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Garratt v. Dailey

Garratt v. Dailey, 46 Wash. 2d 197, 279 P.2d 1091 (Wash. 1955) is an American tort law case that illustrates the principle of "intent" for intentional torts.

Background
Brian Dailey, boy aged 5 years, 9 months, moved a lawn chair on which Ruth Garratt was going to sit down. When she did, she fell, sustaining injuries. Garratt brought an action against the child for battery.

The trial judge found in favor of Dailey stating, that there was no intent to harm the old lady. Garratt appealed to the Washington Supreme Court. The issue before the Court was whether a lack of intent to cause harm precludes a battery charge.

Ruling
Relying on the definition of battery from the Restatement of Torts, the Court held that battery could only be found if it is shown that the boy knew with "substantial certainty" that after the chair was moved Garratt would attempt to sit in the chair's original position. That is, the accused must be substantially certain that his action would result in the contact. The absence of an intent to injure or to play a joke is not sufficient to absolve the accused of liability. It is sufficient for the plaintiff to prove only that the accused had sufficient knowledge to foresee the contact with "substantial certainty."

The Court, noting that a new trial was unnecessary, remanded the case back to the trial court for clarification of the boy's knowledge at the time. Subsequently, the trial Court found in favor of Garratt and was affirmed by the state Supreme Court.

title: Garratt v. Dailey


text: Category:1955 in law

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:1955 in law


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John Carney (American football)

John Michael Carney (born April 20, 1964) is an American former professional football kicker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1987.

Carney was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, San Diego Chargers, New Orleans Saints, Los Angeles Rams, Jacksonville Jaguars, Kansas City Chiefs, and New York Giants. He was a Pro Bowl selection with the Chargers in 1994 and with the Giants in 2008. When he was released from the Saints' active roster in December 2009, Carney was third on the NFL career scoring list with a career total of 2,044 points. He was the last remaining player from the 1980s still active in professional football. He has also worked as a kicking consultant for the Saints.

Early years
Carney attended Cardinal Newman High School in West Palm Beach, Florida, and lettered in football. In football, he won All-State honors as a punter.

College years
Carney attended the University of Notre Dame and played football for the Fighting Irish from 1984 to 1986. He was named to Notre Dame's all-time team by Sports Illustrated.

Cincinnati Bengals
After going undrafted in the 1987 NFL Draft, Carney was signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent. He was released prior to the regular season and spent the year out of football.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Carney played five games for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers between 1988 and 1989. He converted two of five field goal attempts and all six extra point attempts. At the time of his retirement, he was the last active player to wear the Buccaneers orange uniform scheme.

San Diego Chargers
Carney attended training camp with the San Diego Chargers in 1990, but did not make the final roster.

Los Angeles Rams
Carney played one game for the Los Angeles Rams in 1990, but did not attempt a field goal or extra point. He was the last remaining active Los Angeles Ram, until the team moved back to Los Angeles from St. Louis in 2016.

San Diego Chargers (second stint)
Carney was re-signed by the Chargers during the 1990 season, appearing in 12 games for the team and converting 19 of 21 field goal attempts. He played 11 seasons with the Chargers through the 2000 season, earning his first Pro Bowl selection in 1994 after going 34-for-38 (89.5 percent) on field goal attempts as the Chargers made it to the Super Bowl. To this day, he remains the Chargers' all-time leading scorer.

New Orleans Saints
Carney signed with the New Orleans Saints as a free agent prior to the 2001 season.

On December 21, 2003, the Saints were trailing the Jaguars 20–13 with 7 seconds left in regulation. Quarterback Aaron Brooks threw the ball in a hurry to Donte Stallworth. As time expired, the Saints continued to lateral the ball around until wide receiver Jerome Pathon eventually scored a touchdown in what became known as the River City Relay. Carney was sent out to kick the extra point to tie the game up and force overtime. Instead, Carney pushed the ball wide right and the Saints lost 19–20. The loss would eliminate the Saints from playoff contention.

Carney kicked a game-winning field goal against the Carolina Panthers following Hurricane Katrina. He then appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated with quarterback Aaron Brooks on September 19, 2005, as the city celebrated this victory.

On April 5, 2007, Carney asked and was given permission to leave the Saints after their acquisition of kicker Olindo Mare.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Following Week 1 of the 2007 NFL season, Carney signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars replacing injured placekicker Josh Scobee. Carney appeared in eight games for the Jaguars in Scobee's absence, converting nine of 11 field goal attempts and 20 of 21 extra point attempts. He was released on November 19 upon Scobee's return.

Kansas City Chiefs
On November 26, 2007, the Kansas City Star reported that the Kansas City Chiefs would sign Carney after holding tryouts to replace Dave Rayner – making Carney the fourth placekicker to play for the Chiefs within a one-year period, following Lawrence Tynes, Justin Medlock and Rayner. Carney appeared in five games for the Chiefs, going 3-for-3 on field goal attempts and 7-for-7 on extra point attempts.

New York Giants
On August 30, 2008, Carney signed with the New York Giants to fill in while Tynes recovered from a knee injury sustained in training camp. Although Tynes would eventually recover from his injury Carney continued to hold on to the starting position and Tynes was relegated to kickoff duties. At age 44, Carney was the oldest active NFL player during the 2008 season.

After a near perfect season (35-for-38 on field goal attempts with two blocked), Carney was chosen as the starting kicker for the NFC for the 2009 Pro Bowl. Carney was not re-signed after his contract expired, leaving him a free agent entering the 2009 season.

New Orleans Saints (second stint)
Following the announcement that New Orleans Saints placekicker Garrett Hartley would be suspended for the first four games of the 2009 season, Carney returned to New Orleans on August 15 on a one-year contract. With his start on November 30, he became the sixth player in NFL history to reach 300 career games. Carney was waived on December 22, two weeks after Hartley regained the starting job.

On December 24, 2009, the Saints announced that Carney had been hired as a "kicking consultant", with responsibility for the snap and hold as well as working on kicking with his successor, Hartley. The appointment meant that Carney was ineligible to kick for any team for the rest of the 2009 season. Carney remained with the Saints in this capacity through the playoffs, and received credit for his role in preparing the comparatively inexperienced Hartley to make a number of critical kicks that helped the Saints win their first Super Bowl.

Carney started the 2010 season without a team. However, after Hartley missed 3 out of 7 field goal attempts during the Saints' first 3 games, including a short kick in overtime that would have won a game against the Atlanta Falcons, the Saints re-signed Carney (while also retaining Hartley) on September 28, 2010. The signing made him the oldest active player in the NFL at the age of 46. On October 3, 2010, he kicked three field goals in a Saints win against the Carolina Panthers, and became the third oldest player to play in an NFL game (behind only George Blanda and Morten Andersen). On October 12, the Saints released Carney for the third time. Carney would not sign with another NFL team. He became the third NFL player after George Blanda and Jeff Feagles to play across four different decades.

NFL records

 * Most games with 6 or more field goals in a career: 2 – tied with Gary Anderson, Jeff Wilkins, and Jim Bakken
 * Most games with 6 or more field goals in a season (1993): 2
 * Most games with 5 or more field goals in a career: 11
 * Most games with 4 or more field goals in a career: 29
 * Most decades played: 4 (1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s) – tied with George Blanda

Personal life
John has been married to Producer Holly Carney for 28 years. They share 3 children, Luke Carney, JD Carney and Keely Carney. Both JD and Keely attended John's alma mater The University of Notre Dame. John runs a pre-season kicking training camp in San Diego for professional kickers called "The Launching Pad".

The Carney family are devout Catholics.

title: John Carney (American football)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Calabi Yau

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 15:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Calabi Yau
Vanity/advertising --TheParanoidOne 23:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete seems like band vanity. --Etacar11 02:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This one is hard to look for on Google. There is something called Calabi-Yau space that comes up on MathWorld, and "Calabi Yau" gets 87,300 results.  However, "Calabi Yau" + Charlotte gets only around 300.  The official site for the band appears to be on Myspace, and the band doesn't seem notable. Delete. --Idont Havaname 03:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete any band article that needs to take up this much space listing its influences in order to justify its existence. -- BD2412 talk 20:33, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Xenoestrogen

Xenoestrogens are a type of xenohormone that imitates estrogen. They can be either synthetic or natural chemical compounds. Synthetic xenoestrogens include some widely used industrial compounds, such as PCBs, BPA, and phthalates, which have estrogenic effects on a living organism even though they differ chemically from the estrogenic substances produced internally by the endocrine system of any organism. Natural xenoestrogens include phytoestrogens which are plant-derived xenoestrogens. Because the primary route of exposure to these compounds is by consumption of phytoestrogenic plants, they are sometimes called "dietary estrogens". Mycoestrogens, estrogenic substances from fungi, are another type of xenoestrogen that are also considered mycotoxins.

Xenoestrogens are clinically significant because they can mimic the effects of endogenous estrogen and thus have been implicated in precocious puberty and other disorders of the reproductive system.

Xenoestrogens include pharmacological estrogens (in which estrogenic action is an intended effect, as in the drug ethinylestradiol used in contraceptive pills), but other chemicals may also have estrogenic effects. Xenoestrogens have been introduced into the environment by industrial, agricultural and chemical companies and consumers only in the last 70 years or so, but archiestrogens exist naturally. Some plants (like the cereals and the legumes) are using estrogenic substances possibly as part of their natural defence against herbivore animals by controlling their fertility.

The potential ecological and human health impact of xenoestrogens is of growing concern. The word xenoestrogen is derived from the Greek words ξένο (xeno, meaning foreign), οἶστρος (estrus, meaning sexual desire) and γόνο (gene, meaning "to generate") and literally means "foreign estrogen". Xenoestrogens are also called "environmental hormones" or "EDC" (Endocrine Disrupting Compounds, or Endocrine disruptor for short). Most scientists that study xenoestrogens, including The Endocrine Society, regard them as serious environmental hazards that have hormone disruptive effects on both wildlife and humans.

