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User:Frexe

I'm a generally nice going guy, that likes to play a lot of Computer games. I sometimes review or give my thoughts on a game and post them on my webpage.

I'm heavily interested in modern firearms and modern_warfare. My favourite war machine would have to be the Merkava Mk4. The Merkava Mk4 is so awesome it can even shoot down Anti-Tank helicopters.

By the way, my interest of guns and warfare is strictly related to the design and technology aspects.

I'm not one in favour of wars, but I'm definitely not one against them!

I enjoy 3D modelling and use Lightwave 8.5 because of its cheap price and great tools. You can have a look at a lot of my works at my deviantArt page.

Contributions

 * Start the AICW page.
 * Fix up the Battle rifle page.
 * Add about 7 Aussie and 1 New Zealand band to the list of bands by country page.
 * Random fixing of persons english mistakes in a lot of pages. Eveyone makes mistakes, Just some more that others.

I mostly contribute to pages about Weapons and Warfare. Though i do like to skimp over other genre's that tickle my fansy.

Socialising
If you'd like to chat to me on MSN you can!

MSN address - scott@testers.homelinux.net

'''Albinism is a mutaion and i'm an albino... Thus i'm a mutant'''

{| cellspacing="0" style="width: 238px; background: white;"
 * style="width:45px; height:45px; background:#00BFFF; text-align:center; font-size:14pt; color:black;" | [[Image:FirstCrusade.jpg|45px]]
 * style="font-size:8pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; color:black;" | This user believes the world would be a happier, safer and saner place without religion.|}

title: User:Frexe


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User talk:Bawpcwpn

If you would like to talk to me, please talk here!

The Extra Proposed Delation
I've added the "prod" template to the article The Extra (Pixar), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Importance). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree, discuss the issues raised at Talk:The Extra (Pixar). If you remove the dated prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached.

Wall-E
Please be aware that the article you started, Wall-E (film), has been proposed for deletion. Please see that page for more information. Thx. SpikeJones 05:25, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Is THIS YOU
bawpcwpn@hotmail.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.37.245.167 (talk) 19:45, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Bawpcwpn


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Talk:Infamous Hacks

This is part of the Information Technology Audit page that is being developed by some graduate students at Seattle University. We would appreciate if you do not redirect this page before Monday, June 6, 2005. Thank you.

title: Talk:Infamous Hacks


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Coco River

The Wangki river in Miskitu or Río Coco, in Spanish, formerly known as the Río Segovia, Cape River, or Yara River, is a river located on the border of northern Nicaragua and southern Honduras. It is the longest river that runs entirely within the Central American isthmus with a total length of 841 km.

The river originates in the Somoto Canyon National Monument, near where the Pan American Highway crosses into Nicaragua, and flows through low mountainous terrain 841 km into the Caribbean Sea at Cabo Gracias a Dios; the middle and lower reaches form the Honduras-Nicaragua border.

On September 7, 2007, major international news wires reported that the Río Coco was over 11 m above normal stage, two days after category 5 Hurricane Felix made landfall.

title: Coco River


text: Category:Rivers of Nicaragua

title: Category:Rivers of Nicaragua


text: Category:Rivers of Honduras

title: Category:Rivers of Honduras


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Richard Wayne Dirksen

Richard Wayne Dirksen (February 8, 1921 - July 26, 2003) was an American musician and composer, who served as organist and choirmaster of the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., from 1977 to 1988. Previously he was assistant organist and choirmaster from 1942 to 1964. In 1969, Dirksen was named the cathedral's precentor, giving him administrative oversight of all worship services until his retirement in 1991.

Dirksen composed extensively, mostly choral and organ works, and his music continues to be regularly featured on broadcasts from the Cathedral. His 1974 opus, Vineyard Haven, has been called "widely acclaimed as one of the finest hymn tunes of our day", by editors of hymnology.

Early years and education
Dirksen was born in Freeport, Illinois, the eldest son of Richard Watson Dirksen and Maude Logemann. In high school, he played the bassoon and was a drum major. Awarded a scholarship, he then studied organ at Baltimore's Peabody Conservatory under Virgil Fox, graduating magna cum laude in June, 1942.

Career at the Cathedral
While still studying at Peabody, Dirksen became assistant organist to Paul Callaway at the Washington National Cathedral in February, 1942. Later that year, he began three-and-a-half years of military service during World War II, resuming his post at the cathedral in December, 1945. In 1949, Dirksen was also appointed director of the glee club at the cathedral's affiliated St. Albans School. In 1969, he was the first lay person in the Anglican Communion to be named a Precentor, meaning he had administrative oversight of all worship services.

During his long tenure at the cathedral, he produced ceremonial music and pageants for various occasions, such as the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976 and the consecration of the completed cathedral in 1990, attended by U.S. President George H. W. Bush and other dignitaries. Dirksen was succeeded by Douglas Major as Cathedral Organist and Choirmaster in 1988 and retired as Precentor in 1991.

Compositions
Dirksen was also a composer of almost 300 works, mostly for organ and/or choir or theater. His music has been regularly featured on Christmas at Washington National Cathedral, televised nationally on Christmas Day, as well as the September 11 Memorial Service held at the Washington National Cathedral on September 14, 2001, which was attended by all living presidents but one and viewed on television by much of the world.

His most well-known compositions include:

 * A Child My Choice
 * American Adventure (orchestral score)
 * Chanticleer
 * Christ Our Passover
 * God is our hope
 * Jonah
 * O be joyful in the Lord
 * Vineyard Haven (the hymn tune for "Rejoice ye pure in heart" and other settings)
 * Welcome All Wonders

Personal life
He married Joan Milton Shaw in 1942 and the couple had four children: Richard, Geoffrey, Laura, and Mark.

At the time of his death in Washington, D.C., on July 26, 2003, he was also survived by a sister, Phyllis, and a brother, Gerriet, along with seven grandchildren.

Awards and honors
Dirksen was awarded an honorary doctor of fine arts degree in 1980 by George Washington University, an honorary doctor of music by Marymount College in 1986, and the Medal of Excellence by the Shenandoah Conservatory of Music.

In 2006, the Cathedral Choral Society at Washington National Cathedral announced the establishment of an endowment fund in his memory to commission new Christmas choral music.

title: Richard Wayne Dirksen


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Talk:Japanese raccoon dog/Archive 1

=Archive of what was Talk:Tanuki before the merge=

Poor quality article
This article contains both grammatical and factual errors, and I suspect it was written by an anime otaku. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 61.115.139.17 (talk • contribs).

Raccoon dog
Although I know little about Japanese folklore, I have corrected some of the more glaring errors in this article. I don't know why earlier versions claimed that the tanuki was not the Japanese raccoon dog, when they are in fact two different names for the same animal. Tanuki in art are shown as having large testicles because real tanuki have large testicles; the previously included metalworking explanation for this made no sense. I hope someone who knows more about tanuki will be able to make further corrections and additions to this article. CKarnstein 16:46, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Savoury?
Shouldn't we have something about the use of tanukis in the diet?

Katakana?
Shouldn't tanuki be written in Hiragana? It's a native Japanese word, not borrowed. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.83.96.126 (talk • contribs).

 * It depends. Katakana isn't used only for loan words. It's also used like italics in English. It's worth noting that in the Japanese language version of the page, the pronunication is written in Katakana. I'm gonna change this page to reflect that, unless someone has specific objections. MikeDockery 06:37, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In japanese texts, animal names are written in katakana, even though they're japanese animals. I always wondered why, thank you for the info. I like the way the page has the katakana and kanji for the animal. Very Helpful! ((subst:unsigned|128.248.86.72}} 18 May 2006

 * Just adding my linguistogeek (c) two cents: tanuki is often written in katakana to make it obvious to the reader that the folklore being is meant, not the actual animal (in which case, hiragana would be used). This is not an iron rule, but it applies most of the time, and also for kitsune and other similar animals/folk beasties. As for other animals, I can only think of neko (cat) right now - in the case of neko, katakana is considered more appropriate, since the kanji for the word isn't included in the standard 2000 kanji. On the other hand, inu (dog) is most commonly written with hiragana, because that kanji is in the notorious 2000. TomorrowTime 16:38, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I asked some Japanese teachers at my school about this recently, and they seemed to think that names of specific animals and plants in general tend to be written in katakana in Japanese. It's almost akin to the way we italicize genus and species names in English. What had confused me was a documentary on NHK about bears. The documentary repeatedly showed kuma in katakana. My friends showed me several examples of tree names, plant names, etc. being used. Where the kanji is used is when it's in the general-use set, and when it's part of a compound. So, kaijo-ken means service dog (thank you 10th-grade English textbook) and uses the kanji for dog. But inu (the name of the animal by itself) might not. — BrianSmithson 22:48, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Japanese Folklore Info Box
Is it just me, or are the colors on the Japanese Folklore Info Box really horrible? To me it looks like some 8-year-old playing around with HTML for the first time. Am I missing something?

Also, the formatting on the picture and stuff is a little screwy. Is my browser wacky? MikeDockery 06:45, 16 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Put in the new infobox. Your eyeballs should be safe now.--み使い Mitsukai 16:41, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Photo / Headline Formatting
The infobox is way better. Props to Mitsukai! But the photo and headline is still screwy on my computer here at work (IE, Japanese XP). At home on my mac it was okay. I'll mess with it, but it might mess it up for other browsers. MikeDockery 23:49, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Ok, I think I see the issue. Putting the drunken Tanuki photo "right" formatted forces it under the infobox, and the rest of the article is affected as a result. I'll work on it. Suggestions or edits would be appreciated. MikeDockery 23:54, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think that I've got it looking decent on IE. I'll take a look on Safari when I get home. Might fool around with it a bit more. MikeDockery 00:06, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Tom Nook?
Would you think Tom Nook from Animal Crossing would be considered a Tanuki? He is a Racoon animal. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.237.216.186 (talk • contribs).

