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Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit

Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit (SMART) is a rail line and bicycle-pedestrian pathway project in Sonoma and Marin counties of the U.S. state of California. When completed, the entire system will serve a 70 mi corridor between Cloverdale in northern Sonoma County and Larkspur Landing in Marin County. In, the system had a ridership of , or about per weekday as of.

The first phase of the system, a 43 mi segment between Northern Santa Rosa and downtown San Rafael, opened to public preview and excursion services (as far south as Marin County Civic Center) on June 29, 2017. Regular service began on August 25, 2017, after the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) gave the final approval for the positive train control (PTC) system. The southern 2 mi of the line was completed to Larkspur with service commencing on December 14, 2019.

Background and formation
The last passenger rail service along the Northwestern Pacific Railroad south of Willits was discontinued in 1958 as automobile travel along U.S. Route 101 in California increased in popularity.

The SMART District was established by state legislation in 2002. Previously disused station buildings were repaired in anticipation of reestablished rail service in Healdsburg and Windsor, and Cloverdale's depot was constructed in 1998.

Environmental impact report
Mitigation of environmental impacts was studied and summarized in a report issued in June 2006. The recommended remedies, which were certified without challenge, included silencing of some train horns in quiet zones and replacement of certain wetland ditches.

On October 10, 2013, SMART announced that it had obtained more than 56 acre of an area in Novato known as the “Mira Monte Marina.” The purpose of this purchase is to restore the area and preserve tidal wetlands and habitat, which is all a part of SMART's environmental mitigation program. According to SMART General Manager Farhad Mansourian, “This will not only address the 2.2 acre of project impacts that were determined through the environmental review process for the next stage of construction, but ensures a local source for potential future mitigation needs for the rail and pathway project.”

Funding
The project is funded by federal, state, regional and local allocations including bridge tolls, dedicated sales tax revenues, and fares. The capital cost of track rehabilitation for the full 70-mile line, signals, railcars, etc. was estimated to be about $450 million in 2008 ($ adjusted for inflation). By 2019, development of the line from Airport Boulevard in Santa Rosa to the San Rafael Transit Center totaled $448 million and the estimated cost to complete the legislated system had increased to $944 million.

In November 2006, Measure R, a proposal for funding though an increase in sales taxes, received a combined 65.3% "yes" vote in the two-county District, with 70.1% in favor in Sonoma County and 57.5% in favor in Marin County. Because it lacked the 2/3 supermajority needed for passage, that measure failed.

Measure Q, similar to Measure R, was approved on November 4, 2008. It received a combined vote of 69.5% in the two counties (73.5% approval in Sonoma County and 62.6% in Marin County). It provides funding for the project through a quarter-cent sales tax in both counties set to expire in 2029. This funding was initially thought sufficient to bring the line to completion by 2014. However, the economic downturn reduced the tax base, resulting in a plan to build the project in phases. The tax was expected to generate $890 million over its lifetime; the first decade brought in $289 million, well short of estimates.

In March 2020, SMART went back to the voters with Measure I to extend the sales tax, not scheduled to expire until 2029, for an additional thirty years; the measure ultimately failed.

Bond issues
The SMART Board authorized the sale of bonds in late 2011; proceeds were placed into an escrow account until the effort to repeal the sales tax was resolved.

In May 2012, SMART issued nearly $200 million in bonds to fund construction. The bonds will be paid off with the Measure Q quarter-cent sales tax revenue.

Initial operating segment track rehabilitation
In January 2012, SMART completed final negotiations to start rebuilding the 43 mi Initial Operating Segment (IOS) between Airport Blvd Santa Rosa and the Civic Center Station in San Rafael at a cost less than originally budgeted. The segment was completed jointly by Stacy & Witbeck and Herzog Contracting Corp. In 2012, SMART announced that it was adding two stations to the Initial Operation Segment: in north Santa Rosa, near Coddingtown, and in Novato at Atherton Avenue.

The Puerto Suello Hill Tunnel in San Rafael was rehabilitated for service and the 111-year old fixed span Haystack Bridge was replaced with a newer movable bascule bridge. Concrete ties were installed along the line to facilitate running up to 80 mph and several spur lines were removed to adhere to federal safety standards. Businesses may connect a switch and spur to the line by purchasing the equipment for about $300,000.

The first phase of construction does not include the complete parallel pedestrian and bicycle path.

Delayed start of service
Scheduled passenger service, already delayed from an originally estimated 2014, had long been expected for late 2016. This resulted from lack of tax revenues due to the economic downturn, which also led to the project opening in phases.

As late 2016 approached, the agency further delayed opening the IOS between Northern Santa Rosa and Downtown San Rafael until "late spring 2017." A crankshaft failure on a diesel engine used in the near-identical Nippon Sharyo diesel multiple unit trains operating in Toronto necessitated all of SMART's cars to be recalled for crank replacements, according to SMART management. The agency additionally had been experiencing problems with warning systems at some grade crossings, and had not fully completed its approval process with the Federal Railroad Administration. The 2017 California floods caused damage to the Puerto Suello Hill Tunnel, further delaying testing of the line.

Preview service and excursion trips timed with the Marin County Fair began on June 29, 2017, with free fares as far south as Marin Civic Center. Full service commenced on August 25, 2017.

Larkspur segment
The cost to San Rafael of the Andersen Drive crossing of the Larkspur to San Rafael segment is significant. The street was extended by San Rafael in the mid-1990s to cross the tracks on a "temporary road". In July 1997, the California Public Utilities Commission informed the city that by the time SMART planned to operate on the section, the city had to build and pay for restoring the crossing. The estimated cost for that was $6 million in 2012.

In 2010, the agency received a federal earmark of $2.5 million for technical, environmental and engineering design on the segment. Later in 2010, the revamped California Park Tunnel — 30 ft wide, 25 ft tall, and 1100 ft long — was opened to pedestrian traffic. The revamping was done at a cost of $28 million, paid equally by Marin County and SMART. The tunnel is used both for the rail right of way between Larkspur and San Rafael and by bicycles and pedestrians.

In May 2013, the SMART board approved a resolution designating the San Rafael to Larkspur link as its "preferred alternative". The agency submitted a letter to the Federal Transit Administration, and on September 24, 2013, SMART was accepted into its "Small Starts" program. The FY2016 Federal Budget included the funds to construct the Larkspur Extension under the Small Starts Program. Construction contracts were awarded to a joint venture of Stacy and Witbeck and Herzog Contracting Corporation at a cost of $36.3 million, and work commenced by late 2017 with an expected opening of late 2019. In April 2018, SMART was awarded a $22.5 million federal grant for the extension. Final costs for the extension are estimated to total $55.4 million. Train control and crossing system testing along the extension began in August 2019 and was completed by the end of October, whereupon driver training began. Revenue service commenced on December 14, 2019.

Construction of the Novato Downtown station began significantly after work began on the initial operating segment. It was partially constructed by the system's opening, but the station opened with the Larkspur extension.

2019 service disruptions
Service was cancelled on October 28 and 29, 2019 due to preemptive power shutoffs affecting crossings throughout the system. Partial service as far north as Downtown Santa Rosa was established on October 30, and the following day full service was restored with free rides offered through November 6 to give transportation options to those affected by the Kincade Fire. According to Farhad Mansourian, the service disruptions had not impacted testing of the Larkspur extension and Downtown Novato station.

Service gaps existed during the weekends of November 2019 between Petaluma to Novato–Hamilton as testing for the Downtown Novato station commenced. A bus bridge was provided from both stations with a transfer at San Marin.

2020–22 operational changes
SMART initiated a schedule with 8 weekday round trips and no weekend service amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The agency planned to only resume 13 round trips on weekdays in an effort to lower costs with reduced ridership and an uncertain tax base. In May 2021, service increased to 13 weekday round trips and 6 Saturday round trips. In September 2021, after receiving $3.2 million in federal stimulus funds, SMART indicated it would restore pre-pandemic schedules in 2022.

In May 2020, the agency acquired control of freight operations along the line from the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. The $4 million purchase of rolling stock, track rights, and other properties was funded by the state. The agency took ownership of freight operations and 21 miles of trackage north of Healdsburg in July 2021. Sunday service resumed on May 1, 2022.

North of Santa Rosa
By 2018, the 3 mi extension was expected to cost $55 million: $20 million from Road Repair and Accountability Act funds, $30 million in Regional Measure 3 funds, and a $5 million federal grant. By November 2019, the cost estimate had increased to $65 million with construction starting in 2020.

The route north of Santa Rosa to Cloverdale was intended to open with the initial segment, but lack of funding delayed this segment. By May 2019, the estimated cost to complete the system to Cloverdale and Healdsburg was $364 million. A letter to the city of Healdsburg in 2020 estimated the cost of reconstructing the Russian River bridge, building a new station, and rehabilitating the line at $32 million. The 2018 California State Rail Plan based its projections on service to Cloverdale station by 2027.

Work on the extension to Windsor, funded by a bridge toll, was temporarily suspended in 2021. The lawsuit was dismissed in January 2023, freeing up $40 million for SMART, and the agency received a $34 million state grant in February. At that time, SMART intended to wait until June 2023 to determine whether it would have sufficient funding to combine a further extension to Healdsburg with the completion of the Windsor extension. If the full $113 million in additional grants is received, Windsor service would begin in 2025 or 2026, and Healdsburg service by 2027. On July 5, 2023, a grant was awarded by the California Transportation Commission, funded by the Road Repair and Accountability Act also known as SB1. This grant awards SMART $30 million to fund extensions to Windsor and Healdsburg.

Expansion
Several services have been envisioned to expand the system. Additional infill stations serving Santa Rosa or Fulton may be added in the future.

