text:
Chancy

Chancy is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. The westernmost point of the country is located there.

History
Chancy is first mentioned in 1240 as Chancie.

Geography
Chancy has an area,, of 5.36 km2. Of this area, 2.8 km2 or 52.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.75 km2 or 32.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.59 km2 or 11.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.21 km2 or 3.9% is either rivers or lakes and 0.02 km2 or 0.4% is unproductive land.

Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.8%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.7% of the area Out of the forested land, 30.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 41.8% is used for growing crops and 8.4% is pastures, while 2.1% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.

The municipality is located in the Swiss Champagne valley and contains the westernmost point in Switzerland. It consists of the villages of Chancy and Passeiry as well as the hamlet of Le Cannelet. The municipality of Chancy consists of the sub-sections or villages of Chancy - Les Bois, Chancy - village, Chancy - plateau, Passeiry and Cannelet.

Demographics
Chancy has a population of. , 20.4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 27.4%. It has changed at a rate of 13.8% due to migration and at a rate of 12.9% due to births and deaths.

Most of the population speaks French (785 or 86.0%), with English being second most common (48 or 5.3%) and German being third (30 or 3.3%).

, the gender distribution of the population was 49.7% male and 50.3% female. The population was made up of 450 Swiss men (39.3% of the population) and 119 (10.4%) non-Swiss men. There were 457 Swiss women (39.9%) and 119 (10.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 176 or about 19.3% were born in Chancy and lived there in 2000. There were 334 or 36.6% who were born in the same canton, while 134 or 14.7% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 246 or 26.9% were born outside of Switzerland.

In there were 6 live births to Swiss citizens and were 5 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 1 while the foreign population remained the same. There were 2 Swiss men and 7 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 7 non-Swiss men and 4 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 16 and the non-Swiss population increased by 23 people. This represents a population growth rate of 3.6%.

The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 29.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 65% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 5.7%.

, there were 386 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 447 married individuals, 23 widows or widowers and 57 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 343 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 77 households that consist of only one person and 22 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 355 households that answered this question, 21.7% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 92 married couples without children, 137 married couples with children There were 32 single parents with a child or children. There were 4 households that were made up of unrelated people and 12 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

there were 115 single family homes (or 61.8% of the total) out of a total of 186 inhabited buildings. There were 33 multi-family buildings (17.7%), along with 30 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (16.1%) and 8 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (4.3%). Of the single family homes 35 were built before 1919, while 5 were built between 1990 and 2000.

there were 350 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 104. There were 17 single room apartments and 92 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 322 apartments (92.0% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 14 apartments (4.0%) were seasonally occupied and 14 apartments (4.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 28.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (18.22%), the SP (14.08%) and the Green Party (12.57%). In the federal election, a total of 297 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.4%.

In the 2009 Grand Conseil election, there were a total of 632 registered voters of which 239 (37.8%) voted. The most popular party in the municipality for this election was the MCG with 22.2% of the ballots. In the canton-wide election they received the third highest proportion of votes. The second most popular party was the Les Radicaux (with 16.2%), they were sixth in the canton-wide election, while the third most popular party was the Les Verts (with 11.5%), they were second in the canton-wide election.

For the 2009 Conseil d'Etat election, there were a total of 630 registered voters of which 295 (46.8%) voted.

In 2011, all the municipalities held local elections, and in Chancy there were 13 spots open on the municipal council. There were a total of 771 registered voters of which 401 (52.0%) voted. Out of the 401 votes, there were 1 blank votes, 1 null or unreadable votes and 61 votes with a name that was not on the list.

Economy
, Chancy had an unemployment rate of 5.6%. , there were 18 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 7 businesses involved in this sector. 8 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 60 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 19 businesses in this sector. There were 494 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 46.4% of the workforce.

the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 60. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 7 of which 3 or (42.9%) were in manufacturing and 4 (57.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 43. In the tertiary sector; 14 or 32.6% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 11.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 4.7% were in the information industry, 3 or 7.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 7 or 16.3% were in education and 3 or 7.0% were in health care.

, there were 34 workers who commuted into the municipality and 442 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 13.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 14.7% of the workforce coming into Chancy are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 11.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 76.5% used a private car.

Religion
From the, 231 or 25.3% were Roman Catholic, while 209 or 22.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 14 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.53% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.22% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 38 individuals (or about 4.16% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 3 individuals (or about 0.33% of the population) who were Jewish, and 5 (or about 0.55% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 340 (or about 37.24% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 70 individuals (or about 7.67% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education
In Chancy about 290 or (31.8%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 239 or (26.2%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 239 who completed tertiary schooling, 40.6% were Swiss men, 31.4% were Swiss women, 15.1% were non-Swiss men and 13.0% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2009–2010 school year there were a total of 288 students in the Chancy school system. The education system in the Canton of Geneva allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory kindergarten. During that school year, there were 31 children who were in a pre-kindergarten class. The canton's school system provides two years of non-mandatory kindergarten and requires students to attend six years of primary school, with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In Chancy there were 45 students in kindergarten or primary school and 3 students were in the special, smaller classes. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 45 lower secondary students who attended school in Chancy. There were 59 upper secondary students from the municipality along with 8 students who were in a professional, non-university track program. An additional 18 students attended a private school.

, there were 6 students in Chancy who came from another municipality, while 84 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

title: Chancy


text:
Steel blue

Steel blue is a shade of blue color that resembles blue steel, i.e., steel which has been subjected to bluing for protection from rust. It is one of the less vibrant shades of blue, and is usually identified as a blue-grey color.

The first recorded use of steel blue as a color name in English was in 1817. In 1987, Steel blue was included as one of the X11 colors, later also known as the X11 web colors after the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991.

Light steel blue
At right is displayed the web color light steel blue, a light tint of steel blue.

Steel blue (Crayola)
At right is displayed the color that is called "steel blue" in Crayola crayons. Steel blue has been a Crayola Metallic FX color since 2001.

Beetles

 * The Steel blue lady beetle

Fish

 * In Siamese fighting fish the steel blue color comes from being homozygous for a single gene.
 * The Steel-blue Aphyosemion

Birds

 * Steel-blue whydah
 * Steel-blue flycatcher

Steel blue in culture
Sports
 * The Houston Texans, National Football League team includes deep steel blue as one of its three colors (along with "liberty white" and "battle red").
 * The Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the AAA affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team, includes steel blue as one of its three colors.
 * The Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League use steel blue as a secondary color on their burgundy uniforms.
 * The Steel Blue Oval is a sports stadium in Bassendean, Western Australia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steel blue


text:
Kjøbenhavns Boldklub

Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (known simply as KB) is a Danish professional multi-sports club based in Copenhagen. The club was founded on 26 April 1876 on the grassy fields in outer Copenhagen which later became Fælledparken. Tennis has been played since 1883. The club hosted, in 1921, one of the early tennis majors: the World Covered Court Championships, won by William Laurentz that year. Today, along with the sports already mentioned, the club also has facilities for badminton, swimming and pétanque.

Football and cricket has been played in KB since 1879, meaning that KB's football team was the first club on continental Europe and it went on to become the most successful club in Denmark, winning a shared record 15 Danish championship titles from 1913 to 1980. In 1991, KB and B 1903 merged their professional football teams and formed F.C. Copenhagen. Until 1 January 2009, the F.C. Copenhagen reserves played under the KB name.

Logo
KB's logo is designed by architect and designer Thorvald Bindesbøll (1846–1908). Bindesbøll also designed the Carlsberg logo, and KB's logo is believed to be sponsored by Carlsberg.

History
KB was founded as a result of Copenhageners' burgeoning interest in sport, which increased significantly throughout the second half of the 1800s. In particular, ball games such as long-ball, sting-ball and round-ball were popular in the capital, and when the Copenhagen Municipality demolished the ramparts and tore down the city gates in 1852, the Copenhageners found it easier to search out for common areas to practice sports. The club's official four founders were printer F. V. Levison, treasurer August Nielsen, and wholesalers Carl Møller and E. Selmer. Among the co-founders was also Frederik Markmann, who later became the first chairman of the Danish Football Association (DBU), which was founded in May 1889.

Football
Football was added to the club's programme on 24 October 1878, making it the oldest football club in the world outside of the United Kingdom and the oldest football club on continental Europe. The first advertised games were scheduled to be held in a military exercise ground ("Exercerplads") near Rosenborg Castle on 5 January 1879 (at 11am). Nine months later, on 7 September 1879, the first-ever football match in Denmark was held in Eremitagen in Klampenborg, where Birkerød Kostskole Boldklub faced KB's juniors, with the Birkerød school students team winning 3–0. Other sources claim this match was actually held at Rosenborg's Exercerplads on 16 December 1883.

