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Julia the Elder

Julia the Elder (30 October 39 BC – AD 14), known to her contemporaries as Julia Caesaris filia or Julia Augusti filia (Classical Latin: IVLIA•CAESARIS•FILIA or IVLIA•AVGVSTI•FILIA ), was the daughter and only biological child of Augustus, the first Roman emperor, and his second wife, Scribonia. Julia was also stepsister and second wife of the Emperor Tiberius; maternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and the Empress Agrippina the Younger; grandmother-in-law of the Emperor Claudius; and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero. Her epithet "the Elder" distinguishes her from her daughter, Julia the Younger.

Early life
At the time of Julia's birth, 39 BC, Augustus had not yet received the title "Augustus" and was known as "Gaius Julius Caesar Divi Filius", though historians refer to him as "Octavian" until 27 BC, when Julia was 11. Octavian divorced Julia's mother on the day of her birth and took Julia from her soon thereafter. Octavian, in accordance with Roman custom, claimed complete parental control over her. She was sent to live with her stepmother Livia and when she was old enough learned how to be an aristocrat. Her education appears to have been strict and somewhat old-fashioned. Thus, in addition to her studies, Suetonius informs us, she was taught spinning and weaving. Macrobius mentions "her love of literature and considerable culture, a thing easy to come by in that household".

Julia's social life was severely controlled, and she was allowed to talk only to people whom her father had vetted. However, Octavian had a great affection for his daughter and made sure she had the best teachers available. Macrobius preserves a remark of Augustus: "There are two wayward daughters that I have to put up with: the Roman commonwealth and Julia."

In 37 BC, during Julia's early childhood, Octavian's friends Gaius Maecenas and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa concluded an agreement with Octavian's great rival Mark Antony. It was sealed with an engagement: Antony's ten-year-old son Marcus Antonius Antyllus was to marry Julia, then two years old.

The engagement never led to marriage because civil war broke out. In 31 BC, at the Battle of Actium, Octavian and Agrippa defeated Antony and Cleopatra. In Alexandria, the defeated couple both committed suicide, and Octavian became sole ruler of the Roman Empire.

First marriage
As with most aristocratic Roman women of the period, expectations of Julia focused on marriage and on the resulting family alliances. Moreover, Augustus desired a male issue; as his only living child, Julia's duty would be to provide her father with grandsons whom he could adopt as his heirs.

In 25 BC, at the age of fourteen, Julia married her first cousin Marcellus, the son of her father's sister Octavia, who was some three years older than she. Augustus himself was not present for the wedding as he was fighting a war in Spain and had fallen ill. Instead, he commissioned Agrippa to preside over the ceremony and hold the festival in his absence.

The decision to marry Marcellus to Julia, and then Augustus's choice to raise Marcellus to the pontificate and curule aedileship, was perceived to be an indication that he would be Augustus's successor in power, despite his youth. This put him at odds with Agrippa, who, people believed, would oppose Marcellus' accession to power; the apparent preference for Marcellus is allegedly the catalyst that led Agrippa to withdraw to Mytilene, Greece.

However, Marcellus died in September 23 BC, when Julia was sixteen. The union produced no children.

Marriage to Agrippa
In 21 BC, having now reached the age of 18, Julia married Agrippa, a man from a modest family who had risen to become Augustus's most trusted general and friend. This step is said to have been taken partly on the advice of Maecenas, who in counseling Augustus remarked: "You have made him so great that he must either become your son-in-law or be slain." Agrippa was nearly 25 years her elder; it was a typical arranged marriage, with Julia functioning as a pawn in her father's dynastic plans. There is from this period the report of an infidelity with one Sempronius Gracchus, with whom Julia allegedly had a lasting liaison (Tacitus describes him as "a persistent paramour"). This was the first of a series of alleged adulteries. According to Suetonius, Julia's marital status did not prevent her from conceiving a passion for Augustus's stepson, and thus her stepbrother, Tiberius, so it was widely rumoured.

The newlyweds lived in a villa in Rome that has since been excavated near the modern Farnesina in Trastevere. Agrippa and Julia's marriage resulted in five children: Gaius Caesar, Julia the Younger, Lucius Caesar, Agrippina the Elder (mother of Caligula), and Agrippa Postumus (a posthumous son). From June 20 BC to the spring of 18 BC, Agrippa was governor of Gaul, and it is likely that Julia followed him across the Alps. Shortly after their arrival, their first child Gaius was born, and in 19 BC, Julia gave birth to Vipsania Julia. After their return to Italy, a third child followed: a son named Lucius. In 17 BC, Augustus adopted the newborn Lucius and the three-year-old Gaius. He took care of their education personally. Although Agrippa died in 12 BC, Augustus did not adopt the third brother, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Posthumus, until AD 4, after the exile of Julia - and after the deaths of both Gaius and Lucius.

Nicolaus and Josephus mention that during Julia's marriage to Agrippa, she travelled to meet Agrippa where he was campaigning. She was caught up in a flash flood in Ilium (Troy), and almost drowned. Agrippa was furious, and in his anger he fined the locals 100,000 drachmae. The fine was a heavy blow but no one would face Agrippa to request an appeal. Only after Herod, king of Judaea, went to Agrippa to request a pardon did he withdraw the fine. In the spring of 16 BC, Agrippa and Julia started a tour through the eastern provinces, where they visited Herod. In October 14 BC, the couple traveled to Athens, where Julia gave birth to her fourth child, Agrippina.

After the winter, the family returned to Italy. Julia quickly became pregnant again, but her husband died suddenly in March 12 BC in Campania at the age of 51. He was buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus. Julia named the posthumous son Marcus in his honor. He was to be known as Agrippa Postumus. Immediately after the boy was born, and while Julia was still in mourning, Augustus had her betrothed and then remarried to Tiberius, her stepbrother.

Marriage to Tiberius
After the death of Agrippa, Augustus sought to promote his step-son Tiberius, believing that this would best serve his own dynastic interests. Tiberius married Julia (11 BC), but first had to divorce Vipsania Agrippina (daughter from a previous marriage of Agrippa), the woman he dearly loved. Suetonius alleges that Tiberius had a low opinion of Julia's character, while Tacitus claims that she disdained Tiberius as an unequal match and even sent his father a letter, written by Sempronius Gracchus, denouncing him. The marriage was thus blighted almost from the start, and the son that Julia bore him died in infancy. By 6 BC, when Tiberius departed for Rhodes, if not earlier, the couple had separated.

Scandal
Because Augustus was her legitimate father, having married her mother with conubium, Augustus had Patria Potestas over her. Patria Potestas lasted until the pater familias, Augustus, either died or emancipated his child. Marriage had no effect on Patria Potestas, unless it was manus marriage, which was rare at this point in time.

As the daughter of Augustus, mother (now legally the sister) of two of his heirs, Lucius and Gaius, and wife of another, Tiberius, Julia's future seemed assured to all. Yet in 2 BC she was arrested for adultery and treason; Augustus sent her a letter in Tiberius's name declaring the marriage null and void (Tiberius was at this time on the island of Rhodes and unable to respond quickly). He also asserted in public that she had been plotting against his own life. Though at the time Augustus had been passing legislation to promote family values, collectively known as the Leges Iuliae, he likely knew of her intrigues with other men but hesitated for some time to accuse her. Several of Julia's supposed lovers were exiled, most notably Sempronius Gracchus, while Iullus Antonius (son of Mark Antony and Fulvia) was forced to commit suicide. Others have suggested that Julia's alleged paramours were members of her city clique, who wished to remove Tiberius from favour and replace him with Antonius. This would explain the letter, written by Gracchus, asking Augustus to allow Julia to divorce Tiberius.

Exile
Reluctant to execute her, Augustus decided instead to confine Julia on Pandateria, an island that measures less than 1.75 km2, with no men in sight and forbidden even to drink wine. Her mother, Scribonia, accompanied her into exile. She was allowed no visitor unless her father had given permission and had been informed of the stature, complexion, and even of any marks or scars upon his body.

Five years after her initial exile, around AD 4, Julia was moved to Rhegium on the mainland and Augustus appears to have granted her a peculium (property), a yearly income and permitted her to walk about the town. Despite these concessions, Augustus never forgave her nor ever allowed her to return to Rome. This choice appears to have been unpopular with the Roman people, who petitioned several times for her to be recalled. Julia's exile cast a long shadow over Augustus's remaining years. In AD 6, Julia's youngest son, Agrippa Postumus, was exiled for his growing unruliness. Then, in AD 8, her elder daughter Julia the Younger was exiled to Tremirus, likewise charged with adultery; it may also have been related to the attempted revolt by her husband Lucius Aemilius Paullus and one Plautius Rufus. It is said that at any mention of Julia or her two disgraced children, Augustus would remark of them: "If only I had never married, or had died childless", slightly misquoting Hector, in the Iliad. There is mention of at least one suppressed plot to take her from captivity; one Lucius Audasius and one Asinius Epicadus had planned to forcibly take her and her son Agrippa Postumus from where they were held and to the armies, presumably to stage a coup against Augustus.

Upon Augustus's death in AD 14, Tiberius ascended to the Principate. Despite having shown some sympathy towards Julia when she was initially exiled, he instead enforced harsher conditions upon her. He removed her dowry and yearly income, citing that Augustus had failed to make provisions for them in his will, and thus left her destitute. Furthermore, he denied her permission to leave her house or receive visitors.

Death and aftermath
Julia died in AD 14, some time after Augustus's death. While it is generally agreed by contemporary historians that it was as a result of Tiberius's actions against her, the circumstances of her death are obscure. Dio Cassius indicates Tiberius had a direct hand in her death by imprisoning her until she died either from debility or starvation. Tacitus remarks that upon learning Postumus had been murdered, she succumbed to despair and her health slowly declined. Augustus had explicitly given instructions in his will that she should not be buried in his Mausoleum of Augustus.

