text:
Roxburghshire (UK Parliament constituency)

Roxburghshire was a Scottish county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain (at Westminster) from 1708 to 1801, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (also at Westminster) from 1801 to 1918.

Creation
The British parliamentary constituency was created in 1708 following the Acts of Union, 1707 and replaced the former Parliament of Scotland shire constituency of Roxburghshire.

Boundaries
The name relates the constituency to the county of Roxburgh.

History
The constituency elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system until the seat was abolished in 1918.

When the constituency was abolished in 1918, the Roxburgh and Selkirk constituency was created, covering the counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk

Elections in the 1870s
Scott resigned, causing a by-election.


text:
Talk:The Scouring of the Shire

Untitled
Cut for repairs:

 * It is among the most prominent scenes not featured in the theatrical release of the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

I seem to recall dimly that the death scene of Saruman was in the movie - but I could be wrong. I remember Frodo discovering that inside Saruman's clothing was nothing, after Wormtongue killed him.

Gimme a few minutes to google this. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 15:37, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

DVD vs. theatre

 * The DVD shows the deaths of Saruman and Wormtongue, thus tying up the storyline that was left open in the first version.

I guess we were both right. It's not in the theatrical release, but only in the DVD. -- Uncle Ed (talk) 15:56, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Book vs. Movie
Some fans feel that not including the Scouring of the Shire in the movie weakened it to an extent, as in their opinion this ignores the effect of war on people back home. I don't seem to able to give this topic justice, but I think it should be touched upon. --RLent 23:17, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It could be that film-makers considered this section of the book to be one that would have less impact with an international audience. The pre-industrial ruralist dream is a potent one that underpins a lot of British culture, from the 19th century Arts & Crafts movement, 1930s garden suburbs, composers such as Delius and Vaughan-Williams, the post-war national parks, to the Countryside Alliance of more recent times – but how to get that idea across to people who live in places with vast real estate, i.e the U.S.? It's also a bit of a downer for mainstream film audiences used to neatly tied-up endings. Ricadus (talk) 20:27, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

 * True. The film-makers (Jackson) view this part of Lord of the Rings as something extra, something tacked-on to the history of the war of the ring.  What they miss is that the only reason the hobbits were involved was TO SAVE THE SHIRE.  This is established in the books by frequent references to 'hobbit-sense', Sam's vision of trees being cut down in the Shire, Sam overcoming the power of the Ring by thinking of the Shire, etc. etc.  Tolkien himself says that it's an important part of the book, foreseen from the beginning or words to that effect.  In does in fact neatly tie up all the threads, at least IMHO.  24.27.31.170 (talk) 15:38, 20 July 2011 (UTC) Eric

 * And more importantly (in my view), and in any case present, and explicitly stated and commented upon: the Scouring of the Shire represents a "this is what you have been trained for"-moment.
 * Well, I guess you had to cut out something. Still... the Lord of the Rings is rather explicitly stated to be not a "there and back again" story, the way the Hobbit is.--2001:A60:150B:7301:2C3D:4A8F:260F:B2B0 (talk) 23:58, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Wormtail
Wormtail is in Harry Potter it should be Wormtongue.(in bar on right side)

Proposed merge of the Scouring of the Shire into The Return of the King
While The Scouring of the Shire is an important chapter, I don't think it needs its own article. This is a small article that is not likely to grow. I propose that it be merged here, where it can be read in context.--Jack Upland (talk) 09:07, 20 December 2019 (UTC)
 * moved from Talk:The Return of the King so that proposal and responses are together

 * Agree, this is one particular chapter in the 6th book, contained in the third volume of the singular novel. Its significance easily can be explained within the context of Return of the King, including the fact that it is missing from the film adaptation. Group29 (talk) 19:34, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - better to List of Middle-earth wars and battles so that not to overcrowd the general article. Súrendil (talk) 16:23, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I think it's absolutely right to list the Battle of Bywater in the List of Middle-earth wars and battles article but The Scouring of the Shire is much more than just the battle and therefore warrants its own article and should remain separate. I would also contend that due to its significance to the overall narrative of The Lord of the Rings, The Scouring of the Shire is one of the best known chapter titles in the entire trilogy, akin to the "Piper at the Gates of Dawn" chapter in The Wind in the Willows. It therefore almost certainly meets notability criteria.  --Kohoutek1138 (talk) 11:50, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Kohoutek's reasoning. The article on The Return of the King is already too long, as is the List of Middle-earth wars and battles. De728631 (talk) 18:01, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose The proposal is vexatious and disruptive because we recently had a discussion in which it was agreed to Keep this article. See WP:STICK. Andrew🐉(talk) 09:48, 20 December 2019 (UTC)

 * , you had no right to edit my merger proposal. See . The guidelines clearly state that a merger should be discussed at the destination page. Responses to a merger proposal that began in 2008 are not responses to the proposal I made yesterday. It is entirely legitimate to start a fresh merger proposal a decade later. With regard to the recent deletion discussion, I've been advised that a "Keep" outcome does not preclude a merger proposal. I have reinstated my original merger proposal.--Jack Upland (talk) 00:23, 21 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Support, at least for now None of the above oppose !voters have made any effort to create a proper standalone article that doesn't consist exclusively of plot summary and unsourced comparison with adaptations. I don't necessarily doubt that an article could be written, but it should be done so within another article before being split when it becomes too long. This is standard editing practice. Hijiri 88 ( 聖やや ) 06:23, 23 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Something fishy is going on -- Andrew Davidson is the only one to oppose this merge proposal so far, but there are four other !votes ("responses" to use Andrew's word) that appear to predate the proposal by around a decade. Hijiri 88 ( 聖やや ) 06:23, 23 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi, the real proposal is there. Andrew Davidson moved it here, to a merger proposal of a decade ago, but I have moved it back.--Jack Upland (talk) 06:43, 23 December 2019 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Lots of references and continuing useful work by Chiswick Chap.  Esowteric + Talk  11:22, 24 January 2020 (UTC)

Not included in film? Really?
There is a low-budget Finnish version of The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings, called Hobitit, which includes the scouring of the Shire. Please correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by M^A^L (talk • contribs) 21:05, 6 January 2018 (UTC) Please feel free to edit the article and add the content yourself, rather than telling others to do it for you. GimliDotNet (talk) 14:34, 7 January 2018 (UTC)

Contradiction
It seems a contradiction to say the chapter was "planned from the outset", but then emphasise references to WW2 and its aftermath.--Jack Upland (talk) 19:19, 23 January 2020 (UTC)
 * : The article describes this as "paradoxical" already; I've had another go at making that point more clearly. Please read the lead and the 'Formal structure' and 'Origins' sections, and see if you now find it clear enough. As with many Tolkienisms, things are rarely exactly what they seem on the surface. Many thanks. Chiswick Chap (talk) 08:48, 24 January 2020 (UTC)

Satire on Socialism?
The photo caption, "During Clement Attlee's time as Prime Minister (1945–1951), Britain was a drab, bleak and bureaucratic place", is very POV. So is the implied equation of Attlee and the Fascists.--Jack Upland (talk) 00:17, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * It's not an editorial opinion, it's the Tolkien scholar's, in the context of criticism of the chapter; it's reliably cited, and it is provided purely to help explain what Tolkien was doing in the chapter. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:37, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * It's reasonably accurate. Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four was written during this period and has a similar tone for much the same reason.  For example, while Germany did away with food rationing in 1948, Britain kept it into the early 1950s, making it more onerous than during the war by rationing bread and potatoes too.  Atlee's Labour government wanted to keep food rationing indefinitely and this was a significant reason that they lost power – the people had had enough of being starved. Andrew🐉(talk) 00:48, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * And that is POV.--Jack Upland (talk) 04:57, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Also, I think this is given undue weight. The phrase "fair distribution" is only mentioned once. Farmer Cotton describes Lotho as a capitalist who has been accumulating property. He has been exporting tobacco and other goods. In "Flotsam and Jetsam" we are told that Merry and Pippin found two barrels of tobacco from the Shire at Isengard. Shippey might consider this unrealistic. I don't think the economics of Middle-earth is very realistic anyway. But do we need a paragraph of Shippey's musings about this fairly inconsequential point? And since when did socialism mean the export of tobacco? And why is this accompanied by a picture of a wagonload of cotton in 1920s Australia??? And then there's Hal Colebatch, an anti-Communist crusader accused of inaccurate rants. His entry on "Communism" attacks Attlee, but also the Beatles. Quadrant Magazine is considered generally unreliable. Colebatch's political rants doesn't have much to do with the chapter.--Jack Upland (talk) 09:03, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Well, no, it's entirely appropriate; notice that three independent critics with widely varying backgrounds have all remarked on the chapter's allusion to socialism, whether indeed those critics like socialism or not. The theme of "gone for export" exactly matches England c. 1950, and as Shippey says sits surprisingly with the Shire at the end of the Third Age. As for its weight, it is one short section among six elements explaining the chapter's significance, and that is only part of the article. Methinks thou dost protest too much. And by the way, I'm not sure you're talking about the same Hal Colebatch, there are two or three famous people of that name, but even if is the same, he's only one of several critics all reliably voicing the socialism issue. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:37, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * It's definitely the same Colebatch.--Jack Upland (talk) 22:11, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * That's fine. But the wagon image is definitely helpful as showing far more goods (whatever is in the bales) than could possibly be useful to one wizard for his own use, and illustrating how the "gone for export" phrase from English socialism c. 1950 could connect to the horse-and-wagon technology that Tolkien chooses for the Shire. Happy to discuss but it's well cited. Chiswick Chap (talk) 22:26, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The photo is of cotton in Australia in the 1920s. How is this cited? This whole issue of the wagons is overblown. Isengard was a big establishment. We are told Saruman gave his best provisions to his men. I don't see why Saruman couldn't have exported tobacco. I don't think anyone in the Shire uses the phrase "gone for export", and I don't see the connection with socialism. And how do you justify lumping Attlee and Hitler together under the heading of "socialism"???--Jack Upland (talk) 23:13, 26 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The image is of a large horse-drawn wagon carrying a lot of bales of something-or-other, which might easily be tobacco-being-exported in large quantities (by The Shire's standards). The image's "technology" (horses, wagon, bales) is exactly correct, and it's evident, Shippey states, as cited, that such a quantity would far exceed what one Wizard in Isengard could possibly smoke; Shippey makes the point that Saruman would hardly have been trading tobacco for financial profit (not a wizardly way to make a living), nor would he have "issued" it (1940s word...) to his minions, so in in-universe terms the wagon-sized export, illustrated for readers to grasp the point, makes no sense. Shippey then makes the point that the 1940's phrase "gone for export", certainly NOT used in The Shire (and nobody suggested that), absolutely was used in 1940s England, so there is a definite mismatch with the LOTR world, but an easy fit with his contemporary world – just as there was with the "socialism" thing, cited to THREE separate sources who use the term. To spell out the connection with socialism that all three sources identify, 1940s socialism (think of Animal Farm if that helps you, it's of the period) talks a lot about fair sharing and redistribution, but quickly ends up with a lot of taking and not much giving, something equally true of The Shire in the chapter. Tolkien certainly interpreted Attlee's Labour (socialist) government as an attempt at socialist redistribution; Hitler of course does not fit that side of the picture (I'll tweak the wording there), but suits the ruffianly brutality well enough. By the way, if you read what is said about Attlee, it's his government's drabness that is discussed by the source and echoed correctly in the article, nothing else. Chiswick Chap (talk) 23:36, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Some background on the politics and society of the period, like this, will be helpful for younger readers who will not be familiar with them. The Labour leadership is currently being debated and I've seen more than one comment such as "it is perhaps surprising given Attlee’s status in the Labour party that 31% of members can’t form an opinion on the man".   Andrew🐉(talk) 10:46, 26 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Seeing that Orwell is mentioned here, it is worth pointing out that he was himself a socialist, a widely ignored point; the goal of his satire in Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm was authoritarian socialism – or more generally authoritarianism and totalitarianism, including the decidedly capitalism-based, anti-socialist ideology of fascism –, not socialism itself. The same is arguably true for Tolkien. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 15:51, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