Mechanism of action
The onset of puberty is characterized by increased levels of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH triggers the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland, which in turn causes the ovaries to respond and secrete estradiol. Increases in gonadal estrogen promote breast development, female fat distribution and skeletal growth. Adrenal androgen and gonadal androgen result in pubic and axillary hair. Peripheral precocious puberty caused by exogenous estrogens is evaluated by assessing decreased levels of gonadotrophins.

Xenoestrogens in plastics, packaged food, drink trays and containers, (more so, when they've been heated in the Sun, or an oven), may interfere with pubertal development by actions at different levels – hypothalamic-pituitary axis, gonads, peripheral target organs such as the breast, hair follicles and genitals. Exogenous chemicals that mimic estrogen can alter the functions of the endocrine system and cause various health defects by interfering with synthesis, metabolism, binding or cellular responses of natural estrogens.

Although the physiology of the reproductive system is complex, the action of environmental exogenous estrogens is hypothesized to occur by two possible mechanisms. Xenoestrogens may temporarily or permanently alter the feedback loops in the brain, pituitary, gonads, and thyroid by mimicking the effects of estrogen and triggering their specific receptors or they may bind to hormone receptors and block the action of natural hormones. Thus it is plausible that environmental estrogens can accelerate sexual development if present in a sufficient concentration or with chronic exposure. The similarity in the structure of exogenous estrogens and the estrogens has changed the hormone balance within the body and resulted in various reproductive problems in females. The overall mechanism of action is binding of the exogenous compounds that mimic estrogen to the estrogen binding receptors and cause the determined action in the target organs.

Effects
Xenoestrogens have been implicated in a variety of medical problems, and during the last 10 years many scientific studies have found hard evidence of adverse effects on human and animal health.

There is a concern that xenoestrogens may act as false messengers and disrupt the process of reproduction. Xenoestrogens, like all estrogens, can increase growth of the endometrium, so treatments for endometriosis include avoidance of products which contain them. Likewise, they are avoided in order to prevent the onset or aggravation of adenomyosis. Studies have implicated observations of disturbances in wildlife with estrogenic exposure. For example, discharge from human settlement including runoff and water flowing out of wastewater treatment plants release a large amount of xenoestrogens into streams, which lead to immense alterations in aquatic life. With a bioaccumulation factor of 105 –106, fish are extremely susceptible to pollutants. Streams in more arid conditions are thought to have more effects due to higher concentrations of the chemicals arising from lack of dilution.

When comparing fish from above a wastewater treatment plant and below a wastewater treatment plant, studies found disrupted ovarian and testicular histopathology, gonadal intersex, reduced gonad size, vitellogenin induction, and altered sex ratios.

The sex ratios are female biased because xenoestrogens interrupt gonadal configuration causing complete or partial sex reversal. When comparing adjacent populations of white sucker fish, the exposed female fish can have up to five oocyte stages and asynchronously developing ovaries versus the unexposed female fish who usually have two oocyte stages and group-synchronously developing ovaries. Previously, this type of difference has only been found between tropical and temperate species.

Sperm concentrations and motility perimeters are reduced in male fish exposed to xenoestrogens in addition to disrupt stages of spermatogenesis. Moreover, xenoestrogens have been leading to vast amounts of intersex in fish. For example, one study indicates the numbers of intersex in white sucker fish to be equal to the number of males in the population downstream of a wastewater treatment plant. No intersex members were found upstream from the plant. Also, they found differences in the proportion of testicular and ovarian tissue and its degree of organization between the intersex fish. Furthermore, xenoestrogens expose fish to CYP1A inducers through inhibiting a putative labile protein and enhancing the Ah receptor, which has been linked to epizootics of cancer and the initiation of tumors.

The induction of CYP1A has been established to be a good bioindicator for xenoestrogen exposure. In addition, xenoestrogens stimulate vitellogenin (Vtg), which acts as a nutrient reserve, and Zona readiata proteins (Zrp), which forms eggshells. Therefore, Vtg and Zrp are biomarkers to exposure for fish.

Another potential effect of xenoestrogens is on oncogenes, specifically in relation to breast cancer. Some scientists doubt that xenoestrogens have any significant biological effect, in the concentrations found in the environment. However, there is substantial evidence in a variety of recent studies to indicate that xenoestrogens can increase breast cancer growth in tissue culture.

It has been suggested that very low levels of a xenoestrogen, Bisphenol A, could affect fetal neural signalling more than higher levels, indicating that classical models where dose equals response may not be applicable in susceptible tissue. As this study involved intra-cerebellar injections, its relevance to environmental exposures is unclear, as is the role of an estrogenic effect compared to some other toxic effect of bisphenol A.

Other scientists argue that the observed effects are spurious and inconsistent, or that the quantities of the agents are too low to have any effect. A 1997 survey of scientists in fields pertinent to evaluating estrogens found that 13 percent regarded the health threats from xenoestrogens as "major," 62 percent as "minor" or "none," and 25 percent were unsure.

There has been speculation that falling sperm counts in males may be due to increased estrogen exposure in utero. Sharpe in a 2005 review indicated that external estrogenic substances are too weak in their cumulative effects to alter male reproductive functioning, but indicates that the situation appears to be more complex as external chemicals may affect the internal testosterone-estrogen balance.

Impact
The ubiquitous presence of such estrogenic substances is a significant health concern, both individually and for a population. Life relies on the transmission of biochemical information to the next generation, and the presence of xenoestrogens may interfere with this transgenerational information process through "chemical confusion" (Vidaeff and Sever), who state: "The results do not support with certainty the view that environmental estrogens contribute to an increase in male reproductive disorders, neither do they provide sufficient grounds to reject such a hypothesis."

A 2008 report demonstrates further evidence of widespread effects of feminizing chemicals on male development in each class of vertebrate species as a worldwide phenomenon. Ninety-nine percent of over 100,000 recently introduced chemicals are underregulated, according to the European Commission.

Agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety are charged to address these issues.

Precocious puberty
Puberty is a complex developmental process defined as the transition from childhood to adolescence and adult reproductive function. The first sign of female puberty is an acceleration of growth followed by the development of a palpable breast bud (thelarche). The median age of thelarche is 9.8 years. Although the sequence may be reversed, androgen dependent changes such as growth of axillary and pubic hair, body odor and acne (adrenarche) usually appears 2 years later. Onset of menstruation (menarche) is a late event (median 12.8 years), occurring after the peak of growth has passed.

Puberty is considered precocious (precocious puberty) if secondary sex characteristics occur before the age of 8 in girls and 9 years in boys. Increased growth is often the first change in precocious puberty, followed by breast development and growth of pubic hair. However, thelarche, adrenarche, and accelerated growth can occur simultaneously and although uncommon, menarche can be the first sign. Precocious puberty can be classified into central (gonadotropin-dependent) precocious puberty or peripheral (gonadotropin-independent) puberty. Both central and peripheral precocious puberty have been linked to exposure to exogenous estrogenic compounds.

Central precocious puberty is due to early maturation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. Majority of central precocious puberty cases are spontaneous or arise from an unknown cause, but some of these cases arise from organic lesions, environmental factors, and endocrine disrupting chemicals. Central precocious puberty is most commonly caused through idiopathic (unknown) reasons in girls, but there is an increased risk of these organic causes for central precocious puberty in boys.

Peripheral precocious puberty is independent of gonadotropin and thus does not activate the HPG axis. Peripheral precocious puberty in females most commonly shows through ovarian follicular cysts, which may cause vaginal bleeding. LH receptor activating mutations (familial testotoxicosis) are autosomal dominate diseases found in male children. These diseases are usually characterized by enlarged testis and can be an indication of peripheral precocious puberty in boys.

Age of onset of puberty is influenced by many factors such as genetics, nutritional status, ethnicity and environmental factors including socio-economic conditions and geographical location. A decline of age at onset of puberty from 17 years of age to 13 years of age has occurred over a period of 200 years until the middle of the 20th century. Trends toward earlier puberty have been attributed to improved public health and living conditions. A leading hypothesis for this change toward early puberty is improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition. However, recent studies have shown that chemical exposure to environmental estrogen disruptors the HPG axis and result in precocious puberty. In 1999, US Food and Drug Administration has recommended to not take estrogen in food of more than 0.43 ng/day for boys and 3.24 ng/day for females. Two recent epidemiologic studies in the United States (PROS and NMANES III) highlighted a recent unexpected advance in sexual maturation in girls. American, European and Asian studies suggest breast development in girls occurs at a much younger age than a few decades ago, irrespective of race and socioeconomic conditions. Environmental chemical exposure is one of the factors implicated in the recent downward trend of earlier sexual maturation.

Epidemiology

The prevelance of precocious puberty is difficult to determine as it is highly variable depending on the population from which the data has been collected. The Danish national registry estimated that roughly 20-23 per 10,000 (0.2%) of girls and 5 per 10,000 (0.05%) of boys suffer from a form of precocious puberty. An additional study conducted in Korea reported a where 55.9 per 100,000 girls and 1.7 per 100,000 boys indicated signs of central precocious puberty.

Thelarche in Puerto Rico
Since 1979, pediatric endocrinologists in Puerto Rico recognized an increase in number of patients with premature thelarche. The presence of phthalates were measured in the blood of 41 girls experiencing early onset breast development and matched set of controls. The average age of girls with premature thelarche was 31 months. They found high phthalate levels in the girls suffering from premature thelarche compared to the controls. Not all cases of premature thelarche in the study sample contained elevated levels of phthalate esters and there was concern whether artificial contamination from vinyl lab equipment and tubing invalidated the results, hence weakening the link between exposure and causation.

Tuscany precocious puberty cases
Dr. Massart and colleagues from the University of Pisa studied the increased prevalence of precocious puberty in a region of northwest Tuscany. This region of Italy is represented by a high density of navy yards and greenhouses where exposures to pesticides and mycoestrogens (estrogens produced by fungi) are common. Although unable to identify a definitive cause of the high rates of precocious puberty, the authors concluded environmental pesticides and herbicides may be implicated.

Dairy contamination
Animal feed was contaminated with several thousand pounds of polybrominated biphenyl in Michigan in 1973 resulting in high exposures of PBB in the population via milk and other products from contaminated cows. Perinatal exposure of children was estimated by measuring PBB in serum of mothers some years after exposure. Girls that had been exposed to high PBB levels through lactation had an earlier age of menarche and pubic hair development than girls who had less perinatal exposure. The study noted there no differences found in the timing of breast development among the cases and controls.

Fish contamination
The Great Lakes have been polluted with industrial wastes (mainly PCBs and DDT) since the beginning of the 20th century. These compounds have accumulated in birds and sports fish. A study was designed to assess the impact of consumption of contaminated fish on pregnant women and their children. Concentrations of maternal serum PCB and DDE and their daughters' age at menarche were reviewed. In multivariate analysis, DDE but not PCB was linked with a lowered age of menarche. Limitations of the study included indirect measurement of the exposure and self reporting of menarche.

Implications
Precocious puberty has numerous significant physical, psychological and social implications for young children. It has been associated with metabolic disorders (insulin resistance and diabetes), increased cardiometabolic risk (high blood pressure and cholesterol levels), obesity, increased cancer risk (breast and endometrial for girls and testicular for boys). Precocious puberty is linked with other gynecologic disorders such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility. Premature pubertal growth spurt and accelerated bone maturation will result in premature closure of distal epiphysis which causes reduced adult height and short stature. Precocious puberty can lead to psychosocial distress, a poor self-image, and poor self-esteem. Girls with secondary sex characteristics at such a young age are more likely to be bullied and suffer from sexual abuse. Studies indicate that girls who become sexually mature at earlier ages are also more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors such as smoking, alcohol or drug use, and engage in unprotected sex.

The current literature is inadequate to provide the information we need to assess the extent to which environmental chemicals contribute to precocious puberty. Gaps in our knowledge are the result of limitations in the designs of studies, small sample sizes, challenges to conducting exposure assessment and the few number of chemicals studied. Unfortunately exposure is inferred and not actually measured in available studies. The ability to detect the possible role of chemicals in altering pubertal development is confounded by many nutritional, genetic and lifestyle factors capable of affecting puberty and the complex nature of the reproductive endocrine system. Other research challenges include shifts in exposure levels among populations over time and simultaneous exposures to multiple compounds. Overall the literature does not with certainty support the contention that environmental chemicals or dietary factors are having widespread effects on human sexual development. However data does not refute such a hypothesis either. Accelerated sexual development is plausible in individuals exposed to high concentration of estrogenic substances. There is a concerning steady increase in exposure to a wide variety of xenoestrogens in the industrial world. Further research is needed to assess the impact of these compounds on pubertal development.

In other animals
Non-human animal studies have shown that exposure to environmental contaminants with estrogenic activity can accelerate the onset of puberty. A potential mechanism has been described in rats exposed to DDT or beta-estradiol in which GnRH pulsatile secretion was found to be increased. Oral exposure of female rats to xenoestrogens has been shown to cause pseudo precocious puberty (early vaginal opening and early first estrus). A study of dioxin in immature female rats induced early follicular development and phthalates are known to decrease the anogenital distance in newborn rats. Although this article focuses on the effects of xenoestrogens and reproductive function in females, numerous animal studies also implicate environmental estrogens' and androgens' adverse effects on the male reproduction system. Administration of estrogens to developing male animals reduces testicular weight and decreases sperm production. The small phallus size of male alligators has been linked to contamination of their natural Florida habitat with DDT. Data from animal research is abundant demonstrating the adverse effects on reproduction of hormonally active compounds found in the environment.

Atrazine
Atrazine is widely used as an herbicide to control broad-leaf weed species that grow in crops such as corn, sugarcane, hay and winter wheat. Atrazine is also applied to Christmas trees, residential lawns, golf courses, and other recreational areas. Atrazine is the second largest selling pesticide in the world and estimated to be the most heavily used herbicide in the United States. Atrazine has been implicated in interfering with the neuroendocrine system, blocking the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) which in turn reduces luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels.

BPA
BPA (Bisphenol A) is the monomer used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins used as a lining in most food and beverage cans. BPA global capacity is in excess of 6.4 e9lb per year and thus is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide. The ester bonds in the BPA-based polycarbonates could be subject to hydrolysis and leaching of BPA. But in the case of epoxypolymers formed from bisphenol A, it is not possible to release bisphenol A by such a reaction. It is also noteworthy that, of the bisphenols, bisphenol A is a weak xenoestrogen. Other compounds, such as bisphenol Z, have been shown to have stronger estrogenic effects in rats.

It has been suggested that biphenol A and other xenoestrogens might cause disease to humans and animals. BPA exposure is linked to dysfunctions in human systems including the immune, neuroendocrine, and excretory systems. The damage that results in these dysfunctions is via the mechanisms of enzyme interference, cellular oxidation, epigenetic changes, and the breaking of DNA strands.

Bisphenol S (BPS), an analog of BPA, has also been shown to alter estrogenic activity. One study demonstrated that when cultured rat pituitary cells were exposed to low levels of BPS, it altered the estrogen-estradiol signaling pathway and led to the inappropriate release of prolactin.

DDT
DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was widely used in pesticides for agricultural purposes until it was banned in 1972 in the United States. DDT's hazardous effects on the environment include being linked to the production of fragile eggshells in birds and showed a 90% decline in the birth rates of alligators. Though it is banned in the United States, DDT continues to be used in many parts of the world for agricultural use, insect control, and to fight the spread of malaria.

DDT and its metabolites DDE and DDD are persistent in the environment and accumulate in fatty tissues. In vertebrates, DDT is unable to be broken down and remains within the organism. There is little risk of DDT causing an increase in health risk upon exposure in adulthood, but in key developmental periods prenatally and in adolescence, there has been evidence to suggest an increased risk of breast cancer.

Dioxin
Dioxin, a group of highly toxic chemicals are released during combustion processes, pesticide manufacturing and chlorine bleaching of wood pulp. Dioxin is discharged into waterways from pulp and paper mills. Consumption of animals fats is thought to be the primary pathway for human exposure. The connection between dioxin and dioxin-like compound (DLC) exposure and human disease is one not well established. Bioassays performed in animals does not show a strong connection between the two.

Endosulfan
Endosulfan is an insecticide used on numerous vegetables, fruits, cereal grains and trees. Endosulfan can be produced as a liquid concentrate, wettable powder or smoke tablet. Human exposure occurs through food consumption or ground and surface water contamination. Endosulfan exposure is known to cause seizures that are the result of hyper-stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Upon significant exposure and accumulation in the system, toxicity of the major organs such as the heart, liver and kidneys has been reported and can lead to death within hours.

Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)
Both PBBs and PBDEs belong to the same class of chemicals known as brominated flame retardants. PBBs (Polybrominated biphenyls) are chemicals added to plastics used in computer monitors, televisions, textiles and plastics foams to make them more difficult to burn. Manufacturing of PBBs in the United States stopped in 1976, however because they do not degrade easily. PBBs continue to be found in soil, water and air. PBDEs (Polybrominated biphenyl ethers) behave similarly to PBBs in that they are also a flame retardant. PBDEs are not chemically bound to the items they are attached to, and thus can leech into the environment.

PCBs
PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls) are man made organic chemicals known as chlorinated hydrocarbons. PCBs were manufactured primarily for use as insulating fluids and coolants given their chemical stability, low flammability and electrical insulating properties. PCBs were banned in 1979 but, like DDT, continue to persist in the environment. The effects of PCBs are not limited to the environment. There have been associations revealed between maternal PCB levels and conditions such as asthma, eczema, roseola, and upper respiratory infections.

Phthalates
Phthalates are plasticizers providing durability and flexibility to plastics such as polyvinyl chloride. High molecular weight phthalates are used in flooring, wall coverings and medical device such as intravenous bags and tubing. Low molecular weight phthalates are found in perfumes, lotions, cosmetics, varnishes, lacquers and coatings including timed releases in pharmaceuticals. Exposure to phthalates can have varying effects in humans depending on maturity. In adults, phthalate exposure has been linked to conditions like asthma, metabolic disorders like type II diabetes and insulin resistance, allergies, and asthma. In children, exposure to phthalates has a marked difference when compared to adults, having been associated with disrupted reproductive hormone levels and thyroid function.

Zeranol
Zeranol is currently used as an anabolic growth promoter for livestock in the US and Canada. It has been banned in the EU since 1985, but is still present as a contaminant in food through meat products that were exposed to it.

Miscellaneous
• alkylphenols (intermediate chemicals used in the manufacture of other chemicals)

• 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) (sunscreen lotions)

• bisphenol S, BPS (an analog of BPA)

• butylated hydroxyanisole, BHA (food preservative)

• dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (one of the breakdown products of DDT)

• dieldrin (banned insecticide)

• DDT (banned insecticide)

• endosulfan (widely banned insecticide)

• erythrosine, FD&C Red No. 3 (E127)

• ethinylestradiol (combined oral contraceptive pill) (released into the environment as a xenoestrogen)

• heptachlor (restricted insecticide)

• lindane, hexachlorocyclohexane (restricted insecticide)

• metalloestrogens (a class of inorganic xenoestrogens)

• methoxychlor (banned insecticide)

• nonylphenol and derivatives (industrial surfactants; emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization; laboratory detergents; pesticides)

• pentachlorophenol (restricted general biocide and wood preservative)

• polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs (banned; formerly used in electrical oils, lubricants, adhesives, paints)

• parabens (lotions)

• phthalates (plasticizers)

• * DEHP (plasticizer for PVC)

• Propyl gallate (used to protect oils and fats in products from carbonization)

title: Xenoestrogen


text:
Paul Green (playwright)

Paul Eliot Green (March 17, 1894 – May 4, 1981) was an American playwright whose work includes historical dramas of life in North Carolina during the first decades of the twentieth century. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his 1927 play, In Abraham's Bosom, which was included in Burns Mantle's The Best Plays of 1926-1927.

His play The Lost Colony has been regularly produced since 1937 near Manteo, North Carolina, and the historic colony of Roanoke. Its success has resulted in numerous other historical outdoor dramas being produced; his work is still the longest-running.

Biography
Born in Buies Creek, in Harnett County, near Lillington, North Carolina, Green was educated at Buies Creek Academy. (It developed as what is now known as Campbell University). He went on to study at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he joined the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies and the Carolina Playmakers. Green also studied at Cornell University.

Green first attracted attention with his 1925 one-act play The No 'Count Boy, which was produced by the New York Theatre Club. The next year his full-length play In Abraham's Bosom (1926) was produced by the Provincetown Players and received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The play was considered remarkable for its depiction of African Americans in the South. Its hero, a man of mixed-race ancestry, finds his idealistic attempts to better the lives of the African Americans around him doomed to failure. With this success, Green was recognized as one of the leading regional voices in the American theatre. His plays were often compared with the folk plays of Irish playwright John Millington Synge. This included his 1926 play, The Last of the Lowries, a fictional account of Henry Berry Lowry, a mixed-race leader of the Lumbee people during and after the Civil War.

Green's The House of Connelly was a tragedy of the decline of an old Southern family. It was chosen by the newly formed Group Theatre for its inaugural production. Often compared to Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard in its contrast of aristocratic decay and parvenu energy, The House of Connelly was praised by critic Joseph Wood Krutch as Green's finest play to date.

Expressionism
But Green had begun to shift from the realistic style of his early work. In 1928–29 he traveled to Europe on a Guggenheim Fellowship and was impressed by the non-realistic productions that he saw there. He began to experiment with expressionism and the Epic theatre of Bertolt Brecht and Erwin Piscator. In the 1930s Green largely abandoned the New York theatre, whose commercialism he found distasteful. His experiments in non-realistic drama, Tread the Green Grass (1932) and Shroud My Body Down (1934), both premiered in Chapel Hill. They were never professionally produced in New York.

During the summer of 1936, Green, Cheryl Crawford, Kurt Weill and Weill's wife Lotte Lenya rented an old house in Nichols, Connecticut, near the summer rehearsal headquarters of the Group Theatre at Pine Brook Country Club. Green returned to the Group Theatre to write his pacifist musical play, Johnny Johnson, with a score by Kurt Weill. In it, Green experimented with genre, writing the first act as a comedy, the second as a tragedy, and the third as a satire. During this time he had an affair with Lotte Lenya, which would be her first American love affair.

The production encountered problems of style early on: set designer Donald Oenslager designed the first act in poetic realism, the second in expressionism, and the final act in an extremely distorted style, director Lee Strasberg wanted to stage it realistically, and others in the company wanted it to be staged expressionistically throughout. Reviews ranged from the enthusiastic to the dismissive. The play closed after 68 performances.

Outdoor drama
Green created a new dramatic form that he called symphonic drama. Inspired by historical events, it incorporated music and pageantry, usually for outdoor performance. His first experiment in this form was Roll Sweet Chariot (1934), which ran for four performances on Broadway. Much more warmly received was the first of his outdoor symphonic dramas, The Lost Colony (1937), with music by Lamar Stringfield. Based on the Lost Colony of Roanoke and produced during the Great Depression, it is still produced during the summers in an outdoor theater at Fort Raleigh National Historic Site near Manteo, North Carolina. The Lost Colony is the oldest outdoor historical drama in the United States and is one of three still being performed. It has become a community institution.

Among Green's other outdoor symphonic dramas are Faith of Our Fathers, Wilderness Road, Texas, The Common Glory; The Founders; and Trumpet in the Land, which tells the story of the European-American massacre of Native American Christian Moravians in Gnadenhutten, Ohio, during the American Revolution; Cross and Sword, the state play of Florida; and The Stephen Foster Story, which continues to be played each summer in Bardstown, Kentucky.

The cabin
In 1936, Green noticed a small log cabin standing in a rural area of North Carolina―he bought it, had it taken apart, moved, and put back together at his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He then used the cabin as a writing retreat. After his death, the cabin was moved to the North Carolina Botanical Garden where it is preserved as an exhibit open to the public.

Other artistic endeavors
Green also wrote screenplays: The Cabin in the Cotton (1932) and State Fair (1933). He also wrote extensively on the subject of his beloved North Carolina. He helped Richard Wright adapt his novel Native Son for the stage in 1940.

Green founded the North Carolina Symphony Orchestra and the Institute for Outdoor Drama. He served UNESCO traveling around the world to lecture on human rights and drama. Green served as a professor of drama at UNC until his death in 1981.

title: Paul Green (playwright)


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Category:South Park images

Images relating to the Comedy Central show South Park.

If the image is a screenshot of the show, please add it to Category:South Park episode images instead. __NOGALLERY__

title: Category:South Park images


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User talk:DE-TalkingAl

I've noticed that you've been testing in articles, although you have been reverting your edits. Please use the Sandbox for any further testing. Thank you. You 00:03, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Sockpuppets
I would advise you, should you need to set up an account (perhaps named Thomas Aquinas, hmm?), to edit that account from the Thomas Aquinas username, and not your own, since when the history of the Thomas Aquinas page shows edits only by you, it becomes quite obvious that said user is nothing more than a sock puppet, and we all know sockpuppets burn in wiki-hell. --Scimitar 22:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your User:DE-TalkingAl II sockpuppet account has been temporarily blocked for vote stacking. Such behavior runs afoul of Wikipedia's sock puppets policy. Technically I could have permanently blocked it, but I'm willing to give you a chance to shape up. — Gwalla | Talk 22:22, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:DE-TalkingAl


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Talk:Automotive industry

Borders in table
The table with automobile groups and its brands in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry#Top_vehicle_manufacturing_groups_by_volume is terrible without the borders (they are not seen at least in firefox). Could someone add the borders? Also the table is too narrow and too high.

2017 data
212.100.101.104 and I have a disagreement about how OICA groups companies. Since this disagreement is essentially the same one that we have at Talk:List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production, I suggest that we discuss the 2006 data there first instead of duplicating our efforts.  Stepho  talk 04:50, 4 November 2023 (UTC)

"World's largest automakers" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World%27s_largest_automakers&redirect=no World's largest automakers] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 20:44, 29 November 2023 (UTC)

"List of assets owned by major automobile corporations" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_assets_owned_by_major_automobile_corporations&redirect=no List of assets owned by major automobile corporations] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 20:45, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

"Top 20 motor vehicle producing companies in 2007" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_20_motor_vehicle_producing_companies_in_2007&redirect=no Top 20 motor vehicle producing companies in 2007] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 20:49, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

"Automotive strategy consultant" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_strategy_consultant&redirect=no Automotive strategy consultant] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 21:57, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

"Forschungsgemeinschaft Automobil-Technik" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forschungsgemeinschaft_Automobil-Technik&redirect=no Forschungsgemeinschaft Automobil-Technik] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 22:01, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Automotive industry


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Arch of Hadrian (Athens)

The Arch of Hadrian (Αψίδα του Αδριανού), most commonly known in Greek as Hadrian's Gate (Πύλη του Αδριανού), is a monumental gateway resembling—in some respects—a Roman triumphal arch. It spanned an ancient road from the center of Athens, Greece, to the complex of structures on the eastern side of the city that included the Temple of Olympian Zeus.

It has been proposed that the arch was built to celebrate the adventus (arrival) of the Roman emperor Hadrian and to honor him for his many benefactions to the city, on the occasion of the dedication of the nearby temple complex in 131 or 132 AD. Since Hadrian had become an Athenian citizen nearly two decades before the monument was built, Kouremenos has argued that the inscriptions on the arch honor him as an Athenian rather than as the Roman emperor. It is not certain who commissioned the arch, although it is probable that it was the citizens of Athens. There were two inscriptions on the arch, facing in opposite directions, naming both Theseus and Hadrian as founders of Athens. While it is clear that the inscriptions honor Hadrian, it is uncertain whether they refer to the city as a whole or to the city in two parts: one old and one new. The early idea, however, that the arch marked the line of the ancient city wall, and thus the division between the old and the new regions of the city, has been shown to be false by further excavation. The arch is located 325 m southeast of the Acropolis.

Material and design

The entire monument is made of Pentelic marble, from Mt. Pentelikon, 18.2 km northeast of the arch. Pentelic marble was used for the Parthenon and many other notable structures in Athens, although its quality can vary significantly. The marble used for the arch is of a lower grade that had more inclusions than that used in the best Athenian buildings. The arch was constructed without cement or mortar from solid marble, using clamps to connect the cut stones. It is 18m high, 13.5m wide, and 2.3m in depth. Its design is fully symmetrical from front to back and side to side.

The single arched passageway of the lower level is 6.5m wide and was supported by pilasters crowned with Corinthian capitals. Similar, but taller, pilasters flank the outer corners of the lower level. The space between the outer pilasters and the arched opening was filled in with squared stones with drafted edges to emphasize the design. On either side of the central passageway was a Corinthian column on a rectangular, raised base projecting from the center of the wall. The lower level was crowned with an Ionic architrave capped with dentils and a projecting geison.

The upper level of the arch (the attic) was composed of a series of Corinthian columns and pilasters dividing the space into three rectangular openings. Each of the outer openings was crowned with an Ionic architrave capped with dentils and a projecting geison, in the manner of the lower level. The central opening, however, was flanked by antae with engaged Corinthian half-columns that supported a projecting triangular pediment, which rested above the dentils, geison, and sima that joined to those of the two wings. At the peak of the pediment, there was a small vegetal acroterion. The central opening of the upper level was originally closed off by a thin screen of stone, c. 7 cm thick. Graindor states that the screen of the central opening of the attic was removed for aesthetic reason on the instructions of Queen Amalia, for whom the avenue running past the arch was named. Hill states that all three openings were closed, but this view has not prevailed. Only the slots for its mounting are now preserved. The design of this central aediculum-like, niche of the upper level is similar to the architecture of the scaenae frons (façade of ancient stage buildings) and highly evocative of the representations of aedicula in wall painting of the 2nd Pompeian style.

Even a casual examination of this arch, with a few of the many preserved Roman triumphal arches in mind, reveals the significant design variation between the two structures. The number of arched passageways of the lower level of Roman triumphal arches was variable as was the presence of a secondary passageway along the long axis of the structure; as a dipylon arch with a single passageway, the lower level of the Arch of Hadrian falls within the gamut of the architectural genre. Roman triumphal arches, however, typically have a massive, solid attic (upper level), often filled with a dedicatory inscription and sculptural decoration. In addition, Roman arches typically supported major stone or bronze statuary, often including a quadriga (four-horse chariot) or similar at top center. As Willers notes, the design of the Arch of Hadrian has a very refined upper level that does not allow the mounting of major decoration on top of the attic.

Sculptural decoration
It has been proposed that there were statues positioned on top of the lower level, on either side of the central, aediculum-like, niche of the upper level, as was common for this architectural form; Theseus and Hadrian are the most commonly advanced candidates for these two statues, based on the inscriptions. Ward-Perkins has proposed that the attic held additional multiple statues, located over the projecting Corinthian columns of the lower level. In stark opposition to these proposals, Willers states that there is no evidence of the type of doweling needed to mount statuary on the top of the lower level and that the stone is far too roughly worked on the upper surface for statues to rest on it. Although Willers has done a study of the lower level of the arch, permission was not granted for close study of the upper level, so his statements concerning the upper level are based on previously published measurements and images. Kouremenos suggests that in Hadrian's time the arch contained painted reliefs, possibly with statues in the central opening, that were taken down and replaced at some point in the Byzantine period. A complete investigation of the monument remains to be done.

Inscriptions and location
Two inscriptions are carved on the architrave of the arch’s lower level, one centered over the arched opening on either side. On the northwest side (towards the Acropolis), the inscription was: The inscription on the southeast side (facing the Olympeion) reads:
 * ΑΙΔ' ΕΙΣΙΝ ΑΘΗΝΑΙ ΘΗΣΕΩΣ Η ΠΡΙΝ ΠΟΛΙΣ (this is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus).
 * ΑΙΔ' ΕΙΣ' ΑΔΡΙΑΝΟΥ ΚΟΥΧΙ ΘΗΣΕΩΣ ΠΟΛΙΣ (this is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus). An ancient scholium (marginal note) on a manuscript of Aristides states that the emperor Hadrian, when he was expanding the city wall (of Athens), wrote (inscribed) at the boundary of the old and the new areas of Athens a double inscription matching the sense, but not the exact wording, of the inscriptions on the arch.  Based on a combined reading of the arch inscriptions and the scholium, it was at first accepted that the arch stood on the line of the Themistocleian wall and that it marked the division between the old city of Theseus and the new city of Hadrian. In this view, the second inscription referred to a new urban section on the eastern side of Athens created by Hadrian, and - for convenience - this area is termed Hadrianopolis in subsequent scholarly discussion. This newer, Roman section of the city was thought to have been added to the ancient Greek city during the period of the Pax Romana (Roman peace).

Adams has proposed that the inscriptions, rather than dividing Athens into an old city of Theseus and a new city of Hadrian (Hadrianopolis), claim the entire city as a refoundation by the emperor. In this view, the inscriptions should be read: this is Athens, once the city of Theseus; this is the city of Hadrian, and not of Theseus. One option claims a part and the other the whole of Athens for the emperor. Adams has also challenged the idea that the arch was on the line of the Themistocleian wall, and this position has now been generally accepted. A gate of the Themistocleian wall has been excavated c. 140m east of the arch, which has settled the question. Stuart and Revett, who did the earliest and only complete architectural study of the arch in 1751-53 CE, were perplexed by the fact that the arch is not aligned with the Temple of Olympian Zeus, despite the fact that it is only c. 20m from the peribolos wall (boundary wall) of that complex. Excavations in the intervening time have shown that the arch is aligned with an ancient road that was roughly on the same course as modern Lysikrates street. The arch faces the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates 207m to the northwest along this street.

Preservation
At the time that it was recorded architecturally by Stuart and Revett in the mid-18th century, the base of the arch was buried in earth only to the level of around three feet. Given that it was thus never protected by being buried during its nearly nineteen centuries of existence, the arch entered the modern era in extraordinary condition. Although the columns of the lower level are missing, the arch is preserved to its full height and towers over modern Amalias Avenue. In recent decades, atmospheric pollution has damaged the monument. There is extensive discoloration of the stone and degradation of the inscriptions.

Patronage
Patronage of the arch has been attributed to either the Athenian state or to the Panhellenes, a newly formed association of all the Greek cities, based in Athens. Early scholarship held that the Athenians were responsible for its creation, on the argument that the quality of material and execution did not equal the other known buildings of Hadrian in Athens, and on the assumption that an emperor who loved Athens so much could not have been so arrogant as to put such an inscription on a structure of his own making. Two arches of the same scale and design were constructed at the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Eleusis later in the 2nd century CE and dedicated to an emperor (perhaps Marcus Aurelius) by the Panhellenes. These arches flanked the propylon into the sanctuary and stood at the ends of roads to Megara and to a harbor respectively. The southeastern arch had an inscription that read:
 * ΤΟΙΝ ΘΕΟΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΩΙ ΑΥΤΟΚ[Ρ]ΑΤΟΡΙ ΟΙ ΠΑΝΕ[ΛΛΗ]ΝΕΣ (to the two goddesses and to the emperor, the Panhellenes).

The use of the same design to honor two emperors within the space of a few decades and a few kilometers has prompted the idea that the Panhellenes were responsible for the arches in both locations.

title: Arch of Hadrian (Athens)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trivia on EastEnders

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - should be merged - SimonP 19:27, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Trivia on EastEnders
WP:NOT a general knowledge base - this is trivia --Doc (?) 00:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak keep. At first I was thinking about merging it to EastEnders under a trivia section, like most of the other TV series articles have. But EastEnders exceeds the 32KB recommended article size. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 32KB is a suggestion, not a hard limit. See Windows 2000. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:30, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: We could do something similar to what is done with All My Children. First merge Trivia on EastEnders to a trivia section on EastEnders. Then break the Storylines section into a seperate article. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:36, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with EastEnders the great's comment below. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 01:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * KEEP: The EastEnders article is too long as it is, therfore it has to be split up into other sections. There are already plenty of trivia pages like this for other articles, so what should we do - request for them all to be deleted? I think not.
 * Teletubbies trivia
 * Trivia about The Simpsons
 * Fiji Trivia
 * Survivor Trivia and Interesting Facts
 * Zealot Trivia
 * Maybe I am just missing the point? But I think it would be unfair to delete this article when others too clearly have seperated trivia pages - so I say keep this page. Would like this clearing up though. --EastEnders the great 01:34, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No offense, but all of those article should probably be on VfD. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:28, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah I agree with the suggestion from Zzyzx11, was thinking about that - but seemed like a bigger job.

If this article is too much of a problem then it can be merged back into the article until the other changes are done. --EastEnders the great 01:43, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I would suggest that this would be the best course of action. Encyclopedias deal with core information, not trivia (despite what some might think). - Ta bu shi da yu 03:29, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep and merge into main article. Hornplease

 * Keep, better split out than merged. Kappa 08:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep and cleanup. The main article is already sufficiently large. This could perhaps be rewritten into more of an article than a plain list. JamesBurns 10:28, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename to Eastenders trivia. Radiant_* 10:50, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry is this my fault? I added some information to the EastEnders article and it said it was too large??? I think the EastEnders page should stay as one, it is stupid that the pages cannot be too long!!!!! Who cares if it is too long anyway? Oxydrene 13:16, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to EastEnders, then clean-up EastEnders. It is far too long and portions non-encyclopedic. Double Blue  (Talk) 14:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with EastEnders and remove the trivia. --Carnildo 22:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * But it's all trivial - that's the whole point! --Doc (?) 21:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with EastEnders and cleanup. -- Silversmith Hewwo 19:35, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Talk:Wahalak, Mississippi

Very Interesting
This is a very interesting article about an unincorporated community -- it may inspire me to create an article for several such communities in NW Tennessee. I am concerned, however, at the POV expressed in references to "resentful children" and the factual accuracy of calling it a "cultural hub". This appears to be a sarcastic barb at a boondocks upbringing (with which I can sympathize) and as such doesn't really fit in an encyclopedia article. Perhaps we can reword a bit to become more encyclopedic and still convey to readers the remoteness of the area? --Chiacomo 00:04, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wahalak edits
Okay, okay, you got me. I grew up there and I couldn't resist.

I'll go along with whatever you suggest; I appreciate you being so nice about it. The whole last paragraph can be chopped if need be.

 * I understand that the community may be boring as hell -- I grew up in a similar place! The nearest fast-food, malls, etc is 50 miles away? What city are the malls, etc in? (you can put that in the article)... Probably best to remove the reference to the 14 dogs (though my grandfather had 4 under his house and i know, i know)... If there's a source for more information on the illegal liquor trade, you could incorporate that. Do you mind if I edit here and there a bit to wikify the article? --Chiacomo 00:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Ah, rats, I was hoping the 14 dogs thing could stay in. It's as least as accurate as the population count, but I doubt I would have reason to get too huffy if it had to be removed.

I don't know if there are many decent records left on the amount of bootlegging that went on there. Two of my older relatives were arrested for it back in the 30's, but I don't think my more prudish relatives would take it very well if I included a "Notable Wahalak Bootleggers" section (other than Kenny Wagner). :)

In answer to your question, Wikify away; I had fun with my little commentary, but I understand if I can't use it as a catharsis for having actually grown up there. :)

I grew up in Wahalak. However, not in the days of Kenny. But i lived to here my grandpa talk about it. I love Wahalak. Its a very quite and beautiful place. No there aren't many people there but i enjoyed my childhood of pasture land and the great enviromnent of encountered. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.229.196.124 (talk) 18:18, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wahalak, Mississippi


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Low Alemannic German

Low Alemannic German (Niederalemannisch) is a branch of Alemannic German, which is part of Upper German. Its varieties are only partly intelligible to non-Alemannic speakers.

Subdivisions

 * Lake Constance Alemannic (de)
 * Northern Vorarlberg (de)
 * Allgäu dialect (de)
 * Baar dialect
 * Southern Württemberg
 * Upper Rhenish Alemannic (de)
 * Basel German
 * Baden dialects north of Markgräflerland
 * Alsatian, spoken in Alsace, in some villages of the Phalsbourg county in Lorraine and by some Amish in Indiana
 * Low Alemannic dialects in the Black Forest
 * Colonia Tovar dialect, Venezuela

Features
The feature that distinguishes Low Alemannic from High Alemannic is the retention of Germanic /k/, for instance kalt 'cold' vs. High Alemannic chalt.

The feature that distinguishes Low Alemannic from Swabian is the retention of the Middle High German monophthongs, for instance Huus 'house' vs. Swabian Hous or Ziit 'time' vs. Swabian Zejt.

Orthography
(All of the below is specific to the dialects spoken near Freiburg im Breisgau)

Vowels:

Consonants:

Are as in Standard German, with the following notes:
 * kh is an aspirated
 * ng is a velar nasal
 * ngg is a velar nasal followed by a velar plosive
 * ph is an aspirated
 * th is an aspirated

Articles
Definite Article

Indefinite Article

Substantives
Plurals
 * Class I: Plural = Singular (e.g. Ääber → Ääber)
 * Class II: Plural = Singular + Umlaut (e.g. Baum → Baim; Vader → Väder)
 * Class IIIa: Plural = Singular + -e (e.g. Man → Mane; Ags → Agse)
 * Class IIIb: Plural = Singular + -̈e (e.g. Frosch → Fresche)
 * Class IVa: Plural = Singular + -er (e.g. Lyyb → Lyyber; Schùg → Schùger)
 * Class IVb: Plural = Singular + -̈er (e.g. Wald → Wälder; Blad → Bleder)
 * Class V: No Plural (e.g. Chees; Zemänd)
 * Class VI: No Singular (Plural Only) (e.g. Bilger; Fèèrine)

Diminutives
 * Standard ending is -li (e.g. Aimer → Aimerli)
 * If the word ends in -l, then the ending is -eli (e.g. Dääl → Dääleli)
 * If the word ends in -el, then the ending is -i (e.g. Degel → Degeli)
 * If the word ends in -e, remove the -e and add -li (e.g. Bèère → Bèèrli)
 * The rules for this can be quite complex and depend on the region. Sometimes diminutives require umlaut, other times not.

Adjectives
Weak Declension

Strong Declension

Comparative
 * Standard ending -er (e.g. fèin → fèiner)

Superlative
 * Standard ending -(e)schd (e.g. fèin → fèinschd)

Irregular

Pronouns
Personal Pronouns

Verbs
1. Infinitive

Infinitive ends in -e
 * Some monosyllabic verbs do not have this ending (e.g. chùù, döe, goo, gschää, haa, loo, nee, sää, schdoo, schlaa, syy, zie, etc.)

2. Participle

2.1 Prefix 2.2 Suffix
 * The prefix for g- or ge-
 * Before b, d, g, bf, dsch, and z is merged into the word and not visible (e.g. broochd, glaubd, etc.)
 * Strong Verbs end in -e (e.g. gäse, glofe)
 * Weak Verbs end in -d or -ed (e.g. bùzd, gchaufd)

2.3 Types

2.3.1 Infinitive and Present Sg y/èi/ai - Participle i

2.3.1.1 y > i (e.g. abwyyse > abgwiise)

2.3.1.2 èi > i (e.g. verzèie > verziie)

2.3.1.3 ai > i (e.g. schaide > gschiide)

2.3.2 Infinitive and Present Sg ie/u/au/èi/i - Participle o/öu/öe

2.3.2.1 ie > o (e.g. biede > bode)

2.3.2.2 u > o (e.g. sufe > gsofe)

2.3.2.3 au > o (e.g. laufe > glofe)

2.3.2.4 èi > öu (e.g. rèie > gröue)

2.3.2.5 ie > öe (e.g. riefe > gröefe)

2.3.2.5 i > o (e.g. wiige > gwooge)

2.3.3 Infinitive and Present Sg i - Participle ù

2.3.3.1 i > u (e.g. binde > bùnde)

2.3.4 Infinitive ä/e - Present i - Participle o/u

2.3.4.1 ä - i - o (e.g. bräche > broche)

2.3.4.2 ä - i - u (e.g. hälfe > ghùlfe)

2.3.4.3 e/è - i - o (e.g. verdèèrbe > verdoorbe)

2.3.4.4 e - i - ù (e.g. schmelze > gschmùlze)

2.3.5 Infinitive ä/i - Present i - Participle ä

2.3.5.1 ä - i - ä (e.g. äse > gäse)

2.3.5.2 i - i - ä (e.g. bide > bäde)

2.3.6 Infinitive Vowel is the same as the Participle

2.3.5.1 (e.g. bache > bache; fale > gfale)

3. Conjugation

3.1 Present Tense 3.1.1 Regular Verb

title: Low Alemannic German


text:
Torreón International Airport

Torreón International Airport or Torreón/Gómez Palacio International Airport (Aeropuerto Internacional de Torreón); officially Aeropuerto Internacional De Torreón Francisco Sarabia (Francisco Sarabia International Airport), is an international airport located in Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico. It handles the national and international air traffic of the La Laguna Metropolitan Area, which includes Torreón, Coahuila, and the cities of Gómez Palacio and Lerdo in Durango.

The airport also supports a variety of tourism, flight training, executive and general aviation activities. Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte (OMA) is the operator of the airport, and it was named in honor of Francisco Sarabia, a pioneer of commercial aviation in Mexico. In 2023, the airport served 776,462 passengers.

Facilities
The airport is situated within the Torreón urban area, 6.5 km to the east of the city center, at an elevation of 1124 m above sea level. The passenger terminal offers a range of services typical of a regional airport, including check-in facilities for both domestic and international flights, VIP lounges, parking areas, car rental services, taxi stands, and a departure concourse with 2 gates, one of which is equipped with a jet bridge. The terminal underwent renovations in both 2003 and 2023. The apron has 7 stands capable of accommodating narrow-body aircraft.

Torreón Airport features two runways. The main runway, Runway 13/31, is 2755 m in length, while Runway 08/26 is 1467 m long and is primarily used for smaller aircraft.

Additionally, the Mexican Air Force's Air Force Station No. 3 (Estación Aérea Militar N.º 3) (E.A.M. No. 3) is located at Torreón Airport. It currently does not have any active squadrons assigned to it. The station includes an aviation platform of 5400 m2, 1 hangar, and other facilities for accommodating Air Force personnel.

title: Torreón International Airport


text:
Sweet Auburn

The Sweet Auburn Historic District is a historic African-American neighborhood along and surrounding Auburn Avenue, east of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The name Sweet Auburn was coined by John Wesley Dobbs, referring to the "richest Negro street in the world," one of the largest concentrations of African-American businesses in the United States.

A National Historic Landmark District was designated in 1976, covering 19 acre of the neighborhood, significant for its history and development as a segregated area under the state's Jim Crow laws. Sweet Auburn was also added to the National Register of Historic Places the same year.

Geography
Sweet Auburn is one of 242 officially recognized neighborhoods of Atlanta. It is bounded by:
 * Freedom Parkway and the Old Fourth Ward (formerly the separate Bedford Pine neighborhood) on the north
 * Boulevard and the Old Fourth Ward on the east
 * the MARTA east–west line and the Oakland and Grant Park neighborhoods on the south, and
 * the Downtown Connector and downtown Atlanta on the west

History
The first settlement here was on land formerly occupied by Union troops and was called Shermantown for many years. It developed quickly being near the Georgia Railroad and in 1879 was at the endpoint of a newly graded road called simply Boulevard, which led from the railroad to North Avenue near Ponce de Leon Avenue and Angier Springs.

The rise of Auburn Avenue as "the" black business district in Atlanta was to a great extent an outcome of the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. Prior to this time black businesses operated largely in downtown Atlanta — a business district integrated as far as business ownership was concerned. But competition between working-class whites and blacks for jobs and housing gave rise to fears and tensions. In 1906, print media fueled these tensions with hearsay about alleged sexual assaults on white women by black men, triggering the riot, which left at least 27 people dead (25 of them black) and over 70 injured.

Black businesses started to move from previously integrated business district downtown to the relative safety of the area around the Atlanta University Center west of downtown, and to Auburn Avenue in the Fourth Ward east of downtown. "Sweet" Auburn Avenue became home to Alonzo Herndon's Atlanta Mutual, the city's first black-owned life insurance company, and to a celebrated concentration of black businesses, newspapers, churches, and nightclubs. In 1956, Fortune magazine called Sweet Auburn "the richest Negro street in the world", a phrase originally coined by civil rights leader John Wesley Dobbs from the poem The Deserted Village by Oliver Goldsmith. Sweet Auburn and Atlanta's black colleges formed the nexus of a prosperous black middle class and upper class which arose despite enormous social and legal obstacles.

Sweet Auburn was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. However, like so many other inner-city neighborhoods, Sweet Auburn fell victim to lack of investment, heavy, widespread crime, homelessness, and abandonment, compounded by construction of the Downtown Connector freeway that split it in two. In 1992 the National Trust for Historic Preservation recognized that it was one of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places and, in 2005, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation included the area in its 2006 list of Places in Peril. The Historic District Development Corporation (HDDC) was formed to turn the trend around, starting with houses surrounding the birth home of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and working outward. In 2014, the city of Atlanta completed the installation of the Atlanta Streetcar, a line that creates a loop connecting the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park to downtown and the tourist attractions of Centennial Olympic Park. The streetcar travels east along Edgewood Avenue and west along Auburn Avenue.

Historic structures and businesses
Several churches located along the avenue, such as Big Bethel AME and First Congregational, helped build and maintain the heritage of the street. Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, located just off the avenue, was also a significant force as the first Black Catholic parish in the city.

The Royal Peacock Club provided an elegant setting where many African Americans could perform and bring the changing styles of black popular music to Atlanta. Originally called the Top Hat Club when it opened in 1938, the club hosted local talent and national acts such as B.B. King, the Four Tops, the Tams and Atlanta's own Gladys Knight.

One of the many significant commercial buildings within the district is the Atlanta Life Insurance Company. The second-largest black insurance company in the United States, Atlanta Life Insurance was founded in 1905 by Alonzo Herndon, a former slave from Walton County, Georgia. The central building of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company complex is a Beaux Arts building facing Auburn Avenue. The district also includes the Rucker Building, Atlanta's first black-owned office building, constructed in 1904 by Henry A. Rucker, a former slave turned businessman and politician.

Also located on Auburn Avenue was The Atlanta Daily World, the first black-owned daily newspaper, which was founded here in 1928. (The Atlanta Daily World is still the nation's longest running African American newspaper.) In 1948, the Atlanta Police Department was integrated, hiring eight black police officers, all of whom were assigned to Auburn Avenue.

List of historical churches and businesses

 * APEX Museum – founded in 1985
 * Atlanta Daily World – founded in 1928
 * Atlanta Life Insurance – founded in 1905
 * Big Bethel AME Church – founded in 1847
 * Ebenezer Baptist Church – founded in 1886
 * Herndon Building – opened in 1924, demolished following damage from 2008 Atlanta tornado
 * Martin Luther King Jr. National Historical Park, including:
 * Dr. King's birth (January 15, 1929) home – built in 1895
 * Visitors Center – founded in 1980
 * Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium – 1912–13
 * Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, founded in 1912
 * Prince Hall Masonic Temple- built 1937/1941 (Addition Added)
 * Rucker Building – constructed 1904
 * Sweet Auburn Curb Market – opened in 1924
 * Georgia Insurance Brokerage founded 1970

Culture
Sweet Auburn celebrates the annual Auburn SpringFest, and in the Fall, the Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival. The Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival is an annual festival held the first weekend in October on Auburn Avenue. Civil rights leader Hosea Williams founded the first festival in 1984. Charles Johnson founded the festival in 1994 as a way to celebrate the African American achievements as established on Auburn Avenue. The festival offers food, art, and entertainment throughout the day while celebrating Auburn Avenue's past and growth, and is operated by the Sweet Auburn Committee.

The festival's entertainment varies from comedians to up and coming artists from diverse genres of music. The Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival searches for entertainment from cities such as Atlanta, Macon, Savannah, Augusta, Huntsville and Chattanooga in hopes to help non- established artist's path to stardom. Artist such as Usher Raymond, Outkast, India.Arie, and Raven-Symoné have started out performing on stage at the festival. Ultimately, the Sweet Auburn Heritage Festival entertainment has grown much farther than originally anticipated from its beginning stages in 1984.

Edgewood Avenue which runs through the heart of Sweet Auburn has become a hotspot for viewing for street art in Atlanta. Works by international artists such as Sten Lex and local artists such as Dr. Dax and Chris Veal can be found on Edgewood Avenue and the surrounding streets. Several of the Sweet Auburn murals can be found on the Atlanta Street Art Map.

The Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History is an institution dedicated to preserving and highlighting African American culture and history.

This article incorporates text from the National Park Service website, a work of the U.S. government, and therefore in the public domain.

title: Sweet Auburn


text: Template:Fruits

title: Template:Fruits


text:
Mary Price (alleged spy)

Mary Wolfe Price (1909–1980) was an American who was accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union.

Early years
Born in 1909 in Rockingham County, North Carolina, Price graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1931. She eventually made her way to New York City, where she worked as secretary to journalist Walter Lippmann of the New York Herald.

Espionage career
Sometime prior to March 1941, Mary Price allegedly agreed to furnish Jacob Golos, controller of the secret apparatus of the Communist Party of the USA (CPUSA) on behalf of the Soviet Union, with all the information she could concerning the material Lippmann was writing and his contacts. Elizabeth Bentley was made the courier between Washington D.C., where Price worked, and New York City, where she and Golos lived together.

Price allegedly became a "cut out", or go-between, for government employees who were also members of the CPUSA secret apparatus. Among them were Maurice Halperin, Duncan Lee, Helen Tenney of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), Robert Miller of the U.S. State Department, and Michael Greenberg, an associate of presidential aide Lauchlin Currie. Lee was the personal assistant to OSS head General William J. Donovan, the first intelligence chief in America's newly created wartime intelligence agency. The material from Halperin was considered extremely valuable especially how it related to the Polish government in exile.

Mary Price's apartment in Washington eventually became the rendezvous point for meetings between Golos' courier and the Perlo group. Various members of the Perlo group would meet with Bentley every two or three weeks in the apartment. Those members delivering stolen intelligence materials included Victor Perlo, chief of the Aviation Section, War Production Board (WPB); Edward Fitzgerald of the WPB; Charles Kramer who worked for Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization, the Office of Price Administration, and Senate Subcommittee on Wartime Health and Education throughout World War II; Allen Rosenberg, who was on the Board of Economic Warfare and became Chief of the Economic Institution Staff of the Foreign Economic Administration; and Donald Wheeler of the OSS Analysis division.

Soviet intelligence considered the Perlo group to be an extremely valuable asset, and upon the death of Golos in late 1942, sought to control Mary Price directly.

Iskhak Akhmerov, chief of the NKGB illegal station in the U.S., wanted to establish her in an apartment in the Georgetown section of Washington for the sexual entrapment of blackmail victims.

In November 1944, Anatoly Gorsky reported to Moscow that according to Elizabeth Bentley, Price had begun a sexual relationship with one of her sources, Duncan Chaplin Lee. "(Price) established an intimate relationship with (Lee), and she did not tell us about it until recently." Gorsky was concerned that this affair might result in Lee's exposure as a spy because his wife, who was also a member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA), knew about his spying. "(Lee) and (Price) met in two places, at her flat and at his. The meetings were held in the presence of (Lee's) wife, who was aware of her husband's secret work." Lee's wife discovered her husband's love affair and complained in a series of jealous scenes. The NKVD became worried about these developments and ordered her to stop serving as his courier.

Elizabeth Bentley claimed Price was psychologically unfit for further clandestine work. The head of the CPUSA, Earl Browder, later released her from the NKGB. Her code name used by Soviet intelligence was "Dir".

Political activities and later years
Price, by now retired from spying, returned to North Carolina around 1945 and organized the state chapter of a liberal group, the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. In 1948, Price became the head of the state's Progressive Party. As the Progressive Party nominee, she was the first woman to appear on the ballot as a candidate for Governor of North Carolina. After Bentley accused Price of being a spy in July of that year, she came in a distant third in the election, and moved back to Washington, D.C., where she worked at the embassy of Czechoslovakia. In later years, she married Charles Adamson and worked for the National Council of Churches. She died in California in 1980.

title: Mary Price (alleged spy)


text:
Mister Cartoon

Mark Machado, better known as Mr. Cartoon or more commonly just Cartoon or Toon, is an American tattoo artist and graffiti artist based in Los Angeles, California. Growing up in the Harbor area of Los Angeles County, young Cartoon began doing illustrations and graffiti then going on to airbrushing clothing and lowrider custom cars. Machado then moved on to working in the music industry doing album covers, tour merchandise, and later tattooing recording artists and other celebrities.

Machado's style of art is part of the Chicano art movement and cholo culture, which he became part of in the late 1980s, using various mediums. His other work includes hand painted signs, screen printing, wall murals, clothing, and toy sculptures of cartoon cats. He adopted the "Fine Line" prison tattooing art style, alongside Old English lettering, which historically was developed in the California prison system.

Mister Cartoon has been described by the New York Times as an "instrumental figure in the Los Angeles hip-hop scene" and by the BBC as "one of the greatest living tattoo artists in the US", he has tattooed the bodies of Kobe Bryant, Dr. Dre, 50 Cent, Eminem, Christina Aguilera, Travis Barker, Pink, Justin Timberlake, Beyoncé Knowles, Danny Trejo, Melanie Griffith, Shaquille O'Neal, Lewis Hamilton, and Snoop Dogg. Machado designed logo's for musicians and record labels including Cypress Hill, Eazy-E's Ruthless Records and Eminem's Shady Records.

Machado's work has been used in the realms of fashion, hospitality, technology, and sports, by Nike, Toyota, T-Mobile, the Los Angeles Kings, the Los Angeles Clippers, Modelo, and in Grand Theft Auto.

Early life
Machado grew up in the harbour area of the San Pedro neighborhood of Los Angeles. His parents were of Mexican heritage, his father grew up in South Tucson, Arizona. Machado grew up alongside one sister in a Catholic household. The parents owned a print shop together. Machado's parents encouraged the arts, taking him to art house films and introducing disco and psychedelic rock music at home. At age 10 while learning to draw Machado got in trouble at Catholic school for drawing Jesus naked on the cross. As a kid Machado would go into the streets with friends and write on the side of school walls and handball courts emulating the quality of art he saw at his parents' shop. His nickname 'Cartoon' came from drawing all the time, the 'Mister' was added later in late 1980s to give the appearance of being older than people would expect. His first paying job was at age 12 doing illustrations for a client of the print shop his parents owned, which lead to his father regularly giving having him work on logos and menu designs for local restaurants. During his youth at elementary school Machado was once featured in the Daily Breeze local newspaper for his illustrative talents.

Machado attended San Pedro High School, by the time he was in high school he would steal paint from an elderly man's house and his father's garage doing illustrations for the banners and newspaper of the school. An early inspiration were the graffiti artists LEE and Fab Five Freddy from New York City, after first seeing their work in the music video for Rapture by Blondie. As a way to practice his craft he would offer to create murals on large walls that had lots of graffiti to residents in poor neighborhoods, the murals would have imagery like Egyptian hieroglyphs or people sporting a handlebar moustache.

Due to local gang activity Machado was losing friends at an early age to death or jail and was pushed to get into custom cars as a hobby, his father was also a big fan of cars which helped develop the interest as they would go on road trips and to car shows together spotting different details and designs in cars. After attending car shows with his father and seeing older men do airbrushing, for his 16th birthday Machado was gifted an airbrush which he would take to the Gardena swap meets. His initial business was sign painting and airbrushing logos or murals on clothing and cars for auto shops, car shows, and swap meets. Machado would design for boxing gyms or car audio shops and barter his services or use the money earned from airbrushing to trade for car parts so he could build his own lowriders. While hanging out at the auto body shops Machado learned about pinstriping and how to paint custom cars.

One of his first breakthroughs came as a fluke when a photojournalist from Car and Driver came to his high school asking if anyone could do a graffiti set for the backdrop of their magazine cover to which he took the offer. At the age of 17 Machado was charged with an act of vandalism for $30,000 but was prosecuted as a minor and not sent to juvenile hall as he pleaded guilty, instead going on probation for $3,000. In one of his earliest commissions, to cover the expense, he did a mural for a boxing gym.

Career
Machado attended LA Trade Tech becoming one of the first in his family to attend post secondary education, it was during this period at trade school he learned to use a lettering quill alongside gold leaf and enamel sign graphics. He lasted only one year at the school and was removed due to not following the school's rules or the academic deadlines given. Growing up in the 1980s and 1990s Machado saw the worlds of hip hop, tattoo culture, and street art in Los Angeles all fuse together. Machado initially started as a graffiti artist under the name FLAME or FLAME ONE in the WCA crew in 1987. In 1988 his sister gave him work making graffiti for movie sets and his mother would type up the invoices on a typewriter to help him get paid. At age 20 in 1989 Cartoon got a job as an illustrator for Hustler Magazine, while doing cartoon drawings for Southland hip hop artists album covers on the side.

Machado first big break into the music industry came after approaching Eazy-E at a car wash. Eazy-E then requested Machado to do some work for artists on his label Ruthless Records which included tour merchandise and three album covers; Paid the Cost, Kizz My Black Azz, and Black Mafia Life. The two would go on to travel together for work. In 1992 as Machado got further into the world of hip hop, at an album release party for Eazy-E's group Penthouse Players Clique at the Hollywood Athletic Club, through a friend Donnie Charles he met Estevan Oriol who was managing the rap group Cypress Hill. Oriol invited Machado to go on tour with him and Cypress Hill, and design an album cover for them. As Oriol was also their tour manager at the time, Oriol would document their travels and work through photography he would capture.

By the age of 22 Machado was in Tokyo, experiencing car culture there, experimenting with drugs, and getting recognized for his clothing designs as the awareness for streetwear overseas was quite high due to the demand and Japanese street fashion culture there. During his time in Tokyo, Machado became familiar with the local tattoo scene getting tattoos, going to local tattoo conventions, and also worked at a shop called Scratch Addiction in Harajuku on Takeshita-dori. Cartoon was doing murals on lowriders in Japan and Oriol would take the pictures for a local magazine called Fine, which would pay them $400–800 every month for shots of the cars.

After seeing friend and fellow graffiti artist RISK create graffiti influenced clothing designs, together Oriol and Machado went on to co-found Joker Brand Clothing in 1995, the brand was the second iteration after the first one failed due to a store owner stealing their original business ideas. The two also co-founded Soul Assassin studios in the early 1990s at a warehouse complex along the border of Skid Row and Little Tokyo which was the creative hub for where they worked with major brands. The studio would reach revenues of $1.5 million with 13 employees in 2003 but eventually closed down during the 2008 financial crisis.

Machado started getting more tattoos during this period and Oriol encouraged Machado to transition to doing tattoo work as well. Machado would practice sketch ideas on Oriol, other friends, and himself with a homemade tattoo gun. Working alongside Cypress Hill brought Cartoon further attention eventually Oriol suggested to the Cypress Hill members and other co-headlining tour acts like Goodie Mob and Outkast to get tatted by Mister Cartoon. By the mid-1990s Machado was working as a tattoo artist, he would do clients designs in garages and nightclubs and eventually got a gig working at Spotlight Tattoo on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood alongside tattoo artists Baby Ray and Charlie Roberts. In 1997 Machado was promised to be mentored by Baby Ray only if he quit drinking and smoking.

In 1999 after working in the field for less than five years of tattooing, with his same homemade tattoo machine, Machado cemented his reputation as a tattoo artist doing Eminem's famous tattoo of the portrait of his daughter Hailie titled Bonnie and Clyde on his upper right arm and the R.I.P. for his uncle on his left shoulder. He eventually opened his own tattoo shop in Santa Monica in the early 2000s. By 2003 Machado charged $100–150 minimum per session but would go on to charge minimum $1000 for a tattoo and prices in the tens of thousands upward to $20,000-$50,000 for stars like 50 Cent and Eminem.

Machado appeared in the 2003 Def Jam documentary Scarface: Origins of a Hip Hop Classic. He rendered the graffiti used in throughout the 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. In 2005 Cartoon was brought on to create custom Nike Cortez and Air Force 1 shoes, it took over a year for the company to be convinced to work with Cartoon. Machado was a contributor to Mass Appeal Magazine during the mid-2000s. Machado designed posters for the 2008 film Righteous Kill and in 2009 he was commissioned by Universal Studios to do billboards for the Fast & Furious movie. In August 2009, Cartoon designed a customized watch for Casio's G-Shock line.

In 2012 Mister Cartoon partnered with Snoop Dogg to start an automotive car care product line called Sanctiond. In 2013 Cartoon designed custom hockey jerseys for the Los Angeles Kings NHL team. Machado was an executive producer for the 2016 film Lowriders, which was created over a 10-year process with 8 years of script revisions. The film started over meeting Brian Grazer by chance at a Nike event.

In November 2019 Cartoon designed special edition basketball jerseys for the Los Angeles Clippers NBA team in Old English font, the process took over a year, in September 2022 custom jerseys by Cartoon were used by the team again. In March 2020 Mister Cartoon created a mural for the Casa Vega restaurant. In June 2020, Cartoon collaborated with Vans to release two pairs of custom designed shoes. In 2020, Cartoon starred in and was the focus of the Netflix documentary LA Originals, chronicling his and Oriol's lives, the film was developed over a ten year process the original film idea was titled Ink and produced by Brian Grazer's Imagine Entertainment but was scraped. Mister Cartoon worked on a trading card project for the Topps company which was released in December 2020, depicting past and present players such as Mike Trout. In 2021, Constellation Brands featured him in one of their Fighting Spirit Modelo Beer Super Bowl television commercials. In April 2021 B-Real and Cartoon created a NFT collection of 3D animations.

In March 2023 Cartoon designed special edition jerseys for the Los Angeles Dodgers. In May 2023 Mister Cartoon collaborated on a clothing line with October's Very Own and Major League Soccer for three of the league's teams. In June 2023 Machado had his first solo exhibition titled Just My Imagination in Hollywood. Machado also collaborated in June 2023 with Turtle Wax doing a custom logo and line of car cleaning products. In July 2023 Cartoon released a book of past sketches and drawings. Machado opened a barbershop called Master Deluxe with longtime friend Arturo Arce in 2023.

Personal life
Machado is married and has a home studio in the San Fernando Valley, which two of his four children work out of with him. A collector of classic cars, he owns 11 cars including a 1964 Chevrolet Impala, a 1967 Chevrolet Impala and a 1939 Chevrolet Master Deluxe in his collection, and has been a member of the Lifestyle Car Club in Los Angeles since 1993. In 1997 Machado went sober from alcohol and drugs, joining Alcoholics Anonymous for 13 years of sobriety. He is a recovering Catholic and atheist, having joined Agnostics Anonymous.

Artistry
The style of which Machado's work is based on originated in the prison culture of West Los Angeles, the streets of East Los Angeles during the 1970s, emerging scenes of graffiti in New York City, and chicano culture. He was also inspired by the 1940s, an era his father grew up with aspirations of the American Dream from a Mexican perspective. After having visited and lived in Japan, Machado found inspiration from Japanimation, Sorayama, and Irezumi.

Machado uses typography like Old English text for tattoos most notably "Southside" on the backside of rapper 50 Cent's body. His imagery notably contains clowns, angels, and fantasy settings with themes surrounding poverty, violence, addiction, and the energy of Los Angeles.

While painting, Machado often listens to soul music of the Philadelphia and Motown sound's from the 1960s and 1970s playing groups like the Temptations, the Stylistics, and Marvin Gaye, as well as Funk music from artists like Parliament Funkadelic and Rick James. He is also inspired by classic rock bands Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, and The Doors.

title: Mister Cartoon


text: User talk:Smyjpmu

title: User talk:Smyjpmu