Simultaneously, her alleged paramour Sempronius Gracchus, who had endured 14 years of exile on Cercina (Kerkenna) off the African coast, was executed either at Tiberius' instigation or on the independent initiative of L. Nonius Asprenas, proconsul of Africa.

Her daughter Julia died in AD 28, after 20 years of exile; like her mother, the younger Julia was forbidden by Augustus's will to be buried in his tomb.

In ancient literature
Among contemporary writers, Julia is almost universally remembered for her flagrant and promiscuous conduct. Thus Marcus Velleius Paterculus (2.100) describes her as "tainted by luxury or lust", listing among her lovers Iullus Antonius, Quintius Crispinus, Appius Claudius, Sempronius Gracchus, and Cornelius Scipio. Seneca the Younger refers to "adulterers admitted in droves"; Pliny the Elder calls her an “exemplum licentiae” (NH 21.9). Dio Cassius mentions "revels and drinking parties by night in the Forum and even upon the Rostra" (Roman History 55.10). Seneca (De Beneficiis 6.32) tells us that the Rostra was the place where "her father had proposed a law against adultery", and yet now she had chosen the place for her "debaucheries". Seneca specifically mentions prostitution: "laying aside the role of adulteress, she there [in the Forum] sold her favours, and sought the right to every indulgence with even an unknown paramour."

Macrobius provides invaluable details of her witticisms and personality. Among the sassy ripostes he attributes to her is a retort to people's surprise that her children all resembled Agrippa - “I take on a passenger only when the ship’s hold is full.” On her character, he writes that Julia was extensively celebrated for her amiable, empathetic nature and studiousness despite her profligacy: "[S]he was abusing her standing as fortune’s darling, and her father’s, though in other respects she gained a great deal of credit for her love of literature and extensive learning... and her kindness, fellow-feeling, and lack of cruelty."

Sidonius Apollinaris, writing in the 5th century, was the first person to identify Julia as the figure Corinna in Ovid's Amores.

Literature

 * In Ben Jonson's comedy play, The Poetaster (1601), Julia is the romantic interest of Ovid. The play itself is commonly thought to be a parody on the literary scene at the time with Julia and Ovid performing a balcony scene similar to Romeo and Juliet.
 * Aphra Behn's satirical, heroic epistle poem, Ovid to Julia. A Letter (1685). The poem itself is a satire of John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, who allegedly courted the future Queen Anne and was exiled from court in 1682.
 * Charlotte-Antoinette de Bressay's epistolary novel, Lettres De Julie À Ovide Et D'ovide À Julie ("Letters from Julia, the Daughter of Augustus, to Ovid", 1753).
 * Robert Graves' novel, I, Claudius (1934). The titular character, Claudius, recounts that Julia was tricked by Livia into taking aphrodisiacs that increase her sexual appetite, leading to her affairs and ultimately her exile. Graves appears to have been largely influenced by Macrobius' account of Julia, with Claudius referring to her as "a decent, good hearted woman, though fond of pleasures and excitement, and the only one of my female relations who had a kindly word for me."
 * Taylor Caldwell's novel Dear and Glorious Physician (1958) portrays Julia as the unhappy wife of Tiberius and a seductress of Lucanus, the young evangelist Saint Luke.
 * In Elisabeth Dored's novel, Jeg elsket Tiberius ("I Loved Tiberius", 1959), Julia serves as the main character; it portrays Julia as innocent of all charges against her, both her affairs and modern historians' speculation of a plot.
 * Julia is one of the narrators of John Edward Williams' epistolary novel Augustus (1972). There are a number of contributions in her name, written as part of a diary she wrote while in exile in Pandateria reflecting on her father, her marriages, her relationships with her lovers and the restrictions on her as a prominent Roman matron.
 * Allan Massie's novel, Augustus (1986), depicts Julia very closely to the contemporary histories, with her engaging in affairs as a slight against her father's laws. Its follow-up, Tiberius (1991), invents an affair between Julia and Tiberius during her marriage to Marcellus.
 * In Edward Burton's novel Caesar's Daughter (1999), Julia is the titular character; it downplays her affairs with Iullus Antonius being her only lover and instead attributes Julia's exile to a failed coup to kill Tiberius.
 * Julia appears in the final novel in Colleen McCullough's Master of Rome series, Antony and Cleopatra (2007), as a child. Emphasising her as a highly intelligent child, the focus is chiefly on her education, which Octavian purposefully ensures is "like a man's".
 * Michelle Moran's novel, Cleopatra's Daughter (2009), which focuses on Cleopatra Selene, Queen Cleopatra VII's daughter, depicts a teenage Julia as one of the main characters.

Film and television

 * In the 1976 BBC Television adaptation of I, Claudius, Julia was portrayed by Frances White.
 * In the Italian mini series Imperium: Augustus, Julia was portrayed by Vittoria Belvedere. The series focused on the relationship between Augustus and Julia as he recounts how he came to power to her. After being forced into an abusive marriage with Tiberius by her father and Livia, she begins an affair with Iullus Antonius. He subsequently attempts to murder Augustus in order to free Julia from his dynastic plans, leading to her exile.
 * In the film, The Robe, she was played by Rosalind Ivan, making an anachronistic appearance as Tiberius' wife.
 * In the 2021 TV series Domina, she was portrayed by Liah O'Prey.

Role in Anno Domini chronology
In 1605, the Polish historian Laurentius Suslyga published a tract (later quoted by Kepler), which for the first time suggested that Jesus was born sometime during the years 6-4 BC, not on 25 December 1 BC as Dionysius Exiguus implied, but never stated. According to Dionysius' dating scheme, the Christian era supposedly began on 1 January AD 1, about one week after Jesus' birth at the end of December. Julia's expulsion from Rome in 2 BC was featured in Suslyga's chronological argument which sought to establish Herod's death in 4 BC. Suslyga's chronological ideas concerning the dating of Herod's death based on Julia the Elder's exile have since been challenged by archaeologists.

Marriages and births

 * 25 BC, Marcellus, until his death in September 23 BC. No children.
 * 21 BC, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, until his death in 12 BC. Their children:
 * Gaius Caesar in 20 BC
 * Vipsania Julia (known as Julia the Younger) in c. 19 BC.
 * Lucius Caesar in 17 BC
 * Vipsania Julia Agrippina (known as Agrippina the Elder) in 14 BC (mother of Emperor Caligula)
 * Agrippa Postumus in 12 BC (posthumously after Agrippa's death).
 * 11 BC, Julia marries her stepbrother Tiberius. Their child:
 * Infant son, (dubbed "Tiberillus" by modern historians), died in infancy.

title: Julia the Elder


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Point de Gaze

Point de Gaze (sometimes Point de Gauze) is a needle lace from Belgium named for the gauze-like appearance of the mesh ground. It was made from the early to mid 1800s to sometime between 1914 and the 1930s.

Etymology
The word lace is from Middle English, from Old French las, noose, string, from Vulgar Latin *laceum, from Latin laqueus, noose; probably akin to lacere, to entice, ensnare. This type of lace takes its name from the fact that its ground mesh is very loose. At one time, the French names of bobbin and needle laces were preceded by the word "point."

Characteristics
Point de Gaze is made of open, twisted buttonhole stitches of very fine thread. The buttonholes connect through each other, yielding a light, gauze-like ground fabric. This type of lace uses floral designs, with both garden and wild flowers evident. Also found are ferns and leaves. These floral designs frequently included borders, scrolls, and other non-floral elements. Either cotton or linen thread can be used to make it. It was used to make clothing (dresses, shawls, and flounces) as well as accessories, such as handkerchiefs, parasols, and fans.

Origins and history
Point de Gaze is a type of needlepoint lace that originated in the area of Brussels, Belgium. It was constructed from the middle of the 19th century until approximately the start of World War I in 1914 or until the  1930s. One source indicates that its manufacture started earlier, in the 1830s.

The Schiffli machine, which used net to mimic the gauze-like texture, was able to imitate the production of hand-made Point de Gaze lace.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Point de Gaze


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Lenore Kasdorf

Lenore Kasdorf (born July 27, 1948) is an American actress. She is known for her role as the alluring and promiscuous nurse Rita Stapleton Bauer, whom she played from 1975 to 1981 in the soap opera Guiding Light, and for her performance as Mrs. Rico in Starship Troopers.

Early life
Kasdorf was born in Fort Totten, New York. Her father served in the United States Army and she attended International School Bangkok and Butler University in Indianapolis.

Career
She has since appeared on the soaps Santa Barbara and Days of Our Lives, as well as a number of films. She costarred with Chuck Norris in 1984's Missing in Action. She also had a recurring role on the 1990s sitcom Coach. Other television credits include guest-starring roles on Jake and the Fatman; The A-Team, Knight Rider, Murder She Wrote, Barnaby Jones, 21 Jump Street, The Six Million Dollar Man, NYPD Blue, Beverly Hills, 90210, Magnum P.I, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Streets of San Francisco, In the Heat of the Night, and Babylon 5. Her last appearance was in the 2004 film Cellular.

Personal life
Kasdorf was married to Phil Peters from 1977 to 1983 and they have one daughter.

title: Lenore Kasdorf


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Taiwan Sugar Railways

The Taiwan Sugar Railways is a industrial railway operated by the Taiwan Sugar Corporation. The railway was primarily used in the production of sugar by transporting sugarcane to mills, but 41 lines also provided passenger service.

After the Second World War the network reached its peak of 3000 kilometers, of which 675 were for passengers.

From 1950 approximately 275 kilometers were added: "The North-South Parallel Preparatory Line". This connected all sugar factories. However, this was quickly shortened after a natural disaster, and increasingly after each disaster. The last part closed in 1998. The only line still used to carry sugarcane today is the Magongcuo Line in Huwei, Yunlin, though five other lines are partly preserved as heritage railways.

