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Bhima River

The Bhima River (also known as Chandrabhaga River) is a major river in Western India and South India. It flows southeast for 861 km through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana states, before joining the Krishna River. After the first sixty-five kilometers in a narrow valley through rugged terrain, the banks open up and form a fertile agricultural area which is densely populated.

The river is prone to drying up during the summer season. In 2005 there was severe flooding in Solapur, Vijayapura and Kalburgi districts. The river is also referred to as Chandrabhaga River, especially at Pandharpur, as it resembles the shape of the Moon.

Course
The Bhima River flows southeast for a long journey of 861 km, with many smaller rivers as tributaries. It originates near Bhimashankar Temple in the Bhimashankar hills in khed Taluka on the western side of the Western Ghats, known as Sahyadri, in Pune District, Maharashtra state, at 19.0675°N, 73.55°W. It flows through Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary where it enters Khed Taluka and is soon joined by its tributary, the Aria River from the right (west) which flows into the Chas Kaman Reservoir. Upstream on the Aria is the Rajgurunagar-Kalmodi Dam impounding the Kalmodi Reservoir. The Chas Kaman Reservoir is impounded by the Chas Kaman Dam, the most upstream dam on the Bhima River proper. The village of Chas is on the left bank some 16 km below the dam. Some 5 km along the river below the bridge on the Bhirma at Chas, the Kumandala River meets from the right. From there it is 8 km along the river to the railroad bridge at the town of Rajgurunagar (Khed) on the left bank. In 18 km further along the river, the Bhima River enters from the right just above the village of Pimpalgaon on the left bank. From there to Siddhegavhan along the river is 10 km. Siddhegavhan is the last village in Khed Taluka on the left.

After leaving Khed Taluka, the Bhima forms the boundary between Havali Taluka on the right (south) and Shirur Taluka on the left (north). From the Bhima's intersection to the Indrayani River, which also enters from the right, is 14 km along the river. At the confluence is the town of Tulapur on the right bank in Havali Taluka. The Bhima River, the Indrayani River and the Mula-Mutha River are the major tributaries of the Bhima that drain western Pune. After the Indrayani, about 4 km downstream, the Dhomal River enters from the right, at the village of Wadhu Budruk. Shortly thereafter (3.5 km), the Bhima passes under the SH 60 bridge at the town of Koregaon Bhima. From Koregaon going east, downstream 16 km, is the confluence with the Vel River (Wel River) from the left (north) and the village of Vittalwadi. The Vel River also arises in Ambegaon Taluka, east of the Bhima, and flows through Khed Taluka and into Shirur Taluka before flowing into the Bhima. With Vittalwadi on the left, the right side of the river leaves Haveli Taluka and enters Daund Taluka.

From Vittalwadi the Bhima meanders northwest and 14 km after the Vel River enters from the left, the Kamania River (Kamina) enters from the left at the village of Parodi. After the Kamania River enters, the river meanders back southeast for 23 km to the confluence with the Mula-Mutha River from the right at the village of Ranjangaon Sandas. The Mula-Mutha River flows from the city of Pune where it is a combination of the Mula River and the Mutha River.

31 km after the Mula-Mutha River, the Ghod River enters from the left (north) across the Bhima from the village of Nanvij (Nanwij). The Ghod River is the last of the Western Ghat tributaries of the Bhima. Shirur Taluka stops at the Ghod River, and Shrigonda Taluka of Ahmednagar District continues on the left (northeast) side of the river. Downstream just 6 km from the Ghod River, is the city of Daund on the right (southwest) bank.

Chandani, Kamini, Moshi, Bori, Sina, Man, Bhogavati River and Nira are the major tributaries of the river in Solapur District. Of these, the Nira River meets with the Bhima between Nira Narsingpur in Pune District and Malshiras Taluka in Solapur district.

Bhima merges into the Krishna along the border between Karnataka and Telangana about 24 km north of Raichur. At the point where the two rivers meet, the Bhima is actually longer than the Krishna in length.

Tributaries

 * Sina River, Maharashtra
 * Nira RiverPune, Maharashtra
 * Mula-Mutha River,Pune, Maharashtra
 * Chandani River
 * Kamini River
 * Kukadi River, Maharashtra
 * Man River
 * Bhogavati River, Maharashtra(Tributary of Sina)
 * Indrayani River, Pune, Maharashtra
 * Ghod River,Pune,Maharashtra
 * Bhama River, Maharashtra
 * Pavana RiverPune, Maharashtra
 * Bori River, Maharashtra

 * Kagna River, Karnataka
 * Benitura River

Bhima basin
The total area of the Bhima basin is 70,614 km2. The population living along the banks of Bhima is approximately 12.33 million people (1990) with 30.90 million people expected by 2030. Seventy-five percent of the basin lies in the state of Maharashtra.

Temples

 * Bhimashankar one of the twelve esteemed Jyotirlinga shrines.
 * Siddhatek, Siddhivinayak Temple of Ashtavinayak Ganesh
 * Vitthal Temple in Pandharpur.
 * Mallikarjun Temple chinmalli kalaburagi
 * Sri Dattatreya Temple, Ganagapura, Gulbarga district, Karnataka.
 * Shri Kshetra Ghattargi Bhagamma, Ghattargi, Gulbarga District, Karnataka.
 * Sri Kshetra Hulakantheshwar Temple, Heroor (B), Gulbarga District, Karnataka.
 * Sri Kshetra Rasangi Balabheemasena Temple in Rasanagi, Jevargi Taluka, Kalaburagi district, Karnataka
 * Sri Kshetra Kolakoor Siddhabasaveshwara Temple in Kolakoor, Jevargi Taluka, Kalaburagi district, Karnataka
 * Honagunta Chandrala Parameshwari Temple, Honagunta near Shahbad, Kalaburagi district
 * Chandrala paramweshwari temple at Sannati, Karnataka
 * Kanaganahalli Buddhist site, Karnataka

Dams
There are twenty-two dams in the basin of Bhima River. The first dam is the Chas Kaman Dam in Khed Taluka, Pune district. The largest dam by capacity is Ujjani Dam, near Tembhurni, Solapur District. Total Water storage capacity of Bhima basin is about 300 TMC in Maharashtra state. Nearly 30 barrages are constructed across the main Bhima river from the downstream of Ujjani dam in Maharashtra and Karnataka states to harness all the water available in the river in excess of Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal allocations. Bhima to Sina interlink (Jod Kalava) with 21 km tunnel from Ujjani reservoir is constructed to supply water for vast lands in catchment area of Sina tributary from main Bhima river.

 * Dams – Capacity [River]
 * Ujjani – 118 TMC [Bhima]
 * Bhatghar – 23.50 TMC [Yelwandi]
 * Mulshi – 18.47 TMC [Mula]
 * Varasgaon – 12.82 TMC [Mose]
 * Dimbhe – 12.49 TMC [Ghod]
 * Nira Devghar – 11.73 TMC [Nira]
 * Panshet – 10.65 TMC [Ambi]
 * Manikdoh – 10.17 TMC [Kukadi]
 * Veer – 9.41 TMC [Nira]
 * Pavana – 8.51 TMC [Pawana]
 * Bhama Askhed – 7.67 TMC [Bhama]
 * Chas Kaman – 7.58 TMC [Bhima]
 * Ghod (Chinchani) – 5.47 TMC [Ghod]
 * Pimpalgaon Joge – 3.89 TMC [Aarala]
 * Temghar – 3.71 TMC [Mutha]
 * Andhra – 2.92 TMC [Indrayani]
 * Yedgaon – 2.80 TMC [Kukadi]
 * Khadakwasala – 1.98 TMC [Mutha]
 * Kalamodi – 1.51 TMC [Aarala]
 * Vadaj- 1.17 TMC [Meena]
 * Vadivale – 1.07 TMC [Indrayani]
 * Visapur – .90 TMC [Hanga]
 * Gunjavani – .69 TMC [Gunjavani]
 * Nazare – .59 TMC [Karha]
 * Kasarsai – .57 TMC [Pawana Basin]
 * Walwan – [Indrayani]
 * Chilewadi – [Kukadi Basin]
 * Pushpawati – [Kukadi basin]
 * Thitewadi – [Vel]
 * Sina Nimgaon – 2.2 TMC Approx[Sina]
 * Sina Kolegaon – 5.0 TMC Approx.[Sina]
 * Shirvata – 5.0 TMC Approx.[Indrayani]

Hydro power plants

 * Bhira Hydroelectric Project 300 MW (150 MW pumped storage) by Tata Power with water from Mulshi Dam, Bhushi Dam, Bhira Dam, Walwan Dam, Thokarwadi Dam and Shirvata Dam

 * Khopoli hydro 72 MW by Tata Power
 * Bhivpuri hydro 78 MW by Tata Power
 * Ujjani Dam 12 MW pumped storage
 * Bhatghar Dam 16 MW
 * Pawana Dam 10 MW
 * Khadakwasla Dam 8 MW
 * Veer Dam 9 MW
 * Dimbhe Dam 5 MW
 * Manikdoh Dam 6 MW
 * Niradevghar Dam 6 MW

Most of the hydro power (450 MW from Bhira, Khopoli and Bhivpuri) is generated by diverting water from the Bhima river basin to west flowing Kundalika, Patalganga and Ulhas rivers respectively. The diverted water is nearly 42.5 TMC which is mostly going waste to Arabian sea after generating hydro power. State government is planning to reduce the use of Bhima river basin water for power generation and use river basin water fully for drinking and irrigation purposes inside the basin as the available water is inadequate. However, Bhira hydro station can be operated in pumped storage mode to generate peaking power without releasing water to Arabian sea.

title: Bhima River


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Serov (town)

Serov (Серо́в) is a mining and commercial town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern foothills of the Ural Mountains, on the left bank of the Kakva River (a tributary of the Sosva), about 350 km north of Yekaterinburg. Population:

History
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Mansi or their ancestors populated the area of Serov as early as 1000 BCE. In the early days of the Russian colonization of Siberia the district had only a few minor villages. The situation changed in 1893, when the chief manager of Bogoslovsk Mining District, Alexander Auerbakh, proposed a construction of a cast iron and rail plant on the Kakva River near the end of an existing railroad. This year the construction of a workers' settlement began. It was named Nadezhdinsk after Nadezhda Polovtsova, the owner of Bogoslovsk Mining District. The first steel and rails in Nadezhdinsk were produced in 1896. Nadezhdinsk became an important supplier of rails for the Trans-Siberian Railway. Dmitry Mendeleyev, who visited Nadezhdinsk, was pleasantly surprised by the progressive technology used at the plant. The first school in Nadezhdinsk opened in December 1895, the first power plant (415 kW) in 1907.

The Revolution of 1905 affected Nadezhdinsk, with the turmoil continuing through 1908. At the beginning of World War I, Nadezhdinsk industry was reshaped to meet the demands of the military. Klein Brothers machine-building factory relocated to Nadezhdinsk from Riga in 1917. The growing demand for workforce was met by hiring workers from China and Korea, as well as prisoners of war (POWs). There were 1,266 Chinese and Koreans, and 3,329 POWs in Nadezhdinsk in 1917.

On October 27, 1917, two days after the October Revolution in Petrograd, power in the town bloodlessly transferred to the Worker's Soviet. On December 18, 1917, Bogoslovsk Mining District, including the Nadezhdinsk plants, was nationalized. In October 1918, the army of the Provisional Government of Siberia, which opposed the Soviets in the Russian Civil War, occupied Nadezhdinsk. On November 20, 1918, two days after admiral Kolchak become the head of the White government of Siberia, the "whites" in Nadezhdinsk executed twenty-three of their "red" opponents. On July 19, 1919, Red partisans, supporting the Soviets, re-took the settlement. It was devastated after the Civil War. None of the factories were working and many engineers left the area.

15 September 1919 Nadezhdinsk gained town status. The Central Executive Committee decree of 5 April 1926 Nadezhdinsk was approved within the cities of the Ural region.

The Soviet government put a lot of effort into restoring normal life and economy. By the end of 1925, Nadezhdinsk plant was running at its full capacity. Streets and house numbers were changed. A hospital, a circus, and a cabaret opened.

In the 1930s ferrous-metal production in Nadezhdinsk expanded and diversified. In 1934 the town was renamed Kabakovsk, after, the leader of the Bolshevik Party in Sverdlovsk Oblast. In 1937, Kabakov was dismissed and executed in Stalin's purges, and the town's name changed back to Nadezhdinsk. On 7 June 1939 the town was renamed Serov, after the fighter-pilot Anatoly Serov, a former Nadezhdinsk Plant worker and a hero of the Spanish Civil War, who had died on 11 May 1939.

Serov was an important center of steel production during World War II. Due to the shortage of males, who were conscripted into active service, most steel jobs were taken by women. Numerous organizations evacuated to Serov from the Soviet territories occupied by Germans: hospitals from Polotsk and Smolensk, and Lenkom Theater from Leningrad.

After the war, demand for steel increased even more due to reconstruction. Serov became a major electrified railroad center and a new power plant was built. In 1958, Serov produced its first ferrosilicon. In the 1970s a timber factory and a gas pipeline were built.

In the early 1990s the failed reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev brought the town economy to a record low level. The town saw a significant growth of unemployment and poverty, as did most other small towns in Russia. At the same time, many businesses were privatized or became municipal property.

On July 14, 1993, a dam at Kiselevskoye water reservoir broke and 1,373 families lost their houses.

Since the 2000s, the town economy has improved, the standards of living have risen, and the town appearance continues to improve. In November 2004, Serov hosted the Russian Bodybuilding and Fitness Championship.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of the administrative divisions, Serov serves as the administrative center of Serovsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with thirty-six rural localities, incorporated separately as the Town of Serov —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the Town of Serov is incorporated as Serovsky Urban Okrug.

Economy
Serov is a major center of ferrous metallurgy, which constitutes 80% of its economy. Two largest companies are A. K. Serov Metallurgical Plant and Serov Ferro-Alloys Plant. The latter produces approximately 5% of the world's ferrochromium. Other industries are machine-building, timber, food. Serov Power Plant (Serovskaya GRES) provides electricity to the area. The town is the center of a mining area, with lignite, iron, bauxite, and gold mines. Within the okrug, 10 kilometers north from Serov, the Serov nickel deposit is situated.

Climate
The climate is continental, with temperate summers and cold snowy winters.

Notable people

 * Anton Bakov, politician and entrepreneur
 * Andrey Fedyaev, Russian cosmonaut
 * Gennadiy Seleznyov, politician
 * Kostya Tszyu, boxer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Serov (town)


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Biobío River

The Biobío River (also known as Bío Bío or Bio-Bio ) is the second largest river in Chile. It originates from Icalma and Galletué lakes in the Andes and flows 380 km to the Gulf of Arauco (in Spanish) on the Pacific Ocean.

The major tributaries of the river are the Malleco and the Laja. The river is Chile's second-longest river (the longest being the Loa River) and the Biobío basin is Chile's third largest watershed, after the Loa and Baker basins. The river is also the widest river in Chile, with an average width of 1 km. In the Metropolitan area of Concepción, the river is crossed by four bridges: Biobío Railroad Bridge (1889), Juan Pablo II Bridge (1973), Llacolén Bridge (2000) and Bicentennial Bridge (2010).

Course
The Biobío River originates at the east shore of Galletué Lake. The river flows east for a few kilometers to the point where it receives the waters of the near Icalma Lake, through a short stream. It then turns its course northwestward, meandering through a broad Andean valley and merging with some minor tributaries, such as the Lonquimay and the Rahue. The Lonquimay is fed by some glaciers of Sierra Nevada and passes close to the town of the same name. Just downstream from the confluence with the Rahue, the upper course of the river-locally known as Alto Bío Bío-begins to run rapidly through a narrow valley surrounded by mountains, the path becoming increasingly sloped. Then the river, along the lower course of its tributaries in this area, is impounded by Ralco Dam. Below the dam, the river skirts a southwestern spur of Callaqui volcano before falling into Pangue Reservoir.

After reaching the Intermediate Depression, the river flows through a mostly flat area, being joined by the Duqueco and Bureo Rivers, increasing its width between 60 and 120 meters and reducing its speed, allowing navigation in some zones. In the middle course, the Vergara River joins the Biobío near Nacimiento, draining a substantial part of southern river basin after receiving the waters of the Malleco, Renaico and Rahue Rivers, which constitute a northwest-oriented and parallel drainage network to the Biobío of a great part of the northern Andean portion of the Araucanía Region.

Below the Vergara River, the Biobío is joined by the Tavolevo River, flowing east from the Nahuelbuta Range, the Guaqui River coming from the east in the Andes foothills, and the small Rele River coming from the west from the northern part of the eastern slopes of the Nahuelbuta Range.

To the east of the Chilean Coastal Range, near the cities of San Rosendo and La Laja, the Biobío River is joined by the Laja River, its major tributary in terms of volume of water. From here, the river follows its course increasing its width considerably, reaching 2 km wide at its mouth on Pacific Ocean, near San Pedro de la Paz, Gran Concepción. Along the way, the Quilacoya River joins the Biobío River on its north bank 9 km above the town of Hualqui.

Diego Díaz Island
Diego Díaz Island (Isla Diego Díaz) is a river island in Biobío River located near Colonia Santa Fe. The river next to the island was navigated, upstream and downstream, in colonial times. In 1610, during the Arauco War, Mapuches attacked the Spanish in the island killing 13 soldiers.

History
The name "Biobío" comes from Mapudungun, the Mapuche language. The Biobío was the traditional borderline, or "La Frontera", during the later part of the War of Arauco between La Araucanía, the southern Mapuche self-ruled areas and northern Spanish-ruled Captaincy General of Chile. The territory south of the river was not incorporated into the Chilean state until the 1880s after the campaigns of the "Pacification of Araucanía".

In the past, the river was navigable by ship up to the city of Nacimiento. However, deforestation during the 1900s led to heavy erosion that choked the river with silt and made it untraversable to boats.

In the early 1980s, it was renowned as being one of the world's best whitewater rafting venues, with a trip that lasted seven days through some of Chile's wilderness areas. Endesa, the Chilean state-run power company at that time, constructed the Pangue Dam, despite strong protests by environmentalists. With the loss of the whitewater rafting venue, displacement of indigenous Pehuenche people, who had lived in the area for centuries, also occurred.

title: Biobío River


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Talk:Geology of the Appalachians

Untitled
This article seems to be about the geology of the Appalachians, rather than a general geography of the Eastern US. I propose moving this to Geology of the Appalachians. -- hike395 13:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Something missing here
This is a long wordy outdated 1911 description. Not one mention of plate tectonics or even a link to Appalachian orogeny! The short section on geology in the Appalachian Mountains is more informative. A massive rewrite is needed, the mountains haven't changed much since 1911, but the understanding of geology sure has. -Vsmith 01:46, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Which 1911 article is this from? I can't find it. Thanks! -- hike395 05:03, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Don't know which one. The style seemed to fit and see this edit from Feb. 2003. -Vsmith 28 June 2005 03:46 (UTC)

 * OK. As a substitute, how about Talk:Geology of the Appalachians/restart? I wikified a USGS web page, so it should be up-to-date. I'm not enough of an expert to go into more detail, especially on the regional geology. Should we move this restart page to the main page? -- hike395 28 June 2005 05:01 (UTC)

If 1911 geology is bad, should we just delete the rest of the article (below the introduction)? -- hike395 04:12, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I dont see how any one could defend keeping the 1911 material, not unless its been vetted by an expert and brought up to modern standards. Based on the comments by Vsmith above, its not been done. --Stbalbach 04:54, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Appalachian Basin
Appalachian Basin redirects to this article. That term is usually associated with coal, oil and gas in shale discussions. There's no mention in the article about minerals and gas in this article.Americasroof (talk) 15:57, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

This part is just glossed over:

By the end of the Mesozoic Era, the Appalachian Mountains had been eroded to an almost flat plain.[4] It was not until the region was uplifted during the Cenozoic Era that the distinctive topography of the present formed.[5] Uplift rejuvenated the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier.

What caused this uplift? It seems like a pretty important thing to discuss since it's entirely responsible for the mountains we know today. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.200.17.87 (talk) 18:19, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

 * The cause of the uplift isn't known definitively, although there have been a number of explanations put forward. Here's a recent review of the latest evidence and theories: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X22003427
 * It might make sense to add this information to the article, but I'll leave that to someone with more than a layman's understanding. Markthomasvia (talk) 02:16, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It might make sense to add this information to the article, but I'll leave that to someone with more than a layman's understanding. Markthomasvia (talk) 02:16, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

Rewrite initiated
This article misses about 500 million years of Appalachian Mountain geology. I have placed edits within the [[Appalachian Mountains]] article and am proposing the same here.

The first mountain-building tectonic plate collision that initiated the construction of what are today the Appalachians occurred about 1 billion years ago when the pre-North American craton called Laurentia collided with three other cratons, Kahlahari, Rio Plato, and Amazonia. All the other cratons of the earth also collided at about this time to form the supercontinent Rodinia and were surrounded by one single ocean. Mountain-building referred to as the Grenville Orogeny occurred along the boundaries of the cratons as illustrated in the nap of Rodinia at the right. These became the Blue Ridge Mountains, as illustrated in the subsequent figure that shows the USGS physiographic provinces of the Appalachians in the United States.

A look at rocks that are exposed in today's Appalachian mountains reveals elongated belts of folded and thrust faulted marine sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and slivers of ancient ocean floor, which provides strong evidence that these rocks were deformed during plate collision. Subsequent construction of the Appalachians occurred some some 480 million years ago, culminating in the construction of the supercontinent Pangaea with the Appalachians near the center. Because North America and Africa were connected, the Appalachians formed part of the same mountain chain as the Little Atlas in Morocco. This mountain range, known as the Central Pangean Mountains, extended into Scotland, before the Mesozoic Era opening of the Iapetus Ocean, from the North America/Europe collision (See Caledonian orogeny). Deanrah (talk) 21:14, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geology of the Appalachians


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Talk:Mimosoideae

I'm not sure to which infrafamily genus Neptunia belongs, but I put it in the Mimoseae for now. If anyone finds out it belongs elsewhere, please let me know. I'm finding the infrafamily thing more trouble than it's worth because If you know a genus goes with a family or even subfamily, but don't know the infrafamily, then where do you put it? Most sources don't list infrafamilies. --DanielCD 13:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merge from Acacieae
There is some good information in the Acacieae, but since tribe Acacieae is deprecated and the Mimosoideae haven't officially been divided into new tribes, it would be better to move this information over to Mimosoideae. Ninjatacoshell (talk) 18:22, 17 March 2016 (UTC)

Update needed
The taxobox uses Template:Taxonomy/Mimosoid clade which references a 2017 paper, but the text hasn't been fully updated to correspond. Peter coxhead (talk) 09:42, 25 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mimosoideae


text:
Demographics of Atlanta

Atlanta is the capital and largest city in the state of Georgia. Atlanta ranks as the 38th-largest in the United States, and the eighth-largest city in the southeastern region. 2020 census results varied dramatically with previous Census Bureau estimates, counting a record 498,715 residents. Atlanta is the core city of the eighth most populous United States metropolitan area at 6,104,803 (est. 2020), with a combined statistical area of 6,930,423. For the first time since the 1960 Census, the 2020 Census revealed Atlanta is no longer majority African American. Atlanta has strongly increased in diversity in recent decades and is projected to continue.

History
Atlanta's population grew steadily during the first 100 years of the city's existence, and peaked in 1970 at around 496,000. However, from 1970 to 2000, the city lost over 100,000 residents, a decrease of around 16 percent. During the same time, the metro area gained over three million people, cutting the city's share of the metro population in half, from over 25 percent in 1970 to around 12 percent in 2000. However, the city's population bottomed out in 1990 at around 394,000, and it has been increasing every year since then, reaching 420,003 residents in 2010. The population count increased more in the 2020 census to 498,715, surpassing the 1970 population.

Race and ethnicity
Once the nation's 4th largest black-majority city, Atlanta fell below 50% non-Hispanic African American in the 2020 census. The non-Hispanic African-American population has the largest percentage decline in the city since the 2000 census. *"A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 29, 2003
 * "the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'" in "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'", Washington Post, Apr 18, 1996
 * "The Black Mecca leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty" in The Black metropolis in the twenty-first century: race, power, and politics by Robert Doyle Bullard
 * "the city that earned a national reputation as America's 'black mecca'" in In search of Black America: discovering the African-American dream by David J. Dent
 * "the cornerstone upon which today's 'Black Mecca' was built" in The New South's Capital Likes to Contradict Itself by William Jelani Cobb, July 13, 2008, Washington Post
 * "And, they said, don't forget Atlanta's reputation as a black mecca" in "Georgia second in nation for black-owned businesses", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 5, 2010
 * "Atlanta is New Mecca for Blacks", Ebony, September 1997
 * "Atlanta's allure as the black mecca" in "Atlanta contest shows battered black electorate", MSNBC,  December 4, 2009
 * " the Southern capital regarded as the nation's black mecca" in "Race, attacks expected in Atlanta mayor runoff" (Associated Press article) in Marietta Daily Journal, November 5, 2009
 * "Is Atlanta the new black mecca?", Ebony, March 2002
 * "Atlanta, black mecca of the South", Ebony, August 1971
 * "Money talks: Atlanta has the highest percentage of middle-class blacks of any city in the nation", Atlanta magazine, March 2003
 * “Atlanta is a city that is known as the black mecca" in "Upcoming city elections will show how Atlanta is undergoing profound changes", Saporta Report, October 2009
 * "Some people call Atlanta the Black Mecca" in "Atlanta: The City of the Next Generation", Black Enterprise, May 1987
 * "That stockpile of black brain power has made Atlanta the nation's mecca for blacks, especially buppies looking for Afro-American affluence and political clout." in "Bond vs. Lewis - it's Atlanta's loss that only one of the two can win ", Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 16, 1986
 * "Is it this that has made Atlanta the mecca of the black middle class?" in America behind the color line: dialogues with African Americans by Henry Louis Gates
 * "Atlanta emerges as a center of black entertainment", New York Times, November 26, 2011 The strongest growth of African Americans in the Atlanta area is in the surrounding suburbs. In 2020, at least 87% of the African American population in the Atlanta area lived outside the city.

The non-Hispanic white alone population of the city of Atlanta has grown significantly since 2000. Between 2000 and 2020, Atlanta's non-Hispanic white population had increased by 61,296 people while the Black population declined by 21,044. The non-Hispanic white percentage increased from 31.3% in 2000, to 36.3% in 2010, to 38.5% in 2020. Since 2000, Atlanta demographics have drastically changed due to an influx of whites into gentrifying intown neighborhoods, such as East Atlanta and the Old Fourth Ward, coupled with a stronger movement of Blacks into surrounding suburbs, especially in Clayton County and DeKalb County, an influx of Asians and Hispanics moving into the city, combined with increased identification as mixed race and more children born in interracial marriages.

The city of Atlanta is becoming more diverse in the 21st century. The city long consisted overwhelmingly of non-Hispanic Blacks and non-Hispanic Whites; those groups made up 92.1% of the city in 1990, but by 2020 their proportion had shrunk to 85.3%. Atlanta's Hispanic population increased 11,268 from 2000 to 2020, and in 2020 the city was 6.0% Hispanic. The Asian American population increased by 14,259 and in 2020 Asian Americans made up 4.5% of the city.

Income
In 2022, the median income for a household in Atlanta was $77,655. Also in 2022, 17.7% of the population lived below the poverty line which is down from 21.8% in 2010. Since 2000, poverty in most of Atlanta's suburbs is growing faster than in the city.

Race and ethnicity by neighborhood

2010 census figures for Atlanta's 25 neighborhood planning units reveal several key facts about Atlanta's neighborhoods:
 * 60% of the city's area consists of predominantly black neighborhoods: together, Northwest, Southwest, and Southeast Atlanta are 92% black
 * there are some areas that are predominantly white, notably Buckhead and Northeast Atlanta (NPUs F and N) which are on average 80% white
 * most of the fastest growing areas are central: Downtown (25.9%), Midtown, West Midtown, close-in east side neighborhoods (NPU N) (18.4%)
 * the Ben Hill area at the southwest Perimeter is also growing quickly (up 5,452 people, 45.8%)
 * population loss in areas of Northwest Atlanta (avg. -24.1%) and Southeast Atlanta (-20.5%), as well as some parts of Southwest Atlanta

Source:

Major shifts from 2000 to 2010
Rise in white population:
 * In NPU W (East Atlanta, Grant Park, Ormewood Park, Benteen Park), the black population went from 57.6% to 38.0%, and the white proportion rose from 36.5% to 54.8%
 * In NPU O (Edgewood, Kirkwood, East Lake area), the black population went from 86.2% to 58.7%, and the white proportion rose from 11.3% to 36.9%.
 * In NPU L (English Avenue, Vine City), the black proportion of the population went down from 97.5% to 89.1%, while the white proportion rose from 1.3% to 6.1%. Note that there many infill residential units were added in the King Plow Arts Center area, which falls under English Avenue but which in character is an extension of the Marietta Street Artery and West Midtown.
 * In NPU D, stretching from West Midtown along the border of Buckhead and northwestern Atlanta, westward towards the river, the white proportion rose from 49.3% to 59.2% with the black proportion dropping from 36.5% to 23.9%

Increasing black population:
 * In NPU X (Metropolitan Parkway corridor), the black proportion of the population rose from 59.5% to 83.2%, while the White, Asian and Hispanic proportion dropped about three percentage points each.
 * NPU B (central Buckhead) became more diverse, with the white proportion dropping from 82.8% to 75.5%, the black proportion rising from 5.9% to 12.3%, and the Asian proportion from 3.1% to 5.3%

Sexual orientation and marital status
The city of Atlanta has one of the highest LGBT populations per capita in the nation. It ranked third of all major cities, behind San Francisco and slightly behind Seattle, with 12.8% of the city's total population recognizing themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Also, Atlanta is home to two highly attended and notable LGBT events, Atlanta Pride and Atlanta Black Pride.

According to a 2024 Chamber of Commerce report, Atlanta is fourth in the nation for single-person households (44.5%). Within the past 10 years, the number of people living alone has increased by almost 5 million. Nearly half of those single-person households manifested during the pandemic. Compared to pre-pandemic (2019) rates, 2.4 million more people are living alone in 2024. Atlanta ranked 3rd in the nation for the most women living alone (29%) and 10th for men (24%).

Born out-of-state and foreign-born
In the city of Atlanta, Ga. 53% of residents were born in Georgia, 19.1% elsewhere in the South, 18.6% outside the South and 8.0% in a foreign country. Although the foreign-born population in the city itself is low among large US cities and even compared to Atlanta's own metro area, it is high compared to other nearby Southern cities. For example, in Macon, Georgia, 7.1% were US-born outside the South and 3.0% foreign-born, and in Birmingham, Alabama only 7.7% were US-born outside the South and 3.2% foreign-born.

Daytime population
According to a 2000 daytime population estimate by the Census Bureau, over 250,000 more people commuted to Atlanta on any given workday, boosting the city's estimated daytime population to 676,431. This is an increase of 62.4% over Atlanta's resident population, making it the largest gain in daytime population in the country among cities with fewer than 500,000 residents.

Timeline
1850 - 2,572
 * City limits a circle with radius of 1 mile (3.14 mi2)

1860 - 9,554
 * 1866 city limits enlarged to a radius of 1.5 miles (7 mi2)

1870 - 21,789

1880 - 37,409
 * had eclipsed Savannah to become Georgia's largest city
 * 1889 city limits enlarged to a radius of 1.75 miles, Inman Park also annexed. (9.6 mi2)

1890 - 65,533
 * 1894 annexation of West End (adding 1.0 mi2 for a total of 11 mi2)

1900 - 89,872, including 2500 persons of foreign birth and 35,900 of African descent.
 * 1909: annexation of Edgewood, Reynoldstown, East Atlanta, Copenhill and part of Druid Hills

1910 - 154,839 (metro 522,442)
 * 1910: annexation of 5.5 mi2 to the north and west and 3.2 mi2 to the southwest and south including Oakland City

1920 - 200,616 (metro 622,283)

1930 - 270,688 (metro 715,391)

1940 - 302,288 (metro 820,579)

1950 - 331,314 (metro 997,666)
 * 1952: annexation of 80 mi2 in Buckhead, Adams Park, Southwest Atlanta & Lakewood, adding 100,000 people (total city area 130 mi2)

1960 - 487,455 (metro 1,312,474)

1970 - 496,973 (metro 1,763,626)

1980 - 425,022 (metro 2,233,324)

1990 - 394,017 (metro 2,959,950)

2000 - 416,474 (metro 4,112,198)

2010 - 420,003 (metro 5,268,860)

2020 - 498,715 (metro 6,089,815)
 * Highest population in the history of Atlanta

Political implications
Atlanta's changing demographics have had effects on its political system. In the 2009 mayoral race, Mary Norwood lost by just 714 votes (out of over 84,000 cast) to Kasim Reed. Norwood, who is white, would have become the city's first non-black mayor since 1974. This comes amid the fact that in recent years, an influx of whites, Asians and Hispanics into Atlanta has shifted the demographics in what was once a city guaranteed to elect a black mayor. In fact, the percentage of blacks dropped to 54 percent in 2010 from 61 percent in 2000. This demographic change and its possible historic effect on Atlanta's city government was a factor that, among others, helped draw supporters of both candidates to the polls.

Projections
Atlanta is projected to have a population of around 590,000 people by 2030. However, this projection assumes Atlanta garners only seven percent of the metro's growth during that period. If the city were to capture ten percent of metro Atlanta's growth, it would reach a population of 660,000 people by 2030. Also Atlanta is expected to become much more diverse. For many decades Atlanta was largely made up of Blacks and Whites. However, Hispanics and Asians are expected to make up a more notable percentage of the total population by 2050.

Languages
Spanish is the second most common language spoken in Atlanta.

Place of birth
Most of Atlanta’s immigrants were born in Mexico.

Metro Atlanta
The Metro Atlanta as a whole is also growing more diverse in which non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites make up only 76.9% of the population. The metro area's Hispanic population more than doubled from 268,851 in 2000 to 730,470 in 2020, and now makes up 12.0% of the region's population while Blacks have declined to 33.2%. These immigrant communities have altered the economic, cultural, and religious landscape of metro Atlanta. The Asian American population in the metro makes up 6.5% of the region's population per the 2020 census. Gwinnett County has become one of the most diverse counties in the nation.

Atlanta MSA in 2000 did not include Butts, Dawson, Haralson, Heard, Jasper, Lamar, Meriwether, and Pike counties, whose population totalled in 2000: 135,783; in 2010: 156,368 (2.96% of total new 28-county metro) Compares the larger 28-county Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta MSA 2010 with a smaller 20-county Atlanta MSA 2000; however the 8 new counties represent less than 3% of the larger 28-county metro. Source: for race and Hispanic population, U.S. Census Bureau 2010 and 2000 census; for foreign-born population: US Census Bureau 2010 and 2000 American Community Surveys; Immigrants in 2010 Metropolitan America, Brookings Institution

Race and ethnicity
The 2010 census counted 5,268,860 people in the 28-county metropolitan area. This was an increase of 1,020,879 since 2000, the second largest growth of any U.S. metropolitan area behind that of Houston. This represented a proportional increase of 24.0%, again second-highest (after Houston) among the ten largest metropolitan areas of the United States.

White Americans made up 55.4% of metro Atlanta's population, a relative decrease from 63.0% ten years earlier, but still an absolute increase of over 330,000 people. Non-Hispanic whites dropped from 59.5% to 50.7% of the metro's population, increasing by about 224,000 people.

Black Americans are the largest racial minority with 32.4% of the population, up from 28.9% in 2000. The city of Atlanta has long been regarded as a "black mecca" for its role as a center of black education, political power, wealth, and culture. From 2000 to 2010, the geographic disbursement of blacks in Metro Atlanta changed radically. Long concentrated in the city of Atlanta and DeKalb County, the black population there dropped while over half a million African Americans settled across other parts of the metro area, including approximately 112,000 in Gwinnett County, 71,000 in Fulton outside Atlanta, 58,000 in Cobb, 50,000 in Clayton, 34,000 in Douglas, and 27,000 each in Newton and Rockdale Counties.

Hispanic Americans are the fastest growing ethnic group. At 10.4% of the metro's population in 2010, versus only 6.5% in 2000, the metro's Hispanic population increased an astounding 103.6%, or 278,459 people, in ten years. Major Hispanic groups include 314,351 Mexicans, 43,337 Puerto Ricans and 17,648 Cubans. All of those groups' populations increased by over 90% in the ten-year period. Of the metro's 279,000-person increase in the Hispanic population from 2000 to 2010, 98,000 came in Gwinnett County, 37,000 in Cobb, 25,000 in Fulton (all but 3,000 outside the city of Atlanta), 20,000 in Hall, and 15,000 in DeKalb County. The Hispanic population is heavily concentrated in the northeastern section of the Atlanta metropolitan Area.

The Asian American population also increased rapidly from 2000 to 2010. There were 256,956 Asian Americans in the metro area in 2010, making up 4.9% of the population. This represented an 87% increase over 2000. The largest Asian groups are 78,980 Indians, 43,870 Koreans, 37,660 Chinese and 36,554 Vietnamese.

Atlanta has Georgia's largest Bosnian American population with approximately 10,000 in the metro area, mainly in Gwinnett County and DeKalb County

The most common reported ancestries in Atlanta were English, American, German, Irish, Italian, Scottish, African, French, Polish, Russian and Dutch.

109,023 Italians live in the Atlanta area.

There is a small Romani community in Atlanta.

There is a substantial Mexican population in Atlanta. Mexicans are concentrated in Gwinnett County.

Jamaicans are concentrated in Stone Mountain, Decatur, Lithonia, Lawrenceville and Snellville.

Ethiopians and Eritreans are present in Atlanta.

There is a small Japanese community in the metro Atlanta area.

There is a Brazilian community in the metro Atlanta area. Brazilians are concentrated in Marietta, Sandy Springs and Alpharetta.

There is a Nigerian community in Atlanta. Nigerians are concentrated in DeKalb and Gwinnett counties.

There is an Iranian presence in Atlanta. Cobb County is home to the largest population of Iranians in Atlanta.

About 9,400 Cubans live in the Atlanta area. Approximately 4,900 were born in Cuba. DeKalb County has the largest Cuban population in Atlanta.

Haitians are present in Atlanta.

There is a Pakistani community in metro Atlanta.

There is an Indian community in Atlanta.

Foreign-born population
Metro Atlanta is increasingly international, with its 716,434 foreign-born residents in 2010, a 69% increase versus 2000. This was the fourth largest rate of growth among the nation's top 100 metros, after Baltimore, Orlando and Las Vegas. The foreign-born proportion of the population went up from 10.3% to 13.6%, and Atlanta moved up from 14th to 12th in ranking of US metro areas with the largest immigrant population by sheer numbers. Still, its 13.6% proportion of immigrants is only the 29th highest of the nation's top 100 metros.

Metro Atlanta's immigrants are more suburban than most other cities'. Out of the top 100 US metros, Atlanta has the 11th highest ratio of the foreign-born living in the suburbs and not in the core city. Atlanta does not have single centers of ethnic groups such as a Koreatown, but rather areas such as the Buford Highway Corridor in DeKalb County and parts of Gwinnett County are commercial centers for multiple ethnic communities.

In 1990 Greater Atlanta had the largest Japanese population in the Southeast United States. The Consulate General of Japan in Atlanta estimated that, during that year, 3,500 to 4,000 Japanese lived in Greater Atlanta. Of the metropolitan areas in the Southeast United States, in 1990 Greater Atlanta had the most extensive education network for Japanese nationals.

8% of the foreign born population in Atlanta is black. Cobb County has the largest Haitian population. Nigerians are concentrated in DeKalb County.

3.2 percent of immigrants in Atlanta were born in Jamaica and are Jamaican.

In the Atlanta-Sandy Springs- Marietta, GA area the African foreign born population came from Nigeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, South Africa, Somalia, Cameroon Sierra Leone and Togo.

There is an Eritrean community in Atlanta.

Religion
Religion in Atlanta, while historically centered around Protestant Christianity, now involves many faiths as a result of the city and metro area's increasingly international population. While Protestant Christianity still maintains a strong presence in the city (63%), in recent decades Catholicism has gained a strong foothold due to migration patterns. Metro Atlanta also has a considerable number of ethnic Christian congregations, including Korean and Indian churches. Large non-Christian faiths are present in the form of Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism. Overall, there are over 1,000 places of worship within Atlanta.

Language
In 2008, approximately 83.3% of the population five years and older spoke only English at home, which is roughly 4,125,000 people. Over 436,000 people (8.8%) spoke Spanish at home, making Metro Atlanta the 15th highest number of Spanish speakers among American metropolitan areas (MSAs). Over 193,000 people (3.9%) spoke other Indo-European languages at home. People who speak an Asian language at home numbered over 137,000 and made up 2.8% of the population.

title: Demographics of Atlanta


text:
Irish Alliance for Europe

The Irish Alliance for Europe was founded in summer 2002 by Professor Brigid Laffan of University College Dublin in order to lead the civil society campaign in favour of the Treaty of Nice at the second Irish referendum. Adrian Langan was recruited as full-time Campaign Director from a similar, voluntary, position in Ireland for Europe. It led all sectors of Irish society, campaigning effectively through the mass media, local canvassing, and postering nationwide.

In late 2007, the organisation was resurrected by Ruairi Quinn TD and former European Movement Ireland CEO, Brendan Kiely in order to campaign on the Lisbon Treaty referendum.

title: Irish Alliance for Europe


text:
User:Ilai

My user page is kind of blank right now.

Right now I'm going through the following pages and cleaning up Chinese on the side:

 * List of country names in various languages (A-C)
 * List of country names in various languages (D-I)
 * List of country names in various languages (J-P)
 * List of country names in various languages (Q-Z)

Reference:

 * 世界政區(台灣繁體)
 * 世界政區(香港繁體)
 * 世界政區(大陸簡體)
 * 繁簡分歧詞表
 * 大陸發音

zh:User:Ilai zh-min-nan:User:Ilai

title: User:Ilai


text: User talk:70.22.144.254

title: User talk:70.22.144.254


text:
User talk:Bwarf

Vandalism is bad :( Fornadan (t) 13:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bwarf


text:
Boeuf River

The Boeuf River is a tributary of the Ouachita River in the U.S. states of Arkansas and Louisiana. The river is about 216 mi long. It flows into the Ouachita near Enterprise, Louisiana.

The Boeuf River's name comes from the French word bœuf, which means "ox".

title: Boeuf River


text:
User talk:Favedave

Hi Favedave, welcome to Wikipedia. I sent this message to User talk:69.239.114.85 and the Talk:Joan of Arc page, as well. There wasn't a way to send an email message until you registered as "Favedave." It will explain a lot about how we do things. Because we report on religious things, doesn't mean we espouse them. Our policy of npov is our "prime directive."

"Greetings. If you are the Favedave who sent me an email message, then you were blocked for removing sections of the Joan of Arc article multiple times in one day without any communication from you, even when the other editors asked you not to in their edit summaries. I realise that you are new to Wikipedia, so you will be forgiven quite a bit, and I hope you end up liking the place and sticking around, but your aggressive tone in the email message to me, things like "And it's obviously not (an encyclopaedia) if your primitive religious views trump all else" needs to be modified if you are going to edit successfully here. Wikipedia is run by consensus, so there were other reasons for the reversions of your removals, reasons you should consider and discuss if you want your edits to remain relatively unmolested. I will shorten your block time, but in the meantime please review the following links in order to help your sojourn at Wikipedia be more productive.

 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * help pages
 * village pump

Regards, Fire Star 23:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)"

 * -Fire Star 13:53, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Favedave


text:
Talk:Homeland Security Act of 2002

Eli Lily?
The Homeland Security Act gets five lines while the Eli Lilly rider gets nine? That seems a little off. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.116.119.4 (talk • contribs) 13:59, 2 June 2005

 * I don't know about Eli Lily page, but this is nothing. Where is the list of powers granted and criticisms of the Act? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.178.170.192 (talk) 03:08, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you're thinking of the USA PATRIOT Act, one of the major acts granting powers 72.244.206.47 (talk) 03:27, 24 October 2008 (UTC).

Duplicate?
I just noticed there are two of these... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ne0Freedom (talk • contribs) 20:26, 29 December 2005
 * Homeland Security - Positive view of HSA
 * Homeland Security Act - Negative effects of HSA

NPOV
Civil liberties imperiled by the Homeland Security Act include some constitutional rights, namely: the rights to freedom of speech, religion, assembly and privacy; the rights to counsel and due process; and protection from unreasonable searches and seizures.

Already galvanized by the hasty passage of the earlier USA PATRIOT Act, eighteen cities and towns declared themselves 'civil liberties safe zones' within months after HSA's passage, according to a 2002 Village Voice column.

Concerns about curtailment of civil liberties by the HSA were given a heightened sense of urgency by media revelations in 2002, about another Bush administration initiative, which created a new Pentagon agency under the direction of John Poindexter, known as the Office of Total Information Awareness.

This is not neutral language. - Ta bu shi da yu 15:55, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No, definitely not. As much as I hate Bush, this has to be neutral. And it shouldn't consist solely of criticisms. Twilight Realm 08:23, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Also, what about some pro- links? The US Govt. is not the only party thats in favor... Limited Moon 03:08 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Fatal bias
First post ever to Wiki. Hope I haven't violated local ettiquette.

As written, the article was fatally biased. Don't know how much explanation this requires, because it seems so plain.

If there's anything to talk about, we'll probably hear.

Regards,

The Autodidactic Polymath 04:26, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

ANSI
Is there a reason that ANSI is listed as an official US government link? It is a private organization. I would recommend it be moved to a more appropriate category. DanRP (talk) 15:22, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

Encyclopedia or Rant Page?
Please try to keep this factually based. You may think it is unconstitutional, but until it is declared so, it is not. Even then, until the decision lasts through the appeals process, the decision is tentative. —Preceding unsigned comment added by The Autodidactic Polymath (talk • contribs) 02:51, 21 May 2008

Clean up
I made a pass through this short article, add examples of some of the government functions the new department assumed, embedding a "see also" item into the narrative, and limiting external links to those specific to the text of the act (other Wikipedia articles cover the controversy already). I also marked it as a U.S. fed legislation stub. I added two wikiproject templates to this talk page, so perhaps editors interested in the subject as a legislative act will flesh it out. 72.244.206.47 (talk) 03:14, 24 October 2008 (UTC).

Removed "Degree Programs
This section is clearly promotional material for a handful of private for-profit schools offering dubiously useful degrees, has little to nothing to do with this article, and lacks RS anyway. 66.41.65.237 (talk) 20:21, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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Verifone 480 and Verifone 250?
E Unum Pluribus- Out of many "one"? 2600:1700:9F61:C800:A49B:83A9:9B9:616F (talk) 16:41, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Homeland Security Act of 2002


text:
User:Adidas

I QUIT!
More info to come, and I'll add myself to the list of wikipedians who quit.

Hi my nickname is Adidas. I hope to do a half-decent job helping out wikipedia.

Click here to see my contributions []

My special interests are IT, computer science, programming and adoption.

title: User:Adidas


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Burkhard Heim/archive1

Burkhard Heim
This is a biographical article which has changed very much over the past 3 months. A lot of content has been added, but perhaps in a manner where it may be confusing to the reader. It would be nice if someone could go through the article and suggest any of the following for improvement:

 * 1) Proper sectioning
 * 2) Suggestions for organizing the external links
 * 3) Resolution of the POV in the article
 * 4) Commentary on the content (Here is a list in particular that focus should be given to)
 * 5) * Is it clear? (Does the article seem muddled, or disambiguous?)
 * 6) * Is it factual? (Does it lack substance? If so, how to improve on this given the lack of resources?)
 * 7) * Is it knowledgeable? (Does it sound competent and consistent?)
 * 8) * Is it comprehensive? (Does it cover all the essentials of a biographical article?)
 * 9) * Is it applicable? (Is it an article that is welcome on Wikipedia?)
 * 10) * Is it analytical? (Does is explain clearly the character of this person from different perspectives?)
 * 11) * Is it synthetic? (Is the article a good conglomeration of facts on this person?)
 * 12) * Is it evaulative? (Does this article critically assess the circumstances of this person?)

It would also be great if someone could go through it and make corrections to any of:
 * 1) grammatical errors;
 * 2) spelling;
 * 3) flow;
 * 4) anything which will improve the quality of the article.

Ideally, it would be nice to see this as a featured article someday. Thanks in advance for your help and input - it's very much appreciated! --HappyCamper 14:01, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've gone through and done some minor spelling, link and POV changes, but I didn't want to do to much for fear of stepping on anyone's toes. I would suggest:
 * adjusting sections (perhaps amalgamating 1940s/1950s)
 * more time spent explaining 'mystical' theories, less time defending them as seperate from his other work
 * I'm afraid I lack the scientific credentials/knowledge to comment on factuality.
 * check your links (e.g. I removed the one on 'incubation period', as it linked to a medical article talking about incubation period of a disease, which I'm sure was not what you were referring to.
 * Just some suggestions, and good luck! --Scimitar 22:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Scimitar - thanks for your feedback! Anyone else with suggestions? HappyCamper 04:15, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There are alot of external links there, choose the ones that you used to write the article and then trim off anything not immediately relevant to the article. You will need to cite your sources and possibly use a footnote system to show which source you used to add facts and opinions, providing you have used neutral sources a good referncing system should also help clear up remaining POV problems. The article could use some more images. How did he get his theories out to the public if not through journals? There should be a list of publications. --nixie 04:36, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Also the sectioning is confusing in places, early life overlaps with Academic and work history and they both overlap in time with Heim's life and health. I think it would be better to just use a chronological description of his life. 1990s to 2001 is empty. --nixie 04:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Do you have a suggestion on how to do footnotes? Is there an example somewhere you recommend? The section 1990s - 2001 is empty because we haven't found much information about this period of his life yet. Burkhard Heim has a companion page Heim theory in Wikipedia. For the purposes of this review, I thought it would be better to attempt fixing the biographical page first and then attempt fixing his theory page. There is no dispute over things such as where he was born and where he lived. The current dispute is over the interpretation of the utility of his theory, and essentially writing the article so that the issues raised by supporters and opponents of his works and legacy are bridged. Thanks for the suggestion on references - I haven't read much on this person which couldn't be considered POV, but at least having a list of some sort would definitely be a good starting point. --HappyCamper 14:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Footnote3 is quite easy to use and looks nice. --nixie 23:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Zarathoustra~enwiki

Hello world, welcome here !

Wikijunior Solar System Needs You
Danny Wool has challenged us to get Wikijunior Solar System out to hurricane evacuees by October 32005. This is going to be tough!

You expressed interest in WikiJunior. Would you be willing now to join the push to get Wikijunior Solar System completed? Come see Wikijunior Solar System!

Thanks --SV Resolution(Talk) 18:01, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zarathoustra. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zarathoustra~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:32, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:50, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zarathoustra~enwiki


text:
User:Zarathoustra~enwiki

 * my page on the fr Wikipédiamy page on the es Wikipédia
 * My page on méta

title: User:Zarathoustra~enwiki


text:
East Pomeranian dialect

East Pomeranian (Ostpommersch) or Farther Pomeranian (Hinterpommersch) is an East Low German dialect moribund in Europe, which used to be spoken in the region of Farther Pomerania when it was part of the German Province of Pomerania, until World War II, and today is part of Poland. Currently, the language survives mainly in Brazil, where it is spoken by descendants of German immigrants of the 19th century and where it was given its own script by the linguist Ismael Tressmann. It has co-official status in 11 Brazilian municipalities and has been recognized as a historical and cultural heritage of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. East Pomeranian is also spoken in central Wisconsin and parts of Iowa, in the United States.

Nowadays, spoken East Pomeranian in Brazil has mostly been influenced by Portuguese language and Hunsrik, a German dialect derived from the Hunsrückisch native to Brazil. It excludes the dialect spoken in the United States, known as Wisconsin Pomeranian, which was influenced by the English language.

The varieties of East Pomeranian are: Westhinterpommersch, Osthinterpommersch, Bublitzisch around Bobolice and Pommerellisch; Further the east, German dialects transitioned to Low Prussian-East Pomeranian and Vistula Delta German spoken in and around Danzig/Gdansk.

Espírito Santo

 * Afonso Cláudio (in the district of Mata Fria)
 * Domingos Martins
 * Itarana
 * Laranja da Terra
 * Pancas
 * Santa Maria de Jetibá
 * Vila Pavão

Minas Gerais

 * Itueta (only in the district of Vila Neitzel)

Santa Catarina

 * Pomerode

Rio Grande do Sul

 * Canguçu
 * São Lourenço do Sul (under approval)

Rondônia

 * Espigão d'Oeste (under approval)

title: East Pomeranian dialect


text:
Spanish irregular verbs

Spanish verbs are a complex area of Spanish grammar, with many combinations of tenses, aspects and moods (up to fifty conjugated forms per verb). Although conjugation rules are relatively straightforward, a large number of verbs are irregular. Among these, some fall into more-or-less defined deviant patterns, whereas others are uniquely irregular. This article summarizes the common irregular patterns.

As in all Romance languages, many irregularities in Spanish verbs can be retraced to Latin grammar.

Orthographic changes
Due to the rules of Spanish orthography, some predictable changes are needed to keep the same consonant sound before a or o and e or i, but these are not usually considered irregularities. The following examples use the first person plural of the present subjunctive: Other predictable changes involve stress marks, i—y alternations and i-dropping, some of which are sometimes considered as irregularities. The examples are several forms of otherwise regular preterites:
 * : c—qu: ' > ' (-car), ' > ' (-quir).
 * : z—c: ' > ' (-zar), ' > ' (-cer).
 * : g—j: ' > '. But in verbs ending in -jar, the j is kept before e: ' > ' (not *mogemos).
 * : g—gu: ' > ' (-gar), ' > ' (-guir).
 * : gu—gü: ' > ' (-guar).
 * Stress mark on stressed i after a, e or o: ' > ' (-caer), ' > ' (-eer), ' > ' (-ír, -oír); this does not apply to any G-verbs such as  and its related forms.
 * Stress mark not used in monosyllabic forms: ' > ', ' ; ' > ', '. However, before 2010, the forms ' and ' , ' and ', ' and ', and ' and ' could also be written with the accent mark by writers who pronounce these forms as bisyllabic. But this option was not available for .
 * Unstressed i is written y between non-silent vowels: ' > ', ' (-aer, -caer); ' > ', ' (-uir). This does not apply to verbs ending in -quir (for example, ' > ', ).
 * Unstressed i is dropped between ll or ñ and a vowel: ' > ' (not *bullió) (-llir/-ñir), ' > ' (-ñer).

Stem-vowel changes
There are two kinds of changes that can affect stem vowels of some Spanish verbs: diphthongization and vowel raising. Both changes affect -e- or -o- in the last (or only) syllable of a verb stem. Diphthongization changes -e- to -ie-, and -o- to -ue-. Vowel raising changes the mid vowels -e- and -o- to the corresponding high vowels: -i- and -u- respectively. Some verbs, in their various forms, can exhibit both kinds of changes (e.g., , (e-ie-i**ir); , , ) (o-ue-u).

Diphthongization
Some verbs with -e- or -o- in their stem are inherently diphthongizing, whereas others are not: their identities must be learned individually. In a diphthongizing verb, the change turns -e- into -ie- and -o- into -ue- when the syllable in question is stressed, which in effect happens only in the singular persons and third-person plural of the present indicative and present subjunctive, and in the imperative (all other tenses and forms are stressed on their endings, not their stems). The dictionary form always has the vowel, not the diphthong, because, in the infinitive form, the stress is on the ending, not the stem. Exceptionally, the -u- of (u-ue -gar, -jugar) and the -i- of  and  (i-ie) also are subject to diphthongization (', etc.; ', etc.).

In word-initial position, *ie- is written ye- (' > ') (e-ie > ye) and *ue- is written hue- (' > ') (o-ue > hue, oler). Also, the -ue- diphthong is written -üe- after g, with the diaeresis to indicate that the letter is not silent (' > ') (reflexive, go-güe -zar).

The following examples show that all three conjugations (-ar, -er, and -ir verbs) include some diphthongizing verbs (only some tenses and persons are shown, for contrasting purposes):

Present subjunctive
(*) In Central America pensés, contés, etc. are used, but Spanish Royal Academy prescribes pienses, cuentes, etc., according to Rioplatense Spanish.

Imperative

 * (*) Only used in Spain. Formal conjugations of the plural imperative end in -d, but in colloquial use the most common conjugation ends in -r instead: pensar, contar, etc.

The verbs sentir and dormir also undergo vowel raising. Additional diphthongizing verbs include ' (o-ue), ' (e-ie), ' (o-ue), ' (-zar e-ie, -ezar), ' (o-ue), ' (e-ie), ' (o-ue), ' (o-ue, -morir), ' (o-ue), ' (o-ue), ' (o-ue, -poder), ' (o-ue), ' (e-ie, -querer), ' (o-ue), ' (e-ie-i), ' (e-ie, -tener, G-Verb), ' (e-ie, -venir, G-Verb), ' (o-ue), and  (o-ue, -olver).

Many verbs with -e- or -o- in the root do not alternate. Common non-diphthongizing verbs include ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', and '.

Less frequent verbs of this kind are often a source of mistakes for children learning to speak, and also for some adults:
 *  → yo *rebueso, él *rebuesa... instead of yo reboso, él rebosa...

Vowel raising
Vowel raising appears only in verbs of the third conjugation (-ir verbs), and in this group it affects, , (alternative of the more common ) and nearly all verbs which have -e- as their last stem vowel (e.g. , ); exceptions include ', ' and  (all three diphthongizing, e-ie).

Affected forms
The forms that exhibit the change can be described negatively as those in which the stem vowel is not diphthongized and the ending does not contain stressed i or the -ir- sequence. In other words, vowel raising affects the forms whose endings do not contain an i which is not part of a diphthong, taking into account that diphthongizing overrides vowel raising.

In effect, for diphthongizing verbs (e.g. ', '), the vowel-raising forms are:
 * the first-person and second-person plural of the present subjunctive (sintamos, sintáis, durmamos, durmáis);
 * the gerund (sintiendo, durmiendo);
 * the third-person singular and plural of the preterite (sintió, sintieron, durmió, durmieron);
 * all forms of the imperfect subjunctive (sintiera/sintiese..., durmiera/durmiese...) and of the future subjunctive (sintiere..., durmiere...).

For non-diphthongizing verbs (e.g. ') it affects these same forms (pidamos, pidáis, pidiendo, pidió, pidieron, pi'diera''...), plus:
 * in the present indicative, all singular forms and the third-person plural (pido, pides, pide, piden);
 * the remaining forms of the present subjunctive (pida, pidas, pidan);
 * the tú form of the imperative (pide).

The forms which do not undergo either diphthongizing or vowel raising are:
 * the first-person and second-person plural of the present indicative (sentimos, sentís), because these forms have stressed /í/ in their endings.
 * the infinitive (sentir), past participle (sentido), imperfect indicative (sentía...) and the vos and vosotros/as forms of the imperative (sentí, sentid), for the same reason.
 * the future (sentiré...) and conditional (sentiría...), whose endings contain the -ir- sequence.

Affected verbs
Verbs which are diphthongizing and vowel-raising include:
 * those ending in -entir (', ', '...) and -ertir (', ...);
 * those ending in -erir (', ', ', '...), except ;
 * ' and derived verbs (', '...) in the gerund ('...), as the rest of forms undergo other overriding irregularities.
 * ' and '.

The diphthongizing -er verb ' exceptionally undergoes vowel rising in the gerund, but the first- and second-person plural of the present subjunctive are regular (podamos, po'dáis'').

Non-diphthongizing vowel-rising verbs include:
 * those ending in -edir (', ', '...), -etir (', ') and -egir (', ...; note forms with j before a/o such as corrijo, corrija).
 * those ending in -eír (', ', ', '). Double i that would result is simplified (rieron, not *riieron or *riyeron). The stressed i in contact with a/e/o must take an acute accent (río, ríe, ría) but monosyllabic forms of the preterite do not have it (rio, riais, but rió and riáis were valid before 2010 if pronounced in two syllables).
 * those ending in -eñir (', '...). The unstressed i between ñ and a vowel is dropped (tiñendo, tiñó, tiñeron, tiñera...).
 * ' and derived verbs (', ...), in the forms that do not undergo other overriding irregularities.
 *  and derived verbs
 * '. The affected forms are equal to those derived from the more usual infinitive ', which is regular except in the past participle .
 * '. The affected forms are equal to those derived from the more usual infinitive ', which is regular except in the past participle .

The vowel-raising verb  is usually diphthongizing (with ye- forms as yergo...), not-diphthongizing forms are however valid but rare (irgo...) (e-ie > ye-i -guir, -erguir).

Cambio vs. envío
Diphthongs in the infinitive may be preserved throughout the conjugation or broken in the forms which are stressed on the stem, depending on whether the i or u in contact with a/e/o take the stress or not. The stressed vowel is marked bold in the examples: ' > cambio, but ' > envío (requiring an acute accent to indicate the resulting hiatus). The Real Academia Española does not consider either behaviour as irregular, but illustrates each with six "regular" models, one for each possible diphthong in the infinitive: ', ', ', ', ' and ' for diphthong-keeping verbs and ', ', ', ', ' and ' for diphthong-breaking ones. Remember that the presence of a silent h does not break a diphthong, so a written accent is needed anyway in rehúso.

All verbs ending in -guar are diphthong-keeping, as well as ', ', ' and '. Two diphthongs are kept in ' > desa'hucio (again the -h- makes no difference), which thus follows both the anunciar and causar'' models.

Diphthong-breaking verbs include ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', ', '. The verbs ', ', ', ' and ' are also diphthong-breaking (crío, guí'e), but when the stress falls on the endings the resulting forms are generally considered as monosyllables and thus written without accent: crie, fie, guiais, lieis...''. In spite of that, the regular accentuation rules can also be used if they are pronounced as bisyllabic: crié, guiáis....

For the verbs ' and ' both options are valid: adecuo or adecúo.

The ui diphthong in ' is kept throughout the conjugation despite the fact of the i getting the stress in forms such as cui'do (written without'' stress mark).

Verbs ending in -uir and -oír
All verbs ending in -uir (e.g. ', ', ') add a medial -y- before all endings not starting with i: construyo, construyes, construy'a... Taking into account that these verbs also undergo the change of unstressed intervocalic i to y (see orthographic changes above), they have many forms containing y''.

This also applies to the forms of ' and ' that do not undergo the -ig- change: oyes, oye, oyen

Some regular forms of ', ' and  are written without stress mark if considered monosyllabic, but may bear it if pronounced as bisyllabic: vosotros huis or huís (present), yo hui or huí (preterite).

Logically,  loses the diaeresis before y: arguyo, arguyó (gü-gu, -güir)...

Endings starting with o/a in er/ir verbs
In er and ir verbs, the first person singular of the present indicative and the whole present subjunctive are the only forms whose endings start with o/a instead of e/i. These two different phonetic environments made Latin forms evolve differently in many verbs, leading to irregularities.
 * Whenever the first person singular of the present indicative has an irregularity other than diphthongizing, but still ends in -o, the whole present subjunctive shares the same irregularity:
 *  > hago, haga... (-hacer, G-Verb)
 *  > luzco, luzca... (c-zc, -cir)
 *  > quepo, quepa... (-caber)
 * ' > veo, vea...; ' > preveo, prevea... (-ver)
 * When the first person singular of the present indicative does not end in -o, the present subjunctive is also irregular, but in a different way:
 *  > soy, sea... (-ser, Oy-Verb)
 *  > voy, vaya... (-ir, Oy-Verb)
 *  > he, haya (-haber)
 *  > sé, sepa... (-saber)

G-verbs
Before o (in the first person singular of the indicative present tense) and a (that is, in all persons of the present subjunctive), the so-called G-verbs (sometimes "Go-Yo verbs" or "Yo-Go" verbs or "Go" verbs) add a medial -g- after l and n (also after s in asir), add -ig- when the root ends in a vowel, or substitute -g- for -c-. This change overrides diphthongization (tener, venir) but combines with vowel-raising (decir). Many of these verbs are also irregular in other ways. For example:

 * ': yo salg'o, tú sales...'' Stem: sal- (-salir)
 * ': yo valg'o, tú vales...'' Stem: val- (-valer)
 * ': yo pong'o, tú pones...'' Stem: pon- (-poner)
 * ': yo teng'o, tú tienes...'' Stem: ten- tien- (e-ie) (-tener)
 * ': yo veng'o, tú vienes...'' Stem: ven- vien- (e-ie)
 * ': yo caig'o, tú caes...'' Stem: ca-
 * ': yo traig'o, tú traes...'' Stem: tra-
 * ': yo oig'o, tú oyes...'' Stem: o-, oy- (-ír)
 * ': yo hag'o, tú haces...'' Stem: hac- haz- (-cer verb)
 * ': yo dig'o, tú dices...'' Stem: dec-, dic- (e-i) (-cir)
 * ': yo asg'o, tú ases...'' Stem: as-

ZC-verbs
This group of verbs—which originated in the Latin inchoative verbs but now includes other verbs as well—substitute -zc- for stem-final -c- before o and a. The group includes nearly all verbs ending in -acer (except ' and derived verbs), -ecer (except ' and '), -ocer (except ' and derived verbs), and -ucir. For example:

 * ': yo nazc'o, tú naces...''
 * ': yo crezc'o, tú creces...''
 * ': yo conozc'o, tú conoces...''
 * ': yo produzc'o, tú produces...'' (-ducir)
 * ': yo yazco/yago/yazg'o, tú yaces...'' (-yacer)

' may alternatively be conjugated with -zc- ('), -g- (G-Verb) (') or a compromise -zg- (').

Irregular forms in the future, conditional and imperative
Some -er and -ir verbs (most G-verbs plus ', ', ' and ') also change their stem in the future and conditional tenses. This involves syncope: Many of these verbs also have shortened tú imperative forms (apocope): tener → ', contener → ', poner → ', disponer → ', venir → ', salir → ', hacer → ', decir → '. However, all verbs derived from decir are regular in this form: bendice, maldice, desdícete, predice, contradice.
 * Just dropping the infinitive e: ' → habré..., ' → sabré..., ' → podré..., ' → querré...
 * Dropping the infinitive e/i and padding the resulting *-lr-/*-nr- with an epenthetic -d-: ' → tendré..., ' → pondré..., ' → vendré..., ' → valdré...,  → saldré...
 * Dropping the infinitive -ce- or -ec-: ' → haré..., ' → desharé...,  → diré...
 * ', ' and ' may share this irregularity (prediré...) or, more commonly, use the regular forms (predeciré). For ' and  only the regular forms are used (bendeciré...).

Anomalous stems in the preterite and derived tenses
Some verbs (including most G-verbs and most verbs ending in -ducir) have a somewhat different stem in the preterite. These stems are very old and often are found in Latin as well. The same irregular stem is also found in the imperfect subjunctive (both in -ra and -se forms) and the future subjunctive. These stems are anomalous also because:
 * they are stressed in the first and third persons singular, ending in unstressed -e and -o respectively (while in all other cases the preterite is stressed on the suffix).
 * the rest of the endings are the usual for -er/-ir verbs, and even for the -ar verbs ' and '.
 * in the verbs with -je preterite (', ' and most verbs ending in -ducir) unstressed i is dropped between the j and a vowel: ellos trajeron, yo trajera... This does not happen with regular or vowel-raising -ger/-jer/-gir/-jir verbs (' > protegieron, ' > tejieron, ' > corrigieron, ' > crujieron).

Examples:

 * : yo estuve, tú/vos estuviste(s), él estuvo..., ellos estuvieron; yo estuviera...
 * : yo anduve, tú/vos anduviste(s), él anduvo..., ellos anduvieron; yo anduviera...
 * : yo tuve, tú/vos tuviste(s), él tuvo..., ellos tuvieron; yo tuviera...
 * : yo hube, tú/vos hubiste(s), él hubo..., ellos hubieron; yo hubiera...
 * : yo cupe, tú/vos cupiste(s), él cupo..., ellos cupieron; yo cupiera...
 * : yo supe, tú/vos supiste(s), él supo..., ellos supieron; yo supiera...
 * : yo vine, tú/vos viniste(s), él vino..., ellos vinieron; yo viniera...
 * : yo pude, tú/vos pudiste(s), él pudo..., ellos pudieron; yo pudiera...
 * : yo puse, tú/vos pusiste(s), él puso..., ellos pusieron; yo pusiera...
 * : yo hice, tú/vos hiciste(s), él hizo..., ellos hicieron; yo hiciera...
 * : yo reduje, tu/vos redujiste(s), él redujo..., ellos redujeron; yo condujera...
 * : yo dije, tú/vos dijiste(s), él dijo..., ellos dijeron; yo dijera...

The verb in modern Spanish has a regular -er verb preterite (yo vi, tú viste, él vio – note the lack of written accent on monosyllables), but in archaic texts the irregular preterite forms yo vide, él vido are sometimes seen.

Irregular past participles
A number of verbs have irregular past participles, sometimes called "strong" because the change is in the root, rather than an ending. This includes verbs which are irregular in many other ways, as ' and ', but for some other verbs this is their only irregularity (such as ', '), while some very irregular verbs (such as ' and ') have regular past participles. Examples:

Most of these verbs have derivatives with the same irregularity. For example, alongside volver → vuelto and poner → puesto, there are ' → ' and ' → '; alongside ' → ' there is ' → ' (but note ' → ', ' → ' are regular, though they also have the adjectival forms ' and '). Similarly ', ', ', ', etc. Solver is obsolete, but its derivatives ' and ' (', ') are in common use. The participle of ' is ' in some regions, but  in others.

There are three verbs that have both a regular and an irregular past participle. Both forms may be used when conjugating the compound tenses and the passive voice with the auxiliary verbs ' and ', but the irregular form is generally the only one used as an adjective:
 * ' → ' or , but papas fritas.
 * ' → ' or , but papeles impresos.
 * ' → ' or , una despensa bien provista far more usual than una despensa bien proveída.

A number of other "strong" past participles, such as ', ', , and a number of others, are obsolete for general use, but are occasionally used in Spain (and to a much lesser extent in Spanish America) among educated, style-conscious writers, or in linguistic archaisms such as proverbs (refranes).

Others
The verbs ' (to be) and ' (to go) both exhibit irregularities in the present, imperfect and preterite forms (note that these two verbs have the same preterite fui). Together with ' (to see) and ' (to foresee), they are the only four verbs with irregular imperfect indicative. Their tú imperative forms are sé, ve (for both ir and ver, although  is more common than ver in commands) and prevé. Their vos imperative forms are sé, andá (the verb  replaces ir), ve and prevé.

Remember that whenever the preterite is irregular, the imperfect subjunctive (-ra and -se forms) and the dated future subjunctive (-re) share the same irregularity; indeed, these tenses may always be correctly formed by substituting the appropriate endings for the -ron ending of the third person plural preterite: fueron > fuera/fuese...; fuere....

The verbs ' (to give) and ' (to be) both exhibit irregularities in the present indicative and present subjunctive because their stems cannot be stressed (in dar the stem is just d-, in estar it was originally st-). The form dé is so written to distinguish it from the preposition . Both verbs are also irregular in the preterite and derived tenses: dar follows the pattern of regular -er/-ir verbs, while estar has an anomalous preterite stem and follows the corresponding common pattern:

title: Spanish irregular verbs


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List of parliamentary constituencies in Hampshire

The ceremonial county of Hampshire, which includes the unitary authorities of Portsmouth and Southampton, is divided into 18 parliamentary constituencies: 9 borough constituencies and 9 county constituencies.

2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to increase the number of seats which covered Hampshire from 17 to 18, with the creation of Meon Valley. As a consequence of resulting boundary changes, Romsey was renamed Romsey and Southampton North. The Aldershot and Basingstoke seats, more predominantly urban than previously defined, were redesignated as borough constituencies.

Proposed boundary changes
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details.

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission has proposed that Hampshire be combined with Berkshire and Surrey as a sub-region of the South East Region. As a result, parts of the current constituency of East Hampshire would be included in a new cross-county boundary constituency named Farnham and Bordon. In addition, Fareham and Meon Valley would be abolished and replaced by Fareham and Waterlooville, and Hamble Valley.

The following constituencies are proposed:

Containing electoral wards from Basingstoke and Deane

 * Basingstoke
 * East Hampshire (part)
 * North East Hampshire (part)
 * North West Hampshire (part)

Containing electoral wards from East Hampshire

 * East Hampshire (part)
 * Farnham and Bordon (also includes part in the Surrey borough of Waverley)

Containing electoral wards from Eastleigh

 * Eastleigh (part)
 * Hamble Valley (part)

Containing electoral wards from Fareham

 * Fareham and Waterlooville (part)
 * Gosport (part)
 * Hamble Valley (part)

Containing electoral wards from Gosport

 * Gosport (part)

Containing electoral wards from Hart

 * Aldershot (part)
 * North East Hampshire (part)

Containing electoral wards from Havant

 * Fareham and Waterlooville (part)
 * Havant

Containing electoral wards from New Forest

 * New Forest East
 * New Forest West

Containing electoral wards from Portsmouth

 * Portsmouth North
 * Portsmouth South

Containing electoral wards from Rushmoor

 * Aldershot (part)

Containing electoral wards from Southampton

 * Romsey and Southampton North (part)
 * Southampton Itchen
 * Southampton Test

Containing electoral wards from Test Valley

 * Eastleigh (part)
 * North West Hampshire (part)
 * Romsey and Southampton North (part)

Containing electoral wards from Winchester

 * Fareham and Waterlooville (part)
 * Hamble Valley (part)
 * Winchester

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019. The Isle of Wight is excluded throughout.

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Hampshire in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
Note that before 1983 Hampshire also included the Bournemouth and Christchurch areas. 1Including National Liberal, and one National candidate in 1945

2pre-1979: Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Accurate vote percentages for the 1918, 1922 and 1931 elections cannot be obtained because at least one candidate stood unopposed.

Seats
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name. Unlike elsewhere in this article, the Isle of Wight is included in these tables.

2010 to present
1parts transferred in 2024 to the constituency of Farnham and Bordon which is partially in Surrey


text:
Boteti River

The Boteti River (also Botletle River or Botletli) is a natural watercourse in Botswana. It derives flow from the core Okavango Delta through the Thamalakane River in Maun.

Hydrology
In the rainy season, the Boteti discharges to the Makgadikgadi Pans, bringing that area alive with seasonal activity and high biological productivity. In the dry season, the Boteti is particularly important to provide wildlife an area to congregate, since most seasonal ponds and drainages are then devoid of water.

The Boteti flows southeastward out of the Thamalakane River swamp at Toteng, then flows northeastward past Tlkaseoulo, over Ghautsa Falls, and then flows east past the villages of Makalamabedi, Muekekle, and Matima, and then at Kwaraga, it turns south past the villages of Phukumakaku, Khumaga (Lekono), Sukwane, Rakops (Jakops), and Xhuma (Khomo). It then flows past Lake Xau (or in a very wet year into and out of Lake Xau) and then heads east past the village of Mopipi (Madista) and into the Ntwetwe Pan.

The Boteti stretches from Ngamiland to the main Boteti District, where it is used to fill the Mopipi Dam, which is important to the many diamond mines of the area, particularly the Orapa diamond mine. The diversion of the river has left many residents without an adequate source of fresh water; moreover, they could no longer enjoy fishing and other activities in the river.

History
In the early and mid-20th century, the lower Boteti, below Sukwane, was a major grain-producing area, with over 2,000 ha under cultivation until 1980. However, the number and extent of wet years has declined, and the river was channelized below Rakops to increase flow to the Mopipi Dam. It flowed year-round before the mid-1990s, after which decreasing flows led to seasonal desiccation in some lower reaches.

title: Boteti River