text:
Popetown

Popetown is a French-British adult animated series and sitcom, billed by its producers as "Father Ted meets South Park". The series was internationally controversial, and was not screened by BBC Three, the channel which commissioned it.

Premise
The series follows the doodles and scribblings of a student at school during a lesson. His drawings depict the life of Father Nicholas, who lives in a Vatican City parody referred to as "Popetown". He is charged with being the handler for the Pope (who is always referred to by his title, and never given any name) who is a complete nincompoop with the emotional and mental maturity of a four-year-old. Father Nicholas must keep the Pope out of trouble, and make sure the general public does not find out that the Holy Father is a drooling idiot. Other characters include a priest who is a sexual deviant, an extremely buxom and vain nun who serves as the Popetown news anchor and a trio of corrupt cardinals who secretly run Popetown and attempt to get rich behind the Pope's back. These and other elements caused the show to be extremely controversial.

The original English-language version of the show features the voices of actor and Popetown writer Mackenzie Crook, Little Britain co-creator Matt Lucas, providing the voice for one of the cardinals, and actress Jerry Hall. Ruby Wax is the voice actor for The Pope.

The series was originally commissioned by BBC Three in the United Kingdom, but was dropped from scheduling without a screening in the wake of protests from Roman Catholics. The premiere screened on New Zealand's C4 television network on 8 June 2005. Despite never being shown on British television, it was eventually released on DVD in the UK by Revolver Entertainment on 5 September 2005, in Australia by Roadshow Entertainment and in Germany, where it was aired on television thorough MTV Germany, by Polyband. It was also currently aired on several MTV channels, including MTV Latin America, MTV Latvia, MTV Estonia, 2x2 Russia and others. The show was also banned in some countries (for example, Lithuania).

Cast

 * Bob Mortimer as Father Nicholas
 * Ruby Wax as The Pope
 * Morwenna Banks as Sister Marie
 * Jerry Hall as Sister Penelope
 * Matt Lucas as Cardinal One
 * Kevin Eldon as Cardinal Two
 * Simon Greenall as Cardinal Three
 * Ben Miller as Priest

Crew
The show was written by a team of seven writers:
 * Kevin Eldon
 * James Bachman
 * Mackenzie Crook
 * Isabelle Dubernet
 * Mark Evans
 * Eric Fuhrer
 * Phil Ox
 * David Quantick

Phil Ox also served as director and producer for the series.

The series was also produced by:
 * Heather Hampson
 * Stacy Herbert
 * Alan Marke
 * Yohanne Seroussi
 * Rebecca Ferrand

New Zealand
The Catholic Church in New Zealand had been considering laying a complaint to the Broadcasting Standards Authority. Bishops called for a boycott of all CanWest television and radio stations. C4 had received many complaints about the show but refused to pull it from its lineup.

Germany
In Germany, where insulting religious groups is a crime, MTV broadcast the first episode on 3 May 2006. After an advertisement was published at the start of the Holy Week featuring Jesus in a chair watching TV (with the heading "laugh instead of hanging around"), both MTV and the series drew sharp criticism from some Christians in Germany; the office of the archbishop of Munich said it is investigating an injunction to block the series. Popetown became a topic of public debate, even though few had had the opportunity to see the show.

Several Christian denominations, along with conservative politicians and the Jewish and Muslim communities demanded that MTV withdraw the series. An Evangelical magazine has put up an anti-Popetown website, stoppt-popetown.de. The Archbishop of Munich and the parliamentary leader of the conservative CSU party in Bavaria demanded criminal prosecution of those responsible for the series under § 166 of the Penal Code, the "blasphemy clause". Edmund Stoiber, leader of the CSU, also demanded more severe punishments for slander of religious feelings.

Organizations like the IBKA and others argued that satire must be allowed and censorship must not take place. Supporters of the series brought forward the argument that Popetown cannot be forbidden, just as the Muhammad cartoons are allowed for reasons of press freedom.

After a discussion on MTV, which ended up with some 87% of online voters supporting broadcast, MTV decided to broadcast all of the other episodes. The experts taking position in the show said they would not broadcast it, but also not forbid it.

United States
The series has yet to be broadcast or released on DVD in the United States, but it has spread by word of mouth, YouTube, and file sharing networks. In the 20 April 2006 edition of his weekly column, Parents Television and Media Council founder L. Brent Bozell wrote an article criticizing Viacom for airing this anti-Christian series on MTV Germany as well as allowing a scene defacing Jesus Christ in the episode of the American animated series South Park, "Cartoon Wars Part II".

Lithuania
In March 2007, the MTV Baltics network was fined 3,000 litas (€896) by the Lithuanian broadcasting regulator for airing the animation. In response, MTV series director Marius Veselis accused Lithuania of unmasking itself as a "sort of half-medieval, half-communist, sick culture".

title: Popetown


text:
Geocronite

Geocronite is a mineral, a mixed sulfosalt containing lead, antimony, and arsenic with a formula of Pb14(Sb, As)6S23. Geocronite is the antimony-rich endmember of a solid solution series. The arsenic-rich endmember is named jordanite. It occurs as grey, black, to silvery white monoclinic crystals. It is found in hydrothermal veins usually associated with other similar minerals, particularly the sulfides of iron and copper.

The mineral has been found in Spain, Ireland and Sweden where it was first identified in 1839.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Geocronite


text:
Quinara Region

Quinara is a region in central Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Fulacunda. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm.

As of 2009, the total population of the region was 60,777, with the urban population being 12,302 and rural being 48,475. The sex ratio of the region is 94 females for every hundred males. As of 2009, the net activity rate was 45.54 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 33.16 per cent, proportion of labour force was 76.09 and the proportion of potentially active population was 33.16 per cent. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 79.6 per cent, with a regional contribution of 18 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Etymology
'Quinara' is a corruption of Guinala, which was an important town and center of trade on the rio Barca, a tributary of the Rio Grande de Buba from before the arrival of the Europeans to the 17th century.

Geography
Quinara is a low-lying coastal region and the low-lying coastal areas are periodically submerged during high tide. All the coastal regions have a maximum elevation of 300 m. The internal region has plains, which are interspersed with rias. There are lot of meandering rivers, many of them forming estuaries in the coastal regions. The principal river, Cacheu, flows through the region. The climate is hot and tropical and the region has two seasons. The dry season occurs from December to May with the arid harmattan wind dominating and temperature ranges from 20 °C to 30 °C. The rainy season occurs from May to November. The region receives an average rainfall of around 2000 mm whereas the inland regions receive around 1400 mm. The coastal regions are covered with mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest.