History

The Sugar Railways were initially constructed by Meiji Sugar Co., Ltd. during Japanese rule in the early 20th century and continued to operate well into the 1990s under the management of the Taiwan Sugar Corporation. During its peak, the Sugar Railways included over 3000 km of track though by 2003 only 240 km remained. Regular passenger service was discontinued in 1982 as the need for train service to rural areas dwindled with the increasing urbanization of Taiwan and the dominance of highways. More lines were closed in the 1990s as the importance of the sugar industry decreased. Generally the remaining lines were only in operation during the sugarcane harvest season. With domestic sugarcane production dwindling in recent years, rail operations have been sporadic. Some short distance train services resumed in 2003, now catering to tourists and residents wishing to relive childhood memories.

Operations
Typically, most of the Sugar Railway lines centered on the many sugar mills in southern and central Taiwan, radiating outwards through sugarcane fields and small towns. Most of the lines were also linked with stations shared with the main railway lines allowing passengers to transfer to long distance trains. Trains carrying sugarcane and passengers ran along the Sugar Railway lines at relatively slow speeds of roughly 10-30km/h. Locomotives were initially steam powered, but by the late 1970s the railway had converted to small diesel locomotives.

title: Taiwan Sugar Railways


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User talk:Adam Lopez

Hey, I know its silly, but are you THE Adam Lopez. IF so, I'm your biggest fan. I love the whistle register Antares33712 17:46, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Adam Lopez


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Talk:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount

Name
Who named it Lo'ihi? What does Lo'ihi mean?  Serendi pod ous  15:58, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Ermh...it's in the infobox...or did they change it again >.> Res Mar 04:10, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Kudos, and a question
Nice article! Thank you for putting this together.

I was wondering about the magma chamber for this seamount. Is it independent of the magma chamber (if any) for Kīlauea? Or are they shared? Thank you.—RJH (talk)

 * It all goes back to the hotspot, so linked in a sense, if not as intrinsically as the Kilaua/Mauna Loa connection for instance. Res Mar 04:10, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Good point. Thank you for the reply.—RJH (talk) 15:09, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Normalize spelling throughout article?
I noticed that the spelling within the article varies between Lōʻihi and Lōihi. While neither is wrong, having a mix of both in the article is odd. I was wondering what people's opinions are on which spelling should be used throughout the rest of the article. Gwingle (talk) 01:06, 20 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Good eye. Per the FAC, it’s supposed to be Lōʻihi.  Too many cooks in the kitchen left the article in its current state. Viriditas (talk) 23:14, 24 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I've made the changes - pretty sure without changing the contents of direct quotes or cited article titles. RegEx is truly a gift. I didn't check that the extant spelling in exact quotes or article citations matched the source to begin with, but I'm hopeful those who added the citations managed that. Gwingle (talk) 22:49, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Name change
Lō'ihi has been renamed:

https://kawaiola.news/aina/a-change-of-name/

The new name is: Kamaʻehuakanaloa Angiest (talk) 18:26, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

 * This is an "official" name change by a state board, for an undersea location, so it is hardly used (by either name). If anyone refers to the seamount frequently, it is the body of researchers than monitor and investigate it. Does anyone know how much of this academic community has made the switch? While well-intentioned, the new name is significantly more unwieldly, and I'm betting the community will be slow to make the change. The U.S. Board of Geographic names seems to agree; it has not yet made the decision but notes the extant body of literature and the adequacy of the current name. Its inclination seemed to be to retain Loʻihi but use Kamaʻehuakanaloa and a shorter version, Kamaʻehu, as variants. Illexsquid (talk) 17:48, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Even as Lōʻihi, its name was hardly used, since as a deeply submerged volcano it hasn't really entered the public consciousness. And since the old name has hardly had a chance to enter the popular knowledge, its baggage is light, making use of the new name not particularly problematic -- except for learning how to pronounce it! Which today I have managed to sort out (light boast here). For that reason I believe that this new name is going to stick. The Hawaiian Volcano Watch page seems to be taking delight in the new name (see HERE), and it's not hard to see why. The old name is rather prosaic: "Lō'ihi" means "long". And is rather like giving a tall person the nickname "Stretch." But the new name is culturally much more interesting, translated as "reddish child of Kanaloa" -- Kanaloa being the name of a ocean-related god in the ancient Hawaiian religion. Accordingly, I think there needs to be a section in the article explaining the name change. Cyberherbalist (talk) 12:57, 27 July 2022 (UTC)
 * "I think there needs to be a section in the article explaining the name change." -- I came here to just to see if someone had mentioned this.  I'll add it, since it has enough documentation to make it easy to write.  As far as difficulty of pronouncing, it's not more difficult than many Hawaiian words, and I hope any serious scholar working on a Hawaiian topic will take the time to learn this little bit of local culture. -- Michael Scott Asato Cuthbert (talk) 00:29, 30 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount


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Youghal lace

Youghal lace (or Point d'Irlande) is a needle lace inspired by Italian needle lace and developed in Youghal, County Cork, Ireland.

Origins
Youghal Lace was perhaps the most successful of the nineteenth century Irish needlelaces. In 1845 Mother Mary Ann Smith (d.1872), one of the Presentation Sisters, unpicked some Italian lace to discover the techniques used to make it, and then taught them to local women. The Convent Lace School was opened in Youghal in 1852. Youghal lace was made to a high standard and employed a wide variety of motifs. It was therefore able to survive as a commercial product until the First World War, which saw the general demise of handmade lacemaking.

Characteristics
Youghal Lace is considered a true lace as it is created with a sewing needle and thread only. It was created in Youghal and Kenmare. It was mostly used for fans, collars, cuffs and ecclesiastical trimmings. It is a flat needlepoint lace with no cordon nets. It uses a ladder like buttonhole stitches around each motif and edges decorated with a 'Venetian Stitch' or knotted border. The designs are primarily of flowers such as roses, anemones and fuchsia, with spiky shaped leaves. The shading of the petals are a result of the closeness of the buttonhole stitches. There were at least fifty distinct stitches associated with Youghal Lace.

Legacy
Among the finest pieces of lace made in Youghal was a train for Queen Mary worn on her visit to India in 1911. The skill of lace making is still retained in Youghal to this day. There is no written record of either the stitches or the general technique at the Convents themselves. In 1863, a shawl of Youghal Lace was given to Alexandra of Denmark on her wedding. In 1888, a Rocket and Altar trimming created in Youghal for the Bishops of Ireland as a gift to Pope Leo XIII was awarded a gold medal at the Vatican Exhibition.

The following are known work relating to Youghal Lace in collections:

 * A sampler of 43 stitches (in Kenmare Lace, similar to Youghal Lace), on display at the Kenmare Lace and Design Centre in Kenmare.
 * A court train made for Queen Mary and worn by her at the Delhi Durbar of 1911.
 * A number of smaller pieces are available for viewing at Youghal Heritage Centre.
 * A 1906, Youghal Lace collar is at National Museum of Ireland – Decorative Arts and History.

 * Two books of designs drawn in Chinese white on paper tinted beige, pink, azure, crimson or midnight blue.
 * The Needlecraft Practical Journal no.106, published by William Briggs under the Penelope trademark, c. 1909.
 * Two books of designs for needlepoint lace, hand-painted by the nuns of St Clares Convent in the late 19th century, on display at the Kenmare Lace and Design Centre, Kenmare.

Pat Earnshaw has written two books, Youghal and other Irish Lace and Youghal Lace, the craft and the cream.

title: Youghal lace


text:
Talk:Xylometazoline

Untitled
"1% w/v xylometazoline" dose?! My spray (ratiopharm NasenSpray) is a 0.1 % solution - maybe the figure is wrong in the article? Also, i don't understand the concept of drug resistance to xylmetazoline - as it does the same as adrenaline, a person with high adrenaline production should have chronic nose congestion as well.

actually, if you took xylometazoline too long, and you get chronic congestion, will the chronic congestion fade away after some time?

Thanks, --Abdull 17:48, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The question should be why is there congestion in the first place? and why would any sane person use a drug to remove the sympton for a short while only to make it worst in the future?

I read somewhere that a lack of water in the body is one thing that affects allergies so drinking more water should help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.157.148.189 (talk) 12:21, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to bring up the point about resistance to Xylometazoline too. I have a relative thathas been using Otrivine day-to-day for the past couple of years, without decreased effectiveness. I do not understand why the number of receptors would decrease after prologned usage. " Prolonged use of xylometazoline may result in tolerance or a decreased effect of the drug. Both a decrease in the decongestant duration and effect occurs possibly due to receptor down-regulation" source. The article implies that in all cases the vessel becomes resistant (because of the omission of 'can'). This really needs to be cleared up and sourced. Balazsh (talk) 09:34, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Seeing as how no-one has changed the article, I added the source and modified the language of the article to reflect what I have said above. BalazsH (talk) 14:55, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Mechanism of action
While the article does describe the mechanism by which xylometazoline exerts its effects on a macroscopic scale, there is no mention at all of receptor action. This article definitely needs at least a cursory mention of whether xylometazoline affects the sigma, NMDA, opioid, or other receptor(s), and other pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic information would be great too. it's not in my edition of the PDR or I'd add what I could. Mr0t1633 (talk) 12:27, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

some joker obviously changed the half-life to >10 seconds. i suppose its meant to be >10 hours, or i would have to sniff permanentely. lg — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.113.175.198 (talk) 14:29, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

Long Term Use
Apart from Rebound Rhinitis medicamentosa, which I have most certainly suffered, I would really appreciate it if anyone could find anything out about any other side effects from long term use of Xylometazoline or Oxymetazoline. I have been using it a lot recently and I am worried that there may be other consequences from using this since it is a vasoconstrictor, and while I know the effect is local, could long term use pose a risk to constricting other vessels? If I am using it often then it must be in my blood even in small amounts. I use it once every 24 hours at night and I don't use the full metered dose, in fact I use maybe ¼ of a full metered dose.

I have tried searching on Google for this but thus far have found little information apart from "not suitable for long term use because of Rebound Rhinitis" or words to that effect. I know this isn't a place for individual medical advice however I believe it would add to the article if there are other possible consequences from long term use. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.0.201.161 (talk) 13:17, 6 June 2013 (UTC)

Moved from article
I have moved the following content here because it lacks context/explanation. If anyone wants to use it to improve the article, here it is. -- Ed (Edgar181) 20:17, 8 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Xylometazoline synthesis.png *H. Albrecht, (1959). *H. Albrecht,  (1957).

Banned in the US
Despite it being more effective and not causing rebound rhinitis like oxymetazoline, this drug was banned in the United State USP but is still available for purchase from other countries through Amazon and other online retailers. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:63:C3E6:4400:C42A:BB64:3BEB:44F2 (talk) 15:28, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

"Sudafed"
The page currently specifies that xylometazoline also goes under the name of Sudafed. Is Sudafed not exclusively the name of a pseudoephedrine based decongestant? Xsidian (talk) 20:01, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xylometazoline


text: Talk:Youghal lace

title: Talk:Youghal lace


text:
ASK Arena

ASK Arena (ASK Arena), formerly Inter Arena and Shafa Stadium is an all-seater football stadium located in Baku. The stadium was built on the site of Termist stadium in 2001 and has a capacity of 8,125 spectators. The stadium surrounded by practice fields, administration buildings and four-star hotel.

Background
ASK Arena was built by AFFA in 2001. The first match played was a 2001–02 UEFA Cup first qualifying round between Shafa Baku and Olimija Ljubljana where the match ended 0–4. The first goal scored by Dušan Kosič.

The stadium was one of the venues for the group stages of the 2012 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. A Group A match were played there.

In July 2014, it was announced that stadium will change its name to Inter-Arena after Keşla FK (whose former name was "Inter Baku") loaned stadium for long-term from AFFA.

As the stadium changed its owner, in July 2018 it was renamed again into ASK Arena (which means Azerbaijan Industrial Corporation) for sponsorship reasons.

Transport
Keshla station of Baku suburban railway.

The M9 Metro Station is planned in this area by Baku Metro in the future.

title: ASK Arena


text:
Romper Room

Romper Room is an American children's television series that was franchised and syndicated from 1953 to 1994. The program targeted preschoolers (children five years of age or younger), and was created and produced by Bert Claster and his presenter wife, Nancy, of Claster Television. The national version was presented by Nancy Terrell and filmed in Baltimore from its inception in 1953. Romper Room was also franchised internationally at various times in Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, Finland, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Argentina, and Australia.

American television franchises and syndications
Romper Room was a rare case of a series being both franchised and syndicated, and some local affiliates—Los Angeles and New York being prime examples—would produce their own versions of the show instead of airing the national telecast. For some time, local shows all over the world used the same script but with local children; some affiliates, starting with KWEX-TV in San Antonio, translated the scripts into Spanish for local airings. Kids would be on waiting lists for years (sometimes before birth) to be on the show. For example, when Edna Anderson-Taylor left the KSL-TV version of Romper Room, the waiting list was over three years long. In 1959, John Crosby reported that the waiting list in Baltimore was so long, some of the preschoolers on the waiting list would not have a turn on the show until they were 40. The show was called "an actual kindergarten."

Episode format
Each program opens with a greeting from the hostess and the Pledge of Allegiance in American broadcasts. The hostess and her group of children then embark on 30 or 60 minutes of games, exercises, songs, story-telling and moral lessons, which were regularly accompanied by background music. The hostess (or sometimes the children in cadence) would ask, "Mr. Music, please!" or "We're ready, Mr. Music", to prompt the background music. The young cast, which ranged from four to five years old, was rotated every two months, with many of the hostesses having prior experience working with small children and many being former kindergarten teachers.

Etiquette was a focus of Romper Room. The hostesses were always addressed as "Miss." The show also had a mascot, Mr. Do-Bee. Mr. Do-Bee was an oversized bumblebee who came to teach the children proper deportment. He was noted for always starting his sentence with "Do Bee", as in the imperative "Do be"; for example, "Do Bee good boys and girls for your parents!" There was also a "Mr. Don't Bee" to show children exactly what they should not do. Do-Bee balloons were made available for purchase to the public. Each balloon featured a painted sketch of Do-Bee. When the balloons were inflated and then released, they would fly around slowly and emit a buzzing sound.

The hostess would also serve milk and cookies to the children. Before eating, they would recite the celebrated Romper Room grace: "God is great, God is good. Let us thank Him for our food. Amen."

At the end of each broadcast, the hostess would look through a "magic mirror"—actually an open frame with a handle, the size, and shape of a hand mirror—and recite the rhyme, "Romper, bomper, stomper boo. Tell me, tell me, tell me, do. Magic Mirror, tell me today, did all my friends have fun at play?" She would then name the children she saw in "television land", saying, for example, "I can see Kathleen and Owen and Julie and Jimmy and Kelly and Tommy and Bobby and Jennifer and Martin" and so forth. Children were encouraged to mail in their names, which would be read on the air (first names only).

The show used the then-popular Mattel Jack-in-the-box (sometimes called "Happy Jack") for its opening and closing titles, with its traditional nursery rhyme "Pop Goes the Weasel" as a theme song, but, from 1981 onwards, a new original theme song was used.

Romper Room and Friends
In 1981, the format of Romper Room was overhauled and re-titled Romper Room and Friends. One hundred syndicated versions were taped in Baltimore with Molly McCloskey (credited as Molly McCloskey-Barber after 1985) as host. At that point, they no longer used teachers. The biggest change to the program was the introduction of a series of new puppet characters, including a full costume character named Kimble and puppets named Granny Cat and Up-Up. Kimble and Up-Up were performed by Bruce Edward Hall and Granny Cat by McCloskey, a.k.a. "Miss Molly". The three characters were developed by The Great Jones Studios in NYC. The new characters starred in a series of vignettes, somewhat similar to the "Neighborhood of Make-Believe" segments on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, and were meant to introduce or reinforce simple moral lessons. About 100 of these skits — each running three to five minutes — were produced for insertion into local Romper Room programs; the host would introduce each segment and comment after its conclusion.

In addition, a new opening and closing credits sequence, and lyrical theme – "Romper Room and Friends", containing mostly nonsensical lyrics, but also naming the characters Up-Up, Do Bee, Granny Cat, and Kimble in the lyrics as well – were introduced, replacing the "Pop Goes the Weasel" theme that had been used. New songs/music beds were also created and composed by David Spangler including a somber Magic Mirror theme. Additionally, two British made shows, Paddington (narrated by Michael Hordern) and Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings (narrated by Bernard Cribbins) were also featured.

The last host of the syndicated series was Sharon Jeffery, the only African-American to host the show. Miss Sharon hosted the show from 1987 until the series was last filmed in 1992, although new episodes were aired until 1994. Jeffery's shows were filmed at KTVU in Oakland, California.

Broadcast information
Nancy Cledenin Terrell (born 1940, Richmond, Virginia) (known to audiences as "Miss Nancy") was the national hostess in the 1960s and early 1970s, when Romper Room was seen on ABC-owned and operated stations throughout the United States in locales that did not have their own hostesses.

title: Romper Room


text:
Talk:Millonarios F.C.

Untitled
Millonarios ([The Millionaires] in English) Club is a member of the "Dimayor" association in Colombia which was "expelled" from the FIFA during the early 1950's for contracting with football players without compensating their original teams. This illegal business "maneuver" allowed the team Millonarios to obtain some of the best players in the world at the time: Alfredo D'Stefano, Rossi, Cozzi, Pedernera etc. from Argentina. Also, very good players from England, Uruguay, Brazil, and of course Colombia. The nick name given in Colombia to the team of Millonarios was the "Blue Ballet" because after scoring five goals against the opposite team, the "Millos" will play soccer like a group of dancers, similar to the "Globetrotters" playing Basketball. The team won the championship in Colombia eight times in ten years but they could not compete in international tournaments because of the disqualification by the FIFA. However, the team Millonarios was invited a few times to play friendly games against National Teams preparing for the World Cup. Anecdotally, they beat the Brazilians and the Spanish teams preparing for the “World Cup" so badly that subsequent games were cancelled in both instances. The "Blue Ballet" was disbanded in the late 50's when the Colombian professional league "Dimayor" returned to the FIFA's organization.

Editing
The club history needs to be expanded and revised (grammatically). I've edited -historical goal scorers- article images- history-stadium-and links.

I've been editing the article without a Wikipedia account. i'm a member of the Spanish Wikipedia (User Avatar X) --24.199.103.242 (talk) 14:58, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Millonarios F.C.


text:
Ganja City Stadium

Ganja City Stadium is located in Ganja, Azerbaijan. It is used by Kapaz football club, and has a capacity of 26,120. In the 2016-17 domestic league season, tenants Kapaz PFK drew the highest average home attendance (8,096).

During the summer of 2017, the pitch at the Ganja City Stadium was relaid, with work being completed in October 2017.

title: Ganja City Stadium


text: Talk:Nasal congestion

title: Talk:Nasal congestion


text:
Piers Jacobs

Sir Piers Jacobs (27 May 1933 – 23 September 1999) was Financial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1986 to 1991, a period that included the 1987 market crash, when he oversaw the closure of the stock exchange and notably refused to bail out the Bank of Credit and Commerce International. He also was Secretary for Economic Services from 1982 to 1986.

A solicitor by profession, Jacobs held a number of senior corporate positions, including in later life: senior vice-chairman and director of CLP Holdings, chairman and director of Sir Elly Kadoorie and Sons, and chairman of the Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden Corporation.

Personal life, and death
Born in the United Kingdom, Jacobs was married with one daughter. He died in Hong Kong on 23 September 1999, survived by his wife and daughter.

title: Piers Jacobs


text:
User:Kils/Antarctic krill/frozen

This page frozen by faculty patron Uwe Kils on June 10 2005 as teaching material for the Virtual_University proposals "Biology of Antarctica" - over 20 editors contibuted; this stage was proofread by an academic panel who found no errors; the formatting could be better - for the active page go Antarctic krill - this will by updated soon again

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a species of krill (Arthropoda / Crustacea / Malacostraca / found in Antarctic waters in the Southern Ocean.

Krill live in large and dense schools (swarms) (up to 20 000 individuals per cubic meter) and convert the primary production directly into a relatively large animal : they grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh 2 grammes, and live probably for 6 years. The step between predator and prey is unusually large, normally it takes 3 or 4 steps from the 20 micrometer small phytoplankton to organisms of krill size (via copepods and small fish). The next size-step in the food chain to the whales is also enormous, a phenomenon of the Antarctic ecosystem which is found nowhere else in the world.

Geographical Distribution

Krill is thronging the surface waters of the Southern Ocean, has a circumpolar distribution with highest concentrations in the Atlantic sector. The Antarctic convergence defines more or less the northern boundary. That is the circumpolar front where the cold Antarctic surface water submerges below the warmer subantarctic waters.

The Southern Ocean with its Atlantic, Pacific and Indian sectors stretches from the polarfront at ca. 55 degree South to the edge of the continent, covering 32 million square kilometers. That is 65 times the size of the North Sea. Whereas during winter more than three fourth are covered by ice, vast areas (24 million square kilometers) become icefree in South summer. The water temperatures are between - 1.3 and 3 degree Centigrade.

The waters of the Southern Ocean form a system of currents. In the West Wind Drift the surface strata is traveling round Antarctica eastwards. Close to the continent the East Wind Drift runs counterclockwise. At the front between both large eddies develop, for example in the Weddell Sea.

Position in Antarctic ecosystem
Antarctic krill is the keystone species of the ecosystem of Antarctica, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, Leopard Seals, fur seals, Crabeater Seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds. E. superba lives only in the Southern Ocean, in the North Atlantic, Meganyctiphanes norvegica and in the Pacific, Euphausia pacifica are dominant species.

Systematic
The order euphausiacea are shrimplike eucarida, whose carapax is joined with all thoracomers and so short on the sides that the gills are visible. None of the thoracopods is formed into a gnathopod, differentiating this order against the decapoda.

Biomass
Their biomass is estimated to be between 100 and 800 million tonnes, making E. superba the most successful animal on the planet; for comparison, the total non-krill yield from all world fisheries is about 100 million tonnes per year. Why can krill build up such a high biomass? The waters around the icy continent harbors one of the most gigantic plankton assemblages of our world, maybe the biggest one of all. It is so full of phytoplankton because here water rises from the depths to the light flooded surface, bringing nutrients from all oceans back to the photic zone. There are fears that the biomass is declining rapidly over the last decade, probably caused by the reduction of the pack ice zone as a consequence of global warming. The juveniles need apparently the ice for good survival. They hide in the caves and harvest the surface. In years with low ice conditions krill is substituted by salps.

Fisheries

The fishery of krill is on the order of 90,000 tonnes per year. The products are used in Japan and for feeds. Krill fisheries are difficult in two aspects: Because a krill net needs to have very fine meshes it has a very high drag, producing a bow wave, deflecting the krill to the sides. Also fine meshes clog very fast. A fine net is also a very delicate net, and the first krill nets exploded while fishing through the schools. Another problem is how to bring the catch on board.

During hauling of the full net out of the water the organisms compress each other, and much juice is lost. Experiments are carried out to pump krill, still in water, through a large tube on board. A special krill net is under development too. The processing of the krill has to be very quick because it deteriorates within a few hours. One goal is to split the muscular hind part from the front part and to separate the chitin armor, in order to produce frosted products and concentrate powders. Its high protein and vitamin content makes krill interesting for direct human consumption and for the animal-feed industry.

The gut of E. superba can often be seen shining in green through its transparent skin, an indication that this species feeds predominantly on phytoplankton, e.g. diatoms, which it filters from the water with a "feeding basket", but they can also catch copepods, amphipods and other small zooplankton. Krill is called light-shrimp because it can produce light with light-organs (bioluminescence), one pair at the eyestalk and the hips of the 2nd and 7th thoracopods and single ones at the four pleonsternites. These lightorgans transmit from time to time a yellowgreen light for 2 to 3 seconds and are so highly developed that they can be compared with a torchlight: A concave reflector in the back and a lens in the front guide the produced light, and the whole organ can be rotated by muscles.The function of this light is not quite clear, some argue they compensate their shadow so that they are not visible for predators from below, others speculate it is important for mating or schooling at night.

Development

Main spawning time of krill is from January to March, over the shelf, but also in oceanic areas over deep waters. As typical for euphausiaceans the male attaches a sperm package to the genital opening of the female. For this purpose the first pleopods of the male are constructed as tools. According to the classical hypothesis of MARR 1962, which he derived from the results of the great Discovery-Expedition, the development is this: Gastrulation sets in during the descent of the 0.6 mm eggs, on the shelf at the bottom, in oceanic areas in depths around 2000 m. From the egg hatches the 1st nauplius and starts the migration towards the surface with the aid of its three pairs of legs ("developmental ascent"). The next two larval stages, 2nd nauplius and metanauplius, do not eat but are nourished by the yolk. After three weeks the little krill has finished as 1st calyptopis the ascent. Growing larger additional larval stages are following (2nd and 3rd calyptopis, 1st to 6th furcilia). They are characterized by increasing development of the additional legs, the compound eyes and the setae. At 15 mm the juvenile krill resembles the habitus of the adults. After two, maybe three years krill reaches maturity. As characteristic for all crustaceans krill must molt in order to grow. Approximately every 13 to 20 days krill ejects from its chitin skin and leaves it as exuvia behind.

Filter feeding
How can they achieve to utilize directly the minute phytoplankton cells (no other higher animal of krill size can do such)? They developed in their front legs a very efficient filtering apparatus: Slow motion movie (300 frames per second) of pump filtering of the feeding basket formed by the six thoracopods shown by krill collecting phytoplankton from the open water. The krill is hovering at a 55 degree angle at the spot. This behavior is shown under very high phytoplankton concentrations. In lower food concentrations the feeding basket is pushed through the water over half a meter in an opened position, like indicated in the watercolor sketch.

Detail of the filter formed by the thoracopods. Like a comb long setae stretch forwards to cover over the gap between the thoracopods.

The first degree filter setae carry in v-form two rows of second degree setae, pointing towards the inside of the feeding basket (electron microscope image). To display the total area of this fascinating structure one would have to tile 7500 times this image.

Into these gaps are then third degree setae reaching half the distance. In some parts of the net the openings are only 1 micrometer wide (electron microscope image).

Icealgae raking

Krill can scrape off the green lawn of ice algae from the underside of the pack ice. In this image, taken via a ROV, most krill swim in an upside-down position directly under the ice. Only one animal (in the middle) is hovering in the free water.

Escape reaction

Krill evades predators by very fast backward swimming (lobstering), flipping its telson. They reach speeds of over 60 cm per second. The trigger time to optical stimulus is, in spite of the low temperatures, only 55 milliseconds.

Literature
MARR J W S 1962 The natural history and geography of the Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba - Discovery report 32:33-464

 * list

title: User:Kils/Antarctic krill/frozen


text:
Chronicon Scotorum

Chronicon Scotorum, also known as Chronicum Scotorum, is a medieval Irish chronicle.

Overview
According to Nollaig Ó Muraíle, it is "a collection of annals belonging to the 'Clonmacnoise group', covering the period from prehistoric times to 1150 but with some gaps, closely related to the 'Annals of Tigernach'. It survives in a paper copy made by Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh c.1640 from an exemplar no longer extant."

MacFhirbhisigh's copy was held by his friend (and possible pupil) Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh in the late 17th century, but was in France for a time in the 1760s before its purchase by Trinity College Dublin in 1776. Edited and published by William M. Hennessy in 1866, it is accorded to be one of the more valuable Irish annals by virtue of its computational data which were frequently distorted in other such compilations.

Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin has been associated with the text as its compiler, but if so, it was continued at some point after his death. His actual role in relation to the Chronicon is uncertain.

Editions

 * Mac Niocaill, Gearóid (ed. and tr.). Chronicon Scotorum. Edition and translation available from CELT].
 * Hennessy, William M. (ed. and tr.). Chronicum Scotorum. A Chronicle of Irish Affairs, from the earliest times to A.D. 1135, with a supplement containing the events from 1141 to 1150. Roll Series 46. London, 1866. Reprinted: Wiesbaden, 1964. PDF available from the Internet Archive.

title: Chronicon Scotorum


text:
Suicide pact

A suicide pact is an agreed plan between two or more individuals to die by suicide. The plan may be to die together, or separately and closely timed.

General considerations
Suicide pacts are an important concept in the study of suicide, and have occurred throughout history, as well as in fiction. An example of this is the suicide pact between Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria and Baroness Mary Vetsera.

Suicide pacts are sometimes contrasted with mass suicides, understood as incidents in which a larger number of people kill themselves together for the same ideological reason, often within a religious, political, military or paramilitary context. "Suicide pact" tends to connote small groups and non-ideological motivations, as do bonding as married or romantic partners, as family members or friends, or even as criminal partners.

Legal aspects
In England and Wales, suicide pact is a partial defense, under section 4 of the Homicide Act 1957, which reduces murder to manslaughter. In Northern Ireland, this defense is created by section 14 of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966 (c. 20) (N.I.).

