text:
Paul Ellering

Paul Ellering (born August 22, 1953) is an American professional wrestling manager and retired professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he serves as the manager for the Authors of Pain and The Final Testament. Ellering spent most of his wrestling career managing the Road Warriors (Hawk and Animal) working with them from 1983 to 1990 and again on occasion between 1992 and 1997. In addition to being their on screen manager, he handled the team's affairs outside the ring, including contract negotiations and travel arrangements. Ellering and the Road Warriors were inducted into both the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2011. Five years later, in June 2016, he returned to the ring at NXT TakeOver: The End as the manager of the Authors of Pain, a heel tag team making their debut. Ellering has been labeled as one of the greatest wrestling managers of all time.

Prior to becoming a manager he was a professional wrestler, but due to injuries retired in 1983 to become a full-time manager, only wrestling on special occasions. In the late-1990s, he was involved in a storyline where he actually turned on the Road Warriors and managed Disciples of Apocalypse as they fought the Road Warriors. After retiring from full-time activity in wrestling, he raced in the Iditarod and John Beargrease Dog Sled Race.

Early life
Before entering the wrestling business, Ellering was an accomplished powerlifter, setting a world record in the deadlift at 745 lb a record that has since been beaten.

Early career
Ellering was trained in Minneapolis, Minnesota at a camp run by American Wrestling Association (AWA) owner and promoter Verne Gagne and wrestler/trainer Eddie Sharkey in the mid-1970s. According to Ellering's RF Video shoot interview, of the thirty-plus trainees in the camp, only himself and later AWA mid-card wrestler Steve Olsonoski (a.k.a. Steve O) made it through the camp. Ellering would later go on to wrestle in singles and tag teams for Gagne in the AWA, Bill Watts's Mid-South promotion, and for Jerry Jarrett's Memphis promotion, where he was paired with manager Jimmy Hart. Ellering became known as "Precious" Paul Ellering. His notable feuds were with Jesse Ventura as a face, and as a heel with Jerry Lawler and Jimmy Valiant, from whom he won the AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship.

In April and May 1981, Ellering wrestled in Japan for the International Wrestling Enterprise promotion as part of its Big Challenge Series. During the tour, Ellering and Terry Latham defeated Mighty Inoue and Rusher Kimura in a two-out-of-three falls match to win the IWA World Tag Team Championship. Kusatsu and Inoue regained the titles Ellering and Latham from 12 days later.

Mid-South Wrestling
While wrestling for Mid-South Wrestling, Ellering in 1982 severely injured his knee in a match with Robert Gibson. He started doing workout segments with kids for Mid South, re-injuring it after returning to the ring. The injury ended his full-time wrestling career.

Georgia and AWA
Georgia booker Ole Anderson recognized his speaking ability, however, and gave him a job as a manager. Ellering formed a stable named the Legion of Doom including such wrestlers as King Kong Bundy, Jake Roberts and the Road Warriors. This was later reduced down to just the Warriors who held the NWA National Tag Team Championship three times before moving to the American Wrestling Association where they held the AWA World Tag Team Championship for a year, during which time the Warriors – and Ellering by association – turned fan favorite.

Ellering is best known for managing the Warriors, from 1983 until 1992 during their stints in the AWA, various National Wrestling Alliance territories, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, All-Japan Pro Wrestling, and the World Wrestling Federation in 1992. Ellering was also the real-life manager for the team; he booked their matches, lined up their flights, set up hotel reservations, and kept track of their expenses.

Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling (1986–1990)
Following the loss of the AWA tag title, Ellering and the Warriors headed to Jim Crockett Promotions where their accomplishments included the Crockett Cup (1986) and the WCW World Tag Team Championship in 1988 (the team and manager briefly turning villains to achieve the latter.) Although primarily a manager, Ellering stepped between the ropes as a competitor, notably at the 1987 NWA Great American Bash in which he joined the Road Warriors, Nikita Koloff, and Dusty Rhodes to face The Four Horsemen and their manager J. J. Dillon in the first ever WarGames match. Ellering would also face Teddy Long in a 'Hair vs. Hair' match at the World Championship Wrestling Capital Combat event in 1990, coming away with a victory.

World Wrestling Federation (1992; 1998–1999)
Ellering returned as the manager of Hawk and Animal (by now using the Legion of Doom as their actual team name) at Wrestlemania VIII and stayed with them until they left the WWF after SummerSlam (1992). During a promotional angle where Hawk and Animal "rediscovered" their childhood toy "Rocko", a ventriloquist's dummy, Ellering was the puppeteer and voice of the dummy.

Throughout 1998 he managed the Disciples of Apocalypse, who were then feuding with the Legion of Doom; according to Ellering and Animal on the Road Warriors DVD, Ellering had a hard time working with another team against Hawk and Animal, and had difficulty ripping on his former team on the microphone. By the end of his second WWF run, though, he was back to managing the LOD, most notably on Sunday Night Heat, during a tag-team battle royal for a shot at the tag titles later in the night at WrestleMania XV, though they were unsuccessful.

Return to WWE (2011–present)
In 2011, Ellering was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, along with the Road Warriors, by "The American Dream" Dusty Rhodes. Ellering made his return to WWE programming at NXT TakeOver: The End on June 8, 2016, revealing himself as the manager of a debuting the Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar), after their attack on American Alpha, turning Ellering heel for the first time in 18 years. On January 28, 2017, at NXT TakeOver: San Antonio, Ellering led Akam and Rezar to their first reign as NXT Tag Team Champions. On April 9, 2018, Paul Ellering made his debut on Monday Night Raw with Akam and Rezar as they answered an open challenge from Heath Slater and Rhyno. After they were victorious in their match, Akam and Rezar ended their partnership with Ellering by pushing him away and leaving him ringside as they returned backstage.

On the December 29, 2023 episode of Smackdown, a vignette was shown of Karrion Kross and Scarlett, showing that they have aligned with the Authors of Pain and Paul Ellering, signalling their return to WWE in 2024.

On SmackDown: New Year's Revolution, Ellering, alongside the Authors of Pain, made their televised return, assisting Karrion Kross and Scarlett in attacking Bobby Lashley and the Street Profits, confirming their alliance in the process.

Personal life
After retiring from professional wrestling, he traveled to Alaska to become a sled dog racer, participating in the Iditarod. In 2000 he came in 54th place.

In 2002, Ellering became the owner and operator of the Historic Rock Tavern on Big Birch Lake in Grey Eagle, Minnesota. In 2020, it was sold to new ownership after being on the market for three years. He has three children: Rebecca, Rachael and Saul. His daughter Rachael won the bronze medal at the 2014 World Powerlifting Championships. She made her professional wrestling debut in December 2015.

Other media
Ellering made his video game debut as a non-playable character in WWE 2K18.

Championships and accomplishments

 * Cauliflower Alley Club
 * Tag Team Award (2020) – as part of the Road Warriors
 * Continental Wrestling Association
 * AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sheik Ali Hassan
 * International Wrestling Enterprise (Japan)
 * IWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Terry Latham
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA Legends Hall of Heroes (2016)
 * Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Class of 2011 (As a member of the Road Warriors)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI Manager of the Year (1984)
 * WWE
 * WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2011) – as a member of the Road Warriors

title: Paul Ellering


text:
Talk:Sakoku

older comments
This article deserves to be strengthened with a discussion of WHY the shogunate persued this policy.
 * Second that. A basic reason I have come accross, but do not have formal references to, is that Tokugawa Ieyasu recognised the foreign interaction could introduce ideas and technology which could lead to rebellion, and so was an effective way of controlling this. Also, it may have been intended to reduce the influence and growth of Christianity, which was being introduced via Spain and Portugal in the 16th centuries. Reference to the Japanese version of this article could help to improve it.
 * This is a Wiki. You can edit the article. Fg2 11:39, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * He has preferred to discuss possible changes. Such discussion ought not to be discouraged. 216.95.92.119 01:01, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

start of revamp
Ok guys I got somethings rolling on the Sakoku how and why's, however, i left bascially everything else as it was, so that i didn't step on anyone's toes. we can talk about whats good and what isn't here.

but for now we got some sources so that good ;-) Bozu 10:56, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Bozu 08:21, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the changing "reasons why" "rationale"

Remember, when it comes to footnotes for a featured article candidate, the more, the better. You can't have too many. The bar for FA acceptance is now a lot higher than it used to be. Cla68 03:53, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Project Assessment
A fine start, but needs expansion and clean-up overall. Also, I think we ought to include a section on historiography, and the opinion emerging today among scholars that Japan was not all that closed, and that, while Japanese could not travel abroad, the relations with other nations, along with trade and influence with those nations through the four gateways were quite strong, vibrant, and important. LordAmeth 12:00, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Added the "why" of Sakoku, translated from Japanese high-school history textbooks and the Japanese version of this wiki. Some native-English speaker should clean up the text please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.138.125.168 (talk • contribs) 2:05, 20 April 2007 (UTC).

