text:
Talk:In the Flesh (Roger Waters tour)

Untitled
2002 setlist is incorrect. 24.161.108.255 08:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is really much more of a tour article than an album article. I'm going to rename it accordingly, then move the album material to the current title. Wasted Time R 22:19, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

--- Amused to Death is called his recently released solo album in the introduction. That implies the tour was to support that album, but it was released in 1992. I think it should be called his latest solo album, or his last solo album. -Vorenus 16:47, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:RogerWatersInTheFleshTour.gif
Image:RogerWatersInTheFleshTour.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 06:20, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Chester Kamen
Is he, in fact, Michael Kamen's brother? I know he is NICK Kamen's brother, but I can't find any mention of a blood relation between Chester and Michael (or Nick and Michael, for that matter). Mike the Pharmacist (talk) 02:37, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Guitar break in Money
I was at the Mars amphitheater (Florida) gig in 2000 and watched the intriguing array of guitarists doing the guitar break in Money. I have a feeling that Waters had the bright idea of getting some local talent in for each gig to perform their renditions of that break. Does anyone have any knowledge of exactly what was going on here, or was the blunt I was offered even better than I thought? --Matt Westwood 22:12, 22 April 2010 (UTC)

The "In the Flesh (tour)" title improvement
Due to the confusion between the 1999-2002 and the 1977 tour, the title was changed as "In the Flesh (1999-2002 concert tour by Roger Waters)". If this title is not adequate, please improve it. --Toksoz (talk) 20:28, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 1 November 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move to In the Flesh (Roger Waters tour) and In the Flesh (Pink Floyd tour) per consensus that developed late in the discussion. "1977 Pink Floyd Tour" would probably be declined per MOS:CAPS, and considered redundant because there is no need to distinguish between another Pink Floyd tour of another year. (non-admin closure) — Andy W. ( talk ) 03:23, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

– (or In the Flesh (1999 tour) and In the Flesh (1977 tour)). Current titles are overprecise. WP:TOURDAB suggests this style ("In the Flesh (Pink Floyd)" is ambiguous per In the Flesh (Pink Floyd song)). ©  Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 04:32, 1 November 2016 (UTC)
 * In the Flesh (1999–2002 concert tour by Roger Waters) → In the Flesh (Roger Waters)
 * In the Flesh (1977 Pink Floyd 'Animals' tour) → In the Flesh (Pink Floyd tour)
 * Question how much actual discussion has gone into WP:TOURDAB? If that style is suggested then it runs counter to WP:TITLE and WP:CRITERIA. Current titles are not overprecise because without "tour" this could be anything. So Oppose. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:25, 1 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose the move to In the Flesh (Roger Waters). If anything, that makes it more confusing. Waters has released a live album of that name and that title could be mistaken for the song too. However, I'd support a move to In the Flesh (Roger Waters tour) to remove any mistake of what it's actually referring to.  Lugnuts  Precious bodily fluids 08:04, 1 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Would you all be satisfied with moving the pages to In the Flesh (Roger Waters tour) and In the Flesh (Pink Floyd tour)? Kaldari (talk) 00:52, 9 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm not opposed to that. ©   Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 02:40, 9 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Ditto.  Lugnuts  Precious bodily fluids 07:38, 9 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Ditto good suggestion. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:16, 10 November 2016 (UTC)
 * What about "In the Flesh (1977 Pink Floyd Tour)" -- Jennica ✿ Talk 02:36, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:In the Flesh (Roger Waters tour)


text:
Patricia Hill Collins

Patricia Hill Collins (born May 1, 1948) is an American academic specializing in race, class, and gender. She is a distinguished university professor of sociology emerita at the University of Maryland, College Park. She is also the former head of the Department of African-American Studies at the University of Cincinnati. Collins was elected president of the American Sociological Association (ASA), and served in 2009 as the 100th president of the association – the first African-American woman to hold this position.

Collins's work primarily concerns issues involving race, gender, and social inequality within the African-American community. She gained national attention for her book Black Feminist Thought, originally published in 1990.

Family background
Patricia Hill Collins was born on May 1, 1948, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the only child of two parents living in a predominately Black, working-class neighborhood. Her father, Albert Hill, a factory worker and a Second World War veteran, and her mother, Eunice Hill, a secretary, met in Washington, DC. Since both of Collins' parents worked, she began attending daycare at two and a half years old. Collins' love for reading and education came from her mother, who had always wanted to be an English teacher and briefly attended Howard University. Unable to afford the tuition, Eunice was not able to graduate. After her daughter was born, Eunice made sure that she was exposed to literature at a young age, teaching her to read and introducing her to the public library.

Early life
As a child, Collins felt safe and secure in her stable Black working-class neighborhood. As she played in the streets with her friends freely, she trusted the safety of her observant community. She would spend time outside roller skating and jumping double Dutch rope on her block with her friends. She and her friends enjoyed making and singing music together. A musician, she can play the trumpet, piano, and organ. While in high school Collins worked at her church playing the organ. As she got older, Collins began to notice she was either the first, one of the few, or only African Americans and/or woman or working-class person in her communities. Of this, she wrote:

"I saw nothing wrong with being who I was, but apparently many others did. My world grew larger, but I felt I was growing smaller. I tried to disappear into myself in order to deflect the painful, daily assaults designed to teach me that being an African American, working-class woman made me lesser than those who were not. And as I felt smaller, I became quieter and eventually was virtually silenced."

Education
Collins attended Philadelphia public schools —and even at a young age, Collins had realized that she attended schools that catered to mostly white middle-class students. During the 1950s and 1960s, when she was going to school, most schools in northern cities such as Philadelphia were channels for social mobility for Black migrants from the South or immigrants from Europe. Although they were adequately funded, they were not particularly easy to navigate, especially for African Americans and people of color like Collins. However, she was part of a group of young people who had access to educational resources and opportunities their parents did not.

Elementary school and high school
As a child, Collins attended Frederick Douglas Elementary School. Later, she attended Philadelphia High School for Girls (known as Girls' High), which was founded in 1848 as the nation's first public high school for women. Collins was in attendance during the 1960s, which was when the process of the desegregation of schools began in the United States. This contributed to her growing interest in sociology, feminism, and activism for African-Americans and civil rights.

College education
In 1965, Collins went on to pursue an undergraduate career at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, as a sociology major. While in college she devoted time to fostering progressive educational models in the schools of Boston’s Black community. She graduated cum laude with honors with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1969.

She proceeded to earn a Master of Arts degree in Teaching (MAT) in Social Science Education from Harvard University in 1970. From 1970 to 1976, she was a middle school teacher, curriculum specialist, and community organizer at St. Joseph Community School in Roxbury, Boston, and two other schools. Of which she says enabled her "to explore the connections among critical pedagogy, engaged scholarship, and the politics of knowledge production, delaying for a decade the deadening 'publish or perish' ethos of higher education. Instead, it put me on a different path of being a rigorous scholar and a public intellectual with an eye toward social justice traditions."

In 1984, she completed her doctorate in sociology at Brandeis University.

Career
From 1976 to 1980 she was the director of the Africana Center at Tufts University. As such Collins worked on issues of diversity, equity and inclusion through bringing the research, ideas, and culture Black communities to the campus. Additionally, she had aimed to bring attention to issues surrounding Black women.

While earning her Ph.D., Collins worked as an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati beginning in 1982. She taught in the Department of Africana Studies for more than two decades and retired in 2005 as the Charles Phelps Taft Distinguished Professor of Sociology.

In 1986, Collins published her first major article, "Learning from the Outsider Within," in the sociological journal Social Problems. The article focuses on how Black women gain special insight on social inequality from their marginalized placement as being both Black and women. Black women have been able to creatively fight against the status quo.

In 1990, Collins published her first book, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. A revised 10th-anniversary edition of the book was published in 2000 and a 30th-anniversary edition in 2023. The book was translated into Korean in 2009, French in 2016, and Portuguese in 2019.

In 2005, Collins joined the University of Maryland's department of sociology as a distinguished university professor. Working closely with graduate students on issues such as critical race theory, intersectionality, and feminist theory, she maintains an active research agenda and continues to write books and articles in relation to social, racial, and gender issues. Her work has achieved international recognition. Collins is focused on understanding, in her own words, "How African American male and female youth's experiences with social issues of education, unemployment, popular culture and political activism articulate with global phenomena, specifically, complex social inequalities, global capitalist development, transnationalism, and political activism."

Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment
In 1990, Collins published Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment, whose approach to the title topic was influenced by such figures as Angela Davis, Alice Walker and Audre Lorde. The analysis drew on a wide range of sources, including fiction, poetry, music, and oral history. Collins's work concluded with three central claims:
 * Oppressions of race, class, gender, sexuality, and nation are intersecting, mutually constructing systems of power. Collins utilizes the term intersectionality, coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, to refer to this simultaneous overlapping of multiple forms of oppression as a matrix of domination.
 * Because black women have unique histories at the intersections of systems of power, they have created world views out of a need for self-definition and to work on behalf of social justice. Black women's specific experiences with intersecting systems of oppression provide a window into these same processes for other individuals and social groups.
 * Black feminist thought on race and gender came from Black communities rather than in opposition to white feminism.

In Black Feminist Thought, Collins posits how Black feminist inquiry highlights two very important themes. One is "how Black women's paid work is organized within intersecting oppressions of race, class, and gender." Although these women no longer work in domestic work in private homes, they continue to work at low-paying jobs in the growing service sector. Moreover, she continues, the theme that "concerns how Black women's unpaid family labor is simultaneously confining and empowering" for them is also extremely important. Collins emphasizes this point because she points out that Black women see the unpaid work of their household as a method of resistance to oppression rather than solely as a method of manipulation by men.

In an interview with Global Dialogue magazine in 2017, Collins restated the argument that she laid out in Black Feminist Thought by emphasizing the controlling images faced by Black women: "In Black Feminist Thought, I examine how African-American women confront four main stereotypes: (1) the mule, the woman who works like an animal without complaint; (2) the jezebel, the highly sexualized woman who is often depicted as a prostitute; (3) the mammy, the Black woman domestic worker whose loyalty to her employer is beyond reproach; and (4) the Black lady, the educated Black woman who has given up family life in exchange for a career". These controlling images are utilized mainly to make black women’s subjugated state of being harassed and silenced appear standard and natural.

In an interview with Oklahoma's KGOU radio station in 2017, Collins' discussed her careful process while writing the book: "I think it was very difficult for me to come to voice around the types of work that I do because there was no space for this work," Collins says. "We had to create the space to write black feminist thought, to talk about race, class, gender, to talk about intersectionality. And that was all part of the process of being seen as legitimate, being listened to, being clear, being respected"

Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology
Published in 1992, Race, Class, and Gender: An Anthology was a collaboration with Margaret L. Andersen, in which Collins edited a compilation of essays on race, class, and gender. The book is widely recognized for shaping the field of race, class, and gender studies, as well as its related concept of intersectionality. The essays cover a variety of topics, from historical trends and their effects today, to the current media portrayal of minority groups. The tenth edition was published in 2020.

Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice
Collins' third book Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice was published in 1998. Fighting Words focused on how Black women's knowledge examines social injustices within Black communities and wider society. Expanding on the idea of "outsiders within" from her previous book, she examines how outsiders resist the majority's perspective, while simultaneously pushing for and creating new insight into the social injustices that exist. Collins also notes how acknowledging the social theories of oppressed groups are important because their different experiences have created new angles of looking at human rights and injustice. This has not always been the case because, as she points out, "elites possess the power to legitimate the knowledge that they define as theory as being universal, normative, and ideal".

In 2021, Collins was interviewed by the Oprah Winfrey Network, "Finding the Full-Range of Your Voice," where she reflected on her quote, "publicly articulating rage typically constitutes less a revelation about oppression than a discovery of voice." She says that the terminology now would be "speaking your own truth, claiming all parts of yourself, including the rage." She asserts, "Why would we reject anger, when there's so much to be angry about that affects us, that affect our children, that affects our communities, that affects our loved ones? Why would we want to tamp that down to become a good girl?"

Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism
Collins's next book, Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism, was published in 2004 and won the Distinguished Scholarly Book Award from the American Sociological Association. This work argued that racism and heterosexism were intertwined in multiple areas of life. For example, how ideals of beauty work to oppress African-Americans males and females, whether homosexual, bisexual or heterosexual. Collins asserts that people must examine the intersection of race, class, gender, and sexuality because looking at each issue separately can cause one to miss a large part of the problem. Her argument for resisting the creation of such narrow gender roles requires action on individual and community levels as well as recognizing success in areas other than those typically respected by Americans, such as money or beauty. Collins also contends that the oppression of African Americans cannot be successfully resisted without analyzing how intersecting oppressions influence their own group, such as the treatment of women or LGBTQ people.

From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism
In 2006, Collins published From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism, which examines the relationship between black nationalism, feminism and women in the hip-hop generation. The book is a collection of essays by her, written over multiple years, compiled into one cohesive examination of the current situation of African Americans. Collins examines contemporary structural racism, which she calls "new racism", and explores how old ideas about what racism is prevent society from recognizing and fixing the wrongdoings that persist. The author explores a range of examples, from American national identity, to motherhood, to feminine portrayal in hip-hop. Following the Civil Rights Movement, she argues, there was a "shift from color-conscious racism that relied on strict racial segregation to a seemingly colorblind racism that promised equal opportunities yet provided no lasting avenues for African American advancement".

Another Kind of Public Education: Race, Schools, the Media and Democratic Possibilities
In 2009, Collins published Another Kind of Public Education: Race, Schools, the Media and Democratic Possibilities, in which she encourages the public to be more aware of and prevent the institutional discrimination that African-American children are experiencing today in the public education system. Collins explains that teachers have a great deal of power to be the facilitators of either discriminatory attitudes or tolerant attitudes; they are the "frontline actors negotiating the social issues of our time." Claiming that the education system is greatly influenced by the media, Collins examines racism as a system of power preventing education and democracy to reach its full potential. Within the text, she provides examples of how people, specifically teachers in the education system, can resist colorblind racism to ensure children are provided with safe classroom environments and where they can be guaranteed freedom of expression.

One of the primary concerns in her book is the importance education has in producing citizens and making sure the disenfranchised feel empowered. Within the book, Collins includes personal stories about her position as an African-American child who felt "silenced in Philadelphia's public schools" in order to further elaborate on the important role the education institution has in establishing democracy.

Other books
Collins co-edited with John Solomos The Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies (2010), a book on racial and ethnic stratification through an intersectional lens.

In 2012, she published On Intellectual Activism, a collection of personal essays and interviews where she explains how ideas play an important part in bringing about social change.

In 2016 and revised in 2020, Collins also published the book Intersectionality, with co-author Sirma Bilge, which discusses, in depth, the intertwined nature of social categorizations such as race, class and gender, sexuality and nation, and how these ideas create a complex web of discrimination and disadvantage in society. Taking a global perspective, topics covered include the history of intersectionality, critical education, human rights, violence, global social protest, identity politics, and women of color feminism in the United States and Brazil.

In 2023, she published the book Lethal Intersections: Race, Gender, and Violence, which explores how violence differentially affects people according to their class, sexuality, nationality, and ethnicity.

Career honors
Collins is recognized as a social theorist, drawing from many intellectual traditions. She reconceptualizes the ideas of race, class, gender, sexuality and nationalism as interlocking systems of oppression. Her more than 40 articles and essays have been published in a wide range of fields, including philosophy, history, psychology, and most notably sociology. In 2023 she became the first African American woman to be awarded the Berggruen Prize, a $1 Million Prize by the Berggruen Institute awarded annually to a thinker shaping political, economic, and social institutions.
 * Faculty of the Year Award at the University of Cincinnati (1991)
 * C. Wright Mills Award for the first edition of Black Feminist Thought (1991)
 * Distinguished Publication Award by the Association for the Women in Psychology for Black Feminist Thought (1991)
 * Letitia Woods Brown Memorial Book Prize by the Association of Black Women Historians for Black Feminist Thought (1991)
 * Award for Outstanding Service to African-American Students at the University of Cincinnati (1993)
 * Jessie Bernard Award by the American Sociological Association for significant scholarship in the area of Gender (1993)
 * Named the Charles Phelps Taft Professor of Sociology by the University of Cincinnati, making her the first-ever African American, and only the second woman, to hold this position (1996). )
 * Emeritus Status from University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, (2005).
 * Emeritus Status from University of Maryland, College Park (2018 )
 * Distinguished University Professor from University of Maryland (2006)
 * American Sociological Association Distinguished Scholarly Book Award for her book Black Sexual Politics (2007)
 * Morris Rosenberg Award for Student Mentorship from the University of Maryland (2009)
 * Doctor of Humane Letters. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY. (2009).
 * Alumni Achievement Award from the Harvard Graduate School of Education (2011)
 * Joseph B. and Toby Gittler Prize her contributions to racial and ethnic relations from Brandeis University (2012)
 * Doctor of Humane Letters. Arcadia University, Philadelphia, PA. (2012).
 * Doctor of Humane Letters. Duquesne University. Pittsburgh, PA. 2014.
 * Doctor of Humane Letters. College of Wooster. Wooster, OH. 2015.
 * W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award from American Sociological Association (2017)
 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2022.

