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M-84

The M-84 is a Yugoslav main battle tank, a variant of the Soviet T-72 tank. The M-84 is still in service in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia and Kuwait.

Development
The M-84 is based on the Soviet T-72M, the export variant of T-72A, with many improvements, including a domestic fire-control system that the T-72M lacked, improved composite armor, and a 1,000-hp engine. The M-84 entered service with the Yugoslav People's Army in 1984, and the improved M-84A version entered service a few years later. Other variants were introduced later, most being modernization packages.

Production in Yugoslavia
About 240 Yugoslav factories directly participated in the production of the M-84, and about 1,000 others participated indirectly. The manufacturer was chosen by Josip Broz Tito to be the Đuro Đaković in Croatia, over other proposed manufacturers in Serbia: Goša FOM Smederevska Palanka and Mašinska Industrija Niš, at that time the biggest producers of locomotives and wagons in Yugoslavia. The biggest manufacturers directly involved in production of the M84 main battle tank in SFR Yugoslavia and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia among former republics were:

 * Bratstvo, Novi Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina,- gun with barrel 125mm
 * Slovenske železarne, Ravne, Slovenia - steel, turret and armor
 * Iskra, Slovenia - laser designation
 * FAMOS, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina - engine
 * PPT-Petoletka, Trstenik, Serbia - hydraulics and turret movement system
 * ATB Sever, Subotica, Serbia - automatic loading system
 * Rudi Čajavec, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina - electronics and communications systems
 * Zrak, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina - optics
 * Pretis, Vogošća, Bosnia and Herzegovina - ammunition
 * Sloboda, Čačak, Serbia - ammunition
 * Zastava Arms, Kragujevac, Serbia - coaxial 7.62mm and anti-air 12.7mm machine gun
 * Metalski Zavod Tito, Skopje, North Macedonia - transmission parts
 * 14. oktobar, Kruševac, Serbia - modular tank engine manufacturer, engine and transmission parts
 * Đuro Đaković, Slavonski Brod, Croatia - finalist, tank hull, metalwork, assembly line, maintenance, LCS

Development

 * Military Technical Institute, Belgrade - primary designer of tanks, designer and developer of reactive armor and other armor, materials like high quality steel for armor, tank ammunition, tank engines, modernization suits and designer of tank crew training and simulation system - TOPOT

Producers in Serbia

 * ATB Sever, Subotica - automatic loading system
 * Sloboda, Čačak - ammunition and smoke discharge units
 * PPT Namenska, Trstenik - hydraulics, transmission parts and turret movement system
 * Teleoptik-žiroskopi, Zemun - optics, gyroscopes and gyroscopic devices and Fire-control system with software, electronics and electronic elements of active protection system
 * Zastava Arms, Zastava kovačnica subsidiary, Kragujevac - tank tracks
 * Technical Overhaul Institute "Čačak" - reactive and other armor, overhaul and modernization center and possible finalist for new tanks
 * 14. oktobar, Kruševac - modular tank engine manufacturer, engine and transmission parts, shell parts for ammunition
 * Yugoimport SDPR, Borbeni složeni sistemi subsidiary, Velika Plana - 125mm gun and barrels, welded turrets, rcws, radio-logical-chemical subsystem, fire suppression subsystems
 * Imtel komunikacije, Belgrade - UORZ - Radar warning and direction finding system - part of protection system
 * Zastava Arms, Kragujevac - machine-guns 12.7mm and coaxial 7.62mm

The M-84ASA, a Serbian version of the M-84, was unveiled in 2004. It has a new fire control system, Kontakt-5 ERA armor, AT-11 Sniper anti-tank missiles, Agava-2 thermal sight, and the Shtora defensive suite. It is very similar to the Russian T-90S in appearance and in capability. The latest prototype version from Serbia, M-84AS1, unveiled in 2017, has a new fire control system with domestic laser and radar warning system, RCWS 12.7mm and soft active protection suite with a new version of domestic explosive reactive armor (ERA). A later prototype of the same tank unveiled in 2020 has better-shaped ERA M19 reactive armour, some new situational awareness equipment, and new ammunition.

Exports
About 150 M-84 tanks were exported to Kuwait. The disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s prevented further exports of the M-84. Sales of the M84 including negotiations of contracts with foreign partners were done through Yugoimport SDPR, at that time acting as a Yugoslav state agency. Production and delivery was performed by Đuro Đaković.

Armament
The M-84A is armed with a 125 mm smoothbore cannon derived from the Soviet 2A46. The fume extractor positioned in the middle of the barrel is shielded with a thermal coating that minimizes deformation of the barrel from high temperatures and ensures it is cooled at the same rate during rapid firing. The M-84 uses an automatic loader, which enables it to sustain a firing rate of 8 rounds per minute.

The cannon's 40 rounds of ammunition are stowed in the hull of the tank beneath the turret. This concept was inherited from the original Soviet design for the T-72, and is both a strength and weakness of the tank. The lower hull beneath the turret is one of the least likely place to be hit and penetrated by antitank rounds or mines, but in the event of penetration and secondary detonation of the ammunition the crew and tank are unlikely to survive the resulting catastrophic explosion.

Along with its primary armament, the M-84 is also armed with one 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, and one 12.7mm anti-aircraft gun mounted on the commander's turret.

All versions of the M-84 have a crew of three. The commander sits on the right side of the turret, the gunner on the left, and the driver sits centrally at the front of the vehicle. Like most Soviet-derived vehicles, the M-84 series of tanks have an autoloader rather than a manual loader.

Protection
The basic tank has a cast steel turret with maximal thickness of 410mm; later, in the M-84A version, a segment made out of a non-metal, most likely rubber and boron carbide (see Chobham armour), was sandwiched between layers of steel. The glacis uses laminate armor, glass in plastic resin between two steel plates; in the A version a 16mm steel plate was welded on the glacis. Total armor protection ranges between 550mm-650mm for the glacis and 560mm-700mm for the turret. During the wars in Yugoslavia the M-84's frontal armor proved very effective against any type of AT threat. Side or rear hits often result in a catastrophic ammo explosion.

Twelve smoke grenades are positioned in front of the turret in banks of five and seven grenades. Night vision and gunner's sights are positioned on the top-right side of the turret. The M-84 has a searchlight used in short-range combat situations.

The M-84 tank has nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protection capabilities.

Mobility
The base M-84 engine is a 12-cylinder water-cooled V46-6 diesel engine, rated at 574 kW (780 hp). The improved M-84A has a more powerful, V46-TK 735 kW (1,000 hp) engine. With maximum fuel load of 1,200 litres the tank's range is 450 km, extendable to 650 km, with external fuel tanks.

The Croatian-made variants have enhanced power plants. The M-84A4 Sniper model has a German-built 820 kW engine, while the M-84D has an 895 kW engine, the most powerful of all M-84 variants. The M-84D also has greater fuel capacity (1,450 litres).

The tank can ford 1.2 meters of water, increasing to 5 meters with a snorkel.