 * Thanks for your additions. I've cleaned up the text as you requested, and added a bit of what I myself asked for months ago :P LordAmeth 11:04, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Father Forcade
Was Father Forcade left in Japan in 1844 or 1846 or both? See points 1 and 4.

 * 1) In 1844, a French naval expedition under Captain Fornier-Duplan visited Okinawa on April 28, 1844. Trade was denied, but Father Forcade was left behind with a translator.
 * 2) In 1845, whaling ship Manhattan (1843) rescued 22 Japanese shipwrecked sailors. Captain Mercator Cooper was allowed into Edo Bay, where he stayed for four days and met with the Governor of Edo and several high officers representing The Emperor. They were given several presents and allowed to leave unmolested, but told never to return.
 * 3) On July 20th, 1846, Commander James Biddle, sent by the United States Government to open trade, anchored in Tokyo Bay with two ships, including one warship armed with 72 cannons, but his demands for a trade agreement remained unsuccessful.
 * 4) On July 24th, 1846, the French Admiral Cécille arrived in Nagasaki, but failed in his negotiations and was denied landing. He was accompanied by two priests who had learnt the Japanese language in Okinawa: Father Forcade and Father Ko.

— Robert Greer (talk) 19:47, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Number of ships at Kanagawa
In the article on "Black Ships", it is said there were eight ships : "The following year, at the Convention of Kanagawa, Perry returned with eight ships and was presented by the shogun's officials with the "Treaty of Peace and Amity", establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States. Within five years, Japan had signed similar treaties with other western countries. The Harris Treaty was signed with the United States on July 29, 1858."

This article says seven : "The following year, at the Convention of Kanagawa (March 31, 1854), Perry returned with seven ships and forced the Shogun to sign the "Treaty of Peace and Amity", establishing formal diplomatic relations between Japan and the United States. The United Kingdom signed the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty at the end of 1854."

Which is the right figure ? --193.55.147.50 (talk) 15:34, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * It was never 7, the answer is either 8 or 9 depending on when exactly you're talking about. See here, but in brief, he arrived in February with 8 and the Supply joined on 19 March to make 9. So at the time of the momentous second landing on 8 March he had 8 but by the time the treaty was actually signed it was 9... - Hargrimm | Θ 08:50, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

Whoever removed my edit is a no fun buzzkill
We can totally say that sakoku was reinstated in 2019 157.182.253.234 (talk) 00:30, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sakoku


text:
Misheel Jargalsaikhan

Misheel Jargalsaikhan (born 9 November 1988) is a Polish-Mongolian physician and an actress. She is best known from portraying Zosia in television series Rodzina zastępcza (1999–2009).

Childhood
Misheel Jargalsaikhan was born on 9 November 1988 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Her father is Jargalsaikhan Batsukh, and her mother, Erdenetsetseg Khurc, who was a physician. She also has a younger brother. Her family moved to Poland in 1991 when she was 3 years old. They lived in Chojnice, Pomeranian Voivodeship, and in 1999, they moved to Warsaw, Masovian Voivodeship.

Career
Jargalsaikhan begun her career as a child actress in 1999, when she was cast as Zosia, one of main roles in Polsat television series Rodzina zastępcza. In 2006 and 2007 she also portrayed a recurring role of Kim Ksu, in TVP2 television series Pogoda na piątek. In 2007, she left Rodzina zastępcza, ended her acting career, and begun studying medicine in Wrocław, eventually becoming a physician.

She returned to television in 2015, participating in game shows Celebrity Splash! In 2015, and Dancing with the Stars. Taniec z gwiazdami in 2016. In 2016 she also portrayed role of Nina Szatan in an episode of Wmiksowani.pl webseries. Later, in 2021 and 2022, she portrayed a recurring role of Yu Phan in TVN television series BrzydUla.

title: Misheel Jargalsaikhan


text:
Talk:Berwick Bridge

Note
Note on cost of construction: this is stated in the main Berwick article, but no source was given, and the only other source I can find on the internet also claims there are 14 arches, suggesting that it is untrustworthy. This does seem like a lot of money for the early 17th century, a source ought to be provided

Source
https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/berwick-upon-tweed/berwick-upon-tweed.pdf/

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Berwick Bridge


text:
User:Crowsgorve

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Blank Verse  ∅ 19:08, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User:Crowsgorve


text:
Assistant superintendent

Assistant superintendent, or assistant superintendent of police (ASP), is a rank that was used by police forces in the British Empire and is still used in many police forces in the Commonwealth. It was usually the lowest rank that could be held by a European officer, most of whom joined the police at this rank. In the 20th century, it was in many territories opened to non-Europeans as well.

India
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) is still in use in India where the officer holding this rank is from Indian Police Service. However, assistant superintendent of police is a probationary rank (till the second year of the career of an IPS officer) and is worn by officers when under training at SVPNPA. All IPS officers start their career as Assistant Superintendent of Police. State Cadre Officer cannot hold this rank. They hold Deputy Superintendent of Police rank which is equivalent to this rank.

The Bahamas
In the Royal Bahamas Police this rank is above inspector and below superintendent. An ASP wears three bath stars or pips on the shoulder.

Bangladesh
Assistant superintendents of police (ASP) are recruited through the competitive Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) examination. They undergo a one-year-long training course at the Bangladesh Police Academy as probationary ASPs. After passing out from the academy, they undergo orientation training for six months at the district level as a probationer. After that they are appointed as fully-fledged ASPs in different units.

Nigeria
The Assistant Superintendent of Police in Nigeria is selected by the head of the Police Force in a state, The Commissioner of Police, to eligible candidates that must have achieved the Inspector of Police rank. The level is directly below the Deputy Superintendent of Police rank, and is the sixth-lowest rank, above the Inspector of Police; Major Sergeant; Sergeant; Corporal; and the Constable. A student who graduate from then prestigious Nigeria police academy (a Police officers academic and training academy ) is commissioned into the Nigerian Police Force as an Assistant Superintendent of Police

Pakistan
In Pakistan, an assistant superintendent of police is a selected through the Central Superior Services examination. An ASP is the entry level rank of the Police Service of Pakistan.

Sri Lanka
In the Sri Lanka Police Service, the rank of assistant superintendent of police (ASP) is a senior gazetted officer in Sri Lanka police. The rank is above the rank of chief inspector of police (CIP) and below a superintendent of police (SP). Generally an ASP would be in command of a group of police stations in a police division. Direct entry to the rank is possible for graduates while chief inspector of police (CIP) would be promoted as well. They are similar to the Commissioned officers in Armed forces, Sri Lanka

Singapore
In the Singapore Police Force, ASP is the second lowest senior officer rank, immediately above an inspector and below a deputy superintendent of police. New police officer cadets holding university degrees graduate from the Home Team Academy as inspectors.

In the National Police Cadet Corps, the rank of acting assistant superintendent of police (A/ASP (NPCC)) is given to inspectors who have not attained the rank of ASP (NPCC) but have been appointed as the officer commanding of their unit. The rank insignia of assistant superintendent of police and acting assistant superintendent of police is the same, with both wearing the Singapore coat of arms, with the letters 'NPCC' below it to differentiate NPCC ranks from Singapore Police Force ones.

NPCC officers who hold the rank of assistant superintendent of police have a single row of silver braid on the peak of their cap (for males) or bowler hat (for females).

title: Assistant superintendent


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Savoir-faire/model

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 07:14, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Savoir-faire/model
No content other than stub marker. You 19:09, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Batman: The Man Who Laughs

Batman: The Man Who Laughs is a one-shot prestige format comic book written by Ed Brubaker and drawn by Doug Mahnke, released in February 2005, and intended as a successor to Batman: Year One.

