text:
Timothy Ferris

Timothy Ferris (born August 29, 1944) is an American science writer and the best-selling author of twelve books, including The Science of Liberty (2010) and Coming of Age in the Milky Way (1988), for which he was awarded the American Institute of Physics Prize and was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. He also wrote The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report (1997), a popular science book on the study of the universe. Ferris has produced three PBS documentaries: The Creation of the Universe, Life Beyond Earth, and Seeing in the Dark.

Background and education
Ferris is a native of Miami, Florida. He is a graduate of Coral Gables Senior High School in Coral Gables, Florida. He attended Northwestern University, graduating in 1966 with majors in English and communications. He studied for one year at the Northwestern University Law School.

Career
After departing Northwestern Law School, Ferris joined United Press International as a reporter, where he worked in New York City.

After starting his career as a newspaper reporter, Ferris became an editor at Rolling Stone. Ferris produced the Voyager Golden Record, an artifact of human civilization containing music, sounds of Earth and encoded photographs launched aboard the Voyager 1 spacecraft. He has served as a consultant to NASA on long-term space exploration policy, and was among the journalists selected as candidates to fly aboard the Space Shuttle in 1986; the planned flight was cancelled due to the Challenger disaster. He was also a friend of and collaborator with American astronomer Carl Sagan.

Ferris has taught astronomy, English, history, journalism, and philosophy at four universities. He is an emeritus professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

Honors
Ferris is a Guggenheim fellow and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He won the Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1986, and has twice won the American Institute of Physics science-writing medal and the American Association for the Advancement of Science writing prize.

Films

 * Producer, narrator, and writer, Seeing in the Dark, sixty-minute documentary film, PBS premier September 19, 2007; DVD and BR-DVD releases, PBS Home Video, 2008.
 * Author and narrator, Life Beyond Earth, two-hour PBS television special, world premier November 10, 1999; DVD release, PBS Home Video, 2000.
 * Author and narrator, The Creation of the Universe, ninety-minute television science special; U.S. premier, PBS network, November 20, 1985; also broadcast in the United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Venezuela, and Brazil. Inaugural release, PBS Home Video, 1991; laserdisc release, Pacific Arts Video, 1992; CD-ROM release, The Voyager Company, 1993; DVD release, PBS Home Video, 2005.
 * Writer and narrator, segments on The MacNeil-Lehrer News Hour, PBS television: "Exploding Stars and the Origins of Human Civilization", October 21, 1993; "Pipe Organs and Particle Accelerators", June 8, 1993; "Columbus Day," October 7, 1992; and "The Voyager Encounter With Neptune," August 22, 1989.
 * Presenter, segment on American Epic, PBS premier May 30, 2017; also broadcast in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia, Israel, Spain, and Brazil. DVD and BR-DVD releases, PBS Home Video, 2017
 * He appeared in The Farthest, a 2017 documentary on the Voyager program.

title: Timothy Ferris


text:
Talk:Apex predator

Cats as a group
I added back the obvious reality that all cat species (including the domestic cat) are formidable predators so that the gallery would not be loaded with cat images. The tiger and lion (probably also the cheetah) are different enough in their hunting techniques to merit inclusion in the gallery, but all other cats (including the domestic cat) are so similar to tigers in build, behavior, and hunting techniques that one solitary cat (the tiger) is enough.Pbrower2a (talk) 16:31, 8 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I see what you're trying to do but the 'all' or 'other' wording isn't right. I'll give it a tweak. Chiswick Chap (talk) 16:39, 8 February 2018 (UTC)

I added the cheetah for its distinctive style of hunting -- with the caveat that it often loses its prey. As a bonus I get to add a hyena, an animal not yet in the gallery, as the sort of creature that can take prey away from a weaker cheetah that made the kill. Cheetahs are distinct among the cats in their hunting techniques, and unlike all other cats except the lion, they can be social predators. I tweaked the caption of the tiger to indicate that cats other than the lion and cheetah are similar enough in build and technique that there is no need for a caption including any other cat. Pbrower2a (talk) 07:16, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Nope. The article is not slightly lacking in cats: the article is way topheavy in images, and very light on cited text discussing the actual biology. Wikipedia is not some National Geographic magazine full of Big Cats and exciting landscapes, that is not our function. It's time for serious articles in ecology - a biological science - to reflect the actual research and conservation literature. An article of the current length would normally contain no more than four or five images. There's plenty of room on Commons for gallery pages. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:24, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

Human trophic level
In this section, recognition hardly exists that food chains on land, involving some of the most imposing predators (Big Cats, hyenas, and canids) can be short. Man may be more a herbivore than a carnivore, but most large herbivores recognize his danger to them as if he were a bear, Big Cat, wolf, or dog and is the definitive keystone species. Add to this, animals capable of overpowering and killing people as prey generally recoil from such because of the threat of being hunted down and killed. This applies even to the dog, the smallest animal that one can see as a solo man-eater due to its ability to overpower humans and its unfussy appetite.

It is likely that such a renowned predator as a lion is nearly at 3.0 on the trophic scale as it eats almost exclusively large herbivores, themselves 2.0 on the trophic scale. Lions rarely eat any carnivorous animal, including humans. At this, a lion is probably less predatory than a meerkat which nobody has placed as an apex predator even if it subsists on such things as insects and small mammals that themselves eat primary producers (that is, plants). Meerkats are always at risk from predation by raptor birds even if they were above 3.0 on the trophic index. The domestic cat, which falls short of being a top predator (prey for dogs and raptor birds) in most places even if it eats carnivorous or partly-carnivorous insects, rodents, and birds. The domestic cat, an obligate carnivore, would be decidedly above 3.0 on the trophic scale, higher than dogs or humans that are top predators in much of the world -- and paradoxically lions and tigers close to 3.0 on that scale.Pbrower2a (talk) 15:53, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

 * This can be mentioned, as always, with suitable reliable sources. I've added a little more detail from Bonhommeau 2013, contrasting the (terrestrial) plant-based diet of Burundi with the meat-and-fish (i.e. terrestrial/marine) of Iceland. Chiswick Chap (talk) 15:59, 8 May 2018 (UTC)

Are dogs higher or lower than humans on the trophic level? That probably depends upon what humans feed them or allow them to eat. Among traditional Inuit hunters I would expect them to be equal in the trophic scale.

 * Perhaps a good start would be to work from reliable sources rather than speculating on talk pages. Chiswick Chap (talk) 19:14, 11 May 2018 (UTC)

Speculating on talk pages? If I don't have access to peer-reviewed sources, then maybe someone else does and might start looking.

I state the obvious when I discuss human hunting with falcons, cheetahs, and dogs... These are predatory animals at or near the top of the food chain, and that is one form of 'interaction' with apex or near-apex predators. Pbrower2a (talk) 23:41, 15 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Thanks for discussing. However, "stating the obvious" means you are stating your opinion, which is what Wikipedia calls "original research", a policy I urge you to read, as it will save you much time and embarrassment; in a word, it is forbidden here. There is no doubt that the predators you mention are high in their food webs. Their use by humans does not change that in any way in the view of ecologists; they have no effect on human trophic level (we'd have to eat them for that). Further, Wikipedia talk pages are not forums for discussing what the science is. Chiswick Chap (talk) 07:31, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Dogs, falcons, and cheetahs are apex predators. Whether Man eats them or is their prey is not relevant when such is a rarity in much of the world. The prey that these animals put in the human diet elevates humans a bit on the trophic level. Does Bonhommeau state where dogs are on the trophic level? These are extremely common predators, and quite lethal.

