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Landfill gas

Landfill gas is a mix of different gases created by the action of microorganisms within a landfill as they decompose organic waste, including for example, food waste and paper waste. Landfill gas is approximately forty to sixty percent methane, with the remainder being mostly carbon dioxide. Trace amounts of other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise the remainder (<1%). These trace gases include a large array of species, mainly simple hydrocarbons.

Landfill gases have an influence on climate change. The major components are CO2 and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases. Methane in the atmosphere is a far more potent greenhouse gas, with each molecule having twenty-five times the effect of a molecule of carbon dioxide. Methane itself however accounts for less composition of the atmosphere than does carbon dioxide. Landfills are the third-largest source of methane in the US.

Because of the significant negative effects of these gases, regulatory regimes have been set up to monitor landfill gas, reduce the amount of biodegradable content in municipal waste, and to create landfill gas utilization strategies, which include gas flaring or capture for electricity generation.

Production
Landfill gases are the result of three processes: The first two depend strongly on the nature of the waste. The dominant process in most landfills is the third process whereby anaerobic bacteria decompose organic waste to produce biogas, which consists of methane and carbon dioxide together with traces of other compounds. Despite the heterogeneity of waste, the evolution of gases follows well defined kinetic pattern. Formation of methane and CO2 commences about six months after depositing the landfill material. The evolution of gas reaches a maximum at about 20 years, then declines over the course of decades.
 * 1) evaporation of volatile organic compounds (e.g., solvents)
 * 2) chemical reactions between waste components
 * 3) microbial action, especially methanogenesis.

Conditions and changes within the landfill can be observed with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to detect sources of landfill gas, and leachate movements and pathways. Conditions at different locations, such as temperature, moisture levels and fraction of biodegradable material can be inferred and this information can be used to improve gas production with optimal well locations over hotspots and interventions such as heap irrigation.

When landfill gas permeates through a soil cover, a fraction of the methane in the gas is oxidized microbially to CO2.

Monitoring
Because gases produced by landfills are both valuable and sometimes hazardous, monitoring techniques have been developed. Flame ionization detectors can be used to measure methane levels as well as total VOC levels. Surface monitoring and sub-surface monitoring as well as monitoring of the ambient air is carried out. In the U.S., under the Clean Air Act of 1990, it is required that many large landfills install gas collection and control systems, which means that at the very least the facilities must collect and flare the gas.

U.S. Federal regulations under Subtitle D of RCRA formed in October 1979 regulate the siting, design, construction, operation, monitoring, and closure of MSW landfills. Subtitle D now requires controls on the migration of methane in landfill gas. Monitoring requirements must be met at landfills during their operation, and for an additional 30 years after. The landfills affected by Subtitle D of RCRA are required to control gas by establishing a way to check for methane emissions periodically and therefore prevent off-site migration. Landfill owners and operators must make sure the concentration of methane gas does not exceed 25% of the LEL for methane in the facilities' structures and the LEL for methane at the facility boundary.

Use

The gases produced within a landfill can be collected and used in various ways. The landfill gas can be utilized directly on-site by a boiler or any type of combustion system, providing heat. Electricity can also be generated on-site through the use of microturbines, steam turbines, or fuel cells. The landfill gas can also be sold off-site and sent into natural gas pipelines. This approach requires the gas to be processed into pipeline quality, e.g., by removing various contaminants and components. Landfill gas can also be used to evaporate leachate, another byproduct of the landfill process. This application displaces another fuel that was previously used for the same thing.

The efficiency of gas collection at landfills directly impacts the amount of energy that can be recovered - closed landfills (those no longer accepting waste) collect gas more efficiently than open landfills (those that are still accepting waste). A comparison of collection efficiency at closed and open landfills found about a 17 percentage point difference between the two.

Opposition
Capture and use of landfill gas can be expensive. Some environmental groups claim that the projects do not produce "renewable power" because trash (their source) is not renewable. The Sierra Club opposes government subsidies for such projects. The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) argues that government incentives should be directed more towards solar, wind, and energy-efficiency efforts.

Safety
Landfill gas emissions can lead to environmental, hygiene and security problems in the landfill. Several accidents have occurred, for example at Loscoe, England in 1986, where migrating landfill gas accumulated and partially destroyed a property. An accident causing two deaths occurred from an explosion in a house adjacent to Skellingsted landfill in Denmark in 1991. Due to the risk presented by landfill gas, there is a clear need to monitor gas produced by landfills. In addition to the risk of fire and explosion, gas migration in the subsurface can result in contact with landfill gas with groundwater. This, in turn, can result in contamination of groundwater by organic compounds present in nearly all landfill gas.

Although usually evolved only in trace amounts, landfills do release some aromatics and chlorocarbons.

Landfill gas migration, due to pressure differentials and diffusion, can occur. This can create an explosion hazard if the gas reaches sufficiently high concentrations in adjacent buildings.

title: Landfill gas


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Gotthilf Hempel

Gotthilf Hempel (born March 8, 1929) is a German marine biologist and oceanographer.

Live
Hempel studied biology and geology at the universities of Mainz and Heidelberg. In 1952 he gained his Ph.D. with a study on the energetics of grasshopper jumps from Heidelberg University. He then went on to work as a scientific assistant at various research institutes in Wilhelmshaven, Heligoland, and Hamburg, where he habilitated with a thesis on the ecology of fry in 1963.

In 1967 he became a professor at the University of Kiel at the Institute of Marine Sciences (Institut für Meereskunde Kiel), where he remained director of the Department of Fisheries Biology for the next 14 years and served as Acting Director of the institute from 1972 to 1976.

In 1981, he helped found the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven whereupon he became the institution's first director. In the same year, he also became director of the Institute for Polar Ecology at the University of Kiel. In Bremerhaven, he initiated the construction of the polar research vessel PFS Polarstern. In 1992, he became the first director of the then newly founded Center for Marine Tropical Ecology at this time part of University of Bremen. Hempel retired in 1994.

He has been interested and active in research politics throughout his career. From 1963 to 1967 he worked for UNESCO and the FAO and from 1990 to 1996 he was a member of the Wissenschaftsrat, the scientific advisory committee of Germany. He has been and is an active proponent of scientific collaboration and education initiatives in underdeveloped countries, and has advocated a more sustainable exploitation of natural resources. Hempel is the editor of the journal Polar Biology, and he has also published several books. He has had more than 70 doctoral candidates, notably Daniel Pauly. From his time spent researching oceanological topics he has managed to spend over 1000 days aboard research vessels.

He became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1989. He was awarded the German Order of Merit (Grosses Verdienstkreuz) in 1993.

Selected publications

 * Early Life History of Marine Fish: The Egg Stage; University of Washington Press; 1980; ISBN 0-295-95672-0.
 * Antarctic Science: Global Concerns; Springer 1994; ISBN 0-387-57559-6.
 * Nachhaltigkeit und globaler Wandel: guter Rat ist Teuer; Peter Lang Publishing, Frankfurt 2003; ISBN 3-631-50400-4. (Ed.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gotthilf Hempel


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Le Mans FC

Le Mans Football Club (commonly referred to as Le Mans FC, formerly known as Le Muc) is a French professional football club based in Le Mans. The club was founded in 1985 as a result of a merger under the name Le Mans Union Club 72. In 2010, Le Mans changed its name to Le Mans FC to coincide with the re-modeling of the club, which includes moving into a new stadium, MMArena, which opened in January 2011. The stadium is based in the interior of the Circuit de la Sarthe, a famous circuit in the city.

The club were controversially relegated from 2019–20 Ligue 2 when the season was terminated early due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

History
Le Mans Sports Club were founded in 1900, but it was not until 1908 that a football club existed within it. Le Mans qualified for the Championnat de la France in 1910, but were heavily overturned by Saint-Servan. Gaining a huge reputation up to World War I, Le Mans SC plunged into obscurity by World War II before joining the war league in 1942.

The football section of Union Sportive du Mans was founded in 1903.

The current club was formed as a result of a merger between Union Sportive du Mans and Le Mans Sports Club, on 12 June 1985. Upon its foundation, former football player Bernard Deferrez was installed as manager. Le Mans UC spent the majority of its infancy in Ligue 2. In the 2003–04 season, the club achieved promotion to Ligue 1 for the first time, but were immediately relegated. Le Mans returned to the first division for the 2005–06 season and successfully remained in the league for the next four seasons. The club suffered relegation back to Ligue 2 in the 2009–10 season. Midway through the campaign, on 2 December 2009, Le Mans announced that it was changing its name from Le Mans Union Club 72 to Le Mans FC.

Le Mans moved to the MMArena midway through the 2010–11 season, comfortably in the promotion spots for a return to Ligue 1, but a bad run sees them finish 4th, missing promotion on goal difference. The failure to achieve promotion is costly, as the club sees its payroll limited by the DNCG. Many players left, and relegation was only narrowly avoided. The club survived by appeal an attempt by DNCG to relegate them to Championnat National. The following season they were relegated on the field, and a long summer of legal battles saw them liquidated and reforming in Maine (province) Division d'Honneur as an amateur club.

Promotion to Championnat de France Amateur 2 was achieved on the first attempt, and promotion from that division was only narrowly missed in 2014–15 and 2015–16. On the third attempt, promotion to the new Championnat National 2 was obtained in 2016–17, when Le Mans finished as one of the best runners up in the competition. Le Mans was promoted for the second season in a row winning Group D and being promoted to the 2018–19 Championnat National, the club would achieve a third consecutive promotion after successfully overcoming Gazélec Ajaccio in the Ligue 2 relegation play-off final with a 3-2 aggregate score, swapping places with the Corsican club who, only three years before had been members of the top-flight themselves.