Variants

 * M-84 (Yugoslavia) – The initial version based on the Soviet T-72M and produced between 1984 and 1987. Less than 150 units manufactured
 * M-84A (Yugoslavia) – An upgraded version similar to the Soviet T-72M1 but with a significantly more powerful engine and additional armour plating. It comes with the new SUV-M-84 computerized fire-control system, including the DNNS-2 gunner's day/night sight, with independent stabilization in two planes and integral laser rangefinder. It also comes with the TNP-160 periscope, TNPA-65 auxiliary periscope, and DNKS-2 day/night commander's periscopes, as well as the TNPO-168V driver's periscope. Produced between 1988 and 1991, closely analogous to the M-84AB. Roughly 450 vehicles manufactured including the M-84AB
 * M-84AB (Yugoslavia) – Kuwaiti version of the M-84A. The M-84AB is fitted with new communication and intercom systems. The Kuwaiti 35th Ash-Shahid (Martyr's) Armoured Brigade, armed with several dozen M-84ABs, took part in Operation Desert Storm. During the fighting two M-84ABs were lost, but both were later recovered. Kuwait originally ordered over 200 tanks, but received only 150 before the break-up of Yugoslavia and the end of tank production. All instruments marked in English and Arabic
 * M-84ABN (Yugoslavia) – The M-84AB fitted with land navigation equipment
 * M-84AK / ABK Command Tank (Yugoslavia) – M-84AB version fitted with extensive communication equipment, land navigation equipment, and a generator for the command role
 * M-91 "Vihor" ("whirlwind") (Yugoslavia) – Further development of the M-84, with the main focus being improving the tank's firepower by installing modern optics and developing improved APFSDS shells. The turret was also redesigned, and some sources say that a new 1200 HP engine was planned. At least 2 prototypes were made before the outbreak of the civil war
 * M-84A4 Sniper (Croatia, Slovenia) – This version includes the all-new SCS-84 day/night sight, DBR-84 ballistic computer and improved elevation and traverse sensors. Croatia purchased around 40 of these models from 1996 till 2003 from its domestic factory. It is rumored, but not officially confirmed, that these tanks have a different engine of German origin, rated at 1,100 hp instead of the 1,000 hp engine originally installed. A Racal communication suite replaced the older communication set. By 2008 the entire Croatian M-84 tank fleet had been upgraded to the M-84A4 standard
 * M-84AI armoured recovery vehicle (Yugoslavia and Poland) – During the mid-1990s Kuwait requested an armoured recovery vehicle variant of the M-84A tank as part of the deal to buy a large batch of M-84A tanks. The vehicle had to be developed in very short time so it was decided that it should be based on an already working foreign vehicle rather than designed and built independently. The Polish WZT-3 license was bought and Polish parts were used in the M-84AI project completed in the "14 October" factory in Kruševac. There was also a plan for a M-84ABI for Kuwait, but this idea failed. It is armed only with a 12.7mm machine-gun fitted to the commander's hatch and 12 smoke grenade mortars (8 right and 4 left). Standard equipment includes: A TD-50 crane, front-mounted stabilizing dozer blade, main and secondary winches
 * M-84AS (Serbia) – Upgrade package of the M-84A. Adding a new fire control system, new armor consisting of cylindrical pad, high-hardness steel, titanium, aluminum, and NERA as well as modular Kontakt-5 armor, new AT-11 Sniper and Agava-2 thermal sights, and the Shtora defense suite. The first public appearance of the M-84AS was in July 2004 at the Nikinci military base. It appeared to be very similar to the Russian T-90S, both in appearance and in capability. The differences reportedly consist of better armour on the T-90S, whereas the M-84AS has superior maneuverability. The M-84AS was also tested by the Kuwaiti Army as part of an international tender. It can survive multiple hits at relatively close ranges from ATGMs or other hits from tanks. New thermal imaging cameras were mounted for the commander and driver so that the tank can operate at night. It is fitted with the 125 mm 2A46M smooth-bore gun and a 1,200 hp diesel engine giving a maximum speed of 72 km/h. A number of undisclosed Arab countries were interested in purchasing the M-84AS
 * M-84AS1 (Serbia) – Latest Serbian variant in prototype stage. Adds additional armour, including explosive reactive armour, integrated day-night sighting system with thermal imager, command information system, a soft-kill active protection system, new radio system, Remote-controlled Weapons Station with 12.7 mm machine gun, and CBRN protection equipment. Additionally, a domestic-developed 1200 HP engine was proposed, but was not accepted yet
 * M-84D (Croatia) – This variant brings existing M-84 variants to the M-84D standard, equipped with a new 1,200 hp (895 kW) engine and new RRAK ERA armour. The M-84D is equipped with a Rafael Defense System – Samson Remote Controlled Weapon Station, and a new Omega ballistic computer (Slovenian Fotona-made digital ballistic computer). M-84A4 and M-84D have an operational range of 700 km and a maximum speed of 65 km/h. The M-84D has also a 15% faster auto loader, enabling a rate of fire of 9, rather than 8, rounds per minute. The M-84D is a second version of the upgraded tanks. It has also chains on the back of the tank to protect the engine and has SLAT armor around the ammunition to prevent an ATG or a shell from hitting it. M-84D received few additional upgrades, Turret basket was added to provide extra space for extra ammunition and to provide increased armor protection. Turret basket has additional slat armor, which adds additional armor to the exterior of the tank. M84D and M84A4 are to receive 12.7mm Kongsberg Protector Remote Weapon Stations which are to be integrated on to all M84D and M84A4 tanks. M-84D will also feature LIRD-4B – Laser irradiation detector and warner and LAHAT anti tank missiles. There is a potential for integration of Swiss 120 mm compact gun developed by RUAG. This option is being now seriously considered as this would allow Croatia to use NATO 120 m standard ammunition. 120 mm RUAG compact gun is a preferred option over German Rheinmetall L44 120 mm cannon which is more expensive and would require German support, whereas RUAG will provide technical know how and technology transfer to Đuro Đaković specijalna vozila d.d. Only two Croatian tanks have been upgraded to this standard due to budgetary restraints

Desert Storm

Prior to the Persian Gulf War, Kuwait ordered 170 M-84ABs, 15 M-84ABI ARVs and 15 M-84ABK command tanks, from Yugoslavia. Four M-84A tanks were delivered; however, the Iraqi Army soon captured them after the occupation. Further deliveries were stopped for the duration of the war. The Kuwaiti 35th Al-Shaheed Armored Brigade was equipped with 70 M-84s. During the retaking of the country, the 35th Brigade did not directly take part in battles with Iraqi tanks because of the M-84's similarity to Iraqi T-72 or Asad Babils. The M-84 was however very effective against T-62s and T-55s but some unconfirmed reports claim that a few of them were damaged, but recovered and repaired.

Slovenia
During the Ten-Day War, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) attempted to regain control over border crossings, airports and other strategic positions in Slovenia. The Slovenian Territorial Defence had no armoured units of its own and JNA M-84s were commonly used to break through barricades. Slovenia inherited all the M-84s within its territory, once the ceasefire and Slovenia's independence was accepted.

Croatia
The M-84 saw action in the Battle of Vukovar, where the JNA and Serbian forces deployed large columns of main battle tanks in urban areas without the adequate support of the infantry. Tanks and APCs found themselves extremely exposed and suffered significant losses mainly to RPGs. It was noted by anti tank crews that the M-84s were extremely durable in comparison to other vehicles fielded by the JNA. One account from a team in the Battle of Vukovar noted that a single M-84 took 5 rounds from various launchers and direction with a 6th only knocking out its engine forcing its crew to bail out (its main gun being destroyed by a "lucky" AT shot from an RPG-7).

Bosnia and Herzegovina
During the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, M-84s saw little action, the mainstay of all three warring parties being the T-55. At the beginning of the war, JNA units stationed in Bosnia and Herzegovina had passed their equipment to the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). The VRS had several dozen M-84s, with the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina managing to capture only three M-84s. A number of M-84 tanks were used during the Siege of Sarajevo, as well as during smaller localised conflicts. The number of M-84 tanks destroyed during the Bosnian war is unknown.

Preševo Valley
The M-84 was used by Yugoslav ground forces in Oraovica village during Insurgency in the Preševo Valley.

Current operators

 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * The Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina are equipped with 71 M-84 MBTs. In 2008, at least 50 operational tanks were withdrawn from active service due to financial reasons.

 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * The Croatian Army is equipped with 74 M-84A4 Sniper MBTs awaiting further upgrades. It plans to upgrade 48 tanks to M-84A5 standard by 2020; remaining tanks will be put to reserve status or stored.

 * 🇰🇼 Kuwait
 * The Kuwaiti Army is equipped with 149 M-84 MBTs in AB, ABK and ABN versions bought prior to Operation Desert Storm from Yugoslavia.
 * 35th Shahid (Martyr's) Armoured Brigade equipped with 70 M-84s

 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * The Serbian Army operates 212 M-84s and M-84AS's with plans to upgrade about 100 tanks to M-84AS2 standard.
 * 15th Tank Battalion
 * 26th Tank Battalion
 * 36th Tank Battalion
 * 46th Tank Battalion

 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia
 * The Slovenian Army had 46 M-84 tanks in its fleet. All tanks were modernized to the M-84A4 Sniper standard but only 14 remained in service, while the rest were in operational reserve due to financial reasons. In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Slovenian Government initially agreed to donate the tanks to Ukraine, and in return the Slovenian tanks would be replaced by German vehicles. The incumbent Slovenian government rejected the deal, demanding more replacement vehicles.
 * 2nd Armored Brigade operates 31 M-84s

Former operators

 * Yugoslavia
 * The Yugoslav People's Army operated about 450 M-84s in M-84 and M-84A versions. The M-84 was intended to fully replace the T-34, M4 Sherman and M47 Patton tanks then held in storage as well as some of the older T-55 units. Most JNA tanks were passed to the successor state – FR Yugoslavia, while a number was also captured by Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia in the war.
 * 1st Armored Brigade of 14th Corps at Vrhnika
 * 4th Armored Brigade of 10th Corps at Jastrebarsko
 * 211th Armored Brigade of 21st Corps at Niš
 * 252nd Armored Brigade of 37th Corps at Kraljevo
 * 329th Armored Brigade of 5th Corps at Banja Luka
 * 51st Armored Brigade of 24th Corps at Pančevo
 * 243rd Armored Brigade of 41st Corps from Skopje
 * 265th Armored Brigade of 32nd Corps at Varaždin

 * Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 * Federal Yugoslav Army:
 * 252nd Armored Brigade of Kragujevac Corps
 * 211th Armored Brigade of Niš Corps

 * Serbia and Montenegro
 * Ground Forces of Serbia and Montenegro:
 * 211th Armoured Brigade of Niš Corps
 * 243rd Armoured Brigade of Priština Corps
 * 252nd Armoured Brigade of Priština Corps

 * Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina captured and operated 3 M-84s.
 * 3rd Corps, operated 2 M-84s
 * 5th Corps, operated 1 M-84

 * undefined
 * The Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) operated about 65 M-84s. Since the VRS was integrated into the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina the fate of the remaining M-84s is unknown.
 * 101st Armored Brigade at Banja Luka operated about 65 M-84s

 * State Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg Republic of Serbian Krajina
 * Military of Serbian Krajina was equipped with some 31 M-84s

 Republic of Macedonia / Republic of Macedonia /  North Macedonia

 * The Army of North Macedonia inherited an unknown amount of M-84s from the 243rd Armoured Brigade of 41st Corps from Skopje after the Republic of Macedonia left Yugoslavia in 1993. These tanks are retired and stored.

 * 🇮🇶 iraq

 * Operated captured ex-Kuwaiti M-84 tanks after the Gulf War. 76 of were used in total until 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Designation sequence
T-72 – M-84 – M-91 Vihor – M-84D – M-95 Degman & M-84AS

title: M-84


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St James Park station

St James Park station may refer to:

 * St James's Park tube station, a tube station in London, England
 * St James Park railway station, a national railway station in Exeter, England

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St James Park station


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Micrococcus luteus

Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, nonmotile, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic coccus bacterium in the family Micrococcaceae. It is urease and catalase positive. An obligate aerobe, M. luteus is found in soil, dust, water and air, and as part of the normal microbiota of the mammalian skin. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract.

Micrococcus luteus is generally harmless but can become an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people or those with indwelling catheters. It resists antibiotic treatment by slowing of major metabolic processes and induction of unique genes. Its genome has a high G + C content.

Micrococcus luteus is coagulase negative, bacitracin susceptible, and forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar.

Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. It has survived for at least 34,000 to 170,000 years, as assessed by 16S rRNA analysis, and possibly much longer. Its genome was sequenced in 2010 and is one of the smallest genomes of free-living Actinomycetota sequenced to date, comprising a single circular chromosome of 2,501,097 bp.

Novel codon usage
Micrococcus luteus was one of the early examples of novel codon usage, which led to the conclusion that the genetic code is not static, but evolves.

Classification
Micrococcus luteus was formerly known as Micrococcus lysodeikticus.

In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila.

Ultraviolet absorption
Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. Exposure to these wavelengths of ultraviolet light has been correlated with an increased incidence of skin cancer, and scientists believe this pigment can be used to make a sunscreen that can protect against ultraviolet light.

== Tests for identification  ==

title: Micrococcus luteus


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Fragmented discussion merged from – please avoid fragmented discussions.

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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Flea organ

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 15:47, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Flea organ
A tiny synthesizer? Its connections with the biting flea are less than apparent. That's for sure. The 100 or so Google entries are almost all WP mirrors. Heaven knows how this article survived since January 2004. —Wahoofive (talk) 16:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I know quite a bit about synths and have never heard of it. Google returns some hits but all are Wikipedia mirrors.  Almost certainly a hoax or neologism, definitely not in wide use. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd  16:21, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism/hoax, nothing on google but Wikipedia mirrors. This has been here since January 2004!? Thue | talk 16:43, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unverifiable/possible hoax. Mgm|(talk) 19:03, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete hoax. JamesBurns 11:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Three-state logic

In digital electronics, a tri-state or three-state buffer is a type of digital buffer that has three stable states: a high output state, a low output state, and a high-impedance state. In the high-impedance state, the output of the buffer is disconnected from the output bus, allowing other devices to drive the bus without interference from the tri-state buffer. This can be useful in situations where multiple devices are connected to the same bus and need to take turns accessing it. Systems implementing three-state logic on their bus are known as a three-state bus or tri-state bus.

Tri-state buffers are commonly used in bus-based systems, where multiple devices are connected to the same bus and need to share it. For example, in a computer system, multiple devices such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals may be connected to the same data bus. To ensure that only one device can transmit data on the bus at a time, each device is equipped with a tri-state buffer. When a device wants to transmit data, it activates its tri-state buffer, which connects its output to the bus and allows it to transmit data. When the transmission is complete, the device deactivates its tri-state buffer, which disconnects its output from the bus and allows another device to access the bus.

Tri-state buffers can be implemented using gates, flip-flops, or other digital logic circuits. They are useful for reducing crosstalk and noise on a bus, and for allowing multiple devices to share the same bus without interference.

Uses
The basic concept of the third state, high impedance (Hi-Z), is to effectively remove the device's influence from the rest of the circuit. If more than one device is electrically connected to another device, putting an output into the Hi-Z state is often used to prevent short circuits, or one device driving high (logical 1) against another device driving low (logical 0).

Three-state buffers can also be used to implement efficient multiplexers, especially those with large numbers of inputs.

Three-state buffers are essential to the operation of a shared electronic bus.

Three-state logic can reduce the number of wires needed to drive a set of LEDs (tri-state multiplexing or Charlieplexing).

Output enable vs. chip select
Many memory devices designed to connect to a bus (such as RAM and ROM chips) have both $\overline{CS}$ (chip select) and $\overline{OE}$ (output enable) pins, which superficially appear to do the same thing. If $\overline{CS}$ is not asserted, the outputs are high impedance.

The difference lies in the time needed to output the signal. When chip select is deasserted, the chip does not operate internally, and there will be a significant delay between providing an address and receiving the data. (An advantage of course, is that the chip consumes minimal power in this case.)

When chip select is asserted, the chip internally performs the access, and only the final output drivers are disabled by deasserting output enable. This can be done while the bus is in use for other purposes, and when output enable is finally asserted, the data will appear with minimal delay. A ROM or static RAM chip with an output enable line will typically list two access times: one from chip select asserted and address valid, and a second, shorter time beginning when output enable is asserted.

Use of pull-ups and pull-downs
When outputs are tri-stated (in the Hi-Z state) their influence on the rest of the circuit is removed, and the circuit node will be "floating" if no other circuit element determines its state. Circuit designers will often use pull-up or pull-down resistors (usually within the range of 1–100 kΩ) to influence the circuit when the output is tri-stated.

The PCI local bus provides pull-up resistors, but they would require several clock cycles to pull a signal high given the bus's large distributed capacitance. To enable high-speed operation, the protocol requires that every device connecting to the bus drive the important control signals high for at least one clock cycle before going to the Hi-Z state. This way, the pull-up resistors are only responsible for maintaining the bus signals in the face of leakage current.

Intel refers to this convention as "sustained tri-state", and also uses it in the Low Pin Count bus.

Alternatives to a three-state bus
The open collector input/output is a popular alternative to three-state logic. For example, the I²C bus protocol (a bi-directional communication bus protocol often used between devices) specifies the use of pull-up resistors on the two communication lines. When devices are inactive, they "release" the communication lines and tri-state their outputs, thus removing their influence on the circuit. When all the devices on the bus have "released" the communication lines, the only influence on the circuit is the pull-up resistors, which pull the lines high. When a device wants to communicate, it comes out of the Hi-Z state and drives the line low. Devices communicating using this protocol either let the line float high, or drive it low – thus preventing any bus contention situation where one device drives a line high and another low.

Early microcontrollers often have some pins that can only act as an input, other pins that can only act as a push–pull output, and a few pins that can only act as an open collector input/output. A typical modern microcontroller has many three-state general-purpose input/output pins that can be programmed to act as any of those kinds of pins.

A three-state bus is typically used between chips on a single printed circuit board (PCB), or sometimes between PCBs plugged into a common backplane.

Usage of three-state logic is not recommended for on-chip connections but rather for inter-chip connections.

Three-state buffers, when used to enable multiple devices to communicate on a data bus, can be functionally replaced by a multiplexer. That will help select output from a range of devices and write one to the bus.

title: Three-state logic


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Purpose
Wiki technology is not the best approach to threaded discussions; it's especially poor at two-way conversations. The workaround of User talk pages makes matters worse. It's common to have a long discussion fragmented between two such pages, with half of the discussion on each page; this makes it difficult to follow even for the participants, let alone third parties -- and since no page is private, third parties must be assumed. Wise editors may wish to merge such fragmented discussions onto a single page.

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Created and documented 16:25, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC) — Xiong 熊 talk *

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Some may not agree with the general philosophy of merging fragmented discussions, but those who agree will make these merges anyway. Properly documenting them is in everyone's interest. — Xiong 熊 talk * 16:25, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Tmto


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Template talk:Tmfrom

Purpose
Wiki technology is not the best approach to threaded discussions; it's especially poor at two-way conversations. The workaround of User talk pages makes matters worse. It's common to have a long discussion fragmented between two such pages, with half of the discussion on each page; this makes it difficult to follow even for the participants, let alone third parties -- and since no page is private, third parties must be assumed. Wise editors may wish to merge such fragmented discussions onto a single page.

{{tmfrom}} and {{tmto}} work together to document such merges; without some notice, confusion may result in unintended effects, especially if the merged discussion is contentious.

Usage
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title: Template talk:Tmfrom


text:
Talk:MOMO syndrome

Weight units
Would be great to have weight in grams or other SI units. --Eleassar777 16:06, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Just added kg. violet/riga (t) 16:16, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Confirmed cases
removed some unsub BLP and tried to clean up cites StarM 03:20, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:MOMO syndrome


text:
User talk:Passion614

wuts good

title: User talk:Passion614


text:
Bertram van Munster

Bertram van Munster (born 1940) is a Dutch-born American co-creator and executive producer of The Amazing Race. He is also the creator of Profiles from the Front Line and was the Executive Producer on Oprah's Big Give and Take the Money and Run.

Van Munster's television formats and productions have been sold and produced worldwide in territories including India, Africa, The Middle East, Australia, the Asia Pacific region, Israel and throughout Latin America and China.

His productions, although created for the US market, maintain international TV sensibilities. He has longstanding relationships with all major US television network and cable companies.

Van Munster is president and CEO of Worldrace Productions Inc, Profiles Television Productions LLC, and Earthview Inc (all based in Los Angeles, California). His companies have worked in association with Jerry Bruckheimer Television for The Amazing Race and other TV series currently in production; as well as in partnership with Active TV Asia, based in Singapore.

Television

 * The Amazing Race (2001–present) TV Series (executive producer)
 * The Quest (2014) TV series (executive producer)
 * The Great Escape (2012) TV series (executive producer)
 * Take the Money and Run (2011) TV series (executive producer)
 * The Big Give (2007) TV series (executive producer)
 * Raw Nature (2007) TV series (executive producer)
 * Profiles from the Front Line (2003) TV series (executive producer)
 * Wild Things (1998) TV series (executive producer)
 * Cops (1989–present) TV Series (co-producer / field producer)

Primetime Emmy Awards
The Primetime Emmy Awards are awarded annually by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. Bertram has been nominated for twenty-one Emmy awards and won nine.

 * align="center"| 2023 || The Amazing Race ||Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2023 || The Amazing Race: Patience, Is The New Me || Outstanding Directing for a Reality Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2022 || The Amazing Race ||Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2021 || The Amazing Race ||Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2021 || The Amazing Race: Give Me a Beard Bump || Outstanding Directing for a Reality Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2019 || The Amazing Race ||Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2019 || The Amazing Race: Who Wants a Rolex? || Outstanding Directing for a Reality Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2018 || The Amazing Race ||Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2018 || The Amazing Race: It's Just a Million Dollars, No Pressure || Outstanding Directing for a Reality Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2017 || The Amazing Race ||Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2016 || The Amazing Race ||Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2015 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2014 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2014 || The Amazing Race: Part Like the Red Sea || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2013 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Nominated
 * align="center"| 2012 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2012 || The Amazing Race: Let Them Drink Their Haterade (Lake Manyara, Tanzania) || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2011 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2011 || The Amazing Race: You Don't Get Paid Unless You Win || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2010 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2010 || The Amazing Race: I Think We're Fighting The Germans, Right? || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race: Don't Let A Cheese Hit Me || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2008 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2008 || The Amazing Race: Honestly, They Have Witch Powers Or Something || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2005 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2003 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 1994 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1993 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1990 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2012 || The Amazing Race: Let Them Drink Their Haterade (Lake Manyara, Tanzania) || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2011 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2011 || The Amazing Race: You Don't Get Paid Unless You Win || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2010 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2010 || The Amazing Race: I Think We're Fighting The Germans, Right? || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race: Don't Let A Cheese Hit Me || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2008 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2008 || The Amazing Race: Honestly, They Have Witch Powers Or Something || Outstanding Directing for Nonfiction Programming || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2005 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2003 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 1994 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1993 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1990 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 2005 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program|| Won
 * align="center"| 2003 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 1994 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1993 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1990 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2003 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Reality Competition Program || Won
 * align="center"| 1994 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1993 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1990 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1993 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1990 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1990 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated
 * align="center"| 1990 || Cops || Outstanding Informational Series || Nominated

Children's & Family Emmy Awards

 * 2022 || Outstanding Directing for a Multiple Camera Program || The Quest || Won
 * 2022 || Outstanding Directing for a Multiple Camera Program || The Quest || Won

Directors Guild of America Awards
The Directors Guild of America Awards are awarded annually by the Directors Guild of America. Bertram has been nominated for nine DGA awards and won one.

 * align="center"| 2015 || The Quest Episode: "The Quest: One True Hero" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2014 || The Amazing Race Episode: "Beards in the Wind" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2012 || The Amazing Race Episode: "You Don't Get Paid Unless You Win?" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2011 || The Amazing Race Episode: "I Think We're Fighting the Germans, Right?" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2010 || The Amazing Race Episode: "Don't Let A Cheese Hit Me" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#1303" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2008 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#1110" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Won
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#1002" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#805" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2010 || The Amazing Race Episode: "Don't Let A Cheese Hit Me" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#1303" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2008 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#1110" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Won
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#1002" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#805" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#1002" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#805" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#805" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race Episode: "#805" || Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Reality Programs || Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards
The Producers Guild of America Awards are awarded annually by the Producers Guild of America. Bertram has been nominated for twelve PGA awards and won three.

 * align="center"| 2015 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Competition Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2014 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Competition Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2013 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Competition Television || Won
 * align="center"| 2012 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Competition Television || Won
 * align="center"| 2011 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Competition Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2010 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Competition Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Competition Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race for The Amazing Race 7|| Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race for The Amazing Race 6 || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2005 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Won
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Reality/Game/Informational Series Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2009 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Live Entertainment & Competition Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2007 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race for The Amazing Race 7|| Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race for The Amazing Race 6 || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2005 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Won
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Reality/Game/Informational Series Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2006 || The Amazing Race for The Amazing Race 6 || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2005 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Won
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Reality/Game/Informational Series Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2005 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Non-Fiction Television || Won
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Reality/Game/Informational Series Television || Nominated
 * align="center"| 2004 || The Amazing Race || Outstanding Producer of Reality/Game/Informational Series Television || Nominated

title: Bertram van Munster


text:
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, also known as isooctane or iso-octane, is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2. It is one of several isomers of octane (C8H18). This particular isomer is the standard 100 point on the octane rating scale (the zero point is n-heptane). It is an important component of gasoline, frequently used in relatively large proportions (around 10%) to increase the knock resistance of fuel.

Strictly speaking, if the standard meaning of ‘iso’ is followed, the name isooctane should be reserved for the isomer 2-methylheptane. However, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is by far the most important isomer of octane and historically it has been assigned this name.

Production
Isooctane is produced on a massive scale in the petroleum industry by alkylation of isobutene with isobutane. This process is conducted in alkylation units in the presence of acid catalysts.

It can also be produced from isobutylene by dimerization using an Amberlyst catalyst to produce a mixture of iso-octenes. Hydrogenation of this mixture produces 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

History
Engine knocking is an unwanted process that can occur during high compression ratios in internal combustion engines. In 1926 Graham Edgar added different amounts of n-heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane to gasoline, and discovered that the knocking stopped when 2,2,4-trimethylpentane was added. This work was the origin of the octane rating scale. Test motors using 2,2,4-trimethylpentane gave a certain performance that was standardized as 100 octane. The same test motors, run in the same fashion, using heptane, gave a performance which was standardized as 0 octane. All other compounds and blends of compounds then were graded against these two standards and assigned octane numbers.

Safety
In common with all hydrocarbons, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane is flammable.

title: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane


text:
Reilly's law of retail gravitation

In economics, Reilly's law of retail gravitation is a heuristic developed by William J. Reilly in 1931. According to Reilly's "law," customers are willing to travel longer distances to larger retail centers given the higher attraction they present to customers. In Reilly's formulation, the attractiveness of the retail center becomes the analogy for size (mass) in the physical law of gravity.

The law presumes the geography of the area is flat without any rivers, roads or mountains to alter a consumer's decision of where to travel to buy goods. It also assumes consumers are otherwise indifferent between the actual cities. In analogy with Newton's law of gravitation, the point of indifference is the point at which the "attractiveness" of the two retail centres (postulated to be proportional to their size and inversely proportional to the square of the distance to them) is equal:

 * $$\frac{d_A}{d_B} = \sqrt{\frac{P_A}{P_B}} $$

Where $$d_A$$ is the distance of the point of indifference from A, $$d_B$$ is its distance from B, and $$P_A/P_B$$ is the relative size of the two centres. If the customer is on the line connecting A and B, then if D is the distance between the centres, the point of indifference as measured from A on the line is

 * $$d= \frac{D}{1+\sqrt{P_B/P_A}} $$

As expected, for centres of the same size, d=D/2, and if A is larger than B, the point of indifference is closer to B. As the size of A becomes very large with respect to B, d tends to D, meaning the customer will always prefer the larger centre unless they're very close to the smaller one.

Manuscripts that introduced Reilly's law of retail gravitation
William J. Reilly wrote Methods for the Study of Retail Relationships in 1929.

The manuscript compiled the following information of that time:

 * Census data
 * Consumer surveys
 * Urban retail data

Two laters later, he published The Law of Retail Gravitation (1931). The latter publication goes into more mathematical detail.

Antecedents
In addition to Newton's Law of Gravity in the physical sciences, there were other antecedents to Reilly's "law" of retail gravity. In particular, E.C. Young in 1924 described a formula for migration that was based on the physical law of gravity, and H.C. Carey had included a description of the tendency of humans to "gravitate" together in an 1858 summary of social science theory.

Applications and Later Works
Reilly's law has many variations, and extensions and applications are numerous. Among these include:
 * The "Huff" model, which allows for multiple attributes and retail centers;
 * Converse's "Breaking Point" formula;
 * Batty's generalisation of the breakpoint;

title: Reilly's law of retail gravitation


text:
European Movement Ireland

European Movement Ireland (EM Ireland) (Gluaiseacht na hEorpa in Éirinn) is an independent not-for-profit organisation that campaigns for every Irish person to get involved in the European Union and by doing so, help shape it. It is the oldest Irish organisation dealing with the EU, pre-dating Ireland's membership of the EEC in 1973 by almost twenty years. The organisation is headed by CEO, Noelle Connell. Julie Sinnamon acts as Chair of the EM Ireland Board.

History
On 11 January 1954, one hundred people met in the Shelbourne Hotel in Dublin and founded the Irish Council of the European Movement. Signing the Articles of Association that founded the European Movement were seven pioneers of Ireland's future in Europe. They were: Donal O'Sullivan, university lecturer; Garret Fitzgerald, economist; Louis P F Smith, economist; Denis Corboy, barrister-at-Law; George Colley, solicitor; Declan Costello, barrister-at-Law; and Sean J Healy, secretary.

These seven signatories laid the first stone paving Ireland's way to full membership of the EU. The aim of the Irish Council was to inform Irish individuals and organisations about the EU. One of its primary objectives was for Ireland to gain membership of the European Communities (EC) (principally the European Economic Community (EEC), as the EU was then known). Former Taoisigh Garret Fitzgerald and Jack Lynch, and former President Mary Robinson backed the initiative and after a referendum was held on the Third Amendment of the Irish Constitution which was overwhelmingly approved by voters in May 1972 Ireland joined the European Communities as a full member state on 1 January 1973.

The Irish Council later became European Movement Ireland. Today the organisation claims to act as source of information for Irish citizens regarding the work of the EU and its stated aim is to promote reasoned robust and fair debate about EU in Ireland.

It retains an affiliation with the European Youth Parliament, a youth organization which runs events for secondary school age children along the structure of a mock European Parliament.

European Movement International
European Movement Ireland is part of a pan-European network. European Movement International is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it. It seeks to encourage and facilitate the active participation of citizens and civil society organisations in the European Union as it develops. The European Movement network is represented in over 41 countries and has over 20 international organisations as members. The current President of European Movement is outgoing MEP Guy Verhofstadt. For a full list of all European Movement offices, and an outline of the history of the international network visit the EM International website at http://www.europeanmovement.eu/

title: European Movement Ireland


text:
Camp Lemonnier

Camp Lemonnier is a United States Naval Expeditionary Base, situated next to Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport in Djibouti City, and home to the Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) of the U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM). It is the only permanent U.S. military base in Africa. The camp is operated by U.S. Navy Region Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia; CJTF-HOA is the most notable tenant command located at the facility as of 2008.

Camp Lemonnier was originally established as garrison for the French Foreign Legion. The base was leased by Djibouti to the United States in 2002, along with the right to use the neighboring airport and port facilities. The base supports Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA) and is the centerpiece of a network of around six U.S. drone and surveillance bases stretching across the continent. The latter air bases are smaller and operate from remote hangars situated within local military bases or civilian airports. Due to its strategic location, Camp Lemonnier also serves as a hub for aerial operations in the Persian Gulf region.

Djibouti is strategically located by the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, which separates the Gulf of Aden from the Red Sea and controls the approaches to the Suez Canal. As a result, the country hosts many other foreign military bases, including a Chinese naval base, a French airbase, an Italian Support Base and a Japanese base. The United States Pentagon has accused the Chinese of targeting U.S. military aircraft with a high-powered laser near its Chinese military base in Djibouti.

Unlike French troops, who are allowed to enter Djibouti city and interact with the locals, US troops may only leave Camp Lemonnier by special permission, and most of Djibouti City is off limits. However, in 2015 a US military investigation concluded that nineteen members of the U.S. National Guard, 775th Engineering Division, had sex with prostitutes at an off-base residence in Djibouti. Sex trafficking in, and around, Djibouti has been a persistent problem.

History
Camp Lemonnier is located in the town of Ambouli on the southern side of the Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport, between the runway overflow areas and a French military munitions storage facility. After use by the French Foreign Legion, the facility was operated by the Djibouti Armed Forces.

Lemonnier originally belonged to the French military, and was named after General Émile-René Lemonnier. Commander of the 3rd Brigade of the Tonkin Division, led with fierce energy the resistance to the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina. In 2009, after years of misspelling, the U.S. Navy officially changed the camp's name to properly reflect the spelling of General Lemonnier's name.

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, the U.S. decided to increase counter-terrorism efforts. At first, this was limited to focused attacks, but in 2002 the U.S. government realized that to reduce extremism would require long term engagement with the local governments and populations. As a result, it established the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa to conduct stability operations in the area. In November 2002, the CJTF-HOA staff, a Marine-based organization, arrived off the coast of Djibouti aboard USS Mount Whitney (LCC-20), a naval command ship. Djiboutian workers were instrumental in preparing the newly renovated 88 acre camp for movement of the CJTF headquarters ashore. More than 1,200 local and third-country national construction and support personnel currently work at the camp. KBR administers the contract for facilities and support operations for the camp.

A Marine Corps FAST team was the initial force to occupy Camp Lemonier in June 2002, providing security while Army Special Forces Logistics specialists (SOT-A) planned the development to receive more forces. Initial Command and Control was established under SOCCENT by a US Air Force Special Operations command element. The initial US combat forces started with Air Force MC-130s and MH-53s who redeployed from Jacobabab, Pakistan, followed shortly by 7th SFG soldiers and an Army Tank Support Battalion for base support. While the intent was to move ashore, the Camp Lemonnier facilities which had not been in use for several years were in a state of disrepair. Some buildings were concrete shells and had been stripped of interior fixtures, pipes and wiring, while the roofs of several structures had collapsed. Goats roamed the property and birds had taken roost in several of the abandoned structures. The former swimming pool had been used as a trash dump. Some buildings that were closer to the Djiboutian Air Force controlled side of the airport were in better shape and required minimal renovation. As a result, the CJTF-HOA staff remained aboard the USS Mount Whitney as the U.S. Army (Bravo Company, 46th Engineer Battalion (CBT)(HVY)) began renovations. (Camp Physical Security was first established by Marines from 2D Fleet Anti-Terrorism Security Team (FAST Co) and was handed over to the 551st Military Police Company, 101st Airborne Division.) This involved building new concrete pads, maintenance facilities and living areas. In May 2003, Camp Lemonnier was livable and CJTF-HOA transitioned from the Mount Whitney to the camp. The pool was cleaned, refurbished, and opened in spring of 2003.

Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) began moving all headquarters personnel and equipment from its flagship, USS Mount Whitney, in the Gulf of Aden, into facilities at Camp Lemonnier on 6 May 2003.

In early July 2006, the U.S. and Djiboutian governments also announced that a lease agreement had been signed to expand Camp Lemonnier from 88 acre to nearly 500 acres (2 km2). The term of the lease was for five years, with options to renew. As part of the lease and expansion, physical improvements to the camp included fencing, additional billeting to replace existing tents, and compliance with various U.S. force protection standoff requirements.

On 1 July 2006, the U.S. Marine Corps turned over responsibility for Camp Lemonnier to the U.S. Navy in a brief change of command ceremony. U.S. Navy Captain Robert Fahey assumed command of Camp Lemonnier from U.S. Marine Corps Colonel Gerard Fischer.

In January 2007, it was announced Camp Lemonnier would be expanded from 97 acre to nearly 500 acre. As part of the process of moving Lemonnier from an "expeditionary" base to a long term facility, the camp built a billeting area with rows of Containerized Living Units (CLUs) with concrete sidewalks and gravel roads. As the CLU area expanded, the camp population moved from tents into the more durable berthing facilities.

Transfer to USAFRICOM
On 1 October 2008, responsibility for the task force was transferred from the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) to United States Africa Command (USAFRICOM) as the latter assumed authority over the African theater of operations.

By 2009, the base began expansion again. According to OSGEOINT, the base received a parallel taxi-way and a new auxiliary support apron. In the following year (2011), open source satellite imagery showed Camp Lemmonier with a new drone apron supporting the RQ/MQ-1 Predator. Furthermore, Camp Lemmonier has been described by The Economist as "the most important base for drone operations outside the war zone of Afghanistan", with drones conducting missions in adjacent Yemen and Somalia.

Neville wrote that "..in a separate secure compound within the camp, much like the SOF enclave in Bagram, are an estimated 300 JSOC personnel. There personnel comprise special operators, imagery and intelligence analysts, and a dedicated UAV cell. The UAV cell is commanded by a JSOC Major and tasks a flight of eight MQ-1 Predators conducting operations over Somalia, Mali, and Yemen. The Predators [have] been carrying out strike and surveillance missions from Camp Lemonnier since late 2010."

In October 2011, a squadron of USAF McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagles arrived at the base. They flew numerous combat missions into Yemen in support of both Yemeni government forces and unilateral strikes directed by JSOC and the CIA targeting cells. Along with the UAVs and F-15Es, surveillance flights were conducted by U.S. Air Force Special Operations Command U-28As, that were outfitted with sophisticated signals intercept equipment and optical sensors, which can provide real-time intelligence for ground operators. Prior to that, both CIA and JSOC had used the base as a temporary forward location for Predator and Reaper sorties.

On 25 January 2012, US officials confirmed that US Navy SEALs had rescued two foreign hostages in Somalia, an American woman and Danish man, taking them to Camp Lemonnier. Demining workers, the captives had been abducted on 25 October 2011 in the north-central Galkayo area, allegedly by gunmen operating on behalf of a private source who threatened to sell them to Al-Shabaab if their demands were not met.

As of May 2013, the US had prepared plans for a $1.4 billion expansion of the base and to increase its special forces there to more than 1,000.

In 2013, the Predators and Reapers operating from Camp Lemonnier were moved to "a remote desert airstrip" [later identified as Chabelley Airport]. The move increased operational security and allayed local fears after a UAV and its AGM-114 Hellfire missile crashed in a Djibouti suburb.

In May 2014, U.S. President Obama and Djiboutian President Guelleh agreed on a 20-year extension of the American lease, at $63 million a year in rent – about double its previous rate. The US is in the process of expanding the base and plans to spend $1.4 billion upgrading the facility over the next two decades.

In 2017, China opened a base nearby, the Chinese People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti. In May 2018, the United States Air Force said military grade lasers had been aimed at the eyes of its pilots and the incidents had originated on the Chinese base. China denied that they were the source of the lasers, stating that they abide by international law.

Base of Operations
Camp Lemonnier became the hub for black and white SOF operations into nations such as Somalia and Yemen. Also based there is the SOCCE-HOA (Special Operations Command and Control Element-Horn of Africa) – which commands all SOCOM units assigned to training or operational missions in the region including elements of JSOTF-TS (Joint Special Operations Task Force-Trans Sahara) and Naval Special Warfare Unit 10. It also supervises a rotational detachment of US Army Special Forces which conducts foreign Internal Defence training in counterinsurgency in Djibouti.

Tenant commands

Ground forces

Camp Lemonnier is operated by Commander, Navy Region Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia, which is responsible for its expansion, upkeep, and logistics support. Tenant units include the U.S. Marine Security Forces which provides the camp's external security, the CJTF-HOA commander and staff, a U.S. Navy Seabee battalion which conducts water-well drilling operations, U.S. Army units which provide additional security, military training, and Civil-military operations support, and several aircraft detachments.

Past tenant units have included the U.S. Marine 8th and 9th Provisional Security Force (PSC), U.S. Army 2nd Battalion, 18th Field Artillery Regiment, U.S. Army 1st Battalion, 65th Infantry Regiment, U.S. Army 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment, U.S. Air Force First Red Horse Group, U.S. Army 2nd Battalion, 137th Infantry Regiment, U.S. Army 3rd Squadron, 124th Cavalry Regiment, and U.S. Army 2nd Battalion, 138th Field Artillery Regiment.

Aviation units

The 449th Air Expeditionary Group is U.S. Air Force component to CJTF-HOA and is assigned to Camp Lemonnier. The 449th AEG is currently composed of HC-130P Hercules COMBAT KING or HC-130J COMBAT KING II aircraft assigned to the 81st Expeditionary Rescue Squadron and pararescuemen assigned to the 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron. While deployed the group performed both combat and civil search and rescue missions.

Aircraft detachments include a U.S. Marine heavy-lift helicopter (CH-53) detachment, a U.S. Marine assault-support MV-22 Osprey detachment, a U.S. Marine Aerial Refueler Transport KC-130J detachment, a U.S. Navy P-8 Poseidon detachment (technically a part of the US Navy's 6th Fleet – Commander Task Force 67 ), USAF aircraft include HC-130P COMBAT KING or HC-130J COMBAT KING II, HH-60G Pave Hawk, C-130J Hercules and, at times, a C-17 Globemaster III detachment.

Other

Customs inspections for exotic organisms is the responsibility of the Navy Logistics team.

title: Camp Lemonnier


text:
Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism

The Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism (also known as Newport News Parks) is the government agency responsible for maintaining city parks and other sites of interest to tourists and the general population within the city of Newport News, Virginia. It is under the authority of Assistant City Manager Alan Archer. The Director of Newport News Parks is Michael Poplawski.

Parks
Newport News Parks is responsible for the maintenance of thirty-two city parks. The smallest is less than half an acre (2,000 m2). The largest, Newport News Park, is 7711 acre. The parks are scattered throughout the city, from Endview Plantation in the northern end of the city to King-Lincoln Park in the southern end near the Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel. The parks offer a variety of services to visitors, ranging from traditional park services like camping and fishing to activities like archery and disc golf.

See List of parks in Newport News, Virginia

Historic sites
Newport News Parks maintains eight historic sites within the city. Four of these are located within parks.

 * Battle of Dam #1, located in Newport News Park
 * Battle of Lee's Mill, located in Lee's Mill Park
 * Congress and Cumberland Overlook, located in Christopher Newport Park
 * Monitor-Merrimac Overlook, located in Anderson Park
 * Skiffe's Creek Redoubt
 * Warwick Court House
 * Newport News Victory Arch
 * Young's Mill

All of these historic sites (with the exception of the Victory Arch) were significant during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War in 1862.

Museums
Five museums are run by the department:

 * Endview Plantation, located in Newport News Park
 * Lee Hall Mansion
 * Lee Hall Train Depot
 * Newsome House Museum & Cultural Center
 * Virginia War Museum
 * Mariners' Museum

Sports programs and community centers
Newport News Parks runs eight sports facilities and community centers in the city for use by city residents.

 * Achievable Dream Tennis Center
 * Brittingham-Midtown Community Center
 * Deer Run Golf Course
 * Doris Miller Recreation Center
 * Huntington Park Tennis Center
 * Riverview Gymnastics Center
 * Stoney Run Athletics Center
 * Warwick Recreation Center

The department runs youth leagues for basketball, American football, soccer, indoor field hockey, and wrestling. Leagues are also run for adults in basketball, flag football, softball, table tennis, and volleyball.


text:
F84

F84 or F-84 may refer to;

 * F-84 Thunderjet, an early American straight-wing jet fighter
 * F-84F Thunderstreak, a swept-wing development of the Thunderjet
 * XF-84H Thunderscreech, a turboprop variant of the Thunderstreak
 * HMS Exmouth, a Blackwood class frigate

title: F84


text:
User talk:Kita-boo

nothin much

title: User talk:Kita-boo


text:
List of parks in Newport News, Virginia

This is a list of municipal parks located in Newport News, Virginia under the authority of the Newport News Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism.

 * 29th & Oak Minipark
 * 29th & Terminal Minipark
 * 47th/Warwick Minipark
 * Beechlake Park
 * Boulevard Park
 * Christopher Newport Park
 * Deer Park
 * Denbigh Park Boat Ramp
 * Endview Plantation
 * Highland Court
 * Hilton Pier/Ravine
 * Huntington Heights
 * Huntington Park
 * Ivy Farms Park
 * JAMA Square
 * King-Lincoln Park
 * Lake Maury Natural Area
 * Lee Hall Plantation
 * Lee's Mill
 * Municipal Lane Park
 * Newport News Park
 * Nicewood Park
 * Potter's Field
 * Queen's Hithe
 * Riverview Farm Park
 * Skiffe's Creek Park (planned)
 * Skiffe's Creek Redoubt
 * Stoney Run Park
 * Superblock
 * Tear Drop Park
 * Young's Mill

title: List of parks in Newport News, Virginia


text:
Talk:Pont de Normandie

Expansion
This article would benefit from additional information about construction costs. Were there any significant safety incidents during its construction? What level of use has it had? --Theo (Talk) 16:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Map
is there a map? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.235.171.115 (talk) 18:58, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The article now includes a map so I removed the requested map template. Transpoman (talk) 16:51, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

Building
How did they build this enormous structure? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.95.200.97 (talk) 19:39, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Bridge or Pont
This is an English Wikipedia, so unless I am mistaken and the bridge is called the "Pont de Normandie" in all languages, should this not say the Normandy Bridge? Nathan A RF (talk) 21:20, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:11, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Le Havre Bruecke 01007.jpg
 * Pont de Normandie Honfleur.JPG
 * Pont de Normandie from above.jpg
 * Pont normandie depuis aire repos nord.jpg

Freyssinet cables?
The "structure" section quantifies the bridge's use of "freyssinet cables," without further clarifying or linking to other articles that might elucidate matters. A quick web search seems to suggest that it's the name of a company that produces such materials, which raises two points: 1) Is this mention--which does seem a bit out of place--appropriate? and 2) if that is a proper name of what appears to be a US-based company, is there any reason for the use of lowercase? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nieuwe Nederlander (talk • contribs) 04:42, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pont de Normandie


text:
User talk:Toasthaven

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Thryduulf 16:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Thanks Toasthaven 17:32, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. --Boothy443 | comhrÚ 18:24, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

B737 subvariants
Hi Toasthaven - thanks for your work on expanding our B737 coverage. However, until and unless there's enough material to make anything other than a stub for these, creating a separate article for each one just adds clutter.

As they stand now, there's absolutely nothing in any of these articles that can't be added to the main Boeing 737 article.

Do you think that there's anything that you can add that differentiates between these different subvariants? If not, please redirect them to Boeing 737.

Cheers! --Rlandmann 02:38, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I am working on something. Hopefully others will add operational details of the subvariants. Toasthaven 17:45, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rogers Mosses?
Hi there! Might I ask... what's the deal with all those Rogers Mosses? Some of them are encyclopedic, but most of those articles are not. I hope you're not expressing your dissatisfaction with the recent VFD on one Roger Moss? Are you familiar with the WP:POINT? Radiant_ >|< 19:44, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not as nice as Radiant. Just stop it or you're blocked. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 21:30, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, you were warned. Enjoy your block. Radiant_ >|< June 28, 2005 20:55 (UTC)

You seem to be power mad! - Toasthaven 30 June 2005 18:35 (UTC)

B737 subvariants
Hey there, your B737 subvariants were marked for deletion, which is currrently being voted on. So far everybody thinks the subvariants don't warrant encyclopedia articles on their own unless there is something really specific about them. However, we'd hate to see the information you added gone, and assumedly you feel the same. It'd be great if you could move it to the main B737 articles, which already include some comments on subvariants. Of course you are also welcome to make your case against deletion, but so far personally I don't think there is much chance of that succeeding... --Moritz 5 July 2005 10:41 (UTC)

title: User talk:Toasthaven


text:
F80

F80 may refer to:

Vehicles

 * Aircraft
 * Farman F.80, a French biplane
 * Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star, an American jet fighter
 * UL-Jih F80 Fascination, a Czech ultralight

 * Automobiles
 * BMW F80, a German high performance sedan
 * Toyota Kijang (F80), a Japanese multi purpose vehicle

 * Ships
 * HMS Duncan (F80), a Blackwood-class frigate of the Royal Navy
 * HMS Grafton (F80) a Type 23 frigate of the Royal Navy
 * HMS Torrid (1917), an R-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 * HMS Woolwich (F80), a destroyer tender of the Royal Navy

Other uses

 * Nikon F80, a SLR camera also known as the Nikon N80

title: F80


text:
F54

F54 may refer to:

 * F54 (classification), a disability sport classification for athletics
 * HMS Hardy (F54), a British anti-submarine warfare frigate 1953–1984
 * Mini F54, a second-generation Mini Clubman automobile 2015–present

title: F54


text:
T72

T72 may refer to:
 * T-72, a Soviet tank
 * Cooper T72, a racing car
 * Hunter T 72, a British-built trainer aircraft
 * INS Cheriyam (T72), a patrol vessel of the Indian Navy
 * MV Derrycunihy (1943), impressed into the Royal Navy as Motor Transport Ship T72

title: T72


text:
John S. Watson Institute for Public Policy

The John S. Watson Institute for Public Policy is an American non-partisan research institute on public policy located at Kean University in Union, New Jersey. The Institute is named after New Jersey Assemblyman John S. Watson, the first African American to serve as the state's Chairman of the Assembly Appropriations Committee.

Purpose
Thomas Edison State College established the institute in response to the expressed needs of decision-makers across New Jersey to have a resource for researching public policy. The approach of the institute is to apply the resources of higher education to public policy decisions in a practical and hands-on manner. The institute provides practical research, technical assistance, and other expertise. It supports the capacity of decision-makers to address the most critical issues facing New Jersey. The institute's work is driven by the needs of the decision-makers themselves, not by the internal academic or political agenda of the college.

The Watson Institute places emphasis on developing long-term partnerships rather than short-term consulting relationships. The institute's goal is to support and strengthen partners' ability to address critical issues as they arise, rather than focusing narrowly on a particular crisis or "hot issue" and departing. Abstract, theoretical issues, and policy aftermaths are avoided, with the focus being on forward-looking solutions to practical issues.

Clients, programs and accomplishments
The work at the institute has made various types of progress in the realm of public policy.

 * The Healthcare Information Networks and Technologies (HINT) project, a partnership with the New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, legislative leaders, and others to improve efficiency and reduce costs for healthcare through appropriate uses of technology.
 * Projects to strengthen public schools in New Jersey's communities, including an external audit of the Atlantic City Public Schools, a focus on strengthening parental involvement, and work in support of charter schools and other policy innovations.
 * Several urban initiatives, including a partnership with the Urban Mayors Association to provide services to targeted cities, the Center for the Urban Environment, a partnership with the Department of Environmental Protection, and the Trenton Enterprise Coalition-a community collaborative that is part of the New Jersey Governor's Urban Initiative.
 * The Center for Leadership Development was established as a new program at the institute that will work to support and strengthen leadership skills among college students through mentoring, development of problem solving skills and immersion in the critical issues facing New Jersey leaders.

In responding to the needs of its partners, the Watson Institute is able to access the best available resources and expertise from across the state and throughout the nation. It is able to use the college's distance learning resources and apply them to the arena of public policy. The institute makes available the academic resources, databases, and analytic tools necessary to support appropriate action and respond to specific needs. This might include research into current "best practices" in a given public policy area, a study by an available expert into the effectiveness of current systems, or the collection and analysis of key data.

The Watson Institute also provides resources other than information to its partners. This includes strategic planning and organizational development assistance, helping to secure financial or volunteer labor resources, publishing and disseminating materials, and other assistance to facilitate effective policy making and action.

The institute enhances its partners' effectiveness by creating linkages and opportunities for collaboration. This can include sponsoring informal discussions between partners, practitioners, other interested parties in specific policy areas. Through these efforts.

Initial support for The Watson Institute came from the college's operating funds, with further funds from major foundations and corporations.


text:
Mercator (ship)

Mercator is a steel-hulled barquentine built in 1932 as a training ship for the Belgian merchant fleet. She was named after Gerardus Mercator (1512–1594), a Belgian cartographer. She was designed by G.L. Watson & Co. and built in Leith, Scotland and launched in 1932.

Besides being a training ship, she was also used, mainly before World War II, for scientific observations, or as ambassador for Belgium on world fairs and in sailing events.

In 1961, she became a floating museum, first in Antwerp and, from 1964, in the marina of Ostend, just in front of the city hall. As of 2019, she remains open to visitors.

Construction
Mercator was launched in 1932 as a steel-hulled barquentine, with composite rigging. The foremast carries square sails, the main mast and the mizzen mast are rigged with fore and aft-sails. Usually the Mercator carried 15 sails with a total surface of about 1600 sqm. With a fair wind she could easily make 13 knots.

History

Mercator' made her seventh cruise in 1934, sailing from Pitcairn Island, Tahiti, Papeete, to the Marquesas Islands and Honolulu for a Belgo-French scientific expedition. It proved to be a fairly remarkable one to those preceding World War Two. At the end of this expedition, two of the famous Easter Island statues, that had transported back to Europe on board the Mercator, were donated by the Chilean government, one to France and one to Belgium.

In 1936 Mercator had the honor of bringing home the remains of the Flemish missionary and apostle of the lepers, Pater Damiaan, from Molokai island in Hawaii.

On February 21, 1940, Mercator set out for her last cruise before World War 2. She sailed to Rio de Janeiro and afterward arrived in Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

From early 1945 to mid 1947, the ship was under the control of the British Admiralty as a submarine depot ship. After her release from naval duties, the ship went back to Belgium to receive extensive maintenance work. On 20 January 1951, she returned to service as a training ship and completed 41 voyages, sailing almost all seas. After that she performed quite a few scientific missions. In addition she competed in Tall Ships Races from Torbay-Lisbon (1956), Brest-Canary Islands (1958) and winning line honours in the Oslo-Ostend (1960) race.

From 1932 to 1960 she had just two commanders: Captain R. Van de Sande (from 1932 till 1955), Captain R. Ghys (from 1955 till 1960).

In 1964, Mercator became a floating museum in Ostend, moored in front of the City Hall, and since 1996 has been given National Heritage status. On 30 September 2016, Mercator was removed from her usual mooring and dry-docked for an extensive overhaul elsewhere in Ostend harbour. She returned on 29 March 2017 to her usual berth and role as a museum ship.

Books

 * Gust Vandegoor: Commandant en schoolschip: Remi Van de Sande en de Mercator, 2009
 * Werner Van de Walle: Mercator en de Belgische schoolschepen, 2012
 * Freddy Van Daele: 1956 The Belgian Training-Vessel MERCATOR and the first international Tall-ships'race, 2018

title: Mercator (ship)


text:
User:Electricmoose/My Awards

Please click here to leave me a new message.

My Awards
This page is a list of all of the award s I have received.
 * I have received 1 award.

title: User:Electricmoose/My Awards


text:
Talk:Old 96 District

Untitled
This region was the birth place of the Confederacy. I'd like to see proof/explanation of this. --Tydaj 16:18, 1 Jun 2005 (U Look under the history of Abbeville, SC for futher explaination.

title: Talk:Old 96 District


text:
Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron

Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (22 October 1693 – 9 December 1781) was a British peer, military officer and planter. The only member of the British peerage to reside in Britain's North American colonies, Fairfax owned the Northern Neck Proprietary in the Colony of Virginia, where he spent the majority of his life. The proprietary had been granted to Fairfax's ancestor John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper by Charles II of England in 1649.

On his Virginian estates, Fairfax developed a profitable operation based on the forced labour of several hundred Black slaves. A steadfast Loyalist during the American Revolution, he was largely protected from the loss of his property due to Fairfax's friendship with George Washington. Several places in Northern Virginia and the eastern panhandle of West Virginia are named for him, including Fairfax County, Virginia and the City of Fairfax.

Early life

Thomas Fairfax was born on 22 October 1693 in Leeds Castle, Kent. The castle had been owned by his maternal ancestors since the 1630s. Fairfax was the son of Thomas Fairfax, 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron and Catherine Colepeper, the daughter of Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper. He succeeded to his father's Scottish peerage in 1709, and was educated at Oriel College, Oxford between 1710 and 1713. In 1721, Fairfax was commissioned into the British Army, serving in the Royal Horse Guards until 1733. He was also a contributor to The Spectator, a daily publication founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in 1711 before ceasing publication in the next year.

Move to North America
In 1719, Fairfax came into possession of the Northern Neck Proprietary in the British colony of Virginia, which had been granted to Fairfax's maternal ancestor John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper by Charles II of England in 1649. The property included a large portion of the Shenandoah and South Branch Potomac valleys, and consisted of approximately 5,282,000 acres (21,380 km2) of land. Struggling to keep up an expensive lifestyle and maintain Leeds Castle, Fairfax relied heavily on the income he derived from the Northern Neck Proprietary, both from the sale of parcels of land to and annual quit-rents from planters who settled in the Northern Neck of Virginia. His affairs in Virginia were handled by Fairfax's resident land agent, Robert Carter I.

In the fall of 1732, Fairfax read Carter's obituary in the London monthly The Gentleman's Magazine and was astonished to discover the vast personal wealth Carter had accumulated, which included £10,000 worth of cash, at a time when the governor of Virginia was paid an annual salary of £200. Rather than appoint another Virginian to the position, Fairfax arranged to have his cousin William Fairfax move from Massachusetts to Virginia in 1734 to serve as his resident land agent. Fairfax travelled to Virginia for the first time in 1735 to inspect and manage his estates there, remaining in the colony until 1737. In 1738, Fairfax established approximately thirty farms in the Patterson Creek Manor, a 9000 acre piece of land granted to him by the Crown.

Later life and death
The northwestern boundary of the Northern Neck Proprietary, which had been contested by the Privy Council of Great Britain, was marked in 1746 by the Fairfax Stone at the headwaters of the North Branch Potomac River. Returning to North America in 1747, Fairfax first settled at Belvoir, a slave plantation which had been completed by William six years earlier. In the same year, he also set aside land for personal use at Swan Pond Manor. Fairfax also became active in developing his Virginian estates and collecting quit-rents, along with utilising the forced labour of hundreds of Black slaves who worked on his estates. He personally bought and sold slaves and, in 1777, engaged in the "little talked about" activity of "bedding down with a negro wench".

Fairfax was the only British peer who resided in the Thirteen Colonies. In 1748, he became acquainted with George Washington, who was distant relative of the Fairfax family. Impressed with Washington's energy and talents, Fairfax employed him to survey his lands west of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which was Washington's first employment. Fairfax, a lifelong bachelor, moved to the Shenandoah Valley in 1752. At the suggestion of his nephew Thomas, he settled down in a hunting lodge at Greenway Court. Fairfax and Thomas lived together in a style of liberal hospitality, frequently engaging in fox hunts. He also served as both county lieutenant and justice of the peace for Frederick County.

During the American Revolution, he kept quiet about his avowed Loyalist views, and was protected by his friendship with Washington. The title to his domain, however, was confiscated by the Virginia Act of 1779. Less than two months after Washington's victory at the Siege of Yorktown, Fairfax died in Greenway Court on 9 December 1781. He was buried in the Christ Episcopal Church in Winchester.

Legacy
Lord Fairfax's title descended to his younger brother, Robert Fairfax, 7th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who was also descended from the 5th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, who died at Leeds Castle in 1793. Since, were it not for the Revolutionary War, his immense domain should also have passed to Robert Fairfax, the latter was awarded £13,758 in 1792, by Act of Parliament for the relief of American Loyalists. A portion of this estate, devised to nephew Denny Martin Fairfax, was later the subject of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816). His younger cousin, son of his manager William Fairfax and half-brother of George William Fairfax, Rev. Bryan Fairfax, would eventually return to England to assert his claim and become the 8th Lord Fairfax of Cameron.

Fairfax County, Virginia, and the City of Fairfax, Virginia, are named for Lord Fairfax. Fairfax and Cameron Streets in Alexandria, Virginia, are named for Lord Fairfax. The town's first survey map was made in 1749 by Lord Fairfax's young protégé George Washington. The Fairfax Line and Fairfax Stone both bear Lord Fairfax's name. Lord Fairfax Community College bore his name, but it was changed to Laurel Ridge Community College in July 2021. The Swan Pond Manor Historic District encompasses land Lord Fairfax set aside in 1747 for his personal use.


text:
Talk:Brass Era car

Mfg locations vs distributing locations
It seems that the Leslie's Popular Monthly listing has locations which must be of dealerships, since several are listed in locations that were not where they were built (e.g. Studebaker, listed at New York when they were in South Bend, Indiana). —Morven 16:22, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep, they're mostly build locations, but some were sales contacts. It's a cool book, though...  --SFoskett 16:51, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

Mistake in years?
The article includes:

 * In the United Kingdom, this era is split into two periods:
 * Pre-1918 vehicles are veteran cars
 * 1905–1918 vehicles are Edwardian cars.

This is strange because 1905-1918 is Pre-1918. Is this meant to say Pre-1905? jnothman talk 04:44, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * And I have therefore removed the UK info from that section. Paul Beardsell (talk) 12:42, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

"brass era car" vs "horseless carriage"
Hello. Should this page be named "brass era car" or "horseless carriage". I think "horseless carriage" is the more well-known term, yes? Ewlyahoocom 08:45, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Google yields: "Veteran Car" 7.8M hits, "Brass Era" 2.2M hits, "Horseless Carriage" 230k hits, so I suggest "Veteran Car" would be a better article name. "Brass Era" sounds like an American colloquialism to me. The expression is 'unknown' in the UK. Bill F 23:22, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I think Horseless cariage should be used because the other two were aplied retro actively and because i too have never heared then called Brass era. The term Horseless cariage would also include slightly earlier vehicles like the Benz Patent Motor Wagon and the Royal Enfield Quadracycle. I prepose a vote.(Morcus (talk) 00:34, 15 April 2008 (UTC))

 * This Yank has never heard of "brass era". Kortoso (talk) 18:17, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

 * The Google results above are meaningless as no quotes were put round them in the search. With quotes, "Brass era" yields 180,000, "Horseless carriage" 374,000, "Veteran car" 405,000. (I doubt the numbers have gone down.) So the current choice is unjustified. Chris55 (talk) 12:37, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

I forgot my 3-D glasses
Would it be possible to get some, oh I don't know, normal pictures that are viewable by standard human eyes without external implements? Unfortunately, the current images are extremely abrasive to my unaltered sense of vision. Are there actually people who have 3-D glasses sitting right next to their computer so they can view images online? I haven't even seen a pair since I was a little kid. Holla back Wikipedia! D-Fluff has had E-Nuff 17:46, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Fabrication?
I think "brass era" is not in common usage. Someone did a Google search, above, and counted millions of hits. But a search for "brass era vehicle" returns only thousands and the most prominent results are references to this very article. I suggest this term is fabricated by its authors, here. Paul Beardsell (talk) 12:47, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * At Google Book Search, which searches the content of books and magazines from many pre-web decades, a search for "brass era" turns up usage of the phrase in reference to automobiles from before Wikipedia existed, so it was not fabricated here; however, you could be right about its increase in popularity since this article was written. I feel that it's OK as-is. — ¾-10 02:37, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I've known that term all my life, and I'm much older than Wikipedia. It might very well be that the term is not used outside of the US.  HornColumbia (talk) 14:05, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

 * "Brass era" seems to be an americanism. Since I was a child in the 50's,  the distinction was between "veteran" cars (pre 1918),  "vintage" cars ( pre 1930 ),  and "thoroughbred" or "classic" cars after 1930.Eregli bob (talk) 07:21, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Brass Era car
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Brass Era car's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "georgano": From History of the automobile:  From Glide (automobile company):

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 06:02, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi AnomieBOT. I am a sentient editor and have followed up on, and resolved, your request. I found that lookup on Georgano 1985 indicates multiple coeditions and republishings (which is not surprising, as explained at the linked page). I used one here that can offer an isbn attribute. (The pagination would be the same in each case, given the technologies used to do the republication. This addresses your point about determining whether minor differences are significant or not.) The corrected ref is * ., which displays as * . Keep up the good work! Regards, — ¾-10 20:38, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Globalize
The lists of manufacturers in this article are almost entirely American, lacking the global representation in History of the automobile. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pbtflakes (talk • contribs) 16:44, 17 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, this "Brass era" term is specifically American, so I have taken the other approach - and nudged the article toward a US-only one. Hope that's OK. Snori (talk) 05:55, 10 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Brass Era car. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110311134008/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6500685/Stanley_Steamer to http://www.docstoc.com/docs/6500685/Stanley_Steamer
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101105034206/http://www.reginaantiqueauto.ca/carsofcanada.htm to http://www.reginaantiqueauto.ca/carsofcanada.htm

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title: Talk:Brass Era car