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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Handmaiden

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Handmaiden
The last Handmaiden and this page only served as redirects to List of minor Star Wars Jedi characters, and the other page seemed the more approriate one to keep. I made the redirect more specific. Ubermonkey 15:44, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Whoa, whoa, whoa.  While I 100% agree that this article should not only be about some Star Wars character, Handmaid/Handmaiden are important concepts in mythology, history (esp. the history of female occupations and economic classes) and literature.  There is definitely an encyclopedia article to be written but it's probably going to be difficult to research online.  I've just stub-tagged the article, and hopefully that will get it some attention.  Soundguy99 18:02, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Indeed, an important concept. --Scimitar 22:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I would vote keep if there was anything in the article. It seems that the handmaiden plays a ceremonial role in Wicca for example. However, at the moment, the article is literally blank so I would favour deleting it if it remains blank.Capitalistroadster 00:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I agree 100% with Soundguy99. The article is notable enough to keep, although it should be expanded, its blankness should not be cause for deletion as it has the definite capability of expansion -CunningLinguist 06:42, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Handmaidens appear numerous times in mythologies and literature. Megan1967 09:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - had a go at expanding. Proto 11:49, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Nooo, keep redirected to Star Wars, just like Star and Wars redirect there. Keep as rewritten. Radiant_* 13:21, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. this is an article to be expanded. It will be easy to create another article for the KOTOR II character. -- User:Psi edit
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:83.81.51.204

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:83.81.51.204


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Army of Karelia

The Army of Karelia (Karjalan armeija; Karelska armén) was a Finnish army during the Continuation War.

The Army of Karelia was formed on 29 June 1941 soon after the start of the Continuation War.

Organisation
The army was organised in two corps and one separate group.

 * VII Corps (VII armeijakunta)
 * VI Corps (VI armeijakunta)
 * Group Oinonen or Group O (Ryhmä Oinonen or Ryhmä O)

The corps consisted of a total of 5 infantry divisions. The Cavalry Brigade and the 1st and 2nd Jäger Brigades were organised into Group O. Also, the German 163rd Infantry Division was later added to the army.

Offensive
On July 10 the Army started its offensive against East Karelia, north of Lake Ladoga. The aim was to reclaim the areas lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War, but also to advance deeper into Soviet territory to gain a more easily defensible front.

On the north flank the army was supported by the independent 14th Division and to the south by forces on the Karelian Isthmus.

The army's advance was rapid due to the use of light jäger troops. The capital of Karelia Petrozavodsk was taken in October and promptly renamed to the poetic Äänislinna. By September 1941, the Army of Karelia participated in the Siege of Leningrad, threatening the city from the east. During the autumn of 1941 the army took positions along the river Svir between lakes Ladoga and Onega. Medvezhegorsk was taken in December.

After the offensive phase of the war ended, the Army of Karelia was disbanded and its HQ became HQ of Aunus Group.

Commanders

 * General of Infantry Erik Heinrichs 29 June 1941 – 29 January 1942
 * Lieutenant General Karl Lennart Oesch (temporary) 29 January 1942 – 1 March 1942

title: Army of Karelia


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The New York Ripper

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kpet - SimonP 03:24, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

The New York Ripper
unneccessary page, lack of content UkPaolo 15:45, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * leepl has been expanded and improved since the first version Dunc|☺ 17:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewritten although I don't feel strongly about this article and a Merge & redirect to Lucio Fulci could be appropriate. Soundguy99 17:33, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep a minor movie, but seems like an okay aricle to me--Sophitus 18:22, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - DS1953 23:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Lucio Fulci. A minor film. Megan1967 09:51, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep. Notable. — Xezbeth 09:56, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * 'keep please no reason for deleting it Yuckfoo 16:12, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, wide-release commercial films are I think inhererently notable, even if "minor"; no particular need to merge.--Pharos 08:22, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Lucio Fulci. JamesBurns 09:12, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep a quite notable fulci film. but if it exists, so should several other fulci films which don't have articles - Niz 21:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mark Fowler

Mark Fowler is a fictional character in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. Mark, an original regular character when the series started in February 1985, became a semi-regular after his original portrayer David Scarboro was written out of the role in April 1985. Scarboro made brief returns to the role in 1986 and 1987. Scarboro died by suicide in April 1988 and subsequently Mark was recast two years later on his return, with former Grange Hill regular Todd Carty taking on the role. From this point the character was a permanent fixture in the series and Carty remained in the role until the character was written out of the series in early 2003.

The character was originated as a member of the established Beale/Fowler family; he is the eldest son of Arthur (Bill Treacher) and Pauline (Wendy Richard), thus being the older brother of both Michelle (Susan Tully/Jenna Russell) and Martin (Jon Peyton-Price/James Alexandrou/James Bye) as well. Initially a delinquent teenager from his early stint on the show, he later became a changed man upon returning to Albert Square as a 22-year-old in 1990. Following his return, Mark became one of the show's central protagonists was featured in some of the most prominent storylines during his tenure on the soap. Arguably Mark's most significant and most high-profile storyline saw the character announce that he had been diagnosed with HIV, which forced him to grow up fast and accept his responsibilities. He frequently found it difficult to accept the restrictions of the illness, which finally caused his death in April 2004.

Mark had embarked on three marriages with Gill Fowler (Susanna Dawson), who had also contracted HIV and died on the day after their wedding; Ruth Fowler (Caroline Paterson), which ended in adultery; and Lisa Shaw (Lucy Benjamin), which became the most circumstantial out of all his marriages. Other storylines involved feuds with his archnemesis Nick Cotton (John Altman) and love rival Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden), an unlikely friendship with Phil's aggressive brother Grant (Ross Kemp), a much-friendlier relationship with Nick's beloved mother Dot (June Brown), a close companionship with Michelle's best friend Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean), helping his family keep secret that Sharon's adopted father Den (Leslie Grantham) is the father of Michelle's baby Vicki (Emma Herry/Samantha Leigh Martin/Scarlett Alice Johnson), becoming a suspect in the Who Shot Phil? enquiries, coping with the death of his father Arthur not long after the latter is exonerated for being wrongfully implicated with embezzlement, and managing to reconcile with Pauline in light of overcoming a number of major family problems.

1985–1987
Mark Fowler is the first of three children born to Albert Square residents Arthur Fowler (Bill Treacher) and his wife Pauline (Wendy Richard); he has a sister called Michelle (Susan Tully) and the two later have a brother named Martin (Jon Peyton-Price). In the events of his teenage years, Mark got involved in drugs with local thug Nick Cotton (John Altman) before later seeking to join a racist organization known as "The New Movement". He also generally clashed with his parents before later becoming a suspect in the murder of elderly neighbour Reg Cox (Johnnie Clayton), unknowingly committed by Nick. With no solution to his own problems in sight, Mark abruptly leaves home without telling anyone. He is not seen again until eight months later when he contacts his parents through a runaways' agency; Pauline and Arthur eventually locate him in Southend-on-Sea. Mark is living with an older Swedish woman named Ingrid (Sally Faulkner) and her two children, John (Anthony Short) and Melanie (Vanessa Short) - who call Mark "Daddy". He and Ingrid split up soon afterwards and Mark moves around the country.

Mark returns to Walford several times for brief visits. In July, he brings his Welsh friend Owen Hughes (Philip Brock) over to the square. They soon cause problems after fellow neighbour Cassie Carpenter (Delanie Forbes) steals their cannabis and her parents, Tony Carpenter (Oscar James) and Hannah Carpenter (Sally Sagoe), catch her smoking it; the Carpenters refuse to speak to the Fowlers for some time afterwards. In November, Pauline receives news that Mark is in Borstal detention centre for drug offences as well as burglary and assaulting a policeman. Visiting him, Pauline finds him unrepentant but due for release in a few weeks. After his release, he briefly comes back to Walford; but eventually he wants to leave despite Pauline's pleas. Mark is not seen again until Christmas the same year, when he visits unexpectedly to spend the day with his family. Mark astutely guesses that local publican and Pauline's sworn enemy Den Watts (Leslie Grantham) is the father of Michelle's baby daughter, Vicki (Emma Herry), but nevertheless agrees at his family's bequest to keep the secret to himself. He then departs again and this would be the last time Mark is seen for over two years.

1990–2003
Mark returns to Albert Square in August 1990 as a changed man. He is more caring and stable, having grown out of his rebellious stage. His new maturity is due to the fact that he has contracted HIV, which has forced him to become more responsible. Mark develops a close friendship with Diane Butcher (Sophie Lawrence) and initially does not tell anyone about his HIV status. However, as he and Diane grow closer, he finally tells her the truth. He believes that he contracted the virus from Gill Robinson (Susanna Dawson), his girlfriend in Newcastle, who visits briefly later that year but leaves when she sees him kissing Diane. At first Mark tells Gill that he is not infected, but later admits the truth to her. Mark's relationship with Diane never becomes serious, but she is a good friend and confidante to the point where she persuades him to have counselling at the Terrence Higgins Trust. Mark initially turns on his male counsellor, relaying his bitterness at being a potential AIDS victim, but later feels the benefits of the counselling. Mark loves Diane for keeping his secret and he asks her to marry him but she gently refuses and leaves Walford to live in France.

Later that year, following the example of a friend Joe Wallace (Jason Rush) who had told his parents about being gay and HIV-positive, Mark decides to tell his parents. By now, he is dating Rachel Kominski (Jacquetta May), who advises him not to but Mark is tired of the pretence. On Boxing Day Mark tells Pauline and Arthur that he is HIV-positive. They sit in stunned silence while he scatters helpful leaflets around the house and then goes away for a while. On his return, he faces Pauline's irrational terror and Arthur's hostility. Arthur's ignorance is apparent initially as he fears that Mark will pass HIV on to him; he even bleaches everything Mark touches to avoid infection. Pauline and Michelle are understandably distraught, so they managed to help Arthur to understand the illness; in turn Arthur becomes more supportive for Mark. The situation seems to ease on Mark afterwards, but soon his relationship with Rachel collapses to the point where they break up; the subsequent animosity between them at home prompts Mark to go back to his girlfriend Gill, who moves to London and becomes seriously ill. Gill's HIV has already progressed into AIDS and her deterioration is rapid. She is diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and goes into a hospice. Mark realises that he is in love with her and asks her to marry him. Mark and Gill marry, and their honeymoon consists of one night in a hotel, before Gill returns to the hospice and dies.

Mark later befriends local teenage tearaway Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton), but their friendship is severely tested when she becomes obsessed with him. Mark, still grieving for Gill, is horrified when he discovers that Mandy has been reading his late wife's diary and has dressed up in her clothes. Despite this, he invites Mandy to live with him after Den's friend Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth) throws her out. On Christmas Day, Mandy goes to visit her mother but is attacked by her stepfather; Mark arrives just in time to rescue her and invites her for Christmas dinner at the Fowler household.

Mark takes over running the family fruit and vegetable stall in the market after his uncle, Pete (Peter Dean), leaves the square. He also begins casually dating his sister's housemate Shelley Lewis (Nicole Arumugam), but is reluctant to tell her about his HIV status. Whilst on a trip to Amsterdam, Shelley makes it clear to Mark that she wants to sleep with him - forcing him to admit his HIV status. Shelley is furious that he did not think to tell her this before and tells Mark she never wants to see him again. Mark takes the rejection badly and stops taking his HIV medication. During Christmas that year, he is rushed to hospital after collapsing. Mandy visits him in hospital and learns that he has HIV. When Shelley finds out that Mark is ill, she returns and admits that she really cares for him and they reconcile. However, Shelley tries to rush things by asking Mark to meet her family and go on holiday with her parents. She becomes infatuated and tries to spend as much time with him as she can. Mark fears that the relationship is moving too quickly and Mark decides to end it. When he tries to tell Shelley this, she uses emotional blackmail to stop him, saying that she has risked her health being with him so he owes her. When this does not work, she threatens to tell everyone about his HIV status, but leaves Walford when her bluff does not work.

Following Joe's death of an AIDS-related illness, Mark meets a Scottish woman named Ruth Aitken (Caroline Paterson); she is there visiting a friend. After a brief conversation, the two decide to go for a drink together. They start dating and Ruth copes with his HIV status but her father, a strict Presbyterian minister, refuses to give his blessing to her relationship with Mark and disowns her when she announces her plans to marry Mark. They marry in Scotland but problems surface in their marriage. She persuades Mark – and herself – that she is happy about not having children (due to the inevitable spread of the AIDS virus to herself and the baby), but it is soon clear that she is fooling herself.

Mark is injured in a pub brawl during which he saved the square's local hardman, Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp), from getting glassed by a punter. However, after calling the ambulance, Grant overhears Ruth telling the paramedics about Mark's HIV status. Around this time, Mark wins money at an illegal poker match that takes place at the Bridge Street Cafe run by Steve Elliot (Mark Monero) and gives the money to Arthur to put towards his Wilderness Flowering Fund. However, problems emerged when Arthur is arrested and charged with embezzlement after being framed for the crime by his old friend Willy Roper (Michael Tudor-Barnes). Realising that he needed to account for his share towards the fund, Mark tells the police but he needs a witness. He asks Steve to help, but Steve is not willing to help due to fear of repercussions with the two gangsters who organised the game. Arthur spends a stretch in prison, leaving Mark devastated. Steve eventually decides to help, but is then forced to leave Albert Square when he is threatened by the criminal firm. Arthur is eventually released.

To add to his problems, Mark is further devastated when Arthur dies of a brain haemorrhage in May 1996 - after being injured in a prison riot several weeks earlier and the Fowlers are in mourning. During this time, Mark's HIV issues escalates when Kathy's infant child Ben (Matthew Silver) becomes seriously ill and Grant informs his brother Phil (Steve McFadden) – the child's father – about the situation. Grant blackmails Ruth, telling her that she has until Arthur's funeral to give up babysitting Ben or he will tell the whole square about Mark's HIV status. Soon enough Phil and Kathy find out the truth about Mark's condition, which causes Ruth to lose her job as a child minder. Mark confronts Grant after learning he blackmailed Ruth about his HIV status, but Grant reassures Mark that he will not tell anyone else. On the day of his father's funeral, Mark becomes angry that Willy had attended and assaults him at the cemetery. He believes that he was the one who caused Arthur's death.

Mark's HIV status becomes public knowledge after an argument in the Queen Victoria between Pauline and fellow punter Ted Hills (Brian Croucher) is overheard by Phil and Grant's mother Peggy (Barbara Windsor). She hears Ted tell Pauline that he knows that Mark has AIDS. Peggy spreads the gossip around the Square and the residents begin to boycott Mark's fruit and vegetable stall, fearing they will catch the virus; this shows their ignorance on their knowledge of HIV or AIDS. Pauline springs to her son's defence before she and Peggy have a vicious fight, but even Pauline cannot defuse the prejudice; at one point Mark comes home to find the words "AIDS scum" graffitied on his wall. This is too much and he decides to present his neighbours with a few facts about his illness in The Queen Victoria; firstly by telling them that he does not have AIDS but is HIV positive, which is a non-contagious virus, forcing them to acknowledge their bigotry. Grant speaks to Mark the next day and tells him that no one is barred from The Queen Victoria unless he says so. Peggy remains uncertain, but is forced to realise that Mark might appreciate some support when she herself is diagnosed with breast cancer.

It is then Mark and Ruth foster a six-year-old girl named Jessie Moore (Chelsey Paden), but returning her to her mother proves too heartbreaking and their marriage goes into crisis. When his cousin Conor Flaherty (Seán Gleeson) shows a romantic interest in Ruth, who secretly comes to question her marriage by this stage, Mark becomes jealous and the relationship falls apart. After they divorce, Ruth succumbs to Conor's charms and becomes pregnant by him. Ruth subsequently leaves Walford after realizing she had to put the baby first and could not do so while still in Walford, so she leaves alone without Mark or Conor; henceforth Mark is left heartbroken once more.

In 2000, Mark's past troubles resurface when Nick returns to the square and the two embark on a longstanding feud. This soon gets Martin (now played by James Alexandrou) involved when Nick attempts to ensnare him with drugs in a similar manner as he once did with Mark. Towards the end of the year, Nick gets one over Mark after giving Martin ecstasy. When Mark discovers this, he decides to settle the score with his tormentor once and for all. Mark spikes Nick's drink, leads him up to the Walford viaduct, and watches delightedly as the intoxicated Nick falls – just as midnight strikes and 2001 commences. Nick survives the fall, but is left severely crippled and vows revenge against Mark. He enlists his son Ashley (Frankie Fitzgerald), who had recently befriended Martin, to take revenge on Mark. However, when Ashley is hesitant to kill Mark himself, Nick takes matters into his own hands and drains the brake fluid on his motorbike. The next day, Ashley – not knowing that his father had done – steals Mark's motorbike and attempts to run him over in a last-ditch attempt to impress his father, but is killed after he ends up crashing into the launderette. On the eve of Ashley's funeral, Mark and Nick have their final showdown when Nick attempts to kill Mark with a knife. Mark overpowers Nick, who then blurts out that he should've been the one on the motorbike instead of Ashley – thus exposing his involvement in his son's death. Mark berates Nick for causing his own son's death, then leaves him to be disowned by his mother Dot (June Brown) – who had just overheard Nick confess to his role in Ashley's death. At the end of Ashley's funeral, Mark watches as Nick leaves the square shortly afterwards and mutters to himself "Some people you're just glad to see the back of"; their rivalry is brought to an end as Mark and Nick would never see each again afterwards.