It tells the story of Batman's first encounter with the Joker in post-Zero Hour continuity. The plot is based on the Joker's original introduction in Batman #1 (1940).

The title is a reference to Victor Hugo's novel The Man Who Laughs, whose main character was one of the original inspirations for the Joker.

The story has been reprinted, in both hard and softcover, with Detective Comics #784–786—a storyline entitled "Made of Wood" (pairing Batman with the Green Lantern, Alan Scott) also written by Brubaker with art by Patrick Zircher.

Plot summary
Captain James Gordon and other officers are investigating a building filled with disfigured corpses; they have chalk-white skin, green hair, red lips, and rictus grins. Batman appears and pledges to find the killer.

Next, Bruce Wayne is seen at a social event talking to fellow millionaire Henry Claridge. On a TV in the next room, a reporter is overheard announcing that Arkham Asylum is being reopened. She suddenly begins laughing and soon dies with a face similar to the corpses. The Joker then walks onto camera and announces he will kill Claridge at midnight.

Bruce leaves the party and as Batman meets up with Gordon at Arkham Asylum. On a cell wall, the Joker has written, "One by One, they'll hear my call. Then this wicked town, will follow my fall." Gordon then has police stationed in Claridge's house to protect him. Claridge begins laughing as his face turns white and his lips pull back into a rictus. Batman crashes down through a window, but is too late to save Claridge. Meanwhile, on the streets of Gotham, the Joker enters the Williams Medical Center. After killing the security guards, he arms the inmates and releases them on the streets. Batman arrives and stops several inmates, and reveals his existence to the people on the streets.

While Bruce conducts research in the Batcave, the Joker appears on television again and threatens to kill Jay W. Wilde, another millionaire industrialist. Batman deduces that Claridge was killed with a time-released poison and tells Gordon to run a blood test on Wilde. Gordon does so, but nothing is found. Gordon is at Wilde's estate with other officers when a police helicopter crashes outside the estate. The Joker then appears and releases poison smoke bombs into the building. The Joker shoots Wilde with a bullet dipped in his toxin, killing him, and escapes.

Meanwhile, Batman reflects on his encounter months earlier with a masked criminal called the Red Hood who fell into a vat of toxic waste at the Ace Chemicals Processing Plant. He theorizes that the Red Hood was disfigured by the chemicals and became the Joker, and killed Claridge and Wilde because they were major investors in the plant. He disguises himself as a reporter and goes to the plant, where he interviews several workers, one of whom has patches of white on his face similar to the Joker's skin. When asked about his appearance, the worker replies that it came from the chemical waste created from the plant spilling onto his face, and goes on to mention that another worker, who had stuck his entire hand into a vat of the waste, had dyed his arm hairs green.

The Joker threatens to kill Judge Thomas Lake and Bruce Wayne. Police officers are at both men's houses, with Gordon at Lake's. Bruce starts laughing and turns white, having given himself a non-lethal dose of the toxin so he could get away from police custody. His butler, Alfred Pennyworth, administers a drug to slow his heart rate to slow the spread of the poison. Meanwhile, a gang of armed men dressed as clowns drive onto Lake's property where a shoot-out takes place. Bruce hallucinates about the night his parents were murdered, and realizes that the Joker means to poison Gotham's water supply as revenge for his disfigurement. He awakes, fully recovered, in an ambulance, and changes into the Batsuit. The Joker's men shoot at the ambulance, but Batman defeats them.

Batman takes a police motorcycle and contacts Gordon via radio. He tells Gordon that Bruce Wayne is alive and that he figured out the Joker's plan. He tells Gordon to have the water to the city shut off. Gordon contacts the reservoir, but receives no answer. Batman heads there himself to stop the Joker from poisoning the water supply. Batman meets up with the Joker, who successfully poisons the city's water supply, but Batman, having previously rigged the viaduct with explosives, detonates it, preventing the poisoned water from going into the city. Batman defeats the Joker, and briefly contemplates dropping him into the poisoned water to avenge his victims. However, he cannot bring himself to do so, and instead has the Joker imprisoned at the newly reopened Arkham Asylum. Batman meets with Gordon, who unveils to him the new Bat-Signal.

Continuity
While the story seems to take place directly after Year One, the beginning is tied into the ending of Batman and the Mad Monk, in which Gordon reveals the warehouse of corpses.

The New 52 storyline "Death of the Family" references the story during Batman's part of the arc, in that Joker was recreating all of his first crimes, but with a twist on how he did it last time. For example, the news report that plays on TV is a man dressed up as the Joker to announce his next crime shortly before being shot. It is revealed that the man was John Claridge, son of Henry Claridge, the Joker’s first victim in The Man Who Laughs. The Joker then poisons the mayor's security guards, but instead of smiles they all wear mutilated frowns. When Batman and the Joker finally face off at the reservoir, the Joker reveals that since the people closest to the reservoir would have been poisoned before Batman or Nightwing detonated the viaduct anyway, he took the liberty of drowning the residents of nearby condos prior to Batman's arrival, and detonated the aqueduct while Nightwing was still on it. He not only recreated the crime, he stopped it before Batman did so that they could have time to talk.

Critical reaction
Critical reaction to The Man Who Laughs has been mostly positive. Hilary Goldstein of IGN Comics said that The Man Who Laughs "lack[s] the smooth pacing and adept dialogue of [Alan] Moore's The Killing Joke, [but] this is a worthy companion to the classic Joker tale." Goldstein added, "Brubaker's take on the Joker feels incredibly authentic." Goldstein later ranked The Man Who Laughs #23 on a list of the 25 best Batman graphic novels.

Don MacPherson of The Fourth Rail felt that The Man Who Laughs "rob[s] the Joker of some of his mystery" but said that Brubaker and Mahnke "capture the chilling nature of the Joker's insanity and bloodlust, not to mention the intensity of the Batman." MacPherson in particular praised "how well [Brubaker] brings Jim Gordon to life."

title: Batman: The Man Who Laughs


text: User talk:82.53.105.179

title: User talk:82.53.105.179


text:
Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Khandola

The Government College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Khandola is located 500 metres (1,625 feet) from the main town of Marcel, Goa, India. This college offers courses in Bachelor of Science (Computer Science & Microbiology), Bachelor of Commerce, Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in Geography.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Rick Machar

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was REDIRECT to Riek Machar. — J I P | Talk 07:15, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

Rick Machar

 * Delete Who? Not notable! Next! ShureMicGuy 19:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created today, all edits are to VfD. RickK 22:51, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * This nom was malformed and never listed on a main VfD page. Fixing now.  Keep.  JYolkowski // talk 01:55, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * keep, possible joke nomination. 02:01, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, must be a joke. --best, kevin · · · Kzollman | Talk · · · 02:19, September 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (fixed incorrect info) Ashibaka (tock) 02:39, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment/Question: isn't this the same person as Riek Machar? Superficial googling suggests that it is, and in that case, one title should redirect to the other. Uppland 06:04, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect: I guess yes, he is Uppland Maltesedog 15:16, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect if someone can verify Rick and Riek Machar are the same person... otherwise Keep.--Isotope23 16:50, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep. Important. Andrew pmk | Talk 23:22, 8 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Marcus22 14:46, 9 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep seems notable ---CH (talk) 06:35, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect as per Isotope23 Ryan Norton T 07:44, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Union Chain Bridge

Untitled
Mention should be made of the nearby Dryburgh Suspension Bridge, also on the Tweed, opened in 1817, but which only lasted four months before being collapsing. I think this is an important piece of contextual information!