A dog that has a diet exactly like that of its human would be at the same trophic level as the human family in which he lives, which explains why I would say so of the traditional Inuit hunter.

but back to the issue that caused me to insert the passage that you deleted: the human-canine, human-falcon, and human-cheetah collaboration in the hunt are interactions between humans and apex predators. For many animals, one of those teams of killers is definitely to be avoided. Pbrower2a (talk) 21:01, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry to have to say this, but you are still missing the point entirely.
 * 1) This page is NOT for discussing the topic of apex predation, but the content of the article (WP:FORUM).
 * 2) Editors are NOT allowed to use their own knowledge, skill, background, or opinions to shape articles (WP:OR).
 * 3) Articles must be based on reliable, published sources (WP:RS).
 * 4) Articles must be objectively verifiable, not based on editors' private knowledge (WP:V).

 * I hope you can see that these interlock to say, in a word, that it is not an editor's job to start speculating, as I have explained to you before, on what a dog's diet is or anything else. It is not allowed to add passages that are uncited, and indeed policy allows any editor to remove anything that is uncited. It is not appropriate to fill talk pages with discussions based neither on policy nor on cited fact. I'd be grateful if you could read the four policies I have named here, and change your approach accordingly. Many thanks, Chiswick Chap (talk) 06:08, 17 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:36, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Comparison of size of orca and great white shark.svg

Good article
I know that Wikipedia is not a forum, but I gotta say that Chiswick Chap did a really good job on this article. Many thanks. Halo Jerk1 (talk) 15:28, 21 June 2019 (UTC)
 * That's very kind of you. Chiswick Chap (talk) 20:21, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:06, 28 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Prehistoric superpredators.png

Food
Food is the best 2601:244:4480:3BE0:B479:6CEB:1860:862A (talk) 04:54, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Science
Apex predator 158.62.101.179 (talk) 13:38, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Apex legends predator
Ranked gameplay on apex legends Eh ok ig idk (talk) 20:57, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

A list of Apex predators is necessary
This article is marked as good article, but it is missing an exahaustive list of Apex predators, that would be usefull. 188.237.175.253 (talk) 12:53, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Apex predator


text:
User talk:Joborrett

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  22:19, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joborrett


text:
User talk:Skywayman

Hi, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for your contributions to the coolest online encyclopedia I know of =). I sure hope you stick around; we're always in need of more people to create new articles and improve the ones we already have.  You'll probably find it easiest to start with a tutorial of how the wikipedia works, and you can test stuff for yourself in the sandbox.  When you're contributing, you'll probably find the manual of style to be helpful, and you'll also want to remember a couple important guidelines.  First, write from a neutral point of view, second, be bold in editing pages, and third, use wikiquette.  Those are probably the most important ones, and you can take a look at some others at the policies and guidelines page. You might also be interested in how to write a great article and possibly adding some images to your articles.

Be sure to get involved in the community – you can contact me at my talk page if you have any questions, and you can check out the village pump, where lots of wikipedians hang out and discuss things. If you're looking for something to do, check out the community portal. And whenever you ask a question or post something on a talk page, be sure to sign your name by typing ~~~~.

Again, welcome! It's great to have you. Happy editing! --Spangineer (háblame)  22:20, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your good work on the 2005 Pacific typhoon season article! CJewell (talk) 14:59, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi Skywayman - thanks for your work on the typhoon articles. I should say though that your "template" for the yearly typhoon pages is somewhat corrupt in that none of the div tags close properly, and it is an awful lot of work to fix them - they have been being caught by the recent WikiSyntax scan at Please help out by clicking here to fix someone else's Wiki syntax. You can check out the fixes that we've been making at 2000_Pacific_typhoon_season e.g. Bosmon 06:21, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Cymxapd.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cymxapd.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Telso 07:44, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Mugmapd.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mugmapd.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Admrb♉ltz (T | C) 21:46, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:PhilippineTyphoonChart.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:PhilippineTyphoonChart.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 12:29, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Mci.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Mci.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 06:52, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Hindenburgiii.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Hindenburgiii.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:01, 29 April 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. —  pd_THOR  undefined | 17:01, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:Grandcanyoncrash.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Grandcanyoncrash.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:44, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Re: Arizona License Plates
That's a good point. I've started to make a section on plate styles that are no longer issued but that are still valid for use. Maybe this will help to clear things up? Qqqqqq (talk) 16:00, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Vehicle registration plates of Arizona
Hi Skywayman. Nice additions to this page! Would you happen to have any photos of any of these plates? Qqqqqq (talk) 15:26, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Azpow.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Azpow.JPG. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by STBotI. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. NOTE: once you correct this, please remove the tag from the image's page. STBotI (talk) 16:11, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Azfreedom.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Azfreedom.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:47, 17 May 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Zginder 2008-05-17T17:47Z (UTC) 17:47, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:Azph.JPG
Thanks for uploading Image:Azph.JPG. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:51, 17 May 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Zginder 2008-05-17T17:51Z (UTC) 17:51, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

American Airlines Flight 96
thank you for changing it because I thought it was Kennedy the flight was going to...thanks man Daz11R (talk) 03:04, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Azpow.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Azpow.JPG. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Radiant chains (talk) 07:19, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Azng.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Azng.JPG. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Radiant chains (talk) 07:19, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Azcmoh.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Azcmoh.JPG. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Radiant chains (talk) 11:25, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Zip Code replacement
Thanks for pointing out that the ZIP code of Superior, AZ is about to change today. However, why is this not shown on for instance http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/zcl_1_results.jsp ? What's your source? --Gereon K. (talk) 12:29, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

KPNX Digital Switchover
Still seeing original digital station on my end. Are you seeing the same thing?Arbiteroftruth  Plead Your Case 05:36, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The original digital channel was switched off at 10:38PM. Witnessed it on my end. Rescanning my box now :( Arbiteroftruth  Plead Your Case 05:43, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I deleted the term "digital" from one of the opening sentences, since that fact has been reinforced in the infobox. Also, are you staying up for CBS5's switchoff? Arbiteroftruth  Plead Your Case 06:01, 13 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Getting ready for bed now. I'm flying a friend and me up to Flagstaff for the day in the morning. Skywayman (talk) 06:06, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

ZIP codes for Pinal County
Thanks for the ZIP code link. The articles should be edited accordingly after the 1st of July then. --Gereon K. (talk) 08:36, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Hunt Library change creates dead Wiki links
I repaired the dead link at Ozark Air Lines Flight 650. It went dead when the Embry-Riddle Hunt Library changed its web pages. I suspect there are a lot more dead links in Wiki airliner accident articles, as a result of that Hunt Library revamping their pages. EditorASC (talk) 16:13, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Russian time zones
Thanks for the nudge; I was actually going to do something about it the day I heard of the change, but completely forgot since then.

