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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kolben, Montana

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 21:51, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kolben, Montana
can't find any reference to the Krane brothers, numerous rambling posts from anon user today - unsigned nomination by
 * Delete Patent nonsense. --Xcali 19:40, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete User in question's only contributions have been vandalism - this is no different. AndrewH 19:59, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete I find the addition of "Kolben, Montana" and similar articles to Wikipedia a good which should not be stunted. It is an absurd injustice that these articles should be removed merely because no practical relation to the Krane brothers can be determined. Thomas Aquinas
 * User's tenth edit, seems to be a sock of TalkingAl—Wahoofive (talk) 21:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not DeleteThis article is not vandalism, but an article about a fictional city on a show that you haven't heard of. DE-TalkingAl
 * This user vandalized User:Barnos page. --Etacar11 21:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, a fictional city invented by a pair of comedians. Not real, no indication of notability, no potential to become encyclopedic.  Barno 20:37, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This user vandalized user DE-TalkingAl's page - unsigned comment by
 * Do Not Delete As a response to "Barno:" did not "Monty Python and the Holy Grail" begin as the insignificant invention of comics? What, then, prevents "Kolben, Montana" from attaining incorporation into popular culture? It should not be destroyed as a virtual embryo, incapable of propagation. Thomas AquinasII
 * User's first edit, another sock—Wahoofive (talk) 21:39, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This isn't the place to try to drum up interest. When it becomes part of pop culture, then come back and write an article.  Wikipedia is about what is and what has been, not what might be.  --Xcali 21:23, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * When it becomes as notable as Monty Python, then we'll include it. Jacob1207 01:59, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What prevents Wikipedia as a method of promoting popular culture incorporation; it is contrary to justice to promote an arbitrary declaration which fails to serve the common good. unsigned comment by
 * Delete non-notable. --Etacar11 21:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Do Not Delete Don't delete! Yo Mama 5000
 * Do Not DeleteBarno, you nerd, the intention is for it to be fictional! It is like writing an article about Springfield from the Simpsons. And in response to "no reference to the Krane brothers" the Krane brothers are two writers/comedians, let's leave it at that. DE-TalkingAl
 * Delete, non-notable. DopefishJustin (･∀･) 21:31, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-existent town allegedly created by non-notable comedians.  Could it get less notable?  Frjwoolley 21:51, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete because a) there are no independent references from established sources in pop culture, indicating a lack of notability, b) there are no independent references to these comedians indicating they are of any importance to anyone other than themselves, and c) this article is supported by sockpuppets, all of whom should be burned with fire. --Scimitar 22:00, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable joke by non-notable comedians. Googling for "Krane brothers" doesn't bring up any results about comedians (most were misspelled references to Niles & Frasier Crane on Frasier).   — Gwalla | Talk 22:05, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. There seems to be a surplus of sockpuppets here. --Carnildo 23:32, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable fictional place created by non-notable people. This ain't no Springfield.  RickK 23:50, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete fictional place of interest to sockpuppets but apparently of limited interest currently to huimans. Capitalistroadster 00:23, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable, even if it really is a fictional city. Jacob1207 01:59, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The article itself says this is a fictional town.  Not notable.  Kaibabsquirrel 05:50, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party

The Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party (Bosanskohercegovačka patriotska stranka, BPS) is Bosnian nationalist political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded by the former commander of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sefer Halilović.

In 1998 it became a party involved in the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bosnian-Herzegovinian Patriotic Party


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Democratic People's Union

The Democratic People's Union (Demokratska narodna zajednica, DNZ) is a political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was founded in 1993 and first led by Fikret Abdić.

In 2014 the Democratic People's Union saw a major split when a large number of its members led by Elvira Abdić-Jelenović (Fikret's daughter) founded a new party, the Labour Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Due to this split, the DNZ now has only 2 out of 28 members of the Velika Kladuša Municipality Council, while the new Labour Party gained a large majority.

title: Democratic People's Union


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Monique Haas

Monique Haas (20 October 1909 – 9 June 1987) was a French pianist.

Born in Paris, she studied at the Conservatoire de Paris with Joseph Morpain and Lazare Lévy, taking a Premier Prix in 1927. She went on to study with Rudolf Serkin and Robert Casadesus. She toured the world, winning much praise for her performances of 20th-century music. Composer Francis Poulenc, himself an accomplished pianist, praised her as "the adorable Monique Haas who plays the piano ravishingly", and Henri Dutilleux described her as "a celebrated interpreter of the music of Ravel".

Repertoire, recordings
Like many French pianists who grew up in the aftermath of the First World War, Haas's repertoire was characterised by an avoidance of Romantic composers and a significant representation of French music. Pieces by François Couperin and Jean-Philippe Rameau appeared regularly on her programmes, as well as those of Mozart and Haydn. Schumann was the significant exception to her neglect of romanticism, and she also included Chopin's studies in her repertoire.

However, it was as a performer of twentieth-century French music that Haas is best remembered. Her recordings of Debussy include the comparatively neglected Douze Études, which won a Grand Prix du Disque, and the Préludes. She also recorded both of the Ravel concertos, the G major twice, as well as his complete solo piano music.

She was a noted interpreter of Bartók, and performed his third piano concerto only a few days after its world premiere by György Sándor. Another non-French composer whose works appealed to her was Hindemith; she made a valuable recording of his Suite for Piano and Strings The Four Temperaments. She also recorded his Konzertmusik For Piano, Brass & Harp with Hindemith himself conducting.

Style
French pianists of Haas's generation were moving away from the facile, often brittle technique associated with Marguerite Long (frequently referred to as the "diggy-diggy-dee" style). Haas combined the cleanness and precision associated with the older school with a warmth of tone colour that reflected the influence of Alfred Cortot. Her unsentimental readings, especially of Debussy and Ravel, give a different view of their music, presenting them as both modern and as inheritors of the tradition of Couperin and the clavecinistes of the 18th century.

Contrasts can be found between her two recordings of the Ravel Concerto in G. The first, from 1948, makes much of the work's connections with the jazz idiom of the 1920s. The second, from 1965, is far more "Mozartean", reflecting Ravel's self-confessed debt to Mozart when he wrote it.

Discography (selection)

 * Ravel: The Piano Concertos. Orchestre national de l'ORTF cond. Paray. Deutsche Grammophon (CD)
 * Ravel: Gaspard de la Nuit, Jeux D'Eau and Miroirs - Erato Presence EPR 15552, Eglise du Liban (Paris), July 1968
 * Ravel: Oeuvres pour piano (Vol. 1) Erato Classics - 1968
 * Claude Debussy: Piano Music (Complete), The Musical Heritage Society MHS 1536/41

Private life
Haas was married to French-Romanian composer Marcel Mihalovici.

title: Monique Haas


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Talk:Bryostatin

Revision (June 2005)
Ollie: interesting subject - welcome to Wikipedia! A few minor comments: 1) it's not the convention to sign articles here, as anyone can edit so there's no single author; 2) Cite your sources; 3) no need to describe bryozoans, as they have a page already. [19:27, 6 June 2005 Raygirvan]

 * Thanks very much for tidying it up, it is a lot better now. I've never used Wikipedia before, so I'll learn the conventional way of writing things here, before I do anything more.  I was working on bryostatin synthesis last summer and previously I have been surprised at the lack of information about it.  I wasn't expecting anyone to bother looking at it so soon as it is rather an obscure area! [20:42, 6 June 2005 80.229.219.14 ]

 * Glad to help. I've put a link from the Bryozoa page.

 * I strongly recommend you sign up for a named account, as I ran into this page by accident via a search on the IP address for a nuisance user, and you don't want to get associated with that. Good work, anyway - as I said, welcome. If you want any advice on Wikipedia practice, just leave a note at the end of my user page. RayGirvan 23:47, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

h

title: Talk:Bryostatin


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Personal Shorthand

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - should be merged - SimonP 20:08, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Personal Shorthand
This seems to be an advertisement for a proprietary product. Too Old 19:27, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

I believe it should be dealt with in one of the following ways: Too Old 19:32, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)
 * 1) Deleted
 * 2) Merged with the main shorthand article
 * 3) Made part of a new srticle about proprietary shorthand systems, of which there are several.

 * Merge with shorthand and redirect. Remove advertising aspect.  I have heard the term "personal shorthand" all my life but the emphasis is on "personal", not someone's proprietary system that they have named "personal Shorthand". - DS1953 20:35, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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User talk:Aalien

aaliens's diskussion page

Wiglaf's Talk Page
Judging from the quality and quantity of Wiglaf's contributions, compared to yours, I'd say the rude and arrogant message you left him, is far better suited here:

"I doubt, that you even basically understood the simplest subjects even in the very simple wikipedia. Your picture cclearly shows, who you are. Your arrogance and primitive hate did not help you at all. I hope, you find an area, that corresponds to your (extremely simple) capabilities. Bye." --R.D.H. (Ghost In The Machine) 11:43, 8 January 2006 (UTC) PS Stop being a PHALLUS

title: User talk:Aalien


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KV14

Tomb KV14 is a joint tomb, used originally by Twosret and then reused and extended by Setnakhte. It has been open since antiquity, but was not properly recorded until Hartwig Altenmüller excavated it from 1983 to 1987.