The club were in 19th place in Ligue 2 when the season was terminated early due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the club supporting an LFP proposal which would have seen Ligue 2 operate temporarily with 22 clubs, meaning they would stay in the division, the FFF ruled on 27 May 2020 that they were to be relegated to Championnat National.

Current squad
As of 1 February 2024.

Notable players
Below are the notable former players who have represented Le Mans and its predecessors in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1985. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 100 official matches for the club.

For a complete list of Le Mans players, see Category:Le Mans FC players

 * 🇫🇷 Arnaud Denis
 * 🇫🇷 Ludovic Baal
 * Dagui Bakari
 * 🇬🇳 Ismaël Bangoura
 * 🇲🇪 Marko Baša
 * 🇫🇷 Régis Beunardeau
 * 🇫🇷 Willy Bolivard
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Bonnart
 * 🇫🇷 Grégory Cerdan
 * 🇫🇷 Sébastien Corchia
 * 🇬🇦 Daniel Cousin
 * 🇫🇷 Mathieu Coutadeur
 * 🇫🇷 Vincent Créhin
 * 🇫🇷 Joffrey Cuffaut
 * 🇫🇷 Thomas Dasquet
 * 🇧🇷 Tulio De Melo
 * Stéphane Diarra
 * 🇧🇫 Moussa Doumbia
 * Didier Drogba
 * 🇫🇷 Tom Duponchelle
 * 🇫🇷 Romain Dupont
 * 🇳🇴 Dan Eggen
 * 🇨🇲 Patrick Ekeng Ekeng
 * 🇫🇷 James Fanchone
 * 🇫🇷 Thibault Ferrand
 * 🇫🇷 Yannick Fischer
 * 🇫🇷 Thierry Froger
 * 🇫🇷 Eric Garcin
 * 🇧🇷 Antônio Géder
 * Gervinho
 * 🇧🇷 Grafite
 * 🇲🇦 Hamza Hafidi
 * 🇫🇷 Yohan Hautcoeur
 * 🇳🇴 Thorstein Helstad
 * 🇧🇪 Roland Lamah
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Lemonnier
 * 🇫🇷 Anthony Le Tallec
 * 🇫🇷 Cyriaque Louvion
 * 🇲🇱 Modibo Maïga
 * 🇯🇵 Daisuke Matsui
 * 🇬🇦 Didier Ovono
 * 🇫🇷 Fabrice Pancrate
 * 🇫🇷 Pierre Patron
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Pédémas
 * 🇫🇷 Yohann Pelé
 * 🇫🇷 Christian Penaud
 * 🇫🇷 Laurent Peyrelade
 * 🇫🇷 Yoann Poulard
 * 🇫🇷 Réginald Ray
 * Romaric
 * 🇫🇷 Stéphane Samson
 * 🇫🇷 Morgan Sanson
 * 🇧🇯 Stéphane Sessègnon
 * 🇨🇲 Jacques Songo'o
 * Mamadou Soro
 * 🇳🇴 Fredrik Strømstad
 * 🇫🇷 Frédéric Thomas
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Thomas
 * 🇫🇷 Olivier Thomert
 * 🇧🇪 Patrick Van Kets
 * 🇫🇷 Alexandre Vardin
 * 🇫🇷 Stéphen Vincent
 * 🇩🇿 Hassan Yebda
 * Zito

Former managers
• Mony Braustein (1945–46)

• ? (1946–47)

• Émile Rummelhardt (1947–51)

• Gaston Choulet (1951–52)

• Gabriel Corsaletti (1952–53)

• Camille Libar (1953–57)

• André Grillon (1957–64)

• René Dereuddre (1964–76)

• Alain Laurier (1976–79)

• Michel Rodriguez (1979–81)

• André Guttierez (1981–85)

• Bernard Deferrez (1985–86)

• Christian Gourcuff (Jun 86 – Jan 89)

• Christian Létard (Jan 1989 – Jan 94)

• Thierry Froger (Jan 1994 – May 97)

• Slavo Muslin (Jun 1997 – Nov 97)

• Marc Westerloppe (Nov 1997 – Nov 2000)

• Alain Pascalou (Nov 2000 – Dec 2000)

• Thierry Goudet (Dec 2000 – Feb 2004)

• Daniel Jeandupeux (Feb 2004 – Dec 2004)

• Frédéric Hantz (Dec 2004–07)

• Rudi Garcia (2007–08)

• Yves Bertucci (2008–09)

• Daniel Jeandupeux (2009)

• Arnaud Cormier (2009)

• Paulo Duarte (2009)

• Arnaud Cormier (2009–2011)

• Denis Zanko (2011–2013)

• Régis Beunardeau (2013)

• Stéphane Guédet (2013–2014)

• Alexandre Clément (2014–2015)

• Richard Déziré (2015–2020)

• Réginald Ray (2020)

• Didier Ollé-Nicolle (2020–2021)

• Cris (2021–2022)

Honours

 * Division d'Honneur Ouest
 * Winners: 1961, 1965
 * Division d'Honneur Maine
 * Winners: 2014
 * Coupe Gambardella
 * Winners: 2004

title: Le Mans FC


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Aub (disambiguation)

Aub is a town in Germany.

Aub or AUB may also refer to:

Surname

 * Carmen Aub (born 1989), Mexican actress
 * Joseph Charles Aub (1890-1973), American endocrinologist
 * Joseph Aub (rabbi) (1804–1880), German rabbi
 * Max Aub (1903–1972), Mexican-Spanish novelist, playwright and critic

Given name

 * Aub Carrigan (1917–2012), Australian cricketer
 * Aub Charleston (1901–1985), Australian rules footballer
 * Aub Hodgson (1912–1982), Australian rugby union player
 * Aub Kelly (1904–1974), Australian Rugby league player
 * Aub Lawson (1915–1977), Australian speedway rider

Groups, companies, organizations

 * African Union of Broadcasting, association of national radio and television organizations in Africa
 * Augsburg Airways (ICAO airline code ), a defunct regional German airline

Banks

 * Asia United Bank, based in the Philippines
 * Asia Universal Bank, based in Kyrgyzstan

Religious organizations

 * Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, defunct Islamic organisation based in British Bengal
 * Apostolic United Brethren, a polygamous Mormon fundamentalist church

Universities

 * American University of Beirut, Lebanon
 * Andrássy University Budapest, Hungary
 * Arts University Bournemouth, Poole, United Kingdom
 * Asian University of Bangladesh, Dhaka

Other uses

 * Abnormal uterine bleeding, a menstrual condition
 * Auburn railway station, Melbourne
 * Phupha language (ISO 639 language code )

title: Aub (disambiguation)


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ES Troyes AC

Espérance Sportive Troyes Aube Champagne (ESTAC), commonly known as Troyes, is a French professional association football club based in Troyes. It plays its home matches at the Stade de l'Aube. Founded in 1986, it is the third professional club from the city, after AS Troyes-Savinienne and Troyes AF. The club is part of the City Football Group.

Previous clubs in Troyes (1900–1979)
The first ever football club in Troyes was created in 1900, as Union Sportive Troyenne (UST). In 1931, it merged with the AS Savinienne, a club from the suburbs of Troyes, to form the Association Sportive Troyenne et Savinienne (ASTS). The newly formed club became professional in 1935, and joined Ligue 2. The club reached Première Division in 1954–55, under the guidance of manager and former international player Roger Courtois (1952–1963), with players such as Abdelaziz Ben Tifour, Marcel Artelesa or Pierre Flamion. It constituted one of the more glorious times for the club, as they reached the Coupe de France final in 1956, against Sedan, which they went on to lose 3–1. The same day, the youth team of the club won the Coupe Gambardella, the French Youth cup. That very same year, the club failed to keep its place in French top flight, and was back in Division 2. It finally succeed in reaching the Première Division again in 1960, but only lasted one season, and was relegated in 1961. The club had some financial difficulties, and had to leave professional football at the end of the 1962–63 season, which they finished 17th out of 20. They continued for four more seasons at regional level, under the guidance of former ASTS player Jacques Diebold, before disappearing.

Shortly after without any major club in Troyes, a new one was created in 1967, under the name Troyes Omnisports, still at regional level. It renamed itself Troyes Aube Football (TAF) in 1970 as it took back professional status, and was admitted to play in the Third Division. They were promoted to the Second Division after just one year. For their first season in Second division, under the lead of Pierre Flamion, they finished second, but failed to win promotion, as there were three Second division groups that season. They finished first next year, in 1973, and lost in the Champions final between the Champions of the two new groups against Lens. The club had its longest consecutive run in Ligue 1, as they stayed five consecutive seasons in the top flight, from 1973 to 1978. It was however a difficult spell, as it struggled each season against relegation. Pierre Flamion left in 1975, and was replaced by René Cédolin, former Rennes manager. Its best position was 15th out of 20 in 1976–77. Even though they had some very good players, such as striker Gérard Tonnel (1972–1975, 107 games, 69 goals in Ligue 1 and Ligue 2), right-back René Le Lamer (1973–1978), keeper Guy Formici (1970–1978) and Yugoslavian star, winger Ilija Petković (1973–1976). They were finally relegated in 1978, finishing 19th. They suffered back to back relegations finishing 17th in the second division and dropped to the third division. This led to the club becoming bankrupt and merging with Patronage Laïque de Troyes, leaving Troyes without a professional Football Club yet again.

Current club ATAC/ESTAC (1986–present)
After the death of the second professional club from Troyes, some people tried to rebuild a new club, which could be able to come back to professional status. At first, in 1979, just after the disappearing of the TAF, they merged the amateurs teams the TAF with the Patronage Laïque de Troyes, creating the PL Foot, once again under the guidance of Jacques Diebold. The club only managed to reach the Fourth division in 1984, but became relegated after just one season, finishing 17th. To build a more lasting club, Maurice Cacciaguerra, Angel Masoni and others decided to create the Association Troyes Aube Champagne (ATAC), taking the place of the PL Foot in Division d'Honneur, French sixth division, at regional level.

