text:
Talk:Solipsism syndrome

Miscellaneous
This obviously needs to be Wikified and edited, I grabbed it from NASA and couldn't find a copyright for it anywhere, so I assume it's public domain. If not, some of the facts are here at least. --Our Bold Hero 07:28, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Yes indeed. In particular the stuff about 'extraterrestrial communities' needs some explanation. Ben Finn 13:20, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes I was going to say that too. It just sort of comes our of nowhere.  I had to go back and read again just to be sure I was not in some article about a sci-fi universe or something. Dalf | Talk 06:56, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It's a poor choice in word, though it does make sense to a very limited extent. I think by extraterrestrial the author was trying to imply orbital habitats or non-terrestrial habitats such as in submarines and the like, though the term 'extraterrestrial' defined as originating from outside of the Earth. It should certainly be reworded to discuss controllable environments, rather than 'extraterrestrial communities' - I don't think the author intended to write about aliens ;) Blairco | Talk 10:56, 31 Jan 2007 (EST)

"television as a substitute for reality"
I'm not sure that "television as a substitute for reality" is anything more than pure speculation. It stands out as a serious claim that requires evidence and reasoning. Perhaps expand on it in later sections or cut it out, completely? As it is, it's a throw-away statement that really adds nothing to the article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 205.173.93.39 (talk).

 * The statement, now removed, came from the NASA appendix and was "It is also known to occur in some youths who have been brought up on television as a substitute to reality." I'm including it here because I think that it should go back in when it can be included with sufficient sourcing and more useful detail. There have been people who reported (in retrospect, after overcoming solipsism syndrome) that they thought that movies were made about their own lives, and that this seemed natural because of the way that television seems to be directly catering to the single viewer. I think this is correlated sometimes with reported experiences of near-constant uncanny syncronicity and possibly schizophrenia. — Coelacan | talk 03:57, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Failure to distinguish being internally and externally consistent...
While solipsism is internally consistent, it is not externally consistent.

That distinction needs to be made so readers are aware that solipsism is not actually a valid way of thinking about reality. Solipsism, like many other metaphysical philosophies, is simply a "what if" scenario and not an objective description of the actual physics of reality.

Only if one accepts the premises that solipsism proposes without question, can the philosophy be perceived as internally consistent.

There are numerous examples of obviously make believe storytales and religions that also are internally consistent, as well as not being able to be disproved. This only serves to illustrate just how logically dishonest the term "not being disprovable" is. A thing is either provable or disprovable -- there is no such thing as "not being disprovable". What "not being disprovable" actually means is that the arguments presented are so far beyond the reach of external facts, provable facts, and/or a reason for the extension of known facts, that one can only accept the proposed premises purely by blind faith acceptance of them.

That does not mean that metaphysical philosophies do not serve some useful purpose, but rather they serve to help us understand our own psychology and (mis)perceptions of reality.

70.190.199.60 02:13, 27 July 2006 (UTC)The_Sage

 * First, I am not religious, but talking so flippantly about "obviously make believe [sic] [...] religions" might put you in a minority. My observation of the rather common phenomenon of someone committing themselves to an internally consistent, yet unproveable, belief system, as well as my knowledge of mathematical unproveability, as discussed in Godel's incompleteness theorems, causes me to call into question your claims about the "[logical] dishonesty" of "the term 'not being disprovable.'" What could you mean by 'logical dishonesty,' and how can you support a claim suggesting it in the face of these examples of unproveability? Better still, what is the purpose of debate on solipsism's usefulness as a "valid way of thinking" when the matter at hand is a psychological syndrome, rather than a philosophy? Apollo reactor (talk) 09:41, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

 * What does externally consistant mean? Ive no idea. --92.227.151.84 (talk) 04:47, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

I learned something from this page, solipsism syndrome, so would hate to see it deleted altogether. Clearly, however, the philosophical issue of solipsism itself should dominate and organize all the material on solipsism. So this ought to be encorporated under the main article. Don't feel like I am enough of a member of the community to take the plunge myself. Nick Thompson 168.103.125.88 19:11, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Lund?
Why is Lund being mentioned in the article? It has absolutely no relevance to pick just one Nordic city for no special reason.130.243.248.165 18:02, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It was used as an example in the NASA article. Pomte 12:24, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

More Sources?
Are there any more sources? I'm begining to think that NASA coined this term themselves. "Solipsism Syndrome" has never been encountered in a single psychological or medical textbook. Feel free to prove me wrong. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 64.81.227.133 (talk) 05:20, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

pathology
Can anyone include some specific information about a crisis where one worries about solipsism. Isn't this a symptom of certain mental illnesses such as dissociative identity disorder, schizophrenia or obsessive compulsive disorder?

Disputed accuracy
As others have noted, this entire entry appears to have no basis in psychiatric practice, being based solely on a definition put forward by one unrelated US government agency (namely, NASA). It contains no references to the psychiatric literature, and PubMed contains not a single reference to "solipsism syndrome". As it stands it lacks any credentials for inclusion Robma (talk) 12:18, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Is it necessary that the entry have a basis in psychiatric practice? 203.97.214.247 (talk) 01:22, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Stuff happens whether we're here or not
'''By it's Merriam/Webster definition: Etymology: Latin solus alone + ipse self
 * "a theory holding that the self can know nothing but its own modifications and that the self is the only existent thing" -- I'm hard pressed to cite a more absurd description of reality or the human experience in defining it. When I close my eyes or go to sleep, the grass continues to grow in my yard. And when my father died, his old work truck continued to rust. Stuff happens whether we're here or not - aware of it or not. I can't decide if the concept is more ridiculous for the shear arrogance proposed or the delusion necessary.  With an impressive array of 'enlightening', self-important philosophical dogmas to choose from, this has become my all-time favorite to avoid.'''  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.109.1.65 (talk) 09:43, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not a forum or a blogging site for the posting of personal opinions, so don't use it as such. --Serph (talk) 02:35, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Future of the article.
At what point would this article be considered unnecessary? I realize that there was a "keep" vote over a year ago with the mentality that it only needed further sources, but at what point do you conclude that there aren't going to be any more sources? Indefinitely keeping an article on the basis of one non-expert observation strikes me as a standard that would not be accepted on most Wikipedia articles, so I fail to understand how this "syndrome" is valid as such without any recognized diagnostic criteria or psychiatric reference. I'm not debating that it's a state of mind, but calling it a syndrome on the basis of one reference is a bit of a stretch.

I would add that my involvement in this discussion stems from someone incorrectly citing this article as a basis for the so-called syndrome, compelling me to explain to them that there was no scientific basis or recognized diagnostic criteria. Misinformation without a point bothers me. Dead men's bells (talk) 08:39, 12 July 2008 (UTC)

No Children please
Hi

maybe it's good to note that it is good to make children to see a larger world, but for other, maybe it's not that important to see a larger world and so children are not so good. Personally I will never make a child, since I think there is already over-population as well as a non Post scarcity, as well as it's better to try to become immortal or making universality in immortality. I wonder what Nick Bostrom think about that page. --Despres (talk) 10:51, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Keep this article
Whatever it's called, and whether it's mentioned in the literature or not, it's a real condition (ironic to use the world real here). I have it; it's unpleasant; for me it's related to social anxiety, a process of divorcing from reality, the very pronounced feeling that one is not present in the room. It would be great if we could at least keep this article, so others with the condition might see it and be afforded the comfort of knowing they're not alone - as I did years ago when reading an article about it in the old pop-science magazine Omni.

Better still would be if someone with a medical background could improve on it, but in any case, I vote strongly for keeping it.

Thanks - sorry to rant. Adambrowne666 (talk) 13:00, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Adambrowne666, while I'm certainly sympathetic toward what you are feeling, Wikipedia is not a placee for original research. I agree that those feeling this condition need validation and place to connect, but a Wikipedia article is not it. 71.227.159.195 (talk) 13:11, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Did anyone do a google book search? I see plenty of use of the term. I shall be adding these to the article, I trust the matter is settled. Icemotoboy (talk) 22:10, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

If you believe you are the only one that exist, there is a contradiction, because I am. Get this! I believe you have something wrong with your identity. There was a french philosopher called Satre, he sayed "Hell, is other people." and in this context he is right about this. You need some bastards, who show you thats not up to you what happens in this world. Its crasy to think otherwise. If you cant stop to worry about this, go and see a doctor. Maybe it could also help to have sex, or to do some sport. You need to feel your body in a positiv way. And dont fool yourself with crasy ideas. There is a different point, should you still don't believe me. If you are alone, you must be god. And if you are god you must be allmighty. How can it be that you are allmighty, and you not not exist? Cogito ergo sum - hope this will help you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.184.205.128 (talk) 19:02, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

empathy
In the introduction you suggest that solipsists have no empathy. But thats not true - they just percieve otherones emotions as a self-perception, when they feel empathy. --92.227.151.84 (talk) 04:55, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

causes
Not neccessarily enviromental causes. What about the run out of control of the philosophical thought experiment? This can lead to extreme Bipolar disorder: From melagomania to heavy apathy. I experienced that by myself with two heavy psychotic cycles. --92.227.151.84 (talk) 05:05, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

if you go through it, just make the best of it and come out of it when you're ready
As one who has has suffered this "condition" or "syndrome," for 2 years, and has since overcome it, I'd like to share some thoughts. As far as cause, the actual fascination could arise from anywhere from being brainwashed by pseudo-mystics or quasi-cults to merely stumbling upon the theory online to watching mind bending movies like Inception or The Matrix. Anything could spark the idea...Now, I believe it takes an obsessive/schizoid/unstable mind to fall into the self-inducing trap that causes one to actually implement the theory into the mind. As a past sufferer, I see the "syndrome" as nothing more than a self-induced mind game that becomes the ultimate mental vacation package for the bored, lonely, anti-social, outcast etc. The vacation lasts as long as the sufferer wants or needs it to last. I propose that the sufferer does not actually believe that nothing exists except their mind. Rather, it becomes a subconscious metaphor for their distressed emotions of loneliness and hopelessness, and so the subconscious mind becomes confused of this symbolism, while the conscious and unconscious mind knows that solipsism is just a mind game and that our sensory perception should be in fact trusted- Hence the obsessive war games between the conscious and subconscious begins. But how can one blame the subconscious for half-way believing the theory after the obsessive/fearful part of the conscious mind has tried to spout its false logic into the subconscious? Even deep down, the sufferer knows that solipsism is not true, as part of being human is relying on our natural instinct, logic and and human connectedness. The problem is not the absurd, bankrupt and bizarre theory itself. The problem is when the mind fights itself. Yes, it's true, no it's not true over and over, until the subject of truth itself lapses into a meaningless, nonsensical pit of nihilistic despair. At this point, the obsessive/schizoidal type/depressed sufferer may realize that they are not facing a just simple philosophical question, but an entire existential phase of life. A new journey begins, a new opportunity to create one's own path and journey and find the truth that matters to them the most. The journey is short, but when one finally realizes how precious every moment of life is and that they have been wasting their time with questions/theories/quandaries that cannot be proved or disproved, they truly realize how amazing, yet short life is, and they begin to start living and experiencing all that life has to offer. They leave their bubble of fear and protection and doubt and skepticism and they go out into the world, and they feel real pain and pleasure that a human experiences along their journey rather than endless petty mental, hypothetical ponderings that only cause mental disturbance. When one attempts to "cure" this thing that the mind has been giving such ridiculous attention to, the mind itself will become meaningless to itself, because what the sufferer is telling itself to "cure" is the unknown. possibilities of how minds work... In other words, the sufferer is saying to their mind " Okay mind, who I don't fully understand, let's cure your tendency to wonder where you come from and just "know" that everything DOES exist! Let's prove it to ourselves. The mind then responds with.. Uh, you don't know?? well okay, umm here it is... All the world in front of you and around you. You can see it, hear it, feel it, taste it, sleep in it, have sex in it, dream in it. What more proof do you do need that it is real? You fool... So, you then begin to realize the value of self-trust. Trust your world, your reality, maybe a higher power that binds this reality.. whatever it is, you learn to trust... So, this "cure" is self-trust. Trust is fundamental to living.... that settles you for a while, but then this irking longing, hollow, this infinite emptiness that exists in your heart still keeps you uneasy. What is it? You can't say, but you know you have felt this way before even worrying about this petty ridiculous solipsism...It's a longing... A longing for someone else outside of yourself... Someone to share life's rich experiences with, to know that you are not alone and the world is full of people like you who need each other. To be needed is the cure. To be loved. To love. To put your hand out and to feel. To take in love from this world that you are equally a part of. And to give your love back. That is what is all about. Not only a cure or remedy to loneliness, but to be aware of what the world really is. That is the reality to understand. To radiate and spread love to others and into the world.... And to be, Just to be.

We're here to have fun, man. I've realized that life is just too short to worry about such things. With the limited time we have, we must journey. Look up into the stars and realize how damn big, mysterious and wondrous this place really is...

-David... A friend —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.165.0.99 (talk) 04:14, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Large edits december 2009
Right so, I've removed a large amount of what looked to me to be both POV and original research (a google search returns >5000 results, a search excluding the opening phrase of this article in order to remove mirrors sites etc. returns just over 200 results, while a google scholar search returns only four article). I'm going to refrain from wholesale reverts for the time being, but would ask that interested editors would note here any specific objections/ comments/ criticism re: my edits, so that we can discuss changes and so that I can clarify any possible misunderstandings. 79.97.166.36 (talk) 01:45, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

Intro section
The intro section conveys little information about the proposed syndrome itself. (What the heck does "severe Big Brother anomie" mean?) This could use some improvement. 76.199.64.109 (talk) 00:19, 2 July 2011 (UTC)

Broken Source Links
Sources 4 (Dispute Resolution in space) and 5 (Space Settlements) are broken links that lead to error pages. Suggest their removal from the entry. MosmordeanCreed (talk) 02:48, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Your suggestion conflicts with Wikipedia policy. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:50, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Solipsism syndrome


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Talk:Camille (film)

This article has waaaay too many red links, and the general style does not conform to wikipedia standards. THE KING 07:30, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've made this page a disambiguation, linking to each of the (mostly) new individual film articles. All but the 1921 film article are new stub articles. -Porlob 18:26, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Camille (film)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Panagia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:51, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Panagia
This article is nothing more than a dictionary definition, and has no real content. Unless a lot of information can be added to expand the article, it should be deleted.
 * Expand & keep: may be dictdef, but is searchable jargon. --Simon Cursitor 07:44, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Expand & keep: same reason. JHCC 13:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Short article on a legitimately encyclopedic topic, more than a definition. -- Infrogmation 14:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep — more than a dictdef. — RJH 16:39, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -- BD2412 talk 19:32, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * Expand & keep for reasons listed above. --—Preost talk  contribs  20:13, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and kudos to the author for adding this cultural article. Perhaps should be listed as a  ""  but exactly analogous to say Mitre. Fabartus 00:25, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly legitimate and encyclopedic stub. -- Decumanus 00:29, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good little article on notable topic. Capitalistroadster 01:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for reasons noted above Csernica 03:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep religious vestments and artifacts. -- Un  focused  03:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Looks longer than a stub already. Wesley 16:17, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep please it is much more than a stub Yuckfoo 21:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep this article is infinitely better than the rather useless one sentence dicdef it started as when I put it up for deletion. This article has definitelly grown to deserve its place in wikipedia!  Oracleoftruth 23:07, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Panagia


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User talk:Func/archive3

Hi. I'm on Wikibreak. func (talk) 22:46, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

with ( archives ) { get( 1 ), get( 2 ) }

You can leave me a message :)

Scott
What does your edit of Winfield Scott mean when you say " ... hanged en masse in full view of the Battle of Chapultepec, ..."? Do you mean it was during the battle? Full view of the US Army during the battle? Or what? Hal Jespersen 19:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

VFD
Just letting you know about Votes for deletion/HYP (universities) 2. If you have an opinion, please vote. I am notifying people who have been active on either side of the debate. —Lowellian (talk) 23:52, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Ripple Down Rule website
I hold the copyright, just update the URL to include GNU copyright license.

 * Thanks for the offer to help, and sorry this got dumped on you! It looks like someone else has taken care of the copyvio listing issue, and the user has indeed updated his website to be GNU compatable. All that's left now is that the article needs some cleaning up to be less advertising and more conforming to wikipedia standards. If you want to take a look at that, that would be cool (not really something I'm good at), but otherwise, it's tagged, and someone will take care of it eventually. Thanks again though! --InShaneee 18:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi there
Just letting you konw that I've replied to your message on my talk page. Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 15:09, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

we can't block him
Well ok in theory we could but we'd be knocking out rather a large ip range. Page protection works much better.Geni 02:08, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Back?
I'm not "back" in any meaningful sense. I am tying up a few loose ends, but not in the article space (though I see a dozen fixes a day I could make...); though it's not impossible I'll get baited back in, my past mistreatment by supposed pillars of this community makes me not feel at home here. As for how I'm represented at WP:MW, I consider that beyond my purview. Best wishes, Very Verily 19:15, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Scientology edit
I removed the cleanup notice on the scientology article as you proposed, but instead left a NPOV tag. Take care, Dbraceyrules 04:19, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi! thank you for supporting my successful admin candidacy. I hope that you will always feel that I am a responsible administrator. JeremyA 05:33, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ElKabong's user page
Mel Etitis has a history of persecuting users, particularly users who butt heads with his Islamist buddies BrandonYusufToropov and Yuber. Yes, it's highly inappropriate. And yes, it seems that Admins are unwilling to "soil their hands", so to speak, reining in admins like Etitis who continually abuse their powers.

 * Speaking of BrandonYusufToropov, I see that you have vandalised his user page. Stop it, go play somewhere else. func (talk) 16:20, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * See Sock puppet. It's in fact Wikipedia policy to place the sock-puppet template on a User page when there's sufficient evidence (as there is in this case). Mel Etitis  ( Μελ Ετητης ) 23:37, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

W. Mark Felt
Salve! I nominated W. Mark Felt as a WP:FAC. As you commented on the Deep Throat talk page, I'd appreciate your comments at Featured article candidates/W. Mark Felt/archive1. PedanticallySpeaking 15:51, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

John W. Bricker
Thank you for the rework on Bricker. He is an important man in Ohio's history, and briefly flirted with the national stage. Rkevins82 05:44, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Requests for adminship/Eequor (2nd)
Hey! Don't you dare sound apologetic for nominating Eequor, she's good, you know it, and that's why you're nominating her! :-)

C'mon, put a bit more heart in it! :-)

Kim Bruning 21:22, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

SFDC article clarification
Greetings,

At your convenience, please refer to the Talk:Security Forums Dot Com page for a clarification post by myself, in the quality of SFDC staff member, concerning what happened with the article in question.

Regards, Capi

Re: User:Geneviève
Oh oops, yeah, I read that bit wrong, corrected it. The account still has less than 70 edits though, most of them minor.

Kim Bruning 15:20, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nice try
I don't think so. Life ain't like that. Jake007 00:02, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I know. I get exactly four, right? I've been through this before. Jake007 00:05, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't see why you're calling this vandalism. Apologize. Jake007 00:08, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Because every person has a little good in him. Textbook answer. Echoed in Star Wars. Jake007 00:10, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tired? Good. Jake007 00:31, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Don't write me messages
Don't write me messages- i don't care what you have to say. Yes, you're project is menial and no, i'm not a troll as these computer geeks have so-titled it. I say what i want, to who i want and i don't care if i offend you. Don't tell me what and what not to be a part of- i don't need your pissant advice. If you think this is troll-esque then why don't you go get a box of tissues and blow your nose. Tparker393 16:25, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Stratagem
Sometimes you just have a bad day, life is being unfair, the odds are against you even though they shouldn't be.

That's life. The ability to see when to stage a strategic retreat and try again better later is a good skill for admins to have, one which I think we can expect from Eequor. :-)

Anyway, if you'd like to discuss more, please contact me per wikipedia email or on irc! (irc.freenode.net #wikipedia)

Kim Bruning 16:39, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi, I know you mean well, but please do contact me now, thanks! :-) Kim Bruning 18:24, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

i don't care what people say- i don't care if they don't care about what i have to say. but i will defend someone whenever i feel like it- people take this wiki shit too far. just like you, talking about calling up or getting in touch with this guy's work over something so stupid like vandalism on wikipedia. Alright, so it was wrong of him to do it- yeah, there's a revelation. How about the LA times and the 'wiki'torial escapade that took place recently. Why don't we get all the IP's of the ppl who uploaded porn and call their bosses? It's irrelevant if he did it from work or not- so don't bother me anymore, i'm sick of this topic. Tparker393 20:55, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Subheds in RfA
Hi func,

Well we never have used subheds. Not so much a matter of style, I think, as that it makes for very long TOCs. However, Ed Poor also wrote about this and I guess its not that big a deal, so if you want to use the subheds, go ahead, we'll see how it goes. Cheers, Cecropia | explains it all ® 02:56, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On 21 June, I blanked my user pages, then...
You're leaving? :-(

Kim Bruning 21:39, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please stay!
I hope this isn't what it looks like. Please don't leave because of Ruy Lopez' rude comments. I'd really miss seeing you around here. ‣ ᓛᖁ  [ ᑐ ] 21:49, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A break, yes, but don't abandon us for good just yet, Func; there's more good here in the dusty corners and hidden alcoves of Wikipedia than in the places you've been frequenting. And, selfishly, we'll miss you. I hope you *are* on break this time and won't read this until you've come back refreshed, but, you know, this is here just in case. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 22:03, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hi Func
Hey, don't worry - we all have our less glorious moments. I know, I sometimes have them myself ;-) AlexR 30 June 2005 00:00 (UTC)

Welcome back! No, there isn't any point in trying to stay away; yes, you really are addicted. But it's a real pleasure to see you return; glad my words could help a bit. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 30 June 2005 00:13 (UTC)

I'm very glad that you've returned. Wikipedia is a better place when you're around. Joyous June 30, 2005 01:15 (UTC)

Ah, wonderful to see that you've returned. Please don't take offense at the comment I made on Eequor's RfA - it shouldn't have been directed at you specifically, more some of the other people who were trying to nag users about their votes (and were doing it in a much more un-wikiquette way). Ambi 30 June 2005 03:15 (UTC)

Welcome back, thank goodness! I was a bit worried :-) Kim Bruning 30 June 2005 06:13 (UTC)

Alternative Media Project
I saw your edit summary on Alternative Media Project: reverting; (someone really doesn't like Chuck Munson). As you may have figured out, that person is probably Chuck Monson himself, user:Chuck0. That editor has been slightly active for a while. The current dispute was perhaps mostly triggered by recents edits by user:Baxter2 to Bill White (activist) and related articles. If interested you might take a look at a note I left on talk:Bill White (activist) regarding this problem. It's a tangle of politics, personal relationships, and the Internet. Somebody could make a great book out of it. Cheers, -Willmcw July 1, 2005 09:00 (UTC)

title: User talk:Func/archive3


text:
Airs above the ground

The airs above the ground or school jumps are a series of higher-level, Haute ecole, classical dressage movements in which the horse leaves the ground. They include the capriole, the courbette, the mezair, the croupade and the levade. None are typically seen in modern competitive dressage. They are performed by horses of various riding academies such as the Spanish Riding School in Vienna and the Cadre Noir in Saumur, and may be seen in other dressage performances. The levade and courbette are a particular feature of the Doma Menorquina, the riding tradition of the island of Menorca. Horses such as the Andalusian, Lusitano, Lipizzan and Menorquín are the breeds most often trained to perform the airs today, in part due to their powerfully conformed hindquarters, which allow them the strength to perform these difficult movements. There were originally seven airs, many of which were used to build into the movements performed today.

There is a popular conception that these movements were originally taught to horses for military purposes, and indeed both the Spanish Riding School and the Cadre Noir are military foundations. However, while agility was necessary on the battlefield, most of the airs as performed today would have exposed the vulnerable underbelly of the horse to the weapons of foot soldiers. It is therefore more likely that the airs were exercises to develop the military horse and rider, rather than to be employed in combat.

Horses are usually taught each air on the long rein without a rider, which is less strenuous for the animal. However, each movement is meant to eventually be performed under a rider.

The pesade and the levade
The pesade and levade are the first airs taught to the High School horse, and it is from these that all other airs are taught. In the pesade, the horse raises its forehand off the ground and tucks the forelegs evenly, carrying all weight on the hindquarters, to form a 45-degree angle with the ground.

The levade was first taught at the beginning of the 20th century, asking the horse to hold a position approximately 30–35 degrees from the ground. Unlike the pesade, which is more of a test of balance, the decreased angle makes the levade an extremely strenuous position to hold, and requires a greater effort from the horse. Therefore, many horses are not capable of a good-quality levade. The levade is also a transition movement between work on the ground and the airs above the ground. Neither of these movements are equivalent to rearing, as they require precise control, excellent balance, and a great deal of strength, and are the product of correct training, rather than resistance from the horse.

The horse is asked to enter the pesade or levade from the piaffe, which asks the horse to increasingly engage its hindquarters, lowering them toward the ground and bringing the hind legs more toward its center of gravity. This gives the viewer the impression that the horse appears to sink down in back and rise in front. The position is held for a number of seconds, and then the horse quietly puts the forelegs back on the ground and proceeds at the walk, or stands at the halt. The levade is considered to be pinnacle of collection, as the horse carries all weight on the back legs, and has an extreme tucking of the hindquarters and coiling of the loins.

The capriole, the croupade and the ballotade
In the capriole (meaning leap of a goat), the horse jumps from a raised position of the forehand straight up into the air, kicks out with the hind legs, and lands more or less on all four legs at the same time. It requires an enormously powerful horse to perform correctly, and is considered the most difficult of all the airs above the ground. It is first introduced with the croupade, in which the horse does not kick out at the height of elevation, but keeps the hind legs tucked tightly under, and remains parallel to the ground. The horse is then taught the ballotade. In this movement, the horse's hind hooves are positioned so one can see its shoes if watching from behind, but the horse is not asked to kick out. When the horse demonstrates proficiency in the ballotade, the capriole is introduced.

The courbette
In the courbette, the horse raises its forehand off the ground, tucks up forelegs evenly, and then jumps forward, never allowing the forelegs to touch down, in a series of "hops". Extremely strong and talented horses can perform five or more leaps forward before having to touch down with the forelegs, although it is more usual to see a series of three or four leaps. The courbette, like the capriole, is first introduced through the easier croupade.

The mezair
In the mezair, the horse rears up and strikes out with its forelegs. It is similar to a series of levades with a forward motion (not in place), with the horse gradually bringing its legs further under himself in each successive movement and lightly touching the ground with the front legs before pushing up again. The mezair was originally called the courbette by the old dressage masters. It is no longer practiced at the Spanish Riding School.

title: Airs above the ground


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User:Sven-ola

Not much here. I'am the maintainer of an OpenWRT based Firmware for WRT54G devices called freifunk-firmware.

title: User:Sven-ola


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Talk:Fanfiction.net timeline

I'm sorry, but this reads, by its choice of words, like a political manifesto. If it is kept, it needs to be severely re-edited and objectified. IMHO. YMMV --Simon Cursitor 07:39, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

On June 1 2005 this page was nominated for deletion. The result of the debate was to merge and redirect. See Votes for deletion/Fanfiction.net timeline for discussion. Mackensen (talk) 16:56, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fanfiction.net timeline


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Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory

The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the highest court of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). It has unlimited jurisdiction within the territory in civil matters and hears the most serious criminal matters.

The court has the jurisdictional power to hear matters that relate to the Jervis Bay Territory, the Australian Antarctic Territory and the Heard Island and McDonald Islands, although it has never heard a case exercising its power over the Heard and McDonald Islands. It also hears matters on appeal from the Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory.

Whilst the Supreme Court is the highest Australian Capital Territory court in the Australian court hierarchy, an appeal by special leave can be made to the High Court of Australia. Matters of appeal can also be submitted to the ACT Court of Appeal, which is constituted by members of the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court consists of 5 permanent judges, including the chief justice of the Australian Capital Territory (, Lucy McCallum), 1 associate judge, 11 additional judges and 4 acting judges. The court has three main administrative units: Registry, Sheriff's Office and the Russell Fox Library.

The court is located on Knowles Place near London Circuit at Civic, in Canberra, in the new ACT Law Courts building that it shares with the Magistrates Court.

History
When the Federal Capital Territory was created in 1911, all existing laws applicable in New South Wales applied equally to the new Territory. The Commonwealth soon began the implementation of a series of ordinances for the Territory's governance.

In the early years, Territory justice was enacted through the provisions of the Seat of Government Acceptance Act 1909. Territory officials relied on the Queanbeyan, Goulburn and Cooma courts. On 12 December 1925, the Federal Capital Commission wrote to the Department of Home Affairs and Territories about developing a system for the administration of justice in the Territory. It would be another five years, however, before any decisive action was taken, with the establishment of a Court of Petty Sessions in 1930.

In November 1932, Cabinet considered a report dealing with contemporary arrangements involving Territory courts. The report noted the High Court and Court of Petty Sessions, and that there had been a recent trial use of a visiting judge to hear criminal and civil matters. What was needed, the report said, was for the Territory to have its own Supreme Court. This would relieve the High Court of its jurisdiction in respect of the Territory and provide an intermediate court of appeal between the High Court and Court of Petty Sessions. Cabinet approved the recommendation on 7 December 1932.

The Supreme Court of the Federal Capital Territory was established on 1 January 1934 by the.

The first judge of the Supreme Court was Lionel Lukin, who served from 1934 to 1943, and the court's first sitting was on 12 February 1934 at Acton House (the building was demolished in 1940). The court moved to the Hotel Acton in early 1935, then to the new Patent Office in Barton in 1941, and then to the Law Courts Building on the western side of City Hill, on 8 May 1963.

From its creation in 1976 until 2002, appeals from the Supreme Court were heard by a full bench of the Federal Court of Australia. The judges of the Supreme Court were usually also Federal Court judges and it was "the usual practice" that at least one sit on appeals to that court.

Following the establishment of self-government in 1989, the court remained under Commonwealth administration until its transfer to the ACT Government on 1 July 1992, when the came into effect.

By 2006, the Supreme Court comprised a Chief Justice, three resident judges and (since 1958) additional judges otherwise appointed to the Federal Court of Australia as well as a Master of the Court.

In 2015, the title of the office of Master of the Supreme Court was changed to Associate Judge.

It was announced in 2017 that the ACT Law Courts building would be expanded as the Supreme Court was experience capacity issues. In 2019, stage one of the renovations were completed. Not only did the renovations bring the Magistrates Court and the Supreme Court into the same building, it added several new courtrooms and modernised facilities. Stage two and the renovations of the original ACT Law Courts building is due to be completed in coming years.

Jurisdiction
The court has "all original and appellate jurisdiction that is necessary for the administration of justice in the Territory", including both civil and criminal jurisdiction. It also covers matters relating to corporation law, adoptions and probate. The court also conducted divorce proceedings, but only until 1975, when the Family Court of Australia assumed responsibility for this function.

In addition to possessing jurisdictional power with respect to matters in the Australian Capital Territory, the Court also has the jurisdictional power to hear matters that relate to the Jervis Bay Territory, the Australian Antarctic Territory and the Heard Island and McDonald Islands, although it has never exercised that power. It also hears matters on appeal from the Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory.

Composition
The court consists of a Chief Justice, six resident judges, and a number of acting and additional judges. The Supreme Court Act also provides for the appointment of an Associate Judge (previously called the Master), though this position has been vacant since its most recent holder, Verity McWilliam, was elevated to the bench in 2023.

From 2007 until 2015, there was also a President of the Court of Appeal. The position was left vacant after its only holder, Justice Malcolm Gray, retired in 2011 and was formally abolished in 2015 due to "the existing overlap with the functions of the Chief Justice".

All judges are appointed by the Territory government. Additional judges are judges of other courts, usually the Federal Court, who hold their appointment to the Supreme Court in addition to their other appointments. Acting judges are judges appointed on a temporary basis, for a maximum of one year at a time.

The court can be constituted by a single judge alone or with a jury. An appeal from the associate judge or from a single judge is heard by the court sitting as the ACT Court of Appeal constituted by three judges. An appeal from the Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory is heard by a single judge.

The Chief Justice is responsible for the prompt discharge of the court’s business, and may, in consultation with a judge, decide the types of cases which a magistrate will hear.

Process
Civil matters may be commenced by the filing of an originating application or originating process.

Criminal matters are commenced when they persons are committed to trial or sentence by the Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory.

Appeals to the court may come from several sources including the Magistrates Court and the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/B5 (band)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was ambiguous.

Virtually all the voters argued that the then-current version of the article should not be kept. The comments specifically addressing whether or not this band meets the recommended criteria at WP:MUSIC were also split with at least 2 voters explicitly not expressing an opinion on that topic. Reviewing those standards myself, I am not convinced that a "one-hit wonder" that topped at #71 on a niche chart qualifies. I note that criterion 3 sets the bar at "two or more albums on a major label".

The article was substantially cleaned up during the discussion period but I note that none of the voters in this discussion decided to reverse their votes. Of the two people voting after the clean-up, one argued "keep" and the other "delete". I take this to indicate a lack of confidence that the cleanup was enough to address their concerns.

I am going to exercise my discretion on this one and call it as a delete but without prejudice against the re-creation of the article if/when the band someday becomes notable. Rossami (talk) 23:22, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

B5 (band)
Band has yet to attain notability. Only one single recorded, an album is claimed to be released in July. The member bios are not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 07:41, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but cleanup. The group's single has apparently charted on Billboard magazine's R&B chart  which would tend to qualify them under WP:MUSIC.  Also, they are signed to P. Diddy's Bad Boy Records which is a notable record label.  Agreed that the article as it stands is not encyclopedic nor do the member biographies belong in Wikipedia in their current form. --Metropolitan90 08:08, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * It turns out that their single peaked at #71 on the R&B chart. Abstain. --Metropolitan90 23:05, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * By policy, I suppose it would be a clean, but, frankly, what would be the difference between blanking this whole thing and "cleaning" by doing the whole of it again? Delete. Geogre 15:37, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would vote to Keep if cleaned up. Band has All Music Guide article which shows that an album will be released by Bad Boy shortly. However, article is currently not in fit state for retention.Capitalistroadster 01:34, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep only because it meets the guidelines, but it needs a cleanup. Vegaswikian 06:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established, article is un-encyclopaedic as it stands. Megan1967 03:44, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * See new edit to remove non-encyclopedic content. --Metropolitan90 05:14, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Verifiable, and now cleaned up. func (talk) 01:03, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete until album comes out - this band isnt notable. Leanne 10:37, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Freedom of contract

Freedom of contract is the process in which individuals and groups form contracts without government restrictions. This is opposed to government regulations such as minimum-wage laws, competition laws, economic sanctions, restrictions on price fixing, or restrictions on contracting with undocumented workers. The freedom to contract is the underpinning of laissez-faire economics and is a cornerstone of free-market libertarianism. The proponents of the concept believe that through "freedom of contract", individuals possess a general freedom to choose with whom to contract, whether to contract or not, and on which terms to contract.

History
Henry James Sumner Maine proposed that social structures evolve from roles derived from social status to those based on contractual freedom. A status system establishes obligations and relationships by birth, but a contract presumes that the individuals are free and equal. Modern libertarianism, such as that advanced by Robert Nozick, sees freedom of contract as the expression of the independent decisions of separate individuals pursuing their own interests under a "minimal state."

United States
In the United States, the right to make and enforce contracts is embedded in Title 42 of the US Code. The term "make and enforce contracts" includes "the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship".

Lochner v. New York
In 1902, a New York baker named Joseph Lochner was fined for violating a state law limiting the number of hours his employees could work. He sued the state on the grounds that he was denied his right to "due process". Lochner claimed that he had the right to freely contract with his employees and that the state had unfairly interfered with this. In 1905, the Supreme Court used the due process clause to declare unconstitutional the New York state statute imposing a limit on hours of work. Rufus Wheeler Peckham wrote for the majority: "Under that provision no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The right to purchase or to sell labor is part of the liberty protected by this amendment."

Writing in dissent, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. accused the majority of basing its decision on laissez-faire ideology. He believed that it was making law based on economics rather than interpreting the constitution. He believed that "Liberty of Contract" did not exist and that it was not intended in the Constitution.

Afterward
In his "Liberty of Contract" (1909), Roscoe Pound critiqued freedom-of-contract laws by laying out case after case in which labor rights were struck down by state and federal Supreme Courts. Pound argued the courts' rulings were "simply wrong" from the standpoint of common law and "even from that of a sane individualism" (482). Pound further compared the situation of labor legislation in his time to common opinion of usury and that the two were "of the same type" (484). Pound lamented that the legacy of such "academic" and "artificial" judicial rulings for liberty of contract engendered a "lost respect for the courts" but predicted a "bright" future for labor legislation (486–487).

The Supreme Court applied the liberty of contract doctrine sporadically over the next three decades but generally upheld reformist legislation as being within the states' police power. In 1937 the Court reversed its view in the case West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish. In that case the court upheld a Washington state law setting a minimum wage.

United Kingdom
In the late 19th century, the English judiciary espoused "freedom of contract" as a generally applicable feature of public policy, best expressed in Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson by Sir George Jessel MR. In the later 20th century, the view of the common law had changed completely. In George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd, Lord Denning MR compared "freedom of contract" with oppression of the weak, as he outlined the development the law had undergone.

"The heyday of freedom of contract

None of you nowadays will remember the trouble we had – when I was called to the Bar – with exemption clauses. They were printed in small print on the back of tickets and order forms and invoices. They were contained in catalogues or timetables. They were held to be binding on any person who took them without objection. No one ever did object. He never read them or knew what was in them. No matter how unreasonable they were, he was bound. All this was done in the name of 'freedom of contract'. But the freedom was all on the side of the big concern which had the use of the printing press. No freedom for the little man who took the ticket or order form or invoice. The big concern said, 'Take it or leave it.' The little man had no option but to take it. The big concern could and did exempt itself from liability in its own interest without regard to the little man. It got away with it time after time. When the courts said to the big concern, 'You must put it in clear words', the big concern had no hesitation in doing so. It knew well that the little man would never read the exemption clauses or understand them.

It was a bleak winter for our law of contract. It is illustrated by two cases, Thompson v. London, Midland and Scottish Railway Co. [1930] 1 K.B. 41 (in which there was exemption from liability, not on the ticket, but only in small print at the back of the timetable, and the company were held not liable) and L'Estrange v. F. Graucob Ltd. [1934] 2 K.B. 394 (in which there was complete exemption in small print at the bottom of the order form, and the company were held not liable).

The secret weapon

Faced with this abuse of power – by the strong against the weak – by the use of the small print of the conditions – the judges did what they could to put a curb upon it. They still had before them the idol, 'freedom of contract'. They still knelt down and worshipped it, but they concealed under their cloaks a secret weapon. They used it to stab the idol in the back. This weapon was called 'the true construction of the contract'. They used it with great skill and ingenuity. They used it so as to depart from the natural meaning of the words of the exemption clause and to put upon them a strained and unnatural construction. In case after case, they said that the words were not strong enough to give the big concern exemption from liability; or that in the circumstances the big concern was not entitled to rely on the exemption clause. If a ship deviated from the contractual voyage, the owner could not rely on the exemption clause. If a warehouseman stored the goods in the wrong warehouse, he could not pray in aid the limitation clause. If the seller supplied goods different in kind from those contracted for, he could not rely on any exemption from liability. If a shipowner delivered goods to a person without production of the bill of lading, he could not escape responsibility by reference to an exemption clause. In short, whenever the wide words – in their natural meaning – would give rise to an unreasonable result, the judges either rejected them as repugnant to the main purpose of the contract, or else cut them down to size in order to produce a reasonable result. This is illustrated by these cases in the House of Lords: Glynn v. Margetson & Co. [1893] A.C. 351; London and North Western Railway Co. v. Neilson [1922] 2 A.C. 263; Cunard Steamship Co. Ltd. v. Buerger [1927] A.C. 1; and by Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v The King [1952] A.C. 192 and Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd. v. Rambler Cycle Co. Ltd. [1959] A.C. 576 in the Privy Council; and innumerable cases in the Court of Appeal, culminating in Levison v. Patent Steam Carpet Cleaning Co. Ltd. [1978] Q.B. 69. But when the clause was itself reasonable and gave rise to a reasonable result, the judges upheld it; at any rate, when the clause did not exclude liability entirely but only limited it to a reasonable amount. So where goods were deposited in a cloakroom or sent to a laundry for cleaning, it was quite reasonable for the company to limit their liability to a reasonable amount, having regard to the small charge made for the service. These are illustrated by Gibaud v. Great Eastern Railway Co. [1921] 2 K.B. 426; Alderslade v Hendon Laundry Ltd [1945] K.B. 189 and Gillespie Bros. & Co. Ltd. v Roy Bowles Transport Ltd. [1973] Q.B. 400."

Australia
In Australia, the principle of "Freedom of Contract" is integral to its legal system, mirroring the autonomy found in contract laws globally. Central to this is the Australian Consumer Law, which safeguards fair dealings and transparent terms in contractual agreements. This law ensures a balance between the freedom of parties to negotiate and enter into contracts, and the protection of consumers from unfair or deceptive practices. It highlights the importance of equitable contract terms, particularly in safeguarding the interests of consumers and small businesses, in line with Australia's commitment to fair trading and consumer rights. The history of "Freedom of Contract" in Australia has evolved significantly over time. Initially, this principle was heavily influenced by English common law, emphasizing the importance of autonomy and mutual agreement in contract formation. Over the years, the Australian legal system has refined and adapted these concepts to address local needs and circumstances, particularly focusing on consumer protection and fair trading practices. This evolution reflects Australia's commitment to balancing individual freedoms in contract negotiations with the protection of societal interests, especially in terms of consumer rights and equitable dealings.

Law and economics
In economics, the freedom of contract has been studied in the field of contract theory. According to the Coase Theorem, the freedom of contract is beneficial in the absence of transaction costs. When two rational parties voluntarily enter into a contract, they must be (at least weakly) better off than in the absence of the contract. The parties will agree on a contract that maximizes the total surplus that they can generate. Hence, restrictions on the class of enforceable contracts can only reduce the total surplus. Yet, prohibiting certain contracts can be beneficial when there are transaction costs. For example, Spier and Whinston (1995) have shown that not enforcing a contract between two parties can be desirable when the contract has negative external effects on a third party (which does not participate in the contract due to transaction costs). It has also been argued that the presence of asymmetric information can make restrictions on the freedom of contract desirable, since such restrictions can prevent inefficient distortions due to signalling and screening. , Similarly, when there are transaction costs due to moral hazard problems, restrictions on the freedom of contract can be welfare-enhancing. Furthermore, it can be desirable not to enforce certain contracts when agents are susceptible to cognitive biases. Finally, an important problem is whether contractual parties should have the freedom to restrict their own freedom to modify their contract in the future. Schmitz (2005) and Davis (2006) argue that it can be beneficial not to enforce non-renegotiation clauses in contracts. ,

title: Freedom of contract


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Castoroides

Castoroides (Latin: "beaver" (castor), "like" (oides) ), or the giant beaver, is an extinct genus of enormous, bear-sized beavers that lived in North America during the Pleistocene. Two species are currently recognized, C. dilophidus in the Southeastern United States and C. ohioensis in most of North America. C. leiseyorum was previously described from the Irvingtonian age but is now regarded as an invalid name. All specimens previously described as C. leiseyorum are considered to belong to C. dilophidus.

Description
Castoroides species were much larger than modern beavers. Their average length was approximately 1.9 m, and they could grow as large as 2.2 m. The weight of the giant beaver could vary from 90 kg to 125 kg. This makes it the largest known rodent in North America during the Pleistocene and the largest known beaver. Recent analyses suggest that they weighed less, closer to 77 kg, but this is disputable.

The hind feet of the giant beaver were much larger than in modern beavers, while the hind legs were shorter. The tail was longer and may not have been paddle-shaped as in modern beavers. It can only be assumed that its feet were webbed as in modern species. The skull structure of the giant beaver suggests that it participated in extended underwater activity, thanks to the ability to take more oxygen into its lungs.

One of the defining characteristics of the giant beaver was their incisor teeth, which differed in size and shape from those of modern beavers. Modern beavers have incisors with smooth enamel, while the teeth of the giant beaver had a striated, textured enamel surface. Their teeth were also much larger, up to 15 cm (6 in) long.

Classification
There are two known species:
 * Castoroides dilophidus (found in Florida and the southeastern states only)
 * Castoroides ohioensis, synonym Castoroides nebrascensis (found throughout continental United States and Canada)

These two species of giant beaver (genus Castoroides) are not close relatives to modern beavers (genus Castor), with modern beavers and Castorodies suggested to have split around 16-20 million years ago based on fossils and genomic estimates. Castoroides typifies the extinct subfamily Castoroidinae, which forms a North American lineage beginning with the Hemingfordian genus Monosaulax, followed by Eucastor, Dipoides, and Procastoroides, to finally culminate and go extinct with Castoroides.

Discovery and species
Castoroides fossils were first discovered in 1837 in a peat bog in Ohio, hence the species epithet ohioensis. Castoroides had cutting teeth up to 15 cm-long with prominently-ridged outer surfaces. These strong enamel ridges would have acted as girders to support such long teeth. Further, the deep masseteric fossa of the lower jaw suggests a very powerful bite. Remains of the giant beaver, along with Paleo-Indian artifacts and the remains of the flat-headed peccary, giant short-faced bear, and the stag moose were found in the Sheriden Cave in Wyandot County, Ohio.

Fossils of Castoroides are concentrated around the midwestern United States in states near the Great Lakes, particularly Illinois and Indiana, but specimens are recorded from Alaska and Canada to Florida. In Canada, fossils of this species are commonly found in the Old Crow Basin, Yukon, and single specimens are known from Toronto, Ontario and Indian Island, New Brunswick. A hitherto overlooked 1891 record of a Castoroides skull from near Highgate, Ontario is the earliest for Canada. In Old Crow region, Castoroides fossils occur in deposits of the Sangamonian interglacial.

The discovery of giant beaver remains in New Brunswick adds significantly to the Quaternary terrestrial mammal fauna of New Brunswick and suggests that the terrestrial fauna was probably richer than earlier evidence indicated. The known North American distribution of giant beaver is not significantly changed by this occurrence. Specimens from the southeastern U.S. have been placed in a separate species, Castoroides dilophidus, based on differences in premolar and molar features. Martin (1969) considered it a subspecies, but new research by Hulbert et al. place them in their own species, Castoroides dilophidus, It is recorded from more than 25 Pleistocene localities in Florida, 23 of Rancholabrean age, one possibly of Irvingtonian age, and one of late Blancan age.

Castoroides dilophidus specimens have been unearthed in Florida and South Carolina. The Cooper River site in South Carolina was dated at 1.8 million to 11,000 years ago. The Castoroides leiseyorum was named by S. Morgan and J. A. White in 1995 for the Leisey shell pit in Hillsborough County, Florida, with specimens aged at about 2.1 Mya. These specimens are now considered to belong to C. dilophidus, and C. leiseyorum is no longer a valid species name.

Ecology
Stable isotopes suggest that Castoroides probably predominantly consumed submerged aquatic plants, rather than the woody diet of living beavers. There is no evidence that giant beavers constructed dams or lodges. The shape of the incisors of Castoroides would have made it much less effective in cutting down trees than living beavers. It was likely heavily dependent on wetland environments for both food and protection from predators.

Extinction
Castoroides was likely extirpated from Alaska and the Yukon after 75,000 years ago corresponding to increasingly hostile environmental conditions. Castoroides went extinct during as part of the Late Pleistocene extinctions at the Pleistocene–Holocene transition, alongside most other North American Pleistocene megafauna, such as mammoths, mastodons. This roughly coincides with the arrival of the Clovis culture in the region—who rapidly colonized the area by 12,800 years ago—as well the beginning of an aridity trend. It has been long debated if humans ("overkill hypothesis") or climate change had a bigger effect in the extinction event, but they took several thousands of years to completely die out.

The loss of both wetland habitats in lowland regions and associated mixed-conifer forests coincide with regional disappearances of Castoroides populations in North America. Castoroides populations were extirpated from different regions such as the southeast, Great Plains regions, and northern North America (Canada and Alaska) as a direct result of local glacial periods within the Last Glacial Maximum that brought aridification to the habitats and made them unsuitable. Radiocarbon dates from Ohio and New York indicate that the lowlands south of the Great Lakes was home to the last isolated Castoroides populations when it disappeared from eastern North America shortly before the Pleistocene-Holocene transition event, bringing the complete extinction of the genus. The youngest known Castoroides specimens from New York State overlap with human artifacts (dating to 10,150 ± 50 years BP uncalibrated, later estimated to range from 11,501 to 12,050 years BP in calibrated radiocarbon date), suggesting that it overlapped with Paleo-Indian populations for up to a thousand years. However, there is no zooarchaeological evidence that humans butchered, hunted, or used Castoroides as a resource. Although causes of extinction of the Great Lakes Basin population are not specifically known, potential competition for habitat space and climate change brought about their extinction.

Interaction with humans
Little is known for certain about human interactions with Castoroides. Remains of Castoroides are found along with human artefacts in Sheriden Cave. Differing scientific theories exist considering whether the extinction of Castoroides was caused by hunting by the early human arrivals in the Americas. First Nations such as the Innu and Mississaugas feature giant beaver in their traditional mythology, which some members of these Nations believe is evidence of human interaction with Castoroides.

In 1972, American ethnologist Jane Beck hypothesized C. ohioensis was the basis of an Algonquin myth where a gargantuan beaver created a dam so high on the Saint John River, the lake behind it almost reached the sea. The dam was struck down by the Wabanaki heroic figure Glooscap with his axe, creating the Reversing Falls. Glooscap chased the monster upstream, creating several islands in the river while attempting to strike the beaver through the ice. The beaver constructed another dam which created the Great Lakes and fled through these to the land beyond.

Several versions of an Anishinaabe story tell of "giant beavers" who "walked upright and stood as tall as the tallest man." Many scholars believe that stories like these could be evidence from the oral tradition of North American First Nations people encountering C. ohioensis or, at the very least, their fossils.

title: Castoroides


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UXu

uXu, or Underground eXperts United was an underground ezine active from 1991 to 2002. It was founded in 1991 by ex-members of the Swedish Hackers Association and was based in Sweden. The group was influenced by a similar movement in the United States known as Cult of the Dead Cow, or CDC.

The group has written and published 617 articles in English and more than 100 in Swedish. The first published articles, which were written in ASCII text, included descriptions of bombs, technology, and the computer scene in Sweden. These themes soon expanded over the years to include journal entries, philosophy, song lyrics, and interviews.

title: UXu


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Talk:Ecosophy

Indigenous Ecology
This section lacks any references and simply appears to be the authors own blinkered perspective. Consequently I have deleted it

User:SyTaffel 28 nov 2007

Social Ecology
Social Ecology does not have a biocentrist perspective. Quite the opposite... or more balanced. Murray Bookchin, the founder of SE, is a harsh and outspoken critic of all the 'sophies' mentioned here, and especially Arne Næss' deep ecology. I have removed it from the list! --PeterKristo 21:35, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Quantum Ecosophy?
A google search for "quantum ecosophy" brings up nothing but this article and a myspace page of a crackpot. Has there been anything written anywhere on quantum ecosophy? Eok20 06:03, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * An "ecosophy formulated from quantum mechanics" is. . . how do I phrase this nicely. . . complete nonsense. Seriously.  Note that the article "quantum ecosophy" was speedily deleted as patent nonsense last November.  Anville 13:44, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ecosophy


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Talk:Piłsudski Square

In April of 2005 two million people mourned his death there ... - where is this number taken from ? How do you fit two million in the square ? Lysy 07:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article really needs a better photo, especially if some one would happen to have one from 2 June 1979.

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Christoph Schlingensief

Christoph Maria Schlingensief (24 October 1960 – 21 August 2010) was a German theatre director, performance artist, and filmmaker. Starting as an independent underground filmmaker, Schlingensief later staged productions for theatres and festivals, often accompanied by public controversies. In the final years before his death, he staged Wagner's Parsifal at the Bayreuth Festival and worked at several opera houses, establishing himself as a Regietheater artist.

Early life and education
Schlingensief was born on 24 October 1960 in Oberhausen. His father was a pharmacist and his mother a pediatric nurse. As a child, he worked as an altar server and already made short films with a hand-held camera.

Having passed his Abitur exams, he twice failed to gain admission to the University of Television and Film Munich. From 1981 he studied German language and literature, philosophy and art history at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, but also dabbled as a musician and finally dropped out in 1983 to work as an assistant to the experimental filmmaker Werner Nekes. After working as a teacher at Hochschule für Gestaltung Offenbach am Main and Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, he became a production manager on Hans W. Geißendörfer's TV series Lindenstraße.

Career
Already as a young man Schlingensief had organized art events in the cellar of his parents' house, and local artists such as Helge Schneider or Theo Jörgensmann performed in his early short films. He considered himself a 'provocatively thoughtful' artist. He created numerous controversial and provocative theatre pieces as well as films, his former mentor being filmmaker and media artist Werner Nekes.

Film
Already Schlingensief's debut feature film, the surreal, absurd experimental Tunguska – Die Kisten sind da! ("Tunguska – The Crates Are Delivered!", 1984) was well received by critics. Growing up in the shadow of the New German Cinema, Schlingensief was deeply influenced by the likes of Rainer Werner Fassbinder—many members of whose stock company of actors such as Udo Kier, Margit Carstensen, Irm Hermann or Volker Spengler became regulars in Schlingensief's films—or Alexander Kluge, with whom he collaborated on numerous occasions. To said period of film, Schlingensief delivered both a heartfelt homage as well as the final coup de grâce with The 120 Days of Bottrop—starring Helmut Berger, playing an inept director's effort to remake Pier Paolo Pasolini's Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (1975) —in much the same way he dealt with German avant-garde cinema 15 years earlier with his first feature film Tunguska – The Crates Are Delivered starring Alfred Edel (actor). Drawing parallels to the work of British filmmaker Derek Jarman, Egomania – Island without Hope (1986) starred Kier and Tilda Swinton. Other influences include Luis Buñuel, Werner Schroeter or Herbert Achternbusch—and Schlingensief's filmic works have been compared to just as wide a range of filmmakers, from Jean-Luc Godard to Russ Meyer.

With his "Germany Trilogy", consisting of 100 Years of Adolf Hitler – The Last Hour in the Führerbunker, The German Chainsaw Massacre – The First Hour of the Reunification and Terror 2000 – Germany out of Control, Schlingensief came to prominence. Since then he shaped the cultural and political discourse in Germany for more than two decades and established himself as one of the country's most important and versatile artists. The "Germany Trilogy" deals with three turning points in 20th-century German history: the first movie Hundert Jahre Adolf Hitler ("A Hundred Years of Adolf Hitler", 1989) covers the last hours of Adolf Hitler, the second The German Chainsaw Massacre (1990), depicts the German reunification of 1990 and shows a group of East Germans who cross the border to visit West Germany and get slaughtered by a psychopathic West German family with chainsaws, and the third Terror 2000 (1992) focuses on xenophobic violence after the reunification process.

One of Schlingensief's central tactics was to call politicians' bluff in an attempt to reveal the inanities of their "responsible" discourse, a tactic he called "playing something through to its end". This strategy was most notable in his work Please Love Austria (alternately named Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container) at the time of the FPÖ and ÖVP coalition in Austria, a work which attracted international support, a media frenzy and countless debates about art practice.

In 2009, he joined the jury of the Berlin International Film Festival with Tilda Swinton as jury president.

Television
Schlingensief soon became a figure of considerable celebrity and notoriety in Germany, thanks to several popular television projects. Broadcast in 1997, Talk 2000 was a talk show with celebrity guests in which Schlingensief sometimes interrupted interviews to discuss his own personal problems. In U3000 (2000), he and his crew were filmed acting crazily on platforms and in cars of the Berlin subway system; the program aired on MTV Germany. In Freakstars 3000 (2003), a six-part American Idol-style parody, two dozen people from an assisted-living home for the mentally disabled competed for spots in a new band.

Art
In 1997, Schlingesief staged an art action at the documenta X exhibition in Kassel as part of the performance space "Hybrid WorkSpace", which was curated by Klaus Biesenbach, Nancy Spector and Hans-Ulrich Obrist. During the performance, Schlingensief was arrested for carrying a placard with the words "Kill Helmut Kohl!". In November 1999, invited by P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center and organized by Klaus Biesenbach, Schlingensief carried out a performance at the Statue of Liberty in New York City, where, kneeling down at the foot of the statue, he handed Germany over to globalization.

His exhibition The Last Hour, with its twisted metalwork from a crashed car, footage of a long tunnel and paparazzi pictures of Princess Diana, was in 2006 rejected by the Frieze Art Fair in London's Regent's Park and instead ended up in a little-known gallery space in Bethnal Green. He later joined the Hauser & Wirth gallery. In 2007, the Haus der Kunst, Munich, mounted an exhibition of Schlingensief's work; it presented African Twin Towers and short films that have been shot while the artist directed The Flying Dutchman at the Teatro Amazonas in Manaus, Brazil.

Theatre
In the 1990s, Schlingensief directed a series of chaotic, satirical productions at the Volksbühne theatre in Berlin. He also directed a version of Hamlet, subtitled, This is your Family, Nazi~Line, which premiered in Switzerland, the so-called neutral territory equated with the Denmark of the opening line in Shakespeare's play where there is something foul afoot. Events around the piece questioned and attacked Switzerland's 'neutrality' in the face of growing racism and extreme right wing movements. The artist duo Ubermorgen provided the Internet platform Nazi~Line for the project, where former members of Neo Nazi groups were sought and then cast as actors to play characters in the drama on stage as a way of re-integrating the ex-Neo-Nazis with the common workforce of the theatre.

Schlingensief's work covered a variety of media, including installation and the ubiquitous 'talk show' and has in many cases led to audience members leaving the theatre space with Schlingensief and his colleagues to take part in events such as Passion Impossible, Wake Up Call for Germany 1997 or Chance 2000, Vote for Yourself in which he formed the Last Chance Party where anyone could become a candidate themselves in the run up to the federal election of 1998 in Germany. The same year he made a performance project for an Austrian festival for new art Steirischer Herbst called Chance 2000 for Graz: eight pillars were built at the central Marienplatz square, where homeless people were invited to sit on, and the deal was that the one who sat there longest could win 7,000 shillings, plus every day the artist threw 20,000 shillings on passers-by in front of the eyes of those who sat on the pillars. The project was interrupted with help of the right-wing Freedom Party of Austria, that collected 10,000 signatures against it.

With his demands for people to "prove they exist" in an age of total TV coverage and "act, act, act" in the sense of becoming active not 'actors', his work could be considered a direct legacy of Bertolt Brecht, as it demands involvement as opposed to passivity and merely looking on as is the case in traditional text-based theatre. In an age of extreme media fatigue, his was a fresh voice albeit and undisputedly containing echoes of the past, often humorous and subversive yet never cynical. His influences included Joseph Beuys and his idea of social sculpture, and artists Allan Kaprow and Dieter Roth. At the time of his death, he was involved in productions for the Ruhrtriennale and for the Berlin Staatsoper's "Metanoia".

Opera
In 2004, at the invitation of Wolfgang and Katharina Wagner, he staged Wagner's Parsifal for the Bayreuth Festival. When he accepted the Wagner family's invitation, it caused surprise because of his iconoclasm and his well-known aversion to all things tainted by association with Hitler; however, he had been invited to the festival before in 1991. Film clips and costumes focused the action on the conflict between Christianity and Islam. The production, in the first years conducted by Pierre Boulez, was revived in 2005 and 2006, but unlike other Bayreuth Festival stagings it was not filmed. Christian Kracht would later describe "the likes of Wolfgang Wagner" as "bourgeois & enemy to Christoph Schlingensief".

In his last productions, such as the fluxus oratorio Church of Fear and the ready made opera Mea culpa, he staged his own cancer experience, and related it to his first 'stage experience' as a young altar boy.

Opera Village Africa
Schlingensief's commitment to developing nations later took him to Burkina Faso, where he was awarded a concession to build an opera house, arguably his most ambitious project. The project, which received funding from the German government, was also to include a theater and film school, and an infirmary. Construction began in January 2010, near Ouagadougou, and was later continued under the guidance of Schlingensief's wife and long-time assistant Aino Laberenz, whom he married in 2009. In 2012, numerous internationally renowned artists have donated works for a fundraising auction at the Hamburger Bahnhof, among them Marina Abramović, Pipilotti Rist, Georg Baselitz, Christo, Olafur Eliasson, Andreas Gursky, Wolfgang Tillmans and Günther Uecker. Patti Smith, a friend of Schlingensief for many years, contributed a drawing that she made in the summer of 2010 during a joint exhibition in Munich.

Death
After learning he had lung cancer in early 2008, Schlingensief wrote about his illness and in 2009 published Heaven Could Not Be as Beautiful as Here: A Cancer Diary. Also, he already organised part of his estate and entrusted it for archiving to the Berlin Academy of the Arts. He died on 21 August 2010 in Berlin, Germany, at age 49. In a note to his death in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, Literature Nobel Prize Laureate Elfriede Jelinek wrote:

"Schlingensief was one of the greatest artists who ever lived. I always thought one like him cannot die. It is as if life itself had died. He was not really a stage director (in spite of Bayreuth and Parsifal), he was everything: he was the artist as such. He has coined a new genre that has been removed from each classification. There will be nobody like him."

Venice Biennale
In 2011, the jury of the 54th Venice Biennale awarded the international exhibition's highest honor, the "Golden Lion for best national pavilion", to Germany for its display of work by Christoph Schlingensief. Organized by curator Susanne Gaensheimer, who completed the exhibition after Schlingensief's death, the German pavilion was transformed into a replica of the church where the artist spent his teenage years as an altar boy in order to present Fluxus Oratorio, the second of his three-part final work, created after he had undergone surgery to remove a lung. The exhibition presented multimedia documents—from videos to x-rays—relating to his battle with terminal cancer. A side room showed footage and a maquette made as part of Schlingensief's project to build an opera house in Burkina Faso, while another wing displayed a selection of films from throughout his career. In an interview with Berliner Zeitung, artist Gerhard Richter had previously criticised Schlingensief's appointment as "a scandal", associating the selection of the multitasking director with "the decline of painting".

1990s

 * 1990–1993 he directed a series of films known as the Germany trilogy
 * 1993 he directed his first stage piece "100 Years of CDU" at the Volksbühne Berlin
 * 1994 Kuhnen "94, Bring Me the Head of Adolf Hitler!" at the Volksbühne Berlin
 * 1996 Director of the movie United Trash
 * 1996 Rocky Dutschke at the Volksbühne Berlin
 * 1997 My Felt, My Fat, My Hare, 48 Hours Survival for Germany (documenta X, Kassel)
 * 1997 Passion Impossible, Wake Up Call for Germany, Deutsches Schauspielhaus Hamburg and Station Mission for the Homeless
 * 1998 Chance 2000, an Election Circus, Prater Garden, Berlin and other locations nationwide
 * 1999 Freakstars 3000 at the Volksbühne Berlin

2000s

 * 2000 Foreigners out! Schlingensiefs Container (Opera Square, Vienna in association with the Burgtheater)
 * 2001 Hamlet, This is Your Family—Nazi Line in Zürich, Switzerland, and at the Volksbühne in Berlin in collaboration with Ubermorgen
 * 2002 Atta Atta—Art Has Broken Out! at Volksbühne in Berlin
 * 2003 founded the "Church of Fear" at the Venice Biennale
 * 2003 directed Bambiland by Elfriede Jelinek at the Burgtheater in Vienna
 * 2004 directed Richard Wagners Parsifal at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus
 * 2004 created Kunst und Gemuese at Volksbühne in Berlin
 * 2005 premiered The Animatograph in Reykjavík, Iceland, which continues in various manifestations up to the present
 * 2006 directed Area 7, a St Matthews Expedition at the Burgtheater in Vienna
 * 2006 premiered Kaprow City a performative installation at the Volksbühne in Berlin
 * 2007 directed The Flying Dutchman at the Amazon Theatre, Manaus
 * 2007 created a new talk show series for Arte television, The Pilots
 * 2008 Eine Kirche der Angst vor dem Fremden in mir (Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord)
 * 2009 Mea Culpa – eine ReadyMadeOper (Burgtheater, Vienna)
 * 2009 Sterben lernen
 * 2010 Remdoogo – Via Intolleranza II (Bavarian State Opera, Munich)

title: Christoph Schlingensief