text:
Methyl methacrylate

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3. This colorless liquid, the methyl ester of methacrylic acid (MAA), is a monomer produced on a large scale for the production of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

History
MMA was discovered by Bernhard Tollens and his student W. A. Caspary in 1873, who noticed and described its tendency to change into a clear, hard, transparent substance especially in sunlight. Studies on acrylic esters slowly developed until the Staudinger's theory of macromolecules and his research into the nature of polyacrylates allowed to control the polymerization. Company Rohm and Haas founded by German chemist Otto Röhm, who investigated the topic for three decades, was finally able to start its industrial production in 1931.

Production and properties
Given the scale of production, many methods have been developed starting from diverse two- to four-carbon precursors. Two principal routes appear to be commonly practiced.

Cyanohydrin route
The principal route begins with the condensation of acetone and hydrogen cyanide:
 * (CH3)2CO +  HCN   →   (CH3)2C(OH)CN

Sulfuric acid then hydrolyzes acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) to a sulfate ester-adduct, which is cracked to the ester:
 * (CH3)2C(OH)CN +  2H2SO4   →   ((CH3)2C(OSO3H)C(O)NH2·H2SO4   →   (CH3)2C(OSO3H)C(O)NH2  +  H2SO4.

Methanolysis gives ammonium bisulfate and MMA:
 * (CH3)2C(OSO3H)C(O)NH2 +  CH3OH   →   CH2 =C(CH3)C(O)OCH3  +  NH4HSO4

This technology affords more than 3 billion kilograms per year, and the economics have been heavily optimized. Nevertheless, the ACH route coproduces substantial amounts of ammonium sulfate: roughly 1.1 kg/(kg MMA). Disposal of the salt is very energy intensive.

Methyl propionate routes
The first stage involves carboalkoxylation of ethylene to produce methyl propionate (MeP):
 * C2H4 +  CO  +  CH3OH   →   CH3CH2CO2CH3

The MeP synthesis is conducted in a continuous-stirred tank reactor at moderate temperature and pressure using proprietary agitation and gas-liquid mixing arrangement.

In a second set of reactions, MeP is condensed with formaldehyde in a single heterogeneous reaction step to form MMA:
 * CH3CH2CO2CH3 +  CH2O   →   CH3(CH2)CCO2CH3  +  H2O

The reaction of MeP and formaldehyde takes place over a fixed bed of catalyst. This catalyst, caesium oxide on silica, achieves good selectivity to MMA from MeP. The formation of a small amount of heavy, relatively involatile compounds poisons the catalyst. The coke is easily removed and catalyst activity and selectivity restored by controlled, in-situ regeneration. The reactor product stream is separated in a primary distillation so that a crude MMA product stream, free from water, MeP and formaldehyde, is produced. Unreacted MeP and water are recycled via the formaldehyde dehydration process. MMA (>99.9%) is purified by vacuum distillations. The separated streams are returned to the process; there being only a small heavy ester purge stream, which is disposed of in a thermal oxidizer with heat recovered for use in the process.

In 2008, Lucite International commissioned an Alpha MMA plant on Jurong Island in Singapore. This process plant was cheaper to build and run than conventional systems, produces virtually no waste and the feedstocks can even be made from biomass.

Via propionaldehyde
Ethylene is first hydroformylated to give propanal, which is then condensed with formaldehyde to produce methacrolein, The condensation is catalyzed by a secondary amine. Air oxidation of methacrolein to methacrylic acid completes the synthesis of the acid:
 * CH3CH2CHO +  HCHO   →   CH2=C(CH3)CHO + H2O
 * CH2=C(CH3)CHO +  1⁄2 O2   →   CH2=C(CH3)CO2H

From isobutyric acid
As developed by Atochem and Röhm, isobutyric acid is produced by hydrocarboxylation of propene, using HF as a catalyst:
 * CH2=CHCH3 +  CO  +  H2O   →   (CH3)2CHCO2H

Oxidative dehydrogenation of the isobutyric acid yields methacrylic acid. Metal oxides catalyse this process:
 * (CH3)2CHCO2H + O   →   CH2=C(CH3)CO2H   +  H2O

Methyl acetylene (propyne) process
Using Reppe chemistry, methyl acetylene is converted to MMA. As developed by Shell, this process produces MMA in one step reaction with 99% yield with a catalyst derived from palladium acetate, phosphine ligands, and Bronsted acids as catalyst:
 * CH≡CCH3 +  CO  +  CH3OH   →   CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH3

Isobutylene routes
The reactions by the direct oxidation method consist of two-step oxidation of isobutylene or TBA with air to produce methacrylic acid and esterification by methanol to produce MMA.
 * CH2=C(CH3)2 (or (CH3)3C–OH) + O2 →  CH2=C(CH3)–CHO + H2O

 * CH2=C(CH3)CHO + 1⁄2 O2 → CH2=C(CH3)CO2H
 * CH2=C(CH3)CO2H + CH3OH → CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH3 + H2O

A process using isobutylene as a raw material has been commercialized by Escambia Co. Isobutylene is oxidized to provide α-hydroxy isobutyric acid. The conversion uses N2O4 and nitric acid at 5–10 °C in the liquid phase. After esterification and dehydration MMA is obtained. Challenges with this route, aside from yield, involve the handling of large amounts of nitric acid and NOx. This method was discontinued in 1965 after an explosion at an operation plant.

Methacrylonitrile (MAN) process
MAN can be produced by ammoxidation from isobutylene:
 * (CH3)2C=CH2 +  NH3  +  $3/2$ O2   →   CH2=C(CH3)CN  +  3 H2O

This step is analogous to the industrial route to acrylonitrile, a related commodity chemical. MAN can be hydrated by sulfuric acid to methacrylamide:
 * CH2=C(CH3)CN + H2SO4 + H2O → CH2=C(CH3)–CONH2·H2SO4
 * CH2=C(CH3)–CONH2·H2SO4 + CH3OH → CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3 + NH4HSO4

Mitsubishi Gas Chemicals proposed that MAN can be hydrated to methacrylamide without using sulfuric acid and is then esterified to obtain MMA by methylformate.
 * CH2=C(CH3)CN +  H2O   →   CH2=C(CH3)–CONH2
 * CH2=C(CH3)–CONH2 +  HCOOCH3 → CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3 + HCONH2
 * HCONH2 →   NH3 + CO

Esterification of methacrolein
Asahi Chemical developed a process based on direct oxidative esterification of methacrolein, which does not produce by-products such as ammonium bisulfate. The raw material is tert-butanol, as in the direct oxidation method. In the first step, methacrolein is produced in the same way as in the direct oxidation process by gas phase catalytic oxidation, is simultaneously oxidized and is esterified in liquid methanol to get MMA directly.
 * CH2=C(CH3)–CHO + CH3OH + 1⁄2 O2 → CH2=C(CH3)–COOCH3 + H2O

Uses
The principal application, consuming approximately 75% of the MMA, is the manufacture of polymethyl methacrylate acrylic plastics (PMMA). Methyl methacrylate is also used for the production of the co-polymer methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS), used as a modifier for PVC. Another application is as cement used in total hip replacements as well as total knee replacements. Used as the "grout" by orthopedic surgeons to make the bone inserts fix into bone, it greatly reduces post-operative pain from the insertions but has a finite lifespan. Typically the lifespan of methylmethacrylate as bone cement is 20 years before revision surgery is required. Cemented implants are usually only done in elderly populations that require more immediate short term replacements. In younger populations, cementless implants are used because their lifespan is considerably longer. Also used in fracture repair in small exotic animal species using internal fixation.

MMA is a raw material for the manufacture of other methacrylates. These derivatives include ethyl methacrylate (EMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA) and 2-ethyl hexyl methacrylate (2-EHMA). Methacrylic acid (MAA) is used as a chemical intermediate as well as in the manufacture of coating polymers, construction chemicals and textile applications.

Wood can be impregnated with MMA and polymerized in situ to produce a stabilized product.

Environmental issues and health hazards
In terms of the acute toxicity of methyl methacrylate, the LD50 is 7–10 g/kg (oral, rat). It is an irritant to the eyes and can cause redness and pain. Irritation of the skin, eye, and nasal cavity has been observed in rodents and rabbits exposed to relatively high concentrations of methyl methacrylate. Methyl methacrylate is a mild skin irritant in humans and has the potential to induce skin sensitization in susceptible individuals.

title: Methyl methacrylate


text:
Talk:Bow (music)

Origin of terminology "frog"
Does anyone know the origin of the term "frog" as used in the context of the bow? I looked it up in the OED and could find nothing.

 * I'm afraid no one seems to know for sure! J Lorraine 09:37, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, the original poster apparently didn't have the most up to date version of the OED. In 1993, they added:  "Mus. (orig. and chiefly U.S.). [tr. G. Frosch; cf. am Frosch (played) near the nut."  Of course, this doesn't explain why Germans refer to this part of the bow using their word for "frog".  Perhaps it looks a bit like a crouching frog?  Opus33 15:09, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * A "frog" in general is something that holds two things together. A frog at the neck of a cape to hold it closed is an example.  That is my guess.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by My Flatley (talk • contribs) 20:47, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Let's glorify Persians
there should be mention of the persian use of the bow, as it seems to me that those who invented the first string instruments, should have been the first to use the bow. They have in Iran now instruments in which they use the bow, i dont know the name. Still i know they are very old instruments.

it also seems logical for the persians to have had something to do with the bow, as they were practically all of central asia at those time ( the persian empire) and that they were the first group of people to domesticize and use the horse, seems logical that they would have been the first to put some use to horse hair. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.115.152.19 (talk • contribs) 03:22, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think this gets history, either of Central Asia or of the bow, very accurately. For better information, I suggest reading the Encyclopedia Brittanica's article Steppe, which is excellent; also the references cited in the article.  Opus33 15:09, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

 * During the Bronze Age, much of Central Asia was indeed inhabited by people related to the Persians. The Scythians and Sarmatians were among the last survivors. Linguists classify them as North Iranian. However, the Iranians are an offshoot of the North Iranians, not the other way around. The Persians were originally one of many Iranian kingdoms and principalities in Iran. They formed an empire and gave their name to the whole of Iran. The horse was likely first domesticated by the Sredny Stog people of Ukrainre circa 4000 BC. Circa 3700 BC their territory overlapped with that of the Funnelbeaker culture and the Cucuteni-Tripolye A culture, giving rise to a hybride culture known as Cucuteni-Tripolye B, considered a likely candidate for Proto-Indo-European. It is possible that the horsehair bow was invented on the steppes of Eastern Europe / Central Asia, but likely not by anyone known as "Persians." Zyxwv99 (talk) 15:23, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Ah, I guess when you're a sufficiently nationalistically-minded Persian (specifically, a citizen of modern Iran) wishing to "glorify his nation", all of the lands between Siberia, India and Mesopotamia have been "The Persian Empire", inhabited solely by "ancient Persians", deep into prehistory, 4000 years ago in the Early Bronze Age, why not 5000 or 5500 years ago, in the Neolithic, too ...
 * Makes as much sense as if modern French people claimed that Bronze Age Europe was covered in an "ancient French Empire" inhabited solely by "ancient French", or modern Greeks claimed that Copper Age Southern Europe, at the time of the first Pharaohs and Early Bronze Age Minoan Crete, was covered in an "ancient Greek Empire" inhabited solely by "ancient Greeks", or modern Canadians claimed that North America 2000 years ago was a "Canadian Empire" inhabited by "ancient Canadians", or modern Iraqis claimed that Mesopotamia 4000 years ago was an "Iraqi Empire" inhabited by "ancient Iraqis" ... when you don't know anything about history, and substitute burning national pride in the place of knowledge, nothing looks wrong with the radically anachronistic premises involved.
 * But in reality, no modern nation has existed as such for 4000 years, nor even for 2000 years in a strict sense (modern nations being no more than 200 years old, with only the loosest historical connection to ancient states), and Persians, Greeks, Chinese and Tamils are anomalies created by the decision to straight-out identify modern people with ancient ones who are assumed to be their distant ancestors, fuelling national pride, while ignoring all the changes that happened in between. However, this kind of pseudo-continuity is easy to achieve: just rename modern Italians, French, Spaniards, Portuguese and Romanians "modern Romans", modern Welsh and Bretons "modern Britons", modern Germans "modern Suebians", modern Ossetians "modern Scythians", and voilà, continuity into the Iron Age – over 2000 years ago. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 13:13, 23 August 2020 (UTC)

 * And yes, German nationalists a century ago did something very similar to the IP above, claiming Bronze Age archaeological cultures (and even Copper Age cultures!) as their direct ancestors, and treating prehistoric Europe as essentially dominated by archaic "Germans", while identifying ancient Germani and die Deutschen as one and the same ethnic group as a matter of course, treating them as exactly identical just like Persian nationalists now treat the Achaemenid kings as essentially "Farsi", being deeply offended at anyone who suggests that there might be significant differences between them – but first, one should be worried and ashamed when one argues exactly like the immediate ideological predecessors of the Nazis did (many of whom became actual Nazis later), and Neo-Nazis still do, and second, even those German nationalists, for all their fanaticism, tended to admit a little more nuance than "Europe has been inhabited by Germans for many thousands of years, and everyone who ever lived in ancient or prehistoric Europe has been German". --Florian Blaschke (talk) 08:19, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

 * "However, the Iranians are an offshoot of the North Iranians, not the other way around."
 * Oh, but that part is poorly phrased. Of course the North Iranians are logically offshoots of the Iranians (just like the Northeastern Iranian languages are Iranian languages, not the other way round) – but the Iranians (or more precisely, the Iranian elites) originate in Central Asia, where we later find North Iranians like the Scythians ... and the Western Iranians are offshoots of the Iranians too. In the third millennium BC (the Early Bronze Age), the Iranian Plateau was inhabited by peoples like the Elamites whose linguistic and cultural affinities were neither with Indo-European nor Semitic peoples nor any other surviving groups, as far as we can tell. They were simply old, mostly prehistorical (therefore, we don't know their languages, except for scant remains) West Asian peoples who came into the role of substratum to the Western Iranians. Proto-Iranian was most likely spoken in the mid-second millennium, sometime around 1400 BC, while distinct subgroups appear only in the first millennium BC. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 11:28, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Mechanism of vibration
Can someone add information on the mechanism of vibration to this article? (ie, a physics perspective) I think I understand how a bow works, but when I came to Wikipedia for confirmation, naught was found...As I understand it, it involves friction and resonant frequencies. Could one craft a bow in such a way as to interact more with an instrument than a traditional bow? --Morbid-o 20:52, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hm, maybe adding a section about "how the bow works" is worth considering. Meanwhile, check out this which might answer some of your questions. J Lorraine 09:50, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

No major edits without scholarly sources
Hello Jagged85--

I'm not opposed to the Indian-origin theory in principle, but it's not allowed on the Wikipedia to put in a major change without citing your reference sources. If you want to include the Indian theory, please include text like this:

 * Smith (1997) has proposed that the bow originated in ancient India around 3000 B.C. She bases this claim on ...

Then, at the end of the article, you provide a bibliographic reference for Smith (1997).

If, however, the Indian theory is your own theory, then I'm sorry, but the rules of the Wikipedia do not permit it to be included. For the applicable policies, please consult Citing sources and No original research.

Yours sincerely,  Opus33 14:37, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

On this same subject, the line "The bowed psaltery is one of the oldest instruments of this family and uses a small convex-curved bow possibly related to the military weapon from which the bow took its name" is in the article. I cannot find a single, reputable source that affirmatively states that the psaltery was bowed before the mid-nineteenth century. Even the bowed psaltery page does not make that claim. Jmclark56 (talk) 05:19, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

fiddlestick???
Who refers to the bow as a 'fiddlestick'? I have never heard this term used for a bow in either formal or vernacular english speech. At most, it's only used two ways: as an interjection in speech somewhat akin to a mild expletive, (expressing disappointment or frustration), or as a brand name for devil sticks (fiddlesticks redirects there) J Lorraine 20:46, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, the Oxford English Dictionary gives "The bow strung with horsehair with which the fiddle is played" as the first definition. But I, too, seldom hear this word used literally.  It might be good to move it later than the opening paragraph.  Opus33 14:59, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

McKean reference
The McKean book is a published, authoritative, and very useful reference; to remove it from the article does not help our readers. Also, whoever removed the reference didn't bother to notice that it had been cited in the text, thus leaving the citation stranded.

Opus33 14:52, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Bowed Guitar
There should be a quick reference to the bowed guitar, (a method of playing guitar by using a bow) made famous by Jimmy Page. I'm not quite sure where it would fit in to the current article though.

 * Hello, we already had this under String instrument. I put in a cross-reference.  Opus33 15:43, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Curved Bows
Hello. Being a violinist myself, I was told several times that musicians during the baroque era used bows that had a very strong curvature, as compared to the quasi-linear bow used nowadays. Such bows would allow them to play chords containing more than two notes, which happen quite often in this kind of music (take Bach's sonatas and partitas for solo violin, for example). Recently, Michael Bach used a curved bow to play the Number Piece entitled One8 by John Cage. Anybody knows more about curved bows historically and technically ? Alex

I definietly know that when a bow is shown in older art it's stick is concave instead of convex. It seems to be general consensus in society that the bow used for playing insturments was at one point more like the bow used for shooting arrows in terms of the stick, however the article makes no mention of this. I have not heard about playing more than two notes at once, but I'm not exactly a music history expert. I will add something to the article about medival concave bows, but it would probably be worth doing more research on it than I currently have time to do. Heavy Metal Cellist talkcontribs

 * This is mentioned in the article on the baroque violin, although there should probably be a mention of it here as well. Also take a look at Viol. Another place you can find an ambiguous reference to a 'highly curved' bow and a mention of playing several strings at once (although it may be due to the bridge and not the bow) is in the article Lira da braccio. As for my own hearsay, I've been told that the idea that the baroque bow makes triple and quadruple stops easier is not necessarily true, nor is it the main or first difference one notices when playing with a baroque bow after only using modern bows! J Lorraine

06:46, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * We shouldn't call it concave or convex; 'curved in' and 'curved out' would be better. Bows nowadays aren't quasi-linear, they're curved inwards, and become straighter when they're tightened. Someone ought to research when the curvature changed. I find impossible to believe that this came about with François Tourte. The style of music in the 1760s radically changed in a way that must have required a different bow.

Cellorando (talk) 18:20, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Maybe I just found the answer. Evolution de l'archet[] says that bows were curved inwards, though very slightly, at the beginning of the 18th Cent. This might shoot down my 1760s theory. I still haven't tried a baroque bow. It shows photos of bows through its development. It doesn't show a Tourte bow, but has a Vuillaume, which it says is the modern form. The 'highly curved' bow mentioned by J Lorraine would be the one from the 16th Cent., still the Renaissance.

Cellorando (talk) 19:31, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Baroque bows are relatively straight when slack and the wood tends to bend away from the hair when tension is raised on the bow. They do not make multiple stops any easier than a modern bow, a friend of mind and I tested this theory. The ease of multiple stops is based on the instrument's bridge. Jmclark56 (talk) 05:27, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Sexy Cello Bow
That is one damn fine cello bow! --66.168.179.218 16:58, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Rosin
No mention of the requirement for Rosin? Rufty 13:16, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Definition of bow is wrong
Some idiophones can be bowed and are, in some cases, tradionally played this way (e.g daxophone). So I think we should rewrite the definition of bow in this article, which says "In music, a bow is a device pulled across the strings of a string instrument in order to make them vibrate and emit sound." --200.163.159.198 (talk) 20:20, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Added bowed idiophones, mentioning musical saws as an example.

 * Not sure the daxophone has yet established itself as a part of any musical tradition. That one seems to be a rarity, so I don't believe it needs to be mentioned in the lead of this article. __Just plain Bill (talk) 00:21, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

Useful commercial links vs. spam
I just restored the link to Shar's bow info pages. The Mirecourt link looked more like an ad to me, so I left it off. The edit summary pretty much says it all: "I'm willing to say the Shar link has high info content. Four out of six of the present links are to companies; anyone thinking WP "endorses" them has serious flaws in their understanding of the pedia."

I need to go read up on WP policy regarding commercial links, but my basic feeling here is that it's usually pretty obvious when a link looks like advertising, and when it looks like something useful. __Just plain Bill (talk) 12:45, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for checking this out, JPB. Opus33 (talk) 14:56, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Down and Up Bow
This nobile and vile theory sounds sounds more vile than noble to me. I could not find one single example in French from Google. They say now tirer and pousser, to push and to pull. I was told that the down-bow symbol represents a frog and the up-bow symbol the point of a bow. "From the tip" and "from the frog" meaning up-bow and down-bow are common expressions in other European languages. But someone must know more than I about this.

Cellorando (talk) 18:33, 15 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I just removed that part. Will need a better cite before restoring it. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 21:02, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

Mammoth ivory
Regarding this diff, I just googled "mammoth ivory violin bow" and got plenty of hits, violin bow dealers offering bows with mammoth fittings. This one came out on top this time, a very nice bow with a mammoth ivory frog. It is pretty well known in the trade that fossil mammoth ivory is useful in applications formerly using elephant ivory such as mandolin and guitar nuts. Since mammoths are already extinct, there is no question of protecting the species from poachers. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 01:51, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Comparison of Bows
As an amateur I would enjoy seeing an illustration of the four common modern bows all together, violin, viola, cello and bass, for comparison of size and shape. An accompanying paragraph would be nice too. My Flatley (talk) 20:57, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Ipê (Tabebuia) wood
Ipê, from Tabebuia species, is becoming well-accepted as a material for bow sticks. Web search for "Ipe violin bow" comes up with the sites of numerous bow makers, such as:

 * John Greeenwood, bowmaker
 * Hosmer Violins
 * Joseph Liteh Liu, Violin and Bow Maker
 * Joshua Henry, Bow Maker

How "scholarly" does a source need to be, to make the case that a particular material is commonly used in a certain industry or trade? Ipê is pretty well-known among those paying attention to the difficulty of getting pernambuco wood for bow sticks. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 13:32, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Hello JpB, I just pasted the addresses your provided into the article, so that there would at least be something. But in general, I think that scholarly sources are better.  By "scholarly", I mean (1) that the author has no business interest in the matter at hand; (2) the source has passed some kind of expert peer review prior to publication.  This isn't just my own opinion; these are pretty standard criteria for evaluating reference sources.

 * Perhaps there exists some kind of trade journal for violin/bow makers that would offer what is needed? Yours truly, Opus33 (talk) 16:48, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I just replaced the "bowmakers' sites" reference with something looking more like a proper cite. I imagine there is a low likelihood of finding anything in a peer-reviewed journal on this, but I suspect what we have now will lay any challenges to rest. (I take a jaundiced view of trade magazines, having "subscribed" to several in a previous life, and finding them to be little more than vehicles for advertisement.) There might be something in The Strad as well, but I don't get that magazine. Best regards, __ Just plain Bill (talk) 19:09, 15 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, this looks better to me. Thank you.  Opus33 (talk) 19:17, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

Incredibow
After I removed the Incredibow link and its mention, it was reverted. I have since changed the link from an inline link to a reference. This still seems sketchy to me, because it's not really a third party, but a site actually selling the bow and claiming its merits. It seems like Wiki spam to me (see External Links Policy and Wiki spam), but I'll leave it open for discussion. ++Arx Fortis (talk) 14:15, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
 * From the Wikimedia page on Wiki spam: "Wiki spammers edit pages to include advertising links to their sites." In this case, the link was not added by a principal of the company, which seems to mean that this link does not fit that definition of Wiki spam. I am still looking for reliable secondary mention of the Incredibow. So far the only thing that comes close is an award from PETA, which I will allow is pretty sketchy, besides being hyperbolic: "has become the favorite bow of professional and amateur fiddlers, violinists, cellists, and handsaw musicians around the world." Well, really... some players do like them and others have doubts, from what I can tell.
 * There is plenty of mention of the item in various fora, blogs, and musicians' websites, showing that it has a fair number of adherents. The point here, IMO, is that encyclopedic value is added to this page by mentioning a modern non-standard (i.e. not a Tourte-type) shape for a bow (actually harking back to more ancient "traditional" bow shapes) that is accepted by more than a few working musicians. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 19:25, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I would tend to agree with JPB. Opus33 (talk) 15:23, 16 July 2010 (UTC)

Frog screw
I discovered several years ago when repairing a cheap bow with stripped eyelet and screw that these parts are made in a bizarre mixture of metric and inch dimensions, with the screw's major diameter in integer millimeters and the threads as an integer number per inch. I would be interested in seeing a rationale for this unusual situation if there is anyone who can explain it authoritatively and perhaps list the "standard" screw sizes. (I made and tapped a new eyelet and rethreaded the screw to the next smaller inch-based diameter to fit it.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.53.195.38 (talk) 19:12, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Short answer: history. Screw-adjustable bow frogs (or "nuts" in UK English) came into use during the early part of the 19th century, about the same time that interchangeable parts were only just beginning to be commonly used. The worlds of bowmaking and gunsmithing may not have overlapped enough to help the situation. Screw_thread may have some interesting bits of info.
 * In the world of bicycle repair, mechanics often speak of "class of fit," since they must deal with threads from multiple international sources. For example, a "class B fit" will go together with a moderate degree of difficulty, with occasional damage to the parts involved, not exactly what you want for an adjuster screw.
 * Depending on the individual situation, it may be simpler to pay the five bucks and use something like this, rather than research the ins and outs of standard threads. Another common strategy is to keep a drawer full of oddball button screws and eyelets, but that takes time to develop.
 * All of the above is off the top of my head, so may contain inaccuracies. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 21:30, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

Mother-of-Pearl
Am I the only one who ever had a bow in which the frog was inlaid with mother-of-pearl?

Zyxwv99 (talk) 15:29, 19 December 2011 (UTC)
 * I just included a bit on shell eyes and slides in the frog section. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 19:21, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Thumb-adjusted tension
Volume I of Albert Schweitzer's biography of Bach, p.389, states that in Bach's time, bow tension was maintained by pressure from the thumb of the person using the bow, rather than with a screw. This enabled the tension to be adjusted on the fly, and the lower tensions made it possible to play all strings at once without distortion, for example in the unaccompanied violin suites and sonatas. Is this suitable for inclusion in the history section? (Has this been disproved by later scholarship? - Schweitzer's 1911 biography of Bach cites a 1904 study.)--Wikimedes (talk) 22:42, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

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Don't touch the horse hair
I heard don't touch the horsehair because the oils on your fingers can make the friction worse — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.167.246.211 (talk) 15:43, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bow (music)


text:
Talk:Sasha (DJ)

FA in need of review
This older FA on a living person has not been reviewed since its promotion in 2007.
 * The article does not comprehensively cover the artist's work that came out after the article's promotion (there are only single-mentions of Invol2ver, Involv3r and Scene Delete in the article. There is coverage out there of these works).
 * The article is also very dated for a BLP-FA:
 * now regularly receives - 2006 source;
 * These tracks...are edited by Sasha - 2006 source;
 * Sasha runs a music studio and lives in New York City, and maintains a house in London. - 2004 source
 * Sasha attributes his success to his technical skill and ability to "connect with his dancers". - 2000 source. --> In a 2000 interview, Sasha attributed...

 * There are so few links dated after 2008 in the article, you'd think the artist retired a decade ago. From a Google search:
 * The Guardian, 2016;
 * Iconic Underground Magazine, 2019;
 * DJ Mag, 2018;
 * TimeOut, 2016;
 * Channel4, 2018;
 * Billboard, 2016;
 * Billboard, 2017;
 * Billboard, 2016;
 * Mixmag, 2016;
 * DJ Mag, 2017;
 * Mixmag, 2017 - apparently he is so big he has recent coverage such as "10 iconic Sasha moments", where is named as "The original superstar DJ";
 * Hero, 2017
 * Superstar DJs here we go!, D Phillips, 2009
 * Life After Dark: A History of British Nightclubs & Music Venues, D Haslam, 2015

... The article needs an update to reflect ongoing coverage of the artist. RetiredDuke (talk) 14:57, 28 March 2021 (UTC)

Comment
The date of birth needs a proper reference. Allmusic, Discogs, etc, aren't generally considered reliable sources. Deb (talk) 10:12, 21 November 2021 (UTC)

Hatfield College
"Sasha passed the entrance exam for Hatfield College at age 17. However, he did not like Epsom and left before completing his A-Level examinations."

Problems: The source doesn't mention Hatfield College or Epsom: it says he moved to Maidenhead age 11 and back to Wales age 17. There is no Hatfield College in Epsom. There was a "Hatfield Technical College"/"Hatfield College of Technology" until 1969 at Hatfield in Hertfordshire, a long way from either Epsom or Maidenhead, and Hatfield College, Durham is part of the university.

So this couple of sentences doesn't really make any sense as far as I can see. Pam D  15:15, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sasha (DJ)


text:
Talk:Methyl methacrylate

MSDS insertion
I'm trying to insert the JT Baker MSDS for this compound but can't seem to insert it. I put the sodium fluoride one in a while back with no dramas- is there some sort of semi-protection on chemboxes these days? Cheers, Freestyle-69 (talk) 03:05, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Copying and pasting / copyright infringement
Much of the 'Uses' section has been copied verbatim from here http://www.mpausa.org/about-methacrylates2/ and the source precedes the date of the Wikipedia edit that introduced it. Aside from that, some sentences actually appear twice. I don't have time at the moment to rewrite this myself, so although I'm happy to do this *eventually* if nobody else does, it might not happen for a while. Please note that I'm not suggesting this material be deleted outright. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Peskydan (talk • contribs) 21:53, 15 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for catching that. One of these days a robot will detect and prevent such awful behavior, but for the present, we rely on perceptive readers like you. In late October, we witnessed several large edits to articles on commodity chemicals. One of that series of edits was found to be plagiarism, before this one. One guesses that these are kids getting credit for a class. Please leave a note if you see similar problems in this or other articles. --Smokefoot (talk) 22:35, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Cold applied MMA
The uses should include cold applied MMA, as used for an anti slip road surface. S C Cheese (talk) 17:07, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methyl methacrylate


text:
Talk:St Andrew's Church, Kyiv

UAOC headquarters?
Could anyone confirm or disconfirm whether the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church currently has its headquarters in St. Andrew's Cathedral? If so, this info is worthwhile to be mentioned in the text -Irpen 20:52, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Searching through the RuNet, I found several mentions that the church was leased to the UAOC by the Kuchma government. No info that it was turned into their headquarters, however. -Ghirlandajo 10:55, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes it is hard to tell. The UAOC's web-site is not very informative. Besides there seems to be two sites and they are not linked and not updated. BTW, the current phrasing is not optimal in my opinion. We should either say nothing (leaving it up to the user to click on wikilink) or say more than just that the church is "unrecognized". BTW it's own article as well as the entire History of Christianity in Ukraine need much improvement. -Irpen 17:13, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

UAOC Status
I've implemented the idea of Irpen and removed the following passage:

unrecognized by major Orthodox patriarchate

Apart from discussing about what the F is major and how important could it be, anyone should agree that such details are irrelevant. We're building the article on the architectural landmark, not on inter-church quarrels. So no, Irpen, we should not say more than just that the church is "unrecognized". AlexPU 21:20, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I modified the article with a more descriptive but still a very brief info on UAOC. Why this is relevant is discussed at talk page of St. Volodymyrs. --Irpen 02:27, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Please write BISHOP BOGDAN  uaoc@bigmir.net  for all info about the UAOC 06 Feb.2006

 * I see that the part "a minority Ukrainian church unrecognized by the Eastern Orthodox Communion" is yet another decoration, which according to some (Ghirlandajo and Irpen) must stay. Why wikilink is not enough? Who knows... --Anonymous

Anonymous, just take a look in the article's history. I changed the formulation to a softer form than it was originally. Now, are you saying that the fact that one of the most prominent churches in Kiev is used by the organization whose claim to be called an "Orthodox Church" is not recognized in the Orthodox christianity is not important enough to be mentioned in the church's article? If so, just explain why you consider it too a minor detail. Please note, that we take no position whether UAPC is a "true" Orthodox church. Neither that is somehow illegitimate (which it isn't since it is properly registered in Ukraine). We simply state the fact about its standing within the worldwide Ortodoxy. --Irpen 06:57, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a minor detail because the Andriyvska Church is a museum (and one of the top Kiev tourist attraction), and only occasionally it's used for religious service. That's what probably is enough to be mentioned. But then the name of organization, which is using the church ocassionally is given. That's what is really enough. But then the description of the organization is provided (as a "minority church"; "minor church" may be better). And then it follows with a detail that the church is not recognized by the Communion. Actually, all churches are equally recognized by the government. So, at the end, do we really need the frankly unrelated detail in this article? You know my answer. --Anonymous

Check Talk:St Volodymyr's Cathedral for a thorough discussion. --Irpen 08:51, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Cathedral
The article for the UAOC says that this church is their HQ and patriarchal cathedral. Therefore it should be categorized as a cathedral. Unless this in an error. If so please change the UOAC article. --Kevlar (talk • contribs) 22:43, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Being a resident of Kiev, I have always heard St. Andrew's called a church and never as a cathedral. There is some different opinions on what constitutes a church or a cathedral, but this one was too small to be considered one (I heard that somewhere, idk where gotta find the ref soon). It may just refer to it as just a patriarchal cathedral but in all reality its still considered a church (look at all the modern and historic news sources, museum sites, etc.) --ddima.talk 05:17, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The building should still be categorized as a cathedra (seat of a bishop) is it is one, regardless of whether or not it is still popularly thought of a "just a church". --Kevlar (talk • contribs) 22:42, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

Russian or Ukrainian Baroque?
This cathedral is a fine example of Eastern-style Baroque. But is it classified as Russian baroque or Ukrainian Baroque? Or a mixture of both? In Ukraine and Russia in Their Historical Encounter, Peter J. Potichnyj calls it St. Petersburg (Russian) Baroque. The Academic American Encyclopedia says the same. However, Sarah Johnstone and Greg Bloom call it Ukrainian Baroque. As far as I know, none of these people are architectural experts. What Baroque sub-style is it classified as? I want to add the picture to one of those articles, that's why I ask. If no one knows for certain, then I will add it to the Russian baroque article based on the first two sources. --ChristianHistory (talk) 05:47, 1 January 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:St Andrew's Church, Kyiv


text:
User talk:Sgb162

Wins the game.

title: User talk:Sgb162


text:
User talk:Westminsterwildcat

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Pufferfish101 20:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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Untagged image
An image you uploaded, Image:Westminster shield.png, was tagged with the coatofarms copyright tag. This tag was deleted because it does not actually specify the copyright status of the image. The image may need a more accurate copyright tag, or it may need to be deleted. If the image portrays a seal or emblem, it should be tagged as seal. If you have any questions, ask them at Media copyright questions. -- 18:21, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Westminsterwildcat


text:
Talk:Identity (mathematics)

Old comment (2005)
hmmm it seems that these various definitions of identity almost need a disambiguation page. Dmharvey Talk 20:54, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I know what you mean, but I've tidied up Identity (disambiguation), and I think it gets the job done. On the other hand, this article doesn't have enough information to split up, does it? Melchoir 01:51, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Not enough information at present to warrant separate pages IMO, perahps at a later date. For now, it gets the job done. --DCS 20 December 05

User:Arvind asia I want to know whether the structure of the algebra identity (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

Symbol ≡
What about this symbol? : ≡ --83.219.124.34 (talk) 23:28, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

My correction was reverted
I changed this, it was changed back, so I'll put it here.

(Reverted 1 edit by LieAfterLie (talk): This is not an article about element. (TW)) (undo | thank)

(→Comparison: moved italic to appropriate word, from 'identity' to 'element') (undo)

"Also, some care is sometimes needed to avoid ambiguities: 0 is the identity element for the addition of numbers and x + 0 = x is an identity."

The first 'identity' was italicized, I changed it to 'element' because it seems odd to emphasize the descriptor that the two things being compared have in common, as if it were the thing that's different, which is actually 'element'. The counterpart for 'identity' here, is 'identity', so why italicize one as if to suggest it's critically different from the other? 'The first is merely an *identity*, while the second is an identity.' It doesn't make sense. The difference to emphasize is between 'element' and 'an', not 'identity' and 'identity'. What does "This is not an article about element." mean? Of course it's not. Are you saying we should italicize all 36 uses of the word identity in the article? Why the first in that sentence and not the second? What's the distinction? Thus why I made the edit, which was then ambiguously reverted. LieAfterLie (talk) 02:06, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

 * It appears that you have missed the point of the sentence you wanted to edit. What was intended was a statement that the word "identity" has several different meanings (see the lead section) and unless one is careful, statements using the word can be misinterpreted. In the phrase "0 is the identity element", identity element is the formal name of what zero is with respect to addition. This does not need to be emphasized in that phrase. However, "identity element" is often shortened to just the identity and the emphasis was placed on the word "identity" in that phrase to bring out this special usage. This usage of the word was then compared to "x + 0 = x is an identity", and here identity is being used as a type of equation valid for all values of the variable. So, yes the difference in this sentence was between 'identity' and 'identity' and the emphasis was needed where it was placed to make the distinction. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 04:26, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Relations vs Functions
It is inadequate to characterize mathematical identity as equality of functions since mathematical logic recognizes equality not only of functions, which are N:1 relations, but of relations generally. See Identity_of_indiscernibles. Jim Bowery (talk) 13:44, 30 September 2015 (UTC)
 * This article is about identity in mathematics. As it occurs frequently, the mathematical meaning of the word is not exactly the same as in common language or in other fields. The article to which you refer is about identity in philosophy, and is thus irrelevant here. In Wikipedia, a definition cannot be inadequate: either it is commonly used, and it must appear as it is used in textbooks, or it must be removed from Wikipedia. "Identity", is no more used in advanced mathematics, but is still commonly used in elementary courses. Therefore, the definition given here is adequate, or more precisely relevant. In mathematics, identity is not the same as equality. Equality is defined for every mathematical object, including functions and relations. On the other hand, identity is not a relation between objects, but between their representations in term of expressions. On the other hand the article Identity_of_indiscernibles seems to be more related to what mathematicians call "equality up to a canonical isomorphism" than to this article. D.Lazard (talk) 15:25, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 16 November 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Andrewa (talk) 20:21, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Identity (mathematics) → Mathematical identity – Renaming the page would remove parentheses, and parentheses should be avoided when possible. In addition, there is already a page called "List of mathematical identities", indicating that the term "mathematical identity" is in common use. The target is a redirect to this article with no other edits, so I could move it myself, but I felt that a discussion first would be good. HotdogPi 10:26, 16 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose: The terms are not synonymous: a "mathematical identity" is a theorem, while "identity" is, in mathematics, a kind of equality relation, which should not be confused with equality. Presently, this article is a stub, as the topic "identity" is described only in the introduction, but many things deserve to be added, which cannot belong to the target of the proposed merge. For example, an history section is lacking, which should explain why, at some periods, the sign $≡$ were widely used, and why it is presently old fashioned. D.Lazard (talk) 11:22, 16 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Comment – what about moving the page to Identity in mathematics? This is WP:NATURAL but accurately reflects the scope of the topic, opposed to a non-synonymous term like mathematical identity.  CookieMonster755   𝚨-𝛀    05:11, 18 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. "Identity" in this case is a technical term in the field of mathematics. "Mathematical identity" makes that unclear, and "Identity in mathematics" makes it seem akin to 1999 in music, which is an unnatural disambigation to me. I believe the existing name is the best disambiguation. —Gordon P. Hemsley→ ✉ 07:56, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Definitions
These definitions tells me nothing. It's formal gobbledygook pretentious wording nonsense. How can an average person understand this. --Ejenriquez (talk) 06:01, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Which definitions do you mean? I didn't find any formal definition, but only example identities. If I were to define "identity" formally, I'd say it is the universal closure of an equation, but I don't have a source for this at hand. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 09:51, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Apparently, this editor is unable to understand the first phrase of this article ("In mathematics"), and has never learnt that, to understand a technical text, one has first to learn the basic terms of the corresponding technical language. D.Lazard (talk) 10:22, 25 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Identity (mathematics)


text:
Talk:Orthodox Christian

Older comments
The characterizations of the churches and the splits below seem to have been written from an Orthodox POV. LeoO3 20:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This was really POV, I tried to change it Lxx 15:50, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Orthodox Christian


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Church websites

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - renamed - SimonP 14:01, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Church_websites
Consists only of links to one or two external sites. Wirehead 20:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Religion and the internet and expand massively. For models, see Religion and homosexuality, Anarchism and religion, Languages on the Internet. -- BD2412 talk 21:15, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Move to Religion and the internet as BD2412 suggested, or move to Christian websites.--Gramaic 02:17, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, Wikipedia is not a collection of links. RickK 04:31, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete collection of external links. JamesBurns 05:15, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User:Jgardner/WIP/List of Prominent Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints


text:
User:Nogard5

So, I guess this is my user page.

title: User:Nogard5


text:
Sam Savitt

Sam Savitt (March 22, 1917 – December 25, 2000) was an equine artist, author, and teacher, as well as an illustrator of over 130 books, in addition to 15 that he wrote. He was designated the official illustrator of the United States Equestrian Team, and was a founding member of the American Academy of Equine Art. He created several horse charts that are considered authoritative works and have been used by the Smithsonian Institution.

Early life
Sam Savitt was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in 1917. He graduated from Pratt Institute in 1939, and was a veteran of the Second World War, where he held the rank of First Lieutenant. He was further educated at the New School, in sculpting, as well as the Art Students League of New York in visual arts. Savitt was also an active equestrian, and relocated to North Salem, New York in 1956.

Career
The New York Times said of his 1956 book Step-a-Bit: The Story of a Foal, that Savitt's drawings had "great charm and spontaneity". That year Savitt was named the official artist of the United States Equestrian Team. Then his book Midnight, Champion Bucking Horse won the Boys Club of America junior book award in 1958. In 1950, he illustrated the seminal book on English equestrianism, Learning to Ride, Hunt, and Show by Gordon Wright.

His paintings have been used in the posters for races like the Kentucky Derby and the National Horse Show. His work went to galleries and commercial accounts, and he painted portraits of people such as William Randolph Hearst Jr. and Raymond Firestone. It was at times considered a mark of greatness for a race horse to have been illustrated and published by Savitt. He has also created paintings of horses participating in competitive polo. In addition, his subjects included fox hunting, rodeo, steeple-chasing and show jumping. His 1981 book Draw Horses with Sam Savitt is considered to be a seminal book in equine portraiture. As a writer he wrote sixteen books and co-authored two. In addition, he illustrated more than 130 books by other authors. He worked as a cover artist for Dell Books. His comic book work included stories written about Gene Autry, Roy Rogers, The Lone Ranger, The Cisco Kid, and Ben-Hur. His work appeared in magazines that included Equus, The Chronicle of the Horse, Equine Images, Arizona Highways, Boys’ Life, and Sports Illustrated.

In 1998 Savitt was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the North American Horseman’s Association. The association had previously awarded him the title of Equine Artist of Distinction. Equus Magazine included him in their list of the world’s most influential horsemen of the 20th century. Savitt is the cofounder of the American Academy of Equine Art, with Henry Koehler, Marilyn Newmark, and June Harrah. With his wife, Bette, he opened Black Horse Press in 1963, which sold his charts and reproductions of his pieces. His works have been used as the illustrative basis of home furnishings and décor by various companies.

Later life and death
Savitt died at the age of 83, in 2000.

Author

 * Step-A-Bit; the story of a foal (1956)
 * Midnight, champion bucking horse (1957)
 * There was a horse (1961)
 * Around the world with horses (1962)
 * Rodeo: cowboys, bulls, and broncos (1963)
 * Vicki and the Black Horse (1964)
 * A Day at the LBJ Ranch (1965)
 * America's Horses (1966)
 * The equestrian Olympic sketchbook (1969)
 * True horse stories (1970)
 * Ups and downs; a first guide to riding and horse care (1973) (co-author: Suzanne Wilding)
 * Wild Horse Running (1973)
 * Vicki and the Brown Mare (1976)
 * Great Horses of the United States Equestrian Team (1977) (co-author: William Steinkraus)
 * The Dingle Ridge Fox and other stories (1978)
 * Draw Horses with Sam Savitt (1981)
 * One horse, one hundred miles, one day: the story of the Tevis Cup endurance ride (1981)
 * A horse to remember (1984)

Illustrator (selected)

 * Lad: A Dog by Albert Payson Terhune (1959 anniversary edition)
 * Pets at the White House by Carl Carmer (1959)
 * A saddlebag of tales; a collection of stories, by members of Western Writers of America (1959)
 * Fury and the Mustangs by Albert G. Miller (1960)
 * Horse in Her Heart by Patsey Gray (1960)
 * Horseback Riding (A Sports Illustrated book) (1960)
 * Born to Race by Blanche Chenery Perrin (1962)
 * Dinny and Dreamdust by Doris McFerran Townsent (1962)
 * Fawn in the Forest by Jim Kjelgaard (1962)
 * Show Ring Rogue by Patsey Gray (1963)
 * Two Dogs and a Horse by Jim Kjelgaard (1964)
 * Wild Horse Tamer by Glenn Balch (1964)
 * The Big book of favorite horse stories by P.C. Braun, ed. (1965)
 * Big Jump for Robin by Suzanne Wilding (1965)
 * Christy finds a rider by Elizabeth Harrover Johnson (1965)
 * Dave and his dog, Mulligan by Jim Kjelgaard (1966)
 * About Horses by Luther Dexter (1968)
 * The golden book of horses by George McMillan (1968)
 * Ride, gaucho by Bruce Grant (1969)
 * Sky rocket; the story of a little bay horse by Margaret Cabell Self (1970)
 * Wild animal rescue! by Bryan O'Donoghue (1971)
 * How to bring up your pet dog; choosing, understanding, training, protecting, enjoying by Kurt Unkelbach (1972)
 * Hundred Horse Farm by Blanche Chenery Perrin (1973)
 * Summer Pony by Jean Slaughter Doty (1973)
 * A boy and a pig, but mostly horses by Sherman Kent (1974)
 * The Gallant Gray Trotter by John T. Foster (1974)
 * Backyard pony: selecting and owning a horse by Frederick L. Devereux (1975)
 * How to take care of your horse until the vet comes: a horse health and first aid guide by Herb Marlin (1975)
 * Horse tales by Suzanne Wilding, ed. (1976)
 * The tale of the horse by Walter L. Field (1977)
 * Pluto: brave Lipizzaner stallion by Anne Colver (1978)
 * Springfellow by Robert Kraus (1978)
 * How to teach an old dog new tricks: retraining the secondhand dog by Kurt Unkelbach (1979)
 * My Mane Catches the Wind, poems about horses (1979)
 * Hiboy: Young Devil Horse by Justin F. Denzel (1980)

title: Sam Savitt


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ambar Saxena

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:46, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Ambar Saxena
The page is a CV for an individual and no part of the entry is suitable for inclusion in an encylopedia MarkS 20:56, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete: Wiki is not a resume site.  Wikibofh 21:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Userfy if at all possible; otherwise delete. -- BD2412 talk 21:28, 2005 Jun 3 (UTC)
 * Delete. GregorB 21:34, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, resumeecraft. Martg76 21:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn, no CVs on Wiki. --Etacar11 23:30, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 05:16, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for the reasons mentioned above. StopTheFiling 20:57, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Lyman Johnson

Lyman Johnson is the name of:
 * Lyman E. Johnson (1811–1859), American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement
 * Lyman T. Johnson (1906–1997), American educator and influential leader of racial desegregation in Kentucky

title: Lyman Johnson


text:
User talk:149.101.1.116

Prayers
Prayers are generally best when spoken in private (see the Gospel of Matthew chapter #6), rather than when posted to Wikipedia reference desks. Reaper Eternal (talk) 20:09, 16 March 2012 (UTC)

April 2012
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The Raid
Hi, welcome to Wikipedia.

Thanks for your contribution at The Raid: Redemption article, please keep contributing. Pars.dextrum (talk) 01:32, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

November 2012
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October 2013
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January 2014
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July 2016
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April 2017
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August 2018
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Concern regarding Draft:Chicken Cock (Bourbon Whiskey)
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Your draft article, Draft:Chicken Cock (Bourbon Whiskey)

Hello, 149.101.1.116. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Chicken Cock".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 20:06, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

October 2022
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January 2023
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Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Reedley, California, you may be blocked from editing.  General Ization Talk  03:50, 22 January 2023 (UTC)

July 2023
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November 2023
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Please stop. If you continue to vandalize Wikipedia, as you did at Rough Riders, you may be blocked from editing. ''War velociraptors weren't used in the 1900s, being way too small to support a human riding on them. Utahraptor was a much more popular choice in the period.'' ChaotıċEnby ( talk ) 21:56, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

January 2024
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February 2024
Please do not add or change content, as you did at Billy Madison, without citing a reliable source. Please review the guidelines at Citing sources and take this opportunity to add references to the article. Thank you. Waxworker (talk) 23:56, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

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You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you add unsourced or poorly sourced material to Wikipedia, as you did at Billy Madison. Waxworker (talk) 14:09, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

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Notification: Blocked
 You have been blocked from editing for a period of 31 hours for Vandalism. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to make useful contributions. If you think there are good reasons why you should be unblocked, you may request an unblock by first reading the guide to appealing blocks, then adding  below. Materialscientist (talk) 01:38, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

February 2024
Please refrain from attempting to make unconstructive edits to Wikipedia. Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been [ disallowed by an edit filter.] If you would like to experiment, please use the sandbox. Repeatedly attempting to perform disruptive actions may result in the loss of editing privileges. Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 00:12, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

 * "[M]ost of my free time is taken by emergency matters like vandalism" -- lmao you take yourself way too seriously, but you do you, I'm sure there are a lot of urgent emergencies to respond to! 149.101.1.116 (talk) 00:37, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:149.101.1.116


text: Category:Subdivisions of Romania

title: Category:Subdivisions of Romania


text:
Fania All-Stars

The Fania All-Stars is a musical group formed in 1968 as a showcase for the musicians on Fania Records, the leading salsa music record label of the time.

Beginnings
In 1964, Fania Records was founded in New York City by Jerry Masucci, an Italian-American lawyer with a love for Cuban music, and Johnny Pacheco, a flutist, percussionist and bandleader born in the Dominican Republic but raised in the South Bronx who had like minded musical tastes. Masucci later bought out his partner Pacheco from Fania Entertainment Group, Ltd. and was the sole owner until his death in December 1997.

Throughout the early years, Fania used to distribute its records around New York. Eventually success from Pacheco's Cañonazo recording would lead the label to develop its roster. Masucci and Pacheco, now executive negotiator and musical director respectively, began acquiring musicians such as Bobby Valentín, Larry Harlow, and Ray Barretto.

Success
In 1968, Fania Records created a continuously revolving line-up of entertainers known as the Fania All-Stars. They were considered some of the best Latin Music performers in the world at that time. The original lineup consisted of:

 * Band Leaders: Ray Barretto, Joe Bataan, Willie Colon, Larry Harlow, Monguito, Johnny Pacheco, Louie Ramirez, Ralph Robles, Mongo Santamaria, and Bobby Valentin.
 * Singers; Héctor Lavoe, Adalberto Santiago, Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez, and Ismael Miranda.
 * Other Musicians; La La, Ray Maldonado, Ralph Marzan, Orestes Vilató, Roberto Rodriguez, Jose Rodriguez, and Barry Rogers.
 * Special Guests; Tito Puente, Eddie Palmieri, Ricardo Ray and Jimmy Sabater.

They recorded Live At The Red Garter, Volumes 1 and 2 with this original lineup. On August 26, 1971 they recorded Fania All-Stars: Live At The Cheetah, Volumes 1 and 2. It exhibited the entire All-Star family performing before a capacity audience in New York City's Cheetah Lounge.

Following sell-out concerts in Puerto Rico, Chicago, and Panama, the All-Stars embarked on their first appearance at New York's Yankee Stadium on August 24, 1973. The Stars performed before more than 40,000 spectators in a concert that featured Ray Barretto, Willie Colón, Edwin Tito Asencio, Rubén Blades, Larry Harlow, Johnny Pacheco, Roberto Roena, Pellín Rodríguez, Bobby Valentín, and Jorge Santana (younger brother of Carlos Santana), Celia Cruz, Héctor Lavoe, Cheo Feliciano, Ismael Miranda, Justo Betancourt, Ismael Quintana, Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez, Bobby Cruz and Santos Colón. Live at Yankee Stadium was included in the second set of 50 recordings in the U.S. National Recording Registry, solidifying the All-Stars as "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant."

In 1974, the All Stars performed in Zaire, Africa, at the 80,000-seat Stade du 20 mai in Kinshasa. This was captured on film and released as Live in Africa (Salsa Madness in the UK). This Zairean appearance occurred along with James Brown and others at a music festival held in conjunction with the Muhammad Ali/George Foreman heavyweight title fight. Footage of the performance was included in the 2008 documentary Soul Power.

To attain a wider market for salsa music, Fania made a deal with Columbia Records in the US for a series of crossover albums by the All-Stars, beginning with Delicate & Jumpy (1976), in which Steve Winwood united with the All-Stars' Pacheco, Valentin, Barreto, and Roena. During the same year, the Fania All-Stars made their sole UK appearance, at London's Lyceum Ballroom, with Winwood appearing as guest.

In 1978 the All-Stars released Live, recorded in concert on July 11, 1975 at San Juan's Roberto Clemente Coliseum. In 1979, they travelled to Havana, Cuba, to participate in the Havana Jam festival that took place between 2–4 March, alongside Rita Coolidge, Kris Kristofferson, Stephen Stills, the CBS Jazz All-Stars, Trio of Doom, Billy Swan, Bonnie Bramlett, Weather Report, and Billy Joel, plus Cuban artists such as Irakere, Pacho Alonso, Tata Güines, and Orquesta Aragón. Their performance is captured on Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary Havana Jam '79. During the same year the All-Stars released Crossover and Havana Jam on Fania, which came from a concert recorded in Havana on March 2.

Legacy
In 2009, a historical documentary, Latin Music USA, shown on PBS TV, featured an episode on the Fania All-Stars, their evolution, career, and later demise. In 2009 as well, the All-Stars returned to the stage, opening Carlos Santana's world tour in Bogotá, Colombia. The presentation caused mixed feelings inside the salsa circle though, mainly because they were treated as seconds by the concert's organizers.

In March 2011, and subsequently in November 2012, a limited roster of the All-Stars performed in Lima, Peru. One thing to note about the 2012 performance is the return of Ruben Blades. Ismael Quintana was not present in the November 2012 performance though, as well as Yomo Toro (Yomo died on June 30, 2012). In October 2013, a new, complete roster of the All-Stars performed in San Juan Puerto Rico, celebrating the 40th anniversary of their first performance in San Juan. This roster included the return of Orestes Vilato and Luigi Texidor, as well as the participation of Andy Montañez, Cita Rodriguez (Pete's daughter) and Willie Colón. This was Cheo Feliciano's last performance with the All-Stars before dying in a car accident in April 2014 in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 2015 the Fania All-Stars were chosen to receive ASCAP's honorary Latin Heritage Award. The All-Stars were set to perform in Central Park, New York City on August 24 as part of the closing of the 50th anniversary celebration of the legendary Fania Records label.

In 2019, many of the classic Fania records were re-issued in vinyl as part of the renewed interest in the vinyl record format.

Studio albums

 * Tribute to Tito Rodríguez (Fania, 1976)
 * Delicate and Jumpy (Columbia, 1976)
 * Rhythm Machine (Columbia, 1977)
 * Spanish Fever (Columbia, 1978)
 * Cross Over (Columbia, 1979)
 * California Jam (Musica Latina, 1980)
 * Commitment (FNA, 1980)
 * Latin Connection (Fania, 1981)
 * Social Change (Fania, 1981)
 * Lo Que Pide la Gente (StyllaPhone, 1984)
 * Viva la Charanga (Sterns, 1986)
 * Bamboleo (Caliente, 1988)
 * Latin Jazz Fusion (Charly, 1988)
 * Guasasa (Fania, 1989)
 * Bravo 97 (Sony International, 1997)

Live albums

 * Live at the Red Garter, Vol. 1 (Fania, 1968)
 * Live at the Red Garter, Vol. 2 (Fania, 1969)
 * Live at the Cheetah, Vol. 1 (Fania, 1972)
 * Live at the Cheetah, Vol. 2 (Fania, 1972)
 * Latin-Soul-Rock (Fania, 1974)
 * Fania All-Stars (Island, 1975)
 * Live in Japan 76 (Fania, 1976)
 * Live at Yankee Stadium, Vol. 1 (Fania, 1976)
 * Live at Yankee Stadium, Vol. 2 (Fania, 1976)
 * Live (Fania, 1978)
 * Habana Jam (Fania, 1979)
 * Live in Africa (Fania, 1986)

Filmography

 * Our Latin Thing (Fania 1972)
 * Salsa (Fania, 1974)
 * In Africa (Fania, 1993)
 * Live (Fania, 1995)

title: Fania All-Stars


text:
List of ICD-9 codes

The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.

 * List of ICD-9 codes 001–139: infectious and parasitic diseases
 * List of ICD-9 codes 140–239: neoplasms
 * List of ICD-9 codes 240–279: endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
 * List of ICD-9 codes 280–289: diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
 * List of ICD-9 codes 290–319: mental disorders
 * List of ICD-9 codes 320–389: diseases of the nervous system and sense organs
 * List of ICD-9 codes 390–459: diseases of the circulatory system
 * List of ICD-9 codes 460–519: diseases of the respiratory system
 * List of ICD-9 codes 520–579: diseases of the digestive system
 * List of ICD-9 codes 580–629: diseases of the genitourinary system
 * List of ICD-9 codes 630–679: complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
 * List of ICD-9 codes 680–709: diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
 * List of ICD-9 codes 710–739: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
 * List of ICD-9 codes 740–759: congenital anomalies
 * List of ICD-9 codes 760–779: certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
 * List of ICD-9 codes 780–799: symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
 * List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning
 * List of ICD-9 codes E and V codes: external causes of injury and supplemental classification

title: List of ICD-9 codes


text:
Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials

Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials (1979; second edition 1987) is a science fiction-themed book by artist Wayne Barlowe, with Ian Summers and Beth Meacham (who provided the text). It contains Barlowe's visualizations of different extraterrestrial life forms from various works of science fiction, with information on their planetary location or range, biology, and behaviors, in the style of a real field guide for animals. It was nominated for an American Book Award and for the 1980 Hugo Award for Best Related Work.

The second edition has an added foreword by Robert Silverberg.

After the success of the work, in 1996 Barlowe and Neil Duskis wrote a second book, Barlowe's Guide to Fantasy.

Summary
The book contains descriptions of the following species:

Reception
Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials received a mixed review from Wendy Bousfield in Library Journal. Bousfield commented that the book's drawings were "colorful", but also "somewhat static and artificial-looking, with less vitality than the preparatory sketches from the artist's notebook included at the end." She also criticized the omission of "the facts of publication of the novels", but concluded that public libraries might still be interested in the work. The book received a positive review from Claudia J. Morner in School Library Journal. Morner praised the book's "colorful drawings" and "fold-out comparative size chart" showing the size of aliens relative to human beings. She concluded that it was a "fun browsing book" that would appeal to "young people fascinated by monsters" as well as to science fiction readers.

Barlowe's work was nominated for an American Book Award and for the 1980 Hugo Award for Best Related Work.

title: Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials


text:
Talk:Integral (Ken Wilber)

Need distinct discussion pages
I notice that Integral Theory and Integral (spirituality) share the same talk page. Is there some way to fix this? M Alan Kazlev (talk) 21:24, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't know why that's happening either, but would like to see them separate. Joeperez69 (talk) 04:18, 3 February 2010 (UTC) Joe Perez
 * Thanks to editor Liquidluck, the problem is now resolved! Joeperez69 (talk) 20:54, 3 February 2010 (UTC) Joe Perez

Addition of "themes" for art and psychology
I see another editor has added these sections (back) into the article, but I'm not sure they're appropriate here (or I would have included them). The page has been redefined to focus on the use of the TERM or THEME of "integral" in SPIRITUAL movements, right? Art is not spirituality. Psychology is not spirituality. If there is a separate page warranted, then it would be a top-level page for each of these--and, in fact, there is. I would remove them and be sure that they are linked on "Related pages", lest the page begin to swell into another hodgepodge that contains extra-spiritual content. Other opinions? Joeperez69 (talk) 21:48, 5 February 2010 (UTC) Joe Perez

 * Sorry, I added those definitions to distinguish them from Integral Theory. e.g. a lot of Integral Psychology has absolutely nothing to do with Wilber or with Integral Theory as defined on that page.  Integral Psychology as defined here does I believe fall under the rubric of Integral spirituality, since it is the psychological system associated with integral Yoga.  I'll remove the section on Integral Art. M Alan Kazlev (talk) 01:49, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

Spirituality?
I appreciate that the term "Integral" here on Wikipedia is probably going to go to maths, maybe "Integral (Philosophy)" is a better title for this rather than mere spirituality, because to suggest it is limited to spirituality is utterly non-Integral, surely?

--84.13.3.59 (talk) 10:23, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

Fork
This article reads like a fork of Integral theory. I think they should be merged. Joshua Jonathan  -  Let's talk!   05:33, 16 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I've merged the article with Integral thought; it was not only a WP:FORK, but also a WP:COATRACK for Wilber;s ideas.  Joshua Jonathan   -  Let's talk!   05:16, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Integral (Ken Wilber)