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Americanist phonetic notation

Americanist phonetic notation, also known as the North American Phonetic Alphabet (NAPA), the Americanist Phonetic Alphabet or the American Phonetic Alphabet (APA), is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists (many of whom were students of Neogrammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of indigenous languages of the Americas and for languages of Europe. It is still commonly used by linguists working on, among others, Slavic, Uralic, Semitic languages and for the languages of the Caucasus, of India, and of much of Africa; however, Uralists commonly use a variant known as the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.

Despite its name, NAPA has always been widely used outside the Americas. For example, a version of it is the standard for the transcription of Arabic in articles published in the Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, the journal of the German Oriental Society.

Diacritics are more widely used in Americanist notation than in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which seeks to use as few diacritics as possible for phonemic distinctions, retaining them only for the dental–alveolar distinction. Americanist notation relies on diacritics to distinguish many other distinctions that are phonemic in the languages it transcribes. On the other hand, Americanist notation uses single letters for most coronal affricates, whereas the IPA requires digraphs. Otherwise Americanist notation has grown increasingly similar to IPA, and has abandoned many of the more obscure letters it once employed.

Summary contrast with the IPA alphabet
Certain symbols in NAPA were once identical to those of the International Phonetic Alphabet, but have become obsolete in the latter, such as ⟨ι⟩. Over the years, NAPA has drawn closer to the IPA. This can be seen, for example, in a comparison of Edward Sapir's earlier and later works. However, there remain significant differences. Among these are:

 * $⟨y⟩$ for, $⟨ñ⟩$ for , $⟨c⟩$ or $⟨¢⟩$ for , $⟨ƛ⟩$ for and $⟨ł⟩$ for
 * Palato-alveolar $⟨č ǰ š ž⟩$ and sometimes alveopalatal $⟨ć ś ź ń⟩$
 * Advancing diacritic (inverted breve) for dentals and palatals (apart from non-sibilant dental $⟨θ ð⟩$), and retracting diacritic (a dot) for retroflex and uvulars (apart from uvular $⟨q⟩$)
 * $⟨r⟩$ or $⟨ř⟩$ for a flap and $⟨r̃⟩$ for a trill
 * Ogonek for nasalization
 * Dot over vowel for centering, two dots (diaeresis) over a vowel to change fronting (for front rounded vowels and unrounded back vowels)
 * Acute and grave accents over vowels for stress

History
John Wesley Powell used an early set of phonetic symbols in his publications (particularly Powell 1880) on American language families, although he chose symbols which had their origins in work by other phoneticians and American writers (e.g., Pickering 1820; Cass 1821a, 1821b; Hale 1846; Lepsius 1855, 1863; Gibbs 1861; and Powell 1877). The influential anthropologist Franz Boas used a somewhat different set of symbols (Boas 1911). In 1916, a publication by the American Anthropological Society greatly expanded upon Boas's alphabet. This same alphabet was discussed and modified in articles by Bloomfield & Bolling (1927) and Herzog et al. (1934). The Americanist notation may be seen in the journals American Anthropologist, International Journal of American Linguistics, and Language. Useful sources explaining the symbols – some with comparisons of the alphabets used at different times – are Campbell (1997:xii-xiii), Goddard (1996:10–16), Langacker (1972:xiii-vi), Mithun (1999:xiii-xv), and Odden (2005).

It is often useful to compare the Americanist tradition with another widespread tradition, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Americanist phonetic notation does not require a strict harmony among character styles: letters from the Greek and Latin alphabets are used side-by-side. Another contrasting feature is that, to represent some of the same sounds, the Americanist tradition relies heavily on letters modified with diacritics; whereas the IPA, which reserves diacritics for other specific uses, gave Greek and Latin letters new shapes. These differing approaches reflect the traditions' differing philosophies. The Americanist linguists were interested in a phonetic notation that could be easily created from typefaces of existing orthographies. This was seen as more practical and more cost-efficient, as many of the characters chosen already existed in Greek and East European orthographies.

Abercrombie (1991:44–45) recounts the following concerning the Americanist tradition: "In America phonetic notation has had a curious history. Bloomfield used IPA notation in his early book An Introduction to the Study of Language, 1914, and in the English edition of his more famous Language, 1935. But since then, a strange hostility has been shown by many American linguists to IPA notation, especially to certain of its symbols.

An interesting and significant story was once told by Carl Voegelin during a symposium held in New York in 1952 on the present state of anthropology. He told how, at the beginning of the 1930s, he was being taught phonetics by, as he put it, a "pleasant Dane", who made him use the IPA symbol for sh in ship, among others. Some while later he used those symbols in some work on an American Indian language he had done for Sapir. When Sapir saw the work he "simply blew up", Voegelin said, and demanded that in future Voegelin should use 's wedge' (as š was called), instead of the IPA symbol.

I have no doubt that the "pleasant Dane" was H. J. Uldall, one of Jones's most brilliant students, who was later to become one of the founders of glossematics, with Louis Hjelmslev. Uldall did a great deal of research into Californian languages, especially into Maidu or Nisenan. Most of the texts he collected were not published during his lifetime. It is ironic that when they were published, posthumously, by the University of California Press, the texts were "reorthographized", as the editor's introduction put it: the IPA symbols Uldall had used were removed and replaced by others.

What is strange is that the IPA symbols seem so obviously preferable to the Americanist alternatives, the 'long s' to the 's wedge', for example. As Jones often pointed out, in connected texts, for the sake of legibility diacritics should be avoided as far as possible. Many Americanist texts give the impression of being overloaded with diacritics.

One may wonder why there should be such a hostility in America to IPA notation. I venture to suggest a reason for this apparently irrational attitude. The hostility derives ultimately from the existence, in most American universities, of Speech Departments, which we do not have in Britain. Speech Departments tend to be well-endowed, large, and powerful. In linguistic and phonetic matters they have a reputation for being predominantly prescriptive, and tend to be considered by some therefore to be not very scholarly. In their publications and periodicals the notation they use, when writing of pronunciation, is that of the IPA. My belief is that the last thing a member of an American Linguistics Department wants is to be mistaken for a member of a Speech Department; but if he were to use IPA notation in his writings he would certainly lay himself open to the suspicion that he was."

Consonants
There is no central authority. The Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation (WIELD) has recommended the following conventions since 2016: Note however that WIELD is designed specifically for Native American languages, whereas NAPA, despite its name, is widely used elsewhere, e.g. in Africa.

Advanced is ⟨C̯⟩ and retracted is ⟨C̣⟩. Geminate is ⟨C꞉⟩ or ⟨CC⟩. Glottalization is e.g. ⟨č̓⟩ or ⟨m̓⟩ (ejectives are not distinguished from other types of glottalization). Palatalization is written ⟨Cʸ⟩. Labialization, velarization, aspiration, voicelessness and prenasalization are as in the IPA. Pharyngeals, epiglottals and glottals are as in the IPA, as are implosives and clicks.

Differences from the IPA fall into a few broad categories: use of diacritics to derive the other coronal and dorsal articulations from the alveolar and velar, respectively; use of c j λ ƛ for affricates; y for its consonantal value, and r for a tap rather than a trill.

Notes:
 * Among the dental fricatives, $⟨θ ð⟩$ are slit fricatives (non-sibilant) while $⟨s̯ z̯⟩$ are sulcalized (sibilant).

Rhotics table
About 90% of languages only have one phonemic rhotic consonant. As a result, rhotic consonants are generally transcribed with the $\langler\rangle$ character. This usage is common practice in Americanist and also other notational traditions (such as the IPA). This lack of detail, although economical and phonologically sound, requires a more careful reading of a given language's phonological description to determine the precise phonetics. A list of rhotics is given below.

Other flaps are $\langleň\rangle$, $\langleľ\rangle$, etc.

Common alternate symbols
There are many alternate symbols seen in Americanist transcription. Below are some equivalent symbols matched with the symbols shown in the consonant chart above.

 * $\langle¢\rangle$ may be used for $\langlec\rangle$.
 * $\langleč̣\rangle$ may be used for $\langlec̣\rangle$.
 * $\langlej\rangle$ may be used for $\langleʒ\rangle$.
 * $\langleǰ\rangle$ may be used for $\langleǯ\rangle$.
 * $\langleƚ\rangle$ may be used for $\langleł\rangle$.
 * $\langleɸ\rangle$ may be used for $\langleφ\rangle$.
 * $\langleG\rangle$ may be used for $\langleġ\rangle$.
 * $\langleX\rangle$ may be used for $\langlex̣\rangle$.
 * ʸ may be used for fronted velars (e.g., kʸ = k̯, gʸ = g̑).
 * Some transcriptions superscript the onset of doubly articulated consonants and the release of fricatives, e.g. $\langleᵍɓ\rangle$, $⟨t̓ᶿ⟩$.
 * There may be a distinction between laminal retroflex $⟨č̣ ṣ̌ ẓ̌⟩$ and apical retroflex $⟨c̣ ṣ ẓ⟩$ in some transcriptions.
 * The fronting diacritic may be a caret rather than an inverted breve, e.g. dental $\langleṱ\rangle$ and palatal $\langlek̭\rangle$.
 * Many researchers use the x-caron (x̌) for the voiceless uvular fricative.
 * The use of the standard IPA belted l (ɬ) for the voiceless lateral fricative is becoming increasingly common.

Pullum & Ladusaw
According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), typical Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows. There was, however, little standardization of rhotics, and $\langleṛ\rangle$ may be either retroflex or uvular, though as noted above $\langleṛ\rangle$ or $\langleṛ̌\rangle$ may be a retroflex flap vs $\langleṛ̃\rangle$ as a uvular trill. Apart from the ambiguity of the rhotics below, and minor graphic variants (ȼ g γ for c ɡ ɣ and the placement of the diacritic in g̑ γ̑), this is compatible with the WIELD recommendations. Only precomposed affricates are shown below; others may be indicated by digraphs (e.g. $⟨dz⟩$).

Ejectives and implosives follow the same conventions as in the IPA, apart from the ejective apostrophe being placed above the base letter.

Pike
Pike (1947) provides the following set of symbols:

Voiceless, voiced and syllabic consonants may also be C̥, C̬ and C̩, as in IPA. Aspirated consonants are C or C̥ʰ / C̬ʱ. Non-audible release is indicated with superscripting, Vꟲ.

Fortis is C͈ and lenis C᷂. Labialization is C̮ or Cʷ; palatalization is Ꞔ, C⁽ⁱ⁾ or Cʸ; velarization is C⁽ᵘ⁾, and pharyngealization is C̴.

Other airstream mechanisms are pulmonic ingressive C←, ejective Cˀ, implosive Cˁ, click C˂, and lingual ejective (spurt) C˃.

Vowels
WIELD recommends the following conventions. It doesn't provide characters for distinctions that aren't attested in the literature:

No distinction is made between front and central for the lowest unrounded vowels. Diphthongs are e.g. ⟨ai⟩ or ⟨ay⟩, depending on phonological analysis. Nasal vowels are e.g. ⟨ą⟩. Long vowels are e.g. ⟨a꞉⟩. A three-way length distinction may be ⟨a a꞉ a꞉꞉⟩ or ⟨a aꞏ a꞉⟩. Primary and secondary stress are e.g. ⟨á⟩ and ⟨à⟩. Voicelessness is e.g. ⟨ḁ⟩, as in the IPA. Creak, murmur, rhoticity et al. are as in the IPA.

Pullum & Ladusaw
According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), typical Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows:

Pike
Pike (1947) presents the following:

Nasalization is V̨ or Vⁿ. A long vowel is V꞉ or Vꞏ; half-long is V‧ (raised dot). Positional variants are fronted V˂, backed V˃, raised V˄ and lowered V˅.

Bloch & Trager
Bloch & Trager (1942) proposed the following schema, which was never used. They use a single dot for central vowels and a dieresis to reverse backness. The only central vowels with their own letters are $\langleɨ\rangle$, which already has a dot, and $\langleᵻ\rangle$, which would not be distinct if formed with a dot.

Kurath
Kurath (1939) is as follows. Enclosed in parentheses are rounded vowels. Apart from ⟨ʚ, ꭤ⟩ and some differences in alignment, it is essentially the IPA.

Chomsky & Halle
Chomsky & Halle (1968) proposed the following schema, which was hardly ever used. In addition to the table, there was $\langleə\rangle$ for an unstressed reduced vowel.

Tone and prosody
Pike (1947) provides the following tone marks:

 * High: V́ or V¹
 * Mid: V̍ or V²
 * Norm: V̄ or V³
 * Low: V̀ or V⁴

Stress is primary ˈCV or V́ and secondary ˌCV or V̀.

Short or intermediate and long or final 'pauses' are |, ||, as in IPA.

Syllable division is CV.CV, as in IPA, and morpheme boundaries are CV-CV.

Historical charts of 1916
The following charts were agreed by committee of the American Anthropological Association in 1916.

The vowel chart is based on the classification of H. Sweet. The high central vowels are differentiated by moving the centralizing dot to the left rather than with a cross stroke. IPA equivalents are given in a few cases that may not be clear.

Notes:
 * surd = voiceless; sonant = voiced; intermed. = partially voiced
 * In the glottalized stop column, the phonetic symbol appearing on the left side (which is a consonant plus an overhead single quotation mark) represents a weakly glottalized stop (i.e. weakly ejective). The symbol on the right side is strongly glottalized (i.e. it is articulated very forcefully). Example: = weakly glottalized,  = strongly glottalized. (Cf.  = [k] followed by glottal stop.) This convention is only shown for the glottalized stops, but may be used for any of the glottalized consonants.
 * "Laryngeal" refers to either pharyngeal or epiglottal.

Anthropos (1907)
The journal Anthropos published the alphabet to be used in their articles in 1907. It is the same basic system that Sapir and Boas introduced to the United States. Transcription is italic, without other delimiters.

Variation between authors
Following are symbols that differ among well-known Americanist sources.

Encoding
The IETF language tags register fonnapa as a subtag for text in this notation.

title: Americanist phonetic notation


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Kritzman

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted by Gwalla ( content was: 'The coolest kid in the whole fucking world. Man, this kid is so cool, he has an article on this website about him. Fuck man, this kid rocks.' ) --cesarb 01:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Adam Kritzman
What a bad ass.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iwno

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. It is still untranslated after almost a month now. Rossami (talk) 23:10, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Iwno
Article in Polish which has been on Pages needing translation for more than 14 days. Physchim62 20:29, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Transfer from Pages needing translation into English:
 * According to xrce, it's Polish. — flamingspinach | (talk) 22:48, 2005 May 26 (UTC)
 * Moved to the right section. Cchan199206 16:42, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Gak! So sorry! T.T — flamingspinach | (talk) 22:25, 2005 May 27 (UTC)

 * Delete non encyclopedic. JamesBurns 03:04, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iwno


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Indian Councils Act 1909

The Indian Councils Act 1909 (9 Edw. 7. c. 4), commonly known as the Morley–Minto or Minto–Morley Reforms, was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of British India. Named after Viceroy Lord Minto and Secretary of State John Morley, the act introduced elections to legislative councils and admitted Indians to councils of the Secretary of State for India, the viceroy, and to the executive councils of Bombay and Madras states. Muslims were granted separate electorates according to the demands of the Muslim League.

Background

In 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, gathering a small group of colonial India's educated elite. One of their main grievances was the difficulty Indians faced when trying to enter the civil service and administrative roles. Queen Victoria had promised racial equality in the selection of civil servants for the government of India in the Government of India Act of 1858, but in practice Indians remained largely outside spheres of power. Examinations for the services were exclusively held in Great Britain and were open only to male applicants between the ages of 17 and 22 (this was later changed to a range of 17 to 19 in 1878). British administrators' reluctance to accept Indians into the civil service only further closed administrative positions to Indians.

In the face of growing Indian demands, the Indian Councils Act of 1892 introduced several reforms to the legislative councils in British India; it expanded the number of members in the central and provincial councils, and permitted universities and other bodies in India to recommend and elect representatives. However, the government continued to approve many bills despite strong Indian opposition; additionally, it did not give members control over the budget, as they were only allowed to debate it, not vote on it. Unhappy with such minor concessions, many Indian National Congress members blamed the lack of progress on the Congress's moderate strategy and agitated for a more assertive strategy against the British.

After the Liberal Party's victory in the 1906 general election, liberal philosopher John Morley became the Secretary of State for India; Morley strove to implement the equality of opportunity promised in 1892, but also wished to 'rally the moderates' against a rising wave of radical nationalists and political terrorism. In May and June 1906, Morley and the moderate Congress leader Gokhale discussed the Congress's demands for reforming the Secretary of State's Council, the executive councils of the viceroy and governors, and the legislative councils. On July 1906, during a speech on the Indian Budget in the House of Commons, Morley announced that he would consider proposals on reform. This spurred leaders of the Muslim League to send the Simla Deputation to advocate for Muslim interests.

Advocation of separate Muslim electorates
On 1 October 1906 Minto received the deputation from the newly founded Muslim League, which comprised numerous Muslims from all Indian provinces except for the Northwest Frontier. The Muslim League was founded to prevent the rise of an emergence of a Hindu dominated political system, and made a number of demands to Minto. They argued that the special interests of Muslims must be maintained, and pushed for the separate election of Muslims to the provincial councils and requiring the election of a sufficient number of Muslims to the Imperial Legislative Council to avoid reducing Muslims to an insignificant minority Minto encouraged the foundation of the League as a rival organization to the Indian National Congress, and promised to the deputation that they would give consideration to Muslim demands.

Like the Muslim League, British administrators also sought to prevent the rise of an Indian majority in the legislature, and persuaded Minto of the danger of Muslim discontent to British rule and that the League's demands were representative of most Indian Muslims' wishes.

Morley expressed a desire for reconciliation between territorial representation and Muslim demands, but with the support of Herbert Risley, the Home Secretary, separate Muslim electorates were successfully implemented in the final plan. This sympathy to the Muslim League led to the false suspicion that the 1906 deputation had been invited by the viceroy, rather than simply received.

Morley–Minto Reforms
The Act itself conferred some political reforms. Both central and provincial legislative councils were increased in size and had their memberships expanded. Local bodies would elect an electoral college, which in turn would elect the members of provincial legislatures, who in turn would elect members of the central legislature. Under the Act, Muslim members were to be elected by only Muslim voters, dividing the electorate.

Previously, provincial councils had a majority of their members appointed from civil service officials, referred to as an "Official Majority"; with the passage of the act, this system was lifted. However, an official majority was retained on the Central Legislative Council.

The elected Indians were allowed to table resolutions, debate budgetary matters, and ask supplementary questions, which they were previously prevented from doing so. Nevertheless, they were not permitted to discuss foreign policy or relations with the princely states were. The British executive also retained an absolute veto over all legislation.

Reaction and legacy
After the passage of the Act, Morley appointed two Indian members to his council Whitehall, and also persuaded the viceroy Lord Minto to appoint the first Indian member to the viceroy's Executive Council, Satyendra P. Sinha. Though the Act did increase Indian participation in the legislative councils, the Act did nothing to address the Indian National Congress's demands for colonial self-government. The introduction of separate electorates for Muslims was viewed by the Congress as an imperial attempt at control through an elective policy of divide-and-rule.

The First World War substantially changed Indian expectations for representation, with India providing substantial support for the British war effort in men, material, and money. India's sacrifice led to stronger demands, which would result in Indian Secretary Edwin Montagu announcing further constitutional reforms towards responsible government in 1917, eventually leading to the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms and the Government of India Act 1919.

title: Indian Councils Act 1909


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René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, Marquis of Argenson

René-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, 2nd Marquis of Argenson (18 October 1694 – 26 January 1757) was a politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from November 1744 to January 1747 and was a friend of Voltaire. His younger brother, Marc-Pierre, Count of Argenson (1696-1764), was Minister of War from 1743 to 1757.

Life
René-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy was born 18 October 1694, eldest son of Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652-1721) and Marguerite Le Fèvre de Caumartin (1672-1719). He had a younger brother, Marc-Pierre, Comte d'Argenson (1696-1764), who served as Minister of War from 1743 to 1747.

His father was Lieutenant General of Police and Controller-General of Finances, one of the most important positions in the Ancien Régime. He was a member of the Noblesse de robe or Nobles of the robe, a class that formed the Second Estate whose rank derived from holding judicial or administrative posts. They were usually hard-working professionals, unlike the aristocratic Noblesse d'épée or Nobles of the Sword. His grandfather and great-grandfather both served as French ambassador to the Republic of Venice.

Career
D'Argenson qualified as a lawyer, and held successively the posts of councillor at the Parlement (1716), maître des requêtes (1718), councillor of state (1719), and Intendant of justice, police and finance in Hainaut. During his five years’ tenure of the last office he was mainly employed in provisioning the troops, who were suffering from the economic confusion resulting from John Law's system and the aftermath of the Mississippi Bubble.

D'Argenson returned to court in 1724 to exercise his functions as councillor of state. At that time he had the reputation of being a conscientious man, but ill-adapted to intrigue, and was nicknamed "la bête". He entered into relations with the philosophers, and was won over to the ideas of reform. He was the friend of Voltaire, who had been a fellow-student of his at the Jesuit college Louis-le-Grand, and a leading member of the Club de l'Entresol, an early modern think tank, the history of which he wrote in his memoirs. It was then that he prepared his Considérations sur le gouvernement de la France, which was published posthumously by his son.

D'Argenson was also the friend and counsellor of the minister Germain Louis Chauvelin. In May 1744 he was appointed member of the council of finance, and in November of the same year King Louis XV chose him as secretary of state for foreign affairs, his brother, Marc-Pierre, Comte d'Argenson, being at the same time secretary of state for war. France was at that time engaged in the War of the Austrian Succession, and the government had been placed by Louis XV virtually in the hands of the two brothers. The marquis d’Argenson endeavoured to reform the system of international relations. He dreamed of a "European Republic", and wished to establish arbitration between nations in pursuance of the ideas of his friend the abbé de Saint-Pierre. But he failed to realize any part of his projects. The generals negotiated in opposition to his instructions; his colleagues laid the blame on him; the intrigues of the courtiers passed unnoticed by him; whilst the secret diplomacy of the king neutralized his initiative. He concluded the marriage of the Louis, the Dauphin to Maria, a daughter of King Augustus III of Poland, but was unable to prevent the election of the Francis, Grand-Duke of Tuscany as Holy Roman Emperor in 1745.

On 10 January 1747 Louis XV thanked d'Argenson for his services. He then retired into private life, eschewed the court, associated with Voltaire, Condillac and d’Alembert, and spent his declining years in working at the Académie des Inscriptions, of which he was appointed president by the king in 1747, and revising his Mémoires. Voltaire, in one of his letters, declared him to be "the best citizen that had ever tasted the ministry". He died on 26 January 1757.

Works
D'Argenson left a large number of manuscript works, of which his son, Marc Antoine René, Marquis de Paulmy, published the Considérations sur le gouvernement de France (Amsterdam, 1764) and Essais dans le goût de ceux de Montaigne (Amsterdam, 1785). The latter, which contains many useful biographical notes and portraits of his contemporaries, was republished in 1787 as Loisirs d’un ministre d’état. D'Argenson's most important work, however, is his Mémoires, covering in great detail the years 1725 to 1756, with an introductory part giving his recollections since the year 1696. They are, as they were intended to be, valuable "materials for the history of his time". There are two important editions, the first, with some letters, not elsewhere published, by the marquis d’Argenson, his great-grand-nephew (5 vols., Paris, 1857 et seq.); the second, more correct, but less complete, published by J. B. Rathery, for the Société de l’Histoire de France (9 vols., Paris, 1859 et seq.). The other works of the marquis d’Argenson, in MS., were destroyed in the fire at the Louvre library in 1871.

Family
D'Argenson married and had a son:
 * Marc Antoine René de Voyer (1722–1787), known as the marquis de Paulmy, served as Minister of War and was a noted bibliophile.

Influence
In 1909, the anarchist Peter Kropotkin credited d'Argenson with making the study of politics, constitutions, and elective representation popular in the 18th century and for being an early advocate of communist or communal possession of the land.


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Arnold Brown (General of The Salvation Army)

Arnold Brown (13 December 1913 – 26 June 2002) was the 11th General of The Salvation Army (1977–1981).

Biography
He was born in London, England, the son of officers of The Salvation Army. While he was still a young boy, his family immigrated to Canada, and it was from the corps in Belleville that he entered training, becoming an officer in 1935. A two-year corps command was followed by 10 years of service in the editorial department at territorial headquarters, where he became assistant editor of The War Cry. During that time he compiled a history of the first 50 years of Salvation Army ministry in Canada, entitled What Hath God Wrought?

Captain Brown and Lieutenant Jean Barclay were married 15 September 1939, and they gave 42 years of joint service before retiring from active leadership. They had two daughters, Heather Jean Brown and Beverley Ann Brown.

In 1962, the then Brigadier Brown was appointed as territorial youth secretary, an appointment where he gave vigorous leadership to the young Salvationists of Canada and Bermuda. Always an inspired leader of meetings and a fascinating speaker, his ministry among the young people of the territory left an indelible mark upon the lives and service of many of them.

In 1964, there came a return to public relations work, this time at international headquarters, where Lieutenant-Colonel Brown was appointed as secretary for public relations, being promoted to the rank of colonel just a few months later. His imaginative leadership gave birth to the 'For God's Sake Care!' campaign, which raised the army's profile significantly throughout the United Kingdom, and changed the face of The Salvation Army's public relations work for all time. It was also under his direction that advisory boards were established in the UK.

Brown had a long-standing involvement with the Rotary Club movement, rising to high office in the London club and internationally. In his capacity as a Rotarian he was invited to address many international conferences, including those in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1973 and in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1975. Whenever he addressed Rotary, he proudly presented the story of God's Army and its contribution to the relief of suffering and need around the world.

Following an outstanding period of service in public relations, Commissioner Brown was appointed chief of the staff (the army's second-in-command) in October 1969, where he served for five years before returning to Canada as territorial commander in 1974. Three years later, the High Council of The Salvation Army elected him to become the 11th General of The Salvation Army. He took office on 5 July 1977.

Upon election, when asked what he wanted Salvationists to do, Brown said, 'Everything they can to make better known Jesus Christ and his saving power as the only hope for a sinning, suffering world; everything they can to demonstrate indisputably in what they say and do that the grace of God enables men and women to live clean and holy lives filled with the joy of service to God and their fellows; in short, everything they can to bring Heaven to earth.'

Brown and his wife travelled extensively during the four-and-a-half years he was in office. In 1980, Brown inaugurated the International Staff Songsters in London, and he continued to maintain a lively interest in their ministry, both in the UK and many other countries where they have travelled.

Brown received many honours during his lifetime, recognising his contribution to the field of literature as well as his work in the interests of the poor and underprivileged of society. He was made a Freeman of the City of London in 1978, an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1981 and, also in 1981, an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Asbury Theological Seminary and an honorary Doctor of Divinity from the Olivet Seminary in the USA.

Many books were written by Brown, including What Hath God Wrought? The History of the Salvation Army in Canada, The Gate and the Light (autobiography), The Mountain the Wind Blew Here, With Christ at the Table and Occupied Manger - Unoccupied Tomb.

Brown died at age 92 in a hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His remains were interred at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada in The Salvation Army plot.

General Brown especially took interest in Nigeria, and visited Lagos on occasion where he was greeted warmly by his lieutenants. Whilst in Lagos he stayed with Salvationists Douglas and Pamela Smith, Douglas being the son of Brigadier Earnest Smith.


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Svend Foyn

Svend Foyn (July 9, 1809 – November 30, 1894) was a Norwegian whaling, shipping magnate and philanthropist. He pioneered revolutionary methods for hunting and processing whales. Svend Foyn introduced the modern harpoon cannon and brought whaling into a modern age. He is also recognized as a pioneer who introduced sealing to Vestfold County.

Background
Svend Foyn was born in the neighborhood of Foynegården at Tønsberg in Vestfold county, Norway. He was the son of shipmaster Laurentius Foyn (1772–1813) and Benthe Marie Ager (1781–1842). Foyn was fatherless at four years of age and his mother came to characterize his upbringing. By age 11, Foyn sent to sea on the family ships. He took navigational exams in Kristiansand at age 19 and from 1833 he was a master sailor.

Career
His ship initially transported lumber from Sweden and Norway to European ports and returned with manufactured goods. Started in 1846, Foyn was on the expedition for seals and walrus. By the 1860s, he had a fleet of whaling ships. In 1863, he built the world's first steam-powered catcher. Within four years he experimented with whaling on the coast of Finnmark county.

Foyn was the first to hit the whale with grenade harpoon. Svend Foyn patented his grenade harpoon gun in 1870. He modified existing designs and utilized ideas developed by Erik Eriksen. It consisted of a cannon that fired a barbed explosive head harpoon. Aimed and fired, the harpoon barb would hook into the whale. A moment later an explosive charge in the head of the harpoon would inflict a mortal wound. Then the whale was retrieved by a winch. Once alongside the whaling vessel, the whale was pumped full of air to keep it afloat, as the whale was moved to the location of processing.

