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Lost Channel, Parry Sound District, Ontario

Lost Channel is a ghost town in Parry Sound District, Ontario.

Establishment
Lauder, Spears and Howland of Toronto began producing lumber under contract to the Schroeder Mills & Timber Co., of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In the spring of 1917, they built a large sawmill on Kawigamog Lake, a widening of the Pickerel River. The firm intended to transport the lumber with horses, along a rough road to Pakesley, on the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), 10+1/2 mi to the west.

Initially, Messrs. Lauder, Spears and Howland, had established their operation in 1913 at Palmer's mill, on the CNR at Mowat, after John Schroeder had acquired standing timber in the townships of Mowat and Blair. Another mill near Mowat, was Cole's, up on Key Lake, some 12 mi from the railway.

In the summer of 1913, Schroeder made arrangements for logging in the townships of Wilson, Ferrie and Brown. He then contracted James Ludgate to take out the timber. Ludgate made his headquarters at Salines, later known as Drocourt. It was not until the autumn of 1916 that Schroeder Mills & Timber Co. purchased outright, the 138 sqmi of timber berths in Mowat and Blair, from the Victoria Harbour Lumber Co. It was following this purchase, that Lauder, Spears and Howland began construction of the new mill at Lost Channel.

Railway construction
After the mill was completed, Mr. Howland persuaded his partners to build a railway, to carry the sawn lumber to the CPR at Pakesley, although James Lauder and Joseph Spears thought the operation would run just as well without that additional expense. Lucien B. Howland was the former General Manager of the Irondale, Bancroft and Ottawa Railway, built by his father-in-law, the late Charles J. Pusey. The relationship of these three men can be traced back to 1909, when Lauder and Spears, leased the mill of the Wilberforce Lumber Company, at Wilberforce a station on the IB&O.

The first locomotive on the Key Valley Railway, from Pakesley to Lost Channel, was CNR 4-4-0 No. 50, (formerly IB&O No. 3), acquired from Canadian Northern in 1917. Arrangements were made to purchase a second locomotive from Canadian Northern, also of the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement, former Central Ontario Railway No. 39.

Financial issues
Before the railway was completed, however, Lauder Spears and Howland were experiencing financial difficulties. It seems the railway cost several times more to build than had been estimated. When they applied to the bank for additional funds to complete the project, a representative was sent up to make a report on the situation.

The bank representative was impressed after examining the whole operation, and advised the partners his report would be favourable, and would definitely recommend that their line of credit be extended. During the long wait for the southbound train at Pakesley, an executive of Schroeder Mills & Timber Co. advised the banker that his company would assume responsibility for the loan, if in turn the bank would transfer to them all of Lauder, Spears and Howland's assets, held by the bank as collateral. A few days later the bank informed Lauder, Spears and Howland that their line of credit would not be extended. In addition they were ordered to repay a sizeable portion of their bank loan within 30 days. The partners tried frantically to raise enough money to satisfy the bank. Unable to do so, Lauder, Spears and Howland, were swept aside - ruined men.

New management
Schroeder Mills & Timber Co. subsequently took over the sawmill and the railway, promoting James Ludgate as manager. In addition to the mill and railway, Lost Channel grew to contain a bunkhouse, cookery, hospital, school and single dwellings for the workmen.

The Key Valley Railway was more than a logging railway as it carried mostly lumber from the mill, out to Pakesley, much of that was stored there to dry, before shipping. There was said to be almost 7 mi of siding in the lumber yard. They hauled camp supplies in from the CPR by the carload. The railway also served Cole's mill, about a mile out of Lost Channel and carried lumber produced at George Bruce's mill and others, brought to the Channel from up the lake. About 8 locomotives were used on the railway at different times and there was a truck mounted on flanged wheels, outfitted with bench seats to transport the workmen.

Logs from the township of Brown, on the Still River, and Ferrie, on the Magnetawan, were either boomed and towed to Victoria Harbour, from Byng Inlet, or placed on flat cars and delivered by the CPR to Pakesley. Schroeder had also purchased the #3 mill at Victoria Harbour and lumber was produced and marketed from there.

Fire damage
By 1927 the pine in this region had been depleted when James Playfair & Co. of Midland, along with George Bruce, acquired the mill from Schroeder. The Pakesley Lumber Co. resumed the operations at Lost Channel, manufacturing hardwood lumber. Heat from the saws of a mill originally designed to cut softwood, is blamed for the 1928 fire that consumed the mill and quickly spread to the adjacent engine house, taking with it two locomotives and a stationary boiler.

A new smaller mill was erected and the operations continued. When the depression struck, Pakesley Lumber Co. decided to continue to operate and ride out the market slump. With more than 40000000 ft of seasoned lumber stockpiled at Pakesley, the mill was forced to shut down in 1933. The stock was sold off at less than wholesale prices. The mill was dismantled and sold and the rails of the Key Valley Railway were lifted in 1935.


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Talk:Halber Mensch

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 16:04, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Halber Mensch


text: Category:Operas by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari

title: Category:Operas by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari


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Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Aphaia

 * ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a request for adminship that did not succeed. Please do not modify it.

Aphaia
Suspended, see note below -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 06:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I request hereby temporal adminship here on English Wikipedia in purpose of caring Election notice (and if necessary further information from Board Election organizers). Elections for the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation is protected, and said only the election officials may edit this page, and I am one of them four but I can't curerntly. And I would like to maintain it like adding interlang links, and so on.

I am mainly active on meta, several Japanese project and Wikiquote including English. On Japanese and English Wikiquote and meta, I serve as an administrator. I don't think myself as a newbie but English Wikipdia is not my main stage of activities; I have 1752 edits in total on English Wikipedia since February 2004 but it is not sufficient for requesting for permanent sysopship and I feel I am less involved into Wikipedia community than Wikiquote. But currently - only during the Election, that is, till July - I need and want to manage documents related to my task. I request therefore a temp adminship on this wiki till the End of July in maximum. During I have sysop previledge, I willingly speedy or revert gibberish, if I can notice. On every project I fight vandals including WoW.

Thank you for your consideration if you support this request or oppose or give just a comment. -- Aphaea *  05:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * If you are seeking temporary adminship only for a limited technical issue, I suggest you may wish to contact User:Angela, who is a steward, who can, if she believes it appropriate, admin and then de-admin you at the appropriate times. Otherwise, you can reinstate your request here. -- Cecropia | explains it all ® 06:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have made BjarteSorensen, Datrio, and Aphaia temporary admins on the English Wikipedia for the purpose of editing the protected elections page for the duration of the election. This adminship should be used only for editing that page. Angela 13:01, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comment, Cecropia, and to Angela, thank you for makesysoping. I promise willingly to use sysop power on editing elections page till the end of Election (following schedule, July 11). -- Aphaea *  16:19, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The above adminship discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the talk page of either this nomination or the nominated user). No further edits should be made to this page.

title: Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Aphaia


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Talk:Kirtan Sohila

I removed this text from the original, because it's advice, not an encyclopedic description: Kappa 05:50, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * To remove the fear of death. Good to recite when your life feels boring, and you are uninspired. It multiplies your aura, eliminates negativity in you and around you, and protects you. Excellent before you sleep at night to bring restful sleep, prevent nightmares and create a shield of protection. This Bani protects the soul on its journey after it leaves the body at death. Related to earth element.

title: Talk:Kirtan Sohila


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Charlie O'Connell

Charles O'Connell (born April 21, 1975) is an American actor and reality television personality. He is known for his appearance on The Bachelor, as well as appearing in several projects involving his older brother Jerry O'Connell, including a starring role as Colin Mallory in Season 4 of the science fiction television series Sliders.

Life and career
O'Connell was born in New York City, New York, the son of Linda (née Witkowski), an art teacher, and Michael O'Connell, an advertising agency art director. His maternal grandfather, Charles S. Witkowski, was the mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey O'Connell is of half Irish, one quarter Italian, and one quarter Polish ancestry. O'Connell appeared in small roles in such films as Dude, Where's My Car? and The New Guy, the latter of which also paired him with his brother Jerry. He obtained greater notoriety when he appeared with his brother in Sliders and then on the seventh season of the reality television series The Bachelor between March 2005 and May 2005. In two episodes of Crossing Jordan, entitled "Sunset Division" (season 2) and "Skin and Bone" (season 4), he played the onscreen brother of his brother's character, Detective Woody Hoyt.

