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Inseminoid

Inseminoid (titled Horror Planet in the United States) is a 1981 British science fiction horror film directed by Norman J. Warren and starring Judy Geeson, Robin Clarke and Stephanie Beacham, along with Victoria Tennant in one of her early film roles. The plot concerns a team of archaeologists and scientists who are excavating the ruins of an ancient civilisation on a distant planet. One of the women in the team (Geeson) is impregnated by an alien creature and taken over by a mysterious intelligence, driving her to murder her colleagues one by one and feed on them.

Inseminoid was written by Nick and Gloria Maley, a married couple who had been part of the special effects team on Warren's earlier film Satan's Slave. Filmed between May and June 1980 on a budget of £1 million, half of which was supplied by the Shaw Brothers, it was shot mostly on location at Chislehurst Caves in Kent as well as on the island of Gozo in Malta, combined with a week's filming at Lee International Studios in London. Composer John Scott completed the film's electronic musical score over recording sessions that lasted many hours.

Despite a good box office response in the UK and abroad, Inseminoid failed to impress most commentators, who criticised the effects and production design. The overall quality of the acting was also poorly received, although Geeson's performance was praised. Criticism was also directed at the premise involving an alien insemination, which some commentators viewed as a weak imitation of Alien (1979). Both Warren and 20th Century Fox, distributor of Alien, rejected claims that Inseminoid was influenced by this film.

Plot
On a freezing planet, a team of 12 Xeno Project archaeologists and scientists are excavating the ruins of an ancient civilisation. They discover a cave system containing wall markings and crystals of unknown origin. During a survey, a mysterious explosion cripples photographer Dean White and injures Ricky Williams. Deciphering the wall markings, exolinguist Mitch theorises that the civilisation was built on a concept of dualism: the planet orbits a binary star and seems to have been ruled by twins. Medical assistant Sharon discovers that the crystals are surrounded by an energy field and suggests that the civilisation was controlled by a form of chemical intelligence.

A crystal sample begins to pulsate, causing the intelligence to take control of Ricky through a wound on his arm. In his delusional state, he is compelled to leave the team's base and go back into the caves. He throws Gail into a pile of twisted metal, damaging her environmental suit and trapping her foot. Desperate to free herself, Gail removes her helmet and tries to amputate her foot with a chainsaw, but instead freezes to death in the planet's toxic atmosphere. Documentation officer Kate Carson shoots Ricky with a harpoon gun before he opens the airlock and evacuates all of the base's air.

Ricky and Gail are buried outside the base. Later, Mitch and Sandy return to the caves to collect more crystals. A monstrous alien creature appears and dismembers Mitch, then rapes Sandy with a transparent tubular phallus pumping green liquid. Sandy is taken back to base and treated by the team's doctor, Karl, who discovers that the attack has triggered an accelerated pregnancy. When further underground explosions block off the caves, the survivors are left with nothing to do but wait for Xeno to pick them up.

The intelligence takes over Sandy, giving her superhuman strength. She stabs Barbra to death with a pair of scissors and mutilates Dean and the remains of Mitch, drinking their blood. The rest of the team take refuge in the control room as Sandy uses explosives to blow up the base transmitter. After Sandy appears to return to her normal self, Karl, Sharon and Commander Holly McKay try to sedate her. However, Sandy reverts to her violent state, killing Karl and Holly and disembowelling their corpses.

Mark radios Sandy from the control room to distract her while Kate and Gary arm themselves with chainsaws from a storage room. Sandy uncovers the ruse and harpoons Gary outside the airlock, breathing the atmosphere to no ill effect as she feeds on his flesh. She then re-enters the base and gives birth to hybrid twins. Mark stumbles across the newborns and leaves them with Sharon as Sandy blows up the door to the control room and smashes the equipment inside. Sandy uses another explosive charge to wound Kate, then kills her. Finally, Mark overpowers Sandy and strangles her to death with a length of cable. He returns to Sharon to find one of the twins drinking from her torn-out throat, then comes face to face with its sibling.

Twenty-eight days later, a Xeno shuttle lands on the planet to investigate the loss of contact with the team. With the base in ruins and its occupants either dead or missing, commandos Corin and Roy abandon the search for survivors and shuttle pilot Jeff radios Xeno for clearance to return. The final shots reveal that the twins have stowed away inside a storage compartment on board the shuttle.

Cast

 * Judy Geeson as Sandy
 * Robin Clarke as Mark
 * Jennifer Ashley as Holly McKay
 * Stephanie Beacham as Kate Carson
 * Steven Grives as Gary
 * Barrie Houghton as Karl
 * Rosalind Lloyd as Gail
 * Victoria Tennant as Barbra
 * Trevor Thomas as Mitch
 * Heather Wright as Sharon
 * David Baxt as Ricky Williams
 * Dominic Jephcott as Dean White
 * John Segal as Jeff
 * Kevin O'Shea as Corin
 * Robert Pugh as Roy

Production
After making Satan's Slave (1976), Prey (1977) and Terror (1978), Norman J. Warren was to have directed a film called Gargoyles. After this production collapsed without a finished script, Warren and producer Richard Gordon accepted a story idea from the husband-and-wife duo of Nick and Gloria Maley, who had been members of the special effects unit on Satan's Slave. The Maleys wrote the film both as an amalgam of their favourite science-fiction ideas and to showcase their effects work. Their script, which indicated that the film is set two decades in the future in a militaristic universe, was provisionally titled Doomseeds; this was changed to Inseminoid to avoid confusion with the 1977 film Demon Seed.

Gordon cast American actors Robin Clarke and Jennifer Ashley as Mark and Holly while on business in Hollywood. Clarke had recently played a supporting role in The Formula; Ashley had appeared in a number of independent films. Beacham, who had two young children at the time, accepted the role of Kate Carson to support her family, recalling in a 2003 interview: "I had to choose between a play that I really, really wanted to do, which would have paid me £65 a week, and this script for a film called Inseminoid. Hey! No choice. Two pink babies asleep upstairs! No choice!"

The Shaw Brothers agreed to supply half of the proposed £1 million budget and became partners in the production, with elder brother Run Run Shaw credited as presenter in the opening titles. Nick Maley reprised his effects role to build the puppets of the alien twins.

Filming

Inseminoid was shot on 35 mm Eastman Kodak film with anamorphic lenses. Warren remembered that this format produced an "incredibly sharp image and what I would term as the 'American' look." Principal photography began on 12 May 1980 with a crew of 75. The production spent three weeks filming in Chislehurst Caves in Kent, which served as the tunnels of the underground complex. This was followed by one week's studio filming at Lee International Studios (the future Fountain Studios) in Wembley Park, London. A fifth week was devoted to effects and linking shots, completed by the second unit at Film House on London's Wardour Street. The crew then travelled to the island of Gozo in Malta for a supplemental location shoot lasting two days, during which they filmed the long shots set on the planet's surface. The strong Mediterranean sun ensured good lighting.

Warren said that given Inseminoid's low budget, filming the underground scenes in actual caves produced a more realistic result than any potential studio option. However, the cold, damp and airless conditions inside the caves, compounded by the uneven terrain, caused numerous minor injuries among the cast and crew as well as damage to filming equipment. Shooting often ran for 12 hours at a time and some of those present developed intense feelings of claustrophobia in the confined space. Gordon felt that these uncomfortable working conditions made the actors' performances more credible: "I think all this paid off in terms of what we got on the screen for the budget, but the circumstances were very difficult." Due to the lack of space, the crew were forced to set up their production office, as well as the dressing and make-up rooms, in a car park some distance from the caves. As filming started to fall behind schedule, Warren was forced to cut some of the scenes of Ricky's rampage inside the caves: "Three pages of script, which I had to condense into one shot. Having to make such an enormous compromise was not a happy choice for me, but it was the only way of getting us back on schedule." The shoot ultimately overran by two days.

As filming progressed, the working relationship between Warren and Clarke broke down. According to Warren, Clarke often refused to follow instructions, opting instead to give his own interpretation of the script to a point where every scene featuring him became "an uphill struggle" to film. Warren remembered that during preparations for a fight scene, he lost his temper with Clarke: "Robin kept on ranting and raving about his ideas to the point where I couldn't take it any more. So I screamed at him to shut up and keep quiet. I told him I was the director and we would do the scene the way I said. He was shocked, he just stopped dead, and from that point on he hardly said a word." Warren's rapports with the rest of the cast were positive. He described Geeson as "an absolute dream to work with" and praised her performance, arguing that it avoided being unintentionally comic. Gordon was similarly impressed, saying that Geeson fully embraced the role of Sandy and did not complain that it demeaned her as an actress. Warren also had memories of Beacham's "very professional" performance, recalling that "with tongue firmly in cheek, she would often wind me up by asking what her motivation was for a particular action, just as I about to call 'Action!', knowing full well that my answer would be, 'Because it's in the script'."

Post-production
The film was brightened during post-production following concerns that it would be harder to sell to television broadcasters if it appeared too dimly lit. Cuts were made to some of the more graphic shots of Sandy giving birth to ensure that the film would not be rejected by the British Board of Film Censors (BBFC). According to Warren, editor Peter Boyle "had a natural feel for the material and managed to create just the right pace and rhythm throughout the film." The title sequence was produced by Oxford Scientific Films.

Music
As Inseminoid's low budget precluded hiring an orchestra, Warren and composer John Scott agreed that the film should have an electronic score. The recording involved many hours of multi-tracking and overdubbing. Warren described the completed soundtrack as an "amazing achievement", noting that electronic scores were still "quite experimental" at the time. The soundtrack was released as an LP record in 1982.

Release
The BBFC first certified the film X, and then 18; in 2005, it reduced this to 15. The Motion Picture Association of America gave the film an R rating for "profanity, nudity, violence, rape and gore".

In Germany, cinemas began showing the film in January 1981 under the title Samen des Bösen (English: Seeds of Evil). In the UK, the film premiered on 22 March in the Midlands, subsequently opening at 65 cinemas in the region. It reached London in October. The film was commercially successful, reaching number five at the UK box office and number seven in France. Inseminoid was also one of the first films to have a VHS release not long after its initial cinema run, and in November 1981 peaked at number seven in the UK video charts. It was re-released on VHS in 1992 and 1998.

In the UK, the film's promotion included a regional mailshot consisting of a circular that showed a screaming Geeson in character as Sandy with the tagline "Warning! An Horrific Alien Birth! A Violent Nightmare in Blood! Inseminoid at a Cinema Near You Soon!" Warren regretted this move, commenting: "The problem with mail drops is that you have no way of knowing who lives in the house, or who will see it first. It could be a pregnant woman, and old lady, or even worse, a young child. So it was not such a good idea."

To Warren's displeasure, foreign distributor Almi renamed the film Horror Planet for its North American release. This was later changed back to Inseminoid.

Reception
Inseminoid was nominated for the Fantasporto award for best film and won the Fantafestival award for best special effects. Roger Corman congratulated Warren on the film and considered hiring him as a director. However, Inseminoid failed to impress members of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, who according to Warren, dismissed it as "'commercial rubbish! ... Not the sort of thing the Academy should be showing ... And certainly not the kind of film the British film industry should be making.'" He also remembered that it was not well liked by female audiences: "It seems it is quite common for pregnant women to have nightmares about giving birth to some kind of monster. Of course, all their complaints and their letters which were printed in the local papers only helped to increase the queue at the box office."

Alan Jones of Starburst magazine expressed a preference for the British members of the cast, calling Geeson "absolutely first-rate" but criticising the "weak performances from the token Americans", Robin Clarke and Jennifer Ashley. Praising the film's cost-effective production values, he stated that its depictions of violence carried Warren's "particular trademark". He added that Inseminoid is "not faultless by any means", citing a predictable and often "ridiculous" plot as one of the film's failings. However, he concluded that it met audience expectations for a science fiction B movie, describing it as "far less routine and far more enjoyable than I had expected."

In the US, Inseminoid made the Los Angeles Times top ten list. Reviews elsewhere were more negative. Edward Jones of Virginia's The Free Lance–Star praised the "novel touch" of casting an expectant mother as the villain but added that "in what has to be a new low, even for extraterrestrial-horror films, all the men end up punching this pregnant woman in the stomach." He summed up the film as "no more than a mix of everything-you've-ever-seen-in-a-horror-movie-and-didn't-particularly-want-to-see-again." In a review for the Boca Raton News, Skip Sheffield branded the film "horrible" and "cheapo", advising readers to "imagine Alien without the fantastic sets, convincing special effects and literate dialogue, and you have a picture of Horror Planet." He also argued that the graphic violence is not suspenseful, punning on the name Run Run Shaw in his conclusion that "Horror Planet is a film to run, run away from – fast."

AllMovie rates the film one star out of five. Reviewer Cavett Binion calls Geeson's performance "more than a bit uncomfortable to watch", describes the rape scene as "surreal and truly disgusting" and considers the choice of title "sleazy". Douglas Pratt writes that the film features poor acting and production design with "some gooey gore shots but few other thrills". He concedes that the film "goes through the motions properly, however, so fans will probably find it worth passing the time."

Warren rejected the notion that Inseminoid is comparable to a "video nasty". On the film's supposed cult status, he said: "If Inseminoid has become some form of cult movie, then I am very pleased and, indeed, very flattered." He added that if he were to re-make the film, he would demand a longer shooting schedule and reduce the lighting to heighten the suspense.

Interpretation
Inseminoid has been criticised as a perceived imitation, "knock-off" or "rip-off"   of the 1979 science-fiction horror film Alien. Peter Wright, a film historian and lecturer at the University of Liverpool, believes that the "atmospheric" cave sequences and the mess hall scene preceding Ricky's madness may have been inspired by Ridley Scott's film, comparing the former to the sequences set on the desolate planetoid and the latter to the violent reveal of the alien "chestburster". Wright considers the Alien connection potentially "exploitative"; to Barry Langford of the University of London, it underlines UK cinema's dependence on its US counterpart. Alan Jones argues that "any similarity between Inseminoid and Alien is totally intentional. Except here is the basic idea contained in Alien taken to its sleaziest extreme." He finds one such parallel in the character of Kate (Stephanie Beacham), whom he likens to Ellen Ripley (Sigourney Weaver). However, he also regards Contamination (1980) and Scared to Death (1981) as less effective imitations of Scott. Edward Jones argues that the plot of Inseminoid also borrows from the novel Dracula (1897), the TV series The Bionic Woman (1976–78) and the films The Thing from Another World (1951) and Night of the Living Dead (1968).

Though he acknowledged its similarities to Alien, Warren denied claims that Inseminoid was made as an imitation, pointing out that the script for his film was completed months before Alien was released in the UK. He also said that representatives of 20th Century Fox, which distributed Alien, were shown the completed Inseminoid and that even they discounted the possibility: "... in fact, the head of Fox sent us a very nice letter saying how much he enjoyed the film and wished us luck with the release ... I find it flattering that anyone can compare Alien, which cost in the region of $30 million, with Inseminoid, which cost less than £1 million. We must have done something right."

Various commentators have discussed Inseminoid's depiction of sexual reproduction, female sexuality, conflict between male and female gender roles, pregnancy, new motherhood and Otherness. Wright interprets Sandy's transformation as a "direct manifestation of masculine anxiety regarding female reproductive capacity". He argues that the film's horror is internalised within the seed of the alien being, which renders Sandy "woman-as-other" or "abject "Other". This is in contrast with Alien, which revolves around the transfer of "fear of woman" to "alien other". Wright argues that Inseminoid is reminiscent of Demon Seed (1977), in which a woman is raped and impregnated by an artificially-intelligent computer: "in both films, women are framed as 'Other' by their sexual congress with more conventional iconic others: the machine and the alien." In all of these films, pregnancy is depicted as a source of horror; in Inseminoid specifically, this is conveyed by the "uterine and cervical" title sequence, which to Wright suggests "entering the realm of the monstrous womb ... the titling reveals a microscopic insect resident in the body of a larger organism."

Wright argues that the distorted representation of the womb reveals similarities to David Cronenberg's The Brood (1979), in which a woman gives birth to deformed offspring through parthenogenesis. Analysing the rape sequence itself, in which Karl uses a syringe to inject Sandy with an unknown substance, Wright makes a connection to dialogue in other scenes implying that the women on the archaeological team are regularly given contraceptive injections. Sandy's impregnation, conflicting with the suppression of fertilisation represented by Karl's hypodermic (and phallic) needle, reveals "coherent sexism": it "attacks the very notion of female sexual freedom, while suggesting, paradoxically, that contraception is the responsibility of women." Sandy's accelerated pregnancy and regression to the level of a savage add to her depiction as an abject Other or object of "male paranoia".

During the fight between Sandy and Gary, Sandy waits until Gary has half-suffocated before killing him. Wright suggests that this sequence is reassuring from a male perspective as it suggests that no woman – not even one with unnatural strength – is strong enough to kill a man in cold blood. That Sandy is ultimately killed by a man (Mark) makes her an aid in the re-empowerment of the male sex, although her offspring are quick to avenge their mother. Comparing the plot of Inseminoid to religious scripture, Christopher Partridge of Lancaster University refers to the twins as "essentially space Nephilim, technological demons with appetites and habits reminiscent of the mythic forebears."

The film's sexual references continue into the epilogue, which shows the arrival of rescuers Jeff, Corin and Roy. In an allusion to the menstrual cycle, the characters state that 28 days have passed since Xeno lost contact with the team. The deaths of the archaeologists are attributed to an "internal disturbance of some kind", which Wright describes as "an ironic phrase which encapsulates the film's vision of pregnancy as an irruption of Otherness from within."

On the subject of Larry Miller's novelisation, which he calls "imaginative and misogynistic", Wright notes a number of scenes that are absent from the film and distort the female form, causing revulsion in the reader. Miller has Sandy grow sores ooze pus from her nipples, which Wright likens to a new mother producing colostrum. Sandy accepts these unnatural changes with fascination.

title: Inseminoid


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Jet (magazine)

Jet is an American weekly digital magazine focusing on news, culture, and entertainment related to the African-American community. Founded in November 1951 by John H. Johnson of the Johnson Publishing Company in Chicago, Illinois, the magazine was billed as "The Weekly Negro News Magazine". Jet chronicled the civil rights movement from its earliest years, including the murder of Emmett Till, the Montgomery bus boycott, and the activities of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.

Jet was printed from November 1, 1951, in digest-sized format in all or mostly black-and-white until its December 27, 1999, issue. In 2009, Jet expanded one of the weekly issues to a double issue published once each month. Johnson Publishing Company struggled with the same loss of circulation and advertising as other magazines and newspapers in the digital age, and the final print issue of Jet was published on June 23, 2014, continuing solely as a digital magazine app. In 2016, Johnson Publishing sold Jet and its sister publication Ebony to private equity firm Clear View Group. As of the date of sale, the publishing company is known as Ebony Media Corporation.

Early history
The first issue of Jet was published on November 1, 1951, by John H. Johnson in Chicago, Illinois. Johnson called his magazine Jet because he wanted the name to symbolize "Black and speed". In Jet's first issue, Johnson wrote, "In the world today everything is moving along at a faster clip. There is more news and far less time to read it." Jet's goal was to provide "news coverage on happenings among Negroes all over the U.S.—in entertainment, politics, sports, social events as well as features on unusual personalities, places and events." Redd Foxx called the magazine "the Negro bible".

1952–2014
Jet became nationally known in 1955 for its shocking and graphic coverage of the murder of Emmett Till. Its popularity was enhanced by its continuing coverage of the burgeoning civil rights movement. The publication of Till's brutalized corpse within the September 22, 1955 issue inspired the black community to address racial violence, catalyzing the civil rights movement. Some of the popular models of Jet during this era included Vera Francis and Nancy Westbrook. The Johnson Publishing Company's campaign for economic, political and social justice influenced its inclusion of progressive views. From 1970 to 1975, Jet challenged conservative readers' anti-abortion stance by giving physicians who performed abortions a platform to discuss scientific facts about abortion procedures.

2014–present
In May 2014, the publication announced the print edition would be discontinued and switch to a digital format in June.

Changes in ownership
In June 2016, after 71 years, Jet and its sister publication Ebony were sold by Johnson Publishing to Clear View Group, an Austin, Texas-based private equity firm, for an undisclosed amount but the sale did not include the photo archives. In July 2019, three months after Johnson Publishing filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy liquidation, it sold its historic Jet and Ebony photo archives to a consortium of foundations to be made available to the public.

In 2020, Ulysses “Junior” Bridgeman, a former NBA basketball player, became the new owner of Ebony Media's assets for $14 million in a bid out of a Houston bankruptcy court. Bridgeman placed a bid of $14 million to take ownership of the company. His sports and media group has hired Michele Ghee as Jet and Ebony magazine's new CEO.

Content
Jet coverage includes: fashion and beauty tips, entertainment news, dating advice, political coverage, health tips, and diet guides, in addition to covering events such as fashion shows. The cover photo usually corresponds to the focus of the main story. Cover stories might be a celebrity's wedding, Mother's Day, or a recognition of the achievements of a notable African American.

Jet also claims to give young female adults confidence and strength because the women featured therein are strong and successful without the help of a man. Since 1952, Jet has had a full-page feature called "Beauty of the Week". This feature includes a photograph of an African-American woman in a swimsuit (either one-piece or two-piece, but never nude), along with her name, place of residence, profession, hobbies, and interests. Many of the women are not professional models and submit their photographs for the magazine's consideration.

Similar to Essence, Jet routinely deplores racism in mainstream media, especially its negative depictions of black men and women. However, Hazell and Clarke report that between 2003 and 2004, Jet and Essence themselves ran advertising that was pervaded with racism and white supremacy. Jet has published colorist advertisements in the past. An advertisement for Nadinola, a bleaching cream, appeared in an issue published in 1955. It depicts a light-skinned woman as the center of men's attention.

In 2014, The New Yorker wrote that Jet's "Beauties of the Week" column "democratized the thirst trap."

Notable people

 * Robert C. Farrell (born 1936), journalist and member of the Los Angeles City Council, 1974–91, Jet correspondent
 * Robert E. Johnson (born August 13, 1922, in Montgomery, Alabama; died January, 1996, in Chicago) was associate publisher and executive editor of Jet. He joined the Jet staff in February 1953, two years after it was founded by publisher John H. Johnson. He was one of the longest serving editors of Jet.

Awards and recognition

 * Jet was rated No. 1 as the acme in news digesting for the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper on November 17, 1951.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jet (magazine)


text: User talk:24.91.139.28

title: User talk:24.91.139.28


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Talk:Penny arcade

Coin counting machines
Should the addition of penny arcades as coin counting machines be mentioned? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.193.221.118 (talk) 08:48, 12 June 2005 (UTC)

Redirect target
This page was about the venue for coin-operated devices, usually for entertainment from its creation on 27 January 2005 until that material was merged with Amusement arcade on 3 July 2011 and it became a section redirect to Amusement arcade, where it has pointed for all but a few days of the subsequent four years, until 7 September 2015 when it was redirected to Penny Arcade which is about the webcomic.

The webcomic page had been at Penny Arcade (webcomic) until it was moved to Penny Arcade on 7 July 2013. There was some talk about where the Penny arcade redirect should point during the move discussion, but that side discussion did not reach a consensus.

There are currently 35 mainspace articles (from Ålandsparken to Wookey Hole Caves) which explicitly use this Penny arcade redirect, and all of them refer to the entertainment venue (and thus their target has been incorrect since the change in September). This is a natural usage, and I feel it is the strongest reason for retaining the long standing Penny arcade -> Amusement arcade. If consensus is reached at some point for Penny arcade -> Penny Arcade, then those links will need to be changed to piped links, and we should periodically check for new ones.

The only disadvantage of Penny arcade -> Amusement arcade is that those seeking the article on the webcomic via an uncapitalized "penny arcade" in the search tool will be taken to Amusement arcade, but that section does have hatnotes for both Penny Arcade and Penny Arcade (disambiguation).

So I have restored the longstanding Penny arcade -> Amusement arcade, but am happy to discuss other options. -- ToE 13:35, 30 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penny arcade


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Izumi-ku

The word "Izumi-ku" may refer to:

 * Izumi-ku, Yokohama is one of the wards of Yokohama City, Japan
 * Izumi-ku, Sendai is one of the wards of Sendai City, Japan

title: Izumi-ku


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Richard Watson (bishop of Llandaff)

 Richard Watson (1737–1816) was an Anglican bishop and academic, who served as the Bishop of Llandaff from 1782 to 1816. He wrote some notable political pamphlets. In theology, he belonged to an influential group of followers of Edmund Law that included also John Hey and William Paley.

Life
Watson was born Heversham, Westmorland (now Cumbria), and educated at Heversham Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, on a scholarship endowed by Edward Wilson of Nether Levens (1557–1653). In 1759 he graduated as Second Wrangler after having challenged Massey for the position of Senior Wrangler. This challenge, in part, prompted the University Proctor, William Farish, to introduce the practice of assigning specific marks to individual questions in University tests and, in so doing, replaced the practice of 'judgement' at Cambridge with 'marking'. Marking subsequently emerged as the predominant method to determine rank order in meritocratic systems. In 1760 he became a fellow of Trinity and in 1762 received his MA degree. He became Professor of Chemistry in 1764 and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1769 after publishing a paper on the solution of salts in Philosophical Transactions.

Watson's theological career began when he became the Cambridge Regius Professor of Divinity in 1771. In 1773, he married Dorothy Wilson, daughter of Edward Wilson of Dallam Tower and a descendant of the eponymous benefactor who had endowed Watson's scholarship. In 1774, he took up the position of prebendary of Ely Cathedral. He became archdeacon of Ely and rector of Northwold in 1779, leaving the Northwold post two years later to become rector of Knaptoft. In 1782, he left all his previous appointments to take up the post of Bishop of Llandaff, which he held until his death in 1816. In 1788, he purchased the Calgarth estate in Troutbeck Bridge, Windermere, Westmorland. The same year he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Watson was buried at St Martin's Church in Bowness-on-Windermere.

Works
Watson contributed to the Revolution controversy, with A treatise upon the authenticity of the Scriptures, and the truth of the Christian religion (1792) and most notably in 1796 when he delivered his counterblast to Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason in An Apology for the Bible which he had "reason to believe, was of singular service in stopping that torrent of irreligion which had been excited by [Paine's] writings". In 1798 he published An Address to the People of Great Britain, which argued for national taxes to be raised to pay for the war against France and to reduce the national debt. Gilbert Wakefield, a Unitarian minister who taught at Warrington Academy, responded with A Reply to Some Parts of the Bishop Llandaff's Address to the People of Great Britain, attacking the privileged position of the wealthy.

Watson's 1785 sermon entitled 'The Wisdom and Goodness of God, in having made both Rich and Poor', defended economic inequality as divinely supported. In Agrarian Justice (1796), Thomas Paine responded to Watson directly. Paine denied that God authorized opulence, poverty, and inequality. As Paine says in the Preface to Agrarian Justice, "it is wrong to say God made rich and poor; he made only male and female; and he gave them the earth for their inheritance."

Watson also wrote, Theological Institutes Or, A View of the Evidences, Doctrines, Morals, and Institutions of Christianity (1830).

An autobiography, Anecdotes of the life of Richard Watson, Bishop of Landaff, was finished in 1814 and published posthumously in 1817.

In the 19th century, it was rumoured that Watson had been the first to propose the electric telegraph, but this is incorrect. At the time William Watson (1715–1787) made researches in electricity, but even he was not involved in the telegraph.

title: Richard Watson (bishop of Llandaff)


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Academy of Fine Arts, Munich

The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, also known as Munich Academy) is one of the oldest and most significant art academies in Germany. It is located in the Maxvorstadt district of Munich, in Bavaria, Germany.

In the second half of the 19th century, the academy became one of the most important institutions in Europe for training artists and attracted students from across Europe and the United States.

History
The history of the academy goes back to 1770 with the founding by Elector Maximilian III. Joseph, of a "drawing school", the "Zeichnungs Schule respective Maler und Bildhauer Academie". In 1808, under King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, it became the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. The curriculum focused was on painting, graphics, sculpture and architecture.

The Munich School refers to a group of painters who worked in Munich or were trained at the Academy between 1850 and 1918. The paintings are characterized by a naturalistic style and dark chiaroscuro. Typical painting subjects included landscape, portraits, genre, still-life, and history. Karl von Piloty, the foremost representative of the realistic school in Germany, became director in 1874.

From 1900 to 1918 the academy's director was Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller. During the Second World War, Hitler replaced the academy’s “non-Aryan” professors with Nazi artists. In 1946, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts was merged with the School of arts and crafts and the School of applied arts. In 1953, its name was changed to the current Academy of Fine Arts.

Buildings

The large 19th-century Renaissance Revival style building complex, designed by Gottfried Neureuther, was completed in 1886. It has housed the Academy since then.

A new Deconstructivist style expansion, designed by the architectural firm Coop Himmelb(l)au as an extension from the original building, was completed in 2005.

The AkademieGalerie (gallery of the academy) is located at the nearby subway station Universität. Since 1989 students could show artworks especially created for this location.

Teaching
The study at the Academy is organized in class associations. Overall, the Academy accommodates twenty-three classes, led by professors, who each stand for an individual approach to contemporary fine art. These classes are complemented by twenty study workshops and a library, as well as seminars and lectures in art science, philosophy and didactics.

The following study programs are offered:

 * Free Art (Diploma)
 * Art Education (State Examination and Master Degree)
 * Interior Architecture (Bachelor and Master Degree)
 * Architecture (Master Degree)
 * Art Therapy (Master Degree)

Notable professors

 * Lawrence Alma-Tadema
 * Hermann Anschütz
 * Anton Ažbe (1884–1885)
 * Nikolaus Gysis
 * Peter von Cornelius
 * Res Ingold
 * Max Klinger
 * Franz von Lenbach
 * Walter Maurer (1990–2000)
 * Robin Page (1981–1998)
 * Eduardo Paolozzi (1981–1989)
 * Sean Scully
 * Jacob Ungerer (1890–1920)
 * Arthur von Ramberg
 * Gerd Winner (born 1936)
 * Heinrich Kirchner

Notable students

 * Josef Albers (1919–1920)
 * Mainbocher
 * Franz Ackermann (1984–1988)
 * Erwin Aichele
 * Henry Alexander
 * Cuno Amiet (1886–1888)
 * Octav Băncilă
 * Vladimir Becić
 * René Beeh
 * Ignat Bednarik
 * Claus Bergen
 * Robert Julius Beyschlag
 * Friedrich Brugger
 * Harry Chase
 * William Merritt Chase
 * Giorgio de Chirico
 * Albert Chmielowski
 * Susanne Clausen
 * Lovis Corinth (1880–1884)
 * William Jacob Baer (1880–1884)
 * Menci Clement Crnčić
 * Thomas Demand
 * Samuel Friedrich Diez
 * Edgar Downs (1876–1963; silver medallist)
 * Frank Duveneck
 * Alex Dzigurski (1911–1995)
 * Valentin Peter Feuerstein (1917–1999)
 * Lothar Fischer (1952–1958)
 * Günther Förg
 * Wilhelm Heinrich Funk (born 1866), (an American portrait painter)
 * Oskar Garvens (1874–1951)
 * Karl Gatermann the Younger
 * Herbjørn Gausta
 * Dimitrios Geraniotis (1871–1966), Greek portrait painter
 * Aleksander Gierymski (1846–1874)
 * Maksymilian Gierymski (1850–1901)
 * Louis Grell (1887–1960)
 * Rita Grosse-Ruyken (1971–1977)
 * Nicholaos Gysis (1842–1901)
 * Karl Michael Haider (1846–1912)
 * Herman Hartwich (1853–1926)
 * Hermann Helmer
 * Oskar Herman
 * Louis Christian Hess
 * Peter von Hess
 * Hallgrímur Helgason (born 1959)
 * Friedrich Hohe (1802–1870)
 * Elmyr de Hory (1906–1976)
 * Jörg Immendorff (1984–1985)
 * Đorđe Jovanović (sculptor)
 * Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944)
 * Robert Koehler (1873–1875; 1879-1886 bronze and silver medalist)
 * Elisaveta Konsulova-Vazova (1881–1965)
 * Alfred Kowalski
 * Miroslav Kraljević
 * Alfred Kubin (1899)
 * Paul Klee (1900)
 * Wilhelm Leibl
 * Maximilian Liebenwein (1869—1926)
 * Richard Lindner (1925–1927)
 * Melissa Logan
 * Ştefan Luchian
 * Mahirwan Mamtani (1935)
 * Franz Marc (1900–1903)
 * Jan Matejko
 * Dieter Mathoi (1963–1967)
 * János Mattis-Teutsch
 * Mato Celestin Medović (1890–1893)
 * Vadim Meller
 * Josef Moroder-Lusenberg (1876–1880)
 * Alphonse Mucha
 * Otto Mueller
 * John Mulvany (1839–1906)
 * Adolfo Müller-Ury (1881–82)
 * Edvard Munch
 * Alex Murray-Leslie
 * Hubert Netzer (1865–1939)
 * Elisabet Ney (1981–1989)
 * Eduard Niczky (1850–1919)
 * Charles Henry Niehaus (1855–1935)
 * Thomas Satterwhite Noble (1881–83)
 * Markus Oehlen (2002–)
 * Paul Ondrusch
 * Ernst Oppler
 * Fritz Osswald
 * Ulrike Ottinger (born 1942)
 * Bruno Paul
 * Carl Theodor von Piloty
 * Edward Henry Potthast
 * Otto Quante (1875–1947)
 * Josip Račić (1905–1908)
 * Robert Hermann Raudner (1854–1915)
 * Richard Riemerschmid (1888–1890)
 * Léo-Paul Robert (1869)
 * Franz Roubaud
 * Anna May-Rychter (1864–1955)
 * Sep Ruf
 * Heinrich Schlitt
 * Karl Saltzmann (1896– )
 * Barbara Seidenath (born 1960), metalsmith, jeweler.
 * Günther Schneider-Siemssen (1926–1915), scenic designer
 * Walter Shirlaw
 * Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim (1887–1970)
 * Karina Smigla-Bobinski
 * T. C. Steele
 * Vardges Sureniants (1860–1921)
 * Johann Gottfried Steffan
 * Franz von Stuck
 * Nicolae Tonitza
 * Axel Törneman (1880–1925)
 * John Henry Twachtman
 * Petar Ubavkić (1852–1910)
 * Spyridon Vikatos (1878–1960)
 * Robert Voit (born 1969)
 * Lascăr Vorel
 * Alexander von Wagner (1869–1910)
 * Henrik Weber (1818–1866)
 * Sybilla Mittell Weber (1892–1957)
 * Barbara Zeigler,
 * Hans-Peter Zimmer
 * Tadeusz Zukotynski (1877–1912)

title: Academy of Fine Arts, Munich


text:
Arctic Bay Airport

Arctic Bay Airport is an airport located 3 NM southeast of Arctic Bay, Nunavut, Canada. Until January 12, 2010 Nanisivik Airport, about 25 km from Arctic Bay, was used for scheduled flights. On January 13, 2010, First Air transferred all air services to Arctic Bay's newly expanded airport with service to Iqaluit and Resolute Bay. Niore Iqalukjuak, mayor of Arctic Bay, said that the move would save community members $40 for the one way taxi ride. At the same time the Government of Nunavut said that the move would save $600,000 a year because of not having to keep the all-weather road clear.

The original runway at 1500 ft was the shortest in Nunavut. It was decommissioned in 2010 and is now marked off with two "X"s on either ends. A new runway measuring 3935 ft was built to the south, along with a new airport terminal. The airport can currently handle general aviation to smaller turboprop aircraft.

title: Arctic Bay Airport


text:
Talk:Unaligned

Untitled
I renamed this page because it was not specific enough.--24.118.206.25 08:53, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unaligned


text:
Blackfoot (disambiguation)

The Blackfoot Confederacy is a group of indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States.

Blackfoot or Blackfeet may also refer to:

Canada

 * Blackfoot, Alberta
 * Blackfoot, British Columbia
 * Blackfoot diatreme, a volcanic pipe in British Columbia, Canada

United States

 * Blackfoot, Idaho
 * Blackfoot, Montana
 * Blackfoot, Texas
 * Blackfoot Creek, a stream in South Dakota
 * Blackfoot Glacier, in Montana
 * Blackfoot Mountain, in Montana
 * Blackfoot Mountains, in Idaho
 * Blackfoot River (disambiguation)
 * Blackfoot Dam

Other uses

 * Blackfoot language, an Algonquian language spoken by the Blackfoot people
 * Sihasapa, or Blackfoot Sioux, a people unrelated to the Blackfoot Confederacy
 * Blackfoot (band), an American rock band
 * Black foot disease of grapevine, a plant disease
 * Blackfoot, a fictional character in the Warriors novel series
 * J. Blackfoot (1946–2011), American soul singer
 * J. D. Blackfoot (born 1944), an American rock musician
 * Melampodium, or blackfoots, a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family
 * Pied-Noir ('Black Feet'), people of French or European origin born in Algeria during French rule 1830–1962
 * Tamiya Blackfoot, a radio-controlled model truck

title: Blackfoot (disambiguation)


text:
Notes on the Synthesis of Form

Notes on the Synthesis of Form is a book by Christopher Alexander about the process of design.

Design
Alexander defines design as "the process of inventing things which display new physical order, organization, form, in response to function...".

Even though his focus was formed in architectural design and civil engineering, the core ideas underlying his approach can be applied to many other fields.

Alexander's analysis of the village of Bavra, in Gujarat, India formed the major case study in the dissertation and the book.

Influence
By the time it was published, the book was considered "one of the most important contemporary books about the art of design, what it is, and how to go about it."

The book influenced a number of leading software writers, including Larry Constantine, Ed Yourdon, Alan Cooper, and Tom DeMarco.

Alexander's later work
For some reasons – perhaps related to the mathematical difficulties he faced or to the paradigm shift taking place in the design methods movement through the 1960s and 1970s, or argument by the German designer Horst Rittel that design deals with 'wicked problems' that do not have well defined boundaries or rationales, and cannot be solved with rigid methodology advocated in Notes – Alexander did not continue to develop the formal parts of his approach, which, by that time, showed promise. Instead, he chose, temporarily, to work on patterns (A Pattern Language) together with other well-known architects (Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein). These patterns are visible or material manifestations of the driving forces underlying the synthesis of form. For an example, consider the following excerpt from the part one of the book (page 15): The ultimate object of design is form. The reason that iron filings placed in a magnetic field exhibit a pattern – have form – is that the field they are in is not homogeneous... Nevertheless, what matters here is not only the form itself but the forces induced by the magnetic field. The fact that the magnetic field induces certain kind of form is relevant for some purposes; however, there are many practical applications not related to form. The equations describing the magnetic field can be translated into many useful outputs, to which, the concept denoted here by term "pattern" is a corresponding material manifestation or articulation. In his most recent work, The Nature of Order, Alexander demonstrates that it is illogical to separate formal manifestations from the underlying processes or sequences which produce the form, as both are observable aspects of the same field, thereby resolving the apparent conflict between this work and his subsequent pattern research.

title: Notes on the Synthesis of Form


text: Template:River Severn

title: Template:River Severn


text:
Geoffrey Pearson

Geoffrey Arthur Holland Pearson (December 24, 1927 – March 18, 2008) was a Canadian diplomat and author. He was the son of former Prime Minister of Canada Lester B. Pearson and Maryon Pearson.

Biography
Born in Toronto, Pearson was educated at Trinity College School in Port Hope, Ontario, the University of Toronto, and the University of Oxford.

Pearson joined the Department of External Affairs (now called Global Affairs Canada) in 1952, being the second of three members of his family to serve in Canada's diplomatic service. His father was Secretary of State for External Affairs and his son, Michael, would be a senior civil servant.

He held diplomatic appointments at the Canadian embassies in Paris and Mexico City, and at the High Commission in New Delhi. From 1980 to 1983, he served as Canada's ambassador to the Soviet Union. He was also Ambassador to Mongolia from 1980 to 1981.

In late 1983, Pearson was appointed as a special representative for arms control to then-Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, and in 1984 he was seconded to the Canadian Institute of International Affairs. In January 1985, he was appointed as the first executive director of the Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security, where he served for six years. In 1996, his book Seize the Day was published, chronicling his father's diplomatic legacy. Pearson was a past president of the United Nations Association in Canada. In 2000, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Pearson died in Ottawa, Ontario, on March 18, 2008. He was survived by his wife, Senator Landon Pearson (served 1994–2005), and their five children—Patricia, Michael (former diplomat and official with Fisheries and Oceans Canada), Hilary, Anne, and Katherine.

title: Geoffrey Pearson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 06:18, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust
Content should be merged with Jehovah's Witness. Jeffrey O. Gustafson 08:58, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This could possibly be up-merged into the Jehovah's Witness article (as it could equally into the Holocaust article), but that's a matter of editing discretion rather than VfD, as this topic clearly has notability on its own.  Personally I don't think such a merger would be a good idea though, as it's a topic deserving some length; but again I don't really think this is a VfD matter.--Pharos 09:32, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The JW article is already long enough~(and badly organized), and this is a notable topic. Uppland 09:47, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep notable enough for its own article -CunningLinguist 12:28, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I think it should be re-worked into an article about persecution of JW: part of the text, the last paragraph in particular, are not about the Holocaust per se. - Ar 15:19, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Keep. Articles on different topics pertaining to The Holocaust are almost always notable and encyclopedic. Kaibabsquirrel 16:26, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The JW article is frickin' huge. Maybe have a summary of it there, liking to the JW & the Holocaust article? --Edward Wakelin 17:48, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, expand. I've added the interwiki link to de:Zeugen Jehovas im Nationalsozialismus where a more extensive article is available. --Pjacobi 17:54, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * Keep Anyone feel up to making the above link available in English? :)  Duffer 13:26, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. The main JW article is constantly a subject of edit wars (big surprise), and this probably deserves a seperate article. --Scimitar 15:14, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Also, Wikipedians should be severely reprimanded for putting pages on VfD wen they think they should be merged. — Phil Welch 01:16, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Chesterfield Inlet Airport

Chesterfield Inlet Airport is located 1 NM northwest of Chesterfield Inlet, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

title: Chesterfield Inlet Airport


text:
Issue tracking system

An issue tracking system (also ITS, trouble ticket system, support ticket, request management or incident ticket system) is a computer software package that manages and maintains lists of issues. Issue tracking systems are generally used in collaborative settings, especially in large or distributed collaborations, but can also be employed by individuals as part of a time management or personal productivity regimen. These systems often encompass resource allocation, time accounting, priority management, and oversight workflow in addition to implementing a centralized issue registry.

Background
In the institutional setting, issue tracking systems are commonly used in an organization's customer support call center to create, update, and resolve reported customer issues, or even issues reported by that organization's other employees. A support ticket should include vital information for the account involved and the issue encountered. An issue tracking system often also contains a knowledge base containing information on each customer, resolutions to common problems, and other such data.

An issue tracking system is similar to a "bugtracker", and often, a software company will sell both, and some bugtrackers are capable of being used as an issue tracking system, and vice versa. Consistent use of an issue or bug tracking system is considered one of the "hallmarks of a good software team". A ticket element, within an issue tracking system, is a running report on a particular problem, its status, and other relevant data. They are commonly created in a help desk or call center environment and almost always have a unique reference number, also known as a case, issue or call log number which is used to allow the user or help staff to quickly locate, add to or communicate the status of the user's issue or request.

These tickets are called so because of their origin as small cards within a traditional wall mounted work planning system when this kind of support started. Operators or staff receiving a call or query from a user would fill out a small card with the user's details and a brief summary of the request and place it into a position (usually the last) in a column of pending slots for an appropriate engineer, so determining the staff member who would deal with the query and the priority of the request.

The shared conceptual foundation between issue tracking systems and bugtrackers is that a valid issue must be amenable to a decisive resolution (such as "completed", "fixed", or a group consensus that the issue is not worth solving, such as "not a problem" or "won't fix"); that each issue is unique (duplicate problem reports are in most cases promptly amalgamated into a single active issue or ticket); and—beyond the screening stage—that there is precisely one person assigned formal responsibility to move the issue forward (this formal baton will often bounce around many times as the issue evolves). In bug trackers, issues are generally quality or feature related with respect to a codebase (which is inherently a project management setting) whereas in generalized issue tracking systems, the tickets are often service-related or relationship-based, with closer ties to customer relationship management (CRM) concerns.

Issues
Issues can have several aspects to them. Each issue in the system may have an urgency value assigned to it, based on the overall importance of that issue. Low or zero urgency issues are minor and should be resolved as time permits. Other details of issues include the customer experiencing the issue (whether external or internal), date of submission, detailed descriptions of the problem being experienced, attempted solutions or workarounds, and other relevant information. Each issue maintains a history of each change.

Functions
Issue-tracking systems fulfill different functions, in particular:
 * Entering of dysfunctions, errors and requests (e.g. manually or by e-mail Response Management Systems)
 * Distribution and assignment of issues to persons in charge
 * Monitoring of handling, time spent and quality of work
 * Ensuring the observation of internal processes by forced control with help of workflows
 * Statistical analysis of the number of tickets
 * Automatic generation of tickets by alarming systems, e.g. network monitoring
 * Fulfillment of external service agreements (Service Level Agreement, SLA)
 * Systematic collection of questions and answers for FAQs
 * Assignment of a priority to each issue based on the overall importance of that issue, the customer, date of submission, SLA
 * Containing a detailed descriptions of the problem being experienced, attempted solutions or workarounds, and other relevant information
 * Maintaining of a history of each change

Workflow
An example scenario is presented to demonstrate how a common issue tracking system would work:

 * 1) A customer service technician receives a telephone call, email, or other communication from a customer about a problem. Some applications provide built-in messaging system and automatic error reporting from exception handling blocks.
 * 2) The technician verifies that the problem is real, and not just perceived. The technician will also ensure that enough information about the problem is obtained from the customer. This information generally includes the environment of the customer, when and how the issue occurs, and all other relevant circumstances.
 * 3) The technician creates the issue in the system, entering all relevant data, as provided by the customer.
 * 4) As work is done on that issue, the system is updated with new data by the technician. Any attempt at fixing the problem should be noted in the issue system. Ticket status most likely will be changed from open to pending.
 * 5) After the issue has been fully addressed, it is marked as resolved in the issue tracking system.

If the problem is not fully resolved, the ticket will be reopened once the technician receives new information from the customer. A Run Book Automation process that implements best practices for these workflows and increases IT personnel effectiveness is becoming very common.

Government
Some government services use issue tracking system to keep track of issues and display them to the public. Issue tracking systems may show all tasks still to be done by the government (in a waiting queue), finished tasks, tasks in progress, order sequence, etc. Finished tasks can also be foreseen with the report, showing what exactly has been done on the issue.

Issue tracking systems are for instance used to track which legislative bills are up for voting and the outcome of them.

Transport and infrastructure issues (i.e. obstructions on roads, complains, ...) can also be filed using issue tracking systems. The issues can then be tackled by the relevant government services.

title: Issue tracking system


text:
Talk:Issue tracking system

Merge from Ticket (IT support)
I recently split the ticket article, which was large and unwieldy, into a disambiguation page and several (admittedly terrible) smaller articles. I don't have time to clean up all those smaller articles right now, but I thought this looked like a close enough match for Ticket (IT support), that a merge might preclude the need for cleanup. Acdixon 19:41, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't envy customer support one bit, but I can show the world how they get their work done! DoomBringer 08:59, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree, my vote is for them to stay separate.--A software programmer

 * Agreed, it doesn't make sense to keep it separate. Night Gyr (talk/Oy) 22:59, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Issue tracking encompasses much more than help tickets. A help desk is a help desk. Issue tracking can also include SLA management, task tracking, project tracking, equipment tracking, creating a knowledge base, CRM, etc. I think they should be kept separate, and infact many functions could be broken out. Ldunbar 14:31, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * A ticket is more a customer service driven concept, while issue is more a change management driven concept. My vote is to keep them separated. Kslotte (talk) 11:33, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Totally  Agree  with the original intent of Acdixon, and happy with the result of the merged article  —-— .: Seth_Nimbosa :. (talk • contribs) 08:16, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Please separate. I just landed on this page looking for support tracking, but this article hijacks that for bug tracking which is different.  I agree with Kslotte above - customer service vs change management make for a very different emphasis in the final product.  Nothing in this article helps me out in my research on IT Support Ticket management.  PLEASE REVERSE THE MERGE. 20:45, 3 February 2010  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.106.214.134 (talk)

Issue tracking system vs Bug tracking system
Hello, I'm sorry but I don't see the main differences between Issue tracking system and Bug tracking system. Maybe this 2 articles should be merged too. Best regards --Scls19fr (talk) 13:33, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The difference is that the former is used by customer service/tech reps to support the customer, whereas the latter is more of a developer's tool -- they don't generally have contact with the customer.
 * So yes, they are very similar types of tracking systems, but they are necessarily designed differently to fit the different needs of the people using them. (Developers don't have to record phone calls, etc)
 * SilentAshes (talk) 06:37, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

 * From my point of view: a bug tracking system has a clear and pre-defined set of subjects: the developments for which the bugs are traced. For a bug the object (the product and even version) is clear. An issue has a much broader scope, most of the times it is regarding more than one product. In the evolvement of the issue, the connected products can even change, where a bug is connected to a product and only the list of versions can be extendes: Once the bug is found in a product-version, it is there. Finally, clients for a bug-tracking system are most likely testers that (up to a level) know what they are doing, they have a system that works and they can be teached on inserting bugs, where clients for issue-tracking can have issues with the issue system themself, it must be as easy as possible to insert an issue (subject and body text of an email should be enough to start an issue)
 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.78.143.1 (talk) 08:52, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree to merge Bug tracking system into Issue tracking system. I think that these two types of systems have more common features than differences. --StanContributor (talk) 21:00, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

@Scls19fr: From a technological point of view, they employ the same approach, and some systems may even be able to serve both equally well, but they are actually different concepts serving different purposes, as pointed out by other users above. I politely DISAGREE.

 * —-— .: Seth_Nimbosa :. (talk • contribs) 08:07, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I see bug tracking as a specific instance of issue tracking, or to put that the other way, issue tracking is a higher level of abstraction. I've almost always argued for the higher level of abstraction, because it seems to me that it matters little whether the issue is a software bug, a hardware artifact, an end user having different expectations from the sales guys and the infamous "wouldn't it be nice if?". Whatever, the issue should be recorded, the implications recorded and the conclusions recorded. Even the need for revision management in bug tracking does not detract from that. Revision management applies just as much to user manuals, CAD designs, sales brochures, novels, laws, and all manner of other things.

213.83.117.162 (talk) 09:12, 7 October 2010 (UTC) Gordon Scott.

The term Issue tracking has a wider scope. But it includes Bugs. If you are only using it in a development team you can do with a "Bug-Tracking" system, but for wider use you would call it an "Issue-Tracking" system. So depending on the types of users and the scope of using it you can call it a "Bug-Tracking" system or an "Issue-Tracking" system. Basically someone enters an Issue because that person thinks something might be wrong or needs revision. After the person reports the Issue someone else (Designer, Product-owner,....) decides on the type of Issue. It can be a Bug. But it can be a request for change (RFC), it can be a misunderstanding and be rejected or it can be something else. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.171.184.14 (talk) 12:19, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Completely agree with Gordon Scott; that Bug Tracking is a limited, special class of Issue Tracking. The term "Bug" in the context of "Bug Tracking" comes about from errors in software that require fixing (not withstanding the original cause of the expression; of an insect that literally flew into the back of a mainframe and caused an error). That has been extended by many to include "bugs" with the processes by which work is performed within an organisation, but that implies that everything reported is a Fault. The correct terminology is that a Bug is for tracking software errors and all other aspects are Issues. The Issue type in its simplest form can be "Bug", "Request", "Suggestion". The term "bug" simply cannot be used to describe a request to improve say delivery services of goods where no actual problem is perceived but an individual can see customer service improving by applying some changes to existing processes. Issue Tracking looks at the widest picture possible, whereas Bug Tracking looks at software only issues and Fault Reporting looks at only faults but system-wide and of any nature. A connotation of the word "Issue" is that there is a fault but in essence an Issue can be anything (from a Suggestion to a Fault). I completely disagree that Bug Tracking should be merged with Issue Tracking. [davcomnz - 14th Dec 2012] — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davcomnz (talk • contribs) 20:40, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

Issue management is entirely different
Issue management is a field of discipline, process / technique, whereas the article is about technological solutions for that purpose. No need for a merge.
 * —-— .: Seth_Nimbosa :. (talk • contribs) 08:00, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Don't merge w/Issue Management

 * I also support keeping two different articles. Issue tracking is different than bug(defect) tracking. Issue could be anything that you raise a flag but you are not sure if this is really a defect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TestTR (talk • contribs) 12:53, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

I agree with Seth (below); these are separate topics. In fact, I was looking specifically for a brief overview on issue tracking systems, and found this article on my first search attempt. To me, that suggests the article is well-conceived. 96.232.24.63 (talk) 16:43, 2 November 2009 (UTC)Steve

 * I also agree, I think there's enough consensus here to remove the template. -- Scarpy (talk) 23:00, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

I support keeping two different articles. Anyone who has designed bug tracking software and issue tracking software is aware of enough differences in scope and characerization that necessitate the development of different software for each use. The similarities may enable the reuse of code, but one system cannot ideally serve both issues. As this discussion has been going on for ages, isn't it time to reach a consensus and end it ? --Gil.shabtai (talk) 09:46, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

Combine because they are short
My experience has been that tracking software comes in many flavors depending on the organization that uses it. I've seen SW development in R&D and IT departments where the term "trouble ticket" has two different meanings. Given the relatively short size of both articles I would vote to combine with appropriate sections for each flavor. Bug tracking, issue tracing, Change control, etc are all methods/systems used to manage software whether it is developed, or deployed. DCwom (talk) 13:01, 20 August 2013 (UTC)

Architecture section isn't relevant, correct or cited
I don't understand why this article tries to explain how an issue tracking system works under the hood. I also think it's wrong to try and guess how "most" issue tracking systems are designed. Is a database really the main storage repository for all data? Is there really a business logic layer of the application? Has someone done a survey of issue tracking software and it's design? I'm going to remove this section. Ben — Preceding unsigned comment added by B3nCrin (talk • contribs) 13:47, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

Seeking sources for ticket definition
A definition here is provided for a ticketing system based on individual tickets: "amenable to a decisive resolution", "each issue is unique", "precisely one person assigned formal responsibility to move the issue forward" and on the system, "generally quality or feature related", "service-related" or "relationship-based". This is a broad definition, good that means this article will be valuable for many people. But I hope primary sources can be shown for this definition. Full Decent (talk) 18:38, 28 August 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Issue tracking system


text:
Grise Fiord Airport

Grise Fiord Airport is located in Grise Fiord, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the Government of Nunavut. The only building at this airport is the Air Passenger Shelter and the companies that operate there are Canadian North. Flights to this airport are usually from Resolute Bay Airport and most of them only carry cargo with few to no passengers.

title: Grise Fiord Airport


text:
Bukit Batok Secondary School

Bukit Batok Secondary School is a co-educational government secondary school located in Bukit Batok, Singapore.

History
Bukit Batok Secondary School was first opened in 1986, housed in a S$8.2 million campus at the junction of Bukit Batok West Avenues 3 and 8. In 1988, air-conditioners were installed in the school's library, language lab and computer room. On 9 April that year, the school was officially opened by Chai Chong Yii, Member of Parliament for Bukit Batok SMC.

From 2006 to 2008, the school was rebuilt for S$25.48 million under the PRIME scheme. School Advisory Committee members and parents raised another S$661,220 in two years for non-standard items such as an air-conditioned multi-purpose hall and a viewing gallery for the Indoor Sports Hall.

Alumni

 * Mediacorp Actress --- Ye Jia Yun (Yap Jia Yun)

title: Bukit Batok Secondary School


text:
SuperCamp

SUPERCAMP is an international educational summer camp program founded in 1982 which introduces students to accelerated learning academic skills and life skills. The program is held in several different locations around the world.

SuperCamp is run by the Quantum Learning Network (QLN), a California-based educational organization. The SuperCamp program aims to teach students skills which will make studying any subject a faster, easier, more enjoyable and less stressful process. The camp's life skills curriculum focuses on developing communication skills, building stronger personal relationships with family and friends, developing teamwork and leadership ability, boosting creativity and problem-solving ability, and setting clear goals. The camp uses metaphors such as an outdoor ropes course and board-breaking to help students develop strategies for overcoming barriers to success.

History
The President of the QLN, Bobbi DePorter, first studied accelerated learning methods with Dr. Georgi Lozanov in the 1970s. These methods became the basis of the SuperCamp program which DePorter co-founded in the early 1980s with Eric Jensen and Greg Simmons and further developed with husband/partner, Joe Chapon. The first SuperCamp was held in 1982 at Kirkwood Meadows, California.

The program has since grown rapidly. Presently, camps are held every summer at several college campuses throughout the United States, including Stanford University, UCLA, Loyola Marymount University, UC Berkeley, Wake Forest University, Loyola University Chicago, Kent State University, University of South Florida, and Brown University.

SuperCamp was first held outside the United States in 1990, when camps were conducted in Moscow and Singapore. The program is now held every year in various countries in Asia, Europe, Central America, Australia, and North America. In 2019, SuperCamp hosted a program at Stanford University for 22 Bermudian students.

Curriculum
SuperCamp programs teaches academic skills such as Quantum Strategies, test-taking, time-management and organizational skills, Quantum Reading, a speed reading course, Quantum Writing, which designs methods of overcoming writer's block, note-taking, memory improvement, SAT / ACT preparatory courses and life skills such as the "8 Keys of Excellence"

Program levels
The following SuperCamp programs are conducted the United States:

 * Junior Forum – 7-day camp, ages 11–13
 * Senior Forum – 10-day camp, ages 14–18
 * Leadership Team – 10-day camp at Senior Forum for past Senior Forum graduates only, ages 15–18
 * Leadership Forum – 7-day camp, ages 16–19 (for past Leadership Team graduates only)
 * Quantum U – 8-day camp, ages 18–21

Variations on this structure exist outside the United States in order to make the program relevant and appropriate for students in the local school system in each country where the camp is held. A "Youth Forum" program for ages 8–10 used to be run in the US and continues to be held overseas.

title: SuperCamp


text:
Bukit View Secondary School

Bukit View Secondary School (BTVSS) is a co-educational government secondary school in Bukit Batok, Singapore.

History
The building of the school began on 30 September 1984 and was completed on 29 December 1985. It started classes with 450 students in the Secondary One and Two levels and 15 teachers on 3 January 1986, headed by the school's first principal, Ow Chiong Hoo. In the same year, the school saw the first Investiture of the BTVSS Student Council, the formation of the school's military band and the library. The school was fully functional with the completion of the outdoor fitness stations and the landscaped garden. In 1987, BVSS held its first track-and-field meet, and also was the convenor of the West Zone Secondary Schools Badminton Tournament. The school facility also installed an electric kiln installed for students to explore their artistic talents through pottery. On 15 July 1988, BVSS was officially opened by Chai Chong Yii, Member of Parliament for Bukit Batok. A school lecture hall was built and officially opened by Ong Chit Chung, Member of Parliament for Bukit Batok, on 6 November 1989. In 1997 BVSS also participated in the two-day Pesta Sukan National 10's Rugby Tournament for the first time.

On 13 November 1999, BVSS, along with seven other schools and the National Institute of Education, adopted the two-hectare Mandai Forest near Upper Seletar Reservoir to help restore the forest patch that was devastated an invasion of the Smilax-variable creeper plant on its grounds, over the years. The adoption project also planned to use the forest habitat restoration to facilitate hands-on learning of forest ecology and biodiversity and equip students and teachers with field-based learning strategies. It was also an opportunity for students from different schools to collaborate on a project that is both about learning and saving the natural environment.

A student team led by Maziyan Abdullah participated in the 2008 World Media Masters on 28 March 2008, organised by IT Leisure and Education and supported by Creative Community Singapore, an initiative of the Ministry of Information, Communication and the Arts. The team, along with those from 15 other schools participating in the programme, had been provided with professional training on producing computer games since August 2007, enabling them to experience real-life computer game production work and a chance for selected winning team to market their game product commercially international.

Host of important events
BVSS played host to a number of educational activities for their educational zone. In 1987, the school organised the first Annual West Zone Inter-Primary Schools Languages, Maths & Science competitions. The school was also the host for the finals of the inaugural Primary Inter-School Chinese Debate between Pei Chun Public School and CHIJ on 23 June 1990. The debate, organised by BVSS principal Ow Chiong Hoo, saw CHIJ emerging as winners for the first of the biannual competition.

Between the years 1989 and 1991, the school hall was the venue of choice for important speeches delivered by VIPs from various social levels. They were organised by the Bukit Batok Community Centre Current Affairs Club, and chaired by Ong Chit Chung, Member of Parliament for Bukit Batok. Members of the public heard S. Vasoo, Member of Parliament for Tiong Bahru, delivering his thoughts on having a social network to help the needy, in his speech titled "Perspectives on the lower-income group" on 23 October 1990. On 23 August 1991 a speech on China's foreign policy was delivered by Zhang Qing, China's Ambassador to Singapore. Singapore's Ambassador to the United States Chan Heng Chee also co-chaired a public forum titled "The Challenges of Democracy" on 12 November 1991.

Redevelopment of campus
The Ministry of Education launched PRIME on 11 May 1999 to upgrade or rebuild about 290 schools built over the last 20 to 30 years, and as part of the Ministry's "Thinking Schools, Learning Nation" vision ensuring all schools have a conducive physical environment to enhance teaching and learning. Schools constructed before 1997 are upgraded with the construction of extension blocks and alteration of existing school buildings, or rebuilding that involves the construction of new buildings either on existing site or on available vacant sites. The project was implemented over a period of seven years from 1999 to 2005, in three phases with an estimated cost of S$4.46 billion.

BVSS's upgrading programme took place in June 2005, in Phase 6 of the PRIME project. This upgrading consisted of the building of the New Block housing the new library, professional sharing room and computer labs. The Old Block and School Hall/Canteen were being refurbished. The Technical Block was expanded to include Chemistry, Biology and Physics Labs, F&N department and the Design & Technology (D&T) Department by December 2006. The upgrading of the main school area was completed by May 2008, and seeing through the completion of the school field and a new indoor sports hall.

Achievements
In 1989, the school won Best Award and prize money of $3,000 in the 1989 National Mural Competition, an event held in conjunction with the Community Week '89 themed at social cohesion and racial harmony.

A micromouse entry from Bukit View Secondary School, along with entries from Catholic Junior College and St. Joseph's Institution, was named overall winners for their shortest timings and intelligent maze-escaping strategies, in the fourth Singapore Inter-school Micromouse Competition held at Ngee Ann Polytechnic on 9 April 1994.

BVSS also made it as one of the ten finalists in the 2nd National Schools Newspaper Competition organised by The Straits Times. The school's team also came in 2nd place in the Gears Of War (GOW) tournament at the Interschool eGaming Challenge organized and held at Funan DigitaLife Mall in March 2007.

The school's principal, Vasuthevan K. Ramamurthy, was awarded the Public Administration Medal (Bronze) at the National Day Awards in 2016.

Young Designers' Award
BVSS culture encourages art and design with its students. This culture resulted with a total of 19 awards with their innovate designs, in the 12 years' of Young Designers Award. In years 1997 - 2000 alone, the school has produced seven winners consecutively in the competition.

title: Bukit View Secondary School


text:
User:KamsKaze

User blocked for vandalism. mikka (t) 09:06, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:KamsKaze


text:
Igloolik Airport

Igloolik Airport (Inuktitut: ᐃᒡᓗᓕᒃ ᒥᑦᑕᕐᕕᐊ Iglulik Mittarvia) is located at Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada, and is operated by the government of Nunavut.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 29 November 1975, a Douglas C-47A C-FOOX of Kenting Atlas Aviation was damaged beyond economic repair at Igloolik Airport.

title: Igloolik Airport


text:
National Lottery Heritage Fund

The National Lottery Heritage Fund, formerly the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), distributes a share of National Lottery funding, supporting a wide range of heritage projects across the United Kingdom.

History
The fund's predecessor bodies were the National Land Fund, established in 1946, and the National Heritage Memorial Fund, established in 1980. The current body was established as the "Heritage Lottery Fund" in 1994. It was re-branded as the National Lottery Heritage Fund in January 2019.

Activities
The fund's income comes from the National Lottery, which was managed until 2024 by Camelot Group. Its objectives are "to conserve the UK's diverse heritage, to encourage people to be involved in heritage and to widen access and learning". As of 2019, it had awarded £7.9 billion to 43,000 projects.

In 2006, the National Lottery Heritage Fund launched the Parks for People program with the aim to revitalize historic parks and cemeteries. From 2006 to 2021, the Fund had granted £254 million to 135 projects.

In January 2019 it simplified its funding schemes under one banner – National Lottery Grants for Heritage – with awards from £3,000 to £5 million. Funding requests for projects over £5 million will be considered as part of two time-limited national competitions to be held in 2020–21 and 2022–23.

Its funding routes include the Digital Skills for Heritage Fund, a £3.5m fund for grants to support digital volunteering in the heritage sector, launched in November 2021.

Structure
The chair of the trustees is appointed by the Prime Minister; René Olivieri served as interim chair from January 2020 following Sir Peter Luff's retirement at the end of 2019. Dr Simon Thurley CBE, former Chief Executive of English Heritage, became the chair of trustees on 1 April 2021.

The Chief Executive from July 2016 to December 2021 was Ros Kerslake OBE, former CEO of The Prince's Regeneration Trust. In August 2021, the Fund announced that Ros Kerslake would be stepping down at the end of 2021. The Chief Executive since January 2022 is Eilish McGuinness.

The Fund's head office is in London, and it has offices elsewhere in the UK.

Major projects
Major projects have included:
 * Restoration of the Kennet and Avon Canal in Somerset – awarded £25 million in 1996
 * Restoration of Heaton Park in Manchester – awarded £8.5 million in 1999
 * Creation of the National Waterfront Museum in Swansea – awarded £11 million in 2002
 * Refurbishment of the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in Glasgow – awarded £13 million in 2002
 * Restoration of Greenhead Park in Huddersfield – awarded £3.8 million in 2005
 * Renovation of the Piece Hall in Halifax – awarded £13 million in 2012
 * Acquisition of Titian's Diana and Callisto for the National Gallery London and National Galleries of Scotland – awarded £3 million in 2012

title: National Lottery Heritage Fund


text:
Per-Olov Löwdin

Per-Olov Löwdin (October 28, 1916 – October 6, 2000) was a Swedish physicist, professor at the University of Uppsala from 1960 to 1983, and in parallel at the University of Florida until 1993.

A former graduate student under Ivar Waller, Löwdin formulated in 1950 the symmetric orthogonalization scheme for atomic and molecular orbital calculations, greatly simplifying the tight-binding method. This scheme is the basis of the zero-differential overlap (ZDO) approximation used in semiempirical theories. In 1956 he introduced the canonical orthogonalization scheme, which is optimal for eliminating approximate linear dependencies of a basis set. These orthogonalization procedures are widely used today in all modern quantum chemistry calculations.

The famous 'Löwdin's pairing theorem' used in restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock (ROHF), unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) and generalized valence bond (RES-GVB) theories is not his. According to himself, George G. Hall and King made the formal proposition after an informal suggestion by Löwdin.

His Löwdin partitioning technique for quantum chemistry problems is best appreciated through the series of 14 papers on perturbation theory published between 1963 and 1971.

He was also a very active teacher, starting the Summer Schools of Quantum Chemistry at Uppsala around 1958. In 1959 and 1960, Löwdin started the Quantum Theory Project at the University of Florida as a sister project to the Uppsala Quantum Chemistry Group. In 1964 he was joined by John C. Slater from MIT. The International Winter Institutes (held initially at Sanibel Island, and later at Gainesville) provided the initiation of hundreds of Latin American young scientists during the eighties and nineties. In 1960 he founded the Sanibel Symposium in conjunction with the Winter Institute. They have been held every year since 1960.

Löwdin was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1969, the American Philosophical Society in 1983, and was a member of the committee for the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1972 to 1984. He was the founder of the International Journal of Quantum Chemistry and of the series Advances in Quantum Chemistry. He was a foundation member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

title: Per-Olov Löwdin


text:
Martin Place railway station

Martin Place railway station is a heritage-listed underground commuter rail station located on the Eastern Suburbs line, serving the Sydney central business district in New South Wales, Australia. Named after Martin Place, it is served by Sydney Trains T4 Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line services and NSW TrainLink South Coast Line services. It was designed by Fowell, Mansfield Jarvis and McLurcan and built from 1973 to 1979. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

History
Martin Place Station was opened on 23 June 1979 as part of the inauguration of the Eastern Suburbs Railway (ESR) line. The station had been constructed using an open-cut excavation.

Eastern Suburbs Railway
A line to the eastern suburbs had been part of the wider rail plan for Sydney since the late 1890s, with provisions made for the eventuality during the construction of the City Circle underground stations in the 1920s, although work never proceeded past the planning phase at this time. The City and Suburban Electric Railways (Amendment) Act, Act No. 13 of 1947, made provision for the construction of further electric railways in the City of Sydney, serving the eastern, southern and south-eastern suburbs. This Act amended an earlier scheme proposed by John Bradfield in 1916 which had provided for an eastern suburbs line (via St James Station) and a south-eastern railway. The Act made provision for the construction of 44 miles of new suburban electric railways.

Since the late 1940s the ESR had been under construction on and off, with meaningful progress made from the early 1970s. The construction of the line was a contentious political issue, not only because of the extended period over which it was undertaken, but also because of the resumptions and demolitions throughout Woolloomooloo that were required to build it. The alignment and profile for the ESR was set in 1926 and construction on the railway was started by the NSW Department of Railways. In 1952, the project was abandoned until the mid 1960s. In 1967 the NSW Department of Railways engaged the Snowy Mountains Authority (SMA) to prepare and develop documents for the city tunnels and stations, Kings Cross tunnel and stations, and Rushcutters Bay viaduct and various other associated works.

Martin Place Station
Martin Place was created in stages between 1860 and 1935 and transformed into a pedestrian area between 1968 and 1978. The final form of the area was determined by prolonged argument and, ultimately, compromise between the City Council, State Government and authorities and private landowners.

By the late 1960s, the conversion of Martin Place into a pedestrian plaza had reached as far east as Pitt Street. In mid 1971, a new plan for the long-term development of the city, known as the Strategic Plan, was published. The second of four principles in this plan involved the improvement of 'access and movement within the city', including pedestrian movement. Included among the 'actions', was the extension of Martin Place as a pedestrian plaza through to Macquarie Street. This extension of the closure to Macquarie Street had long been proposed and objected to by various parties, not the least of whom were the affected property owners. The design of Martin Place Railway Station played an important role in promoting the extension of Martin Place to Macquarie Street and in determining the design of the easternmost end of the plaza.

In 1967, the State Government awarded the contract for the civil and structural design of the line to the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority. The section of the line near Macquarie Street was 30 metres below ground level; the main concourse for the proposed Martin Place Station were thus below street level and extended from under Phillip Street as far as Macquarie Street. It was proposed to construct entrances, with escalator access, down to the concourse from both streets. Concurrent to the development of the station, there were proposals to provide underground access from the railway concourse, under Elizabeth Street, to connect with a retail arcade within the Prudential Building on the southern side of Martin Place. The area beneath the roadway between Elizabeth and Castlereagh Streets consisted of basements, owned by the council, which had been constructed for an aborted State Savings Bank building.

Above ground, the design of the Pitt Street-Castlereagh Street block of Martin Place took shape. Taking advantage of the six-metre height difference between the two streets, a raised terrace, overlooking the existing plaza area of Martin Place to the west, was proposed for the Pitt Street end of the block. At the Castlereagh Street end, it was proposed to build a sunken amphitheatre for civic and public performances, from which access under Castlereagh Street would lead via a shopping arcade into the City owned basements to the railway concourse. This vital link was opposed for sometime and would be the last element in the overall plan to be constructed (see below). Varied uses for the plaza above were proposed. The short block between Castlereagh and Elizabeth Street was considered suitable for markets and the area between Elizabeth and Phillip Street was to be a quiet landscaped haven. The final section, between Phillip and Macquarie Streets, was to be an important place of arrival in the city centre. A large fountain was proposed to provide a focal point for the vista towards Sydney Hospital and it was envisaged that outdoor café seating would make this area a good waiting area near the railway entrance.

The Minister for Lands gave notice of the closure of Martin Place from the eastern side of Pitt Street to the western side of Macquarie Street, exclusive of cross streets, on 24 November 1972. Almost every Government Agency and owner objected, resulting in prolonged negotiations. The objector who could not be satisfied was the Chairman of the Rural Bank, who used his high level contacts to ensure that the plaza, as first gazetted, extended only as far as Elizabeth Street, stopping short of the Rural Bank (1973). In reality, the upper two blocks were closed for a number of years to through traffic to allow railway construction, ultimately paving the way for permanent closure. The objections of the Rural Bank were finally overcome in 1974. It had always been the Railway's intention to build an entrance to the station in the corner of the Rural Bank Building because there was no room on the footpath. This entrance could be moved into the plaza, if created, a clear incentive for the Rural Bank's co-operation. The design of for the upper two blocks of Martin Place were finalised during 1975.

The design of the middle block between Castlereagh and Elizabeth Streets had, meanwhile, been held up by a number of considerations, partially connected to the railway. It was not clear if the concourse of the railway station would extend beyond the eastern side of Elizabeth Street. Secondly, it was a condition of consent for the MLC Centre, then under construction, that a subway be built under Castlereagh Street to connect the building to the station. Thirdly, the lessee of the old basements of the aborted State Savings Building, Prudential Insurance Company, were reluctant to surrender their lease to Council "The architects were trying to bring all these issues together so that the MLC tunnel under Castlereagh Street would connect into a naturally lit shopping arcade in the basements and then join under Elizabeth Street to the railway concourse. If this was realised there would be an undercover connection from the amphitheatre on the western side of Castlereagh Street to the railway concourse".

These issues took years to resolve; this section of Martin Place would be the last to be built. The Eastern Suburbs Railway line officially opened in 1979. Although originally proposed to extend southwards into Randwick, the line was only built to Bondi Junction. The shopping arcade and connection to the railway station was not made until 1982.

The design by Fowell Mansfield Jarvis & Maclurcan Pty Ltd was awarded a public buildings merit award by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1979. Each station on the Eastern Suburbs Railway had a different colour to identify it. Bright red was used throughout Martin Place in both glazed tiles for walls and columns and painted cement surfaces. The red was chosen to reflect the banking and finance associations of the area. The design of the ESR underground stations continued the design ideas of the city underground stations of the 1920s, with individual station colours and features.

In 2010, work commenced on an upgrade to the station, consisting of two lifts and an accessible toilet. The upgrade was completed in April 2011.

As part of the Sydney Metro City & Southwest project a further two platforms are scheduled to open in 2024.

Station configuration
The station complex is below ground with access via stairs from Martin Place and then banks of three escalators to the concourse level. Pedestrian access is via arcades constructed at the same time as the station and leading to adjacent office and retail plazas. The ceiling of the public concourse above the platforms is raked following the topography of the street above and the supporting concrete beams are painted red to match the feature ceramic wall tiling, also in red.

The station consists of an island platform with two faces serving an Up and Down line. The platform is accessed via two sets of three escalators. The station and platforms are constructed of reinforced concrete finished with pre-cast white terrazzo panels, and red glazed ceramic wall tiles. A turnback siding is located east of the station.

A service tunnel extends from Martin Place railway station under Sydney Hospital into The Domain. The tunnel carries air conditioning services from an underground room, which is located beneath two ventilation towers in The Domain, by the side of the road behind Sydney Hospital.

Heritage listing
As at 6 October 2015, Martin Place underground railway station is significant as a representative of the latest major railway construction undertaken in the State in the eastern suburbs railway line. The whole of the structure being underground is a development of the structures built in the city in the 1930s and represents the latest in technology at the time. Martin Place Railway Station is significant as the only underground railway station constructed in the centre of the city within the last fifty years. It is a good example of a Late Twentieth-Century International style structure which is highly intact with many of its original materials and finishes still in place. Its design by architects Fowell Mansfield Jarvis & Maclurcan Pty Ltd was awarded a public buildings merit award by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 1979.

Martin Place railway station was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.

title: Martin Place railway station


text: Category:River Severn

title: Category:River Severn


text:
Talk:Blue House

Translation
A better literal translation of "Cheong Wa Dae" might be "Pavilion of the Blue Roof Tiles." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.62.60.148 (talk)

Missing centuries
The history section kinda glosses over about five hundred years (1400-1900)... does anyone want to take a stab at it? ;) //Blaxthos ( t / c ) 01:23, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 19:43, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Blue House → Cheongwadae — Blue House is not the official name of the Presidential Residence of the President of Korea. It should be called as its original name in Korean. The literal translation should be "The House with the Blue Roof" but neither is the popular term "Blue House" representative of this. "Blue House" is merely an casual name for the Presidential residence of Korea. The residence should be known and be called for its true name. One does not call the Elysee Palais as the White Palace etc. Nor do we call 10 Downing Street as the Black Door House. It is important that Cheongwadae be called as Cheongwadae. For a nation to have its own name for their Presidential palace and not be called it properly is problematic. Especially with Wikipedia, the true name should be given preference over popular but a wrong name. Verces (talk) 20:57, 15 May 2011 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose WP:COMMONNAME, WP:USEENGLISH; I've seen "Blue House" in English, and you admit it is common usage. The proposed name is not English, even if it is Korean. See the Beehive (New Zealand), where the common name is used over the official one, and this one's an English speaking locality to boot. 184.144.163.181 (talk) 03:43, 16 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. Élysée is a common name just as the Blue House is. Quigley (talk) 19:41, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Discussion
"Cheongwadae" gets only 79 hits on Google Books. Yonhap is the most official source. They use "Cheong Wa Dae". Google books since 1980 gives 807 hits for president Korea (Cheongwadae OR Cheong-Wa-Dae) -Wikipedia, compared to 4,140 for president Korea "Blue House" -Wikipedia. I can go with either official usage or common usage, but "Cheongwadae" is actually less common than the official spelling. Kauffner (talk) 06:49, 16 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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Blue House in fiction?
Looking at these pix, many of the scenes in the Korean Netflix movie "Designated Survivor: 60 days"that purport ot have been filmed in or near this building would appear to be genuine. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:e448:d401:21f2:2e77:87c2:91a (talk) 09:39, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

The NAME of this building
"The Blue House" is the ALTERNATIVE and FICTIONAL name for Cheongwadae and it is supposed to be spelled as 'Cheongwadae', not 'Cheong Wa Dae'. The spelling 'Cheong Wa Dae' is only written like that for the sake of English-speakers, and it is NOT how the government of South Korea spell. DoomeyAhn (talk) 18:26, 19 April 2020 (UTC)

"Gyeongmudae" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gyeongmudae&redirect=no Gyeongmudae] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. signed,Rosguill talk 02:21, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blue House