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Constitution of Bangladesh

The Constitution of Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান – Bangladesher Samvidhāna), officially the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান – Gaṇaprajātantrī Bangladesher Samvidhāna) is the supreme law of Bangladesh. The document provides the framework that demarcates the Bangladeshi republic with a unitary, parliamentary democracy, that enshrines fundamental human rights and freedoms, an independent judiciary, democratic local government and a national bureaucracy.

The four fundamental principles of the Constitution are nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism. The Constitution endeavors to create a socialist society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, is secured for all its citizens. It commits Bangladesh to "contribute to international peace and co-operation in keeping with the progressive aspirations of mankind".

It invokes constitutional supremacy, as opposed to legislative supremacy since it was created by a constituent assembly not Parliament and was adopted by the people of Bangladesh in its preamble. Parliament cannot quash parts of the Constitution.

Judicial precedent is enshrined in Bangladesh's Constitution under Article 111, which makes Bangladesh an integral part of the common law world. Judicial review is also supported by the Constitution.

It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh on 4 November 1972 and became effective on 16 December 1972. The Constitution replaced the Proclamation of Independence as the country's fundamental instrument of government. The Constitution became effective on Bangladesh's Victory Day, precisely one year after the signing of the Instrument of Surrender. The constitution has been amended 17 times since its adoption, a two-thirds supermajority is required in the Jatiya Sangsad to secure a constitutional amendment.

British India
The advent of British rule in the 18th century displaced the centuries of governance developed by South Asian empires. The Regulating Act of 1773 passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom was the first basic law in the Bengal Presidency. The British Empire did not grant universal suffrage and democratic institutions to its colonies. The British slowly granted concessions for home rule. The Government of India Act 1858, Indian Councils Act 1861, Indian Councils Act 1892 and Indian Councils Act 1909 were later important laws of government. The legislatures of British India included the Bengal Legislative Council and the Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council in the early 20th century. The Nehru Report recommended for universal suffrage, a bicameral legislature, a senate and a house of representatives. The Fourteen Points of Jinnah demanded provincial autonomy and quotas for Muslims in government. The Government of India Act 1935 established provincial parliaments based on separate electorates.

The 1940 Lahore Resolution, supported by the first Prime Minister of Bengal, asked the British government that "the North Western and Eastern Zones of (British) India should be grouped to constitute 'independent states'". It further proclaimed "that adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the Constitution for minorities in these units and in the regions for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights". The resolution's status is akin to the magna carta in Pakistan, in terms of the concept of independence. On 20 June 1947, the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted on the partition of Bengal. It was decided by 126 votes to 90 that, if Bengal remained united, it should join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. At a separate meeting of legislators from West Bengal, it was decided by 58 votes to 21 that the province should be partitioned and that West Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of India. At another separate meeting of legislators from East Bengal, it was decided by 106 votes to 35 that Bengal should not be partitioned and 107 votes to 34 that East Bengal should join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan if Bengal was partitioned. On 6 July 1947, the Sylhet referendum voted to partition Sylhet Division from Assam Province and merge it into East Bengal. On 11 August 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the president of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, declared that religious minorities would enjoy full freedom of religion in the emergent new state.

Union with Pakistan
Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act 1947 provided that the Government of India Act, 1935 with certain amendments and adaptations would be the working Constitution of the Dominion of Pakistan during the transitional period. The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan included 79 members, of whom 44 were from East Bengal, 22 from West Punjab, 5 from Sind, 3 from the North West Frontier Province, 1 from Baluchistan and 4 from the acceding princely states. The Bengali Language Movement and demands for replacing separate electorates with joint universal suffrage were key issues in East Bengal. The first constituent assembly was arbitrarily dissolved by the Governor General in 1954. This led to the court challenge of Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan, in which the federal court supported the Governor General's decision, although Justice A. R. Cornelius expressed dissent. The dissolution of the assembly was one of the first major blows to democracy in Pakistan.

The Constitution of Pakistan of 1956 was adopted by a second constituent assembly elected in 1955. It declared two provinces- East Pakistan and West Pakistan; and two federal languages- Urdu and Bengali. The first Pakistani Constitution was in place for only a few years. General Ayub Khan staged a military coup and introduced the Constitution of Pakistan of 1962. The 1962 Constitution introduced a presidential system in which electoral colleges would be responsible for electing the president and governors. The chief ministers' offices were abolished; and parliament and provincial assemblies were delegated to a mainly advisory role. The system was dubbed "Basic Democracy". In 1965, Fatima Jinnah's failed bid for the presidency prompted allegations of a rigged electoral system. The Six Points of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman demanded parliamentary democracy. Rahman's Six Points were part of the manifesto of the Awami League, the party which won first general election in East and West Pakistan in 1970. The Awami League ran on the platform of developing a new Pakistani Constitution based on the Six Points. The League won 167 out 169 East Pakistani seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan and 288 out of 300 seats in the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. The Pakistani military junta refused to transfer power to Prime Minister-elect Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and instead executed Operation Searchlight which triggered Bangladesh War of Independence.

Bangladesh
The Provisional Government of Bangladesh issued the Proclamation of Independence on 10 April 1971, which served as the interim first Constitution of Bangladesh. It declared "equality, human dignity and social justice" as the fundamental principles of the republic. East Pakistani members of Pakistan's federal and provincial assemblies were transformed into members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh. The constituent assembly had 404 members. After the war, the Constitution Drafting Committee was formed in 1972. The committee included 34 members with Dr. Kamal Hossain as its chairman.

The Constitution Bill was introduced in the Assembly on 12 October. Its first reading began on 19 October and continued till 30 October. The second reading took place from 31 October to 3 November. Manabendra Narayan Larma made an impassioned appeal to declare the term of citizenship as "Bangladeshi" instead of “Bengali”. Larma argued that labeling all citizens as Bengali discriminated against non-Bengali communities, including his own Chakma ethnic group.

The third reading began on 4 November and it approved 65 amendments to the Constitution Bill and adopted and enacted the Constitution on 4 November. The Constitution came into effect on 16 December 1972. A Westminster style political system was established. It declared nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism as the fundamental principles of the republic. It proclaimed fundamental human rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly, the right to education and public healthcare among others. A two thirds vote of parliament was required to amend the Constitution.

After winning the 1973 general election, the Awami League government often flouted Constitutional rules and principles. The government received strong criticism from the Bangladeshi press, including both Bengali and English newspapers. The Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid was formed to defend the Constitution. The Awami League enacted three Constitutional amendments between 1973 and 1975. The most drastic amendment was in January 1975. It introduced a one party state and a presidential government, while the judiciary's independence was greatly curtailed.

Constitutional rule was suspended on 15 August 1975 with the assassination of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the declaration of martial law. The Chief Martial Law Administrator issued a series of Proclamation Orders between 1975 and 1979 which amended the Constitution. Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman is credited for many of these Proclamation Orders. The most significant of these orders was defining citizenship as Bangladeshi; other orders included the insertion of religious references and the controversial Indemnity Ordinance. In 1979, martial law was lifted, multiparty politics was restored and Constitutional rule was revived. The Fifth Amendment in 1979 validated all Proclamation Orders of the martial law authorities. An executive presidency continued until 1982.

Martial law was again imposed in the 1982 Bangladesh coup d'état. When Constitutional rule was restored in 1986, the Sixth Amendment validated previous Proclamation Orders issued by the Chief Martial Law Administrator. The Eighth Amendment in 1988 declared Islam as the state religion and initiated limited devolution of the judiciary.

In 1990, a pro-democracy uprising ousted President Ershad. The uprising was followed by parliamentary elections in 1991. The Twelfth Amendment passed by the fifth parliament is the most influential Constitutional amendment in Bangladesh. It re-established parliamentary government. It amended Articles 48, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70, 72, 109, 119, 124, 141A and 142. The Prime Minister became the executive head of government, and along with the cabinet, was responsible to parliament. Local government was made more democratic. However, the amendment restricted the voting freedom of MPs. According to Article 70, MPs would lose their seat if they voted against their party. This made it impossible for parliament to have a free vote, including no-confidence motions to remove a prime minister. Experts have described the amendment as instituting prime ministerial dictatorship. The Thirteen Amendment in 1996 introduced the Caretaker government of Bangladesh.

In 2010, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh ruled that the Fifth Amendment of 1979 went against the Constitutional spirit of the country and hence invalidated its removal of clauses related to secularism. The Supreme Court gave the verdict in the case of Bangladesh Italian Marble Works Ltd. v. Government of Bangladesh. While implementing the supreme court's verdict in the Fifteenth Amendment in 2011, the Awami League-led parliament abolished the caretaker government system, which the party itself had advocated in 1996.

In 2017, the Supreme Court declared the Sixteenth Amendment Act of 2014 illegal and void. The amendment had introduced the provision of impeaching judges in parliament. The Supreme Court held that parliament cannot have conscience votes due to Article 70.

Preamble
BISMILLAH-AR-RAHMAN-AR-RAHIM In the name of Allah, the Beneficient, the Merciful In the name of the Creator, the Merciful.

We, the people of Bangladesh, having proclaimed our independence on the 26th day of March 1971 and through a historic struggle for national liberation, established the independent, sovereign People's Republic of Bangladesh;

Pledging that the high ideals of nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism, which inspired our heroic people to dedicate themselves to, and our brave martyrs to sacrifice their lives in, the national liberation struggle, shall be the fundamental principles of the Constitution;

Further pledging that it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realise through the democratic process a socialist society, free from exploitation a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens;

Affirming that it is our sacred duty to safeguard, protect and defend this Constitution and to maintain its supremacy as the embodiment of the will of the people of Bangladesh so that we may prosper in freedom and may make our full contribution towards international peace and co operation in keeping with the progressive aspirations of mankind;

In our Constituent Assembly, this eighteenth day of Kartick, 1379 B.S., corresponding to the fourth day of November 1972 A.D., do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution.

Part I: The Republic
States that Bangladesh is a unitary republic. Demarcates the territory of the Republic. Proclaims that Islam is the state religion, but guarantees equal status and equal rights to all religions. Declares Bangla as the state language. Specifies the national anthem, national flag, and national emblem of the Republic. Declares Dhaka as the national capital. Provides eligibility for citizenship. States that all powers are derived from the people, and the exercise of such powers will be by the authority of the Constitution. Proclaims that the Constitution is the supreme law of Bangladesh, and that any laws inconsistent with the Constitution are void and of no effect. Article 7A prohibits the suspension or abrogation of the Constitution. States that certain parts of the Constitution are unamendable.

