text:
Portal:Trains/Anniversaries/March 31/More

19th century

 * 1842 – The Middleton Junction and Oldham Branch Railway opens to Werneth in northwest England.
 * 1862 – The West Somerset Railway opens to passenger service on its line from a connection with the Bristol and Exeter Railway west of Taunton to Watchet.

20th century

 * 1917 – New York City Subway's IRT White Plains Road Line extension from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Nereid Avenue-238th Street opens.
 * 1924 – American Car and Foundry acquires Pacific Car and Foundry.
 * 1978 – A 1 km extension of the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line to Yoyogi-Uehara station is opened.
 * 1980 – The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad (the Rock Island) ceases operations.
 * 1987 – Services at Yatsumori Station in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, are reduced such that trains only stop on a seasonal basis.

21st century

 * 2005 – Kawasaki Rail Car Inc. is awarded a $499 million order to build 340 new commuter coaches and power cars for PATH in New York and New Jersey; the order is part of a plan to completely replace PATH's entire fleet of cars.

Deaths

 * 1913 – J. P. Morgan, American financier who helped to finance United States Steel Corporation (b. 1837).
 * 1949 – Grant Stauffer, president of Chicago Great Western Railway 1948-1949, dies.


text:
Talk:Craig Biggio

HOF
While I like Biggio as much as the next guy, it's tough to say he's a future HOF without the 'possible' caveat.

Ryne Sandberg is not in the hall of fame.

An article that notes that he was never the best 2B for an extended stretch. http://www.legalball.com/MLB_News_Sammy_Sosa.html

Astos Daily says that 2004 was a great year for those that "make the case" for his HOF enshrinement. It also says that the case for his enshrinement is a no-brainer based on statistics, but also notes that BBWAA loves round numbers, so bring on 3K hits. http://www.astrosdaily.com/history/biggiohof.html

From Baseball-Reference - 2 out of 4. Black Ink: Batting - 17 (128) (Average HOFer ~ 27) Gray Ink: Batting - 104 (199) (Average HOFer ~ 144) HOF Standards: Batting - 49.5 (74) (Average HOFer ~ 50) HOF Monitor: Batting - 125.0 (102) (Likely HOFer > 100) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.153.190.239 (talk • contribs).

May be one of the greatest Astros ever--but one of the greatest ever???? Great guy and a writers fave--not a first ballot HOF'er though--I agree, he needs the big 3000 to enter, all other hitting accomplishments will be surpassed and in short time. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 214.13.21.80 (talk • contribs).

Reply: The article fails to mentions Biggio's runs scored total or the huge disparity between his RBI's and runs. He sccored over 1,800 runs, against a little over 1,000 RBI's. The 1,800 runs is 17th all time and every player with over 1,800 runs is in the Hall of Fame. The article also fails to mention that the reason for all the leadoff home runs, and the big runs to RBI disparity, is that Biggio usually batted leadoff. It's very difficult to bat in runs when you're the first batter, or when all the batters ahead of you are the team's worst hitters. A very underrated player. 68.118.213.209 (talk) 19:44, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Worth mentioning?
Worth mentioning in '98-9 he got 50 doubles & 50 steals? (BTW, Bill James isn't in the HoF, either...) And, when did his 494-games-played streak end? Trekphiler 05:12, 19 December 2005 & 05:54, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Ryan Sandberg is in the hall of fame and Biggio is widely considred a future hall of famer by the press --Trick man01 08:05, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Do we have to have that picture of him getting hit by a pitch? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Aceestrin (talk • contribs).

 * I agree- this picture is bad —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.10.147.33 (talk • contribs).

He is best known for his ability to get hit by pitches
Though it's true that he is "second on the career hit-by-pitch list with 277" this line is retarded, in terms of being an introductory, crucial fact about biggio, so i removed it. Put it somewhere else in the aricle, and rephrase it. his career is not defined by getting hit by pitches —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.10.147.33 (talk • contribs).

Heart and Hustle Award
Can we change the page to reflect his receipt of the 2006 Heart and Hustle award? Do you guys want to put that with the other awards, or in a different category since it's not exactly performance-related? -Mysticfeline —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.240.248.16 (talk • contribs).

Gold Star
Does anyone know why he wears that gold star on his hat when he's not playing?Ags412 01:22, 7 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, he wears the pin to acknowledge the Sunshine Kids, a charity he has supported for most if not all of his career —The preceding unsigned comment was added by MBK004 (talk • contribs).

Hit Total Discrepancy
Here it says Craig has 3013 hits, but on the 3000 hit club page, it says he has 3014 hits. Which one is correct? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by MBK004 (talk • contribs).
 * Just watched Craig hit #3015 on TV tonight. I guess this settles my question.MBK004 01:28, 25 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Just watched him hit #3016, a Grand Slam.MBK004 01:59, 25 July 2007 (UTC)

Highlight mistake
"Is the only player in Major League history to have a 20 Home Run – 50 Stolen Base Season (1998)." This isn't true he is the only. Through 2012 there have been 10 seasons where a player hit 24+ HRs and stole at least 50 bases per baseball-reference.com. Rickey Henderson has 3 of those 10 seasons. Suggest just delete that highlight.CComly (talk) 21:50, 14 March 2013 (UTC)Clem Comly

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Personal Life
This section cites Biggio & other players that batted & threw right-handed but wrote left-handed & vice versa. Babe Ruth also batted & threw left-handed but wrote right-handed; according to Tom Meany in his "Babe Ruth: Big Moments of the Big Fellow." BubbleDine (talk) 03:05, 6 February 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Craig Biggio


text:
Wolfsbane (band)

Wolfsbane are an English heavy metal band, active from 1984 to 1994, and again since 2010, following two brief reunions. To date, the band has released five studio albums, two live albums, two compilation albums, two EPs and three demos. Wolfsbane are now notable for being vocalist Blaze Bayley's band before he went on to replace Bruce Dickinson in Iron Maiden and then pursue a solo career. In addition to Bayley, the band's current lineup includes guitarist Jason "Jase" Edwards, bassist Jeff Hateley and drummer Steve Danger.

Initial career (19841994)
Wolfsbane were formed in 1984 in Tamworth, Staffordshire, England. They signed to Def American records, and Rick Rubin produced their first album, Live Fast, Die Fast, released in 1989. Prior to this, they had recorded three demos entitled Wolfsbane (1985), Dancin' Dirty (1987) and Wasted but Dangerous (1988); the former was recorded in an old cellar. Wolfsbane's second release, an EP titled All Hell's Breaking Loose Down at Little Kathy Wilson's Place, was released in 1990, followed a year later by the band's second full studio album Down Fall the Good Guys (1991), which gave them their only UK Singles Chart entry with "Ezy" charting at No. 68. Despite not achieving the level of success that Def American had expected, Wolfsbane played from clubs to larger venues during the late 1980s and early 1990s with several notable acts, including Iron Maiden, Motörhead, Ozzy Osbourne, Alice Cooper, Anthrax, Overkill, Sepultura, Kreator, Dark Angel, King Diamond, Magnum, The Almighty, The Wildhearts, The Quireboys, among others.

Being an English band, signed to an American record label did not work out well for them. Def American dropped Wolfsbane as they felt that the band were not selling well enough. This did not stop the band from being voted as the UK's best unsigned act in 1993. The same year, the band released a live album, Massive Noise Injection, through the Bronze Company label.

The band released its third studio album, the self-titled Wolfsbane, in 1994, again on the Bronze Company label. A limited edition of this album included the EP Everything Else. However, when Bruce Dickinson left Iron Maiden, Blaze Bayley got the audition as their new singer and left Wolfsbane later on that year. Wolfsbane disbanded as a result.

Post-breakup (19942007)
Jason Edwards, Jeff Hateley, and Steve Danger, the remaining members of Wolfsbane, joined with Jez 'Spencer' Housden to form the band Stretch in 1995. They released a 6-track mini-album World of Stretch on the Cottage Industry label.

One-off shows and reunion (20072021)
On 9 September 2007, Wolfsbane reformed for a one off short set at the Rock of Ages Festival in Tamworth. This was followed by their first UK tour in 13 years, with the band playing five dates as support for the Wildhearts in December 2007. Their next tour came in December 2009 supporting the Quireboys on their 'A Little Bit of What You Fancy 20th Anniversary Tour'.

Jason Edwards is currently a record producer, having most recently produced and mixed the self titled Wildhearts album and the Blaze Bayley album Promise and Terror. He also mixed two tracks on Ginger Wildheart's 555 album and recorded and produced two bonus tracks for Ginger's Hey! Hello! project as well as mixing tracks for German punk band Radio Dead Ones. He is also one of three guitarists in Ginger & the Sonic Circus (project of Ginger, songwriter/frontman of the Wildhearts), and plays guitar for the God Damn Whores, alongside 'Random' Jon Poole (formerly of Cardiacs, previously stand-in bassist for the Wildhearts and also in the Sonic Circus), Denzel (also of the Sonic Circus), and Robochrist.

