text:
Def Soul

Def Soul Records was an R&B-based division of American multinational record label Def Jam Recordings. It was formed in 1996 by Russell Simmons and Kevin Liles to expand R&B and soul music through Def Jam's said genre-related roster following the successes of Montell Jordan and Case.

The label later garnered more success with other artists that include Musiq Soulchild, Kelly Price, Christina Milian, Aaron Soul, Terri Walker, Dru Hill, 112, Patti LaBelle and The Isley Brothers. In the spring of 2011, the label was consolidated into Def Jam, as the urban music industry began to change, so did the Def Jam label roster's multi-genre strategy, citing former artist Rihanna's success as the reason for the downfall of Def Soul.

History
Capitalizing on the successes of Montell Jordan's "This Is How We Do It" in 1995 and Case's self-titled debut album in 1996, Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons and then-vice president Kevin Liles teamed up to form Def Soul Records, to expand the label's R&B roster. The first release from the label shortly after its formation was Jordan's second album, More..., which came on August 27, 1996, two weeks after Case's debut. Both albums were certified gold.

Then came trio Playa, whose single "Cheers 2 U" (1998) cracked the top ten of the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. After appearing on the How to Be a Player soundtrack (1997) with the Foxy Brown-assisted "I Gotta Know", the group was greenlit to develop their debut album for Def Soul. Their album, also titled Cheers 2 U. Despite the building hype, the album did not chart perfectly on Billboard, debuting at number eighty-nine on the Billboard 200. It was later overshadowed a week later by Jordan's third follow-up, Let's Ride, which made the top ten of the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and (like its predecessor) went gold. The title track gained the album some notoriety, due to No Limit Records labelmates and brothers Master P and Silkk the Shocker delivering their verses.

On the same day as the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, Case returned from his three-year hiatus with Personal Conversation, which (also like its predecessor) went gold and managed to embrace the top forty of the Billboard 200. Its single, "Happily Ever After", gained moderate airplay. That same year, Def Jam's parent label, PolyGram, was acquired by Seagram and its music division was later merged with MCA-related record labels to centralize the Universal Music Group. With this came the folding of Island Black Music, causing the transitioning of Island Records' R&B artist division into Def Soul. The artists under Island that were moved to this label included Dru Hill and Kelly Price. Following next was the creation of The Island Def Jam Music Group.

After the folding of Island Black into Def Soul and the UMG creation of IDJMG, Def Soul began to revamp their success with Jordan's Get It On... Tonite in November. While the title track provided success at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, the album itself didn't perform well as Jordan's previous three, despite being his second gold-seller. That same month, Dru Hill leader Sisqó's solo debut, Unleash the Dragon, started to take off. Having debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and going platinum the following year. Extended success came from its singles, "Got to Get It", the number-one "Incomplete" and "Thong Song". "Thong Song", however, was the one that gained more success than the previous two, despite being number three on the Hot 100.

Summer 2000 saw the release of Kelly Price's sophomore album and her first under Def Soul, Mirror Mirror, which managed to gain the top three of Billboard 's R&B album chart and go gold. It was solidified by the singles, "You Should Have Told Me" and "Love Sets You Free"; the latter colliding fellow Def Soul acts Case, Montell Jordan, Dru Hill, Playa, Kandice Love and LovHer together as Price's "friends". Following up was the soundtrack to Nutty Professor II: The Klumps, which made number one on the R&B chart and went platinum. The soundtrack helped to make way for Philadelphia soul artist Musiq Soulchild's career after his track, "Just Friends (Sunny)", which came on the soundtrack, became a radio hit. Later that November, Musiq released his debut album, Aijuswanaseing, which made the near-bottom of the top thirty section of the Billboard 200, but managed to go gold two months after.

Throughout 2001, only three albums were released under Def Soul: Case's Open Letter that April, Sisqó's Return of Dragon in June and Price's One Love, a Christmas album which came out that November. Originally, Christina Milian, who was last featured on Ja Rule's "Between Me and You" (2000), was supposed to release her self-titled debut studio album jointly through Def Soul and Irv Gotti's Murder Inc. Records on September 25, 2001, but due to the September 11 attacks, the album's American release was cancelled and postponed for international release on October 9.

In 2002, the label's vigilance was declining. Jordan left Def Soul after his eponymous fifth album failed to chart on Billboard. Aaron Soul, who previously scored a U.K. hit with "Ring, Ring, Ring", also had internal conflict with Def Soul as so Jonell regarding the delaying of their albums. 3rd Storee lost their deal with Def Soul after their album, Get with Me, failed to perform properly. Besides that, Musiq continued on his success with his sophomore album, Juslisen, becoming his first and also, Def Soul's first, number-one album on the Billboard 200. Not long after that, Dru Hill began work on their comeback album, Dru World Order, after four years of inactivity. It was released that November, but didn't match the success as the group's previous works.

2003 saw a huge dwindle within the division as LovHer and Jonell were dropped from the label. Terri Walker's untitled debut also didn't chart well on the UK Albums chart at number one-hundred eighteen despite going gold and having positive feedback from critics. As Walker suffered downhill failure, Kelly Price also faced similar problems as her third album, Priceless, also failed to match the successes of her previous two albums. She left the label in 2005 following serious issues. Former Bad Boy quartet 112 joined Def Soul after a falling out with founder Sean "Diddy" Combs. December saw the releases of 112's Hot & Wet and Musiq's Soulstar. Both albums also failed to garner commercial notoriety despite having peaked within the top five of the Billboard R&B album chart and going gold. The following year, Def Soul and Mama's Boys Music released the soundtrack to the comedy, Johnson Family Vacation, featuring the single, "Shoulda Known Betta" by Case. He left the label sometime the same year after the continued delaying of his planned fourth studio album. May commenced the release of Patti LaBelle's Timeless Journey which became a top five R&B album on the chart, due to the success of its single, "New Day".

Around 2005, 112 released their fifth album, Pleasure & Pain, which failed to meet the commercial success as their four projects. Soon after, 112 were released from the division after the album's release. LaBelle released Classic Moments under the Def Soul Classics imprint, but soon left the label after she accused then-vice president of Def Jam, L.A. Reid of misconduct. As 2006 came, Def Soul began to die down. Despite the release of The Isley Brothers' Baby Makin' Music in May and it charting at number five on the Billboard 200, the label still hasn't rebuilt fanfare. Also in 2006, Musiq Soulchild was let go from Def Soul, due to a de facto label trade between Def Jam and Atlantic Records; taking Musiq to Atlantic and switching Fabolous to Def Jam.

Only two Christmas albums commenced on Def Soul in late 2007, LaBelle's Miss Patti's Christmas and the Isley Brothers' I'll Be Home for Christmas. The following two years came without activity from the label. Many outlets and social media users were concerned that fellow R&B acts Ne-Yo, Rihanna, Jeremih and Chrisette Michele's successful careers at parent label Def Jam were what caused Def Soul Records to fall down, besides the aforementioned four not being signed to this division. Then, in November 2010, Ronald Isley released his comeback solo album following his prison release, Mr. I. This was the final release under the Def Soul imprint; in May 2011, Def Soul was finally folded into Def Jam Records, taking the rest of its remaining roster with it and consolidating all of Def Jam's artist roster of various genres together.

Recently, as of December 2021, there has been an official playlist on Spotify by Def Jam, using the label's name, mixing the label's singles with that of recent Def Jam R&B songs following the shutdown.

Artist roster

 * Montell Jordan (1996-2003)
 * Case (1996-2004)
 * Playa (1997-2002)
 * Musiq Soulchild (1998-2006)
 * Kandice Love (1998-2002)
 * Dru Hill (1999-2003)
 * Sisqó (1999-2003)
 * Kelly Price (1999-2004)
 * LovHer (1999-2003)
 * Aaries (2000-2005)
 * Aaron Soul (2000-2002)
 * Jonell (2000-2003)
 * Terri Walker (2001-2005)
 * Christina Milian (2001-2003)
 * 3rd Storee (2001-2002)
 * 112 (2002-2006)
 * K. Fox (2002-2005)
 * Patti LaBelle (2003-2006; 2007-2008)
 * The Isley Brothers (2005-2011)

Def Soul Classics
Def Soul Classics was a greatest hits branch of Def Soul Records, complimenting on re-releases or greatest hits projects released under the division.

The first release under the Def Soul Classics branch despite the name was Patti LaBelle's Timeless Journey on May 4, 2004. A year later, the first greatest hits compilation under Def Soul Classics, Dru Hill's Hits was released that October.

In 2005, Def Soul Classics released LaBelle's Classic Moments, followed up by the Isley Brothers' Baby Makin' Music in May 2006. The Classics branch also released two Christmas albums towards the end of 2007, Isley's I'll Be Home for Christmas and LaBelle's Miss Patti's Christmas.

The final release under the Classics branch was Ronald Isley's solo album, Mr I. in 2010. Then, as with the entirety of Def Soul Records, this label was also folded into Def Jam.

title: Def Soul


text:
Talk:José Dirceu

Removal
I removed the following passage, because I think it has some problems:

''It's not hard to understand why Lula's Chief of Staff, José Dirceu, got emotional and cried when hugged by Fidel Castro. Dirceu was the president of UNE (União Nacional dos Estudantes—National Union of Students) on October 1968, when he was imprisoned by the military government with other student leaders while trying to clandestinely hold the 30th UNE Congress.''

