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Orjen

Orjen (Serbian Cyrillic: Орјен, ) is a transboundary Dinaric Mediterranean limestone mountain range, located between southernmost Bosnia and Herzegovina and southwestern Montenegro.

Its highest peak is Veliki kabao, which stands at 1895 m. The Orjen Peak is the highest peak in the Sub-Adriatic Dinarides. The massif of Orjen lies east to south-east of Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina and north-west of Risan in Bay of Kotor (Boka Kotorska). From the town of Risan, situated at the innermost protected part of the bay, a well-engineered road, at first metalled, with many hairpin bends climbs to about 1600 m, over to the interior. At the main summit of Orjen and the surrounding ridges and high plateaus the action of quaternary glaciation is evident. During the Ice Age, long valley glaciers receded from Orjen to the Bay of Kotor and surrounding poljes. Hollowing U-shaped valleys and cirques in their course. Glaciers also shaped jagged peaks and ridges. Glacial and karst type relief combine now in a unique coastal scenery. There are few places elsewhere in the Mediterranean which demonstrate similar phenomena.

The Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor is a UNESCO World Heritage site, comprising the territory between Orjen and Lovćen, including all the small towns in the bays of Risan and Kotor with their natural setting. With this privileged natural harbour the Bay of Kotor has been settled for millennia. Illyrians and Greeks colonised the coast from 400 BC and established today's ports Risan (Rhizon) and Kotor (Cattaro). Due to lack of potable water, the high mountain was never densely populated. Snow patches collected from deep pit holes were used even late in the 20th century to provide the few hamlets with water. Today, wells are used instead.

Geography
Mount Orjen is a block mountain lifted up as a horst and thus towering above the lowered Bay of Kotor and the high karst plateaux surrounding the Mount Orjen horst. With 1895 m difference between the lowest and the highest point, relief energy has a great role in the extremely harsh environment. A hyperkarstic barren landscape of vast karren fields contrasts with very species rich vegetation types, ranging from evergreen deciduous forests at lower altitudes to endemic calcareous Dinaric Fir and Pine forests in higher altitudes. Precipitation reaches 5000 L per m2, amounts typical for tropical rainforests or the eastern Himalayas than the dry Mediterranean. Lying at Europe's wettest coast, snow easily accumulates on karstic plateaux and as late as June small snow patches continue to lie in shaded places under the summits. Skiing is possible but no relevant infrastructures exist today. Orjen is a more important hiking destination. Three mountain huts provide basic accommodation.

Orjen comprises transboundary area of about 400 km2 between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, and runs for 25 km from region around Trebinje in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the north-west, to Bay of Kotor in Montenegro in the south-east. Mount Orjen is composed of four high karstic plateaux divided by ridges. Three near parallel ridges collide in Veliki kabao, Orjens' culmination point. The ridges are arranged by elevation with the highest to the north screening the Bijela gora plateaux from the Mediterranean coast. The separated plateaux are the Krivošije to the East, Bijela gora to the North, and Dobri do and Vrbanj to the West. Only few settlements are scattered in surrounding poljes. The poljes of Grahovo, Dragalj, Vrbanj, Krusevica and Grabalj are important for agricultural use and provide the only lines of communication in the karst. Migration circled around Mount Orjen as a major obstacle between the coastal, Herceg Novi and Risan and the interior towns of Grahovo, Trebinje and Nikšić.

Several dry river valleys are found on Orjen. Only in decades they react as short-living rivers when heavy rain and snow-melt combine. Flooding can be a problem and several poljes are renowned for their long inundation periods.

Glacial traces
Mediterranean mountains bear no glaciers any more except small snow fields in some shaded cirques of the Taurus range. Even during the pleistocene snowlines were not much lower as in today's Alps. Glaciers were only of local significance in the Mediterranean enabling frost sensitive vegetation types to survive the climate changes of the Quaternary. Among the once glaciated Mediterranean mountains Orjen was outstanding for one of the biggest ice cap in the region. A 150 km2 covered 1/3 of the area. All part above 900 m were buried under a thick sheet of ice from where several glacial tongues descended to 500 m above sea level. Traces of glacial activity are evident in any part of Orjen as in the Bijela gora plateaux. No glacial lakes survive today as they were extinguished due to the porosity of the karstified landscape. Many cirques, U-shaped valleys and moraines and jagged ridges and summits bear the evidence of the glacial erosion. In stoneage and Bronze Age humans settled in the Orjen region. This early human activity is depicted by rock paintings of deerhunt and humans in Lipci in Risan bay. A major Bronze Age excavation site is at Popovo polje to the north of Mount Orjen.

Karst
Mount Orjen is built up from pure Cretaceous limestone. As precipitation and temperatures are high and vegetation is abundant karstification processes are evolved. Lapies, sinkholes and caves resolve from the solution of the limestone. The solution process is the faster the more water is available for solution. Vegetation and soilformation play also a role in the process. A major disadvantage is that the water is percolating fast in the porous rocks and does not form brooks and rivers despite the heavy amounts of precipitation. An overall dryness is characteristic that is unsuitable for settling. Thus the region has been depopulated for a long time. Only during times of repression the unfavourable high mountains were mainly populated by Montenegrin tribes. During the time of the Ottoman rule from the 15th to the 19th century the high karst was acting as main shelter for the Christian population. Military campaigns of Ottomans and Austro-Hungarians faced heavy losses while both great powers underestimated the difficulties to undertake successful raids in karst areas. The Battle of Vučji Do between Montenegrins and Turks and the Krivošije uprising in 1869 showed that the Montenegrins used the natural conditions in their favour.

Karst is also a major tourist attraction as caves are frequent and peculiar geomorphological forms can be studied. Karst vegetation on the other hand is species rich and major karst areas are hot spots of biodiversity. The both famous Southeast Asian karst areas like the Guilin tower karst region in Southern China or Phuket island in Thailand and the Mediterranean dinaric karst areas with the Plitvice lakes in Croatia and the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro rival with spectacularity.

Geology
Tectonically the area of the Southern Adriatic is very active as the frequency of earthquakes indicates. As the Adriatic Plate subduces under the Dinarides, earthquakes can have devastating energy. Sometimes even tsunamis are observed. Mount Orjen is completely built of folded Cretaceous limestones which belongs to the High-Karst Zone geological unit. The High-Karst Zone has the greatest extent in the territory of Montenegro. The terrain of this geotectonic unit is mainly built up of Mesozoic (Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous) limestones and dolomites of several kilometres of thickness. This thickness is even larger, due to the reverse faulting and overthrusting and thus repeating of carbonate series. The karst of this region is characterised by all surface occurrences and all processes characteristic for holokarst such as: karst plain, polje, uvala, sinkhole, dry-, hanging-, blind- and karstified valley, lapies, canyon, shaft, cave, resurgence, vrulja, estavelle and so on. The karstification of limestones and dolomites in this area is below the base level of erosion, below the sea level and is deeper than 1,000 m. The High-Karst Zone has all the prominent characteristics of fluvial erosion (deep canyons of Komarnica and Morača rivers with their tributaries), glacial erosion (on Mount Orjen), lacustrine, sea and combined erosion.

Along the internal belt of Bay of Kotor, from Morinj, across Risan to Kotor, the High-Karst Zone is in direct contact with the sea, as the High-Karst Zone overthrusts the Pindus Cukali Zone where Mount Orjen rises from the Bay of Risan. The direct contact of the Adriatic Sea and the High-Karst Zone leads to interesting hydrological phenomena. In these terrains the largest vrulja on the Adriatic coast, called Sopot, is located. The vast differences in water-yielding capacity of the constant and periodic karst springs point out to the strong karstification of High-Karst Zone limestones and dolomites on Mount Orjen. The difference between minimal and maximal water yielding capacity is over 350 m³.

Climate
Orjen is within the Mediterranean subtropical belt. While summers are hot and sunny, autumn, winter and spring are rainy seasons. It is the climate type of the Mediterranean but modifications exist in the vast region. For exymple sinkholes may create local areas with continental microclimates as is the cas with the Borovi do and Opuvani do, where frequent freeze-thaw cycles create favourable conditions for arcto-alpine and alpine biota. A peculiarity of the littoral Dinarides is the precipitation regime as Orjen receives Europe's' most heavy precipitation. Like the monsoon rain is seasonally distributed, thus November thunderstorms sometimes pour 2000 L of water in several days, while August is frequently completely dry leading to forest fires. With a maximum discharge of 200 m³/s water one of the biggest karst springs, the Sopot spring, is a remarkable indicator of this seasonality. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain a remarkable waterfall appears 20 m above the Bay of Kotor. * classification scheme after Köppen

Two wind systems are noteworthy for their ecological significance: Bora and Sirocco. Strong cold downslope winds of Bora type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan. Gusts reach 250 km/h and can lead to a significant fall of temperatures in several hours with freezing events problematic for most of the Mediterranean cultures. Bora weather situations are frequent and sailors keep an eye on the mountains as cap clouds indicate an imminent Bora event. Sirocco is a warm humid rain and is important as it brings heavy rain. It appears throughout the year but is usually centered in autumn and spring.

* monthly and yearly precipitation ranges in Dalmatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro

Habitats
Mostly limestone rocks but also moraines and screes. Coastal cliffs are present at all parts of the Bay of Kotor. Many forest types can be seen of which Mediterranean deciduous evergreen don't play a significant role. Dinaric calcareous fir forests are found in several grooves on the Bijela gora but are difficult to reach. Bosnian pine forests are quite widespread on all major ridges. Virgin woodlands still exist, mainly Beech forests.

