text:
Nicholas Van Dyke (politician, born 1769)

Nicholas Van Dyke (December 20, 1769 – May 21, 1826) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as Attorney General of Delaware, as U.S. Representative from Delaware, and as U.S. senator from Delaware.

Early life and education
Van Dyke was born in New Castle, Delaware, son of Nicholas and Charlotte Stanley Van Dyke. His father had been a member of the Continental Congress and a President of Delaware.

The younger Nicholas graduated from the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University in 1788, studied law with his brother-in-law, Kensy Johns, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in New Castle, in 1792.

Career
Van Dyke was a Federalist who was a member of the Delaware House of Representatives in 1799. From 1801 until 1806 he served as Attorney General of Delaware.

In 1807. he was elected to the 10th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of U.S. Representative James M. Broom. He was reelected to the 11th Congress, and served in the U.S. House from October 6, 1807, until March 3, 1811. With the Federalists a powerless minority in Congress, he returned home to serve as the Attorney General of Delaware.

He was elected to the Delaware State Senate for the 1816 and 1817 sessions. While serving there, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he served from March 4, 1817, until his death on May 21, 1826. He missed the first month and a half of the 18th Congress, as his first term in the Senate expired on March 3, 1823, and he was not re-elected by the Delaware Legislature until January 7, 1824. He did not take his seat in the Senate for the 18th Congress until January 14, 1824, while the Senate had convened on December 1, 1823. He was Chairman of the Committee on Pensions in the 16th U.S. Congress.

Personal life
He married Mary Ann Leuvaneigh in 1792. They had six children, including Nicholas III, Kensey Johns, and Dorcas Montgomery and lived at many houses in and around New Castle, Delaware. One of these was at the corner of Delaware and Fourth Streets and was the location of the 1824 wedding of Dorcas Van Dyke and Charles I. du Pont, which was attended by the Marquis de Lafayette.

His farm and summer retreat, The Hermitage, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The family were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church.

Death and legacy
Van Dyke died in New Castle, Delaware, and is buried there in the cemetery at Immanuel Episcopal Church on the Green. A fellow lawyer who knew Van Dyke compared him to other lawyers by saying that he was a "sound lawyer and superior to them all as a fluent, graceful and successful advocate and in the skillful management of his cases."

Almanac
Elections were held the first Tuesday of October and members of the General Assembly took office on the first Tuesday of January. The State Senate had a term of three years and the State House had a term of one year. U.S. Representatives took office March 4 and had a two-year term. The General Assembly chose the U.S. senators who also took office March 4, but for a six-year term.


text:
Talk:Charlie Musselwhite

Charlie or Charley?
The album cover says Charley but the article uses Charlie and redirects from Charley, WUWT? Is it a UK thing?

Removed wikify tag
I don't know what to do with the mother's obituary and other problems with the page. KarenAnn 21:34, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Guitar
1. He goes by Charlie, at least now. That's how he signed his autograph for me on August 17,2007.

2. The article doesn't mention he plays guitar as well. Clearly, he's more famous as a harp player, but he has a fairly recent solo CD out with him playing guitar and harp in a rack.

3. For what it's worth, he seems to be a very friendly, funny, down-to-earth guy. He sat down with a group of us for an hour's worth of Q and A, and it was a lot of fun. --199.217.175.130 17:40, 20 August 2007 (UTC)jpb--199.217.175.130 17:40, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Choctaw or Cherokee
If he's really Cherokee, where did the Choctaw claim originally come from? Badagnani 21:56, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Thai heritage?
In this edit, an anonymous editor added that Musselwhite is of Thai heritage. I don't believe this is accurate. Badagnani (talk) 20:45, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I've read this before. I've long since forgotten exactly where, however.  My best recollection was that it appeared either in one of the MusicHound guides or in the liner notes to one of his albums, possibly a compilation album released by Alligator. RadioKAOS / Talk to me, Billy / Transmissions  01:46, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

unsourced
"Unfortunately, Musselwhite, as with many of his peers, fell into alcoholism, and by his own admission, he had never been on stage sober until after he stopped drinking entirely in 1987."

removed this from article. dont return it until a source is found. the word "unfortunately" can be taken out regardless.50.193.19.66 (talk) 19:50, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

The Blind Boys of Alabama album reference
There's a linked reference to "Spirit of the Century" accredited to The Blind Boys of Alabama. The link goes to the page of a role playing game by the same name. It seems an unlikely pairing. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Century There is a album of the same name in The Blind Boys of Alabama discography, but there is no associated page for it. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blind_Boys_of_Alabama#Discography — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fbonds (talk • contribs) 15:29, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Relationship to Osage tribe of Oklahoma
Perhaps, in reference to his role in Killers of the Flower Moon, a mention of the fact that Charlie Musselwhite apparently had ancestors who lived in Osage County, Oklahoma, and that apparently his aunt, an Osage woman named Mary DeNoya, is buried in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, should be added to this article. I don't know why, if he's partly Osage, Musselwhite has for so long claimed to be of Choctaw, then Cherokee heritage, but never Osage. Source: https://forums.stevehoffman.tv/threads/the-upcoming-scorsese-film-killers-of-the-flower-moon-sounds-like-a-winner.1083376/page-10 98.123.38.211 (talk) 03:17, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Charlie Musselwhite


text:
English Bridge

The English Bridge is a masonry arch viaduct, crossing the River Severn in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. The present bridge is a 1926 rebuilding and widening (re-using the original masonry) of John Gwynn's design, completed in 1774. A bridge is known to have stood at this spot since at least Norman times. Historically, it was known as the "Stone Bridge". It is a Grade II* listed building.

The original Norman bridge consisted of five arches and a timber causeway. It linked the town of Shrewsbury with Coleham Island, which now no longer exists, before another bridge linked the island with the other bank. A large tower stood on the East bank, housing a gate and a drawbridge. The bridge also supported several shops and houses. Building work on Gwynn's replacement bridge started on 29 June 1769, and comprised seven semicircular arches, 400 ft long. This bridge cost £16,000. The 55 ft span central arch was built high, to provide headroom to watercraft, but this resulted in steep approaches.

As a result, a new design was put forward in 1921 by Arthur W. Ward, the Borough Surveyor. This lowered all the arches, converting the central one into a segmental arch, reducing the height of the roadway by 5 ft. The new bridge was to be 50 ft wide, more than twice as wide as Gwynn's structure (of 23 and a half feet width). It cost £86,000 and was formally opened on 26 October 1927 by Queen Mary, although it had been completed the previous year. Ward's bridge reused the old masonry, each stone carefully numbered, as well as a quantity of new stonework. Concrete was used to 'saddle' the arches and in the foundations.

The bridge is one of two bridges carrying the main east-west route over the Severn as it loops around Shrewsbury; the Welsh Bridge is its counterpart on the other side of the town. Despite the names, both bridges are in England, but the Welsh Bridge is on the side closer to Wales.

Thomas Telford's Holyhead Road, dating from 1815 and connecting London to the main sea-crossing to Ireland, used the English Bridge to cross the Severn here. The road's modern successor, the A5, now bypasses Shrewsbury and the bridge's main role today is to connect the centre of Shrewsbury with the Belle Vue and Abbey Foregate areas of the town.

title: English Bridge


text: Category:National federations of trade unions


text:
Remini

Remini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Robert V. Remini (1921–2013), American historian
 * Leah Remini (born 1970), American actress

title: Remini


text:
Jan Hunt

Jan Hunt (born 15 February 1938) is a British comedian, actress and music hall performer, who appeared on BBC television series Crackerjack with Michael Aspel, Ed Stewart, Peter Glaze and Don Maclean in the 1970s. She would often be seen playing an old lady in dramatisations, involving her donning a grey wig and glasses and putting her hand on her hip to suggest a bad back.

Her later career included playing Ellie May in Show Boat (Adelphi Theatre London 1971) in which she first performed her trademark "spoons" routine. She frequently performed at London's Players' Theatre, and on BBC TV's The Good Old Days, notably as Marie Lloyd. Her Paper Moon Theatre Company continues to provide music hall and variety shows throughout the UK.

Hunt is an honorary patron of The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.

title: Jan Hunt


text:
Five color theorem

The five color theorem is a result from graph theory that given a plane separated into regions, such as a political map of the countries of the world, the regions may be colored using no more than five colors in such a way that no two adjacent regions receive the same color.

The five color theorem is implied by the stronger four color theorem, but is considerably easier to prove. It was based on a failed attempt at the four color proof by Alfred Kempe in 1879. Percy John Heawood found an error 11 years later, and proved the five color theorem based on Kempe's work.

