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Aguarico River

The Aguarico River (Río Aguarico, meaning "rich water") is a river in northeastern Ecuador. It is the main river of the Sucumbíos province. In the last part of its course it marks the Ecuadorian-Peruvian border. It empties into the Napo River. It has a length of 390 km, of which the last 50 km extend along the natural border between Ecuador and Peru (in the department of Loreto). The lower course of the Aguarico River was finalized and legally demarcated as part of the long-disputed Ecuador-Peru frontier according to The Rio de Janeiro Protocol of 1942. Ecuador unilaterally denounced the protocol in 1960, however a new agreement was signed in 1999, validating the pre-existing protocol.

The Aguarico river flows almost completely by the province of Sucumbíos, in the north of Ecuador, being the main river of the province. In its average course, it flows near the Reserve of Production Faunística Cuyabeno. In the last part of its course, it flows near the Ecuadorian-Peruvian border. Finally it ends at the Napo river, in the same border, a little over the locality the town of Pantoja in Loreto, Peru.

History
In 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro and Francisco de Orellana constructed a sailboat, the San Pedro, and followed the courses of the Coca River and the Napo River until the confluence of the Napo with the Aguarico River and the Curaray River, where they lacked the proper amount of provisions and supplies, including food. Several men did not survive, and it is estimated that 140 of 220 Spaniards and 3,000 of the 4,000 Indians who composed the expedition were amongst this number. They decided then (22 February 1542) that Orellana would continue down the Aguarico River in search of food. They accompanied about fifty men to go with him. Incapable to overcome the river, Orellana waited for Pizarro. Finally Pizarro sent three men with a message to Orellana for him to begin the construction of a new boat, the Victoria. Meanwhile, Pizarro had returned towards Quito by another route towards the north, with only 80 men, those of which that remained alive.

Indigenous tribes
In the highest part of the Aguarico River live the indigenous Siona. The Siona peoples belong to the western Tucanoan language family, and their official languages are the Piohe (or Pioche) dialects and Spanish as well as a mixture of the two, which is sometimes called Pioche-Siona. At present they are a group of approximately 172 people united in 51 families. Their economic activities are based mainly on hunting, fishing and sometimes tourism. Some of the problems that the community must face in the present era are environmental contamination and the over-exploitation of lumber.

title: Aguarico River


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White Bay

White Bay may refer to a number of geographic locations:

 * White Bay (New South Wales), Sydney, Australia
 * White Bay (Newfoundland), Canada
 * White Bay, British Virgin Islands
 * Bahía Blanca (White Bay) in the south east of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina
 * White Bay, Umm Al Quwain - United Arab Emirates

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: White Bay


text: File:Iwantyoursexcover.jpg

title: File:Iwantyoursexcover.jpg


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Mick Brown (musician)

Michael J. Brown (born September 8, 1956), a.k.a. "Wild" Mick Brown, is an American retired drummer who played in the rock bands Dokken, Lynch Mob, The End Machine, and Xciter, as well as in Ted Nugent's band.

Early life
Brown was born in San Mateo County, California, on September 8, 1956, and began playing drums at age eight when on his birthday he took his first drum lesson from Mickey Hart (who three years later joined The Grateful Dead).

Dokken
Brown joined Dokken in 1981. He replaced Gary Holland, who left Dokken to join Dante Fox and later Great White. Before that, Brown played drums in The Boyz (1975–1977) and then in Xciter (1977–1981). Both bands also featured future Dokken bandmate George Lynch. He sang vocals on the track "Tooth and Nail" on Dokken's live acoustic album One Live Night, released in 1995 Apart from Don Dokken, Brown was the only person to appear on every Dokken album. He is credited on Broken Bones, but Jimmy Degrasso played on the record, not Brown. In July 2019, Brown said he was taking a break from touring and playing live.

Ted Nugent
Around 2003, in a conversation with Ted Nugent, former Nugent lighting designer Will Twork mentioned that Brown would be the perfect addition to Nugent's band after Nugent had heard about Brown from then-bass player Barry Sparks. Twork had worked with Brown on the first Lynch Mob tour, as well as on the 1995 Dokken "Reunion Tour" in Japan. "Mick is an awesome drummer and personality and perfect for Nugent", said Twork in 2015. In 2006, Brown played drums for Nugent on Nugent's Unleash the Beast Tour, and in 2013 Brown played drums for Nugent on Nugent's Mid-West Rock-n-Roll Express 2013 Tour.

Tooth and Nail / T&N
Brown is also a member of Tooth and Nail, a band that features classic-era Dokken members George Lynch and Jeff Pilson. Their debut album Slave to the Empire was released in October 2012. The band has also been renamed T&N.

Brown also had a solo band called The Bourbon Ballet with lead singer Scott Hammons from the band Tunnel.

Arrest
On July 8, 2012, Brown was arrested in Bangor, Maine, after he reportedly stole a golf cart and drove it down a Bangor street drunk, after performing with Ted Nugent. He was charged with driving under the influence (DUI), reckless driving, theft, and assault. He was released on $4,000 bail and was due back in court on August 15, 2012. Having initially pleaded not guilty, on November 13 of that year he pleaded guilty to DUI with the other charges being dropped, was fined $1,000 and banned from driving for 90 days.

Discography

 * See Dokken discography

title: Mick Brown (musician)


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Talk:English colonial grants in North America (1621–1639)

=Comments=

"British" or "English"?
Should this page be renamed "English colonial grants....."? This all took place before the union of Scotland and England in 1707. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.49.149.91 (talk) 13 June 2005

 * No your wrong — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.134.179.253 (talk) 14 August 2006

 * On the contrary, the anonymous user 67.49.149.91 was exactly right. I think I'll change it. Nine years is too long for such an obvious error to be permitted. Q·L·1968 ☿ 15:20, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

So what actually was a "sea-to-sea grant" ?
"Sea-to-sea grant" redirects here but no mention here of what it actually meant. A frustrating dead-end. Could somebody knowledgeable in American history please add the missing detail. Rcbutcher (talk) 04:23, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

 * It meant a grant which in theory covered all land all the way to the Pacific ocean. 216.252.76.213 (talk) 17:42, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Until it was "merged" (actually just deleted and redirected), way back in 2005, the article "Sea-to-sea grant" contained the following text:

 * When the British divided their North American land into colonies, they did not place western boundaries on most of them, including Virginia and New York. Theoretically the provinces extended to the Pacific Ocean. In practice, the western boundary was the peaks of the Appalachian mountains, which divided French form British territories. After the French and Indian War, Britain receives the French territory east of the Mississippi river, but through the Poclamation of 1763, the new territory was closed to settlers, in effect returning to the old colonial boundaries. After the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolution, the territory between the Appalachians and the Mississippi returned to the newly independent states. Many claims overlapped, based on the original sea-to-sea grants. The Aticles of Cofederation and the Constitution were silent on the matter (art. 4, sec. 3 clause 2, in pertinent part "nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims ... of any particular state"), but states were encouraged to resolve their conflict peacefully and to turn over "excess" western territory (over which they exercised no de facto control, since it was occupied by Indians) to the federal government, which in 1787 organized it into the Northwest Territory through the Northwest Odinance.

 * It needs some serious attention, but this text could in theory be added to this article to make a proper merge, 13-and-a-half years late. -- Perey (talk) 13:56, 18 March 2019 (UTC)


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Rollie Zeider

Rollie Hubert Zeider (November 16, 1883 – September 12, 1967) was a professional baseball player. An infielder (playing over 100 games at all four infield positions in his career), he played nine seasons in the major leagues for the Chicago White Sox (1910–13), New York Yankees (1913), Chicago Chi-Feds/Chicago Whales in the Federal League from 1914 to 1915, and lastly the Chicago Cubs (1916–18).

He is one of only a few players to play for three different Chicago teams in his career, and one of two to do it in the 20th century. He is the only player to hit home runs for all three Chicago major league teams in the twentieth century. Along with Dutch Zwilling he is the only 20th-century player to play in the same city in three different major leagues: American League (White Sox), Federal League (Chi-Feds/Whales), and the National League (Cubs).

Zeider contributed to another odd record along with Zwilling. The 1916 Cubs were one of the few teams in history, and the most recent until 1999, to have three players whose last names begin with "Z": Zeider, Zwilling, and Heinie Zimmerman. The 1999 Texas Rangers were the first and only since then with Jeff Zimmerman, Todd Zeile, and Gregg Zaun.

He earned the nickname Bunion, the result of a spike wound when Detroit Tigers outfielder Sam Crawford spiked his "bunion" during a play. Zeider's bunion became a news item when he was traded after the injury and his new club, the New York Yankees, which he would captain during his brief tenure, later protested that the White Sox had not informed them that Zeider was injured at the time of the trade.

Playing career
Zeider began his professional career in 1905, which he split between the Crookston Crooks and Winnipeg Maroons of the Northern League. In 1909, he played third base for the minor-league San Francisco Seals. On August 17 of that year, Zeider was acquired from the Seals by the White Sox for $5,500 and two players.

Playing for the New York Yankees in 1913, he would replace Frank Chance as team captain, becoming the sixth Yankee captain. He would hold the captaincy for the remainder of the year.

After the 1918 season, Zeider returned to the minor leagues. He played for the Toledo Mud Hens in 1919, and finished his career in 1924 with the Paris North Stars of the class-D East Texas League.

In a nine-season career, he batted .240 with 5 home runs and 253 runs batted in during 941 games. He stole 223 bases in his career and scored 393 runs. He had 769 hits in 3210 at bats. In his only World Series appearance (1918 with the Cubs), Zeider had two plate appearances and walked twice.

Base stealing
The right-handed Zeider was one of the fastest players in the game, even at the time. With the White Sox, as a rookie, Zeider stole 49 bases, his career high, which was also a modern-day major league record for rookies at that time.

He reached the top five in stolen bases twice (his 1910 rookie season, and 1912). Besides those two seasons, Zeider's early career came as a utility player. Not until 1914 did he begin to play regularly every year. By that time, his speed had decreased, but he still was eighth in the league in steals with 35 that year (tied with Tom Downey and Baldy Louden) in what would be arguably his best full season.

Personal life
Zeider was born in the small town of Hoover near Logansport in Cass County, Indiana, where his father was a farmer, and grew up in Auburn, Indiana, where his father took a job in a sawmill. Zeider was married twice, first to Alberta Doyle, who died of tuberculosis in 1916, then to Margaret Pilgrim.

After retiring from professional baseball, he ran a restaurant in Garrett, Indiana, called Polly's Tavern. ("Polly" was his local nickname.) He moved to Orland, Indiana, in neighboring Steuben County in 1959. Zeider was inducted into the Northeast Indiana Baseball Association Hall of Fame in 1965.

Zeider died in a hospital in Garrett, aged 83, and was interred beside his first wife in Woodlawn Cemetery in Auburn.

title: Rollie Zeider


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Harcourt House, Edmonton

Harcourt House Artist Run Centre is one of four artist-run centres in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The centre delivers a host of services to both artists and the community, and acts as an alternative site for the presentation, distribution and promotion of contemporary art.

Harcourt House Artist Run Centre is an artist-run, charitable organization that promotes contemporary visual art to interested individuals and organizations by providing education, exhibitions and resources. The Centre includes two public gallery spaces; and as the single largest community of visual artists in Edmonton, it offers 42 low-rent studios for local practicing artists and other non-profit arts related organizations. A unique area of programming to Harcourt House is the Art Enrichment program that serves over 25 local low income and special needs organizations with low/no cost art education classes.

History
The WECAN Society (Where Edmonton Community Artist Network) was incorporated in 1987 after forming the "Artists For Tornado Relief", a successful art auction organized by Edmonton artists to help victims of the 1987 Edmonton Tornado. Following this event, the energized group of artists devoted their attention into creating a permanent arts centre. In September 1988 the WECAN Society acquired the Harcourt House buildings from the provincial government located at 112th St. and 102 Ave. in downtown Edmonton, where the facility is still located today.

Public gallery status and charitable status were granted to the organization in 1990. Harcourt House has received its core funding from the Alberta Foundation for the Arts, the City of Edmonton and the Edmonton Arts Council. Additional funding has been obtained from the Clifford E. Lee Foundation, Alberta Advanced Education and Career Development, the Government of Canada and both individual and corporate donations.

Harcourt House is a member organization of the Alberta Association of Artist-run Centres (AAARC).

Architecture
Located in downtown Edmonton, at 10215 112 St., Harcourt House is spread over two buildings and contains education facilities and 42 rental studios. The main gallery, located on the third floor, focuses on established and professional artists, while the incubator gallery is dedicated to emerging and recent art school graduates from the Edmonton area. Architects Dennis & Freda O’Connor Architects cut the ribbon on the Harcourt House building itself in 1960.

Notable Leadership
In 2016, the Board of Directors at Harcourt House Artist Run Centre announced Jacek Malec as the new Executive Director. Having previously held roles as the Chief Curator and co-founder of Art Forum Gallery, Director and Curator at the Museum of Contemporary Art Calgary, and the Chief Curator of Collections at the Aero Space Museum of Calgary, Malec has over 25 years of experience in the arts and culture community. He was born in 1957 in Kalisz, Poland, and graduated from the University of Wroclaw where he studied Art History, Museology, and Curatorial Studies. He is an art-historian, critic, and lecturer, and in 2014 he was elected to the Board of Governors of the International Association of Art Critics (AICA) - Canadian Chapter, where he currently holds a position of Vice President.

Prior to Jacek Malec, Stacey Cann was the Executive Director of Harcourt House from August 2014 to 2016. Stacey Cann is a multidisciplinary artist whose work has been shown at the Illingworth Kerr Gallery, The Ministry of Casual Living, Latitude 53 Contemporary Art, Harcourt House Artist Run Centre and the International Print Centre New York among others. Her work incorporates elements of time, and she is interested in how we present ourselves in the commonplace of our daily life. She has a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Print Media from Alberta College of Art and Design as well as a Masters of Arts in Art Education from Concordia University.

Notable exhibitions
Edmonton and the Bauhaus

Curated by Jacek Malec in September 2019, Edmonton and the Bauhaus used scanned architectural prints, photographs, and Bauhaus chairs to show the progression of Bauhaus and its ever-lasting influence. In the first gallery, wall-mounted prints explained and detailed the Bauhaus School of Design. A replica of Gerrit Reitveld's "Red and Blue Chair" sat on a mantle in the middle of the exhibition. Edmonton and the Bauhaus also included a replica of Josef Hartwig’s “Bauhaus Chess Set," and prints of rarely seen archival photographs by Lucia Moholy of the Bauhaus era. Malec linked the exhibit to the centennial celebration of Bauhaus.

Notable Artists
Notable contemporary artists who have shown at Harcourt over the years include Luke Lindoe, Peter Hide, Lyndal Osborne, Walter Jule, Liz Ingram, Violet Owen, Douglas Haynes, Robert Scott, Isla Burns, Clay Ellis, Chris Cran, Peter von Tiesenhausen and Lilian Klimek.

title: Harcourt House, Edmonton


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Vrykolakas

A vrykolakas (Greek βρυκόλακας, pronounced ), also called vorvolakas or vourdoulakas, is a harmful undead creature in Greek folklore. It shares similarities with numerous other legendary creatures, but is generally equated with the vampire of the folklore of the neighbouring Slavic countries. While the two are very similar, a vrykolakas eats flesh, particularly livers, rather than drinking blood, which combined with other factors such as its appearance bring it more in line with the modern concept of a zombie or ghoul.

Etymology
The word vrykolakas is derived from the Bulgarian word vǎrkolak. The term is attested in other Slavic languages such as Slovak vlkolak, Serbian vukodlak, ultimately derived from Proto-Slavic vьlkolakъ and cognates can be found in other languages such as Lithuanian vilkolakis and Romanian vârcolac. The term is a compound word derived from Slovak vlk, Bulgarian вълк (vâlk)/Serbian вук (vuk), meaning "wolf" and dlaka, meaning "(strand of) hair" (i.e. having the hair, or fur, of a wolf), and originally meant "werewolf"; it still has that meaning in the modern Slavic languages, and a similar one in Romanian. However, the same word (in the form vukodlak) has come to be used in the sense of "vampire" in the folklore of Croatia and Montenegro while the term "vampir" is more common in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Bulgaria. Apparently, the two concepts have become somewhat mixed. Even in Bulgaria, original folklore generally describes the vârkolak as a sub-species of the vampire without any wolflike features.

Features
The Greeks traditionally believed that a person could become a vrykolakas after death due to a sacrilegious way of life, an excommunication, a burial in unconsecrated ground, or eating the meat of a sheep which had been wounded by a wolf or a werewolf. Some believed that a werewolf itself could become a powerful vampire after being killed, and would retain the wolflike fangs, hairy palms, and glowing eyes it formerly possessed.

The bodies of vrykolakas have the same distinctive characteristics as the bodies of vampires in Balkan folklore. They do not decay; instead, they swell and may even attain a "drumlike" form, being very large, have a ruddy complexion, and are, according to one account, "fresh and gorged with new blood". People with red hair and gray eyes at this time in history were thought to be vampires according to accounts near the region of modern Serbia. The activities of the vrykolakas are nearly always harmful, ranging from merely leaving their grave and "roaming about", through engaging in poltergeist-styled activity, and up to causing epidemics in the community. Among other things, the creature is believed to knock on the doors of houses and call out the name of the residents. If it gets no reply the first time, it will pass without causing any harm. If someone does answer the door, he or she will die a few days later and become another vrykolakas. For this reason, there is a superstition present in certain Greek villages that one should not answer a door until the second knock. Legends also say that the vrykolakas crushes or suffocates the sleeping by sitting on them, much like a mare or incubus (cf. sleep paralysis) — as does a vampire in Bulgarian folklore. Unlike vampires, in Greek folklore, the vrykolakas are described more as cannibals than bloodsuckers with a taste in particular for human livers.

Since the vrykolakas becomes more and more powerful if left alone, legends state that one should destroy its body. According to some accounts, this can only be done on Saturday, which is the only day when the vrykolakas rests in its grave (the same as with Bulgarian vampire legend). This may be done in various ways, the most common being exorcising, impaling, beheading, cutting into pieces, and especially cremating the suspected corpse, so that it may be freed from living death and its victims may be safe.

Belief in the vrykolakas was still common in Greece in World War II, especially in rural areas. During the Great Famine in 1941-42 where about 300,000 Greeks starved to death, the graveyards were so overfilled that many families were forced to bury their loved ones outside of the cemeteries. So many people starved to death during the Great Famine that officials of the collaborationist Hellenic State took to gathering up the corpses and dumping them in mass graves. Since those buried in unconsecrated ground were believed to come back to haunt the living as vrykolakas, this possibility caused much distress for those families who were unable to bury their dead in the church cemeteries, and some families took preemptive steps to prevent their loved ones from becoming vrykolakas such as beheading their corpses.

Ancient Greece
Ancient Greeks believed that the dead are able to reanimate and exist in a state that is neither living nor dead, but rather a state inbetween: "undead". Burials of suspected revenants have been discovered throughout the ancient Greek world. The earliest examples are from Cyprus and date to the Neolithic period (ca. 4500–3900/3800 BC). At Khirokitia, flexed bodies buried in pit graves were pinned by millstones that were placed on either their heads or chests in order to trap the body in its grave. Similar burials were found at Argolid. In the necropolis of the city of Kamarina, two burials were found which were different from the rest: the first contains an adult of indeterminate sex and stature. The head and feet of the individual are completely covered by large amphora fragments. The heavy amphora fragments found were presumably intended to pin the individual to the grave and prevent it from seeing or rising. The second burial contains a child approximately 8 to 13 years old, also of indeterminate sex and stature. Five large stones were placed on top of the child's body. These stones were used to trap the body in its grave.

Byzantine Greece
In Attica, a limekiln was found that served as a gravesite for two dismembered individuals. The first body belonged to a woman who was cut horizontally in half, with both halves placed parallel to one another in the prone position. Buried with her was a small jar containing a single coin from the reign of Emperor Constantine and a portion of the dismembered left leg of an adult male. After deposition, the skeletons were deliberately sealed in the limekiln by large rocks.

Ottoman and modern Greece
At Lesbos, a Turkish cemetery from the Ottoman period contained an isolated tomb of an adult who was pinned at the neck, pelvis and both feet with 20 cm nails. Another burial from the same island dating to the same period contained a man over the age of 60. He was found in a cist grave and had three bent 16cm spikes mixed in with his bones.

Archaeological excavations on Lesbos at its capital Mytilene have uncovered two vrykolakas burials in early cemeteries. Both were middle-aged men buried in special crypts with 20 cm spikes through the neck, groin and ankles, a typical Balkan method of dealing with a suspected revenant. The British vice-consul, Charles Thomas Newton, in his Travels and Discoveries in the Levant (1865), mentions an island off the coast of Lesbos on which the Greeks of his time (1850s) buried their vrykolakadhes.

Apotropaics
Apotropaics are objects or practices that were intended to prevent a recently-deceased loved one from turning into a revenant, or to distract a revenant so that he will not harm the living. Burying a corpse upside-down was widespread, as was placing earthly objects, such as scythes or sickles, near the grave to satisfy any demons entering the body or to appease the dead so that it would not wish to arise from its coffin. This method resembles the Ancient Greek practice of placing an obolus in the corpse's mouth to pay the toll to cross the River Styx in the underworld; it has been argued that instead, the coin was intended to ward off any evil spirits from entering the body, and this may have influenced later vampire folklore. This tradition persisted in modern Greek folklore about the vrykolakas, in which a wax cross and a piece of pottery with the inscription "Jesus Christ conquers" might be placed on the corpse to prevent the body from becoming a vampire. Other methods commonly practised in Europe included severing the tendons at the knees or placing poppy seeds, millet, or sand on the ground at the grave site of a presumed vampire; this was intended to keep the vampire occupied by counting the fallen grains at the rate of one grain per year, indicating an association of vampires with arithmomania. Similar Chinese narratives state that if a vampiric being came across a sack of rice, it would have to count every grain; this is a theme encountered in myths from the Indian subcontinent, as well as in South American tales of witches and other sorts of evil or mischievous spirits or beings.

Vrykolakas and the West
The first Western accounts of belief in vrykolakas are from the mid-17th century, in compositions by authors such as the Greek librarian of the Vatican Leo Allatius (De quorundam Graecorum Opinationibus, 1645), and Father François Richard (Relation de l'Isle de Sant-erini, 1657), who tend to confirm the stories. The 1718 account of French traveller Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, who witnessed the exhumation and "slaying" of a suspected vrykolakas on the Greek island of Mykonos in 1701, became better known. The Greek vrykolakas was identified as the equivalent of the Slavic vampire during the 18th-century vampire controversy, as exemplified in Johann Heinrich Zedler's Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon (1732–1754). The Spanish scholar Álvaro García Marín wrote in 2016 "that if we were to judge from the standpoint of a Western European of 1730 or 1820, Dracula without any doubt should have been Greek ... At the beginning of the eighteenth century when the Slavic vampire was still unknown in the West, the Greek vyrkolakas had been recurring in theological treatises, travel accounts and books on occultism from the beginning of the sixteenth century".

Henry Fanshawe Tozer in 1869 wrote: "The principal causes which change persons into vrykolakas after death are excommunication, heinous sins, the curse of parents, and tampering with magic arts. The first of these is the most common and most important and dates from very early times."

In popular culture
It has become normal, in translating vampire movies and the like into Greek, to translate "vampire" as "vrykolakas". Modern Greeks raised on Hollywood vampire movies would be just as likely, if not more so, to think of Dracula, instead of the traditional Greek monster, when a vrykolakas is mentioned.

One of the few instances of the vrykolakas or vorvolaka being used in popular art and media is in the film Isle of the Dead (1945). Directed by Mark Robson, the film centers around a group of people on a small island, whose lives are threatened by a force that some believe to be the plague, and others believe to be the work of a vorvolaka.

Several books and novels have been written involving vrykolakas:
 * Adventures in Death and Romance: Vrykolakas Tales, authored by historian Monette Bebow-Reinhard
 * Superposition by David Walton (Pyr Books, 2015).
 * Dimitris Lyacos's postmodern play With the People from the Bridge handles the theme of Vrykolakas in the context of Greek folklore and tradition. Characteristically, the vampiress character is apotropaically handled on a Saturday.
 * Glen Cook's novel The Black Company (1984) features the "forvalaka," a wereleopard whose name is phonetically derived from "vorvolaka."

title: Vrykolakas


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Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

The Korean Provisional Government (KPG), formally the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, was a Korean government in exile based in China during the Japanese occupation of Korea.

The KPG was founded in Shanghai on 11 April 1919. A provisional constitution providing for a democratic republic named the "Republic of Korea" was enacted. It introduced a presidential system and three branches (legislative, administrative and judicial) of government. The KPG inherited the territory of the former Korean Empire. The Korean resistance movement actively supported the independence movement under the provisional government, and received economic and military support from the Kuomintang, the Soviet Union, and France. After 1932, the KPG moved to a number of different cities and eventually settled in Chongqing until the end of World War II in 1945. Several of the buildings used as the headquarters of the KPG in Shanghai and Chongqing are now preserved as museums.

After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the provisional government came to an end. Its members returned to Korea, where they put together their own political organizations under the American military administration and competed for power in what would become South Korea. On 15 August 1948, Syngman Rhee, who had been the first president of the Provisional Government, became the first President of the Republic of Korea.

The current South Korean government claims through the 1987-amended constitution of South Korea that there is continuity between the KPG and the current South Korean state, though this has been disputed by scholars and historians.

Background
Between 1910 and 1945, Korea was a colony of the Empire of Japan. Throughout and even before this time, dozens of groups emerged that advocated for Korean independence. However, even until the end of the colonial period, there was no single organization that pro-independence Koreans considered their sole representative.

March 1st Movement
On 21 January 1919, rumors that Emperor Gojong was poisoned by the Japanese imperial family came to light.

This culminated in a demonstration that took place at the Emperor's funeral on 1 March. Among the 20 million Koreans present, 3.1 million people participated in the demonstration, about 2.20 million, 10% of the total population. There were 7,500 deaths, 16,000 injured, and 46,000 arrested and detained. The protests, which began in March and continued until May, included 33 people who had signed the Declaration of Independence, but were in fact held by the Japanese police.

After the Japanese violently cracked down on the protests, numerous Koreans fled the peninsula, including many of the later founders of the KPG.

Formation
The government was formed on 11 April 1919, shortly after the March 1st movement of the same year. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 as part of the March 1st Movement.

The key members in its establishment included An Chang Ho and Syngman Rhee, both of whom were leaders of the Korean National Association at that time. Changho played an important part in making Shanghai the center of the liberation movement and in getting KPG operations underway. As acting premier, he helped reorganize the government from a parliamentary cabinet system to a presidential system.

The independence movement's popularity grew quickly both locally and abroad. After the 1 March 1919, campaign, a plan was set up at home and abroad to continue expanding the independence movement. However, some were hesitant due to their obedience to the occupying powers. At that time, many independent activists were gathered in Shanghai. Those who set up independent temporary offices repeatedly discussed ways to find new breakthroughs in the independence movement. First, the theory of provisional government was developed, and it was generally argued that the government should organize a government in exile against the Chosun governor's office. However, it was argued that the party was not sufficiently equipped to form a government.

Shanghai was a transportation hub and also a center of support for the Guangdong government led by Wu Yuan. In addition, there were delegates from Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, which allowed them to escape the influence of Japan. For this reason, independent offices flocked to Shanghai.

Independence movements in Shanghai moved more aggressively in the summer of 1919. Seo Byeong-ho, Seung-hyung Cho, Dong-ho Cho, Park Chan-ik, and Sun Woo-hyuk met with the governments from Korea, Manchuria, the Russian Maritime Province and the Americas. Shanghai's independent offices provided accommodation for people from outside the country, centering on the French settlement, and organizing social gatherings for Koreans to create a close network. Around this time, the highly respected independent branch offices of Manchu and the Maritime provinces, such as Dongying, Lee, Shim, Kim DongSam, Shin Chae Ho, Cho Sung Hwan and Chaosang, came to Shanghai and were sent to Korea.

Paris Peace Conference
The Shinhan Youth Party wanted a promise of independence in Korea at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference and dispatched Kim Kyu-sik as a delegate. Since his childhood, he had been studying at the Underwood Academy, where he received a Western education in English, Latin, theology, mathematics, and science. He was multilingual able to speak English, French, German, Russian, Mongolian and Sanskrit as well as Korean, Chinese and Japanese. He delivered the Korean Independence petition to President Woodrow Wilson in the name of the Shinhan Youth Party, and went to Paris, France, in January 1919 to submit a petition in the name of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. However, he was not allowed to attend the Peace Conference because the provisional government had not yet been established. Kim subsequently formed a provisional government to receive the credentials of officially representing the Korean government. Kim's trip to the conference became the motivation for the 1 March Movement and the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

Before his departure, Kim ordered the Shinhan Youth Party members to hold an independent demonstration, saying: "Even if sent to Paris, Westerners do not know who I am. To expose and propagate Japanese rule, one must declare independence in Korea. The person to be dispatched will be sacrificed, but what happens in Korea will fulfill my mission well."

Kim Kyu-sik communicated with the Shinhan Youth Party in Paris by radio, and they raised money for the lobbying effort. Inspired by Kim Kyu-sik's arguments, the Shinhan Young Youth Party sent people to Korea and met with national leaders such as Ham Tae-young and Cho Man-sik. Kim Kyu-sik's order for independence demonstrations was the moment when the 1 March 1919 campaign began.

Participants at the time of the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea were Kim Kyu-sik, representative of the Shinhan Youth Group, Lyuh Woon-Hyung, Cho Seong Hwan (Minister of Defense), Kim Cheol, Sun Woo Hyuk, Han Jin Kyo, Chang Deok soo, Cho Dong Ho, Seo Byung Ho and Kim In Jon. There were 30 people including Nam Hyung Woo, Shin Ik-Hee, Yi Si-yeong, Yi Dong-nyeong, Cho Wan Gu, Sin Chaeho, Jo So-ang and Kim Dae Ji. In addition, Kim Ku, Yi Dong-nyeong participated in the establishment, and Ahn Changho, Yi Dong-hwi, and Syngman Rhee were appointed between April and September 1919 and entered Shanghai. Hwang Ki-hwan became the chief secretary of the Korea provisional government's French branch.

Korean Imperial Household attempt to join the KPG
Former empire personnel also participated in the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Kim Gajin, who served as an observer of Hwanghae Province and Chungcheongnam-do during the reign of the empire, was a high-ranking official who was defeated in 1910 by the Japanese after being deprived of his country. He formed a secret independent organization called Daedong Dan after the 1 March Movement began in 1919, and served as governor. He was exiled to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai, China in October 1919, and served as a provisional government adviser.

Kim Gajin, the fifth son of Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire and one of the prime candidates for the prince, prepared a plan to escape to the Korean Provisional Government. The Prince Imperial Uihwa sent a letter and indicated his intention to participate in the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. In November 1919, the Prince Imperial Uihwa went to Andong, Manchuria, to escape to the provisional government in Shanghai, but was arrested after being apprehended by the Japanese army and forced to return home. The contents of the book, which was sent to the Provisional Government by the King, were published in an independent newspaper article on 20 November 1919. The current day of historians estimated the Prince Imperial Uihwa had thought of the Korean independence movement and tried to join the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea when he attended the Roanoke College in the US. The reason was Prince Imperial Uihwa's colleague was Kim Kyu-sik and he had a relationship with Kim Kyu-sik in Roanoke College.

Establishment of the Provisional Council of the Republic of Korea
On 10 April 1919, 1,000 Chinese and Shinhan Youth Party people became the main actors in the "kimshinburo(Route Pere Robert)" a French tribe in Shanghai. On 11 April 1919, the National Assembly was established as the Republic of Korea, and the Republic of Korea adopted the Provisional Charter of the Republic of Korea as a democratic republic. After appointing Syngman Rhee as the prime minister in charge of the administration, he appointed six ministers, including Ahn Chang-ho to the ministry of internal affairs, Kim Kyu-sik to the ministry of foreign affairs, Yi Donghwi to the ministry of defense, Yi Si-yeong to the ministry of the law, Moon Chang-bum to the ministry of the traffic and Choi Jae-hyung to the ministry of finance. On 11 November, the government announced its establishment. On 22 April 1957, the second Uijeongwon was held, with representatives of the eight Korean provinces and other representatives from Russia, China, and USA present. There, they elected Yi Dong-nyeong as chairman and Sohn Jung-do as vice-chairman. The Uijeongwon had the same function as the National Assembly, such as the resolution of bills and the election of a temporary president.

Prior to this, on 17 March 1919, the Provisional Government of the Korean People's Congress was established in the Russian Maritime Province, followed by the establishment of the Hanseong Provisional Government in Kyungsung on 23 April. The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai raised the issue of integration. Negotiations proceeded between the Korean National Assembly and the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Won Sehun, who was selected as representative of the National Assembly of Korea, came to Shanghai and negotiated. Both argued that the center of the government should be placed in the area, but that only the departments of the subordinate should be placed on both sides. Despite the two arguments, they were eager to establish a single government as well. Finally, on 11 September 1919, the Korean National Assembly of the Russian Maritime Province and the Hanseong Provisional Government of Gyeongseong were incorporated into the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai, China. As a result, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was able to develop into a single unified government representing various independence movements scattered in Korea, China, and Russia, as well as domestic and foreign Koreans.

Representative contents of the Provisional charter of the Republic of Korea
Article 1, The Republic of Korea shall be a Democratic republic.

Article 2, The Republic of Korea shall be governed by the Provisional Government's resolution of the Provisional Council of the Republic of Korea.

Article 3, The people of the Republic of Korea have no class of men and women, no distinction, and no class of rich and poor, and are all equal.

Article 4, The people of the Republic of Korea enjoy the freedom of religion, press, authorship, publication, association, assembly, communication, address transfer, physical and ownership.

Article 5, Those qualified as citizens of the Republic of Korea shall have the right to vote and the right to the candidacy of eligibility for election.

Article 6, The people of the Republic of Korea have the obligation of education, tax payment, and military service.

Article 7, The Republic of Korea joins the League of Nations to exercise the spirit founded by the will of God to the world and further contribute to human culture and peace.

Article 8, The Republic of Korea gives preferential treatment to the former Korean Imperial Household.

Article 9, The abolition of the death penalty, corporal punishment, and prostitution system shall be made.

Article 10, The Provisional Government shall convene the National Assembly within one year after the restoration of the national territory.

Militant activities
The government resisted the colonial rule of Korea that lasted from 1910 to 1945. The government's Military Affairs Department coordinated armed resistance such as the Northern Military Administration Office, Korean Independence Army, and the Korean Patriotic Organization against the Imperial Japanese Army during the 1920s and 1930s, including at the Battle of Samdunja, Battle of Bongoh Town in June 1920 and the Battle of Chingshanli in October 1920. However, their manpower diminished when they attempted to reorganize their forces into the Korean Independence Corps at Svobodny, Amur Oblast, Russia. The Bolsheviks believed them to be a liability to the Soviet Union during the Russian Civil War when the Japanese joined forces with the White Army and forced them disarm and join the Red Army. But they refused and the Red Army massacred them at Svobodny. Still, despite these losses, they hugely struck a blow to the Japanese military leadership in Shanghai's Hongkew Park, April 1932.

The Japanese invaded Manchuria forced members of these authorities to defect and form the National People's Prefecture under a political party and their army, the Korean Revolutionary Party and the Korean Revolutionary Army. Some however formed political parties in the provisional government such as the Korean Independence Party and the Korean National Revolutionary Party with their own armed wings. They coordinated with the Chinese Nationalist and Communist armies such as the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army against the Japanese armies to continue their fight for independence.

This struggle culminated in the formation of the Korean Volunteer Army, and the Korean Liberation Army in the 1940s, bringing together all Korean resistance groups in exile.

Role during World War II
The government duly declared war against the Axis powers, Japan and Germany, on 9 December 1941, and the Liberation Army took part in Allied action in China and parts of Southeast Asia. These efforts resulted in a guarantee from China, the United States, and the British in the Cairo Conference of a liberated Korea in the future, which was reaffirmed by the Soviets, the United States, and the British in the Potsdam Conference. The Soviets declared war on Japan and invaded northern Korea. The US then struck Hiroshima and Nagasaki which resulted in the surrender of Japan. The Soviets then began to strongly influence the parts of Korean they controlled.

During World War II, the Korean Liberation Army was preparing an assault against Japanese forces in Korea in conjunction with the US Office of Strategic Services. On 15 August 1945, the Japanese empire began to collapse and Korea finally gained independence a few weeks later, ending 35 years of Japanese occupation. This independence was reaffirmed in the Treaty of San Francisco. Thus, the Korean provisional government's goal of ending Japanese rule in Korea was ultimately achieved when the Japanese surrendered on 2 September 1945.

Foreign relations
In 1919, when US President Woodrow Wilson advocated for national self-determination, Rhee promoted the League of Nations mandate in the United States, and Kim Kyu-sik pushed for independence under the approval of a victorious country in Paris. The provisional government gained approval from China and Poland through its diplomatic efforts. Meanwhile, in 1944, the government received approval from the Soviet Union. Jo So-ang, the head of the KPG's diplomatic department, met with the French ambassador in Chongqing and was quoted as saying that the French government would give unofficial approval to the government in April 1945. However, the government did not gain formal recognition from the US, UK, and other world powers. In 2019, the US Congress adopted a specific resolution that stated the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was essential to the success of Korean democracy.

After the Liberation of Korea
After the end of World War II, the US and the Soviets stationed military forces in Korea. The Soviets occupied the northern half of the Korea, declaring war on Japan, and formed the Soviet Civil Administration after the end of World War II. Similarly, the US formed the United States Army Military Government in southern part of Korea.

The leading members of Korean Provisional Government disagreed the system of trusteeship applied to the Korean Peninsula. Primarily, both sides of the political spectrum, with the left led by center-left politician Lyuh Woon-hyung and the right by center-right politician Kim Kyu-sik, disagreed with this system of trusteeship and resolved to cooperate despite having different opinions on governance.

However, the president of the US, Harry S. Truman declared the Truman Doctrine in March 1947. This doctrine accelerated what would be the Cold War and left long-lasting implications on the Korean Peninsula.

Transition of power
The Korean government in exile was established to lead the independence movement on the Korean Peninsula against colonial rule. It was established on 11 April 1919, in Shanghai, China. On 11 September of the same year, it established a single government in Shanghai by integrating temporary governments such as those of Seoul and Russia's Maritime Province.

The Provisional Constitution was enacted to form the Republic of Korea as a democratic republic. It introduced the presidential system and established separate legislative, administrative and judicial branches. It succeeded the territory of the Korean Empire. Interim president Rhee was impeached and succeeded by Kim Ku. Under the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, he actively supported the independence movement, including the organization of the Korean Liberation Army, and received economic and military support from China, the Soviet Union, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, government figures such as Kim Ku and Syngman Rhee returned to Korea. On 15 August 1948, Rhee, who had the first president of the Provisional Government, became the first President of the Republic of Korea. The current South Korean government through the national constitution revised in 1987 states that the South Korean people inherited the rule of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea,    though this has been criticized by some historians as constituting revisionism.

Legacy
On 11 April 2019, the Government of South Korea celebrated the 100th anniversary of the KPG in Yeouido Park. As South Korean President Moon Jae-in was then the United States, the ceremony was attended by Prime Minister of South Korea Lee Nak-yon, Speaker of the National Assembly Moon Hee-sang, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Park Han-ki. Also in attendance were the surviving members of the KPG and/or their family, as part of the Liberation Association. The "Provisional Charter of the Republic of Korea" was read during the ceremony. South Korean actor Kang Ha-neul also read a narrative piece themed around the "Dream of the KPG". Member of the K-pop group Shinee and South Korean actor Onew performed the military musical titled "Shinheung Military Academy".

Prime ministers and presidents

 * Syngman Rhee (11 September 1919 – 21 March 1925) – Impeached by the provisional assembly
 * Yi Dong-nyeong (16 June 1924 – 11 December 1924) – Acting
 * Park Eun-sik (11 December 1924 – 24 March 1925) – Acting
 * Park Eun-sik (24 March 1925 – September 1925)

Presidents of the Governance and State Council Directory

 * Yi Yu-pil (September 1925) – Acting
 * Yi Sang-ryong (September 1925 – January 1926)
 * Yang Gi-tak (January 1926 – 29 April 1926)
 * Yi Dong-nyeong (29 April – 3 May 1926)
 * Ahn Chang Ho (3 – 16 May 1926)
 * Yi Dong-nyeong (16 May – 7 July 1926)
 * Hong Jin (7 July – 14 December 1926)
 * Kim Ku (14 December 1926 – August 1927)

Chairmen of the State Council

 * Yi Dong-nyeong (August 1927 – 24 June 1933)
 * Song Byeong-jo (24 June 1933 – October 1933)
 * Yi Dong-nyeong (October 1933 – 13 March 1940) – Died in office
 * Kim Ku (1940 – August 1945)


text: Category:Formates

title: Category:Formates


text: User talk:69.236.64.40

title: User talk:69.236.64.40


text:
Talk:Dokken

Volcano
anyone else hear about them setting off a volcano once?Д narchistPig 00:24, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have now. Seems to have been entirely Lynch's fault. InedibleHulk (talk) 04:56, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

Dokken-History of the Band
Just wanted to interject that I am a Dokken Fan. Inside one of their Disc's Liner Notes, I believe it included some pictures of Don Dokken and Juan Croucier when they still lived in Austria, I believe it said. They were apparently working as security guards, before deciding to form a band together. Just wanted to let you know. Thanks.2604:6000:1402:8953:85BC:D67E:E911:5835 (talk) 15:20, 5 September 2020 (UTC)Steven Grant 9/5/2020

title: Talk:Dokken


text:
Talk:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

Real name?
Could someone get the real MR for the name. I took a guess because I didn't know how it worked. - 68.255.37.206 00:47, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * What is "MR"?? I looked on http://www.acronymfinder.com/MR.html and there are 129 possible definitions of this term.  Please be more specific. Hmortar (talk) 08:01, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Abbreviation
I am wondering if the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was ever referred to as "Korea Shanghai" ??? Has anyone come across an abbreviated usage of this type?? Hmortar (talk) 08:01, 30 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Shanghai had never been a part or whole of Korea. Korea had never been a part or whole of Shanghai. The fact is merely that some Koreans had resided there. Therefore, the abbreviation of "Korea Shanghai" is not only inappropriate, but also misleading.  A question was raised somewhere below on the difference of flags in the present and the past, implying that they are never been continuous nor successive government. --Wavethesecond (talk) 04:03, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

Source
http://books.google.com/books?id=UpZWfYqiVLMC&pg=PA48&dq=others+attached+themselves+to+chiang+kai-sheks+nationalist+party+and+set+up+a+government+in+exile+that+was+based+in+Shanghai&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5z24UNfsCOiD0QGPpoDQDw&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=others%20attached%20themselves%20to%20chiang%20kai-sheks%20nationalist%20party%20and%20set%20up%20a%20government%20in%20exile%20that%20was%20based%20in%20Shanghai&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 05:03, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Flag issue
I just wondering about the use of recent South Korean flag for this page. If I'm not wrong, the recent design was only regulated following the establishment of the ROK in 1948 and the Taegeukgi had many variant design before.

As showed at this pictures: The flag of the Provisional Government rather had a different yin-yang and trigrams position than the recent Taegeukgi.
 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Taegeukgi_in_Provisional_Government_of_ROK%2C_Shanghai.JPG
 * http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Office_of_Kim_Gu_in_Provisional_Government_of_ROK%2C_Shanghai.JPG

Any idea? --FirstStooge (talk) 13:36, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

Question
Do will someody will remove the infobox? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.253.54.66 (talk) 18:16, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 17 March 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. See some "weak" and "tentative" opposition, so consensus not to move has not been achieved. As is usual with a no-consensus outcome, editors have some time to strengthen their argument and garner consensus for a future requested move in a few months. Have a Great Day and Happy Publishing! (closed by page mover)  Paine Ellsworth   put'r there 01:52, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea → Korean Provisional Government – The name of this article is too long, so it should be shortened to as "Korean Provisional Government". 135.23.145.14 (talk) 20:57, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Tentative oppose, since the People's Republic of Korea was also a "Korean Provisional Government." As was the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea. Dekimasu よ! 02:17, 18 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose: Korea during Japanese colonial period and Allied-administered Korea had many provisional governments domestically and overseas. That includes not only "Republic of Korea Provisional Government", but also "Sanghai Provisional Government" (ko), "Hanseong Provisional Government" (ko), "People's Republic of Korea", "Korea Liberation Army Government" (ko), and "Korea Revolutionary Army Government" (ko) etc. Thanks. --Garam (talk) 13:57, 19 March 2018 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Preliminary Copyedit
I took a shot at a preliminary copyedit of this article, focusing mostly on the "Transition of Power" section. I was fairly limited by the fact that this section appears to be a pretty rough translation from either Korean or Chinese. I tried to correct the grammar and standardize name formatting, as well as rephrasing any poorly-translated sections that I felt confident in knowing the meaning of.

In the process, I removed some plaintext citation notes that were probably carried over from whichever version of Wikipedia the text was translated from. This suggests that there are sources available for some of the article's material that could be added back in by somebody who is able to find the sources on the version the translation is based on and add them back in with proper formatting. Since I don't speak Korean or Chinese, I'm not able to do this, and I thought removing the footnotes from the text would be better than leaving them in with no references section to refer to.

Anyone wishing to put these citations back in could look at the prior revision to my edits, which has the footnotes intact.

Since the article is still in fairly rough shape from its initial translation I think I'll leave the tag up. It could still use some help, particularly from someone who can read the Korean/Chinese articles and use them to clean this version up.

I'm still new to editing so please let me know if I've overstepped in any way. I'll be watching this page. TitanAndromeda (talk) 17:04, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

Armed forces of the provisional government
Who were the guerilla and armed groups that served the provisional government before they reorganized into Korean Liberation Army. Koreanidentity10000 (talk) 22:30, 11 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Off the top of my head, the Korean Patriotic Organization, Kim Won-bong's Heroic Corps and Korean Volunteer Corps, and followers of Ji Cheong-cheon. There were like over 400 soldiers in the army though, so I'm definitely missing some sources of men. toobigtokale (talk) 06:08, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Successor to KPG
Hi, before my recent edit the infobox said that the KPG's successor was the USAMGIK. I disagreed with this characterization and changed its successor to SK. I could be wrong about this though, so open to discussion.

Reasoning: the central US govt never recognized the KPG, so it's not like they received any 'mandate' from it. This is especially true considering the KPG never had any concrete de facto jurisdiction over the peninsula or its people.

On the other hand, South Korea retroactively acknowledged the KPG as its predecessor (which I'd argue is mostly ceremonial; again KPG had no de facto jurisdiction). So if anything, its successor is SK exclusively because SK said so. Perhaps if they too rejected the KPG the KPG would have had no successor, like some of the other Korean provisional governments that fizzled away earlier.

Admittedly I'm still learning about the KPG myself, so could be wrong. toobigtokale (talk) 09:05, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

End date
I'm pretty sure the KPG didn't end in 1945. Afaik they kept operating until the founding of South Korea. I don't have a source for that on hand but will return once I do toobigtokale (talk) 04:37, 11 August 2023 (UTC)
 * According to mainstream "authoritative" sources like Encyclopedia Britannica and the ROK-government National Library of Korea, the KPG ended in 1945 after the Japanese surrender. After it fell apart the individual members traveled (or were transported) to the US occupation zone in the south, where many of them participated in the creation of the ROK under US auspices years later. The idea that the KPG existed after 1945 and was "succeeded" by the later ROK is a retroactive invention given life through the ROK 1987 constitutional amendments. --Havsjö (talk) 15:10, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The ROK article you linked doesn't say that the KPG dissolved in 1945, just that they roamed around in exile until 1945. The KPG maintained a de facto administration that operated out of Gyeonggyojang. When they returned to the peninsula, they had signed on paper that they were returning as civilians, but they ignored this. Rhee had come to hate the rest of the KPG, who he viewed as violent terrorists (because of their past assassinations of Japanese colonial personnel). They had a power struggle with the US and Rhee for several years, which culminated in the North–South Conference of 1948, in which Kim Ku (functionally acting on behalf of the KPG) tried to negotiate with Kim Il Sung for reunification, which infuriated observers ( and ). Rhee came to hate Kim Ku because of this conflict so much that he attempted to block mourners at Kim's funeral in 1949, and later tried to replace his grave with a highway and stadium at Hyochang Park. In 1946, the KPG attempted to assassinate of a number of North Korean leaders, which angered the US, as it risked destabilizing the peninsula. I also have authoritative sources from mainstream Koreanists that support the fact that they continued a de facto administration that still went by the name KPG. For a few, see refs on my wip article User:Toobigtokale/Attempted assassination of Kim Il Sung. If you want I can find some more. toobigtokale (talk) 22:09, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's a US intelligence document from 1946 that mentions the KPG by name. https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kim_Il_Sung,_Kim_Tu-bong_Assasination_Plot_Letter.jpg#mw-jump-to-license toobigtokale (talk) 22:40, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Even on the kowiki version of the article, they say: 1948년 8월 15일 대한민국 정부가 수립됨으로써 대한민국 임시정부는 해산하였다. -> The KPG dissolved when the South Korean government formed on August 15, 1948. It's the English version of this article that is strange. Also, (all I can offer is my word on this) English language literature (especially encyclopedic) about the KPG's history is littered with mistakes. I write a lot about the KPG and often struggle to reconcile these mistakes with each other, so I default to the Korean language consensus. This period of Korean history is so poorly studied in the West that much of what I write about is not covered in academic publications in English. Case in point the Kim Ku article; I wrote >90% of this. I think this is one of the most complete texts on him that exist in English. Not patting myself on the back, more sad and frustrated that nobody's written about this period in depth before. Sorry for the rant, the lack of Western research in this area has been bugging me for months now. toobigtokale (talk) 22:53, 27 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, the National Library says that they "[...] roamed around in exile [in China] until 1945 and the surrender of Japan", at which point they and article ends. Or as Encyclopedia Britannica clarifies "With the liberation of Korea from Japanese occupation at the end of World War II, the Korean Provisional Government came to an end." Indeed the former members of this group were still active and even acted in or used the KPG's name for their political activities, but these were several rival groupings which were unlike the KPG in its unified government-form as it existed before the end of 1945(/beginning of 1946). Certainly the post-1945 epilogue of the KPG should be included in the article body, but its is hardly valid to list the KPG as existing in its pre-1945 "national government" form until 1948 where it is supposed to be succeeded by the ROK. The Korean wikipedia version of this page you refer to indeed goes into quite some detail regarding the situation of post-1945 splits and rivalry, as well as American non-recognition of the KPG in occupied Korea and the involvement in the formation instead of what would become the ROK. Even if one were to argue that the ROK succeed the KPG(/1st March Movement) "spiritually" (as the ex-members in the ROK claimed), there was still a period of several years of US occupation and active suppression of the KPG between the KPG and ROK which prohibits its plain listing as a direct successor, at least in the infobox. --Havsjö (talk) 16:06, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, the National Library says that they "[...] roamed around in exile [in China] until 1945 and the surrender of Japan", at which point they and article ends. If I'm understanding you correctly, you shouldn't read between the lines like this, that's not ok. If something is not explicitly stated, we shouldn't use it as evidence. And all you've provided is a single piece of evidence, the Encyclopedia Britannica (not a scholarly source; an encyclopedia, which has lower weight on Wikipedia), but in my WIP article alone there's like 5–6 that contradict it. Either way, the phrasing in the infobox is not "direct successor", it's "successor". Successors don't need to follow immediately after. There are all kinds of scenarios (bands, monarchies, companies) where there was a gap of several years where the entity was defunct, but started up again later and was happily considered a successor. toobigtokale (talk) 00:54, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, then this seems to be because you just really, really, really want the KPG to have become the ROK (just as certain groups in the ROK want it too). Again, just read the, as you said, detailed chronicling in the Korean version of the fracturing of the pre-1945 government into several rival groups using its name (i.e. no longer a "national government in exile" as before 1945). And considering the US military authorities were actively suppressing the KPG in their occupation zone for years, some pretty explicit sources would have to be presented (such as USAMGIK orders or directives, and not references to Syngman Rhee's 1948 speeches that the ROK "represented to goals of the 1st March Movement" etc) regarding the sudden reversal of American policy to in 1948 instead elevate the hitherto opposed (and apparently still intact) "Provisional Government" (KPG) into the "Republic of Korea" (ROK) --Havsjö (talk) 09:09, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, then this seems to be because you just really, really, really want the KPG to have become the ROK (just as certain groups in the ROK want it too).
 * Hand to heaven, I do not. In fact, read Talk:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea or scroll up. Is that not a skeptical take on this? My writings about the KPG are also often critical; I write a ton of unflattering things about South Korean history and Korean heroes that would definitely anger people. Please don't assume the worst of me and please tone down the condescension.
 * fracturing of the pre-1945 government into several rival groups using its name (i.e. no longer a "national government in exile" as before 1945)
 * I'm not sure what these rival groups that all used the KPG name are, could you clarify? Rhee dropped his association with the KPG as soon as it became clear the U.S. favored him. The only group that claimed to be the KPG was the one led by Kim Ku; people probably wouldn't have accepted any other rival leader of the KPG, he was wildly popular.
 * And considering the US military authorities were actively suppressing the KPG in their occupation zone for years, some pretty explicit sources would have to be presented (such as USAMGIK orders or directives, and not references to Syngman Rhee's 1948 speeches that the ROK "represented to goals of the 1st March Movement" etc) regarding the sudden reversal of American policy to in 1948 instead elevate the hitherto opposed (and apparently still intact) "Provisional Government" (KPG) into the "Republic of Korea" (ROK)
 * The U.S. was not the arbiter of what predecessors would have been at the time. There is no formal definition of what succession must look like. All we can rely on is what scholars say, and you've only provided one source to back your claim up so far.
 * Again, please keep this civil. If you read back what I've written, most people would agree none of it is written rudely. toobigtokale (talk) 09:33, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Addendum, the following is my actual opinion about the KPG. You can check the dates I added the edits in the Kim Ku article if you want proof I'm not changing my opinions on the spot to prove a point.
 * See this. Half of the Kim Ku article just describes petty infighting, interspersed with numerous fluffy announcements that led to nothing (I even ended up excluding most of them), as well as wildly unrealistic predictions and demands of the ROC government. The KPG, while it had noble goals, was fairly incompetent and accomplished little.
 * If I'm incapable of controlling my biases when I write, why would I want South Korea to be associated with this? I genuinely, genuinely don't care what conclusions are reached, my goal is to just parrot whatever the international consensus is. If you ever catch me diverting from the international consensus, I've made a mistake.
 * If you can provide sources to prove me wrong, I swear I'll happily accept them. I don't pretend to be an expert and think the world deserves the best arguments to be the winners. I'm just not convinced so far, namely due to the lack of evidence. toobigtokale (talk) 09:56, 29 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Any response? I may add the claim back with sources if not. toobigtokale (talk) 08:19, 7 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Tagging @Andro611 in this relevant discussion because of an edit made recently on the White Shirts Society article.
 * I haven't forgotten about this btw. In the next several months I'm going to be trying to finish up the Kim Ku article, which will necessarily involve a lot of reading about this time period. However, the period really dense and complicated so it'll take me a while. toobigtokale (talk) 14:23, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

Departments needed
I've read somewhere that the provisional government has several departments that preserves Korean culture and history during the occupation and a Military Affairs department that coordinates guerilla groups. Is that right? Koreanidentity10000 (talk) 13:57, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't know about the former but I know the latter is true. The military affairs department worked to coordinate with the rebels in Manchuria toobigtokale (talk) 22:30, 27 September 2023 (UTC)


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John Selya

John Selya is a professional dancer and choreographer. Selya was born in New York City and trained at the School of American Ballet. He joined the American Ballet Theatre in 1988, where he danced roles such as Birbanto and Lankendem in Le Corsaire, Lead Gypsy in Don Quixote, Head Fakir in La Bayadere, Dr. Coppelius in Coppelia, and an Ugly Stepsister in Ben Stevenson's Cinderella. He choreographed several ballets for the company, including Moondance, Jack and Jill, Don't Panic, Turnstile, and Disposition. In 2000, Selya joined Twyla Tharp Dance.

Selya appeared in the 2010 Broadway musical Come Fly Away in which Twyla Tharp choreographed songs sung by Frank Sinatra. He previously appeared in the Broadway revival of Guys and Dolls (2009) as Scranton Slim, in Damn Yankees as Eddie/Mambo Dancer (2008), and in The Times They Are A-Changin' as Lucibeal (2006). He played the character "Eddie" in the show Movin' Out for which he received the 2003 Tony and Drama Desk nominations for Best Male Dancer and Lead Actor in a musical and won the 2003 TDF/Astaire Award for Best Male Dancer in a Musical and the Theater World Award.

Choreography
In the spring of 2008, Selya premiered two works, "Tweaker" and "La Voix humaine" (after Cocteau's play) at the Joyce SoHo, where he was awarded a choreographic residency.

title: John Selya


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File:Zappa sleep dirt.jpg

Album cover of Frank Zappa's Sleep Dirt, believed to be available under fair use doctrine.

title: File:Zappa sleep dirt.jpg


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User:Aljodasch

Information forthcoming. --Aljodasch 00:48, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Aljodasch


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nutrocity

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy delete (20:10, 13 Jun 2005 Geogre deleted "Nutrocity" (Libel page)). - Mailer Diablo 00:48, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Nutrocity
No google hits; appears to be a made up word Samw 00:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Neologism, blatant POV ("wack job"), seems to basically be spam for its attached link. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 01:18, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this "wack job" of an article. Mr Bound 02:09, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: I don't know if there is a speedy delete for a page that seeks to libel a whole class of people rather than just one, but I guess not. This is just the usual petulance. Geogre 03:08, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, nn neologism POV. Speedy as unencyclopedic insult fine by me. -- Infrogmation 03:53, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: This is a biased article; even if the word exists, the article could be rewritten for a NPOV. --Rschen7754 04:57, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this ridiculous article. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 05:40, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Seems to be more of an attack on Christian apologetics, and this article has no place here, even if I do agree with the author to a degree. Jamyskis 07:19, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non-encyclopedic -CunningLinguist 07:36, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as attack page. the wub (talk) 08:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Yup, it's gone. - Mailer Diablo 00:47, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Talk:Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)

Old talk
We already have an article on the younger Nikolai N., at Grand Duke Nicholas, so that content could be deleted from this article and merged with the other article. Everyking 00:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * If he was a field marshal, I think he's certainly notable enough to warrant his own article. We have single articles on nobles who did nothing other than be the child of someone important and marry someone important.

 * What confuses me is that his name is Romanized differently from that of his son; both were Николай Николаевич Романов ("Nicolai Nicolayevich Romanov" in Russian). --Saforrest 18:51, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Requested move 29 September 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. No consensus found after two relists. (closed by non-admin page mover) — Material  Works  19:59, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

– Dates of birth and death are used to disambiguate them but years of birth are sufficient or alternatively we can disambiguate them with (elder) and (younger) since they were father and son and that's what some sources use to disambiguate them. My personal preference is for the latter option. Killuminator (talk) 01:16, 29 September 2023 (UTC) — Relisting.  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   03:52, 9 October 2023 (UTC)  — Relisting. Zippybonzo |   talk to me   |   what have I done   (he|she|they) 08:24, 17 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891) → ?
 * Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929) → ?
 * Note: WikiProject Biography has been notified of this discussion.  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   03:52, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Military history has been notified of this discussion.  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   03:52, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Russia has been notified of this discussion.  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   03:52, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Support - some use of (the elder)/(the younger). estar8806 (talk) ★ 16:25, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Keep as is. Most sources use years and that is the safest way. 89.14.124.197 (talk) 01:41, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.