The new club won the championship in its first season, and was promoted to Fourth division in 1987. After just three seasons, they finished first of the Fourth Division in 1990, and reached the Third Division. Despite being well listed during the next three seasons, the club failed to gain promotion to the Second division. Due to the reform of French football leagues in 1993, the club was transferred to the newly formed Nationale 2, the new fourth level of French football. New president Angel Masoni called Alain Perrin to take the lead of the team. He was to become the most successful manager ever in Troyes, and stayed nine years, from 1993 to 2002. In his first year, he won the Nationale 2, and ATAC was promoted to the Nationale 1 in 1994. The following year, Troyes finished 10th, before finishing 2nd in 1995–96, and was promoted to Ligue 2: for the first time since 1979, Troyes were playing professional football.

Troyes first season was very difficult, as they finished 20th out of 22 teams, only keeping its place in Deuxième division due to the bankruptcy of Perpignan and Charleville. The next two seasons were much more successful, they finished fifth in 1997–98 and third in 1998–99, due to the presence of players more used to this level, such as Frédéric Adam, Richard Jeziersky, David Hamed, Samuel Boutal, fan favourite Slađan Đukić and local players, such as captain Mohammed Bradja. Troyes took the lead during the first part of the season. Even if the second part was more difficult, the team finished third, only on goal average, after a last win against Cannes. But most importantly Troyes was promoted to Ligue 1, 21 years after its last season at this level.

In Troyes' first season in Ligue 1 in 1999–2000, the team finished in 14th place, thereby avoiding relegation. At the end of the season, the name ATAC was changed to ESTAC due to the complaints of a French discount supermarket chain having the same name. The glory days came in the next two seasons, as they twice finished seventh, qualifying them for the first time in their history for the Intertoto Cup in 2001 and 2002. In 2001, with players Jérôme Rothen, Rafik Saïfi, Tony Heurtebis, Fabio Celestini and Nicolas Goussé in the side, they defeated Newcastle United in an epic Intertoto Cup second leg final, which finished 4–4 at St James' Park.

After a first round qualification in UEFA Cup over Slovakian MFK Ruzomberok (6–1; 0–1), Troyes lost to Leeds United 4–5 on aggregate despite winning the second leg 3–2, and failed to qualify to the third round. The following year, they beat Spanish side Villarreal, drawing 0–0 in the first leg and winning the second leg 2–1. However, the result was voided as Troyes fielded a disqualified player, David Vairelles. UEFA disqualified ESTAC, and Villarreal took their place instead. The sacking of new manager Jacky Bonnevay and the nomination of Faruk Hadzibegic in January did not save Troyes. They finished at the bottom of the Ligue 1, and were relegated to Ligue 2.

Thanks to the takeover of new President Thierry Gomez, Troyes avoided bankruptcy to finish 10th the following season. In 2004, Jean-Marc Furlan, who had spectacular results in Coupe de France with amateur side Libourne Saint-Seurin, was appointed manager. In his first season, the club secured promotion by finishing third, largely due to the great performances of two young strikers on loan, Sébastien Grax from Monaco and Bafétimbi Gomis from Saint-Etienne. The club played some attractive football, in the style of former manager Alain Perrin. The club maintained itself in Ligue 1 in 2005–06, but failed the following season (2006–07), finishing in 18th position. Furlan left at the end of the season, and Denis Troch became the new manager. After failing to win promotion, with Troyes taking only four points in the last eleven games of the season and finishing in sixth place, despite being in the top three during the majority of the season, Troch was sacked at the conclusion of the season. Ludovic Batelli was appointed next season, but had to struggle against relegation. He was sacked in April 2009 and caretaker manager, Claude Robin, previously Troyes' director of formation, did not manage to avoid relegation.

With the club finding itself once again in financial difficulties, Thierry Gomez stepped down as president and was replaced by Daniel Masoni, son of former president Angel Masoni. In July 2009, Daniel Masoni engaged Patrick Rémy to replace Robin as manager. Rémy succeeded in taking Troyes back to Ligue 2, finishing third in the Championnat National in 2010. However, after a disagreement with president Masoni, Remy quit in June 2010 and Jean-Marc Furlan returned to manage the club. The club stayed in Ligue 2 in the 2010–11 season, finishing 16th. After a slow start at the beginning of the new season, results improved as the season went on. Things improved greatly and Troyes found themselves challenging for promotion. They achieved this in the 37th game of the season, with a win over AS Monaco, on 11 May 2012. Crucial wins over arch-rivals Sedan, with a goal in the last minute to right back youngster Djibril Sidibé, and then a few weeks later against Clermont, who was third at the time, allowed Troyes to climb into the top three.

Producing some of the most exciting football of the league, with players such as Marcos or Mounir Obbadi, a strong defence led by Rincón, Julien Outrebon, Matthieu Saunier and Stephen Drouin with the left back Fabrice N'Sakala and right back Djibril Sidibé, both products of the academy, as well as midfielders Julien Faussurier and captain Eloge Enza Yamissi actually did what nobody expected at the beginning of the season. They had a strong second half of the season, with only 4 defeats, 5 draws and 10 victories (with just one loss in the 10 last games of the season). Troyes found themselves back in Ligue 1 five years after their last stint, and just two season after playing in the third division.

In the 2015–16 Ligue 1 season, Troyes were relegated to Ligue 2 after finishing last on the table winning only three games all year and were humiliated in one match when they lost 9–0 at the hands of Paris Saint-Germain. On 29 May 2017, Troyes were promoted back to Ligue 1 at the first time of asking after defeating Lorient 2–1 on aggregate in the playoff/relegation match. On 20 May 2018, Troyes were relegated back to Ligue 2 after just one season in the top flight, finishing second from bottom.

In the 2018–19 Ligue 2 season, Troyes finished in third place on the table. Troyes would go on to lose the playoff semi final against Lens 2–1 after extra time.

On 3 September 2020, City Football Group (CFG), a subsidiary of Abu Dhabi United Group, announced that they had purchased a majority stake in Troyes AC.

In the 2020–21 Ligue 2 season, Troyes were promoted back to Ligue 1 as champions of the division. They were relegated back down following the 2022–23 Ligue 1 season. Troyes suffered a double relegation to the third tier of French football following the 2023–24 Ligue 2 season. However, after end of season, 15th-placed Ajaccio administratively relegated to the Championnat National by the Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion (DNCG) due to financial issues, and Troyes were reinstated.

Famous past players
For a complete list of former Troyes AC players with a Wikipedia article, see here.

Stadium
Stade de l'Aube is a multi-use stadium in Troyes, France. It is currently used mostly for football matches, by Troyes AC. The stadium is able to hold 20,400 people and was built in 1956.

In June 2013, the Stade de l'Aube is the first stadium to build its pitch using the AirFibr hybrid turf technology, developed by the French company Natural Grass.

Domestic

 * Ligue 2:
 * Winners: 2014–15, 2020–21

European

 * UEFA Intertoto Cup:
 * Winners: 2001

title: ES Troyes AC


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Interventionism (politics)

Interventionism, in politics, typically refers to the practice of governments that interfere in the political affairs of other countries, staging military or trade interventions. A different term, economic interventionism, refers to intervention in economic policy at home.

Military intervention, which is a common element of interventionism, has been defined by Martha Finnemore in the context of international relations as "the deployment of military personnel across recognized boundaries for the purpose of determining the political authority structure in the target state". Interventions may be solely focused on altering political authority structures, or may be conducted for humanitarian purposes, or for debt collection.

Interventionism has played a major role in the foreign policies of Western powers, particularly during and after the Victorian era. The New Imperialism era saw numerous interventions by Western nations in the Global South, including the Banana Wars. Modern interventionism grew out of Cold War policies, where the United States and the Soviet Union intervened in nations around the world to counter any influence held there by the other nation. Historians have noted that interventionism has always been a contentious political issue in the public opinion of countries which engaged in interventions.

According to a dataset by Alexander Downes, 120 leaders were removed through foreign-imposed regime change between 1816 and 2011. A 2016 study by Carnegie Mellon University political scientist Dov Haim Levin (who now teaches at the University of Hong Kong) found that the United States intervened in 81 foreign elections between 1946 and 2000, with the majority of those being through covert, rather than overt, actions. Multilateral interventions that include territorial governance by foreign institutions also include cases like East Timor and Kosovo, and have been proposed (but were rejected) for the Palestinian territories. A 2021 review of the existing literature found that foreign interventions since World War II tend overwhelmingly to fail to achieve their purported objectives.

Foreign-imposed regime change
Studies by Alexander Downes, Lindsey O'Rourke, and Jonathan Monten indicate that foreign-imposed regime change seldom reduces the likelihood of civil war, violent removal of the newly imposed leader, and the probability of conflict between the intervening state and its adversaries, and does not increase the likelihood of democratization unless regime change comes with pro-democratic institutional changes in countries with favorable conditions for democracy. Downes argues:

"The strategic impulse to forcibly oust antagonistic or non-compliant regimes overlooks two key facts. First, the act of overthrowing a foreign government sometimes causes its military to disintegrate, sending thousands of armed men into the countryside where they often wage an insurgency against the intervener. Second, externally-imposed leaders face a domestic audience in addition to an external one, and the two typically want different things. These divergent preferences place imposed leaders in a quandary: taking actions that please one invariably alienates the other. Regime change thus drives a wedge between external patrons and their domestic protégés or between protégés and their people."

Research by Nigel Lo, Barry Hashimoto, and Dan Reiter has contrasting findings, as they find that interstate "peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change". However, research by Reiter and Goran Peic finds that foreign-imposed regime change can raise the probability of civil war.

In Africa
Among African nations, Nigeria has shown the will to intervene in the affairs of other sub Saharan African countries since independence. It is said that one of the reasons Yakubu Gowon was removed from office had been the squandering of Nigeria's resources in such far-away lands as Grenada and Guyana, with no returns, economic or political for Nigeria. The philosophy of subsequent military governments in Nigeria was that in an increasingly interdependent world, a country cannot be an island.

title: Interventionism (politics)


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Interventionism (medicine)

Interventionism, when discussing the practice of medicine, is generally a derogatory term used by critics of a medical model in which patients are viewed as passive recipients receiving external treatments provided by the physician that have the effect of prolonging life, or at least of providing a subjective sense of doing everything possible.

Interventionism is commonly encouraged by terminally ill patients and their family members when they are emotionally unprepared to acknowledge that the patient is going to die. Most healthcare providers are uncomfortable telling people that further cure-oriented or life-extending treatment is futile medical care, and patients and families are frequently angry with the provider or feel rejected by the provider when they are given accurate, but negative, information about the patient's prospects. In nearly all cases, "something" can be done for the patient, and families often reward and encourage a provider who proposes a string of useless and potentially harmful treatments; as a result, it is easier for providers to substitute worthless and expensive activity than to honestly admit that nothing will extend the patient's life. An example of one of these interventions is the use of drug-eluting stents for treatment of cardiovascular disease - while initially recommended only for clinically stable patients without comorbidities, physicians began to increasingly use the technology off-label for treatment of more serious disease, with increased morbidity and mortality compared to less invasive procedures.

Interventionism is related to optimism bias. This is the belief that the patient will beat the odds, no matter how unlikely this might be. Optimism bias encourages patients to undertake treatments that have only tiny chances of success, in the erroneous and irrational belief that they will be part of the tiny minority that is successful, rather than part of the vast majority who are not.

With terminally ill patients, the attitude of interventionism prevents providers and patients from taking full advantage of palliative care options. The primary focus for palliative care is improving the patient's immediate, daily life through better management of medications, practical assistance, planning for possible complications, and other services. Patients who use palliative care services usually live longer, have fewer disruptive medical crises, incur fewer medical expenses, and have significantly higher quality of life.

title: Interventionism (medicine)


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Aberdeenshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Aberdeenshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1800 and of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until 1868.

In 1868 it was divided to create Eastern Aberdeenshire and Western Aberdeenshire.

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Aberdeenshire.

Boundaries
When created in 1708, the constituency covered the county of Aberdeen minus the burgh of Aberdeen, which was part of the Aberdeen Burghs constituency.

Under the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1832 the Aberdeen burgh constituency was created to cover the burgh plus areas previously within the Aberdeenshire constituency.

History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished for the 1868 general election.

In 1868, the Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868 divided Aberdeenshire to form Eastern Aberdeenshire and Western Aberdeenshire, and these new constituencies were first used in the 1868 general election.

Elections in the 1840s
Gordon was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1850s
Gordon resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1860s
Hamilton-Gordon succeeded as 5th Earl of Aberdeen, causing a by-election.

Leslie resigned, causing a by-election.


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Elanora Heights, New South Wales

Elanora Heights is a suburb in northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Elanora Heights is 27 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council. Elanora Heights is part of the Northern Beaches region.

Location
Elanora Heights is on the hill above Narrabeen, overlooking Narrabeen Lagoon and the Tasman Sea. The northern side lies next to bushland, which runs to Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, and the south-western side adjoins Garigal National Park. Native wildlife is common in the area, with bandicoots, blue tongue lizards, possums and many birds being seen. A rare quoll has been found in the suburb in recent years, and rock wallaby are commonly seen on the course at Elanora Country Club. Elanora Heights is home to some of the largest homes in Pittwater and is a popular tourist destination spot.

Landmarks
Elanora Heights is a mainly residential suburb, with a few small shops and two golf courses: Elanora Country Club and Monash. The Uniting Church runs a conference centre set in the bushland.

History
Elanora Heights is derived from an Aboriginal word meaning "home by the sea" or "home by the water" and the word Heights meaning "Up high". Elanora Heights takes its name from the geographical location, on the hill near the lagoon.

The suburb came into existence as the Elanora Heights Estate in 1929. Earlier settlements had taken the form of an attempted coal mining camp. Members of Royal Sydney Golf Club purchased a large parcel of land about 1920 which laid the basis for Elanora Country Club which opened in 1922. The name was abbreviated to Elanora in the late 20th century, however the old name has continued to be used.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 4,357 people in Elanora Heights. 77.0% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 6.9%. 89.1% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were No Religion 32.7%, Catholic 24.6% and Anglican 20.2%.

title: Elanora Heights, New South Wales


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Heinz Linge

Heinz Linge (23 March 1913 – 9 March 1980) was a German SS officer who served as a valet for the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, and became known for his close personal proximity to historical events. Linge was present in the Führerbunker on 30 April 1945, when Hitler committed suicide. Linge's ten-year service to Hitler ended at that time. In the aftermath of the Second World War in Europe, Linge spent ten years in Soviet captivity.

According to his memoir, titled With Hitler to the End and published by Skyhorse in 2009, "Linge was responsible for all aspects of Hitler’s household". Despite the circumstances of the war, Linge's portrayal of the Führer has been described as "affectionate", although Hitler as a supervisor acted in a manner "unpredictable and demanding".

Early life and education
Linge was born in Bremen, Germany. He was employed as a bricklayer prior to joining the SS in 1933. He served in the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH), Hitler's bodyguard. In 1934, when he was part of No. 1 Guard to Hitler's residence on the Obersalzberg near Berchtesgaden, Linge was selected to serve at the Reich Chancellery. By the end of the war, he had obtained the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel).

Valet to Hitler
On 24 January 1935, Linge was chosen to be a valet for Hitler. He was one of three valets at that time. In September 1939, Linge replaced Karl Wilhelm Krause as chief valet for Hitler. Linge worked as a valet in the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, at Hitler's residence near Berchtesgaden, and at Wolfsschanze in Rastenburg. He stated that his daily routine was to wake Hitler each day at 11:00 AM and provide morning newspapers and messages. Linge would then keep him stocked with writing materials and spectacles for his morning reading session in bed. Hitler would then dress himself to a stopwatch with Linge acting as a "referee". He would take a light breakfast of tea, biscuits and an apple and a vegetarian lunch at 2:30 PM. Dinner with only a few guests present was at 8.00pm. As Hitler's valet, Linge was also a member of the Führerbegleitkommando which provided personal security protection for Hitler. By 1944, he was also head of Hitler's personal service staff. Besides accompanying Hitler on all his travels, he was responsible for the accommodations; all the servants, mess orderlies, cooks, caterers and maids were "subordinate" to Linge.

Berlin 1945
Linge was one of many soldiers, servants, secretaries, and officers who moved into the Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker in Berlin in 1945. There he continued as Hitler's chief valet and protocol officer and was one of those who closely witnessed the last days of Hitler's life during the Battle of Berlin. He was also Hitler's personal military orderly. Linge delivered messages to Hitler and escorted people in to meet with Hitler. In addition, after Hitler's personal physician Theodor Morell left Berlin on 23 April, Linge and Dr. Werner Haase administered to Hitler the prepared medicine which had been left behind.

Two days before committing suicide on 30 April with Eva Braun, Hitler confided his suicide plan to Linge. He asked Linge to have their bodies wrapped in blankets and taken up to the garden to be cremated. Following his marriage to Eva Braun, Hitler spent the last night of his life lying awake and fully clothed on his bed.

On 30 April, Hitler had a last midday meal with his secretaries. After the meal, Linge spoke briefly with Eva Braun. He described her as looking pale and of having had little sleep. She thanked him for his service. Hitler then said farewell to each of his servants and subordinates. Thereafter, Hitler retired to his study at 3:15 p.m. There, Linge privately asked Hitler his orders. Hitler said that he was going to shoot himself and Linge knew what he had to do. "You must never allow my corpse to fall into the hands of the Russians", Hitler told Linge, "they would make a spectacle in Moscow out of my body and put it in waxworks". Further, he had given the order to break-out; Linge was to join one of the groups and try to get to the west. Linge asked for what they should now fight and Hitler replied, "For the coming man". Linge then saluted and left. In a 1974 episode of The World at War, Linge and Hitler's secretary, Traudl Junge, describe Hitler's last minutes in the bunker. Linge explains that Hitler and his wife committed suicide in Hitler's private room in the bunker. He recalled how he went into Hitler's private study after hearing a sudden bang and found that Hitler and Braun were dead. Hitler had shot himself in the right temple. Braun had taken what Linge concluded must have been cyanide poison.

After the suicides of Hitler and Braun, their corpses were reportedly carried up the stairs to ground level and through the bunker's emergency exit to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were doused with petrol. After the first attempts to ignite the petrol did not work, Linge went back inside the bunker and returned with a thick roll of papers. Martin Bormann lit the papers and threw the torch onto the bodies. As the two corpses caught fire, a small group, including Bormann, Linge, Otto Günsche, Joseph Goebbels, Erich Kempka, Peter Högl, Ewald Lindloff, and Hans Reisser, raised their arms in salute as they stood just inside the bunker doorway.