Outline of the proof by contradiction
First of all, one associates a simple planar graph $$G$$ to the given map, namely one puts a vertex in each region of the map, then connects two vertices with an edge if and only if the corresponding regions share a common border. The problem is then translated into a graph coloring problem: one has to paint the vertices of the graph so that no edge has endpoints of the same color.

Because $$G$$ is a simple planar, i.e. it may be embedded in the plane without intersecting edges, and it does not have two vertices sharing more than one edge, and it does not have loops, then it can be shown (using the Euler characteristic of the plane) that it must have a vertex shared by at most five edges. (Note: This is the only place where the five-color condition is used in the proof. If this technique is used to prove the four-color theorem, it will fail on this step. In fact, an icosahedral graph is 5-regular and planar, and thus does not have a vertex shared by at most four edges.) Find such a vertex, and call it $$v$$.

Now remove $$v$$ from $$G$$. The graph $$G'$$ obtained this way has one fewer vertex than $$G$$, so we can assume by induction that it can be colored with only five colors. If the coloring did not use all five colors on the five neighboring vertices of $$v$$, it can be colored in $$G$$ with a color not used by the neighbors. So now look at those five vertices $$v_1$$, $$v_2$$, $$v_3$$, $$v_4$$, $$v_5$$ that were adjacent to $$v$$ in cyclic order (which depends on how we write G). So we can assume that $$v_1$$, $$v_2$$, $$v_3$$, $$v_4$$, $$v_5$$ are colored with colors 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 respectively.

Now consider the subgraph $$G_{1,3}$$ of $$G'$$ consisting of the vertices that are colored with colors 1 and 3 only and the edges connecting them. To be clear, each edge connects a color 1 vertex to a color 3 vertex (this is called a Kempe chain). If $$v_1$$ and $$v_3$$ lie in different connected components of $$G_{1,3}$$, we can swap the 1 and 3 colors on the component containing $$v_1$$ without affecting the coloring of the rest of $$G'$$. This frees color 1 for $$v$$ completing the task. If on the contrary $$v_1$$ and $$v_3$$ lie in the same connected component of $$G_{1,3}$$, we can find a path in $$G_{1,3}$$ joining them that consists of only color 1 and 3 vertices.

Now turn to the subgraph $$G_{2,4}$$ of $$G'$$ consisting of the vertices that are colored with colors 2 and 4 only and the edges connecting them, and apply the same arguments as before. Then either we are able to reverse the 2-4 coloration on the subgraph of $$G_{2,4}$$ containing $$v_2$$ and paint $$v$$ color 2, or we can connect $$v_2$$ and $$v_4$$ with a path that consists of only color 2 and 4 vertices. Such a path would intersect the 1-3 colored path we constructed before since $$v_1$$ through $$v_5$$ were in cyclic order. This is clearly absurd as it contradicts the planarity of the graph.

So $$G$$ can in fact be five-colored, contrary to the initial presumption.

Linear time five-coloring algorithm
Multiple authors, beginning with Lipton and Miller in 1978, have studied efficient algorithms for five-coloring planar graphs. The algorithm of Lipton and Miller took time $$O(n\log n)$$, but subsequent researchers reduced the time bound to $$O(n)$$. The version below is from a 1996 paper by Robertson, Sanders, Seymour, and Thomas, which describes it briefly in connection with a slower $$O(n^2)$$-time algorithm for four-coloring. The algorithm as described here operates on multigraphs and relies on the ability to have multiple copies of edges between a single pair of vertices. It is based on Wernicke's theorem, which states the following:

 * Wernicke's theorem: Assume G is planar, nonempty, has no faces bounded by two edges, and has minimum degree 5. Then G has a vertex of degree 5 which is adjacent to a vertex of degree at most 6.

We will use a representation of the graph in which each vertex maintains a circular linked list of adjacent vertices, in clockwise planar order.

In concept, the algorithm is recursive, reducing the graph to a smaller graph with one less vertex, five-coloring that graph, and then using that coloring to determine a coloring for the larger graph in constant time. In practice, rather than maintain an explicit graph representation for each reduced graph, we will remove vertices from the graph as we go, adding them to a stack, then color them as we pop them back off the stack at the end. We will maintain three stacks:

 * S4: Contains all remaining vertices with either degree at most four, or degree five and at most four distinct adjacent vertices (due to multiple edges).
 * S5: Contains all remaining vertices that have degree five, five distinct adjacent vertices, and at least one adjacent vertex with degree at most six.
 * Sd: Contains all vertices deleted from the graph so far, in the order that they were deleted.

The algorithm works as follows:

 * 1) In the first step, we collapse all multiple edges to single edges, so that the graph is simple. Next, we iterate over the vertices of the graph, pushing any vertex matching the conditions for S4 or S5 onto the appropriate stack.
 * 2) Next, as long as S4 is non-empty, we pop v from S4 and delete v from the graph, pushing it onto Sd, along with a list of its neighbors at this point in time. We check each former neighbor of v, pushing it onto S4 or S5 if it now meets the necessary conditions.
 * 3) When S4 becomes empty, we know that our graph has minimum degree five. If the graph is empty, we go to the final step 5 below. Otherwise, Wernicke's Theorem tells us that S5 is nonempty. Pop v off S5, delete it from the graph, and let v1, v2, v3, v4, v5 be the former neighbors of v in clockwise planar order, where v1 is the neighbor of degree at most 6. We check if v1 is adjacent to v3 (which we can do in constant time due to the degree of v1). There are two cases:
 * 4) If v1 is not adjacent to v3, we can merge these two vertices into a single vertex. To do this, we remove v from both circular adjacency lists, and then splice the two lists together into one list at the point where v was formerly found. Provided that v maintains a reference to its position in each list, this can be done in constant time. It's possible that this might create faces bounded by two edges at the two points where the lists are spliced together; we delete one edge from any such faces. After doing this, we push v3 onto Sd, along with a note that v1 is the vertex that it was merged with. Any vertices affected by the merge are added or removed from the stacks as appropriate.
 * 5) Otherwise, v2 lies inside the face outlined by v, v1, and v3. Consequently, v2 cannot be adjacent to v4, which lies outside this face. We merge v2 and v4 in the same manner as v1 and v3 above.
 * 6) Go to step 2.
 * 7) At this point S4, S5, and the graph are empty. We pop vertices off Sd. If the vertex were merged with another vertex in step 3, the vertex that it was merged with will already have been colored, and we assign it the same color. This is valid because we only merged vertices that were not adjacent in the original graph. If we had removed it in step 2 because it had at most 4 adjacent vertices, all of its neighbors at the time of its removal will have already been colored, and we can simply assign it a color that none of its neighbors is using.

Alternate proof
Kainen (1974) provides a simplified proof of the five color theorem, based on the non-planarity of $K_{6}$ (the complete graph with 6 vertices) and graph minors. This proof generalizes to graphs that can be made planar by deleting 2 edges.

title: Five color theorem


text: Category:Argentine volleyball players

title: Category:Argentine volleyball players


text:
User:SeeFood/Images

Only starting here, this is the first crop:

title: User:SeeFood/Images


text:
User talk:Ninawow

JFW | T@lk  12:40, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ninawow


text:
Talk:The Tombs of Atuan

lede attribution
Re: this: I'm of the opinion that naming individual reviewers in the lede is a bit too wordy, and also unnecessary when the comments are chosen to represent the broader themes among the reviewers mentioned in the reception section. I'm willing to be persuaded, though. Vanamonde (talk) 10:07, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

Tibetan Buddhism
Given that the religion in Atuan resembles Tibetan Buddhism most closely, albeit a feminist mirroring, it is suprising this is never mentioned in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.85.204.251 (talk) 16:11, 16 October 2021 (UTC)
 * If you know of a reliable source that mentions this, it could be included. Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 16:13, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Tombs of Atuan


text:
User talk:Quelt~enwiki

hehe

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Quelt. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Quelt~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:50, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Quelt~enwiki


text:
User talk:Damnbutter

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Victor 12:42, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Battle of Arklow
Nice article. This is way outside my field, so I don't know if this is a reasonable suggestion: you might like to have a look at Battle of New Ross (1798) to see the infobox at the side. It might be worth replicating. Interestingly, someone claims that it stopped the rebellion getting outside Wexford, which this article contradicts? --Red King 16:43, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Defenders and United Irishmen
Hows it going? Well done on all your work on 1798 stuff. Two things I wanted to bring up with our "1798 specialist" ;). First, the United Irishmen. I feel its really bad at the moment and could be improved a lot by a discussion of their politics, structure and how they evolved from constitutional radicals to revolutionaries. Second thing, I've created a page on the Defenders at Defenders (Ireland), maybe you'd be able to havea go at expanding it? Cheers Jdorney 12:43, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Oh, one other thing, while I'm at it. I've created a page on 18th century Ireland atIreland 1691-1801. If you feel there's anything more that should go in, please go ahead.