Anyway, I've just added a conditional clause to that template. Before the change occurs, it is going to show Krasnoyarsk Time and a (sourced) note about switching to Omsk Time on March 28; and after the change it is going to simply show Omsk Time. I know that the date in the conditional is going to be user-specific, so it's not going to be accurate for everyone, but at least it defaults to UTC for the anonymous readers who don't have time specified in their user preferences. On March 28, of course, the conditional can be taken out; I've only put it there in case we forget to update it promptly. Please let me know if you have any comments, though. Cheers,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 15:15, February 8, 2010 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Dc adiz.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Dc adiz.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have created [ in your upload log]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 09:26, 3 May 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 09:26, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

DCADIZ image
Feel free to upload it again (given your explanation), giving as much information as possible. If it's FAA document it's PD-US GOV possibly :)

You could also request a deletion review on the now deleted upload. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 13:16, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:1959HowardMillerWorldClock.JPG
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:1959HowardMillerWorldClock.JPG. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 19:01, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Saffir-Simpson-NWP
Template:Saffir-Simpson-NWP has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 08:14, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Continental Airlines Flight 1760 for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Continental Airlines Flight 1760 is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Continental Airlines Flight 1760 until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. William 15:57, 26 December 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of American Airlines Flight 1572 for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article American Airlines Flight 1572 is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/American Airlines Flight 1572 until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. William 20:07, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

File:Mugmapd.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Mugmapd.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Calliopejen1 (talk) 20:38, 3 March 2012 (UTC)

Upcoming Wikimedia events in Missouri and Kansas!
You're invited to 3 exciting events Wikipedians are planning in your region this June—a tour and meetup at the National Archives in Kansas City, and Wiknics in Wichita and St. Louis:

Come to the First Topeka Meetup, January 15!

Come celebrate Wikipedia Day with other Kansas Wikipedians sponsored by Wikimedians Active in Local Regions in the United States (WALRUS) and hosted by the Topeka and Shawnee Public Library. Come chat, hang out and enjoy good company while find out more about Wikipedia in our regional community! RSVP at Meetup/Topeka/Wikipedia_Day.

If you can't come, but still want to find out about events in the greater Topeka region (which may include KC, Manhattan, Lawrence, Salina, or other places where volunteers are interested) sign up for future notifications at Meetup/Topeka/Invite list.

Hope to see you there Sadads (talk) 20:20, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of American Airlines Flight 1572 for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article American Airlines Flight 1572 is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/American Airlines Flight 1572 & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. WorldTraveller101BreaksFixes 17:09, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:57, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Azng.JPG
Thanks for uploading File:Azng.JPG. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:09, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Disputed non-free use rationale for File:Azpow.JPG
Thank you for uploading File:Azpow.JPG. However, there is a concern that the rationale provided for using this file on Wikipedia may not meet the criteria required by Non-free content. This can be corrected by going to the file description page and adding or clarifying the reason why the file qualifies under this policy. Adding and completing one of the templates available from Non-free use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your file is in compliance with Wikipedia policy. Please be aware that a non-free use rationale is not the same as an image copyright tag; descriptions for files used under the non-free content policy require both a copyright tag and a non-free use rationale.

If it is determined that the file does not qualify under the non-free content policy, it might be deleted by an administrator seven days after the file was tagged in accordance with section F7 of the criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions, please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:00, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

38th edition of The Hurricane Herald
WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Newsletter/Archive 38 - I'm only sending this to you because you got a mention in the history of the tropical cyclone Wikiproject ;) ♫ Hurricanehink ( talk ) 18:00, 1 August 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Skywayman


text:
Talk:Comedy Central (British TV channel)

Opening heading
Dates and more programming details required for this article. — Stevey7788 (talk) 22:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Paramount text
I no longer have Sky/digital so I can't check, but last time I saw Paramount text wasn't really an the air anymore, merely just the last issue of Mailbox and a tv guide (which auto-updates). I know certainly that 'Ed' no longer works it. Is the "Although the channels still have a Teletext service..." line correct? 9cds 17:19, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Well, an Auto-updated TV guide and the last issue of mailbox count as a Teletext service, don't they? Not a major one, but you get something by pressing the button... If you disagree about that counting, change it.--Occono 14:33, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Move gone wrong?
Seems whoever moved this article did it wrong.. anyone know how to fix it? -- 9cds(talk) 19:15, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

All fixed. -- Antz UK 21:46, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Why's it been moved anyway? The article says nothing about the channel being renamed 'Paramount Comedy 1'. BillyH 17:12, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know to be honest. The TV Guide on their website still says 'Paramount Comedy' I just moved it as the previous move didn't work. I've moved it back. -- Antz UK 19:56, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Infact, the Sky EPG says it's got a 1 in it. I'll leave the article as it is (with Paramount Comedy 1) and still have the article at 'Paramount Comedy'.-- Antz UK 20:01, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

new Viacom or CBS?
After Viacom's split, what is the "Paramount Comedy 1"'s owner? CBS or new Viacom?

Answer: Still part of Viacom, and as far as I'm aware is part of MTV NE.

Merge the Paramont Comedy/Paramount Comedy 2 articles?
I merged them yesterday without a conscensious, which I do apologise for. I just thought that rather than having a stub for Paramount Comedy 2, and a full article for Paramount Comedy 1 (which is called "Paramount Comedy 1" now), it would be better to have one article for the 2 channels, since they are both owned by the same group and show very similar programmes (if not the same shows!).

I was not aware that I needed a conscensious to merge the articles, and I am sorry for that. So I'm asking for one now. :-) Should the PC and PC2 articles be merged, or should PC just redirect to PC1? —Preceding unsigned comment added by HillValleyTelegraph (talk • contribs)

 * It would appear it's still called Paramount Comedy (or at least, according to the website). As for the merge, we have ITV1 - ITV4, and other such channel pages. Why not for Paramount? (Oppose) -- 9cds(talk) 15:06, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * regarding the name, the webpage is actually fairly ambiguous as to what it is called. The listings up at the top have a link for PC1 and PC2, and there is this and this image which show Paramount Comedy 1, however this page http://www.paramountcomedy.com/whatson/ refers to it as Paramount Comedy. I no longer have pay-tv so can not check what the on-screen branding is, anyone else? As for the merge, I Oppose the suggestion. Yes PC2 is small, but that just means it needs expanding. (note also added merge templates so highlight this discussion). Mr Weeble  Talk Brit tv 16:01, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Paramount Comedy 1 and 2 seem to be going in slightly different direction with respect to content at least in prime time- one of the two tends to focus more on British comedy and live standup while the other is more sitcom based IIRC (I can't recall which is which). The differentiation between the two is surely enought to warrent seperate articles (hence oppose move).

