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Kristin Herrera

Kristin Lisa Herrera (born February 21, 1989) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Dana Cruz on the first season of the Nickelodeon series Zoey 101 and as Lourdes Del Torro on General Hospital.

Career
Herrera was born on February 21, 1989, in Los Angeles, California. She has two older brothers and a sister, named Ryan, Justin, and Ashley respectively. She is of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent and speaks fluent Spanish. She attended Hillcrest Christian School in Granada Hills, Los Angeles.

Herrera has been acting in commercials ever since she was six. Her first TV role was in a phone service commercial. Other roles include Eleena on NYPD Blue, Aimee Varga on The Division, Sophie on The Bernie Mac Show, Katie on 7th Heaven and Frederika in ER.

In 2004, at age 15, Herrera was cast as Dana Cruz in Zoey 101, the roommate of Zoey Brooks (Jamie Lynn Spears) and Nicole Bristow (Alexa Nikolas). Following the first season, Herrera's character was written out of the series because she kept forgetting her lines, and had personal issues. According to Nikolas, who was allegedly being bullied on set, Herrera was also let go after pushing and harassing Nikolas while filming the final episode of season one (Herrera denied this). Herrera's character was then replaced by Lola Martinez (Victoria Justice) for the rest of the series. Despite only appearing in Season 1, Kristin is present for all 13 episodes. Her character is mentioned once by Chase in Season 2 "Back to PCA" and appeared in flashbacks during Season 3 "PCA Confidential." She does not appear in any of the Zoey 101 TV Movies.

She also co-starred in feature film Freedom Writers opposite Hilary Swank. In 2008, Herrera stopped taking acting roles. Her last acting role was on the soap opera General Hospital.

In 2020, she reunited with the Zoey 101 cast on the television show All That.

Personal life
On July 15, 2016, Herrera announced via Instagram that she was engaged to her longtime boyfriend Daniel Novak. Their engagement ended shortly afterward. However, on February 14, 2020, she announced that she was engaged to Novak again. They got married on October 26, 2022.

On November 17, 2021, she announced on Instagram that she was pregnant with her and Novak's first child. She gave birth to their son on May 23, 2022.

title: Kristin Herrera


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Marcel Gagnon

Marcel Gagnon (born April 19, 1936) is a former Canadian politician. A businessman, he served as a legislator for both the National Assembly of Quebec and the House of Commons.

Provincial politics
Gagnon ran as a Parti Québécois candidate in 1976 in the provincial riding of Champlain. He was elected with 41% of the vote. He was re-elected in 1981 with 54% of the vote, but was defeated in 1985 with 44% of the vote and finished third in 1989 as an Independent candidate with 19% of the vote.

Federal politics
He entered federal politics when he was elected as a Member of the Bloc Québécois in 2000 in the riding of Champlain, with 45.3% of the vote against Liberal Julie Boulet (45.2%). He was re-elected in 2004 in the riding of Saint-Maurice—Champlain with 55% of the vote.

During his tenure, he served as the Bloc critic to Seniors and proposed that eligible recipients be signed up to the Guaranteed Income Supplement Program (GIS) without having to make a request.

At one point, Gagnon was critic to the Library of Parliament, the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food. He did not run for re-election in 2006, retiring from office at the dissolution of parliament.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marcel Gagnon


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41st parallel

41st parallel may refer to:

 * 41st parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere
 * 41st parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere

title: 41st parallel


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Contract research organization

In the life sciences, a contract research organization (CRO) is a company that provides support to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries in the form of research services outsourced on a contract basis. A CRO may provide such services as biopharmaceutical development, biological assay development, commercialization, clinical development, clinical trials management, pharmacovigilance, outcomes research, and real world evidence.

CROs are designed to reduce costs for companies developing new medicines and drugs in niche markets. They aim to simplify entry into drug markets, and simplify development, as the need for large pharmaceutical companies to do everything ‘in house’ is now redundant. CROs also support foundations, research institutions, and universities, in addition to governmental organizations (such as the NIH, EMA, etc.).

Many CROs specifically provide clinical-study and clinical-trial support for drugs and/or medical devices. However, the sponsor of the trial retains responsibility for the quality of the CRO's work. CROs range from large, international full-service organizations to small, niche specialty groups. CROs that specialize in clinical-trials services can offer their clients the expertise of moving a new drug or device from its conception to FDA/EMA marketing approval, without the drug sponsor having to maintain a staff for these services.

Organizations who have had success in working with a particular CRO in a particular context (e.g. therapeutic area) might be tempted or encouraged to expand their engagement with that CRO into other, unrelated areas; however, caution is required as CROs are always seeking to expand their experience and success in one area cannot reliably predict success in unrelated areas that might be new to the organization.

Definition, regulatory aspects
The International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, a 2015 Swiss NGO of pharmaceutical companies and others, defined a contract research organization (CRO), specifically pertaining to clinical trials services as: "A person or an organization (commercial, academic, or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or more of a sponsor's trial-related duties and functions."

It further details the sponsor's responsibilities in its good clinical practice guidelines: Guidance from the US FDA published in 2013 also speaks to the responsibility of the sponsor to oversee work of the CRO, including the circumstance where risk-based monitoring has been delegated to the CRO. 2021 saw a major update to US FDA regulations related to providing the agency with information about CROs and how they "comply with FDA regulations".
 * (5.2.1) A sponsor may transfer any or all of the sponsor's trial-related duties and functions to a CRO, but the ultimate responsibility for the quality and integrity of the trial data always resides with the sponsor. The CRO should implement quality assurance and quality control.
 * (5.2.2) Any trial-related duty and function that is transferred to and assumed by a CRO should be specified in writing. The sponsor should ensure oversight of any trial-related duties and functions carried out on its behalf, including trial-related duties and functions that are subcontracted to another party by the sponsor's contracted CRO(s).
 * (5.2.3) Any trial-related duties and functions not specifically transferred to and assumed by a CRO are retained by the sponsor.
 * (5.2.4) All references to a sponsor in this guideline also apply to a CRO to the extent that a CRO has assumed the trial-related duties and functions of a sponsor.

Market size and growth
, there were over 1,100 CROs in the world, despite continued trends toward consolidation. Many CROs have been acquired while others have gone out of business. The industry is fragmented, with the top 10 companies controlling 56% of the market in 2008 and 55% in 2009. In 2018 global CRO market stood at $38,396.4 mln. and is projected to reach $90,926.3 mln. by the end of 2026, exhibiting a CAGR of 11.4% in the forecast period.

Top CROs by annual revenue
, there was a 15.5% increase in R&D spending from 2015 to 2020. The list of contract research organizations includes the following notable companies worldwide:

 * 1) Labcorp ($14.00B revenue in 2020)
 * 2) IQVIA ($11.35B revenue in 2020)
 * 3) PPD, Inc. ($4.68B revenue in 2020)
 * 4) Syneos Health ($4.41B revenue in 2020)
 * 5) Charles River Laboratories ($2.92B revenue in 2020)
 * 6) ICON PLC ($2.79B revenue in 2020)
 * 7) Parexel ($2.44B revenue in 2017)
 * 8) Wuxi Apptec ($1.01B revenue in 2017)
 * 9) Medpace ($0.92B revenue in 2020)

title: Contract research organization


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Friedrich Diercks

Friedrich Diercks or Friedrich Ernst (June 18, 1796 –1848) was born at Burg (castle) Gödens near the village of Neustadtgödens. In February 1814 he joined the Oldenburg Regiment of the Duke of Oldenburg, and he remained a soldier until June 1819. In 1831, Friedrich Diercks received land at Mill Creek in Austin County and began writing letters to friends in Oldenburg and Westphalia. Upon reading about the favorable conditions in Austin's colony, he and his family set out for Texas. On April 16 Ernst obtained a league of land on the west bank of the west fork of Mill Creek in Austin's colony. Ernst became well known as a benefactor to new German immigrants and acquired the nickname "father of the immigrants". Later, he became a justice of the peace in Austin County and sold lots from his league to new immigrants. The resulting settlement, Industry, was the first German town in Texas. Diercks died in 1848.

title: Friedrich Diercks


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Talk:Rick Danko

Last Waltz screen cap
I think the screen shot from The Last Waltz should be removed. Free images are now availible and included in the article. Seconds? Objections? - tSR - Nth Man (talk) 01:15, 27 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Rickdankolastwaltzstill.jpg has now been flagged as a file for deletion. Deletion of the image will improve the quality of the article, as far as Wikipedia guidelines are concerned. - tSR - Nth Man (talk) 00:12, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

info about danko's later years
i think that it is pretty wrong to not include much about his later years except his drug problems... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.37.102.222 (talk) 04:39, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Sources don't belong in External links, and were moved here
Unused sources for the article don't belong in External links. I have transferred them from the link farm there to this talk page, where they do belong. Warning: I didn't check them out to see if they are appropriate so check them out. Please place unused references here from now on. Thank you. --Leahtwosaints (talk) 11:41, 17 March 2012 (UTC)
 * "The Last Waltz," a short story referencing Rick Danko, by Elizabeth Collison
 * Rick Danko
 * Rick Danko's Authorized Biography, written by his longtime publicist, Carol Caffin
 * Memorial Service card with photo of Rick Danko

Academy of Music
In the "Instruments" section, does "Academy of Music" refer to the Live at the Academy of Music 1971 DVD? Jwicklatz (talk) 00:19, 30 December 2015 (UTC)

Ambiguity regarding birth date
Recently, someone had changed the information under the photo (in the background information column) from 2nd December 1943 to 2nd December 1942 (that update still stands) and this caught my eye while I was browsing recent changes to look for vandalism. I did a quick google search and the page that I first opened stated the date to be 1942. So I naturally thought that to be correct and made a change to the lead completely skipping over the explanation given in the source code. Luckily, this error was pointed out by Rms125a@hotmail.com. I searched the information up again and there seem to be articles for both 1943 and for 1942. Is there a reliable source that mentions Rick Danko's birth date to be in 1943? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jiten Dhandha (talk • contribs) 15:41, 11 December 2016 (UTC)
 * It's complicated, per this blog. We should probably explain the uncertainty about the birth date in the article body. My recent edit relies on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame to have properly vetted the birthdate. – wbm1058 (talk) 21:10, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rick Danko


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WCW World Tag Team Championship

The WCW World Tag Team Championship, originally known as the NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version), was a professional wrestling world tag team championship in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and later the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It was the original world tag team title of WCW and remained active until it was unified with the WWF Tag Team Championship.

