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Saponite

Saponite is a trioctahedral mineral of the smectite group. Its chemical formula is Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2*n(H2O). It is soluble in sulfuric acid. It was first described in 1840 by Svanberg. Varieties of saponite are griffithite, bowlingite and sobotkite.

It is soft, massive, and plastic, and exists in veins and cavities in serpentinite and basalt. The name is derived from the Greek sapo, soap. Other names include bowlingite; mountain soap; piotine; soapstone.

Occurrence
Saponite was first described in 1840 for an occurrence in Lizard Point, Landewednack, Cornwall, England. It occurs in hydrothermal veins, in basalt vesicles, skarns, amphibolite and serpentinite. Associated minerals include celadonite, chlorite, native copper, epidote, orthoclase, dolomite, calcite and quartz.

Saponite is found in Ząbkowice Śląskie in Silesia, Svärdsjö in Dalarna, Sweden and in Cornwall, UK. The soap stone of Cornwall is used in the porcelain factory. Saponite is also found in the "dark rims" of chondrules in carbonaceous chondrites and seen as a sign of aqueous alteration. Europe's largest primary diamond deposit, Lomonosov, in the Primorsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast is an area of intensive accumulation and storage of saponite at the tailings.

Application
The forecasted mass of saponite to be discharged into the tailings of diamond ore processing makes up millions of tons. Worryingly, when macro- and micro-components are found in non-hazardous concentrations, fewer efforts are put into the environmental management of the tailings, though technogenic sediments offer prospects for reuse and valorization beyond their traditional disposal. Saponite is a demonstrative example of the tailings constituent that is often left unfairly mistreated.

Electrochemical separation helps to obtain modified saponite-containing products with high smectite-group minerals concentrations, lower mineral particles size, more compact structure, and greater surface area. These characteristics open possibilities for the manufacture of high-quality ceramics and heavy-metal sorbents from saponite-containing products. Furthermore, tail grinding occurs during the preparation of the raw material for ceramics; this waste reprocessing is of high importance for the use of clay pulp as a neutralizing agent, as fine particles are required for the reaction. Experiments on the Histosol deacidification with the alkaline clay slurry demonstrated that neutralization with the average pH level of 7.1 is reached at 30% of the pulp added and an experimental site with perennial grasses proved the efficacy of the technique. Moreover, the reclamation of disturbed lands is an integral part of the social and environmental responsibility of the mining company and this scenario addresses the community necessities at both local and regional levels.

Synthetic saponites have defined chemical composition and reactive surface and serve as a substitute for zeolites. In contrast to the pores in zeolites, saponites have a larger layer spacing and can also be used as catalysts for larger organic molecules, e.g. in polymerization, isomerization and cracking.

title: Saponite


text: Template:Explosive-stub

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Template:Explosive-stub


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User:Kristjan Wager

I guy born in 1975, who holds a dual Danish-Australian citizenship. I have lived in Denmark my entire life, but have traveled quite a lot.

Currently I am working as an IT consultant, developing .NET (C) solutions. I am also enrolled at DIKU at the University of Copenhagen, but cannot be considered a student there..

My blog can be found at Pro-science

I am also active in the Danish wikipedia.

da:Bruger:Kristjan Wager

title: User:Kristjan Wager


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User talk:Chris 73/Menu

Shouldn't you change the name quoted in this box from "Chris 73" to "Chris 73 (Germanic language Kris Drei und Siebzig)"? Halibutt 22:26, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 12 April 2023
This page has two WP:LINT errors and since this page's contents appear on multiple pages for this user, all the other pages this content appears on also have this obsolete tag (center) error and missing end tag (small) error. This user has not been seen since 2017. The following two changed lines will cleanly correct these issues. (If needed, evidence of my testing these changes.)

Would you please change the line Chris 73

to

Chris 73

AS WELL AS this other line

My Articles

to

My Articles

Thank you. Zinnober9 (talk) 05:20, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌ however I've unprotected the page. —  xaosflux  Talk 18:13, 13 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chris 73/Menu


text:
Raul Bragança Neto

Raul Wagner da Conceição Bragança Neto (1946 – April 17, 2014 ) was the eighth prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. He held the post from 19 November 1996 to 5 January 1999. He was a member of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe-Social Democratic Party (MLSTP-PSD) and served as a Major in the São Tomé Army.

title: Raul Bragança Neto


text:
Polyhydroxyalkanoates

Polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs are polyesters produced in nature by numerous microorganisms, including through bacterial fermentation of sugars or lipids. When produced by bacteria they serve as both a source of energy and as a carbon store. More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. These plastics are biodegradable and are used in the production of bioplastics.

They can be either thermoplastic or elastomeric materials, with melting points ranging from 40 to 180 °C.

The mechanical properties and biocompatibility of PHA can also be changed by blending, modifying the surface or combining PHA with other polymers, enzymes and inorganic materials, making it possible for a wider range of applications.

Biosynthesis

To induce PHA production in a laboratory setting, a culture of a micro-organism such as Cupriavidus necator can be placed in a suitable medium and fed appropriate nutrients so that it multiplies rapidly. Once the population has reached a substantial level, the nutrient composition can be changed to force the micro-organism to synthesize PHA. The yield of PHA obtained from the intracellular granule inclusions can be as high as 80% of the organism's dry weight.

The biosynthesis of PHA is usually caused by deficiency conditions (e.g. lack of macro elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen, trace elements, or lack of oxygen) and the excess supply of carbon sources. However, the prevalence of PHA production within either a mono-culture or a set of mixed-microbial organisms can also be dependent on overall nutrient limitation, not just macro elements. This is especially the case in the 'feast/famine' cycle method for induction of PHA production, wherein carbon is periodically added and depleted to cause famine, which encourages cells to produce PHA during 'feast' as a storage method for periods of famine.

Polyesters are deposited in the form of highly refractive granules in the cells. Depending upon the microorganism and the cultivation conditions, homo- or copolyesters with different hydroxyalkanoic acids are generated. PHA granules are then recovered by disrupting the cells. Recombinant Bacillus subtilis str. pBE2C1 and Bacillus subtilis str. pBE2C1AB were used in production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and it was shown that they could use malt waste as carbon source for lower cost of PHA production.

PHA synthases are the key enzymes of PHA biosynthesis. They use the coenzyme A - thioester of (r)-hydroxy fatty acids as substrates. The two classes of PHA synthases differ in the specific use of hydroxy fatty acids of short or medium chain length.

The resulting PHA is of the two types:

 * Poly (HA SCL) from hydroxy fatty acids with short chain lengths including three to five carbon atoms are synthesized by numerous bacteria, including Cupriavidus necator and Alcaligenes latus (PHB).
 * Poly (HA MCL) from hydroxy fatty acids with medium chain lengths including six to 14 carbon atoms, can be made for example, by Pseudomonas putida.

A few bacteria, including Aeromonas hydrophila and Thiococcus pfennigii, synthesize copolyester from the above two types of hydroxy fatty acids, or at least possess enzymes that are capable of part of this synthesis.

Another even larger scale synthesis can be done with the help of soil organisms. For lack of nitrogen and phosphorus they produce a kilogram of PHA per three kilograms of sugar.

The simplest and most commonly occurring form of PHA is the fermentative production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate [poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), P(3HB)], which consists of 1000 to 30000 hydroxy fatty acid monomers.

Industrial production
In the industrial production of PHA, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions of microbial fermentation of sugar, glucose, or vegetable oil.

In the 1980s, Imperial Chemical Industries developed poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) obtained via fermentation that was named "Biopol". It was sold under the name "Biopol" and distributed in the U.S. by Monsanto and later Metabolix.

As raw material for the fermentation, carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose can be used, but also vegetable oil or glycerine from biodiesel production. Researchers in industry are working on methods with which transgenic crops will be developed that express PHA synthesis routes from bacteria and so produce PHA as energy storage in their tissues. Several companies are working to develop methods of producing PHA from waste water, including Veolia subsidiary Anoxkaldnes. and start-ups, Micromidas, Mango Materials, Full Cycle Bioplastics, Newlight and Paques Biomaterials.

PHAs are processed mainly via injection molding, extrusion and extrusion bubbles into films and hollow bodies.

Material properties
PHA polymers are thermoplastic, can be processed on conventional processing equipment, and are, depending on their composition, ductile and more or less elastic. They differ in their properties according to their chemical composition (homo-or copolyester, contained hydroxy fatty acids).

They are UV stable, in contrast to other bioplastics from polymers such as polylactic acid, partial ca. temperatures up to 180 °C, and show a low permeation of water. The crystallinity can lie in the range of a few to 70%. Processability, impact strength and flexibility improves with a higher percentage of valerate in the material. PHAs are soluble in halogenated solvents such chloroform, dichloromethane or dichloroethane.

PHB is similar in its material properties to polypropylene (PP), has a good resistance to moisture and aroma barrier properties. Polyhydroxybutyric acid synthesized from pure PHB is relatively brittle and stiff. PHB copolymers, which may include other fatty acids such as beta-hydroxyvaleric acid, may be elastic.

Applications
Due to its biodegradability and potential to create bioplastics with novel properties, much interest exists to develop the use of PHA-based materials. PHA fits into the green economy as a means to create plastics from non-fossil fuel sources. Furthermore, active research is being carried out for the biotransformation "upcycling" of plastic waste (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane) into PHA using Pseudomonas putida bacteria.