Regional considerations
One of the first Internet suicides in Israel occurred in 1997, when Eran Aderet, a 19-year-old soldier, died after expressing a desire to kill himself online, and received detailed instructions on how to accomplish this with an M16 rifle in his possession. Following this case, in 1999, a new Israeli association, SAHAR, sought to prevent suicide by providing supportive conversations and referrals to relevant resources. In 2005, following an increase in the number of Internet suicide cases, the police established a special unit which consists of six police officers and specializes in helping people who communicate online that they want to die by suicide. The unit keeps in contact with forum moderators, who are asked to look out for posts from suicidal users. About 200 cases are detected each year, preventing dozens of suicides.

Following the success of the Israeli model, similar units have been founded in Sweden, Germany and France.

Background
Although the majority of such Internet-related suicide pacts have occurred in Japan  (where it takes the name of netto shinjū, ネット心中), similar incidents have also been reported from other countries including China, South Korea, Germany, Australia, Norway, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.

The first known Internet-related suicide pact occurred in February 2000, when one Norwegian man and one Austrian woman plunged 300 metres down the famous cliff Preikestolen, in Rogaland county, Norway. Later, a Norwegian woman came forward stating that the Norwegian man had met her on an Internet forum, and planned to die by suicide with her too, but he had instead chosen to go with the Austrian woman. Both victims were in their 20s.

Despite the alarmed response of the media, Internet-connected suicide pacts are still relatively rare. Even in Japan, where most of such pacts have occurred, they still represent only 2% of all group suicide-pacts, and less than 0.01% of all suicides combined. However, they have been increasing in the country: 34 deaths from such pacts occurred in 2003; at least 50 are estimated to have occurred in 2004; and 91 deaths occurred in 2005. One notable example would be Hiroshi Maeue, who on March 28, 2007, was sentenced to death by hanging, alleged to have murdered three participants in a suicide pact.

An article published in the British Medical Journal in December 2004, by Sundararajan Rajagopal, Consultant Psychiatrist from St. Thomas' Hospital in London, highlighted the emergence of the relatively new phenomenon of cybersuicide pacts, addressing it from a psychiatric perspective. Rajagopal commented "The recent suicide pacts in Japan might just be isolated events in a country that has even previously been shown to have the highest rate of suicide pacts. Alternatively, they might herald a new disturbing trend in suicide pacts, with more such incidents, involving strangers meeting over the Internet, becoming increasingly common. If the latter is the case then the epidemiology of suicide pacts is likely to change, with more young people living on their own, who may have died by suicide alone, joining with like-minded suicidal persons to die together".

Internet suicide pacts
An article published by the Canterbury Suicide Project makes some notable comparisons between the nature of "traditional" suicide pacts and more recent Internet-related suicide pacts (or, as described in the article, "cyber-based suicide pacts"). It points out that traditionally suicide pacts On the other hand, the growing number of Internet-related suicide pacts are almost the exact opposite: The article also points out that the trend of Internet-related suicide pacts is changing the way that mental-health workers need to deal with depressed and/or suicidal young people, advising that it is "prudent for clinicians to ask routinely if young people have been accessing Internet sites, obtaining suicide information from such sites, and talking in suicide chat rooms".
 * have been extremely rare;
 * involve older individuals (50–60 years old) and very few adolescents;
 * tend to be between individuals with family or marriage-type relationships and differing, but complementary, psychiatric pathologies.
 * They involve young people almost exclusively.
 * The participants tend to be complete strangers or platonic friends.
 * The common characteristic among them would seem to be clinical depression.

A person who enters into an Internet suicide pact can also be lying intentionally. William Francis Melchert-Dinkel is an example of a person who made multiple Internet suicide pacts, in which he falsely promised to hang himself after the other person died by suicide. Melchert-Dinkel was later convicted of criminally assisting or attempting to assist in two suicides by providing detailed information about a suicide method.

title: Suicide pact


text: Category:Railway stations in Taiwan

title: Category:Railway stations in Taiwan


text: User talk:208.230.167.50

title: User talk:208.230.167.50


text:
Talk:Sophos

Utimaco redirects here
Utimaco was only temporarily owned by Sophos (share majority from 2009, full ownership via squeeze-out 2012, sold 2013 to a venture capital firm - ) and has only a minor mention here. It seems inappropriate to me to redirect "Utimaco" to this article. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utimaco_Atalla links to "Utimaco" as its parent company, who acquired them in 2018, when Sophos had been out for five years. Linking Sophos (via redirect) as owner of Utimaco Atalla is therefore misleading as it was never the case. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.15.45.39 (talk) 11:40, 6 August 2020 (UTC)

Conflict of interest request
Hi, my name is Lesley and I work for Sophos. I recently learned that Wikipedia's editing records infer one or more people with a financial connection to Sophos have inappropriately and anonymously edited the page. I apologize for that. Although I can't figure out who's doing it, I am working to make sure everyone in marketing knows not to do that.

I think these past improper edits made three problems:

 * 1) A lot of editorialized content like "pioneering start-up with a powerful"
 * 2) The inclusion of routine executive appointments
 * 3) An excessive focus on products in the introduction

In the spirit of WP:COIU#5 and Wikipedia's conflict of interest rules, I'd like to share these proposed trims that I think would address these issues. LesleySullivan (talk) 17:17, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi Dormskirk. You can see the precise changes being requested, along with explanations, here. LesleySullivan (talk) 18:05, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Done. I agree that much of the deleted material was promotional. Dormskirk (talk) 20:50, 14 September 2023 (UTC)

A few more corrections
I'd like to request a few more corrections, updates, and trims as follows:
 * First Sentence: "Sophos Group plc ": "Group PLC" is no longer accurate, ever since the company became private in 2020.✅
 * History Section: Second and Third Paragraphs: "In 2006, Peter Gyenes and Steve Munford were was named chairman and CEO of Sophos, respectively. " ... " In 2012, Kris Hagerman, formerly CEO at Corel Corporation, was named CEO of Sophos and joined the company's board. Former CEO Steve Munford became the non-executive chairman of the board. " Cited to a broken link to a Sophos.com URL. Could not find better citations.✅
 * Infobox: Key People: "Peter Gyenes (chairman)". Sophos no longer has a chairman as a private company.✅
 * Infobox: Revenue: $1+ billion As a private company, more recent, detailed financials are not available, but we do have a source to update revenues to something more recent.✅ with new reference.

Pinging who was gracious enough to respond to my prior request. LesleySullivan (talk) 13:21, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Lesley - Please can you use the edit request template so that a wider range of editors see what is being requested. Thanks. Dormskirk (talk) 13:33, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

Requested updates
Hi. My name is Lesley and I work for Sophos. The current page doesn't seem to have anything that describes what Sophos does, though there are plenty of articles about it in independent literature. I wanted to propose at least getting a section called "Software and Services" started as follows:

 * Sophos develops and markets managed security services and cybersecurity software and hardware, such as managed detection and response (MDR), incident response, endpoint security software, firewall, and email.

On a separate note, Sophos just appointed a new CEO, Joe Levy. I wanted to request the infobox be updated and a sentence be added to the end of the history section. Something like:

 * In 2024, President Joe Levy was appointed acting CEO after Kris Hagerman resigned from the CEO position.

References LesleySullivan (talk) 16:28, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I have quickly updated the CEO field and added the sentence. Writing more about the services is probably relevant, but right now I don't have access the source and it needs consideration where to add it. Thanks IgelRM (talk) 19:21, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks . Can I email you a PDF of the full citation? My thinking was that it would be the start of a Software and Services section, as there is currently no section on what the company does. LesleySullivan (talk) 16:14, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Just saw above and I repeat that using the Edit requests template would help. I would just add it to the short lead. The Omdia source is probably a bit much just for managed security services, like this it-business.de would suffice (but suppose I may accept that PDF). IgelRM (talk) 18:27, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks ! Below is a revised draft that uses the source you mentioned and another CRN article, instead of the analyst report. The introduction would be a great place for it too if that's a better spot. I also added the Request Edit template per your feedback.

Sophos develops and markets managed security services and cybersecurity software and hardware, such as managed detection and response (MDR), incident response, endpoint security software, firewall, cloud security, and email. References

 * LesleySullivan (talk) 17:18, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * , I've partly added the sentence in. It reads a bit weird with the extra part about software, firewall, etc. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 01:58, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your time @ARandomName123 LesleySullivan (talk) 14:36, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sophos


text:
Michael L. Printz Award

The Michael L. Printz Award is an American Library Association literary award that annually recognizes the "best book written for teens, based entirely on its literary merit". It is sponsored by Booklist magazine; administered by the ALA's young-adult division, the Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA); and named for the Topeka, Kansas, school librarian Mike Printz, a long-time active member of YALSA. Up to four worthy runners-up may be designated Honor Books and three or four have been named every year.

History
The Printz Award was founded in 2000 for 1999 young adult publications. The award "was created as a counterpoint to the Newbery" in order to highlight the best and most literary works of excellence written for a young adult audience.

Jonathon Hunt, a Horn Book reviewer, hopes that the Printz Award can create a "canon as revered as that of the Newbery."

Michael L. Printz was a librarian at Topeka West High School in Topeka, Kansas, until he retired in 1994. He was also an active member of YALSA, serving on the Best Books for Young Adults Committee and the Margaret A. Edwards Award Committee. He dedicated his life to ensuring that his students had access to good literature. To that end he encouraged writers to focus on the young adult audience. He created an author-in-residence program at the high school to promote new talent and encourage his students. His most noteworthy find was Chris Crutcher. Printz died at the age of 59 in 1996.

Criteria and procedure
Source: "The Michael L. Printz Award Policies and Procedures"

The selection committee comprises nine YALSA members appointed by the president-elect for a one-year term. They award one winner and honor up to four additional titles. The term 'young adult' refers to readers from ages 12 through 18 for purposes of this award. The Michael L. Printz Award is sponsored by Booklist, a publication of the American Library Association (ALA).

 * Non-fiction, fiction, poetry and anthologies are all eligible to receive the Printz Award.
 * Books must have been published between January 1 and December 31 of the year preceding the announcement of the award.
 * Titles must be designated 'young adult' by its publisher or published for the age range that YALSA defines as "young adult," i.e., 12 through 18. Adult books are not eligible.
 * Works of joint authorship or editorship are eligible.
 * The award may be issued posthumously.
 * Books previously published in another country are eligible (presuming an American edition has been published during the period of eligibility).

Recipients
The Printz Medal has been awarded to one person annually without exception. Only A.S. King has received the award twice, one for a single-authored book in 2020 and another as editor and contributor to an anthology in 2024.

Multiple awards
As of 2024, only A. S. King has won the Printz twice; she also received an Honor. Marcus Sedgwick has written one Award winner and two Honor Books. David Almond, John Green, Geraldine McCaughrean, and Gene Luen Yang have written one Award winner and one Honor Book. Nine people have two Honor Books: M. T. Anderson, Margo Lanagan, Terry Pratchett, Marcus Sedgwick, Markus Zusak, Deborah Heiligman, Mariko Tamaki, Candice Iloh, and Angie Thomas

Four writers have won both the Printz Award and the annual Carnegie Medal from the British librarians: David Almond, Aidan Chambers, Geraldine McCaughrean, and Meg Rosoff. Chambers alone has won both for the same book, the 1999 Carnegie and 2003 Printz for the novel Postcards from No Man's Land. In its scope, books for children or young adults (published in the UK), the British Carnegie corresponds to the American Newbery and Printz awards.

title: Michael L. Printz Award


text:
File:Viaduct-india-1869.jpg

Image from "Reminiscences of an Old English Civil Engineer, 1858-1908", By Robert Maitland Brereton, Publ. Irwin-Roberston, Portland, 1908

title: File:Viaduct-india-1869.jpg


text:
Frank Rich

Frank Hart Rich Jr. (born 1949) is an American essayist and liberal op-ed columnist, who held various positions within The New York Times from 1980 to 2011. He has also produced television series and documentaries for HBO.

Rich is currently writer-at-large for New York magazine, where he writes essays on politics and culture and engages in regular dialogues on news of the week for the "Daily Intelligencer". He served as executive producer of the long-running HBO comedy series Veep, having joined the show at its outset in 2011, and of the HBO drama series Succession.

Early life and education
Born on June 2, 1949, Rich grew up in Washington, D.C. His mother, Helene Fisher (née Aaronson), a schoolteacher and artist, was from a Russian Jewish family that originally settled in Brooklyn, New York City, but moved to Washington, D.C., following the stock market crash of 1929. His father, Frank Hart Rich, a businessman, was from a German Jewish family long-settled in Washington. He attended public schools and graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in 1967.

Rich attended Harvard College in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At Harvard, he was editorial chairman of The Harvard Crimson, the university's daily student newspaper. Rich was an honorary Harvard College scholar and a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and received a Henry Russell Shaw Traveling Fellowship. He graduated magna cum laude in 1971 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in American history and literature.

Career
Before joining The New York Times in 1980, Rich was a film and television critic for Time, a film critic for The New York Post, and film critic and senior editor of New Times Magazine. In the early 1970s, he was a founding editor of the Richmond (Va.) Mercury.

Theater criticism
Rich served as chief theater critic of The New York Times from 1980 to 1993, earning the nickname "Butcher of Broadway" for the perceived power of his negative reviews to close Broadway shows. He first won attention from theater-goers with an essay for The Harvard Crimson about the Broadway musical Follies (1971), by Stephen Sondheim, during its pre-Broadway tryout run in Boston. In his study of the work, Rich was "the first person to predict the legendary status the show eventually would achieve". The article "fascinated" Harold Prince, the musical's co-director, and "absolutely intrigued" Sondheim, who invited the undergraduate to lunch to further discuss his feelings about the production. In a retrospective article for The New York Times Magazine, "Exit the Critic," published in 1994, Rich reflected on the controversies during his tenure as drama critic as well as on the playwrights he championed and on the tragedies that decimated the New York theater during the height of the AIDS crisis. A collection of Rich's theater reviews was published in a book, Hot Seat: Theater Criticism for The New York Times, 1980–1993 (1998). He also wrote The Theatre Art of Boris Aronson, with Lisa Aronson, in 1987.

Media and political criticism
From 1994 to 2011, Rich was an op-ed columnist for The New York Times; he wrote regularly on the connections between mass media and American politics. His columns, now appearing in New York Magazine, make regular references to a broad range of popular culture—including television, movies, theater and literature. In addition to his long-time work for the Times and New York, Rich has written for many other publications, including The New York Review of Books and The New Republic.

The commentator Bill O'Reilly, host of the Fox News Channel talk show The O'Reilly Factor, criticized Rich following Rich's criticism of Fox in 2004 as having a politically conservative bias.

Rich also attracted controversy by dismissing the historical-drama film The Passion of the Christ (2004), directed by Mel Gibson, as "nothing so much as a porn movie, replete with slo-mo climaxes and pounding music for the money shots." In a January 2006 appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, commenting on the James Frey memoir scandal, Rich expanded on his usage in his column of the term truthiness to summarize a variety of ills in culture and politics. His book, The Greatest Story Ever Sold: The Decline and Fall of Truth from 9/11 to Katrina (2006), criticized the American media for what he perceived as its support of George W. Bush's administration's propaganda following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and during the run-up to the Iraq war.

A July 2009 column focused on what Rich believes is the bigoted nature of President Barack Obama's detractors. On the Tea Party movement, which emerged in 2009, Rich opined that at one of their rallies they were "kowtowing to secessionists." He wrote that death threats and a brick thrown through a congressman's window were a "small-scale mimicry of "Kristallnacht" (or "night of broken glass", the November 1938 anti-Jewish pogrom in Nazi Germany and Austria). In his essays at New York, Rich has continued to examine the American right, including its latest revival during the candidacy and presidency of Donald Trump.

Television
Since 2008, Rich has been a creative consultant for HBO, where he has helped initiate and develop new programming and was an Executive Producer of Veep, the long-running comedy series created by Armando Iannucci and starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus. He was also an Executive Producer of Succession, the HBO drama series created by Jesse Armstrong that debuted in June 2018 to critical praise.

Rich was also an Executive Producer for the HBO documentaries Six by Sondheim (2013), directed by James Lapine, and Becoming Mike Nichols (2016), directed by Douglas McGrath.

Awards
Rich's journalistic honors include the George Polk Award for commentary in 2005 and, in 2011, the Goldsmith Career Award for Excellence in Journalism from Harvard University (also his alma mater). In 2011, Rich was awarded an honorary doctorate from The New School. In 2016, he received the Mirror Award for Best Commentary from the Newhouse School at Syracuse University. He was inducted into the Theater Hall of Fame in 2015.

Rich was twice a Pulitzer Prize finalist, in 1987 and 2005. In 2010, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Silurians Press Club.

Rich received Emmy Awards in 2015, 2016, and 2017 for Veep, which was named Outstanding Comedy Series, and in 2020 for Succession, which was named Outstanding Drama Series. He also received a Golden Globe in 2020 for Succession, which won the Best Drama Series prize. He has won three Peabody Awards: for Succession in 2020, for Veep in 2017, and, in 2013, for Six by Sondheim, which was also honored with the ASCAP Deems Taylor Television Broadcast Award.

Criticism
In 2011, The New Republic included him along with Rachel Maddow, Newt Gingrich, Paul Ryan, etc. in an editorial roundup of the "Most Over-Rated Thinkers" of the year, calling him "an utterly conventional pundit of the old salon liberal variety".

Personal life
Rich lives in Manhattan with his wife, Alex Witchel, an author and journalist; they married in 1991. He has two sons from his previous marriage to Gail Winston, Simon Rich, a novelist and short story writer who created the television series Man Seeking Woman and was a writer for Saturday Night Live, and Nathaniel Rich, who is a novelist, journalist, and essayist.

Memoir
Frank Rich's memoir Ghost Light (2000) chronicles his childhood in the late 1950s and 1960s in Washington, D.C., with a focus on his lifelong adoration of the theater and the impact it had on his life.

title: Frank Rich


text:
School Library Journal

School Library Journal (SLJ) is an American monthly magazine containing reviews and other articles for school librarians, media specialists, and public librarians who work with young people. Articles cover a wide variety of topics, with a focus on technology, multimedia, and other information resources that are likely to interest young learners. Reviews are classified by the target audience of the publications: preschool; schoolchildren to 4th grade, grades 5 and up, and teens; and professional librarians themselves ("professional reading"). Fiction, non-fiction, and reference books books are reviewed, as are graphic novels, multimedia, and digital resources.

History
School Library Journal was founded by publisher R.R. Bowker in 1954, under the title Junior Libraries and by separation from its Library Journal. The first issue was published on September 15, 1954. Gertrude Wolff was the first editor.

Early in its history SLJ published nine issues each year, dated September to May and released on the fifteenth of each month. It now publishes monthly. In 2008 School Library Journal launched Series Made Simple, a twice-annual supplement which features reviews of series nonfiction books. It also releases a Best Books list annually.

R.R. Bowker sold SLJ and Library Journal in 1985 to Reed International (later merged into Reed Elsevier). In 2006 School Library Journal had a circulation of 38,000 subscribers and more than 100,000 readers. Reed sold the two journals in 2010 to Media Source Inc., owner of the Junior Library Guild and The Horn Book Magazine.

Website
The School Library Journal website provides full access to every issue published from 1996 to the present, including the current issue. It also publishes several blogs and several e-newsletters including Curriculum Connections, SLJ Teen, and SLJ Extra Helping.

title: School Library Journal


text:
Finn Park

Finn Park (Páirc na Finne) is a football stadium in Ballybofey, Ireland. The home ground of League of Ireland team Finn Harps, it has a 'safe capacity' of 4,200 with 351 seats.

Facilities
The ground is in a relatively dilapidated condition, although upgraded to modern safety standards. Only three sides are officially open, the covered "Shed" with mixed seating/terracing on the Navenny Road side with a capacity of 1,505, the large "Town End" terrace on the Chestnut Road side with capacity 1,748, and the "Gantry" viewing slope capacity 1,195, which is rarely used by home fans and houses the television/radio gantry. The "River End" embankment is officially closed and is generally used for ambulance parking. Fan segregation is rarely officially in existence and effectively unenforced.

Finn Park hosted the amateur Republic of Ireland national football team against Yugoslavia in a qualifier for the 1972 Summer Olympics in April 1971.

In 2020, with Covid-19 restrictions effectively restricting the use of the usual dressing room and clubhouse layout, Finn Harps embarked upon a project to upgrade the dressing room facilities in Finn Park with the installation of a new home dressing room, medical area, shower room, kit room and wash room, and a kitchen on the Gantry Side of the ground. The previous home team dressing room has become the away dressing room area with two teams entering the pitch from different gates as a result.

Upgrade
Finn Harps have plans at an advanced stage to move to a new 6,800 seater stadium across the River Finn in Stranorlar, within sight of their current home. Construction began in October 2008. This will lead to the demolition of Finn Park once the new Finn Harps Stadium is completed.

Construction work began in October 2008 with the official 'turning of the sod' by then Minister for the State Pat 'The Cope' Gallagher. Land filling and top soil work began in late 2011 with concrete foundations going in early 2012. Steel structures are due to be put in place over June/July 2012 with building work to begin soon after. The club originally hoped to be in the new 6,800 all seater stadium by summer 2013, but with recession hitting the building industry hard in Ireland, work stalled on the ground in November 2014.

A fresh plan was drawn for the ground, in an attempt to help the club move forward in August 2019, with work hoped to start again in summer 2020, but a mix of issue with the government sports departments, and COVID-19, work had again stalled on the project.

title: Finn Park


text:
John Henry Bremridge

Sir John Henry Bremridge (彭勵治爵士), KBE, JP (12 July 1925 – 6 May 1994) was Financial Secretary of Hong Kong from 1981 to 1986. He was the first Financial Secretary who was not a civil servant.

Early life
Bremridge was born in 1925 in Transvaal, in what was then the Union of South Africa to British parents (his father was Godfrey Bremridge) on an orange farm, but left in 1933 for Britain where he grew up.

Career
He served in the British Army (Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)) during World War II (1943-1947), read law at Oxford before joining Swire in 1949 where he rose as was a senior member of staff in the John Swire and Sons (Hong Kong) (Swire Group) and held various corporate boards:

 * Chairman, Swire Pacific Limited 1973-1980
 * Chairman, Cathay Pacific Airways Limited 1973-1980
 * Non-executive Director, Schroders plc 1987-1989
 * Director, John Swire and Sons 1987

Hong Kong Government
In the 1980s he left the private sector to become Financial Secretary and remained until 1986 to return to the corporate world. During his tenure, he experienced the economic uncertainties that stemmed from the Sino-British negotiations that led to the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration. In order to stabilise the economy, he pegged the Hong Kong dollar to the United States dollar at a rate of HK$7.8 to US$1, thus instituting the linked exchange rate system in Hong Kong. Both Bremridge and his successor Piers Jacobs considered introducing a Sales Tax but had failed.

He contributed to the growth restrictions imposed on Dragonair, the second Hong Kong-based airline at that time, by introducing a “one route, one carrier” policy aimed at maintaining Cathay Pacific’s local monopoly. Due to this policy, Dragonair shifted its focus to unserved secondary mainland China markets.

Later life
Bremridge's health suffered after a fall in 1987 and never fully recovered, dying in 1994 in London. He was survived by his wife and children, Anne, Elizabeth, Charles and Henry.

title: John Henry Bremridge


text:
Limerick lace

Limerick lace is a specific class of lace originating in Limerick, Ireland, which was later produced throughout the country. It evolved from the invention of a machine which made net in 1808. Until John Heathcoat invented a net-making machine in Devon in 1815, handmade net was a very expensive fabric. This meant cheap net became available to Irish lacemakers, particularly after 1823 when Heathcoat's patent expired.

Limerick lace is a hybrid lace of embroidered needle lace or crocheted lace on a machine made net base. It is a 'mixed lace' rather than a ‘true lace’, which would be entirely hand made. Limerick lace comes in two forms: tambour lace, which is made by stretching a net over a frame like a tambourine and drawing threads through it with a hook, and needlerun lace, which is made by using a needle to embroider on a net background.

The lace was noted for its variety of delicate fillings, as many as 47 different ones being found in one collar.

History
The Limerick lace industry was founded in 1829 by Charles Walker, a native of Oxfordshire.

The history of Limerick lace can be divided into two broad periods: the age of factory production 1829-c.1870 and the age of home and workshop production c.1870-1914.

In 1829, Walker brought over 24 girls to teach lace-making in Limerick, drawn to the area by the availability of cheap, skilled female labour, and his business thrived. Charles Walker chose Limerick after touring various sites for the business. Limerick previously had a thriving Limerick glove industry, but at this time had a large population of unemployed women with a tradition of factory work. Limerick lace was produced mainly in factories for the first forty years of its existence. Between the 1830s and 1860s, several lace factories operated in Limerick. The city’s second lace factory was established in 1835 by William Lloyd, initially at Clare Street and later in Abbey Court off Nicholas Street. In 1841, there were 400 women and girls working for him. In 1836, Leycester Greaves (1809-47), a Cork man opened a factory in Limerick. These lace factories employed almost 2,000 women and girls.

In the 1840s, Limerick lace making was introduced to a number of convents and convent-run institutions, both in Limerick and elsewhere. In 1850, lace making was introduced to the Good Shepherd Convent on Clare Street Limerick, but it was also made in other religious houses based in the city, including the Presentation Convent in Sexton Street and the Mercy Convent at Mount Saint Vincent, on O’Connell Avenue. Limerick lace was disseminated widely throughout Ireland by Catholic religious sisters, anxious to provide employment at the time of the Famine. They introduced it to several other convents, including religious houses in Youghal, Kinsale, Dunmore East, Cahirciveen, and Kenmare. At the Good Shepherd Convent, the last lace making centre in Limerick, production ceased in 1990.

In the 1860s and 1870s, the Limerick lace industry declined rapidly, due to the market being flooded by entirely machine made lace from chiefly from Nottingham. One reason for this period of decline was the realisation that design was necessary for beautiful lace. Following the Cork Industrial Exhibition of 1883, the President of Queen's College, Cork, wrote, "... only well-designed and finely executed lace [that] can hold its ground against machine lace."

It was revived in the 1880s due to the work of Florence Vere O'Brien (1858-1936) who established a Lace School in Limerick, which opened with eight pupils in May 1889. This ran until 1922. Another important promoter of Limerick lace during this period was Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Countess of Aberdeen (1847-1939) who established the Irish Industries Association in 1886 to encourage the 'Buy Irish' movement. This was integral to reviving Limerick lace as a traditional craft.

In 1904, Mrs Maude Kearney (1873-1963), a daughter of James Hodkinson, founder of the famous firm of specialists in church decoration in Henry Street, Limerick, established a lace making business which she called the Thomond Lace Industry. Based in Thomondgate, Thomond Lace employed between fifty and eighty workers at the height of its success. After the Second World War, Limerick lace declined rapidly.

Those who are known to have worn Limerick lace were Queen Victoria, Edith Roosevelt and Countess Markievicz. When John F. Kennedy visited Limerick in 1963 he was presented with a lace christening robe. This christening robe was created in the Good Shepherd Convent, Clare Street, Limerick. Generations of churchmen also wore Limerick lace and used lace to decorate their churches.

Limerick Museum holds the largest collection of Limerick lace in the country. A collection is also held in the Sisters of Mercy in Charleville, Co. Cork.

Features
Limerick lace is formed on a mesh using one or both of two techniques:

 * Tambour – where chain stitch is created using a hook.
 * Needlerun – where stitches are darned onto the ground using a needle.

Sometimes applique was used, including net appliqued onto net, which made a gossamer fabric. The types of lace made in the first factory at this time were fichus, blond lace trimming and grey lace (spotted), traced by tambour workers and filled by runners. Later in the 1840s the types of lace in production were floss work, satin stitch, Valencienne, two-stitch and moss work, however the introduction of machine-made lace was impacting the quality of the running work.

Modern revival
Limerick lace is still produced on a very small commercial basis by individual lace makers such as Eileen Browne. A number of classes are held both within Limerick and throughout the country in an attempt to revive the practice.

In 2014, Limerick City Council published a comprehensive history on Limerick lace called Amazing Lace, written by Dr Matthew Potter, Curator of Limerick Museum.

In 2019, Limerick lace was added to the Irish National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage. In 2019, Veronica Rowe, the granddaughter of Florence Vere O'Brien, handed over her lace collection on longterm loan to the Limerick Museum.

In 2023, Grania McElligott donated the Maude Kearney lace collection to the Limerick Museum, adding to the existing Limerick lace collection.

Since 2017, a series of exhibitions and conferences, both virtual and actual dedicated to Limerick lace have been held by Limerick Museum. In the same year, a group of lacemakers and lace enthusiasts came together under the name "Friends of Lace Limerick" to work with Limerick Museum on the preservation and cataloguing of lace artefacts in the museum collection and on the revival of Limerick lace traditions. Friends of Lace Limerick organised the Amazing Lace Symposium in collaboration with Limerick Museum in 2018, 2019 and again in 2024.

For August 2025, Limerick Museum is planning a lace exhibition that will include the highlights of all its collections.

title: Limerick lace