text:
Thomas Wilson (composer)

Thomas Wilson CBE FRSE (10 October 1927 – 12 June 2001) was an American-born Scottish composer, a key figure in the revival of interest in Scottish classical music after the second world war.

Early life and education
Thomas Brendan Wilson was born in Trinidad, Colorado to British parents and moved to Britain with his family when he was 17 months old.

The family settled in the Glasgow, Scotland area where (aside from three years in France) he lived and worked for the remainder of his life. Wilson was educated in Glasgow before taking an undergraduate course at St. Mary's College, Aberdeen. He then studied music at the University of Glasgow (1948-1953) with Ernest Bullock and Frederick Rimmer, where he continued as a postgraduate, receiving a doctorate (DMus). From 1954 he continued his composition studies with Herbert Howells at the Royal College of Music.

He served in the Royal Air Force from 1945 to 1948.

Career
One of the first honours graduates in music from Glasgow University, Wilson became a lecturer there in 1957. He was later appointed a Reader (1971) and given a Personal Chair in 1977. He consistently played an active part in the musical life of the UK, holding executive and advisory positions in such organisations as the Scottish Arts Council, The New Music Group of Scotland, The Society for the Promotion of New Music, The Composers' Guild of Great Britain (chairman 1986–89) now the British Association of Composers and Songwriters, and The Scottish Society of Composers (of which he was a founder member).

His music has been played all over the world and embraces all forms - orchestral, choral-orchestral, chamber-orchestral, opera, ballet, brass band, vocal music of different kinds, and works for a wide variety of chamber ensembles and solo instruments. Wilson completed five symphonies, the fourth of which, Passeleth Tapestry, was premiered by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra under Bryden Thomson on 6 August 1988 in Paisley Abbey. He also completed four concertos - for piano (1985), viola (1987), violin (1993, a one movement elegy in memory of Bryden Thomson) and guitar (1996) - and large scale choral works, such as Sequentiae Passionis (1971) for chorus and orchestra, and Confitemini Domino (1993), commissioned by the Royal College of Organists and premiered in St Paul's Cathedral. His largest work was an opera, Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1972–75), commissioned by Scottish Opera and based on the novel by James Hogg.

The chamber and instrumental compositions include four string quartets. The prize winning Third in 1958 is a three movement work, expressionist in tone and with the emphasis on counterpoint and organic development. The Fourth Quartet (1978) is a further example of his interest in single movement form (like the later orchestral piece Introit and the Violin Concerto). His first fully serial work was the 1961 Violin Sonata, and a free treatment of 12 tone techniques is a feature of his later pieces. There are also vocal chamber music settings, such as the 1983 song cycle The Willow Branches: Seven Songs from the Chinese, for soloists and chamber ensemble or piano. The six part piano piece Incunabula (1983) was composed for Richard Deering, who premiered it in 1984. Some of the music is used again in the Piano Concerto the following year.

Wilson was awarded the CBE in 1990. The following year he was awarded an honorary DMus Degree from Glasgow University and created a Fellow of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

He died at the age of 73 in June 2001, survived by his wife Margaret Rayner (married 1952) and their three sons. The 80th anniversary of Wilson's birth on 10 October 1927 was marked by a concert featuring one of the composer's most performed works, the St Kentigern Suite for string orchestra, on 17 January 2008 by the RSAMD Chamber Orchestra, and by a performance of the composer's Violin Concerto also in January 2008 by the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland.

Orchestral

 * Symphony No. 1 (1955) (withdrawn)
 * Toccata for orchestra (1959)
 * Variations for orchestra (1960)
 * Pas De Quoi (1964) Six little dances for strings.
 * Symphony No. 2 (1965)
 * Concerto for orchestra (1967)
 * Touchstone (1967) Commissioned by the BBC for the Sir Henry Wood Promenade Concerts.
 * Threnody (1970) music was taken from Wilson's opera "The Charcoal Burner".
 * Ritornelli Per Archi (1972) Commissioned for the Edinburgh Festival by the Scottish Baroque Ensemble.
 * Symphony No. 3 (1979) Commissioned by Musica Nova.
 * Mosaics (1981) Commissioned for Cantilena by Radio Clyde.
 * Introit (1982) Commissioned by BBC.
 * Piano Concerto (1985) Commissioned by Bryden Thomson for David Wilde and the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra.
 * St Kentigern Suite (1986) Commissioned by The Friends of Glasgow Cathedral.
 * Viola Concerto (1987) Commissioned by James Durrant with assistance from the BBCSSO Trust.
 * Symphony No. 4, Passeleth Tapestry (1988; numbered as a symphony 1996) Commissioned by Renfrew District Council together with Strathclyde Regional Council to mark Paisley's 500th anniversary as a Burgh of Barony.
 * Carillon (1990) Commissioned by Glasgow city council in 1990 as part of its European City of Culture celebrations, as the inaugural work to celebrate the opening of the city's new Royal Concert Hall.
 * Violin Concerto (1993) Commissioned by the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland and BP for Ernst Kovacic.
 * Guitar Concerto (1996) Commissioned by Phillip Thorne.
 * Symphony No. 5 (1998) Commissioned by the Scottish Chamber Orchestra.

Choral

 * Ave Maria/Pater Noster (1967)
 * Night Songs (1967) Commissioned by the John Currie Singers
 * Missa Pro Mundo Conturbato (1970) Commissioned by the John Currie Singers.
 * Te Deum (1971) Large Chorus. Commissioned by the Edinburgh Festival for the opening concert on the occasion of its 25th anniversary.
 * Sequentiae Passions (1971) Large Chamber Choir. Commissioned by Musica Nova.
 * Ubi Caritas et Amor (1976) Commissioned by the Baccholian Singers for the City of London Festival.
 * Songs of Hope and Expectation (1977) Chamber Choir Commissioned by the John Currie Singers.
 * Amor Christi (1989) Chamber Choir. Commissioned the Scottish Philharmonic Singers.
 * Cantigas Para Semana Santa (1992) Commissioned by Cappella Nova
 * Confitemini Domino (1993) Commissioned by the Royal College of Organists to celebrate their 100th Anniversary

A cappella masses
 * St. Augustine (1955)
 * Mass in Polyphonic Style (1960)
 * Missa Brevis (1960)
 * Mass based on a Bach Chorale(1961)

Operas

 * The Charcoal Burner, opera in one act with eight characters, to a libretto by Edwin Morgan (1968), commissioned by the BBC
 * The Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1975), opera in three acts with three main characters plus chorus to a libretto by John Currie (based on the novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner by James Hogg), commissioned by Scottish Opera

Ballet

 * Embers of Glencoe (1973), commissioned by Scottish Ballet

Brass band

 * Sinfonietta (1967) Commissioned by the Scottish Amateur Music Association for the National Youth Brass Band of Scotland.
 * Cartoon for Cornet (1969) Commissioned by Robert Oughton and the Scottish CWS Band.
 * Refrains and Cadenzas (1984) Commissioned by the Cheltenham Festival and used as the test piece for the European Championships in 1984.

Vocal

 * By The Waters of Babylon (1951), a capella setting of Psalm 137
 * Three Orkney Songs for soprano/baritone and quintet (1961), commissioned by the BBC.
 * Six Scots Songs for voice and piano (1962), commissioned by the Baccholian Singers for the City of London Festival
 * Carmina Sacra (1964), orchestral or voice and keyboard.
 * My Soul Longs for Thee, SSA and organ (1967)
 * Night Songs (1967), a capella, commissioned by the John Currie Singers
 * One Foot in Eden, orchestral or voice and piano (1977), commissioned by Josephine Nendick
 * The Willow Branches – Seven Songs from the Chinese, orchestral or voice and piano (1983), commissioned by Marilyn de Blieck

Carols

 * A Babe is Born (1967)
 * There Is No Rose (1974)