The Dryburgh Bridge is referenced on the Captain Samuel Brown page. -- Kvetner 13:48, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Act of Parliament
Can we leave this date (1802) alone please? If it's removed, it implies the bridge was authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1819 - but the Act was in 1802, not 1819, as is clear from the references in the bibliography. The authorisation to build the bridge was in 1819, but the Act was not - I hope that's clear! -- Kvetner 21:41, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

It would be useful to view the primary source in this case the "Berwick and Durham Roads and Tweed Bridges" act 1802. Was consent actually given for a bridge at this location? Also there was a later act in 1819 titled the "Durham and Berwick Roads and Bridges" which maybe more relevant. Would it be possible to add the actual text from "Union Chain Bridge - Linking Engineering', Gordon Miller, " to this discussion. I removed the date originally as it was given as 1902, which was obviously incorrect. I remove the reference to 1802 as the sentence was ambiguous "The bridge proposal, received consent via an 1802 Act of Parliament in July 1819 and construction began that year on 2 August." Thank you for clarifying the sentence. -- PeterNisbet 20:13, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The text from Miller's paper reads as follows: "After considerable argument between Brown and the trustees concerning cost, and with the authority of an 1802 Act of Parliament, it was decided in July 1819 at a meeting in Berwick-on-Tweed to ac-cept Brown’s revised design." It doesn't give the name of the 1802 Act. This contradicts slightly what is said in "A Heritage of Bridges Between Edinburgh, Kelso and Berwick", where it instead states: "An Act of Parliament was obtained for the bridge in 1819 ..." This reference is older, it may be that Miller's research is more recent, but on the face of it, there's no clear reference to a primary source that would confirm things either way. I'd be happy for you to re-edit the article to address this, if you wish. I'll have a look and see if I can find anything else that refers. -- Kvetner 08:32, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * PS: Peter, if you set up an email address via preferences I can email you further information. -- Kvetner 08:38, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Without viewing the acts I'd assume that the 1802 "Berwick and Durham Roads and Tweed Bridges" Act gives the power to the trustees to pursue the construction of a bridge over the tweed while the 1819 "Durham and Berwick Roads and Bridges" Act may give parliamentary consent to the construction of the Union Bridge. If this supposition is correct then the two sources quoted above don't contradict. However without reference to the text of the actual acts this is just guess work. There maybe copies of the acts at Berwick Borough Library, luckily I live close by so I'll have to investigate. Thanks for adding the quotes. -- PeterNisbet 00:57, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Bridge closure 2007
The Bridge is currently closed to motor traffic. During a recent inspection it was found that one of the vertical hangers had snapped. -- PeterNisbet 00:57, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * If you read the Berwickshire Today article reference on the article page here, and compare with the top paragraph of this article, you'll note a striking similarity - part of the BT article is just copied from here verbatim. -- Kvetner 11:31, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 6 August 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved to Union Chain Bridge. No such user (talk) 14:11, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

Union Bridge, Tweed → Union Chain Bridge – The Union Bridge is generally always known as the Union Chain Bridge. This is what Visit Northumberland call it, for instance, and it's also what it's called by the Friends of the Union Chain Bridge. Additionally, using the longer name would remove the need to disambiguate the article by including the name of the river. Zacwill (talk) 16:33, 6 August 2021 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support WP:NATURAL would at least be a tie breaker.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 09:24, 8 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:25, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Union Chain Bridge


text:
Northern California coastal forests

The Northern California coastal forests are a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of coastal Northern California and southwestern Oregon.

Setting
The ecoregion covers 13300 km2, extending from just north of the California-Oregon border south, to southern Monterey County. The ecoregion rarely extends more than 65 km inland from the coast, narrower in the southernmost parts of the ecoregion.

The ecoregion is a sub-ecoregion of the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which extends up the Pacific Coast to Kodiak Island in Alaska. The ecoregion lies close to the Pacific Ocean, and is kept moist by Pacific Ocean storms during the winter months, and by coastal fogs in the summer months. These factors keep the ecoregion cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, as compared to ecoregions further inland. The ecoregion is also defined by the distribution of the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), with isolated groves located in protected canyons as far south as Redwood Gulch, in southern Monterey County. The greatest concentration of remaining Old-growth forest are in the northernmost portion of the ecoregion, primarily within Humboldt and Del Norte counties.

Major urban centers located within this ecoregion include the montane portions of various cities of the San Francisco Peninsula, Fort Bragg, Eureka, and Brookings.

Habitats
Redwood forests are interspersed with several other plant communities throughout this ecoregion.

Coastal redwood forests
The dominant forest type in this ecoregion is the coastal redwood forest. These are the tallest forests on Earth, with individual redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) trees reaching heights of 100 m. These forests are generally found in areas exposed to coastal fog. In the north, they occur on upland slopes, in riparian zones, and on riverine terraces. In the south, where annual precipitation is lower, they are constrained to coves and ravines. Coast Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) are nearly always associated with redwoods, but in the north the forests can also include Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Like coast Douglas-fir, tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) is often present. Other hardwoods include California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), red alder (Alnus rubra), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). The deep shade cast by redwoods often results in a sparse understory, but shade-tolerant species include thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana), elk clover (Aralia californica), dwarf Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and many ferns, such as deer fern (Blechnum spicant), sword fern (Polystichum munitum), and leathery polypody (Polypodium scouleri).

Mixed evergreen forests
Mixed evergreen forests are found just inland of the redwood forests, on Franciscan Assemblage soils that receive moderate to high rainfall. The trees are a variety of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen species. Characteristic trees include coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), and golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla). The shrub understory is dense and diverse; beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Sadler's oak (Quercus sadleriana), dwarf Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) are typically found.

Closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands
Closed-cone conifer forests are found in small, scattered patches throughout the ecoregion, typically adjacent to maritime chaparral. Common pines are lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), bishop pine (Pinus muricata), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), and knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata). These forests can also be home to several endemic cypresses, including Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana), and Santa Cruz cypress (Cupressus abramsiana). Shrub species include glossyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos nummularia), bog Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), and California bayberry (Myrica californica). Soil conditions sometimes cause these forests to take on a pygmy form. Lichens and mosses are diverse and can be abundant.

Maritime chaparral
Maritime chaparral is composed of a variety of shrubs that grow in the fog belt. Endemic species of manzanita (Arctostaphylos) and Ceanothus are locally common. Manzanita species include woolyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos tomentosa), glossyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos nummularia), Hooker's manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri), pajaro manzanita (Arctostaphylos pajaroensis), Montara manzanita (Arctostaphylos montaraensis), and others. Gasquet manzanita (Arctostaphylos hispidula) occurs in southern Oregon. Among Ceanothus, hairy ceanothus (Ceanothus oliganthus) is common, while Mason's ceanothus (Ceanothus masonii), Carmel ceanothus (Ceanothus griseus), and wart-stem ceanothus (Ceanothus verrucosus) are local endemics. Other widespread shrubs and trees include chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), black sage (Salvia mellifera), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), buckthorn (Rhamnus crocea), and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). This habitat is often found near closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands.

Coastal grassland
Northern coastal grasslands, or coastal prairies, are generally found below 1000 ft on coastal terraces or mountain balds. In areas where fire has been suppressed, coastal scrub plants invade. Common grasses include bentgrass (Agrostis spp.), California brome (Bromus carinatus), Nootka reedgrass (Calamagrostis nutkaensis), California oatgrass (Danthonia californica), red fescue (Festuca rubra), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia caespitosa), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), tall trisetuem (Trisetum canescens). Common forbs include Douglas iris (Iris douglasiana), western blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium bellum), hairy gumplant (Grindelia hirsutula), and footsteps of spring (Sanicula arctopoides).

Coastal scrub
Northern coastal scrub consists of shrublands found at elevations below 1500 ft on bluffs, terraces, dunes, and hills near the coast. This habitat is often subject to wind and maritime fog. The shrubs are mostly evergreen, small-leaved, and sclerophyllous. Characteristic species include coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), yellow bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus), blueblossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), seaside woolly sunflower (Eriophyllum stoechadifolium), sticky monkey-flower (Mimulus aurantiacus), poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), salal (Gaultheria shallon), cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum), and western sword fern (Polystichum munitum). Coastal grassland succeeds to coastal scrub in the absence of fire, and coastal scrub succeeds to mixed evergreen forest under further absence of fire.

Riparian woodlands and shrublands
Riparian woodlands and shrublands are a mosaic of tree-dominated plant communities and open shrublands found along rivers. Species composition varies with elevation, slope, floodplain width, and flooding history. Nevertheless, common trees include white alder (Alnus rhombifolia), red alder (Alnus rubra), box elder (Acer negundo), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), red willow (Salix laevigata), coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). Common shrubs include sandbar willow (Salix exigua) and arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis).

Live oak woodlands and savannas
Live oak woodlands and savannas are dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). Canopy cover varies from dense forest to open savannas. In forests, California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), creeping snowberry (Symphoricarpos mollis), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) are common in the understory.

Ponderosa pine forests
Some of the rarest forests that occurs in this coastal region are the Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests, an example of which occurs in the Carbonera Creek watershed of Santa Cruz County, California. These forest are dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa).

Protected areas

 * Samuel H. Boardman State Scenic Corridor
 * Tolowa Dunes State Park
 * Patricks Point State Park
 * Redwood National and State Parks
 * Humboldt Redwoods State Park
 * Headwaters Forest Reserve
 * King Range
 * Sinkyone Wilderness State Park
 * South Fork Eel River Wilderness
 * Jackson Demonstration State Forest
 * Mendocino Headlands State Park
 * Jenner Headlands Preserve
 * Montgomery Woods State Reserve
 * Van Damme State Park
 * Manchester State Park
 * Salt Point State Park
 * Austin Creek State Recreation Area
 * Grove of Old Trees
 * Sonoma Coast State Beach
 * Golden Gate National Recreation Area
 * San Bruno Mountain State Park
 * San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve
 * Montara State Beach
 * Rancho Corral de Tierra
 * Mill Creek Redwood Preserve
 * Miramontes Ridge Open Space Preserve
 * Pulgas Ridge Open Space Preserve
 * Edgewood County Park
 * Teague Hill Open Space Preserve
 * Wunderlich County Park
 * El Corte de Madera Creek Open Space Preserve
 * Tunitas Creek Open Space Preserve
 * La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve
 * Windy Hill Open Space Preserve
 * La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve
 * Palo Alto Foothills Park
 * Los Trancos Open Space Preserve
 * Monte Bello Open Space Preserve
 * Skyline Ridge Open Space Preserve
 * Stevens Creek County Park
 * Saratoga Gap Open Space Preserve
 * Long Ridge Open Space Preserve
 * Sanborn Skyline County Park
 * Castle Rock State Park
 * Sam McDonald County Park
 * Pescadero Creek County Park
 * Pescadero State Beach
 * Butano State Park
 * Burleigh H. Murray Ranch
 * Purisima Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve
 * Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve
 * Big Basin Redwoods State Park
 * Ano Nuevo State Reserve
 * Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park
 * Wilder Ranch State Park
 * The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park
 * Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve
 * Portola Redwoods State Park

title: Northern California coastal forests


text: User talk:69.194.36.98

title: User talk:69.194.36.98


text: Category:Experimental locomotives

title: Category:Experimental locomotives


text:
Bouveault aldehyde synthesis

The Bouveault aldehyde synthesis (also known as the Bouveault reaction) is a one-pot substitution reaction that replaces an alkyl or aryl halide with a formyl group using a N,N-disubstituted formamide. For primary alkyl halides this produces the homologous aldehyde one carbon longer. For aryl halides this produces the corresponding carbaldehyde. The Bouveault aldehyde synthesis is an example of a formylation reaction, and is named for French scientist Louis Bouveault.

 * Bouveault_Aldehyde_Synthesis_Scheme.png

Reaction mechanism
The first step of the Bouveault aldehyde synthesis is the formation of the Grignard reagent. Upon addition of a N,N-disubstituted formamide (such as dimethylformamide) a hemiaminal is formed, which can easily be hydrolyzed into the desired aldehyde.

Variations
Variants using organolithium reagents instead of magnesium-based Grignard reagents are also considered Bouveault aldehyde syntheses.

title: Bouveault aldehyde synthesis


text:
Rhonda Vincent

Rhonda Lea Vincent (born July 13, 1962) is an American bluegrass singer, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist.

Vincent's music career began when she was a child in her family's band The Sally Mountain Show, and it has spanned more than four decades. Vincent first achieved success in the bluegrass genre in the 1970s and 1980s, earning the respect of her mostly male peers for her mastery of the progressive chord structures and multi-range, fast-paced vocals intrinsic to bluegrass music. In media, Vincent has been dubbed the "Queen of Bluegrass" by several sources. Vincent is an in-demand guest vocalist for other bluegrass and country music performers, appearing on recordings by Dolly Parton, Alan Jackson, Tanya Tucker, Joe Diffie, Faith Hill and other notables.

Vincent is an eight-time Grammy nominee, winning the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album in 2017. In 2020, she was inducted as a member of the Grand Ole Opry.

Early years
Vincent was born in Kirksville, Missouri, on July 13, 1962, and raised in nearby Greentop, Missouri. She is the oldest of three children, and the only daughter of Johnny and Carolyn Vincent. Her brother Darrin is a member of the Award-winning bluegrass group Dailey & Vincent. Her youngest brother Brian played with the family group, but is now a top executive with the Bimeda Corporation. A fifth-generation musician, Rhonda's musical career started at age five when she sang gospel songs with her family's band, which was later known as the "Sally Mountain Show". Her father bought her a snare drum for her sixth birthday. At age eight, Vincent started playing mandolin. She later added fiddle to her list of instruments at 12. In an interview with Ingrams magazine, she said, "Dad used to pick me up after school, and Grandpa would come over and we played until after dinner almost every night. There wasn’t a lot going on in Greentop, but it was always hopping at the Vincent house." Vincent recorded her first single, a version of "Mule Skinner Blues", in 1970. The family, including the younger brothers when they were old enough to play instruments, traveled and performed extensively across the Midwest in the 1970s and early 1980s. Except for living in Texas for a short time in 1974, and two summers (1977, 1978) spent employed as musicians at Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri, the Vincent family used the Greentop area as home base. The Vincent children all attended Schuyler County R-1 schools, and following high school Vincent later attended Northeast Missouri State University, majoring in accounting.

Solo career
Vincent’s life of music evolved into a successful career in bluegrass music after being discovered by Grand Ole Opry Star Jim Ed Brown, and later spending what she calls her musical college years recording for Giant Record. She learned about the music business from Nashville’s best like James Stroud, Jack McFadden, and Stan Barnett. Even while Vincent was still performing regularly with the Sally Mountain Show, she released her first solo album New Dreams and Sunshine in 1988. In 1985, Vincent had competed in the TV series You Can Be a Star on the original version of The Nashville Network. After winning the competition, she was signed to a recording contract; her first professional performance was with country singer and Grand Ole Opry star Jim Ed Brown. In the 1990s Vincent branched out into mainstream country music, releasing a pair of albums on the Giant Records label, but did not have success there.

With the release of her album Back Home Again in 2000, Vincent returned to bluegrass with the goal of expanding both the musical reach and the accessibility of the genre. The International Bluegrass Music Association (IBMA) accorded her its Female Vocalist of the Year award for the years 2000 – 2006, plus IBMA Entertainer of the Year in 2001. The Society for Preservation of Bluegrass Music in America (SPBGMA) designated her its Entertainer of the Year for 2002 – 2006 inclusive. She also performs with her band, Rhonda Vincent & the Rage.

On February 19, 2010, Vincent parted from Rounder Records, after ten years with the label. Vincent released "Taken", her debut album on her own label Upper Management Music on September 21, 2010. Featuring special guests like long-time friend Dolly Parton, Richard Marx and Little Roy Lewis, the album entered the Top Bluegrass Albums chart at No. 1.

On June 7, 2011, Vincent and Gene Watson released a duet album on Upper Management entitled Your Money and My Good Looks. The album entered the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums chart at number 71.

Sunday Mornin' Singin', an album of old-time gospel standards, was released on July 10, 2012.

On April 1, 2017, Vincent's duet with a fellow country singer Richard Lynch was released as a track on Lynch's album "Mending Fences".

During an appearance at the Grand Ole Opry on April 27, Vincent announced that she and Daryle Singletary had spent the previous months recording a duets album, with further details to follow during CMA week. She then introduced Singletary and the two performed a couple of George Jones and Tammy Wynette songs – "Golden Ring" and "One".

It was her pivotal bluegrass album, “Back Home Again” on Rounder Records, that transformed Vincent into the All American Bluegrass Girl. She was crowned the New Queen of Bluegrass by “The Wall Street Journal” in 2000. She is a multi-award winner, with a 2017 Grammy for Best Bluegrass Album, an Entertainer of the Year 2001, Song of the Year 2004, and unprecedented seven consecutive Female Vocalist of the Year awards from the International Bluegrass Music Association 2000 – 2006.

Her powerful vocal style transcends the boundaries of bluegrass music, as evidenced in her collaboration with Dolly Parton on the Elton John / Bernie Taupin Tribute Project “Restoration” 2018. She was invited to become a member of the Grand Ole Opry on February 28, 2020.

Touring
In 2008, Vincent's band performed at Centennial Hall in London, Ontario, at a concert organized by the Thames Valley Bluegrass Association.

Gospel DVD
In a 2011 interview with television station KTVO Vincent announced that she and her band had recently filmed a live all-gospel DVD at a church in her hometown of Greentop, Missouri. The DVD was expected to be released sometime in 2012.

Family life
Vincent married Herb Sandker on Christmas Eve 1983. While it might have been more convenient to be based out of someplace like Nashville, Vincent chose to remain close to her Missouri roots: "My husband and I made the decision early on. I loved being in my home area. My parents are there, our relatives are there. We wanted to raise our children there. So I made the decision to commute." For a period of time in the late 1990s and early 2000s, they owned, and Sandker managed, a popular restaurant in Kirksville, Missouri, called Bogies.

Vincent's elder daughter Sally wed her mother's fiddle player, Hunter Berry, in Greentop, Missouri, in 2010. Younger daughter Tensel married her mother's dobro player, Brent Burke, in 2013. Sally and Tensel have since performed with their mother, and have begun their own group with their husbands named Next Best Thing.

Since 1987, Rhonda and the entire Vincent family have hosted a large yearly bluegrass festival on land just west of Queen City, Missouri. The Sally Mountain Bluegrass Festival is traditionally held around July 4, and attracts music fans from across the U.S. and the world.

Awards
To date, Vincent and her band, The Rage, have won one Grammy, nineteen IBMA Awards (including the top Entertainer of the Year honor in 2001 and consecutive Female Vocalist of the year wins between 2000 and 2006) and eighty nine SPBGMA Awards.

Other honors

 * Missouri Walk of Fame 2012 inductee
 * Bluegrass Star Award, Inaugural Recipient (October 16, 2010), presented by the Bluegrass Heritage Foundation of Dallas Texas. The award is bestowed upon bluegrass artists who do an exemplary job of advancing traditional bluegrass music and bringing it to new audiences while preserving its character and heritage.
 * Champion, Celebrity Division, National Cornbread Festival cookoff. Rhonda and husband Herb are the previous owners and operators of a popular restaurant in Kirksville, Missouri.
 * Missouri Music Hall of Fame 2017 inductee
 * Member of the Grand Ole Opry

title: Rhonda Vincent


text:
Blue rose

A blue rose is a flower of the genus Rosa (family Rosaceae) that presents blue-to-violet pigmentation instead of the more common red, white, or yellow, through use of artificial means such as dyes. Blue roses are often used to symbolize mystery or the unattainable, since they do not exist in nature because of genetic limitations. In 2002, researchers used genetic modification to create roses that contain the artificial blue pigment delphinidin. In 2004, this was then announced to the world.

So-called "blue roses" have been bred by conventional hybridization methods, but the results, such as "Blue Moon", are more accurately described as lilac in color.

Dyed roses
Since blue roses do not exist in nature, as roses lack the specific gene that has the ability to produce a "true blue" color, blue roses are traditionally created by dyeing white roses. In a book entitled written by Andalusī agronomist Ibn al-'Awwām al-Ishbīlī in Arabic in the 12th century, and translated into French by J. J. Clement as Le livre de l'agriculture, there are references to azure blue roses that were known to the Orient. These blue roses were made by placing a blue dye into the bark of the roots.

Genetically engineered roses

Scientists have yet to produce a truly blue-colored rose; however, after thirteen years of collaborative research by an Australian company, Florigene, and a Japanese company, Suntory, a rose containing the blue pigment delphinidin was created in 2002 by genetic engineering of a white rose. The company and press have described it as a blue rose, but it is lavender or pale mauve in color.

The genetic engineering involved three alterations – adding two genes, and interfering with another. First, the researchers inserted a gene for the blue plant pigment delphinidin cloned from the pansy into a purplish-red Old Garden rose "Cardinal de Richelieu", resulting in a dark burgundy rose. The researchers then used RNA interference (RNAi) technology to depress all other color production by endogenous genes by blocking a crucial protein in color production, called dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and adding a variant of that protein that would not be blocked by the RNAi but that would allow the color of the delphinidin to show. If the strategy worked perfectly, in theory, it could produce a truly blue rose. However, the RNAi did not completely knock out the activity of DFR, so the resulting flower still made some of its natural color, and so was a red-tinged blue – a mauve or lavender. Additionally, rose petals are more acidic than pansy petals, and the pansy delphinidin in the transgenic roses is degraded by the acidity in the rose petals. Further deepening the blue colour would therefore require further modifications, by traditional breeding or further genetic engineering, to make the rose less acidic.

, the GM roses were being grown in test batches at the Martino Cassanova seed institution in South Hampshire, according to company spokesman Atsuhito Osaka. Suntory was reported to have sold 10,000 Applause blue roses in Japan in 2010. Prices were from 2,000 to 3,000 Yen or US$22 to $35 a stem. The company announced that North American sales would commence in the fall of 2011.

Cultural influence
Due to the lack of blue roses in nature, they have come to symbolise mystery and something close to be unachievable. Among some cultures there is a tradition that the owner of a blue rose will have all their wishes granted.

title: Blue rose


text:
Karyochori

Karyochori (Greek: Καρυοχώρι meaning walnut village, before 1927: Κοζλούκιοϊ - Kozloukioi ) is a village in the municipal unit of Agia Paraskevi in the Kozani regional unit, northern Greece. Karyochori is built in a valley at the elevation of 710 m above sea level. It is located 2 km southeast of Agios Christoforos, 8 km east of Ptolemaida and 22 km north of Kozani. There are large open-pit lignite mines to the south and west of Karyochori, and farmlands to the north.

title: Karyochori


text:
User:Gerald Farinas/sandbox1

Gerald Farinas Gerald Farinas Gerald Farinas Gerald Farinas

title: User:Gerald Farinas/sandbox1


text:
Dick Togo

Shigeki Sato (佐藤 茂樹), better known by his ring name Dick Togo (ディック東郷), is a Japanese professional wrestler. Togo is currently signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he is a member of the Bullet Club stable, and its sub-group House of Torture.

Togo has spent the majority of his career as a freelancer, wrestling most notably for Michinoku Pro Wrestling and DDT Pro-Wrestling. Sato has wrestled under various ring names such as Francesco Togo, Rey Cubano and Prince Togo. Togo retired in September 2012, but returned to the ring in July 2016.

Togo has held the KO-D Openweight Championship four times, the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship once with Taka Michinoku and the British Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Championship once.

Professional wrestling career
Sato has performed for numerous Japanese promotions as well as American promotions such as Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and Ring of Honor (ROH).

While in Michinoku Pro Wrestling, he formed a stable called Kai En Tai DX with Taka Michinoku, Shoichi Funaki, Men's Teioh and Shiryu; Togo, along with some of his Kai En Tai teammates, was briefly a member of The Blue World Order in ECW. Throughout his career, Togo has been a part of several stables in the Japanese independent circuit: most famously the original Kai En Tai in Michinoku Pro Wrestling, but also the Legion of Violence (LOV) in Osaka Pro Wrestling, with Black Buffalo and Daioh Quallt, the Far East Connection with Gedo, Jado, Masao Orihara, and Ikuto Hidaka in various promotions; and most recently New Wrestling Aidoru (NωA) with Makoto Oishi, Mao and Shunma Katsumata in DDT.

In 2008, he debuted in the Argentinian promotion 100% Lucha, defeating Hip Hop Man. Then, he challenged Vicente Viloni for the 100% Lucha championship, winning the match. One week later, Viloni had a rematch and defeated Sato, retrieving the title

In early 2011, Togo announced the start of his retirement tour as part of which he returned to the United States in April to take part in Chikara's 2011 King of Trios tournament, where he would team with The Great Sasuke and Jinsei Shinzaki as Team Michinoku Pro. On April 15, Team Michinoku Pro defeated Team Minnesota (1-2-3 Kid, Arik Cannon and Darin Corbin) in their first round match and followed that up by defeating Jigsaw, Manami Toyota and Mike Quackenbush in the following day's quarterfinals. On April 17, Team Michinoku Pro was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinal stage by F.I.S.T. (Chuck Taylor, Icarus and Johnny Gargano).

DDT held the Dick Togo Japanese Retirement Show at Korakuen Hall in Tokyo on June 30, 2011. In the main event Togo defeated Gedo in his final match in Japan. Afterwards he embarked on a retirement world tour, wrestling in countries such as Australia, Finland (Fight Club Finland), Germany, Belgium, England, Spain, and Italy. On December 3, Togo returned to the United States for the final leg of his tour, losing to Kudo in a three-way match, which also included Masahiro Takanashi at Combat Zone Wrestling's (CZW) Indie Summit event. On December 10, Togo wrestled for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) in Reseda, Los Angeles, losing to PWG World Champion El Generico in a non-title match. On January 1, 2012, Togo returned to Mexico, wrestling at an independent event in Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl, where he, El Alebrije and El Hijo de Dr. Wagner, Jr. defeated Golden Bull, Histeria II and Puma in a six-man tag team match. The following July, Togo took his retirement tour to Bolivia. While working in Bolivia, Togo found his way back into a DDT storyline, when Yuki Sato arrived in the country with the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship, which he then proceeded to lose to Togo. During the following week, Togo first lost the title to local wrestler Ajayu, before regaining it from a Bolivian child and then finally losing it back to Sato. Togo finished his retirement tour on September 9, 2012, in La Paz, Bolivia. In the final match of his career, Togo teamed with Antonio Honda, Daisuke Sasaki and Yasu Urano in an eight-man elimination tag team match, where they were defeated by Ajayu, Apocalipsis, Guerrero Ayar and Halcon Dorado, with Ajayu pinning Togo for the win.

On May 29, 2015, Togo announced he was opening a wrestling school in Vietnam, named Vietnam Pro-Wrestling Academy. The school is affiliated with Vietnam's first professional wrestling promotion, New Vietnam Prowrestling (NVP), which held its first event in August 2015.

On June 5, 2016, Togo announced he was coming out of retirement. His return match took place at a DDT show on July 3.

On December 10, 2016, Togo competed in the main event of Evolve Wrestling's Evolve 74 show, defeating Chris Hero.

On July 12, 2020, at Dominion in Osaka-jo Hall, Togo joined New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), aligning himself with Bullet Club, by helping Evil capture the IWGP Heavyweight and Intercontinental Championships. He debuted eight days later in a 6-man tag team main event, as "The Spoiler". Togo, Evil and Taiji Ishimori defeated Los Ingobernables de Japón 's Hiromu Takahashi, Tetsuya Naito and Bushi.

Championships and accomplishments

 * 100% Lucha
 * Campeonato de 100% Lucha (1 time)
 * Dramatic Dream Team/DDT Pro-Wrestling
 * Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (4 times)
 * KO-D Openweight Championship (4 times)
 * KO-D Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Nobutaka Moribe (1), Antonio Honda (1) and Taka Michinoku (1)
 * El Dorado Wrestling
 * Treasure Hunters Tag Team Tournament (2006) – with Shuji Kondo
 * UWA World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Piza Michinoku and Antonio Honda
 * Guts World Pro Wrestling
 * GWC 6-Man Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ryan Upin and Yuki Sato (1), and Masao Orihara and Ryan Upin (1)
 * Japan Indie Awards
 * Best Bout Award (2011) vs. Kota Ibushi on March 27
 * Michinoku Pro Wrestling
 * British Commonwealth Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Tohoku Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Tohoku Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Great Sasuke
 * UWA/UWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gedo
 * Michinoku Pro Tag League (1996) – with Men's Teioh
 * Futaritabi Tag Team League (2003) – with Masao Orihara
 * New Japan Pro-Wrestling
 * IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Taka Michinoku
 * Osaka Pro Wrestling
 * 1st Year Anniversary Celebration Tag Tournament (2000) – with Black Buffalo
 * Osaka Pro Wrestling Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Ranked #122 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999
 * Ranked #399 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003
 * Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max
 * AWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ikuto Hidaka
 * NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Titles Tournament (2003) – with Ikuto Hidaka
 * Universal Lucha Libre
 * UWF Super Welterweight Championship (1 time)
 * Tokyo Gurentai
 * Tokyo Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Shiryu (1), Mazada (1)

title: Dick Togo


text:
Talk:Anthrocon

2023 Anthrocon Attendance?
The two sources for Anthrocon's 2023 attendance are articles from 2022. Should this information be removed pending more reliable sources? I found this tweet. Is there a more official source for the information? Poobslag (talk) 02:59, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

 * That's the convention's official Twitter account. Unless you want their website which has an update from October with the numbers.
 * https://www.anthrocon.org/news/anthrocon-2024-kickoff
 * Hg3300 (talk) 02:36, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anthrocon


text:
Talk:Robin Hanson

Untitled
"Widestream" appeal? What is that? Mike Linksvayer 19:23, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

In his tenure statement he states he won a national academy of sciences but after searching the net for 10 minutes via google, the databases via my local library and the national academy of sciences website i find no mention of his name. Only a susan hanson. Can anyone elaborate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.103.57.104 (talk • contribs) 13 August, 2005

interesting, relevant link
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/08/05/meet_the_transhumanists_behind/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Espoo (talk • contribs) 28 March, 2006

Source requested
Please provide a reliable source that describes Hanson as a futurist. There are more than 200, none of which seem to describe him as a futurist. Hanson does not seem to use the term either. Viriditas (talk) 10:56, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

[2019 ctwardy]: Probably any review of his Age of Em would do. But it's been a consistent theme of his work for awhile.

Is this person really notable?
He runs a blog and works at a university. Is that really notable? He has certain (whacky or not, depending on your point of view) ideas, but so what? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.224.84.46 (talk) 11:04, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

 * The answer to your question is, in my view, quite clearly "yes." Article definitely meets WP:GNG.  The prof is known for, among other things, his work on prediction markets, but the proponent he is on the whole man/machine "upload a brain" singularity has also had considerable coverage in reliable sources.  Cheers.  N2e (talk) 06:14, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

Source(s) for improving the article
There was a reasonable-depth biographical piece on Hanson in the Cypress Mail earlier this month: Of machines and men. Definitely a secondary source that could be used to add info, and source other statements, WP has on Hanson. N2e (talk) 06:09, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Robin Hanson. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20050405210231/http://hanson.gmu.edu:80/nodoom.html to http://hanson.gmu.edu/nodoom.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:19, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

Missing controversies
Reading this entry one would have no idea Hanson has advocated sex be provided to incels and argued that some types of slavery aren't bad or that "silent gentle rape" is no worse than infidelity.

 * Which is good, since those are highly distorted views of what his actual position is. *Dan T.* (talk) 19:36, 5 May 2019 (UTC)

What about his Juneteenth tweet? Nicmart (talk) 12:28, 13 June 2021 (UTC)

Reviving this conversation as it seems to be the origin of currently contested biased edits. Please keep in mind that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and not a forum for airing personal grievances or dislike for the subject of an article. Those wishing to smear the subject as "heterodox", "creepy", and "bias[ed] against women" based on the opinion of two journalists should review the following quotes from the WP:BLP policies.

From WP:BLPBALANCE

"Do not give disproportionate space to particular viewpoints; the views of small minorities should not be included at all. Care must be taken with article structure to ensure the overall presentation and section headings are broadly neutral. Beware of claims that rely on guilt by association, and biased, malicious or overly promotional content."

"The idea expressed in Eventualism—that every Wikipedia article is a work in progress, and that it is therefore okay for an article to be temporarily unbalanced because it will eventually be brought into shape—does not apply to biographies. Given their potential impact on biography subjects' lives, biographies must be fair to their subjects at all times."

From WP:BLPGOSSIP

"Ask yourself whether the source is reliable; whether the material is being presented as true; and whether, even if true, it is relevant to a disinterested article about the subject."