Participation in American Sociological Association
Patricia Hill Collins was named an ASA (American Sociological Association) Minority Fellow in the 1980s. She spent two years as chair of the Minority Fellowship program from 1985 to 1988 and chair of the ASA Task Force from 1989 to 1993. In 2008, she became the 100th president of the ASA and the first African-American Woman in the organization's 104-year history. She delivered her presidential address in the 2009 ASA Annual Meeting. Collins work with the ASA, "The New Politics of Community" was published in the American Sociological Review and asserts that community is a dynamic political construct that, containing a plethora of different and contradicting agendas, can be used to evaluate issues of race, sex, and gender. She describes how community can be used for social examination for a number of reasons:
 * The commonality of the "language of community", which, interchangeable with words like neighborhood, establishes community as a part of group identity
 * Communities are "malleable" and easy to research
 * Communities can hold many differing agendas and thus "reflect diverse and conflicting social practices"
 * "the construct of community catalyzes strong, deep feelings that can move people to action,"
 * "the construct of community is central to how people organize and experience social inequalities".

Participation in social activism
On October 13, 2014, Patricia Hill Collins gave a lecture at DePaul University in Chicago, IL titled, "Charting a New Course: Intersectionality and Black Activism" to a group of 182 university students as well as to other residents of Chicago. In the lecture, Collins discussed activism stereotypes as well as intersectionality and how to use intersectionality to challenge the oppression they may face. She also encouraged the audience to create coalitions and to participate in activism themselves. Additionally, Collins' lecture allowed her audience to think critically about sociological thought and to figure out "what it means to strengthen one's power through ideas."

Academic responses
Collins' influential books on intersectionality and community have led way to many references and responses in sociological spheres. Notably, Professor Shannon Sullivan of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte penned "Community as a Political and Temporal Construct: A Response to Patricia Hill Collins" in The Pluralist. In the article, Sullivan connected the four aspects of a politically constructed community as laid out by Collins with Philosophy Professor Alfred Frankowski. While Sullivan finds Collins' "hope that a political understanding of community could enable genuine change that is not part of a changing-same pattern" to be admirable, she contrasts this with Frankowski's assertion that the memorialization of Anti-Black violence is necessary for white-dominated communities to keep racist agendas in the past. Sullivan ultimately finds that Frankowski's pragmatist philosophy is needed for White America to successfully evaluate the communities in which echo chambers fuel racial ignorance.

References in other academic spheres
Patricia Hill Collins' work has not only been referenced and referred to heavily in sociological circles, but her assertions on intersectionality and the black female experience have also been cited in literary analysis. In 2020, Parvin Ghasemi and Samira Heidari of the Molana Institute of Higher Education in Iran published "Patricia Hill Collins' Black Feminine Identity in Toni Morrison's Beloved" in the Journal of African American Studies. The article describes how Beloved's main character, a mother and former slave in the post-slavery south, epitomizes and subsequently shatters Collins' proposed matrix of domination: "In line with Collin's philosophy, Morrison's novel presents a reaction to matrix of domination. In fact, the multiplicity of experience that Collin refers to can be found in the novel through the fact that readers see simultaneously the experience of being a marginalized, a murderer, a mother, a people of color, a traumatic woman, and a former slave. All these aspects help the collective experience of race disentangle itself from the structural oppression and discrimination. Though Seth is a traumatic figure, this portrayal helps to expose the true picture of a discriminatory society that produces such failing characters."

Representation of media
In 2009, a video from the C-Span website titled "BookTV: Patricia Hill Collins, author "Another Kind of Public Education" Collins takes a visit to "Busboys & Poets", a restaurant/bookstore/theater located in Washington DC and provided an hour and 16 minutes-long "book talk" regarding her book Another Kind of Public Education. As the website describes the video: "Professor Collins posits that public education is heavily influenced by the media and by the continuing influence of institutional racism and she examines ways in which schools perpetuate racism and other forms of social inequality. Professor Collins also read passages from her book and responded to questions from members of the audience."

In 2012, a video from the YouTube website titled "Dr. Patricia Hill Collins Delivers 2012 Graduate Commencement Address", Collins gives the commencement address at Arcadia University on Thursday, May 17, 2012, when she received an honorary doctorate. She provides stories of her past from growing up in Philadelphia, her and her parents' struggles, and being in a school that predominately caters to middle-class white students. She also touches upon breaking her silence and how she came about using her voice as a critical instrument to make social change.

In 2014, a video from the YouTube website titled "Patricia Hill Collins at Grand Valley State University February 2014". Collins gives a talk to undergraduate students from Grand Valley State University in which she expresses her concern of mainstream colorblindness, especially focusing on issues of racial profiling (regarding African Americans) [regarding Trayvon Martin] and tackling other issues regarding race, sex, class, etc. Additionally, Collins reads mini excerpts from her book Black Feminist Thought. The website description is: "On February 26, 2014, Grand Valley State University's Office of Multicultural Affairs, Women's Center and LGBT Resource Center hosted Patricia Hill Collins as part of ongoing Intersections programming. Patricia Hill Collins presented "We Who Believe in Freedom Cannot Rest: Lessons from Black Feminism".

In 2015, Collins visited University of Massachusetts Boston and gave a presentation regarding sociological theory, mainly focusing on intersectionality's challenges and the critical inquiries.

In 2016, Collins alongside Patricia Williams, Robin Morgan, Kate Harding, Polly Toynbee, Arwa Mahdawi, and Suzanne Moore were all asked the following panel question by The Guardian following the defeat of Hillary Clinton by Donald Trump in the 2016 United States Presidential election: "What does the US election result say about misogyny?" In her answer, Collins exclaims: "I am disappointed but I will keep up the fight." She discusses the sadness she feels for Clinton's loss. Additionally, Collins brings one's attention to the idea that to gain social change, Americans must remember they will deal with struggles. Collins leaves the reader on a positive note by saying she believes that America has made progress in being committed to opportunity, equity, civility and fairness. However, she still sees a need to keep fighting to achieve a strong democracy.

On November 21, 2018, Collins gave a keynote lecture on "Intersectionality and Sociology" at the University of Cambridge during the university's 50 Years of Sociology conference. In this lecture, she reflected on her sociology career as well as "discussing critically the intersectional approach and alternative knowledge projects, and returning to the core question that motivates her work: What will it take for Black people to be free?"

In 2022, Collins was interviewed by Gênero e Número where she talked about Black Lives Matter, social justice, and the overturn of Roe v. Wade in the United States. She claims that the "Killing of George Floyd...was very significant in shifting the discussion of that particular social movement to the point where you had people not just in the United States but globally saying we believe in Black Lives Matter and issues related to that." When asked about the overturn of Roe v. Wade in the United States she says, "I think it was really shocking for a lot of young women in the United States that this right was taken away on a federal level, but it wasn't particularly shocking for many of us who never had it in the first place...I think it's been very good for young women to realize that you don't get to keep something that you have, people come and take stuff from you...it's not fair, but that's what power is."

