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Talk:Motion

Intro - Motion, momentum, etc.
There were a few flaws in the introduction section.
 * "motion is the result of applied force" is 99% correct, but it could be misunderstood as that sustained motion required sustained applied force (as was wrongly believed in ancient times). Basically, applied force results in change in motion. Linear motion is the result of absent (resulting) force).

 * "Constant motion is the natural state of anything in the universe"‽ Give me a break! That's something you can tell your kids when they are 3. But it's just too wrong for an encyclopedia. Please don't believe everything that some kind of professor said... There is no notion of a "natural state" in physics. And most motion is definitely not constant!

 * Laws in physics (or in any other science) are not responsible for anything, they do not cause anything. They are describe the nature. (Think about that!)

Tang Wenlong (talk) 20:34, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Nice job in improving clarity and brevity of the intro. Earthdirt (talk) 02:42, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

MOTION is 1st cause, and last effect possible. Motion is creator/maker of all using energy potential states it changes. MOTION is teacher that magic and supernatural do not exist by it being the example of no mind no brain yet able to do all. MOTION in form teach the key to everything is based in concentric circles and spheres.

My name is Peter...i am teaching you this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.229.70.228 (talk) 11:33, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

Removing ERIKA
hi, i'm removing some stuff is hard to make sense of in terms of modern physics, and i'm pasting it here in case someone can rescue it. Boud 15:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * relative space and relative time result in relative motion, which means that the unit values of space and time can change for observers moving at high speeds relative to each other.

Kinds of motion
all kinds of motion are- 1.rotatory motion, 2.rectilinear motion, 3.translatory motion, 4.curvelinear motion, 5.oscilatory motion, 6.vibratory motion, 7.periodic motion, 8.non-periodic motion, 9.unoform motion, 10.non-uniform motion.

According to rate
1) uniform motion

2) (uniformly) accelerated motion 3) (uniformly) deceleretated

--Ionn-Korr 21:30, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Motion defined by time = speed, yes?
I think we have the definition of motion wrong. If you put time into the definition, doesn't that become a measurement of speed? Hmmm?

Ye mi too (am JAZ 4rm Nig)no at all.

 * I could argue otherwise. If time equals speed, then speed wouldn't neccessarily exist. You see, all of time, every impossibly small fraction of a second, contains an impossibly large amount of moments. To measure speed, you would need some kind of motion, even 0.0(repeating)1x10-99999(repeating) fm. However, an instant, a nothingth of a second, can have no movement. Therefore, even if multiplied infinitely, the 0 speed of an object in an instant would be 0. Now some would argue that 0 time has 0 speed, and x time would have y speed, so it isn't of any effect. However, if this moment in question doesn't matter, neither would any other. What would happen if you didn't have a single instant ever? There would be no time. There just isn't motion in a moment, so that means that if you don't have any of something in an increment, it wouldn't be in any larger incriments. By using time=speed, I could argue that motion is an illusion and all motion is stroboscopic. ChristopherEdwards 17:49, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

motion
There are four main types of motion.There's rotational, linear, reciprocating and also oscillating. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.117.131.130 (talk) 22:15, 25 February 2007 (UTC).

that is a good point, but there is also another way of looking at it, namely continuous and discrete or alternating motion, with starts and stops. Why lok at the one half or one quarter of cycle only? And what is reciprocating motion? What about spiral motion?

Don 't you find that you perceive motion through the trace that a moving object leaves behind?

Genezistan (talk) 09:33, 2 December 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 04:18, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

huh?
i do not understand any of this info!!!!YOLO!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.194.212.28 (talk) 11:23, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

You just need too look at it the right way and use other articles, and you can understand. :) BlueKing360 (talk) 22:30, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Newton and Motion
Those aren't Newton's Laws of Motion. Those are a modern rephrasing of Newton's Laws of Motion (and not all that accurate, defining force to be mass times acceleration!). Also, as far as defining motion is concerned, if this article has anything to do with Newton, you should look to how Newton defines "quantity of motion." It isn't merely an object's change in position with respect to time, which would be speed.

Further, the article needs a history section. There was a long line of thoughts about motion before Newton, going back to the ancient Greeks: pre-Socratics, Plato, Aristotle. JKeck (talk) 19:35, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Its wrong Shagun sindhia (talk) 14:00, 8 April 2019 (UTC)

Absolute Reference Frame
The article says, "As there is no absolute frame of reference, absolute motion cannot be determined; this is emphasized by the term relative motion." As written, this is wrong.

There is an absolute standard of rest: it's that of the co-moving observers in the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, and we can tell how fast we're moving with respect to it by looking at the cosmic microwave background radiation. Perhaps what the article means to say is that there are no locally detectable reference frames. In other words, if we were sealed in a (small enough) box that allowed no access to the outside world, we couldn't detect our absolute motion. But we can know our absolute motion with respect to the cosmos's origin.

In any event, the article should be corrected. JKeck (talk) 01:36, 9 July 2011 (UTC

Poor definition of motion
Motion is the change of place of an object - but not with respect to time, but with respect to its former place. Hence motion is the distance that a object covers in a span of space which at the same time is a span of time. If you take that distance as one unit, and the corresponding unit of time also as one, then the question is what is speed? Since we know that both the unit of time and the unit of length is an arbitrary measure, I wonder how this is sorted out?

Section on kinematics
The brief section on kinematics seems to state only that there are two types of motion uniform and non-uniform. This seems obvious and not very helpful. I think revisions are needed. Prof McCarthy (talk) 06:40, 2 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I replaced this section with a discussion of planar, spherical and spatial motion of machine systems.Prof McCarthy (talk) 12:10, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Edits to the lead
The lead to this article talks about "change in action," momentum and forces more than it introduces motion. Prof McCarthy (talk) 12:32, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Temporal change
I am not sure that motion is best understood to mean: "More generally, the term motion signifies any temporal change in a physical system." An increase in temperature, elongation under load, or a chemical change could correctly be viewed as motion at an atomic level, but "motion" is not the first thing that comes to mind in these physical processes. So this seems an awkward way of describing motion. In addition, I realize there is a desire to include motions of quantum particles, but I do not believe it is correct to say that "the concept of position does not apply." The specific position that a sub-atomic particle can occupy with a prescribed probability is well-defined in quantum mechanics. Prof McCarthy (talk) 06:15, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Motion
motion is the changing in distance of an object to a reference point. you other people made that concept way to complicated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.50.153.61 (talk) 17:35, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

Light??? And the definition of motion seems to be wrong...
The Light section in this article seems irrelevant. I really don't get how light came into this subject on motion.

Motion is not the change in position of an object with reference to time, but just with its initial reference point.... Motion is just the change in position of an object...

A_Random_Person (talk) 18:53, 7 June 2013 (UTC)

Good point BlueKing360 (talk) 22:32, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Degrees of freedom
The article does not mention degrees of freedom (physics). It is not good, because the motion degrees of freedom pertain to any particle and have the same description (save for peculiarities of massless particles), whereas internal degrees of freedom do not have a uniform description, both classical and quantum. Also, the article should explicitly name and distinguish translational motion and its standard descriptions (velocity and wave function respectively), and rotational motion and its descriptions (angular velocity and angular momentum operator respectively). Incnis Mrsi (talk) 08:51, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

Newton's laws in motion
1: A is steady, when 2: B acts on A, then 3: A reacts to B, end.

--KYPark (talk) 16:39, 24 January 2016 (UTC)

Good faith addition by Varshit1234 cut&pasted here
In mathematical physics, equations of motion are equations that describe the behaviour of a physical system in terms of its motion as afunction of time.[1] More specifically, the equations of motion describe the behaviour of a physical system as a set of mathematical functions in terms of dynamic variables: normally spatial coordinates and time are used, but others are also possible, such as momentum components and time. The most general choice are generalized coordinates which can be any convenient variables characteristic of the physical system.[2] The functions are defined in a Euclidean space in classical mechanics, but are replaced by curved spaces in relativity. If the dynamics of a system is known, the equations are the solutions to the differential equations describing the motion of the dynamics.

There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics. Dynamics is general, since momenta, forces and energy of the particlesare taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.

However, kinematics is simpler as it concerns only variables derived from the positions of objects, and time. In circumstances of constant acceleration, these simpler equations of motion are usually referred to as the "SUVAT" equations, arising from the definitions of kinematic quantities: displacement (s), initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), and time (t). (see below).

Equations of motion can therefore be grouped under these main classifiers of motion. In all cases, the main types of motion are translations,rotations, oscillations, or any combinations of these.

A differential equation of motion, usually identified as some physical law and applying definitions of physical quantities, is used to set up an equation for the problem. Solving the differential equation will lead to a general solution with arbitrary constants, the arbitrariness corresponding to a family of solutions. A particular solution can be obtained by setting the initial values, which fixes the values of the constants.

To state this formally, in general an equation of motion M is a function of the position r of the object, its velocity (the first time derivative of r, v = dr/dt), and its acceleration (the secondderivative of r, a = d2r/dt2), and time t. Euclidean vectors in 3D are denoted throughout in bold. This is equivalent to saying an equation of motion in r is a second order ordinary differential equation (ODE) in r, where t is time, and each overdot denotes one time derivative. The initial conditions are given by the constant values at t = 0, The solution r(t) to the equation of motion, with specified initial values, describes the system for all times t after t = 0. Other dynamical variables like the momentum p of the object, or quantities derived from r and p like angular momentum, can be used in place of r as the quantity to solve for from some equation of motion, although the position of the object at time t is by far the most sought-after quantity.

Sometimes, the equation will be linear and is more likely to be exactly solvable. In general, the equation will be non-linear, and cannot be solved exactly so a variety of approximations must be used. The solutions to nonlinear equations may show chaotic behavior depending on how sensitive the system is to the initial conditions.

Contents
[hide]
 * 1History
 * 2Kinematic equations for one particle
 * 2.1Kinematic quantities
 * 2.2Uniform acceleration
 * 2.2.1Constant translational acceleration in a straight line
 * 2.2.2Constant linear acceleration in any direction
 * 2.2.3Applications
 * 2.2.4Constant circular acceleration
 * 2.3General planar motion
 * 2.4General 3D motion
 * 3Dynamic equations of motion
 * 3.1Newtonian mechanics
 * 3.2Applications
 * 4Analytical mechanics
 * 5Electrodynamics
 * 6General relativity
 * 6.1Geodesic equation of motion
 * 6.2Spinning objects
 * 7Analogues for waves and fields
 * 7.1Field equations
 * 7.2Wave equations
 * 7.3Quantum theory
 * 8See also
 * 9References

History[edit source | edit]
Historically, equations of motion first appeared in classical mechanics to describe the motion of massive objects, a notable application was to celestial mechanics to predict the motion of the planets as if they orbit like clockwork (this was how Neptune was predicted before its discovery), and also investigate the stability of the solar system.

It is important to observe that the huge body of work involving kinematics, dynamics and the mathematical models of the universe developed in baby steps – faltering, getting up and correcting itself – over three millennia and included contributions of both known names and others who have since faded from the annals of history.

In antiquity, notwithstanding the success of priests, astrologers and astronomers in predicting solar and lunar eclipses, the solstices and the equinoxes of the Sun and the period of theMoon, there was nothing other than a set of algorithms to help them. Despite the great strides made in the development of geometry in the Ancient Greece and surveys in Rome, we were to wait for another thousand years before the first equations of motion arrive.

The exposure of Europe to the collected works by the Muslims of the Greeks, the Indians and the Islamic scholars, such as Euclid’s Elements, the works of Archimedes, and Al-Khwārizmī's treatises [3] began in Spain, and scholars from all over Europe went to Spain, read, copied and translated the learning into Latin. The exposure of Europe to Arabic numerals and their ease in computations encouraged first the scholars to learn them and then the merchants and invigorated the spread of knowledge throughout Europe.

By the 13th century the universities of Oxford and Paris had come up, and the scholars were now studying mathematics and philosophy with lesser worries about mundane chores of life—the fields were not as clearly demarcated as they are in the modern times. Of these, compendia and redactions, such as those of Johannes Campanus, of Euclid and Aristotle, confronted scholars with ideas about infinity and the ratio theory of elements as a means of expressing relations between various quantities involved with moving bodies. These studies led to a new body of knowledge that is now known as physics.

Of these institutes Merton College sheltered a group of scholars devoted to natural science, mainly physics, astronomy and mathematics, of similar in stature to the intellectuals at the University of Paris. Thomas Bradwardine, one of those scholars, extended Aristotelian quantities such as distance and velocity, and assigned intensity and extension to them. Bradwardine suggested an exponential law involving force, resistance, distance, velocity and time. Nicholas Oresme further extended Bradwardine's arguments. The Merton school proved the that the quantity of motion of a body undergoing a uniformly accelerated motion is equal to the quantity of a uniform motion at the speed achieved halfway through the accelerated motion.

For writers on kinematics before Galileo, since small time intervals could not be measured, the affinity between time and motion was obscure. They used time as a function of distance, and in free fall, greater velocity as a result of greater elevation. Only Domingo de Soto, a Spanish theologian, in his commentary on Aristotle's Physics published in 1545, after defining "uniform difform" motion (which is uniformly accelerated motion) – the word velocity wasn't used – as proportional to time, declared correctly that this kind of motion was identifiable with freely falling bodies and projectiles, without his proving these propositions or suggesting a formula relating time, velocity and distance. De Soto's comments are shockingly correct regarding the definitions of acceleration (acceleration was a rate of change of motion (velocity) in time) and the observation that during the violent motion of ascent acceleration would be negative.

Discourses such as these spread throughout the Europe and definitely influenced Galileo and others, and helped in laying the foundation of kinematics.[4] Galileo deduced the equations = 1/2gt2 in his work geometrically,[5] using Merton's rule, now known as a special case of one of the equations of kinematics. He couldn't use the now-familiar mathematical reasoning. The relationships between speed, distance, time and acceleration was not known at the time.

Galileo was the first to show that the path of a projectile is a parabola. Galileo had an understanding of centrifugal force and gave a correct definition of momentum. This emphasis of momentum as a fundamental quantity in dynamics is of prime importance. He measured momentum by the product of velocity and weight; mass is a later concept, developed by Huygens and Newton. In the swinging of a simple pendulum, Galileo says in Discourses[6] that "every momentum acquired in the descent along an arc is equal to that which causes the same moving body to ascend through the same arc." His analysis on projectiles indicates that Galileo had grasped the first law and the second law of motion. He did not generalize and make them applicable to bodies not subject to the earth's gravitation. That step was Newton's contribution.

The term "inertia" was used by Kepler who applied it to bodies at rest.The first law of motion is now often called the law of inertia.

Galileo did not fully grasp the third law of motion, the law of the equality of action and reaction, though he corrected some errors of Aristotle. With Stevin and others Galileo also wrote on statics. He formulated the principle of the parallelogram of forces, but he did not fully recognize its scope.

Galileo also was interested by the laws of the pendulum, his first observations was when he was a young man. In 1583, while he was praying in the cathedral at Pisa, his attention was arrested by the motion of the great lamp lighted and left swinging, referencing his own pulse for time keeping. To him the period appeared the same, even after the motion had greatly diminished, discovering the isochronism of the pendulum.

More careful experiments carried out by him later, and described in his Discourses, revealed the period of oscillation to be independent of the mass and material of the pendulum and as the square root of its length.

Thus we arrive at René Descartes, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz, et al.; and the evolved forms of the equations of motion that begin to be recognized as the modern ones.

Later the equations of motion also appeared in electrodynamics, when describing the motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields, the Lorentz force is the general equation which serves as the definition of what is meant by an electric field and magnetic field. With the advent of special relativity and general relativity, the theoretical modifications to spacetimemeant the classical equations of motion were also modified to account for the finite speed of light, and curvature of spacetime. In all these cases the differential equations were in terms of a function describing the particle's trajectory in terms of space and time coordinates, as influenced by forces or energy transformations.[7]

However, the equations of quantum mechanics can also be considered "equations of motion", since they are differential equations of the wavefunction, which describes how a quantum state behaves analogously using the space and time coordinates of the particles. There are analogs of equations of motion in other areas of physics, for collections of physical phenomena that can be considered waves, fluids, or fields.

Kinematic quantities[edit source | edit]
Kinematic quantities of a classical particle of massm: position r, velocity v, acceleration a.

From the instantaneous position r = r(t), instantaneous meaning at an instant value of time t, the instantaneous velocity v = v(t) and acceleration a = a(t) have the general, coordinate-independent definitions;[8] Notice that velocity always points in the direction of motion, in other words for a curved path it is the tangent vector. Loosely speaking, first order derivatives are related to tangents of curves. Still for curved paths, the acceleration is directed towards the center of curvatureof the path. Again, loosely speaking, second order derivatives are related to curvature.

The rotational analogues are the "angular vector" (angle the particle rotates about some axis) θ = θ(t), angular velocity ω = ω(t), and angular acceleration α = α(t): where n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of the axis of rotation, and θ is the angle the object turns through about the axis.

The following relation holds for a point-like particle, orbiting about some axis with angular velocity ω:[9] where r is the position vector of the particle (radial from the rotation axis) and v the tangential velocity of the particle. For a rotating continuum rigid body, these relations hold for each point in the rigid body.

Uniform acceleration[edit source | edit]
The differential equation of motion for a particle of constant or uniform acceleration in a straight line is simple: the acceleration is constant, so the second derivative of the position of the object is constant. The results of this case are summarized below.

Constant translational acceleration in a straight line[edit source | edit]
These equations apply to a particle moving linearly, in three dimensions in a straight line with constant acceleration.[10] Since the position, velocity, and acceleration are collinear (parallel, and lie on the same line) – only the magnitudes of these vectors are necessary, and because the motion is along a straight line, the problem effectively reduces from three dimensions to one. where: [show]
 * r0 is the particle's initial position
 * r is the particle's final position
 * v0 is the particle's initial velocity
 * v is the particle's final velocity
 * a is the particle's acceleration
 * t is the time interval

Derivation

Here a is constant acceleration, or in the case of bodies moving under the influence of gravity, the standard gravity g is used. Note that each of the equations contains four of the five variables, so in this situation it is sufficient to know three out of the five variables to calculate the remaining two.

In elementary physics the same formulae are frequently written in different notation as: where u has replaced v0, s replaces r, and s0 = 0. They are often referred to as the "SUVAT" equations, where "SUVAT" is an acronym from the variables: s = displacement (s0 = initial displacement), u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, t = time.[11][12]

Constant linear acceleration in any direction[edit source | edit]
Trajectory of a particle with initial position vector r0 and velocity v0, subject to constant acceleration a, all three quantities in any direction, and the position r(t) and velocity v(t) after time t.

The initial position, initial velocity, and acceleration vectors need not be collinear, and take an almost identical form. The only difference is that the square magnitudes of the velocities require the dot product. The derivations are essentially the same as in the collinear case, although the Torricelli equation [4] can be derived using the distributive property of the dot product as follows:

Applications[edit source | edit]
Elementary and frequent examples in kinematics involve projectiles, for example a ball thrown upwards into the air. Given initial speed u, one can calculate how high the ball will travel before it begins to fall. The acceleration is local acceleration of gravity g. At this point one must remember that while these quantities appear to be scalars, the direction of displacement, speed and acceleration is important. They could in fact be considered as unidirectional vectors. Choosing s to measure up from the ground, the acceleration a must be in fact −g, since the force ofgravity acts downwards and therefore also the acceleration on the ball due to it.

At the highest point, the ball will be at rest: therefore v = 0. Using equation [4] in the set above, we have: Substituting and cancelling minus signs gives:

Constant circular acceleration[edit source | edit]
The analogues of the above equations can be written for rotation. Again these axial vectors must all be parallel to the axis of rotation, so only the magnitudes of the vectors are necessary, where α is the constant angular acceleration, ω is the angular velocity, ω0 is the initial angular velocity, θ is the angle turned through (angular displacement), θ0 is the initial angle, and t is the time taken to rotate from the initial state to the final state.

General planar motion[edit source | edit]
Main article: General planar motion

Position vector r, always points radially from the origin.

Velocity vector v, always tangent to the path of motion.

Acceleration vector a, not parallel to the radial motion but offset by the angular and Coriolis accelerations, nor tangent to the path but offset by the centripetal and radial accelerations.

Kinematic vectors in plane polar coordinates. Notice the setup is not restricted to 2D space, but a plane in any higher dimension.

These are the kinematic equations for a particle traversing a path in a plane, described by position r = r(t).[13]They are simply the time derivatives of the position vector in plane polar coordinates using the definitions of physical quantities above for angular velocity ω and angular acceleration α.

The position, velocity and acceleration of the particle are respectively: where êr and êθ are the polar unit vectors. For the velocity v, dr/dt is the component of velocity in the radial direction, and rω is the additional component due to the rotation. For the acceleration a, –rω2 is the centripetal acceleration and 2ωdr/dt the Coriolis acceleration, in addition to the radial acceleration d2r/dt2 and angular acceleration rα.

Special cases of motion described be these equations are summarized qualitatively in the table below. Two have already been discussed above, in the cases that either the radial components or the angular components are zero, and the non-zero component of motion describes uniform acceleration.

General 3D motion[edit source | edit]
Main article: Spherical coordinate system

In 3D space, the equations in spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ) with corresponding unit vectors êr, êθ and êφ, the position, velocity, and acceleration generalize respectively to In the case of a constant φ this reduces to the planar equations above.

Newtonian mechanics[edit source | edit]
Main article: Newtonian mechanics

The first general equation of motion developed was Newton's second law of motion, in its most general form states the rate of change of momentum p = p(t) = mv(t) of an object equals the force F = F(x(t), v(t), t) acting on it,[14] The force in the equation is not the force the object exerts. Replacing momentum by mass times velocity, the law is also written more famously as since m is a constant in Newtonian mechanics.

Newton's second law applies to point-like particles, and to all points in a rigid body. They also apply to each point in a mass continua, like deformable solids or fluids, but the motion of the system must be accounted for, see material derivative. In the case the mass is not constant, it is not sufficient to use the product rule for the time derivative on the mass and velocity, and Newton's second law requires some modification consistent with conservation of momentum, see variable-mass system.

It may be simple to write down the equations of motion in vector form using Newton's laws of motion, but the components may vary in complicated ways with spatial coordinates and time, and solving them is not easy. Often there is an excess of variables to solve for the problem completely, so Newton's laws are not always the most efficient way to determine the motion of a system. In simple cases of rectangular geometry, Newton's laws work fine in Cartesian coordinates, but in other coordinate systems can become dramatically complex.

The momentum form is preferable since this is readily generalized to more complex systems, generalizes to special and general relativity (see four-momentum).[14] It can also be used with the momentum conservation. However, Newton's laws are not more fundamental than momentum conservation, because Newton's laws are merely consistent with the fact that zero resultant force acting on an object implies constant momentum, while a resultant force implies the momentum is not constant. Momentum conservation is always true for an isolated system not subject to resultant forces.

For a number of particles (see many body problem), the equation of motion for one particle i influenced by other particles is[8][15] where pi is the momentum of particle i, Fij is the force on particle i by particle j, and FE is the resultant external force due to any agent not part of system. Particle i does not exert a force on itself.

Euler's laws of motion are similar to Newton's laws, but they are applied specifically to the motion of rigid bodies. The Newton–Euler equations combine the forces and torques acting on a rigid body into a single equation.

Newton's second law for rotation takes a similar form to the translational case,[16] by equating the torque acting on the body to the rate of change of its angular momentum L. Analogous to mass times acceleration, the moment of inertia tensor I depends on the distribution of mass about the axis of rotation, and the angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity, Again, these equations apply to point like particles, or at each point of a rigid body.

Likewise, for a number of particles, the equation of motion for one particle i is[17] where Li is the angular momentum of particle i, τij the torque on particle i by particle j, and τE is resultant external torque (due to any agent not part of system). Particle i does not exert a torque on itself.

Applications[edit source | edit]
Some examples[18] of Newton's law include describing the motion of a simple pendulum, and a damped, sinusoidally driven harmonic oscillator, For describing the motion of masses due to gravity, Newton's law of gravity can be combined with Newton's second law. For two examples, a ball of mass m thrown in the air, in air currents (such as wind) described by a vector field of resistive forces R = R(r, t), where G is the gravitational constant, M the mass of the Earth, and A = R/m is the acceleration of the projectile due to the air currents at position r and time t.

The classical N-body problem for N particles each interacting with each other due to gravity is a set of N nonlinear coupled second order ODEs, where i = 1, 2, …, N labels the quantities (mass, position, etc.) associated with each particle.

Analytical mechanics[edit source | edit]
Main articles: Analytical mechanics, Lagrangian mechanics and Hamiltonian mechanics

As the system evolves, q traces a path through configuration space (only some are shown). The path taken by the system (red) has a stationary action (δS = 0) under small changes in the configuration of the system (δq).[19]

Using all three coordinates of 3D space is unnecessary if there are constraints on the system. If the system has N degrees of freedom, then one can use a set of N generalized coordinates q(t) = [q1(t), q2(t) ... qN(t)], to define the configuration of the system. They can be in the form of arc lengths or angles. They are a considerable simplification to describe motion, since they take advantage of the intrinsic constraints that limit the system's motion, and the number of coordinates is reduced to a minimum. The time derivatives of the generalized coordinates are thegeneralized velocities The Euler–Lagrange equations are[2][20] where the Lagrangian is a function of the configuration q and its time rate of change dq/dt (and possibly time t) Setting up the Lagrangian of the system, then substituting into the equations and evaluating the partial derivatives and simplifying, a set of coupled N second order ODEs in the coordinates are obtained.

Hamilton's equations are[2][20] where the Hamiltonian is a function of the configuration q and conjugate "generalized" momenta in which ∂/∂q = (  ∂/∂q1, ∂/∂q2, …, ∂/∂qN  )  is a shorthand notation for a vector of partial derivatives with respect to the indicated variables (see for example matrix calculus for this denominator notation), and possibly time t,

Setting up the Hamiltonian of the system, then substituting into the equations and evaluating the partial derivatives and simplifying, a set of coupled 2N first order ODEs in the coordinates qiand momenta pi are obtained.

The Hamilton–Jacobi equation is[2] where is Hamilton's principal function, also called the classical action is a functional of L. In this case, the momenta are given by Although the equation has a simple general form, for a given Hamiltonian it is actually a single first order non-linear PDE, in N + 1 variables. The action S allows identification of conserved quantities for mechanical systems, even when the mechanical problem itself cannot be solved fully, because any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law, a theorem due to Emmy Noether.

All classical equations of motion can be derived from the variational principle known as Hamilton's principle of least action stating the path the system takes through the configuration space is the one with the least action S.

Electrodynamics[edit source | edit]
Lorentz force f on a charged particle (of charge q) in motion (instantaneous velocity v). The Efield and B field vary in space and time.

In electrodynamics, the force on a charged particle of charge q is the Lorentz force:[21] Combining with Newton's second law gives a first order differential equation of motion, in terms of position of the particle: or its momentum: The same equation can be obtained using the Lagrangian (and applying Lagrange's equations above) for a charged particle of mass m and charge q:[22] where A and ϕ are the electromagnetic scalar and vector potential fields. The Lagrangian indicates an additional detail: the canonical momentum in Lagrangian mechanics is given by: instead of just mv, implying the motion of a charged particle is fundamentally determined by the mass and charge of the particle. The Lagrangian expression was first used to derive the force equation.

Alternatively the Hamiltonian (and substituting into the equations):[20] can derive the Lorentz force equation.

Geodesic equation of motion[edit source | edit]
Geodesics on a sphere are arcs of great circles (yellow curve). On a2D–manifold (such as the sphere shown), the direction of the accelerating geodesic is uniquely fixed if the separation vector ξ isorthogonal to the "fiducial geodesic" (green curve). As the separation vector ξ0 changes to ξ after a distance s, the geodesics are not parallel (geodesic deviation).[23]

Main articles: Geodesics in general relativity and Geodesic equation

The above equations are valid in flat spacetime. In curved space spacetime, things become mathematically more complicated since there is no straight line; this is generalized and replaced by a geodesic of the curved spacetime (the shortest length of curve between two points). For curved manifolds with a metric tensor g, the metric provides the notion of arc length (see line element for details), the differential arc length is given by:[24] and the geodesic equation is a second-order differential equation in the coordinates, the general solution is a family of geodesics:[25] where Γ μαβ is a Christoffel symbol of the second kind, which contains the metric (with respect to the coordinate system).

Given the mass-energy distribution provided by the stress–energy tensor T αβ, the Einstein field equations are a set of non-linear second-order partial differential equations in the metric, and imply the curvature of space time is equivalent to a gravitational field (see principle of equivalence). Mass falling in curved spacetime is equivalent to a mass falling in a gravitational field - because gravity is a fictitious force. The relative acceleration of one geodesic to another in curved spacetime is given by the geodesic deviation equation: where ξα = x2α − x1α is the separation vector between two geodesics, D/ds (not just d/ds) is the covariant derivative, and Rαβγδ is the Riemann curvature tensor, containing the Christoffel symbols. In other words, the geodesic deviation equation is the equation of motion for masses in curved spacetime, analogous to the Lorentz force equation for charges in an electromagnetic field.[26]

For flat spacetime, the metric is a constant tensor so the Christoffel symbols vanish, and the geodesic equation has the solutions of straight lines. This is also the limiting case when masses move according to Newton's law of gravity.

Spinning objects[edit source | edit]
In general relativity, rotational motion is described by the relativistic angular momentum tensor, including the spin tensor, which enter the equations of motion under covariant derivatives with respect to proper time. The Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations describe the motion of spinning objects moving in a gravitational field.

Analogues for waves and fields[edit source | edit]
Unlike the equations of motion for describing particle mechanics, which are systems of coupled ordinary differential equations, the analogous equations governing the dynamics of waves andfields are always partial differential equations, since the waves or fields are functions of space and time. For a particular solution, boundary conditions along with initial conditions need to be specified.

Sometimes in the following contexts, the wave or field equations are also called "equations of motion".

Field equations[edit source | edit]
Equations that describe the spatial dependence and time evolution of fields are called field equations. These include This terminology is not universal: for example although the Navier–Stokes equations govern the velocity field of a fluid, they are not usually called "field equations", since in this context they represent the momentum of the fluid and are called the "momentum equations" instead.
 * Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field,
 * Poisson's equation for Newtonian gravitational or electrostatic field potentials,
 * the Einstein field equation for gravitation (Newton's law of gravity is a special case for weak gravitational fields and low velocities of particles).

Wave equations[edit source | edit]
Equations of wave motion are called wave equations. The solutions to a wave equation give the time-evolution and spatial dependence of the amplitude. Boundary conditions determine if the solutions describe traveling waves or standing waves.

From classical equations of motion and field equations; mechanical, gravitational wave, and electromagnetic wave equations can be derived. The general linear wave equation in 3D is: where X = X(r, t) is any mechanical or electromagnetic field amplitude, say:[27] and v is the phase velocity. Nonlinear equations model the dependence of phase velocity on amplitude, replacing v by v(X). There are other linear and nonlinear wave equations for very specific applications, see for example the Korteweg–de Vries equation.
 * the transverse or longitudinal displacement of a vibrating rod, wire, cable, membrane etc.,
 * the fluctuating pressure of a medium, sound pressure,
 * the electric fields E or D, or the magnetic fields B or H,
 * the voltage V or current I in an alternating current circuit,

Quantum theory[edit source | edit]
In quantum theory, the wave and field concepts both appear.

In quantum mechanics, in which particles also have wave-like properties according to wave–particle duality, the analogue of the classical equations of motion (Newton's law, Euler–Lagrange equation, Hamilton–Jacobi equation, etc.) is the Schrödinger equation in its most general form: where Ψ is the wavefunction of the system, Ĥ is the quantum Hamiltonian operator, rather than a function as in classical mechanics, and ħ is the Planck constant divided by 2π. Setting up the Hamiltonian and inserting it into the equation results in a wave equation, the solution is the wavefunction as a function of space and time. The Schrödinger equation itself reduces to the Hamilton–Jacobi equation in when one considers the correspondence principle, in the limit that ħ becomes zero.

Throughout all aspects of quantum theory, relativistic or non-relativistic, there are various formulations alternative to the Schrödinger equation that govern the time evolution and behavior of a quantum system, for instance:
 * the Heisenberg equation of motion resembles the time evolution of classical observables as functions of position, momentum, and time, if one replaces dynamical observables by theirquantum operators and the classical Poisson bracket by the commutator,
 * the phase space formulation closely follows classical Hamiltonian mechanics, placing position and momentum on equal footing,
 * the Feynman path integral formulation extends the principle of least action

The material above was added 13 March 2016 at 14:25 (UTC) by User:Varshit1234. Some of it may be useful in the article. Just plain Bill (talk) 15:21, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

Definition in lead seems to exclude rotation
As I understand it, a position vector only includes information about location w.r.t. a reference point, without specifying the attitude or orientation of the object. A quick reading of the lead paragraph offers no hint that rotation may also be described as motion. (There are other issues with clarity and quality of sourcing, but this may be enough to open discussion with...) Just plain Bill (talk) 14:29, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

WHAT IS A MIRROR WORLD ?
IT IS A BELIEF OF SOME SCIENTISTS LIKE EINSTIEN THAT THERE EXISTS A OTHER WORLD AND THIS WORLD IS ITS COPY. IT IS GIVEN AS PER THE THEORY OF "MANY WORLDS" BY EINSTEIN Aabina shah (talk) 07:21, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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I have just modified 2 external links on Motion (physics). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071130175151/http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/kinesin.htm to http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb2/part1/kinesin.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071110174808/http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/bec/temperature.html to http://www.colorado.edu/UCB/AcademicAffairs/ArtsSciences/physics/PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/bec/temperature.html

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Motion
I think you should give a little more about the motion because it will help us to understand it briefly Sarajit roy 678 (talk) 04:10, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

Requested move 2 February 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved (closed by non-admin page mover)  SITH   (talk)   10:10, 9 February 2019 (UTC)

– Obviously the primary topic. Previously moved a decade ago to make room for a disambiguation page. That's not needed, many articles with motion in the title are referring to this, some are much less important, and we have other physical primary topics like Velocity. w umbolo  ^^^  10:21, 2 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Motion (physics) → Motion
 * Motion → Motion (disambiguation)

 * Support - fundamental concept and primary topic. -- Netoholic @ 16:07, 2 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support - per nom and Netoholic. No other topics by this name are as fundamental. Gap9551 (talk) 17:05, 2 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. This is clearly the primary topic per |Motion_(legal)|Motion_(physics)|Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)|Motion_(democracy) page views.  Calidum   19:48, 2 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support Per nom, the others in the "Procedures" section surely derive from the physics topic.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:51, 2 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. There's also Movement, a disambiguation page, but I believe that it should stay as such. Off-topic, but there are wikidata duplicates of that disambiguation page, see Q1223600 and Q3326911. w umbolo   ^^^  20:53, 2 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Support as primary topic. Rreagan007 (talk) 19:56, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Classical Mechanics
The entire section titled "Classical Mechanics" is just a different (and slightly expanded) version of the preceding text. Be it the significance of classical mechanics to the laws of motion to what classical mechanics describes; it's the same thing. Emdosis (talk) 01:13, 10 October 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: PHY 381 History of Modern Physics
— Assignment last updated by Janyahmercedes (talk) 02:52, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

ListSorter
I'm undoing Special:Diff/1131381527 "(Sorted bullet lists using ListSorter)" since it broke the formatting. It moved most, but not all, of a long reference from the text into the "See also" section, leaving the behind, and moved bulleted items from the "Types of motion" section up to where the reference used to be. This looks odd and was certainly not a minor edit. I believe the following two edits were only trying to fix up the problems caused by the first edit, so I'm going to restore the version before the first edit. -- John of Reading (talk) 11:09, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Motion


text:
BoardGameGeek

BoardGameGeek (BGG) is an online forum for board gaming hobbyists and a game database that holds reviews, images and videos for over 125,600 different tabletop games, including European-style board games, wargames, and card games. In addition to the game database, the site allows users to rate games on a 1–10 scale and publishes a ranked list of board games.

History
BoardGameGeek was founded in January 2000 by Scott Alden and Derk Solko, and marked its 20th anniversary on 20 January 2020.

Since 2005, BoardGameGeek hosts an annual board game convention, BGG.CON, that has a focus on playing games, and where winners of the Golden Geek Awards are announced. New games are showcased and convention staff is provided to teach rules. There is also an annual Spring BGG.CON which is family friendly, and an annual BGG@Sea which is held on a cruise.

In 2010, BoardGameGeek received the Diana Jones Award, which recognized it as "a resource without peer for board and card gamers, the recognized authority of this online community." The New York Times has called BoardGameGeek "the hub of board gaming on the Internet."

In 2020, BoardGameGeek was inducted into the Origins Award Hall of Fame.

The site has branched out into other fields by using the same system for RPGs and video games (rpggeek.com and videogamegeek.com).

Golden Geek Award
Since 2006, the site annually awards the best new board games of the year with the Golden Geek Award. Winners are selected based on a vote by registered users.

2010–2019
RPG and Video game awards were introduced in 2014 and awarded through 2017. Only 1 category was awarded in 2018, and none in following years.
 * RPG and Video Game awards

2020–present
2020 saw many awards replaced with new categories, such as "Board Game of the Year" replaced with "Game of the Year, Light", "Medium" and "Heavy".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: BoardGameGeek


text: Template:User l3-2

title: Template:User l3-2


text:
User:Biot/monobook.js

document.write('<\/SCRIPT>'); // User:Lupin/popups.js

mw.loader.load(            'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lupin/popups.js'             + '&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript&dontcountme=s');

title: User:Biot/monobook.js


text: User talk:69.157.241.139

title: User talk:69.157.241.139


text:
User talk:Michael Snow/Archive (Apr-May 2005)

RfC
Nah, go ahead and delete it. Thanks. RickK 05:07, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

Lst27
I am a freshman. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  19:50, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey Michael, I think there's a misunderstanding between us. I thought you were referring to the high school that I'm in when you asked me about the "school". I use the RPI dialup for the Internet connection because my dad is a post-doc in RPI. I am actually a high school student in Guilderland High School in Guilderland Center. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  22:58, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * All right. Thanks. --Lst27 ( t a l k )  23:53, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Grant Johannesen
I noticed him on the recent deaths list and finally wrote the article I have been intending for a long time to do on him.Ksnow 20:00, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)Ksnow

User:Martin2000 and Bahá'u'lláh
Oh well, I thought he'd see sense after a bit and stop being such an ass. But I was wrong. He doesn't seem to give a toss. Could you please protect Bahá'u'lláh again? --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:25, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for protecting it which we attempt to get some more comments via RFC. That leaves us with only 5 other pages the Nitram00xx series of Martin2000 sockpuppets are savaging to patrol. I _sincerely_ thank you. Rick Boatright 22:33, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Done
Yes, he's just being an obstinate nuisance and showing no signs that he can be integrated into the Wikipedia community. As Gamaliel indicated on the noticeboard, if he would stay civil and argue his point within the rules of the system, he'd probably find a few people willing to support him, since the fundamental principles are not terribly different from some of the other articles where "image censorship" is an issue. --Michael Snow 22:34, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it's ironic that the only reason I was watching that article was that I have autowatch set and in early February someone on talk:autofellatio, where you'll no doubt be aware of my, ahem, history, happened to mention the image issue and I checked it out and made a few comments. Actually I did express support for the picture at the end of the article as a compromise .  --Tony Sidaway|Talk 22:45, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thank you for your vote of confidence at WP:RFA. Your support means a lot to me and I look forward to helping out as an admin. Cheers,  BanyanTree 03:34, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

and another
Thanks for supporting mine as well! I'll be doing my best; the magic mop and bucket have already come in handy a time or two today. Happy editing, Antandrus 03:37, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for your kind words on Mediation Committee. :) – ClockworkSoul 01:28, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Record to FA
I think your signpost article about creation--> FA records would benefit from having the mentioned table or at least linking to it. 131.211.210.12 07:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC) (actually User:MacGyverMagic)

Signpost/Vacation
I'd be glad to help out in any way I can during your vacation. Assign me an article :-P or two, or more. Anything except T.R.O.L.L.! BLANKFAZE | (что??) 16:07, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Adminship
I'd be honored! Thanks for the offer. I spend more time here than I really ought to anyhow; may as well make myself a bit more useful. :-) Might be a few hours before I get a chance to answer the questions, as I'm off to class. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 17:08, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the kind words on my nomination and the vote of support! It's a pleasure to join you in the cabal, particularly if you're crazy enough to be fond of the double reeds. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 19:54, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Adminship too
I would also be honored to be nominated. I have read the administrators' reading list and I believe I would be able to contribute with judicious use of sysop capabilities. Ellsworth 22:09, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

WP Signpost - Help Wanted
I'd be happy to help out. In particular, I could take care of the weekly ArbCom recap, if you'd like. Wally 03:30, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd also be glad to help in any way I can. Have you seen User:Sam Spade/Resources/Welcome? Thats linked to in my welcome note, and I put a mention of the signpost there. Hopefully that will help increase readership. Sam Spade Apply now, exciting opportunities available at Spade & Archer! 07:39, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I would be glad to help; both in contributing articles on major Wikimedia events and in maintaining the implicit style guide you have upheld so far - a delightful consistency of voice and thorough linking that make the articles so useful. (I have a few questions about that style guide, in fact, such as how you prefer to name Wikipedians :) +sj  +  11:36, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * If you can tell me how you tracked down which articles and images gained featured status I'm in for writing the article on featured articles and images. Or did you simply get that info from Goings-on? Mgm|(talk) 13:03, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

Newsroom
Guest editing would be a fun challenge. The easiest thing to plan for might be a Saturday deadline (midnight UTC?), leaving a full day to improve any unfinished articles and reach interested parties for comment.

Re: names, that makes sense now that you've explained it. I'll keep an eye out for other style-guide questions; a newsroom pamphlet on structure, linking, and getting direct quotes / "the other side of the story" from key players, might help contributors become better writers and ease the editing workload. +sj +  19:23, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

List of most frequent contributors
Where was this? I can't find it.Ksnow 13:05, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)Ksnow
 * I think you're looking for List of Wikipedians by number of edits. BLANKFAZE | (что??) 21:26, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Yes, that's it. Thanks to both of you.Ksnow 02:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)Ksnow

Pashtuns
Hello Micheal ! You will be highly appreciated if you do take some interest to solve the Pashtun manin page tribes list problem? Thanks      Haider 21:16, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Lyric poetry
Have you seen my article on this subject. It is the first article I have truly written myself, not transposed from some other source.Ksnow 16:25, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)Ksnow

Fermenting articles
Yeah, they did. I appreciated your Signpost article, especially the mot juste "fermented" about the page maturation process. Gently, in venerable applewood vats, is how I like to imagine it! :-) Bishonen|talk 17:57, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Thank you for supporting my nomination on RfA, it failed because of Wikipedia's minority rule system, although I thought 21/8 support was sufficient. It was also cut short by 12 hours. But your vote of confidence is greatly appreciated, now let's build an encyclopedia! --Bjarki 14:00, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Signpost article
I've edited the Signpost article Violet/Riga submitted after I requested one about the template standardisation contest. To me something like a change to such important templates is incredibly important the community at large. Could you give it a look and a copyedit like you did with my last signpost article? Please let me know if you delegate this to Sj to get him in the mood for next month. - Mgm|(talk) 15:55, Apr 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing up the FA article. Could you take a look at the Template design article too? An anon rewrote it and I'm not particularly happy with how they portrayed the dispute between Violetriga and JDG. Also, it's this anon's only edit . Thanks again. Mgm|(talk) 08:25, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I guess you're right about the dispute. The idea behind the contest is more important. Now that I think of it, I don't mind at all. I guess seeing a supposed anon edit out references to a dispute put me on edge. When are you going to publish? Mgm|(talk) 08:44, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't sweat it, that's why you've got me watching your back. ;) Mgm|(talk) 10:20, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how to go about it without messing up the existing article but it might be a good idea to mention Global WP Search and its history function in the article on the reinstated search engine. Mgm|(talk) 10:55, Apr 18, 2005 (UTC)

Happy travels!
Where are you off to? When will you return? Bring back good photos and fond memories. Call in a wiki-postcard or two from the road... :-)   +sj  +  08:45, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Welcome back! How was your trip?
 * Signpost updates : content was definitely reduced; Worldtraveller was a life-saver. There's a new about page.   See also this tentative layout, implementing some other design ideas.  +sj  +  17:10, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Possible impostor
I've been doing some impostor hunting lately, seeing as how we've had a rash of them lately and all, and you got the following hit:. Of course, this may be nothing, but I thought I would let you know. – ClockworkSoul 05:09, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Signpost article
Hi there. I wrote an article for the upcoming Signpost and added it on the Newsroom. It's on the stagnation of the Wikijunior project. I wrote the article as a spur-of-the-moment thing, but the issue has been vaguely bothering me for months. There are still edits being made, but the project is near-dead in terms of real content addition or coordination, or even checking for vandalism. Feel free to copyedit or make suggestions; I wrote it in one sitting, and it's rather late at night here :-) Isomorphic 05:16, 21 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for publishing. I think the content was important even if my article wasn't great. It's kind of embarassing that we were given 10,000 dollars to pursue something, and six months later it's stalled out without a single book finished.
 * I was originally starting to write in a more objective style, then drifted into editorializing. I'm afraid I wrote the whole thing at about midnight. I wasn't at my brightest.  That was originally only intended as a rough draft, but I haven't been back to Wikipedia since I wrote it.  I'll be more polished next time I contribute. Isomorphic 04:56, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Librarian article
Hi Michael, thanks for your note and for writing the article. It looks fine to me. I'm glad this thing is getting some attention! --Helperzoom 13:52, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Wikitekel
Nicely edited, thanks. I'll try to make it a bit more coherent next week. —Ben Brockert (42) UE News  05:35, May 23, 2005 (UTC)

Vote on policy positions at Government of Australia
I note that Skyring has said that he doesn't intend submitting a proposal for the position this article should adopt on the matters in dispute between him and other uses. I think we can all draw the appropriate conclusions from this. At the expiry of the 24-hour period I gave Skyring yesterday to submit a proposal (10.10am AEST), I will announce a vote at Australian Wikipedians' notice board and at Village pump. Since Skyring has wimped the chance to have his views voted on, the vote will be a straight yes/no on my policy position, which appears below. Amendments or alternative suggestions are of course welcome. I have an open mind on how long the voting period should be and how many votes should be seen as an acceptable participation. I will be posting this notice to the Talk pages of various Users who have participated in this debate. Adam 23:03, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

My proposed policy position is this:
 * That in Government of Australia, and in all other articles dealing with Australia's system of government, it should be stated that:
 * 1. Australia is a constitutional monarchy and a federal parliamentary democracy
 * 2. Australia's head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia
 * 3. Under the Constitution, almost all of the Queen's functions are delegated to and exercised by the Governor-General, as the Queen's representative.

 * That any edit which states that (a) Australia is a republic, (b) the Governor-General is Australia's head of state, or (c) Australia has more than one head of state, will be reverted, and that such reversions should not be subject to the three-reversions rule.
 * Edits which say that named and relevant persons (eg politicians, constitutional lawyers, judges) disagree with the above position, and which quote those persons at reasonable length, are acceptable, provided proper citation is provided and the three factual statements are not removed. Adam 23:15, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

hallo michael, can you move it back, professors at 4 year schools with tenure are included

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Criteria_for_inclusion_of_biographies/Academics

- this goes over a vote Oceanographer 16:19, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

deletion requires a vote - Kils is without doubt above average and made significant contributions and is internationally recognized, as cited with sourcesOceanographer 16:39, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

what power do you think you have? can you please read

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Criteria_for_inclusion_of_biographies/Academics

and then put your request up for a vote Oceanographer 17:08, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

please read the guidelines for sysops - wikipedia is a democratic construction, your actions are biased and you should put up your desire for a vote, as usual

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votes_for_Deletion

- do you have arguments? There is space in wikipedia virtually without limits, what is your problem? why are you so short? Oceanographer 17:19, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

The most important thing to remember about Votes for Deletion, especially for newcomers who are unfamiliar with it, is that it is about the article, not about you. Even if the article is a vanity page or an autobiography, please remember that Wikipedians are discussing the article, and whether it is worth inclusion in Wikipedia. They are only discussing you insofar as you may or may not be an appropriate subject for an encyclopaedia article.

There are, however, three restrictions upon how you may edit an article:

You must not blank the article, turn it into a redirect, or merge it into another article. You must not modify or remove the VFD notice. You must not rename the article, unless you rename the associated discussion page(s) too.

from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_Votes_for_deletion

in the rules is stated you should also not redirect it without vote Oceanographer 18:20, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Adminship
Thanks Mike, for your support vote!--Wiglaf 19:17, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

David Helvarg FAC
David Helvarg has now failed FAC but I would still welcome your comments on the article, which underwent a substantial rewite to accommodate your very helpful comments. Please would you revisit ther article and make further comments at Featured article candidates/David Helvarg/archive1 or on the talk page. --Theo (Talk) 23:38, 25 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your further comment. I will try to find people who can look at the article with fresh eyes and make it less positive. I think that I have got too close to the article to see it clearly. --Theo (Talk) 09:13, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Alexander MacGregor
I put back in some of the biographical information on Alexander MacGregor. I am unconvinced whether he is encyclopedic or not, but I thought the reviewers of the VfD would like to see that information too. I agree if all the article contains is that he is president of some company who had a couple of lawsuits against him - that is not encyclopedic. My main concern in listing it last night was to make sure it was properly deleted in a way that was community oriented and could nto be seen as a capitulation to the subject of the article's distaste with the content. Thanks for listing it for VfD - as I logged in tonight specifically to do that. Trödel| talk 03:23, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree with the removal now - after posting the comment above I tried to verify some of the information and could not. Not even the inventor of several patents claim - searching both the uspto, and the canada patent search engines. Trödel| talk 03:40, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * With regard to your (Michael's) note on my talk page: I came here to respond to your statement that TIPT wasn't post-secondary, but while I was typing you edited your comment! I had the same suspicion you did about its course work, so in my comment I omitted the claim that it was post-graduate.  If we're agreed that it's post-secondary, though, I think that's reason to keep it.  It isn't in the same category as the numerous high schools that are the subject of VfD debates. JamesMLane 16:27, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

uwe kils
hallo Michael - my students exercised as oceanographers, taking code from my space preparing for a German demonstration project on virtual university, the idea of Erik Moeller (user:eloquence) of the Wikiversity for online e-teaching and e-research and I offered my cooperation as teacher and my interactive  virtual microscope for a course in Meeresbiologie and Biologie der Antarktis - for that project it is important to have reproducible credentials for the teachers. We also plan to move educational content from expensive university servers to the free project (in Germany we don't even have tuition in the University) - help us - or not - I really don't care if I am sysop or not, I have that all behind me - we try to help the NeXT generation - best greetings Uwe Kils 68.46.71.104 17:37, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

TROLL
As I already mentioned with profuse apologies to sj (and which I now do to you), I was in arrears on the last two TROLLs due to a family incident that occured. He suggested that I might sum up what was missed over the past couple of weeks to help out and, quite naturally, make up. Will that be all right and helpful? Wally 03:08, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Impersonation?
Someone has created the account User:MichaeI Snow (last letter of first name is eye instead of ell). So far no edits have been made with it but someone left an innocuous-looking message on its talk page. FreplySpang (talk) 13:17, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Great! Glad to hear it's not an impostor - thanks for letting me know. FreplySpang (talk) 22:34, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Signpost article
Hi there! I've written my first Signpost article and added a reference to the Newsroom. The article is at User:Radiant!/WikiPrudence. It's proofread and spellchecked and all, only I wasn't sure if there were any standards on layout or anything. Could you please take it from here and see if it's good for tomorrow's issue? Thanks. Feel free to move, copy/paste or spellfix the present article. Yours, Radiant_* 15:13, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
Sorry for not writing for the signpost lately. I was attending a wedding last week and informed blankfaze far too late. Also, writing these articles takes a lot of my time and I like to shift my attention to some less intensive wikiwork as other obligations take my time. Could you look for a temporary replacement? Mgm|(talk) 08:38, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe Spangineer is interested? He seems to have taken over this week. Mgm|(talk) 08:42, May 30, 2005 (UTC)

Uwe Kils
I'd really appreciate it if you could take a critical look at this article. (And I hope it doesn't degenerate again after my work-over...) Let me know what you think -- verifiable enough now? Lupo 11:38, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I see that it already starts to deteriorate... Lupo 12:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)


text:
Talk:C-flat major

Comments
WHY do we need a separate article on every key? This makes no sense. —Wahoofive (talk) 15:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * C-flat is important as the home key of the harp, as well as of course for purely theoretical concerns. Dmetric 19:22, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Graphic of keys arranged in circle of fifths needs altering to include 7-accidental keys.
The graphic used in this article needs changing, although I cannot do this myself. It is a common type of diagram of the sort often found in music theory textbooks, showing the major and minor keys arranged in a circle, demonstrating how all the keys link into a circle when you move up or down from one tonic note to the other by perfect 4ths or 5ths. However, the diagram lacks the keys of A-sharp minor, C-sharp major, A-flat minor, and C-flat major.

However rare these keys may be in actual music, they should be included, because their key signatures are valid and recognized ones, and the keys do exist, and these keys are a valid part of music theory, especially in considering enharmonic equivalents of remote sharp or flat keys. M.J.E. 14:42, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Table of contents in wrong place.
The positioning of the table of contents in this article looks wrong, somehow, but I cannot quite figure out how to correct it. It seems to be in the middle of the passage describing related keys to C-flat major, but I'm not sure whether it would better come before or after this; I guess this would depend on whether the bits about related keys were considered part of the introductory summary (which, as far as I can tell from other articles, normally comes before the table of contents), or whether they should be a whole section of their own, which would then come after the table of contents.

Since I'm not sure how to correct it, I mention it here to bring it to the notice of someone who knows how to do it. M.J.E. 16:02, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:C-flat major


text:
Talk:Potato bread

Untitled
Potato Bread consists of: 2 level cups of freshly mashed potatoes 2 Tbsp butter 1/4 cup flour salt and pepper

Potato bread picture accompanying the article
Is that really potato bread? I grew up in Northern Ireland and have travelled quite extensively around the country. Never have I seen potato bread that looked like that, nor have I known it been made with leavened flour. That looks like a wheaten loaf to me which is something completely different. I suggest that unless someone know better and some provenance can be provided for this photograph, then it should be removed from the article. The potato bread I've always been used to looks like the tatty scone in the other article. I admit that this may be due to Scottish influence in the area in which I grew up and maybe other parts of Ireland have different types of potato bread that I haven't encountered which is why I haven't removed the picture from the article just yet. Similarly there is a claim made in the article that potato bread is mainly served on special occasions- again this is at odds with my experience. We used to eat it with every fry which was usually about twice a week, besides which every guest house in the country serves it more or less on a daily basis.IrishPete (talk) 13:10, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

I have looked at the picture in more detail and it appears to have been taken by someone who made this loaf themselves. Fair enough it does contain potatoes but it is not representative of the traditional Irish potato bread that the article seems to be about. Again the tone of the article is misleading. It starts with a general description of what may constitute potato bread, then launches into a description of and recipe for Irish potato bread- which it previously describes as a variant. Since the categories linked to include Irish cuisine, Irish breads and Unleavened breads I suggest that this article should be about Irish potato bread, with an appropriate photograph rather than the one currently used. IrishPete (talk) 13:18, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. What's sold as a "potato farl" around these parts -- including in the supermarkets, which presumably sell the same thing nationwide -- is essentially the same thing as a "tattie scone", perhaps slightly thicker to judge by some samples.  (And not necessarily "farl"-shaped, but that's another matter.)  Is it really even necessary to have two separate articles?  Or would proposing a merge immediately cause a minor linguistic war?  Alai (talk) 03:12, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The photo is mine. It's important to remember that "potato bread" is not an exclusively Irish concept, but rather it is any bread that contains potatoes. The receipe I used for the bread in that photograph was taken from a German cookbook. It is most certainly a type of potato bread (potato bread is very common in Germany, but it's not much like the Irish variety), but if anyone else has a photograph that is of higher quality or more representative of potato breads, feel free to add it. If I remember correctly, I took the photo and added it because the article lacked one completely. However, I have not worked on the text of the article at all, and it certainly does need to be altered to better represent the broad concept of potato bread and not simply one regional interpretation thereof. DJLayton4 (talk) 04:45, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It certainly seems odd to have one-and-a-half articles on potato farls/scones, and bits of an article on other forms of bread-with-potato-in grafted on to on of the two. Better to have one on each, with their scopes more clearly delineated than at present.  Alai (talk) 03:15, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, it is a bit odd at least, Pete, to have any Irish varieties without having your standard potato bread. Anyone know where there is a recipe for it? ~ R . T . G  15:57, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * When I saw the picture, I wondered what the eggs and sausage etc were there for. A picture of the bread alone would be fine.  I see bread in the supermarket called potato bread on the wrapper.  Is that not potato bread?Longinus876 (talk) 12:20, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Problems w/article including Ireland focus
It has been discussed above, but I just want to note that this article has a nearly singular focus on Ireland and the types of potato bread found there. The article should be re-written to be neutral in country of origin except in noting where potato bread was invented, etc... I can find references to potato bread in dozens of cultures, ranging from the Cherokee, to European nations like Germany, Poland, Ireland, to modern mass-production of breads containing some potato in countries like the United States. Jo7hs2 (talk) 20:23, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * If you have information on potato bread in other cultures and countries then by all means add them. The people who wrote the article wrote from what they know and are exposed to, if there is more information then add it. Canterbury Tail   talk  20:31, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I have rewritten the article in an attempt to repair a number of problems that have been discussed in this thread, or which were added in complaints directly in the article. This included changes to the discription of potato bread to make it as culturally neutral as possible, adding sections for individual countries' specific variations, etc... The major fault that persists is a lack of verifiable sources. I removed the recipe as was requested, as it was moved to wikibooks, and was not encyclopedic content. Jo7hs2 (talk) 20:59, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I cannot find any evidence that potato bread was invented anywhere, period. I'm having a large amount of difficulty finding any sources for this article. Most of what I was able to find was by reading several dozen recipes and websites about making potato bread, but anything other than what it is made out of is hard to verify. Jo7hs2 (talk) 21:29, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

=Fadge?...=

I've just looked this up with surprise after hearing the word on Brain of Britain. Here in Wales 'fadge' is a nickname for the vagina. Is that worth mentioning in the main article. It's certainly the truth...Martyn Smith (talk) 14:53, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I can't see how it's of any encyclopaedic relevance. Words mean one thing somewhere, and another somewhere else all the time. Canterbury Tail   talk  16:05, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Potato bread


text:
Thurgood Marshall College

Thurgood Marshall College (Marshall) is one of the eight undergraduate colleges at the University of California, San Diego. The college, named after Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice and lawyer for the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education, emphasizes "scholarship, social responsibility and the belief that a liberal arts education must include an understanding of [one's] role in society." Marshall College's general education requirements emphasize the culture of community involvement and multiculturalism; accordingly Marshall houses the minors in Public Service and Film Studies for the campus. Significant academic programs and departments have come out of the college over many decades: Communication, Ethnic Studies, Third World Studies, African American Studies, Urban Studies & Planning, and Education Studies.

Founded as Third College in 1970 amid the student activism of the period, TMC's original aim was to help students understand their own community through a critical examination of diversity and community in the United States. Marshall College's required writing program is called Dimensions of Culture (DOC), and is a 3 quarter (1 year) sequence that explores race, identity, imagination, tradition, and the law in the United States. During President Obama's administration, the White House honored UC San Diego and Marshall College's Public Service minor and charter school outreach as exemplary community service institutions serving the United States.

Early history
In November 1965, the College III Preliminary Planning Committee released the first substantial report on what form UCSD's third college would take. The committee, comprising faculty members George Backus, Henry Booker, Gabriel Jackson, C.D. Keeling, and committee chair Andrew Wright, suggested that College III should focus itself on history and theory.

The Wright Committee report suggested that the college have a muse—namely Clio, the Greek muse of history. History was chosen by the committee because it mixed humanism with science—College III would be a sort of "common ground" between the science of Revelle and the humanities of Muir.

In a quiet act of rebelliousness (or perhaps it was just individuality), the committee planned that College III students would only have to take three courses per quarter to graduate in four years, as opposed to the four it took at the other UCSD colleges. Citing the three-course "full load" at UC Santa Cruz, the committee suggested that taking four courses in one quarter would "make the students ride off in all directions," and that three-in depth courses would be preferable.

The final note of the Wright Committee report described what the committee felt was needed in a College III Provost "a paragon of intellectual vitality, scholarly accomplishment, and administrative talent... sympathetic with the aims of College III, but independent enough... to be able to shape the College in important ways." They asked that a provost be appointed as soon as possible.

By 1967, College III had found its first provost, Armin Rappaport, a history professor at U.C. Berkeley. It was appropriate that the provost of a college with Clio as its muse would be a historian, and Rappaport was that. By the time May rolled around, College III was now "Third College."

However, with the swirling political changes of the late 1960s, the college of Clio and Rappaport was never to be. Once the controversy and battles among students, faculty, and administration commenced—featuring lively figures such as Herbert Schiller, Herbert Marcuse, and Angela Davis—the future of Third College would be in a turmoil that didn't fully clear until it finally received its official name, Thurgood Marshall College, in 1993.

Chancellor William J. McGill persuaded Dr. Joseph Watson to become the first operational provost of Third College during this very turbulent time in 1970. Provost Watson's term lasted eleven years as he then assumed a higher campus position as Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs. Professor Faustina Solís then followed as the second college administrator and was also the university's first Latina provost. She served in that capacity from 1981 to 1988. Solís established public health coursework for undergraduates and medical students, following years of social work and health care for under-served populations. She was honored in 1990 when Thurgood Marshall Lecture Hall was renamed the Faustina F. Solís Hall.

Naming controversy
At its inception, students pushed for the new college to be named "Lumumba-Zapata College" in honor of the legendary twentieth century revolutionaries Patrice Lumumba and Emiliano Zapata. Unable to get approval for this name from UC Administration, the college was renamed Third College. This name did also inspire the idea that the student body would be one-third white students, one-third black students, and one-third definable minority students. Third College took up much of the activism that the campus was lacking, and the naming controversy was a catalyst for this movement. However, UCSD failed to attract enough black students for this plan to reach fruition and the UC Regents would not allow large scale deviation from the University of California's admission guidelines.

In the early 1990s, an attempt was made to name the college after Martin Luther King Jr., but failed when UCSD students objected to naming the college after someone who was charged with plagiarizing his doctoral dissertation. More to the point, King's family announced that they would rather see a full-fledged King College built in the South, and preferably in Atlanta.

In 1993 UCSD's Third College finally received its official name in honor of the famous lawyer and Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. Before becoming the first African American Supreme Court Justice, Marshall argued the 1954 landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education. Justice Marshall was widely known and recognized for his historic contributions to American life and dedication to breaking down barriers to education, civil rights, freedom of speech, women's rights, and the right to privacy.

DOC controversy
In the early 1990s, Thurgood Marshall College created a core freshman writing program that provided a critical examination of identity and diversity in American culture. The intellectual program was inspired by the University of Chicago and Columbia University's freshman humanities programs. The program, Dimensions of Culture (DOC), periodically generated heated debates among students, families, and alumni, based on difficult political issues.

In the spring of 2007, a new curriculum controversy arose pertaining to DOC as students at TMC began protesting against the administrators of the college. The Lumumba-Zapata Coalition (which had resurfaced with the addition of graduate students) along with other students claimed that DOC had lost some of its original messages, protesting against what they termed a "new and diluted" core writing requirement with a decreased focus on race and the ethnic significance of the individual within society. The protests, including picketing, began with the controversial non-renewal of two DOC Teaching Assistants’ contracts for the subsequent year. Others believed that the coalition was pushing an agenda of political indoctrination that conflicted with the academic goals of the Dimensions of Culture Program and the sensibility of a science oriented campus.

The protests had mixed effects. In response to the complaints in regards to the curriculum a new committee was set up to review and change the curriculum accordingly with an emphasis on hiring tenured faculty to teach DOC. Student positions with voting rights were included on the permanent committee so an equitable curriculum will be created reflecting full community input from both students and faculty. Thurgood Marshall College Student Council (TMCSC) issued a report recommending that DOC have an upper division course which also sparked the public service course. In August 2009, Co-Director of the DOC Program, Robert Horwitz stated, "Various criticisms were leveled at DOC in the last few years, and faculty and student investigations concluded that changes needed to be made. Those changes have been implemented and have resulted in a new DOC.”

Minors
Thurgood Marshall College has created more academic departments and programs than any other college at UCSD, including Third World Studies, Ethnic Studies, Education Studies, African American Studies Minor, and Urban Studies and Planning. TMC is now home to two UCSD Minors: the Public Service Minor and the Film Studies Minor.

The Public Service Minor encourages students to understand the history and practices of public service and to work towards the development of civic skills. Those skills and practices are essential cornerstones of participation in a democratic society regardless of one's chosen profession. The coursework for the minor emphasizes the history and emergence of the non-profit sector as a national institution distinct from the private and public spheres. The practicum aspects of the minor couples with the traditional academic work encourages students to see the connection between the deeds of charitable service and the historic worth of citizens participation in the common public franchise.

The Film Studies Minor provides students an exciting opportunity to examine the many facets of American and International cinema. Students interested in exploring cinema as a multidimensional art medium will engage in the analysis of cinematic works of various forms. Study of film genres, history, theories, directors, cultural perspectives and more allow students to gain a robust understanding of cinema as a historical and contemporary means of expression. The interdisciplinary nature of the minor provides investigation of cinematic art through its connection to related fields such as Communication, Literature, Sociology and Visual Arts. Students pursuing the Film Studies Minor exhibit a wide range of interests; from those who plan graduate study in film to those who simply wish to understand better this powerful and influential medium.

Morehouse/Spelman/Xavier Student Exchange Program
The Morehouse/Spelman Student Exchange Program was officially launched in the fall quarter of 1989. This formal exchange program with two distinguished Historically Black Colleges was developed by Thurgood Marshall College and is open to all UCSD undergraduates. Morehouse College and Spelman College are both located in Atlanta, Georgia. Xavier University in New Orleans became the third historic Black college to have this exchange with Marshall College in 2016.

Marshall partnership schools
Then Thurgood Marshall College Provost Cecil Lytle and Sociology Professor Bud Mehan were instrumental in founding the Preuss School at UCSD, which opened in 1999 on campus despite strong opposition. The project was seen by faculty as a deviation from UC San Diego's focus on science and medicine. However, providing the impetus for the founding of The Preuss School reflected the social justice oriented mission of Marshall College. Between 2007 and 2012 Preuss has consistently been listed among the top 50 American high schools by both Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report.

After Preuss was established successfully, the idea and structure of the UCSD-supported charter school model was expanded to Gompers Preparatory Academy. Based on educational theories, the successes of Preuss should be able to be recreated in a different environment, which was why Gompers was selected. Gompers was historically one of the most dangerous and low performing schools in the district, and yet has been transformed into an academically rigorous school with 100% graduation rate with the transition to the charter school model.

The College maintains strong links to both charter schools by providing them with hundreds of undergraduate tutors and mentors every year from all six colleges. In addition, the College's Provost is a Preuss School Board Member.

Artist in residence
The artist-in-residence program, begun in 2006, brings to campus leading performers and visual artists from San Diego and Southern California to UC San Diego. Each artist is featured for one year and given the opportunity to develop new showcase work, which often goes on to fuller production off campus. Marshall College is the first college at UCSD to commission public art on campus, and has contributed in the creation of a vibrant campus community. Allan Havis, a professor from the Theatre Department, launched these programs during his term as college provost from 2006 to 2016.

Student involvement
Marshall College is home to an eclectic mix of student-led organizations, programs to facilitate students' success, and opportunities to give back to the Marshall community.

Student organizations

 * ACT (Active Community at TMC)
 * Commuter Board
 * CAUSE (Cultural Association Uniting Students through Education)
 * Graduation Committee
 * Judicial Board
 * LC3 (Leadership Committee for Cultural Celebration)
 * MAC (Marshall Activities Committee)
 * Marshall Memos
 * MSC (Marshall Spirit Crew)
 * Marshallpalooza Committee
 * SCORE (Student Committee on Residential Engagement)
 * TMCSC (Thurgood Marshall College Student Council)
 * TMTV (Thurgood Marshall Television)
 * TRES (Transfer and Re-Entry Student Organizations)

Student programs

 * Dine-with-a-Prof
 * Each One Reach One
 * Marshall Mentor Program
 * Transfer Connect & Success

Leadership Development

 * Dean's Office Internship
 * Lift as You Climb
 * Orientation Leaders (OL)
 * Resident Advisors (RA)
 * Resident Life Interns

title: Thurgood Marshall College


text:
User:Electricmoose/My Wiki Views

Please click here to leave me a new message.

About Me I have been an editing Wikipedians since about December 2004 and as I have edited pages and visited various community portal pages I have developed a few views on Wikipedia.

Positive:
 * The idea of an online community based around an open source free editing encyclopedia is great.
 * Being able to create new pages and being able to change pages on the internet for anyone to read is ingenious
 * Each user having there own editing account is good as-well

Negative
 * The way other users critisise you for anything THEY disagree with, or THEY do not like
 * Accusations: When I was new to Wiki I posted a vote on a candidate or VFD page and an older user pounced on me accusing me of being a sockpuppet under the bare evidence I had made 39 edits. I have seen this a number of times in other cases.
 * The way users sometimes completely undermine Wikipedia rules, or when users suck up to Administators

title: User:Electricmoose/My Wiki Views


text:
Mariano Puerta

Mariano Rubén Puerta (born 19 September 1978) is an Argentine former professional tennis player. He reached a career-high ATP world No. 9 singles ranking in August 2005. His career highlight of reaching the final of the French Open in 2005 was marred by testing positive for the banned substance etilefrine in a drugs test directly after the French Open final, for which he received an eight-year doping ban.

Tennis career
Puerta made his debut on the ATP Tour in 1997, and turned professional in 1998. He won his first ATP title in 1998 in Palermo, Italy. In 2000, Puerta achieved his highest year-end ranking of World No. 21, reaching five finals, and winning one of them (Bogotá). That same year, however, he underwent wrist surgery, which kept him off the tour for several months.

Besides from not recovering his previous playing level, he was suspended from tennis for 9 months from October 2003 onwards for a doping offense (see section on doping controversies). Owing to the suspension he missed most of the 2004 season, and by August 2004 his world ranking had dropped to No. 440. He was reduced to playing Challenger-level tournaments for a while until he had earned enough points to return to the ATP Tour.

In 2005, Puerta made an eye-opening comeback on the Tour by winning the title in Casablanca and then making it to the final of the world's most prestigious clay court tournament, the French Open, where he eventually succumbed to Rafael Nadal in a close match (7–6(8–6), 3–6, 1–6, 5–7). By August 2005 he had climbed to a career-best World No. 9 in the ATP singles rankings, an advancement of 431 places in one year.

In December 2005, he was, again, suspended for a doping offense, this time for 8 years, effectively ending his professional career. This suspension was later reduced on appeal.

On June 6, 2007, Puerta returned to the professional circuit with a 6–4, 6–3 victory over Australian Joseph Sirianni at the Sassuolo Challenger, a tournament to which he was invited as a wild card since he had no ranking. In the second round, Puerta lost 6–3, 6–0 to Spaniard Marc López. Since returning to the tour, Puerta has only played on the ATP Challenger Tour, including winning the Bogotá Challenger in 2008 and reaching the final of the San Luis Potosí Challenger in 2008 without dropping a set, where he was forced to default the final, and the Cordenons challenger in 2007.

Playing style
Puerta is left-handed and uses a single-handed backhand. He is an excellent clay-court specialist with a game that revolves around very accurate and powerful groundstrokes off both wings with heavy topspin. His main weaknesses are his mental strength, slow court speed and comparatively weak serve, the latter two which significantly prevents his success on fast surfaces. He is also very capable at the net, having good volleys and quick reflexes despite his slow court speed.

Doping controversies
In 2003, Puerta received a two-year doping suspension after testing positive for clenbuterol at Viña del Mar. In his defence, he argued that the substance had been administered to him by his doctor to combat asthma and that it had no performance-enhancing effect. The sanction was subsequently reduced to nine months suspension, effective from October 2003, and a $5600 fine.

In December 2005, Puerta was banned again, this time after it was revealed that he had tested positive for the use of the cardiac stimulant etilefrine following his 2005 French Open final loss to Rafael Nadal. News of this positive drug test had been circulating since October 2005. The suspension was for eight years, the longest in tennis history at that time. As a result, Puerta was forced to forfeit all of his rankings points and prize money from the 2005 French Open onwards, and had all his 2005 results from after the French Open annulled. Puerta's finish as a finalist at the 2005 French Open was allowed to remain on the record books.

The International Tennis Federation tribunal noted, however, that "The amount of etilefrine detected in the positive drugs test was too small to have any effect on his performance". Puerta appealed against the ban, claiming on his web site that he only ingested trace amounts of it accidentally left over by his wife in a glass. On July 12, 2006, his suspension was reduced to two years by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, making him eligible to restart his career on June 5, 2007.

Doubles
Walkovers are neither official wins nor official losses.

title: Mariano Puerta


text:
Talk:Energis

Removed the excess apostrophes and expanded slightly on the Wanadoo and BBC deals, based on the linked newspaper articles, and also on the administration of Energis Plc. 62.25.102.1 16:00, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Energis