Vegetation

 * Notes:
 * The Vegetation profile on Mount Orjen shows the Mediterranean zones which vary from alpine mountain zones.
 * The few plant names are just examples of the plants belonging to the Biotope communities.
 * An example of a complete biotope plant list (Oreoherzogio-Abietetum illyricae Fuk.): Dinaric calcareous block fir forest
 * Genus Sesleria, belongs to subfamily Pooideae, of the true grass family Poaceae.

Across Orjen vegetation varies with climate and altitude. While the sub-adriatic range exhibits evergreen deciduous forests, the vegetation graduates to temperate forests, conifers and tundra in the northern and upper regions. The ridges also have a variety of Mediterranean alpine vegetation – oromediterranean pastures. The typical karst country with bare limestone rochocks interspersed with parches of wood is found on lower altitudes. White Oak, Hop-hornbeam and Montpellier Maple, or the characteristic scrub of the maquis shrubland and garrigue are notable. There are stony meadows in the sunken dolina of the karst that contrast vividly with the stony slopes and rocky scrubland all round. Higher altitudes are characterised by heavy beech forest with occasional open grassy pastures. On northern branches silver fir accompanies beech. Above the beech and fir-beech forests are scattered open stands of pure Dinaric calcareous Silver Fir forests and Bosnian pine with deep-purple young cones set among stiff light-green needles. Open stony screes and rocks are exposed to the jagged ridges and summits. They are very rich in species.

Flora
Flora is of Balkan type with many Illyrian and Balkan endemics. Notable is local endemism with 10 endemics restricted to Mount Orjen.

Conservation
A National Park was planned for a long time on Orjen. The disintegration of Yugoslavia, civil war and standstill of tourism cancelled plans. Today plans a rejuvenated but funding maybe a problem. UNESCO declared the Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor a World Heritage site. The part of Orjen within the boundaries of this Site is namely the Krivosije plateaux. A further evaluation of the patrimony and nomination of a greater part of Orjen as National park has good reasons. Unique flora, fauna and relief certainly require a protection plan by administrative action.

History
The earliest historic confirmations are the Lipce rock paintings which are dated in the Bronze Age. The first historic significant events are connected with the Illyrians when Queen Teuta, reigned approximately from 231 BC to 228 BC choose Risan as her capital during her war against the Romans. The Greek also colonised the region and eventually the Romans took over. The classical name of the Bay of Kotor is after Rhizon (Risan) Sinus Rhizonicus. Eventually Kotor was becoming more important during the Middle Ages

People
Only few traditional shepherds live today on Orjen. Mostly remain on the northern side of the Bijela gora. They have their local songs describing life on the remote mountain and every year in July a great feast takes place when all the shepherds from Bijela gora come together to sing dance and eat on a pasture at Ledenik.

Livestock is mostly sheep but also horses and few cattle are held. At Orjen saddle oxen graze. In former times nomadic migration took place between the poljes and the higher regions of Orjen. The traditional housing on Orjen is the so-called Koliba. Small limestone huts with roofs build of pine bark. Only few hamlets are inhabited, mostly close to the coast. The higher up the stronger the push factors acted to leave. Tribes on Orjen were once renowned for their wildness and still people from the coast have this notion towards the mountain tribes.

Activities
Glacial and karst features compose a unique landscape that is attracting visitors also from abroad. Backpacking and alpine recreation are important factors for the development of the Orjen region. Three mountain huts are established and enthusiasts keep winter sports alive.

Hiking
Trails are maintained by the PSD Subra mountaineering association from Herceg Novi. Most trails are around the huts at Vratlo (1160 m) and Orjen ridge (1594 m). 40 km of marked trails exist in the Mount Orjen region, leading to the most attractive destinations. Marked trails start at the city bus station at Herceg Novi (30 m) and lead to the Vratlo hut (1160 m). Hiking in other more remote parts is also possible but no marcation currently exists. Visitors of Bijela gora or Dobri can use several local forest roads. sometimes shepherds can offer night accommodation.

Water is only available at some places, shepherd villagers usually use rain collectors. Most hikers tend to visit Subra (1680 m) or Veliki kabao (1895 m). Both are well marked.

Brown bears appear in the Bijela gora and should not be disturbed as the population is critically endangered.

Every year around mid May a half marathon called Orjen marathon is organised by the PSD Subra alpine organization. Guests are welcomed to take part in the traditional manifestation

Climbing
Several interesting alpine like climbing possibilities like rock climbing exist. Most remarkable is the 500 m wall of the Subra amphitheatre. In last few years the alpine – speleo section (A.S.O.S.) of PSD Subra started to climb routes on Mount Orjen. Good climbing routes are only 10 minutes walk from the Vratlo mountain hut. Other good climbing routes are in Subra's Amphitheatre and Reovacka Greda rocks. Mount Orjen gives a lot opportunities for climbing unclimbed routes with various difficulties.

Summer activities

 * Backpacking – Between late spring and early fall. All overnight trips into the back country require sufficient water supplies due to limited water sources available.
 * Bicycling – Mountain biking is possible throughout Mount Orjen and local roads are well suited for cycling.
 * Swimming – Orjen is located near the Bay of Kotor on the Adriatic coast.
 * Orjen marathon – Annual sport event with several possible tracks, starting from the Vratlo mountain hut towards Subra (1679m) and Veliki kabao (1895m) peaks.

Winter activities
Much of Mount Orjen is inaccessible due to heavy snow in winter. However, Orjen saddle 1594 m can be reached in winter from Vrbanj.
 * Skiing – the only skiing area is around Orjen saddle opens in winter. No lifts and equipment are provided at the mountain hut.
 * Hunting – Hunters are generally welcome official permits are required.

title: Orjen


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Blanchett

Blanchett or Blanchette is a given name or surname of French origin.

People with this surname include:
 * Andrulla Blanchette (born 1966), a female bodybuilder
 * Cate Blanchett (born 1969), Australian actor
 * Christopher Blanchett (born 1982), English broadcast journalist
 * Danny Blanchett (born 1987), footballer
 * Ian Neale Blanchett (born 1975), Australian born English cricketer
 * Louis Blanchette (1739–93), explorer and founder of Saint Charles, Missouri
 * Oliva Blanchette (1929–2021), American philosopher
 * Peter Blanchette (born 1960) American musician, inventor of the archguitar.
 * Patricia Blanchette, American philosopher

People with this given name include:
 * Blanchette Brunoy (1915-2005), actress
 * Blanchette Hooker Rockefeller (1909–92), wife of John D. Rockefeller III
 * The heroine of Eugène Brieux's 1892 play Blanchette.

Wine grapes
Several French wine grapes have Blanchette as a synonym. These include:
 * Chasselas, another name for the wine grape Blanchette
 * Canari noir, another name for the wine grape Blanchette rouge
 * Mondeuse blanche, a wine grape which is also known as Blanchette
 * Verdesse, another wine grape which is also known as Blanchette

Other uses
Blanchette Cemetery, Beaumont, Texas is the resting-place of Blind Willie Johnson (1897-1945), Baptist minister and bluesman

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blanchett


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Talk:Radio masts and towers

Merged
This is a merged and tidied up replacement for transmission tower and radio mast.

I've split some content, that seems less relevant in an 'overview' piece like this one, into two other pages: mast radiator and radio masts and towers - catastrophic collapses.Spliced 17:40, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wooden Towers in the UK
Where did in the UK radio towers built of wood exist? When were they built, which was there use (MF-broadcasting, NDB, etc.?) and when were they demolished? Check therefore also http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=6123287#post6123287
 * there wasone in Kent, converted from a windmill. Mjroots (talk) 15:22, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Copyright
The beginning of this page seems to have been copied directly, except for my edit, from answers.commeccaneer 23:08, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It's the other way round: answers.com copies from wikipedia, as the GFDL permits, and as the answers.com page acknowledges. Harumphy 06:30, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Mast or tower?
I question using the word "cantilevered" as it introduces an inconsistency with Wikipedia's hover-over popup link. Cantilevered structures are most commonly thought of as horizontal, extending from some vertical structure like a wall or similar support. I'm thinking balcony or diving board. It _may_ be technically correct to consider a tower as being cantilevered in the sense that it supports itself without auxiliary supports like guys, buttresses, etc. but I don't think it's well applied in this context. CaptCJMsigs 08:00, 17 November 2021 (EDT)

I've reverted a contribution under this heading which seemed very odd. Apparently in the US there is a difference in the terminology used by structural and broadcast engineers. In the UK there is no such difference - both use mast and tower the same way - although, as explained, colloquial British usage is to call all such structures masts. Let's discuss any refinements here please, before changing this part of the article, which seems to have been stable for some time now. Harumphy 12:08, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is quite clear that the structures described here are universally called "towers" in the U.S. broadcasting industry, including by the FCC. I have seen the term "mast" is used to describe two kinds of structures:

 * 1) Antenna-support structures constructed on top of some other structure; e.g., a pole on the roof of a building to which an FM, TV, or auxiliary antenna is attached.  (This usage is not universal, with some writers using "tower" for these structures as well, but the exception seems to be restricted to masts of significant size—no one would call the five-foot pole their STL antenna is mounted on a "tower".)
 * 2) Telescoping antenna-support structures which form part of a vehicle for remote program origination (i.e., a remote truck).
 * The term "mast" is never used for a vertical radiator, regardless of construction—even when on a rooftop, it will be called a "tower" or more typically an "antenna". Unfortunately, I don't have the time to develop reliable sources on this subject (although I don't doubt that any radio engineer would confirm it).  (I had hoped that my edit would prove uncontroversial.)  One source editors might consider is this installment of Tower Site of the Week, which explicitly describes the structure atop Four Times Square as a "mast".
 * I can't speak for the terminology used by civil engineers in the U.S. but the fact that this article (and many others like it, including List of masts and mast radiator) has continued to use this terminology suggests that there is some constituency for the distinction even if not among the broadcasters I am familiar with.
 * 121a0012 02:05, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

 * OK. It's also the case in the UK that small antenna supports are called masts even if they are not guyed - e.g. a 5-foot pole, or a pump-up mast on a vehicle. Would it suffice to add a comment that these smaller supports are normally called masts rather than towers, on both sides of the pond? Harumphy 16:07, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * With respect to the use of the f-word in the text, is the distinction as used by engineers who may not copulate have any relevance here, or are we only concerned with those engineers who do copulate? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.243.56.229 (talk) 10:59, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Vandalism fixed. --Harumphy 11:46, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Radio masts and towers - catastrophic collapses - article merge
How have candidates been chosen? What counts as a catastophic collapse? Secretlondon 15:47, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Not sure. I've just split list out this from Transmission tower.Spliced 16:11, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

April 2007 article merge
It appears that User:Jorfer has merged in Radio masts and towers - catastrophic collapses. Was there any prior discussion of this?