 * Could be, since tanuki is often (mis)translated as racoon in English. Does anyone know if the Japanese edition of the game says what he is definitively? — Saxifrage ✎ 02:45, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I would think so given a) his name b) his tail has no rings, like a tanuki and unlike a raccoon and c)a Japanese game would be more likely to use an animal familiar in that country. Kotengu 01:54, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If any of you are still interested, in the original game his name is "Tanukichi" and he is confirmed to be a tanuki. Murasaki Seiko 06:20, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You know what's strange though about Tom Nook. It may be a coincidence but raccoon backwards is nooccar. Nooc is similar to Nook which originated from Tanuki. --anonymous ( —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.59.203.129 (talk • contribs). )

 * Yeah, but he doesn't have You-Know-Whats the size of beach balls. --Red Pooka 19:10, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

 * They're hidden behind his apron :P

Tom Nook also has a leaf for his logo, and his conterpart is a fox :) --Kurtle (talk) 00:44, 10 March 2010 (UTC)

Nice article, for the most part...
What's with the bad fan-art as a referance? This has nothing to do with tanuki in japanese culture. I don't really want to delete it off the site since I didn't post it, but it's really inappropriate. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.248.86.72 (talk • contribs).
 * Information on real tanuki may be found at raccoon dog. — BrianSmithson 19:09, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Holding things
In the one hand, the traditional Tanuki holds a bottle of sake, right? What is he holding in the other hand? J.J. 00:57, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Linguistic aspects section messy and confusing
I'm having trouble understanding part of the Linguistic aspects section. Specifically:

 * The kanji for tanuki, 狸 (kyujitai: 貍), can be used interchangeably without change of meaning, while the former is currently more common.

What "former"? The only halfway-plausible thing I can think of is that it's saying that the simplified kanji is mostly interchangeable with the older form -- but the older form is only mentioned parenthetically, which seems to make that unlikely. Also:

 * Originally, the characters were used to refer to mid-sized mammals, mostly wild cats. Since wild cats live in only very limited regions of Japan (e.g. Iriomote, Okinawa), it is believed that the characters began to be used for "tanuki" instead starting around the Japanese feudal era.

Does this refer to the character using the "cat" radical as well as the character using the "dog" one? (I may be mistaken here in assuming that the radicals in Japanese are the same as in Chinese, and that they retain a semantic component.)

 * Historically, this has been a source of confusion and misleading translations between the two languages.

Which two languages? I think it's supposed to be Japanese and Chinese, but Chinese is not mentioned until the next paragraph. 24.159.255.29 02:50, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree, the "Linguistics aspects" section was confusing and sometimes nonsensical. I have done my best to clean it up, and have changed the heading to the simpler and less pretentious "Name". CKarnstein 05:10, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Stone statue form
Also, is turning into a stone statue part of the folklore? It seems to be a property of tanukis in a few modern versions, e.g. Mario. 24.159.255.29 03:22, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Blame the Tanuki?
I don't have much experience in the Japanese realm of mythology, but my parents lived in Japan for a while and befriended multiple families there. They brought back a small wooden Tanuki statue, and I was told that when things in the household go wrong, the home's Tanuki statue often takes the blame. So, to all you experts out there, is this true? Are Tanukis used as scapegoats? Sekhra 01:10, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I am no expert, but I have lived in Japan. I know also that the word "tanuki" in Japanese is also a slang for a mischievous or roguish person. Thus in the novel "Botchan", by Natsume Soseki, the character who in the English version is known as the "Badger", in the original Japanese was instead nicknamed "Tanuki".

 * I have also heard the same thing about the tanuki statues, although unable at this point to verify for sure. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 58.28.131.28 (talk • contribs).

Removed the Following
Fur controversy

The fur industry became interested in Tanuki when it was seen that its fur has such a high quality, and the docile, friendly animals are easy to raise in farm environments. The animal's gentle nature has made it appealing to people who wish to sell skins and furs.

Because of fur labeling laws in the United States, it is suspected that many Tanuki and Tanuki-trimmed garments may be deceptively labeled. Despite some outcry involving animal cruelty, Tanuki continue to be harvested in bleak settings on Chinese farms. The animals raised in cages are sometimes skinned alive, in order to increase efficiency (see video link below - WARNING: the video is extremely graphic).

Fredor 04:46, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

 * No references and looks like it was copied from a random website. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Fredor (talk • contribs).

 * Even if it was legit, shouldn't that have gone in Raccoon dog anyway? Tsk. Kotengu 06:37, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Suggested merge with Raccoon Dog
I've suggested a merge with "Raccoon Dog". The articles deal with the same animal: one in fact, the other in fiction. Both articles are short. There is wikipedia precedent for having "in fiction" or "in literatute" sections associated with articles. DarwinPeacock 08:28, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * There's also precedent for splitting them. See Fox and Kitsune for one example. So, I oppose a merge, but would support a rename to Raccoon dogs in Japanese folklore. — BrianSmithson 07:38, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd leave them separated, I think. There's more that could be said about the tanuki, and it would lead to needing to split the article in the future.  Or having the biological information overwhelmed by the folkloric information.  In general, I think separate pages for creatures of folklore are good ideas.  (I also support using the native terms in cases where they're distinct to a culture, but that's a debate I don't need to get into again. ^_^) Shimeru 10:08, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Against. In Japanese, they're the same. In English, raccoon dog refers to the animal found in more than just the specific region of Japan, and tanuki only refers to the Japanese Mythological Animal. Kitsune doesn't belong as a section under Fox. Irashtar 20:42, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Against. IIRC they used to belong in a single article, but it was later split for reasons such as that given by Irashtar. —Tokek 02:39, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This makes sense to me. Should I just take off the suggested merge tag?  (I don't know what the process is). DarwinPeacock 00:23, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

I just went ahead and removed the tags. Conclusion of the discussion was no merge. —Tokek 08:20, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Overlapping with Raccoon Dog article and serious cleanup needs
However, the introduction to the article states "but tanuki are in fact two subspecies of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides). These canid species native to Japan are N. p. viverrinus, the (ordinary) Japanese racoon dog and N. p. albus, the white variety found on Hokkaidō". It doesn't sound like the introduction to a mythical animal if you ask me. I agree that they should be separate articles, but as it stands right two the content of the articles overlap. Based on the introduction, to the reader it would appear that this "Tanuki" article is about the animal, not Japanese Folklore.

The article needs some serious cleanup. It states "While tanuki are prominent in Japanese folklore and proverbs, they were not always distinguished from other animals. ". That sentence starts off referring to the mythical creature, then ends with "other animals" - contradicting itself.

Given that the merge was denied, I'm sticking a cleanup needed on this article. It overlaps with the Raccoon Dog article in confusing ways and can't seem to make up it's mind whether or not it wants to be about the animal or the folklore.

I recommend using a structure similar to the Kitsune article or the other Japanese mythology articles. Unfortunately, I do not have sufficient knowledge of Tanuki folklore to perform the rewrite myself. 216.232.228.33 03:17, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Question about the Rainy Day Tanuki picture
On the all of the briefcases, I noticed a double ring. Is that the symbol of the marriage? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hamster2.0 (talk • contribs) 14:41, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Hachi from "InuYasha"
Hachi isn't introduced as a badger, but he's introduced as a raccoon dog. Can I change it? Tanner9461 (talk) 01:26, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Clean up "In popular culture"
I deleted the following entries;
 * There is no linked article in the entry.
 * There is no reference to a word "tanuki" in the linked article.
 * -- Phoenix7777 (talk) 22:52, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

Super Mario Tanooki Suit
There seems to have been quite an edit-war of people adding the videogame Super Mario Bros. and the Miyazaki Anime Pom-Poko as pop-cultural references. Both these qualify far more for the term pop-culture than the Tom Robbins novel remaining in the article. I propose to either allow those references, or get rid of the section completely to avoid further edit-wars (and restore a bit of common sense). 217.94.255.153 (talk) 18:22, 12 June 2011 (UTC)
 * As for the anime "Ponpoko", it is already mentioned in the Folklore section. The duplicate should be avoided. As for Tanuki suit in Mario, it's just a gadget only in Super Mario Bros. 3. It's not even a minor character. It should be at least a protagonist of a novel/game/film/anime. The suit is a very minor trivia. No, I don't think it's acceptable. Oda Mari (talk) 10:35, 13 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Trivia so "minor" that gamers nearly rioted with excitement when they heard the Tanuki suit was coming back in this year's Mario game. That tail was the stinkin' box art to both the games it's appeared in; it's significant. CaptHayfever (talk) 23:09, 14 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The Tanooki Suit from Super Mario Bros. 3 should definitely be included in Popular Culture, it's more famous and influential than anything else currently written there. I demand a reason as to why it's being omitted, otherwise I'll simply keep adding it in. And Oda Mari, get over your own personal bias. ExecuteRobot --Don't mess with the ROBOT (talk) 10:38, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I remove it because there is no Tanuki suit article at en WP. It just an item in two games in the Mario series, not even a character. I'm glad as a native ja speaker that you enjoy Japanese games, but not everyone in the world plays the games and has no interest in them. Those who do not play the games may have heard of the Mario games, but not the suit. It is just an item. And why only Tanuki suit? what about other items? Are they mentioned in linked articles? As far as I checked, there were none. To think the suit is notable and important is your bias. Sorry, but it's only a trivia. Oda Mari (talk) 14:27, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, Super Mario Bros. 3 is such a well-known video game that it largely introduced tanukis to American pop culture through the Tanooki Suit. I know I and many others never would have even known about tanukis if not for SMB3. There's no reason it has to be a living "character" like you said since the in-game representation plays such a prominent role. Your argument is invalid, not "everyone in the world" cares about Beast Wars Neo or Villa Incognito either. Again, you're the only one with objection to this, and I think you need to swallow your pride. Either SMB3 is included or we abolish the entire category, however right now you're the only one who is being recalcitrant.--Don't mess with the ROBOT (talk) 23:48, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Japanese raccoon dog which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 19:02, 19 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese raccoon dog/Archive 1


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Precentor

A precentor is a person who helps facilitate worship. The details vary depending on the religion, denomination, and era in question. The Latin derivation is præcentor, from cantor, meaning "the one who sings before" (or alternatively, "first singer").

Ancient precentors
The chief precentor was the highest position in many ancient Mesopotamian cities (see Music of Mesopotamia).

Jewish precentors
Jewish precentors are song or prayer leaders, leading synagogue music. A Jewish precentor is typically called a hazzan or cantor. In the Middle Ages, women precentors leading prayers in the vaybershul (women's gallery) were known as firzogerin, farzangerin, foreleiner, zogerin, or zogerke.

Christian precentors

A precentor is a member of a church who helps facilitate worship. The role of precentor was carried over from the synagogues into the early Christian church.

Ancient era
The term precentor usually described an ecclesiastical dignitary, an administrative or ceremonial officer. Anciently, the precentor had duties such as being the first or leading chanter, who on Sundays and greater feasts intoned certain antiphons, psalms, hymns, responsories, etc.; gave the pitch or tone to the bishop and dean at Mass (the succentor performing a similar office to the canons and clerks); recruited and taught the choir, directed its rehearsals and supervised its official functions; interpreted the rubrics and explained the ceremonies, ordered in a general way the Divine Office and sometimes composed desired hymns, sequences, and lessons of saints. He was variously styled capiscol (from the Latin caput scholæ, head of the choir-school), prior scholæ, magister scholæ, and primicerius (a word of widely different implications). Victor of St. Hugo tells us that in the care of the primicerius were placed the acolytes, exorcists, lectors, and psalmists (chanters).

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages the principal dignitaries of cathedral, collegiate chapters, and monastic orders, imitated the example of St. Gregory the Great in acting as directors of chant-schools. The schola was always in attendance when the bishop officiated in his cathedral, and to the precentor was assigned a place near the bishop and high in dignity. His office demanded much learning and executive ability, and his dignity corresponded with his duties.

In the cathedrals of England, France, Spain, and Germany, a precentor sometimes ranked next to the dean, sometimes next to the archdeacon. In some instances a precentor's sphere of activity was more broad, including the duty of installing deans, canons, and other dignitaries; and in some monasteries, the duties of librarian and registrar.

From the fourteenth century the title and dignity were largely handed over to incumbents whose musical knowledge did not fit them for the duties to which the name of precentor owed its origin; the dignities remained, but the duties became obscured. "In France, some chapters retain traces of the dignity of Precentor, and sometimes an archdeacon, sometimes a titular or honorary canon, carrying the baton cantoral, the insignia of his office". This "baton cantoral" is a silver or white staff. "In the dioceses of Aix, Carcassonne, Coutances, Dijon, Metz, Orléans, the dignity of Precentor is still the highest in the chapter.... Some chapters have sub-chanters, those of Arras being among the honorary resident canons", where also the quoted statutes of the Bishop of Dijon may serve to illustrate the modern idea of the office of precentor: "The Précenteur or Grand Chantre is the head of the choir and ... brings the antiphon to the bishop when officiating pontifically. Sacristans, chanters, choir-boys, and employés of the Cathedral are placed under his surveillance. He will also preserve order and silence in the sacristy."

Anglican precentors
A precentor is a person, usually ordained, who is in charge of preparing worship services. This position is usually held in a large church. Most cathedrals have a precentor in charge of the organisation of liturgy and worship. The precentor of a cathedral is usually a residentiary canon or prebendary and may be assisted by a succentor (particularly in the daily task of leading choral singing). In some cathedrals (including Canterbury), the precentor is a minor canon and therefore part of the foundation but not part of the chapter.

Traditionally the precentor's stall (seat) in the cathedral is on the opposite side of the quire from that of the dean, leading to the traditional division of the singers into decani (the dean's side) and cantoris (the precentor's side).

Presbyterian precentors

In Presbyterian churches that worship in the historical fashion (i.e., sing a cappella; see Presbyterian worship), a precentor is a person (man or woman, not necessarily clergy) who leads the singing, often by means of conducting techniques, but sometimes just by singing from amongst the congregation.

Churches that use a call and response method of singing called lining out (used primarily when sufficient numbers of psalm books are unavailable, or the congregation insufficiently literate, as was the case in the black church in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird) are usually led by the precentor, much as with other non-instrumental churches.

Public schools and Cambridge
The title "precentor" is also used at two English public schools, Radley College and Eton College, and a private school in Sri Lanka, S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia, to refer to the head of music. These school precentors have no specific religious duties although, as part of their musical function, they may conduct the college chapel choir. At Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and Magdalene College, Cambridge, the precentor's main responsibility is as director of the college choir, which provides music for chapel services.

title: Precentor


text:
User:Falmarin

Yo what up kid..

title: User:Falmarin


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mike perdue

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:01, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mike perdue
non-notable person Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 03:07, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Article on a young drummer who has a website (not a band...), and lists his teachers. Harro5 03:12, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 04:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: CV. (Musicians going for the professional placement in orchestras name their teachers, as studio music is one of the few areas where an apprentice system seems to still exist.)  I'm sure he has more skill than 99% of the drummers for pop bands who get empty entries, but Wikipedia is not Monster.com. Geogre 12:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Doesn't pass WP:MUSIC guidelines. Sarg 13:32, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity, and the article has been blanked, presumably by the author. --Etacar11 22:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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James Litton

James Litton (December 31, 1934 – November 1, 2022) was an American musician, who directed the American Boychoir from 1985 to 2001, and is widely recognized as one of the leading choral conductors of the day.

Overview
Litton conducted choral and orchestral works throughout five continents, and regularly lead workshops and seminars in the United States and abroad. During past seasons he has conducted the Berkshire Choral Festival, at the Tanglewood Music Festival, and at music festivals in Canada, in Prague, Guatemala, Denmark, Germany, Latvia, France, Poland, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan and South Africa.

Litton was the founder of a number of choral ensembles, including community choruses, college, church and school choirs in West Virginia, Connecticut, Indiana, New York, and New Jersey. He has conducted choral groups, chamber music ensembles, and orchestras in more than 40 recordings, including many American Boychoir CDs on such labels as Angel Records, Philips Records, Sony Music Entertainment Inc., Virgin Records, Bertelsmann Music Group, Linn Records, and Music Masters. His most recent recordings include “Sing in Exultation,” a CD of music for the Advent and Christmas seasons with the Choirs of Washington National Cathedral, and “Sound from Heaven” with soprano Anna Maria Friman and the Girl Choristers of the cathedral. An avid writer for professional journals, with more than fifty articles to his credit, Dr Litton has also edited several books and collections of liturgical music.

Early career
Prior to his recent appointments, and his tenure at the American Boychoir School, Dr. Litton was organist and director of music at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, New York, for 13 years, and for an additional five years was the artistic consultant for the church. Earlier, he was assistant professor of organ and head of the church music department at Westminster Choir College of Rider University, and later, the C.F. Seabrook Director of Music at Princeton Theological Seminary. He has also served as visiting lecturer at Virginia Theological Seminary and at Sewanee: The University of the South. He has been a member and vice chairman of the Episcopal Church’s Standing Commission on Church Music, and participated in the preparation and publication of the Episcopal Hymnal 1982. Also, he was the editor of the Plainsong Psalter for the Episcopal Church. As a church musician, James Litton has had earlier appointments in Charleston, West Virginia, his native city; in Plainfield, New Jersey; in Southport, Connecticut; at the Episcopal Cathedral in Indianapolis, Indiana, and at Trinity Church in Princeton, New Jersey. He has played organ concerts throughout the United States and Canada, and during concert tours in Europe, South Africa, and Asia.

American Boychoir
Litton was the director of the American Boychoir for sixteen years. He conducted the choir in more than 2,000 concerts in 48 of the American states, and in 12 other nations. He also conducted the choir in more than 30 professional recordings and in television special programs and commercial sound tracks. During his tenure at the American Boychoir School, he prepared the choir for recordings and for performances of major works with many of the world’s outstanding orchestras. The choir has also appeared in many music festivals in America and abroad.

In addition, he prepared the choir for more than 100 performances, broadcasts, and recordings with major orchestras. These included, among others, the New York Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Pops Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the National Symphony, the San Francisco Symphony, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, in concerts which were under the direction of the world’s greatest conductors. In addition, he conducted concerts by the American Boychoir in America’s major concert halls, including Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Symphony Hall, Boston, and the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles. He also conducted the American Boychoir in soundtracks for award winning television commercials, movies, and television shows.

In February 2000, James Litton was installed as the first Litton-Lodal Music Director of the American Boychoir School. The Litton-Lodal music directorship was endowed by a gift from Jan and Elizabeth Lodal in honor of the career of James Litton. Mr. and Mrs. Lodal are long-time trustees of the American Boychoir School and parents of Eric Lodal, a 1990 graduate of the school. In making their gift, the Lodals said they wanted to guarantee for the future, the artistry and excellence which Dr. Litton has brought to the American Boychoir – “a gift he has given not just to those of us associated with the school, but to the entire world.” The Board of Trustees of the American Boychoir School has named James Litton as Music Director Emeritus of the American Boychoir.

Retirement
Immediately after retirement from the American Boychoir, Dr. Litton served a two-year tenure as choirmaster of the Washington National Cathedral. At the cathedral, he conducted the Cathedral Choirs of Men and Girls, and Men and Boys in daily rehearsals and Evensongs, as well as in the weekend services of Holy Eucharist and Evensong. In addition, under his direction, the cathedral choirs sang for the ordination of the Bishop of Washington, in concerts, recordings, television, and public radio broadcasts, and during a prayer breakfast at the White House in the presence of the President and First Lady. The Cathedral Choir of Men and Girls also sang under his direction for the National Convention of the American Guild of Organists in Philadelphia.

In the summer of 2002, he was the conductor of the AmericaFest honor choir and lecturer at the Sixth World Symposium on Choral Music in Minneapolis. He also served as visiting professor, college cantor and conductor of the St. Olaf Cantorei at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, and was adjunct associate professor at Westminster Choir College of Rider University in Princeton, New Jersey. At Westminster, he conducted the Sophomore Schola and taught graduate and undergraduate courses in the sacred music department.

In 2004, Litton conducted the honor choir of boys and young men at the American Choral Directors Association Convention in Nashville, TN. As Music Director Emeritus of the American Boychoir, Litton continued to work on special projects for them. During the winter of 2004-05, two additional CDs with the American Boychoir were released – “Messe Basse,” a collection of 19th and 20th century French choral music, and a Christmas compilation, “Voices of Angels.”

During the 2005-06 season he served as the interim music director and conductor of the Adult Choir at the Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton, New Jersey. Most recently Litton was an international conductor at the 2nd International Boys and Men’s Choral Festival in Hradec Králové & Prague, Czech Republic from June 30 – July 7, 2008.

Litton acted as the choral director for the American Boychoir Alumni Chorus and then later retired at the end of the 2013-2014 season.

Litton died in Florham Park, New Jersey on November 1, 2022, at the age of 87. His funeral was held on November 12, 2022, at Trinity Church, Princeton. He was predeceased by his wife, Lou Ann, and was survived by his 4 children, several grandchildren and his sister.

Education
James Litton has bachelor and master degrees from Westminster Choir College and is a Fellow of the Royal School of Church Music, one of seven Americans to receive this honor. Dr. Litton has been awarded Honorary Doctor of Music degrees from the University of Charleston, and from Westminster Choir College of Rider University.

title: James Litton


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Vilén

Vilen or Vilén may refer to:

People with the given name

 * Vilen Barskyi (1930–2012), Ukrainian Soviet and German painter and graphic artist
 * Vilen Galstyan (1941–2021), Armenian actor
 * Vilen Ivanov (born 1934), Russian sociologist
 * Vilen Kalyuta (1930–1999), Ukrainian cinematographer
 * Vilen Komissarov (1924–2005), Russian linguist and translator
 * Vilen Künnapu (born 1948), Estonian architect
 * Vilen Prokofyev (2001–2020), Kazakh hockey player
 * Vilen Strutinsky (1929–1993), Soviet nuclear physicist
 * Willi Tokarev, born Vilen Tokarev (1934–2019), Russian-American singer-songwriter

People with the surname

 * Erik Wilén or Erik Vilén (1898–1982), silver-medalist at the 1924 Summer Olympics
 * Jari Vilén (born 1964), Finnish diplomat and politician
 * Margareta Wilén (born 1938), from 1961 Steinby, Finnish archaeologist and professor
 * Raimo Vilén (born 1945), Finnish sprinter
 * Teuvo Vilen (born 1953), Finnish footballer
 * Topias Vilén (born 2003), Finnish hockey player

title: Vilén


text:
St. Magnus

St. Magnus may refer to:

People

 * Magnus of Anagni, 2nd-century bishop and martyr in Anagni, Italy
 * Magnus of Cuneo, 3rd-century martyr
 * Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney (1075–1116/7), martyred saint in Orkney, now in Scotland
 * Magnus of Füssen (probably 7th or 8th century), missionary saint in Allgäu, now in Germany
 * Magnus of Avignon (died 660), Gallo-Roman saint, bishop and governor of Avignon, now in France
 * Magnus of Oderzo (died 670), Italian saint, founder of eight churches in Venice
 * Magnus (bishop of Milan) (active 518 - c. 530)

Other

 * St. Magnus, suburb of Bremen, Germany
 * St Magnus-the-Martyr, a Church of England church and parish within the City of London

title: St. Magnus


text:
Karla Cossío

Karla Cossío (born June 22, 1985, in Cuba) is a Mexican actress.

Born in Cuba and brought to Mexico when she was only three months old, Karla Cossío began performing very young. She studied acting at the age of 15 in the CEAI (Centro de Educación Artística Infantil) and later in the CEA (Centro de Educación Artística).

She attended elementary school Colegio Ciudad de México, Junior High and the High School in El Colegio Britanico (The Edron Academy). She is also fluent three languages: Spanish, English and French. Cossío was part of the soap opera Clase 406 with the character of Sandra Paola, a production of Pedro Damián.

In 2004 she acts in the soap opera Rebelde with the character of Pilar.

Television roles

 * Clase 406 (2002) - Sandra Paola Rodríguez Pineda
 * Rebelde (2004) - Pilar Gandía
 * Lola...Érase una vez (2007) - Paloma
 * Alma de Hierro (2009) - Cinthya
 * Como dice el dicho (2013) - Aurora
 * Rebelde (2022) - Pilar Gandía

title: Karla Cossío


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/A-B Porn

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:15, 21 July 2005 (UTC)

A-B Porn
''Finished this nomination, no vote by me. --Dmcdevit 08:37, July 11, 2005 (UTC)''
 * Delete. By its own admission, this article is about a neologism that has not become widespread -- wikipedia is not a neologism-spreader. -- Zantastik   talk   03:14, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 09:30, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. BTW: "Made famous in the Christopher Walken classic "Brainstorm" (1983). It was to be the last film that Natalie Wood appeared in." Didn't she appear in one of the new Star Wars films as well? - Mgm|(talk) 10:13, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Are you referring to Natalie Portman perhaps? Natalie Wood tragically drowned in 1981. JamesBurns 10:34, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right. No clue as to how I mixed them up.... - 131.211.210.10 12:29, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cleanup This is a notable neologism, and keep in mind that neologisms are "acceptable content once they have become a permanent feature of the public landscape". I'm not sure what the Google hit count on A-B Porn should be before it's considered a notable neologism, but for porn-related slang, it's up there.
 * Delete. The podcast landscape is usually just a miniscule fraction of the public landscape. --Scimitar 13:58, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. Google test for porn is really not reliable; look at the excerpts from the websites listed, most of them are nonsensical.   Dcarrano 14:08, July 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Neologism. Also, I'm very confused. Somehow, the term was "made famous" in a movie from 1983, but "was first mentioned during a podcast".  Either the iPod has been around for much, much longer than I was aware, or this entry is pretty bs-y. jglc | t | c 14:13, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neologism. --Carnildo 20:05, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Shi Xie

Shi Xie (137–226), courtesy name Weiyan, also rendered as Sĩ Nhiếp in Vietnamese, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China. He served as the Administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery in present-day northern Vietnam. The third-century historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) is a major source of Chinese traditions concerning Shi Xie's life. He promoted Buddhism throughout his life. After his death, the Vietnamese attached many legends to him and honoured him as Sĩ Vương (King Sĩ, 士王) in some temples.

Family background and early life
Shi Xie was in the sixth generation from his ancestors who migrated to northern Vietnam, born in Jiao Province, but his ancestral home was around present-day Tai'an, Shandong. His ancestors moved to Jiao Province when Wang Mang usurped the throne and established the Xin dynasty (9–23) with himself as its emperor. Shi Xie's father, Shi Ci (士賜), served as the Administrator of Rinan Commandery (日南郡) during the reign of Emperor Huan ((r. 146 – 168)) of the Eastern Han dynasty. The Shi family was one of the elite families of Han Chinese origin who later emigrated to present-day Vietnam and played a major role in developing Vietnamese civilisation.

In his youth, Shi Xie studied the Zuo Zhuan under the tutelage of one Liu Tao (劉陶) from Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡). Later, he was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) and served in the Han central government as a Gentleman of Writing (尚書郎) but was later dismissed because of "official reasons". After his father's death, he was nominated as a maocai (茂才) and was appointed as the Prefect of Wu County (巫縣; present-day Wushan County, Chongqing). In 187, the Han central government reassigned him to be the Administrator (太守) of Jiaozhi Commandery (交趾郡) in Jiao Province.

As a warlord in Jiao Province
Around the time, Zhu Fu (朱符) had been appointed by the Han government to serve as the Inspector of Jiao Province. However, the locals in Jiao Province rebelled and killed him after he attempted to extract heavier taxes from them. The Han government then sent Zhang Jin (張津) to replace him, but Zhang Jin was later murdered by his subordinate Ou Jing (區景). When Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, heard about this, he appointed Lai Gong (賴恭) as the new Inspector of Jiao Province without authorisation from the Han central government. At the same time, he also sent his subordinate Wu Ju (吳巨) to replace the deceased Shi Huang (史璜) as the Administrator of Cangwu Commandery (蒼梧郡). To counter Liu Biao's attempts to extend his influence into Jiao Province, the Han central government issued an imperial decree appointing Shi Xie as General of the Household Who Pacifies the South (綏南中郎將) and putting him in charge of the seven commanderies in Jiao Province.

After Shi Xie sent his subordinate Zhang Min (張旻) to thank the Han central government and pay tribute, the Han central government further promoted him to General Who Stabilises Distant Lands (安遠將軍), in addition to enfeoffing him as the Marquis of Longdu Village (龍度亭侯). Around the time, the Han Empire was in a state of chaos, as various warlords fought for power and territories in northern and central China. Jiao Province, being a remote province in southern China, was not caught up in the chaos. Shi Xie was effectively a warlord in control of Jiao Province even though he was still a nominal subject of the Han Empire. Shi Xie's younger brothers also held important positions in Jiao Province: Shi Yi (士壹), Shi Wei (士䵋) and Shi Wu (士武) were respectively the Administrators of Hepu (合浦), Jiuzhen (九真) and Nanhai (南海) commanderies in Jiao Province.

In 210, Wu Ju got into conflict with Lai Gong and forced him out of Jiao Province. Sun Quan, the warlord who controlled the territories in the Jiangdong region bordering Jiao Province, appointed his subordinate Bu Zhi as the Inspector of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship, but Wu Ju refused and secretly plotted to assassinate Bu Zhi. However, Bu Zhi sensed Wu Ju's intentions and managed to outwit and kill him. Sun Quan later appointed Shi Xie as General of the Left (左將軍) to honour him. At the same time, the warlord Cao Cao, who controlled the Han central government, wanted to gain Shi Xie's support as an ally against Sun Quan, so he conferred the nine bestowments and other honours on Shi Xie in the name of Emperor Xian (the figurehead Han emperor under Cao Cao's control).

As a vassal of Eastern Wu
In the years after the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220, Sun Quan declared himself king and established the kingdom (later empire) of Eastern Wu. Shi Xie pledged loyalty to Sun Quan and sent one of his sons, Shi Xin (士廞), as a hostage to Sun Quan to ensure his allegiance towards Wu. He also regularly sent tribute to Sun Quan. During the conflict between Wu and its ally-turned-rival state Shu Han, Shi Xie sided with Wu and instigated Yong Kai (雍闓), a local tribal chief in Shu territory, to rebel against Shu rule and defect to Wu. In recognition of Shi Xie's efforts in inducing Yong Kai to defect, Sun Quan appointed Shi Xie as General of the Guards (衛將軍) and awarded him the title "Marquis of Longbian" (龍編侯). Shi Xie died of illness in 226 around the age of 89.

Family
Shi Xie had at least five sons (in decreasing order of seniority): Shi Xin (士廞), Shi Zhi (士祗), Shi Hui (士徽), Shi Gan (士幹) and Shi Song (士頌).

After Shi Xie died in 226, his third son Shi Hui succeeded him as the Administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery (交趾郡) under the Eastern Wu regime. Around the time, the Wu emperor Sun Quan wanted to split Jiao Province and create another province, Guang Province (廣州): Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen (九真) and Rinan (日南) commanderies would remain part of Jiao Province; Cangwu (蒼梧), Nanhai (南海), Yulin (鬱林) and Hepu (合浦) commanderies would form the new Guang Province. Sun Quan then appointed Dai Liang (戴良) and Lü Dai as the Inspectors of Jiao and Guang provinces respectively. Chen Shi (陳時), a close aide of Sun Quan, was to replace Shi Hui as the Administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery.

In 227, when Shi Hui learnt about the new arrangements, he refused to comply and rebelled against Wu rule by sending his troops to block Dai Liang and Chen Shi from entering Jiao Province. At the time, Huan Lin (桓鄰), one of Shi Hui's subordinates, begged his superior to obey the order and surrender his governorship of Jiaozhi Commandery to Chen Shi. However, Shi Hui refused and had Huan Lin flogged to death. Huan Lin's nephew, Huan Fa (桓發), started a mutiny against Shi Hui and engaged him in a battle that lasted a few months. They made peace after that.

In the meantime, after learning of Shi Hui's rebellion, Sun Quan ordered Lü Dai, the Inspector of Guang Province, to lead troops to recapture Jiaozhi Commandery. Lü Dai, who was close to Shi Hui's cousin Shi Kuang (士匡; a son of Shi Xie's brother Shi Yi 士壹), sent Shi Kuang to persuade Shi Hui to surrender by promising that he would be spared if he did so. Shi Hui and his brothers then opened the gates of Jiaozhi Commandery and surrendered to Lü Dai. The following day, Lü Dai lured the Shi brothers into a trap during a banquet, had them arrested and then read out a list of Shi Hui's crimes. He then executed all of them and sent their heads to Sun Quan, who was in Wuchang (武昌; present-day Ezhou, Hubei) at the time.

Shi Xie's brothers, Shi Yi (士壹) and Shi Wei (士䵋), along with their families, were spared from death but reduced to the status of commoners. Some years later, Shi Yi and Shi Wei were executed for committing crimes.

Earlier in the 220s, Shi Xie had sent his eldest son, Shi Xin (士廞), as a hostage to Sun Quan to ensure the Wu emperor of his allegiance towards him. Shi Xin thus avoided ending up like Shi Hui and his other brothers, who were executed by Lü Dai in 227. Like the rest of the Shi family who survived (e.g. his uncles Shi Yi and Shi Wei 士䵋), he was reduced to the status of a commoner after his brothers' deaths. He died of illness some time later and had no son to succeed him.

Worship of "King Sĩ", Sĩ Tiếp in Vietnam
Shi Xie ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese monarchs. In the words of Stephen O'Harrow, Shi Xie was essentially "the first Vietnamese." According to Holmgren, Shi Xie's rule "is one of the milestones in the development and fusion of two new social groups in Tongking - a sinicised Vietnamese group and a vietnamised Chinese group. The latter gradually came to identify with the interests of the delta rather than with the Chinese empire". Taylor (1983) also believed his imperial appointments gave formal legitimacy to "the emergence of a regional ruling class with strong ties to the local society". It is apparent from events following his death that he "presided over an aberrant regional power arrangement based on great Han-Viet families that could field private armies". From the Chinese's view, Shi Xie stood as a "frontier guardian"; from the Vietnamese side, he was the head of a regional ruling-class society. It was relatively easy for people to shift back and forth between these two perspectives. Thus, the man of Chinese or mixed ancestry playing a mixed role or, in some cases, an unambiguous Vietnamese role is a common figure in early Vietnamese history. "He was the first of many such people to emerge as strong regional leaders who nurtured the local society in the context of Chinese civilization". The people who emerged as Vietnamese leaders during this time were of mixed ancestry: most of their families had already been in Vietnam for several generations; they undoubtedly spoke Vietnamese; and their political outlook was based on the regional interests of Vietnamese society.

Shi Xie is still honoured in some Vietnamese temples today as "King Si" (Sĩ Vương). The Vietnamese history Việt Điện U Linh Tập (c. 1400) adds significantly to the traditions of the Chinese records with local Vietnamese traditions.

title: Shi Xie


text: User talk:69.227.25.63

title: User talk:69.227.25.63


text:
3D Crazy Coaster

3D Crazy Coaster is a video game for the Vectrex console. Released in 1983, 3D Crazy Coaster uses vector graphics to present a 3D ride on a roller coaster. It was originally designed for use with GCE's Imager glasses.

Gameplay
The user controls the movements of a passenger in the lead car of a roller coaster as it plummets down steep hills and around sharp curves. One goal of the game is to keep the passenger's arms raised throughout the ride without being flung out.

title: 3D Crazy Coaster


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Cle Elum River

The Cle Elum River is a tributary of the Yakima River, approximately 28 miles (45 km) long in the U.S. state of Washington. A Northern Pacific Railway station at the future site of the city of Cle Elum, Washington was named Clealum after the Kittitas name Tie-el-Lum, meaning "swift water", referring to the Cle Elum River. In 1908, Clealum was altered to Cle Elum. This spelling came to be used for the river as well. Some maps in the 1850s also have the river labeled as Samahma River.

Course
The river originates in the Cascade Range near Mount Daniel and flows generally south, through Hyas Lake. The river is joined by many tributary streams including Waptus River and Cooper River draining from Cooper Lake, after which it enters Cle Elum Lake. Although a natural lake, Cle Elum Lake's water level and discharge is controlled by Cle Elum Dam, a 165-foot (50 m) high earthfill structure built in 1933. The dam and lake are managed for irrigation purposes by the United States Bureau of Reclamation as part of the Yakima Project. Below the dam, Cle Elum River continues south to join the Yakima River on the west side of the city of Cle Elum.

title: Cle Elum River


text:
List of companies of Iraq

Iraq is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which as 2021, provides about 92% of foreign exchange earnings. The lack of development in other sectors has resulted in 13% unemployed as of 2017 per capita GDP of $7,000. Public sector employment accounted for nearly 60% of full-time employment in 2011. The oil export industry, which dominates the Iraqi economy, generates very little employment. Currently only a modest percentage of women (the highest estimate for 2011 was 22%) participate in the labour force.

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

}}

title: List of companies of Iraq


text:
Operation Brushwood

Operation Brushwood was a part of Operation Torch, Allied landings in Africa during World War II.

Taking place on 8 November 1942, the landings were intended to capture Fedhala as part of a larger operation to capture Casablanca in Morocco, 12 miles south of Fedhala.

Operation Brushwood forces landed in Fedhala, Morocco, then marched to nearby Casablanca.

A total of 19,364 officers and men were involved in the attack. Three regimental landing groups (RLGs) from the 7th, 15th, and 30th Infantry Regiments of the 3rd Infantry Division.

Objectives
The main goal was to capture the town and port of Fedhala. Other objectives were to silence the coastal batteries, capture the roads and rail lines around Fedhala, and move south in order to surround Casablanca.

Landings
The landings took place on a stretch of coastline between the Nefifikh and Mellah rivers. Singular battalion landing teams landed on four separate beaches within this four-mile-long zone.

Five coastal and antiaircraft batteries fired shells ranging from 75-mm to 138.6-mm in caliber. 2,500 garrison troops were stationed in Fedhala, along with 4,325 at Casablanca. Surrounding airfields could potentially supply up to fifty fighters and thirty bombers.

title: Operation Brushwood


text:
Arizent

Arizent, formerly known as SourceMedia, is a diversified business-to-business digital media company owned by Observer Capital, which acquired the company from Investcorp in August 2014. Formerly the Thomson Media division of The Thomson Corporation, SourceMedia was spun off and sold by Thomson to Investcorp in 2004 for $350 million.

Headquarters
Based in New York City, SourceMedia has offices in the Washington suburb of Arlington, Virginia and Atlanta.

In 2009, Investcorp split the company into two, creating Accuity as a semi-autonomous unit within SourceMedia. Accuity was the Registrar of Routing Numbers for the American Bankers Association, responsible for the assignment of routing numbers for banks in the United States, and was a leading worldwide provider of payment routing data, software and services. In 2011, Accuity was sold to Reed Elsevier for $530 million.

In February 2012, SourceMedia announced the adoption of a new company logo. The company's "new trademark icon depicts an array of screen-shaped pixels assembled in the shape of a three-dimensional hub."

In September 2012, it was reported that Investcorp would be selling the remainder of SourceMedia. In 2014, SourceMedia was sold to Observer Capital. This is the first major acquisition for Observer Capital, which was founded in 2013 by Joseph Meyer.

Key brands
The company's key brands include American Banker, The Bond Buyer, Mergers & Acquisitions, Financial Planning, On Wall Street, Accounting Today, National Mortgage News, Digital Insurance, Health Data Management, and Employee Benefit News.

American Banker is a leading website and newspaper of record for the banking industry; The Bond Buyer, a website and daily newspaper focused exclusively on the municipal bond industry; as well as National Mortgage News, a website and weekly covering the U.S. mortgage industry; and Mergers & Acquisitions, a monthly magazine providing news, commentary and analysis about corporate mergers and acquisitions.

Key executives

 * Jeff Mancini, CEO
 * Sean Kron, CFO
 * Fell Gray, CMO
 * David Evans, chief content officer
 * Jeff Mancini, chief strategy officer
 * Christian Ward, chief data officer

title: Arizent


text:
Zantedeschia aethiopica

Zantedeschia aethiopica, commonly known as calla lily and arum lily, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, native to southern Africa in Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini.

Description
Zantedeschia aethiopica is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, evergreen where rainfall and temperatures are adequate, deciduous where there is a dry season. Its preferred habitat is in streams and ponds or on the banks. It grows to 0.6 – tall, with large clumps of broad, arrow shaped dark green leaves up to 45 cm long. The inflorescences are large and are produced in spring, summer and autumn, with a pure white spathe up to 25 cm and a yellow spadix up to 90 mm long. The spadix produces a faint, sweet fragrance.

Zantedeschia aethiopica contains calcium oxalate, and ingestion of the raw plant may cause a severe burning sensation and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat; stomach pain and diarrhea may occur.

Distribution and habitat
Z. aethiopica is native to southern Africa, specifically Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, and Eswatini. It has naturalised in Kenya, Madeira, Azores, Malawi, New Zealand, Tanzania, Zambia, coastal California and Australia, particularly in Western Australia, where it has been classified as a toxic weed and pest. The majority of invasive populations are located in coastal prairies and wetlands near human settlements. It is also a highly invasive species in riparian areas and pastureland of Western Australia and New Zealand. The cultivar 'Green Goddess' is listed in the New Zealand National Pest Plant Accord, which proscribes its cultivation, sale, and distribution.

The reproduction of Z. aethiopica involves seeds dispersal by birds and vegetative propagation through rhizomes that can spread when soil or garden cuttings are moved.

Cultivation and uses
A number of cultivars have been selected as ornamental plants:

 * 'Crowborough' is a more cold tolerant cultivar growing to 90 cm tall, suited to cool climates, such as Ireland or Britain and the north-western United States.
 * 'Green Goddess' has green stripes on the spathes which allow the flowers to last much longer than the original white form. 'Green Goddess' also has a more opened and wider spathe and has the tendency to develop curvy fringes at the edge of the spathe than the original white form. The first generation hybrid of 'Green Goddess' and the original white form have a light green underside on the spathe, allowing the flower to last longer than the original white form, but no green stripes on the top side. The New Zealand National Pest Plant Accord proscribes the cultivation, sale, and distribution of 'Green Goddess'.
 * 'Pink Mist' has a pinkish base to the spathe and pink spadix. 'Pink Mist' is not a hybrid, but a colour sport. The pink colour is best developed in partial shade after rain. 'Pink Mist' is quite delicate and weak compared to the original white form and 'Green Goddess'. Unlike the latter, 'Pink Mist' has a dormant period during winter, where the leaves almost die down completely, although it is pure Zantedeschia aethiopica. The seedlings of 'Pink Mist' are also weaker than the original white form or 'Green Goddess'.
 * 'Red Desire' has a red instead of yellow spadix and appears to be very rare.
 * 'White Sail', growing to 90 cm tall, has a very broad spathe.

The cultivars 'Crowborough' and 'Green Goddess' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

In order to introduce colours to the large white calla lilies, like the many colours available in the dwarf summer calla lilies, attempts have been made to hybridise Z. aethiopica with Z. elliotiana. These have resulted in albino progeny, which are non-viable.

Zantedeschia aethiopica can be used for treatment of wastewater due to its tolerance of iron and ability to grow in wet areas.

Symbolism
Until 2011, Zantedeschia aethiopica was the national flower of the island nation of Saint Helena, where it grows widely, but is considered an invasive plant. Further, it is an important symbol of Irish republicanism and nationalism since 1926, because it is used to commemorate the dead of Easter 1916 and onward.

title: Zantedeschia aethiopica


text:
Buckle (clothing retailer)

The Buckle, Inc. is an American fashion retailer selling clothing, footwear, and accessories for men, women, and children. The company operates 451 stores in 42 states throughout the United States of America, under the names Buckle and The Buckle. Buckle markets brand name and private label apparel, including denim, other casual bottoms, tops and shirts, dresses and rompers, sportswear and athleisure, outerwear, footwear, swimwear, fragrances, sunglasses, bags and purses, wallets, and other accessories.

History
Buckle began as a men's clothing store established in 1948 in Kearney, Nebraska. The first store was founded by David Hirschfeld and operated under the name Mills Clothing. His son, Dan Hirschfeld, took over the business in 1965. In 1967, a second store was purchased and operated under the name Brass Buckle. The company began selling more casual men's clothing and by the early 1970s, Brass Buckle had developed into a denim-based store offering a wide selection of denim and shirts.

In 1977, the company introduced women's clothing and the first mall-based location was opened. In 1991, Brass Buckle changed its name to The Buckle, Inc. and began development of private clothing label 'bkle', known today as BKE. The following year, the company went public on the NASDAQ, where it was traded as BKLE. The company reached operations of 100 stores in 18 states.
 * 1997 – The Buckle moved to the New York Stock Exchange, where it now trades under the symbol, BKE. In 1998, The Buckle reached operations of 200 stores in 29 states.
 * 1999 – The first eCommerce website was launched.
 * 2009 – The Buckle reached operation of 400 stores in 41 states.
 * 2010 – The company completed construction of a new 240,000 square feet, state-of-the-art distribution center.
 * 2011 – The company reached a milestone of selling five million pairs of jeans in one year.
 * 2017 – The Buckle operated over 450 stores in 44 states.

Merchandise
Buckle markets denim jeans, casual bottoms, fashion tops and shirts, dresses and rompers, active wear, outerwear, footwear, swimwear, fragrances, sunglasses, bags and purses, wallets, and other accessories. Buckle's own private label brands make up 35% of sales.

title: Buckle (clothing retailer)


text:
The Incredible Casuals

The Incredible Casuals was an American rock band based in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. They were formed in 1980 by bassist and songwriter Chandler Travis, guitarist Steve Shook, drummer Vince Valium (also known as Rikki Bates) and guitarist Johnny Spampinato, brother of NRBQ's Joey Spampinato. The band has been described as "The Beach Boys meets the Who". The Incredible Casuals were created from the remnants of "Travis Shook and Club Wow", a comedy duo that opened for George Carlin, Martin Mull and others, appearing on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and The Midnight Special in the '70s.

Chandler Travis and Steve Shook were joined by drummer Rikki Bates (aka Vince Valium) in 1978 and began performing as The Incredible Casuals in the Boston area in 1980. The trio released two 45 rpm 7 inch singles, "Money Won't Buy You Happiness" and "That's Why" (Red Rooster Records) prior to the addition of Johnny Spampinato. Johnny joined NRBQ when Al Anderson left that band in 1994, but remained active with The Incredible Casuals. After the addition of Johnny to the band, the single "Picnic Ape" (Eat Records) was released. The revised lineup also released the "Let's Go" Maxi-EP, also on Eat records. This lineup of the band was also featured on the USA Network show "Hotspots" along with NRBQ.

Steve Shook left the group prior to the release of their first LP That's That (originally released on Demon Records in the UK and on Rounder Records in the U.S). Shook's songwriting and guitar are prominently featured on the album, which opens and closes with his compositions.

The band's final lineup included Spampinato, Bates, and Travis, as well as guitarist Aaron Spade, who wrote the songs "Burn Me Up" and "Tearin' My Hair Out". The Casuals maintained one constant through their career, playing the Beachcomber in Wellfleet, Cape Cod every summer Sunday afternoon since 1980. The band has composed over 100 songs.

Their song, "I Wanna Play Loud", is the theme song for most of the "Socky & Jamie" shows.

Discography

 * That's That. Rounder, 1987 (CD release in Japan)
 * Your Sounds. Sonic Trout, 1991
 * Nature Calls. Iddy Biddy, 2005
 * World Championship Songs: 1980-2007. Iddy Biddy, 2007
 * It is Balloon. Akers Records
 * The Future Will Be Better Tomorrow

title: The Incredible Casuals


text:
Trombicula alfreddugesi

Trombicula alfreddugesi, also called Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, is a species in the genus Trombicula. (Eutrombicula is a subgenus of mites in Trombicula of the family Trombiculidae. )

It is the common chigger species of the United States, also sometimes called the harvest mite. Chiggers are the parasitic larval stages of these free-living mites. They are rarely seen in the dry Western states because the species prefers humid climates. They are commonly found in undergrowth and grassy brush areas; the larvae host on animals (e.g. reptiles, birds, and wild and domestic mammals), causing welts that can turn into dermatitis.

title: Trombicula alfreddugesi


text:
Kathleen Hall Jamieson

Kathleen Hall Jamieson (born November 24, 1946) is an American professor of communication and the director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania. She co-founded FactCheck.org, and she is an author, most recently of Cyberwar, in which she argues that Russia very likely helped Donald J. Trump become the U.S. President in 2016.

Early life and education
Jamieson was born on November 24, 1946, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She received her BA in Rhetoric and Public Address from Marquette University in 1967, her MA in Communication Arts from the University of Wisconsin at Madison the following year, and her PhD in Communication Arts from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1972.

Academic career
From 1971 to 1986, Jamieson served as a professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Maryland. She held the G. B. Dealey Regents Professorship while at the University of Texas from 1986 to 1989, served as the Dean of the Annenberg School for Communication of the University of Pennsylvania from 1989 to 2003 and Director of its Annenberg Public Policy Center from 1993 to the present. Her research areas include political communication, rhetorical theory and criticism, studies of various forms of campaign communication, and the discourse of the presidency.

Jamieson has won university-wide teaching awards at each of the three universities at which she has taught and has delivered the American Political Science Association’s Ithiel de Sola Poole Lecture, the National Communication Association’s Arnold Lecture, and the NASEM Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Henry and Bryna David Lecture

Jamieson’s work has been funded by the FDA and the MacArthur, Ford, Carnegie, Pew, Robert Wood Johnson, Packard, and Annenberg Foundations. She is the co-founder of FactCheck.org and its subsidiary site, SciCheck, and director of The Sunnylands Constitution Project, which has produced more than 30 award-winning films on the Constitution for high school students.

Jamieson is a fellow of the National Academy of Sciences (since 2020), the American Philosophical Society (since 1997 ), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and the International Communication Association. She is a distinguished scholar of the National Communication Association.

Publications and awards
Jamieson is the author or co-author of more than 10 works, many of which focus primarily on campaign criticism and the discourse of the presidency. Some of her most notable books are Presidents Creating the Presidency (University of Chicago Press, 2008), Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment (Oxford University Press, 2008), and unSpun: Finding Facts in a World of Disinformation (Random House, 2007).

Six of her authored or co-authored books have received book awards: Packaging the Presidency (NCA Golden Anniversary Book Award); Eloquence in an Electronic Age (NCA James A. Winans-Herbert A. Wichelns Memorial Award); Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good, with Joseph Cappella (Doris Graber Book Award of the American Political Science, ICA Fellows Book Award); Presidents Creating the Presidency, with Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (NCA James A. Winans-Herbert A. Wichelns Memorial Award, NCA Diamond Anniversary Book Award); and The Obama Victory: How Media, Money and Message Shaped the 2008 Election, with Kate Kenski and Bruce Hardy (American Publishers Association PROSE Award, ICA Outstanding Book Award, Rod Hart Outstanding Book Award, NCA Diamond Anniversary Book Award). Jamieson also received the Henry Allen Moe prize from the American Philosophical Society in 2016 for her paper "Implications of the Demise of ‘Fact’ in Political Discourse." Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President won the 2019 R. R. Hawkins Award from the Association of American Publishers, and was a Book of the Year in The Times Literary Supplement.

Jamieson has won teaching awards at each of three universities with which she has been affiliated.

Dirty Politics (1992)
In this book, Jamieson provides her readers with a new way to interpret political campaigns in an attempt to uncover the truth. She analyzes the various advertising techniques used by candidates, attempting to show themselves in a more positive light than their opponents. Jamieson also provides her readers with many advertising strategies. For example, she explains that many advertisements attempt to impersonate the news, hoping to gain legitimacy.

Packaging the Presidency (1996)
Covering the media campaigns of America's first presidents to Bill Clinton's 1992 campaign, Jamieson looks at the importance of political advertising. In her book, she writes that, "If political advertising did not exist, we would have to invent it." She argues that, although campaigns can be somewhat sleazy and vague, political advertising is a necessity in America, because it reminds voters that they really do have a say in their government.

The Spiral of Cynicism (1997)
Together with Joseph N. Cappella, Jamieson looks at voter turnout and what causes certain people to vote. From their findings, Jamieson and Cappella pioneered the idea that the manner in which the media presents politics leads to some people to choose to not vote. They argue that the media should be focusing on substance, but instead displays politics as more of a game. This, in turn, creates the "spiral of cynicism" that leads to the decline of interest and participation in elections.

Deeds Done in Words (1990) / Presidents Creating the Presidency (2008)
In these co-written works with Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, Campbell and Jamieson create a monumental framework for analyzing the rhetoric surrounding presidential oratory. They argue that the presidency is defined by what the president says and how they say it. Through the framework that Campbell and Jamieson create, they describe the different situations and actions in which presidents operate, such as inaugural addresses, special inaugural addresses in the ascension of a vice president, national eulogies, pardoning rhetoric, state of the union addresses, veto messages, the signing statement as the de facto item veto, presidential war rhetoric, presidential rhetoric of self-defense, and the rhetoric of impeachment. This work covers all the presidents up to George W. Bush.

Campbell and Jamieson argue that presidential discourse has had multiple demands of audience, occasion, and institution and in the process of either satisfying or failing, political capital and presidential authority is either supplemented from or depleted to the other branches of government. The original work of Deeds Done in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and Genre of Governance was updated to address new developments such as the ever-evolving rhetorical strategies and technological advancements in media.

Cyberwar (2018)
In Cyberwar, Jamieson applies years of research on elections to the problem of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. She concludes that it is highly probable, but not certain, that the Russians turned the election away from Hillary Clinton to Trump.

Works

 * Cyberwar: How Russian Hackers and Trolls Helped Elect a President; What We Don't, Can't, and Do Know (Oxford, 2018) ISBN 978-0190915810
 * The Obama Victory: How Media, Money, and Messages Shaped the 2008 Election coauthored with Kate Kenski and Bruce W. Hardy (Oxford, 2010)
 * Presidents Creating the Presidency: Deeds Done in Words coauthored with Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (University of Chicago, 2008)
 * Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment, coauthored with Joseph N. Cappella (Oxford, 2008)
 * unSpun: Finding Facts in a World of Disinformation coauthored with Brooks Jackson (Random House, 2007)
 * Capturing Campaign Dynamics 2000 & 2004: The National Annenberg Election Survey coauthored with Dan Romer, Kate Kenski, Ken Winneg, and Christopher Adasiewicz (University of Pennsylvania, 2006)
 * The 2000 Presidential Election and the Foundations Of Party Politics coauthored with Richard Johnston and Michael Hagen (Cambridge, 2004)
 * Capturing Campaign Dynamics: The National Annenberg Election Survey: Design, Method and Data coauthored with Dan Romer, Kate Kenski, Paul Waldman, and Christopher Adasiewicz (Oxford, 2003)
 * The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists and the Stories that Shape the Political World coauthored with Paul Waldman (Oxford, 2003)
 * Everything You Think You Know About Politics... and Why You're Wrong (Basic Books, 2000)
 * Spiral of Cynicism: Press and Public Good coauthored with Joseph N. Cappella (Oxford, 1997)
 * Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership (Oxford, 1995)
 * Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction and Democracy (Oxford, 1992)
 * Deeds Done in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and The Genres of Governance coauthored with Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (University of Chicago, 1990)
 * Presidential Debates: The Challenge of Creating an Informed Electorate coauthored with David Birdsell (Oxford, 1988)
 * Eloquence in an Electronic Age (Oxford, 1988)
 * Packaging the Presidency (Oxford, 1984)
 * The Interplay of Influence: Media and Their Publics in News, Advertising and Politics coauthored with Karlyn Kohrs Campbell (Wadsworth, 1983)
 * Debating Crime Control coauthored with Hugo Hellman and William Semlak (Marquette Publishing, 1967)

title: Kathleen Hall Jamieson


text:
Pygmy copperhead

The pygmy copperhead (Austrelaps labialis) is an Australian venomous elapid snake species found on Kangaroo Island and the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia. It is from the Austrelaps genus along with two other species of copperhead, the Highland and Lowland copperhead snakes.

Adult pygmy copperhead snakes grow to an average of 80 cm making it the smallest of Australian copperheads. It preys on small reptiles and frogs. Their bite is considered possibly lethal but they are unlikely to attack unless stepped on or purposely provoked.

They are not considered to be in need of conservation.

Taxonomy
The pygmy copperhead was first described as the Alecto Labialis by Giorgio Jan in 1859. This name was also briefly given to the White-lipped Snake in 1873 by Jan and associate Ferdinando Sordelli.

It was formerly included in Austrelaps superbus which, at the time, also included the highland and lowland copperhead snakes under the same name. The three species were officially separated in 1991 in a publication from P. A. Rawlinson, detailing key differences in appearance, distribution and behaviour between each type. This publication renames the pygmy copperhead to Austrelaps labialis, with Austrelaps superbus remaining the name for the highland copperhead.

Snake-catcher Raymond Hoser has disputed the separation of species in Austrelaps, claiming the main separation is related only to environmentally influenced changes. His paper has however been challenged by the wider community.

The common naming of the snake refers to the colouration of the scales on top of its body and those surrounding the snake’s snout and eyes, and "pygmy" refers to the species being smaller than the highland and lowland counterparts. Other common names include the pigmy copperhead, dwarf copperhead, Adelaide Hills copperhead and Jan’s copperhead.

It is not closely related to the American copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix (Viperidae).

Description
The pygmy copperhead is the smallest of Australian copperhead snakes. It is expected for the males to grow to a larger size than the females, but the pygmy copperhead's ratio is more marked than most other snake species. On average, the adult male snake reaches 80 cm in length, with larger specimens reaching 120 cm long. The total length the snake can reach has been debated, with previous publications and research only finding specimens of 60 cm, 70 cm and 85 cm.

On both sexes, the dorsal scales come in shades of brown to grey, with a notable darker stripe along the spine. The abdominal area is cream to light-grey in colouration, with varying intensities of red along the edges before transitioning to the brown-grey backside. The labial scales of the pygmy copperhead are barred with dark colouration. There can be from 140 to 165 ventral scales and 35–55 subcaudal scales, with an average of 15 rows of scales along their mid-bodies, and a single anal scale.

Newborns often have paler backsides in comparison to adult pygmy copperheads.

Distribution and habitat
The pygmy copperhead is endemic to Australia and restricted to a small section of South Australia (state), particularly Kangaroo Island and immediately adjacent mainland within the Fleurieu Peninsula and the Mount Lofty Ranges.

The limited area is characteristically moist, with an average yearly rainfall of 600-800 mm and milder summer temperatures, 23-25 C. They are found living in concentrated numbers near streams, in swamps, marshland and open sclerophyll woodlands and forests. The cold temperatures in these areas are notably too low for many other reptilian species.

There have been sightings of individual pygmy copperheads in the Adelaide Hills, as well as on islands between the Australian mainland and Tasmania, including Flinders Island, Hunter Island, Kangaroo Island, King Island, Preservation Island and Great Dog Island, probably from having accidentally stowed away on boats.

Behaviour and relationship with humans
The pygmy copperhead is a common species but rarely seen. It is generally unobtrusive, commonly hiding under leaf litter, old iron and haystacks. The lowland and highland species can be potentially dangerous, but being smaller, the pygmy is not known for being aggressive. They are all considered non-threatening unless provoked. Combat between males signifies sexual maturity in snakes, but it has not been observed in pygmy copperheads, despite the lowland and highland species exhibiting at two years of age.

Feeding
Being carnivorous, the pygmy copperhead's diet consists of smaller ectotherms, most commonly including small lizards, frogs and tadpoles. They are known to feed more frequently than highland and lowland copperheads. There have also been reports of cannibalism in the pygmy copperheads.

Venom
Bites are considered lethal without prompt anti-venom intervention, with possible irreversible presynaptic damage. The pygmy copperhead’s venom is classed as strongly neurotoxic, with toxicity similar to that of the Indian cobra. It is weakly coagulant and strongly anticoagulant, with the ability to be both blood and muscle destroying. Antivenom developed through the tiger snake is unable to completely neutralise the neurotoxicity of the whole venom, nor a modified version in research lab trials.

Reproduction
The pygmy copperhead is viviparous, commonly giving live birth to seven young in each litter, with an average maximum of 20 young in a single litter. The litter size is half that of the other Australian copperheads, attributed to their smaller body size and the maternal snout-vent length (SVL) and litter size ratio. There also appears to be a skewed sex ratio towards males. Female ovulation in the pygmy copperhead is in spring, but field research found that only two thirds of surveyed (apparently adult) females were reproductive, suggesting that females do not reproduce every year.

title: Pygmy copperhead


text:
The Bond Buyer

The Bond Buyer is a century-old United States daily national trade newspaper based in New York City and focused on covering the municipal bond industry.

The paper focuses on different regions of the United States each day and maintains news bureaus in Washington, D.C., Chicago, Florida, Atlanta, Dallas and San Francisco.

The news organization maintains a website, which provides breaking-news updates throughout trading days as well as archives and statistics. The website, like the paper, is viewable to paid subscribers.

title: The Bond Buyer


text:
Agnes of Bohemia

Agnes of Bohemia, O.S.C. (Svatá Anežka Česká, 20 January 1211 – 2 March 1282), also known as Agnes of Prague, was a medieval Bohemian princess who opted for a life of charity, mortification of the flesh and piety over a life of luxury and comfort. Although she was venerated soon after her death, Agnes was not beatified or canonized for over 700 years.

Childhood
Agnes was the daughter of King Ottokar I of Bohemia, making her a descendant of Ludmila of Bohemia and Wenceslaus I, patron saints of Bohemia. Agnes's mother was Constance of Hungary, who was the sister of King Andrew II of Hungary, so Agnes was a first cousin to Elizabeth of Hungary.

When she was three years old, Agnes was entrusted to the care of Hedwig of Andechs, the wife of Duke Henry I the Bearded of Silesia. Hedwig placed her to be educated by a community of Cistercian nuns in a monastery that she herself had founded in Trzebnica. Upon her return to Prague, Agnes was entrusted to a priory of Premonstratensian Canonesses to continue her education.

Arranged marriages
At the age of eight, Agnes was betrothed to Henry, son of Emperor Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry was ten years old and had just been crowned King of Germany. According to custom, Agnes should have spent her childhood at her future husband's court. Emperor Frederick, King of Sicily, had his court in Palermo, but his son Henry, King of Germany, lived in Germany at the palace of Archbishop Engelbert in Cologne.

Agnes was sent to the court of Duke Leopold VI of Babenberg. Leopold, however, wanted the young Henry to marry his daughter, Margaret. After being betrothed for six years, Henry and Agnes's betrothal contract was cancelled. Like other noble women of her time, Agnes was a valuable political pawn. In 1226, Agnes's father Ottokar went to war against the Babenbergs as a result of the cancelled betrothal. Ottokar then planned for Agnes to marry Henry III of England, but this was vetoed by the Emperor, who wanted to marry Agnes himself.

Foundress
Agnes refused to play any more part in a politically arranged marriage. She decided to devote her life to prayer and spiritual works, for which she sought the help of Pope Gregory IX. Emperor Frederick is said to have remarked: "If she had left me for a mortal man, I would have taken vengeance with the sword, but I cannot take offence because in preference to me she has chosen the King of Heaven."

On land donated by her brother, Wenceslaus I, King of Bohemia, she founded the Hospital of St. Francis (circa 1232–33) and two friaries for the Franciscan friars, who had just come to Bohemia at her brother's invitation. Through them, Agnes learned of Clare of Assisi and her Order of Poor Ladies, the monastic counterpart of the friars. She began a correspondence with Clare (which lasted for over two decades).

Agnes built a monastery and friary complex attached to the hospital. It housed the Franciscan friars and the Poor Clare nuns who worked at the hospital. This religious complex was one of the first Gothic buildings in Prague. This was the first Poor Clare community north of the Alps. In 1235, Agnes gave the property of the Teutonic Knights in Bohemia to the hospital. She herself became a member of what became known as the Franciscan Poor Clares in 1234. As a nun, she cooked for and mended the clothes of lepers and paupers, even after becoming abbess of the Prague Clares the following year. As can be seen in their correspondence, Clare wrote with deep maternal feelings toward Agnes, though they never met.

A lay group working at the hospital was organized by Agnes in 1238 as a new military order, dedicated primarily to nursing, known as the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star, following the Rule of St. Augustine. That next year, Agnes handed over all authority over the hospital she had founded to these monastic knights. They were recognized as an order by Pope Gregory IX in 1236–37.

Agnes lived out her life in the cloister, leading the monastery as abbess, until her death on 2 March 1282.

Legacy
The Monastery of the Holy Savior, renamed the Convent of Saint Agnes, began to fall into decline after the Hussite Wars of the 15th century. The community was abolished in 1782. Restored in the 1960s, the building is now a branch of the National Gallery in Prague, featuring the medieval Central European and Bohemian collections.

Veneration
The beatification process for Agnes was opened on 21 November 1872, and Pope Pius IX beatified her in 1874. Pope John Paul II canonized Blessed Agnes on 12 November 1989. While she was known by her contemporaries because of her supposed visions and healing, such as her prophecy that King Wenceslaus would be victorious in his battle against the Austrians, her canonization was based on her practice of the Christian virtues of faith, hope, and charity to an extraordinary degree, and the church's view is confirmed either through a miracle granted by God in answer to the saint's prayers or as in this case, by the continuing devotion of the Christian faithful to a saint's example across centuries.

Though Agnes died in 1282, she is still venerated by Christians around the world more than 700 years later. She was honored in 2011, the 800th anniversary of her birth, as the Saint of the Overthrow of Communism, with a year dedicated to her by Catholics in the Czech Republic.

Cultural reference
On the occasion of the eight-hundredth anniversary of Agnes' birth, the Prague Archbishopric in cooperation with the National Gallery in Prague organized an exhibition called "Saint Agnes of Bohemia – Princess and Nun" at the national cultural heritage site, the Convent of Saint Agnes in Prague (Old Town). The exhibition was held from November 25, 2011, to March 25, 2012. A similar exhibition, also honoring Agnes of Bohemia, took place some 80 years ago. The exposition held about 300 exhibits. Contributing partners included are the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star, the National Archives and Charles University.

title: Agnes of Bohemia


text:
Darién National Park

Darién National Park (Parque Nacional Darién) is a World Heritage Site in Panama. It is about 325 km from Panama City, is the most extensive of all national parks of Panama, and is one of the most important World Heritage Sites in Central America.

The Darién National Park is a natural bridge spanning North and South America.

In 1972, an area of 700000 ha became part of the Alto Darién Protection Forest. In 1980, the area was declared a national park. In 1983, an area of 859333 ha became a UNESCO biosphere reserve. The park covers 5790 km2.

It is located in southernmost Panama in Darién province and its southern boundary extends along 90 percent of the Colombia–Panama border. It lies between the Serranía del Darién range, which parallels the Caribbean Sea 16 km to the northeast, and the Pacific Ocean coast. It is adjacent to the Los Katíos National Park in Colombia.

Habitat
The Darien National Park has myriad habitats, ranging from rocky coastlines to sandy beaches to mangroves. The park also has expansive swamps and large areas of tropical forests.

Wildlife
Its most common species include macaw, parrot, and tapirs. The harpy eagle also calls this national park home. It is noted for its incredible genetic value. The park is home to regional endemic species.

Indigenous inhabitants
The park is one of the few examples remaining in the world of a protected area inhabited by humans. To this day two Native tribes dwell in the park.

Visitors usually fly into El Real, the closest town to the park.

Visiting the park
Due to its extreme isolation, the Darién National Park is not very accessible. There are, however, two places where the park is often visited. Santa Cruz de Cana (more simply known as Cana) is one of them. Set in the middle of the park near the eastern slope of Cerro Pirre, Cana is one of Panama's most incredible outdoor areas. It has been called one of the world's ten greatest bird watching spots. There are several trails and a ranger station there.

The second point of access is Pirre Station. This is an ANAM ranger station set on the opposite side of Cerro Pirre. This area has primary forests and an abundance of wildlife, including several types of monkeys, sloths, and many bird species. There are several trails leading away from the ranger station that can be hiked. Travelers can stay in a basic dormitory at the ranger station.

The park is also notable for the Darién Gap, the only break in the Pan-American Highway on its intercontinental path from Argentina to Alaska.

title: Darién National Park


text:
Battle of Consuegra

The Battle of Consuegra took place during the Spanish Reconquista on 15 August 1097 near the village of Consuegra in the province of Castile-La Mancha between the Castilian and Leonese army of Alfonso VI and the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin.

History
The battle soon turned into Almoravid victory, with the Leónese dead including the son of El Cid, Diego Rodríguez. Alfonso, with some Leónese, retreated into the castle of Consuegra, which was besieged for eight days until the Almoravids withdrew to the south.

title: Battle of Consuegra


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Matutinal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:02, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Matutinal
Dictdef. Text is Of, relating to, or occurring in the morning; early. Propose transwiki and delete. RJFJR 03:42, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It has been transwikied before, and appears on Wiktionary already. --Tabor 04:02, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Duplicate material, possibly a procedural speedy. Geogre 12:17, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete ··gracefool |☺ 03:35, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.