorney.

In 1968-69, Compton lead the successful prosecution of Sirhan Sirhan for the murder of Robert F. Kennedy. In 1970, then-Governor Ronald Reagan appointed him an associate justice of the California Courts of Appeal. He retired from the bench in 1990.

Later life and death
In the 2000s, Compton's World War II exploits entered popular culture following the release of HBO miniseries Band of Brothers.

Compton's memoirs, entitled Call of Duty: My Life before, during and after the Band of Brothers and written with Marcus Brotherton, were published by Berkeley Publishing on May 6, 2008. A celebration of Compton's 90th birthday was held in January 2012 with nearly 200 in attendance including Band of Brothers actors Michael Cudlitz, James Madio, Neal McDonough, and Richard Speight, Jr. McDonough developed a friendship with Compton while making the miniseries and kept in touch afterwards. McDonough's son Morgan is nicknamed "Little Buck" in honor of Compton. In January 2012, Compton suffered a heart attack. On February 25, 2012, he died at a daughter's home in Burlington, Washington. His wife Donna died previously in 1994.

Today, Loyola Law School honors Compton with the Lynn D. "Buck" Compton Veterans Law Association, promoting "social interaction amongst military and Coast Guard veterans, active duty, National Guard, and reserve personnel at Loyola Law School while encouraging public interest in, and pro bono work on, issues relating to the welfare of military personnel and veterans."

title: Lynn Compton