Located in the main body of the Valley of the Kings, it has two burial chambers, the later extensions making the tomb one of the largest of the Royal Tombs, at over 112 metres long.

The original decoration showing the female Twosret was replaced with those of the male Setnakhte.

It's possible that Seti II was also buried in KV14 before being subsequently moved to the hastily finished KV15, perhaps by Setnakhte, in order to take over KV14 for his own tomb.

title: KV14


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My Weekly

My Weekly is a magazine for women. Published by D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd of Dundee, Scotland. It tends to consist of short stories, reader contributions, knitting or sewing patterns, and celebrity gossip. There are no real life horror stories.

The publication originated as a newspaper. It was purchased by the Thomson brothers early in the twentieth century, and was relaunched as a magazine in 1910.

Thomson also publishes a similarly named collection of stories titled My Weekly Story Collection, and an annual at the end of the year titled The Best of My Weekly.

title: My Weekly


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Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup

The Leinster Schools Senior Challenge Cup is the premier rugby union competition for secondary schools affiliated to the Leinster Branch of the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), and was first held in 1887.

Attendances are high for a schoolboy competition, with up to 25000 present at the final. This match traditionally took place on Saint Patrick's Day at Lansdowne Road. In 2008, the final was played at the Royal Dublin Society Grounds (RDS) after Donnybrook proved to be too small for the 2007 final, (Lansdowne Road was closed for redevelopment) and has been the home since. Since the move to the RDS and live television coverage, the attendance has decreased and is now typically 10,000 to 14,000.

Blackrock College are the most successful school in the cup's history, having won 71 times, more than all other teams combined.

History
Three schools have won the cup at their first attempt; Blackrock College in the competition's maiden year in 1887, Castleknock College who won the first of their eight Leinster titles at the first time of asking when they defeated Blackrock in the 1913 final and Clongowes Wood College who first won the cup in 1926. St. Fintan's High School and Temple Carrig School are the most recent 'new' schools to the competition, making their debuts in the 2016/17 and 2019/20 seasons respectively.

To date, only six schools have achieved the Senior and Junior Cup "double". These are Blackrock, who have achieved this feat 26 times (1910, 1912, 1927, 1933, 1935–36, 1942–43, 1945, 1948, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1962, 1964, 1981–82, 1986–87, 1995, 2004, 2006, 2013–14, 2018), St Michaels twice (2012 & 2019), Newbridge (2020), Belvedere (2005), Terenure (1958) and Castleknock College (1920).

Even more rare is to lose both the Senior and Junior Cup Finals in the same year. This outcome has been experienced by seven schools on 12 occasions. Terenure College leads with 4 (1957, 1964, 1969 & 1987), followed by Belvedere College with 3 (1930, 1944 & 1962), next St Michaels College (2010), St Mary's College (1943), Newbridge College (1939), Cistercian College Roscrea (1910) and Blackrock College (2017) with 1 each. It happened to Blackrock College for the first time in 2017.

Blackrock College have only been defeated in successive finals on two occasions. In the 1920s they were runners up three times in a row, defeated by St Andrews in 1921 & 1922 followed by Belvedere in 1923. The second occasion was in 1979 & 1980 when they were defeated in successive finals by Terenure College.

The 91st Leinster Senior Schools Cup Final in 1977 was between Blackrock College and St Mary's College, and finished level at 12 points each at the end of normal time. Having played 70 minutes, the two sides now faced an additional 15 minutes extra time. Six minutes into extra time Blackrock got a try and conversion. Two further penalties in the second half of extra time sealed victory for Blackrock. The 1977 Leinster Senior Schools Cup Final was played on Sunday 20 March 1977 and not the normal St Patrick's Day. This decision was made to protect the Lansdowne Road pitch following poor weather prior to the Ireland v France Five Nations fixture on 19 March.

In September 1967, the then Minister for Education Donogh O'Malley introduced free secondary school education. Only very few rugby playing secondary schools opted to join the "Free Education" scheme. To date, only one of these non-fee paying schools has managed to win the Senior Cup. In 1983 and 1985, De La Salle Churchtown beat Castleknock College and Blackrock College.

Four captains have gained the distinction of lifting the cup twice, Larry McMahon (Blackrock College, 1929 and 1930), Garret Gill (Blackrock College, 1962 and 1963), Jonny Mion (Blackrock College) in 1989 and 1990, Barry Gibney (Blackrock College) in 1995 and 1996.

The cup, and the schools who play for it, have a history of producing rugby players who have gone on to play for the Ireland national rugby union team. Players such as Denis Hickie, who captained his St. Mary's College team to win the cup in 1994, and Gordon D'Arcy have extensive Leinster Senior Cup records. The most international players produced have come from Blackrock College, with players such as Hugo MacNeill, Brendan Mullin, Brian O'Driscoll, Victor Costello, Shane Byrne, Bob Casey, Leo Cullen, Luke Fitzgerald, Ian Madigan, Jordi Murphy, Garry Ringrose and Joey Carbery.

The 2020 season could not be completed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and as a result the title was deemed shared for the first time by Clongowes Wood College and Newbridge College. It was also only the forth time that no Dublin based school qualified for the final, 1932 (Pres Bray V Newbridge), 1941 (Newbridge V Roscrea), 2011 (Clongowes V Roscrea).

The 2021 cup campaign did not take place due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2023 first round tie between Terenure College and Clongowes Wood College, Clongowes won 17-15 in a very tight game. However it emerged afterwards that Clongowes fielded an illegible player and the Schools committee ordered a replay. Clongowes also won the replay 20-19 with Terenure hitting the posts with a last minute penalty attempt.

Roll of honour
1 Corrig School moved premises to Monkstown Park in 1950 and was renamed C.B.C. Monkstown. 2 Mountjoy School was amalgamated with other schools in 1972 to become Mount Temple Comprehensive School. 3 SCT Final not played due to Covid 19. Cup shared. 4 Rathmines school closed in 1899.

Records

 * Most consecutive wins: 6, Blackrock College 1900–05
 * Greatest winning margin in final: 63 points, 1900: Blackrock College 63-0 Corrig School
 * Narrowest winning margin in final: 1 point, 1891: Blackrock College 1–0 Wesley College; 1969: St. Mary's College 10–9 Terenure College; 2008: Belvedere College 11–10 St. Mary's College
 * Highest aggregate score in final: 71 points, 2022: Blackrock College 50-21 Gonzaga College

Sponsorship and media coverage
The competition was known for several years as the "Coca-Cola Leinster Schools Senior Cup" and in later years the "Powerade Leinster Schools Senior Cup" (Powerade is also owned by the Coca-Cola Company). In September 2013, Beauchamps Solicitors became the title sponsor for the Leinster Schools Senior Cup. For the duration of this partnership with Beauchamps, the Senior Cup was known as the "Beauchamps Leinster Schools Senior Cup".

The competition receives coverage in Ireland's broadsheets, in particular the Irish Independent and The Irish Times. Both publish previews of each year's competition and provide match reports for each game played.

The competition's final on St Patrick's Day was previously broadcast on TG4, however, this was discontinued in the early 2000s. From 2005 onwards, however, Setanta Sports began coverage of school's rugby. This included the finals of all provincial finals and coverage of the Leinster Schools Junior Cup. The Leinster Senior Cup was most prominent, however, with coverage from every game played at Donnybrook and every round of the competition.

FreeSports replaced Eir Sport as the competition broadcaster ahead of the 2019 competition where they will broadcast eight games live.

Leinster School of the Year Award
In 2008, Leinster Rugby instituted an award for overall performance of a school at every level of schools rugby. The award, "Powerade Leinster Rugby School of the Year", has been given at an annual Leinster awards ceremony.

The inaugural winners were C.B.C. Monkstown. They were followed in by Terenure College (2009), St Gerard's School (2010), Clongowes Wood College (2011), St. Michael's College (2012), (2019) and Blackrock College (2013), (2018). Gonzaga College (2017)

Tiers
Schools Senior Cup Rugby in Leinster is divided into 4 tiers in two sections, and each cup competition bears a name. These 'tiers', in ascending order, include: Section A Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Development Cup (effectively division 4), Section A Leinster Schools Rugby McMullen Cup (effectively division 3), Section B Leinster Schools Vinnie Murray Cup (effectively division 2), Section B Leinster Schools Senior Challenge Cup (effectively division 1).

The second tier competition, the Leinster School's Vinnie Murray Cup, is contested by secondary schools affiliated to the Leinster Branch of the IRFU. It is named in memory of Vincent Murray, a teacher in Clongowes Wood college who trained the rugby team and died in December 1999. Catholic University School were both 2022 and 2023 champions and St. Fintan's High School won the cup in 2024. With five wins, C.B.C. Monkstown has won the Vinnie Murray Cup the most times. Wesley College the second most with four wins. Catholic University School the third most with three wins. Gonzaga College, and St Gerard's School have won the trophy twice. Kilkenny College, Temple Carrig School and St. Fintan's High School have each won the cup once.

In popular culture

 * The Ross O'Carroll-Kelly character, created by Paul Howard, lives off the glory of winning a Leinster Senior Cup final medal with the fictional school "Castlerock College" in the novel The Miseducation of Ross O'Carroll-Kelly.
 * Gerard Siggins' series of novels, Rugby Spirit (2012), Rugby Warrior (2014), Rugby Rebel (2015), Rugby Flyer (2016) and Rugby Runner (2017) tell the story of a boy, Eoin Madden, who plays rugby for the fictional Dublin school "Castlerock College". He takes part in several campaigns with the school, including the Leinster Junior Cup. The school's name is an homage to that in Paul Howard's books, as Siggins had coined the name "Ross O'Carroll Kelly".

title: Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup


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NK Bosna Visoko

Nogometni klub Bosna Visoko (Bosna Football Club) is a professional association football club from the city of Visoko that is situated in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Currently, Bosna plays in the Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Group Center) and plays its home matches on Stadion Luke which has a capacity of 5,200 seats.

The club's greatest success was in the late 1990s. Guided by manager Ivo Ištuk, Bosna won the Bosnian Cup, Bosnian Supercup and came close to win the league title in the 1997–98 season.

Foundation
NK Bosna was founded in 1953 in the city of Visoko with the merging of local sides NK Jadran (1923) and NK Radnički (1934) into a single club. After spending a decade in the third-tier, the club got promoted to the Yugoslav Second League in 1963, which was the club's biggest achievement in the former Yugoslavia. Bosna again got promoted to the second league in 1978 after winning the Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic League. The club stayed in the league for three years, before being relegated in the 1980–81 season.

Success and downfall
In the 1995–96 (north) Second League of Bosnia and Herzegovina season, Bosna finished on 1st place and got promoted to the First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The club had its biggest success in the late 1990s under the guidance of current manager Ivo Ištuk. In the 1997–98 First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina season, the club finished the first round on 1st place, but did not win the whole league as it succumbed in the group stage play-offs. The next season, Bosna had great success, as it won the 1998–99 Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup, the first trophy in the club's history and the next season, won the Bosnian Supercup in 1999.

After years of playing in the First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the 1999–00 league season, Bosna got relegated to the First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In the 2000–01 season, alongside HNK Grude, Bosna got promoted back to the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After two seasons of Premier League football, in the 2002–03 season, Bosna finished on last place and got relegated once again to the First League of FBiH.

Present

Since getting relegated from the top tier of Bosnian football again in May 2003, Bosna mostly played in the First League of FBiH, with three seasons of them also playing in the Second League of FBiH (center) (2011–12, 2013–14 and 2014–15) and the fourth (2019–20) season to be played.

For a short period, from January to May 2013, 17 years after leaving Bosna, Ivo Ištuk, the club's most successful manager in history came back to the club and managed the club in that period.

On 5 August 2014, Bosna and FK Sarajevo signed a cooperation agreement by which Sarajevo will loan its talented youngsters to the Visoko-based side and will have first-buy rights on all NK Bosna players. By signing this agreement, Bosna de facto became Sarajevo's farm team. The agreement was signed by Adis Hajlovac and Mirza Laletović on behalf of Bosna, and Abdulah Ibraković on behalf of Sarajevo.

In the 2016–17 First League of FBiH season, Bosna throughout the whole season held 1st place and were really close to coming back to the Bosnian Premier League, but at the end of the season they failed to finish 1st as bad results costed them the promotion. At the end they finished 2nd, six points off champions NK GOŠK Gabela and only two points more than 3rd place FK Tuzla City, at that time still known as FK Sloga Simin Han.

On 5 April 2017, almost four years after leaving the club, Ivo Ištuk once again came back to Bosna and became the new manager. In July 2019, he left the club after over two years as its manager.

In the 2018–19 First League of FBiH season, Bosna for a third time in the club's history got relegated to the Second League of FBiH (center).

League

 * First League of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Winners (1): 1997–98 (First Round)
 * First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Winners (1): 1995–96 (north)
 * Runners-up (1): 2016–17
 * Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Winners (2): 2011–12 (center), 2014–15 (center)
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic League:
 * Winners (1): 1977–78

Cups

 * Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup:
 * Winners (1): 1998–99
 * Runners-up (1): 1999–2000
 * Supercup of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
 * Winners (1): 1999

Notable players

 * Slaviša Vukičević
 * 🇧🇦 Faruk Ihtijarević
 * 🇧🇦 Almedin Hota
 * 🇧🇦 Elvir Rahimić
 * 🇧🇦 Mirsad Bešlija
 * 🇧🇦 Esmir Džafić
 * 🇧🇦 Kenan Hasagić

Managerial history

 * Rajko Rašević (1977–1980)
 * 🇧🇦 Ivo Ištuk (June 1997 – January 2000)
 * 🇧🇦 Faruk Kulović (1 July 2000 – 30 June 2004)
 * 🇧🇦 Nermin Bukva (1 July 2007 – 30 June 2008)
 * 🇧🇦 Jusuf Čizmić (1 July 2008 – 21 June 2009)
 * 🇧🇦 Avdo Kurdija (21 June 2009 – 14 July 2011)
 * 🇧🇦 Adnan Fočić (14 July 2011 – 28 January 2013)
 * 🇧🇦 Ivo Ištuk (29 January 2013 – 12 May 2013)
 * 🇧🇦 Avdo Kurdija (13 May 2013 – 30 June 2013)
 * 🇧🇦 Emir Karahmet (1 July 2014 – 30 June 2015)
 * 🇧🇦 Faruk Dedić (1 July 2015 – 4 April 2017)
 * 🇧🇦 Ivo Ištuk (5 April 2017 – 3 July 2019)
 * 🇧🇦 Faruk Dedić (3 July 2019 – 30 September 2020)
 * 🇧🇦 Faruk Kulović (3 October 2020 – 4 October 2021)
 * 🇧🇦 Omer Joldić (15 July 2022 – 15 October 2023)
 * 🇧🇦 Esad Selimović (15 October 2023 – 31 December 2023)

title: NK Bosna Visoko


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Democratic Party of Republika Srpska

The Democratic Party of Republika Srpska (Демократска Странка Републике Српске, Demokratska Stranka Republike Srpske) was a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

History
The party was established in 2009 by Dragan Čavić, who left the Serbian Democratic Party. In 2013 it merged with the National Democratic Party to form the National Democratic Movement.

title: Democratic Party of Republika Srpska


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Democratic People's Alliance

The Democratic National Alliance or Democratic People's Alliance (Демократски народни савез/Demokratski narodni savez or DNS) is a centre-right political party in Republic of Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The head of the DNS is Nenad Nešić.

Mergers

 * The Alliance of National Rebirth or League of People's Rebirth (Савез Народног Препорода, Savez Narodnog Preporoda) was a conservative party led by Mirko Banjac, established in 2002, and merged into DNS in the fall of 2003. At its last legislative elections, 5 October 2002, the party won no seats in the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but it won 1 out of 83 in the National Assembly of the Republic of Srpska.

Positions held
Major positions held by Democratic People's Alliance members:

title: Democratic People's Alliance


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Samuel Parkes (chemist)

Samuel Parkes (1761–1825) was a British manufacturing chemist, now remembered for his Chemical Catechism.

Life
He was born at Stourbridge, Worcestershire, on 26 May 1761. He was the eldest son of Samuel Parkes (died 1 April 1811, aged 76), a grocer, by his first wife, Hannah, daughter of William Mence of Stourbridge. He was at a dame's school in Stourbridge with Sarah Kemble, and in 1771 went to a boarding-school at Market Harborough, Leicestershire, under Stephen Addington.

Parkes began his career in his father's business. In 1790 he was one of the founders, and for some years president, of a public library at Stourbridge. Around 1793 he moved to Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. A Unitarian, he conducted public worship in his own house at Stoke. In 1803 he settled in Goswell Street, London, as a manufacturing chemist.

He joined Sir Thomas Bernard in agitating (1817) against salt duties, which were repealed in 1825. In 1820 he was prominent, as a chemical expert, in a notable case between Messrs. Severn, King, & Co. and some insurance offices. He was a numismatist, and made a collection of Greek and Roman coins; he was a collector also of prints and autographs, and brought together a set of the works of Joseph Priestley. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1822 and a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1823.

Parkes was a member of 21 learned societies, British and foreign. During a visit to Edinburgh, in June 1825, he went down a painful disorder, which proved fatal. He died at his residence in Mecklenburgh Square, London, on 23 December 1825, and was buried in the graveyard of the New Gravel Pit Chapel, Hackney. His funeral sermon was preached by William Johnson Fox.

His portrait, from a drawing by Abraham Wivell, and engraved by Ambrose William Warren, was prefixed to the twelfth and thirteenth editions of the Chemical Catechism.

Works
The first editions of Parkes's manuals of chemistry were issued between 1806 and 1815, and brought him a reputation, and honours from learned societies. The Chemical Catechism was written for the education of his daughter, and lent in manuscript to others. After it was translated into Russian, the Emperor of Russia sent him a valuable ring. In 1817 the Highland Society voted him a silver inkstand for an essay on kelp and barilla. He received a silver cup from the Horticultural Society of Scotland for a paper on the uses of salt in gardening.

Parkes published:

 * A Chemical Catechism, &c., 1806; 12th edit. 1826, edited, with memoir, by J. W. Hodgetts; 13th edit. 1834, revised by Edward William Brayley the younger. There was a pirated edition, with title A Grammar of Chemistry, 1809, bearing the name of David Blair. The sale was stopped by an injunction in chancery. There were many further American editions distinct from the above; and it was translated into French, German, Spanish, and Russian.
 * Rudiments of Chemistry, 1809, an abridgment of the Catechism; 4th edit. 1825.
 * Chemical Essays, 1815, 5 vols.; 3rd edit. 1830, edited by Hodgetts.
 * Thoughts on the Laws relating to Salt, 1817.
 * Letter to Farmers and Graziers on the Use of Salt in Agriculture, 1819.

Parkes wrote papers On Nitric Acid (Philosophical Magazine, 1815), Reply to Dr. Henry ... respecting ... Bleaching by Oxymuriatic Acid (Thomson's Annals of Philosophy, 1816), and On the Analysis of some Roman Coins (Quarterly Journal of Science, 1826).

The Chemical Catechism includes poetical descriptions of chemical processes. Here is his description of plant respiration:

 * Thus while the vegetable tribes inhale
 * The limpid water from the parent vale,
 * Their veget
 * To blend it with the carbon of the soil,
 * And form bitumen, resin, wax, or oil:,
 * The free'd caloric bursts the expanding mass,
 * And swells the nascent oxygen to gas;
 * Which, from its inmost cells, each leaflet pours
 * In viral currents through its myriad pores,
 * To renovate the air, by tempests hurl'd
 * From pole to pole, around a freshen'd world.

Family
Parkes married, on 23 September 1794, Sarah (born 25 February 1766; died 14 December 1813), eldest daughter of Samuel Twamley of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. His only child, Sarah Mayo (born 28 May 1797; died 30 July 1887), was married, on 25 May 1824, to Joseph Wainwright Hodgetts, who lost his life at an explosion in a chemical works in Manchester, on 14 February 1851.

title: Samuel Parkes (chemist)


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User:Viperch~enwiki

My mainpage is in the german version of Wikipedia. Viperch

Bin am 23. Juli 1986 geboren und absolviere zurzeit eine Berufslehre als Automatiker. Bin immer auf der Suche nach Neuigkeiten und bin total fasziniert von der Technik.

Hab mich am 31. Mai,2005 als Benutzer von Wikipedia eingetragen und stelle mich ab sofort der freien Enzyklopädie zur Verfügung.

Auf Wikipedia bin ich durch Zufall schon im Jahre 2004 gestossen. Ich erledigte Schulaufgaben/arbeiten und fand immer wieder Artikel für meine Arbeiten im Wikipedia Netz. Im Mai fiel mir diese Seite aber besonders auf, unter anderem mit dem bearbeiten link, und durchstöberte grob ein bisschen die Navigation. Als ich kapiert habe um was es geht, hat mich das WIKI- Fieber total gepackt. Von jetzt an möcht ich auch an diesem Netzwerk beitragen und versuchen, konstruktive Beiträge zu schreiben und zu ergänzen.

Mich kann man kontaktieren unter mailto:viperch@web.de oder mailto:info@viperch.ch

Vertrauen
Die Personen, die in meiner Vertrauensliste drin stehen, vertraue ich:

Benutzer:Viperch/Vertrauen

Eigene Beiträge:

 * Sicherheitstransformator
 * Stelltransformator
 * Induktives Erwärmen
 * Automatiker

Beiträge, an denen ich etwas dazu beigetragen habe:

 * Baden (Aargau), Induktionsofen, Induktionsherd, Induktion (Elektrotechnik), IGBT, Landvogteischloss Baden, Sonnenbrand, Techniker, Transformator

Weblinks:
My homepage

title: User:Viperch~enwiki


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Party of Democratic Progress

The Party of Democratic Progress (Партија демократског прогреса, abbr. ПДП, PDP) is a centre to centre-right Serb political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina founded on 26 September 1999. It is the third-largest party in the Republika Srpska entity.

History
The PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. On 28 November 2015, Ivanić left the position of president after 16 years, after which Branislav Borenović became the new president of PDP.

International Cooperation
The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democracy Union (IDU).

In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties, PDP maintains strong links with the Conservative Party (UK), Moderate Party (Sweden), Christian Democratic Union (Germany), SDKU (Slovakia), Austrian People's Party, New Democracy (Greece) and Democratic Party of Serbia from Serbia.

PDP also has good relations with Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Robert Schuman Institute and Democrat Youth Community of Europe.

Positions held
Major positions held by Party of Democratic Progress members:

title: Party of Democratic Progress


text:
User talk:19204

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! , SqueakBox 19:33, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Cats (musical)
Hi 19204: Thank you for your interest in Cats (musical). I think that your addition makes a valid point and I have moved it to the talk page whilst we find sources to support these opinions. Because Wikipedia is founded upon NPOV, we have to be particularly careful about citing sources for opinions. Opinions need to be associated with some verifiable source. If you can add the sources to the talk page I can show you how we cite sources or you can cite the sources directly in the article and restore the moved text.—Theo (Talk) 22:22, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Stuart Weitzman
I nominated this article for deletion. You may wish to participate in the discussion. TheRingess 08:00, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:19204


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Pensioners' Party of the Republika Srpska

The Pensioners' Party of the Republika Srpska (Serbian: Пензионерска Странка Републике Српске, Penzionerska Stranka Republike Srpske) is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the 2002 general election the party secured a seat in the National Assembly.


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DLM

DLM may refer to:

Organizations

 * Democratic Left Movement (Lebanon)
 * Deutsche Liga für Menschenrechte, the German League for Human Rights
 * Divine Light Mission, a religious organization founded in 1960 in India
 * Division Légère Mécanique, WWII French military unit
 * DLM AG, Dampflokomotiv- und Maschinenfabrik, Swiss steam locomotive manufacturer

Technology

 * Distributed lock manager in computer science
 * DLM Forum, of European archivers
 * Double-loop monocable, a type of ropeway technology
 * Dynamic Line Management of ADSL telephone connection

Other uses

 * A song on James Blake's album Overgrown
 * Dalaman Airport, Muğla, Turkey, IATA code
 * Dalmatian language (ISO 639-3 code)
 * Deca Loših Muzičara, Serbian rock band
 * Dissemination Limiting Marker, Australian InfoSec term, see For Official Use Only

title: DLM


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Serb National Alliance

The Serb National Alliance or Serbian People's Alliance of Republika Srpska (Српски народни савез РС, Srpski narodni savez RS) was a Serb political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, active in the Republika Srpska entity (one of two entities comprising the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the majority of Bosnian Serbs live).

Establishment and early years
Due to a growing isolation of Republika Srpska after the peace was signed (14 December 1995), Biljana Plavšić severed her ties with the Serb Democratic Party and formed the Serb National Alliance, and nominated Milorad Dodik, then member of the National Assembly of the Republika Srpska whose Alliance of Independent Social Democrats-party had only two MPs, for Prime Minister.

This marked the beginning of political reform in Republika Srpska and the cooperation with the International Community. She lost the 1998 election to the joint candidate of the Serb Democratic Party and the Serbian Radical Party of the Republika Srpska, Nikola Poplašen. She was a candidate of the reform Sloga ("Solidarity" or "Unity") coalition. Her political career was in decline until the release of the indictment by the ICTY, after which it was completely terminated.

National Assembly of Republika Srpska membership
The National Assembly is the legislative body of Republika Srpska. The current assembly is the seventh since the founding of the entity.

title: Serb National Alliance


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JC Comics

JC Comics (also known as JC Productions) was a comic book company primarily involved with the post-Silver Age iteration of the characters the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents. JC Comics was owned by John Carbonaro (Sept. 30, 1951 – Feb. 25, 2009).

Acquisition of T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents rights
Carbonaro acquired the rights to the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents from the defunct Tower Comics, and tried to relaunch them with his own comic book company.

Association with Archie
Shortly after acquiring the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents rights, Carbonaro made an arrangement with Archie Comics to print and distribute JC Comics' titles, in conjunction with Archie's own attempted relaunch of their old superhero imprint Red Circle Comics. This resulted in cross-advertisements between the two companies and appearances of the companies' characters in each other's titles. Although Carbonaro was hired as an editor at Archie, Archie never owned the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents characters; nor was JC Comics an Archie imprint.

From 1981 to 1984, JC Comics published three T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents titles: JCP Features, a single issue featuring early work by the artist Mark Texeira (which also contained an Archie Black Hood reprint); Hall of Fame Featuring the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, a three-issue series reprinting stories from the titular superhero team's original 1960s Tower Comics series, with new covers by artists including Steve Ditko and Bob Layton; and the two-issue series T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, featuring new stories. Ultimately, the wrap-up story of the latter series appeared in Red Circle's Blue Ribbon Comics anthology title.

During this period, JC Comics also published a single issue of Basically Strange, a black-and-white horror comics magazine featuring artist Rick Bryant and writer-artist Bruce Jones.

Texas Comics
Also in 1983, Carbonaro arranged for the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents to appear in a crossover adventure with Justice Machine in Justice Machine Annual #1, then being published by Texas Comics.

Dispute with Deluxe Comics
In 1984, a former associate of Carbonaro named David M. Singer claimed that the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agent characters were in the public domain. He founded Deluxe Comics and began publishing a new series, Wally Wood's T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, featuring top artists including George Pérez, Dave Cockrum, Keith Giffen, Murphy Anderson, and Jerry Ordway. A lawsuit by Carbonaro asserting his copyright and trademark rights was heard in the federal district court for the Southern District of New York (John Carbonaro, et. al. v. David Singer, et. al., 84 Civ. 8737 (S.D.N.Y.), and via summary judgment, the judge ruled from the bench that the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents were indeed Carbonaro's property. Under the settlement, Carbonaro received an assignment of all rights to Wally Woods T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents, and an undisclosed sum of money.

Omni Comix
Over the years, JC Comics tried many times to launch new T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents material. A 1995 deal with Penthouse Comix resulted in a single story in Omni Comix.

Later attempts
In the early 2000s another attempt to revive the characters was planned with DC Comics, but the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archive and some statutettes are all that came of it.

Following Carbonaro's 2009 death, DC briefly licensed the rights to the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents from owners Radiant Assets, and they have since been licensed by IDW Publishing.

Titles

 * Published by JC Comics:
 * JCP Features a.k.a. JCP Features the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents #1 (cover-date Dec. 1981)
 * Basically Strange #1 (dated Nov. 1982 in copyright indicia, but cover-dated Dec. 1982)
 * Hall of Fame Featuring the T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents (3 issues, May-Dec. 1983)
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents (2 issues, May 1983–Jan. 1984)

 * Published by Archie Comics/Red Circle Comics:
 * Blue Ribbon Comics #12 (1983)

 * Published by Texas Comics:
 * Justice Machine Annual #1 (1983)

 * Published by Penthouse Comics:
 * Omni Comix #3 (Oct.–Nov. 1995)

 * Published by DC Comics (DC Archive Editions):
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archive, vol. 1 (2002), ISBN 978-1-56389-903-4
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archive, vol. 2
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archive, vol. 3
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archive, vol. 4
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archive, vol. 5
 * T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents Archive, vol. 6

title: JC Comics


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Serbian Radical Party of Republika Srpska

The Serbian Radical Party of Republika Srpska (Српска радикална странка Републике Српске/Srpska radikalna stranka Republike Srpske or СРС РС/SRS RS) was a Serb centre-right political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, active in Republika Srpska. It was founded in 1992 by Nikola Poplašen, a former Serbian Democratic Party member. SRS RS has since affiliated itself with the Serbian Progressive Party, a pro-EU offshoot of the Serbian Radical Party established in 2008. In April 2019, most of the SRS's membership joined the Party of Democratic Progress (PDP), and the SRS de facto merged with the PDP.

Positions held
Major positions held by SRS RS members:


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Socialist Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

The Socialist Party (Социјалистичка Партија, СП) is a social-democratic political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Formed on 2 June 1993 in Banja Luka, it served as one of the first democratic alternatives to the nationalist government of Republika Srpska. After the signing of the Dayton Agreement, the party became a vocal opponent of the government of Radovan Karadžić and the Serb Democratic Party.

Its subsequent coalitions with the increasingly-nationalist Alliance of Independent Social Democrats and the Democratic People's Alliance have, however, diminished its standing as a leftist and multi-ethnic party.

The party is currently serving in the governing majority in Republika Srpska, following the 2022 general election.

Positions held
Major positions held by Socialist Party members:


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Milton Menasco

Milton Menasco  (January 22, 1890 – June 7, 1974) was an American painter and  art director of silent movies.

Born in 1890 in Los Angeles, California, Menasco began his art career in the early days of Hollywood, when his "blood and thunder" posters enticed movie fans into theaters to watch the first silent pictures. He was commissioned to do mural paintings at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco for the World's Fair in 1915.

His vivid use of colors and graphics won him recognition in Hollywood, where he worked on 33 films—29 times as art director and twice as set director. In 1925 he was the architecture and set director for the original film based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World. This film received accolades for its innovative art direction and special effects. To quote one review in the NewTimes: "And while Harry O. Hoyt is credited as director, a host of fellow auteurs must take credit for Lost World's still impressive thrills, especially the effects work of Willis O'Brien (who would later animate King Kong in 1933) and the wild set design from Milton Menasco." A complete list of Menasco's film credits is given here.

In 1925 Menasco went to New York City as art director for a film making company and turned to advertising. He also painted portraits and water colors of horses and ships during this time which he sold in the City's galleries. During World War II, Life magazine commissioned him to draw air and sea battles to chronicle the war in Europe and in the Pacific Theater.

After the war, Menasco moved to Kentucky to devote himself entirely to his real love, horse portraiture. Here he painted the equine racing greats of the nation and helped with art direction at the Thoroughbred Record and Sporting News. He and his wife purchased a farm where an old brick house built in the 18th century served for many years as his studio.

Horsemen admired the richness and feeling reflected in Menasco's paintings, and his clients included John Hay Whitney, Isabel Dodge Sloane, President Ronald Reagan and Allaire du Pont. One of his first large paintings was for Lucille Markey depicting nine of her horses at Calumet Farm, including Citation, Coaltown and others grouped in the track with exercise boys up. Menasco also painted Secretariat for owner Penny Chenery.

In 1953 Menasco painted the famous broodmare La Troienne in a work entitled "La Troienne and Her Foals: Eighteen Vignettes and One Painting Together in One Frame" for John Whitney. The painting was exhibited at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York. In 1999 it sold from the estate of Betsey Cushing Roosevelt Whitney through Sotheby's auction house for £74,000 (c. US$120,000).

In 1957, Menasco painted Doubledogdare and Delta for Arthur B. Hancock, Jr. The artist explained that although the actual painting had taken him about three months to complete, "behind it goes all the training, study and experience of my life."

A distinguishing mark of Menasco's paintings is the detail to sky and landscape backgrounds. A perfect example of this detail is apparent in Nashua, with Eddie Arcaro up, painted by Menasco at Hialeah Park for Leslie Combs II. The background shows the track and a ring of palm trees.

Milton Menasco died in 1974 of a heart attack at his farm in Versailles, Kentucky.

title: Milton Menasco


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Dal Lake

Dal is a freshwater lake in Srinagar, the summer capital of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below).

(a) (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";

(b) (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";

(c) C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";

(d) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."

(e) Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";

(f) (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";

(g) Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."

(h) Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";

(i) Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." It is an urban lake, the second largest lake in Jammu and Kashmir, and the most visited place in Srinagar by tourists and locals. It is integral to tourism and recreation in the Kashmir valley and is variously known as the "Lake of Flowers", "Jewel in the crown of Kashmir" or "Srinagar's Jewel". The lake is also an important source for commercial operations in fishing and water plant harvesting.

The shore line of the lake, about 15.5 km, is encompassed by a boulevard lined with Mughal era gardens, parks, houseboats and hotels. Scenic views of the lake can be witnessed from the shore line Mughal gardens, such as Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, and from houseboats cruising along the lake in the colourful shikaras. During the winter season, the temperature can sometimes reach as low as −11 C, freezing the lake.

The lake covers an area of 18 km2 and is part of a natural wetland which covers 21.1 km2, including its floating gardens. The floating gardens, known as "Rad" in Kashmiri, blossom with lotus flowers during July and August. The wetland is divided by causeways into four basins; Gagribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal and Nigeen (although Nigeen is also considered as an independent lake). Lokut Dal and Bod Dal each have an island in the centre, known as Rupa Lank (or Char Chinari) and Sona Lank respectively.

At present, the Dal and the Mughal gardens on its periphery are undergoing intensive restoration measures to fully address the serious eutrophication problems experienced by the lake. Massive investments of approximately US$275 million (₹ 11 billion) are being made by the Government of India to restore the lake to its original splendour.

History
Dal is mentioned as Mahasarit (Sanskrit: महासरित्) in ancient Sanskrit texts. Ancient history records mention that a village named Isabar to the east of Dal was the residence of goddess Durga. This place was known as Sureshwari on the bank of the lake, which was sourced by a spring called the Satadhara. The name "Sureshwari" refers to the goddess Parvati, suggesting that the lake was once considered sacred and possibly associated with the goddess.

During the Mughal period, the Mughal rulers of India designated Kashmir, Srinagar in particular, as their summer resort. They developed the precincts of the Dal in Srinagar with sprawling Mughal-type gardens and pavilions as pleasure resorts to enjoy the salubrious cool climate. After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, which led to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, Pashtun tribes in the area around the lake and city increased, and the Afghan Durrani Empire ruled the city for several decades. In 1814 a significant part of the Kashmir valley, including Srinagar, was annexed from the Afghans by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to his kingdom, and the Sikhs grew in influence in the region for 27 years. During the Dogra Raj, Srinagar became the capital of Dogra territory, attracted by the cool climate of the Kashmir valley, amidst the back drop of the majestic snow covered Himalayan ranges. The lake precincts experience temperatures in the range of 1 – during winter and 12 – during the summer season. The lake freezes when temperatures drop to about −11 C during severe winter. Although the Dogra Maharaja of Kashmir restricted the building of houses in the valley, the British circumvented this rule by commissioning lavish houseboats to be built on the Dal. The houseboats have been referred to as, "each one a little piece of England afloat on Dal."

After the independence of India, the Kashmiri Hanji people have built, owned and maintained these houseboats, cultivating floating gardens and producing commodities for the market, making them the centre of their livelihoods. The houseboats, closely associated with Dal also provide accommodation in Srinagar. Following the Mughal, Afghan, Sikh and Dogra rule, the place has earned the epithet, "Jewel in the crown of Kashmir".

Topography
The lake is located within a catchment area covering 316 km2 in the Zabarwan mountain valley, in the foothills of the Shankaracharya Hill, which surrounds it on three sides. The lake, which lies to the east and north of Srinagar city covers an area of 18 km2, although including the floating gardens of lotus flowers, it is 21.2 km2 (an estimated figure of 22 – is also mentioned). The main basin draining the lake is a complex of five interconnected basins with causeways; the Nehru Park basin, the Nishat basin, the Hazratbal basin, the Nigeen basin and the Barari Nambal basin. Navigational channels provide the transportation links to all the five basins.

The average elevation of the lake is 1583 m. The depth of water varies from 6 m at its deepest in Nigeen lake to 2.5 m, the shallowest at Gagribal. The depth ratio between the maximum and minimum depths varies with the season between 0.29 and 0.25, which is interpreted as flat bed slope. The length of the lake is 7.44 km with a width of 3.5 km. The lake has a basin having shore length of 15.5 km and roads run all along the periphery. Irreversible changes through urban developments have placed further restrictions on the flow of the lake and as a result, marshy lands have emerged on the peripheral zones, notably in the foothill areas of the Shankaracharya and Zaharbwan hills. These marshy lands have since been reclaimed and converted into large residential complexes.

Geology
Multiple theories explaining the origin of this lake have been formulated. One version is that it is the remnants of a post-glacial lake, which has undergone drastic changes in size over the years and the other theory is that it is of fluvial origin from an old flood spill channel or ox-bows of the Jhelum River. The dendritic drainage pattern of the catchment signifies that its rock strata have low levels of porosity. Lithologically, a variety of rock types have been discerned namely, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. The Dachigam Telbal Nallah system is conjectured to follow two major lineaments. Discontinuous surfaces seen in the terrain are attributed to the angular and parallel drainage pattern. The water table cuts the hill slopes, which is evidenced by the occurrence of numerous springs in the valley. Seismic activity in the valley is recorded under Zone V of the Seismic Zoning Map of India, the most severe zone where frequent damaging earthquakes of intensity IX could be expected. In the year 2005, Kashmir valley experienced one of the severe earthquakes measured at 7.6 on the Richter's scale, which resulted in deaths and the destruction of many properties, leaving many homeless.

Hydrology
The shallow, open-drainage lake is fed by Dachigam-Telbal Nallah (with perennial flow), Dara Nallah ('Nallah' means "stream") and many other small streams. The lake is classified as 'warm monomictic' under the sub-tropical lake category. Spring sources also contribute to the flow, although no specific data is available to quantify their contribution. To address this, water balance studies to analyse and assess the characteristics of flow have been conducted in order to approximate the discharge contributed by the springs in the lake bed. The complex land use pattern of the valley is reflected in the urbanised Srinagar in its north, with rice fields, orchards and gardens in the lower slopes, and barren hills beyond steep sloping hills. The flat topography also affects drainage conditions. It receives an average annual rainfall of 655 mm in the catchment, but during the summer, snow melt from the higher ranges of the catchment results in large inflows into the lake. The maximum flood discharge of Telbal Nallah has been assessed as 141.5 metres3/s for a one in hundred return period; the 1973 observed flood in Telbal Nallah has been estimated as 113 metres3/s. The average annual flow, according to discharge measurements, has been estimated as 291.9 million cubic metres, with Telbal Nalah accounting for 80% of the total and 20% contributed by other sources. The silt load has been estimated at 80,000 tonnes per year with 70% contribution from the Telabal Nallah, with 36,000 tonnes recorded as settling in the lake.

There are two outlets from the lake, namely the Dalgate and Amir Khan Nallah that connects the lakes of Nigeen and Anchar Lake. Dalgate is controlled by a weir and lock system. The outflow from these two outlets has been estimated as 275.6 million cubic metres.

Flora and fauna
The ecosystem of Dal is ecologically rich in macrophytes, submerged macrophytes, floating macrophytes and phytoplankton. Macrophyte flora recorded in the lake's aquatic and marshland environment consists of 117 species, belonging to 69 genera and 42 families. The lake is noted in particular for its Nelumbo nucifera (lotus flowers) which bloom in July and August. The prolific growth of Ceratophyllum demersum in the eutrophic zones has been reported, with Myriophyllum spicatum and Potemogetton lucens cited as dominant species. Other macrophytes discerned in different zones of the lake include Typho angustata, Phragmites australis, Myriophyllum, Sparganium evectum and Myriophyllum verticillatum, which contribute to the production of macrophites. The rooted variety of the floating leaf type consists of Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea alba, N. tetragonia, N. candida, Nymphoides peltata, Salvinia natans, Hydrocharis dubia, Nymphaea sp. and Potamogeton natans, all of which occupy 29.2% of the lake. Phytoplanktons include Navicula radiosa, Nitzschia accicularis, Fragilaria crotonensis, Diatoma elongatum, Scenedesmus bijuga, Pediastrum duplex, Tetraedron minimum, Microcystis aeruginosa and Merismopedia elegans.

Since 1934, some important changes have been observed in the lake's biota, including a reduction in the number of Chara species, and an increase in the area covered by Salvinia since 1937. Analysis of the lake has also revealed the tendency for it to develop monospecific communities of submerged macrophytes such as Ceratophyllum and Myriophyllum.

Woody vegetation in the catchment of the lake consists of Melia, Ailanthus, Robinia, Daphne, Celtis, Rose, Ephedra, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus halepensis, Pinus gerardiana, Cupressus torulosa and Cupressus arizonica. The valley also has a rich cultivation of crops such as paddy, wheat and fodder.

Floating gardens, labelled the 'Rad' in tye Kashmiri language are a special feature of the lake. They basically constitute of matted vegetation and earth, but are floating. These are detached from the bottom of the lake and drawn to a suitable place (generally to the north west of the houseboats' location) and anchored. Given its rich nutrient properties, tomatoes, cucumbers and melons are grown with noteworthy results.

The faunal distribution consists of Zooplanktons, Benthos and Fish. Zooplankton found in the lake include Keratella cochlearis, K. serrulata, Polyactis vulgaris, Brachionus plicatilis, Monostyla bulla, Alona monocantha, Cyclops ladakanus and Mesocyclops leukarti. Benthos include Chironomus sp. and Tubifex sp. and fish include Cyprinus carpio specularis (economically important), C. carpio communis, Schizothorax niger, S. esocinus, S. curviformis and Crossochelius latius. It is also reported that Cyprinus, introduced during early sixties, is dominant and that the indigenous species Schizothorax is showing a declining trend.

The fishing industry on Dal is the second largest industry in the region and is central to many of the people's livelihoods who reside on the lake's periphery. Dal's commercial fisheries are particularly reliant on carp fish species, which were introduced into the lake in 1957. As a result, carp constitutes 70% of all the fish caught in the lake while the schizothorax constitutes 20% and other species account for 10%. Fishermen use a locally manufactured cast net which comprises six parts with a diameter of 6 metres. It is operated from a wooden fishing boat made out of deodar, typically 20ftx4ft in size. The gradual decline in quality of the lake water through pollution has resulted in lower fish stocks and the extinction of endemic varieties of fish. The causes for such deterioration have been identified and remedial actions have been initiated. The various fishing nets being used in Dal are cast net (Zaal/Duph), Long line (Walruz), Gill net (Pachi, Shaitan zaal), Rod and line (Bislai), Scoop net (Attha zaal) (Bhat et al., 2008)
 * Fishing resources

The lake is warm monomictic (mixing type) and the pH value recorded has varied from a minimum of 7.2 to a maximum of 8.8 on the surface over a yearly period. The Dissolved oxygen [mg l−1] value has varied from a minimum of 1.4 to a maximum of 12.3 on the surface within a year. The Recorded maximum nitrogen concentration (NH4-N [micro l−1] has been recorded as 1315 on the surface and 22 at the bottom of the lake. Phosphorus concentration expressed in Total-P [micro l−1] has varied from a high of 577 to a low of 35 during the 12 months of the year. The lake water temperature has varied from a minimum of 3 C in January to 26 C in June at the surface. Transparency, expressed as depth in metres, has varied from a maximum of 1.95 m in July to a minimum of 0.53 m in March, over the 12 months period.

Studies of the water quality of the lake in 1983–84 indicate a decline in quality since the 1965–66 analysis. Scientific research over the years also reveal that Telbal, Botkal, and sewage drains are responsible for a substantial influx of nitrogen and phosphorus into the lake. Quantitatively, fifteen drains and several other sources have released a total of 156.62 tonnes (56.36 tonnes by drains alone) of phosphorus, and 241.18 tonnes of inorganic nitrogen into the lake from a discharge of 11.701 million cubic metres /year. Non-point sources, such as seepage and diffused runoff, also add to this pollution and have been recorded as further adding 4.5 tonnes of total phosphates and 18.14 tonnes of nitrogen (NO3–N and NH4–N) to the lake. Based on the values mentioned above, it has been inferred that the water quality of the lake has deteriorated.

The major environmental problem facing the lake is eutrophication, which has required immediate remedial measures to combat it. Alarmingly, the size of the lake has shrunk from its original area of 22 km2 to the present area of 18 km2, and there is a concerning rate of sediment deposition due to catchment area degradation. The water quality has also deteriorated due to intense pollution caused by the untreated sewage and solid waste that is fed into the lake from the peripheral areas and from the settlements and houseboats. Besides, some experts like Dr. A.A. Kazmi (Associate Professor, IIT Roorkee and in charge of the Environmental Engineering Lab) believe that deforestation in the catchment of Dal and Telbal stream may have led to more nitrogen and phosphorus-rich run-off, further aiding eutrophication. Encroachments of water channels and consequent clogging has diminished the circulation and inflows into the lake, so with the building up of phosphates and nitrogen, this has led to extensive weed growth and consequences on the biodiversity of the lake.

Public interest litigations and restoration works
Identifying the above major issues as causes for the deterioration of the lake, a multidisciplinary team of experts have prepared a Detailed Project Report (DPR), which has the objective of achieving environment and sustainability, ecological improvement with minimum interventions and displacement and balancing the conflicts of interest. This plan is now under implementation with the financial assistance of the Government of India.

The serious nature of the environmental problems the lake has been experienced has been widely publicised and has been brought to the attention of the Supreme Court of India. Public Interest Litigations (PILs) have been filed in court demonstrating the environmental dangers posed to the lake by sewage, wastes and effluents. The PILs have sought injunctions of the court for setting up of an integrated ring sewage system encircling the Lake; release of funds by the Government of India to undertake measures to check pollution and to inaugurate a High Powered Committee to monitor proper utilisation of the allotted funds. The committee is under obligation to post feedback of progression developments from time to time, directly to the Supreme Court. The PIL, filed in 2001, has resulted in a number of directives from the court to the funding and implementing agencies and the case is continuing. Consequently, under the National Lake Conservation Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the Government of India, funds to the extent Rs 2987.6 million were sanctioned in September 2005 for the conservation of the lake. The restoration and rehabilitation measures envisaged under the "Conservation and Management of Dal" are under various stages of implementation with the funds allocated by the Government of India for the purpose. Some of the measures undertaken for rehabilitating the lake to bring it to its original eutrophication free status involved measures such as construction of siltation tanks, mechanical weeding, regrouping of houseboats, deepening of outflow channel and removal of bunds and barricades, including some floating gardens. In addition, a moratorium has been imposed on new construction works close to the lakefront, including the building of new house boats. Resettlement plans for migrating the population from the lakefront have also evolved. The long-term development plans also deal with the reafforestation of catchment area to reduce erosion movement and movement of silt and to regulate grazing by livestock. Recent reports indicate that, as of 2010, 40% of the measures have been implemented.

Uses and attractions
The lake is popular as a visitor attraction and a summer resort. Fisheries and the harvesting of food and fodder plants are also important on Dal. Weeds from the lake are extracted and converted into compost for the gardens. It also serves as a flood lung of the Jhelum River. Swimming, boating, snow skiing (particularly when the lake is frozen during the severe winter), and canoeing are amongst some of the water sports activities practised on the lake.

The lake has numerous sites and places of interest, many of which are important to the cultural heritage of Srinagar. Aside from the Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh, some of the other places frequented by tourists are the Shankaracharya temple, the Hari Parbat, the Nigeen Lake, the Chashme Shahi, the Hazratbal Shrine, and the Mazar-e-Shura cemetery containing the graves of famous Mughal-era poets. Visitors and native alike also enjoy relaxing on the water in a houseboat or a shikara boat, often called "the Gondola of Kashmir".

Island of Char Chinar
A famous landmark in Srinagar is an island on Dal where four Chinar (Platanus orientalis) trees stand, named "Char Chinar". Char in Hindi and Urdu means four.

Nigeen Lake
Nigeen Lake, though sometimes referred to as a separate lake, is actually part of Dal, being linked through a causeway which permits only bikers and walkers to enter the lake precincts. The causeway carries the water supply pipeline to the Srinagar city in the east. The lake is bounded by the Shankaracharya hill (Takht-e-Suleiman) on the south and Hari Parbat on the west and is located at the foot of the Zabarwan hills. Willow and poplar trees flank the edges of the lake.

Chashme Shahi

Chashme Shahi, meaning "Royal Spring", is a fresh water spring and garden known for its medicinal properties. Its source located above the Nehru Memorial Park. It is the smallest of all the Mughal gardens in Srinagar, measuring 108 m x 38 m and it has three terraces, an aqueduct, waterfalls and fountains. Ali Mardan Khan built the garden in 1632, and is built in such a way that the spring water is the source of fountains. From the fountains, water flows along the floor of the pavilion and cascades to a lower terrace over a drop of 5 m along a polished black stone chute. A small shrine, known as the Chasma Sahibi, is located in the vicinity of the gardens and has a fresh water spring.

Shankaracharya Temple
The Shankaracharya Temple is also known as the Jyeshteshwara Temple. It is on top of the Shankaracharya Hill on the Zabarwan Range in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is at a height of 1,000 feet (300 m) above the valley floor and overlooks the city of Srinagar.

The temple dates to 220 BCE, although the present structure probably dates to the 9th century CE. It was visited by Adi Shankara and has ever since been associated with him; this is how the temple got the name Shankaracharya. It is also regarded as sacred by Buddhists. Some historians report that the temple was actually a Buddhist temple during the Buddhist era which was then changed into Hindu site of worship by Adi Shankaracharya.

Hari Parbat
Hari Parbat, also known as the Mughal fort, is a hill fort on Sharika hill that provides panoramic views of the Srinagar city and the Dal. It was first established by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1590. However, he only erected the outer wall of the fort and his plans to build a new capital called Naga Nagor within it did not materialise. The fort in its current state was built much later in 1808 under the reign of Shuja Shah Durrani. Within the fort's precincts are temples, Muslim shrines, and a Sikh Gurudwara. The hill is the subject of many legends in Hindu mythology, and was said to have once been a large sea, inhabited by a demon known as Jalobhava and that the hill grew from a pebble.

Hazratbal Shrine
The Hazratbal Shrine (, literally: Majestic Place), also named Hazratbal, Assar-e-Sharief, or simply Dargah Sharif, is a Muslim shrine situated on the left bank of the Dal and is considered to be Kashmir's holiest Muslim shrine. It contains a relic believed by many Kashmiri Muslims to be the Moi-e-Muqqadas, a hair from the head of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to legend, the relic was first brought to India by Syed Abdullah, a descendant of Muhammad who left Medina and settled in Bijapur, near Hyderabad in 1635. When Syed Abdullah died, his son, Syed Hamid, inherited the relic. Following the Mughal conquest of the region, Syed Hamid was stripped of his family estates. Finding himself unable to care for the relic, he gave it as the most precious gift to his close Mureed and a wealthy Kashmiri businessman, Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Ishbari.

Mazar-e-Shura Cemetery

Mazar-e-Shura (مزارِ شُعاراء; transliteration: Mazār-i Shuʿārā, translation: The Cemetery of Poets) is a cemetery on a small hill by the main road in Dalgate, an area of Srinagar. Founded in the reign of the Mughul emperor Akbar the Great, it was built in a scenic location on the banks of the Dal as a cemetery for eminent poets. Historical records show that there were at least five poets and men of letters buried in the cemetery: Shah Abu'l-Fatah, Haji Jan Muhammad Qudsi, Abu Talib Kalim Kashani, Muhammad Quli Salim Tehrani, and Tughra-yi Mashhadi, all natives of Iran who emigrated to India and were associated with the Mughal court. Due to neglect, only three tombstones are currently visible, one of which bears an inscription that is only partially legible.

Houseboats and shikaras
Houseboats and the Dal are widely associated with Srinagar and are nicknamed "floating palaces", built according to British customs. The houseboats are generally made from local cedar-wood and measure 24 – in length and 3 – in width and are graded in a similar fashion to hotels according to level of comfort. Many of them have lavishly furnished rooms, with verandas and a terrace to serve as a sun-deck or to serve evening cocktails. They are mainly moored along the western periphery of the lake, close to the lakeside boulevard in the vicinity of the Dal gate and on small islands in the lake. They are anchored individually, with interconnecting bridges providing access from one boat to the other. The kitchen-boat is annexed to the main houseboat, which also serves as residence of the boatkeeper and their family.

Each houseboat has an exclusive shikara for ferrying guests to the shore. A shikara is a small paddled taxi boat, often about 15 ft long) and made of wood with a canopy and a spade shaped bottom. It is a cultural symbol of the Kashmir valley, used not only for ferrying visitors but also for the vending of fruits, vegetables and flowers; for fishing and for harvesting aquatic vegetation. All gardens in the lake periphery and houseboats anchored in the lake are approachable through shikaras. The boats are often navigated by one or two boatmen, can seat about six people and have heavily cushioned seats and backrests to provide comfort. The shikara is also used to provide for other sightseeing options in the valley, notably a cruise along the Jhelum River, passing by the famous seven bridges of the city and the backwaters en route.

Floating Post Office
The floating post office cum Museum at Dal Lake was inaugurated in 2011 by Omar Abdullah, the then Chief Minister of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the western edge of Dal Lake. It was called Nehru Park post office before 2011. The place will also have a philately museum. Postcards can be bought from Ghat no -1, Budiyar Chowk, and the floating Post Office puts a postage stamp on it.

"Dal Pari," a floating Mobile Medical Unit was started by Borderless World Foundation. This service started in the year 2023.

Transport connections
Dal lake is engulfed in three directions by the foreshore and boulevard roads, which stretch along its banks and are dotted with several ghats. Shikaras act as water taxis to navigate within the Dal and can be hired from these ghats. The Dal lies within Srinagar and thus is well connected by road and air links. The nearest airport, which connects with other major cities in the country, is about 12.8 km away at Badgam. The nearest railway station is Srinagar railway station which is 18.8 km from Dal Lake. The National Highway NH1A connects the Kashmir valley with rest of the country.

Legacy
Salman Rushdie's Dull lake in his novel Harun and the Sea of Stories is a reference to the Dal lake.

The scene depicting sexual intimacy between Musa and his girlfriend Tilo in Arundhati Roy's The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, takes place on a houseboat on the Dal lake.

"Dupte Nunem," one of the famous songs of Aadil Gurezi, refers to the breeze of Dal lake.

title: Dal Lake


text:
Talk:Farouq Qasrawi

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title: Talk:Farouq Qasrawi


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Wituland

Wituland (also Witu, Vitu, Witu Protectorate or Swahililand) was a territory of approximately 3000 km2 in East Africa centered on the town of Witu, just inland from the Indian Ocean port of Lamu, north of the mouth of the Tana River in what is now Kenya.

Establishment of the Witu Sultanate
Founded in the 1810s and then becoming fully independent from nominal Pate rule in 1858 after several abortive moves to the mainland, the native sultanate of Wituland was a haven for slaves fleeing the Zanzibar slave trade and thus a target of attacks from the Sultanate of Zanzibar (ruled by a branch of the Omani dynasty, under British protectorate). Facing an increase in slaving raids from the Sultanate of Zanzibar, the Sultan of Witu formally requested German protection so that he "finally has relief from the attacks of Zanzibar warriors."

Witu Relations with the Geledi Sultanate
The Geledi Sultanate was a powerful Somali state based in the inter-riverine region in southern Somalia that held sway over the Jubba and Shabelle rivers. Witu Sultans had strong ties with Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim as both states were mutually antagonistic towards Zanzibar and had shared commercial interests. On the island of Siyu the Sultan of Witu Bwana Mataka had been faced with an insurrection and was deposed in the 1820s. The defiant islanders alongside some Somalis who were more loyal to the prior administration called for Omani occupation of the island. Yusuf would intervene and Witu would prove victorious as it would bring the Sultan to engage a newly emerging militant group in Bardera which was a key trade hub and where the Siyu Somalis drew their strength. Both states were interested in ivory trade through the Jubba river continuing to flourish as a great source of revenue for the region. Later following their victory at Siyu over the militant Somalis and Omani sympathisers the Witu Sultan sent aid before Yusuf engaged and ultimately lost against the Omani aligned Bimaals in 1848 at the Battle of Adaddey Suleyman.

German protectorate (1885–90)
In 1885, the German brothers Clemens and Gustav Denhardt negotiated a treaty with Ahmed ibn Fumo Bakari, the first mfalme (Swahili for sultan or king) of Witu who ceded, on 8 April 1885, 25 square miles of territory to the brothers' "Tana Company", and the remainder of the Wituland became the German Protectorate of Wituland (Deutsch-Witu) on 27 May 1885. The Reich was represented there by the German Residents: Gustav Denhardt (1856–1917; in office 8 April 1885 – 1 July 1890) and his deputy Clemens Andreas Denhardt (1852–1928). German rule was relatively mild, and the territory continued being a haven for escaped slaves.

In 1889, Wituland issued a number of postage stamps although their postal usage has not been verified.

British rule and the Witu expeditions
In accord with the 1890 Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty, on 18 June 1890 a British protectorate was declared, and on 1 July 1890 imperial Germany renounced its protectorate, ceding the Wituland to Great Britain to become part of British East Africa. There were widespread protests from the inhabitants of the territory, who wished to remain under Germany's protection.

First expedition (1890)
Shortly afterwards several German merchants were murdered, and a mixed British & Zanzibari punitive expedition was sent out. The troops landed and descended on Witu on October 26, 1890. After a series of shoot-outs, Sultan Fumo Bakari ibn Ahmad fled from the town, with roughly 3,000 of his remaining gunmen. He was deposed by the British and died soon afterwards.

After a short reign by Bwana Shaykh ibn Ahmad, the rulership (now reduced to a shaykhdom and made a vassal of the Zanzibar Sultanate) was given to Fumo `Umar ibn Ahamd. Slavery was also formally abolished in Witu in March 1891, and Indian police were brought in to enforce the new agreement.

Second expedition (1893)
A brother of Fumo Bakari, by the name of Fumo Oman, resisted the new regime and began leading increasingly violent raids on villages and farms around the nearby town of Jongeni, northeast of Witu. A brief attempt at diplomacy failed, and the British and Zanzibari governments prepared a second naval expedition to sail to Witu.

A small expeditionary force landed at Witu in July and a second request to negotiate was sent to Fumo Oman. It was rejected and the marines marched on the principal towns under rebel control. Thick forest and camouflaged pits with sharpened stakes surrounded the strongly fortified towns, and the rebel gunmen had prepared defensive positions that allowed for heavy fire. However, after prolonged and intense shoot-outs, the naval marines fought their way into each town, and destroyed the fortifications. Fumo Oman fled and Fumo 'Umari bin Hamid was reinstated.

Fumo 'Umari moved the capital to Jongeni, but the growth of British power and of the regional importance of Zanzibar saw Witu's position and influence gradually decline.

End of Witu
In 1905 oversight for Witu was moved from the Foreign Office to the Colonial Office, and following this Witu was administered as a part of Tana District of the Kenya Coast Protectorate. After the 1923 death of Umari bin Hamid the question of Witu as a distinct entity was finally closed.

List of rulers
The known ruling Sultans (styled mfalume in Swahili) are:
 * 1810s-1848: Bwana Mataka
 * 1848- 1858: Mohammed Sheikh (son of Bwana Mataka)
 * 1858–1888: Ahmad ibn Fumo Bakari
 * 1888–1890: Fumo Bakari ibn Ahmad
 * 1890–1891: Bwana Shaykh ibn Ahmad
 * 1891–1893: Fumo `Umar ibn Ahmad (1st time)
 * 1893 – 7 July 1895: Vacant
 * 7 July 1895 – 1923: Fumo `Umar ibn Ahmad (2nd time)

title: Wituland


text:
Half-collared kingfisher

The half-collared kingfisher (Alcedo semitorquata) is a kingfisher in the subfamily Alcedininae that is found in southern and eastern Africa. It feeds almost exclusively on fish and frequents streams, rivers and larger bodies of water with dense shoreline vegetation.

The half-collared kingfisher was described by the English ornithologist William John Swainson in 1823 and given its current binomial name Alcedo semitorquata. The word Alcedo is the Latin for a "kingfisher". The specific epithet semitorquata is from the Latin semi- for "half" or "small" and torquatus for "collared". The blue-eared kingfisher is one of seven species in the genus Alcedo and is most closely related to the shining-blue kingfisher (Alcedo quadribrachys).

It is known to sometimes vocalize while approaching its nest, but the purpose or advantage of this behavior is unclear.

Description
The half-collared kingfisher is a medium-sized kingfisher. It is around 18 cm in length with a weight of 35 - 40 g. It has blue upperparts, a white throat and pale orange underparts. The head has alternating light blue and dark blue bands running across the crown and each side of the neck has a creamy white stripe. The dark blue patches on either side of the neck form a half collar. The legs and feet are red. The sexes are very similar but the bill of the male is entirely black while the female has some red at the base of the lower mandible.

title: Half-collared kingfisher