Blaze Bayley subsequently left Iron Maiden and embarked on a solo career with forming his own band, Blaze and later a new line-up with the Blaze Bayley Band, before he switched again as a solo artist since 2012. During Blaze Bayley's tour in support of his then new album, Promise and Terror, tensions rose within the band. In the end of May 2010, both manager Anna Di Laurenzi and drummer Larry Paterson left the band to join Sinocence who had been the support band on the first leg of the tour. A couple of weeks later, in early June, Wolfsbane announced that they would be reuniting full-time and release a new album in 2011. Blaze Bayley continues to perform as a solo artist alongside singing with Wolfsbane.

On 12 March 2011, it was announced that Wolfsbane would release the EP, Did It for the Money, on 9 April. They played a headline show at the Borderline in London on the same day the EP was released (9 April 2011). This was followed by a tour supporting Saxon, in April 2011. On 7 October 2011, it was announced that Wolfsbane would release their fourth studio album in 2012. Titled Wolfsbane Save the World, it is available on the band's official website as well as via the merchandise stand on the band's upcoming tour.

On 24 October 2011, the band embarked on a UK tour. Joined by Manchester's Obsessive Compulsive as support for the tour. Footage from the 2011 UK tour can be seen on the Official Wolfsbane YouTube channel. On 15 December 2011, a video of the song "Smoke and Red Light" was added to the official Wolfsbane YouTube channel. The song is taken from the new album Wolfsbane Save the World and is based on the early days of the band's career.

On 17 October 2012, the band embarked on an 11 date UK tour. Special guest Givvi Flynn joined the band on stage for four of the shows to perform "Illusion of Love". On sale at the show was an album titled The Lost Tapes: A Secret History.

Genius (2022present)
On 11 May 2021, Wolfsbane announced on their Facebook page that they had begun writing their first album in nearly a decade. Frontman Blaze Bayley confirmed in a February 2022 interview that the band was "listening to the rough mixes" of their new album and "finishing off a little bit here and there", and also expressed hope that it would be released in June. Genius was revealed as the title of the album on 30 April 2022, and it was released on 5 June.

Current members

 * Blaze Bayley - Lead vocals
 * Jason Edwards - Lead and rhythm guitar, backing vocals
 * Jeff Hateley - Bass guitar, backing vocals
 * Steve Danger - Drums

Former members

 * Amanda "Poo Poos" Hemmings - Drums (1984)
 * Jason Lee Farrow - Drums (1984)
 * Jon Buckingham "Stakk Smasher" - Drums (1985-1986)

Studio albums

 * Live Fast, Die Fast (1989)
 * Down Fall the Good Guys (1991)
 * Wolfsbane (1994)
 * Wolfsbane Save the World (2012)
 * Genius (2022)

Live albums

 * Massive Noise Injection (1993)
 * The Lost Tapes: A Secret History (2012)
 * Go Loco at the Asylum (2018)

Compilation albums

 * Lifestyles of the Broke and Obscure (2001)
 * Howling Mad Shitheads (The Best of Wolfsbane) (2009)

EPs

 * All Hell's Breaking Loose Down at Little Kathy Wilson's Place (1990)
 * Everything Else (1994)
 * Did It For the Money (2011)
 * Rock! (2015)

Demos

 * Wolfsbane (1985)
 * Dancin' Dirty (1987)
 * Wasted But Dangerous (1988)

title: Wolfsbane (band)


text:
Lynne Russell

Lynne Russell is an American journalist and author. She was the first woman to solo anchor a prime time network nightly newscast as the host of CNN Headline News from 1983 to 2001, as well as six years as co-host of The Week in Review with Bob Cain on CNN.

Early life and education
Russell was born in Orange, New Jersey and raised around the United States, being the daughter of a United States Army officer. Russell graduated from Manzano High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

She attended the University of Colorado, where she majored in nursing.

Television and radio
Before joining CNN Headline News in 1983, Russell anchored the evening news on KENS in San Antonio in 1980, where she also was an investigative and courthouse reporter. Previously, she served a year as a news anchor and military correspondent for KHON-TV in Honolulu.

From 1978 to 1979 Russell anchored and reported at WTLV-TV in Jacksonville, Florida. Also, from 1971 to 1978 she was Program Director, as well as anchor and host, of a four-hour weekday morning news and interview program at WKAT in Miami.

Russell was the first recipient of the Russell P. Jandoli Excellence in Journalism Award presented by St. Bonaventure University of Western New York.

Russell lived in Toronto for several years, working for CBC Television beginning in 2006 and then at radio station CFRB from 2008 to 2010.

Private investigator and law enforcement
Russell is a licensed private investigator who worked as a detective. She also is a first degree black belt in Choi Kwang-Do, and has worked as a bodyguard and Fulton County Deputy Sheriff in the Reserve division.

Author
Russell's first book was How to Win Friends, Kick A** and Influence People: A Memoir. Published on November 30, 1999, she shared her life story, including her global travels in her youth and her experiences as a private investigator and bodyguard.

Russell has written two novels in her PJ Santini series, Hell on Heels and Heels of Fortune.

Survived shootout
She and her husband Chuck de Caro were on a cross-country trip from Washington, D.C. to California and were spending the night of June 30, 2015 at a Motel 6 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, when an armed man forced his way into their room. De Caro was shot three times; he returned fire, mortally wounding the intruder. De Caro was taken to a hospital for two weeks and recovered. De Caro and Russell filed a lawsuit against Motel 6 and related parties on October 13, 2015, for alleged negligent and reckless security resulting in severe injury, negligent infliction of emotional distress, loss of consortium and Unfair Trade Practices Act violations to motel operators and employees. The suit was dismissed with prejudice on October 18, 2017.

title: Lynne Russell


text:
User talk:Rushlight~enwiki

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Talk:Adult

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 September 2020 and 17 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Funkd2019.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:27, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Social Status of Adulthood
I'm no expert, but this section seems very POV to me, accusing adults of adultism and holding a double standard, as well as accusing them of immature behavior. 76.182.114.112 21:01, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * accusing adults of adultism and holding a double standard, as well as accusing them of immature behavior. Well, that is not Wikipedianly-POVed/NPOVed, that is simply a truthful statement. KSM-2501ZX, IP address:= 200.155.188.3 17:27, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree, that needs to be changed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.12.122.78 (talk) 01:50, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

I think that adults do think there better then others and do hold a double standard. I admit to doing this myself although I do think it's wrong. Those who don't do this are in the very very small minority and the majority of people do this but are ignorant to there actions. There should however be double standards as not having double standards would mean that all people would be able to do things like consuming alcohol. If a child was to make his own decision to drink alcohol when they are only small and the body isn't mature they would suffer from consequences they didn't know exist. This is why double standards do need to exist but they shouldn't exist in age. Using the same alcohol example a person is able to make a informed decision to drink alcohol at lots of different ages to restrict people because of age on this issue is very wrong as many other issues. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.168.63.253 (talk) 05:50, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

This is about tag cleanup. As all of the tags are more than a year old, there is no current discussion relating to them, and there is a great deal of editing done since the tags were placed, they will be removed. This is not a judgement of content. If there is cause to re-tag, then that of course may be done, with the necessary posting of a discussion as to why, and what improvements could be made. This is only an effort to clean out old tags, and permit them to be updated with current issues if warranted.Jjdon (talk) 22:09, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * adulv1666 2001:4455:572:5E00:F899:20EC:6B0D:86AB (talk) 05:54, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

Which number?
The legal age section contains the following:

15: Iran (21) 16: Scotland (21) 17: Indonesia (20) 18: South Africa (18)

Which one is the age - the number in parenthesis or the number before the colon? Either way, what's the other number? Tompagenet 13:57, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

The link at the bottom to the German child protection pdf does not look like it belongs to this page--BozMo|talk 13:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

- This article only talks about legal adulthood, and only touches on biological adulthood. I think it should be expanded to include human biological adulthood.

 * I agree--biological and legal adulthood were the same in many societies, but are virtually unrelated in many modern societies. I added a bit about that, but it could use more. Adam Newton 03:30, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I created a section for it, but it could still use some expanding. KPalicz 16:24, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

"Some propose that moving into adulthood involves an emotional structuring of denial. This process becomes necessary to cope with one's own behaviour, especially in uncomfortable situations, and also the behaviour of others."

Err WTF is this psychobabble, it's either scientology or some kind of mumbo jumbo religion nonsense of some kind. Not quite NPOV. Some propose that it's deleted. Someone should try to change this article so it doesn't look like a definition of who gets admitted to an over 18s porn flick.--SeanONE

 * As this comment has been here almost two months and no one has explained it, I'm removing it from the article. Adam Newton 03:30, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Let's get pictures for this article!!!
Can we get more pictures? Can we have a photo of a middle aged and old people? The child article has tons of pictures. Why can't this article have some pictures? We need to show some diversity. Is it that hard for people to go out to take some pictures. It's not that hard. (209.177.21.6 - Talk )

What's stopping you then? --Brideshead 21:51, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Fix UK limits, vandalism, 3RR
I've been tracking edits of a potential vandalism account of which has edited this page, and I think I've confused myself a little on the reverting. I can't revert any more as per 3RR (I never like to go beyond 2), so can somebody please repair or revert my edits to remove the vandalism? Many thanks /Marbles 18:05, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

to experience the world from a first-person standpoint instead of through the parents.
This is fairly vague, but if I understand its meaning correctly, a good portion of the human population - and nearly its entire population preceding the modern era - never truly reaches adulthood. I've been given the impression that prior to the spread of western individualism, personal identity was inseparable from the identity and welfare of the family, past and future. I may be wrong though. Closest thing I can think of to cite is Origins of English Individualism by Alan Macfarlane. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.207.141.223 (talk) 05:53, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

unsourced section and fix up
This article could use some actual science. It seems to go towards the popular conception of adulthood and then ignores neurological and psychological conceptions of adulthood. In the neurological sense adulthood occurs in bursts throughout the teenage years and the early 20s. Why not mention it? YVNP (talk) 11:20, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. 24.255.28.107 (talk) 08:33, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

This is a dumb article....
First of all, you are not still growing or just finished growing at the age of 25!! Hello!!!