History
The WCW World Tag Team Championship was originally created as the NWA World Tag Team Championship of Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling (MACW) run by Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP). Following the title's introduction in 1975, the Minnesota Wrecking Crew became the inaugural champions on January 29. The title was renamed the WCW World Tag Team Championship in 1991 when Ted Turner bought JCP and it became World Championship Wrestling. Despite the title's name in MACW, the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) did not recognize its own NWA World Tag Team Championship until 1992, when the NWA held a tournament to crown the first tag team recognized by all of the NWA territories. Terry Gordy and Steve Williams won the tournament. As a result of Gordy and Williams being the WCW World Tag Team Champions when they became NWA World Tag Team Champions, both titles were defended together until WCW left the NWA in September 1993. On January 17, 2008, the NWA withdrew its recognition of every WCW World Tag Team Champion linked to the NWA World Tag Team Championship, officially stating that their titles were formed in 1995.

In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) purchased WCW. Soon after, The Invasion took place in which The Alliance (an alliance between WCW and ECW) was formed to fight against the WWF. During this time, the title was referred to as the WCW Tag Team Championship. At SummerSlam, the WCW Tag Team Champions Kane and The Undertaker defeated Chris Kanyon and Diamond Dallas Page for the WWF Tag Team Championship in a steel cage match to unify the two titles for the first time ever. Both titles remained independently active during this reign, with Kane and The Undertaker first losing the WWF Tag Team Championship to The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley) on the September 17 episode of Raw, followed by the loss of the WCW Tag Team Championship to Booker T and Test on the September 25 episode of SmackDown!. At Survivor Series, the WCW Tag Team Champions The Dudley Boyz defeated the WWF Tag Team Champions The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy) in a steel cage unification match. The WCW Tag Team Championship was then retired with WWE (the former WWF) officially recognizing The Dudley Boyz as the final champions.

title: WCW World Tag Team Championship


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Talk:Speed of light/Archive 1

Untitled
This page covers archived discussion up to the end of 2004

If I am at the Sun, and want to travel to the Earth at just a bit over the speed of light, what is to stop me? Light from the sun will get to the Earth in 8 min. So say that I leave when that ray of light leaves. I will get to the sun, say, in 7 min. So I am there i min ahead of the light. But light and time are not connected in any way. Time does not pass just because light is there. I will be at the Earth 7 min after I left the sun, which means that 7 min will have passed on Earth. -

Theoretical limitations on the speed of communications on Earth
The article currently gives "The speed of light is of relevance to communications. For example, given that the equatorial circumference of the Earth is 40,075 km and c, the theoretical shortest amount of time for a piece of information to travel half the globe is 0.067 seconds." Though not particularly well-versed in physics, I believe the circumference of the Earth shouldn't play into this calculation (see this section's heading title). I don't disagree with that the quotation apparently gives the theoretical shortest amount of time for light to travel across the Earth circumferentially. However, since AFAIK a piece of information could be encoded in any number of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation (and that radiation could penetrate the Earth), the actual shape of interest is a straight line between opposite poles of the planet, not the circumference between them. 07:04, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC). Light second gives "The mean diameter of the Earth is 0.0425 light seconds". I feel this is a more relevant measure and recommend said part of the article be rewritten using it. 07:44, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC) Further data, from Ping: "To have some comparison for internet ping times, consider that the shortest possible ping to the other side of our planet is 95 ms. That is because 95 ms is the time the light needs to travel to the other side and back in a straight line through the earth. No signal can travel faster than light. The shortest possible ping would be 133 ms if we avoided a subterranean route." 12.223.239.28 05:02, 23 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Reworking content
The following needs to be reworked to make it fit in the context of an encyclopedia article. As it is it is a bit too chatty.

 * === How Fast is the Speed of light ===

 * I like to use the vacation analogy to give people a feel for how fast the speed of light is. It goes like this. Let’s say I wanted to take a vacation on the moon. Fortunately there is a highway called Pretend that connects the earth to the moon.  The speed limit on highway Pretend is 100 mph and I can only drive 10 hours a day.  I had better pack a big trailer with plenty of food and pull it behind my SUV because under these conditions it is going to take me about 250 days to get from the earth to the moon. Light can travel the same distance in one and one forth seconds or about 5 beats of the drum at one-quarter time.

Faster than c
As a layman, I don't understand how it's possible for something to travel faster than c but not carry information faster than c. Could someone explain this? -- User:Evercat
 * A very rough explanation is that the "something' that travel faster than light doesn't carry energy. -- looxix 00:43 Apr 19, 2003 (UTC)
 * Also, it is only in a vacuum than nothing (no information) can travel faster than light; in a medium thing can travel faster than light (see Cherenkov effect) -- looxix 00:49 Apr 19, 2003 (UTC)

Irrelevant. The electrons involved in the Cherenkov effect are still going slower than c. (It is true that light travels even slower than those electrons in that medium).

 * The fact that Group velocity is greater than c doesn't mean that there is really a particle moving (travelling) at that speed but rather that something is changing at this speed, in this case the waveform. (See also Phase velocity) -- ReiVaX 16:44, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Sure. Take a laser pointer. Make a spot on the moon. Then turn your wrist to make a spot on the earth. It takes over a second for light to travel from the moon to the earth, yet I can move that little spot the same distance in far less than one second. --68.229.240.25 03:54, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Similar, probably better, explanations:

 * http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html#3
 * http://www.phy.duke.edu/research/photon/qelectron/proj/infv/fast_tut.ptml
 * http://www2.abc.net.au/science/k2/stn-archive1/posts/topic42526.shtm
 * http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=73321
 * http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/scissors.html

Wave equation?
"It is a solution to the wave equation"

 * How is the speed of light be a solution to a vector equation? Κσυπ Cyp 08:08, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * As my electromagnetics professor explained it (and you'll have to bear with me - it's been almost 2 years), it's not that the speed is the solution, per se. It just doesn't have a solution for any other speed besides C. --Raul654 08:28, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * One more thing. Here is the exact derivation you are looking for: http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~muchomas/P214/Notes/OtherWaves/node18.html --Raul654 08:36, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

If I understood correctly. <- This sentence was written by me. Κσυπ Cyp 21:30, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC) The rest wasn't. -> Faster than light transmission of information follows some uncertainty principals, it also sidesteps a couple rules. When information is transmitted at such speeds, it can never be proven that the light recieved is the light that was transmitted. Photons subjected to this process have their frequency changed, their overall energy content is different due to the processes that caused this feat. However, if those people in line were to shout in sequence, the information would have to be previously known, this caused it's own speculation. As with the noted experiment of 300c, the photons arrived faster than light accounts for, the arrival of the photons is information, it arrived at it's destination faster than C, there IS NO explanation. - GouRou

Scientific notation
Wile, why are you removing the scientific notation approximation? In 99% of cases when I'm performing a calculation involving the speed of light, the number I'm looking for is 3 × 108. I'm pretty sure this approximation, in this format, is useful to other people as well. Fredrik (talk) 18:49, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, it is cluttering, as it doesn't serve any obvious purpose. Anyone who is actually making use of c in computations is surely capable of approximating it as 3 times 10^8 or 0.2998 times 10^9 or whatever they please. The vast majority of the remainder of the readers will be much more at home with "thousands of somethings" instead of scientific notation. -- I feel pretty strongly that the introductory sentences of an article must get right straight to the point. Naturally it is quite possible that the introduction still isn't getting there, so let's work in that direction. Regards, Wile E. Heresiarch 20:45, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * How would you know that anyone actually making use of c is capable of approximating it? Every high school student? It isn't immediately obvious to everybody that 100,000 kilometers equals 108 meters. And sure, they might be able to figure it out, but our job is to make this information available as conveniently as possible. Perhaps the note should be placed elsewhere, but there's no reason not to provide it. Fredrik (talk) 21:02, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * We don't seem to be discussing anything very fundamental here; the article is about the speed of light, not scientific notation. That 299,792,458 is close to 3 x 10^8 seems to be a footnote that is useful in some contexts. Maybe there is a place for it somewhere in the article (or maybe not) but it seems far from central. Wile E. Heresiarch 21:24, 8 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * This is not an article about scientific notation, but it is neither an article about obsolete imperial units (the mile). The question is indeed whether the information is central (useful to someone), and I hold that it is. It would be nice to get input from a few other people with regard to this matter. Fredrik (talk) 07:36, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I've put the 3 × 10^8 m/s just before 30 cm/ns (under the heading "Overview"). It is appropriate since both are convenient approximations. Wile E. Heresiarch 16:21, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Fredrik (talk) 16:30, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to support Fredrik on this point. It's far simpler to get a quick idea of the scale of c without having to count the number of digits in 300,000,000. Cederal 16:52, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Adding velocities
I think that perhaps it should be clearly stated that by adding two velocities with the Einstein velocity addition formula we cannot get a speed greater than c. (Because the interval (-c,c) with that operation is an Abelian group.) I know that its said that c is a "speed limit" but what its not said is that the formula is consistent with that. -- ReiVaX 18:09, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Definition of the metre
The article currently says:

 * Definition of the Metre

 * Since the speed of light in vacuum is constant, it is convenient to measure both time and distance in terms of c . Both the SI unit of length and SI unit of time have been defined in terms of wavelengths and cycles of light. In 1983 the metre was redefined in terms of c.

I'm fairly certain that is correct for "distance", but incorrect for "time". If you read http://www.bldrdoc.gov/timefreq/general/precision.htm#Anchor-60273 carefully, you see that "transitions of the cesium atom" are the reference for time, not the speed of that light.