Radio masts and towers was created in 2005 to merge Radio mast and Transmission tower. The list of collapses was split out from the latter on the grounds that they weren't a good fit for an overview article. Ditto mast radiator. Everyone seems to have been happy with that for two years. So why the hurry to merge this article now without a word of prior discussion? --Harumphy 11:15, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and was bold with this article because it seemed like a good fit to be merged into this article (at least for me). Though the section is notable by itself, it is easier to access if it is on this page. If their is significant support against this then I am fine with it being moved back, but I think it is only appropriate that it be placed in this article.--Jorfer 20:22, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

Proposed article merges
You have proposed that List of tallest buildings in the world be merged with List of tallest churches in the world and List of tallest buildings in Europe. Please see my discussion comments concerning this and definitely take a look at List of buildings. Bhludzin 02:48, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Introduction
I read the beggining sentence or two, and it says "Radio masts and towers are, typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also known as aerials in the UK)" By saying this they assume the reader doesn't come from the UK, and english wikipedia is meant for all people speaking english. So it should be changed. Jezzamon (talk) 07:51, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Barber pole real?
Is there a source to show the brightly coloured 'barber pole' in Durham actually exists and isn't a photoshop? Since most kit is made to be discrete it seems unlikely that the local authority would allow it, and the picture is very oversaturated and bad quality. It's an interesting photo, but unless it can be verified I propose it should be removed from the article. 199.89.212.202 (talk) 13:14, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

Telecommunication tower German Telekom
In case you (technicians?) find anything special about this tower that escapes me (I usually write about films and novels), feel free to put the pic somewhere into the article. I photographed a whole lot of possibly interesting stuff in Steinfurt because my mother's birthday will be soon and she loves this town, something she seems to have in common with German Telekom (which is based there). Nordhorner II (talk) _The man from Nordhorn 01:50, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Hidden comment removed from article
I'm not sure how this managed to languish in the article for [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_masts_and_towers&diff=195671339&oldid=193902409 over five years] (even if it was "hidden" in an HTML comment):
 * the list of tallest towers only includes those that have collapsed or been dismantled, what about those still standing?

I assume this issue has been addressed by now. - dcljr (talk) 19:06, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

disadvantages of lattice steel
D 2A03:2880:21FF:4:0:0:FACE:B00C (talk) 17:56, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radio masts and towers


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User:John Z/drafts/Definitions of Palestine

[edit]

Is Jordan part of Palestine?

Before the establishment of the British mandate (see below), most of the area that is today Jordan was part of the Ottoman Vilayet of Syria, the southern part of Jordan was part of the Vilayet of Hejaz. Throughout most of history the rift valley comprising Wadi Arabah, the Dead Sea and River Jordan has formed a political and administrative frontier, even within empires which controlled both territories. The exception was during the period of the Caliphate when what is today southern Israel/Palestine and southern Jordan were termed Al Jund al Filasteen and the northern parts of these land as Al Jund al Urdun.

In March 1921, most of modern Jordan was added to /incorporated into the planned League of Nations mandate territory termed "Palestine" or the "British Mandate for Palestine", which had previously contained only the area west of the Jordan - Palestine proper versus "(Trans)Jordan"

XXX In 1920, most of modern Jordan was incorporated into the planned League of Nations mandate territory termed Palestine. XXXXX

Jordan cannot, thus, be considered part of historical Palestine.

[edit]

British Mandate of Palestine

Between March 1921 and 1948, the term Palestine referred ambiguously to the entire British Mandate of Palestine containing TransJordan or more commonly to the western quarter of it, Palestine proper. This referred to all of what is now Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza, and was used by both Arabs and Jews without any ethnic connotations. For example, the Jerusalem Post, a Jewish Israeli newspaper, was known as the Palestine Post from its founding in 1932 until 1950. British Mandate Palestine included modern Jordan as well (apart from the Aqaba and Maan districts) after March 1921; Prior to this - from the beginning of the civil administration of the Mandate in June 1920 under Herbert Samuel the provisional border of the Mandate was the Jordan River. The confusing events of 1921 and 1922 have often been called the division or partition of Palestine. This is incorrect and has no documentary basis because before the Cairo Conference of March 1921, TransJordan was not included in Palestine. which revised the draft of the Palestine Mandate to include provisions allowing


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Napier Commission

The Napier Commission, officially the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Condition of Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands was a royal commission and public inquiry into the condition of crofters and cottars in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.

The commission was appointed in 1883, with Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier, as its chairman, under William Gladstone's Liberal government of the United Kingdom. The Royal Commission had five other members and published its report, the Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners of Inquiry Into the Condition of the Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland, in 1884. The other members were:
 * Sir Donald Cameron of Lochiel, Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Inverness-shire
 * Sir Kenneth Mackenzie of Gairloch
 * Charles Fraser-Mackintosh, MP for Inverness Burghs
 * Alexander Nicolson, Sheriff of Kirkcudbright
 * Professor Donald MacKinnon, first occupant of the Chair of Celtic, the University of Edinburgh.

Historical context
The commission was a response to crofter and cottar agitation in the Highlands of Scotland. The agitation was about excessively high rents, lack of security of tenure and deprivation of de facto rights of access to land. It took the form of rent strikes (withholding rent payments) and what came to be known as land raids (crofter occupation of land which landlords had given over to sheep farming and to hunting parks called deer forests). Crofters' War has been used since as a name for this agitation.

In the 1870s there had been sporadic short-lived agitations in Wester Ross and Lewis (then both in the county of Ross). In the early 1880s agitation began in Skye (then in the county of Inverness) and there it became persistent and threatened to spread throughout the Hebrides and the Highlands. Police forces attempted to enforce what landlords believed to be their rights, but the police were severely overstretched, especially in Inverness-shire, where William Ivory was Sheriff Principal. Agitation became therefore an issue needing the attention of central government and, eventually, Gladstone's government appointed the Napier Commission.

About three years after the commission's appointment the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 (49 & 50 Vict. c. 29) would be on the statute book. The act was not based on the recommendations of the commission, but the process by which the commission collected evidence, and the commission's report, did foster and inform the public, parliamentary and Cabinet debate which led, eventually to the legislation. The legislation was based on principles accepted in the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 and Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881, principles which Napier had implicitly rejected in 1884.

According to Scottish nationalist, biographer, and historian John Lorne Campbell, the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886 was nothing less than "the Magna Carta of the Highlands and Islands, which conferred on the small tenants there something which the peasantry of Scandinavian countries had known for generations, security of tenure and the right to the principle of compensation for their own improvements at the termination of tenancies. Nothing was suggested in the report, or contained in the Act, to restrict absentee landlordism or limit the amount of land any one individual might own in Scotland, but for the moment a great advantage has been secured.".

The Commission
Appointments to the Commission were made by the Home Secretary, Sir William Harcourt. In Napier himself the Commission had an amateur historian and anthropologist. In Nicolson and Mackinnon it had two members with good knowledge of Gaelic. Cameron and MacKenzie were obviously landlords, and Fraser-Mackintosh was an antiquarian who, as an MP, had made himself known as someone who was sympathetic to the crofters' cause.

The terms crofter, cottar and Highlands and Islands all lacked clear definition, and the Commission was left to use its own judgement as when, where and from whom to take evidence. Napier was reluctant to include Caithness, which he regarded as '"not inhabited by the Celtic race". The Commission was aware however that the government wanted a fairly early report, rather than an exhaustive inquiry, in the hope that this itself would help to quell crofter agitation.

The Commission began its work in the Hebrides, where rent strikes and land raids were most prevalent. It took evidence from crofters, landlords and others, and it moved on to tour much of what is now regarded as the Highlands and Islands area. Evidence from crofters exhibited remarkably consistent rhetoric, and there were accusations of coaching from the Highland Land League. Equally there were accusations that any crofter daring to give evidence risked being singled out for reprisals from landlords.

Napier's report
The Commission was far from unanimous in its report. Many of the recommendations were those of Napier alone. For tenants whose holdings had rental values of more than £6 a year he proposed security of tenure in 30-year improving leases and township organisation. For tenants whose holdings fell below the £6-a-year threshold he recommended voluntary assisted emigration. Improving lease means a lease which includes a programme of improvement for the holding. Townships were conceived as re-establishing communal management of grazing land.

