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Health Center Consolidation Act

The Health Center Consolidation Act of 1996 in the United States is commonly also called Section 330. The Act brings together various funding mechanisms for the country's community health facilities, such as migrant/seasonal farmworker health centers, healthcare for the homeless, health centers and health centers for residents of public housing. Previously, each of these organizations were provided grants under numerous other mechanisms.

The S. 1044 legislation was passed by the 104th U.S. Congressional session and enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on October 11, 1996.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Health Center Consolidation Act


text: User talk:69.141.161.82

title: User talk:69.141.161.82


text:
Sumela Monastery

Sumela Monastery (Μονή Παναγίας Σουμελά, Moní Panagías Soumelá; Sümela Manastırı) is a Greek Orthodox monastery dedicated to Mary located at Karadağ (Sou Melá) within the Pontic Mountains, in the Maçka district of Trabzon Province in modern Turkey.

Nestled in a steep cliff at an altitude of about 1200 m facing the Altındere valley, it is a site of great historical and cultural significance, as well as a major tourist attraction within Altındere National Park. Due to an increase in rock falls, on 22 September 2015 the monastery was closed to the public for safety reasons for the duration of one year to resolve the problem; this was later extended to three years. It reopened to tourists 25 May 2019. The monastery is one of the most important historic and touristic venues in Trabzon.

Etymology
Soumela comes from the Greek 'Sou Melá', meaning "of black (mountain)" (as in the dark/black mountain).

History
It is not known when the monastery was founded, but the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism places the date around AD 386, during the reign of the emperor Theodosius I (375–395 AD). According to William Miller, two Athenian monks named Barnabas and Sophronios founded the monastery. It became famous for an icon of the Theotokos known as the Panagia Gorgoepekoos, said to have been painted by the Apostle Luke.

During its long history, the monastery fell into ruin several times and was restored by various emperors. During the 6th century AD, it was restored and enlarged by the Byzantine general Belisarius at the behest of emperor Justinian.

It reached its present form in the 13th century after gaining prominence during the existence of the Empire of Trebizond. While the emperors Basil and John II had endowed the monastery richly, it was during the reign of Alexios III (1349–1390) that Sumela received its most important largess: according to legend, the young Alexios was saved from a storm by the Theotokos, and was bidden by her to restore the monastery. A chrysobull dated to 1365 confirms the freedom and autonomy of the monastery, together with all of its hereditary lands and dependents; exempts them from all taxes, except for one biannual tax; and restores to it the serfs whom the tax-collectors of Matzouka had illegally taken from it, listing 40 of the serfs by name. At that time, the monastery was granted an amount annually from imperial funds. During the time of Manuel III, son of Alexios III, and during the reigns of subsequent princes, Sumela gained further wealth from imperial grants.

Following the conquest by the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II in 1461, it was granted the sultan's protection and given rights and privileges that were renewed by following sultans. The monastery remained a popular destination for monks and travelers through the years.

In 1682 and for the following decades, the monastery housed the Phrontisterion of Trapezous, a well-known Greek educational institution of the region.

Modern period
Until the Russian occupation of Trabzon (1916–1918), the Sumela Monastery was active and was visited by monks and Christian and Muslim pilgrimages. In 1923, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and after the National War of Liberation, an independent Turkish Republic was founded by Ataturk. After 1923, the Sumela Monastery was abandoned following the population exchange between Greece and Turkey as laid down in the Treaty of Lausanne. In 1930, those who migrated founded a new monastery which they named as the new Panagia Sumela Monastery on the slopes of Mount Vermion, near the village of Kastania near Veria, in Macedonia, Greece. Some treasures from the old Sumela Monastery were carried to the new one in Greece.

In 1930, the wooden parts of the Sumela Monastery were destroyed by fire and in the years following other parts of the monastery were damaged and pillaged by treasure hunters.

As of 25 May 2019 the Sumela Monastery is a museum open to visitors. Restoration work is funded by the Government of Turkey. As of 2012, the Turkish government is funding reconstruction work, and the monastery is enjoying a revival in pilgrimage from Greece, Georgia and Russia. The monastery's primary function is as a tourist attraction. It overlooks forests and streams, making it popular for its aesthetics as well as its cultural and religious significance.

On 15 August 2010, Orthodox divine liturgy was allowed to take place in the monastery compound. A special pass issued by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is required to visit on August 15, the day of the Dormition of the Theotokos or Feast of the Assumption, when a divine liturgy is held. Only 450 to 500 visitors are allowed inside the monastery, although widescreen televisions are available to observe the event at a nearby cafe.

On 22 September 2015, the Monastery was closed to visitors for three years due to necessary restoration and field work. It reopened on May 18, 2019.

In 2022, video footage showed modern music and dancing at the site. Amid outcry on the internet that the historic monastery was turned into a dance club, an explanation was given that this was done to promote tourism.

Construction and buildings
The principal elements of the Monastery complex are the Rock Church, several chapels, kitchens, student rooms, a guesthouse, a library, and a sacred spring revered by Eastern Orthodox Christians.

The large aqueduct at the entrance, which supplied water to the Monastery, is constructed against the side of the cliff. The aqueduct has many arches which have mostly been restored. The entrance to the Monastery leads up a long and narrow stairway. There is a guard-room next to the entrance. The stairs lead down from there to the inner courtyard. On the left, in front of a cave, there are several monastery buildings. The cave, which was converted into a church, constitutes the center of the monastery. The library is to the right.

The large building with a balcony on the front part of the cliff was used for the monks' cells and for housing guests. It dates from 1840.

The inner and outer walls of the Rock Church and the walls of the adjacent chapel are decorated with frescoes. Frescoes dating from the era of Alexios III of Trebizond line the inner wall of the Rock Church facing the courtyard. The frescoes of the chapel which were painted on three levels in three different periods are dated to the beginning of the 18th century. The frescoes of the bottom band are of superior quality. The frescoes of the monastery are seriously damaged due to vandalism. The main subject of the frescoes are biblical scenes telling the story of Jesus and the Virgin Mary.

During the 2015–2017 restoration works, a secret tunnel was discovered which lead to a place which is believed to have served as a temple or chapel for Christians. Also, unseen frescoes were discovered depicting heaven and hell as well as life and death.

title: Sumela Monastery


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User talk:Northernwolves

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on Talk page. Again, welcome! You 20:14, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
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Unreferenced BLPs
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 * 1) Paul Bishop -

Proposed deletion of Skif Stadium

The article Skif Stadium has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unreferenced and orphaned article.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Cloudz 679 12:00, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Nomination of Ed Dee for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Ed Dee is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ed Dee until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. John Pack Lambert (talk) 14:53, 6 September 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Northernwolves


text:
Psycho IV: The Beginning

Psycho IV: The Beginning is a 1990 American made-for-television slasher film directed by Mick Garris, and starring Anthony Perkins, Henry Thomas, Olivia Hussey, Warren Frost, Donna Mitchell, and CCH Pounder. It serves as both the third sequel and a prequel to Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho, focusing on the early life of Norman Bates and the flashbacks that took place prior to the events of the original film. It is the fourth and final film in the original Psycho franchise, and Perkins' final appearance in the series before his death in 1992.

The film was written by Joseph Stefano, who also wrote the screenplay of the original film. The musical score was composed by Graeme Revell and the title theme music by Bernard Herrmann from the original film was used. Psycho IV: The Beginning premiered on Showtime on November 10, 1990 as part of a Psycho retrospective hosted by Janet Leigh.

Plot
A once-again rehabilitated Norman Bates is now married to a psychiatrist named Connie and is expecting a child. Norman secretly fears that the child will inherit his mental illness. One evening, he hears radio talk show host Fran Ambrose discussing the topic of matricide with her guest Dr. Richmond, Norman's former psychologist. Norman calls into the radio show, using the alias "Ed", to tell his story.

Norman's narrative is seen as a series of flashbacks set in the 1940s and 1950s, some slightly out of order. When Norman is six years old, his father dies, leaving him in the care of his mother, Norma. Over the years, Norma (who is implied to suffer from schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder) dominates her son, brutally beating him for even the smallest infraction, throwing him out in the rain when naked, teaching him that sex is sinful, dressing him up as a girl, and smearing lipstick on his face as punishment for getting an erection during incestuous foreplay (that Norma herself initiated). She forces him to urinate like a female by instructing him to squat over a pitcher. She also takes her frustration out on Norman when business at the motel fails due to the new interstate routing potential customers away from their location.

The two live in contented isolation until, in 1949, she becomes engaged to a brutish man named Chet Rudolph who openly bullies Norman; much to Norma's delight. Driven over the edge with jealousy and sick of Chet's constant abuse, Norman kills both of them by serving them poisoned iced tea. He disposes of Chet's body before stealing and preserving his mother's corpse. He develops a split personality in which he "becomes" his mother to suppress the guilt of murdering her; whenever this personality takes over, it drives him to dress in his mother's clothes, put on a wig, and talk to himself in her voice. As "Mother", he murders two local women who try to seduce him during their stay at the motel. After these and other killings, Norman awakens, convinced that "Mother" is responsible, and destroys the evidence.

In the present day, Dr. Richmond realizes "Ed" is Norman and tries to convince Ambrose to trace the calls. Richmond's worries are dismissed. Norman fears he will go insane and kill again. He tells Fran that Connie got pregnant against his wishes and that he does not want to create another "monster". He then tells Fran he realizes that his mother is dead, but plans to kill Connie "with my own hands, just like the first time".

Norman takes his wife to his mother's house with the thought of killing her and her unborn baby. Connie reminds Norman that it was his own choice to go insane and do the things he did, reassuring Norman that their child will not be a monster with their guidance. He realizes the truth to having freedom of choice, and he drops his knife. Finally, Norman impulsively sets fire to the house where all his unhappiness began. As he tries to escape the flames, he hallucinates that he sees his victims, his mother and eventually himself preserving her corpse. Norman barely flees the burning house alive.

Examining the ruins of the house the next day, Norman happily declares himself finally free of his mother. As he and Connie leave, the wooden cellar doors of the house close on a rocking chair that continues to rock, at which point "Mother" screams for Norman to release her before the screen cuts to black and the sound of a baby crying is heard.