The whole process of whaling was changed drastically when Svend Foyn invented the exploding harpoon. By doing so, he removed much of the danger from whaling although it remained a very dangerous undertaking. His invention increased the efficiency by which whales could be captured and made it possible to hunt the larger and faster rorquals, the largest group of baleen whales.

Svend Foyn introduced mechanized, steam-powered catcher boats equipped with bow-chaser deck cannons and heavy-caliber harpoons that exploded on impact. Foyn constructed his 86-ton, seven-knot Spes et Fides, the first steam-powered whale catcher. The ship was equipped with seven whale guns separately mounted on the forecastle, each firing a harpoon and grenade. The vessel was 94 feet (29 m) long, with a 20-horsepower (15-kW) engine. It could reach a speed of 7 knots (13 km/h).

With this development, he launched Norway into a new and profitable industry. After years of perfecting a cannon that could fire a grenade and harpoon simultaneously, Foyn finally managed to catch 30 whales in 1868. These increased efficiency and volume, enabling the harvest not only of all of the species that had been hunted for, but also the largest species which had eluded all previous hunting technologies. The whaling industry was in decline when Foyn first began his development of the bow-mounted harpoon cannon. Foyn's eventual successful development of the cannon, in combination with fast and sleek steam-powered catcher vessels, ushered in a modern whaling industry that was to become dominated first by the Norwegians, then the British and finally the Russians and Japanese.

The Antarctic Expedition of 1894–95 was funded by Svend Foyn and led by Henrik Johan Bull. The two-year expedition was a whaling expedition that sailed to the Ross Sea  aboard  the ship Antarctic. The crew included Carsten Borchgrevink, who later led the Southern Cross Expedition to Antarctica.

Philanthropy
By processing the whale's raw materials in its own facilities, Foyn steadily increase his profit and accumulated a considerable fortune. He donated funds for several purposes including worker housing in Tonsberg (Svend Foyns Arbeiderboliger). He gave funds to benefit his employees and later bequeathed his fortune to a mission fund. Foyn restored and protected workers' homes.

In 1865 there were 73 flats and 303 residents. There was a library, prayer room and the country's first kindergarten. Svend Foyn was not only a man before his time in the modern whaling industry, but also as regards social conditions. Svend and Lena Foyn's Memorial, a home for elderly ladies was founded by Lena Foyn in 1896. Svend Foyn Chapel (Svend Foyns bedehus) was consecrated November 5, 1876. There was seating for 500 people and at the time it was among Norway's largest and most beautiful chapels.

Personal life
Svend Foyn wed Elise Amalie Tvede in 1839 in a marriage which ended in an amicable separation in 1842. His former wife, later known as Elise Wærenskjold, immigrated to Texas in 1847. Foyn maintained a long distance friendship with his ex-wife throughout the remainder of their lives. In 1849, Foyn married Magdalene Margrethe "Lena" Bull, (1824–1905), daughter of the master and shipowner Henrik Johan Bull (1793–1826) and Andrea Mathea Bull (1796–1844).

Foyn was entered as a Knight in the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1853, was promoted to Commander in 1870 and received the Grand Cross in 1893. Foyn died in 1894 in Nøtterøy Municipality, followed by the death of his widow Lena in 1905. Both were buried in Tønsberg gamle kirkegård located in Tønsberg city center.

The couple had established the Svend Foyn and Wife Mission Fund (Svend Foyn and Hustrus Missionsfond) with an endowment of over NOK3 million. The fund was intended for the benefit of their workforce and for the welfare of their families.

Memorials
The former residence of Svend and Lena Foyn on Storgaten in Tønsberg is a protected house. Built in 1700, Svend Foyn's complete townhouse complex is a shipowner's house from 1750. Svend Foyn's childhood home has been protected since 1924. It is the only complete house of its style from the 18th century in the town.

His statue by Norwegian sculptor Anders Svor (1864–1929) was erected outside the cathedral in Tønsberg (Tønsberg domkirke) in 1915.

Legacy
A number of locations related to Antarctica and the surrounding area are named for Svend Foyn, including: Additionally streets were named for him in numerous Norwegian communities including: Tønsberg, Lørenskog, Stavanger, Vadsø, Båtsfjord, and Andenes on the island of Andøya.
 * Foyn Island: the second-largest island in the Possession Islands of East Antarctica.
 * Foyn Coast: on the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula between Cape Alexander and Cape Northrop.
 * Foyn Point: marking the north side of the entrance to Exasperation Inlet, on the east coast of Graham Land.
 * Foyn Harbor: anchorage between Nansen Island and Enterprise Island in Wilhelmina Bay, off the west coast of Graham Land.
 * Foynøya: an island in the Arctic north of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, is named after him.

When a Norwegian shipping company purchased the Canadian full-rigger William D. Lawrence in 1883 it was renamed Kommandør Svend Foyn.

Additional sources

 * Bull, Henrik Johan (1898) Sydover. Ekspeditionen til Sydishavet i 1893-1895 (British Library, Historical Print Editions) ISBN 978-1-241-41827-4
 * Gill, Peter (2001) Whales Dolphins & Porpoises (Springfield, MA.: Federal Street Press) ISBN 978-18-92-85926-6
 * Jacobsen, Alf R. (2008) Svend Foyn. Fangstmann og nasjonsbygger (Oslo:Aschehoug) ISBN 978-82-03-23216-9
 * Nielsen, Aage Krarup	(1942) En Hvalfangerfaerd: Gennem Troperne til Sydishavet (Kobenhavn: Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag)
 * Tønnessen, J.N.; And A.O. Johnsen (1982) The History Of Modern Whaling (translated By R.I. Christophersen. University Of California Press) ISBN 978-0520039735

title: Svend Foyn


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Talk:Havana carnivals

This page just looks like leftist/castro glorification. Needs more explanation and clarity; appears to lack neutrality, and needs cross-links and a category or two. IMO of course. :-) — RJH 20:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Havana carnivals


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User:French Librarian

As my user name suggests, I am a French librarian. I mostly contribute the French Wikipedia (under another user name) but I thought it useful to create an account on the English Wikipedia.

In this Wikipedia, my intentions is to devolop interwiki links and to insert translations from the French Wikipedia, especially those I created or contributed.

English is not my mother tongue, and I may make mistakes, but I hope not to do too many.

My main fields of interest are :

 * Librarianship and Information Science
 * Classical music
 * Classic literature
 * History
 * Divinity (theology)
 * Law

title: User:French Librarian


text: User talk:81.157.165.232

title: User talk:81.157.165.232


text: User talk:81.157.120.244

title: User talk:81.157.120.244


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kanahoe's Law

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 21:53, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kanahoe's Law
Speedied twice. Non-notable "law" invented by some guy who uses a forum.  — Gwalla | Talk 20:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete "One of thousands of avatars" shows him to be non-notable, and an allegedly humorous rule in a web-forum is just the tiniest little bit short of being encyclopedic. Besides, it will look narcissistic if we keep this.--Scimitar 20:50, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Godwin's law this is not. If it gains notability we can add it in later. --CVaneg 21:10, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Vanity page. If we keep it we may want to all make up "laws" and stick them on here. Hohokus 23:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable or encyclopedic. DS1953 00:37, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - as per Scimitar. --FCYTravis 00:37, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Wikipedia's Law. -- BD2412 talk 01:17, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity law. JamesBurns 03:05, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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File:Vojislav Ilic.jpg

Vojislav Ilić

From Serbian Wikipedia

title: File:Vojislav Ilic.jpg


text: User talk:65.10.22.215

title: User talk:65.10.22.215


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User:Germaine Histler

Hello, Dittoheads!

title: User:Germaine Histler


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Lithuania and the euro

Lithuania, as an EU member state, joined the eurozone by adopting the euro on 1 January 2015. This made it the last of the three Baltic states to adopt the euro, after Estonia (2011) and Latvia (2014). Before then, its currency, the litas, was pegged to the euro at 3.4528 litas to 1 euro.

History
All members of the European Union, except Denmark, are required by treaty to join the eurozone once certain economic criteria have been met. The Lithuanian litas participated in ERM II since 28 June 2004, and was pegged to the euro at a rate of 3.45280 litai = €1. Lithuania originally set 1 January 2007 as its target date for adopting the euro, and in March 2006 requested that the European Commission and the European Central Bank conduct an assessment on their readiness to adopt the currency. The Commission's report found that while Lithuania met four of the five criteria, their average annual inflation was 2.7%, exceeding the limit of 2.6%. As a result, the Commission concluded that "there should be no change at present to Lithuania's status as a Member State with a derogation." Lithuania is the only country initially denied approval to adopt the euro after requesting a convergence check.

In December 2006, the government approved a new convergence plan, which pushed the expected adoption date to post-2010 due to inflation. In 2007, Prime Minister Gediminas Kirkilas stated that he hoped for adoption around 2010–11. Generally high inflation, which reached a peak of 12.7% in June 2008 (well above the 4.2% limit of the time), delayed Lithuania's adoption of the euro. By the time of the 2010 European debt crisis, the expected switch-over date had been put back further, to 2014. Lithuania expressed interest in a suggestion from the IMF that countries which are not able to meet the Maastricht criteria be able to "partially adopt" the euro, using the currency but not getting a seat at the European Central Bank. Interviews with the Foreign Minister and Prime Minister in May and August 2012 respectively highlighted that Lithuania still aimed to adopt the euro, but would not set a target date until the state of the eurozone post-crisis was clear.

During the 2012 Lithuanian parliamentary election campaign, the Social Democrats were reported to prefer delaying the euro adoption, from the previous 2014 target until 1 January 2015. When the second round of the elections were concluded in October, the Social Democrats, the Labour Party and the Order and Justice won a majority and formed the new government, and the coalition parties were expected to accept the proposed delay in adoption of the euro.

When Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius presented his new government in December, eurozone accession as soon as possible was mentioned as one of the key priorities for the government. The Prime Minister said: "January 2015 is a feasible date. But things can also turn out, that we may try to adopt the euro together with Latvia in January 2014. Let the first quarter (of 2013) pass, and we'll give it a thought." However, in January 2013, the Prime Minister announced that the government and the Bank of Lithuania had agreed on a target date of 2015. In February 2013, the government of Lithuania approved a plan for euro adoption in 2015. Publicly, Butkevičius and Loreta Graužinienė (then Speaker of the Seimas) reaffirmed by mid-January 2014 the need for euro adoption in 2015.

According to figures from the Bank of Lithuania, Lithuania had met 4 out of the 5 criteria by October 2013, the exception being the government deficit of 3.2% of GDP, exceeding the limit of 3.0%. The Lithuanian government expected this to decline to 2.9% by the first quarter of 2014. In April 2014, the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs gave their preliminary consent for Lithuania to join the eurozone on 1 January 2015, having concluded that the country was complying with all the criteria according to economic data from the first months of 2014. Lithuania's parliament approved a euro changeover law in April 2014, and in their biennial reports released on 4 June the European Commission found that the country satisfied the convergence criteria. The European Central Bank did not reach a conclusion on whether the country was ready to join the euro area. On 16 July, the European Parliament voted in favour of Lithuania adopting the euro. On 23 July, the EU Council of Ministers approved the decision, clearing the way for Lithuania to adopt the euro on 1 January 2015.

Public opinion
A poll by Eurobarometer in April 2013 found that 41% of Lithuanians supported switching to the euro, while 55% were opposed. This was a decrease in support of 3% from a year earlier. A September 2014 Eurobarometer poll found that 49% of Lithuanians were opposed to the introduction of the euro and 47% supported it.

Opinion polling in the run-up to the adoption of the euro produced a mixed set of results. A Baltic Surveys (Baltijos Tyrimai) face-to-face interview survey for the eurosceptic Europeans United for Democracy party conducted on 14–24 November found that 49% of Lithuanians disagree with their Government's decision to introduce the euro, while 26% of Lithuanians approved (5% fully, 21% rather in favour). 57% of respondents said the Government acted wrongly by introducing the euro without a referendum on the issue. However, a poll conducted by Berent Research Baltic for the Bank of Lithuania between 3 and 26 November showed that 53% of the population were in favour of the new currency while 39% were sceptical.

Coin design
The designs of the Lithuanian coins share a similar national side for all denominations, featuring the Vytis symbol and the name of the country, "Lietuva". The design was announced on 11 November 2004 following a public opinion poll conducted by the Bank of Lithuania. It was created by the sculptor Antanas Žukauskas. The only difference between the coins is that the one and two euro coins have vertical lines on the outer circle, the fifty, twenty and ten cent coins have horizontal lines on the outer circle, and the five, two and one cent coins have no lines on the outer circle. In January 2014 it was announced that all coins will have "2015" minted on them to display the year of Lithuania's euro adoption. The Lithuanian Mint was chosen to produce the coins.

For the design of images on the common side and a detailed description of the coins, see euro coins.

Lithuanian Ethnographical Regions series
Including Samogitia, Aukštaitija, Dzūkija, Suvalkija and Lithuania Minor

Accession to the eurozone
Lithuania officially joined the eurozone at midnight on the morning of 1 January 2015, with the Lithuanian Central Bank offering an exchange rate of 3.4528 LTL to one euro. Immediately after the start of the New Year, Prime Minister Butkevicius made the country's first cash withdrawal in euros. It was reported that nearly all of the nation's cash machines would be dispensing euros within 30 minutes of the New Year. In Brussels, the European Commission building was draped with a banner welcoming Lithuania to the eurozone.

The European Commission recommended in November 2014 that Lithuania extend the legally required dual price display period by six additional months, so that it would last until 31 December 2015. Lithuania did not adopt the recommendation and the required dual price display ended on 1 July 2015.

Rotation of voting rights in the ECB Governing Council
On 17 June 2014 the Deutsche Bundesbank released a statement stating that "Lithuania could cause the ECB Governing Council's voting rights to rotate. The virtually certain introduction of the euro in this small Baltic nation at the beginning of next year would cause the number of national central bank (NCB) governors on the ECB Governing Council to exceed 18 for the first time. It would trigger a changed voting procedure designed to ensure that decisions can still be taken effectively in a growing Eurosystem. This would pave the way for the introduction of a modified voting system similar to that of the US Federal Reserve System."

title: Lithuania and the euro


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Talk:Rationalist International

Untitled
I am Aparna Thekkethil (Aparna_Thekkethil@yahoo.com), who made this article. On seeing that it was removed for possible violation of copyright, I confirmed from the President of Rationalist International that they approve publication of the material according to the copyright policies of Wikipedia.

Aparna

Primacy of Reason versus Primacy of Mind?
The page starts with this opening statement: "Rationalism is an attitude that accepts the primacy of reason and aims at establishing a system of philosophy and ethics verifiable by experience, independent of all arbitrary assumptions of authority."

There is not yet a Wikipedia article about the "primacy of reason" but there is one about "primacy of mind". What is the connection between these two?

Yaz

title: Talk:Rationalist International


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16th Army (Wehrmacht)

The 16th Army (16. Armee) was a World War II field army of the Wehrmacht.

History
It took part in the Battle of France. It was then deployed with Army Group North during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It fought its way into northern Russia where in January 1942 part of it was encircled by the Soviets near Demyansk. Hitler forbade a withdrawal and the Army was re-supplied by air until a land corridor was opened in April 1942. It was subsequently involved in the Siege of Leningrad. The Soviets relieved Leningrad in January 1944.

On February 19, 1944, the Soviet 2nd Baltic Front launched a fresh set of attacks against the German 16th Army around Kholm. The Soviet 22nd Army made good progress in the initial assault. These attacks greatly diminished the 16th Army. It, along with the 18th Army was cut off in the Courland Peninsula when the Soviets launched their summer and autumn offensives of 1944. It stayed trapped there in the Courland Pocket as part of Army Group Courland until the end of the war. In May 1945 the remnants of the army, now reduced to corps strength, capitulated to the Red Army and were marched into captivity. The survivors were eventually repatriated in 1955.

title: 16th Army (Wehrmacht)


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Planar chirality

Planar chirality, also known as 2D chirality, is the special case of chirality for two dimensions.

Most fundamentally, planar chirality is a mathematical term, finding use in chemistry, physics and related physical sciences, for example, in astronomy, optics and metamaterials. Recent occurrences in latter two fields are dominated by microwave and terahertz applications as well as micro- and nanostructured planar interfaces for infrared and visible light.

In chemistry
This term is used in chemistry contexts, e.g., for a chiral molecule lacking an asymmetric carbon atom, but possessing two non-coplanar rings that are each dissymmetric and which cannot easily rotate about the chemical bond connecting them: 2,2'-dimethylbiphenyl is perhaps the simplest example of this case. Planar chirality is also exhibited by molecules like (E)-cyclooctene, some di- or poly-substituted metallocenes, and certain monosubstituted paracyclophanes. Nature rarely provides planar chiral molecules, cavicularin being an exception.

Assigning the configuration of planar chiral molecules
To assign the configuration of a planar chiral molecule, begin by selecting the pilot atom, which is the highest priority of the atoms that is not in the plane, but is directly attached to an atom in the plane. Next, assign the priority of the three adjacent in-plane atoms, starting with the atom attached to the pilot atom as priority 1, and preferentially assigning in order of highest priority if there is a choice. Then set the pilot atom to in front of the three atoms in question. If the three atoms reside in a clockwise direction when followed in order of priority, the molecule is assigned as R; when counterclockwise it is assigned as S.

Chiral diffraction
Papakostas et al. observed in 2003 that planar chirality affects the polarization of light diffracted by arrays of planar chiral microstructures, where large polarization changes of opposite sign were detected in light diffracted from planar structures of opposite handedness.

Circular conversion dichroism
The study of planar chiral metamaterials has revealed that planar chirality is also associated with an optical effect in non-diffracting structures: the directionally asymmetric transmission (reflection and absorption) of circularly polarized waves. Planar chiral metamaterials, which are also anisotropic and lossy exhibit different total transmission (reflection and absorption) levels for the same circularly polarized wave incident on their front and back. The asymmetric transmission phenomenon arises from different, e.g. left-to-right, circular polarization conversion efficiencies for opposite propagation directions of the incident wave and therefore the effect is referred to as circular conversion dichroism. Like the twist of a planar chiral pattern appears reversed for opposite directions of observation, planar chiral metamaterials have interchanged properties for left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized waves that are incident on their front and back. In particular left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized waves experience opposite directional transmission (reflection and absorption) asymmetries.

Extrinsic planar chirality
Achiral components may form a chiral arrangement. In this case, chirality is not an intrinsic property of the components, but rather imposed extrinsically by their relative positions and orientations. This concept is typically applied to experimental arrangements, for example, an achiral (meta)material illuminated by a beam of light, where the illumination direction makes the whole experiment different from its mirror image. Extrinsic planar chirality results from illumination of any periodically structured interface for suitable illumination directions. Starting from normal incidence onto a periodically structured interface, extrinsic planar chirality arises from tilting the interface around any axis that does not coincide with a line of mirror symmetry of the interface. In the presence of losses, extrinsic planar chirality can result in circular conversion dichroism, as described above.

