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Floral design

Floral design or flower arrangement is the art of using plant material and flowers to create an eye-catching and balanced composition or display. Evidence of refined floral design is found as far back as the culture of ancient Egypt. Floral designs, called arrangements, incorporate the five elements and seven principles of floral design.

Floral design is considered a section of floristry. But floral design pertains only to the design and creation of arrangements. It does not include the marketing, merchandising, caring of, growing of, or delivery of flowers.

Common flower arrangements in floral design include vase arrangements, wreaths, nosegays, garlands, festoons, boutonnieres, corsages, and bouquets.

History
The Eastern, Western, and European styles have all influenced the commercial floral design industry as it is today. Western design historically is characterized by symmetrical, asymmetrical, horizontal, and vertical style of arrangements. The history of flower arrangement first dates back to Ancient Egypt, and has gradually evolved over time.

Ancient civilizations
Egyptians were among the first to place lotus flowers and buds in vases nearly 4,000 years ago. Egyptians also created bouquets, wreaths, garlands, headwear, and collars. These arrangements often used lotus and papyrus, as they were seen as sacred plants to the goddess Isis. Ancient Greeks and Romans also created garlands and wreaths to wear. Greeks and Romans also created cornucopias full of fruits and vegetables as religious offerings.

Asia
Chinese and Korean arrangements were, and still are, traditionally based upon the Confucian idea of reflection, the Buddhist principle of preservation, and Taoist symbolism. The arrangements of the Chinese and Koreans often use containers of varying height and shape, and use natural elements, such as rocks.

Ikebana is the Japanese style of floral design, and incorporates the three main line placements that correspond with heaven, humans, and the earth.

Europe
During the Renaissance, pieces often had a degree of symbolism and used bright, vivid, and contrasting triadic colors. Designs were symmetrical and combined fresh and dried material, as well as fruits and vegetables. These arrangements were often triangular, arching, or ellipse-shaped.

In French design, arrangements often used soft pastel colors. Arrangements were often light and airy, and stressed the individual beauty of each flower itself, rather than the entire arrangement. Pieces were semi-ovoid, soft and airy, had a feminine design, were symmetrical, and had no focal point. They accentuated rhythm with curves, lines, and flourishes of plant material.

English design drew from the vast variety of plant materials that were available in estates and the countryside. Most arrangements during the various periods were formal pieces, generally triangular in shape, and symmetrical.

The Americas
In the Americas, during the Colonial Period (1607–1699), arrangements were made used gathered wildflowers, grasses, and seed pods. These arrangements reflected a simplistic lifestyle with few luxuries; a reflection of the first colonists to arrive there. American arrangements then evolved from numerous influences, primarily European. As such, American pieces began to reflect the sophistication, symmetry, and shapes of European design ideals of the time.

Modern day
In the mid 20th century, flower arranging and floral design came to be seen as an art form. While modern floral designers and arrangers are still inspired by the naturalistic, 19th century designs, modern designers tend to want to break free from the rigid patterns and restrictions of past period designs. This led to the creation of abstract designs in modern floral arrangement. Other modern designers, however, did not feel inspired or drawn to abstract designs. As such, these designers began to create new design styles. Today's floral arrangements are born out of these two factors. Modern arrangements range from zero abstraction, in which pieces and components are untreated and organized naturally, to total abstraction, which totally disregards patterns and rules.

Today, there are many styles of floral design including the Botanical Style, the Garden Style (Hand Tied, Compote or Armature), the Crescent Corsage, the Nosegay Corsage, Pot au Fleur, the Inverted "T", Parallel Systems, Western Line, the Hedgerow Design, Mille de Fleur, and Formal Linear.

Principles
When creating flower arrangements, there are generally seven principles that floral designers must incorporate into their arrangement to create a flattering and appealing piece. These seven principles include:

 * Proportion : the relationship between the sizes of elements used to create the design (e.g., flowers, foliage, vase, accessories).
 * Scale : the relationship between the overall size of the design and the setting it is placed in.
 * Balance : contains physical balance and visual balance. Physical balance is the distribution of materials and weight across the arrangement; the arrangement should be stable and not at risk of falling over. Visual balance is the poise an arrangement contains upon first glance. There are three types of visual balance: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and open.
 * Focal point : the main feature of the design and/or the first thing that attracts the viewer's eye.
 * Rhythm : the visual flow of the arrangement. This element should encourage the viewer's gaze to move inward, outward, up, and down while looking at the arrangement. Achieved through colors, shapes, lines, textures, and spaces.
 * Harmony : the pleasing combination of colors, material, and texture used in the arrangement.
 * Unity : everything is placed with purpose; achieved when the other 6 principles are in order.

It is important to keep in mind that not every arrangement will use all seven principles of design. For example, French Baroque and Rococo style arrangements do not include a focal point. Rococo designs also disregarded proportion; they were to be much taller than they were wide. Some traditional designs disregarded space (and therefore a part of rhythm). Modern abstract designers may disregard the seven principles entirely.

Elements
In addition to the seven principles, there are also five elements of design a designer must keep in mind when arranging flowers. These five elements include:

 * Line : provides the shape and structure for the design. Line also creates paths for the viewer's eye to follow when viewing the arrangement. Lines can defined (clearly visible) or implied (suggested by changes in color, tone, and texture). Line helps build the dimensions and overall shape of the design.
 * Color : the color of the arrangement. There are numerous color schemes, such as monochromatic, triadic, analogous, or complimentary. Different color schemes provide different effects on the feel of the arrangement.
 * Form : the height, width, and depth of the arrangement. Form also helps build the dimensions and overall shape of the design, much like Line.
 * Space : the spacing of flowers, foliage, and other materials. Space ensures every flower is visible, and that the design is not too clumpy, constricted, spaced out, or empty.
 * Texture : the different textures used in an arrangement. Texture gives the arrangement diversity and interest. Texture is one way a floral designer can achieve rhythm. Textures can be smooth, wrinkled, rough, glossy, etc.

Fresh
The vast majority of the media used in floral design is fresh, or living, media. Fresh media includes flowers and foliage.

Flowers
Flowers used in floral design are often broke into four categories: line flowers, form flowers, mass flowers, and filler flowers. Each category serves its own purpose in achieving an element or principle of design. The four categories are listed as follows:

 * Line flowers are tall spikes of flowers that bloom along the stem of the plant. They create the outline for an arrangement and determine the height and width of the design. They can be straight, or naturally curving. Most line flowers have larger flowers at the bottom of the stem, that gradually become smaller the closer they are located to the end of the spike. This creates rhythm in the design, as the eye naturally follows the progression. Examples of line flowers include snapdragons, delphiniums, liatris, gladiolus, stock, cattails, and pussywillows.

