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Congo tetra

The Congo tetra (Phenacogrammus interruptus) is a species of fish in the African tetra family, found in the central Congo River Basin in Africa. It is commonly kept in aquaria.

Description
The Congo tetra has a typical full-bodied tetra shape with rather large scales. When mature, the iridescent colors of the Congo tetra run through the fish from front to back, starting with blue on top changing to red through the middle, to yellow-gold, and back to blue just above the belly. It is not its fluorescent colors that make this tetra so distinct, but rather its tail fin, which develops into a grayish-violet feathery appendage with white edges. The males get up to 3.0 inches (8.5 cm). Females up to 2.75 inches (6 cm). The male is larger with more color, also the tail fin and dorsal fin are more extended. They also have different colors and extensions in the caudal fin.

Aquarium trade and keeping
Congo tetra are a popular aquarium species. However, their large size and active behavior makes them unsuited for most smaller tanks. They easily adapt to captive diets like pellets and frozen foods, though they will still hunt down live foods when offered. They have successfully been bred in captivity and captive bred individuals are commonly available. Whilst they can be kept healthy on a slightly wider range of water parameters, breeding often requires water parameters more similar to their natural habitat. Bad water quality has been known to affect male fin development and lead to loss of coloration.

Disease and Care
The Congo Tetra is a moderately hardy freshwater fish. This species thrives in a well-maintained aquarium that mimics its natural, slightly acidic and soft-water habitat. Optimal health for Congo Tetras is achieved in a stable environment with good water quality, a balanced pH level of around 6.0 to 7.5, and temperatures between 72°F and 82°F. A varied diet, including quality flake food, frozen or live brine shrimp, and bloodworms, is essential for maintaining their vibrant colors and overall vitality.

Common diseases affecting Congo Tetras include Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), a parasitic infection manifesting as white spots on the body and fins, and fin rot, often due to poor water quality. Preventive care is key, emphasizing regular water changes, tank cleanliness, and avoiding overfeeding. Quarantining new fish before introducing them to the main tank is crucial to prevent the spread of diseases. In case of illness, early detection and treatment, often involving specific medications and improved tank conditions, are vital for recovery. Proper care and attention to their environmental needs ensure these stunning fish remain a healthy and dynamic part of any aquarium community.

Conservation status
The IUCN lists the Congo tetra as a species of Least Concern.

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Coalition for Unity and Democracy

The Coalition for Unity and Democracy (Ge'ez : ቅንጅት ለአንድነት እና ዴሞክራሲ), commonly referred to by its English abbreviation CUD, or occasionally CDU (its Amharic abbreviation, used in Ethiopia, is Qinijit; in English writing often referred to as Kinijit), was a coalition of four existing political parties of Ethiopia which combined to compete for seats in the Ethiopian General Elections held on May 15, 2005, and around the end of that year, became a full-fledged political party (the Coalition for Unity and Democracy Party). Its leader was Hailu Shawul and the political party was dissolved in 2007.

2005 Ethiopian elections
The four parties that combined to form the CUD are: Ethiopian Democratic League, All Ethiopian Unity Party (AEUP), United Ethiopian Democratic Party-Medhin Party and Rainbow Ethiopia: Movement for Democracy and Social Justice. At the legislative elections, 15 May 2005, the party won 89 out of 527 seats in the House of People's Representatives, representing the Regions of Amhara, Oromia, and of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNPR), as well as in the chartered cities of Dire Dawa and Addis Ababa.

Despite the CUD winning 99% of Addis Ababa, the ruling party continued to govern the city. The CUD and the EU election observers said there was heavy election rigging and the opposition might have won more seats.

Engr. Hailu was placed under house arrest in early June 2005 after a government investigation into his alleged involvement in the planning of riots, which the government claims over 40 were killed, but were referred to by the CUD as street protests, concluded he was responsible.

In the elections for the Regional assemblies, the CUD won 137 of the 138 seats in the Addis Ababa administrative district, 106 of 294 in the Amhara Region, 11 of 89 in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region, 1 of 82 in the Gambela Region, 3 of 36 in the Harari Region, 33 of 537 in Oromia, and 39 of 348 in the SNNPR. But the split inside CUD has caused big problems. One of the parties that split was the old UEDP-Medhin and this was a major problem for the AEUP because without UEDP-Medhin, CUD support in Addis Ababa would have been "no more than marginal."

After implying that the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) committed election fraud, on 6 November the CUD leadership called for a week of riots and a boycott of businesses owned by members of the EPRDF, as well as boycotting the new parliament. In response, the TPLF/EPRDF stripped CUD legislators of their parliamentary immunity, and arrested a large number of CUD members.

, most of the leaders of the AEUP subparty remain imprisoned, awaiting the outcome of their trial that has spanned nearly a year starting from their arrest. Porous roofs, cramped conditions, extreme temperatures have all contributed to the numerous emergency room visits that the main leaders of the party have experienced. During this time the health of three of the major figures—Hailu, Professor Mesfin Woldemariam, Berhanu Nega—has suffered during their incarceration, and required visits to the Police hospital. There is an international effort in motion that is trying to create harmony between EPRDF and CUD, but it has not made any progress.

The spirit of CUD and the Kinijit movement is still in motion. Berhanu Nega has written a book, published by MM publishing, providing his account not only of the CUD's role in the election, but also of his imprisonment, as well as of his fellow detainees.

Criticisms
Engineer Hailu, a leader of the AEUP, was one of the ministers working for the previous Ethiopian Derg regime led by Mengistu Haile Mariam. Under the Derg government, it was one of the darkest eras for Ethiopia, which some sources claim up to 1,500,000 Ethiopians were victims of the genocide. Due to this, many people have been worried about his rise into the executive leadership of this opposition party. Engineer Hailu held an insignificant ministry, The Ministry of State Farms and his role was primarily technical management of farms. He was never a significant player in the regime and had little influence on issue that had to do beyond the State Farms.

Also various negotiations between the UEDP-medhin opposition party and the AEUP opposition party failed. And this was a major problem for the AEUP that was originally united with UEDP-Medhin to make up the CUD because without UEDP-Medhin, CUD support in Addis Ababa would have been "no more than marginal." Most people, including UEDP-Medhin and Rainbow party, have pointed out the hardliners inside AEUP, particularly Hailu Shawel, were the reasons for the disagreements. Some members said AEUP leaders like Hailu Shawel "are chauvinists and dictators who think that they are the only best opposition party."

The other issue was about accepting the parliamentary seats of the CUD party. When UEDP and others Disrespected the vote of the people and took their seats, some AEUP members, forced by Hailu, did not take their seats because they believed there was election fraud. Later, they organized a demonstration. Some said the hardliners in AEUP knew there would be massive riots beforehand. One SBS journalist, Olivia Rousset, indicated that the government used too much force to calm the rioters.

A major issue arose when even the closest people to Hailu rejected his stance and wanted to take their parliamentary seats instead of joining the banned protests that turned to riots. One of them, Berhanu Nega, stated that elected MPs and City Councilors would be betraying their constituents if they failed to take their seats. But at the end, the minority in AEUP, including Hailu Shawel, forced CUD members to change direction, thus causing a permanent division between UEDP and AEUP. Most sources claim that the Rainbow party also split from Hailu's AEUP but the decision of mayor choice issues between UEDP and Rainbow allowed Hailu to dictate Rainbow's destiny. Following the split in the party, most subparties in CUD itself are working in the parliament as are the other opposition parties, with the exception of Hailu's AEUP members who have been charged with inciting the riots that resulted in many deaths.

Recent developments
The Walta Information Center reported 9 October that the CUD lost its legal life with the conclusion of the 2005 election, and is no longer accredited as a political party. Although a number of members of the Ethiopian Parliament still possess identification cards issued by the CUD, National Election Board of Ethiopia (NEBE) deputy head Tesfaye Mengesha stated that this does not guarantee eligibility. The CUD that existed in the pre-election had long taken its exit, he concluded. "Today's CUD has borne nothing of the former, but the name."

In a surprise development, the General Assembly of the CUD met on 22 October in the Hall of the NEBE in Addis Ababa, and elected new officials. Ayele Chamesso was elected party Chairman and the former Chairman Temesgen Zewde was elected Deputy Chairman in absentia, while Sasahulh Kebede became Secretary General. However Temesgen Zewde stated that the meeting was held against party rules and its decisions were illegal. When asked why the NEBE allowed the assembly to take place on its premises, Mekonnen Wondimu, the Acting Registrar of the NEBE Political Parties Registration Office, replied that the request had been made in writing by the Deputy Chairman of the party, and that the NEBE has never turned down the requests of political parties when they made similar requests.

After a split between inside CUD in the diaspora, another split occurred to CUD in Ethiopia during the Ethiopian intervention in Somalia. A CUD group led by Temesgen Zewde disapproved the decision by the government to go into Somalia, while a CUD group led by Tadesse Bekele (CUD's elected representative for Addis Ababa City Council) supported the ruling party's decision to go into Somalia. Tadesse said "Ethiopians have never been divided on the issue of the sovereignty of the country, and the stand of the CUD group led by Temesgen and some opposition parties has failed to prioritize national interest."

After a long trial, the Ethiopian court found 38 CUD officials guilty of breaching Ethiopia's constitution. General charges ranged from armed rebellion to "outrage against the constitution". In addition to organizing and provoking the violence, witnessed also accused some CUD leaders of attempting assassinations on government heads. Various human rights organizations have accused the trial of being politically motivated.