At around 16:15, Linge ordered SS-Untersturmführer Heinz Krüger and SS-Oberscharführer Werner Schwiedel to roll up the rug in Hitler's study to burn it. The two men removed the blood-stained rug, carried it up the stairs and outside to the Chancellery garden. There the rug was placed on the ground and burned. On and off during the afternoon, the Soviets shelled the area in and around the Reich Chancellery. SS guards brought over additional cans of petrol to further burn the corpses, which lasted from 16:00 to around 18:30. Linge later wrote that he burned other personal effects of Hitler's while an SS bodyguard oversaw the burial of the burnt bodies in a shell crater.

Linge was one of the last to leave the Führerbunker in the early morning hours of 1 May 1945. He teamed up with Erich Kempka. Linge was later captured near See-Strasse. Several days later, after his identity was revealed, two Soviet officers escorted Linge by train to Moscow where he was thrown into the notorious Lubyanka Prison.

Later life and death
Linge spent ten years in Soviet captivity and was released in 1955. During the imprisonment, Linge and Günsche were interrogated by the Soviet People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD; later superseded by the Ministry of Internal Affairs; MVD) about the circumstances of Hitler's death. A dossier was edited by Soviet NKVD officers and presented to Joseph Stalin on 30 December 1949. The report was published in 2005 as The Hitler Book. Linge died in Hamburg, West Germany in 1980. His memoir, With Hitler to the End, was published by Frontline Books-Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. of London in July 2009 with an introduction by historian Roger Moorhouse, author of Killing Hitler.

Film portrayals
Linge is portrayed by actor Thomas Limpinsel in Oliver Hirschbiegel's 2004 German film Downfall. In Hans-Jürgen Syberberg's Hitler: A Film from Germany (1977), he is played by Hellmut Lange. In the 1971 Eastern Bloc co-production Liberation V: The Final Assault, he was portrayed by East German actor Otto Busse.

title: Heinz Linge


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Christopher Strong

Christopher Strong (also known as The Great Desire and The White Moth) is a 1933 American pre-Code romantic drama film produced by RKO and directed by Dorothy Arzner. It is a tale of illicit love among the English aristocracy and stars Colin Clive and Katharine Hepburn (in her second screen role and first starring role). The screenplay by Zoë Akins is an adaptation of the 1932 British novel Christopher Strong by Gilbert Frankau.

Plot

In London, Monica Strong (Helen Chandler) and her married lover, Harry Rawlinson, attend a scavenger hunt party given by Monica's aunt, Carrie Valentine. Carrie announces a tie-breaking challenge: Women must find a man married more than 5 years and faithful, and men must find a woman over 20 who has never had a love affair.

Monica departs to find her father, Sir Christopher Strong (Colin Clive), who is devoted to her mother. Harry follows on a motorbike and crashes. Lady Cynthia Darrington (Katharine Hepburn), a famous aviator, helps him, and goes along: She has never had a love affair and is a great deal older than 20. At the party, Cynthia meets Christopher, a friend of her late father. She takes him flying.

Cynthia and Monica become friends. Lady Elaine Strong (Billie Burke), fears the friendship growing between Cynthia and Christopher, who insists that she is a good influence on their daughter.

Monica comes home with Harry one night, drunk, and Elaine tells him that if he is an honourable man he won't see her daughter again. Harry agrees. Christopher asks Cynthia to persuade Monica to go with the family to Cannes. Monica agrees, if Christopher takes her to see Cynthia in an aerial show. At their villa, Elaine anticipates having a whole month alone with her husband. A telegram arrives: They have persuaded Cynthia to join them. Elaine is crushed.

Two weeks later, Monica is miserable. At Carrie Valentine's party, Christopher and Cynthia have eyes only for each other. Elaine goes home with a headache. Monica allows Carlo, a stranger, to kiss her, and Christopher, eager to be alone with Cynthia, lets Carlo drive his daughter “home.”

Christopher and Cynthia confess that they are deeply in love, but agree never to meet again. A heartbroken Elaine sees them saying farewell and believes they are lovers.

Cynthia joins a race around the world, starting in New York City. A distraught, suicidal Monica arrives to tell her that Harry, now divorced, refuses to marry her: She told him about her night with Carlo. Cynthia convinces her that Harry will forgive her. Cynthia calls Christopher and tells him not to read Monica's letter. He does and, in a fit of gratitude, goes to her an hour before she leaves for New York. All they can do is say goodbye.

When she lands in San Francisco, Christopher, on a mission to Washington, calls her from New York to say he is waiting. She wins the race. Their reunion is passionate. She did not want to die without knowing love. He promises never to ask her to give up anything. A lamp turns on. Her hand reaches up. “I love my beautiful bracelet… I'm shackled.” He translates the motto on her ring: “Courage conquers death.” “But not love,”:she adds. “Give up this altitude flight, for me.” She agrees.

Harry and Monica reconcile. Christopher, just home from the States. agrees to their marriage, but Elaine refuses to go to the registry office with them. Six months later, Christopher and Cynthia meet for lunch in an out-of-the-way inn. She misses flying. Monica and Harry, who used the same trysting place, drop by for sentimental reasons. They overhear Cynthia and Christopher confessing their love, and leave.

Monica and Harry tell her parents that they are expecting a child. They are delighted. Elaine thanks Cynthia for being Monica's friend. Meanwhile, Cynthia's doctor has told her not to fly because she is pregnant. She plans to tell Christopher that night, but he stays with the family, celebrating. The next evening she asks him, “Suppose it were I?” Christopher makes it clear that it would be his duty to leave his wife and marry her.

Cynthia never tells Christopher about the pregnancy. She writes to him, saying that she plans to break the world altitude record—33,000 feet—and not come back. She adds: “Courage can conquer even love.” As the plane climbs, flashbacks over the altimeter show her memories. At 34,000 feet, weeping, she pulls off her oxygen mask. She tries to put it on again but loses consciousness. The plane nosedives into a fiery crash.

In London, a winged statue honors her.

Cast

 * Katharine Hepburn as Lady Cynthia Darrington
 * Colin Clive as Sir Christopher Strong
 * Billie Burke as Lady Elaine Strong
 * Helen Chandler as Monica Strong
 * Ralph Forbes as Harry Rawlinson
 * Irene Browne as Carrie Valentine
 * Jack La Rue as Carlo
 * Desmond Roberts as Bryce Mercer
 * Agostino Borgato as Fortune teller
 * Margaret Lindsay as Autograph Seeker at Party
 * Gwendolyn Logan as Bradford
 * Donald Stuart as Joseph Drummond
 * Pat Somerset as Policeman

Production
Originally under the working title of A Great Desire, the film was intended as a vehicle for Ann Harding and Leslie Howard. Director Dorothy Arzner and playwright Zoë Akins based the character of Cynthia on British aviator Amy Johnson. In the novel, Cynthia is a racing driver. Christopher Strong represented the first opportunity for Hepburn to begin developing her screen image as an independent modern woman. This was the only time in her film career that Hepburn played the "other woman".

One of the most notable scenes in the film had Hepburn's character dressed for a costume party in a stunning, form-fitting glittering silver moth costume designed by Walter Plunkett. As part of the impressive production values, the musical score was by noted composer Max Steiner.

Christopher Strong utilized newsreel footage of takeoffs for the around-the world Dole Air Race and the ticker tape parade celebrating Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight. Principal photography took place from December 21, 1932, to February 3, 1933.

Reception
Christopher Strong earned a slim profit and positive film reviews. In his review for The New York Times, film critic Mordaunt Hall described Christopher Strong as a star vehicle for Katharine Hepburn, "... who attracted wide attention through her efficient performance in 'A Bill of Divorcement', is the leading light in a pictorial version of Gilbert Frankau's novel, 'Christopher Strong' ... In this her first stellar rôle, Miss Hepburn is far more fortunate than several other stage actresses have been in their initial Hollywood ventures, for aside from giving her excellent opportunities to display her talent, the story is engrossing, and, furthermore, she is supported by a highly capable cast ..."

In popular culture
An image of Hepburn in Christopher Strong wearing her aviator's flight suit was used for the poster advertising the Led Zeppelin North American Tour 1975.

A studio in-joke, the life preserver seen in the opening scavenger hunt sequence, the "SS Venture", is from the ship in "King Kong", another RKO production, shot earlier that year.

title: Christopher Strong


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Palasport Olimpico and Stadio Comunale area in Turin

The facilities that were used for the 2006 Winter Olympics are located in various places in and around the city of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. The recently completed Torino Palasport Olimpico, which is hosting the ice hockey competitions, is located in the Santa Rita community in southern Turin, which is very close to the Olympic District. The new Palasport Olimpico will be built outside the old Stadio Comunale in the area in front of it. This centrally located area is easily accessible by several modes of public transportation.

An international competition was held to design the new Palasport Olimpico, which is the larger of the two ice hockey venues, to renovate the Stadio Comunale, which hosts the opening and closing ceremonies, and to rebuild the surrounding area. The design competition was won by a group of Tokyo-based architects, led by Plowed Isozaki.

In its conception, the chief concern for architects was to redefine the urban space as this part of the city transitions from the European Athletics Championships in 1934 to a new configuration that would host the 2006 Olympics.


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Julius Benedict

Sir Julius Benedict (27 November 1804 – 5 June 1885) was a German-born composer and conductor, resident in England for most of his career.

Life and music
Benedict was born in Stuttgart, the son of a Jewish banker, and in 1820 learnt composition from Johann Nepomuk Hummel at Weimar and in 1821 from Carl Maria von Weber at Dresden; it was Weber who introduced him in Vienna to Beethoven on 5 October 1823. In the same year, he was appointed Kapellmeister of the Kärnthnerthor theatre at Vienna, and two years later in 1825, he became Kapellmeister of the San Carlo theatre at Naples. It was here he gave piano lessons to the young prodigy Theodor Döhler.

In Naples his first opera, Giacinta ed Ernesto, premiered in 1827, and another, written for his native city, I Portoghesi in Goa, was given there in 1830; neither of these was a great success, and in 1834 he went to Paris, leaving it in 1835 at the suggestion of Maria Malibran for London, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1836 he was given the conductorship of an operatic enterprise at the Lyceum Theatre, and brought out a short opera, Un anno ed un giorno, previously given in Naples.

In 1838 he became conductor of the English opera at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane during the period of Michael William Balfe's great popularity; his own operas produced there were The Gipsy's Warning (1838), The Brides of Venice (1844), and The Crusaders (1846). In 1848 he conducted Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah at Exeter Hall, for the first appearance of Jenny Lind in oratorio, and in 1850 he was the accompanist and conductor on Lind's tour of America.

On his return in 1852 he became musical conductor under James Henry Mapleson's management at Her Majesty's Theatre (and afterwards at Drury Lane), and in the same year conductor of the Harmonic Union. Amongst his minor works is an Andantino for Concertina and Fortepiano written in 1858. Benedict wrote recitatives for the production of an Italian-language version of Weber's Oberon in 1860 (it was then the tradition in England to perform German operas in Italian). In the same year his cantata Undine was produced at the Norwich Festival, in which Clara Novello appeared in public for the last time.

His best-known opera, The Lily of Killarney, written on the subject of Dion Boucicault's play The Colleen Bawn to a libretto by John Oxenford, was produced at Covent Garden in 1862. His operetta The Bride of Song was brought out there in 1864.

Benedict wrote a march for the wedding of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra of Denmark in 1863. St Cecilia, an oratorio, was performed at the Norwich Festival in 1868; St Peter at the Birmingham Festival of 1870; Graziella, a cantata, was given at the Birmingham Festival of 1882, and in August 1883 was produced in operatic form at the Crystal Palace. Here also a symphony by him was given in 1873. In the autumn of 1875, Benedict corresponded with W. S. Gilbert about collaborating on a comic opera with him, but Gilbert had too many projects and the idea was dropped.

Benedict conducted every Norwich Festival from 1845 to 1878 inclusive, and the Liverpool Philharmonic Society's concerts from late 1875 to 1880. He was the regular accompanist at the Monday Popular Concerts in London from their start, and with few exceptions acted as conductor of these concerts.

He contributed an interesting life of Weber to the series of biographies of Great Musicians. In 1871 he was knighted, and in 1874 was made knight commander of the orders of Franz Joseph I of Austria and Frederick I of Württemberg. In 1884, friends set up a benefit fund to aid him financially. He died at his residence in London on 5 June 1885 and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery.

Benedict had three daughters (Adeline, Georgina and Alice) and two sons (Ernest and Julius) with his first wife, Therese. Therese and his younger son Julius died within a year of each other, between 1851 and 1852. At some point in his life, Benedict converted to Christianity; his children's education included Roman Catholic sacraments. A London County Council blue plaque commemorates Benedict at 2 Manchester Square, Marylebone, where he lived and died.

Orchestral

 * 1827 – Concertino No.1, for piano and orchestra, Op.18 (fp. Teatro del Fondo, Naples, 26 May 1827) [later incorporated into Piano Concerto in A flat, 1867]
 * 1833 – Concertino No.2, for piano and orchestra, Op.19 (fp. King's Theatre, London, 1837) [later incorporated into Piano Concerto in E flat, 1867]
 * c.1850 – Festival Overture, Op.42
 * 1850 – Konzertstück [Piano Concerto No.1] in C minor, for piano and orchestra, Op.45 (fp. Philharmonic Society, London, 17 June 1850)
 * 1862 – The Octoroon, overture
 * c.1865 – Le ménestrel, overture. Op.76
 * c.1865 – The Tempest, overture, Op.77
 * 1867 – Piano Concerto [No.2] in E flat, Op.89 (fp. Crystal Palace, London, 27 April 1867)
 * 1867 – Piano Concerto [No.3] in A flat, Op.90
 * 1868 – La selva incantata, overture (fp. Philharmonic Society, London, 6 July 1868)
 * 1872-73 – Symphony No. 1 in G minor, Op.101 (andante and scherzo performed Norwich Festival, 1872; first complete performance Crystal Palace, London, 22 November 1873)
 * 1874 – Alfred and Marie, grand march [celebrating the marriage of the Duke of Edinburgh]
 * 1874-76 – Symphony No. 2 in C (scherzo performed British Orchestral Society, St James's Hall, London, 22 January 1874; three movements performed Crystal Palace, London, 17 April 1875)

Choral and vocal

 * 1822 – L'amor timido, cantata (fp. Stuttgart, August 1822)
 * 1860 – Undine, cantata (fp. Norwich Festival, 1860)
 * 1863 – Richard Coeur de Lion, cantata (fp. Norwich Festival, 17 September 1863)
 * 1866 – The Legend of St Cecilia, cantata (fp. Norwich Festival, 1 November 1866)
 * 1870 – St Peter, oratorio (fp. Birmingham Festival, 2 September 1870)
 * 1882 – Graziella, cantata (fp. Birmingham Festival, 29 August 1882)
 * 1883 – Mary Stuart's Farewell, scena for contralto and orchestra (fp. Philharmonic Society, London, 25 April 1883)

Operatic

 * 1827 – Giacinta ed Ernesto (fp. Teatro del Fondo, Naples, 31 March 1827)
 * 1830 – I portoghesi in Goa (fp. Stuttgart, 1830; Teatro San Carlo, Naples, 28 June 1830)
 * 1836 – Un anno ed un giorno (fp. Teatro del Fondo, Naples, 19 October 1836)
 * 1838 – The Gypsy's Warning (fp. Drury Lane Theatre, London, 19 April 1838)
 * 1844 – The Brides of Venice (fp. Drury Lane Theatre, London, 22 April 1844)
 * 1845-46 – The Crusaders (fp. Drury Lane Theatre, London, 26 February 1846)
 * 1861-62 – The Lily of Killarney (fp. Covent Garden Theatre, London, 10 February 1862)
 * 1864 – The Bride of Song, operetta (fp. Covent Garden Theatre, London, 3 December 1864)

Incidental music

 * 1882 – Romeo and Juliet (fp. Royal Lyceum Theatre, London, May 1882)

Other music

 * 1858 – Andantino for Concertina and Fortepiano
 * 1876 – Andantino, arranged by the composer for four performers on two pianofortes
 * 1884 – Andantino, the 1876 arrangement arranged by Harry Drew for the organ.

title: Julius Benedict


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Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/May 27, 2005

Both Today's featured article/May 27, 2005 and Canadian Senate pages need to be fixed. In both cases, Maritime provinces, which redirects to Maritimes, should be replaced with a link to Atlantic Canada. I've just fixed Canadian Senate. (Anyone could have done this, including User:24.89.195.176 who did this.) However, but Today's featured article/May 27, 2005 is only editable by sysops. -- 14:59, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

According to a message by User:Azkar on User talk:64.229.4.232, Maritime provinces was correct. -- 23:29, 29 May 2005 (UTC)


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George Gawler

Lieutenant-Colonel George Gawler, KH, (21 July 1795 – 7 May 1869) was the second Governor of South Australia, at the same time serving as Resident Commissioner, from 17 October 1838 until 15 May 1841.

Early life
Gawler, born on 21 July 1795, was the only child of Captain Samuel Gawler, captain in the 73rd Regiment of Foot, and his wife Julia, née Russell. Gawler's father was killed in battle in Mysore, India in December 1804. The Gawler family historically came from Devon. George Gawler was educated by a tutor, then at a school in Cold Bath, Islington. Two years were then spent at the Royal Military College, Great Marlow, where he was a diligent and clever student.

Army service
In October 1810, Gawler obtained a commission as an ensign in the 52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot and in January 1812 went to the Peninsular War. He was a member of a storming party at Badajoz, and was wounded and saved from death by a soldier who lost his own life. He was in Spain until 1814, taking part in the advance on Madrid. The regiment returned to England and Gawler, now a lieutenant, fought at the Battle of Waterloo. He remained in France with the army of occupation until 1818, and in 1820 married Maria Cox of Friar Gate, Derby who was the niece of Samuel Richardson. Gawler's new sister-in-law, Mary Ann, married William Leeke, a fellow officer from the 52nd. Gawler and his wife were sincerely religious and when the 52nd was sent to New Brunswick in 1823 they did much social and religious work. Gawler returned to England in 1826 and from 1830 to 1832 was engaged in recruiting. He reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1834 and in 1837 received the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order (KH), third class.

South Australia
In 1838 Gawler was appointed Governor of South Australia in succession to Captain John Hindmarsh, who had been recalled, as well as being appointed to the role of Resident Commissioner, taking over from the first incumbent, James Hurtle Fisher. Gawler and his wife and children arrived on the Pestonjee Bomanjee on 12 October 1838, after a four-month journey via Tenerife and Rio de Janeiro. Gawler found the colony had almost no public finances, underpaid officials and 4000 immigrants living in makeshift accommodation. He was allowed a maximum of £12,000 expenditure a year, with an additional £5,000 credit for emergencies.

His first goal was to address delays over rural settlement and primary production. He persuaded Charles Sturt to come from New South Wales to work as surveyor-general, personally overseeing the surveys in the meantime, as Colonel William Light had resigned due to ailing health and the demands placed on him with insufficient staff. Gawler promptly increased and reorganised the fledgling police force, promoting its commander Henry Inman. Gawler appointed more colonial officials, took part in exploration, and improved the facilities at Port Adelaide during his tenure as governor. The first permanent Government House was built, which is now the East Wing of the present building.

The South Australian Company's greatest source of revenue, the sale of land, had largely dried up due to surveying delays in 1838. The rapid increase in population in 1839 and 1840 due to immigration greatly added to the unemployment problem. Droughts in other Australian colonies in 1840, before South Australia was self-sufficient in food, drove up the cost of living rapidly. Gawler increased public expenditure to stave off collapse, which resulted in bankruptcy and changes to the way the colony was run. Over £200,000 had been spent and the land fund in London had been exhausted. A£155,000 loan was approved by the British Parliament (later made a gift) and Captain George Grey was sent to replace Gawler, after Grey promised to "maintain the strictest economy". In his time in office Governor Grey helped make South Australia self-sufficient in terms of agriculture and restored public confidence, though the real salvation of the colony may have been the discovery of copper at Burra in 1845.

Later life and death
After retirement as governor in 1841, Gawler devoted his time to religious and charitable works.

In 1845, Gawler wrote a memorandum, The Tranquillization of Syria and the East, in which he suggested that Jews be allowed to establish Jewish agricultural settlements in Palestine as compensation for their suffering under Turkish rule. The Emancipation of the Jews followed in 1847, and in 1849 he toured Palestine with Moses Montefiore. In a further work, Syria and its Near Prospects, (1853) he made four arguments for the proposition that Jewish settlement was already under way.

In 1850 Gawler retired from the army. In the same year, he wrote Present State of Moral Principle in the Supreme Government of the British Colonial Empire, in which he petitioned the Queen seeking redress for the injustices done to him by successive secretaries of state. Accusing George Grey of dishonesty, he claimed that it had been through his efforts that South Australia was "the only cheap and brilliantly successful new colony in modern history". Gawler spent his last years at Southsea, where he died of pneumonia on 7 May 1869. He was buried at Portsmouth.

Legacy
Gawler's work was long misjudged, largely because his successor Grey, in his dispatches, made the worst of his predecessor's acts, without suggesting the difficulties under which he had worked. Gawler was a gallant and energetic officer who, when he found the settlers faced with disaster, saw at once what it was necessary to do, and saved the colony. Mills however, accepts the view that Gawler had been guilty of carelessness and extravagance and cannot be wholly acquitted of blame, though the extraordinary difficulties with which he was faced are acknowledged. Charles Sturt and other men at the time generally agreed that his administration had greatly benefited the settlement, and the select committee on South Australia reported that the critics of his expenditure were "unable to point out any specific item by which it could have been considerably reduced without great public inconvenience". Much of Gawler's expenditure was on works of both immediate and long-lasting benefit to the Colony and the State, such as the Great Eastern Road. Many modern historians put him among the founders of South Australia.

The town of Gawler was named after him, as well as the adjoining river.

The Gawler Ranges at the north end of Eyre Peninsula are also named after him by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1839.

Gawler's reputation was somewhat tarnished by his involvement in the Maria massacre in 1840.

Derby's Town and County Museum in the 1830s included Gawler in its list of principal benefactors. Gawler had contributed a collection of minerals and exotic stuffed birds which included an albatross from his time as governor. Also, Gawler's gardener in Australia, Joseph Whittaker, contributed hundreds of pressed flowers and plants to Derby Museum and to Kew Gardens.

A portrait of him hangs in Parliament House, Adelaide, and another in the City Council Chamber, Adelaide.

Gawler's eldest surviving son, Henry (1827-1894), returned to South Australia in 1858. He was a solicitor in the South Australian Land Titles Office from 1858 to 1884.

One of his grandsons, Douglas Gawler, was a member of parliament in Western Australia.

title: George Gawler


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Mohammad Akram (Islamabad cricketer)

Mohammad Akram (Urdu: محمد اکرم; born 10 September 1974) is a former Pakistani cricketer. He is the current Director of Cricket for the Pakistan Super League team Peshawar Zalmi.

He was a right-arm fast-medium bowler who played in 9 Test matches and 23 One Day International matches for Pakistan between 1995–1996 and 2000–2001.

Coaching career
On 24 August 2012 the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) appointed Mohammad Akram as their bowling coach on a one-year contract. In April 2013, Akram was also involved in a 10-day training camp for top fast bowlers with Wasim Akram at National Stadium Karachi.

title: Mohammad Akram (Islamabad cricketer)


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Danilo Stojković

Danilo Stojković (Данило Стојковић; 11 August 1934 – 16 March 2002), commonly nicknamed Bata (Бата), was a Serbian theatre, television and film actor.

Stojković's numerous comedic portrayals of state officials and working-class characters made him popular with Serbian and ex-Yugoslav audiences. Most of his roles came in collaborations with either director Slobodan Šijan or scriptwriter Dušan Kovačević, or both.

Early career
Stojković was born in Belgrade in 1934. By the mid-1960s, he became a well-known theatre actor. He started his film career with the 1964 feature Izdajnik (lit. "The Traitor").

A string of TV and minor film roles ensued, with the most important ones coming in guise of being a father figure to the main protagonist – Čuvar plaže u zimskom periodu (Beach Guard in Winter, 1976), Pas koji je voleo vozove (The Dog Who Loved Trains, 1977) being the most recognizable ones – as well as the part in critically well-received Majstor i Margarita (Il Maestro e Margherita), 1972.

He also fulfilled the fatherly role in an immensely popular TV show Grlom u jagode. The show originally aired in 1975 and kept finding its audience through numerous reruns in the 1980s and the 1990s. He also played the minor antagonist in Goran Marković's urban classic Nacionalna klasa do 750 cm3 (National Class Category Up to 750 ccm), 1979.

Breakthrough
Stojković worked with the director Slobodan Šijan, who was in turn most successful when working with Dušan Kovačević scripts. Kovačević, a talented playwright with a special gift for biting satire, had a knack for writing characters which Stojković could perfectly translate to screen. The combination of those three creative talents yielded some of Yugoslavia's most memorable cinematic efforts to date.

Šijan, who previously worked with Stojković on several TV productions, made his big screen debut with Ko to tamo peva (Who's Singing Over There?, 1980), a farcical comedy set at the beginning of World War II in then Yugoslavia. In a strong cast ensemble, Stojković distinguished himself with role of a Germanophile bus passenger on the way to Beograd in the eve of 5 April 1941 – the day Belgrade was bombed by the Axis Powers marking Yugoslavia's entry into the war.

Ko to tamo peva was released to great critical and commercial success, earning the special jury award at the Montreal World Film Festival in Canada. The success of Ko to tamo peva opened new doors for Stojković, who then established his film star status with a number of critically acclaimed roles. He appeared in Goran Paskaljević's dark comedy about rehab from alcoholism, Poseban tretman (Special Treatment), 1980.

He reunited with Šijan for another high-water mark of Serbian film, the black comedy Maratonci trče počasni krug (Marathon Family). The film, a humorous piece about a family whose undertaking business is being threatened by the local mobster was another smash success for Šijan and Stojković, and achieved cult status. He also voiced Stromboli in the Serbian-language version of Pinocchio.

Marxists, spies and revolutionaries
After a couple minor roles, from which his turn as the school principal in comedy Idemo dalje (lit. Moving On, 1982) deserved some mention, Stojković delivered a trio of performances which would ultimately cement his place in the Yugoslavian acting hall of fame. Oddly enough, all three of those roles would involve him portraying a character closely related to the communist ideals – or better said, satirizing a stereotype of "party men" or "marxist revolutionaries".

First was his portrait of a homeless wannabe revolutionary Babi Pupuška, in Šijan's Kako sam sistematski uništen od idiota (How I Got Systematically Destroyed by an Idiot, (1983), a story about a man who embarks on a soul-searching journey after hearing the, for him at least, shattering news of Che Guevara's demise. Stojković portrayed another dysfunctional Marxist father figure in Goran Paskaljević's elegiac Varljivo leto '68 (The Elusive Summer of '68, 1984).

Again uniting his talents with those of Dušan Kovačević, Stojković delivered his ultimate film performance – that of the staunch Stalinist and a full-time paranoid in Balkanski špijun (Balkan Spy, 1984), which was jointly directed by Božidar Nikolić and Kovačević himself. With Kovačević at his sharpest, Stojković made the role of ex-political prisoner Ilija Čvorović completely his own. Critics often single out this role as Stojković's most notable.

Late years and death
His role in Balkanski špijun was one of the last major theatrical roles for Stojković. After his major successes of the early 1980s, Stojković concentrated mainly on television and theatre, with an odd supporting role here and there. He was effective in both Vreme čuda (lit. Time of the Miracles, 1989) and Sabirni centar (The Collective Center), and had a memorable cameo in Balkan Express 2 (1989). His most famous theatrical role was that of Luka Laban, in another Kovačević play, Profesionalac (lit. "The Professional"). He played the role until a few days before his death. In an interview in 2007 his wife told that she drove him from the hospital to his last plays and returned him to the hospital bed after the play.

In the 1990s, Stojković cameoed in Crni bombarder (The Black Bomber, 1992), and had minor roles in movies such as Emir Kusturica's Underground (1995) and Darko Bajić's Balkanska pravila (The Rules of Balkan, 1997).

Ironically enough, one of his final theatrical roles was one of an orthodox priest – a character who Babi Pupuška and Ilija Čvorović would probably despise – in Lazar Ristovski's 1999 effort Belo odelo ("The White Suit"). After that, he appeared in an omnibus feature called Proputovanje (Traveling, 1999) and starred in a TV adaptation of the August Strindberg's play The Father for Radio-televizija Srbije – RTS (Otac, 2001).

Stojković died in Belgrade on 16 March 2002, after a bout with lung cancer.

Awards and legacy
Throughout his lifetime, Stojković was the recipient of the Serbian Lifetime Achievement Award for both theatrical (Dobričin prsten, 1990) and cinematic (Pavle Vujisić, 1998) efforts. He remains as popular in death as he was in life, as his characters have entertained numerous generations of Serbo-Croatian speakers. His numerous comedic portrayals of state officials and working-class characters made him popular with Yugoslav audiences.

title: Danilo Stojković


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Auckland University Students' Association

The Auckland University Students' Association (AUSA), founded in 1891, represents students at the University of Auckland. AUSA organises student events, publicises student issues, administers student facilities, and assists affiliated student clubs and societies. It also produces Craccum magazine and bFM radio station.

The constitution of the AUSA centres the organisation around student advocacy and the provision of welfare services. Today AUSA has 27,000 members out of 42,000 equivalent full-time students enrolled at the University of Auckland.

AUSA has over 100 affiliated clubs, the student bar Shadows, University Book Shop, Student Job Search, market days and events such as Orientation, Summer Shakespeare, End of Daze, Capping week, Womensfest, Cultural Mosaic, Blues Awards and Ecofest.

AUSA executive
This is the incumbent AUSA executive team for 2024.

Officers

 * President
 * Education Vice President
 * Engagement Vice President
 * Welfare Vice President
 * Treasurer-Secretary

Portfolios

 * Women's Rights Officer
 * Queer Rights Officer
 * International Students Officer
 * Postgraduate Students Officer
 * Pacific Island Students' Officer
 * Māori Students Officers
 * after an Executive election, the President-Elect.

 * 2023 Alan Shaker
 * 2022 Alofa So’olefai
 * 2021 Anamika Harirajh
 * 2020 George Barton
 * 2019 Anand Rama
 * 2018 Anna Cusack
 * 2017 Will Matthews
 * 2016 Will Matthews
 * 2015 Paul Smith
 * 2014 Cate Bell
 * 2013 Dan Haines
 * 2012 Arena Williams
 * 2011 Joe McCrory
 * 2010 Elliott Blade
 * 2009 Darcy Peacock
 * 2008 David Do
 * 2007 Lesieli Oliver
 * 2006 Dan Bidois
 * 2005 Greg Langton
 * 2004 Kate Sutton
 * 2003 Scott Kelly
 * 2002 Ross Burns
 * 2001 Kane Stanford
 * 2000 Kane Stanford
 * 1999 Efeso Collins
 * 1998 Mark O'Brien
 * 1997 Phillip Stevens
 * 1996 Phillip Stevens
 * 1995 Brendon Lane
 * 1994 Cyrus Richardson
 * 1993 Richard Watson
 * 1992 Douglas Sadlier
 * 1991 Douglas Sadlier
 * 1990 Ella Henry
 * 1989 Des Amanano
 * 1988 Richard Foster
 * 1987 Graham Watson
 * 1986 Graham Watson
 * 1985 Graham Watson
 * 1984 Trish Mullins
 * 1983 John Broad / Jonathan Blakeman
 * 1982 David Kirkpatrick
 * 1981 Wayne McIntosh
 * 1980 Kevin Hague

Membership
AUSA membership is free to all current students of the University of Auckland.

As required by legislation, the University Council conducted a student referendum in 1999 on whether membership in AUSA should be voluntary or compulsory. The majority of students supported voluntary membership and this was enacted. Referendums on the same issue were held in 2001 and 2003, and in each case, the majority of students voted for voluntary association. (The request for a referendum is in the form of a petition to the University Council, which any student may call, and thus must be conducted, provided no two referendums are less than two years apart.)

Detractors of voluntary student membership (VSM) say that AUSA suffers drastically from it, and that VSM undermines AUSA's ability to advocate on behalf of students and provide welfare services. They also say that in controlling the flow of money, the university dictates the terms to some extent of its operations through various agreements. As early as the mid-nineties, a number of incidents increased AUSA's credibility and alienated a lot of members who were previously disinterested in student politics, and were an undeniable factor in the 1999 referendum. Contentious issues like allocation of funds was the focus of many debates at the Quad.

Proponents of VSM, on the other hand, claim VSM means freedom of choice for students. They cite the United Nations declaration of freedom of association. They also paint AUSA executives under compulsory unionism as being wasteful, and believe that under voluntary AUSA executives are forced to be more accountable to members. They claim that the level of intervention is very limited (for example, the conditions are only that AUSA must run orientation and the like).

Craccum
Craccum is the weekly magazine produced by the AUSA. The name originated from the scrambled acronym of "Auckland University College Men's Common Room Circular". The publication has frequently found itself in legal difficulties due to its deliberate attempts to be controversial. These attempts have included an issue containing methods to create a bomb, and an issue discussing ways to commit suicide.

A publicity stunt in 2005 saw Craccum sell its cover – which was bought by Salient, the student magazine of Victoria University of Wellington Students' Association, with funding from Victoria University of Wellington's marketing fund. The sale proved to be ironic; the theme of that issue of Craccum was corporate sellouts.

bFM
95bFM (or simply bFM) is a typical student radio station that plays alternative music. Like other student broadcasters, it supports local artists well before they become mainstream.

Originally started as Radio Bosom, a capping stunt, bFM has gone a long way. Today, with voluntary student union membership, bFM is pushed to make a profit for the Association, and exists more as a corporate entity than a student radio station.


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Burmese border loach

The Burmese Border loach, angelicus loach or polka dot loach, Botia kubotai, is a recently described species that has quickly become a popular tropical fish for freshwater aquariums. In 2002, fish collectors working in western Thailand began to expand their search into Myanmar (Burma) area from the Three Pagodas Pass Thai-Myanmar border to look for new fish for the aquarium trade. This is one of several species discovered and explains the origin of the fish's common name: Burmese Border Loach. Its specific epithet honors Katsuma Kubota of an aquarium export company in Thailand who first purchased the catch and sent them out for identification.

Habitat and appearance
The fish, a bottom feeder, is found in the Salween River system which is mostly in Myanmar. It was first discovered in Ataran River (known in Thailand as Kasat River), a tributary of Salween River. A population in Thailand was discovered in early 2006 in another tributary of Salween River, Suriya River in Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary. It grows as large as 15 cm in length, but most tend to be smaller at around 10 cm. It has gold, black, and grey colors arranged in a pattern that varies greatly depending on the age of the fish. Juvenile fish at about 2.5 cm are very similar to Botia histrionica. It has yellow body with only black vertical bands. Typically around this size grey dots on the black bands together with a middle horizontal bar joining the bands begin to appear. At about 5 cm, the top and bottom part of the vertical bands start to merge, producing a pattern of big yellow ovals along the body. More grey dots continue to appear as fish grows.

In aquarium
This fish, like most other loach species, should be kept in groups when placed in an aquarium. Suitable water parameters are 25 - 30 °C, pH 6.5 to 6.9, dGH 0 to 8.0. Many hiding places should also be provided. Newly purchased, it is a good idea to treat them for internal parasites, a very common problem for wild-caught bottom feeder fishes.

Botia kubotai is omnivorous and will accept most food types offered to freshwater fish including snails, small shrimp, sinking pellets, blood worms, and black worms.

title: Burmese border loach


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Portal:Baseball/Selected player

Alan Trammell (born February 21, 1958, in Garden Grove, California) is an American professional baseball shortstop and manager, best known for having played all of his 20 Major League Baseball seasons with the Detroit Tigers franchise; for having, over his career, been a six-time All-Star Game selection, three-time Silver Slugger Award winner, and a strong defensive infielder, having, alongside second baseman and double play partner Lou Whitaker, won four Gold Glove Awards, becoming part of one of just nine middle infielder duos of which both members won a Gold Glove in the same season; and for having helped the Tigers to the 1984 World Series championship and the 1987 American League East division championship.

Having been selected by the Tigers in the second round of the 1976 First-Year Entry Draft, Trammell debuted in 1977 with the Montgomery Rebels, the Tigers' class AA minor league Southern League affiliate, teaming with Whitaker, with whom he would eventually play an American League-record 1,918, to lead the Biscuits to the league championship before earning a callup to the Tigers' 40-man roster for 19 games, making his major league debut on September 9 at Fenway Park, playing field pictured at left, against the Boston Red Sox.

Trammell earned a place on the roster after spring training in 1978 and appeared in 139 games, ultimately finishing fifth in voting for the Rookie of the Year Award, garnered by Whitaker. After having played 142 games during the 1979 season, during which he struck six home runs and batted in 50 runs, stole 17 bases, putout 245 baserunners, and registered 388 assists, achieving a .961 fielding percentage, Trammell compiled a breakout 1980 season, posting a .300 batting average and a .980 fielding percentage en route to winning the Gold Glove Award at shortstop, earning selection as a reserve to the American League All-Star team, and finishing fifth in the American League in runs scored.

Trammell would again win the Gold Glove in 1981, despite having played just 105 games, and in 1983, when he struck 15 sacrifice hits to lead the American League and compiled a .385 on-base percentage (eighth in the American League), finishing fifteenth in voting undertaken by the Baseball Writers' Association of America for the Most Valuable Player Award, finishing behind only Whitaker and catcher Lance Parrish amongst Tigers players. In 1984, Trammell's emergence coincided with that of the Tigers, as the team won 104 regular season games, outscoring opponents by 186 runs over the course of the season, and permitting the Kansas City Royals to score just four runs over three games as the Tigers swept the best-of-five-game American League Championship Series before defeating the San Diego Padres in five games to claim the 1984 World Series title. During the season, Trammell posted a .314 batting average and struck 14 home runs while making just ten errors, winning the Gold Glove Award for his fourth time and All-Star honors for the second time before registering a 1.300 on-base percentage plus slugging average to earn the World Series Most Valuable Player Award.

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title: Portal:Baseball/Selected player


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text: Category:Allied Bank Limited cricketers

title: Category:Allied Bank Limited cricketers