Hi Jdorney, Thanks for the geeup much appreciated. I would't have too much background in the organisation, history etc. of the United Irishmen to add. At the moment I've diverted onto the Nore/Spithead mutinies 1797 and then want to finish off on the 1798 battles and sequel. I have some source material of interest on the Defenders but it's largely related to the Defender movement in particular counties so it'll take a while to scope. All the best --Damnbutter 17:36, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

I see you're having a  go at improving the United Irishmen article. Good man. Jdorney 11:59, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Constituencies in Ireland
Hi, I removed your insertion of "during the time of British occupation in Ireland" from the edits you made to a number of the Irish constituencies represented in the UK parliament. "British occupation" is an unloaded term - British rule is more appropriate. I would suggest that you talk to those contributors already working on historic Irish constituencies (i.e. myself, User:BrownHairedGirl, or User:Gary J before categorising these constituencies further.--Damac 20:42, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Irish UK parliament constituencies are clogging up the Category - History of Ireland 1801-1922, [] I would suggest you could help out there (See talkpage). I was not aware I had to get clearance before making an edit. If you feel the need to soften "British occupation" to "British rule" then matter of consistency you should also apply this principle to all ex-colonies in history and not just to the period of British occupation of Ireland.

--Damnbutter 16:14, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Bobby Sands
I would like to see a reference for the song you added to the Bobby Sands article. Seeing your list of edits, I have no doubt of your knowledge in this area, and I am not suggesting this is not relevant, I would just like to see more information in the article in relation to this song. Thanks. ---Charles 17:08, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I apologize. Looking at the article again, I see that you placed a reference, which I have now read, and I see the relevance and importance of the song.  Thanks for the contribution. ---Charles 17:11, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi Carles,

no problem, the details are down in the article. The references are fairly oblique as any obvious sympathetic references would probably have ended their career, especially in "Britain".

--Damnbutter 09:58, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Glake.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Glake.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the copyright status of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the copyright status of the image on the image's description page, using an appropriate copyright tag, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided copyright information for them as well.

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This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 07:06, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Eh? Image is 200 years old so whats the problem? --Damnbutter 09:46, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Colonial era? - Imperial Flags in Irish flags page
While many Wikipedians may feel that Northern Ireland has some similarities to a colony, they try to avoid putting that view into articles as though it was undisputed fact. You will have more pleasure contributing here if you try to maintain and improve the neutral point of view of articles. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 13:50, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Look in your own glasshouse before throwing accusations around. What exactly is an english royal standard doing on the Irish flags page. Try some objectivity yourself before lecturing me.

--Damnbutter 16:35, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Check the facts before throwing accusations of a lack of objectivity and vandalism at me for calling English royal flags relics of the colonial era. Last time I looked the article was "List of IRISH flags" not "List of Republic of Ireland flags " or "List of N. Ireland flags" by no stretch of the imagination can some of those obscure flags be called Irish - try to be realistic if you can't be objective. How many "union flags" do you want on the Irish flags page before you're happy?--Damnbutter 16:44, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Remember that you don't know my nationality nor my political sympathies. I did not accuse you of vandalism, and I am disappointed that someone did, instead of assuming good faith.  It is clear that you are acting in good faith, and I know you have made some good contributions on Irish history.  However, in this case, I personally think you are taking that list in the wrong direction; though I haven't edited the list since Monday, I will revert your changes and try to persuade you to let them stand.  --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 20:03, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Pike (weapon)
There are a few pages you need to review in order to properly understand how to contribute constuctively to Wikipedia.

You've been accused by several other users of a POV bias, which is therefore something you should consider paying attention to, instead of simply insisting that the accusation is "ignorant." Read this: []

Toward that end, don't delete an entire general statement because in your opinion it inaccurately reflects the one small group that you are interested in. That edit, made out of a POV bias, thereby makes the entire provision less clear and informative.

Another one you should read concerns good etiquette:

[]

You have stated in an edit of pike (weapon) that a statement I contributed to the article was "an ignorant generalization" and you have stated on this page that someone needs to "try to be realistic if you can't be objective." Wiki policy is to assume good faith, be civil and polite, and argue the facts, not the personality.Larry Dunn 01:56, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Reply
Thank you for the patronising though hypocritical lecture - I have left aside the fact that other disputes I may have had are none of your business as you are making serious, allegations based on ill-founded assumptions to try and justify your inaccuracies and "win" this dispute. I'm perfectly aware of Wikipedia guidelines, there are a few things I can point out to you.

[] - It is bad manners to scavenge through someones user page to find ammo with which to back up spurious allegations. My nationality has nothing to do with anything - I never brought up yours -easy though it would have been. This edit in question has also got nothing to do with previous edit conflicts on different articles.

[Revert Vandalism] You have repeatedly deleted my edits without good cause -initially without bothering to give any reason, it was me who had the manners to summarise my changes. Your change descriptions were at best off-topic, at worst sneaky pro-Irish POV allegation.

[|Cite Sources] To repeat for the 4th time - the 1798 rebels in Ireland were not all "desperate peasant rebels" they came from urban, rural, upper, middle and lower class backrounds and used whatever weapons they could -pikes were not used solely by "desperate peasants" if that's what you think. This is "ignorant" as it displays a complete lack of knowledge of the socio-economic background of the 1798 rebels - a "generalisation" because it is merely a good soundbite which you have not bothered to reference because outside of Ladybird books or something you will not find one.

[|POV] - My edit is not Irish POV bias - against all facts you insist on your soundbite - you are only displaying your total lack of knowledge (ignorance) of this era. On a couple of occasions I have been accused of POV by a number hypocritical "contributors" -again none of your business and irrelevant to this matter - but all without the slightest shred of evidence -check the facts. Still it's a useful accusation to throw at someone to muddy the waters when you havn't a leg to stand on. It also shows incredible hypocrisy as you had the effrontry to accuse me of ignoring "etiquette"

Proprietorship - Just to remind you - you do not own any article no matter how much edits/contributions made i.e; If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly or redistributed by others, do not submit it. --Damnbutter 13:13, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * You seem to misunderstand that Wikipedia is a community -- your behavior is very much my business, and the business of all wikipedians. And by the way, looking at your talk page is hardly "mining for negative comments."

 * I see from your hysterical response that you are determined to continue to use a hostile tone with those who question your edits. Suit yourself; we can only make suggestions to our fellow users about their behavior -- the better users are those who listen to input.

 * On the topic of "ignorance" (besides "hypocritical," your favorite slander of your fellow wikipedians who question your edits), you seem not to realize that the reference to desperate rebels does not apply exclusively, or even primarily, to the Irish. The vast majority of the rebels who used pikes after 1700, even in Ireland, were peasants who did not have access to guns.  The Irish represent one small niche of that.

 * Your insertion of a great deal of information on the Irish usage distorts the history of the end period of pike usage. Toward that end, perhaps the specific references to the Irish usage should be deleted, or cut down significantly.  For the time being I have indeed sourced the existing language, per Wiki policy because it has been challenged, but on second thought it might be better to take it out altogether.  You can then insert it in whatever pages you like that pertain specifically to the Irish conflicts in which pikes were used.

 * As for being prepared to be edited mercilessly, that pertains every bit as much to you as it does to me, and every other wikipedian. Try to follow your own advice.  Larry Dunn 21:39, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Reply
You were not “just looking” at my talkpage or edit history – you were attempting undermine my edit because of my nationality and previous edit conflicts. On that score –you do not speak for “all wikipedians” either – so stop playing to some imaginary gallery.

Again you miss the point; sweeping generalizations unsupported by proper references are inaccurate and distort history – wikipedia is not a forum for soundbites and you do it’s credibility no favours by standing over them e.g “The vast majority of the rebels who used pikes after 1700, even in Ireland, were peasants who did not have access to guns” - Who exactly are you referring to? If you make unfounded generalised sweeping statements without any evidence you can expect to be queried. Even a cursory examination of records of the time show that the Irish 1798 rebels came from all social classes.