Freedom and revival
After spending 20 months in jail and being convicted by the court, Kinijit leaders, after undergoing through amnesty board, were finally released on July 20, 2007. According to the government and the mediator elders, the CUD prisoners signed an apology letter admitting partial responsibility for the post election violence and promising not to use unconstitutional means for any political aims. In addition to their release, the prisoners' right to vote and seek public office also have been restored. Following their release, the American government said "The United States appreciates the efforts of Ethiopian elders and civil society leaders that resulted in today’s pardon by the Ethiopian Government of 38 opposition leaders and journalists detained in the wake of political violence in 2005."

Kinijit senior executives
Chairman:                Eng. Hailu Shawel 1st Vice Chairperson:    Birtukan Mideksa Secretary:               Muluneh Eyuel

Executive staff: Abayneh Birhanu,    Abdurahman Ahmedin,       Akalu Gergrie, Hailu Alemayehu, Befikadu Degifie,    Dereje Amensisa, Elala Tezera,       Major Getachew Mengistu,  Eng Gizachew Shiferaw, Leniesil Asfaw,     Mulalem Tarekegn,     Mesfin Ayalew, Seleshi Tena,       Shimel Tekletsdik,   and Yakob Hailemariam

In a recent development Hailu Shawel was said to be sacked and replaced by first vice-chairperson, Birtukan Mideksa, who as of November 2009 has been in prison since December 2008 and is considered to be a political prisoner by Human Rights Watch.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Coalition for Unity and Democracy


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text: Category:Provinces of Gabon

title: Category:Provinces of Gabon


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Andrews University

Andrews University (Andrews) is a private Seventh-day Adventist university in Berrien Springs, Michigan. Founded in 1874 as Battle Creek College, it was the first higher education facility started by Seventh-day Adventists and is the flagship university of the Seventh-day Adventist school system, the world's second largest Christian school system.

The university consists of eight schools or colleges, offering 130 undergraduate majors and 70 graduate majors. In addition, post-baccalaureate degrees are offered by all. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, and the Adventist Accrediting Association (AAA).

1874–1901: Battle Creek College
Andrews University was founded as a small Seventh-day Adventist school called Battle Creek College in 1874 named for the nearby city of Battle Creek, Michigan.

1901–1959: Emmanuel Missionary College
In 1901, the school moved from Battle Creek, Michigan to its current location in Berrien Springs. It is said that everything the school had was packed up in 16 boxcars and sent on its way. The school was renamed "Emmanuel Missionary College", or EMC for short. as "the first school among us having a distinctive Biblical name".

After this SDA college that had been known as Battle Creek College moved to Berrien Springs, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg opened a new Battle Creek College in Battle Creek under his presidency in 1923, by bringing together the existing Training School for Nurses, the School of Home Economics, and the School of Physical Education. This Battle Creek College operated until 1938.

Emmanuel Missionary College continued to grow slowly through the early 20th century. In the 1940s, Nethery Hall, the current location of the College of Arts and Sciences, was built as the administration building. Its construction marked the culmination of an aggressive building program.

SDA Theological Seminary
In the 1930s Seventh-day Adventist leaders established a Theological Seminary. At first, it was located on the campus of Pacific Union College in the Napa Valley, California. Later it was moved to Washington, D.C., and located near the denominational headquarters.

1959–1974: Andrews University
The following events culminated in relocating the graduate program and theological seminary of Potomac University from Washington, D.C., and joining with the school in Berrien Springs in 1959.

Potomac University
In 1956, denominational leaders decided to organize a university in order to train elementary and secondary teachers in an Adventist school rather than send them to an unaffiliated university which did not promote a denominational perspective."

In 1956 a charter was granted. The new school was named Potomac University. Earlier, Ellen White, cofounder of the Adventist Church, had advised that Adventist schools locate in rural settings. Church leaders looked for a suitable rural location where the new university could be near to, and in affiliation with, Washington Missionary College, now Washington Adventist University. Over a period of two years effort was put forth to find such a location. Finally the idea was abandoned. Too much expense was involved in making such a move.

At the 1958 Autumn Council, held in Washington, the board of Emmanuel Missionary College invited the General Conference to locate Potomac University on its campus. After careful deliberation, the council voted unanimously to accept the offer and move the institution to the EMC campus.

Arrangements similar to those envisioned for Washington Missionary College were made with EMC. Emmanuel Missionary College did not lose its identity. It remained the college for the youth of the Lake Union Conference, but was affiliated with the new Seventh-day Adventist university.

In 1959, H. L. Rudy, a vice-president for the SDA General Conference, described the relationship of the new graduate university with Emmanuel Missionary College:
 * Potomac University (a new name is under study) has been founded to meet the graduate needs of students, teachers, ministers, and^ other workers of the church. As a "university-type General Conference institution" it draws students from the entire world field. The undergraduate school—Emmanuel Missionary College—will continue to recruit its students from its own territory, but the Seminary and the School of Graduate Studies may recruit students from the entire world field.

Andrews University
Because of the addition of the graduate programs and the seminary in 1960, the school was renamed "Andrews University" in honor of John Nevins Andrews, an Adventist scholar and the first officially sponsored overseas missionary for the Seventh-day Adventist Church.

On April 18, 1957, the Minutes of the General Conference Committee report gave the conclusion that " the name of the graduate school be Adventist University" Three years later, the April 5, 1960, Minutes of the General Conference Committee's Spring Meeting recommended that it be Andrews University, saying "This name was chosen because it honors our first missionary, a scholarly, dedicated man, J. N, Andrews, and is a name that has a very strong Adventist appeal.

Today the seminary is known as the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary.

A marker designating the college as a Michigan Historic Site was erected by the Michigan Historical Commission. The inscription reads:

"This, the oldest Seventh-day Adventist college and the pioneer in a world-wide system of Christian education, was chartered in 1874 at Battle Creek as Battle Creek College. It was moved to Berrien Springs in 1901 where its name was changed to Emmanuel Missionary College. The first classes here were held in tents. The old Berrien County Courthouse served as an administration building. Permanent buildings were erected by student labor. In 1960 the Adventists' Theological Seminary, founded in 1934, and the Graduate School (1957), were moved here from Washington, D.C., to join Emmanuel Missionary College under one charter as Andrews University. The name honors a pioneer Adventist author, administrator, and missionary, John Nevins Andrews."

1974–present
In 1974, the undergraduate division of Andrews was organized into two colleges—the College of Arts & Sciences and the College of Technology. The School of Business Administration, which evolved from the Department of Business Administration, was established in 1980. In a similar move, the Department of Education became the School of Education in 1983. In 1993, the Department of Architecture became the Division of Architecture, and is now the School of Architecture, Art & Design. At the same time existing and new programs in technology were restructured and a new School of Health Professions was opened in 2012.

The present organizational structure of the School of Graduate Studies was adopted in 1987. Now the School of Graduate Studies & Research, it oversees graduate programs and research activities campus-wide.

Griggs University joined Andrews in 2011 to become the School of Distance Education. It extends access to Adventist education beyond campus, community and national boundaries. It supports all schools in delivery of degrees at national and international locations, while also promoting and modeling best practices in distance education.

On Thursday, April 11, 2007, President Niels-Erik Andreasen announced at a special chapel assembly that the university had just received a gift totaling $8.5 million. The anonymous donors requested the money be spent on the following: Construction of the new entrance on Old US 31 (officially opened on June 2, 2008, and named J. N. Andrews Blvd.), Two endowed chairs: one for the Marketing Department in the School of Business Administration and the second in the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary's Christian Ministry Department, Construction of a milking parlor for the Andrews Dairy, Refurbish the kitchen and dining facilities in the Campus Center, and Support for the educational program of the Aeronautics Department.

Campus
Andrews University is located in the Village of Berrien Springs in southwest Michigan. The campus is adjacent to the St. Joseph River and 12 mi away from the shores of Lake Michigan. South Bend, Indiana, home of the University of Notre Dame, is 25 mi away; thus, some Andrews faculty members hold joint appointments with Notre Dame.

The 1600 acre campus is officially designated as an arboretum. The campus maintains a variety of indigenous trees, especially around the quad in the center of the campus. The campus is composed of 27 instructional buildings, the Howard Performing Arts Center, an airpark, four single-sex residence halls and four apartment complexes.

The four dormitories on campus are Lamson Hall, the undergraduate women's hall, Damazo Hall, the graduate women's hall, Meier Hall, the undergraduate men's hall, and Burman Hall, primarily for men who are either graduate or seminary students. The residence halls strictly enforce a curfew depending on a student's age, as well as a visitation policy which does not allow students of the opposite sex in dorm rooms at any time. Students living on-campus are also required to attend a number of worship services.

Public art
Artworks on the campus include Corten Steel Sculpture, Legacy of Leadership, and Regeneration.

Corten Steel Sculpture (1966–1967) was designed by Timothy Malone while he was a graduate student and part-time instructor at the University of Notre Dame. The Corten steel sculpture weighs 1300 lbs and bears the Andrews University motto and the text "Corpus, Mens, Spiritus" on one side; the opposite side displays an imperfect circle that represents the globe and two curved meridian lines. It was supposed to be installed in December 1966, but was postponed until April 1967 due to Malone's illness and an "imbalance" in the sculpture.

Academics
Following a major reorganization in 2019, the university is currently made up of five major academic units, offering 130 undergraduate majors and 70 graduate majors. In addition, post-graduate degrees in several areas are supervised by the School of Graduate Studies. Its most popular undergraduate majors, in terms of 2021 graduates, were:
 * Biology/Biological Sciences (32)
 * Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (26)
 * General Studies (19)
 * Engineering (16)
 * Physical Therapy/Therapist (15)

The university's freshmen retention rate is 83.9% while the graduation rate is 53.3%.

College of Health & Human Services
The College of Health & Human Services was organized in 2019. The change incorporated the previously named School of Health Professions, which included all of the health-related sciences. The college currently includes the School of Architecture and Interior Design, the School of Communication Sciences & Disorders, the School of Nursing, the School fo Population Health, Nutrition & Wellness, the School of Rehabilitation Sciences, and the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences. Emmanuel Rudatsikira was appointed the first dean of the College of Health & Human Services, and is currently still serving in this role.

School of Architecture & Interior Design
The School of Architecture began as a simple architecture program in 1974, offering an associate degree. The program received full accreditation as a bachelors program in 1987. In 2002 the program was approved to offer a $5 1/2$-year National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB)-accredited masters of architecture. On October 29, 2007, the Board of Trustees voted the Division of Architecture to be reclassified as the School of Architecture. In January 2012, the School of Architecture was merged with the Department of Art & Design to form the School of Architecture, Art & Design. As a result, two new majors were introduced in the architecture program: Interior Design and Construction Management. In 2016 departments were again reorganized, with the art and design portions of the school leaving the School of Architecture and joining the Department of Communication, creating the School of Architecture & Interior Design and the Department of Visual Art, Communication & Design. Lionel Johnson is the current chair of the School of Architecture & Interior Design.

Previous projects by the School of Architecture include community plans for Palmer (Alaska), Empire, Suttons Bay, Traverse City and Wayne (Michigan), Billings (Montana), Michigan City and Plymouth (Indiana), and Henderson Point and Saucier (Mississippi). The Andrews University School of Architecture is one of five accredited architecture programs in the United States located at a Christian university. In 2020, the school received an open letter from their current and former students who were victims of racism perpetuated by the department.

College of Arts & Sciences
The College of Arts & Sciences, which was officially organized in 1974, is the largest of the university's six schools. It is divided into thirteen departments covering a wide range of subjects encompassing the fine arts, the sciences, the humanities, and the social sciences. Amy Rebok Rosenthal is the current dean of the College of Arts & Sciences.

The college also offers pre-professional programs in law, health, optometry, dentistry, medicine, veterinary medicine among others. A number of graduates go on to attend Loma Linda University, a Seventh-day Adventist institution with the only Protestant Christian medical school and dental school in the United States, for a professional education in medicine, dentistry and other health-related disciplines.

College of Professions
The College of Professions includes the School of Business Administration, the Department of Aviation, and the Department of Computing. Kimberly Pichot is currently the dean of the College of Professions.

School of Business Administration
The School of Business Administration first began to offer graduate education in business in 1964. It has been housed in its current location in Chan Shun Hall since 1989 and offers Bachelor of Business Administration, Master of Science in Administration and Master of Business Administration degrees. The school is a member of the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP).

College of Education & International Services
The College of Education & International Services includes the School of Education, the School of Leadership, the School of Graduate Psychology and Counseling, and the School of Distance Education. Alayne Thorpe is the current dean of the College of Education & International Services.

School of Education
The School of Education offers bachelors (BA, BS), masters (MA, MAT), education specialist (EdS) and doctoral degree (EdD, PhD) programs in thirty-one different programs of education. Also housed within the school is the university's leadership program, which offers graduate degrees in various areas of leadership. The university also has an undergraduate program in leadership, which currently awards certificates rather than degrees.

School of Distance Education & International Partnerships
The School of Distance Education & International Partnerships (formerly Griggs University/Griggs International Academy ) was formally transferred to the ownership of Andrews University on November 1, 2010. It is housed in Griggs Hall B near the main campus entrance on Old US-31. In 2016 the School of Distance Education was given the extended name of School of Distance Education & International Partnerships, reflecting more of the school's focus on partnering with sister schools and extension campuses around the globe.

Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary
The Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary was voted into existence in 1936 by action of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. It operated in Washington, D.C., until 1960, when it was transferred to Berrien Springs, Michigan. There it became a school at the newly established Andrews University. The seminary is fully accredited by The Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada.

The primary mission of the Seminary is to prepare ministers for the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This is done especially by means of the 3-year Master of Divinity program. There are also 2-year master's programs in Youth Ministry and in Pastoral Ministry. In addition, the Seminary offers the 1-2 year academic Master of Arts in Religion program and the Master of Theology. Three doctoral programs are also offered: Doctor of Ministry, Doctor of Philosophy in Religion, and Doctor of Theology. Andrews University was the first institution to offer a PhD in Adventist studies.

The Seminary has six departments: Christian Ministry, Church History, Discipleship & Religious Education, New Testament, Old Testament, Theology & Christian Philosophy, and World Mission. The current dean of the Seminary is Jiři Moskala.

College of Technology
The College of Technology which began in 1974 was formally dissolved in 2012. Its former departments were relocated to other schools. The Department of Visual Art & Design is now joined with the Department of Communication to create the Department of Visual Art, Communication & Design. The Department of Engineering & Computer Science became part of the College of Arts & Sciences while the Department of Aviation was a stand-alone department until it joined with the School of Business Administration in 2017. The Department of Agriculture was also a stand-alone department overseen by an assistant to the president/provost until 2015 when it joined the College of Arts & Sciences. In 2019 it changed its name to the Department of Sustainable Agriculture and began the process of re-purposing the buildings of the former dairy (1907-2018) into an Agriculture Education Center.

J. N. Andrews Honors Program
The J. N. Andrews Honors program provides a learning community and curriculum focused on critical thinking, discussion, and debate. The program is a member of the Upper Midwest Honors Council, the Michigan Honors Association, and the National Collegiate Honors Council. Designed to offer both advanced general education coursework and monitored undergraduate research to the motivated student, the J. N. Andrews Honors Program was established in 1966 by Dr. Paul E. Hamel and Dr. Merlene A. Ogden. The current curriculum, SAGES (Scholars' Alternative General Education Studies) was developed by Dr. Malcom Russell and implemented by Dr. Gordon Atkins. The current director of the program is Dr. L. Monique Pittman.

James White Library
The original James White Memorial Library was constructed in 1937 as the first stand-alone library building of the university's campus, then known as Emmanuel Missionary College. In 1959 the denomination's graduate programs in theology and education moved from Takoma Park, MD., to Berrien Springs, forming a comprehensive university for the growing needs of the world church. Paulette McLean Johnson is the current dean of libraries at Andrews University.

The library has three branches, the Music Materials Resource Center, the Architecture Resource Center, and the Center for Adventist Research. The Library also houses the University Archives and Records. The Library also catalogs materials for the Horn Archaeological Library.

Rankings
In 2021 Andrews University was ranked #298-#389 among "National Universities" by U.S. News & World Report. The following year, it was ranked #1 in Campus Ethnic Diversity among "National Universities". In 2023, Niche ranked Andrews University the #1 private university and #1 Christian college in the state of Michigan. They also ranked Andrews #14 among Christian colleges nationally, the highest ranked among Adventist colleges and universities.

Notable people
Educators include:
 * Eliza Happy Morton

Alumni include:

 * Sir Patrick Allen
 * William Harrison Anderson
 * Makeda Antoine-Cambridge
 * Samuele Bacchiocchi
 * Delbert Baker
 * Barry Black
 * Greg Constantine
 * Clifton Davis
 * Homer Drew
 * Jon Dybdahl
 * Desmond Ford
 * Gary Hamel
 * David Hegarty
 * George R. Knight
 * Christopher Mwashinga
 * Morihiko Nakahara
 * Ole Andres Olsen
 * Bud Otis
 * Arthur Patrick
 * Jan Paulsen
 * Shirley Neil Pettis
 * Wintley Phipps
 * Karl Rhoads
 * Ángel Manuel Rodríguez
 * Bill Shadel
 * John Luis Shaw
 * Philip T. Sica
 * George Speight
 * Edwin R. Thiele
 * Alden Thompson
 * Merlin Tuttle
 * Juan Carlos Viera
 * Ellet J. Waggoner
 * John David Waiheʻe III
 * Michael D. West
 * Surangel Whipps Jr.
 * Benjamin Wilkinson
 * David R. Williams
 * Neal C. Wilson
 * Aung La Nsang

title: Andrews University


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Syndactyly

Syndactyly is a condition wherein two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, but is an unusual condition in humans. The term is from Greek σύν, syn 'together' and δάκτυλος, daktulos 'finger'.

Classification

Syndactyly can be simple or complex.
 * In simple syndactyly, adjacent fingers or toes are joined by soft tissue.
 * In complex syndactyly, the bones of adjacent digits are fused. The kangaroo exhibits complex syndactyly.

Syndactyly can be complete or incomplete.
 * In complete syndactyly, the skin is joined all the way to the tip of the involved digits.
 * In incomplete syndactyly, the skin is only joined part of the distance to the tip of the involved digits.

Complex syndactyly occurs as part of a syndrome (such as Apert syndrome) and typically involves more digits than simple syndactyly.

Fenestrated syndactyly, also known as acrosyndactyly or terminal syndactyly, means the skin is joined for most of the digit but in a proximal area there are gaps in the syndactyly with normal skin. This type of syndactyly is found in amniotic band syndrome.

Simple syndactyly can be full or partial, and is present at birth (congenital). In early human fetal development, webbing (syndactyly) of the toes and fingers is normal. At about 6 weeks of gestation, apoptosis takes place due to a protein named sonic hedgehog, also known as SHH, which dissolves the tissue between the fingers and toes, and the webbing disappears. In some fetuses, this process does not occur completely between all fingers or toes and some residual webbing remains.

Genetics
Five types of syndactyly have been identified in humans. The corresponding loci associated with these types and their common phenotypical expression are as follows:
 * type I: 2q34-q36; webbing occurs between middle and ring fingers and/or second and third toes.
 * type II: 2q31; also involves long and ring fingers, but has a sixth finger merged in between.
 * type III: 6q21-q23; small finger is merged into the ring finger.
 * type IV: 7q36; involves all fingers and/or toes.
 * type V: 2q31-q32; similar to type I, but the metacarpals and metatarsals may also be fused.

Management
Syndactyly of the border digits (thumb/index finger or ring/small fingers) is treated at early age to prevent the larger digit from curving towards the smaller digit with growth. Typically, syndactyly of these digits is treated at six months of age. The treatment of syndactyly of the other digits is elective and is more commonly performed when the digits have grown, at 18 months of age. Special situations, such as complex syndactyly and involvement of border digits, may warrant surgical intervention earlier than 6 months.

Techniques
Because the circumference of the conjoined fingers is smaller than the circumference of the two separated fingers, there is not enough skin to cover both digits once they are separated at the time of surgery. Therefore, the surgeon must bring new skin into the area at the time of surgery. This is most commonly done with a skin graft (from groin or anterior elbow). Skin can also be used from the back of the hand by mobilizing it (called a "graftless" syndactyly correction), which requires planning over a period of months prior to surgery.

Complications
The most common problem with syndactyly correction is creeping of the skin towards the fingertip over time. This is likely due to tension at the site of the repair between the digits. Additional surgery may be required to correct this. One critique of using skin grafts is that the grafts darken in the years after surgery and become more noticeable. Also, if the skin grafts are harvested from the groin area, the skin may grow hair. Finally, the fingers may deviate after surgery. This is most commonly seen in complex syndactyly (when there has been a bone joining of the fingers).

History
The earliest appreciation of syndactyly as a birth anomaly or burn-trauma can be traced back to the Andalusian Muslim surgeon Al-Zahrawi (d. 1013 CE), known in the West as Abulcasis. The French barber surgeon Ambroise Paré also described syndactyly in the sixteenth century.

title: Syndactyly


text:
Talk:Magnolia grandiflora

Untitled
1. CHANGE: Under the section: CULTIVATIONS AND USES, I am making this change: From:"On the east coast of the United States, cold-hardy cultivars have been seen planted up to and even north of the Ohio River, where it stays a shrub." To: "On the east coast of the United States, cold-hardy cultivars have been seen planted up to and even north of the Ohio River, where large tree specimins become increasingly more rare and eventually are only found as shubs before disappearing altogether from the landscape."

I believe that this is a much more accurate statement of fact as tree-sized Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia) are not that uncommon in the Cincinnati area and extreme southern Ohio as the climate in this region is more consistant with Kentucky than the rest of Ohio; in-fact, there is even a swath of Tennessee-like climate proximal to the Ohio River (within a few miles on either bank of the river) due to the moderating effects of a relatively large body of water, the generally north to south orientation of the river hills that can rise over 300 feet which provide a winter-wind baffle effect, and other moderating conditions which combine to make this area at least half of a USDA climate zone warmer (with some even more mild "micro-climates"). This fact can be observed without bias by referring to the USDA Climate zone map. I hope that this change in text is to everyone's liking.

With respect to all contributors and to the integrity of Wikipedia, Paul in Cincinnati

- I might be incorrect, but wasn't the cultivar "Bracken's Brown Beauty", which is commonly planted as a street tree by the City of Cincinnati, developed near the Spring Grove Cemetary in Cincinnati, Ohio?

2. I strongly disagree with the claim that this tree remains a shrub North of the Ohio River; there are some rather spectacular specimin trees in the Cincinnati, Ohio area that are clearly not shrubs, unless you are the Jolly Green Giant. More acurately, it could be said that large tree specimins become increasingly more rare north of the Ohio River and eventually are only found as shubs before disappearing altogether from the landscape - or something like that, I just don't want to hack an otherwise excellent article before review by peers. Just an F.Y.I., the "champion" Southern Magnolia, which is in the Greater Cincinnati Area, is over 40 feet high and with a circumference of 110 feet; that is hardly a shrub. This can be referenced on the Ohio Department of Natural Resources official website located at: http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/forestry/bigtrees/nativechamps.htm []

Thanks,

Paul in Cincinnati, Ohio

3. I would like to know if I can take the seed in the middle of the flower and start a plant from it? Also if I can't is there a way of starting a plant?

Answer:

Seedling Development- The best natural seedbed is a rich, moist soil protected by litter. Even though viable, seeds rarely germinate under the parent tree because of reported inhibitory effects

4. A very large and old southern magnolia near my house has been damaged by construction (e.g.several low branches torn off). The trunk is now exposed to the northwest wind, which can be cold in central Virginia at this time of year and hot and drying in summer. Vertical shoots are visible near the trunk. I have read that magnolias do not recover from wounding. Does anyone have any suggestions about the best care for this beautiful tree? What are its chances of survival? I am not the owner, but might be able to take some steps to help. Thank you in advance for any guidance.

5. I would just like to say I'm from Nashville, Tennessee and these trees are EVERYWHERE. I climbed them as a child (they make the BEST climbing trees) and still pick the blossoms today. They might not be indigenous to Tennessee but they are VERY common. Just thought I would throw that in there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.20.42.126 (talk) 13:47, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

Infobox photo
I moved the existing infobox photo to the gallery as it is not one of the best illustrations of the true appearance of Magnolia grandiflora's flowers and leaves, the view and appearance of the flower is very poor in that photo. I then moved better illustration of the flower and leaves from gallery to infobox. -Altairisfar (talk) 20:24, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Native Range
The introductory paragraph states that Magnolia grandiflora's native range begins in coastal Virginia; under "Distribution and Habitat," the northern limit is listed as North Carolina. It is my understanding that the tree did not occur in Virginia when Europeans arrived and began to catalog the state's flora. However, since the Virginia Coastal Plain has regrown into forest, the tree has been working its way up the Chesapeake Bay shoreline and is now naturalized in the Middle Peninsula (between the Rappahanock and York Rivers). While it can be argued that this occurred in spite of human interference rather than because of it, I believe the article should be changed to show North Carolina as the northern limit of its range.Carlaclaws (talk) 23:49, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I am not familiar with much of the natural history of this plant, and would be grateful for a reference for this if tehre was one around. Casliber (talk · contribs) 01:07, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Infobox and other images
There is now an even more iconic and detailed image of the flower and foliage (recently promoted as a Valued Image on Commons with the scope Magnolia grandiflora, flower. I have therefore made that one the infobox image.  I think this is a nicely done article (I esp. like the use of the French tree with a known planting date), but I've added a fruit image to the text and a bark image and a painting to the gallery.Dcrjsr (talk) 17:54, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

Question
What does "timer" mean in this sentence from the taxonomy section? The timer is known simply as magnolia. Dcrjsr (talk) 17:54, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

 * (scratches head) I'm stumped! I must have made a typo somehow but I have no idea what I meant. I will look at the source and try to figure it out. stumped hahaha, get it? Took me a while of staring at it but I figured it out. hehehe. timBer Casliber (talk · contribs) 19:52, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

There is a lot of information crammed under the cultivation headings. Could it possibly be separated and expanded under another heading such as "history", or "distribution"? ManekiMeeko (talk) 19:03, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

The second reference, "Zion, Robert L. (1995). Trees for architecture and landscape. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-471-28524-3." is broken. ManekiMeeko (talk) 19:03, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

hfcjfcckhckh — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.108.57.55 (talk) 21:38, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Magnolia grandiflora


text:
Bishop of Chicago

The Bishop of Chicago refers to one of the following religious leaders based in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

 * Catholic Church:
 * Roman Catholic Archbishop of Chicago (Latin Church)
 * Bishop of the St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Chicago (Syro-Malabar Church)
 * Bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Nicholas of Chicago (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church)
 * Episcopal Bishop of Chicago
 * Bishop (or Metropolitan) of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Chicago
 * List of bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

title: Bishop of Chicago


text: Talk:En-suite

title: Talk:En-suite


text:
R. Mika

Rainbow Mika (レインボー ミカ), commonly shortened to R. Mika, is the professional wrestling moniker of Mika Nanakawa (七川 美華), a character in Capcom's Street Fighter fighting game series. First appearing in Street Fighter Alpha 3 in 1998 as a wrestler trying to make a name for herself, Mika was designed by Akira "Akiman" Yasuda with the help of artist Daigo Ikeno. The character has since appeared in comics related to the Street Fighter franchise and other titles by Capcom. In 2016, Mika returned in Street Fighter V with a redesigned appearance by Toshiyuki Kamei, now a mainline wrestler with a tag team partner. Originally voiced by Junko Takeuchi, as of Street Fighter V she was voiced by Bonnie Gordon and Hiromi Igarashi in English and Japanese respectively.

R. Mika has received mixed critical reception since her introduction, with a significant focus being on her appearance and discussions on character sexualization. While several outlets were critical of her design, others noted it was suitable for her wrestling character, and in particular The Mary Sue utilized her in a discussion contrasting sexualized versus empowered in regards to the differences between her game and comic counterparts. The character was also the source of some controversy when one of her attacks in Street Fighter V was seemingly censored, with several outlets questioning the validity of the controversy.

Conception and design
Designed by Akira "Akiman" Yasuda for Street Fighter Alpha 3, the character's design was originally very different according to producer Norikata Funamizu, with the core concept being to implement a "tricky and technical character" to enhance the gameplay. After another developer suggested to add a female professional wrestler to the game's roster, Akiman took the suggestion to heart and quickly drew a basic sketch, drawing some inspiration from an article he read in Gamest about Japanese professional wrestler Cutie Suzuki. His initial rough draft was significantly different, lacking the heart theme and mask while giving her a spikey hairstyle inspired by the manga Kimagure Orange Road, later switching to pigtails instead on the second draft. Artist Daigo Ikeno later helped fill in the details, giving what Akiman calls "a sense of realism" to her design. A particular goal of her gameplay was also to present a subtle difference between her and fellow Street Fighter character Zangief, in both positive and negative regards.

R. Mika stands 168 cm tall (5 ft 6 in) and has measurements of 97-72-93 cm (38-28-37 in). In Street Fighter Alpha 3 her outfit consists of a blue and white leotard extending down her thighs and arms, while her long blonde hair is in pigtails on the sides of her head. The leotard itself has various cutouts exposing her skin, namely on the shoulders, cleavage, thighs, buttocks, and a heart cutout on her upper back intended to bring attention to her backside. A white bustier covers her breasts, with a large blue heart on each of her nipples, an aspect inspired the character Michiru Saotome from Getter Robo. White frills circle her neck, wrists, and sides of her pelvis, while white laced wrestling boots extend up to her knees. A blue rounded domino mask covers her eyes, a feature inspired by anime character Yatterman-2 in an attempt to capture what Akiman felt made that character cute. In the book How to Make Capcom Fighting Characters, Akiman added that her blonde hair/blue/white color scheme combination was also inspired by another character, in this case Lisa Kusanami from Sega's fighting game Last Bronx.

Years later, Street Fighter IV producer Yoshinori Ono heavily petitioned the game's director for her inclusion in the title, citing her as his personal favorite character, with no success. However, she was later included in Street Fighter V, with art director Toshiyuki Kamei focused on updating her outfit with a bolder design, and adding flair to signify her character transition to a headline act in professional wrestling. Describing her in a design note as a "peppy girl with some meat on her bones and a classic pro-wrestling style", they emphasized her "girlishness" and "cuteness" in contrast to the other series wrestlers, and wanted to show her bouncing around the arena as she fought. In this incarnation more skin is exposed, while her chest is now covered in white material with a heart shaped cutout extending around the top of her breasts. Akiman on his Twitter voiced approval for the change, stating that she was easier to see thanks to the removal of the hearts from her chest, adding in a later tweet they made her look "overdone" and describing the cutout as "very neat! The juniors at Capcom are very proper!" In addition to the changes, Mika was also given a wide variety of secondary outfits, including a version of her regular attire that exposes less skin with a white stylized "M" on her chest, a schoolgirl outfit with glasses, and a red ornate outfit modeled after a phoenix.

With Street Fighter V another character named Yamato Nadeshiko (大和 ナデシコ) was designed to appear in several of her attacks, and alongside her in-game. An athletic Japanese woman wearing red and white wrestling boots and leotard with a bob style haircut, she was designed by Ikeno during Street Fighter Alpha 3's development as Mika's tag team partner, and appeared on the cover of Capcom's "Secret File" arcade flyer for the game. When implemented into V, game director Takayuki Nakayama sent an image of Japanese professional wrestler Hikaru Shida to the character designer to use as a guide.

Appearances
As introduced in the 1998 video game Street Fighter Alpha 3, Mika Nanakawa is a Japanese woman seeking to make her debut in professional wrestling under the stage name "Rainbow Mika", inspired by her idolization of Zangief. To promote herself, she decides to travel the world and fight various martial artists. She encounters Zangief himself along the way, and after the two spar they are attacked by the criminal organization Shadloo and its leader M. Bison. The wrestlers manage to escape and go their separate ways, with Mika pondering if she'll see Zangief again while she trains. In Street Fighter V, a game set after the events of her first appearance, Mika is now a full professional wrestler and works with her former tag team partner Yamato Nadeshiko. After encountering Zangief, she travels with him for some time, and after fighting off a rampaging bear together, he praises her spirit and agrees to be her wrestling partner. Later in the story, they work together alongside other Street Fighter characters to stop a revived Shadaloo.

Outside of the Street Fighter series she appears as a supporting character in the 2001 PlayStation game Startling Adventures: Kuusou Daibouken X 3's third chapter, where the protagonist helps her during a wrestling match by preventing attackers from entering the ring. She is also an available character Capcom's mobile game Street Fighter Battle Combination. The game SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters Clash and its Nintendo DS counterpart feature her as selectable cards, as does GungHo Online Entertainment's mobile game TEPPEN. In physical trading card media she appears in Versus TCG, a card game based on Card Fighters Clash, and Jasco Games' Universal Fighting System. Lastly, her outfit appears as an alternative costume for Tekken character Kuma in the crossover fighting game Street Fighter X Tekken.

In print media, Mika is featured frequently in UDON Entertainment's Street Fighter comic series. First introduced in Street Fighter Legends: Sakura, the titular character Sakura Kasugano is a fan of Mika, and attends a wrestling match between her and Zangief. After Mika defeats Zangief and knocks him unconscious, he later wakes up enraged and demands a rematch while she is attending fans. Mika fights him, and with Sakura's help they subdue him. In the fifth issue of Street Fighter II: Turbo, a retelling of the titular game, Mika and Zangief appear alongside other fighters invited to the fighting tournament and are told to tag team against the duo of E. Honda and Sodom in the preliminaries. While playing to the crowd, she is taken by surprise when Sodom charges at her but manages to suplex him, only to be thrown from the ring and eliminated from the tournament due to his quick recovery. In the first volume Super Street Fighter, a collection of short stories, she appears as part of a wrestling committee alongside other wrestling-themed characters from the series, the group ultimately breaking into a brawl. In the second, after appearing briefly in Dan Hibiki's story and defeating him, she is featured in her own in a match against the wrestler Hugo Andore. Hugo, however, refuses to fight due to finding her "too pretty", and his manager Poison takes his place instead. Poison handcuffs Mika during the match, but is defeated when Mika instead somersaults butt-first into her midsection, knocking Poison unconscious.

Reception
Since her introduction Rainbow Mika has been met with mixed reception. Complex stated "Street Fighter has never been shy with the gorgeous ladies, but they've always had full-figured back stories to go along with their full-figured backsides. Rainbow Mika on the other hand is the most blatant example of mysogynistic [sic] character design seen in the series." Todd Ciolek from Anime News Network declared Mika as "the worst Street Fighter character," reasoning "every little detail about her annoyed me, from the stupid boob-hearts on her costume to the way she whomped opponents with her butt—and rubbed it after she hit the ground." At Paste, Eric Van Allen criticized her outfit by stating that "even by Street Fighter standards, this amount of gratuitous flesh is rather ridiculous." At Den of Geek, Gavin Jasper stated that while each of the wrestling characters represented a different aspect of the sport, she represented the pageantry, praising her character for it but adding "While seeing her bust out Stone Cold Stunners is good fun, the way they’ve transformed her into a sexualized rodeo clown does get kind of embarrassing at times."

However this opinion is not shared between all critics, with GamesRadar noting her "ridiculously impractical attire" and propensity to attack with her buttocks as "all for her fans, and the Japanese wrestler's moxie comes through in her boisterous, crowd-pleasing personality." Nadia Oxford of USgamer found Mika to be an example of positive female gender representation, writing "I can say that I have nothing against, er, voluptuous women in games. Or even scantily-clad women", and that "My problem has always been women characters whom I'm expected to take seriously while they slay dragons/wander the desert/travel the frozen wastes while baring their midriff through the majority of their journey", and that she enjoys Mika's "silly" and "goofy" design. And despite his earlier criticism, in a later Paste article Eric Van Allen instead praised the character, calling her style "effective" and added "R. Mika throws caution to the wind and just goes for it, making her a fun character to play and a riveting one to watch."

In a series of articles examining characters from the Street Fighter series, Becky Chambers and Amanda LaPergola of The Mary Sue offered contrasting points on whether the character was sexist or not in their eyes in regards to her handling in different mediums. They noted her outfit as "ridiculously sexist", but moreso criticized her personality in the Street Fighter Alpha games, calling it "ditzy and dumb" and furthermore "irredeemably so." However then Pergola cited her appearance in UDON's comic series, stating that while she continued to use the same out, "she is also treated as a top-notch wrestler with talent and fans that admire her for her skill in the ring. She’s not referred to as a bimbo or a sex object, just a really kick-ass fighter." She further added that an "important part of what makes a character portrayal sexist or not, is how they are treated by other characters. In this comic book, Mika is not a sexist character. Nobody treats her as one, and therefore she is not one."

Maddy Myers, in her own article for The Mary Sue, stated that while Mika's outfit represented "campy, posed sexuality" that often alienated players, she felt Mika as a character was more interesting than other sexualized characters in the series. Comparing her particularly to fellow Street Fighter character Cammy, she pointed out that the lack of seriousness in Mika's portrayal helped her be seen as a "tongue-in-cheek goofball, albeit a sexy goofball". Mentioning that while fans of the character may focus on the visual appeal, "she’s not exactly a straightforward sex kitten, either", and projected an "unabashed femininity" that Myers found amazing and uncommon in fighting games. While she acknowledged it was often played for laughs, she enjoyed that the joke regarding Mika's femininity was not one played on the character herself, and hoped that would remain the case.

Controversy
In debut footage of Street Fighter V, Mika is seen slapping her butt as part of her Critical Art attack. The decision not to show the animation in the North American version of the game was a subject of controversy, leading to a petition to restore it. According to producer Yoshinori Ono regarding not showing her butt slap, "Those changes came up internally. We decided to remove that because we want the biggest possible number of people to play, and we don’t want to have something in the game that might make someone uncomfortable." Some other shots, including the entrance animation for Cammy, were also replaced.

Jonathan Holmes from Destructoid questioned the controversy over the decision by stating "While there are surely plenty of folks who adore seeing their screen filled with frilly thong shots, I imagine there may be even more players out there who'd find the sudden prioritization of arse in their fighting games to be little out of place." Chris Carter at Destructoid commented "It's still a bit weird that something this goofy was removed, especially with the design Laura has in general," and noted that a character like Necalli is "probably far more harmful" for children's eyes. In another article by Destructoid, Carter stated "It's such a weird thing to me, because R. Mika's butt is still very visible, she just doesn't lightly tap it a few times per match." Likewise, ND Medina at iDigitalTimes expressed confusion over the change, noting that her butt was still being exposed. Her butt slap was later restored as a mod for the PC version, albeit in a different pose.

title: R. Mika


text:
1926–27 in Swedish football

The 1926-27 season in Swedish football, starting August 1926 and ending July 1927:

Division 2 Uppsvenska Serien 1926–27

Uppsvenska

Mellansvenska

Östsvenska

Västsvenska

Sydsvenska

Norrländska Mästerskapet 1927

 * Final

National team results
🇸🇪 Sweden: Eric Jansson - Gunnar Casparsson, Douglas Krook - Åke Hansson, Arthur Bengtsson, Torsten Johansson - Algot Haglund, Gunnar Rydberg, Per Kaufeldt, Tore Keller, Bertil Appelskog.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Herbert Lundgren, Gunnar Zacharoff - Henning Helgesson, Nils Rosén, Verner Andersson - Rune Wenzel, Sven Rydell, Filip Johansson, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Erik Persson, Gunnar Holmberg, Verner Andersson - Rune Wenzel, Gunnar Rydberg, Filip Johansson, Albin Dahl, Thorsten Svensson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Torsten Johansson, Gunnar Holmberg, Verner Andersson - Rune Wenzel, Gunnar Rydberg, Filip Johansson, Albin Dahl, Thorsten Svensson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Åke Hansson, Sven Friberg, Ivar Klingström - Rune Wenzel, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Filip Johansson, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Thure Westerdahl - Douglas Krook, Helge Zachrisson - Sven Lindqvist, John Persson, Torsten Johansson - Evert Lundqvist, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Albin Hallbäck, Knut Andersson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Thure Westerdahl - Knut Sandegren, Helge Zachrisson - Sven Lindqvist, Åke Hansson, Torsten Johansson - Rune Wenzel, Harry Dahl, Per Kaufeldt, Albin Hallbäck, Bertil Johansson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Henning Helgesson, John Persson, Torsten Johansson - Rune Wenzel, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Albin Hallbäck, Knut Kroon ( Carl-Erik Holmberg).

🇸🇪 Sweden: Anders Rydberg - Axel Alfredsson, Douglas Krook - Henning Helgesson, Gunnar Holmberg, Ivar Klingström - Ernst Östlund, Sven Rydell, Albert Olsson, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Bertil Johansson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Eric Jansson - Folke Andersson, Gunnar Zacharoff - Erik Andersson, Knut Lensing, Torsten Johansson - Algot Haglund, Gunnar Paulsson, Albert Olsson, Tore Keller, Bengt Carlsson.

title: 1926–27 in Swedish football


text:
Hollywood Showdown

Hollywood Showdown is an American game show that aired on both PAX TV and Game Show Network from January to June 2000, then returned solely to GSN on January 1, 2001 and ran until March 30 of that year. Reruns aired on GSN again from September 2004 to April 2005 plus June 2006 and June 2007 on TV Guide Network. Todd Newton served as host, with Randy West announcing.

The show was one of GSN's most popular shows at the time of its airing.

Format
Seven (originally six) contestants competed against each other over the course of five episodes (ranging Monday through Friday), competing to answer trivia questions pertaining to the entertainment industry. One contestant was in control of the game at any given time, while the others sat in a gallery, each holding an envelope. One of the envelopes held a "Box Office" card, while the others contained cards with cash amounts ranging from $100 to $1,000 in increments of $10. Initial control of the first game on each Monday episode was determined at random.

The contestant in control selected one gallery member, who opened his/her envelope and revealed its contents. The host then read a series of toss-up questions, each with three answer choices and open for either contestant to buzz-in. A correct answer awarded one point, while a miss gave the opponent a chance to answer and steal the point. The first contestant to score three points took/retained control, while the opponent had to sit out the remainder of the game.

If the gallery member's card showed a dollar amount, it was added to the Box Office jackpot, which began at $10,000 for the start of each Monday episode and was reset to this value after being collected. If the gallery member had the "Box Office" card, the winner of that question round played for the jackpot.

Box Office
The object of the Box Office round was to answer five open-ended questions correctly. Before each question, the contestant was presented with two category choices. The first four correct answers were worth $500 each, and the fifth won the jackpot.

After any correct answer, the contestant could either end the round and keep all money won to that point, or continue to the next question. An incorrect response at any time ended the round and forfeited the accumulated money. If the contestant either ended the round or missed a question, he/she had initial control for the next game. Any contestant who won the jackpot immediately retired from the show, whereupon a new contestant was introduced and given initial control.

Friday Payoff
Each week was a self-contained competition, meaning that a game in progress on Friday could not continue into the following Monday. If a game was in progress when time ran out on Friday, all remaining gallery members opened their envelopes, and the one holding the Box Office card competed in the final question round for that week. The winner of that round could either accept $1,000 and leave the show, or return on the following Monday to play against a new group of contestants with the jackpot reset to $10,000. Early in the first season, the winner of the last Friday showdown played for the jackpot instead.

Box Office Bonanza
A special "Box Office Bonanza Week" aired during the show's first season in May 2000, during which the "Box Office" card was replaced in some games by the "Blockbuster" card. When it was found, the winner of that question round played for a doubled Box Office jackpot; however, the prize returned to its original value if it was not won. On the Wednesday show of that week, a record $33,260 jackpot was won. The Friday payoff rules remained, except that the winner of the final question round was offered $2,000 to leave the show.

title: Hollywood Showdown


text:
Vartan Gregorian

Vartan Gregorian (April 8, 1934 – April 15, 2021) was an Armenian-American academic, educator, and historian. He served as president of the Carnegie Corporation from 1997 to 2021.

Gregorian moved to the United States from Iran at age 22. He graduated with a PhD from Stanford University. He subsequently taught at several universities and his work as a historian focused mainly on the Muslim world. He went on to join the University of Pennsylvania faculty, then as its provost. From 1981 to 1989 he served as president of the New York Public Library during which he succeeded in financially stabilizing the institution and revitalizing its cultural importance. From 1989 to 1997 he served as the first foreign-born president of Brown University. Gregorian's work has been widely acknowledged. He received dozens of honorary doctorates, the National Humanities Medal (1998), and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2004).

Early life and education
Vartan Gregorian was born on April 8, 1934, in the city of Tabriz in northern Iran to Christian Armenian parents Samuel B. Gregorian and Shushanik (née Mirzaian). Both his parents had a high school education. His father worked for the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in Abadan and was mostly absent. His mother died of pneumonia at 26, when he was six and his father later remarried. Vartan and his younger sister, Ojik, were raised by his maternal grandmother, Voski Mirzaian. She came from a family of scribes, but was an illiterate peasant and Gregorian described her as wise. His grandfather owned an inn for camel caravans. Regarding his family origins, he said that he could not determine if they were indigenous to the area, or settled there in the 15th, 16th, or 19th century, because "they were mostly from peasant villages that migrated to Tabriz."

He first went to an Armenian elementary school in Tabriz, then a Russian one when northern Iran was under Soviet occupation. When Iran regained control of the area, he learned Farsi. He was told by Edgar Maloyan, the French vice-council in Tabriz of Armenian origin, that he had to go to Beirut, Lebanon because he was "too smart to stay in Tabriz". He followed his advice and continued his studies at the Collège Armenien (Jemaran) in Beirut, graduating in 1955. Before moving to Beirut, he spoke Eastern Armenian, some Russian, Farsi, and Turkish. He learned French within a year. Among his teachers there was Simon Vratsian, the last prime minister of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–20). He was one of Vratsian's unofficial secretaries. Gregorian described him as both his mentor and his benevolent benefactor. He also briefly worked as a reporter in Beirut before emigrating to the United States in 1956. Gregorian came to the United States with the initial intention to return to Beirut to teach Armenian history in a high school. In another interview, Gregorian said he studied Portuguese so he could become the principal/director of an Armenian high school in São Paulo, Brazil. In 1956, he enrolled at Stanford University and completed his BA in history and humanities in two years, graduating with honors in 1958.

Teaching career
Gregorian earned a dual PhD in history and humanities (art history, philosophy, Romance languages, religion, classics) from Stanford University in 1964. His dissertation was titled "Traditionalism and Modernism in Islam". He began his teaching career at University of California, Berkeley where he was briefly instructor in Armenian history and culture in 1960. He taught European and Middle Eastern history at San Francisco State College between 1962 and 1968. He was initially instructor, then in 1964 he was named assistant professor and, in 1966, associate professor of history. In 1965–66 he had a one-year fellowship in Soviet Armenia. He was a visiting associate professor of history at University of California, Los Angeles in 1968, before moving to University of Texas at Austin as associate professor in 1968–1970 and professor of history in 1970–1972.

Gregorian joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty in 1972 as Tarzian Professor of Armenian and Caucasian History and Professor of South Asian history. In 1974 he became the founding dean of Penn's Faculty of Arts and Sciences and served on that role until 1978. He subsequently served as the 23rd provost of Penn from January 1979 to October 1980. In 1980 Gregorian was widely considered to be the most probable candidate for president of the University of Pennsylvania as he had the "resounding support of most of the deans, the Faculty Senate, and the Undergraduate Assembly." Gregorian was seen as a charismatic leader and one with "flamboyant style and ever-present brilliance". However, the university trustees chose Sheldon Hackney instead.

From 1984 to 1989 Gregorian was professor of history and Near Eastern studies at New York University and at The New School for Social Research.

New York Public Library
From 1981 to 1989 Gregorian served as president of the New York Public Library (NYPL), a network that then contained four research libraries and 83 circulating libraries. He was highly successful in the position, particularly as a fundraiser. Gregorian nearly doubled the library's budget and by the end of his tenure, he had secured $327 to $400 million for the NYPL from individuals, foundations, and corporations. He was credited with restoring the "crumbling landmark to a vibrant cultural nexus" and rescuing one of America's "known public institutions from financial and cultural crisis and thereby restor[ing] the stature of public libraries nationwide." According to Michael Gorman, Gregorian was one of the few "shining exceptions" of academics running libraries well. He noted that as the head of the NYPL Gregorian "can fairly be said to have rescued that venerable and valuable institution from pauperism."

During Gregorian tenure, the library's Main Branch in Manhattan was restored with $42 million. He also succeeded in getting approval from city planning authorities to restore the nearby Bryant Park. Upon his departure, The New York Times wrote that as president of the NYPL, Gregorian "revived an empire of learning that is more than ever a national treasure." Barlow Der Mugrdechian noted that Gregorian "transformed what was then a decaying and underfinanced institution into a center of New York cultural life." His tenure at the NYPL made Gregorian a reputable institutional leader. In May 1999 a hall of the library's Main Branch was named after Gregorian.

Upon his death, NYPL recognized that "his leadership and tenacity revitalized and reaffirmed the Library as the preeminent civic and educational institution that New Yorkers know and love today. Through his efforts and leadership, the Library was able to weather, recover, and rebound from a decade of fiscal crisis, restoring hours of service in the branches, renovating many historic locations, growing and strengthening circulating collections with a focus on multilingual and multicultural materials, increasing education and literacy programs, and investing in curators and expert staff in the research libraries, among other things."

Brown University

Brown University awarded Gregorian an honorary doctorate in 1984 for his work at the NYPL.

Four years later, in August 1988 Gregorian was chosen to become Brown's 16th and first foreign-born president. He was officially inaugurated as president in April 1989. When he took over, Brown had the lowest endowment ($370 million) in the Ivy League. He served in that position for eight years, until June 1997. In his eight-year tenure, Gregorian raised around $535 million, raising the total to $850 million. He is also credited with having strengthened Brown's reputation and "enhancing its traditional emphasis on undergraduate education." During his presidency, the university "hired 270 new faculty members, expanded the library, and established eleven new departments." The university also underwent increasing internationalization.

At Brown, Gregorian continued teaching a freshman seminar and a senior seminar and a course on Alexis de Tocqueville with Stephen Graubard. He was described as being a "wildly popular figure on campus."

Carnegie Corporation
In January 1997 Gregorian was chosen as the president of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, at the time the 16th largest foundation in the U.S., known for its advocacy of education and peace. He assumed the position in June 1997 and became the 12th president and the first outsider—not from within the foundation—to head it. At Carnegie Corporation, Gregorian switched from his previous fundraiser role to one of a fund granter. He commented on it: "People think that giving away money is an easy job. Actually, it's harder than raising money, as you well know, because you have so many excellent projects that compete for funding. The issue is, I tell our staff: Are we going to be an incubator or an oxygen tank?" He advocated "initiatives in teacher education, international peace, and cooperative efforts with other foundations." Commenting on his work at Carnegie Corporation, he said that his main aim was "teaching ideas and values. But most importantly, also, preparation of new citizens. One of our great programs, which I'm very proud of at Carnegie is strengthening US democracy."

Armenian causes

Gregorian was involved in projects in the Armenian American community and Armenia. Barlow Der Mugrdechian described him as a "highly visible model for Armenians." He was a "much-sought-after" keynote speaker at Armenian events, for which he did not take money: "I've never accepted one penny from any Armenian source for the past 30 years."

Gregorian was outspoken about the importance of education in Armenia. He stated in a 2009 interview: "The first thing that Armenia has to invest in, like the Scandinavian countries, is education. Even in the Armenian army, they should teach computer science, mathematics, other sciences." He also called on the Armenian church to invest in education. He was on the Board of Governors of UWC Dilijan, the first international boarding school in Armenia founded in 2014. He donated 1,500 books to the school and a learning center is named after him. Gregorian donated hundreds of books to the American University of Armenia in 2010–14.

In 2016 Gregorian co-founded the Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity with Ruben Vardanyan and Noubar Afeyan. It honors individuals for humanitarian work on behalf of the survivors of the Armenian genocide. Armenia's Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan called it the "Armenian Nobel Peace Prize."

Gregorian was honored by the Armenian government, the Armenian Church, and Armenian diaspora organizations. In 1999 he received the St. Gregory the Illuminator Medal, the Armenian Church's highest secular award, from Catholicos Karekin I. The National Academy of Sciences of Armenia named him an Honorary Doctor in 2001 and elected him as a Foreign Member in 2008. President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan awarded him the Mkhitar Gosh Medal in 2013 and the Order of Honor in 2017. He met President of Armenia Armen Sarkissian on several occasions.

In October 2016 Gregorian joined other prominent Armenians in calling the government of Armenia to adopt "new development strategies based on inclusiveness and collective action" and to create "an opportunity for the Armenian world to pivot toward a future of prosperity, to transform the post-Soviet Armenian Republic into a vibrant, modern, secure, peaceful and progressive homeland for a global nation."

The National Association for Armenian Studies and Research (NAASR) headquarters in Belmont, Massachusetts, was officially renamed to the NAASR Vartan Gregorian Building in January 2019.

Views
Gregorian was described as a public intellectual, who often commented on educational and political matters, and a life-long advocate for education. It was said during his lifetime that "He has become increasingly worried about America's deemphasizing studies in the humanities, which has been replaced by the desire to learn marketable skills, and he is concerned by the failure of high schools to prepare students for college so that they often spend the first two years at universities trying to catch up to where they should be."

Gregorian had a reputation as a "visionary educator". In 1988 Bill Moyers described him as "an evangelist for education". He advised Walter Annenberg and the Annenberg Foundation on school reform. Gregorian believed that the sole function of education is to provide an "introduction to learning." He believed that "we can produce an educated, cultured person" in four years who would include "all the possible elements of professionalism, and know-how, and a career, and also a vocation." Commenting on the rise of college tuition, he said a special tax was needed: "Five percent of the tax Californians pay should go to universities."

Gregorian called teachers, journalists, and librarians the most important jobs for the United States, and that without "educated journalists and free press [...] you're going to have an Orwellian society which we always dreaded." He said in 1988 that because there was an explosion of information, which was not equal the explosion of knowledge, there were "great possibilities of manipulating our society by inundating us with undigested information." He elaborated: "So instead of 1984, Orwell saying deny information, now one other way of paralyzing people is by inundating with trivia, as well as a major way of paralyzing our choices, by giving so much that we cannot possible digest it."

Politics
Gregorian was politically liberal. In the 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries he collected signatures for Adlai Stevenson II and then for John F. Kennedy. He stated that he was "just enchanted and transformed by [Kennedy's] rhetoric and his vision and youthfulness, and so forth, about an idealistic America where everybody had to chip in." In 1966 he served as faculty adviser to the Maoist Progressive Labor Party at the San Francisco State University. In a 2003 interview, Gregorian stated that he made "nondiscrimination on the basis of sexual orientation an official policy at both the University of Pennsylvania and at Brown." He argued for affirmative action in higher education, "at least at this stage in our history." However, he noted that what is needed is reform in the public education to "eliminate the social disparities. How long will we need affirmative action? As long as K through 12 education is unequal and weak."

Gregorian was "known for his commitment to human rights and interest in foreign affairs, especially conflict resolution and intellectual freedom." In his 1989 speech as president of Brown University, he called for a "value-oriented, moral sense of politics", as Patrick Garry describes it. Gregorian stated that a democratic society needs freedom and choice, but also a moral center and not a moral enclosure. Garry wrote that Gregorian strove to "inject moral passion into an increasingly listless liberalism. He advocates a moral sense, but not as defined by conservative beliefs." Instead, the "moral center should come from a public moral discourse and from the choices of individuals regarding moral values and social ideas." "We need Linda Greenhouses, we need individuals who would be challenging the system. We need a Bill Buckley … new Bill Buckleys. We need new I. F. Stones from the Left and the Right who could challenge, who could create a kind of dialogue, rather than monologue", he said in 2009.

Gregorian said that it is more important to integrate immigrants into American society than assimilate them. "America is about citizenship, about rights, about privileges, about responsibilities, knowledge of America's past, engagement in its future and so a part of being both individualist, as well as part of the organic community, which is the United States", he said.

In April 2009 Gregorian joined Václav Havel, Prince Hassan bin Talal, Desmond Tutu, and Yōhei Sasakawa in calling on The People's Republic of China to rescind the decision to execute Tibetan activists involved in the 2008 Tibetan unrest and "provide them with an opportunity to be re-tried in a judicial process that is more in keeping with the international standards that China says that it adheres to."

In May 2009 Gregorian proposed to U.S. President Barack Obama that he send a message to the Iranian authorities, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, that "mixes Obama's characteristic emphasis on respect and cultural sensitivity with any apology for Mossadegh's overthrow, thanks for Iranian condemnation of 9/11, and a conciliatory tone in asking for the abandonment of nuclear enrichment."

In June 2009 Obama appointed Gregorian as a White House Fellow.

In 2009 Richard Heffner suggested that Gregorian would be great as a successor to Hillary Clinton as a U.S. Senator from New York.

Personal life
Gregorian spoke Armenian, French, and English. He understood Persian and Arabic. He did not speak English when he arrived in the US in 1956, and later spoke with a "soft Middle Eastern accent." Gregorian faced housing discrimination because of his Armenian origins when he moved to New York City in 1981. Although he served as an altar boy in the Armenian Apostolic Church in Tabriz, Gregorian was an Armenian Catholic.

Gregorian married Clare (née Russell) on March 25, 1960. They met at Stanford. She died on April 28, 2018, at the age of 80. She was a "community and volunteer leader in several states and cities." She was an advocate of women's rights, literacy and the arts and was described as a "driving force behind the establishment" of Rhode Island Public Radio. Janet L. Robinson stated that her "unwavering support of organizations such as Rhode Island Public Radio, Providence Public Library and Planned Parenthood proved to be a critical factor in the success of these organizations." They had three sons: Vahé, Raffi, and Dareh Ardashes. As of 2003, Vahe was chief sportswriter at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Raffi was working at the State Department, and Dareh was covering the civil courts for the New York Post. Dareh is married to Maggie Haberman.

Gregorian's interests included chess and Armenian music.

Gregorian had a surgery for kidney removal in October 1999.

Vartan Gregorian died on April 15, 2021, after being hospitalized due to stomach pain. He was 87.

Recognition
Gregorian was one of America's "most respected and frequently honored educators and intellectuals." Barlow Der Mugrdechian described him as "one of the most noted educators and leaders in higher education" in the U.S. Hendrik Hertzberg wrote in The New Yorker in 2008: "The impossibly distinguished Vartan Gregorian is a one-man academy of arts, letters, and the humanities." Peter Gay wrote in The New York Times in 2003: "If the word had not been so badly debased in our time, I would call him a civilian hero." French Ambassador to the United States Gérard Araud described Gregorian as a "visionary and a living example of the modern man of letters, for whom education and knowledge is the key to opportunity and peace."

Upon his death, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan described Gregorian as "one of the greatest Armenian Americans." Darren Walker, President of the Ford Foundation, called him an "icon in higher education and philanthropy." New York Mayor Bill de Blasio said Gregorian "single-handedly saved this sacred institution," referring to the New York Public Library. New Orleans Mayor LaToya Cantrell noted that Gregorian was "instrumental in helping restore and reopen" the Keller Library after Hurricane Katrina. Former New York Mayor Mike Bloomberg wrote that Gregorian was a "towering intellect whose passion for public service was matched only by his kindness and compassion for others, and his loving devotion to his family." Samantha Power and Fadlo R. Khuri called Gregorian their hero. The International Crisis Group described him as an "extraordinary leader and a champion of international peace and security."

Gregorian had a reputation for his fundraising skills. The Financial Times wrote in 2007 that he has been "hailed as a fund-raising genius." Gregorian commented, "I don't mind raising money—for a cause, not for me. At the same time, never appealing to the vanity of people, but appealing to their civic duty." He also argued that he is "not an ideologue — I don't ask people to give to ideological causes."

An elementary school in Fox Point, Providence, Rhode Island, is named after Gregorian. In 2009 he said that he took great pride in that fact. "It has become a great school. I've helped them personally", he added.

Awards and honors
The Financial Times wrote in 2007 that Gregorian had received "39 awards, six international decorations, 14 civic honours and 16 prestigious medals." These include:
 * Guggenheim Fellowship in Russian History, 1971
 * Elected to the American Philosophical Society, 1985
 * Ellis Island Medal of Honor, 1986
 * Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1989
 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1989
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts, 1989
 * Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Officier (France), 1995
 * Order of Prince Henry Grand Officer (Portugal), 1995
 * National Humanities Medal, 1998, presented by President Bill Clinton
 * American Library Association Honorary Membership-2000
 * Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2004, presented by President George W. Bush
 * French Legion of Honor Chevalier, 2017
 * Carnegie Hall Medal of Excellence, 2019 (presented by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg)
 * Institute of International Education, Stephen P. Duggan Award for Mutual Understanding, 2019

Honorary degrees
As of 2001, Gregorian had received around 50 honorary degrees, 60 by 2007, and "nearly seventy" by 2015. These include from:

Critical studies and reviews of Gregorian's work
Gregorian's first book, The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reform and Modernization, 1880-1946, was published by Stanford University Press in 1969, "long before most Americans had any interest in or knowledge of that faraway country." It covered the history of Afghanistan from the 19th century until the end of World War II. It was based on his PhD thesis and research of eight years.
 * The emergence of modern Afghanistan

The book was widely praised by reviewers. Louis Dupree described it as "the best of its kind on Afghanistan [which] will be a basic source for years to come" and added, "In the past, all books written about Afghanistan had to be measured alongside Elphinstone's 1815 classic. We now have another yardstick: Gregorian, 1969." M. E. Yapp called it a "comprehensive and informative study" and the best general presentation for the period covered. Leon B. Poullada noted that "Until Gregorian came, Afghanistan has in some ways been a country in search of a scholar." Ludwig W. Adamec opined that Gregorian has written a "valuable book; but much remains to be done by him and others before the definitive story of Afghanistan's modernization can be told." Firuz Kazemzadeh noted that Gregorian "filled an enormous gap in our knowledge of the Middle East and has done it with exemplary diligence, intelligence, and verve. His book is far superior to any work on modern Afghanistan known to this reviewer." M. Jamil Hanifi wrote that it is a "major scholarly work, which should be considered as a most imperative reference work by students of Afghanistan in particular, and those interested in the history of Asia in general."

Gregorian's 2003 book Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith was written, according to himself, in order to promote for better understanding of Islam. "We have to see what we have in common, as well as what divides us," he said in a later interview. Ebrahim Moosa noted that "it is an effort by a prominent American to coax decision-makers to take the complexity of religion seriously and a plea to avoid making flawed geopolitical analyses about Islam." The book received mixed reviews. Michael B. Schub wrote in the Middle East Quarterly that it is "well intentioned and disheartening" and that Gregorian "is by training an Afghan specialist-not a specialist on Islam. Unfortunately, it shows."
 * Islam : a mosaic, not a monolith

Gregorian published his memoirs, entitled The Road to Home: My Life and Times, in 2003. In an interview, he noted that the book is a tribute to his grandmother and other people who played a crucial role in his life. He narrates his life, which has been described as a "rags-to-riches" story. He got the idea of the book when he was in hospital in 1999 and initially wanted to write about the "concept of an educated person, how it has changed from Renaissance to now." Gordon S. Wood wrote in The New York Review of Books that Gregorian is "the traditional American success story, modeled on that of Benjamin Franklin-the bright young boy who read book after book and rose out of nowhere to become one of America's preeminent citizens." Another reviewer called it "the quintessential American Success Story."
 * The road to home

title: Vartan Gregorian


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mandate of Heaven (book)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Move to The Mandate of Heaven. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:54, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mandate of Heaven (book)
The subject doesn't look encyclopedic. Nothing links here except one paragraph on Mandate of Heaven that's highly similar; I suspect someone is wikifying on impulse a book they just read from the library or something. Suggest deletion, or if consensus is not to delete, move to The Mandate of Heaven (book). Quuxplusone 21:25, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to The Mandate of Heaven. (The (book) disambig isn't really necessary since no other article shares its exact title.) Real, non-vanity press book. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  22:07, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree the book is real; but is it encyclopedic? Other than the fact that it has photos by Cartier-Bresson, I'm not aware of anything especially interesting about it. Is Wikipedia supposed to have an entry for every work of nonfiction ever published? (If the book has an interesting history, or is the vehicle for an interesting theory about the Chinese civil war, or something like that, then I agree Move. But I don't see any evidence of that.) --Quuxplusone 00:30, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * My notability threshold for books or other scholarly works (especially on a serious subject like Chinese history) is a lot lower than it is for, say, websites; I take a "notable until proven not notable" view of stuff like this. That the book was published by a non-vanity press is good enough for me. In addition, this article existed for eight minutes before you nominated it. I'm a stickler for bad stub articles and even I think that's a little premature. Give it a chance to grow. If the book is truly notable and interesting, someone will add more. If not, it'll stagnate and maybe get deleted later. (Of course, if some expert in the field pops in here and says, "This is just a generic unimportant book," I'll change my tune.) A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:08, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to The Mandate of Heaven and keep there per android carmeld1 04:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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