Secondly, the characteristics that define an adult in the "graph" down below is absurd. I've seen some very mature kids and teens that meet these criteria very well and some unstable adults (whether by a fault of their own or not) living in this world.

Punkymonkey987 (talk) 21:47, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Age of Consent in the Vatican
Where is the reference for the claim that "the age of consent for sexual relations in the Vatican is 12"?

Joo (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 10:36, 20 December 2009 (UTC). Adult —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.68.217.25 (talk) 10:47, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Skeletal adulthood
What about skeletal maturity? The Wikipedia page on bones states that longitudinal growth stops around age 18-25. So there is when we are literally "all grown-up". Aldo L (talk) 01:46, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

"Social Construct"
Why is adolescence referred to as a "social construct" that was "created"? Isn't it a culturally, psychologically and biologically acknowledged stage in a person's life? On the Wiki page for adolescence, it is not defined as a social construct. I think there is some internal inconsistency here, with someone writing in a deliberate point of view because they have it out for teenagers. 23:30, 12 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.237.176.230 (talk)
 * It is defined as a social construct in the Adolescence article, though not directly called one. See the Adolescence section, which can certainly be expanded. Just the fact that there is inconsistency in how to define adolescence (as the lead of the Adolescence article shows) tells us that it is a social construct. It overlaps with the definition of preadolescence, and the complications come from whether or not to mark adolescence as the start of puberty or the start of the teenage stage. Puberty and the teenage stage used to occur at about the same time, but they typically do not any longer. And both aspects can be considered "the start of adolescence." And let's not forget that the age of majority (age that one is legally considered an adult) varies. So, yes, taking all that into account, adolescence is definitely socially-constructed. It has nothing to do with "having it out for teenagers." Ask yourself, "Do people generally assign 'adolescence' to non-human animals and other such living beings?" If the answer is no, which is the correct answer, then that should tell you "definite social construct." No matter how culturally, psychologically and biologically recognized. Biologically, people are either children or adults, unless (as the article notes) one's definition of "adult" is a person who is finished with puberty. But then again, people are usually finished with puberty before or by the time they turn 16. Flyer22 (talk) 15:28, 16 September 2011 (UTC)

The article states, "Further evidence of adulthood as a social construction is illustrated by the changing criteria of adulthood over time." Shouldn't there be more research on these changing criteria? These changes can be subjective so there should be more objective points on how the criteria has changed. Toriwomack5 (talk) 21:23, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

Biological adult?
I can't seem to find many references beyond this article that use "biological adult" as a key distinction - would I be stepping on anyone's toes if I reworked that section to focus less on terminology and more on the different ways societies have defined adulthood based on biological features? --Lunar Jesters (talk) 22:04, 29 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm not completely sure what you mean; do you mean that the term biological adult is used significantly less than the term legal adult? If so, I'm sure that the section headings are titled by those names not as indicators that the sources use those exact terms, but rather because there is nothing better to title those sections. Titling the first one Biological status of adulthood, for example, is long-winded, as is Legal status of adulthood. By contrast, Biological adulthood and Legal adulthood are concise. As for reworking that section, as you can see, that section (and the entire article) needs reworking. I don't mind you reworking it, but I would rather something stay there in that section about the distinction (including pubertal time frames/aspects), considering that legal adulthood is a social construct that some societies do not follow. Flyer22 (talk) 22:26, 29 September 2013 (UTC)

This whole article is terrible. I was surprised to read that biological adulthood BEGINS at the onset of puberty (rather than say menarche and ejaculative competence (or whatever)). So, a 9 year old is a biological adult if she has breast buds??? I don't believe it! If this nonsense is in fact the medical and/or biological communities' definition, which I challenge to be fact, then a good valid citation is needed. The New York Times is certainly NOT adequate here. I guarantee you that a 9 year old is seeing a pediatrician and NOT an OB/Gyn (in the USA). Seems to me the whole article is in desperate need of a rewrite. The space allocated to pornography is ridiculous. The use of the phrases "the Christian Bible" (as if there is only one) and "Cannon" law (as if there is only one) is profoundly in error. I could go on, each section contains significant flaws. Adulthood has biological, social, legal, psychological/behavioral, and religious meanings. The lede's concentration on the biological and legal meaning and its ignoring the fact (imho) that the SOCIAL meaning (context dependent) is THE one most often intended is NOT the best way to proceed, imho. Please note that an 18 year old in a combat platoon is regarded (generally) as an adult, while that same person on a college campus might be considered an adolescent. (is educational adulthood another category?).173.189.79.137 (talk) 22:03, 12 October 2013 (UTC)
 * As you can see above, I agree that the article is terrible. And despite currently being billed as the editor who has made the most edits to it, I didn't add most of the material in this article; the significant majority of my edits to it have been tweaks or reverts of vandalism. Flyer22 (talk) 22:12, 12 October 2013 (UTC)
 * As for puberty, I have seen enough dictionaries, encyclopedias and some very good scholarly texts define a child as "between birth and puberty"; so there are definitely WP:Reliable sources that imply or outright state something along the lines of "once a child hits puberty, they are no longer a child in the biological sense" or "no longer a complete biological child." As for the legal aspect, that obviously falls under the social aspect. But you are correct that there are other social aspects, which the lead briefly addresses. Flyer22 (talk) 22:22, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

Social Construction of Adulthood
Greetings, everyone. I've been following the Adult page for a while now. It seems to me this entry needs some further development. I propose adding a new section on the "Social Construction of Adulthood" to illustrate how aging and adulthood goes beyond biological and legal issues. I will likely be adding this section in the coming week. Is this of interest to any of you? Does anyone have any expertise in social components of adulthood in particular and the social construction of aging in general? Michaelramirez (talk) 18:07, 25 February 2018 (UTC)

 * Michaelramirez, you are apparently a WP:Student editor who appeared joined Wikipedia in January of this year. Hi. The Biological adulthood section already states, "After the social construct of adolescence was created, adulthood split into two forms: biological adulthood and social adulthood." Legal adulthood is a product of the social construction of adulthood. As you know, per WP:Reliable sources, any text you are looking to add would need to be well-sourced. Also take care not to add WP:Undue weight, which can come in various forms. Don't just rely heavily on one author's viewpoint (whether Fausto-Sterling, which you added here at the Masculinity article, or anyone else), and don't present that author's viewpoint as fact. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 21:56, 25 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Flyer22 Reborn I am new to Wikipedia -- not as a Student Editor, but instead as a Wikipedia Fellow (a cohort of 9 scholars were selected in January for the pilot). Thanks for your feedback. In our training, we were encouraged to post our ideas/proposed changes on the talk pages. I'm glad my post piqued your interest! I am quite familiar with the social construction of aging/adulthood lit. As of the draft I'm working on now, there are 12 academic citations. If you know of other relevant work, I encourage you to add them. I'd love assistance with this. As for the Fausto-Sterling reference on the masculinity page, you must have accessed the piece before I added the other two citations. F-S is a key source, so I started with her. It took me a few hours to find the other sources to add.Michaelramirez (talk) 20:42, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi again, Michaelramirez. I see your draft at User:Michaelramirez/sandbox2. Take care not to WP:Editorialize. For example, you should remove the "of course" wording. Take care not to engage in WP:Synthesis either. I see that you are citing Arnett in your draft. Is this Jeffrey Arnett? If so, you might be interested to know that Wikipedia currently has an entire article on his emerging adulthood concept. It's the Emerging adulthood and early adulthood article. As for Fausto-Sterling, I was simply noting that you should not rely heavily on just one author's viewpoint or present that viewpoint as fact. For not presenting the matter as fact, see WP:INTEXT. I wasn't stating that, at the Masculinity article, you only went by what one author stated.