Re your statement that I inserted “a great deal of information on the Irish usage” – this is untrue – I only added the reference to the 1798 rebellion – again check the facts before you generalize. As for your belief that the Irish usage of the pike references should be reduced, the thought springs to mind that it is you suffering from some anti-Irish POV. You cannot delete content because you do not like it – who are you to say what “distorts” what. I’ll ignore your gracious permission to insert the offending content elsewhere – find your own messenger boy. --Damnbutter 18:08, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Battle of Tara Hill
Hi Damnbutter, I see you created the Battle of Tara Hill article. I am looking at it from the wikiproject Unreferenced articles, where it's one of the longest unreferenced tagged articles. It has been tagged and completely without references since August 2006. It would be very helpful if you had some references you could add to the article to help support its verifiability and notability. Thanks for any help you can give. PhilKnight (talk) 23:49, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Gallows.jpg
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ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Damnbutter


text:
User talk:Zounds!~enwiki

Welcome
Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Victor 12:43, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Zounds!. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Zounds!~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:57, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zounds!~enwiki


text:
User talk:Dobromila

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! --Victor 12:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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title: User talk:Dobromila


text:
Talk:Sheep–goat chimera

versions of the article
The versions of the article from before June 3. 2005 are erroneous, and also inconsistent with the article on 'Chimeras'. The versions in question confuse the terms 'chimera' and 'hybrid', and the Botswanan 'geep' with 57 chromosomes is actually not a geep, but a regular sheep-goat hybrid. I think I found the Internet source the previous versions were based on, and it seems to confuse the Geep with a sheep-goat hybrid, as well. Unfortunately I don't have any more useful information to add to this article; I don't know much about geep, except that they are not what the previous article stated.

Vandalism
"The first sheep-goat chimera was bred in Manumbar Australia, by R S. White, who enjoys long walks on the beach, drinking day and night, and the longful pleasures of beastiality." 72.66.250.177 (talk) 14:19, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

"They reported their results in 1984, and were shortly thereafter found dead in their homes...each and every last one." This sounds like vandalism as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.123.232.214 (talk) 20:03, 11 August 2011 (UTC) This line about the scientists being found dead in their homes was still present in the article when I accessed it through the mobile page. I think it's uncool and kind of threatening and should be removed, but the history says it has already been taken out. What gives? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.253.215.86 (talk) 13:47, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Geep - question
I once heard that the geep fetus, once created in vitro, can be implanted in either the she-goat or the ewe. And that which of those you choose determines the eventual mating behaviour of the creature once born. Those that were born by a she-goat grow up fancying goats, and those from a ewe, sheep. However, I haven't been able to find any corroboration on the Net or in the scientific literature for this, so don't quote me on it in your ph.D thesis. Tim Budds (timbudds@acasa.ro)
 * Somewhere on the net, there's mention that hinnies can be distinguished from mules because in a pasture containing both donkeys and horses, a hinny will prefer the company of donkeys, like its mother; and a mule will prefer the company of horses, like its mother. Perhaps a question of nurture rather nature, socializing and breeding with the species the animal was raised by. -- Lisasmall 13:42, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Normal sheep and goats kept in the same pasture sometime show the same behavior--orphaned lambs are sometimes given to nanny goats (of the dairy goat variety). Once grown, they're the sheep most likely to mate with male goats. (Male goats, of course, will mate with anything...)

Internal link
Added Ovid hybrid link though such article does not yet exist, though there are pages for Felid hybrid, Canid hybrid, Ursid hybrid. (and the as-I-write non-existent Suid hybrid, though surely domestic swine have interbred with wild species at some point). Link is needed to provide larger context for Geep article. -- Lisasmall 13:42, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation
How do you pronounce geep? /giːp/ or /ʤiːp/? (actually, since it is a neologism, how did the creators of the animal pronounce it?) rado 11:12, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Presumably /giːp/, because (a) the g comes from goat, where it's /g/; and (b) /ʤ/ would create an unnecessary homophone of Jeep.  Neon    Merlin   02:35, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Photo
I've sent a GFDL request to the prof credited with the linked photo. If he says yes, we'll have a web-resolution illustration. Neon   Merlin   02:35, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, got the photo.  Neon    Merlin   00:51, 14 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It says to use it only if its not referred to as a Geep, which it is in the article. 12.207.127.76 03:57, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Health
Was he healthy? He looks oddly frankestein in the photo... And sad.. There's no poto of the goat-sheep hybrid, so I don't know it that frankenstein-color look is only in this or in the others... (It looks to me like a head and limbs of an animal in another) 200.230.213.152 04:16, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge
I don't think this should be mered with Sheep-goat hybrid. A chimera is clearly distinct from a hybrid. -- Kaszeta 22:23, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Since nobody seems to object, I'm removing the merge notice. -- Kaszeta 13:49, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Hmm...
I found the inclusion of this line interesting:

 * while the first instance created in the U.S. was in 1985 at the University of California, Davis.

What about the first instance created in, say, Canada? Or China? Or Outer Mongolia? I'm not being snippy, I just find it interesting that the first US geep is deeemed to be noteworthy over any other country. David 10:07, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Geep is not a hybrid
A geep is not a hybrid, therefore I am removing the table for hybrids under references. Linguardia (talk) 21:53, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Redirect should be undone
Sheep-goat chimera (using a hyphen) redirects to Sheep–goat chimera (using an en dash). This is an improper use of the en dash. The redirect should be "undone," but I don't know how. Does anyone know how to undo a redirect? GPS Pilot (talk) 22:33, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sheep–goat chimera


text:
Roman king

Roman king may refer to:
 * the King of Rome, the holder of supreme authority in the Roman Kingdom from 753 BC until 509 BC
 * the King of the Romans, a title in the Holy Roman Empire, adopted since 1056 AD
 * The King of Rome, a successful racing pigeon; also a song of the same name about the bird

 * See also
 * Early Roman Kings, a song written by American singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and released on his album Tempest in 2012.

title: Roman king


text:
Porthill Bridge

Porthill Bridge, also often referred to as Port Hill Footbridge, is a suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing the River Severn in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England.

It connects Porthill with the Quarry and the town centre. Next to it on the Porthill side is the Boathouse public house and Becks Field - both Quarry Park and Becks Field are extensive open green spaces largely preserved from building by their propensity to flood. Porthill Bridge experiences significant vibration, even when few people are crossing it - and has done since it was installed. Local pedestrians mostly accept this eccentricity as part of the bridge's charm.

A ferry operated here until the bridge was built in 1922 by David Rowell & Co. One of the posts to which the cable was attached is still visible on the north bank of the river just a few metres west of the crossing. The bridge was opened on 18 January 1923. £2,000 of the bridge's total £2,600 cost was paid for by the Shropshire Horticultural Society. From March to July 2012 the bridge was closed for refurbishment, which included repainting the whole bridge and replacing the timber deck, costing £575,000. The bridge was temporarily replaced with a passenger ferry between the Quarry and the Boat House pub with an adult single fare of 50p.

title: Porthill Bridge


text:
Larry Nelson

Larry Gene Nelson (born September 10, 1947) is an American professional golfer. He has won numerous tournaments at both the PGA Tour and Champions Tour level.

Early life and amateur career
Nelson was born in Fort Payne, Alabama and grew up in Acworth, Georgia, northwest of Atlanta. He did not play the game growing up – atypical for a successful professional golfer – focusing on basketball and baseball.

Nelson took up golf at the age of 21, after he returned from serving in the infantry in Vietnam (Nelson was a 20-year-old newlywed when he was drafted into the U.S. Army). Nelson was first introduced to golf by Ken Hummel, a soldier and friend in his infantry unit, and Nelson carefully studied Ben Hogan's book The Five Fundamentals of Golf while learning how to play the game. He soon discovered that he had a talent for the game, breaking 100 the first time he played and 70 within nine months. Nelson went on to graduate from Kennesaw Junior College in 1970.

Professional career
In 1971, Nelson turned professional. He qualified for the PGA Tour at 1973 PGA Tour Qualifying School. Nelson's breakthrough year came in 1979 when he won twice and finished second on the money list to Tom Watson.

Nelson won 10 times on the PGA Tour including three major championships. He earned his first major title at the 1981 PGA Championship which he won by four strokes over Fuzzy Zoeller. In 1983, Nelson was victorious at the U.S. Open at Oakmont coming from seven behind at the halfway point to defeat Tom Watson by a single shot. Nelson scored a U.S. Open record 65-67 over the last 36 holes at the difficult Oakmont course which broke a 51-year Open record established by Gene Sarazen. His 10-under-par 132 record score has yet to be equaled. In 1987, he finished tied with Lanny Wadkins after the regulation 72 holes of the PGA Championship. He won the title with a par at the first playoff hole.