Part II: Fundamental Principles of State Policy
States that nationalism, socialism, democracy and secularism are the fundamental principles of state policy. Pledges to ensure the emancipation of peasants and workers. States that education will be free and compulsory. Endeavours to protect and improve the environment. States that the Republic will ensure equality of opportunity to all citizens. States that endeavours will be made to ensure the equality of opportunity and participation of women in all spheres of life. Declares the separation of powers between the judiciary and the executive. States that measures will be adopted to conserve cultural traditions and the heritage of the people. Ensures the protection of national monuments. States that the Republic will promote international peace and to support oppressed people throughout the world.

Part III: Fundamental Rights
Declares that all laws inconsistent with the fundamental rights of the Constitution are to be void. Enshrines the principle of equality before the law. Prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. States that there will be equality of opportunity for people who seek public employment. Prohibits citizens of the Republic from receiving foreign titles, honours, awards or decorations without prior approval by the President. Declares that the protection of the law is the inalienable right of all citizens. Proclaims that no person shall be deprived of life and personal liberty. Provides safeguards for those in detention. Prohibits the use of forced labour. Provides protections for persons in respect of trial and punishment. Enshrines freedom of movement; freedom of assembly; freedom of association; freedom of thought, conscience and speech; freedom of profession or occupation; and freedom of religion. States that all citizens have the right to acquire property. States that all citizens have the right to protect their homes and means of communication. Declares that the Supreme Court will enforce the fundamental rights of the Constitution. Reserves the right to provide indemnity to individuals.

Chapter I: The President
Declares that Bangladesh will have a President who will serve as Head of State of the Republic. States that the President will be elected by members of the Jatiya Sangsad. Prescribes that the President will only act in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, with the exception of the appointment of the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice. Specifies that the President must have attained the age of 35 years, and must be qualified for election as a member of parliament. States that the President has the power to grant pardons and to commute or suspend the sentences of individuals convicted in a court. Specifies that the President is limited to serving two 5-year terms in office, regardless of whether they are consecutive or not. Outlines that in order to tender their resignation, the President must write under their hand addressed to the Speaker. Outlines the process of impeachment and removal from office of the President. Specifies the process of removal from office of the President on grounds of physical or mental incapacity. States that the Speaker will discharge the duties of President in the event of the President's absence.

Chapter II: The Prime Minister and The Cabinet
States that the Republic is to have a Cabinet with the Prime Minister as its Head. Prescribes that the executive power of the Republic is to be exercised by or on the authority of the Prime Minister. States that appointments to the Cabinet will be determined by the Prime Minister and made by the President. Specifies that not less than nine-tenths of members of the Cabinet must be Members of Parliament. States that the President will appoint as Prime Minister the member of parliament who appears to command the confidence of the Jatiya Sangsad. States that the office of Prime Minister will become vacant in the event they: tender their resignation to the President; cease to be a member of parliament or cease to retain the confidence of the majority of members of the Jatiya Sangsad. There are no term limits specified for the Prime Minister. Specifies the tenure of office of other Ministers.

Chapter III: Local Government
Makes provision for democratically elected local government in every administrative unit in the Republic. States that powers exercised by local government will be delegated by Parliament.

Chapter IV: The Defence Services
Declares that the President is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Bangladesh. States that the exercise of such powers will be determined by law. States that Parliament will by law provide for the regulation of the defence services, including the maintenance of the defence services; the grating of commissions; the appointment of chiefs of staff of the defence services and the discipline and other matters relating to the defence services. Reserves the right to declare war for Parliament.

Chapter V: The Attorney General
States that the President will appoint someone who is qualified to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court as Attorney General. States that in exercise of their duties, the Attorney General is entitled to attend the proceedings of any courts in the Republic.

Chapter I: Parliament
Proclaims that there will be a Parliament for Bangladesh known as the House of the Nation, which will be vested with the legislative powers of the Republic. States that Parliament will consist of 300 directly elected members, while 50 seats will be reserved exclusively for women and will be allocated on a proportional basis. Specifies that a person is required to be a citizen of Bangladesh who has attained the age of 25 years in order to qualify for election to Parliament. Also specifies the procedure to disqualify an individual from election to Parliament. Outlines the procedure for a member of parliament to vacate their seat. States that a member of parliament who is absent from Parliament for 90 consecutive days will of vacated their seat. States that Members of Parliament are entitled to remuneration. Prescribes a penalty for Members of Parliament who take their seats or vote before reciting the oath of office. States that a member of parliament who resigns from their party or votes against their party in Parliament will vacate their seat. Allows candidates to stand for election in multiple constituencies, but in the event a single candidate is elected to more than one, they are required to vacate all but one seat. Specifies that Parliament will be summoned, prorogued and dissolved by the President. States that Parliament will sit for a five-year term. Decrees that at the commencement of the first session of Parliament after a general election and the commencement of the first session of Parliament every year, the President is to make an address to Parliament. States that Ministers are entitled to address and take part in the proceedings of Parliament, but only Minister who are Members of Parliament are entitled to vote. States that Parliament will, in its first sitting after a general election, elect a Speaker and Deputy Speaker among its members. States that the individual presiding over proceedings is not entitled to vote unless there is an equality of votes. Specifies that the quorum of the Parliament will be 60 members. States that Parliament will appoint among its members a number of standing committees. Makes provision for the establishment of the office of the Ombudsman. States that Members of Parliament are protected by parliamentary privilege. Prescribes that Parliament will have its own secretariat.

Chapter II: Legislative and Financial Procedures
Outlines the legislative procedure for a Bill to become an act of parliament. States that assent is required from the President in order for a Bill to become an Act of Parliament. Specifies that if the President fails to assent to a Bill within fifteen days of it being presented to them, it will be deemed that they have assented to the bill and it will become law. Outlines the legislative procedure for Money Bills. States that Money Bills can only be introduced with the recommendation of the President. States that taxes can only be levied or collected under the authority of an Act of Parliament. States that taxes can only be levied and collected under the authority of an Act of Parliament. States that all revenue received by the Government from the repayment of loans will form part of a single fund known as the Consolidated Fund. States that all other public revenue will be credited to the Public Account of the Republic. States that the custody of public money and their payment into and the withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund will be regulated by an Act of Parliament. Outlines the revenue payable to the Public Account of the Republic. States that an Annual Financial Statement must be laid before Parliament for each respective financial year. Specifies the charges of the Consolidated Fund. Outlines the procedure relating to the Annual Financial Statement. Makes provision for an Appropriations Act to be defrayed from the Consolidated Fund. Makes provision for the use of supplementary and excess grants, in the event the total amount authorised to spend in a fiscal year is not sufficient. Specifies the powers of Parliament in relation to the Consolidated Fund.

Chapter III: Ordinance Making Power
States that in the event that the Jatiya Sangsad is dissolved, and immediate action is necessary, the President may make or promulgate Ordinances.

Chapter I: The Supreme Court
Declares that there is to be a Supreme Court, consisting of an Appellate Division and a High Court Division. States that there is to be a Chief Justice and other Judges who are to be appointed by the President. Decrees that the Chief Justice and the other Judges will be independent in the exercise of their judicial functions. Outlines the procedure for the appointment of the Chief Justice and other Judges. States that a Judge must be a citizen of Bangladesh who has either been an Advocate at the Supreme Court for a minimum of ten years, or has held judicial office in Bangladesh for ten years. States that a Judge is entitled to serve until they have attained the age of sixty-seven years. States that the President can, pursuant to a resolution passed by not less than two-thirds of Members of Parliament, remove Judges. Makes provision for the temporary appointment of the Chief Justice. States that the President may appoint one or more duly qualified persons to serve as an Additional Judge for a period not exceeding two years. States that after their retirement or removal, a Judge is prohibited from holding an office of profit in service of the Republic. States that the seat of the Supreme Court will be the national capital, Dhaka. Specifies the jurisdiction of the High Court Division. Grants the High Court Division the authority to issue certain orders and directions. Specifies the jurisdiction of the Appellate Division. Grants the Appellate Division the power to issue directions, orders, decrees or writs. States that the Appellate Division will have the power to review any judgments or orders issued by it. States that in the event that the President believes a question of law has arisen that is of public importance, the Supreme Court may report its opinion to the President. States that the Supreme Court has the power to make rules which regulate the practise and procedure of each Division of the Supreme Court and any other subordinate court. States that the Supreme Court will be a court of record. States that the Supreme Court will have superintendence over all courts and tribunals subordinate to it. Outlines the procedure for the transfer of cases from subordinate courts to the High Court Division. States that the law declared by the Appellate Division and the High Court Division will be legally-binding and will be binding in all subordinate courts in the Republic. States that all authorities, executive and judicial, in the Republic will act in aid of the Supreme Court. Specifies the appointment procedure of the staff of the Supreme Court.

Chapter II: Subordinate Courts
Makes provision for the establishment of subordinate courts in the Republic. Outlines that the appointment of persons to offices in the judicial service or as magistrates exercising judicial functions will be made by the President. States that the control and discipline of subordinate courts will be vested in the President and will be exercised in consultation with the Supreme Court. States that all persons employed in the judicial service and all magistrates shall be independent in the exercise of their judicial functions.

Chapter III: Administrative Tribunals
States that Parliament shall have the power to establish one or more administrative tribunals.

Part VII: Elections
Makes provision for the establishment of an Bangladesh Election Commission, chaired by the Chief Election Commissioner. Prescribes the functions of the Election Commission. Outlines the procedure for the appointment of staff to the election commission. States that there is to be a single electoral roll for each constituency. Specifies that in order to qualify for registration as a voter, an individual is required to be a citizen of Bangladesh who has attained the age of 18 years. Outlines the timetable for conducting general elections. States that Parliament may from time to time pass laws that regulate the delimitation of constituencies, the preparation of electoral rolls, or the holding of elections. Prohibits courts in the Republic from questioning the validity of electoral law or elections. States that it is the duty of all executive authorities in the Republic to assist the Election Commission in the discharge of its functions.