Administration
Quinara is divided into four sectors, namely, Buba, Empada, Fulacunda, and Tite. Guinea-Bissau got independence from Portugal on 24 September 1973 after wars and diplomatic political actions under the Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde (PAICV), while Portugal accepted the independence of Cape Verde on 5 July 1975. PAICV ruled both the countries after independence. While international funds came pouring in for the economic development of the nation, the party was accused of misusing power in authoritarian manner. The one-party state mechanism was turbulent during the period of 1980s and 1990s with army taking control of power more frequently and the resultant civil war resulted in loss of property and lives. To decentralize power, an administrative region and eight regions were created. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. There is minimal health and education services offered by the government and all the government departments have operated in a limited fashion. A transitional government was selected during 2003-4 with an adopted Public Transition Charter. The Military Committee appointed two civilians as interim President and Prime Minister. Elections were held for a five-year term on 24 July 2005 with a multi party representation. There was a military coup in 2012, after which EU and international donations stopped. The latest elections were held during April 2014 with 13 Presidential candidates and representation from 15 parties. The elections were monitored by 550 international observers. Jose Mario Vaz and his party, won the Presidential and parliamentary elections against the military backed Nuno Gomes Nabiam.

Demographics
As of 2009, the total population of the region was 60,777, with the urban population being 12,302 and rural being 48,475. The sex ratio of the region is 94 females for every hundred males. The total resident population in the region is 60,777. The total agricultural population in the region is 8,928. The average number of household in the region is 8.3 and the density of the population is 19.4 km2. The intercensal rate of average annual growth (adjusted data) is 2.18 per cent. The non-agricultural population in the country is 51,849. The total number of households per capita in the region is 7,366. The fraction of Christians in the region is 19.4 per cent, Muslims is 45.80 per cent, animists is 6.20 per cent, not detailed was 21.50 per cent and people following no religion was 7.1 per cent.

Economy
As of 2009, the net activity rate was 45.54 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 33.16 per cent, proportion of labour force was 76.09 and the proportion of potentially active population was 33.16 per cent. The major economic activity in the parts around the rivers and the coastal areas was fishing, while it was agriculture in the inland areas. As of 2011, the total population which was active constitutes 60 per cent nationwide indicating there are lot of employed people. But the poverty rate was very high in the country with an estimated two-thirds below the poverty line. Out of the working population, an estimated 58.4 per cent are employed in freelance activities, while wage earners formed 42 per cent. The unemployment in the region as of 2001 was 10.2 per cent, compared to the capital Bissau which has 19.3 per cent. Totally 63.5 per cent were employed in agriculture (including forestry), 8.9 in industry and 6.1 per cent in public administration. As per IMF report in 2011, people who were engaged in agriculture were poorer compared to others, while educated and higher educated people earned more. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 79.6 per cent, with a regional contribution of 18 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Notable people

 * Teodora Inácia Gomes, politician and women's rights activist.

title: Quinara Region


text:
User talk:Ink~enwiki

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
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lots of issues | leave me a message 07:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ink. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ink~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:03, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ink~enwiki


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Corkman Inn

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:51, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Corkman Inn
Non-notable pub, nonsense article. RickK 07:52, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable promo. JamesBurns 11:19, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Spiral Island

Spiral Island was a floating artificial island built in Mexico by British artist Richart "Reishee" Sowa. It was destroyed by Hurricane Emily in 2005. A replacement, Joyxee Island, had been open for tours since 2008, but closed after it was damaged by storms and the local authority ordered its removal.

Spiral Island was featured in newspapers and TV documentaries around the world, including in Japan and South Korea, as well as an episode of the Ripley's Believe It or Not! TV series, and on the MTV program Extreme Cribs in 2011.

Spiral Island
The first Spiral island was located in a lagoon near Puerto Aventuras, on the Caribbean coast of Mexico south of Cancún; Richart Sowa began constructing it in 1998. He filled nets with empty discarded plastic bottles to support a structure of plywood and bamboo, on which he poured sand and planted numerous plants, including mangroves. The island sported a two-story house, a solar oven, a self-composting toilet, and three beaches. He used some 250,000 bottles for the 66 x structure.

Sowa was ordered to take the island out of the man-made canal in 2004 because many private homes and condos were being built and he lived for one year tied to the end of a loose rock pier. Sowa was offered a new location in the bay of Soliman about 200 km (124 mi) south. Finally, he was permitted by Port authorities to tow Spiral Island, but the island was destroyed by Hurricane Emily in 2005.

Joyxee Island
In late 2007 and 2008, Sowa built a replacement for Spiral Island in the waters of Isla Mujeres, the "Island of Women", also near Cancun. It opened for tours in August 2008.

The new island was initially 20 m in diameter and contained about 100,000 bottles. It has since expanded to 25 metres (82 ft) due to various plants and mangroves growing from the island. The new island has three beaches, a house, two ponds, a wave-powered washing machine, solar panels, a solar-powered waterfall and river. The island is a constant work in progress with volunteers and Sowa himself continually making improvements.

In May 2011, Reishee embarked on a project to berth his island out in Isla Mujeres Bay, as it was now too big for its current site off a pier in Laguna Majax. The Mexican Government also recognized Joyxee Island as an "Eco Boat" and therefore needed to comply with all current boating regulations, which involved the purchase of fire extinguishers, life ring buoys and emergency kits. The project was launched on kickstarter.com with a goal of $18,000 that it failed to reach. Reishee later successfully relaunched the project with a more conservative $9,000 goal.

