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Christian Tanna

Christian Tanna is a Canadian drummer and music event organizer based in Peterborough, Ontario. He is best known for being a co-founding member and drummer for the band I Mother Earth.

Early life
Tanna was born Christian Koshowski in Hamilton, Ontario. His family moved to Peterborough when he was in elementary school. Tanna began playing drums in high school.

Career
Tanna, along with his brother, Jagori Tanna, and vocalist Edwin, formed I Mother Earth in 1990. Tanna played on 1993's Dig; in 1994 the band won a Juno Award for Best Rock Album.

Tanna also drummed on the band's 1996's double platinum album Scenery and Fish, 1999's Blue Green Orange, and 2003's The Quicksilver Meat Dream. He wrote all of I Mother Earth's lyrics.

After I Mother Earth broke up in 2004, Tanna created and organized Blue Sky Revival, an event to support Earth Day, in Toronto on 22 April 2005. He took over management duties for the band dodger, and also worked as a manager at the record label UpperLeftSide Music. Tanna also drummed in ex-I Mother Earth bandmate Brian Byrne's band in 2008.

Tanna worked as the event planner for the Park Playhouse in Cobourg, Ontario. He also drummed for the indie band the Flaming Hoops, and in 2010 became the general manager of The Venue, a concert and events venue in Peterborough, Ontario.

Tanna and the rest of the final I Mother Earth lineup reunited in 2012 to play several live performances at venues across Canada and release a new song. They continued to perform together from time to time, and in 2016 came together with their former lead singer, Edwin, to tour with Our Lady Peace and Finger Eleven. Also that year, Tanna became the event manager for the Oshawa Music Hall.

Tanna continued to tour with I Mother Earth, including a performance in St. John's, Newfoundland in 2018.

In October 2022, Tanna joined Oshawa radio station CKGE-FM as host of Generation Next Radio, its program devoted to new and emerging rock musicians.

From April–May 2023, Tanna did a drum clinic tour across multiple "Long and Mcquade" music stores in British Columbia and Ontario, where he performed songs, shared stories from his career and being on tour, and answered fan questions.

Tanna has been an endorser of Mapex Drums since 2012, and for Scenery and Fish and onwards, primarily used and continues to use (as of 2023), a famous Ludwig Drums "Black Beauty" snare drum for most of I Mother Earth’s material and tours.

title: Christian Tanna


text: Template:House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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User talk:Dustball

Who's B Klug and why should users at large care about what he thinks about coffee? ✈ James C. 21:29, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * If I were reading the article, I would find it helpful to learn that someone (doesn't matter who) thinks that coffee from a French Press, specifically, has a it has a particular (smooth) taste. How else should this be phrased?

B: regarding the AllOfMP3.com page, why are you correcting spelling mistakes on discussion pages? Entries on discussion pages represent users' own thoughts; they shouldn't be edited for any reason, surely, even if they're blatantly grammatically screwed up. (And in any case, "homogenous" is a common usage variant of "homogeneous" - it's not a mistake.) -- Hux 17:48, 13 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It did not occur to me that this would be looked down upon. In hindsight, it makes sense.  Thanks for the heads up.

Verizon FIOS
I just left a response to your query; see Talk:Verizon FiOS. I hope this helps. --A. B. 16:12, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I just left a response to your latest question on my talk page. --A. B. 04:14, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Calvert Hall
I've replied to your comment there. This probably won't be easy. Please don't take it personally. We can get others involved if need be, but I'm hoping we can work it out between us. Told you there I'd drop an instruction sheet here. It will follow this. Thanks. John from Idegon (talk) 20:59, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

Adding references can be easy
Hello! Here's how to add references from reliable sources for the content you add to Wikipedia. This helps maintain the Wikipedia policy of verifiability.

Adding well formatted references is actually quite easy:
 * 1) While editing any article or a wikipage, on the top of the edit window you will see a toolbar which says "Cite". Click on it.
 * 2) Then click on "Templates".
 * 3) Choose the most appropriate template and fill in as many details as you can. This will add a well formatted reference that is helpful in case the web URL (or "website link") becomes inactive in the future.
 * 4) Click on Preview when you're done filling out the 'Cite (web/news/book/journal)' to make sure that the reference is correct.
 * 5) Click on Insert to insert the reference into your editing window content.
 * 6) Click on Show preview to Preview all your editing changes.
 * Before clicking on Save page, check that a References header  ==References==  is near the end of the article.
 * And check that    is directly underneath that header.
 * 7.Click on Save page. ...and you've just added a complete reference to a Wikipedia article.

You can read more about this on Help:Edit toolbar or see this video File:RefTools.ogv.

Hope this helps, --John from Idegon (talk) 20:59, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

 * To use this message, place  on User:talk pages when needed.

title: User talk:Dustball


text:
Arath de la Torre

Arath De La Torre Balmaceda (born 20 March, 1975) is a Mexican actor and comedian, best known for his roles in the telenovelas Soñadoras, Amigas y rivales, and Una familia con suerte.

Career
At the age of 17 he moved from Cancún to Mexico City in order to study at the Centro de Educación Artística (CEA). In 1996 he made his debut in the telenovela Tú y yo for Televisa, one of the main broadcasters in Mexico. In 2003 he began to act in the sketch comedy show La parodia, and El Privilegio de Mandar in 2004. In 2007, he hosted La Hora de la Papa alongside Galilea Montijo.

In October 2020, de la Torre participated in the Mexican version of The Masked Singer, ¿Quién es la máscara? on the second season as "Xolo", and was eliminated on the fifth episode.

title: Arath de la Torre


text: User talk:70.48.30.205

title: User talk:70.48.30.205


text:
Talk:The Crimson Idol

Bowed to record company pressure?
I do believe I have read somewhere that Blackie willingly named it a WASP album after he realized how much the album sounded like WASP.

Also, is it entirely necessary to have the complete lyrics of the song "The Story of Jonathon" in the article?--70.29.71.46 22:21, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

I cut the article down, removed the lyrics of "The Story of Jonathon", made the article far more accessible, and created a more straight-forward summary of The Crimson Idol.--70.29.71.46 17:18, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Is it Johnathan or Johnathon?
A recent edit changed some of the instances of the name. Xiner (talk, email) 12:52, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Adding the genre "glam metal" to this album
Hey!

Just wanting to know if I can add the genre "glam metal" to this album. Stated as such in this reference: https://www.guitarworld.com/features/10-last-gasp-hair-metal-guitar-albums

Thanks! AgentKozak (talk) 15:41, 15 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't think it is a glam metal album—at all—but the source looks OK. Bearing mind WP:UNDUE, are there any other sources saying it's glam metal? Mac Dreamstate (talk) 19:07, 15 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey! Thanks for the response. Absolutely! There are a few. Here's another one I found https://www.ultimate-guitar.com/articles/features/top_6_underrated_90s_glam_metal_albums-117944
 * Thanks! AgentKozak (talk) 11:34, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Crimson Idol


text:
Johann Liss

Johann Liss or Jan Lys (c. 1590 or 1597 – 1629 or 1630) was a leading German Baroque painter of the 17th century, active mainly in Venice.

Biography
Liss was born in Oldenburg (Holstein) in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. After an initial education in his home state, he continued his studies, according to Houbraken, with Hendrick Goltzius in Haarlem and Amsterdam. Around 1620 he travelled through Paris to Venice. He moved to Rome around 1620–1622, and his first works there were influenced by the style of Caravaggio.

Although his earlier work was concerned with the contrasts of light and shadow, his final move to Venice in the early 1620s modified his style and gave impetus to brilliant color and a spirited treatment of the painted surface. In 1627, he painted an admired large altarpiece, the Inspiration of Saint Jerome in San Nicolò da Tolentino. His loose brushstrokes seem precursor to rococo styles of the Guardi brothers. This final style, along with that of other "foreign" painters residing in Venice, Domenico Fetti and Bernardo Strozzi, represent the first inroads of Baroque style into the republic.

Liss fled to Verona to escape the plague spreading in Venice, but succumbed there prematurely in 1629. According to Houbraken, he worked day and night on his paintings, so that Joachim von Sandrart felt that his health was at risk and urged him to join him in Rome.

His legacy is as a painter of both sensuous mythological and pious biblical subjects, a master of colors and Baroque painting. He was most influential to Venetian 18th-century painters like Sebastiano Ricci, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo and Giovanni Piazzetta.

Joachim von Sandrart wrote in 1675 that "because he fared well in Venice, he soon returned there ... he died along with many others during the plague that began in 1629."

Nazi looting and restitution
In 1939, the Liss drawing entitled "Allegory of Christian Faith" was one of 750 Old Master drawings seized from the home of Arthur Feldmann and his wife by the Nazis. The Cleveland Museum of Art, which acquired the drawing from the art dealer Herbert Bier in 1953, reached a settlement with the Feldmann heirs in 2013. The Feldmanns, a Jewish couple, were murdered in the Holocaust.

Examples of work

 * Lute Player
 * Visitation of St Jerome
 * Vision of Saint Jerome
 * Peasants playing mora
 * Judith in the Tent of Holofernes (c.1622, National Gallery, London)
 * Death of Cleopatra
 * Abel mourned by his parents
 * Venus in front of mirror (1625–26, Uffizi)
 * Death of Phaeton
 * Cupid (Cleveland Art Museum, Cleveland, Ohio)

title: Johann Liss


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10th Avenue Bridge

The 10th Avenue Bridge crosses the Mississippi River near downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota and also in proximity to the University of Minnesota. The bridge historically was called the Cedar Avenue Bridge from days prior to the construction of the I-35W bridge when it connected to Cedar Ave. The bridge connects 10th Avenue Southeast, on the east side of the Mississippi River to 19th Avenue South, on the west side. The Seven Corners area of the Cedar-Riverside, Minneapolis neighborhood is at the south end of the bridge. The downstream end of the lower Saint Anthony Falls lock and dam extends under the bridge. The historic Southeast Steam Plant is also nearby.

The bridge is considered the crowning achievement of Minneapolis city engineer Kristoffer Olsen Oustad, who was one of four prominent Norwegian-American men who designed major structures in the region.

History
A bridge known as the "10th Avenue Bridge" was built upstream from the current bridge in 1874. That bridge extended from 10th Avenue South in downtown Minneapolis to 6th Avenue Southeast. It also was known as the "Tenth Avenue wagon bridge". The piers still are visible upstream from the current I-35W Mississippi River bridge. That bridge was demolished in 1943 to provide scrap for the World War II war effort.

Construction on the current bridge began in 1926, and it was completed in 1929. It was built to alleviate the traffic flows on the bridges serving downtown. The total length is 2,174.9 ft, with two central spans each 265.5 ft across. It has an open spandrel arch design, and it is constructed of reinforced concrete. Higher and longer than any preceding bridge in the region, it was originally 2,921 ft in overall length, 698 ft longer than the nearby Third Avenue Bridge. It stands 110 ft above the water's surface. The budgeted cost of the bridge in 1922 was US$943,209.71. For many years it was the river crossing for Minnesota State Highway 36.

A major restoration was undertaken in 1972–1976, and the approach spans were altered (they were not considered architecturally significant, even when the bridge was new). The south approach span was relocated to go straight to Washington Avenue.

The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.

Roads in the vicinity were disrupted by the construction of Interstate 35W and a corresponding bridge (completed 1967; collapsed in 2007) one to two blocks upstream. During the days immediately following the I-35W bridge collapse, the 10th Avenue Bridge was closed to traffic, then later reopened; it was one of the most used locations from which to view the wreckage and the recovery efforts.

The bridge was reported to be deteriorating in 2015. It was closed in 2020 to replace the bridge deck and other deteriorating concrete components. It re-opened to traffic and pedestrians in November 2021.

title: 10th Avenue Bridge


text:
Outline of environmental studies

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to environmental studies:

Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment. Environmental studies connects principles from the physical sciences, commerce/economics, the humanities, and social sciences to address complex contemporary environmental issues. It is a broad field of study that includes the natural environment, the built environment, and the relationship between them.

Fields of study

 * Aquatic and environmental engineering
 * Biomimetics (Biomimicry)
 * Climatology
 * Conservation biology
 * Conservation movement
 * Ecocriticism
 * Ecological economics
 * Ecological engineering
 * Ecological genetics
 * Ecological humanities
 * Ecological literacy
 * Ecological psychology
 * Energy and environment
 * Energy conservation
 * Environmental archaeology
 * Environmental chemistry
 * Environmental degradation
 * Environmental design
 * Environmental economics
 * Environmental effects on physiology
 * Environmental engineering
 * Environmental ethics
 * Environmental finance
 * Environmental geography
 * Environmental geology
 * Environmental history
 * Environmental impact assessment
 * Environmentalism
 * Environmental issues
 * Environmental justice
 * Environmental law
 * Environmental management
 * Environmental monitoring
 * Environmental movement
 * Environmental organization
 * Environmental philosophy
 * Environmental psychology
 * Environmental policy
 * Environmental protection
 * Environmental racism
 * Environmental remediation
 * Environmental restoration
 * Environmental science
 * Environmental sociology
 * Environmental soil science
 * Environmental studies
 * Environmental technology
 * Environmental toxicology
 * Geomatics
 * Green chemistry
 * Green computing
 * Green economy
 * Green engineering
 * Landscape architecture
 * Natural resource management
 * Fishing
 * Hunting
 * Hydrology
 * Oceanography
 * Pollutant
 * Pollution
 * Renewable energy
 * Renewable resource
 * Restoration ecology
 * Sustainability science
 * Sustainability studies
 * Toxicology
 * Traditional environmental knowledge
 * Waste management
 * Waste minimisation
 * Whaling
 * Wildlife conservation
 * Wildlife management
 * Wildlife observation

Degrees
Primary undergraduate and graduate degrees in Environmental studies include the following.

 * Bachelors
 * Bachelor of Arts in Environmental Studies BA 4sem
 * Bachelor of Environmental Studies (BES)
 * Bachelor of Science in Environmental Studies (BS)

 * Masters
 * Master of Arts in Environmental Studies (MA)
 * Master of Professional Studies in Environmental Studies (MPS)
 * Master of Science in Environmental Studies (MS)

 * Doctoral
 * Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Studies (PhD)

Environmental education institutions and organizations
Listed here are primary, secondary, and non-degree granting environmental education institutions and organizations.

 * Arkansas Environmental Academy
 * Canadian Centre for Environmental Education (CCEE)
 * Dekalb Academy of Technology and Environment
 * Earhart Environmental Magnet Elementary School
 * Ecovillage Training Center (in Tennessee in the US)
 * Environmental Campus Birkenfeld, Germany
 * Environmental Charter High School
 * Environmental Law Institute (ELI)
 * European Academy of Environmental Affairs
 * Fanling Environmental Resource Centre
 * Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center
 * Jane Goodall Center for Excellence in Environmental Studies
 * Jane Goodall Environmental Middle School
 * Jennings Environmental Education Center
 * Jupiter Environmental Research and Field Studies Academy
 * Kings Gap Environmental Education and Training Center
 * Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC)
 * London Environmental Education Forum (LEEF)
 * Merry Lea Environmental Center
 * NatureBridge (in California in the US)
 * Nolde Forest Environmental Education Center
 * Pine Jog Environmental Education Center
 * Rachel Carson Center, Environmental Studies Certificate Programme, Munich Germany
 * School of Environmental Studies, Minnesota
 * School of Social Ecology
 * Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute
 * Southern Environmental Center
 * Subject Centre for Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UK
 * Sunnyside Environmental School
 * Sustainability Management School (SUMAS) (Switzerland)
 * School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
 * The School for Field Studies (SFS)
 * Tokyo Global Engineering Corporation, Japan (global)

title: Outline of environmental studies


text: User talk:68.78.220.187

title: User talk:68.78.220.187


text:
Talk:4-hydroxynonenal

Would anyone mind if I rename this as 4-Hydroxynonenal (with a capital H)? This would then be in accordance with the "rough style guide" that we use at WikiProject_Chemicals. It is done this way to emphasise that the 4 is a prefix, and the H is the first letter used when alphabetising, etc. Walkerma 21:31, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please go ahead, I should've done that to begin with! FMephit 6 July 2005 19:23 (UTC)

title: Talk:4-hydroxynonenal


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Talk:Date Varieties in Dar al-Manasir

This article has been initiated by [mailto:david@haberlah David Haberlah] 06/2005.

All information on the Manasir supplied by the User David Haberlah are resulting from his field research in Dar al-Manasir in February and March 2005 joining the team of Humboldt University Nubian Expedition (H.U.N.E.). H.U.N.E. is headed by Prof. Claudia Näser and conducting salvage archaeology on the islands of Shiri, Sherari, Sur, Us, Atram, Kidir and the left bank of the Nile between Salamat and Gebel Musa.

The ethnographical research had been financed by the "Programm Kulturerhalt" of the German Department of Foreign Affairs as a contribution to the preservation of the culture of the Manasir. All Manasir living in their homeland Dar al-Manasir are going to be relocated as a result of the flooding of the Hamdab High Dam in the coming years. There is an urgent need of further anthropological research and programs of cultural preservation. The initial author David Haberlah hopes that the nature of Wikipedia will attract both researchers and Manasir to expand the freely available information and knowledge about the Manasir tribe.

I would like to encourage everybody to list academic articles concerning Dar al-Manasir that cannot be published on the Internet here. A copy of new articles should be submitted to the Sudanese National Library to be available to the Sudanese public. In case that you can provide material about the Manasir that does not suit the requirements of Wikipedia, Wikisource or Wikimedia please contact [mailto:david@haberlah H.U.N.E.], who is running the Hompage of the Manasir.

David Haberlah 10:40, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Date Varieties in Dar al-Manasir


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Elena Baltacha

Elena Sergeevna Baltacha (Олена Сергіївна Балтача; 14 August 1983 – 4 May 2014) was a Ukrainian-born British professional tennis player. Being a four-time winner of the AEGON Awards, she was also a long-term British No. 1, a position she held intermittently from 2002 to 2012. However, as a result of her absence from competition due to knee surgery, she dropped down the world rankings and at the time of her retirement on 18 November 2013, she was ranked as the world No. 221 and British No. 6. Her career-high ranking of world No. 49 was achieved in September 2010.

Over the course of her career, she won 11 ITF singles titles (five $25k, two $50k, two $75k, and two $100k) and four ITF doubles titles (all $25k). She was also a runner-up in three ITF events in singles and four in doubles. In 2010, Baltacha had victories over top 10-players, including two victories over Li Na (the second of which came via retirement) and one against Francesca Schiavone, who at the time was the reigning French Open champion. In 2011, Baltacha won her highest ranked tournament on the ITF Circuit, the Nottingham Challenge.

Baltacha was diagnosed with liver cancer in January 2014, just a few weeks after her marriage to tennis coach Nino Severino. She died on 4 May 2014, aged 30.

Biography
Born in Kyiv, Ukraine, Baltacha moved with her family following a transfer of football clubs by her professional footballer father, Sergei. He represented the Soviet Union and from 1988 to 1995 played in the United Kingdom for Ipswich Town, St Johnstone and Inverness Caledonian Thistle. Her mother Olga was a sportswoman. Her brother Sergei played football for St Mirren and Millwall.

After arriving at Heathrow Airport on 13 January 1989, Baltacha moved to Ipswich where her father was to play football for the next year before moving to Perth, Scotland, where she grew up and spent some of her teenage years, before moving to Paisley, Scotland, and attending Castlehead High School.

Living in Ipswich, on 8 December 2013, a month after her retirement from tennis, she married her coach Niño Severino, a retired professional tennis coach turned multi-sports specialist in mental and movement training coach, who also works with Ipswich Town F.C. and in coaching martial arts athletes. In 2010, the couple formed the Elena Baltacha Academy of Tennis, which is still run by Niño and based around the facilities at Ipswich Sports Club, where she trained during her career.

At the age of 19, she was diagnosed with the liver condition primary sclerosing cholangitis and in June 2010, she became patron of the Children's Liver Disease Foundation. Baltacha was diagnosed with liver cancer in January 2014. She died from the disease on 4 May 2014 at the age of 30. Several players paid tribute to Baltacha on Twitter including Grand Slam champions Martina Navratilova, Serena Williams, Billie Jean King, Maria Sharapova, Victoria Azarenka, Kim Clijsters, Petra Kvitová, Marion Bartoli, Chris Evert, Sam Stosur and Svetlana Kuznetsova. A host of ATP and WTA tennis players past and present came together on the centre court at the Madrid Open as a mark of respect for Baltacha. Baltacha's funeral took place on 19 May and was attended by Tim Henman, Annabel Croft, Laura Robson, Jo Durie and Judy Murray among others. Mourners were asked to wear bright colours instead of black and to donate to Rally for Bally rather than buying flowers. The money was to be split equally between the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity and the Elena Baltacha Academy of Tennis, which she set up to help disadvantaged children take up the sport. Baltacha is interred in the Ipswich Millennium Cemetery.

In May 2015, it was announced that the trophy at the Nottingham Open was to be named the "Elena Baltacha trophy" in her honour.

Junior years (1997–2001)
Baltacha played her first match on the ITF Junior Circuit in February 1997 and her last at the 2001 US Open junior tournament. She never won a title but reached the final of two junior tournaments, at the 14th Bahia Junior Cup and at the LTA International Junior Tournament, Bisham Abbey. Baltacha also reached the semifinals of three tournaments and the quarterfinals of six others. In 2001, she reached the semifinals of the Wimbledon juniors championships where she was beaten by eventual champion, Angelique Widjaja. Over the course of her career as a junior, she gained wins over players such as Svetlana Kuznetsova, Gisela Dulko (twice) and Anne Keothavong. Her career-high singles ranking was world No. 77 and her final singles win–loss record was 40–40. Aside from junior ITF events, Baltacha also competed in the Commonwealth Youth Games in 2000, representing Scotland, and won a silver medal alongside Karen Paterson and Mhairi Brown in the women's team event.

As a doubles competitor, Baltacha won four tournaments and lost in the final of four more. She also lost in the semifinal stages of tournaments four times and the quarterfinals eight times. Her final doubles win–loss record was 37–30 and her career-high doubles ranking was world No. 60.

1997–2000
In November 1997, Baltacha made her debut on the ITF Circuit in Edinburgh where she was beaten in the first round of the qualifying stages in three sets by Danica Kovakova. She did however reach the quarterfinals of the doubles tournament. She played only three adult ITF tournaments in 1998 (Birmingham, Southsea and Glasgow, all $10k events) and lost in the qualifying stages for each of them. 1999 saw her first ITF main draw appearances. She competed in four tournaments in total and reached the quarterfinals of the $10k tournament in Glasgow.

In April 2000, she reached the quarterfinals of the $10k tournament in Bournemouth as a qualifier. Baltacha was given a wildcard into the qualifying draw of her home Grand Slam, Wimbledon, where Flavia Pennetta beat her in three sets. In October, she received another wildcard, this one into the Swisscom Challenge, a Tier-I event held in Zürich. The very next week, she was a quarterfinalist at the $50k tournament in Cardiff. Her season ending singles ranking was 397.

2001–02
Baltacha reached the quarterfinals of her first tournament of the year in January, a $10k tournament in Jersey, when she was forced to retire early in the second set. She was out of action until late April when she reached the quarterfinals of the $10k tournament in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. Two weeks later she reached the quarterfinals of the $25k tournament in Edinburgh as a qualifier. She followed this up with a run to the semifinals of the $25k event in Surbiton. She was then given a wildcard into the qualifying draw for the Tier-II Eastbourne International where she beat Virginie Razzano, in the final round of qualifying to reach the main draw. Conchita Martínez beat her in the first round. Just a week later she was given a wildcard into the main draw of Wimbledon to give her the first appearance in the main draw of a Grand Slam championship. She was beaten by Nathalie Dechy in round one. Following Wimbledon she reached yet another ITF quarterfinal; this one in a $25k tournament in Felixstowe. She lost in round one of the qualifying tournament for the US Open in August and competed in four more ITF tournaments, reaching the quarterfinals of two of them (both $25k). She ended the year with a singles ranking of world No. 248.

In February 2002, Baltacha reached the quarterfinals of the $25k tournament in Sutton, London. She played for Great Britain in the Fed Cup in April and won her singles rubber against Norway's Annette Aksdal. She then beat Lina Stančiūtė from Lithuania in the relegation play-offs in three sets. Following this she attempted to qualify for the Tier III Croatian Bol Ladies Open where she was beaten in round one of the qualifying draw. This was the first of a string of five consecutive losses, the last of which was in the first round of the qualifying draw for the Birmingham Classic, a Tier III event. She broke this string of losses with a win over Alina Jidkova in round one of the qualifying draw for the Tier-II Eastbourne International. She was beaten by Elena Likhovtseva in the second round of qualifying. She was then given a wildcard into the main draw of Wimbledon where she beat María Vento-Kabchi in the first round and Amanda Coetzer in the second before losing to Likhovtseva (for the second time in two consecutive tournaments) in the third round.

Her next tournament was the $25k event in Felixstowe which she won by beating Irishwoman Kelly Liggan in the final to give her the first ITF Circuit singles title of her career. Two weeks later, she won her second title in Pamplona, again $25k, when she defeated Virginie Pichet in the final. After this, she attempted to qualify for the US Open but lost in the first round of the qualifying for the second consecutive year. She played two more $25k tournaments after the US Open, Glasgow and Southampton, where she reached the semifinals and quarterfinals, respectively. Her season ending ranking for 2002 was world No. 157.

2003–04
Baltacha's 2003 season started slowly; she lost in round one of the qualifying tournament for the first Grand Slam of the year, the Australian Open. In April she was again part of the Great Britain Fed Cup team but lost her only match against Hungary's Petra Mandula. She spent May failing to qualify for the Tier-III tournament, the Internationaux de Strasbourg and French Open. In June she was given a wildcard into the main draw of the Birmingham Classic but was forced to retire during her first round match against fellow Brit Jane O'Donoghue after the first game of the final set. She was then awarded another wild card; this one into the qualifying draw of the Tier II Eastbourne International where she was beaten by Virginie Razzano. For the third year running, she received a wildcard into the main draw of Wimbledon where she forced the former world No. 5, Jelena Dokić, to fight for her eventual three-set victory. This was Baltacha's final match of the year as she underwent invasive surgery after Wimbledon (to determine the cause of her persistent liver troubles) which put her out of action until 2004. As a result, her year-end singles ranking fell to world number 373.

Baltacha returned to action in January 2004, reaching the semifinals of her first two ITF tournaments of the year. These were the $10k event in Kingston upon Hull and the $25k event in Sunderland. She played in the Fed Cup for the Great Britain Fed Cup team where she won her two singles rubbers against Turkey and Romania by beating Cigdem Duru and Monica Niculescu, respectively. She also beat Irishwoman Yvonne Doyle in the Europe/Africa Group II Play-offs. In June, Samantha Stosur beat her in the first round of the Birmingham and Cara Black beat her in the final round of the qualifying tournament for the Eastbourne International one week later. Baltacha then headed to Wimbledon main draw courtesy of another wildcard. She demolished world No. 61, Marta Marrero, in round one before falling to three-time Grand Slam champion, Jennifer Capriati, in the second round.

Between Wimbledon and the US Open qualifying tournament (where she reached the second round before being beaten by Angelique Widjaja), she suffered three consecutive first-round losses in $50k tournaments in the United States. After the US Open, she reached the final of a $25k event in Jersey where she was beaten by Emma Laine. She spent the remainder of her year competing on the ITF Circuit and her year-end singles ranking rose to world No. 202.

2005–06
In the 2005 Australian Open qualifying tournament, she won three matches in straight sets to qualify; she beat Els Callens, Jaslyn Hewitt and Teryn Ashley in rounds one, two and three, respectively. In the first round of the main draw, she beat Katarina Srebotnik who later remarked that the Brit was "on fire" and that "if [Elena] plays like today, she can beat anyone. Some of the shots she was hitting were unbelievable." She continued her winning streak with another three-set victory in round two, this one over Frenchwoman Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro. Unfortunately for Baltacha, she ran out of steam in the third round, losing to No. 15 seed, Silvia Farina Elia. She used her momentum from her good performance in the first Grand Slam event of the year to carry her to the semifinals of her next tournament, a $25k event in Sunderland where she lost to Sofia Arvidsson. She then immediately reached the final of another $25k event (this one in Redbridge, London) before being beaten by Nika Ožegović. She again played for Great Britain in the Fed Cup. She lost her singles rubber against Ana Timotić from Serbia, won her singles rubber against Karina-Ildor Jacobsgaard and was demolished in her third singles rubber against Katarina Srebotnik in retribution for her first round Australian Open exit. In the Europe/Africa Group I Play-off, Baltacha was defeated by Ukrainian Alona Bondarenko.

Baltacha then failed to qualify for two consecutive Tier-I events before losing in the first round of qualifying for the French Open when she lost to Elise Tamaëla. In June, three consecutive wildcards granted her entry into the main draws of the DFS Classic, the Aegon International and Wimbledon where she was beaten by Milagros Sequera in the second round (having beaten Alona Bondarenko in the first), Conchita Martínez in round one and Sabine Klaschka in the first round, respectively. Following Wimbledon, Baltacha travelled to the ITF Circuit in the United States without much success; she won only one of five matches she played in the run-up to the US Open qualifying draw where she also lost in the first round of qualifying. She then returned to the ITF Circuit and reached the quarterfinals of the $25k event in Glasgow, the semifinals of the $25k event in Bolton and won the $25k tournament in Jersey. Her year-end singles ranking for the 2005 season was world No. 122.

For Baltacha, 2006 was a year much shortened by injury. Her first tournament of the year was the qualifying event for the Australian Open where she lost to Yuan Meng at the second stage of qualifying. In February she played one $25k ITF event (where she lost to Melanie South in the first round) and attempted to qualify for three consecutive Tier-II tournaments: Antwerp, Dubai (beaten in final round by Kateryna Bondarenko) and Qatar. This was then followed by two first round losses in $25k tournaments and a run to the semifinals of another. In May, she again represented Great Britain in the Fed Cup and again won all three of her singles matches. She beat: Hungarian Kyra Nagy, Bulgaria's Dimana Krastevitch, and Valeria Bondarenko from Ukraine. In the Europe/Africa Play-off however, she lost to Slovakia's Magdaléna Rybáriková. After the Fed Cup, Elena played only one more tournament in 2006. This tournament was the French Open where she lost in round one of qualifying to Yevgenia Savransky. She underwent keyhole surgery on a prolapsed disc on 7 June and spent the rest of the season out-of-action recovering and as a result, her season-ending ranking was world No. 347.

2007–08
By the time Baltacha returned to action in March 2007 after surgery, her singles ranking had fallen to 660 in the world and as such, she had to qualify for her first $25k ITF tournament of the year in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. She qualified before losing to Sorana Cîrstea in the first round. She then competed in two more $25k events in March (reaching the quarterfinals of one) before heading to Bulgaria to compete in the Fed Cup for Britain. She played two singles matches (winning one) and four doubles matches (winning two). Following this, she reached two consecutive $25k semifinals in Incheon and Gimcheon, one as a qualifier and the other as a lucky loser. She consolidated these results with a run to the quarterfinals of another $25k in Changwon. In June, she received a wildcard into the main draw of the Birmingham Classic where she showed "fighting spirit" in her first round loss to Milagros Sequera. She then received a wildcard into the qualifying draw for the Hastings Direct International and proved she deserved it by dropping only nine games in the three matches she won to qualify. She then went on to beat the British number one, Anne Keothavong, in round one of the main draw in a tense three set match and join fellow Britons, Melanie South and Katie O'Brien in the second round, making this the first year since 1991 that three British women reached the second round. She could not quite match up to world No. 14, Nicole Vaidišová, in the second round though and was beaten in straight sets. She then received another wildcard into the main draw of Wimbledon but wasn't able to overcome the 19th seed, Katarina Srebotnik.

After Wimbledon, Baltacha headed to the United States to compete again on the ITF Circuit where she reached the quarterfinals of the $50k event in Lexington, Kentucky. After being beaten in the first round of qualifying for the US Open by Evgeniya Rodina, Baltacha headed to Japan to attempt to qualify for the Japan Open. She beat María Emilia Salerni, Ágnes Szatmári and Natalie Grandin to qualify and then continued winning by defeating Yan Zi in the first round. She was defeated by No. 5 seed and eventual champion, Virginie Razzano, in round two. This was followed by an unsuccessful attempt to qualify for a Tier-III event in Bangkok and then a return to the ITF Circuit where she reached the semifinals in Makinohara and the quarterfinals in Hamanako (both $25k), losing both times to Seiko Okamoto. Her final singles ranking of 2007 was world No. 187.

Baltacha began her 2008 season by qualifying for the Auckland Open, beating compatriot, Melanie South, along the way. She faced two-time Auckland champion and No. 7 seed, Eleni Daniilidou, in the opening round and was beaten. She then progressed to round two of the qualifying tournament for the Australian Open when her first round opponent, Virginie Pichet, retired when down one set. She was beaten in the second round of qualifying by Zhang Shuai. In February, she tried to qualify for Doha (Tier I) and Dubai (Tier II) but was unsuccessful in both. She then returned to action on the ITF Circuit and won her next two consecutive tournaments: Jersey ($25k) and Torhout ($75k). In May, she again lost in the first round of the qualifying tournament for the French Open and in June she again received a wildcard into the main draw of the Birmingham Classic where she was beaten in round one by Ekaterina Makarova. Another wildcard granted her entry into the qualifying rounds of the International Women's Open where she won her first match against Naomi Cavaday before retiring at one set down in her second match against Tsvetana Pironkova. She then played in the main draw of Wimbledon (again courtesy of a wildcard) where she beat Angelique Kerber in the first round. She was defeated in the second round by eventual semifinalist Zheng Jie, in straight sets.

Baltacha then lost three consecutive matches before defeating Anna Korzeniak and Carly Gullickson in the first two rounds of qualifying for the US Open. She fell just short of reaching the main draw when she lost to Julie Coin in the final round of qualifying. She played seven more higher-level ITF tournaments over the rest of the year and reached the quarterfinals in one of them: the $50k event in Ismaning where she lost to Julia Görges. Her year-end ranking was world No. 136.

2009
Baltacha began 2009 by falling in the first round of qualifying for the Auckland Open before winning three matches to qualify for the Australian Open. She joined compatriots Katie O'Brien (also a qualifier), Anne Keothavong and Melanie South in the main draw; the first time that four British women had competed in the main draw of a Grand Slam other than Wimbledon since the 1992 US Open. Baltacha came up against German Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the first round and defeated her comfortably to set up a clash with former world No. 1, Amélie Mauresmo. Despite surprising many by taking the first set, Baltacha eventually lost in three sets.

February saw Baltacha represent her country in the Fed Cup where she won all three of her singles rubbers in straight sets. In April, Baltacha was the top seed in the $75k ITF tournament in Monzón where she reached the quarterfinals before losing to former world No. 4, Kimiko Date-Krumm in a close three-set match. Later that month she reached the final of a $25k where she faced the No. 6 seed, Junri Namigata, and won to give her the sixth ITF singles title of her career. In May, she reached the semifinals of a $50k in Fukuoka before going on to reach the final round of qualifying for the French Open, where she lost to Yaroslava Shvedova. Between the French Open and Wimbledon, she reached the semifinals of another $50k and reached the second round of the Eastbourne Classic. She beat Georgie Stoop in the first round before falling in an epic three-set battle with the then world No. 27, Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. She received a wildcard into the main draw of Wimbledon where she came up against world No. 33, Alona Bondarenko, in the first round. Baltacha managed to come back from a set down to win in three sets. She then went on to lose to Kirsten Flipkens in round two.

This was followed by three consecutive losses in the first round of qualifying for WTA events before Baltacha won two matches to qualify for the Rogers Cup, a Premier tournament. She faced former world No. 1, Kim Clijsters, in the second tournament of her comeback and lost to the Belgian in straight sets. Following this, she reached the final round of qualifying for the US Open before going on to win the $75k in Shrewsbury. She beat fellow Brit, Katie O'Brien, in the final. This result was enough to put both finalists into the top 100 for the first time in each of their careers. After this, Baltacha reached the semifinals of one more $50k, the second round of a $100k (where she had to withdraw due to food poisoning) and the quarterfinals of a $75k tournament. These showings helped her accumulate enough points to catapult her back to the British number-one spot. Her year-end ranking was world No. 87.

2010

Baltacha began her 2010 season by winning three matches to qualify for the Auckland Open in New Zealand. In the first round of the main draw, she was beaten by Raluca Olaru, in straight sets. She then went on to win another three matches to qualify for the Hobart International before again losing in the first round, this time to resurgent former world No. 4, Jelena Dokić. Her next tournament was the first Grand Slam of the year, the Australian Open. For the first time in her career she was able to gain direct entry into the main draw of the tournament due to her improved ranking. She defeated Pauline Parmentier in the first round. As Baltacha's compatriot, Katie O'Brien, also reached the second round, 2010 marked the first time since 1991 that more than one British woman had reached the second round of the Australian Open. In round two, Elena defeated the 30th seed from Ukraine, Kateryna Bondarenko, but she was beaten in the round of 32 by Dinara Safina, the world No. 2. In the doubles tournament she partnered Līga Dekmeijere to reach the second round. In February, Baltacha participated in the Fed Cup where the British team was competing in the Europe/Africa Zone. She played two singles matches, losing against Sybille Bammer and defeating Sandra Martinović from the Austria team and the Bosnia and Herzegovina team, respectively. She also partnered Sarah Borwell in two doubles matches, winning both.

Following this performance in the Fed Cup, Elena competed in a $100k tournament in Midland, Michigan where she reached the final and defeated Lucie Hradecká to win the biggest title of her career. Baltacha then went on to compete in the Cellular South Cup as the eighth seed. She reached the quarterfinals before losing to the top seed and eventual champion, Maria Sharapova. March saw Baltacha qualify for the Indian Wells Open. After defeating Alexa Glatch in the first round, she faced world No. 10, Li Na, in round two and went on to win the match. This gave Elena the first victory of her career over a player ranked in the top 10. Alicia Molik defeated Baltacha in the third round. In her only other tournament during March, Baltacha had to win two matches to qualify for the Miami Open before going on to lose to Yanina Wickmayer in the second round of the main tournament. After this, she went on to reach the quarterfinals of a $100k tournament in Johannesberg before beginning her clay court season with a loss to Gréta Arn in the first round of the Italian Open, a Premier-5 event. In her final event before the French Open, Baltacha participated in the Internationaux de Strasbourg as the eighth seed but was forced to retire in the second round due to a back injury. In her first round match at the French Open, she was beaten by Agnieszka Radwańska, in straight sets.

Her grass-court season then began and the Nottingham Trophy, a $50k event, gave Baltacha the second title of the year. She didn't drop a set throughout the tournament, including in the final when she faced Carly Gullickson. Baltacha stayed on grass for her next tournament, the Birmingham Classic, where she was the number 12 seed. She was forced to retire after losing the first set in her first round match against Kaia Kanepi. Her next event was the Eastbourne International where during her first-round match with Li Na, the Chinese player had to retire with a leg injury after winning the first set on a tie-break. After a second-round win over another Chinese player, Zheng Jie, she lost to Sam Stosur in three sets in the quarterfinals. Nevertheless, this was the first time since 1983 that a British woman had progressed to the quarterfinals of this tournament. Baltacha then suffered a disappointing first-round loss at Wimbledon. She lost in three sets to Petra Martić, after leading by a set and 5–2.

In the lead up to the US Open, Baltacha played in the İstanbul Cup, where she reached the quarterfinals. Along the way she defeated world No. 8 and reigning French Open champion, Francesca Schiavone, in straight sets, to give her the best win of her career. She was beaten by Andrea Petkovic in the quarterfinals. Baltacha then lost four of her next five matches before participating in the main draw of the US Open for the first time in her career. She managed to exact some revenge by beating Petra Martić in round one however she lost to Petra Kvitová in the second round. Baltacha competed in four more tournaments that year, reaching the second round of the Korea Open and a $100k in Torhout but losing in the qualifying rounds of the Pan Pacific Open and the Kremlin Cup. She had also been selected to represent Scotland at the Commonwealth Games but chose not to participate due to the poor sanitation in the athletes' village, which, as a result of her chronic liver problem, may have left her susceptible to picking up infections. Her year-end singles ranking was world No. 54.

2011
Baltacha began the year at the Hobart International, but lost to Roberta Vinci in the second round. Baltacha then entered the Australian Open without having to qualify. In the first round, she defeated American qualifier Jamie Hampton. In round two, however, she was defeated by former world number 1 and 2004 Australian Open Champion Justine Henin. Her next tournament was the Pattaya Open, where she lost to sixth seed Peng Shuai.

Baltacha lost in the first round of the Dubai Tennis Championships to Alexandra Dulgheru. She then lost in the second round of qualifying at the Qatar Ladies Open to Klára Zakopalová. In the first round of the Indian Wells Open, Baltacha saved four match points at 2–6, 4–5 in the first round against Roberta Vinci, finally winning in three sets. In the second round she was defeated by 12th seed Flavia Pennetta. In the first round of the Miami Open, Baltacha defeated Sybille Bammer. However, she was defeated in the second round by Klára Zakopalová, the 32nd seed. After direct acceptance into the main draw of the French Open, Baltacha defeated American qualifier Sloane Stephens. Due to the previous win by fellow Briton Heather Watson, it was the first time since 1992 that two British women had cleared the first round of the French Open. In the second round, Baltacha drew another American Vania King, who defeated her in three sets. On 12 June, Baltacha won her first tournament of the season, winning the Nottingham Challenge without dropping a single set throughout the tournament, defeating Petra Cetkovská in the final.

An improvement on the previous years disappointment, Baltacha reached the second round of Wimbledon by a victory over Mona Barthel. She failed to progress, however, losing to the 20th seed, Peng Shuai. She went on to enter the qualifying draw of the Cincinnati Open, but despite being seeded tenth, she lost in the first round against Olga Govortsova. She then went on to the inaugural Texas Tennis Open. She managed first and second round wins over Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová and third seed Julia Görges before a quarterfinal loss to Aravane Rezaï.

Baltacha's next tournament was the US Open, where in the first round she walked over American wildcard Jamie Hampton. Hampton had to retire unexpectedly due to cramp and dehydration as she collapsed on the base line. She lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the second round. Her final tournament of the year was the Internationaux de la Vienne, where she got all the way to the final only to lose to Kimiko Date-Krumm, in straight sets.

2012
Baltacha began 2012 playing at the Auckland Open. She won her first-round match against wildcard and home favourite Sacha Jones in a hard-fought three set encounter but lost in the second round in straight sets to Flavia Pennetta. This was followed by a first-round loss in the Australian Open to Stéphanie Foretz Gacon.

Baltacha was selected for the British Fed Cup team to play in the Europe/Africa Group 1 match in Eilat, Israel on 1–4 February 2012. In the group stages she played singles, defeating opponents from Portugal, the Netherlands and Israel. The team qualified for a play-off against Austria in which Baltacha defeated Tamira Paszek. The team won 2–0, which qualified them for a place in the World Group II promotion play-off in April.

At the French Open, Baltacha faced a tough first round match against US Open champion Sam Stosur on the first match at Court Philippe Chatrier (Centre Court) of the Open. Stosur won without dropping a set. Baltacha did however have a better run at Wimbledon, making the second round but lost to the previous year's champion Petra Kvitová in straight sets. In the first round, she had come through a gruelling three setter against Karin Knapp, despite carrying shin splints and picking up an injury during the match. Baltacha competed at the Summer Olympics in London for the first time in her career in both the singles and the doubles events (partnering Anne Keothavong). On 28 July 2012, Baltacha made her Olympics debut with a win against Ágnes Szávay of Hungary, defeating her in straight sets. She was then defeated by 11th seed Ana Ivanovic in the second round in a very tight encounter. This was Baltacha's last professional match of 2012, taking time off to undergo foot surgery.

2013

Baltacha's first tournament back after surgery was a $25k tournament in Pelham, Alabama, where she was a direct entrant into the main draw. She withdrew against Sharon Fichman in round one.

An illness to Heather Watson meant that Baltacha made British Fed Cup World Group II play-off team to face Argentina. Baltacha replaced Johanna Konta to play one of the singles rubbers on the final day of the play-off. Laura Robson's defeat in the third rubber meant that Baltacha had to gain a victory over María Irigoyen. Baltacha lost in three sets, meaning that Great Britain would have to return to the Europe/Africa Group and attempt to qualify again next February.

Baltacha was handed a wildcard at the Brussels Open a week before Roland Garros. In the first round, she surprisingly defeated Stefanie Vögele but lost to the seventh seeded Varvara Lepchenko, in straight sets. At the French Open, Baltacha used her protected rankings points to earn a place in the first round. She was beaten in straight sets by Marina Erakovic. Following this defeat, Baltacha was handed a wildcard to play at the Nottingham Trophy, an ITF event in Nottingham, but again lost in the first round to sixth seed Vesna Dolonc.

Baltacha reached her first final of 2013 at the Nottingham Challenge following an impressive straight-sets victory over Italian Nastassja Burnett in the semifinals. She then beat the seventh seed Tadeja Majerič in the final in straight sets coming from behind in the first 2–5 down to claim her third title at Nottingham. Baltacha followed this success with a victory in the first round of the Birmingham Classic against Czech qualifier Kristýna Plíšková. Baltacha was eliminated in the second round by Maria Kirilenko.

Baltacha retired from professional tennis in November 2013.

title: Elena Baltacha


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Jagori Tanna

Jagori Tanna (born Andrew Koshowski, in Hamilton, Ontario) is a Canadian musician. Together with his brother, Christian Tanna, he formed I Mother Earth around 1990. He wrote almost all of I Mother Earth's music, and produced much of it as well. He won a Juno Award in 2000 for Best Recording Engineer (with Paul Northfield) for the band's singles "Summertime in the Void" and "When Did You Get Back From Mars?".

Tanna produced music for bands such as Clarknova and dodger at 'The Mother's Hip' in Toronto, and he owns the record label UpperLeftSide Music, now based out of Peterborough, Ontario. He has also co-produced Sarah Slean's album The Baroness and her recent EP The Baroness Redecorates. His latest projects are the production of his own IFC Canada show, The Rawside Of... and INXS singer J. D. Fortune's solo album, The Death of a Motivational Speaker. In early 2010, he made several comments via his personal Facebook page that he is working on new I Mother Earth material.

On January 24, 2012, Tanna announced via the band's official website that the most recent lineup would reunite for two live performances in Toronto. They have gone on to play additional shows and have released a new song.

title: Jagori Tanna


text: User talk:71.96.173.130

title: User talk:71.96.173.130


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anthony Young

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!)  13:49, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Anthony Young
sub-stub, only one single fact Yoghurt 21:32, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The one single fact is a record which stands in a league that has been around for over 130 years.
 * Unsigned comment by 69.15.153.154. Xoloz 00:20, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, professional baseball player. Kappa 00:06, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, MLB recordholder. Xoloz 00:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, the record makes him notable . -- BD2412 talk 00:39, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * Keep, there are many major league baseball players on Wikipedia, and this one has a notable record. ErikNY 01:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. While he has a record, albeit an undesirable one, surely more can be said about him than this. Capitalistroadster 02:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. I also expanded it a little bit, so it doesn't look like a substub.  -- Grev -- Talk 03:08, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep even if the "one single fact" was as simple as professional baseball player. -- Jonel 03:11, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Tert-Butyl alcohol

tert-Butyl alcohol is the simplest tertiary alcohol, with a formula of (CH3)3COH (sometimes represented as t-BuOH). Its isomers are 1-butanol, isobutanol, and butan-2-ol. tert-Butyl alcohol is a colorless solid, which melts near room temperature and has a camphor-like odor. It is miscible with water, ethanol and diethyl ether.

Natural occurrence
tert-Butyl alcohol has been identified in beer and chickpeas. It is also found in cassava, which is used as a fermentation ingredient in certain alcoholic beverages.

Preparation
tert-Butyl alcohol is derived commercially from isobutane as a coproduct of propylene oxide production. It can also be produced by the catalytic hydration of isobutylene, or by a Grignard reaction between acetone and methylmagnesium chloride.

Purification cannot be performed by simple distillation due to formation of an azeotrope with water, although initial drying of the solvent containing large amounts of water is performed by adding benzene to form a tertiary azeotrope and distilling off the water. Smaller amounts of water are removed by drying with calcium oxide (CaO), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), followed by fractional distillation. Anhydrous tert-butyl alcohol is obtained by further refluxing and distilling from magnesium activated with iodine, or alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Other methods include the use of 4 Å molecular sieves, aluminium tert-butylate, calcium hydride (CaH2), or fractional crystallization under inert atmosphere.

Applications
tert-Butyl alcohol is used as a solvent, ethanol denaturant, paint remover ingredient, and gasoline octane booster and oxygenate. It is a chemical intermediate used to produce methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) by reaction with methanol and ethanol, respectively, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) by reaction with hydrogen peroxide.

Reactions
Unlike other isomers of butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, as a tertiary alcohol, has no hydrogen atom next to hydroxy-group, which makes it resistant to oxidation to carbonyl compounds.

tert-Butyl alcohol is deprotonated with a strong base to give the alkoxide. Particularly common is potassium tert-butoxide, which is prepared by treating tert-butanol with potassium metal.
 * K + t-BuOH → t-BuO−K+ + $5.742 cm^{3}/mol$ H2

The tert-butoxide is a strong, non-nucleophilic base in organic chemistry. It readily abstracts acidic protons from substrates, but its steric bulk inhibits the group from participating in nucleophilic substitution, such as in a Williamson ether synthesis or an SN2 reaction.

tert-Butyl alcohol reacts with hydrogen chloride to form tert-butyl chloride.

O-Chlorination of tert-butyl alcohol with hypochlorous acid to give tert-butyl hypochlorite:
 * (CH3)3COH +  HOCl  →   (CH3)3COCl  +  H2O

Pharmacology and toxicology
There is limited data on the pharmacology and toxicology of tert-butanol in humans and other animals. Human exposure may occur due to fuel oxygenate metabolism. Tert-butanol is poorly absorbed through skin but rapidly absorbed if inhaled or ingested. Tert-butanol is irritating to skin or eyes. Toxicity of single doses is usually low but high doses can produce a sedative or anesthetic effect.

title: Tert-Butyl alcohol


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Harvard Graphics

Harvard Graphics was a graphics and presentation program for IBM PC compatibles. The first version, titled Harvard Presentation Graphics, was released for MS-DOS in 1986 by Software Publishing Corporation (SPC) and achieved a high market share. It was taken off the market in 2017.

History
Harvard Graphics was one of the first desktop business application software programs that allowed users to incorporate text, information graphics, and charts into custom slideshow presentations. The original version could import data from Lotus 1-2-3 or Lotus Symphony, charts created in Symphony or PFS Graph, and ASCII text. It could export text and graphics to Computer Graphics Metafile and to pfs:Write, also manufactured by SPC. Its use of vector graphics produced mixed results on the CGA and EGA displays common at the time, but output was usually sent to a slide printer or a color plotter.

"Presentation" was dropped from the name for the second release, which came in 1987, developed by Mario Chaves, Carl Hu, Lenore Kirvay, and Dana Tom. Harvard Graphics 2.0 added the ability to import the latest Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet data before generating graphics, as well as drawing and annotations for graphs. Version 3.0 was not released until 1991, offering improved editing functions, but its graphics and export capabilities were being outperformed by competitors like Aldus Persuasion and Lotus Freelance.

Harvard Graphics was used as bonus product with Windows 95 by Australian Retailer Harvey Norman.

Demise
The market leader through the late 1980s, Harvard Graphics struggled as the market shifted to Microsoft Windows. SPC released a version for Microsoft Windows 3.0 in 1991, but its market share never approached the 70% it had previously commanded. The Windows market came to be dominated by Microsoft PowerPoint and then the bundle of PowerPoint into Microsoft Office.

In 1996, Serif purchased exclusive marketing rights to the product line of Harvard Graphics, Inc., and assumed product support responsibilities. Serif continued to market Harvard Graphics 98 for Windows and other software under the Harvard Graphics brand until mid-year 2017, when the product was taken off the market.

title: Harvard Graphics


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APS-C

Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter. It is therefore also equivalent in size to the Super 35 motion picture film format, which has the dimensions of 24.89 mm × 18.66 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in) and Ø 31.11 mm field diameter.

Sensors approximating these dimensions are used in many digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs), mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILCs), and a few large-sensor live-preview digital cameras. APS-C size sensors are also used in a few digital rangefinders.

Such sensors exist in many different variants depending on the manufacturer and camera model. All APS-C variants are considerably smaller than 35 mm standard film which measures 36×24 mm. Because of this, devices with APS-C sensors are known as "cropped frame," especially when used in connection with lens mounts that are also used with sensors the size of 35 mm film: only part of the image produced by the lens is captured by the APS-C size sensor. Sensor sizes range from 20.7×13.8 mm to 28.7×19.1 mm, but are typically 22.3×14.9 mm for Canon and 23.5×15.6 mm for other manufacturers. Each variant results in a slightly different angle of view from lenses at the same focal length and overall a much narrower angle of view compared to 35 mm film. This is why each manufacturer offers a range of lenses designed for its format.

Comparison with other formats
The signal-to-noise ratio for a given pixel is largely defined by the number of photons per pixel and the sensor readout noise. Larger pixel sizes can capture more photons per pixel thus giving a higher SNR and generally less image noise. However, for practical applications, the image noise of an APS-C sensor cannot be directly compared to either smaller or bigger sensor sizes as there are also other variables to consider, such as advancements in image processing techniques.

Brand designations
Most DSLR and third party lens manufacturers now make lenses specifically designed for APS-C cameras. The designations by brand include:
 * Canon: EF-S, EF-M, RF-S
 * Fujifilm: X-Mount
 * Konica Minolta: DT
 * Leica: T or TL
 * Nikon: DX
 * Pentax: DA
 * Samsung: NX
 * Sigma: DC
 * Sony: DT, E (APS-C if not designated FE)
 * Tamron: Di II
 * Tokina: DX

Multiplier factors
A crop factor (sometimes referred to as a "focal length multiplier" for comparing a proportionally scaled lens/image circle projection/sensor diameter) can be used to calculate the field of view in 35 mm terms from the actual focal length. The most common multiplier ratios:
 * 1.7× — Sigma DP1, Sigma DP2, Sigma SD15, Sigma SD14, Sigma SD10, Sigma SD9, Canon EOS DCS 3†
 * 1.6× — Canon EOS 7D†, 7D Mark II, 50D†, 60D†, 70D†, 77D (9000D), 80D, 90D, 550D (T2i)†, 200D (Rebel SL2), 600D (T3i/X5)†, 650D (T4i/X6i)†, 700D (T5i/X7i)†, 750D (T6i/X8i), 760D (T6s/8000D), 800D (T7i/X9i) 1100D (T3/X50)†, 1200D (T5/X70)†, 1300D (T6/X80); Canon EOS M†, M2† (sold in Asia only), M3 (not sold in North America until Oct 2015), M5, M6, M10, M50, R10, R50
 * 1.56× — Nikon D3100†
 * 1.55× — Sony Alpha 58, Nikon D3200†
 * 1.54× — Pentax K20D,†, K7†, K3 III; Samsung NX5†, Samsung NX10†, Samsung NX11†, Samsung NX100†, Sony NEX-5†
 * 1.53× — Pentax K110D†, K100D†, K100D Super†, K10D†, K200D†, K-S1, K-S2, K-3 II, K70, KP, Ricoh GR, Nikon D3300†, Nikon D5300†, Nikon D5500, Nikon Coolpix A, Sony NEX-7,† Sony NEX-6, Sony α5100, Sony α6000†, Sony α6100, Sony α6300, Sony α6400, Sony α6500, Sony α6600, Sony Alpha 77, Sony Alpha 77 II, Sony Alpha 65, Sony Alpha 57, Sony Alpha 37, Sony Alpha 580, Sony Alpha 500, all Samsung NX except NX5, NX10, NX11, NX100
 * 1.52× — All Nikon DX format DSLR cameras except D3100, D3200, D3300, D5300, and D5500; Pentax K-m†, K-x†, K-r†, K-5, K-30† K-5 II, K-5 IIs, K-3, K-50, K-500†, K-01; all Fujifilm X-mount interchangeable lens X series cameras including the X100 series; Sony Alpha 100; Sigma SD1, Sigma SD1 Merrill, Sigma DP1 Merrill, Sigma DP2 Merrill
 * 1.35× — Sigma SD Quattro H
 * 1.3×‡ — Canon EOS-1D Mark IV†, 1D Mark III†, 1D Mark II† (and Mark II N), EOS-1D†, Kodak DCS 460†, Kodak DCS 560†, Kodak DCS 660†, Kodak DCS 760†, Leica M8, M8.2

 * Notes:
 * †Discontinued
 * ‡ A 1.3× Focal Length Multiplier is also known as APS-H. Actual multiplier factor is 1.255× for the 1D Digital, 1.28× for the Canon EOS-1D Mark III and 1.29× for the Canon EOS-1D Mark IV. Leica M8 is 1.33×

APS-C lens formats
Canon, Fujifilm, Nikon, Pentax and Sony have developed and designed lenses specifically for their cameras with a lens factor (more fully, lens focal length conversion factor) or "crop factor". While Canon uses a factor of 1.6×, the other four brands all use 1.5×. APS-C cameras use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras, and so lenses used on APS-C format cameras have a correspondingly narrower field of view. For example, a 28 mm lens is a wide angle lens on a traditional 35 mm camera. But the same lens on an APS-C camera, with a lens factor of 1.6× (relative to a standard full-frame 35 mm format camera), has the same angle of view as a 45 mm (28 mm × 1.6 lens factor) lens on a 35 mm camera—i.e. a normal lens. Several third-party lens manufacturers, such as Tamron, Tokina, and Sigma, also manufacture a range of lenses optimised for APS-C sensors.

Canon
Canon introduced the Canon EF-S line of lenses in 2003 alongside the 300D. These lenses place the rear of the lens closer to the camera's sensor (referred to as short back focus). EF-S lenses are compatible with Canon's APS-C digital SLRs, with the exception of the early Canon EOS D30, Canon EOS D60, and Canon EOS 10D, which predated the introduction of the mounting system. EF-S lenses will not physically mount on Canon's full-frame digital or 35mm film SLRs. More recently, the company introduced the EF-M line for its EOS M series of mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras (MILCs). EF-M lenses will not physically mount on any Canon SLR, whether film or digital. The rear of an EF-M lens is considerably closer to the sensor or film plane than that of an EF (full-frame/35mm) or EF-S lens. Canon sells an optional adapter that allows EF-M bodies to accept all EF and EF-S lenses.

Fujifilm
Fujifilm debuted their X-mount range of lenses in early 2012. These lenses are designed for their X series cameras using APS-C sensors.

Nikon
Nikon makes DX format lenses for their line of APS-C digital cameras. These can be physically mounted to all Nikon digital and film SLR camera bodies since 1977. These lenses generally exhibit vignetting at shorter focal lengths when mounted on Nikon film bodies, but are typically usable at longer focal lengths. When mounted on a Nikon FX (full-frame) digital body, by default the camera will automatically adjust the viewfinder to depict the DX frame area and crop the captured images to the DX image size. This can be overridden by the user if desired.

Pentax
Pentax produces the DA line for their APS-C cameras. These lenses are available in focal lengths that offer similar field-of-view as lenses previously available for 135 film. The trademark compact design of the DA limited series takes advantage of the smaller APS-C format with the lenses under 40 mm and is fully usable on 135 Film with the DA Limited Lenses over 35 mm focal length. All DA lenses can be mounted on Pentax film bodies, albeit with increased vignetting. Some lens in the DA series cover 35 full frame format fully.

Sony
Sony has two lines specifically designed for their APS-C cameras—the DT line for their A-mount DSLRs and α SLTs, and the E-mount for their α MILCs. The DT lenses can be mounted on any Sony A-mount camera, but are specifically designed for the DSLR-A100 up to DSLR-A700 series of APS-C-format DSLRs, the earlier Konica Minolta 5D and 7D, and the most recent APS-C Alpha SLTs. DT lenses can be mounted on full-frame models like the DSLR-A850, DSLR-A900, and SLT-A99 in "crop" mode, where the frame is cropped and the resolution is roughly halved. E-mount lenses are compatible with all of the company's APS-C MILCs, from the NEX-3 and NEX-5 through the current α3000, α5100, α6500, and α6600. In addition, they can be mounted on Sony full-frame MILCs (α7/α7R/α7S, α7R II, α7S II) in "crop" mode (the company also produces E-mount lenses designated as "FE", which cover the entire full-frame image circle).

title: APS-C


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Murat Aga and Sandalla casualty list

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  14:06, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Murat Aga and Sandalla casualty list
Although the event may be notable, I don't see how the list of names is. Wikipedia is not a memorial. --Xcali 21:37, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Wikipedia is not a memorial... Though, if kept, should be a subpage of Civilian casualties and displacements during the Cyprus conflict rather than an article itself. --Chiacomo (talk) 21:40, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: based on user's other edits, I've got to disgree with you about being a subpage. It's POV.  It's a one-sided list.  The opposing side gets no mention in any of these articles. --Xcali 21:47, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment on Comment: I can see your point and might agree, though it's very possible the "other side" will submit a list of casualties as well. I really don't see the point in listing the names of everyone killed in every battle or massacre or air disaster or bus crash or hotel fire etc... --Chiacomo (talk) 21:54, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete regretfully the numbers killed in tragedies and wars are notable - but the individuals are not in themselves. WP:NOT a memorial --Doc --Doc (?) 22:41, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Maybe there should be another MediaWiki project? A bit like WikiSource, but rather "WikiDeath", where everyone who died (ever), and what the cause of death was, is listed.     22:47, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikimorial and Wikipeople have been proposed, but discussions have stalled and nothing exists except for discussions on Meta. Wikitree has not only been proposed as subsuming both, but is in fact up and running right now.  Whilst it is not a WikiMedia project, and not GFDL, it is a MediaWiki project. Categorizing people by the major event that they died in is an idea that should be suggested at the Treehouse. Uncle G 23:22, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * Delete wikipedia is not a memorial, as sad as it is these individuals arent notable. JamesBurns 06:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as being outside the boundaries of Wikipedia's editorial policy. Please see What Wikipedia is not, which lists memorials as a non-encyclopedic item. -- ChrisO 07:03, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Antonín Rükl

Antonín Rükl (September 22, 1932 – July 12, 2016) was a Czech astronomer, cartographer, and author.

He was born in Čáslav, Czechoslovakia. As a student, he developed what was to be a lifelong interest in astronomy. He graduated from the Czech Technical University in 1956, then joined the staff of the astronomical department of the Institute of Geodesy in Prague.

In 1960, he joined the Prague Planetarium, eventually becoming deputy director and then head. He also became chairman of the Planetary Section of the Czechoslovak Astronomical Society and served as vice president of the International Planetarium Directors Conference from 1996 until 1999. He retired at the end of 1999.

During his career, he was a popularizer of astronomy and authored many books on the subject. He was skilled in cartography and selenography, the skill of mapping the Moon. He illustrated many of his own books, including the highly regarded Atlas of the Moon.

He was married to Sonja. They had a daughter Jane and son Mike.

title: Antonín Rükl


text:
King Comics

King Comics, a short-lived comic book imprint of King Features Syndicate, was an attempt by King Features to publish comics of its own characters, rather than through other publishers. A few King Comics titles were picked up from Gold Key Comics. King Features placed former Gold Key editor Bill Harris in charge of the line.

The line ran for approximately a year and a half, with its series cover-dated from August 1966 to December 1967. The King Comics Flash Gordon title was well-received, winning three Alley Awards in 1966 and another in 1967. The series had distribution problems throughout its run. Several distributors refused to take the King Comics because their first issues lacked a Comics Code Authority seal; King subsequently obtained a CCA seal on all later King Comics issues. King Features tried to overcome the distribution problem by selling its titles in special "King Paks" of three to variety stores and supermarkets. This tactic failed to gain more readers, and the King Comics line was discontinued.

Many stories created for King Comics were later published in the continuation of most of King's titles by Charlton Comics.

Titles

 * Beetle Bailey #54-65 (Aug. 1966 - Dec. 1967), continued from Gold Key, continued by Charlton with #67 (#66 sold overseas only by King)
 * Blondie Comics #164-175 (Aug. 1966 - Dec. 1967), continued from Harvey Comics, continued by Charlton with #177 (no #176 was published)
 * Flash Gordon #1-11 (Sept. 1966 - Dec. 1967), continued by Charlton
 * Jungle Jim #5 (Dec. 67), reprinted Dell Comics' issue #5, continued by Charlton using Dell's numbering
 * Mandrake the Magician #1-10 (Sept. 1966 - Nov. 1967)
 * The Phantom #18-28 (Sept. 1966 - Dec. 1967), continued from Gold Key, continued by Charlton
 * Popeye #81-92 (Sept. 1966 - Nov. 1967), continued from Gold Key, continued by Charlton

title: King Comics


text:
C. O. Brown Stadium

C.O. Brown Stadium is a baseball stadium in the United States located in Battle Creek, Michigan. The current stadium structure was built in 1990 and is a part of Bailey Park, a longtime home of amateur baseball and softball. Prior to the 1990 reconstruction, Bailey Park had been home to amateur, high school and college play since the 1930s, in a single-level grandstand built primarily of wood. C.O. Brown Stadium is the former home of the Michigan Battle Cats, Battle Creek Yankees and the Southwest Michigan Devil Rays of the Class A Midwest League. The stadium has a seating capacity of 2,193. C.O. Brown Stadium is the current home of the Northwoods League's Battle Creek Battle Jacks.

Name origin
The stadium was named for Cooper Othniel Brown, a baseball entrepreneur who helped make Battle Creek a hub for amateur tournament baseball in the 1930s and served as the first president of the American Amateur Baseball Congress.

Other events
On August 31, 2008, shortly after accepting the Democratic Party nomination, Barack Obama and Joe Biden held a rally at C.O. Brown Stadium drawing an estimated 15,000 people.

It has also hosted postseason baseball tournaments. Until 2013, the MHSAA used the stadium to host the Michigan Baseball State Championships for all four divisions where they have been moved to Drayton McLane Baseball Stadium at John H. Kobs Field in 2014. From 1990-1994, the NCAA Division III baseball tournament was held at the venue. The stadium also hosted the 1993 and 1994 Big Ten Conference baseball tournaments.

Stadium renovations
In 2016 the team announced major ballpark renovations that will drop the seating capacity of C.O. Brown Stadium from more than 4,000 to 2,300. The marquee renovation includes the introduction of an all-new “Home Plate Club,” which will feature 10 granite half-moon tables situated directly behind home plate. Each table will also feature four stadium chairs sourced from Camden Yards. Each table will have access to its own all-inclusive upscale menu, including both beer and wine pairings. The team has already had a number of these reserved and is taking deposits for full- and half-season plans immediately. All 10 tables are expected to be sold out well before Opening Day.

“The Champions Club,” which was sold out for most of 2015, now shifts down the first and third base lines. These areas will now feature additional legroom and a food and beverage railing in front of each seat. This renovation allows for a more comfortable fan experience and gives the Bombers 98 Champions Club seats for 2016.

The bleacher area will also look quite different this summer. The team will offer reserved bleacher seats instead of general admission seating, which will guarantee ticket holders a designated seat at each game. The first-base side will now have permanent vinyl grandstand covers over the seats. These covers will eliminate seating in an area where historically the sun has tormented fans.

The Miller Lite Party Deck will also be receiving a facelift, courtesy of Heights Construction. While some general upkeep and maintenance will be performed, the team plans to stain the deck area while repurposing seats from the original C.O. Brown Stadium bowl grandstand. Furthermore, the team has now limited the Miller Lite Party Deck to approximately 375 tickets on any given night and will allow groups to reserve their own private sections.

Awards
In November 2007, Bailey Park and C.O. Brown Stadium was awarded the 2007 USSSA United States Specialty Sports Association Complex of the Year Award presented at the USSSA National Meeting in Daytona Beach, Florida.

Presented annually to one facility in the country, there are a number of requirements that a complex must meet to qualify. Requirements for the award include: full participation with USSSA, a proven history of hosting and running quality events, a high number of participating teams, outstanding facilities, and top notch ground crews.

title: C. O. Brown Stadium


text:
Talk:Braun (company)

Gallery Notes (efn usage)
Hello, moving this thread from your [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Cielquiparle/Archive_3#efn_Template_usage? Talk page] to relevant article, if you don't mind.

I've tried to improve the notes in the Gallery here per your work on related Dieter Rams article, but have only achieved partial results. The nomenclature is now better, and the method works for the first multiple use instance, but then falls over in the subsequent cases. If you have time to take a glance, I'd appreciate it — I'm not seeing the error. Cheers, Cl3phact0 (talk) 19:29, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

PS: There is an unrelated note ("nb 1") at the end of the fourth paragraph of the "History" section, though I don't see how this could be effecting what I'm trying to achieve with the "Gallery" notes.

PPS: For precision (and, I hope, to make more efficient use of your time), the notes "a-e" display as I had hoped, but then "f" should be "d" (as too should "g", "i", and "k"). (Similarly, "l" and "m" should be instances of the same note.)
 * I believe I have now fixed it, while only using visual editor (which made it easy to see where the error was, because the fields didn't match up across all the endnotes). Cielquiparle (talk) 20:54, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Looks great! Thank you. It appears that the error was my omission of the "name=" parameter at the end of the efn definitions (I didn't think to use the visual editor to clean-up the mess — I'll remember that next time). Really appreciate your help. -- Cl3phact0 (talk) 22:21, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

Braun during the Nazi years and the Second World War
This article is mostly mute about the company's history immediately before and during the war. The section as is reads: There is surely more to say. -- Cl3phact0 (talk) 15:46, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Braun (company)


text:
Tag cloud

A tag cloud (also known as a word cloud or weighted list in visual design) is a visual representation of text data which is often used to depict keyword metadata on websites, or to visualize free form text. Tags are usually single words, and the importance of each tag is shown with font size or color. When used as website navigation aids, the terms are hyperlinked to items associated with the tag.

History
In the language of visual design, a tag cloud (or word cloud) is one kind of "weighted list", as commonly used on geographic maps to represent the relative size of cities in terms of relative typeface size. An early printed example of a weighted list of English keywords was the "subconscious files" in Douglas Coupland's Microserfs (1995). A German appearance occurred in 1992.

The specific visual form and common use of the term "tag cloud" rose to prominence in the first decade of the 21st century as a widespread feature of early Web 2.0 websites and blogs, used primarily to visualize the frequency distribution of keyword metadata that describe website content, and as a navigation aid.

The first tag clouds on a high-profile website were on the photo sharing site Flickr, created by Flickr co-founder and interaction designer Stewart Butterfield in 2004. That implementation was based on Jim Flanagan's Search Referral Zeitgeist, a visualization of Web site referrers. Tag clouds were also popularized around the same time by Del.icio.us and Technorati, among others.

Oversaturation of the tag cloud method and ambivalence about its utility as a web-navigation tool led to a decline of usage among these early adopters. Flickr gave a five-word acceptance speech for the 2006 "Best Practices" Webby Award, which simply stated "sorry about the tag clouds."

A second generation of software development discovered a wider diversity of uses for tag clouds as a basic visualization method for text data. Several extensions of tag clouds have been proposed in this context.

Types

There are three main types of tag cloud applications in social software, distinguished by their meaning rather than appearance. In the first type, there is a tag for the frequency of each item, whereas in the second type, there are global tag clouds where the frequencies are aggregated over all items and users. In the third type, the cloud contains categories, with size indicating number of subcategories.

Frequency
In the first type, size represents the number of times that tag has been applied to a single item. This is useful as a means of displaying metadata about an item that has been democratically "voted" on and where precise results are not desired.

In the second, more commonly used type, size represents the number of items to which a tag has been applied, as a presentation of each tag's popularity.

Significance
Instead of frequency, the size can be used to represent the significance of words and word co-occurrences, compared to a background corpus (for example, compared to all the text in Wikipedia). This approach cannot be used standalone, but it relies on comparing the document frequencies to expected distributions.

Categorization
In the third type, tags are used as a categorization method for content items. Tags are represented in a cloud where larger tags represent the quantity of content items in that category.

There are some approaches to construct tag clusters instead of tag clouds, e.g., by applying tag co-occurrences in documents.

More generally, the same visual technique can be used to display non-tag data, as in a word cloud or a data cloud.

The term keyword cloud is sometimes used as a search engine marketing (SEM) term that refers to a group of keywords that are relevant to a specific website. In recent years tag clouds have gained popularity because of their role in search engine optimization of Web pages as well as supporting the user in navigating the content in an information system efficiently. Tag clouds as a navigational tool make the resources of a website more connected, when crawled by a search engine spider, which may improve the site's search engine rank. From a user interface perspective they are often used to summarize search results to support the user in finding content in a particular information system more quickly.

Visual appearance
Tag clouds are typically represented using inline HTML elements. The tags can appear in alphabetical order, in a random order, they can be sorted by weight, and so on. Sometimes, further visual properties are manipulated in addition to font size, such as the font color, intensity, or weight. Most popular is a rectangular tag arrangement with alphabetical sorting in a sequential line-by-line layout. The decision for an optimal layout should be driven by the expected user goals. Some prefer to cluster the tags semantically so that similar tags will appear near each other or use embedding techniques such as tSNE to position words. Edges can be added to emphasize the co-occurrences of tags and visualize interactions. Heuristics can be used to reduce the size of the tag cloud whether or not the purpose is to cluster the tags.

Tag cloud visual taxonomy is determined by a number of attributes: tag ordering rule (e.g. alphabetically, by importance, by context, randomly, ordered for visual quality), shape of the entire cloud (e.g. rectangular, circle, given map borders), shape of tag bounds (rectangle, or character body), tag rotation (none, free, limited), vertical tag alignment (sticking to typographical baselines, free). A tag cloud on the web must address problems of modeling and controlling aesthetics, constructing a two-dimensional layout of tags, and all these must be done in short time on volatile browser platform. Tags clouds to be used on the web must be in HTML, not graphics, to make them robot-readable, they must be constructed on the client side using the fonts available in the browser, and they must fit in a rectangular box.

Data clouds
A data cloud or cloud data is a data display which uses font size and/or color to indicate numerical values. It is similar to a tag cloud but instead of word count, displays data such as population or stock market prices.

Text clouds

A text cloud or word cloud is a visualization of word frequency in a given text as a weighted list. The technique has recently been popularly used to visualize the topical content of political speeches.

Collocate clouds
Extending the principles of a text cloud, a collocate cloud provides a more focused view of a document or corpus. Instead of summarising an entire document, the collocate cloud examines the usage of a particular word. The resulting cloud contains the words which are often used in conjunction with the search word. These collocates are formatted to show frequency (as size) as well as collocational strength (as brightness). This provides interactive ways to browse and explore language.

Perception
Tag clouds have been the subjects of investigation in several usability studies. The following summary is based on an overview of research results given by Lohmann et al.:
 * Tag size: Large tags attract more user attention than small tags (effect influenced by further properties, e.g., number of characters, position, neighboring tags).
 * Scanning: Users scan rather than read tag clouds.
 * Centering: Tags in the middle of the cloud attract more user attention than tags near the borders (effect influenced by layout).
 * Position: The upper left quadrant receives more user attention than the others (Western reading habits).
 * Exploration: Tag clouds provide suboptimal support when searching for specific tags (if these do not have a very large font size).

Felix et al. compared how human reading performance differs from traditional tag clouds that map numeric values to the size of the font and alternative designs that uses for example color or additional shapes like circle and bars. They also compared how different arrangement of the words affects performance.
 * Use an additional bar or circle instead of the font size increases accuracy when reading the numeric value
 * However users can find specific word quicker when no additional mark is used
 * The performance depends on the task, simple tasks like finding a word are highly affected by the design choice, however the effect on tasks like identify the topic of a tag cloud is much smaller.

Creation

In principle, the font size of a tag in a tag cloud is determined by its incidence. For a word cloud of categories like weblogs, frequency, for example, corresponds to the number of weblog entries that are assigned to a category. For smaller frequencies one can specify font sizes directly, from one to whatever the maximum font size. For larger values, a scaling should be made. In a linear normalization, the weight $$t_i$$ of a descriptor is mapped to a size scale of 1 through f, where $$t_{\min}$$ and $$t_{\max}$$ are specifying the range of available weights.

 * $$s_i = \left \lceil \frac{f_{\max}\cdot(t_i - t_{\min})}{t_{\max}-t_{\min}} \right \rceil$$ for $$t_i > t_{\min}$$; else $$s_{i}=1$$
 * $$s_i$$: display fontsize
 * $$f_{\max}$$: max. fontsize
 * $$t_i$$: count
 * $$t_{\min}$$: min. count
 * $$t_{\max}$$: max. count

Since the number of indexed items per descriptor is usually distributed according to a power law, for larger ranges of values, a logarithmic representation makes sense.

Implementations of tag clouds also include text parsing and filtering out unhelpful tags such as common words, numbers, and punctuation.

There are also websites creating artificially or randomly weighted tag clouds, for advertising, or for humorous results.

title: Tag cloud


text:
Kofi Abrefa Busia

Kofi Abrefa Busia (11 July 1913 – 28 August 1978) was a Ghanaian political leader and academic who was Prime Minister of Ghana from 1969 to 1972. As a nationalist leader and prime minister, he helped to restore civilian government to the country following military rule. He declared support for apartheid South Africa's white minority government.

Early life and education
Busia was born a Bono prince in the traditional kingdom of Wenchi, in the Brong Ahafo Region, one of the four Gold Coast Territories, then under British rule and now called Ghana.

He was educated at Methodist School, Wenchi, Mfantsipim School, Cape Coast, then at Wesley College, Kumasi, from 1931 to 1932. He taught at Wesley College and left to study at Achimota College in 1935 and taught there. He gained his first degree with Honours in Medieval and Modern History from the University of London, through correspondence during this period. He then went on to study at University College, Oxford, where he was the college's first African student. He returned to the Gold Coast in 1942. He took a BA (Hons) in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (1941, MA 1946) and a DPhil in Social Anthropology in 1947 at Nuffield College, Oxford, with a thesis entitled "The position of the chief in the modern political system of Ashanti: a study of the influence of contemporary social changes on Ashanti political institutions". He was a Fulbright scholar in 1954.

Career
Busia served as a district commissioner from 1942 to 1949, and was appointed first lecturer in African Studies. He became the first African to occupy a chair at the University College of the Gold Coast (now the University of Ghana). In 1951 he was elected by the Ashanti Confederacy to the Legislative Council. In 1952, he was Leader of Ghana Congress Party, which later merged with the other opposition parties to form the United Party (UP).

As leader of the opposition against Kwame Nkrumah, he fled the country on the grounds that his life was under threat. In 1959, Busia became a Professor of Sociology and Culture of Africa at the University of Leiden near the Hague, Netherlands. From 1962 until 1969, he was a Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford.

He returned to Ghana in March 1966, after Nkrumah's government was overthrown by the military, to serve on the National Liberation Council (NLC) of General Joseph Ankrah, the military head of state; and was appointed as the Chairman of the National Advisory Committee of the NLC. In 1967/68, Busia served as the Chairman of the Centre for Civic Education. He used this opportunity to promote himself as the next leader. He also was a Member of the Constitutional Review Committee. When the NLC lifted the ban on politics, Busia, together with Lawyer Sylvester Kofi Williams and friends in the defunct UP formed the Progress Party (PP).

In 1969, the PP won the parliamentary elections with 105 of the 140 seats. This paved the way for him to become the next prime minister. In this role, Busia was effectively Ghana's chief executive. Due to memories of Nkrumah's authoritarian rule, the country opted for a parliamentary system with the president effectively reduced to a figurehead. Real power was vested in the Prime Minister.

Busia continued with NLC's anti-Nkrumaist stance and adopted a liberalised economic system. There was a mass deportation of half a million Nigerian citizens from Ghana, and a 44 percent devaluation of the cedi in 1971, which met with a lot of resistance from the public.

While he was in Britain for a medical check-up, the army under Colonel Ignatius Kutu Acheampong overthrew his government on 13 January 1972. Busia remained in exile in England and returned to Oxford University, where he died from a heart attack in August 1978.

Busia's name is associated with Ghana's political right, along with J. B. Danquah and S. D. Dombo. The New Patriotic Party has claimed the Danquah-Busia-Dombo mantle in the Fourth Republic.

title: Kofi Abrefa Busia