Chiral mirrors
Conventional mirrors reverse the handedness of circularly polarized waves upon reflection. In contrast, a chiral mirror reflects circularly polarized waves of one handedness without handedness change, while absorbing circularly polarized waves of the opposite handedness. A perfect chiral mirror exhibits circular conversion dichroism with ideal efficiency. Chiral mirrors can be realized by placing a planar chiral metamaterial in front of a conventional mirror. The concept has been exploited in holography to realize independent holograms for left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized electromagnetic waves. Active chiral mirrors that can be switched between left and right, or chiral mirror and conventional mirror, have been reported.

title: Planar chirality


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Jefferson County Public Schools

Jefferson County Public Schools can refer to a U.S. public school system in several states, including:

 * Jefferson County Board of Education (Alabama)
 * Jefferson County Public Schools (Colorado)
 * Jefferson County Schools (Florida)
 * Jefferson County Public Schools (Kentucky)
 * Jefferson County Public Schools (Tennessee)
 * Jefferson County Public Schools (West Virginia)

title: Jefferson County Public Schools


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June Tarpé Mills

Tarpé Mills (25 February 1912 – 12 December 1988) was the pseudonym of the American comic book creator June Tarpé Mills, one of the first major female comics artists. She is best known for her action comic strip Miss Fury, featuring the first female action hero created by a woman.

Biography
June Tarpé Mills created several action comics characters ("Devil's Dust", "The Cat Man", "The Purple Zombie" and "Daredevil Barry Finn") before creating her most remembered character, "Miss Fury," in 1941. Mills also wrote original scripts, penciled, and inked stories for these comic book series prior to Miss Fury: Funny Pages, Star Comics, Amazing Mystery Funnies, Amazing Man Comics, Masked Marvel, Prize Comics, Target Comics, and Reg'lar Fellers Heroic Comics.

Miss Fury ran until 1952, when Tarpé Mills mostly retired from the comics industry. She briefly returned in 1971 with Our Love Story for Marvel Comics and in 1979 began work on a Miss Fury graphic novel which would remain unfinished.

She died on 12 December 1988 in Brooklyn, New York, and is buried in Forest Green Park Cemetery in Morganville, New Jersey.

June Tarpe Mills was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame on July 19, 2019.

Miss Fury
The Bell Syndicate first published the Miss Fury comic strip (then titled The Black Fury) on April 6, 1941, predating the first appearance of Wonder Woman by eight months. The strip "ran in full color in the Sunday comics pages for 351 consecutive weeks from 1942 through 1949, and was also collected in comic book form by Timely Comics." Circulation included over 100 newspapers at its most popular stage. As the Miss Fury strip became more popular, it eventually became public knowledge its creator was a woman.

Miss Fury, the alter ego of socialite Marla Drake, was a character based loosely on Mills' own appearance.

During World War II, "Miss Fury" was painted on the nose of three American warplanes in Europe and the South Pacific. Two of the recurring villains were the Nazi agents Erica Von Kampf and General Bruno. Mills' own white Persian cat Perri-Purr was introduced in the strip, and during World War II Perri-Purr became an unofficial mascot of the American troops.

Fashion
The artwork was created in a glamorous style with considerable attention placed on the heroine's outfits. These outfits varied from lacy evening gowns and lingerie to bathing suits and athletic costumes. Mills' attention to fashion in Miss Fury was mirrored in the work of her contemporary Dalia Messick's "Brenda Starr," and in this sense the women were ahead of their male counterparts who typically "dressed [their] heroines in plain red dresses."

Cut-out paper fashion dolls were included for the first time in the comic-book reprints of Miss Fury, leading Trina Robbins to guess that these books were intended for a female audience. Mills sent paper dolls to young women who had written fan mail requesting art.

Censorship
Miss Fury was notoriously full of "kinkiness," including "whips, spike heels, female-on-female violence, and lingerie scenes." One character's costume in a 1947 publication "was so daring that 37 newspapers cancelled the strip" that day. A bathing scene from the tenth Miss Fury Sunday page on June 8, 1941, ran in newspapers at the time but was later excluded from the 1942 Timely Comics reprint.

Trina Robbins said on Miss Fury:"'The only outrage I have seen were those newspapers that censored Mills's strip in which she dressed her nightclub entertainer character, Era, in an outfit that would not bother us in the least today. But it obviously shocked the pants – yes, verbal joke intended – off some people.'"

Style
Mills' art in Miss Fury was modeled on the work of Milton Caniff. Her portrayal of action across multiple panels, as well as the natural poses and facial expressions of her characters, has been described as "cinematic," echoing the film-noire style. Mills' characters also possessed a "pinup quality."

Dean Mullaney, editor and publisher behind Eclipse Enterprises, wrote that "[Mills'] art is drawn very traditionally—no surprises, no ah-ha moments."

Evie Nagy for The Los Angeles Review of Books remarked that "the flow of Mills's sequential art feels completely organic."

Legacy
June Mills' legacy as the first woman to create a female action hero in comics was contextualized by Victoria Ingalls for the American Psychological Association. Out of a list of hundreds of female "superheroes" surveyed in her abstract, Ingalls identified only eleven as being created by a woman not working in a team with a male writer. Mills' Marla Drake is the chronological first of these eleven heroes.

According to Mike Madrid in his book The Supergirls, Marla Drake belongs to the "Debutante" caste of early comics female heroines, who include Sandra Knight (Phantom Lady), Dianne Grayton (Spider Widow), Diana Adams (Miss Masque), and Brenda Banks (Lady Luck). These characters form a 'sorority' of heiresses and socialites who had been forced into lives of propriety, submission, and "tedious leisure." "Putting on a cape and mask liberated these women" to embrace their own identities, fight crime, and trade their "entitled boredom" for thrills.

Madrid wrote, "Mills' approach to a secret identity seemed more realistic, injected with a feminine practicality."

Awards and honors
Miss Fury: Sensational Sundays 1941-1944 was a 2012 Eisner award nominee.

Mills was inducted as one of the four Judges' Choices into the 2019 Eisner Award Hall of Fame on July 19, 2019, at ComicCon International in San Diego.

Posthumous

 * Miss Fury: Sensational Sundays 1944-1949
 * Miss Fury: Sensational Sundays 1941-1944 (2013)
 * CBLDF Presents: She Changed Comics (2016)
 * Men of Mystery Comics #104 (2017)
 * Prize Comics (2017)

title: June Tarpé Mills


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Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde

Rauni-Leena Tellervo Luukanen-Kilde née Valve (15 November 1939 – 8 February 2015) was a Finnish physician who wrote and lectured on parapsychology, ufology and mind control.

Biography
Luukanen-Kilde was born in Värtsilä. She had to flee with her family in infancy during the Second World War and was raised in Helsinki. She studied medicine at the universities of Oulu and Turku, graduating in 1967. She was at one point the only medical practitioner at the hospital in Pelkosenniemi, performing dental and veterinary work as well. In March 1975, she became a provincial medical officer in Rovaniemi, Lapland; she became chief medical officer for Lapland.

In 1982, as Rauni-Leena Luukanen, she published Kuolemaa ei ole (There Is No Death). She had been interested in the paranormal since she was a teenager, but the 1985 car accident which led to her retirement was reportedly "significant in her turn to ufology". She appeared as a featured speaker at UFO conferences, helped organize the first international conference on extraterrestrials in Finland and authored books about UFOs, alien abductions, mind control and conspiracy theories. Luukanen-Kilde claimed to have been "rescued" from danger by extraterrestrials, and to have esoteric skills and knowledge as a result of her relationship with them. She said that there was a secret exchange program between humans and aliens that was being deliberately suppressed by "powerful Western governments", particularly the United States. Luukanen-Kilde also said that secret military and intelligence agencies were practising mind control technology on the world population using cell phones and supercomputers and that a plot to kill most of the Earth's population using the swine flu vaccine was being carried out by the WHO, Henry Kissinger and the Bilderberg Group. Her article on cybernetic implants as a means of control is widely circulated. She appears in the 1999 film Revelations: The End Times, Volume 2.

Luukanen-Kilde married a Norwegian diplomat in 1987 and moved to Norway in 1992. After her husband's death in 1996, Luukanen-Kilde died in February 2015 in Vaasa after a long illness, having returned to Finland shortly before.

Selected publications

 * Kuolemaa ei ole. Espoo: Weilin & Göös, 1982. ISBN 951-35-2776-X. Helsinki: Uusi kirjakerho, 1982. ISBN 951-54-0364-2 (Both as Rauni-Leena Luukanen.) Revised edition: Helsinki: WSOY, 1992. ISBN 951-0-17866-7
 * Tähtien lähettiläs. Helsinki: WSOY, 1991. ISBN 951-0-17031-3
 * Kuka hän on? Helsinki: WSOY, 1993. ISBN 951-0-18918-9
 * Universumin lapsi. Helsinki: WSOY, 1995. ISBN 951-0-19914-1
 * Salatut maailmamme. Son: Star Sisters International, 2007. ISBN 978-952-92-1785-4
 * Bright Light on Black Shadows. Georgetown, Ontario, Canada, 2015 ISBN 978-0-9940374-0-4
 * JASNE ŚWIATŁO W CIEMNOŚCI TUNELU, Georgetown, Ontario, Canada, 2016 ISBN 978-0-9940374-1-1
 * JAKIM CVJETLOM PREKO CRNIH SJENA Vesna Smokovic 52100 Pula  ISBN 978 - 953-48151-1-3

title: Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde


text:
Albert Schatz (law)

Albert Schatz (1879–1940) was a law professor at the University of Dijon and historian of 19th century individualism and Jean-Baptiste Say.

His 1907 work L'individualisme économique et social (Individualism - Economic and Social) first outlines a basis for the classical liberal doctrine, in France to be traced back to the Physiocrats. Then he talks about the diverse aspect of individualism in the 19th century: from Charles Dunoyer to Mill, and to Bastiat. He also talks about individualism in relation to politics (liberal democracy), its relationship to religion, and finally to Spencer's sociology, and anarchism.

title: Albert Schatz (law)


text:
Talk:Albert Schatz (law)

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title: Talk:Albert Schatz (law)


text:
User talk:Germaine Histler

Don't take it personal there, Dunc's just doing what he feels is necessary to defend Wikipedia from the kinds of problems that arise when someone goes around posting with such a username. -- BD2412 talk 20:38, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

 * No it's not personal. I'll assume good faith on your behalf. It's a nasty world in here - I don't want you upsetting people.  Germain Histler is as an appropriate username, so welcome. Dunc|☺ 20:44, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Dunc|☺ 20:44, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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This fight seems to be over... I'm inclined to delete the page. BD2412 T 23:20, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

MfD Result Notice
This userpage and talkpage were the subject of an MfD discussion closed on 19 June 2006. The result was No Consensus/default keep. Xoloz 17:02, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Germaine Histler


text:
Printer's Devil

"Printer's Devil" is episode 111 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. The title comes from the expression printer's devil, an apprentice in the industry.

The initial plot set-up is based in part on the well-known deal with the devil motif: a mysterious, seemingly eccentric man (played by frequent Twilight Zone actor Burgess Meredith) brings success to a local newspaper by working as its reporter and linotype operator, eventually revealing that he wants the editor's soul in exchange. This hour-long episode was written by Charles Beaumont, and based on his 1951 short story "The Devil, You Say".

Opening narration
Take away a man's dream, fill him with whiskey and despair, send him to a lonely bridge, let him stand there all by himself looking down at the black water, and try to imagine the thoughts that are in his mind. You can't, I can't. But there's someone who can—and that someone is seated next to Douglas Winter right now. The car is headed back toward town, but its real destination is the Twilight Zone.

Plot
Douglas Winter, the editor of a newspaper called The Dansburg Courier, is being pushed out of business by a big conglomerate paper, The Gazette. Though Douglas is an exceptionally kind and accommodating boss, his staff begin abandoning him when he becomes unable to pay them. After the linotype operator quits, the only remaining employees of The Courier are Douglas himself and his girlfriend, Jackie Benson. Douglas is an earnest dreamer who sees The Courier as his purpose in life; faced with its demise, he drives to a bridge to contemplate suicide. There he is approached by a strange man who introduces himself as "Mr. Smith", and says he came to town hoping to join The Courier as a linotype operator and reporter. Even after witnessing Mr. Smith's speed and precision with the linotype machine, Doug tries to talk him out of it, saying he cannot pay him or even resume operation of The Courier due to an overdue debt payment to the bank of nearly $5,000. Mr. Smith immediately loans him the $5,000.

Shortly after his hiring, Mr. Smith produces a report of a bank robbery that occurred just a half hour before. Business booms for the little newspaper, as Mr. Smith scoops The Gazette on dramatic news stories, with special editions which sometimes hit the streets barely two hours after the events happen. The owner of The Gazette, Mr. Franklin, offers to buy out The Courier. Though Douglas himself doubts that The Courier can stand up to Franklin's monopolizing tactics, assuming his recent success is down to luck, he refuses his offer. The day after, a fire burns down The Gazette building. When an edition of The Courier goes on sale just two hours after, Franklin accuses Doug of arson. Doug has witnesses to account for his whereabouts at the time, and when he asks Mr. Smith if he caused the fire, Smith successfully dodges the question.

Jackie, still suspicious of Mr. Smith, prods Douglas for information on where he came from, and says he should get rid of him now that the $5,000 loan has been repaid. Douglas refuses, and becomes irritable when she asks what he was doing at the bridge where he met Smith.

At last Mr. Smith reveals why he joined The Courier: he wants Doug to sign a contract assuring Mr. Smith's continued services in exchange for Doug's soul. When Doug is reluctant, Mr. Smith uses a variation of doublethink, arguing that while he believes himself to be the devil, he is clearly mad, and to a sane sophisticated man like Doug things like souls and the devil clearly do not exist. Doug signs the contract.

Eventually, however, he comes to the conclusion that Mr. Smith is somehow causing the events that he writes about, and tells Mr. Smith he wants him gone. Smith says that is impossible now that the contract has been signed, and writes a story about Jackie being injured in an auto accident at 11:30—an hour and a half in the future. He tells Douglas that when he joined The Courier he modified the linotype machine so that anything typed on it happens, and will write that Jackie died of her injuries unless Douglas kills himself. In this way Smith could immediately claim his soul and move on to other clients, instead of having to work at The Courier for the rest of Douglas's natural life. Douglas tosses aside the offered gun and goes frantically searching for Jackie. Meanwhile, she confronts Mr. Smith. He agrees to leave town if she gives him a lift, and asks to drive.

Unable to find Jackie, Doug returns to The Courier building and uses the linotype machine to write a new story. The car with Jackie and Mr. Smith runs off the road, but Jackie is uninjured, and Mr. Smith has vanished. Doug shows a confused Jackie the story he wrote, which says that Mr. Smith left town at 11:29, and that his contract with Doug was declared void due to Doug's not fully understanding the terms of the agreement. Douglas resumes running The Courier after having the infernal linotype machine destroyed, and hauled away.

Closing narration
Exit the infernal machine, and with it his satanic majesty, Lucifer, prince of darkness—otherwise known as Mr. Smith. He's gone, but not for good; that wouldn't be like him—he's gone for bad. And he might be back, with another ticket....to The Twilight Zone.

Cast

 * Burgess Meredith as Mr. Smith
 * Robert Sterling as Douglas Winter
 * Pat Crowley as Jackie Benson
 * Ray Teal as Mr. Franklin
 * Charles P. Thompson as Andy Praskins
 * Doris Kemper as Landlady
 * Camille Franklin as Molly

title: Printer's Devil


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Estadio Agustín "Coruco" Díaz

Estadio Agustín "Coruco" Díaz is a football stadium in Zacatepec de Hidalgo, Mexico, named in honour of the local player Agustín "Coruco" Díaz. It has a capacity of 16,000 seats and it was home to the team Cañeros de Zacatepec (Sugar cane growers) until 2020, when it was dissolved.

This stadium is one of the oldest in Mexico and its origins can be traced back to 1948. It is located in Zacatepec, Morelos. The official opening of this stadium was in November 1954. This stadium is nicknamed the Selva Cañera ("Sugar Cane Jungle") because of the tropical weather that distinguish the municipality of Zacatepec. There was a famous player and later coach named Ignacio Trelles, who ordered the watering of the field one hour before the football match, leading to a very strong vaporization and an increase of the temperature to near 40 Celsius (more or less 100 Fahrenheit), which was very hard for the visitor squads. Another oddity of this building is that is it located in the center of the town of Zacatepec, beside the sugar cane refineries.

title: Estadio Agustín "Coruco" Díaz


text:
John Hendrie (Scottish footballer)

John Grattan Hendrie (born 24 October 1963) is a Scottish former professional association footballer who played on the right wing or in attack.

His career started at Coventry City but he moved to Bradford City, where he played 173 consecutive league games, winning one promotion and narrowly missing out on another. Following spells with Newcastle United and Leeds United, he moved to Middlesbrough and scored the final goal at Ayresome Park among his 44 goals for Boro. When he was replaced by Brazilian Juninho he moved to Barnsley where he finished his career and also served as manager.

His uncle is another Scottish former pro footballer, Paul Hendrie. Paul has two sons (John's cousins) in the game; Lee Hendrie made a late substitute appearance for England in 1998 and Stuart Hendrie played for Morecambe.

Coventry City
Hendrie started his professional football career at Coventry City, originally signing as an apprentice in June 1980, and signing full-time forms in May 1981. He was a hit with Coventry's reserves, being top scorer in 1983–84, with ten goals from 25 games, but he struggled to break into the first team and played in just 21 league games during his time at Coventry. Instead he moved on a free transfer to Bradford City in 1984 following a loan spell with Hereford United.

Bradford City
Hendrie was one of two free transfers between the 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons, along with Dave Evans, as manager Trevor Cherry tried to build a team capable of promotion from Division Three. Hendrie was an ever-present in his first season scoring nine goals from his right wing position as City won the Division Three title. On the last day of that successful season his day was to turn into a nightmare when 56 spectators were killed in a horrendous stand fire while playing Lincoln City.

Hendrie continued to be one of the first names of the City team-sheet following promotion and during his four seasons at City he missed just one league game. He won a series of fans' awards and nominations for the PFA teams in 1987 and 1988. He scored ten goals in 1985–86 and 14 more in 1986–87. Cherry had been replaced by Terry Dolan, who built a team pushing for promotion to Division One in 1987–88. Hendrie was one of the key men, scoring 13 goals, but he was sent off in a 2–2 draw at Manchester City on 23 April 1988. His subsequent suspension meant he missed the final league game of the season, as City lost 3–2 to Ipswich Town and missed out on promotion. It was the only league game Hendrie missed during his time at Valley Parade, and his 173 consecutive league appearances has only been beaten by Geoff Smith with City. Hendrie came back for the play-off games with Middlesbrough but after defeat he signed for Newcastle United for £500,000.

Newcastle United and Leeds United
Hendrie's career stalled at Newcastle United in a difficult season for the Magpies and he soon moved on to Leeds United. He spent just one season at Leeds but was voted in the top 100 Leeds players in 2000.

Middlesbrough
He played as a deep-lying striker for Middlesbrough and helped them win promotion to the newly founded FA Premier League in 1992, where on 5 December 1992 he scored a hat-trick in a 3–2 win against Blackburn Rovers. Hendrie was their leading scorer in 1995 when they won promotion back to the top flight. He secured legendary status on Teesside by scoring the last goal at Ayresome Park.

Barnsley
He left the following year after losing his place in the first team to Juninho Paulista, and joined Division One side Barnsley. Once again, Hendrie contributed towards his club winning promotion as Barnsley finished Division One runners-up and became top division members for the first time in their history. Hendrie was unable to prevent Barnsley from suffering relegation in 1997–98, and after the end of the season he succeeded Danny Wilson as manager.

Managerial career
John Hendrie was sacked on 19 April 1999 after just one season in charge of Barnsley, having failed to achieve a promotion play off place.

Personal life
Hendrie is married to Linda, with whom he has three sons, Joe, Luke and Jordan, and a daughter Lauren. They live in Menston. Two of his three sons are junior footballers; Luke playing at Bradford City, Jordan with Guiseley. Both attended St. Mary's Catholic High School, Menston.

Honours
Bradford City
 * Football League Third Division: 1984–85

Leeds United
 * Football League Second Division: 1989–90

Middlesbrough
 * Football League First Division: 1994–95

Individual
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1986–87 Second Division, 1987–88 Second Division, 1994–95 First Division
 * Newcastle United Player of the Year: 1988–89
 * Barnsley Player of the Year: 1996–97

title: John Hendrie (Scottish footballer)


text:
Pouppée Fabrikk

Pouppée Fabrikk is a Swedish EBM band, started in 1988 by Henrik Björkk and Leif Holm, who both hail from Karlskoga.

History
The band name has no meaning. It was constructed from a combination of the French word "Poupée" (doll) and Norwegian "Fabrikk" (factory). Originally the band name was meant to be Poupé Fabrikk, but when a friend made their first posters he incorrectly spelt it "Pouppée Fabrikk" and the band liked it.

Initially, the music of Pouppée Fabrikk was influenced by minimalistic electronic acts such as Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft and Nitzer Ebb, in a style some refer to as "Elektronisk Kroppsmusik" or EKM – the Swedish translation of "Electronic Body Music." With the addition of Jouni Ollila and Jonas Aneheim on guitar the group moved towards a more crossover/metal style that was not always well received by fans.

The band's first album, Rage, was released in 1990 and quickly followed the next year by Portent. The latter featured guest vocals on the track "T.O.T.D.N." by Cat Rapes Dog vocalist Joel Rydström.

The album Your Pain - Our Gain CD was meant to be released in 1996, but due to differences in opinion between the band and the record company (Energy Rekords) it was delayed until 1999. In 1996 the band decided to take a break and Pouppée Fabrikk was put on hold and the band members worked on various solo projects.

In 2000 the band re-united for a performance at the Tinitus Electronic Festival and announced that they were making a comeback and returning to their roots. They released a four track mini CD in 2001 entitled Elite Electronics. A year later both Ollila and Björkk left the band to concentrate on their respective solo careers.

After seven years of dormancy, the band re-united in 2009 with Christiaan Riemslag filling the place of former member Jouni Ollila. The band embarked on numerous live performances in 2010 & 2011 including at Bodyfest in Fryshuset, Sweden, BIMfest in Belgium, and the first of several appearances at Wave-Gotik-Treffen in Germany.

In 2013, the band compiled unreleased and remastered demo tracks along with a few new songs for release on Alfa Matrix as The Dirt. In 2017, the band "upgraded" two classic tracks – "Watch Your Sex" and "No Way Back" – as a digitally released single to promote their second appearance at Wave-Gotik-Treffen that year.

In 2019, the band announced the production of a new album, Armén, the first full length album of new material since 1998. The band's lyrical output has always been in English, but Armén featured the band's first Swedish language track, “Kom Ta Min Smärta.” Björkk – with the mastering assistance of former member Jouni Ollila – took the lead in producing Armén, adopting a more aggressive political theme along with his stated intent "to make the hardest goddamn EBM album ever."

The COVID-19 pandemic preempted a planned tour in 2020, but the band announced plans to use the time to produce new material. At the end of 2020, the band released the single "Burn Forever," featuring remixes by Blush Response and Kreign, and Alfa Matrix released a six-disc limited box set anthology entitled ''E K M. Anthology 1989-2019''.

Side projects
Henrik N Björkk Folkstorm, HH9, Muskel, Nordvargr, Toroidh, All Hail The Transcending Ghost, D.I.N., Econocon, Goatvargr, Incinerator International, Körperwelten, L/A/B, Lorv, Maschinenzimmer 412/Mz.412, Naer Mataron, Nordvargr/Drakh, Thee Maldoror Kollective

Leif Holm CAP, Dworgend, Stürm

Jouni Ollila Alk0, Ater Koma, Econocon, Little Blue Men, Mr. Jones Machine, Maschinenzimmer 412/Mz.412, Project-X, Twin Freaks, BURG

Jonas Aneheim Beyond Sensory Experience, Maschinenzimmer 412/Mz.412, Nordvargr/Drakh, L/A/B, 1920Hillcrest, Al-Wahaar Dhin, Spyah

Christiaan Riemslag Volt, CAP, Menticide

title: Pouppée Fabrikk


text:
Talk:B major

B is H
Why is B called H in Germany?? (Feel free to give a Wikipedia article that talks about this in detail.) Georgia guy 20:41, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I also want to know why. la gaie (talk) 21:10, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

 * As a german I feel urged to answer this. (I have studied musicology/ sciences of historical musicology)

First, there is no consense about this matter. Here comes the most plausible: The `H´ has its origin as a relict of the favored accident in late medieval music tradition. Since most of the tonalities in use were `flatted´ (your Bb was the normal accident at that period of time) the `natural´ - as a special sign - became immanent. Some musicologists assume that in those days the accident and the note B (our H) were actually the same for the practicians in the choires. With the uprise of the printing editions and with the great consistancy of that german master J.S.Bach - no one dared to call it `B´ anymore. Summed up: it came from the sign for the most used natural!--92.226.86.45 (talk) 23:46, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

Key signature
The key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three "lines" of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A on its expected position relative to the sharp for G would require a ledger line. In the bass clef it would be possible to do this, but because in piano music this would result in a disuniformity that might throw off sight-reading, the B major key signature is practically the same in the bass clef as it is in the treble clef. In the alto clef, which occurs in string quartets and orchestral music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two "lines" of sharps.

Unless i see a citation for this I'm going to delete it. --Ross angus 02:51, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

I've restored this, because I am very familiar with music theory, and I know it is true.

Which part do you consider dubious? - the paragraph you're referring to makes several points, all of which can be verified by looking at almost any score in the key of B major.

However, there are occasional scores in which the bass-clef key signature for B major is in fact notated in the way mentioned (that is, placing the A sharp on the higher line instead of the more common lower space). I think Respighi's "Pines of Rome" is an example (3rd section - "Pines of the Janiculum"), although I don't have my score available to look just now. If a citation is required to justify retaining this remark, I can find it by checking "Pines of Rome", or, if I turn out to be mistaken about that, I definitely can find another score that does this, because I am sure I have seen this several times. If this is challenged or removed again, I will look into my scores and come up with a couple of examples that back me up on this. M.J.E. 15:16, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

While there isn't anything completely incorrect, I find the paragraph a bit pointless. What does it matter whether there are two or three lines of sharps? I see no relavance. A few other points - use of the term "expected position." The word expected in this context doesn't make much sense, who is to say where people would expect the A sharp to come? Perhaps "on the position relative" would make more sense. Also the sight reading thing seems a bit of an assumtion. Yes it would be different, but again who's to say, if it had always been that way, what difference it would make. I would replace "string quartets and orchestral music" with violas as it is the only orchestral instrument that I am aware of that uses it. If it's staying in why not discuss the tenor clef? Its layout of the sharps is pretty different. --Ross angus (talk) 02:01, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

I see five sharps, why does it say there are 3 "lines" of sharps, isn't that incorrect? Sorry, I know nothing about this, but as someone coming to the article trying to learn it makes no sense to me, could someone elaborate on how 3 lines of sharps equals 5 sharps? 70.190.166.108 (talk) 05:46, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

Image links
31-May-2007: In 2006/2007, Wikipedia images required both attributes "thumb|250px" to show a caption, as in:

By itself, size "250px" ignores the caption "My picture" (confusing many people), which is considered bad form in computer languages (should warn & be corrected rather than ignore). Just remember to include "thumb" (or "frame") for a caption in an image-link.

Image hints in 2007: Overall, omitting "thumb" is the most common problem.
 * Limit most images to "thumb|300px" to avoid crowded text-wrapping.
 * A small image followed directly by a big image often chops text.
 * To resize larger than the original ("oversizing"), omit "thumb" (oversized images cannot have captions in 2007, yet).
 * Beware "left|thumb" (for "right|"), because left-side images appear immediately to left of the text.
 * Most images (99.99%) should be quick JPEG for rapid display.
 * Avoid resizing PNG images (2007): might become 10x larger resized.

There are many formatting issues in the Wiki software (used worldwide), with a long list of problems to fix, but in the software world, errors often persist, only to be upstaged by a totally radical new software version, rather than just fixing the irritating problems fast. Note that numerous software systems (not just Wiki) have frustrating issues for years. -Wikid77 17:39, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Alto clef
What this article says about the alto clef is wrong. Key signatures in the alto clef have the same pattern as the treble and bass clefs, but with a different height. Let's look at all 3 clefs and see where each sharp is located:

 * Treble clef: top line, third space, space above the staff, fourth line, second space (down-up-down-down)
 * Bass clef: fourth line, second space, fourth space, middle line, first space (down-up-down-down, same as treble clef)
 * Alto clef: fourth space, middle line, top line, third space, second line (down-up-down-down, still the same pattern!)

Can anyone fix this?? Georgia guy (talk) 17:26, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * ✅ I changed "alto clef" to "tenor clef". Double sharp (talk) 12:41, 13 March 2012 (UTC)

Help!
I can't revert the article any more! When I try to edit the last good version it lets me edit the current version instead. Georgia guy (talk) 21:01, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 October 2023
Can you add any information for B major is a relative key to A-flat minor 2601:1C2:4D01:2010:D8CE:9908:D544:9533 (talk) 00:50, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I do not think that is a good idea. A flat minor's relative major is C flat. Just plain Bill (talk) 01:16, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:B major