In 1888, KB, which was by far the leading club of the time, organized the first Danish football tournament in 1888, which was attended by 15 clubs and bore the official name "Medaille Fodbold-Konkurrencen i 1888". KB were the pre-tournament favourites and lived up to it by comfortably winning the tournament, beating BK Haabet in the final on 29 April 1888 with a resounding 14–0 victory, scoring 40 goals in total and not conceding a single one. KB's dominance and undisputed status as Denmark's best football club was also reflected in the fact that the club paid a significant part of the total expenses for the completion of the tournament.

In the first years of football in Denmark, the sport was played in places such as Rosenborg's Exercerplads and Eremitagen, but this changed in 1893, when KB become the first Danish club to get its own football field, being quickly followed up by AB, BK Frem and B93, who also got their own tracks. In 1893, KB gathered its activities in Frederiksberg (where Forum Copenhagen is located today), where surrounded by 10 tennis courts was the larger court Granen (K.B.'s Skt. Markus), which in 1910 was the home ground for Denmark's first international football match under DBU auspices, a 2–1 win over England Amateurs.

The Danish Football Association (DBU) was founded by Frederik Markmann in May 1889, a former cricket and tennis player who, among other things, had been a co-founder and chairman of KB. In the same year, DBU organized the first edition of Fodboldturneringen, which was held between 1889 and 1903, with KB winning on four occasions, including back-to-back titles in 1896–97 and 1897–98. The Fodboldturneringen was the forerunner for the Danish National Football Tournament, which was held for the first time in 1912–13, and ended with a KB triumph, thus becoming the first Danish champions.

In 1908, when Denmark made their international debut at the Olympic Games, the club provided seven players to the 17-man squad, three defenders (the Middelboe brothers, Einar, Nils and team captain Kristian), three forwards (Oskar Nielsen, Rasmussen and Wolfhagen) and the team's goalkeeper Ludvig Drescher, of which six started in the final against Great Britain in a 0–2 loss. They were the fundamental players behind Denmark's silver medal campaign, with Nils Middelboe scoring Denmark's first-ever official goal in a 9–0 victory over France on 19 October 1908, while Vilhelm Wolfhagen scored 8 goals in just two matches, a poker in both the quarter and the semi-finals.

The club began to spread its activities beyond Copenhagen. Among other things, they moved the football team into the Københavns Idrætspark (today's Parken Stadium) on Østerbro, which was inaugurated on 25 May 1911 with a football match between a combined team from B93 and KB against the English side Sheffield Wednesday, ending in a 3–2 to the latter. Later in the year, an audience record for a football match in Denmark was set with 11,233 spectators when a selected Copenhagen team with six KB players met the Scottish champion Rangers FC from Glasgow, who won by the score of 4–1. This attendance record only lasted three years, until Denmark met England Amateurs on 5 June 1914 and won 3–0 in front of 18,500 spectators in Idrætspark. But in the early 1990s, KB and Boldklub 1903 were in financial trouble as new Danish giants Brondby were taking over. Both clubs despised Brondby and so, on 1 July 1992, they merged and made F.C. Copenhagen.

Denmark national football team all-time top scorer Poul Nielsen (1891–1962) played for KB during all of his career. One of Denmark's all-time greatest players, Michael Laudrup, played for the club from 1980 to 1982 before rejoining Brøndby IF. Legendary striker Preben Elkjær played for KB for one season as a trainee (1973–1974), while Nicklas Bendtner, who plays for FCK, was a former trainee at KB between the years of 2002 and 2004.

Since November 2018, KB is a member of the Club of Pioneers.

Tennis
In 1883, tennis became part of the club's activities, first at Rosenborg's Exercerplads, while the first actual tennis courts were built in 1889 by KB in Dronningens Mølle at Rosenkrantz Bastion (where Østerport station is today). In the late 19th century, KB established a large tennis facility called Porcelainsfabrik, which in 1902 laid the courts for the first major international tournament in Denmark. At one point in the 1920s, the club had more than 50 tennis courts, but as of 2021, the number has been reduced to just under 40. For a few years around World War I (1913 and 1919–23), the International Tennis Federation held the World Covered Court Championships, and in 1921 they took place in KB's first tennis hall at Pile Allé in Frederiksberg, and KB won the tournament.

Honours
Danish championship
 * Champions (15) (shared record): 1912–13, 1913–14, 1916–17, 1917–18, 1921–22, 1924–25, 1931–32, 1939–40, 1947–48, 1948–49, 1949–50, 1952–53, 1968, 1974, 1980

Danish Cup
 * Winners: 1968–69
 * Runners-up: 1957–58, 1960–61, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1983–84
 * 53 seasons in the Highest Danish League
 * 6 seasons in the Second Highest Danish League
 * 1 season in the Third Highest Danish League

Notable players

 * Nils Middelboe
 * Vilhelm Wolfhagen
 * Poul Nielsen
 * Preben Elkjær
 * Michael Laudrup
 * Nicklas Bendtner

50 or more appearances
All players who have played in 50 or more such matches or played international football during their time at the club are listed below. Players are listed according to the date of their first professional contract signed with the club. Appearances and goals are for first-team competitive matches only; wartime matches are excluded, but substitute appearances are included.

Poul Nielsen holds both the appearance and goalscoring records, with 201 appearances and 276 goals between 1907 and 1927. Torben Piechnik is the only other player with over 100 appearances, with 175 between 1980 and 1987.

International players
In the first official game of the Denmark national football team on 19 October 1908, at the 1908 Summer Olympics, five players represented KB in that team, including team captain Kristian Middelboe. Since then, a total 75 players have represented KB in the senior Denmark national team.

 * Listed according to the year of debut.

 * 1900s: Ludvig Drescher (1908), Kristian Middelboe (1908), Nils Middelboe (1908), Vilhelm Wolfhagen (1908), Oskar Nørland (1908), Bjørn Rasmussen (1908)
 * 1910s: Poul 'Tist' Nielsen (1910), Ivar Lykke (1911), Svend Aage Castella (1911), Kristian Gyldenstein (1911), Christian Morville (1912), Georg Brysting (1912), Alf Olsen (1917), Steen Steensen Blicher (1918), Valdemar Laursen (1918)
 * 1920s: Leo Dannin (1920), Poul Graae (1920), Axel V. Preno (1922), Svend Aage Remtoft (1923), Aage Jørgensen (1923), Wilhelm Nielsen (1925), Erik Eriksen (1929)
 * 1930s: Henning Jensen (1931), Oscar Jørgensen (1932), Georg Taarup (1932), Eli Larsen (1933), Hans Christensen (1934), Egon Andersen (1936), Helge Jørgensen (1937), Jørgen Iversen (1938), John Nielsen (1938), Erik Glümer (1938)
 * 1940s: Harald Lyngsaa (1940), Eigil Nielsen (1940), Jørn Jegsen (1943), Niels Bennike (1945), Gustaf Pålsson (1945), Jørgen W. Hansen (1947), Dion Ørnvold (1947), Axel Pilmark (1947), Erik Køppen (1949)
 * 1950s: Arnold Olsen (1950), Erik Hansen (1951), Jørgen Johansen (1952), Martin Kristensen (1952), Per Jensen (1952), Vagn Birkeland (1954), Jens Torstensen (1956), Finn Alfred Hansen (1957), Jørn Sørensen (1958), Per Funch Jensen (1959), Arne Karlsen (1959)
 * 1960s: Bent Krog (1961), Ole Sørensen (1961), Henning Helbrandt (1961), Nils Jensen (1961), Gert Hansen (1961), Eyvind Clausen (1962), Niels Møller (1966), Kurt Præst (1968), Niels-Christian Holmstrøm (1968)
 * 1970s: Flemming Pedersen (1970), Niels Hagenau (1971), Eigil Nielsen (1971), Niels Sørensen (1974), Anders Sørensen (1974), Karl Aage Skouborg (1974), Torsten Andersen (1977), Klaus Nørregaard (1977), Henrik Agerbeck (1978), Ole Højgaard (1979), Finn Laudrup (1979), Ole Qvist (1979), Palle Hansen (1979)
 * 1980s: Henrik Eigenbrod (1981)

title: Kjøbenhavns Boldklub


text:
Torricelli's equation

In physics, Torricelli's equation, or Torricelli's formula, is an equation created by Evangelista Torricelli to find the final velocity of a moving object with constant acceleration along an axis (for example, the x axis) without having a known time interval.