Part VIII: The Comptroller and Auditor General
Makes provision for the establishment of a Comptroller and Auditor General of Bangladesh. Prescribes the functions and duties of the Auditor-General. Outlines the term of office for the Auditor-General. Specifies the procedure for the appointment of an Acting Auditor-General. States that the Public Accounts of the Republic will be kept in a manner prescribed by the Auditor-General. States that the reports of the Auditor-General are to be laid before Parliament.

Chapter I: Services
States that Parliament may by law regulate the appointment of persons employed by the Republic. Specifies the tenure in office for persons employed by the Republic. Outlines the procedure for the dismissal of persons from service to the Republic. Makes provision for the reorganisation of the services of the Republic
 * Chapter II:Public Service Commissions
 * Part X: Amendment of the Constitution
 * Part XI: Miscellaneous

Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion is one of the cornerstones of Bangladesh's Constitution. Article 12 calls for secularity, the elimination of interfaith tensions and prohibits the abuse of religion for political purposes and any discrimination against, or persecution of, persons practicing a particular religion. Article 41 subjects religious freedom to public order, law and morality; it gives every citizen the right to profess, practice or propagate any religion; every religious community or denomination the right to establish, maintain and manage its religious institutions; and states that no person attending any educational institution shall be required to receive religious instruction, or to take part in or to attend any religious ceremony or worship, if that instruction, ceremony or worship relates to a religion other than his own. Governments have generally supported and respected religious freedom.

International agreements
As of 2017, Bangladesh is a state party to the following international treaties concerning human rights. Bangladesh can in theory be held liable for its performance in the fields of these treaties. Among the notable agreements Bangladesh is not a state party to include the following.
 * International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
 * International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
 * Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
 * International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
 * Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
 * Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
 * Convention on the Rights of the Child
 * Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages
 * Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
 * Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
 * Convention on the Political Rights of Women
 * Convention relating to the Status of Refugees
 * Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
 * Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
 * International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
 * Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention
 * Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on abolishing the death penalty

Judicial precedent
Article 111 of the Constitution proclaims the doctrine of binding judicial precedent. According to the article, the law declared by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, including its Appellate Division and the High Court Division, are binding in all subordinate courts.

Judicial review
The Constitution does not specifically mention the term judicial review, but Article 102 allows writ petitions to be filed at the High Court Division for reviewing laws, the actions and policies of authorities and lower court proceedings. Articles 7(2), 26, 44(1) & 102 are considered to indirectly support the system of judicial review. Therefore, unlike the US Constitution, there is no countermajoritarian difficulty in the Constitution of Bangladesh.

Constitutional reform
Dr. Kamal Hossain, who is described as the "father of the Bangladeshi Constitution", has been an ardent supporter of reforming the document to reflect the values of the 21st century. Hossain has blamed amendments during military rule for eroding the Constitution's principles. Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman, a former Chief Justice and interim prime minister, proposed that a Constitution Commission be formed to explore the prospects for Constitutional reform.

A. T. M. Shamsul Huda, a former Chief Election Commissioner, has called for a Constitutional amendment to ensure "checks and balances" and the separation of powers.

Amendments
, the Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has been amended 17 times.

Comparisons with other constitutions
Bangladesh has a single codified document as its Constitution, as in the United States, India, Brazil, Pakistan, Germany and France. It is not an unwritten constitution or a set of Constitutional statutes, as in Britain, Israel, Canada, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia and Sweden.

title: Constitution of Bangladesh


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Hughie Critz

Hugh Melville Critz (September 17, 1900 – January 10, 1980) was an American second baseman in Major League Baseball for the Cincinnati Reds in the 1920s and the New York Giants in the 1930s.

Career overview
Critz was born in Starkville, Mississippi, the oldest of three children. He attended college in his home town at Mississippi State University, where his father, Professor Colonel Hugh Critz Sr., was a respected instructor and was appointed president of the university, then known as Mississippi A&M, in 1930.

Critz began playing in the Cotton States League. He was 68 in tall and weighed 150 lb; one New York writer described him as "one of the little fellers in baseball". In 1922, the Greenwood team in the Cotton States League sold him for $2,000 to Memphis, entering the minor leagues.

In May 1924, the second baseman of the Cincinnati Reds, Sam Bohne, was injured; the team reached out to the Minneapolis Millers and obtained Critz, then 23 years old, on May 29. Minneapolis in returned received pitcher Bill Harris, along with 15,000 dollars, and two players to be named later.

In his first major league game, he had two hits off Hall-of-Fame pitcher Grover Cleveland Alexander, and went on to hit .322 in 102 games, with 19 stolen bases, as a rookie.

Through the 1920s, he was an extremely solid, speedy, good-hitting second baseman for many decent Reds teams although the team began to decline in the late 1920s, finishing seventh in the eight-team National League in 1929 and 1930. In the Reds' best year with Critz on the team, 1926, they finished second in the league two games behind the champion St. Louis Cardinals. Alongside the Reds' success that year, he also batted .270, with 3 homers and 79 RBIs. He tied his career high for triples with 14 and had his next-best career high in RBIs with 79. He finished second in MVP voting, behind only Bob O'Farrell.

Although his speed numbers only decreased from his rookie season, when he stole 19 bases, he still averaged 11 stolen bases per season for his career. In 1929, he was named captain of the Reds during spring training.

In 1930, his career took a sudden turn when he was traded to the Giants for pitcher Larry Benton. With them, he won a World Series in 1933, had more quality years, and retired on September 27, 1935.

In a 12-season career, he batted .268 with 38 home runs and 531 RBIs in 1478 games. He had 97 career stolen bases, 832 runs scored, 195 doubles and 95 triples, accumulating 1591 hits in 5930 at bats. Defensively, he recorded a .974 fielding percentage as a second baseman.

He made the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame in 1962, and died in Greenwood, Mississippi at age 79.

Critz was married to Mary Wiggs, with whom he had two children.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hughie Critz


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Harold E. Johns

Harold Elford Johns (4 July 1915 – 23 August 1998) was a Canadian medical physicist, noted for his extensive contributions to the use of ionizing radiation to treat cancer.

Early life and education
Johns was born to missionary parents in Sichuan, China. He lived in China until 1926, when political unrest there prompted his parents to return to North America. After spending time in Tacoma, Washington, and in Brandon, Manitoba, his family settled in Hamilton, Ontario.

In Hamilton, Johns pursued a degree in mathematics and physics at McMaster University, and he completed his Bachelor of Science degree (BSc) in 1936. He then moved to the University of Toronto, where he earned his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in physics in 1939.

Early career
Johns' graduation coincided with the start of World War II. For the duration of the war, he taught physics, mathematics, radar systems, and radio navigation to newly recruited airplane pilots as part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Based on his radiography and physics experience, Johns was also involved in non-invasive X-ray testing of metal aircraft castings. A meeting in August 1946 with William Valentine Mayneord, while Mayneord was at the Atomic Energy Project at Chalk River, Ontario, contributed to Johns's making a career in medical physics.

Johns married Sybil Hawkins Johns in 1940. Their marriage lasted until Johns's death 58 years later.

Development of cobalt-60 in medical treatment
After the close of the war, Johns was invited to work with Ertle Harrington at the University of Saskatchewan. It was there that he conducted his pioneering research in the use of cobalt-60 as a gamma ray source for the radiation therapy in cases of cancer.

Interest in nuclear technology burgeoned in post-war Canada. Nuclear research facilities constructed at the Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario near the end of the war were expanded and opened to civilian research projects. The first operational nuclear reactor outside the United States - the NRX - was located at Chalk River, and it provided a source of activated cobalt-60 for Johns's experiments.

Two groups - Johns's at the University of Saskatchewan, and another one in London, Ontario - designed and constructed external beam radiotherapy instruments using radioactive cobalt sources. The first treatment of a patient using the new source was carried out in London, Ontario, on 27 October 1951. In November 1951, the first Saskatoon patient, a 43-year-old mother of four, was treated for cervical cancer with a carefully calibrated dose of cobalt-60 radiation.

In early 1952, Maclean's magazine had dubbed the cobalt-source radiotherapy machine the cobalt bomb - a tongue-in-cheek tribute to this peaceful use of nuclear technology.

Johns's original treatment device was used in Saskatchewan until 1972.

Ontario Cancer Institute
In 1956, Johns assumed the headship of the physics division of the Ontario Cancer Institute at Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto.

To further scientific and medical collaborations between radiologists, radiotherapists, physicians, and physicists, Johns guided the creation of the Graduate Department in Medical Biophysics at the University of Toronto in 1958. Johns served as the second chair of the department, succeeding Arthur Ham in 1960.

Over the course of his career, Johns supervised 68 graduate students, published more than 200 peer-reviewed papers, and with John R. Cunningham, published the textbook "The Physics of Radiology".

Awards

 * Henry Marshall Tory Medal (1971)
 * Officer of the Order of Canada (1978)
 * Emeritus University Professor of the University of Toronto
 * Canadian Medical Hall of Fame inductee (1998)
 * Member of the Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame

title: Harold E. Johns


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Talk:Harold E. Johns

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This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 09:53, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harold E. Johns


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Lamentations (Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire 2003)

Lamentations (Live at Shepherds Bush Empire 2003) is the first live album and video by Swedish progressive metal band Opeth, released under the Music For Nations label in 2003. It was recorded at the Shepherd's Bush Empire on 25 September 2003.

Lamentations features Opeth playing the album Damnation in its entirety (with the song "Harvest" from Blackwater Park put in the running order before the last song), followed by some of the band's songs from Blackwater Park and Deliverance. The only song that was played from albums prior to Blackwater Park was "Demon of the Fall" (from the album My Arms, Your Hearse) as an encore song, but the song was not filmed for the DVD. Licensing issues with previous record labels prevented this from happening at the time of the disc's release.

The DVD also includes a documentary on the making of both Damnation and Deliverance because both albums were recorded at the same time.

This was the first Opeth release with Per Wiberg, although he did not become a permanent band member until Ghost Reveries.

A 2-disc CD version of the live recording was released in 2006 in a collector's edition slipcase.

A 3-disc vinyl version with new cover artwork was released in July, 2016.

