text:
Talk:List of codecs

DSD
I find it moderately disturbing that DSD/SACD are listed under "Pulse Density Modulation". This is incorrect, DSD is, was, and has always been an advanced form of Candy/Condon Sigma-Delta (or Delta-Sigma) if you choose, which means that it is a form of PCM with oversampling and noise shaping. There are many forms of PDM that do not have the characteristics of Sigma-Delta, and it seems misleading to call it PDM, when in fact is is a very well known use of a very early technique, namely Sigma-Delta, which is, at its core, nothing more than PCM with noise shaping. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Woodinville (talk • contribs) 01:39, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

AVS
Where does AVS go? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.215.101.110 (talk) 14:37, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Forbidden Technologies codecs
I removed FORlive and FORtune from the list because this looked like a blatant product advertisement. This is not the first time the issue of Forbidden Technologies advertising on Wikipedia has come up. See Articles_for_deletion/FORscene.

 * Appearances are not all that they seem though. Forbidden's 1,000,000 hits per month on the FORlive demo page do not come from Wikipedia. The product Forbidden sells is now is almost exclusively FORscene, which now has its own editing codec (not discussed or even mentioned in the codec list). FORscene was my first article on joining WP ("Be bold", it says!). The nominiator has since said "I've just seen too many people trying to spam the place with advertising. Just after I submitted ForScene for AfD, I noticed that this was probably not the case here. I might not even have nominated it, had I known then what I know now." (see User_talk:Stephen_B_Streater). The notorious Rouge Admin User:JzG offererd to bring it to Deletion Review following discussions on Wikipedia_talk:Notability_%28software%29. Even the deleting admin offered to rewrite the article in a more WP friendly style, as the topic was notable (see User_talk:Stephen_B_Streater). So this deletion was more to do with my inexperience of WP procedures at the time than the significance of the FORscene product itself, which clearly meets both the current and proposed notability guidelines. Stephen B Streater 09:06, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

When I click on the FORlive link I see an ad for streaming video software that says nothing about codecs whatsoever. And when I click on the FORtune link I get a page that doesn't even mention FORtune at all. Thus this information is unverifiable, unrelated to the subject matter of the article, and a blatant product advertisement.

 * I have replaced the FORlive link with a more interesting one. During the day, this gives full frame rate video, with lower frame rate at night. I hope this will help you here.

 * It's just a product demo, it doesn't tell me anything informative. For example, when I click on Theora, I'd expect an article about the codec, not Fluendo's Java demo (although that is mentioned in the article). -- Mcoder 08:17, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, it isn't an article, it's an example. If you would like to write an article, I can give you the relevant references to, for example, historical press releases and patents. Stephen B Streater 10:32, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

I looked for independant confirmation that these codecs exist and found none. Neither was listed at multimedia.cx, hydrogenaudio, or doom9. The only thing I found with a search engine were links to Forbidden Technologies press releases. See WP:Notability.

 * The FORlive codec was shipped with FORscene until January this year, and FORtune is the audio codec in FORscene. There are dozens of articles about FORscene. The latest customer for FORtune was the British Army, who bought it as part of our FORscene mobile offer. So by avoiding advertising FORscene, and listing the underlying technologies here as FORlive and FORtune, you are finding it hard to find press coverage. We could list them as FORscene version 1 video and FORscene audio, and then you would be able to choose from dozens of press articles.

 * Note that I haven't objected to FORscene being listed in List of video editing software. I think there's enough written about this for it to be notable.  But what exactly would an article on FORtune say?  "FORtune is an audio codec by Forbidden Technologies, which they don't even mention on their web site."  Not a real informative article. Compare that to articles like Windows Media Audio or Apple Lossless which actually tell me something.  Note that RealAudio, for example, isn't on this list, but the codecs (listed in the RealAudio article) are.  WMA is on the list because that refers to WMA standard codec; WMA lossless has a separate entry.  FLV isn't on the list, but H.263, VP6, etc are. (Those are the codecs flv actually uses.) -- Mcoder 08:17, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right that FORtune almost nothing published about it, though it is mentioned on the Forbidden website. It has much less about it than FORscene (which includes FORtune). It's an example of a Java audio codec. The interesting thing about it is that it is written in Java and plays back on most platforms (eg Windows, Mac, Linux) without requiring installation, though it does require installation on mobile phones. So in this respect it is a different category to the other codecs listed. The list definition doesn't define interesting compression algorithms as the only criterion to determine qualification for entry - so I suppose my claim is that codecs can be notable because of their implementation. I wouldn't object strongly if you see the list as exclusively bitstream-related though, and wouldn't revert a considered removal edit. See below about FORscene if you are more concerned with published information. Stephen B Streater 10:55, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm working on a prototype FORscene article here. I have started to include some information about the video and audio codecs used in FORscene. This could also mention the video codec used in FORlive, which is now deprecated in FORscene, and also FORtune. In fact, I'd welcome any constructive comments and edits prior to deletion review. I am keen to err on the side of too much information rather than too little, as it is easier for me to add content and find references and for other editors to trim it than vice versa. Stephen B Streater 10:55, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That looks pretty good. You might want to trim the See Also list a bit, since things like Java and web application are already linked in the article text.  I was a little confused by the upload section, since you list 3 operating systems separately, and I was under the impression that this is done with java and a web browser and is basically the same on each platform.  Also the server section is confusing - do you sell servers or only usage of your servers? -- Mcoder 13:30, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I've made some improvements. Thanks for your suggestions. Stephen B Streater 07:29, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Copied to proposed article talk page. Stephen B Streater 17:50, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Below is Stephen B Streater's description of FORlive and FORtune. I have to ask why this is here instead of on forbidden.co.uk? This could be the start of an article, but would need some independant sources (see WP:Cite, Verifiability, No original research) --Mcoder 00:29, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The reason it is here is because you asked for some more information. As for the website, company websites do not generally explain how their codecs work - this information is in the patents. The website lists some features of the codecs here. Forbidden's main products are FORscene and Clesh, which have their own video codecs (not mentioned in the list). The codecs are packaged into other products, and the press in the industries Forbidden sells to are not that interested in the names of the codec technology used.

 * For me, and I suspect for many others reading this list, FORlive and FORtune are the only codecs listed which actually work on an out-of-the-box Mac, PC and Linux machine - truly cross platform codecs. I suspect that this is a major factor in the codecs being listed unchallenged up until now. It would be ironic if the only codecs which almost everyone can actually see in action were removed for some imagined commercial reason.

 * There's nothing wrong with it being commercial. There are articles on Windows Media Video, RealVideo, and many other commercial products.  It's certainly not necessary for the articles to explain in detail how the codecs work (although there may be references to technical documents which do).  Mostly people want to know things like what software is it compatible with, how does the quality and bitrate compare to other codecs, does it support CBR or VBR, and maybe a little bit of the history (eg is FORlive related to EIDOS ESCAPE/RPL?) FORtune is listed alongside codecs like MP3, Vorbis and AAC but I really have no idea if they're even comparable. -- Mcoder 08:17, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This would all be good to put in an article. Perhaps the FORscene article (prototype here) will be the best place to add in this information. This link in this list could then go to the relevant section of the FORscene article. Does this sound like a sensible course of action? If so, I merely ask for patience as I am only just starting to ask for input on the new FORscene article, and still have some references to add. Stephen B Streater 11:01, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think the history part explains the Eidos connection pretty well. You've actually got quite a lot of references. -- Mcoder 13:30, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If you would like to write a WP:NPOV article, FORscene or Clesh would be a good place to start. Articles on these subjects could include FORlive, FORtune and the latest FORscene/Clesh codecs. I can dig out some of the patent numbers if you are interested, or you could look at the Java player itself. And there are many press articles and features to get information from.

PS Given the number of people who have seen FORlive from this page and not proposed deletion, I'd prefer at least one other person to express an opinion before we establish a consensus to delete. Does this seem reasonable? Stephen B Streater 09:06, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

FORlive
Someone asked for some details of FORlive, so I've written some down below. Stephen B Streater 22:30, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Overview
FORlive is a real time video codec. It is designed to compress live video for playback on remote computers, near-live, over the web - without requiring any software upgrades on the watching PCs or the web server. The real time player runs on typical PCs and Macs at up to 384x288 pixels, 25 fps for PAL, or 320x240 pixels, 30fps for NTSC.

FORlive was launched at IBC in September 2004 by Forbidden Technologies plc. It is notable for being the first widely viewed live streaming Java player, with the example page below alone receiving around 1,000,000 hits per month since 2004.

Implementation
All fetches are simple HTTP requests, so the video can be served from a standard webserver. The player is implemented in Java to ensure that Windows, MacOS and Linux computers can play back the latest version of the player without installation. Although not all computers have Java installed, for several years it has been installed as standard by major manufacturers, and the latest versions have been available as free downloads from Sun. The datarate is set at compression time and three simultaneous bitstreams are produced: "modem", "midband" and "broadband" - the average datarates and image sizes are set on the compression machines, which run Debian Linux. The "modem" and "midband" bitstreams are dynamically interchangeable by the player, which senses the datarate as it reads in files and adjusts the fetches to accommodate available bandwidth.

The compressor is easy to install: it can be plugged into a camera, the mains electricity and an ethernet port connected to the internet, and then automatically uploads live video to a webserver where it can be viewed from almost any computer in the world with internet access.

Codec details
The requirements for a real time software compressor / Java player combination covering a wide range of bandwidths and player CPU speeds place some contraints on the computational complexity available to the codec. It operates on the YUV levels directly, and does not use transforms such as DCT or wavelets, to ensure computational efficiency. The compression has two stages - a filter stage to remove noise from the source data (particularly required for cheap cameras with composite outputs) followed by a data compression / bitstream output stage.

The image is split into 2x2 blocks, and each block is treated as a single unit. Uniform blocks are encoded at 6 bits Y, and bilinearly interpolated to 8bpp on playback to give a smooth result. Non-uniform blocks are quantised and encoded using 5bpp. Colour is compressed as UV components, also quantised, but unlike Y values, these are quantised in a non-linear way to reflect the human visual system.

Apart form an initial key frame at the start of each block, only deltas are encoded.

2x2 block deltas are effectively Huffman encoded, though significant improvements over a naïve Huffman encoding are achieved by, instead of using one static Huffman table, using thousands of Huffman tables to allow the most relevant one to be chosen when each codeword is encoded/decoded, and re-evaluating the Huffman tables thousands of times per second. To allow this rapid dynamic reappraisal of the data environment, exact Huffman tables are not used, but close approximations are used instead.

The FORlive codec is covered by several patents in the UK, US, Japan and Europe.

Example of FORlive in action
You can see an example of the FORlive codec here. This demo runs off a $100 PAL composite security camera, and has been running round the clock since 2004, except for brief intermissions for upgrades. As of May 2006, the current version has run non-stop for 14205010 seconds (see Java console) ie 164 days.

Stephen B Streater 22:30, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

FORtune
Someone asked for some details of FORtune, so I've written some down below. Stephen B Streater 22:36, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Overview
FORtune is a real time audio codec. It is designed to compress live audio for playback on remote computers, near-live, over the web - without requiring any software upgrades on the watching PCs or the web server. The audio datarate can be varied from 8kb/s to 80kb/s per channel.

Implementation
All fetches are simple HTTP requests, so the audio can be served from a standard webserver. The player is implemented in Java to ensure that Windows, MacOS and Linux computers can play back the latest version of the player without installation. FORtune can be run in conjunction with FORlive, where the video and the audio play back in sync.

Example of FORtune in action
You can see an example of the FORtune audio codec here.

Codec details to follow. Stephen B Streater 22:36, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Some codec details
The FORtune audio codec splits the audio into sections of around 10ms. These are then converted into frequency space and quantised. The FORtune codec takes into account how loud the sound is at any point to give a constant signal:noise ratio. The audio is compressed using a similar dynamic Huffman-like compression to the FORlive video, to take into account the type of sound at any point.

The player can play back on integer only CPUs such as the ARM widely used in mobile phones. A freely downloaded mobile phone application, FORmobile (currently being used by the British Army ), is available for playing back video/audio using an integer-only ARM implementation of the audio player (and an integer-only video player).

If the audio is being played in conjunction with video, for example with the FORlive streaming video codec or the FORscene video editing codec, it is seamlessly resynched every frame to ensure the video and audio can play over any period of time without slipping out of sync.

The Java implementation of the FORtune audio codec takes a few percent of the available CPU time on typical PCs, and is negligible compared with the CPU taken to play full frame rate video on the same machine. Stephen B Streater 15:10, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

Reliable sources
FORscene has its own article now, and I'm wondering what sort of places count as reliable sources for codec information. There's quite a lot which could be said. FORscene has two codecs, Blackbird and Impala, for video and audio (see above) but the trade publications in FORscene's market are more interested in workflow in the professional post-production industry than in technical details of compression. What publications do the other codecs draw from? Stephen B Streater 09:12, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Some sources I've used or seen used are:

 * ISO standards, where applicable (eg MP3, AAC)
 * ITU standards (eg G.728, G.729)
 * Government standards (eg FS-1015, FS-1016, ATSC)
 * Publications from other standards groups (Telecommunications Industry Association, xiph.org, etc)
 * Journal articles (see for example VSELP)
 * ffmpeg source code and wiki (see WMA, RealAudio)
 * Other reference source code (eg Adaptive Multi-Rate, Ogg Vorbis)
 * Hydrogenaudio listening tests (although this was disputed in Talk:Windows Media Audio)
 * doom9 codec tests (DivX, X264)
 * General links to product documentation and company web sites (see links at Windows Media Audio, RealAudio)
 * Press releases, when needed to establish dates and history (see RealVideo)
 * Publications in general media, for history (such as XviD and Sigma Designs controversy)
 * Public statements from credible persons involved in codec development (Cook Codec, Apple Lossless, VP6)
 * Standards documents are often the authoritative source by definition, and source code is inherently verifiable in that you can compile it and test it. So I tend to cite these for factual accuracy even though they can be difficult to understand.  Patents can be cited, especially if the company makes a claim regarding patents, however I tend to avoid them for technical content since people will claim all sorts of things in patents which they never actually use.  Press releases are good for historical context, but sometimes you have to read between the lines, because companies will say things which are misleading (such as the realvideo/clearvideo situation).  Independant testing is very important, but this does tend to inspire controversy.  I think hydrogenaudio's methodology is fair, but you can never please everybody.  You do have to be careful though since some companies (such as Microsoft) are infamous for paying for "independent tests" that only show the results they want shown.  Some companies outright lie (such as Nero's claim of "CD quality stereo at 48 kb/s" and other nonsense.)  So in general I'm very skeptical of press releases, except to confirm that a certain product was announced on a certain date.  If you can get first-hand statements from the people directly involved (on blogs, mailing lists) that's generally pretty good. --Mcoder 10:43, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

AVCHD or MTS?
Hello all. I'm a newbie searching for information on AVCHD and MTS. Should that not appear somewhere in this discussion? Is it too new? Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.99.77.130 (talk) 17:48, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

FRAPs codec lossless, but only with FFMPEG decoder
Makes no sense, isn't claimed to be lossless by the company that makes it - citation was to a forum where people discuss how lossless RGB changes the chroma subsampling - not the same thing as having a lossless codec. Not even sure why it said FFMPEG decoder, this doesn't just apply to just FRAPs codec either, why is it important what FFMPEG can or can't decode, what's that got to do with whether or not FRAPs (or other codecs) are lossless or not?

Maybe we'd have it as a lossless codec if the company's website said, FRAPs is a lossless codec. I mean, if it were, surely it would be part of the advertised feature-set? 86.135.238.18 (talk) 18:48, 23 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Would you look at that, I did a few tests, and it does look lossless. I can't find a good citation though. 86.135.238.18 (talk) 19:33, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

"Very fast"
I've marked an unsourced claim that a codec is "very fast" with cn. Not sure whether it should be mentioned at all, since most codecs listed here have no information about speed or quality. —Frungi (talk) 19:56, 8 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Removed. The Russian site (surprisingly as it may seem) is really one of the few available sources with reproducible video codec tests.--Regression Tester (talk) 01:12, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

List of formats
The article appears to be a list of data formats (the first sentence even says so), not codecs ("device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding"), so should be renamed accordingly. 203.176.108.99 (talk) 00:03, 20 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't know what data formats are but the article definitely contains a (long) list of audio and video codecs.--Regression Tester (talk) 00:43, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

MQA - Master Quality Authenticated
Should this be added to the list?

New lossless audio codec launched Dec 2014.

Company site

3rd party news article covering launch

Also mentioned in BBC Click episode 17-Jan-15 - iPlayer link — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.37.220.173 (talk) 12:02, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

EL collection (spam trap)
How about a traditional list with required articles (no red links) and no references? – Be..anyone (talk)  21:40, 11 April 2016 (UTC)

Merge from List of open-source codecs
That list has highlighted that "open" is a multi-factored thing - like having an open-source encoder, open-source decoder, and being free of patents. The status of each of those things could be indicated in this list if it were turned into a simple table. -- Beland (talk) 04:38, 20 May 2016 (UTC)
 * You make some good points about defining "open-source" more distinctly. Fortunately, that can be done in the existing List of open-source codecs article.
 * Merging, on the other hand, does not seem like a good solution. Converting List of codecs to tables would create a large overlap with Comparison of audio coding formats and Comparison of video codecs. (For audio, some of the codec-specific info is in the "Open-source Implementations (codecs)" column in the General information section.) List of codecs is hierarchical. Capturing that hierarchy in HTML tables, or improving its organisation in table format, is not nearly as easy as adding column three columns to a flat list.
 * Also, List of open-source codecs has a significant daily readership for whom conciseness is an advantage. Readers of List of codecs would have to sift through a long article to find that information. Redirection would also be a problem.
 * Instead, we could ask: How can we make List of open-source codecs a better article for its readers? —Ringbang (talk) 03:51, 8 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Closed merge proposal, given consensus to improve rather than merge. Klbrain (talk) 21:38, 16 March 2018 (UTC)

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Lossless video - generational loss vs initial loss, and GIF
tl;dr: Should GIF be added to the lossless video list?

I'm wondering if (animated) GIF should be added to the list of lossless video codecs. The pros are that it is very much a video format, it is lossless in that there is no generational loss, and for those videos for which it is well-suited (e.g. a limited color input where few pixels change between frames) it outperforms h264 lossless, h265 lossless, FFV1, MSU lossless, YULS, VP9-losless, and others by orders of magnitude, and does not require a x2, x4, or x8 size constraint.

The cons are that there is a first-time loss (colors reduced to a maximum 256 color palette per frame - although GIFs can switch palettes throughout their run, this is rarely used), few video players support GIF files, and those that do rarely support seeking the timeline - even if the GIF is constructed so that there are full frames available. In terms of the first-time loss, this is true for most formats considered lossless, as they often convert color spaces from regular RGB or even 10bit RGB for their encoders to work well.

Due to the extremely high compression ratio that can be reached for those specific cases for which other codecs are abysmally ill-suited, I would suggest that GIF be considered - but wanted to write my reasoning and seek feedback. Kmqz (talk) 22:48, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, it can be considered a video compression format. But this article is a list of video codecs. A video codec is not a video compression format. This is a list of software programs and libraries. GIF is not a codec, it is a format. So I guess it could be included, but only if the GIF section lists notable software implementations, which is what this article is really about.—J. M. (talk) 23:16, 12 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah, gotcha. Yeah, it would be out of place here then (until such a time as that GIF's compression technique would be embraced for a proper codec, at which point it would no longer be GIF, but somethingLZWsomething). Thanks for clarifying that. Kmqz (talk) 03:59, 13 May 2018 (UTC)

List merge
reverted my attempt to move unnecessary detail from Video codec to this list. I know that this move created some overlap here and I hoped we could iron that out over time. I don't feel it would be a good idea to restore this material to Video codec so I'll reproduce it below. ~Kvng (talk) 18:33, 19 March 2019 (UTC)

H.265/MPEG-H HEVC codecs

 * x265: A GPL-licensed implementation of the H.265 video standard. x265 is only an encoder.

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC codecs

 * x264: A GPL-licensed implementation of the H.264 video standard. x264 is only an encoder.
 * Nero Digital: Commercial MPEG-4 ASP and AVC codecs developed by Nero AG.
 * QuickTime H.264: H.264 implementation released by Apple.
 * DivX Pro Codec: An H.264 decoder and encoder was added in version 7.

H.263/MPEG-4 Part 2 codecs

 * DivX Pro Codec: A proprietary MPEG-4 ASP codec made by DivX, Inc.
 * Xvid: Free/open-source implementation of MPEG-4 ASP, originally based on the OpenDivX project.
 * FFmpeg MPEG-4: Included in the open-source libavcodec codec library, which is used by default for decoding or encoding in many open-source video players, frameworks, editors and encoding tools such as MPlayer, VLC, ffdshow or GStreamer. Compatible with other standard MPEG-4 codecs like Xvid or DivX Pro Codec.
 * 3ivx: A commercial MPEG-4 codec created by 3ivx Technologies.

H.262/MPEG-2 codecs

 * x262: A GPL-licensed implementation of the H.262 video standard. x262 is only an encoder.

Microsoft codecs

 * WMV (Windows Media Video): Microsoft's family of proprietary video codec designs including WMV 7, WMV 8, and WMV 9. The latest generation of WMV is standardized by SMPTE as the VC-1 standard.
 * MS MPEG-4v3: A proprietary and not MPEG-4 compliant video codec created by Microsoft. Released as a part of Windows Media Tools 4. A hacked version of Microsoft's MPEG-4v3 codec became known as DivX ;-)

Google (On2) codecs

 * VP6, VP6-E, VP6-S, VP7, VP8, VP9: Proprietary high definition video compression formats and codecs developed by On2 Technologies used in platforms such as Adobe Flash Player 8 and above, Adobe Flash Lite, Java FX and other mobile and desktop video platforms. Supports resolution up to 720p and 1080p. VP9 supports resolutions up to 2160p. VP8 and VP9 have been available under the New BSD License by Google with source code available as the libvpx VP8/VP9 codec SDK.
 * libtheora: A reference implementation of the Theora video compression format developed by the Xiph.org Foundation, based upon On2 Technologies' VP3 codec, and christened by On2 as the successor in VP3's lineage. Theora is targeted at competing with MPEG-4 video and similar lower-bitrate video compression schemes.

Lossless codecs
See the Audio full list and Video full list.

Other codecs

 * Apple ProRes: Is a lossy video compression format developed by Apple Inc.
 * Schrödinger and dirac-research: implementations of the Dirac compression format developed by BBC Research at the BBC. Dirac provides video compression from web video up to ultra HD and beyond.
 * DNxHD codec: a lossy high-definition video production codec developed by Avid Technology. It is an implementation of VC-3.
 * Sorenson 3: A video compression format and codec that is popularly used by Apple's QuickTime, sharing many features with H.264. Many movie trailers found on the web use this compression format.
 * Sorenson Spark: A codec and compression format that was licensed to Macromedia for use in its Flash Video starting with Flash Player 6. It is considered as an incomplete implementation of the H.263 standard.
 * RealVideo: Developed by RealNetworks. A popular compression format and codec technology a few years ago, now fading in importance for a variety of reasons.
 * Cinepak: A very early codec used by Apple's QuickTime.
 * Indeo, an older video compression format and codec initially developed by Intel.

This Article is a List of Software called: CODECS
This Article is a List of Software called: CODECs it is not Article containing list of dead mere Codecs Specification / Standard, it is list of Codecs, and that is software: Decoder and Encoder.

"Computer program" == is software!
 * Essential Video Coding (EVC; MPEG-5 Part 1; developed; consumer products under-development)
 * REVC Encoder/Decoder of free base profile
 * XEVD (the eXtra-fast Essential Video Decoder) both main and base profile
 * XEVE (the eXtra-fast Essential Video Encoder) both main and base profile

 * Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding (LCEVC; MPEG-5 Part 2; developed; consumer products under-development)
 * FFmpeg (with support for over 20 base encoders)
 * Patch for AOSP
 * ExoPlayer (Android)
 * AVPlayer (iOS)
 * Microsoft UWP (Windows)
 * web players: HLS.js, Shaka Player, video.js
 * integration for HTML5 web browsers
 * lots of playback apps in Android/iOS/Microsoft stores

FFmpeg is mentioned next to almost every codec standard.

And some user change statement from true to false, by Writing that MPEG-5 codecs are under-development,

It is false, as Those 2 codecs are NOW fully developed.

Only Consumer Hardware is steel under development, or additional implementation in Software. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.187.199.166 (talk • contribs)
 * Yes, this article is a list of codecs—or more exactly, as the first sentence explains, a list of coding formats and codecs that implement the coding formats. Feel free to add codecs to the list, as long as you really understand what a codec is. For example, a player is not a codec. A web application or mobile playback applications are not codecs. An operating system is not a codec. A patch for an operating system is not a codec. And so on.
 * Please make sure you really understand what this article is about, what a video coding format, audio coding format, video codec and audio codec is. For example, a codec does not necessarily have to be software, there are hardware codecs, too, or combinations of hardware and software. Please make sure you understand the difference between a standard an an implementation, and the difference between a codec library and application software (that uses the codecs). Please make sure you understand the logic of this article and its list—that is, a list of coding formats, where each item consists of a sublist containing codecs (i.e. encoding/decoding libraries) that implement the coding format in software.
 * So, please, only add things to this article if you really understand what all these things mean.—J. M. (talk) 19:42, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of codecs


text:
Carlton House Terrace

Carlton House Terrace is a street in the St James's district of the City of Westminster in London. Its principal architectural feature is a pair of terraces, the Western and Eastern terraces, of white stucco-faced houses on the south side of the street, which overlook The Mall and St. James's Park. These terraces were built on Crown land between 1827 and 1832 to overall designs by John Nash, but with detailed input by other architects including Decimus Burton. Construction was overseen by James Pennethorne. Both terrace blocks are Grade I listed buildings. A separate but linked cul de sac at the terrace's western end is named Carlton Gardens.

In the early 18th century, an aristocratic townhouse built on the site was rented by Baron Carleton, from whom the present name of the terrace derives. A century later, Carlton House also known a Carlton Palace, gained a prominent social profile when it was enlarged and occupied by the Prince Regent. After falling out of favour with George IV, who moved into Buckingham Palace on his accession in 1820, the house was pulled down and the Crown replaced the demolished palace with current terraces. They are divided by the Duke of York's Steps which lead down from Pall Mall to The Mall, as part of Nash's triumphal redesign of central London. A smaller flight of steps at the terrace's western end divides it from Carlton Gardens. These steps are the site of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial.

The site's proximity to the centres of royal and political life in London have seen a large number of notable people take up residence in the terrace and the adjacent gardens. These include Prime Ministers, Lords Palmerston and Grey, William Gladstone, who lived in a number of houses in both the terrace and the gardens, and Arthur Balfour; other senior politicians such as Lord Curzon; and soldiers including Lords Cardigan and Kitchener. In the mid-20th century, Number 9 served as the German Embassy while Number 4 Carlton Gardens housed the offices of Charles de Gaulle's Free French forces. The terrace is a centre for the arts and sciences, housing the headquarters of the British Academy, the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Contemporary Arts and the Federation of British Artists. In the 21st century the majority of the houses are occupied as corporate or institutional headquarters, while a smaller, but increasing, number serve as private homes. For many years Numbers 13-16 housed the headquarters of the Crown Estate which continues to own the freehold of the terrace.

Background
The land on which Carlton House Terrace was built had once been part of the grounds of St James's Palace, known as "the Royal Garden" and "the Wilderness". The latter was at one time in the possession of Prince Rupert of the Rhine (cousin of Charles II) and was later called Upper Spring Garden. From 1700 the land was held by Henry Boyle, who spent £2,835 on improving the existing house in the royal garden. Queen Anne issued letters patent granting Boyle a lease for a term of 31 years from 2 November 1709 at £35 per annum. Boyle was created Baron Carleton in 1714, and the property has been called after him since then, although at some point the "e" was dropped.

On Carleton's death the lease passed to his nephew, the architect and aesthete Lord Burlington, and in January 1731 George II issued letters patent granting Burlington a reversionary lease for a further term of 40 years at an annual rent of £35. By an indenture dated 23 February 1732 the lease was assigned to Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George II, who predeceased his father, dying in 1751; his widow, Augusta, continued living in the house, making alterations and purchasing an adjoining property to enlarge the site. She died in 1772 and the house devolved to her son, George III.

The property was granted by George III to his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales (later Prince Regent) on the latter's coming of age in 1783. The Prince spent enormous sums on improving and enlarging the property, running up huge debts. He was at loggerheads with his father, and the house became a rival court, and was the scene of a brilliant social life. Despite expenditure of over £160,000 on the house, the diarist Joseph Farington recorded that it was "a thing of threads and patches" and was considered to be unsafe. The Prince Regent came to dislike the building and on his accession in 1820, he moved to Buckingham Palace. Instructions were given in 1826 to the Commissioners of Woods and Forests that "Carlton Palace" should be given up to the public, be demolished and the site and gardens laid out as building ground for "dwelling houses of the First Class". By 1829 the Commissioners reported that the site was completely cleared and that part of it had already been let on building leases. Materials from the demolition were sold by public auction, with some fixtures transferred to Windsor Castle and to "The King's House, Pimlico". Columns of the portico were re-used in the design for the new National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, interior Ionic columns were moved to the conservatories of Buckingham Palace, and some of the armorial stained glass was incorporated in windows of Windsor Castle.

Construction
After Carlton House was demolished the development of its former site was originally intended to be part of a scheme for improving St James's Park. For this John Nash proposed three terraces of houses along the north of the park, balanced by three along the south side, overlooking Birdcage Walk. None of the three southern terraces and only two of the three northern ones were built, the latter being the west (No.1–9) and east (No. 10–18) sections of Carlton House Terrace. These two blocks were designed by Nash and Decimus Burton, with James Pennethorne in charge of the construction. Decimus Burton exclusively designed No. 3 and No. 4. Carlton House Terrace. These townhouses took the place of Carlton House, and the freehold still belongs to the Crown Estate. Nash planned to make contiguous the two blocks with a large domed fountain between them (re-using the old columns of the Carlton House portico), but the idea was vetoed by the King; the present-day Duke of York's Steps took the place of the fountain. In 1834 the Duke of York's Column was erected at the top of the steps. It consists of a granite column designed by Benjamin Wyatt topped with a bronze statue by Richard Westmacott of Frederick, Duke of York.

The terraces, which are four storeys in height above a basement, were designed in a Neoclassical style, stucco clad, with a Corinthian columned façade overlooking St James's Park, surmounted by an elaborate frieze and pediment. At the south side, facing the park, the lower frontage has a series of squat Doric columns, supporting a substantial podium terrace at a level between the street entrances to the north and the ground floor level of the modern Mall. The houses are unusual as they are expensive London terraces which have no mews to the rear. The reason for this was that Nash wanted the houses to make the best possible use of the view of the park, and also to present an attractive façade to the park. The service accommodation was placed underneath the podium and in two storeys of basements (rather than the usual one storey).

According to the architectural historian Sir John Summerson Nash's designs were inspired by Ange-Jacques Gabriel's buildings in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. Summerson's praise of the buildings is muted: "The central pediments are a somewhat too contrived means of preventing an apparent sag in a very long façade and the attics on the end pavilions may be over-emphatic. Subtlety of modelling there is none. In fact, Carlton House Terrace is thoroughly typical of the extraordinary old man who designed it, but whose only contribution to the work was probably the provision of a few small sketches, done either in the glorious painted gallery of his Regent Street mansion or the flower-scented luxury of his castle in the Isle of Wight."

The authors of the Survey of London take a more favourable view: "The houses … form a double group each side of the Duke of York's Column. Designed as an architectural entity, facing the Park, they represent with their range of detached Corinthian columns, a pleasing example of comprehensive street architecture; an effect greatly enhanced by the freshness of their façades … The end house to each block is carried up above the roof of the main façade, thereby effecting a successful pavilion treatment. The return fronts of the houses facing the steps are also effectively treated in a complementary manner."

Although Nash delegated the supervision of building to Pennethorne, he kept the letting of the sites firmly in his own hands. Ground rents, payable to the Crown, were set at the high rate of 4 guineas per foot frontage. Nash himself took leases of five sites – nos 11–15 intending to let them on the open market at a substantial profit. In the event he could not cover his total costs and made a small loss on the transactions.

Later history
In 1832 the Carlton Club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington and others shortly beforehand, took up residence in number 2, courtesy of one of its supporters Lord Kensington The club soon found the building to be too small and it moved to a new purpose built clubhouse on Pall Mall in 1835 but retains the Carlton name.

In the 20th century the terrace came under threat of partial or complete demolition and redevelopment, as were country houses at that time. By the 1930s there was little demand for large central London houses, and the Commissioners of Crown Lands were having difficulty in letting the properties. Two properties were let to clubs: no 1 to the Savage Club and no 16 to Crockford's gambling club, but residential tenants became hard to find. Proposals for redevelopment were put forward by the architect Sir Reginald Blomfield, who had earlier been one of those responsible for replacing Nash's Regent Street buildings with larger structures in the Edwardian neo-classical style. Blomfield proposed rebuilding "in a manner suitable for hotels, large company offices, flats and similar purposes". The suggested new buildings were to be two storeys higher than Nash's houses, and there was an outcry that persuaded the Commissioners not to proceed with the scheme.

The terrace was severely damaged by German bombing during the Second World War. In the 1950s the British government considered acquiring the terrace as the site for a new Foreign Office headquarters. The Nash façades were to be preserved, but it was widely felt that the height of the redevelopment behind them would be unacceptable and the plans were not taken forward.

Occupants
The terrace has had many notable residents, both corporate and individual:

 * Number 1 was the headquarters of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining from 1972 to 2015. Joseph Hodges Choate (US Ambassador to the Court of Saint James) lived at Number 1 from 1899 to 1904. Lord Curzon (Foreign Secretary and Viceroy of India) lived there from 1905 to 1925. In 2020 it was owned by the Saudi businessman Salah Hamdan Albluewi.
 * Number 2 is the UK office of the French asset management firm Carmignac. It was formerly the home of the Carlton Club from 1832 to 1835.
 * Numbers 3-4 house the Royal Academy of Engineering. Number 4 was the home of William Ewart Gladstone (Prime Minister) in 1856 (see also Number 11 below). Lord Revelstoke (Baring family and Barings bank principal partner) lived at Number 3 from 1904 to 1929.
 * Number 5 is the location of the Turf Club. It was the home of Lord Palmerston (Prime Minister) from 1840 to 1846.
 * Numbers 6–9 are now the home of the Royal Society. Numbers 7–9, then known as Prussia House, was the Prussian, then German Embassy until 1939; that is now in Belgrave Square. The house was home to both Joachim von Ribbentrop (German Ambassador) from 1936 to 1938, and his predecessor Leopold von Hoesch. Von Hoesch's dog, Giro, is buried in the garden of No 9. The run retains interiors designed in 1937 by Albert Speer.
 * Numbers 10–11 house the British Academy. William Gladstone lived at Number 11 from 1857 to 1875. In the post-war period the houses were offices for the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret branch of the UK Foreign Office dedicated to creating pro-colonial and anti-communist propaganda.
 * Number 12 is the Institute of Contemporary Arts, which also occupies much of the basement of the East Terrace.
 * Numbers 13–16 are owned on a long lease by the Hinduja brothers (including S. P. Hinduja, Gopichand Hinduja, and Prakash Hinduja), industrialists from India. Number 13 was the home of Earl Grey (Prime Minister) from 1851 to 1857 and again from 1859 to 1880. The Crown Estate had its headquarters for many years in these houses but moved in 2006 to another property that it owned in New Burlington Place.
 * Number 17 is home to the Federation of British Artists and the Mall Galleries. It was formerly the home of Lord Cardigan (leader of the Charge of the Light Brigade) from 1832 to 1836.
 * Number 18 is a private residence. At the time of its sale in 2013, for a guide price of £250M for the remaining 78-year lease, it was described variously as London, or the world's, most expensive house.   William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor (American-born businessman) lived there between 1906 and 1909.
 * Numbers 19-21 were badly damaged during World War II and demolished thereafter. The Survey of London records that Numbers 18-24 were of later construction, being built on the site of the Carlton House riding stables between 1866 and 1868. The site is now occupied by two post-war blocks of offices and flats, Numbers 20 to 24. Neither building forms part of the original Nash Terrace, standing on the northern and eastern sides of the street. Number 20 is the global headquarters of mining company Anglo American plc. Number 24 is a 1970s purpose built block of 15 flats adjoining Number 20. Ashraf Marwan (Egyptian billionaire arms dealer and former spy) died after falling from his flat in this block.

Carlton Gardens
At the west end of Carlton House Terrace is a cul-de-sac called Carlton Gardens, which was developed at a slightly later date. It originally contained seven large houses, though all but Numbers 1-3 have been replaced by office blocks.

Occupants
As with Carlton House Terrace, the houses in Carlton Gardens have had a large number of notable residents:

 * Number 1 is an official ministerial residence normally used by the Foreign Secretary. Previous occupants included: F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, (1832–59), Prime Minister between 1827 and 1828; and his son, George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, (1847–89); Napoleon III, (1840); Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, (1920–22), the newspaper magnate and Viscount Bearsted, (from 1928), son of the founder of Shell plc and later its chairman.
 * Number 2 is the headquarters of the Institute for Government and was previously occupied by the Privy Council Office. Residents prior to this included: Elizabeth Mary Huskisson, (1831–50), widow of the politician William Huskisson; Robert Loyd-Lindsay, founder of the British Red Cross, inherited Number 2 from his father-in-law Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st Baron Overstone in 1883; it remained his London residence until his death in 1901. His widow Lady Wantage later briefly leased Number 2 to Lord Kitchener. Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire lived at the house from 1920.
 * Number 3 was firstly the home of Charles Arbuthnot, (1831–35), diarist and confidante of the Duke of Wellington. Between 1927 and 1931, it was owned by Courtenay Morgan, 1st Viscount Tredegar. MI6's Section Y was housed in Number 3, Carlton Gardens after the Second World War. The analytics department was headed by Col. Tom Grimson. His deputy, the traitor George Blake, was brought to Number 3 for interrogation after his capture in 1961. Since 2019 it has been owned by the hedge fund manager Ken Griffin.
 * Number 4 was home to two Prime Ministers, Lord Palmerston and Arthur Balfour. It later served as Charles de Gaulle's government in exile, Free France. There is now a statue of Charles de Gaulle in front of it.
 * Number 5 was home to Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea, (1846–51), politician and close friend of Florence Nightingale.
 * Number 6 was home to William Gladstone (1838–41 and 1848–54), and a number of members of his family.
 * Number 7 was home to Frances, Countess Waldegrave, (1854–79).

Historic listing designations
Carlton House Terrace is a Grade I listed building. The listing is in two parts, the first covering Numbers 1–9, and the second Numbers 10–18. The buildings comprising Carlton Gardens have three listings, all at Grade II*, for No.1, No.2, and for No.3. Twenty seven lamp standards illuminating the terrace and garden are listed at Grade II. A pair of bollards outside No.4 Carlton House Terrace also has a Grade II listing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carlton House Terrace


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Capital Country

Capital Country was the name of one of the sixteen tourism regions of New South Wales, Australia. This geographical division is made for improving commerce, specifically tourism, in the state.

The Capital area is one of the oldest settled areas of NSW and is touted for its convenience; it is the area enveloping Canberra, the nation's capital, and is close to Sydney. It encompasses the Southern Highlands and the Southern Tablelands. The towns and villages in Capital Country range from sophisticated to quaint; their surrounding areas are mostly rural. Capital country is known for historical venues, antiques and established open gardens, and the landmarks of Canberra.

The major cities and towns are:

 * Bundanoon
 * Bungendore
 * Canberra
 * Crookwell
 * Marulan
 * Mittagong
 * Moss Vale
 * Queanbeyan
 * Goulburn
 * Robertson
 * Yass
 * Young

Some permanent attractions and events in Capital Country are:

 * International Cricket Hall of Fame in Bowral
 * Brigadoon in Bundanoon
 * Bungendore Village Square
 * Garden Ramble, Bundanoon
 * Kennerton Green one of Australia's most famous gardens, in Mittagong.
 * Trail Ride, Tallong

title: Capital Country


text:
Talk:Muhammad Thakurufar Al-Azam

Title
The title Muhammad Thakurufar Al-Azam is wrong. I am not sure about the correct form, but I think it should be Muhammad Thakurufaanu Al-Azam. Anyone? --Oblivious 01:10, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There exists the same article in the proposed name Muhammad Thakurufaanu Al-Azam. I have added merge templates to both the artciles. Once merged, this should become redirect page or pherhaps be delete? --Oblivious 04:25, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Muhammad Thakurufaanu Al-Azam (which is the correct title) --Oblivious 08:16, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muhammad Thakurufar Al-Azam


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User:Liberlogos/The Parti Québécois and Social Democracy

These are quotes from official Parti Québécois documents.

References:
 * http://www.pq.org/tmp2005/programme2005.pdf
 * http://www.pq.org/nv/index.php?pq=22
 * 1) Rapport du chantier Programme de la Saison des idées
 * 2) Résumé (ENGLISH) de la plate-forme (programme électoral) du Parti Québécois (2003)
 * 3) Résumé du chantier Programme de la Saison des idées (RÉSUMÉ)
 * 4) CONGRÈS 2005 : Cahier d'amendements au programme (version numérotée)


text:
User talk:DaKing

Welcome. This is a rough draft version of my About Me Page.

I joined Wikipedia officially June 9, 2005, but I have been editing pages as I come across them for about 3-4 months. I decided to join after having an argument about a Link that I added to the Matrix Online page. Instead of editing it repeatedly while showing up anonymous, I decided to make an account to show that I was not hiding anything.

Anyway, I play The Sims Online, along with a bit of Halo 2 via Xbox Live. I have started a little college business by selling the items in both games, and by also moving money/simoleans in the games for a small percentage.

In TSO, I was a popular character named Towelie, and many people used me to either A. buy items, or to B. move items from city to city.

If you ever need help, just send me a message. If you play these games and want to purchase something to save time, my link is www.TheRares.com.

title: User talk:DaKing


text:
User:DaKing

Welcome. This is a rough draft version of my About Me Page.

I joined Wikipedia officially June 9, 2005, but I have been editing pages as I come across them for about 3-4 months. I decided to join after having an argument about a Link that I added to the Matrix Online page. Instead of editing it repeatedly while showing up anonymous, I decided to make an account to show that I was not hiding anything.

Anyway, I play The Sims Online and The Matrix Online, along with a bit of Halo 2 via Xbox Live. I have started a little college business by selling the items in both games, and by also moving money/simoleans/information in the games for a small percentage.

In TSO, I was a popular character named Towelie, and many people used me to either A. buy items, or to B. move items from city to city.

In MXO, I am still playing the game and enjoying it, and you can find me in Method as DaKing.

If you ever need help, just send me a message. If you play these games and want to purchase something to save time, my link is www.TheRares.com.

Please note - I do sell items on this webpage, if that is not obvious already.

title: User:DaKing


text:
List of high schools in Iowa

This is a list of high schools in the state of Iowa. You can also see a list of school districts in Iowa. Where the high school information is on the school district page, the link below will direct you to the district page.

Adair County

 * AC/GC High School (Adair–Casey/Guthrie Center), Guthrie Center
 * Nodaway Valley High School, Greenfield
 * Orient-Macksburg High School, Orient

Adams County

 * Southwest Valley High School, Corning

Allamakee County

 * Kee High School, Lansing
 * John R. Mott High School, Postville
 * Waukon High School, Waukon

Appanoose County

 * Centerville High School, Centerville
 * Moravia High School, Moravia
 * Moulton-Udell High School, Moulton

Audubon County

 * Audubon High School, Audubon

Benton County

 * Belle Plaine High School, Belle Plaine
 * Benton Community High School, Van Horne
 * Vinton-Shellsburg High School, Vinton

Black Hawk County

 * Don Bosco High School, Gilbertville
 * Dunkerton High School, Dunkerton
 * Hudson High School, Hudson
 * Union High School, La Porte

Cedar Falls

 * Cedar Falls High School
 * St. Patrick Catholic School
 * Valley Lutheran School

Waterloo

 * Columbus High School
 * Waterloo Christian School
 * Waterloo East High School
 * Waterloo West High School

Boone County

 * Boone High School, Boone
 * Ogden High School, Ogden
 * Madrid High School, Madrid

Bremer County

 * Denver High School, Denver
 * Janesville High School, Janesville
 * Sumner-Fredericksburg High School, Sumner
 * Tripoli High School, Tripoli
 * Wapsie Valley High School, Fairbank
 * Waverly-Shell Rock Community School District
 * Waverly-Shell Rock Senior High School, Waverly
 * Waverly-Shell Rock Lied Center, Waverly

Buchanan County

 * East Buchanan High School, Winthrop
 * Independence High School, Independence
 * Jesup High School, Jesup

Buena Vista County

 * Alta–Aurelia High School, Alta
 * Newell-Fonda High School, Newell
 * Sioux Central High School, Sioux Rapids

Storm Lake

 * St. Mary's High School
 * Storm Lake High School

Butler County

 * Aplington–Parkersburg High School, Parkersburg
 * Clarksville High School, Clarksville
 * North Butler High School, Greene

Calhoun County

 * Manson–Northwest Webster High School, Manson
 * South Central Calhoun High School, Lake City

Carroll County

 * Carroll High School, Carroll
 * Coon Rapids-Bayard High School, Coon Rapids
 * Glidden–Ralston High School, Glidden
 * Kuemper Catholic High School, Carroll
 * IKM–Manning High School, Manning

Cass County

 * Atlantic High School, Atlantic
 * CAM High School, Massena
 * Griswold High School, Griswold

Cedar County

 * Tipton High School, Tipton
 * Durant High School, Durant
 * North Cedar High School, Clarence

West Branch

 * Scattergood Friends School
 * West Branch High School

Cerro Gordo County

 * Clear Lake High School, Clear Lake

Mason City

 * Mason City High School
 * Mason City Alternative High School
 * Newman Catholic High School
 * North Iowa Christian School

Cherokee County

 * MMRCU High School, Marcus
 * Washington High School, Cherokee

Chickasaw County

 * Sumner-Fredericksburg High School, Fredericksburg
 * Nashua-Plainfield Junior-Senior High School, Nashua
 * New Hampton High School, New Hampton

Clarke County

 * Clarke Community High School, Osceola
 * Murray High School, Murray

Clay County

 * Clay Central-Everly High School, Everly
 * Spencer Community High School, Spencer

Clayton County

 * Central Community High School, Elkader
 * Clayton Ridge High School, Guttenberg
 * Edgewood–Colesburg High School, Edgewood
 * MFL Marmac High School, Monona

Clinton County

 * Calamus–Wheatland High School, Wheatland
 * Camanche High School, Camanche
 * Central DeWitt High School, De Witt
 * Northeast High School, Goose Lake

Clinton

 * Clinton High School
 * Prince of Peace Preparatory

Crawford County

 * Ar-We-Va High School, Westside
 * Denison High School, Denison

Dallas County

 * Adel–De Soto–Minburn (ADM) High School, Adel
 * Dallas Center–Grimes High School, Grimes
 * Perry High School, Perry
 * Van Meter High School, Van Meter
 * Woodward-Granger Community School District
 * Woodward Academy, Woodward
 * Woodward-Granger High School, Woodward

Waukee

 * Waukee High School
 * Waukee Northwest High School

Davis County

 * Davis County Community High School, Bloomfield

Decatur County

 * Lamoni High School, Lamoni
 * Mormon Trail High School, Garden Grove
 * Central Decatur Junior-Senior High School, Leon

Delaware County

 * Maquoketa Valley Senior High School, Delhi
 * West Delaware High School, Manchester

Des Moines County

 * Danville High School, Danville
 * Mediapolis High School, Mediapolis
 * West Burlington High School, West Burlington

Burlington

 * Burlington Community High School
 * Notre Dame High School

Dickinson County

 * Harris–Lake Park High School, Lake Park
 * Okoboji High School, Milford
 * Spirit Lake High School, Spirit Lake

Dubuque County

 * Cascade Junior/Senior High School, Cascade
 * Western Dubuque High School, Epworth
 * Beckman Catholic High School, Dyersville

Dubuque

 * Alta Vista Campus
 * Dubuque Senior High School
 * Hempstead High School
 * Wahlert High School

Emmet County

 * North Union High School, Armstrong
 * Estherville–Lincoln Central Community School District
 * Estherville–Lincoln Central High School, Estherville
 * Forest Ridge Community Youth Service High School, Gruver

Fayette County

 * North Fayette Valley High School, West Union
 * Oelwein High School, Oelwein
 * Starmont High School, Arlington
 * West Central High School, Maynard

Floyd County

 * Charles City High School, Charles City
 * Rockford Junior-Senior High School, Rockford

Franklin County

 * Hampton–Dumont High School, Hampton
 * West Fork High School, Sheffield

Fremont County

 * Sidney High School, Sidney
 * Fremont–Mills Junior–Senior High School, Tabor

Greene County

 * Paton-Churdan High School, Churdan
 * Greene County High School, Jefferson

Grundy County

 * BCLUW High School, Conrad
 * Dike–New Hartford High School, Dike
 * Gladbrook–Reinbeck High School, Reinbeck
 * Grundy Center High School, Grundy Center

Guthrie County

 * AC/GC High School, Guthrie Center
 * Panorama High School, Panora
 * West Central Valley High School, Stuart

Hamilton County

 * South Hamilton High School, Jewell
 * Webster City High School, Webster City

Hancock County

 * Garner-Hayfield High School, Garner
 * West Hancock High School, Britt

Hardin County

 * AGWSR High School, Ackley
 * South Hardin High School, Eldora
 * Iowa Falls-Alden High School, Iowa Falls

Harrison County

 * Boyer Valley Middle/High School, Dunlap
 * Logan–Magnolia Junior/Senior High School, Logan
 * Missouri Valley High School, Missouri Valley
 * West Harrison High School, Mondamin
 * Woodbine High School, Woodbine

Henry County

 * Mount Pleasant Community High School, Mount Pleasant
 * New London High School, New London
 * WACO High School, Wayland
 * Winfield-Mt Union Junior-Senior High School, Winfield

Howard County

 * Crestwood High School, Cresco
 * Riceville High School, Riceville

Humboldt County

 * Humboldt High School, Humboldt

Ida County

 * OABCIG High School, Ida Grove
 * Ridge View High School, Holstein

Iowa County

 * English Valleys Jr/Sr High School, North English
 * H-L-V Junior-Senior High School, Victor
 * Iowa Valley Junior-Senior High School, Marengo
 * Williamsburg Junior-Senior High School, Williamsburg

Jackson County

 * Easton Valley High School, Preston
 * Maquoketa Community High School, Maquoketa

Bellevue

 * Bellevue High School
 * Marquette High School

Jasper County

 * Baxter High School, Baxter
 * Colfax–Mingo High School, Colfax
 * Lynnville–Sully High School, Sully
 * Newton Community School District
 * Basics and Beyond Alternative School, Newton
 * Newton Senior High School, Newton
 * PCM High School, Monroe

Jefferson County

 * Pekin Community High School, Packwood

Fairfield

 * Fairfield High School
 * Maharishi High School

Johnson County

 * Clear Creek–Amana High School, Tiffin
 * Liberty High School, North Liberty
 * Lone Tree Junior-Senior High School, Lone Tree
 * Solon High School, Solon

Iowa City

 * Elizabeth Tate Alternative High School
 * Iowa City High School
 * Iowa City West High School
 * Regina High School

Jones County

 * Anamosa High School, Anamosa
 * Midland Community High School, Wyoming
 * Monticello High School, Monticello

Keokuk County

 * Keota High School, Keota
 * Sigourney Junior-Senior High School, Sigourney
 * Tri-County High School, Thornburg

Kossuth County

 * North Union High School, Armstrong

Algona

 * Algona High School
 * Bishop Garrigan High School

Lee County

 * Central Lee High School, Donnelson
 * Keokuk High School, Keokuk

Fort Madison

 * Fort Madison High School
 * Holy Trinity Catholic Schools

Linn County

 * Alburnett Junior-Senior High School, Alburnett
 * Center Point-Urbana High School, Center Point
 * Central City High School, Central City
 * Linn-Mar High School, Marion
 * Lisbon High School, Lisbon
 * Marion High School, Marion
 * Mount Vernon High School, Mount Vernon
 * North Linn Senior High School, Troy Mills
 * Springville High School, Springville

Cedar Rapids

 * Cedar Valley Christian School
 * Isaac Newton Christian Academy
 * Thomas Jefferson High School
 * John F. Kennedy High School
 * Metro High School
 * Prairie High School
 * Xavier High School
 * George Washington High School

Louisa County

 * Louisa–Muscatine Junior/Senior High School, Letts
 * Columbus Community High School, Columbus Junction
 * Wapello Senior High School, Wapello

Lucas County

 * Chariton High School, Chariton

Lyon County

 * Central Lyon Senior High School, Rock Rapids
 * George–Little Rock Senior High School, George
 * West Lyon High School, Inwood

Madison County

 * Earlham Senior High School, Earlham
 * Interstate 35 High School, Truro
 * Winterset Senior High School, Winterset

Mahaska County

 * Eddyville–Blakesburg–Fremont High School, Eddyville
 * North Mahaska Junior-Senior High School, New Sharon
 * Oskaloosa High School, Oskaloosa

Marion County

 * Knoxville High School, Knoxville
 * Melcher-Dallas High School, Melcher
 * Pleasantville High School, Pleasantville
 * Twin Cedars Junior-Senior High School, Bussey

Pella

 * Pella Christian High School
 * Pella High School

Marshall County

 * East Marshall Senior High School, Le Grand
 * Marshalltown High School, Marshalltown
 * West Marshall High School, State Center

Mills County

 * East Mills High School, Malvern
 * Glenwood High School, Glenwood

Mitchell County

 * Osage High School, Osage
 * St. Ansgar High School, St. Ansgar

Monona County

 * MVAOCOU High School, Mapleton
 * West Monona High School, Onawa
 * Whiting Senior High School, Whiting

Monroe County

 * Albia High School, Albia

Montgomery County

 * Red Oak High School, Red Oak
 * Stanton High School, Stanton

Muscatine County

 * Muscatine High School, Muscatine
 * West Liberty High School, West Liberty
 * Wilton Junior-Senior High School, Wilton

O'Brien County

 * Hartley–Melvin–Sanborn High School, Hartley
 * Sheldon High School, Sheldon
 * South O'Brien High School, Paullina

Osceola County

 * Sibley-Ocheyedan High School, Sibley

Page County

 * Clarinda High School, Clarinda
 * Essex Junior-Senior High School, Essex
 * Shenandoah High School, Shenandoah
 * South Page High School, College Springs

Palo Alto County

 * Emmetsburg High School, Emmetsburg
 * Graettinger-Terril High School, Graettinger
 * Ruthven-Ayrshire High School, Ruthven
 * West Bend–Mallard High School, West Bend

Plymouth County

 * Akron–Westfield Senior High School, Akron
 * Hinton High School, Hinton
 * Kingsley–Pierson High School, Kingsley
 * St. Mary's High School, Remsen

Le Mars

 * Gehlen Catholic High School
 * Le Mars High School

Pocahontas County

 * Pocahontas Area High School, Pocahontas

Polk County

 * Bondurant–Farrar Junior-Senior High School, Bondurant
 * Johnston High School, Johnston
 * North Polk High School, Alleman
 * Southeast Polk High School, Runnells
 * Urbandale High School, Urbandale
 * Dallas Center-Grimes High School, Grimes

Ankeny

 * Ankeny Centennial High School
 * Ankeny Christian Academy
 * Ankeny High School

Des Moines

 * Des Moines Christian School
 * East High School
 * Grand View Christian School
 * Hoover High School
 * Joshua Christian Academy
 * Lincoln High School
 * North High School
 * Saydel High School
 * Roosevelt High School

West Des Moines

 * Dowling Catholic High School
 * Valley High School
 * Walnut Creek Campus

Pottawattamie County

 * AHSTW High School, Avoca
 * Riverside Community High School, Oakland
 * Treynor High School, Treynor
 * Tri-Center High School, Neola
 * Underwood High School, Underwood

Council Bluffs

 * Abraham Lincoln High School
 * Heartland Christian School
 * Kanesville Learning Center
 * Lewis Central Senior High School
 * St. Albert High School
 * Thomas Jefferson High School

Poweshiek County

 * Brooklyn-Guernsey-Malcom Junior-Senior High School, Brooklyn
 * Grinnell Community Senior High School, Grinnell
 * Montezuma High School, Montezuma

Ringgold County

 * Diagonal Junior-Senior High School, Diagonal
 * Mount Ayr High School, Mount Ayr

Sac County

 * East Sac County High School, Lake View

Scott County

 * North Scott High School, Eldridge
 * Pleasant Valley High School, Riverdale

Bettendorf

 * Bettendorf High School
 * Rivermont Collegiate

Davenport

 * Assumption High School
 * Central High School
 * Davenport Mid City High School
 * Davenport West High School
 * North High School

Shelby County

 * Exira-Elk Horn-Kimballton High School, Elk Horn
 * Harlan Community High School, Harlan

Sioux County

 * Sioux Center High School, Sioux Center
 * West Sioux High School, Hawarden

Hull

 * Boyden-Hull High School
 * Trinity Christian High School
 * Western Christian High School

Orange City

 * MOC-Floyd Valley High School
 * Unity Christian High School

Rock Valley

 * Netherlands Reformed Christian School
 * Rock Valley High School

Story County

 * Ames High School, Ames
 * Ballard Community High School, Huxley
 * Collins–Maxwell High School, Maxwell
 * Colo–NESCO Senior High School, Colo
 * Gilbert Junior-Senior High School, Gilbert
 * Nevada High School, Nevada
 * Roland–Story High School, Story City

Tama County

 * GMG Secondary School, Garwin
 * North Tama High School, Traer

Tama

 * Meskwaki Settlement School
 * South Tama County High School

Taylor County

 * Bedford High School, Bedford
 * Lenox High School, Lenox

Union County

 * Creston Community High School, Creston
 * East Union High School, Afton

Van Buren County

 * Van Buren County Community Middle/High School, Keosauqua

Wapello County

 * Cardinal High School, Eldon
 * Ottumwa High School, Ottumwa

Warren County

 * Carlisle High School, Carlisle
 * Indianola High School, Indianola
 * Martensdale-St. Marys Junior-Senior High School, Martensdale
 * Norwalk Senior High School, Norwalk
 * Southeast Warren Junior-Senior High School, Liberty Center

Washington County

 * Highland High School, Riverside
 * Hillcrest Academy, Kalona
 * Mid-Prairie High School, Wellman
 * Washington High School, Washington

Wayne County

 * Seymour High School, Seymour
 * Wayne Community Junior/Senior High School, Corydon

Webster County

 * Southeast Valley High School, Gowrie

Fort Dodge

 * Fort Dodge Senior High School
 * St. Edmond High School

Winnebago County

 * Forest City High School, Forest City
 * Lake Mills Senior High School, Lake Mills
 * North Iowa High School, Buffalo Center

Winneshiek County

 * Decorah High School, Decorah
 * South Winneshiek High School, Calmar
 * Turkey Valley Junior-Senior High School, Jackson Junction

Woodbury County

 * Lawton–Bronson Junior/Senior High School, Lawton
 * River Valley High School, Correctionville
 * Sergeant Bluff-Luton High School, Sergeant Bluff
 * Westwood High School, Sloan
 * Woodbury Central High School, Moville

Sioux City

 * Bishop Heelan Catholic High School
 * East High School
 * North High School
 * Siouxland Christian School
 * West High School

Worth County

 * Central Springs High School, Manly
 * Northwood-Kensett Junior-Senior High School, Northwood

Wright County

 * Belmond-Klemme Community Junior-Senior High School, Belmond
 * Clarion–Goldfield-Dows High School, Clarion
 * Eagle Grove High School, Eagle Grove

title: List of high schools in Iowa


text: Category:Swedish chess players

title: Category:Swedish chess players


text: User talk:69.138.235.97

title: User talk:69.138.235.97


text:
Da Vinci's City Hall

Da Vinci's City Hall is a Canadian dramatic television series, which premiered on CBC Television on 25 October 2005 and ended on 28 February 2006. It is a spin-off of the long-running Canadian series Da Vinci's Inquest. The creator, writer and executive producer of the series was Chris Haddock.

Overview
Nicholas Campbell reprises his role as Dominic Da Vinci, a former coroner entering municipal politics as the mayor of Vancouver, British Columbia. Da Vinci is based on the real-life experiences of Larry Campbell, the former chief coroner of Vancouver who was elected that city's mayor in 2002.

With the series regular Ian Tracey (playing Mick Leary) inheriting the coroner's job, the show toggles back and forth between crime scenes and politics. Haddock says: "My approach was to make all the political stuff criminal and all the criminal stuff political. When we're in city hall we're really about conspiracy and scheming, who's crooked and who's going to get caught."

Cast

 * Nicholas Campbell as Dominic da Vinci
 * Mylene Dinh-Robic as Rita Mah
 * Benjamin Ratner as Sam Berger
 * Ian Tracey as Coroner Mick Leary
 * Venus Terzo as Detective Angela Kosmo
 * Brian Markinson as Police Chief Bill Jacobs
 * Fred Keating as Councillor Jack Pierce
 * Simone Bailly as Constable Jan Ferris
 * Stephen E. Miller
 * Evan Adams
 * Colin Cunningham as Detective Brian Curtis
 * Patrick Gallagher as Joe Finn
 * Dean Marshall as Detective Carter
 * Terence Kelly as Fire Chief Ed Welles
 * Rebecca Robins
 * Hrothgar Mathews as Sgt. Charlie Klotchko
 * Charles Martin Smith as Joe Friedland
 * Eugene Lipinski as Lloyd Manning
 * Gina Holden as Claire
 * Alex Diakun as Detective Chick Savoy
 * Hiro Kanagawa as Fire Captain Roy Komori

Cancellation
With an average weekly audience of just 400,000 viewers, Da Vinci's City Hall lost about half of the former audience for Da Vinci's Inquest. On February 13, 2006, the CBC announced that the show would not be brought back for a second season in 2006, although they also indicated that negotiations were underway to reprise the Da Vinci character in a series of television movies, similar to the manner in which North of 60 continued after its run as a weekly series had ended. The first of those TV movies, The Quality of Life, aired on CBC on June 14, 2008.

The show's final episode was aired on February 28, 2006. The program was repeated on the Canadian channel Showcase during the summer of 2008.

CBC management has been criticized for cancelling the show to make room for other series that have since proved less successful.

Broadcast in the United States
Beginning April 27, 2007, Superstation WGN began airing Da Vinci's City Hall, but it is promoted by American syndicator Program Partners as "Season 8" of Da Vinci's Inquest, even using the same intro as that series (which was used only late into the show's original run) despite the fact that some of the characters seen are not present in the new series.

Nationwide syndication to local stations began in November 2007, also as part of the Da Vinci's Inquest package, with that show's titles.

title: Da Vinci's City Hall


text:
Grace Cathedral, San Francisco

Grace Cathedral is an American cathedral of the Episcopal Church in San Francisco, California. On top of Nob Hill, Grace is the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of California, led by Bishop Marc Andrus since 2006, while the cathedral's local parish has been led by Dean Malcolm Clemens Young since 2015.

The parish, founded in 1849, lost its previous church building in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The parish opened a temporary facility in 1907, raised enough funds to start construction of the present cathedral in 1927, started using it in 1934, and completed final construction in 1964. The cathedral is known for its murals by Jan Henryk De Rosen, a replica of Ghiberti's Gates of Paradise, two labyrinths, varied stained glass windows, Keith Haring AIDS chapel altarpiece, Our Lady of the Flowers by David LaChapelle, and medieval and contemporary furnishings, as well as its forty-four bell carillon, three organs, and choirs.

History
The cathedral's ancestral parish, Grace Church, was founded in 1849 during the California Gold Rush. Little Grace Pro-Cathedral (1907) was built on the new site, flanking Taylor Street near California Street, and a cathedral design by noted English Gothic Revival architect George F. Bodley was accepted. Little Grace was built on Powell near Jackson, across the street from the first Episcopal church in San Francisco, Trinity Church. After Trinity Church moved away, Grace Church moved into the larger building; this imposing third church, unofficially referred to as Grace "Cathedral" because of its size. In 1862, construction began at California and Stockton. The new church was consecrated on May 3, 1868. Prominent members of San Francisco society joined the parish in the third church, including Leland Stanford and William Henry Crocker.

In 1865, Mark Twain published (in The Californian newspaper) purported private correspondence between himself and potential short-term rectors, satirizing the church's somewhat unsuccessful efforts to find a short-term rector in the 1860s and 1870s, "stating" that he had written to one New York priest who had already turned down Grace's offer of $7,000 per year : "A word in your ear: say nothing to anybody - keep dark - but just pack up your traps and come along out here... They never expected you to clinch a bargain like that. I will go to work and get up a little competition among the cloth". Among the short-term rectors were roll film inventor Hannibal Goodwin and James Smith Bush, the great-grandfather of former US President George H. W. Bush and great-great-grandfather of former US President George W. Bush.

When the 1862 building was destroyed in the fire following the 1906 earthquake, the Grace parish opened a temporary facility in 1907. The family of railroad baron and banker William Henry Crocker donated the site of their ruined Nob Hill property (on the block bounded by California, Jones, Sacramento, and Taylor) for a diocesan cathedral, which took its name and founding congregation from the nearby Grace parish.

Dean J. Wilmer Gresham nurtured the young cathedral and work began on the present structure with the laying of the cornerstone in 1910. The cathedral was designed in English Gothic style by George Frederick Bodley in London, who died in 1907, with Lewis P. Hobart of San Francisco completing the plans thereafter. The parish raised enough funds to build a few small portions, moving the parish services into a small completed section in 1912, then moving into the larger crypt, when that was completed in 1914. At a dinner event in 1927, Bishop Edward L. Parsons told the audience that the Episcopal Diocese of California was launching a fundraising effort in 1928, looking to raise $3.6 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to complete the full cathedral.

Over the next six years, the cathedral continued to expand, though the Great Depression hampered fundraising. By 1934, Grace parish was able to move its services into the chancel and partially complete nave of the cathedral. Further construction was put on hold until 1960, with the exception of one (of the two) bell towers, which was addressed whenever funds allowed, taking over seven years (1936–1943) to complete. Grace Cathedral remained in this state, with a large vacant space between the partial section of nave and the single bell tower, for the next 17 years. Once construction restarted in 1960, the cathedral quickly advanced, and was completed in 1964 as the third largest Episcopal cathedral in the nation.

On March 28, 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. gave a sermon at Grace Cathedral as part of the festival celebrating its completion and consecration. The service took place on the Fourth Sunday of Lent. Approximately 5,000 people were present to hear King's sermon. It was the largest gathering at the cathedral for the next 36 years, until the September 11, 2001, memorial service took place.

Design and features
The initial plans were drawn up by George Bodley and redesigned by his partner Cecil Hare after Bodley's death; Hobart, acting as Hare's local agent, completed the design. The cathedral was built using ferroconcrete over four campaigns, lasting from 1928 to 1930, 1931–34, 1939–43, and 1961–64. From 1914 to 1930, the congregation met in the present basement of the nave, now named the Founders Crypt. Services moved to the present Chapel of Grace in 1930, and by 1934, work on the Cathedral had been sufficiently completed to allow services to move there. Further work on the building was suspended by the Great Depression; the north tower was completed in 1943, followed by a long suspension in construction until 1960, when work on the final tower was started. The completion of the final tower in 1964 marked the end of structural construction, although much of the interior finish remains incomplete.

The overall plan and exterior of the French Gothic cathedral is inspired by cathedrals at Amiens, Paris, Beauvais, and Chartres. The interior features are inspired by the Aragon Palma Cathedral, and the Chapel of Grace is drawn from the Sainte-Chapelle. Overall, Grace Cathedral is 329 ft long, 162 ft wide at the transepts, with a central spire (flèche) rising 247 ft above street level. The towers are 174 ft above street level. The entry floor of the cathedral is itself 20 ft above street level, and the sanctuary floor is 299.5 ft above sea level. Under the original Bodley plans, Grace Cathedral would have been smaller and more square, 275 ft long and 180 ft wide.

Works by Jan Henryk De Rosen
Grace Cathedral has a significant collection of varied works by Jan Henryk De Rosen. Among these are a faux-tile mural behind the Chapel of Grace reredos from 1932, the mural in the Chapel of the Nativity's Adoration from 1946 showing the Holy Family with the magi and shepherds. At the donor's request, the original angels hovering above were removed by the artist, however constellations still mark their place. De Rosen also included a little image of his boyhood home in Warsaw in the mural. On a smaller scale, De Rosen painted exquisite panels for the original old high altar which is now in the Chapel of St. Francis columbarium.

The most visible works of De Rosen in Grace Cathedral are the historical aisle murals that were painted in 1949 and 1950 and composed in a style blending elements of the early Italian masters Giotto and Mantegna.

Ghiberti doors
The cathedral entrance has a large pair of doors, often called the "Ghiberti doors". They are reproductions of the doors of the Florence Baptistery by Lorenzo Ghiberti, also dubbed the "Gates of Paradise".

In 1943, the Nazi occupation government ordered the original doors to be removed from the Florence baptistery, along with other portable artworks, to protect them from bombing and possibly to give Hermann Göring a chance to add them to his collection. They were hidden in a disused railway tunnel until 1944, and latex casts were made after their rediscovery. The replica doors were cast in 1956 from molds of the original doors and were destined for a war memorial, but when financing for the memorial fell through, San Francisco philanthropist Charles D. Field bought these replicas, and they were then shipped to San Francisco and installed on the newly completed church in time for its official dedication in 1964.

The original Ghiberti doors are no longer installed in the baptistery as corrosion and weathering led conservators to decide that they must be preserved in a museum under a totally dry and controlled atmosphere. The doors now in the baptistery are more modern replicas installed in 1991.

Labyrinths
Laid out on the floor of Grace Cathedral is a labyrinth that is based on the famous medieval labyrinth of Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres (The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres) located in Chartres, France. There is also another labyrinth outside of the cathedral, in the courtyard of its cathedral close.

Windows
Contained in the cathedral are 7290 sqft of stained glass windows by noted artists that depict over 1100 figures ranging from Adam and Eve to Albert Einstein. Thirty-two windows or window groups, dating from 1930 to 1966, were designed by American Charles Connick and his Boston studio. This includes the Chapel of Grace and baptistry window series that contains over 32,000 pieces of glass and covers nearly 833 sqft. The cathedral also contains 24 faceted windows by Gabriel Loire of Chartres, France, including the Human Endeavor series depicting John Glenn, Thurgood Marshall, Jane Addams, Robert Frost, and Einstein. Between 1995 and 1998, several of the cathedral's choir and aisle windows were restored by Reflection Studios of Emeryville, California.

Carillon
The carillon was the gift of Nathaniel T. Coulson, a San Francisco dentist and realtor who came from Lostwithiel in Cornwall. When Coulson first arrived in San Francisco in 1875, he found his way to Grace Church, which lacked a bell tower. Although a Methodist, he vowed to provide bells for the church and eventually spent his life savings to realize his dream and to erect the Singing (north) Tower to house them. The carillon consists of forty-four bronze bells, cast and tuned at the Gillett & Johnston Foundry of Croydon, England, in 1938. The bells arrived before the cathedral tower was completed, so they spent their first years on Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay as the centerpiece of the 1939-40 Golden Gate International Exposition. The carillon was first played from its Singing Tower home on Christmas Eve, 1940, and was formally dedicated in 1943. The bells have been rung to mark a number of important events, including D-Day and the centenary of the San Francisco cable car system.

Our Lady of the Flowers
by David LaChapelle

Chromogenic print. Anonymous gift, 2022

Inspired by the Virgin Mary, this work by the American photographer David LaChapelle celebrates faith and positivity in humanity. LaChapelle grew up during the AIDS epidemic and his early work was deeply influenced by ideas of life, death, and the metaphysical. The model is Haitian-born Guetcha Tondreau.

Cathedral School for Boys
In 1957, the Cathedral School for Boys was opened in the cathedral's bell towers. It was founded by the then dean, Julian Bartlett, in response to parents seeking an alternative to the other private schools in San Francisco. A permanent building was opened in June 1965, forming part of the cathedral close. Thanks in part to the presence of the school, the cathedral has one of only a handful of remaining Episcopal men and boys cathedral choirs, the Grace Cathedral Choir of Men and Boys; the 24 boys of the choir attend the Cathedral School for Boys, while the 12 men are a professional ensemble.

In popular culture

Photographer Ansel Adams produced a series of photographs of the incomplete cathedral in 1935.

Jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi composed and recorded a Mass for jazz trio and choir. The performance at the cathedral on May 21, 1965, was released as At Grace Cathedral.

Duke Ellington performed his televised Concert of Sacred Music at the cathedral on September 26, 1965.

Art Garfunkel's 1973 solo album Angel Clare was recorded at Grace Cathedral.

"Grace Cathedral Park" is the first song on Red House Painters' 1993 self-titled album, their first.

"Grace Cathedral Hill" is track 7 on the Decemberists' 2003 Castaways and Cutouts album. It recounts a New Year's Eve experience in which the singer and his sullen (presumably grieving) female companion visit the church to light candles.

Grace Cathedral has appeared in a number of feature films. Alfred Hitchcock filmed an abduction scene for his final film, Family Plot, in the cathedral in 1975. Some other film appearances include The Pleasure of His Company (1961), Bullitt (1968), 'Time After Time' (1979), Bicentennial Man (1999), Milk (2008), and Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021). The short epilogue of the 1962 film How the West Was Won shows sweeping views of how the West had evolved into its modern self, including an aerial shot of San Francisco that flies directly over Grace Cathedral, showing some of its ongoing construction.

Armistead Maupin's 1978–2014 Tales of the City book series has an Episcopal cannibal cult operating out of Grace Cathedral as one of its sub-plots. In the TV adaptation, Maupin plays a cameo role as a priest of Grace Cathedral, but the cathedral interiors were actually filmed in Montreal.

Fort Point Beer Company's beer can for their KSA beer features a graphic illustration of Grace Cathedral.

List of deans
Grace Cathedral has had nine deans, the chief resident cleric of the cathedral rector of the parish.

 * J. Wilmer Gresham (1928–1939)
 * Thomas Wright (1941–1943)
 * Bernard Lovgren (1946–1951)
 * C. Julian Bartlett (1956–1975)
 * Stanley Rodgers (1975–1977)
 * David Gillespie (1978–1985)
 * Alan Jones (1985–2009)
 * Jane Shaw (2010–2014)
 * Malcolm Clemens Young (2015–present)

Dean Alan Jones, who retired in 2009, had also served as the moderator of The Forum at Grace Cathedral. Dean Jane Shaw left Grace Cathedral in September 2014 to become Dean for Religious Life and Professor of Religious Studies at Stanford University.

title: Grace Cathedral, San Francisco


text:
Topographic profile

A topographic profile or topographic cut or elevation profile is a representation of the relief of the terrain that is obtained by cutting transversely the lines of a topographic map. Each contour line can be defined as a closed line joining relief points at equal height above sea level. It is usually drawn on the same horizontal scale as the map, but the use of an exaggerated vertical scale is advisable to underline the elements of the relief. This can vary according to the slope and amplitude of the terrestrial relief, but is usually three to five times the horizontal scale.

A series of parallel profiles, taken at regular intervals on a map, can be combined to provide a more complete three-dimensional view of the area that appears on the topographic map. It is evident that, thanks to computer science, more sophisticated three-dimensional models of the landscape can be made from digital terrain data.

The line of the plane defined by the points that limit the profile is called the guideline and the horizontal line of comparison on which the profile is constructed is called base.

Applications
One of the most important applications of the topographic profiles is in the construction of works of great length and small width, for example roads, sewers or pipelines.

Sometimes topographical profiles appear in printed maps, such as those designed for navigation routes, excavations and especially for geological maps, where they are used to show the internal structure of the rocks that populate a territory.

People who study natural resources such as geologists, geomorphologists, soil scientists and vegetation scholars, among others, build profiles to observe the relationship of natural resources to changes in topography and analyze numerous problems.

A river or stream gradient may be derived from its elevation profile by means of numerical differentiation.

title: Topographic profile


text:
Kim Tiddy

Kimberley Jane Tiddy (born 3 September 1977) is an English actress, known for her roles as PC Honey Harman in the ITV procedural drama The Bill and Heidi Costello in the Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks.

Life and career
The daughter of John Tiddy and his wife Roza Raymond, Tiddy was born in 1977 in Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey, and brought up in Surbiton, Greater London, by her mother after her father left. She trained at the Arden School of Theatre in Manchester, afterwards acting at Salisbury Playhouse. Later, she set up a cleaning company and for two years undertook unpaid short film work. After working in Spain for one summer she returned to England, receiving an offer of a role on The Bill; her last appearance on The Bill was on 25 January 2007, when her character, Honey Harman, was killed off. In April 2010, it was announced that Tiddy had joined the cast of Channel 4 soap Hollyoaks as Heidi Costello; she left the soap on 31 October 2011 after her character, Heidi Costello, was also killed off. In 2016, she appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors.

title: Kim Tiddy