Cast

 * Anthony Perkins as Norman Bates
 * Henry Thomas as Young Norman Bates
 * Olivia Hussey as Norma Bates
 * Alice Hirson as Norma Bates (voice only)
 * CCH Pounder as Fran Ambrose
 * Warren Frost as Dr. Leo Richmond
 * Donna Mitchell as Connie Bates
 * Thomas Schuster as Chet Rudolph
 * Sharen Camille as Holly
 * Bobbi Evors as Gloria
 * Doreen Chalmers as Mrs. Lane
 * John Landis as Mike Calvecchio
 * Kurt Paul as Raymond Linette

Production
Psycho IV: The Beginning was filmed at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando, Florida from June 4 to July 1, 1990. The facade of the Bates Motel and the Bates mansion were re-created at the theme park. The production was originally to be filmed before the opening of the park but due to delays and the studio's desire to have a high-profile production on the lot, the film was shot while the park was open. This led to tourists being able to watch the filming of several scenes at the motel and house on the back lot. Anthony Perkins wanted Noel Black, who directed him in Pretty Poison, to direct the film, and he even came up with a pitch for the film along with Psycho III's screenwriter, Charles Edward Pogue. Since Psycho III was a critical and financial failure, Universal rejected their idea and Mick Garris was brought in. Joseph Stefano, the screenwriter of the original film, was brought back to write the fourth film. He had disliked the first two Psycho sequels, feeling that they were too commercial and catered to the conventions of slasher films. In an interview, Stefano stated: "Gearing up for Psycho IV, I decided to ignore the two sequels – like the business in II about Norman's mother". (Not all of the events of the second and third movies are ignored, however, as Norman in the present claims to have committed more murders four years earlier.)

Actress Olivia Hussey was directly offered the role of Mrs. Bates. It was the intention of writer Joseph Stefano to make her at a young age as attractive as Norman had been in the first film. When Henry Thomas was cast as the young Norman Bates, Perkins wanted to meet with him and discuss the role. Thomas commented in the documentary The Psycho Legacy: "Looking back on it now, he knew he had to have this conversation with me but I don't think that he was really into it. He just gave me a few broad strokes and told me to play the character real, that was it". During filming, Perkins was diagnosed with HIV and had to receive treatment during production. Director Mick Garris has stated in numerous interviews that he had some creative control issues with Perkins: "He would get into long, drawn-out discussions in front of the crew, testing his director, making sure choices were not made 'because it looks good' and seeing how deep the understanding of the story and process were. He could be very forceful, just shy of bullying, but also really appreciated helpful direction. I would have to say he was the most difficult and challenging actor I've ever worked with, but he ended up going on and on about how happy he was with the film. That was gratifying".

Critical reception
The film was met with mixed reviews when first broadcast on Showtime. Henry Stewart of L Magazine said: "Garris evinces high-grade professionalism, but his comic-book approximations of real emotions—like desire, madness and murderlust—feel empty. Hitchcock this most certainly ain't". Some reviewers received the film with greater optimism. Ninjadixon.com stated: "This is a good TV movie, way better than its reputation, and continues the tradition of great acting in the series". Cultreviews.com said: "The film is shot well, the fire sequence, by Rodney Charters, is particularly stunning. The only real trouble with this film is the bad writing, which, considering that it was the baby of the scriptwriter of the original, Joseph Stefano, is very disappointing indeed". Matt Poirier of Directtovideoconnoisseur.com wrote: "This was a pretty unmemorable movie. It tried to make references to the original, like one where Perkins cuts his thumb, and the blood going into the drain mimics the blood in the famous shower scene. Way too obvious and pretty obnoxious". Despite some negative reviews, the film received high Nielsen ratings with around 10 million viewers watching the premiere. Two years after the film was released, it was nominated for a Saturn award for Best Genre Television Series.

Although Stefano did not immediately disclose his decision to ignore the two sequels (thus ignoring the character of Norman's aunt Emma Spool), horror fiction writer and critic Robert Price has noted that "Psycho IV seems to be intended as a direct sequel to the original Psycho, with no reference to Psycho II or III. Norman may have been healed and released from his first confinement, not from the confinement that takes place at the end of Psycho III". Horror writer James Futch regards this as a defect, complaining that the film "ignores much of the Psycho mythology".

Home media
Psycho IV: The Beginning was released on VHS and Laserdisc by MCA/Universal Home Video in 1991. It was later re-issued on VHS by GoodTimes Home Video, under license from Universal Studios Home Video in 1998.

The film was released on DVD in Region 1 as part of a triple feature package with Psycho II and Psycho III on August 14, 2007 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. Universal has also released some four-title Region 2 packages that include the 1960 original. A single-disc Region 2 version of Psycho IV (titled Psychose: L'origine) was released in France in 2007 by Aventi Distribution.

Shout! Factory, under their Scream Factory logo, released the film on Blu-ray in August 2016.

title: Psycho IV: The Beginning


text:
Talk:Godwin's law/Archive 1

Ratzinger's Law: "As a person born in Germany grows more famous, the probability of claims they were/are connected to Nazis approaches one"

Only the second article about the new Pope on the ABC web site mentioned the Nazi connection:

http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200504/s1349102.htm

Mr.Xion

Fitch's euphemistic inversion:

"As an online discussion group becomes more familiar with Godwin's law, the more likely it is that the law itself will be cited to infer an apposite comparison to Nazis or Hitler"

I think I may have found a corrolary - but I don't have a good name for it; maybe the 'watchers' of this entry can help. In discussing religion with Mormons, you run into a similar circumstance... As the length of the debate grows, the probability of the Mormon referring to the non-Mormon as 'anti-Mormon' approaches one. And, as is the case with Godwin's Law, once this has happened, the debate is essentially over with the Mormon automatically having lost. Calling someone 'anti-Mormon' gives the Mormon the self-perceived (or self-deceived) ability to attribute all of their criticisms to the non-Mormon's dislike of the religion and not to actual arguments.

What do people think?

 * To be honest, what you gave isn't actually a corollary, but a reformation of Godwin's law. The topic changed, but fundamentally it's the same law. Actually, it's a really good example of the kind of thing that's usually added to the article. Unfortunately, it's not really related to Godwin's law, and it's not really notable (especially if it doesn't exist yet).

 * However, thank you thank you thank you for going to the talk page before adding this. I wish everyone was like you. CXI 15:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Wouldn't Martin Luther King Jr's letter from the Birmingham jail invoke Godwin's Law? --Namtatw

I doubt that Godwin's law will change much in the next twenty years. One of the reasons the invocation of Nazism is such a potent destroyer-of-reason is that people learned about the Nazi regime when very young. Reasoning about what happened during the Nazi regime thus can bring about patterns of argument last heard in grade school. Until, and unless, the children in school today are taught about, for example, 9/11, in the same fashion, the invocation of such things in a debate will not be analysable in terms of Godwin's law.

I've sometimes wondered if there's a Godwin's Law equivalent statement relating to kiddie porn. These days it seems that the big scary issue on the Internet isn't Nazis anymore, it's child pornography. You want to call your opponent the worst thing you know of? You don't call him a Nazi anymore, you call him a child pornographer. One of the reasons why the RIAA is calling for the destruction of the file-sharing networks is because kiddie porn is supposedly being traded on there. The famous Penet remailer went down in the wake of media accusations of being used to post kiddie porn to newsgroups. Etc., etc., etc. Thanks to Godwin's Law, Nazis are old hat. The new Evil Enemy on the Internet now is kiddie porn -- so surely there's a Godwin's Law-like statement pointing that out. --Modemac 15:11, 19 Jan 2004 (UTC)

There's a growing school of thought that comparisons to 9/11 and related subjects should also be included.
 * There is a certain intention of the Godwin Law. To combat inappropriate use to stir controvery and to kill discussions.
 * Comparisons to terrorism are quite common. A godwin terror law often reveals a US centric dicussion, intrestrestingly it is not applied to terrorism comparisons by the US administration.
 * new meme forming on slashdot with regards to this post, and this comment. it's the same idea as Godwin's, just substituting 9/11 for nazis.  relevant corollary, maybe?

Shouldn't this be related to the zero-one theorems in graph theory ? ;-) --FvdP 23:56, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one. - isn't this formulation very weak? One might argue that for non-circular (ergodic on subject-space) discussions, the probability of any subject at all being mentioned will approach one as the discussion lengthens. A 'strong' Godwin's law should read like approaches one exponentially or something  ... or maybe I'm missing the point, and the law precisely states that, while (Lebesgue-)all discussions are circular, Nazis are on the trajectory of any discussion :-) Dbachmann 09:03, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Reinsertion
Revert isn't working, so I'm going to re-insert this paragraph: '''Note that when discussing with actual Nazis, Godwin's Law should not typically apply, as Hitler is bound to come up on one or the other side of the argument sooner rather than later. It is also interesting that, among Nazis, a "reverse Godwin's Law" exists where, as an argument devolves into a flame war, there is an increasingly greater probability that one or the other side will invoke a comparison to Jews as an insult, much the same as a comparison to Hitler or Nazis is regularly an insulting one.''' The justification for removing it, 'inaccuracy' is a little bit too vague for such a large slash, eh? Krupo 17:55, Sep 30, 2004 (UTC)
 * This works, but may need some explanation...I don't know of any online fora where avowed Nazis hang out (and would avoid it even if I did know). Is there an example? - 158.71.25.112 18:08, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I suppose the paragraph is partially hypothetical, and partially an unconcious migration into regular F2F (face to face) dialogue. I also suddendly realize there is no article on "F2F," but do we need one? Hmm. Is it really necessary, though, to explain that analysis/observation, though, in light of the difficulty in finding online nazi hang-outs? Krupo 05:34, Oct 3, 2004 (UTC)

Thorndike's Theorum
This subject area is missing, in my opinion, possibly the most pervasive aspect of online discourse. I suggest adding something like the following:

Thorndike's Theorem: As an online argument grows longer, the probability of someone pointing out that one or more of the individuals on the other side of the argument are stupid, retarded, braindead, etc. in order to score points approaches one.

Axioms of Internet Discussion
quote: "The likelihood of a comparison between the intelligence of a proposition's defenders and that of its attackers is directly proportional to the length of the discussion, and approaches 1 as the number of posts approaches infinity."

That's saying that the comparison never happens; ie. It will only happen if the number of posts is infinity. Doesn't make sense.
 * Sure it does. Just because the likelihood of something isn't 100% doesn't mean it doesn't happen. --jpgordon{gab} 02:40, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Page bloat
There are a huge number of superflous corollaries and maxims on this page. Most of them are totally irrelevant to Godwin's law except to replace "nazi" with a different word and change the place/topic of discussion. Others are just rewordings of other laws on the list. This was taking up about half of the article with non-notability and vanity. For posterity, I've put them here in case someone has an interest in arguing for their inclusion or putting them somewhere where they're more relevant.

I've also removed the "even if you win you're still retarded" quote, because it's just a pointless copy-over from bash.org, and external links/references (well, okay, there's only one) to the laws outlined below. I included it underneath.

Removed Corollaries

 * Enki's Corollary:
 * As an online discussion involving law grows, the probability of someone making a comparison involving the McDonald's coffee lawsuit approaches one.

 * Helmut's Corollary:
 * As an online dicussion about the existence or nonexistence of God grows, the probability of someone mentioning a pink unicorn approaches one.

 * NialScorva's Law:
 * Given enough time, all legal battles in the tech industry will invoke the DMCA.

 * Freiler's Maxim:
 * Those that incorrectly invoke Godwin as proof that they have won the debate have in fact run out of relevant points to make, and have, by invoking Godwin, admitted defeat.

 * Cawley's Corollary:
 * Given enough time, any thread on perl6-language will end up arguing the toss about Unicode operators.

 * Quiggin's subclause:
 * In an Australian policy debate, whenever anyone refers to North Korea (or Cuba) as the exemplar of a policy which was in fact in force under Robert Menzies, they shall be deemed to have lost the debate automatically.

 * Sparc's Corollary:
 * When the topic involves future developments, and as the discussion grows longer, the probability of a comment being made about how one's computer still not being able to vacuum one's house approaches one. After which the discussion probably ends in the posting of links to pictures of vacuum cleaners.

 * James' Corollary:
 * As an online discussion about same-sex marriage grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Britney Spears' marriage approaches one.

 * Meldrum's Corollary:
 * As a drawn-out online argument grows longer, the probability of someone picking up on typos or punctuation errors in order to score points approaches one.

 * Gaudere's Law:
 * Any post made to point out a spelling or grammar error will invariably contain a spelling or grammar error. (This law originated in October, 2000 on the Straight Dope Message Board, and was proposed on behalf of Gaudere, a moderator and administrator there. Here is the thread in which it was officially named.) Like Godwin's Law, it has a previous claimant: in a 1990 Usenet posting, Andrew Bell claimed the concept as Bell's First Law of Usenet.

 * Koenig's Theory:
 * No matter what the original subject of the conversation and regardless of what movie is being discussed, the probability of any and every thread on the IMDb message boards that becomes an ongoing discussion becoming an argument about America (pros, cons, etc.) reaches one.

 * de Mello Corollary:
 * When the topic involves the corruption of conservative members of government the probability of Clinton being mentioned approaches 1.

 * First Axiom of Internet Discussion:
 * The likelihood of a comparison between the intelligence of a proposition's defenders and that of its attackers is directly proportional to the length of the discussion, and approaches 1 as the number of posts approaches infinity.

 * Second Axiom of Internet Discussion:
 * The likelihood of a derogatory reference to the sexuality of one's opponent is directly proportional to the length of a discussion, inversely proportional to the intelligence of the originator, and approaches 1 as the number of posts approaches infinity.

 * Third Axiom of Internet Discussion:
 * As the length of a discussion grows, the likelihood one of the participants will tell the others that they need to "get a life" approaches 1.

 * Corollary to the Third Axiom:
 * The person who first makes such a statement is generally the one who has taken the time to read - but not respond to - the entire previous discussion.

 * Frink's Corollary:
 * We'll hook the frizzatz to the whatzamajigger and Mm-hai bw-ha whoa-hoa the colours children and there you have it.... Mtv.
 * trans: The thread will wither and die any time Mtv is used as a negative comparative.

Removed References

 * Slashdot post regarding DMCA Corollary

Ideology criticism
Nazi comparisons are nice to criticise ideological phrases that belong to the common consensus. Eg. the nazi party program said that an intented lie in the media shall be forbidden. The nazi comparison is based on the consensus that nazism is evil among all persons in the debate. Similar in earlier times bible sources were quoted to prove something as it has authorative powers over believers.

The fact why nazi comparisons are used is that they are so powerful.

Godwin's law just says you cannot compare it, but not the comparison itself is wrong. The only thing that's wrong is the intention behind the use of the argument to distract the debate, and that the other side is unable to respond as there is the common consensus behind. Gordon' law is just a workaround but it does not answer the comparison.

 * Under the heading Miller's Paradox, you say "citation to Godwin's" when I think you (or the author) means "citation of Godwin's". One cites something, or encounters a citation of something. On the other hand, one can make reference to something, or refer to it. Could we adjust the scrappy English? Brequinda 11:45, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, that's a direct quote and thus we can't adjust the scrappy english. "[sic]" afterwards might work, but for a minor grammatical point it doesn't seem worth the ugliness. CXI 09:00, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Godwin's law/Archive 1


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Joseph Balthazard Siméon

Count Joseph Balthazard Siméon (1781–1846), was a French politician.

He was the son of Joseph Jérôme, Comte Siméon. He entered the diplomatic service under the Empire. At the Restoration he was successively prefect of Var, Doubs and Pas-de-Calais. He was director-general of fine arts in 1828, and had a great reputation as a connoisseur and collector.

title: Joseph Balthazard Siméon


text: User talk:165.234.63.207

title: User talk:165.234.63.207


text:
Battle of Sellasia

The Battle of Sellasia took place during the summer of 222 BC between Macedon and the Achaean League, led by Antigonus III Doson, and Sparta under the command of King Cleomenes III. The battle was fought at Sellasia on the northern frontier of Laconia and ended in a Macedonian-Achaean victory.

In 229 BC, Cleomenes initiated hostilities against the Achaean League, the dominant power of the Peloponnese. In a series of campaigns, Cleomenes was successful in defeating the Achaeans, making Sparta the main regional power. This prompted the chief figure of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon, to approach the King of Macedon, Antigonus III Doson, for military assistance. The Macedonians acquiesced on the terms that the Achaean surrender the formidable fortress of Acrocorinth to them. The Macedonians invaded the Peloponnese in 224 BC at the head of a Greek alliance and by 222 BC managed to hem Cleomenes in Laconia.

In the summer of 222 BC, the Macedonian and Achaean army advanced to Sellasia on the northern border of Laconia, where they encountered the awaiting army of Cleomenes. After a brief impasse, Antigonus launched an offensive against the Spartan positions on the fortified mountains of Olympus and Evas. While the Macedonian right flank routed the Spartan left wing on Evas, the battle on the other flank was heavily contested. After initially pushing back the Macedonian phalanx, the Spartans were driven from the field by the superior numbers of the Macedonians. Cleomenes was compelled to leave for exile in Alexandria and Antigonus became the first non-Spartan general to occupy Sparta.

Background
The seizure of numerous important Arcadian cities by the King of Sparta, Cleomenes III, prompted the dominant state of the Peloponnese, the Achaean League, to declare war on Sparta. The Achaean attempts to recaptured these cities, led by the strategos, Aratus of Sicyon, largely failed as Sparta consolidated its position. Subsequent Achaean offensives in 226 BC were crushingly defeated at the Battle of Mount Lycaeum and the Battle of Ladoceia.

The Achaean position was additionally weakened when their erstwhile ally, Ptolemy III of Egypt, shifted his financial backing to Sparta. Ptolemy had been subsidising the campaign of the Achaeans against Macedon and now determined that Sparta would be a more effective ally to offset Macedonian power. This was compounded by the resounding Spartan victory over the Achaean army at the Battle of Dyme, leading the League to seek peace with Cleomenes.

When the peace talks failed, Aratus sent envoys to the Macedonian King, Antigonus III Doson, seeking military assistance. Antigonus pledged to give aid on the term that the formidable citadel, Acrocorinth was ceded to Macedon. This conditions elicited a furious response from many Achaeans and Cleomenes used this to his advantage by occupying the major cities of Corinth and Argos and many smaller settlements. Aratus accepted the terms proposed by the Macedonians and additionally surrendered the cities of Orchomenus and Heraia to Macedon. Subsequently, Antigonus mustered his army for the invasion of the Peloponnese.

Prelude
Antigonus marched towards the Peloponnese with a large army of 20,000 infantry and 1,300 cavalry via the island of Euboea. They resorted to this after having their passage blocked by the hostile Aetolian League, who threatened to block their march if they went further south. After reaching the Isthmus of Corinth, the Macedonian army found their march halted by a series of fortifications that Cleomenes had erected across the Isthmus. Several attempts to breach the fortifications were repulsed with considerable losses.

Argos, however, revolted against Sparta and expelled their garrison with the help of some Macedonian soldiers. This defeat forced Cleomenes to abandon his position on the Isthmus and to retreat back to Arcadia. Meanwhile, Antigonus revived the Hellenic League of Philip II of Macedon under the name of the "League of Leagues" and managed to incorporate most of the Greek city-states in this League.

Antigonus proceeded to capture several cities in Arcadia that had sided with Cleomenes. He returned to Achaea before dismissing his Macedonian troops so that they could winter at home. Around this time, Ptolemy of Egypt stopped paying subsidies to Cleomenes, which left Cleomenes without money with which to pay for his mercenaries. In order to obtain money, Cleomenes began to sell helots their freedom in exchange for a sum of money.

Cleomenes became aware of the fact that Antigonus had dismissed all of his Macedonian troops and decided to launch a raid on the Achaean League. He gave the impression that he was going to raid the territory of Argos but instead switched directions and attacked Megalopolis. The Spartans managed to overrun a weak section of the fortifications and began to take over the city. The citizens of Megalopolis were not aware that the Spartans were in the city until dawn after which a rearguard action by some of the citizens allowed most of the Megalopolitans to escape. Cleomenes sent the Megalopolitans a message offering back their city if they joined his alliance but when this offer was refused, Cleomenes ordered that the city be sacked and razed.

The sack of Megalopolis came as a big shock for the Achaean League. Cleomenes followed this success up by raiding the territory of Argos, as he knew Antigonus could not resist him due to a lack of men. Cleomenes had also hoped that a raid on Argive territory would make the Argives lose faith in Antigonus because of his failure to protect their land. Walbank assess this raid as being "an impressive demonstration, but it had no effect other than to make it even more clear that Cleomenes had to be defeated in a pitched battle."

Opposing armies
Antigonus responded to this raid by recalling his army from Macedon. The Macedonian levy marching on Laconia was augmented by the contingents from allies, who had mustered in the Peloponnese. Polybius describes the amassed army as consisting of 29,200 men. The Macedonian contribution to this force was 10,000 phalangists, 3,000 peltasts, and 300 cavalry, a figure supplemented by the addition of 1,000 Agrianians, 1,600 Illyrians commanded by Demetrius of Pharos, and 1,000 Galatians, as well as 3,000 other mercenary infantry and 300 cavalry. The size of army was greatly increased by the contingents of the Greek allies. The Achaeans supplied 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, the Arcadians 1,000 infantry from Megalopolis commanded by Cercidas, the Boeotians 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry, the Acarnanians 1,000 infantry and 50 cavalry, and the Epirotes 1,000 infantry and 50 cavalry.

To counter the Macedonian invasion, Cleomenes moved to raise the largest force that he was able. He was able to muster an army of 20,650 men. This consisted of the Spartan levy of hoplites, possibly 2,000 Lacedaimonians armed in the fashion of Macedonian phalangists, contingents of perioeci, and mercenaries with 650 cavalry. Cleomenes managed to fortify the passes leading into Laconia with a series of barricades and trenches before moving with his army to assume a position at the pass at Sellasia on the northern frontier of Laconia.

Battle
When Antigonus and his army arrived at Sellasia, they found the Spartan army occupying strong positions on the hills, Olympus and Euas, with the Oenous River running between them. Eucleidas with the perioeci and the allies were stationed on Euas, while Cleomenes held Olympus with the Spartans and mercenaries. On the flat ground between the hills, Cleomenes deployed his cavalry and the remainder of his mercenaries. The strength of the Spartan deployment prompted the Macedonians to not launch an immediate assault against the Lacedaemonians.

Antigonus placed his phalanxes facing the Lacedaemonian infantry which was arrayed at the top of the two hills, with the order to advance and take the heights. His cavalry of Macedonians, Achaeans, Boeotians, and mercenaries under the command of Alexander, were arrayed in front of the enemy cavalry in the centre. The allied right wing advanced against the Lacedaemonians on Euas, but was attacked in the flank by enemy infantry that was initially arrayed with the cavalry. Without cover from their heavy infantry, the advancing allies were hard pressed by the Spartans from the rear and the front, until the Arcadian cavalryman Philopoemen, disregarding the orders, charged with the men who would follow. This timely initiative saved the light infantry on Euas from annihilation and paved the way to victory, as the Illyrians and other light infantry soon drove the Spartans from the hill and killed Eucleidas. After the battle, Antigonus praised Philopoemen's initiative and reproved his own commander Alexander.

The battle on Olympus between the two phalanxes lasted longer, but when the allied reinforcements from Euas took the enemy in the flank, the Spartans fought almost to the last man, until their king fled the field with a handful of companions. According to Plutarch, out of 6,000 Spartiates, only 200 survived, the others preferring honourable death to disgrace. Accompanied by his closest friends, Cleomenes took a ship in Gythium to reach his mother and sons in Alexandria where he stayed in exile until his death three years later.

title: Battle of Sellasia


text:
Nanni Moretti

Giovanni "Nanni" Moretti (born 19 August 1953) is an Italian film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor.

His films have won accolades, including a Palme d'Or at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival for The Son's Room, a Silver Bear at the 1986 Berlin Film Festival for The Mass is Ended and a Silver Lion at the 1981 Venice Film Festival for Sweet Dreams, in addition to the David di Donatello Award for Best Film on three occasions (for Caro diario in 1994, The Son's Room in 2001 and Il caimano in 2006).

Every film he has directed since Caro diario has been shown at the Cannes Film Festival, and in 2012 he was the president of the Official Competition jury.

Life and work
Moretti was born in Bruneck, Italy to Roman parents who were both teachers. His father was the late epigraphist Luigi Moretti, a Greek teacher at Sapienza University of Rome. His brother is literary scholar Franco Moretti.

While growing up Moretti discovered his two passions, the cinema and water polo. Having finished his studies he pursued a career as a producer, and in 1973 directed his first two short films: Pâté de bourgeois and The Defeat (La sconfitta)

In 1976, Nanni Moretti's first feature film Io sono un autarchico (I Am Self-Sufficient) was released. In 1978, he wrote, directed and starred in the movie Ecce Bombo, which tells the story of a student having problems with his entourage. It was screened at the Cannes Festival. Sogni d'oro won the Silver Lion at the 38th Venice International Film Festival. La messa è finita won the Silver Bear – Special Jury Prize at the 36th Berlin International Film Festival.

He may be best known for his films Caro diario (Dear Diary, 1993; followed in 1998 by a sequel, Aprile) and La stanza del figlio (The Son's Room, 2001), the latter of which won the Palme d'Or at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.

Moretti has used certain actors several times in his films, generally playing minor roles. His father Luigi appears in 6 films, Dario Cantarelli and Mauro Fabretti in 5, Antonio Petrocelli in 4. More notable Italian actors he has employed frequently in his films include Silvio Orlando, who appears in 5 films (including the role of protagonist in Il caimano) and Laura Morante, who was featured in Sogni d'oro, Bianca and The Son's Room.

Having played waterpolo in the B division of the Italian championship, his experience later inspired his film Palombella Rossa ("palombella," which literally means "little pigeon," refers to a type of lob shot). His other work has not been widely seen outside Europe, but within his country Moretti is known as a maker of wryly humorous and eccentric films, usually starring himself. His most recent role was in the film Mia Madre (My Mother, 2015)

Moretti is also an outspoken political leftist. In 2002, he organized street protests against the government of Silvio Berlusconi. Il caimano (2006) is in part about Berlusconi's controversies: in one of the three portraits of the Italian prime minister Moretti himself plays Berlusconi. Aprile also deals with Italy's political situation and Moretti's views on it. His 2011 film We Have a Pope screened In Competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

He lives in Rome, having been resident since birth, where he is co-owner of a small movie theater, Nuovo Sacher, named like this because of Moretti's passion for Sachertorte. The short film, Il Giorno della prima di Close Up (Opening Day of Close-Up, 1996), shows Moretti at his theatre attempting to encourage patrons to attend the opening day of Abbas Kiarostami's film, Close Up.

He is not religious. In his words, "I remember the shirts that said 'Thank God I'm an atheist'. Funny. But I do not think so. I'm not a believer and I'm sorry."

His 2015 film Mia Madre was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.

Director

 * I Am Self Sufficient (Io sono un autarchico, 1976)
 * Un autarchico a palazzo (1977, TV movie)
 * Ecce bombo (1978)
 * Sweet Dreams (Sogni d'oro, 1981)
 * Sweet Body of Bianca (Bianca, 1984)
 * The Mass Is Ended (La messa è finita, 1985)
 * Red Wood Pigeon (Palombella Rossa, 1989)
 * Caro diario (1993)
 * April (Aprile,1998)
 * The Son's Room (La stanza del figlio, 2001)
 * Il caimano (2006)
 * We Have a Pope (Habemus Papam, 2011)
 * Mia Madre (Mia madre, 2015)
 * Three Floors (Tre piani, 2021)
 * A Brighter Tomorrow (Il sol dell'avvenire, 2023)

Short films

 * La sconfitta (1973 short)
 * Pâté de bourgeois (1973 short)
 * The Only Country In The World (L'unico paese al mondo, 1994 short)
 * Opening Day of Close-Up (Il Giorno della prima di Close Up, 1996 short)
 * The Last Customer (2002 short)
 * Il grido d'angoscia dell'uccello predatore (2003 short)
 * L'ultimo campionato (2007 short)
 * Diary Of A Moviegoer (Diario di uno spettatore, 2007 short of To Each His Own Cinema)
 * Film Quiz (2008 short)
 * Scava dolcemente l'addome (2013 short)
 * Autobiografia dell'uomo mascherato (2013 short)
 * Ischi allegri e clavicole sorridenti (2017 short)
 * Piazza Mazzini (2017 short)

Documentaries

 * Come parli frate? (1974 medium)
 * The Thing (La cosa, 1990 medium)
 * Santiago (2018 documentary)

Actor only

 * Father and Master (Padre padrone, 1977) – directed by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani
 * Riso in bianco: Nanni Moretti atleta di se stesso (TV movie, 1984) – directed by Marco Colli
 * It's Happening Tomorrow (Domani accadrà, 1988) – directed by Daniele Luchetti
 * The Yes Man (Il portaborse, 1991) – directed by Daniele Luchetti
 * The Second Time (La seconda volta, 1995) – directed by Mimmo Calopresti
 * Te lo leggo negli occhi (2004) – directed by Valia Santella – cameo
 * Quiet Chaos (Caos calmo, 2008) – directed by Antonello Grimaldi
 * Venanzio Revolt: i miei primi 80 anno di cinema (2016) – directed by Fabrizio Dividi, Marta Evangelisti, Vincenzo Greco – narrator
 * The Hummingbird (2022)

Awards

 * Cannes Film Festival
 * Prix de la mise en scène 1994: Caro diario
 * Palme d'Or 2001: The Son's Room
 * Prix de la FIPRESCI 2001: The Son's Room
 * Carrosse d'Or 2004
 * Rome's Award 2006: Il caimano
 * Ecumenical Prize 2015: Mia madre

 * Venice Film Festival
 * Silver Lion – Special Jury Prize 1981: Sweet Dreams
 * "Bastone Bianco" Filmcritic Award 1989: Red Wood Pigeon

 * Berlin International Film Festival
 * Silver Bear – Jury Grand Prix 1986: The Mass Is Ended
 * Jury C.I.C.A.E Award 1986: The Mass Is Ended

 * Chicago International Film Festival
 * Golden Plaque for Best Documentary Short Film 2003: The Last Customer
 * Silver Plaque for Best Screenplay 2008: Quiet Chaos

 * European Film Awards
 * FIPRESCI Prize 1994: Caro diario

 * São Paulo International Film Festival
 * Critics Award 1990: Red Wood Pigeon

 * Sudbury Cinéfest
 * Best International Film 1994: Caro diario

 * Sant Jordi Awards
 * Best Foreign Film 1995: Caro diario

 * Guild of German Art House Cinemas
 * Guild Film Award – Silver 2002: The Son's Room

 * David di Donatello
 * Alitalia Award 1986
 * Golden Medal of the City of Rome 1986
 * Best Actor 1991: The Yes Man
 * Best Film 1994: Caro diario
 * Best Film 2001: The Son's Room
 * Best Film 2006: Il caimano
 * Best Director 2006: Il caimano
 * Best Producer 2006: Il caimano
 * Best Documentary 2019: Santiago

 * Silver Ribbon
 * Best Story 1978: Ecce Bombo
 * Best Producer 1988: It's Happening Tomorrow
 * Best Story 1990: Red Wood Pigeon
 * Best Producer 1992: The Yes Man
 * Best Director 1994: Caro diario
 * Best Producer 1996: The Second Time
 * Best Director 2001: The Son's Room
 * Best Producer 2007: Il caimano
 * Best Director 2011: We Have a Pope
 * Best Story 2011: We Have a Pope
 * Best Producer 2011: We Have a Pope
 * Ribbon of the Year 2019: Santiago

 * Ciak d'oro Awards
 * Best Director 1986: The Mass Is Ended
 * Best Screenplay 1986: The Mass Is Ended
 * Best Director 1990: Red Wood Pigeon
 * Best Film 1994: Caro diario
 * Best Director 1994: Caro diario
 * Best Screenplay 1994: Caro diario
 * Best Film 2001: The Son's Room
 * Best Director 2001: The Son's Room
 * Best Film 2006: Il caimano
 * Best Director 2006: Il caimano
 * Best Screenplay 2006: Il caimano
 * Best Film 2011: We Have a Pope
 * Best Screenplay 2011: We Have a Pope
 * Best Director 2015: Mia madre
 * Honorary Ciak d'oro 2019

 * UBU Awards
 * Best Italian Movie 1977/78: Ecce Bombo
 * Best Actor 1984/85: Sweet Body of Bianca

 * Globi d'oro Awards
 * Best Debut 1977: I Am Self Sufficient
 * Best Film 1994: Caro diario
 * Best Film 2011: We Have a Pope

 * Cahiers du cinéma
 * Best Film 1989: Red Wood Pigeon (ex equo with Do the Right Thing)
 * Best Film 1994: Caro diario
 * Best Film 2011: We Have a Pope
 * Best Film 2015: Mia madre

title: Nanni Moretti


text:
Talk:Serotonin syndrome

Request
Would someone who knows what they're doing please add the chemical cause of seratonin syndrome to the summary instead of hiding it in an abstruse paragraph near the bottom of the page?

"The syndrome is caused by increased serotonin in the central nervous system.[4]" should be at the beginning. It's the seratonin itself, not the drugs, and this could be made more clear. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.161.77.83 (talk) 23:51, 18 August 2016 (UTC)

In the first paragraph; ondansetron should not be listed as a serotonergic agent. It is a 5-HT ANTAGONIST. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.193.190.124 (talk) 04:21, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

Changes made
I made several changes and added a footnotes section. Note I forgot to log in and made them as 70.157.54.56, but it was me. Joema 20:14, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Ondansetron
I would like to challenge what is says in this article about ondansetron contributing to serotonin syndrome. As far as I know all this drugf does is selectivly antagonise the subtype 3 receptor, absolutly nothing to do ith serotonin syndrome. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.30.229.218 (talk) 00:29, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Diphenhydramine?
I'm not a biochemist but the article on diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Unisom, Tylenol PM, etc.) says that it inhibits serotonin reuptake similar to an SSRI. Should it be on the list of medications that can cause serotonin syndrome? I take an SSRI so now that I know about serotonin syndrome I might stop taking my Tylenol PM at night, although I haven't had any problems so far. CBRQ 18:06, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't change any medication you take without first discussing with your doctor. You're right the article on diphenhydramine says that, however I don't see any medical literature indicating serotonin syndrome resulting from diphenhydramine and SSRIs. Drugs affecting serotonin reuptake vary widely in their strength. It's possible diphenhydramine is a very weak reuptake inhibitor or somehow affects only specific serotonin receptors (there are many). The point you raise is logical based on the article wording, but I'd suggest discussing with your doctor. Joema 02:21, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

RE: Here's some medical literature indicating serotonin syndrome from Diphenhydramine as an SSRI with an MAOI: http://meeting.chestpubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/134/4/c4002 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Illuminateur21 (talk • contribs) 10:53, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay, great. Thanks a lot for the answer, I appreciate it. I should be seeing a psychiatrist again in a month or so; when I do I'll try to get an answer about that. CBRQ 01:47, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It's not biochemist, it's pharmacist, I believe. Either way :P, most over the counter medications will not raise serotonin levels in the brain to levels at which serotonin syndrome is even moderately acquireable. The syndrome simply means youve in a way 'overdosed' on serotonin. Your brain will typically be able to work with these things if you have the help of a psychiatrist, but OTC meds will rarely cause the syndrome if taken at the recommended dosages.-- Neur 0 X . talk 19:52, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm quite sure it's pharmacologist, not pharmacist, to which you are referring, Neur0X (I say this as someone with many friends and colleagues in the organic chemistry and pharmacology communities). As for the subject of whether or not diphenhydramine could be responsible for serotonin syndrome, I agree with you, Joema, that there is no extant research to draw upon for inclusion in this article.  However, I do know that diphenhydramine was the chemical which inspired the original push to develop SSRIs, starting with fluoxetine (see the History section of the Prozac article for details).  Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that diphenhydramine (and probably other members of the ethanolamine class of antihistamines such as doxylamine) could indeed be causative agent of the syndrome.  I'd also like to add that I, too, have been afflicted by severe serotonin syndrome after taking (admittedly larger than recommended) doses of diphenhydramine along with 5-HTP. Wowbobwow12 (talk) 21:40, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

DXM'm manufacturer's insert alerts about the dangers of taking it while on SSRIs. 201.95.194.203 (talk) 00:53, 10 July 2011 (UTC)

Symptoms and mechanisms
I like this article, but I suspect it would be difficult for a layman to distinguish between Serotonin syndrome and simple medication side effects. Maybe one should set out that section more clearly. The reasons why the diffeent drug combinations affect 5-HT should be interesting, I have such a list somewhere and will post when I've found it. That would be a mechanism-based table as opposed to a drug-class table. The mechanism lay-out was easier for me to understand when I first came across this entity. --Seejyb 00:07, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

You are spot on there. Much of the discussion is confusing side effects with serotonin syndrome. The term serotonin syndrome is being used rather loosely in many medical reports, which are often by doctors who are not very familiar with this complex topic. This is why Professor Ian M Whyte (who has done the lions share of original research in this field), and I, advocate the term toxicity. This is meant to emphasise severity: i.e. toxicity = poisoning. That is essentially different to side effects, no matter how distressing those may be to individuals. The term toxidrome is being used increasingly (search the NLM data base) because it describes the picture of intoxication. For some drugs that effect the central nervous system (CNS) the picture is so unique that it is useful to describe it as precisely as possible to aid recognition when it presents. Serotonin toxicity is such a condition and only results from drug over-dose of single drugs, e.g. monoamine oxidase inhibitors like tranylcypromine, or combinations of monoamine oxidase inhibitors with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. I have written a series of explanatory pieces about this that may be seen on my website www.psychotropical.com under the section serotonin syndrome. Signature for aboveKen Gillman 00:11, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Re serotonin syndrome being hard to confuse with other other conditions: As a thyroid patient, I would like to point out that the named symptoms are also characteristic of hyperthyroidism. Newtonium 12:28, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Regarding the distinction between Serotonin Syndrome (SS) and Neruoleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): Fever is listed under the symptoms for SS and is also listed under symptoms which are exclusive to NMS. The paper sited (Birmes P, Coppin D, Schmitt L, Lauque D (2003). "Serotonin syndrome: a brief review.". CMAJ 168 (11): 1439-42) has a table listing some key differences between the two and fever is listed there as exclusive to NMS. However, elsewhere in the paper, it does list fever as a symptom of SS. The same paper does provide diagnostic criteria which may be worth including in the wiki, it lists the triad of autonomic, cognitive and somatic signs and symptoms and provides an inclusion criterion of addition of a serotonergic agent and an exclusion criterion of introduction or change of a neruoleptic treatment. --Dr. Doof 18:49, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

Removed from page
The following paragraph was in the actual page, I have removed it here in case anyone would like this information, it was added by 58.87.7.43 which appears to be an IP used by Dr P Ken Gillman.
 * This table would benefit from being updated, and made more relevant to primary verifiable references, but I cannot see who produced the original table. However, I would comment that almost all the references are secondary or tertiary, rather than primary, this is not ideal for a verifiable account. Perhaps if they would like to contact me I could assist with sources that would increase its direct science base and topicality. by user 58.87.7.43 08:22, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Mr Bungle 07:37, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Above is correct assumption, it was I. Ken Gillman 08:35, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Much of the above is personal experience and has no direct relevance to improving the article. I suggest it would be helpful if such items were removed to avoid clutter and confusion. Can that be done? If so, who might do it? Ken Gillman 08:44, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Confusing sentence
This very informative article is marred by a confusing sentence:

 * For example, it suggests mirtazapine, which has no serotonergic toxicity, has no significant serotonergic effects at all, and is not in fact a dual action drug.[12] (Where does the "which" clause end?)

I suggest reformulating it as follows (if this is what is actually intended):
 * For example, it suggests that mirtazapine (which has no serotonergic toxicity) has no significant serotonergic effects at all and is not in fact a dual action drug.[12] Jedwards05 04:16, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Carcinoid tumors
It might be interesting to add a rare, but interesting cause of serotonin syndrome secondary to secretion by carcinoid tumors with liver mets. Not sure if its relevant enough for this article, as it is a rare complication. Secretions from carcinoid tumors only become problematic in a small portion of cases. Thanks. EmilioVolz 19:16, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Drugs which may contribute - revamp needed
This table is incomplete, the categories are vague or even incorrect and some of the drugs are misclassified. Additionally, as part of a new list/table, should we distinguish between those drugs which can trigger SS on their own and those that only cause SS in interactions with other drugs? I'm swamped for time right now, but I'm planning on working to make it an informative and logical table. If anyone else would like to take a swing at it, I'd certainly appreciate it. My suggestion would be to start with eliminating the elicit drug category altogether, as a drug's legal status is not the same thing as it's class and mode of action. Dreadloco (talk) 08:01, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This is probably the wrong place to report it, but I've experienced serotonin syndrome after taking SAMe, and also after taking a combination of Ginkgo Biloba and Genseng. The second time that I had problems with Gingko Biloba and Genseng it was in a 'healthy' fruit drink I purchased at a local bodega. I couldn't figure out why I had the problem until I went over everything that I'd recently eaten and drunk, and then looked at the fine print of the fruit drink bottle. I've also experienced serotonin syndrome with Wellbrutrin (Bupropion). 4.232.105.24 (talk) 01:56, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

 * What were the symptoms you experienced? I'm not very familiar with most of the OTC herbals/food supplements, but bupropion is not documented as ever having been associated with serotonin syndrome and does not have significant serotonergic activity, to the best of my knowledge. Mia229 (talk) 15:03, 3 January 2013 (UTC)

Hunter criteria
Hunter's criteria are apparently quite good in assessing for likelihood of serotonin syndrome. Described here. JFW | T@lk  10:39, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Older systems include Sternbach's 1991 JFW | T@lk  10:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Ooh look, an NEJM review: 2005 JFW | T@lk  10:43, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

The conclusion of this section as it stands today - "Then the diagnosis is serotonin syndrome. If these are not met then it is not serotonin syndrome." - seems to be in the voice of the Hunter group. Typographically it can easily read as if it is the voice of Wikipedia. Is there a convention to fix this? Thanks! 23:37, 20 August 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Douglas Michael Massing (talk • contribs)

Strong statement removed
I've removed the following statement because it appears a rather strong claim to make from a single letter to a journal editor: "The most frequent, and perhaps the only, combination of therapeutic drugs likely to elevate serotonin to that degree is the combination of monoamine oxidase inhibitors with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. " Xasodfuih (talk) 15:13, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Access to review
I see it mentioned once in the article, but only with the fact from the abstract. Since it's published in one of "lesser" Expert Opinion journals, I don't have access to it. Anyone reading this having better luck please email me the pdf at my username at gmail. It probably says nothing really new compared to the other recent (and open access) review. Thanks, Xasodfuih (talk) 21:01, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Mirtazapine
There is sentence about mirtazapine not causing ST based on a review by Gillman, but this is somewhat disputed by Boyer and Shannon. I'm not even convinced that such a detail belongs to this article instead of the article on the drug. Xasodfuih (talk) 22:21, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Dunkley et al. list some more case studies which associated mirtazapine with ST, but if I'm grokking that paper they seem to say that mirtazapine could not have been the cause for ST in those case reports?! Xasodfuih (talk) 22:34, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Mirtazapine has a link to an article in which Mirtazapine is used to treat ST
 * I re-added this drug back to the table. The official reason is that its WP:SYN to remove the drug based on a few sources saying it may not have a significant serotonergic activity, however all major secondary and tertiary source still have it listed. My personal experience is, since mirtazapine has been out I've taken it around 1/2 of the time (off and on). I have recently (this year) with my MD approval taken an MOAI Parnate with 15mg of Mirt. with no problems. Then I quit Parnate and started 25mcg Duragesic patch, and started having serious insomnia and serotonin activation. When my mirt. was increased to 30mg (doubled), signs of SS were evident. I was full manic, very little sleep, arm and hand tremor, diarrhea, feeling hot and sweating at temps I was normally comfortable with, etc.  I quit (discontinued or DC'd) Mirtazapine 11 days ago, and since then almost all of those symptoms have gone away and my sleep is starting to come back to normal.  My dr said that I am prone to SS (which I've had before) because I have an imbalance of neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine and GABA. Since mirtazapine increases the other monoamine, noradrenaline this may explain why it is a treatment for SS, or perhaps because people coming down from SS can experience profound depression and withdrawal symptoms from SSRI, so taking a low-activating antidepressant could help. -  Stillwaterising (talk) 07:58, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Here's something to add to the article --  -  Stillwaterising (talk) 08:29, 27 September 2012 (UTC)

 * This may have been a reaction to the fentanyl. Some people experience "paradoxical stimulation" from opioids.  Feeling very hot can be a side effect of opioids as well.  I'd have to look it up, but there might also be a pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs, and if so, it could have contributed to your reaction.  Fentanyl is not among the opioids that are known or believed ever to have been associated with serotonin syndrome (pethidine/meperidine and tramadol are the main ones I can think of offhand) and is often used as an analgesic for post-surgical pain in patients who are taking an irreversible MAOI (or have taken one within the preceding two weeks).

 * I recommend that you take the "neurotransmitter imbalance" thing with a grain of salt. I'm not a doctor myself, but I have a background in neuropharmacology, and it seems to me your doctor has, intentionally or not, led you to believe what is really just a rather vague form of the "neurotransmitter hypothesis."  Physicians often seem to use imprecise, not-very-meaningful phrases like this one in order to avoid giving patients long and complicated explanations and/or admitting that we don't really know the biochemical cause of a condition.  It's certainly not a diagnosis, and even if something that could generally fit this description had been proven to cause mood disorders, individual patients still would not be tested for it; among other things, the testing required would be very expensive and might only be possible to perform postmortem. Mia229 (talk) 20:19, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

A few changes and suggestions for a FA-level article
I was going to suggest these during the GA-review, but it closed before I had a chance to do so, so I've made the changes myself:
 * "no lab tests" in the lede
 * say that it's not idiopathic (unlike say neuroleptic malign. syn.)
 * say more clearly in there are multiple diagnostic criteria proposed
 * give specif. numbers
 * Risk: rm Gillman statement (see two sections above)
 * newborns: explain
 * Gillman's mirtazapine opnion (disputed? see section above)
 * 85% of phys. not aware of ST (NEJM)

FA suggestions: All the best, Xasodfuih (talk) 23:11, 15 February 2009 (UTC)
 * diff dx: fast/slow onset, give times
 * diff between "normal" SSRI side-effects and ST
 * survey dx criteria alternatives (mentioned in NEJM but not detailed), especially Sterbach's which still the most commonly used.
 * perhaps a diagram of the Hunter "algorithm" fig. 4 here
 * severity should be discussed in the dx section according to the 3 Hunter levels
 * diff dx to other similar conditions (not just neuroleptic malignant syndrome) (see NEJM)
 * list some drug combinations (NEJM doesn't have them)
 * the spat about triptan SSRI interaction (FDA letter etc.) see
 * animal models! has a review
 * neo-natal syndrome: withdrawal vs ST; see JAMA review

5HTP and psychological effects
5HTP is a food supplement, a form of serotonin that can traverse the blood-brain barrier. Though not a drug, it can induce the syndrome in high enough quantities. Coincidental with the usual features of the syndrome, psychosis induced by 5HTP may bear a mystical tone. In fact, this frame of consciousness induced by 5HTP and coincidental with serotonin syndrome can become so extreme so as to shut out everything that is not itself. Hence, the sufferer may be self-aware but very estranged from his or her surroundings. 74.195.28.79 (talk) 16:08, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * 5-HTP is a drug silly. 71.175.243.53 (talk) 23:58, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * 5-HTP is sold without any restriction as a food supplement, at least in Canada (and probably in the US). 70.83.220.148 (talk) 21:05, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

in a very technical sense, this is not serotonin syndrome specificaally because there's a bunch of rate limiting steps which keep serotonin from accumilating on it's own in the brain (no matter how much 5-htp you take) in toxic quantities. The first one would be the AAAAD enzyme which also serves other functions. It is actually very likely that you would develop acute, temporary b vitamin deficiency from a large enough singular dose of 5-htp. This would suppress the conversion of other amines to neurotransmitter, and really what you describe sounds like some kind of nmda antagonistic effect.RotogenRay (talk) 05:39, 25 August 2014 (UTC)

??
In section 2.1 the article says: "Many MAOIs inhibit monoamine oxidase irreversibly, so that the enzyme cannot function until it has been replaced by the body, which can take at least four weeks.[23]" Ref 23 points to, which doesn't seem to have any reference to MAO taking 4 weeks to regenerate. I don't wish to change the article, but rather want to learn more about regeneration of MAO, which is very hard to come across as everything I can find is about surpressing MAO. So can the author tell us where he got that info, or make the reference available? A URL here would be fine as well. Thanks, blucat, David. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.142.19.124 (talk) 18:25, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

Permanent Nerve Damage
I never would have even heard the term Serotonin Syndrome had it not been for a drug interaction warning from my pharmacist about Tramadol and Axert (migraine med) So I looked it up and sure enough the Tramadol also interacts with my Benadryl, after reading the symptoms I realized that those are the very symptoms that perplexed my neurologists until I finally gave up and quit seeing them. One good thing did come of it. I was placed on Topamax because they suspected absence seizures early on and it did stop the muscle jerks. So that's my question(s) I know I overused the Benadryl as a sleep aid for years, could it have caused permanent nerve damage (all of the symptoms were there they just didn't connect the dots) and will Topamax mask these symptoms? EyorPG

It's unlikely to cause permanant damage. TBH you sound a bit of a worrier. (GimpyFauxHippy (talk) 22:13, 5 December 2009 (UTC))

Mini review

 * 1) Having some difficulties getting much out of the management section. How effective is cyproheptadine?  Do we have any evidence and if not this needs to be stated.
 * 2) Treatment section needs some order to it based on either treatment used or disease aspect being addressed.
 * 3) Uptodate refers to cyproheptadine as an antidote. Therefore it needs to be referenced that no antidote exists.

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 19:51, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

I am not a Dr. but one who has Carcinoid Tumors. Carcinoid tumors that start from the abdominal region produce several hormones including serotonin. Once the tumor metastasized to the liver the serotonin is released to the blood stream and remains until the lungs of liver remove it. These tumors do not release harmones at a steady rate. As the hormones build up within the tumor they are released when the pressure is great enough to break through the cell walls. Heavy lifting, straining, or just a sneeze can cause a release with the following reaction. The reaction depends on how much and what combination of hormones are released.

This needs to be confirmed by a Dr. who has training and experience with Carcinoid Tumors.

For those working in EMS and ER rooms follow procedure, look at the blood lab work for metabolic acidosis. This is listed as standard procedure but it is often overlooked. I know from first hand experience.

10/13/2010 Luther Browning BillWilliam (talk) 16:32, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

recent review article
Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 22:55, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Post-MAOI "washout" time
Hello. In the "Cause" section of the article, right below the table that lists the most common culprits in serotonin syndrome, this sentence can be found: "Many MAOIs inhibit monoamine oxidase irreversibly, so that the enzyme cannot function until it has been replaced by the body, which can take at least four weeks." First of all, the combination of "can take" and "at least" sounds strange to me. It should be either "can take up to" or "takes at least". More importantly though, I don't think four weeks is an accurate timeframe for the reestablishment of full MAO enzyme activity. The source is 20 years old. Basically all sources I know, including package inserts of tranylcypromine and phenelzine, say that MAOI diet has to followed until 14 days after stopping MAOI treatment. This seems to be more or less a consensus. I don't want to edit anything yet, but I was going to ask whether anyone insists on keeping the mention of four weeks. C.d.rose (talk) 20:42, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

Broken citation links
Citation 12 is broken, leads to 404 page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.83.174.167 (talk) 01:41, 23 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Fixed now. M r Bungle |  talk  05:11, 23 July 2012 (UTC)

Clarify on the clarify
In the section entitled "Pathophysiology": "Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in multiple states including aggression, pain, sleep, appetite, anxiety, depression, migraine, and vomiting."

Can anybody be more specific? Are we wanting a summary of what serotonin does, or major points it influences? Are we relating certain symptoms to the neurotransmitter? Is this the backbone of the leading theories for serotonin syndrome?

Aggression, anxiety, depression, sleep, and appetite I can all trace back to serotonin (or explain how serotonin is involved), but the others are dubious.

Just because a substance increases serotonin does not mean one can state that it's involved with pain, vomiting, or migraines; this sounds like improper synthesis to me (counterargument: what about acetaminophen for pain, gag reflex for vomiting, and caffeine for a migraine? none directly impact serotonin or vice versa, to the best of my knowledge). It's much better to just state "Serotonin is a neurotransmitter with roles in aggression, mood, and appetite (among others)." and then perhaps "when the levels are raised, upsets to these systems are observed, resulting in symptoms X, Y, and Z."

A hatnote link to "Serotonin" (in this section) would be good.

This template might be useful for this sort of scenario:  Although it is much more obvious to the reader, it's easier for editors to use, allowing you to place words in it that need clarification in long sentences, etc. meteor_sandwich_yum (talk) 00:52, 29 November 2013 (UTC)

Confusion of cause
A lot of confusion exists on the nature of serotonin syndrome and what can cause it. Life-threatening serotonin syndrome is only likely to manifest with the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors alone is as likely to cause any metabolic syndrome akin to the cheese effect. The example of the death of Libby Zion in 1984 may be attributable to symptoms of serotonin syndrome, but the underlying drug interaction is poorly understood even today. Pethidine is supposed to have affinity for the dopamine transporters, not serotonin transporters; both substances implicated may have metabolites which could have some unknown interaction. The only thing which is definitely known is that the interaction between Pethidine and nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors has a potentially fatal interaction which can cause serotonin-mediated temperature dysregulation and other symptoms of serotonin syndrome.

The interesting thing about the example is the fatal fever. Levels of serotonin do not correlate directly to body temperature unless the serotonin being released is catabolized. In the instance of monoamine oxidase inhibitor use, catabolism is defeated. Elevated body temperature is only likely to occur as a significant amount of serotonin is catabolized.

Serotonin syndrome may exist with or without elevated body temperature, though a return to homeostasis will increase body temperature (i.e. regeneration of monoamine oxidase dispatches extra serotonin). Another compound oft implicated in serotonin syndrome is 5htp. Its conversion to serotonin is, however, highly rate limited. Concurrent use of 5htp and SSRIs is observed to produce hot flashes/spikes in body temperature; however dangerous this is rarely a fatal interaction on its own.

The combinatory danger of releasing agents such as MDMA and reuptake inhibitors is equally misunderstood. Cocaine and MDMA do not posess a fatal interaction, however many SSRIs inhibit or compete for the same enzymes (as mdma) for degradation. The potential for inability to clear mdma exists, this is the case in fatal intoxication mediated by concurrent use of MDMA and moclobemide (which is also a substrate of CYP2C19 and an inhibitor of CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2; at least some of these degrade mdma). Deaths from serotonin syndrome caused my MDMA alone or in combination with 5htp are exceedingly rare if they occur.

My last point before I offer suggestions, there is no logical way that something which affects the receptor (agonist) could cause serotonin syndrome in leiu of some other metabotropic property (i.e. mdma is also a weak agonist). LSD shouldn't be on the list of things with the potential to cause serotonin syndrome. LSD, or any agonist, would indeed worsen symptoms of serotonin syndrome as it would increase the receptor's sensitivity to the presence of the ligand. This would not affect body temperature at all if it were not for the fact that some of the receptors are in the control path for muscles, which can and do generate heat in response to activity. The agonist decreases the percieved effort it takes to do something by increasing the responsiveness to the control signal (in this instance, serotonin) which can manifest exterally as hyperflexia and has an equal chance of leading to dehydration in this regard.

So really, we can categorize several causal types of serotonin syndrome. There's the classic "can't get rid of serotonin" syndrome caused by MAO-A inhibitors; then theres "can't get rid of the catabolic shunt/inhibitor" which is drug a inhibits enzyme that digests drug b which is affecting the release or blocks the reuptake (or degradation of) of serotonin. This would manifest completely differently from the first example unless drug b was a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

I would postulate another example of serotonin syndrome which is populated by 5ht agonists which would describe the effects only produced at the receptor without interfereing with serotonin metabolism and call it 'serotonin hypersensitivity' or perhaps the tryptamine effect or the ayahuasca effect (i.e. metabolic serotonin-system anomalies produced through non metabolic means) or 'non-metabolic serotonin syndrome". It is however inaccurate to characterize hallucinations as symptomatic of metabolic serotonin syndrome, or otherwise to list the side effects of drugs that may cause serotonin syndrome as symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Tremor is a side effect of MDMA, shaking may present with other agonists but this is a side effect of something besides serotonin. Hyperflexia is attributable to agonists. Hyperactivity or hypermotility might be accurate substituited for hyperreflexia for metabolic serotonin syndrome. Vasoconstriction is the appropriate reference for hypertension as excessive serotonin is not known to cause hypertensive crisis.

All examples of serotonin syndrome would be one or some combination of these examples. See something I've missed or have I uttered blaspheme? Please tell me if i'm completely wrong on something or if you've explicit knowledge to the contrary of anything I've said on my talk pageRotogenRay (talk) 05:05, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

Completely wrong, certainly not. However, the confusion is sometimes due to correct but limited -- perhaps more accurately, focused -- consideration. I believe you may fall prey to that just as the article does, by considering only "drug interactions". In my experience, of the 3% or so who've taken SSRIs alone and had problematic side effects were simply called "allergic", but were for the most part showing early symptoms of serotonin syndrome (agitation and confusion). One situation I've studied for some time involves the hypopigmentation condition known as vitiligo. In this condition, the precursor tyrosine is blocked from becoming melanin, and instead ends up as noradrenaline and adrenaline. A chronic overload of these results in increased MAO-A production to keep them in check. The increased MAO-A also catalyzes serotonin, which does not share the increased production. In order to maintain roughly normal serotoninergic activity, there is receptor upregulation. With reuptake blocked, increased synaptic serotonin in a field of receptors of a much larger number than usual produces a massive increase activiation. Yes, there are other substances involved, but all are endogenous, thus this is not a drug interaction.

A minor point in Signs and Symptoms: headache is a referred pain, a matter of nociception, and thus is somatic, not cognitive. Drmcclainphd (talk) 13:25, 28 November 2015 (UTC)

Moved
There "Agonists and metabolic affect

Singular use of LSD or other 5-HT agonists is unlikely to cause serotonin syndrome in lieu of other metabotropic properties which affect the serotonin system. However, agonists at 5-HT would increase the severity of certain symptoms associated with serotonin syndrome, depending on the 5-HT subtypes for which the agonist is selective. The effect of agonists do not explicitly qualify as a syndrome of serotonin (the ligand) but may be considered a syndrome which affects the serotonin system, i.e. 5-HT receptor syndrome. Agonists cause sensitization to the presence of the ligand or directly stimulate receptors, hence the temperature increase is produced by increased physical activity. In the classical case of serotonin accumulation syndrome, temperature increase is mediated by enzymatic activity of MAO-A. The nature of serotonin syndrome may be understood in general terms of affect on serotonin metabolism, e.g. to catabolic or anabolic. SSRIs and releasing agents bias the serotonin system towards catabolism by blocking reuptake, while monoamine oxidase inhibitors inhibit catabolism of serotonin (shifting to anabolic). The acute combinatory danger of any substance which acts as a catabolic shunt with monoamine oxidase inhibitors is not their obvious potential for causing dangerous serotonin accumulation. In many cases a number of different enzymes are inhibited or acted upon which interfere with the metabolism of the combination of drugs taken and prolong serotonergic effects. This extended enzyme interference describes deaths attributable to the combination of MDMA and moclobemide "

Moved as poorly referenced Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:30, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

Dosage
This article gives no indication at all of how much medication causes this. Should one call an ambulance immediately if one has taken one standard dose of SSRI/SNRI/MAOI/TCA/tramadol on the same day that one has taken another SSRI/SNRI/MAOI/TCA/tramadol? Correctrix (talk) 09:03, 10 February 2018 (UTC)

LSD
Lots of ref support https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/serotonin-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20354758

Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 14:07, 19 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Including http://www.njmonline.nl/getpdf.php?id=245 Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 19:37, 12 December 2019 (UTC)

Hi, I removed this part because your paper, The Serotonin Syndrome, doesn't explicitly state LSD as being implicated in Serotonin Syndrome. The chart referenced in the paper is regarding mechanisms implicated in SS (incl. Serotonin stimulation), and it mentions LSD as an example of a drug that stimulates 5HT receptors. It's fallacious to say that LSD causes Serotonin Syndrome because it's a 5HT-receptor stimulant, especially considering LSD has a biased agonism that favours the Beta-arrestin pathway over G-protein activation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.32.180.153 (talk) 23:59, 10 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Doc James, if you're going to include that additional citation for LSD, could you please consider revising the other source, [18]? It's not suggesting LSD causes Serotonin Syndrome, it's only suggesting that LSD stimulates the Serotonin receptors. I'm unfamiliar with Wikipedia editing so I'm not going to try edit it again, but the source doesn't suggest LSD causes SS.

 * Here is a paper that affirms my concern about suggesting LSD can cause SS:  https://headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01575.x  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.170.15.81 (talk) 01:25, 12 May 2020 (UTC)

I have had difficulties tracking the source to the claim that LSD can cause serotonin syndrome, whether by itself or with other compounds. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, but some published material indirectly suggests it does not cause it (like the one by the IP that posted above me). I have some objections with the sources:
 * 1) The citation [18] (Bijl D (October 2004). "The serotonin syndrome". Neth J Med. 62 (9): 309–13) has a single reference to LSD. There is a table titled "Mechanisms of serotonergic drugs involved in serotonin syndrome", it has a category "[s]timulation of serotonin receptors" and LSD is an entry there. There are two relevant citations: one is to a Dutch pharmacology textbook or reference book titled Farmacotherapeutisch Kompas 2003, and in the 2009 edition (couldn't find 2003) there is a table almost exactly as the one in the paper. In turn, this chapter, which is about depression, cites a dozen sources of which only one seems relevant to me (all the other are directly related to depression and its treatment only): "Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra041867", which includes a reference to "drugs of abuse" being "associated with the syndrome", but the references it cites don't mention this anywhere I could find.
 * 2) The second citation, [19] for Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice simply cites the Bijl article, and it's therefore redundant, so I will remove it.

Unless we can find a source that actually has evidence of LSD causing serotonin syndrome, I think it should be removed from the article. Or perhaps take it out from the table of drugs that "can cause" the syndrome and state that "LSD has been associated with serotonin syndrome" somewhere in the section, and cite something like the Boyer and Shannon paper, where that claim is made. Paper wobbling sound (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 07:58, 14 February 2021 (UTC)

Table of causes: is the "other" section too long?
Currently these are the drugs listed as "other" in the table of causes: Tryptophan,[4] L-Dopa,[22] valproate,[4] buspirone,[4] lithium,[4] linezolid,[4][23] dextromethorphan,[4] 5-hydroxytryptophan,[9] chlorpheniramine,[10] risperidone,[24] olanzapine,[25] ondansetron,[4] granisetron,[4] metoclopramide,[4] ritonavir,[4] metaxalone[4] I am not sufficiently informed to decide how they should be grouped, but I can see some small groups in there without even recognising half of the drugs: tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan are serotonin precursors (which would very logically cause serotonin syndrome if improperly administered) and L-DOPA as a dopamine precursor could then possibly be grouped with them as neurotransmitter precursors. Risperidone and olanzapine are both antipsychotics. Of the others I don't see large groups as I only recognise valproate, lithium, and ritonavir, but I would not be surprised if there are further appropriate groups, especially if we take into consideration that currently the "5-HT1 agonists" class consists only of "triptans" (although I do realise that that is a class of drugs, not a single one) I personally think that the "other" section should really be for drugs that are not related to any of the others, and I imagine that to the layperson the way it is currently set out implies that this long list of drugs are all unrelated despite that not being the case. Further input would be much appreciated.

Anditres (talk) 22:39, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Serotonin syndrome


text: Talk:Ruminate

title: Talk:Ruminate


text:
User:Rodasmith

/ɹɑd/

title: User:Rodasmith


text:
Celebrity Constellation

GTS Celebrity Constellation (formerly Constellation) is the fourth and final Millennium-class cruise ship built for Celebrity Cruises, a subsidiary of Royal Caribbean Group. She was renamed in May 2007 to add the "Celebrity" prefix, joining her three sister ships: Celebrity Infinity, Celebrity Summit, and Celebrity Millennium.

She was built at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in St. Nazaire, France. The ship is powered by a COGES power plant of gas turbines and a steam turbine providing up to 60 megawatts for the electric systems and two 19 MW Rolls-Royce/Alstom MerMaid azimuth thrusters for propulsion. In 2007, an additional diesel engine was fitted as a fuel-saving measure. The ship can run on any combination of the gas turbines or diesel. In port, she generates electrical power from the diesel.

During the summer period the ship sails to the Mediterranean, repositioning to the Caribbean in the winter months.

Celebrity Constellation was scheduled to complete an extensive renovation in May 2020. However, as a result of the business impact from the Covid-19 pandemic, these plans are delayed until a future unannounced date. Another rumor that Celebrity Constellation and sister ship Celebrity Infinity are to be sold or leased to Spanish cruise line, Pulmantur, has been denied by Celebrity Cruises.

In mid-2021, Celebrity Constellation was supposed to receive a multi-million dollar refit, but it was postponed until Spring 2024.

Routes
Celebrity Constellation has operated in the Mediterranean and Adriatic during the summer seasons and in the Persian Gulf during the rest of the calendar year. In October 2020, she repositioned to Tampa, Florida to operate Caribbean and Panama Canal voyages, marking Celebrity's return to Tampa after a 13-year absence.

title: Celebrity Constellation


text:
Gene Osborn

Gene Osborn (August 10, 1922 – November 27, 1975) was a radio and television sportscaster in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, known primarily as a play-by-play for several major league baseball teams. He also had a substantial career in radio and television sports in Albuquerque, New Mexico, which he considered his adopted hometown.

Osborn, the son of Elizabeth (née Collins) and James Osborn, was born and raised in Davenport, Iowa, where he played baseball and other sports. He attended St. Ambrose University, then known as St. Ambrose College. Osborn was considered a top draft prospect for the St. Louis Cardinals. But his playing days were cut short when he suffered a knee injury. Osborn began his broadcast career in 1942 at station WQUA in Moline, Illinois.

In 1953, Osborn arrived in Albuquerque, where he soon became the sports director of radio station KABQ (AM). He did play-by-play broadcast for the Albuquerque Dukes of the West Texas–New Mexico League (and later the Western League). He was also the broadcaster for University of New Mexico football and basketball. In 1954, Osborn was elected president of the Albuquerque Pressbox Association. Also in the mid-fifties, Osborn became sports director at Albuquerque television station KOAT-TV, channel 7, an ABC affiliate. Later, the Dukes broadcasts were switched to KGGM, 610 AM, and Osborn went there.

From 1959 to 1964, Osborn broadcast The Game of the Day on the Mutual Broadcasting System and also did University of Michigan and Michigan State University sports broadcasts.

In 1965, Osborn was hired as a radio announcer for the Detroit Tigers, working with legendary announcer Ernie Harwell. Osborn was fired after the 1966 season and replaced by Ray Lane. Osborn then returned to Albuquerque, where Doubleday Broadcasting, the then-new owners of radio station KDEF 1150 AM, hired him as sports director. Once again, Gene Osborn would be the voice of UNM Lobo sports. He also resumed duties as sports director at KOAT television.

Osborn then worked with Bob Prince and Nellie King on the KDKA broadcasts of the Pittsburgh Pirates during the 1970 season. He became KOAT sports director in Albuquerque again in 1971. He left the Duke City in 1972 to work with Harry Caray, broadcasting the games of the Chicago White Sox over WMAQ. Throughout all of these moves, Osborn's family maintained its home in Albuquerque. Osborn and his wife were active in Albuquerque community affairs. For example, Gene Osborn was the chairman of the New Mexico campaign for cystic fibrosis research in 1971.

In 1974, Osborn became the sports director of TV station KMBA in Kansas City, Missouri, where he covered the NHL Kansas City Scouts as well as handling telecasts of the Kansas City Royals in 1975. During his career, Osborn also did broadcasts of the Detroit Red Wings NHL team.

Osborn died of kidney failure on November 27, 1975, at age 53 in Kansas City.

title: Gene Osborn


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gwernica

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete and redirect. Golbez 00:12, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Gwernica
No context on a band that's admittedly "small-time" (read "Not notable under the WP: MUSIC guidelines".) Deltabeignet 20:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Guernica as possible misspelling. --Dmcdevit 21:40, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable band vanity. JamesBurns 07:49, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:69.192.205.46

title: User talk:69.192.205.46