Reception
The recording is generally regarded as having exceptionally clear and beautiful sound and visual quality, although Allmusic reviewer John Serba complained of the ubiquity of shots from what he termed the "Åkerfeldt Orifice Cam", showing close-ups of the singer's mouth and nose in excruciating detail.

Opeth

 * Mikael Åkerfeldt – lead vocals, lead guitar; songwriting (1–3, 5–14), music (4)
 * Peter Lindgren – rhythm guitar
 * Martín Méndez – bass guitar
 * Per Wiberg – session keyboards and backing vocals
 * Martin Lopez – drums

DVD & Album Production

 * Paul McLoone – production
 * Benje Noble – 5.1 & Dts audio post production
 * Louise Cassidy – production assisting
 * Andy Sneap – recording and mixing
 * Fredrik Odefjärd – editing, filming and production on Documentary

Imaging

 * Rigel Lastrella – DVD package design US artwork
 * Travis Smith – photography and artwork

Show Production

 * Matt West – live sound engineering
 * Steve Taylor – vision engineering
 * Benny Trickett – vision mixing
 * Ben Gill – broadcast assisting
 * Joe Dyer – director
 * Liam Donoghue – project co-ordination

Drum technicians

 * Damon Dougherty
 * Mole

Guitar technician

 * Coty Alinson

Various

 * Steven Wilson – lyrics on "Death Whispered a Lullaby"

Running

 * Jane Costello
 * Jonathan Nicholas

Gripping

 * Neil Grey

Op Cable Rigging

 * Nigel Clarke
 * Zoran Trajkovic

Lights

 * Mick Thornton – lighting design
 * Tellson James – lighting operation

Assistants

 * Mark Cowley
 * Tony Lewis

Operators

 * Andy Pellet
 * Ben Grewin
 * Curtis Dunn
 * John Clarke
 * Martin Mathews
 * Samantha Dewhurst

Management

 * Guy Moore – contract management
 * Gavin Bot – floor management
 * Steve Waite – tour management

Agents

 * Tim Borror
 * Tobbe Lorentz


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Clanwilliam, Manitoba

Clanwilliam, Manitoba is a community in the Rural Municipality of Minto-Odanah in Manitoba, Canada. The Municipality of Clanwilliam – Erickson immediately north takes its name from the community.

Clanwilliam is in a mainly agricultural area located 14 km north of Minnedosa along PR 262. A post office was opened there in 1882 and was originally identified as Clan William (30-16-17W). In 1902 the post office was moved to coordinate with the Canadian National railway on 13-16-18W. The original name requested for the community by the residents was Lamontagne but Ottawa assigned the present name to honour Richard Meade, 4th Earl of Clanwilliam. Clanwilliam is home of the Fastball team the Clanwilliam Greys. A team which was inducted into the Manitoba Softball Hall of Fame in 2013. Clanwilliam Greys 1972-77: The 1972-77 Clanwilliam Greys Fastball Team represented the 100 inhabitant village of Clanwilliam, 40 mi north of Brandon. A team in their early 20s, they dominated fastball in southern Manitoba. They were undefeated during the first two seasons in the Minnedosa and District Fastball League; and, combined with tournament games, played 90 games in 1972 and 92 games in 1973. The latter brought them $1,100.00 in tournament prize money. With several additions, they joined the Brandon Centennial Fastball League in 1973, and by 1976, they won the league title and played in the Senior 'A' provincials for the 4th consecutive year. A dominating presence in league and provincial play. The name "Greys" comes from the school in Clanwilliam that was called "Grey School"

ClanWilliam is famous in the local area for its pies. The old-style, homemade recipes have been shared down through local families who bake pies and share with local charitable organizations. This is a clear demonstration of both the giving spirit of clan William and its resident's skillful baking abilities.

title: Clanwilliam, Manitoba


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Symptom of the Universe: The Original Black Sabbath 1970–1978

Symptom of the Universe: The Original Black Sabbath 1970–1978 is a compilation album released by English heavy metal band Black Sabbath in 2002.

All songs have been remastered for this compilation. The Black Box set, which was released in 2004, contained versions of the band's first eight albums remastered during the same sessions as this compilation.

Track listing
All songs written by Tony Iommi, Geezer Butler, Bill Ward, Ozzy Osbourne, except where noted.

Disc one
† - Previously unavailable in the US

Personnel

 * Dan Hersch, Bill Inglot – remastering


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The Contest

"The Contest" is the eleventh episode of the fourth season of the American television sitcom Seinfeld, and the 51st episode overall. Written by Larry David and directed by Tom Cherones, the episode originally aired on NBC on November 18, 1992. In the episode, Jerry, George, Elaine, and Kramer hold a contest to determine who can go for the longest time without masturbating.

As NBC executives felt that masturbation was not a topic suitable for prime time television, the word "masturbation" is never used in the episode, instead replaced by a number of comic euphemisms. The term "master of my domain", describing someone who has resisted the urge to masturbate, has since become a popular catchphrase.

The writer of the episode, Larry David, won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for his work. The episode was ranked number 1 on TV Guide's 2009 list of "100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time".

Plot
At Monk's Café, George tells Jerry, Elaine, and Kramer that his mother caught him masturbating while reading a Glamour magazine, resulting in her falling over in shock and going to the hospital. George resolves never to masturbate again. When the others express skepticism, they make a bet over who can go the longest without masturbating. The men put up $100, while Elaine puts up $150, as the men insist that masturbation is not part of a woman's "lifestyle".

Kramer fails almost immediately after seeing a naked woman in an apartment across the street from Jerry's; in one of the most famous moments of the series, he walks into the apartment and slams his money on the counter, saying "I'm out!". The others meet various temptations of their own; George is distracted while visiting his mother in the hospital by an attractive nurse giving another woman a sponge bath behind a curtain, Elaine's fitness club is patronized by John F. Kennedy Jr., and Jerry is frustrated because his girlfriend Marla, a virgin, is hesitant to have sex with him. Jerry tries to quell his urges by watching Tiny Toon Adventures.

The remaining contestants become irascible and suffer insomnia. Kennedy asks Elaine to share a cab ride uptown; she agrees even though she is going downtown. He arranges to see her again, and she gives in to the anticipation and drops out of the contest. While making out on the couch, Marla asks Jerry if they can have sex, claiming that she is ready. When Jerry mentions the contest in passing, Marla leaves in disgust; Jerry then resorts to looking at the naked woman. Elaine believes that Kennedy has stood her up, but George reveals that Kennedy missed her and went with Marla. The three then see Kramer with the naked woman across the street and wave awkwardly when he waves to them.

That night, everyone sleeps well, but it is not revealed whether Jerry or George won. Marla is in bed with Kennedy, having finally lost her virginity to him; enraptured, she tells him that it was "wonderful".

Production
"The Contest" was written by Larry David. Kenny Kramer claimed that there actually was a contest which David and some friends of his held, although Kramer did not take part because he thought he could not win it. David won the contest, which lasted three weeks. When David considered using the idea for an episode of Seinfeld, he did not talk about it with Jerry Seinfeld for a considerable time, because he thought the episode was impossible for him to pitch. However, Seinfeld thought it was not offensive.

The original script was not revealed until the night before the cast read-through. The first version written by David was not as clean as the one later broadcast. The note from the censor claimed that David should not use the word "masturbate". Seinfeld decided it would be better to remove any references to what George actually did. Seinfeld claimed that what was noteworthy about "The Contest" was the "dovetailing" of the stories. He claimed that it probably would have been possible to have used the word "masturbation" in the episode (in "The Ticket"—an earlier episode in the same season—George says "you must have a good story; otherwise, it's just masturbation") although it would have probably ended up not being as funny. Part of the opening scene of the episode contains some of the script originally written for "The Seinfeld Chronicles", the pilot episode.

"The Contest" is the first episode to feature Estelle Costanza, George's mother, as an on-screen character. Estelle Harris, who played the character, had not seen Seinfeld before she auditioned; her son told her about the audition. The cast and crew commented positively on the similarity in appearance between Harris and Jason Alexander, as it made it more believable that their characters could be related.

Rachel Sweet has a cameo role in this episode as George's cousin Shelly. She appears in the scene with George and his mother in the hospital.

There are two deleted scenes in "The Contest". One features Joyce—the teacher of Elaine's fitness class—in the opening scene talking to Elaine, Jerry, and Kramer. The second features George and Estelle Costanza in the hospital, where the female patient has been moved to the room next door after Estelle complained about her nakedness.

Reception
"The Contest" is considered one of the best Seinfeld episodes, winning several awards and positive reviews from critics. David won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the episode. He also won a Writers Guild of America Award for his work on the episode. Director Tom Cherones won a Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series for this episode. He was also nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series. TV Guide ranked the episode #1 on its list of "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time".

"The Contest" received a Nielsen rating of 13/19, meaning that the episode was watched by an average of 13% of households and 19% of all televisions were tuned to the episode when it was broadcast. Approximately 18.5 million people watched the episode then. The first repeat of the episode gave Seinfeld its highest ratings up until that point, with a 20.1/30 Nielsen Rating. It also received only 31 complaints from viewers, despite the subject matter. There were worries from sponsors who did not want to advertise during the episode due to the topics that were being discussed. Most regular advertisers did not broadcast during the show, because the series did not have good ratings at the time.

The episode is considered by most reviewers as a success for being able to cover a controversial subject in an inoffensive manner. Jonathan Boudreaux for tvdvdreviews.com said: "The Emmy-winning script by Larry David introduced the brilliant euphemism 'master of my domain' to our lexicon and helped the series to truly become must-see TV. We know what the episode is about, but the script never explicitly says it. "The Contest" effortlessly takes a potentially incendiary subject and renders it utterly inoffensive yet hilarious." He also said that "The Contest" was "one of the series' most infamous" episodes. Donna Dorsett from audaud.com commented on the refusal to use the word "masturbation," saying: "If the word had been used, even once, the show would not have been nearly as hilarious. The episode was totally inoffensive."

James Plath from DVD Town said: "Estelle Harris, as George's mother, is hilarious."

Cultural references
This is the second Seinfeld episode to feature Elaine's fondness for the Kennedy family, the first being "The Baby Shower".

