text:
Coat of arms of Norway

The coat of arms of Norway is the arms of dominion of King Harald V of Norway, and as such represents both the monarch and the kingdom (nation and the state). It depicts a standing golden lion on a red background, bearing a golden crown and axe with silver blade (blazoned Gules, a lion rampant Or, crowned Or, holding an axe Or with a blade argent).

The coat of arms is used by the King (including the King's Council), the Parliament, and the Supreme Court, which are the three powers according to the Constitution. It is also used by several national, regional, and local authorities that are subordinate to the aforementioned, for example the County Governors and both the district courts and the courts of appeal. Since 1905, two parallel versions exist: the more elaborate version used by the King and the simpler one used by the State. The arms in banner form serve as basis for the monarch's flag, known as the Royal Standard.

In addition, there are former and existing lands (e.g. the Earldom of Iceland and the Orkney Islands), cities (e.g. Kristiansand), organisations (e.g. the Museum of Cultural History), companies (e.g. Adresseavisen), and families (e.g. the Counts of Gyldenløve and Gudbrand Gregersen) who have been granted the right to bear the coat of arms or derivations of this. Unless officially granted, it is illegal to use the coat of arms.

The arms has its origin in the 13th century, at first just as a golden lion on a red shield, with the silver axe added late in the century, symbolising Olav II as the Eternal King of Norway. In origin the arms of the Sverre dynasty, the coat of arms became quartered with that of the Bjälbo dynasty when the Sverre lineage was extinct in 1319, and the Sverre coat of arms figured as part of the further divisions of the coats of arms of Norwegian kings during the early modern period.

The Sverre coat of arms was regarded as representing the Norwegian monarchy in the late 15th century, and it came to be used to represent Norway on coins and in seals during the union with Denmark (1523−1814) and the 19th-century personal union with Sweden, its 13th-century origins placing it among the oldest state coats of arms which remain in contemporary use. The axe tended to be depicted as a curved pollaxe or halberd from 1500 until 1844. The 1844 design approved by king Oscar I reverted to the depiction of a battle-axe as shown in medieval designs.

After the dissolution of the union with Sweden in 1905 a medieval-type escutcheon and charge was designed by Eilif Peterssen. Peterssen's design would be used until 1937 when it was re-designed by state archivist Hallvard Trætteberg, resulting in a markedly different, more simplified design style. Peterssen's design has, however, been retained in the Royal Standard and coat of arms.

Usage
Royal decree of 20 May 1927 states: The coat of arms of the Realm may be used only by the state's authorities in the exercise of their official activity. The coat of arms may be used by the Royal Court, by the government and its ministries, by the parliament, by the law courts, and by some others. Matters of the coat of arms are treated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The state coat of arms has no achievement save the surmounting crown.

The royal coat of arms is defined in the resolution of 30 December 1905. In the coat of arms of the realm, a heraldic royal crown is placed directly on top of the shield. In the royal coat of arms, the shield of the arms of the realm is on a mantle purple lined ermine with a royal crown on top. Three sides of the shield are surrounded by the collar of the Royal Order of St. Olav.

The following coats of arms are displayed with the collar of the Order of St. Olav. However, not all Princes and Princesses are Grand Cross holders or, for that sake, members of this order at all, wherefore their respective coats of arms do not include this achievement.

The Royal Standard of Norway is the Norwegian arms in banner form.

Achievements including the royal arms:

Origin
The design of the coat of arms is derived from that of the Sverre dynasty. Hallvard Trætteberg suggested that Sverre, who was king between 1184 and 1202, had a lion in his coat of arms, although there is no direct attestation. Snorre Sturlason claims that a golden lion on a red background was used already in 1103 by King Magnus III, the son of King Olav III. Gustav Storm in 1894 concluded that this is ahistorical. Storm explained that the claimed lion in King Magnus's coat of arms is unknown both in the older Saga literature and in other contemporary sources. It is possible that Snorre, who wrote under the instruction of the King, attributed King Sverre's coat of arms to earlier Kings of Norway.

A lion is shown on the coat of arms in the seal of Earl Skule Bårdsson, dated 1225, who had relations to the royal family.

Haakon Haakonson the Old had a lion in his seal, shown as lying between the feet of the seated king. A royal coat of arms with a lion is finally seen on the seal of Haakon Haakonson the Young, dated 1250.

The first instance of the lion bearing an axe is found in a seal of Eric II (1285).

Medieval seals
Approximately in 1280, either King Magnus VI (dead in 1280) or the guardianship of his son Eric Magnuson let the lion be equipped with a crown of gold and in the foremost paws an axe of silver. The axe was a symbol of Saint Olav, i.e. King Olav II, and by inserting it into the coat of arms it symbolised that the King was the rightful heir and descendant of the "Eternal King of Norway" (Latin: Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae).

Late medieval coats of arms
With the death of King Haakon V in 1319, the reign of the Sverre dynasty came to an end. The Throne and thus the Royal Coat of Arms was inherited by Magnus VII, who was a maternal grandson of Haakon V and who himself belonged patrilineally to the family known as the Bjälbo dynasty.

Subsequently, Norway remained in personal union with neighbouring countries. When acting as the ruler of one particular country, the sovereign would normally use the arms of that kingdom. When acting as sovereign of the united kingdoms, he would marshal the escutcheon by quartering. This was a tendency in Europe in general.

The first union kings placed the Royal Coat of Arms in the first quarter of the quartered coat of arms. At the beginning of the Kalmar Union, Norway as a hereditary kingdom was considered more important than Sweden and Denmark, which were still electoral kingdoms. Consequently, King Eric III of Pomerania placed his Norwegian Coat of Arms in an inescutcheon, superimposed on the coats of arms of his other realms. However, the Norwegian Coat of Arms would later be degraded, so that the coat of arms of Denmark would occupy the first field, whilst Norway's was placed in the second.

Marshalled versions from 1450 until 1814
In 1450, Count Christian of Oldenburg and of Delmenhorst became King of Norway. He was already King of Denmark since 1448, and in 1457, he became King of Sweden as well. Norway's coat of arms was placed in the lower dexter field and, when Sweden left the Kalmar Union in 1523, in the upper sinister field. The latter lasted until 1814.

Varying from time to time, the Kings between 1450 and 1814 bore the coats of arms of the following kingdoms, peoples, and lands:

 * County of Oldenburg Arms of the County of Oldenburg.svg
 * Kingdom of Denmark National Coat of arms of Denmark no crown.svg
 * Kingdom of Sweden Shield of arms of Sweden.svg
 * Kingdom of Norway Arms of the Kingdom of Norway (Late Middle Ages–1844) 3.svg
 * Goths Coat of arms of Jutland or the King of Goths.svg
 * Wends Coat of Wends.png
 * Duchy of Schleswig Coat of arms of Schleswig.svg
 * Duchy of Holstein Holstein Arms.svg
 * Stormarn DEU Kreis Stormarn COA.svg
 * Dithmarschen DEU Kreis Dithmarschen COA.svg
 * Delmenhorst Blason Comtes de Delmenhorst.svg
 * etc.

Marshalled versions from 1814 until 1905
On 4 November 1814, the Norwegian Storting elected King Charles XIII of Sweden as King of Norway. This personal union with Sweden lasted until the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905.

Without legitimate heirs of the body, King Charles adopted the French marshall Bernadotte, Prince of Pontecorvo, who took the name Carl Johan.

The union arms introduced by King Charles XIII and Crown Prince Carl Johan were never used officially in Norway. Only the lion coat of arms of Norway appeared on coins and on seals of official documents signed by the King in his capacity as Norwegian king.

The union arms introduced by King Oscar I in 1844 was used by members of the royal family, by the common diplomatic service of both kingdoms, and on official documents concerning both countries. In Norway, the union arms was never used on coins or official documents.

In Sweden, Crown Princes and Princes bore the coat of arms belonging to his duchy. See Duchies in Sweden (but these titles and arms were never used in Norway).

Since 1814
The halberd was officially discarded and the shorter axe reintroduced by Royal Order in Council 10 July 1844, when an authorised design was instituted for the first time. On 14 December 1905 the official design for royal and government arms was again changed, this time reverting to the medieval pattern, with a triangular escutcheon and a more upright heraldic lion. The painter Eilif Peterssen was responsible for the design.

Through centuries and following changing fashions in heraldry and arts, the coat of arms has appeared in several ways in the matter of design, shape, and so on. In the late Middle Ages, the axe handle gradually grew longer and came to resemble a halberd. The handle was usually curved in order to fit the shape of the escutcheon (or the changing union quarterings) preferred at the time, and also to match the shape of coins.

The coat of arms has also been used by subordinate state authorities and in semi-official contexts, such as on bank-notes.

Literature

 * P. Petersen: Historisk-heraldisk Fremstilling af Kongeriget Norges Vaaben, og Sammes Afbildning i Bannere, Flag, Mynter og Sigiller, Christiania 1836
 * Gustav Storm: Norges gamle Vaaben, Farver og Flag, Kristiania 1894
 * Chr. Brinchmann: Norske konge-sigiller og andre fyrste-sigiller fra middelalderen, Kristiania 1924
 * Poul Bredo Grandjean: Det danske Rigsvaaben, Copenhagen 1926
 * Hallvard Trætteberg: «Norges statssymboler inntil 1814», Historisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 29 No. 8 and 9, Oslo 1933
 * Hallvard Trætteberg: Norges våbenmerker. Norske by- og adelsvåben, published by Kaffe Hag, Oslo 1933
 * Hallvard Trætteberg: «Norges krone og våpen», i Festskrift til Francis Bull på 50 årsdagen, Oslo 1937
 * Hallvard Trætteberg: «The Coat of Arms of Norway», The American-Scandinavian Review, June 1964
 * Hallvard Trætteberg: «Det norske kongevåpen i Gelre-våpenboka», Heraldisk Tidsskrift, Vol 3, No 23 p. 126 ff., Copenhagen 1970-74
 * Hallvard Trætteberg: «Norges våpen i engelske kilder i middelalderen», Heraldisk Tidsskrift, Vol 3, No 21 p. 29 ff., Copenhagen 1970-74
 * Odd Fjordholm: «Om opphavet til det norske løvevåpen. En historiografisk framstilling». Heraldisk Tidsskrift, p. 31-41, Copenhagen 1984
 * Hans Cappelen: Heraldikk på norske frimerker Oslo 1988.
 * Harald Nissen: «Det norske kongevåpnet», Heraldisk Tidsskrift, Vol10 No 91, Copenhagen March 2005
 * Hans Cappelen: «Norge i 1905: Gammelt riksvåpen og nytt kongevåpen», Heraldisk Tidsskrift, Vol 10 No 94, Copenhagen October 2006
 * Tom Sverre Vadholm: «Hellig-Olavs øks som norsk symbol», Heraldisk Tidsskrift, Vol 11, No 102, Copenhagen October 2010, p. 59-82

title: Coat of arms of Norway


text: User talk:71.3.158.157

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:71.3.158.157


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Emily Gilmore

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 15:33, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Emily Gilmore
Do we need an article on a character from a TV show? User:Luigi30 (Υσηρ ταλκ ΛυηγηΛ) 19:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Redirect to Gilmore Girls -- Eagleamn 19:38, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Gilmore Girls. Wikiacc 20:24, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Gilmore Girls; do the same with Lorelai Gilmore and Rory Gilmore. Bearcat 07:37, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The text in all these articles should be transferred to the Main characters section in the "Gilmore Girls" article. -- Eagleamn 20:25, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand -- we have articles on many Buffy characters, Dead Like Me characters, Veronica Mars characters and so one. Why should Gilmore girls suffer? MosheZadka 08:31, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep agree with MosheZadka. - SimonP 15:33, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
The Entity (South Park)

"The Entity" is the 11th episode of the fifth season of the animated television series South Park, and 76th episode of the series overall. "The Entity" originally aired in the United States on November 21, 2001 on Comedy Central. This episode introduces Kyle's cousin Kyle. Creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone have stated the story was inspired by the Segway PT and the general chaotic nature of airports at the time of the production, shortly following 9/11 and the 2001 airline bailout.

In the episode, Kyle's cousin Kyle, who is stereotypically Jewish, comes to South Park for a visit. Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison comes up with a "more pleasant" alternative to airline travel, known as "IT."

Plot
Kyle's cousin, Kyle Schwartz from Connecticut, comes to live in South Park due to his mother's failing health back at home. While Kyle was initially excited about seeing his cousin for the first time, he is baffled to see that his cousin is none other than a stereotyped version of a Jew, and has many irritating characteristics such as hypochondria. Kyle is told by his mother to take care of his cousin. Kyle, fearing that Cartman, a staunch anti-Semite, will "tear this kid apart", attempts to bribe Cartman with $40 to not make fun of him. Cartman, in an attempt to earn the bribe, struggles to avoid mocking Kyle's cousin, but eventually fails. The boys decide that Kyle's cousin is just way too irritating to live in South Park with them. Much of the episode proceeds to have the boys make constant attempts to get rid of Kyle Schwartz. In one attempt to trick him into boarding a plane to Antarctica, Kenny is mistaken for a terrorist and shot through the head. However, Kyle's cousin always finds a way to come back to South Park.

Meanwhile, Mr. Garrison, annoyed and fed up with the inefficient and incompetent airline check-ins since 9/11, decides to invent his own vehicle. Inspired by watching Enrique Iglesias' sexualized singing on TV and by a gyroscope sitting next to him on his deck, he invents the gyroscope-powered monowheel "IT." According to Mr. Garrison, "IT" can "go up to two hundred miles per hour, and gets three hundred miles to the gallon". The only problem is that "IT" is controlled through a quite painful and unappealing method: using four "flexi-grip handles" that somewhat resemble erect penises; two held in the hands, one in the mouth, and a fourth handle which is inserted into the anus. Garrison invites many important investors to see his demonstration of "IT". Despite this unorthodox control mechanism, "IT" is still considered better than dealing with the airlines and Garrison's creation is a smashing success. This results in a lack of passengers and business in airports.

Unfortunately, things go downhill when the government decides to bail out the airlines from going under because of "IT". To ensure the airlines' dominance as a mode of transport and the job security of everyone working for it, the government ends up outlawing "IT", deems using it a criminal act and confiscates all of the "IT" stock. As a result, Kyle's cousin, who turns out to have invested in "IT", gets a $5 million bailout payment and decides to return home to Connecticut to take care of his sick mother. After hearing of this great fortune, the boys suddenly change their plan and try to convince him to stay with them, but he rejects them.

Production
According to the creator commentary, the depiction of Kyle's cousin was partially based on their experience working with radio host Dennis Prager. The "IT" vehicle was based on the pre-release hype surrounding the Segway, which prior to its public reveal was known only by the code-name "It," and was the subject of much speculation.

Home media
"The Entity," along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park: the Complete Fifth Season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on February 22, 2005. The set includes brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode.

title: The Entity (South Park)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"arielle baer"

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:31, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

"arielle baer"
Non-notable, possibly vanity. User:Luigi30 (Υσηρ ταλκ ΛυηγηΛ) 19:35, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Certainly non-notable, only 32 google hits. --Canderson7 19:38, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. Thue | talk 19:41, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn vanity, and improperly formatted title. --Idont Havaname 19:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 21:14, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Pure vanity. 67.101.113.10
 * Delete vanity. I get more google hits. (And I'm not notable either) --Etacar11 00:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Talk:Marriott International

title: Talk:Marriott International


text:
Talk:Enumeration

This is a circular reference for enum in computer science. Can some one who is knowlegable about enum in computer science fix this?

The pages have been split and the disambiguation page has been fixed. The CS enum page has moved to enumerated type. TooMuchMath 05:44, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Could it be argued that in a more abstract sense, enumeration is the application of not just natural numbers but any non-repeating set of symbols to a list? The required usage of natural numbers appears overly restrictive as relying on some formal number theory as an underlying definition of enumeration. It appears that without relaxing the natural number requirement, then a listing such as "a. thing, b. different thing, c. something else" is catagorically not an enumeration, so that enumeration is not applicable to listing and outlining in general. Hotfeba 18:10, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * First there's the tricky problem about what you mean by a "set of symbols". For instance, if I take my set of symbols to be lines of arbitrary length, where lines of different length are different symbols, then my set of symbols is in 1-1 correspondence with the positive real numbers.  This set is uncountable and, in particular, not enumerable.  (Yes, at the atomic level this eventually breaks down, but I'm a mathematician, not a physicist.)

 * Perhaps your objection is more in regards to the fact that we could enumerate a set with, say, binary numbers, or Roman numerals. This is just a labelling issue - the set of natural numbers is independent of these particular representations.  We can also throw away certain "aspects" of the integers such as addition and multiplication since these do not (in most cases) have anything to do with the enumerations.

 * However the natural numbers are ordered, and this "set of symbols" may not be naturally ordered. This doesn't matter so much for cardinality considerations but makes a big difference if the enumeration is being used to iterate over the set, or to identify items in a set.  For instance in computer programming an (integer indexed) array is an enumeration of the elements of the array.  The ordering of the elements in this array can become quite important due to locality of reference.  More generally, enumerating an arbitrary set can be thought of as the process of ordering the elements.  Of course if your set of symbols S is enumerable and infinite (f:N->S bijective), then an enumeration of another set X (g:N->X surjective) would lead to an "enumeration by symbols" given by h:S->X  h = f^-1 * g.  TooMuchMath 02:47, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I may have been sloppy in my query. I did not consider sets of countably infinite size or larger because the practicality of human usage does limit the labelling of items in a list to sets of symbols that have one-to-one correspondence to subsets of the natural numbers and not reals, without the worry about ordinal arithmatic. I am intrigued by your example of lines of different length, as this points to sets of symbols of arbitrary complexity as uncountable and therefore not enumerable as well. Your statements on the labelling issue and disregarding math operations on integers appear to satisfy what I was looking for. Thanx! Hotfeba 23:35, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Very unbalanced article
Hi, sorry to drop in somewhat rudely, but being mostly interested in enumerative combinatorics I find this article shockingly unbalanced. For most ordinary human beings enumeration and counting has to do with finite sets, and mathematically this is also by far the most interesting case, (since once one hits infinite cardinality there are zillions of variations that are no longer distinguished by cardinality; I mean of course uncountably many (ordinals)). However this article hardly seems interested in that case at all. Finite sets only get marginal mention in the section on countable versus uncountable context. (The non-mathematically trained reader might also be confused by the idea of counting in an uncountable context.)

Also the following quote put me off a lot "If one works in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory without the axiom of choice, one may want to impose the additional restriction that an enumeration must also be injective (without repetition) since in this theory, the existence of a surjection from I onto S need not imply the existence of an injection from S into I" First I though this was complete nonsense because I had not noticed the reversal of the arrow. But in any case everybody knows proper counting requires a bijection, not injections or surjections, so it is unclear to me why this point is pertinent at all, and the remark remains utterly confusing.

Again excuse for the somewhat rude tone, but I really think this article needs a thorough rewrite for encyclopedic style and serving general public before aiming at some specialism. Marc van Leeuwen (talk) 08:04, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Full indir

title: Talk:Enumeration


text:
User talk:Nunneria

Image:1011999262_11893.f_gr.jpg

 * I found the image to be the same as that found |here and as such have listed it as a copyvio to be deleted. Wikipedia cannot host copyright material taken from other websites. UkPaolo 19:48, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Carbonclean.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Carbonclean.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 17:04, 3 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nunneria


text:
Mercury (Longview album)

Mercury is the first full-length and currently the only studio album by the British indie rock band Longview.

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

 * Longview
 * Rob McVey - guitar, vocals
 * Doug Morch - guitar, backing vocals
 * Aidan Banks - bass, backing vocals
 * Matt Dabbs - drums
 * Additional musicians and production

 * Rick Parashar - producer, engineer
 * Brian Rose - original producer (1)
 * Sharon Hart - backing vocals (1)
 * Sarah Shawcross - vocal arrangement (1 4, 5, 8), backing vocals (1, 5, 8)
 * Paul Buckmaster - string arrangement (1, 6, 9 to 12), string conducting (1, 6, 9 to 12)
 * Simon James - concertmaster (1, 6, 9 to 12)
 * Dave Burnham - original engineering (1)
 * Christian Mock - additional engineering
 * Geoff Ott - additional engineering
 * Honchol Sin - recording assistance
 * Reed Ruddy - string engineering
 * Sam Hofstedt - string engineering assistance
 * Chris Lord-Alge - mixing
 * Jack Joseph Puig - mixing
 * David Thoener - mixing
 * Ted Jensen - mastering
 * Free Barrabas! - design
 * Mary Scanlon - photography

title: Mercury (Longview album)


text: Category:Lists of parks

title: Category:Lists of parks


text:
Comprehension

Comprehension may refer to:

 * Comprehension (logic), the totality of intensions, that is, properties or qualities, that an object possesses
 * Comprehension approach, several methodologies of language learning that emphasize understanding language rather than speaking
 * Comprehension axiom, an axiom in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory in mathematics
 * List comprehension, an adaptation of mathematical set notation to represent lists in computer science
 * Reading comprehension, a measurement of the understanding of a passage of text
 * Understanding, ability to think about and to deal adequately with an idea

title: Comprehension


text: Category:Lists of parks in Canada

title: Category:Lists of parks in Canada


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Essex

The county of Essex (which includes the unitary authorities of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock) is divided into 18 parliamentary constituencies (sub-classified into six of borough type and twelve of county status, affecting the level of expenses permitted and status of returning officer).

The county saw the majority of its population and seats removed on the creation of the county of Greater London in 1965. Since then, the Conservatives have won a majority of the seats in the revised county. In the 2019 general election, all of Essex's seats were won by Conservative MPs by more than 50% of the vote. However, at the 2024 election, the Conservatives were reduced to ten seats, held on significantly reduced majorities. Labour won five seats, Reform UK two seats, and the Liberal Democrats one.

2024 Boundary changes
Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission proposed retaining the number of constituencies in Essex at eighteen, with minor boundary changes to reflect changes to electoral wards within the county and to bring the electorates within the statutory range. It was proposed that Southend West be renamed Southend West and Leigh, and Rochford and Southend East renamed Southend East and Rochford to acknowledge that Southend-on-Sea had achieved city status during the course of the review. In addition, Saffron Walden was abolished and replaced with North West Essex. These changes came into effect from the 2024 general election.

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2024
The number votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Essex in the 2024 general election were as follows:

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Essex in the 2019 general election were as follows:

Percentage votes
11974 & 1979 - Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

* Included in Other

Seats
11974 & 1979 - Liberal Party; 1983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.

Key: bulk or all of areas marked † form part of present-day Greater London.


text:
User:Superjaberwocky

superjaberwocky
I live in Bozeman, Montana, and work for Montana State University. Formerly the online editor of the Bozeman Daily Chronicle.

title: User:Superjaberwocky


text:
1993 French Open

The 1993 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 24 May until 6 June. It was the 97th staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1993.

Men's singles
🇪🇸 Sergi Bruguera defeated 🇺🇸 Jim Courier, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3
 * It was Bruguera's 2nd title of the year, and his 8th overall. It was his 1st career Grand Slam title. Bruguera notably defeated the top two seeds (Pete Sampras and Courier) on his way to the title—the last male player to do so in any Grand Slam event until Stanislas Wawrinka did so at the 2014 Australian Open.

Women's singles
🇩🇪 Steffi Graf defeated 🇺🇸 Mary Joe Fernández, 4–6, 6–2, 6–4
 * It was Graf's 4th title of the year, and her 73rd overall. It was her 12th career Grand Slam title, and her 3rd French Open title.

Men's doubles
🇺🇸 Luke Jensen / 🇺🇸 Murphy Jensen defeated 🇩🇪 Marc-Kevin Goellner / 🇩🇪 David Prinosil, 6–4, 6–7, 6–4

Women's doubles
🇺🇸 Gigi Fernández / 🇧🇾 Natalia Zvereva defeated Larisa Savchenko Neiland / 🇨🇿 Jana Novotná, 6–3, 7–5

Mixed doubles
🇷🇺 Eugenia Maniokova / 🇷🇺 Andrei Olhovskiy defeated Elna Reinach /  Danie Visser, 6–2, 4–6, 6–4

Boys' singles
🇪🇸 Roberto Carretero defeated 🇪🇸 Albert Costa, 6–0, 7–6

Girls' singles
Martina Hingis defeated 🇧🇪 Laurence Courtois, 7–5, 7–5

Boys' doubles
🇳🇿 Steven Downs / 🇳🇿 James Greenhalgh defeated Neville Godwin /  Gareth Williams, 6–1, 6–1

Girls' doubles
🇧🇪 Laurence Courtois / 🇧🇪 Nancy Feber defeated Lara Bitter /  Maaike Koutstaal, 3–6, 6–1, 6–3

Prize money
Total prize money for the event was FF45,164,000.

title: 1993 French Open


text: User talk:69.169.161.152

title: User talk:69.169.161.152