Mention cleaning up the Shire?
I know that cleaning up the Shire (using Galadriel's gift, replanting, etc) belongs to the next chapter, but would it be worth mentioning here, as it really caps off what's happened to the Shire?  Esowteric + Talk  13:24, 27 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The loss of trees and other greenery is hardly mentioned in this article, but it is mentioned a lot in the chapter.--Jack Upland (talk) 07:10, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Added a mention in the chapter summary. Chiswick Chap (talk) 09:14, 28 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks.  Esowteric + Talk  09:17, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

Plot summaries
Just a couple of points:
 * Gandalf tells Frodo about the history of the ring and Mount Doom in the chapter "The Shadow of the Past".
 * Lotho didn't buy Bag End. Lobelia did.--Jack Upland (talk) 20:13, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Many thanks, tweaked text. Chiswick Chap (talk) 20:20, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Couple of additional points
Adding these here, rather than at the ongoing GA review:
 * In the Foreword to the 2003 edition of A Tolkien Compass (originally published in 1975), Shippey critically surveys the essays in the light of later scholarship, with some very useful counterpoints, especially one on Lobdall's view on the 'Scouring' and facism (Shippey mentions Orwell's Ingsoc [which you have] and Golding's Lord of the Flies [though it seems no-one has taken up his challenge there]). The fact that Shippey explicitly disagrees with Lobdall should be included.
 * I think we've probably covered the Fascism aspect, but if you fancy adding a short note then feel free. Chiswick Chap (talk) 13:45, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

 * It would help to make clearer that Richards and Witt (2014) is a full chapter-length treatment (22 pages) titled "The Scouring of the Shire". That is clearly essential reading.
 * Added. Chiswick Chap (talk) 12:33, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

Carcharoth (talk) 11:54, 4 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I do recall some critics/scholars touching on and making comparisons between the return of Bilbo to the Shire in The Hobbit and the return of the hobbits to the Shire in The Lord of the Rings in the later, darker tale. This is touched on by Richards and Witt (2014) on page 137. There may be a lot more to bring in and paraphrase from Richards and Witt's chapter.
 * Added a comparison. Chiswick Chap (talk) 13:45, 4 March 2020 (UTC)

re-reading this the other day, I had the thought that the article doesn't yet cover how the Shire was restored and made more beautiful than before. Have commentators and scholars remarked on that aspect of things? At the moment, the article focuses very much on the destruction, and though the renewal is not strictly in this chapter, it is part of the thematic aspects that maybe would be covered here. Carcharoth (talk) 02:25, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

Yes, it's in the next chapter. Chiswick Chap (talk) 06:41, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I see that there is a brief mention where Chance is quoted on the "rejuvenation" of the Shire and it being purified. The lead also talks of the "moral quest to purify the Shire", so that is probably enough. I doubt many readers will not know this anyway. Carcharoth (talk) 11:07, 21 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I can add a mention of the sequelae, why not. Chiswick Chap (talk) 12:09, 21 August 2020 (UTC)

who are the ruffians?
There isn't a link, and this word is important in understanding the plot.

 * Sharkey's men. Some seem to be partly orc, like a few people from Bree. Tolkien doesn't say exactly where they came from, but then where do gangs of thugs come from in places gone bad, they just appear from all over. Chiswick Chap (talk) 23:03, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

Adaptations
Apparently User:Chiswick Chap seems to think including links to the articles The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a bad thing. I do not understand why you would exclude links to the movie articles in a section entitled "Adaptations", especially when it makes references to events that happen in these two films. - Richiekim (talk) 10:22, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Not at all; I just think that repeating "The Lord of the Rings: " ad nauseam in a Nietzschean parody of a litany is unhelpful. I also believe in WP:BRD (not to mention WP:NPA) and I note you have now breached WP:3RR into the bargain. Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:30, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I also noticed that you have alot of activity in this article. Please keep in mind WP:OWN and other viewpoints are just as valid as your own, thanks. - Richiekim (talk) 10:34, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure, but that doesn't entitle anyone to 3RR. Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:35, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Also confused why you would invoke WP:NPA when I made no such personal attacks to you. - Richiekim (talk) 10:43, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The sneering tone of "Apparently ... seems to think" is uncollegiate at best, more likely overheated. But you haven't undone your 3RR. Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:59, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:16, 14 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Sketch Map of The Shire.svg

Recent copyediting
This article, like all Tolkien articles, is in British English and is punctuated for British diction. Its word choice and syntax, too, are British. The article does not concern any reputation, but presents what scholars and critics have said about the chapter. This is a straightforward matter of attribution, so the repeated introduction of the term "reputed" is simply wrong or obfuscatory. The article is reporting what has been said, and the lead is summarising that. "Lead engineering" to convey other meanings or in other Dictionary is quite simply a mistake and contrary to policy. Chiswick Chap (talk) 10:32, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't see this discussion (don't have the page in my watchlist). I don't actually understand how to write in British diction, and the use of the word "reputed" aside, my main point is to avoid making it seem like the allusions objectively exist. It says in the very same sentence that the author denied their existence, with the allusions being the claim of scholars; without being explicit the diction preferences obfuscate that point (to a non-British English speaker). Of course Wikipedia presents the views of scholars, but attribution is important when discussing said views (particularly when they're contrary to something else discussed). I'm not trying to "lead engineer", only properly convey meaning. UpdateNerd (talk) 07:30, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Scouring of the Shire


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Marvin Gaye/archive1

Marvin Gaye
I think this is a pretty good article, but it could possibly be improved upon. What could be done to expand/touch up this article, so that it is eligible for featured article candidacy? --FuriousFreddy 15:37, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Looks good overall. The lead section is good, but makes an awful lot of uncited claims about Gaye's greatness -- I know these are accurate, but they should be specifically cited; other stuff that should be cited include Stevenson's motivation for writing "Stubborn Kind of Fellow", neo-soul artists citing Gaye as an influence though not being really influenced by him, the Gaye family's claim that Marvin deliberately provoked his father to murder and What's Going On being the first album with socially aware themes.  The "Joining the Motown and Gordy families" says that Gaye was gentlemanly enough that he didn't need training from Motown's Artist Development director, but it's never really explained what that means (I assume Motown trained stars to act gentlemanly; this idea is unsurprising to me, but many people might be more used to assuming record companies would encourage anything controversial and publicizing).  The claim that Gaye continued to feel pain with no form of self-expression should be cited and is oddly worded anyway, maybe change to continued to grieve without an outlet for musical expression or somthing similar.  Let's Get It On is probably his second most notable album, but only gets a single sentence.  The sentence Tax problems and drug addictions haunted him, and after failing to get Motown labelmate Smokey Robinson to loan him money to take care of the tax issues, Gaye was forced to move to Ostend, Belgium in 1981. should include clarification on what the tax problems were and should be reworded (in what way was he forced to move? to escape prosecution for tax evasion? if Gaye was a corporate executive instead of a soul singer, I think it would be obviously biased to claim he was forced to move because he didn't want to pay back taxes, but then maybe that's not what the tax issues were).  The sentence As noted, Gaye helped give rise to the "singer-songwriter" in African-American and emcompassing Black music should be more specific (I must have missed that being noted).  I'm decapitalizing Black because I think Wikipedia normally doesn't -- was this a deliberate choice on your part?  I don't think I've ever noticed it in anything else you wrote.  Overall, it's a great article and a worthy FAC! Tuf-Kat 23:25, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Most of the things--actually, nearly all--that you wanted referenced can be linked to Gerald Posner's Motown book; I can take care of all of those. The one exception is the claim that What's Going On was the first soul album to explore social issues; The Temptations had Gaye beat by three years, as did The Impressions, and (depending upon the flexibility of the definition of soul music) Sly & the Family Stone and The Fifth Dimension. As far as capitalizing "Black", when referring to Black people, I always have (it often gets copyedited out by others). --FuriousFreddy 21:41, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
SouthEast Service

The SouthEast Service is a proposed commuter rail line to be operated by Metra, the commuter railroad service for the Chicago metropolitan area. The route of the proposed line would use tracks owned by CSX Transportation and the Union Pacific Railroad.

Past commuter service
Formerly, the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad and the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad operated commuter service on this line out of Dearborn Station to Dolton and Momence, respectively. The Chicago and Eastern Illinois commuter line to Momence ended in 1935, while the Chicago and Western Indiana service to Dolton was discontinued in 1964.

Proposal
The building of a line from Chicago to the south suburbs ending at Balmoral Park has been discussed as early as 1986. In 2003, Metra officials proposed the SouthEast Service at the insistence of Congressman Jesse Jackson, Jr. that the south suburbs be included as part of Metra's larger request for federal dollars after they were largely excluded from the proposed STAR Line. Its northern terminus would be LaSalle Street Station in downtown Chicago. The line would then traverse Chicago's southern neighborhoods and its southern and far southern suburbs to Balmoral Park south of Crete, Illinois. Its average daily ridership was projected to be 9000. A fleet of Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs) has been proposed for this service.