Publication of the report did bring some calm to the situation in the Highlands, but this was very short lived.

title: Napier Commission


text: Category:Franciscan orders

title: Category:Franciscan orders


text:
Talk:Westmore family

Related?
Is Michael Westmore related to this family? Adam Bishop 17:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Scandalous?
The article says that George Westmore "fathered three legendary and scandalous generations of movie makeup artists," but doesn't include anything about them being scandalous. What was scandalous about them? -- Pemilligan (talk) 18:52, 5 March 2020 (UTC)
 * After 20 months I have removed "legendary and scandalous" as the first seems like wikipuffery and the second is unsupported. -- Pemilligan (talk) 00:18, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

COI tag (October 2021)
There seem to be multiple family members editing, and the sole source is a book by a family member. —valereee (talk) 12:30, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Westmore family


text:
Talk:Carlo Cafiero

Untitled
I unilaterally removed this article as a candidate for speedy deletion, as this could turn into an interesting article. 68.236.56.59 17:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Quotation
The quotation that begins "Carlo was first of all great for his inner nature, for the affect treasure" reads very oddly. Are these the exact words of Errico Malatesta, as the quotation marks suggest, or are they a (bad) translation? Adlestrop ant (talk) 09:32, 27 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Carlo Cafiero


text:
Harry Walker

Harry William Walker (October 22, 1918 – August 8, 1999) was an American professional baseball player, coach and manager. Known by the nickname "Harry the Hat", he played as a center fielder in Major League Baseball between 1940 and 1955, most notably as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals with whom he won two world championships and was the 1947 National League batting champion.

A two-time All-Star player, Walker also played for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs and the Cincinnati Reds. After his playing career, he served as manager for three major league teams between 1955 and 1972.

Walker served in the 65th Infantry Division in 1944 and 1945, earning a Bronze Star for valor and the Purple Heart.

Early life and family
Born in Pascagoula, Mississippi, Walker was a member of a baseball family. He was the son of former Washington Senators pitcher Ewart "Dixie" Walker and the brother of Fred "Dixie" Walker, also an outfielder and National League batting champion. He was also the nephew of fellow major league outfielder Ernie Walker. Walker batted left-handed and threw right-handed; he stood 6 ft tall and weighed 175 lb.

World Series star, NL batting champ
"Harry the Hat" got his nickname from his habit during at-bats of continually adjusting his cap between pitches —there were no batting helmets in his day. His batting title came in 1947, when he hit .363 in a season during which he was traded from his original team, the St. Louis Cardinals, to the Philadelphia Phillies. The previous year he played for the Cardinals’ 1946 World Series championship team. In the decisive seventh game against the Boston Red Sox, with Enos Slaughter on first base, Walker doubled to left center and Slaughter, running on the pitch and taking advantage of a slow relay from the Red Sox' Johnny Pesky, scored from first base in a "mad dash" with the winning run. He knocked in six runs during that Series, and batted .412.

Walker lacked his brother Dixie's power—he hit only 10 home runs in 807 games played over all or parts of 11 seasons in the National League—but he compiled a .296 lifetime batting average and 786 hits with the Cardinals, Phillies, Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds. Harry and Dixie Walker are the only brothers in MLB history to win batting titles, Dixie having captured the National League batting title with a .357 average in while playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers.

After prepping as a skipper in the Cardinals’ minor league system beginning in 1951, Walker was called up from Rochester in the Triple-A International League on May 28, 1955, to replace Eddie Stanky as Cardinals’ manager. Walker, then 36, was still a playing manager; he hit .357 (5-for-14) in 11 games—10 of which were as a pinch hitter—during July and August. However, the change backfired: the Cardinals fell two places in the standings under Walker, losing 67 of 118 games for a .432 winning percentage. Walker was replaced by Fred Hutchinson at the end of the 1955 season, and it would be another decade before he would again manage in the majors.

Manager in Pittsburgh and Houston
During that exile, he returned to the Cardinal farm system to manage (1956–58; 1963–64), and served four years (1959–62) as a St. Louis coach. After piloting the Jacksonville Suns to the 1964 International League pennant, Walker was hired by the Pittsburgh Pirates as manager, replacing Danny Murtaugh, who stepped down for health reasons. The Pirates battled for the pennant until the closing days of the 1965 and 1966 seasons—each year finishing third behind the champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the runner-up San Francisco Giants. But when the 1967 Pirates—further strengthened by an off-season trade for standout shortstop Maury Wills—stumbled to a disappointing .500 mark in mid-season, Walker was let go on July 18 in favor of his predecessor, Murtaugh. Less than a week later, Walker was hired to be the organizational batting coach for the Houston Astros.

Eleven months later, on June 18, 1968, the Astros replaced skipper Grady Hatton with "Harry the Hat". The last-place 1968 Astros were only 23–38 under Hatton, but, featuring players like Joe Morgan, Jimmy Wynn, and Don Wilson, their record under Walker improved to 49–52. In 1969, they contended for the National League West Division title before fading to finish 12 games behind the Atlanta Braves. After back-to-back 79–83 marks in 1970 and 1971, Walker was sacked August 26, 1972, in favor of Leo Durocher; with the Astros at 67–54 and in third place at the time of the firing, it was Walker's best season in Houston. Over his managing career, he won 630 games, losing 604 (.511). After his firing, Walker returned to the Cardinals as a hitting instructor.

College head baseball coach
Walker served as the head coach for the UAB Blazers baseball team at the University of Alabama at Birmingham from 1979 to 1986, as the program's first coach. In eight seasons, he compiled a record of 211–171, a .552 winning percentage. In 1980, the Blazers finished first in the Sun Belt Conference's North Division in the program's second season, and repeated as division champions in 1981 and 1982. He led them to the NCAA Tournament in 1983, the first time the program reached it in history.

Legacy and death
Walker was profiled in Jim Bouton's memoir of the 1969 season, Ball Four. Bouton mentioned that other players warned him about Walker as a guy who was going to scream at him and that he can adjust to him just like they had. Upon meeting him, Bouton felt that he would get along with Walker, and he credited him as the reason the team was doing as well as it was, one who managed to "keep everybody agitated and playing better baseball."

Walker's uniform number 32 has been retired by the UAB baseball program, and he was inducted to the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1978.

Walker died in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1999 at the age of 80. His interment was at Cedar Grove Cemetery in Leeds, Alabama. He was survived by his wife, Dot, and three daughters.

title: Harry Walker


text: User talk:68.94.212.4

title: User talk:68.94.212.4


text:
Closed couplet

In poetics, closed couplets are two line units of verse that do not extend their sense beyond the line's end. Furthermore, the lines are usually rhymed. When the lines are in iambic pentameter, they are referred to as heroic verse. However, Samuel Butler also used closed couplets in his iambic tetrameter Hudibrastic verse.

 * "True wit is nature to advantage dressed
 * What oft was thought, but ne'er so well express'd"

is an example of the closed couplet in heroic verse from Alexander Pope's Essay on Criticism.

title: Closed couplet


text: Template:Free screenshot

title: Template:Free screenshot


text: User:Itamar

title: User:Itamar


text:
User talk:Bug42

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You 17:44, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Translation
Thank you. You can delete it from that list. - Darwinek 17:01, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Advertisment?
Is it just me or does the 2nd paragraph (after the 'warning:May contain spoilers tag') sound like an ad for some trying to make me watch the show? I'm almost reminded of the Power Puff girls. (Saving the world before bedtime!) Its a tad too positive about the show. What about the opinions of the people who dislike it? Or simply find that there are holes in its logic? That the villains all seem to want to take over the world or ? That its too repetitive? (I've only ever seen two episodes, but I feel that there is a whole perspective we're missing out on!) Any thoughts? Bug 03:38, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It does sound like it's promoting Kim Possible, but the points the paragraph make are true (the awards, number of viewers...). It might have a slight POV issue, but within the tolerable range.  =D  Jumping cheese 19:38, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Grading in Denmark
Please take a look at Talk:GPA in Denmark. Regards, Waldir talk 11:27, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

GMC
The article was deleted because it did not provide independent verifiable sources that it meets the notability guidelines. More to the point, it was written as a promotion "Join the...", and we don't, of course, allow advertising. I'll put the text here shortly, if you want to redeem it. Jimfbleak (talk) 06:16, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

 * You don't need anyone's permission, since the page isn't protected, just recreate when you're ready Jimfbleak (talk) 18:00, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bug42


text:
Institute of Pacific Relations

The Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) was an international NGO established in 1925 to provide a forum for discussion of problems and relations between nations of the Pacific Rim. The International Secretariat, the center of most IPR activity over the years, consisted of professional staff members who recommended policy to the Pacific Council and administered the international program. The various national councils were responsible for national, regional and local programming. Most participants were members of the business and academic communities in their respective countries. Funding came largely from businesses and philanthropies, especially the Rockefeller Foundation. IPR international headquarters were in Honolulu until the early 1930s when they were moved to New York and the American Council emerged as the dominant national council.

IPR was founded in the spirit of Wilsonianism, an awareness of the United States' new role as a world power after World War I, and a belief that liberal democracy should be promoted throughout the world. To promote greater knowledge of issues, the IPR supported conferences, research projects and publications, and after 1932 published a quarterly journal Pacific Affairs.

After World War II, charges that the IPR was infiltrated with Communists led to Congressional hearings and loss of tax exempt status. The investigation of the IPR was the first major investigation initiated by the subcommittee. Many IPR members had liberal left orientations typical of internationalists of the 1930s, some ten IPR associates were shown to have been Communists, others were sympathetic to the Soviet Union, and the anti-imperialist tone of the leadership aroused resentment from some of the colonial powers, but the more dramatic charges, such as that the IPR was responsible for the fall of China, have not been generally accepted.