In 2019, SMART released a study on the possibility of extending service along SMART (formerly NWP) owned and operated freight tracks between Ignacio and Schellville (near Sonoma), into Napa or Solano counties. Funding for the study was provided by the state in response to chronic flooding along the State Route 37 corridor. Not being member counties of the Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit District, a new funding mechanism would have to be established before service commenced. This line would allow the train to connect with the passenger ferry in Vallejo or the Amtrak station in Suisun City. , planners expect this rail link to be reactivated for service after 2040, and the 2019 study expected construction time between four and six years. Estimated at $1 billion, work on this link would not begin until after the initial 70-mile system was operational.

Also proposed is extending SMART north beyond Cloverdale to Ukiah or the planned NWP terminus in Willits, where it would connect with the California Western Railroad and its tourist services. A proposal to expand service to the East Bay over a rebuilt Richmond–San Rafael Bridge was named a Finalist in the Transformative Projects Process of the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's Plan Bay Area 2050.

Rail corridor and freight

The SMART District provides passenger service on the historic Northwestern Pacific right-of-way, which roughly parallels US Highway 101 and is owned by the SMART District from Healdsburg to Larkspur. There are 24 bridges in the segment from San Rafael to Santa Rosa, as well as 63 at grade crossings (with the possibility of adding more). A positive train control system, as mandated by the FRA for passenger services with grade crossings, was implemented for the length of the service corridor for customer and pedestrian safety.

The Northwestern Pacific Railroad corridor is also used by North Coast Railroad Authority (NCRA) freight services. Freight operator NWP Co began to serve businesses along the SMART right-of-way between Lombard (at the Napa River) and Windsor in 2011. SMART absorbed the NWP operations in 2020.

In December 2014, rains washed away some of the train track beds near Petaluma at Ely Road. A photo of the spot in December showed the tracks hidden beneath feet of water. A spokesperson for SMART said that "Trains are not running yet, so this is something we will pay attention to." In 2021, the agency was awarded a grant to help fund improvements in freight infrastructure, including new sidings and repairing the bridge over the Petaluma River.

SMART acquired 88 miles of right-of-way from NCRA in March 2021, with operating rights transferred on July 26, 2021. NWP continued operating freight service under contract.

Stations
Many of the station platforms are located near historic depots in city centers. However, SMART does not directly use these, and all stops use newly constructed 48 in high-floor platforms to allow level boarding onto and off of the train and provide accessibility. Stations typically include a small shelter with a peaked roof and a bench for seating; they also feature light poles, signs, and garbage cans.

Original plans called for ten stations in the initial operating segment (IOS) with five more in a second phase. A further station was added in Novato's downtown district late in construction of the IOS, and did not open with the system's inauguration.

Rolling stock
The SMART fleet consists of nine two-car Nippon Sharyo DMU trainsets. Each DMU car is powered by a Cummins QSK19-R diesel engine. The vehicles, designed specifically for SMART and another transit service, the Union Pearson Express in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, are slope-nosed and self-propelled by diesel engines that meet stringent "Tier 4" EPA requirements. For regular service, SMART runs DMUs in pairs or triplicate. Trains may be as long as station platforms provided there are cabs facing the outer ends. Each two-car train has room for over 300 passengers.

The diesel multiple unit trainsets were ordered from Sumitomo Corporation of America / Nippon Sharyo at a cost of $46.7 million, or $6.67 million for each two car set. They were delivered to Rochelle, Illinois, for assembling, and then sent to the Transportation Technology Center in Pueblo, Colorado, for testing. Under the contract, additional railcars may be ordered at a cost of $2.9 million per individual car. The first trainset arrived in Cotati, California, on April 7, 2015. The original order was for fourteen cars in seven two car trainsets, but on July 30, 2015, the state of California announced an $11 million grant to SMART to finance the purchase of three additional cars to be added to the fleet, allowing for three trainsets to be run with three cars, with an increase in capacity of 130 passengers over a two car trainset. In April 2016, SMART's general manager negotiated with CalSTA and Nippon Sharyo to adjust the order so SMART will receive two more full trainsets in place of the extra cars, bringing their fleet size to the required nine trainsets needed for service to Cloverdale. They will be painted in a McGlashan green livery.

A July 2016 fire aboard one of Toronto's Nippon Sharyo units revealed a design flaw in the engine's crankshaft that would result in premature wear; SMART decided to delay operations until the engines could be serviced to correct the problem. All trains were refurbished at SMART's rail center by April 2017.

Four additional cars, numbered 115 through 118, were delivered to SMART in 2018. The four cars were damaged during shipping in a freight collision while en route to SMART. The agency did not accept the cars as delivered, and Nippon Sharyo dispatched a team to California to assess the damage and plan for repairs.

Bicycle and pedestrian pathway
In the original sales tax expenditure plan, $90 million was allocated for a bike/pedestrian path along the line for recreation and to enhance connections between stations and the developing network of bicycle-pedestrian pathways. As a result of the Great Recession of 2008, SMART changed its plans for the construction of the bicycle-pedestrian pathway as well as the rail project. Current SMART pathway construction focuses on bridging gaps between existing bicycle-pedestrian pathways, providing access to stations and serving potential high-use areas. A number of segments are being constructed in partnership with local jurisdictions. For example, SMART has obtained a grant for pathway construction in Rohnert Park and is seeking grants to fund additional segments. As of February 2019, 16.2 mi was completed with the majority of funding coming from local jurisdictions.

Operations
Trains operate 19 round trips on weekdays. Southbound service begins at 4:30 A.M. with a final train at 6:37 P.M. while northbound service runs from 6:06 A.M. to 8:29 P.M. There are five round trips on weekends with the first train (southbound) departing at 7:35 A.M. and the final train (northbound) leaving at 6:39 P.M. According to the schedule, a train takes 1 hour 19 minutes to travel the 45 mi route, an average of 34.1 mph. As a Class 4 railroad, passenger speeds are limited to 79 mph.

Fares
The system operates with fare zones and a proof-of-payment system with the San Francisco Bay-area Clipper card serving as a payment method. Tickets may also be purchased using the SMART eTickets mobile app. There are five zones in the initial opening segment which will expand to seven when service to Cloverdale is established. Zone ticketing requires little infrastructure at the stations but can be expensive for passengers making a short trip that crosses a zone boundary.

Fares start at $1.50 for a ride within one zone, with an additional $1.50 added for entering each new zone. Once a daily fare of $15 is reached (the maximum round-trip fare), no additional fares will be assessed for further travel that day. Transfers from Santa Rosa CityBus, Sonoma County Transit, Petaluma Transit, and Golden Gate Transit will receive a $1.50 reduction in fare per transfer ($0.75 for discounted tickets). A specialty Discount Clipper card or the SMART phone app, can be used for discounted fares of up to 50% for children, senior citizens, low income, and persons with disabilities. The Discounted fare is $0.75 plus $0.75 per zone A monthly pass is also sold for $135 ($67.50 for eligible riders) which grants the bearer 31 days of unlimited travel from the date of first use. A Special Weekender Pass is offered on Saturdays for $10 ($5 for eligible riders) that offers unlimited rides for the day. Parking is $2 daily or $20 for a monthly pass at stations, with no overnight parking.

SMART train service was free of charge during the preview service period and the opening day of full service. After opening day, SMART fares were half price through Labor Day, September 4, 2017. Regular fares were charged beginning on September 5. The October 2017 Northern California wildfires and 2019 California wildfires prompted the agency to provide free limited service for evacuees.

Additional services
Excursion trains may be run for special events, such as the Marin County Fair.

Until 2017, the Sonoma Raceway operated a race-day excursion service that used right-of-way owned by SMART, though not on the mainline tracks and using Amtrak equipment. A minimal platform had been constructed nearby.

Ridership
SMART was the first Bay Area transit agency to match its pre-pandemic ridership; 2023 ridership of 750,016 was 4% above 2019 ridership. However, daily ridership was still below the 5,100 originally projected. As of, weekday ridership was.

Governance
The Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit District is a special-purpose district consisting of Sonoma and Marin Counties. The Board of Directors represent the various cities and transit agencies served along the main line. The twelve members consist of:
 * Two members of the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors, each of whom shall also serve on the Board of Directors of the Sonoma County Transportation Authority, appointed by the Sonoma County Board of Supervisors.
 * Two members of the Marin County Board of Supervisors, appointed by the Marin County Board of Supervisors.
 * Three members, each of whom shall be a mayor or council member of a city or town within the County of Sonoma, appointed by the Sonoma County Mayors and Council Members Association or its successor, provided the following conditions are met:
 * At least two members are also city representatives for the Sonoma County Transportation Authority.
 * All of the members are from cities on the rail line in Sonoma County.
 * No city has more than one member.
 * The member of the City Council of the City of Novato who also serves on the Marin County Congestion Management Agency, appointed by the Marin County Congestion Management Agency or its successor.
 * The member of the City Council of the City of San Rafael who also serves on the Marin County Congestion Management Agency, appointed by the Marin County Congestion Management Agency or its successor.
 * One member, who shall be a mayor or council member of a city or town within the County of Marin and a member of the Marin County Congestion Management Agency, appointed by the Marin County Council of Mayors and Council Members or its successor.
 * Two members of the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District, neither of whom shall be a member of the Marin or Sonoma County Boards of Supervisors, appointed by the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District or its successor.

In January 2011, General Manager Lilian Hames, who had led the project for a decade, resigned amid ongoing concern about the project's financial challenges and the necessity to build it in phases. David Heath, the Chief Financial Officer, took over management duties until the appointment later that year of Farhad Mansourian as acting General Manager. In August 2011, Mansourian was appointed permanent General Manager, assuming both financial and general management responsibilities for the project.

For many years, Mansourian was Director of Public Works for Marin County, and his combined annual compensation from SMART ($346,000) and Marin County pension ($148,000) raised some questions initially. SMART board members said that the threat of a SMART repeal effort made bringing a general manager from an out-of-state rail system to the San Francisco Bay Area even more costly. They concluded that Mansourian's demonstrated abilities during his temporary assignment coupled with his knowledge of California's permitting requirements and successful delivery of complex public works projects in Marin County made him the best candidate.

The official color of SMART is McGlashan green, after former Marin county supervisor Charles McGlashan, a SMART proponent who died suddenly of a heart attack in 2011.

title: Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sha Tin Government Secondary School Alumni Association

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was merge. CDC  (talk)  20:38, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Sha Tin Government Secondary School Alumni Association
OK, all of you extreme inclusionists who think that every single school that has ever existed should have its own article, do you think there should be an article on every single school's alumni association and all of its officers? Why not an article on every PTA that has ever existed? RickK 06:03, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, this is basically "average person" level of coverage, nothing really to merge. 06:27, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. Not opposed to merge. Kappa 16:36, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Sha Tin Government Secondary School. This can be expressed in a third of the space with no information lost.  Almafeta 06:30, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Some of this information (but not nearly all) should be merged into Sha Tin Government Secondary School. I would point out that this is a newcomer and perhaps a friendly message left on his talk page could explain why his entries are being deleted.  He seems to be working in good faith.  DS1953 06:35, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I've put something there. One advantage of Vfd rather than speedying good faith contributions is the ability to communicate with the contributor in question. Kappa 06:51, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. jni 07:14, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 09:37, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Sha Tin Government Secondary School. Cmon RickK, is this combative tone really necessary? Klonimus 10:33, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete both the non-notable school and the non-notable school association. Dunc|☺ 11:20, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect.  -Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:47, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Sha Tin Government Secondary School. -- Lochaber 13:04, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect for reasons above. 216.158.31.195 17:06, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to Sha Tin Government Secondary School. Mgm|(talk) 19:15, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. I agree with Dunc. NeoJustin 02:10, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect. The existence of this organization is some of the detail that belongs in the individual school articles.  There's no reason every alumni association can't be a section in their respective school articles.   Un  focused  05:11, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Gyeongsang dialect

I cleaned up a fair bit of the grammar but am not quite sure what they are trying to say in the last paragraph. The phrase "...were exclusively possessed by their surroundings." needs help but I just can't determine what they mean.--Stockwell 06:05, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I think it just means that high end bureaucrats were primarily drawn from the area. Not entirely sure though. Balancer 11:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

- As it was written this statement seemed a bit biased in the NPOV department. Since it needed work anyway, I think it is best to shorten it up a bit. Anyone with more specific information as to the origin of a dialect bias would be welcome to clarify this section. Also edited and wikified the article. Gblaz 19:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

About deletion
This phenomenon can also be observed in tag questions.
 * Eopje, geujya? as opposed to Eopji, geureotchi? - It isn't there, is it?

 * a in Eopje, geujya is different from that of question marker "na" because "Eopje, geujya" is the resulf of contraction "Eopje, geu(reu)ji anna" (geureuji anna > geureujyanna > geujyanna > geujya). - Airridi 05:13, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know enough about Busanmal to agree or disagree with your comments, but the point still stands. The a of anna is still preserved in geujya, so we can say the a vowel is used for yes/no questions. Also, please note the article now uses a not na to be more general. --Kjoonlee 15:49, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Updates
Woah, the Korean and Japanese editions of Wikipedia have overtaken this article by leaps and bounds. We need to catch up IMHO. :) --Kjoonlee 21:16, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Gyeongsang dialect


text:
Thalia Massie

Thalia Fortescue Massie (February 14, 1911 – July 3, 1963) was a member of a socially prominent U.S. family involved in a series of heavily publicized trials in Hawaii.

Family life
Thalia Fortescue was born February 14, 1911, in Washington, DC. Her mother was Grace Hubbard Fortescue (1883–1979) and her father was Granville Roland Fortescue (1875–1952).

She married Navy lieutenant Thomas Hedges Massie (1905–1987), who was stationed at Pearl Harbor.

The cases
In September 1931, Thalia Massie was found by a passing driver, Eustace Bellinger, wandering along Ala Moana Road in Honolulu at about 1 am on a Sunday morning. She had been beaten and had suffered a broken jaw after being abducted while leaving a party at the nearby Ala Wai Inn. When questioned by Bellinger and his passenger George Clark Jr., she stated that a group of 5 or 6 Hawaiian boys had assaulted her. Later at the hospital she claimed to police that she had been raped as well as assaulted.

Subsequently, five young men, Horace Ida, Henry Chang, Joseph Kahahawai, Benny Ahakuelo, and David Takai, two of Hawaiian ancestry, two of Japanese ancestry, and one of half Chinese/Hawaiian ancestry, who were initially arrested for assaulting a Hawaiian woman, Agnes Peeples, earlier that same night were later also charged with the rape of Massie. Joseph Kahahawai, a boxer, admitted to the earlier assault on Peeples, whom he had slugged and knocked over during a road rage incident at King and Liliha Streets, but all defendants denied having been involved in the assault on Mrs. Massie. The men were represented by two of the foremost criminal lawyers in the islands, William Heen and William B. Pittman, and the mixed-race jury deadlocked along racial lines. The five defendants were released on bail to await retrial at a later date.

Thalia's mother, Grace Fortescue, was deeply disturbed by the release of the defendants and many U.S. Navy personnel at Pearl Harbor were outraged. A short time later, Joseph Kahahawai was abducted when leaving the courthouse after a probation hearing and was found, shot dead, in the back seat of Grace Fortescue's car. Defended by attorney Clarence Darrow of Scopes Monkey Trial fame, Fortescue, Thalia's husband Thomas Massie, and two Navy sailors were eventually tried and convicted of manslaughter in the death of Kahahawai. Originally sentenced to 10 years, their sentence was commuted to one hour in the executive chambers of Governor Lawrence Judd of the Territory of Hawaii.

Thomas and Thalia Massie divorced on February 23, 1934, in Reno, Nevada. In 1953, at the age of 42, Thalia married 21-year-old Robert Thomlinson Uptigrove. They divorced in 1955. She died of an overdose of barbiturate pills in Palm Beach, Florida, on July 3, 1963.

title: Thalia Massie


text: Category:Provinces of Prussia

title: Category:Provinces of Prussia


text:
Talk:Lakshmi Mittal

Total net worth
in Forbes list of billionaires (2011) his net worth is $31.1 Billion and Lakshmi Mittal's biography page net worth is $19 Billion. please specify. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 49.248.159.46 (talk) 18:58, 30 November 2011 (UTC)

Birthdate
Someone has replaced his birth date (15 June) with 2 September. Any source? All the articles about Lakshmi Mittal in Wikipedia and on the internet say he was born on June 15, 1950.

Someone said:

His birthday is NOT june 15. When given an birthday cake on june 15 2006 in the Belgian Senate, he admitted having told (on purpose) the wrong date on his website (mittalsteel.com). He doesn't want people to know his real birthday.

Well, but where did he say that his birthday was the 2nd of September? Any source? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.153.246.52 (talk) 08:07, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Rumours
Rumours He was awarded from PRABHU from capgemini. surround a possible takeover of a football club?? It is thought he finds paticular intrest in the West Midlands football clubs as he thinks London has already got enough! Among his wish list are apparently: Birmingham City, West Brom. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nathan Hoey (talk • contribs) 17:48, 13 October 2006 (UTC) Not just rumours - he has just bought PFC CSKA Sofia and this is a very happy news for us (the bulgarians), he owns the biggest steel factory in Bulgaria (Kremikovci). His birthday is NOT june 15. When given an birthday cake on june 15 2006 in the Belgian Senate, he admitted having told (on purpose) the wrong date on his website (mittalsteel.com). He doesn't want people to know his real birthday. 83.134.84.95 01:12, 25 February 2007 (UTC) Rumours circulating that he is interest in buying a football club in the West Midlands are again surrounding him although it is unsure if any football clubs are up for grabs in the West Midlands.

Picture position
The picture with Lula makes reading the text around it awkward. Can someone who knows how please re-position this photo? Thanks. Jedimindtrick 15:41, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Is it better now ?--Milki 18:55, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Yes, thanks Milki! Appreciate your help. There is however a chunk of white space in the area adjacent to where the two pictures 'meet'- could I request your help in moving the text around as well? Thanks! Jedimindtrick 15:42, 25 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm planning on adding an entirely new section about Mittal and his relations with Foreign Leaders. I'll be moving the picture and MittalGate Scandal over there.--Milki 14:25, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Someone update to reflect Arcelor-Mittal merger
Does anyone mind if I do it ?--Milki 22:56, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Pic
somebody come up with a less goofy image

House
The figure for Mittal's London house was originally given as 50 million pounds. I have added in that this is equivalent to $127m, in line with the figure provided by the BBC in the link "Glimpsing a fairytale wedding" at the bottom of the page. At current exchange rates, this doesn't work out, so revert this if it is incorrect. --MichaelWest 29 June 2005 13:18 (UTC) -does anyone know how old this guy is? He's gonna be richer than warren buffet one day. Do we have a birthdate for him? He was born on 15 June 1950 in a small village Sadulpur of Churu district in Rajasthan in India. Here is the Biographic link: http://www.webindia123.com/personal/abroad/mittal.htm burdak 09:25, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Can we get a picture again? Shawnc 09:53, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Merge from Lakshmi Nivas Mittal
Lakshmi Nivas Mittal is a stub article with a pointer to this article as one of its external links, and is merely a variant spelling of Lakshmi Niwas Mittal.

merge it!

Request (vandalism?)
Could the user at 24.11.163.197 (also editing from 35.8.219.117) please stop adding irrelevant and unverifiable information to the page, particularly what you have repeatedly re-inserted- about someone called 'vesh dar'.

How rich is he?
This article lists him as both the 3rd richest man in the world and the 5th richest man in the world. I realize the numbers are probably not definite and are subject to change, but we should arrive at some wording that's not so blatently contradictory. MK2 03:09, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * It was 3rd, it's 5th now.--Milki 15:09, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

 * New forbs rich listout. 3rd again. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 86.147.137.134 (talk) 20:29, 11 March 2007 (UTC).

Why isn't this one encyclopaedic?
Can any one clarify as to why following passage isn't encyclopaedic, a reason for which it has been remove by Aksi?After all, great business leaders like Lakshmi Mittal ji have been subject to prophesies? Prophesies are an indisputable part of life.After all,the West has great traditio of celebrating prophesies as those by Nastradamus.

"However, At a time when most analysts had doubted LN Mittal's bid for Arcelor to succeed, Swami Apratimanand Ji predicted on 23rd of February,2006 that LN Mittal was destined to take over Arcelor, a prophesy which indeed came true!"[] Kushwah 10:26, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Indian ?
In the article he is identified as an Indian. But he has been residing in London for several decades. So what makes him an Indian. Does he still hold the Indian citizenship. As far as I know India does not allow dual citizenship. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.120.103.242 (talk) 18:13, 21 April 2007 (UTC).

India does allow dual citizenship. And he's not been living in UK for "decades". He first ventured out into Indonesia in the 1980s and has been acquiring Govenment-owned steel mills around the world since. Plus he holds onto his Indian Passport because he's proud to be Indian and upholding Indian values.Tri400 10:26, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Mittal has recently become a British citizen and the following sites proves it: - http://www.topnews.in/recession-takes-toll-wealthiest-wealthy-lakshmi-mittal-loses-235-billion-2157604 - http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?658958 Sansonic (talk) 20:49, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

According to below article he is holding Indian passport (atleast till 2006). If i did surrendered his Indian passport then it might be big news in India. But i dont see anything in news about that. http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/apr/28mittal.htm Gobade.abhay1 (talk) 06:18, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

This confirms he is still holding indian passport http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/rich_list_2009/article6139333.ece Gobade.abhay1 (talk) 06:20, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Labour donations

 * Many suspected that a donation by Mittal to the British Labour Party had led to Blair's intervention (a letter to the Romanian Prime Minister) in a business deal favouring Mittal.

I have removed this line from the article as an unsourced allegation. violet/riga (t) 09:46, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Photo - official photo of Lakshmi Mittal
Hey guys, can we have the official photo of Mr. Mittal that is available on the ArcelorMittal website? It looks much better and normal than the clownish one we have on his page at the moment. Tri400 15:34, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

 * We can try. I think copyright pictures are allowed on Wikipedia for certain reasons. Not sure which though Vishnuchakra 17:45, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I do not think that the photo we have right now is clownish. Also, it is a free image (published under creative commons). All photos from the website would be copyright. We prefer free photos over copyrighted ones any day. Please see WP:FU for examples on where copyrighted images could be used. - Aksi_great (talk) 18:05, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

We already have one on the Arun Sarin page from Vodafone's press kit. Both the pictures from ArcelorMittal and Vodafone are of huge resolution, freely available for download. Obviously they are mean to be used by the media. I think some websites also say that the photos can be used without permission for non-profit purposes.

Besides, this one that we do have is blurry, and improper. Tri400 13:42, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The thing is we can't officially use the pictures until we KNOW that it is meant for the meant media. There are several pictures that are freely downloadable on the Internet, it doesn't mean they're copyright free. I do agree that it is a bit "clownish". Also I don't think we can use a Copyrighted image when a free one is available Vishnu  chakra  14:54, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

Man, obviously its free to use by the newspapers, media etc. It says so very clearly on Logitech's official website to not alter the original image to a false representation of their products, logos, executives, etc. But we are free to use these images. After all, they want publicity, and they have said they dont want their images/photos altered in a bad way. Why do so many world-class companies offer high-resolution images for free download? So that the media/magazines can easily publish these studio images and sometimes they do. Tri400 15:58, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 18:33, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Mittal Affair
User 91.106.29.136 removed the sourced section on 11-10 about the Mittal Affair without giving reason for this. Added it backDrachenfyre 10:12, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

House price problems
This article says his house in London cost 70 million pounds, but the Wiki article for Kensington Palace Gardens states this is incorrect, "The sale was widely misreported at £70 million,[1] before accurate figures were available from HM Land Registry, where records state that on 30 June 2004, 18-19 Kensington Palace Gardens, along with three mews houses at the rear of the property, sold for £57,145,967[2]"

Will registered users please resolve. Thank you. 69.111.9.79 (talk) 20:21, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge Mittal Affair?
Mittal Affair article is a copy-and-paste of the section of the same name in this article. I am calling for a merger or speedy deletion of the former. Brokenwit (talk) 09:39, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The Mittal Affair should be expanded rather then deleted. More information has become available since I first wrote this section in History of Plaid Cymru and on the Mittal artical. Since then, others have added it to other sections and someone did start this as a stand alone artical. It needs expansion rather then deletion. Drachenfyre (talk) 21:48, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Keep It deserves a separate page. Prashanthns (talk) 10:43, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Merge - The notability of the affair is inherently linked to and dependent on Mittal. This was a current event of political notability at the time but can now be merged into this article as a piece of Mr. Mittals life history. Usrnme h8er (talk) 14:44, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

World's richest people
As of 09 June 2008, Mittal's stake(44%) in AM is worth $ 65.5 billion. His personal wealth may be around $67.3 billion. 09:00, 09 June 2008 (UTC) He is the current world’s richest man.

Mistake
who wrote that his personal fortune is 6005 million?where did he see that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Virgilios (talk • contribs) 12:26, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

RfC on major WP:OWN/WP:BLP issues
The article appears to be Owned by a single editor, User:Zencv, who may have added disproportionately large criticism and controversy sections with references cited in tendentious Synthesis. Please investigate this version and reach consensus as to whether this material is appropriate or libellous.

 * Probably you are new here, FYI - nobody owns an article including this. Next time, focus on edits, not editor. As for edits, what matters is whether criticism is in violation of WP:BLP. Otherwise, they should stay ZencvLets discuss 15:17, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Also please don't jump into such outrageous assumptions that someone owns the article just because they reverted your edits for some good reasons. Nowhere in BLP says that one should not be criticized. As long as they are  well sourced, please don't remove the contents without discussion.  ZencvLets discuss 15:24, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The point is that they are NOT well-sourced, but Original Research and Synthesis drawn disparately from sources.72.179.45.108 (talk) 22:21, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Could you explain here which sentences specifically you are concerned about and which sources you have problems with?. I don't see any Original Research and Synthesis here. Sources like TimesOnline are normally concerned decent enough. There is nothing libelous here, criticism is never easy to digest, but should be documented if applicable.  ZencvLets discuss 09:40, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Response to RfC

 * I don't see anything major in this article which appears to breach WP:WELLKNOWN or could be considered libelous. A central, well-known, business figure like Mr. Mittal will always attract criticism and the role of wikipedia is to record that criticism (when notable) while not taking part or sides. The Criticism and allegations section remains quite short and covers, in no great detail, well sourced information about criticism against Mr. Mittal. It does not appear to be POV (doesn't take sides for any allegations - just presents them) and as far as I can see does not make any statement about the veracity of allegations. My only question is whether anyone can find a WP:RS for "During December 2004, twenty-three miners died in explosions in his mines in Kazakhstan caused by faulty gas detectors." - not because I doubt it happend but because we should source the information (numbers and causes, particularly, need sourcing in a potentially volitile case like this). Finally, the section on the Mittal Affair seems well balanced and sourced as an ongoing merger of the article of that name. Usrnme h8er (talk) 14:39, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * A concern that would be legitimate IMO would be whether Slave labour allegations can be really included here or rather there. Normally CEO may not be held accountable for these kind of actions done by his company, but in companies like ArcelorMittal which are heavily family controlled, it is on the edge  ZencvLets discuss 15:22, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Charity section
Could someone please dig a bit deeper. I find it difficult to believe that his charitable donations only add up to 10 million dollars. That section could use expanding.--Anna Frodesiak (talk) 06:08, 6 March 2009 (UTC)

Citizenship
Lakshmi Mittal is clearly a British Indian. But while Forbes say he is an Indian citizen, the following Indian sources suggest that he has recently become a British citizen: - http://www.topnews.in/recession-takes-toll-wealthiest-wealthy-lakshmi-mittal-loses-235-billion-2157604 - http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?658958  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sansonic (talk • contribs) 19:10, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

According to below article he is holding Indian passport (atleast till 2006). If i did surrendered his Indian passport then it might be big news in India. But i dont see anything in news about that. http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/apr/28mittal.htm Gobade.abhay1 (talk) 06:16, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

This confirms he is still holding Indian passport http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/rich_list_2009/article6139333.ece Gobade.abhay1 (talk) 06:21, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Family
Giving a telegraph quote about the quarrels in Mittal family is certainly a highly inappropriate way to make an encyclopaedic entry. No doubt, the contributer is highly biased against Mittal. Who would like to be introduced like this to any man? Varanwal (talk) 20:27, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.arcelormittal.com/index.php?lang=en&page=49&tb0=408&tblng=1. Infringing material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. VernoWhitney (talk) 21:40, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Awards and Honors
Mittal received the Willy Korf Steel Vision Award in 1998, NOT 2004. 24.1.216.81 (talk) 22:59, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Net worth (2012)
The article says that he is 1) Currently the 6th richest person in the world, but according to Forbes_list_of_billionaires he has dropped out of the top 10 billionaire list in 2012. 2) Currently the richest person in Asia, but Li Ka Shing is currently the richest person of Asia in 2012. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.129.222.207 (talk) 15:06, 30 April 2012 (UTC)

Copyright problem removed (2)
Prior content in this article duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.minyanville.com/special-features/articles/Lakshimi-Mittal-mittal-arcelormittal-wealthiest-person/10/21/2010/id/30619. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.) For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or published material; such additions will be deleted. Contributors may use copyrighted publications as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with these policies. Thank you. MER-C 12:26, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Lakshmi Mittal is not the richest man in Europe. His fortune is estimated at USD 20 billions. Bernard Arnault of LVMH is the richest man in Europe and the 4th richest man in the world with a fortune estimated at USD 41 billions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.218.90.212 (talk) 23:23, 7 November 2012 (UTC)

Removed France controversy
Removed "France" entry due to lack of sources and generally poor writing technique. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.169.149.177 (talk) 22:38, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

I'd be glad to provide it, unfortunately I cannot cite any relevant sources (e.g. newspapers). While Iam at it, there are 2 typos in the References section ("Blommberg" for "Bloomberg" that I cant figure out how to édit. Thierry Le Provost (talk) 02:59, 5 May 2013 (UTC)
 * ,There should indeed be a France entry, reg. the closing of the Florange steelworks.

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title: Talk:Lakshmi Mittal


text:
Under the North Star trilogy

Under the North Star (Täällä Pohjantähden alla) is a trilogy published between 1959 and 1962 by Finnish author Väinö Linna. The novel follows the life of a Finnish family from 1880, through the First World War, the Finnish Civil War and the Second World War, to about 1950. Through the lives of ordinary people, it describes the clash of ideals in Finland's language strife and the struggle between the Whites (nationalists) and the Reds (bolsheviks) in the movement to Independence and Civil War.

Based on the work, two film adaptations directed by Edvin Laine have been made: the 1968 film Here, Beneath the North Star (based on the first and second volumes of trilogy) and its 1970 sequel Akseli and Elina (based on the third and final volume).

The novel shares one main character, Akseli Koskela, and covers some of the same events as another novel: The Unknown Soldier  by the author.

Vol I: Under the North Star
"In the beginning there were the swamp, the hoe – and Jussi", book starts, when the story opens with Jussi, a farm hand from Häme, clearing marshland to create a croft, which will later be called Koskela. In the first part of the book tension mounts between crofters and land owners in the village of Pentinkulma. Jussi's son Akseli becomes an active socialist. At the same time the upper classes are concerned with language strife and Finland's relationship with Russia.

Vol II: The Uprising
In the second part the Finnish Civil War breaks out. The book describes the atrocities committed on both sides, as well as the tensions which lead up to them. The war hits Koskela harshly, for the family loses two sons.

Vol III: Reconciliation
In the third part the community is dominated by the whites, the victors of the Civil War. In Koskela, however, matters improve as crofters are liberated and Koskela becomes an independent farm. Things turn for the worse at the outbreak of the Second World War. Again Koskela pays a heavy price, losing three sons. The last chapters of the book concentrate on the reconciliatory atmosphere created by the joint hardships endured during the war.

Main characters

 * Akseli Koskela, platoon leader in the Red Guard, later a farmer
 * Elina Koskela, Akseli's wife
 * Jussi Koskela, Akseli's father, tenant of the vicarage
 * Alma Koskela, Akseli's mother and Jussi's wife
 * Aleksi Koskela, Akseli's brother, Jussi and Alma's second son
 * August Koskela, Akseli and Aleksi's brother, Jussi and Alma's third son. (Aku for short)
 * Adolf Halme, village tailor
 * Lauri Salpakari, the local vicar and landlord of the Koskela Family
 * Ellen Salpakari, Vicar Salpakari's wife, a conservative politician
 * Otto Kivivuori, tenant farmer, Elina's father
 * Anna Kivivuori, Otto's wife, Elina's mother
 * Janne Kivivuori, Otto and Anna's eldest son, mason, socialist politician
 * Oskari Kivivuori, Otto and Anna's youngest son, member of the Red Guard (Osku for short)
 * Anttoo Laurila, tenant farmer
 * Uuno Laurila, Anttoo's son, member of the Red Guard
 * Elma Laurila, Anttoo's daughter, Akusti's fiancée
 * Kalle Töyry, master of the Töyry House, landlord of the Laurila Family
 * Artturi Yllö, judge and wealthy landowner
 * Antero Mellola, very fat saw-mill owner
 * Preeti Leppänen, tenant farmer
 * Aune Leppänen, Preeti's daughter
 * The Baron, owner of the Manor, landlord of the Leppänen Family
 * The Baroness, The Baron's wife
 * The Wolf-Kustaa, hunter and tramp

Impact
The book is considered a classic in Finland with print runs into hundreds of thousands. Even most of those who have not read the book are familiar with the iconic opening words "Alussa olivat suo, kuokka — ja Jussi" ("In the beginning there were the bog, the hoe — and Jussi"). It is a reference to two verses from the Bible, the opening sentence of the creation account, “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,” and the opening sentence of the Gospel of John, “In the beginning was the Word”.

The second book in the trilogy, The Uprising, generated considerable controversy over its portrayal of the Finnish Civil War because, for the first time, a novel was published that was sympathetic (in human terms, if not politically) towards the Reds. Up until then, all history of the Finnish Civil War had been written by the Whites. Under the North Star played a crucial role in starting a discussion in Finland over what really happened in 1918 and in healing decades-old wounds between the two factions.

Translations
Under the North Star has been translated into English by Richard Impola:
 * Vol. 1 Under the North Star pub. 2001, ISBN 0-9685881-6-6
 * Vol. 2 Under the North Star 2: The Uprising pub. 2002, ISBN 0-9685881-7-4
 * Vol. 3 Under the North Star 3: Reconciliation pub. 2003, ISBN 0-9685881-8-2

Unfortunately these translated publications contain many typographical errors.

title: Under the North Star trilogy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Goblin metal

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 19:23, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Goblin metal
Another metal "genre" page with almost no information. Aside from the fact that "Goblin metal" is nowhere recognized as a category of metal music, what little data is provided by the page is entirely incoherent and uninformative. OnwardToGolgotha 06:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Inaccurate, POV, and I'm a metalhead who hasn't heard of this kind of metal. --Idont Havaname 06:13, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, and maybe even a speedy-deletion candidate for patent nonsense -- that hurt my brain to read. Almafeta 06:15, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Google hits are all irrelevant to the topic. Even if "goblin metal" exists outside the author's head, no one will miss this article much. Isomorphic 06:17, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism. --Angr/undefined 06:49, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Hoax or neologism.  --Bletch 16:17, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Also, irretrievably biased POV - even the title mayhaps? 216.158.31.195 17:05, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete imaginary music genres—Wahoofive (talk) 23:49, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Possibly redirect to troll metal. -Sean Curtin 02:29, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Frederick Sommer

Frederick Sommer (September 7, 1905 – January 23, 1999), was an artist born in Angri, Italy and raised in Brazil. He earned a M.A. degree in Landscape Architecture (1927) from Cornell University where he met Frances Elizabeth Watson (1904–1999) whom he married in 1928; they had no children. The Sommers moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1931 and then Prescott, Arizona in 1935. Sommer became a naturalized citizen of the United States on November 18, 1939.

Considered a master photographer, Sommer first experimented with photography in 1931 after being diagnosed with tuberculosis the year prior. Early works on paper (starting in 1931) include watercolors, and evolve to pen-and-ink or brush plus drawings of visually composed musical score. Concurrent to the works on paper, Sommer started to seriously explore the artistic possibilities of photography in 1938 when he acquired an 8×10 Century Universal Camera, eventually encompassing the genres of still life (chicken parts and assemblage), horizonless landscapes, jarred subjects, cut-paper, cliché-verre negatives and nudes. According to art critic Robert C. Morgan, Sommer's "most extravagant, subtle, majestic, and impressive photographs—comparable in many ways to the views of Yosemite Valley’s El Capitan and Half Dome by Ansel Adams—were Sommer’s seemingly infinite desert landscapes, some of which he referred to as 'constellations.'" The last artistic body of work Sommer produced (1989–1999) was collage based largely on anatomical illustrations.

Frederick Sommer had significant artistic relationships with Edward Weston, Max Ernst, Aaron Siskind, Richard Nickel, Minor White, and others. His archive (of negatives and correspondence) was part of founding the Center for Creative Photography in 1975 along with Ansel Adams, Harry Callahan, Wynn Bullock, and Aaron Siskind. He taught briefly at Prescott College during the late 60s and substituted for Harry Callahan at IIT Institute of Design in 1957–1958 and later at the Rhode Island School of Design.

Bruce Silverstein Gallery is the New York representative of the Frederick & Frances Sommer Foundation.

Drawings in the Manner of Musical Scores
In 1934, Frederick Sommer visited Los Angeles. Walking through the art museum one day, he noticed a display of musical scores. He saw them not as music, but as graphics, and found in them an elegance and grace that led him to a careful study of scores and notation.

He found that the best music was visually more effective and attractive. He assumed that there was a correlation between music as we hear it and its notation; and he wondered if drawings that used notational motifs and elements could be played. He made his first “drawings in the manner of musical scores” that year. (After reviewing this text, Fred asked that the author refer to his scores “only” in this way. When the author suggested that it was perhaps too long to be repeated throughout the text, he laughed and said, “Well, use it at least once.”)

Although people knew of his scores, and occasionally brought musicians to his house to play them, no one ever stayed with it for long. In 1967, both Walton Mendelson and Stephen Aldrich attended Prescott College, Prescott, Arizona, where Sommer was on the faculty. They barely knew of his reputation as a photographer, and nothing of the scores. Towards the end of September he invited them to his house for dinner, but they were to come early, and Mendelson was to bring my flute. “Can you play that?” he asked, as they looked at one of the scores, framed, and sitting atop his piano. With no guidance from him, they tried. Nervous and unsure of what they were getting into, they stopped midway through. Mendelson asked Alddrich where he was in the score: he pointed to where Mendelson had stopped. They knew then, mysterious though the scores were, they could be played. On May 9, 1968, the first public performance of the music of Frederick Sommer was given at Prescott College.

Sommer had no musical training. He didn't know one note from another on his piano, nor could he read music. His record collection was surprisingly broad for that time, and his familiarity with it was thorough. What surprised Mendelson and Aldrich when they first met him were his visual skills: he could identify many specific pieces and almost any major composer by looking at the shapes of the notation on a page of printed music.

Of Sommer's known works, his drawings, glue-color on paper, photographs, and writings, it is only these scores that have been a part of his creative life throughout the entirety of his artistic career. He was still drawing elegant scores in 1997. And like his skip reading, they are the closest insight to his creative process, thinking and aesthetic.

title: Frederick Sommer


text: User:SjakkaIIe

title: User:SjakkaIIe


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Gros Ventre landslide

The Gros Ventre landslide is in the Gros Ventre Wilderness of Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming, United States. The Gros Ventre landslide is 7 mi east of Jackson Hole valley and Grand Teton National Park.

The landslide occurred on June 23, 1925, following melt from a heavy snowpack, several weeks of heavy rain, and earthquake tremors in the area. Approximately 50000000 cuyd of primarily sedimentary rock slid down the north face of Sheep Mountain, crossed over the Gros Ventre River and rode up the opposite mountainside a distance of 300 ft. The landslide created a large dam over 200 ft high and 400 yd wide across the Gros Ventre River, backing up the water and forming Lower Slide Lake.

On May 18, 1927, part of the landslide dam failed, resulting in a massive flood that was 6 ft deep for at least 25 mi downstream. The small town of Kelly, 6 mi downstream, was wiped out, killing six people. It is one of the world's largest known examples of recent mass wasting events aside from volcanic eruptions. Slide Lake is now much smaller than before the flood.

Today, the landslide is partially reclaimed by the surrounding forest but is still an obvious landmark from many vantage points in the Jackson Hole valley. It is easily accessible by traveling north from Jackson, Wyoming or south from Moran, Wyoming and then taking the Antelope Flats road east off U.S. Route 26.

Etymology
In French, Gros Ventre means big belly / big stomach.

title: Gros Ventre landslide


text: User:SjakkaIle

title: User:SjakkaIle


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Big Loada

Big Loada is an EP by English electronic musician Squarepusher. It was released on 21 July 1997 by Warp in the United Kingdom. It was later released, with an expanded track listing, on 13 October 1998 by Nothing Records in the United States.

Release
Big Loada served as Squarepusher's fourth release on Warp in the United Kingdom, following the Port Rhombus EP, the "Vic Acid" single, and the album Hard Normal Daddy.

The Nothing Records issue of Big Loada has a rearranged track listing with additional tracks unavailable in the United States at the time. Warp had not opened their American division yet, and arranged to release some of their material through Nothing. The rearrangement of the tracks is to highlight the "Come On My Selector" video, directed by Chris Cunningham, and which was included on the re-release. Tracks 8, 9 and 10 make up the full Port Rhombus EP, Jenkinson's first release on Warp. Tracks 11 and 12 are two B-sides to the "Vic Acid" single (although the G7000 mix of "Fat Controller" was not included on this release). This edition has modified cover artwork, as the prominent Warp Records logo had to be removed.

Some Nothing Records versions of Big Loada are actually copies of Budakhan Mindphone that have been incorrectly packaged and labelled.

Reception
In 2017, Pitchfork placed Big Loada at number 9 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time".

title: Big Loada


text: User:SjakkalIe

title: User:SjakkalIe


text:
Talk:Under the North Star trilogy

External link
Why isn't that first external link working properly? I can't figure out what went wrong. --TD Mak 06:19, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.195.31.211 (talk) 06:19, 3 June 2005 (UTC)
 * There was a line break inside the brackets. It's fixed now. Isomorphic 06:22, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Opening sentence of the book
The article states that the opening sentence of the book is In the beginning there were the marsh, the hoe - and Jussi, which is what it is in Richard Impola's translation. My wife insists that this is an incorrect translation and that the tool Jussi is using is a pickaxe. This makes more sense to me as no one would use a hoe to clear a swamp, surely. Can anyone shed some light on this? Alun 23:03, 26 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It is a hoe. Pickaxe is hakku. --Vuo 09:18, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * As said above, pickaxe means hakku . As the article pickaxe desrcibes, pickaxe "is most often used to break up rocky surfaces or other hard surfaces". Contrary to that, marsh is "is a type of wetland", and hoe (Finnish kuokka) is used in soft soil. In Swedish both pickaxe and hoe are usually called "hacka". If the book is first read in Swedish, it might confuse the reader, although I never read the book in Swedish (and therefore I don't know if they used the word hacka or less common gräfta). --Gwydda (talk) 17:47, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

Does it depand on the type of hoe?? A Dutch hoe or a draw hoe for example? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.114.244.188 (talk) 06:55, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

Title of the Book
Surely we should change teh wikipedia article title as the translation is incomplete.

The correct title woudl be "There Under a Northern Star" - as finnish has no article it could be the Northern Star, but its more poetic with a. Dunno what Linna thought himself? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.114.244.188 (talk) 06:55, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

"Pohjantähti" is a specific star, i.e. Polaris or the North Star, it's not just a "Northern" star. So "Under the North Star" is certainly the adequate translation, including the article. However, if we were to translate the title literally, we'd have to add "here" (täällä). 178.195.178.16 (talk) 18:27, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

 * There seem to me to be several linguistic issues here. In Finnish, while there are no EXPLICIT articles ("the", "a", etc), all Finnish nouns are declined so as to make these redundant.  My understanding is that the partitive case would be been used if the sense required was "any old northern star" as oppsed to "the North Star" (capitalisation is also not used in Finnish in the same way it is in English).  The word for north (pohja/pohjoinen) and the word for star (tähti) are concatenated in the title.  This is significant and forms a distinct and unique noun.  The word "pohja" is in the genitive form so further specifying that the star concerned is indeed the SPECIFIC star OF the north.  With respect to the rest of the translation: the word "täällä" means (literally-ish) "on/at HERE", as opposed to "siellä" which would mean "on/at THERE".  For the sake of completeness here I'll just add that "alla" means "under" and takes the genitive hence "tähden".  The best translation for the title I can envisage therefore would be: "Here, under the North Star." (commas are also used differently in Finnish to English, and are not used for emphasis). --LookingGlass (talk) 13:41, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

Sources for impact and outcome statements
Could anyone provide any references for the statements made in the article regarding the impact and outcomes of the book?

What evidence is there that it "generated a considerable controversy"? If it did how big or significant was it, and how can this be illustrated?

In terms of the outcomes: what role did it have in starting a discussion? Who had this discussion and how visible was it? For instance: was it a general disgruntlement in some parts of town or something that was aired nationally by public figures or media? What impact if any can be shown to have resulted?

What evidence is there for any healing that it had? For instance: is silence being viewed as evidence of this or is something else? If so what? Silence wasn't evidence of healing in Yogoslavia; and the Finnish Civil War had a killing rate in Finland nearly 20x that of Germany in WW2.

Does the book have and legacy in these matters that can be illustrated tangibly in some way? I'd really like to find this.

LookingGlass (talk) 10:26, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Delete proposal: - section:- Footnotes
The section entitled "Footnotes" appears entirely un-noteworthy and imo should be deleted. Most obviously it is trivial in that I suspect the overwhelming majority if not all publications contain some typographic and/or editorial errors. This is a fact of life of publishing which does not merit a reference in respect of any particular book. In any case such errors may be reduced in later printings. If such errors impacted in some material or significant way with a publication then they would imo merit reference. Judging from the entry made of them in this case that would not appear to be so. The evidence for noteworthiness given is that: an asterix appears without a footnote; dots appear on page(s) and might possibly be mistaken for fullstops; one sentence (in a trilogy!) might have been repeated in error; and the occasional character appears out of place. These are significant matters only in that they are entriely without any significance whatsoever to a wikipedia article. Unless some substance is provided I therefore propose to delete the section. LookingGlass (talk) 12:43, 16 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Under the North Star trilogy


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Ghazi (warrior)

A ghazi (غازي,, plural ġuzāt) is an individual who participated in ghazw (غزو, ġazw), meaning military expeditions or raiding. The latter term was applied in early Islamic literature to expeditions led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and later taken up by Turkic military leaders to describe their wars of conquest.

In the context of the wars between Russia and the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus, starting as early as the late 18th century's Sheikh Mansur's resistance to Russian expansion, the word usually appears in the form gazavat (газават).

In English-language literature, the ghazw often appears as razzia, a borrowing through French from Maghrebi Arabic.

In modern Turkish, gazi is used to refer to veterans, and also as a title for Turkic Muslim champions such as Ertuğrul and Osman I.

Ghazwa as raid—razzia
In pre-Islamic Bedouin culture, ghazw[a] was a form of limited warfare verging on brigandage that avoided head-on confrontations and instead emphasized raiding and looting, usually of livestock (see cattle raiding). The Umayyad-period Bedouin poet al-Kutami wrote the oft-quoted verses: "Our business is to make raids on the enemy, on our neighbor and our own brother, in the event we find none to raid but a brother." William Montgomery Watt hypothesized that Muhammad found it useful to divert this continuous internecine warfare toward his enemies, making it the basis of his war strategy; according to Watt, the celebrated battle of Badr started as one such razzia. As a form of warfare, the razzia was then mimicked by the Christian states of Iberia in their relations with the taifa states; rough synonyms and similar tactics are the Iberian cavalgada and the Anglo-French chevauchée.

The word razzia was used in French colonial context particularly for raids to plunder and capture slaves from among the people of Western and Central Africa, also known as rezzou when practiced by the Tuareg. The word was adopted from ġaziya of Algerian Arabic vernacular and later became a figurative name for any act of pillage, with its verb form razzier.

Historical development
Ghazi (غازي, ġāzī) is an Arabic word, the active participle of the verb ġazā, meaning 'to carry out a military expedition or raid'; the same verb can also mean 'to strive for' and Ghazi can thus share a similar meaning to Mujahid or "one who struggles". The verbal noun of ġazā is ġazw or ġazawān, with the meaning 'raiding'. A derived singulative in ġazwah refers to a single battle or raid. The term ghāzī dates to at least the Samanid period, where he appears as a mercenary and frontier fighter in Khorasan and Transoxiana. Later, up to 20,000 of them took part in the Indian campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni.

Ghāzī warriors depended upon plunder for their livelihood, and were prone to brigandage and sedition in times of peace. The corporations into which they organized themselves attracted adventurers, zealots and religious and political dissidents of all ethnicities. In time, though, soldiers of Turkic ethnicity predominated, mirroring the acquisition of Mamluks, Turkic slaves in the Mamluk retinues and guard corps of the caliphs and emirs and in the ranks of the ghazi corporation, some of whom would ultimately rise to military and later political dominance in various Muslim states.

In the west, Turkic ghāzīs made continual incursions along the Byzantine frontier zone, finding in the akritai (akritoi) their Greek counterparts. After the Battle of Manzikert these incursions intensified, and the region's people would see the ghāzī corporations coalesce into semi-chivalric fraternities, with the white cap and the club as their emblems. The height of the organizations would come during the Mongol conquest when many of them fled from Persia and Turkistan into Anatolia.

As organizations, the ghazi corporations were fluid, reflecting their popular character, and individual ghāzī warriors would jump between them depending upon the prestige and success of a particular emir, rather like the mercenary bands around western condottiere. It was from these Anatolian territories conquered during the ghazw that the Ottoman Empire emerged, and in its legendary traditions it is said that its founder, Osman I, came forward as a ghāzī thanks to the inspiration of Shaikh Ede Bali.

In later periods of Islamic history the honorific title of ghāzī was assumed by those Muslim rulers who showed conspicuous success in extending the domains of Islam, and eventually the honorific became exclusive to them, much as the Roman title imperator became the exclusive property of the supreme ruler of the Roman state and his family.

The Ottomans were probably the first to adopt this practice, and in any case the institution of ghazw reaches back to the beginnings of their state:

 * By early Ottoman times it had become a title of honor and a claim to leadership. In an inscription of 1337 [concerning the building of the Bursa mosque], Orhan, second ruler of the Ottoman line, describes himself as "Sultan, son of the Sultan of the Gazis, Gazi son of Gazi… frontier lord of the horizons."

Ottoman historian Ahmedi in his work explain the meaning of Ghazi:

A Ghazi is the instrument of the religion of Allah, a servant of God who purifies the earth from the filth of polytheism. The Ghazi is the sword of God, he is the protector and the refuge of the believers. If he becomes a martyr in the ways of God, do not believe that he has died, he lives in beatitude with Allah, he has eternal life.

The first nine Ottoman chiefs all used Ghazi as part of their full throne name (as with many other titles, the nomination was added even though it did not fit the office), and often afterwards. However, it never became a formal title within the ruler's formal style, unlike Sultan ul-Mujahidin, used by Sultan Murad Khan II Khoja-Ghazi, 6th Sovereign of the House of Osman (1421–1451), styled 'Abu'l Hayrat, Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philippolis.

Because of the political legitimacy that would accrue to those bearing this title, Muslim rulers vied amongst themselves for preeminence in the ghāziya, with the Ottoman Sultans generally acknowledged as excelling all others in this feat:

 * For political reasons the Ottoman Sultans — also being the last dynasty of Caliphs — attached the greatest importance to safeguarding and strengthening the reputation which they enjoyed as ghāzīs in the Muslim world. When they won victories in the ghazā in the Balkans they used to send accounts of them (singular, feth-nāme) as well as slaves and booty to eastern Muslim potentates. Christian knights captured by Bāyezīd I at his victory over the Crusaders at Nicopolis in 1396, and sent to Cairo, Baghdad and Tabriz were paraded through the streets, and occasioned great demonstrations in favour of the Ottomans. (Cambridge History of Islam, p. 290)

Ghazi was also used as a title of honor in the Ottoman Empire, generally translated as the Victorious, for military officers of high rank, who distinguished themselves in the field against non-Moslem enemies; thus it was conferred on Osman Pasha after his famous defence of Plevna in Bulgaria and on Mustafa Kemal Pasha (later known as Atatürk) for leading the victory in the Battle of the Sakarya.

Some Muslim rulers (in Afghanistan) personally used the subsidiary style Padshah-i-Ghazi.

Muhammad's Ghazwa
Ghazwah, which literally means "campaigns", is typically used by biographers to refer to all the Prophet's journeys from Medina, whether to make peace treaties and preach Islam to the tribes, to go on ʽumrah, to pursue enemies who attacked Medina, or to engage in the nine battles.

Muhammad participated in 27 Ghazwa. The first Ghazwa he participated in was the Invasion of Waddan in August 623, he ordered his followers to attack a Quraysh caravan.

Operationally
When performed within the context of Islamic warfare, the ghazw's function was to weaken the enemy's defenses in preparation for his eventual conquest and subjugation. Because the typical ghazw raiding party often did not have the size or strength to seize military or territorial objectives, this usually meant sudden attacks on weakly defended targets (e.g. villages) with the intent of demoralizing the enemy and destroying material which could support their military forces. Though Islam's rules of warfare offered protection to non-combatants such as women, monastics and peasants in that they could not be slain, their property could still be looted or destroyed, and they themselves could be abducted and enslaved (Cambridge History of Islam, p. 269):

 * The only way of avoiding the onslaughts of the ghāzīs was to become subjects of the Islamic state. Non-Muslims acquired the status of dhimmīs, living under its protection. Most Christian sources confuse these two stages in the Ottoman conquests. The Ottomans, however, were careful to abide by these rules... Faced with the terrifying onslaught of the ghāzīs, the population living outside the confines of the empire, in the 'abode of war', often renounced the ineffective protection of Christian states, and sought refuge in subjection to the Ottoman Empire. Peasants in open country in particular lost nothing by this change.
 * Cambridge History of Islam, p. 285

A good source on the conduct of the traditional ghazw raid are the medieval Islamic jurists, whose discussions as to which conduct is allowed and which is forbidden in the course of warfare reveal some of the practices of this institution. One such source is Averroes' Bidāyat al-Mujtahid wa-Nihāyat al-Muqtasid (translated in Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader, Chapter 4).

Use in the modern era
In the 19th century, Muslim fighters in North Caucasus who were resisting the Russian military operations declared a gazawat (understood as holy war) against the Russian Orthodox invasion. Although it is not known for certain, it is believed that Dagestani Islamic scholar Muhammad al-Yaraghi was the ideologist of this holy war. In 1825, a congress of ulema in the village of Yarag declared gazawat against the Russians. Its first leader was Ghazi Muhammad; after his death, Imam Shamil would eventually continue it.

After the terrorist attacks on Paris in November 2015, the Islamic State group is said to have referred to its actions as "ghazwa".

In modern Turkey, gazi is used to refer to veterans. 19 September is celebrated as Veterans Day in Turkey.

Notable examples

 * Battal Ghazi, 8th century, Arab military commander
 * Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, 16th century general and Imam of the Adal Sultanate
 * Belek Ghazi, Bey of the Artuqids
 * Gazi Gümüshtigin, second ruler of the Danishmendids
 * Danishmend Gazi 12th century, founder of the Danishmendids
 * Ertuğrul Gazi (13th century), leader of the Kayı tribe, father of Osman I
 * Osman Gazi (1299–1326), founder of the Ottoman Empire
 * Orhan Gazi (1281–1362), second Ottoman Sultan
 * Gazi Sultan Murad, sixth Ottoman Sultan
 * Gazi Sultan Mehmed, conqueror of Constantinople
 * Gazi Çelebi (14th century), pirate and ruler of Sinop, Turkey
 * Gazi Evrenos (1288–1417), Ottoman military commander
 * Sikandar Khan Ghazi, a military commander during the 1303 Conquest of Sylhet
 * Haydar Ghazi, second wazir of Sylhet who fought in the 1303 Conquest of Sylhet
 * Ikhtiyaruddin Ghazi Shah, 14th-century Sultan of Sonargaon
 * Shahzada Danyal Dulal Ghazi, Prince of Bengal who fought in the 1498 Conquest of Kamata
 * Gazi Hüsrev Bey, an Ottoman bey of Bosnian origin (1480–1541)
 * Ghazi Khan, 15th century Baloch Chief from Dera Ghazi Khan, India
 * Ğazı I Giray, 16th century Crimean Tatar khan
 * Gazi Osman Pasha (1832–1897), Ottoman field marshal
 * Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud (1014–1034), Ghaznavid military commander
 * Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu (early 11th century), Ghaznavid military commander
 * Gazi Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938), Turkish field marshal, first president of Turkey
 * Ghazi Amanullah Khan, King who launched Afghanistan's Independence war in 1919, resulting in the first independence of a country from Britain since the American Revolution of 1776
 * Ghazi Umra Khan of Jandol, "Afghan Napoleon" who led the famous rebellion from Chitral against the British Empire
 * Ghazi Wazir Akbar Khan, Afghan Royal General who led battle against the Sikh Khalsa Regime at Jamrud and fought to Victory against the British Empire in the First Afghan War
 * Ghazi Mohammad Ayub Khan, Victor of the Battle of Maiwand
 * Ghazi Mir Zaman Khan, War Hero of the Afghan War of Independence
 * Nasir I of Kalat, 18th-century King of Balochistan with surname Ghazi-e-Din
 * Abdul Rashid Ghazi, Islamic fundamentalist and Chancellor of Faridia University.

Related terms

 * Akıncı: (Turkish) "raider", a later replacement for ghāzī
 * al-'Awāsim: the Syrio-Anatolian frontier area between the Byzantine and various caliphal empires
 * ribāt: fortified convent used by a militant religious order; most commonly used in North Africa
 * thughūr: an advanced/frontier fortress
 * uc: Turkish term for frontier; uc beği (frontier lord) was a title assumed by early Ottoman rulers; later replaced by serhadd (frontier)
 * Mujahideen

title: Ghazi (warrior)


text:
Saucony

Saucony is an American brand of athletic footwear and apparel. Founded in 1898, the company is owned by Wolverine World Wide. Products commercialised by Saucony include footwear and clothing ranges, such as athletic shoes, jackets, hoodies, T-shirts, sweatpants, shorts, and socks. Accessories include hats and backpacks.

Saucony's shoe boxes once had the phrase "sock a knee" printed on them, which represents the correct pronunciation of the company's name. The Saucony brand logo represents the Saucony Creek's constant flow, and the boulders lining its creek bed. The company is a popular racing shoe producer, making track spikes and cross country racing flats. Saucony also makes shoes for specific track and field athletics events.

History
The Saucony Shoe Manufacturing Company's first factory was founded in 1898 at Kutztown, Pennsylvania by businessmen William A. Donmoyer, Thomas S. Levan, Walter C.C. Snyder, and Benjamin F. Reider. The company took its name from Saucony Creek, which flows next to the original factory in Kutztown. In 1910, Russian immigrant Abraham R. Hyde started a shoe company, A.R. Hyde and Sons, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Over the years, Hyde became known for making athletic footwear including brands such as SpotBilt and PF Flyers. On June 13, 1968, Hyde entered into an agreement to buy Saucony, and the sale was completed on October 24, 1968.

In 1979, two of Saucony's running shoes were selected in the top 10 by Runner's World magazine (the Hornet was chosen best value), and by the following spring the demand for the product had gone up 2,000%. In the late 1980s, when Saucony became Hyde's dominant brand, the name of the company was officially changed from Hyde Athletic Industries to Saucony.

In 2005, Saucony was acquired by Stride Rite Corporation for $170 million. Stride Rite was acquired in 2007 for $800 million by Payless ShoeSource. The combined company became known as Collective Brands. In 2012, Collective Brands' Performance Lifestyle Group, which included Saucony, along with Keds, Stride Rite and Sperry Top-Sider, became part of Wolverine World Wide in a $1.23 billion transaction that also involved the sale of Payless ShoeSource and Collective Licensing International to private equity firms Blum Capital Partners and Golden Gate Capital. In 2016, Wolverine World Wide relocated Saucony and its other Boston-area brands to a new regional headquarters location in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Wolverine World Wide sources a majority of its footwear from numerous third-party manufacturers in Asia Pacific and South America.

Footwear
The company offers shoes for running, trail running, racing, and walking, utilizing specific technology relevant to the type of activity. Shoes are also made by focusing on the runner's foot size, type of running, arch type, and pronation.

On April 3, 2018, Saucony teamed up with the Massachusetts-based doughnut and coffee company, Dunkin' Donuts to produce a doughnut-themed, strawberry-frosted-looking running shoe to commemorate the 122nd running of the Boston Marathon. The Saucony X Dunkin’ Kinvara 9 comes in a doughnut box. The heel of the shoe is covered in rainbow sprinkles. The company again released a Dunkin' themed running shoe, the Kinvara 10, in March 2019.

Originals
Originals are Saucony's heritage range, which includes reintroduced older shoe styles produced by the company with different materials and colorways. These include the popular Shadow model, Jazz model, and Hornet model, the latter of which remains the company's biggest selling product.

Sponsorship
The company sponsors and has sponsored many athletes, including American long-distance runners Molly Huddle, Laura Thweatt, and Jared Ward.

title: Saucony


text:
Ville Niinistö

Ville Matti Niinistö (born 30 July 1976) is a Finnish politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019. He is a former member of parliament, former chairperson of the Green League and served as Minister of the Environment from 2011 to 2014, and a member of the city council of Turku.

Early life and education
Niinistö has a master's degree in political science from the University of Turku. Before being elected to the parliament in 2007 he worked as a doctorate student in political history (Finnish foreign policy) at the University of Turku in Finland.

Career in national politics
Niinistö first became a member of the Finnish Parliament in the 2007 elections.

From 2011 until 2014, Niinistö served as Minister of the Environment in the governments of successive Prime Ministers Jyrki Katainen and Alexander Stubb. During his time in office, Niinistö reignited a long-running debate about Finland's relationship with Russia in 2014 by saying his own government's decision to approve a Russian-built nuclear reactor invoked “ a sense of Finlandization”. Shortly after, he quit in protest at the project, accusing the government of favouring Russia. As a consequence, his Green League equally quit the five-party Finnish coalition government.

By 2017 Green League party congress, Niinistö had served two full terms as the chairman and stepped down according to the rules of the party. He was followed by MP Touko Aalto, who won the leadership election on 17 June 2017. In October 2018, Niinistö announced that he would not seek another term in the parliament in the 2019 election.

Member of the European Parliament, 2019–present
Since becoming a Member of the European Parliament, Niinistö has been serving on the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, where he is his parliamentary group's coordinator.

In addition to his committee assignments, Niinistö is part of the European Parliament Intergroup on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, the European Parliament Intergroup on Seas, Rivers, Islands and Coastal Areas, the European Parliament Intergroup on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs), and of the European Parliament Intergroup on the Welfare and Conservation of Animals.

Other activities

 * Finnvera, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2016)

Personal life
Niinistö is the nephew of Sauli Niinistö, the former president of Finland. He was married to Maria Wetterstrand, former spokesperson of the Swedish Green Party; they separated in 2012. They have a son, Elias, who was born in 2004, and a daughter, Linnea, born 2007. In his free time Niinistö enjoys reading, role-playing games, and football.

In 2013 it was revealed that he drove his Swedish wife's car with Swedish number plates in Finland on minor occasions, while she was absent. The Finnish customs imposed a €4800 tax on him. The Finnish tax code does not allow Finnish citizens to drive a foreign car in Finland without it being thus considered an imported car and therefore under Finnish car tax.

title: Ville Niinistö


text:
Matnog

Matnog, officially the City of Matnog (Waray Sorsogon: Bungto san Matnog; Bungto han Matnog, Bayan ng Matnog), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Sorsogon, Philippines and is the southernmost part of Luzon. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 41,989 people.

Matnog’s port is one of the busiest in the region, playing host to millions of people crossing the San Bernardino Strait to Northern Samar annually. It is the jump off point to the southern Philippines and vice versa. It is 65 km from Sorsogon City and 646 km from Manila.

History
Local elders say that the name Matnog comes from the word "matonog" (very audible) - that describes to the loud sound of the waves. The native people of Matnog are the Agta, Tabangon, and Cimaron Tribe.

Barangays
Matnog is politically subdivided into 40 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

 * Balocawe
 * Banogao
 * Banuang-daan
 * Bariis
 * Bolo
 * Bon-Ot Dako (Big)
 * Bon-Ot Saday (Small)
 * Cabagahan
 * Calayuan
 * Calintaan
 * Caloocan (Poblacion)
 * Calpi
 * Camachiles (Poblacion)
 * Camcaman (Poblacion)
 * Coron-coron
 * Culasi
 * Gadgaron
 * Genablan Occidental
 * Genablan Oriental
 * Hid-hid
 * Laboy
 * Lajong
 * Mambajog
 * Manjumlad
 * Manurabi
 * Naburacan
 * Paghuliran
 * Pange
 * Pawa
 * Poropandan
 * Santa Isabel
 * Sinalmacan
 * Sinang-Atan
 * Sinebaran
 * Sisigon
 * Sua
 * Sulangan
 * Tablac (Poblacion)
 * Tabunan (Poblacion)
 * Tugas

Transportation
Transportation includes buses going to and from Metro Manila and Bulan and ferries going to and from Allen, Northern Samar.

In order to spur development in the municipality, The Toll Regulatory Board declared Toll Road 5 the extension of South Luzon Expressway. A 420-kilometer, four lane expressway starting from the terminal point of the now under construction SLEX Toll Road 4 at Barangay Mayao, Lucena City in Quezon to Matnog, Sorsogon, near the Matnog Ferry Terminal. On August 25, 2020, San Miguel Corporation announced that they will invest the project which will reduce travel time from Lucena to Matnog from 9 hours to 5.5 hours.

title: Matnog


text: User talk:69.163.127.122

title: User talk:69.163.127.122