Is this correct? It seems a personal opinion. I am not totally against it, however I think that it is not well written/explained. It seems strange to me. --Carlosar 01:18, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There is a wrong information in the passage too. Dirceu was not president of UNE. The president of UNE was Luís Travassos. Dirceu was the president of UEE. --Carlosar 01:26, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I hope I did the right thing removing the passage, if what I did was wrong, please forgive me, and help me with this passage. --Carlosar 01:26, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

-- I agree. Wrong information plus personal view. (VictorMartins)

Added more information
I have added more information to the text. I need you to check and see if you agree with it. Thank you.--Carlosar 01:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Corrected Structure, Grammar and Title
On Title: According to his official bio (available for awhile here until they put Dilma Roussef's, the title is comparable to that of "chief-of-staff", as "Civilian Household" is meaningless to those outside Brazil. Also, in relation to his department of the government, It has been widely attributed to the "Mensalão" crisis, though no direct fault has yet been proven. I've therefore chosen "purported knowledge" as the most NPOV as one can get in an ongoing crisis.

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050830083219/http://www.swissinfo.org/sen/swissinfo.html?siteSect=143 to http://www.swissinfo.org/sen/swissinfo.html?siteSect=143&sid=5892274&cKey=1119478840000

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:José Dirceu


text:
Mike Bradley (Canadian football)

Mike Bradley (born September 16, 1978 in Haliburton, Ontario) is a former Canadian Football League running back for the Edmonton Eskimos. He attended Haliburton Highlands Secondary School (HHSS). In Bradley's senior year, he ran a 10:84 in the 100m which remains the school's record to this day. He is a graduate from the University of Waterloo, where he started in 1997. He is now a Durham Regional Police Constable.

title: Mike Bradley (Canadian football)


text:
New Providence Football League

The New Providence Football League was the highest form of football on the island of New Providence.

Before 2008, the champion of the New Providence Football League would compete with the champion of the Grand Bahama Football League to determine the national title. In 2008, the two leagues merged to form the BFA Senior League.

New Providence Football League Champions

 * 1991/92 : Britam United
 * 1992/93 : Britam United
 * 1993/94 : Britam United
 * 1994/95 : Britam United
 * 1995/96 : JS Johnson United
 * 1996/97 – Cavalier FC
 * 1997/98 – Cavalier FC
 * 1998/99 – Cavalier FC
 * 1999/2000 – Cavalier FC

 * 2000/01 – Cavalier FC
 * 2001/02 – Bears FC
 * 2002/03 – Bears FC
 * 2003/04 – Bears FC
 * 2005 – Caledonia Celtic
 * 2005/06 – Caledonia Celtic
 * 2007 – Bears FC
 * 2008 – Bears FC

title: New Providence Football League


text:
Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein

Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein was a county of the Sauerland of Germany. Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein was a partition of Sayn-Wittgenstein, comprising the southern portion of the Wittgenstein County. In 1657, it was partitioned into Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein and Sayn-Wittgenstein-Vallendar.

Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein (1607–1657)

 * Louis II (1607–34)
 * John (1634–57)

title: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein


text:
Talk:University of Lima

Scientific Programme
University of Lima doesnt have Chemistry department. Also there arent Biology or Physics ones, its time for this university began developments on this areas and dont letting their scientific investigation curtailed.HappyApple 01:19, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Horrible article
This article is so clearly the result of some guys on the model UN team wanting to have thier names on the internet that it's actually funny. Someone should remove all that stuff and add facts about, you know, the actual university of lima and stuff. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.163.207.243 (talk) 06:03, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Lima


text:
Malcolm Frank

Baldwin Malcolm Frank (born December 5, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the World League of American Football (WLAF), National Football League (NFL), and Canadian Football League (CFL). He won two Grey Cup championships with the Edmonton Eskimos, in 2003 and 2005.

Frank was born in Mamou, Louisiana and played scholastic football at Beaumont Central High School in Texas.

College career
While attending Baylor University, Malcolm Frank was a three-year starter,  and finished his career with 5 interceptions, and 131 tackles.

Professional career
Frank began his pro career by signing with the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent in 1991. He was with the team through training camp, but was released late in the pre-season.

From there he was selected by the Orlando Thunder in the fourth round of the 1992 WLAF Draft.

After a solid WLAF campaign, he returned to the Seahawks, and appeared in 15 games during the 1992 season.

In 1993 he once again was with the Seahawks through training camp, but was again released late in the pre-season.

He then embarked on a long career in the CFL, beginning with the Sacramento Gold Miners in 1994 and the San Antonio Texans in 1995.

He later played with the Edmonton Eskimos, from 1996 to 1998, and after a three-year retirement, from 2002 to 2006. He was an all star in 2004. At the end of the 2006 season Frank retired and now resides in Houston, Texas as a successful CB coach for the Channelview Falcons.

title: Malcolm Frank


text:
Talk:.nz

Who is the .NZ Registry
Is the "Registry" for .nz really the Domain Name Commissioner? She's the commissioner, but surely the registry is actually NZ Registry Services .Karora 11:02, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Given the distinct lack of response to that comment over (heh, exactly :-) a year... I have now corrected it, added a history section and stuff.  There's a wee bit more still to do to tidy things a little.  Some of you no doubt know of my relationship to the .nz infrastructure etc. (which is why I only put my earlier comment on the talk page here), it would be nice if you could indicate here that you believe I have done these changes in a neutral fashion and with good references to back it up - or bitch at me about it, of course! Karora 04:18, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

It all looks good to me - both correct and neutral. Thanks. JayDaley (talk) 09:18, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.internetnz.net.nz/proceedings/tf/archive/wg-domainz-model-review/dmrwg001020report-final.html
 * In .nz on 2011-05-20 22:32:06, 404 Not Found
 * In .nz on 2011-05-31 15:07:29, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 15:07, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Dead link 2
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-nzrs-srs-00.txt
 * In .nz on 2011-05-20 22:32:06, 404 Not Found
 * In .nz on 2011-05-31 15:07:41, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 15:07, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

2nd level registrations possible since October 2013
As per this discussion:

http://dnc.org.nz/second_level_proposal_c3

And the fact that some of the registrars do let you register a .nz at 2nd level (foo.nz), we should change the information about the domain being only available at third level (foo.org.nz).

I would suggest a small paragraph mentioning the proposal mentioned above making it clear that the decision was recent (also it was already 1 year ago). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexis Wilke (talk • contribs) 21:17, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080411094206/http://www.dnc.org.nz/content/dispute_and_complaint.pdf to http://dnc.org.nz/content/dispute_and_complaint.pdf
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title: Talk:.nz


text:
William Stringfellow

Frank William Stringfellow (1928–1985) was an American lay theologian, lawyer and social activist. He was active mostly during the 1960s and 1970s.

Early life and education
Born in Johnston, Rhode Island, on April 26, 1928, he grew up in Northampton, Massachusetts, and graduated from  Northampton High School in 1945. He managed to obtain several scholarships and entered Bates College in Lewiston, Maine, at the age of fifteen. He later earned a scholarship to the London School of Economics and served in the US 2nd Armored Division. Stringfellow then attended Harvard Law School. After his graduation, he moved to a slum tenement in Harlem, New York City, to work among poor African Americans and Hispanics.

Activism
His career of activism can be traced to his junior year at Bates, when he organized a sit-in at a local Maine restaurant that refused to serve people of color. It was his first foray into social activism, and he never looked back. Just a few years later, Stringfellow gained a reputation as a strident critic of the social, military and economic policies of the US and as a tireless advocate for racial and social justice. That justice, he declared, could be realized only if it were pursued according to a serious understanding of the Bible and the Christian faith. He was particularly active in the Civil Rights Movement and has spoken extensively about civil disobedience through nonviolence and integration, particularly in an interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro?.

As a Christian, he viewed his vocation as a commitment, bestowed upon him in baptism, to a lifelong struggle against the "powers and principalities", which he believed systemic evil is sometimes called in the New Testament, or "Power of Death". He proclaimed that being a faithful follower of Jesus means to declare oneself free from all spiritual forces of death and destruction and to submit oneself single-heartedly to the power of life. In contrast to most younger liberal Protestant theologians of his time, Stringfellow insisted on the primacy of the Bible for Christians as they undertook such precarious and inherently dangerous work. This placed him not within the camp of evangelicalism, but that of neo-orthodoxy, particularly the part of that school influenced by the Swiss Reformed theologian Karl Barth, who made a rare compliment to Stringfellow on his only visit to the US. Yet others might classify him as a harbinger of the later liberation theology during the 1970s and 1980s. Although, to be clear, Stringfellow himself was ultimately critical of any self-described political theology that would allow itself to function as a closed ideology. During his lifetime, similar ideas to Stringfellow's could be found in the writings of the French critic Jacques Ellul, with whom he had an ongoing correspondence.

He made pointed criticisms of theological seminaries: those of the liberal Protestant mainline were theologically shallow, their curriculum and ethos a mixture of "poetic recitations ... social analysis, gimmicks, solicitations, sentimentalities, and corn." On the other hand, he considered fundamentalist/orthodox institutions to isolate themselves from modern society; he commented, "... if they actually took the Bible seriously they would inevitably love the world more readily ... because the Word of God is free and active in the world." These conditions were, he felt, symptomatic of the twin errors of acculturated religious liberalism and authoritarian dogmatism, two options American Christians usually chose from in order to achieve the same goal: domesticating the Gospel and thus blunting its transformative impact on both individuals and the state. Instead of concerning himself with the US academic theological scene, Stringfellow sought an audience of law and business students, especially those who opted to embrace Christian beliefs and all the while fully involved themselves in the world.