Nelson played on the U.S. Ryder Cup team in 1979, 1981, and 1987. His record of 9–3–1 is one of the best since the event became USA v Europe in 1979; it had been a perfect 9–0–0 after the first two events.

Nelson also had great success internationally. He won four tournaments on the Japan Golf Tour. Nelson also finished runner-up at the 1982 Dunlop Phoenix Tournament, 1985 Suntory Open, and the 1987 Mitsui Sumitomo Visa Taiheiyo Masters in Japan. In addition, in 1987 he finished runner-up at the New Zealand Open on the PGA Tour of Australia. He lost to Northern Ireland's Ronan Rafferty in a sudden-death playoff.

Since turning 50 in 1997, Nelson has had a very successful Champions Tour career, winning 19 times.

Nelson is also active in golf course design and created the LagRx Swing Trainer to help golfers condition and improve their muscle memory.

Honors
Nelson was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in October 2006.

In 2011, Nelson received the PGA Distinguished Service Award from the PGA of America. The award "honors outstanding individuals who display leadership and humanitarian qualities, including integrity, sportsmanship and enthusiasm for the game of golf".

PGA Tour wins (10)
PGA Tour playoff record (3–2)

PGA of Japan Tour wins (4)
 * Note: The 1983 Dunlop International Open was shortened to 54 holes due to rain. 1Co-sanctioned by the Asia Golf Circuit

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (2–1)

Other wins (2)

 * 1978 Georgia Open
 * 1988 PGA Grand Slam of Golf (United States - unofficial event)

Champions Tour wins (19)
Champions Tour playoff record (2–3)

Other senior wins (6)

 * 1999 Chrysler Senior Match Play Challenge
 * 2004 Office Depot Father/Son Challenge (with son Drew)
 * 2007 Del Webb Father/Son Challenge (with son Josh)
 * 2008 Del Webb Father/Son Challenge (with son Drew)
 * 2015 Bass Pro Shops Legends of Golf (Legends division, with Bruce Fleisher)
 * 2016 Bass Pro Shops Legends of Golf (Legends division, with Bruce Fleisher)

Playoff record
PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (0–1)

Wins (3)
1Defeated Wadkins with a par on the first extra hole.

Results timeline
{{legend|lime|Win}} {{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the halfway cut (3rd round cut in 1984 Open Championship) DQ = disqualified WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place.

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (1978 PGA – 1980 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1981 PGA – 1982 Masters)

Results in The Players Championship
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} CUT = missed the halfway cut DQ = disqualified "T" indicates a tie for a place

U.S. national team appearances

 * Ryder Cup: 1979 (winners), 1981 (winners), 1987
 * UBS Warburg Cup: 2001 (winners)
 * Wendy's 3-Tour Challenge (representing Senior PGA Tour): 1997, 1998 (winners)

title: Larry Nelson


text:
Coulomb stress transfer

Coulomb stress transfer is a seismic-related geological process of stress changes to surrounding material caused by local discrete deformation events. Using mapped displacements of the Earth's surface during earthquakes, the computed Coulomb stress changes suggest that the stress relieved during an earthquake not only dissipates but can also move up and down fault segments, concentrating and promoting subsequent tremors. Importantly, Coulomb stress changes have been applied to earthquake-forecasting models that have been used to assess potential hazards related to earthquake activity.

Coulomb stress change
The Coulomb failure criterion requires that the Coulomb stress exceeds a value σf defined by the shear stress τB, normal stress σB, pore pressure p, and coefficient of friction μ of a failure plane, such that

$$

It is also often assumed that changes in pore fluid pressure induced by changes in stress are proportional to the normal stress change across the fault plane. These effects are incorporated into an effective coefficient of friction μ’, such that

$$

This simplification allows for the calculation of Coulomb stress changes on a fault plane to be independent of the regional stress field but instead depends on the fault geometry, sense of slip, and coefficient of friction.

The significance of the Coulomb stress changes was discovered when mapped displacements of neighbouring fault movements were used to calculate Coulomb stress changes along faults. Results revealed that the stress relieved on faults during earthquakes did not simply dissipate, but also moved up and down fault segments. Moreover, mapped lobes of increased and decreased Coulomb stress around local faults exhibited increased and decreased rates of seismicity respectively shortly after neighboring earthquakes, but eventually return to their background rate over time.

Earthquake stress triggering
Stress triggering describes the responsive rupturing of faults from increases in Coulomb stress caused by exogenous deformation events. Although neighboring displacements often yield small magnitude stress changes, areas of disturbed Coulomb stress states have been successfully used to explain the spatial distribution of stress triggered aftershock seismicity.

On June 28, 1992, a M7.3 earthquake that struck near Landers, California was followed (about three hours later) by the M6.5 Big Bear foreshock earthquake 40 km away. Calculated Coulomb stress changes from both of these earthquakes showed a westward lobe of 2.1–2.9 bars of increased Coulomb stress to have resulted from the displacement associated with both earthquakes. Of the roughly 20,000 aftershocks that occurred 25 days after June 28 within a 5 km radius, more than 75% occurred in areas where Coulomb stress had increased and less than 25% occurred in areas where Coulomb stress had dropped.

Another successful case study of earthquake prediction occurred along Turkey's North Anatolian fault system. From 1939 to 1999, the Anatolian fault system had witnessed ten earthquakes of M6.6 or greater. The evolution of the Coulomb stress changes along the North Anatolian fault as a result of these earthquakes showed that 11 of the 13 ruptures occurred in areas of increased Coulomb stress caused by a previous rupture. This method has been also used to predict seismicity around active volcanoes submitted to significant variation of stress in the magma chamber.

Earthquake prediction
Although no official Coulomb stress transfer prediction model is being used by government agencies, geologic surveys often analyze earthquake threats using Coulomb stress theory. As an example, the last of the previous thirteen earthquakes along Turkey's North Anatolian Fault, near the town of Duzce, was successfully predicted by local geologists before the rupture occurred. This allowed for engineers to evacuate unstable structures and limit significant damage. Scientists estimate that the probability of another earthquake along the Anatolian fault system is 62% over the next 30 years and will be located threateningly close to Istanbul.

Examples of earthquake sequences

 * 1703 Apennine earthquakes
 * 1783 Calabrian earthquakes
 * 1981 Dawu earthquake – part of a sequence of four along the Xianshuihe fault system

title: Coulomb stress transfer


text: File:PartyPokerLogo.png

title: File:PartyPokerLogo.png


text:
Ghazan

Mahmud Ghazan (5 November 1271 – 11 May 1304) (, Ghazan Khan, sometimes archaically spelled as Casanus by Westerners ) was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son of Arghun, grandson of Abaqa Khan and great-grandson of Hulegu Khan, continuing a long line of rulers who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Considered the most prominent of the il khans, he is perhaps best known for converting to Islam and meeting Imam Ibn Taymiyya in 1295 when he took the throne, marking a turning point for the dominant religion of the Mongols in West Asia: Iran, Iraq, Anatolia, and the South Caucasus.

One of his many principal wives was Kököchin, a Mongol princess (originally betrothed to Ghazan's father Arghun before his death) sent by his great-uncle Kublai Khan.

Military conflicts during Ghazan's reign included war with the Mamluk Sultanate for control of Syria and battles with the Turko-Mongol Chagatai Khanate. Ghazan also pursued diplomatic contacts with Europe, continuing his predecessors' unsuccessful attempts at forming a Franco-Mongol alliance. A man of high culture, Ghazan spoke multiple languages, had many hobbies, and reformed many elements of the Ilkhanate, especially in the matter of standardizing currency and fiscal policy.

Childhood
Ghazan's parents were Arghun and his concubine Kultak Egechi of the Dörböd. At the time of their marriage, Arghun was 12. Kultak's elder sister Ashlun was the wife of Tübshin, son of Hulagu and the previous viceroy in Greater Khorasan. According to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the marriage took place in Mazandaran, where Arghun was viceroy.

Ghazan was born on 5 November 1271 in Abaskun (now near Bandar Torkaman), although he was raised in the nomadic palace of the orda of his grandfather Abaqa's favorite wife, Buluqhan Khatun, who herself was childless. Ghazan and Arghun didn't see each other until Abaqa's attack on Qara'unas in 1279, when they briefly met.