 * Form flowers are flowers that have interesting colors, textures, and/or patterns that draw attention and stand out among the other pieces in the arrangement. They are most often used as the focal point of the arrangement. Form flowers include irises, calla lilies, anthurium, and orchids.

 * Mass flowers consist of a single stem with one solid, rounded head at the top of the stem. They add mass and visual weight to an arrangement. Mass flowers are often inserted near the rim of the container to draw attention to the focal point, or to serve as the focal point themselves. Mass flowers are often considered the "star of the show" in an arrangement. Oftentimes, more than one type of mass flower is used to create variety and to avoid monotony, or, to otherwise make the arrangement less boring. Mass flowers include carnations, chrysanthemums, daisies, anemone, dahlias, hydrangeas, and roses.

 * Filler flowers are composed of small "sprays" of flowers. Filler flowers are used, as the name suggests, to fill in empty spaces among mass flowers and the framework of the design. Filler flowers also add further dimension to the arrangement. Examples of filler flowers are baby's breath and statice.

It is worth noting that just because a flower is defined in one category, that does not exclude it from other categories. For example, chrysthanthemums can be considered both a mass flower or a filler flower, depending on the size and variety of the bloom. Anthuriums and orchids can be considered form flowers, as well as mass flowers.

Other flowers commonly used by floral designers include peruvian lilies, cosmos, freesias, gardenia, hyacinth, kalanchoe, larkspur, lavender, lilac, lilies, limonium, lupine, peonies, phlox, protea, ranunculus, sedum, solidago, sunflowers, tulips, and zinnias.

Foliage
Much like flowers, foliage can also be divided into the same four categories. Usually, they are meant to accent what is being done by their flower counterparts.

 * Line foliages are effective for repeating and complimenting lines established by the line flowers. This creates repetition and unity within the arrangement. Much like line flowers, they can also be straight or curved. Examples of line foliage include bear grass, flax, ivy, and flat ferns, such as sword fern.

 * Form foliages also have unique textures, patterns, or colors that allow them to shine through and stand out in an arrangement. Form foliage are often used to achieve the element of space. They also are used to drag the viewer's eye to the focal point. Form foliages include seeded eucalyptus, calathea, equisetum, diffenbachia, and galax.

 * Mass foliages have the same purpose as mass flowers: to add mass and visual weight to the arrangement. However, they are also effective in filling empty space not occupied by flowers and hiding the mechanics of the design (e.g., floral foam, pot tape, etc.). Mass foliages include leatherleaf fern and salal.

 * Filler foliages are used as accents to create harmony and unity. Depending on the texture of the filler foliage, there can be different effects on the feel of the arrangements. Fillers like plumosa asparagus and sprengeri fern lighten and soften, whereas coarse textures of plants like huckleberry and boxwood create contrast.

Another similarity shared in the categorization of foliage in the same way as flowers is that a certain type of foliage may be included in more than one category. Leatherleaf fern can be considered a mass foliage or a line foliage, and ruscus can be considered form foliage or a line foliage.

Other foliage used by floral designers today include Italian ruscus, Israeli ruscus, dusty miller, monstera deliciosa, eucalyptus (including silver dollar, gunnii, and baby blue), various types of ferns (such as tree fern), camellia, olive branches, hypericum berries, and pittosporum.

Preserved
Dried materials such as bark, wood, dried flowers, dried (and often aromatic) inflorescences, leaves, leaf skeletons, and other preserved materials are common extensions of the art and media of floral design. They are of practical importance in that they last indefinitely and are independent of the seasons. Their materials offer effects and associations complementary to, and contrasting with, fresh flowers and foliage.

Tools
To create an arrangement, a floral designer has to use a multitude of tools. In general, the most common tools are floral tape, pot tape, glue, flower frogs, cutting tools, floral foam, containers, and wire.

Vases and other containers are used to hold the arrangement. They often lend to the final look of a piece, and come in a variety of shapes and sizes to suit numerous types of projects.

Floral foam is a piece of dense foam that holds moisture and keeps flowers in place. Most floral foam has a specific container that can hold the foam without anything more than placing it into the container. However, floral foam can be cut into any shape, and therefore placed in any container. In recent years, there has been controversy over the environmental impact of floral foam, as well as the potential negative health effects from inhaling the powder created from unsoaked foam. Nevertheless, floral foam is still an essential tool in floral design.

Cutting tools, such as floral knives, floral shears, pruners, and ribbon scissors can be used to cut a variety of materials in floral design. Knives can be used to cut flowers or floral foam. Shears and pruners can also be used to trim and cut foliage and flowers. Ribbon scissors are used to cut ribbon and twine.

Adhesive tools include floral tape, pot tape, floral adhesive (also known as cold glue), and hot glue. Floral tape is most often used to secure flowers together or to cover the mechanics of an arrangement, especially when creating a boutonniere or corsage. Pot tape is used to create a grid pattern in vases, which helps keeps flowers and foliage in place. Pot tape can also be used to secure floral foam to a container. Cold glue is used to secure fresh, living flowers together or in place for an arrangement. Hot glue is used to glue non-living media in place or together.

Wire is used in floral design for a variety of purposes. It can be used to secure ribbons in place, fix broken stems, or provide strength to weak or flimsy material. Wire comes in different gauges, or sizes, which are used for different applications.

Flower frogs are devices that keep flowers upright. They usually have holes to place the flowers into, or spikes to "spear" the cut end of the flower into.

Education
With the ever-growing interest in the natural world and flowers, the floral industry continues to grow. The increase in educational institutes providing training in floral design has expanded to many state universities, certified design schools, and even high schools worldwide. Schools that teach floral design courses teach techniques to arrange flowers, plant identification, foliage and flower care for both fresh and preserved media, retail floral shop practices, and how to place and receive flower orders. Most of these programs reward students with certificates or degrees in floral design, shop management, or artisanship. Floral design course are typically cheaper than most higher education programs, and can cost anywhere from US$125 to over US$25,000. Most courses take around six to eighteen months to complete.

The following list is composed of schools and organizations that offer floral design courses:

 * Rittners School of Floral Design
 * Texas Tech University School of Floral Design
 * Golden West College
 * Anne Arundel Community College
 * New York Institute of Art & Design
 * American Institute of Floral Designers
 * California Polytechnic State University
 * Mississippi State University
 * The London Flower School
 * Judith Blacklock Flower School
 * Hong Kong Academy of Flower Arrangement
 * Nobleman School of Floral Design

Floral shops

Floral shops are business establishments that create and sell floral designs. Floral shops often have a vast variety of flowers and foliage to use in creating arrangements, which can be custom ordered or pre-designed. Floral shops usually receive a majority of their business on the following holidays and events: Christmas, Valentine's Day, Administrative Professionals' Day, Mothers' Day, All Souls Day, Advent, Easter, weddings and funerals. Floral shops also include the other aspects of floristry, including marketing, buying and selling of flowers, production, etc.

Street vendors
Street vendors that sell flowers and arrangements are called flower sellers. Flower sellers are popular in countries like Mexico, India, Vietnam and Southwestern states in the United States.

Associations
Prominent industry associations that promote floral design worldwide include the American Institute of Floral Designers (AIFD), the Society of American Florists (SAF), and the National Association of Flower Arranging Societies (NAFAS). In the United States, there are also numerous floriculture and floral design organizations for nearly all of the 50 states in the country. These associations promote floral design through workshops, conferences, flower shows, and seminars.

Designers
Notable floral designers include Daniel Ost, Junichi Kakizaki, Paula Pryke, Phil Rulloda, Catherine Conlin, Constance Spry, Jennifer McGarigle, Judith Blacklock, Stanlee Gatti, Irene Hayes, Julia Clements, Azuma Makoto, and the White House Chief Floral Designer.

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Painlevé transcendents

In mathematics, Painlevé transcendents are solutions to certain nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations in the complex plane with the Painlevé property (the only movable singularities are poles), but which are not generally solvable in terms of elementary functions. They were discovered by , ,, and .

History
Painlevé transcendents have their origin in the study of special functions, which often arise as solutions of differential equations, as well as in the study of isomonodromic deformations of linear differential equations. One of the most useful classes of special functions are the elliptic functions. They are defined by second-order ordinary differential equations whose singularities have the Painlevé property: the only movable singularities are poles. This property is rare in nonlinear equations. Poincaré and L. Fuchs showed that any first order equation with the Painlevé property can be transformed into the Weierstrass elliptic equation or the Riccati equation, which can all be solved explicitly in terms of integration and previously known special functions. Émile Picard pointed out that for orders greater than 1, movable essential singularities can occur, and found a special case of what was later called Painleve VI equation (see below). (For orders greater than 2 the solutions can have moving natural boundaries.) Around 1900, Paul Painlevé studied second-order differential equations with no movable singularities. He found that up to certain transformations, every such equation of the form

 * $$y^{\prime\prime}=R(y^{\prime},y,t)$$

(with $$R$$ a rational function) can be put into one of fifty canonical forms (listed in ). found that forty-four of the fifty equations are reducible in the sense that they can be solved in terms of previously known functions, leaving just six equations requiring the introduction of new special functions to solve them. There were some computational errors, and as a result he missed three of the equations, including the general form of Painleve VI. The errors were fixed and classification completed by Painlevé's student Bertrand Gambier. Independently of Painlevé and Gambier, equation Painleve VI was found by Richard Fuchs from completely different considerations: he studied isomonodromic deformations of linear differential equations with regular singularities. It was a controversial open problem for many years to show that these six equations really were irreducible for generic values of the parameters (they are sometimes reducible for special parameter values; see below), but this was finally proved by and. These six second order nonlinear differential equations are called the Painlevé equations and their solutions are called the Painlevé transcendents.

The most general form of the sixth equation was missed by Painlevé, but was discovered in 1905 by Richard Fuchs (son of Lazarus Fuchs), as the differential equation satisfied by the singularity of a second order Fuchsian equation with 4 regular singular points on the projective line $$\mathbf{P}^1$$ under monodromy-preserving deformations. It was added to Painlevé's list by.

tried to extend Painlevé's work to higher-order equations, finding some third-order equations with the Painlevé property.

List of Painlevé equations
These six equations, traditionally called Painlevé I–VI, are as follows:

The numbers $$\alpha$$, $$\beta$$, $$\gamma$$, $$\delta$$ are complex constants. By rescaling $$y$$ and $$t$$ one can choose two of the parameters for type III, and one of the parameters for type V, so these types really have only 2 and 3 independent parameters.

Singularities
The singularities of solutions of these equations are
 * The point $$\infty$$, and
 * The point 0 for types III, V and VI, and
 * The point 1 for type VI, and
 * Possibly some movable poles

For type I, the singularities are (movable) double poles of residue 0, and the solutions all have an infinite number of such poles in the complex plane. The functions with a double pole at $$z_0$$ have the Laurent series expansion
 * $$(z-z_0)^{-2}-\frac{z_0}{10}(z-z_0)^2-\frac{1}{6}(z-z_0)^3+h(z-z_0)^4+\frac{z_0^2}{300}(z-z_0)^6+\cdots$$

converging in some neighborhood of $$z_0$$ (where $$h$$ is some complex number). The location of the poles was described in detail by. The number of poles in a ball of radius $$R$$ grows roughly like a constant times $$R^{5/2}$$.

For type II, the singularities are all (movable) simple poles.

Degenerations
The first five Painlevé equations are degenerations of the sixth equation. More precisely, some of the equations are degenerations of others according to the following diagram (see, p. 380), which also gives the corresponding degenerations of the Gauss hypergeometric function (see , p. 372)

Hamiltonian systems
The Painlevé equations can all be represented as Hamiltonian systems.

Example: If we put
 * $$\displaystyle q=y,\quad p=y^{\prime}+y^2+t/2$$

then the second Painlevé equation
 * $$\displaystyle y^{\prime\prime} =2y^3+ty+b-1/2$$

is equivalent to the Hamiltonian system
 * $$\displaystyle q^{\prime}=\frac{\partial H}{\partial p} = p-q^2-t/2$$
 * $$\displaystyle p^{\prime}=-\frac{\partial H}{\partial q} = 2pq+b$$

for the Hamiltonian
 * $$\displaystyle H=p(p-2q^2-t)/2 -bq.$$

Symmetries
A Bäcklund transform is a transformation of the dependent and independent variables of a differential equation that transforms it to a similar equation. The Painlevé equations all have discrete groups of Bäcklund transformations acting on them, which can be used to generate new solutions from known ones.

Example type I
The set of solutions of the type I Painlevé equation
 * $$y^{\prime\prime}=6y^2+t$$

is acted on by the order 5 symmetry $$y\to\zeta^3 y$$, $$t\to\zeta t$$ where $$\zeta$$ is a fifth root of 1. There are two solutions invariant under this transformation, one with a pole of order 2 at 0, and the other with a zero of order 3 at 0.