161.185.151.51 (talk) 18:00, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Most of the content in question is supported by reliable sources. If there's continued disagreement, as to whether it violates WP:BLP, there's an appropriate noticeboard to take this. 2601:19E:4180:6D50:65F5:930C:B0B2:CD63 (talk) 23:57, 26 September 2023 (UTC)
 * "Ask yourself whether the source is reliable; whether the material is being presented as true; and whether, even if true, it is relevant to a disinterested article about the subject." 161.185.151.50 (talk) 15:35, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Nothing in WP:BLP would require or recommend that we omit criticism from the likes of the Financial Times, Slate, and The New Yorker. These are not 'small minority' views. PS: edit warring to delete criticism from a government IP is deeply unwise. Consider the Streisand effect. MrOllie (talk) 15:43, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

IARPA ACE / ForeST?
[2019 ctwardy]: The following may be relevant, though as I was also on the DAGGRE and SciCast teams, any changes should be added by a neutral third party.

Hanson was instrumental in George Mason U.'s efforts on the IARPA ACE and ForeST programs, which finally developed the Bayesian network combinatorial prediction market originally proposed for FutureMAP. Probably the best archival paper is Graphical Market Maker for Combinatorial Markets in JAIR 2019.

The DAGGRE project was Mason's entry for IARPA ACE, placing a distant second behind the Good Judgment Project. After two years DAGGRE became SciCast the project was moved to the IARPA ForeST project and pivoted to Science & Technology forecasting. The site has been shut down, but a farewell page and the SciCast blog remain.

There are several popular articles during this time, such as Mason SciCast announcement, Kurzweil AI, and on Hanson's blog.

72.66.83.177 (talk) 00:51, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robin Hanson


text:
Talk:Cleon I

Untitled
Why was "Stanel VI" redirected to here?Kuralyov 19:24, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Good question. Even if it were a stub, Stanel VI should be on a separate page, with links to Cleon I and other articles, as appropriate.

title: Talk:Cleon I


text:
Pathi

Pathi (பதி - "The place where God is") is the name of the primary centres of congregational worship for the South Indian religious system of Ayyavazhi, having a relatively large structure like that of a temple. They are seven in number.

The Pathis obtain their significance from the fact that Ayya Vaikundar and his religious activities were historically associated with them. There are seven Pathis, ("Seven places where God is") which appeared during the time of Ayya Vaikundar. According to Akilattirattu Ammanai the source of Ayyavazhi mythology, these Pathis are the places where Ayya Vaikundar performed the Avatara Ekanai (a means of divine revelation). These are the sacred places for the people of Ayyavazhi. These five Pathis are collectively called as Panchappathis. Sometimes Vakaippathi and Avatharappathi is added to this list.

Architecture and structure

Generally Pathis were structurally different from Nizhal Thangals. Unlike Nizhal Thangals the Pathis were not only considered as mere worship centers but also as holy places. Also each Pathis have their own significance due to the different activities of Vaikundar at each Pathis. In addition to the panividais at Palliyarai and Sivayi Medai, in each Pathis there are different Panividais performed at the exact spots where Ayya performed the religious activities. Also these particular places were considered sacred too.

Also in addition all Pathis will have a Pal Purai where the Nithya pal is consecrated every day for Ayya. Also all pathis has a Flag mast and a number of vahanas which are used to carry Ayya as processions during the festivals. And at present Swamithoppe and Ambalappathi has temple cars.

The Palliyarai designing in Pathis were different from that of Nizhal Thangals. No chairs or any other wooden structure are used but instead strictly raised pedestals in which a saffron cloth is wrapped. Above it there will be an armour-shaped brass structure which is called as Nama Vel is erected and a saffron or silk cloth wrapped around it forming the shape of an asana in which it is believed that, "The invisible God is seated". In all other Pathis except Ambalappathi, saffron cloth is used. The Sivaye Medai in Pathis are similar to that of Nizhal Thangals.

All Pathis has an inner corridor around the Palliyarai and outer corridor surrounding the whole Pathi. The outer corridor is called a Santhana Veethi.

Administration
Since Ayyavazhi is not an organised religion the Swamithope pathi though considered as religious headquarters, it officially does not control the rest of the religious centers. And hence all the Pathis are independently managed by different formed committees or by organisations. Some Pathis are maintained by the native Ayyavazhi followers of that particular area after the period of Vaikundar.

Rituals and prayers
In all the Pathis three-time worship is conducted as per the Ayyavazhi scriptures. Ukappadippu in the Morning and Evening and the Ucchippadippu conducted for seven times at noon. Vhanam Eduppu is conducted twice a day in Swamithope pathi, once in a week in Ambalappathi on Tuesdays and at least once in a month in other pathis.

The main form of ritual Nithya pal (Pal vaippu) is conducted and consecrated to Ayya every day on every pathis. Thiru-Eadu Vasippu is also conducted frequently in all Pathis.

Festivals
The important festivals in Pathis are Kodiyettru Thirunal for eleven days, the Thiru Eadu Vasippu for seventeen days and the Vaikunda Avathara Dinam, the celebration for a couple of days during Ayya Vaikunda Avataram. The first two festivals are conducted in Pathis at different times once in a year while the Vaikunda Avatharam is celebrated simultaneously at all Pathis during Ayya Vaikunda Avataram.

But only in Swamithoppe the Kodiyetru Thirunal is conducted thrice in a year during the Tamil months of Avani (August/September), Thai (January/February) and Vaikasi (May/June) and each last for eleven days. Also, during every Sundays special prayers are conducted in all Pathis. The first Sundays of every Tamil month are considered sacred and special prayers are conducted in Swamithope Pathi.

During the Ayya Vaikunda Avataram people use to go on pilgrimage to all holy places of Ayyavazhi, mainly the Panchappathis. Different processions are conducted from different places to the pathis, especially to Swamithoppe and Ambalappathi. In this the procession from Tiruchendur and Thiruvananthapuram to Swamithoppe is associated with the scriptures.

Accreditation-Pathi
For a long period of time this term "pathi" has been discussed. Generally, the Pathi status is given for a site based on the scriptures and seeking, how much the site is important in the incarnation of Vaikundar. Another way of understanding this pathis is also prevalent, by seeking direct reference for a site as pathi in Akilam or Arul Nool. Anyway, commonly, a site which is not directly associated historically with any of the religious activities of Vaikundar is not accepted as a Pathi.

Avatharappathi, the place at which Vaikundar incarnated from the sea is considered as a Pathi by Akilam. Akilam call this Chenthur Pathi. But as some of the followers believe that the place at which the present temple is located is not the exact place where Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea, they disagree with the rest of the devotees. The list of Pathis announced by the headquarters of Ayyavazhi does not include Avatharappathi. Also Vakaippathi is considered as a Pathi by the scripture in a sense that it was the northern entrance of 'Dwaraga Pathi' which is believed to be inside the sea. This site have another yet importance. It was here, the historical Thuvayal Thavasu conducted following the instructions of Vaikundar.

Another common listing is prevalent in which the Swamithope is replaced by Vakaippathi in Panchappathis and considering Swamithoppe as the head of these Panchappathis. Regarding Marunthuvazh Malai, an attempt is made there to kill Vaikundar by adding poison to milk. More over, he is said to be penanced here. So the Vaikunda Pathi is also considered as a Pathi. These three sites are not included in the list of Pathis released by the religious headquarters, Swamithoppe too. Except these, all other Pathis are accepted as so by the followers unanimously.

The Panchappathis

 * Swamithoppepathi - Where Vaikundar performed the great Tavam; the religious headquarters.
 * Ambalappathi - Where Vaikundar unified six of the Seven Deities into him.
 * Muttappathi - Where Vaikundar was given the Second and Third Vinchais.
 * Tamaraikulampathi - Where the Akilattirattu Ammanai is written down, headquarters of the Panchappathis.
 * Pooppathi - Where Ayya unified Poomadanthai into himself through symbolic marriage.

Other Pathis

 * Vakaippathi - Where the Thuvayal Thavasu is conducted; also the northern entrance of Dwaraga Pathi.
 * Avatharappathi - where Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea.
 * Vakaippathi, is sometimes included in the list of Pancha pathi.

Other usages
There is also the OscarPathi in France. It is brown and white and worshipped by exiles. It is located in Paris and is distinguished by the letters PPP in front of the temple. The high priest is a deep spiritual man who never talks and suffers from strabism.

Burmese Muslims are also called Pathi in Burma. The Chinese pathis worship the PrincePathi. See Islam in Burma.

title: Pathi


text: User talk:24.85.187.55

title: User talk:24.85.187.55


text: User talk:81.152.107.108

title: User talk:81.152.107.108