Fair enough, move opposed. What is needed though is the move of this page to "Paramount Comedy 1", as this is the name of the channel and is the on screen branding. I guess they just haven't updated their website.
 * I've moved this page to 'Paramount Comedy 1' as the channel name is now that. If anyone disagrees with this move, then by all means move it back. -- Antz UK [[Image:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|30px]] 18:47, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps this page could become a link page, to Paramount Comedy 1, Paramount Comedy 2 and the Spanish version?
 * Oppose. Two channels = two articles. The JPS 22:44, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Disambig. page

 * This is referring to the Paramount Comedy article which seems to shame the same talk page as 'Paramount Comedy 1'

 * Is this a disambiguation page? I think not. They all refer to the same 'Paramount Comedy' brand, owned by the same company, just broadcast in different countries. Disambig. is used to describe things which have the same name - just completely different objectives/purposes/uses.
 * But they're different things :) -- 9  cds (talk) 12:51, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Irish adstream?
Does anyone know when the adstream for the Republic of Ireland was launched? I know it wasn't too long after it was added to NTL Ireland's analogue pack, but I don't know when exactly. Anyone know? Maybe someone could find the Ofcom licence, since it has to be registered as a seperate channel. - Рэд  хот  13:33, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone have a citation for...
...criticism of Paramount showing That 70's Show with the word ass bleeped out? It recurs a lot in the show and it makes it too frustrating to watch.
 * They do it alot with certain shows. I was watching the King of Queens the other day and there was a piece of dialogue that went "Your wife took the time to cook this, the least you can do is eat it you ungrateful _____ *laugh track*--HellCat86 21:31, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

Classic Paramount Channel
How come there's no mention of Paramount giving what are now big comedians a break? People like Lucas and Walliams, Dom Joly etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.3.130.128 (talk) 07:32, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Neutrality
"In recent years, the channel has gone arguably more low-brow and unsophisticated, premiering sleazy programmes of questionable humour" - this is hardly NPOV BigFatKnowAll 09:19, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:ParamountComedy2005.png
Image:ParamountComedy2005.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 17:31, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

comedy central rebrand
can someone upload the comedy central logo —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.92.64.168 (talk) 19:31, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Move?

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Vegaswikian (talk) 21:00, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

Comedy Central (UK) → Comedy Central (UK and Ireland) –
 * The channel is actually aimed at the uk and ireland and this is the correct title of the channel so the article should be the same name. I have recently had to restore a redirect and the page itself because a user did not move the page in the correct way and did it with a cut and paste job. Reason I restored the page was to preserve the history of the article. Can we get the title changed to the correct title before he does this again? Ruth-2013 (talk) 21:01, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Contest . Not sure if Ireland should be in the title or not (haven't researched it), but we generally try to avoid ampersands unless it is part of the actual title (i.e. not the disambiguation), which does not appear to be the case here (see WP:&). Jenks24 (talk) 21:19, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * comment, there home page proves the channel is called comedy central UK and Ireland. when you open the link look at the top of your browser at the title of the page to see. http://www.comedycentral.co.uk/ (Ruth-2013 (talk) 21:31, 27 July 2011 (UTC))
 * I am not contesting putting Ireland in the title. Having looked at the link you provided, I think that is fine. I am contesting the use of the ampersand sign (&). Even the link you provided use "UK and Ireland". If you agree to change from using "&" to "and", then I will withdraw my objection (I apologise if I didn't make this clear earlier). Jenks24 (talk) 21:39, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * commentTo me mate its says the exact same thing I am not bothered if it says & or and, happy for either to me used (Ruth-2013 (talk) 21:42, 27 July 2011 (UTC))
 * Ok, I've changed the request to use and instead of &. I will strike my objection and move this back up to the current requests section. Thanks for being accommodating. Jenks24 (talk) 21:49, 27 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment The UK is short for the Untied Kingdom, should this be mixed with the full name Ireland. Maybe it should be UK & IE or United Kingdom & Ireland. --JetBlast (talk) 21:30, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Support MoveAs this has been turned into a discussion I am saying I support the move (Ruth-2013 (talk) 01:16, 28 July 2011 (UTC))

 * Support per naming on the website and broadcast area. - Jasmeet_181 (talk) 02:36, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Support per my comments above. This should have been non-controversial. Jenks24 (talk) 08:53, 28 July 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 25 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. Most agree that these articles shouldn't be moved. (non-admin closure) Wikiexplorationandhelping (talk) 07:49, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

– I propose this name change for consistency with other British TV channel articles, and because the article straight-up admits it serves Ireland as well. The list should be renamed for similar reasons. I previously requested this at WP:RM/TR, but was rejected for being controversial, so I decided after some thought to start a discussion here. 100.7.44.80 (talk) 18:37, 25 March 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 06:31, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Comedy Central (British TV channel) → Comedy Central (British and Irish TV channel)
 * List of programmes broadcast by Comedy Central (British TV channel) → List of programmes broadcast by Comedy Central (British and Irish TV channel)
 * Oppose - I was tempted to suggest "(British Isles TV channel)", but that seems so close to the current name that I now doubt the need for a change. While it is carried in Ireland, it originates in the UK, much like how US channels are carried in other regions, but we still name them based on their origin. -- Netoholic @ 21:09, 25 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I should mention that virtually every other British TV channel article I've seen that falls under disambiguation uses the "British and Irish TV channel" disambiguation, rather than just "British TV channel". 100.7.44.80 (talk) 21:26, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose - The phrasing of the article gives me the impression that it's a British owned and operated channel which just happens to be available in the Republic of Ireland. For the sake of concision, I think it's best to leave the title where it is. Estar8806 (talk) 13:49, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Comment After looking at the RM directly above this one, I wouldn't necessarily be opposed to reverting to the previous name of Comedy Central (UK & Ireland). Estar8806 (talk) 13:50, 2 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Honestly, I don't think a name like that would be useful in this day and age. I oppose giving it that name. 100.7.44.80 (talk) 13:49, 7 April 2023 (UTC)


text:
Dry rot

Dry rot is wood decay caused by one of several species of fungi that digest parts of wood which give it strength and stiffness. It was previously used to describe any decay of cured wood in ships and buildings by a fungus which resulted in a darkly colored deteriorated and cracked condition.

The life-cycle of dry rot can be broken down into four main stages. Dry rot begins as a microscopic spore which, in high enough concentrations, can resemble a fine orange dust. If the spores are subjected to sufficient moisture, they will germinate and begin to grow fine white strands known as hyphae. As the hyphae grow they will eventually form a large mass known as mycelium. The final stage is a fruiting body which pumps new spores out into the surrounding air.

In other fields, the term has been applied to the decay of crop plants by fungi. In health and safety, the term is used to describe the deterioration of rubber, for example the cracking of rubber hoses.

Discussion
Dry rot is the term given to brown rot decay caused by certain fungi that deteriorate timber in buildings and other wooden construction without an apparent source of moisture. The term is a misnomer because all wood decaying fungi need a minimum amount of moisture before decay begins. The decayed wood takes on a dark or browner crumbly appearance, with cubical like cracking or checking, that becomes brittle and can eventually crush the wood into powder. Chemically, wood attacked by dry rot fungi is decayed by the same process as other brown rot fungi. An outbreak of dry rot within a building can be an extremely serious infestation that is hard to eradicate, requiring drastic remedies to correct. Significant decay can cause instability and cause the structure to collapse.