The equation itself is:

 * $$ v_f^2 = v_i^2 + 2a\Delta x \,$$

where
 * $$v_f$$ is the object's final velocity along the x axis on which the acceleration is constant.
 * $$v_i$$ is the object's initial velocity along the x axis.
 * $$a$$ is the object's acceleration along the x axis, which is given as a constant.
 * $$\Delta x \,$$ is the object's change in position along the x axis, also called displacement.

In this and all subsequent equations in this article, the subscript $$x$$ (as in $${v_f}_x$$) is implied, but is not expressed explicitly for clarity in presenting the equations.

This equation is valid along any axis on which the acceleration is constant.

Without differentials and integration
Begin with the definition of acceleration:

 * $$a=\frac{v_f-v_i}{\Delta t}$$

where $\Delta t$ is the time interval. This is true because the acceleration is constant. The left hand side is this constant value of the acceleration and the right hand side is the average acceleration. Since the average of a constant must be equal to the constant value, we have this equality. If the acceleration was not constant, this would not be true.

Now solve for the final velocity:
 * $$v_f = v_i + a \Delta t\,\!$$

Square both sides to get:

The term $$(\Delta t)^2\,\!$$ also appears in another equation that is valid for motion with constant acceleration: the equation for the final position of an object moving with constant acceleration, and can be isolated:

 * $$x_f = x_i + v_i\Delta t + a\frac{(\Delta t)^2}2$$

 * $$x_f - x_i - v_i\Delta t = a\frac{(\Delta t)^2}2$$

Substituting ($$) into the original equation ($$) yields:

 * $$v_f^2 = v_i^2 + 2a v_i \Delta t + a^2 \left(2\frac{\Delta x - v_i \Delta t}{a}\right)$$

 * $$v_f^2 = v_i^2 + 2a v_i \Delta t + 2a(\Delta x - v_i \Delta t)$$

 * $$v_f^2 = v_i^2 + 2a v_i \Delta t + 2a\Delta x - 2av_i \Delta t\,\!$$

 * $$v_f^2 = v_i^2 + 2a\Delta x \,\!$$

Using differentials and integration
Begin with the definition of acceleration as the derivative of the velocity:
 * $$a=\frac{dv}{dt}$$

Now, we multiply both sides by the velocity $v$ :
 * $$v\cdot a=v\cdot\frac{dv}{dt}$$

In the left hand side we can rewrite the velocity as the derivative of the position:
 * $$\frac{dx}{dt}\cdot a=v\cdot\frac{dv}{dt}$$

Multiplying both sides by $dt$ gets us the following:
 * $$dx\cdot a=v\cdot dv$$

Rearranging the terms in a more traditional manner:
 * $$a\,dx=v\,dv$$

Integrating both sides from the initial instant with position $x_i$ and velocity $v_i$  to the final instant with position $x_f$  and velocity $v_f$ :
 * $$\int_{x_i}^{x_f}{a}\,dx=\int_{v_i}^{v_f}v\,dv$$

Since the acceleration is constant, we can factor it out of the integration:
 * $${a}\int_{x_i}^{x_f}dx=\int_{v_i}^{v_f}v\,dv$$

Solving the integration:
 * $${a}\bigg[x\bigg]_{x=x_i}^{x=x_f}=\left[\frac{v^2}{2}\right]_{v=v_i}^{v=v_f}$$
 * $${a}\left(x_f-x_i\right)=\frac{v_f^2}{2}-\frac{v_i^2}{2}$$
 * $${a}\left(x_f-x_i\right)=\frac{v_f^2}{2}-\frac{v_i^2}{2}$$

The factor $x_f-x_i$ is the displacement $\Delta x$ :
 * $$a\Delta x=\frac{1}{2}\left(v_f^2-v_i^2\right)$$
 * $$2a\Delta x=v_f^2-v_i^2$$
 * $$v_f^2=v_i^2+2a\Delta x$$
 * $$v_f^2=v_i^2+2a\Delta x$$
 * $$v_f^2=v_i^2+2a\Delta x$$

From the work-energy theorem
The work-energy theorem states that
 * $$ \Delta E_{K} = W$$
 * $$ \frac{m}{2}\left(v_f^2-v_i^2\right) = F \Delta x$$
 * $$ \frac{m}{2}\left(v_f^2-v_i^2\right) = F \Delta x$$

which, from Newton's second law of motion, becomes
 * $$ \frac{m}{2}\left(v_f^2-v_i^2\right) = ma \Delta x$$
 * $$v_f^2-v_i^2 = 2a\Delta x$$
 * $$v_f^2=v_i^2+2a\Delta x$$
 * $$v_f^2=v_i^2+2a\Delta x$$
 * $$v_f^2=v_i^2+2a\Delta x$$

title: Torricelli's equation


text:
Talk:Dust bunny

Older discussion
"Dust Bunny" is not a character in the cartoon strip User Friendly. That would be Dust Puppy

What do you call the carcasses of insects that are dropped in corners by spiders, and (generally) covered in dust and fluff? Are these not also dust bunnies? Sittingduck123 09:07, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

I removed the sentence "They've also come to be known, by more superstitious folk as "ghost poop."". This seems dubious to me, and what is meant by superstitious folk? The only references I found were not to this meaning. Herostratus 16:33, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

Picture
Just wanted to say, I couldn't ask for a better picture to illustrate this article. Those dust bunnies actually are rabbit-shaped! ;-) Stonemason89 (talk) 16:46, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

I personally believe there is a real and literal meaning to the term dust bunny. My son's pet rabbit emerged from under the couch today with fuzz and lint attached to her fur and whiskers. I do believe that somewhere in time and most probably in the lazy south of the United States that someone employed rabbit to clean underneath the furniture. Alas, the dust and such they emerged with was referred to as dust bunnies. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.42.208.176 (talk) 12:41, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Dust Bunnies come Alive
Author Merlin Fraser has recently penned a children's story based upon dust bunnies. It comprises two stories in one; the first being that of a modern day grandmother charged with looking after her two lively grandchildren during their Summer holidays. Problem is, this is an English summer and it’s raining. In an effort to settle them down she tells them the Dust Bunny story.

Based in England during the 1950's it relates to a young girl called Maggie who, following a riding accident, is confined to her bedroom and the adjacent nursery. One day she hears strange noises coming from under her bed where she finds a spider stuck to a sticky sweet wrapper. Her efforts to rescue the spider are not made any easier when she hears a small voice dishing out advice. Enter Floater, a cheeky little dust bunny, who befriends Maggie and becomes her mentor and introduces her to the Dust Bunny world and the adventures begin.

This is a charming tale and one worthy of publication, the author sees it more as an audio book, read by a woman as if she is the Grandmother of the story. Trouble is neither he nor I know anything about the publishing world and so the story my live forever in his computer —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fan of Merlin (talk • contribs) 10:10, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

featured
I want this article to be featured so bad andyzweb (talk) 21:14, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Unsourced content
I have removed, for the second time, content added by. I've explained the necessity of verification to Koermendi on their user talk, and explained the problems with the source they cited on my user talk. I'm bringing this matter here so that Koermendi may have an opportunity to explain their justification for the addition of their content.  Tide  rolls  01:22, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

Languages comparison
I came here looking for the significance of the english "dust bunnies" expression. What's funny is that in french, we also name it after an animal. We call it "des moutons [de poussière]" ([dust] sheep, always in plural). Well, if this is relevant enough for a Wikipedia article, and if there are other non-english native speakers reading this, that could be the beginning of a short vocabulary comparison? 22:39, 19 April 2013. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.52.102.12 (talk)

Medicine?
Do dust bunnies cause allergies, in addition to housing dust mites? If so, this article should mention that, and there should be a Medicine WikiProject.--Dthomsen8 (talk) 01:36, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dust bunny


text:
Spanish nouns

The Spanish language has nouns that express concrete objects, groups and classes of objects, qualities, feelings and other abstractions. All nouns have a conventional grammatical gender. Countable nouns inflect for number (singular and plural). However, the division between uncountable and countable nouns is more ambiguous than in English.

Gender
Spanish nouns belong to either the masculine or the feminine grammatical gender. Gender, in this case, refers to a grammatical system and is not necessarily connected with biological sex or gender. For example, la mesa 'table' is feminine despite there being nothing inherently feminine about tables. Adjectives and determiners agree in gender with their associated nouns. In a clause like las mesas grandes son más bonitas 'large tables are nicer', for instance, all adjectives and determiners associated with the head noun (mesas) must agree with it in gender. Mesas is feminine, so the article must be feminine too; thus, las is used instead of los. The two adjectives, whether next to the noun or after the verb, have to agree with the noun as well. Grande 'large' is invariable for gender, so it just takes a plural marker (grandes). Bonito 'nice' can be marked for both gender and number, so bonitas is used with mesas.

The question of whether -o, -a, and similar morphemes are inflectional gender morphemes is a matter of disagreement in grammars of Spanish. For terms like el hijo 'son' and la hija 'daughter', the terms seem to consist of a root like hij- and a suffix -o or-a that determines the noun's gender. But for terms like el escritor 'the (male) writer' and la escritora 'the (female) writer', only the feminine form seems to have an inflectional gender morpheme. Some grammars assume a null gender morpheme for the masculine forms of such terms (e.g., escritor-Ø/escritora) while others argue that such assumptions rely only on theoretical arguments and lack empirical grounds.

The masculine gender is inclusive and is used for plural forms of groups of both genders. For example, los niños, grammatically masculine, may mean 'the children' or 'the boys'. The feminine gender is exclusive in the plural: las niñas 'the girls' refers only to girls, not children of both biological sexes or genders. However, some proponents of nonsexist language reform promote alternative forms with desdoblamiento, such as los niños y las niñas or las niñas y los niños.

The manner in which gender is assigned to nouns in Spanish works differently depending on which of two classes the noun belongs to. One class includes certain nouns referring to humans and animals, and the other class consists of nouns not in the first class.

Gender of certain nouns referring to humans and animals
Though the gender of most Spanish nouns is assigned arbitrarily, the gender of certain nouns referring to humans and animals are determined by biological sex and gender. For this class of nouns, the masculine and feminine often take different forms. By convention, the masculine form is treated as the lemma (that is, the form listed in dictionaries) and the feminine form as the marked form. For nouns of this class with the masculine form ending in -o, the feminine form typically replaces the -o with -a. For example, el abuelo 'grandfather' becomes la abuela 'grandmother'. Exceptionally, some nouns of this class with the masculine form ending in -o lack a distinct feminine form. In these cases, the gender of the noun is marked only by the determiners or adjectives that agree with it. For instance, the feminine form of el soldado 'the (male) soldier' is la soldado 'the (female) soldier', with only the gender of the article (el/la) distinguishing them in this case. For nouns of this class with the masculine form ending in -or, -ón, -ín, -és, and -án, the feminine form adds an -a. For example, el doctor 'the (male) doctor' becomes la doctora 'the (female) doctor'. A few nouns ending in -e also take -a in the feminine such as el jefe and la jefa 'boss' and el presidente and la presidenta 'president'.

The remaining nouns in this class do not typically have distinct feminine forms, but the gender of the determiners or adjectives that agree with them still correspond to biological sex or gender. For instance, el artista refers to an artist who is male while la artista refers to an artist who is female. These nouns are called common gender nouns. Other examples include el/la periodista 'journalist', el/la testigo 'witness', and el/la estudiante 'student'.

For some nouns in this class called heteronyms (heterónimos), the masculine and feminine forms are distinct lemmas. Much as English has the distinct lemmas bull and cow, for example, Spanish has the distinct forms el toro 'bull' and la vaca 'cow'. For these nouns, the masculine plural form is typically used for groups containing both male and female members. A group containing both actors (los actores) and actresses (las actrices), for instance, is referred to as los actores 'actors'. Exceptionally, an animal species may be represented by the feminine lemma rather than the masculine (much as the English goose can refer either to the species as a whole or specifically females of the species when contrasted with gander). For example, la vaca can refer to the species 'cattle' or the female of the species 'cow', but el toro refers only to the male of the species 'bull'.

Notably, not all nouns that refer to humans and animals belong to this class of noun; thus, not all nouns that refer to humans and animals take different forms for the masculine and feminine. For example, la persona 'person' does not belong to this class and is always feminine, regardless of the sex or gender of the person. Similarly, la araña 'spider' does not belong to this class and is always feminine, regardless of the sex of the spider.

Gender of other nouns
In Spanish, nouns not belonging to the class described above form another class of noun. The gender of nouns in this other class are arbitrarily assigned. However, some general patterns help to predict the gender of nouns. Notably, the endings of nouns give clues to their genders. For instance, nouns ending in -o are usually masculine. The exceptions are la dínamo 'dynamo' (also el dínamo in Latin America), la disco 'disco', la foto 'photo', la líbido 'libido', la magneto 'magneto' (also el magneto), la mano 'hand', la moto 'motorcycle', and la radio 'radio' (also el radio in Latin America). Words ending in -aje, -or, -án, -ambre or a stressed vowel are also typically masculine. The exceptions are la flor 'flower', el hambre 'hunger', la labor 'labor', and la pelambre 'patch of hair' (also el pelambre). Nouns ending in -men or -gen are also often masculine, but there are exceptions, such as la imagen 'image'. Finally, nouns that both end in -ma or -eta and are derived from Greek are typically masculine.

Many grammars of Spanish suggest that nouns ending in -a are feminine, but there is no requirement that Spanish nouns ending in -a be feminine. Thus, grammars that pose such a requirement also typically include a long list of exceptions, such as el alerta 'alert', el bocata 'sandwich', el caza 'fighter plane', and many others. More reliable markers of feminine nouns are -ez, -eza, -ción, -ía, -sión, -dad, -tad, -tud, -umbre, -ie, -nza, -cia, -sis, and -itis. The exceptions for -ez are el ajedrez 'chess' and el pez 'fish', and the exceptions for -sis are el análisis 'analysis', el éxtasis 'ecstasy', el apocalipsis 'apocalypse', el paréntesis 'parenthesis', and el énfasis 'emphasis'.

Though the gender of nouns in this class does not correspond to biological sex, it can mark other kinds of differences. For example, gender marks the difference between a tree (typically masculine) and its fruit (typically feminine). Thus, el almendro and el cerezo refer to 'almond tree' and 'cherry tree', respectively, while la almendra and la cereza refer to 'almond' and 'cherry', respectively. In many cases, these patterns with specific nouns can be traced to a common hypernym. For example, el almendro and el cerezo are masculine because the hypernym el árbol 'tree' is masculine. The following table lists some of these patterns.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

!Class !Gender !Example !Hyponym !Reference The gender of nouns in this class may also mark distinctions related to size and shape, such as the distinction between el cántaro 'pitcher' and la cántara 'large pitcher'. Further, some polysemic nouns can be distinguished by their gender. For example, el margen (masculine) means 'margin' while la margen means 'river bank'. Similarly, el cura (masculine) means 'priest' while la cura means 'cure'.
 * automobiles
 * masculine
 * un Mercedes
 * el automóvil
 * cardinal directions
 * masculine
 * el Sur
 * el punto cardinal
 * centuries
 * masculine
 * el XV
 * el siglo
 * colors
 * masculine
 * el azul
 * el color
 * companies
 * feminine
 * la Mercedes
 * la empresa
 * days
 * masculine
 * el lunes
 * el día
 * fruits
 * feminine
 * la cereza
 * la fruta
 * highways
 * feminine
 * la Nacional IV
 * la carretera
 * hours
 * feminine
 * las cuatro
 * las horas
 * islands
 * feminine
 * las Canarias
 * la isla
 * lakes
 * masculine
 * el Titicaca
 * el lago
 * languages
 * masculine
 * el ruso
 * el idioma
 * letters
 * feminine
 * la eme
 * la letra
 * months
 * masculine
 * el agosto
 * el mes
 * motorcycles
 * feminine
 * una Vespa
 * la motocicleta
 * mountains
 * masculine
 * los Alpes
 * el monte
 * numbers
 * masculine
 * el cuatro
 * el número
 * oceans
 * masculine
 * el Pacífico
 * el océano
 * rivers
 * masculine
 * el Amazonas
 * el río
 * seas
 * masculine
 * el Cantábrico
 * el mar/la mar
 * sports teams
 * masculine
 * el Peñarol
 * el equipo
 * trees
 * masculine
 * el cerezo
 * el árbol
 * years
 * masculine
 * el 1999
 * el año
 * }
 * los Alpes
 * el monte
 * numbers
 * masculine
 * el cuatro
 * el número
 * oceans
 * masculine
 * el Pacífico
 * el océano
 * rivers
 * masculine
 * el Amazonas
 * el río
 * seas
 * masculine
 * el Cantábrico
 * el mar/la mar
 * sports teams
 * masculine
 * el Peñarol
 * el equipo
 * trees
 * masculine
 * el cerezo
 * el árbol
 * years
 * masculine
 * el 1999
 * el año
 * }
 * el equipo
 * trees
 * masculine
 * el cerezo
 * el árbol
 * years
 * masculine
 * el 1999
 * el año
 * }
 * masculine
 * el 1999
 * el año
 * }
 * }