Ghazan was raised an Eastern Christian, as was his brother Öljaitü. The Mongols were traditionally tolerant of multiple religions, and during Ghazan's youth, he was educated by a Chinese Buddhist monk, who taught him Old Mandarin and Buddhism, as well as the Mongolian and Uighur scripts.

Under Tekuder
He lived together with Gaykhatu in Buluqhan Khatun's encampment in Baghdad after Abaqa's death. He reunited again with his father when Buluqhan Khatun was wed to Arghun and became Ghazan's step-mother.

Under Arghun
After the overthrow of Tekuder in 1284, Ghazan's father Arghun was enthroned as il khan, the 11-year-old Ghazan became viceroy, and he moved to the capital of Khorasan, never to see Arghun again. Emir Tegene was appointed as his deputy, whom he didn't like very much. In 1289, conflict with other Mongols ensued when a revolt was led against Arghun by Nawruz, a young emir of the Oirat clan, whose father had been civil governor of Persia before the arrival of Hulegu. Ghazan's deputy Tegene was among the victims of Nawruz's raid on 20 April 1289 in which he was captured and imprisoned. Nawruz's protege, Prince Hulachu was arrested by Ghazan's commander Mulay ten days later. When Nawruz was defeated by Arghun's reinforcements in 1290, he fled the Ilkhanate and joined the alliance of Kaidu, another descendant of Genghis Khan who was the ruler of both the House of Ögedei and the neighboring Chagatai Khanate. Ghazan spent the next ten years defending the frontier of the Ilkhanate against incursions by the Chagatai Khanate of Central Asia.

Under Gaykhatu
When his father, Arghun, died in 1291, Ghazan was prevented from pursuing his claim of leadership in the capital because he was engaged both with Nawruz's raids, and dealing with rebellion and famine in Khorasan and Nishapur. Taghachar, an army commander who had served the previous three generations of il khans, was probably behind the death of Arghun, and supported Ghazan's uncle Gaykhatu as the new il khan. Despite being boyhood rivals, Gaykhatu sent aid to Ghazan's fight against Nawruz in Khorasan under the leadership of Prince Anbarchi (son of Möngke Temür) and emirs Tuladai, Quncuqbal and El Temür; himself going to Anatolia to quell Turcoman uprisings. However, famine reached his court too in spring and Anbarchi, unable to feed his soldiers, had to leave soon for Azerbaijan again. He again tried to visit Gaykhatu, but after his refusal, he had to go back. Ghazan received Kököchin, a Mongol princess from the Yuan dynasty in China, on his way back from Tabriz to Khorasan. She had been brought from the east in a caravan which included Marco Polo among hundreds of other travellers. She had originally been betrothed to Ghazan's father, Il Khan Arghun, but since he had died during her months-long journey, she instead married his son Ghazan.

In 1294, Ghazan forced Nawruz to surrender at Nishapur and Nawruz then became one of Ghazan's lieutenants. Ghazan was loyal to his uncle, though he refused to follow Gaykhatu's lead in introducing paper currency to his province, explaining that the weather of Khorasan was too humid to handle paper.

Against Baydu
In 1295, Taghachar and his conspirators, who probably had been behind the death of Arghun, had his successor Gaykhatu killed as well. They then placed the controllable Baydu, a cousin of Ghazan, on the throne. Baydu was primarily a figurehead, allowing the conspirators to divide the Ilkhanate among themselves. Hearing Gaykhatu's murder, Ghazan marched on Baydu. Baydu explained the fact that Ghazan was away during events leading to Gaykhatu's fall, therefore nobles had no choice but to raise him to throne. Nevertheless, Amir Nowruz encouraged Ghazan to take steps against Baydu, because he was nothing but a figurehead under grips of nobles. Baydu's forces commanded by Ildar (his cousin and Prince Ajay's son), Eljidei and Chichak met him near Qazvin. Ghazan's army were commanded by Prince Sogai (son of Yoshmut), Buralghi, Nowruz, Qutluqshah and Nurin Aqa. First battle was won by Ghazan but he had to fall back after realising Ildar's contingent was just a fraction of whole army, leaving Nowruz behind. Nevertheless, he captured Arslan, a descendant of Jochi Qasar.

After a short truce, Baydu offered Ghazan co-rulership of the Ilkhanate and offered Nowruz the post of sahib-i divan to which as a counter-condition Ghazan demanded the revenues of his father's hereditary lands in Fars, Persian Iraq and Kerman. Nowruz refused these conditions, which led to its arrest. According to an anecdote, he promised to bring Ghazan back tied-up on condition of his release. Once he reached Ghazan, he sent back a cauldron to Baydu; a word play on the Turkish word kazan. Nowruz promised him the throne and his help on condition of Ghazan's conversion to Islam. Ghazan converted to Sunni Islam, on June 16, 1295, at the hands of Ibrahim ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mu'ayyid ibn Hamaweyh al-Khurasani al-Juwayni as a condition for Nawruz's military support. Nowruz entered Qazvin with 4,000 soldiers and claimed an additional number of 120,000 soldiers commanded by Ebügen (in other sources, 30,000) - descendant of Jochi Qasar - on his way towards Azerbaijan which caused panic among masses which was followed by defections of Taghachar's subordinates (thanks to Taghachar's vizier Sadr ul-Din Zanjani) and other powerful emirs like Qurumishi and Chupan on 28 August 1295.

Seeing imminent defeat, Baydu asked for Taghachar's support, ignorant of his defection. After realising Taghachar's withdrawal, he fled to Emir Tukal in Georgia on 26 September 1295. Ghazan's commanders found him near Nakhchivan and arrested him, taking back to Tabriz, having him executed on October 4, 1295.

Early reign
Ghazan declared his victory after the execution of Baydu on the outskirts of Tabriz on 4 October 1295, he entered the city. After this declaration, several appointments, orders and executions came as usual - Gaykhatu's son Alafrang's son-in-law Eljidai Qushchi was executed, Nawrūz was rewarded with naʾibate of state and was given extreme power, akin to Buqa's back in the day of Arghun. Nawrūz, on his part, issued a formal edict in opposition to other religions in the Ilkhanate. Nawruz loyalists persecuted Buddhists and Christians to such an extent that Buddhism in Iran never recovered, the Church of the East cathedral in the Mongol capital of Maragheh was looted, and churches in Tabriz and Hamadan were destroyed.

Baydu loyalists too were purged - emirs Jirghadai and Qonchuqbal were executed on 10 and 15 October respectively. Qonchuqbal was specifically hated for his murder of Aq Buqa Jalair, his executioner was Nawrūz's brother Hajji, who was also Aq Buqa's son-in-law. Taghachar's protege, Sadr al-Din Zanjani was granted the office of vizier following deposition of Baydu's vizier, Jamal al-Din. He reappointed Taghachar to the Anatolian viceroyalty on 10 November 1295. Another series of executions came after 1296: Prince Ajai's son Ildar fled to Anatolia on 6 February but was captured and executed; Yesütai, an Oirat commander who supported Hulegu's son-in-law Taraghai, in his migration to Mamluk Sultanate Syria, was executed on 24 May and Buralghi Qiyatai, a commander who was rebellious against Arghun was executed on 12 February.

Meanwhile, Nogai Khan, kingmaker in the Golden Horde, was murdered and his wife Chubei fled to Ghazan with his son Torai (or Büri ) who was Abaqa's son-in-law in 1296.

Purge of nobles
Ghazan eased the troubles with the Golden Horde, but the House of Ögedei and Chagatais of Central Asia continued to pose a serious threat to both the Ilkhanate and his overlord and ally to the Great Khan in China. When Ghazan was crowned, the Chagatai khan Duwa invaded Khorasan on 9 December 1295. Ghazan sent two of his relatives, Prince Sogai (son of Yoshmut) and Esen Temür (son of Qonqurtai), against the army of Chagatai Khanate, but they deserted, believing this was Nawrūz's plot to further deprive the nobility of their possessions. Nawrū informed Ghazan of this plot, subsequently executing them in 1296. Another Borjigid prince, Arslan who was captured by Ghazan previously and pardoned, revolted in Bilasuvar. After a series of battles near Baylaqan he too was captured and executed, along with the rebellious emirs on 29 March.

Following the purge of princes, Taghachar was thought to have been implicated in the rebellion of Prince Sogai and was declared a rebel. Taghachar strengthened himself in Tokat and resisted against Ghazan's commanders Harmanji, Baltu and Arap (son of Samagar). He was soon arrested by Baltu near Delice and was delivered to Ghazan in 1296. Shortly afterwards Ghazan reluctantly ordered the murder of Taghachar; he recognised that he had been a help and that he was not an imminent threat, and explained his decision by reference to a Chinese story about the execution of a commander who saved a future emperor by betraying a former one. His protege Sadr ul-Din Zanjani was revoked from the vizierate and arrested in March 1296, but pardoned thanks to the intervention of Buluqhan Khatun.

The purges were followed by the executions of Chormaqan's grandson Baighut on 7 September 1296, Hazaraspid ruler Afrasiab I in October 1296, Baydu's vizier Jamal ud-Din Dastgerdani on 27 October 1296.

Revolt of Baltu
Taghachar's death triggered the revolt of Baltu of the Jalayir, in Anatolia, where he was stationed since Abaqa's reign. He was supported by Ildar (son of Qonqurtai), who was arrested and executed in September 1296. Two months later, Qutluqshah invaded Anatolia with 30,000 men and crushed Baltu's revolt, arresting him in June. He was brought to Tabriz and jailed there until 14 September 1297, when he was executed along with his son. Seljuk Sultan of Rum Mesud II on the other hand was arrested and jailed in Hamadan.

Fall of Nawrūz
Nawrūz soon embroiled himself in an argument with Nurin Aqa, who was more popular with the military and then left Khorasan. After returning to the west, he survived an assassination attempt by a soldier named Tuqtay, who claimed that Nawrūz murdered his father, Arghun Aqa. Soon he was accused of treason by Sadr al-Din Khaladi, sahib-divan of Ghazan by a secret alliance with the Mamlukes. Indeed, according to Mamluk sources, Nawrūz corresponded with Sultan Lajin. Using the opportunity, Ghazan started a purge against Nawrūz and his followers in May 1297. His brother Hajji Narin and his follower Satalmish were executed, along with Nawrūz's children in Hamadan, his other brother Lagzi Güregen was also put to death in Iraq on 2 April 1297. His 12-year-old son Toghai was spared due to efforts of Bulughan Khatun Khurasani, Ghazan's wife Arghun Aqa's granddaughter and given to the household of Amir Husayn. Others who were spared, were his brother Yol Qutluq and his nephew Kuchluk. Later that year Ghazan marched against Nawrūz himself, who at the time was the commander of the army of Khorasan. Ghazan's forces were victorious at a battle near Nishapur. Nawrūz took refuge at the court of the king of Herat in northern Afghanistan, but the Malik betrayed him and delivered Nawrūz to Kutlushah, who had Nawrūz executed immediately on August 13.

Relationship with other Mongol khanates
Ghazan maintained strong ties with the Great Khan of the Yuan and the Golden Horde. In 1296 Temür Khan, the successor of Kublai Khan, dispatched a military commander, Baiju, to Mongol Persia. Five years later Ghazan sent his Mongolian and Persian retainers to collect income from Hulegu's holdings in China. While there, they presented tribute to Temür and were involved in cultural exchanges across Mongol Eurasia. Ghazan also called upon other Mongol Khans to unite their will under Temür Khan, in which he was supported by Kaidu's enemy, Bayan Khan of the White Horde. Ghazan's court had Chinese physicians present.

Later reign
In order to stabilize the country Ghazan attempted to control the situation and continued the executions - Taiju (son of Möngke Temür) on 15 April 1298 on charges of sedition, vizier Sadr ul-Din Zanjani on 4 May and his brother Qutb ul-Din and with cousin Qawam ul-Mulk on 3 June on charges of embezzlement, Abu Bakr Dadqabadi on 10 October. Ghazan appointed a Jewish convert to Islam - Rashid-al-Din Hamadani as new vizier succeeding Sadr ul-Din Zanjani, a post which Rashid held for the next 20 years, until 1318. Ghazan also commissioned Rashid-al-Din to produce a history of the Mongols and their dynasty, the Jami' al-tawarikh "Compendium of Chronicles" or Universal History. Over several years of expansion, the work grew to cover the entire history of the world since the time of Adam, and was completed during the reign of Ghazan's successor, Öljaitü. Many copies were made, a few of which survive to the modern day.

After Taiju's execution, he appointed Nurin Aqa as viceroy of Arran on 11 September 1298.

Revolt of Sulemish
Sulemish (grandson of Baiju), whom Qutlughshah appointed as viceroy in Anatolia after Baltu's revolt, rebelled himself in 1299. He assembled a 20,000 strong force, which postponed Ghazan's plan to invade Syria. Qutlugshah was forced to come back from Arran and won a victory against him, on 27 April 1299 near Erzinjan, causing the rebels to flee to Mamluk Egypt. He returned with Mamluk reinforcements to Anatolia but was defeated again. He was brought to Tabriz and executed by burning on 27 September 1299.

Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
Ghazan was one of a long line of Mongol leaders who engaged in diplomatic communications with the Europeans and Crusaders in attempts to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against their common enemy, primarily the Egyptian Mamluks. He already had the use of forces from Christian vassal countries such as Cilician Armenia and Georgia. The plan was to coordinate actions between Ghazan's forces, the Christian military orders, and the aristocracy of Cyprus to defeat the Egyptians, after which Jerusalem would be returned to the Europeans. Many Europeans are known to have worked for Ghazan, such as Isol the Pisan or Buscarello de Ghizolfi, often in high positions. Hundreds of such Western adventurers entered into the service of Mongol rulers. According to historian Peter Jackson, the 14th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things in the West that many new-born children in Italy were named after Mongol rulers, including Ghazan: names such as Can Grande ("Great Khan"), Alaone (Hulegu, Ghazan's great-grandfather), Argone (Arghun, Ghazan's father) or Cassano (Ghazan) were recorded with a high frequency.

In October 1299, Ghazan marched with his forces towards Syria and invited the Christians to join him. His army took the city of Aleppo, and was there joined by his vassal King Hethum II of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, whose forces included some Templars and Hospitallers, and who participated in the rest of the offensive. The Mongols and their allies defeated the Mamluks in the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar, on December 23 or 24, 1299. One group of Mongols then split off from Ghazan's army and pursued the retreating Mamluk troops as far as Gaza, pushing them back to Egypt. The bulk of Ghazan's forces proceeded to Damascus, which surrendered somewhere between December 30, 1299, and January 6, 1300, though its Citadel resisted. Most of Ghazan's forces then retreated in February, probably because their horses needed fodder. He promised to return in the winter of 1300–1301 to attack Egypt. About 10,000 horsemen under the Mongol general Mulay were left to briefly rule Syria, before they too retreated.

Ghazan was indeed feared and despised by the Mamluks, who sent a delegation of leading scholars and imams including Ibn Taymiyya, north from Damascus to al-Nabk, where Ghazan was encamped, in January 1300, in order to persuade Ghazan to stop his attack on Damascus. Ibn Taymiyya also may have met the envoys of Ghazan, including the qadi Diya' al-Din Muhammad, in Damascus in August 1301. On one of these occasions, it is reported that not one of the scholars dared to say anything to Ghazan except Ibn Taymiyyah who said:

"You claim that you are Muslim and you have with you Mu'adhdhins, Muftis, Imams and Shaykhs but you invaded us and reached our country for what? Although your father and your grandfather, Hulegu were non-believers, they did not attack us and they kept their promise. But you promised and broke your promise."

In July 1300, the Crusaders formed a small fleet of sixteen galleys with some smaller vessels to raid the coast, and Ghazan's ambassador traveled with them. The Crusader forces also attempted to establish a base at the small island of Ruad, from which raids were launched on Tartus while awaiting Ghazan's forces. However, the Mongol army was delayed, and the Crusader forces retreated to Cyprus, leaving a garrison on Ruad which was besieged and captured by Mamluks by 1303 (see Siege of Ruad).

In February 1301, the Mongols advanced again with a force of 60,000, but could do little else than engage in some raids around Syria. Ghazan's general Kutlushah stationed 20,000 horsemen in the Jordan Valley to protect Damascus, where a Mongol governor was stationed. But again, they were soon forced to withdraw.

Plans for combined operations with the Crusaders were again made for the following winter offensive, and in late 1301, Ghazan asked Pope Boniface VIII to send troops, priests, and peasants, in order to make the Holy Land a Frank state again. But again, Ghazan did not appear with his own troops. He wrote again to the Pope in 1302, and his ambassadors also visited the court of Charles II of Anjou, who on April 27, 1303, sent Gualterius de Lavendel as his own ambassador back to Ghazan's court.

In 1303, Ghazan sent another letter to Edward I via Buscarello de Ghizolfi, reiterating his great-grandfather Hulegu Khan's promise that the Mongols would give Jerusalem to the Franks in exchange for help against the Mamluks. The Mongols, along with their Armenian vassals, had mustered a force of about 80,000 to repel the raiders of the Chagatai Khanate, which was under the leadership of Qutlugh Khwaja. After their success there, they advanced again towards Syria. However, Ghazan's forces were utterly defeated by the Mamluks just south of Damascus at the decisive Battle of Marj al-Saffar in April 1303. It was to be the last major Mongol invasion of Syria.

End of reign
After military campaigns, Ghazan returned to his capital Ujan in July 1302 and made several appointments: Nirun Aqa and Öljaitü were reconfirmed in Arran and Khorasan as viceroys respectively, while Mulay was sent to Diyar Bakr and Qutluqshah was assigned to Georgia. He received a concubine from Andronikos II Palaiologos in 1302, who may be the Despina Khatun that later married to Öljaitü. On 17 September 1303, Ghazan betrothed his daughter Öljei Qutlugh to Bistam, son of his brother Öljaitü.

According to Rashid al-Din, Ghazan became depressed after his wife Karamun's death on 21 January. He once told his amirs that "life was a prison... and is not a benefit". Later in March/April, he nominated his brother Öljaitü as his successor, as he had no son his own. Eventually, he died on 11 May 1304 near Qazvin. He was bathed in the water of Lar Damavand valley of Mazandaran.

Ghazan himself appears to have dabbled in Sufism. According to the testimony of Shaykh Sadr al-Din Ibrahim Hammuiya, recorded in several Mamluk sources, Ghazan was given a woolen coat by him, indicating that perhaps the Ilkhan was initiated as a Sufi. This is not to say that Ghazan's relations with Sufis were trouble-free. In 703/1303, word came to him of a conspiracy of Sufi shaykhs and others to depose and replace him with his cousin, Ala Fireng, son of the Ilkhan Geikhatu (r. 1291–5).

Religious policy
As part of his conversion to Islam, Ghazan changed his first name to the Islamic Mahmud, and Islam gained popularity within Mongol territories. He showed tolerance for multiple religions, encouraged the original archaic Mongol culture to flourish, tolerated the shias, and respected the religions of his Georgian and Armenian vassals. Ghazan therefore continued his forefather's approach toward religious tolerance. When Ghazan learned that some Buddhist monks feigned conversion to Islam due to their temples being earlier destroyed, he granted permission to all who wished to return to Tibet, Kashmir or India where they could freely follow their faith and be among other Buddhists. The Mongol Yassa code remained in place and Mongol shamans remained politically influential throughout the reign of both Ghazan and his brother and successor Öljaitü, but ancient Mongol traditions eventually went into decline after Öljaitü's demise. Other religious upheaval in the Ilkhanate during Ghazan's reign was instigated by Nawruz, Ghazan put a stop to these exactions by issuing an edict exempting the Christians from the jizya (tax on non-Muslims), and re-established the Christian Patriarch Mar Yaballaha III in 1296. Ghazan reportedly punished religious fanatics who destroyed churches and synagogues in Tabriz on 21 July 1298.

GhazanCoin.jpg of Ghazan. Obv: لاإله إلا الله محمد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم/ ضرب تبريز/ في سنة سبع ...ر : "" Rev: Legend in Mongolian script (except for "Ghazan Mahmud" in Arabic): Tengri-yin Küchündür. Ghazan Mahmud. Ghasanu Deledkegülügsen: "By the strength of the Heaven/ Ghazan Mahmud/ Coin struck for Ghazan".

Tabriz mint. 4.0 gr. Silver.|alt=]]

Reforms
Ghazan was a man of high culture, with many hobbies including linguistics, agro-techniques, painting, and chemistry. According to the Byzantine historian Pachymeres (1242–1310): "No one surpassed him, in making saddles, bridles, spurs, greaves and helmets; he could hammer, stitch and polish, and in such occupations employed the hours of his leisure from war." Ghazan spoke numerous languages, including Chinese, Arabic, and "Frank" (probably Latin), as well as his own native language Mongolian.

In addition to his religious deep impact on Persia, Ghazan had unified measures, coinage and weights in the Ilkhanate. He ordered a new census in Persia to define the Dynasty's fiscal policy. He began to reuse wilderness, non-producing and abandoned lands to raise crops, strongly supporting the use and introduction of Eastern Asian crops in Persia, and improved the Yam system. He constructed hostels, hospitals, schools, and posts. Envoys from the court received a per diem stipend, and those of the nobility traveled at their own expense. Ghazan ordered only envoys bearing urgent military intelligence to use the staffed postal relay service. Mongol soldiers were given iqtas by the Ilkhanid court, where they were allowed to gather revenue provided by a piece of land. Ghazan also banned lending at interest.

Ghazan reformed the issuance of jarliqs (edicts), creating set forms and graded seals, ordering that all jarliqs be kept on file at court. Jarliqs older than 30 years were to be cancelled, along with old paizas (Mongol seals of authority). He fashioned new paizas into two ranks, which contained the names of the bearers on them to prevent them from being transferred. Old paizas were also to be turned in at the end of the official's term.

In fiscal policy, Ghazan introduced a unified bi-metallic currency including Ghazani dinars, and reformed purchasing procedures, replacing the traditional Mongol policy on craftsmen in the Ilkhanate, such as organizing purchases of raw materials and payment to artisans. He also opted to purchase most weapons on the open market.

On coins, Ghazan omitted the name of the Great Khan, instead inscribing his own name upon his coins in Iran and Anatolia. But he continued to diplomatic and economic relations with the Great Khan at Dadu. In Georgia, he minted coins with the traditional Mongolian formula "Struck by the Ilkhan Ghazan in the name of Khagan" because he wanted to secure his claim on the Caucasus with the help of the Great Khans of the Yuan dynasty. He also continued to use the Great Khan's Chinese seal which declared him to be a wang (prince) below the Great Khan.

His reforms also extended to the military, as several new guard units, mostly Mongols, were created by Ghazan for his army center. However, he restricted new guards' political significance. Seeing Mongol commoners selling their children into slavery as damaging to both the manpower and the prestige of the Mongol army, Ghazan budgeted funds to redeem Mongol slave boys, and made his minister Bolad (the ambassador of the Great Khan Kublai) commander of a military unit of redeemed Mongol slaves.

Family
Ghazan had ten wives, 6 of them being principal wives and one being concubine:

 * Yedi Kurtka Khatun — daughter of Möngke Temür Güregen (from Suldus tribe) and Tuglughshah Khatun (daughter of Qara Hülegü)
 * Bulughan Khatun Khurasani — daughter of Amir Tasu (from Eljigin clan of Khongirad) and Menglitegin, daughter of Arghun Aqa
 * A stillborn son (born 1291 in Damavand)
 * Kököchin Khatun (b. 1269, m. 1293 at Abhar, d. 1296) — relative of Buluqhan Khatun
 * Bulughan Khatun Muazzama (m. 17 October 1295 at Tabriz, d. 5 January 1310) — daughter of Otman Noyan (from Khongirad tribe), widow of Gaykhatu and Arghun
 * Uljay Qutlugh Khatun — married firstly to Bistam, son of Öljaitü, married secondly to his brother Abu Sa'id
 * Alju (b. 22 February 1298 in Arran - 20 August 1300 in Tabriz)
 * Eshil Khatun (betrothed in 1293, married on 2 July 1296 at Tabriz) — daughter of Tugh Timur Amir-Tüman (son of Noqai Yarghuchi of Bayauts)
 * Dondi Khatun (d. 9 February 1298) — daughter of Aq Buqa (from Jalayir tribe), widow of Gaykhatu
 * Karamün Khatun (m. 17 July 1299, d. 21 January 1304) — daughter of Qutlugh Temür (cousin of Bulughan Khatun Muazzama, from Khongirad tribe)
 * Günjishkab Khatun — daughter of Shadai Güregen (great-grandson of Chilaun) and Orghudaq Khatun (daughter of Jumghur)
 * Eirene Palaiologina, daughter of Andronikos II (married in 1302)
 * Khutulun (c. 1260 – c. 1306), also known as Aigiarne, Aiyurug, Khotol Tsagaan or Ay Yaruq (lit. 'Moonlight') was a Mongol noblewoman and wrestler, the most famous daughter of Kaidu, a cousin of Kublai Khan.

title: Ghazan