Television

 * V.I.P. (1998) - Jimmie ("Val Got Game")
 * Zoe, Duncan, Jack & Jane (1999) - Johnny Gottlieb ("When Zoe Met Johnny")
 * Sliders (1996-1999) - Kit Richards / Officer O'Hara / Colin Mallory
 * Wasteland (1999) - Bartender ("Best Laid Plans")
 * Without a Trace (2004) - Lawyer ("Hawks and Handsaws")
 * Crossing Jordan (2003-2005) - Calvin ("Skin and Bone" and "Sunset Division")
 * The Bachelor (2005) - himself (Season 7)
 * Love, Inc. (2006) - Eric ("Fired Up")
 * Bar Karma (2011) - Steve ("Fair Catch")
 * Femme Fatales (2011) - Jay Roma ("Girls Gone Dead", "Visions, Part 1" and "Visions, Part 2")
 * Reed Between the Lines (2011) - Corey ("Let's Talk About Scared Money")
 * The Haunted Hathaways (2014) - Wrong Viking ("Haunted Viking")

Film

 * Cruel Intentions (1999) - Court Reynolds
 * The Magicians (2000) - Michael DeVane (TV Movie)
 * Dude, Where's My Car? (2000) - Tommy
 * Devil's Prey (2001) - David
 * The New Guy (2002) - Charlie
 * Kiss the Bride (2002) - Joey
 * Kraken: Tentacles of the Deep (2006) - Ray (TV Movie)
 * 2-Headed Shark Attack (2012) - Professor Franklin Babish
 * Mischief Night (2013) - Will
 * Unlucky Charms (2013) - Baxter Randolph
 * Huff (2013) - Huff
 * Sex, Marriage and Infidelity (2015) - Oliver
 * A Curry on an American Plate (2017) - Bob
 * Staged Killer (2019) - Robert

title: Charlie O'Connell


text:
User talk:Wackyvorlon

This is just a small page, mostly empty at the moment. Soon I will have time to add more. If you need to reach me, [mailto:wackyvorlon@gmail.com wackyvorlon@gmail.com] is the best way.

Ah
Perfect rewording on the status symbol page. Minor things like this make me quite happy =) 24.76.141.128 06:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pleased to be of help:) -- wackyvorlon

Tadley
Some of the latest changes seem wrong (St Peter%u2019s had become isolated from its congregation and in 1888 a new church, St. Saviour%u2019s, was built by The Green. Burrell%u2019s.....etc) - Regards Oldfarm 03:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pneumatics
I have heard some scary stories of people nearly dying when transporting liquid nitrogen in lifts. In such an enclosed space dropping a liquid nitrogen, which on boiling (at room temp.) expands to 20 times the volume it occupies when liquid, is a short-cut to asphyxiation!

Fluidics I think describes the sort of instrumentation your dad used. HarryAlffa (talk) 19:48, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Bhong Libantino
A tag has been placed on Bhong Libantino requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. mboverload @ 06:16, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Considering I didn't create the page, feel free to delete it:) --Paul Anderson (talk) 06:43, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Re: Speedy Deletion Notice
Paul - I'm just curious why I came up as being notified about the deletion of "detoxify or die".. I imagine there must be a reason I was informed, but I don't remember anything about such a page, and was curious if you had more info. I'm not at all concerned that it was deleted, but is there a way to view what the page used to be, so that I can perhaps understand what it was that associated it with my username?

Thanks again, and I appreciate your help.

EvanClifthorne (talk) 17:14, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Horus?
"I hate to tell you, but that Zeitgeist movie about Horus is completely wrong. It has no relationship to archeaological reality. --Paul Anderson (talk) 22:59, 27 September 2008 (UTC)"

I don't understand what you mean here...

Chainsmokeyourface (talk) 16:54, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:55, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Sorteberg relay

The article Sorteberg relay has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * no sources, can not verify content & no indication of notability

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on |the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Gab4gab (talk) 02:31, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

5K Celebration listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect 5K Celebration. Since you had some involvement with the 5K Celebration redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Jalen D. Folf  (talk)  02:49, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wackyvorlon


text: Category:Operas by Jacopo Peri

title: Category:Operas by Jacopo Peri


text:
Horaceville, Ottawa

Horaceville is a historic site located on the Ottawa River in eastern Ontario, Canada. The site remained the property of the heirs of Hamnett Kirkes Pinhey until the 1970s, when the property was sold to the township. Today, The 88 acre heritage site is owned and operated by the City of Ottawa and Pinhey's home serves as a museum. The museum is open May 14 through August 31, Wednesdays to Sundays, 11 am to 5 pm. This location is also known as Pinhey's Point Historic Site. The property was designated by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act as having cultural heritage value or interest. A bronze plaque erected on the site by the Ontario Heritage Foundation describes the property's history: "Hamnet Kirkes Pinhey 1784 - 1857 - A merchant and ship owner in his native England, Pinhey came to Upper Canada in 1820. For his services as King's messenger during the Napoleonic Wars, he received a 1000 acres land grant on the Ottawa River. Within a decade he had built up an estate which he named Horaceville after his elder son. In addition to a manor house and barns, it included mills, a store and church. Pinhey took a leading part in township and district affairs. He was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1847, served as Warden of the Dalhousie District, and as the first Warden of Carleton County. Horaceville remained in family hands until 1959 when it was purchased by the National Capital Commission."

The site, which is a popular destination for boaters, cyclists, and picnics, consists of 88 acre of park land, a nearly 200-year-old stone manor house, two barns, scenic views of the River and several stone ruins. The manor house acts as a historic house museum with furnished rooms and temporary exhibits. The City of Ottawa offers multiple programs for families throughout its operating season (May - August) as well as some programs in the off-season. The park itself is open year-round. Admission to the museum is by donation; some of the programs and special events charge a small fee for participation. The venue can be rented for weddings, anniversaries, or any other special celebration.

History

Hamnett Kirkes Pinhey, an English merchant, petitioned Lord Bathurst, Colonial Secretary at the time, for land in Canada as reward for his service in the British Army and received a 1000-acre (4 km2) land grant for service in the Napoleonic Wars. He retired from business, left England and travelled to Upper Canada around 1820.

On his lands in March Township, a settlement once divided between military gentlemen along the shore and Irish immigrants farther inland, he built a grist mill, homes for employees. On the hill overlooking the sheltered harbor of Pinhey's Point, he built a small two storey log house covered in clapboard. There were seven small cannons facing the river. Pinhey, who continued to prosper as a politician and insurance broker, named the estate, Horaceville, after his oldest son Horace. Horace was to be the heir to the estate, in accordance with British aristocratic tradition.

The Horaceville estate Hamnett Kirkes Pinhey built, which consisted of several stone and log structures, is now known as Pinhey's Point Historic Site. The site includes 88 acres of farmers’ fields, shoreline, and parkland, the manor house, and several ruins.

Pinhey built a large stone manor house on top of the hill in three different stages, in a symmetrical Georgian fashion. The stone house, which was completed 1822–1825, consisted of a large parlour and three small bedrooms (servants quarters) on the second floor. An addition, completed in 1841, consisted of the Grand Entrance with a staircase leading upstairs, the original dining room, the master bedroom over the front entrance and a second central hall kitchen wing for Mrs. Pinhey. By 1941, Horace Pinhey and his wife had moved into the log house with his wife. A south wing addition, completed in 1848–1849, consisted of Hamnett's Library, the pantry, the drawing room, several family bedrooms and a second floor indoor privy. A placard interprets the unusual second-floor privy, as Hamnett's Sanctum Sanctorum (the Holiest of Holies). Although a stone facade was applied to the front of Horaceville, where it faced the Ottawa River, faux finishes were applied on the less visible walls. To give the appearance of more expensive woods, painted grain patterns were applied to plain pine floors and doors.

In addition to the house, Pinhey built a grist mill, sawmill, and St. Mary's Church on the site. Although the first service in the church was held on October 7, 1827, it was not consecrated until 1834 due to a dispute about the church's location with the ruling bishop at the time.

There are three historic buildings: Horaceville (house), the barn and the turkey barn. Other buildings on the site included a stone stable, powder magazine and St. Mary's Church. The construction of the church began on 1825 and the first service was held on October 7, 1827. The opening featured a seven gun salute from the cannons. The building of the church on this site was opposed by the bishop of Quebec, who felt that the church should be built further inland. Even though Pinhey donated part of his land and the labour costs, the bishop still refused to consecrate the church.

The site remained the property of Pinhey's heirs until Miss Ruth Pinhey died in 1971; her heirs sold the estate to March Townships. The Pinhey's Point Foundation was established in 1980 to preserve and develop the estate as a historic site and recreation area.

Artifacts and exhibitions
The City of Ottawa and the Pinhey's Point Foundation interprets the history of the estate, The Pinhey family and Township of March/City of Kanata. The Pinhey's Point Foundation owned, managed and maintained the property from 1983 to 1990, when it was conveyed to the City of Kanata. Since Kanata amalgamated in 2001, the City of Ottawa has owned, managed and maintained the site and has been responsible for the special events, programs, and daily interpretation.

The Pinhey's Point Foundation owns the artifact collection and indoor exhibitions at Pinhey's Point, which provide historical context. Posters in the upstairs dining room, for example detail the restoration process the manor house underwent in 1990s, under architect Julian Smith. Julian Smith opted for the path of minimal intervention, since the deteriorating home of the twentieth century Pinheys is shown in the context of Hamnett Pinhey's mansion. In the attached stone kitchen Julian Smith removed twentieth-century remodeling to reveal the original hearth. In the kitchen, an antique drop leaf dining table is now covered in canvas. He chose not to repair the walls and ceiling, leaving the structural underpinnings exposed in several places. The Hamnett Pinhey's library remains furnished in its later incarnation as a sitting room/dining room complete with a reproduction 1880s gown. Although one wall retains the remnants of original wallpaper, the other three were painted green.

Some rooms contain period artifacts and depict the space's use. A trellis in the master bedroom, for example, describes Pinhey's gardens. In the parlour, panels describe Hamnett Pinhey and the house's construction. Others rooms function as exhibit space for rotating displays. "Whose Astrolabe?", for example, examined the origins of a seventeenth-century astrolabe, in the context of cultural ownership and contested memory.

In 2014, special events presented by the City of Ottawa included: Preschool Picnics at the Museum; Young Artisans; Explorer's Club; Horaceville Harvest; Culture Days; Ghost Stories of the Ottawa Valley; and Halloween at Horaceville. The City of Ottawa organizes and staff events at the museum where "visitors of all ages can learn about the area’s natural heritage, traditional trades, and the rich human history of the area."

Boating
The Pinhey's Point Historic Site hosts Riverfest on the last weekend of August celebrating the Ottawa's heritage and the Ottawa River through heritage games, demonstrations and live music. Cruising and day sailing events, distance race or regatta can be observed almost every weekend. Although Pinhey Point has a bay which is popular and convenient for both day and overnight anchorage, people should not attempt to land at the site's small dock facilities in anything bigger than a dinghy or tender. Many racing events are held in cooperation with the nearby Britannia Yacht Club, Nepean Sailing Club and Club de Voile Grande-Rivière.

Pinhey's Point Race & Raft-up is an Interclub Long Distance (~15 Nm) up-river race with a social raft-up at Pinhey's Point Historic Site, which held annually in late June or early July.

Curriculum
For students from kindergarten through 7th grade, curriculum-linked programs are offered on topics related to history, social science, science, math, the arts, and physical education.

Legacy
The Ontario Heritage Trust erected a plaque for Honourable Hamnet Kirks Pinhey 1784–1857 at Horaceville, Pinhey's former estate beside the Ottawa River, Regional Road 21 north of Road 49, near South March - about 20 km from downtown Ottawa. "On land granted to him for service in the Napoleonic Wars, Pinhey built a substantial estate comprising several log and stone structures. Later, he became prominent in local affairs and held a number of public offices."

title: Horaceville, Ottawa


text:
User:Rcarpadus

RCarpadus is a member of the Great Pyrenees Clubs of California (GPCC) and America (GPCA) as well as Great Pyrenees Rescue of Northern Calif.

title: User:Rcarpadus


text:
Historiography of early Islam

The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.

7th-century Islamic sources

 * Birmingham Quran manuscript. Between c.  568 and 645 CE
 * Tübingen fragment. Radiocarbon dated between c. 649 and 675 CE (though written in the post-8th century Kufic script)
 * Sanaa manuscript. Between c. 578 and 669 CE
 * Qur'anic Mosaic on the Dome of the Rock. 692 CE
 * The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays. The work is an early Shia hadith collection, attributed to Sulaym ibn Qays (death 694–714), and it is often recognised as the earliest such collection. There is a manuscript of the work dating to the 10th century. Some Shia scholars are dubious about the authenticity of some features of the book, and Western scholars are almost unanimously sceptical concerning the work, with most placing its initial composition in the eighth or ninth century. The work is generally considered pseudepigraphic by modern scholars.

7th-century non-Islamic sources
There are numerous early references to Islam in non-Islamic sources. Many have been collected in historiographer Robert G. Hoyland's compilation Seeing Islam As Others Saw It. One of the first books to analyze these works was Hagarism authored by Michael Cook and Patricia Crone. Hagarism contends that looking at the early non-Islamic sources provides a much different picture of early Islamic history than the later Islamic sources do. The date of composition of some of the early non-Islamic sources is controversial. Hagarism has been widely dismissed by academics as being too conjectural in its hypothesis and biased in its sources.

 * 634 Doctrina Iacobi
 * 636 Fragment on the Arab Conquests
 * 639 Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem
 * 640 Thomas the Presbyter
 * 640 Homily on the Child Saints of Babylon
 * 643 PERF 558
 * 644 Coptic Apocalypse of Pseudo-Shenute
 * 648 Life of Gabriel of Qartmin
 * 650 Fredegar
 * 655 Pope Martin I
 * 659 Isho'yahb III of Adiabene
 * 660 Sebeos, Bishop of the Bagratunis
 * 660 Khuzistan Chronicle
 * 662 Maximus the Confessor
 * 665 Benjamin I
 * 670 Arculf, a pilgrim
 * 676 Synod of Giwargis I
 * 680 George of Resh'aina
 * 680 The Secrets of Rabbi Simon ben Yohai
 * 680 Bundahishn
 * 681 Trophies of Damascus
 * 687 Athanasius of Balad, Patriarch of Antioch
 * 687 John bar Penkaye
 * 690 Syriac Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
 * 692 Syriac Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem
 * 694 John of Nikiu

Epigraphy
According to archaeologists Yehuda D. Nevo and Judith Koren, there are thousands of pagan and monotheist epigraphs or rock inscriptions throughout the Arabian peninsula and in the Syro-Jordanian desert immediately north, many of them dating from the 7th and 8th century. According to historian Leor Halevi, Muslim tombstones from 30-40 AH / 650-660 CE named Allah (Arabic for God) and referred to the names of the months of the Hijri calendar, but showed few other indications of Islamization. From 70-110 AH/690-730 CE, Muslim tombstones began to reveal deeper signs of Islamization, invoking Muhammad and quoted from the Quran.

Some epigraphs found from the first century of Islam include:
 * Analysis of a sandstone inscription found in 2008 determined that it read: "In the name of Allah/ I, Zuhayr, wrote (this) at the time 'Umar died/year four/And twenty." It is worthwhile pointing out that caliph Umar bin al-Khattāb died on the last night of the month of Dhūl-Hijjah of the year 23 AH, and was buried next day on the first day of Muharram of the new year 24 AH/644 CE. Thus the date mentioned in the inscription (above) conforms to the established and known date of the death of ʿUmar bin al-Khattāb.
 * Jerusalem 32 - An Inscription unearthed at the south-west corner of the Ḥaram al-Sharīf in Jerusalem during excavations conducted by Professor Benjamin Mazar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1968 from 32 AH / 652 CE mentions, "In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful...the protection of Allah and the guarantee of His Messenger... And witnessed it ʿAbd al-Raḥmān bin ʿAwf al-Zuhrī, and Abū ʿUbaydah bin al-Jarrāḥ and its writer - Muʿāwiya....the year thirty two"
 * An Inscription, at Taymāʾ, Saudi Arabia, c. 36 AH / 656 CE reads, "I am Qays, the scribe of Abū Kutayr. Curse of Allah on [those] who murdered ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān and [those who] have led to the killing without mercy." Greek Inscription In The Baths Of Hammat Gader, 42 AH / 662-63 CE mentions, "In the days of the servant of God Muʿāwiya (abdalla Maavia), the commander of the faithful (amēra almoumenēn) the hot baths of the people there were saved and rebuilt..."

 * Tombstone of a woman named ʿAbāssa Bint Juraij, kept in Museum of Islamic Art Cairo, from 71 AH / 691 CE mentions,"In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate. The greatest misfortune for the people of Islām (ahl al-Islām) is the death of Muḥammad the Prophet, Peace be upon him..."
 * An Inscription at Ḥuma al-Numoor, near Ṭāʾif from 78 AH / 697-698 CE mentions, "This was written in the year the Masjid al-Ḥarām was built in the seventy eighth year."

Religious sciences of biography, hadith, and Isnad
Muslims believe that the historical traditions first began their development in the early 7th century with the reconstruction of Muhammad's life following his death. Because narratives regarding Muhammad and his companions came from various sources and a great many contradicted each other, it was necessary to verify which sources were more reliable. In order to evaluate these sources, various methodologies were developed, such as the "science of biography", "science of hadith" and "Isnad" (chain of transmission). These methodologies were later applied to other historical figures in the Muslim world.

Ilm ar-Rijal (Arabic) is the "science of biography" especially as practiced in Islam, where it was first applied to the sira, the life of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, and then the lives of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs who expanded Islamic dominance rapidly. Since validating the sayings of Muhammad is a major study ("Isnad"), accurate biography has always been of great interest to Muslim biographers, who accordingly attempted to sort out facts from accusations, bias from evidence, etc. The earliest surviving Islamic biography is Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, written in the 8th century, but known to us only from later quotes and recensions (9th–10th century).

The "science of hadith" is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith. The classification of Hadith into Sahih (sound), Hasan (good) and Da'if (weak) was firmly established by Ali ibn al-Madini (778CE/161AH – 849CE/234AH). Later, al-Madini's student Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870) authored a collection that he believed contained only Sahih hadith, which is now known as the Sahih Bukhari. Al-Bukhari's historical methods of testing hadiths and isnads is seen as the beginning of the method of citation and a precursor to the scientific method. I. A. Ahmad writes:

"'The vagueness of ancient historians about their sources stands in stark contrast to the insistence that scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim manifested in knowing every member in a chain of transmission and examining their reliability. They published their findings, which were then subjected to additional scrutiny by future scholars for consistency with each other and the Qur'an.'"

Other famous Muslim historians who studied the science of biography or science of hadith included Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 712), Wahb ibn Munabbih (died 728), Ibn Ishaq (died 761), al-Waqidi (745–822), Ibn Hisham (died 834), al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), and Ibn Hajar Asqalani (1372–1449), among others.

Historiography, cultural history, and philosophy of history
The first detailed studies on the subject of historiography itself and the first critiques on historical methods appeared in the works of the Arab Muslim historian and historiographer Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), who is regarded as the father of historiography, cultural history, and the philosophy of history, especially for his historiographical writings in the Muqaddimah (Latinized as Prolegomena) and Kitab al-Ibar (Book of Advice). His Muqaddimah also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history, and he discussed the rise and fall of civilizations.

Franz Rosenthal wrote in the History of Muslim Historiography:

"'Muslim historiography has at all times been united by the closest ties with the general development of scholarship in Islam, and the position of historical knowledge in MusIim education has exercised a decisive influence upon the intellectual level of historicai writing....The Muslims achieved a definite advance beyond previous historical writing in the sociology"

In the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun warned of seven mistakes that he thought that historians regularly committed. In this criticism, he approached the past as strange and in need of interpretation. The originality of Ibn Khaldun was to claim that the cultural difference of another age must govern the evaluation of relevant historical material, to distinguish the principles according to which it might be possible to attempt the evaluation, and lastly, to feel the need for experience, in addition to rational principles, in order to assess a culture of the past. Ibn Khaldun often criticized "idle superstition and uncritical acceptance of historical data." As a result, he introduced a scientific method to the study of history, which was considered something "new to his age", and he often referred to it as his "new science", now associated with historiography. His historical method also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of state, communication, propaganda and systematic bias in history, and he is thus considered to be the "father of historiography" or the "father of the philosophy of history".

World history
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923) is known for writing a detailed and comprehensive chronicle of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern history in his History of the Prophets and Kings in 915. Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī (896–956), known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs", was the first to combine history and scientific geography in a large-scale work, Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir (The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems), a book on world history.

Until the 10th century, history most often meant political and military history, but this was not so with Central Asian historian Biruni (973–1048). In his Kitab fi Tahqiq ma l'il-Hind (Researches on India), he did not record political and military history in any detail, but wrote more on India's cultural, scientific, social and religious history. Along with his Researches on India, Biruni discussed more on his idea of history in his chronological work The Chronology of the Ancient Nations.

Famous Muslim historians

 * Urwah ibn Zubayr (died 712)
 * Hadith of Umar's speech of forbidding Mut'ah
 * Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (died 742)
 * Hadith of Umar's speech of forbidding Mut'ah
 * Hadith of prohibition of Mut'ah at Khaybar
 * Ibn Ishaq (died 761)
 * Sirah Rasul Allah
 * Imam Malik (died 796)
 * Al-Muwatta
 * Al-Waqidi (745–822)
 * Book of History and Campaigns
 * Ali ibn al-Madini (777–850)
 * The Book of Knowledge about the Companions
 * Ibn Hisham (died 834)
 * Sirah Rasul Allah
 * Dhul-Nun al-Misri (died 859)
 * Muhammad al-Bukhari (810–870)
 * Sahih Bukhari
 * Muslim b. al-Hajjaj (died 875)
 * Sahih Muslim
 * Ibn Majah (died 886)
 * Sunan Ibn Majah
 * Abu Da'ud (died 888)
 * Sunan Abi Da'ud
 * Al-Tirmidhi (died 892)
 * Sunan al-Tirmidhi
 * Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī (896–956)
 * Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir (The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems) (947)
 * Ibn Wahshiyya (c. 904)
 * Nabataean Agriculture
 * Kitab Shawq al-Mustaham
 * Al-Nasa'i (died 915)
 * Sunan al-Sughra
 * Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838–923)
 * History of the Prophets and Kings
 * Tafsir al-Tabari
 * Al-Baladhuri (died 892)
 * Kitab Futuh al-Buldan
 * Genealogies of the Nobles
 * Hakim al-Nishaburi (died 1014)
 * Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain
 * Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048)
 * Indica
 * History of Mahmud of Ghazni and his father
 * History of Khawarazm
 * Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi (13th century)
 * Ibn Abi Zar (died 1310/1320)
 * Rawd al-Qirtas
 * Al-Dhahabi (1274–1348)
 * Major History of Islam
 * Talkhis al-Mustadrak
 * Tadhkirat al-huffaz
 * Al-Kamal fi ma`rifat al-rijal
 * Ibn Kathir (1300-1373)
 * Al-Bidāya wa-n-Nihāya
 * Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya
 * Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406)
 * Muqaddimah (1377)
 * Kitab al-Ibar
 * Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1449)
 * Fath al-Bari
 * Tahdhib al-Tahdhib
 * Finding the Truth in Judging the Companinons
 * Bulugh al-Maram

Modern academic scholarship
The earliest academic scholarship on Islam in Western countries tended to involve Christian and Jewish translators and commentators. They translated the readily available Sunni texts from Arabic into European languages (including German, Italian, French, and English), then summarized and commented in a fashion that was often hostile to Islam. Notable Christian scholars included:

 * William Muir (1819–1905)
 * Reinhart Dozy (1820–1883) "Die Israeliten zu Mecca" (1864)
 * David Samuel Margoliouth (1858–1940)
 * William St. Clair Tisdall (1859–1928)
 * Leone Caetani (1869–1935)
 * Alphonse Mingana (1878–1937)

All these scholars worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Another pioneer of Islamic studies, Abraham Geiger (1810–1874), a prominent Jewish rabbi, approached Islam from that standpoint in his "Was hat Mohammed aus dem Judenthume aufgenommen?" (What did Muhammad borrow from Judaism?) (1833). Geiger's themes continued in Rabbi Abraham I. Katsh's "Judaism and the Koran" (1962)

Establishment of academic research
Other scholars, notably those in the German tradition, took a more neutral view. (The 19th-century scholar Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918) offers a prime example.) They also started, cautiously, to question the truth of the Arabic texts. They took a source-critical approach, trying to sort the Islamic texts into elements to be accepted as historically true, and elements to be discarded as polemic or as pious fiction. Such scholars included:

 * Michael Jan de Goeje (1836–1909)
 * Theodor Nöldeke (1836–1930)
 * Ignaz Goldziher (1850–1921)
 * Henri Lammens (1862–1937)
 * Arthur Jeffery (1892–1959)
 * H. A. R. Gibb (1895–1971)
 * Joseph Schacht (1902–1969)
 * Montgomery Watt (1909–2006)

The revisionist challenge

In the 1970s the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies, or what has been described as a "wave of sceptical scholars", challenged a great deal of the received wisdom in Islamic studies. They argued that the Islamic historical tradition had been greatly corrupted in transmission. They tried to correct or reconstruct the early history of Islam from other, presumably more reliable, sources—such as found coins, inscriptions, and non-Islamic sources of that era. They argue that contrary to Islamic historical tradition, "Islam was like other religions, the product of a religious evolution". The idea that there was an abrupt "discontinuity between the pre-Islamic and Islamic worlds" — i.e. between Persian and Byzantine civilization and Islamic religion, governance, culture — "strains the imagination". But if "we begin by assuming that there must have been some continuity, we need either go beyond the Islamic sources" which indicate abrupt change, or "reinterpret them".

The oldest of this group was John Wansbrough (1928–2002). Wansbrough's works were widely noted, but not necessarily widely read, owing to (according to Fred Donner), his "awkward prose style, diffuse organization, and tendency to rely on suggestive implication rather than tight argument". Nonetheless, his scepticism influenced a number of younger scholars, including:

 * Martin Hinds (1941–1988)
 * Patricia Crone (1945-2015)
 * Michael Cook (1940- )

In 1977 Crone and Cook published Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, which argued that the traditional early history of Islam is a myth, generated after the Arab conquests of Egypt, Syria, and Persia to give a solid ideological foundation to the new Arab regimes in those lands. Hagarism suggests that the Qur'an was composed later than the traditional narrative tell us, and that the Arab conquests may have been the cause, rather than the consequence, of Islam. The main evidence adduced for this thesis consisted of contemporary non-Muslim sources recording many early Islamic events. If such events could not be supported by outside evidence, then (according to Crone and Cook) they should be dismissed as myth.

Crone defended the use of non-Muslim sources saying that "of course these sources are hostile [to the conquering Muslims] and from a classical Islamic view they have simply got everything wrong; but unless we are willing to entertain the notion of an all-pervading literary conspiracy between the non-Muslim peoples of the Middle East, the crucial point remains that they have got things wrong on very much the same points."

Crone and Cook's more recent work has involved intense scrutiny of early Islamic sources, but not their total rejection. (See, for instance, Crone's 1987 publications, Roman, Provincial, and Islamic Law and Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, both of which assume the standard outline of early Islamic history while questioning certain aspects of it; also Cook's 2001 Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought, which also cites early Islamic sources as authoritative.)

Both Crone and Cook have later suggested that the central thesis of their book "Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World" was mistaken because the evidence they had to support the thesis was not sufficient or internally consistent enough. Crone has suggested that the book was “a graduate essay" and "a hypothesis," not "a conclusive finding.”

In 1972 construction workers discovered a cache of ancient Qur'ans – commonly known as the Sana'a manuscripts – in a mosque in Sana'a, Yemen. The German scholar Gerd R. Puin has been investigating these Qur'an fragments for years. His research team made 35,000 microfilm photographs of the manuscripts, which he dated to the early part of the 8th century. Puin has not published the entirety of his work, but has noted unconventional verse orderings, minor textual variations, and rare styles of orthography. He has also suggested that some of the parchments were palimpsests which had been reused. Puin believed that this implied an evolving text as opposed to a fixed one.

Karl-Heinz Ohlig has also researched Christian/Jewish roots of the Qur'an and its related texts. He sees the name Muhammad itself ("the blessed", as in Benedictus qui venit) as part of that tradition.

In their study of the traditional Islamic accounts of the early conquest of different cities—Damascus and Caesarea in Syria, Babilyn/al-Fusat and Alexandria in Egypt, Tustar in Khuzistan and Cordoba in Spain—scholars Albrecht Noth and Lawrence Conrad find a suspicious pattern whereby the cities "are all described as having fallen into the hands of the Muslims in precisely the same fashion". There is a "'traitor who, ... points out a weak spot in the city's fortification to the Muslim besiegers; a celebration in the city which diverts the attention of the besieged; then a few assault troops who scale the walls, ... a shout of Allahu akbar! ... from the assault troops as a sign that they have entered the town; the opening of one of the gates from inside, and the onslaught of the entire army.'" They conclude these accounts can not be "the reporting of history" but are instead stereotyped story tales with little historical value.

Contemporary scholars have tended to use the histories rather than the hadith, and to analyze the histories in terms of the tribal and political affiliations of the narrators (if that can be established), thus making it easier to guess in which direction the material might have been slanted. Notable scholars include:

 * Fred M. Donner
 * Wilferd Madelung
 * Gerald Hawting
 * Jonathan Berkey
 * Andrew Rippin

An alternative postrevisionist approach has made use of hadith of uncertain authenticity to tell a history of early Islam after the death of Muhammad. Here the key has been to analyze hadith as collective memories that shaped the culture and society of urban Muslims in the late seventh and eighth centuries CE. Muhammad′s Grave: Death Rites and the Making of Islamic Society by Leor Halevi is an example of this approach.

Scholars combining traditional and academic scholarship
A few scholars have attempted to bridge the divide between Islamic and Western-style secular scholarship.

 * Joel Hayward
 * Sherman Jackson
 * Fazlur Rahman

They have completed both Islamic and Western academic training.

title: Historiography of early Islam


text:
Basu Chatterjee

Basu Chatterjee (10 January 1927 – 4 June 2020) was an Indian film director and screenwriter in Hindi Cinema.Through the 1970s and 1980s, he became associated with what came to be known as middle cinema or middle-of-the-road cinema filmmakers, such as Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Basu Bhattacharya, whom he assisted on Teesri Kasam (1966). Like their films, his films dealt with light-hearted stories of middle-class families often in urban settings, focusing on marital and love relationships.

The exceptions such as Ek Ruka Hua Faisla (1986) and Kamla Ki Maut (1989), which delved into social and moral issues. He is best known for his films Us Paar, Chhoti Si Baat (1975), Chitchor (1976), Rajnigandha (1974), Piya Ka Ghar (1972), Khatta Meetha, Swami (1977), Baton Baton Mein (1979), Priyatama (1977), Man Pasand, Hamari Bahu Alka, Shaukeen (1982), and Chameli Ki Shaadi (1986).

Chatterjee directed the Bengali film Hothath Brishti (1998), which featured actors from both Bangladesh and India. The film featured Ferdous Ahmed from Bangladesh, and Priyanka Trivedi and Sreelekha Mitra from West Bengal. Chatterjee continued to cast Ahmed in subsequent Indian-Bengali films, including Chupi Chupi (2001), Tak Jhal Mishti (2002) and Hotath Shedin (2012), another joint production of Bangladesh and India. He wrote the script for the Bangladeshi film Ek Cup Cha, directed by Noyeem Imtiaz Neamul.

Early life
Basu Chatterjee was born in Ajmer, Rajasthan, India, in a Bengali family. His middle class upbringing reflected in his movies that explored areas which were far removed from the glitz and glamour of the blockbusters of the time.

Career
In 1950s, Chatterjee arrived in Bombay (now Mumbai) and started his career as an illustrator and cartoonist for the weekly tabloid Blitz published by Russi Karanjia. He worked there for 18 years before changing career paths to filmmaking, when he assisted Basu Bhattacharya in the Raj Kapoor and Waheeda Rehman starrer Teesri Kasam (1966), which later won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Eventually, he made his directorial debut with Sara Akash in 1969, which won him the Filmfare Best Screenplay Award.

Some of his most critically acclaimed films are Sara Akash (1969), Piya Ka Ghar (1971), Us Paar (1974), Rajnigandha (1974), Chhoti Si Baat (1975), Chitchor (1976), Swami (1977), Khatta Meetha, Priyatama, Chakravyuha (1978 film), Jeena Yahan (1979), Baton Baton Mein (1979), Apne Paraye (1980), Shaukeen and Ek Ruka Hua Faisla.

Other films include Ratnadeep, Safed Jhooth, Man Pasand, Hamari Bahu Alka, Kamla Ki Maut and Triyacharitra.

He has also directed many Bengali films such as Hothat Brishti, Hochcheta Ki and Hothat Shei Din.

Chatterjee directed the television series Byomkesh Bakshi and Rajani for Doordarshan. He was a member of the jury at the 10th Moscow International Film Festival in 1977 and a member of the International Film And Television Club of the Asian Academy of Film & Television. A retrospective of Chatterjee's work was held as part of the Kala Ghoda Art Festival Mumbai in February of 2011.

A book on the work of Basu Chatterji, titled Basu Chatterji: And Middle of the road cinema, written by author and music historian Anirudha Bhattacharjee, has been published by Penguin Random House in 2023.

Awards

 * 2007: IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 1992: National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare - Durga
 * 1991: Filmfare Best Screenplay Award – Kamla Ki Maut
 * 1980: Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie – Jeena Yahan
 * 1978: National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment - Swami
 * 1978: Filmfare Best Director Award – Swami
 * 1977: Filmfare Best Screenplay Award - Chitchor Nominee
 * 1976: Filmfare Best Screenplay Award – Chhoti Si Baat
 * 1975: Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie – Rajnigandha
 * 1972: Filmfare Best Screenplay Award – Sara Akash

Death
Chatterjee died due to an age-related illness at his house in Mumbai on 4 June 2020. He was 93 years old.

title: Basu Chatterjee


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Herron's Mills

Herron's Mills, originally known as Gillies Mills, is a ghost town in the municipality of Lanark Highlands, Lanark County in Eastern Ontario, Canada, near the community of Lanark. It is located on highway 511 between Perth and Calabogie, Ontario.

Businessman John Gillies established a sawmill on the Clyde River in the community in 1842 to supply lumber for construction in the area. The mill continued to operate until 1950. It was later purchased by the Herron Brothers, hence the name.

History
The area around Herron's Mills, Lanark County was originally settled, starting in 1820, by Scottish immigrants from the southern areas of Scotland. Most of the Scottish who emigrated came from the over-crowded cities and areas in Scotland such as Glasgow and Lanark the town in Lanarkshire. As a result of the worldwide depression that followed the Napoleonic Wars and the rapidly encroaching Industrial Revolution, Scottish weavers found themselves out of work and destitute. Parliament heard the cry of the impoverished Scotsman, and formed colonization groups to assist those willing to immigrate to Canada. Advertisements in Scottish papers read as follows: "Persons desiring to emigrate(sic) to Canada will be conveyed free of charge. The government will also supply provisions on the voyage and on arrival, a grant of 100 acres will be allotted each family as well as to each male child on reaching 21." Promises of good conditions on the journey to Canada were also promised. Between 1820 and 1821 over 3,000 immigrants set sail to Canada and arrived in Lanark County via Quebec, Cornwall and Perth. They named their new home the Lanark Highlands after their former home in Scotland.

Herron's Mills, was originally known as Gillies Mills. The Gillies arrived in the area, that would be their namesake, in 1821 from Stirlingshire, Scotland. The family consisted of James(55), Helen Stark(43) and five of their six children: Janet(21), John(10), George(8), Helen(4) and Isabel(1). In 1839, John married Mary Cullen Bain and then he began cutting timber in 1842 on the river Clyde using a sawmill that he had crafted with his own hands. He carted the saw for the mill from Brockville over 55 miles of rough, back-country roads to cut the timber that was harvested from his father's property. Before long, the place known as Gillies Mills became known for producing square cut timber for the Quebec market and sawn lumber that was shipped to the United States via Kingston to Oswego, N.Y. The hamlet became known as a lumbering town, as many other towns, such as Balaclava were in the Ottawa Valley.

In 1866, John Gillies and Peter McLaren, now business partners, pooled resources to purchase Gilmour Mills in Carleton Place which was expanded to have the capacity to produce 100,000 feet of lumber a day and employing over 100 men. Every successful business venture ensures a steady supply of raw materials. Gilmour Mills being no exception, they held the timber rights to over 300 square miles in the hills of the Upper Mississippi region of Frontenac County. Sometime between 1871 and 1873, Gillies, with his four sons, William, James, John and David, sold their portion of the business to McLaren and John Herron and moved operations to Braeside on the Ottawa River. At this point in time, the name of the little hamlet was changed to Herron's Mills. Throughout the remainder of the 1800s the Gillies, now known as "Gillies Brothers", were one of the larger lumber producers in the Ottawa Valley. Over time, James, the eldest Gillies brother became the senior partner and president of the new company, in charge of sales, finances and general policy. James Gillies died in 1909. In 1913, the company expanded outside of Ontario and Quebec by contracting timber rights in British Columbia. Throughout the 20th Century, the Gillies family continued to work exclusively with pine, in spite of dwindling natural resources and pressures to diversify. The company was sold in 1963 to Consolidated Paper Corporation with Gillies family members retaining leadership positions in the division of Consolidated Paper that was Gillies Brothers until 1978.

In addition to timber, Herron's Mills became home to a number of various businesses that were typical of those in the region. In 1895, a cheese factory, named Clyde, was operated by James Herron in the hamlet.

Revival
Ed Weaver purchased the house and property in early 2006 when no one in the family of the previous owner, Marie Storie, chose to inherit it. Weaver and his wife Debbie and his two sons Kyle and Bradley have renovated the home and maintained the property.

Remnants of the former lumber community, namely the lumber mill and dam are still visible from Herron Mills Road.

title: Herron's Mills


text:
Fat Cat and Friends

Fat Cat and Friends was an Australian children's television show starring Fat Cat (full name: Frederick Alphonso Tubsy Cat or Francis Aloysius Tom Cat ), a costumed character, who is an orange/ginger anthropomorphic cat who wears red braces, a blue bow tie and a green bowler hat and striped socks. The show ran from 1972 to 1991, after which it was cancelled in controversial circumstances. However the Fat Cat character continues to feature on television in Perth, as the mascot of the Telethon fundraising organization.

Overview
Following the cancellation of The Magic Circle Club, actor/writer Max Bartlett continued to work in television production, moving to Western Australia, where he helped to develop the character of Fat Cat and the children's series, The Underground Video Show.

The show is similar in concept to the Nine Network's Here's Humphrey featuring Humphrey B. Bear. The program featured resident music artist Patsy Biscoe, and was variously hosted by John Oster, Jane Reilly and Lynn Weston. Weston later hosted children's show The Book Place, which replaced Fat Cat and Friends after it was cancelled.

Fat Cat and Friends was originally produced in the studios of SAS 10 in Adelaide and it survived the 1987 frequency switch of channels 10 and 7 in Adelaide. It was written, directed and produced by Murray George for 13 years. After 1988 it continued to be produced at the station which then became SAS-7. The show ran on the 0-10 Network (as it was then known) from 1972 until 1987, then on the Seven Network from 1988 until 1991.

Fat Cat was originally played by Reg Whiteman for more than a decade. Fat Cat was then played by Ralf Hadzic for five years. Fat Cat was then played by Melanie George (1980–1985) who is now a freelance choreographer. Robert Fordham played Fat Cat from 1994 and performed on 3 of the Fat Cat Storytime videos. The character was later played off screen by a male friend of the show's musician, singer Patsy Biscoe.

Initially slated for release as a sidekick to Fat Cat, the character of Stringbean was originally played in the first month of screening by veteran comedic actor Nudge McGee.

Cancellation
In 1990, the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal introduced a "P" (for preschooler) category, and every station was required to broadcast at least 130 hours of approved "P" rated content.

In 1991, "Fat Cat and Friends" lost its "P" rating, after the Children's Program Committee claimed that Fat Cat was not clearly defined (possibly including ambiguity of his gender), had "poor production values", and needed to be more educational. Given the expense required to attain a "P" rating, the Seven network decided to cancel the show, replacing it with The Book Place.

This move caused considerable public outcry. The rival Nine Network's A Current Affair program even filmed a mock funeral procession for the character featuring Nine mascot Humphrey B. Bear laying a wreath at the door of the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. The criticism ultimately led to the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal disbanding the Children's Program Committee.

After cancellation
Despite cancellation, Fat Cat still appears on Perth television screens as the mascot of Seven Perth's highly successful Telethon fundraising organisation. The character still says goodnight to Perth children on television at 7.30 each night.

After cancellation, during the 1990s Fat Cat often appeared on celebrity versions of the then Adelaide produced Wheel of Fortune. As Fat Cat did not speak he was usually paired up with Channel 7's resident puppet Agro who was the mouthpiece for the duo. Fat Cat also made numerous appearances in the Australian comedy show Full Frontal depicting the character's bizarre life as a troublesome housepet. Sketches included the character being neutered on a spoof of Animal Hospital, and being the object of jealousy between a married couple.

In October 2021, the 50th anniversary of Fat Cat's first appearance on television was acknowledged with a birthday reception for the mascot on the front steps of Parliament House, Perth.

title: Fat Cat and Friends


text:
Talk:Fat Cat and Friends

Fat Cat concept
TVW Perth's Sales Manager Greg Byrne and his wife Judith came up with the Fat Cat concept. Fat Cat also appeared on SAS, after SAS Adelaide was bought by TVW. The national Fat Cat and Friends was produced at SAS in Adelaide.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0v0GCQDnaIo 24.76.141.128 05:56, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * it was Judith Byrne who came up with the concept of what Fat Cat would look like. Judith is the wife of former TVW sales manager and managing director Greg Byrne. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SevanMilis (talk • contribs) 07:21, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

"FAT CAT'S FAVOURITE NURSERY RHYMES"
http://www.tvmem.com/OZST/tv/A-Z/F/FATCATAN/FATCATAN.html

Humbolt the Clown

 * For most of the decade of the eighties, I was on national television daily, in Australia, as Humbolt the Clown on the children's show "Fat Cat and Friends". It was hard work sometimes to keep up the enthusiasm, but the salary helped pay off our house.
 * FAT CAT & FRIENDS

 * Btwn:1981-89 "Fat Cat & Friends" as Lead - Humbolt The Clown  Actor: Wayne Anthoney

Annette Purvis

 * TVW Reunion Photos courtesy of Annette Purvis, November - 11 - 2009, Western Australian Television History (WA TV History) - Annette Purvis sang the theme to FAT CAT’S FUN SHOW. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SevanMilis (talk • contribs) 07:16, 26 May 2012 (UTC)

 * 'Fat Cat' Reg Whiteman rests in peace, From: PerthNow, July 30, 2011

 *

patsybiscoe
http://www.flickr.com/photos/patsybiscoe/

Melanie George
http://portside-messenger.whereilive.com.au/news/story/detective-mates-to-investigate-retirement/

Melanie George writes: Posted on 31 Jul 09 at 06:55pm

Original Fat Cat? Hmmmmmm. No it wasn't. I know the original Fat Cat and the second. I was the third Fat Cat and well and truly finished the job by 85. I think those facts need to be checked.

Cancellation
I found a clipping which said: "Fat Cat and friends was axed by Channel 7 in 1992, after 15 years on the air, when the then Australian Broadcasting Tribunal ruled the show was 'not clearly defined, might confuse the young and had 'poor production values'". I found it in 2016 at the (now dead) link: https://scontent.fadl1-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/11667326_912467245488814_4888327794998549172_n.jpg, and unfortunately cannot find it now. I am posting here to correct the "encouraging of bestial adoration" quote, which I assume was inserted as a joke. Adpete (talk) 03:29, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Here is a 1992 article: "When Fat Cat failed to meet the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal's children's television standards and four episodes of Skippy had the same fate, it did not mean they had been banned, but merely that the networks could not count them among the minimum number of hours they must show of children's programming. Yet it sparked a debate which involved a campaign by the Nine Network and led to the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal disbanding the Children's Program Committee which has monitored and advised on children's programming for the past 14 years... Fat Cat, a Seven Network programme, had been rejected by the CPC last year..." -- NETWORKS CLAW BACK KIDS' TV, By Patricia Edgar, Australian Financial Review, May 26, 1992, Adpete (talk) 04:56, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

And another from 1992: "Fat Cat has been banished from our screens in one of the most profound decisions made in the history of the Broadcasting Tribunal. The tubby tom’s character was deemed “still not clearly defined” and his show was accused of having “still generally poor” direction.  It took 15 years for someone to reach this momentous decision, years in which the lives of whole generations of Australian children must have been corrupted irreparably." -- Lawrie Masterson: The View From Here, TV Week, 1-7 March 1992. Adpete (talk) 05:13, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

"Designed for pre-school children, Fat Cat and Friends was broadcast on weekday mornings on Network Ten between 1977 and 1987, and then on the Seven Network until 1992. It featured Fat Cat (Francis Aloysius Tom Cat), an orange cat with a green hat and red braces, played variously by Ralph Hadzic, Reg Whiteman and Melanie George. Other performers included John Oster and Jane Reilly, and musician Patsy Biscoe. The program was written, directed and produced by Murray George in the studios of SAS10 in Adelaide... In 1991, the [Children’s Program Committee] committee reviewed Fat Cat and made extensive recommendations for changes to Fat Cat and Friends to make it more educational; there was also some concern about the ambiguity of Fat Cat’s gender. The Seven Network decided to cancel the program and begin again with a new pre-school program. This generated a media storm,...", Fat Cat and Friends, companion entry, Nick Herd (c. 2014), AustLit. Adpete (talk) 05:42, 22 August 2020 (UTC)

Extensive Senate Estimates Committee discussion (27-March-1992) here: "'' Senator BISHOP --What happens if you get a P?

Mr Westerway --That is a preschool classification for a different age group--nought to five instead of six to 14--but it is roughly the same system. The major difference there is that it is 130 hours of programs that each licensee has to show each year.

...

Senator BISHOP --So Fat Cat would have come into what category?

Mr Westerway --It was category P.

...

Senator BISHOP --Tell me about the criteria that are used by this Committee to allocate those classifications. Is that set of criteria published and known?

Mr Westerway --Yes, it is a standard. It is called standard CTS2, children's television standard 2. In brief, the five criteria are: be made specifically for children; be entertaining; be well produced--script, direction et cetera; add something to a child's understanding and experience; and be relevant for Australian children.

...

Mr Westerway --No, there was something similar for the C classification. The P classification did not exist until January 1990.

...

Senator BISHOP --So when `the standard' was introduced, and you introduced a P classification, presumably both Fat Cat and Here's Humphrey applied for a classification. Is that right?

Mr Westerway --Yes, that is correct.

Senator BISHOP --Initially both of them were denied. Is that right?

Mr Westerway --Yes.

...

Mr Westerway -- In the case of Fat Cat, the producers of the program--the network concerned, or one of its hired-in producers--decided that they were not going to put the sorts of resources that were needed into Fat Cat in order to bring it up to the standard

...

Senator BISHOP --Thank you. We have heard a lot about the reasons that Fat Cat was denied, but we have not heard much about the reasons why Here's Humphrey got a yes.

Mr Westerway --The network in that case, which was also the producer, decided to put substantial resources into the program and made a higher quality, more expensive program.

...

Senator BISHOP --All right. Let us look at some of the infamous reasons why Fat Cat was canned. We were told that one of the reasons was `the role of the cat was not defined in sufficiently clear terms'. Now what does that mean?

Mr Westerway --Senator, I did not make the decision but I will get you the reasons. I cannot speculate on that. That is one particular thing that has been mentioned in the media. Adpete (talk) 00:33, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fat Cat and Friends


text:
Talk:Historiography of early Islam

Historicity of Dome of the Rock mosaic?
It would be nice to have a precise text regarding the age dome of the rock mosaic, because some people say it is an earliest copy of the koran text, and some don't, which is believed to have been added 250-500 years after the Mohammad. Only the original inscription around the base is attributed to the foundation period, rather than the mosaic and guildings. Please provide facts regarding age, especially in support of the factual age of the oldest copy of koranic text which shouldn't vary by 250 years.

title: Talk:Historiography of early Islam


text: User talk:68.41.211.135

title: User talk:68.41.211.135


text: User talk:68.40.96.35

title: User talk:68.40.96.35


text:
Free People

Free People is an American bohemian apparel and lifestyle retail company that sells women’s clothing, accessories, shoes, intimates, and swimwear. It also has a beauty and wellness category, which includes products such as cosmetics, skin, and oral care, oral supplements, crystals, and books. Their headquarters is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Free People is a part of Urban Outfitters, Inc., along with Anthropologie, BHLDN, Terrain, and the Vetri family restaurant group.

Today, Free People sells their line in 1,400 specialty stores worldwide. The brand is distributed globally via direct channels, including the Free People Global site, and Free People UK site, as well as specialty clothing boutiques, department stores, and the brand’s freestanding retail locations in the U.S. and Canada.

History
In the early 1970s, Richard Hayne opened a store in West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with his first wife, Judy Wicks, and named it Free People. His store attracted the young people who lived and shopped in the area. When its popularity grew, he opened a second store, and he changed its name from Free People to Urban Outfitters. Urban Outfitters’ business began to grow rapidly. Dick’s then wife, Meg, oversaw the development of Urban Outfitters’ private label division, which supported product exclusive to Urban Outfitters. This proved to be quite successful; by 1984, the wholesale line "Free People" was back in action.

In the fall of 2002, the first Free People Boutique opened in Paramus, New Jersey. Since the first boutique opened, there are now boutiques all over the United States and Canada. Free People developed an app which allows users to shop and to upload their own looks and pictures wearing Free People clothing and products.

In 2006, Free People partnered with Ed Mullen Studio to design an e-commerce strategy.

As of 2021, Free People sells in over 1,400 specialty stores worldwide. Some department stores, such as Nordstrom and Bloomingdale's, have created in-store concept shops.

Along with serving as URBN’s chief creative officer, Margaret Hayne is also currently chief executive of Free People.

In the first six months of 2013, sales topped $180 million, an increase over the $135 million in 2012; the company's use of big data and social commerce were factors in its sales growth.

Boutiques and showrooms
Free People has a total of 136 free standing boutiques across the United States and Canada. The company also operates wholesale a pop-up showroom located in the United Kingdom: the only store outside of North America. There are shows every month. It also sells sell its clothing to independent boutiques within Canada. The company's flagship, resides in Rockefeller Center, NYC. It is Free People's largest standing store, but it is not much different from the other brick and mortar stores. The theme and vibe of the brand is apparent from store to store.

Controversies
In May 2015, the company was criticized online by professional ballet dancers for using an untrained dancer in an ad.

In April 2016, the company was criticized for the advertisements of its new clothing line directed towards music festival attendees. The advertisements promoted Native American styled clothing on a Caucasian model, which garnered criticism on social media.

Sponsored Athletes
Free People lists the following athletes as brand ambassadors:

Track & Field

 * Annie Kunz
 * Jess Hunter
 * Quanesha Burks
 * Jessie Knight
 * Dominique Ruotolo

Tennis

 * Sloane Stephens
 * Danielle Collins

Volleyball

 * Julia Scoles

Snowboard

 * Ty Schnorrbusch
 * Emily Arthur

title: Free People


text:
Byng Inlet, Ontario

Byng Inlet is a ghost town and community in Unorganized Centre Parry Sound District, Ontario, Canada. For a period in the nineteenth century it was home to one of the largest sawmill operations in Canada. The name of the town came from that of the English Admiral John Byng. It is also the name of the body of water, on which the village is situated, on the south shore of the Byng Inlet a widening of the Magnetawan River, near its mouth on Georgian Bay.

The Byng Inlet area is administered as part of Britt's local services board.

History
First established as a mill town in 1869, there have been a number mills at Byng Inlet. At first, growth of the village was sporadic, operations of the mills fluctuating with the changes in the tariffs on lumber exported to the United States, (the market for the output of Georgian Bay mills). Even the panic of 1873 with widespread affects, threatened the lumber industry at Byng Inlet. It would not be until the 1890s that mill workers established their roots, and Byng Inlet became their permanent home.

In 1897 the Holland and Emery Lumber Company of East Tawas, Michigan, relocated their mill from Saginaw Bay, to Byng Inlet. Having acquired the Magnetawan timber berths from Merrill and Ring, (another Michigan lumber firm). Nelson Holland and Temple Emery also acquired the Page mill, from Merrill and Ring in 1899, however, owing to financial difficulty of Mr. Emery, this was subsequently sold and removed.

A new partnership was started with Nelson Holland and L P Graves, along with James Thissel Emery and others. Luther Pomeroy Graves, had been a longtime associate of Nelson Holland, being the head of the firm Graves, Manbert and George, at Black Rock, NY, which marketed Holland and Emery's lumber, forwarding it through the Erie Canal. Temple Emery's nephew, James Thissel Emery, a millwright also a longtime associate of Mr. Holland, had apprenticed at Henry W. Sage's mill in Bay City and at Holland's mill, previously located in East Saginaw.

In the early 1900s Holland and Graves expanded their operations, the connection of the Canadian Pacific Railway through the village, offered new markets for their lumber, which prior to 1908, was only shipped by water. Under the name of Graves, Bigwood and Company, since 1907, William Bigwood of this partnership was the son-in-law of Temple Emery.

As the mill grew, so did the town's population. To accommodate the growing town, a bakery, theatre, hotel and post office were constructed. The mill would continue to operate until it burned in 1912. It was quickly rebuilt and returned to operation in 1913. Approximately 450 people lived in the shanty houses and the 50 or so solid houses in the area. The mill employed some 1250 people, while the town's overall population was 4,200.

In 1927, after the resources dried up and the mill closed, without any other form of industry to keep the population employed, most of the people left. The town currently retains a small permanent population, which is primarily due to the services of nearby Highway 69.

A forestry fire tower was built in the village in the 1950s but was later dismantled. The footings can still be seen.

title: Byng Inlet, Ontario


text: Category:Operas by Alfredo Catalani

title: Category:Operas by Alfredo Catalani


text:
Talk:Chicago Tunnel Company

Untitled
Where did the system connect to the surface? --SPUI (talk) 06:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't think it did, and it could only be accessed by elevator. I could be mistaken though. --MasterA113 13:33, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Is there anyone actively following / contributing to this page? If so, would there be any objections in migrating the non-first-person content from Phillip J. O'Keefe's Chicago Tunnel Company website onto this page? (I am in contact with him and he informs me that he abandoned the site in 2003 and is surprised Ameritech hasn't deleted it yet.) Double Top Secret 17:57, 2 May 2007 (UTC)

Double Top Secret, I would say that you should go ahead and put the information up, and include a link to his page (or an archive.org copy) in the references.Nlaporte 12:52, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Does anyone have a link to Mr. O'Keefe's article? It is well written and good for a few hours' reading. I am sorry the original site has gone away. I had linked to it from my Website and I would love to re-link to a new location. If it needs a new home I can provide that.

What?
In 1912, the Illinois Tunnel Company, descendant of Illinois Telephone and Telegraph Company was reorganized and renamed the Chicago Tunnel Company, and all of the telephone cables were removed from the tunnels.

This makes little sense in English. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.42.129.49 (talk) 19:53, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Assessment
Quick comments
 * 1937 Chicago Tunnel Terminal Company.jpg has an image licensing problem
 * Solved by changing to a different tunnel map. Douglas W. Jones (talk) 15:57, 11 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Please beef up WP:LEAD. An article of this length should have a three or four paragraph LEAD.
 * Please clean up the citation needed templates.
 * Try to merge or expand single-line and/or single-sentence paragraphs.
 * Try to use at least one citation per paragraph.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 08:13, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Chicago Tunnel Company


text:
Flue gas

Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases, as from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator. It often refers to the exhaust gas of combustion at power plants. Technology is available to remove pollutants from flue gas at power plants.

Combustion of fossil fuels is a common source of flue gas. They are usually combusted with ambient air, with the largest part of the flue gas from most fossil-fuel combustion being nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

Description
Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from combustion, as from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator.

Power plants
Quite often, the flue gas refers to the combustion exhaust gas produced at power plants. Its composition depends on what is being burned, but it will usually consist of mostly nitrogen (typically more than two-thirds) derived from the combustion of air, carbon dioxide, and water vapor as well as excess oxygen (also derived from the combustion air). It further contains a small percentage of a number of pollutants, such as particulate matter (like soot), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides.

Scrubbing
At power plants, flue gas is often treated with a series of chemical processes and scrubbers, which remove pollutants. Electrostatic precipitators or fabric filters remove particulate matter and flue-gas desulfurization captures the sulfur dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels, particularly coal. Nitrogen oxides are treated either by modifications to the combustion process to prevent their formation, or by high temperature or catalytic reaction with ammonia or urea. In either case, the aim is to produce nitrogen gas, rather than nitrogen oxides. In the United States, there is a rapid deployment of technologies to remove mercury from flue gas—typically by absorption on sorbents or by capture in inert solids as part of the flue-gas desulfurization product. Such scrubbing can lead to meaningful recovery of sulfur for further industrial use.

Technologies based on regenerative capture by amines for the removal of from flue gas have been deployed to provide high purity  gas to the food industry, and for enhanced oil recovery. They are now under active research as a method for capture for long-term storage as a means of greenhouse gas remediation, and have begun to be implemented in a limited way commercially (e.g. the Sleipner West field in the North Sea, operating since 1996).

There are a number of proven technologies for removing pollutants emitted from power plants that are now available. There is also much ongoing research into technologies that will remove even more air pollutants.

Fossil fuels
Most fossil fuels are combusted with ambient air (as differentiated from combustion with pure oxygen). Since ambient air contains about 79 volume percent gaseous nitrogen (N2), which is essentially non-combustible, the largest part of the flue gas from most fossil-fuel combustion is uncombusted nitrogen. Carbon dioxide (CO2), the next largest part of flue gas, can be as much as 10−25 volume percent or more of the flue gas. This is closely followed in volume by water vapor (H2O) created by the combustion of the hydrogen in the fuel with atmospheric oxygen. Much of the 'smoke' seen pouring from flue gas stacks is this water vapor, forming a cloud as it contacts cool air.

A typical flue gas from the combustion of fossil fuels contains very small amounts of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter. The nitrogen oxides are derived from the nitrogen in the ambient air, as well as from any nitrogen-containing compounds in the fossil fuel. The sulfur dioxide is derived from any sulfur-containing compounds in the fuels. The particulate matter is composed of very small particles of solid materials and very small liquid droplets which give flue gases their smoky appearance.

The steam generators in large power plants and the process furnaces in large refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, and incinerators burn considerable amounts of fossil fuels and therefore emit large amounts of flue gas to the ambient atmosphere. The table below presents the total amounts of flue gas typically generated by the burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas, fuel oil and coal. The data were obtained by stoichiometric calculations.

The total amount of wet flue gas generated by coal combustion is only 10 percent higher than the flue gas generated by natural-gas combustion (the ratio for dry flue gas is higher).

Composition of flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion

 * m3 are standard cubic meters at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa, and scf is standard cubic feet at 60 °F and 14.696 psia.

title: Flue gas


text:
Category talk:Indian people

Suggestion
- new category of Indian businesspeople? This category exists for several other nationalities.

Jaraalbe 06:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC) Sanjay malhotra

Proposed renamings July 18, 2006
I've made a proposal to start renaming the residence subcategories "people of" to the standard Wiki guideline of "people from". That discussion is at Categories_for_deletion/Log/2006_July_18--Mereda 08:24, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Indian people


text:
Jere Burns

Jere Eugene Burns II (born October 15, 1954) is an American actor who has appeared in theatre productions and on television. He played the roles of ladies' man Kirk Morris on the television series Dear John, DIA psychiatrist Anson Fullerton on the television series Burn Notice, Jack on the sitcom Something So Right, and Dixie Mafia middle-man Wynn Duffy on Justified.

Early life
Jere Eugene Burns II was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the son of a gown and cap manufacturer. He attended the Browne & Nichols School and graduated in 1973. Burns was drawn to acting late in college. After graduating from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1980, he moved to Manhattan and was cast in Don Juan at the New York Shakespeare Festival.

Career
Burns has appeared on Broadway; his Broadway theatre credits include Hairspray and After the Night and the Music.

Burns made his television debut in a small role on ABC's ABC Afterschool Special episode "Mom's on Strike" in 1984. He had a recurring role as rapist James Fitzsimmons on Hill Street Blues and body collector Breughel on Max Headroom. In 1988 he landed the role of sleazy Kirk Morris on Dear John. In 1989 he appeared in the William Lustig film Hit List as Jared Riley. He appeared as the villainous Cade Dalton on the NBC miniseries The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991), hateful Vice President of Sales Pete Schmidt on Bob (1993), a member of the feuding family in Greedy (1994), Jack Farrell in Something So Right (1996), and Ben Stuart in Life-Size (2000). He portrayed the title character's brother in "The Trouble with Harry", an episode of the series Twice in a Lifetime directed by David Winning (2000); Frank Alfonse on Good Morning, Miami (2002); Keith on The King of Queens (2006); Michael on Help Me Help You (2006); Dr. Jim on Surviving Suburbia (2007); Derek Ford on Psych, Bosco on Grey's Anatomy (2013); and Jacob Tiernan on Lucifer (2019). He starred as an FBI agent in the movie Otis (2008). Other screen credits include Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles (2001).

In 2010, he appeared in AMC's series Breaking Bad as the group leader for a Narcotics Anonymous meeting as a part of a twelve-step program, which main character Jesse Pinkman attended. He also had a recurring role on FX's Justified as Wynn Duffy, a sadistic lieutenant in the Dixie Mafia, and appeared as villain Anson Fullerton in Seasons 5 and 6 (2011–2012) of Burn Notice on USA Network.

Burns had a recurring role as Jake Abernathy on the A&E series Bates Motel in 2013, and appeared as Lieutenant Atkins in the TBS series Angie Tribeca.

Personal life
In 1982, Burns was married to Melissa Keeler. After 14 years of marriage, they filed for divorce in 1996. The following year in 1997, he married actress Kathleen Kinmont, and they divorced in 1999. In 2008, he was married to Leslie Cohen. They later divorced in 2018 after ten years of marriage.

He has four children.

title: Jere Burns