The original script featured Jerry watching the TV series Flipper. It was changed to Tiny Toon Adventures due to concerns over music rights. The episode of Tiny Toons that Jerry was watching included the song "The Wheels on the Bus". However, Tiny Toons never featured that song in any actual episode of the series. The joke was under the assumption that the show was aimed at preschoolers, but in reality it is not. Seinfeld himself claimed that he had never heard of the song "The Wheels on the Bus" before recording the episode.

References in other works
"The Contest" is referenced in other Seinfeld episodes, the first being "The Outing", in which Jerry and George are mistakenly outed as gay. During the episode, when George visits his mother, there is a male patient in the hospital, who receives daily sponge baths from a male nurse. Although the winner of the contest is not mentioned, it is implied in "The Puffy Shirt" that George was the winner. However, as the plane is going down in "The Finale", George says he cheated, and Jerry declares himself the true winner. When Jerry asks why he cheated, George simply replies, "Because I'm a cheater!"

In the "Shaq" episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm (S02E08), Larry David and Shaquille O'Neal watch "The Contest" together. O'Neal referred to this episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm as his favorite.

"The Contest" is referenced in the Beavis and Butt-Head book "This Book Sucks" as an excuse to get out of finishing a homework assignment.

In the Family Guy episode "Jungle Love", Peter pays the people of a South American village to re-enact "The Contest" as one of them hums the Seinfeld scene-changing music. A shaman plays Elaine, but she says "You can't spare one square?", in reference to "The Stall".

In the It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode "The Gang Does a Clip Show," the gang misremembers this episode as one of their schemes with Dennis and Mac both playing Jerry, Frank playing George, Charlie playing Kramer and Dee playing Elaine, in the scene where Kramer announces he's out.

In the Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode riffing on The Beast of Hollow Mountain, Crow delivers a short summary of the episode. The following episode would feature a cameo appearance by Seinfeld.

"The Contest" was the main source of inspiration for Netflix's 2020 reality television dating show Too Hot to Handle, in which formerly promiscuous contestants are forced to abstain from sexual practices including masturbation as they try to form meaningful relationships with each other.

The Season 5 premiere of Big Mouth, titled "No Nut November", directly parodies the episode. The main characters agree to abstain from masturbation in an animated version of Monk's Café.

title: The Contest


text: User talk:71.244.72.95

title: User talk:71.244.72.95


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Gleichen (electoral district)

Gleichen was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1905 to 1963.

History
Gleichen was one of the original 25 electoral districts contested in the 1905 Alberta general election upon Alberta joining Confederation in September 1905. The electoral district was merged with Drumheller prior to the 1963 Alberta general election to form the short lived Drumheller-Gleichen electoral district.

The district was named after the town of Gleichen, Alberta, that is situated north of Siksika Nation.

1948 electrification plebiscite
District results from the first province wide plebiscite on electricity regulation.

1957 liquor plebiscite
On October 30, 1957 a stand-alone plebiscite was held province wide in all 50 of the then current provincial electoral districts in Alberta. The government decided to consult Alberta voters to decide on liquor sales and mixed drinking after a divisive debate in the Legislature. The plebiscite was intended to deal with the growing demand for reforming antiquated liquor control laws.

The plebiscite was conducted in two parts. Question A asked in all districts, asked the voters if the sale of liquor should be expanded in Alberta, while Question B asked in a handful of districts within the corporate limits of Calgary and Edmonton asked if men and woman were allowed to drink together in establishments. Question B was slightly modified depending on which city the voters were in.

Province wide Question A of the plebiscite passed in 33 of the 50 districts while Question B passed in all five districts. Gleichen voted overwhelmingly in favor of the plebiscite. The district recorded about average voter turnout, being a couple points above the province wide 46% average.

Gleichen also voted on question B1 with just 19 residents lying inside the electoral district within the corporate limits of Calgary. Only 5 residents showed up to vote, they unanimously voted to allow mixed drinking.

Official district returns were released to the public on December 31, 1957. The Social Credit government in power at the time did not considered the results binding. However the results of the vote led the government to repeal all existing liquor legislation and introduce an entirely new Liquor Act.

Municipal districts lying inside electoral districts that voted against the Plebiscite were designated Local Option Zones by the Alberta Liquor Control Board and considered effective dry zones, business owners that wanted a license had to petition for a binding municipal plebiscite in order to be granted a license.

By-election reasons

 * December 7, 1906—Appointment of Mr. Charles Stuart to the Judicial Bench.
 * October 3, 1910—Resignation Ezra Riley in protest against leadership of his party.
 * October 31, 1911—Death of Mr. Archibald J. McArthur.

title: Gleichen (electoral district)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The contest

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. -- Jonel | Speak 07:28, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Contest
An anon just created this article, and it describes an episode on a TV show. At the most, it should be merged with the article on the TV show- unless Wikipedia gives articles to every episode of a show? Flcelloguy 02:07, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename to The Contest. Many TV series get the article-per-episode treatment on Wikipedia, and there are already some for Seinfeld. In addition, this might be one of the most famous/popular episodes of the show – it's certainly one of my favorites. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  02:14, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Per Android79. --Xcali 03:22, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and rename as per Android. This was one of the most notable Seinfeld episodes. Capitalistroadster 03:37, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I moved it to The Contest, as this could be done without disrupting the vfd process. Wasn't this episode voted to be the fan favorite or something of that sort? -- BD2412 talk 04:29, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Keep Not only do I love this episode, its masturbatory theme makes it an arguable landmark in the history of US television. Xoloz 05:53, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep -- notable episode, even in UK --Simon Cursitor 07:33, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, needs expansion - personally I prefer to see omnibus articles of episode guides by season however if this was a particularly notable episode then I'd prefer to keep. -- Lochaber 11:33, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand per above, but rename the article The Contest (Seinfeld) as the current title is too generic and there are probably other episodes of TV shows that have this same title.23skidoo 15:34, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There's no need to pre-emptively disambiguate the title. The article's first line clearly explains that the article is about an episode of Seinfeld. If and when someone comes along and wants to create The Contest (foo), disambiguation can occur then. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  16:01, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand, and rename as per 23skidoo. –DeweyQ 15:41, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this could be the most notable episode of a very notable sitcom. ErikNY 18:10, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. NSR 20:26, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into a list of episodes. Not enough information to warrent independent article. Martg76 21:57, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I made this first and me and my friend are going to try and fill in as many episodes as we can each with their own link from the List of Seinfeld episodes
 * Keep, add it to the growing list of Seinfeld episodes with articles including Male Unbonding, The Stake Out, and The Trip, Part 1. The Simpsons has an article for almost every episode and I envision each of these articles will have a uniform look with sufficient detail (see Who Shot Mr. Burns? for more details). We have to start somewhere. --Will2k 13:56, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but should the list of seinfeld episdoes page be linked to the seinfeld page concerning the show in general?--K zappa 19:16, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into a list of episodes. --Micahbrwn 05:40, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Sara Rue

Sara Rue (born January 26, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for her performances as Carmen Ferrara on Popular, as Claude Casey on Less than Perfect, and as the Attorney General in Idiocracy. In 2011, she hosted The CW reality series Shedding for the Wedding. She had a recurring role in the comedy Rules of Engagement, as Brenda, the softball teammate and good friend of Jeff Bingham. She had a regular role as Kim on the short-lived ABC sitcom Malibu Country, and appeared in the main cast of the TV Land comedy series Impastor. She is also known for her role as Olivia Caliban in the second season of the Netflix series A Series of Unfortunate Events.

Early life
Sara Rue was born Sara Schlackman in New York City, the daughter of Joan Schlackman (née Rue), a municipal employee and former actress, and Marc Schlackman, a stage manager. The elder of two daughters, she was raised in New York, where her parents were active in Broadway theatre. She is Jewish.

Career
Rue began her acting career at the age of nine, appearing in the 1988 film Rocket Gibraltar as Kevin Spacey's daughter. Rue played a very young Roseanne in the first meeting of Roseanne and Dan at a dance on the TV show Roseanne.

She starred in the comedy Grand, before going on to work on Phenom; Minor Adjustments; Zoe, Duncan, Jack & Jane; ER; The Division and Popular. From 2002 to 2006, she starred in the main role of Claude Casey on the ABC sitcom Less than Perfect. She has appeared in several films, including A Map of the World, Can't Hardly Wait, A Slipping Down Life, Idiocracy, Gypsy 83. She also had a small part as a babysitter in Gore Verbinski's adaptation of The Ring. She impressed director Michael Bay so much that a role was written into the movie Pearl Harbor for her.

Rue appeared uncredited in the 2006 Mike Judge film Idiocracy, in the role of the Attorney General. In 2006, Rue starred in the stage musical Little Egypt with French Stewart, Jenny O'Hara and Gregg Henry at the Matrix Theatre in Los Angeles. She guest-starred in Two and a Half Men as Berta's pregnant youngest daughter. She had a stint on the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory, playing Dr. Leonard Hofstadter's physician girlfriend Dr. Stephanie Barnett for three episodes. Her first appearance on the show occurred on November 17, 2008. In 2009, Rue appeared in the movies Man Maid and For Christ's Sake. She starred on the short-lived 2009 series Eastwick, based on the novel and movie The Witches of Eastwick. In December 2009, she became a spokesperson for weight loss company Jenny Craig.

In October 2010, Rue joined the cast of Rules of Engagement in a recurring role as Brenda, Jeff and Audrey's surrogate.

It was announced in December 2011 that Rue would be writing and starring in a new show on The CW called Poseurs, about a young woman named Lucy whose life is upended when her fiancé moves out and her fresh-from-rehab collegiate best friend, Alexandra, moves in. The two friends pose as a lesbian couple and actually get married in order to stay in the nice apartment building that only allows married couples.

Rue starred in the ABC show Malibu Country as Reba McEntire's upbeat trophy wife neighbor, Kim Sallinger. Malibu Country ran for one season (2012–13). Rue had the title role of Deb Dorfman in the movie Dorfman in Love (2012).

In 2014, Rue appeared in a recurring role as Candace, fiancee of Christy's ex-husband on the CBS sitcom Mom. In 2015, she was cast as main character Dora in the TV Land comedy Impastor. The show was cancelled after its second season in 2016. Rue had a recurring role as Nancy Granville on ABC's American Housewife which was canceled after five seasons.

In 2017, Rue was cast in the recurring role of Olivia Caliban on the second season of the Netflix comedy drama series A Series of Unfortunate Events.