By 2001, Nick was not the only enemy Mark had been clashing with throughout the year. He embarked on a conflict with Phil after learning that he had been mistreating his girlfriend Lisa Shaw (Lucy Benjamin), whom Mark has been growing fond of from that point. Mark soon takes Lisa to live with him after she leaves Phil, and they start dating – much to Pauline's speculation. Mark also defends Kathy's son Ian (Adam Woodyatt) from Phil on several occasions, particularly when Mark witnesses Phil attacking Ian and is forced to separate them. When Phil is shot on the night his nemesis Steve Owen (Martin Kemp) and Lisa's best friend Mel Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite) get married, Mark becomes a prime suspect as the police gather information on his hatred for Phil – which leads his godson Jamie (Jack Ryder) and cousin Billy (Perry Fenwick) to each separately accuse Mark of shooting Phil. One month later, Mark learns that Phil has recovered and checked himself out of the hospital to exact revenge – prompting him to find Lisa in order to protect her from Phil. When he finds them at her house, Mark learns from Phil that it was Lisa who shot him. Lisa confesses to shooting Phil. Despite this, Mark continues to defend Lisa and tells Phil that she is not totally responsible for the crime – stating that the abuse Phil had inflicted upon Lisa is what set the course of his shooting in the first place. Phil grudgingly comes to accept these terms, and decides to cover Lisa's involvement by framing his ex-business partner Dan Sullivan (Craig Fairbrass) for the crime. Mark and Lisa observe Phil planning to incriminate Dan in the shooting, even going as far as to get Steve and Mel involved with his plan. However, Dan is found not guilty and he takes revenge on Phil and Steve by kidnapping Mel and fleeing the country with a money ransom – all the while believing that Steve had shot Phil, meaning that Dan was never aware that Lisa had shot Phil in the first place.

At the point Phil's when actions have resulted in Dan fleeing the country and Steve's marriage with Mel were left on the verge of facing jeopardy, Mark and Lisa conduct a plan to pretend that she is expecting Mark's baby – as he had grown to love Lisa ever since her troubles with Phil had started. To facilitate their lie, Mark insists that he had taken all necessary precautions in relation to his HIV, and they fool everyone for a while. He later proposes to Lisa, shortly after her baby Louise is born. However, Mark is devastated to learn that Phil is actually the child's biological father. Eventually, Phil discovers the truth when Grant's former wife Sharon (Letitia Dean) informs him about Louise's true parentage, and Phil vows to take an active role in his daughter's upbringing. Mark and Lisa marry, but their happiness is short-lived: Lisa is still very much in love with Phil, who then decides to use this to his advantage by seducing her in order to get more access to Louise. After Sharon discovers Phil's intentions, she talks him out of his plan and he ends the affair with Lisa; but this later becomes meaningless when Mark finds out, and after just five months of marriage, Lisa leaves Mark and resumes her affair with Phil. This causes Mark to break down by the time he eventually discovers this. After confronting Phil about the discovery, Mark almost rapes Lisa. Horrified by his actions, Mark leaves Walford for a short while. However, Lisa soon realises her mistake when living with Phil, and wants to reconcile with Mark, but Pauline refuses to tell her where Mark has gone. Mark eventually returns at Christmas, when he supports Martin to deal with the aftermath of running over Jamie.

In January 2003, Mark's doctor tells him that his body is rejecting the medication that will prolong his life and slow down the onset of AIDS. Accepting that he will not live for much longer, he decides to leave rather than let his family see him endure a slow, painful death. On 14 February 2003, he makes a tearful farewell to his family and friends and rides off on his motorbike, although he remains in contact with family. In April 2004, Martin receives a telephone call from Mark's nurse, informing him that Mark has died from an AIDS-related form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

His body is returned to Walford and he is given a heartfelt send-off by the residents. Following his death, Mark would be referenced by his own family and friends during the subsequent years that go on in the square; particularly in 2011 when Mandy returns and reminisces about their friendship in conversation with Ian Beale, and again in 2015 when Nick returns and, after recalling to Dot the time he tried to kill Mark, Nick ultimately dies from a drug overdose.

Introduction (1985)
Mark Fowler was one of the original 23 characters invented by the creators of EastEnders, Tony Holland and Julia Smith. Mark was a member of the first family of EastEnders, the Beales and Fowlers, and Holland took the inspiration for some of the series' earliest characters from his own London family and background. Mark's original character outline as written by Smith and Holland appeared in an abridged form in their book, EastEnders: The Inside Story.

Mark will be leaving school at Easter and is fairly certain to be joining his dad in the dole queue. Mark is a very tough little lad, and at a very dodgy stage in his development...There's a kind of amoral streak in his nature...The area does have a brutalising effect on a lot of its youngsters (page 55)

Several young actors were seen and read for the part of Mark (including Gary Hailes, who would later play the gay barrow boy, Barry Clark). On paper, David Scarboro was the least likely to get the job as he was relatively inexperienced, having previously only appeared in a little-known made-for-television film and Grange Hill. His reading was not a huge success as he mumbled most of his lines. However, Holland and Smith were taken with his appearance, particularly his "piercing eyes", which reminded them of James Dean. They felt that he would be "dynamite on-screen", and his likeness to their vision of the character was uncanny, so they offered him the role.

Mark was originally scripted to be a wayward delinquent and was due to feature heavily within the first year of the series. However, as soon as the regular gruelling schedule of EastEnders production established itself, it became clear that Scarboro was not happy in the role. The stress of the heavy workload and the sudden fame that came to all the actors became difficult for him to cope with. He became unhappy with the schedule and his scripts and refused to play Mark as a racist as was intended. Holland and Smith decided to write the character out of the show to allow the actor to come to terms with the situation better. On-screen, Mark was being implicated in the murder of Reg Cox (Johnnie Clayton) and was being tempted into heroin by Nick Cotton (John Altman).

Initial departure and brief returns
Fearing Nick Cotton and the police, Mark ran away from home in April 1985. As this had not been the original plan for the character, it meant a hectic period of re-writing early in 1985. The first 50+ scripts were reworked to accommodate this major change. Many of the stories intended for Mark were subsequently given to Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J. Medford), Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Mark's sister Michelle (Susan Tully) – which partially explains why her character became so prominent in the first year. It still left a gap though, because several of Mark's functions in the serial, as slightly the eldest of the youngsters, could not have been taken over by the others. A new character needed to be introduced to restore the balance to its original shape, which is why the character of Simon Wicks (Nick Berry) was introduced later in 1985. This meant introducing the audience to a character and a story approximately a year before it had been originally intended – "Wicksy" had originally been scheduled to join the series around the same time as his mother Pat, who arrived in June 1986. Scarboro returned to the show briefly in December 1985 in a storyline that saw Mark's parents, Pauline (Wendy Richard) and Arthur (Bill Treacher) search for him in Southend. The storyline's intention was to help highlight the problems some parents face when their teenage children disappear from home. He returned again for brief stints in 1986 and 1987. His final appearance as Mark was on Christmas Day 1987.

Return and recast (1990)
Scarboro was never to make a return due to his suicide in April 1988. However, BBC bosses decided not to kill off the character, and later set out to find a new actor to reprise the role. Subsequently, the role was recast in 1990 to actor Todd Carty, renowned for his role as Tucker Jenkins in Grange Hill. At this time, Mark returned to the series as a permanent character. Carty later reported that he enjoyed playing Mark because it gave him "good dramatic stuff to get his teeth into." The most notable storyline involving Mark after his return to Albert Square was the revelation that he had contracted HIV. Mark discovered he was HIV positive in 1991, and informed his family of this on Boxing Day that year. There then followed a traumatic journey as he struggled first to come to terms with the news, then track down his previous partners to inform them that he was infected with the virus. The problems didn't end there, however, as Mark then had to battle with the fear and ignorance of those living around him – including his parents. Many of Albert Square's residents initially rejected him when they found out that he was HIV positive. Mark married one of his ex-partners Gill (Susanna Dawson), who had also been infected with the virus but in her case it had progressed to AIDS, and she subsequently died the day after the wedding in 1992.

The episode in which Gill died (written by Debbie Cook and directed by Leonard Lewis) has been chosen by writer Colin Brake as one of the most memorable episodes of 1992. In his book, EastEnders: The First Ten Years Blake comments, "Although in many ways the episode was sad and downbeat it was not without its positive aspects, as Mark talked to his sister about his own mortality." Susanna Dawson, the actress who played Gill, found the experience of playing a person living with, and dying from, AIDS so intense that she co-produced an educational video based on the subject for use in schools and wrote a book, The Gill and Mark Story, to accompany it.

HIV/AIDS
Mark became the first mainstream soap character to be diagnosed as HIV-positive. The storyline came after a government request to "spread the word". Mark lived with the condition for 13 years before dying of an AIDS-related illness. The Terrence Higgins Trust worked with the production team for the duration of Mark's story. Despite all the public health campaigns concerning HIV transmission, the biggest peak in requests for testing in Britain was seen in January 1991 when Mark Fowler was diagnosed HIV-positive. Carty has commented: "I feel that the storyline educated people at a time when there were lots of misconceptions about HIV and AIDS…My main concern was that they'd get it right and, overall, I think they did – because it showed someone living with HIV, as opposed to dying of it."

The storyline was widely applauded for the way it handled the plot and the following issues that the scriptwriters explored, from anti-retroviral drugs, safe sex and prejudice. The storyline was so successful in raising awareness that a 1999 survey by the National AIDS Trust found teenagers garnered most of their information about HIV from the soap.

The character of Mark remained in the show for a further 13 years after his re-introduction, and featured in an array of storylines including two failed marriages, which were scripted to highlight the difficulties that can occur in a relationship when one partner has HIV and the other does not. Ultimately Mark overcame the stigma and he enjoyed several years of happy, healthy living before finally succumbing to an AIDS-related illness and dying in April 2004 off-screen. EastEnders executive producer Louise Berridge said Carty had made a "fantastic contribution" to the soap and Mark has been a "pivotal figure" on Albert Square, but the character had finally run its course.

Campaigners have since suggested that Mark's HIV storyline could have been handled better in the latter years. Lisa Power, head of policy at the Terrence Higgins Trust, said "in some ways the storyline was not reflective of what was happening at the time as the condition was more common among the gay community". She also said "he was perhaps killed off too early as advancements in drugs are helping people live for much longer... Saying that, one decent soap episode is worth a thousand leaflets in schools. That is why we would always go out of our way to help scriptwriters. TV and films can be very powerful."

Departure (2003)
On 1 July 2002, it was announced that Mark Fowler had been axed from EastEnders and that the character was set to depart in early 2003. Carty said, "I've had 12 brilliant years on EastEnders, and they've been fantastic to me [...] I'll deeply miss all the cast and crew and everyone involved on the show." EastEnders executive producer Louise Berridge said that Carty had made a "fantastic contribution" to the soap and Mark had been a "pivotal figure" on Albert Square, but the character had finally run its course. She went on to say "Todd and I have discussed this at some length and agreed that it was time for Mark to hang up his leather jacket for the last time [...] We will all miss Todd, who is one of our best-loved actors, and wish him every success in the future." BBC One's head of drama John Yorke said, "We want to thank Todd for his great contribution to EastEnders over the last 12 years." Some reports disclosed that Carty was "upset and angry" by the decision to axe Mark. According to Carty, the decision was "a bolt from the blue" from the producers.

On 16 December 2002, it was reported that Mark was to be killed-off. It was also announced that the character's death would be shown off-screen. A spokesperson for the show said, "There is now nothing more he can do medically to stop the advancement of the infection [...] Rather than see his family suffer from the deterioration of his health and eventual death, Mark decides to leave Walford to spend his remaining days seeing the world and coming to terms with his fate." Carty said: "Portraying someone with HIV has been very challenging at times but to learn Mark has been inspirational to real-life people with HIV is really humbling." Reflecting on his time in the soap, Carty went on to say "I've had great fun, made some lovely friends and have been very lucky working with terrific scripts and storylines." Mark's off-screen death aired in April 2004.

Reception
Carty had said that the late EastEnders star Wendy Richard was like a mother to him. "When I was filming my goodbye scenes, those tears were real. Seeing Wendy break down was one of the most poignant moments. The whole day was so emotional – I had to hold it together and stay strong for Wendy". Carty had also told the Daily Mirror that the pair had struck up a 20-year friendship after they were cast.

Following Mark's departure in February 2003, the BBC was accused of "killing" HIV victims' hopes. Edinburgh-based HIV charity Waverley Care reacted negatively to scriptwriters for "scaring" victims away from seeking treatment by "painting a bleak picture". Real-life HIV survivors also hit out at the BBC for destroying their hope by failing to give an accurate view of the range of treatment now available. However, soap bosses hit back and defended the storyline as an "accurate portrayal" of many real victims' experiences. They also pointed out that they had the backing of AIDS charity The Terence Higgins Trust. David Johnson, director of Waverley Care, said "Scriptwriters for EastEnders – and other soaps – carry a huge burden of responsibility. The current story is a difficult one because, although drug treatments are not straightforward for everyone, many people do very well on them. Encouraging people to come forward for testing is a key issue – the earlier an HIV diagnosis is made, the greater the likelihood of staying well on treatments. Our concern with the Mark Fowler storyline is that it will increase the fear associated with HIV, potentially discouraging people from being tested at all or from starting on drug treatments if they feel there is little hope for the future." A real-life HIV victim had been on a variety of combination therapy treatments since he was diagnosed HIV-positive. Mark's departure from EastEnders left the victim "outraged". He said, "I'm a big soap fan and, until now, feel that the HIV issue had been handled sensitively in EastEnders [...] I was very hurt and upset by the Mark Fowler story. He'd been told that there wasn't another combination of drugs available – even though he'd only had three. There are new developments in drug therapy all the time and I'm worried that this storyline will make people give up hope. Or that they won't start treatments in the first place."

In 2008, All About Soap included Mark's HIV plot in their list of "top ten taboo" storylines of all time. Their writer described it as one of the "taboos which have bravely been broken by soaps."

In 2020, Sara Wallis and Ian Hyland from The Daily Mirror placed Mark 37th on their ranked list of the Best EastEnders characters of all time, writing how he was "at the centre of one of the soap's most controversial storylines after he contracted the HIV virus".

title: Mark Fowler


text:
Football in Scotland

Association football (fitbaa, ball-coise) is one of the national sports of Scotland and the most popular sport in the country. There is a long tradition of "football" games in Orkney, Lewis and southern Scotland, especially the Scottish Borders, although many of these include carrying the ball and passing by hand, and despite bearing the name "football" bear little resemblance to association football.

Founded in 1873, Scotland has the second oldest national Football Association in the world (behind England's FA), and has various professional and amateur levels. The trophy for the national cup, the Scottish Cup, is the oldest national sporting trophy in the world. Scotland and Scottish football clubs hold many records for football attendances.

Origins
A game known as "football" was played in Scotland as early as the 15th century. It was prohibited by the Football Act 1424, as it distracted men from their marital duties, and although the law fell into disuse, it was not repealed until 1906. The sport was played by commoners and royalty, such as King James VI and Mary, Queen of Scots, alike. In Perth, apprentices progressing to become master craftsmen in the 16th-century had to pay for a banquet and a game of football.

There is evidence for schoolboys playing a "football" ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 (some references cite 1636) which is notable as an early allusion to what some have considered to be passing the ball. In the 1700s, Football was known to cause riots and severe damage to both property and players. Football in general had almost an ill repute. Football was mainly played during times of festival like New Years Day or Fastern's E'en. During these events, football was a "mass participant, low regulation event". There were also separate matches for men and women. Association Football's use as a leisure sport started in the 1840s as working schedules started to shift with the introduction of the half day work schedule on Saturdays. This search for "rational recreation" was brought upon by the temperance movement along with city municipal and philanthropic projects. By the late 1800s, Association Football was one of the major cultural activities among the male population of Western Scotland, both as player and as spectator. Railroads helped with accessibility for travel to games in other cities, making a professional league viable. Of the thirty seven football grounds in existence in 1887, twenty of them were within one hundred yards of a railroad station.

It is clear that the game was rough and tackles allowed included the "charging" and pushing/holding of opposing players ("drive that man back" in the original translation, "repelle eum" in original Latin). It has been suggested that this game bears similarities to rugby football. Contrary to media reports in 2006 there is no reference to forward passing, game rules, marking players or team formation. These reports described it as "an amazing new discovery" but has actually been well documented in football history literature since the early twentieth century and available on the internet since at least 2000.

Scottish Football Association
The Scottish Football Association (SFA) is the principal organising body for Scottish football. Members of the SFA include clubs in Scotland, affiliated national associations as well as local associations. It was formed in March 1873, making it the World's second oldest national football association. The founding clubs were Queen's Park, Clydesdale, Vale of Leven, Dumbreck, Third Lanark, Eastern Granville and Kilmarnock.

The SFA is responsible for the operation of the Scotland national football team, the annual Scottish Cup and several other duties important to the functioning of the game in Scotland.

League
Professional league football in Scotland is run by the Scottish Professional Football League (SPFL) comprising 4 tiers. Feeding into the bottom tier of the SPFL is the Scottish Highland Football League, and the Scottish Lowland Football League. Other leagues - East of Scotland League, South of Scotland League, West of Scotland League and the North Caledonian League are deemed to be "senior" and are administered by the Scottish Football Association. Administered separately are clubs in the Scottish Junior Football Association and Scottish Amateur Football Association. In 2014–15 season, a promotion and relegation scheme between the SPFL and the Highland and Lowland Leagues came into operation.

Rangers' record attendance of 118,567 is a British record for a league match.

Scottish Professional Football League
The Scottish Professional Football League is a four tier football league system consisting of 42 teams. There are 12 teams in the top tier, the Scottish Premiership, and 10 in each of the lower three tiers, named the Scottish Championship, Scottish League One and Scottish League Two.

The Scottish Premiership is the top league in Scotland, and consists of 12 teams. It has existed since 2013, when the Scottish Premier League and the Scottish Football League merged into the SPFL. The top tier of Scottish football is traditionally home to one of the world's most famous football rivalries, between Rangers and Celtic. Together the two clubs are known as the Old Firm, by virtue of the profitability of their rivalry. Rangers have won 55 Scottish league championships, which was a world record when the 55th title was won (2021) but has since been overtaken by Northern Irish club Linfield (56). Celtic, who have won 53 Scottish league championships, were the first non-Latin and first team from Great Britain to win the European Cup, in 1967. The Old Firm rivalry was interrupted in 2012, when the company running Rangers went into liquidation and the club was forced to restart in the fourth tier of Scottish Football. The rivalry was resumed in September 2016, after Rangers had been promoted into the Scottish Premiership.

The second, third and fourth tiers in the league structure are called the Scottish Championship, Scottish League One and Scottish League Two respectively, each consisting of 10 teams. Teams are relegated and promoted between the divisions. Relegation from the fourth tier may occur at the end of every season (from 2014 to 2015 thereafter); the last placed team in the fourth tier will play the winner of a play-off between the Highland and Lowland League champions. Dismissal from the fourth tier is still possible, however, if a club finishes bottom three seasons in a row. In case of dismissal or withdrawal of a team (such as for economic reasons, etc.) a senior non-League level side can be elected in its place.

The top team in the Championship is eligible for promotion to the Premiership. Since the 2013–14 season, a second promotion place is available via play-offs between 3 Championship sides and 1 Premiership side. Falkirk were refused possible entry to the top tier in 2000 and 2003 due to not meeting the stadium requirements. Previously, requirements were that clubs had to have 10,000 seats in their ground, but this was changed to 6,000. Clubs must also have under-soil heating systems to prevent cancellation of matches caused by frozen pitches.

Queen's Park, uniquely, were the only true amateur (players are not paid) member of the League still standing, having been a League member since 1900, until its membership voted to end that status in 2019.

Senior non-league level
Immediately below the SPFL are two regionalised leagues:

 * Highland Football League is a league of 18 clubs covering the north, north east and north west of Scotland, not just the Highlands as its name would suggest. This has been hard hit by a number of 'defections' to the Scottish Football League, though the Highland League has compensated by admitting new teams to its league in a similar way. Recent examples include Formartine United, Turriff United and Strathspey Thistle, who all joined the league in 2009.
 * Lowland Football League is a league of 18 clubs operating in the Scottish Lowlands, drawn from teams previously competing in the East of Scotland and South of Scotland.

At the end of the season a play-off is held between the champions of the Highland League and the Lowland League. The winner plays the bottom club in the SPFL League Two for a place in League Two in the following season.

Other "senior" leagues are
 * East of Scotland Football League, covering Fife, Edinburgh, Lothian, Perth, and the Scottish Borders
 * South of Scotland Football League, covering the south west of Scotland
 * West of Scotland Football League, covering the west of Scotland
 * North Caledonian Football League, covering the far north of Scotland

There is no automatic promotion between these leagues and the Lowland or Highland Leagues, however a play-off takes place between the champions of the East of Scotland, South of Scotland, and West of Scotland for promotion to the Lowland League, subject to clubs meeting the required licensing criteria.

Clubs at level 6 automatically enter the Scottish Cup preliminary rounds provided they are members of the Scottish Football Association.

Junior football
Operating separately from the SPFL professional leagues and the four senior leagues, are the two junior leagues. Although called junior, this refers to the level of football played, not the age of the participants. The junior leagues are organised by the Scottish Junior Football Association and are regionalised into two areas, East and North. There is a Scottish Junior Cup which all members of the association participate in, having done so since the Nineteenth century.

Junior clubs, unlike those in the senior non-league level, were not in the main eligible to participate in the Scottish Cup until 2007–08. The one previous exception to this rule, Girvan, participated in the Scottish Qualifying Cup (South) by virtue of the fact that they opted to switch from the senior level to the junior level, but still retained their right to attempt to qualify. From the 2007–08 Scottish Cup however, the winners of each of the two (previously three) regional leagues and the winner of the Junior Cup enter the first round of the Scottish Cup proper, following a decision by the SFA to allow them entry at their previous Annual General Meeting. Additional junior clubs (Banks o'Dee) have received an SFA licence which permits them to participate in the Scottish Cup.

Amateur football
There are a vast number of amateur footballers in Scotland. They play in leagues across the country of varying standard, usually confined to a specific localised geographic area. Many amateur clubs run teams in more than one of the amateur leagues. Some of the teams are well known with a history of success and producing players who go on to a higher level, such as Drumchapel Amateur. The activities of clubs at the amateur level are co-ordinated by the Scottish Amateur Football Association.

The winner of the Scottish Amateur Cup enters the Scottish FA Cup in the following season.

There are three categories of amateur football administered by the SAFA - "Winter" Saturday, "Winter" Sunday and Summer football. Summer football tends to be popular in the Northern and Western Isles and in the north of the mainland. In addition to the Scottish Amateur Cup (for 'Saturday' teams) there is the Scottish Sunday Amateur Trophy and the Highland Amateur Cup for summer teams.

Scottish Cup
The Scottish Cup is the world's oldest national cup but not the oldest competition, first contested in 1873 and being predated only by England's FA Cup. It is a pure knockout tournament with single matches, with replays being held if the first match is a tie. All 42 SPFL clubs automatically enter the tournament. A number of non-league clubs used to participate by virtue of having qualified through one of two regionalised qualifying cups (since 2007–08 they have qualified automatically for the First Round); or since 2007–08 by having won the Scottish Junior Cup or one of the three regionalised Junior leagues. The final is usually played at Hampden Park. The attendance of 146,433 for the 1937 Scottish Cup Final between Celtic and Aberdeen at Hampden Park is a European record for a club match.

Scottish League Cup
The Scottish League Cup is open to members of the SPFL and the Highland League and Lowland League champions. It has been contested since the 1946–47 season and was the first ever League Cup formed.

Scottish Challenge Cup
The Scottish Challenge Cup is open to members of the SPFL clubs contesting in the Championship, League One & League Two and the top four clubs in the Highland League and Lowland League, and has been contested since the 1990–91 season. Since 2016–17 season all 12 Premiership Development teams have taken part in the competition along with teams from the Welsh Premier League and Northern Irish Premiership, with teams from the English National League joining in 2017–18 season.

Scottish Junior Cup
The Scottish Junior Cup is contested by all members of the SJFA and has been competed for since the 1886–87 season. Currently, up to 132 teams are eligible to take part.

Scottish Amateur Cup
The Scottish Amateur Cup is the principal competition for amateur clubs, competed for since 1909–10. Currently around 600 clubs enter.

Scottish Irn Bru Schools Cup
The Scottish Irn Bru Schools Cup is contested by Scotland's Schools and has been done since 1999. Currently 190 schools can take part.

European competitions
Three Scottish clubs have won UEFA competitions. Celtic won the 1967 European Cup Final, then lost the 1970 European Cup Final. The highest ever attendance for a UEFA competition match was in the 1969–70 European Cup semi-final at Hampden Park, Scotland's National stadium. A record 136,505 people attended that Cup semi-final played between Celtic and Leeds United.

Rangers won the 1972 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, and reached the finals of the same competition in 1961 & 1967, losing out both times. The most recent victory by a Scottish club in a European competition was when Aberdeen won the 1983 European Cup Winners' Cup Final and then won the consequent 1983 UEFA Super Cup.

No Scottish club has won the UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League, although three have reached the final. Dundee United reached the 1987 final, and their fans won an award for their good behaviour from UEFA after their defeat to IFK Gothenburg. Celtic fans won a similar award after their team lost in extra-time to FC Porto in the 2003 final. Rangers lost 2–0 to Zenit in the 2008 final. The most recent appearance by a Scottish club in a European final was when Rangers lost on penalties to Eintracht Frankfurt in the 2022 UEFA Europa League Final.

National team
The Scottish national team represents Scotland in international football and is controlled by the Scottish Football Association. The team has played international football longer than any other nation in the world along with England, whom they played in the world's first international football match at Hamilton Crescent, Partick, Glasgow in 1872. Scotland have qualified for eight World Cups and three European Championships, but have never progressed beyond the first round.

The majority of Scotland's home matches are played at Hampden Park in Glasgow, opened in 1903. The Scottish team have become famous for their travelling support, known as the Tartan Army, who have won awards from UEFA for their combination of vocal support, friendly nature and charity work. The attendance of 149,415 for the Scotland vs. England match of 1937 at Hampden Park is also a European record.

Seasons
The following articles detail the major results and events in each season since 1871–72. Each article provides the final league tables for that season, with the exception of the current one, as well as details on cup results, Scotland national football team results and a summary of any other important events during the season.

Women's football
As in the men's game, the women's league structure consists of a Premier League and a Football League with Divisions One and Two, but the second division is split into North, West, and Central & East regions. In the women's SFL, reserve and youth squads may compete as long as they do not compete in the same division as the titular club. There are also four cup competitions, the Scottish Cup, Scottish Premier League Cup, Scottish First Division Cup and the Scottish Second Division Cup.

title: Football in Scotland


text:
Talk:USS Ranger (CV-61)

1983 MMR fire location
The fire was not in 2MM it was in 3MM in the North Arabian Sea, I was there and a member of 3MM, today is a good day to get that part corrected. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.10.8.188 (talk • contribs) 15:46, May 30, 2005

Excuse me, shipmate, but I was standing watch there in 2MMR that very morning - and guess how I know exactly what time the fire happened? The fire was in 4MMR, which was two spaces FORWARD of 2MMR (on the other side of 2AMR), and 3MMR (where I stood MM Topwatch on RIMPAC a couple of years later) was the space immediately AFT of 2MMR. We lost TEN men, not six, and I knew one of them (MM1 Johnson). I also knew the poor b***ard MM3 ex-nuc who started the fire - he worked for the Fuel Lab. The ship was NOT in the North Arabian Sea, but out in the middle of the Indian Ocean - we were out of range of land, remember, and there is no place in the Arabian Sea which was out of range of land. What's more, #4 Main came back on line the very morning we were relieved by the Midway battle group, and we were underway to Subic with four shafts turning. This is why I really don't like the Wikipedia, because there is SO much disinformation by those who think they know what they're talking about. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.170.245 (talk • contribs) 14:20, April 29, 2006 To my shipmate who thought it was in '3MM', I suggest you think back, because you and I would have known each other, since we would have been in the same division.

 * Well, one way to avoid disinformation is to not take anybody's word for it, but to rely on reputable published works, such as DANFS where the basic info comes from. If you're going to assert that the historians who wrote DANFS are wrong, you're going to need to cite something more solid than personal memory (as the exchange here shows, even eyewitnesses can end up disagreeing about what happened). Stan 00:41, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I can agree with what you say, but unfortunately I can't give you anything more solid than my personal memory. If 'DANFS' is the source of what was previously posted, then I can promise you they are flat wrong.  I will contact them and try to set them straight.
 * Note - I just searched 'DANFS' and I saw nothing about any fire onboard the Ranger. If DANFS is silent, here's a possible source:  http://navysite.de/crew.php?action=ship&squad=false&starty=1973&endy=1983&ship=CV%2061
 * That's a short crew list. Contact any of those in P-1 or P-2 Divisions or in any of the MMR's who were on board on 01Nov83, and they'll back up what I say.  I recommend my fellow pit snipes Goff, Strong, Kowalski, and Linxwiler.  I worked with all of them and they were all on board that day.
 * MM1 Glenn Cessor, USN (Ret.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.16.170.245 (talk • contribs) 18:09, May 17, 2006

CV vs. CVA/Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Why do we have this listed as CVA-61? It should be CV-61. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 08:00, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

USS Ranger (CVA-61) → USS Ranger (CV-61) — It was redesignated from "CVA" to "CV" long ago, and "CV" is the most common usage in any case. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 16:51, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Survey

 * Add  # Support   or   # Oppose   on a new line in the appropriate section followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~ .

Survey - Support votes

 * Support for the reason stated above. —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 16:52, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Support. Per nominator and discussion. / Peter Isotalo 17:02, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Support. I support this as well considering the Navy reclassified ALL their supercarriers as multi-purpose (CV). Neovu79 (Talk) 01:10, 27 January 2007 (EST)
 * Support The older designations indicated types of carriers (CVA, attack; CVS, antisubmarine warfare; CVE, escort, etc). CV became standard between 1975/1976 to indicate an all purpose function for supercarriers, while ASW carriers were redesignated LHAs).  I must have typed CV-61 10,000+ times in my day!  Ed Weeden, CO's Office, USS RANGER, 1976-1981.

Discussion

 * Add any additional comments:

Seems like a rather uncontroversial move to me. The article Hull classification symbol states that CVA was merged into CV as early as June 1975.

Peter Isotalo 17:02, 12 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Top Gun: Mistake
Removed the following: , and at one point the film's director is reported to have written the US Navy a $25,000 check to keep the ship on a specific course for shooting landing of aircraft backlit with the sunset.

That incident was aboard Enterprise, where all of the at-sea and air ops footage was shot. The only bits filmed aboard Ranger (tied up at North Island) were the interior "CIC" scenes.

1980s criminal something or other
The first very long paragraph of the 1980s Service section seems a bit out of place, has no context explaining what they are talking about (you pretty much have to piece it together from the content, and even then there are huge gaps on exactly what the issue is), is poorly written, uses a bunch of non-encyclopedia appropriate idioms, and is filled with ellipses. Did someone cut and paste this mess from somewhere else? Why is there so much text dedicated to this non-service related piece? Also, there is only a single reference in the whole long paragraph, and seems highly POV. I guessing someone cut-and-pasted this from an article (possibly the Time Magazine article, but it is hidden behind a log-in wall), in which case this could be bordering on plagiarism. — al-Shimoni  (talk) 12:41, 4 August 2013 (UTC)

 * That material was added on 15:57, 11 July 2013 by 76.123.130.83. I've removed it as it is likely a WP:BLP violation unless it is very well cited.  The Time Magazine article is provided as reference for Airman Paul Trerice's death, and there is no indication that it includes anything related to the subsequent material.  (The full article is accessible by subscription only, so perhaps someone else can check that out.) -- ToE 21:02, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

Re: 1980s criminal something or other
Fwiw, the story of the airman's desth on the USS Ranger was told to me yesterday by someone who was aboard ship at the time and had friends working in CCU. So I looked it up online to see if there was any info.

Online details of Trerice's bread and water CCU meals and him lying on deck pretty much match what I was told.

Except ..Trerice actually collapsed on deck and those in charge left him there until it was too late to save him

As the ship neared Hawaii, sailors were told to not talk to the waiting press. The CCU unit was removed from the ship shortly afterwards

Lan T. Dalat and Anthony H. Lang
This part... Among those rescued were the future U.S. Army Lt. Col. Lan T. Dalat and U.S. Army Captain Anthony H. Lang, who settled in Orange County, California, after their stay at the Vietnamese refugee camp in Palawan, Philippines.[14] seems like nothing more than self promotion. It admirable that these two refugees went on to become Army officers, but it's nothing spectacular. Although there is in fact a reference, it's again a self promotion. If these two officers become generals, then maybe the inclusion of this would be warranted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.51.81.50 (talk) 12:58, 28 March 2016 (UTC)

Operation Linebacker II
I have removed some (of what I feel to be) unnecessary information present in the article about Operation Linebacker II. I have also removed the self-contradictory template, as the information was correct and consistent, but just poorly worded. The Navy flew 119 sorties over the first five days of the operation (18-22 December), and 505 over the entirety of Linebacker II (18-29 December). Both numbers were present in the article, which caused the confusion. The source material doesn't mention the significance of the first five days of the campaign (just the number of sorties flown), nor does it mention the significance of the bad weather that limited the total number of sorties; as such I have chosen to remove both of those statements from the article in the interest of brevity and clarity. Both are explicitly mentioned in the source, however, so if someone feels that they add to the narrative, please respond here so we can discuss. If we do add that information back in, I would recommend some additional clarification so that the reader can understand its significance beyond mere statistics. Thanks!  C Thomas3   (talk) 00:17, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified (January 2018)
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man overboard uss ranger 1991,1992
I would like to know the dates a Man Overboard Michael korlacki (talk) 13:35, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

No mention of Ranger's portraying USS Enterprise in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
Since the real USS Enterprise wasn't available, in part as it really had nuclear reactors while Ranger lacked them and the associated security issues, Ranger portrayed it. Will (Talk - contribs) 22:53, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

 * There use to be a mention of this appearance, but it was removed as it did not cite a reliable published source. BilCat (talk) 23:14, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

 * This source briefly mentions her use for filming scenes in both Top Gun and Star Trek IV. I'm going to restore the mention, but remove the content that's not in the source. BilCat (talk) 23:19, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Oddly, two of the original sentences were verbatim from the source, which was an AP wire piece, so I had to rewrite it to avoid copyvios. BilCat (talk) 23:32, 17 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Ranger (CV-61)


text:
Talk:The Executioner's Song

Classification as fiction vs. nonfiction
Pace the last line of the article's first paragraph, Mailer's 1974 book "The Fight" isn't a novel; it's a nonfiction recounting of the "Rumble in the Jungle," the 1973 heavyweight title bout between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Zaire, Africa. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.249.163.117 (talk) 17:25, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

As the novel won the Pulitzer for fiction, I removed the reference to its being a nonfictional novel for now--though I agree that it's on the line, so maybe a more qualified version can be put in later? dvyost 15:47, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

The cover of the 1980 paperback edition proclaims it a "true life novel" on the front and "fiction" on the spine. It is classified as a work of fiction by the Library of Congress. Mapjc (talk) 18:57, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Potential References/Sources for Article
I'm not exactly sure how to format Wikipedia references; and am not up to the task, at the moment, of utilizing these references/sources in the article. That said: I found these - they look to be quite relevant - and this article's flagged because it doesn't cite any articles or sources. Thought I'd leave them here, if anyone wants to pursue! Hedonistbot4000 (talk) 03:29, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

 * 1. Mailer, Cannibals and Christians, p.131. (The Executioner's Song is a title of a poem on page 131 of this book.)

 * 2. Manso, Mailer: His Life and Times, pp.584-585. (Mailer went to Utah in June 1977 and returned seven times over the following nine months to interview the friends, families, lawyers, civil rights activists, and legislators involved in the story.)

 * 3. Jean Radford, 'Norman Mailer: The True Story of an American Writer" in American Fiction: New Readings, ed. by Richard Gray (London, 1983) p.232.

 * 4. Andrew Wilson, Norman Mailer: An American Aesthetic, Peter Lang publishing, 2008. 272 pages. ISBN 978-3-03911-406-1. Chapter Nine, The Executioner's Song: Western Vernacular. Chapter Nine begins at page 203.

An outstanding novel that deserves an expanded account
This is Mailer's 'great American novel' that he hoped to write and didn't recognise he had written. It is prosaic that he ended his writing career dealing with an account of a Jesus and ancient Egyptian politics when his masterpiece was the dark, leafy suburban streets of the midwest. This work grows in significance with each passing year. It is easily one of the best ten novels of the US twentieth century. I hope someone can flesh this entry out.

Could I suggest sections on the interview process, Schiller's ringleader involvement, negotiations with Mailer etc, since these contributions will identify the novel's importance and put to rest the fact/fiction - new journalism debate and focus attention on the genius of this novel, as well as demonstrating how a great novel is always factual in every sense and so factual in terms of human experience.

Good ideas for expanding the article. For the present, I make a simpler suggestion: Currently, the article mentions Schiller in passing, toward the end, and doesn't even make clear what his role was. My understanding is that he (Schiller) did virtually all of the in-depth interviewing, and provided that to Mailer as the source material for the book. So it would be more appropriate simply to mention that role at the very beginning of the article. The 2nd sentence of the article could be something like, "The source material for the novel came from Lawrence Schiller, a producer, screenwriter, and photographer who had conducted hundreds of hours of interviews with Gillmore, et al., and provided the transcripts to Mailer." There are 2 good sources for that assertion: (1) The Foreword, by Dave Eggers, that appears in later editions of the novel; (2) The article, "My Three Stooges," by Tom Wolfe, that appears in his collection, "Hooking Up." 68.229.49.122 (talk) 07:11, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Executioner's Song


text:
WHIO

WHIO may refer to:

 * WHIO-TV, a television station (PSIP channel 7/RF channel 33) licensed to Dayton, Ohio, United States
 * WHIO (AM), a radio station (1290 AM) licensed to Dayton, Ohio, United States
 * WHIO-FM, a radio station (95.7 FM) licensed to Pleasant Hill, Ohio, United States

title: WHIO


text:
Steve Long

"Big" Steve Long (died October 28, 1868) was an American law enforcement officer and outlaw, achieving notoriety in the Wyoming Territory during the late 1860s. He was one of the earliest examples of an Old West gunman. Because of their lawlessness, he and two half-brothers were lynched by a posse put together by newly appointed sheriff N.K. Boswell in 1868.

Early life
Little is known about Steve Long's early life or childhood. It is believed that Long served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, under a different name. After the American Civil War, around 1866, he settled in Laramie, Wyoming, where he and his half-brothers, Ace and Con Moyer, established a saloon. Both Ace and Con helped found Laramie. Long reportedly spent several years as an early version of a gunfighter before being elected in 1867 as Deputy Marshal of Laramie :189.

Lawman and outlaw
Long soon earned a reputation as a particularly violent lawman, killing eight men in gunfights within two months. On October 22, 1867, Long opened fire on eight men during a street brawl after his orders to cease were ignored, killing five of the men :189. He rarely arrested anyone, choosing instead to either intimidate them with the threat of force or shoot them.

Long and his brothers used their forceful personalities and his position as the Deputy Marshal to their own financial advantage. Within months of his appointment as deputy marshal, they forced several local ranchers to sign over to them the deeds to their properties. Several of those who refused were later confronted alone by Long, who killed them, always claiming later that the other man had reached for a weapon. If the victim was not carrying a pistol or rifle, Long would place one on his person after killing him. There were never any witnesses. It is alleged that Long killed at least nine men in that manner during a four-month period. Local residents called the saloon the "Bucket of Blood" because of the violence that often took place inside.

By October 1868, Long had killed thirteen men. Another seven men had been killed under suspicious circumstances, with Long suspected, but his role was never confirmed. There was no evidence to support his being named as the killer in these incidents. Long made little effort to find the alleged murderers, leading to speculation that he had committed those murders. Each of the seven men were known to have refused to sign over land deeds to Long and his brothers.

Capture and death
A local rancher and the first sheriff of Albany County, N. K. Boswell, organized several other ranchers to conspire against the three brothers. Boswell insisted that if they could watch Long closely enough, eventually they could catch him in the act of committing a crime, and could then act against him with the law on their side. On October 18, 1868, Long attempted to rob a prospector named Rollie "Hard Luck" Harrison. Harrison drew a pistol, and a gunfight broke out. Long was wounded and retreated. Harrison was killed, dying from his wounds after naming his assailant.

Long confessed to his fiancee how he had been wounded, and she told N. K. Boswell :189. Boswell gathered several men in the town, and they entered the saloon owned by Long and his brothers on October 28. The posse overwhelmed the brothers and led them to an unfinished cabin in town. Long was quiet throughout the process. He asked only to be allowed to remove his boots, saying, "My mother always said I'd die with my boots on". He was lynched barefoot, hanged along with Con and Ace Moyer from the rafters of the cabin. There were no legal actions taken against the members of the lynch mob. A photograph of the three men after they were hanged was taken, and on the back was written, "(1) Gunfighter "Big" Steve Long, (2) Con Moyer, (3) Ace Moyer, A lynching in Laramie Wyo. -1868- Con & Ace were founders of Laramie Wyoming!". Following his death, Long's fiancee erected a marker in his memory.

title: Steve Long


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rapemurder

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Eugene van der Pijll 18:11, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rapemurder
The article states that the term is uncommon. Also a tautology, and I'm not sure it could be much more than a dictdef. Joyous 15:49, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; term is very seldom used, and is only a dicdef. --TenOfAllTrades (talk/contrib) 17:32, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per tenofalltrades--Sophitus 18:10, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe the "create article" page should say, "Please write about generally known subject areas -- don't invent new ones." Isaac R 18:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. It's not a tautology, though. --Angr/undefined 05:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Megan1967 09:52, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete     16:34, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete not a dictionary Mozzerati 19:07, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Mordechai Rozanski

Mordechai Rozanski (born 1946) served as Rider University’s sixth president from August 1, 2003, until he retired on July 31, 2015. Previously, he had served as president of the University of Guelph in Ontario Canada for ten years. Overall, he served as a faculty member and administrator for 47 years in higher education.

Biography
During his term, Rider University ranked in the top-tier among northern regional universities according to the U.S. News & World Report annual rankings.

During Rozanski’s presidency, Rider University introduced fourteen new undergraduate and seven graduate degrees that helped grow overall enrollment by 8%. His commitment to online learning led to the development of more than 170 online courses and degree programs enrolling more than 2,400 students annually. These included an online masters in accounting and undergraduate degrees in business and nursing.

In 2007, under Rozanski’s leadership, the Westminster College of the Arts was established as Rider’s fourth college. It integrated Westminster Choir College’s world-class music program in Princeton with the fine arts programs in dance, music, theater and art in Lawrenceville. During his 12-year term, Rozanski raised and invested more than $150 million for institutional development. Rozanski considers his greatest legacy to be the more than 45,000 students who graduated during his 22 years as a university president, 13,000 at Rider alone. And he shook the hands of most of the graduates.

Rozanski held the rank of professor and taught Chinese and Asian history at several universities and colleges.

Rozanski Hall, a new classroom complex, was named in his honor shortly after his departure from the University of Guelph.

He currently serves on the board of the Starfall Foundation and is a consultant to the Danaher-Lynch Foundation.

Born in Poland, the son of Holocaust survivors, Rozanski's family fled to Israel, lived in France and immigrated to Montreal in 1953. He was the first in his family to complete high school and went on to study at McGill University in Montreal, earning a B.A. in Chinese history and a Ph.D. in Chinese history/American East Asian relations at the University of Pennsylvania in 1974. He variously held summer fellowships at Columbia University and Stanford University and a year-long fellowship in Chinese language studies and research in Hong Kong.

Rozanski received American citizenship on January 19, 2008, making him a dual citizen of both Canada and the United States of America. He and his wife Bonnie now reside in Philadelphia.

title: Mordechai Rozanski


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Okahandja

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 03:26, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Okahandja
an unneccessary one-line definition of an insignificant place UkPaolo 15:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC) OK, agreed... Keep. I've just been reading about it on Google, and would agree the article is clearly worthy of being kept, although it is in serious need of expanding. Hedley - I'd never consider it insignificant solely based on it being in Namibia. UkPaolo 16:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, bordering on strong keep. Over 80,000 Google hits for "Okahandja". Just because its in Namibia doesn't make it 'insignificant' - It's the same size as a lot of US towns with articles. The article is very poor, and needs expansion without a doubt (substubs are gone which doesn't help), but the topic is notable. Hedley 15:55, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Actually, I'll probably expand it myself in a few minutes here. We need more African content on Wikipedia, not less. Scimitar 16:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I have expanded it into a decent stub (in my own opinion, at any rate). I think it rates a keep, now. Scimitar 16:50, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Great job, Scimitar... you're right that makes it a decent stub, certainly deserving of being kept now. UkPaolo 16:52, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep Scimitar's stub and expand. Well done Scimitar. Capitalistroadster 00:51, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong keep (my vote would have been keep even without expansion) - good work that Scimitar. Grutness...  wha?  04:58, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep by all means. - Mustafaa 18:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Yixian Formation

The Yixian Formation (formerly transcribed as Yihsien Formation ) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans the late Barremian and early Aptian stages of the Early Cretaceous. It is known for its exquisitely preserved fossils, and is mainly composed of basalts interspersed with siliciclastic sediments.

Japanese occupation
The potential importance of the Yixian Formation was initially recognized during the time the Empire of Japan occupied China's Rehe ("Jehol") Province after the Defense of the Great Wall in 1933. Many Japanese scientists had noticed fossil remains of extinct fish and reptiles, possibly the champsosaurs. These initial fossil discoveries made by Japanese scientists vanished once World War II ended in 1945.

Chinese rediscovery
By 1949, when administration of the area passed to the Chinese Communist Party and its leader Mao Zedong, the fossils of Yixian were studied only by Chinese scientists. It was not until the 1990s when remarkable fossils of birds and dinosaurs were excavated. Since 1996, a number of dinosaur fossils that have revolutionized knowledge of these animals have been found at Yixian; among them are the first known non-avian theropods with feathers.

Dating
For some time, the formation was believed to be from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous boundary, some 145 mya (million years ago). Radiometric dating has since resolved it to be younger; it is now considered to have been deposited in the Barremian to early Aptian, some 126–124 mya.

The Yixian Formation forms the lowest part of the Jehol group, defined by Gu (1962 and 1983) as a group of geological formations including the Jehol Coal-bearing Beds, the Jehol Oil Shale Beds, and the Jehol Volcanic Rocks. The Yixian Formation is preceded by the older Daohugou Beds, of uncertain Jurassic or Early Cretaceous age, which are sometimes considered part of the Jehol group. The Yixian Formation (including the synonymous Jingangshan, Tuhulu, Jianchang, Lower Volcanic and Volcanic Rock formations) is followed stratigraphically by the slightly younger Jiufotang Formation and the Fuxin Formation. Chiappe et al. argued in 1999 that the oldest beds of the Yixian (those bearing a fauna dominated by confuciusornithid birds) were best separated as a distinct formation, called the Chaomidianzi Formation, with a type locality at the village of Sihetun, approximately 25 km south of Beipiao City. However, this classification has fallen out of favor, and the Chaomidianzi Formation is disused as a synonym for the Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation.

The Dabeigou Formation in Fengning, Hebei Province may immediately precede the Yixian, or it may be equivalent to the oldest Yixian beds. The Yixian also overlies the Tuchengzi Formation in places.

The Yixian Formation is informally divided into several subunits and the stratigraphy remains controversial so a conservative list is give here, from most recent to oldest: (ages when available from Zhong et al., 2021 )
 * Upper Yixian (124.1 Ma)
 * Upper Lava Unit
 * Jianshangou Unit (125.46 Ma)
 * Lower Lava Unit
 * Lujiatun Unit (125.76-125.68 Ma)

Ecology
The Yixian Formation represents the second of three major faunal phases that characterize the Jehol Biota, mainly based on changes in invertebrate diversity. In the Yixian, ostracods (seed shrimp) had diversified considerably, despite a very low diversity in the earlier Dabeigou Formation. Other major invertebrate groups in the Yixian include clam shrimp and insects. Insects, as a group, experienced their largest diversification of the entire Mesozoic era in the Yixian. On the other hand, some invertebrate groups, such as bivalves and gastropods (snails and slugs), were numerous but low in diversity, being mainly represented by one or two dominant species (Arguniella in the case of the bivalves).

Studies of vertebrates have shown support for the division of the Jehol into phases, and the diversity of fish in the Yixian was distinct from older and younger formations, with Lycoptera as the dominant species. The Yixian preserves the first Jehol dinosaurs and pterosaurs (which have not been found in the older Dabeigou Formation), and the first major radiation of birds (only one bird species is known from the Dabeigou). The Yixian also preserves the largest (and only) mammal radiation so far known from the Jehol group. Most vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become arboreal, including many tree-dwelling birds, and climbing mammals and lizards.

Plant life reached its Jehol biota peak in the Yixian. Five species of flowering plant were present (three of Archaefructus, one of Archaeamphora and one of Hyrcantha (formerly Sinocarpus), as were a variety of horsetails that closely resembled modern species. It is possible that increasing animal and plant diversity were linked. The Yixian is characterized by extensive forests, dominated by trees such as ginkgoes, conifers, cycads, and seed fern trees. Ground cover plants included lycopods, horsetails, ferns, and primitive flowering plants, which were rare compared to the others.

This plant life grew around a series of freshwater lakes, provided with abundant minerals thanks to periodic volcanic eruptions. Volcanic activity, along with periodic wildfires, and noxious gasses released from the lake bottoms caused the ecosystem to be continually destroyed and regrown. This, along with the wide diversity of habitats in the surrounding region, may have contributed to the fast diversification of life forms present in the Yixian ecosystem.

Climate
With the diversity of plant life in the Yixian well known, including examples of a variety of petrified wood and growth rings, and with the help of chemical analysis, scientists have been able to determine the climate of the formation. The Yixian flora was dominated by conifers closely related to modern species that are found mainly in subtropical and temperate upland forests. The presence of ferns, cycads, and horsetails indicates a generally humid climate. However, evidence from the growth rings of petrified wood indicates that the humidity and water supply dropped regularly. This shows that the wet, humid conditions were punctuated by dry seasons, in which the environment became more arid. Evidence from the study of oxygen isotopes has shown that the average yearly temperature during this time period was 10 degrees celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit), significantly colder than once thought. This indicates a temperate climate with unusually cold winters for the generally warm Mesozoic era, possibly due to northern China's high latitude during this time. A study by Wu et al. (2013) concluded that orbital forcing, which is the effect on climate caused by shifts in the tilt of the Earth's axis and by the shape of the Earth's orbit, contributed to the climate fluctuations of this formation.

Paleobiota
The Yixian Formation is well known for its great diversity of well-preserved specimens and its feathered dinosaurs, such as the large tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus, the therizinosaur Beipiaosaurus, and various small birds, along with a selection of other dinosaurs, such as the iguanodontian Bolong, the sauropod Dongbeititan and the ceratopsian Psittacosaurus. Other biota included the troodontid Mei, the dromaeosaurid Tianyuraptor, the compsognathid Sinosauropteryx and the tyrannosauroid Dilong.Microraptor also hails from this formation, as well as from the younger Jiufotang Formation. However, other microraptorines, such as Sinornithosaurus and Graciliraptor, also inhabit the Yixian. A limnic eruption may have preserved many of the fossils, excluding Dongbeititan.

title: Yixian Formation