The term dry rot, or true dry rot, refers to the decay of timbers from only certain species of fungi that are thought to provide their own source of moisture and nutrients to cause decay in otherwise relatively dry timber. However, there has been no published experimental evidence to support the phenomenon. In modern texts, the term 'dry rot' is used in reference to damage inflicted by either: Serpula lacrymans (formerly Merulius lacrymans) predominantly in the United Kingdom and northern Europe; and/or Meruliporia incrassata (which has a number of synonyms, including Poria incrassata and Serpula incrassata) in North America. Both species of fungi cause brown rot decay, preferentially removing cellulose and hemicellulose from the timber, leaving a brittle matrix of modified lignin.

The term dry rot is somewhat misleading, as both species of fungi Serpula lacrymans and Meruliporia incrassata require an elevated moisture content to initiate an attack on timber (28–30%). Once established, the fungi can remain active in timber with a moisture content of more than 20%. At relative humidities below 86 percent, growth of Serpula lacrymans is inhibited, but it can stay dormant at relative humidities down to 76 percent. These relative humidities correspond to equilibrium moisture contents of wood of 19 and 15 percent, respectively. It is to be remembered that most forms of rot cannot be stopped.

An explanation of the term "dry rot" circles around boatyards periodically. In the age of wooden ships, boats were sometimes hauled for the winter and placed in sheds or dry dock for repair. The boats already had some amount of rot occurring in the wood members, but the wood cellular structure was full of water making it still function structurally. As the wood dried out, the cell walls would crumble. In other words, the wood was already rotten and as the boat dried, the wood collapsed and crumbled, causing the workers in the yard to determine it was "dry rot", when in fact, the wood had been rotten all along.

Schilling & Jellison note the potential efficiency of these 'dry rot' fungi in growing away from direct moisture sources, although there is no reference for how efficient a brown rot fungus has to be at translocating water in order to be classed as 'dry rot'. Some have suggested the importance of these fungi providing their own source of nutrients as being more significant than providing an adequate source of moisture. Schilling suggests efficient nutrient translocation and utilization, notably nitrogen and iron, may be more distinctive in these species than water translocation. Water translocated in this fashion carries nutrients to the extremities of the organism; not, as is sometimes inferred, to simply render dry timber wet enough to attack. Coggins goes into more detail about water movement in Serpula lacrymans.

The perpetual saturation of wood with water also inhibits dry rot, as does perpetual dryness.

Dry rot would appear to be a paradoxical term seemingly indicating decay of a substance by a fungus without the presence of water. However, its historical usage dates back to the distinction between decay of cured wood in construction, i.e. dry wood, versus decay of wood in living or newly felled trees, i.e. wet wood.

Historical use of the term "dry rot"
'Dry rot' is an 18th-century term that generally described what is now called brown rot. The term was used because the damage was present in cured or dried timber of ships and buildings and was thought to be caused by internal ‘fermentations’ rather than water. This contributes to the etymological fallacy that dry rot requires less or no water than other species that use the brown rot decay mechanism.

The (London) Times on Tuesday 12 March 1793 carried an advertisement that informs the reader that the "British Colour Company, No. 32, Walbrook, London continues to use, manufacture and sell paints prepared with the Oil of Coal, which is of a very penetrating nature, and hardens wood in an uncommon degree protecting it from weather, dry rot and ice".

In the early 19th century the rapid increase in instances of timber decay attributed to dry rot (brown rot) in the British naval fleet brought the term into wider usage. Thomas Wade's 'A Treatise on the Dry Rot in Timber' was published posthumously by the Navy Office in 1815 following his investigation of the matter in ships from various countries. The second HMS Queen Charlotte (1810) was launched in 1810 and, when inspected, the timbers of the upper decks were found to be infected with 'the dry rot'. By 1816 the cost of repairs for this vessel had exceeded the ship's original construction cost.

Texts published in the 19th and early 20th centuries also used the term to describe fungi which produced substantial (white-colored) mycelium, including Antrodia (Fibroporia) vaillantii.

Eventually, the term dry rot came to apply to only one or two fungi the main one being Serpula lacrymans, in the majority of texts dealing with the subject, predominantly from the United Kingdom. This type of fungal decay subsequently also became known as 'true dry rot'. It has even been proposed to use the term water-conducting fungi in the category of brown rot rather than dry rot. However, although the fungi such as these can transport water, it is disputed that it can use this water to increase the moisture content of otherwise dry wood. Whilst it may be disputed as the citation notes, the epithet 'lacrymans' is derived from the Latin word 'lacrymare', meaning 'to weep' and most surveyors of rotted buildings have noted the tear drops formed by the fungus as water forms on the hyphae. These water droplets are photographed in Rentokil's book "Decay of Timber in Buildings" Figure 24. There is, however, no evidence these small amounts of water on the hyphae cause a significant increase in the moisture content of otherwise dry wood.

Treatment of dry rot timber
Dry rot can be very difficult to remediate unless the timber is dried. In some cases after this is done, decayed areas can be treated with special epoxy formulations that fill-in the channels of the damaged wood, killing the rot and improving structural integrity. However, this type of treatment can actually promote decay in wood in exterior service unless the epoxy application is designed to shed water. Epoxy or other polymers will trap moisture behind the patch, causing more decay in the surrounding previously uninfected zones unless the repaired zone is protected from recurring water events. Commercial ethylene glycol (commonly sold as antifreeze) and many other toxic diffusible compounds can diffuse into the wood to kill the fungus, but they also can diffuse out of wood that is repeatedly wetted. Diffusion of these toxic compounds out of the wood, and into surrounding soils and plants is not appropriate from a toxicity or environmental standpoint, and these types of treatment are not recommended for wood in-service. Certain copper compounds, such as copper naphthenate, are available as a brushable solution and are frequently used when dry-rot damage is repaired by splicing in new wood; after removal of bulk rotten wood the remaining original surface is saturated with such a compound (typically green in color) before application of the new wood.

In certain buildings, particularly those with solid 9 inch (or greater) brickwork and those built using lime mortar and flintstone, dry rot has been known to travel through and along the wall surface behind plaster and render. It is therefore recommended, by companies that sell this service, that where dry rot is found, plaster and wall coverings should be stripped back to a metre past the infestation in all directions and the whole area treated. However, given that dry rot attacks only wet timber, common sense should dictate that plaster need not be removed where there is no timber or any timber is dry (outside the zone of wetting that caused the outbreak). Identifying the source of water and allowing the affected timbers to dry will kill dry rot, as it is a fungus and requires water as all fungi do. This will not, however, kill any spores left behind, which will remain viable and cause the rot to return upon wetting.

title: Dry rot


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Birth Of Legends

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:38, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Birth Of Legends
Wikipedia is not a crystal ball, nn, game-vanity. --W(t) 22:25, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Delete per W. --Xcali 19:59, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm game for Deletion. NN. carmeld1 01:09, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Thiru Edu-Vasippu

Thiru Edu-Vasippu is the Indian ayyavazhi festival of melodiously reading the contents of Akilattirattu Ammanai, celebrated in Pathis and Nizhal Thangals. It is read for periods of three days, five days, ten days or seventeen days. But in the Pathis, strictly, it was read for seventeen days and hence completed every year; Thiru Edu was scheduled according to that.

