text:
Jumonville (Pennsylvania)

The Jumonville Camp & Retreat Center is a United Methodist camp and retreat center located in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States, near the city of Uniontown, Pennsylvania.

History
The campus was developed as the Pennsylvania Soldier's Orphan School after the American Civil War. The school was moved from the old Madison College in Uniontown up to the mountain location with fresh air and a healthier environment for the children. The school operated from 1875 until 1908. The Whyel Chapel was built in 1880. Students were fed, clothed, and educated, and graduated at 16 years old with a trade or skill to support themselves.

The property eventually passed through several British owners. It was donated by Harry Whyel to the Pittsburgh Conference of the Methodist Church, dedicated on August 2, 1941, and consisted at that time of 180 acre and 11 buildings. It is named after Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville, who was killed during a skirmish with George Washington at the Battle of Jumonville Glen that set off the French and Indian War.

The facility operated as a summer-only camp until 1970 and has hosted retreats and summer camps since then.

Cross
Jumonville contains a 60 ft cross that stands on top of Dunbar's Knob (elevation 2480 ft). It is visible from seven counties, three states, and 50 mi on a clear day.

Thousands of Sunday School children contributed nickels and dimes to help build the cross, and their names are sealed in the 183-ton concrete foundation. It was fabricated by Moore Metal Works of Greensburg, and erected on August 26, 1950. Dedication services were held on September 9. The cross arms project 12 ft on each side of the main shaft. The cross weighs 55 tons and was designed to withstand winds up to 100 mph.

title: Jumonville (Pennsylvania)


text:
Talk:Azeri (disambiguation)

Azeri
To you whom are writing and editing that the azeri are a turkic people have absolutly no scientific or historic basis on this claim, please research on the subject and you will find out that a) they are desendents of the Medes in Persian Maadha, and they have been living in on the Iranian plateue since 1000-700 bc. b) their language have been changed into a turkic dialect in the 12 century AD, but this not change the fact that they are an Iranian people.

your claims are deeply disturbind and have no historical basis, please stop rewriting history in this way, I am myself an azari, and I know my past, I have nothing against turkic people but we share the same language, not the same DNA or culture, we are Iranian!

the fact that the Irish and Scotts speak english does not either make them english

PS: PLEASE JUST DO A LITTLE REASEARCH ! AND STOP REEDITING FACTS THAT YOU ARE NOT AWARE OF!

/an Azari

the wonderer
I wonder if there are any reason to write that Azerbaijan means the land of Azeri? As far as I know the most possible root of the word Azerbaijan is either from Atropatan the Satrap of Azerbaijan in ancient times or from the Persian word: Azerpadgan/Azarabadegan meaning Based on fire/Blessed by fire. One more thing: what is now the republic of Azerbaijan, was until 19th century a part of persia, most recently as a part of the "protected lands" of the Qajar dynasty (who were of Azari origin themselves). The political system of Persia during Qajar rule was a feudal one and therefore, most of the "protected lands" enjoyed a degree of autonomy. The last version of the article calls the khanates of Azerbaijan and Arran as independent. I believe it is misleading to call them independent khanates, since they were no more or less independent than any other persian province such as Fars or Khorasan.

S.B.

population statistics
Where do all these population statistics for Azeri outside Azerbaijan come from? Any confirmation of these figures? --Wetman 17:36, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I have restored the original text and eliminated edits by 66.81.173.18, possibly same as 72.25.94.60, who is a well-known vandal Rovoam. (See Disclaimer on this vandal).
 * Wetman, I also had to revert your edits in which you tried to incorporate some of his edits. I know you acted upon good intentions, but unfortunately you dont know all the details about this vandal and perhaps, you do not have proper knowledge of the issue. Otherwise, you would never leave his following edit intact: "In 1918 approximately 60% of the population of modern Azerbaijan were Talysh, whereas Azeri constituted ca 30% of population. Ethnic cleansing and discrimination on ethnic basis have almost completely eliminated Talysh and Lezgi populations ignored by Azeri historians such Buniyatov.". This is such a stupid nonsence that one does not even want to comment on it.
 * It may be interesting for you to look at Azerbaijanis page, in which Rovoam introduced SAME sneaky vandal edits and was reverted by me and numerous other editors and eventually this page was vprotected from his vandalism. So, I ask Wetman and all, to be very careful and not allow this vandal to manipulate with him/her
 * I want also to stress one more detail. This entry should NOT repeate Azerbaijanis entry. All the major information about Azerbaijanis as people should be in Azerbaijanis entry. This entry shoudl give only BRIEF and GENERAL info on Azerbaijanis and Azeri language and then direct the readers to the proper major entries. In this regard, a good example to consider is Turk. --Tabib 06:25, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clueing me in. The problem with "Azeri = Azerbaijani" is that there are citizens of Azerbaijan who are not ethnic Azeri. Intentionally confusing the two terms is the first step in claiming that only Azeri are authentic Azerbaijanis. With the usual results... --Wetman 08:52, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

.az
Who wants to merge this with .az and why? Thanx 68.39.174.150 02:18, 27 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mike01
This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. I've already warned you enough in 'history' tab. Azeris are Iranic Medes who have been living on the Iranian plateau since 720 BC. This civilization existed long before Turkish tribes even started emigrating; if some Turkish tribes joined this civilization 1700 years later, this doesn't make Medes Turkic.

16:10, 8 November 2005 (UTC)Mike01

Redirect
Someone persistently replaces the redirect with some POV text. I remind that the article is called Azerbaijani people and you should propose your edits to that one. This is just a redirect. Grandmaster 13:27, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Azeri (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 08:02, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Azeri (disambiguation)


text:
E300

E300 or E-300 may refer to:
 * Alexander Dennis Enviro300, a popular British bus built upon various chassis
 * Brandner E-300, an Egyptian turbojet engine
 * HB-E300 series, a Japanese hybrid diesel train type
 * Olympus E-300, a digital camera manufactured by Olympus
 * PowerPC e300, a family of microprocessor cores
 * Ascorbic acid, a compound numbered E300 in the European food additive E number system
 * Eurostar e300, a class of Eurostar passenger trains also known as British Rail Class 373 and TGV TMST
 * Extra 300, an acrobatic monoplane

title: E300


text:
Alexander Hunter Murray

Alexander Hunter Murray (1818 or 1819 – 20 April 1874) was a Hudson's Bay Company fur trader and artist.

Life
According to the Parish Registers at the General Register Office in Edinburgh four brothers were registered at Crawfordjohn, Lanarkshire:

 * Thomas Hunter Murray on October 25, 1813
 * Alexander William Hunter Murray on October 22, 1815
 * William Murray on April 13, 1817
 * Ebenezer Murray on May 21, 1819,

Alexander, William and Ebenezer were all in Canada by 1841, but found steady work very difficult to find. Alex joined the American Fur Company in 1842 and Hudson's Bay Company in 1846.

Alexander Hunter Murray was married to Anne Campbell, and they had eight children together, the eldest, Helen, being born at Fort Yukon.

Work
According to the Government of Manitoba, via the Hudson’s Bay Company Archives of Winnipeg, Alexander Hunter Murray was in the employ of the American Fur Company prior to 1845, when he was hired by the Hudson’s Bay Company. The last of his employment information on the document states “1864-1865    allowed furlough.” This document also lays out his myriad of jobs under the Hudson’s Bay Company.

In 1847, he established the trading post at Fort Yukon at the juncture of the Yukon and Porcupine rivers in the land of the Gwichʼin people. Originally part of Russian Alaska, the Hudson's Bay Company continued to trade there until expelled by the US government in 1869 following the Alaska Purchase.

He drew numerous sketches of fur trade posts and of people and wrote Journal of the Yukon, 1847–48, which give valuable insight into the culture of local First Nation people at the time.

On 4 April 1975 Canada Post issued 'Dance of the Kutcha-Kutchin' in the Indians of Canada, Indians of the Subarctic series. The stamp was designed by Georges Beaupré based on a drawing by Alexander Hunter Murray (1851) in Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. The 8¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.

title: Alexander Hunter Murray


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Palestinian refugee: The biggest bluff of the 20th century

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:29, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Palestinian refugee: The biggest bluff of the 20th century
Unencyclopedic POV crap --Robojames 17:39, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Luckily, and unlike Wikipedia "policies", in real life, the Jews in Israel (now 4+ millions) can, at least if the rest of the world would not come to the Arab's rescue as it did so many times after they attacked Israel and the wheels of the war turned against them, to sweep the Arabs (now over 100 millions) to the sea.
 * Delete. It would be very difficult, if not impossible to give that article a NPOV without starting the whole article over and renaming the article, so it'd be best to just delete it. MegaSlicer 17:54, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Heavy POV content, not an encyclopedia article. Delete unless completely rewritten. - Mike Rosoft 18:36, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, POV and almost entirely wrong essay. An actual article exists at Palestinian refugee; even in the unlikely event that some scraps of this could be salvaged, they would belong there, not here. - Mustafaa 18:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — inherantly biased — RJH 19:53, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete While the whole "Palestinian refugee" issue is masterpeice of Public Relations that has been able to fool most of the people, most of the time. this article isn't the one to explain it. Klonimus 20:23, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as attack page. This really needs to be listed on WP:CSD.  Deletion policy says that pages intended to disrupt (and I'd say this on might be) can be speedied, so I'd suggest a speedy if possible. --Idont Havaname 20:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Do NOT Delete This is more a note to the WP administration. IMHO, using a majority vote as a criterion for deletion is quite idiotic. Just imagine if real life would go by similar rules. For example, in 1948, the wish of the 60 million Arabs to "sweep the Jews to the sea" (in the Arab's own language), that is, to sweep the 600 thousands Jews that lived then in Israel would have been easily materialized.
 * Comment made by 68.165.6.186 (talk · contributions)
 * Delete. POV. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 21:43, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. By the way, Wikipedia does not use a "majority vote as a criterion for deletion" but rather requires a concensus (a pretty clear majority) for deletion - which this rant gets. -- BD2412 talk 22:47, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Delete - it is rather polite of Robojames to give this article the benefit of a vote. -Acjelen 22:52, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this crap. Revolución 22:57, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete loony right wing nonsense. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:12, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete This should have been speedily deleted.Yuber(talk) 02:21, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Highly POV, therefore probably unsuiitable in its present form. But the argument the author raises, anent the true definition of a refugee, and of whether one can, in fact, be a "refugee" when within your own country, which has now been "occupied", is one which ought to be encyclopaedised.  No vote, but request admins to consider the topic not the treatment.
 * Emm.. Who are you? --Irishpunktom\talk 13:21, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment made by
 * Delete - subjective and inconsistent with the aims of Wikipedia. Cedars 07:34, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - POV title, POV rant. The actual arguments on both sides of the issue can be incorporated into other articles if they are properly sourced. I see no reason for an article with a title this inflammatory. Firebug 07:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV nonsense/rant/fork. I've had to remove this stuff from the Palestinian refugee article more than once. Jayjg (talk)  09:40, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - Just to add my name, not that it is needed. --Irishpunktom\talk 13:21, Jun 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete poor title, poor article. Anilocra - (hi!) 14:17, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV rant. JamesBurns 09:46, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Even the title is heavily biased.     16:41, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme delete. Wow. RickK 23:28, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Michael Radford

Michael James Radford (born 24 February 1946) is an English film director and screenwriter. He began his career as a documentary director and television comedy writer before transitioning into features in the early 1980s.

His best-known credits include the 1984 film adaptation of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four starring John Hurt and Richard Burton (in his final role), the Shakespeare adaptation The Merchant of Venice, the true crime drama White Mischief, and the 1994 Italian-language comedy drama Il Postino: The Postman, for which he won the BAFTA Awards for Best Direction and Best Film Not in the English Language, and earned Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay.

Early life and career
Radford was born on 24 February 1946, in New Delhi, India, to a British father and an Austrian Jewish mother. He was educated at Bedford School before attending Worcester College, Oxford. After teaching for a few years, he went to the National Film and Television School, becoming a student there in its inaugural year.

Between 1976 and 1982, Radford worked as a documentary film maker, mostly on projects for the BBC, covering subjects such as Scottish islanders on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides who believe in the literal truth of the Bible: The Last Stronghold of the Pure Gospel; the soprano Isobel Buchanan: La Belle Isobel; the singer songwriter Van Morrison: Van Morrison in Ireland; and the self-explanatory The Making of The Pirates of Penzance. On the last two of these Radford worked with the cinematographer Roger Deakins, who would later shoot two of Radford's feature films; Nineteen Eighty-Four and White Mischief. Another notable early work was Another Time, Another Place (1983), a feature film set in Scotland during World War II and centred on a love story between a local woman and an Italian POW.

Career
Radford came to international attention with Nineteen Eighty-Four, his adaptation of George Orwell's novel 1984, starring John Hurt as Winston Smith, and in which Richard Burton gave his final film performance. The film was made in the time and place (London, April–June 1984) at which the book was set.

Radford's next film, released in 1987, was White Mischief, a period drama set in Kenya during the 1940s. Radford again wrote the screenplay, an adaptation of the novel by James Fox also called White Mischief.

Michael Radford is most widely known as the writer and director of the 1994 film Il Postino: The Postman, which Radford adapted from the novel Ardiente Paciencia by Antonio Skármeta. The massive international success of the film (for many years it was the largest grossing non-English language film ever made) led to international acclaim for Radford and the star of the film Massimo Troisi. Tragically Troisi died, aged 41, the day after the filming of Il Postino was completed. The film won many international film awards including the 'Best Film Not in the English Language' BAFTA for Radford, who was also nominated for the Best Director and Adapted Screenplay Academy Awards.

In 2000, Radford's film Dancing at the Blue Iguana was released. In a departure from his more usual development technique, namely adapting novels, this film was largely improvised, although Radford shared the screenwriting credit with David Linter.

In 2004, Radford directed The Merchant of Venice (2004). He adapted the William Shakespeare play (see: Shakespearean comedies), and the film stars Al Pacino as Shylock and Jeremy Irons as Antonio. In 2007, he reunited Demi Moore and Michael Caine (who had already been together in 1984 for Blame it on Rio) in Flawless, a diamond heist story set in 1960. His most recent film is Elsa & Fred (2014), a romantic comedy starring Shirley MacLaine and Christopher Plummer.

Radford directed his first play in 2000, a West End production of The Seven Year Itch. This was an adaptation of Billy Wilder's 1955 film starring Marilyn Monroe.

Personal life
Radford has a son, Felix (born 1991), from his first marriage to Iseult Teran. He also has a daughter, Amaryllis (born 2005), and a son, Linus (born 2010), with his current wife Emma Tweed.

In addition to English (his first language), he speaks fluent Spanish, French, Italian, and some Mandarin.

In September 2013, he took part in the Clipper Round the World Sailing Race, in which he raced one of 12 identical 70-foot racing yachts from London to Rio.

title: Michael Radford


text:
Talk:Later Three Kingdoms

Grammatical errors
This article is full of grammatical errors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.152.70.167 (talk) 14:34, 25 December 2020 (UTC)

Grammatical errors
I notice many grammatical errors here. Could native English speakers edit this article so that this article could be understood better? I am not entirely sure how to edit this most naturally as I am not an English speaker. 218.235.241.37 (talk) 07:38, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Later Three Kingdoms


text:
1925–26 in Swedish football

The 1925–26 season in Swedish football, starting August 1925 and ending July 1926:

Division 2 Uppsvenska Serien 1925–26

Uppsvenska

Mellansvenska

Östsvenska

Västsvenska

Sydsvenska

Svenska Mästerskapet 1925

 * Final

Norrländska Mästerskapet 1926

 * Final

National team results
🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Douglas Krook - Henning Helgesson, Sven Friberg, Ivar Klingström - Algot Haglund, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Filip Johansson, Rudolf Kock.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Hugo Carlsson - Verner Andersson, Arthur Bengtsson, Erik Andersson - Rune Wenzel, Gunnar Rydberg, Filip Johansson, Albin Dahl, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Martin Persson - Sven Lindqvist, John Persson, Nils Nilsson - Algot Haglund, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Tore Keller, Bertil Appelskog.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Robert Zander - Herbert Lundgren, Douglas Krook - Henning Helgesson, Sven Friberg, Verner Andersson - Rune Wenzel, Sven Rydell, Per Kaufeldt, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Harry Rosenlind.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Axel Alfredsson, Otto Carlsson - Carl Wijk (46' Torsten Johansson), Nils Rosén, Erik Andersson - Algot Haglund, Gunnar Olsson, Heinrich Brost, Albin Hallbäck, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Robert Zander ( Manfred Johnsson) - Herbert Lundgren, Douglas Krook - Henning Helgesson, Gunnar Holmberg, Otto Carlsson - Rune Wenzel, Sven Rydell, Filip Johansson, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Thorsten Svensson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Sigfrid Lindberg - Herbert Lundgren, Douglas Krook - Henning Helgesson, Sven Friberg, Verner Andersson - Rune Wenzel, Gunnar Rydberg, Filip Johansson, Carl-Erik Holmberg, Knut Kroon.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Knut Norrby - Henry Åström, Ingvar Persson - Hugo Eliasson, Thure Svensson, Einar Snitt - Ernst Lööf, John Sand, John Sundberg, Axel Hedström, Gösta Pettersson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Knut Norrby - Henry Åström, Ingvar Persson - Hugo Eliasson, Thure Svensson, Einar Snitt - Ernst Lööf, John Kling, John Sundberg, Axel Hedström, Gösta Pettersson.

🇸🇪 Sweden: Knut Norrby - Henry Åström, Ingvar Persson - Hugo Eliasson, Thure Svensson, Oskar Björk - Ernst Lööf, John Kling, John Sundberg, Axel Hedström, Gösta Pettersson.

title: 1925–26 in Swedish football


text:
Talk:Viviparous lizard

Proposed rename
I think that this article should be renamed to viviparous lizard, because it is more descriptive name; also common lizard isn't common everywhere.

I did a Google test, and looked also for examples I considered important.
 * "viviparous lizard" +"lacerta vivipara" produced 605 hits.
 * ARKive
 * ITIS
 * "common lizard" +"lacerta vivipara" produced 832 hits.
 * NCBI
 * Herp.it

Rather even, I would say. I don't know how much the Wikipedia article influenced the result. The article doesn't even mention the name "viviparous lizard".

I didn't want to search without the scientific name, because common lizard could be a different species around the world or used in the text like "X is a common lizard in Barbados." All the English reptile books that I've read use the name viviparous lizard, but I live outside English-speaking countries, so I'm not sure, if I can generalize it. -Hapsiainen 17:40, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * I would also recommend to use the name Viviparous Lizard to avoid confusion. Moreover, the new scientific name is Zootoca vivipara ! -- Fice, June 4, 2005

 * Interesting. Do you know which authors have proposed the new name? It is Zootoca in some of the databases linked above. -Hapsiainen 18:39, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, as far as I know, the name Zootoca was first mentioned already in 1830 (by WAGLER). But the original name Lacerta vivipara stayed dominant in use – until to our days. In 1996, MAYER & BISCHOFF classified some species of Lacerta newly and postulated to separate the Viviparous Lizard. They reactivated the name Zootoca. The fact that only one species belongs to this genus (with just two subspecies) has surely not promoted the acceptance of the new name Zootoca vivipara JACQUIN, 1787. -- Fice, June 4, 2005
 * I saw some related pages:, . When you see just a list of some authors' opinions from different decades and centuries, it is hard to decide what is the most descriptive classification. If you think that Zootoca is the best, then change the text. I am no-one to change it back. But you you should provide even a vague explanation why the classification was changed. Otherwise someone else might change the page back.... Oh, and Wikipedia needs then a Zootoca article, too. -Hapsiainen 22:41, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello Hapsiainen, obviously there is – like so often – controversy among the scientists about a taxonomical question. Here it is how to treat Zootoca – as a genus or as a subgenus. Unfortunately the original essay of Mayer & Bischoff (1996)* is not available to me at the moment – probably it concerns a molecular-biological/genetic investigation. At least I know that Wolfgang Bischoff is a “famous” reptile specialist of international rank. So I am willing “to believe” him and his colleague and to accept Zootoca as the new genus name (perhaps with a note on the alternative name Lacerta). As I saw in your links, in the meantime already four subspecies are differentiated. – Greetings, Fice, June 5, 2005
 * [ ”Beitraege zur taxonomischen Revision der Gattung Lacerta (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Teil 1: Zootoca, Omanosaura, Timon und Teira als eigenstaendige Gattungen” / "Contribution to a taxonomical revision of the genus Lacerta. Part 1: Zootoca, ... as independent genera" / – Salamandra 32 (3): 163-170. ]

Edit from BabyPug49 Oct 20-Oct 21
Added section on color polymorphism of Lacerta vivipara about 600 words.

BabyPug49 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 15:16, 21 October 2015 (UTC)

Here are some references for color polymorphism in Lacerta vivipara

References

1. Vercken, E., Massot, M., Sinervo, B., Clobert, J.2006. Colour Variation and Alternative Reproductive Strategies in Females of the Common Lizard Lacerta vivipara. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20(1): 221-232.

Reference: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01208.x/pdf

2. Vercken, E., Sinervo, B., Colbert, J. 2008. Colour Variation in Female Common Lizards: why we should speak of morphs, a reply to Cote et al. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21(4): 1160-1164.

Reference: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01535.x/pdf

3. Vercken, E., Sinervo B., Clobert, J. 2012. The Importance of a good neighborhood: dispersal decisions in juvenile common lizards are based on social environment. Behavioral Ecology 23(5) 1059-1067.

Reference: http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/04/25/beheco.ars075.full

4. Svensson, E.I., Abbott, J., Gosden, T., Coreau, A. 2009. Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict, and limits to speciation processes in animals. Behavioral Evology 23(1) 93-108.

Reference: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:321569/FULLTEXT02

BabyPug49 (talk) 02:12, 21 September 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by BabyPug49 (talk • contribs)

Overall, great article! I think you did a lot of work to make a well thought out article and I really liked that any scientific terms were linked to other wikipedia pages to help readers understand your article. My only suggestion is to be careful with grammar mistakes! Good work Mdanzo0807 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:24, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi Mdanzo0807! I went back and proofread my article and fixed the grammar mistakes. I also worked on making the links a little better in terms of the name of the link itself as well as the placement of the link in regards to the order and flow of the article. Thanks for your suggestion! BabyPug49 (talk) 04:33, 9 November 2015 (UTC) 11/8/2015

In response to comments made by Evol&Glass:
 * Hi! I tackled each one of your critiques and tried by best to take them into consideration as I edited the article. I believe I addressed all the comments that were made. I tried to make the article sound less technical, and more like every day speech; I removed the lines where I addressed specific articles or referred to literature. I also tried to clear up the portion about reproduction and color patterns. I tried to clear up the section on plasticity and how color is related to genetics and environmental factors, but not plasticity. I took out the portion about the spectrophotometer and generalized that. Finally, I aimed to summarize more and clarify what I meant by diversity and density. BabyPug49 (talk) 11/8/2015 —Preceding undated comment added 04:57, 9 November 2015 (UTC)

Hello BabyPug49!

I thoroughly enjoyed reading your article about color polymorphism in lizards. Since you described the female polymorphism in discrete color categories, I think a visual or some example of actual lizards with these colors could enhance the content of this section. I added links to some biological definitions that might need more clarification. I found your section about the effects of color polymorphism on reproductive behavior and the resulting levels of fitness for different polymorphs. The content was clear and concise and organized well. I found no grammatical errors or need for edits. Great Job!

Honey4bees (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 00:01, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

Final Changes to Color Polymorphism:

I cut down a lot of unnecessary information and changed the flow of the article. I expanded on each color morph and described their evolutionary advantages. I also mentioned why their morph is maintained in the population. I made major structural changes in the article, which hopefully make it flow easier. I added a conclusion which restates what I wrote about earlier.

BabyPug49 (talk) 01:39, 10 December 2015 (UTC) 9 December 2015 19:39 (UTC)

Article Review and Edits
I just did a considerable addition in the article and wanted to document it. I also removed a lot of uncited material that was in the article and replaced it with cited information. Kellencking (talk) 04:03, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Edits for Class
I think this article is really well-written! I shortened the lead and moved some of that information to relevant parts of the article. I also restructured some sections so that there are fewer small headings and instead information consolidated into one heading with multiple subheadings. I added a tad bit more information to the ecology and reproduction sections. Other than that, just sentence-level edits to make the writing a bit more clear. I also italicized scientific names.Tulipsareverypretty (talk) 16:57, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

Peer Review 11/17/21
I found the thermoregulation section of this article to be most important because of this lizard’s broad distribution throughout palearctic regions. I found it necessary to include more detail on the lizards’ hardiness against the cold as well as its utilization of favorable hydrogeological conditions allowing for survival. I cited an article discussing the thermoregulation of the lizards in Siberia which discussed their characteristics that allow for their distribution in this area. The lizards hibernate in the top surface of soil, which they select because unfrozen groundwater runs specifically through the area and warms it. They find warm microhabitats that do not drop below the freezing point of their body fluids. This hardiness in combination with favorable microenvironment selection allow for their survival in these harsh conditions. I made a few grammatical corrections to the lead section to ensure it used clear and concise language. This allows the reader to understand the background of the article easily before deciding whether or not to read further. I think the lead section is an excellent summary of this article and uses simple language to deliver its point. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Evanmbradley (talk • contribs) 04:25, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

Could someone review and rewrite the introduction
The opening paragraphs at least of this article ought to be reviewed and edited. As it is, the introduction jumps straight from the name and taxonomy of the lizard to particulars relating to blood parasites and the diversity of parasitic helminths. The bit on thermoregulation is also unclear and would probably work better somewhere further down the article. I hesitate to start editing very much as I know little about reptile biology and shouldn't want to simply delete stuff that seems unclear. --Rallette (talk) 11:12, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viviparous lizard


text:
User:Chopper the Kitten

Hi my name is chopper the kitten.I wove to sit and meow, meow, meow!I wove many thinz wike I love to wide the slide in the pawk.I also like to eat cat food and watch pown.I also like to learn from the encyclopedia.I once visited New York City last winta.there I met Optimus Prime,Voltaire,G-Dub,the Seven Samauri and the wizards.I sleep in a bed in my womb

Hi that is actualy my pet cats biography.I dont tell much about mi self.I do know is i go on to uncyclopedia daily to learn,sleep,pet my cat and eat popcorn and drink pop while watching T.V.

title: User:Chopper the Kitten


text:
McAdie (crater)

McAdie is a flooded lunar impact crater that is located along the northeastern edge of Mare Smythii, on the far side of the Moon. It lies just to the southwest of the larger, flooded Babcock. During periods of favorable libration and illumination, this area can be viewed from the Earth, although it is seen from the edge and not much detail can be discerned.

The interior of this crater has been submerged by basaltic lava, leaving only a portion of the rim projecting partially out of the surface. The rim has a break along the northwest edge, and a small craterlet lies in this opening. The interior floor is level, but a minor (unnamed) rille crosses the center of the crater roughly from east to west. The contrast in albedo of the basalt in the crater versus the basalt within Mare Smythii to the west is obvious.

title: McAdie (crater)


text:
Richard O'Keefe

Richard A. O'Keefe is a computer scientist best known for writing the influential 1990 book on Prolog programming, The Craft of Prolog. He was a lecturer and researcher at the department of computer science at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand and concentrates on programming languages for logic programming and functional programming, including Prolog, Haskell, and Erlang.

title: Richard O'Keefe


text:
List of companies of Tanzania

Tanzania has the second largest economy in the East African Community and the tenth largest in Africa. It is largely dependent on agriculture for employment, accounting for about half of the employed workforce. An estimated 34 percent of Tanzanians currently live in poverty. The economy has been transitioning from a command economy to a market economy since 1985. Although total GDP has increased since these reforms began, GDP per capita dropped sharply at first, and only exceeded the pre-transition figure in around 2007.

Notable firms
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark framework. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.

title: List of companies of Tanzania


text:
Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)

"Rock and Roll" is a song by English singer Gary Glitter, released in 1972 from his debut studio album, Glitter. Co-written by Glitter and Mike Leander, the song is in two parts: Part 1 is a vocal track with a "Rock and Roll, Rock" chorus and some verses reflecting on the history of the genre, while Part 2 is an instrumental piece aside from the regular exclamation of the word "Hey" in different tones as the only lyric.

Both parts of "Rock and Roll" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, staying at number two for three consecutive weeks and was kept off the number one spot by Donny Osmond's cover of "Puppy Love". In concert, Glitter often merged both parts of "Rock and Roll" into one performance.

"Rock and Roll" is Glitter's only top ten single in the United States. It was also in North America that "Rock and Roll Part 2" became popularly associated with sports, as a number of professional teams began to play the song during games to invigorate the audience. Since Glitter's convictions for child sex offences, the song's continued use has been controversial.

In the UK, "Rock and Roll" was one of over 25 hit singles for Glitter. In the US, the instrumental version (Part 2) attracted the vast majority of the attention; it hit No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100. The running time of the US mono 45, which is mixed different from the LP, is 3:10 whilst it is 2:58 on the US LP.

In France, "Rock and Roll Part 1" was the most successful side, peaking at number one.

Sports
In North America, "Rock and Roll Part 2" became popularly associated with sports, as a number of professional teams adopted the song for use during games, primarily to signify scores and victories, or to otherwise invigorate the crowd. It is often referred to as "The Hey Song", as the only intelligible word in Part 2 is the exclamation of "Hey", punctuating the end of several instrumental phrases and repeated three times at the song's chorus. It was played first in a sport setting in 1974 at games for the Kalamazoo Wings of the high-minor International Hockey League by Kevin O'Brien, the team's public relations and marketing director. When he went to work for the NHL's Colorado Rockies in 1976, he brought the song with him. After the Rockies moved to New Jersey as the New Jersey Devils in 1982, the Denver Nuggets and Denver Broncos picked up the tradition and were the first NBA and NFL teams to play the song during games. At sporting events, fans often insert their own "Hey," or sometimes other chanted syllables (such as "you suck!"—which controversially led to a decision by the Devils to switch to a song by New Jersey-native Bon Jovi instead).

In 1999, Glitter was convicted of downloading child pornography in England, and in 2006 of child sexual abuse charges in Vietnam. After the second conviction was upheld in court, the NFL asked teams to stop playing the song. The NFL allowed a cover version of the song by the Tube Tops 2000 to be played, but in 2012, the NFL instructed teams to "avoid" the song following negative reaction from British media to the New England Patriots' use of the song. In 2014, Billboard reported that the song was slowly falling out of favour due to both the controversies, and teams electing to replace it with newer songs.

Film
In 2019, "Rock and Roll Part 2" appeared in Todd Phillips' film Joker as Arthur Fleck dances down a staircase, generating public controversy. Some sources indicated that Glitter, as co-writer of the song, would receive a lump sum and royalties for its use. According to the Los Angeles Times, Glitter does not receive payment when the song is used as he has sold the rights, and the US rights to the song are now owned by Universal Music Publishing Group.

Cover versions
A cover version of Part 1, entitled 'Rock 'n' Roll', was recorded and released by British electronic music group The Human League and included on their EP Holiday '80 (1980). The group also performed the track on Top of the Pops in May 1980, although the single failed to make the Top 40. Another version of the Human League's recording makes a direct segue into a cover version of the Iggy Pop track "Nightclubbing".

Northern Ireland post-punk group The Undertones recorded "Rock n Roll" for their fourth BBC Radio 1 session for John Peel in January 1980. The track has its first official release in 2004.

Philadelphia post-punk band Executive Slacks released their version of part 2 (entitled "Rock 'n' Roll" or "Rock & Roll," depending on the release) as a 12" single in 1986, performed on electronic instruments, guitar and percussion.

Part 2 was sampled in the Timelords' hit "Doctorin' the Tardis".

Part 2 was also sampled by Argentinian musician Gustavo Cerati in his song "Paseo Inmoral" from his album Bocanada (1999).

Part 2 is used as the tune for "Boris Johnson Is Still a Fucking Cunt" by the Kunts.

title: Rock and Roll (Gary Glitter song)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Fairfield high School

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - kept - SimonP 14:09, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Fairfield high School now moved to Fairfield High School, Sydney
Possibly notable school, however no information given. It's probably best to start this one from scratch. I note that Fairfield High School redirects to Fairfield Warde High School, which is a school in the US, while this article appears to be about one in Australia. Talrias (t | e | c) 17:45, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm all for keeping notable schools, but that article is ridiculous. Delete unless cleaned up (and if someone does clean it up, please contact me so I can change my vote). Mike H 17:44, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this article improves wikipedia's coverage of education in Fairfield, New South Wales. Needs to be disambig'dKappa 18:26, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, since there's already a category for high schools in Sydney and it is a HS in Sydney...agree w/need to disamb.67.101.113.10
 * Delete unless proven notable. -- Rune Welsh ταλκ 19:28, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Schools — RJH 19:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unless proven notable. One or two notable alumni doesn't really cut it, and we don't need to know what each block of the school is used for. --Idont Havaname 20:35, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep see Schools. — DS1953 20:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Bad article at the wrong title. --Carnildo 21:12, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, but make a disambig, per Kappa. -- BD2412  talk  21:23, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Comment: To those of you who keep pointing to Schools, I'd like to remind you that it is neither policy nor guideline. Therefore, although it sets no notability bar for schools, I think it is fair that the article need to live up to standard encyclopedia quality (ie not an advertisement). No vote. --Scimitar 21:38, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment:Part of Schools advises to keep VfD replies short and to the point; I'm assuming that this is what these people are doing, saying that, per the argument listed there, this article should be kept. Their votes should not be counted any differently. --BaronLarf 22:13, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and disambig, per arguments on Schools --BaronLarf 22:13, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep for reasons detailed on Schools.  Un  focused  22:40, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep cleanup and rename. Enough here to be worthy of retention. Capitalistroadster 23:42, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Perfectly good article, except for the weird bit in the middle  about A BLOCK and whatnot. Ditch that and it'll be just fine.  It should be renamed, of course. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 00:22, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Extreme keep and disambiguate. Easily resolvable without resorting to VfD.    —RaD Man (talk) 00:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but move to Fairfield High School (Australia), delete the resulting redirect at Fairfield high School, change Fairfield High School into a dab, and remove the List of the blocks which is of no encyclopedic interest. Double Blue  (Talk) 01:36, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move as above. Add cleanup-school and if nothing happens in a month, Merge into a city article.  Vegaswikian 05:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - next to no useful information. Cedars 07:35, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Fairfield, New South Wales and delete - Skysmith 07:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge usable data (e.g. type, size, notable alumni) into Fairfield, New South Wales or as new South Western Sydney school region article. Average Earthman 13:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * keep as per wikipedia:schools. Yuckfoo 16:07, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Is not encylopedia and will never be encylopedic. Neutralitytalk 04:20, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep per Schools, move as suggested by DoubleBlue. James F. (talk) 09:28, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 04:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, per Neutrality. No Account
 * Delete. Not notable. —Lowellian (talk) 13:01, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep What a pain. Oliver Chettle 18:59, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. What a pain, indeed; going thru this for school after school after school, 98% of them, like this one, not notable. Bill 02:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. And utterly fruitlessly, too. In the past six weeks some seventy schools listed for deletion have had their dicussions closed.  Not one of them has been deleted.  The other twenty or so that haven't yet had their discussions closed also seem to be headed for a non-delete result.  What a waste of time. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 08:11, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment The schoolwatch folks have become well organized making votes for deletion on schools pointless. Failing the organization of an anti-schoolwatch type group, this is policy by brute force. --Durin 13:30, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. I must admit I'm a little puzzled by this line of argument.  People who want school articles kept are entitled to one vote and only one vote.  Furthermore, no school deletion discussions are initiated by people who want to keep schools.  The rate of submission of school articles for deletion has rapidly accelerated in the past couple of months.  In April, only 20 schools were listed for deletion, in May, 75.  So far in June we've has 27.  If one starts a discussion on deletion of a school on Wikipedia and a lot of regular Wikipedia editors show up saying they want that school article kept, presumably this means a lot of Wikipedians want that school article kept.  This is precisely the purpose of VfD--for people to discuss whether they want articles deleted or not.
 * On the school watch page itself, it's vote-neutral. All school-related VfDs are listed there, and anyone can pop it in their watchlist.  It doesn't favor pro-school people over anti-school people. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:18, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please observe this sentence from the school watch page: "This is a campaign to ensure that articles on schools are allowed to develop on Wikipedia". That's not NPOV. It's a campaign. The fact that there is no concensus on the debate regarding inclusion of secondary schools juxtaposed with the statistics regarding the number of such schools that have been VfD'd but passed (all of them, recently) is in the least, interesting. --Durin 17:12, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please observe my rebuttal above. On your claim that there is no consensus on schools, observe: in the past 94 school deletion discussions that have reached a conclusion, only two articles have been deleted. Of the 28 pending (unfinished) school deletion discussions, only one article (about a school political organization started by a student), is headed for deletion.  Wikipedia has spoken. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:19, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I pointed out the fact that the schoolwatch group/list is a campaign to retain school articles. There isn't any debating that. It's very clear from the sentence I quoted. If you wish to debate this further, then the next course of action would likely be to study the votes that have been cast for all of the 94 schools you note above, and see if there is consistency among the pro-keep or pro-delete populations. If there is consistency in one group vs. lack of consistency in the other, then it would appear there is a focused group intent on pro-keep or pro-delete. I suspect there is a focused group of pro-keep people, and not one for pro-delete. If that's the case, then it is not Wikipedia speaking. Instead, it is a focused minute sub-group of Wikipedia that is speaking. That becomes policy by brute force, not policy by concensus. For what it's worth, I'm generally in favor of articles on schools. Schools are verifiable entities, and if we are to include a requirement of basis in notability, they are considerably more notable than obscure cartoon characters that have individual articles. I'm just not in favor of policy by brute force. That undermines Wikipedia. --Durin 13:40, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You're losing me here--what is the problem with the existence on Wikipedia of a group of people who consistently vote to keep school articles?
 * On the subject of focus, you may note if you have a look that 2/3 of all VfD listings for school articles in May were made by one editor and 2/3 or all VfD listings for school articles in June were made by another single editor. This is clear evidence of a focussed campaign to delete schools. And you know what? I couldn't care less.  If Wikipedia wanted to delete schools this would be the way to go about it, a couple of dedicated editors rooting out school articles and proposing them to a receptive VfD which would duly delete them.
 * But these things can backfire. When some editors engage in focussed activity (such as the two-man deletion campaign that has accounted for the huge rise in VfD listings--from 20 in April to 75 in May and 27 so far in June), where there is not popular assent, it is inevitable that there will be an equally focussed backlash.  People who care about the articles being systematically listed for deletion will tend to spot the pattern, watch for repetitions and engage in their own repetitive behavior.  There is nothing wrong with this, and if the people engaged in the campaign for deletion don't like seeing this happen then all they have to do is stop listing school articles for deletion in this extremely focussed manner. We'll all go back to doing whatever it was we were doing before the deletion campaign and in time the success rate for school deletion listings may rise from its current value (between 0% and 3% depending on the sample timescale you use) to something like its former value (perhaps around 30%).
 * We cannot separate the opinion of Wikipedia from the social dynamics of its operation. When I say that Wikipedia has spoken, I literally mean that this is how Wikipedia resolves problems like this.  A brute-force push in a direction that Wikipedia doesn't want to go, such as the deletion campaign, will tend to result in an equal and opposite reaction.  This is Wikipedia.  Learn to accept it and love it.
 * You describe the practise of consistently voting keep for schools as "policy by brute force". I cannot accept this characterization.  Those voting to keep schools are simply expressing their opinion.  They are not forcing others to vote keep or not to vote delete, they are simply expressing graphically the  strength of feeling against the deletion of school articles.  That they also have the best arguments may also help. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:22, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I did not describe consistently voting to keep schools as "policy by brute force". I described an organized group of such people, working without there being an opposing such group, as "policy by brute force". On the rest of your points, I agree and disagree to varying degrees. On the original point, you made a statement that the schoolwatch group was neutral; it isn't. I think I've demonstated that effectively. That was my original point. I think it best we leave this debate in its current state; this is not the place for it. Thank you. --Durin 14:46, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well this brings us back to the question of what is an organized group. I stumbled across Watch/schoolwatch because I already subscribed to the Watch service, whose purpose is precisely to provide unobtrusive alerts in users' watchlists for events of interest.  So I subscribed to that subpage, and sometimes I update it by adding or subtracting links to  schools that someone else has listed for deletion, and that is the sole extent of my involvement with anything that can be called schoolwatch.  Does the act of subscribing to, and updating, an article in project space constitute "organized activity?"  Clearly the act of doing so does not require one to vote in a certain way, or even to vote at all, which is my point about schoolwatch.  No matter what it says on the page, it is vote-neutral.
 * I've repeatedly stated this, and you've continually attempted to represent schoolwatch as some kind of focussed campaign, an organized group attempting to subvert Wikipedia. It isn't, and you've demonstrated nothing.  Anybody can add Schoolwatch to their watchlist. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 16:29, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think it best we leave this debate in its current state; this is not the place for it. Thank you. --Durin 16:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Gamaliel 16:22, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, Jelena Dokic being an ex-pupil makes it notable alone :-) Dan100 19:56, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, I am an EX-Pupil and i have updated information. My name is Esteban Lopez and I might be adding myself to the list of Alumni. I have attended Fairfield High School and left in Disputes. --augrunt 14:23, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Mark Felt

Bad sentence
This sentence in the third paragraph is, at minimum, badly punctuated (e.g. "pyramid" needs a capital letter and following comma); I'd go further and call it unclear and badly written - I can't quite tell what it's trying to say:

Felt lives in Santa Rosa, California, and has completed an update of his 1979 autobiography, The FBI pyramid which he wrote along with his son, provides information on his past as "Deep Throat,"but not revealing himself as such just yet (it will take 33 years.)

Confirmation
Confirmed by Woodward;

The Washington Post article cites Ben Bradlee as confirming Felt, he is one of the four men who knows the identity;

traitor
I deleted this sentence:

''Felt is now considered by most Americans to be a traitor. ''

as it is inflammatory and unsubstantiated. If you want this in the article you need to back it up and rephrase it, e.g.:

According to the Blandy and Jones survey 72% of U.S. citizens consider Felt a traitor (external link to survey information)

Cheers, Funkyj

Tell us something we don't already know
Listen to the radio: Democracy Now, 6-2-05 rean a segment introduced as follows:

Mark Felt -- who was exposed this week as Deep Throat -- was one of only two FBI officials ever to be convicted for ordering COINTELPRO operations. In 1980 he was convicted for ordering FBI agents to break into the home of Jennifer Dohrn and other associates of the Weather Underground. He was later pardoned by President Reagan. Jennifer Dohrn discusses the FBI surveillance, break-ins and a secret FBI proposal to kidnap her infant. Democracy Now! co-host Juan Gonzalez also reveals that as a leader of the Young Lords that he, too, was also a target of a similar FBI campaign. [includes rush transcript]

Timeline discrepancy needs a fix or explanation
The article says,
 * The stress of following her husband's career as well as the separation of her daughter, resulted in Audrey suffering a nervous breakdown in 1954

But it also says that Joan didn't graduate from high school until 1961, so how could Joan's separation have contributed to a nervous breakdown in 1954? 2601:281:D880:7880:CC13:9994:AE2C:8CC4 (talk) 01:13, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

1954 doesn't make any sense here
"The stress of following her husband's career as well as the separation of her daughter resulted in Audrey suffering a nervous breakdown in 1954, while Felt was in Seattle" 2600:6C4E:1A7F:2981:294A:D281:60C9:94F1 (talk) 10:34, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mark Felt


text: Category:New Zealand computer scientists


text:
Kate Groombridge

Kate Groombridge (born 8 July 1980) is an English fashion model and actress.

Born in a small village in Kent, she was advised to submit photos to modelling agencies by a family friend, and she was modelling professionally when she was 14. She posed for teen magazines until she was 19.

In 1999, she signed as an ambassador with the lingerie company Gossard for their new "Ultrabra Superboost". The bra proved popular and was advertised extensively, and even proved controversial when the advertising campaign was considered too racy for British television. This success led Gossard to extend Groombridge's contract, and she became the face of Gossard's entire product line.

She has appeared as a cover girl in several magazines, including Esquire, Maxim and FHM, and she appears regularly in FHM's annual "100 sexiest women" poll.

Groombridge had a small part in the 2005 Steven Seagal film Submerged, and in September 2007 she had a larger role in the romantic comedy film Virgin Territory, playing the character Elissa. She has two further films in the can, Coffee Sex You and Shifty.

She has two sons, Gilbert and Percy. She largely retired from acting and modelling to focus on raising them but returned to modelling in 2022 for an advertising campaign by Boots_(company) featuring mature models.

Agencies
Premier Model Management (London, United Kingdom)

Acting and commercial Agent is Independent, London

title: Kate Groombridge


text:
Bonnes Mares

Bonnes Mares is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety. The AOC was created in 1936. It is shared between the two communes of Chambolle-Musigny (where the main part is located) and Morey-Saint-Denis in the Côte-d'Or département. Bonnes Mares is located a little to the north of the Chambolle-Musigny village, and borders the Route des Grands Crus in the east and the Grand Cru vineyard Clos de Tart in the north.

In 2008, 16.24 ha of vineyard surface was in production within the AOC, and 522 hectoliter of wine was produced, corresponding to 70,000 bottles.

History
The origin of the vineyard's name is unknown, although it is known to have been used since the High Medieval period, and at least three different hypotheses exist. The most commonly prevailing assumption is that it may come from the bonnes mères ("good mothers"), nuns of the Cistercian order at Notre-Dame de Tart. A second hypothesis holds that it originates in the verb marer, to cultivate, which would give a translation of "good vintage". The third hypothesis, favored by the Drouhin family, is based on the myth of a winegrower who is said to have unearthed in this vineyard a sculpture representing three goddesses of fecundity, the bonnes mères.

AOC regulations
The main grape variety for Bonnes Mares is Pinot Noir. The AOC regulations also allow up to 15 per cent total of Chardonnay, Pinot blanc and Pinot gris as accessory grapes, but this is practically never used for any Burgundy Grand Cru vineyard. The allowed base yield is 35 hectoliter per hectare, a minimum planting density of 9,000 vines per hectare is required as well as a minimum grape maturity of 11.5 per cent potential alcohol.

Wine style
The style of Bonnes Mares wine is in general full-bodied and tannic. A difference in soil types over the length of the vineyard is often reflected in the style of wines, which can be either more in the style of Morey-Saint-Denis wine or in the style of Chambolle-Musigny wine, meaning lighter and more elegant.

title: Bonnes Mares


text:
Paul Kunz

Paul Kunz (December 20, 1942 – September 12, 2018) was an American particle physicist and software developer, who initiated the deployment of the first web server outside of Europe. After a meeting in September 1991 with Tim Berners-Lee of CERN, he returned to the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) with word of the World Wide Web. By Thursday, December 12, 1991, there was an active Web server installed and operational at SLAC, establishing the first Web server in the US, the SPIRES HEP, connected to the SPIRES High Energy Physics database, thanks to the efforts of Kunz, Louise Addis, and Terry Hung.

He was also the originator of the free/open source GNUstep implementation of the NeXTSTEP framework and also at the basis of the idea for objcX (objective-C for the X Window System). He was the chief developer of HippoDraw, a statistical analysis software, primarily intended for the analysis and presentation of particle physics and astrophysics data at SLAC.

title: Paul Kunz


text:
Talk:Richard O'Keefe

Untitled
Richard O'Keefe is person very known among people working with Prolog. He published book typically recommended to those learning advanced prolog techniques and he is also influential in design of several languages (user in real life). So I think he deserves page here. Pavel Vozenilek 17:49, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Linux Cookie: 699 of 1140
"The essential ideas of Algol 68 were that the whole language should be precisely defined and that all the pieces should fit together smoothly. The basic idea behind Pascal was that it didn't matter how vague the language specification was (it took *years* to clarify) or how many rough edges there were, as long as the CDC Pascal compiler was fast." -- Richard A. O'Keefe - cf. http://motd.ambians.com/quotes.php/name/linux_cookie/toc_id/1-1-5/s/698

NevilleDNZ (talk) 12:58, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard O'Keefe


text:
American Psycho (album)

American Psycho is the fourth studio album by the American punk rock band Misfits. Released on May 13, 1997, it was the first to be recorded and released without the band's founder and former leader Glenn Danzig. Bassist Jerry Only, after years of litigation, reached a settlement with Danzig and was granted the rights to use the band's name and image to record and perform. The album also marked the addition of singer Michale Graves and Dr. Chud on drums.

Originally, the album was going to be titled Dead Kings Rise, a play on the band's resurrection, but was changed when the title track did not make the album. The album was produced by New York City based musician Daniel Rey, who had previously worked with artists such as the Ramones and King Missile.

Reception
Entertainment Weekly wrote that "their goofy formula of lyrics inspired by bad horror movies, poppy vocals, and blasting hardcore is still excellent mosh-pit fodder."

Personnel

 * Michale Graves – vocals
 * Doyle Wolfgang von Frankenstein – guitar
 * Jerry Only – bass
 * Dr. Chud – drums, keyboards on tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, and 10
 * Daniel Rey – keyboards on track 7
 * Andy Wallace - mixing

title: American Psycho (album)


text:
Mallory

Mallory is an English surname. Spelling variants include Mallary, Mallery, Malorie, Mallorie, Mallerie and Mallorey. Mallory and Mallerie are also given names derived from the surname.

Surname

 * Arenia Mallory (1904–1977), American founder and head of what is now Saints Academy in Lexington, Mississippi, United States
 * Benajah Mallory (c. 1764–1853), farmer, merchant and political figure in Upper Canada
 * Berenice Mallory (1901–1997), American home economist, federal official
 * Bill Mallory (1935–2018), American football head coach
 * Boots Mallory (1913–1958), American film actress, dancer and model
 * Caitlin Mallory (born 1987), American ice dancer who competes internationally for Estonia
 * Carole Mallory (born 1942), American film actress and former model
 * Clare Mallory, the penname of American children's author Winifred Constance McQuilkan Hall (1913–1991)
 * Dashaun Mallory (born 1999), American football player
 * Edward Mallory, born Edward Ralph Martz (1930–2007), American actor
 * Francis Mallory (1807–1860), American naval officer, physician, railroad executive and U.S. Representative from Virginia
 * Frank Burr Mallory (1862–1941), American pathologist for whom the Mallory body is named
 * George Mallory (1886–1924), British mountaineer who died attempting to climb Mount Everest
 * George Kenneth Mallory (1900–1986), American physician for whom Mallory-Weiss syndrome is named
 * James Mallory (jurist) (1916–2003), Canadian academic and constitutional expert
 * Jim Mallory (1918–2001), American baseball player
 * JP Mallory (born 1945), Irish-American archaeologist and Indo-Europeanist
 * L. B. Mallory (1871–1933), American politician and 28th Chief Clerk of the California Assembly
 * Laura Mallory, an American who unsuccessfully attempted to have Harry Potter books removed from the Gwinnett County, Georgia, school system's library
 * Lee Mallory (1945–2005), American singer, songwriter and guitarist
 * Mae Mallory (1929–2007), American Black liberation leader and member of the Workers World Party
 * Mark Mallory (born 1962), American politician in Ohio and elected Mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 2005
 * Michael Mallory (born 1955), American author and journalist
 * Mike Mallory, former American football linebacker who is currently Assistant Special Teams Coach for the New Orleans Saints
 * Molla Mallory (1892–1959), Norwegian-American tennis player
 * Penny Mallory (born 1966), UK National Ladies Champion Rally Driver in 1993 and UK television presenter
 * Philip Mallory (1885–1975), American businessman, one of the original founders of Duracell
 * Robert Mallory (1815–1885), U.S. Representative from Kentucky
 * Ronald Mallory (1932–2021), American painter, holographer and sculptor
 * Rufus Mallory (1831–1914), U.S. Representative from Oregon
 * Stephen Mallory (c. 1812–1873), U.S. Senator from Florida and Confederate Secretary of the Navy during the American Civil War
 * Stephen Mallory II (1848–1907), U.S. Senator and U.S. Representative from Florida
 * Thomas Malory (c. 1399–1471), English compiler of Le Morte d'Arthur, a book of French and English Arthurian romances
 * Trafford Leigh-Mallory (1892–1944), senior Royal Air Force officer during WWII
 * Victoria Mallory, the stage name of the American singer and actress, Vicki Morales (1948–2014)
 * Will Mallory (born 1999), American football player
 * William L. Mallory Sr. (1931–2013), the first African-American to serve as Ohio House of Representatives Majority Floor Leader

Men

 * Mallory Factor (born 1950), American businessman and political activist
 * Mallory Horne (1925–2009), American politician
 * Daniel Mallory Ortberg (born 1986), American writer and editor
 * Mallory Evan Wijesinghe (1918–2002), Sri Lankan engineer and entrepreneur

Women

 * Mallory Burdette (born 1991), American tennis player
 * Mallory Deluce (born 1989), American ice hockey player
 * Mallory Ervin (born 1985), former American beauty pageant titleholder
 * Mallory Hagan (born 1988), American beauty pageant titleholder
 * Mallory Lewis (born 1963), American puppeteer, television producer and writer
 * Mallory Manning (1981–2008), New Zealander murdered in 2008
 * Mallory Pugh (born 1998) American soccer player
 * Mallory Reaves (born 1984), American writer
 * Mallory Snyder (born 1984), American model
 * Mallerie Stromswold, American politician
 * Malorie Urbanovitch (born 1988), Canadian fashion designer
 * Mallory Weggemann (born 1989), American Paralympic swimmer

Fictional characters

 * Mallory, either of two characters in the television series Sliders
 * Arthur Mallory, played by Raymond Burr in the 1976 NBC series The NBC Mystery Movie
 * Brian Mallory, played by Paul Ryan Rudd in Beacon Hill (TV series)
 * Delvin Mallory, a character in the video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
 * Officer Edgar Mallory, cartoon policeman in Monopoly (game)
 * Edward "Leviathan" Mallory, paleontologist and explorer from the novel The Difference Engine, by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling
 * Doctor Fred Mallory, played by Edwin Stanley in the 1939 serial The Phantom Creeps
 * Gareth Mallory, the current M in the James Bond film franchise
 * Lieutenant Colonel Greg D. Mallory in The Boys (comics)
 * Katie Mallory, played by Marsha Hunt in the 1943 film Lost Angel
 * Kathleen Mallory, a New York City police detective featured in a series of mystery novels by Carol O'Connell
 * Captain Keith Mallory, World War II mountaineer-turned-commando in The Guns of Navarone (novel) by Alistair MacLean
 * Kyler Mallory, played by Alycia Delmore in the video game Nancy Drew: The Haunting of Castle Malloy
 * Lou Mallory, an innkeeper portrayed by Patricia Blair in several episodes of the Western television series The Rifleman
 * Maree Mallory and Nick Mallory in Diana Wynne Jones' novels Deep Secret and The Merlin Conspiracy
 * Michael Mallory, a character from the television series Sliders
 * Signy Mallory, captain of the military carrier ship Norway in C. J. Cherryh's novels Downbelow Station and Merchanter's Luck
 * Steven Mallory, a young sculptor in Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead
 * Mallory, portrayed by Olivia Bonamy in the 2002 French film Bloody Mallory
 * Mallory, a Brother of Dragons in fantasy author Mark Chadbourn's The Dark Ages (series)
 * Mallory McMallard, an animated duck in Mighty Ducks: The Animated Series
 * Mallory, a stripper portrayed by Kristen Stewart in the 2010 American drama film Welcome to the Rileys
 * Mallory Danielson, played by Laura Allen in Dirt (TV series)
 * Mallory Dent, played by Sydney Tamiia Poitier in The CW television series Veronica Mars
 * Mallory Grace, a character in The Spiderwick Chronicles
 * Mallory Keaton, played by Justine Bateman in the 1980s American sitcom Family Ties
 * Mallory Keen, a character in the Magnus Chase series by Rick Riordan
 * Mallory Knox, portrayed by Juliette Lewis in the 1994 film Natural Born Killers
 * Mallory O'Brien, portrayed by Allison Smith on the NBC television drama The West Wing
 * Mallory "Mal" Pike, a "junior member" of The Baby-sitters Club in a series of children's books written by Ann M. Martin
 * Mallory Wells, portrayed by Jessica Amlee in Heartland (TV series)
 * Malory Archer, the protagonist's mother in Archer (TV series)
 * Malorie, the protagonist in the novels Bird Box (novel) and Malorie (novel)
 * Mallory, portrayed by Billie Lourd in American Horror Story: Apocalypse

Science and medicine

 * Mallory's trichrome stain
 * Mallory body

Other

 * Mallory is the conventional name for an attacker in cryptographic examples; see Alice and Bob.
 * The McNabb-Mallory rule is a rule of evidence in United States law.

title: Mallory


text:
Drutsk

Drutsk (Друцк, ; Druck, Друцк, also known as Дрютескъ (Dryutesk) or Дрюческъ (Druchesk) in the Middle Ages), is a historical town in Belarus, 40 kilometres (ca. 25 miles) west of Mogilev.

The town was established in 1078 as an outpost of the Principality of Polotsk on the road from Polotsk to Kiev and Chernigov. According to the Drutsk Gospel, the town was built around one of the oldest Christian churches in White Ruthenia erected in 1001.

In the 12th century and 13th century it was a centre of the early medieval Principality of Drutsk, ruled by the dukes of the Polotsk branch of the Rurikid dynasty. Since the 13th century there is only limited information about the town available in the chronicles.

In 1524 Drutsk has been burned down by Russians in a war and started to lose its political importance. Exact time and reasons of the town's decline are unknown. Historians estimate the period of decline to between the 15th and 17th centuries.

Archaeological researches state that Drutsk has been an important military fortress for some period of time. Until the mid 17th century it had a castle. Both the castle and the town have been destroyed and rebuilt for several times.

According to the German ambassador of the 17th century Johann Georg Korb, in the 16th century Drutsk was a large city that had about two hundred churches but that was then entirely destroyed in a war. Therefore, Korb compared the city with Troy.

The town is also the name-sake of the Drucki-Lubecki and Druckoy-Sokolinski noble families and the name-sake for their coat of arms, the Druck Coat of Arms. The most famous member of those families is Franciszek Ksawery Drucki-Lubecki.

title: Drutsk


text:
Wedding Peach

Wedding Peach (愛天使伝説ウェディングピーチ) is a shōjo manga written by Sukehiro Tomita and illustrated by Nao Yazawa that was originally serialized in Shogakukan's Ciao magazine. In North America, it was translated and published by VIZ Media in its entirety, consisting of six volumes.

The manga was later adapted into an anime television series directed by Kunihiko Yuyama that ran for 51 episodes on TV Tokyo, from April 5, 1995 to March 27, 1996 as well as 2 omakes Ai Tenshi Robot Wedding Peach and Ai Tenshi Sentai and a 4-episode OVA sequel (Wedding Peach DX) in 1996.

In 2004, Wedding Peach Young Love was released, a compilation of Wedding Peach stories made specifically for the monthly magazine Shogaku Sannensei ("Elementary School Third-Grader"). To better fit the magazine's target audience, the "Young Love" version of Wedding Peach features younger-looking characters, less complex storylines, and simpler dialogue.

Plot
Momoko Hanasaki, along with her friends Yuri Tanima and Hinagiku Tamano, are members of the newspaper club where they mostly cover the school's soccer team. They all have a crush on the star player Kazuya Yanagiba.

On their way home from school one day, the trio are attacked by a devil by the name of Pluie who is a servant to the high ruler of the devil world, Raindevila. When her friends are hypnotized into attacking Momoko, a beautiful man comes down from the sky named Limone. He is from the angel world and gives Momoko a compact case. Opening the compact, she is told by the goddess Aphrodite, the ruler of the angel world, that she is one of the legendary Love Angels, Wedding Peach.

Momoko transforms into Wedding Peach and manages to snap her friends out of Pluie's control. Over the course of the story, Yuri and Hinagiku also find out that they are also love angels and the three must protect the humans from the devils and defeat Raindevila.

Manga
The manga was written and illustrated by Nao Yazawa. It was serialized the Shogakukan's Ciao magazine from March 1994 to April 1996. Shogakukan released the manga in six volumes from September 1994 to April 1996. Viz Media licensed the manga in North America and released the manga from July 10, 2003 to May 26, 2004. The series is now out-of-print.

Anime
An anime television series premiered on TV Tokyo on April 5, 1995 to March 27, 1996 and ran for 51 episodes. The anime was directed by Kunihiko Yuyama and was co-produced by KSS and OLM, Inc. A four-episode OVA series, titled Wedding Peach DX (Deluxe) was released from November 1996 to March 1997. ADV Films licensed the anime in 2003 and released the anime in ten DVDs.

Opening Themes

 * "Dreaming Angels" (Eps. 1-27)
 * Lyrics: Miho Matsuba / Composer: Ritsuko Okazaki / Arrangement: Masaki Iwamoto / Vocals: FURIL (Kyōko Hikami, Yūko Miyamura, Yukana Nogami) (Star Child Records)

 * "Wedding Wars-Love Is A Flame" (Eps. 28-51)
 * Lyrics: Arisu Sato / Composer: Kanji Saito, Akira Yamato / Arrangement: Anri Sekine / Vocals: Erina Nakajima (KSS Music)

 * "Merry Angel" (DX Eps. 1-4)
 * Lyrics: Arisu Sato / Composer: Kanji Saito / Arrangement: Kanji Saito / Vocals: FURIL' (Kyōko Hikami, Yūko Miyamura, Yukana Nogami, Yuka Imai) (KSS Music)

Ending Themes

 * "21st Century Juliet" (Eps. 1-27)
 * Lyrics: Yuriko Oda / Composer: Taka Kudou / Arrangement: Masaki Iwamoto / Vocals: FURIL (Star Child Records)

 * "Virgin Love" (Eps. 28-51)
 * Lyrics: Arisu Sato / Composer: Kanji Saito, Akira Yamato / Arrangement: Anri Sekine / Vocals: FURIL (KSS Music)

 * "Sweet Little Love" (DX Eps. 1-4)
 * Lyrics: Arisu Sato / Composer: Harukichi Yamamoto / Arrangement: Harukichi Yamamoto / Vocals: FURIL' (KSS Music)

Games
A Super Famicom game was released only in Japan in 1995. In the game, the player plays as one of the three main girls (either Momoko, Yuri or Hinagiku) to compete with the others in a series of mini games. The ultimate goal is to win the right to ask the guy that all three girls are in love with (Yanagiba) to the school dance. The game has a three player option as well, where two other people can play the other two girls.

Wedding Peach games have also been released for the Game Boy (Jama-P Panic! - 1995) and PlayStation (Wedding Peach| Doki Doki Oiro-naoshi Fashion Dai-sakusen - 1996).

title: Wedding Peach


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Pregnancy discrimination

Pregnancy discrimination is a type of employment discrimination that occurs when expectant women are fired, not hired, or otherwise discriminated against due to their pregnancy or intention to become pregnant. Common forms of pregnancy discrimination include not being hired due to visible pregnancy or likelihood of becoming pregnant, being fired after informing an employer of one's pregnancy, being fired after maternity leave, and receiving a pay dock due to pregnancy. Pregnancy discrimination may also take the form of denying reasonable accommodations to workers based on pregnancy, childbirth, and related medical conditions. Pregnancy discrimination has also been examined to have an indirect relationship with the decline of a mother's physical and mental health. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women prohibits dismissal on the grounds of maternity or pregnancy and ensures right to maternity leave or comparable social benefits. The Maternity Protection Convention C 183 proclaims adequate protection for pregnancy as well. Though women have some protection in the United States because of the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, it has not completely curbed the incidence of pregnancy discrimination. The Equal Rights Amendment could ensure more robust sex equality ensuring that women and men could both work and have children at the same time.

Reasons for Pregnancy Discrimination
According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission website, between the years of 2011 and 2014 there were forty-four cases filed for violating the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. The most common patterns of the violations often included:

 * The failure to equally promote pregnant people in the workplace
 * Refusal to hire pregnant people or quickly laying them off after the employer gains knowledge they are pregnant.
 * “Releasing workers who take medical leave for pregnancy related conditions” (U.S. EEOC)
 * “ Restricting pregnant people’s employment opportunities such as enforcing an involuntary leave because they are pregnant, limiting the number of hours that pregnant people are allowed to work, or not assigning them as many assignments because of their pregnant conditions” (US EEOC)
 * Employers creating clearances, often related to physical health, that are not required of workers who are not pregnant.
 * Appeasing non pregnant people’s accommodations, but failing to provide pregnant people the accommodation.
 * Not allowing lactating mothers to return to the workplace
 * Punishing employees who claim they or someone close to them experienced pregnancy discrimination.

Relevant Federal Law Regarding Pregnancy Discrimination
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 and Family and Medical Leave Act are rooted in the precedent of several major court decisions leading up to them.

The Pregnant Workers Fairness Act (PWFA) requires that employers make reasonable accommodations for any and all qualified employees who are either pregnant or require child care resources. This bill sets forward procedures to enforce the law and protect pregnant employees from these discriminatory practices.

Relevant State Law Regarding Pregnancy Discrimination
In 2002, California's Paid Family Leave (PFL) insurance program, also known as the Family Temporary Disability Insurance (FTDI) program, extended unemployment disability compensation to cover individuals who take time off work to bond with a new minor child. PFL covers employees who take time off to bond with their own child or their registered domestic partner's child, or a child placed for adoption or foster-care with them or their domestic partner.

Various U.S. cities have passed additional laws to protect pregnant workers. In 2014, New York City enacted the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act which requires employers to offer reasonable accommodations "to the needs of an employee for her pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical condition that will allow the employee to perform the essential requisites of the job". Also in 2014, Philadelphia amended an ordinance which actually compels employers to make reasonable workplace accommodations for female employees "affected by pregnancy" meaning pregnant women or women who have medical conditions relating to pregnancy or childbirth. Philadelphia's revised ordinance identifies several possible required accommodations, including restroom breaks, periodic rest for those whose jobs require that they stand for long periods of time, special assistance with manual labor, leave for a period of disability arising from childbirth, reassignment to a vacant position, and job restructuring. In 2015, the Washington D.C. passed the Protecting Pregnant Workers Fairness Act of 2014 which is effective March 3, 2015. In 2018 Massachusetts did the same, with the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act going into effect on April 1, 2018.

Oregon’s Family Leave Act assists eligible employees to have up to 12 weeks of leave when it comes to having a child. In addition to this, one is able to qualify either before or after pregnancy for an additional 12 weeks depending on their pregnancy conditions. Oregon’s Family Leave Act covers parental leave, health conditions, sick child leave, pregnancy disability leave, military family leave, and bereavement leave. However, this is often unpaid leave unless one has access to sick days, vacation or other paid leave.

Relevant Court Cases Regarding Pregnancy Discrimination
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 and Family and Medical Leave Act are rooted in several major court decisions leading up to them.

In the 1908 case Muller v. Oregon, Muller appealed his conviction for violating a law which limited women to 10-hour workdays in factories and laundries in Oregon, arguing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court unanimously upheld the decision that this law was constitutional, as the state has a compelling interest in protecting the health of women. The decision states that “healthy mothers are essential to vigorous offspring, [and therefore] the physical wellbeing of women is an object of public interest”. Consequently, women are defined as quasi-public goods, therefore giving the state the power to regulate their bodies with the police power of the State. This decision invalidates women’s choice in becoming pregnant, instead confining her to the societal role of being a mother. In this case, the initial treatment of pregnancy within the workplace can be seen as the state invades the privacy of women and allows the legislature to discriminate against women employees. This case is important because it ignores the precedent of Lochner v New York 198 US 45 (1905). In this case, the state of New York put a limit on how long the bakers could work. This case was brought to the federal court and the court declared that it was substantive due process to have access to work as long as one needs. Therefore, states could not limit the amount of hours people could work. But, this precedent about limiting working hours which was ultimately ignored by Muller v Oregon, because women’s role as a mother was found more important than this due process right.

Next, in 1974 Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, the court decides that pregnant women cannot be discriminated against arbitrarily, as this violates the due process clause. In this case, multiple pregnant or previously pregnant public school teachers challenged the constitutionality of mandatory maternity leave in both Cleveland, Ohio and Chesterfield County, Virginia. The court answered three questions within this case. First, if the termination of teachers’ employment during the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy for the sake of continuity violates the fourteenth amendment. Second, whether preventing teachers from returning to teaching until their children are three months old violates the Fourteenth Amendment. And last, if requiring a submission of a certificate of health by the mother’s physician before returning to work violates the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court ruled yes for the first two questions, and no for the last question. In this case, the court acted to liberalize the laws surrounding working while pregnant to some degree, but also continued to decide that the state can still regulate women’s work while pregnant.

Two other cases in the 1970s ruled that pregnancy-related conditions could be excluded from benefit coverage. The outcome of these cases appear to be directly responsible for the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. The first Case, Geduldig v. Aiello (1974), ruled that the exclusion of medical benefits for pregnant women in California by the California State Disability Insurance program was non-discriminatory."While it is true that only women can become pregnant ... the [California State Disability Insurance] program divides potential recipients into two groups- pregnant women and non-pregnant persons. While the first group is exclusively female, the second group includes members of both sexes. The fiscal and actuarial benefits of the program thus accrue to members of both sexes."

The second case, General Electric v. Gilbert (1976), 429 U.S. 125, concluded that companies may exclude pregnancy-related conditions from being covered in their disability plans. The issue before the Supreme Court was if excluding pregnancy-related coverage under the company's disability plan violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. There had been employees who applied for disability benefits when they took an absence due to pregnancy; but, their claims were denied. General Electric provided coverage to their employees for nonoccupational illness and injury, but pregnancy-related conditions were excluded. The Court relied on the precedent in Geduldig and reaffirmed that the condition of pregnancy is categorized as either a pregnant person versus nonpregnant person. Therefore there is no sex based discrimination, and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was not violated. Employers may choose to exclude conditions from being covered on their disability plan. At this point, the court had fully shifted from the argument of protecting women. Instead, the court decides to completely disregard pregnancy and the effects that it can have on the ability to work, essentially deciding to no longer give protection to pregnant women. This remains the prevailing approach of the court today.

Following these cases, in 1978, Congress passed The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act created a provision under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that states sex discrimination on the basis of pregnancy is prohibited.

In 2009 the Supreme Court again addressed pregnancy discrimination with their ruling in AT&T Corp. v. Hulteen that held that maternity leave taken before the passage of the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act cannot be considered in calculating employee pension benefits, therefore essentially implying that the Pregnancy Discrimination Act is not retroactive.

In 2013 EEOC v Houston Funding 717 F.3d 425 (5th Cir. 2013) case, the EEOC went to court with Houston Funding regarding unlawfully firing an employee for lactating at work after recently having given birth. The Court of Appeals declared this was unconstitutional and illegal discrimination on the basis of sex under both Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. This decision ultimately became an important precedent that it is illegal to discharge an employee due to expressing milk or lactation.

In 2014 the Supreme Court heard Young v. United Parcel Service, in this case the Supreme Court sought to answer the question of if the Pregnancy Discrimination Act requires an employer to provide the same accommodations to a pregnant employee than to employees with similar non-pregnancy related work limitations. The court found that employers are not required to provide these same accommodations, but asserted that courts must further evaluate the issue of to what extent these employer policies work less-favorably for pregnant individuals rather than non-pregnant employees with similar limitations.

European Union
The European Union regards less favourable treatment on grounds of pregnancy as unlawful, and the same thing as discrimination on grounds of sex (contrasting to the American case of Geduldig v. Aiello and consistent with the American approach in the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978).

The European Court of Justice decided in Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum Voor Jonge Volwassen (VJV-Centrum) Plus that pregnancy discrimination was sex discrimination without any requirement for comparing this unfavourable treatment to a man. It reaffirmed this position in Webb v EMO Air Cargo (No 2) where a woman had been dismissed because she had attempted to take pregnancy leave, but had not disclosed this to her employer when hired. As well as a dismissal, a failure to renew a fixed term contract may also be discrimination. Furthermore, during any period of pregnancy or maternity leave there may be no detriment or dismissal in connection with a period of sickness. A woman is also allowed to shorten her maternity leave and return to work when she becomes pregnant again to get the second period of pregnancy, even though she is not fully able to carry out all her normal job functions.

It is also clear that women who are pregnant are protected at job interviews. In the Tele Danmark case a woman was held not to be at fault for not telling an employer she was pregnant while being interviewed for a job, despite knowing she was pregnant. However, a study published in The Netherlands is 2016 showed that 43% of active women experienced discrimination related to pregnancy of motherhood.

Canada
In Canada, pregnancy discrimination is considered a violation of sex-discrimination laws and will be treated as such.

Other
Mexico and Japan have laws to combat pregnancy discrimination.

Japan
In Japan, Labor Standards Act (Act No. 49 of 1947) provides that an employer must provide an expectant mother worker with maternity leave for 6 weeks (14 weeks for multiple pregnancy beyond twins) before her child birth and 8 weeks after the child birth. Article 9 of Equal Employment Opportunity Act between Men and Women (Act No. 113 of July 1, 1972) prohibits unequal employment condition for the reasons of marriage, pregnancy, maternity leave provided in Article 65 of Labor Standards Act and other reasons related childbirth. These unequal employment conditions includes retirement, dismissal. In addition, Act on the Welfare of Workers Who Take Care of Children or Other Family Members Including Child Care and Family Care Leave (Act No. 76 of 1991) provides that employees has the right to take unpaid child care leave for one year, and Article 10 prohibits for an employer to dismiss or disadvantageously treat a worker who have taken or is about to take Child Care Leave. as Although Maternity Leave and Child Care Leave are basically unpaid leave, Basic Childcare Leave Benefits are provided based on Employment Insurance Act during Child Care Leave and Maternity Allowance and Lump-sum Childbirth Allowance are given based on Health Insurance Act (Act No.70 of 1922). Basic Childcare Leave Benefit is 50% of the employee's wage, and Maternity Allowance is two thirds of the wage. As of 2013, Lump-sum Childcare allowance is ¥420,000 (US$4,075).

Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, it is a criminal offence if an employer discriminates against a pregnant employee if the employee has been hired under a continuous contract. An employer who contravenes this can be liable to prosecution and, on conviction, fined HK$100,000. The employer would also be required to pay the employee's wages in lieu of notice, a further sum equivalent to one month's wages as compensation, and 10-weeks' maternity leave pay. Pregnant workers who feel they have been discriminated against because of their pregnancy are also protected by the Sex Discrimination Ordinance. A case in 2023 is a case in point, where a company had unlawfully discriminated against a former employee on the ground of her pregnancy by refusing to renew her employment contract and pay her a year-end bonus. Despite the law, women may still feel pressured to leave the workforce due to stress.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, pregnancy discrimination is considered a violation of sex-discrimination laws and are treated as such if an employer is found guilty. Despite the laws, discrimination against women and especially pregnant women is common place as it is rarely reported and discrimination is tolerated.

Cambodia
Discrimination of pregnant women is the main issue in Cambodia's garment industry. They were misunderstood with lower efficiency, frequent toilet breaks and maternity leave. According to one of the Cambodian female worker "It doesn't matter whether you are pregnant or not – whether you are sick or not – you have to sit and work. If you take a break, the work piles up on the machine and the supervisor will come and shout. And if a pregnant worker is seen working "slowly" then her contract will not be renewed."

Pregnant women are forced to either leave the factory or go for an abortion. In Cambodia abortion was legalized in 1997, yet 9 out of 10 Cambodian women believed that this action is illegal and undergo this process through unsafe clinics. According to the "Women's Health Cambodia", more than 90% of garment workers did not know abortion was legal and 18% out of 900 garment workers had an abortion. Almost 75% of the women do not know where to seek for a safe abortion as there were little information provided to them.

In Cambodia, there are laws that provide pregnant women three months of maternity leave and maternity pay if the worker has worked for a year or longer. Most of the workers were given a fixed duration contract (FDC) with a 6-month contract period. Often the FDC of pregnant women are shortened as factories do not want to provide extra cost of maternity pays or any other health care.

Australia
Australia has tried to combat the issues of pregnancy discrimination in their workforce. After The United Nations created the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1981, Australia signed in agreement on August 17, 1983. Australia also passed the Sexual Discrimination act of 1984 to help eliminate discrimination in the workplace based on many things including pregnancy discrimination. This legislation doesn't allow or permit the right to base hiring and firing practices on pregnancy or the chance of pregnancy. The Sexual Discrimination Act also states, "It is unlawful to refuse the requests to accommodate a pregnant employee. It is also unlawful to accept the request, but take too long to accommodate those needs"

However, it is reported despite the Sexual Discrimination Act of 1984 there are still many cases of work related discrimination based on pregnancy. Nearly one in two women (49%) surveyed by the AHRC reported experiencing pregnancy-related discrimination at work (AHRC, 2014: 26). Australia's government is having a hard time enforcing the Sexual Discrimination Act because employers are arguing that there is no way to prove their actions are based on the pregnancy of their female employees or interviewees. Women have a hard time in court proving that the discrimination was based on pregnancy. Employers can base their choice to pass on a candidate by saying that the women won't be able to perform certain tasks entailed in the job. This action has a hard time being refuted in court because employers can say there was another candidate that was more capable of the tasks and has nothing to do with pregnancy.

title: Pregnancy discrimination