Suggested replacement:

 * Definition of the Metre
 * Since the speed of light in vacuum is constant, it is convenient to measure distance in terms of c and time. In 1983, the SI unit of length (the meter) was redefined in terms of c and time.

 * Sounds good to me. Go ahead and change it if you want, I'll do it if you don't get around to it. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:15, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

For a Featured Article this should have some graphics. Yes, I know it it is hard to find a good graphic for speed of light, but perhapse Google Image search will have something we can use? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 21:37, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * A diagram of the Fizeau apparatus would fill the requirement, and might be useful in explaining that experiment. Dandrake 08:25, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

Galileo
In Two New Sciences Galileo claimed to have performed his experiment, not just proposed it (though in a more ambiguous way than I'd realized); he also said explicitly, long before Hooke, that his experiment couldn't prove that the speed was infinite. Assuming he did perform it, this is the first known case of anyone's trying to make an actual measurement of the speed. The criticism by Descartes is interesting and looks as if it would be valid; does anyone know the argument in enough detail to say? Dandrake 08:25, Aug 6, 2004 (UTC)

begging the question
''According to the theory of special relativity, all observers will measure the speed of light as being the same, regardless of the reference frame of the observer or the velocity of the object emitting the light. A simple three-step analysis is sufficient to show that this is the case: The constant speed of light derives from the Lorentz transforms, which distort distances and times for observers travelling at large velocities in the same way.''
 * 1) the speed of light in vacuum can be derived from Maxwell's equations;
 * 2) special relativity requires the laws of physics, such as Maxwell's equations, to be identical in all unaccelerated frames, and so
 * 3) observers in all such frames must observe the same speed of light.

Isn't 3 precisely what we are trying to show is the case? "all observers will measure the speed of light as being the same" because "observers in all such frames must observe the same speed of light"? Also, as the speed of light in a vaacum is a defined value, the fact that it can be derived from Maxwell's equations needs to be explained. anthony (see warning) 19:00, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Er - to précis - "ToSR says SoL is constant. How?  Because (i) SoL comes directly from Maxwell, (ii) Maxwell is a law of physics, (iii) laws of physics must be the same in all inertial frames; hence, (iv) SoL same in all inertial frames.  Plus Lorentz gives you a way to work out how it all works."  I don't think this is begging the question, is it?  -- ALoan (Talk) 19:14, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I guess I see what is being said. 3 is the conclusion from 1 and 2. This seems to be worded strangely, though. anthony (see warning) 19:41, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Feel free to copyedit. :) -- ALoan (Talk) 19:48, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

As you've perhaps seen I've already made a number of copyedits. This one I'm not sure how to reword, though, in part because I'm not 100% sure what the point is. anthony (see warning) 20:12, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've tweaked slightly - is that better? -- ALoan (Talk) 02:05, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess. I'm still confused as to what we are showing to be the case.  Are we showing that "all observers will measure the speed of light as being the same" or are we showing that this is a result of the theory of relativity?  Because it's not really a result of the theory or relativity, it's a postulate of the theory or relativity (I think, I'll double-check that one). anthony (see warning) 02:21, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, "We will raise this conjecture (the purport of which will hereafter be called the "Principle of Relativity") to the status of a postulate, and also introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable with the former, namely, that light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body." Well, sort of. Einstein goes beyond saying that "all observers will measure the speed of light as being the same", and actually posits that the speed of light always is the same.  anthony (see warning) 02:27, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Some doubts and/or contradictions
The article looks great! But... (ther's always a but): (a) in 1: «The constant speed of light derives from the Lorentz transforms, which distort distances and times for observers travelling at large velocities in the same way» - I think it's the other way around. The Lorentz transforms derives from Maxwell's equations and Einstein's constant speed of light postulate.

(b) in 4.1: «Einstein took [the Michelson-Morley experiment] result as a given fact» contradicted by «It is uncertain whether Albert Einstein knew the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment» (in 5.4). - I don't know wich is true. (c) I failed to understand the concept of "light slowing". Can someone elaborate on that?--Nabla 00:12, 2004 Aug 13 (UTC)

 * re (a): Yes, that's the same point I argued. In a way, the very notion of "distance" requires some means of measuring it. Einstein's reasoning was to require everything to be done locally, at one point. So, he defined distance as the quantity that you can measure by sending a light pulse to a mirror and wait for it to come back, than halve the time it took and devide it by c. You need this definition to derive the Lorentz transform. But the definition is only compatible to the usual notion of distance if you assume c to be constant.

 * re (b) I remember having read that Einstein said, that he was unaware of the works of Lorentz and Fitzgerald, who had found the Lorentz transformation and the relativistic length contraction before Einstein. (However, they only postulated them heuristically in order to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment and the anomalies of the Thompson parabolas, without being able to give a derivation.) But I doubt that Einstein was unaware of the whole aether discussion as otherwise he surely must have slept well during his university studies.

 * But let's check his origibnal 1905 paper which is translated here: "Examples of this sort, together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the "light medium," suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of absolute rest." So what else could he have had in mind when referring to these "unsuccesful attempts" other than the Michelson-Morley experiment? => The second sentence is wrong.

 * re (c): It's not well written. First one should mention that of course light is always slower than c when travelling through media. But, usually, the light speed is perhaps 3/4 of it (in water), or maybe half of it (Flint glass) - but recently, people managed to reduce the speed down to only a few meters per second, using additional laser fields which modify the optical properties of the medium. In my opinion this should go in a seperate article - or maybe we have one already.

 * Simon A. 08:57, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks.

 * Re (a): of course, Lorentz formulated his transforms before Einstein thought up relativity, but I see what you mean. The intention here was simply to explain how a person travelling at 0.9c could still measure a speed of light of c because distances and times are dilated. If you can think of a better way of doing it, please be my guest.

 * Re (b): One of the sentences must be wrong. I've seen it reported a couple times that Einstein was not aware (or said he was not aware) of the Michelson-Morley result in 1905, so I've fixed the first passage (in any event, I think there were other, also unsuccessful, attempts to measure the velocity of the aether, apart from Michelson-Morley).

 * Re (c): I've reworded substantially. -- ALoan (Talk) 02:05, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Deleted:
 * ''A simple analysis can be used to suggest that this is the case:
 * the speed of light in a vacuum can be derived from Maxwell's equations, and
 * special relativity posits that the laws of physics (such as Maxwell's equations) are identical in all unaccelerated frames; therefore:
 * observers in all such frames must observe the same speed of light. from Overview
 * It is stating that the speed of light being a constant may be derived from Maxwell's equations. AFAIK there is no (known) reason why it is constant. It just is. That is a postulate of Albert Einstein's Special Relativity. I quote from On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies: We will raise this conjecture [that the same laws of electrodynamics and optics will be valid for all frames of reference for which the equations of mechanics hold good] to the status of a postulate, and also introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable with the former, namely, that light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body. (my bolds and wikilink)

 * True. Well found quote. One might, however argue, that the postulate that the speed of light is constant is not an independet postulate but rather a direct corrolary to Galilei's postulate of relativity when looking at Maxwell's equation and cutting away any aether with Occam's razor. This, in a way, how Einstein actually thought, but as the whole aether controversy was precisely about how to interprete Maxwell's equations in the light of the principle of relativity, Einstein did well in making clear that he was convinced of a specific interpretation of the principle of relativity, namely the one saying that also the speed of light is the same anywhere, as all other laws are the same anywhere. So, he made the principle of relativity more specific, i.e. added something to it. Now where you call this addition a part or implication of the old, now clarified principle or a new principle is just a matter of taste. Einstein, I think put it sometimes this way and sometimes the other way. Simon A. 12:17, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I am the speed of light

Varying speed of light
An anon recently added the following:
 * "Several physicist like Joao Magueijo, John Moffat have proposed that, in the past, light travelled much faster than the current speed of light. This theory is called VSL (varying speed of light), and it has the ability to explain most of the cosmological puzzles and is a rival of the inflation model of the universe."

At first it sounded like pseudoscience, but a quick google search turned up a number of references that at least appeared to have a chance to be legit. Is anyone else more familiar with this? - Taxman 20:15, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

I'd like to add my request for a bit more clarification on that point, either in this page or in a link. I've heard of the idea that the speed of light was higher at the beginning of the universe, then decayed to the current level and is now constant, but that particular concept is a load of creationist hogwash (see http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/c-decay.html ). The only person behind they theory mentioned in the above link is one Barry Setterfield, not either of the two names in this article. Is this a different (and more reputable) theory? Should there be something in there (or in a link) explaining so, if they are different? - Mokele 17:00, Oct 2 2004

 * Joao Magueijo lectures (at least until recently) at the Department of Physics of Imperial College in London, and he seems to know what he is talking about. I think the New Scientist had an article on the VSL theory. I think that most physicist view the VSL as highly speculative at the best, but certainly not pseudoscience. As far as I can see from following the link, Setterfield's theory is not part of regular science. Disclaimer: I'm not a physicist. -- Jitse Niesen 23:28, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

A changing speed of light has been proposed to explain observations of "the accelerating Universe". Link at: http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/einstein/Talks/aspauthor2004_3.pdf

If it is left in, I hope that someone could square it with the following: "This exact speed is a definition, not a measurement, as the metre is defined in terms of the speed of light and the second." If the speed is defined to be how can it vary? -- a different anon.

 * The size of the metre would change with the speed of light. --Doradus 21:35, Nov 3, 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguating Node
The page node (a disambig page) is currently in the process of being successfully split. Which use of the word "node" should be linked to in this sentence: "The speed of light can also be of concern on short distances. In supercomputers, the speed of light imposes a limit on how quickly data can be sent between nodes"? --MatrixFrog 07:15, 19 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe a more specific question would be whether it should be node (physics) or node (networking). GPHemsley 03:22, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * It appears this issue is moot, as the reference to node was changed to processor. GPHemsley→◊ 18:56, Oct 11, 2004 (UTC)

Replace picture at top of article?
Hello all. This is a great article, thanks to everyone who has worked on it. I wonder if we really need the picture at the top of the article. It shows two nerdy guys playing with a laser, which is fun, but beside the point. Can we find another picture that directly addresses the topic? The caption does state something interesting about the speed of light but, strangely enough, doesn't describe something illustrated in the picture. Maybe someone can state what it is about the speed of light that it illustrates. Regards & happy editing, Wile E. Heresiarch 13:52, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, if you have a better picture, be my guest! Although light itself is quite visual, the speed of light is rather hard to see.  Cherenkov effect?. -- ALoan (Talk) 19:09, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the suggestion. I've replaced the laser guys with the picture from Cherenkov effect. Although it is a very lovely shade of blue, the picture is a little fuzzy and hard to read. We could improve it with a sharper image; I guess I'll keep my eyes open. Wile E. Heresiarch 03:44, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I've put the guys back lower down, in the "slower than light" section where it makes more sense. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:36, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess I'm a bit mystified by the longevity of the laser guys picture in this article. The caption is correct, the speed of light is less in air than vacuum, but one can't see that from the picture. The picture is also somewhat misleading since it might be construed as an illustration of the light-slowing experiments referenced in the text. A picture of a glass lens or a diamond would show an observable effect of the different speeds of light, come to think of it. I'll keep my eyes open. Wile E. Heresiarch 13:38, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I agree that the image on top is not good enough. It does not demonstrate the speed of light at all, although it looks somewhat fancy. But an encyclopedia should have a more illustrative image. I tried to find a PD image of light refraction in a prism. What about this one. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:48, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

Also, the image used on top at the moment does not seem to be free at all. It is used with permission, but it is not stated how far this permission reaches. Can it be used commerially at all? As far as I know we can't use NC images, especially in featured articles, especially on TOP. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 08:53, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

Meter or metre?
I have noticed that the article uses both spellings. Which is the appropriate spelling for this article?

 * Thanks - metre is far more common in the article, so I've changed the other couple of occurences. -- ALoan (Talk) 19:09, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Bogus argument
I don't think this is sufficient:

Experiments show that the second particle takes up its quantum state instantaneously, as soon as the first observation is carried out. However, it is impossible to control which quantum state the first particle will take on when it is observed, so no information can be transmitted in this manner.

The telegraph is able to transmit information, and it also provides no control of the state that the remote key will take when observed; all the operator can control is when the key will move.  The real reason information can't be transmitted this way must be more subtle. --Doradus

 * Yes, but the timing of the movement of the key is the factor that transmits the information in a telegraph.

 * But the first sentence I quoted above seems to imply that one can determine exactly when the second particle "takes up its quantum state", and hence when the first particle was "observed". Let me be clear: I'm sure entangled particles can't be used as a telegraph.  My point is that the above quote is not convincing in this regard. --Doradus

 * Hmm - I wonder if you would transmit a stream of entangled particles, and use that stream like a telegraph... -- ALoan (Talk) 10:26, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, for one thing, those entangled particles would only travel at the speed of light, and for another thing, if you think you have thought of a way to transmit information faster than light in a vacuum, then it almost certainly won't work. --Doradus 18:11, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

Refractive index
The phrasing "speed of light ... is less than c due to the refractive index." suggests to me at least that the refractive index is some sort of phenomenon that causes the SOL to be lower in some medium, when it is really defined as a measure of how much slower light moves through a particular medium than through vacuum. I suggest a re-phrasing to avoid the possible confusion. Even to just say "... is less than c (see refractive index)" would be better in my opinion. --Schnolle 10:46, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what two concepts you fear will be confused. The concepts of the speed of light being "lower in some medium" and "how much slower light moves through a particular medium than through vacuum" seem equivalent to me.  --Doradus

 * The confusion is not about the concepts, rather that someone might be led to believe that "A is due to B" means that "B is the cause of A", which is not the case here. --Schnolle 18:32, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * (Doradus) Sorry, can you spell this out for me? What are A and B?

Speed of Light (Updates?)
In a recent article I read that understood "speed of light" has been altered to a considerable faster speed. Perhaps the creater of this page might want to address that note, althought it is my understanding for the sake of physic's discussions the speed of 186K MPS is still the accepted number.

 * That is absurd. For such a radical change in the laws of physics, you ought to at least provide some kind of reference.  As Carl Sagan once said, "extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof". --Doradus

Lead image
I've reverted to put back the image of Cherenkov radiation as the lead image: a featured article ought to have a lead image, and this is the best example I can think of the image the actually shows "the speed of light" in a visible form. But I'd happily defer if someone can think of a better example. -- ALoan (Talk) 11:30, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Limitation to the current theories?
Well, I do not have any proof or any references that support what I am going to say. It is just something at the back of my mind that refuses to accept speed of light is the maximum speed attainable. All the formulas, explanations and examples of the formulas that I have come across always came back to point out that nothing could travel faster than speed of light: either the mass becomes infinity or something went into an imaginary number (square-root of negative one). For some reason, nothing I have read could explain to me what is the meaning of imaginary number with respect to physical manifestation (ps: imaginary number is not the number you imagine :D ). The only thing I know is that imaginary number is used in wave theory and in math when converting from one coordinates to another such as cartesian vs polar coordinates. Does it mean things that travel faster than light are all in wave or can be explained in wave theories?

Well, the good news is that after reading this article about the speed of light, some of what I believed has been affirmed --- speed of light is just like speed of sound: it is constant in a given medium. Light in each medium has its own speed. I have argued about this with my roommates for many weeks sometime in the early 1980s till we agreed to disagree. We were college students then. My roommates had GPA close to 4.0 while mine was closer to 2.8. They quoted a few theories that stated speed of light was absolute and constant regardless of medium. I was not convinced.

However, there is still one more unresolved issue. I believe, just like speed of sound, there are things out there that can travel faster than speed of light and capable of carrying meaningful information. From what I have read, this is contrary to the currently accepted view of things.

Here is my basic reasoning: speed of light is the maximum speed that we, as a human being, can perceive. Every single one of our observations were based on light --- we use our eyes to see every single one of our experiments, measurements and results. In addition, our brains are used to translating everything around us into the terms we understand --- both consciously and sub-consciously. These two combined, I believe, is the reason for the "distortions" that we perceive when an object approaches the speed of light.

Well, many of you will argue that our instrument are not affected and should show us the truth. Well, I have a few "arguments" to that. Some of the arguments is based on the fact that we "see" things from bounced light which, in itself, distort what we see. Here are the arguments:
 * 1) we build and interpret those instruments which means they may be subject to our limitations;
 * 2) those instruments use light (or something slower than light such as sound) to detect whatever they are designed to detect;
 * 3) I do not believe we have taken into consideration the effect of speed of light in our basic definitions and our instruments. For example: how does it affect our definition of "meter", "gram", etc. Also, how does it affect the count of the spin of electron of cesium which, in turn, is used by our most "accurate" clock (atomic clock) to define a "second";
 * 4) most of our instrument can only detect what we design them to detect based on the knowledge we have. Very rarely we come across an instrument that detects what it was not designed to detect and appreciated --- most of the instruments that detected something they are not designed to are thrown away as junk or considered to have malfunctioned.

Well, I hope someone can convince me that those scientists have removed/nullified/compensated the effect of light from their experiments. If so, I would like to know how they did it instead of saying that they just did. Personally, I hope I am right: Speed of light is just like speed of sound --- something we can safely exceed if we have the technology. If so, it will open up a lot of possibilities. I am, however, open to suggestions.

Food for thought: What makes you think you have not seen anything that moves faster than speed of light? Do you know how they look like? Do you think those unduplicated and unexplained "blips" or errors on an otherwise perfect experiments that "you can safely ignore" are really errors or ..... (For example, how do you detect a car travelling at 100 KPH with a pellet gun fired at 1 bullet per second perpendicular to the direction of the car's travel at a fixed point on the road? Will you take the bounce of a bullet versus a hundred that went through the air as the desired result or an error?)

Anyway, have fun everyone.

Regards, The Wondering Mind Sept. 7, 2005

Limitation of current theories?
Well, I do not have any proof or any references that support what I am going to say. It is just something at the back of my mind that refuses to accept speed of light is the maximum speed attainable. All the formulas, explanations and examples of the formulas that I have come across always came back to point out that nothing could travel faster than speed of light: either the mass becomes infinity or something went into an imaginary number (square-root of negative one). For some reason, nothing I have read could explain to me what is the meaning of imaginary number with respect to physical manifestation (ps: imaginary number is not the number you imagine :D ). The only thing I know is that imaginary number is used in wave theory and in math when converting from one coordinates to another such as cartesian vs polar coordinates. Does it mean things that travel faster than light are all in wave or can be explained in wave theories?

Well, the good news is that after reading this article about the speed of light, some of what I believed has been affirmed --- speed of light is just like speed of sound: it is constant in a given medium. Light in each medium has its own speed. I have argued about this with my roommates for many weeks sometime in the early 1980s till we agreed to disagree. We were college students then. My roommates had GPA close to 4.0 while mine was closer to 2.8. They quoted a few theories that stated speed of light was absolute and constant regardless of medium. I was not convinced.

However, there is still one more unresolved issue. I believe, just like speed of sound, there are things out there that can travel faster than speed of light and capable of carrying meaningful information. From what I have read, this is contrary to the currently accepted view of things.

Here is my basic reasoning: speed of light is the maximum speed that we, as a human being, can perceive. Every single one of our observations were based on light --- we use our eyes to see every single one of our experiments, measurements and results. In addition, our brains are used to translating everything around us into the terms we understand --- both consciously and sub-consciously. These two combined, I believe, is the reason for the "distortions" that we perceive when an object approaches the speed of light.

Well, many of you will argue that our instrument are not affected and should show us the truth. Well, I have a few "arguments" to that. Some of the arguments is based on the fact that we "see" things from bounced light which, in itself, distort what we see. Here are the arguments:
 * 1) we build and interpret those instruments which means they may be subject to our limitations;
 * 2) those instruments use light (or something slower than light such as sound) to detect whatever they are designed to detect;
 * 3) I do not believe we have taken into consideration the effect of speed of light in our basic definitions and our instruments. For example: how does it affect our definition of "meter", "gram", etc. Also, how does it affect the count of the spin of electron of cesium which, in turn, is used by our most "accurate" clock (atomic clock) to define a "second";
 * 4) most of our instrument can only detect what we design them to detect based on the knowledge we have. Very rarely we come across an instrument that detects what it was not designed to detect and appreciated --- most of the instruments that detected something they are not designed to are thrown away as junk or considered to have malfunctioned.

Well, I hope someone can convince me that those scientists have removed/nullified/compensated the effect of light from their experiments. If so, I would like to know how they did it instead of saying that they just did. Personally, I hope I am right: Speed of light is just like speed of sound --- something we can safely exceed if we have the technology. If so, it will open up a lot of possibilities. I am, however, open to suggestions.

Food for thought: What makes you think you have not seen anything that moves faster than speed of light? Do you know how they look like? Do you think those unduplicated and unexplained "blips" or errors on an otherwise perfect experiments that "you can safely ignore" are really errors or ..... (For example, how do you detect a car travelling at 100 KPH with a pellet gun fired at 1 bullet per second perpendicular to the direction of the car's travel at a fixed point on the road? Will you take the bounce of a bullet versus a hundred that went through the air as the desired result or an error?)

Anyway, have fun everyone.

Regards, The Wondering Mind Sept. 7, 2005

Sorry for the double submission
Sorry for the double submission. My web page gave me an error when I posted the first one. I did not see the article posted until after I posted the second one.

Regards, The Wondering Mind Sept. 7, 2005

Applied Light Physics
Relative speed of light is less important to the nature of light than the fact that the speed of light is the speed at which the matter that makes up a body has neglidgible ability to react with matter moving at a similar speed (including friction wich would lead to near exact translation), which suggests four things, that any body moving the speed of light is for all purposes light, that light travel would be posible if you could actually slow the speed of light, rather than just refract it in place, and through refraction you would be able to freeze all reaction over an indefinite time a body, the last important difference this would make is proof that actual speeds (speed relative to a stationary point) of greater than light are impossible for the sole reason that they are unable to react in any way that would create further prepulsion.

- Nicho I.

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:04, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Speed of light/Archive 1


text:
File:European constitution.jpg

Licensing
Text of the European Constitution, distributed to each French voter.

title: File:European constitution.jpg


text:
List of Christian movements

A Christian movement is a theological, political, or philosophical interpretation of Christianity that is not generally represented by a specific church, sect, or denomination.

Religious

 * The modern 24-7 Prayer Movement: a movement spanning denominations focusing on the pursuit of God as the focus of one's life. The International House of Prayer in Kansas City, MO is a visible example of this concept.
 * Anti-Judaism: The Quartodeciman controversy erupted in the 2nd century, and the anti-quartodeciman position became catholic doctrine at First Council of Nicea which forever severed Easter from Passover, both thematically and calendrically. Christians thereafter, including all major protestant churches, have felt justified in considering themselves as having replaced the Jews, believing that the new covenant has superseding and abrogating the original one.  C.f. Antinomianism, Supersessionism
 * British Israelism or "Anglo-Israelism": The Christian belief that many modern people of British and European heritage are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes or directly descended from the Tribe of Judah and thereby the heirs of the covenants with Abraham Isaac and Jacob.
 * Charismatic movement or "Neo-Pentecostalism": Pentecostal beliefs and practices spread to churches outside the Holiness tradition.
 * Catholic Charismatic Renewal
 * Charismatic Restorationism: Pentecostalism beliefs and practices together with restorationist elements that reject denominationalism. Closely related to Latter Rain Movement.
 * Christ the Only Way movement. A programme in the Philippines to promote evangelism.
 * Christian ecumenism: The promotion of unity or cooperation between distinct religious groups or denominations of the Christian religion.
 * Christian Family Movement: a U.S. movement of parish and small groups of families that meet to reinforce Christian values.
 * Christian fundamentalism: sought to assert a minimal set of traditional Christian beliefs against the influences of Modernist Christianity; became a movement of separation from the "mainline" Protestant churches.
 * Christian Identity: A label which is applied to a wide variety of loosely affiliated groups and churches with white supremacist beliefs.
 * Christian naturism: A movement which believes that God never intended that people should be ashamed of their bodies.
 * Christian Torah-submission: A movement of Christians whose adherents pursue a lifestyle that is both fully dedicated to Jesus Christ and obedient to God's commandments which are found in the Torah.
 * Christian Zionism (called "Christian Restorationism" until the mid-twentieth century): The belief that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land and the establishment of the State of Israel is in accordance with Biblical prophecy and a necessary precondition for the return of Jesus and his reign on Earth.
 * Confessing Movement: a neo-Evangelical movement within several mainline Protestant churches which seeks to return those churches to what its members see is greater theological orthodoxy.
 * Conservative Evangelicalism: a division of evangelicalism which is characterised by reformed theology.
 * Convergence Movement: a move among evangelical and charismatic churches in the United States which seeks to blend charismatic worship with liturgies from the Book of Common Prayer and other liturgical sources.
 * Creationism: There are several schools of creationist thought, but all of them adhere to the belief that human beings were divinely created over a short period of time (which distinguishes them from theistic evolutionists).
 * Eastern Catholicism: A movement on the part of some Eastern churches which seek to enter into visible communion with the Bishop of Rome that originated after the East–West Schism.
 * Ecumenical movement: A movement that is working towards inter-church cooperation and increased Church unity
 * Emerging church movement: a transdenominational movement that seeks to reshape Christian epistemology, doctrines, and practices so they will fit into a postmodern mold.
 * Evangelicalism: A world-wide Protestant movement which maintains the belief that the essence of the gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by faith in Christ's atonement.
 * Free Grace Movement: Originally a reaction against the inroads that Reformed soteriology made into Dispensationalism, it has since developed away from some dispensational soteriology, like its understanding of repentance.
 * Focolare Movement: an international organization that promotes the ideals of unity and universal brotherhood.
 * Grace Movement: A movement which originated in the 1930s and embraces the Mid-Acts position Dispensational system of Bible interpretation.
 * Hebrew Roots movement: Emphasizes the Jewish roots of Christianity and the understanding of Jesus and the New Testament in the light of Old Testament observances and Jewish tradition.
 * Home church movement - A movement which is working on church growth via house churches
 * Holiness movement: A Wesleyan movement which originated in the 19th century, it emphasized a personal experience of holiness, and gave rise to Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement.
 * Hussitism: The dominant faith in what is now the Czech Republic, 1420-1620.
 * The House Church or Simple Church movement is a worldwide shift of Christian expression in small groups rather than in formal institutionalized buildings.
 * Jesus movement - The Jesus movement was an Evangelical Christian movement that originated on the West Coast of the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s and primarily spread throughout North America, Europe, and Central America before it subsided in the late 1980s. Members of the movement were called Jesus people or Jesus freaks.
 * Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement: officially, a British movement which seeks to create a more inclusive church; unofficially, part of a larger number of LGBT-welcoming church programs.
 * Liberal Christianity (Protestant) or Modernism (Catholicism): school of Christian thought which rose as a direct challenge to more conservative traditional Christian orthodoxy.
 * Mission movement - A movement working on church growth via cross-cultural missions and evangelism
 * Missional Movement: A modern movement of Christianity that seeks to emphasize the call of the church towards a mission type of lifestyle focused on themes like social justice and inculturation.
 * Neo-orthodoxy: emphasis on the transcendence of God, the reality of sin, and an existentialist encounter with the word of God.
 * New Thought Movement: belief in metaphysical interpretation of the Bible. Phineas Quimby is generally considered the founder of New Thought. His influence on the New Thought movement can be traced through Unity Church, Divine Science, Religious Science, Understanding Principles for Better Living Church and Seicho-No-Ie.
 * Oxford Movement: A nineteenth century movement to more closely align Anglicanism with its Roman Catholic heritage; part of Anglo-Catholicism, a movement that continues into the 21st century.
 * Paleo-Orthodoxy: evaluating later theology in light of the writings of the early Church.
 * Peace and Truce of God: the first mass peace movement in history, originating in the 10th century as a result of violence against Christian institutions that took place after the fall of the Carolingian dynasty
 * Pentecostalism: the gifts of the Holy Spirit are a normal part of the "Full Gospel".
 * Prosperity Theology: (sometimes referred to as the prosperity gospel, the health and wealth gospel, or the gospel of success) is a Christian religious doctrine that financial blessing is the will of God for Christians, and that faith, positive speech, and donations to Christian ministries will always increase one's material wealth.
 * Positive Christianity: a movement within Nazi Germany which blended ideas of racial purity and Nazi ideology with elements of Christianity.
 * Postmodern Christianity: an understanding of Christianity that has been influenced by continental philosophy.
 * Reform Movements
 * Protestantism - Protestantism originated from certain efforts to reform the Roman Catholic Church.
 * Religious orders - Many religious orders in the Catholic Church began as reform movements.
 * Restoration Movement, also known as the "Stone-Campbell movement": a group of religious reform movements that arose during the Second Great Awakening and sought to renew the whole Christian church "after the New Testament pattern", in contrast to divided Christendom, of Catholicism and Protestantism.
 * Restorationism (Christian primitivism): the belief that a purer form of Christianity should be restored using the early church as a model.
 * Revival movement - A movement aimed at promoting a work of the Holy Spirit in the conversion of large groups to become disciples of Jesus Christ.

Political

 * Christian anarchism: the rejection of all authority and power other than God, it sometimes even included the rejection of the organized church. Christian anarchists believe that Jesus of Nazareth was an anarchist and that his movement was reversed by strong Judaist and Roman statist influences.
 * Christian communism: is a form of religious communism which is based on the teachings of Jesus and the way of life of the Apostles and the first Christians.
 * Christian Democracy: is a political ideology, born at the end of the 19th century, largely as a result of the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum of Pope Leo XIII, in which the Vatican recognizes workers' misery and agrees that something should be done about it, in reaction to the rise of the socialist and trade-union movements. The Christian Democrats came out of this movement.
 * Distributism: a sub-movement seeking the dispersal of both economic and political power, originated and/or popularized by GK Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.
 * Christian left: those who hold a strong Christian belief and share left-wing or liberal ideals.
 * Christian libertarianism: those who are committed to non-aggression and property rights, strongly opposed to State coercion and (military, social, and economic) interventionism as unjustifiable on Christian ethical grounds, advocate the promotion of virtue by persuasion only and either minimal government or no government (see Christian anarchism).
 * Christian right: encompasses a spectrum of conservative Christian political and social movements and organizations characterized by their strong support of social values they deem traditional in the United States and other western countries.
 * Christian socialism: those on the Christian left whose politics are both Christian and socialist, broadly including Liberation theology and the doctrine of the social gospel.
 * Dominionism: a movement among socially conservative Christians to gain influence or control over secular civil government through political action — seeking either a nation governed by Christians or a nation governed by a Christian understanding of biblical law.
 * Evangelical left: part of the Christian evangelical movement but who generally function on the left wing of that movement, either politically or theologically, or both.
 * Green Christianity: Christian-based opposition to climate change and other environmental problems
 * Liberation theology: an important and controversial movement in the theology and praxis of the Roman Catholic Church after the Second Vatican Council. It had broad influence in Latin America and explores the relationship between Christian theology and political activism, particularly in areas of social justice, poverty, and human rights. It gave priority to the economically poor and oppressed of the human community. See also Black theology, Dalit theology, Feminist theology, Minjung theology & Queer theology.
 * Progressive Christianity: focuses on the biblical injunctions that God's people live correctly, that they promote social justice and act to fight poverty, racism, and other forms of injustice.
 * Rexism A Belgian fascist movement derived from the Roman Catholic social teachings concerning Christus Rex, and it was also the title of a conservative Catholic journal
 * Social Gospel movement: a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applies Christian principles to social problems, especially poverty, liquor, drugs, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, poor schools, and the danger of war. The Social Gospel leaders overwhelmingly held a postmillennial eschatology.

Philosophical

 * Augustinianism
 * Christian asceticism: a life which is characterised by refraining from worldly pleasures and luxuries, such as wealth, private possessions, and alcohol.
 * Christian atheism: position in which the belief in the God of Christianity is rejected, but the moral teachings of Jesus are valued.
 * Christian deism: Deist philosophy which places emphasis on the moral teachings of Jesus.
 * Christian existentialism: a school of thought founded by the 19th-century Danish philosopher and father of existentialism, Søren Kierkegaard, which emphasizes subjectivity and deep reflection on purpose, the apparent absurdity of life and the cosmos, the inevitable despair of an awakened existence, and finding the authenticity of self by faith in God.
 * Christian vegetarianism: the dietary practice of vegetarianism or veganism based on the idea that Jesus, the twelve apostles and the early Jewish followers of Jesus (the Nazarenes) were vegetarians.
 * Christian pacifism: Christian churches, groups or communities teaching that Jesus was himself a pacifist who taught and practiced total nonviolence and that his followers must do likewise.
 * Molinism
 * Muscular Christianity
 * Neoplatonism Christian appeared in the 3rd century and influenced Christian philosophy and theology
 * Occamism
 * Postmodern Christianity: an understanding of Christianity that has been influenced by the postmodern trend in 20th-century continental philosophy, associated with literary deconstruction, postliberal or narrative theology, and the Emerging church movement.
 * Scotism
 * Thomism
 * Weak theology: a form of postmodern Christianity that emphasizes the idea of the weakness of God.
 * Quiverfull: considers childbearing in marriage a Christian duty, emphasizes the continual role of Providence in controlling whether or not a woman conceives, and eschews all forms of human-mediated contraception. Generally involves the complete submission of the wife to the husband; women generally don't work and children are homeschooled.
 * Wedding of the Weddings in Poland: considers the wedding celebration as deeply religious acting that should not be distorted by alcohol consumption ("Jesus should enter the wedding house and not be driven away by alcohol")

title: List of Christian movements


text:
Heavy (Iron Butterfly album)

Heavy is the debut studio album by the rock band Iron Butterfly, released on January 22, 1968.

The first two tracks, "Unconscious Power" and "Possession", were released as the respective sides of a single.

Three of the group's members (Darryl DeLoach, Jerry Penrod, and Danny Weis) left the band shortly after the album was recorded, leaving drummer Ron Bushy and organist Doug Ingle to find replacements. Despite being a debut album with no hit single to provide an entry point for the casual listener, Heavy was a commercial success, reaching number 78 on the Billboard Charts and eventually going Gold in the US.

Cover art
The album's artwork depicts the band members playing their instruments beside a large monument of a human ear. It was designed by Armando Busich (artwork) and Joe Ravetz (photography).

Background
Iron Butterfly had amassed a considerable body of material by the time Heavy was recorded, much of which was held over for later albums. In addition to the ten songs on Heavy, songs from this era include "In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida" (later recorded for the album of the same name), "Lonely Boy", "Real Fright", "Filled with Fear" (all later recorded for Ball), "Evil Temptation" (an instrumental version of which was later used as the B-side to "Possession"), "It's All Up to You", and "Gloomy Day to Remember".

Reception
Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated Heavy three-and-a-half out of five stars. He stated that "most of the album was not particularly well written" but that "the band's overwhelmingly loud sonic attack occasionally made up for the weakness in the material."

Iron Butterfly

 * Ron Bushy – drums
 * Darryl DeLoach – tambourine, vocals
 * Doug Ingle – organ, vocals
 * Jerry Penrod – bass, vocals
 * Danny Weis – guitar

Technical

 * Brian Stone – producer
 * Charles Greene – producer
 * Armando Busich – artwork
 * Joe Ravetz – photography

Singles

 * US singles
 * "Don't Look Down on Me" (non-album track) b/w "Possession" (Early Version)
 * "Unconscious Power" b/w "Possession"
 * "Iron Butterfly Theme", "Possession" b/w "Get Out of My Life, Woman", "Unconscious Power" (Radio EP)

 * International singles
 * "Iron Butterfly Theme" b/w "So-Lo"

title: Heavy (Iron Butterfly album)


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Ward Elcock

Ward P.D. Elcock (born August 1947) is a Canadian civil servant who served as the Director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service from 1994 until May 2004. He remains the only Director to have ever served out his entire tenure. He served as the Deputy Minister of National Defence from August 5, 2004 to October 1, 2007.

He was born in 1947 in Victoria, British Columbia to Commodore F. Dudley Elcock and Mary Grace Pitfield and is the oldest of four children (Hew, Julia and Mark (deceased)). He is the grandson of deceased Canadian financier Ward C. Pitfield and Grace Pitfield (née MacDougall). He is the nephew of former Clerk of the Privy Council of Canada, the retired Senator late Michael Pitfield, and retired financier Ward C. Pitfield, Jr.

A Bachelor's graduate in Political Science from Carleton University, Elcock received his LL.B. from Osgoode Hall Law School.

Elcock served as the Security & Intelligence Deputy Clerk of the Privy Council Office for five years, and as Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet (Legislation and House Planning/Counsel) for six years, prior to his rise to CSIS and National Defence. In 2007, Elcock was named Senior Advisor to the Privy Council Office "pending his next assignment".

In 2010, he was the chief of the Integrated Security Units organized for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the 36th G8 summit in Huntsville, and the 4th G-20 summit in Toronto. Between 2010 and 2016 he was Special Advisor on Human Smuggling and Illegal Migration in the Privy Council Office.

Elcock lives in Ottawa and is married with two children.

title: Ward Elcock


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Beech-Nut

Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation was a baby food company owned by the Swiss branded consumer-goods firm Hero Group.

History
Beech-Nut's roots go back to 1891, to the Mohawk Valley town of Canajoharie, New York. Raymond P. Lipe, along with his friend John D. Zieley and their brothers, Walter H. Lipe and David Zieley, and Bartlett Arkell, founded The Imperial Packing Co. for the production of Beech-Nut ham. The product was based on the smoked hams of the Lipes' father, farmer Ephraim Lipe. The company's principal products were ham and bacon for the first seven years. The Zieleys sold their shares to the Lipe brothers in 1892.

The company was incorporated as the Beech-Nut Packing Company in 1899. Arkell was the first president of the company. In 1900, the company's sales were $200,000. Engineers from Beech-Nut patented the first vacuum jar, with a design that included a gasket and top that could remain intact in transit and became a standard of the industry.

During the first 25 years of the 20th century, the company expanded its product line into peanut butter, jam, pork and beans, ketchup, chili sauce, mustard, spaghetti, macaroni, marmalade, caramel, fruit drops, mints, chewing gum, and coffee.

Timeline

 * 1891: Founded as the Imperial Packing Company.
 * 1910: Beech-Nut Chewing Gum line launched by director Frank Barbour
 * 1927: Loses a trademark infringement case at the Supreme Court against Lorillard Tobacco Company concerning their Beechnut chewing-tobacco brand.
 * 1956: Life Savers Limited merged with Beech-Nut.
 * 1968: Beech-Nut Life Savers merged with Squibb (part of the Olin Corporation) to form the Squibb Beech-Nut Corporation.
 * 1973: Part of the company that sold only baby food was sold to a group led by lawyer Frank C. Nicholas.
 * 1976: Beech Nut becomes the first baby food company to remove added salt, in addition to added refined sugar, beginning the "natural" baby food movement.
 * 1979: Nicholas sold the baby food company to Nestlé.
 * 1981: Nabisco acquired Life Savers (which includes the Beech-Nut candy line) from the E.R. Squibb Corporation.
 * 1985: Beech-Nut began testing its products' ingredients for environmental contaminants, such as heavy metals and pesticides.
 * 1987: Beech-Nut Nutrition Corporation paid US$2.2 million, then the largest fine issued, for violating the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act by selling artificially flavored sugar water as apple juice. John F. Lavery, the company's vice president for operations was convicted in criminal court and sentenced to a year and a day in jail; Niels L. Hoyvald, the president of the company, also convicted, served six months of community service. Each of them also paid a $100,000 fine.
 * 1989: Ralston Purina acquired Beech-Nut from Nestlé.
 * 1998: Milnot Holding Corporation, one of the portfolio of companies owned by the private equity investment firm Madison Dearborn Partners, acquired Beech-Nut from Ralcorp Holdings (a spin-off of Ralston Purina). A potential merger with H.J. Heinz Co. was successfully challenged by the Federal Trade Commission and never consummated.
 * 2002: Beech-Nut becomes the first baby food manufacturer to produce a line of baby food with DHA and ARA, two essential fatty acids found naturally in breast milk.
 * 2005: Madison Dearborn sold Milnot, and Beech-Nut along with it, to the Swiss branded consumer-goods firm Hero Group.
 * 2007: Beech-Nut announced its intentions to move all of its manufacturing and corporate operations to the town of Florida, New York, a town close to Amsterdam, NY.
 * 2012: Jeff Boutelle named CEO of Beech-Nut
 * 2015: Beech-Nut recalls baby food after a small glass piece was found in a jar.

title: Beech-Nut


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DJ Abilities

Gregory Joseph Keltgen, better known by his stage name DJ Abilities, is an American underground hip hop producer and DJ signed to Rhymesayers Entertainment who is based in Minneapolis. He is a founding member of Eyedea & Abilities alongside Eyedea, and Semi.Official alongside I Self Devine. DJ Abilities is a member of 1200 Hobos and was also a member of Atmosphere at one point. He has won two regional DJ championships for the Midwest region.

Career
DJ Abilities released First Born, a debut album with the rapper Eyedea as Eyedea & Abilities, in 2001. He handled the turntable work on El-P's 2002 solo debut album Fantastic Damage. Two more collaborative albums with Eyedea, E&A (2004) and By the Throat (2009), were both released on Rhymesayers Entertainment.

Eyedea & Abilities has been honored with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh.

DJ Abilities won the Midwest regionals in the 1999 and 2001 DMC World DJ Championships. City Pages noted that he and Eyedea for their ability to interact in live on stage performances, as well as on record.

DJ mixes

 * Finally (1997, Rhymesayers Entertainment)
 * ...For Persons with DJ Abilities (2000, Rhymesayers Entertainment)
 * Now! That's What I Call Fuck Off (2012, self-released)
 * The Blends (2014, self-released)

Productions

 * Deep Puddle Dynamics - "Deep Puddle Theme Song", "Thought vs. Action" and "Where the Wild Things Are" from The Taste of Rain... Why Kneel? (1999) All E&A albums.

Guest appearances

 * Rusty Ps - "All I Have" from Out of Many (2001)
 * Unknown Prophets - "The Wrong Route" from World Premier (2001)
 * El-P - Fantastic Damage (2002)
 * Mr. Lif - "Return of the B-Boy" from I Phantom (2002)
 * One Be Lo - L.A.B.O.R. (2011)
 * Killer Mike - "Go!" from R.A.P. Music (2012)
 * Seez Mics - "Post Pathic Profiteers" from Cruel Fuel (2014)
 * One Be Lo - Baby (Being a black youth) (2020)

title: DJ Abilities


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Democratic League of Bosniaks

The Democratic League of Bosniaks (Demokratski Savez Bošnjaka, Демократска лига на Бошњаците, Demokratska Liga na Bošnjacite) is a political party in North Macedonia, representative of the ethnic Bosniaks living in North Macedonia.

At the legislative elections on 15 September 2002, the party won 1 out of 120 seats as part of the Together for Macedonia alliance, led by the Social Democratic Union of Macedonia and the Liberal Democratic Party. Uncontended with the positions at the PR lists of Together for Macedonia alliance for the 2006 parliamentary election, the DLB has left this coalition and entered the coalition between ethnic Albanian parties Democratic Union for Integration and Party for Democratic Prosperity.

title: Democratic League of Bosniaks


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John Kilian

John Kilian also Johann Kilian, Jan Kilian, (March 22, 1811 – September 12, 1884) was a Lutheran pastor and leader of the colony known as the Wends of Texas.

Background

John Kilian was born in Doehlen, in the Kingdom of Saxony. After school in Rachlau and Bautzen, he studied theology at the University of Leipzig. He was a pastor in Hochkirch (his home parish) from 1834 to 1837. Because of the death of his uncle he became a pastor in Kotitz. In 1848, he became a pastor in Weigersdorf, Prussia. He rejected "growing rationalism" among the clergy, calling for a return to Scripture as authoritative, translating a number of German items into Sorbian.

Texas Colony
It was during the year 1854 that about 558 Wendish Lutherans from Kilian's congregations in Prussia and also from Saxony called him to lead them to Texas. Many people in Kilian's congregation were dissatisfied with the philosophy of rationalism spreading through Europe. Some viewed rationalism as an attempt to replace religion with science. With growing religious discontent, economic hardship and Kilian's desire to be a missionary in a foreign country, Kilian brought his followers to Galveston and eventually settled about 55 miles east of Austin in Lee County.

On March 25, 1854, a new Lutheran congregation was organized at Dauban, to become the cornerstone of a large Wendish emigration. Rev. Kilian was called as Pastor. This move resulted in the establishment of Low Pin Oak Settlement later renamed Serbin. One of the first acts accomplished by Rev. Kilian was to apply for membership in the fledgling Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. St. Paul's Lutheran Church in Serbin became the first of many Missouri Synod churches in Texas, and it had the only Wendish language speaking school in America.

Kilian wrote a number of hymns that have survived. He also wrote poetry and poetic speeches that are preserved

Concordia University Texas
The legacy of John Kilian is apparent at the campus of the Concordia University Texas which features Kilian Road and an over-150-year-old bell at the entrance of Building A which Kilian and his followers brought on their journey to Texas. At its old campus, the university's first building was named Kilian Hall.

Selected works

 * Baptismal Records Of St. Paul Lutheran Church, Serbin, Texas 1854-1883

Other sources

 * Blasig, Anne. The Wends of Texas (The Naylor Company. San Antonio, Texas. 1957)
 * Cravens, Craig and David Zersen, editors. Transcontinental Encounters: Central Europe Meets the American Heartland (Austin, TX: Concordia University Press, 2005)
 * Grider, Sylvia. The Wendish Texans (The University of Texas Institute of Texan Cultures. San Antonio, Texas. 1982)
 * Malinkowa, Trudla. Shores of Hope: Wends Go Overseas (Austin: Concordia University Press, 2009)
 * Nielsen, George. In Search of Home, Nineteenth-Century Wendish Immigration (College Station: Texas A & M University Press.1989)
 * Malinkowa, Trudla, ed. 2014. Jan Kilian (1811–1884). Pastor, Poet, Emigrant. Sammelband der internationalen Konferenz zum 200. Geburtstag des lutherischen Geistlichen, Bautzen, 23.–24. September 2011. Papers of the International Conference on the Occasion of the 200th Birthday of the Lutheran Minister, Bautzen, 23–24 September 2011. [each chapter in both German & English] Bautzen: Domowina Verlag.
 * Wukasch, Charles. A Rock Against Alien Waves: A History of the Wends Second Edition (Austin: Concordia University Press, 2008)
 * Zersen, David. An Exciting Find in a Wendish Vault in Texas. Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly. Fall 2012.
 * Zersen, David, ed. The Poetry and Music of Jan Kilian (Austin: Concordia University Press, 2011)
 * Zersen, David, "An Isolated Texas Lutheran Scholar Living in Hope." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly. Summer 2018.

title: John Kilian


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Highland Park High School

Several high schools are known as Highland Park High School including:

 * Highland Park Continuation in Los Angeles
 * Highland Park High School (Highland Park, Illinois) in Highland Park, Illinois
 * Highland Park High School (Topeka, Kansas) in Topeka, Kansas
 * Highland Park High School (Minnesota) in Saint Paul, Minnesota
 * Highland Park Community High School (Highland Park, Michigan) in Highland Park, Michigan
 * Highland Park High School (New Jersey) in Highland Park, New Jersey
 * Highland Park Independent School District (Potter County, Texas) in Amarillo, Texas
 * Highland Park High School (University Park, Texas) in University Park, Texas

title: Highland Park High School


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Talk:Highland Park High School

Remove redirect
The redirect that had been here when the disambigution page was created. Talk for Highland Park High School in Highland Park, Illinois can be accessed at Talk:Highland Park High School (Highland Park, Illinois). Alansohn 21:15, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Highland Park High School


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Egregore

An egregore (also spelled egregor;, ) is a concept in Western esotericism of a non-physical entity or thoughtform that arises from the collective thoughts and emotions of a distinct group of individuals.

Overview
In magical and other occult traditions, it is typically seen as having an independent existence, but in other kinds of esotericism, it is merely the collective mind of a religious community, either esoteric or exoteric. In the latter sense, as a collective mind, the term collective entity, preferred by René Guénon, is synonymous with egregore. See the usage overview below.

In the apocryphal Book of Enoch, the term had referred to angelic beings known as watchers, and it was also used by associated (Enochian) traditions to refer to the specific rituals and practices associated with these entities. Some other literary and religious works, such as The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, have also made references to these angelic beings.

As independent angelic being
Egregores had been quite independent entities in the Book of Enoch, and there was then no notion of them arising from a collective. In literature, especially older literature, "egregores" have often been straightforward references to these Enochian entities. This was the case in Jan Potocki's novel The Manuscript Found in Saragossa, which referred to egregores as "the most illustrious of fallen angels." The French author Victor Hugo, in La Légende des siècles (1859) ("The Legend of the Ages"), also uses the word égrégore, first as an adjective, then as a noun, while leaving the meaning obscure.

As spiritual elite
The Traditionalist School philosopher Julius Evola, in his Revolt Against the Modern World, referred to an elite of spiritually aware people, who keep Tradition alive, as "those who are awake, whom in Greek are called the εγρῄγοροι", apparently alluding to the Watchers, and the most literal sense of their name, which is "wakeful" or "awake".

As group mind
In esotericism, the term "egregore" has been used to denote a "group mind" or "collective consciousness" of a religious community. As René Guénon said, "the collective, in its psychic as well as its corporeal aspects, is nothing but a simple extension of the individual, and thus has absolutely nothing transcendent with respect to it, as opposed to spiritual influences, which are of a wholly different order". This usage was followed by Gnosis magazine and by Olavo de Carvalho, and, according to Guénon, began with Éliphas Lévi. See the section on the history of this usage.

As independent magical being arising from collective mind

Some authors seem to have merged the esoteric concept with the Enochian concept to arrive at an idea of "spiritual entities" that "feed off the thoughts and energy of a unified multitude", as the website Occultist.net described it, while nevertheless having more of a life of their own – their more specific features and powers will depend on the particular author. Kate Strong, writing for the newsletter "Know Thyself, Heal Thyself", described egregores as "symbols, ideas, or ideals that exist in the collective psyche of a group of people and are thought to have an autonomous existence". This usage seems to have come largely from the Meditations on the Tarot, as may be seen in the next section. The concept of a tulpa is similar, as Gary Lachman and Mark Stavish noted.

In Meditations on the Tarot
The Meditations on the Tarot described the Antichrist as "an egregore, an artificial being who owes his existence to collective generation from below". Elsewhere, the book described egregores as "demons engendered by the collective will and imagination of nations". The book cites, but does not completely agree with, the usage of Robert Ambelain in his work La Kabbale pratique. Ambelain had defined the egregore as "a force generated by a powerful spiritual current and then nourished at regular intervals, according to a rhythm in harmony with the universal life of the cosmos, or to a union of entities united by a common characteristic nature". The author of the Meditations on the Tarot described this passage from Ambelain as "a definition which leaves nothing more to be desired", but disagreed with Ambelain's description of Catholicism, Freemasonry, and Protestantism as egregores.

In the work of Gary Lachman
Gary Lachman followed the usage of the Meditations on the Tarot in his book Dark Star Rising, which went on to suggest that Pepe the Frog may be an egregore in this sense – or a tulpa, which Lachman saw as a similar phenomenon. In the usage of Lachman and of the Meditations on the Tarot, "there are no 'good' egregores, only 'negative' ones". Lachman cited Joscelyn Godwin's The Golden Thread – which had itself cited the Meditations on the Tarot – as a source for the idea that, while a religious (or other) group who creates an egregore can "rely" on it as "an efficacious magical ally", "the egregore's help comes at a price", since, as Godwin had put it, its creators must thenceforth meet the egregore's "unlimited appetite for their future devotion."

In the works of Peter Carroll
Liber Null & Psychonaut, by the British chaos magician Peter J. Carroll, uses the word egregore for the first time at the end of the following passage:"Religion takes the view that consciousness preceded organic life. Supposedly there were gods, angelic forces, titans, and demons setting the scene before material life developed. Science takes the opposite view and considers that much organic evolution occurred before the phenomenon of consciousness appeared. Magic, which has given more attention to the quality of consciousness itself, takes an alternative view and concludes that organic and psychic forms evolve synchronously. As organic development occurs, a psychic field is generated which feeds back into the organic forms. Thus each species of living being has its own type of psychic form or magical essence. These egregores may occasionally be felt as a presence or even glimpsed in the form of the species they watch over."The book goes on to say that "those who have perceived the human egregore usually describe it as God", and that "magicians consider that all life on this world contributes to, and depends on, a vast composite egregore which has variously been known as the Great Mother, the Anima Mundi, the Great Archon, the Devil, Pan, and Baphomet."

In the work of Frater Tenebris
Following this usage, though giving no citations, the glossary in the 2022 book The Philosophy of Dark Paganism, by Frater Tenebris, defines an "egregore" as "an occult term for an independently functioning spiritual entity created by one or more magick practitioners. Many egregores begin as thought-forms but then become capable of operating independently of the practitioners." It defines "thought-form" as "an esoteric entity created by magick", and "magick" as "a spiritual practice and process to influence the probability of events."

The book itself mentions egregores in the context of "archetypism", a view that understands "the different gods and goddesses" as "either psychological structures, similar to Carl Jung's archetypes, or different currents of arcane energy found in the Cosmos that are anthropomorphized." Noting that "some archetypists consider the gods to be thought-forms created from worship and prayer by generations of believers", it says that "over time these thought-forms may become egregores that exhibit some autonomy apart from their worshipers", and that "one might imagine these gods along the line of Neil Gaiman's deities in the novel American Gods."

In Theosophy
Mauricio Medeiros, writing for the theosophist website Estudo Teosófico, defined an egregore as "an astral, mental, or spiritual construct sustained by several people over a long period of time, giving it a character of permanence that does not depend on any particular individual". While saying that egregores have no "life of their own", Medeiros nevertheless emphasized their independence, noting that egregores "can be associated with physical locations", so that "when we enter an environment and feel uncomfortable, what we are often experiencing is the clash between the energies expressed by the egregores of the place and our own energies."

In other esotericism
The Book of Enoch, 1:5, refers to "ἐγρήγοροι", which is usually translated as "watchers". As René Guénon says, these are "entities of a rather enigmatic character that, whatever they may be, seem to belong to the 'intermediary world'; this is all that they have in common with the collective entities to which the same name has been applied" in esoteric literature.

In the work of René Guénon
While Guénon notes that he had "never used the word 'egregore' to designate" what he preferred instead to call a "collective entity", he notes that he had described these same entities in his Perspectives on Initiation, in the following passage:"Each collectivity can thus be regarded as possessing a subtle force made up in a way of the contributions of all its members past and present, and which is consequently all the more considerable and able to produce greater effects as the collectivity is older and is composed of a greater number of members. It is evident, moreover, that this 'quantitative' consideration essentially indicates that it is a question of the individual domain, beyond which this force could not in any way intervene."Guénon believed that prayer is not directly addressed to spiritual entities such as gods or angels, but rather, "consciously or not, addresses itself most immediately to the collective entity, and it is only by the intermediary of this latter that it also addresses the spiritual influence that works through it". Olavo de Carvalho believed that, according to Guénon's view, the prayers of persons who are not members of a community are ineffectual.

Origin and development of the concept in esotericism
According to Guénon, the term was first used to designate these collective entities by Éliphas Lévi, "who, to justify this meaning, gave it an improbable Latin etymology, deriving it from grex, 'flock,' whereas the word is purely Greek and has never signified anything but 'watcher. According to Mark Stavish's description in his 2018 book Egregores, however, Lévi's Le Grand Arcane ("The Great Secret", 1868) "clearly identifies the word egregore with the Kabbalistic lore of those beings who were said to be the fathers of the Nephilim", i.e., the Watchers. Lévi described them as "terrible beings" that "crush us without pity because they are unaware of our existence."

Following the usage of "egregore" as a "collective entity", a 1987 article by Gaetan Delaforge in Gnosis magazine defines an egregore as "a kind of group mind which is created when people consciously come together for a common purpose".

Olavo de Carvalho's 2017 course on esotericism presented a division of types of rites: rites are divided into magic rites and religious rites, and religious rites are further divided into propitiatory, sacrificial, aggregation, and initiation rites. Aggregation rites are rites which are directed to the egregore of a community, and make someone a member of it. Olavo cited René Guénon's view that prayer is directed primarily to the egregore, without noting that Guénon himself did not use the term.

title: Egregore


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St. Cloud Rox (collegiate summer baseball)

The St. Cloud Rox are a baseball team that play in the Northwoods League, a collegiate summer baseball league. Their home games are played at the Joe Faber Field in St. Cloud, Minnesota.

Beginnings in Dubuque
The franchise was one of the five founding members of the league in 1994 and was located in Dubuque, Iowa. The team was nicknamed the Mud Puppies.

Return of baseball to St. Cloud
St. Cloud, Minnesota has hosted baseball for decades at a variety of play levels. Baseball returned to the city in 1997 in the Northwoods League with the relocation of the Mud Puppies. With the move came a new name for the team, the St. Cloud River Bats. The River Bats were a premier team in the Northwoods League, winning 3 league championships, one North Division overall championship, and 3 First Half North Division pennants.

Return of the Rox
In February 2012, the Northwoods League sold the team rights to a local interest group while reserving the rights to the name and logo. The St. Cloud franchise played the 2012 season as the St. Cloud Rox, hearkening back to a popular minor league team that played in the city until 1971.

Radio broadcasts
Rox games can be heard on 1390 Granite City Sports. Alexander Fern, a student at St. Cloud State University, and Broadcaster for St. Cloud State Huskies men's ice hockey, is the radio play-by-play voice of Rox Baseball.

Notable alumni

 * Austin Barnes, Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Chris Başak, New York Yankees
 * Buddy Baumann, San Diego Padres
 * Mark Canha, Oakland Athletics
 * Charlie Condon, Georgia Bulldogs
 * Chris Demaria, Kansas City Royals, Milwaukee Brewers
 * Thomas Diamond, 10th overall pick of the 2004 MLB Draft, Texas Rangers, Chicago Cubs
 * Steve Edlefsen, San Francisco Giants
 * John Gaub, Chicago Cubs
 * Tom Gorzelanny, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Washington Nationals, Milwaukee Brewers, Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians
 * Justin Huisman, Kansas City Royals
 * Chris Jakubauskas, Seattle Mariners, Pittsburgh Pirates, Baltimore Orioles
 * Jason Jaramillo, Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Sean Kazmar, San Diego Padres
 * Roger Kieschnick, San Francisco Giants, Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Casey McGehee, Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Brewers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Miami Marlins, San Francisco Giants, Detroit Tigers
 * Robb Quinlan, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
 * Tony Renda, Cincinnati Reds
 * Matt Reynolds, New York Mets
 * Konrad Schmidt, Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Jake Smith, San Diego Padres
 * Dan Straily, Oakland Athletics, Chicago Cubs, Houston Astros, Cincinnati Reds, Miami Marlins
 * Robbie Weinhardt, Detroit Tigers