 * On a side note: There is no need to WP:Ping me to this page since it's on my watchlist. And pings only work with a fresh signature. I wasn't pinged above. This is because you linked my username after you made your post. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 21:14, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Affirmative. Yes, one source I'm using is Arnett. The material I'll add, you will be happy to read, goes well beyond the confines of Arnett's emerging / young adulthood, and is attentive to dimensions of adulthood he ignores. A nice addition to the topic of adulthood in general. Many thanks. Michaelramirez (talk) 21:29, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Michaelramirez, your addition came out nicely. I made a few tweaks to it. Regarding the "importance of individualistic criteria and the irrelevance of the demographic markers" part, is it clear who made that quote? If so, we need to use WP:In-text attribution for it. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 20:21, 5 March 2018 (UTC)

Puberty material
JMccoy13, I reverted you here because you engaged in WP:Synthesis (read that policy) and you added inaccurate information. You added, "By definition, puberty ends when sexual maturity has been attained, contrary to the popular misconception that puberty ends when vertical growth ceases. The average age of reaching sexual maturity and therefore the end of puberty is 13 in humans." Um, no. Sources do not state that puberty ends as soon as it begins, which is essentially what your text is stating since you keep trying to define puberty as sexual maturity, and since it's still the case that many boys don't begin puberty until age 11 or 12. The process does not usually does not take one or two years. I reverted you here because your text was still problematic. It was based on this everydayhealth.com source that is not WP:MEDRS-compliant, this WebMD source that is specifically about earlier puberty, and this 1985 "Spermarche--the age of onset of sperm emission" source. In your edit summary, you stated, "Puberty does not end at the age of 16 in the vast majority of cases - I fixed this error with proper sources." I see no reliable sources to support you on that statement. In fact, going by this sourced addition I made, I see sources stating just the opposite. You also added that "boys typically reach sexual maturity on average at the age of 13" and sourced it to the "Spermarche--the age of onset of sperm emission" source. Your text appears to be implying that boys complete puberty at age 13. That is not what sources state.

Yes, sources vary on when puberty begins and ends for boys and girls, but there is still a typical age range given in sources. Yes, more sources have started to cite age 9 for girls regarding the onset of puberty, but age 10 is still the standard because sources base the first sign of puberty for girls on thelarche (breast development), and thelarche is still most commonly defined as beginning at age 10. Like this 2016 "Women’s Gynecologic Health" source, from Jones & Bartlett Learning, page 22, that I used in the article, states, "The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually occurs around age 12 or 13." So stop adding WP:Synthesis and poor sourcing. If I need to bring others, such as WP:Med, in on this matter, I will. But I am more inclined to report you. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 22:33, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

on puberty ending age
Flyer22 Reborn , Sorry that I used a sketchy source or two. In future edits I will make sure they are reliable. However, many of the sources I used were reliable. I'm confused as to what you think puberty is? My reliable government source (medline.gov) clearly defines puberty as the process of reaching sexual maturity. Sexual maturity is clearly defined as, by valid sources, the capability of an organism to reproduce. Therefore the process of puberty is over after you can have babies! Of course some growth takes place afterward, but that's not a function of puberty. Bones and hair continue to grow until the mid to late twenties! It seems to me that some of these sources define puberty as something along the lines of "whatever teenagers are going through" and they, without any evidence, claim that "it typically ends around 16 or 17." Some sources may say that, but that source is sadly wrong. Another way of measuring when puberty ends is the Tanner scale. Males reach the last stages of the tanner scale on average at the age of 14. I have many sources for this. Furthermore, Tanner and other researchers found that, yes, puberty is short. It lasts on average 3 years and can take under 2 years to complete. He described puberty as the time when a person has reached G2 on the scale until they reach G5, the adult classification. This typically happened in males between the ages of 11 and 14, and it was earlier in females. Can puberty last until the late teens? Sure, but not usually. The way the statistics work out, any given 15 year old male has a 9/10 chance of having reached G5 on the tanner scale, and a 16 year old male has a 99/100 chance. I think to keep the article as accurate as possible, we should include the proper average ages to reach the last stages on the widely accepted tanner scales but say that in rare cases, puberty can last until 16 or 17. --JMccoy13 (talk) 14:51, 21 March 2018 (UTC)
 * JMccoy13, you can clearly see that I responded in the section above. For humans, puberty does not automatically equate to sexual maturity. Puberty encompasses sexual maturity. Like this "Clinical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology" source, from CRC Press, page 34, states, "The definition of puberty alone can encompass the process of sexual maturation, but a more expansive approach is to think of puberty in combination with the term adolescence. This differentiation prompts the practitioner to consider the psychological, behavioral, and social changes of the adolescent who is experiencing pubertal development." And puberty usually does not end at age 13. You speak of the Tanner scale, but the Tanner scale is not necessarily a solid indicator of pubertal age ranges and also goes up to age 15 for girls and boys. You might be interested in reading the following 2011 discussion involving me and sexologist James Cantor: Talk:Hebephilia/Archive 1. You see that Cantor states that "Puberty typically lasts approximately until age 14." But his sources are mostly old and show age ranges of 13–15 for girls and 14 to 16 for boys for the ending aspect. He also stated, "Remember, however, that puberty relates to the age at which the growth spurt starts, not the age at which the growth spurt ends (which happens closer to maturation/adulthood). If a given boy's growth spurt were the last of the maturational process to kick in, then the age of the spurt would mark the end of his puberty even though it would be the beginning of his growth in height. [...] age of maturity also varies between modern/previous times, etc. So, I would hesitate to look too hard for [t]he definition of adult/mature, and instead to interpret each source in terms of the definition most logical to its own context." You can also see that we were clear that sources on pubertal age ranges vary. While I noted the sources that are reporting on girls starting puberty at age 9, Cantor stated, "I think what I am saying is that it is true that puberty can start as early as 9, in the sense that is is not a medical problem when it occurs, but that puberty at age 9 is atypical enough so that I would not use age 9 as an exemplar when trying to describe when puberty typically hits."

 * You referred to a MedlinePlus source, but even the MedlinePlus "Puberty" source that you included states, "It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. It causes physical changes, and affects boys and girls differently." I stand by my statement that sources usually don't state that puberty only lasts one or two years. year. And most don't state that it only lasts two years. And the MedlinePlus "Puberty and adolescence" source I cited in that discussion with Cantor stated: "In girls, puberty is usually finished by age 17. Any increases in height after this age are uncommon." So, yeah, it's not easy trying to define pubertal age ranges and especially if the sources, like your sources and some or all of Cantor's sources were, are clearly based on American children/teenagers rather than on children and teenagers in general. It seems most of the sources we use on this matter are based on Americans, and on white Americans especially. Since the discussion I had with Cantor, I have seen sources typically giving the ending pubertal age for girls as 14 or 15, but also as 15 to 17. I suppose "15 to 17" is to cover late bloomers and late finishers (those who didn't begin puberty at age 10 or 11). Similar goes for boys, but I haven't seen as many sources stating that boys finish puberty at age 14 or 15. For example, this MedlinePlus "Adolescent development" source states, "Girls may begin to develop breast buds as early as 8 years old. Breasts develop fully between ages 12 and 18. Pubic hair, armpit and leg hair usually begin to grow at about age 9 or 10, and reach adult patterns at about 13 to 14 years. Menarche (the beginning of menstrual periods) typically occurs about 2 years after early breast and pubic hair appear. It may occur as early as age 9, or as late as age 16. The average age of menstruation in the United States is about 12 years. Girls growth spurt peaks around age 11.5 and slows around age 16. Boys may begin to notice that their testicles and scrotum grow as early as age 9. Soon, the penis begins to lengthen. By age 17 or 18, their genitals are usually at their adult size and shape. Boys' growth spurt peaks around age 13 and a half and slows around age 18." It appears a number of sources are including "growth spurt" in their definitions of puberty. Whatever the case, stating "age 10 or 11 for girls, and age 11 or 12 for boys" with regard to when puberty begins and "girls generally complete puberty by ages 15–17, and boys by age 16 or 17" pretty much covers the bases. It at least doesn't make Wikipedia look too out of step with what different sources state. The sources are not stating that completing puberty by ages 16 or 17 is rare; so I can't support us stating that. Furthermore, what is stated in this article is the same thing stated in the Puberty article. And just like with this article, I ask that you don't go changing the age ranges for that article without discussion. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 18:13, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Flyer22 Reborn, sorry this reply has taken a week, I was away from home. It seems that we are just arguing semantics: what the definition of puberty actually is. Cantor seems to agree with me on what the definition of puberty is: the process of developing to sexual maturity. It seems that many of the sources that you cite define puberty as some vague concept equivalent to the time in between the first signs of sexual maturation and reaching the age of social adulthood, whenever that may be. In fact that is precisely what your Clinical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology source does: it redefines puberty to mean the same thing as adolescence. The issue I have with this definition of puberty is that puberty should refer to the biological process of becoming a (biological) adult, while adolescence should refer to the social process of becoming a (social/legal) adult. This attempt at making puberty and adolescence synonymous seems dishonest to me, as if the sources were trying to replace biology with the law. I speculate that perhaps it makes those who formed these sources uncomfortable to know that many biological adults are not considered adults but instead adolescents, and that this is their attempt to rectify that inconsistency. However, there could be any number of reasons for a change in the definition of puberty. The fact is that puberty is a biological process and that there is already a name for what they are trying to redefine puberty as: adolescence. This redefinition of puberty would leave us without a word to describe biological sexual maturation, instead leaving us dependent on what the law says as if the law were biology. This disturbs me and is reminiscent of 1984's newspeak. Anyhow, the end of puberty must be marked by a biological event, not a legal coming of age. I have seen that some of your sources name that event as the cessation of bone growth. If this were the marker to end puberty, then puberty would not end until around 25, as that is when all growth of bones including the pelvic and pectoral girdles ceases. However, those same sources turn around and say that puberty ends in the late teens. It seems those sources are therefore nonfactual and perhaps should not be trusted. The other somewhat popular and, by the way, classic biological marker of the end of puberty is reaching sexual maturity, which is widely accepted in the medical community as the 5th tanner stages. Again, these are reached on average at the age of 14 in males and earlier in females. While some still normal people take longer, the majority of people have reached the final tanner stage by the age of 14. Therefore we should say here on wikipedia that "puberty typically ends around the age of 14, but can go on until the age of 15 or 16 in some cases." To put it bluntly, I think most of your sources are just plain wrong and are likely results of cultural stereotypes about teenagers. I'd like to know your thoughts on what I have said here before I edit. Thanks. --JMccoy13 (talk) 00:53, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I don't see that Cantor agrees with you, entirely at least, since you were claiming that puberty ends at age 13 (although you upped it to 14 for your "14:51, 21 March 2018 (UTC)" post above) and were stating things like "the process of puberty is over after you can have babies!" No reliable source states that "puberty is over after you can have babies." An 11-year-old pubertal girl might be able to have a child, but she is still going through puberty. Furthermore, I've noted that the Tanner scale goes up to age 15. And while you added puberty beginning at age 9 for girls, Cantor stated, "I think what I am saying is that it is true that puberty can start as early as 9, in the sense that is is not a medical problem when it occurs, but that puberty at age 9 is atypical enough so that I would not use age 9 as an exemplar when trying to describe when puberty typically hits." And, like I mentioned above, Cantor's own sources went past ages 13 and 14 for the completion of puberty and are mainly old. And your own MedlinePlus source disagrees with you. So do other MedlinePlus sources. I've already made my case with reliable sources, and with how sources can differ on the age ranges, and that we should stick with the age ranges most commonly cited in the literature. Doing that is in line with our WP:Due weight policy, and it's what the article is trying to do now on this matter. And keep in mind that I'm not trying to have the section focused on the U.S. pubertal range. Not to mention that African American girls start puberty earlier than American white girls, on average. You speak of the the marker to end puberty, what sources of mine "name [the marker to end puberty] as the cessation of bone growth"? In any case, just looking on regular Google, Google Books and Google Scholar now, I see no sources stating that boys complete puberty at age 13 or 14. I do see sources stating that boys begin puberty between the ages of 9 and 14, and that a boy not having started puberty by age 14 is delayed puberty.

 * Even this WebMD source states, "Most guys hit puberty sometime from ages 9-14 -- the average age is 12. Puberty is only late if you’re 14 years old and aren’t showing any signs." And this 2012 "Pediatric Primary Care - E-Book" source, from Elsevier Health Sciences, page 534, states, "Boys normally begin puberty from age 9 to 14 years." So, no, taking everything into account, I don't think we are arguing semantics. I see no reliable sources stating that "puberty typically ends around the age of 14" for both boys and girls; per our WP:Verifiability policy, this is why we cannot add that. Cantor et al.'s hebephilia work is partly supported by focusing on the pubertal age range of 11 to 14, but we can't simply go by Cantor et al.'s hebephilia work, and he even noted in the aforementioned discussion that they settled on an age range specifically for the hebephilia concept. Meanwhile, sources usually give an earlier pubertal beginning age for girls (typically 10, but sometimes 9 or even 8) and a later pubertal ending age for boys (typically past age 14). I agree that "the end of puberty must be marked by a biological event, not a legal coming of age"; I just don't think that most sources are basing puberty on legal age. If they were, they would not be stating that girls complete puberty by ages 14 or 15, or by 15 to 17. As you know, the age of majority for the vast majority of the world is age 18. For the completion of puberty, I would be willing change the article so that it states that puberty commonly ends at age 14 or 15 for girls and at age 16 for boys, but that it may last until age 17 for either gender. But only by using sources that support this text. Do you agree to go with that? If you want other editors to weigh in on this matter so that we can resolve this dispute, I suggest that you leave a message at the WP:Med, WP:Biology and/or WP:Anatomy talk page and link to this discussion, or look to some other means of WP:Dispute resolution. Just don't go adding in your disputed text to the article. WP:Edit warring is not tolerated and can lead to a WP:Block. Also, again, there is no need to ping me to this talk page since I watch this article/talk page. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 18:22, 31 March 2018 (UTC)

Emotional/Cognitive Development This article has a great start talking about several perspectives on what adulthood is, but something that could be added to enrich this article is to talk about emotional and cognitive development throughout adulthood. Jacquierico17 (talk) 00:20, 3 May 2022 (UTC)jacquierico17

 * What about sexual maturity age rated by the age at which a person becomes fully functional? Do men reach their full sexual maturity at 18, but women not until their 40s? (AltheaCase (talk) 23:59, 21 May 2023 (UTC))

Semi-protected edit requesting on 16 June 2019
24.165.205.42 (talk) 23:24, 16 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Empty request. Clearing. OhNo itsJamie Talk 23:27, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

Human-centric?
I heard that this article almost exclusively focuses on humans and no other organism. (At least on the biological adulthood part) There’s should an other organisms part tho. 75.137.4.149 (talk) 01:27, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree. There should be more information about other organisms. It should be titled Human Adult if it is just talking about humans. NDLitster (talk) 20:57, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

Source needed for "historically 21"
I deleted "historically 21" for lack of any citation to support the claim that adulthood has been historically 21. Probably the editor can find some citation to support that claim for USA relative to recent history, but what about in 1776? The colonial era? The Mayans? Pre-colonial Africa? China? What about world history? Middle Ages? Ancient Civilizations? Has modern society artificially prolonged childhood? AltheaCase (talk) 23:57, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adult


text:
User talk:CaimSeeker~enwiki

Bachaelor's Degree Grad student, Metalingual (it only takes me a few moments to translate any talk, without strict training in any given language)

Oblivious to people who don't get it, unless they actually make an attempt to talk about something that hasen't been said and done around the circle of bordom.

Just wanted to be clear, since a lot of wikipedia's seem to be missing the point of no return. Which is dull and does very little to burst the bubbles of self-induced (or moronically inflicted inflicted) coma states. Note that I do not know the origin of th word moron. It just seems to come up a lot where I was raised.

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:CaimSeeker~enwiki


text:
Gosmore

Gosmore is a hamlet in the parish of St Ippolyts (where the population at the 2011 Census was included) near Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England. One interesting feature is Bunyan's Dell, a natural amphitheatre deep inside Wain Wood where the author of The Pilgrim's Progress preached in secret when his faith was persecuted after the Restoration.

title: Gosmore


text:
CSC Media Group

CSC Media Group, formerly known as Chart Show Channels (CSC), was a British cable television broadcasting company. It was a subsidiary of Sony Pictures Television. The company dissolved on 27 November 2019.

Background
CSC Media Group was named after the now defunct UK music show The Chart Show, which ran on ITV and Channel 4 for twelve years. CSC evolved from the original Chart Show production company Video Visuals, to Chart Show Channels, which was then acquired in 2007 by private equity group Veronis Suhler Stevenson.

Until Sony acquired the company, they owned sixteen channels, all of which are advertising-funded and free to air (FTA).

History
Chart Show Channels was founded in May 2002. The company's first channel - Chart Show TV, launched on Sky on September 16 of that year, with high viewing figures within its first week of launch. On October 14, a sister network - Chart Shop TV was launched. This network allowed viewers to purchase CDs and music-related merchandise. It aired on the same broadcast capacity as Chart Show, and aired from 4:00–6:00 am early in the morning during Chart Show's downtime.

In March 2003, Chart Shop TV closed, and its broadcast capacity was used for Video Vault, once again broadcasting late-at-night during Chart Show TV's downtime. On May 30, the company's first children's network - Toons & Tunes soft-launched before fully launching as Pop in July. Video Vault would fully launch that month as The Vault, moving into Pop's broadcast capacity as a nighttime service. In September, a sister channel to Pop - Pop Plus, was launched, which functioned similarly to a timeshift service, although it didn't always air the same programmes as its sister channel. On September 17, The Vault moved out of Pop's capacity space and gained its own 24-hour slot.

In July 2004, the company's next music channel B4 was launched in Pop Plus' broadcast capacity, broadcasting in its space at night. Pop Plus later re-launched as the pre-school-oriented Tiny Pop at the end of the month.

In 2006, British Sky Broadcasting sold their three music channels Bliss (previously The Amp), Scuzz, and Flaunt to CSC. Formerly encrypted, CSC made the channels FTA like the rest of their channels.

In 2007, they launched five channels; two of which were timeshift channels: Pop +1 and Tiny Pop +1. The third channel was a new children's channel called Pop Girl, aimed at a young female audience. The fourth channel was AnimeCentral, which time-shares with Pop Girl, and shows animated series for an older audience; it was the first dedicated channel in the UK for anime broadcasting. The fifth was Minx, which was a spin-off music channel from the Minx slot shown on Chart Show TV. Minx was later replaced by NME TV, which is a dedicated indie music channel.

In 2008, they rebranded B4 to Flava after showing a mix of R&B music for a few months prior to this in March. The channel also went 16:9 widescreen prior to the rebrand, to match the other CSC music channels. On Tuesday 6 May, they launched Flaunt +1, a 1-hour timeshifted version of Flaunt. This was their first-ever timeshifted music channel, and is also the second to launch in the UK, after MTV One +1 (now MTV +1) launched in February 2008, replacing MTV Flux. On Monday 12 May, six days after launching their first music timeshift, Bliss +1, their second music channel timeshift, was launched and their third music channel timeshift, Scuzz +1 launched in November 2008. It soon closed, and the satellite transponder space was then used by NHK World TV. On Monday 19 May, they launched their fourth kids channel, replacing Pop +1. Kix! kit started at 06:00 hours, showing a mixture of cartoons, extreme sports, as well as music, aimed for boys, similar to another kids channel, Jetix. Currently, it broadcasts from 06:00 to 23:30 daily. Pop Girl +1, a 1-hour timeshifted version of Pop Girl launched on Wednesday 4 June, replacing their first music channel timeshift, Flaunt +1, which had only been on air just short of four weeks. AnimeCentral has been replaced with Showcase TV on 27 August 2008, which simulcasts a mixture of channels such as Pop Girl, Chart Show TV, True Movies 2, along with AnimeCentral programming block with repeats of Cowboy Bebop and Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex.

CSC was the majority owner of Moving Movies Ltd, with True Movies 1 being the first channel from the company, it launched on 8 April 2005 and was joined by True Movies 2 in March 2006. Both channels showed mainly made-for-TV movies from a range of genres, all based on real-life events and people.

They were announced as being one of the channel providers providing DVB-H channels in a 16 channel trial of the technology in Oxford, a system which would have carried Chart Show TV.

CSC was one of the parties involved in bidding for a low-bandwidth, 18-hour-a-day stream on the UK's digital terrestrial television (DTT) system in November 2005.

Like The Box Plus Network and All Around the World Productions channels, all of CSC's music channels now broadcast 24 hours a day.

In May 2012, CSC launched BuzMuzik, a new music television channel driven by mobile phone (text/mms) and social media.

In February 2013, CSC launched True Entertainment +1, a one-hour timeshift of True Entertainment. It was replaced by True Drama on 4 June 2013.

On 22 July 2013, Kix Power launched, replacing Pop Girl +1 on Sky. That was rebranded as Kix +1 on 1 October 2013, rebranded as Kix Power again on Christmas 2013 and Easter 2014; and was renamed Kix + on 22 April 2014. This timeshift was replaced with Pop +1 on 14 July 2014.

In late 2013, CSC purchased Starz TV, which was a sole channel by Cloud Television One Limited, following the collapse of Mushroom TV and the sale of Mushroom's all other channels to All Around the World Productions. In April 2014, CSC closed BuzMuzik, and replaced it with a revival of True Entertainment +1. The channel also closed for CSC to broadcast Starz TV.

On 26 June 2014, Sony Pictures Television, Sony's TV programming and network unit, said it would buy CSC and its 16 channels for £107 million ($180 million). The deal was completed on 15 August 2014. All the channels were transferred to Sony Pictures Television, and the company went dormant.

On 13 December 2018, their four remaining music channels were sold to the TRACE Group.

On 27 November 2019, the company was liquidated and dissolved.

As of 2024, Pop, Pop +1, Pop Max and Pop Max +1 are the only CSC channels to still exist, as Tiny Pop became a digital service and the rest have closed.

Defunct
Note: former channels in light red closed before the start of Sony's deal.

title: CSC Media Group


text:
Violator (comics)

Violator (also referred to at times as The Violator) is a supervillain who appears in the Spawn comic books published by Image Comics. The character first appeared in Spawn #2 (cover-dated May 1992) and was created by writer-artist Todd McFarlane. He is the archenemy of Spawn.

In 2009, Violator was ranked as IGN's 97th-greatest comic book villain of all time.

Publication history
Violator first appears in Spawn #2. He is a regular character in the Spawn series. In the mid nineties, he appears in his own three-issue miniseries Violator, written by Alan Moore.

Fictional character biography
Violator is the oldest and most powerful of five hell-born demons known as the Phlebiac Brothers, and his main purpose is to guide Hellspawns towards fulfilling Malebolgia's desire: to cultivate evil souls on Earth for Hell's army. He has been Hell's guide for multiple Hellspawn, his latest charge being the current Spawn, Al Simmons. However, Violator views humanity as weak and so asserts that demons should lead the armies of Hell, not Spawn. Accordingly, much of his terrestrial activities, sanctioned by Hell or not, are aimed at proving his superiority to his master. The Violator's current humanoid disguise is that of Clown, a 3'10" overweight, balding man with menacing face-paint and three fingers on each hand. The Violator is not a demon to be taken lightly: he has shown many times that he is more than a match for a young Hellspawn. His hands are tied by his role, though, as he cannot kill a Spawn without an order from his superiors. His role is not to kill the Hellspawn, but to weaken them and cause them to waste their powers in wreaking havoc. His chief purpose is to groom and prepare the young Hellspawn for their service in Satan's army. He has been killed multiple times, each time to be returned to Hell and reanimated by his master.

Fighting for his life
His brothers turn on him at one point, sending him fleeing for his life through a New York City shopping district. He becomes briefly allied with a moral but naive vigilante.

At one point, he is kept prisoner in a scientific facility seeking to weaponize his energies. Violator has to deal with an unexpected trip to hell, an insanely murderous angel and the facility's director of security, the stone-bodied Badrock.

After suffering a humiliating defeat in Hell during Spawn's return to claim the throne of the 8th sphere, Clown reappeared on Earth on the order of Mammon to wreak havoc in Spawn's life as part of the larger plan to give Nyx an opportunity to betray Al. He was a "mental adviser" to Jason Wynn, his former contact and partner in the deal that cost Al Simmons his life. He helped Wynn regain his sanity and return to the NSA, but had other plans, rather than being charitable. He has assumed the dominant role in Wynn's psyche and when Wynn was vulnerable, hanging from a steel girder many stories up, he caused him to fall to his apparent death. Clown then took over Wynn's body and used it as his new vessel. He turned Wynn's body into a fanged, bloated parody of his former self. Clown then began to attack and 'mark' citizens of Rat City, turning them all into blue face-painted Clowns. It was revealed that the Violator was possessing hundreds of civilians and forcing them to run amok, committing acts of violence and vandalism, all with a smile on their faces. After their attacks brought Spawn to the brink of death, leaving him bleeding and broken on the streets of Rat City in his Al Simmons persona, the Clowns vanished. The Violator has not been seen since, but has revealed that he has been turned loose on Earth with no strings attached, and it is only a matter of time before he returns to plague Spawn anew.

In Spawn #167, a new Clown emerges, who is thin and agile, and fond of using knives. Clown hijacked the body of Barney Saunders, who had been having an affair with a married woman named Wilma Barbera. Trying to escape discovery by Wilma Barbera's husband, Barney Saunders jumped down the garbage chute only to be trapped there a couple of days before the bright light event (Spawn's destruction and recreation of the world), and doomed to be eaten alive by rats and roaches. The new Clown easily escapes and frequently uses a knife to attack his enemies. He also can still change into his demon form when he wishes. The Violator is revealed to be the cause of all the havoc of an apartment complex, freeing the residents of restraint and allowing them to fulfill their desires and violent urges. This allowed the Violator to create a portal to Hell from which the other Phlebiac Brothers could enter the world. Violator is confronted by Spawn, but easily gains the upper hand in the battle. Mere moments from Violator's victory, Barney Saunder's spirit gains control when his body sees his lover Wilma. Barney Saunders decides to go through the portal into Hell, knowing that the only way to close the portal was to trap himself and Clown on the other side while he could still maintain control over his body. Barney reveals that he was angry at his lover for not coming to save him when he was starving in the garbage chute and takes her with him, stranding The Violator, Saunders and Wilma in Hell.

Clown has recently reappeared in New York City (how he escaped from Hell is unknown). It is Clown who finds the decapitated body of Spawn in the alleys, and it is he who tries to mask the dead zone created after Spawn's suicide. Clown tries hard to keep the Spawn's death a secret and kills anyone aware of the Spawn's demise. Clown plans to put together his own army to bring down the kingdom of Heaven (against the wishes of the "Elders", supposedly very powerful rulers of Hell). He travels to Connecticut to enlist the help of a fellow demon who now assumes the life of a human and is married to a human as well. Clown tries to convince the fellow demon (who has not yet been named) to join his own private army, but to no avail. Unfortunately for the nameless demon, Clown is not going to take "no" for an answer. Clown gives the man two days to get his affairs in order before departing. The man, still defiant, looks in his cabinet to find the severed heads of his prize winning dogs and a note from Clown reading, "I'm not Clowning around!".

Clown is absent for a while, but then reappears in New York City to find an Angel crucified to a wall (done so by the newly ordained Hellspawn). He is unaware that there is already a new Hellspawn and asks the Angel who pinned her to the wall, as he beats her with a crowbar. She laughs at his lack of knowledge about "What your side is doing, Mr. Clown," which angers Clown. He gives her a reason to fear him as he contorts his Clown face into that of the Violator. She says she is unafraid, to which he replies, "There are worse things than death, especially for an Angel"; he then tears the wings from the helpless Angel's back.

After Jim and the Freak arrive on the scene, the Violator reveals himself. Though the Violator tells Jim he has the answers he seeks, it is made clear by the Freak that the Violator is not on his side. When confronted by the truth, the Violator threatens Jim and the Freak. Before Jim can get any information from Violator, he retreats deeper into the alleys. The Violator goes to "slaughter someone who could endanger my plans". In the next scene, the Violator is switching between his two forms in order to trick Jim, pretending the Violator is fighting Clown.

Clown emerges and claims that he has dispatched the Violator. The Freak curses Clown and then retreats in fear. Clown and Jim are left alone. Clown explains a little about Jim's newfound power; that his costume is alive and that there are ways of controlling it. He then laments over the Angel's current insanity. He makes Jim believe that someone else had been behind this vile act and not he. Clown explains that he is Jim's ally and that Jim should trust him in order to find the answers he seeks. Before the two can converse any longer, Clown dashes away, telling Jim that he has an appointment and he will see Jim around.

Clown is nearly run down by Sam and Twitch's car, after running in front of it. Clown is then pursued by the two detectives after he urinates on their car. After being stopped by Twitch, and tackled by Sam, Clown is taken to the pair's precinct (although this was obviously Clown's plan). Clown is put into a cell with three other men. Clown sits beside and talks to the one he identifies as Claudio.

He tells Claudio that he wishes to have a conference with Claudio's boss. Claudio becomes defensive and asks why Clown thinks the boss would want to see him. Clown explains to Claudio that he is going to make his boss an offer he cannot refuse. He proclaims that now that he has found a Spawn, he plans to combine his power, Spawn's power, and Claudio's boss' power in order to make the New Unholy Trinity. Spawn 294 and 295 reveals that he had made Spawn's powers and all of the other Hellspawns. Later, 300 confirms that Violator was the one who killed Wanda Blake and had evolved to a point as he is now more bulky in his demon form.

In Spawn #300, Spawn fights Violator, who is revealed to be still alive. The fight continues into issue #301, where Clown vanishes after an explosion.

Clown returns in Gunslinger Spawn, where it is revealed that he now has the ability to split himself into two and be the Clown and the Violator at the same time.

Other versions
Violator and his siblings are New York's ad-hoc police force in the dystopia-Spawn-ruled future of 2015.

Powers and abilities
Being a relatively mid-level demon within Hell's hierarchy, the Violator possesses considerable strength and resilience to injuries; enough to tear out a Hellspawn's heart with one hand and survive multiple high-caliber gunshots that would instantly kill or cripple a human being. He possessed a degree of shape-changing powers, typically used to take on the appearance of "the Clown." He's also shown to breathe flames and take possession of others. As with any demon, he can only be destroyed by an equal or higher power such as a Hellspawn or Heavenly weapons.

Television

 * Violator appears in the HBO series Todd McFarlane's Spawn. The Violator in his human form was voiced by Michael Nicolosi, and in his demonic form by James Hanes. Violator's true form is only shown briefly in three episodes while his human form appears in most of the episodes of the series.
 * An assortment of Violators appear in the Robot Chicken episode "Celebutard Mountain", voiced by Seth Green.

Film
The character appears as a major antagonist in the 1997 live-action Spawn film portrayed by John Leguizamo in Clown form. His true demonic form was achieved through a combination of animatronic puppetry and CGI. He is responsible for an elaborate scheme to train Al Simmons into an assassin for a military program, and had Simmons' superior Jason Wynn betray and kill him. This leads a vengeful Simmons into agreeing to become the leader of Hell's army. Clown is frustrated that Malebolgia chose Spawn to be his general instead of him. Spawn and Violator had some kind of a rivalry. He is a constant presence in the movie, attempting to get Simmons into the path of evil. In an effort to spread chaos and destruction, he convinces Wynn to attach a device in his body that would cause an apocalyptic disaster in the event of his death. This was part of the scheme to get Simmons to destroy the world. Simmons later confronts the Violator, who turns into his true form and attacks him. The Violator fails to kill him due to the intervention of Cogliostro. Simmons later confronts Wynn and extracts the device before the Violator attacks again, dragging Spawn into a showdown in Hell. Simmons rejects his role as the leader of Hell's army, and alongside Cogliostro, fights off the Violator back on Earth, decapitating him in the end. His head, still conscious, retreats back to Hell.

Other comic books
The Violator appears in the Japanese manga Shadows of Spawn as well as the Spawn spin-off miniseries Violator and the crossover Violator/Badrock.

Video games

 * The character is a boss in the video games Spawn: The Eternal, Spawn: The NES Game, Spawn: The Ultimate, Spawn on the Game Boy Advance, and Spawn: Armageddon (voiced by Steve Blum). He also serves as a playable character in Spawn: In the Demon's Hand, voiced by John Stocker and Sean Sullivan in his human and demonic forms respectively.
 * Violator also appears in a cameo in Mortal Kombat 11 in one of Spawn's intros, with Spawn putting his head on steel rebar, and in his arcade mode ending.
 * Violator also appears as a cameo in Season 6 of Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 as an unlockable Battle Pass skin.

Music
Violator is the subject of the song "Violate" by heavy metal band Iced Earth, from their Spawn-themed concept album The Dark Saga.

Action figures
Both the demonic and human forms of this character have been the basis for a number of action figures from McFarlane Toys.

Web
The Violator makes an appearance on Angry Video Game Nerd episode on Spawn games, where he forces the titular gamer to play video games based on the Spawn franchise, while attempting to trick the Nerd into cheating at the games to enact a plan to get the nerd into trouble with the demonic Malebolgia.

title: Violator (comics)


text:
Talk:List of ZX Spectrum clones

Peters Plus, Ltd.
Someone has nominated-for-deletion the article on the builder of one of the most advanced Spectrum clones, Peters Plus, Ltd. I suggest we either enhance that article, or merge the info into here. Liam Proven (talk) 13:02, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

SAM Coupé
I took the SAM Coupé out - it isn't a Spectrum clone, it was simply made partially Spectrum compatible in an effort to show it as a natural upgrade (one, incidentally, that failed) Jamyskis 13:35, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree with this. The machine is a specific 3rd party descendant of the Spectrum +and nothing else *but* the Spectrum_. Its programming language is a superset of Spectrum BASIC, or more specifically Beta BASIC. Its graphics modes are derivatives of the TS 2068's modes. Its DOS is compatible with one of the Spectrum's many DOSes. Yes it's enhanced but so are many of the machines in this list. Liam Proven (talk) 12:58, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Cleanup needed
This article was proposed for deletion on 2006-12-21 with the concerns that "Wikipedia is not a repository of links, Wikipedia is not a directory and Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information". While I fully agree with those concerns (this isn't a good article at the moment), I feel that cleanup would be a better way of proceeding here: a simple and fairly informative article could be made by stripping the list down to just those machines for which articles exists, and adding a one or two sentence description of each. However... I don't have time to do this at the moment, and will be away from my Internet connection for the next week or so, so if anybody else wants to have a go at this article, please do so. If not, I'll try something in the New Year. Cheers --Pak21 22:13, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Relocated text from merged articles talk pages
This article incorporates text from. The author of this text has agreed to license it under the GFDL. To confirm this agreement, please contact either or, citing Message-Id: <46F04706.6030102@interface1.net>. — madman bum and angel 21:42, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

This article incorporates text from. The author of this text has agreed to license it under the GFDL. To confirm this agreement, please contact either or, citing Message-Id: <46F04706.6030102@interface1.net>. — madman bum and angel 21:42, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Merged with individual articles, cleanup still required
I've merged in the contents of most of the previously linked articles and converted those articles to redirects to here. Some remain as separate articles where there is sufficient contents to justify the separate article.

Many of the merged in sections still require work on their wording to clean up some opinions and speculation. Improving the consistency of the information given about each example would also improve things. --BrucePodger (talk) 14:10, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Extra info about Delta
I used to have a Delta-C. Of interest was that its CPU was running at a slightly higher frequency than the original ZX -- the music pitch and game speed were both slightly higher than on a ZX. This is probably not all that interesting, though

Reads like a review.
Looking at the Romanian unoffical clone, it reads like a review, one of the examples is "The keyboard looks nice" which is an opinionated and unencyclopedic statement. I would like to request an edit to the page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Russianarmy13 (talk • contribs) 14:17, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Needs references and some text for each machine
The list needs references for machines that don't have their own article, otherwise we can't even verify if they exist! A reference per machine really crucial, and not that hard to add. I'll do what I can, but the article is long, so some help would be good. 4throck (talk) 14:07, 25 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ZX Spectrum clones


text:
String Quartet in D major

String Quartet in D major may refer to:
 * No. 4 of the String Quartets, Op. 20 (Haydn)
 * No. 6 of the String Quartets, Op. 33 (Haydn)
 * No. 6 of the String Quartets, Op. 50 (Haydn)
 * No. 5 of the String Quartets, Op. 64 (Haydn)
 * No. 5 of the String Quartets, Op. 76 (Haydn)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (Mozart)
 * String Quartet No. 20 (Mozart)
 * String Quartet No. 21 (Mozart)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (Beethoven)
 * String Quartet No. 6 (Schubert)
 * String Quartet No. 7 (Schubert)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (Mendelssohn)
 * String Quartet (Franck)
 * String Quartet No. 2 (Borodin)
 * String Quartet No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)
 * String Quartet No. 3 (Dvořák)
 * String Quartet No. 4 (Piston)
 * String Quartet No. 4 (Shostakovich)
 * String Quartet in D major (Britten) (1931)
 * String Quartet No. 1 (Britten)

title: String Quartet in D major


text:
Holwell, Hertfordshire

Holwell is a small village and a civil parish two miles north of Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England, near the Bedfordshire border. The parish was historically part of Bedfordshire, being transferred to Hertfordshire on 30 September 1897. At the 2011 Census the population of the village was 361.

The church is unusual and, although largely rebuilt, retains some Perpendicular features and an interesting brass to Richard Wodehouse. The school, almshouses, and rectory are all in a similar Tudor style erected in the 1830s, but are no longer in use and have been converted into housing. Fragments of early wall paintings and wooden mullioned windows have been discovered in the mediaeval timber-framed Church Farmhouse.

It is not to be confused with Holwell Court, near Essendon, also in Hertfordshire, or "Hole-well"; the fictional well in which 'wholesome' children would fall as described in the brothers' Grimm Fairy Tales.

title: Holwell, Hertfordshire


text:
User talk:DubMatrix

We cannot use newspaper articles. Sorry! SqueakBox 13:39, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Derajah

Hello, DubMatrix. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Derajah".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. If you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion by following the instructions at this link. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 22:30, 14 October 2020 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:Derajah

Hello, DubMatrix. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or Draft page you started, "Derajah".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been deleted. When you plan on working on it further and you wish to retrieve it, you can request its undeletion. An administrator will, in most cases, restore the submission so you can continue to work on it.

Thanks for your submission to Wikipedia, and happy editing. Liz Read! Talk! 17:58, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Draft:Derajah

A tag has been placed on Draft:Derajah, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, group, product, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. (Discuss 0nshore's contributions!!!) 18:23, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:DubMatrix


text:
Pedicularis dasyantha

Pedicularis dasyantha, the woolly lousewort or arctic hairy lousewort, is a plant native to the high arctic areas of Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya and the bordering mainland, and the western Taymyr Peninsula. In Svalbard it is restricted to the main island, Spitsbergen.

It grows to 10–15 cm tall, with a stout stem, single or a few together, from a thick, yellow taproot. The basal leaves are numerous and pinnately divided into many remote segments. The stem has many leaves, woolly in the uppermost part between the flowers. The flowers are produced in a dense oblong inflorescence, each flower with a red corolla, with the upper tip hairy; the corolla tube is longer than the calyx.

It grows in moist places and on heaths, often together with Dryas octopetala and Cassiope tetragona. Like all Pedicularis it is a hemiparasite and the preferred host is probably Dryas octopetala.

title: Pedicularis dasyantha


text:
NFL Most Valuable Player Award

The National Football League Most Valuable Player Award (NFL MVP) is an award given by various entities to the American football player who is considered the most valuable in the National Football League (NFL) during the regular season. Organizations which issue an NFL MVP award include the Associated Press (AP) and the Pro Football Writers of America (PFWA). Since the 2011 season, the NFL has held the annual NFL Honors ceremony, which recognizes the winner of the Associated Press MVP award.

The first award described as a most valuable player award was the Joe F. Carr Trophy, presented by the NFL from 1938 to 1946. Other organizations that previously issued an MVP include Sporting News and United Press International (UPI). The Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) awarded the Jim Thorpe Trophy.

title: NFL Most Valuable Player Award


text: User talk:165.155.128.131

title: User talk:165.155.128.131


text:
Type Two 63 ft HSL

The Type Two HSL was a 63 ft high-speed launch craft made by British Power Boat Company (BPBC). The craft were used during the Second World War for air-sea rescue operations to save Allied aircrew from the sea. The Type Two superseded the 64 ft HSL, and was itself replaced by the Type Three 68 ft "Hants and Dorset" also built by the BPBC. The Type Two (aka Type 2) was nicknamed the "Whaleback" due to the distinctive curve to its deck and humped cabin.

History

The Type Two was designed in 1937 by George Selman, Chief Designer and Naval Architect of the British Power Boat Company, which was founded by Hubert Scott-Paine at Hythe. Scott-Paine had previously owned the Supermarine Aviation Company, later builders of the Supermarine Spitfire and several flying boat types.

A low-set cabin contained the wheel-house, chart room and a sickbay. For defence against enemy aircraft, on top of the cabin were two aircraft-style turrets made by Armstrong-Whitworth initially with a single .303 in Vickers K gun or Lewis gun (later improved to paired guns of the same calibre). The mahogany hull was of the hard chine, planing type.

Usage
During the Second World War, the retrieval of pilots and aircrew who had been shot down over, or who had had to ditch in, the sea around the British Isles was the responsibility of the Royal Air Force Marine Branch, (motto: "The sea shall not have them"). Rescue of downed aircrew was coordinated using RAF aircraft, aircraft operated by Coastal Command and the Royal Navy and rescue launches operated by the RAF Marine Branch and the Royal Navy.

The Type Two was supplied to RAF marine craft units from the middle of 1940. In total, 69 craft were manufactured between 1940 and 1942.

After World War II, a number of the Type Two craft were transferred to the Royal Navy and a small number were given to the Italian Air Force. The vast majority of the Type Two craft belonging to the Admiralty were subsequently stored and later sold off as houseboats. None are currently owned by any museum or trusts.

Variants
Following their performance during the Dieppe raid in August 1942, the Type Two was modified. Extra armament was fitted – paired .303 in machine guns mounted either side of the wheel-house and a single 20 mm Oerlikon on the (strengthened) rear deck. Protection was improved by adding anti-shrapnel padding around the forward cabin area.

title: Type Two 63 ft HSL


text: Category:Identifiers

title: Category:Identifiers


text:
Kimpton, Hertfordshire

Kimpton is a village in Hertfordshire, England, six miles south of Hitchin, seven miles north of St Albans and four miles from Harpenden and Luton. The population at the 2011 Census was 2,167.

History
Kimpton is mentioned in the Domesday Book: "In the Half-Hundred of HITCHIN 24 Ralph holds KIMPTON from the Bishop. It answers for 4 hides. Land for 10 ploughs. In Lordship 2; a third possible. 2 Frenchmen and 12 villagers with 2 smallholders have 7 ploughs. 3 cottagers; 5 slaves. Meadow for 6 oxen; woodland, 800 pigs; 1 mill at 8s. The total value is and was £12; before 1066 £15. Aelfeva, mother of Earl Morcar, held this manor."

The manor was later held by the Hoo-Keate family, and then by marriage to the Dacre family. The village hall is called Lady Dacre Hall.

North Hertfordshire District Council
Kimpton Ward is located within the local government district of North Hertfordshire.

The North Hertfordshire District Councillor for Kimpton is Cllr Ralph Muncer (Conservative).

Hertfordshire County Council
Kimpton Ward is located within the Hertfordshire County Council Division of Knebworth and Codicote and is represented by Cllr Richard Thake (Conservative).

Parliamentary Representation
The Ward is represented in Parliament by Bim Afolami MP (Conservative) who was first elected as the MP for Hitchin and Harpenden in 2017.

The Village
The village lies along the valley of a dried-up river bed and is about one mile long. Some of the houses on the High Street date back to the 16th century, but most are 19th and early 20th century. Behind the High Street are two large housing estates built in the 1970s.

The village school is a primary and nursery school with over 150 children.

Parish Church of St. Peter and St. Paul
Kimpton has a spacious flint-built parish church in the unusual transitional style between Norman and Early English. The Dacre Chapel has a fine Perpendicular screen, and the remains of early wall paintings in the chancel show St Christopher and the Seven Corporal Works of Mercy. The belfry contains a peal of eight bells, the oldest having been cast c.1390.

The Kimpton Flood
In February 2001, Kimpton was hit by flooding due to an unprecedented amount of rainfall. The dried up river Kym, which was now a vital road, emerged again and followed its natural course from Netherfield Springs, through Kimpton and joined the Mimram at Kimpton Mill. The situation became fairly serious on the 24th when business owners from the Industrial Estate on Claggy road and also residents at risk hired pumps and called the Fire Brigade to try to deal with the 1-metre-deep water flow. The total cost of the damage caused by the flood was approximately £500,000. There is evidence suggesting that this is not the only flood to occur in the history of the village. There was a BBC news report on the situation.

title: Kimpton, Hertfordshire


text:
Dinaric

Dinaric may refer to:

 * Dinara, a mountain on the border of Croatia with Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Dinaric Alps, a mountain chain
 * Dinaric race, in physical anthropology

title: Dinaric


text:
Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary

Originally called the International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary (Ligurian Sea Sanctuary), what is now known as the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals is a Marine Protected Area aimed at the protection of marine mammals (cetaceans). It covers an area of approximately 84,000 km2, comprising the waters between Toulon (French Riviera), Capo Falcone (western Sardinia), Capo Ferro (eastern Sardinia) and Fosso Chiarone (Tuscany).

The sanctuary is located in the Ligurian basin of the Mediterranean Sea. In this area all the cetaceans occurring in the Mediterranean can be found at regular intervals. It is believed to be the main feeding ground for Fin Whales in the Mediterranean basin.

The sanctuary was established on 25 November 1999 and is the first (and currently the only) international / High Seas MPA in the world covering areas of the Mediterranean seas of France, Italy, and Monaco.

To underline the importance of the sanctuary, it has been added to the Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI) list of the 1999 Barcelona Convention.

title: Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary