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San Francisco, Agusan del Sur

San Francisco, officially the Municipality of San Francisco (Lungsod sa San Francisco; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 80,760 people.

The town serves as the center of trade and commerce in the province of Agusan del Sur. In 2013, San Francisco topped first as the "Most Competitive Municipality in the Philippines in 2012" according to the National Competitiveness Council (NCC) from out of the 163 first-class municipalities covered by their index.

The protected area of the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary can also be reached in San Francisco thru the Barangays Caimpugan and New Visayas.

The town is known for the gigantic Toog Tree of Alegria, which is the most sacred tribal tree for many of the Indigenous peoples of San Francisco. The town is also popular for its Irosin stone crafts, which has been the cottage industry of many Indigenous families in the area for hundreds of years. Due to the town's commendable folk arts and crafts made in stone, many scholars have suggested for its nomination in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.

The town's name is sometimes colloquially shortened to "San France" or alternately spelled "San Franz" and "San Frans".

History
The birth of San Francisco is associated with the history of Agusan and Surigao del Sur. Before San Francisco became a municipality, it was part of the District of Gibong, which was then governed by Deputy Governor Francisco Cataylo. During this period, the district comprised the barrios of Santa Ana, Caimpugan, Ebro, Borbon, La Caridad, Prosperidad, Azpetea and Los Arcos, with Santa Ana the seat of government. Like other barrios, Santa Ana comprised several sitios, including Sitio Hagpa, which was the site of the present day San Francisco. Hagpa was coined from a Manobo word for "swampy" as the sitio was a small village nestled along the Adlayan River and inhabited by Manobo tribes.

The opening of the Province of Agusan del Sur to most parts of Mindanao came during the government of President Ramon Magsaysay who ordered the first road survey to be conducted by the Department of Highway in 1952. In early 1954, road construction began paving the way for the institution of public land subdivision and the in-migration of different local tribes and settlers from the various provinces of Mindanao, Visayas and Luzon.

Hagpa was later renamed San Francisco in honor of Deputy District Governor Francisco Cataylo. In early 1955, the first local government was established as San Francisco was created as a Municipal District. Francisca Tesoro Samson was appointed as the first Municipal District Mayor by then Provincial Governor Felixberto Dagani. On June 21, 1959, through Republic Act No. 2518, San Francisco was officially created into a regular municipality of the Province of Agusan. In the same year, the first local officials of the municipality were elected with Atty. Paquito Fuentes as the first elected municipal mayor, who served for three consecutive terms of office. He was succeeded by his vice mayor, Cresencio Ausmolo who stayed in office by operation of law during the latter half-portion of his last term.

Eight years after its creation as a regular municipality, on June 17, 1967, through Republic Act No. 4979, the Province of Agusan was divided into the Provinces of Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur, in which San Francisco was part of the latter. The continued growth of Agusan del Sur also saw the development of the municipality of San Francisco. Its growing population later paved the way for the creation of the municipality of Rosario through Republic Act No. 5760 approved by President Diosdado Macapagal on June 21, 1969, just two years after the creation of Agusan del Sur. As a result, the several barrios of San Francisco including Bayugan III, Wasi-an, Santa Cruz, Cabawan, Cabantao, Marfil and Tagbayagan were incorporated in the newly created municipality. The barrios of Buenasuerte, Caimpogan, Pasta, Lapinigan, Ebro, New Visayas, Bayugan II, Borbon, Tagapua, Pisaan, Santa Ana, Hubang, Alegria, San Isidro, Das-agan, Ladgadan, Lucac, Bitan-agan and Poblacion consisting of five barrios as stated in PD No. 86 dated December 31, 1972, remained to form part of the 39,253-hectare Municipality of San Francisco. The barrios of Rizal, Ormaca, Mate and Karaos were later created and added to form final 27 barangays of the present day San Francisco.

Geography
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 392.53 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Barangays
San Francisco is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics

In the 2020 census, San Francisco had a population of 80,760. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Economy

San Francisco is the "Commercial Capital of Agusan del Sur", serving as the primary commercial and service center in the province of Agusan del Sur. Situated within the crossroad leading to other production centers in the region, San Francisco serves as the primary distribution point of goods and people for the province. The presence of malls, hotels, restaurants, communication and transportation facilities makes San Francisco the training convention center of the province and a favored place for tourists to stay with Mount Magdiwata boosting its tourism sector.

Transportation
San Francisco have a bus terminal named San Francisco Transport Terminal. All major buses including Bachelor Express, Davao Metro Shuttle and GO Mindanao bound for Davao, Butuan, Surigao, Tandag and Mangagoy. Philtranco also serve San Francisco, to and from Pasay.

San Francisco also have another public transportation called jeepney and multicab, their destination is Prosperidad, Rosario, Talacogon and Barobo.

Public Utility Van (PUV) also served San Francisco, bound for Davao, Butuan, Tandag, Mangagoy and Tagum.

Education
List of public and private educational institutions:

 * Agusan del Sur National High School
 * Alegria Elementary School
 * ACLC College of San Francisco
 * Bayugan 2 National High School (formerly Bayugan 2 Integrated School)
 * Buenasuerte Elementary School
 * Buenasuerte High School
 * Bitan-agan Elementary School
 * Caimpugan Elementary School
 * Bukidnon State University (San Francisco - External Studies Center)
 * Das-agan Elementary School
 * D.O. Plaza National High School
 * Divine Mercy Play School (Preschool & Kindergarten)
 * Enfant Cheri Study Centre
 * Karaos Elementary School
 * Ladgadan Elementary school
 * Lapinigan Central Elementary School
 * Lapinigan National High School
 * Light and Life Christian Learning Center (Pre-school & Elementary)
 * Mate Elementary School
 * Mount Carmel College of San Francisco, Inc. (Kindergarten, Elementary, High School & College)
 * New Visayas Elementary School
 * Ong Yiu Memorial Elementary School
 * Ormaca Elementary School
 * Pasta Elementary School
 * Pisaan Elementary School
 * Saint Francis Xavier College
 * San Francisco Colleges (High School & College)
 * San Francisco Pilot Central Elementary School (Kindergarten & Elementary)
 * San Francisco SDA Elementary School (Kindergarten & Elementary)
 * San Francisco SPED Learning Center
 * San Francisco West Central Elementary School (Kindergarten & Elementary)
 * San Isidro Elementary School
 * Southway College of Technology
 * Santa Ana Elementary School
 * Tagapua Elementary School

title: San Francisco, Agusan del Sur


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San Luis, Agusan del Sur

San Luis, officially the Municipality of San Luis (Lungsod sa San Luis; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 35,196 people.

San Luis was created into a municipality on June 15, 1968, when the barrios of San Luis, Santa Inez, Nuevo Trabajo, Cualision and Baylo were separated from the municipality of Esperanza and constituted into the new town, through Republic Act 5262. Since the 1970s, the town's economy has been largely based on logging industries.

Geography
San Luis is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 950.5 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Barangays
San Luis is politically subdivided into 25 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, San Luis had a population of 35,196. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: San Luis, Agusan del Sur


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Santa Josefa

Santa Josefa, officially the Municipality of Santa Josefa (Lungsod sa Santa Josefa; ), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,432 people, making it the least populated town in the province.

Geography
Santa Josefa is located at °N, °W, making it the province's most southerly settlement.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 341.8 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Climate
Santa Josefa is classified as Type II climate which has no dry season but with pronounced maximum rain period occurring from December to January.

Barangays
Santa Josefa is politically subdivided into 11 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Santa Josefa had a population of 26,432. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

Economy
Santa Josefa's main products are rice and corn.

title: Santa Josefa


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Podostemaceae

Podostemaceae (riverweed family), a family in the order Malpighiales, comprise about 50 genera and c. 300 species of more or less thalloid aquatic herbs.

Distribution and habitat
They are found mostly in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Many species are found in a very small geographic area, often even just a single river or waterfall. Because of their small range, many species are seriously threatened, especially from habitat loss (for example, due to dams flooding their habitat).

Riverweeds adhere to hard surfaces (generally rock) in rapids and waterfalls of rivers. They are submerged when water levels are high, but during the dry season they live a terrestrial existence, flowering at this time. Their root anatomy is specialized for the purpose of clinging to rocks, and in fact details of the root structure are one of the ways of classifying riverweeds.

Ecology
In many rivers, Podostemaceae are an important food source for a wide range of animals. For example, the tadpoles of the African goliath frog (world's largest frog) feed only on Dicraeia warmingii, and in South America several serrasalmid fish (Mylesinus, Ossubtus, Tometes and Utiaritichthys) mainly feed on Podostemaceae.

Taxonomy
The Podostemaceae are related to the families Clusiaceae, Hypericaceae (the St. John's wort family, which is sometimes treated as a subfamily of Clusiaceae), and Bonnetiaceae. In the classification system of Dahlgren Podostemaceae were placed as a single family in the Podostemales order, which was the only order in the superorder Podostemiflorae (also called Podostemanae).

The family is divided into three subfamilies, Podostemoideae, Trisichoideae, and Weddellinoideae. Trisichoideae is the most basally diverged, and is sister to the other two subfamilies.

Genera
52 genera are accepted. • Angolaea Wedd.

• Apinagia Tul.

• Autana C.T.Philbrick

• Castelnavia Tul. & Wedd.

• Ceratolacis (Tul.) Wedd.

• Cipoia C.T.Philbrick, Novelo & Irgang

• Cladopus H.Möller

• Ctenobryum Koi & M.Kato

• Cussetia M.Kato

• Dalzellia Wight

• Diamantina Novelo, C.T.Philbrick & Irgang

• Dicraeanthus Engl.

• Djinga C.Cusset

• Endocaulos C.Cusset

• Farmeria Willis ex Hook.f.

• Hanseniella C.Cusset

• Hydrobryum Endl.

• Hydrodiscus Koi & M.Kato

• Indodalzellia Koi & M.Kato

• Indotristicha P.Royen

• Inversodicraea Engl. ex R.E.Fr.

• Laosia Koi, Won & M.Kato

• Lebbiea Cheek

• Ledermanniella Engl.

• Leiothylax Warm.

• Letestuella G.Taylor

• Lophogyne Tul.

• Macropodiella Engl.

• Marathrum Bonpl.

• Mourera Aubl.

• Noveloa C.T.Philbrick

• Oserya Tul. & Wedd.

• Paleodicraeia C.Cusset

• Paracladopus M.Kato

• Paradalzellia Koi, P.L.Uniyal & M.Kato

• Podostemum Michx.

• Pohliella Engl.

• Polypleurum (Tul.) Warm.

• Rhyncholacis Tul.

• Saxicolella Engl.

• Sphaerothylax Bisch. ex C.Krauss

• Stonesia G.Taylor

• Terniopsis H.C.Chao

• Thawatchaia M.Kato, Koi & Y.Kita

• Thelethylax C.Cusset

• Tristicha Thouars

• Weddellina Tul.

• Wettsteiniola Suess.

• Willisia Warm.

• Winklerella Engl.

• Zehnderia C.Cusset

• Zeylanidium (Tul.) Engl.

Moved to other families

 * Hydrostachys from Madagascar. This genus seems to have relatively little in common with any other, and no affinity to the Podostemaceae except being aquatic; moved to its own family in the Cornales.

title: Podostemaceae


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Proceso

Proceso may refer to:

 * Proceso (magazine), a Mexican political magazine
 * National Reorganization Process (Proceso de Reorganización Nacional), the dictatorship that ruled Argentina between 1976 and 1983

title: Proceso


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Marianne Faulkner

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:38, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Marianne Faulkner
Vanity. Kelly Martin 12:36, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Towering vanity, blog promotion, page rank boosting. I nowiki'd the links. Geogre 13:07, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This article is incredibly badly written. In amongst phrases such as "awesomeness" and "of the Mexican persuasion", the only facts in this article are the date of birth (She's 18 years old today.), the professions of this person's parents, the existence of a sister, the existence of a web log, and this person's attendance of fashion school.  All of the rest is exactly the sort of "unrealized aspirations, thoughts, and hobbies" content that vanity discusses.  And then there's the fact that this page reeks of autobiography, despite being written in the 3rd person.  WP:BIO criteria not met with a vengance. Delete. Uncle G 13:39, 2005 Jun 15 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity page. Note that there was another Marianne Faulkner who donated some funds for the construction of Dartmouth Medical School, but I don't think she did anything more notable than that. Sarg 14:24, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Any article that refers to its subject being a "camwhore", going to something called "fashion school" and being famous for her "awesomeness" needs fixing, but this person doesn't seem to amount to anything anyway. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 14:27, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Textbook vanity.  In her LiveJournal  she says that she told a friend that she wanted to be in Wikipedia, and so he created this article.  I hope she enjoys her five days of "fame". . . . . Soundguy99 15:52, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. UGH. This is exactly what we do not need in Wikipedia. Does this girl understand exactly how easy it is to get into the encyclopaedia, and exactly how easy it is to be deleted? 	*Just another Gwen Stefani - a Western girl who fetishises and wants to be Japanese. Utter trash. jglc | t | c 16:54, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete asap. DS1953 19:18, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete in the most fashionable way possible. Oh, and happy birthday. --FCYTravis 19:36, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Our little girl is turning eighteen!! jglc | t | c 20:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete rampant vanity. --Etacar11 22:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep You ppl suck jus' cuz u donna hav guts offf makin' a page doesnt mean others shoulda be erased.--64.229.92.23 01:28, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Within 14 minutes, this anon managed to contribute eight times to various VfD votes, each time voting to keep an obvious joke entry. jglc | t | c 01:35, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Leave the vanity for the User pages. Firien 11:12, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Leines

Leines is a small village in the municipality of Steigen in Nordland county, Norway. It is located on the southern shore of the mouth of the Leinesfjorden, about 20 km west of Nordfold. The villages of Leinesfjord and Sørskot are located a few kilometres across the fjord on the opposite shore. Leiranger Church is located in Leines.

title: Leines


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Talacogon

Talacogon, officially the Municipality of Talacogon (Lungsod sa Talacogon; ), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,678 people.

History
Talacogon got its name from the cogon grass that is abundant in the area. It was called so by the natives who inhabit the area before the entry of the Spanish in the Agusan River basin sometime in the 18th century. The Spanish who came in the area then adopted the name of the place as they founded it as a town in the 13th of November 1872, building a church and a town hall as commemoration to its founding. It was thus the first town founded in the riverbanks of the Agusan River and the oldest town in the province of Agusan del Sur.

As the years went on, Talacogon only experienced slow progress due to its inaccessibility and remoteness to other parts of Mindanao. It was only in the 1970s to 1990's that roads begun being built in the area from which the municipality then experienced rapid progress, due in part to facilitate the logging business in the area.

Being a town since 1872, Talacogon remains the economic center of the province west of the Agusan River.

Geography
Talacogon is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 405.25 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Barangays
Talacogon is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Talacogon had a population of 39,678. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

title: Talacogon


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Veruela

Veruela, officially the Municipality of Veruela (Lungsod sa Veruela; ), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Agusan del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,708 people.

History
Veruela is considered the oldest town of upper Agusan del Sur. It is believed the name "Veruela" derives from the word "virus", as the area suffered from smallpox and cholera in the late 18th century when Spanish missionaries encountered the indigenous Manobo tribes.

The Manobo later moved to Manning, also known as Linongsuran, along the Agusan River. In 1916, an earthquake destroyed the settlement, forcing the survivors to evacuate and reorganize themselves into another place, now the barangay poblacion of the municipality.

In the 18th century, Muslim tribes in Davao invaded the Manobos in Agusan, and the two sides fought. The first known leader of the Manobo was the datu Eladio Manguyod, who drove the Muslims out after a hard-fought battle. During this period, the tribe converted to Christianity and adopted Saint John as their patron.

Veruela became a municipality through Executive Order No. 147, which was proclaimed by President Diosdado Macapagal on March 31, 1965 during the term of Congressman Guillermo Sanchez, who once also served as mayor of the town. Since its formal creation as a municipality, Veruela has seen eight different administrations.

The municipality of Veruela has a silent dispute with the nearby province of Compostela Valley regarding the boundary between the two in Barangay Del Monte.

Geography
Veruela is located at °N, °W.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of 385.45 km2 constituting NaN% of the 9,989.52 km2 total area of Agusan del Sur.

Barangays
Veruela is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.

Demographics
In the 2020 census, Veruela had a population of 39,708. The population density was undefined PD/km2.

title: Veruela


text:
George A. Ricaurte

George A. Ricaurte is a neurologist and researcher who works at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the Department of Neurology.

Biography
Ricaurte received his MD from Northwestern University Medical School and his Ph.D. (Pharmacology) from the University of Chicago.

His clinical work and research focuses on Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. His work centers on amphetamine-type drugs and their potential to damage monoamine neurons in the brain. Ricaurte is best known for investigating how methamphetamine damages dopamine neurons, and whether MDMA (ecstasy) damages serotonin neurons. The long-term goal of this neurotoxicology research is to help find ways to prevent or retard the progression of Parkinson's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. His work also has implications for substance use disorders.

Ricaurte's retracted article on the neurotoxicity of ecstasy, originally published in Science, received attention after its findings suggested that a single night's use of MDMA could cause dopamine dysfunction. These results were considered surprising, as MDMA primarily increases the activity of serotonin. Ricaurte was unable to reproduce the results of the study, and consequently discovered that methamphetamine had accidentally been used instead of MDMA during the original research. The paper was retracted in 2003.

At the time of the original studies‘ release, the organisation MAPS was seeking approval for the use of MDMA to conduct research on psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy. The alarming nature of the studies’ results may have created a ‘speed bump’ for the approval process. Following the retraction, MAPS founder and director Rick Doblin called for a re-evaluation of all of Ricaurte’s work, due to his belief that the study was politically motivated. Whilst Ricaurte was still concerned of the dangers of MDMA, he stated in reference to MAPS research, "If subjects are fully informed of these risks and still chose to participate, and if the protocol has been deemed scientifically and ethically acceptable by the appropriate regulatory bodies, then it should be held to the same standards as other clinical research projects."

title: George A. Ricaurte


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Skalocaust

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. jni 08:37, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Skalocaust
Neologism, I think. Kelly Martin 12:40, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Wikipedia is not Urban Dictionary. In my own day, we had lots of private slang in the music underground, but none of it was ever going to pass over to the mainstream.  Dictdef and neologism. Geogre 13:09, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. A very non-notable neologism. Gets only one google hit, which is less than many made-up words. Sarg 14:19, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, for a word "originating in Boston", it has 2 hits on google. Doesn't seem like anything more than perhaps a local slang term between a group of friends
 * delete - neologism. --FCYTravis 18:54, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete neologism. JamesBurns 23:49, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - completely unnotable. Blackcats 01:31, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Useful, articulate, and fitting; I have heard it used in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont at reggae and ska shows. 42moxies 05:18, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, neologism and dictdef. Alphax τεχ 07:04, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo

Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo (27 August 1925 – 19 November 2017) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1977 until he retired in 2001. As Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls from 2005 to 2009 he helped oversee important restoration work. He was made a cardinal by Pope Benedict XVI on 24 March 2006.

Family
Montezemolo was born in Turin, Italy of a noble family. His father Giuseppe was an Army officer, tortured and executed during the Ardeatine massacre for his role in resisting the Nazi occupation of Rome. During that year Andrea was kept hidden from the Nazis by the Ukrainian clergy in the Ukrainian Pontifical College of Saint Josaphat. Andrea and his sister Adriana have, on several occasions, been noted for their forgiveness of the perpetrators, notably Erich Priebke. He is related to Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, former president of Ferrari, former chairman of FIAT and chairman of Alitalia.

Studies and priesthood
Montezemolo studied in Turin and Rome and fought in World War II. After the war, he pursued higher studies in architecture and was a professional and academic. He later discerned his vocation to the priesthood and pursued studies in theology and philosophy at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He also studied at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy and obtained a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University.

Diplomatic and curial service
In 1976 he was appointed Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace in the Roman Curia. On 5 April 1977 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Pandosia and Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to Papua New Guinea and Apostolic Delegate to the Solomon Islands. On 25 October 1980 he was transferred as Apostolic Nuncio to Nicaragua and Honduras, and on 1 April 1986 to Uruguay.

On 28 April 1990, he became Apostolic Delegate to Jerusalem and Palestine and, one month later, also Pro-Nuncio to Cyprus. While he held this appointment, the 1993 Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel was reached. This paved the way for establishing full diplomatic relations so that he became the first Nuncio to Israel. In 1999 Montezemolo was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. His final diplomatic posting was as Nuncio to Italy and San Marino, to which he was named on 17 April 2001.

In 2005 he designed the coat of arms of Pope Benedict XVI and shortly afterwards, on 31 May 2005, was named Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. As Archpriest he carried out, with the assistance of the Benedictine Monks of the Abbey of Saint Paul, important architectural work and restoration for the benefit of local Catholics and the pilgrims who come to the Basilica from various parts of the world. Pope Benedict XVI made him a cardinal in the consistory of 24 March 2006, as Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico. Montezemolo was already over eighty years of age and ineligible to vote in a conclave.

On 3 July 2009, Montezemolo was succeeded as Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls by Archbishop Francesco Monterisi, former secretary of the Congregation for Bishops.

In a 2013 interview, Montezemolo said that Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI needed a new coat of arms now that he was no longer the pontiff. “The problem now is whether the Pope Emeritus can keep that same coat of arms or not”. “And as a person who has always dedicated himself to this, I say ‘no’”. He drew up a new coat of arms, which he believed could be used by the former pontiff. He moved the big keys of Saint Peter from the back of the coat of arms to the top part of the shield and made them much smaller. “But this is only a proposal, it isn’t official,” Montezemolo qualified.

Pope Francis visited him in a Rome nursing home in 2016. Montezemolo died on 19 November 2017. He was 92.

title: Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo


text:
Mark Ridley (physician)

Dr Mark Ridley (1560 – c. 1624) was an English physician and lexicographer, born in Stretham, Cambridgeshire, to Lancelot Ridley. He became physician to the English merchants in Russia, and then personal physician to the Tsar of Russia.

Ridley's Russian dictionary
While living in Russia between 1594 and 1599, he compiled two manuscript dictionaries of Russian: a Russian-English dictionary of 7,203 entries entitled A dictionarie of the vulgar Russe tongue and an English-Russian dictionary of 8,113 entries entitled A dictionarie of the Englishe before the vulger Russe tonnge. The former includes a short grammar of Russian on the first eight folios. Both dictionaries are now held at the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford (MSS Laud misc. 47a and 47b). After his return from Russia he also wrote two books on magnetism.

The dictionary's prime significance is in recording the spoken Russian language of that era: the written language differed considerably in its vocabulary and grammar under the strong literary influence of the Orthodox church texts. So lexica compiled by foreign business visitors to Russia reflected the actual Russian language use that they had encountered through daily interaction. Whereas study of the written tradition has a multitude of preserved texts available, study of the spoken language by foreigners were not influenced by local stylistic and other constraints.

This thesis was applied in the works of Prof. B. A. Larin (1937, 1948, 1959) and others. The manuscript of the Ridley dictionary was originally reviewed by Simmons and Unbegaun (1951, 1962), Unbegaun (1963) from Oxford University, and later studied by a team from Kazan State University in Russia (Galiullin and Zagidullin, 1996, 1997). The manuscript was published in 1996 as A Dictionarie of the Vulgar Russe Tonge: attributed to Mark Ridley / edited from the late-sixteenth-century manuscripts and with an introduction by Gerald Stone by Bohlau Verlag, thanks to the editorial work of Gerald Stone.

The Kazan research team in 1994–2000 conducted extensive comparative analysis of the dictionary materials in relation to the existing dictionaries of Russian language of the 16th century. This work awaits publication. Their studies have confirmed the historical value of the dictionary in several aspects. The correspondence of most of the material to existing records points to the reliability of Ridley's linguistic observations. It has permitted significant chronological corrections and expansion of the semantics of particular words when there were discrepancies with the major Russian historical dictionaries. Mark Ridley's dictionary included a sizeable number of words or phrases never recorded before (2249 entries out of total 6975).

Other studies of the Ridley dictionary include those of Konnova (2000) on his medical terminology.

Magnetics
Whilst Ridley's Russian dictionaries are more original, he is best known as an innovative follower of Dr William Gilbert (1544–1603) and the magnetic science that Gilbert published in his De Magnete of 1600. Until Gilbert's death in 1603 Ridley had lodged with him in Wingfield House, London. In 1613 Ridley published his Magneticall Bodies and Motions, the first printed English work to promote Gilbert's ideas. Ridley was attacked by the conservative Revd William Barlow for advancing Gilbert's Copernican astronomy, and in Barlow's opinion, for plagiarizing his own version in English of Gilbert's magnetic science.

title: Mark Ridley (physician)


text:
Marco Materazzi

Marco Materazzi (born 19 August 1973) is an Italian former professional footballer and manager.

Early in his career, Materazzi played with various Italian teams in Serie B and Serie C, and with Everton in the Premier League. He spent two periods with Perugia (1995–98 and 1999–2001) and signed for Inter Milan in 2001 for €10 million. At club level, he won a number of major honors with Inter, including five Serie A league titles in a row from 2006 to 2010, one UEFA Champions League, one FIFA Club World Cup, four Coppa Italia titles, and the Supercoppa Italiana four times.

Materazzi earned 41 caps for Italy from his debut in 2001 until 2008, playing in two World Cups and two European Championships. He was one of the key players in the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final against France; he gave away an early penalty that led to France's first goal, scored Italy's equalising goal twelve minutes later and, in extra time, received a headbutt from Zinedine Zidane who was punished with a red card. Italy then went on to win the World Cup in a penalty shoot-out, during which Materazzi scored again.

A controversial and provocative figure in football, he was known for his very physical and aggressive style of defending, which saw him collect numerous cards throughout his career.

Early career
Materazzi began his footballing career with the Lazio and then the Messina Peloro youth teams from 1990 to 1991. He spent his early career in the lower divisions of Italian football, with amateur side Tor di Quinto (1991–92), Serie C2 team Marsala (1993–94), and Serie C1 Trapani (1994–95), where he narrowly missed a historic promotion to Serie B after losing a promotion playoff to Gualdo. Serie B squad Perugia signed Materazzi for the first time in 1995, but he spent a part of the 1996–97 season in Serie C with Carpi.

He then spent 1998–99 with Everton, where he was sent off three times in just 27 games, and scored twice, against Middlesbrough in the league and Huddersfield Town in the League Cup.

He then returned to Perugia in 1999 and scored 12 goals, including seven from penalties in the 2000–01 season, breaking Daniel Passarella's Serie A record of most goals by a defender in one season.

2001–2004: Debut and controversies
Materazzi was signed by Inter Milan in July 2001 for €10 million. He took squad number 23 and made his competitive debut for the club on 26 August in the opening championship match against Perugia. Materazzi's first goal for Inter came only in his second appearance, netting inside 10 minutes in a 2–2 draw at Parma. He also played eight times in the season's UEFA Cup, with his competition debut coming on 20 September in the 3–0 win versus Romania's Brașov.

Materazzi played 23 matches in league, including the final decisive match versus Lazio which lost Inter the championship title; he was a protagonist in a controversial episode following the final whistle, as he was involved in a heated discussion with the opposition players which turned into a physical confrontation. He was caught by the cameras shouting at Lazio captain Alessandro Nesta, saying: "I won you the title", in reference to Perugia's win over Juventus in 2000 which lead Lazio to the title.

In the following season, Materazzi made 33 appearances across all competitions, including 13 in UEFA Champions League, where he played his first match on 14 August 2002 in a goalless draw against Sporting CP.

Materazzi's 2003–04 season was blighted by injuries, including one he suffered on 25 November during the 5–1 home loss to Arsenal in UEFA Champions League group stage which kept him out of action for two months. He was at the center of a controversy again at the beginning of 2004 for aggression towards Siena player Bruno Cirillo. This happened on 1 February in a match which was won 4–0 by Inter. Materazzi (who did not play in the match) confronted Cirillo in the dressing rooms and begun spewing insults towards him. He also punched him in the face, fracturing his lip. After the incident, the sports judge Maurizio Laudi suspended Materazzi until 29 March, meaning that he missed eight club matches and one international match. In addition to his domestic suspension, Materazzi was also suspended by UEFA for two UEFA Cup games. Inter was also fined with €5,000. Materazzi later apologized for the incident, saying that he "behaved badly" and "reacted in a bad way", also adding that he would not appeal the suspension.

2004–2008: Domestic success under Mancini
In July 2004, at the start of 2004–05 season, the Inter bench was entrusted to manager Roberto Mancini, with whom – in the first season – Materazzi lost his place in the starting lineup. In the next season he played more, and was the only Italian to score a goal for the club that season. On 5 March 2006, Materazzi scored an 89th-minute header at Roma to rescue his side a point and to break the hosts' record of 11 consecutive victories. He finished the 2005–06 season by totaling 39 appearances across all competitions.

Materazzi signed a new contract in August 2006 which kept him at San Siro until June 2010. At the end of the year he was a nominee for UEFA Team of the Year along with teammate Fabio Grosso. The 2006–07 season saw him scoring 10 goals, thus being the top scoring defender of Serie A. He notably scored in the 4–3 win in Derby della Madonnina against Milan, an overhead kick versus Messina and a brace away to Siena on 23 April which won the club's 15th league title with five games remaining. For his performances, Materazzi was voted the Serie A Defender of the Year.

Materazzi missed the first part of 2007–08 season due to an injury suffered whilst on international duty which forced him to be sidelined until November 2007. Later, in February of the following year, Materazzi gave a poor display in the first leg of 2007–08 UEFA Champions League first knockout round against Liverpool, receiving a red card in the 30th minute, as Inter lost 2–0 at Anfield. His performance was criticised by his teammates after the end of the match. Later on throughout the season, during a 2–2 draw against Siena, Materazzi argued with striker Julio Ricardo Cruz on whom to take a penalty kick. Eventually, it was Materazzi who took it but his attempt was easily saved by Alex Manninger. It was his first miss since 2001. The draw spoiled Inter's chances of winning the title with one game to spare. After the match, the choice to take the penalty was criticized by manager Roberto Mancini while Materazzi himself apologized, stating that it should have been Cruz the one to take it. Inter eventually won the championship for the third consecutive time after defeating Parma 2–0 in the last matchday with Materazzi playing full-90 minutes. He concluded the season with 23 Serie A appearances, 4 Coppa Italia appearances, 1 Supercoppa Italiana appearance and 3 UEFA Champions League appearances for a total of 33 appearances.

2008–2011: Final years and more glory
The summer of 2008 saw the arrival of Portuguese manager José Mourinho, who did not see Materazzi as the first choice in defence, relegating him to the bench. Apart from that, his season was also marred by injuries, which reduced his league tally to only 8 appearances. He scored his first UEFA Champions League goal on 4 November in a 3–3 draw at Anorthosis in the Group B matchday 4. Materazzi won his fourth championship on 17 May 2009 following Inter's 3–0 defeat of Siena. Despite playing rarely, he was still praised by president Massimo Moratti, who said that Materazzi "always played well whenever he was called upon last season", while manager Mourinho stated that he wanted to have Materazzi in his team.

In June 2009, Materazzi was handed a new deal by Inter until June 2012. He was used sparingly during the 2009–10 season, making 20 appearances in all competitions. In January 2010, he underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damage to the medial meniscus in his right knee which kept him sidelined for one month. Materazzi was an injury-time substitute for Inter in the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final against Bayern Munich, replacing Diego Milito who scored both of their goals in the 2–0 victory in Madrid. In addition to that, Inter also clinched the Scudetto, for the fifth season in a row, and Coppa Italia, to complete the Treble.

He began the 2010–11 season by coming on in the last minutes of a 3–1 home win over Roma in the Supercoppa Italiana match. Materazzi's first league match of the season came later in November where he started in the derby against Milan due to the absence of Walter Samuel; he conceded a penalty in 4th minute for fouling Zlatan Ibrahimović and was later sent to hospital after a receiving a kung-fu kick in the stomach by the Swede. Inter lost the match 1–0. Following the end of the match, manager Rafael Benítez calmed the situation by stating that Materazzi's injury "doesn't seem serious". He returned in action two weeks later by playing full-90 minutes in a 5–2 home win over Parma. In December, Materazzi was included in Inter's squad for 2010 FIFA Club World Cup, remaining on the bench as Inter won their 5th title of the year.

Materazzi left the club in July 2011 after not being offered a new contract, having played around 270 games for the club and winning 15 trophies, and shortly after, announced his retirement from the sport. He was later appointed in the role of ambassador to Inter. Later, Materazzi accused manager Leonardo of "stabbing him in the back" and being the reason for his departure from Inter, and also threw accusations to president Massimo Moratti of not having defended him against Leonardo.

Chennaiyin
On 22 September 2014, Materazzi was signed as the player-manager of Chennaiyin in the inaugural season of the Indian Super League. Materazzi signed a two-season contract with Chennaiyin for $1 million (USD) every season. Materazzi did not choose himself to play in their opening match, a 2–1 victory at FC Goa on 15 October courtesy of a free kick from marquee player and former Brazil international Elano. Six days later in his first home game, Chennaiyin defeated the Kerala Blasters 2–1, but four days after that he lost for the first time, 1–4 to the Delhi Dynamos. In the club's fourth match of the season, he selected himself to play for the first time, starting in a 5–1 win over Mumbai City. On 28 November, he brought his former international defensive partner Alessandro Nesta out of retirement to play for Chennaiyin until the end of the season. Chennaiyin finished the 14-game regular season in first place in the league, with Materazzi having made 6 appearances. In the end-of-season play-offs, the team were eliminated in extra time in the semi-finals by the Kerala Blasters.

At the end of the 2015 season, in which Materazzi led Chennaiyin to the Indian Super League championship, his contract ended. After the conclusion of the 2016 season, it was announced that Materazzi would not return to the club for 2017.

Debut and 2002 World Cup
Materazzi made his debut for the Italy national team on 25 April 2001, in a 1–0 friendly match victory against South Africa. He made two appearances in the qualifying campaign against Georgia and Hungary. In the final tournament of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, Materazzi was used as a reserve player to back up Alessandro Nesta and Fabio Cannavaro. He made only one appearance by coming on as a substitute for Nesta in the 2–1 loss to Croatia in the group stage but soon in the 90th minute Materazzi played a floating ball over the top from just over halfway to Inzaghi but everyone missed the ball and it rolled in the back of the net but the goal was disallowed after referee Graham Poll claimed that Inzaghi had grabbed an opponent's shirt. Materazzi was later criticised for his defending on both of Croatia's goals during the match.

UEFA Euro 2004
Despite a long suspension with Inter, Materazzi was still called up by manager Giovanni Trapattoni for the UEFA Euro 2004, where he was on the bench for Italy's first two games but started in the final group game against Bulgaria in place of the suspended Fabio Cannavaro, as Italy came from behind to win 2–1; in the first half, Materazzi was judged to have allegedly fouled Dimitar Berbatov in the area, conceding a penalty, which Martin Petrov subsequently converted. Despite the win, Italy were eliminated in the first round on direct encounters, following a three-way five-point tie with Denmark and Sweden.

Materazzi played his first match as captain for Italy on 17 November 2004 in a 1–0 friendly win over Finland in which he also received a yellow card. His second and final match as captain came in another friendly against Iceland on 30 March 2005 where he played in the first half.

2006 World Cup
Materazzi was included in the 23-man squad by manager Marcello Lippi for the 2006 FIFA World Cup which was his third major tournament. He began the tournament as a reserve player, but after Alessandro Nesta suffered an injury in the group match against the Czech Republic, Materazzi came on as his replacement and made an impact by scoring a goal, and was named Man of the Match. He received a red card in the round of 16 match against Australia for a foul on Mark Bresciano, which ended in a 1–0 win for the Italians, and was suspended for the quarter-final against Ukraine, which Italy won 3–0.

In the final against France, Materazzi fouled Florent Malouda to concede a penalty, which Zinedine Zidane subsequently scored. He made another impact by scoring a goal to tie the game, a header from a right sided corner by Andrea Pirlo. After the match went to extra-time, Materazzi and Zidane were involved in a confrontation in the 110th minute, where Materazzi verbally insulted Zidane while tugging his shirt as the latter attempted to walk away, which ended with Zidane headbutting Materazzi and receiving a red card. The game then continued to penalties. Materazzi scored Italy's second penalty as they defeated France 5–3 to claim their fourth FIFA World Cup.

After the final, the confrontation resulted in a major controversy as Zidane accused Materazzi of insulting his sister and mother. Additionally, Materazzi claimed that after he had grabbed Zidane's jersey, Zidane sarcastically said to him "If you want my shirt, I will give to you afterwards". Materazzi then revealed that he replied, "Preferisco la puttana di tua sorella" (I would prefer your whore of a sister), which resulted in the headbutt. Three British tabloid newspapers, the Daily Star, the Daily Mail and The Sun, alleged that Materazzi had called Zidane "the son of a terrorist whore." Materazzi took legal action against all three newspapers and the allegations were later withdrawn. FIFA later issued a CHF 5,000 fine and a two-match ban against Materazzi. Alongside striker Luca Toni, Materazzi was Italy's top scorer throughout the tournament with two goals; he also won 14 challenges throughout the competition. In 2010, Zidane had said that he would "rather die than apologise" to Materazzi for the headbutt in the final, but also admitted that he "could never have lived with himself" had he been allowed to remain on the pitch and help France win the match.

UEFA Euro 2008
Under Roberto Donadoni, Materazzi appeared consistently during the Euro 2008 qualifying campaign and became a starter after Alessandro Nesta's retirement. In the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament, he started in the 3–0 loss to the Netherlands but was substituted in the 54th minute in what would later prove to be his final appearance for Italy, as he was replaced later in the tournament by Giorgio Chiellini. Later, after Lippi's return, Materazzi was not called in the national team again. He totaled 41 appearances and two goals for Italy.

Style of play
An aggressive, physical, and hard-tackling centre-back, who was also known for his tight marking of opponents, Materazzi was considered to be one of the best defenders of his generation, and was highly regarded by two of the world's most respected coaches, Marcello Lippi and José Mourinho, later becoming close friends with both managers. Materazzi was lauded by his managers in particular for being a goal threat as a defender, due to his outstanding aerial ability, which made him dangerous during set pieces. His prolific goalscoring allowed him to capture the record for most goals in a Serie A season by a defender, which was broken during the 2000–01 season. He was also an accurate set piece and penalty kick taker, with a powerful shot from distance. In addition to these attributes, he had solid technical skills and reliable distribution, and was known for frequently playing long balls to the strikers. During his time with Inter Milan, he developed the nickname Matrix.

A controversial and provocative figure in football, he was also known for his very physical and aggressive style of play as a defender, as well as his tight marking and strong, harsh tackling, which led him to receive more than 60 yellow cards and 7 red cards throughout his playing career. Due to his temper and his heavy challenges, he has been involved in several altercations with other players during matches, throughout his career which drew him comparisons in the media with retired defender Pasquale Bruno. The Times placed Materazzi at number 45 in their list of the 50 hardest footballers in history.

Personal life
Marco Materazzi was born in Lecce, where his father, Giuseppe, a professional footballer, was playing for U.S. Lecce. Giuseppe was also a former football coach and manager of teams such as Pisa, Lazio, Sporting CP and Tianjin Teda. Materazzi's mother died when he was 15 years old. His sister, Monia married Maurizio Maestrelli, the son of former manager Tommaso Maestrelli; Maurizio died on 28 November 2011. Monia's and Maurizio's son Alessio Maestrelli also became a footballer and made his professional debut in 2022. His brother Matteo is a sports agent.

As stated by his father, Marco grew up a supporter of Lazio. In September 2007, he released his autobiography called "Una vita da guerriero" (The Life of a Warrior) published by journalists Andrea Elefante (from Gazzetta dello Sport) and Roberto De Ponti (from Corriere della Sera).

On 23 June 1997, Materazzi married Daniela, with whom he has three children: Anna, Davide, and Gianmarco.

Club
Source:

International
Source:

Managerial
All competitive league games (league and domestic cup) and international matches (including friendlies) are included.

Player

 * Inter Milan
 * Serie A: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10
 * Coppa Italia: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2010–11
 * Supercoppa Italiana: 2005, 2006, 2010
 * UEFA Champions League: 2009–10
 * FIFA Club World Cup: 2010

 * Italy
 * FIFA World Cup: 2006

Individual

 * Serie A Defender of the Year: 2007
 * ESM Team of the Year: 2006–07
 * FIFPro World XI Nominee: 2006, 2007
 * Inter Milan Hall of Fame: 2021

Chennaiyin

 * Indian Super League: 2015

Orders

 * [[Image:Friedrich Order.png|left|50px]] CONI: Golden Collar of Sports Merit: 2006

 * ITA OMRI 2001 Uff BAR.svg 4th Class / Officer: Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2006

title: Marco Materazzi


text:
Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur

The Arulmigu Subramanya Swami Temple, Tiruchendur is an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to Murugan (Kartikeya). It is second among six abodes of Murugan (Āṟupatai vitukal) situated in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in the eastern end of the town Tiruchendur in the district of Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It is 40 km from Thoothukudi, 60 km south-east of Tirunelveli and 75 km north-east of Kanyakumari. The temple complex is on the shores of Bay of Bengal.

Surasamharam, a reenactment of the victory over Surapadman, and Kanda Shasti, a devotional song in praise of Murugan are performed at the temple.

The temple is the fourth Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu to get ISO certification.

Legend
Thiruchendur finds mention in the Skanda Puranam detailing the slaying of Surapadman by the god Murugan. As per Hindu legend, the demon king Surapadman, once obtained boons from the god Shiva on account of severe penance. He started ruling the world on account of the power attained. He married Padumakomalai and had several sons. Viramkendiram, a city created in the seas, became his capital and he started troubling the devas (the gods). He imprisoned Indra (the king of the gods) and also desired Indra's wife Indrani. Indra sought the help of Shiva's son and the god of war Murugan. Murugan sent his messenger Viravakutevar to the demon, who remained unmoved. A severe battle was fought in Thiruchendur where Murugan killed all the sons of the Surapadman except Iraniyan. Surapadman hid under the sea. Murugan split him into two pieces, which went on to become the god's divine vehicles, peacock and rooster. The day when Murugan slayed Surapadman is celebrated as Skanda Sashti festival in all the Murugan temples.

Vaippu Sthalam
It is one of the shrines of the Vaippu Sthalams sung by Tamil Shaivite Nayanar Appar.

Architecture
The temple, which is built near the seashore, measures 91 m north to south, 65 m east to west, and has a nine-tier gopuram, or tower gate, that is 157 ft high. The principal entrance faces south, and opens into the first of two prakarams, the first of which is lined with rows of yalis. The inner sanctum of the temple is in a cave and the main deity, or mulavar, is Murugan as a saintly child, portrayed in a granite carving. Nali Kinaru, a sacred well fed by a freshwater spring, is located 100 m south of the temple. Devotees undergo a ritual cleansing by bathing in water from the well after bathing in the ocean.

Dutch occupation of the Tiruchendur Temple
The Murugan temple at Tiruchendur was occupied by the Dutch East India Company from 1646 to 1648, during the course of their war with the Portuguese. The local people tried to free their temple, with no success. The Dutch finally vacated the temple on orders from the Naik ruler. However, while leaving, they removed the sculpture depicting the 2 utsava murtis (this representation of the deities comes out only during Masi and Avani Tirunal) which is made of an alloy named Shanmukhar and took it with them. During their sea voyage, they encountered a strong storm and realised their mistake of stealing the murti. They dropped it in the middle of the sea and saw the storm stop immediately. According to legend, Murugan appeared in a dream to Vadamaliyappa Pillai, an ardent devotee of Murugan, and revealed the place in the sea where the idol had been abandoned. Vadamlaiyappa Pillai in the Tiruchendur temple, went to the spot in a fishing boat and retrieved the murti in 1653. The story is shown in paintings inside the temple.

Administration
The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

title: Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur