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Barbacoan languages

Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador.

Genealogical relations
The Barbacoan languages may be related to the Páez language. Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan languages (including Páez); however, Curnow (1998) shows how much of this proposal is based on misinterpretation of an old document of Douay (1888). (See: Paezan languages.)

Other more speculative larger groupings involving Barbacoan include the Macro-Paesan "cluster", the Macro-Chibchan stock, and the Chibchan-Paezan stock.

Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Atakame, Cholon-Hibito, Kechua, Mochika, Paez, Tukano, Umbra, and Chibchan (especially between Guaymí and Southern Barbacoan branches) language families due to contact.

Languages
Barbacoan consists of 6 languages:

 * Barbacoan
 * Northern
 * Awan (also known as Awa or Pasto)
 * Awa Pit (also known as Cuaiquer, Coaiquer, Kwaiker, Awá, Awa, Telembi, Sindagua, Awa-Cuaiquer, Koaiker, Telembí)
 * Pasto–Muellama
 * Pasto (also known as Past Awá)
 * Muellama (also known as Muellamués, Muelyama)
 * Coconucan (also known as Guambiano–Totoró)
 * Guambiano (also known as Mogües, Moguez, Mogés, Wam, Misak, Guambiano-Moguez, Wambiano-Mogés, Moguex)
 * Totoró (also known as Polindara)
 * Coconuco (also known as Kokonuko, Cauca, Wanaka)
 * Southern ? (Cayapa–Tsafiki)
 * Caranqui (also known as Cara, Kara, Karanki, Imbaya)
 * Cha’palaa (also known as Cayapa, Chachi, Kayapa, Nigua, Cha’palaachi)
 * Tsafiki (also known as Colorado, Tsafiqui, Tsáfiki, Colorado, Tsáchela, Tsachila, Campaz, Colima)

Pasto, Muellama, Coconuco, and Caranqui are now extinct.

Pasto and Muellama are usually classified as Barbacoan, but the current evidence is weak and deserves further attention. Muellama may have been one of the last surviving dialects of Pasto (both extinct, replaced by Spanish) — Muellama is known only by a short wordlist recorded in the 19th century. The Muellama vocabulary is similar to modern Awa Pit. The Cañari–Puruhá languages are even more poorly attested, and while often placed in a Chimuan family, Adelaar (2004:397) thinks they may have been Barbacoan.

The Coconucan languages were first connected to Barbacoan by Daniel Brinton in 1891. However, a subsequent publication by Henri Beuchat and Paul Rivet placed Coconucan together with a Paezan family (which included Páez and Paniquita) due a misleading "Moguex" vocabulary list. The "Moguex" vocabulary turned out to be a mix of both Páez and Guambiano languages (Curnow 1998). This vocabulary has led to misclassifications by Greenberg (1956, 1987), Loukotka (1968), Kaufman (1990, 1994), and Campbell (1997), among others. Although Páez may be related to the Barbacoan family, a conservative view considers Páez a language isolate pending further investigation. Guambiano is more similar to other Barbacoan languages than to Páez, and thus Key (1979), Curnow et al. (1998), Gordon (2005), and Campbell (2012) place Coconucan under Barbacoan. The moribund Totoró is sometimes considered a dialect of Guambiano instead of a separate language, and, indeed, Adelaar & Muysken (2004) state that Guambiano-Totoró-Coconuco is best treated as a single language.

The Barbácoa (Barbacoas) language itself is unattested, and is only assumed to be part of the Barbacoan family. Nonetheless, it has been assigned an ISO code, though the better-attested and classifiable Pasto language has not.

Loukotka (1968)
Below is a full list of Barbacoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

 * Barbacoa group
 * Barbácoa of Colima - extinct language once spoken on the Iscuandé River and Patia River, Nariño department, Colombia. (Unattested.)
 * Pius - extinct language once spoken around the Laguna Piusbi, in the Nariño region. (Unattested.)
 * Iscuandé - extinct language once spoken on the Iscuandé River in the Nariño region. (Unattested.)
 * Tumaco - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Tumaco, department of Nariño. (Unattested.)
 * Guapi - extinct language once spoken on the Guapi River, department of Cauca. (Unattested.)
 * Cuaiquer / Koaiker - spoken on the Cuaiquer River in Colombia.
 * Telembi - extinct language once spoken in the Cauca region on the Telembi River. (Andre 1884, pp. 791–799.)
 * Panga - extinct language once spoken near the modern city of Sotomayor, Nariño department. (Unattested.)
 * Nulpe - extinct language once spoken in the Nariño region on the Nulpe River. (Unattested.)
 * Cayápa / Nigua - language spoken now by a few families on the Cayapas River, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador.
 * Malaba - extinct language once spoken in Esmeraldas province on the Mataje River. (Unattested.)
 * Yumbo - extinct language once spoken in the Cordillera de Intag and the Cordillera de Nanegal, Pichincha province, Ecuador. The population now speaks only Quechua. (Unattested.)
 * Colorado / Tsachela / Chono / Campaz / Satxíla / Colime - language still spoken on the Daule River, Vinces River, and Esmeraldas River, provinces of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and Los Ríos, Ecuador.
 * Colima - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Daule River, Guayas province. (Unattested.)
 * Cara / Caranqui / Imbaya - extinct language once spoken in the province of Imbabura and on the Guayllabamba River, Ecuador. The population now speaks Spanish or Quechua.
 * Sindagua / Malla - extinct language once spoken on the Tapaje River, Iscuandé River, Mamaonde River, and Patia River, department of Nariño, Colombia. (H. Lehmann 1949; Ortiz 1938, pp. 543–545, each only a few patronyms and toponyms.)
 * Muellama - extinct language of the Nariño region, once spoken in the village of Muellama.
 * Pasta - extinct language once spoken in Carchi province, Ecuador, and in the department of Nariño in Colombia around the modern city of Pasto, Colombia.
 * Mastele - extinct language once spoken on the left bank of the Guaitara River near the mouth, department of Nariño. (Unattested.)
 * Quijo - once spoken on the Napo River and Coca River, Oriente province, Ecuador. The tribe now speaks only Quechua. (Ordónez de Ceballos 1614, f. 141–142, only three words.)
 * Mayasquer - extinct language once spoken in the villages of Mayasquer and Pindical, Carchi province, Ecuador. The present population speaks only Quechua. (Unattested.)

 * Coconuco group
 * Coconuco - language spoken by a few families at the sources of the Cauca River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
 * Guamíca / Guanuco - extinct language once spoken in the village of Plata Vieja in Colombia.
 * Guambiana / Silviano - spoken in the villages of Ambató, Cucha and partly in Silvia.
 * Totaró - spoken in the villages of Totoró and Polindara.
 * Tunía - once spoken on the Tunía River and Ovejas River. (Unattested.)
 * Chesquio - extinct language once spoken on the Sucio River. (Unattested.)
 * Patia - once spoken between the Timbío River and Guachicono River. (Unattested.)
 * Quilla - original and extinct language of the villages of Almaguer, Santiago, and Milagros. The present population speaks only a dialect of Quechua. (Unattested.)
 * Timbío - once spoken on the Timbío River. (Unattested.)
 * Puracé - once spoken around the Laguna de las Papas and Puracé Volcano. (Unattested.)
 * Puben / Pubenano / Popayan - extinct language of the plains of Popayán, department of Cauca. (Unattested.)
 * Moguex - spoken in the village of Quisgó and in a part of the village of Silvia.

Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Cuaiquer !! Telembi !! Cayápa !! Colorado !! Cara !! Muellama ! one ! two ! three ! ear ! tongue ! hand ! foot ! water ! stone ! maize ! fish ! house
 * marabashpá || tumuni || main || manga || ||
 * pas || pas || pályo || paluga || pala ||
 * kotiá || kokia || péma || paiman || ||
 * kail || || puːngi || punki ||  ||
 * maulcha || || nigka || ohula ||  ||
 * chitoé || chʔto || fiapapa || tädaʔé || ||
 * mitá || mito || rapapa || medaʔé || || mit
 * pil || pil || pi || pi || bi || pi
 * uʔúk || || shúpuga || chu || su || pegrané
 * piaʔá || || pishu || piox || pisa ||
 * shkarbrodrúk || || changúko || guatsá || guasa || kuas
 * yaʔál || yal || ya || yá || ya
 * }

Proto-language
Proto-Barbacoan reconstructions and reflexes (Curnow & Liddicoat 1998):

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! no. !! gloss !! Proto-Barbacoan !! Guambiano !! Totoró !! Awapit !! Cha’palaachi !! Tsafiqui
 * 1 || be || *i- || ||  || i- || i- ||
 * 2 || blow || *ut- || utʂ- || otʂ- || us- || ||
 * 3 || come || *ha- || ||  || a- || ha- || ha-
 * 4 || cook || *aj- || ||  || aj- || (a-) || aj-
 * 5 || corn || *pijo || ||  || pija ||  || pijo
 * 6 || do || *ki- || ||  || ki- || ki- || ki-
 * 7 || dry || *pur || pur || || pul ||  ||
 * 8 || eye || *kap || kap || kap-[tʂul] || (kasu) || ka-[puka] || ka-[’ka]
 * 9 || feces || *pi || ||  || pɨ || pe || pe
 * 10 || firewood || *tɨ || || tʂɨ || sɨ || te || te
 * 11 || flower || *uʃ || u || o || uʃ || ||
 * 12 || fog || *waniʃ || waɲi || wapi || waniʃ || ||
 * 13 || get up || *kus- || ||  || ku̥s- || kuh- || (ku’pa-)
 * 14 || go || *hi- || i- || ||  || hi- || hi-
 * 15 || go up || *lo- || ||  || nu- || lu- || lo-
 * 16 || hair || *aʃ || ||  || aʃ ||  || a
 * 17 || house || *ja || ja || ja || (jal) || ja || ja
 * 18 || I || *la || na || na || na || || la
 * 19 || land || *to || ||  || su || tu || to
 * 20 || lie down || *tso || tsu || tsu || tu || tsu || tso
 * 21 || listen || *miina- || ||  || mina- || meena- ||
 * 22 || louse || *mũũ || (mũi) || || muuŋ || mu || mu
 * 23 || mouth || *ɸit || ||  || pit || fiʔ-[paki] || ɸi-[’ki]
 * 24 || no/negative || *ti || ||  || ʃi ||  || ti
 * 25 || nose || *kim-ɸu || kim || kim || kimpu̥ || || kinɸu
 * 26 || path || *mii || ||  || mii || mi-[ɲu] || mi-[nu]
 * 27 || river, water || *pii || pi || pi || pii || pi || pi
 * 28 || rock || *ʃuk || ʂuk || ʂuk || uk || ʃu-[puka] || su
 * 29 || smoke || *iʃ || iʃ || || iʃ ||  ||
 * 30 || sow || *wah- || ||  || waa- || wah- || wa’-[ke-]
 * 31 || split || *paa- || ||  || paa- || paa- ||
 * 32 || tear ("eye-water") || *kap pi || kappi || || kappi || kapi || ka’pĩ
 * 33 || that || *sun || ||  || sun || hun || hun
 * 34 || thorn || *po || pu || || pu || pu || po
 * 35 || tree, stick || *tsik || tsik || ||  || tʃi || tsi-[de]
 * 36 || two || *paa || pa || pa || (paas) || paa || (palu)
 * 37 || what? || *ti || tʃi || (tʃini) || ʃi || ti-[n] || ti
 * 38 || who? || *mo || mu || ||  || mu-[n] || mo
 * 39 || wipe clean || *kis- || ||  || ki̥s- || kih- ||
 * 40 || yellow || *lah- || ||  || na-[tam] || lah-[katata] || (la’ke)
 * 41 || you (sg.) || *nu || (ɲi) || (ɲi) || nu || ɲu || nu
 * 42 || armadillo || *ʃul ? || ʂulə || ʂolɨ || ulam || ||
 * 43 || dirt || *pil ? || pirə || pirɨ || pil || ||
 * 44 || moon || *pɨ ? || pəl || pɨl || ||  || pe
 * 45 || suck || *tsu- ? || ||  || tuk- ||  || tsu-
 * 46 || tail || *mɨ ? || məʃ, mətʂ || mɨʂ || mɨta || || me
 * 47 || three || *pɨ ? || pən || pɨn || || pema || pemã
 * 48 || tooth || *tu ? || tʂukul || tʂokol || sula || ||
 * }
 * 25 || nose || *kim-ɸu || kim || kim || kimpu̥ || || kinɸu
 * 26 || path || *mii || ||  || mii || mi-[ɲu] || mi-[nu]
 * 27 || river, water || *pii || pi || pi || pii || pi || pi
 * 28 || rock || *ʃuk || ʂuk || ʂuk || uk || ʃu-[puka] || su
 * 29 || smoke || *iʃ || iʃ || || iʃ ||  ||
 * 30 || sow || *wah- || ||  || waa- || wah- || wa’-[ke-]
 * 31 || split || *paa- || ||  || paa- || paa- ||
 * 32 || tear ("eye-water") || *kap pi || kappi || || kappi || kapi || ka’pĩ
 * 33 || that || *sun || ||  || sun || hun || hun
 * 34 || thorn || *po || pu || || pu || pu || po
 * 35 || tree, stick || *tsik || tsik || ||  || tʃi || tsi-[de]
 * 36 || two || *paa || pa || pa || (paas) || paa || (palu)
 * 37 || what? || *ti || tʃi || (tʃini) || ʃi || ti-[n] || ti
 * 38 || who? || *mo || mu || ||  || mu-[n] || mo
 * 39 || wipe clean || *kis- || ||  || ki̥s- || kih- ||
 * 40 || yellow || *lah- || ||  || na-[tam] || lah-[katata] || (la’ke)
 * 41 || you (sg.) || *nu || (ɲi) || (ɲi) || nu || ɲu || nu
 * 42 || armadillo || *ʃul ? || ʂulə || ʂolɨ || ulam || ||
 * 43 || dirt || *pil ? || pirə || pirɨ || pil || ||
 * 44 || moon || *pɨ ? || pəl || pɨl || ||  || pe
 * 45 || suck || *tsu- ? || ||  || tuk- ||  || tsu-
 * 46 || tail || *mɨ ? || məʃ, mətʂ || mɨʂ || mɨta || || me
 * 47 || three || *pɨ ? || pən || pɨn || || pema || pemã
 * 48 || tooth || *tu ? || tʂukul || tʂokol || sula || ||
 * }
 * 38 || who? || *mo || mu || ||  || mu-[n] || mo
 * 39 || wipe clean || *kis- || ||  || ki̥s- || kih- ||
 * 40 || yellow || *lah- || ||  || na-[tam] || lah-[katata] || (la’ke)
 * 41 || you (sg.) || *nu || (ɲi) || (ɲi) || nu || ɲu || nu
 * 42 || armadillo || *ʃul ? || ʂulə || ʂolɨ || ulam || ||
 * 43 || dirt || *pil ? || pirə || pirɨ || pil || ||
 * 44 || moon || *pɨ ? || pəl || pɨl || ||  || pe
 * 45 || suck || *tsu- ? || ||  || tuk- ||  || tsu-
 * 46 || tail || *mɨ ? || məʃ, mətʂ || mɨʂ || mɨta || || me
 * 47 || three || *pɨ ? || pən || pɨn || || pema || pemã
 * 48 || tooth || *tu ? || tʂukul || tʂokol || sula || ||
 * }
 * 44 || moon || *pɨ ? || pəl || pɨl || ||  || pe
 * 45 || suck || *tsu- ? || ||  || tuk- ||  || tsu-
 * 46 || tail || *mɨ ? || məʃ, mətʂ || mɨʂ || mɨta || || me
 * 47 || three || *pɨ ? || pən || pɨn || || pema || pemã
 * 48 || tooth || *tu ? || tʂukul || tʂokol || sula || ||
 * }
 * 47 || three || *pɨ ? || pən || pɨn || || pema || pemã
 * 48 || tooth || *tu ? || tʂukul || tʂokol || sula || ||
 * }
 * 48 || tooth || *tu ? || tʂukul || tʂokol || sula || ||
 * }

title: Barbacoan languages


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LaTroy Hawkins

LaTroy Hawkins (born December 21, 1972) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. In his 21-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he played for the Minnesota Twins, Chicago Cubs, San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, Colorado Rockies, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, Milwaukee Brewers, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, New York Mets, and Toronto Blue Jays. Through the 2020 season, his 1,042 games pitched were the 10th-most of any major league player. He has also registered saves against all 30 MLB teams.

Born and raised in Gary, Indiana, Hawkins was a seventh-round draft pick of the Twins out of high school. He debuted with the team in 1995 and reached the major leagues for good in 1997. After posting some of the worst earned run averages (ERA) in the American League (AL) in 1998 and 1999, Hawkins was moved to the bullpen in 2000. He struggled as the Twins' closer in 2001 but found better success thereafter in a setup role, posting a career-low 1.86 ERA in 2003 and reaching the playoffs in 2002 and 2003 with Minnesota.

In 2004, the Cubs signed Hawkins to set up for closer Joe Borowski, but he blew several saves and became unpopular with the team's fans. He was traded to the Giants in 2005 and served as a setup man again for various teams for the next few seasons. He reached the World Series with the Rockies in 2007, though the team was swept by the Boston Red Sox in four games. Hawkins joined the Yankees in 2008, struggled, and was traded to the Astros, where he was very effective. In 2009, he filled in for an injured José Valverde as the Astros' closer and posted a 2.13 ERA. He signed a two-year contract with the Brewers after the season and reached the playoffs with Milwaukee again in 2011.

After spending a year with the Angels in 2012, Hawkins had to sign a minor league contract with the Mets in 2013. He made their roster and had become their closer by the end of the year. In 2014, as the oldest player in the NL, he served as Colorado's closer. In 2015, he reached the playoffs with the Blue Jays before retiring at the end of the year.

Amateur career
Hawkins was born and raised in Gary, Indiana. Hawkins' father was absent, and he was raised primarily by his mother, Debra, and his maternal grandparents. Growing up, he played baseball with broom handles, not getting to use a glove until he started playing Little League Baseball. Hawkins attended West Side High School. At West Side, he competed in basketball against Glenn Robinson and received a full scholarship offer to play college basketball at Indiana State. Hawkins also participated in track and field and the 1600 meters relay while in high school. Initially, he favored basketball over baseball, but Hawkins chose to pursue a baseball career after his grandfather told him that the latter was his better sport.

Minnesota Twins (1995–2003)
Hawkins was drafted straight out of high school by the Minnesota Twins in the seventh round of the 1991 Major League Baseball (MLB) draft and received a $47,500 signing bonus. He spent the next four years in the Twins' minor league system before making the team's starting rotation out of spring training in 1995. His MLB debut on April 29, 1995, was a disastrous start against the Baltimore Orioles, where he gave up seven earned runs on seven hits in only $1 2/3$ innings of work. After losing his first three starts, Hawkins was demoted to the Salt Lake Buzz of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League in May when the Twins had to shrink their roster. Promoted again in September, he won for the first time in the second game of a doubleheader against the Kansas City Royals on September 18. Altogether, Hawkins made six starts with a 2–3 record and an 8.67 earned run average (ERA). He began 1996 in the Twins' rotation as well, and struck out 10 batters in a win over the Detroit Tigers on April 25. However, he was demoted to the Buzz in May after posting an 8.20 ERA in seven starts for the Twins. This time, he was not promoted in September.

For the 1997 season, Hawkins started out pitching in Salt Lake City. Though his ERA with the Buzz was 5.45, his record was 9–4. He was promoted to the Twins in June, spending the rest of the season in their rotation. In 20 starts, he compiled a 6–12 record and a 5.84 ERA. Though his first start had not come until June 17, his 12 losses tied him with 11 other pitchers for 10th in the American League (AL).

1998 was the first year that Hawkins spent an entire season in the Twins' rotation. On May 17, he was the opposing starting pitcher during David Wells' perfect game. Hawkins led the team with 33 starts but sported a 7–14 record, leading the team in most runs allowed (126) and walks (70). He had the worst walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) figure among Twins starters, with a 1.53 mark. His 5.25 ERA ranked him 88th out of 97 pitchers who threw enough innings to qualify for the MLB ERA title, and his 14 losses tied him with four other pitchers for eighth in the AL.

In 1999, for the second year in a row, Hawkins made 33 starts. He won 10 games this time but lost 14 again, and his 6.66 ERA was the worst among MLB starters who pitched enough innings to qualify for the ERA title. Hawkins led the AL in earned runs allowed (129), and his 14 losses were tied with four other pitchers for fourth in the AL.

Hawkins was moved to the bullpen in 2000. Twins manager Tom Kelly, unable to decide who he wanted as his full-time closer, used both Hawkins and Bob Wells in the role throughout the year. Hawkins appeared in 66 games, posting a 2–5 record and an ERA of 3.39. After never having recorded a save before, he converted 14 without blowing any chances.

By 2001, Hawkins was the everyday closer. He converted his first nine save opportunities, stretching his streak of consecutive saves recorded to 23 before he finally blew a save on May 5, against the Royals. As the season wore on, however, his ERA climbed to almost 6.00, and he was replaced as the closer by Eddie Guardado. He led the Twins in saves (28) but recorded a 5.96 ERA and a 1.91 WHIP in 61 games.

Over the next two seasons, Hawkins served as a setup man for Guardado. In 2002, Hawkins was used mainly in the seventh and eighth innings. He appeared in 65 games, winning all six of his decisions, posting a 2.13 ERA, and striking out 63 hitters in $80 1/3$ innings pitched. The Twins won the AL Central Division title, and Hawkins made three appearances in the AL Division Series (ALDS) against the Oakland Athletics, striking out five batters in $2 1/3$ scoreless innings as the Twins defeated Oakland in five games. He appeared in four games in the AL Championship Series (ALCS) against the Anaheim Angels as well, but his ERA was 20.25 this time, and the Angels defeated the Twins in four games. The next season, he was primarily used in the eighth inning. He posted a 9–3 record and struck out 75 hitters in $77 1/3$ innings. His 1.86 ERA was fifth-lowest among AL pitchers who threw at least 60 innings, and his 74 appearances were fifth-highest among AL pitchers. For the second year in a row, the Twins won the AL Central Division title, this time facing the New York Yankees in the ALDS. In Game 1, Hawkins was awarded the win after pitching a scoreless seventh and eighth innings. However, he would post a 6.00 ERA in three appearances in the series, which the Yankees won three games to one. Hawkins became a free agent after the 2003 season.

Chicago Cubs (2004–2005)
In December 2003, Hawkins signed a three-year, $11.2 million contract with the Chicago Cubs. He began the year as the eighth-inning setup man for Cubs closer Joe Borowski, but Borowski was sidelined with an injury in early June, and Hawkins took over closing duties. On September 11, Hawkins threw an immaculate inning, striking out the side on only nine pitches in a game against the Florida Marlins. He posted a 2.63 ERA and recorded 25 saves in 75 games for the Cubs in 2004. However, Hawkins also blew nine saves, including two (against the New York Mets on September 25 and the Cincinnati Reds on September 29) during a late-season losing streak that cost the Cubs the wild card. The blown saves earned him the ire of Cubs fans, who made a habit of booing him loudly at Wrigley Field when he came on in relief. Hawkins feuded with fans and media, and his relationship with both deteriorated.

Hawkins converted four saves early in the 2005 season but blew an equal number of opportunities. In early May, the Cubs replaced him as closer with Ryan Dempster, who was moved out of the starting rotation. Through 21 games with the team that season, Hawkins had a 1–4 record and a 3.32 ERA. On May 28, the Cubs traded Hawkins to the San Francisco Giants in exchange for pitchers Jerome Williams and David Aardsma.

San Francisco Giants (2005)
With the Giants, Hawkins assumed an eighth inning setup role, frequently preceding closer Tyler Walker. When Hawkins returned to Wrigley Field in late July, he was booed again by the Cubs fans. He suffered another blown save during the series on July 26, but the Giants won the game 3–2. In 45 games with the Giants, Hawkins had a 1–4 record and a 4.10 ERA. Between the Cubs and Giants, Hawkins's record was 2–8 in 66 games, with an ERA of 3.83. He allowed 58 hits in $56 1/3$ innings pitched and posted a 1.46 WHIP. On December 6, Hawkins was traded along with cash considerations to the Baltimore Orioles for left-handed reliever Steve Kline.

Baltimore Orioles (2006)
With the Orioles in 2006, Hawkins served as the eighth inning setup man for closer Chris Ray. He spent one season with the Orioles, going 3–2 with a 4.48 ERA and no saves in 60 games. After the season, he became a free agent. Following his departure from Baltimore, he criticized the negative atmosphere that plagued the losing team's clubhouse. "Yeah, it was bad," he stated. "I don't want to knock the Orioles, but it was just bad. Bad."

Colorado Rockies (2007)
On December 5, 2006, Hawkins signed a one-year, $3.25 million contract with the Colorado Rockies, who wanted him to serve as the eighth inning setup man for closer Brian Fuentes. From April 24 to May 22, Hawkins was on the disabled list due to right elbow inflammation. On July 8, when the Philadelphia Phillies helped the Coors Field groundskeepers get the tarp placed on the field during a heavy storm, Hawkins was the only member of the home team to join them in assisting. In 62 games, Hawkins had a 2–5 record, a 3.42 ERA, and zero saves. At the end of the regular season, the Rockies forced a tie-breaker game against the San Diego Padres to determine the NL wild card team. Hawkins pitched a scoreless seventh inning, and the Rockies eventually won the game 9–8 in 13 innings to reach the playoffs for the first time in their history. He made three appearances for the Rockies in the NLDS (Game 1) and NLCS (Games 2 and 4), pitching a scoreless seventh inning each time as the Rockies won seven straight games to earn a trip to the World Series. There, he pitched the last inning of Games 1 and 3 against the Boston Red Sox, allowing Mike Lowell to score on a sacrifice fly hit by Jason Varitek in the latter as Colorado lost four straight games. After the season, he became a free agent.

New York Yankees (2008)
On December 9, 2007, Hawkins signed a one-year, $3.75 million contract with the New York Yankees. He had previously worn uniform No. 32 with the Rockies. However, since the Yankees had retired that number in honor of Elston Howard, Hawkins switched to No. 21 for the 2008 season, becoming the first Yankee to wear that number since outfielder Paul O'Neill in 2001. After returning from a road trip on April 16, however, Hawkins switched to No. 22 in response to the fans' booing, yelling, and calling O'Neill's name when he took the field.

On May 20, during a game against the Baltimore Orioles, Hawkins threw a head-high pitch over left fielder Luke Scott. Hawkins was ejected by home plate umpire Chuck Meriwether, and Scott accused him of deliberately throwing the ball over his head, though Hawkins said he was just pitching inside. Hawkins was suspended by MLB for three games and fined an undisclosed amount.

Hawkins pitched unimpressively with the Yankees in 2008, going 1–1 with a 5.71 ERA in 33 relief appearances. On July 26, he was designated for assignment.

Houston Astros (2008–2009)
On July 30, 2008, the Houston Astros acquired Hawkins from the Yankees for minor leaguer Matt Cusick. The trade was made because the Astros needed someone to help Doug Brocail in late-inning setup situations. Hawkins pitched 21 innings out of the bullpen and allowing just one earned run over that span (good for a 0.43 ERA). "No one could have imagined Hawkins would respond with a nearly perfect two-month run with his new team," praised Alyson Footer of MLB.com. Hawkins signed a one-year deal with the Astros to return for the 2009 season.

Just before the 2009 World Baseball Classic began in March, Hawkins was added to the roster for the United States national baseball team when Joe Nathan had to drop out because of a sore shoulder. He pitched in four games in the tournament, winning one and posting a 7.36 ERA. The United States was eliminated by Japan in the semifinals.

From late April through the middle of June 2009, Hawkins served as Houston's closer, as regular closer José Valverde was sidelined with a calf injury. While Valverde was out, Hawkins was 9-for-11 in save opportunities. When Valverde returned, Hawkins again assumed an eighth-inning setup role. From July 28 through August 12, 2009, Hawkins was on the disabled list because of back pain caused by shingles. "Hugs were completely out of the question," he described the pain. In 65 games, Hawkins sported an ERA of 2.13 in 65 games, the lowest ERA he had since 2003. He had a 1–4 record and saved 11 games. After the 2009 season, Hawkins became a free agent.

Milwaukee Brewers (2010–2011)
On December 16, 2009, Hawkins signed a two-year contract with the Milwaukee Brewers for $7.5 million. Shoulder soreness prevented him from pitching for Milwaukee from May 6 through July 30, and after appearing in only five further games through August 10, he was placed back on the disabled list with shoulder weakness, never to pitch again that season. All told, the injuries limited him to 18 games in 2010. He was 0–3 with an 8.44 ERA.

Hawkins served as the eighth-inning setup man for John Axford in 2011. From April 25 through July 1, he did not allow a run in 22 straight games (20 innings pitched). He was 3–1 with a 2.42 ERA in 52 games as the Brewers won the NL Central. Facing the Arizona Diamondbacks in the NLDS, he pitched a scoreless inning in Game 2. The Brewers won that series in five games. In the NLCS against the Cardinals, he was not charged with a run in three appearances, but he did allow two inherited runners to score in Milwaukee's 12–6 loss in Game 6. The Cardinals defeated the Brewers in six games. After the season, he became a free agent.

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2012)
On January 6, 2012, Hawkins agreed to a one-year, $3 million contract with the Los Angeles Angels for the 2012 season. From May 7 through June 9, he was on the disabled list with a broken right pinkie finger. He led Angel relievers with a 1.63 ERA through August 2 but posted a 7.71 ERA thereafter, losing the distinction to Ernesto Frieri by season's end. Frieri posted a 2.32 ERA, compared to Hawkins's 3.64. Hawkins appeared in 48 games, going 2–3. After the season, he became a free agent.

New York Mets (2013)
Unable to get a major league contract in 2013, Hawkins signed a minor league deal with an invitation to spring training with the Mets on January 31. He considered retiring rather than accepting the minor league contract, but his agent told him to reconsider for 24 hours, and Hawkins decided ""Next time I leave this game, I'm gonna leave on my own terms." At the end of spring training, he earned a spot on the Mets roster. In August, he became the team's closer after Bobby Parnell was shut down for the season with a herniated disc in his back. After blowing a save against the Padres on August 14, he converted 10 straight save opportunities to end the year. Hawkins appeared in 72 games, amassing a 3–2 record and 13 saves (his most since the 2004 season with the Cubs) while posting a 2.93 ERA. After the season, he became a free agent.

Second stint with the Colorado Rockies (2014–2015)
In November 2013, Hawkins signed a one-year, $2.5 million contract to return to the Colorado Rockies. By 2014, the 41-year-old Hawkins was the oldest active player in the NL and the oldest active MLB pitcher.

Hawkins served as the Rockies' closer for the 2014 season. He converted his first 10 save opportunities of the year before blowing one on May 18 against the Padres. The streak of 20 (dating back to 2013) was his longest since he converted 23 straight saves from 2000 to 2001. He finished the year with a 3.31 ERA. On September 27, Hawkins made his 1,000th career appearance in a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers and promptly got Darwin Barney to fly out to right field. Though he converted only 23 saves, he only blew three opportunities and served as Colorado's closer for the entire season. Adam Ottavino was the only other Rockie to record a save in 2014; Colorado's 24 saves were the lowest total among the 15 NL teams.

On December 12, 2014, during an interview on MLB Network, Hawkins announced that 2015 would be his last MLB season. He opened 2015 as the closer but was removed from the role on April 13 after blowing saves in two of his first three appearances. From April 22 through June 15, he was on the disabled list with right biceps tendinitis. After posting a 2–1 record, two saves, and a 3.63 ERA in 24 games, he and teammate Troy Tulowitzki were traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for José Reyes, Jeff Hoffman, Miguel Castro, and Jesús Tinoco on July 28.

Toronto Blue Jays (2015)
On August 5, Hawkins became the 13th player in MLB history to record a save against all 30 teams, closing out a 9–7 win over the Minnesota Twins, the team he started his professional career with. He also surpassed Darren Oliver as the oldest Blue Jay to record a save. He finished the game against the Orioles on September 30 that clinched the AL East division championship, pitching an inning and striking out Ryan Flaherty to end the game and give Toronto its first AL East championship since 1993. Hawkins made 18 regular season appearances for the Blue Jays, pitching to a 1–0 record with a 2.76 ERA and 14 strikeouts in 16$1/3$ innings.

In Game 2 of the ALDS, Hawkins entered the game at the beginning of the 14th inning, retiring the first two hitters for the Texas Rangers before allowing three straight singles. Two runners scored, and Hawkins took the loss in the 6–4 defeat. It was his only appearance of the series, but Toronto rallied from a 2–0 deficit to win the series in five games. He made two appearances in the ALCS but allowed five runs in one inning pitched as the Blue Jays were eliminated in five games by the Royals.

Through the 2020 season, his 1,042 games pitched were the 10th highest in all-time MLB history. Bob Nightengale of USA Today voted for Hawkins in the 2021 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting. In an article addressing critics of the vote, Nightengale explained that he was so distraught when Hal McRae, a player he greatly admired, failed to get any votes, that he vowed to cast his ballot for anyone else he greatly admired again, even if their statistics did not seem Hall-of-Fame worthy. "Really, Hawkins epitomizes the character clause for the Baseball Writers' Association of America," Nightengale pointed out. The clause reads, “Voting shall be based upon the player’s record, playing ability, integrity, sportsmanship, character and contribution to the team(s) on which the player played.” Though Nightengale was unaware of it at the time, Hawkins garnered a second Hall of Fame vote from someone else, but this was not enough for him to be eligible for future ballots.

Pitching style
In a 1995 scouting report for the Chicago White Sox, Ed Pebley wrote that Hawkins had just an average fastball which travelled only 88 mph–91 mph. He also threw a curveball, a slider, and a changeup, all of which travelled in the 70 mph range. However, his fastball velocity improved, averaging around 95 mph later in the decade. Eventual Hall of Famer Ken Griffey Jr. was so impressed with the pitch, he asked to see Hawkins once when the Seattle Mariners were playing the Twins at the Metrodome. Griffey asked Hawkins why, with a fastball as good as the one he had, he would ever bother throwing a slow changeup. "I learned a lot by him telling me that,” Hawkins said. “I used it to my advantage after that, that’s for sure.” Later in his career, he relied more on the slider and a split-finger fastball.

Personal life
Hawkins and his wife, Anita, have two children, a son named Dakari and a daughter named Troi. They live in Prosper, Texas, a suburb of Dallas. Hawkins' half-brother, Ronald Sewood, was sentenced to prison in 1996 at the Federal Correctional Institution, Milan. Hawkins visited Sewood whenever he played against the nearby Detroit Tigers. As of 2013, Hawkins estimated he spent $10,000 on books and magazine subscriptions for Sewood. Hawkins is the godfather of his Minnesota Twins teammate Pat Mahomes' son, Patrick II who is a quarterback for the Kansas City Chiefs. Hawkins is also good friends with Torii Hunter, his teammate for several years with the Twins. Another godson of Hawkins's, Elijah Johnson, played college basketball for the University of Kansas Jayhawks.

After the 2016 season, Hawkins was hired as a special assistant to the Minnesota Twins organization. The team announced that he would, among other things, be "contributing to the development of our organizational pitching philosophies used in the selection and development of all players. Additionally, he will contribute to the amateur scouting process and trade deadline preparation meetings."

On a number of occasions, Hawkins has contributed to charitable efforts. After Hurricane Katrina, Hawkins went to Mississippi and Alabama, working in trailer park hospitals and helping with house rebuilding efforts as part of the Major League Baseball Players Association's relief efforts. He also offered financial help to a young mother with two children whose home had been ruined by the hurricane. Hawkins has given nearly $30,000 to Gary Youth Baseball, which runs the city's Little League teams. In January 2021, Hawkins and his wife paid for a woman who caught a home invasion on TikTok to move into an apartment with better security.

title: LaTroy Hawkins


text:
Bergdorf Goodman

Bergdorf Goodman Inc. is an American luxury department store based in New York City, founded in 1899 by Herman Bergdorf. , it operates men’s and women’s stores across the street from each other on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. It has been owned by the Neiman Marcus Group since 1987, and is a sister brand to the Dallas-based Neiman Marcus department store chain through this ownership.

Founding and early history (1899–1951)
The company traces its origins to 1899 when Herman Bergdorf, an immigrant from Alsace, opened a tailor shop just above Union Square in downtown Manhattan.

Edwin Goodman, a 23-year-old American Jewish merchant, based in Lockport, New York, moved to New York City to work as an apprentice for Bergdorf. Within two years, Goodman had raised enough money to purchase an interest in the business, which was renamed Bergdorf Goodman in 1901. In 1906, Bergdorf Goodman moved to a new location on 32nd Street, just west of Fifth Avenue and "Ladies' Mile". While Bergdorf preferred the less expensive side street location, Goodman prevailed with the new location and bought Bergdorf's interest in the company. Bergdorf would retire to Paris.

Although Goodman had developed a good business as a ladies' tailor on 32nd Street, he decided to move uptown in 1914. He constructed a five-story building at 616 Fifth Avenue, on the site of what is today Rockefeller Center. In 1914, he became the first couturier to introduce ready-to-wear, making Bergdorf Goodman a destination for American and French fashion.

The store moved to its present location at Fifth Avenue and 58th Street in 1928, building its Beaux-Arts style Bergdorf Goodman Building on the site of the Cornelius Vanderbilt II House. Goodman was unsure of the success of the new store's location, as he was uncertain whether customers would follow the store uptown and so designed the new store so that it could be subdivided into sections with storefronts that could be let if needed. Early tenants included Van Cleef & Arpels, the Grande Maison de Blanc and Dobbs the Hatter. During the Great Depression, however, Goodman thrived, buying the entire building. Throughout the 1930s, he purchased the mortgages of the surrounding businesses, eventually acquiring the entire block. During this period, Bergdorf Goodman was successful enough to have merited an expansion beyond the single store. However, Goodman preferred to operate in a single location where he would be able to personally maintain the quality of the merchandise and service.

The second generation (1951–1972)
Goodman's son, Andrew, assumed the role of president in 1951 and succeeded as head of the company in 1953, following the death of his father. Andrew was responsible for enhancing Bergdorf's reputation and expanding its range of merchandise and services.

During Andrew's tenure as chairman, Bergdorf opened a fur salon (headed by Emeric Partos from 1955 to 1975), developed the successful Bergdorf Goodman Number Nine perfume ("Love Potion Number Nine"), and created Miss Bergdorf, a ready-to-wear line for younger customers.

The Bergdorf Goodman Building began a $1 million expansion in 1959 ($ million today) into two adjacent buildings. The Boys and Girls gift shop expanded into a whole floor, and the beauty salon and bridal, fur and men's departments also expanded. Eight years later, a $2.5 million expansion in 1967 ($ million today) nearly doubled the store's area, to 120000 sqft.

New ownership (1972–1990)
In 1972, Andrew Goodman sold Bergdorf Goodman to Broadway-Hale Stores, which would become Carter Hawley Hale Stores (CHH) for $12.5 million ($ million today). CHH had acquired Neiman Marcus, a three-unit operation at the time, in 1969. By the time of the sale, Bergdorf Goodman was the only large high-quality specialty store in the U.S. that remained independently owned. However, its decision not to build suburban branches left it with a relatively modest profit margin. Goodman remained the landlord of the store and kept a penthouse apartment on the building's top floor.

At first, CHH considered building branch locations, ultimately only constructing one location, in nearby White Plains, New York, in 1972. This location eventually became a Neiman Marcus branch in 1981. To combat its image difficulties, the company hired Dawn Mello in 1975 as vice president of fashion. She was successful in reinvigorating the conservative store and became president in 1984. She left her post in 1989 to work for the floundering Italian fashion house Gucci, though she returned to her post as president in 1994.

Bergdorf Goodman's parent company became the object of takeover bids in the 1980s. As a way to maintain its independence, Carter Hawley completed a major financial restructuring. In 1987, Bergdorf Goodman was spun-off, together with Neiman Marcus and Contempo Casuals, to form Neiman Marcus Group. The new company was headquartered in Dallas, Texas, where the significantly larger Neiman Marcus had been based for 80 years.

Reaching the centennial (1990–present)
Chairman and CEO Ira Neimark expanded the women's store three times in the 1990s. He moved the men's store across the street to the former FAO Schwarz space at 745 Fifth Avenue in 1990. This move allowed more space for women's fashions. In 1997, the former Goodman family apartment on the building's ninth floor became the John Barrett Salon and Susan Ciminelli Day Spa. In 1999, the Beauty Level opened directly below the main floor, offering a luxury spa and Goodman's Café, serving lunch and afternoon tea.

In 2002, the Bergdorf Goodman Building underwent a major restoration, including a restoration of the main floor of the women's store. In 2003, the store introduced new boutiques for Chanel, Giorgio Armani, Gucci, Versace, and Yves Saint Laurent. The Bergdorf Goodman Men's store features exclusive brands such as Loro Piana, Kiton, Brunello Cucinelli, John Lobb, Thom Browne, Bontoni, Tom Ford, and Charvet.

On May 2, 2005, two private equity firms, Texas Pacific Group and Warburg Pincus, acquired the Neiman Marcus Group and its Bergdorf subsidiary, in a leveraged buyout (LBO).

In media and popular culture
The store has been the subject of two documentary films: the 2001 film Dita and the Family Business, exploring the store from the point of view of its owners, and the 2013 feature documentary Scatter My Ashes at Bergdorf's, which features many testimonials from designers and celebrities. In 1953's movie How to Marry a Millionaire, Lauren Bacall, Betty Grable, and Marilyn Monroe consider “the mink department at Bergdorf’s” the ideal location to meet men. Cary Grant sends Doris Day on a shopping spree at the store in the 1962 movie That Touch of Mink. The store has also made several appearances in the cartoon Neo Yokio. The protagonist, Kaz Kaan, and his rival, Arcangelo, both buy their suits from Bergdorf's. Most recently, Bergdorf Goodman was featured in a scene of the film Ocean's 8 in which Sandra Bullock's character steals cosmetics from the store.

The store was prominently featured in the film Arthur in 1981. The store was featured in the Miss Piggy/ Joan Rivers scene of The Muppets Take Manhattan. It was also featured in Sex and the City as a favorite shopping location of central character Carrie Bradshaw. It was particularly featured in the Sex and the City 2 movie. In the television show Parks and Recreation, the character April Ludgate pretends on multiple occasions to be an exaggerated socialite named "Janet Snakehole", whose husband keeps her in "the finest Bergdorf Goodman" clothing. The first time April plays this character within a character, she is mock arrested by another character-in-character, Andy Dwyer pretending to be FBI agent Burt Macklin. Macklin attempts to arrest Snakehole, causing Snakehole to shriek that she never stole the (assumedly Bergdorf Goodman) jewels, her sister did, "but now she's been eaten by wolves!"

In 2019, news journalist E. Jean Carroll alleged that Donald Trump had sexually assaulted her in a Bergdorf Goodman dressing room in the 1990s. Trump was found liable of sexually assaulting her by a jury in 2023, but not liable of raping her. In March 2024, Trump referred to Carroll as "Miss Bergdorf Goodman" in an interview on the CNBC show "Squawk Box", which led to Carroll's attorney threatening a third defamation lawsuit against Trump.

title: Bergdorf Goodman


text: Category:Pyongyang

title: Category:Pyongyang


text:
Talk:County highway

Untitled
The caption for the picture doesn't appear to correspond with the event it's describing, since the picture shows county shields as opposed to "County-" or "C-"affixed state shields...? I have a C-shield photo around if necessary but I imagine SPUI probably has plenty. And this isn't Florida county roads anyway. Hmmm. TrbleClef 21:04, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There were likely SR C-581 shields at that spot, and the county lazily kept the C when replacing the signs. --SPUI (talk) 21:32, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Right, I figured... it just reads a little weird. TrbleClef 22:27, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Missouri
I removed mention of "Missouri's county highways". Missouri lettered highways are Missouri Supplemental Routes and are designated and maintained by the state. I have heard there are some county highways in southeastern Missouri, but I've never seen any on a map and suspect they're in Arkansas. If there are, they are numbered, not lettered. The state has talked of turning many of these roads over to the county, but it's not without some controversy and isn't likely to happen anytime soon. Rt66lt 22:57, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Name
I think this should be moved to either "County route" or "County road", because a lot of them are not highways. -Branddobbe 01:39, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * How are they not highways? --NE2 10:25, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

Winnipeg
Why does it matter that Winnipeg has numbered roads? Lots of cities have numbered streets, some have roads, like range roads that still exist in the city. Are these roads of Winnipeg actually equivalent to a County Road? 65.93.13.210 (talk) 11:02, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
 * They appear to be, as the numbering is somewhat arbitrary and not a grid pattern of city streets with ascending numbers. -  Floydian  τ ¢  22:50, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Douglas County, Kansas Highways
I have recently created a page regarding County Highways in Douglas County, Kansas, with tables listing the county highways. I need help creating images of the shields for some of these roads. --JoBrLa (talk) 15:52, 28 August 2012 (UTC)

Interesting (self-published) information about the origin of the marker
http://rrhproduce.blogspot.com/2009/08/william-d-mcintosh-highway.html --NE2 10:24, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

Ohio
I assume your restoration of 184.59.104.40's unsourced paragraph about Ohio county routes was an accident, since the same edit of yours removed citations that contradicted it. In any case, you convinced me to bite the bullet and start an article about County roads in Ohio. I'm not incredibly familiar with the standards of such articles around here, so I'd appreciate your feedback. Meanwhile, this article is now overly weighted towards the county roads of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and New Jersey. – Minh Nguyễn 💬 03:13, 5 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I restored the status quo ante, nothing more, nothing less. Any insinuations in edit summaries or here are misplaced. Have a nice day.  Imzadi 1979  →   03:17, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

Other states
I know for a fact that county highways are signed in Alabama and North Dakota. Those two states, and any others that have county highways should be added to this page. Also, list pages for those states should be started. Charlotte Allison (Morriswa) (talk) 23:25, 24 July 2016 (UTC)
 * I think we need to be careful to add content that adds illustrative examples and not exhaustive lists. Sure, add more states where doing so can diversify the examples given, but I think it would be a bad thing to try to shoehorn 40-plus states in just to list everything when the purpose of this article is to explain the concept of a roadway numbered and maintained at the county level, or equivalent.  Imzadi 1979  →   01:06, 25 July 2016 (UTC)

Ontario
￼there is a sentence that talks about Ontario provincial highways being downloaded to counties jurisdiction in 1998,and how many of those were then also folded into the county highway system simultaneously. If anybody has some knowledge on the difference between those two actions or can help disambiguate between those two actions, please add more information. Ontabridmjs (talk) 11:48, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @Ontabridmjs: I reverted your changes to the article as they did not improve the article. In fact, I think they confused the situation and the previous wording was better and more succinct.  Imzadi 1979  →   23:22, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:County highway


text: User talk:24.44.26.161

title: User talk:24.44.26.161


text:
Matthew 3:10

Matthew 3:10 is the tenth verse of the third chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. The verse occurs in where John the Baptist is berating the Pharisees and Sadducees. He has previously called them a brood of vipers and warned them of the wrath to come and has urged them to repent. This verse returns to the fruit metaphor of Matthew 3:8 adding a promise of eventual punishment.

Content
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
 * And now also the axe is laid
 * unto the root of the trees:
 * therefore every tree which
 * bringeth not forth good fruit is
 * hewn down, and cast into the fire.

The World English Bible translates the passage as:
 * "Even now the axe lies at the
 * root of the trees. Therefore,
 * every tree that doesn't bring
 * forth good fruit is cut down,
 * and cast into the fire.

The 1881 Westcott-Hort Greek text is:
 * ἤδη δὲ ἡ ἀξίνη πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων κεῖται
 * πᾶν οῡ̓ν δένδρον μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν ἐκκόπτεται
 * καὶ εἰς πῦρ βάλλεται

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 3:10.

Analysis
In Matthew 3:8 John tells the Pharisees and Sadducees that they must manifest the fruit of repentance if they are to avoid the wrath of God. This verse threatens that every tree that does not bear fruit will be destroyed, i.e. that people who do not repent will face divine punishment. As in Matthew 3:2 this punishment is said to be in the very near future.

The imagery is of God as a lumberjack cutting down trees and then burning them. Specifically it refers to an axe being placed at the base of a tree just above the roots, which would be the final action before beginning to chop down the tree.

Similar imagery is used in and in, which France, R.T. feels may be the inspiration for this verse. He also notes that in Aramaic the word for root is ikkar while the word for cut down is kar thus this verse may be another example of wordplay.

This verse is almost identical to, but is not found anywhere in Mark. Thus supporters of the two-source hypothesis feel that it was likely part of Q, as with the preceding verses.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Pseudo-Chrysostom: The axe is that most sharp fury of the consummation of all things, that is to hew down the whole world. But if it be already laid, how hath it not yet cut down? Because these trees have reason and free power to do good, or leave undone; so that when they see the axe laid to their root, they may fear and bring forth fruit. This denunciation of wrath then, which is meant by the laying of the axe to the root, though it have no effect on the bad, yet will sever the good from the bad.

Jerome: Or, the preaching of the Gospel is meant, as the Prophet Jeremiah also compares the Word of the Lord to an axe cleaving the rock. (Jer. 23:29.)

Gregory the Great: Or, the axe signifies the Redeemer, who as an axe of haft and blade, so consisting of the Divine and human nature, is held by His human, but cuts by His Divine nature. And though this axe be laid at the root of the tree waiting in patience, it is yet seen what it will do; for each obstinate sinner who here neglects the fruit of good works, finds the fire of hell ready for him. Observe, the axe is laid to the root, not to the branches; for that when the children of wickedness are removed, the branches only of the unfruitful tree are cut away. But when the whole offspring with their parent is carried off, the unfruitful tree is cut down by the root, that there remain not whence the evil shoots should spring up again.

Chrysostom: By saying Every, he cuts off all privilege of nobility: as much as to say, Though thou be the son of Abraham, if thou abide fruitless thou shalt suffer the punishment.

Rabanus Maurus: There are four sorts of trees; the first totally withered, to which the Pagans may be likened; the second, green but unfruitful, as the hypocrites; the third, green and fruitful, but poisonous, such are heretics; the fourth, green and bringing forth good fruit, to which are like the good Catholics.

Gregory the Great: Therefore every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit shall be cut down, and cast into the fire, because he who here neglects to bring forth the fruit of good works finds a fire in hell prepared for him.

Textual witnesses
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this verse are:
 * Papyrus 101 (3rd century)
 * Codex Vaticanus (~325–350)
 * Codex Sinaiticus (~330–360)
 * Codex Washingtonianus (~400)
 * Codex Bezae (~400)
 * Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450)

title: Matthew 3:10


text: Category:Towers in North Korea

title: Category:Towers in North Korea


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Team Quiz

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 02:05, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

Team Quiz
Not notable. Fredrik | talk 21:06, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * (restored Fredrik's comments after Team Quiz's author altered them -Xcali 21:16, 28 May 2005 (UTC))

 * Speedy nn. Just like bandcruft.  Xcali 21:16, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable, games cruft. Megan1967 04:39, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: User talk:83.108.178.223

title: User talk:83.108.178.223


text:
Will Sommers

William Sommers (or Somers or Somer; died 15 June 1560) was the best-known court jester (believed to be a ‘natural fool’) of Henry VIII of England.

Early life
He was said to have been born in Shropshire, and came to the attention of Richard Fermor, a merchant of the Staple at Calais, who brought him to Greenwich in 1525 to present to the King. This comes from an 18th-century account; little is known for certain of his early life. He is first mentioned in the royal accounts on 28 June 1535.

Career
Sommers remained in service to the King for the rest of Henry's life. In the King's later years, when he was troubled by a painful leg condition, it was said that only Sommers could lift his spirits.

The jester or fool was also a man of integrity and discretion. Thomas Cromwell appreciated that Sommers sometimes drew the King's attention to extravagance and waste within the royal household by means of a joke.

Natural fools (sometimes referred to as jesters, but a jester is more properly an ‘artificial fool’) were often ‘kept’ at court and in aristocratic families. They were people believed to have intellectual disabilities. The term ‘natural fool’ is contemporaneous, and whilst it might seem offensive under a modern reading, reflects Tudor society having a place for people with intellectual disabilities. Fools such as Sommers were given the support they needed and status within society.

Such individuals were permitted familiarities without regard for deference, and Sommers possessed a shrewd wit, which he exercised even on Cardinal Wolsey. He did occasionally overstep the boundaries, however. In 1535, the King threatened to kill Sommers with his own hand, after Sir Nicholas Carew dared him to call Queen Anne "a ribald" and the Princess Elizabeth "a bastard".

Robert Armin (writer of Foole upon Foole, 1600) tells how Sommers humiliated Thomas, the King's juggler. He interrupted one of Thomas's performances carrying milk and a bread roll. Will asked the King for a spoon; the King replied he had none. Thomas told him to use his hands. Will then sang: This bit Harry I give to thee and this next bit must serve for me, Both which I'll eat apace. This bit Madam unto you, And this bit I my self eate now, And the rest upon thy face.

He then threw the milk in his face and ran out. Thomas was never at court again.

Sommers used his influence to compensate an uncle who had been ruined by an enclosure of common land, although it took a very subtle appeal by Sommers to Henry.

In Thomas Wilson's Arte of Rhetorique (1553–60), Will is quoted telling the financially hard-up King, "You have so many Frauditors [Auditors], so many Conveighers [Surveyors], and so many Deceivers [Receivers] that they get all to themselves."

Depictions
Sommers is believed to be portrayed in a painting of Henry VIII and family at the Palace of Whitehall. It was completed around 1544–45 by an unknown artist. Sommers also appears with Henry VIII in the Psalter of Henry VIII that was made for the King and is now in the British Library (MS Royal 2. A. XVI). A previously unknown picture in which Sommers appears was discovered in 2008 at Boughton House, Northamptonshire.

Today, entertainers sometimes perform as 'Will' in Renaissance-themed entertainments such as Renaissance faires.

Costume
A number of records detailing clothes given to Will Sommers during the reigns of Henry VIII and Mary I survive. The earliest record dates from 28 June 1535, when he was given two worsted linen doublets, a green coat and cap fringed with red crewel wool, another green coat and hood fringed with white, and a demi-coat of green with a hood. His hose were blue trimmed with red and black. The image of Will Somers in Henry VIII's Psalter, British Library, Royal MS 2A XVI, shows him wearing a short green coat with a hood.

At the time of the coronation of Mary I in 1553, Will Sommers and Jane Foole were given clothes. In April 1555, Will Sommers received a gown furred with lamb skins, and with grey jennet's tails, with a cope or hood, and a gown of and a jerkin green figured velvet furred with white hare skins. Jane Foole received a similar gown. In October 1555, Will Sommers received two green coats, one guarded with the velvet, the other plain-lined with cotton.

After Henry
After Henry's death, Sommers remained at court, eventually retiring during the reign of Elizabeth I.

At Christmas 1551, Edward VI planned a staged combat to "be foughte with Wylliam Somer". Under Mary I, Will's role was mainly ceremonial, and as a sidekick to Mary's personal fool, Jane Foole. Will was reputed to be the only man who made Mary laugh, apart from John Heywood. Will's last public event was the coronation of Elizabeth I.

Death
He was probably the William Sommers whose death is recorded in the parish of St. Leonards, Shoreditch, on 15 June 1560. A modern plaque in the church commemorates his burial there.

In culture
William Sommers made a number of appearances in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century drama and literature: for example, Thomas Nashe's Pleesant Comedie called Summers last Will and Testament (play first performed in 1592, published in 1600), Samuel Rowlands's Good Newes and Bad Newes (1622), and a popular account, A Pleasant Historie of the Life and Death of William Sommers (reprinted 1794). See also John Doran's History of Court Fools (1858).

Howard Goorney played Will Sommers in two episodes of the 1970 BBC mini-series The Six Wives of Henry VIII.

In Margaret George's 1986 fictional The Autobiography of Henry VIII, Will Somers protects the manuscript from Queen Mary, who would destroy it. "Somers" adds observations in his own hand that throw light on the old King's hypocrisies and failings.

On 14 August 1995, comedian Roy Hudd played Will Sommers in "Fourth Wedding and Some Funerals", the second episode of the BBC Radio 2 series Crowned Hudds; the episode and series have since been re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra.

Will Sommers has a major part in the plot of The Queen's Fool, a 2004 historical fiction novel by Philippa Gregory. That book's protagonist is Hannah Green, a fictional jester at the court of Mary I of England. Sommers is shown as Hannah's very sympathetic mentor, training her in the art of being a jester and unstintingly sharing his professional secrets with her.

David Bradley played Will Sommers in the fifth episode of the third season of the Showtime series The Tudors (2009). The real Sommers was younger than Henry VIII but in this series he is portrayed as an elderly and sardonic attendant who provides the grieving king with consolation following the death of Jane Seymour.

In April 2016, Ottawa actor and playwright Pierre Brault premiered his solo show entitled Will Somers: Keeping Your Head, speculating on Sommer's life and the role of comedy has in speaking to power.

Will Somers is the main character and narrator of the historical novels King's Fool (1959, ISBN 978-1402219023) by Margaret Campbell Barnes, The Last of Days (2013, ISBN 978-0755397877) by Paul C. Doherty and Fall of the House of Queens: Book One of The Shattered Rose Series (2017, ISBN 978-1514807293) by Shelly Talcott (in this fictional autobiographical account, while he is depicted as a hunchback [which historically he was not], he becomes a trusted confidant of not only Henry himself but also many of the important personages at court and all but one of Henry VIII's wives).

title: Will Sommers


text:
Cowansville

Cowansville is a town in south-central Quebec, Canada, located on Lac Davignon 20 km north of the U.S. border. It is the seat of Brome-Missisquoi, a regional county municipality. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 15,234.

In recent years, Cowansville has seen its commercial activity blossom mainly due to its proximity to a major freeway, Autoroute 10, and the Eastern Townships ski resort region.

History
Jacob Ruiter was the first person to settle on the current site of Cowansville. In 1800 he built a flour mill, and then a saw mill. In 1805, Ruiter named the small town as Nelsonville, in honour of British admiral, Lord Horatio Nelson, who was killed in the naval Battle of Trafalgar.

The city's current name is due to Peter Cowan, a merchant from Montreal who settled in the area in 1836 and become postmaster in 1841. In order to avoid the mail being sent inadvertently to another city named Nelsonville, close to Hamilton in Upper Canada, he decided to change its name. During the 1870s, the construction of the South Eastern Railway linking Montreal to Cowansville and the opening of the first bank, the Eastern Townships Bank, contributed to the expansion of the small city, which allows many businesses settle in the area. The municipality detached from the district of Dunham, and incorporated on the January 1, 1876 and officially was named Cowansville. In February of the same year James O'Halloran was acclaimed as Mayor by the town council. Cowansville saw a strong industrial growth during the 20th century, and became a city on June 25, 1931, and has grown since World War II by various annexations, such as Sweetsburg in 1964.

The municipality has a current population of over 12,000. The main economy is based on the industrial sector, in particular textiles. There is also a hospital, Brome-Missisquoi-Perkins, a municipal court, a federal penitentiary, and a Nature Centre close to Davignon Lake.

Cowansville is the seat of the judicial district of Bedford. It is also the birthplace of the artist and botanist Faith Fyles.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cowansville had a population of $15,234$ living in $6,980$ of its $7,247$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $13,656$. With a land area of 46.87 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Notable people

 * George Harold Baker (1877–1916), was a lawyer, political figure, soldier and Member in the Canadian House of Commons, as a Conservative Member of Parliament

title: Cowansville


text:
Carica

Carica is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caricaceae including the papaya (C. papaya syn. C. peltata, C. posoposa), a widely cultivated fruit tree native to the American tropics.

The genus was formerly treated as including about 20-25 species of short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5–10 m tall, native to tropical Central and South America, but recent genetic evidence has resulted in all of these species other than C. papaya being reclassified into three other genera.

Taxonomy
The genus name comes from the botanical name of the fig, Ficus carica, because of the species' leaves or fruits resemble that of it. The carica epithet comes from Caria in southwest Anatolia (Asia Minor), Turkey, where the fig was mistakenly thought to have come from.

Species
According to World Flora Online, the genus Carica lists 21 species. Most of the other species have since been transferred to the genus Vasconcellea, with a few to the genera Jacaratia and Jarilla. According to the Catalogue of Life, the four remaining species in the genus are:

 * Carica aprica V. M. Badillo
 * Carica augusti Harms
 * Carica papaya L. (Papaya)

The species that have since been transferred to their new genera are as follows:
 * Carica baccata = Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. baccata
 * Carica candamarcensis = Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis (Mountain papaya)
 * Carica candicans = Vasconcellea candicans (Mito)
 * Carica caudata = Jarilla heterophylla
 * Carica cauliflora = Vasconcellea cauliflora
 * Carica cestriflora = Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis
 * Carica chilensis = Vasconcellea chilensis
 * Carica cnidoscoloides = Horovitzia cnidoscoloides Lorence & R. Torres
 * Carica crassipetala = Vasconcellea crassipetala
 * Carica cundinamarcensis = Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis
 * Carica dodecaphylla = Jacaratia spinosa
 * Carica glandulosa = Vasconcellea glandulosa
 * Carica goudotiana = Vasconcellea goudotiana
 * Carica heterophylla = Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. heterophylla
 * Carica horovitziana = Vasconcellea horovitziana
 * Carica longiflora = Vasconcellea longiflora
 * Carica mexicana = Jacaratia mexicana
 * Carica microcarpa = Vasconcellea microcarpa
 * Carica monoica = Vasconcellea monoica
 * Carica nana = Jarilla nana
 * Carica omnilingua = Vasconcellea omnilingua
 * Carica palandensis = Vasconcellea palandensis
 * Carica parviflora = Vasconcellea parviflora
 * Carica pentagona = Vasconcellea × heilbornii (Babaco)
 * Carica pubescens = Vasconcellea pubescens (Mountain papaya or Chilean Carica)
 * Carica pulchra = Vasconcellea pulchra
 * Carica quercifolia = Vasconcellea quercifolia
 * Carica sphaerocarpa = Vasconcellea sphaerocarpa
 * Carica spinosa = Jacaratia spinosa
 * Carica sprucei = Vasconcellea sprucei
 * Carica stipulata = Vasconcellea stipulata
 * Carica weberbaueri = Vasconcellea weberbaueri

title: Carica


text: User talk:172.147.138.253

title: User talk:172.147.138.253


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Poetry X

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Rossami (talk) 23:07, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

`===Poetry X=== Non-notable website. Denni ☯ 21:10, 2005 May 28 (UTC)
 * Delete - agree with Denni, plus the anon user has been spamming the link to dozens of articles (now reverted). -- Solipsist 21:44, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Xcali 01:03, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Taiwan


text:
Category:Skyscrapers in Taiwan

Articles directly included in this category do not indicate the purpose/use of the skyscraper.

title: Category:Skyscrapers in Taiwan


text:
User:Austronaut

de:User:Austronaut

title: User:Austronaut


text:
Mountain papaya

The mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) also known as mountain pawpaw, papayuelo, chamburo, or simply "papaya" is a species of the genus Vasconcellea, native to the Andes of northwestern South America from Colombia south to central Chile, typically growing at altitudes of 1500 - 3000 m.

It has also been known as Carica pubescens.

Description
Vasconcellea pubescens is an evergreen pachycaul shrub or small tree with an average height of ca. 5 m and can grow up to 10 m tall. It has one central stem and palmate leaves of 5-7 lobes with thick pubescence on the underside of the leaf and petiole. The petioles are long and the top of the leaf has no pubescence. It has a fast growth rate which is one of the reasons it is considered invasive in some regions (see section Invasiveness) and it has an ecological preference for higher altitudes.

This plant is mostly dioecious but can be found to be monoecious or even andromonoecious. The existence of flowers of different sexes appears to depend on the season.

The fruits are arranged spirally along the trunk and a single tree can produce 50-60 fruits per year. The fruit is 6-15 cm long and 3-8 cm broad, with five broad longitudinal ribs from base to apex; it is green, maturing yellow to orange. The fruit pulp is edible, similar to papaya, and is usually cooked as a vegetable. It is also eaten raw.

Breeding and cultivars
Vasconcellea pubescens is interfertile with other highland papayas giving it a lot of breeding potential. It is one of the parents of the 'Babaco' papaya, a hybrid cultivar widely grown for fruit production in South America, and in subtropical portions of North America.

The Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) presents a significant problem for papaya production worldwide. By contrast, V. pubescens has been consistently reported to be resistant to PRSV-P. Attempts at introducing resistance into C. papaya via hybridization with V. pubescens have been made, which have so far led to the development of resistant and vigorous, but sterile F1 hybrids. Such hybrids also demonstrated resistance to black spot (Asperisporium caricae). Cold tolerance in V. pubescens has also been noticed as a trait of interest for introgression into C. papaya.

Cultivation
This plant grows in a temperature range of 10-28 C but an average temperature of 17 C is preferred. V. pubescens is sensitive to cold: the stem and leaves could be affected leading to complete plant death when temperatures fall below 2 C. However, it is more cold tolerant than the common papaya. The mountain papaya requires a well drained soil and well established plants can tolerate prolonged drought periods. However, younger/smaller plants are not tolerant to drought. The preferable soil pH range is 6.5-7, but can tolerate a pH range of 4.5-8.4.

Propagation
Growers usually produce their own planting material from their own orchards. The main reproductive mode is via seeds. They are sown in containers which receive only indirect light. Germination is best at a temperature around 24-30 C. In case of dioecious plants, both males and females are planted separately. Germination takes 2 – 6 weeks. When plants are about 2 weeks old, the plants are transferred to a sunny location. They are later planted out into permanent locations when the plants are deemed large enough.

Harvest and processing
The mountain papaya fruit is harvested when it is anywhere from 5-20 cm long, 5-6 cm in diameter, and an average weight of 200 g. During fruit softening the fruit undergoes textural changes due to cell wall modifications that occur through the synergistic action of a complex group of proteins. Since the mountain papaya is a climacteric fruit, ethylene drives fruit ripening, which is initiated by degreening of the peel, followed by changes in pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and pulp softening. Over storage time, the polyphenol concentration in the fruit decreases.

Pests and diseases
In general this species is resistant or tolerant to most pests and diseases which is why it is popular in breeding programs for crop improvement. The breeding potential and pest and diseases susceptibility varies between varieties. Some of the pests and diseases that can be observed include the Fall Armyworm and Papaya Ringspot Virus.

Culinary uses
The mountain papaya fruit is normally eaten cooked, although some people do eat it raw. Since it has a naturally sourish pulp, it is usually sweetened with sugar or used in preserves, jams, juices, and ice creams. It can also be added to soups and stews to add rich, fruity flavors. The aroma of the fruit is considered to be one of the most important attributes since it is very strong and fruity, due to the complex volatile compounds in the flesh. The papain enzyme present in the milky latex of immature fruits and leaves is often used in the culinary industry as a meat tenderizer since it is a digestive enzyme. Traditionally, the mountain papaya fruit is also prepared as an infused drink including passion fruit, apple, and other fruits and is often sold by street vendors.

Commercial uses
Mountain papaya fruit has a high potential for commercial use in warm temperate zones. The fruit is currently often gathered in the wild and sold in local markets. So far the species has been commercially cultivated in Chile, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, East Africa, and the southeastern United States and islands. In commercial production the plants are reproduced via seed, which only take one year to reach reproductive age and can be kept for up to 5 years with profitable yields. Although production progressively decreases after 5 years, some plants have been kept commercially for up to 20 years in some Chilean orchards.

Medicinal uses
High concentrations of the milky latex containing papain (a digestive enzyme) has been reported to help some people with indigestion (dyspeptics); it contains a cysteine endopeptidase mixture especially present in immature fruits that is used commercially by the pharmaceutical and food industries. The latex proteinases from the milky sap have been effectively tested on rodents to treat gastric ulcers. They have also been reported to treat diabetic foot treatments and gastric ulcers in several wounded models as well as reducing melanoma and metastasis levels in animal tumors. Traditionally in the central highlands of Colombia an infusion is made to combat cold and flu diseases.

Research has found promise in the use of proteolytic fractions from the unripe fruit in the treatment of wounds and ulcers.

Nutrition
The fruit is rich in many important nutritional compounds, such as vitamins A, B, and C, antioxidants, flavonols, carotenoids, and papain. The high contents of antioxidant polyphenols such as the flavonols, flavonoids, and carotenoids are present in the fruits and leaves, although only the fruits are commonly consumed. There are particularly high concentrations of quercetin glycosides, rutin, and manghaslin, which are not produced by the common papaya. The proteolytic enzyme papain is produced in 5-8 times the quantity than the common papaya, and serves as a valuable digestive enzyme in human consumption.

History
The origins of the mountain papaya are not well known, but it probably originated in the Northern highlands of the Andes and may have been introduced in the North of Chile by migrations of pre-Columbian peoples.

In Chilean mythology mountain papayas are said to have originated in the 16th century when a Spaniard, Juan Cisternas, fell prisoner to indigenous peoples in Norte Chico. He fell in love with the daughter of cacique Chalalupanqui but was nevertheless executed. The daughter then cried, and from one tear the first papaya formed, hence their golden tearlike shape.

The cultivated surface of mountain papaya almost disappeared after the earthquake and tsunami of 2010 in the Maule Region of Chile, mainly because natural growing areas of the species were salinized and damaged by seawater.

Invasiveness
Internationally, the small shrub, Vasconcellea pubescens is the only relative of papaya that has been recorded as a weed. Mountain papaya has naturalized in New Zealand where it occurs in scattered open and shrubland communities on the north island. It is considered to be ‘moderately invasive’ in some tropical areas.

title: Mountain papaya


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Alfred Finnigan

Alfred Benjamin Finnigan (18 September 1896 – 11 May 2005) was a United Kingdom soldier who fought in World War I and gained fame because of his longevity. At the time of his death at age 108, he had been one of only 14 known British survivors of that war.

Early life
Finnigan's family emigrated to Australia when he was a boy, where he gained experience with horses that was to stand him in good stead when he joined the Army in 1914. He was posted to France in 1916 as the driver of a team of six horses pulling an 18-pounder gun with the 15th Brigade Royal Field Artillery.

National service
After witnessing the carnage of the Somme offensive of 1916, Finnigan's battery was one of those sent to assist the Italians after their reverses at Caporetto. By 1918, however, the battery had returned to Northern France to help stall the last great German offensive of the war. Finnigan also fought at the battle of Vimy Ridge, and was gassed in Passchendaele. In much later life, Alfred did not speak much of the war, but his great-nephew Mark recalls that one of the things that upset Alfred greatly was the death and suffering to the horses, as he was a great animal lover.

Finnigan returned to Australia after the war, but opted to settle in England, working his passage back home as a seaman in 1927; the ship was called the Sir William Mitchel and was the last sailing to sail from Australia to England. Alfred was one of the only crew who were working their passage who could read and therefore wrote the ship's log, this log can be found in the Greenwich Maritime Museum in London.

In his personal life, Finnigan did not drink alcohol because his mother was treated so badly by his father, who was a drunk. Finnigan was also an atheist, mainly because his mother was a strict Catholic who had a very hard life and died a terrible death with cancer. Finnigan said if there was a God he would never have let a strict Catholic and kind lady like his mother be treated like this and die in such a way.

Recognition
Along with other surviving World War I servicemen, he was awarded the French Légion d’Honneur in 1998.

title: Alfred Finnigan


text:
USS Meade

USS Meade may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:

 * USS Meade (DD-274), a Clemson-class destroyer commissioned in 1919; transferred to the Royal Navy as HMS Ramsey (G60), 1940
 * USS Meade (DD-602), a Benson-class destroyer commissioned in 1942 and decommissioned in 1946.

title: USS Meade


text: Category:Formula One people

title: Category:Formula One people


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Talk:Russell–Einstein Manifesto

Formulation of the manifesto
It would be good to detail how the manifesto was formulated. I drafted this, but until the rest is there, this shouldn't be either.

Einstein's last letter
When flying from Rome to Paris on April 18, Russell learned of Einstein's death and recounted in his autobiography that he was "shattered" by the news. Upon arrival at his Paris hotel he received a letter from Einstein, dated April 11, 1955. It was Einstein's last public act, in which he endorsed the manifesto.

 * Dear Bertrand Russell,

 * Thank you for your letter of April 5. I am gladly willing to sign your excellent statement. I also agree with your choice of the prospective signers.

 * With kind regards, A. Einstein

With Einstein's passing the text of the manifesto was fixed, lest Einstein be lost from the signatories.

Daniel Collins 21:14, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Problem with dates
"The Russell-Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on July 9, 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. It was signed by 11 preeminent intellectuals and scientists, most notably Albert Einstein, days before his death on April 18, 1955."

How could Einstein have signed this manifesto in July 1955 if he had died two and a half months earlier?
 * I believe the article is saying that Einstein signed it in April. The manifesto, with all signatures, was issued in July. Outriggr 05:27, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

the synopsis section
Should there not be a link to the full text of the manifesto - maybe the Pugwash site itself? [http://www.pugwash.org/about/manifesto.htm]

It might be worth noting that the possibility of mutually assured destruction (MAD) was foreseen in the manifesto. Although the term/acronym was not then used, its use became relatively common in later years. It is said to be largely through the continued efforts of scientists worldwide to explain this consequence to political leaders that subsequent use of nuclear weapons was averted. Davy p 02:51, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, the full text link is there in External links: https://pugwash.org/1955/07/09/statement-manifesto/  and yours is a dead link.  "It is said," has no attribution - maybe the brainy guys influenced the politicians, but who said that they did? - 173.24.116.102 (talk) 00:57, 2 June 2018 (UTC)

Science associations and Eugene Rabinowitch
The Federation of American Scientists in the USA and the Atomic Scientists Association in the UK both deserve a mention, as does Eugene Rabinowitch. Rotblat, in his account, says of him "it is largely due to his enthusiasm and devotion that many of the events recorded here have materialized." Davy p 16:59, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Signatories
I've added the word 'included:' in the sub-head. Jo Rotblat uses this when he lists signatories, so presumaby a fair few scientists and others had offered support. Those listed in the manifesto were either Nobel Prize winning physicists or otherwise well known.

I simply added mention of Rotblat's book, Science and World Affairs, from which I took an excerpt, to the references section. I suppose this should be a footnote but a) a single Notes heading for footnotes with just one reference would look cluttered; and b) I haven't yet figured out how to use footnotes. Davy p 17:13, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Russell–Einstein Manifesto


text: Category:Skyscrapers in Mexico

title: Category:Skyscrapers in Mexico


text:
James Hyde (actor)

James Robert Hyde (born October 9, 1962) is an American actor, dancer, and former fashion model known for his work on television soap opera Passions and Mexican drama Monarca. He was born and raised in Lancaster, Ohio.

Biography
Hyde had roles in the films The Blackout and Let's Talk About Sex. The Blackout has not yet been released in the US.

He won an open casting call competition for Sunset Beach in 1996 and appeared in the promos for the show. He was cast for the recurring role of "Neil" on the television series Another World in 1997. He also had a short stint as "Liam" on the television series As the World Turns in 1999.

Hyde was picked as a dancer for British new wave band Dead or Alive, which was fronted by singer Pete Burns. Hyde toured in Japan and the US with the band in 1987, 1989 and 1990. After leaving the army. He can be seen as one of the two dancers in the concert film Rip It Up Live, which was filmed at two of their Japanese concerts, and released on VHS in 1988. Additionally, Hyde appeared in Dead or Alive's music videos for Turn Around & Count 2 Ten, Come Home With Me Baby and Your Sweetness is Your Weakness.

He also appeared in a minor role on the short-lived TV series, Mortal Kombat Conquest as a friend of Taja's, in the episode titled "Undying Dream". For ten years, he played the role of "Sam," the town sheriff on the daytime serial Passions, first on NBC and, later, on DirecTV, until the show's cancellation. In 2002, while starring on Passions, Hyde appeared on the cover of Playgirl magazine, posing for a non-nude underwear pictorial to promote the show.

From 2019 to 021, Hyde played "Martin" on the Mexican drama Monarca, a role he won despite lacking fluency in Spanish. In 2022, he also appeared in the telenovela La Reina Del Sur. That same year, he returned to daytime television in the role of Jeremy Stark on The Young and the Restless.

He has also worked as a realtor for Pacific Union Los Angeles.

Hyde and his wife, Sue-Ling Garcia, were married in 1994 and they have a son, James Moses, born in 2004.

title: James Hyde (actor)


text:
Category:Skyscrapers in France

Articles directly included in this category do not indicate the purpose/use of the skyscraper.

title: Category:Skyscrapers in France