A lawyer by profession, Stringfellow's chief legal interests pertained to constitutional law and due process. He dealt with both every day in Harlem as he represented victimized tenants, accused persons who would otherwise have inadequate counsel in the courts, and impoverished African Americans who were largely excluded from public services like hospitals and government offices.

Throughout his student days Stringfellow had involved himself in the World Student Christian Federation. He later became deeply immersed in the World Council of Churches, as well as his native denomination, the Episcopal Church (Anglican), where he supported the ordination of women. Stringfellow was also involved with the Sojourners Community in Washington, DC. He also harbored at his Block Island home the Jesuit priest Daniel Berrigan, who went underground after fleeing from federal authorities for acts of civil disobedience.

Influence
Stringfellow's foremost contribution to theological thought is to see in "images, ideologies, and institutions" the primary contemporary manifestations of the demonic powers and principalities often mentioned in the Bible. This outlook made him categorically suspicious of activities of governments, corporations, and other organizations, including the institutional churches, a viewpoint that placed him at odds with the nearly-ubiquitous "progressive" sentiments of the mid-20th century. In the mid-1960s, he defended Bishop James Pike against charges of heresy lodged against him by his fellow Episcopal bishops, believing them moved more by politics (i.e., appeasement of the denomination's conservatives such as Southerners and the wealthy) than serious faith.

Recent treatments of his body of work include those by theologian Walter Wink, Bill Wylie-Kellermann and Sharon Delgado, all ordained United Methodist ministers. He has also influenced later Roman Catholics, including John Dear and journalist Nathan Schneider, as well as evangelical social activists, Jim Wallis and Shane Claiborne, and biblical scholar, Wes Howard Brook.

Personal life
He had a longtime relationship with the Methodist poet Anthony Towne from the 1960s until Anthony died in 1980. He wrote A Simplicity of Faith: My Experience in Mourning (1982) afterwards, wherein he identified Anthony as "my sweet companion for seventeen years." He never publicly identified himself as a homosexual, but wrote and spoke on the topic, always denouncing the idolatry of both homophobia (as it is now called) in churches and the "ostentation" of gay culture, which he believed too often encouraged assuaging loneliness with lust and promiscuity. He died from diabetes on March 2, 1985. That ailment was a consequence of life-threatening surgery in 1968 which removed his pancreas, and episode recounted in detail in his book A Second Birthday.

William Stringfellow Award
Since the 2000–2001 academic year, Bates College annually recognizes a student and a citizen in Maine for their work pursuing peace and justice. The Office of the Chaplain at Bates Colleges gives these awards to individuals who they find have "courageous and sustained commitment to redressing the systemic, root causes of violence and social injustice."

Books

 * The Life of Worship and the Legal Profession, New York; New York National Council, 1955 (available in reprint). ISBN 9780598471550
 * A Public and Private Faith, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1962; Eugene, Ore. : Wipf and Stock Pub., 1999, ISBN 9781579102159
 * Instead of Death, New York, NY: Seabury Press, 1963. Eugene, OR : Wipf & Stock, 2004. ISBN 9781592448739
 * My People Is the Enemy, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964; Eugene, OR : Wipf & Stock, 2005. ISBN 9781597523226
 * Free in Obedience, New York, NY: Seabury Press, 1964; 	Eugene, Or. : Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2006. ISBN 9781597529525
 * Dissenter in a Great Society, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. ISBN 9781597524193
 * (with Anthony Towne) The Bishop Pike Affair, New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1967. ISBN 9781556353260
 * Count It All Joy, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1967;	Eugene, OR : Wipf and Stock, 1999. ISBN 9781579102913
 * Imposters of God: Inquiries into Favorite Idols, Washington, DC: Witness Books, 1969.
 * A Second Birthday, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970.
 * (with Anthony Towne) Suspect Tenderness: The Ethics of the Berrigan Witness, New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971.
 * An Ethic for Christians and Other Aliens in a Strange Land, Waco, TX: Word, 1973. 	Eugene, Or. : Wipf & Stock, 2004. ISBN 9781592448746
 * (with Anthony Towne) The Death and Life of Bishop Pike, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976.
 * Instead of Death, 2nd Edition, New York, NY: Seabury Press, 1976.
 * Conscience and Obedience, Waco, TX: Word, 1977.
 * A Simplicity of Faith: My Experience in Mourning, Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1982.
 * The Politics of Spirituality, Philadelphia, PA: Westminster Press, 1984.
 * Foreword to Melvin E. Schoonover, Making All Things Human: A Church in East Harlem, New York; Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.

title: William Stringfellow


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bikehelmet

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete (11:05, 13 Jun 2005 Geogre deleted "Bikehelmet" (Libel page)) - Mailer Diablo 00:45, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bikehelmet

 * Delete. Non-notable. One google hit for real name. Rmhermen 01:22, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as either attack page or nonsense. Actually, probably a mixture of both.  Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  01:33, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity/non-notable, I'd say speedy as attack as well due to the "road head" thing. Mr Bound 02:11, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * It's gone. Speedy deleted. - Mailer Diablo 00:45, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Hallie Todd

Hallie Todd (born January 7, 1962) is an American actress. She played Penny Waters on Brothers, Jo McGuire on Lizzie McGuire, and Rhoda Markowitz on Murder, She Wrote. She also made guest appearances on many other television shows such as The Golden Girls, Highway to Heaven, Malcolm in the Middle, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, and Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Early life
Todd is the second child of actress Ann Morgan Guilbert and writer/producer George Eckstein. Her mother carried her to term while appearing on The Dick Van Dyke Show, although the pregnancy was not part of the story line and was covered up with loose fit clothing and close up camera angles. Todd attended Palisades Charter High School and the Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts.

Career
She played a homeless character, “The Kid,” on a Christmas episode of Growing Pains. She played Penny Waters, the daughter of fictional former football player Joe Waters on the Showtime comedy series Brothers, which is her longest lasting role. In 1990, a year after Brothers left the air, Todd moved into her next sitcom role as spunky writer-and-aspiring-comedian Kate Griffin on Going Places.

Later roles include Lal, Data's daughter on the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Offspring"; Blanche's niece, Lucy, on The Golden Girls episode "Nice and Easy"; the mother in the Disney Channel original movie The Ultimate Christmas Present; Hilda's and Zelda's cousin Marigold, Amanda's mother, on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch; and as Lizzie's mother, Jo McGuire, on Lizzie McGuire.

She appeared in seven episodes of Murder, She Wrote, all but one as "Rhoda Markowitz", assistant to Keith Michell's sleuth, Dennis Stanton. Todd starred in the feature film The Mooring, which she co-wrote with her husband and daughter. The film was released on DVD, digital download and Video on Demand on February 19, 2013. Todd is the co-founder of the film production company In House Media and also teaches acting classes and privately coaches.

In 2016, Todd was seen starring in Universal's An American Girl: Lea to the Rescue. She was cast in The Last Champion, and executive produced and performed in the film. Her husband, Glenn Withrow, directed the project. He and Todd co-wrote the screenplay along with their daughter, Ivy Withrow, VP of Development for the company. In House Media Film Partners was born when Todd and Withrow were inspired to create a family production company after Withrow's experiences working with Francis Ford Coppola on five films, starting with The Outsiders.

Personal life
Todd is married to director/producer Glenn Withrow. They have a daughter, Ivy.

Books
In between her acting roles, Todd wrote two books, Being Young Actors and Parenting The Young Actor.

title: Hallie Todd


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Sayn-Wittgenstein-Vallendar

Sayn-Wittgenstein-Vallendar was a County of the Holy Roman Empire. It was created as a partition of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Wittgenstein, and was inherited by Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein in 1775.

Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Vallendar (1657–1775)

 * Friedrich Wilhelm (1657–1685|85)
 * Johann Friedrich (1685–1718)
 * Franz Friedrich Hugo (1718–1769)
 * Johann Wilhelm (1718–1775)

title: Sayn-Wittgenstein-Vallendar


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User:On Par!

Automobile

title: User:On Par!


text: User talk:On Par!

title: User talk:On Par!


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User:PAR/Work7

The essential point that Smith makes is the condition on which the mass added to a system does no work and adds no heat to that system.

The no-work no-heat (NWNH) scenario
This section gives a scenario where the only increase in internal energy of a system is due to the addition of an infinitesimal amount of mass.

Consider an infinitesimally small system (the small system) connected by a mass-permeable wall to a macroscopic system (the large system), the composite system surrounded by an isolating enclosure. Both systems are composed of the same single component, both are at the same temperature, pressure, density, etc.

The small system has infinitesimal extensive variables of energy, entropy, volume, and mole fraction $$\Delta U, \Delta S, \Delta V, \Delta N$$. (Again, the $$\Delta 's$$ are infinitesimals, not finite differences.) The large system has extensive variables $$U,S,V,N$$. Both systems have the same intensive variables $$u=\Delta U/\Delta N=U/N,\,s=\Delta S/\Delta N=S/N,\,v=\Delta V/\Delta N=V/N$$ and the same temperature T and pressure P.

The small system, is reversibly compressed until its volume is zero and all of its mass has been injected into the large system. This work adds energy to the large system in the amount of $$-P\,\Delta V$$. Now extract work energy by allowing the system to reversibly expand, regaining the lost volume volume $$\Delta V$$. Energy in the amount of $$P\,\Delta V$$ is extracted, the net work done is now zero. The net effect is the same as if the mass-permeable wall were simply removed and the large system was redefined to include the small system, obviously requiring no work and adding no heat. It is also equivalent to reversibly compressing and expanding the composite system by volume $$\Delta V$$, again requiring no work and adding no heat.