Chamber

 * String Quartet No. 2 (1954)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (1958), McEwen Composition Prize
 * Violin Sonata (1961), commissioned by the University of Glasgow
 * Sonatina for clarinet and piano (1962)
 * Concerto Da Camera (1965), commissioned by Bernicia Ensemble
 * Pas De Quoi, Six little dances for strings (1965)
 * Piano Trio (1966), commissioned by the Scottish Trio
 * Sinfonia for Seven Instruments (1968), commissioned by the University of Glasgow
 * Cello Sonata (1971), commissioned by Glasgow Chamber Music Society
 * Canti Notturni (1972), commissioned by the Clarina Ensemble
 * Ritornelli Per Archi (1972), commissioned by the Scottish Baroque Ensemble for the Edinburgh Festival
 * Complementi (1973), commissioned by Clarina Ensemble
 * String Quartet No. 4 (1978), commissioned by the Edinburgh String Quartet
 * Mosaics (1981), commissioned for Cantilena by Radio Clyde
 * Chamber Concerto (1985), commissioned by the New Music Group of Scotland
 * St Kentigern Suite (1986), commissioned by the Friends of Glasgow Cathedral, on the occasion of the cathedral's 850th anniversary
 * Chamber Symphony (1990), commissioned by Paragon Ensemble and Glasgow District Council as part of the celebrations during Glasgow's reign as European City of Culture 1990
 * Threads (1996), commissioned by Duo Contemporain
 * Sunset Song (2011), arranged by Kenny Letham from incidental music originally commissioned by the BBC

Instrumental

 * Sonatina for piano (1956)
 * Piano Sonata (1964)
 * Three Pieces - Reverie, Tzigane, Valse Viennoise (1964) For Piano. Later arranged for two guitars.
 * Fantasia for cello (1964)
 * Soliloquy (1969) For Guitar. Commissioned by Glasgow Master Concerts for Julian Bream.
 * Three Pieces for guitar (1971)
 * Coplas Del Ruisenor for guitar (1972), commissioned by Angelo Gilardino.
 * Cancion for guitar (1982)
 * Incunabula for piano (1983)
 * Dream Music for guitar (1983), commissioned by Phillip Thorne.
 * Toccata Festevole for organ (1991), commissioned by the Paisley International Organ Festival
 * Chanson De Geste for solo horn (1991), commissioned by Redcliffe Concerts

Other

 * The Face of Love (1954) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Witchwood (1954) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Glencoe (1955) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Susannah and the Elders (1955) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Storm (1956) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Oggs Log (1956) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * All in Good Faith (1957) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * A Nest of Singing Birds (1957) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * The Boy David (1957) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * For Tae Be King (1957) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * The Great Montrose (1958) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * The Wallace (1959) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Enquiry (1960) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Brush Off the Dust (1964) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Checkpoint (1965) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1965) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * Robert Burns (1965) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * A Season for Mirth (1966) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * A Spell for Green Corn (1967) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Ships of the '45 (1968) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * The March of the '45 (1969) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Sunset Song (Part 1 of A Scots Quair) (1971) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * The New Road (1973) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * There was a Man (1980) Commissioned by Radio Clyde
 * Summer Solstice (1980) Commissioned by Radio Clyde
 * The House with the Green Shutters (1980) Commissioned by BBC Radio
 * Cloud Howe (Part 2 of A Scots Quair) (1982) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * Grey Granite (Part 3 of A Scots Quair) (1983) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * Voyage of St Brandon (1984) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * Murder Not Proven (1984) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * Gaudi (N.D.) Commissioned by BBCTV
 * The Castle of May (N.D.) Commissioned by BBCTV

Recordings

 * Cancion for Guitar (2003) Tuomo Tirronen; MSR Classics MS1214
 * Cancion for Guitar (2008) Stefan Grasse; Xolo CD1015
 * Cancion for Guitar (2009) Allan Neave; Delphian DCD34079
 * Carillon (1990) Royal Scottish National Orchestra (cond. Rory Macdonald); Linn Records CKD 616
 * Cartoon (1995) West Lothian Schools Brass Band; Polyphonic Reproductions Ltd. QPRL075D
 * Cartoon (1998) Royal Norwegian Navy Band; Doyen Series DOYCD083
 * Cartoon (2000) West Lothian Celebrity Winds; 'Celebrations'
 * Cello Sonata (1993) Alla Vasilieva & Alexei Smitov; Russian Disc RDCD00680
 * Chamber Symphony (1993) Paragon Ensemble; Continuum Ltd. CCD1032
 * Complementi (2011) Daniel's Beard; Meridian CDE84607
 * Confitemini Domino (2005) Bearsden Choir; Norsound NM-050344
 * Coplas del Ruiseñor for Guitar (2008) Stefan Grasse; Xolo CD1015
 * Fantasia for 'Cello (1993) Alla Vasilieva; Russian Disc RDCD00680
 * Incunabula for Piano (2001) Johannes Wolff; Hastedt Verlag & Musikedition HT5322
 * Incunabula for Piano (2009) Simon Smith; Delphian DCD34079
 * Incunabula for Piano (2023) Richard Deering; Heritage HTGCD142
 * Introit (1988) Scottish National Orchestra; Queensgate Music
 * Piano Concerto (1988) Scottish National Orchestra; Queensgate Music
 * Piano Sonata (1991) Peter Sievewright; Merlin Records MRFD891706
 * Piano Sonata (2001) Johannes Wolff; Hastedt Verlag & Musikedition HT5322
 * Piano Sonata (2009) Simon Smith; Delphian DCD34079
 * Piano Sonatina (2001) Johannes Wolff; Hastedt Verlag & Musikedition HT5322
 * Piano Trio (2009) Delphian DCD34079
 * Refrains and Cadenzas (1997) Grimethorp Colliery Band; Chandos Brass CHAN4549
 * St Kentigern Suite (1990) Scottish Ensemble; Virgin Classics Ltd. VC7 91112-2 260421-231
 * St Kentigern Suite (1996) RSAMD Chamber Orchestra; RSAMD
 * String Quartet No. 3 (2009) Edinburgh Quartet; Delphian DCD34079
 * Sinfonietta for Brass Band (1997) National Youth Brass Band of Scotland; Amadeus AMSCD027
 * Symphony No. 2 (2019) Royal Scottish National Orchestra (cond. Rory Macdonald); Linn Records CKD 643
 * Symphony No. 3 (2018) Royal Scottish National Orchestra (cond. Rory Macdonald); Linn Records CKD 616
 * Symphony No. 4, Passeleth Tapestry (2018) Royal Scottish National Orchestra (cond. Rory Macdonald); Linn Records CKD 616
 * Symphony No. 5 (2019) Royal Scottish National Orchestra (cond. Rory Macdonald); Linn Records CKD 643
 * There is no Rose (1998) Cappella Nova; Rota RTCD001
 * Three Pieces for Guitar (1997) Allan Neave; BGS Records BGCD104
 * Three Pieces for Guitar (2009) Allan Neave; Delphian DCD34079
 * Three Pieces for Piano (2001) Johannes Wolff; Hastedt Verlag & Musikedition HT5322
 * Violin Concerto (1993) National Youth Orchestra of Scotland; NYOS Records NYOS001

title: Thomas Wilson (composer)


text:
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Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality

Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality is the 1990 sequel to the 1988 MS-DOS platform game The Adventures of Captain Comic. The game was created by the same author as the original, Michael Denio, working at Color Dreams, and was published by ComputerEasy. The game adds a save/continue feature, four-way scrolling, and new movement types (e.g., swimming, flying). Unlike the original (which was shareware), the game was sold commercially.

Plot
Three months out from Tambo, Captain Comic receives a distress signal. Being the brave hero that he is, Captain Comic rushes to the aid of the local populace. Captain Comic must find a machine which allows him to travel to six different realities, in which he must collect the six crystals to save the planet and its inhabitants from evil aliens known as the "Skrejgib" (which, backwards, reads "Big Jerks").

Gameplay
Captain Comic's health is protected by a shield. Once the shield's points are exhausted by coming into contact with enemy units, Comic loses a life if he's struck again. Additionally, if Comic falls off the bottom of a screen a life is lost. If Comic finds a bonus shield it will restore the points to maximum, or add the shield to his inventory for later use if already at full. The game is over when Comic loses all of his lives (or completes the main objective of the game).

Bonus items can generally be found in strategic locations or inside boxes or crates that need to be opened up or destroyed by use of the pick-axe tool. Items range from gems (points), shields (health), mini-Comics (bonus lives), to tools that can be used for other purposes. A notable addition is the magic wand which can turn some useless items into useful items, ranging from powerups to keys. Generally, items also add to the player's score when collected. A new feature in this version of the game is the ability to change the 'active' item in Comic's inventory.

Comic must also avoid or destroy various enemies in the game, primarily by use of Blastola Cola, which allows him to shoot enemies. Enemies range from simple units on pre-set paths to more difficult combatants that follow Comic or seek him out directly. Some enemies move faster than others, and most are restricted to their domain (fish enemies only appear in water, for example). All enemies have the same general property in that when they come in contact with Comic they are destroyed, but reduce his shield points accordingly (from one to four shield points depending on the enemy, as opposed to two regardless of type in Captain Comic). Destroying enemy units by shooting them also increases the player's score (by 100 to 400 points, depending on how many shield points would normally be deducted). Coming into contact with one of the Temple Masters also results in death.

The game is divided into major areas, each with smaller zones. Passing from one zone or area into another marks a safe point (although this version of the game also has a save-game feature). Typically areas are identified by the presence of doorways, which require the correct key (in the previous Episode one key opened all doors; in this Episode there are multiple keys denoted by color or design).

Comic can complete the main objective in the game by successfully navigating areas and obtaining items and tools. As Comic works his way through the stages of the game, he collects more and better items to help with the increasingly difficult enemies that he must face.

title: Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality


text:
Robert Laycock

Major-General Sir Robert Edward Laycock, (18 April 1907 – 10 March 1968) was a senior British Army officer best known for his influential role in the establishment and command of British Commandos during the Second World War.

Early life

Laycock was born in Westminster on 18 April 1907, the eldest son of Brigadier General Sir Joseph Frederick Laycock (died 1952)—an officer of the Royal Regiment of Artillery knighted for his services during the First World War—by his marriage on 14 November 1902 to Katherine Mary (Kitty) Hare (1872–1959), who was previously married to and divorced by the 6th Marquess of Downshire (died 1918), and herself a granddaughter of William Hare, 2nd Earl of Listowel. Laycock was thus a half-brother of the 7th Marquess of Downshire; their sister Josephine (died 1958) married Edward Greenall, 2nd Lord Daresbury, and is grandmother of the present Baron. Through his father's relationship with the married Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, issue occurring before and during his marriage with Kitty, Robert Laycock was half-brother to the Countess of Warwick's son Maynard Greville (1898–1960), and daughter, Mercy Greville (1904–1968).

Laycock was educated at Lockers Park School and Eton College, followed by officer training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from which he emerged as a well-read young man with a scientific bent. He also briefly worked in a factory.

Military career
In 1927, Laycock was commissioned into the Royal Horse Guards. After the Second World War broke out he raised and trained the commando unit No. 8 (Guards) Commando (8 Commando). This unit of 500 officers and men was to prove influential: one its sections, encouraged by Laycock, was an experimental marine section, known as the "Folboat Section", which ultimately developed into the Special Boat Service; and one of its officers, David Stirling, would go on to found the Special Air Service.

Laycock was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and appointed leader of the eastern Mediterranean commando force "Layforce", named after him. This combined commando force, which included 8 Commando and four other commando units, operated from February to August 1941, and saw action in Libya (Bardia and Tobruk), Crete, and Vichy Syria. It had mixed results, but developed commando warfare. In the Battle of Crete Laycock was one of the last officers to leave the island (along with his intelligence officer Evelyn Waugh), when it was evacuated by British forces at the conclusion of the battle in May 1941. The main role of the commando force on Crete had been (atypically) to cover the evacuation of the rest of the British army, and much of the Layforce unit of 800 men was itself unable to get away: 600 of them were captured by the German army. Evelyn Waugh was an admirer of Laycock, and later dedicated his novel Officers and Gentlemen, which is set in this period and theatre, to him.

Laycock commanded the Middle East Commando from August 1941 to August 1942, in North Africa, Sicily and Italy. He then returned to the United Kingdom, was promoted to brigadier, and from 1942 to 1943 commanded the Special Service Brigade, which organised and trained all commandos in the United Kingdom. In 1943 he was promoted to major-general, and became Chief of Combined Operations, succeeding Louis Mountbatten. He held that position until 1947.

Governor of Malta
In 1954, his old friend, Anthony Head, now Secretary of State for War appointed Laycock to the position of Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Malta. This was during a period of tensions surrounding a drive for independence, with Prime Minister Dom Mintoff leading a campaign for "Integration (with Britain) or Self-Determination", and the Nationalist Party looking for a "Quasi-Dominion Status. Prior to his assuming the position of Governor, Queen Elizabeth knighted Laycock in the drawing room of Sledmere House, Yorkshire whilst staying as fellow house guests of Sir Richard Sykes, Baronet. Laycock served until 1959, having had his term extended twice.

Later years

From 1960 Laycock held the honorary positions of Colonel Commandant of the Special Air Service and Colonel of the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry.

He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Nottinghamshire in 1962.

A noted horseman, yachtsman and historical book collector, his interests made him a man who could enjoy life. It was said by many he had no enemies. He suffered from severe circulatory problems, which meant constant pain in one leg. He died at Wiseton on 10 March 1968. His estate was probated at £279,910.

Family
Laycock married Claire Angela Louise Dudley Ward (1916–1999) on 24 January 1935 at St Margaret's, Westminster. Dudley Ward was the younger daughter of William Dudley Ward, Liberal MP for Southampton by his wife Freda Dudley Ward, granddaughter of Sir Thomas Isaac Birkin, 1st Baronet. Laycock and Dudley Ward had two sons and three daughters.

Children

 * 1) Edwina Ottilie Jane Laycock (born 1936) has been twice married, and has children from both marriages.
 * 2) Joseph William Peter Laycock (1938 – bef. 16 December 1980), accidentally drowned with his eight-year-old daughter Flora in a boating accident on the River Thames, and was survived by two children. He married 1971 Eve Lucinda Fleming (born 15 May 1947), better known as the actress Lucy Fleming, younger daughter of Peter Fleming, otherwise Lt. Col. (Robert) Peter Fleming, OBE (1907–1971) by his wife Dame Celia Johnson, actress (1908–1982). Lucy Fleming is a niece of Ian Fleming, creator of "James Bond", and has remarried.
 * 3) Benjamin Richard Laycock (born 1947); married 1971, and has issue 1 son and 2 daughters.
 * 4) Emma Rose Laycock, now Lady Temple (born 1943), married 1964 Sir Richard Chartier Carnac Temple, 5th Bt. (born 1937), elder son and heir of Sir Richard Antony Purbeck Temple, 4th Bt., of The Nash, MC (1913 – 5 December 2007) by his first wife Lucy Geils de Lotbinière, dau of Alain Joly de Lotbinière, of Montreal; they have issue, three daughters.
 * 5) Katherine Martha Laycock (born 1949); married 1969 David Mlinaric (born 1939), interior designer and decorator, has three children.

title: Robert Laycock


text:
Talk:Merlin's Shop of Mystical Wonders

Untitled
The sidebar on this page has a mistake; it links to the wrong "Pat Sansone." The Pat Sansone in the link is a male musician; the *Patricia* Sansone in the movie is a female actress. Can someone change this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.240.111.200 (talk) 19:09, 5 May 2010 (UTC)

The Monkey
Someone just added a section to this article that noted the extreme similarity between the second storyline of this film and Stephen King's short story, "The Monkey", from Skeleton Crew (1985). It all but accuses the film's writers of lifting it without attribution. But the footage used in Merlin was actually from a 1984 film, The Devil's Gift, by the same writer/director, Kenneth J. Berton. Since the movie came out a year before King's book did, it raises the question of just who might have "borrowed" from whom. Does anyone have any solid information on the history of this story? — Jeff Q (talk) 08:37, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * King's story was first published in 1980, as the article notes. He would win a plagiarism suit hands-down, IMO. Daniel Case 14:35, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Name that anime
Someone just updated the article to state that one of the cartoons shown within the evil-monkey story was "from the Ultraman anime". I couldn't find any reference to such a thing in Ultraman, and it certainly looks nothing like the live-action character. On the other hand, it does look something like Battle of the Planets or Kagaku ninja tai Gatchaman. Does anyone have any solid information on this? ~ Jeff Q (talk) 10:18, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm going to go ahead and removed the Ultraman until some kind of consensus can be reached--The_stuart 15:02, 29 July 2005 (UTC)

Horrible plot description
That plot description is a steaming pile written by a child. Someone who has seen this film, PLEASE, I beg of you, write a less pathetic one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.193.92.25 (talk) 03:26, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Wrong Bruce Parry
I'm skeptical that the linked Bruce Parry is the same one that played Pete in the film. They look quite different, the linked article makes no mention of The Devil's Gift's Bruce Parry's filmography. Worth removing the link. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davidsjo (talk • contribs) 05:32, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Merlin's Shop of Mystical Wonders


text: User talk:24.252.210.57

title: User talk:24.252.210.57


text:
Deductive database

A deductive database is a database system that can make deductions (i.e. conclude additional facts) based on rules and facts stored in its database. Datalog is the language typically used to specify facts, rules and queries in deductive databases. Deductive databases have grown out of the desire to combine logic programming with relational databases to construct systems that support a powerful formalism and are still fast and able to deal with very large datasets. Deductive databases are more expressive than relational databases but less expressive than logic programming systems such as Prolog. In recent years, deductive databases have found new application in data integration, information extraction, networking, program analysis, security, and cloud computing.

Deductive databases reuse many concepts from logic programming; rules and facts specified in Datalog look very similar to those written in Prolog, but there are some important differences:
 * Order sensitivity and procedurality: In Prolog, program execution depends on the order of rules in the program and on the order of parts of rules; these properties are used by programmers to build efficient programs. In database languages (like SQL or Datalog), however, program execution is independent of the order of rules and facts.
 * Special predicates: In Prolog, programmers can directly influence the procedural evaluation of the program with special predicates such as the cut. This has no correspondence in deductive databases.
 * Function symbols: Logic programming languages allow function symbols to build up complex symbols. This is not allowed in deductive databases.
 * Tuple-oriented processing: Deductive databases use set-oriented processing while logic programming languages concentrate on one tuple at a time.

title: Deductive database


text:
Desonide

Desonide (INN) is a low-potency topical corticosteroid anti-inflammatory that has been available since the 1970s. It is primarily used to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema), seborrheic dermatitis, contact dermatitis and psoriasis in both adults and children. It has a fairly good safety profile and is available as a cream, ointment, lotion, and as a foam under the tradename Verdeso Foam. Other trade names for creams, lotions, and ointments include Tridesilon, DesOwen, Desonate. It is a group VI corticosteroid under US classification, the second least potent group.

Medical uses
Desonide is a prescription topical treatment for redness, swelling, itching, and discomfort of various skin conditions. Regardless of the vehicle used, desonide is applied 2 to 3 times a day, at the same times each day. Skin conditions typically improve in the first two weeks of treatment. Patients are instructed to use desonide for the minimum amount of time necessary for conditions to improve.

Adverse effects
The safety of desonide has not been determined beyond 4 weeks of use. Patients with allergies to corticosteroids (like hydrocortisone or prednisone) should use caution when taking desonide. Pharmacists and prescribing physicians should be aware that this medication may contain inactive ingredients than can cause allergic reactions.

Desonide should not be used if there is an infection or open wound in the treatment area.

Systemic absorption of topical corticosteroids can produce adverse effects. Indication of Cushing's syndrome, hyperglycemia, and glycosuria have been observed in some patients receiving treatment. After stopping treatment, reversible hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression with the potential for glucocorticosteroid insufficiency is possible. The cosyntropin (ACTH1-24) laboratory test can evaluate patients for HPA axis suppression. HPA function can be reversed after the cessation of treatment or replacement with another less potent corticosteroid. If glucocorticosteroid insufficiency occurs, supplemental systemic corticosteroids may be required.

Side effects of desonide requiring immediate contact with the prescribing physician:
 * Blistering, burning, crusting, dryness, or flaking of the skin
 * burning, itching, redness, skin rash, swelling, or soreness at the application site
 * flushing or redness of the skin
 * irritation
 * itching, scaling, severe redness, soreness, or swelling of the skin
 * peeling of the skin
 * raised, dark red, wart-like spots on the skin, especially when used on the face
 * stinging and burning
 * unusually warm skin

Side effects that may go away as the body adjusts to the medication:
 * Body aches or pain
 * chills
 * cough
 * difficulty with breathing
 * ear congestion
 * fever
 * headache
 * loss of voice
 * nasal congestion
 * runny nose
 * sneezing
 * sore throat
 * unusual tiredness or weakness

Pregnancy
The FDA has labeled desonide as pregnancy category C. Desonide should only be used during pregnancy when absolutely necessary.

Breastfeeding
It is currently unknown whether topical application of Desonide can pass into breast milk. Similar drugs taken orally have been seen to pass into breast milk. The prescribing doctor should be consulted prior to breast-feeding.

Mechanism of action
Desonide is a synthetic nonfluorinated corticosteroid; topical corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. The mechanism of these properties, however, is unclear for the dermal route of administration. Following absorption through the skin, corticosteroids follow pharmacokinetic pathways similarly to intravenously administered corticosteroids. The mechanism of corticosteroids is thought to induce phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins (lipocortins). Lipocortins control the biosynthesis of inflammation mediators, like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Lipocortins can inhibit the common precursor of inflammation mediators, arachidonic acid.

Interactions
Common medications causing a minor negative drug interaction include: Insulin and Metformin. Common medications checked in combination, but that are not known to create a negative drug interaction, include: Aspirin, Cymbalta (duloxetine), Fish Oil, Acetaminophen, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin D3, and Zyrtec.

History
Desonide was first introduced in the United States under the trade name Tridesilon by Dome Laboratories in 1972. Since the discovery in the United States, several other countries have introduced different brand names of desonide, including Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, and Germany. The FDA first approved Connetics Corporation’s Verdeso Foam® on September 16, 2006. Just shortly after, the FDA approved SkinMedica Inc.’s Desonate® hydrogel delivery vehicle on October 20, 2006.

Desonate® gel is currently manufactured by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc. in Whippany, NJ. DesOwen® creams, ointments, and lotions are currently manufactured by DPT Laboratories, Ltd. in San Antonio Texas and is marketed by Galderma Laboratories. Other suppliers for the generic desonide include Rebel Distributors Corp and Perrigo New York Inc.

Research and clinical trials
Desonate was approved by the FDA following two major clinical trials in 2006. Each randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled 582 pediatric patients (between the ages of 3 months and 18 years). The patient was topically administered the drug or placebo two times a day for four weeks. Using the Investigator’s Global Severity Score (IGSS), the treatment was considered successful if at Week 4 there was at least a two (2) point decrease from the patient’s baseline IGSS. In clinical trial 1, 44% of patients succeeded successful treatment of Desonate versus 14% treated with the placebo. In clinical trial 2, 28% of patients succeeded successful treatment of Desonate versus 6% treated with the placebo.

The FDA approved Tridesilon for the following treatments: Contact Dermatitis, Rhus Dermatitis, Eczema, Dermatitis, Discoid Lupus Erythematosus, Granuloma Annulare, Seborrheic Dermatitis, Polymorphous Light Eruption, Pruritus, Psoriasis, Lichen Simplex, Atopic Dermatitis, Lichen Planus, Xerosis, Exfoliative Dermatitis.

Recently, in late 2014, phase 3 clinical trials were completed to evaluate treatments using Desonide cream versus amino acid moisturizing cream. Patients with eczema or atopic dermatitis could be enrolled in this study, both male and female, over the age of 18. The randomized, double-blind, active control, 5-week study compared the effects of treatment of both creams through twice-a-day application. The clinical trial is sponsored by NeoStrata Company, Inc.

No research has been completed to evaluate the carcinogenic or photoco-carcinogenic potential of desonide. Additionally, no research has been completed to determine the effect on fertility. These are current opportunities for improvement to learn more about the risks and benefits associated with desonide.

Regulatory
The first US. patent for desonide was US4185100A was granted on January 22, 1980. The patent was for topical anti-inflammatory treatment using desonide. The patent defends the suitability of the anti-inflammatory for the treatment of cutaneous disorders or disruptions characterized by skin inflammation and/or hyperproliferative activity in the epidermis. Side effects and the mechanism of action are both disclosed. This patent is currently expired.

title: Desonide


text:
Talk:Republic of Ploiești

[Untitled]
"...Iorgulescu made a phone call to Bucharest"

I suspect this is technically incorrect. I don't think there were telephones in Romania in 1870.

 * You are right. It was telegraph, not telephone. Telephones were invented only in 1876... :-) bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 08:47, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Republic of Ploiești


text:
Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference

The Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference (AMCC) is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division III. Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of New York and Pennsylvania.

History
The most recent changes to conference membership took place in 2020, with two full members and one associate member leaving. D'Youville College began a transition to NCAA Division II in the East Coast Conference, and Franciscan University of Steubenville completed a multi-year transition to full membership in the D-III Presidents' Athletic Conference. Wittenberg University, which became a men's volleyball associate in 2018–19, left the AMCC to return to the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League, where it had played from the start of its program in the 2015–16 school year through 2017–18. Medaille College joined the entirely New York-based Empire 8, effective the 2022–23 school year. Wells College, current affiliate member for swimming and diving, added men's volleyball to compete in the AMCC as an affiliate, effective the 2023 spring season (2022–23 school year). Carlow University joined in 2023–24 from the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics' River States Conference but spent its exploratory year in the prior NAIA season.

Chronological timeline

 * 1997 - In 1997, the Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference (AMCC) was founded. Charter members included Frostburg State University, La Roche College (now La Roche University), Lake Erie College, Pennsylvania State University at Erie, the Behrend College (a.k.a. Penn State–Erie or Penn State–Behrend), the University of Pittsburgh at Bradford (a.k.a. Pitt–Bradford) and the University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg (a.k.a. Pitt–Greensburg), effective beginning the 1997-98 academic year.
 * 1998 - Pennsylvania State University at Altoona (a.k.a. Penn State Altoona) joined the AMCC, effective in the 1998-99 academic year.
 * 2005 - Hilbert College and Medaille College joined the AMCC, effective in the 2005-06 academic year.
 * 2006 - Mount Aloysius College joined the AMCC, effective in the 2006-07 academic year.
 * 2008
 * Lake Erie left the AMCC to join the NCAA Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) as an NCAA D-II Independent (which would then later join the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC) a few seasons later, effective beginning the 2010-11 academic year), effective after the 2007-08 academic year.
 * D'Youville College (now "University") joined the AMCC, effective in the 2008-09 academic year.
 * 2009 - Franciscan University of Steubenville joined the AMCC, effective in the 2009-10 academic year.
 * 2010 - Frostburg State left the AMCC to join the Capital Athletic Conference (CAC), effective after the 2009-10 academic year.
 * 2015 - New Jersey City University joined the AMCC as an associate member for women's bowling, effective in the 2016 spring season (2015-16 academic year).
 * 2017 - Hiram College joined the AMCC as an associate member for men's volleyball, effective in the 2018 spring season (2017-18 academic year).
 * 2018 - Five institutions joined the AMCC as associate members: Geneva College, Thiel College and Wittenberg University for men's volleyball; Saint Vincent College for women's bowling; and the State University of New York at Delhi for men's & women's swimming & diving, all effective in the 2019 spring season (2018-19 academic year).
 * 2019 - Alfred State College joined the AMCC, effective in the 2019-20 academic year.
 * 2020
 * Two institutions left the AMCC at the end of the 2019–20 academic year. D'Youville began a transition to NCAA Division II as a new member of the East Coast Conference (ECC), and Franciscan, which was already a multi-sport associate member of the Presidents' Athletic Conference (PAC), became a full member of that league.
 * Also at that time, men's volleyball associate Wittenberg left to return to its previous men's volleyball home of the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League.
 * Two schools became associate members effective in 2020–21—Saint Vincent added men's volleyball to its AMCC associate membership, while Wells College joined the AMCC as an associate member for men's and women's swimming & diving.
 * 2022
 * Medaille left the AMCC at the end of the 2021–22 academic year to join the Empire 8 Athletic Conference (Empire 8). It remained an AMCC associate in bowling.
 * Wells added men's volleyball to its AMCC associate membership, effective with the 2023 spring season (2022–23 academic year).
 * Two schools announced that they would join the AMCC in 2023–24. Carlow University joined after spending its first NCAA exploratory season in the NAIA's River States Conference, and Wells became a full AMCC member.
 * The PAC, primary home of AMCC men's volleyball associates Geneva, Saint Vincent, and Thiel, announced it would begin sponsoring that sport in the 2025 season (2024–25 academic year). Accordingly, all three will leave the AMCC after the 2024 season.
 * 2023
 * AMCC bowling associate Medaille announced it would close at the end of the 2022–23 academic year.
 * The PAC announced that current AMCC men's volleyball associate Hiram would move that sport to the PAC after the 2024 season.
 * The AMCC announced that it would add Buffalo State University and Houghton University as men's volleyball associates in 2024–25. At the time of announcement, both were preparing to start men's volleyball programs in 2023–24.
 * 2024 - Wells announced that it would close at the end of the 2023-24 academic year.

Current members
The AMCC currently has nine full members, with four being part of Pennsylvania's Commonwealth System of Higher Education, made up of state-supported but privately chartered institutions; one public institution; and five private institutions.

 * Notes:

Associate members
The AMCC currently has four associate members. While Saint Vincent departed for the Presidents' Athletic Conference for men's volleyball in 2024–25, it remains a bowling associate.

Former members
The AMCC has six former full members, one of which remained an AMCC bowling affiliate for a year until the school's closure.

 * Notes:

Former associate members
The AMCC has eight former associate members:

 * Notes:

Sports
The AMCC Conference sponsors championships in the following sports:

Men's sponsored sports by school
Departing members in pink.


text:
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld

Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (August 9, 1879 – October 21, 1918) was an American jurist. He was the author of the seminal Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays (1919).

During his brief life, he published only a handful of law review articles. After his death the material forming the basis of Fundamental Legal Conceptions was derived from two articles first published in the Yale Law Journal (1913) and (1917) that had been partially revised in anticipation of publication in longer form. Editorial work was undertaken to complete the revisions and the book was published with the inclusion of the manuscript notes that Hohfeld had left, plus seven other essays.

The work remains a powerful contribution to modern understanding of the nature of rights and the implications of liberty. To reflect Hohfeld's continuing importance, a chair at Yale University is named after him. The chair is currently occupied by Gideon Yaffe as of 2019 and was last held by Jules Coleman, who retired in 2012.

Career
Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld was born in Oakland, California, in 1879. He graduated first in his class from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1901, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He went on to Harvard Law School, where he served as editor of the Harvard Law Review, and graduated in 1904.

After returning to California after graduation, Hohfeld practiced law for one year with the San Francisco law firm of Morrison, Cope & Brobeck, the distant ancestor of two large law firms: Morrison & Foerster (still in business today), and Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison (which collapsed in 2003). After Alexander Morrison died in 1921, Hohfeld's brother Edward obtained the permission of Morrison's widow, May Treat Morrison, to use the Morrison name for his new law firm: Morrison, Hohfeld, Foerster, Shuman and Clark.

Hohfeld briefly taught as an instructor at the law school then called the Hastings College of the Law. He then joined the faculty of Stanford Law School, where he became a full-time professor and taught from 1905 to 1914. He also continued to work as a consultant to the Morrison firm on various matters, such as the division of Claus Spreckels's estate.

In 1913, the Yale Law Journal published Hohfeld's landmark article, "Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning". According to Arthur Corbin, Yale Law School offered Hohfeld a professorship on the basis of that article. Hohfeld cleverly applied his own ideas about "rights" and "privileges" to the deal he struck with Yale and Stanford: after one academic year, he would have the "right" to a permanent faculty appointment at Yale and the "privilege" of returning to Stanford, while Stanford agreed to grant him the "privilege" of leave for one year or longer, with the "right" to return to Stanford after one academic year.

When Hohfeld started teaching at Yale in 1914, many of his students signed a petition to Yale's president to send him back to Stanford. They were terrified he would flunk them for their inability to master his strange ideas. When the president told Hohfeld to take it easy on his students, Corbin had to play mediator, calm down a frustrated Hohfeld, and explain to the president the deal which Hohfeld had worked out between the two law schools. Hohfeld then exercised his right to stay at Yale, apparently because he believed Yale students would come around, like his former Stanford students who had already begun to express their gratitude for the utility of his ideas. He continued to teach at Yale until his death in 1918. He died on October 21, 1918, in Alameda, California, of endocarditis induced by a severe infection during the 1918 flu pandemic. The Yale Law Journal published a commemorative issue in his memory.

In 1958, Edward Hohfeld, as trustee of the May Treat Morrison Foundation, endowed a chair at Yale in his late brother's memory.

Hohfeld as professor of jurisprudence
Jurisprudence is the branch of philosophy which deals with principles of law and the legal systems through which the law is applied. Hohfeld's contribution was to simplify; he created a very precise analysis which distinguished between fundamental legal concepts and then identified the framework of relationships between them. His work offers a sophisticated method for deconstructing broad legal principles into their component elements. By showing how legal relationships are connected to each other, the resulting analysis illuminates policy implications and identifies the issues which arise in practical decision making.

Hohfeld is also credited as the progenitor of the concept of the bundle of rights, although Hohfeld himself never used the term. The American Law Institute's first Reporter of Property, Harry Bigelow, "fully assimilated and embraced" Hohfeld's view of property rights, and propagated them to a wider audience in the form of the first Restatement of Property.

Overview
Hohfeld noticed that even respected jurists conflate various meanings of the term right, sometimes switching senses of the word several times in a single sentence. He wrote that such imprecision of language indicated a concomitant imprecision of thought, and thus also of the resulting legal conclusions. In order to both facilitate reasoning and clarify rulings, he attempted to disambiguate the term rights by breaking it into eight distinct concepts. To eliminate ambiguity, he defined these terms relative to one another, grouping them into four pairs of jural opposites and four pairs of jural correlatives.

This use of the words right and privilege correspond respectively to the concepts of claim rights and liberty rights.

Hohfeld argued that right and duty are correlative concepts, i.e. the one must always be matched by a claim about the other. If A has a right against B, this is equivalent to B having a duty to honor A's right. If B has no duty, that means that B has a privilege, i.e. B can do whatever he or she pleases because B has no duty to refrain from doing it. Each individual is located within a matrix of relationships with other individuals. By summing the rights held and duties owed across all these relationships, the analyst can identify both the degree of liberty — A would have perfect liberty if A has no duty to refrain from acting and others have a duty never to interfere with A's actions — and whether the concept of liberty is comprised by commonly followed practices, thereby establishing general moral principles and civil rights.

Examples of Hohfeldian analysis
Hohfeld defines the correlatives in terms of the relationships between two individuals. In the theory of "in rem rights", there is a direct relationship between a person and a thing. Real rights are in this respect unlike claim rights or "rights in personam", which by nature must be exercised against a person, the best example being when someone is owed money by another. Hohfeld demonstrates that this way of understanding rights in general is wrong. In particular, Hohfeld demonstrates that there is no such thing as a legal relation between a person and a thing, since a legal relation always operates between two people. As the legal relations between any two people are complex, it is helpful to break them down into their simplest forms. Legal rights do not correspond to single Hohfeldian relations, but are compounds of them. A right can be defined as an aggregate of the Hohfeldian relations with other people.

Hohfeld replaces the concept of "right in personam" by "paucital right" and "right in rem" by a compound or aggregate of "multital rights". Rights held by a person against one or a few definite persons are paucital (or "in personam"), and rights held by a person against a large indefinite class of people are multital (or "in rem"). A contract right is paucital (or "in personam") because it can be enforced only against the specific parties to the contract. A property right is multital (or "in rem") because a landowner has the right to exclude not only specific people from his land but the "whole world". The landowner has many rights, privileges, powers, and immunities; his multital rights are composed of many paucital rights. For example, the owner has a right that others do not step on his land but there is not just one such right against a mass of persons (the community), but many separate although usually identical paucital rights with this content (as many instances as there are people in the community). This is what Hohfeld calls "multital" rights.

Consider also the definition of liberty. In Hohfeldian analysis, liberty is defined by an absence both of a duty and of a right. B is free because he has no duty to refrain from acting and because A has no right that he not act. That does not deny that B might decide to do what A wants because that is the essence of liberty. Nor does it deny the possibility that B might accept a duty to A to give a benefit to C. In that situation, C would have no right and would have to rely on A to enforce the duty. The truth is that liberty is significant from both a legal and a moral point of view because only liberty ensures that an individual has control over his or her choices on whether and how to act. If something interferes with this choice, the natural reaction is to resent it and to seek a remedy. The correlative between right and duty inevitably describes the way in which two people are limited in their choices to act, and the outside observer cannot capture the legal and moral implications without examining the nature of the right held by A. Hence, this relationship is qualitatively different. An interference with liberty would be considered wrongful without having to ask for detailed evidence. Yet whether A's relationship with B is morally suspect could only be determined by evaluating evidence on precisely what B's duty requires B to do or not to do.

title: Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld


text:
Talk:Action of May 1612

Comments
Please cite sources for this article. —RaD Man (talk) 08:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There were a bunch of articles like this that I tried to categorized (you removed... not sure why...) that seem dubious. The editor after you put a message on the page... I am thinking of re-adding the category because the information of this article says it is a raid and therefore it should be in the raid category... If you want this deleted (and maybe that is legitimate) then do a VfD or fix it, I am not really sure... but I'm not sure removing the cat and changing the page are proper. gren 19:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Action of May 1612


text:
Stenorhynchus

Stenorhynchus is a genus of marine crabs in the family Inachidae, containing the following species:
 * Stenorhynchus debilis (S. I. Smith, 1871)
 * Stenorhynchus lanceolatus (Brullé, 1837)
 * Stenorhynchus seticornis (J. F. W. Herbst, 1788) – yellowline arrow crab
 * Stenorhynchus yangi Goeke, 1989 – red arrow crab

title: Stenorhynchus


text:
Portal talk:Israel/In the news

List of usable news sources
Feel free to edit in-place.

 * LGF newsfeeds: the BBC, Yahoo, Telegraph, NYT, DoD, Command Post] (not only Israel-related)
 * Google News results for "Israel" (patchy, inconsistent)
 * Israel Google Alerts
 * Haaretz
 * Jerusalem post
 * INN
 * IMRA
 * Israel21c (the focus beyond the conflict)

title: Portal talk:Israel/In the news


text:
Betws, Carmarthenshire

Betws (meaning: chapel house) is a small village and community on the River Amman in Carmarthenshire, Wales, some 15 miles north of Swansea; it is part of the ecclesiastical parish of Betws and Ammanford, and the urban area of Ammanford. The nearby mountain, at the western end of the Black Mountain, is named after the village, and has a large area of common land.

History and location
The name 'Betws' is generally thought to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon 'bed-hus' - a house of prayer, or oratory, and means "chapel" in the Welsh language. Until the 19th century, when Ammanford developed extensively, Betws was the largest village in the area.

Until the 13th century, Betws was part of Gower, which is now known as the county of Swansea but the old commote border of the rivers Amman and Loughor moved south and Betws has since the Acts of Union been part of Welsh-speaking Carmarthenshire.

Until 1817, when a road was built along the Amman valley, Betws was only accessible by roads crossing the mountain from Neath and Swansea. This inaccessibility is commemorated in a local saying, which refers to the division between Betws a'r Byd (Betws and the world). There was a sign on the Amman bridge to this effect: Betws this way, the rest of the world that way.

The people of Betws like to make the distinction between themselves and those over the river in Ammanford.

The road bridge between Betws and Ammanford on Park Street was completed in 1892 and rebuilt in 1990 by T Richard Jones (Betws) Ltd. T. Richard Jones (Betws) Ltd. ('TRJ') is a major building contractor, originally based in the village but now located on the Ammanford side of the river.

The land for Betws Park was given to Ammanford district Council by Lord Dynevor in 1903, but the council used it as a rubbish dump until the early 1930s. After this, it was properly developed by local volunteers as a park with tennis courts. On 23 June 2007, a new 'Memorial and Sensory Garden' was opened in the park.

Betws Park Workshops are a collection of industrial units rented by various businesses. The workshops were opened in 1991, having previously been a screw manufacturing factory (1970-1981) and a lightbulb factory (1983-1986).

The parish church in the village is dedicated to St David. It dates to the 14th century but was renovated in 1872.

Betws Primary School was built before 1846, extended in 1928 and refurbished in 1988.

The Caemawr housing estate was built in 1947, and the Bwtrimawr estate in 1976.

Ammanford No. 1 (1890-1925) and No. 2 (1891-1976) Collieries were at the north end of Betws. The Tycoch nightclub now occupies some Ammanford No. 1 buildings. Betws drift coal mine opened in 1976 and closed in 2003 and the land is being redeveloped as housing and industrial units, including LBS Builders Merchants.

There are plans to build a wind farm on Betws Common.

75.1% of residents of Betws and Pontamman said they had 'knowledge of Welsh language' compared to 63.6% in Carmarthenshire and 28.4% in Wales.

As of May 1, 2008, the Betws ward electorate was 1,450 and the County Councillor is Audrey Jones (Independent), replacing John Dorian Evans (Labour).

The community is bordered by the communities of: Llanedi; Ammanford; Llandybie; and Cwmamman, all being in Carmarthenshire; and by Mawr in the City and County of Swansea.

Sports
Betws Rugby Club currently fields two rugby union teams: The first team finished 1st in WRU League Five South West in 2007–8 season and the second team finished bottom of Llanelli District Division 1.

Ammanford football club have a ground at Rice Street, Betws, which is currently being reconstructed.

Notable people

 * Harry Grindell Matthews (1880–1941), an English inventor who claimed to have invented a death ray; he had a laboratory on Betws mountain from 1934.
 * David Rees Griffiths (1882–1953), bardic name of Amanwy, a Welsh poet, and an older brother of Jim Griffiths.
 * Jim Griffiths (1890–1975), first Secretary of State for Wales and MP for Llanelli lived at the corner of Pentwyn Road and Park Street, where his father William was the village blacksmith (an anvil stands outside the house that occupies the site today).
 * Donald Peers (1908–1973), balladeer, was brought up in Heol-y-felin.
 * Ivor Richard, Baron Richard PC, QC (1932–2018) was born in Betws and attended Betws Primary School.
 * Terry Magee (born 1964), charity volunteer and former boxer; lives locally.

Wildlife
A wide variety of birds can be seen around Betws. Red kite, raven, buzzard, kestrel and sparrowhawks can be found on the mountain, whilst kingfisher, dipper and cormorant can be seen on the river. The woods are home to jay and green woodpecker.

title: Betws, Carmarthenshire


text:
User talk:Luigi.bozzo

I realized I never put one of these in your page so, well, here it is! I find it useful to have all these links at hand:

Welcome!

'''Hi,, Welcome  to Wikipedia! '''Welcome to Wikipedia, the collaborative encyclopaedia that anyone can edit! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. We'll certainly be looking forward for your contributions. Here are a few good links for newcomers:'''

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 * WOW! ^_^ Luigi B 9:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

CooWS
Thanks for your understanding on the matter! I hope you stay around and make some nice articles about computer science. I'll certainly look forward to enjoy your contributions. Sarg 08:55, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks again for your time spending. I love the wikipedia mission and I hope to contribute in some way in the next future. Luigi 12:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Bdi architecture.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Bdi architecture.gif. I notice the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this file yourself, then there needs to be a justification explaining why we have the right to use it on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you did not create the file yourself, then you need to specify where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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title: User talk:Luigi.bozzo


text:
Klaus-Peter Sabotta

Klaus-Peter Sabotta was an extortionist who sabotaged German railways in December 1998, only six months after the Eschede disaster. He claimed to represent former employees of the German railway operator Deutsche Bahn who had been made redundant, and demanded a ransom of DM10 million. His motive for the crime was a need to pay off heavy debts he had incurred in his business activities.

The first act of tampering, near Wilmersdorf was detected and repaired before any train passed, while a second attack on the InterCityExpress line at the small town of Uchtspringe, 60 kilometres north of Magdeburg, failed to derail its intended target.

The third act of sabotage, near Anklam resulted in the derailment of a northbound freight train. Had a passenger train due at the time not been half an hour late, it would have smashed into the wreckage of the freight train.

He was arrested as he attempted to collect the ransom at a filling station just off the A8 in Irschenberg, Bavaria. On 4 February 2000 he was convicted of attempted murder and attempted extortion, and sentenced to life imprisonment.

title: Klaus-Peter Sabotta


text:
Mafia Commission Trial

The Mafia Commission Trial (in full, United States v. Anthony Salerno, et al) was a criminal trial before the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in New York City, United States, that lasted from February 25, 1985, until November 19, 1986. Using evidence obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 11 organized crime figures, including the heads of New York City's "Five Families", were indicted by United States Attorney Rudolph Giuliani under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) on charges including extortion, labor racketeering, and murder. Eight of them were convicted under RICO, and most were sentenced to 100 years in prison on January 13, 1987, the maximum possible sentence under that law.

The case struck a blow against "The Commission", a ruling committee consisting of the New York Five Families bosses that meet to resolve disputes or discuss criminal activities. Time called the trial the "Case of Cases" and possibly "the most significant assault on the infrastructure of organized crime since the high command of the Chicago Mafia was swept away in 1943", and quoted Giuliani's stated intention: "Our approach ... is to wipe out the five families."

Background
In 1983, the Federal Bureau of Investigation recorded several wire tapped conversations of Ralph Scopo extorting money from contractors. Scopo was the president of the Cement and Concrete Workers District Council of the Laborers' International Union of North America from 1977 to April 1985. During this time, Scopo used his position to extort money from cement contractors in New York in return for large construction contracts and labor peace. Contracts between $2 million and $15 million were reserved for a club of contractors called the "Concrete Club", which were selected by The Commission. In return, the contractors gave a two-percent kickback of the contract value to The Commission.

Gennaro Langella supervised various labor rackets for the Colombo crime family, including their stake in the Concrete Club, and exerted control over various labor unions, including Cement and Concrete Workers District Council, Local 6A. Anthony Salerno also had hidden controlling interests in S & A Concrete Co. and Transit-Mix Concrete Corp.

In the early 1980s, Anthony Corallo unwittingly provided the government with evidence that would all but end his career. Over the years, Corallo and Salvatore Avellino established a stranglehold on the waste hauling business on Long Island. To gather evidence against Avellino, members of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (OCTF) used undercover informant Robert Kubecka, the owner of a Suffolk County, New York, garbage hauling business. Since the 1970s, Kubecka had refused to participate with the mob control of the waste hauling business and had suffered extensive harassment as a result. In 1982, Kubecka agreed to wear a surveillance device during meetings with the mobsters. Although Kubecka was unable to get close to Avellino himself, the information Kubecka gathered eventually persuaded a judge to allow a wire tap on Avellino's home phone in Nissequogue, New York. The home phone tap was also disappointing to the agents; however, it did reveal that Avellino was driving Corallo around all day in Avellino's car.

In 1983, members of the New York State Organized Crime Task Force (OCTF) installed an electronic surveillance device inside the dashboard on Avellino's Jaguar while he and his wife were at a dinner dance. Agents then listened to many conversations between Corallo, Avellino, and other mobsters as they drove around the city. From these recorded conversations, OCTF learned the Commission's internal structure, history, and relations with other crime families. These conversations were shared with federal prosecutors and provided them with invaluable evidence against Corallo and other family bosses in the Mafia Commission Trial.

Defendants
The indictments and arrests on February 25, 1985, included nine defendants:

as well as their subordinates,
 * Paul "Big Paul" Castellano, boss of the Gambino crime family
 * Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno, boss of the Genovese crime family
 * Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo, boss of the Lucchese crime family
 * Philip "Rusty" Rastelli, boss of the Bonanno crime family
 * Aniello Dellacroce, Gambino family underboss
 * Gennaro "Gerry Lang" Langella, Colombo family acting boss/underboss
 * Salvatore "Tom Mix" Santoro, Lucchese family underboss
 * Christopher "Christy Tick" Furnari, Lucchese family consigliere
 * Ralph "Little Ralphie" Scopo, Colombo family soldier

Added shortly after:
 * Carmine "Junior" Persico, boss of the Colombo crime family
 * Stefano Canone, Bonanno family consigliere
 * Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato, Bonanno family capo

Developments
On February 25, 1985, nine New York Mafia leaders were indicted for narcotics trafficking, loansharking, gambling, labor racketeering and extortion against construction companies. On July 1, 1985, the original nine men, with the addition of two more New York Mafia leaders, pleaded not guilty to a second set of racketeering charges as part of the trial. Prosecutors aimed to strike at all the crime families at once using their involvement in the Commission. On December 2, 1985, Dellacroce died of cancer. Castellano was later murdered on December 16, 1985.

According to Colombo hitman and FBI informant Gregory Scarpa, Persico and Gambino boss John Gotti backed a plan to kill the lead prosecutor, and future New York mayor, Rudy Giuliani in late 1986, but it was rejected by the rest of the Commission.

In the early 1980s, the Bonanno family were kicked off the Commission due to the Donnie Brasco infiltration, and although Rastelli was one of the men initially indicted, this removal from the Commission actually allowed Rastelli to be removed from the Commission Trial as he was later indicted on separate labor racketeering charges. Having previously lost their seat on the Commission, the Bonannos suffered less exposure than the other families in this case.

When the lawyers for the accused mafiosi reviewed the evidence, they realized their clients' chances at trial were slim. However, when they sounded out possible plea bargain terms, Giuliani demanded that the defendants plead guilty to the stiffest charges in the indictment, which carried sentences that would have all but assured they would die in prison. The seven defense lawyers, as well as Persico's legal adviser (Persico was acting as his own lawyer) then decided to admit that the Mafia and the Commission existed, but argue that membership in the Mafia or being a boss were not in and of themselves evidence of criminal activity. The mafiosi initially balked, believing that it would amount to a violation of the code of omertà. However, the lawyers impressed upon their clients that they could not credibly deny the existence of the Mafia in the face of their own recorded references to it. Ultimately, the mafiosi agreed to this strategy as long as they did not have to personally admit the Mafia existed.

Hence, during his opening statement, Santoro's lawyer, Samuel Dawson, told the jury that there was no question that "the Mafia exists and has members," but asked, "Can you accept that just because a person is a member of the Mafia that doesn't mean he committed the crimes charged in this case?" It was the first admission in open court that the Mafia existed.

Verdicts
After six days of deliberations, the jury convicted eight defendants of racketeering on November 19, 1986, with the exception of Indelicato who was convicted of murder (of Carmine Galante), and were sentenced by judge Richard Owen on January 13, 1987, as follows:

Salerno had initially been billed as the boss of the Genovese family. However, shortly after the trial, Salerno's longtime right-hand man, Vincent "The Fish" Cafaro, turned informant, told the FBI that Salerno had been a front for the real boss, Vincent "The Chin" Gigante. Cafaro also revealed that the Genovese family had been keeping up this ruse since 1969. However, according to New York Times organized crime reporter Selwyn Raab, this would not have jeopardized Salerno's conviction at the Commission Trial or his 100-year sentence. In his book, Five Families, Raab noted that Salerno had been tried and convicted for specific criminal acts, not for being the Genovese boss.

title: Mafia Commission Trial


text:
Ferdinand Coly

Ferdinand Alexandre Coly (born 10 September 1973) is a Senegalese former professional footballer who played as a full-back.

Career
Coly was born in Dakar. He moved to France when he was 7 years old. He played in all of Senegal's matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. After impressing at the tournament, he moved from RC Lens to Birmingham City on loan. But this proved to be a poor career move as he made his debut in the FA Cup against Fulham and then only managed a single Premiership appearance, against Arsenal. Coly left Birmingham in summer 2003 and then moved on to Perugia. In his first season with the Italian club (2003–04), he made 11 appearances but never really impressed. He spent 2004–05 in Serie C, making 29 appearances and scoring twice. In the summer of 2005 he made a move to Serie A side Parma, where he was a regular.

title: Ferdinand Coly


text:
Talk:LGBT rights in Germany

Treaty of Amsterdam
Although the Treaty of Amsterdam mandates protection on the basis of sexual orientation in employment, education and the provision of goods and services, only the employment protection has been enforced by an EU directive. I think that this article should be edited to reflect this fact. --Paschal Lehany (talk) 18:10, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Untitled
shouldn't the title of all these articles have a lower case R for "rights"? as in Gay rights in Germany... gren 09:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Rubbercell?
I removed this from the article.... looks and smells like vandalism to me?

Politicians in rubber cells (padded cells)

There has become a new fetish by using condoms, when the gays put the condoms over their heads.But a new law order that every gay who use the condom on that way is punished with five years rubber cell (padded cell) and punished by a torturer of SM studio with a rubber truncheon. This law is supported by the pope (see also the pope and medieval torture)(Gesetz zur Verhütung nächtlicher Begeisterung) (law against hatting with Ghost-hat) But unfortunately it cannot stopped because it`s a new fetish by the gaymen. Gay Politicians like Klaus Wowereit, Volker Beck etc. accept this punishment when they can protect their bodies with diving suits. A dig debate has begun in society and politics. Questions with people from the science of voting: results: 35% against diving suits by torture and prefer the traditional torture shirt 55% accept this but only by diving suits painted with flowers. 5% have no opinion --MadiZone 13:41, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It is already repaired, so: where is the problem? --84.160.13.4 00:52, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Introduction
the introduction sentence is ridicilously flat and solely feeds on stereotypes of Nazi Germany. 1) the country had significant movements already in the 19th century 2) gay life in Germany has been very vibrant at least since the late 80s (Cologne scene etc) and 3) the "long history" of opression is merly 12 years. Please update the intro —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.156.224.44 (talk) 03:16, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Agreed. Germany in the 1920s was one of the more liberal and accepting societies until World War II, with the Nazi coup. There is no need to pretend that Germany was a hateful society for all of history until after they were "liberated". We need to complete the history, not feed on the fact that the Allied occupiers decided to keep §175. We need to add about the LGBT rights movements starting even before Prussia united the German Empire. 68.35.55.55 (talk) 19:13, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Possible merge of Homosexuality in Germany (May 2010)
Thread is at Talk:Homosexuality in Germany. Wikignome0530 (talk) 23:12, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Anti-Discrimination Laws
The antidiscrimination section only refers to discrimination on the basis of employment. What about accomodation, goods and service provision? If it indeed differs from state to state, then this may require some additional tabulated information. Calibanu (talk) 00:33, 29 December 2010 (UTC)User Calibanu

Donating blood
I have never heared about gay men being banned from donating blood! They'd have to ask whether or not a person is gay and had ever a sexual relation with one or more persons of the same sex! But to ask such questions is illegal. So there might be a law which prohibits the distribution of blood from so called risk groups but who could control this? The link on this site which seems to prove that donating blood in Germany is illegal goes just for an institution in Hamburg! By far the biggest collector of blood donations is the German Red Cross and on their site you can't find anything about persons of certain sexual orientations are being banned from donating blood. There sure are restrictions but not because of being gay. Here is a link to the DRK (German Red Cross) site where you can see gay persons aren't banned from donating blood! http://www.drk-blutspende.de/informationen_zur_blutspende/wer_darf_blut_spenden.php Please change this in the article!! --92.223.57.186 (talk) 06:56, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

You're right. Gays are not banned from blood donation officially. But, in fact, they are. Because every "Man, who had sex with another man" can't donate blood for life. And I guess this is true for about 99 % of all gay above 18, right? 77.5.43.200 (talk) 00:44, 2 March 2012 (UTC)

You are forgetting the 20th character in the alphabet
The T dangling like a limpid fish at the end of the LGB doesn't appear to be mentioned anywhere in the article. 12.181.125.85 (talk) 18:27, 8 February 2012 (UTC)

Klaus Wowereit
"The mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, is one of the most famous openly gay men in Germany." Klaus Wowereit is no longer the mayor of Berlin. So it should be "former mayor". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.71.200.78 (talk) 13:43, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

"Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas" in summary table
I don't think that the check mark in this line is warranted.

The German Anti-Discrimination Act covers - apart from employment treated elsewhere - the following:

"Any discrimination on the grounds of [...] sexual orientation shall be illegal when founding, executing or terminating civil-law obligations which 1. typically arise without regard of person in a large number of cases under comparable conditions (bulk business) or where the regard of person is of subordinate significance on account of the obligation and the comparable conditions arise in a large number of cases ; or which 2. have as their object a private-law insurance"

So, if it's neither "bulk business" nor an insurance, you're not protected. I think that pretty well covers "provision of goods and services" but not "all other areas".

As to German hate speech legislation, described under "Volksverhetzung", this has proven to be very difficult to apply to anti-gay speech. You'll probably make a chance to be convicted, if you run around in a group chanting "the faggots to the gas chambers", but with less than that, you don't risk a lot. E.g. a Christian fundamentalist party had stated that "Gays are responsible for more than six million people killed by AIDS which they have sacrificed to the satisfaction of their counternatural lust. [...] So-called homosexual love only is a self-centered abuse of the partner" Etc. The Prosecution Service refused to act, as this didn't amount to "assault on human dignity" in the legal sense.. Whatever one thinks about the balance between free speech and protection of minorities (I'm not judging here), I doubt that this is the kind of law readers would expect from a check mark in a line saying "including hate speech". Sigur (talk) 20:53, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:LGBT rights in Germany