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Edwin Jarvis

Edwin Jarvis is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Jarvis is most often depicted as a supporting character in the titles Iron Man and The Avengers. He is the loyal household butler of the Stark family. Since the 1990s, the character has appeared heavily in media adaptations of Iron Man and Avengers stories.

In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Jarvis serves as the basis for an artificial intelligence known as J.A.R.V.I.S., voiced by Paul Bettany, while Edwin Jarvis himself was portrayed by James D'Arcy in the ABC television series Agent Carter and the 2019 film Avengers: Endgame.

Publication history
Jarvis first appeared in Tales of Suspense #59 (Nov. 1964), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Jarvis received an entry in the Official Mightiest Heroes! from an Avengers backup story featuring Jarvis.

Backstory
Born of the most modest origins, Edwin Jarvis served in the Royal Air Military during World War II and was its champion boxer three years running. He later moved to the United States where he became manservant to Howard Stark and Maria Stark and watched over the Starks' mansion even after their deaths.

Avengers
His name and English origin bears resemblance to Jeeves, the fictional sagacious valet in the books by P. G. Wodehouse. When Iron Man (Tony Stark) called the Avengers' first meeting and donated the Stark house as the Avengers Mansion headquarters, Jarvis grew accustomed to the guests and served the Avengers for many years thereafter, acting as a father figure to some of the newcomers. Jarvis was there when the first guest, the time-lost Captain America (Steve Rogers), became a member of the Avengers. He was the only one to stay with the Avengers for their entire existence, a distinction not even Captain America can claim. As a result, Captain America has stated that Jarvis should be regarded just as much of an Avenger as he is.

Jarvis spent some time as the primary babysitter for Franklin Richards, the super-powered son of Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman, when the two Fantastic Four members were residing at the mansion. He also served as the sponsor to Silverclaw while the latter was growing up, and the future Avengers member has come to regard him as an uncle.

Being a manservant to the Avengers meant that Jarvis has had to deal with their enemies on several occasions. In The Avengers #59 and #60 (Dec. 1968, Jan. 1969), he was assaulted by intruders in the mansion and bound and gagged. Jarvis has also been personally involved in many adventures, including leading the evacuation of a stalled subway train during a citywide disaster and battling a demonically possessed car. Jarvis defended the floating Hydrobase against a horde of robots built by Doctor Doom during the Acts of Vengeance crisis. He was present when one of the many incarnations of the Masters of Evil attacked the mansion. Taken hostage, he was brutally beaten by Mr. Hyde while Captain America and the Black Knight were forced to watch. His physical injuries included a shattered knee and 90% loss of vision in his left eye, forcing him to wear an eyepatch for some time; however, Jarvis refused to retire, believing instead that confronting his fears gave him more in common with the Avengers. Jarvis personally confronted Loki, risking great danger, after realizing the villain had tricked his way inside the mansion. He tendered his resignation during Iron Man's battle with alcoholism, but returned not long afterwards.

In his duties as the Avengers' manservant, he was entrusted with items of great power, including the Casket of Ancient Winters.

The New Avengers
When the New Avengers were formed, Jarvis was called back after taking a holiday "for the first time in years", having been informed that his 'special' services were once again needed. Jarvis often confronts Wolverine over the man's poor kitchen etiquette, a battle only new member Spider-Man's Aunt May was able to win. Jarvis seemingly struck up a relationship with May, who had moved into Stark Tower with Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson after her house burnt down. When Spider-Man switched sides during the Civil War, however, May and Mary Jane fled Stark Tower to live in hiding. In a New Avengers Civil War story, Jarvis was shot by an employee who was opposed to Tony Stark using technology invented to enforce the Superhuman Registration Act. However, it appears Jarvis recovers from this wound as he is shown to be working again in Civil War: The Initiative. He also humorously mentions that if Stark allowed "that Tigra %^#$" in the new incarnation of the Avengers, Tony would need to find someone else to do the laundry; Tigra had worked for Stark's side throughout the entirety of the Civil War incident. In the 2008 storyline One More Day, Jarvis is given over $2,000,000 by Stark to pay for May's hospital bills following an assassination attempt in the aftermath of Peter's own decision to publicly reveal Spider-Man's true identity. Jarvis visibly breaks down upon seeing May in the hospital bed, confessing his deep love to the Parkers. As a consequence of the "One More Day" storyline, however, Spider-Man's timeline has undergone a major continuity overhaul, including Jarvis's relationship with the Parkers.

Secret Invasion
Later that year, the Secret Invasion storyline revealed that Edwin Jarvis has been replaced by a Skrull agent for some time. Using a computer virus, he disables a number of Stark Enterprises facilities, as well as Iron Man's armor. This agent also obtained access to Tony Stark's records on the Sentry (Robert Reynolds) in order to discover weaknesses, as the Skrulls were unable to duplicate Sentry's powers because Sentry's limits were unknown even to Iron Man. He later approaches Maria Hill on the destroyed S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier in the middle of the ocean and tells Maria to surrender along with the S.H.I.E.L.D. crew. Maria uses a Life Model Decoy as a distraction while the real one escapes and detonates the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. During the fight between Veranke and Criti Noll's forces against the heroes and villains, the Skrull-Jarvis (who somehow survived the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier explosion) watches from Avengers Tower as the energy washes over hero, villain and Skrull alike. While holding Jessica Jones and Luke Cage's child, he comments that it doesn't matter if the Skrulls win or lose, so long as "God's" will is done. After the final battle, the real Jarvis is discovered alive, prompting Jessica to discover that her baby had been taken by the Skrull impostor. During the Dark Reign storyline, Jarvis is later shown in a support group meeting with the others that had been replaced by Skrulls. The Skrull impersonator is eventually found in a hideout and was shot by Bullseye after returning Luke's and Jessica's baby. Having refused to serve under Norman Osborn's personal Avengers, Jarvis is sought out by Hercules and Amadeus Cho to be a part of the new Mighty Avengers team, Amadeus having determined that Jarvis is the one constant of the Avengers.

Fear Itself
During the Fear Itself storyline, Jarvis manages to escape Avengers Tower when it's under attack by the Thing (in the form of Angrir: Breaker of Souls). Red Hulk tries unsuccessfully to stop him but the Tower gets destroyed and he's knocked out of the city and into Vermont.

AXIS
During the AXIS storyline, when key members of the Avengers and the X-Men underwent a moral inversion, Jarvis and the Hulk tried to stop the Avengers when the group planned to kill the Red Skull, but were ignored and attacked, Jarvis being knocked aside while Hulk's anger triggered his own inverted transformation into 'Kluh'. However, Jarvis had anticipated a problem based on the Avengers' actions since the group's return from the island, and had already hidden Red Skull away until he could explain the situation to Steve Rogers and was then able to retrieve Red Skull and return the heroes and villains to normal.

Secret Wars
During the Secret Wars storyline, Demolition Man met with Jarvis and Rage at Avengers Mansion during the incursion between Earth-616 and Earth-1610.

All-New, All-Different Marvel
As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel, Edwin Jarvis is welcomed to the new headquarters of the Avengers. When Jarvis wonders if his services are needed or not, Iron Man convinces him to help out the Avengers. Jarvis is present with the Avengers when they meet Nadia Pym, Hank Pym's daughter through Maria Trovaya who now sports a modified Wasp suit. After Nadia helps to stabilize the Vision, Jarvis takes Nadia on a road trip to meet the latter's extended family.

Contest of Champions
When the Earth and Moon are dragged into the Contest of Champions schemes by the Challenger during No Surrender, Jarvis is one of the heroes on Earth involved in this scheme, almost sacrificing his life saving a child from a crumbling building as the Contest began. Jarvis barely survived and went into a coma, almost dying before he came under the care of Beast and Nadia to save him from a small parasitic alien inside his head. After Beast and Nadia saved his life, upon regaining consciousness, Jarvis revealed that he had no true memory of the existence of the "heroine" Voyager/Valerie Vector back in the 1900s, as she had been playing with the heroes' memories all along, creating the illusion that she was one of the original Avengers members, leaving her true origins unknown, until she is revealed to be the Grandmaster's biological daughter.

After the contest is over, Nadia made Edwin Jarvis a new version of J.A.R.V.I.S. to be his helpmate. When Edwin thought it was a sign for him to retire, J.A.R.V.I.S. stated that its programming is not yet complete.

Edwin Jarvis was at the Jarvis Lounge when Spider-Boy showed up asking him for a job. Jarvis turned him away.

At the Jarvis Lounge, Edwin Jarvis was visited by Toy Soldier (a small robot reverse-engineered by Shannon Stillwell from Super-Adaptoid's arm) stating that he would like to join the Avengers. As Captain America and Thor come out with Captain America figuring out what Taskmaster wanted Super-Adaptoid's arm for, Squirrel Girl appears and vouches for Toy Soldier to Jarvis, Captain America, and Thor claiming that Toy Soldier helped her save some squirrels. Jarvis was present when Spider-Man and Miles Morales arrive with a distress letter from Christina Xu.

Personal life
Edwin Jarvis once started a pen pal relationship with a young girl who would grow up to be the superhero Silverclaw; it was later revealed that the orphanage, aware of Silverclaw's abilities and Jarvis's ties to the Avengers, chose to assign Jarvis as Silverclaw's sponsor in the hope that his ties to the Avengers could be useful. Silverclaw's trip to the United States to meet Jarvis would be foiled when the youth was forced into helping terrorists in a massive attack. Silverclaw's efforts helped the people in danger at the airport, including Jarvis himself. Since then, Silverclaw has referred to him as 'Tio (Uncle) Edwin', with Avengers such as Janet van Dyne noting that Silverclaw's ties to Jarvis made the girl practically family.

While Jarvis was shown dating May Parker during Spider-Man's initial career in the New Avengers, this relationship has been negated by the revelation that the man that May had dated was a Skrull impostor.

Jarvis also has a mother to whom he is very close.

Powers and abilities
Edwin Jarvis is skilled at self-defence and basic hand-to-hand combat. He was a former boxing champion of the Royal Air Force for three years and had received military combat training and personal tutelage in unarmed combat by Captain America. Although he is in good health and physical condition, past injuries inflicted by Mister Hyde may have hampered his fighting prowess.

Reception
In 2012, Edwin Jarvis was ranked 25th in IGN's list of "The Top 50 Avengers".

House of M
In the House of M: Iron Man series, the A.I. system in Tony Stark's suit is referred to as "Jarvis", predating the AI version seen in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

Marvel Zombies
In the Marvel Zombies mini-series in which all of the world's superheroes (and many of the villains) are transformed by a sentient alien virus into flesh-eating zombies, it is revealed that Edwin Jarvis was torn apart and shared-out amongst the Avengers. As Colonel America speculated, he appears to have been so mortified by the spectacle of his beloved Avengers as hungry corpses that he barely put up a fight.

Marvel Noir
In the Marvel Noir universe, Edwin Jarvis is Tony Stark's engineer and personal assistant.

MC2
Edwin Jarvis, now with visibly gray hair, continues to serve as the butler to the Avengers Next in the MC2 universe. During the initial 12 issue run of A-Next, Jarvis is shown as a mentor to the young heroes. Along with Scott Lang, Jarvis attempts to aid and assist the Avengers anyway he can. He was later joined by Tony Stark and the blind Hawkeye.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel version of Edwin Jarvis is different from his original version and is much more sarcastic and acerbic towards his employer Iron Man (Tony Stark). Jarvis is only Tony's personal butler. While Tony dated and became engaged to Natasha Romanova, Jarvis was shown to be continuously at odds with Natasha and both were quick to hurl insults at one another. Jarvis was later shot in the head by Natasha, a traitor within the Ultimates team. His death is a contributing factor to Tony's descent into full-blown alcoholism.

Another Ultimate equivalent is William "Jarvis", Tony's new personal servant tolerates being called Jarvis. Tony's brother Gregory also has an assistant called "Mrs. Jarvis".

Television

 * Edwin Jarvis appears in the "Captain America" segment of The Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by Vernon Chapman.
 * Edwin Jarvis appears in The Avengers: United They Stand, voiced by Graham Harley.
 * Edwin Jarvis appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Agent Carter, portrayed by James D'Arcy. This version is Howard Stark's butler, Peggy Carter's assistant on SSR missions, and the inspiration for the J.A.R.V.I.S. A.I.

Film

 * Edwin Jarvis appears in Ultimate Avengers, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 * Edwin Jarvis appears in Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced again by Fred Tatasciore.
 * An alternate version of Edwin Jarvis appears in the MCU live-action film Avengers: Endgame (2019), portrayed again by James D'Arcy.

Video games

 * Edwin Jarvis appears in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced by Philip Proctor.
 * Edwin Jarvis appears in Marvel Heroes, voiced by Enn Reitel.

title: Edwin Jarvis


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Kont (Caribbean)

Kont are forms of oral tradition in the Caribbean.

Saint Lucia
Kont is a kind of Saint Lucian folk song, performed as part of the funereal ceremony by mourners outside the deceased's house. These mourners sing kont, a responsorial Creole song, accompanied by drumming. The lyrics may refer to the last words or other aspects of the deceased's death. Mourners also dance to both the débòt and bélé, accompanied zo or tibwa and ka.

Dominica
Kont is a form of traditional storytelling of Dominica, mostly performed at night-time festivals, wakes, festivals and other celebrations. Kont storytellers use elements of local history and legend, and often provide moral or ethical messages. A simple theme song, one line in length, frequently based on a duet between two characters, is an important recurrent element of kont storytelling.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kont (Caribbean)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cable television shows

Category:Cable television shows
Delete, category is too broad to be useful, and there already exists a better Category:Television series by network, with relevant subcategories


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St. Matthias languages

The St Matthias languages are a pair of Oceanic languages spoken on the St. Matthias Islands.

 * St Matthias
 * Mussau-Emira
 * Tenis

They are a "residual" group of Oceanic languages.

title: St. Matthias languages


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Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network

The Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network (AUTOSEVOCOM) was a worldwide, switched, secure voice network for the United States Armed Forces, which was operational from the late 1960s to the end of the 1980s. It was closely related to the Automatic Voice Network or AUTOVON, which was the main non-secure switched telephone network for the military.

Phase I
During the mid-1960s, the United States Government decided to implement a worldwide secure voice network. This was named Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network, or by its acronym AUTOSEVOCOM, and was the National Security Agency's first program for the United States Department of Defense's telephone protection. It was a cumbersome and expensive system that was available only for high-level users. Because of its inadequacies, the Defense Department capped it at 1850 terminals, and in the late 1960s, hoping for something better, decided not to continue with the expansion of AUTOSEVOCOM.

Phase I of the network was approved by the Deputy Secretary of Defense in July 1967 and after that it took several years to implement AUTOSEVOCOM within the continental United States. AUTOSEVOCOM-I was a non-tactical network that enabled users to discuss classified or sensitive information over the telephone. The network consisted of switching centres, transmission facilities and subscriber terminals. Subscribers were homed either on an AUTOSEVOCOM switch, on an Automatic Voice Network (AUTOVON) switch, or a Joint Overseas Switchboard (JOSS), which were for example operated and maintained by numerous Signal Battalions in Vietnam.

The AUTOSEVOCOM switches provided for wideband secure voice communications between local subscribers and enabled them to establish long-distance secure voice calls. The majority of the long-distance calls were routed by the AUTOVON.

Phase II
Difficulties with speech intelligibility, requirements for voice recognition, the holding of telephone conferences, speedier service, and simpler calling procedures led Defense officials to approve the development of an improved system, called AUTOSEVOCOM II. The Army was designated as the agency with the primary responsibility of developing the system. In May 1976, the Deputy Secretary of Defense approved the full-scale development of the AUTOSEVOCOM II programme.

AUTOSEVOCOM II incorporated technological advances and furnished higher quality communications for the several thousand subscribers who were expected to use it when put into operation during the years 1980 to 1985. The U.S. Army Communications Command acted as program manager for AUTOSEVOCOM II.

The Automatic Secure Voice Communications Network was succeeded by the Defense Red Switch Network (DRSN) and the STU-III secure phones. The last AUTOSEVOCOM secure voice switch in the world was deactivated at the Pentagon in 1994.


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Flatline

A flatline is an electrical time sequence measurement that shows no activity and therefore, when represented, shows a flat line instead of a moving one. It almost always refers to either a flatlined electrocardiogram, where the heart shows no electrical activity (asystole), or to a flat electroencephalogram, in which the brain shows no electrical activity (brain death). Both of these specific cases are involved in various definitions of death.

ECG/EKG (Electrocardiogram/Cardiac) flatline
A cardiac flatline is also called asystole. It can possibly be generated by malfunction of the electrocardiography device, but it is recommended to first rule out true asystole because of the emergence of such condition.

Definition:

A cardiac flatline is referred to as asystole. It can be identified by using an ECG/EKG (electrocardiogram) test. Asystole occurs when the electrical and mechanical activities of the heart stop.

Causes:

ECG/EKG flatline or asystole occurs when the heart's electrical and mechanical activities stop. It also results from other causes such as hypoxia, acidosis, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypovolemia, toxins, pulmonary thrombosis, and coronary thrombosis. Additional causes could also include tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade. These conditions should be treated immediately when identified.

ECG flat line also occurs when the electrocardiographic (ECG/EKG) leads or recording electrodes are placed incorrectly. It can be caused by malfunction of the electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) machine.

Diagnosis:

ECG flatline or asystole is diagnosed when a person, who is in cardiac arrest (the heart stops beating), is experiencing the following conditions:

 * 1) unresponsive to stimuli,
 * 2) without breathing or a palpable pulse.

The eclectrocardiogram (ECG) test records the heart's electrical activity and will show a flat line if the heart stops beating.

EEG (Electroencephalogram/Neurological) flatline
Definition:

A neurological flatline is referred to as brain death. It can be identified by using an EEG (electroencephalogram) test. Brain death is the loss of function of the brain, the cerebrum, that is responsible for thinking and the deep brain or the brain stem that is responsible for the breathing and reflexes such as pupillary light reflex (the constriction of the pupil of the eye in response to light) and gag reflex or pharyngeal reflex (contraction of pharyngeal muscle).

Causes:

EEG flat line or brain death can result from a head injury that leads to brain damage and bleeding. Brain death also results from a lack of blood flow to the brain because the heart stops beating (cardiac arrest), which is when the ECG imaging shows a cardiac flat line (asystole).

Diagnosis:

Brain death is diagnosed if a person is experiencing all of the following three conditions:

 * 1) in a coma and unresponsive to painful stimuli,
 * 2) unable to breathe without mechanical ventilation for 10 minutes with an increased blood carbon dioxide level,
 * 3) and unresponsive to light (no pupillary light reflex) and throat suctioning (no gag reflex or pharyngeal reflex).

The electroencephalogram (EEG) records the brain's electrical activity and will show a flat line if the brain is dead.

Outcomes
In a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, 631 subjects' end of life was observed. Of the 631 subjects, 480 subjects were analyzed using a computer program that recorded each subject's vitals in order to monitor for return of pulse or heart activity after at least 1 minute of flatlining. The study found that 14% of subjects had a return of heart activity but none regained consciousness. Neuro flatline or brain death happens after cardiac arrest or cardiac flatline. It can take 2 to 20 seconds after cardiac flatline for the brain to show no activity.

History
The definition of death has changed over time, but the loss of cardiac and neurological function have been the main criteria for centuries. The concept of flatlining begins to take form with the invention of technologies for death determination.

It began in 1837 when Professor Manni at the University of Rome offered a cash prize to the doctor who could offer a true test of death. The winner, Dr. Eugene Bouchut used new technology– the stethoscope– to determine death when heart sounds were absent for over two minutes. In 1883 he updated his criteria to require five minutes without heart sounds to qualify cardiac death.

Then, the standard for viewing cardiac activity changed in 1887 when Augustus Waller recorded the first ECG from the human heart with a mercury capillary electrometer. This sparked research into modern ECG technology, which was developed from the mercury capillary electrometer by Willem Einthoven. In 1901 to 1905, Einthoven developed the string galvanometer, which could measure and record the heart's electrical activity. Electrodes were place on three points, the “Einthoven leads”, the right and left arms and on the left foot same as today and provided precise recordings of the heart. This led to Einthoven's Nobel Prize in 1924. With the ECG, the characteristics of a dying heart were identified, creating the leading tool for diagnosing death– even to this day.

However, in the mid 19th century with the invention of the defibrillator and cardioversion, it was realized that the flatline on the ECG did not always mean death. This instigated research into other ways to determine death, which eventually lead to the idea of brain death.

In 1924, a German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger recorded the first EEG on a human brain. The machine consisted of steel electrodes that get mounted on the scalp with an EEG cap to visualize and interpret signals. He noted that the human brain has a specific pattern, called alpha oscillations, and went on to publish this in 1929. The presence of this technology along with resuscitation technology saw the use of the EEG to determine a time in which the person had reached total death. In 1959, this concept– brain death– was first coined as: "le coma dépassé by Mollaret and Goulon. They determined that a person reached this state when they were apneic, comatose, without brainstem reflexes, and showed no electroencephalographic (EEG) activity.

Asystole (Cardiac Flatline)
When an individual experiences asystole or cardiac flatline, there is no electrical activity in their heart which is evidenced by the flatline recorded by an ECG. The lack of electrical activity also means that the individual's heart will stop pumping. Following a cardiac flatline a fast intervention is a priority and can affect individual outcomes and recovery.

Treatment for cardiac flatline or asystole can involve:

 * CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
 * Administering a vasopressin such as epinephrine
 * Trying to identify what could be causing the cardiac flatline in the first place.

Treatment decisions will depend on where an individual is when they go into asystole. When an individual goes into cardiac arrest providers will start CPR immediately and then try to determine whether the rhythm is shockable. While defibrillation is often portrayed as a common treatment option in popular media, since asystole is an unshockable rhythm defibrillation is not a recommended course of treatment. Successful resuscitation is generally unlikely and is inversely related to the length of time spent attempting resuscitation.

Following a treatment intervention, the individuals who survive may still suffer long-term consequences of their cardiac flatline.

Brain Death (Neurological Flatline)
An individual's cardiac flatline can progress to neurological flatline, which is also referred to as brain death. After an individual's heart stops beating, if providers are unable to successfully intervene within the window, the individual's brain cells will die from this lack of blood and oxygen and this damage is irreversible and permanent. The criteria to diagnose brain death has been outlined in the above sections of this article. While brain death cannot be treated, individuals and their families have several options available to them:

 * Life support: A diagnosis of brain death can be jarring to an individual's family. Although providers will take the time to educate loved ones on the individual's condition, it can be difficult to fully comprehend a diagnosis of brain death. If the individual is on life support, which includes a combination of mechanical ventilation and medication management, it may appear that they are still breathing and alive although they have been legally declared dead. The machine is artificially keeping the individual "alive" by perfusing blood and providing oxygen. While policies vary depending on the institutional setting, families may choose to continue providing life support. Additionally life support may be continued if individuals are pregnant or are candidates for organ donation.
 * Organ donation: Following a declaration of brain death, with the acceptance of family members or earlier declared wishes of the individual, the individual may be considered as a candidate for organ donation. In order to preserve the viability of the organs for transplantation the individual may be closely monitored and continued on life support.

title: Flatline


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User talk:David70621

RUNE SCAPE
Rune Scape - the massive online adventure game by Jagex Ltd. Rune Scape is one of the most popular online games throughout the world! It is known for the places where users are from such as England, South America and more. Constantly people are joining Rune Scape and playing either as a free player or a member. Members must pay 5 dollars a month to proceed throughout the world of Rune Scape. Ther are many accessable features on this game to make it come alive and so realistic. Members have more. 5 dollars a month... Well that's 60 dollars a year. But... You will get SO MUCH more! As a free player you only get to explore about a third of the map and as a member you get to explore the whole map with such places such as Camelot and many more. Playing in the free players "side" you'll only be allowed to explore towns such as Lumbridge, Al-Kharid, Varrock, Falador, Port Sarim, Draynor Village, Draynor Manor, and Edgeville. And there are SOOO many tasks to achieve, they are quests. There is about 20 very fun but perhaps challenging quests for the free players and there are over 60 member quests and they continuesly add more (at least 1 maybe 2 a month.) This is big! You can get an account now just by typing in www.runescape.com clicking New Account and taking the tutorial. It is VERY fun and educational. Yes there is fighting and atleast SOMETHING that someone will love and enjoy as their "hobby" on Rune Scape. My name is David. I play Rune Scape. I am a free player and my account name is Mr.Mario7.0 and I hope you become a Rune Scape fan as well as me. So add me to your friend's list and we can meet each other.

title: User talk:David70621


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Austin 7

The Austin 7 is an economy car that was produced from 1923 until 1939 in the United Kingdom by Austin. It was nicknamed the "Baby Austin" and was at that time one of the most popular cars produced for the British market and sold well abroad. Its effect on the British market was similar to that of the Model T Ford in the US, replacing most other British economy cars and cyclecars of the early 1920s. It was also licensed and copied by companies all over the world. The first BMW car, the BMW Dixi, was a licensed Austin 7. In France they were made and sold as Rosengarts, and in the United States they were built by the American Austin Car Company. In Japan, Nissan also used the 7 design as the basis for their first cars, although not under licence. This eventually led to a 1952 agreement for Nissan to build and sell Austins (which were now being made under the British Motor Corporation) in Japan under the Austin name.

Many Austin 7s were rebuilt as "specials" after the Second World War,  including the first race car built by Bruce McLaren, and the first Lotus, the Mark I. Companies such as Speedex in Luton thrived in the late 1950s by producing race-proven bodies and engine parts for the Seven chassis.

Such was the power of the Austin 7 name that the company re-used it for early versions of the A30 in 1951 and Mini in 1959.

History

Until the First World War, Austin built mainly large cars, but in 1909 they sold a single-cylinder small car built by Swift of Coventry called the Austin 7 hp. After this they returned to bigger cars.

In 1920 Sir Herbert Austin commenced working on the concept of a smaller car, mainly to meet the needs of young families aspiring to own an affordable motor car. This idea was spurred on by the introduction of the Horsepower Tax in 1921. His design concept marked a departure from his company's conservative motoring past and Austin received considerable opposition from his board of directors and creditors. Because the company was in receivership, Austin decided to carry out the project himself, and in 1921 hired an 18-year-old draughtsman, Stanley Edge, from the Austin factory at Longbridge, Birmingham to aid in the drawing of detailed plans. This work was carried out in the billiard room of Austin's Lickey Grange home.

Edge later claimed to have convinced Austin to use a small four-cylinder engine. The original side valve engine design featured a capacity of 696cc (55mm x 77mm) giving a RAC rating of 7.2 hp, the cast cylinder block featured a detachable head and was mounted on an aluminium crankcase. The crankshaft used one roller and two ball bearings and the big-ends were splash lubricated. Edge also later claimed to have carried out the design of other mechanical components such as the three speed gearbox and clutch assembly. Austin was largely responsible for styling the Seven's design, which was reportedly influenced by the design of the Peugeot Quadrilette. The "A" frame chassis design was believed to have been influenced by the design of an American truck used in the Longbridge factory in the early 1920s.

The design was completed in 1922 and three prototypes were constructed in a special area of the Longbridge factory, and announced to the public in July 1922. Austin had put a large amount of his own money into the design and patented many of its innovations in his own name. In return for his investment he was paid a royalty of two guineas (£2, 2s), (£2.10) on every car sold.

Nearly 2,500 cars were made in the first year of production (1923), not as many as hoped, but within a few years the "big car in miniature" had wiped out the cyclecar industry and transformed the fortunes of the Austin Motor Co. By 1939 when production finally ended, 290,000 cars and vans had been made.

Chassis
The Austin 7 was considerably smaller, at 3/4 size, than the Ford Model T. The wheelbase was only 75 in, and the track only 40 in. Equally, it was lighter – less than half the Ford's weight at 794 lb. The engine required was thus also modest – the small 747 cc sidevalve with an actual 10 hp output gave adequate performance.

The chassis took the form of an "A" with the engine mounted between the channel sections at the narrow front end. The rear suspension was by quarter elliptic leaf springs, cantilevered from the rear of the chassis, while at the front a beam axle had a centrally mounted transverse semi-elliptic leaf spring.

Steering is by worm and wheel mechanism.

The Austin 7 had brakes on all four wheels from the start, but initially the footbrake only operated the rear wheel brakes, while the front brakes worked via the handbrake. From 1930, the Austin's front and rear brakes became fully coupled.

In late 1931 the chassis was lengthened by 6" with a corresponding increase in the rear track.

Engine and transmission

The original 1922 four-cylinder Austin Seven engine had a bore of 2.125 in and stroke of 3 in, giving a capacity of 696 cc and RAC rating of 7.2 hp. From March 1923 the bore was increased to 2.2 in giving 747 cc and 10.5 hp. The side-valve engine was composed of an aluminium crankcase, cast iron cylinder block and cast iron cylinder head. Cooling was by thermosiphon, without a water pump, and the dynamo was driven from the timing gears.

The big end bearings were lubricated by jets from an oil gallery in the crankcase, the oil striking the crankshaft webs which were drilled accordingly. Originally the journal diameter was 1.125"; this was later increased to 1.3125". The three bearing engine (from 1936) used a white metal centre bearing.

The splash-lubricated crankshaft (pressure fed on some sports models) at first ran in two bearings (two ball bearings at the front, roller at the back) changing to three in 1936. An electric starter was fitted from November 1923. The early cars used magneto ignition, but this was changed to coil in 1928.

The 3-speed and reverse gearbox was bolted to the back of the engine and had a variety of ratios depending on the application: touring, sports, racing and trials. A four-speed gearbox was introduced in 1932 and in 1933 synchromesh was added to third and top ratios extending to second gear in 1934.

The back axle was of spiral bevel type with ratios between 4.4:1 and 5.6:1 with 4.9:1 being the most common until the 1930s. A short torque tube ran forward from the differential housing to a bearing and bracket on the rear axle cross member.

Reliant used a derivative of the Austin Seven engine for their early three-wheelers, before developing a new aluminium alloy engine (used as the replacement for the Austin Seven engine by the 750 Motor Club in their Formula 750 motor sport) introduced in the 1962 Reliant Regal 3/25.

Gordon England
Herbert Austin's son-in-law, Arthur Waite, soon began to achieve remarkable sporting successes beginning at Brooklands in March 1923 and the next month at Monza. Another driver, E C Gordon England, persuaded Sir Herbert to provide him with a racing 7. Waite and Lou Kings (chief tester) then experienced a run of failure brought about by inadequate engine lubrication for racing conditions. Meanwhile, Gordon England, flushed with success from establishing six new class records at Brooklands, had built a special lightweight 2-seater body weighing just 20 lb and entered it in the 1100 cc class for the Junior Car Club 200 mile race at Brooklands in October 1923. There England finished in second place and during the race won another five class records.

As a result, two new sports models were offered by Austin in January 1924, the Sports and the Brooklands Super-sports. The Brooklands Super-sports was a replica of England's record-breaker. Each car was sold with a Brooklands certificate proving a speed of per hour. By 1925 Gordon England held nineteen 750 cc class records.

Austin Seven saloon by Gordon England
The first Austin 7 saloon was made by England's coachbuilding company. England had been an aircraft designer with Bristol Gordon England biplanes. His fabric saloon body based on aircraft principles was said to be the smallest closed car in the world. Its body weighed 28 lb less than the tourer and at £210, almost double the £112 chassis price. It showed there would be a market for an Austin-made steel-panelled saloon which was introduced in September 1926 at £165 (equivalent to £ today)

Until fabric bodies fell from fashion in the early 1930s the Gordon England Fabric "de luxe" Saloon remained in Austin's catalogue at a £20 (14%) premium over Austin's standard steel saloon. It was accompanied by their 2-seater Gordon England Cup Model.

Austin Seven Swallow
In 1927, William Lyons, co-founder of the Swallow Sidecar Company (after WW II Jaguar Cars), saw commercial potential in producing a re-bodied Austin 7. Buying a chassis from dealer Parkers of Bolton Lyons commissioned Swallow's talented employee, coachbuilder Cyril Holland, to produce a distinctive open tourer: the Austin Seven Swallow. Holland (1895-1983) who joined Swallow in late 1926 had served his apprenticeship with Lanchester and would become chief body engineer. The height of saloon car fashion of the day was to have the back of the body fully rounded, this was called "dome" shaped.

With its bright two-tone colour scheme and a style befitting more expensive cars of the time, together with its low cost (£175), the Swallow proved popular and was followed in 1928 by a saloon version: the Austin Seven Swallow Saloon.

Approximately 3,500 bodies of various styles were produced up until 1932, when Lyons started making complete cars under the SS cars marque.

Such was the demand for the Austin Seven Swallows that Lyons was forced to move in 1928 from Blackpool to new premises in Coventry. It was, in part, the success of the Swallows that laid the foundations of what was to become, by 1945, Jaguar Cars.

Licensed production
Versions of the Austin 7 were made under licence by American Austin from 1930, Dixi (later bought by BMW) in Germany from 1927 and Rosengart in France from 1928. Austin 7s were also manufactured by Nissan (Datsun) but reports differ as to whether these were built under licence or were unlicensed copies. In addition, rolling chassis were exported to Australia to have locally made bodies attached.

American Austin, American Bantam, and Jeep
The American Austin Car Company was founded in 1929, in Butler, Pennsylvania, in premises that had belonged to the Standard Steel Car Company. Their intention was to assemble and sell in the United States a version of the Austin 7 car, called American Austin. After some initial success the Great Depression set in, and sales fell off to the point that production was suspended. In 1934 the company filed for bankruptcy.

The automobile was designed in the hopes of creating a market for small-car enthusiasts in the United States. The cars had 747 cc inline-four engines, enabling the car to return 40 mpgus, and travel 1000 mi per 2 USqt fill of oil.

Australian-bodied Austin Sevens
In the aftermath of World War I the Australian Government imposed a tariff on imported vehicles, with tax concessions applying to rolling chassis, as a stimulus to develop a sovereign motor vehicle industry. The chassis concession acted as a financial incentive for local coach-builders to import factory built rolling chassis, and fit uniquely Australian designed and built bodies, leading to the establishment of an Australian motor vehicle bodybuilding industry in the early 1920s.

The largest and best known of these Australian coach-builders was Holden's Motor Body Builders. Holden built Australian-bodied Austin Seven tourer and roadster models from the mid-1920s.

However, several smaller coach-builders built limited numbers of Australian-bodied Austin Seven sports models between 1924 and 1934. Some examples of these Australian-bodied sports models are; the Standard Sports, built by Flood Motor Body Works, St Kilda Road, Melbourne; the Wasp built by William Green, Parramatta Road, Petersham, Sydney; the Moth built by Geo Sykes, Gordon Road, Chatswood, Sydney; the Comet built by Bill Conoulty, Sydney; and the Meteor. The Meteor was built by several coach-builders (Flood Motor Body Works, St Kilda Road, Melbourne; Jack Lonzar, Kent Town Adelaide; and A Robinson & Co., 181 Castlereagh St, Sydney), with individual variations to the common design.

Layout
In 2007, during an episode of Top Gear, Jeremy Clarkson and James May studied a number of early car designs (including the Ford Model T and the De Dion-Bouton Model Q) and concluded that the Austin Seven was the first mass-market car to be fitted with a "conventional" control layout, as found on modern cars (although the earliest car they found to use this layout was a Cadillac Type 53 in 1916).

Tourers

Sports

The Ulster gained its name from a strong performance in the 1929 RAC Tourist Trophy held at the Ards circuit in County Down, where Archie Frazer-Nash finished third and S. V. Holbrook finished fourth.

Motorsport
In Australia Arthur Waite won the 1928 100 Miles Road Race driving an Austin 7. C E A Westcott did win the 1936 RAC Rally.

title: Austin 7


text:
Talk:Colt's Manufacturing Company

Old rifle info
I have come into an old rifle. I has the colt horse on the left side and numbers on the underside of the stock. It is a thirty two claibar and is pump action. The grips are missing and the magazine tube cap is missing as is the magazine spring. I would like to know some history of this firearm. Any info and help would be appreciated. Thanks Bob Hapgood

Colt Lightning.--TGC55 01:51, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Stuff
To begin with, can someone confirm the SAA was a .45? I recall it being .44-40. (Or was that the Peacemaker?) Second, mention should be made of the fact Colt's mfd about 30000 shotguns between 1878-91. Trekphiler 10:29, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes, single action army is a .45. It is not the .45 ACP as in the 1911 pistol but the .45 Long Colt, an earlier, outdated round. You're probably thinking of another model of revolvers but since the SAA was so popular, there have been many rechamberings such as .357 magnum and it is quite a possibility that the .44-40 is one.

 * To be precise, the .44-40 chambered Peacemaker variants were marked "Frontier Six-Shooters". --D.E. Watters 21:56, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Huh. Should've looked at the link page. My source got it wrong. The SAA was offered in .44-40, but standard was .45LC. Trekphiler 09:20, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't have any sources of yet, but I've read the 44-40 chambering came after the .45 Colt chambering and was designed to be compatible with the Winchester 1873 carbine which was chambered in 44-40. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.205.138.69 (talk) 07:10, 24 December 2006 (UTC).
 * I read that too. Forgot where, but will post citation when I come across it. --TheNightRyder (talk) 08:40, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Anyone got a cite for the claim "However General Custer himself fell holding a couple of Schofield revolvers (made by rival gunmaker Smith & Wesson) in his hands."? AFAIK, Custer had a pair of Webley RIC revolvers on him at Little Bighorn, not S&Ws. --Commander Zulu 03:11, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Revolving rifles
The revolving chamber technically isn't a magazine right? AllStarZ 02:05, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That's an excellent question... I've never heard it called one. The cylinder's always applied to sidearms, AFAIK; I'd only expect a mag to apply to rifles. Not that it's much help... Trekphiler 09:26, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

I've never heard a revolver's cylinder called a "magazine." Technically, I guess it fits the definition, but it's just not a term used. Magazines hold any ordinance, i.e., a battleship has a "magazine." In firearms, a magazine can be detachable or internal ("blind"). Semi-automatic handguns (true "pistols") certainly have magazines, usually detachable and housed in the grip. The Model 1911 referenced in the article is a good example of such. A Mauser "broomhandle" (Model of 1893?) pistol is uncommon in that it has a blind magazine located in front of the trigger. Such magazines, whether in rifles or pistols, are often loaded via a "clip" that hold cartridges together so that they can be pushed in as a stack, rather than loaded singly (and tediously). The term "clip" is often misused to describe a detachable magazine. Probably more info than you wanted, but too much is probably better than too little. Cheers. Jororo05 (talk) 22:43, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Colt-manufactured throwing knifes
At amazon.com, write the search word "Colt Stainless Thrower" and you'll find throwing knifes made by colt.

Maybe someone could add to the article some information about colt's knife manufacturing.

No mention of Colts earlier revolvers
In the section History:1847-1911 it says: "Colt's early history largely revolved around the production of revolvers[...]The first of these is the aforementioned 1873 Single Action Army"

The first of these was the 1873 Single Action Army?? What about the earlier Paterson and Colt 1860 Army and Navy Cap & Ball revolvers? The were his first revolutionary designs. I'll try to add more on this as i find some sources to cite. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.205.138.69 (talk) 07:07, 24 December 2006 (UTC).

THE COMPANY

um...yeah, Colt's not a public company, it's private.

Fair use rationale for Image:Colt logo black.jpg
Image:Colt logo black.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:09, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Colt logo.jpg
Image:Colt logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 20:51, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Mention of United States Firearms Mfg. Co.
There's mention on this page of United States Firearms Mfg. Co. but no double brackets around the company name. Would it be alright to add them? Newportm (talk) 02:42, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Custer
In the article, it states:

However General Custer himself fell holding a couple of English-made Webley revolvers in his hands

I don't know much about the history of revolvers, but the article on Webley revolvers says they weren't designed until 11 years after Custer's death. So either this statement or that article is wrong somewhere. 86.21.225.156 (talk) 08:01, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

In John E. Parsons (Copyright 1953) and John S. du Mont's Book "Firearms In The Custer Battle", I can read, page 17: "...Lieutenant Godfrey wrote: General Custer carried a Remington Sporting Rifle and two Bulldog, selfcocking, English, white-handled Pistols with a ring in the butt for a lanyard..." Page 20: "...Prior to 1876 there was a type of English pistol on the market known as Webley's Bulldog model...equipped with a ring in the butt.." This Webley was derived from the Webley Royal Irish Constabulary Revolver (RIC), issued 1868 in .450 calibre. Another English revolver in the Custer family was Tom Custers cased Galand & Somerville revolver, without a lanyard ring; this gun ist still existing. So I think that General Custer carried two Webley revolvers in the battle of the Little Bighorn. --hmaag (talk) 10:57, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and added that info to the article. AliveFreeHappy (talk) 17:54, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Colt Founded When?
The article states that Colt founded the company during the Mexican War. The war was from 1846-48. Colt produced his first Paterson guns in 1836. The Paterson enterprise closed (not sure exactly when) but Colt was able to start anew with contracts secured to arm Texan/US troops for the Mexican War (again not sure on dates). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.64.50.216 (talk) 13:45, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Some details on the founding of Colt's first company (the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company of Paterson, New Jersey, Colt's Patent, founded "soon after" the patent [which would suggest either 1835 or 1836] and ended production "by 1842") and his second (Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, 1848 onward), as well as an interim period between '42 and '48 when he was subbing out to the Whitney armory and using its facilities (it being run by Eli Whitney Jr, son of the elder, more famous, cotton-gin Eli), are found on page 47 of Hounshell 1984. Without any extensive excerpt here, hopefully I've given you the most wanted info, and encouraged you to see that book for the rest! Cheers, — ¾-10 19:23, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Just to complete the record on this thread, I note that I've now beefed up the 1836-1911 subsection of the history section, with Hounshell 1984 and Roe 1916 as refs. — ¾-10 05:32, 28 May 2011 (UTC)

That is much better. I'm very limited in my html & citation skills, but I know wrong info when I see it. You have improved this article greatly. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.64.50.216 (talk) 20:44, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

colt Mustang
Under the list of guns there is not a colt mustang or a colt mustang article i realize this is a rather new gun that they have already stopped making but there is not a lot of pooled information for this gun any where on the internet I would like to see an article started for this topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by V0nduck12 (talk • contribs) 16:18, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

1915 duty weapon for pittsburgh police
I am trying to discover what duty firearm the Pittsburgh Pa. Police were assigned in 1915. I've been told they used a S+W .38 model 10 and others have said they used a Colt .38, both believed to have 6" barrels. If anyone can help with suggestions/information please e-mail me at bbbuddyb@verizon.net Thank You  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.236.217.110 (talk) 22:18, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

cleaning
I have a colt 45 aut. and no manal to clean it????? Lenny — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.249.128.119 (talk) 22:53, 9 May 2012 (UTC)

Explanation of Note 1 (Inventor of Revolver)
"Mr. (Jeptha Avery Wilkinson) seems to have been particularly unfortunate with his inventions. The following extract from a letter from his son Albert of Long Island Illustrates this point in regard to an invention that has brought untold wealth to the successful manufacturer in America.  All have heard of the "REVOLVER", a species of fire-arms in general use in the army and navy, and all over the country, but very few know who originally invented it.  It bears the name of "Colt's Revolver" but while in Hartford, Ct. in June, 1866.  I had conversation with several gentlement in regard to Colt's fire-arm this being his place of residence, and they informed me that Colt was not the inventor, but that he got the drawings from a French officer in Paris.  The following statement will explain the whole matter. (testimony from Albert Wilkinson) "My father conceived the idea of a repeating revolver, and while at Paris, France, showed his drawing to an officer of the French Government. A Mr Colt of Colt's revolver notoriety then a young man saw the drawings in question at the office, or residence of this officer, and went and secured patents on the same, ahead of my father, and thus has Colt built up a fortune and a name and robbed the original inventor of the honor to which he was so justly entitled." Jeptha Wilkinson is a very important inventor/developer of the modern Press, notwithstanding that he did not protect the original design. He should be remembered as the inventor of: 1.  The Revolver, 2. The Reed Machine, 3. The First Cylindrical Printing Press

I moved the above comment down to the end of this file so that it will be in proper chronological order, as the above comment seemed to be originally randomly placed into the middle of this talk page. I also removed the note it referenced from the article since it also seemed to be a bit misplaced (it was placed in a sentence referencing the AR-15/M-16 but commented about early revolvers). I made no effort to check the validity of the information presented. If you feel this should be added back into the article somewhere, please format it correctly and add it to an appropriate section. Engineer comp geek (talk) 17:38, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * It is a copy/paste job from that person's family on Ancestry.com. It does not warrant inclusion in this article. There is nothing reliable to back up those claims.--Mike - Μολὼν λαβέ 20:29, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

Trying to find out the year it was made.
I have a colt derringer. It takes 22 shorts. The number on it is 55570D. Can anyone help me or guide me where to find out my question. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.92.152.203 (talk) 01:50, 12 December 2013 (UTC)

 * 4th Model Derringer made 1959 - c. 1963. Serial 1 - 89727 -- hmaag (talk) 23:46, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Colt Shotguns
The page on Colt Manufacturing Company does a nice job describing the evolution of the company and most of its fireamrms but omits any discussion of colt shotguns. I know the that in 1878 they introduced a side by side double barrle with external hammers. This gun was discontinued in 1881 or there-aboust and was replace in 1883 with another side by side double that was hammerless (internal firing pins). Both of these old double barrel models are very collectable today. Colt also made other forays into the shotgun market in the 60's (pump and semi-auto models) and later, in the 80's tried to develop and market an 8-cylinder revolver-type action shotgun called the "Defender" which never caught on and never went into full mass production. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Defender_Mark_I) Prototype and limited-run versions of this model are rare and very valuable to collectors. I am not a firearms expert and do not have references for the info posted here but thought it might trigger (pun intended) someone who knows more about it than I do to make the appropriate additions to the main page for Colt.--71.168.246.145 (talk) 15:20, 16 January 2014 (UTC)

44 cal 1861 or 1851
Was there such a .44 cal 1861 or 1851 colt navy or army model produced — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.94.124.165 (talk) 02:39, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

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Number of Employees
In the Colt's Manufacturing Company article, the number of employees is listed as five in the infobox. What is the correct number? Thanks! –Zfish118⋉talk 04:10, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

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Regarding Colt's Presidents
I have to object to the listing of David I. Margolis as a president of Colt's Manufacturing Company. Margolis was merely the president of the conglomerate (Colt Industries) that owned what we currently know as Colt's Manufacturing Company. By that logic, we'd have to include the previous presidents of Penn-Texas and Whitney Fairbanks, along with the 1964-1968 president of Colt Industries - George A. Strichman. Moreover, Colt Industries sold off the firearms company to C.F. Holdings back in 1990, and afterwards, Colt Industries renamed itself Coltec Industries. Thus, Margolis no longer had any claim to leadership at Colt's Manufacturing Company between 1990 and 1995.

Sadly, Ellsworth S. Grant's chart of Colt presidents contradicts his book's own text on the succession of the firearm company's leadership. His chart fails to mention Sidney A. Stewart, who was president between Charles Bland and Fred Roff. Grant's chart also goes off the rails in 1969 when the Colt Industries Firearms Division was turned into the Colt Industries Firearms Group, with the latter divided into two separate units: the Colt Industries Military Arms Division and the civilian-oriented Colt Industries Small Arms Division. Firearms Division President Paul A. Benke was promoted to Vice President of Colt Industries to lead the new Firearms Group, staying in that position until 1972. Benke was then succeeded by Guy C. Shafer. The Military Arms Division was led by William H. Goldbach until 1972. (Grant mistakenly lists him as president for the entire company from 1969 to 1972.) I have yet to find who directly succeeded Goldbach. The civilian Small Arms Division was led by Gordon A. Walker from 1969 until 1971, when William H. Craven took over. Craven was replaced by David C. Eaton in 1972, and Eaton was replaced by C. Edward Warner in August 1975. Eaton then transferred over to lead the Military Arms Division. It is unclear when the Firearms Group was dissolved, and the units recombined under the former banner of the Colt Industries Firearms Division. I place it at approximately 1976.

I'll do some digging in the Hartford Courant archives to pull up exact citations. D.E. Watters (talk) 04:31, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Here's just a couple of NY Times links to the Colt presidents after C. Edward Warner:
 * Gary W. French - https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/02/business/executive-changes-140536.html
 * Richard F. Gamble - https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/23/nyregion/colt-unit-sold-connecticut-among-buyers.html (Includes bonus information on the 1990 buyout from Colt Industries by C.F. Holding.)
 * Ronald E. Stilwell - https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/04/business/gamble-quits-as-colt-s-chief.html
 * Ronald C. Whitaker - https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/15/business/company-news-colt-s-new-chief-likes-to-fix-businesses.html 159.182.38.8 (talk) 19:28, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I can't seem to find a reference to the owner Donald E Zilkha being temporary president in 1996, but there was a brief gap in 1995 between Ronald C. Whitaker and John F. Jastrem. Note the following AP article: https://apnews.com/article/d7282eb15b82c80e5fe5abc77fcddbfe  There was no such gap in 1996 between Jastrem and Ronald L. Stewart.  See the following Hartford Courant article: https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1996-07-03-9607030029-story.html
 * Stewart left in 1998, not 1999. His replacement Steven M Sliwa was named immediately.  Reference this Courant article: https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1998-08-15-9808150164-story.html D.E. Watters (talk) 10:33, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colt's Manufacturing Company


text:
Mihály Tóth (footballer, born 1974)

Mihály Tóth (born 27 December 1974) is a Hungarian footballer who last plays for Diósgyőri VTK of Hungary. He previously played for MFC Sopron and Fredrikstad F.K. of Norway.

Honours

 * Hungarian League Top Scorer:1
 * 2004
 * Magyar Kupa:1
 * 2005
 * Norwegian Football Cup:1
 * 2006

title: Mihály Tóth (footballer, born 1974)


text:
Moe Baby Blues

"Moe Baby Blues" is the twenty-second and final episode of the fourteenth season of the American television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 18, 2003. Moe, unhappy and suicidal, inadvertently saves Maggie's life. The two of them grow to love each other.

Plot
The whole town goes to the Springfield Botanical Gardens to see the blooming of a Sumatran Century Flower. Because the huge crowd is exactly one person over the maximum legal capacity, Chief Wiggum decides to eject the most bitter and unpopular person there from the ceremony: Moe. However, when the flower opens, it emits a horrible smell, sickening the townspeople and destroying the entire garden. When the townspeople start to drive away from the Botanical Gardens, the Simpsons become trapped in a traffic jam. Lisa tries to warn Homer that the traffic is moving, but he accelerates too hard and hits the brakes suddenly. The force sends Maggie flying through the sunroof after her cheaply made safety belt breaks. Moe, who is getting ready to leap to his death from a ledge, accidentally catches Maggie just as she is about to fall into the river below the bridge. Moe is then instantly declared a hero, much to his surprise, and he instantly bonds with Maggie.

The Simpsons let Moe babysit Maggie all the time and Marge is happy that she has had plenty of time to get things done, but Homer feels left out of Maggie's life and worries because she is his last chance to be a good father after his complete failures with Lisa and Bart. Later, Moe tells Maggie the story of The Godfather. When he gets to the part where Don Corleone plays with his grandson, Moe demonstrates how the Don scares him by sticking a cut-up orange in his mouth, and Maggie enjoys it. When it comes to Maggie's birthday party, Moe annoys everyone with his behavior and his gift to Maggie: a toy-sized rendition of his bar, featuring "Classic Drunk Barney" and "Drunk Talking Homer". When Marge and Homer learn that Moe has installed his own baby-monitoring system in Maggie's room, they decide enough is enough and evict Moe from their house for good.

Moe reverts to being depressed, to the point of him imagining the barflies as Maggie. One night, the family is asleep, and Maggie wakes up and hears the mafia outside the house, plotting to kill the Castellaneta family. When one of the mobsters feels hesitant, Fat Tony does the Godfather-orange routine to cheer him up, and Maggie recognizes it and decides to follow the mobsters. When Homer and Marge find her missing, they assume that Moe kidnapped her, and they track him down with the aid of the police. They see Moe at his oven, and they think that Maggie is inside, but it turns out to really be a ham. When Moe is told that Maggie is missing, he offers to help the Simpsons find her. Searching the Simpsons' house yard, the group find the cut-up orange that Fat Tony used, and Moe works out that Maggie must have followed the mobsters.

Maggie follows the mobsters to Luigi's, where Fat Tony's gang and the Castellanetas are having a meeting. Maggie enters the restaurant where the two gangs are about to start a gun battle. The situation deteriorates when both groups of mobsters are aiming weapons at each other and Maggie is in the middle of an "Italian-American Mexican standoff". Homer, Marge and Moe are standing outside and Moe decides to go inside and save Maggie. Moe goes inside, and to prevent being shot, tells the gangsters about Maggie's innocence and how it redeemed his life. They start to cry, and Moe and Maggie leave safely. The family apologizes for their injustice against Moe, and Homer and Moe decide to have a "playdate": Homer spends quality time with the ham, and Moe spends more time with Maggie.

Production
"Moe Baby Blues" was written by J. Stewart Burns and directed by Lauren MacMullan as part of the fourteenth season of The Simpsons (2002–2003).

Reception
The episode has received positive reviews from critics. The A.V. Club writer Emily VanDerWerff, who holds the opinion that by the start of the 2000s The Simpsons had declined in quality compared to its earlier years, praised "Moe Baby Blues" for being as good as the better episodes of the series.

In 2009 she wrote, "No matter how hard showrunner Al Jean tried to bring the show back to its roots after Mike Scully turned it into a cartoonish fantasy early in the decade, there was always something missing. The series, which had done everything, mostly lost its ability to surprise. Every so often, though, it came up with an episode like this one, offering a funny new way to use the characters." VanDerWerff went on to say that "Moe becomes obsessed with caring for baby Maggie, in ways both hilarious and rooted in the characters we’d grown to know. 'Moe Baby Blues' added a new relationship to the show, and represented one of the few consistently funny episodes this decade."

In February 2012, "Moe Baby Blues" was listed by Matt Zoller Seitz of New York magazine as one of "Nine Latter-Day Simpsons Episodes That Match Up to the Early Classics". DVD Verdict's Victor Valdivia, on the other hand, commented that "even the best episodes [of season fourteen] don't quite rank with the best of the series' classic seasons, but that doesn't mean that they're not worth watching anyways," citing "Moe Baby Blues" as an example and adding that it "gives some much needed humanity to Moe, easily one of the series' most scabrous characters." Screen Rant called it the best episode of the 14th season.

J. Stewart Burns was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award in the animation category for his work on the episode, but lost to Matt Selman, the writer of the Simpsons episode "The Dad Who Knew Too Little". The Simpsons cast member Hank Azaria won an Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Voice-Over Performance" category for his voice-acting work on "Moe Baby Blues". It was Azaria's third win in that category and his fourth Emmy Award overall.

Cultural references
The episode features many references to The Godfather films. Joe Mantegna, who voices Fat Tony, appeared in The Godfather Part III.

title: Moe Baby Blues


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kane Tarkel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:27, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kane Tarkel
Non-notable fan fiction. Not a single Google hit. Nufy8 00:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This "Kane Tarkel" is not a real Star Wars character. 68.83.86.147
 * Don't replace articles with your own editorializing comments while they are on VfD...or ever, for that matter.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * On closer inspection, this is the same IP that created the article in the first place. This appears to be an admission that the article is not on a valid subject.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, unverifiable.   — Gwalla | Talk 00:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless source is found-LtNOWIS 01:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn fanfic. --Etacar11 03:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obviously but I would say bordering on speedy for requested deletion if 68.83.86.147 accepts this is an inappropriate article. David | Talk 11:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Even if this were an actual Star Wars character, a page on him would be fancruft. Martg76 23:06, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:68.4.39.191

title: User talk:68.4.39.191


text:
User talk:Samohyl Jan/List of lists of mathematical topics

Is it known that this list now contains every link that is found in the list of lists of mathematical topics? Michael Hardy 00:04, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, I made it from the most recent version and recounted it for your good sleep. :) But the two last entries should probably be removed. So if you agree, you can move it to the original page (btw, how do I delete this page then?). Samohyl Jan 07:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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North Zulch

North Zulch is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Texas, United States, at the intersection of Farm to Market Road 39 and State Highway 21. It is 6 miles from the Navasota River and 13 miles west of Madisonville in west-central Madison County.

North Zulch has a post office using the ZIP code 77872.

Education
The North Zulch Independent School District has served the community for over 100 years and is home to the North Zulch High School Bulldogs. The school is a 2A public school.

title: North Zulch


text:
Heroes of Might and Magic: Quest for the Dragon Bone Staff

Heroes of Might and Magic: Quest for the Dragon Bone Staff is a 2001 video game released on the PlayStation 2. Though 3DO did not advertise it as such, the game is an enhanced remake of King's Bounty. It is primarily a graphics enhancement and it appears that little of the text has changed. Because of its dated gameplay, the game bears little relation to the rest of the Heroes of Might and Magic series.

Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Daniel Erickson of NextGen said that the game was "Not as deep as the PC series it's named after, but just as fun and much more accessible."


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Princess Louise of Prussia

Louise of Prussia (Luise Marie Elisabeth; 3 December 1838 – 23 April 1923) was Grand Duchess of Baden from 1856 to 1907 as the wife of Grand Duke Frederick I. Princess Louise was the second child and only daughter of Wilhelm I, German Emperor, and Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. She was the younger sister of Frederick William ("Fritz"), the future German Emperor Frederick III, and aunt of Emperor Wilhelm II.

Princess of Prussia
Louise Marie Elisabeth was born on 3 December 1838 to Prince Wilhelm of Prussia and his wife Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Louise was named after her grandmothers, Louise, Queen of Prussia and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia and was known as "Vivi" in her family. Her parents were a happy but tense couple, and Louise had only one other sibling, Prince Frederick William, who was seven years older. Upon her birth, Augusta declared that her duty in perpetuating the Hohenzollern dynasty was complete.

While Wilhelm showed some outward affection to his only son, he lavished attention on Louise, and often his unexpected visits to her schoolroom resulted in them playing together on the floor. Mother and daughter however were not close, with Augusta's presence filling Louise up with awe; one account states that when Augusta encountered her daughter, Louise "involuntarily drew herself up to her full height, and sat stiff and constrained as for her portrait, while she inwardly trembled lest her answers should prove incorrect". In the early 1850s, Louise was educated by Adèle de Pierre of Neuchâtel.

Grand Duchess of Baden
Louise was betrothed to Frederick, Prince Regent of Baden, in 1854, and they married 20 September 1856 at Neues Palais in Potsdam. Frederick became regent because of the insanity of his brother Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden. Frederick himself was proclaimed Grand Duke when doctors declared that there was no chance of recovery. As the only daughter of the Prussian crown prince (and later emperor), their marriage caused Baden to gain a great deal of importance, and even more so once the German Empire was founded.

Within a few weeks of their marriage, the new grand duchess was already pregnant with their first child, Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick. Louise was a happy wife and mother, writing to a friend that "since we last met, my life has become so much more beautiful, more precious, to me, my happiness is so much richer and deeper than before".

Louise and Frederick disliked the stiffness of the Karlsruhe court, and gladly escaped to their castle on the island of Mainau. They were popular in Baden, and everyone spoke with affectionate pride of their grand duke and duchess in Constance, where the couple had a summer residence.

Later years

Louise was a great friend of Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse, her sister-in-law's younger sister; i.e., Alice was the sister of Victoria, Louise's brother Frederick William's wife, both sisters being daughters of Queen Victoria. The two often visited each other. In Queen Victoria's letters, she and Frederick were always referred to with pleasure or sympathy as good Fritz and Louise of Baden. Though friends as young girls, Louise and her sister-in-law Victoria, Princess Royal ("Vicky") always had a "none-too-friendly rivalry", particularly when comparing their children: while Vicky's eldest son Crown Prince Wilhelm was born with a deformed arm, Louise apparently could not resist bragging that her three children were healthier and bigger at the same age. Louise doted on her nephew however, and Vicky wrote to her mother that the grand duchess "spoilt him quite dreadfully". Often supporting him against his parents, her and Wilhelm's close relationship would carry on to his adulthood, and he would later write in his memoirs that Louise "possessed considerable political ability and a great gift for organisation, and she understood excellently how to put right men in the right place and how to employ their strength serviceably for the general benefit". He continued that his aunt "learned admirably to combine the Prussian element with the Baden character, and she developed into a model sovereign princess". Louise and Vicky's relations grew even more distant when the former wanted her son Crown Prince Frederick to marry Vicky's niece Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine; the princess instead married Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, and Louise felt her family had been snubbed. However, Vicky's own son, Wilhelm had too been rejected by Elisabeth, which Louise seemed unaware of.

The Austro-Prussian War caused a degree of friction between Baden and Prussia, as the former, despite their close familial connections to Berlin, chose to support the Austrians. As the daughter of the Prussian king, Baden was not included in the list of states forced to pay excessive indemnities to Prussia. Her father's strongly anti-Catholic chancellor Otto von Bismarck disliked Baden however, as it was one of Germany's most important Catholic states; he saw its religion as threatening the stability of the new German Empire. Suspicious of the grand duchess' influence on her father, he did his best to block her request for clemency on behalf of Alsace Catholics to the emperor.

Philanthropic activities
Because of her status as Grand Duchess, Louise was very involved in her duchy's charitable organizations, particularly issues concerning women. She helped found a welfare charity for women called the Baden Frauenverein, which focused on providing hospitals and homes to children. With the support of the Women's Association, Louise founded the first Badenese housewifery school in Karlsruhe, carrying on Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder's goal of women receiving special domestic training.

Louise maintained a correspondence with Florence Nightingale, who believed the grand duchess' letters could have been written by "any administrator in the Crimean War". The grand duchess also had a lifelong friendship with Clara Barton, whom she met during the Franco-Prussian War. They organized military hospitals, and helped found sewing factories for women to aid the war effort; at Louise's suggestion, Barton was awarded the Iron Cross of Merit after the war by recently crowned Emperor Wilhelm.

Despite her old age, Louise was present to welcome back wounded German soldiers upon their return to Germany from French prison camps.

Widowhood
Within two years, four of Louise's closest family members died - her father, brother, younger son and mother. Vicky, now Dowager Empress Frederick, took sympathy on Louise and persuaded her mother to confer Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, First Class, on her.

Frederick died on 28 September 1907, and their eldest son succeeded as Frederick II. That same year, their only daughter Victoria succeeded as Queen consort of Sweden.

Louise, now Dowager Grand Duchess of Baden, lived to see her duchy become absorbed into the new state of Germany under the Revolution of 1918-19 that took place at the end of World War I. At the time of the revolution, her daughter, Queen Victoria of Sweden, was visiting her. After the abdication of the German emperor, riots spread in Karlsruhe on 11 November. The son of a courtier led a group of soldiers up to the front of the palace, followed by a great crowd of people, where a few shots were fired. Louise, as well as the rest of the family, left the palace the backway and left for the Zwingenberg palace in the Neckar valley. By permission of the new government, they were allowed to stay at the Langenstein Palace, which belonged to a Swedish count, Douglas. During these events, Louise was said to have kept her calm and never uttered a word of complaint. The government gave the order that the former Grand Ducal family was to be protected, and that Langenstein be exempted from housing the returning soldiers, because Louise's daughter, the Queen of Sweden, was in their company and Baden should not do anything to offend Sweden. In 1919, the family requested permission from the government to reside in Mainau, and was met with the answer that they were now private citizens and could do as they wished.

The new republican government gave her permission to live out the rest of her life in retirement at Baden-Baden, where she died on 24 April 1923. She was the last surviving non-morganatic grandchild of Frederick William III of Prussia.

Issue
Louise and Frederick had three children:

Legacy
Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, who married Louise's grandson Vilhelm in 1908, described Princess Louise in her memoirs: "'She was an old lady who combined strict principles and an iron will with great intelligence and an extraordinarily wide range of interests. Despite my extreme youth she treated me always with a consideration which astonished me. [...] Her devotion to the family was remarkable, and so was her insatiable interest in all that concerned it. For hours at a time she would question me about distant relatives in Russia known to her only by name. The least detail of their lives interested her. This solicitude extended also to the dead, who seemed still to hold the same place in her life as they had done before. Her bedroom, which she invited me to visit one day, was hung with photographs of kings, queens, princes, and princesses, on their death beds.'"

Honours
• Kingdom of Prussia:
 * Decorations and awards

• * Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division

• * Dame of the Wilhelm-Orden

• * Cross of Merit for Women and Girls

• * Red Cross Medal, 1st Class, 22 October 1898

• * Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Medal

•  Baden:

• * Princess' Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, in Diamonds

• * Memorial Cross for 1870/71

• * Friedrich-Luise Medal

• * Jubilee Medal for 1902

• * Commemorative Medal for the Golden Jubilee of Grand Duke Friedrich I and Grand Duchess Luise

•  Kingdom of Bavaria:

• * Cross of Merit for 1870/71

• * Dame of Honour of the Order of Theresa

• * Cross of Merit for Voluntary Nursing

•  Kingdom of Saxony: Dame of the Order of Sidonia, 1871

•  Württemberg: Dame of the Order of Olga, 1871

•  Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Dame of Honour and Devotion

• 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Dame of Honour of the House Order of Orange

•  Ottoman Empire: Dame Grand Cordon of the Order of Charity, in Diamonds

•  Beylik of Tunis: Husainid House Order in Diamonds

•  Kingdom of Portugal: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel

•  Kingdom of Romania: Decoration of the Cross of Queen Elisabeth for 1877/78

•  Russian Empire: Grand Cross of St. Catherine, in Diamonds

•  undefined: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 5 June 1879

•  undefined:

• * Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 1st Class in Diamonds, January 1890

• * Honorary Lady of Justice of St. John
 * Honorary military appointments
 * Honorary colonel of the Augusta Grenadier Guards

title: Princess Louise of Prussia


text: Category:Law enforcement television series


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Riddells Creek

Riddells Creek is a town in Victoria, Australia, located in Wurundjeri Country and the Shire of Macedon Ranges. It is located in between the cities of Bendigo and Melbourne. Riddells Creek is also the name of the main watercourse which flows through the township, and which is a tributary of Jacksons Creek to the south. The town is served by Riddells Creek railway station on the Bendigo line. At the, Riddells Creek had a population of 3574.

History
Riddells Creek falls in the traditional lands of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation. Post colonial settlement, it was founded by John Carre Riddell and Thomas Ferrier Hamilton in 1841, when they purchased around 640 acre of land and leased another 2000 acre. The dirt road running parallel and opposite to the train station, Hamilton Street, was home to Mr John Carre Riddell whose house now demolished was also the oldest house in Riddells Creek to date. Hamilton Street and the Road between New Gisborne and Riddells Creek is named Hamilton Road after Thomas Hamilton.

Riddells Creek Post Office opened on 1 February 1859.

Environment and facilities
Riddells Creek is on the southern foothills of the Macedon Ranges. Riddells Creek is home to two historic railway bridges and is surrounded by natural bushland. There is also a small creek that runs through the town at Wybejong Park.

Riddells Creek Primary School provides education for children in the area. Sporting and clubs in Riddells Creek include Riddells Creek Tennis Club, a Pony Club, Riddells Junior Basketball Association, Riddell Football Club, Cricket Club and Dog Obedience Club. There is also a Living and Learning Centre, the Riddells Creek Winery and Riddells Creek Landcare.

Riddells Creek is home to the Dromkeen Museum, a nineteenth century homestead classified by the National Trust of Australia that is home to the Australian Children's Literature Collection. It also provides educational displays and programs relating to Australian children's literature.

To the east of Riddells Creek, adjacent to the Mount Charlie State Forest, the 74 ha Rowallan Recreation and Adventure Camp is owned by the Scouts and Guides of Essendon Area. It is named after Lord Rowallan and opened in 1950.

Riddells Creek also has a Railway Station served by trains on the Bendigo Line. Sometimes trains run express not stopping at many stations including Riddells Creek.

title: Riddells Creek


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Cissbury Ring

Cissbury Ring is an 84.2 ha biological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Worthing in West Sussex. It is owned by the National Trust and is designated a Scheduled monument for its Neolithic flint mine and Iron Age hillfort.

Cissbury Ring is the largest hill fort in Sussex, the second largest in England and one of the largest in Europe overall, covering some 60 acres (24 hectares). The earthworks that form the fortifications were built around the beginning of the Middle Iron-Age possibly around 250 BC but abandoned in the period 50 BC - 50 AD. The site of the fort contains a Neolithic mine, one of the first flint mines in Britain. Around 270 shafts were dug into Cissbury hill over around 300 years of use. Shafts were up to 12 m deep with 7 m diameters at the surface. Up to eight galleries extended outwards from the bottoms of the shafts, often interconnecting with one another. The site has been damaged by illicit metal detecting.

Structure
The ditches and banks are the remains of a defensive wall that enclosed 65 acre of land; the inner band of the wall is over a mile around. The ditches are said to be as deep as three metres. The banks were filled with loosened chalk and covered with timber palisade. The 600 foot (184 m) hill is open to the public. From the top, one is able to see to the west Selsey, Chichester Cathedral, the Spinnaker Tower and the Isle of Wight. To the east, one is able to see Brighton, the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head. Cissbury Ring is the highest point in the borough of Worthing.

History
Several Bronze Age barrows have been found just outside Cissbury Ring. In the Romano-British period, farmers settled within the ramparts of the hill fort.

In 1867–8 Augustus Lane-Fox excavated part of Cissbury Ring.

During World War II, Cissbury Ring was used as a camp for the 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in preparation for the Normandy landings. At this time much of the fort within the ramparts was ploughed to provide food. While on manoeuvres, tanks destroyed the dew pond at the north side of the fort. A gap was made in the ramparts to accommodate a 100 lb gun which was used to fire at ships in the English Channel and an anti-aircraft gun was sited by the gap.

Artefacts from Cissbury Ring can be found at Worthing Museum and Art Gallery, the Museum of Sussex Archaeology, Lewes and the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Silver pennies from the reign of Ethelred II (978-1016) can be found at the British Museum.

Etymology
The name Cissbury was traditionally taken to mean Caesar's fort (after Julius Caesar) or Cissa's fort (after Cissa, son of South Saxon king Ælle), but both theories have been discounted. In the early eleventh century in the reign of Ethelred the Unready, Cissbury was known as Sith(m)esteburh, which is taken to mean the 'last or the latest fort'. This may mean that Cissbury was the last fort to be refortified, after another nearby fort such as that at Burpham. It seems that the name Cissbury was altered to accommodate the legend that the fort was linked to Cissa the South Saxon.

Flint mines
Long before the hill was fortified, flint mines were being excavated in the area. Some shafts went down as far as 40 ft. The shafts at Cissbury were excavated with antler picks, much like those at Grimes Graves and elsewhere. Flint was the common material for making stone axes for felling timber and working wood during the neolithic period.

The site was one of the first Neolithic flint mines in Britain and it was exploited throughout the period (the nearby Harrow Hill series of flint mines is slightly older). It is part of a group of flint mines in Sussex which followed a rich seam of flint-bearing chalk. Other examples include Grimes Graves in Norfolk, and Harrow Hill nearby. Cissbury was one of several important mining industries in the UK during the Neolithic and is thought to have been used into the Bronze Age, and later the Iron Age though flint mining probably stopped during the late neolithic, but there is some evidence of re-use of flint for tools during later times. Axes and Blades (struck from cores) account for most of the tools produced at Cissbury and examples of Cissbury flint can be found as far as Italy. Axes were produced on site, as rough-outs, these were then traded or used off site. Many other types of stone were in demand for stone axes such as the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry in the Lake District. The axes were essential for forest clearance for farming in the Neolithic period, and found many other uses, such as wood working.

Around 270 shafts were dug into the Cissbury hill over around 900 years of use. Shafts were up to 12 m deep with 7 m diameters at the surface. Up to eight galleries extended outwards from the bottoms of the shafts, often interconnecting with one another.

Excavation of the mine shafts by John Pull in the 1950s uncovered the remains of a young woman who had been apparently killed in a tunnel collapse. This individual was recently radio-carbon dated to c.3700 BC. Charcoal possibly from her torch and a miniature whale carved from bone were with her. The miniature carved whale has since been identified as an 18th century gaming piece, and was probably thrown in by a local at night during the excavation of the mine shaft. The possibility that the shaft was used for a ritual burial has also been suggested however. The remains of two other people, a man and a woman, were recovered from different shafts at Cissbury in the nineteenth century and it has been suggested that the exhausted mines had a secondary purpose for formal burial. Alternatively, it may have been expedient to send women into the mines as they could squeeze into the narrow galleries and some archaeologists have suggested that flint extraction was a rite of passage for the more slightly built juvenile members of Neolithic societies.

The site is significant as it represents the switch from open cast flint extraction favoured previously by prehistoric peoples who exploited deposits of flint close to the surface, to deep shaft mining which required more effort but produced more flint of a higher quality.

Biology
The site has unimproved chalk grassland, scrub and neutral grassland. Upright brome is dominant in the chalk grassland, while common grasses in the neutral grassland include Yorkshire fog, sheep's fescue and creeping bent. The scrub areas provide important habitats for birds and butterflies.

title: Cissbury Ring


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Lasker–Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science

The Albert Lasker Special Achievement Award is one of the four Lasker Awards given by the Lasker Foundation for medical research in the United States. The first award was given in 1994; it is not awarded every year. In 2008, the award was renamed the Lasker–Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science in honor of Daniel E. Koshland Jr.

Recipients
Source: The Lasker Foundation - Awards
 * 1994: Maclyn McCarty
 * 1996: Paul Zamecnik
 * 1997: Victor A. McKusick
 * 1998: Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
 * 1999: Seymour S. Kety
 * 2000: Sydney Brenner
 * 2002: James E. Darnell
 * 2004: Matthew Meselson
 * 2006: Joseph G. Gall
 * 2008: Stanley Falkow
 * 2010: David Weatherall
 * 2012: Donald D. Brown and Tom Maniatis
 * 2014: Mary-Claire King
 * 2016: Bruce M. Alberts
 * 2018: Joan Argetsinger Steitz
 * 2021: David Baltimore
 * 2023: Piet Borst


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Nurken Abdirov

Nurken Abdirovich Abdirov (Нүркен Әбдіров/Nürken Äbdırov, Нуркен Абдирович Абдиров; 9 August 1919 – 19 December 1942) was a Kazakh pilot who was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 31 March 1941 for ramming his aircraft into a German tank column after it sustained a direct hit to the engine on 19 December 1942.

Early life
Nurken Abdirov was born on 9 August 1919 in the Karkaraly District in the territory of the former 5th aul to a family of Kazakh peasants. According to genealogical records, he originates from the Sarym branch of the Karakesek tribe of the Argyn tribe. Having received an incomplete secondary education, he spent most of his childhood working on a collective farm. In 1939 he graduated from the pilot course of the Karaganda Aeroclub and received the qualifications to become a reserve pilot.

Military service
In 1940, he got drafted into the ranks of the Red Army and graduated from the 1st Chkalov Military Aviation Pilot School in 1941. In the same year, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. On 28 October 1942 he arrived on the warfront as a pilot in the 808th Assault Aviation Regiment, which flew ground attack missions on the Ilyushin Il-2. He flew in 16 sorties, in which he destroyed 12 Nazi tanks, 28 trucks, 18 vehicles loaded with ammunition, 3 fuel tanks, and 3 cannons, and killed more than 50 German soldiers and officers.

Feat
On 19 December 1942, while attacking enemy positions near the Konkov farm, his Il-2 received a direct hit on the engine and caught fire. Realizing there was no chance to survive, he steered his descent to crash into a column of German tanks, repeating the feat of Nikolai Gastello and destroying six enemy tanks. Together with him, his gunner Alexander Komissarov, who refused to jump from the plane also died. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Abdirov was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 31 March 1943. He was buried in the mass grave at the Konkov farm.

Legacy

 * In Karaganda, a monument got erected by sculptor Yuri Gummel and sculptor Anatoly Bilyk to commemorate him.
 * One of the avenues of the Street of Alma-Ata got named after him. The street next to Nurken Abdirov Avenue is named after Alexander Komissarov, shooter who died along with Nurken.
 * A bust of Nurken Abdirov unveiled in 2003 in honor of the 58th anniversary of the Great Victory, was installed in Karkaralinsky district.
 * In Volgograd, on Mamaev Kurgan, a memorial plaque made of black marble was installed with his name carved on it.
 * In the village of Bokovskaya, a bust of him was erected. The plaque under it reading "Heroes do not die".
 * In the Konkov farm on a mass grave where the remains of the soldiers who died during the liberation of the farm are buried, his name is written on a commemorative plaque.
 * The poem "Winged Kazakh" (1947) by the Kazakh Soviet writer Sapargali Begalin was dedicated to Nurken Abdirov
 * In 2019, a postage stamp dedicated to Nurken Abdirov got issued.

title: Nurken Abdirov