My analysis of the NWNW scenario
Both Smith and Alvarez agree that $$dU=dQ+dW+dR$$ where $$dR$$ is the energy added due to the addition of mass. The Euler equation for the small system is $$\Delta U=T\Delta S-P\Delta V+\mu\Delta N$$ and for the large system $$U=TS-PV+\mu N$$. In terms of mass specific quantities, the Euler equation is the same for both systems $$u=Ts-Pv+\mu$$. In terms of densities ($$u'=U/V$$, etc.), the Euler equation is the same for both systems $$u'=Ts'-P+\mu n'$$. The fundamental equation for the large system in terms of mass specific quantities is $$du=Tds-Pdv$$ and in terms of densities, $$du=Tds+\mu dn$$. Changes in the large system are denoted by $$dU,\,dS,\,dV,\,dN$$, etc.

In general, when both systems have the same intensive parameters, and since the total change in mass of the large system is $$dN=\Delta N$$

 * $$dR=\Delta U=u\,dN$$
 * $$dW=-P(dV-\Delta V)=-P(dV-v\,dN)$$

In other words, the reversible mechanical work done on the large system is the negative of the pressure times that portion of the increase in volume not associated with the added mass $$dV-\Delta V$$. The heat is therefore
 * $$dQ=dU-dW-dR=(dU-u\,dN)+P(dV-v\,dN)$$

In the NWNH scenario, the total changes are only those due to the added mass. $$dU$$ is just the energy added by the mass and is equal to $$u\Delta N=u\,dN$$ so the first term on the right is zero. Likewise, the change in volume $$dV$$ is just the volume of the added mass and is equal to $$dV=v\,\Delta N=v\,dN$$ so the second term on the right (the work) is zero. It follows that the energy added as heat is zero. This definition of the energy added by the mass $$dR=\Delta U=u\,\Delta N$$ seems intuitively obvious, and the definition of work as the negative of pressure times that portion of the increase in volume not associated with the added mass $$dV-\Delta V$$ seems also intuitively obvious.

Using the Euler equation for the large system, the heat may also be expressed as:

 * $$dQ=dU+PdV-(Ts+\mu)dN$$

Alvarez' analysis of the NWNW scenario
According to Alvarez

 * $$dR=(\mu+Ts)dN\,\,\,\,\,\mathrm{(eq. 23)}$$

Using the Euler equation this becomes:

 * $$dR=(u+Pv)dN$$

rather than $$dR=u\,dN$$. The work is:

 * $$dW=-P\,dV$$

rather than $$dW=-P(dV-v\,dN)$$ and therefore

 * $$dQ=dU+PdV-(\mu+Ts)dN$$

which agrees with the above result for heat, but the work (dW) and the energy of the added mass (dR) do not agree. Alvarez states that the work done in the NWNH scenario is not zero but rather $$-P\,dV_m$$, which does not seem correct.

title: User:PAR/Work7


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Curtis (Curtis Mayfield album)

Curtis is the debut studio album by American soul musician Curtis Mayfield, released in September 1970. Produced by Mayfield, it was released on his own label Curtom Records. The musical styles of Curtis moved further away from the pop-soul sounds of Mayfield's previous group The Impressions and featured more of a funk and psychedelic-influenced sound. The album's subject matter incorporates political and social concerns of the time.

Curtis sold well at the time charting at number one on the Billboard Black albums (for five nonconsecutive weeks) and number nineteen on the Billboard Pop albums charts. Only the single "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go" charted in the United States; however, an edited version of "Move On Up" would spend 10 weeks in the top 50 of the UK Singles Chart.

In 2020, the album was ranked at number 275 on Rolling Stone's 500 greatest albums of all time list.

Background
Mayfield began work on his own self-titled album in 1970. Although he never intended to leave the Impressions permanently, he would officially leave them in 1971, under recommendation from his business manager Marv Stuart and given the trend for both R&B and rock artists to go solo.

Recording and production
Like with some of his later Impressions work, Mayfield's lyrics reflected the social and political concern rising in black America at the time. Mayfield was one of the earliest artists to speak openly about African-American pride and community struggle. Mayfield reflected upon this time as a "happening era...when people stopped wearing tuxedos...people were getting down a little more."

The album had a more hard edged sound than the Impressions had before. On this new sound Mayfield claimed it was something he "long wanted to do...but were out of category of what was expected of me and the Impressions. What I got off in the Curtis album allowed me to be more personal for myself.". The two singles off the album "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go" and "Move On Up" showcased Mayfield's new funk musical style, while the rest of the tracks were much softer soul based songs. Not having any traditional music lessons, Mayfield claimed his backing band would occasionally comment "gosh, this is a terribly strange key to play in", but still played it accordingly as written. According to Joseph L. Tirabassi of Tiny Mix Tapes, "We the People Who Are Darker Than Blue" exemplified the "gliding soul" and "hard-hitting funk" the rest of the album veered between.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, John Wendell was disappointed by Curtis, finding much of Mayfield's music more rhythmic than melodic, "fragmentary, garbled and frustrating to listen to"; he called the lyrics haphazardly written and mealy-mouthed. "He tries to deal with some pretty serious and complex subjects by stringing together phrases that end with the same sound—whether they make sense together or not", Wendell critiqued. "Sure, it's all subjective, but I can't myself see that what we need is 'Respect for the steeple/power to the people.'" The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was also somewhat unmoved by the album's "essentially middle-class guides to black pride" but qualified his judgment as reflecting a certain degree of cultural relativism on his part, making note of African-American audiences having embraced the record. In the British publication Blues & Soul, John Abbey described the reception of the album in the United States as being "the most exciting project since Isaac Hayes' Hot Buttered Soul" and that it was "certainly one of the most creative and personal albums that I've heard in a long time." Finding it "more progressive musically than anything that Curtis ever did with the Impressions." Abbey commented that "In the States, Curtis is sometimes misunderstood and even considered by some to be a racialist. In truth, he is the complete opposite because every one of his political songs pleads and cries for togetherness as opposed to segregation."

Christgau revisited Curtis in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981) and found it far less middlebrow on further listens; later in Rolling Stone, he said the album is song-for-song "stronger than Superfly". Bruce Eder from AllMusic said Mayfield had "embraced the most progressive soul sounds of the era" on an album that was "practically the Sgt. Pepper's album of '70s soul". While regarding Mayfield's first four albums as forming a timeless, "politically conscious, progressive-soul tetralogy", PopMatters critic Charles Donovan said Curtis has "eight lengthy, politically conscious, progressive soul songs, some easy to connect with, others more challenging and requiring multiple listens", while noting its frequent presence in critics' best album lists. In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Geoffrey Himes wrote that the songs remained irresistibly catchy, even though sometimes Mayfield's messages were oversimplified and the production sounded excessively "ornate". Treblezine names it among the 10 essential albums of psychedelic soul.

Awards
In 1972, Mayfield won the Prix Otis Redding (best R&B album) from the Académie du Jazz for Curtis.

Cover
The song "We People Who Are Darker Than Blue" has been covered by the British rock band Babe Ruth on their third album Babe Ruth.

Track listing
All songs written and composed by Curtis Mayfield except where noted.

Personnel

 * Musicians – Leonard Druss, John Howell, Harold Lepp, Loren Binford, Clifford Davis, Patrick Ferreri, Richard Single, Rudolph Stauber, Donald Simmons, Robert Lewis, Harold Dessent, Ronald Kolber, Harold Klatz, John Ross, Sol Bobrob, Sam Heiman, Elliot Golub, Henry Gibson, Robert Sims, Gary Slabo, Philip Upchurch

Technical personnel

 * Riley Hampton and Gary Slabo – producer, mixer
 * R.J. Anfinson and Tom Flye – recording engineer
 * Curtis Mayfield – producer

title: Curtis (Curtis Mayfield album)


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A. D. Patel

Ambalal Dahyabhai Patel, better known as A.D. Patel (13 March 1905 – 1 October 1969), was an Indo-Fijian politician, farmers' leader and founder and leader of the National Federation Party. Patel was uncompromisingly committed to a vision of an independent Fiji, with full racial integration. He was one of the first to advocate a republic, an ideal not realized in his lifetime. He also advocated a common voters' roll and opposed the communal franchise that characterized Fijian politics.

Early life
Patel was born in the Kheda district of Gujarat, India, on 13 March 1905. He had three brothers and a sister. Ambalal and his younger brother, R. D. Patel, became barristers in Fiji (hence they were known as A.D. and R.D.). Ambalal received his primary and secondary education in Nadiad, which was the site used by Gandhi when he began his non-violent protest in India. He developed a habit of reading very early in his school days and excelled in secondary school. He then entered the prestigious Gujarat College in Ahmedabad and studied economics, politics and history. He graduated with Bachelor of Arts with honours in 1925 at the age of 20.

Following his early academic success, he was sent to prepare to sit for the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. He enrolled in the London School of Economics to improve his chances of success in the exam by gaining direct experience of the English intellectual, social and political scene. In London he rubbed shoulders with other intellectuals from the sub-continent and became aware of the plight of Indians living in the other colonies. He changed his original plan for an ICS career without conferring with his parents joined the Middle Temple to qualify as a barrister, graduating in 1928 at the age of 23.

First marriage
Patel's father tried to persuade him to return and practice law in India and to help with the education of his younger siblings, but in the end helped pay his son's fare from London to Fiji, where he arrived on 11 October 1928. A reason for Patel to not want to return to India was his relationship with an English divorcee, Patricia Catherall Seymour, who had a son from her previous marriage. This was unacceptable for the Patel clan in India, especially since he had been betrothed to a girl from his community before leaving for London. Patricia Seymour arrived in Suva with her young son in 1933, and she and Patel were formally married on 25 January 1934. Their inter-racial marriage was strained by racially defined social hierarchy in Fiji. Patricia was ostracised by the local Europeans and she was unable to communicate with the local Indians. The couple separated in 1939 and divorced in 1943 and Patricia left for New Zealand.

Early involvement in politics
Patel was involved in the 1929 Legislative Council election campaign, together with S. B. Patel and Vishnu Deo, but was ineligible to stand as he did not meet the two-year residency requirement for candidates. He was involved in discussions with the Governor, Sir Murchison Fletcher, to resolve the political crisis brought about by the walkout of Fiji Indian members of the Legislative Council when their demand for common roll was rejected.

By 1930 Patel had taken up leadership positions in a number of organisations. These included president of the Fiji Indian Congress, formed from the merger of two rival organisations, president of the Indian association of Fiji, president of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Patron of the Gujarat Mandal.

In 1935, when there was a proposal to have members of the Legislative Council nominated, instead of elected, Patel, together with Vishnu Deo, led the anti-nomination campaign from outside parliament as President and Secretary of the Indian Association of Fiji.

First election
Patel stood in the 1937 Legislative Council election for the North Western Indian Division. His opponent was Chattur Singh, a law clerk. Chattur Singh polled 671 votes to Patel's 651. Patel's loss was a surprise, especially since he was supported by the Indian Leadership in Fiji, which included Vishnu Deo. His defeat was due to a number of factors. Chattur Singh was a well known Ba resident, he was the President of the Ba branch of the Indian Association and his elder brother, Parmanand Singh, was one of the 3 Indians elected to the Legislative Council in 1929, Patel had angered the Muslim community because of his strong public stance against nomination (The Muslims had asked for their own representative to be nominated), Patel was a Gujarati whom the farmers saw as exploiters because of the high interest rate charged by the Gujarati merchants. The deciding factor was that Chattur Singh had turned the election to one between Fiji-born and India–born and Patel did not make the situation better when he labelled Singh as having been born in a cane field.

General Manager of Sangam
In 1930 when the Sangam set up its first school, Patel became its manager. A. D. worked closely with Sadhu Kuppuswami, the founder of the Sangam, and Swami Avinashananda, sent by the Ramakrishna Mission on a fact finding mission to find out ways of promoting South Indian languages. On 31 October 1937 the Sangam was registered as a limited liability company, with Patel as general manager. Patel managed to persuade the government to exempt the Sangam from laws limiting ownership of land so that the Sangam could own up to one thousand acres (4 km2). Furthermore, Patel sought Sangam representation on the Board of Education, appealed for help in getting teachers from India to teach South Indian languages, and sought building grants from the Government. His persistence paid off when the Government paid the cost to bring two South Indian teachers from India to teach in Sangam schools. Patel's involvement in the Sangam deepened with the arrival of Swami Rudrananda in 1939.

Establishment of the Maha Sangh
Although, in 1938, he had rejected overtures by the Kisan Sangh to take over its leadership, in June 1941, Patel formed the Maha Sangh with the support of Swami Rudrananda. In 1943, he led the sugar cane farmers on a prolonged strike after his demands for an increase in the price of sugar cane in line with inflation was rejected by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company. When the majority of farmers refused to harvest their cane, the Government invoked the Defence Regulation and restricted Patel and Swami Rudrananda to a radius of five miles (8 km) from their homes in Nadi and required them to inform the police in person of their movements. Both Patel and Rudrananda decided to disobey the order and it landed both of them in court. This stirred up the farmers and a large number gathered in Nadi, holding prayer meetings. Shops were closed throughout the Western division. Both were fined £50 each or one month's prison in default. Both refused to pay, but before the five days allowed was over, an anonymous well-wisher paid the fine but Patel later won the case on appeal. The strike in the middle of a world war and his call for Indians to not join the army until they were given the same pay and conditions as Europeans, created a rift between Indians and Fijians which is remembered to this day.

Election wins and losses
The 1943 strike propelled Patel to the forefront of the political arena in Fiji and he easily won the 1944 Legislative Council election, defeating the sitting member for North West Viti Levu, by 1841 votes to 554. He retained the seat in the 1947 election, defeating Chattur Singh by 1972 votes to 1106. In 1948, with the support of three of the five ethnic Indians in the Legislative Council, he was appointed to the Executive Council, outmaneuvering his one-time ally Vishnu Deo. In the legislative council elections in 1950, however, he was defeated by Tulsi Ram Sharma of the rival Kisan Sangh. In the 1953 election, he was defeated by his old rival, Ayodhya Prasad of the Kisan Sangh, by 2718 votes to 1919 votes. During his days in the political wilderness, Patel concentrated on his law practice and continued to support the Sangam and the Ramakrishna Mission.

Family life
In 1947, while in India, Patel married Leela Ben, 20-year-old daughter of an old acquaintance of his. Patel then was 42 years old. They had five children and the break from politics between 1950 and 1963 allowed Patel to devote more time to his family and to his law practice.

1960 sugar cane dispute
With the 1950 contract due to expire in 1960, the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR), in January 1959, drafted a new contract which rolled back most of the gains made by the farmers in the last 20 years. The growers were suspicious of the Company and in May 1959 decided to work together by forming the Federation of Cane Growers. Patel was a leading member of the Federation. A number of meetings were held between the Growers Federation, the Company and the Government. The Company refused to back down as it had a lot of sugar in stock and the talks soon broke down. The Governor suggested a commission of inquiry but this was rejected by Patel, who instead proposed a court of arbitration.

On 24 July 1960, Ayodhya Prasad of Kisan Sangh and Vijay R. Singh of Labasa Kisan Sangh, broke away and signed an agreement with CSR for the purchase of the 1960 crop. Tensions rose as Patel's opponents, B. D. Lakshman and Vijay R. Singh, accused him of again dividing the Indians and leading them further into debt and some Fijians, including Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, made calls to have Patel deported. The government appointed a commission of inquiry, headed by Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve, into the sugar industry. The Federation Committee was represented by Patel, assisted by S.M. Koya. Patel wanted legislation compelling CSR to keep it book of accounts in Fiji so that the Company could not cheat farmers from the proceeds of molasses, establishment of growers co-operative mills to break the monopoly of the CSR, setting up of an independent Sugar Board to oversee smooth functioning of the industry and the abolition of the Sugar Price Stabilisation Fund.

The finding of the commission was mostly against the demands of Patel. The idea of cooperative mill was rejected because the commission believed that the farmers could not manage it when could not even manage farms on their own. The commission supported CSR's idea of setting up wholly owned subsidiary for managing its activities in Fiji and the South Pacific Sugar Mills Limited was born. Future levies to the Sugar price Stabilisation Fund were abolished, although the fund remained in existence. Instead of a Sugar Board the commission recommended an Advisory Sugar Council. The commission agreed that the CSR had profited from molasses but did not recommend price increases demanded by growers. The commission supported the Company's submission of production control by weight instead of area. On the question of sharing the proceeds from the sale of sugar, the growers ended up worse off, getting a basic share of 57.75%, much less than what had been obtained under the 1950-1959 contract (62.6%). Eve also criticised Patel for adopting policies that harmed the growers and not showing a greater sense of responsibility to the country of his adoption.

Formation of Federation Party
The Federation Committee contested the 1963 Legislative Council election under the banner of Citizens Federation. It was not a properly constituted political party but sought to promote economic, cultural and political progress and stability in a united Fiji. All three Citizen's Federation candidates were elected to the Legislative Council. Patel defeated Deo Sharma, president of the Kisan Sangh by 6244 votes to 3346.

The success of the Citizens Federation in the 1963 elections, and the impending constitutional convention, prompted Patel to transform the Citizens Federation into a fully fledged political party. The Federation Party came into existence on 21 June 1964, with Patel as president and S.M. Koya as vice-president.

Member for Social Services
The Membership System was introduced on 1 July 1964, and Patel was appointed as the Member for Social Services taking over responsibility for cultural activities, education, health, prisons, social welfare and charitable societies. During his two years, as Member for Social Services, he carried out a number of significant changes. These included the establishment of the Western Regional Library in Lautoka with branches in Ba, Nadi and Sigatoka, the establishment of the Fiji National Provident Fund, reform to the prisons systems to laying greater emphasis on the reformative side of prisons. Patel promoted non-racial schools and authorised the closure of schools to reduce fragmentation, duplication of effort, unnecessary competition and communal segregation. He attempted to remove race form the names of schools but was unsuccessful due to strong opposition from Fijians. He also urged the Fiji Teachers Union and the Fijian Teachers Association to unite. He also spoke out about the need for a University in Fiji.

Events leading to independence
A constitutional conference in London in 1965 had made minor concessions to Indo-Fijians, abolishing educational and property qualifications for the franchise while confirming the sectarian basis of the electoral system. The September, 1966 elections were fought on the issue of the new constitution with the newly formed Alliance Party applauding it and the Federation Party denouncing it. The Federation Party won all the nine Indian communal seats, obtaining 65.25 percent of the votes cast for these seats. Patel defeated his old rival, Ayodhya Prasad by 7601 votes to 4025. Ratu Mara was elected the Chief Minister and Patel became the Leader of the Opposition.

Ethnic tensions escalated following the adoption of responsible government in 1967, when Patel's arch-rival, the Lauan chief Ratu Kamisese Mara was appointed Chief Minister on 20 September. Mara's Alliance Party was a coalition of indigenous and European factions, with minimal Indo-Fijian participation. Patel and the NFP were consigned to the opposition benches. In protest at the new government's refusal to call a second constitutional conference, Patel led the nine NFP legislators in a mass walkout in September 1967. Missing two consecutive sections of the Legislative Council resulted in the forfeit of their seats, forcing by-elections.

The ensuing by-elections were marked by inter-ethnic violence. Patel's inflammatory language - he called Ratu Mara "a crow among swans," declared that Mara was a swear-word in Gujarati, and characterized Chinese people as "eaters of cats, rats, and bats" - dissipated much of the remaining goodwill that Fijian and British leaders had towards him, and when all nine NFP legislators were returned with increased majorities (In the 1968 election, the NFP won 78.55% of the votes cast. Patel won by 7903 votes to 2772 for Manikam Pillai.), relations between the Indo-Fijian and indigenous communities appeared to be at a new low.

The Denning Award
Patel again took up the case on behalf of the farmers when arbitration proceedings were begun on 19 August 1969 for the new cane contract. He rejected the Eve contract, blaming it for leading the farmers deeper into debt. He spoke about the monopoly position of CSR, its secret accounting procedures, and concealed profits. He asked for a fairer price based on the price of sugar and its by-products. The Denning contract awarded the growers, 65% and the millers 35% of the proceeds of all sale, including molasses. It further guaranteed the growers a minimum price of $7.75 per ton of cane paid in two instalments. Denning commended Patel for having mastery of all the facts and problems of the sugar industry and presenting them with skill and understanding.

Death
Patel died suddenly on 1 October 1969, in the midst of negotiations leading to Fijian independence which was granted barely a year afterwards. Despite his republicanism and his strident opposition to institutionalizing ethnic and sectarian rights, which ethnic Fijians believed best protected their interests, at the time of his death he was beginning to show signs willingness to meet indigenous leaders half-way. His successor as leader of the NFP, Sidiq Koya, did in fact agree to such a compromise with Mara at a London conference in April 1970. Mara was of the opinion, however, that had Patel lived, an agreement with him would have commanded much greater respect in the Indo-Fijian community, such was his stature among them.

Most Fijian leaders today take a kinder view of Patel. In 2005, then-Vice-President Ratu Joni Madraiwiwi concluded after a study of Patel's private correspondence that in reality he was not unsympathetic to indigenous interests, but was misunderstood.

title: A. D. Patel


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User:BobStepno

I'm a college professor, former journalist and software industry writer, online for more than 20 years, now teaching journalism and media studies courses, maintaining various websites and blogs. On a different computer, I originally signed in as Wikipedia user "Bstepno," then misplaced that configuration for some months before resurrecting it. With a half dozen computers in my life, I've inadvertently left one or another logged in with either of these names. However, because I drop in from several locations, computers and browsers, I sometimes make quick edits without logging in.

title: User:BobStepno


text:
Talk:Emancipation of minors

Would like to add external link
U.S. Age of Majority Table this site has several guides to emancipation in different states, and has a nice table that shows age of majority for those states. Pending no objection in one week will add link... --69.251.192.171 (talk) 23:43, 9 January 2008 (UTC) Link Added...--69.251.192.171 (talk) 22:20, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Stub for Laws by Country
Added a section stub notice to the Laws by Country sectiom. This section is evidently incomplete as it clearly states that the section should cover other countries, but only currently covers two states, both in the USA. I also believe the whole article to be a stub, and therefore will add a whole article stub notice under the International Law category

This really has nothing to do with International Law, it's Family Law. I removed the Intl Law category designation.

 * Actually isn't it purely American law? I don't think the term is used elsewhere.Royalcourtier (talk) 08:22, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

California Question!

 * "In Californian law, the minor must be at least 14, be living apart from his/her parents, and be proven to have the means to support him/herself. An emancipated minor has the ability to legally sign for himself/herself, something a normal minor cannot do."

Is this accurate, and is it as simple as this or does the minor need any other reasons or comply with other conditions. Igorndhaswog 00:37, 4 February 2007 (UTC)
 * "In Illinois the requirments for most things is seventeen years of age do I need to be emancipated at seventeen or are the respects of leaving appropriate. In other words can I up and leave like a typical eighteen year old if I'm not happy with my family's way of living. Suppose i work 30 hours a week and get passing grades in school, if i can afford it then why can't I? I guess what I'm trying to ask is can we leave at seventeen?" Anonymous 00:00, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
 * In Cal., it is extremely rare and difficult for minors aged 14 to 17 to be emancipated, be placed into foster care or another guardian by voluntary choice. Minors in California due to the state constitution: the adult age of 18 and the drinking age 21 which is considerably the real adult age, is strictly enforced, are placed into a restrictive category thus their legal and social status is low. Minors cannot speak for themselves nor have an attorney in the state family court and state/county juvenile court hearings, including cases when the minor is a defendant/ suspect of a juvenile law crime. Usually the judge places them into custody of the next of kin (biological, not necessarily legally defined families, like relatives by-marriage or in-law) within the limits of county and state jurisdiction, and intra-state or international custody battles of where a minor can move in with, have low value in laws of our 50 states and the United States. It is difficult to be adopted as much it is to be emancipated, along with the paternalistic authoritarian foster care system in the last 40-some years proved to be a disaster. A teenager is simply told by authorities to "live with your folks, don't run away from home, attend or stay in public school, earn your HS graduation diploma and find a part-time job afterward" instead of defending the minor's right to escape from abusive parents and/or a dysfunctional home. Mike D 26 (talk) 07:18, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

DON'T GET IT
Emancipation. Emanacipation! Whatever. Nobody can offer information on this subject to me. I always rely on Wikipedia to give me all this great information. Ive searched everywhere for information, Councilers, teachers, police officers, web pages, librarys and every where elese. Why is this topic not out there? Is our government afraid of too many minors being granted this right? If anyone has any information regarting minor imacipation, especialy in the states of arkansas and missouri, please post information here. Share information and help make some lifes better. Pecas --68.46.245.35 02:47, 14 April 2007 (UTC)Angel
 * Unfortunately, Arkansas and Missouri don't have emancipation laws.. Meaning that they don't offer emancipation. It is not impossible to break new legal ground however it is close to it...
 * I was emancipated by court order in the state of Virginia at age 17, back in February of 2007. So, I'm very familiar with the emancipation process. I've edited the article, and I'm happy to answer any questions you have.Piercetheorganist

Not true. Emancipation in Missouri exists for minors as young as 17. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.47.159.147 (talk) 07:23, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * He meant the state of Mississippi (their adult age remains in 21), Alabama (age 19) and the majority of (by surprise) southern states, where a deeper social conservative culture runs deep in state and local politics. The more liberal and progressive Northern (esp. East coast) states seem to lean toward emancipation laws, except they are declared useless in the early 21st century. Take a look at New York, California and Illinois are two states where self-emancipation was made impractical and the child divorce laws in Florida are treated like a legal oddity about to be repealed in any moment. Has the USA declared teens inable to live their own lifes until they turn a certain age or obtained a high school diploma? There's a moralistic psuedo-religious or a political correct statist conspiracy against children and teenagers. It is up to the parents to "own" them, society to devalue them and the state to control them because teenagers are minors. Mike D 26 (talk) 07:35, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Rights
The article says that in most cases, emancipated minors have the same rights as adults in regard to purchasing tobacco, pornography, lottery tickets, and firearms. I was under the impression that to buy these things, you had to be a certain age. I thought that the law specifically said that you had to be 18 or 21 to do these things. I even asked my law studies teacher about it, and he said that the age restrictions would probably still apply, even if a minor was emanicpated. Could someone please clarify this for me? Emperor001 20:45, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Clarification: the article as I, an emancipated minor, rewrote it said "...excluding...". The moron at 209.247.21.237 vandalized it. I've changed it back. You are correct, all ATF laws still apply. Emancipation only relates to matters of consent and matters of finances--it allows you to live essentially an adult life...work, sign contracts, seek healthcare, etc.

 * What about things like watching R-rated movies that a minor can only due if a partent consents? Also, what about signatures that schools make students get on progess reports? Can an emancipated minor sign his/her own progress report? Emperor001 23:08, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, you can sign your own progress reports. You can sign anything--all legal documents (i.e. legal papers, medical consent forms, armed forces sign-up forms, financial documents, etc.). In that respect, you have absolutely the exact same rights as an adult. There is nothing you cannot legally sign on your own. Piercetheorganist 23:54, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

 * R-rated movies? Yes, you're allowed to, because you are your own guardian (same as an adult) and can therefore decide what you will and will not expose yourself to. Some states issue you an emancipated minor ID card, which would make it a lot easter getting past the ticket booth if they card you. Personally, I never had an problem, but unless you can show them some sort of state-issue emancipated minor ID they probably aren't going to let you in under 18. Really, that kind of stuff isn't addressed by the legal system, because kids that are in a position to be emancipated are kids who are very serious about needing to work and go to high school and try to put themselves thru college. Emancipated minors typically aren't rich trust-fund babies who have the time and money to be able to afford to kick back and go watch R-rated movies. Most emancipated minors work several jobs to pay rent, etc., cuz they leave home with $0.00; like my attorney said about the rarity of emancipations: "no judge in his/her right mind is going to emancipate a kid with a big trust fund; emancipated minors are expected to be hard workers and keep a low profile...not move out, buy a nice car, blast death metal till 4 AM, consume alcohol and illicit drugs, etc." Refer to the part of the article which says "On the other end of the spectrum are minors who are seeking emancipation for superficial reasons, such as not being pleased with their parent's/guardian's rules. In those cases, the emancipation will most likely be denied." -- emancipation isn't for "we just can't get along; everyone's always yelling at everyone else all the time; I hate being told what to do, I want to be able to say how drunk I can get and how late I can stay out; rules suck; I hate my parents; etc."...emancipation is for "there is a solidly-documented and ongoing situation of emotional/verbal abuse in the household, and I've proven by working hard, steady jobs for several years that I can fully support myself financially and that I am a responsible and law-abiding person who can and will contribute to society and maintain a low profile". Basically, you need to prove to the judge that you can and will support yourself, that you won't give the police or other citizens any trouble, that you won't end up on welfare, that you're insanely mature and calm, that this is the right thing for you beyond the shadow of a doubt, etc. In other words, you basically need to be Jesus and Draco needs to be your dad. Piercetheorganist 23:54, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

I am a older sister... 67.181.70.28 06:37, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I have removed your post because it is extremely not appropriate to put that on Wikipedia. This talk page is for discussions about the writing of the article only. You're seeking legal strategies and advice, and it sounds like you need counseling. Not only is it dangerous for you post something like that here, it is also inappropriate, and it is dangerous for Wikipedia and anyone who gives you legal advice. PLEASE get the help you need, but get it from the correct forum--go to a lawyer and a counselor, not a Wikipedia talk page. There are plenty of accredited free online legal resources for people in crisis, where you can speak to actual lawyers who can give you sound legal advice and help protect you. Piercetheorganist 23:39, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

In Ohio it's illegal to emancipate yourself, and I see a lot of people going through hard times that need this right, but it's forbidden. I don't understand that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.27.141.33 (talk) 03:05, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * In most states in the year 2011, self-emancipation of minors is illegal and will never be approved of by county and state juvenile courts. In states where it is legal, the current-day mentality of teenagers are "grown kids" made self-emancipation relatively impossible and these laws may be shelved to the history bin of repealed legislation. What about proof of evidence these teens are under threat of domestic violence or emotional/verbal angst, and being treated like a financial burden or high-risk to be abandoned by their biological parents? The question is the legality of minors have rights as US citizens in all 50 states and how the United States is the toughest country for children and teens to grow up in, when it comes to recognition of their civil rights regardless of age. Mike D 26 (talk) 07:22, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Middle ground
"Emancipations are rarely granted, because of the narrowness of the definition of "best interest". On one end of the spectrum are minors who have been victims of abuse; in most cases, the state's department of child services is notified and the child is placed in foster care. On the other end of the spectrum are minors who are seeking emancipation for superficial reasons, such as not being pleased with their parent's/guardian's rules. In those cases, the emancipation will most likely be denied."

Why doesn't this article describe middle ground such as a (hypothetical) minor's guardian dies and the next legal guardian lives somewhat far away and the minor requests to get emancipated? Would it be at all possible to get emancipated in such a case?

Overall, this article is a good start, but I think it could describe more, unless there really is so little info on it. LtDonny 18:55, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * You hit the nail on the head, LtDonny -- there is very little information available on the topic. I speak from experience, as I was emancipated. If you read the actual text of the emancipation statute in states which have one, you'll notice that it's one of the most archaic laws on the book, as child/family laws go -- emancipation was originally developed for children who needed to leave home in order to move elsewhere and work so that they could support their families -- it goes back to the 1800s, to the days where rural areas were largely poverty-stricken and the best shot you had of a paying job (and, in many cases, getting an education) was to go apprentice yourself to a tradesman in a more urbanized area. Bear in mind that the man to whom you were apprenticed was your master and he quartered you and apprenticed you in exchange for your hard work. Learning a trade was your only shot at moving up in the world -- i.e. being able to support yourself and send money back home to your family to support them. In that sense, it is somewhat similar to the way in which illegal immigration functions today. It is only recently (i.e. within the last 30 years or so) that emancipation has been used to free mature minors from abusive/alcoholic/dysfunctional homes. That said, it is used so very very rarely -- consider the number of teenagers who hate their parents' rules and think they could do just fine on their own (probably most teenagers), versus the number who get emancipated, or even know what emancipation is (very very few). Unfortunately there are no statistics available (to the best of my knowledge and research) as to the exact numbers of emancipations throughout recent history, and that speaks to the fact that it is a largely-unknown, little-used legal mechanism. I know that when I was emancipated (in a not-so-rural area of northern Virginia), I was the first emancipatee in 24 years in that county. Some states don't even have an emancipation law on the books. So the article, as I and others have written it, seems to contain all the readily-available information on the subject of emancipation -- the websites referenced are the only ones which seem to contain any kind of info/data on the topic. Piercetheorganist 07:08, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I find your comments on the history of emancipation interesting and would love to see some of this information in the article.Peter Chastain (talk) 03:08, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * As to the question you asked ("Why doesn't this article describe middle ground such as a (hypothetical) minor's guardian dies and the next legal guardian lives somewhat far away and the minor requests to get emancipated? Would it be at all possible to get emancipated in such a case?"): the answer is maybe. The basis for granting an emancipation is whether or not the minor can prove to a judge, beyond reasonable doubt, the he/she is capable of living on his/her own -- being able to function in society as a contributor (pay taxes, follow laws, hold a job, etc.). So the minor needs to demonstrate that they are calm, mature, reasonably intelligent, familiar with the basic laws of our society, that they have a steady paying job and a place of their own to live, that they have a clean track record as far as infractions with the law are concerned, and that they generally will be a contributor to society rather than an obnoxious, arrogant punk kid who's going to go to parties and get drunk and high, and blast loud music, and drive over the speed limit, and be generally disrespectful. So basically you have to convince the judge that you're an adult even though your age isn't quite there yet. In some cases, there is a genuine need to remove you from a dysfunctional household, but the judge won't believe that you're mature/experienced enough to function on your own, in which case the state's children's services department will be called in to devise a suitable living situation (usually a foster home). Piercetheorganist 07:08, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

USA bias
I think this article is not particularly encyclopaedic! Why is there no section on emancipation in other countries apart from America? Contrary to popular belief there is a world outside of the USA!! 131.111.195.8 (talk) 00:54, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * That's what the Globalise/USA tag is for, and since I agree with you I've added it to this article. I've also put a fact tag next to the assertion that emancipation is possible in "most countries", since I think that requires proof. Incidentally, a Google search for "emancipation of minors" among .uk sites only gives ZERO hits, and I (from the UK) have never heard the phrase used outside an American context. It is not, as the article and many of the Talk page comments seem to assume, an everyday subject for everyone. Loganberry (Talk) 14:36, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I've contributed very substantially to this article, because I was emancipated this time last year and so have quite a bit of personal experience with the topic. My intents here have been in good faith, and I consider all the knowledge I've contributed to be spot-on encyclopedic. What's NOT encyclopedic is making comments here such as "Contrary to popular belief there is a world outside of the USA!!" -- again, I feel that I've worked very hard here in good faith, and I do resent that you (131.111.195.8) have assumed otherwise...and, furthermore, been so arrogant as to inject your personal anti-USA political views into this. THAT SAID -- I do agree that this article is overall specific to the emancipation process in the United States. That's the case simply because I, as an American emancipated in the USA, simply have no experience with which to write about emancipation in other countries. It's not some sort of conspiracy to edge out knowledge pertaining to other nations -- it's simply that I, the main contributor, have a lack of knowledge thereof. If you, or another foreign national, DO have verifiable encyclopedic knowledge to contribute on the topic of emancipation: then please, by all means, do so! I agree that the article would benefit from it. But please, in your future dealings, assume good faith rather than come in with anti-USA attacks. Mr. P. S. Phillips (talk) 02:25, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Read all about it! Wikipedia has brand new NPOV and civility guidelines. Oh wait, they've been there for ages. Huh, perhaps certain users should read them and stop looking like a dick. -- Pump me  up  16:10, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Something about that sounds inherently self-contradictory/hypocritical. I think it's the sarcasm and the use of words like "dick" as adjectives to describe people. I don't see a lot of good faith there, nor benefit to this article. This article is good so far, but does need some work. Perhaps you have something useful and neutral to contribute to it, in good faith? Mr. P. S. Phillips (talk) 17:47, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Emancipation is a common-law concept freeing a child from parental ownership, as children were once seen as their fathers' chattel, like slaves. The derivative parental control remains in some jurisdictions and not in others, so even among common-law countries emancipation isn't universal. In the UK, where the idea of children as chattel has long gone, emancipation is a dead concept. Similarly in Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, which have followed a similar route. It remains in USA, Canada and South Africa. I think you'd have to wade through all common-law countries to find out exactly where emancipation is available. Jonh333 (talk) 07:34, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The reason there are no UK hits on juvenile emancipation is that the UK treats children fundamentally differently from the US. Let me see if I can give my foreigner's (English) understanding of emancipation in the US and explain why it doesn't apply in English (or Scottish) law. I gave the tldr above.
 * US law is all about competing rights and responsibilities. The child, the state, and the parents all have competing rights. When the rights of the minor compete with those of the parent, the parent wins out almost every time. (Rare exceptions include the expanding rights of adolescents in health decisions, but these were primarily introduced to treat drug addiction and STDs, which adolescents might be afraid to tell their parents about, and grew out of states' rights to prevent unchecked epidemics.) A parent has the duty to raise the child and is given custody and control until the child has reached an age of maturity. The parent must provide for and manage the minor's accommodation, food, finances, contractual obligations, education – pretty much everything. The minor doesn't and cannot, except with the parent's permission. So American kids can't legally arrange their finances or enter into enforceable contracts, etc. Where the rights of the state and the rights of the parent clash, the state has to show a compelling interest. This exceeds the level of need it must show when the state's rights clash with the child's. A minor's constitutional rights are watered down relative to those of an adult, which is why US jurisdictions can impose indefinite juvenile curfews on minors but not on adults, and why the presence of a parent may obviate such a curfew. In the case of Gault, 1967, the right of the state, as parens patriae, to deny to the child procedural rights available to his elders was elaborated by the assertion of the US Supreme Court that a child, unlike an adult, has a right "not to liberty, but to custody." The tide may be turning from this paternalistic understanding of children's rights, but it turns slowly.
 * An individual's recognized age of maturity defaults to the age of majority defined by each state. At this age the rights of control and most of the duties of the parents to the child cease, and minors take on their own responsibilities. They can manage their own finances, enter into contracts, file lawsuits on their own behalf, etc. In some states a parental duty to support may extend past this time.
 * Recognition of maturity doesn't just come with age; it can happen through circumstance. If someone under the age of majority controls ther own life independently of either parent, they can be declared emancipated by a court, taking away all legal rights and duties of the parent and giving them to the child to handle on their own behalf. (Even parental obligations that would have persisted past the age of majority.) This is the common law status of emancipation. Emancipation also increases the rights of the minor with respect to the state (although by how much is moot).
 * I think of it as the legal recognition of an existing situation rather than a judicial order to split up (although it can be either in some states, where a court can grant emancipation as an alternative to the care of child services ). The court may declare a minor emancipated if it is relevant to a judgement in a particular legal case, or on petition in about half the states. For example, while there is no statutary procedure to petition for emancipation in Ohio, a married 17 year old would almost certainly be granted rights implied by the condition of emancipation . [The idea that courts in states which don't provide procedures for it also don't recognize or rule on emancipation is wrong. ]
 * The status of a child in England is different. The days when children were viewed as chattel are gone. Parents have custody and schools temporary custody, but the idea of some absolute control is absent. Parental rights don't mean what they do in the USA. Parents and the local authority both have a duty of care, only the child has strict rights. As the judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss memorably ruled: "the child is a person, not an object of concern."
 * If the parents, local authority and the child disagree, a judge in the family court will sort it out in favour of the judge's notion of the child's interests. A child has the right to have everything explained at the level of his/her comprehension. A child has the right to be heard, and to have their wishes taken into account if the judge believes they have sufficient understanding. Nowhere here is the idea of a particular age involved, although in practice, teenagers will be listened to more than younger children. If "Gillick competent", an under 16 may consent to medical treatment without parental consent or even knowledge (over 16s always can). Contract law for minors is complicated.In England the age at which you are presumed capable for all contracts is 18, in Scotland, 16 (ish). If younger, the test focuses on the nature of the transaction, and whether the minor is of an age such that they are capable of understanding it. In England a contract for necessities will be enforced on the minor (accomodation, employment, education, food, etc), where one for frivolities can be later voided by the minor. Many adults won't enter into a contract with a minor for fear that it will not be enforceable, even when it probably would be. Unlike in France, a child cannot directly own real estate, but needs to have it held on their behalf.
 * The almost overriding control granted to American parents along with their duties isn't there in the UK. Child rights are stronger relative to the USA, both with respect to parents and the local authority, as long as the minor displays the relevant level of capacity/maturity. As there is no overriding control, there is no need for a recognition of release from it. Nor are constitutional rights watered down, requiring an adult upgrade.
 * I'm no lawyer, so this is just one layman's understanding. Jonh333 (talk) 13:25, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

Age of consent exception
The article describes that an emancipated minor can do anything an adult can do with a list of exceptions that take effect at age 18 on average. This is US biased as mentioned above, since it is 19 for smoking and drinking in Canada (not to mention, 21 for drinking in the US, not 18, this is not mentioned). But anyway, age of legal consent for sexual activity is another concern. Usually age of consent is equal to or less than the age of majority (18ish) meaning all adults have this ability. However, if a minor is emancipated before reaching the age of legal majority, they would be unable to have sex just as they would be unable to drink and stuff. I am unsure just how early it is possible for some minors to become emancipated, but this is probably noteworthy. While fiction is not relevant, Bart Simpson, would be a good example of someone emancipated (in fiction) who is below the age of consent. Tyciol (talk) 10:14, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Canadian, European and other developed country laws seem to grant 14, 15, 16 and 17 year olds more rights as citizens with equal protection under the law; and 18, 19 and 20 year olds can legally purchase, possess and consume alcohol while they proved to be eligible to serve in their nations' armed forces. The USA was a victim of reactionary political and moralist movements in the 1980's and 1990's, combined with efforts by PC activism to decreased the social status of teenagers has brought catastrophic results. It is no wonder teens growing up in today's America are more clinically depressed, cannot handle public education (high school) and ineligible to obtain their first summer part-time job. Also they are binge-drinking on college campuses and most younger drivers aged 18-21 (or 22-25) no longer can afford monthly auto insurance costs, esp. males, than in the past. They are brought up as "grown kids" the reverse of "little adults" when they are toddlers or pre-pubescent, thus the so-called "age of innocence". Because the US and all 50 state constitutions invented the idea of adult age in the 19th and 20th centuries, including the 26th amendment enacted in 1971 to move the voting age from 21 to 18, to be consisent with the Vietnam era military draft at the time, does not mean they are now "inequal" under federal and state laws. In the 1970s, there was controversy also whether to include women as "equal" with men to be required to be in the military draft, and that law known as the ERA (Equal Rights Amendment) failed to pass of a majority of US states by 1980. Mike D 26 (talk) 07:29, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Didn't the apologists/screenwriters for The Simpson's say that Bart didn't do ... that ... ? Or were you implying something else? But back on subject, an emancipated minor can have sex but only with another emancipated minor that is not legally of age and is within the other minor's "age range" (e.g. 14-15, 16-17, 18+). But, if the significant other is not of age and is NOT emancipated, then that would be deemed illegal and the emancipated minor will be charged like an adult, but will be charged for having sex with a minor, not underaged sex (because it is not an age problem but a responsibility one in this case only). The sig. other will be charged for underaged sex but will be treated as a minor. Hehe I found a loophole in the law :)Techdawg667 (talk) 02:06, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Please help a parent
I have read all the discussions and definitions for Emancipation but what about parents? I admit to being to getting a girl pregnant early in my 20's. We discussed it and I agreed to pay money every month, do all the fatherly things, and buy her a car when she turned 16- if- the mom agreed to let me see my daughter, get report cards, and do the general raising.

Now, my daughter is 17, I have gotten one report card her entire school time and my visits have stopped. Recently she dropped out of school, got pregnant and NOW they are taking me to court saying I didn't keep my end of the deal because I didn't buy her a car and I don't pay them enough.

Do I have any rights to have her emancipated since she has made adult decisions? Why less than a year before she turns 18 is the court getting involved? Any help would be great- we live in Missouri if that helps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.109.230.142 (talk) 17:02, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not the place to seek legal advice. Please consult a professional qualified in that area for your problems. -- Wh ip it !  Now whip it good! 05:11, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Request for help
ok so im at school looking up the things you have to do to get emancipated... and i feel that this really doesnt make any sence if you have a job.you are stable enough to have your own place and you are responsible. i dont see why you cant get the grant to be emancipated.what if you live in an unstable house hold and your parents do drugs but you dont want to tell people. wat if your mom gets beat on by her boy friend ,and your tired of hearing them screaming and yelling all the time.what if your parents take all your money and dont care about the things you need.how about if there always calling you out of your name and dont give you any respect?that petty much says that there not helping you so you can do better by your self............. so if any one has an answer to my question please let me know..... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.131.30.3 (talk • contribs) 15:41, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not the place to seek legal advice. Please consult a professional qualified in that area for your problems. —Finell (Talk) 18:05, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Florida laws
In need of mentioning is Florida's emancipation law known as "Child Divorce", the only law of its kind in the world. In the 1990's and 2000's, about 5 cases of teenagers divorced their parents due to abuse, neglect and mismanagement of the income spent on drugs or alcohol, and lack of proper family love and support. The media massively reported the cases and lead to national public outcry, family rights activists were divided and conservative moralists reacted with disapproval. No other state in the union considered adaptation of the Florida-style law and other states like California made more difficulty for child emancipation, including a requirement to have an annual income of $1 million or they could be legally able to inherit guardians' incomes. Also any threat of a teenager to desire leaving the parents' home can be a crime and they can be sent to a juvenile detention camp until they turn age 18 or 20 (depends on the state), and law authorities will ensure if the minor is out of the United States on family trips, they will never attempt to "run away" or use their age in order to gain political asylum, which the basis varies greatly by country and that is unlikely to happen. + 71.102.12.55 (talk) 20:42, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Laws regarding emancipation of minors have changed, as society progressed and advanced in recognition of children and teens' rights, the state laws of Florida and California mentioned above, reformed itself to make it easier for cases when a minor cannot be with their parents. Whenever the family reported child abuse, domestic violence, misuse of finances, drug use or addiction, emotional neglect and sexual crimes, the minor can freely leave the situation as he/she wants. Mike D 26 (talk) 07:10, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Emancipation of minors