Legacy
While race and its accompanying social hierarchies have remained fundamental facets of sociological study, intersectional analysis and the study of collective, oppressed identities are largely attributed to Patricia Hill Collins. In Professor Gurminder Bhambra's 2015 essay "Black Thought Matters: Patricia Hill Collins and the long tradition of African American sociology", Bhambra describes how Collins not only nurtured existing schools of African-American sociology but pushed the field into a new direction. On Collins' 1990 book Black Feminist Thought, Bhambra wrote: "It has been both a scholarly beacon for researchers working through shared ideas and experiences, and an intellectual grounding from which further critical work has been enabled and more voices brought into conversation. Its influence ranges across disciplinary and geographical boundaries and dismantles conventional hierarchies in the process"

In Professor's Elizabeth Higginbotham's 2012 essay "Reflections on the Early Contributions of Patricia Hill Collins," Higginbotham talks about the impact Collins' work had on the interdisciplinary field of women's studies. She believes, "her early work was truly significant in helping other scholars combat the labels of particularism, challenge the language of essentialism in women's studies, and move in ways to demonstrate that our scholarship has much to say about the nature of social life in the United States and the world."

Books

 * Lethal Intersections: Race, Gender and Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press ISBN 978-1-5095-5315-0, 2024
 * Intersectionality as Critical Social Theory, Durham: Duke University Press, ISBN 978-1-4780-0646-6, 2019
 * (co-authored with Sirma Bilge)Intersectionality, Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, ISBN 9-781509-539680, 2016, 2020
 * On Intellectual Activism, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-4399-0961-4, 2012
 * (co-edited with John Solomos) The SAGE Handbook of Race and Ethnic Studies, Los Angeles: London: SAGE, ISBN 978-0-7619-4220-7, 2010
 * Another Kind of Public Education: Race, the Media, Schools, and Democratic Possibilities, Beacon Press, ISBN 978-0-8070-0018-2, 2009
 * From Black Power to Hip Hop: Racism, Nationalism, and Feminism, Temple University Press, ISBN 978-1-59213-092-4, 2006
 * Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-93099-4, 2005
 * Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8166-2377-8, 1998
 * (co-edited with Margaret Andersen) Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology, ISBN 978-0-534-52879-9, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2020
 * Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-92484-9, 1990, 2000

Selected journal articles

 * "Just Another American Story? The First Black First Family", in Qualitative Sociology 35 (2), 2012: 123–141.
 * "New Commodities, New Consumers: Selling Blackness in the Global Marketplace", in Ethnicities 6 (3), 2006: 297–317.
 * "Like One of the Family: Race, Ethnicity, and the Paradox of the US National Identity", in Ethnic and Racial Studies 24 (1), 2001: 3–28.
 * "The Tie that Binds: Race, Gender, and U.S. Violence", in Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (5), 1998: 918–938.
 * "What's In a Name: Womanism, Black Feminism and Beyond", in Black Scholar 26 (1), 1996: 9–17.
 * "The Meaning of Motherhood in Black Culture and Black Mother/Daughter Relationships", in Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Woman 4 (2), 1987: 4–11.
 * "Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought", in Social Problems. 33 (6), 1986: 14–32.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Patricia Hill Collins


text:
Monde

A monde, meaning 'world' in French, is an orb located near the top of a crown. It represents, as the name suggests, the world that the monarch rules. It is the point at which a crown's half arches meet. It is usually topped off either with a national or religious symbol, for example a cross in Christian countries.

In some cases, the crossed arches might relate this object to an armillary sphere representing the cosmic orb, as seems to happen with the crown of Pedro I of Brazil or, in a different way, with the serpent in the Rainbow Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I.

title: Monde


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Lani Christian Gabriel O'Grady-Haywood

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 20:00, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

David Lani Christian Gabriel O'Grady-Haywood
I believe this to be factually incorrect. The married name of Princess Astrid's daughters are Woods, Johansen and Beckmann. Average Earthman 08:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * (Now added my signature - oops). A number of sites give geneology of the whole line of descent of the British Royal Family, although the official British royal family website doesn't go down as far as 80th in line to the throne. However, all sites that state the grandchildren of Princess Astrid do not mention this O'Grady-Haywood, and he produces no google hits whatsoever, so I believe the probability is high that it is deliberate nonsense. Average Earthman 08:09, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, hoax. See which lists the descendants of Princess Astrid, of whom David O'Grady-Haywood is not one. --Metropolitan90 15:28, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Would they list someone who died at birth? Because 7 month premature, birth weight 170 grams sounds non-viable to me (which isn't notable). RJFJR 04:37, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, the article claims that David O'Grady-Haywood was born in 1987 and is living in London as of 2005, so it's not about a person who died at birth. He seems to be either (a) completely fictional or (b) a real person whose ancestry is being misrepresented.  Even if he is real and notable, the article would still need to be completely rewritten. --Metropolitan90 05:17, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User talk:Samaty~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 08:06, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Samaty. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Samaty~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:49, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:26, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Samaty~enwiki


text:
Tole Mour

The SSV Tole Mour is a 156 ft schooner and sail training vessel operating in the Channel Islands of California, off the West Coast of the United States.

Designed by Ewbank, Brooke and Associates, she was built by the Nichols Bros. Boat Builders on Whidbey Island in Washington's Puget Sound to withstand the extreme conditions of the South Pacific, she is extremely seaworthy and meets or exceeds all of the United States Coast Guard's regulations as a Sailing School Vessel, while offering luxurious accommodations in comparison to other tall ships. At 229 gross registered tons she is the largest active tall ship on the West Coast.

The Tole Mour was originally commissioned by the Marimed Foundation of Hawai’i in 1988 as a self-contained primary health care support vessel, operating in the US trust territory protectorate of the Marshall Islands. The name of the ship was selected by a competition of Marshall Islands school children, and means 'A Gift of Life and Health' in the Marshallese language. With onboard medical, dental and ophthalmological offices, the Tole Mour provided medical services to over 15,000 islanders over a period of 4 years, until the Marshallese government commissioned their own fleet of medical delivery vessels and the Tole Mour returned to Hawai’i to serve other purposes.

In 2001, she was acquired Guided Discoveries' Catalina Island Marine Institute, offering sail training, oceanography and marine biology education to hundreds of school-aged participants a year. The professional crew was housed in up into 6 double cabins and 2 master rooms within her 123 feet on deck and 31 ft beam. Up to 36 youth participants could be accommodated in cabins housing 4, 8 and 10 berths. Her previous medical requirements provided areas for laboratory equipment, touch tanks, and aquariums.

In 2014, the Tole Mour was sold to Island Windjammers, a charter cruise company operating in the Caribbean Sea. She underwent a refitting, as well as a name change, and is now known as Vela.

title: Tole Mour


text:
Ogasawara Tadazane

Ogasawara Tadazane (小笠原 忠真) was a Japanese samurai daimyō of the early Edo period.

Early life
Tadazane was the son of Ogasawara Hidemasa (1569–1615) with Toku-hime, daughter of Matsudaira Nobuyasu and granddaughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu. He married Kamehime, daughter of Honda Tadamasa with Kamehime (daughter of Matsudaira Nobuyasu) and adopted daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Daimyo
Following the deaths of his father and elder brother in the Osaka Summer Campaign, his holdings were transferred from Akashi Domain (100,000 koku) in Harima Province to the Kokura Domain (150,000 koku) Buzen Province.

Famed as the lord who employed Miyamoto Musashi's adopted son Iori, Tadazane took part in the Shogunate's campaign to quell the Shimabara Rebellion, where the Kokura forces assisted in the execution of survivors of the rebel force, predominantly Christians.

Tadazane's son Tadataka succeeded him. Other children included Nagayasu, Naganobu, Sanekata, and three daughters (one of them adopted from the Hachisuka clan of Tokushima-han).

title: Ogasawara Tadazane


text:
Talk:Dawn chorus (birds)

Untitled
"Audible radio waves" ??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.152.170.30 (talk) 08:12, 6 June 2005 (UTC)

Why?
I was hoping to find out why birds sing at dawn. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.0.115.164 (talk) 17:48, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm still hoping - made the above comment months ago. Why do birds bother? I heard on BBC Radio 4 once that the amount of energy used in singing is proportional to the spare energy the birds have in the morning - so a comparatively mild night would lead to more singing, a cold night less. Do bird brains really sing because they are happy to have survived the night - I dount very much they are capable of emotions like that. I suppose a human analogy would be drivers honking their horns when the dawn comes - why would they want to do that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.3.46.91 (talk) 22:59, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

 * A little Googling produces this link http://www.bl.uk/collections/sound-archive/listentonature/specialinterestlang/langofbirds3.html with another theory of the reason for the dawn chorus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.3.46.91 (talk) 23:04, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Move article?
I have just added three examples of non-avian animals that produce a dawn chorus. There is insufficient detail on these for a stand-alone article so I have added them here. Should this article now be moved to Dawn chorus (animals)? — Preceding unsigned comment added by DrChrissy (talk • contribs) 12:34, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

More info please, about the Dawn Chorus itself
Who can improve this ? (I might be able to add information, but I have no access to comprehensive references to justify any changes) jw (talk) 20:34, 11 March 2024 (UTC)
 * 1) It is insufficient to claim that the D.C can also be heard in the U.S.A. when it is a known fact in many if not most areas of the world
 * 2) This article should include more descriptive/encyclopedic information about the Dawn Chorus before going in to lical detail

title: Talk:Dawn chorus (birds)


text:
Wolfen

Wolfen may refer to:

Places

 * Wolfen, Germany, town in Saxony-Anhalt

Fiction

 * The Wolfen, 1978 horror novel by Whitley Strieber
 * Wolfen (film), 1981 horror film

Gaming

 * An enemy in Kya: Dark Lineage
 * Wolfen, the ships used by the Star Wolf team in the Star Fox series
 * A species of wolf-like humanoids in Rackham's Cadwallon role-playing game and Confrontation miniatures game

Other uses

 * ORWO, (Original Wolfen), a brand of photographic films

title: Wolfen


text: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-05-30

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-05-30


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Uriema

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 06:35, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Uriema
a collection of songs that are yet to see the light of day, delete --nixie 08:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. If music plays in a forest and there is no one there to hear it - then it's not notable, not influential and not verifiable. Average Earthman 08:30, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete -- Longhair | Talk 09:42, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 11:05, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 19:55, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. NeoJustin 21:40, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Uriema


text:
Ante Prkačin

Ante Prkačin (born 14 November 1953) is a Croatian politician and businessman and a former general of the Croatian Army and the Croatian Defence Council.

Biography
Prkačin was born in Slavonski Brod, where he also studied at the Faculty of Economics, in addition to the Faculty of Petrochemistry in Sisak.

In 1989, as a Croatian nationalist, he joined the christian democratic Croatian Democratic Party (Hrvatska demokratska stranka) and won a seat in the first assembly of the Croatian Parliament in the 1990 elections, when his party was aligned with the Coalition of People's Accord.

In the late 1991, Prkačin moved to the Croatian Party of Rights. He soon became one of its representatives in Croatian Parliament, after the second Sabor election.

In 1992, when the war escalated in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Prkačin took part as a leader of the HSP militia Croatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage, HOS) with the rank of general, and had close co-operation with government of Alija Izetbegović. In the fall of the same year, he was a member of the joint command of Croatian Defence Council and Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

After HOS was disbanded, Prkačin was commander of the defence of Posavina as HVO officer.

Upon his return to Croatia, he began to distance himself from Dobroslav Paraga and spent the rest of his time in the Sabor as independent representative. He left HSP in 1995.

In October 1999, he founded a new party called New Croatia (Nova Hrvatska), and under its banner ran for Croatian President. In the first round of the 2000 Croatian presidential election he won just 0.28% of the vote, finishing 7th, and was eliminated.

Prkačin managed to remain in public spotlight by often appearing in various talk shows and being involved in Croatian entertainment industry. In 2001 he tried acting and played the role of a priest in a movie Slow Surrender.

In 2004, Prkačin was briefly in the public spotlight after two of his friends engaged in an urban gunfight in Slavonski Brod because of a conflict between him and Mladen Kruljac, another officer from the Croatian war.

In January 2009, Prkačin testified as a witness before a court in Sarajevo regarding the 1999 assassination of Jozo Leutar, the then-Minister of Internal Affairs of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Three months later, Ante Jelavić said Prkačin had implicated him and accused him of being a former member of Yugoslav secret service KOS.

In August 2009, one Sakib Balić, a former HOS soldier, publicly accused Prkačin of commanding HOS units that participated in the Sijekovac killings, when numerous Serb civilians were killed in the village of Sijekovac near Bosanski Brod on 26 March 1992. The same accusation was echoed by one Ane Mihajlović, a veteran from the Army of Republika Srpska, at the event in May 2010 when Ivo Josipović and Sulejman Tihić visited the site to pay respect to around fifty civilian victims of the March 1992 events. Prkačin denied any connection to the killings in Sijekovac. The site and the visit provoked some controversy in the Croatian public, with allegations of impropriety levelled against President Josipović and the authorities of Republika Srpska.

In 2011 Prkačin returned to Croatian Party of Rights.

title: Ante Prkačin


text: User talk:80.58.51.106

title: User talk:80.58.51.106


text:
User:Aezram/Dinonotes

General Stuff

 * Small carnivorous bipeds evolved first because it's easier to digest meat
 * Herbivorous theropods exist. They are called therizinosaurs
 * Precocial Reproductive style: 'R' strategy, young born in large numbers, no parental care, high mortality rate
 * Altricial Reproductive Style: 'K' strategy, young are cared for, Hadrosaurs, one specimen of Oviraptor on nest.

Ceratopsia
Ceratopsians ‘horned face’: All LC xcept Psitt. and Proto.. Well preserved, bone beds, N. Amer., herds, vegetarian browsers, intraspec combat. Frill for: sex, recognition, temperature, defense. Rostral bone, flared cheek bones (jugals, epijugals), dental batteries, coronoid process.

Psittacosaurus- Bipedal, MC. died soon, only cer. with gastroliths.

Neoceratopsia: Big heads, enlarged frills, keeled rostral bone (more beak-like), epijugal bone. Epijugal for muscle attachment? Incl.

Protoceratopsidae: no horns, short frills, coronoid process with muscle thru fenestra. Protoceratops: Numerous, Asian deserts. mid late-pre late C.

Ceratopsidae: very prominent frill, facial horns, huge nostril, dental battery, hooves on toes subdiv into:

 * Centrosaurinae: short or no post-orb horns, short frill, rounded epoccipitals. Centrosaurus

 * Chasmosauridae: long post-orb horns, long frill, triangular epoccipitals. Triceratops, Pentaceratops. North American.

Ornithopoda
Ornithopoda: ‘bird foot’: EJ-LC. split into Heterodonts and Euornithopods. Ventrally offset pmax, occluding molars, long jaw joint.

Heterodontosauridae: (mixed teeth, tusk in front, batteries in back) EJ-MJ complex teeth, shorter necks, longer tails, bipeds,

Euornithopoda: (true ornithopods) LJ-LC Pleurokinetic skulls. subdiv into:

 * Iguanodontoidia: LJ-LC everted pmax, broad snout, toothless beak, thumb spikes, ossified tendons, broad hooved feet, facultative quadrapeds.

 * Hadrosauridae: duck-billed, 3+ teeth per tooth position, coronoid process, no thumb. ate varied plans, no gastroliths, weak jaw joints, mummies.

 * Lambeosaurinae: hollow crested, did stuff with em.

Saurischa
Saurischia: ‘lizard hip’ Monophyletic groupd defined as all Dinosauria closer to Allosaurus than to Stegosaurus. Has (among other things) twisted and enlarged thumb, relatively longer neck, pelvic modifications. Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae are more basal members of Saurischia.

Sauropodomorpha
Sauropodomorpha: ‘lizard-foot-shape’: -messy clades due to lack of big fossils, peg shaped teeth, ten or more cervical vertebrae, small skulls, extra tail vertebrae, big ass thumb with spike.

Prosauropoda: LT-EJ early sauropods. smaller, and bipedal. defined by a twisted thumb, elongated back vert., skull mods. Thecodontosaurus

Sauropoda: most defining characteristic is size, since all others changes are made to support the size. smallest is still 20 ft long,.

Eusauropoda

Brachiosauridae 50 ft rise. vaulted skull, distinctive snout,13 elongate cerv vert., long forelimbs, non-bifur. cerv. vert., vertically oriented neck.

Titanosauridae 30 ft long. all titanosaurs have osteoderms. robust radius and ulna. Alamosaurus

Diplodocids long and narrow skull, peg teeth, horizontally oriented neck. 80 tail vert. Apatosaurus, Diploddocus, Seismosaurus, Supersaurus
 * Evidence for tail-cracking Stiffened and strengthened base. Proper taper. Thin caudal vertebrae.
 * Evidence against No poppers. Fragile bones will break at great speed if hit.

Problems with being BIG 1. Structural stability. Solid limb bones and large muscles required. (Mass increases as the cube of length, strength as the square) 2. Nutrition. Food supply dependent on migration. hundreds of gastroliths.

Jurassic Sauropod Gap gap in fossil record, no sauropods, then a few again in the Cretaceous. Explanation: not everything gets fossilized.

Theropoda
Theropoda ‘beast foot’ -messy clades, likely to change. -derived characteristics: extreme hollowing of long bones, large hands, vestigial 4th 5th digits.

Ceratosauria

Tetanurae MJ-present -back half of tail stiffened by interlocking zygapophyses., antorbital modification. A big clade of theropods that contains spinosauridae (basal) and avetheropoda (more derived)

Avetheropoda This clade splits into carnosauria and coelurosauria. Maxillar fenestra.

Carnosauria Monophyletic group that contains Allosaurus et al. Larger nostrils, sinuses, and braincase.

Coelurosauria Closer to the birds, this clade shares these derived features: enlargement of antorbital fenestra, narrow contact between pubis and ischium (becoming more bird-like). This clade contains Tyrannosauroidea, Maniraptiformes

Maniraptores Maniraptors include the clades oviraptorsauria the toothless egg-suckers, and therizinosauroidea the weird apparently herbivorous. Eumaniraptora Closer yet to the birds, this clade contains deinonychosauria (velociraptors) and avialae

Avialae
Avialae ‘bird-like'

Archaeopteryx: Jurassic, 150mya. 7 specimens, 1 feather found in Germany. Birdlike features: expanded braincase, asymmetric feathers, keeled sternum, 3 and 1 foot. Could fly, but not well. Unbirdlike features: teeth, three fingered hand with claws, long stiff tail, raptor-like saurischian pelvis.

Rahonavis: bit bigger than Archaeopteryx with enlarged sicle claw on feet, six fused sacral verts

Pyrgostylia: shortened tail, reinfoced shoulder (elongated coracoid bones)

Ornithothoraces 'bird chest': fusing of digits into carpometacarpus (chicken wing), evolution of atula "bastard wing"

Enantiornithes 'opposite bird': Worldwide distribution. Like birds: sparrow-sized, keeled sternum, slim furcula (wishbone), partially fused carpometacarpus, modern-bird like wrist, perching foot. Unlike birds: gastralia (belly ribs), numerous back vertebrae, unfused pelvis.

Ornithuromorpha: Features: pubis parallel to ilium and ischium, reduction of trunk vertebrae, smaller acetabulum.

Hesperornithiforms: large, long-necked, flightless, diving birds with big feet. Teeth. (Enaliornis EC, England.)

Ichthyornithiformes: long necked toothed gull-like, flying, massive keeled sternum (Ichthyornis LC, N.America)

Aves: All LC and later. Encompasses screamers and waterfowl (Anseriformes, loons (gaviiformes), and possibly shorebirds such as pipers, gulls, and auks (charadriiformes), landfowl (galliformes), petrels (procellariiformes), parrots (psittaciformes). Includes modern birds. Includes hoatzin modern bird with three claws.

Other Bird Info
Contraversial first bird: Protoavis: 225mya, Triassic.

Defining characteristics of birds: feathers, endotherms, 4-chambered heart, expanded skulls with huge orbits, large brains, toothlessness (modern birds), carpometacarpus, shoulder joint, rigid pneumatic skeleton, furcula, keeled sternum, 3 and 1 feet, bladderless.

Evidence that Birds are dinosaurs: perforate acetabulum (Dinosauria), opisthopubic pelvis (Dromaeosauridae), thin-walled hollow bones (Theropoda), ornithoid-style eggshell (Theropoda), expanded braincase with kinetic skull (Theropoda), wishbone (many Theropoda), juvenile three-fingered hand (in Hoatzin) (Theropoda), rigid tails, semilunate carpal (Coelurosauria), feathers (Coelurosauria), enlarged second toe claw (Dromaeosauridae), hand-arm structure (Dromaeosauridae)

Arguments that Birds aren't dinos (hooey): 1) Dinos with feathers are really flightless birds that evolved dino characteristics 2) First true feathers appear on non-dinosaurian archosaur longisquama 3) first true bird (protoavis) appeared in LT 3) Archaeopteryx appears in LJ whearas their supposed ancestor dromaeosaurids don't appear until Cretaceous

Feathered dinosaurs from early Cretaceous in China: Sinosauropteryx, Caudipteryx, Microraptor, etc.

Remiges: flight feathers, Retrices: tail feathers

Metabolism
Endotherms: generate body heat internally, generally more active and take more energy to upkeep

Ectotherms: recieve most or all of their bodyheat externally, (many grow thorughout their whole life [is this true?])

Homeotherms: internal temperature fairly consistant

Poikilothermy/Heterothermy: fluctuating internal temperatures

 * Most endotherms are endothermic homeotherms. Exceptions: hummingbirds, hibernating polar bears
 * Most ectotherms are poikilotherms.
 * Ectotherms are not inferior to Endotherms
 * Coelurosauria at least was probably endothermic.

Thermoregulatory strategies: behavioral strategies (burrowing, shivering, panting, building hives and houses), insulation, geography, efficient resperation, evaporative cooling.

Other Mesozoic Animals
Flying ones:

Pterosauria: includes rhamphorhyncoidia and pterodactyloidea

 * Rhamphorhyncoidia: Triassic to Cretaceous, < 2m, long tail, short head, no crest

 * Pterodactyloidea: Jurassic to Cretaceous, < 15m, short tail, keeled sternum, some have crests

Marine ones:

 * Ichthyosaurs: Early Triassic to Early Cretaceous, fully marine, euryapsids, dolphinny, usually 1-3m, one Triassic one reached 15m

 * Plesiosaurs: Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, amphibious, euryapsids, two kinds: elasmosaurids (long necked ones), pliosaurids (large headed ones), sea-monstery

 * Mosasaurs: Late Cretaceous, diapsids, fully marine, lizardy

Mammals: Mammals form four main families: eucynodonts (become most modern mammals), monotremes (platypus and echidna), marsupials, and multituberculates (survive KT but die anyway). Mammals remain small, nocturnal, and sneaky until they fill ecological niches left by dead dinos. Mammals began evolving 220 mya in the Triassic. A recent find in the Lianong province shows that larger, dog-sized mammals may have competed with dinos as predators. Repenomamus was found with a psitticosaur in its belly.

Extinction
Three plausible extinction hyptotheses: Climate change (sea level movement), Volcanism, and Asteroid

Common dinos at time of extinction: Tyran., Ornithomimidae, Dromaeosauridae, Titanosauridae, Nodosauridae, Ankylo., Hypsilophodontidae, Hadro., Pachy., Protoceratopsidae, Ceratopsidae

Marine pattern of extinction: detritus feeders prevailed over filter feeders. Terrestrial pattern: Aquatic forms prevail over land forms

Ferns survived K-T better than other plands, forimenifera (little sea things) got smaller, K-T extinction was a rapid (according to Hilde) death-thing.

It was not the worst mass-extinction ever, that honor belongs to the permo-triassic "great dying"

The late Cretaceous was full of active plate mvmnt, mountain-makin', and volcanism.

Between 65-60 mya the Deccan traps in India covered 500,000 km^2 with magma.

The sea levels decreased in the Cretaceous, with more of the continental land mass being exposed than in the last 60 mya.

Effects of the asteroid impact: 1) Spontaneous death due to squashing. 2) Rain of fire and debris. (up to 400 F) 3) Drowning (tsunamis) 4) Noxious fumes (hit a sulfur deposit) 5) Rapid cooling and dust clouds.

Evidence for Asteroid: Iridium anomalies, ejecta layer, soot (fireball layer), shocked quartz, asteroid fragments, tempestites (Tsunami deposits), impact crater (Chicxulub)

Discoveries
 * The iridium anomaly at the K-T boundary was found based on deposits from Gubbio, Italy.
 * The research team from Cal who worked on it were named Alvarez, Alvarez, Asaro and Michel.
 * Aside from iridium spikes, shocked quartz (deformed by intense pressure) is a line of evidence for impact.
 * The "Smoking Gun" is the crater itself. Glen Penfield found a 180 km diamater crater in Chicxulub in the Yucatan.

Ghost Ranch Coelophysis Quarry
New Mexico, in sedimentary rock, Late Triassic. Flooding explains orientation of skeletons (preferential alignment), but not number of carnivores gathered in one place. Not a tar pit because of high degree of articulation. Hilde's theory: a drought caused fighting for water, then corpse transport by flood waters.

Californian Dinosaurs
No Triassic Dinos. Few in Jurassic. All Cretaceous. One trackway site in CA (the Mojave, early Jurassic). 26 dino sites. Most CA dinos are Hadrosaurs.

LC Dinos: Aletopelta (ankylosaur), Saurolophus.

Allan Bennison (1936): First dino finds in California: Saurolophus

Pterosaurs and Marine reptiles like elasmosaurs, icthyosaurs, and mosasaurs were here.

title: User:Aezram/Dinonotes


text: User talk:207.200.116.7

title: User talk:207.200.116.7


text:
Diversional therapy

In Australia, Diversional Therapy “is a client centred practice [that] recognises that leisure and recreational experiences are the right of all individuals.” Diversional Therapists promote the involvement in leisure, recreation and play by reducing barriers to their client's participation and providing opportunities where the individual may choose to participate and perform their occupation. Ideally these recreational activities promote self-esteem and personal fulfillment, through an emphasis on holistic care; providing physical, psychological, social, intellectual and spiritual/cultural/temporal support.

Diversional Therapists work in a wide variety of settings, such as Rehabilitation & hospital units, Justice Centres, Community Centres, Day and Respite services, Aged Care Residential Facilities, Ethnic Specific Services, Palliative Care Units and Outreach Programmes, Mental Health Services, Specialist Organisations, Private Practice and Consultancy & Management.

The diversional therapist works with a client to achieve positive health outcomes by incorporating leisure programmes into their lifestyles. He or she assists decision-making and participation when developing and managing these programmes. These are often quite diverse and can range from:
 * Games, outings, gardening, computers, gentle exercise, music, arts and crafts.
 * Individual emotional and social support
 * Sensory enrichment, activities like massage and aromatherapy, pet therapy
 * Environmental enrichment activities like role play, modeling
 * Discussion groups, education sessions like grooming, beauty care, cooking
 * Social, cultural and spiritual activities

Diversional Therapy is not intended for social or entertainment purposes alone. As an unknown author once said, "Recreation's purpose is not to kill time, but to make time live; not to keep people occupied, but to keep them refreshed; not to offer an escape from life, but to provide a discovery of life."

Becoming a Diversional Therapist
To become a diversional therapist in Australia you must complete a diploma or degree in diversional therapy or leisure and health studies and this course needs to be recognised by the Diversional Therapy Association of Australia. Entry to the degree courses usually requires completion of your HSC/ACT Year 12 with prerequisite subjects, or assumed knowledge, in one or more of English, chemistry or biology. The various universities have different prerequisites, and some have flexible entry requirements or offer external study. Contact the universities you are interested in for more information as requirements may change.

National Certificate in Diversion Therapy may be completed in New Zealand with a prerequisite of Level 3 Core Competencies qualification, which is a basic all-round groundwork course. This course of study would approximately take 18 months to complete. The diversional therapy courses are usually offered by institutions that focus on practical learning and skills, teaching about the roles of the diversional therapist and developing the ability to create a plan of care.

title: Diversional therapy


text:
Substitution (theatre)

In acting, substitution is the understanding of elements in the life of one's character by comparing them to elements in one's own life. For example, if an actor is portraying a character who is being blackmailed, they could think back to some embarrassing or private fact about their own life, and mentally superimpose that onto the character's secret.

In Respect for Acting, Uta Hagen compares acting to make believe, saying, "My strength as an actor rested in the unshakable faith I had in make-believe. I made myself believe the characters I was allowed to play and the circumstances of the characters' lives in the events of the play." And later in the book, "I use substitution in order to 'make believe' in its literal sense-- to make me believe [...], in order to send me into the moment-to-moment spontaneous action of my newly selected self on stage."

Hagen is clear that substitution is a means to further connect actors to their characters and the actions of the play, as opposed to, for instance, bringing on tears. "Substitution is not an end in itself, not an end to involve you for self-involvement's sake without consequent action. Let me state strongly, in case any of you have misunderstood, that substitution is the aspect of the work which strengthens your faith and your sense of reality in each stage of the total work on character. It is a way of bringing about justified, personal character actions."

Hagen also warns against confronting any traumatic experiences, believing it to be unhelpful. "There are teachers who actually force actors into dealing with something buried (their response to a death of a parent, or the trauma of a bad accident). What results is hysteria or worse, and is, in my opinion, anti-art. We are not pursuing psychotherapy. If you feel mentally sick or disturbed and in need of it, by all means go to a trained doctor or therapist, but not to an acting teacher."

title: Substitution (theatre)


text:
Pinehaven

Pinehaven is a suburb of Upper Hutt City in the lower North Island of New Zealand, established in 1927. It is at the southern end of the city, within the pine covered hills east of Silverstream.

Pinehaven is a valley centred on a large reserve and area of native bush. Clustered around the reserve are a number of community facilities.

History
The hills of Pinehaven were first planted with their trademark pine trees in 1928 by Sir Francis Chichester and Mr G.D.M Goodwin. Most of the streets in Pinehaven are named after members of their families, Wyndham (Road) was Goodwin's son, Jocelyn (Crescent) his daughter and Elmslie (Road) his mother's maiden name. Of course, Chichester Drive is named after Sir Francis himself.

Originally Pinehaven was a community of small baches where residents of Wellington city escaped to for weekends and holidays. Pinehaven has a strong history of community togetherness and since the 1940s the residents' association, the Pinehaven Progressive Association, has actively fought for local issues and organised social functions.

During the December 1976 Wellington Storm, a state of emergency was declared at Pinehaven after slips blocked drains and streams, causing flooding and damage to properties.

Demographics
Pinehaven statistical area covers 5.59 km2. It had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Pinehaven had a population of 1,983 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 93 people (4.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 135 people (7.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 708 households, comprising 996 males and 987 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.01 males per female. The median age was 39.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 462 people (23.3%) aged under 15 years, 285 (14.4%) aged 15 to 29, 1,020 (51.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 213 (10.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 93.2% European/Pākehā, 7.1% Māori, 3.3% Pasifika, 3.8% Asian, and 2.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 25.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.1% had no religion, 34.9% were Christian, 0.8% were Hindu, 0.3% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 2.6% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 528 (34.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 132 (8.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $47,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 459 people (30.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 909 (59.8%) people were employed full-time, 225 (14.8%) were part-time, and 42 (2.8%) were unemployed.

Facilities

The Pinehaven Progressive Association Community Hall was built with recycled materials by Pinehaven locals during the 1940s. The land was gifted to the community in perpetuity by a local man, Mr Goowdin.

Pinehaven has a library, which started in 1954 with a small collection of books kept in a resident's home.

It also has a Scout Hall, built in 1972.

Education
Pinehaven School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 6 students, with a roll of as of. It opened in 1954.

Pinehaven Playcentre, opened in the 1970s, provides preschool education for 0 to 6-year-olds.

title: Pinehaven


text:
Wolfen (film)

Wolfen is a 1981 American crime horror film directed by Michael Wadleigh in his only directional feature film, based on Whitley Strieber's 1978 novel The Wolfen. It stars Albert Finney, Diane Venora, Gregory Hines and Edward James Olmos. The film follows a city cop who has been assigned to uncover what is behind a series of vicious murders. Originally, it is believed the murders are animal attacks until the cop discovers an indigenous legend about wolf spirits.

Plot
Former NYPD Captain Dewey Wilson is brought back to the force and assigned to solve a bizarre string of violent murders after high-profile magnate Christopher Van der Veer, his wife, and his bodyguard are slain in Battery Park. Executive Security, the private firm employed by Van der Veer, blames the murders on a group of left-wing terrorists, but knowing that the victim's bodyguard was a 300-pound Haitian with voodoo ties leads Wilson to doubt this theory because the bodyguard was torn apart with ruthless efficiency (the terrorists are mostly whiny bomb makers, not violent assassins). With pressure to solve the case coming from both the Police Commissioner and the Mayor, Wilson is partnered with criminal psychologist Rebecca Neff.

Elsewhere, in the South Bronx, a homeless man explores an abandoned church that is scheduled to be demolished by Van der Veer's development company. He is killed by an unseen monstrous being. Wilson and Neff investigate his murder. At the church, the apparent sounds of a baby crying lure Neff up to the bell tower. Wilson follows her, but does not hear the crying; once Neff is separated from him, he hears a wolf howl. He goes up after Neff and drags her to safety. Later that night, a bridge worker is apparently murdered by the same creature.

Coroner Whittington discovers non-human hairs on several victims and consults a zoologist named Ferguson, who identifies the hairs as belonging to an unknown subspecies of Canis lupus. Ferguson compares wolves to Native Americans in how they were both hunted to near extinction by colonizing imports. Inspired, Wilson finds Eddie Holt, a militant Native activist he arrested some years previously, working in construction. While Wilson interrogates Holt on top of the Manhattan Bridge, Holt claims to be a shapeshifter, which implicates him as the killer. Wilson opts to leave Holt alone and tail him that night.

Following animal clues, Ferguson goes to Central Park, where a creature ambushes and kills him in a tunnel. Wilson spends the remainder of his night with Neff where they have sex. The following morning, a man in a jogging suit rides Ferguson's motorcycle past Wilson as he leaves Neff's apartment. Whittington and Wilson stake out the church, armed with sniper rifles and sound equipment; after Whittington almost blows his ears out by opening a beer can near a parabolic microphone, an animal that appears to be a wolf kills him. Meanwhile, Executive Security apprehends a "Götterdämmerung" terrorist cell in connection with the Van der Veer slaying.

A traumatized Wilson escapes the church and finds himself at the nearby Wigwam Bar, where Holt and his friends are drinking. The group of Natives reveals the true nature of the killer as "Wolfen", the wolf spirit. They explain that the Wolfen have extraordinary abilities and "might be gods". Holt tells Wilson that he cannot fight the Wolfen, stating: "You don't have the eyes of the hunter, you have the eyes of the dead". The leader of the group, the Old Indian, informs Wilson that the Wolfen kill to protect their hunting ground and target "the elderly, the sick--those who will not be missed". Wilson resolves to end his involvement in the Van der Veer case but he, Neff, and Wilson's superior, Warren, are cornered on Wall Street by the Wolfen pack. Warren is decapitated while Wilson and Neff flee.

Wilson and Neff are cornered in Van der Veer's penthouse by the pack, led by its white alpha male. Wilson smashes the model of the construction project that threatened their hunting ground, trying to communicate that the threat no longer exists and that he and Neff are not enemies. The Wolfen vanish just as the police barge in. Wilson claims the attack was made by terrorists. In a voiceover, Wilson explains that Wolfen will continue preying on weak and isolated members of the human herd as humans do to each other through class conflict. Wolfen will continue being invisible to humanity because of their nature; not that of spirits but predators, who are higher on the food chain than humans. The last scene is Eddie and his friends looking at the city from the bridge.

Cast

 * Albert Finney as Detective Dewey Wilson
 * Diane Venora as Detective Rebecca Neff
 * Edward James Olmos as Eddie Holt
 * Gregory Hines as Coroner Whittington
 * Tom Noonan as Ferguson
 * Dick O'Neill as Captain Warren
 * Dehl Berti as Old Indian
 * Peter Michael Goetz as Ross
 * Reginald VelJohnson as Morgue Attendant
 * James Tolkan as "Baldy", The Medical Examiner
 * Raymond Serra as Detective
 * Donald Symington as Lawyer
 * Roy Brocksmith as Fat Jogger In Park
 * Tom Waits as Drunken Bar Owner (uncredited)

Production
The film is known for its early use of an in-camera effect to portray the subjective point of view of a wolf. Similar to thermography, the technique was later adopted by other horror films such as the Predator film series. The setting for the transient home of the wolves was shot in the South Bronx (intersection of Louis Niñé Boulevard and Boston Road).

The church seen in the opening panorama shot was located at the intersection of E 172nd Street and Seabury Place. The shot of this neighborhood is from the north looking roughly south-south-east. The decrepit site of ruined buildings was no special effect; the church was built and burned exclusively for the film. Urban decay in the South Bronx in the early 1980s was so widespread that it was the ideal production setting.

Dustin Hoffman was interested in portraying the role of Dewey Wilson but Wadleigh insisted on Albert Finney. According to Roger Ebert, the film was originally to have been distributed by United Artists. With claims of being overbudget and being over schedule, Orion Pictures tried to have Wadleigh fired. A contentious dispute led to Wadleigh being allowed to shoot what he needed before being let go while retaining director credit, while John D. Hancock would be brought in to supervise the ADR sessions after the film got cut down to an acceptable length by Richard Chew, who was not credited for his work.

Release
Wolfen was released theatrically in the United States by Orion Pictures through Warner Bros. on July 24, 1981. The film grossed only $10,626,725 at the box office. It was released just a few months after another werewolf feature in The Howling, and An American Werewolf in London would be released less than a month after Wolfen; both of those films managed to outperform this film at the box office.

Home media
Wolfen was released on DVD by Warner Home Video on August 13, 2002. Warner Home Video would later re-release the film in 2004 and 2007, with the latter release being a part of its two-disk "Horror: 4 Film Favorites" pack. On June 2, 2015, it was released for the first time on Blu-ray by Warner Archive Collection.

Reception and legacy
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Wolfen holds a 77% approval rating based on 26 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The consensus reads: “Police procedural meets werewolf flick in Wolfen, a creepy creature feature with a surprisingly profound side.” On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half out of a possible four stars, calling it, "an uncommonly intelligent treatment of a theme that is usually just exploited." There was some disagreement if Wolfen is about werewolves. Time Out called it a "werewolf movie," but Roger Ebert asserted Wolfen "is not about werewolves but is about the possibility that Indians and wolves can exchange souls."

It was nominated for Four Saturn Awards including Best Horror Film, Best Director for Wadleigh and Best Actor for Finney.

A poster for the film can be seen in an alleyway in the film Joker toward the film's conclusion.

title: Wolfen (film)


text:
Hosokawa Tadatoshi

Hosokawa Tadatoshi (細川 忠利) was a Japanese samurai daimyō of the early Edo period. He was the head of Kumamoto Domain. He was a patron of the martial artist Miyamoto Musashi.

He married Chiyohime (1597–1649) daughter of Ogasawara Hidemasa and adopted daughter of the second Tokugawa shōgun, Hidetada. His childhood name was Mitsuchiyo (光千代).

Having studied the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū under Ujii Yashiro, Tadatoshi wanted his guest, Musashi, to fight against the sword master of his fief, and see which style was the strongest. But Ujii, despite his full license in Yagyu Shinkage style, could not strike a single blow against him after numerous bouts. Lord Tadatoshi took over, but he too was powerless against Musashi. He said then about Musashi: "I never imagined there could be such a difference in levels of accomplishment!"

In 1637, Tadatoshi and his son Hosokawa Mitsunao joined in the effort to subdue the Shimabara Rebellion, and fought with distinction.

Tadatoshi's grave is in Kumamoto. His grandfather was Hosokawa Fujitaka.

Family

 * Father: Hosokawa Tadaoki
 * Mother: Hosokawa Gracia
 * Wife: Chiyohime (1597–1649)
 * Children:
 * Hosokawa Mitsunao by Chiyohime
 * Fujihime married Matsudaira Tadahiro
 * Hosokawa Munemoto
 * daughter married Ariyoshi Hidenaga
 * Hosokawa Naofusa
 * Nanjo Mototomo (1641–1703)

title: Hosokawa Tadatoshi