A PHA copolymer called PHBV (poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)) is less stiff and tougher, and it may be used as packaging material.

In June 2005, US company Metabolix, Inc. received the US Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award (small business category) for their development and commercialisation of a cost-effective method for manufacturing PHAs.

There are potential applications for PHA produced by micro-organisms within the agricultural, medical and pharmaceutical industries, primarily due to their biodegradability.

Fixation and orthopaedic applications have included sutures, suture fasteners, meniscus repair devices, rivets, tacks, staples, screws (including interference screws), bone plates and bone plating systems, surgical mesh, repair patches, slings, cardiovascular patches, orthopedic pins (including bone.lling augmentation material), adhesion barriers, stents, guided tissue repair/regeneration devices, articular cartilage repair devices, nerve guides, tendon repair devices, atrial septal defect repair devices, pericardial patches, bulking and filling agents, vein valves, bone marrow scaffolds, meniscus regeneration devices, ligament and tendon grafts, ocular cell implants, spinal fusion cages, skin substitutes, dural substitutes, bone graft substitutes, bone dowels, wound dressings, and hemostats.

title: Polyhydroxyalkanoates


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Talk:Buginbaatar

Classification Hierarchy
I'm wondering if there is a conflict of hierarchy here. I was just doing a search to see if there were any available pictures of this one fossil, and I came across this page:.

It has the following:
 * Order Multituberculata
 * Suborder Cimolodonta
 * Family Taeniolabididae
 * Genus Buginbaatar

The Wikipedia article has the following:
 * Order Multituberculata
 * Suborder Cimolodonta
 * Family Cimolomyidae
 * Genus Buginbaatar
 * Species Buginbaatar clarki

I'll do some more research.... GPHemsley→◊ 22:28, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Some more links:, , (refers to a Buginbaatar transaltaiensis, though this article talks about only Buginbaatar clarki) GPHemsley→◊ 22:39, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Links referring to Buginbaatar and clarki separately:, GPHemsley→◊ 22:44, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Buginbaatar. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030625015751/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cimolod.htm to http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cimolod.htm

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 08:12, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buginbaatar


text:
Gamča

Gamča, today officially Gymnázium, Grösslingová 18, Bratislava, is a public coeducational gymnasium located in Bratislava, Slovakia. It educates around 600 pupils in 8-year long and 4-year long programs leading to Maturita. It was founded in 1626 by Peter Cardinal Pazmáň (Péter Pázmany) as Collegium Posoniense.

Gamča's focus on mathematics, natural sciences and computer sciences brought 56 of its students to successfully represent Slovakia (Czechoslovakia) at the International Mathematical Olympiad, 26 students at the International Physics Olympiad and 14 at the International Olympiad in Informatics in the past 35 years.

Since 1988, the school's popular "Olympic games", OH Gamča, are held annually.

History
Cardinal Archbishop of Esztergom Petrus Pazmanus founded Collegium Posoniense on September 11, 1626, with the approval of the 6th Jesuit Superior General Mutio Vitelleschi and Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Building
The current building was designed by Ödön Lechner and built in 1906–08. The school building was completely renovated in 2008–10.

The Church of St. Elizabeth, commonly known as the Blue Church, was initially part of the gymnázium, serving as the school chapel. The church was also designed by Lechner.

OH Gamča
Olympijské hry Gamča (Gamča's Olympic Games) are held from September to December every year since 1988, when inspired by the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul the first games were organized to celebrate the 70th anniversary of Czechoslovakia. During the games, classes (i.e. ~30 students, ~4 classes in every year) are competing against each other in sport, art, academic and "unconventional" disciplines to win the overall title. Every games have their official name/mascot, which traditionally includes letters O and H. The OH Gamča in school year 2021/22 are officially called OH Hokus Pokus 2022.

Notable alumni
Both current students and alumni are called Gamčáci (m) and Gamčáčky (f).
 * Philipp Lenard (1862 - 1947) - physicist and Nobel Prize Laureate
 * Béla Bartók (1881 - 1945) - composer and pianist
 * Gustáv Husák (1913 - 1991) - former President of Czechoslovakia
 * Ján Vilček (b. 1933) - biomedical scientist, educator, inventor and philanthropist
 * Milan Lasica (1940 - 2021) - playwright, director, actor and singer
 * Robert Redhammer (b.1963) - former Rector of Slovak University of Technology and current Chairman of the Executive Board of The Slovak Accreditation Agency for Higher Education
 * Lucia Žitňanská (b. 1964) - former Member of National Council and former Minister of Justice
 * Daniel Lipšic (b. 1973) - former Member of the National Council, former Minister of Justice, former Minister of Interior of Slovakia and current Special Prosecutor

title: Gamča


text:
Szydłów

Szydłów   is a fortified town in Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in southeastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Szydłów. It lies approximately 13 km west of Staszów and 43 km south-east of the regional capital Kielce.

Szydłów's history dates to the 12th century. The town contains several tourist attractions, including several buildings and churches dating to the 14th century and the ruins of a castle from the same period, and the 16th-century Szydłów Synagogue. The first official inventory of important buildings in Poland, A General View of the Nature of Ancient Monuments in the Kingdom of Poland, led by Kazimierz Stronczyński from 1844 to 1855, describes the Szydłów Synagogue as one of Poland's architecturally notable buildings.

Location
Szydłów is located in Lesser Polish Upland, between the Świętokrzyskie Mountains and the Połaniec Plain. The village lies within borders of Chmielnik–Szydłów Protected Landscape Area. The distance to Kielce is 40 kilometers, to Staszów 12 kilometers. Due to numerous plum orchards, the village is called Plum Capital of Poland. Every year, the Plum Festival takes place here. The village is crossed by two regional roads—765th and 756th; furthermore, Szydłów is a stop along Lesser Polish Way.

History
First mention of Szydłów comes from the year 1191, in documents of Sandomierz Collegiate church. At that time, the village was owned by Polish Kings, located along the Vistula merchant road, which was of major importance in the late Middle Ages. On July 1, 1329, Szydłów was incorporated as a town on Środa Śląska town law (see also: Magdeburg rights).

In the mid-14th century, King Casimir III the Great founded here a fortified castle and the Church of Saint Ladislaus. The town was surrounded by a defensive wall, with three gates—Kraków Gate, Opatów Gate, and Water Gate. Soon afterwards, Szydłów became the seat of a starosta, and first artisans came here, as well as Jewish settlers. It was a royal town of the Kingdom of Poland, administratively located in the Wiślica County in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province. Its location helped wine, cattle and hops merchants, who would go with their goods to Sandomierz. In the 16th century, Szydłów emerged as a center of cloth-making. Also, tailors, bakers, shoemakers, iron smiths, saddle makers, sword makers and pot makers worked here, there also was a brewery. In 1528, waterworks and bath houses were opened, and in 1564, the town had 180 houses, of which 49 were located on the market square, but next year, large parts of Szydłów burned in a fire. At that time, a number Jews settled in the town, who in 1534–1564 built the first synagogue.

Good times came to an end in the first half of the 17th century. In 1630 Szydłów was burned by rebellious soldiers of fortune, who were not paid their salaries. Unable to enter the fortified town, the mercenaries set the suburbs on fire, and the blaze reached Szydłów. Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), and the invasion of troops of George II Rakoczi (see Treaty of Radnot) brought almost complete destruction, after which town's population shrank from 1,300 to 350, and the number of houses was reduced to 54 (as for 1663). After these conflicts, Szydłów never recovered to its previous prosperity. In 1789, Szydłów had a stone town hall, 5 mills on the Ciekąca river and 196 houses, many of them abandoned. The castle was ruined, and by 1827, the number of houses grew to 202, and the population reached 1,550.

After the Third Partition of Poland (1795), Szydłów was annexed by the Austrian Empire. After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw, within which it became a county seat. After the duchy's dissolution in 1815, it became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland, and in 1850, Russian authorities liquidated Szydłów County, merging it with Stopnica County. In 1869, as a punishment for participation of residents in the January Uprising, Szydłów was reduced to the status of a village.

In 1929 Szydłów, already part of Kielce Voivodeship, had 2,246 inhabitants, of which 30% were Jews.

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, Szydłów was occupied by Germany until 1945. Part of the town, and almost all of its Jewish population, were destroyed. At the beginning of the war, between 500 and 600 Jews lived in the town. Immediately on occupying Szydłów, the Germans robbed and plundered Jewish homes and shops. They would randomly shoot and torture Jewish men. Men were also conscripted for forced labor. In 1940, Germans forced Jews from other towns in the region into Szydłów, doubling the Jewish population. By the end of 1941, more than 1000 Jews were in Szydłów with more Jews deported there periodically. In October 1942, 150 Jews were sent to labor camps, fifteen Jews were shot in Szydłów, and the remaining Jews, then numbering about 1000, were marched to the Szczucin train station and sent to the Treblinka extermination camp where they were immediately murdered. The number of Szydłów Holocaust survivors is unknown.

In 1960 the population was 1,402. On 1 January 2019, Szydłów regained its town status.

Points of interest

 * Medieval town center, with a 700-meter long defensive wall. Out of three gates, only Kraków Gate still exists.
 * St. Stanisław Church (14th century)
 * Gothic All Saints Church (14th–15th century)
 * 14th-century Royal Castle in Szydłów, rebuilt in the 16th century. Main building of the complex is in ruins, currently the castle has a library and a museum. It is entered through a 17th-century gate.
 * Ruins of the Holy Spirit Church and Hospital (16th century)
 * Late-Renaissance synagogue (16th century), which now houses a Jewish Culture Museum.

Demography
According to the 2002 Poland census, there were 1,054 people residing in Szydłów village, of whom 50.7% were male and 49.3% were female. In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 37.4% from 18 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older.

'''Figure 1. Population pyramid of village in 2002 — by age group and sex'''

title: Szydłów


text: Category:Explosives stubs

title: Category:Explosives stubs


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Two Minute Warning

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 04:39, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Two Minute Warning
Non-notable, vanity Denni ☯ 22:29, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * Delete - nn. Kel-nage 22:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. --Etacar11 23:26, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * DELETE and REDIRECT to American football. 132.205.45.148 20:03, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User:GopherSA

Military, science and religion buff in San Antonio.

title: User:GopherSA


text:
Armindo Vaz d'Almeida

Armindo Vaz d'Almeida (1953 – July 11, 2016) was the seventh prime minister of São Tomé and Príncipe. He held the post from 30 December 1995 to 19 November 1996. He was a member of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe-Social Democratic Party (MLSTP-PSD).

title: Armindo Vaz d'Almeida


text:
Talk:INI file

Ini is deprecated
Up to which version(s) of Windows were they the standard? When were they deprecated? Graffiti — Preceding undated comment added 14:55, 3 November 2009

Graffiti's comments
Improved the article by adding a typical ini file, and gave some rules indicating how the files are parsed. Also made a reference to a Perl module that makes dealing with ini files a lot easier.

Also I don't agree with the first part of the article (which I haven't written). Although they really were the foundations on Windows sytems, most of the Linux configuration files can be considered .ini files. Check for instance, /etc/samba/smb.conf

Graffiti — Preceding undated comment added 22:31, 4 June 2005

What does ini stand for?
I assume it means initialization, but I'm just guessing. I came to this article to find out, but it doesn't say. Does anyone know for sure? --A D Monroe III 15:30, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Okay, this article has been moved from Ini file to Initialization file, so I assume at least some agree that ini means initialization, but I still haven't seen any reference that says this. --A D Monroe III 02:37, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

The first line of Microsoft's documentation for GetPrivateProfileString reads "Retrieves a string from ... an initialization file". 2A02:8108:50C0:1E18:B9A2:A2FC:B1FE:A0BD (talk) 18:03, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

INI files usually store the 'configuration' of a program from one session to another. When the program starts, it inititializes (sic) its settings with this info. 141.35.9.91 12:40, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

I think INI files were originally used only for Windows system initialization itself, eg, the position of the program manager window. Originally, applications programs would maintain saved information, such as window position, in ad hoc data files. But eventually they started copying what system applications did, by storing small amounts of application data into the main win.ini file. It was only later that programs started using the 'private' ini files. So it's most likely that "initialization" refers to the initialization of some early version of Windows.

It's interesting to see how Win95 went back to an earlier time by re-centralizing all third-party application configuration into a system file. The real difference going from win.ini to user.dat is better performance, increased difficulty of editing, and a heirarchal format. AaronWL 20:12, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Not just Windows
.ini files are not just used for windows. I have seen them used for php. If they have historically been used for Windows or Microsoft created it the article should reflect that. Phy1729 16:53, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree they are used in many places. But the PHP ini format, in the case you mentioned, is a different format. Still, they are used widely, I agree. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.229.121.52 (talk) 01:24, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Several other programs (on Unix/Linux) use the .ini format for configurations, most notably BOINC, compiz, git, gtk-2.0, mc and Totem. The configuration files don't necessarily have an .ini extension though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Subogero (talk • contribs) 16:16, 15 October 2011 (UTC)

Python for example has a ConfigParser module that generates and handles an INI-like file format (usually stored as .conf). Also, freedesktop.org's .desktop files have a similar format. — 80.174.59.222 (talk) 23:13, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

User:84.229.121.52 claims that "the PHP ini format, in the case you mentioned, is a different format". What, pray tell, is the name of this other format if it's different from the "INI file format" used by most Windows ".ini" files? I see that Christian Vigh and two references that I recently added to this "INI file" article seem to be saying that the "the php.ini file" is actually the same format as most Windows ".ini" files. Have I misinterpreted all three of those people? --DavidCary (talk) 05:17, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

What is the purpose of desktop.ini files?
What is the purpose of desktop.ini files? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.101.145.61 (talk) 03:44, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

I think they manage the layout of the icons in Windows Explorer for that folder. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.238.201.184 (talk) 06:24, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

Yes, it monitors any changes to folders (see http://www.ofzenandcomputing.com/zanswers/797 )(98.208.71.226 (talk) 07:29, 25 May 2008 (UTC)LeRoy Pea)

Why desktop.ini links here? There is nothing about it currently. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.140.240.108 (talk) 03:29, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree that since desktop.ini redirects to this INI file article, this article should say a few words about it -- so I added a sentence about it (with reference). --DavidCary (talk) 15:37, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

Case sensitivity
✅

The article should mention case sensitivity. The Windows implementation is not case-sensitive, but I don't about other implementations. 63.116.23.136 (talk) 02:35, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Done. Mitch Ames (talk) 03:07, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Keys or properties
If recent edits changing "property" to "key" are correct, we probably should change all of the other uses of the term throughout the article. Mitch Ames (talk) 07:18, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

Also worth noting..
In Windows' standard implementation all values are literal strings. That is:

[fruit]

grapes=2

bananas="3"

Will set grapes to be the string 2, but bananas literally to be the string "3" (including the quotes) and not 3 as you might expect for a program variable. — For which versions of Windows is the above true? It is not for Windows 10. In fact, the article explicitly states the opposite. 2A02:8108:50C0:1E18:B9A2:A2FC:B1FE:A0BD (talk) 17:59, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Unlike registry values, backslashes do NOT need to be doubled. (escaped)

Also, php's handling of ini files differs from Windows, in that for predictable behaviour the value names MUST be quoted strings, not plain strings. Otherwise parse_ini_file replaces any same-named program variable with this value. This can lead to some very strange results. It is possibly a security issue, since in principle an ini file could, for example, be crafted to null-out a password variable if the variable's name is known.

Versions 5.3 on have the parameter INI_SCANNER_RAW to override this behaviour. --Anteaus (talk) 19:56, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Windows NT vs. Windows 2000
There's a predecessor/timing conflict in the introduction. Windows 2000 was based on Windows NT. INI files were primarily for 16-bit systems and applications, and can legitimately include Windows ME. Windows 2000 should not be included in the paragraph with Windows ME, as Windows 2000 came after Windows NT and was Registry-based. -- Dave Braunschweig (talk) 19:15, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

not all ini have the keys = value
Not all ini have the key=value instead it have

[section] value1 value2 value3

a predefine number of values. each by a line it self — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.73.41.242 (talk) 08:29, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

 * That is certainly not the standard format, where do you claim to have seen that?
 * Also beware that some Microsoft tools will incorrectly not display line breaks in UNIX-format text files, so a unix/linux ini file using LF line breaks may display in Microsoft tools as one very long line. Jbohmdk (talk) 21:09, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Disabled entries recognition
There is a column 'Disabled entries recognition' in the comparison table, but it is not explained what it is or what an example of that is in and .ini file. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:C4:9F1E:2D01:D875:1C1B:99CC:56E5 (talk) 04:22, 4 September 2019 (UTC)

Are sections optional?
The article states "Keys [need not] be grouped into ... sections". As far as I can tell, this is not true for the Windows implementation. While no error is produced when reading a file without any section headings, say a=1 b=2 c=3 I can find no way to access any of its values using GetPrivateProfileString.

At least ConfigParser seems to have the same limitation, judging from this stackoverflow question where answers appear to boil down to tricking the parser into seeing a dummy section header at the beginning of input.

2A02:8108:50C0:1E18:B9A2:A2FC:B1FE:A0BD (talk) 18:22, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Sections are optional in libconfini:
 * "Keys appearing before any section path belong to a virtual root node"

 * --109.113.8.149 (talk) 00:47, 15 August 2020 (UTC)

Comparison of parsers
User:WhoAteMyButter deleted the table of INI parsers on 29 JAN 2022, with the summary "All of this is subject to advertising, and does not conform with MOS:TABLE, this list will grow infinitely and has no criteria (anyone can write a key=value parser). Better to just include the native way of doing it.)". I reverted per WP:BRD.  I'm not adamant that the table stay unchanged, but am concerned this may be overkill.  Would cleanup or selective pruning be a better strategy?  To address particular points: Please add your thoughts. — DragonHawk (talk|hist) 04:41, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) It's not advertising in the usual sense; these are almost all Free/Open projects.  I recognize that someone can still push a Free project for non-monetary reasons, but is there any evidence that's happening here?
 * 2) I'm not seeing how this does not conform to MOS:TABLE.  It's tabular information; it uses wiki markup; it uses standard table templates.  What's the issue?
 * 3) While it's true that any component programmer can write a parser, and potentially the list could grow huge, I think we should act on that when it actually becomes a problem.  If needed, we can split it out to a separate page (cf., Comparison of wiki software).
 * 4) There is no "native way" on many platforms.  Linux, MacOS, Java, Android, etc., all have a multitude of options.  If we mean "Windows only", then sure, but I don't see why we should limit the article to Windows.

 * I was concerned about the fact that there already exists a way to access and modify INI from Microsoft's own API. Why include a table of all the parsers in various languages? We aren't a product catalogue. For example, both JSON and TOML do not have such parser comparisons, but they do have format comparisons. A comparison of parsers isn't really helping the reader; they don't tell us anything more about the format, or what it is. We're not a usage guide, either. Almost none of the listed software have reliable sources indicating their encyclopedic value or importance. Sure, they exist. But that doesn't mean we should include them. If a table is to be included, I think a majority of the entries should be removed. Mainly, the ones redlinked. Furthermore, I think that only parsers widely in use would & should be included (Java's own, MS' C API, not a package that a few people used).
 * As for the `Comparison of INI parsers` article idea, I disagree that such an article can exist regardless. According to WP:LSC, Criteria for inclusion should factor in encyclopedic and topical relevance, not just verifiable existence. None of these parsers have any notability, importance, or value aside from existing and working with a different language. Not only that, but the end of LSC says to avoid redlinking entries which are unlikely to get an article soon or ever. WhoAteMyButter  ( 📨talk │ 📝contribs ) 05:37, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * As for the `Comparison of INI parsers` article idea, I disagree that such an article can exist regardless. According to WP:LSC, Criteria for inclusion should factor in encyclopedic and topical relevance, not just verifiable existence. None of these parsers have any notability, importance, or value aside from existing and working with a different language. Not only that, but the end of LSC says to avoid redlinking entries which are unlikely to get an article soon or ever. WhoAteMyButter  ( 📨talk │ 📝contribs ) 05:37, 30 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I also find the useful. As there is no formal INI standard, the only standards come from parsers. Many who need to access INI files do not do that under Windows, and even under Windows the INI dialect supported by the Windows API might be considered obsolete today (several INI libraries support more advanced features). --RedPint (talk) 17:01, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

PHP parse_ini_string / parse_ini_file
Is this a place to add PHP's library function parse_ini_file and parse_ini_file? Theking2 (talk) 14:53, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Relationship with .reg and .inf files
Windows has two INI-like file formats that are handled by other parsers but can be considered as INI files from a design and editing perspective: Finding details and sources is left as an exercise for other editors
 * .reg files are textual representations of a subset of the registry or changes thereto, they begin with a magic string for the format version and support a syntax variant for deleting entire (INI)keys and (INI)sections. Character set for some versions is UTF-16LE, others use the locale charset.  The parser/generator of this file format is logically in the REGEDIT.EXE system program and/or the newer REG.EXE program.
 * .inf files are textual descriptions of system components in NT 5.x and older, and are also used to provide device driver installation. The parser of this format is in the "Setup API" used by both driver installation and NT 3.x to 5.x system installation. Note that some other software uses the .inf extension for other INI-like files.

Jbohmdk (talk) 21:23, 4 September 2023 (UTC)

Spaces around the equals are important in Windows
The examples in the article show spaces around the equals sign between key and value:

[section] key1 = a key2 = b

A .NET INI-reading/writing library I was using would read and write files as shown above (with the spaces), but it had serious bugs and I had to abandon it. I replaced it with calls to WinSDK APIs like.

In (Windows 10) testing, I discovered that the new code couldn't read INI files created by the old library. At first I thought it had to do with BOM or UNICODE vs ANSI. Instead, it turned out that the WinSDK APIs didn't like the spaces around the equal signs between key and value. It has to be formatted without the spaces, e.g.: [section] key1=a key2=b

You can confirm this in Windows by doing a Find in Files for   in   - I got zero hits out of 800+ .ini files searched.

ProfSchmitty (talk) 21:23, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Citation for the claim that .desktop is a .ini format does not directly appear to support the claim.
Paraphrased, as this StackExchange comment explains:

 The "INI page" Wikipedia page claims [that  files can be considered to be   files], [but] it doesn’t confirm it; the source for the claim doesn’t compare the   format to a   format.

Does a better citation exist, or might the assessment be incorrect? Tag me if you are responding to my content or wish to notify me, because I may not be subscribed. (talk) 15:13, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:INI file


text:
Fred Korth

Frederick Herman Korth (September 9, 1909 – September 14, 1998) served as the 56th U.S. Secretary of the Navy during 1962–63; he was also an Assistant Secretary of the Army in 1952–53.

Appointed as Navy Secretary by President John F. Kennedy on January 4, 1962, Korth resigned October 14, 1963 effective November 1, 1963. Various sources cite different reasons for Secretary Korth's departure.

Life and career
Korth was born in September 1909 in Yorktown, Texas, the son of Eleanor Maria (Stark) and Fritz R. J. Korth, who was a banker and rancher. In later life, he lived in Coronado Country Club Estates, El Paso, Texas and Foxhall, Washington, D.C.

He was president of the Continental National Bank of Fort Worth, Texas. Continental National Bank was one of a number of banks which participated in a line of credit for the TFX (Tactical Fighter Experimental), which later emerged as the more well-known F-111 Aardvark. When asked about this alleged conflict of interest at a press conference, President Kennedy responded, "...I have no evidence that Mr. Korth acted in any way improperly in the TFX matter....I have no evidence that Mr. Korth benefited improperly during his term of office in the Navy, and I have no evidence, and you have not, as I understand the press has not produced any, nor the McClellan Committee, which would indicate that in any way he acted improperly in the TFX. I have always believed that innuendoes should be justified before they are made, either by me and the Congress, or even in the press." A commentary in the May, 1985 edition of Proceedings magazine exonerates Korth for any improprieties relating to the awarding of TFX.

When he was not serving in the above public or private sector capacities, Fred Korth was a lawyer in private practice. One of his better known cases was a small one heard June 24, 1948 in the County of Tarrant, Texas, when his client, Edwin A. Ekdahl, was officially divorced from Marguerite Frances Claverie Ekdahl (also known as Marguerite Oswald), whose son from a previous marriage was Lee Harvey Oswald. Following the end of Korth's first marriage in 1964, he began a romantic relationship with heiress and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, daughter of breakfast-cereal magnate C. W. Post, twenty years his senior. He was a co-executor of Post's will. Part of her estate was her mansion on Palm Beach Island, Mar-a-Lago, purchased in 1980 by Donald Trump.

On August 23, 1980, he wed widowed Charlotte Brooks Williams. Korth died in September 1998 in El Paso, Texas and is buried under a three-century-old Texas Live Oak tree on his ranch in Karnes County, Texas.

His stepdaughter, Melissa Williams O'Rourke, is the mother of former U.S. Representative Beto O'Rourke.

title: Fred Korth


text:
WSTB

WSTB (88.9 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to Streetsboro, Ohio, carrying an alternative rock format known as "88.9 The Alternation". Owned by the Streetsboro City School District, the station serves the Akron metro area. WSTB's studios are located at Streetsboro High School in Streetsboro, while the station transmitter is in nearby Kent on the campus of Kent State University. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WSTB is available online.

History
WSTB first began broadcasting in March 1972 at 91.5 FM. On July 11, 1995, the station began broadcasting at 88.9 FM.

Current programming
WSTB airs alternative rock music throughout most of the week. The sole exception is Sunday, when the station airs a day-long block of oldies music; the station itself is effectively re-branded "The Sunday Oldies Jukebox".

title: WSTB


text:
Joel H. Cohen

Joel H. Cohen is a Canadian producer and screenwriter for Saturday Night Live, Suddenly Susan and The Simpsons. He is the younger brother of one-time Simpsons writer Robert Cohen, who penned the season three episode "Flaming Moe's". Cohen was born in Calgary, Alberta. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1988 from the University of Alberta and a MBA from the Schulich School of Business in 1992.

In addition to his work on The Simpsons, he is also the author of the non-fiction book How to Lose a Marathon, a retelling of his training for and running the New York marathon. It was released April 4, 2017 by Abrams and as an audiobook by Audible.

Episodes written by Joel H. Cohen

 * "Treehouse of Horror XII" ("Hex and the City") (2001)
 * "Brawl in the Family" (2002)
 * "The Fat and the Furriest" (2003)
 * "Today I Am a Clown" (2003)
 * "Fat Man and Little Boy" (2004)
 * "Home Away from Homer" (2005)
 * "The Last of the Red Hat Mamas" (2005)
 * "Homer's Paternity Coot" (2006)
 * "Marge and Homer Turn a Couple Play" (2006)
 * "Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times" (2007)
 * "He Loves to Fly and He D'ohs" (2007)
 * "The Debarted" (2008)
 * "Mona Leaves-a" (2008)
 * "Wedding for Disaster" (2009)
 * "Treehouse of Horror XXI" (2010)
 * "Lisa Simpson, This Isn't Your Life" (2010)
 * "Homer the Father" (2011)
 * "Gone Abie Gone" (2012)
 * "A Test Before Trying" (2013)
 * "Yellow Subterfuge" (2013)
 * "Clown in the Dumps" (2014)
 * "Cue Detective" (2015)
 * "Treehouse of Horror XXVI" (2015)
 * "Teenage Mutant Milk-Caused Hurdles" (2016)
 * "Treehouse of Horror XXVII" (2016)
 * "22 for 30" (2017)
 * "Left Behind" (2018)
 * "Treehouse of Horror XXIX" (2018)
 * 'Tis the 30th Season" (2018)
 * "The Girl on the Bus" (2019)
 * "The Hateful Eight-Year-Olds" (2020)
 * "The 7 Beer Itch" (2020)
 * "The Wayz We Were" (2021)
 * "Pretty Whittle Liar" (2022)
 * "Top Goon" (2022)

He also served as a script consultant on The Simpsons Movie.

title: Joel H. Cohen


text:
Talk:Mary Pierce

Big Babe
What is the "Big Babe" style? I think this comment should be removed, unless there is an explanation or a reference (maybe a new article about it) rbonvall 22:35, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

 * "Big Babe" tennis is a term used by commentators to describe the powerful, go-for-broke style of tennis that emerged in the 1990s. Mary Carillo, the American commentator, has often cited Mary Pierce as the first of that new generation to hit the ball so hard, so consistently. I am not sure you would find an article on it but it is a pretty well known term among fans. Candice 20:21, July 4 2005 (UTC)

This article is so biased. She is not "one of the leading women of professional sports" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.125.49.252 (talk) 18:56, August 29, 2007 (UTC)

Image:Mary Pierce0.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Mary Pierce0.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Sarcasticidealist (talk) 10:06, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Request for wider input on discussion at WikiProject Tennis
There is a long, ongoing discussion at WP:Tennis about the tournament tables found in tennis articles on English-language Wikipedia (e.g., this type of table). The discussion is about whether the "official sponsored name" of a tournament - such as Pacific Life Open - or another tournament name without the sponsor - such as Indian Wells Masters - must be used in those articles. Please join the discussion here. Thanks. Tennis expert (talk) 09:27, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Montreal assessement
When she was an active player, she was frequently featured in Montreal press as born in Montreal or born in Dorval, and was followed by the sports broadcasts. As such she is bannered. She is rated low, as she is not important to the understanding of Montreal. 65.95.14.96 (talk) 04:34, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

retiring/active?
'''At the end of 2008, she was still sidelined with no projected return date. However, she stated that she was still not ready to retire.'''

There has gone almost three years from that, but if the cite #3's text is right, in 2010, Mary Pierce received the approval of her personal coach for a comeback, and had already admitted that playing at a professional level was still something that she wanted.. That page wasn't anymore on that link, but how can 2010 information be in an page dated 21 July 2008 (at least the link has "2008/07/21" in it)? In the article, there seems to be nothing post-2008 in it. 85.217.21.105 (talk) 02:16, 26 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Indeed there seems to be nothing about her after 2008. Four full years has now passed since then. And I just found news which informed she has retired in 2009 as said by the boss of the French tennis association, apparently a guy named Patrice Dominguez. 82.141.95.124 (talk) 02:45, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

 * This is quite strange. That "retirement" news was from January 2009, but I found a news from August 2009 in which she working to get in shape to play again. Though not actual news, since it seemed to be a blog by Nick Bollettieri.

 * And, WTA lists her status still as "Pro". Why would that be? 82.141.95.124 (talk) 03:02, 22 January 2013 (UTC)

And, strangely, currently the infobox tells she retired in 2006. That is most likely not true, though she has not played since... 85.217.34.203 (talk) 12:31, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 34 external links on Mary Pierce. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:25, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mary Pierce


text:
Gauze (band)

Gauze was a Japanese hardcore punk band formed in September 1981. Having released five albums as well as appearing on numerous compilations since their formation, the band has had a major impact on the Japanese hardcore punk scene.

History
Gauze was formed in the autumn of 1981.

According to Gauze's bassist, Shin, their initial goal was to play as fast as possible. They attempted to give the impression of playing fast without actually playing fast.

The first Gauze recordings are the tracks from the 1982 City Rocker compilation LP, which featured 10 of their songs. Their debut album, Fuck Heads, was released June 1985. Shortly after, they recorded Equalizing Distort, which was released in March 1986. They released the Genkai Wa Doko Da ("What’s the Limit?") LP in 1989, and in 1991 they played a 10th anniversary gig, where they played three sets covering the 3 periods they had gone through in the previous 10 years. They played 51 songs over these 3 sets. In 1996, they began a US tour, though it lasted just three shows - a fourth was scheduled, but was cancelled. They played at Gilman St. in Berkeley, at the Bomb Shelter in Minneapolis and in Chicago at the Fireside Bowl. They also recorded songs for a 7" that came out on Prank a little after this, while they were in SF.

, Gauze performed a live version of every album they recorded. They used older instruments to replicate the sounds from previous albums. As of 2019, they have started touring Japan again.

The band dissolved in November 2022.

Albums

 * Fuckheads 12" LP (1985)
 * Equalizing Distort 12" LP (1986)
 * Genkai wa Doko da (限界は何処だ) (1989)
 * Low Charge 7" EP (1996) on Prank Records
 * Kao o Aratte Denaoshite Koi (面を洗って出直して来い) (1997)
 * Binbou Yusuri no Rizumu ni Notte (貧乏ゆすりのリズムに乗って) (2007)
 * 言いたかねえけど目糞鼻糞 CD on XXX Records (2021)

External links and references

 * Gauze's home page
 * Gauze's setlist and discography
 * A Biography

title: Gauze (band)


text:
Talk:Protocol Amending the Agreements, Conventions and Protocols on Narcotic Drugs concluded at The Hague on 23 January 1912, at Geneva on 11 February 1925 and 19 February 1925, and 13 July 1931, at Bangkok on 27 November 1931 and at Geneva on 26 June 1936

From WP:RfD:

 * Protocol Amending the Agreements, Conventions and Protocols on Narcotic Drugs concluded at The Hague on 23 January 1912, at Geneva on 11 February 1925 and 19 February 1925, and 13 July 1931, at Bangkok on 27 November 1931 and at Geneva on 26 June 1936 → Protocol amending the Agreements, Conventions and Protocols on Narcotic Drugs, 1946. This page was moved after a VfD debate (here). The title is ridiculous, who on earth will search for something like this? Sjakkalle 12:14, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * As this appears to be its correct, full, legal name (see e.g. here), one which gets a certain amount of use in formal documents, I don't think we should get rid of it. I do think the current article name isn't optimal, though, but I'll take that issue to Talk:Protocol amending the Agreements, Conventions and Protocols on Narcotic Drugs, 1946. Noel (talk) 18:00, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. -Sean Curtin 01:09, May 28, 2005 (UTC)


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Alkyne metathesis

Alkyne metathesis is an organic reaction that entails the redistribution of alkyne chemical bonds. The reaction requires metal catalysts. Mechanistic studies show that the conversion proceeds via the intermediacy of metal alkylidyne complexes. The reaction is related to olefin metathesis.

History
Metal-catalyzed alkyne metathesis was first described in 1968 by Bailey, et al. The Bailey system utilized a mixture of tungsten and silicon oxides at temperatures as high as 450 °C. In 1974 Mortreux reported the use of a homogeneous catalyst—molybdenum hexacarbonyl at 160 °C—to observe an alkyne scrambling phenomenon, in which an unsymmetrical alkyne equilibrates with its two symmetrical derivatives. The Mortreux system consists of the molybdenum precatalyst molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)6 and resorcinol cocatalyst. In 1975, T. J. Katz proposed a metal carbyne (i.e. alkylidyne) and a metallacyclobutadiene as intermediates. In 1981, R. R. Schrock characterized several metallacyclobutadiene complexes that were catalytically active.

 * Alkyne schrock.svg

Molybdenum catalyst with aniline-derived ligands are highly effective catalysts.

The so-called "canopy catalysts" containing tripodal ligands are particularly active and easy to prepare. Thorough experimental and computational studies showed that metallatetrahedranes were isolable but dynamic species within the catalytic cycle. Alkyne metathesis catalyst have also been developed using rhenium(V) complexes. Such catalysts are air stable and tolerant of diverse functional groups, including carboxylic acids.

Catalyst degradation
Typical degradation pathways for these catalysts include hydrolysis and oxidation.

Dimerization of the alkylidyne units remains possible, as can be seen from complex 28, which was isolated in small amounts. In addition to the decomposition pathways by bimolecular collision or hydrolysis, Schrock alkylidyne complexes degrade upon attempted metathesis of terminal alkynes. The critical step occurs after formation of the metallacycle and consists of a transannular C-H activation with formation of a deprotio-metallacyclobutadiene and concomitant loss of one alkoxide ligand. This reaction course remains viable for the new alkylidynes with silanolate ligands. Specifically, compound 29 could be isolated upon addition of 1,10-phenanthroline. As a result, terminal alkynes can not be metathesized under existing catalysis system with similar efficiency.

In practice, 5 Å MS is used as butyne scavenger to shift the equilibrium to products.

General
Alkyne metathesis can be used in ring-closing operations and RCAM stands for ring closing alkyne metathesis. The olfactory molecule civetone can be synthesised from a di-alkyne. After ring closure the new triple bond is stereoselectively reduced with hydrogen and the Lindlar catalyst in order to obtain the Z-alkene (cyclic E-alkenes are available through the Birch reduction). An important driving force for this type of reaction is the expulsion of small gaseous molecules such as acetylene or but-2-yne.
 * [[Image:Alkyne kivetone.png|400px|Synthesis of civetone. Step 1 alkyne metathesis, step 2 lindlar reduction]]

The same two-step procedure was used in the synthesis of the naturally occurring cyclophane turriane.
 * [[Image:Alkyne turriane.png|400px|Turriane synthesis. Step 1 alkyne metathesis, step 2 Lindlar reduction, PMB = para-methoxybenzyl [[protecting group]]. Microwave assisted reaction takes reaction time down from 6 hours to 5 minutes]]

Trisamidomolybdenum(VI) alkylidyne complexes catalyze alkyne metathesis.

Natural product synthesis
RCAM can also be used as strategic step in natural product total synthesis. Some examples show the power of these catalysts. For example, RCAM can serve as key step in total synthesis of marine prostanoid hybridalactone, where epoxide, internal olefin and ester are tolerated.

Another example shows a highly functionalized enyne, which displays a rare thiazolidinone unit, can be metathesized under Mo(III) catalyst, neither this unusual sulfur-containing heterocycle nor the elimination-prone tertiary glycoside posed any problem in the ring-closing step.

The total synthesis of spirastrellolide F employs alkyne metathesis in one step. The molecular frame of this potent phosphatase inhibitor is decorated with no less than 21 stereogenic centers and features a labile skipped diene in the side chain. Its macrocyclic core incorporates a tetrahydropyran ring, a spiroketal unit, as well as a highly unusual chlorinated bis-spiroketal motif. Specifically, a sequence of RCAM coupled with a gold-catalyzed acetalization successfully build the polycyclic system at the late stage of the synthesis.

Nitrile-alkyne cross-metathesis
By replacing a tungsten alkylidyne by a tungsten nitride and introducing a nitrile Nitrile-Alkyne Cross-Metathesis or NACM couples two nitrile groups together to a new alkyne. Nitrogen is collected by use of a sacrificial alkyne (elemental N2 is not formed):

 * [[Image:Nitrile-Alkyne Cross-Metathesis.png|400px|Nitrile-alkyne cross-metathesis]]

title: Alkyne metathesis


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Šiluva

Šiluva is a small town of less than 700 inhabitants in Lithuania. It is located in the region of Samogitia. It is a major site of Catholic pilgrimage in Lithuania.

History
Šiluva was first mentioned in 1457 in relation to the building of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Bartholomew by the Lithuanian noble Petras Gedgaudas. Later the Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary attracted huge numbers of the faithful to Šiluva, some from as far away of what later became Protestant Prussia.

With the advent of the Reformation in 16th century Lithuania, many of the inhabitants of the Šiluva region converted to Calvinism. This caused the church to eventually be ransacked and closed around 1569. The last parish priest, John Holubka, buried the remaining church valuables and legal documents and deeds in an iron box near the vandalized church.

Subsequent attempts by the Catholics to regain the property through legal proceedings against the Calvinists were hindered by the fact that the exact location of the documents pertaining to the church were unknown. Some Catholics believed that the Blessed Virgin Mary miraculously intervened in the matter by appearing at the church and holding the baby Jesus in her arms and weeping bitterly. The founding documents of the Catholic Church were found shortly after the apparition, and in 1622 the Catholics reclaimed the church. The famous Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary resumed in a small wooden church on the site of the apparition, and the icon of the Blessed Virgin Mary with the Divine Child became renowned as a source for miracles. The current-day Basilica of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary was erected on the site in 1786.

The devotion to Our Lady of Šiluva was suppressed once again during the partition of Lithuania since the event had become a venue for sharing Lithuanian religious and secular books that were smuggled in from Prussia – in spite of a Tsarist ban of any Lithuanian publications in Latin characters. Following the restitution of Lithuania's independence in 1918, the celebration in Šiluva was reinstated and took on special significance. After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in 1940, a policy against popular religious traditions was implemented. The Soviet regime failed to completely suppress the Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary although the KGB routinely sabotaged the pilgrimages. An example of the Soviet interference occurred during the pilgrimage in 1979, when the government blocked all of the roads to Šiluva under the pretext that an epidemic of swine fever was rampant in the vicinity.

Throughout its turbulent history, Šiluva has remained the spiritual center for the Catholic faithful from many parts of Lithuania. The Feast of Šiluva has experienced a tremendous revival following the reestablishment of independence in 1990. Pope John Paul II made a special pilgrimage to pray at the National Shrine of Our Lady in Šiluva, during his visit to Lithuania in 1993. On the tenth anniversary of the pope's visit, a new facility for pilgrims and candidate seminarians was blessed by Archbishop of Kaunas Sigitas Tamkevičius and named The John Paul II Home (Jono Pauliaus II namai). Lithuanians in the diaspora also hold a strong devotion to Our Lady of Šiluva so that there is a significant chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Šiluva in the United States.

title: Šiluva


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Academy of American Poets

The Academy of American Poets is a national, member-supported organization that promotes poets and the art of poetry. The nonprofit organization was incorporated in the state of New York in 1934. It fosters the readership of poetry through outreach activities such as National Poetry Month, its website Poets.org, the syndicated series Poem-a-Day, American Poets magazine, readings and events, and poetry resources for K-12 educators. In addition, it sponsors a portfolio of nine major poetry awards, of which the first was a fellowship created in 1946 to support a poet and honor "distinguished achievement," and more than 200 prizes for student poets.

In 1984, Robert Penn Warren noted that "To have great poets there must be great audiences, Whitman said, to the more or less unheeding ears of American educators. Ambitiously, hopefully, the Academy has undertaken to remedy this plight." In 1998, Dinitia Smith described the Academy of American Poets as "a venerable body at the symbolic center of the American poetry establishment." In 2013, Carolyn Forché described the Academy of American Poets as "the most important organization in our country helping to keep poetry alive and in our culture."

History
The Academy of American Poets was created in 1934 in New York City by 23-year-old Marie Bullock with a mission to "support American poets at all stages of their careers and to foster the appreciation of contemporary poetry." In 1936, the Academy of American Poets was officially incorporated as a nonprofit organization. Marie Bullock was the president of the Academy of American Poets for the next half a century, running the organization out of her apartment for thirty of those years. In 1982, Marie Bullock received a Mayor's Award of Honor for Arts and Culture. She also had received the Gold Medal of the National Institute of Social Sciences, the Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts from the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

Since its earliest days, the Academy of American Poets has been guided by an honorary Board of Chancellors composed of established and award-winning poets who serve as advisors to the organization and judge its largest prizes for poets. Past Chancellors include W. H. Auden, Elizabeth Bishop, Lucille Clifton, Robert Creeley, Marianne Moore, Mark Strand, and May Swenson. Women as well as men were founding poets of the Academy; for example, Florence Hamilton.

As of 2018, the fifteen Chancellors of the Academy of American Poets are: Elizabeth Alexander, Ellen Bass, Marilyn Chin, Kwame Dawes, Forrest Gander, Linda Gregerson, Terrance Hayes, Brenda Hillman, Marie Howe, Khaled Mattawa, Marilyn Nelson, Alicia Ostriker, Claudia Rankine, Alberto Ríos, and David St. John.

As of 2020, Michael Jacobs chair the Board of the Academy of American Poets.

The Academy of American Poets administers several programs: National Poetry Month; the website Poets.org, which includes a curated collection of poems and essays about poetry, over 800 recordings and videos of poets dating back to the 1960s, and free materials for K-12 teachers, including lesson plans; the syndicated series, Poem-a-Day; and American Poets magazine. The organization also awards nine major prizes for poets, as well as 200 college awards sponsored at schools across the country.

In 1998, Fred Viebahn, husband of African-American poet Rita Dove, drew media attention to the lack of diversity on the Academy's Board of Chancellors; up until then, no poet of color had ever been elected to be a Chancellor, and only very few women. Subsequently, two female Chancellors, Maxine Kumin and Carolyn Kizer, resigned in protest. The Academy responded by instituting major changes and designating several new chancellors, including African-American poets Lucille Clifton and Yusef Komunyakaa.

Elizabeth Kray was hired in 1963 as the first executive director of the Academy of American Poets, and she served the organization until 1981. William Wadsworth served as executive director from 1989 to 2001.

In January 2020 the Academy received a grant of $4.5 million from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, in addition to the $2.2 million provided in 2019. The money will be used for the poet laureate program.

In 2023, the organization named its first Latino executive director and president, Ricardo Alberto Maldonado.

Awards given by the Academy of American Poets
Awards are listed in chronological order of their creation.

Academy Fellowship
One Academy Fellowship is awarded annually for "distinguished poetic achievement": Fellows are awarded a stipend which is presently $25,000. The Fellowship program was created in 1946, and was the first of the organization's current portfolio of awards; the Academy's website Poets.org describes it as "the first of its kind in the United States."

James Laughlin Award
Formerly known as the Lamont Poetry Selection, the Laughlin Award is given in recognition of a poet's second published book, and is considered to be the only major award honoring the publication of a poet's second book.

The award was first established in 1954 by a bequest from the wife of Thomas W. Lamont, who specified that it be used "for the discovery and encouragement of new poetic genius." In 1959, Harvey Shapiro referred to the award as "roughly, a Pulitzer for bardlings." Initially, the Lamont Poetry Selection was awarded to a poet's first published book; copies of the book were purchased from its publisher for distribution to the Academy's members. In 1975, the organization changed to selecting a poet's second volume; in an editorial, Peter Davison welcomed the change, suggesting that publishing a second volume was becoming more difficult than publishing the first.

In 1995, it was endowed by a gift from the Drue Heinz Trust, and it was renamed to honor James Laughlin, who founded the publishing house New Directions in 1936. At present, winners receive a cash prize of $5,000, an all-expenses-paid weeklong residency at The Betsy Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, and the Academy of American Poets purchases one thousand copies of the winning book for distribution to its membership; the purchase and distribution essentially guarantee that the book becomes "a bestseller in the tiny poetry market."

Edward Field has described the importance of receiving the Award to his career as follows: "... perhaps it is just as well that I didn't succeed in getting a publisher earlier, since, with new poems being added all the time, the manuscript kept getting stronger. But years of rejection took their toll, and when I won the Lamont Award in 1962, I kept repeating "I will not be consoled." But I was. My life changed considerably. For one thing, I could make a living - I gave poetry readings around the country, wrote narrations for a couple of documentary films, translated a book of Eskimo poems, and, yes, even taught poetry workshops for a while."

- Edward Field

Several of the Award's recipients have subsequently won the highest honors given to mature poets. Donald Hall was named Poet Laureate of the United States in 2004. Donald Justice, Lisel Mueller, Philip Schultz, and Tracy K. Smith have each won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.

University and college poetry prizes
The Academy first began awarding annual $100 prizes to student poets at ten American universities and colleges in 1955. The program has since expanded to include more than 200 schools. According to the Academy, most of these prizes are endowed in perpetuity, though some are funded through other arrangements with the school or through private donors. For a school to become part of the program, a $2,500 endowment contribution is required. Individual schools set the winning criteria for their awards, within the guidelines set by the Academy: winners must be registered students at the school and the school cannot restrict the themes or styles of the entries.

Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize
The Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize is awarded annually for the best volume of poetry written by a living U.S. citizen and published in the previous year in the United States. The Prize was created in 1975 by the New Hope Foundation of Pennsylvania, which was a philanthropic foundation created by Lenore Marshall and her husband, James Marshall, to "support the arts and the cause of world peace"; Lenore Marshall, a poet, novelist, editor, and peace activist, had died in 1971.

The Prize was initially administered by the Saturday Review magazine. Following the folding of Saturday Review, the Prize was administered by The Nation magazine. In 1995, administration of the Prize became the responsibility of the Academy of American Poets; the Prize has a permanent endowment, and the cash value of the prize is currently $25,000.

The Academy of American Poets currently announces three judges for each year's competition in advance. There has been some criticism of the Academy's procedures for mitigating the judges' conflicts of interest, since the judges are often acquainted with some of the poets whose volumes are nominated.

Walt Whitman Award
Named after poet Walt Whitman, the award is based on a competition of book-length poetry manuscripts by American poets who have not yet published a book. It has been described as "a transformative honor that includes publication and distribution of the book though the Academy, $5,000 in cash and a residency at the Civitella Ranieri Foundation." The Library of Congress includes the Award among distinctions noted for poets, as does The New York Times, which also occasionally publishes articles about new awards.

The award was established in 1975. In a New York Times opinion piece from 1985, the novelist John Barth noted that 1475 manuscripts had been entered into one of the Whitman Award competitions, which exceeded the number of subscribers to some poetry journals. From 1992 to 2014, Louisiana State University Press published each volume as part of its "Walt Whitman Award Series" Beginning 2015, Graywolf Press published the winning manuscript. The Academy purchases and distributes copies to its members, along with copies of the winning volume for the James Laughlin Award.

Harold Morton Landon Translation Award
This $1,000 award recognizes a poetry collection translated from any language into English and published in the previous calendar year. Established in 1976, it is given annually. A noted translator chooses the winning book.

Wallace Stevens Award
Named for Wallace Stevens, the award was established in 1994 by Dorothea Tanning to "recognize outstanding and proven mastery in the art of poetry". Nominations are not accepted. The winner, who must be an American citizen, is chosen by the Academy of American Poets Board of Chancellors and receives $100,000.

Raiziss/de Palchi Translation Awards
Established in 1995, the award seeks to recognize American translators for "outstanding translations into English of modern Italian poetry" that have been published through non-self-publication means. The prize alternates annually between a straight $10,000 book price and a fellowship at the American Academy in Rome and $20,000 for use in advancing a "significant work-in-progress", such as through travel or study. The award is administered for the New York Community Trust and funded by a bequest from Sonia Raiziss Giop.

Aliki Perroti and Seth Frank Most Promising Young Poet Award
Established in 2013, the Aliki Perroti and Seth Frank Most Promising Young Poet Award recognizes a student poet twenty-three years old or younger, with an annual cash prize of $1,000.

Ambroggio Prize
Established in 2017, the Ambroggio Prize is the only annual award of its kind in the United States that honors American poets whose first language is Spanish. It is a $1,000 publication prize given for a book-length poetry manuscript originally written in Spanish and with an English translation. Luis Alberto Ambroggio sponsored the prize to "celebrate poets in the United States writing in Spanish as an important part of our rich American poetic tradition."

Past awards
Past awards include the Copernicus Award (from 1974 to 1977), the Edgar Award (from 1974 to 1977), and the Peter I. B. Lavan Younger Poets Award (from 1983 to 1994).

title: Academy of American Poets


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Talk:Waimea Canyon State Park

Sacred Location
To my knowledge the waimea canyon on the inside is not a very welcoming place for tourists. According to local accounts though this may be substantiated through signifigant googling. 68.4.25.102 02:32, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Panoramic Image dated 2004-08-23
I do not mind if the panoramic is replaced with a clearer or better image. I uploaded it since there was nothing else at the time, but it was a bit hazy that day and the shot isn't that good. --MattWright 22:36, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Waimea Canyon State Park


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Joyce Roop

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - no consensus - SimonP 14:43, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Joyce Roop
This is a one-line sub-stub on a lawyer. The entire article is: Joyce Elaine Roop (1952-1995) was an attorney and environmental activist. Not notable, and not long enough to warrant keeping. Harro5 22:37, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete memorial. --Etacar11 23:31, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Read it again. She was front page news once. (comment by User:66.245.226.92)
 * Provide a verifiable reference. --Etacar11 00:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Boston Globe obituary, January 30, 1995. (comment by Wellreadone)
 * I don't see that in their achives. --Etacar11 00:27, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Search it on Lexis. As a lawyer for Ralph Nader, she forced the coal fired power industry in the Northeast to spend more than a billion dollars on scrubbers. (You live up there, don't you? Your air is cleaner because of Roop. Doesn't that deserve a Wikipedia?)
 * Please sign your comments with four tildes, Wellreadone.--Etacar11 00:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What is a "Fourtildes"?

By the way, the Globe's obituary search only goes back to 2001, which is why you didn't find it. Roop was in the news a lot back in the 1980s, testifying in Congress and suing the utilities over acid rain.

Thanks for the tip. My first time on Wikipedia, so I have much to learn.

 * Four of these: ~. Check out WP:SIG --Etacar11 00:51, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wellreadone 00:52, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

By the way, how does one "vote" on deletion? Can't figure out what that means.
 * If you are new, your vote may be given less weight. Anyway the standard formula is Keep or delete . Check out the Guide to Votes for deletion too. Kappa 01:01, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * KEEP Wellreadone 01:13, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC) (I am the author)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Talk:Anthony Crosland

Untitled
I don't know where the information that Crosland died of a massive heart attack comes from, no reference given. However I have corrected it and used a source reference. paulburgin 4/6/2005 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.132.190.43 (talk) 22:37, 4 June 2005 (UTC)

I don't think he's 'Anthony Crossland' the organ scholar either Linuxlad (talk) 22:23, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

LGBT
FORMER Chancellor Lord Healey has fond memories of Susan Crosland, widow of his Cabinet colleague Anthony Crosland, who died at the weekend at the age of 84. “I’m so sorry,” says Denis Healey from his house in Sussex. “She was such a lovely girl, so much nicer than Tony’s first wife, who was a pain in the arse. “Tony was a bit AC/DC, you know. Susan Barnes, as she was known, used to pander to his tastes a little by wearing mannish clothes. I remember a walking holiday with Tony in the Black Forest in Germany in the 1940s. We were with Hugh Dalton, who was his boyfriend in a way. “Tony and I had to share a bed and, when I put the light out, he said ‘I’m feeling rather randy, are you?’ “I said ‘No, I’m not. Bugger off.’ So he got into bed with Dalton instead.” 1 March 2011 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kittybrewster (talk • contribs) 18:09, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages. The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person. Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 16:58, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Master's Degree
I've taken the liberty of removing a claim that he took "his Masters" before the war. Before the war he studied Mods, the first half of the Oxford Classics degree. After the war he returned to finish his degree, this time in PPE (it is possible he was awarded a truncated "war degree" as some were in those days, after a year or two of study, and that his PPE was some subsequent diploma, but I don't think that was the case). He would not have been eligible for his MA (which at Oxbridge is basically an automatic upgrade) until he had a) got his BA and b) six years (iirc) after matriculating and starting his BA, which would have been in the early 1940s at the very earliest. Of course if somebody wants to check a biography and put in some accurate content, feel free.Paulturtle (talk) 05:05, 19 July 2017 (UTC) Just checked the recent biog of Roy Jenkins by John Campbell, which says that he did three years of study before the war. Oxford classics is a four year course, so presumably he did Mods and then a year of Greats. It does not say he was awarded a BA at that stage. Normally it is rare and difficult to change course at Oxford (whereas as Cambridge it is far from uncommon to do different subjects for Part I and Part II). However, PPE was known as "Modern Greats" in those days, and just as in (classical) Greats one can study a lot of history and philosophy if one chooses those papers, so in PPE one can offer papers in (modern political) history and in philosophy if one wishes to specialise in that way, so maybe the change of subject wasn't as dramatic as at might first appear.Paulturtle (talk) 12:20, 19 July 2017 (UTC)+

Good grief. The man was an undergraduate at Trinity College Oxford, which still exists. Colleges keep records of their undergraduates, especially those who attain any kind of eminence. They also have archivists and librarians. All you had to do was email either of those at Trinity College Oxford, and askDelahays (talk) —Preceding undated comment added at 12:39, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

That would be OK if the college records are published in the usual accepted sense. The complication is that wp rules say that sources must be published sources-usually books'periodicals or records easily available on the internet. Delving into manuscripts, unpublished books etc counts as "original research." Never having been to Oxford or Cambridge Universities I wouldnt know if their records are published. A class list in a college or university magazine would do the trick I would think.Spinney Hill (talk) 15:54, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

Gay or Bisexual and when
I deleted a source as it was duplicated at the same place. It is now 14 not 13. The article says he had gay affairs "early in life." Later it says he had affairs with women as well as marrying two women. Were all of the early affairs gay or were some of them heterosexual? Do any of the sources help. Were more than the alleged affair with Jenkins gay? The sources I have been able to check only mention Jenkins. The answers to these may require slight alterations to the text of the article. Spinney Hill (talk) 08:42, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

1955
Did he "lose" his seat in 1955, or step down? Maybe the latter? RodCrosby (talk) 00:43, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * According to the pages on the South Gloucestershire and Southampton Test constituencies he did ot stand n South Gloucestershire in the 1955 General Election but did stand at Southampton Test. It looks as though therefore that he stepped down.  One has to ask why as in South Gloucestershire he had a majority of 5000 odd in the 1951 general election, while the Labour candidate at Southampton Test had a smaller majority. It did not look like therefore like a more winnable seat. Was there some argument in South Gloucestershire that caused him to step down or be de-selected? Do the sources help? Spinney Hill (talk) 03:30, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The answer to my question appears to be that there were boundary changes which seem to have changed the winnability of both seats. South Glos. lost its urban parts (on the edge of Bristol and thus became a more rural seat whilst Southampton test became more urban, but this is guesswork and deduction so we can't change the text of the article until a specific source can be found-perhaps in his biography. Spinney Hill (talk) 03:39, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Well, if that is correct, he clearly didn't "lose his seat" but, rather, "contested another unsuccessfully" RodCrosby (talk) 23:15, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anthony Crosland


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Chris Claiborne

Christopher Ashon Claiborne (born July 26, 1978) is an American football coach and former player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. Claiborne played college football for the University of Southern California, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. He was a first-round pick in the 1999 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the Detroit Lions, Minnesota Vikings, St. Louis Rams, and New York Giants of the NFL.

After ending his playing career, he entered coaching at the high school level. In 2020, he returned to USC's football team as a quality control analyst and most recently was the Linebackers coach at Arizona State. He currently is the Linebackers coach for the St. Louis BattleHawks of the United Football League (UFL).

Early life
Claiborne was born in San Diego, California. He attended John W. North High School in Riverside, California, and was a letterman in both football and basketball. In football, he won All-State honors at both running back and linebacker as a senior under head coach Mark Paredes. Claiborne graduated from high school in 1996.

College career
Claiborne accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Southern California, where he played for the USC Trojans football team from 1996 to 1998. As a senior in 1998, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American. He is also USC's first and only Butkus award winner.

Professional career
The Detroit Lions selected Claiborne in the first round (ninth pick overall) of the 1999 NFL Draft, and he played for the Lions from 1999 to 2002. He later played for the Minnesota Vikings from 2003 to 2004, the St. Louis Rams in 2005, and the New York Giants in 2006. He signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars in August 2007 but was released before the start of the 2007 regular season.

Coaching
In February 2013, Claiborne began coaching at Oaks Christian School in Westlake Village, California. He moved to Calabasas High School in 2014 as defensive coordinator, and took over as head coach in 2018. He resigned in December 2019; in two years as Calabasas' head coach, he went 17–6.

Claiborne returned to USC in 2020 as a quality control analyst; he had received his bachelor' degree from the university in 2019. On January 25, 2021, Claiborne was named linebackers coach at Arizona State.

title: Chris Claiborne


text:
Carlos Graça

Carlos Alberto Monteiro Dias da Graça (22 December 1931 – 17 April 2013) served as the 6th Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe.

Biography
Graça was one of the co-founders of the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP). After 25 April 1974 revolution in Portugal he was a member of the transition government preparing the independence of São Tomé and Príncipe. After the independence in 1975 he became Minister of Social Affairs. He was the first founder of the MLSTP raising his opposition to the move of the regime towards a dictatorial Marxist–Leninist regime. For this reason he was sentenced 24 years jail and had to exile again in 1977, becoming one of the main opponents to Manuel Pinto da Costa regime. He was asked by Pinto da Costa to come back to Sao Tome in 1987, in order to prepare the transition to a multi-party democracy. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1988 to 1990, while being one of the main politicians preparing the new democratic constitution and the first free elections. After the first free elections he became leader of the MLSTP which he turned into Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP/PSD). He led his party to winning the general elections in October 1994 and became Prime Minister.He held the post from 25 October 1994 to 15 August 1995. A short lived military coup d'état temporarily deposed the elected government from 15 August 1995 to 21 August 1995. Civilian rule was restored on 21 August 1995 and Graça remained Prime Minister until 31 December 1995. He is considered as one of the main architects of the democracy in his country. Graça was elected Chairman of the Committee on Social Affairs and at the end of the term in 2006 he moved away from the political party active life.

Death
He died on 17 April 2013 in Lisbon at the age of 81.

Works
His published works include:
 * Essay on the Human condition in 2004, Edited by IDD - Institute for Democracy and Development
 * John Paul II Politico, his role in the fall of communism in 2006, Edited by UNEAS-National Union of Writers and Artists STP ;in 2007
 * Che Guevara: mythical character, Issue IDD, and Autobiography
 * Political Memoirs of a Nationalist Sui Generis Santomense, Edition UNEAS, 2012

title: Carlos Graça


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Talk:Love. angel. music. baby.

Redirect Talk:Love, Angel, Music, Baby

title: Talk:Love. angel. music. baby.


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1910 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football (soccer) in the year 1910.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition. The champions qualify for the 1910 Norwegian cup.

National team
Sources:

title: 1910 in Norwegian football


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Trafalgar Moraine

The Trafalgar Moraine is a geological landform straddling Oakville and Milton in Ontario, Canada. A small portion of the moraine extends into Burlington at Milton's southern border. It is a subtler topological feature than the better-known Oak Ridges Moraine, primarily because it was formed as an end moraine at the terminus of a glacial ice sheet, instead of between two retreating ice lobes (known as interlobate). The ice sheet pushed material to form the ridge, which is composed of Halton Till sediment, rich in silt and clay. By contrast, the Oak Ridges Moraine is primarily sand and gravel. The ridge was probably formed during a pause in the retreat of the ice sheet. The moraine covers an area of 892.5 hectares of primarily private land, though a small portion is public.

Geology
The Trafalgar Moraine is formed primarily of silty, clay-rich sand, and underpinned by shale bedrock, all of which hinder water absorption. Nonetheless, a few areas serve as surface water reservoirs, allowing for some groundwater regeneration, given the almost impermeable soils.

The Trafalgar Moraine is approximately 20 km long, 30 m high and 4 km wide, extending from the Niagara Escarpment north of Nelson to Streetsville in an east-northeast trend; at the Oakville boundary, the trend shifts northeast.

The moraine has impacted the flow of the eastern branch of the 16 Mile Creek.

This moraine contains the headwaters for six creeks in Oakville. It is home to 496 plant species, 10 fish species, and 220 animal species, of which 168 are birds, 34 are mammals, and 18 are amphibians.

Watershed
The moraine is 27 km long and 4 km wide with a number of small rivers and streams are located within the moraine:

 * 16 Mile Creek
 * 14 Mile Creek
 * McCraney Creek
 * Joshua Creek

Development
Development on the moraine has been limited to regions in Mississauga, and the construction of Highway 407.

title: Trafalgar Moraine


text: Category:British Rugby League

title: Category:British Rugby League


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Weaver's Antique Service Station

Weaver's Antique Service Station is a gas station built in c.1930, which is restored and still evocative of the 1930s, located in Burlington, West Virginia on Northwestern Turnpike (also known as U.S. Route 50), near its intersection with Patterson Creek Road.

It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building within the Burlington Historic District. It is a vernacular wood-frame building, with stucco plaster over 1/8 inch wire mesh. A wood outbuilding, built c.1900, is included in the property, which in 1992 served as a museum of local historical artifacts. It is located on the south side of U.S. Route 50.

title: Weaver's Antique Service Station