Personal life
Rue married filmmaker Mischa Livingstone in 2001, although they divorced in 2007. Rue married teacher Kevin Price on May 21, 2011, in a traditional Jewish wedding. She gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Talulah, in February 2013. She and Price adopted a second daughter, Adelaide, in November 2016.

title: Sara Rue


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User talk:Schrodingerscat

Hi Schrodingerscat, welcome to wikipedia, I hope you enjoy your stay.

Here are some places you may wish to visit and edit (hint, hint)

Avondale College

Seventh-day Adventist Church

Welcome boilerplate follows -Fermion 02:08, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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Seventh-day Adventist Church Page
Hi!

I noticed that you have an interest in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. At the moment there is a debate raging on Talk:Seventh-day Adventist Church that has resulted in the main page being protected. The debate has to do with the theology of Graham Maxwell. I would really appreciate if you could drop by and comment on this issue.

By the way, you might want to sign up at WikiProject_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church to help us make better pages to do with the Adventist Church.

Thanking you in advance, -Fermion 06:27, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Schrodingerscat


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John C. Stennis Lock and Dam

The John C. Stennis Lock and Dam, formerly named Columbus Lock and Dam, is one of four lock and dam structures on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway that generally lie along the original course of the Tombigbee River. It is located near Columbus, Mississippi, and impounds Columbus Lake. It is named for longtime U.S. Senator from Mississippi, John C. Stennis.

title: John C. Stennis Lock and Dam


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Jan Brittin

Janette Ann Brittin  (4 July 1959 – 11 September 2017) was an English cricketer who played as a right-handed batter and right-arm off break bowler. She appeared in 27 Tests and 63 ODIs for England between 1979 and 1998. She played domestic cricket for Sussex and Surrey.

Brittin was part of the England team that triumphed in the 1993 Women's Cricket World Cup, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours for services to women's cricket.

One of England's most successful batters, her total of 1,935 runs is a Test record, as are her five Test centuries. She was also the first woman to score 1,000 runs in ODIs for England. Brittin holds the record for taking the most catches, 19, in Women's Cricket World Cup history.

As a child, Brittin lived in Chessington, Surrey. She represented English schools at athletics, and later became a rare triple international, in indoor hockey and indoor cricket as well as cricket. She was well known for her feats of athleticism on the cricket field; her England team-mate Enid Bakewell has said that "One of the reasons they changed from playing in skirts to trousers was JB’s diving stops!"

After retiring from the game in 1998 she became a teacher, but also coached at Surrey County Cricket Club. She died of cancer on 11 September 2017, aged 58. In July 2019, Surrey County Cricket Club named a room in the members' pavilion in her honour. In November 2021, she was inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

title: Jan Brittin


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Aberdeen Lock and Dam

The Aberdeen Lock and Dam is one of four lock and dam structures on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway that generally lie along the original course of the Tombigbee River. It is located east of Aberdeen in Monroe County, Mississippi, and impounds Aberdeen Lake.

title: Aberdeen Lock and Dam


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Black Current

The Black Current was a Volkswagen Beetle, rebuilt with an electric motor.

This car's main purpose was to be used as a drag racer.

In 2011, the vehicle reached a 0 - 60 mph time in 1.6 seconds.

title: Black Current


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Tom Bevill Lock and Dam

The Tom Bevill Lock and Dam, formerly named Aliceville Lock and Dam and "Memphis Lock and Dam", is one of four lock and dam structures on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway that generally lie along the original course of the Tombigbee River. It is located near Aliceville, Alabama and impounds Aliceville Lake. It is named for Tom Bevill, a proponent of the Tenn-Tom.

title: Tom Bevill Lock and Dam


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Wayne Budd

Wayne Budd (born November 18, 1941, in Springfield, Massachusetts) is senior counsel at Goodwin Procter, in the firm's Litigation Department, where he specializes in advising clients on business and commercial litigation matters. Past senior executive vice president and general counsel, U.S., of John Hancock Financial Services, Inc., a division of Manulife Financial. He was responsible for directing all of the company's legal activities as well as overseeing the compliance, human resources, governmental affairs and community relations functions for the company.

Before joining Hancock, Budd was President-New England at Bell Atlantic Corporation (now Verizon Communications), where, among other duties, he was responsible for regulatory and legislative functions for the New England Region. Before his tenure at Bell Atlantic, he had been a senior partner at Goodwin Procter, a Boston law firm.

From 1979 to 1989, he served with the law firm of Budd, Wiley, & Richlin.

From 1989 to 1992, he had been U.S. Attorney for the District of Massachusetts, serving as the Bay State's chief federal prosecutor and representing the federal government in matters involving civil litigation.

President George H. W. Bush appointed Budd to serve as Associate Attorney General of the United States, in 1992. He oversaw the Civil Rights, Environmental, Tax, Civil and Antitrust divisions at the Department of Justice, as well as the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

Budd also served on the U.S. Sentencing Commission, appointed in 1994 by President Bill Clinton.

He is a past president of the Massachusetts Bar Association and the Massachusetts Black Lawyers Association.

Budd is a graduate of Boston College and received his J.D. degree from Wayne State University Law School. His daughter is Kimberly S. Budd, Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts.

title: Wayne Budd


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John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse

The John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse is a federal courthouse for the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, located on Fan Pier on the Boston, Massachusetts waterfront. Named after Congressman Joe Moakley, the 675000 sqft building was completed in 1999 at a cost of $170 million and has won many design awards.

The courthouse is served by a stop on Boston's Silver Line. It was also formerly served by MBTA Boat service.

Details
The courthouse serves as headquarters for the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. The building houses two courtrooms for the Court of Appeals and 25 courtrooms for the District Court, as well as 40 judges' chambers, a Circuit law library, the office of a United States Congressman, offices for the United States Attorney, extensive support facilities for the United States Marshals service and Pre-Trial and Probation services, as well as a day-care facility. The 675000 sqft building, clad in water-struck brick with granite trim, has ten floors above grade and one below.

It was the first major project to be awarded as part of the United States Court Design Guidelines and incorporates General Services Administration's goals for imparting dignity and social significance, while creating modern and innovative justice architecture. Associate Justice Stephen Breyer, who was serving as Chief Judge of the First Circuit at the time, helped oversee the design and construction of the building and credits the project for sparking his interest in architecture.

Public access to the courtrooms is provided through a sequence of spaces — Entrance Hall, Rotunda, Great Hall, and Galleries. Twenty-one large-scale paintings were commissioned from Ellsworth Kelly and are installed in these areas.

The courtrooms themselves are distinguished by a motif of large arches defined by wood moldings and stenciled ornament.

The sub-basement houses an ice storage air conditioning system which uses half-price electricity at night to freeze water, which is then used to cool the courthouse during hot days. This saves an estimated $1.5 million per year, and helps load-balance the regional electricity grid.

Design team

 * Design Architect  – Henry N. Cobb and Ian Bader of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, New York
 * Interior Design – Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, New York City
 * Executive Architect – Jung Brannen Associates, Boston
 * Structural Engineer – LeMessurier Consultants, Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * General Contractor – Clark Construction Group, Inc
 * Mechanical/Electrical Engineer – Cosentini Associates LLP, New York City
 * Courts Design Consultant – Gruzen Samton, New York City
 * Landscape Architect – OLIN, Philadelphia, and Carol R. Johnson & Associates, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Design awards

 * 2000 National Endowment for the Arts: Presidential Design Awards: Federal Design Achievement
 * 1999 American Institute of Architects: District of Columbia Chapter: Award of Merit
 * 1999 Dupont Benedictus Award for Innovation in Architectural Laminated glass
 * 1999 Saflex Safe & Sound Award: First Annual Award for the Use of Laminated Glass in Design
 * 1997 American Institute of Architects / Brick Institute of America: Brick in Architecture Award
 * 1997 General Services Administration: Honor Award for Design


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Diphosphenes

Diphosphene is a type of organophosphorus compound that has a phosphorus–phosphorus double bond, denoted by R-P=P-R'. These compounds are not common, but their properties have theoretical importance.

Normally, compounds with the empirical formula RP exist as rings. However, like other multiple bonds between heavy main-group elements, P=P double bonds can be stabilized by large steric hindrance. In general, diphosphenes react like alkenes.

History
In 1877, Köhler and Michaelis claimed what would have been the first isolated diphosphene (PhP=PPh), a publication that inspired little. However, the heavier pnictogens were known to form oligomers in oxidation state I, and by 1958, chemists had begun to reconsider the structure of Köhler and Michaelis' product. During the subsequent decade (the 1960s), molecular weight determination and X-ray crystallographic analysis proved that this "diphosphene" only had P-P single bonds and was in fact primarily a four-membered ring of the form (PPh)4. Nevertheless, the contemporary discoveries of the first diphosphorus ylide and first phosphaalkene suggested that compounds with multiply-bonded phosphorus could be made.

The modern diphosphene field properly begins with field Yoshifuji et al 's isolation of a more sterically-hindered diphosphene in 1981. That compound's P-P bond distance is 2.034 Å, which is much shorter than the average bond length in (C6H5P)5 (2.217 Å) and (C6H5P)6 (2.237 Å) and indicates double-bond character.

Synthesis
Following Maasaka Yoshifuji and his coworkers' 1981 isolation of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene, most disphosphene syntheses dehalogenate a bulkyl alkyldichlorophosphine with an active metal. Such a synthesis works for arylphosphenes, trisalkylsilylphosphines, or N-heterocyclic boro-phosphines.

Ylide-stabilized diphosphenes
In 2019, Stephan and co-workers at the University of Toronto reported the first examples of di-vinyl-substituted diphosphenes via a ring opening/dimerization process from kinetically unstable 2H-phosphirenes. However, the conjugation caused the compounds to exhibit reactivity closer to a phosphinidene.

Structure
Cyclic voltammetry and UV/Vis spectra illustrate that boryl-substituted diphosphenes have lower LUMO level and larger HOMO-LUMO gap than aryl-substituted diphosphenes.

Geometry
X-ray analysis indicates certain important bond lengths and angles of the first diphosphene, bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene: P-P = 2.034 (2) Å; P-C = 1.826 (2) Å; $$\angle$$P-P-C = 102.8 (1)o; $$\angle$$C-P-P-C = 172.2 (1)o. Compared with the bond length of a P-P single bond in H2PPH2 (2.238 Å), the P-P bond distance is much shorter, which reveals double bond character. The trans orientation is the thermodynamically preferred isomer.