Example type II
In the Hamiltonian formalism of the type II Painlevé equation
 * $$\displaystyle y^{\prime\prime}=2y^3+ty+b-1/2$$

with
 * $$\displaystyle q=y,p=y^\prime+y^2+t/2$$

two Bäcklund transformations are given by
 * $$\displaystyle (q,p,b)\to (q+b/p,p,-b)$$

and
 * $$\displaystyle (q,p,b)\to (-q, -p+2q^2+t,1-b).$$

These both have order 2, and generate an infinite dihedral group of Bäcklund transformations (which is in fact the affine Weyl group of $$A_1$$; see below). If $$b=1/2$$ then the equation has the solution $$y=0$$; applying the Bäcklund transformations generates an infinite family of rational functions that are solutions, such as $$y=1/t$$, $$y=2(t^3-2)/t(t^3-4)$$, ...

Okamoto discovered that the parameter space of each Painlevé equation can be identified with the Cartan subalgebra of a semisimple Lie algebra, such that actions of the affine Weyl group lift to Bäcklund transformations of the equations. The Lie algebras for $$P_I$$, $$P_{II}$$, $$P_{III}$$, $$P_{IV}$$, $$P_V$$, $$P_{VI}$$ are 0, $$A_1$$, $$A_1\oplus A_1$$, $$A_2$$, $$A_3$$, and $$D_4$$.

Relation to other areas
One of the main reasons Painlevé equations are studied is their relation with invariance of the monodromy of linear systems with regular singularities under changes in the locus of the poles. In particular, Painlevé VI was discovered by Richard Fuchs because of this relation. This subject is described in the article on isomonodromic deformation.

The Painlevé equations are all reductions of integrable partial differential equations; see.

The Painlevé equations are all reductions of the self-dual Yang–Mills equations; see.

The Painlevé transcendents appear in random matrix theory in the formula for the Tracy–Widom distribution, the 2D Ising model, the asymmetric simple exclusion process and in two-dimensional quantum gravity.

The Painlevé VI equation appears in two-dimensional conformal field theory: it is obeyed by combinations of conformal blocks at both $$c=1$$ and $$c=\infty$$, where $$c$$ is the central charge of the Virasoro algebra.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Quantitative feedback theory

In control theory, quantitative feedback theory (QFT), developed by Isaac Horowitz (Horowitz, 1963; Horowitz and Sidi, 1972), is a frequency domain technique utilising the Nichols chart (NC) in order to achieve a desired robust design over a specified region of plant uncertainty. Desired time-domain responses are translated into frequency domain tolerances, which lead to bounds (or constraints) on the loop transmission function. The design process is highly transparent, allowing a designer to see what trade-offs are necessary to achieve a desired performance level.

Plant templates

Usually any system can be represented by its Transfer Function (Laplace in continuous time domain), after getting the model of a system.

As a result of experimental measurement, values of coefficients in the Transfer Function have a range of uncertainty. Therefore, in QFT every parameter of this function is included into an interval of possible values, and the system may be represented by a family of plants rather than by a standalone expression.

$$\mathcal{P}(s) = \left \lbrace \dfrac{\prod_{i} (s + z_i)}{\prod_{j} (s + p_j)}, \forall z_i \in [z_{i,min}, z_{i,max}], p_j \in [p_{j,min}, p_{j,max}] \right \rbrace $$

A frequency analysis is performed for a finite number of representative frequencies and a set of templates are obtained in the NC diagram which encloses the behaviour of the open loop system at each frequency.

Frequency bounds
Usually system performance is described as robustness to instability (phase and gain margins), rejection to input and output noise disturbances and reference tracking. In the QFT design methodology these requirements on the system are represented as frequency constraints, conditions that the compensated system loop (controller and plant) could not break.

With these considerations and the selection of the same set of frequencies used for the templates, the frequency constraints for the behaviour of the system loop are computed and represented on the Nichols Chart (NC) as curves.

To achieve the problem requirements, a set of rules on the Open Loop Transfer Function, for the nominal plant $$L_0(s) = G(s)P_0(s)$$ may be found. That means the nominal loop is not allowed to have its frequency value below the constraint for the same frequency, and at high frequencies the loop should not cross the Ultra High Frequency Boundary (UHFB), which has an oval shape in the center of the NC.

Loop shaping
The controller design is undertaken on the NC considering the frequency constraints and the nominal loop $$L_0(s)$$ of the system. At this point, the designer begins to introduce controller functions ($$G(s)$$) and tune their parameters, a process called Loop Shaping, until the best possible controller is reached without violation of the frequency constraints.

The experience of the designer is an important factor in finding a satisfactory controller that not only complies with the frequency restrictions but with the possible realization, complexity, and quality.

For this stage there currently exist different CAD (Computer Aided Design) packages to make the controller tuning easier.

Prefilter design
Finally, the QFT design may be completed with a pre-filter ($$F(s)$$) design when it is required. In the case of tracking conditions a shaping on the Bode diagram may be used. Post design analysis is then performed to ensure the system response is satisfactory according with the problem requirements.

The QFT design methodology was originally developed for Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) and Linear Time Invariant Systems (LTI), with the design process being as described above. However, it has since been extended to weakly nonlinear systems, time varying systems, distributed parameter systems, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems (Horowitz, 1991), discrete systems (these using the Z-Transform as transfer function), and non minimum phase systems. The development of CAD tools has been an important, more recent development, which simplifies and automates much of the design procedure (Borghesani et al., 1994).

Traditionally, the pre-filter is designed by using the Bode-diagram magnitude information. The use of both phase and magnitude information for the design of pre-filter was first discussed in (Boje, 2003) for SISO systems. The method was then developed to MIMO problems in (Alavi et al., 2007).

title: Quantitative feedback theory


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Talk:Floral design

[Untitled]
Where have all the florists gone? Are we going to have a dead summer, or what?

need for this article?
Most of the content of this page is covered in floristry including the descriptions of what designers do. Rather than starting another article, I would like to see the current one cleaned up and developed.
 * The links within the Floral Design Schools and Floral Design Promotion Associations lead to a site which has copied the titles and descriptions from Open Directory Project categories without proper attribution and I believe those links should be deleted.
 * The list of designers leads to pages that don't exist, except one. Why is it currently necessary?

 * I still quesiton the need for this page, but since it exists, it needs built out, including articles about the notable designers and far better information about floral design.Camillia (talk) 01:35, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

The Link of Floral Designer Preston Bailey
I have seen the floral designer Preston Bailey and I know for a fact he is not a 8 year white child actor. The link of Preston Bailey the floral designer under "Floral design" article directs the user to a child actor of the same name.
 * I agree. Nothing has yet been written about notable floral designer Preston Bailey, but he certainly warrants an article. Camillia (talk) 01:32, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Citations needed
I added a copy editing template noting the lack of inline citation in this article. SpiritedMichelle (talk) 03:04, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

Flower arrangement and synonyms
and synonyms such as currently redirect to a mix of Floral design and Floristry. There is a consensus that they should all redirect to the same place, but not about which target is best - please contribute to the discussion at Redirects for discussion/Log/2018 July 10. Thryduulf (talk) 09:58, 15 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Seems like there was a lot of discussion on this, but none of the solutions involved improving the articles and making them more clear. The broad definition at the top of Floristry has no citation, but the article certainly seems more complete than this one. I ended up on this page because of a link from Ikebana, but this page doesn't talk about different styles of floral design while Florist does. If anyone else is keen to work on the content of the pages (not worrying about priority or preference of the articles for the time being), please chime in. — Zujine |talk 15:02, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Floral design


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File:Walter hancock sacrifice.jpg

"Vision", 1938 sculpture by Walker Hancock, Soldiers' Memorial, St. Louis Missouri. Photo by Walt Lockley.

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Drifting Cowboys

The Drifting Cowboys were the backing group for American country legend and singer-songwriter Hank Williams. The band went through several lineups during Williams' career. The original lineup was formed in 1937, changing musicians from show to show until Williams signed with Sterling Records.

The lineup was further modified in the following years, with the most famous version of the group formed in 1949 for Williams' appearance on the Grand Ole Opry. Although the Drifting Cowboys were credited on Williams' records, until 1950, Williams was backed by session musicians on recordings, with the label crediting the Cowboys. In 1951, Williams disbanded the group. After his death, the band was used for a short time by Ray Price. Former members later toured under the name of the band.

History
Hank Williams formed the original Drifting Cowboys band between 1937 and 1938 in Montgomery, Alabama. The name was derived from Williams' love of Western films, with him and the band wearing cowboy hats and boots. The original line-up consisted of Braxton Schuffert (guitar), Freddie Beach (fiddle), and the comedian Smith "Hezzy" Adair. The youngest member of the band was thirteen-year-old steel guitar player James E. Porter. During the 1930s, the Drifting Cowboys varied from one show to another, with members playing a few shows before leaving and being replaced. In 1944, Don Helms joined the band playing the steel guitar, and Sammy Pruett on guitar, however both left the band after a year.

When Williams signed with Sterling Records, he formed a new band: R.D Norred (steel guitar), Joe Pennington (guitar), Herbert "Lum" York (bass) and Winston Todd (guitar). Hank and Audrey Williams requested a loan to buy the band matching outfits that they wore on performances. The band was renewed by Williams for his first appearance on the Louisiana Hayride in 1948, with Bob McNett (guitar), "Lum" York (bass), Tony Francini (fiddle), Felton Pruett (steel guitar) and Dent Holmes (guitar).

For his June 1949 debut at the Grand Ole Opry, Williams formed the most famous version of the Drifting Cowboys: Bob McNett (guitar), Hillous Butrum (bass), Jerry Rivers (fiddle) and Don Helms (steel guitar). Until 1950, Williams' songs were recorded with session musicians, with the label crediting the backing to the Drifting Cowboys Band. In 1950, McNett and Butrum left the band, being replaced by Sammy Pruett and Cedric Rainwater. In 1951, before undergoing back surgery and not knowing how long he would be unable to tour, Williams disbanded the group. During 1952, he was not backed by the Drifting Cowboys. After his death, the band was used for a short time by Ray Price. Band members would later tour as the Drifting Cowboys for several years.

Members

 * Original lineup
 * Braxton Schuffert – guitar
 * Freddie Beach – fiddle
 * Smith "Hezzy" Adair – bass, harmonica

 * Main members
 * Don Helms – steel guitar
 * Jerry Rivers – Fiddle
 * Bob McNett and Sammy Pruett – Guitar
 * Hillous Butrum, Cedric Rainwater, Herbert "Lum" York – bass

Other members

 * Felton Pruett
 * Clent Holmes
 * Joe Pennington
 * Lemuel Curtiss Crysel
 * Daniel Jack Boling
 * Louis Brown
 * Clyde Criswell
 * Zeke Crittenden
 * Little Joe Stanley
 * Richard Paul Dennis Jr
 * Allen Dunkin
 * Willie Harper
 * James Porter
 * Carl "Wimpy" Jones

title: Drifting Cowboys


text:
Talk:List of Unix daemons

Comment
This partial list is rather pointless, given that it makes no effort to explain *which* Unix uses these daemons. It should be relegated to a list in the daemon article. --Joy [shallot]   22:11, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It is in deed pointless. In modern Unix variants there is a multitude of daemons for all kinds of stuff (think dbus etc.). The most daemon like programms are not even listed in the posix standard documents. It might however be helpful to create a List of "classic" unix daemons. i.e. services that where (or are) offered in a wide variety of unix like systems. init cron and the nfs stuff seems fitting. httpd not so much. 84.179.165.176 (talk) 18:41, 17 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that while this article as it exists is pointless, it could be narrowed to "top / critical / core" services. Also, I propose that the article ("Unix_daemons") be a redirect to Unix-like_daemons or even Unix-like_Services as UNIX is a copyrighted term. I would love to see "popular (>1% usage globally) examples of daemons that provide these services".  bad boy jamie    talk 06:57, 8 June 2013 (UTC)

I did add some additional information, and modified my text to say Unix-like, although I do agree with most of you, this list is a little weird. I will work on it a little more, maybe I can try to incorporate some better information and help it a little more. This information is useful, just need to find the right balance. User:Jessicab8110 16:56 1 Feb 2024 (US EST)

Article has been included in Wikipedia
The article was deemed worthy for inclusion in Wikipedia: the result of the AfD was to keep it, because it's functional and appropriate as a Wikipedia article per Wikipedia notability guidelines, and its inclusion is congruent with building Wikipedia. Northamerica1000 (talk) 08:42, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

TALK questions
bad boy jamie   talk 07:10, 8 June 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) Should this article be rewritten from ground up?
 * 2) Should examples of services (e.g. daemons > 1% global usage) be listed?
 * 3) Should the exclusionary "Unix" be substituted for Unix-like?
 * 4) Should only services recognized in /etc/services (SYSV, POSIX) be listed?   Should all listed, be included?
 * 5) Should this be a static list, or are professionally-based statements of relevance allowed?

RFC comment by User:Staszek Lem

 * (1). Huh? It is a list which is a list is a list, right? If you have any ideas to make the structure of the list more useful, please explain. If you want to improve item summaries, this is hardly "from ground up". Please be more specific what you have in mind.
 * (2) What is service you are talking about? This list is list of unix daemons, not all kinds of services. As for usage examples, I say "no". They belong to main article. (Lists of) examples tend to mushroom/spam/have NPOV+REF issues, better be confined to specific pages.
 * (3) No. This is the list of Unix daemons, which also may happen to have the same name/function in "unix-like" systems. One may well have List of additional Linux daemons (or a better title) for non-unix linux daemons (if such exist). Staszek Lem (talk) 18:18, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
 * (4) Per wikipedia rules the things to be listed : (4a) - standard unix daemons (i.e., installed as part of OS), per WP:RELEVANCE (4b) daemons notable enough to have wikipedia articles, per WP:LIST
 * (5) There are no static lists in wikipedia. What do you understand under "statement of relevance"?

Staszek Lem (talk) 18:18, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I think we should start by defining a clearer criteria. First of all, the world "Unix" is an ill-defined term:
 * Does it refer to the "classical" Unix (e.g. System V)? (I think this would make the article rather obsolete and pointless.)
 * Does it refer to the proprietary and/or open source derivatives? The BSDs have tons of derivatives -- do we include daemons shipped with those? If not, where do you draw the line?
 * And Mac OS X, which is a derivative of Unix?
 * Does it include "Unix-like" systems like Linux? I see you suggest above that should be "no", although the article says "yes"
 * What "daemons" are included? You said "standard unix daemons (i.e., installed as part of OS)", "daemons notable enough to have wikipedia articles", although that's your interpretation and not written anywhere in the article. -- intgr [talk] 20:20, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I said what I said because these are wikipedia practice IMO. While there are tons of derivatives, I don't think there are tons of OS daemons. Even if there are, if they are mentioned in wikipedia somewhere, they must have either articles or redirects. Staszek Lem (talk) 20:17, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * This article also lists ancient daemons like biod, swapper, syncd, vhand, which don't have Wikipedia articles and aren't included in any modern system. -- intgr [talk] 20:20, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is encyclopedia, not the most recent version of a user guide, right? "Digital obsolescence" should have no power. If some daemon did something useful in the past, it deserves an article (or a section): what it did, who does its job now (or whether its job no longer exists), etc. Staszek Lem (talk) 20:17, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * FreeBSD has some specific daemons like newsyslog, hastd, devd. Solaris has Service Management Facility. OpenBSD has OpenBGPD, OpenNTPD.
 * OS X includes Apache web server (which sometimes calls itself "httpd", but there's also the CERN httpd), PostgreSQL, BIND, ntpd, samba, CUPS. MySQL (mysqld) used to be included. Are these Unix daemons? Because most work equally well on every modern OS.
 * How about OS X specific daemons? launchd, Apple Remote Desktop, Apple Push Notification Service, Apple Filing Protocol server, Software Update service, their VPN server?
 * Why exclude popular daemons like nginx, lighttpd, thttpd, PowerDNS, Postfix etc, on the basis that they weren't chosen to be included in the default install? If anything, these are more Unix-ish than Apple's stuff.
 * And I'm just a Linux user, I don't know half the things about proper "Unices". I simply find this criteria unworkable. If you ask me, it's more like "totally arbitrary collection of software". Which is probably why nobody has dared to touch this article for years (last time an item was added was in 2009 October).
 * Apologies for being bitter. Can you help with coming up with a better criteria? -- intgr [talk] 20:20, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment: Whatever the intention or intended function, the article or list in its current form is not foreseeably likely to be useful. How is it likely to be useful and stay useful? It lacks context. A list article referring to any dynamic set is less than half as good as its standard of maintenance, and I see no sign of maintenance in this one. Suppose some monastic masochist undertook to maintain it till he got a life/wife? What would the future of the article be? Unless some company or group of companies in that segment of the market undertook to maintain a set of such articles, I don't see it going anywhere. I certainly am in no position to help, but though I have no objection to list articles -- I actually approve of them in principle -- I don't think that this one deserves its bit space unless the situation changes. JonRichfield (talk) 06:50, 11 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, what you wrote is an ubiquitous problem of wikipedia. And there is the only solution: a volunteer to do this job. Staszek Lem (talk) 20:17, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment I do think the list has some use, I'm quite surprised that we don't have a Category Unix daemons which is a well defined group of programs. There is a case for a list as well as some of the deamons like crond don't have separate articles so would not be findable through the category system. If we look at List of Unix utilities we see it has a "First appeared" column which lists the system it was first used on. A similar column for system distinguishing BDS/System V/linux and possibly Mac would be useful. Not sure about Mac specific ones, maybe better in an OSX specific article. Distinguishing between general system and application specific ones is also a good thing to do, but I would not want to go over the top on the applications. I'd be happy with general classes, the httpd entry could mention the varients, but the detail can be found on the httpd page. I don't think we need to go into the command line arguments.--Salix (talk): 15:45, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

I would not suggest to exclude any daemons from this list unless the list becomes longer than 1-2 hundred items. When this happens, one may look at the list and come with ideas how to split it. For starters, one may look at List of Unix utilities (criteria, format, etc.). Staszek Lem (talk) 20:17, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment I feel there is a need for a list of Unix[-like] daemons, but I'm not sure of the best format. A stand-alone article, as noted above, has its problems. Having the same list as part of the Daemon (computing) article, with a redirect from here, could be a better solution. Or, I like Salix's suggestion to add a Category Unix daemons. Given the choice I'd probably put all our eggs in one basket (Daemon (computing)) and then guard that basket (i.e. maintain the article). Then add the category. -- Dan Griscom (talk) 13:35, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

put all our eggs in one basket (Daemon (computing)) and then guard that basket (i.e. maintain the article). Then add the category [ i.e. Category Unix daemons - ''Ed. (yoyo)'' ].
 * Comment I concur with most of the responses given by user Staszek Lem. However, I also think the suggestions by Salix and Dan Griscom have merit, and would go along with Dan Griscom's preferred solution:
 * I do think that this article: List of Unix daemons is best as a linked article amplifying the content of the more general Daemon (computing) article. It might be only one of several such lists, depending on relevance and interest: why not also link to such as List of Linux daemons and List of OS/X daemons, supported by Category Linux daemons and Category OS/X daemons as required?  yoyo (talk) 06:47, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

 * It seems like a kind of pointless article to me, especially given its current state, but I can see how it might be turned into a somewhat useful resource. In particular, I like Salix's suggestions.  I would prefer we didn't start listing minutiae like oddball daemons used only by one Linux distribution.  That OCD level of attention to detail just makes for an unreadable article.  To be listed, daemons would have to be notable and used across multiple UNIX-like operating systems, not just existent.  Restricting this list to notable services sounds good, too.  ntp, smtp, nntp, httpd, etc.  If people want to list common implementations (Apache, Sendmail/Postfix, CUPS, etc), I guess that would be OK, as long as it doesn't take over the entire article. NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 13:19, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * 8 years later, I arrive here with the same question. As far as I'm concerned, an article must serve a clear purpose: readers reading an article must clearly understand its scope and quickly be able to determine whether their particular question(s) are within scope. That purpose isn't clear to me in this case. The reader will need to refer to Unix daemon, which unfortunately redirects to a Daemon (computing) article that lacks a clear scope, and fails to explain some crucial points, such as the purpose of daemons. Without a good understanding of what is meant by Unix or by daemon, the present article lacks a clear scope as well. How to fix this:
 * Have a general article about Unix daemons that discusses the daemons on Unix and Unix-like operating systems: their purpose, how they work, and typical examples, ranging from 1970s Unix to today's Unix-like systems.
 * Only if the examples section in that article grows too big or too detailed, retain it as a separate article. It should never be just a list, but a table, listing, for each example, the daemon's name, the year and Unix version in which it was introduced, some more examples of versions of Unix(-likes) that used or use it (with references), and its purpose. Both application-specific daemons and generic daemons such as inetd and dbus-daemon should be in here.
 * It would be nice, but not strictly necessary, to also have a more general article on "daemon"/"service" processes in computing, and their relationship with services. This is hard to write, because the concepts and terminology tend to be quite OS-specific. Rp (talk) 15:06, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Unix daemons


text:
H.I.V.E.

The H.I.V.E., which stands for the Hierarchy of International Vengeance and Extermination, is a fictional terrorist organization appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.

The H.I.V.E. organization has appeared in Teen Titans and the fourth season of The CW show Arrow.

Publication history
The H.I.V.E. first appeared in The New Teen Titans #2 and were created by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez.

1st incarnation
The H.I.V.E. Master gathered seven unnamed criminal scientists to assist him in taking over the world and eliminating Superman and the Teen Titans. H.I.V.E.'s first known plot involved kidnapping Lois Lane and removing her memories. They subsequently attempted to learn more about the return of Superman Island from space, and hired Deathstroke the Terminator to kill the New Titans. H.I.V.E. was also responsible for turning Deathstroke's son Grant Wilson into Ravager.

Later, the H.I.V.E. Mistress murdered her husband and took control of his organization. Although clearly insane, she nevertheless garnered the same obedience from her underlings as her husband once did. She initiated an ambitious scheme called Operation: Waterworks wherein she attempted to destroy the underwater city of Atlantis. This was meant to be little more than a display of power which she would then use to blackmail world leaders into surrendering to the H.I.V.E. The Mistress' plan alerted the attention of former Titans members Aqualad and Aquagirl who in turn sought assistance from the Titans. The Teen Titans journeyed to the H.I.V.E.'s undersea base for one final confrontation. They succeeded in staving off the attack against Atlantis and also crippled the H.I.V.E.'s station. Knowing that defeat was near, the H.I.V.E. Mistress refused to be taken alive. She murdered her Inner Circle then took her own life. With her demise, this incarnation of the H.I.V.E. was gone forever.

Remnants of this incarnation of the H.I.V.E. were revealed to have become members of the Wildebeest Society.

2nd incarnation
The second incarnation of the H.I.V.E. was established by Adeline Kane, Deathstroke's ex-wife. They were tracked down by Tartarus, led by Vandal Savage and made up of Gorilla Grodd, Lady Vic, Red Panzer, Siren, and Cheshire.

The H.I.V.E. is later seen as members of Alexander Luthor Jr.'s Secret Society of Super Villains with the H.I.V.E. falling under the leadership of Queen Bee.

The New 52
Following the 2011 Flashpoint miniseries and the "New 52" reboot, the H.I.V.E. acronym was reimagined as Holistic Integration for Viral Equality. Additionally, the organization formed an uneasy alliance with Green Lantern villain Hector Hammond. They are led by a world class telepath named the H.I.V.E. Queen who is a zealous devotee of the alien Brainiac, claiming to be his "daughter". To the public, H.I.V.E. is a social media company that connects people to each other. However, their true goal is to kidnap humans with psychic powers and harness their energies in order to mentally enslave the world for Brainiac's return. Their criminal activities become publicly known following the Psi War storyline, when a roster of powerful telepaths clash in Metropolis. During the battle, their main headquarters located beneath Metropolis is destroyed and their entire plan thwarted.

In a flashback seen during the Forever Evil storyline, the H.I.V.E. were responsible for an act that turned S.T.A.R. Labs scientist Dr. Caitlin Snow into Killer Frost when she threatened their control of the energy market.

H.I.V.E. is later featured in Red Hood/Arsenal. A group of H.I.V.E. soldiers, led by the H.I.V.E. Regal, have planted a "transubstantiation bomb" aboard a U.S. Navy ship set to go off during a ceremony. Once the bomb goes off, it is supposed to release a psionic virus that will infect all the U.S. Military personnel present with the goals and ideals of H.I.V.E. However, Red Hood and Arsenal infiltrate the ship during the ceremony and Arsenal disables the bomb while Red Hood fights off the soldiers and kills the H.I.V.E. Regal.

H.I.V.E. returns in Teen Titans Vol. 4. During a trip to New Orleans, the city suddenly comes under psionic attack from the H.I.V.E. Queen who quickly seizes control of every mind in New Orleans except the Titans who are shielded by Raven's magic. The mind-controlled citizens then start building psionic amplifiers that will allow the Queen to expand her powers across the whole of the U.S. Managing to triangulate her location, Red Robin and Raven assault her base and defeat the H.I.V.E. Queen, freeing everyone from her mental control.

DC Rebirth
In 2016, DC Comics implemented another relaunch of its books called "DC Rebirth" which restored its continuity to a form much as it was prior to "The New 52". The H.I.V.E. are revealed to be the financial backers behind Meta Solutions, a company set up by the Fearsome Five. Its purpose was to steal the powers of metahumans and sell them to the H.I.V.E. on the black market. The company was taken down and Fearsome Five are defeated by the Titans. H.I.V.E. is shown to have a history with the Titans and was revealed to have hired Deathstroke's son Grant Wilson. His assignment was to kill the Titans. To this end, they granted him various superhuman powers, but the strain proved too much and he died of a heart attack before he could complete his mission.

Membership
There are different memberships in each incarnation. Here is a list of its known memberships:

First H.I.V.E.

 * H.I.V.E. Mistress -
 * Franklin Crandall -
 * Penelope Lord -
 * Otto Muller - known as a mad scientist aka "Extractor".

Second H.I.V.E.

 * Adeline Wilson (née Kane) - the H.I.V.E. Mistress of the second incarnation of H.I.V.E.
 * Damien Darhk -

The New 52 H.I.V.E.

 * Hector Hammond -
 * H.I.V.E. Queen (leader) -
 * H.I.V.E. Regal -
 * Dreadnought -
 * Psiphon -
 * Psycho-Pirate - he was their prisoner.
 * Doctor Psycho - he was their prisoner.
 * Unnamed foot soldiers -

Anti-Matter Universe
The H.I.V.E.'s heroic counterparts in the antimatter universe in JLA: Earth 2 are known as the Hierarchy for International Virtuous Empowerment.

Flashpoint
In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint event, the H.I.V.E. council members: Adeline Kane, August General in Iron, Captain Nazi, Dr. Kimiyo Hoshi, Impala, Naif al-Sheikh, Prince Osiris, Ra's al Ghul, and Red Star are taking a vote which will decide if they should be against using nuclear weapons to end the war in Western Europe between Aquaman and Wonder Woman. Though the majority of them votes yes, they are stopped by Kane's daughter followed by Kane starting the attack alone.

Television

 * The H.I.V.E. appears in Teen Titans. This version of the organization is a regular evil organization that also consists of the H.A.E.Y.P. ("H.I.V.E. Academy for Extraordinary Young People"), also known simply as the H.I.V.E. Academy, which was founded by an unnamed headmistress (voiced by Andrea Romano), consists of Mammoth, Gizmo, Jinx, and series original characters Private H.I.V.E., Billy Numerous, See-More, Kid Wykkyd, Angel, XL Terrestrial, the I.N.S.T.I.G.A.T.O.R., and Wrestling Star as notable students, is staffed by multiple cloaked faculty, and armed H.I.V.E. Troopers. Additionally, Bumblebee and Cyborg infiltrated the academy as students. In the episode "Final Exam", the headmistress loans graduates Mammoth, Gizmo, and Jinx to Slade, who tasks the trio with attacking the Teen Titans and giving them his name in preparation for his plans. In the third season, Brother Blood takes over the academy following the headmistress' disappearance and has Mammoth, Gizmo, and Jinx sent back for their repeated failure to defeat the Titans. Following a failed attempt at swaying Cyborg, who successfully destroys the academy, Blood develops a rivalry with him while several academy students form the H.I.V.E. Five and, along with the headmistress, join the Brotherhood of Evil.
 * The H.I.V.E. appears in series set in the Arrowverse:
 * Primarily appearing in the fourth season of Arrow, this version of the group, also known by Star City's media as the "Ghosts", is a decades-old organization led by Damien Darhk, who is served by supporters from around the world willing to commit suicide if they are captured by authorities and Milo Armitage and Phaedra Nixon as lieutenants. They intend to initiate a nuclear holocaust while protecting themselves in an "Ark" under Star City so they can lead humanity's remnants. While they are foiled and dismantled by the Green Arrow and his allies, one of H.I.V.E.'s nuclear missiles destroys the town of Havenrock and goes on to inspire the Ragman.
 * The H.I.V.E. makes a cameo appearance in the crossover event "Heroes Join Forces".
 * A past version of the H.I.V.E. from 1975 makes a minor appearance in Legends of Tomorrow's two-part pilot episode.
 * The H.I.V.E. Five appears in Teen Titans Go! (2013), consisting of Jinx, Gizmo, Mammoth, See-More, and Billy Numerous.
 * The H.I.V.E. appears in Justice League Action. The organization is led by an unidentified H.I.V.E. Master (voiced by Chris Diamantopoulos in his first appearance and Diedrich Bader in his second appearance) and consists of bee-themed foot soldiers who utilize honey-based traps.

Video games
The H.I.V.E. appears in DC Universe Online. The organization is led by Queen Bee and consists of H.I.V.E. Drones, H.I.V.E. Foragers, H.I.V.E. Killer Bees, H.I.V.E. Recruits, H.I.V.E. Royal Drones, H.I.V.E. Stingers, H.I.V.E. Workers, Mortuary Bees, a H.I.V.E. Minder, and Major Honeygut as foot soldiers.

Miscellaneous

 * The H.I.V.E. appears in Teen Titans Go! (2004), with original members Rock, who can transmute her body into a rock-like form; Paper, who possesses an elastic body; and Scissors, who can turn his fingers into talons, appearing in issue #16.
 * The H.I.V.E. appears in Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons, with the Jackal leading a sect and Rose Wilson serving as the "H.I.V.E. Queen".

title: H.I.V.E.


text:
Talk:Wisden Cricketers' Almanack

Cover
Something should be put in about the long running woodcut on the cover being controversially dropped by Tim de Lisle during his one-off year in the job. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.136.20.114 (talk • contribs) 13:23, 4 February 2006

 * Thank you for your suggestion! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed.  Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in!  (Although there are some reasons why you might like to...) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold.  Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly.  If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. --Nick Boalch?!? 18:01, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I have addressed this- not sure there's any controversy any more. Jockosaurus (talk) 10:52, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Editors
It would be nice if there was a complete list of editors, with their dates. That's something that doesn't seem to be available anywhere on the WWW, as far as I can see, not even in the Wisden Archive at Cricinfo. I'm sure I've seen a list in one of my cricket reference books somewhere - possibly an old edition of Wisden itself - but I haven't been able to run it to ground.

JH 17:12, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Further digging jas turned up the info, at:

http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152198.html

and

http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/almanack

(clicking on the year by year links)

Note that though John Wisden was the publisher, it seems that he was never the editor.

JH 17:55, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

Comment on the latest edit
"...and is among the most famous sports reference books published in the United Kingdom" seems to me to be an understatement. I don't think that there's much doubt that it's the most famous. I don't know how one could prove that, though the number sold each year (which I suspect is greter than any other sport reference book) might be one indication. JH 17:52, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I have reworded that section, hopefully to everyone's satisfaction.Jockosaurus (talk) 10:53, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

Change of Editor
My copy of the 2008 Wisden makes it clear in the Editor's notes that Matthew Engel has decided he won't be coming back after this year and will retire permanantly as editor - Sciald Berry who is editing this year will stay on as the new editor. This probably ought to be verified and added to the article. 194.74.227.66 (talk) 11:43, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Good source material
[(http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/635373.html)] --Dweller (talk) 13:49, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
 * There are a number of articles in the current Wisden to mark the 150th edition which have useful material about the almanack's history, of which that article is one. There;s also one on the history of the Cricket Reporting Agency. When time permits I hope to do something with the material - though I'd be delighted if somebody else did so first. JH (talk page) 17:23, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wisden Cricketers' Almanack