In 2005, the SouthEast Service received initial funding authorization. In 2010, Al Riley became the chief sponsor of House Bill 1644 which created the Southeast Commuter Rail Transit District as a municipal corporation under Illinois state law. The district created has the right of eminent domain to acquire private property which is necessary for the purposes of the district and the power to contract for public mass transportation with Metra. The district includes Crete, Steger, South Chicago Heights, Chicago Heights, Glenwood, Thornton, South Holland, Dolton, Calumet City, Lansing, and Lynwood. The bill was signed into law by Governor Pat Quinn on March 8, 2011.

According to the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning's ONTO 2050 regionally significant projects benefit report published in October 2018, the SouthEast Service is undergoing alternatives analysis and the identification of a Locally Preferred Alternative is in process. In 2019, the SouthEast Service was included in a Cost Benefit Analysis by Metra as a Tier 2 project. As of 2022, the project is on hold as more studies were needed to determine the cost of running the line.

The Center for Neighborhood Technology, an advocate for the new line, estimates that the SouthEast Service would more than double the number of average jobs accessible by transit in sixty minutes for the south suburbs on the line. In a 2016 letter to the editor, Martin J. Oberman, while the Chairman of Metra, supported the SouthEast Service.

Proposed stations
From north to south:
 * LaSalle Street Station
 * 35th Street
 * Gresham
 * 115th Street
 * Dolton
 * South Holland. In 2012 South Holland spent $1.3 million to purchase land at 236 East 161st Place for the station.
 * Thornton
 * Glenwood. According to the 2010 Village of Glenwood Station Area Plan, potential station locations in Glenwood include a station located mid‐way between Main and Center Streets along Young Street.
 * Chicago Heights. As of 2012, Chicago Heights has been assembling land for the creation of a station near its downtown.
 * South Chicago Heights. According to their 2008 Comprehensive Plan, the station would be located near the intersection of Sauk Trail and Jackson Avenue.
 * Steger
 * Crete
 * Balmoral Park

title: SouthEast Service


text:
Lance Guest

Lance R. Guest (born July 21, 1960) is an American actor. Known for his film work throughout the 1980s and various television roles thereafter, he made his screen debut with a supporting role in Halloween II (1981). This was followed by headline parts in The Last Starfighter (1984) and Jaws: The Revenge (1987). Between 2010 and 2012, Guest appeared both on and off-Broadway in the musical Million Dollar Quartet, playing Johnny Cash.

Biography
Guest developed a serious interest in acting as a freshman while attending Saratoga High School, located in Saratoga, California, and later majored in theater while attending UCLA. He has starred in many theatrical films, including his role as Jimmy alongside actress Jamie Lee Curtis in Halloween II (1981), and also starred in Neil Simon's I Ought to Be in Pictures. His most notable role was in the science fiction film The Last Starfighter (1984) as Alex Rogan, and as Beta, a robot sent to replace Alex while he was in space. He has starred in Jaws: The Revenge (1987) as Michael Brody. Guest played Cosmo Cola in Stepsister from Planet Weird (2000). He played Hugo Archibald in The Jennie Project (2001). Also that year, he appeared in Mach 2 (2001).

Guest's starring television roles included Lou Grant (1981–1982) and Knots Landing (1991). Guest has guest-starred on St. Elsewhere, The Wonder Years, Party of Five, JAG, NYPD Blue, The X-Files, Becker, Life Goes On, House, and Jericho.

Guest has starred on Broadway as Johnny Cash in the musical Million Dollar Quartet, a fictionalized depiction of the only time Carl Perkins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, and Elvis Presley ever recorded music as a group.

title: Lance Guest


text: User talk:81.204.106.189

title: User talk:81.204.106.189


text:
2005 Ohio's 2nd congressional district special election

On August 2, 2005, elections were held in Ohio's 2nd congressional district to choose a United States representative to replace Rob Portman, who had resigned his seat in April to become United States Trade Representative. Jean Schmidt, the Republican Party candidate, defeated Democrat Paul Hackett, in a surprisingly close election as the district has not elected a Democrat since Tom Luken won a 1974 special election.

Background on the district

The district is the 57th most Republican congressional district in the nation by the reckoning of the Cook Political Report. It stretches along the Ohio River from the Hamilton County suburbs of Cincinnati east to Scioto County, and includes all of Adams, Brown Pike, and Clermont counties and parts of Hamilton, Scioto and Warren counties.

It includes all of the Warren County municipalities of Lebanon, South Lebanon, Loveland, Maineville, Morrow, Butlerville, and Pleasant Plain, and parts of the municipalities of Mason and Blanchester. All of Union, Hamilton, Harlan, Salem, and Washington Townships were in the district, as well as parts of Turtlecreek Township immediately adjacent to the city of Lebanon, and southern Deerfield Township. The Hamilton County municipalities of Sharonville, Blue Ash, Deer Park, Loveland, Madeira, Newtown, Terrace Park, and Indian Hill were in the district, along with eastern parts of Cincinnati. All of Anderson and Symmes Townships and parts of Sycamore Township and the city of Springdale are also in the district.

The district (known as the First District before 1982) has been in Republican hands for all but nine years since 1879. The last Democrat to win a full term in this district was Jack Gilligan in 1964. No Democrat had held the seat since Thomas A. Luken's narrow loss to Willis D. Gradison in 1974. Since Luken's defeat, no Democrat had won more than 40% of the vote in the general election.

Portman won the seat in a 1993 special election with 77 percent of the vote. In six subsequent campaigns he never received less than 70 percent.

Candidates

 * Jean Schmidt, former Ohio State Representative
 * Bob McEwen, former U.S. Congressman
 * Tom Brinkman, Ohio State Representative
 * Pat DeWine, Hamilton County Commissioner and son of Senator Mike DeWine
 * Eric Minamyer, attorney
 * Peter A. Fossett, teacher
 * Tom Bemmes, former local Board of Education member
 * Jeff Morgan, mailman
 * David Smith, financial analyst
 * Steve Austin, retired teacher
 * Douglas Mink, teacher

DeWine faces questions over his family
DeWine amassed a campaign treasury larger than all his rivals combined, raising over $750,000. He was helped by his father, thousands coming from the political action committees associated with Republican colleagues of his father, such as Mississippi Senator Trent Lott. McEwen was dependent on his own money, contributing $250,000 to his campaign. Schmidt also made significant contributions to her campaign.

DeWine's father was also a hindrance to the campaign. Never the most conservative of Republican senators, DeWine angered supporters of President George W. Bush by his participation in a deal to avoid the "nuclear option" to filibusters on Bush's nominees to federal courts. Pat DeWine told the press had he been in Congress, he would not have supported his father's compromise.

More damaging to DeWine were the questions raised about his personal life. In 2004, he had faced incumbent John Dowlin in the March primary for the Republican nomination to be county commissioner. Dowlin had run ads calling attention to DeWine leaving his pregnant wife and their two children for a mistress working as a lobbyist. Though Dowlin lost, the issue was resurrected by DeWine's rivals in 2005. McEwen and Schmidt made it a point in their stump speeches to emphasize how long they had been married to their spouses, Schmidt declaring "I am a woman of character who has been married for twenty-nine years."

DeWine focuses on McEwen
DeWine focused his attention on the most experienced candidate, Bob McEwen. DeWine said McEwen had "wasted taxpayers' money" by having the most expensive Congressional office of any Ohio member of the U.S. House. DeWine criticized McEwen's bouncing of 166 checks on the House bank, a major factor in his 1992 defeat. And DeWine tried to depict McEwen as a carpetbagger, asking in television advertisements "If Bob McEwen really cares about us, why has he spent the last twelve years living in Virginia?" McEwen denied he has bounced any checks, repeating what he had claimed in 1992 and insisted that he had continued to reside in Ohio since he lost his re-election bid, that he had never voted in Virginia nor held a Virginia drivers license.

DeWine also questioned McEwen's record on taxes, sending out mailings criticizing McEwen's vote on May 24, 1982, in the 97th Congress "in support of a Democrat budget that raised out taxes by $233 billion." Two mailings focused on this issue, one featuring a photograph of Ronald Reagan which was captioned "When President Reagan Needed Votes to Keep Taxes Low, Bob McEwen Said 'NO'", the other asking "Are We Still the Party of Lower Taxes?" which noted DeWine supports Ohio Secretary of State Ken Blackwell's amendment to the Ohio Constitution to limit spending increases and had a photo of DeWine and Blackwell together.

McEwen responds to DeWine
McEwen ran television ads that lamented DeWine's "desperate, untrue attacks" but did not attempt to refute them, instead focusing on how he would continue to advance the idea of Ronald Reagan. To emphasize his connection to Reagan, McEwen brought Reagan aide and Attorney General Edwin Meese to Ohio to speak on how important McEwen had been in advancing Reagan's legislative agenda. McEwen also emphasized his return to Congress would mean he would enter not as a freshman but as a seventh termer, thus entitling him to better committee assignments. However, spokesmen for Ohio's Deborah Pryce, chairman of the House Republican Conference, the body which decides such matters, denied McEwen would automatically get his former seniority back.

On the issues, McEwen emphasized his pro-life stance and support for immigration reform. One mailing he sent had a picture of 9/11 hijacker Mohamed Atta's visa captioned "Shocking: All of the 9/11 murderers had visas issued to them by the U.S. State Department" and called for "a military presence on the Mexican and Canadian borders."

McEwen had high-profile endorsements from Focus on the Family leader James Dobson, former United States Attorney General Edwin Meese, Cincinnati Bengals player Anthony Muñoz, American Family Association president Donald Wildmon, Citizens for Community Values anti-pornography crusader Phil Burress, and former New York congressman and 1996 vice presidential candidate Jack Kemp, who came to the district to campaign for him.

Attacks on Schmidt
Jean Schmidt was criticized in ads paid for by the Club for Growth, the Washington, D.C.-based group associated with Grover Norquist which campaigns for lower taxes and actively works for the defeat of Republicans it considers insufficiently conservative. The Club's ads noted Schmidt had voted in favor of Governor Taft's 20 percent increase in the state sales tax and increases in the state budget. The Club compared her unfavorably to Tom Brinkman, who was hailed in the ad as "Honest. Conservative. Leader." The Ohio Taxpayers Association disputed the Club's ad. Its president told The Cincinnati Enquirer that Schmidt had "a pretty good record" in Columbus and that the OTA's political action committee had endorsed her.

In her campaign, Schmidt ran on a conservative platform. In one mailing to voters, she promised to "reduce our taxes", "keep our nation safe", advocated "a responsible energy policy", and for "promoting family values." The tag line on the mailer was "continuing a tradition of character and leadership."

Schmidt's campaign literature noted her pro-life voting record, her opposition to gay marriage, her high ratings from the National Rifle Association, and that she "opposes an activist court system that acts against our conservative values." Her literature also featured her endorsement by Phil Fulton, a pastor who fought the court ordered removal of tablets containing the Ten Commandments from the grounds of schools in Adams County.

Candidates

 * Paul Hackett, attorney and former Milford City Councilman
 * Victoria Wulsin, doctor
 * Charles Sanders, former mayor of Waynesville, Democratic nominee in 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004
 * James Parker, health care administrator
 * Jeff Sinnard, civil engineer

The Democratic campaign
The Democratic primary attracted little attention. The obvious candidate was Charles W. Sanders, who won the nomination in the past four primaries but never got more than 28% of the vote against Portman in the general election. But Sanders, the only black candidate in either primary, had been recalled as Mayor of Waynesville when he charged the village police with racial profiling. He also faced complaints from his constituents that he spent too much time on his Congressional campaigns and meeting high Democratic officials such as Bill Clinton rather than attending to local issues. Because of redistricting, Sanders no longer lived in the Second District and had not in his last two runs against Portman.

Victoria Wells Wulsin, a doctor from Indian Hill, was the head of a charity, SOTENI International, that was funding an AIDS prevention campaign in Kenya. Her platform was not one that would win many fans in the conservative Second District: pro-choice, pro-gay rights, opposing the Iraq War, and calling for the repeal of the tax cuts that George W. Bush had advocated and Congress had passed.

Jeff Sinnard, a civil engineer who proudly noted he was a "stay-at-home dad", was the most conservative Democrat in the field, quoting the Bible on his web-site and expressing his opposition to gay marriage and abortion: "I endorse a reverence for human life and dignity from conception to natural death."

Many party leaders expressed their gratitude for Sanders for his past service but backed Paul Hackett, an attorney from Indian Hill. Hackett had organized the recall of a councilman in Milford in 1995 and was elected to the council in his place, serving three years. He had also just returned from a tour of duty in Iraq, having been on active duty in the Marines in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The Democratic parties in Pike, Clermont and Hamilton counties all endorsed Hackett. Sanders said that he was not concerned that party leaders were backing Hackett, telling The Cincinnati Enquirer "People out there know me. I may not have the money or the organization, but no one in this race will work harder."

Special primary election
In his bid for Congress, Hackett was endorsed by the county Democratic parties in four of the seven counties in the district, those in Brown, Clermont, Hamilton and Pike counties. Party leaders chose to support him rather than Charles W. Sanders, the only black candidate in either primary and the Democratic nominee in 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004. Timothy Burke, chairman of the party in Hamilton County, said "The blunt reality is that Charles Sanders can't win the 2nd District seat." David Altman, a Cincinnati attorney who was on the party central committee, was also skeptical of Sanders, telling The Cincinnati Post "I don't think he has a snowball's chances of winning."

Many were angered by the endorsement. Todd Portune, the first Democrat elected to the Hamilton County Commission in decades, told The Post "That's not the Democratic Party I'm a part of," saying the party should remain neutral. Victoria Wells Wulsin, a doctor from Indian Hill who ran a charity helping AIDS patients in Africa, also sought the nomination; the Hamilton County endorsement dismayed her. "It smacks of weapons of mass destruction," she told The Post.

Other candidates running were Jeff Sinnard, a civil engineer from Anderson Township, and the most conservative Democrat; James John Parker, a hospital administrator from Pike County; and Arthur Stanley Katz, a lawyer originally from New York City who had retired to Mason, who ran as a write-in candidate.

Hackett was also endorsed by labor unions: the United Auto Workers, the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and the Greater Cincinnati Building and Construction Trades Council.

The Dayton Daily News endorsed Hackett in the Democratic primary, calling him an "articulate, down-to-earth exponent of moderate Democratic views." The Cincinnati Enquirer also endorsed Hackett in the primary. The newspaper editorialized "he is not an ideologue, but someone willing to listen to different points of view and to act on the basis of what he believes will best serve his constituents." It also called attention to his leading a recall against members of the Milford city council and "his ability to take charge of a situation, whether it is a dysfunctional local government in Ohio, or setting up the basics of a civil government in a city in Iraq."

Hackett told The Cincinnati Enquirer that the Iraq War has not been worth the price. "We need to develop an exit strategy and execute it. That strategy must commit 100% of our efforts to training the 140,000 Iraqi soldiers to do the jobs that the United States is doing now.  We cannot again falsely declare victory." Hackett also told The Enquirer he was the best candidate because of his service in Iraq.

Hackett won the Democratic nomination with over half the vote in unofficial results. A total of 13,927 ballots were cast representing 3.05% of the 456,795 registered voters in the district and 23.4% of the 59,538 ballots cast in both primaries.

General election
Paul Hackett, the Democratic nominee for Congress faced Schmidt in the August 2, 2005, special election. Hackett was described by The New York Times as six foot four and "garrulous, profane, and quick with a barked retort or a mischievous joke". Hackett had organized the recall of a councilman in Milford in 1995 and was elected to the council in his place, serving three years. He had also just returned from a tour of duty in Iraq and played up his military service in the campaign.

Contesting a Republican district
John Green, a political science professor at the University of Akron told USA Today "It's a real steep uphill climb for Hackett. It is such a Republican district." Jane S. Anderson, an adjunct professor of political science at the University of Cincinnati who has unsuccessfully run for the Cincinnati city council and the Ohio House as a Democrat, told the Associated Press
 * It's definitely worth it to the Democrats to put in the effort if only to keep the party energized. Even if Paul Hackett loses, it is very important for the party for him to do well. It could be seen as a sign of opportunities for Democrats in other GOP strongholds.

Martin Gottlieb of the Dayton Daily News wrote a Republican landslide in the district was "a self-fulfilling prophecy":
 * It is so overwhelmingly Republican that Democrats typically don't make a real effort as a party. A candidate puts himself up, but generally it's somebody who has no political strengths and gets no financial contributions or volunteer help to speak of.  The campaign gets little attention.  And the prophecy gets fulfilled.

National attention on the race
Hackett attracted national attention to what had always been considered a safe Republican district. The New York Times ran a front-page story on him and articles appeared in USA Today and The Washington Post. USA Today wrote "if Democrats could design a dream candidate to capitalize on national distress about the war in Iraq, he would look a lot like the tall, telegenic Marine Reserve major who finished a seven-month tour of Iraq in March."

The National Republican Congressional Committee, the official Republican Party body that helps candidates for the United States House of Representatives, announced on July 28 it was spending $265,000 for television ads in the Cincinnati market, covering the western part of the district, and $250,000 for ads in the Huntington, West Virginia, market, covering the eastern half. Carl Forti told The Cincinnati Enquirer "we decided to bury him" after Hackett told USA Today, in a story published that morning, "I don't like the son-of-a-bitch that lives in the White House but I'd put my life on the line for him." Forti said the NRCC had "no concern that she will lose. She will not lose."

The NRCC ran commercials noting Hackett had voted for tax increases while on the Milford council and quoting his statement on his website that he would be "happy" to pay higher taxes. The NRCC was silent about Schmidt's own votes to raise taxes, but the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, the NRCC's counterpart, was not. The DCCC responded with commercials noting that Schmidt had voted to raise the sales tax by 20% and the excise tax on gasoline by 30% when she was in the legislature. A mailing to voters by the DCCC reiterated these statements under the headline "Who Voted for the Taft Sales Tax Increase—the Largest in Ohio History?" and asked "can we trust Jean Schmidt to protect middle-class families in Washington?"

Fundraising
After her primary win, Schmidt flew to Washington, D.C., to attend fundraisers and have a campaign commercial shot featuring her with George W. Bush. Having far more money than her opponent, she was able to afford a television campaign and distributed many large campaign signs throughout the district. However, her financial edge diminished as of late July.

Hackett's limited budget had meant his campaign was limited to word of mouth, one-on-one personal campaigning, and yard signs, of which there were many, despite the strong Republican tilt of the district. One tactic to ensure his name was seen was Hackett's campaign affixing signs to all of the overpasses of I-71 in eastern Hamilton County.

However, with the help of Democrats from across the nation, Hackett raised several hundred thousand dollars in the closing weeks of the campaign. One main reason Democrats have decided to rally around Hackett was that, had he won, he would have been the first veteran of the 2003 invasion of Iraq to serve in Congress. Late in the campaign Schmidt claimed Mark Kirk, Republican Congressman from Illinois was the first Congressman to serve in Iraq, but Kirk said he had never actually been on tour in Iraq.

State and national endorsements
Schmidt won the endorsement of the NRA Political Victory Fund, which frustrated her opponent, a long-time NRA member. She also won the endorsements of the International Association of Fire Fighters, the National Federation of Independent Business, the National Association of Homebuilders, the Ohio Taxpayers Association, the Ohio Small Business PAC, and the Ohio Farm Bureau.

Local endorsements
Schmidt also won the endorsements of the Southern Ohio Board of Realtors and the Fraternal Order of Police Queen City Lodge #69.

The Coalition Opposed to Additional Spending and Taxes, a Cincinnati-based group founded by Tom Brinkman (who lost the GOP primary to Schmidt), began running ads in the last week of July urging voters to skip the election. COAST's president, Jim Urling, told The Cincinnati Enquirer that this might help elect Hackett, but "we think it will be easier to remove a Democrat next year than an incumbent Republican posing as a conservative."

For the general election, the Democratic Dayton Daily News endorsed Hackett. The Daily News said Schmidt's attacks on Senators Mike DeWine and George Voinovich–Schmidt had asked "what kind of men do we have in Washington representing us right now? One refuses to back the president and the other is crying on national television"–were "remarkably classless" and "seemed to be saying that voters who like legislators who exercise occasional independence from their party should not vote for her." The Cincinnati Post also endorsed Hackett. It noted Schmidt is the latest in a line of "Republican patricians" and "likely to be a dependable vote for the Bush administration."

The Cincinnati Enquirer, a Republican paper, wrote Hackett "is an attractive candidate with many qualities to admire" but endorsed Schmidt. The Enquirer conceded Schmidt "has a troubling tendency to offer superficial answers on issues she may not have carefully studied. Some of her comments can lack tact, and she relies too often on anecdotal evidence to prove a point," but endorsed her:
 * Schmidt knows the district very well, having almost a "file-card" memory to recall details about people, places and issues she's had experience with on the local level . . . she's a quick learner who knows how to make deals and get things done. Even in her relatively short time in Columbus, she proved effective in passing legislation to address her district's concerns.

Controversies
Controversy arose over whether Schmidt had failed to list gifts received when she was in the Ohio General Assembly on her financial disclosure statements. Another controversy was her ties to Tom Noe, a major player in the Coingate scandal. Schmidt initially denied ever meeting Noe, but Hackett produced minutes of a 2002 Ohio Board of Regents meeting attended by Schmidt. Noe was a member of the board at the time.

Election night
The election was given major national attention by the television networks and other observers despite its restricted locality. Throughout the night, as returns came in, political watchers and bloggers zeroed in on the election as an indicator of American political opinion shifts.

Many predictions were made everywhere, but as this district had always been a Republican stronghold, most projected a Schmidt win, even though polling was showing the race was getting tight.

Implications for Ohio elections
Following the election, many Democrats hailed the election as showing the weakness of Ohio's Republican party, which has been in control of Ohio state government for a decade, and public unhappiness with President Bush's policies. Hamilton County Democratic chairman Timothy Burke was delighted. "Paul was very critical of this president in a district that Bush carried easily last November, yet she barely hung on to win. There's a clear signal in that," he told The Cincinnati Post on election night. The Clermont County Democratic chairman, Dave Lane, told the Dayton Daily News "Here we are in the reddest of red districts and it was very, very close."

The Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee claimed in a press release Hackett's strong showing meant trouble for Mike DeWine's reelection campaign in 2006, especially since his son Pat had lost the Republican primary for the seat.

Ohio Republican Party political director Jason Mauk said: ""To the extent that voters in that district were sending a message to the Republican Party at the state or national level, we have heard that message and we will continue to listen to their concerns."

Peter W. Bronson, a conservative columnist for The Cincinnati Enquirer, wrote "Hackett's surprising finish was less a repudiation of Bush than a repudiation of Ohio Governor Bob Taft, whose name is now officially radioactive poison." Bronson admitted Hackett "ran a strong campaign" but said he did so well only because of "the ugly primary" on the Republican side, fears that Schmidt was "another Taft RINO" (i.e. "Republican in name only") and apathy by Republican voters, not dissatisfaction with Bush or Republicans in general.

John Nichols of the Madison Capital Times in Wisconsin saw it differently. "The district had been so radically gerrymandered by Republican governors and legislators that it was all-but-unimaginable that a Democrat could ever be competitive there" and that Hackett, "a smart telegenic Iraq War veteran", had been "swiftboated" in the final days of the campaign by "Republican operatives and right-wing talk radio hosts".

As a measure, perhaps, of both Schmidt's unpopularity, and a growing anti-Republican trend in Ohio due to the unpopularity of Bush and Ohio Governor Bob Taft, Schmidt defeated Victoria Wells Wulsin, the second-place finisher in the 2005 Democratic primary, by an even smaller margin than that by which she had defeated Hackett in 2005. In addition, Democrats swept the statewide races for US Senate, governor and lieutenant governor, attorney general, state treasurer and state auditor, while winning the seat of former Republican congressman Bob Ney in Ohio's 18th District. Republicans did manage to win closely contested races in Ohio's 1st, 2nd and 15th Districts.

Implications for national elections
The DSCC also claimed that "If Ohio is a bellwether state for next year's midterm elections, things don't look too good for the Republicans." Republicans said the election meant nothing of the sort. "There is no correlation between what happens in a special election, where turnout is very low and you have circumstances that just aren't comparable to an election that happens on an Election Day in an election year," Brian Nick of the National Republican Senatorial Committee told The Cincinnati Post.

The Columbus Dispatch referred to "the trauma of barely winning a Congressional district long dominated by Republicans" and quoted an anonymous source in the Republican party claiming "there is not a tougher environment in the country than Ohio right now. There is kind of a meltdown happening." Amy Walter of the Cook Political Report told the Dispatch "Ohio becomes the microcosm for the debate Democrats are trying to have nationally" and Democrats would argue in future campaigns "'See what happens when one party rules too long, see what happens with corruption and insider influence.'" Her boss, Charlie Cook, told the Los Angeles Times Hackett's "rubber stamp" charge had resonated with Ohio voters.

Mark Steyn, a conservative Canadian columnist, wrote in the Irish Times "Paul Hackett was like a fast-forward version of the John Kerry campaign" who "artfully neglected to mention the candidate was a Democrat." Steyn claimed that Democratic efforts to present Hackett's run as a success for the party were absurd.

Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich warned Republicans that the election was a warning sign for the 2006 midterms and that while they should not yet panic, they should "think" before it was too late.

Ultimately the Democrats would make significant gains in the 2006 midterm elections, gaining 30 seats in the U.S. House and six in the Senate, and gaining control of both chambers.


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Gregory Cochran

Gregory M. Cochran (born 1953) is an American anthropologist and author who argues that cultural innovation resulted in new and constantly shifting selection pressures for genetic change, thereby accelerating human evolution and divergence between human races. From 2004 to 2015, he was a research associate at the anthropology department at the University of Utah. He is co-author of the book The 10,000 Year Explosion.

Human evolution
In opposition to what he sees as the conventional wisdom that civilization has been a static environment which imposed stabilizing selection on humans, Cochran, along with like-minded anthropologists such as John D. Hawks, contends that haplotype and other data indicate the selection of genes has been strongest since the advent of farming and civilization.

Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence
Cochran and co-authors Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending suggest that the high average IQ of Ashkenazi Jews may be attributed to natural selection for intelligence during the Middle Ages and a low rate of genetic inflow. Cochran and his colleagues hypothesize that the occupational profile of the Jewish community in medieval Europe had resulted in selection pressure for mutations that increase intelligence, but can also result in hereditary neurological disorders. Cochran was featured in an episode of the Norwegian television show Hjernevask ("Brainwash") in which he discusses race and intelligence, using Ashkenazi intelligence as compared to the rest of the Israeli Jewish population as an example of differences between groups.

Pathogenic infections as a cause of disease
In 2000, Cochran and evolutionary biologist Paul W. Ewald co-authored a paper in which they proposed that most human diseases were the result of pathogenic infections (viruses, bacteria, parasites). They argue that most fitness-reducing diseases would be eliminated through natural selection, but since germs can evolve faster than humans, they are a likely culprit. Cochran and Ewald point to stomach ulcers, which were once thought to be caused by a variety of environmental factors such as smoking, diet and drugs, but were later attributed to bacteria.

Pathogenic hypothesis of homosexuality
Cochran has argued that male homosexuality is caused by an unknown pathogen because it reduces or eliminates reproductive output. He argues it is unlikely to be explained by many popular theories, because natural selection should quickly eliminate an evolutionarily disadvantageous trait. He does not suggest that the infectious agent that causes homosexuality is necessarily spread by homosexuals. One suggestion is that a widespread virus which infects everybody on the planet, only causes homosexuality in a few percent of people.

In 1999, journalist Caleb Crain published an article in the gay magazine Out in which he spoke with Cochran and several sexual orientation researchers about the hypothesis. Geneticist Dean Hamer, who had researched the genetics of homosexuality, called it "a very interesting idea" which would need to be tested by experimentation, but he was skeptical as homosexuality doesn't appear in clusters. J. Michael Bailey wanted to see evidence, but gave Cochran the "benefit of the doubt". Elaine F. Walker, who researched a pathogenic cause of schizophrenia during pregnancy, did not find it plausible.

The dominant hypothesis in the scientific literature is that male homosexuality may be a result of incomplete masculinisation of the brain during fetal development, under the influence of sex hormones. Maternal immune responses have also been implicated. Male homosexuality is often preceded by gender nonconforming behavior in early childhood, which according to Bailey, is "often evident by age 2".

title: Gregory Cochran


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Soul Shine Magazine

Soul Shine Magazine is a Canadian online music magazine covering independent and mainstream artists from a variety of genres and backgrounds.

History and profile
Soul Shine Magazine was founded in 2002. The magazine is based in Toronto, Ontario. Lindsay and Paul Whitfield are the magazine's creative team, providing coverage of independent and mainstream artists, daily music news, interviews, gig and album reviews, gig listings, games, contests, and Soul Shine's indie radio.

title: Soul Shine Magazine


title: Template:AthleticsAt1908SummerOlympics


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Cannery Row (film)

Cannery Row is a 1982 American comedy-drama film directed by David S. Ward in his directorial debut, starring Nick Nolte and Debra Winger. The movie is adapted from John Steinbeck's novels Cannery Row (1945) and Sweet Thursday (1954).

Plot
During World War II, declining fish stocks lead to the shutdown of the fishing and canning industry in Monterey, California. The bums and prostitutes living on the city's skid row lead colorful and adventurous lives in a balmy seaside setting.

Eddie "Doc" Daniels, a self-employed marine biologist, lives in a dockside warehouse and researches octopuses. Suzy DeSoto, a girl from the local bordello, is working there only out of necessity.

A collection of linked vignettes describes life on Cannery Row. It is depicted as an impoverished area inhabited by a motley band of people who have experienced failures, but somehow have found their niche and a community of strangely kindred souls.

Doc and Suzy do not quite fit in, but are accepted. Mack and the boys gather frogs and sell them to give a surprise party for Doc, which turns into a brawl and breaks the tank housing Doc's octopus collection. To make amends, they decide to make him a present of a microscope, but mistakenly purchase a telescope instead.

A deeper mystery revolves around why Doc stays in Cannery Row. Suzy discovers that Doc was once a professional baseball pitcher but quit.

Another character, Maxie Baker - known locally as "The Seer" - spends his days playing his trumpet on the beach. He depends on the gifts that mysteriously appear, such as groceries. Suzy eventually learns that the Seer is a former baseball player whom Doc injured with a pitch to the head; Doc has been looking after him. Doc and Suzy ultimately find love.

Cast

 * Nick Nolte as Doc Eddie Daniels
 * Debra Winger as Suzy DeSoto
 * Audra Lindley as Fauna
 * M. Emmet Walsh as Mack
 * Tom Mahoney as Hughie
 * John Malloy as Jones
 * James Keane as Eddie
 * Sunshine Parker as Maxie "The Seer" Baker
 * Rosanna DeSoto as Ellen Sedgewick
 * Frank McRae as Hazel
 * Santos Morales as Joseph and Mary
 * Anne Lockhart as Barmaid
 * John Huston as Narrator

Production
Raquel Welch was originally cast as Suzy but was fired after the first few days of production and replaced by actress Debra Winger, who was 15 years her junior. Welch sued the filmmakers for breach of contract. In the case, MGM claimed Welch was fired for being a "temperamental actress" whose behaviour caused the film to go overbudget. She insisted on doing her hair and make-up at home, and would refuse to co-operate with the director or producers unless she got her own way, thus breaching her $250,000 pay or play contract herself. Welch won the case, and was awarded a reported settlement of $10.8 million in court in 1986. The judgement was upheld at an appeal in 1990, but the whole affair tarnished Welch's reputation in Hollywood. After launching her lawsuit, Welch was never offered another starring role in a major motion picture again. Second unit filming took place in San Diego, California.

Critical reception
In his two-and-a-half star review, Chicago Sun-Times film critic Roger Ebert wrote of the film: "The movie is almost always good to look at, thanks to Richard MacDonald's sets (he linked together two giant sound stages) and Sven Nykvist's photography. And Nolte and Winger are almost able to make their relationship work, if only it didn't seem scripted out of old country songs and lonely hearts columns. It's tough to pull off a movie like this, in the semi-cynical 1980s (it would have been impossible in the truly cynical seventies). I guess we no longer believe in the essential heroism of the little guy, and in the proposition that anyone can succeed with a little luck." Vincent Canby of The New York Times dubbed the film 'precious nonsense' and felt it was a poor adaptation of Steinbeck. Variety praised Nolte and Winger's performance, but felt the material wasn't up to them.

Cannery Row holds a 71% rating on Rotten Tomatoes film review aggregator based on 7 reviews by critics.

MGM reaction
MGM head of production David Begelman later said he should not have greenlit the film, saying it "was beyond the reach of the filmmaker to realise the wonderful, wonderful values he had in a brilliant script."

title: Cannery Row (film)


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Talk:Volvo S80

Talk
Volvo S80 is not a competitor of Buick Lucerne, Chrysler 300C, Mercury Marauder. Both Volvo's website as well as Buick, Chrysler, and Mercury's does not compare these under their comparison section. Volvo compares themself with BMW, Audi, Saab, Lexus, who in return compares their cars to Volvo. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.198.220.100 (talk) 20:01, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Every single S80 has been built in the Gothenburg, Sweden plant. -> Not true. There are these local assembly plants e.g. malaysia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.30.176.71 (talk) 15:44, 8 June 2005 (UTC)

Doesn't the King of Sweden drive a limo' version or something like that? I'd assume it also does duty with Swedish overseas missions. Might be worth mentioning if anyone knows for sure... -- stewacide — Preceding undated comment added 17:34, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

The S80 ain't no mid-sizer!
Dude, the guy who edited the article before you did was right, the Volvo S80 is a full-size luxury car, not a mid-size executive. It was built to be related to the Lincoln Town Car. 166.137.191.44 (talk) 19:54, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Most certainly not related to the Town Car. Also not related to the Tata Nano.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  00:22, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Sure it's not a mid-size, it's larger - E-class (executive car) (Between D and F segments), enough vandalizing the article and misleading readers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.140.233.227 (talk) 20:19, 20 September 2015 (UTC)

The Volvo S80 Is Not A Full-Size Car, So Stop Saying It Is
It's a mid-size car. 166.137.191.43 (talk) 00:18, 9 February 2014 (UTC)

Would the awd system in the s80 poentially fit in a 2001 v70?
They are both the same platform so it seems plausible 71.7.208.66 (talk) 02:06, 4 January 2023 (UTC)

S90-S80-S90
The article does not make sense where it claims that the S90 was replaced by the S80 which was replaced by the S90. Editors might like to get this sorted out. 182.239.148.125 (talk) 03:31, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You will have to bring it up with Volvo; we just report these matters. Click the links to the different S90s and you will see that there is a gap, when there was no S90 available.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  03:36, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volvo S80


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Talk:Red Hook, Brooklyn

There is a New Museum located in RedHook waterfront.
New Earth Museum is about to open at 11/11/2023 (11pm) located in 481 Van Brunt St, Redhook (Brooklyn), NY 11231

The museum is curating new earth people that are humanitarian, very nice approach, must visit! 2600:4041:5370:F400:A00F:E62F:9C70:E68A (talk) 01:28, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Red Hook, Brooklyn


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Mike Milbury

Michael James Milbury (born June 17, 1952) is an American former professional ice hockey player and current sports announcer. He played for twelve seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), all for the Boston Bruins. He helped the Bruins reach the Stanley Cup Finals in 1977 and 1978.

Milbury later served as assistant general manager under Harry Sinden and head coach for Boston, as well as general manager and head coach for the New York Islanders. He served as a television color commentator and analyst for the NHL on NBC from 2007 to 2021.

Colgate University
Milbury was a three-year letterman at Colgate University from 1972 to 1974. A defenseman who wore uniform number 7, he was the team's co-leader in assists with 19 in his junior year. As a senior captain, he had his best season with the Red Raiders with 30 points (4 goals, 26 assists). He also led the squad in penalty minutes in both campaigns with 68 in 1973 and 85 in 1974. His totals in 76 games played were 6 goals, 55 assists, 61 points and 203 penalty minutes.

Boston Bruins
Immediately after the conclusion of his college hockey career, Milbury played in five games with the Boston Braves, the Bruins' top farm team, in 1974. He signed with the Bruins as a free agent on November 5, 1974, and spent the next two campaigns with the Rochester Americans, the team's new American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate. In both seasons he led the club in penalty minutes with 246 in 1975 and 199 in 1976, finishing fourth and third respectively in the AHL.

Milbury was promoted to the Bruins late in the 1975–76 season, playing in eleven of twelve Stanley Cup playoff matches. Prior to the following NHL campaign, he was a member of the United States team at the inaugural 1976 Canada Cup, getting a goal and three assists in five contests.

In his first three full years with the Bruins, his heavily aggressive style of play was a perfect fit for the overachieving team coached by Don Cherry and featuring similar tough players such as Terry O'Reilly, John Wensink and Stan Jonathan. Milbury helped his team reach consecutive Stanley Cup Finals in 1977 and 1978, with Boston losing both times to the Montreal Canadiens in four and six games respectively.

In his twelve seasons as a defenseman for the Bruins, he appeared in the postseason eleven times. He accumulated more than 200 penalty minutes in 1981 (222) and 1983 (216) and surpassed 100 six other times. He also served as the club's representative with the NHL Players' Association and was outspoken on several controversial issues, notably the role of Alan Eagleson.

Shoe incident
Milbury gained notoriety for what occurred following a 4–3 Bruins victory over the New York Rangers at Madison Square Garden on December 23, 1979. During an on-ice fray between the players from both sides, a Rangers fan cut Stan Jonathan's face with a rolled-up program and grabbed his hockey stick. Terry O'Reilly climbed over the Plexiglas and went into the stands in pursuit of the offender, followed by Peter McNab and other teammates. Milbury, who had actually reached the visitors locker room when his teammates started going into the stands, raced back to join his colleagues in the brawl. He caught the unruly spectator, removed one of his shoes and, while holding the heel end, slapped him hard once with the sole side before being restrained. Subsequently, NHL president John Ziegler suspended O'Reilly for eight games and McNab and Milbury for six, with each being fined $500. This incident also resulted in the installation of higher glass panels enclosing rinks in hockey arenas.

Boston Bruins
Milbury became head coach of the Boston Bruins in the 1989–90 season, leading the team to the Presidents' Trophy and an appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals. He was named Executive of the Year by the Sporting News.

He was the head coach of the Wales Conference team at the 1991 All-Star Game, where he generated some controversy by including enforcer Chris Nilan and checker Brian Skrudland ahead of players such as Kirk Muller and Guy Lafleur. However, Nilan and Skrudland both missed the game due to injury. As a result of Milbury's controversial roster picks, the league's board of governors changed their policy so that future teams would be chosen by committee.

Boston College Eagles
On March 30, 1994, Boston College Eagles announced that Mike Milbury would become the head coach of the hockey team, replacing Steve Cedorchuk. However, Milbury abruptly left before coaching a game, citing "philosophical differences" with the school's athletics department in a press conference held on June 2, 1994. BC eventually hired legendary coach Jerry York, then the head coach at Bowling Green University, to replace Milbury, while Milbury took work as a television studio analyst for ESPN.

New York Islanders
Milbury was hired as the Islanders' coach in 1995 and within three months became the general manager as well, but he turned the coaching duties over to Rick Bowness in January 1997. During several of the years that Milbury served as Islanders GM, the team's ownership mandated that he operate the team on an austere budget. In 1999, he was forced to trade star scorer Žigmund Pálffy because team owners no longer wanted to pay his multimillion-dollar contract.

However, Milbury has also been criticized for the many seemingly poor decisions he made in which payroll or orders from upper management were not factors. Many young players and prospects that Milbury traded away went on to have distinguished careers, often eclipsing those of the players he received in return. He traded away defensemen Zdeno Chara, Wade Redden, Bryan Berard, Eric Brewer, Darius Kasparaitis, and Bryan McCabe; goaltenders Roberto Luongo and Tommy Salo; as well as forwards Olli Jokinen, Todd Bertuzzi, Tim Connolly, Jean-Pierre Dumont, and Raffi Torres. Milbury has also come under fire for his poor draft-day decisions such as choosing Rick DiPietro first overall in 2000 over Dany Heatley and Marian Gaborik, as well as his decision to include the 2001 second overall draft pick (Jason Spezza) as part of the Alexei Yashin trade.

In June 2006, Milbury stepped down as Islanders GM to accept a position as senior vice president of Charles Wang's sports holdings. In an appearance on Mike and the Mad Dog, Wang did not challenge the hosts' suggestion that he had fired Milbury. In May 2007, Milbury resigned his position with Wang, saying that he missed making hockey-related decisions and would be open to a hockey operations job in another organization.

Television work
American networks NESN, NBC and Versus, plus Canada's TSN, hired Milbury as a studio analyst for the 2007–08 season. He also served as the studio analyst and color commentator for games involving the Boston Bruins, and for the past two years, he has participated in the broadcast of the Winter Classic. In July 2008, Milbury signed a two-year contract with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Hockey Night in Canada. In 2009, Milbury opined that a ban on fighting in ice hockey would lead to the "pansification" of the NHL.

Comments about women in hockey
Since joining NBC, Milbury has made several comments and jokes about and at the expense of women and women in hockey. In 2011, he referred to Vancouver Canucks twins Daniel Sedin and Henrik Sedin as Thelma & Louise. Henrik responded with a jab at Milbury for trading Roberto Luongo as GM of the Islanders, while Daniel said, "I don't know how he looks at women. I would be pretty mad if I was a woman." Commenting on an April 2012 game between the Pittsburgh Penguins and Philadelphia Flyers, he said that then-Penguins coach Dan Bylsma "should have taken off his skirt and gone over (to the Flyers' bench)" to confront his counterpart, Peter Laviolette. In August 2020, Milbury made more disparaging comments about women during the 2020 Stanley Cup Playoffs (see section below), which ultimately led to his firing by NBC.

P. K. Subban
Milbury has received criticism for comments he made about P. K. Subban in 2017. In April, Milbury called Subban "a clown" and said he deserved a "rap on the head" from his head coach for his pre-game routine which included dancing on the ice during warmups. During a 2017 Stanley Cup Finals game in June between Subban's Nashville Predators and the Pittsburgh Penguins, Subban and Sidney Crosby engaged in a fight that ended with Subban's head bouncing off the ice. Milbury said after the game that Subban "had it coming." When the series moved to Nashville, several fans taunted Milbury over his comments, including some who claimed NBC tried to "bribe" them with a hat in return for handing over their signs that were critical of Milbury which might be picked up on camera.

2020 Stanley Cup playoffs
During the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs, Milbury made a series of controversial comments that attracted a wide range of responses, from mockery to calls for him to lose his job with NBC.

On August 15, Milbury criticized the decision made by Tuukka Rask of the Boston Bruins to opt out of the playoffs in the middle of a series, saying "(Nobody's) simply opted to leave the bubble just because they didn't want to be here and they needed to be with their family." This followed comments Milbury had made two weeks earlier, where he claimed to be a "fan" of Rask while questioning his commitment to hockey after watching an interview in which Rask talked about changing his newborn daughter's diapers. It was revealed four days later on August 19 that a medical emergency involving Rask's daughter drove him to leave the team.

On August 20, while calling a game between the Washington Capitals and New York Islanders, Milbury praised the bubble system designed to isolate teams during the COVID-19 pandemic because there were "not even any women here to disrupt your concentration." His comments received quick condemnation from the NHL. Milbury apologized the next day, and NBC released a statement saying the issue had been addressed, though they did not publicly elaborate any further, nor did they indicate whether Milbury would face any discipline. The Washington Post reported that NBC had removed Milbury from that evening's broadcast schedule and did not announce the following weekend's broadcasting teams until Saturday morning. Milbury announced on August 22 that he would be stepping away from the broadcast booth for the remainder of the playoffs, so as not to be a distraction. On January 11, 2021, NBC announced that Milbury's tenure with the network was done and he would not be part of its broadcast lineup for the 2021 NHL season, its final season broadcasting NHL games.

In a wide-ranging interview with The Boston Globe in July 2021, Milbury defended his original comments, saying "I want to explain the comment from that day. As a player and coach in the league, I've been on a lot of road trips and around a lot of guys that are young, fit, well-compensated, have celebrity status, and when they go on the road they play hard and they party hard. And a lot of their attention is on women, and I certainly don't mean that in a bad way," and added, "What if I had said there aren't any dogs here to distract the players? Or any wives? Or children? Do I have to describe the whole pantheon of the human race in order for it to be politically correct?"

Assault charge
In December 2011, Milbury was charged on three counts stemming from an incident taking place on December 9, 2011, during a Pee-Wee hockey game he was coaching-- assault and battery on a child, threats to commit a crime, and disorderly conduct. He was never arrested. According to The Boston Herald, Milbury, an assistant coach for the Boch Blazers Pee-Wee hockey team, intervened in a fight on the ice during the game between his own son and a 12-year-old boy from the opposing team. Milbury allegedly "charged out onto the rink and verbally berated and grabbed and shook the 12-year-old opposing player." The boy's mother described Milbury's actions as "horrific", while his father accused Milbury of grabbing and shaking his son, and lifting him above the ice for thirty seconds. Milbury, through his lawyer, denied all charges. The owner of the Blazers defended Milbury's actions, saying he was told Milbury "did everything right... [he] didn't touch any kid inappropriately." NBC and Milbury reached a mutual agreement to take Milbury off air while he dealt with the situation.

Milbury appeared before a clerk magistrate in Brookline District Court in late December 2011 to answer the charges. After a closed-door hearing which lasted several hours, the magistrate determined there wasn't enough evidence to sustain any of the three charges, which were all dropped. Milbury expressed gratitude for the court's findings, and affirmed that he believed he acted responsibly as a "supervisor" of the ice (and claimed the referee had already left the rink), and said he would do the same thing if the situation arose in the future.

title: Mike Milbury


text:
Bullring

A bullring is an arena where bullfighting is performed. Bullrings are often associated with the Iberian Peninsula, but they can also be found through Iberian America and in a few Spanish and Portuguese ex-colonies in Africa. Bullrings are often historic and culturally significant centres that bear many structural similarities to the Roman amphitheatre.

Common structure
The classic bullring is an enclosed, roughly circular amphitheatre with tiered rows of stands that surround an open central space. The open space forms the arena or ruedo, a field of densely packed crushed rock (albero) that is the stage for the bullfight. Also on the ground level, the central arena is surrounded by a staging area where the bullfighters prepare and take refuge, called the callejón (alley). The callejón is separated from the arena by a wall or other structure, usually made of wood and roughly 140 cm high. The partition wall has doors for the entrance and exit of the bull (puerta de los toriles) and human participants (puerta de cuadrilla), although the form, number, and placement of these doors will vary from one bullring to another. In regular places, the wall is pushed outwards leaving splits (burladero, from burlar: to evade, to dodge) that allow the bullfighters to go in the arena and to take refuge but are too narrow for the bull. Nevertheless, on rare occasions the bull jumps the wall causing havoc in the corridor. The walls also have a type of stirrup or foothold that aids in crossing over to the central arena, and sometimes stirrups on the arena side as well; these are used mostly by event staff if they need to intervene quickly in the case of an emergency. The arena is surrounded by climbing rows of seats. The seats are priced differently according to the position of the sun during the show, normally in the afternoon. The hot sol, "sun", is cheaper than the fresher sombra, "shade".

Architectural origins
Bullrings evolved as specialized sporting arenas hand-in-hand with the sport that demanded them. Many of the ancient Roman amphitheatres had characteristics that can be seen in the bullrings of today (in fact the ring in Nîmes, France, is a Roman artifact, though it is more elliptical than the usual plaza), and the origin of bullfighting is very closely related to certain Roman traditions; in the formative years of the sport on the Iberian Peninsula, those Roman enclosures were not commonly utilised for bullfighting events. Back when bullfighting festivals were conducted principally on horseback, the spectacle was a more public affair that took place in the city's open plaza area. It was only later, when bullfights were conducted principally by men on foot, that the public needed a structure to house them appropriately. Not only did the crowd need special seating to view the spectacle, they also needed a structure to contain the general disorder that reigned at festivals during the heyday of such legendary figures as Costillares, Pedro Romero, and Pepe-Hillo.

In these early days, the circular form was not to be taken for granted. When La Maestranza bullring in Seville was authorized for construction in 1730 specifically to house bullfights, the original plans called for a rectangular arena for the first three years, only later to be changed to a circular form that avoided the cornering of the action and put all viewers at the same approximate distance, the same reason for the elliptical form of amphitheatres. Another circular plaza was begun in Ronda in 1754, and it featured its first bullfights in 1782.

In the change from the 19th to the 20th century, the Neo-Mudéjar style became in vogue for plazas, involving decoration in visible brickwork.

Since the 1990s, new construction technology allows some rings to be covered permanently or temporarily.

Alternative uses
The primary purpose of the ring is bullfighting, but it is usually limited to some festival weeks in the year. In other times, it may be used as a concert venue as in the Rock en el ruedo tour of Miguel Ríos or the live record Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring, featuring a Joan Baez concert in the Bilbao plaza.

Before the diffusion of modern sports premises, bullrings were used in the Basque Country for traditional sports similar to challenges of resistance running. The public made bets on the number of laps the runner could make. No bulls were involved.

After the battle of Badajoz (1936) of the Spanish Civil War, the Badajoz ring was used as a confinement camp for supporters of the republic and many thousands were executed there by the Nationalist forces who had just occupied the town.

Most indoor bullrings, especially in Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America, in addition to being used for concerts, have also been used for indoor sports such as basketball, ice hockey, boxing and lucha libre.

Bullrings of the world
The most famous bullrings in the world are Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid (Spain), widely regarded as the most prestigious one, La Maestranza in Seville (Spain), Campo Pequeno in Lisbon (Portugal) and Plaza de Toros México in Mexico City.

Major venues in Spain

 * Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas, Madrid (1931)
 * Plaza de Toros de Valencia (1851)
 * La Maestranza, Seville (1761)
 * Plaza de Toros de Vista Alegre, Bilbao
 * Plaza de Toros de Pamplona, Pamplona
 * Plaza de toros de La Malagueta, Málaga
 * Plaza de Toros de los Califas, Córdoba
 * Donostia Arena, San Sebastián
 * Plaza de Toros de Zaragoza (1990)

Local venues in Spain

 * Plaza de Toros, Aranjuez (1760)
 * Plaza de Toros de Albacete, Albacete (1917)
 * Plaza de Toros de Alicante, Alicante (1847)
 * Plaza de Toros de El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz (1880)
 * Plaza de Toros de Fuengirola, Fuengirola (1962)
 * Plaza de Toros de Granada (1928)
 * Plaza de Toros de Jaén (1960)
 * Plaza de Toros de La Coruña, A Coruña (1991)
 * Plaza de Toros de La Ribera, Logroño (2001)
 * Plaza de Toros de Marbella, Marbella (1964)
 * Plaza de Toros de La Merced, Huelva (1968)
 * Plaza de Toros de Murcia (1885)
 * Plaza de Toros de Vitoria-Gasteiz (1941)
 * Plaza de Toros de Ronda, Ronda (1785)
 * Plaza de Toros La Glorieta, Salamanca (1893)
 * Plaza de Toros de El Bibio, Gijón (1888)
 * Plaza de Toros de Toledo (1865)
 * Plaza de Toros de Segovia, (1805)

Portugal

 * Campo Pequeno bullring, Lisbon
 * Praça Toiros Palha Blanco, Vila Franca de Xira
 * Coliseu Figueirense, Figueira da Foz
 * Coliseu de Redondo, Redondo
 * Póvoa de Varzim Bullfighting Arena, Póvoa de Varzim (near Porto)
 * Praça de Toiros de Albufeira, Albufeira
 * Praça de Touros Amadeu Augusto dos Santos, Montijo
 * Praça de Touros Celestino Graça, Santarém
 * Praça de Touros da Luz, Mourão (in contemporary architectural style)
 * Praça de Touros Daniel de Nascimento, Moita
 * Praça de Touros de Abiúl, Pombal (one of the oldest)
 * Praça de Touros de Estremoz, Estremoz
 * Praça de Touros de Monsaraz, Reguengos de Monsaraz (very ancient)
 * Praça de Touros de Montemor-o-Novo, Montemor-o-Novo
 * Praça de Touros da Nazaré, Nazaré
 * Praça de Touros de Salvaterra, Salvaterra de Magos
 * Praça de Touros de Santa Eulália, Elvas
 * Praça de Touros de Santo António das Areias, Marvão
 * Praça de Touros de Sobral de Monte Agraço, Sobral de Monte Agraço
 * Praça de Touros de Urrós, Mogadouro
 * Praça de Touros do Cartaxo, Cartaxo
 * Praça de Touros João Branco Núncio, Alcácer do Sal
 * Praça de Touros Carlos Relvas, Setúbal

France
Villages round the Camargue, such as Rodilhan in the Gard, who also practise 'mise à mort' - killing the bull.
 * The Arena of Nîmes, Nîmes
 * The arena in Arles
 * The arena in Alès
 * The arena in Mont de Marsan
 * The arena in Bouillargues
 * The arena in Trèbes
 * The arena in Vauvert
 * There are also arenas in an important part of small villages of Camargue

Africa

 * Plaza de toros de Melilla, Melilla

Algeria

 * Arènes d'Oran, Oran

Angola

 * Luanda Bullring, Luanda

Morocco

 * Plaza de Toros Tangier, Tangier
 * Laayoune bullring, Laayoune

Mozambique

 * Praça de Touros Monumental de Lourenço Marques, Maputo

Mexico

 * Coliseo Centenario, Torreón
 * Plaza de Toros México, Mexico City (Currently the biggest bullring worldwide)
 * Plaza de Toros Monumental de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes
 * Plaza de Toros Monumental de Tijuana, Tijuana
 * Plaza de Toros Santa María, Santiago de Querétaro
 * Plaza Monumental de Morelia, Morelia
 * Plaza Nuevo Progreso, Guadalajara
 * Plaza El Paseo, San Luis Potosí
 * Plaza de Toros El Relicario, Puebla
 * Plaza Santiago J. Vivanco, Matehuala
 * Plaza de Toros Jorge "El Ranchero" Aguilar, Tlaxcala
 * Plaza Monumental Zacatecas, Zacatecas
 * Plaza Monumental Monterrey Lorenzo Garza, Monterrey
 * Plaza de Toros Cadereyta, Cadereyta Jiménez
 * Plaza de Toros Alejandra, Durango
 * Plaza de Toros Provincia Juriquilla, Santiago de Querétaro
 * Plaza La Luz, León
 * Plaza San Marcos, Aguascalientes
 * Plaza Silverio Pérez, Texcoco
 * Plaza Quintana Roo, Cancún
 * Plaza El Centenario (The Centennial), Tlaquepaque
 * Plaza de Toros Alberto Balderas, Ciudad Juárez
 * Plaza Revolución, Irapuato
 * Plaza de Mérida Mérida
 * Plaza Calafia, Mexicali
 * Palacio del Arte, Morelia
 * Plaza de la Concordia, Orizaba
 * Plaza de Toros La Esperanza, Chihuahua
 * Plaza de Toros Vicente Segura, Pachuca
 * Plaza de Toros Rodolfo Gaona, Cañadas de Obregón, Jalisco
 * Monumental Plaza de Toros El Pinal, Teziutlán
 * Monumental Plaza de Toros de Don Antonio, Tepic
 * Plaza de Toros La Sinaloense, Culiacán
 * Plaza de Toros Alberto Balderas de Moroleón, Moroleón
 * Plaza de Toros Monumental de Villahermosa, Villahermosa
 * Plaza de Toros La Taurina, Huamantla
 * Plaza de Toros Jose Julian Llaguno, Tlatenango

Argentina

 * Plaza de Toros de Montserrat (1791–1799)
 * Plaza de Toros del Retiro (1801–1818)

Colombia

 * Santamaría Bullring, Bogotá
 * Plaza de Toros La Macarena, Medellín
 * Plaza de Toros de Manizales, Manizales
 * Plaza de Toros Cañaveralejo, Cali
 * Plaza de toros El Bosque, Armenia.
 * Plaza de toros La Pradera, Sogamoso.
 * Plaza de toros de Vistahermosa, Floridablanca (Santander).
 * Plaza de toros Monumental Señor de los Milagros, Girón (Santander).
 * Plaza de toros de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias.
 * Plaza de toros César Rincón, Duitama.
 * Plaza de toros Pepe Cáceres, Ibagué.
 * Plaza de toros de San Fermín, Pamplona.
 * Plaza de toros de Cúcuta, Cúcuta.
 * Plaza de toros Agustín Barona, Palmira.
 * Plaza de toros La Real Maestranza, Guatavita.

Ecuador

 * Plaza de toros de Quito, Quito.

Peru

 * Plaza de toros de Acho, Lima. 2nd oldest. 30 January 1766.
 * Plaza de Toros Sol y Sombra, Lima
 * Plaza de Toros de la Provincia de Cutervo, Cajamarca
 * Plaza de Toros "El Vizcaíno", Cajamarca
 * Plaza de Toros de Trujillo "El Coliseo", Trujillo
 * Plaza de Toros de El Coliseo, Huancayo
 * Plaza de Toros de Sicaya, Huancayo
 * Plaza de Toros de la Unión, Huánuco
 * Plaza de Toros de Guadalupe, Ica
 * Plaza de Toros de Puquío, Ayacucho.

Uruguay

 * Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos, Colonia del Sacramento (closed after prohibition of bull fighting in 1912)

Venezuela

 * Plaza Monumental de Valencia, Valencia, Carabobo. (The 2nd largest bullring in the world)
 * Maestranza César Girón, Maracay
 * Plaza de toros Monumental de Maracaibo, Maracaibo
 * Plaza Monumental de Toros de Pueblo Nuevo, San Cristóbal, Táchira
 * Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia, Mérida, Mérida

United States

 * Santa Maria Bullring, San Isidro, Texas

title: Bullring


text:
Talk:Lynn Compton

Name
In thinking about the article title, I'm wondering if it should be changed to Buck Compton, since I suspect that most people looking for information on him will only know of him from Band of Brothers and have no idea that his first name is Lynn. --Habap 15:47, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I like what you have. You have covered both bases by including both names.  Looking at Manual of Style (biographies) and other bios with nicknames, there is no hard rule.  Most folks with unique names just have their names as the title, and all pseudonymns in the article.  Folks with common names use the nickname as a differentiator.  We should link this to the BoB article and consider adding his initial, D. Beanbatch 20:44, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I think some redirects (if you don't already have them) would do just fine. I just added a taxobox, but I'm also concerned about the cleanliness of the article, and I'm going to request (if I don't do it first) that the article be split into three categories: Early Life, During World War II, and After the War.  Just to tidy it up and make it easier for people to find what they want/need. Martorius 18:25, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
This is a poorly written article. An encyclopedia article cannot cite a dramatized miniseries in a biographical article. Someone please go through and clean this up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ocatecir (talk • contribs) 13:34, 13 January 2007
 * Why can't it? It is pertinent to his life, and factual. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.163.237.204 (talk) 02:50, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Nickname
It is not Wikipedia style to add a nickname in the first mention of a military officer or war veteran. That is standard only with mobsters, and perhaps not even then. His nickname is in the infobox, Thank you for cooperating on this. MajorStovall (talk) 16:31, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

American Defense Service Medal?
According to this medal's article it was discontinued in 1941, and Compton didn't enter service until 1943. Why would he have had one? --Ifrit (Talk) 23:14, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

 * He was 9n ROTC prior to 1943. Ima, not sure if this qualifies, but it is service and some ROTC cadets are contracted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.73.40.226 (talk • contribs)
 * The Army Reserve Page says USAR includes ROTC. That doesn't really answer the question but it points us in the right direction.-- Jim in Georgia  Contribs  Talk  00:47, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It's in "About the Author" in Compton's book.-- Jim in Georgia  Contribs  Talk  00:57, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Just to add a late note to this thread, initial ROTC training is done as a civilian, but in the latter part cadets are actually enlisted into the USAR with the rank of private. And USAR personnel are entitled to all the same awards as active duty personnel. Cyberherbalist (talk) 20:19, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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Baseball game
I think there's a disconnect in "In January 1945, Compton left E Company on an honorable discharge. He returned on VE Day for the company's annual baseball game." If Compton were honorably discharged, wouldn't he have been in or headed toward the States? E Company was deactivated in Europe. I don't have a copy of the memoir and the preview at Google books doesn't include page 152. He could have been discharged from a hospital...-- Georgia Army Vet Contribs Talk 20:25, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Discharge from a hospital is a very different thing from "honorable discharge", which, by definition, means separation from the service and a return to civilian status. You are correct though, that if he had been honorably discharged in January, 1945 he would not have been there for the baseball game. (Incidentally, the game is portrayed in the series as taking place on VJ Day, not VE Day. That's something else that needs fixing.) If I had to, I'd guess that he was either hospitalized the entire time after he was taken off the line, or that recuperated enough to leave the hospital and was reassigned in order to give him light duty befitting an officer, maybe a desk job. Obviously, that's just speculation. Beetfarm Louie (talk) 20:17, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Inasmuch as it seems obvious that he wouldn't have been discharged for medical reasons in the middle of a war for mere trench foot -- he had been shot in the buttocks earlier, and stuck around -- I'm modifying the article to remove these statements. Cyberherbalist (talk) 20:24, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lynn Compton