Spectroscopic properties
Diphosphene compounds usually exhibit a symmetry-allowed ($$\pi \rightarrow \pi^*$$) (intense) and symmetry-forbidden electronic transitions ($$n\rightarrow \pi^*$$) (weak). Raman spectroscopy observes significant enhancement of P=P stretch in the resonance with allowed electron $$\pi \rightarrow \pi^*$$ transition than with the forbidden $$n\rightarrow \pi^*$$ transition due to different geometries of excited states and enhancement mechanism. Also the observed strong Raman shifts for and (CH(SiMe3)2P\dPC(SiMe3)2) suggest stronger dipnictenes feature of diphosphene compared with P-P single bond.

Reactivity
Diphosphenes react very similarly to olefins. Hydride reagents such as lithium aluminum hydride can reduce diphosphene to give stable diphosphanes: Visible radiation induces cis-trans isomerization, although further irradiation can excite the molecule to a triplet diradical state. In triplet trans-HPPH, the P-P bond length is predicted to be 2.291 Å. It is not only longer than the P-P double bond in ground state trans-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene, but also longer than that of P-P single bond in H2PPH2. Calculation of the dihedral angle of trans-HPPH suggests that it is almost 90 degree, which means the formation of $$\pi$$ and $$\pi^*$$ P-P bonds is forbidden and σ bond is enhanced.

The compounds form a wide variety of transition metal alkene complexes (see ), as well as the traditional complexation to the phosphorus lone pair, or to any aryl moieties present.

Diphosphene is inert to ground-state oxygen but cycloadds to triplet oxygen or ozone to give highly unstable phosphorus-oxygen rings that tend to attack the phosphorus' organyl substituents. The reaction with ozone is much more rapid and indicates a 2:1 (ozone:diphosphene) stoichiometry.

Carbenes add across the double bond, to give diphosphiranes, which further rearrange to 1,3-diphospha-allenes in strong bases.

Unlike with olefins, the ylides traditionally called persistent carbenes instead tend to cleave the central bond, forming two phosphaalkene/phosphinidene compounds.

Coordination to transition metals
Diphosphenes can bind to transition metal either in a η1 mode by donating a lone pair on phosphorus, or in a η2 behavior via a $$\pi$$ interaction. If the bulky groups are aryl- groups, arene-coordinated products of η6-type coordination are also possible.

η1-type complexes
In 1983, Philip P. Power synthesized a transition-metal complex containing P=P double bond (trans–{[2}) via a simple one-step procedure. They mixed Na2[Fe(CO)4] and dichlorobis(trimethylsilyl)methylphosphine and got dark red-brown crystals, which was the first complex that contained an unbridged P-P double bond. Each phosphorus exhibited terminal coordination nature and the P-P distance was essentially unchanged. Later in 1983, A. H. Cowley reported ArP=PArFe(CO)5 (with Ar=2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) by treating diphosephene with Fe2(CO)9 or Na2Fe(CO)4. In this synthesis procedure, there was only one terminal P-coordination and P-P double bond had Z configuration. Apart from iron, other similar transition metal complexes by reacting diphosphenes with transition metal carbonyls of nickel, tungsten, and chromium were discovered and they all exhibited Z configuration. M. Yoshifuji proved E/Z isomerization can take place under lighting, probably via migration of the metal moiety from one side to the other.

η2-type complexes
Apart from the very bulky substituents, a η2-coordination of diphosphene to a metal is also possible to stabilize the P-P double bond. In 1982, K. R. Dixon et al. synthesized platinum and palladium complexes (M(PhP\dPPh)L2) (with M=Pt or Pd and L=(PPh3)2 or Ph2P[CH2]2PPh2), which contained side-on coordination. Different from η1 coordination complex, where P-P still kept the double bond nature, P-P distance in side-on coordination complexes (2.121Å in Pd(PhP\dPPh)PPh3CH2CH2PPh3) was significantly longer than that in non-coordinated bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene.

η6-type complexes
If there are aryl- groups on phosphorus, transition-metal can not only bind to the phosphorus directly, but also form arene-coordinated products of η6-type coordination. Refluxing diphosphene in 1,4-dioxane with the excess of Cr(CO)6 can generate mono and bis arene tricarbonylchromium(0) complexes.

title: Diphosphenes


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Polarization identity

In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, the polarization identity is any one of a family of formulas that express the inner product of two vectors in terms of the norm of a normed vector space. If a norm arises from an inner product then the polarization identity can be used to express this inner product entirely in terms of the norm. The polarization identity shows that a norm can arise from at most one inner product; however, there exist norms that do not arise from any inner product.

The norm associated with any inner product space satisfies the parallelogram law: $$\|x+y\|^2 + \|x-y\|^2 = 2\|x\|^2 + 2\|y\|^2.$$ In fact, as observed by John von Neumann, the parallelogram law characterizes those norms that arise from inner products. Given a normed space $$(H, \|\cdot\|)$$, the parallelogram law holds for $$\|\cdot\|$$ if and only if there exists an inner product $$\langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle$$ on $$H$$ such that $$\|x\|^2 = \langle x,\ x\rangle$$ for all $$x \in H,$$ in which case this inner product is uniquely determined by the norm via the polarization identity.

Polarization identities
Any inner product on a vector space induces a norm by the equation $$\|x\| = \sqrt{\langle x, x \rangle}.$$ The polarization identities reverse this relationship, recovering the inner product from the norm. Every inner product satisfies: $$\|x + y\|^2 = \|x\|^2 + \|y\|^2 + 2\operatorname{Re}\langle x, y \rangle \qquad \text{ for all vectors } x, y.$$

Solving for $$\operatorname{Re}\langle x, y \rangle$$ gives the formula $$\operatorname{Re}\langle x, y \rangle = \frac{1}{2} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x\|^2 - \|y\|^2\right).$$ If the inner product is real then $$\operatorname{Re}\langle x, y \rangle = \langle x, y \rangle$$ and this formula becomes a polarization identity for real inner products.

Real vector spaces
If the vector space is over the real numbers then the polarization identities are: $$\begin{alignat}{4} \langle x, y \rangle &= \frac{1}{4} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2\right) \\[3pt] &= \frac{1}{2} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x\|^2 - \|y\|^2\right) \\[3pt] &= \frac{1}{2} \left(\|x\|^2 + \|y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2\right). \\[3pt] \end{alignat}$$

These various forms are all equivalent by the parallelogram law: $$2\|x\|^2 + 2\|y\|^2 = \|x+y\|^2 + \|x-y\|^2.$$

This further implies that $$L^p$$ class is not a Hilbert space whenever $p\neq 2$, as the parallelogram law is not satisfied. For the sake of counterexample, consider $$x=1_A$$ and $$y=1_B$$ for any two disjoint subsets $$A,B$$ of general domain $$\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^n$$ and compute the measure of both sets under parallelogram law.

Complex vector spaces
For vector spaces over the complex numbers, the above formulas are not quite correct because they do not describe the imaginary part of the (complex) inner product. However, an analogous expression does ensure that both real and imaginary parts are retained. The complex part of the inner product depends on whether it is antilinear in the first or the second argument. The notation $$\langle x | y \rangle,$$ which is commonly used in physics will be assumed to be antilinear in the argument while $$\langle x,\, y \rangle,$$ which is commonly used in mathematics, will be assumed to be antilinear its the  argument. They are related by the formula: $$\langle x,\, y \rangle = \langle y \,|\, x \rangle \quad \text{ for all } x, y \in H.$$

The real part of any inner product (no matter which argument is antilinear and no matter if it is real or complex) is a symmetric bilinear map that for any $$x, y \in H$$ is always equal to: $$\begin{alignat}{4} R(x, y)
 * &= \operatorname{Re} \langle x \mid y \rangle = \operatorname{Re} \langle x, y \rangle \\

&= \frac{1}{4} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2\right) \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x\|^2 - \|y\|^2\right) \\[3pt] &= \frac{1}{2} \left(\|x\|^2 + \|y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2\right). \\[3pt] \end{alignat}$$

It is always a symmetric map, meaning that $$R(x, y) = R(y, x) \quad \text{ for all } x, y \in H,$$ and it also satisfies: $$R(y, ix) = - R(x, iy) \quad \text{ for all } x, y \in H.$$ Thus $R(ix, y) = - R(x, iy)$, which in plain English says that to move a factor of $$i$$ to the other argument, introduce a negative sign.

Let $$R(x, y) := \frac{1}{4} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2\right).$$ Then $$2\|x\|^2 + 2\|y\|^2 = \|x+y\|^2 + \|x-y\|^2$$ implies $$R(x, y) = \frac{1}{4} \left(\left(2\|x\|^2 + 2\|y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2\right) - \|x-y\|^2\right) = \frac{1}{2} \left(\|x\|^2 + \|y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2\right)$$ and $$R(x, y) = \frac{1}{4} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \left(2\|x\|^2 + 2\|y\|^2 - \|x+y\|^2\right)\right) = \frac{1}{2} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x\|^2 - \|y\|^2\right).$$

Moreover, $$4R(x, y) = \|x+y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2 = \|y+x\|^2 - \|y-x\|^2 = 4R(y, x),$$ which proves that $R(x, y) = R(y, x)$.

From $$1 = i (-i)$$ it follows that $$y-ix = i(-iy-x) = -i(x+iy)$$ and $$y+ix = i(-iy+x) = i(x-iy)$$ so that $$-4R(y, ix) = \|y-ix\|^2 - \|y+ix\|^2 = \|(-i)(x+iy)\|^2 - \|i(x-iy)\|^2 = \|x+iy\|^2 - \|x-iy\|^2 = 4R(x, iy),$$ which proves that $$R(y, ix) = - R(x, iy).$$ $$\blacksquare$$

Unlike its real part, the imaginary part of a complex inner product depends on which argument is antilinear.

Antilinear in first argument

The polarization identities for the inner product $$\langle x \,|\, y \rangle,$$ which is antilinear in the argument, are
 * $$\begin{alignat}{4}

\langle x \,|\, y \rangle &= \frac{1}{4} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2 - i\|x + iy\|^2 + i\|x - iy\|^2\right) \\ &= R(x, y) - i R(x, iy) \\ &= R(x, y) + i R(ix, y) \\ \end{alignat}$$ where $$x, y \in H.$$ The second to last equality is similar to the formula expressing a linear functional $$\varphi$$ in terms of its real part: $$\varphi(y) = \operatorname{Re} \varphi(y) - i (\operatorname{Re} \varphi)(i y).$$

Antilinear in second argument

The polarization identities for the inner product $$\langle x, \ y \rangle,$$ which is antilinear in the argument, follows from that of $$\langle x \,|\, y \rangle$$ by the relationship: $$\langle x, \ y \rangle := \langle y \,|\, x \rangle = \overline{\langle x \,|\, y \rangle} \quad \text{ for all } x, y \in H.$$ So for any $$x, y \in H,$$
 * $$\begin{alignat}{4}

\langle x,\, y \rangle &= \frac{1}{4} \left(\|x+y\|^2 - \|x-y\|^2 + i\|x + iy\|^2 - i\|x - iy\|^2\right) \\ &= R(x, y) + i R(x, iy) \\ &= R(x, y) - i R(ix, y). \\ \end{alignat}$$

This expression can be phrased symmetrically as: $$\langle x, y \rangle = \frac{1}{4} \sum_{k=0}^3 i^k \left\|x + i^k y\right\|^2.$$

Summary of both cases

Thus if $$R(x, y) + i I(x, y)$$ denotes the real and imaginary parts of some inner product's value at the point $$(x, y) \in H \times H$$ of its domain, then its imaginary part will be: $$I(x, y) ~=~ \begin{cases} ~R({\color{red}i} x, y) & \qquad \text{ if antilinear in the } {\color{red}1} \text{st argument} \\ ~R(x, {\color{blue}i} y) & \qquad \text{ if antilinear in the } {\color{blue}2} \text{nd argument} \\ \end{cases}$$ where the scalar $$i$$ is always located in the same argument that the inner product is antilinear in.

Using $R(ix, y) = - R(x, iy)$, the above formula for the imaginary part becomes: $$I(x, y) ~=~ \begin{cases} -R(x, {\color{black}i} y) & \qquad \text{ if antilinear in the } {\color{black}1} \text{st argument} \\ -R({\color{black}i} x, y) & \qquad \text{ if antilinear in the } {\color{black}2} \text{nd argument} \\ \end{cases}$$

Reconstructing the inner product
In a normed space $$(H, \|\cdot\|),$$ if the parallelogram law $$\|x+y\|^2 ~+~ \|x-y\|^2 ~=~ 2\|x\|^2+2\|y\|^2$$ holds, then there exists a unique inner product $$\langle \cdot,\ \cdot\rangle$$ on $$H$$ such that $$\|x\|^2 = \langle x,\ x\rangle$$ for all $$x \in H.$$

$$

Another necessary and sufficient condition for there to exist an inner product that induces a given norm $$\|\cdot\|$$ is for the norm to satisfy Ptolemy's inequality, which is: $$\|x - y\| \, \|z\| ~+~ \|y - z\| \, \|x\| ~\geq~ \|x - z\| \, \|y\| \qquad \text{ for all vectors } x, y, z.$$

Applications and consequences
If $$H$$ is a complex Hilbert space then $$\langle x \mid y \rangle$$ is real if and only if its imaginary part is $0 = R(x, iy) = \frac{1}{4} \left(\Vert x+iy \Vert^2 - \Vert x-iy \Vert^2\right)$, which happens if and only if $\Vert x+iy \Vert = \Vert x-iy \Vert$. Similarly, $$\langle x \mid y \rangle$$ is (purely) imaginary if and only if $\Vert x+y \Vert = \Vert x-y \Vert$. For example, from $$\|x+ix\| = |1+i| \|x\| = \sqrt{2} \|x\| = |1-i| \|x\| = \|x-ix\|$$ it can be concluded that $$\langle x | x \rangle$$ is real and that $$\langle x | ix \rangle$$ is purely imaginary.

Isometries
If $$A : H \to Z$$ is a linear isometry between two Hilbert spaces (so $$\|A h\| = \|h\|$$ for all $$h \in H$$) then $$\langle A h, A k \rangle_Z = \langle h, k \rangle_H \quad \text{ for all } h, k \in H;$$ that is, linear isometries preserve inner products.

If $$A : H \to Z$$ is instead an antilinear isometry then $$\langle A h, A k \rangle_Z = \overline{\langle h, k \rangle_H} = \langle k, h \rangle_H \quad \text{ for all } h, k \in H.$$

Relation to the law of cosines
The second form of the polarization identity can be written as $$\|\textbf{u}-\textbf{v}\|^2 = \|\textbf{u}\|^2 + \|\textbf{v}\|^2 - 2(\textbf{u} \cdot \textbf{v}).$$

This is essentially a vector form of the law of cosines for the triangle formed by the vectors $\textbf{u}$, $\textbf{v}$, and $\textbf{u}-\textbf{v}$. In particular, $$\textbf{u}\cdot\textbf{v} = \|\textbf{u}\|\,\|\textbf{v}\| \cos\theta,$$ where $$\theta$$ is the angle between the vectors $$\textbf{u}$$ and $\textbf{v}$.

The equation is numerically unstable if u and v are similar because of catastrophic cancellation and should be avoided for numeric computation.

Derivation
The basic relation between the norm and the dot product is given by the equation $$\|\textbf{v}\|^2 = \textbf{v} \cdot \textbf{v}.$$

Then $$\begin{align} \|\textbf{u} + \textbf{v}\|^2 &= (\textbf{u} + \textbf{v}) \cdot (\textbf{u} + \textbf{v}) \\[3pt] &= (\textbf{u} \cdot \textbf{u}) + (\textbf{u} \cdot \textbf{v}) + (\textbf{v} \cdot \textbf{u}) + (\textbf{v} \cdot \textbf{v}) \\[3pt] &= \|\textbf{u}\|^2 + \|\textbf{v}\|^2 + 2(\textbf{u} \cdot \textbf{v}), \end{align}$$ and similarly $$\|\textbf{u} - \textbf{v}\|^2 = \|\textbf{u}\|^2 + \|\textbf{v}\|^2 - 2(\textbf{u} \cdot \textbf{v}).$$

Forms (1) and (2) of the polarization identity now follow by solving these equations for $\textbf{u} \cdot \textbf{v}$, while form (3) follows from subtracting these two equations. (Adding these two equations together gives the parallelogram law.)

Symmetric bilinear forms
The polarization identities are not restricted to inner products. If $$B$$ is any symmetric bilinear form on a vector space, and $$Q$$ is the quadratic form defined by $$Q(v) = B(v, v),$$ then $$\begin{align} 2 B(u, v) &= Q(u + v) - Q(u) - Q(v), \\ 2 B(u, v) &= Q(u)    + Q(v) - Q(u - v), \\ 4 B(u, v) &= Q(u + v)       - Q(u - v). \end{align}$$

The so-called symmetrization map generalizes the latter formula, replacing $$Q$$ by a homogeneous polynomial of degree $$k$$ defined by $$Q(v) = B(v, \ldots, v),$$ where $$B$$ is a symmetric $$k$$-linear map.

The formulas above even apply in the case where the field of scalars has characteristic two, though the left-hand sides are all zero in this case. Consequently, in characteristic two there is no formula for a symmetric bilinear form in terms of a quadratic form, and they are in fact distinct notions, a fact which has important consequences in L-theory; for brevity, in this context "symmetric bilinear forms" are often referred to as "symmetric forms".

These formulas also apply to bilinear forms on modules over a commutative ring, though again one can only solve for $$B(u, v)$$ if 2 is invertible in the ring, and otherwise these are distinct notions. For example, over the integers, one distinguishes integral quadratic forms from integral forms, which are a narrower notion.

More generally, in the presence of a ring involution or where 2 is not invertible, one distinguishes $\varepsilon$-quadratic forms and $\varepsilon$-symmetric forms; a symmetric form defines a quadratic form, and the polarization identity (without a factor of 2) from a quadratic form to a symmetric form is called the "symmetrization map", and is not in general an isomorphism. This has historically been a subtle distinction: over the integers it was not until the 1950s that relation between "twos out" (integral form) and "twos in" (integral  form) was understood – see discussion at integral quadratic form; and in the algebraization of surgery theory, Mishchenko originally used  L-groups, rather than the correct  L-groups (as in Wall and Ranicki) – see discussion at L-theory.

Homogeneous polynomials of higher degree
Finally, in any of these contexts these identities may be extended to homogeneous polynomials (that is, algebraic forms) of arbitrary degree, where it is known as the polarization formula, and is reviewed in greater detail in the article on the polarization of an algebraic form.

title: Polarization identity


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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Richard Parry (musician)

I'm not necessarily disagreeing with the vote for deletion, but the article was a stub for quite some time... so I would think the problem was either that no one noticed it before, or the content itself is lacking. If so, what kind of changes would you like to see? I think it could be argued that Arcade Fire is slightly more than non-notable, and this is merely a bit more information about one of the key band members... so I'd rather improve the entry than delete it, if I could. MrAndrews 02:15, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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User:Valkov

Hi, everybody! I am a student of finance at the Economic University in Sofia, Bulgaria. My name is Hristo Valkov. I love travelling around the world and I have been to most of Europe. I am interested in geography (especially in settlements facts and administrative division) and WW2 history. I hope to do my best for Wikipedia. I have started my first article: Klokotnica and I have done some more edits on various articles. That is for now. bg:Потребител:Христо

title: User:Valkov


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Howell Heflin Lock and Dam

The Howell Heflin Lock and Dam, formerly Gainesville Lock and Dam, is one of four lock and dam structures on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway that generally lie along the original course of the Tombigbee River. It is located near Gainesville, Alabama, and impounds Gainesville Lake. It is named for Howell Heflin, a former United States Senator from Alabama.

title: Howell Heflin Lock and Dam


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Zé Povinho

Zé Povinho is the cartoon character of a Portuguese everyman created in 1875 by Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro. He became first a symbol of the Portuguese working-class people, and eventually into the unofficial personification of Portugal.

title: Zé Povinho