Founding and early years (1925–1939)
The IPR was the result of two sets of organizers, one in New York, another in Hawai'i. The New York-based effort was organized by Edward C. Carter, after graduating from Harvard in 1906, joined the Student Volunteer Movement with the YMCA in India, then worked with the Y in France during World War I. After the war he joined The Inquiry, a liberal Protestant commission with a flavor both genteel and militant which organized conferences and publications on labor, race relations, business ethics, and international peace. Among Carter's constituents were John D. Rockefeller, III, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, daughter of the Rhode Island U.S. Senator, and Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, President of Stanford University. Wilbur argued that a new organization devoted to Pacific affairs would fill a gap not addressed by East Coast foreign policy groups. Meanwhile, in Hawai'i, another group was organizing under the leadership of local business interests.

Criticism
Not everyone approved. Time Magazine called Carter, Wilbur, and The Inquiry a "strange and motley crew", a "little band of élite and erudite adventurers." Some in the American State Department and Navy opposed discussion of Pacific affairs, fearing that it might interfere with strategic planning at a time when Chinese and Japanese nationalism were on the rise. Carter countered with support from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Carnegie Foundation. Using networks of the International YMCA, independent National Councils were organized in other countries, with an International Secretariat in Honolulu.

Conferences
The first conference was held in Honolulu in the summer of 1925, followed by another in Honolulu (1927), then conferences in Kyoto (1929), Hangzhou and Shanghai (1931), Banff, Canada (1933), Yosemite, USA (1936), and Virginia Beach, USA (1939). Each conference published its background papers and roundtable discussions in a volume in the series Problems of the Pacific.

American Council leadership
Edward Carter took responsibility for the American Council. When he became Secretary General in 1933 he lobbied successfully to have the International Headquarters move to New York. Since 1928 his chief assistant had been Frederick V. Field, who worked with him until 1940. (Field was later attacked for his Communist allegiances: see below.) The American Council moved energetically on several fronts. One of Carter's concerns was that public opinion needed to be informed and school curriculum deepened. Another area was to commission or subsidize scholarship on all aspects of Asia. Over the next decades, the IPR imprint appeared on hundreds of books, including most of the important scholarship on China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. Notable was the Chinese Dynastic History Project, headed by the German refugee scholar Karl Wittfogel, which set out to translate and annotate the official histories compiled by each Chinese dynasty for its predecessor. In 1932, the IPR determined to expand its Bulletin into a full-fledged journal, Pacific Affairs. At the recommendation of longtime treaty port journalist H.G.E. Woodhead, Carter recruited Owen Lattimore, a multi-sided scholar of Central Asia who, however, did not have a Ph.D.

The IPR aimed to include all of the countries of the Pacific, including colonies, such as the Philippines and Korea (the Dutch government forbade participation from the Dutch East Indies), and the Soviet Union. As friction between Japan and China became more intense, the IPR became more overtly political. In 1931, the Japanese invasion forced the conference to move from Hangzhou to Shanghai. In 1932, the Japanese delegation withdrew and succeeding conferences were held without Japanese representation. Since the USSR was a longtime rival of Japan and a revolutionary Marxist power, Soviet participation raised many questions and problems. Marxist analysis, such as that brought by Wittfogel, was considered by some to add a powerful tool for understanding Chinese history, but Stalin's interest was scarcely limited to discussions and theories. Carter's sympathy for the Soviet Union led him to defend Stalin's purges and trials, although IPR publications contained both favorable and critical treatments of Soviet policies.

Publishing history
The IPR sponsored other important scholarly excursions into Asian history and society: R.H. Tawney's long memo for the 1931 Conference was published as his Land and Labor in China (1931); a Marxist analysis of geography by Chi Ch'ao-ting; the collaboration between Lattimore and Wittfogel which used an eclectic array of approaches including Arnold Toynbee, Ellsworth Huntington, and Karl Marx to develop a social history of China.

The war years
During World War II, the IPR organized two conferences, one conference at Mont Tremblant, Quebec, in December 1942 and the second conference in Hot Springs, Virginia in January 1945. One scholar noted that the non-official nature of these meetings meant that officials and influential leaders could join in the fray in an ostensibly private capacity, which "gave the I.P.R. a status well beyond its actual size." Colonial issues, economic issues and post-war planning were the major areas of controversy. The Americans demanded that European colonial markets be opened to American goods by the removal of preference tariffs while the British expressed concerns that American economic might could be used as a "potential bludgeon". Another example was Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit of India, asserting that the conflict in Asia was a race war, and other members of the conference from Asia warned that too harsh a treatment of Japan would lead to anti-Western feeling throughout the Far East.

At the roundtables, there was criticism as well as doubt that British would follow the Atlantic Charter. The British pointed out that high-flown ideas were being pushed on them while American willingness to apply the same ideals within its own borders was questionable. Those in the International Secretariat were suspicious and critical of the British, noting that the delegation from India was more British than the British. Those representing American interests repeatedly insisted they were not fighting in order to reconstitute the British Empire; the representatives of the British concern replied that they would "not be hustled out of evolution into revolution," and that the US might "do well to look into her own Negro problem."

As part of IPR's lasting impact in the region, the conferences helped to focus on the political and social developments within Japan after the war, especially the question of whether to abolish the imperial throne. Edward Carter summarized Anglo-American differences and fears: "continuing imperialism as a threat to world peace", on the one hand, and of "anti-colonialism as a recipe for chaos" on the other, and of "imperial tariff protections as a barrier to world trade and of American economic might as a potential bludgeon." Some have suggested that Carter left the Secretary General position in late 1945 because of pressure from the European council leaders due to his increasingly outspoken anti-colonialism.

At home, the American Secretariat came under criticism.

Attacks over alleged Communist influences and demise
Toward the end of the war, the Institute came under criticism for alleged communist sympathies. The first major criticism of the Institute was a wartime study by dissident IPR member Alfred Kohlberg, an American who had owned a textile firm in prewar China. After finding what he believed were Communist sympathies in IPR, in particular Frederick Vanderbilt Field, Kohlberg first wrote to other members of the Board, published an 80-page report, then launched a publicity campaign against the Institute.

The IPR came under further suspicion by government authorities as a result of the Venona intercepts and its close association with Amerasia. Amerasia came under investigation when a classified Office of Strategic Services report appeared as an article in the magazine.

IPR was closely allied with Amerasia. The two organizations shared the same building, and many members of the Editorial Board of Amerasia were officers or employees of IPR. An FBI review of Amerasia and IPR publications found that approximately 115 people contributed articles to both. The Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy was also housed in this building.

Among IPR staffers claimed to be Communists or collaborators with Soviet intelligence agents were Kathleen Barnes, Hilda Austern, Elsie Fairfax-Cholmely, Chi Chao-ting, Guenter Stein, Harriet Levine, Talitha Gerlach, Chen Han-seng (a member of the Sorge spy ring), Michael Greenberg (named as a source in 1945 by defecting Soviet courier Elizabeth Bentley), and T.A. Bisson (Venona's "Arthur"), as well as Kate Mitchell and Andrew Roth, both of whom were arrested in the 1945 Amerasia case.

After the success of the Chinese Communist Revolution, criticism of the IPR increased. Its detractors accused it of having helped to "lose China" to Communism.

In the early fifties, the IPR came under a lengthy investigation by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee. Critics charged that IPR scholars had been naïve in their statements regarding Communism, Chinese Communism and Stalinist Russia.

Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin repeatedly criticized IPR and its former chairman Philip Jessup. McCarthy observed that Frederick V. Field, T.A. Bisson, and Owen Lattimore were active in IPR and claimed that they had worked to turn American China policy in favor of the Chinese Communist Party.

In 1952, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (SISS), chaired by Senator Pat McCarran, spent over a year reviewing some 20,000 documents from the files of IPR and questioning IPR personnel. The committee found it suspicious that Marxists had published articles in the IPR journal and that Communists had attended an IPR conference in 1942. In its final report the SISS stated:

"The IPR itself was like a specialized political flypaper in its attractive power for Communists ...The IPR has been considered by the American Communist Party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy, propaganda and military intelligence. The IPR disseminated and sought to popularize false information including information originating from Soviet and Communist sources.... The IPR was a vehicle used by the Communists to orient American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives."

Elizabeth Bentley testified that NKVD spy chief Jacob Golos warned her to stay away from the IPR because it was "as red as a rose, and you shouldn't touch it with a 10-foot pole." Likewise, Louis Budenz, former editor of the Daily Worker, testified that Alexander Trachtenberg of the Communist Party-affiliated International Publishers told him that party leaders thought the IPR was "too much a concentration point for Communists; the control could be maintained without such a galaxy of Communists in it."

The IPR lost its tax-exempt status as an educational body in 1955, when the Internal Revenue Service alleged that the Institute had engaged in the dissemination of controversial and partisan propaganda, and had attempted to influence the policies or opinions of the government. Under the leadership of William L. Holland, the IPR pursued a long legal action to regain tax-exempt status, which lasted until 1959. The final court judgment rejected all allegations by the Internal Revenue Service.

By the mid-1950s, the IPR was facing other challenges – notably the development of well-funded centers for Asian Studies at major American universities such as Harvard, Yale, Berkeley, Michigan and Columbia. The rise of these centers created an opinion that the IPR was no longer necessary. The large foundations which had previously supported the IPR shifted their financial resources to the university centers.

At the end of the IRS case, a degree of financial support that the Institute had attracted due to free speech issues and the IRS case was lost to other causes. The IPR also had been gradually losing academic contributors due in part to the rise of the US based Association for Asian Studies.

The Institute of Pacific Relations was dissolved in 1960. It became the catalyst under William L. Holland for the 1961 founding of UBC Department of Asian Studies.

A few years later two successor organizations were established, the Hong Kong based Pacific Basin Economic Council, an organization of regional business leaders founded in 1967, and the more academic Australian based Pacific Trade and Development Conference (PAFTAD) in 1968.

Institute becomes foundation for UBC Department of Asian Studies
Publication of the journal Pacific Affairs which William L. Holland continuing to edit was transferred to University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, Canada in 1960 (which continued its publication to the present). Then UBC President Norman A. M. MacKenzie brought William L. Holland from the US to UBC in 1961 to head a new UBC Department of Asian Studies. which was an outgrowth of the original purpose of the IPR founders.

International Secretariat
The International Secretariat had a publishing program that included a Research Series, an Inquiry Series, and a quarterly journal, Pacific Affairs. The American Council participated in this program.

American Council
The American Council published two periodicals of their own, a fortnightly journal Far Eastern Affairs and the biweekly Imparel, a mimeographed summary of the news issued by the San Francisco Bay Region Division. The Council additionally published research volumes as a part of their Studies of the Pacific series, and more popular studies under their Far Eastern Pamphlets series. Throughout the 1920s to the 1950s, the Council commissioned immigration advocate Bruno Lasker to travel to East and Southeast Asia, about which he published several studies on immigration and relations with the West.

Articles

 * “Pacific Affairs through War and Peace”, Official Pacific Affairs website at The University of British Columbia.
 * Holland, William L. "Source Materials on the Institute of Pacific Relations". Pacific Affairs, Volume 58, Number 1 (Spring 1985) pages 91–97.
 * Hooper, Paul F. "The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Origins of Asian and Pacific Studies". Pacific Affairs, Number 61, Nnumber 1 (Spring 1988) pages 98–121.
 * Boyer, Paul S. “Institute of Pacific Relations”. The Oxford Companion to United States History. (Oxford University Press, 2001) ISBN 9780199891092. page 387.
 * Wright, Quincy (1930). "The Kyoto Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations". American Political Science Review 24 (2): pages 451–457.

Books

 * Thomas, John N. Institute of Pacific Relations: Asian Scholars and American Politics. Seattle: University of Washington Press (1974)
 * Hooper, Paul F. Destiny: The Internationalist Movement in Hawaii''. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press (1980) ISBN 9780824806316. 228 pages.
 * Condliffe, John B. Reminiscences of the Institute of Pacific Relations. Institute of Asian Research, University of British Columbia (1981) 53 pages.
 * Field, Frederick V. From Right to Left: An Autobiography. Westport, CN: Lawrence Hill (1983) ISBN 9780882081625. 321 pages.
 * Hooper, Paul F. (ed). Rediscovering the IPR: Proceedings of the First International Research Conference on the Institute of Pacific Relations. Honolulu: Department of American Studies, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (1994) 142 pages.
 * Hooper, Paul F. (ed). Remembering the Institute of Pacific Relations: The Memoirs of William L. Holland Tokyo: Ryukei Shyosha (1995) ISBN 9784844763819. 662 pages.
 * Yamaoka, Michio (ed). The Institute of Pacific Relations: Pioneer International Non-Governmental Organization in the Asia-Pacific Region. Tokyo: Waseda University, Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies (1999).
 * Akami, Tomoko. Internationalizing the Pacific: The United States, Japan, and the Institute of Pacific Relations in War and Peace, 1919-45. London; New York: Routledge (2002) ISBN 9781134600007. 361 pages.
 * Hooper, Paul F. "The McCarthy Era and the Financial Crisis of the Institute of Pacific Relations," Towards the Construction of a New Discipline: International Conference Proceedings on the Re-evaluation of the Institute of Pacific Relations. Tokyo: Ronsosha (2005) pages 146–51.

Dissertations

 * Anderson, Michael Richard. "Pacific Dreams: The Institute of Pacific Relations and the Struggle for the Mind of Asia". University of Texas at Austin, August 2009.

Government records

 * National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee
 * National Archives and Records Administration, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee

title: Institute of Pacific Relations


text:
Alan Foster

Alan Foster may refer to:
 * Alan Dean Foster (born 1946), science fiction novelist
 * Alan Foster (baseball) (born 1946), player active in the 1960s
 * Alan Foster (BMX rider) (born 1970), American BMX racer
 * Alan Foster (footballer) (born 1971), Scottish footballer

title: Alan Foster


text:
User talk:Michaelbuddy

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You 17:46, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Image:GafferTape.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:GafferTape.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. kmccoy (talk) 17:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Updated the image, as it's proprietary. Sorry because I didn't trust the image's link staying power in the websites product directory. So I copied and uploaded it. I hope it doesn't need to be deleted, as it helps the article.

 * This image has been tagged as a copyright violation, and will be deleted. All photographs are inherently copyrighted (except the US federal government), and cannot be used in Wikipedia unless released under a free license or a compelling fair use claim can be made. -- Cyrius|✎ 07:37, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image:Scrim.jpg
Thank you for uploading Image:Scrim.jpg. Its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. Please leave a note on the image page about the source of the image. Thank you. kmccoy (talk) 17:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Updated the image, as it's proprietary. Sorry because I didn't trust the image's link staying power in the websites product directory. So I copied and uploaded it. I hope it doesn't need to be deleted, as it helps the article.

 * Same as above. -- Cyrius|✎ 07:37, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

A couple things
I'm glad to see that you're digging in and making contributions. A couple of things:

Remember to always sign all of your posts on talk pages. Typing four tildes after your comment ( ~~~~ ) will insert a signature showing your username and a date/time stamp, which is very helpful.

Also, it is preferred that images on Wikipedia be licensed for use under a free license. Take a look at Copyrights, especially the image guidelines section for information on it. Images from the adorama catalog may be a copyright violation and may need to be deleted. :/

My professional field is stagecraft -- I'm a theatre person, not a film person. But our interests overlap, so that's why I noticed your contributions. Thanks again for editing, it's always nice to have more entertainment people here. :)

kmccoy (talk) 22:00, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

C47 went away
I thought when my article was going to be merged that it would also still exist. But my c47 clothespin article went away. that sucks. I recreated it though. apparently the airplane c47 was stealing the thunder. C47_Clothespin and C74_Clothespin

 * Michael:

 * I merged the information into clothespin. It doesn't seem to me that it needs an entire article just on calling it a C47, and especially not another article about turning it around.  The information is contained in the article clothespin.  That better serves the term without creating a separate article for every possible term.  Take a look at What Wikipedia is not, it's not a jargon or usage guide.

 * Also, in addition to creating C47_Clothespin and C74_Clothespin, you also changed back C47 and C74. So now there are two articles of each of those.  What I think should be done is that C47 Clothespin and C74 Clothespin should change into redirect pages and C47 and C74 should be turned back into disambiguation pages.  Please let me know what you think of this, and what you think of clothespin.  Thanks. :)

 * By the way, your two images (the images of gaff tape and a scrim from the adorama catalog) are in questionable legal ground. It would be much, much better if you could take a photograph of gaff tape or a scrim yourself and upload that and agree to license it with the GFDL.  Images from catalogs *might* be usable under the "fair use" provisions of US copyright law, but it's a very shaky situation.  Images licensed under the GFDL or other free license are preferred in wikipedia as they eliminate the legal questions of use.

 * Thanks for being patient with this stuff. :) kmccoy (talk) 07:15, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It seems to be all taken care of. Thanks again.  Keep adding stuff.  If you've got a camera, go take some pictures of a scrim or some gaff tape. :)  kmccoy (talk) 18:34, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Dotgain.png
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title: User talk:Michaelbuddy


text:
Wikipedia talk:Historical archive/WikiReader/A History of the 20th Century

Currently underrepresented regions include Africa and especially Latin America. I'm not really well versed on either, but if we want to explore some specific countries that have been focal points of activity or serve as examples of general regional changes, then we might want to include information on any of the following:

Decolonization is an interesting article containing information on all colonies and their independence.
 * Africa - Decolonization of Africa
 * Southern Africa
 * History of South Africa
 * History of South Africa
 * History of South Africa
 * Eastern Africa
 * Rwandan Genocide we've got already
 * Western Africa
 * I honestly don't know what would be particularly relavent here. Both Nigeria and the Congo have been rather turbulent.
 * Northern Africa
 * History of Libya perhaps
 * Latin America
 * South America
 * History of Argentina - I think this is a must
 * The Dirty War
 * History of Colombia
 * Central America
 * History of Nicaragua - lots of turmoil and relevant to Iran-Contra Affair
 * History of Panama
 * Caribbean
 * Cuba's probably covered in the Cold War series, but Cuban Revolution also looks good.
 * History of Haiti is quite thorough

I've added to the outline right now only those I know belong and can place in the current outline. I just wanted to sort some ideas here by region for the purposes of evaluating our potential geographic coverage.

A proposed way to organize this section of the outline would be:

 * Cold War series
 * Decolonization and Consequences
 * Decolonization of Africa
 * Rwandan Genocide series
 * etc.
 * Latin America
 * History of Argentina
 * etc.
 * Asia
 * India, Pakistan and Kashmir
 * others topics that aren't covered by Cold War
 * Information Age/Recent History

The idea behind this organization would be that as much as possible would be grouped thematically to highlight trends and commonalities at the expense of chronological ordering.

Something to consider also how our outline compares to this one--Laura Scudder | Talk 17:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Stable versions
You can use Stable versions to select your articles. -- Zondor 14:50, 7 January 2006 (UTC)


text: User talk:18.173.1.42

title: User talk:18.173.1.42


text:
Ashcan comic

An ashcan comic is a form of the American comic book originally created solely to establish trademarks on potential titles and not intended for sale. The practice was common in the 1930s and 1940s when the comic book industry was in its infancy, but was phased out after updates to US trademark law. The term was revived in the 1980s by Bob Burden, who applied it to prototypes of his self-published comic book. Since the 1990s, the term has been used to describe promotional materials produced in large print runs and made available for mass consumption. In the film and television industries, the term "ashcan copy" has been adopted for low-grade material created to preserve a claim to licensed property rights.

Original use
The modern comic book was created in the 1930s, and grew rapidly in popularity. In the competition to secure trademarks on titles intended to sound thrilling, publishers including All-American Publications and Fawcett Comics developed the ashcan edition, which was the same size as regular comics and usually had a black and white cover. Typically, cover art was recycled from previous publications with a new title pasted to it. Interior artwork ranged from previously published material in full color to unfinished pencils without word balloons. Some ashcans were only covers with no interior pages. Production quality on these works range from being hand-stapled with untrimmed pages to machine-stapled and machine trimmed. Once the practice was established, DC Comics used ashcans more frequently than any other publisher. Not all the titles secured through ashcan editions were actually used for regular publications.

The purpose of the ashcan editions was to fool the US Patent & Trademark Office into believing the book had actually been published. Clerks at the office would accept the hastily produced material as legitimate, granting the submitting publisher a trademark to the title. Since the ashcans had no other use, publishers printed as few as two copies; one was sent to the Trademark Office, the other was kept for their files. Occasionally, publishers would send copies to distributors or wholesalers by registered mail to further establish publication dates, but nearly all ashcan comic editions were limited to five copies or fewer.

At the time, garbage cans were commonly called "ash cans" because they were used to hold ashes and soot from wood and coal heating systems. The term was applied to these editions of comics because they had no value and were meant to be thrown away after being accepted by the Trademark Office. Some spare copies were given to editors, employees, and visitors to keep as souvenirs. Changes to the United States trademark law in 1946 allowed publishers to register a trademark with an intent to use instead of a finished product, and the practice of creating and submitting ashcans was abandoned when publishers began to consider it an unnecessary effort lawyers used to justify a fee. Because of their rarity, ashcans from this era are desired by collectors and often fetch a high price. In April 2021, an ashcan copy of Action Comics #1 sold for US$204,000.

Later use
In 1984, Golden Age comic book collector and dealer Bob Burden created Flaming Carrot Comics, published by Aardvark-Vanaheim. For each issue, Burden had magazine-sized prototype editions printed and shared them with friends and people who assisted with production. Some were also sent to retailers as advance previews to generate interest in his comic. Fewer than forty copies of each prototype were made, and Burden described them as ashcans.

In 1992, comic creator Rob Liefeld applied the term to two digest-sized prototype versions of Youngblood #1, but this ashcan was created for mass release. Instead of denoting the material as worthless, Liefeld's usage implied rarity and collectability. This ashcan was the first publication from Image Comics, a publisher started by popular artists during a boom period for comic books. The sales success of the Youngblood ashcans prompted imitation, and for the next year nearly every new Image series had a corresponding ashcan. Typical print run for Image ashcans was between 500 and 5,000. Soon, other publishers began releasing ashcans in a variety of sizes and formats. In 1993, Triumphant Comics advertised ashcan editions of new properties with print runs of 50,000.

Following the collapse of the speculation market in comics in the mid-1990s, the term has been used by publishers to describe booklets promoting upcoming comics. Established publishers such as Dark Horse Comics, IDW Publishing, and DC Comics continue to use ashcan copies as part of their marketing plans for new titles. Aspiring creators also apply the term to hand-stapled photocopied books they use to demonstrate their abilities to hiring editors at comic book conventions or as part of a submissions package.

Film and television
The term has been appropriated by the film and television industries to refer to low-quality material made specifically to preserve rights to a licensed character, which often expire if unused for a set period of time. One of the earliest examples of this practice is the 1967 animated adaptation of The Hobbit. Other prominent examples include the unreleased Fantastic Four film from 1994, the low-budget sequels Porky's Pimpin' Pee Wee and Hellraiser: Revelations, and a TV pilot adaptation of The Wheel of Time.

title: Ashcan comic


text:
Cottekill, New York

Cottekill is a small hamlet in the northwest part of the Town of Rosendale, Ulster County, New York, United States. Located in the Rondout Valley, it is approximately 2.25 miles east of the hamlet of Stone Ridge, 2.5 miles northwest of Rosendale Village, 8.75 miles south of the city of Kingston and 10.9 miles north of the village of New Paltz. As of 2014, the population was listed at 451.

Institutions and points of interest
Cottekill features a Post Office (12419) and has its own fire department, Cottekill Volunteer Fire Company. The Brookside School, a private school for children with developmental disabilities is located here as well as the Sustainable Living Resource Center, a project of Sustainable Hudson Valley. SUNY Ulster, a community college, is nearby in Stone Ridge.

There is also the Marbletown-Rosendale Rail Trail, curving along the old New York, Ontario and Western Railway (O&W) tracks, paralleling Lucas Avenue. It starts at Leggett Road, crosses the Cottekill Creek on a wooden footbridge and travels north to Cottekill Road, past the Cottekill Fire House. It continues north from the firehouse, along the O&W path, crosses Marcott Road and comes out on Route 209.

Demographics

 * Median Age: 44.9 years
 * Average Income: $49,737

Climate

 * January Avg Temp: 22 °F
 * July Avg Temp:   72 °F
 * Rainfall Avg (inches): 45
 * Snowfall Avg (inches): 42

Notable people

 * Steve Hamilton - Detective novelist
 * Marja Vallila (sculptor)

Relevant links

 * Cottekill.com
 * CottekillFire.org

title: Cottekill, New York


text:
Ervin Santana

Ervin Ramon Santana (born Johan Ramon Santana; December 12, 1982) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Kansas City Royals (twice), Atlanta Braves, Minnesota Twins, and Chicago White Sox. Santana is a two-time All-Star, and he threw a no-hitter with the Angels in 2011.

Santana was born Johan Ramon Santana, and used that name until 2003. He changed his name to avoid having the same name as Venezuelan pitching star Johan Santana. According to Santana, "I just came up with Ervin... Ervin Santana, that sounds good."

Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Santana signed with the Anaheim Angels as an amateur free agent on September 2, 2000. He was a starting pitcher for the Angels' Double-A affiliate, the Arkansas Travelers early in 2005, where he posted a 5–1 record and 2.31 ERA in 7 starts. Following an injury to Angels starting pitcher Kelvim Escobar, Santana earned a promotion. He made his first major league appearance on May 17, 2005, against the Cleveland Indians, in which he gave up the pitching version of the cycle in first four batters that he faced. In his second start, facing the Chicago White Sox's Jon Garland, (who at the time had the best record in baseball), Santana bested Garland by pitching a complete game shutout. He gave up only 5 hits and struck out 7 for his first career victory. Santana then went on the disabled list and was sent back down to the minors to the Angels' Triple-A affiliate, the Salt Lake Bees.

After Escobar's elbow problems became a recurring problem, he was placed back on the DL and Santana received his second call-up to the majors. He pitched well enough to earn a spot on the playoff roster, but was initially left out of the four-man rotation. In the pivotal Game 5 of the American League Division Series of the playoffs against the New York Yankees, Angels ace Bartolo Colón went out with a shoulder injury in the second inning. Santana filled in as the long reliever, and pitched $5 1/3$ innings to earn his first playoff win in his first appearance.

His short rookie season with the Angels ended with 12 wins in the regular season. In the 2006 season, he finished with a 16–8 record. After a disappointing start to the 2007 season where he went 5–11 with a 6.22 ERA, he was optioned to Triple-A Salt Lake Bees on July 18, 2007. He was recalled by the Angels on August 17, and regained his spot in the starting rotation.

On April 30, 2008, Santana equaled an Angels record with a 5–0 start to the season. He joined Angels legend Frank Tanana and teammate Joe Saunders, who equaled Tanana the day before. Santana was 11–3 with a 3.34 ERA at the All-Star Break. Pitching in the 2008 MLB All-Star Game, Santana gave up a fifth inning homer to Matt Holliday of the Colorado Rockies.

On September 22, 2008, Santana pitched against the Seattle Mariners, going 8 innings, allowing 5 hits, 1 earned run, and striking out 9 en route to his career-high tying 16th win of the season. He finished the season with a career-high 214 strikeouts, good for second in the American League behind A. J. Burnett, while pitching to a 3.49 ERA in 219 innings across 32 starts. On October 3, he gave up 4 runs in the first inning and 5 total in $5 1/3$ innings against the Boston Red Sox in Game 2 of the ALDS. He finished tied for sixth in the voting for the American League Cy Young Award with Mike Mussina.

Santana started out the 2009 season on the disabled list. In his first game of the season, he received a no-decision against the Boston Red Sox. After struggling with a disappointing 8.35 ERA, the Angels placed him on the disabled list.

On September 28, 2009, Santana pitched a complete-game shutout, becoming the first pitcher in franchise history to pitch a shutout in a game to clinch the Western Division. In 2010, despite the Angels finishing two games under .500, he finished the season with a 17–10 record and a 3.92 ERA with 169 strikeouts in $222 2/3$ innings, tying a career high with 4 complete games.

On July 27, 2011, Ervin Santana pitched a no-hitter against the Cleveland Indians. It was Santana's first career no-hitter, and the Angels first no-hitter since 1990. It was also Ervin Santana's first victory against the Cleveland Indians in 11 career starts. He struck out 10, walked 1, and allowed 1 unearned run. At the end of the 2011 season, Santana pitched a career-best 3.38 ERA and an 11–12 record in $228 2/3$ innings.

In 2012, Santana struggled throughout the season, posting an ERA of 5.16 in 30 starts. Despite posting an ERA over 5, Santana's WHIP stood reasonably low, registering at 1.27 with 165 hits allowed in 178 innings. He surrendered a career high 39 home runs, which led the majors for the 2012 season.

Kansas City Royals
On October 31, 2012, Santana was traded to the Kansas City Royals in exchange for left-handed minor league reliever Brandon Sisk. The Angels picked up the $13 million option on Santana prior to making the trade, and agreed to cover an undisclosed portion of that amount for the Royals. Santana earned his 100th career win on June 8, 2013, against the Houston Astros. In 32 starts with the Royals, he was 9–10 with a 3.24 ERA (a career-best) with 161 strikeouts in 211 innings. The Royals made a $14.1 million qualifying offer to him after the season, but he turned it down and became a free agent.

Atlanta Braves
Because of Santana's rejection of the Royals' offer, any team that signed him for 2014 would have to surrender a draft pick. As a result of that and some concerns about his long term health and his reported contract demands, Santana did not sign with any teams before spring training began. As spring training continued, Santana fired his agent and changed his contract demands to a one-year deal near what his rejected qualifying offer was.

Santana proceeded to negotiate with the Toronto Blue Jays, and verbally agreed to a contract but stalled signing it for several days. Following an injury to Kris Medlen of the Atlanta Braves, Santana immediately agreed to terms identical to the Blue Jays' reported offer of $14.1 million for one season. Santana's first year in the NL was mixed as he posted an ERA of 3.94 with the Braves in 31 starts. He surrendered a career-low 16 home runs in 196 innings while going 14–10 and striking out 179 batters.

Minnesota Twins
On December 12, 2014, Santana signed with the Minnesota Twins on a four-year, $54 million deal with an option for a fifth year. On April 3, MLB announced that Santana would be suspended for 80 games after testing positive for Stanozolol, a performance-enhancing drug. On July 5, 2015, Santana was activated from his 80-game suspension and made his season debut against his former team, the Kansas City Royals. After finishing with a 7–5 record and a 4.00 ERA in 2015, Santana served as the ace of the Twins rotation during a disappointing 2016 season for the team. Despite a 7–11 record, largely due to poor run support, Santana finished with a strong 3.38 ERA in 181 innings pitched (30 starts).

Santana represented Team Dominican Republic at the 2017 World Baseball Classic.

On April 3, 2017, Santana was the starting pitcher on Opening Day against the Kansas City Royals. He pitched seven innings, and earned the win while only allowing one run (a solo homer) and two hits. On April 15 Santana pitched a complete game one hit shutout against the White Sox, he struck out eight and walked one batter. Santana pitched another shutout against the Baltimore Orioles on May 23, followed by a third complete-game shutout against the San Francisco Giants in which he threw just 91 pitches. Santana became the first pitcher in the American League to record three complete-game shutouts in a season since Rick Porcello in 2014, and the first to do so prior to the All-Star break since Justin Masterson in 2013. On July 2 he was named to his second All-Star team and his first since 2008. At that time Santana had a 10–5 record with a 3.07 ERA in $111 1/3$ innings, while limiting opponents to a .204 batting average, second in the American League behind Chris Sale. On August 29, Santana became the 90th pitcher in history to hit 100 career batters. He finished the season 16–8 with a 3.28 ERA and 1.13 WHIP in $211 1/3$ innings, notching 167 strikeouts against 61 walks, while pacing the lead in the Major Leagues with 5 complete games (3 shutouts). He also had the lowest line drive percentage allowed (16.3%) of all major league pitchers. On November 15, Santana finished seventh in the voting for the Cy Young Award, receiving three fifth place votes. It marked the first time since 2008 Santana received Cy Young votes.

On February 6, 2018, Santana underwent surgery on his middle finger, delaying his season by 10 to 12 weeks. He had discomfort in the finger since the previous season, but there was no serious damage. The surgery was a capsular release/debridement procedure to his MCP joint. Due to this and other injuries, Santana was limited to 5 starts on the season. The Twins declined his contract option and made him a free agent on October 30, 2018.

Chicago White Sox
On February 22, 2019, Santana signed a minor league deal with the Chicago White Sox, earning a $4.3 million salary for his time with the major league team. The White Sox selected his contract on April 9, and he made his White Sox debut that day. On April 26, 2019, Santana was designated for assignment. Santana elected free agency on April 29.

New York Mets
On May 24, 2019, Santana signed a minor league deal with the New York Mets. He elected free agency following the 2019 season.

Kansas City Royals (second stint)
On December 29, 2020, Santana signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals organization. On April 13, 2021, Santana was selected to the active roster.

Personal life
Santana and his wife, Amy, married in 2009. They have a son, Jonathan, and a daughter, Sofia.

title: Ervin Santana


text:
Talk:Stadion (running race)

Comments
What distinguishes the stadion from other kinds of foot races? - furrykef (Talk at me) 17:48, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well it's like the 100 meters in the modern Olympics - it was the shortest and fastest, and the one all the spectators wanted to watch. Adam Bishop 00:13, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguation
This topic is worth a separate disambiguation page. I will create it now, and move this page to "Stadion (ancient sports)". I first thought of "Stadion (ancient foot race)", but as the article is about both the foot race and the building, and it seems reasonable to keep those two topics in one article (this one), I found "Stadion (ancient sports)" to be a reasonable article name. Reimgild 07:37, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Starting block
if they started upright, how could they have used "starting blocks"? DGG (talk) 19:53, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Is it just me, or does the thing in the map look like a cock? 74.138.156.155 (talk) 18:04, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stadion (running race)


text:
Dracula Unleashed

Dracula Unleashed is a 1993 video game created by ICOM Simulations and published by Viacom New Media for the DOS, Macintosh and Sega CD platforms.

It was one of the earliest titles to make heavy use of full-motion video as an integral part of the gameplay. Other contemporary titles utilizing full-motion video include Night Trap, Sewer Shark and Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective.

Plot
The player assumes the identity of a young Texas businessman named Alexander Morris, who has come to London during the winter of 1899 to research the strange surroundings involving his brother Quincey's death 10 years earlier. In the process, he meets an English woman named Annisette Bowen and becomes engaged to marry her.

Due largely to their "extremely close relationship", Quincey's good friend, Lord Arthur Holmwood, has proposed Alexander's induction into the mysterious and exclusive Hades Club. However, Alexander Morris soon discovers a part of his brother's life he had no knowledge of: Quincey Morris was part of a group which destroyed the legendary vampire, Count Dracula.

As Alexander Morris, the player must travel to specific locations in London at certain times with certain items gathered throughout Morris' travels in order to gather clues about the events which occur during the game and achieve victory over Dracula.

Alexander's inquires lead him to learn that a vampire known as the "bloofer lady" has been sighted in London, who he later identifies as a friend of Annisette whose husband was also a member of the Hades Club. Alexander and his allies manage to kill the bloofer lady at her funeral with a stake but discover that Dracula has kidnapped Annisette and taken her to the Hades Club which are revealed to be responsible for Dracula's resurrection. At the Club, Alexander learns that Dracula had killed Holmwood months before his arrival and has been impersonating him ever since. The Count attacks Annisette and Alexander until they manage to uncover several wall mounted crucifixes, causing the room to cave in and impale Dracula with a beam, destroying him.

DVD
In 2002, Infinite Ventures, Inc. released the game on DVD. The game is identical in play, but uses full-screen, DVD-quality video. It also has a "behind the scenes" featurette, as well as some audio bloopers.

There are some minor differences between the DVD version and the Sega CD and PC versions:
 * The woodblock carving-style still graphics displayed as backgrounds in many locations and during several exposition scenes in the Sega CD version are not present in the DVD version.
 * The Sega CD version had several different carriage driver phrases, spoken whenever the carriage was used to change locations. These are not present in the DVD version. However, some of the lines can still be heard being performed in the bloopers.
 * In the PC and Sega CD versions it is possible to be arrested at night when spying on a character at the bookstore. The DVD does not include this, possibly because the event happens at random in the other versions and because of the lengthy save-game procedure in the DVD version. The scene is included as an extra on the DVD.
 * During the intro and ending credits as well as some climactic points in the story, the PC and Sega CD versions included Carl Orff's "O Fortuna" as a music cue. The DVD version has replaced these cues with a synthesized variation on the tune.
 * During some scenes in the game, the PC and Sega CD versions would cut away to still illustrations, particularly when someone is describing a past event. The DVD version does not cut away in the same scenes.

Development
The game had a budget of more than $2 million.

Parental advisory
When it was released for the Sega CD, it was given an MA-13 label by the Videogame Rating Council. The game has a spooky atmosphere and musical score, along with some images of blood and a campy bookstore owner. It was also reviewed by BBFC and attributed a 15 rating.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in January 1994 called the PC version of Dracula Unleashed ICOM Simulations's "most compelling interactive adventure yet" and "the most effective 'interactive movie' to date". The reviewer compared it to Dark Shadows and MacVenture games such as Uninvited, and approved of the improvements on the Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective series' graphics and user interface. He concluded that "computer and theater have been brought one step closer together". In April 1994 the magazine said that players "can count on many hours of haunting play ... Live actors and sets add a strong cinematic realism", with "memorably creepy performances throughout", recommending the game to "anyone with more than a passing interest in the horror genre". GamePro gave the Sega CD version a positive review. They criticized that the slow-moving cursor and long load times can make the game painfully slow, but highly praised the audio, gameplay, and "well-acted and nicely staged video", especially the "eerie" dream sequences. Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that despite the full motion video being excessively grainy, the riveting storyline and "excellent" soundtrack keep the player invested in the game. They scored it a 7.25 out of 10.

title: Dracula Unleashed


text: User talk:80.177.61.146

title: User talk:80.177.61.146


text:
Talk:Shadow State

I added content to the comic cover. DS1953 17:48, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shadow State