The part which was read on the first day was called Akilam one and the part read on day two was called Akilam two, and so on. Since it was read for seventeen days it was scheduled up to Akilam seventeen.

title: Thiru Edu-Vasippu


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MTTB Games

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 06:39, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

MTTB Games
Vanity. --W(t) 22:25, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity/ad. --Xcali 19:58, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity/ad. carmeld1 01:10, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Arlene

Arlene may refer to:

 * Arleen, a feminine name, also spelled Arlene
 * "Arlene" (song), the 1985 debut single by American country music artist Marty Stuart
 * Arlene, a Beanie Baby cat produced by Ty, Inc.
 * List of storms named Arlene, the name of several tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean
 * Arlene, a cat character in the Garfield cartoon series.
 * Arlene, Michigan, unincorporated community

title: Arlene


text:
Lions (album)

Lions is the sixth studio album by American rock band The Black Crowes. It was released in 2001 as their first album on V2 Records following their departure from Columbia, and is their only studio album to feature guitarist Audley Freed. Lions was recorded in New York City in January and February of that year, and was produced by Don Was. Bass guitar duties were shared by Rich Robinson and Was, as Greg Rzab had left the band and was not replaced until the tour that followed the release of the album.

The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at its peak position of 20, selling more than 53,000 copies in its first week. Lions received mixed reviews; although the overall sound of the album generally garnered praise, a frequent complaint was the lack of "memorable" songs. The critics who rated Lions lowest considered it a poor imitation of the band's influences, such as Led Zeppelin.

The band supported Lions with two North American tours (one with Oasis co-headlining), and a short tour of Europe and Japan in between. Soundboard recordings of several concerts were available for download to those who owned the album. Following the tour, the band went on hiatus until 2005.

Background
The Black Crowes began writing songs for the follow-up to their 1999 album By Your Side as free agents, having left Columbia Records through a loophole in their contract. The decision to leave was driven by Columbia's promotion of By Your Side. According to band member Rich Robinson, "That record was destined to fail because ... [Columbia executives] just said, 'It's not going to do well ... It's no use wasting time or money.' " The band also was frustrated by the label's request for albums sounding similar to their first, 1990's Shake Your Money Maker.

In late 1999, lead vocalist Chris Robinson began a relationship with Kate Hudson, which would influence subtly the lyrics on Lions. The pair met at a Friday night party in Manhattan, which led to a Saturday stroll through Central Park and a Sunday move-in. Their wedding at the Aspen, Colorado, ranch of Kurt Russell and Kate's mother, Goldie Hawn, followed on December 31, 2000.

Before the 2000 tour with Jimmy Page, bassist Sven Pipien was fired after arriving late for a performance and missing the return flight. Rich said it was not enough to warrant termination, but Pipien's defensiveness when confronted about the incident was too much to handle. Greg Rzab and Andy Hess were considered as replacements; the band chose Rzab because he had more touring experience than Hess. Rzab, however, departed before the recording of Lions.

In mid-2000, the band signed with Richard Branson's V2 Records. Rich explained, "The cool thing about V2, the reason that we chose them, is that they told us, 'You guys go make the record you want to make. Then give it to us and we'll sell it.' That's what we needed to hear." The freedom V2 afforded through its hands-off approach influenced not only the music, but the album title as well. According to Chris, "Lions is a symbol that stands for the fierce feeling and freedom that music allows you."

Writing and production
Chris Robinson granted that the experience of playing Led Zeppelin songs with Jimmy Page influenced Lions, but not on a song-by-song basis. "Led Zeppelin's music is very dramatic and very dynamic. That's something we've attempted to do with our style also. I think it definitely affected how we make our music." Funk and R&B were bigger influences than on past albums, and "Miracle to Me" was influenced by Nick Drake.

Chris claimed Kate Hudson's influence on his lyrics was subtle: "More so than a literal reference to her, it's the vantage point from where I'm writing. It's the reasons that I'm singing and it's the feeling.  That is an influence far greater than the literal influence." He did grant, however, that "Soul Singing" and "Miracle to Me" were written with Hudson in mind, and explained that the album's track order roughly follows a path from confusion to clarity that mirrored his own. Producer Don Was said of Chris, "I realized he was taking on something that was significant. He was writing about becoming a man ... There's a lot of old man/young man symbolism that's a self-conversation ...  I don't know that anyone has actually chronicled being 33 [years old] as well as this album."

Heated discussions during the writing of Lions were rare, owing to the Robinson brothers' usual method in which Rich writes the music and Chris writes the lyrics. "Soul Singing" was the only song to cause disagreement; "I'd written this part where although the vocals changed the music stayed the same throughout. I thought we should add something or just not finish it, but Chris thought it was already a song, and a good one.  So we talked about that one for a while", Rich recalled.

The Black Crowes had previously sent Was demos to interest him in producing By Your Side, but Was believed the demos were good enough to be the album. Columbia Records disagreed with Was' assessment, however, leading to Kevin Shirley's hiring. With complete artistic control under V2 Records, the band was free to hire Was for Lions. Recording took place in January and February 2001 at Montana Rehearsal Studios and Theater 99 Recording in New York City. The recording sessions progressed as smoothly as the writing; only "Come On" caused conflict between the band and Was. Rich acknowledged, "We must have recorded 'Come On' about five times in different ways ... Then [Was] just took it away with him and came back with this different mix", which impressed the band, leading to its inclusion on the album. The band ultimately was satisfied by the recording experience, finding that Was was devoted to helping realize their vision for the album rather than imposing his own.

The sessions were recorded on tape and Pro-Tools simultaneously; the band ultimately chose to use the tape version, as they preferred its sound quality. Most songs were recorded live with the band members playing together in one room, and microphones set up to capture the overall sound rather than that of individual instruments. Was felt this approach best approximated the feel of a Black Crowes concert, later noting that the Lions songs debuted at a private show in February 2001 "sounded exactly like the record." Most of the recordings that comprise the album were recorded during preproduction, the purpose of which was to test arrangements. "[W]e didn't think we were recording the record. And it turned out to be great" said Rich. Audley Freed played guitar on only three tracks because Rich did not want "the meat of the song, which is the riff", to get lost in a "wall of sound". Though Rich brought his entire collection of guitars and a number of amplifiers, he mostly recorded with a 1954 Fender Esquire through a Harry Joyce amp. To achieve a resonator-like tone on "Soul Singing", he used a James Trussart metal-bodied electric. The distinctive guitar riff on "Lickin'" was achieved by Rich using the pickup selector on a Les Paul as a kill switch - by turning down the volume on the neck pickup and then switching between the bridge and neck pickups he was able to achieve a staccato effect when playing the riff with just his fretting hand. Since Andy Hess did not join The Black Crowes until the above private show, the band did not have a bassist during the recording sessions; Rich thus played bass on most tracks. On "Lay It All on Me", however, Rich played piano, leaving the bass guitar duties to Don Was.

A total of 20 songs were recorded during the Lions sessions. Of the seven cut from the album, four were mixed and mastered for potential release; three ("Last Time Again," "Love Is Now" and "Sleepyheads") appeared as B-sides, and the other ("The Pretty Gurl Song") circulates on a bootleg recording.

Promotion and release
Soon after the Lions sessions, V2 Records threw a "completion party" at The Bank in New York City, at which The Black Crowes performed four songs from the new album, five songs from their catalog and a cover of Fleetwood Mac's "Oh Well". The band then played scattered dates in the U.S. and UK, including an appearance on Later... with Jools Holland, ahead of Lions' release. During this sequence of concerts, every song from the album was performed except "Losing My Mind" and "Ozone Mama"; the remaining two would be played on the album-supporting tour.

Lions was released on May 7, 2001, in the UK and a day later in the U.S.; it subsequently debuted at its peak position of number 20 on the Billboard 200 chart, and sold over 53,000 copies in its first week. As of January 2002, the album had sold 192,000 copies in the U.S.

Around the album's release, band members made numerous promotional appearances. Chris Robinson guested on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart the day before the album was released in the U.S., and Chris and Steve Gorman appeared on The Howard Stern Show the following day. The band performed "Soul Singing" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on May 10, and was inducted into Hollywood's RockWalk four days later. A second late night television performance of "Soul Singing" took place on June 6, this time on the Late Show with David Letterman.

"Lickin'" was the first single from the album; it peaked at number 9 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks on May 19. The song's promotional video was a compilation of various takes of a static, low-angle shot of the band performing the song on a tiny stage. Second single "Soul Singing" peaked at number 12 on the same chart on August 18; its promotional video featured the band playing in a grassy field as the sun rises in the sky. A third single, "Miracle to Me", was canceled, but not before a promotional video was shot of the band ostensibly recording the song in a studio. Videos also were filmed for "Come On", "Greasy Grass River" and "Cypress Tree". Despite not playing on the album, Andy Hess appears in some of these videos, all of which are available as streaming media on the band's official website.

Critical reception
Media reviews of Lions were mixed. Numerous writers detected a Led Zeppelin influence (which was praised by some,  but panned by others) and attributed it to The Black Crowes' recent tour with Jimmy Page. Dave McKenna, writing for The Washington Post, compared Steve Gorman's drumming to that of John Bonham and found analogs to specific guitar and keyboard tones in Led Zeppelin albums. Nigel Williamson of The Times found similarities in Chris Robinson's voice on "Come On" to that of Robert Plant, and wrote that the song "could almost be a Led Zeppelin II cast off." Other reviewers noted similarities to Aerosmith; Howard Cohen of The Miami Herald called "Lickin'" "the best Aerosmith single that band hasn't recorded in years." The perceived lack of originality, though, turned off some critics. The Herald Sun's Andrew McUtchen inferred "The Black Crowes are unaware it's no longer the '70s and after one listen to Lions ... it's clear someone should tell them." Everett True of Playlouder concurred, writing "It's blindingly obvious the Crowes are imitators, and always will be", though Elysa Gardner, writing for USA Today, recognized the band "exhibit an energy and dexterity that compensate—at least somewhat—for their lack of invention."

Many reviewers praised the sound of Lions but felt the songs were weak. Writing for dotmusic, John Mulvey highlighted the "gutsy, no-messing sound", but appreciated "Cosmic Friend" for being "as impressively mad as you'd hope, too, beginning like Beatles psychedelia, taking in massive Brazilian drumming and a touch of pedal steel, before coalescing into furious heavy rock." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Lions as a "powerful, textured hard rock record that covers a lot of ground, surging from powerful riffs to gospel choruses and funkier-than-expected riffs", though he also complained that "the songs can seem incomplete." Critics disagreed on which songs were lacking, though. "Losing My Mind" and "Young Man, Old Man" were called "highlights" by Jane Stevenson of the Toronto Sun, though elsewhere the former was called "woeful" and the latter a "'Freddie's Dead' vamp" that should have been skipped.

The lyrics of Lions were another target for the critics. Mark Beaumont of NME stated that the eloquence ends at the "Come awn come awn!/Everyone!" chorus of "Come On", and Stephen Thompson of The A.V. Club bemoaned that "hoary tropes abound".

Concert tours
Shortly after the release of Lions, The Black Crowes and Oasis, with opening band Spacehog, embarked on a co-headlining tour of North American theaters and amphitheaters. The Black Crowes had previously met Liam and Noel Gallagher and hit it off; "... so we called them and asked them if they were interested [in touring together]. And so they were like, 'Yeah, we'd love to!'" said Rich. The Black Crowes performed last each night, and their seventy-five-minute set always included numerous songs from Lions. Members of Oasis typically would join them for an encore cover such as "Lucifer Sam", "Can't You Hear Me Knocking" or "Road Runner".

The Black Crowes followed the tour with one-off dates and festivals across Europe and Japan, including shows opening for Neil Young. Most of these shows, as well as most of the dates with Oasis, were made available by V2 Records as soundboard recordings. With Lions loaded in a CD-ROM drive, one could stream each show, as well as download one live track per week and one show in its entirety.

Following a month-long break, the group returned to the road in late August for their Listen Massive Tour, with Beachwood Sparks as the opening band. The tour was billed as a return to two-hour shows featuring a rotating set list. The September 11 show at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles was canceled, but the band performed the next evening in Tucson, Arizona, as scheduled. All profits and merchandise sales from the following week's three shows at the Beacon Theatre in New York City were donated to the New York State World Trade Center Relief Fund and the New York City Public/Private Initiative. While in New York City, Chris and Rich performed "By Your Side" on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. The Listen Massive Tour concluded with a 140-minute show at the Orpheum Theatre in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 31. This would be Andy Hess and Audley Freed's last show as band members, as The Black Crowes went on hiatus shortly thereafter.

Track listing
All songs written by Rich and Chris Robinson.

 * 1) "Midnight from the Inside Out" – 4:21
 * 2) "Lickin'" – 3:42
 * 3) "Come On" – 2:58
 * 4) "No Use Lying" – 4:57
 * 5) "Losing My Mind" – 4:26
 * 6) "Ozone Mama" – 3:54
 * 7) "Greasy Grass River" – 3:20
 * 8) "Soul Singing" – 3:54
 * 9) "Miracle to Me" – 4:42
 * 10) "Young Man, Old Man" – 4:14
 * 11) "Cosmic Friend" – 5:23
 * 12) "Cypress Tree" – 3:41
 * 13) "Lay It All on Me" – 5:29

 * Japanese version
 * 1) "Love Is Now" – 4:22

Personnel

 * The Black Crowes
 * Chris Robinson – vocals, harmonica
 * Rich Robinson – guitar, bass guitar, piano on "Lay It All on Me", vocals
 * Steve Gorman – drums, percussion
 * Ed Harsch – keyboards
 * Audley Freed – guitar (on "Ozone Mama", "Greasy Grass River", & the outro of "Young Man, Old Man" only)

 * Additional musicians
 * Don Was – bass guitar on "Come On" and "Lay It All on Me"
 * Teese Gohl – string arrangement
 * Craig Ross – lead guitar on "Greasy Grass River"
 * Maxine Waters, Oren Waters, Rose Stone and Julie Waters – background vocals on "Soul Singing"

 * Production
 * Don Was – producer
 * Pete Angelus – personal manager
 * Amy Finkle – management
 * Chris Ribando – recording (Montana Rehearsal Studio and Theater 99)

 * Ray Martin – recording (Theater 99)
 * Raeann Zschokke – recording assistant
 * The Sickamore Avenue High School Mixing Squad – mixing (The Record Plant and Electric Lady Studios)
 * Don Was
 * Chris Ribando
 * Adam Olmstead
 * Steve Mandel – mixing assistant
 * Chris Lord-Alge – mixing ("Come On", "Losing My Mind" and "Soul Singing")
 * Derek Phelps – guitar tech
 * John "Noodles" Weber – drum tech
 * Jane Oppenheimer – minister of information
 * Jennifer Gunderson – production coordinator
 * Ron Kimball Studios – cover photograph
 * Zoren Gold – photography
 * Minori – retouching
 * V2 Image Control – art direction

title: Lions (album)


text:
User talk:Bahamut157

Image:Locke Arrakon Portrait.PNG listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Locke Arrakon Portrait.PNG, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in its not being deleted. Thank you. —MetsBot 19:22, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bahamut157


text:
Talk:ISO 9000

Quality Objectives
Just a note to editors of this article that consensus formed for Quality Objectives to be marged into this article. Thanks, —░] PaleoNeonate █ ⏎ ? ERROR ░ 04:14, 24 April 2017 (UTC) Resolved: Was merged by, thanks! —░] PaleoNeonate █ ⏎ ? ERROR ░ 07:08, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

This article fails to make a distinction between ISO 9000 and the ISO 9000 family. The two are not the same. The title suggests it pertains to ISO 9000, but the introduction describes the ISO 9000 family. ISO 9000 is only one standard in the 9000 family which deals with the fundamentals and definitions. Thus, the title of the article needs to be changed to ISO 9000 Family, or the article needs to be limited to only ISO 9000.

Additionally, the ISO 9000 family now includes only 4, not 5, standards. ISO 9003 is now obsolete, and ISO 19011 was added. Currently, the 4 standards that make up the 9000 series are:

ISO 9000:2015: Quality Management Systems - Fundamentals and Vocabulary

ISO 9001:2015: Quality Management Systems - Requirements

ISO 9004:2018: Quality Management - Quality of an Organization - Guidance to Achieve Sustained Success

ISO 19011:2018: Guidelines for Auditing Management Systems

These four standards are listed and described in an ISO publication found at: https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/store/en/PUB100208.pdf, as well as on the AQS website. ISO 9002 is still current, but it was not identified as part of the family. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.96.149.219 (talk) 21:13, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Background Citation?
In the background is this quote:

> and the U.K's "Def Stan 05-21 and 05-24. Large organizations which supplied government procurement agencies often had to comply with a variety of quality assurance requirements for each contract awarded which led the defence industry to adopt mutual recognition of NATO AQAP, MIL-Q and Def Stan standards. Eventually, ISO 9000 was adopted as a suitable option, instead of forcing contractors to adopt multiple - and often similar - requirements.

The double-quotes are missing from the end, so it's unclear where the citation ends. For the same reason, I can't fix it. In addition, both this and the previous citation don't cite their sources. 67.200.201.137 (talk) 19:34, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

 * When searching google for the first sentence, all I find are copies of this article. If we can't find a source for the claims we may need to simply remove them.  — Paleo  Neonate  – 18:39, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Talk Page
Easy to Use and For another reason Oneappleone (talk) 13:22, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

Criticisms of ISO 9001 certification
This section fails to adopt a neutral tone and appears to be openly written as a rebuttal to criticisms. The most egregious example of this being the start of the paragraph "Incorrectly, John Seddon, states without reason that ISO 9001 promotes...". The references given in this paragraph are to the original criticisms, the rebuttals remain unsourced and apparently written by the editor.

I'm tagging this section with an unbalanced warning, apologies if that makes it a drive-by tagging, please undo if so. Neil Monteiro (talk) 21:40, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:ISO 9000


text:
Don Helms

Donald Hugh Helms (February 28, 1927 – August 11, 2008) was a steel guitarist best known as the steel guitar player of Hank Williams's Drifting Cowboys group. He was a member of the Steel Guitar Hall of Fame (1984).

Biography
Helms was a featured musician on a vast number of Hank Williams recordings and provided the high, piercing signature steel guitar sound on more than 100 of Hank's songs and on 10 of his 11 number-one country hits.

Bill Lloyd, the curator of stringed instruments at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, said of Helms: “After the great tunes and Hank’s mournful voice, the next thing you think about in those songs is the steel guitar. It is the quintessential honky-tonk steel sound — tuneful, aggressive, full of attitude.” Lloyd also credits Helms's sound as a major influence in shifting the sound of country music away from the hillbilly string-band sound popular in the 1930s and toward the more modern electric style that became prominent in the 1940s.

Helms played a double-neck 1948 Gibson Console Grande steel guitar, which lacked the foot pedals found on a more modern pedal steel guitar, which did not come into prominence in country music until after Hank Williams's death in 1953. He tuned the outside neck to A C# E G# B C# E G# (low to high), which he called E6, and the inside neck to F# A B D# F# A C# E, which he called B13. Almost all of Don's classic leads were done on the E6 neck. He used the B13 neck for fills.

After Williams's death, Helms went on to play on many classic country hits, including Patsy Cline's "Walkin' After Midnight," Stonewall Jackson's "Waterloo," the Louvin Brothers' "Cash on the Barrelhead," Lefty Frizzell's "Long Black Veil" and Loretta Lynn's "Blue Kentucky Girl."

Donald Hugh Helms was born in New Brockton, Alabama, and performed with many country music artists throughout the years including playing steel guitar on Lefty Frizzell's recording of "Long Black Veil". In the late 1950s Don played on several early Johnny Cash recordings on Columbia Records, The Fabulous Johnny Cash, Now, There Was a Song! and Hymns by Johnny Cash. During the mid-1960s Helms played in the Wilburn Brothers backup band, The Nashville Tennesseans. He later played behind Hank Williams's daughter Jett Williams.

Helms also played for Hank Williams Jr. and wrote "The Ballad of Hank Williams" which he performed with Hank Jr. on The Pressure Is On LP released in 1981. In the song, Don jokingly refers to being fired by both Hank Sr. and Hank Jr. He also performed with Jett Williams, Hank Sr.'s daughter, and with David Church, a Hank Williams tribute artist.

His last four known sessions were (in order) with Mark David and The Nightly Lights on November 15, 2007, Joey Allcorn's album All Alone Again in early 2008 followed by sessions with Teresa Street and then what is believed to be his final ever session with Vince Gill recording unfinished Hank Williams Sr. tracks.

Death
Helms died on August 11, 2008, in Nashville, Tennessee, from complications of heart surgery and diabetes.

title: Don Helms