text:
Radio Hall of Fame

The Radio Hall of Fame, formerly the National Radio Hall of Fame, is an American organization created by the Emerson Radio Corporation in 1988.

Three years later, Bruce DuMont, founder, president, and CEO of the Museum of Broadcast Communications, assumed control of the Hall, moved its base of operations to Chicago, and incorporated it into the MBC. It has been described as being dedicated to recognizing those who have contributed to the development of the radio medium throughout its history in the United States. The NRHOF gallery was located on the second floor of the MBC, at 360 N. State Street, from December 2011 until October 2017, when the traveling exhibit "Saturday Night Live: The Experience" was installed on the second and fourth floors. In September 2018 the MBC's board of directors was reportedly close to finalizing a deal to sell the museum's third and fourth floors to Fern Hill, a real estate development and investment firm, according to Chicago media blogger Robert Feder, which would leave the MBC with just the second floor for exhibit space. After "Saturday Night Live: The Experience" closed on March 31, 2019, the NRHOF gallery was partially restored on the second floor.

Selection process
Inductees to the Radio Hall of Fame are nominated by a 24-person Nominating Committee composed of industry programming leaders and executives, industry observers and members of academia. The Nominating Committee is inclusive of commercial and public radio. Nominating Committee members serve two or three year terms on a volunteer basis. The committee receives suggestions from the industry and listening public before convening and presenting a slate of 24 nominees, 16 of which are voted upon by an industry-wide Voting Participant panel while eight others are voted on by the public. The Nominating Committee subsequently chooses up to four additional individuals for induction, choosing from suggested air personalities, programmers, management or ownership.

Voting was open to the public from 2008 to 2010, then closed to public ballots from 2011 to 2014. Public voting resumed in 2015 and continues today.

Nomination criteria
The Nominating Committee recommends nominations in the following categories:
 * Longstanding Local/Regional (20 years or more);
 * Active Local/Regional (10 years or more);
 * Longstanding Network/Syndication (20 years or more);
 * Active Network/Syndication (10 years or more);
 * Music Format On-Air Personality;
 * Spoken Word On-Air Personality

Controversies
The online public selection of Focus on the Family's radio program for induction in the NRHOF caused gay-rights activists to protest the induction ceremony in Chicago on November 8, 2008.

"Since 2011 the public has been shut out of the Radio Hall of Fame voting process despite requirements that the steering committee consider recommendations from the public, announce multiple nominees in four categories, and conduct public voting online. Instead, the steering committee announced each year's inductees as a fait accompli," wrote Robert Feder in June 2015 as NRHOF chairman Kraig Kitchin announced the return of public voting. In 2011, the NRHOF made headlines by inducting former U.S. president Ronald Reagan, "whose radio career spanned only five years as a sportscaster in Iowa in the 1930s," Feder reported, although Reagan also appeared on radio programs as an actor and established a practice of giving a weekly radio address which was continued by his successors.

An August 2016 article posted on the website Chicagoland Radio and Media that centered on further controversies surrounding Bruce DuMont's personal life and his presidency of the Museum of Broadcast Communications stated that he "finally succumbed to pressure" when he stepped down as the NRHOF's chairman in 2014.

Howard Stern, one of the most highly rated and visible figures in radio since the 1980s, has been vocally critical of the NRHOF. He has regularly made it a focus of his jokes, lampooning the fact that the entire nomination and selection process appeared to be controlled by Bruce DuMont, the sole authority appointing the panel for the selection process. Stern has stated he would reject any offer to join the NRHOF, and further said, "There is no Radio Hall of Fame. It's just a guy in his basement giving out awards. His name is Bruce DuMont, and he has nothing to do with radio other than the fact that his family made radios years ago." On June 28, 2012, Robert Feder reported that the "most conspicuous and embarrassing omission to the Radio Hall of Fame finally will be corrected this fall when Howard Stern is inducted."

Inductees
Current members of the Radio Hall of Fame, including eight in the Class of 2023.

Individuals and Duos

 * Abbott and Costello
 * Goodman Ace and Jane Ace
 * José Miguel Agrelot
 * Raul Alarcón Sr.
 * Kurt Alexander
 * Fred Allen
 * Mel Allen
 * Don Ameche
 * Eddie Anderson
 * Eve Arden
 * Edwin Howard Armstrong
 * Jackson Armstrong
 * Gene Autry
 * Red Barber
 * Tom Barnard
 * Dick Bartley
 * George G. Beasley
 * Glenn Beck
 * Art Bell
 * Jack Benny
 * Gertrude Berg
 * Edgar Bergen
 * Dick Biondi
 * Jesse B. Blayton Sr.
 * Martin Block
 * Bob and Ray
 * Jim Bohannon
 * Bobby Bones
 * Neal Boortz
 * Amar Bose
 * Jonathon Brandmeier
 * Marty Brennaman
 * Jack Brickhouse
 * Brother Wease
 * Himan Brown
 * Joy Browne
 * Jack Buck
 * Gary Burbank
 * Burns and Allen
 * Jess Cain
 * Sway Calloway
 * Eddie Cantor
 * Harry Caray
 * Jack Carney
 * Howie Carr
 * Andrew Carter
 * Ron Chapman
 * Charlie & Harrigan
 * Dick Clark
 * Jerry Coleman
 * Bob Collins
 * Ann Compton
 * William Conrad
 * Jack L. Cooper
 * Myron Cope
 * Don Cornelius
 * Charles Correll
 * Norman Corwin
 * Lou Costello
 * Frankie Crocker
 * Bing Crosby
 * Powel Crosley Jr.
 * Steve Dahl
 * Yvonne Daniels
 * John DeBella
 * Lee de Forest
 * Rick Dees
 * Delilah
 * Dr. Demento

 * Tom Donahue
 * Nanci Donnellan (The Fabulous Sports Babe)
 * Tommy Dorsey
 * Bill Drake
 * Jim Dunbar
 * Don Dunphy
 * Elvis Duran
 * Jimmy Durante
 * Richard Durham
 * Marv Dyson
 * Bob Edwards
 * Douglas Edwards
 * Ralph Edwards
 * Ralph Emery
 * Barry Farber
 * Erica Farber
 * Joseph Field
 * Fred Foy
 * Mike Francesa
 * Arlene Francis
 * Stan Freberg
 * Alan Freed
 * John A. Gambling
 * Blair Garner
 * Ira Glass
 * Christopher Glenn
 * Arthur Godfrey
 * Leonard Goldenson
 * Benny Goodman
 * Gale Gordon
 * Freeman Gosden
 * Toni Grant
 * Barry Gray
 * Petey Greene
 * Terry Gross
 * Ralph Guild
 * Karl Haas
 * Joan Hamburg
 * Milo Hamilton
 * Sean "Hollywood" Hamilton
 * Bill Handel
 * Sean Hannity
 * John Hare
 * Harry Harrison
 * Lynne "Angel" Harvey
 * Paul Harvey
 * Paul Harvey Jr.
 * Steve Harvey
 * Ernie Harwell
 * Lon Helton
 * Terri Hemmert
 * Jocko Henderson
 * Gordon Hinkley
 * Bob Hope
 * Gerry House
 * Clark Howard
 * Stanley E. Hubbard
 * Cathy Hughes
 * Maurice "Hot Rod" Hulbert
 * Don Imus
 * Dan Ingram
 * Hal Jackson
 * Michael Jackson
 * Fred Jacobs
 * E. Rodney Jones
 * Jim Jordan
 * Marian Driscoll Jordan
 * Tom Joyner

 * Ellen K
 * Harry Kalas
 * H. V. Kaltenborn
 * Mel Karmazin
 * Carl Kasell
 * Casey Kasem
 * Murray "the K" Kaufman
 * Garrison Keillor
 * Kid Kelly
 * Herb Kent
 * Jim Kerr
 * Larry King
 * Bob Kingsley
 * Kim Komando
 * Kidd Kraddick
 * Kay Kyser
 * Art Laboe
 * John Records Landecker
 * John Lanigan
 * Broadway Bill Lee
 * Chuck Leonard
 * Mark Levin
 * Hal Lewis
 * Rush Limbaugh
 * Melvin Lindsey
 * Walt "Baby" Love
 * Michael “Mickey” Luckoff
 * Larry Lujack
 * Ron Lundy
 * Joe Madison
 * Ray Magliozzi
 * Tom Magliozzi
 * Guglielmo Marconi
 * Angie Martinez
 * Groucho Marx
 * Luther Masingill
 * Dan Mason
 * Lowry Mays
 * Mary Margaret McBride
 * J. P. McCarthy
 * Edward F. McLaughlin
 * Gordon McLendon
 * Graham McNamee
 * Marian McPartland
 * Garry Meier
 * Ruth Ann Meyer
 * Carol Miller
 * Jon Miller
 * Agnes Moorehead
 * Robert W. Morgan
 * "Cousin Brucie" Morrow
 * Scott Muni
 * Edward R. Murrow
 * Manuel "Paco" Navarro
 * Pat O'Day
 * Eddie O'Jay
 * Stu Olds
 * Dick Orkin
 * Charles Osgood
 * Gary Owens
 * Ronn Owens
 * William S. Paley
 * Deborah Parenti
 * Edward Pate Jr.
 * Dan Patrick
 * Norman Pattiz
 * Virginia Payne
 * Sam Phillips
 * Wally Phillips

 * Dick Purtan
 * James Henry Quello
 * Robin Quivers
 * Dave Ramsey
 * Ronald Reagan
 * Bob Rivers
 * Cokie Roberts
 * Tony Roberts
 * Neil Rogers
 * Jim Rome
 * Javier Romero
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt
 * Chris "Mad Dog" Russo
 * Pat St. John
 * Orion Samuelson
 * David Sarnoff
 * Michael Savage
 * Chuck Schaden
 * Laura Schlessinger
 * Vin Scully
 * Ryan Seacrest
 * Elliot Segal
 * Scott Shannon
 * Jean Shepherd
 * Bill Siemering
 * Robert Sievers
 * Donnie Simpson
 * Red Skelton
 * Rick Sklar
 * Kate Smith
 * Paul W. Smith
 * Jeff Smulyan
 * Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo
 * Susan Stamberg
 * Frank Stanton
 * Alison Steele
 * Bob Steele
 * Don Steele
 * Martha Jean Steinberg
 * Charley Steiner
 * Bill Stern
 * Howard Stern
 * Shadoe Stevens
 * Todd Storz
 * Fran Striker
 * Studs Terkel
 * John Tesh
 * Jay Thomas
 * Lowell Thomas
 * Rufus Thomas
 * Mac Tichenor
 * Nina Totenberg
 * Les Tremayne
 * Charlie Tuna
 * Bob Uecker
 * Suzyn Waldman
 * Ed Walker
 * Charles Warfield
 * Orson Welles
 * Ruth Westheimer
 * Dick Whittinghill
 * Bruce Williams
 * Nat D. Williams
 * Jerry Williams
 * Wendy Williams
 * William B. Williams
 * Walter Winchell
 * Wolfman Jack

Programs

 * All Things Considered
 * Amos 'n' Andy
 * The Bob & Tom Show
 * The Breakfast Club
 * Can You Top This?
 * Car Talk
 * CBS Radio Mystery Theater
 * CBS World News Roundup
 * The Charlie McCarthy Show
 * Don McNeill's Breakfast Club
 * Easy Aces

 * The Eric & Kathy Show
 * Fibber McGee and Molly
 * Focus on the Family
 * Fresh Air
 * Gang Busters
 * The Goldbergs
 * Grand Ole Opry
 * The Great Gildersleeve
 * Inner Sanctum Mystery
 * Jack Armstrong
 * The Jef & Jer Showgram

 * Kevin & Bean
 * Little Orphan Annie
 * The Lone Ranger
 * Lux Radio Theatre
 * Ma Perkins
 * The March of Time
 * The Mark & Brian Show
 * The Mercury Theatre on the Air
 * Mike & Mike
 * Music & the Spoken Word
 * National Barn Dance

 * One Man's Family
 * Preston & Steve
 * The Romance of Helen Trent
 * The Shadow
 * Suspense
 * Take It or Leave It
 * You Bet Your Life
 * Your Hit Parade

title: Radio Hall of Fame


text:
Brooke Langton

Brooke Langton (born November 27, 1970) is an American actress. She starred as Samantha Reilly in the Fox prime time soap opera, Melrose Place (1996–1998) and as Angela Bennett in the USA Network thriller series, The Net (1998–99). Langton also was the female lead in the 2000 comedy film The Replacements. She later had significant guest roles on the NBC series Friday Night Lights and on Life, in which Langton played a district attorney.

Life and career
Langton was born in Arizona. Her love of improvisational theatre started at Second City in Chicago. Studying acting with Larry Moss and Ivana Chubbuck, Langton pursued independent films. Her first films were Swingers, directed by Doug Liman, and then Reach the Rock, produced by John Hughes (cult movie director of Sixteen Candles and many other iconic hits).

Langton was a regular cast member in the ABC adventure drama series, Extreme, co-starring opposite Julie Bowen and James Brolin.

In 1996, Langton joined the cast of the Fox prime time series Melrose Place, playing Samantha Reilly Campbell. She starred in the show during its fifth and sixth season, leaving early in the seventh season. After leaving Melrose Place, Langton was cast as lead in the USA Network series, The Net, a television drama based on the 1995 film of the same name. Langton portrayed the character Angela Bennett, who was played by Sandra Bullock in the film. The series was canceled after one season. She later starred alongside Keanu Reeves and Gene Hackman in the 2000 film The Replacements, her biggest feature credit to date. Langton also co-starred in the comedy films Playing Mona Lisa (2000), and Kiss the Bride (2002).

In 2001, Langton had the leading role in the Fox crime drama series, Fling, During her later career, she starred in a number of smaller films, including Partner(s) (2005) with Jay Harrington and Julie Bowen, and Beautiful Dreamer alongside Colin Egglesfield. In 2007, she starred in the horror film Primeval opposite Dominic Purcell. From 2007 to 2008, she had a recurring role in the NBC drama series, Friday Night Lights. During that same time she co-starred as Charlie Crews' attorney Constance Griffiths in another NBC drama, Life. In later years, Langton guest starred on The Closer, Bones, and Supernatural.

In 2015 Langton participated as a contestant on the Swedish show Allt för Sverige (Everything for Sweden), where she competed against other Americans for the prize to get to know her Swedish family and roots. The series was broadcast on SVT. In the second episode it was revealed that Langton was a relative of actor Adolf Jahr.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brooke Langton


text:
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Antarctic krill/archive1

Antarctic krill
The article is online since March 2002 and gives basic information about the ecology of the most successful animal species of the planet, backed with images, animations, and links to free reading material and high resolution images on Wikisource and an interactive virtual microscope and a webserver with in-depth information. The article is very often used by schools and universities all over the world, as we know from feedback - we use it as teaching material in our new proposals for a Virtual_University - I contributed much of the article - Uwe Kils 14:19, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object--very short article, far too many pictures for that small amount of text. Where's the beef? Meelar (talk) 14:34, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Object.Agree with above, plus links in the text should be footnoted. No references. Giano | talk 14:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This is improving, and becoming very interesting, but it does need proper references, or is this own research? Giano | talk 21:59, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Could you make it clear, is the literature section in fact references for this work, if so, and they are then labeled as such, I will change to support. Giano | talk 12:37, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hallo Giano - put links in the text to refs Uwe Kils 20:16, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * hallo Giano - thank you - most is own research but i will work on refs - take care Uwe Kils 22:41, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * there is a link to 43 references about krill in the article, some given in full, and for those who want to read more text there are 4 full works from 3 authors on Wikisource linked - we tried to get copyright permission from other authors for the project but they wouldn't / couldn't give it - we think that direct links in the text are much more practical for educational work than confusing footnotes, which make articles only longer - Uwe Kils 15:06, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * *Oh please! I would love to support this, BUT until it has a section titled references (from which the page is sourced) I cannot support.  I am fascinated by the page, I love the animations  - believe me -  I am sure it is accurate and true, and indeed  the last thing in Krills but this encyclopedia is written by unknowns. Hence,  more than any other work it has to be reliably referenced otherwise it is unreliable.  Please see this or else withdraw this excellent article. Just put in a reference section called "references" Giano | talk 20:43, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I put in "references" - did you see what Britannica and Encarta have about krill?

SUPPORT This is very different from the usual featured article format, but it is good. It explains in depth most of what (I would imagine) students of the subject need to know. I thought I was totally disinterested (still not riveted) by the subject, yet it held my attention to the end, and I have learned something. So in spite of being a little unconventional in its style and format, I have changed to support, now that it is reliably referenced. I would ask other objectors to give it a second read and see it accordingly for what it is, something well written and informative, on a subject little referred to elsewhere. Giano | talk 18:10, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. The article is certainly not comprehensive; it is too short to possibly incorporate material from the 43 works mentionned above as "references", and does not follow standard formatting and style guidelines. Phil s 19:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Object. Article isn't properly referenced. Contains too many pictures and too little text. You don't need copyright permission to retell information from any of these 43 sources and copying (for which you would need that) would make for a very dull article. Please expand and follow the FA criteria as they are. Mgm|(talk) 20:04, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * thank you for your responses and time. Sometimes the art is to make information short, with pointing to larger volumes. Where are the rules how much media should be used in a wikipedia article? Space is on the harddrives enough. "An image says more than a thousand words". The article was once longer - I could have easily dumped text from scripts I still have from the times I lectured at the universities about krill or pasted from the 150 pages from articles with my students given at wikisource, but we wanted to keep it here condensed. The images and animations are considered as additional already, nobody is forced to scroll down on the page - as far as we know, the upper part of the page is formatted ok - otherwise please help us - keep up with your fine work Uwe Kils 14:16, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Object. Article is incomplete and poorly formatted.  Morwen - Talk 16:20, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * hallo to England - hallo Abigail! formatting is a matter of style and personal taste - we used it the way it is many years in teaching, and we got much feedback, very positive, from all over the world - if today wikipedia articles need all to be very huge and thus confusing, all alike looking, thats a matter of another taste. We like big images and videos, as we have on our teaching servers since the haydays of the web, now giving away for the great ideas of wikis and joint creations - keep up with your fine work, we like your great images of England - Uwe Kils 17:50, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: So that's how you like it fair enough. But for an article to be featured here. It needs to be comprehensive and follow Wikipedia's criteria for featured articles. It's not a matter of personal opinion. Mgm|(talk) 21:16, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Guten Tag mgm! Danke für den Kommentar - in Allem ist persönlicher Geschmack - und wir können alles diskutieren, über alle Grenzen und Alter hinweg - ich werde Eure Hinweise hier besprechen. Ich hab schon etwas mehr Text hineingetan. Ist ja auch nur ein Versuch, und Diskussion ist immer gut - viele herzliche Grüsse über den Atlantik Uwe Kils 22:50, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please note that most Dutchmen don't speak German particularly well. German and Dutch languages are related, but not enough for it to be mutually understandable. Mgm|(talk) 04:50, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * sorry - but you have on your user page a tab that you do speak German - was not so important anyway, I just tried to be friendly and cooperative - I contribute much more n the Englishserverside than on the German, but I note what you wrote Uwe Kils 12:06, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Dear review group, I addressed the objections that were raised, thank you very much for the advice - it would be nice if you would take another look at Antarctic krill - best greetings Uwe Kils 03:51, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Still object, although improving. Seems to use a lot of highly technical language that might confuse the reader; also has somewhat poor grammar that makes it tough to read. Much improved from its original state, though. Someone else should check on references, as I'm not sure exactly how they're supposed to be formatted. Meelar (talk) 14:56, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support. Despite the imporvements made recently - which were admirable - it is 'still' too much pretty pictures, too little useful content. Actionable stuff: make the captions longer with more explanation. And take out some of the photos. They just get in the way for some of the article, and (no offence but) more photos of krill is less useful to the typical user than more info. on krill diet, lifecycle, migration patterns, contribution to ecosystem etc. Hope this is not too harsh, cos the article has promise, but it needs work. Batmanand 20:58, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) Most criticisms answered. More about migration, which I thought was a big part of the krill life (if its not tell me and I'll remove this criticism) is the only thing still remaining. Oh, and the compund eye bit: it says "electron microscope" a bit randomly. Do you mean the photo is an electronmicrograph? If so, change that. IF not, clear up what it does mean. But overall, my object is now very very weak. Batmanand 08:47, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)  All criticisms answered> good work. Now support (and will shut up about migration lol). Batmanand 13:24, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * changed electron microscope - The krill schools drift with these watermasses, and it is one stock all around Antarctica with gene exchange over the whole area. There is not much knowledge about migration patterns because it is not possible to put tags on krill yet.Uwe Kils 13:01, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * hallo Batmanand - thank you for the comment - we submitted the article to hear critics - we are used to that in academia - will work on it, maybe take pictures to sub pages for the interested Uwe Kils 21:15, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * moved the images of the filtering basket to a sub page Uwe Kils 21:37, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Hard to understand

Really like what you have done with the article, i think it could be really good but i have difficulty understanding some of it. As a native English speaker i found some of the grammar quite poor which made some of the content unintelligable. Also the choice and the way you word the sentences has made it difficult for me to understand what is being conveyed. I have made some minor edits to some of the wording but i still think it needs a bit of work. Again i think this is a good article but with better elucidation and grammar it could be a fantastic article. Yakuzai 21:14, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

hallo Yakuzai! thank you for your comment. Please help us and change bad language. I am German and know my English is rotten - take care Uwe Kils 21:20, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

Hi Kils. Have read through your article more thoroughly and have done some further editing. Will go through it systematically over the next week or two, really want this to be a featured article! Here are some initial thoughts on the introduction:

1. The bit about the step between prey and predator is hard to understand maybe you could write this up more thouroughly in the ecosystem section and erase it from introduction.

2. In the section Systematic are you trying to give an account of what distinguishes the Antartic Krill from others of the same order? If so i Think you need to state that and also have a link for the meaning of carapax and gnathapod. Peolple who don't have knowledge of technical terms like these will find it hard to understand this section. I made an edit of this section myself but i need to clarify whether you are trying to say that the visibility of the gills is due to the thoracomers on each side of the carapax being so short? Also whether the visibility of the gills is another distinguishing feature of this order? updated by 193.115.13.66 12:01, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hopefully this is helpful for you. Yakuzai 22:45, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

thank you, Yakuzai, I will work on it Uwe Kils 23:27, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Antarctic_krill"

 * Object (see below for new vote; this has gotten too messy). You did a great job, Uwe, but here are a few more things to consider:
 * 2½ of the three paragraphs in the section of geographic distribution actually explain stuff about the Southern Ocean. Shouldn't most of that info go there?
 * The article needs better structure. For instance, I would group "Systematic", "Development", "Food", under a heading "Life cycle", and "Bioluminiscence", "Esacpe reaction", and "The compound eye" under another heading "Characteristics". Not sure where "Filter feeding" and "Ice algae raking" would go. The rest ("Biomass", "Position in the Antarctic ecosystem", "Decline with shrinking pack ice", "The Biolgical Pump and Carbon Sequestration") could go under "Ecology", and finally "Fisheries" and  "Future visions and Ocean Engineering" could again be subsumed under their own section, for which I can't come up with a good name, though. Article structure is OK now.
 * Comment only, not an objection: Some of the current sections could probably be combined.
 * The article should be proofread by a native English speaker. Could probably still be improved, but is way better already.
 * "krill is substituted by salps" — by whom? :-) Seriously: why? and what happens to salps in years where the krill population is large? This interaction could use some more explanation.
 * Fisheries – who fishes krill? I suppose primarily the Japanese, but the article doesn't say so explicitly. Are there other nations?
 * Layout problems; it just doesn't look good yet. I guess this might vanish if some restructuring is done. mostly resolved.
 * Lupo 11:41, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * thank you, and thank you for your edits - will work on it - salps live only one year - my English is rotten, I am from Germany (as you know) but I still contribute most on the English article so many in the world can utilize it - one of my students will later make German and Danish and Norwegian translations Uwe Kils 13:01, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * Some more:
 * Image:Filterkrillkils.gif is a movie (actually, an animated GIF) larger than 600kB! This increases load times tremenduously if you're on a slow line (56kbit modem). This should be de-inlined, like I did here (use :Image:... instead of [[Image:...]] ). Replaced by still image + link to movie.
 * Some paragraphs just uses the term "krill" (e.g. the Fisheries section). What kind of krill is meant? Does this apply to krill in general? If so, the information should go to krill, shouldn't it?
 * The section on the biological pump could use a link to biological pump.
 * Lupo 13:11, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hallo Lupo - thank you for the comments - we do not know any person still on a 56k modem, and in future the speeds on the internet will again go up - those who dial in get the space empty - maybe we make an extra page with small images and no motion on one of our other servers - will change krill to to antarctic krill - good point, i will link to Biological pump, just forgot (I started that article on  18:42, Jun 4, 2003, Paul Falkowski is a coworker of mine)
 * "we do not know any person still on a 56k modem" – yes you do: I am :-(. And a whole lot of people that are part of our target audience are likely to be in the same situation, just think of all the third-world countries! Page design should always be done with slow connections in mind. Lupo 15:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The animation is compressed already. The wiki software is written in a way that everything loads and can be read, only then animations are loaded and will show up eventually - we ask you to please leave the animations in the article, that is more important for us (and many we asked) than getting the status "featured". We asure you we have the third world in our minds. We had the article evaluated by an academic group, forked that version off to other servers and will use that proofread stage for our third world teaching projects (and will update it again and again). Thank you all for your input and time - we will continue to make the article in Wikipedia better - one day Wikipedia (or sponsored/supplemented forks) will hold content proofread enough to become serious teaching resources even for science classes - we still dream of a Virtual University free for all and worked up by many cooperative all over the world - good luck to all of you who helped with comments and edits on this demonstration article about a remarkable organism Uwe Kils 17:24, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Much better now. Thanks to all who helped. However, I still have some points:
 * Development: What was the "Discovery-expedition"? Was the ship called Discovery? Or was it sponsored/initiated by a magazine called Discovery?
 * Development: "The next two larval stages [...] do not eat but are nourished by the yolk." What does that mean? Do the first nauplius eat? And all this is after hatching. Where does the yolk come from? Do they carry it with them after having hatched, or how is this meant? And if they don't eat, how do they feed on the yolk? Or do they eat the yolk, but not yet phytoplankton?
 * Development: The text says "at a depth of 2000 m", the image caption claims 3000 m. Should probably be 2000 - 3000 m in both cases.
 * Fisheries: do the Japanese fish other krill besides Antarctic krill?
 * Fisheries: "The products are used largely in Japan for feeds."—do you mean "animal food"?
 * Fisheries: "great loss of the krill's moisture"—I can't quite make sense of that, though I think I understand what is meant. Maybe "great loss of the krill's internal fluids"?
 * Fisheries: "One aim, involves splitting the muscular hind part from the front part and separating the chitin armor, in order to produce frosted products and concentrate powders."—Sorry, I can't parse that sentence.
 * Not an objection, comment only: Future visions and Ocean Engineering: that is very interesting, but I perceive this paragraph as rather one-sided (maybe that's just me, though). I would worry about the long-term effects of such ecosystem tampering in search of a cheap way out of our non-sustainable lifestyle with its overproduction of Greenhouse gasses.
 * I'm sorry to say so, but that movie is a show-stopper for me. How about producing a still image from one frame of the movie and showing that, and linking the full movie in the image caption? Did this myself.
 * Lupo 11:45, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * thank you, Lupo, for your extensive work. I changed most of your extra points. We have the environmental concerns a lot, thats why I wrote "no knowledge" - I would like to add more critics, but then it would be POV - the intelligent reader will do that on her own we trust - best greetings Uwe Kils 13:08, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Neutral now. If the two points not yet resolved above (explanation of the Discovery-expedition and better explanation of this yolk business) are amended, I'll support. Lupo 14:43, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I changed the two points Uwe Kils 15:38, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Support I've rewritten the difficult systematic section to be more intelligible to the non-specialist, and I would now support this interesting article - perhaps pleopod could be explained also. jimfbleak 05:39, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Minor Object- first, I agree with Lupo that those two points need to be clarified. Second, some of the in-text external references are formatted differently from others (i.e., some are superscripts, some not)- is that supposed to be like that? Third, I would like to see the section on the compound eye expanded a bit. Though it says we understand very little about it, another sentence or two explaining why it is fantastic,etc., wouldn't hurt. Otherwise, the article has improved immensely- everyone keep up the good work! Flcelloguy 15:05, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I changed the three points, I just do not know what more to write about the eye, nothing is known, I just thought it would be nice to share the beauty of the structure with others, just click on the eye three times Uwe Kils 15:38, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * Minor object, the large images create too much white space in the article, move some of the less important ones out of the articles or to the gallery at the bottom of the page. The graphs presented in the later part of the article need better captions. The reference section should be in a format more similar to David Helvarg for example.--nixie 15:57, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Marianne Hainisch

Marianne Hainisch, born Marianne Perger (25 March 1839 – 5 May 1936) was the founder and leader of the Austrian women's movement. She was also the mother of Michael Hainisch, the second President of Austria (1920–1928).

Life
Marianne Perger was born in 1839 in Baden near Vienna in Austria. Her mother employed tutors to help her teach Marianne and her siblings. Her father Josef Perger owned factories in Hirtenberg.

In 1857 Marianne married the industrialist Michael Hainisch (owner of a spinning factory in Aue) with whom she had two children (Michael, 1858, and Maria, 1860). In 1868 the family moved to Vienna. During the American Civil War (1861–65), the business was in crisis, as cotton wool could no longer be sourced from the United States.

In the late 1860s, a transformative experience for Marianne was the difficulty a friend of hers had in obtaining work to support her family after her husband had fallen ill. Despite her friend's best efforts (she spoke several languages and had musical talents) she was unable to find work. For the 30-year-old Marianne, the importance of education in enabling middle class women to access work became clear. In 1870 she wrote an article (On the Education of Women), which no newspaper would publish. At a meeting on 25 March 1870 she presented her article, culminating in a call for the City of Vienna to institute parallel school classes for girls. This bombshell was widely reported in the newspapers, and resulted in the First Austrian Savings Bank donating 40,000 florins for the foundation of a girls' school.

In 1888 Hainisch initiated the League for Extended Women's Education, which agitated that women be permitted to enroll for higher education. In 1902 she founded the Federation of Austrian Women's Organisations, and was its Chair until 1918. On 17 October 1906, she convened a meeting of the Komitee für Frauenstimmrecht (Committee for Women's Suffrage), welcoming speakers Carrie Chapman Catt and Aletta Jacobs, who had recently participated in the Copenhagen Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Friederike Zeileis served as Catt's translator, and Hainisch notified the group that thousands of signatures had been collected on a petition to be presented shortly to the legislature urging the repeal of Section 30 of the Association Act. Section 30, was the part of the legal code which denied women political authority. In 1919 she was elected Deputy President of the International Council of Women, which the Federation had affiliated to in 1904, a position she held until 1924.

In autumn 1918 Marianne Hainisch joined the Civil-Democratic Party, and eleven years later was co-founder of the Austrian Women's Party. Hainisch is regarded as the initiator of Mother's Day in Austria, which has been celebrated since 1924.

She died on 5 May 1936.

In 1967 her home town of Baden erected a statue in her honour. In 1989 Austria issued a commemorative stamp, on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of her birth. In 2002 Vienna named a street (Marianne-Hainisch-Gasse) in her honour.

Works

 * On the Education of Women, 1870
 * The Mothers, 1913.

title: Marianne Hainisch


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User talk:Jewshit

ĢJewshitUnfortunately you have an innappropriate username. Therefore you will be permanantly banned from editing from this account. However, you may log in under a more appropriate username or edit anonymously. Thankyou Dunc|☺ 14:19, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jewshit


text:
Lancaster Eagle-Gazette

The Lancaster Eagle-Gazette is a daily newspaper based in Lancaster, Ohio in the United States and founded in 1936. Before 1936, it was known as Lancaster Daily Eagle (1890–1936). The newspaper has a daily circulation of 6,041 copies and a Sunday circulation of 8,304 copies. The Sunday version is also known with its alternative name Sunday Eagle Gazette. The newspaper is owned by Gannett.

title: Lancaster Eagle-Gazette


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Welburn

Welburn may refer to:

Places

 * Welburn, Derwent, near Malton in Ryedale district, North Yorkshire, England
 * Welburn, Kirkbymoorside, near Kirkbymoorside in Ryedale district, North Yorkshire, England

People with the surname

 * Edward T. Welburn (born 1950), American automobile designer
 * Ken Welburn (born 1929), English rugby league player

title: Welburn


text:
Iskar (river)

The Iskar (Искър, ; Oescus) is a right tributary of the Danube. With a length of 368 km, it is the longest river that runs entirely within Bulgaria. Originating as three forks in Balkan's highest mountain range Rila, the Iskar flows in a northern direction until its confluence with the Danube. As it flows northwards it fuels the largest artificial lake in the country, the Iskar Reservoir, forms the divide between the Vitosha and Plana Mountains in the west and the Sredna Gora mountain range in the east before entering the Sofia Valley, which contains the nation's capital Sofia. From there the Iskar runs through the Balkan Mountains, forming the spectacular 84 km long Iskar Gorge. As it crosses the mountains, its water course turns in a north-eastern direction at Lakatnik. North of the Balkan Mountains, the river crosses the Danubian Plain and finally flows into the Danube between the villages of Baykal and Gigen. Geologically, Iskar is the oldest river in the Balkan Peninsula.

Its watershed drains 8,617 km2 in the provinces of Sofia, Sofia City, Vratsa, Lovech and Pleven. The Iskar flows through nine towns and numerous villages. The Iskar river basin is home to more than 50 species of fish, including Cottus haemusi that is endemic to the upper Iskar and Vit drainages.

The Iskar has a significant economic importance, providing water for the needs of the capital and a number of manufacturing plants. It waters are also utilised for irrigation and electrical energy generation, while the scenic gorges and rock formations throughout its course provide excellent conditions for recreation. Although the Iskar is not navigable its valley is very important for transportation, especially along the Iskar Gorge, which is one of the only three passes in the Balkan Mountains crossed by a railway.

Overview
The Iskar is 368 km long, which makes it the longest river that runs entirely within the territory of Bulgaria. The Danube and the Maritsa rivers are both longer but they also flow through other countries. The Iskar is a tributary to the Danube and forms part of the Black Sea river basin. It is the only river that takes its source in southern Bulgaria and flows north through the Balkan Mountains that form the water divide between the basins of the Black Sea to the north and the Aegean Sea to the south. In terms of geology, the Iskar is the oldest river in the Balkans and also the only one to have preserved its original direction despite the significant geological changes in later stages. The Iskar basin spans a territory of 8,646 km2 in six Bulgarian provinces, Sofia, Sofia City, Vratsa, Lovech and Pleven, with a total population of about 1,600,000 people. The most significant right tributaries from south to north are the Lesnovska reka (65 km), Malki Iskar (85 km) and Zlatna Panega (50 km); the largest left tributaries are the Palakaria (39 km), Vitoshka Bistritsa (12 km) and Perlovska (31 km). Its average discharge at the mouth is 54 m3/s.

Upper course
The Iskar headwaters consist of three forks in the northern slopes of Rila, Bulgaria's highest mountain range. The 23 km long Cherni (black) Iskar is considered the main stem of the river. It takes its source from the Chamovsko Lake (2,500 m) to the north-east of the summit of Damga (2,669 m) and from there the river flows in north-eastern direction through the Govedartsi Valley, fuelled by the waters of the Chanakgyolski, Malyovishki and Urdini Lakes. Cherni Iskar's discharge at Goverdartsi is 1.60 m3/s; its basin covers 237 km2. Beli (white) Iskar is the longest of the three with a length of 28 km and its springs are at the northern slopes of the Redzhepitsa Peak (2,677 m). It forms a deep and steep valley and has a basin of 91 km2. One of its tributaries, the Musalenska Bistritsa, takes its beginning from the Musala Lakes under the slopes of Musala (2,925 m), the highest summit of the Balkan Peninsula. In its upper course at an altitude of 1,900 m is located the Beli Iskar Reservoir, constructed between 1939 and 1945, that powers a small 16 MW hydro power station. Levi (left) Iskar is the smallest of the three and has its origins at the northern slopes of the Marinkyovistsa Peak (2,636 m). It flows through a deep valley for 18 km until its confluence with Cherni Iskar downstream of the village Mala Tsarkva and has a watershed of 56 km2.

Iskar proper is formed by the confluence of Beli and Cherni Iskar and remains a typical mountain turbulent river with very large inclination and dragging force before entering the Samokov valley at an altitude of 950 m. It flows through the town of Samokov and is joined by its first significant left tributary, the Palakaria a few kilometres to the north. As it emerges out of the valley the river fills the Iskar Reservoir, the largest artificial lake in Bulgaria. Downstream of the dam the Iskar flows in north-western direction and forms the 22 km long Pancharevo Gorge that divides the Vitosha and Plana Mountains in the west and the Sredna Gora mountain range in the east. There it fills the Pasarel Reservoir and Lake Pancharevo.

Middle course
The middle course of the Iskar takes its beginning at the village of German. As it enters the Sofia Valley (550 m) at the aforementioned village it turns northwards and forms a wide river bed. There the river flows through the easternmost suburbs of the national capital Sofia and is crossed over by the runway of Sofia International Airport. In the southern parts of the valley the Iskar has an inclination of 6.7‰ that decreases to 0.06‰ in the northern reaches of the valley near the town of Novi Iskar. Upstream in Sofia Valley the sediment that the Iskar carries consists mainly of rough gravel while downstream it is mainly sand.

The river enters the Balkan Mountains at the town of Novi Iskar and forms a long and spectacular gorge, whose slopes reach a height of 200 m up to 500 m at some points. The Iskar Gorge reaches a length of 70 km between its beginning at Kurilo, a neighbourhood of Novi Iskar, and the village of Lyutibrod which marks its end. The river flows north through much of the gorge but at Lakatnik it forms a right turn and starts flowing eastwards. Up to Gara Bov the Iskar flows through very eroded rocks and the gorge is wide with better developed and preserved river terraces. These terraces have formed during the Quaternary and can be 110 to 120 m high. Upstream the river runs through mesozoic limestone, which makes the gorge narrow and even canyon-like at places. At the very beginning of the gorge to Rebrovo the inclination of the Iskar is only 0.75‰ and it flows slowly, forming meanders and even islets. However, the inclination soon increases to an average of 4.1‰ and the flow quickens, forming a narrow and carved river bed.

At Lyutibrod the Iskar enters the Pre-Balkan hills where it forms its fourth gorge with a length of 64 km. The inclination is 2.59‰ on average between Lyutibrod and the town of Roman, and 1.38‰ between Roman and Chomakovtsi. At Karlukovo the river once again turns its course in northern direction.

Lower course
The lower course begins from the village of Chomakovtsi, where it leaves the pre-Balkan mountains and enters the Danubian Plain. From there the Iskar once again flows in north-eastern direction until its confluence with the Danube. In this section the valley of the river is hollowed into the loess sediments of the Danubian Plain. The valley is wide but narrowed by the valleys of neighbouring valleys of the rivers Vit to the east and Skat to the west. The right margins of the lower Iskar valley are higher and steeper than the left. In the past, the riverbed was carved into an alluvial bottom and due to the small inclination the river used to form meanders with swampy banks. Nowadays the Iskar flows in a corrected riverbed during the last about 17 km until it reaches the Danube. The riverbeds of some of its tributaries such as Blato, Stari Iskar and Kakach Kriva river have also been adjusted. The confluence with the Danube is situated at an altitude of 25 m, at 3 km to the north-east of the village of Baykal and to the west of the village of Gigen.

Protected areas
There are several protected areas that include parts of the Iskar river. The headwaters of the river it its uppermost course fall within the territory of Rila National Park, the largest one in Bulgaria. The European Union network of nature protection areas Natura 2000 includes several protected areas along the river, such as the section of the Pancharevo Gorge under the code Plana BG0001307 and the lower course of the Iskar in the vicinity of the town of Dolni Dabnik under the code Iskar River BG0000613.

Ecology
The autochthonous ichthyofauna consists of at least 50 species of two classes, Cephalaspidomorphi (jawless fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes), and five orders, Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), Siluriformes (catfish), Gadiformes, Esociformes (pikes and allies) and Perciformes. Many of them are restricted to the lower course near the confluence with the Danube. The jawless fishes of the order Petromyzontiformes are represented by a single family Petromyzontidae with two species, brook lamprey, Carpathian brook lamprey. The Siluriformes include the only species of this order in Europe, the wels catfish. The only freshwater fish of the order Gadiformes, the burbot, inhabits the lower course near the Danube, which is among the southernmost points of its range. The Esociformes are also represented by a single species, the northern pike.

The Perciformes are the most diverse order of fishes in the Iskar, represented by several families. The autochthonous species of the family Percidae include pikeperch, Volga pikeperch, European perch, common zingel, streber, Eurasian ruffe, Balon's ruffe, striped ruffe, The Cyprinidae are represented by asp, tench, Danube bleak, common bleak, riffle minnow, silver bream, common bream, white-eye bream, blue bream, Vimba bream, sabrefish, ide, European chub, common nase, European bitterling, common roach, common minnow, common rudd, gudgeon, Kessler's gudgeon, Danube whitefin gudgeon, common barbel, Romanian barbel, crucian carp, The Nemacheilidae are represented by the stone loach, while the species of the family Cobitidae include European weather loach, spined loach, Balkan loach, golden spined loach, Bulgarian spined loach, and Cottus haemusi. The brown trout is the only representative of the Salmonidae. The predominantly marine family Clupeidae is represented by the Pontic shad. The Gobiidae include Kessler's goby, monkey goby and racer goby.

The Iskar used to be inhabited by one of the six species of sturgeons native to Bulgaria, the sterlet. It could be found upstream as far south as the town of Lukovit but has been extinct from the river and inhabits only the Danube.

The amphibians are represented by frogs, such as the European fire-bellied toad, yellow-bellied toad, European green toad, agile frog, European tree frog, common spadefoot, as wells as by two newt species—Danube crested newt and Balkan crested newt. The waters of the Iskar are habitat of the European pond turtle, dice snake and grass snake with a number of other reptiles inhabiting the river banks and surrounding areas, such as spur-thighed tortoise, Herman's tortoise, horned viper, Blotched snake, Caspian whipsnake, Aesculapian snake, European green lizard, common wall lizard, Balkan wall lizard, etc.

Honour
Iskar Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Iskar River.

title: Iskar (river)


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Talk:Stewartry

''Stewartry was formerly (1975-96) a local government district in the Dumfries and Galloway region of Scotland. It took its (rather illogical) name from The Stewartry of Kirkcudbright''

It might be useful to eplain why the name is illogical, always assuming this commment does in fact cast an encyclopaedic light on the subject? Flapdragon 14:22, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It would be good even to explain the origin of the term "stewartry".

Please note, also, that Wigtownshire too is referred to as the "Stewartry of Wigtownshire", hence someone visiting this page - as I did - might wish to be given information about either of the two stewartries. Mark M 15:18, 20 October 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stewartry


text: User talk:66.177.10.88

title: User talk:66.177.10.88


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Lake Alakol

Alakol Lake (Алакөл, Alakól, from Turkic "motley lake") is a lake located in the Balkhash-Alakol Basin, part of the Almaty and Shyghyz regions, east central Kazakhstan. Its elevation is 347 m above sea level.

The lake is the northwest extension of the region known as the Dzhungarian Gate (Alataw Pass), a narrow valley connects the southern uplands of Kazakhstan with arid northwest China. The Dzhungarian Gate is a fault-bounded valley (see vertical line on the image along the southwest side of the lake) where the elevation of the valley floor is between 350 and 450 m above sea level and the peaks of the Dzhungarsky Alatau range (lower left) reach 4463 m above sea level. Two well-defined alluvial fans are visible where mountain streams cut through the faulted landscape to the southwest of the lake.

Its waters are reputed to have medicinal properties since the time of the silk road. In 2021, Lake Alakol was selected as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.

Geography
The surface area of the lake is 2650 km2. It is 54 m deep at its maximum depth, with a volume of 58.6 km3. A swampy lowland (just above the center of the photo) connects the northwest end of Lake Alakol with the Kosharkol and Sasykkol (the two lighter-colored lakes in the photo). From the southern tip of Lake Alakol a narrow swampy valley connects it to the freshwater Lake Zhalanashkol (at the bottom edge of the picture).

Alakol Lake, a salt lake, has a drainage basin of 65200 km2 and receives water periodically from several streams flowing from the Tarbagatai Mountains. Among them are the southerly draining Urzhar River at the north end of the lake, and the Emil River, on the lake's north-eastern shore. During seasonal floods, surplus water drains from Lake Zhalanashkol to Lake Alakol along the 10-km long slough called Zhaman-Otkel (Жаман-Откель).

The Alakol State Sanctuary has been created to protect the area for the lake is an important breeding and nesting ground for various wetland birds, notably the very rare relict gull. Piski Island has flocks of flamingo, and 40 species of other birds. UNESCO designated the Alakol Biosphere Reserve as part of its Man and the Biosphere Programme in 2013.

The largest island in Alakol Lake is Ul'kun-Aral-Tyube. It is located in the center of the lake.

Agricultural activity in this arid region is limited to areas where adequate moisture is available, mainly along ephemeral streambeds and in the deltas and alluvial fans.

In the middle of the 1st century BCE the Lake Alakol marked an eastern end of the Kangju state, shown on Chinese maps of the Western territory.

History
During the reign of Timur, it was said that this lake "It-Ichmes" (translated "dog will not drink") because one liter of water contains 8 g of salt. Kimaks (IX-XI centuries) called this lake Gagan, after the city located on the site of the village of Koktuma. The great gift of nature in Kazakhstan-Alakol.

The lake is already thought to be reported in the account given by William of Rubruck of his voyage to Karakorum, but he thinks it to be an inner sea, the oriental end of the Lake Balkash."

Medical property
Modern medical research confirms the healing qualities of lake water. Sea breath of Alakol in a combination with dry, hot, filled with aroma of steppes, the air has a beneficial effect on humans. It was in the resort areas of Alakol that cosmonauts underwent rehabilitation after returning from orbit.

title: Lake Alakol


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Sir William Mount, 1st Baronet

Sir William Arthur Mount, 1st Baronet CBE DL (Hartley, Hampshire, 3 August 1866 – 8 December 1930) was a British Conservative Party politician and Member of Parliament for the Newbury constituency. He is the great-grandfather of Conservative politician David Cameron, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016.

Early life
The eldest son of William George Mount of Wasing Place, Berkshire and wife Marianne Emily Clutterbuck, he was educated at Eton College and New College, Oxford where he achieved honours in classics and modern history.

Law and politics
He was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1893. Between 1896 and 1903 he served as assistant private secretary to two Chancellors of Exchequer, Sir Michael Hicks Beach (later Viscount St. Aldwyn) and (from October 1902) Charles Thomson Ritchie (later Lord Ritchie of Dundee).

After his father stepped down as member for the South, or Newbury division of Berkshire in 1900 he was elected and served for six years before being defeated at the 1906 general election by his Liberal opponent. In the January 1910 general election he stood again and succeeded in regaining his seat where he remained until resigning in 1922.

Berkshire appointments
He was a deputy lieutenant and magistrate for Berkshire and was elected chairman of the Berkshire county council in 1926.

Baronetcy
He was created a baronet in the 1921 Birthday Honours.

Marriage and family
Mount married Hilda Lucy Adelaide Low on 9 November 1899 in Kensington, London, Middlesex. Hilda was born 23 May 1875 to William Malcolm Low and wife (m. 30 July 1872), Lady Ida Matilda Alice Feilding. She died 3 April 1950.

Mount and his wife were parents to Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet, Robert Francis Mount and George Richard Mount.

Death
He died while crossing a meadow at Aldermaston while riding with the South Berkshire hounds from his residence at Wasing Place on 8 December 1930.

title: Sir William Mount, 1st Baronet


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File:Greystones-crest.png

Summary
The town crest of Greystones, located in north County Wicklow, Ireland.

title: File:Greystones-crest.png


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Gerald Davies

Thomas Gerald Reames Davies CBE DL (born 7 February 1945 in Llansaint) is a Welsh former rugby union wing who played international rugby for Wales between 1966 and 1978. He is one of a small group of Welsh players to have won three Grand Slams including Gareth Edwards, J. P. R. Williams, Ryan Jones, Adam Jones, Gethin Jenkins and Alun Wyn Jones.

Early life
Born in Llansaint, Carmarthenshire, under the local coal miners scholarship scheme he studied at Loughborough University, before studying at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and appearing for the University rugby team. Davies taught at Christ's Hospital in Horsham, Sussex from 1971 to 1974 when he took up a post with the Sports Council for Wales.

Rugby career
Davies played club rugby for Cardiff RFC and London Welsh. He captained Cardiff for three seasons in the 1970s, his most famous game for Cardiff probably being a 1977–8 Welsh Cup game against Pontypool when he scored four tries (beating his marker and near namesake Gareth Davies on each occasion) to earn his side a 16–11 win.

He made his international debut on Saturday, 3 December 1966 against Australia in Cardiff, where Wales lost 14–11 – he was to face the Wallabies again in his final appearance for Wales in 1978, this time in Sydney, and again a loss. All in all, he was capped 46 times for his country. He was switched from his original position of centre to the right wing by Wales coach Clive Rowlands on their 1969 tour of Australia and New Zealand, and thereafter played in that position.

Davies toured with the British Lions in 1968 and 1971 and was part of the group of Welsh Seventies legends, ranking in rugby history alongside Gareth Edwards, Barry John, J. P. R. Williams, Phil Bennett and Bobby Windsor. A superb attacking player, he has been called one of the best wingers rugby has ever seen. Davies is best remembered for his try – one of 20 in 46 Tests – in the 1971 Five Nations match against Scotland. The Scots were leading before Davies scored in the corner in the last minute. Backrower John Taylor then kicked his famous conversion to steal victory.

Invited to join the 1974 Lions Tour of South Africa, he turned the opportunity down on his personal uncomfortable position at the consequences and realities of apartheid.

Welsh & Lions Honours summary
For Wales: 46 Internationals, of which Wales won 29, lost 14 and drew 3 (points for 758, points against 507). 20 tries, 8 of them before the value of a try was raised to four points in the 1971–72 season (72 points in all).

For the British Lions: 5 Internationals of which the Lions won two, lost two and drew one (points for 54, points against 53). Davies scored three tries for the Lions during Test games, all of them on the 1971 tour to New Zealand (9 points).

After retirement
After retiring as a player, Davies became a journalist, writing on rugby matters for The Times. He sat on Tasker Watkins committee to reform Welsh rugby. He became chairman of the Wales Youth Agency, and in the 2003 New Year Honours he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to Young People and to Rugby in Wales."

Davies holds Honorary Fellowships from the University of Wales, Lampeter, the University of Wales, Aberystwyth and Wrexham Glyndŵr University. He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from Cardiff University in a graduation ceremony held on 15 July 2008. On 18 July 2008, he received an honorary doctorate from Loughborough University for services to sport and journalism, and has also received an honorary doctorate from Swansea University. He is also a Deputy Lieutenant of Gwent.

In November 2007 he was announced as the manager of the 2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa. Davies was elected to the post of President of the Welsh Rugby Union in September 2019 and took up the role in November 2019. In October 2023, Davies was replaced as President of the WRU by former, Terry Cobner.

title: Gerald Davies


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610 Office

The 610 Office (full name: 中央防范和处理邪教问题领导小组办公室; abbreviated 中央防范办) was a security agency in the People's Republic of China. Named for the date of its creation on June 10, 1999, it was established for the purpose of coordinating and implementing the persecution of Falun Gong. The 610 Office was the implementation arm of the Central Leading Group on Dealing with the Falun Gong (CLGDF), also known as the Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions, a leading small group of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Because it was a CCP-led office with no formal legal mandate, it is sometimes described as an extralegal organisation.

The central 610 Office has traditionally been headed by a high-ranking member of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee, and frequently directed other state and party organs in the anti-Falun Gong campaign. It was closely associated with the powerful Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the CCP. Local 610 Offices were also established at provincial, district, municipal and neighborhood levels, and were estimated to number approximately 1,000 across the country.

The main functions of the 610 Offices included coordinating anti-Falun Gong propaganda, surveillance and intelligence collection, and the punishment and "reeducation" of Falun Gong adherents. The office was reportedly involved in the extrajudicial sentencing, coercive reeducation, torture, and sometimes death of Falun Gong practitioners.

Since 2003, the 610 Office's mission has been expanded to include targeting other religious and qigong groups deemed heretical or harmful by the Communist Party (CCP), though Falun Gong remains its main priority. In March 2018, the office was reorganized and its functions transferred to the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission and the Ministry of Public Security.

Background

Falun Gong, also known as Falun Dafa, is a form of spiritual qigong practice that involves meditation, energy exercises, and a moral philosophy drawing on Buddhist tradition. The practice was introduced by Li Hongzhi in Northeast China in the spring of 1992, towards the end of China's "qigong boom."

Falun Gong initially enjoyed considerable official support during the early years of its development, and amassed a following of millions. By the mid-1990s, however, Chinese authorities sought to rein in the influence of qigong practices, enacting more stringent requirements on the country's various qigong denominations. In 1996, possibly in response to the escalating pressure to formalize ties with the party-state, Falun Gong filed to withdraw from the state-run qigong association. Following this severance of ties to the state, the group came under increasing criticism and surveillance from the country's security apparatus and propaganda department. Falun Gong books were banned from further publication in July 1996, and state-run news outlets began criticizing the group as a form of "feudal superstition," whose "theistic" orientation was at odds with the official ideology and national agenda.

On April 25, 1999, over 10,000 Falun Gong adherents demonstrated quietly near the Zhongnanhai government compound to request official recognition and an end to the escalating harassment against them. Security czar and politburo member Luo Gan was the first to draw attention to the gathering crowd. Luo reportedly called Communist Party general secretary Jiang Zemin, and demanded a decisive solution to the Falun Gong problem.

A group of five Falun Gong representatives presented their demands to then-Premier Zhu Rongji and, apparently satisfied with his response, the group dispersed peacefully. Jiang Zemin was reported to have been deeply angered by the event, however, and expressed concern over the fact that a number of high-ranking bureaucrats, Communist Party officials, and members of the military establishment had taken up Falun Gong. That evening, Jiang disseminated a letter through Party ranks ordering that Falun Gong must be crushed.

Establishment
On 7 June 1999, Jiang Zemin convened a meeting of the Politburo to address the Falun Gong issue. In the meeting, Jiang described Falun Gong as a grave threat to Communist Party authority—"something unprecedented in the country since its founding 50 years ago" —and ordered the creation of a special leading group within the party's Central Committee to "get fully prepared for the work of disintegrating [Falun Gong]."

On 10 June, the 610 Office was formed to handle day-to-day coordination of the anti-Falun Gong campaign. Luo Gan was selected to helm of the office, whose mission at the time was described as studying, investigating, and developing a "unified approach...to resolve the Falun Gong problem." The office was not created with any legislation, and there are no provisions describing its precise mandate. Nonetheless, it was authorized "to deal with central and local, party and state agencies, which were called upon to act in close coordination with that office," according to UCLA professor James Tong.

On 17 June 1999, the 610 Office came under the newly created Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong, headed by Politburo Standing Committee member Li Lanqing. Four other deputy directors of the Central Leading Group also held high-level positions in the Communist Party, including minister of the propaganda department, Ding Guangen. The leaders of the 610 Office and CLGDF were "able to call on top government and party officials to work on the case and draw on their institutional resources," and had personal access to the Communist Party general secretary and the Premier.

Journalist Ian Johnson, whose coverage of the crackdown on Falun Gong earned him a Pulitzer Prize, wrote that the job of the 610 Office was "to mobilize the country's pliant social organizations. Under orders from the Public Security Bureau, churches, temples, mosques, newspapers, media, courts and police all quickly lined up behind the government's simple plan: to crush Falun Gong, no measures too excessive. Within days a wave of arrests swept China. By the end of 1999, Falun Gong adherents were dying in custody."

Structure
The 610 Office is managed by top echelon leaders of the CCP, and the CLGDF that oversees the 610 Office has, since its inception, been helmed by a senior member of the Politburo Standing Committee. The practice of appointing top-ranked Party authorities to run the CLGDF and 610 Office was intended to ensure that they outranked other departmental officials. According to James Tong, the 610 Office is situated "several administrative strata" above organizations such as the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television, Xinhua News Agency, China Central Television, and the News and Publications Bureau. The 610 Office plays the role of coordinating the anti-Falun Gong media coverage in the state-run press, as well influencing other party and state entities, including security agencies, in the anti-Falun Gong campaign.

Cook and Lemish speculate that the 610 Office was created outside the traditional state-based security system for several reasons: first, a number of officials within the military and security agencies were practicing Falun Gong, leading Jiang and other CPC leaders to fear that these organizations had already been quietly compromised; second, there was a need for a nimble and powerful organization to coordinate the anti-Falun Gong campaign; third, the creation of a top-level party organization sent a message down the ranks that the anti-Falun Gong campaign was a priority; and finally, CPC leaders did not want the anti-Falun Gong campaign to be hindered by legal or bureaucratic restrictions, and thus established the 610 Office extrajudicially.

Soon after the creation of the central 610 Office, parallel 610 Offices were established at each administrative level wherever populations of Falun Gong practitioners were present, including the provincial, district, municipal, and sometime neighborhood levels. In some instances, 610 Offices have been established within large corporations and universities. Each office takes orders from the 610 Office one administrative level above, or from the Communist Party authorities at the same organizational level. In turn, the local 610 Offices influence the officers of other state and party bodies, such as media organizations, local public security bureaus, and courts.

The structure of the 610 Office overlaps with the CCP's Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission. Both Luo Gan and Zhou Yongkang oversaw both the PLC and the 610 Office simultaneously. This overlap is also reflected at local levels, where the 610 Office is regularly aligned with the local PLAC, sometimes even sharing physical offices.

The individual 610 Offices at local levels show minor variations in organizational structure. One example of how local offices are organized comes from Leiyang city in Hunan province. There, the 610 Office consisted in 2008 of a "composite group" and an "education group." The education group was in charge of "propaganda work" and the "transformation through reeducation" of Falun Gong adherents. The composite group was in charge of administrative and logistics tasks, intelligence collection, and the protection of confidential information. James Tong wrote that the Party's decision to run the anti-Falun Gong campaign through the CLGDF and the 610 Office reflected "a pattern of regime institutional choice" to use "ad hoc committees rather than permanent agencies, and invested power in the top party echelon rather than functional state bureaucracies."

Recruitment
Relatively little is known about recruiting processes for local 610 Offices. In rare instances where such information is available, 610 officers appeared to have been drawn from other party or state agencies (such as the Political and Legislative Committee staff or Public Security Bureaus). Hao Fengjun, a defector and former officer with the 610 Office in Tianjin City, was one such officer. Hao had previously worked for the Public Security Bureau in Tianjin, and was among the officers selected to be seconded to the newly created 610 Office. Some 610 Offices conduct their own recruiting efforts to bring in staff with university degrees.

Responsibility system

In order to ensure compliance with the Party's directives against Falun Gong, the 610 offices implemented a responsibility system that extended down to the grassroots levels of society. Under this system, the local officials were held accountable for all Falun Gong-related outcomes under their jurisdiction, and a system of punitive fines were imposed on regions and officials who failed to adequately persecute Falun Gong. "This showed that, instead of creating a modern system to rule China, the government still relied on an ad hoc patchwork of edicts, orders and personal connections," wrote Johnson.

An example of this responsibility system was shown in the handling of protesters traveling to Beijing in the early years of the persecution. After the persecution of Falun Gong began in 1999, hundreds of Falun Gong practitioners traveled daily to Tiananmen Square or to petitioning offices in Beijing to appeal for their rights. In order to stem the flow of protesters in the capital, the central 610 Office held local authorities responsible for ensuring that no one from their region went to Beijing. "The provincial government fined mayors and heads of counties for each Falun Gong practitioner from their district who went to Beijing," wrote Johnson. The mayors and county leaders then fined the heads of their local 610 offices or PLAC branches, who in turn fined the village chiefs, who fined the police. The police administered punishment to the Falun Gong practitioners, and regularly demanded money from them to recoup the costs. Johnson wrote that "The fines were illegal; no law or regulation has ever been issued in writing that lists them." Government officials announced them only orally in meetings. "There was never to be anything in writing because they didn't want it made public," one official told Johnson.

Heads of the Central Leading Group

 * 1) Li Lanqing (June 1999–2003), Politburo Standing Committee member and First Vice Premier of the State Council
 * 2) Luo Gan (2003–2007), Politburo Standing Committee member and secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
 * 3) Zhou Yongkang (2007–2012), Politburo Standing Committee member and secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
 * 4) Meng Jianzhu (2012–2017), Politburo member and secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission

Directors of the 610 Office

 * 1) Wang Maolin (June 1999–September 2001), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideology
 * 2) Liu Jing (September 2001–October 2009), Vice Minister of Public Security
 * 3) Li Dongsheng (October 2009–December 2013), Vice Minister of Public Security
 * 4) Liu Jinguo (January 2014–January 2015), Vice Minister of Public Security
 * 5) Fu Zhenghua (January 2015–April 2016), Vice Minister of Public Security
 * 6) Huang Ming (April 2016–March 2018), Vice Minister of Public Security

Surveillance and intelligence
Surveillance of Falun Gong practitioners and intelligence collection is among the chief functions of 610 Offices. At the local levels, this involves monitoring workplaces and residences to identify Falun Gong practitioners, making daily visits to the homes of known (or "registered") Falun Gong practitioners, or coordinating and overseeing 24-hour monitoring of practitioners. The 610 Office does not necessarily conduct the surveillance directly; instead, it orders local authorities to do so, and has them report at regular intervals to the 610 Office. Basic-level 610 Offices relay the intelligence they have collected up the operational chain to the 610 Office above them. In many instances, the surveillance is targeted towards Falun Gong practitioners who had previously recanted the practice while in prison or labor camps, and is intended to prevent "recidivism."

The 610 Office's intelligence collection efforts are bolstered through he cultivation of paid civilian informants. 610 Offices at local levels have been found to offer substantial monetary rewards for information leading to the capture of Falun Gong practitioners, and 24-hour hotlines have been created for civilians to report on Falun Gong-related activity. In some locales, 'responsibility measures' are enacted whereby workplaces, schools, neighborhood committees and families are held accountable for monitoring and reporting on Falun Gong practitioners within their ranks.

In addition to domestic surveillance, the 610 Office is allegedly involved in foreign intelligence. Hao Fengjun, the former 610 officer-turned defector from Tianjin, testified that his job at the 610 Office involved collating and analyzing intelligence reports on overseas Falun Gong populations, including in the United States, Canada and Australia.

In 2005, a Chinese agent working with the Chinese embassy in Berlin recruited a German Falun Gong practitioner Dr. Dan Sun to act as an informant. The agent reportedly arranged a meeting for Sun with two men who purported to be scholars of Chinese medicine interested in researching Falun Gong, and Sun agreed to pass information to them, ostensibly hoping to further their understanding of the practice. The men were in fact high-ranking agents of the 610 Office in Shanghai. According to Der Spiegel, the case demonstrated "how important fighting [Falun Gong] is to the [Chinese] government," and "points to the extremely offensive approach that is sometimes being taken by the Chinese intelligence agencies."

Propaganda
Propaganda is among the core functions of the 610 Office, both at the central and local levels. The CLGDF includes high-ranking members of the Communist Party's propaganda department, including the minister of propaganda and deputy head of the Central Leading Group on Propaganda and Ideological Work. This, coupled with the 610 Office's organizational position above the main news and propaganda organs, gives it sufficient influence to direct the anti-Falun Gong propaganda efforts at the central level.

Tong notes that the first "propaganda assaults" on the Falun Gong were launched in the leading state-run newspapers in late June, 1999—shortly after the establishment of the 610 office, but before the campaign against Falun Gong had been officially announced. The effort was overseen by Ding Guangen in his capacity as the deputy leader of the Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong and the country's propaganda chief. The initial media attacks contained only veiled, indirect references to Falun Gong, and their content aimed to deride "superstition" and extol the virtues of atheism. In the weeks leading up to the official launch of the campaign, the CLGDF and the 610 Office set to work preparing a large number of books, editorials, and television programs denouncing the group, which were made public after 20 July 1999 when the campaign against Falun Gong officially began.

In the months following July 1999, David Ownby writes that the country's media apparatus "was churning out hundreds of articles, books, and television reports against Falun Gong. The Chinese public had not witnessed such overkill since the heyday of the Cultural Revolution." State propaganda initially used the appeal of scientific rationalism to argue that Falun Gong's worldview was in "complete opposition to science" and communism; the People's Daily asserted on 27 July 1999, that it "was a struggle between theism and atheism, superstition and science, idealism and materialism." Other rhetoric appearing in the state-run press centered on charges that Falun Gong had misled followers and was dangerous to health. To make the propaganda more accessible to the masses, the government published comic books, some of which compared Falun Gong's founder to Lin Biao and Adolf Hitler.

The Central 610 Office also directs local 610 Offices to carry out propaganda work against Falun Gong. This includes working with local media, as well as conducting grassroots campaigns to "educate" target audiences in schools and universities, state-run enterprises, and social and commercial enterprises. In 2008, for instance, the central 610 Office issued a directive to engage in propaganda work intended to prevent Falun Gong from "interfering with" the Beijing Olympics. The campaign was referenced on government web sites in every Chinese province.

Reeducation and detention

610 Offices work with local security agencies to monitor and capture Falun Gong adherents, many of whom are then sentenced administratively to reeducation-through-labor camps (RTL), or, if they continue to practice and advocate for Falun Gong, sentenced to prison. The number of Falun Gong adherents detained in China is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands; in some facilities, Falun Gong practitioners are in the majority.

610 Offices throughout China maintain an informal network of "transformation-through-reeducation" facilities. These facilities are used specifically for ideological reprogramming of Falun Gong practitioners, whereby they are subjected to physical and mental coercion in an effort to have them renounce Falun Gong. In 2001, the central 610 Office began ordering "all neighborhood committees, state institutions and companies" to begin using the transformation facilities. No Falun Gong practitioners were to be spared, including students and the elderly. The same year, the 610 Office reportedly relayed orders that those who actively practice Falun Gong must be sent to prisons or labor camps, and those who did not renounce their belief in Falun Gong were to be socially isolated and monitored by families and employers.

In 2010, the central 610 Office initiated a three-year campaign to intensify the "transformation" of known Falun Gong practitioners. Documents from local 610 Offices across the country revealed the details of the campaign, which involved setting transformation quotas, and required local authorities to forcefully take Falun Gong practitioners into transformation-through-reeducation sessions. If they failed to recant their practice, the practitioners would be sent to labor camps.

In addition to prisons, labor camps and transformation facilities, the 610 Office can arbitrarily compel mentally healthy Falun Gong practitioners into psychiatric facilities. In 2002, it was estimated that approximately 1,000 Falun Gong adherents were being held against their will in mental hospitals, where reports of abuse were common.

Interference in legal system
The majority of detained Falun Gong practitioners are sentenced administratively to reeducation-through-labor camps, though several thousand have been condemned to longer sentences in prisons. Chinese human rights lawyers have charged that the 610 Office regularly interferes with legal cases involving Falun Gong practitioners, subverting the ability of judges to adjudicate independently. Attorney Jiang Tianyong has noted that cases where the defendants are Falun Gong practitioners are decided by the local 610 Offices, rather than through recourse to legal standards. In November 2008, two lawyers seeking to represent Falun Gong practitioners in Heilongjiang noted that the presiding judge in the case was seen meeting with 610 Office agents. Other lawyers, including Gao Zhisheng, Guo Guoting and Wang Yajun have alleged that the 610 Office interfered with their ability to meet with Falun Gong clients or defend them in court.

Official documents support the allegation of interference by the 610 Office. In 2009, two separate documents from Jilin province and Liaoning Province described how legal cases against Falun Gong practitioners must be approved and/or audited by the 610 Office. The 610 Office's organizational proximity to the CPC's Political and Judicial Committee better enables it to exercise influence with the Supreme People's Court and Ministry of Justice, both at the central level and with their counterparts at local levels.

Allegations of torture and killing
Several sources have reported 610 officers as being involved in or ordering the torture of Falun Gong adherents in custody. In a letter to Chinese leaders in 2005, prominent human rights lawyer Gao Zhisheng relayed accounts of 610 officers beating and sexually assaulting Falun Gong practitioners: "of all the true accounts of incredible violence that I have heard, of all the records of the government's inhuman torture of its own people, what has shaken me most is the routine practice on the part of the 6–10 Office and the police of assaulting women's genitals," wrote Gao. Defector Hao Fengjun described witnessing one of his 610 Office colleagues beating an elderly female Falun Gong practitioner with an iron bar. The event helped catalyze Hao's decision to defect to Australia. The 2009 report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings relayed allegations that the 610 Office was involved in the torture deaths of Falun Gong practitioners ahead of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Ian Johnson of the Wall Street Journal reported in 2000 that Falun Gong practitioners were tortured to death in "transformation-through-reeducation" facilities that are run by the 610 Office. The central 610 Office had informed local authorities that they could use any means necessary to prevent Falun Gong practitioners from traveling to Beijing to protest the ban—an order that reportedly resulted in widespread abuse in custody.

Expanded functions
In 2003, the name of the Central Leading Group for Dealing with Falun Gong was changed to the "Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions." The same year, its mandate was expanded to include disposing of 28 other "heretical religions" and "harmful qigong practices". Although Falun Gong continues to be the 610 Office's primary concern, there is evidence of local offices targeting members of other groups, some of which identify as Buddhist or Protestant denominations. This include carrying out surveillance against members, engaging in propaganda efforts, and detaining and imprisoning members.

The Economist reported that 610 officers were involved in enforcing the house arrest of Chen Guangcheng, a blind human rights activist, that generated controversy as the police chief faced repercussions.

In 2008, a new set of "leading groups" appeared with the mandate of "maintaining stability." Corresponding local offices were established in every district in major coastal cities, being tasked with "ferreting out" anti-Communist Party elements. The branch offices for Maintaining Stability overlap significantly with local 610 Offices, sometimes sharing offices, staff, and leadership.

Cook and Lemish write that the increased reliance on ad hoc committees such as the 610 Office and stability maintenance offices may indicate a sense among Communist Party leaders that the existing state security services are ineffective in meeting its needs. "That these officials are increasingly relying on more arbitrary, extra-legal, and personalized security forces to protect their hold on power does not only bode badly for China's human rights record. It also threatens the stability of internal CCP politics should 610 Office work become politicized," they write.

Abolition
On 21 March 2018, the Central Committee of the CCP announced that the Central Leading Group on Dealing with Heretical Religions and the 610 Office would be abolished, with their functions to the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission and the Ministry of Public Security.

title: 610 Office


text:
Talk:Condor Legion

Untitled
Why is this article with the Spanish diacritics ? The Condor Legion was a German unit, shouldn't the German spelling be used ? Rama 14:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Were the Condor Legion volunteers or were they sent? It seems as if they were sent, the article implies that there was a continuation of German military structures... is there any eveidence of someone who refused to be sent? Duncan 20:38, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

The Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter, Heinkel He 111 medium bomber, and from December 1937, the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bomber, first saw active service in the Condor Legion fighting against Soviet supplied aircraft.[4] Each of these aircraft, although verging on obsolete by the mid-1940s, played a major role during the early years of the Second World War.

This section makes no sense. Any aircraft in service at the time of the Spanish Civil War would be obsolete by the mid 1940s. If the author meant to say early 1940s then the statement is factually incorrect in regard to the Bf 109 and the He 111. Indeed the Bf 109 was arguably the best fighter in the world in the early 1940s, with only the Supermarine Spitfire being a serious contender for the title. Lexington50 04:04, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Added further detail
Added more detail clearing up some misleading points in the article and rearranged it. More could be added; involvement of Kriegsmarine, objections from German High Command, deployment of Canaris/Abwehr, SIGINT stations setup, construction of facilities in Spain, continuing presence of Germans in Spain, markings/decals, a history of actions, the history of German Spanish interactions leading up to the aid, joint operations with Regia Aeronautica, CTV, Franco forces etc etc. Just no time to do it.

The wisdom of including all the above and the wisdom of referring to non airforce personnel who entered the theater as Legion Kondor is somewhere I did not go. The article Spanish Civil War and Foreign Involvement should give a synopsis of it all so some of the bases I touched on here truly belong in that parent article or an article that goes into some depth on Axis involvement and the total lack of Soviet/French/British military aid.

 * Lexington50, I removed the sentence. Only reason I correct wikipedia articles is because they receive a high google rank not to battle wits on talkpages.
 * Newsheep, they were volunteers, and rank did not carry to their new postings. This is not stressed in the article but in effect they had to resign from German service to fight. See Trautloft for details. Obviously the removal of rank probably did not apply to those serving aboard Deutschland and other capital ships but as noted, no time to go into the semantic gymnastics to describe the entire thing. Fluffy999 16:09, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Described some of Operation Ursula and mentioned sottomarini legionari.Fluffy999 14:27, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Memorial Removal
I do not know if this is relevant, but I think you may want to add it. The Condor Legian memorial that was in La Almudena graveyard, Madrid, featured in the article, has been removed by the German goverment. The problem being, I cannot find an english source.

http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/07/01/madrid/1341169585_005137.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.143.50.94 (talk) 22:08, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

Wikiproject
Dont know how to add it to the other project categories but it might just be a case of adding the tags to this page. Fluffy999 14:22, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Start Class yey! Let that be a lesson- put in your request for review then make your additions. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Fluffy999 (talk • contribs) 15:17, 6 April 2007 (UTC).

Page move to Condor Legion
It is my understanding that the subject of this article is normally referred to as the Condor Legion in English (eg. in Mason's The Rise of the Luftwaffe). That being the case, in line with Naming conventions (use English), this page should be moved to Condor Legion with the German included in the first sentence of the article. What do others think? Greenshed 08:44, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Interestingly, I've just had a look at the German Wikipedia page (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_Condor) and it is titled Legion Condor, not Legion Kondor. This calls into question whether Kondor is the correct German spelling in this context. Can anyone provide a citation? Greenshed 08:50, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Page moved. Greenshed 19:29, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

"Kondor" is the modern spelling. The correct spelling in this context is "Condor". There are other examples, eg "Context" was changed to "Kontext" in modern German. (84.154.210.193 18:33, 17 May 2007 (UTC))

Hitler:

'You know my opinion of Franco... We ought to keep these Red Spaniards on the back burner... They're lost to democracy, and to that reactionary crew round Franco too... I believe you to the letter, Speer, that they were impressive people. I must say, in general, that during the civil war the idealism was not on Franco's side; it was to be found among the Reds...one of these days we'll be able to make use of them...The whole thing will start all over again. But with us on the opposite side.'

Quoted in Albert Speer's diary entry for 26 December, 1950 recalling a conversation with Hitler in January 1943 (Albert Speer, Spandau: The Secret Diary (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2000), p. 167.)

'I am quite sure that very few of the so-called Reds in Spain were really Communists. We were badly deceived, for, had I known the real state of affairs, I would never have allowed our aircraft to bombard and destroy a starving population and at the same time re-establish the Spanish clergy in all their horrible privileges.' (Hitler's Political Testament, 10th February 1945) --24.107.177.15 04:00, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Additional participants of note
Is it worth mentioning that Hauptmann Erhart Krafft von Dellmensingen, son of Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen was the leader of one of the waves (third I think)? Purple Aubergine (talk) 22:13, 7 April 2010 (UTC)

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Unsourced material
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Terror bombing
Here are some sources that say the Condor Legion made terror bombing attacks. Binksternet (talk) 09:29, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Bob Carruthers (2013). Panzers I & II: Germany's Light Tanks, Pen and Sword Books, page 40, ISBN 9781473845237. "The Condor Legion developed methods of terror bombing which were used widely in the Second World War shortly afterwards. The Bombing of Guernica was the most infamous operation..."
 * Carsten Humlebæk (2014). Spain: Inventing the Nation, Bloomsbury Publishing, page 80, ISBN 9781441102522. "Even if the attack on Guernica is the Condor Legion's most well-known effort during the war and is famous for being history's first terror attack on a civilian population, the Legion had in fact already attacked Madrid and other towns in Andalusia and the Basque Country in similar ways before Guernica.... there is thus little doubt that a full-scale terror attack was attempted."
 * Klaus A. Maier (2003). "The Condor Legion: An Instrument of Total War?" in Roger Chickering, Stig Forster's The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919-1939, Cambridge University Press, page 287, ISBN 9780521812368. "Guernica... Many observers regard this attack as a masterpiece of terror bombing."
 * Ward Thomas (2014). The Ethics of Destruction: Norms and Force in International Relations, Cornell University Press, page 143, ISBN 9780801471681. "While the Luftwaffe was oriented more toward close infantry support than strategic bombing, the merits of terror bombing had been debated within the organization throughout the 1930s, with very few references to moral considerations. Moreover, the German Condor Legion had carried out notoriously brutal bombing raids in the Spanish Civil War. As one historian comments, while terror bombing was not a prominent aspect of Luftwaffe doctrine, 'there is no reason to believe that the decision stems from a willingness to uphold international law.'"
 * Jerrold M. Packard (1992). Neither friend nor foe: the European neutrals in World War II, Simon & Schuster, page 56, ISBN 9780684192482. "In a world still capable of experiencing deep shock at wanton savagery, the Condor Legion's terror bombing (with the help of the Italian Air Force) of Guernica captured international attention in June 1937 as did no other single incident in the war."
 * Gabrielle Ashford Hodges (2002). Franco: A Concise Biography, Macmillan, page 113, ISBN 9780312282851. "On the Madrid front, however, even the German Condor Legion — a force of 4000 men and a hundred aircraft supported by anti-aircraft and anti-tank units, under the command of Major-General von Sperrle and Colonel von Richthofen — failed to save the situation. Despite the systematic onslaught of these special units which were keen to experiment with terror bombing..."
 * Sandra Ott (2011). War, Exile, Justice, and Everyday Life, 1936-1946, Center for Basque Studies Press, University of Nevada, page 33, ISBN 9781935709091. "Guernica... The devastating results of Germany's terror bombing strategy, developed in 1937... A special unit of the Luftwaffe in the service of the National Movement, Hitler's Condor Legion, as well as Italian aircraft, carried out the attack."
 * Antony L. Kay (2004). Junkers Aircraft and Engines, 1913-1945, Putnam Aeronautical Books, page 115, ISBN 9780851779850. "One example of this testing of new weaponry was the incendiary-bombing of Guernica by the Condor Legion on 26 April 1937. This bombing has gone into history as an appalling act of terrorism but is still surrounded by controversy. Guernica was completely destroyed, and 1,500 people were killed and 800 wounded, but the strategic parts, the arms plant and the railway, were undamaged. Some argue that Guernica was simply an act of terror bombing..."
 * Please filter this list to those focussing on the spanish civil war, not those about tanks and aircraft. Then please look into these books whether these claims are based on verifyable facts or just repetion of words they heard somewhere or made them up themselves. It's really hard to made a fact-based claim on what happened in spain due to massive propaganda efforts on both sides (and supporting nations) either downplaying or exaggerating the actions and losses.--Denniss (talk) 12:49, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * At the very least, we should tell the reader that the Condor Legion was accused of terror bombing. That's undeniably true. Binksternet (talk) 16:39, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * True indeed. --Denniss (talk) 14:17, 13 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Condor Legion


text:
Manus languages

The Manus languages are a subgroup of about two dozen Oceanic languages located on Manus Island and nearby offshore islands in Manus Province of Papua New Guinea. The exact number of languages is difficult to determine because they form a dialect continuum (Blust 2007:302). The name Manus (or Moanus) originally designated an ethnic group whose members spoke closely related languages and whose coastal dwellers tended to build their houses on stilts out over the sea (Bowern 2011:6).

Nowadays the whole population of Manus Province may call themselves 'Manus' people, so the original Manus are distinguished as Manus tru 'real Manus' (or 'Manus sensu stricto'). The language of the Manus people most intensively studied by anthropologists, from Georg Thilenius in the early 1900s through Margaret Mead in the mid-1900s, is now called Titan (Bowern 2011).

Languages
According to Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002), the structure of the family is:

 * Manus
 * West Manus: Nyindrou, Sori-Harengan, Hermit (†), Bipi; Mondropolon, Tulu-Bohuai, Khehek (Drehet, Levei), Likum
 * Intermediate: Loniu–Mokerang, Pak-Tong
 * East Manus: Andra-Hus, Elu, Leipon, Papitalai, Ponam, Ere–Kele–Kurti, Koro–Lele–Nali–Titan

One very distinctive phonological trait of these languages is the presence of prenasalized trills (Blust 2007). The bilabial trill, which can be spelled mb or br, only occurs before , and sounds like in other environments. The alveolar trill, spelled ndr or dr, has no such distributional limitations (2007:303).

title: Manus languages