Joyxee Island was open for tours at one point. However, it was damaged by storms and the local authorities made the owner remove it in January 2019.

title: Spiral Island


text:
Isochronous media access controller

Isochronous media access controller (I-MAC) is a media access control whereby data must be transferred isochronously—in other words, the data must be transmitted at a steady rate, without any interruption.

title: Isochronous media access controller


text:
Cacheu Region

Cacheu is a region in western Guinea-Bissau, on the border with Senegal. It has an area of 5,175 km2 and a population estimated in 2004 at 164,676. Its capital is Cacheu. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm

As of 2009, the total population of the region was 185,053, with the urban population being 40,051 and rural being 145,002. The sex ratio of the region is 91 females for every hundred males. As of 2009, the net activity rate was 54.24 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 36.20 per cent, proportion of labour force was 78.17 and the proportion of potentially active population was 36.20 per cent. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 63.8 per cent, with a regional contribution of 14.2 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Geography
Cacheu is a low-lying coastal region and the low-lying coastal areas are periodically submerged during high tide. All the coastal regions have a maximum elevation of 300 m. The internal region has plains, which are interspersed with rias. There are lot of meandering rivers, many of them forming estuaries in the coastal regions. The principal river, Cacheu, flows through the region. The climate is hot and tropical and the region has two seasons. The onset of summer is from December to May with April - May period having temperature ranges from 20 °C to 30 °C. The rainy season is usually from May to November. The region receives an average rainfall of around 2000 mm compared to the inland regions, which receive 1000 mm. The coastal regions are covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest.

Administration
Cacheu is divided into six administrative sectors are Bigene, Bula, Cacheu, Caió, Canghungo and São Domingos. Guinea-Bissau got independence from Portugal on 24 September 1973 after wars and diplomatic political actions under the Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde (PAICV), while Portugal accepted the independence of Cape Verde on 5 July 1975. PAICV ruled both the countries after independence. While international funds came pouring in for the economic development of the nation, the party was accused of misusing power in authoritarian manner. The one-party state mechanism was turbulent during the period of 1980s and 1990s with army taking control of power more frequently and the resultant civil war resulted in loss of property and lives. To decentralize power, an administrative region and eight regions were created. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. There is minimal health and education services offered by the government and all the government departments have operated in a limited fashion. A transitional government was selected during 2003-4 with an adopted Public Transition Charter. The Military Committee appointed two civilians as interim President and Prime Minister. Elections were held for a five year term on 24 July 2005 with a multi party representation. There was a military coup in 2012, after which EU and international donations stopped. The latest elections were held during April 2014 with 13 Presidential candidates and representation from 15 parties. The elections were monitored by 550 international observers. Jose Mario Vaz and his party, won the Presidential and parliamentary elections against the military backed Nuno Gomes Nabiam.

Demographics
As of 2009, the total population of the region was 185,053, with the urban population being 40,051 and rural being 145,002. The sex ratio of the region is 91 females for every hundred males. The total resident population in the region is 185,053. The total agricultural population in the region is 78,522. The average number of household in the region is 8.0 and the density of the population is 35.8 sq. km. The intercensal rate of average annual growth (adjusted data) is 1.51 per cent. The non-agricultural population in the country is 106,531. The total number of households per capita in the region is 26,475. The fraction of Christians in the region is 30.7 per cent, Muslims is 14.80 per cent, animists is 34.00 per cent, not detailed was 17.30 per cent and people following no religion was 3.0 per cent.

Economy
As of 2009, the net activity rate was 54.24 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 36.20 per cent, proportion of labour force was 78.17 and the proportion of potentially active population was 36.20 per cent. The major economic activity in the parts around the rivers and the coastal areas was fishing, while it was agriculture in the inland areas. As of 2011, the total population which was active constitutes 60 per cent nationwide indicating there are lot of employed people. But the poverty rate was very high in the country with an estimated two-thirds below the poverty line. Out of the working population, an estimated 58.4 per cent are employed in freelance activities, while wage earners formed 42 per cent. The unemployment in the region as of 2001 was 10.2 per cent, compared to the capital Bwassau which has 19.3 per cent. Totally 63.5 per cent were employed in agriculture (including forestry), 8.9 in industry and 6.1 per cent in public adminwastration. As per IMF report in 2011, people who were engaged in agriculture were poorer compared to others, while educated and higher educated people earned more. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 63.8 per cent, with a regional contribution of 14.2 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Totally 63.5 per cent were employed in agriculture (including forestry), 8.9 in industry and 6.1 per cent in public adminwastration. As per IMF report in 2011, people who were engaged in agriculture were poorer compared to others, while educated and higher educated people earned more. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 63.8 per cent, with a regional contribution of 14.2 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Bolanhas
Bolanhas are rice polders amidst the mangroves along sea arms (creeks) intruding the coastal area of Guinea Bissau. The rice polders are protected from flooding by seawater with bunds. There are acid sulfate soils inside the polders. Over decades, farmers have been able to improve the soils by continuous drainage during the rainy season.

title: Cacheu Region


text:
Corelative

Correlative ("corelative," UK spelling) is the term adopted by Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld to describe the philosophical relationships between fundamental legal concepts in jurisprudence.

Hohfeldian analysis
Hohfeld was concerned that there was some ambiguity in the explanation of the similarities and differences between concepts in law. Hence, with the focus on the nature of rights, he proposed a system of analysis based on "jural correlatives" and "jural opposites". A correlative is where two concepts are logically consistent and the one necessarily implies the other. When two concepts are Hohfeldian opposites (technically, logical contradictions), they are mutually exclusive.

Thus, if A has a right with regard to B, an analysis of their relationship from B's point of view must imply that B has a duty to A. An owner of land may hold four distinct entitlements: rights, privileges, powers, and immunities. Hohfeld linked each entitlement to a correlative and its opposite:

In practice
Jurists such as Mickey Dias and Hohfeld have declared that rights and duties are jural corelatives, which means that if someone has a right, someone else owes a duty to him. This reasoning of Dias' was used in Murphy v Brentwood District Council (1991) to disapprove Lord Denning MR's judgment in Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council (1972).

title: Corelative


text:
Information systems technician

An information systems technician is a technician whose responsibility is maintaining communications and computer systems.

Description
Information systems technicians operate and maintain information systems, facilitating system utilization. In many companies, these technicians assemble data sets and other details needed to build databases. This includes data management, procedure writing, writing job setup instructions, and performing program librarian functions. Information systems technicians assist in designing and coordinating the development of integrated information system databases. Information systems technicians also help maintain Internet and Intranet websites. They decide how information is presented and create digital multimedia and presentation using software and related equipment.

Information systems technicians install and maintain multi-platform networking computer environments, a variety of data networks, and a diverse set of telecommunications infrastructures. Information systems technicians schedule information gathering for content in a multiple system environment. Information systems technicians are responsible for the operation, programming, and configuration of many pieces of electronics, hardware and software. ITs often are also tasked to investigate, troubleshoot, and resolve end-user problems. Information systems technicians conduct ongoing assessments of short and long-term hardware and software needs for companies, developing, testing, and implementing new and revised programs.

Information systems technicians cooperate with other staff to inventory, maintain and manage computer and communication systems. Information systems technicians provide communication links and connectivity to the department in an organization, serving to equipment modification and installation tasks. This includes: Additionally, Information systems technicians can conduct training and provide technical support to end-users, providing this for a departments (sometimes across multiple organizations).
 * local area networks : computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college.
 * wide area networks :  computer network covering a wide geographical area, involving a vast array of computers.
 * minicomputer systems : multi-user computers which make up the middle range of the computing spectrum, usually single-user systems (such as personal computers).
 * Macro-computer systems : Usually large multi-user systems (such as mainframe computers) for bulk data processing such as censuses, industry/consumer statistics, ERP, and bank transaction processing.
 * associated peripheral devices

title: Information systems technician


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Religion of Peace

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:51, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Religion of Peace
Non notable offensive slur. Delete --Jeffrey O. Gustafson 07:58, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - concur with Jeffrey. Blackcats 09:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV attack. JamesBurns 11:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete but might deserve a spot on List of political epithets. David | Talk 11:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Ugh. Delete. Merge minimally with list of political epithets (as we seem to have no list of religious slurs). JFW | T@lk  11:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete obviously --Doc (?) 14:17, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Frequent use by one hatemongering group does not notability make. No one's going to come to WP looking for "Religion of Peace" in this context. ESkog 21:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV, epithet, and unwarranted promo for LGF.  Kaibabsquirrel 06:25, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Reino Helismaa

Reino Vihtori "Repe" Helismaa (12 July 1913, Helsinki – 21 January 1965) was a Finnish singer-songwriter, musician and scriptwriter, mainly known for his humorous, yet homely songs. One of his best-known interpreters was Tapio Rautavaara. He also scripted the comic strip Maan mies Marsissa, drawn by Ami Hauhio.

Works
Song lyrics: Helismaa wrote over five thousand song lyrics. Some of the most famous include:
 * Balladi Villistä Lännestä (A ballad of the Wild West)
 * Daiga-daiga-duu (Diga-diga-doo)
 * Hiljainen kylätie (A quiet village street)
 * Kaksi vanhaa tukkijätkää (Two old lumberjacks)
 * Kulkuri ja joutsen (The tramp and the swan; translation of originally Swedish song Vagabonden och svanen by Lasse Dahlquist)
 * Kulkurin iltatähti (The tramp's evening star)
 * Lentävä kalakukko (The flying kalakukko)
 * Meksikon pikajuna (The Mexico Express, original: Orient Express)
 * Päivänsäde ja menninkäinen (The sunbeam and the goblin)
 * Rakovalkealla (At the campfire)
 * Reppu ja reissumies (The knapsack and the travelling man)
 * Rovaniemen markkinoilla (At the Rovaniemi fair)
 * Suutarin tyttären pihalla (At the shoemaker's daughter's yard)

Other works by Helismaa include 8 plays, 10 revues, 32 film manuscripts and 104 radio plays.
 * Screenplays for several Pekka ja Pätkä -comedy films made in the 1950s.

title: Reino Helismaa


text:
Biombo Region

Biombo is a region in western Guinea-Bissau, with an area of 840 km2 and its capital is Quinhámel. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99, and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest, tangled forest, and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm.

As of 2009, the total population of the region was 93,039, with the urban population being 11,030, and rural being 82,009. The sex ratio of the region is 89 females for every hundred males. As of 2009, there net activity rate was 50.47 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 35.03 per cent, proportion of labour force was 77.74 and the proportion of potentially active population was 35.03 per cent. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 63.6 per cent, with a regional contribution of 9.1 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Geography
Biombo is a low-lying coastal region and the low-lying coastal areas are periodically submerged during high tide. All the coastal regions have a maximum elevation of 300 m. The internal region has plains, which are interspersed with rias. There are lot of meandering rivers, many of them forming estuaries in the coastal regions. The principal river, Cacheu, flows through the region. The climate is hot and tropical and the region has two seasons. The onset of summer is from December to May with April - May period having temperature ranges from 20 °C to 30 °C. The rainy season is usually from May to November. The region receives an average rainfall of around 2000 mm compared to the inland regions, which receive 1000 mm. The coastal regions are covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest.

Administration
Biombo is divided into 3 sectors, namely, Prabis, Quinhamel and Safim. Guinea-Bissau got independence from Portugal on 24 September 1973 after wars and diplomatic political actions under the Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde (PAICV), while Portugal accepted the independence of Cape Verde on 5 July 1975. PAICV ruled both the countries after independence. While international funds came pouring in for the economic development of the nation, the party was accused of misusing power in authoritarian manner. The one-party state mechanism was turbulent during the period of 1980s and 1990s with army taking control of power more frequently and the resultant civil war resulted in loss of property and lives. To decentralize power, an administrative region and eight regions were created. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. There is minimal health and education services offered by the government and all the government departments have operated in a limited fashion. A transitional government was selected during 2003–4 with an adopted Public Transition Charter. The Military Committee appointed two civilians as interim President and Prime Minister. Elections were held for a five-year term on 24 July 2005 with a multi party representation. There was a military coup in 2012, after which EU and international donations stopped. The latest elections were held during April 2014 with 13 Presidential candidates and representation from 15 parties. The elections were monitored by 550 international observers. Jose Mario Vaz and his party, won the Presidential and parliamentary elections against the military backed Nuno Gomes Nabiam.

Demographics
As of 2009, the total population of the region was 93,039, with the urban population being 11,030 and rural being 82,009. The sex ratio of the region is 89 females for every hundred males. The total resident population in the region is 93,039. The total agricultural population in the region is 32,012. The average number of household in the region is 7.0 and the density of the population is 110.9 km2. The intercensal rate of average annual growth (adjusted data) is 2.69 per cent. The non-agricultural population in the country is 61,027. The total number of households per capita in the region is 13,328. The fraction of Christians in the region is 30.2 per cent, Muslims is 6.30 per cent, animists is 40.10 per cent, not detailed was 20.80 per cent and people following no religion was 2.5 per cent.

Economy
As of 2009, there net activity rate was 50.47 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 35.03 per cent, proportion of labour force was 77.74 and the proportion of potentially active population was 35.03 per cent. The major economic activity in the parts around the rivers and the coastal areas is fishing, while it is agriculture in the inland areas. As of 2011, the total population which is active constitutes 60 per cent nationwide indicating there are lot of employed people. But the poverty rate is very high in the country with an estimated two-thirds below the poverty line. Out of the working population, an estimated 58.4 per cent are employed in freelance activities, while wage earners formed 42 per cent. The unemployment in the region as of 2001 was 10.2 per cent, compared to the capital Bissau which has 19.3 per cent.

Totally 63.5 per cent were employed in agriculture (including forestry), 8.9 in industry and 6.1 per cent in public administration. As per IMF report in 2011, people who were engaged in agriculture were poorer compared to others, while educated and higher educated people earned more. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 63.6 per cent, with a regional contribution of 9.1 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Bolanhas
Bolanhas are rice polders amidst the mangroves along sea arms (creeks) intruding the coastal area of Guinea Bissau. The rice polders are protected from flooding by seawater with bunds. There are acid sulfate soils inside the polders. Over decades, farmers have been able to improve the soils by continuous drainage during the rainy season.

title: Biombo Region


text:
Bolama Region

Bolama is an administrative region in Guinea-Bissau, consisting primarily of the Bijagós Archipelago of the country's southern coast, together with a small coastal strip centred on the coastal town of São João. It has an area of 2,624 km2. Its capital is Bolama, on the island of the same name. It is a coastal region covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest and receives an annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm.

As of 2009, the total population of the region was 32,424, with the urban population being 9,118 and rural being 23,306. The sex ratio of the region is 97 females for every hundred males. As of 2009, the net activity rate was 48.88 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 33.32 per cent, proportion of labour force was 75.77 and the proportion of potentially active population was 33.32 per cent. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 51.6 per cent, with a regional contribution of 20.6 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Administration
Bolama is divided into four administrative sectors:

 * Bolama, comprising the islands of Bolama and Galinhas, and some adjacent islands in the north-east of the region, together with the coastal strip;
 * Bubaque, consisting of various islands including Bubaque, Orangozinho, Meneque, Soga, Rubane, Roxa and João Viera, all in the south-east of the Bijagós Archipelago;
 * Caravela, consisting of various islands including Caravela, Carache, Enu, Formosa, Ponta and Maio, all in the north-west of the Bijagós Archipelago;
 * Uno, consisting of the islands Uno, Orango, Uracane, Eguba, Unhacomo, Unhocomozinho and others, in the south-west of the region.

Guinea-Bissau unilaterally proclaimed its independence from Portugal on 24 September 1973 after wars and diplomatic political actions under the Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC). Portugal acknowledged the independence of Guinea-Bissau in 1974 and Cape Verde on 5 July 1975. PAIGC ruled both the countries after independence. While international funds came pouring in for the economic development of the nation, the party was accused of misusing power in authoritarian manner (Guinea-Bissau only). In 14 November 1980, there was the first military coup in Guinea-Bissau led by João Bernardo Vieira, Nino, removing Luis Cabral from the Presidency of the Republic. The one-party state mechanism was turbulent during the period of 1980s and 1990s with army taking control of power more frequently and the resultant civil war resulted in loss of property and lives. To decentralize power, an administrative region and eight regions were created. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. There is minimal health and education services offered by the government and all the government departments have operated in a limited fashion. A transitional government was selected during 2003-4 with an adopted Public Transition Charter. The Military Committee appointed two civilians as interim President and Prime Minister. Elections were held for a five-year term on 24 July 2005 with a multi party representation. There was a military coup in 2012, after which EU and international donations stopped. The latest elections were held during April 2014 with 13 Presidential candidates and representation from 15 parties. The elections were monitored by 550 international observers. Jose Mario Vaz and his party, won the Presidential and parliamentary elections against the military backed Nuno Gomes Nabiam.

Geography
Bolama is a low-lying coastal archipelago and the low-lying coastal areas are periodically submerged during high tide. All the coastal regions have a maximum elevation of 300 m. The internal region has plains, which are interspersed with rias. There are lot of meandering rivers, many of them forming estuaries in the coastal regions. The principal river, Cacheu, flows through the region. The climate is hot and tropical and the region has two seasons. The onset of summer is from December to May with April - May period having temperature ranges from 20 °C to 30 °C. The rainy season is usually from May to November. The region receives an average rainfall of around 2000 mm compared to the inland regions, which receive 1000 mm. The coastal regions are covered with Mangrove swamps, rain forest and tangled forest.

Demographics
As of 2009, the total population of the region was 32,424, with the urban population being 9,118 and rural being 23,306. The sex ratio of the region is 97 females for every hundred males. The total resident population in the region is 32,424. The total agricultural population in the region is 7,540. The average number of household in the region is 6.7 and the density of the population is 12.4 km2. The intercensal rate of average annual growth (adjusted data) is 2.39 per cent. The non-agricultural population in the country is 24,884. The total number of households per capita in the region is 4,839. The fraction of Christians in the region is 30.7 per cent, Muslims is 14.90 per cent, animists is 24.60 per cent, not detailed was 25.70 per cent and people following no religion was 4.2 per cent.

Economy
As of 2009, the net activity rate was 48.88 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 33.32 per cent, proportion of labour force was 75.77 and the proportion of potentially active population was 33.32 per cent. The major economic activity in the parts around the rivers and the coastal areas was fishing, while it was agriculture in the inland areas. As of 2011, the total population which was active constitutes 60 per cent nationwide indicating there are lot of employed people. But the poverty rate was very high in the country with an estimated two-thirds below the poverty line. Out of the working population, an estimated 58.4 per cent are employed in freelance activities, while wage earners formed 42 per cent. The unemployment in the region as of 2001 was 10.2 per cent, compared to the capital Bissau which has 19.3 per cent. Totally 63.5 per cent were employed in agriculture (including forestry), 8.9 in industry and 6.1 per cent in public administration. As per IMF report in 2011, people who were engaged in agriculture were poorer compared to others, while educated and higher educated people earned more. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 51.6 per cent, with a regional contribution of 20.6 per cent to the national poverty totals.

title: Bolama Region


text:
IMAC

iMac is a line of Apple Macintosh computers.

IMAC or Imac may also refer to:
 * iMac (Intel-based), the Intel line of the iMac
 * iMac (Apple silicon), the Apple silicon iMac
 * Necmettin Imac (born 1987), Netherlands footballer
 * Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, a technique to purify proteins
 * Independent Medicare Advisory Council, intended to monitor health care in the United States
 * Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labor (IMAC), who monitor child labour in the football-making industry under the Atlanta Agreement
 * International Miniature Aerobatic Club, a non-profit organization devoted to miniature aircraft in Northern America
 * Install-Move-Add-Change, in IT Service Management
 * I Marine Amphibious Corps, a former military formation of the United States Marine Corps during the Second World War
 * International Movement of the Apostolate of Children, a Catholic organization, also known as MIDADE (Mouvement International d’Apostolat des Enfants) - and related to the Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life (former Pontifical Council for the Laity) of the Vatican
 * Isochronous media access controller, a method of transferring data that must not be interrupted (telecommunications).

title: IMAC


text:
Talk:Cloux

Redirect based on the results of this Google search. Lupo 08:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cloux


text:
Sunjo of Joseon

Sunjo (29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834), personal name Yi Gong, was the 23rd monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Jeongjo by his concubine, Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan.

Biography
He was born with the title of His Royal Highness Prince Yi Gong on 29 July 1790 (18 June 1790 in lunar calendar). Upon the death of his father, King Jeongjo, Yi Gong ascended to the throne at age 10 on 4 July 1800, lunar calendar.

In 1802, aged 13, King Sunjo married Lady Kim, known posthumously as Queen Sunwon, daughter of Kim Jo-sun, who was a leader of the Andong Kim clan.

Since he ascended the throne at a young age, Queen Dowager Jeongsun, the second queen of King Yeongjo, ruled as queen regent, which allowed her to wield power over state affairs. Queen Jeongsun's influence was to such extent that during Sunjo's reign, the status of Lady Hyegyeong, the mother of Jeongjo and the grandmother of Sunjo, became a point of contention. During Jeonjo's reign, Lady Hyegyeong was treated with respect and as the mother of King Jeongjo despite the fact that Lady Hyegyeong was married to Crown Prince Sado who had been forced to commit suicide during the reign of Yeongjo, which had greatly affected Hyegyeong's status due to the controversy surrounding Sado's suicide. Following Sunjo's ascension, her status was lowered and despite Sunjo's efforts to reverse this later in his reign, they were unsuccessful. Despite King Sunjo's efforts to reform politics, the fundamental principles of government deteriorated. The state examination became disordered and corruption in the government personnel administration prevailed. This resulted in disorder in society and various riots broke out among the people, including the revolt by Hong Gyeong-nae in 1811–1812. The Ogajaktongbeop (五家作統法), a census registration system to group five houses as one unit, was carried out in this period, and oppression against Roman Catholicism began in earnest. In 1811 the last diplomatic envoys were sent by Korea to Japan. Based on records of that trip, a reconstruction of the diplomatic vessel has been made for the National Maritime Museum of Korea.

King Sunjo died after reigning for 35 years in 1834 at the age of 44. He was first buried next to Jangneung, Paju, the tomb of King Injo and Queen Inryeol but later moved to Illeung, Seoul as the Feng Shui at the old site was deemed to be unfavourable.

Family
Consort(s) and their respective issue
 * Father: King Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800)
 * Grandfather: King Jangjo of Joseon (13 February 1735 – 12 July 1762)
 * Grandmother: Queen Heongyeong of the Pungsan Hong clan (6 August 1735 – 13 January 1816)
 * Mother: Royal Noble Consort Su of the Bannam Park clan (8 May 1770 – 26 December 1822)
 * Grandfather: Park Jun-won (1739–1807)
 * Grandmother: Lady Won of the Wonju Won clan (1740–1783)
 * Queen Sunwon of the Andong Kim clan (8 August 1789 – 21 September 1857)
 * Yi Yeong, Crown Prince Hyomyeong (18 September 1809 – 25 June 1830), first son
 * Princess Myeongon (1810–1832), first daughter
 * Princess Bokon (1818–1832), third daughter
 * Second son (1820–1820)
 * Princess Deokon (1822–1844), fourth daughter
 * Yi Byeon, King Cheoljong of Joseon (25 July 1831 – 16 January 1864), adopted son
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Miryang Park clan (1791 – 1854)
 * Princess Yeongon (1817–1829), second daughter

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Kim Seung-soo in the 2016 KBS2 TV series Love in the Moonlight.

title: Sunjo of Joseon


text:
Bafatá Region

Bafatá is a region in north-central Guinea-Bissau and its capital is Bafatá. It is an inland region covered with savannah or light savannah woodland and receives an annual rainfall of more than 2000 mm.

As of 2009, the total population of the region was 200,884, with the urban population being 38,850 and rural being 162,034. The sex ratio of the region is 94 females for every hundred males. The total resident population in the region is 269,840. As of 2009, the net activity rate was 60.48 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 39.90 per cent, proportion of labour force was 75.30 and the proportion of potentially active population was 39.90 per cent. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 72.4 per cent, with a regional contribution of 13.6 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Geography
Gabu is an inland region and all the inland regions have a maximum elevation of 300 m. The internal region has plains, which are interspersed with rias. There are lot of meandering rivers, many of them forming estuaries in the coastal regions. The principal river, Corubal River, flows through the region. The climate is hot and tropical and the region has two seasons. The onset of summer is from December to May with April - May period having temperature ranges from 20 °C to 30 °C. The rainy season is usually from May to November. The region receives an average rainfall of around 1000 mm compared to the coastal regions, which receive 2000 mm. The internal regions are covered with savannah or light savannah woodland.

Demographics
As of 2009, the total population of the region was 200,884, with the urban population being 38,850 and rural being 162,034. The sex ratio of the region is 94 females for every hundred males. The total resident population in the region is 269,840. The total agricultural population in the region is 77,682. The average number of household in the region is 11.0 and the density of the population is 33.6 sq. km. The intercensal rate of average annual growth (adjusted data) is 2.05 per cent. The non-agricultural population in the country is 123,202. The total number of households per capita in the region is 25,031. The fraction of Christians in the region is 6.8 per cent, Muslims is 77.10 per cent, animists is 3.90 per cent, not detailed was 11.30 per cent and people following no religion was 0.9 per cent.

Economy
As of 2009, the net activity rate was 60.48 per cent, proportion of employed labour force was 39.90 per cent, proportion of labour force was 75.30 and the proportion of potentially active population was 39.90 per cent. The major economic activity in the parts around the rivers and the coastal areas was fishing, while it was agriculture in the inland areas. As of 2011, the total population which was active constitutes 60 per cent nationwide indicating there are lot of employed people. But the poverty rate was very high in the country with an estimated two-thirds below the poverty line. Out of the working population, an estimated 58.4 per cent are employed in freelance activities, while wage earners formed 42 per cent. The unemployment in the region as of 2001 was 10.2 per cent, compared to the capital Bissau which has 19.3 per cent. Totally 63.5 per cent were employed in agriculture (including forestry), 8.9 in industry and 6.1 per cent in public administration. As per IMF report in 2011, people who were engaged in agriculture were poorer compared to others, while educated and higher educated people earned more. The absolute poverty rate, people earning less than $2 a day, in the region stood at 72.4 per cent, with a regional contribution of 13.6 per cent to the national poverty totals.

Administration
Bafatá is divided into six sectors, namely, Bafatá, Bambadinca, Contuboel, Galomaro, Gamamundo and Xitole. Guinea-Bissau got independence from Portugal on 24 September 1973 after wars and diplomatic political actions under the Partido Africano da Independência de Cabo Verde (PAICV), while Portugal accepted the independence of Cape Verde on 5 July 1975. PAICV ruled both the countries after independence. While international funds came pouring in for the economic development of the nation, the party was accused of misusing power in authoritarian manner. The one-party state mechanism was turbulent during the period of 1980s and 1990s with army taking control of power more frequently and the resultant civil war resulted in loss of property and lives. To decentralize power, an administrative region and eight regions were created. There has not been any local administration since the civil war of 1998-99 and all the social services are done by organs of civil society and other government agencies. There is minimal health and education services offered by the government and all the government departments have operated in a limited fashion. A transitional government was selected during 2003-4 with an adopted Public Transition Charter. The Military Committee appointed two civilians as interim President and Prime Minister. Elections were held for a five year term on 24 July 2005 with a multi party representation. There was a military coup in 2012, after which EU and international donations stopped. The latest elections were held during April 2014 with 13 Presidential candidates and representation from 15 parties. The elections were monitored by 550 international observers. Jose Mario Vaz and his party, won the Presidential and parliamentary elections against the military backed Nuno Gomes Nabiam.

title: Bafatá Region


text:
User talk:Jokermage

=New Comments=

title: User talk:Jokermage


text:
Mohavea confertiflora

Mohavea confertiflora, the ghost flower, is a plant of the family Plantaginaceae. It is a native of the Southwestern United States, southern California, and three states of northwest Mexico.

It is found growing in the arid conditions of the Mojave Desert and the Sonoran Desert (including Colorado Desert), below 1000 m in elevation. It also grows in those deserts' sky islands habitats.

Description
Mohavea confertiflora is an annual herb growing up to 2 ft tall. It flowers March to April. This flower, which does not produce nectar, has adapted a morphology resembling the flower Mentzelia involucrata, which often grows in the same habitat. Mentzelia involucrata produces nectar to attract female bees of the genus Xeralictus.

In areas where their ranges overlap, Mohavea confertifolia attracts the same pollinators to its flowers through floral mimicry: Mohavea flowers contain marks that resemble female Xeralictus; these marks operate as a sign stimulus to the male bee, which enters the flower and in doing so pollinates the Mohavea.

title: Mohavea confertiflora


text:
Talk:Innate behaviour

I just wanted to inform you that you have the meanings mixed up.Innate behaviour… expressed only under specific circumstances sequence of actions (Fixed Action Patterns, FAPs) While Learned Behaviour is: the acquisition of new behavioural sequences learning has occurred if the probability of occurrence of certain behavioural patterns in specific stimulus situations has been changed as a direct consequence of encounters with this or similar stimulus situations.
 * is not attained by learning
 * present at birth, though usually
 * often made up of a stereotyped

Redirect spelling
If "behaviour" redirects to "behavior," shouldn't "Innate behaviour" redirect to "Innate behavior" and not the other way around? Not to mention the fact that the article uses the American spelling throughout. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Chachob (talk • contribs) 00:46, 21 March 2007 (UTC).

 * I agree. Alive at last 18:30, 28 March 2007 (UTC)Alive_At_Last

title: Talk:Innate behaviour


text: User talk:70.0.231.166

title: User talk:70.0.231.166


text:
Chima jeogori

Chima jeogori refers to a traditional outfit for Korean women, which consists of a chima skirt and jeogori top. It is not a national costume per se, but a form of hanbok, the traditional Korean form of dress. Similarly, men wear baji jeogori: baji (baggy pants) and jeogori.

History
At the end of the 19th century, the tongchima (통치마), seamless one-piece short skirt, came out for convenience. School girls used to wear a white jeogori and a black tongchima in modern educational institutions. This fashion gradually faded out in South Korea while revived and continues in North Korea.

In Japan
In Japan, some ethnic Korean minority schools use a girls' uniform that is based on tongchima. This form of chima jeogori is modified into white shirt and shorter ankle length black or blue dress.

The uniforms sometimes made them target for hate crimes. Children wearing them were sometimes beaten, insulted, or even had their Chima jeogori tearing attacks in Japan. This led to schools eventually issuing two sets of uniforms: a chima jeogori for inside the school, and more typical blazers and skirts for outside the school (第2制服).

title: Chima jeogori


text:
Japanese military currency (1937–1945)

Japanese military currency (Chinese and Japanese: 日本軍用手票, also 日本軍票 in short) was money issued to the soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces as a salary. The military yen reached its peak during the Pacific War period, when the Japanese government excessively issued it to all of its occupied territories. In Hong Kong, the military yen was forced upon the local population as the sole official currency of the territory. Since the military yen was not backed by gold, and did not have a specific place of issuance, the military yen could not be exchanged for the Japanese yen. Forcing local populations to use the military yen officially was one of the ways the Japanese government could dominate the local economies.

Currencies in territories occupied by Japan
The territories controlled or occupied by Japan had many different currencies. Taiwan maintained its own banking system and bank notes after it came under Japanese sovereignty in 1895. The same is true for Korea post 1910. Between 1931 and 1945, large parts of China and South East Asia were occupied by Japan. Several types of currencies were put into circulation there during the occupation. In China, several puppet governments were created (e.g. Manchukuo), each issuing their own currency. In South East Asia, the Japanese military arranged for bank notes to be issued, denominated in the various currencies (rupees, pesos, dollars, etc.) that had been circulating there prior to the occupation. These latter are referred to as Japanese invasion money. In addition to these currencies, the Japanese military issued their own bank notes, denominated in yen – this is the Japanese military yen. The military yen became the official currency in some occupied areas, e.g. Hong Kong.

Design features of the Japanese military yen
In the late 1930s there was an issue of military yen which was similar to the standard yen in terms of design, but with minor modifications. Generally, thick red lines were overprinted to cancel the name "Bank of Japan" (日本銀行) and any text promising to pay the bearer in gold or silver. Large red text instead indicated that the note was military currency ("軍用手票") so as not to be confused with regular Japanese yen.

Later series were less crude. In the early 1940s, the Japanese government issued military yen notes with a design prepared specifically for the military yen. These designs were not based on existing Japanese yen notes, but featured original designs such as Onagadori cocks and dragons. All later series featured the following text on the reverse of the note:

"此票一到即換正面所開日本通貨. 如有偽造、變造、仿造、或知情行使者均應重罰不貸."

This text explains: "This note is exchangeable to Japanese currency upon presentation. Severe punishment will be applied to anyone who counterfeits notes or knowingly uses such notes."

Early issues did not have serial numbers, and were issued without regard for inflation. Later issues did initially feature serial numbers. Towards the end of the war, as more money was needed to pay military personnel, notes were issued without serial numbers once more.

The military yen in Hong Kong
After the Hong Kong Government surrendered to the Japanese Imperial Army on 25 December 1941, the Japanese authorities decreed the military yen to be the legal tender of Hong Kong the following day.

The Japanese occupation also outlawed any use of Hong Kong dollar and set a deadline for exchanging dollars into yen.

When the military yen was first introduced on 26 December 1941, the exchange rate between the Hong Kong dollar and the military yen was 2 to 1. However, by October 1942, the rate was changed to 4 to 1.

After exchanging for Hong Kong dollars, the Japanese military purchased supplies and strategic goods in the neighbouring neutral Portuguese colony of Macao.

As Japan became more desperate in the war effort in 1944, the Japanese military authorities in Hong Kong circulated more military yen, resulting in hyperinflation.

After Japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 August 1945, military yen banknotes were seized by British military authorities. However, although there was about as much as 1.9 billion yen, the Japanese military administrations intentionally destroyed 700 million worth of it.

Nullification of the military yen and demands for redemption
On 6 September 1945, the Japanese Ministry of Finance announced that all military yen became void, reducing the military yen to useless pieces of paper.

On 13 August 1993, an organization in Hong Kong seeking a refund for military yen took legal action against Japan, suing the Japanese government for the money that was lost when the military yen was declared void. A Tokyo district court ruled against the plaintiff on 17 June 1999, stating that, although it acknowledged the suffering of the Hong Kong people, the government of Japan did not have specific laws concerning military yen compensation. Japan also used the Treaty of San Francisco, of which the United Kingdom was a signatory state, as one of the reasons to deny compensation.

External links and references

 * "Narcotics trade boosted army scrip", The Japan Times, 2007-08-30. Retrieved 16 October 2007.
 * Gallery of banknotes.
 * Bank of Japan "World War II Military Currency".
 * Hong Kong Reparation Association.
 * The Global History of Currencies (Japan).

title: Japanese military currency (1937–1945)


text:
User:Irpen/sb2

Additional question from Irpen
I am asking this question to top ten candidates as of 02:20, 7 December 2007 (UTC). The final results of elections may or may not fully reflect the community support expressed by the vote tally but are subjected to Jimbo's approval, that is he makes the decision taking the community's opinion expressed during the election only "under advisement". Although it may seem a surprise to many, Jimbo is free to not follow the tallies and he may not necessarily appoint the top slice of the candidates according to their approval percentage. The historical precedents suggest that he may again appoint not strictly according to votes, that is skip the candidate with higher percentage of support in favor of the candidates with less approval rating but more to his liking (or if you want to be less cynical, the candidate on who community is making a "mistake that Jimbo would correct.")
 * Jimbo's decisions vs the community support

If this happens again in this election and, hypothetically, you would be the candidate promoted over the head of another candidate who got the higher support, would you accept such promotion? Also, would you accept the election result in general if the candidates that are switched are both below your level of support that is such switch would not affect your own promotion?

title: User:Irpen/sb2


text:
Talk:Taedong River

Map
A map of the river would be nice. Beetle B. 05:27, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Added map from Wikimedia Commons. If anyone wanted to spiff it up a bit, that would be most excellent. -- Visviva 08:16, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * why are distances given in miles rather than kilometres? $%#@12-6675-*

title: Talk:Taedong River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Before The Blackout

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 00:42, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Before The Blackout
Speculation. RickK 08:14, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. this is hardly idle speculation, as the release date is imminent and well-documented. Nateji77 08:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete since it doesn't exist yet (per WP:NOT a crystal ball). Radiant_ >|< 09:15, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete notability not established - wikipedia is not a crystal ball. JamesBurns 11:26, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Would have been notable if the fans were already outside the record shops in sleeping bags and with soup in thermos flasks. As this is not the case, delete. JFW | T@lk  11:37, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. While it is acceptable to write articles on well documented speculation (as per WP:NOT a crystal ball part 1), there doesn't seem to be much speculation on this beyond the fact that it will probably happen. Since there is no content to be added at the moment, delete and re-create, if appropriate, when the album is available. -- Lochaber 13:58, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. --Carnildo 23:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Crystal ball. Even though release is imminent, there's no getting around the fact that it is not here yet.  If it does indeed come out in August, then the article can be recreated then.Tobycat 04:05, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per User:Lochaber. Hermione1980 23:49, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 *  Grue  14:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Grue. Kappa 21:09, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete article would be appropriate if information given was correct. The one track listed is spelled incorrectly and has a wrong length and the lead section lacks grammar and information. HarryCane 20:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .