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Talk:Deep Throat (Watergate)/May 23, 2005 revision

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Throat_%28Watergate%29&oldid=14490875

"Deep Throat" was the name given to Bob Woodward's secret informant who leaked information about United States President Richard Nixon's involvement in Watergate. He was an important source for Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who together wrote a series of articles about Watergate in the Washington Post. The scandal would eventually lead to the resignation of the president, and prison terms for White House Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman and presidential adviser John Ehrlichman.

Deep Throat came to public attention when Woodward and Bernstein wrote All the President's Men, a book also made into an Academy Award-winning movie. In the movie, Deep Throat was portrayed by Hal Holbrook.

According to Woodward, Deep Throat was nervous that his role in the Post investigation would be discovered. He demanded that the two stop conversing by phone, thinking that the line may be tapped, and they began meeting late at night in a Washington parking garage. If Woodward wanted a meeting with Deep Throat, the reporter would rearrange a potted plant in his apartment window. If Deep Throat wanted a meeting with Woodward, the source would somehow ensure that page number 20 of Woodward's daily New York Times delivery was circled. Woodward claims that Deep Throat never gave him specific information but only confirmed information given by others and suggested avenues to explore.

The name Deep Throat came from the X-rated movie "Deep Throat", which was popular during the period; it is also a play on the phrase deep background.

Identity
Deep Throat's identity is known only to four people: Woodward; Bernstein; their editor at the time, Benjamin C. Bradlee; and, of course, Deep Throat himself.

Woodward has said in repeated interviews that the identity of Deep Throat will be kept confidential until Deep Throat dies, or until Deep Throat agrees to let his name be made public. In February 2005, Nixon White House counsel (now columnist) John Dean reported that Woodward had recently informed Bradlee that Deep Throat was ill, and that Bradlee had written Deep Throat's obituary. Both Woodward and the current editor of the Post, Leonard Downie, have denied these claims.

Over the years, there have been a number of hints and guesses as to the identity of Deep Throat, and much speculation.

Woodward has confirmed that Deep Throat:

 * is male;
 * was a specific man in Nixon's administration, and not a composite; and

Woodward has given specific denials to only six possibilities:

 * Alexander Haig
 * Earl Silbert
 * John Sears
 * Diane Sawyer
 * Cord Meyer Jr. (CIA official)
 * William Colby (CIA official)

Leading candidates
Generally acknowledged to be the two leading candidates are W. Mark Felt and Fred Fielding.

W. Mark Felt
W. Mark Felt was the third highest official in the FBI at the time of Watergate. James Mann, who had worked at the Post at the time of Watergate and was close to the investigation, brought a great deal of evidence together in a 1992 article in Atlantic Monthly that fingered Felt and convinced many. He argued that the information Deep Throat gave Woodward could only have come from FBI files. Felt was also embittered at having been passed over for the Director General position and the FBI in general was hostile to the Nixon administration. In previous unrelated articles Woodward had made clear he had a highly placed source at the FBI and there is some evidence he was friends with Felt. Felt was Richard Nixon's personal candidate as Deep Throat. Bernstein's son blurted to others that Felt was Deep Throat many years ago. Bernstein's wife at that time, Nora Ephron, tried to explain it away, saying that their son overheard her "speculations." Woodward has kept in close touch with Felt over the years, even showing up unexpected at his house in 1999, after Felt's dementia began. Some suspected at that time that Woodward might be asking Felt if he could reveal him to be Deep Throat, though Felt, when asked directly by others, has consistently denied being Deep Throat.

Fred Fielding
In April 2003 Fred F. Fielding was presented as a potential candidate as a result of a detailed review of source material by William Gaines and his journalism students. . Fielding was assistant to White House Counsel John Dean and as such had access to the files relating to the affair. Gaines feels that statements by Woodward rule out Deep Throat being in the FBI and the Deep Throat often had information before the FBI did. H.R. Haldeman suspected Fielding as being Deep Throat. Ironically John Dean has been one of the most dedicated hunters of Deep Throat. Both he and Leonard Garment dismissed Fielding as a possibility reporting that he had been cleared by Woodward in 1980 when Fielding was applying for an important position in the Reagan White House. However this assertion, which comes from Fielding, has not been backed up by anyone else.

Famous candidates
It has been common to accuse people who are unlikely to be Deep Throat, but who were famous at the time or have become so in later years. It is deeply unlikely that the highest profile members of the Nixon administration could have snuck around Washington and hid in parking garages.
 * Henry Kissinger, Nixon's National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, was out of the country on some of the dates Woodward reports to have met with Deep Throat.
 * Melvin R. Laird served as Nixon's Secretary of Defense. Like Kissinger, he was outside of the country when he was meant to have been meeting with Woodward.
 * Ben Stein, a Nixon speechwriter and later entertainer.
 * Pat Buchanan, who served as special assistant to the President, was nominated as a potential candidate by Dean in his June 2002 book "Unmasking Deep Throat"..
 * George H. W. Bush was nominated in February 2005 by Adrian Havill — author of a 1993 biography of Woodward and Bernstein, Deep Truth (ISBN 1559721723) — following the unveiling of Woodward's notes at the University of Texas. Havill had argued in his biography that Deep Throat was a composite figure, but stated in a letter to Poynter Online that based on more recent events and research, he now believed Deep Throat was George H. W. Bush.
 * William H. Rehnquist, currently Chief Justice of the United States, had a position in the Department of Justice early in the Nixon administration. In 2004 Dean reported that Deep Throat was ailing, leading many to point to Rehnquist. However Woodward later stated that the notion that Deep Throat was ailing was a misunderstanding. In February 2005, a poll conducted by Editor and Publisher Magazine amongst journalists reported that 15 percent thought that Rehnquist was Deep Throat. Rehnquist worked for Attorney General John Mitchell early in the Nixon administration. More than five months before the Watergate break-in he was appointed to the Supreme Court and it would have been almost impossible for him to have had access to much of the information Deep Throat is meant to have provided.

Other candidates

 * Charles W. Bates, FBI executive that Mann mentioned but considered less likely than Felt
 * L. Patrick Gray, The FBI director, who lived only four blocks away from Woodward, was fingered by a CBS documentary.
 * Robert Kunkel, FBI Washington Bureau Chief that Mann mentioned but considered less likely than Felt as he moved to St. Louis partway through the investigation
 * Cord Meyer, CIA agent fingered in Mark Riebling's Wedge: The Secret War Between the FBI and the CIA, however in an interview Woodward stated that Deep Throat was not part of the intelligence community.
 * Raymond Price, Nixon speechwriter
 * Stephen Bull, administrative assistant
 * Lowell Weicker, is Pat Buchanan's candidate for Deep Throat
 * Secret Service technicians, Richard Cohen argued it was whoever in the secret service maintained Nixon's secret taping devices

Deceased candidates
Since Dean's February 2005 article indicates that Deep Throat is still alive, we can logically also rule out the now deceased:
 * John Ehrlichman, Nixon advisor
 * Ron Ziegler, press secretary
 * William E. Colby, head of the CIA


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M115 howitzer

The M115 203 mm howitzer, also known as the M115 8-inch Howitzer, and originally the M1 8-inch Howitzer was a towed heavy howitzer developed by the United States Army and used during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. Post-WWII it was also adopted by a number of other nations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

History
During World War I, licensed production of the British 8-inch howitzer Mark VI was undertaken by the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company, located in the Nicetown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Both American and British-manufactured weapons were used by the American Expeditionary Force in France. In 1940, the United States still had 475 Mark VII and Mark VIII 1/2 howitzers in storage, but there are no reports of the Mark VI or other marks being used during World War II.

The original design of the M1 8-inch howitzer started in 1919, and resulted in the M1920 howitzer, but the program lapsed until resurrected in 1927. The T2 and T3 howitzers were prototypes of a partner piece for a new 155 mm gun. The first publicity photographs of the M1-type 8-inch howitzer on its redesigned carriage appeared in 1931, but development was slowed by the Great Depression. The T3 was standardized as the 8 inch Howitzer M1 in 1940.

Like the British 8-inch howitzer of the First World War (and most other large artillery), the M1 uses a Welin screw for its breech. The carriage was the same as used for the US 155 mm gun and was also adopted by the British for their BL 7.2-inch howitzer. It consists of a split trail with equilibrator assemblies, elevating and traversing mechanisms, a two-axle bogie with eight tires, and a single-axle, single-wheel limber for towing. Four spades, carried on the trails, were used to emplace the weapon.

The M1 saw U.S. service in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. During World War II, the M1 was towed by the Mack 7⅓ ton 6×6 truck or the M4 tractor. 59 battalions were raised during the war, of which 39 saw combat service in Northwest Europe or Italy and three in the Pacific.

In the late 1950s, it was adopted in small numbers by several NATO armies, to fire the W33 (M422/M422A1 shell) and later the W79 nuclear artillery shell, under the NATO nuclear sharing concept, a role which ended when the smallest types of tactical nuclear weapons were removed from service and eliminated. It was also adopted as a field weapon by a number of nations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and saw service in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Croatian War of Independence. In 1962, the M1 was redesignated the M115 Howitzer.

Operators

 * 🇮🇷: 20
 * 🇯🇴: 4 in store
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 🇵🇰: 28
 * : 8 in store
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea: The Armed Forces acquired right after the Korean War in 1953. Began replacing in the late 2000s with the K9 Thunder.
 * : in Turkey, 60 systems
 * 🇹🇼: 70
 * 🇹🇷: 162
 * 🇹🇷: 162

Former operators

 * 🇧🇪: former operator, 14 systems in 1983
 * : former operator, 24 systems
 * : former operator 1953–1996, 12 systems
 * : former operator
 * 🇯🇵: former operator
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: former operator
 * : former operator
 * 🇺🇸: former operator
 * 🇺🇸: former operator

Self-propelling mounts

 * The howitzer was mounted on a modified M4 medium tank chassis, in mount M17. The resulting vehicle was initially designated 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage T89 and eventually standardized as the 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage M43. A total of 48 units were built.
 * 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage T80 – based on T23 Medium Tank chassis, never advanced past proposal stage.
 * 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage T84 – based on T26 Medium Tank chassis, a single pilot was built in 1945.
 * The howitzer was mounted on a purpose-built tracked chassis to become the 8 inch Self-Propelled Howitzer M110. Notably, accuracy and rate of fire suffered from having to depress the cannon tube to loading elevation for each round in order to use the track-mounted auto loader, but the later M110A1 & M110A2 version had improved accuracy and ranges.

Ammunition
The howitzer fired separate loading, bagged charge ammunition, with seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: M115 howitzer


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/AeroVeedramon Zero

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

AeroVeedramon Zero
Digimon card game cruft. Nothing but the stats from one card (and a quick Google shows even that to be incomplete.) MikeJ9919 22:49, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not an encyclopedia article. JamesBurns 10:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Vitriol~enwiki

My talk page
Hey.

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Vitriol. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Vitriol~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:20, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:18, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vitriol~enwiki


text: User talk:68.255.255.167

title: User talk:68.255.255.167


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Greth Dunn, III

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Greth Dunn, III
Vanity. - Mailer Diablo 22:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Another vanity article. Could this person be related to Brennan Reilly? . Or am I just seeing things... Zzyzx11 (Talk) 23:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete more vanity. --Etacar11 23:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 10:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Ivan Schultz

Ivan Schultz (November 22, 1891 in Baldur, Manitoba – March 5, 1974) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1930 to 1955, and was a prominent cabinet minister in the governments of John Bracken, Stuart Garson and Douglas Campbell.

The son of Frank Albert Schultz and Margaret MacPhail, Schultz was educated at Wesley College and the University of Manitoba. He was called to the Manitoba Bar in 1920 and worked as a barrister, beginning his own practice at Baldur in 1921. He was a member of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs, and was appointed a King's Counsel.

Schultz served on the Baldur school board and the Baldur town board from 1922 to 1936. He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election on January 29, 1930, in the rural constituency of Mountain. The circumstances of Schultz's election were significant for the emerging alliance of Liberals and Progressives in the Manitoba legislature. Schultz, a Liberal, won by acclamation when the Progressives declined to nominate a candidate. The parties created a formal alliance in the legislature two years later, and eventually became known simply as "Liberal-Progressives".

Schultz easily defeated a Conservative opponent in the 1932 election, and a Social Credit opponent in the 1936 election. He was appointed to cabinet on September 21, 1936 as Minister of Education in John Bracken's government.

Returned by acclamation in the 1941 provincial election, Schultz was transferred to the Ministry of Health on February 5, 1944, by Stuart Garson, who had succeeded Bracken as Premier of Manitoba one year earlier. Schultz easily defeated a candidate of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation in the 1945 election, and was returned by acclamation again in 1949.

After another cabinet shuffle on November 7, 1952, Schultz was named as Attorney General of Manitoba. He was easily re-elected in the 1953 election, and stepped down from cabinet and the legislature on January 22, 1955 when he was appointed as a judge in the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba.

Schultz was one of the most important figures in the legislature during the 1940s and 1950s. Like most others in the Liberal-Progressive Party, he was essentially conservative in his political views and reluctant to legislate progressive changes. He opposed increases in Mothers' Allowances in the 1940s, and opposed penal reform even prior to his appointment as Attorney General.

title: Ivan Schultz


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Extraocular muscles

The extraocular muscles, or extrinsic ocular muscles, are the seven extrinsic muscles of the eye in humans and other animals. Six of the extraocular muscles, the four recti muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles, control movement of the eye. The other muscle, the levator palpebrae superioris, controls eyelid elevation. The actions of the six muscles responsible for eye movement depend on the position of the eye at the time of muscle contraction.

Structure

Since only a small part of the eye called the fovea provides sharp vision, the eye must move to follow a target. Eye movements must be precise and fast. This is seen in scenarios like reading, where the reader must shift gaze constantly. Although under voluntary control, most eye movement is accomplished without conscious effort. Precisely how the integration between voluntary and involuntary control of the eye occurs is a subject of continuing research. It is known, however, that the vestibulo-ocular reflex plays an important role in the involuntary movement of the eye.

The levator palpebrae superioris is responsible for raising the upper eyelid, and this can be a voluntary or involuntary action. The other six extraocular muscles are involved in movements of the eye; these are the four recti (straight) muscles, and two oblique muscles.

Recti muscles
The four recti muscles are named according to their relative positions of attachment – the superior rectus muscle, lateral rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, and inferior rectus muscle. The recti muscles are all of almost equal length of around 40 mm but the lengths of their associated tendons differ.

Oblique muscles
The two oblique muscles are the inferior oblique muscle and the superior oblique muscle.

Pulley system
The movements of the extraocular muscles take place under the influence of a system of extraocular muscle pulleys, soft tissue pulleys in the orbit. The extraocular muscle pulley system is fundamental to the movement of the eye muscles, in particular also to ensure conformity to Listing's law. Certain diseases of the pulleys (heterotopy, instability, and hindrance of the pulleys) cause particular patterns of incomitant strabismus. Defective pulley functions can be improved by surgical interventions.

Origins and insertions
Four of the extraocular muscles have their origin in the back of the orbit in a fibrous ring called the common tendinous ring: the four recti muscles. The four recti muscles attach directly to the front half of the eye (anterior to the eye's equator), and are named after their straight paths.

Medial and lateral are relative terms. Medial indicates near the midline, and lateral describes a position away from the midline. Thus, the medial rectus is the muscle closest to the nose. The superior and inferior recti do not pull straight back on the eye, because both muscles also pull slightly medially. This posterior medial angle causes the eye to roll with contraction of either the superior rectus muscle or the inferior rectus muscle. The extent of rolling in the recti is less than the oblique, and opposite from it.

The superior oblique muscle originates at the back of the orbit (a little closer to the medial rectus, though medial to it), getting rounder as it courses forward to a rigid, cartilaginous pulley, called the trochlea, on the upper, nasal wall of the orbit. The muscle becomes tendinous about 10mm before it passes through the pulley, turning sharply across the orbit, and inserts on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. Thus, the superior oblique travels posteriorly for the last part of its path, going over the top of the eye. Due to its unique path, the superior oblique, when activated, pulls the eye downward and laterally.

The last muscle is the inferior oblique, which originates at the lower front of the nasal orbital wall, passes inferiorly over the inferior rectus muscle on its path laterally and posteriorly, and inserts under the lateral rectus muscle on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. Thus, the inferior oblique pulls the eye upward and laterally.

Blood supply
The extraocular muscles are supplied mainly by branches of the ophthalmic artery. This is done either directly or indirectly, as in the lateral rectus muscle, via the lacrimal artery, a main branch of the ophthalmic artery. Additional branches of the ophthalmic artery include the ciliary arteries, which branch into the anterior ciliary arteries. Each rectus muscle receives blood from two anterior ciliary arteries, except for the lateral rectus muscle, which receives blood from only one. The exact number and arrangement of these ciliary arteries may vary. Branches of the infraorbital artery supply the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles.

Nerve supply
The nuclei or bodies of these nerves are found in the brain stem. The nuclei of the abducens and oculomotor nerves are connected. This is important in coordinating the motion of the lateral rectus in one eye and the medial action on the other. In one eye, in two antagonistic muscles, like the lateral and medial recti, contraction of one leads to inhibition of the other. Muscles show small degrees of activity even when resting, keeping the muscles taut. This "tonic" activity is brought on by discharges of the motor nerve to the muscle.

Development
The extraocular muscles develop along with Tenon's capsule (part of the ligaments) and the fatty tissue of the eye socket (orbit). There are three centers of growth that are important in the development of the eye, and each is associated with a nerve. Hence the subsequent nerve supply (innervation) of the eye muscles is from three cranial nerves. The development of the extraocular muscles is dependent on the normal development of the eye socket, while the formation of the ligament is fully independent.

Eye movement

The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and abducens nerve (VI) coordinate eye movement. The oculomotor nerve controls all muscles of the eye except for the superior oblique muscle controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), and the lateral rectus muscle controlled by the abducens nerve (VI). This means the ability of the eye to look down and inwards is controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), the ability to look outwards is controlled by the abducens nerve (VI), and all other movements are controlled by the oculomotor nerve (III).

Movement coordination
Intermediate directions are controlled by simultaneous actions of multiple muscles. When one shifts the gaze horizontally, one eye will move laterally (toward the side) and the other will move medially (toward the midline). This may be neurally coordinated by the central nervous system, to make the eyes move together and almost involuntarily. This is a key factor in the study of strabismus, namely, the inability of the eyes to be directed to one point.

There are two main kinds of movement: conjugate movement (the eyes move in the same direction) and disjunctive (opposite directions). The former is typical when shifting gaze right or left, the latter is convergence of the two eyes on a near object. Disjunction can be performed voluntarily, but is usually triggered by the nearness of the target object. A "see-saw" movement, namely, one eye looking up and the other down, is possible, but not voluntarily; this effect is brought on by putting a prism in front of one eye, so the relevant image is apparently displaced. To avoid double vision from non-corresponding points, the eye with the prism must move up or down, following the image passing through the prism. Likewise conjugate torsion (rolling) on the anteroposterior axis (from the front to the back) can occur naturally, such as when one tips one's head to one shoulder; the torsion, in the opposite direction, keeps the image vertical.

The muscles show little inertia - a shutdown of one muscle is not due to checking of the antagonist, so the motion is not ballistic.

Compensatory movements
The vestibulo-ocular reflex is a reflex that stabilizes gaze when the head is moved. The reflex involves compensatory eye movements driven by inhibitory and excitatory signals.

Table
Below is a table of each extraocular muscle and their innervation, origins and insertions, and the primary actions of the muscles (the secondary and tertiary actions are also included, where applicable).

Clinical significance
Damage to the cranial nerves may affect the movement of the eye. Damage may result in double vision (diplopia) because the movements of the eyes are not synchronized. Abnormalities of visual movement may also be seen on examination, such as jittering (nystagmus).

Damage to the oculomotor nerve (III) can cause double vision and inability to coordinate the movements of both eyes (strabismus), also eyelid drooping (ptosis) and pupil dilation (mydriasis). Lesions may also lead to inability to open the eye due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle. Individuals suffering from a lesion to the oculomotor nerve may compensate by tilting their heads to alleviate symptoms due to paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles it controls.

Damage to the trochlear nerve (IV) can also cause double vision with the eye adducted and elevated. The result will be an eye which can not move downwards properly (especially downwards when in an inward position). This is due to impairment in the superior oblique muscle.

Damage to the abducens nerve (VI) can also result in double vision. This is due to impairment in the lateral rectus muscle, supplied by the abducens nerve.

Amblyopia also known as lazy eye is a condition of diminshed sight in one eye.

Ophthalmoparesis is weakness or paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles.

Examination
The initial clinical examination of the extraoccular eye muscles is done by examining the movement of the globe of the eye through the six cardinal eye movements. When the eye is turned out (temporally) and horizontally, the function of the lateral rectus muscle is tested. When the eye is turned in (nasally) and horizontally, the function of the medial rectus muscle is being tested. When turning the eye down and in, the inferior rectus is contracting. When turning it up and in the superior rectus is contracting. Paradoxically, turning the eye up and out uses the inferior oblique muscle, and turning it down and out uses the superior oblique. All of these six movements can be tested by drawing a large "H" in the air with a finger or other object in front of a patient's face and having them follow the tip of the finger or object with their eyes without moving their head. Having them focus on the object as it is moved in toward their face in the midline will test convergence, or the eyes' ability to turn inward simultaneously to focus on a near object.

To evaluate for weakness or imbalance of the muscles, a penlight is shone directly on the corneas. Expected normal results of the corneal light reflex is when the penlight's reflection is located in the centre of both corneas, equally.

title: Extraocular muscles