Like all nouns in Spanish, borrowed nouns must also be masculine or feminine, even when the nouns are borrowed from languages that lack grammatical gender. In these cases, nouns referring to certain humans and animals behave as expected (taking their gender from the biological sex or gender of the referent), but there are no formal rules that determine the gender of borrowed nouns of the other class. Generally, a borrowed noun in this class will be feminine if it resembles a more established feminine noun in form or meaning or, less reliably, if it is grammatically feminine in its language of origin. For example, la boutique 'boutique' is a borrowing from French, in which it is also feminine. Further, its meaning is similar to more established Spanish noun la tienda 'shop', which is also feminine. La app 'app (in computing)' is a borrowing from English, which lacks a robust system of grammatical gender. It is generally treated as feminine in Spanish because it is similar in form and meaning to la aplicación 'application', which is also feminine. Borrowed nouns of this class that do not meet these criteria are typically treated as masculine. For example, el aftershave 'aftershave' cannot inherit a gender from its language of origin (English) and is not sufficiently similar to a more established Spanish noun, so it defaults to masculine.

Variation
The gender of some nouns in Spanish are subject to variation. It is rare that the same speakers use these nouns in both genders without difference in meaning; that is, speakers do not just pick a form at random, but rather, something about the speaker or the intended meaning leads one gender or the other to be preferred in a particular context. For example, mar 'sea' is typically masculine but may be feminine for those who work on or near the sea, especially in the context of that work. Similarly, radio 'radio' is feminine for many speakers in Spain but masculine for speakers in many parts of Latin America. Internet causes speakers to hesitate between making it masculine like other loanwords from English, or making it feminine to agree with red, 'net'. Meanwhile, azúcar 'sugar' can be masculine with el, feminine with la, or feminine with el (perhaps as a carry-over from Old Spanish, in which the singular definite article was invariably el before nouns beginning with a-, regardless of gender and regardless of stress). Arte 'art' is masculine in the singular and feminine in the plural, though it can be feminine in the singular when it means 'art-form' and masculine in the plural in the expression los artes de pesca 'fishing gear'.

Vestiges of the neuter
Spanish has vestiges of a neuter gender; this is seen in pronouns like esto, eso, aquello, and ello, some instances of pronoun lo, and the article lo. Bello also notes that words such as nada, poco, algo, and mucho can be used as neuters in some contexts. However, all this doesn't affect nouns, which never have a neutral gender.

Gender of proper nouns (names)
People's names agree with the sex of the person, even when the name ending might seem the opposite: Chema es guapo, Amparo es guapa. The same rule applies to those animals which have a name.

Names of settlements
The gender of geographical names has no fixed rules, there are just tendencies:
 * Names ending in -a are typically feminine, otherwise they tend to be masculine:
 * la Barcelona de Gaudí
 * el Londres de Dickens
 * Sometimes the gender agrees with the underlying noun el pueblo or la ciudad:
 * la gran Nueva York (city)
 * la antigua Cartago (city)
 * Fraga es pequeño (village/small town)

In Nueva York (New York), the feminine nueva is a fixed part of the name, however it's still possible to deal with the name as masculine, though feminine would be more common. New Mexico is translated as Nuevo México and considered masculine, since México is a masculine noun.

Number
Spanish has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural. The singular form is the lemma, and the plural is the marked form. Whether a noun is singular or plural generally depends on the referent of the noun, with singular nouns typically referring to one being and plural nouns to multiple. In this way, nouns differ from other Spanish words that show number contrast (i.e., adjectives, determiners, and verbs), which vary in number to agree with nouns. In the clause aquellos intentos buenos resultaron vanos 'those good attempts were in vain', for example, the head of the noun phrase subject (intentos) gives its plural number to the other elements in the noun phrase (the determiner aquellos and the adjective buenos). The plural number is also reflected in the form of the verb (the third-person plural resultaron) and the predicative complement (the plural adjective vanos).

Two or more nouns coordinated via the coordinator y 'and' are typically treated as plural for agreement purposes. In the noun phrase el lápiz y el bolígrafo rojos 'the red pencil and pen', for example, the adjective rojos is plural because the two singular nouns (el lápiz and el bolígrafo) are coordinated via y. In cases in which an adjective precedes the coordinated nouns, however, that adjective is usually in the singular form. For example, the adjective and both nouns are singular in the noun phrase enorme cuidado y precisión 'enormous care and precision'.

Some words are always grammatically plural. Much as the English nouns mathematics and eyeglasses, for instance, are always plural, the Spanish nouns las matemáticas 'mathematics' and las gafas 'eyeglasses' are always plural. Some of these nouns do not share their always plural status with their English counterparts. For example, las vacaciones is rare in the singular form, corresponding to both 'vacation' and 'vacations' in English. Many of the always plural nouns fall into specific semantic classes. For example, many are related to foods (e.g., comestibles 'groceries', espaguetis 'spaghetti'), amounts of money (e.g., emolumentos 'emoluments', finanzas 'finances'), and places (e.g., estribaciones 'foothills', exteriores 'exteriors'). Other Spanish nouns are always singular. Such nouns are often noncountable nouns, such as el caos 'chaos' and la grima 'disgust'.

Plural formation
A noun that ends in an unstressed vowel adds -s to form the plural. A noun that ends in a consonant (including y) adds -es to form the plural. For nouns that end in -z, the -z changes to -c- when the -es plural morpheme is added. The noun la luz 'light', for example, has the plural form las luces 'lights'. A noun that ends in a stressed vowel will add -s or -es to form the plural. Generally, nouns ending in -á, -é, and -ó add -s to form the plural, while nouns ending in -í and -ú can admit both variants (-s and -es) to form the plural. For example, el café 'café' has the plural form los cafés while the noun el tabú 'taboo' has the plural forms los tabús and los tabúes. Polysyllabic nouns that end in an -s following an unstressed vowel do not add an overt plural morpheme while other nouns ending in -s behave as expected for a noun ending in a consonant, adding -es to form the plural. For instance, the noun el jueves 'Thursday' has the plural form los jueves 'Thursdays'.

Loanwords
The formation of plurals for foreign words borrowed into Spanish do not always follow the same rules as more established Spanish nouns. As a general rule, borrowed words ending in a vowel (stressed or unstressed) will add an -s to the singular to form the plural. For example, the plural form of the English borrowing el interviú 'interview' is los interviús 'interviews'. English loanwords often keep their English plural forms in Spanish. For instance, el córner 'corner kick' has the plural form los córners 'corner kicks'. Many Latin nouns do not change in the plural at all (e.g., el confíteor 'confession' and los confíteor 'confessions') Some Latin nouns ending in -m may simply add -s to form the plural (e.g., el referéndum 'referendum' and los referéndums 'referenda/referendums'). Other Latin nouns ending in -m allow either an invariant plural form or a plural form ending in -s. For example, el quórum 'quorum' allows the plural forms los quórum and los quórums. Due to the influence of English, some plurals of Latin words in Spanish occasionally occur with the plural marker -a, as in los córpora 'corpora' and los data 'data', but such plural forms are disprefered by some prescriptivists that favor either invariant plurals (e.g., los corpus) or Hispanicized forms (e.g., los datos). Some loanwords enter Spanish in their plural forms but are reanalyzed as singular nouns (e.g., the Italian plurals el confeti 'confetti', el espagueti 'spaghetti', and el ravioli 'ravioli'). These words then follow the typical morphological rules of Spanish, essentially double marking the plural (e.g., los confetis, los espaguetis, and los raviolis).

Variation
In some varieties of Antillean Spanish, an additional -e or -es is added to the more traditional forms of certain plurals. For example, las cásase can be found in place of las casas 'houses'. Similarly, los güisquises can be found in place of los güisquis 'whiskies'.

In certain registers, nouns with plural referents can occur in the singular form when the plural is implied elsewhere, such as through the determiners mucho 'many' or tanto 'so many'. For example, a speaker might say mucha foto 'many photos' or tanto soldado 'so many soldiers' while a more formal register would require muchas fotos and tantos soldados, respectively.

While nouns ending in -í often allow either -s or -es to form the plural, more formal registers typically prefer the -es ending, especially in demonyms and the names of ethnic groups. For example, bengalí 'Bengali' can take the plural form bengalíes or bengalís, but bengalíes is typically preferred in more formal registers.

Affective suffixes
Suffixes expressing a wide range of affective meanings can be added to Spanish nouns. These affective meanings include size, affection, disapproval, irony, and the like. However, the meanings of nouns derived from these suffixes is not always predictable. For example, a diminutive form of el coche 'car' is el cochecito 'baby carriage' while the diminutive form of el carro 'car' formed from the same suffix is el carrito 'shopping cart'. Some Spanish nouns can take a large number of affective suffixes, creating words with subtle differences in meaning or connotation. For instance, chico 'boy' has the derived forms chicarrón, chicazo, chicoco, chicote, chicuelo, chiquete, chiquilín, chiquillo, chiquitico, chiquito, chiquitín and chiquituco, each with a subtle distinction in meaning.

Affective suffixes are derivational rather than inflectional, but they share certain properties with inflectional suffixes. Like inflectional suffixes, affective suffixes are so widespread that words created from them tend not to be included in traditional dictionaries except when the resulting words have drastically different meanings. Also like inflectional suffixes, affective suffixes do not typically change the grammatical category of the base word; that is, a noun that takes an affective suffix will remain a noun after doing so, much as a noun that takes a plural inflectional suffix will remain a noun after doing so. But unlike inflectional suffixes, affective suffixes tend to add lexical, rather than grammatical, information to the base.

Certain kinds of nouns tend to disallow affective suffixes. Nouns that denote characteristics, qualities, and physical or mental states belong to this category. For example, altura 'height', bondad 'kindness', equilibrio 'equilibrium', and alegría 'joy' generally do not take affective suffixes. Some exceptions exist. For instance, the diminutives dudita and pasioncilla (from duda 'doubt' and pasión 'passion', respectively) are attested. Similarly, noncount nouns are less likely than count nouns to take affective suffixes. In the clause me fue de poca ayuda 'he was of little help to me', for example, the noun ayuda 'help' is modified by the adjective poca 'little' instead of taking a diminutive suffix because the clause uses a noncount sense of the noun. In the clause le pidió una ayudita 'he asked for a little help', on the other hand, the diminutive form ayudita is possible because the clause uses a count sense of the noun.

Various sociolinguistic factors affect the use of affective suffixes. For instance, they are generally used more often by speakers of Mexican Spanish than by speakers of European Spanish or Rioplatense Spanish and more often by women than by men. Additionally, affective suffixes are more common in registers directed toward children but less common in highly formal registers, such as in academic, legal, and administrative writing.

Three classes of affective suffixes are traditionally distinguished: diminutives, augmentatives, and pejoratives (though the class of pejorative suffixes occasionally intersects with the other two).

Diminutive suffixes
Diminutive suffixes generally convey small size. They most often indicate size when applied to nouns referring to material entities. Applying the diminutive suffix -ita to casa 'house', for example, produces casita, which refers to a small house.

When diminutive suffixes are applied to nouns of other semantic classes, the suffix may convey additional or alternate meanings. Applying a diminutive suffix to nouns that refer to professions, for instance, often signals contempt, as in un maestrillo mediocre 'a mediocre teacher'. For nouns that denote actions and events, diminutive suffixes generally indicate short duration, as in paseíto 'short walk'.

The suffix -ito and its variants
The most common diminutive suffix is -ito and its variants -cito and -ecito (as well as their respective feminine forms -ita, -cita, -ecita). The form of -ito used in the diminutive depends on both the gender and the pronunciation of the noun, and different varieties of Spanish occasionally follow different patterns.

In general, the -ito variant is used with nouns ending in unstressed -a or -o. For instance, casa 'house' forms the diminutive casita, and libro 'book' forms the diminutive librito. Exceptionally, in European Spanish, nouns ending in unstressed -a or -o generally takes the -ecito variant when the noun consists of two syllables and the stressed syllable contains the diphthong ⟨ie⟩ or ⟨ue⟩, as in hierbecita (from hierba 'grass') and jueguecito (from juego 'game'). This exception tends not to be observed in the Spanishes of America, where diminutive forms in -ito, such as hierbita, are more common.

For nouns ending in unstressed -e, the variant used depends on the number of syllables in the base. When the base has three or more syllables, the -ito variant is used to form the diminutive. For example, aceite 'oil' forms the diminutive aceitito. When the noun ending in -e has fewer than three syllables, the diminutive is usually formed with the -ecito variant. For instance, aire 'air' forms the diminutive airecito.

Nouns ending in stressed vowels (specifically, -á and -é) typically form the diminutive with -cito. For example, té 'tea' forms the diminutive tecito. Nouns ending in stressed -í, -ó, and ú do not typically allow diminutives. For instance, tabú 'taboo' does not have a diminutive form *tabucito. Exceptionally, some dialects of Spanish do allow diminutive forms of these nouns for certain words, as in ajicito from ají 'chili' in Caribbean and Andean Spanish.

Monosyllabic nouns ending in consonants use different variants of -ito depending on the dialect. In Latin American Spanish, the -cito form is typically used while, in European Spanish, the -ecito form is generally used. But even in Latin American Spanish, monosyllabic nouns ending in -s and -z tend to use the -ecito form.

Polysyllabic nouns ending in -n and -r generally form diminutives with -cito, as in empujoncito from empujón 'push' and amorcito from amor 'love'. Diminutive suffixes are not typically added to polysyllabic nouns ending in -d. For instance, el césped 'lawn' does not have a diminutive form *el céspedito. Polysyllabic nouns ending in consonants other than -n, -r, and -d typically use -ito to form the diminutive, as in arrocito from arroz 'rice'.

The table below summarizes these typical patterns. Generally, the diminutive suffix -ito is added to a noun more often than a noun is modified by chico 'small' or pequeño 'little'. Thus, una casita 'a small house' is generally encountered more often than una casa chica 'a small house'.

Regional diminutive suffixes
The choice of diminutive is often a mark of regional varieties and influence of coexistent Romance languages. The diminutive suffixes -ico/-ica, -iño/-iña and -ín/-ina, for example, are especially common in Asturias specifically and northwestern Spain more generally. They are also found in Argentina and Uruguay. The suffix -uco/-uca is often used in Cantabria. The suffix -illo/-illa is especially common as a diminutive in Andalusia and southern Spain more generally. In the Spanishes spoken in the Americas, however, -illo often also carries a pejorative connotations. The noun hombrecillo, for example, can be glossed as 'insignificant little man'. The suffix -ete is often used in Aragon, Valencia, and Catalonia. Other regional diminutive suffixes include -eto/-eta (used in Aragon) and -uelo/-uela.

Augmentative suffixes
Augmentative suffixes, such as the most frequently used -ón/-ona, generally convey large size. Compare, for instance, la silla 'chair' and the augmented el sillón 'armchair'. Because largeness sometimes carries negative overtones, augmentative suffixes sometimes carry negative associations, such as awkwardness, clumsiness, excess, and unpleasantness. For example, an augmented form of la soltera 'bachelorette' is the derogatory la solterona 'spinster'.

The augmentative suffix -azo is similar to -ón in that it is also often pejorative in addition to augmentative. An augmented form of las manos 'hands', for example, is las manazas 'clumsy hands'. However, -azo can also imply admiration or greatness. For instance, an augmented form of el éxito 'success' is el exitazo 'great success'.

The suffixes -ón and -azo have uses in addition to their uses as augmentative suffixes. These uses are not traditionally grouped with affective suffixes in grammars of Spanish and include deriving nouns and adjectives from verbs (such as abusón 'bully' and mirón 'voyeur') and forming nouns that denote a blow or sudden movement (such as flechazo 'arrow shot' and hachazo 'axe blow').

In Mexico and Central America, -ote is generally preferred over -azo. For example, the augmentative form of mano 'hand' is typically manota in Mexico and Central America but manaza elsewhere. Like with the diminutive suffix -ito, -ote takes variant forms in certain environments. For example, the variant -zote is used in the same contexts in which -ito would become -cito, such as when a polysyllabic noun ends in -n (as in camionzote from camión 'truck').

The suffix -aco is also augmentative.

Pejorative suffixes
Though diminutive and augmentative suffixes occasionally add pejorative meanings in addition to other affective meanings, certain suffixes add meaning that is primarily pejorative. These suffixes include the following:

 * -aco/-aca, as in pajarraco from pájaro 'bird'.
 * -acho/-acha, as in amigacha and picacho.
 * -ajo/-aja, as in cintajo from cinta 'ribbon' and sombrajo from sombra 'shadow'.
 * -astro/-astra, as in camastro from cama 'bed' and poetastro from poeta 'poet'.
 * -ato/-ata, as in niñato 'immature child' and novato 'newbie'.
 * -orrio/-orra, as in bodorrio from boda 'wedding' and villorrio from villa 'town'.
 * -orro/-orra, as in abejerro from abeja 'bee' and vidorra from vida 'life'.
 * -ucho/-ucha, as in animalucho from animal 'animal' and cuartucho from cuarto 'bedroom'.
 * -ute, as in franchute (a derogatory term for a person from France).

title: Spanish nouns


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text:
User talk:67.85.2.175

 * When I'm not logged in, 67.85.2.175 is used, but when I am logged in I am Latitude0116

The Colors category is getting large now that you are creating a lot. It is about time that somebody answer the question at Category talk:Colors about having sub-categories. Georgia guy 21:57, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please leave the article at Chestnut (color) You don't even know how to move pages because you're not logged in. Georgia guy 22:03, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia! You don't have to log in to read or edit articles on Wikipedia, but creating an account is quick, free and non-intrusive, requires no personal information, and gives you many benefits, including:
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We hope you enjoy your time here on Wikipedia and that you choose to become a Wikipedian by  [ creating an account] . Feel free to ask me any questions you may have on my talk page. By the way, you should sign your name to your posts and comments with ~~~~. ‡  Jarlaxle   03:20, Jun 23, 2005 (UTC)

Cut-pastes
Please do not cut-paste text from one article to another as a way to pretend to move an article. See Move this page for how moves are to be done. (And you have to be logged in.) Georgia guy 19:36, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Color origins
Please descrbe the origins of the colors you are adding. Where do you get "Pale fire brick red" for example? Where are the RGB values for this—and the two shades of "Fire brick red" you have added—defined? --Phil | Talk July 5, 2005 11:16 (UTC)
 * I'd also like to know where you're getting these names and RGB values. Merely defining a color is a subtle business, and there are no standardized names for specific shades. I'm guessing Fire brick red is from X11, but what about Pale fire brick red, for example? Please respond here or on my talk page. Gazpacho 19:29, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

Template changes
Is there any particular reason why you have been changing the colours of various templates from #ccccff to #FFEFD5? I am of the opinion that the blue (#ccccff) is more aesthetically pleasing than the sickly yellow/peach that you have replaced it with.-- Cyberjunkie   TALK  09:26, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * You have violated the three revert rule at Template:U.S. regions. I don't feel enforcing the policy on something this minor is warranted for going one over but others might, so I'm leting you know that in case your not keeping track. -JCarriker 18:09, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. regions
Please see my new post and new base map, at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject U.S. regions. Thanks. -JCarriker 17:55, July 31, 2005 (UTC)

School related topics
Please do not add commercial links (or links to your own private websites) to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. You are, however, encouraged to add content instead of links to the encyclopedia. See the welcome page to learn more. Thanks. --PhilipO 18:19, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello - you are correct, adding links is not vandalism. My bad. However, adding a link to the same site from multiple pages - http://rise.f2o.org - is considered linkspam and is against Wikipedia policy. Cheers. --PhilipO 18:33, September 6, 2005 (UTC)

distances in light years and miles
Hello, I see you've edited some galaxy articles, like M61 and added a miles value in brackets next to the light year values. Could you explain the reason for this? I don't see it being particularly informative since everyone can go to the light year article to see how many miles that is and also saying that M61 is 352.4 quintillion miles away is way too specific as distances are not known to such a degree of precision. Also, I doubt the value quintillion will mean much to most people. --Kalsermar 15:20, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * For the same reason, I reverted your statement in Names of large numbers that "numbers larger than quadrillion are used for distances between stars in the universe." Even if M61 is so many quintillion miles away, nobody says it like that. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 23:57, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

Unicode damage
Some of your edits (for instance and ) are damaging some characters on the text. Could you please tell us which browser you are using, so it can be added to the list of broken browsers which need special handling? It would also be very useful if you could tell which User-Agent header the browser sends to the server (you can look at the HTTP headers you are sending on several sites around the net). --cesarb 14:47, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

New Horizons facts
I'm glad to see that you're interested in space exploration, and the New Horizons mission in particular! By all means, do continue contributing useful information about this mission. While doing that, though, please note the following:

 * Interplanetary space probes do not travel in straight lines, and their Sun-relative velocity changes dramatically as their distance from the Sun changes (feel free to check out orbital energy or Kepler's laws of planetary motion for further information).
 * There is no such thing as an absolute velocity in space; when stating a velocity, one needs to mention the corresponding reference frame, for example "Earth-relative" or "relative to the Sun" (unless that is already obvious).
 * The New Horizons spacecraft is indeed the record holder for highest Earth-relative velocity after launch, or in other words, being the fastest spacecraft to depart Earth (at about 16 km/s just after launch, although this decreased noticeably as the probe gained distance). This velocity, however, only has meaning in the immediate vicinity of Earth, and is in no way relevant to the entire rest of the trip.
 * 21 km/s (or 47,000 mph) is the velocity, relative to Jupiter, at which the probe will pass through the Jupiter system. It is not the Sun-relative velocity that the probe will have after the Jupiter encounter. The probe travels faster before it gets to Jupiter than afterwards, because it is closer to the Sun.
 * 21 km/s is not the highest velocity that the spacecraft will reach; the probe reaches much higher Sun-relative velocities during the initial stages of its interplanetary route, well over 40 km/s.
 * New Horizons' Jupiter flyby speed of 21 km/s is not a speed record. Current record-holder for Jupiter flyby speed is Pioneer 11 that reached about 48 km/s.
 * New Horizons is the fastest probe launched from Earth, but it is not the fastest spacecraft ever. Current record-holders for velocity (relative to the gravitationally dominant object) are the Helios probes that reached over 70 km/s, relative to the Sun. Alternatively, current record-holder for highest Sun-relative orbital energy is Voyager 1.

The quality and accuracy of Wikipedia information is our common goal. By keeping the aforementioned facts in mind when contributing further New Horizons information, you will be able to improve Wikipedia even more.

Keep up the good work. 62.245.80.251 21:04, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Your Edits to New York City Subway
I've reverted your edits to this article. Although I sympathize with your opinion in regard to the train delays that may have occurred as a result of a power failure, a single incident cannot be taken as representative of the state of the NYC subway system as a whole. Furthermore, a single train delay is inherently not notable. Let me know if you have any questions. Alphachimp talk  22:47, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Lemon chiffon (color)
I have nominated Lemon chiffon (color), an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Lemon chiffon (color). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. Dicklyon (talk) 20:21, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Martin Cooke (Mayor)
Another editor has added the " " template to the article Martin Cooke (Mayor), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the  template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 09:14, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Eggplant (color)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Eggplant (color), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Dicklyon (talk) 06:28, 27 August 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Zinnwaldite (color)
I have nominated Zinnwaldite (color), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Zinnwaldite (color). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. PaleAqua (talk) 07:10, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of Pink-orange for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Pink-orange is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Pink-orange until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. bobrayner (talk) 19:07, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Wheat (color) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Wheat (color) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Wheat (color) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. bobrayner (talk) 09:35, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of Denim (color) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Denim (color) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Denim (color) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. bobrayner (talk) 17:57, 11 September 2011 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Dark pastel green

A tag has been placed on Dark pastel green, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

Non-notable individual color with no inlinks

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. —[  Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 08:55, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

Dark pastel green listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Dark pastel green. Since you had some involvement with the Dark pastel green redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion (if you have not already done so). —[  Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 00:38, 2 November 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Martin Cooke (mayor) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Martin Cooke (mayor) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Martin Cooke (mayor) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:08, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Thomas Vezzetti for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Thomas Vezzetti is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Thomas Vezzetti until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:19, 13 February 2015 (UTC)

"Asparagus (color)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Asparagus (color) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 27 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 22:34, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

"Avocado (color)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Avocado (color) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 29 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 19:29, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

"Dark pink" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Dark pink and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 7 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 23:18, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

"Denim (color)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Denim (color) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 7 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 23:41, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

"Gray-asparagus" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Gray-asparagus and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 8 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:32, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

"Dark Olive" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Dark olive drab" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Moss green" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Pine green" listed at Redirects for discussion
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title: User talk:67.85.2.175


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Lionel Davidson

Lionel Davidson FRSL (31 March 1922 – 21 October 2009) was an English novelist who wrote spy thrillers. He received Authors' Club Best First Novel Award once and the Gold Dagger Award three times.

Biography
Lionel Davidson was born in 1922 in Hull in Yorkshire, one of nine children of an immigrant Jewish tailor. He left school early and worked in the London offices of The Spectator magazine as an office boy. Later, he joined the Keystone Press Agency. During the Second World War, he served with the Submarine Service of the Royal Navy.

When the war ended, he returned to the Keystone Agency and travelled all over Europe as a freelance reporter. It was during one of these trips that he came up with the idea for his first thriller, The Night of Wenceslas (1960). The novel is set in Czechoslovakia during the Cold War, and tells the story of young Nicolas Whistler, a 24-year-old Londoner whose business trip to Prague goes horribly awry. The Night of Wenceslas was an instant success, inviting favourable comparisons with Eric Ambler. Davidson became one of the handful of living writers to have their first novel appear in a green Penguin jacket. The book won the Crime Writers' Association's Gold Dagger Award (the top prize for crime and spy fiction in Britain) as well as the Authors' Club First Novel Award. It was filmed as Hot Enough for June (1964), with Dirk Bogarde in the role of Whistler.

His second novel The Rose of Tibet (1962) was equally well received. A Long Way to Shiloh (1966) won Davidson his second Gold Dagger, and he achieved a third with The Chelsea Murders (1978). The Chelsea Murders was also adapted for television as part of Thames TV's Armchair Thriller series in 1981.

Davidson then went into an extended hiatus after the publication of The Chelsea Murders. He was not to write another thriller for the next sixteen years. Kolymsky Heights appeared in 1994 to international acclaim.

Davidson never quite managed to fulfil his early promise to become a major figure in British spy fiction, although his best novels are of high quality. In 2001, he was awarded the CWA's Cartier Diamond Dagger lifetime achievement award, for making "a significant contribution to crime fiction published in the English language".

Davidson wrote a number of children's novels under the pseudonym David Line. Run For Your Life is an example.

Lionel Davidson died on 21 October 2009 in north London after a long illness. Davidson's first wife, the former Fay Jacobs, died in 1988.

Novels

 * The Night of Wenceslas, 1960
 * The Rose of Tibet, 1962
 * A Long Way to Shiloh (US title: The Menorah Men), 1966
 * Making Good Again, 1968
 * Smith's Gazelle, 1971
 * The Sun Chemist, 1976
 * The Chelsea Murders, (US title: Murder Games), 1978
 * Under Plum Lake, 1980 (children's novel)
 * Kolymsky Heights, 1994

Novels for young adults published under the pseudonym "David Line"

 * Soldier and Me (UK title: Run for Your Life), 1965
 * Mike and Me, 1974. More about Mike and Me at www.LionelDavidson.com/mike.html
 * Screaming High, 1985.

Short stories

 * Note to Survivors - first published in Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, May 1958
 * Where am I Going? Nowhere! - first published in Suspense (London), February 1961
 * Indian Rope Trick - first published in Winter’s Crimes 13, London: Macmillan 1981; reprinted in Mysterious Pleasures London: Little, Brown 2003
 * I Do Dwell - first published in Winter's Crimes 16, London: Macmillan 1984
 * Tuesday's Child - first published in The Verdict of Us All, Crippen & Landru 2006

title: Lionel Davidson


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Talk:Argus Filch

Merge
Following the merging proposals for Flitwick, Sprout and Lockhart, Filch's article is also considered for merging into Minor Hogwarts teachers. Lord Opeth 17:34, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

The Question of Allegiance
On the infobox, Filch's allegiance is listed as "Hogwarts," yet his name's coloration implies that he is loyal to the Ministry of Magic (see WikiProject:Harry Potter's guide to coloration). Though a good argument could be made both ways (Filch supported Umbridge, but he never leaves Dumbledore to show any particular support for the Ministry), it would be best to go with one for the sake of consistency. Phi*n!x 23:24, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

I edited the "Alleigance" section of the infobox to help explain the inconsistency, but it might need some work. --Phi*n!x 20:17, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

mrs norris picture and old filch picture
can we get a good picture of mrs.norris and what happened to that old image of filch?. anyone?

 * I removed the second image of Filch because it was redundant with the other image and thus violates fair use. However, it remains on the list of images for the WikiProject.  I'll see about getting an image of Mrs. Norris.  I added Mrs. Norris to the list of needed images at the WikiProject image page. -Phi*n!x 20:47, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

breed of mrs.norris
in the movie, what is mrs.norris's breed?, anyone.

Fair use rationale for Image:Argus.jpg
Image:Argus.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 19:33, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Argus Filch


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Category:Nintendo media files

__NOGALLERY__

Media pertaining to Nintendo video games, hardware, TV shows, movies, etc.

title: Category:Nintendo media files


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Raging Grannies

The Raging Grannies (or just "Raging Grannies") are activist organizations in many cities and towns in Canada, the United States, and in other countries. The first group started in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, in 1986–87.

They are social justice activists, all women old enough to be grandmothers, who dress up in clothes that mock stereotypes of older women, and sing songs at protests. They typically write the lyrics themselves, putting their political messages to the tunes of well-known songs.

They were allegedly spied upon by a unit of the California National Guard after it organized a Mother's Day anti-war rally. Their activism includes peace and environmental causes.

There are two books about them: Off Our Rockers, by Alison Acker and Betty Brightwell, and The Raging Grannies: Wild Hats, Cheeky Songs and Witty Actions for a Better World.

History
The first group started in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, over the winter of 1986–87. They originally called themselves "NERT—Nuclear Emergency Response Team". The members believed the presence of US Navy nuclear-powered ships' presence in Victoria Harbour posed potential health and environmental risks to the city.

Notable events
In May 2005, a California chapter of the Raging Grannies was allegedly spied upon by a unit of the California National Guard after it organized a Mother's Day anti-war rally. California State Senator Joe Dunn launched an investigation and the intelligence unit was subsequently shut down.

In July 2005, five members of the group were charged with trespassing after they attempted to enlist at a US Army recruiting center in Tucson, Arizona. A spokesperson for the group said they wanted to enlist and be sent to Iraq so that their children and grandchildren could come home. A group also went to New York City, where they were arrested for allegedly blocking access to a recruitment center in Times Square; on April 28, 2006, they were acquitted of all charges.

The Action League of the San Francisco Bay Area Peninsula, as the group is known in the Bay Area, was the subject of the 2009 video documentary Raging Grannies.

The Raging Grannies were also part of the "March against Monsanto" protest on May 25, 2013, to protest against genetically modified foods.

The original Grannies were honoured on their 30th anniversary with a display at the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg, MB.

In June 2020, the Raging Grannies protested to show their support for the Black Lives Matter movement in Portland, Oregon and in San Bruno and Palo Alto, California.

The Raging Grannies have also been very active in the 2022 abortion rights protests across the United States.

Works about the Raging Grannies
At least two films, Granny Power and Two Raging Grannies, and multiple academic articles, talk about the Raging Grannies. They state and show how they challenge stereotypical conceptions about activism and aging (the grannies did not grow more conservative as they aged, for example). There are two books about them: Off Our Rockers, by Alison Acker and Betty Brightwell, and The Raging Grannies: Wild Hats, Cheeky Songs, and Witty Actions for a Better World, by Carole Roy.

title: Raging Grannies


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Doiran Lake

Doiran Lake (Дојранско Езеро, Dojransko Ezero; Λίμνη Δοϊράνη, Límni Dhoïráni), also spelled Dojran Lake is a lake with an area of 43.1 km2 shared between North Macedonia (27.3 km2) and Greece (15.8 km2).

To the west is the city of Nov Dojran (Нов Дојран), to the east the village of Mouries, to the north the mountain Belasica/Beles and to the south the Greek town of Doirani. The lake has a rounded shape, a maximum depth of 10 m and a north-to-south length of 8.9 km and is 7.1 km at its widest, making it the third largest lake partially in North Macedonia after Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa.

History
The lake was on the southern line of the Macedonian front during World War I, and its southern shore became the site of the various battles between allied troops and Bulgarian troops in 1916, 1917 and 1918. A monument to one of the battles and two cemeteries for Greek and British troops stand on a hill a few hundred metres south of the lake. It was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer.

Ecology
The lake is shallow and eutrophic, with extensive Phragmites reedbeds. Due to the overuse of the lake's water for agricultural purposes, Doiran's water nearly drained out, but the disaster was avoided after both countries took measures to replenish and sustain water levels. Frequent and heavy rainfall in later years helped restore water levels in the lake.

Important Bird Areas
North Macedonia's part of the lake has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of ferruginous ducks, Dalmatian pelicans and pygmy cormorants. Greece's part of the lake is a separate but corresponding IBA.

title: Doiran Lake