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Congregation of Christian Brothers

The Congregation of Christian Brothers (Congregatio Fratrum Christianorum; abbreviated CFC) is a worldwide religious community within the Catholic Church, founded by Edmund Rice.

Their first school opened in Waterford, Ireland, in 1802. At the time of its foundation, though much relieved from the harshest of the Penal Laws by the Relief Acts, Catholics faced much discrimination throughout the newly created United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland pending full Catholic emancipation in 1829.

This congregation is sometimes referred to as simply "the Christian Brothers", leading to confusion with the De La Salle Brothers—also known as the Christian Brothers, sometimes by Lasallian organisations themselves. As such, Rice's congregation is sometimes called the Irish Christian Brothers or the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers.

Formation of The Christian brothers
At the turn of the nineteenth century, Waterford merchant Edmund Rice considered travelling to Rome to join a religious institute, possibly the Augustinians. Instead, with the support of Thomas Hussey, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, he decided to found a religious community dedicated to teaching disadvantaged youth.

The first school, on Waterford's New Street, was a converted stable and opened in 1802, with a second school opening in Stephen Street soon after to cater for increasing enrollment. Two men from his hometown of Callan, Thomas Grosvenor and Patrick Finn, soon arrived to aid Rice in his makeshift schools, with the intention of living the life of lay brothers. In the same year, Rice used proceeds from the sale of his victualling business to begin building a community house and school on land provided by the diocese. Bishop Hussey opened the new complex, christened “Mount Sion” on June 7, 1803, and pupils were transferred to the new school building the following year. The reputation of the school spread and across the next few years several men sought to become “Michaels”.

On 15 August 1808 seven men, including Edmund Rice, took religious promises under Bishop John Power of Waterford. Following the example of Nano Nagle's Presentation Sisters, they were called "Presentation Brothers". This was one of the first congregations of men to be founded in Ireland and one of the few founded in the Church by a layman.

Houses were soon opened in Carrick-on-Suir, Dungarvan, and in 1811, in Cork. In 1812 the Archbishop of Dublin established a community in the nation's capital and by 1907 there were ten communities in Dublin, with pupils in excess of 6,000. The schools included primary, secondary and technical schools, along with orphanages and a school for the deaf. A community was founded in Limerick in 1816, followed by establishments in several of Ireland's principal towns.

The Holy See formally established the congregation in 1820. This, too, was an unusual event, since the Christian Brothers were the first Irish congregation of men approved by a charter from Rome.

Some brothers in Cork chose to remain under the original Presentation rule and continued to be known as Presentation Brothers, a separate congregation but also recognising Edmund Rice as its Founder.

Expansion
The congregation of Irish Christian Brothers spread to Liverpool and other parts of England. These new ventures were not always immediately successful. Two brothers had been sent to Gibraltar to establish an institute in 1835. However, despite initial successes they left in August 1837 on account of disagreements with the local priests. In 1878 the Brothers returned to the then Crown colony of Gibraltar. The school eventually flourished supplying education to the twentieth century. The "Line Wall College" was noted in 1930 for the education that it supplied to "well to do" children.

Similarly, a mission to Sydney, Australia, in 1842 failed within a couple of years. Brother Ambrose Treacy established a presence in Melbourne, Australia in 1868, in 1875 in Brisbane, Australia and, in 1876, a school was commenced in Dunedin, New Zealand. In 1875 a school was opened in St. John’s, Newfoundland. In 1886 the Pope requested that they consider setting up in India, and a province of the congregation was established there.

Christian Brothers’ College Kimberley (“CBC”), the first Christian Brothers’ College (School) in South Africa, was founded by the Christian Brothers from Ireland, UK on 8 September 1897. It is situated in Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa. The founder was E.I.Rice. It is a Catholic High School

In 1900, there came the invitation to establish houses in Rome, and in 1906 schools were established in New York City. In 1940 Iona College was founded in New York, as a Higher Education College, facilitating poorer high school graduates to progress to a college education.St. Patrick's Christian Brothers' College, Kimberley

St. Joseph's Junior Novitiate, Baldoyle was where trainee brothers went to complete their second level studies, normally proceeding to St. Mary's in Marino to train as school teachers. To-day there is a nursing home there, and there are over 1000 brothers buried in the cemetery in St. Patrick's, Baldoyle.

In 1925 the brothers bought St. Helen's, Booterstown which became their administrative headquarters and novitiate. Around 1968, land to the South was used to build two new schools Coláiste Eoin and Coláiste Íosagáin. St. Helen's was sold in 1988.

In 1955 Stella Maris College in Uruguay was established. In 1972 the alumnus rugby team was travelling in Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 when it crashed in the Andes, stranding survivors in freezing conditions with little food and no heat for 72 days; 16 of the 45 people on the aircraft survived.

In the 1950s, due to the number of brothers in Ireland, it was split into two sections divided into North and South by a line from Dublin to Galway.

In 1967 the Christian Brothers had a membership of about 5,000, teaching in around 600 schools.

The Christian Brothers teacher training centre at St. Mary's/Colaiste Mhuire, has become the Marino Institute for Education which has trained lay teachers since 1972 and has offered degrees validated by the University of Dublin since 1974. In 2012 Trinity College Dublin became a co-trustee with the Brothers of the institute.

The Brothers' schools include primary, secondary and technical schools, orphanages and schools for the deaf. A number of these technical schools originally taught poor children trades, such as carpentry and building skills, after which they could progress to gain apprenticeships and employment. As the National School system and vocational schools developed in the Irish Republic, the Irish Christian Brothers became more concentrated on secondary education.

Contraction
As of 2018, there were 872 Christian Brothers and 172 houses.

In 2008 it was reported that not more than ten Christian Brothers were teaching in Irish schools, with the expectation that there would soon be none. This was contrasted with the mid-1960s, when over 1,000 Brothers worked in schools, with no shortage of new recruits.

Organizational structure of the Christian Brothers
Geographically, the Christian Brothers are divided into several provinces that encompass every inhabited continent. The brothers within each province work under the direction of a Province Leadership Team. In turn, the entire Congregation operates under the leadership of a Congregation Leadership Team that is based in Rome (and led by the Congregation Leader). These provincial and congregational teams are elected on a six-year basis at Congregation chapters.

Restructuring has taken place in the congregation to account for the changing needs, in particular the declining number of brothers in the developed world. The three provinces of North America (Canada, Eastern American, and Western American Province) restructured into the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers North America on 1 July 2005. The provinces that cover Ireland, Great Britain and the Congregational Leadership Team in Rome combined into a single European province on May 5, 2007, while the five provinces covering Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea combined into one Oceania province on October 1, 2007, The English Province is a registered charity. The Dublin Headquarters are in the grounds of Marino Institute of Education, Claremont, Griffith Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.

A special community within this new European province will be based in Geneva, Switzerland, working to establish an NGO known as Edmund Rice International. The purpose of such an organisation is to gain what is known as a "general consultative status" with the United Nations. "This position allows groups the opportunity to challenge systemic injustice and to engage in advocacy work with policymakers on behalf of people who are made poor." As well as including Christian Brothers from provinces all over the world, members of the Presentation Brothers will also have a presence within this community.

Edmund Rice Development is a faith-based non-governmental organisation with charity status in Ireland. Based in Dublin, Edmund Rice Development was established in 2009, to formalise the fundraising efforts of the developing world projects for the Christian Brothers globally and received its charitable status in 2009. Funding raised by the charity is directed mainly to nine countries in Africa, where The Christian Brothers work on mission in development: Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, they support the Ruben Centre Additional funds are also raised for similar work in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay) and India.

List of Superiors General
The following is a list of the Superiors General of the Congregation of Christian Brothers. In recent times, "Congregational Leader" has been the title used.
 * 1) Edmund Ignatius Rice (1820–1838)
 * 2) Michael Paul Riordan (1838–1862)
 * 3) James Aloysius Hoare (1862–1880)
 * 4) Richard Anthony Maxwell (1880–1900)
 * 5) Michael Titus Moylan (1900–1905)
 * 6) Calasanctius Whitty(1905–1920)
 * 7) Jerome Hennessy (1920–1930)
 * 8) Joseph Pius Noonan (1930–1950)
 * 9) Edward Ferdinand Clancy (1950–1966)
 * 10) Arthur Austin Loftus (1966–1972)
 * 11) Justin Linus Kelty (1972–1978)
 * 12) Gerald Gabriel McHugh (1978–1990)
 * 13) Jerome Colm Keating (1990–1997)
 * 14) Edmund Michael Garvey (1997–2002)
 * 15) Philip Pinto (2002–2014)
 * 16) Hugh O'Neill (2014–2019)
 * 17) Peter Clinch (2019–2024)

Irish nationalism
The Irish Christian Brothers were among the strongest supporters of Irish republicanism, the Irish language revival, the Gaelic Athletic Association, and Gaelic games. In most Christian Brothers' schools in Ireland, Gaelic football, hurling and handball were encouraged and there were even examples of boys being punished for playing "foreign games", like soccer. Many GAA clubs were founded by Christian Brothers, many developing from schools teams, with many GAA clubs using the playing fields of the brothers' schools. They also run and sponsor The Rice Cup which was set up in 1944, and named after the order's founder, for post-primary hurling. They also sponsor the Westcourt Cup and Rice Shield. Many of the first Irish language textbooks were produced by the Christian brothers for their schools. Conor Cruise O'Brien called them "the most indefatigable and explicit carriers" of the Catholic nation idea.

Sexual abuse of children
In the late 20th and early 21st century many cases were exposed of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of children in the Christian Brothers' care over a number of decades. Cases emerged in Ireland, Canada, the United States, Australia and Great Britain.

Australia
The Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse documented Christian Brothers' activities in Australia and in particular in Ballarat. 22% of Christian Brothers across Australia have been alleged sexual predators since 1950, according to the royal commission. The commissioners concluded that the Christian Brothers "completely failed... to protect the most vulnerable children in their care" and that senior brothers–including Brother Paul Nangle, Ballarat's highest Brother in the 1970s–had deliberately misled police in more recent statements about their knowledge of abuse.

There were allegations that during the 1970s sexual abuses took place at the junior campus of St Patrick's College and St Alipius Primary School in Ballarat, Victoria. After investigation, Brothers Robert Best, Edward Dowlan and Stephen Francis Farrell were all convicted of sex crimes. Brothers Dowlan and Best were later transferred to the senior campus and continued to offend. Four of the school's brothers and their chaplain, Gerald Ridsdale, were accused of sexually assaulting children — all but one, who died before charges could be laid, have been convicted.

In December 2014, a royal commission found that "Christian Brothers leaders knew of allegations of sexual abuse of children at four Western Australian orphanages and failed to manage the homes to prevent the systemic ill-treatment for decades." During the 2016 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in Ballarat, it was found that 853 children, average age 13, had been sexually abused by one or more Christian Brothers. Child abuse complaints had been made against 281 Christian Brothers, and the Congregation had paid A$37.3 million in compensation.

The Royal Commission's final report of Catholic Church authorities in Ballarat was released on the 6th. December. The report found that 56 Christian Brothers had claims of sexual abuse made against them in Ballarat and that there “was a complete failure by the Christian Brothers to protect the most vulnerable children in their care”.

The response to complaints of sexual abuse was "grossly inadequate": most often Christian Brothers were moved to new locations after an allegation had been made.

The Report found: "Often, the Christian Brother in question was allowed to remain in the position he held where the allegations arose, with continuing access to children," and "On many occasions, the Brother was moved to a new location after a complaint or allegation was made about his conduct. In some cases, the reason given for the move was to conceal the true reason for it and to protect the reputation of the Christian Brothers and avoid scandal and embarrassment."

In February 2020, Rex Francis Elmer pleaded guilty to two charges of indecently assaulting boys at St Vincent's Boys' Orphanage in South Melbourne. He was removed from St Vincent's in 1976 after a welfare officer who inspected the orphanage complained that he had “interfered with” boys who lived at the home. He was appointed headmaster of a Melbourne Catholic boys school a few years after the religious order became aware of his abuse.

England
In December 2012, the Christian Brothers school St Ambrose College, Altrincham, Greater Manchester, was implicated in a child sex abuse case. A former lay teacher was convicted of nineteen counts of sexual assault occurring between 1972 and 1991.

Ireland
St Joseph's Industrial School in Letterfrack, County Galway, received a lasting notoriety through revelation of physical and sexual abuse of the boys by some of the Brothers there, with evidence of sexual abuse and extreme physical punishments going back to the 1930s. According to the commission to Inquire into Child Abuse, between the years 1940 to 1970 15 children died there while in the care of the Christian Brothers, from causes including tuberculosis.

The school was closed in 1974. The Congregation of the Christian Brothers published full-page advertisements in newspapers in Ireland in March 1998, apologizing to former pupils who had been ill-treated whilst in their care. This advertising campaign expressed "deep regret" on behalf of the Christian Brothers and listed telephone lines which former pupils could ring if they needed help. In 2003 the Congregation brought a case against the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse, seeking to prevent the commission from naming brothers accused of child abuse. Justice Sean Ryan declared that individual alleged perpetrators of abuse would not be named unless they had already been convicted

In May 2009 a report was issued by the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse (CICA) on allegations of child abuse committed on thousands of children in residential care institutions run by various religious institutes for the Irish state. This report found that sexual abuse of boys in institutions run by the Brothers was common. In response, the Irish ecclesiastical province issued a pledge to pay 161 million euros toward a fund set up to compensate male and female victims of such abuse both in their institutions and in those run by other religious institutes. , the Christian Brothers in Ireland continued to seek out-of-court settlement for historical claims initiated by survivors of sexual assault by Brothers, committed in day schools managed by the order in Ireland. Towards Healing was set up by CORI to offer therapy to survivors of clerical abuse; it is a Catholic organisation about whose independence there has been controversy. The Christian brothers in Ireland used the services of the L&P group to set up an education trust.

In late November 2009, the organization announced it would supply a €161 million (£145 million sterling) package as part of reparations for child abuse in Ireland. This includes a donation of €30 million to a government trust and €4 million donated to provide counselling services. Playing fields owned by the organisation and valued at €127 million would be transferred to joint ownership of the government and the trust that runs former Christian Brothers schools.

In 2019 former Brother John Gibson was convicted and received a prison sentence for his role in abuse in Wexford CBS in the 1980s & 1990s. On 22 June 2020, he received an additional four years after pleading guilty to a number of assault and sexual assault charges.

Scotland
In 2016 Fr. John Farrell, retired priest of the Diocese of Motherwell, the last Head teacher at St Ninian's Falkland, Fife, was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. His colleague Paul Kelly, a former member of the Order and a retired teacher from Portsmouth, was given a ten year custodial sentence; both were convicted of the physical and sexual abuse of boys between the years 1979 and 1983. More than 100 charges involving 35 boys were made. The school closed in 1983.

In 2021, the Scottish Child Abuse Inquiry issued a report on the St. Ninians residential school which had been run by the Christian Brothers between 1953 and 1983. The report concluded that the school was a "a place of abuse and deprivation" particularly from 1969 until the school closed in 1983. The Christian Brothers were able to "pursue their abusive practices with impunity" and the evidence against them was "shocking and distressing." Children in care suffered sexual, physical and emotional abuse.

Michael Madigan, a representative for the Christian Brothers, said the congregation acknowledged with ‘deepest regret’ that children had been abused.

Canada
A pattern of physical and sexual abuse of more than 300 Mount Cashel Orphanage residents in St. John's, Newfoundland perpetrated by staff members, specifically members of the Christian Brothers of Ireland in Canada (CBIC), was uncovered during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Multiple criminal investigations, a provincial Royal Commission of Inquiry (the Hughes Inquiry) and an Archdiocese of St. John's inquiry (the Winter Commission) resulted in criminal convictions and millions of dollars in court-imposed financial settlements. Compensation was provided by the Government of Newfoundland for orphanage residents who were wards of the state and several properties owned by the CBIC in Newfoundland and Labrador and other provinces were seized and liquidated.

Throughout 1989-1993 nine Christian Brothers were charged and prosecuted for various criminal offences, including sex offences against the boys of Mount Cashel orphanage.

Both the St. John's Archdiocese through the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops as well as the Congregation of Christian Brothers have since enacted policies aimed at the prevention of child sexual abuse.

In Ontario in January 1993 the Christian Brothers reached a financial settlement totalling $23 million with 700 former students who alleged abuse.

In February 2021, a British Columbia man alleged that he was sexually abused by one of the Christian Brothers, who confessed to the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary of molesting children at the Mount Cashel Orphanage in 1975.

India
Despite a culture of silence around child sexual abuse in India, abuses that began decades ago continue into the 21st century, though few allegations see the light of day. Mathew N. Schmalz, director of Asian Studies at the Jesuit College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, has researched Catholicism in Asia and Africa, and argues that although celibate men are viewed as sexually aberrant in the United States, they are held in respect in Asia. According to him "In India you'd have gossip and rumors, but it never reaches the level of formal charges or controversies." While prosecution of a few egregious cases has happened, most cases are never revealed, investigated, punished or prosecuted, even though more lawsuits are being filed against the Congregation of Christian Brothers in India (CCBI) for the trauma caused by Brothers, whether alive or deceased. One case that emerged during the #MeToo movement was of Brother Francis Gale who was alleged in a detailed Facebook post to have molested Mary Therese Kurkalang, a tribal woman, since she was five years old, inflicting lifelong trauma, when he was stationed at St. Edmund's College, Shillong. Despite an internal investigation that began in 2018 by the "Society Protection Officer" Brother J. Johnson, he was not prosecuted and remained a member of the Brothers as of January 2023.

United States
Christian Brother Robert Brouillette, who had taught at St. Laurence High School, was arrested in April 1998 in Joliet, Illinois, for indecent solicitation of a child. He was convicted in March 2000 of 10 charges related to child pornography, fined $2,000 and sentenced to four years probation. In 2002 a civil lawsuit was filed in Cook County, Illinois, against Brouillette for sexual assault against a 21-year-old man.

In 2013 the Edmund Rice Christian Brothers' North American Province, known as Irish Christian Brothers, paid US$16.5 million to 400 victims of child sexual abuse across the US, and agreed to enforce a zero-tolerance policy for brothers accused of abuse. This followed the Brothers' filing for bankruptcy in April 2011 following rising legal costs, and leading to a reorganization settlement between creditors and the order according to the US Chapter 11 bankruptcy code.

Publications
The Christian brothers composed and published a number of text books on several subjects, many in the Irish language, which were used by their schools.

Textbooks

 * Irish History Reader, Christian Brothers, M. H. Gill & Son, Dublin, 1905.
 * Graiméar na Gaeidhilge, Na Bráithre Críostaí, M. H. Gill, Dublin, 1901.
 * Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críosta, M.H. Mac an Ghoill agus a Mhac Teo, Baile Átha Cliath, 1960.
 * Matamaitic na hArdteistiméireachta, by Tomás Ó Catháin, Na Bráithre Críostaí, 1967.
 * Leaving Certificate Chemistry, Christian Brothers Congregation, Folens, Dublin, 1970?.
 * Leaving Certificate Physics [translated from the Irish], Christian Brothers Congregation, Folens, Dublin, 1973.
 * New Irish Grammer, Christian Brothers, published by C. J. Fallon, Dublin, 1990.
 * AIDS to Irish Composition by Christian Brothers (Jerome Fitzpatrick), 1902.
 * Second Book of Modern Geography, The Christian Brothers, M. H. Gill & Son, Dublin, 1904.
 * Cóir ṁúinte na Gaeḋilge, leis Na Bráiṫre Críostaí, M.H. mac an Goill, Baile áṫa cliaṫ, 1910.
 * First Steps in Irish: A classic, succinct, book for learning to read, write and speak the Irish language, by L. Cinneide, The Christian Brothers.

Our Boys
Our Boys was a magazine for boys by Christian Brothers and the Educational Company of Ireland, published from September 1914 until the 1990s. It was based on British Boys Own adventure comics, with illustrated strips and adventure stories in English and Irish. It had an overt Catholic and Irish Nationalist outlook, featuring Irish Legends, GAA figures, the Missions and Catholic juvenile organisations. Illustrator Gerrit van Gelderen contributed to the magazine.

The Educational Record
The Educational Record was an annual collection of articles from Christian brother schools around the world published by them from their offices in Rome. Editors of the record include Liam Ó hAnluain and Richard Healy.

Notable Christian Brothers

 * Gerald Griffin (1803–1840), Irish novelist, poet and playwright.
 * John Philip Holland – inventor of the motor-powered submarine
 * Paul Francis Keaney – Australian educator
 * Joseph G. McKenna – American educator
 * Paul Nunan – Australian educator
 * Liam Ó hAnluain (1910–1992), Irish language scholar contributed major contribution to a standard for Irish Grammer, he also served as provincial of the order.
 * Blessed Edmund Ignatius Rice – founder of the Christian Brothers and the Presentation Brothers
 * Thomas Munchin Keane (1908–1989), teacher, and mathematician, wrote the first textbook for the new leaving certificate mathematics in Irish in the 1960s.
 * Michael Paul Riordan – Irish early Christian Brother and second Superior General of the congregation
 * Patrick Ambrose Treacy – Australian educator and leader of the first Australian community of Christian Brothers.
 * Godfrey Reggio – became a film director of Koyaanisqatsi after being a brother in the US.
 * Laurence (Larry) Ennis (1933–2021), served as Antrim Gaelic football team manager from 1979 to 1981
 * Jerome Fitzpatrick (1878–1910) – teacher and Irish Language enthusiast, and compiled and published many early aids to teaching the Irish language.
 * Seamus Damien Brennan, teacher, principal, Hurling Manager, last teaching Christian brother in Ireland.

In popular culture

 * The play The Christian Brothers, first performed in 1975 and written by Ron Blair, is a one-man show depicting a Christian Brother teaching at a Catholic school in Australia in the 1950s, focusing much on the Brother's use of corporal punishment.
 * In the 1985 film Lamb, Liam Neeson plays a Christian brother
 * The Moving Hearts 1985 song All I Remember written by Mick Hanley, mentions Christian brothers
 * The Saw Doctors 1991 single N17, refers to "when I left the Christian brother school"
 * The television miniseries The Boys of St. Vincent is a fictional story based on real events of sexual abuse that took place at Mount Cashel Orphanage in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, an orphanage run by the Christian Brothers.
 * The 1993 film Alive!, based Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors the 1974 book documenting the events of Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, which contained rugby players from the Christian brother school Stella Maris College, Montevideo
 * In 1994, the CBC released "The unforgiven: Mount Cashel, five years later," a documentary that profiled several of Mount Cashel's victims.
 * The 2016 film Sing Street, is about a coming of age drama where a boy moves from a private fee-paying school to a Christian brother school "Synge Street"
 * In 2022, an episode of the CBC television series Son of a Critch discussed the real-time impact that the initial revelations of the Mount Cashel Orphanage scandal had on Newfoundland society in the 1980s.

title: Congregation of Christian Brothers


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Talk:Leland Chapman

Untitled
It was released today by A&E that filming has resumed —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

Girlfriend story
this is just speculation and the second report is from a gossip website, where they received reports from unclaimed sources. There is a disclaimer on the website of the Gossip column saying so, so we cant take it as fact. Nobody knows if she is a gf, and also, not relevant to this article and its not been confirmed.

Birth place and mother's name
Done my research with what reliable docs available, unless anyone has valid docs to ref, i beleive his birthplace is Tampa, (as mentioned in Dog's autobiography),the same as his older brother DL, as that was Dog's residence at the time of his arrest back in 1976. i havent found anything about his mother's middle name, so it has to be deleted according to wikipedia's guidelines. If anyone out there, these socalled knowitalls, please provide docs to prove it, as per wikipedia's guidelines.
 * Some of the sources I found stated that he was born in Groom, Texas. I am not sure, however, about the reliability of these websites so I refrained from editing the reference to Tampa. If there are those who have access to more authoritative info, please help with this detail. Thanks. Darwin Naz (talk) 13:16, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I love did the bounty hunters show 2605:59C8:636A:6410:881F:7894:C38B:B1AB (talk) 06:20, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Full Blood Brother
What is wrong with that little bit of information? and why do i keep frigging deleting it? 1) In DL's article, i already mentioned the fact he works with his brother, yet somebody recently edited in about his Full Blood Brother. 2)yes, it is a fact, what pisses me off is the capital letters in the middle of a sentence 3) please, these pages are edited by fans of the show and the Chapmans so if you have smug information, its already there if you read it 4)sometimes poeple are putting in facts in the irrelevant topics because people arent reading the articles properly, we have facts all over the place and the article is messed up and hard to follow. No wonder these pages are watched, because some users arent reading the article properly and they are not placing relevant facts in the right sections. These pages arent just for the fans, it was never meant to be for the fans to post their little knowledge they have, its an enclycopedia of our current media trends and well known historical/current affair figures for other users to read about. does it sound like i am telling off, probably, but this page is to discuss and for us users to communicate about this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mj2fedup (talk • contribs) 11:53, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Middle Name
I just corrected the spelling on his middle name. The source proves his middle name is spelled "Blane" not "Blaine". Please don't change it. Edgehead5150 (talk) 06:47, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * wrong. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1727090/  Skiendog (talk) 10:26, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

We need links and sources to back up your picture claims of his personal life
Stop posting gossip, especially the ones about some pictures of the couple. there are no pictures on the internet, and where are they if there are? If you know this to be true, put up links and sources to back up your claims please. Mj2fedup (talk) 22:20, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Can everyone remember that this is an encyclopedia.
All i am seeing is quotes from the TV show or the book. We need to source that info with links, not quote it word for word. We only need to be concerned about in the article is the facts/history/dates, and the impact it may have on media/news. Wikipedia is about facts and figures. sorry to say this, but anything else is irrelevant, i believe.Mj2fedup (talk) 11:42, 3 February 2008 (UTC) To anyone else that is thinking about editing this page, i am merely following the guidelines given to me by the peeps at wikipedia. everyone else should do the same. read the guidelines before editing anything on wikipedia.Mj2fedup (talk) 11:46, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

To those that moaned about the Editing done on this article
If you have a beef with someobody editing, come onto the "discussion" page. Do not type your disgruntlement into the article. And what is private anyway? The article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mj2fedup (talk • contribs) 21:59, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

What's with the pictures??
LOL!! I had a fit of giggles seeing that picture. Who is the person on the pic and does it have anything to do with the article?

Do not merge
Why would you merge this? This guy is a reality TV "star." He has been seen with Tito Ortiz the UFC fighter and may have a future in that sport as well. Skeeter08865 20:26, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Since he has appeared on other shows as well, it won't be merged. Disinclination 02:26, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

What the hell is spizoiky??

Stop it with the Janine Douglas rumours. she was never his gf, those photos were fake, and she continues this even though we know they are fake.

The history section in particular is written like a child's book report. I believe the entire section needs to be rewritten. 216.69.63.254 22:19, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Too many edits??

why are there too many edits on this article? why does this Janine Douglas gets a mention even though it is merely gossip and have no ounce to truth to this rumour.Whilst

should this person be stopped if they are not adhering to rules or guidelines set out when they first created their account here.

just thought i leand is hot because i have never come across an article with so many edits.

By the way, one of the links in the Note section no longer active. Page either now deleted ir moved and has no info on what this article was about. Is it relevant to the article at all?Mj2fedup 08:59, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

"Uncle Tim"
Tim Chapman isn't actually related to them--he's just an old family friend and business partner that happens to have the same last name. They just call him 'uncle'. Tim is related he's Duane's (dog's) brother.

"Notes"
This section is protected? May i ask why? I already discussed the 'Sacbee' link. This has no relevance to this article and i cant remove it.

SaChapman, Enough with your story of being the mother of Leland Chapmans child and his fiance. This is untrue and by constantly editing the page with this story is according to the guidelines vandalisim.

Confrontation with Don Frye
maybe this should be added, —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.33.252.191 (talk) 11:13, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

i am a huge fan and #1 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.69.189.222 (talk) 07:44, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

Unsourced material
I would like to ask 94.169.233.65 to stop edit-warring (as here) on unsourced details about Chapman's personal life, criminal history and supposed business failures. Please read the note about the "policy on biographies of living persons" on top of this talk page, or Verifiability:
 * The burden of evidence lies with the editor who adds or restores material ... Do not leave unsourced or poorly sourced material in an article if it might damage the reputation of living persons or organizations, and do not move it to the talk page

I did a quick check on dogthebountyhunter.com and couldn't find these facts mentioned there.

Regards, HaeB (talk) 07:57, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Personal Life section removed
Granted the material should have been incorporated, and referenced, but shouldn't unsourced have been LABELED not removed? It might have been more helpful to seek out a reference and add it, rather than simply excise potentially valuable biographical info. Dfoofnik (talk) 19:18, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

Wiki's biography policy is meant to reduce "contentious or libelous" content, not all poorly sourced, or most pages would be empty. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dfoofnik (talk • contribs) 19:23, 29 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Leland Chapman. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
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Leland Chapman worthy of Wikipedia page, but article dated
Living person Leland Chapman is certainly notable enough for a Wikipedia page, but a lot of the edits are dated and don't match the standards of newer articles. One entry literally says "It is speculated..." - Ellipsis used to hint at the possibility of further development should be used in story books, not in an encyclopedia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Leland Chapman


text:
User:SAUNDERS

Jason Saunders is an artist and craftsman who lives in Los Angeles, California.

title: User:SAUNDERS


text:
Talk:Thomas Holliday Hicks

info
Thomas Hicks was governor of Maryland during the secession crisis (1861). He was likely sympathetic to the Confederacy, as were many Eastern Shore men. As a result he was severely criticized in newspapers favoring the Union. His mistress during the period is said to have been Anna Ella Carroll, probably the most famous woman in Maryland history, and an ardent supporter of the Union. She is credited with persuading Hicks to keep Maryland neutral during the Civil War. Carroll herself deserves an article. She was a close relative in a collateral line of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. She smoked cigars, wore bloomers, and was confidant of men in the highest places, including Abraham Lincoln. See 	Great Necessities: The Life, Times and Writings of Anna Ella Carroll, 1815-1894 by C. Kay Larson.

Baltimore Riots
'After initially denying that he had authorized such actions, Hicks backtracked and voiced his support for the Union.'

Sentence doesn't make sense. The 'actions' meant the burning of railroad bridges to keep Union troops from entering the state. If he denied that he taken these actions, he must have been trying to express support for the Union. So any subsequent backtracking would have been to keep the Confederates sweet. Valetude (talk) 19:00, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

Time for a reassessment?
Been a minute since anybody updated but this governor was very interesting. FTIIIOhfive (talk) 00:28, 3 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thomas Holliday Hicks


text:
User talk:CaptainAmerica

Everything else moved to the Archive.

Fair use rationale for File:Dvoarkcrankygeeks.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Dvoarkcrankygeeks.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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Fair use rationale for File:ExtremeTechwebshot 10-03-06.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:ExtremeTechwebshot 10-03-06.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

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March 2012
The article Eric Hovde has been speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This was done because the article, which appeared to be about a real person, individual animal, organization (band, club, company, etc.), or web content, did not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the notability of the subject may be deleted at any time. If you can indicate why the subject is really notable, you are free to re-create the article, making sure to cite any verifiable sources.

Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and for specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for musicians, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. NawlinWiki (talk) 02:48, 20 March 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:00, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Waukesha South High School for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Waukesha South High School is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Waukesha South High School until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Steve Quinn (talk) 04:32, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:CaptainAmerica


text:
Lead paint

Lead paint or lead-based paint is paint containing lead. As pigment, lead(II) chromate (, "chrome yellow"), lead(II,IV) oxide, (, "red lead"), and lead(II) carbonate (, "white lead") are the most common forms. Lead is added to paint to accelerate drying, increase durability, maintain a fresh appearance, and resist moisture that causes corrosion. It is one of the main health and environmental hazards associated with paint. Lead paint has been generally phased out of use due to the toxic nature of lead. Alternatives such as water-based, lead-free traffic paint are readily available.

In some countries, lead continues to be added to paint intended for domestic use, whereas countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have regulations prohibiting its use. However, lead paint may still be found in older properties painted prior to the introduction of such regulations. Although lead has been banned from household paints in the United States since 1978, it may still be found in road marking paint.

History
White lead was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described by Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius, and the ancient Greek author Theophrastus.

The traditional method of making the pigment was called the stack process. Hundreds or thousands of earthenware pots containing vinegar and lead were embedded in a layer of either tan bark or cow dung. The pots were designed so that the vinegar and lead were in separate compartments, but the lead was in contact with the vapor of the vinegar. The lead was usually coiled into a spiral and placed on a ledge inside the pot. The pot was loosely covered with a grid of lead, which allowed the carbon dioxide formed by the fermentation of the tan bark or the dung to circulate in the pot. Each layer of pots was covered by a new layer of tan, then another layer of pots. The heat created by the fermentation, acetic acid vapor, and carbon dioxide within the stack did their work, and within a month the lead coils were covered with a crust of white lead. This crust was separated from the lead, washed, and ground for pigment. This was an extremely dangerous process for the workmen. Medieval texts warned of the danger of "apoplexy, epilepsy, and paralysis" from working with lead white.

In 1786, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter warning a friend about the hazards of lead and lead paint, which he considered well-established. Despite the risks, the pigment was very popular with artists because of its density and opacity; a small amount could cover a large surface. It was widely used by artists until the 19th century, when it was replaced by zinc white and titanium white.

The dangers of lead paint were considered well-established by the beginning of the 20th century. In the July 1904 edition of its monthly publication, Sherwin-Williams reported the dangers of paint containing lead, noting that a French expert had deemed lead paint "poisonous in a large degree, both for the workmen and for the inhabitants of a house painted with lead colors". As early as 1886, German health laws prohibited women and children from working in factories processing lead paint and lead sugar.

The League of Nations began efforts to ban lead paint in 1921.

Toxicity
Lead paint is hazardous. It can cause nervous system damage, stunted growth, kidney damage, and delayed development. It is associated with high violent crime rates. It is dangerous to children because it tastes sweet, therefore encouraging children to put lead chips and toys with lead dust in their mouths. Lead paint can cause reproductive problems, including a decrease in sperm concentration in men. Lead is also considered a likely carcinogen. High levels of exposure can be lethal. It is recommended that any materials suspected of containing traces of lead should be tested using either bulk sampling and tested at a laboratory or using lead swab tests as an indication to its presence.

Regulation
, these are the places with confirmed lead paint laws according to the WHO Global Health Observatory Database:

Canada
In Canada, regulations were first enacted under the Hazardous Products Act in 1976 that limited lead content of paints and other liquid coatings on furniture, household products, children's products, and exterior and interior surfaces of any building frequented by children to 0.5% by weight. New regulations on surface coating materials, which came into force in 2005, further limit lead to its background level for both interior and exterior paints sold to consumers. Canadian paint manufacturers have been conforming to this background level in their interior and exterior consumer paints since 1991. Nevertheless, a Canadian company, Dominion Colour Corporation, is "the largest manufacturer of lead-based paint pigments in the world" and has faced public criticism for obtaining permission from the European Chemicals Agency to continue to export lead chromate paints from its Dutch subsidiary to countries where its uses are not tightly regulated.

China
New regulation effective from December 1, 2020 updates an older lead paint standard introduced in the 1980s, which measured soluble lead in products instead of total lead. Measuring soluble lead is considered to be a less accurate method for measuring the amount of lead paint exposure in children. The new standards set a 90 ppm total lead limit for woodware coatings and architectural wall coatings. For vehicle and industrial coatings the new total lead limit is 1,000 ppm.

European Union
Lead paint is banned in the European Union by the 2003 Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS), which forbids hazardous substances in consumer goods, including paint. This act superseded and harmonized existing laws of the member states, many of which had banned lead paint years before.

To protect the health of painters, France had passed in 1909 a law banning the use of paints containing lead for the painting of the interior and exterior of all buildings.

Hong Kong
, there are no regulation and legislation on lead content in paints. Furthermore, unlike the U.S., which implemented stricter rules in 2010, renovators in Hong Kong do not need to be certified when performing lead paint related works. Methods used to remove lead-based-paint (e.g., use of power tools) are not regulated as well. The use of HEPA-filtered vacuum or a HEPA filtered dust collection system is also not mandatory. No dust test on lead level is required upon the end of any renovation or remodeling job.

India
Lead paint was not prohibited in India until 2016. A 2015 study found that over 31% of household paints in India (small brands manufactured by small and medium enterprises in India, with limited local reach and distribution) had lead concentration above 10,000 parts per million (ppm), which far exceeds the BIS standard of 90 ppm for lead in paint. The Regulation on Lead Contents in Household and Decorative Paint Rules came into effect on 1 November 2017, according to which the paints should have lead less than 90 ppm and their label should say so. However, two years later, an analysis of 32 locally-manufactured paint samples from nine states found lead content ranging from 10 ppm to 186,062 ppm, with 90% of samples having lead levels above 90 ppm.

Philippines
The Philippines banned lead paint in 2013, but in 2017, 15% of the paint still was not certified. The EcoWaste Coalition and the Philippine Association of Paint Manufacturers declared on 1 January 2020 that the Philippines has phased-out lead paint following the implementation of Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order 2013–24, or the Chemical Control Order for Lead and Lead Compounds, which directed manufacturers of lead-containing paints for industrial uses to phase out such paints by 31 December 2019.

Singapore
Since 1 Feb 1995, labelling is required for paints with total lead concentrations exceeding 600 ppm. From 3 Jan 2022, the manufacture, import and sale of paints exceeding 90ppm total lead concentration for local use were banned, except for zinc-based anti-corrosion paints and copper-based anti-fouling paints. For export and re-export a Hazardous Substance Licence is required ( except for zinc-based anti-corrosion paints and copper-based anti-fouling paints). For local sale of zinc-based anti-corrosion paints and copper-based anti-fouling paints exceeding 90ppm total lead concentration labelling is required and only industrial uses are allowed.

South Africa
In South Africa, the Hazardous Substances Act of 2009 classifies lead as a hazardous substance and limits its use in paint to 600 parts per million (ppm). A proposed amendment will modify this to 90 ppm, thereby almost completely eradicating lead from paint. The amendment would also include all industrial paints, which were previously excluded.

United Kingdom
Lead paint was banned in the United Kingdom in 1992.

United States
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned lead paint in 1977 in residential properties and public buildings (16 CFR 1303), along with toys and furniture containing lead paint. The cited reason was "to reduce the risk of lead poisoning in children who may ingest paint chips or peelings". For manufacturers, the CPSC instituted the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, which changed the cap on lead content in paint from 0.06% to 0.009% starting 14 August 2009. In 2018 the State of Delaware banned the use of lead paint on outdoor structures. Also, the Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act (a.k.a. the "Lead Paint Act") was created in order to ensure that the disclosure of any lead-based hazards in a building be discussed with potential buyers or renters of units. While EPA and HUD have defined LBP as being 1.0 mg/cm2 (as measure by XRF) or 0.5% lead by dry weight (aka 5,000 ppm), some states and municipalities gone beyond this. For example, New York City's Local Law 66 of 2019 defines LBP as 0.500 mg/cm2 (XRF) or 0.25% lead dry weight (2,500 ppm).

In April 2010 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required that all renovators working in homes built before 1978 and disturbing more than 6 ft2 of lead paint inside the home or 20 ft2 outside the home be certified. EPA's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities. It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb lead-based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools (any child occupied facility) built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA-approved training providers to follow lead-safe work practices.

Careful stabilization of any deteriorated (peeling, chipping, cracking, etc.) paint in a lead-safe manner is also encouraged. Through authority vested in the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), lead-based-paint removal by dry scraping, dry sanding, torching and burning, the use of heat guns over 1100°F, and machine-sanding / grinding without a HEPA-filtered vacuum or a HEPA filtered dust collection system, is prohibited, as these methods have been proven to produce significant amount of lead dust during renovation, remodeling and painting.

At the end of any remodeling or repainting job, a dust test performed by an independent third-party professional is also required by HUD for "clearance". Lead evaluations are done using a method called X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), which gives a result in 4–8 seconds with a 95% accuracy at the 2-sigma level.

, there are an estimated 37 million homes and apartments with lead paint in the United States.

Oil paints
In art, white lead paint is known as flake white or Cremnitz white. It is valued for the ease of handling and resilience the lead confers to oil paints. Lead white paint dries relatively quickly to form a strong, flexible paint film. Lead-based white is one of the oldest manufactured pigments. It was the only white pigment available to artists in appreciable quantities until the twentieth century, when zinc white and titanium white became available. Industrially produced lead white, the typical pigment from the 19th century until its ban, was thought to be inferior to traditionally fabricated forms, which had larger "flake" particles that conferred ease of handling.

Titanium and zinc whites are far less toxic than lead white and have largely supplanted it in most fine arts applications. Safety regulations have also made lead white more expensive and difficult to obtain in some regions, such as the EU. Lead white oil paints are still produced and in use by artists who prefer their unique handling, mixing, and structural qualities. Lead white has also shown to have extended longevity compared to zinc and titanium, which will crack much earlier.

Flake white has various drawbacks, including a tendency to become transparent over time. It also blackens in the presence of certain atmospheric pollutants, although this can be reversed.

Water-based paints
Lead is not a traditional pigment in water media, as zinc is superior for works on paper, as is calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) for frescos. Lead-based paints, when used on paper, often cause the work to become discolored after long periods; the paint's lead carbonate reacts with hydrogen sulfide in the air and with acids, which often come from fingerprints.

Titanium
Paint manufacturers have replaced white lead with a less toxic substitute, titanium dioxide, which was first used in paints in the 19th century. Titanium dioxide is considered safe enough to use as a food coloring and in toothpaste, and is a common ingredient in sunscreen. Titanium white has far greater opacity and tinting strength than lead white, and it can easily overpower most other pigments if not mixed carefully. Titanium white has been criticized for leading to "chalkiness" in mixtures.

Zinc
Zinc white is less opaque and weaker in tinting strength than either titanium white or lead white. It is commonly used to lighten mixtures subtly while maintaining transparency. Although zinc white is the standard white in watercolors, its structural soundness in oils has been debated. Zinc white dries slowly and creates a relatively inflexible paint film. Critics of the pigment argue that its use leads to excessive cracking and delamination, even when used sparingly.

title: Lead paint


text:
Talk:CC

courtesy copy
The linked article for carbon copy does not reference courtesy copy at all. I'm not saying they are different things, but should this article point folks to an article which doesn't explain why they are used synonymously? -69.134.32.75 (talk) 19:24, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Cc → CC – Most of the things here are acronymized as "CC", rather than "Cc" or "cc". — Twinxor talk 03:01, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This should not depend in any way on the orthography of the majority for any particular, ambiguous, short abbreviation/acronym/word list, especially the complete or nearly so listing of two-letter combinations.  There are many here which are not always capitalized. Gene Nygaard 03:11, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. The most common form of the name is the WP standard.  All forms of course will redirect to the article, so the question is presentation.  Since many uses share this abbreviation, one must consider them all, and choose the most common form over all uses.  It seems clear that "cc" and "CC" are most common, compared to "Cc" and "cC".  'Technical limitations' prevent use of "cc"; it is transformed into "Cc", which is very ugly as the headline (particularly since there are no vowels).  "CC" is commonly used, as well as "cc", and since we can't have "cc", it should be "CC". -R. S. Shaw 19:16, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC
 * Support. It's a shame we have to choose, but "Cc" just doesn't look right.  My other reason is that the "CC" list within the article is by far the larger. violet/riga (t) 19:38, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 19:38, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
The most common form of the name is the WP standard. All forms of course will redirect to the article, so the question is presentation. Since many uses share this abbreviation, one must consider them all, and choose the most common form over all uses. It seems clear that "cc" and "CC" are most common, compared to "Cc" and "cC". 'Technical limitations' prevent use of "cc"; it is transformed into "Cc", which is very ugly as the headline (particularly since there are no vowels). "CC" is commonly used, as well as "cc", and since we can't have "cc", it should be "CC". -R. S. Shaw 19:16, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This isn't the "name" of anything; it is a standard two-letter disambiguation format. It would be silly to flop back and forth with renaming as a few capitalized versions or uncapitalized versions and a few that can be either are added to the lists in any of these disambiguation pages.  Either change all of them, or none of them.

 * Furthermore, even if "most common form" were the norm, it should be determined based on which of the two relevant forms is most frequently actually used, not on a count of the number of different variations which would use each form (often including some which use both). That's an argument we don't need to have on all of these disambiguation pages.  It simply isn't important enough to even try to determine it in every case.

 * In other words, keep it simple, standardized, and don't waste a lot of time arguing about it.

 * The relevant pairings are "CC" and "cC" vs. "Cc" and "cc", not the pairings you used. The first letter is, by the nature of the implementation of titles and links in Wikipedia, irrelevant.

 * Instead, go argue with the people who implemented a scheme which requires capital letters as the initial letter of a title. That would be a more sensible argument to make. Gene Nygaard 19:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Gene. The most-common-form rule applies only to choices amongst various names for a single thing.  Consistancy should be the main consideration.  We have AA, BB, DD, ... therefore CC. Jimp 03:53, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Why not have CC as the article name and [Cc]c (says he showing off regular expression knowledge) as a redirect? Philip Baird Shearer 11:23, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * That would be the result of moving it. Twinxor t 23:11, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Deletion activity
''from archive .. for information related to page''
 * 23:00, 22 Dec 2004 Neutrality deleted CC (wikilink removed for this note) (content was: '#REDIRECT Cc' (for page move))

=
c💭 ===== — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.221.224.197 (talk) 17:10, 25 May 2014 (UTC)

Most common uses
An unscientific observation based on cleaning up links leading to this page: Courtland 01:16, 6 September 2005 (UTC)
 * in articles, the most common link to this page was "cc" meaning cubic centimetre
 * in the Wikipedia-namespace, the most common link to this page was "CC" meaning Creative Commons

The cubic centimeter
The cm³ is a perfectly acceptable SI abbreviation for a cubic centimetre, and would be quote appropriate, as well as customary, for instance in the context of referring to the size of a combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine. The millilitre would often be preferred for measuring liquids, though. -- Egil 08:04, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Volumetric footnote
There is vandalism here, but I can't seem to fix it. Anybody else is welcome to try.

Courtesy Copy
Is not technically a backronym, as an acronym spells a word, and cc doesn't spell anything. It's more technically an initialism (as described in the backronym page). Llamabr (talk) 16:57, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Request for Clarification
One who does stand-up comedy or continuously recites jokes, a "CC". But why??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.9.5.200 (talk) 17:15, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Does anyone know what CC in relation to a Priest/Curate actually means? 78.16.85.197 (talk) 16:45, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Crisis Core
I wonder why Final Fantasy: Crisis Core isn't included here? It's shorted down to Crisis Core, and even CC. NekoKiyo (talk) 09:10, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I have added Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII. PrimeHunter (talk) 00:51, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

CC-Closed captioning => Tehnology
I suppose closed captioning is a tehnology as any other. I suggest a move unless opposed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.142.130.64 (talk) 14:48, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

complex conjugate
In many scientific publications I see formulas like this:

\mathbf{E} = \mathbf{E}_{x} \; e^{(i \omega t)} + c.\,c. $$

I believe, that the general meaning of c. c. is "complex conjugate". Maybe this would be a good addition to the disambiguation page. Zeptomoon (talk) 13:47, 13 September 2010 (UTC) CC is a celebrity who is a teen that came from Australia to California to be a celebrity. She actually has a Stardoll which is CC — Preceding unsigned comment added by SallyCorn (talk • contribs) 19:50, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

Soviet Union
Is it common in English to write CC (resembling the Cyrillic СС - stands for SS, Sovetskij Soyuz) just as it is common to write CCCP (for USSR) in English texts? 77.175.45.61 (talk) 15:18, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

removed entries
I removed the following entries as there was no clear indication in the linked article of the subject being known simply by the initials. The disambiguation page is not a collection of entries that coincidentally happen to have the same initials. older ≠ wiser 13:18, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Organizations and companies
 * Cablecom, the largest broadband cable operator in Switzerland
 * Canada Council, or the Canada Council for the Arts
 * Casual Collective, a browser-based gaming website
 * Catholic Church
 * Comedy Central, a TV channel with comedy TV shows like South Park, and Tosh.0
 * Command and control, the exercise of authority by a commanding officer over military forces in the accomplishment of a mission
 * Companions of the Cross, a community of Catholic priests
 * Corporation of Chennai, oldest Municipal Corporation in Asia
 * Corporation of Coimbatore, Municipal Corporation in Indi
 * Current Contents, a rapid alerting service database from the Institute of Scientific Information

Music groups
 * Cannibal Corpse, an American death metal band from Buffalo, abbreviated as CC
 * Cavalera Conspiracy, a Brazilian-American heavy metal supergroup
 * Cephalic Carnage, an American heavy metal band from New York, abbreviated as CC
 * Coal Chamber, an American heavy metal band
 * Counting Crows, an American rock band
 * Crystal Castles, a Canadian electronic duo

Albums
 * Come Clarity
 * Contradictions Collapse

Songs
 * Chasing Cars, a song by the Northern Irish alternative rock band Snow Patrol
 * Complete Control, a song by English punk band The Clash

Sports
 * Cleveland Cavaliers
 * Cross country running, a sport in which runners compete to complete a course over open or rough terrain

Technology
 * cc, or C compiler
 * Cloud computing, a network concept
 * Compact Cassette, an audio tape format popular in the 70s through 90s
 * Compiler-compiler, or parser generator, on Unix based operating systems
 * Constant current, type of electrical regulation
 * Continuity Check Protocol, a fault detection protocol
 * Controller commands, data sent in a MIDI stream to the MIDI controller

Video games
 * Castle Crashers, a 2008 action-RPG downloadable title on the Xbox Live Arcade
 * Casual Collective, a gaming website
 * Chrono Cross, a video game in the Chrono series
 * Cloning Clyde, a 2006 side-scrolling platformer title on the Xbox Live Arcade

Other uses
 * Capsule Corporation, a fictional technology company in the Dragonball franchise
 * Cover charge, fee for entry to nightclubs/bars
 * Criminal Code, law code
 * Case Closed, an anime and manga series
 * Caso Cerrado, a Spanish-language show with Ana Maria Polo with the phrase said at the end of each case
 * Community currency, a currency not backed by a national government that is intended to trade only in a small area
 * Congestion Charge, charge levied on traffic entering a city, e.g. London UK

Country Casuals
What about Country Casuals? The well-known British (?) clothes retail brand was bought by Austin Reed about ten years ago (I think) and re-branded as CC. I think Viyella are part of the same group. 195.212.29.89 (talk) 15:19, 29 September 2014 (UTC)

Conference Call
Also short for Conference Call? 2001:638:A0A:1192:9416:C704:A230:FF42 (talk) 13:59, 28 September 2015 (UTC)

Mike Kroger
Mike kroger is a canadian mostly known for being the bassist for rock band nickelback. Mike is the half brother of frontman Chad Kroger who formed the band in 1995. Chad and mike played in a cover band with Ryan Peake who would become the guitarist for Nikelback. Nickel back became the bands name because when when he worked at starbucks he said to customers Heres your nickel back. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Smallboatbig (talk • contribs) 20:29, 24 June 2016 (UTC)

Who is CC?
CC is a friend of ours born in the maternity hospital of LU city. He is very famous of his rhymes and the important people he knows like Besi, Laureni, Filipi and a lot more others. At the moment he is lying in his bed sleeping like a little baby. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jeton Haxhiu (talk • contribs) 22:11, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:CC


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Volker tripp

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:17, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Volker tripp
66 Google hits says non-notable to me. Denni ☯ 02:58, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)
 * Delete says it to me, too. --Xcali 15:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. --Etacar11 23:49, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 10:45, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences

The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (École des hautes études en sciences sociales; EHESS) is a graduate grande école and grand établissement in Paris focused on academic research in the social sciences. It is regarded as one of the most prestigious institutions of graduate education in France. The school awards Master and PhD degrees alone and conjointly with the grandes écoles École normale supérieure, École polytechnique, and École pratique des hautes études.

Originally a department of the École pratique des hautes études, created in 1868 with the purpose of training academic researchers, the EHESS became an independent institution in 1975. Today its research covers social sciences, humanities, and applied mathematics. Degrees and research in economics and finance are awarded through the Paris School of Economics.

The EHESS, in common with other grandes écoles, is a small school with very strict entry criteria, and admits students through a rigorous selection process based on applicants' research projects. Scholars in training are subsequently free to choose their own curriculum amongst the School's fields of research. The école has a small student-faculty ratio; 830 researchers for 3,000 students (27.6%).

Most of the School's faculty belong to other institutions, mostly within the French National Centre for Scientific Research and schools affiliated with PSL University. The School is notable for its work connected to amongst others sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, philosopher Jacques Derrida, as well as economist Thomas Piketty.

École pratique des hautes études
Originally part of the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) as its VI Section: Sciences économiques et sociales, the EHESS gained autonomy as an independent higher education institution on 23 January 1975. The creation of a dedicated branch for social science research within the EPHE was catalyzed by the Annales historical school and was supported by several academic initiatives of the Rockefeller Foundation, dating to the 1920s. After WWII, the Rockefeller Foundation invested more funds in French institutions, seeking to encourage non-Marxist sociological studies.

The VIth section was created in 1947, and Lucien Febvre took its head. Soon after its creation (1947), the VI Section, later EHESS, became one of the most influential shapers of contemporary historiography, area studies and social sciences methodology, thanks to the contribution of eminent scholars such as Fernand Braudel, Jacques Le Goff and François Furet. F. Braudel succeeded L. Febvre in 1956. He concentrated the various study groups at the well-known building on boulevard Raspail (area of allée Claude-Cahun-Marcel-Moore), in part by financing from the Ford Foundation.

Independent institution
Today, the EHESS is one of France's Grands établissements. It functions as a research, teaching, and degree-granting institution. It offers advanced students high-level programs intended to lead to research careers. Students are admitted on the relevance of their research project and undertake at the EHESS master programs and doctoral studies. The main areas of specialization include: history, literary theory, linguistics, philosophy, philology, sociology, anthropology, economics, cognitive science, demographics, geography, archaeology, psychology, law, and mathematics. The institution's focus is on interdisciplinary research within these fields. The EHESS has more than 40 research centers (among which are several joint research units with the CNRS) and 22 doctoral programs, 13 of which are in partnership with other French Universities and Grandes écoles.

PSL Research University
The school is a constituent college of the federal PSL Research University. Other institutions include the College de France, the École Normale Supérieure, the École pratique des hautes études, Chimie ParisTech, ESPCI ParisTech, the École des mines, and Paris Dauphine University.

Influence from the Annales School
Lucien Febvre and Fernand Braudel were members of the École des Annales, the dominant school of historical analysis in France during the interwar period. However, this school of thought was contested by the growing importance of the social sciences and the beginning of structuralism. Under pressure from Claude Lévi-Strauss, in particular, they integrated new contributions from the fields of sociology and ethnography to event-based historical analysis, a concept put forward by the Annales school, to advocate for the concept of "a nearly imperceptible passage of history". They were reproached, along with the structuralists, for ignoring politics and the individual's influence over his fate during a period in which the colonial wars of liberation were taking place.

The work of Braudel, Le Roy Ladurie and other historians working under their influence greatly affected the research and official teaching of history in France beginning in the 1960s. The work of Jean-Marie Pesez renewed interest in the issue of methodology in medieval archeology and created the idea of "material culture". François Hartog, who serves as the director of the school's ancient and modern historiography department, is also noted for proposing that the problems of modern time schema are not entirely caused by an imperialist past. He is also known for challenging the Eurocentric reflection of history and the present.

New History
During the 1970s, EHESS became the center of New History under the influence of Jacques Le Goff and Pierre Nora. During this period, a generation of ethnologists working under the ideas of Georges Balandier and Marc Augé were critical of the French colonial tradition and applied modern sociological concepts to third world countries.

New Polish School of Holocaust Scholarship
In 2019, held the New Polish School of Holocaust Scholarship conference. The conference was disrupted by Polish nationalists. EHESS President, Christophe Prochasson, said he could not recall such a violent disturbance at any scientific conference. Minister Frédérique Vidal condemned Polish authorities.

Sociology
Pierre Bourdieu, Luc Boltanski, Alain Touraine, Jean-Claude Passeron have all been associated with EHESS.

Economics
EHESS has always been a central place for economic debate in Europe. In France this debate is also enabled by the proximity of the researchers in Paris with national economic institutions: In this sense EHESS's advisors who have been drawn from economic professors have enjoyed a large media audience (one notable example was Jean Fourastié). The diversity of viewpoints has been a priority, and liberal and Marxist economists have had the chance to debate in EHESS. Since the 1970s and 1980s EHESS has focused on quantitative economics, with classes led by well-known professors such as Louis-André Gérard-Varet, Jean-Jacques Laffont, François Bourguignon and Roger Guesnerie. They initiated not only the Paris School of Economics but the Toulouse School of Economics and Grequam (Aix-Marseille).

Affiliations
The school is a founding member of the Paris School of Economics, Toulouse School of Economics, and Aix-Marseille School of Economics, the three French leading centers in Quantitative Economics. Since 2014 it is an associated member of the Paris Research University (PSL).

International partnerships
EHESS has exchange programs with universities such as Oxford and Cambridge in the United Kingdom; Columbia, Yale, University of California, and University of Michigan in the United States; Heidelberg in Germany; Tokyo and Kyoto in Japan; Peking University in China; and the European University Institute in Florence, Italy. It also has exchange programs with universities in Asia and the Middle-East, and holds research centers on Asian Studies and Islamic Studies.

Notable alumni

 * Marwan Bishara
 * Manola Antonioli
 * Roberto Beneduce
 * Nicole Brenez
 * Françoise Briand
 * Manuel Carvalheiro
 * Antonio Casilli
 * Arachu Castro
 * Yves Censi
 * Philippe Corcuff
 * Julien Coupat
 * Louis Chauvel
 * Louis Dumont
 * Pascal Chaigneau
 * Jacques Dassié
 * Robert Delort
 * Božidar Đelić
 * Aïssa Dermouche
 * Mamadou Diawara
 * Albert Doja
 * Esther Duflo
 * Serge Dufoulon
 * Moisés Espírito Santo
 * Safi Faye
 * Caroline Fourest
 * Dario Gamboni
 * Susan George
 * Mélanie Gourarier
 * Nathalie Heinich
 * Béatrice Hibou
 * Jean Hyppolite
 * Bruno Jaffré
 * Christian Geffray
 * Michel Lauwers
 * Marc Lazar
 * José Manuel López López
 * Frédéric Lordon
 * Édouard Louis
 * Caterina Magni
 * Sabrina Malek
 * Alain Marleix
 * Frédéric Martel
 * Walter Mignolo
 * Laure Murat
 * Sébastien Nadot
 * Guadalupe Nettel
 * Christine Niederberger Betton
 * Laurent Nunez
 * Hector Obalk
 * Thomas Pavel
 * Thomas Piketty
 * Guy Poitevin
 * Ignacio Ramonet
 * Joseph Gaï Ramaka
 * Bernard Salanié
 * Cheick Oumar Sissoko
 * Bernard Stiegler
 * Jean-Louis Swiners
 * David Thesmar
 * Alain Touraine
 * Nicolas Trifon
 * Laurent Turcot
 * Frédéric Vandenberghe
 * Olivier Weber

Notable faculty
Past and present faculty (including EPHE's VI Section):

 * Sylviane Agacinski
 * Marc Augé
 * Roland Barthes
 * Claude Berge
 * Augustin Berque
 * Pierre Bourdieu
 * François Bourguignon
 * Fernand Braudel
 * Claude Calame
 * Fernando Henrique Cardoso
 * Manuel Castells
 * Cornelius Castoriadis
 * Roger Chartier
 * Annie Cohen-Solal
 * Jacques Derrida
 * Philippe Descola
 * Oswald Ducrot
 * Louis Dumont
 * Nicolas Ellison
 * Lucien Febvre
 * Marc Ferro
 * David Feuerwerker
 * Maribel Fierro
 * François Furet
 * Marcel Gauchet
 * Maurice Godelier
 * Nilüfer Göle
 * Algirdas Julien Greimas
 * Roger Guesnerie
 * Pierre Hadot
 * Bernard Harcourt
 * Stanley Hoffmann
 * Olivier Jeanne
 * Milan Kundera
 * Jacques Lacan
 * Marie-Claire Lavabre
 * Jacques Le Goff
 * Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
 * Claude Lefort
 * Pierre Manent
 * Jacques Mehler
 * Christian Metz
 * Edgar Morin
 * Thomas Piketty
 * Richard Portes
 * Ignacio Ramonet
 * Juliette Rennes
 * Pierre Rosenstiehl
 * Emma Rothschild
 * Olivier Roy
 * Jean-Claude Schmitt
 * Carlo Severi
 * Sanjay Subrahmanyam
 * Jean Tirole
 * Alain Touraine
 * Alessandro Triulzi
 * Jean-Pierre Vernant
 * Georges Vigarello
 * Arundhati Virmani
 * Eduardo Viveiros de Castro
 * Michel Wieviorka
 * Alain Touraine
 * Alessandro Triulzi
 * Jean-Pierre Vernant
 * Georges Vigarello
 * Arundhati Virmani
 * Eduardo Viveiros de Castro
 * Michel Wieviorka
 * Michel Wieviorka
 * Michel Wieviorka


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Youth involvement

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete. Eugene van der Pijll 21:16, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Youth involvement
del dicdef. No context. No new semantics beyond what one has by putting meanings of the two words together. mikka (t) 02:57, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 10:45, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.