text:
Oscar Cullmann

Oscar Cullmann (25 February 1902, Strasbourg – 16 January 1999, Chamonix) was a French Lutheran theologian. He is best known for his work in the ecumenical movement and was partly responsible for the establishment of dialogue between the Lutheran and Roman Catholic traditions. Because of his intense ecumenical work, Cullmann's Basel colleague Karl Barth joked with him that his tombstone would bear the inscription "advisor to three popes."

Biography
Cullmann was born in Strasbourg (then in Germany) and studied classical philology and theology at the seminary there. In 1926, he accepted an assistant professorship, a position previously held by Albert Schweitzer.

In 1930, he was awarded a full professorship of New Testament. From 1936, he also taught the history of the early church. In 1938, he began teaching both subjects at Basel Reformed Seminary. In 1948 Cullmann accepted a position teaching theology in Paris at the Sorbonne while he continued at Basel. He retired from both in 1972.

He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.

He was invited to be an observer at the Second Vatican Council.

Upon his death at 96, the World Council of Churches issued a special tribute to Cullmann to honour his ecumenical work.

Theology
Cullmann's studies on Christian eschatology and Christology drove him to propose a third position over against the popular positions of C. H. Dodd and Albert Schweitzer, known as "redemptive history" or "inaugurated eschatology". His Christology is described as 'event' rather than the doctrine of natures. He wrote that Jesus Christ was the midpoint of sacred history, which informs general history and runs linearly from creation to consummation. He stressed the objective reality of sacred history against the existentialist interpretation of Rudolf Bultmann, a fellow German theologian. Cullmann suggested the analogy of D-Day and VE-Day to illustrate the relationship between Jesus' death and resurrection on the one hand, and his parousia on the other.

Selected works
Among Cullmann's important works are:

 * - (trans from the Zürich: Zwingli-Verlag, 1948 1st edition).
 * - (trans from the Zollikon-Zürich: Evangelischer Verlag a. g., 1946 1st edition).
 * - (trans from the Basel & Zürich, 1944 1st edition).
 * - (trans from the Zürich : Zwingli, 1952 1st edition).
 * - (trans from the Kampen: Kok, 1911 1st edition).
 * - (trans from the Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1965 1st edition).
 * - (trans from the Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), 1965 1st edition).

title: Oscar Cullmann


text: Category:Operas by Karol Szymanowski

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Operas by Karol Szymanowski


text:
User:Voipai

Hi everyone! My name is voipai. I am finished my graduation 2004 from the University of http://www.fau.edu. I was born and grew up in Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh, and Bangla is my first language. I am looking forward to joining the wikipedia.org.

title: User:Voipai


text:
YTCracker

Bryce Case Jr. (born August 23, 1982), otherwise known as YTCracker (pronounced "whitey cracker"), is an American rapper from La Mirada, California. His stage name derives from having formerly been a black hat hacker. Case is best known for his contributions to the hacking community along with nerdcore hip hop subculture.

During his criminal career, he became known for defacing the webpages of several federal and municipal government websites in the United States, as well as several in the private industry at the age of 17.

Childhood
Case was born in La Mirada, California, United States.

He has stated in interviews that he was exposed to computers by his father and mother, learning to program BASIC from age 4. From there, his father taught him how to navigate MSDOS and System V. Before long, he was involved in the local bulletin board systems and learning various other programming languages by reading books and examples.

Case attended William J. Palmer High School in Colorado Springs, dropping out of high school at the age of 17 to focus on a career in the information technology field. According to an interview, his stage name is a combination of Yours Truly, a Kourier (delivery person) from the Neal Stephenson cyberpunk novel Snow Crash, and the hacker term Cracker, meaning someone who breaks into computer systems.

Hacking activities
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, YTCracker gained a following in the hacking world due to his programs he had written, exploits in the AOL World and hacking and defacing websites. He was most known for gaining access and creating exploits on INT and OH Internal Admin accounts.

In 1999, Case gained notoriety, media coverage, and a restitution bill for defacing the web site of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center with a modified frontend for a commonly used msadc.pl exploit. Other United States government websites that were hacked include the Bureau of Land Management's national training center and the Defense Contract Audit Agency. At least 40 other websites were tampered with by Case, including Airspace USA, the bank Altamira, Nissan Motors, Honda, the monitoring station for the United States Geological Survey and the Texas Department of Public Safety. Case stated he believed he was "on the good side" as he broke into company websites to alert them of security problems, not to cause harm. In May 2000 Case was charged with criminal mischief and computer crime for breaking into the Colorado Springs city website, causing an estimated $25,000 in damages, though all $25,000 are costs of "time lost" to users. These defacements launched him into the spotlight, making him a resource for the media, commenting on other hacking-related events, such as the denial of service attacks on Yahoo, eBay, Gay.com, and other well-known websites in 2000.

In 2005, Case founded a hacker collective called Digital Gangster, which was at its core an internet forum. Some of its members reportedly claimed responsibility for many high-profile hacks of the 2000s and 2010s, including the Paris Hilton T-Mobile breach in 2005, the Miley Cyrus hacked email scandal of 2008, the Twitter hack of Barack Obama and others in 2009, and the DNS hijacking of Craigslist in 2014.

Case is also a self-identified member of the hacker group Anonymous, and was an associate of LulzSec, writing the official theme song of Operation AntiSec, featured in the 2014 documentary The Hacker Wars.

Music

Case performs as an MC and a DJ under the name YTCracker. He is best known for his work in the genre of Nerdcore hip-hop, in 2005 producing the album NerdRap Entertainment System. The album was created by adding vocals to re-mixed digital music from original Nintendo games, and was described in Newsweek as a "classic of the style."

In Las Vegas, Case performed in 2006 at the Consumer Electronics Show, and in has regularly performed at the Players Ball, appearing with mainstream rappers such as Snoop Dogg, Xzibit, Ice Cube, and Too Short. He has also performed at several DEF CON events.

In 2010, an untitled demo by British electronic rock band Proxies was leaked onto the internet containing a feature by Case.

Case runs an independent record label, Nerdy South Records.

On January 3, 2023, Case released a collaborative single with the electronic musician deadmau5; "Antisec", released under mau5trap.

Discography

 * categoryFive (1999) (solo effort)
 * spryngz thuggin' (2000) (solo effort)
 * AOL Rules (2001) (solo effort)
 * spam 2k2 (2002) (solo effort)
 * stc is the greatest (2004) (as a member of spamtec)
 * Nerdrap Entertainment System (2005) (solo effort)
 * still the greatest (2006) (as a member of spamtec)
 * Rhyme Torrents Volumes I & II (2006) (compilation)
 * Nerd Life (2006) (solo effort)
 * Dirty Nerdy (2007) (featuring many other nerdcore artists)
 * 8-Bit Diagrams (2008) (as a member of 8-Bit Boys)
 * Serious Business EP (2008) (featuring Elijah Lucian)
 * The Digital Gangster LP (2008) (with MC Lars)
 * Invasion of the Mic Snatchers (2008) (As part of the Sinister Six)
 * dcpd bangerz vol. 1 (2009) (featuring the Dekalb County, Georgia Police Force)
 * Chrono Nurga vol. 1 (2009) (solo effort)
 * ______ every day (2010) (with Hairetsu and spamtec)
 * Space Mission (2010) (featuring Elijah Lucian, Hairetsu)
 * Who Live Like This EP (2012) (featuring Hairetsu)
 * EarthBound: adventures of the sound stone vol. 1 (2012) (solo effort)
 * Introducing Neals  (2014) (solo effort)
 * Strictly for My Streamers  (2017) (solo effort)
 * A Side Quest for Fractional Cents  (2022) (solo effort)
 * Antisec (2023) (collaboration with deadmau5)

title: YTCracker


text:
Talk:Geert Adriaans Boomgaard

Untitled
Results from http://www.genlias.nl (civil records)

Source 	Civil register - Marriage (Groom) Archive location 	Groninger Archieven General	Municipality: Groningen Type of record: Huwelijksakte Record number: 28 Registration date: 04-03-1818 Bridegroom	Geert Adriaans Boomgaard Date of birth: 23-09-1788 Place of birth: Groningen Bride	Stijntje Bus Date of birth: 05-03-1797 Place of birth: Oude Pekela Father bridegroom	Adriaan Jacobs Boomgaard Mother bridegroom	Geesje Geerts Father bride	Jan Jurjens Bus Mother bride	Anna Huisinga Additional information	beroep bruidegom: schipper; beroep vader bruid: molenaar; bruidegom 29 jaar; bruid 20 jaar

Source 	Civil register - Marriage (Groom) Archive location 	Groninger Archieven General	Municipality: Groningen Type of record: Huwelijksakte Record number: 31 Registration date: 17-03-1831 Bridegroom	Geert Adriaans Boomgaard Date of birth: 23-09-1788 Place of birth: Groningen Bride	Grietje Abels Jonker Date of birth: 19-05-1788 Place of birth: Sappemeer Father bridegroom	Adriaan Jacobs Boomgaard Mother bridegroom	Geesje Geerts Father bride	Abel Warners Jonker Mother bride	Anna Maathuis Additional information	beroep bruidegom: schipper; beroep bruid: dienstmeid; beroep vader bruidegom.: schipper; beroep vader bruid: scheepstimmerman; bruidegom 42 jaar; bruid 37 jaar; weduwnaar van Styntje Bus

So he was married twice, and both records state his date of birth on September 23, 1788 (not September 21, 1788)

Taka 21:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Despite the above entries in marriage records,detailed investigation of his lifespan has ascertained that he was BORN September 21st and BAPTIZED September 23rd,according to Gert Jan Kuiper,my correspondent on Netherlands supercentenarians and a longstanding authority on that topic.--Louis Epstein/le@put.com/12.144.5.2 22:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Of course it is possible that such old civil records hold incorrect information. Is there a way to get a reference to the research by Gert Jan Kuiper, a website or a publication maybe? Taka 12:20, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pierre Darcourt?
Who is Pierre Darcourt? There is no other listing for him on Wikipedia and even a Google search didn't tell me anything. 211.58.227.144 05:08, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geert Adriaans Boomgaard


text:
User:1 black hand/Chess speech

== Chess: a way of life ==

by 1 black hand °T°

As coach of this chess club, I strive to help the community through chess. Chess is not just a game; it is a puzzle that challenges the minds of people, young and old. Chess is a motivator, a compelling argument that says “You can succeed—all you have to do is try”. Chess is a life lesson, encouraging foresight, time management, and complex thinking. Chess is an equalizer, bridging differences in age, race, gender, and mental capabilities—no matter who you are, or how you think, all it takes is effort and the will to succeed to excel. Chess is a learning tool, promoting abstract thinking and mathematical calculations, higher order brain functions, recognition of consequences in life, and, above all, how to play fair.

The last is most certainly the most important. In chess, one must go to the board civilly, and leave it the same way. Hate, revenge, war, all of these unfriendly things can be part of a chess game—but only on the board. One simply does not leave the board with glory or in defeat, one shakes their opponents hand and plays their next game, moves on with life. In other sports, because chess is a sport, one would call this good sportsmanship. But in chess, no, we do not have good sportsmanship—we have good sportspeopleship. For everyone is equal, and both men and women, boys and girls can play chess—and be polite about it.

Chess is my contribution to society. Through chess, I teach life. Through chess, I teach how to become a good person. I teach never to give up, never to step down, but instead to reach for the stars, to shoot for the moon, to always try, even if you know you cannot possibly succeed, because you will gain something, learn something, in the trying. And who knows—maybe next time you will accomplish something that will make it all worthwhile.

title: User:1 black hand/Chess speech


text:
Jack St. John

Jack St. John (September 20, 1906 in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba – May 7, 1965) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a Liberal-Progressive from 1953 to 1958.

The son of Bertram A. St. John, he was educated in Portage la Prairie and Winnipeg, and worked as a pharmacist, druggist and small businessman. He was an alderman in the City of Winnipeg from 1944 to 1953, sitting with the conservative Civic Election Committee group.

St. John was a member of the University of Manitoba varsity hockey team which won the Allan Cup in 1928. He later played professional ice hockey in Kansas City, St. Louis and Buffalo. He played 46 games with the St. Louis Flyers in the 1931–32 season, and achieved three goals, one assist and twenty-two penalty minutes. (He had also played three games for the Kansas City Pla-Mors in the 1930–31 season, scoring no points.)

In 1942, he married Ragna Johnson.

He was elected to the Manitoba legislature in the 1953 provincial election, finishing third in the four-member constituency of Winnipeg Centre. He served as a backbench supporter of Douglas Campbell's government during his time in the legislature, and was known for opposing prison reforms.

Manitoba's electoral map was dramatically redrawn prior to the 1958 election, and Winnipeg's multi-member constituencies were eliminated. St. John ran for re-election in the single-member constituency of Wellington, but finished third against Progressive Conservative Richard Seaborn.

St. John died at home in Winnipeg at the age of 58.

title: Jack St. John


text:
User:Marcoseduardo

marcoseduardo is from Mexico City, Mexico.

title: User:Marcoseduardo


text:
Skip Bertman

Stanley "Skip" Bertman (born May 23, 1938) is an American former college baseball coach and athletic director at Louisiana State University (LSU). He led the LSU Tigers baseball team to five College World Series championships and seven Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships in 18 years as head coach. He amassed 870 wins, 330 losses, and three ties for a .724 winning percentage. His .754 winning percentage in NCAA baseball tournament competition is the highest among head coaches in college baseball history.

Playing career
Bertman spent his collegiate playing days as an outfielder and catcher at the University of Miami, in Coral Gables, Florida, from 1958–1960. While a player at Miami, Bertman earned his B.A. in health and physical education. He later received his master's degree from Miami in 1964.

Miami
In 11 seasons as head baseball coach at Miami Beach High School, Bertman's team won a state championship and was state runner-up twice. Bertman was named Florida High School Coach of the Year three times. Based in part on these coaching credentials, Bertman went on to work as associate head coach at the University of Miami for eight seasons (1976–1983) under Ron Fraser. During this time, the Hurricanes won the national championship in 1982. In that 1982 College World Series, Bertman orchestrated one of the most famous plays in college baseball history—a phantom pickoff play known as the "Grand Illusion" which resulted in Wichita State's Phil Stephenson being thrown out at second base.

LSU
Bertman was hired by athletic director Bob Brodhead to coach LSU in 1984, and he transformed LSU into a baseball powerhouse, guiding the Tigers to 16 NCAA tournament appearances, 11 College World Series appearances, seven Southeastern Conference (SEC) championships, and five NCAA baseball national championships in 18 seasons. LSU won its first two College World Series titles in 1991 and 1993, each time defeating Wichita State in the championship game. In 1996, LSU defeated Bertman's alma mater Miami for its third national title. Its fourth title came in 1997 with a 13–6 victory over Alabama in an all-SEC championship final. LSU defeated Stanford in the 2000 championship game for Bertman's fifth and final CWS title.

While at LSU, Bertman was honored as the Collegiate Baseball Coach of the Year five times, Baseball America Coach of the Year twice, and the SEC Coach of the Year seven times, including four straight from 1990 to 1993. Bertman's teams also drew large crowds to LSU's Alex Box Stadium, as the Tigers led the nation in collegiate baseball attendance in each of his final six seasons (1996–2001).

United States national team
Bertman served as an assistant coach for the United States national baseball team which finished in first place at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where baseball was a demonstration sport. He then served as head coach of the national team in 1995 and 1996, which captured the bronze medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics by defeating Nicaragua, 10–3.

Administrative career
Bertman was named LSU's athletics director on January 19, 2001, responsible for an athletic budget of $52 million. He succeeded Joe Dean, a former Tiger basketball standout who held the position for 14 years.

On June 4, 2006, Bertman' successor as LSU's baseball coach, Raymond "Smoke" Laval resigned after the Tigers went 35–24 overall and 13–17 in the SEC, failing to reach the NCAA tournament for the first time since 1988. Laval led the Tigers to the College World Series in 2003 and 2004, but tailed off in his final two seasons, losing the 2005 regional championship game at home to Rice.

Bertman speculated that he would consider a return to the dugout if he could not find a suitable candidate to replace Laval after the 2006 season, but the job was eventually given to Notre Dame coach Paul Mainieri. Mainieri led the Tigers to the 2009 College World Series championship, the sixth baseball national championship in school history and the first not won with Bertman as head coach.

Bertman presided over two football national championship seasons as athletic director. The Tigers won the 2003 BCS championship under coach Nick Saban. When Saban left at the end of the 2004 season to coach the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, Bertman moved quickly to hire Oklahoma State coach Les Miles. Miles led LSU to a consensus national championship in 2007.

Other success in Bertman's tenure included five consecutive trips to the NCAA women's basketball Final Four (2004–2008) under four different coaches, an appearance in the men's basketball Final Four in 2006, a trip to the Women's College World Series in softball in 2004, and six NCAA outdoor track championships (three men's and three women's).

The LSU Board of Supervisors approved Bertman's three-year contract extension. Bertman's new extension, which was approved without discussion, called for him to be paid $425,000 annually beginning July 1, 2007, and ending June 30, 2010. Bertman, who served as Athletic Director since leaving his coaching position after the 2001 baseball season, stepped down in 2008 to become athletic director emeritus as dictated by his contract. As athletic director emeritus, Bertman's role primarily involves fundraising.

Achievements

 * Bertman led Team USA to a bronze medal in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. The team finished the Olympic Games with a 6–1 record and a victory over Nicaragua.
 * 11 College World Series appearances: 1986, 1987, 1989–1991, 1993, 1994, 1996–1998, 2000
 * Five College World Series championships: 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000
 * Seven Southeastern Conference championships: 1986, 1990–1993, 1996, 1997
 * Career record: 870–330–3 (.724)
 * NCAA tournament record: 89–29 (.754), highest winning percentage in NCAA history
 * 2× Baseball America Coach of the Year: 1986, 1996
 * 5× Collegiate Baseball Coach of the Year: 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000
 * 7× SEC Coach of the Year: 1986, 1990–1993, 1996, 1997

Honors
Bertman was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame in 1994. He was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 2002 and the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 2011. He was elected to the American Baseball Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 2003, and was a member of the inaugural class of the College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. In a Baseball America poll published in 1999, Bertman was voted the second greatest college baseball coach of the 20th century, behind Rod Dedeaux of USC.

In 2001, the section of South Stadium Drive between River Road and Nicholson Drive—site of the original Alex Box Stadium—was renamed Skip Bertman Drive. Bertman's No. 15 jersey was also retired by the LSU baseball team. On May 17, 2013, during a pre-game ceremony that also celebrated the 20th anniversary of Bertman's 1993 National Championship team, the field at Alex Box Stadium was officially dedicated "Skip Bertman Field." The stadium itself was renamed to Alex Box Stadium, Skip Bertman Field.

title: Skip Bertman


text: Category:Operas by Modest Mussorgsky

title: Category:Operas by Modest Mussorgsky


text:
Paris FC

Paris Football Club, commonly referred to as Paris FC or simply PFC, is a French professional football club based in Paris, that competes in the Ligue 2, the second tier of French football. Paris FC play their home matches at the Stade Sébastien Charléty, which is located in the 13th arrondissement of Paris.

Founded in 1969, the club merged with Stade Saint-Germain to form Paris Saint-Germain in 1970. In 1972, the club split from Paris Saint-Germain resulting in the current Paris FC. Unlike its counterpart, which has gone on to establish a solid foundation, Paris FC has struggled to establish itself, having spent the majority of its existence playing in the amateur divisions. The club's highest honour to date was winning its group in the Championnat de France amateur in 2006. Paris FC last played in Ligue 1 in the 1978–79 season.

Though Paris FC have struggled domestically, the club has served as a springboard for several youth players who have gone on to have successful professional careers. Notable players who started their careers at the club includes Jean-Christophe Thouvenel, Mamadou Sakho, Tijani Belaid, Aymen Belaïd, Gabriel Obertan and Ibrahima Konaté. Sakho, Konaté, and the Belaïd brothers have since become senior internationals for their respective national teams, while Thouvenel went on to win a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Manager Roger Lemerre started his managerial career with the club before leading France to titles at UEFA Euro 2000 and the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup.

History
In an effort to re-launch professional football in the city of Paris, Paris Football Club was founded on 1 August 1969. The objective of the club was to be playing in the first division by 1970. An attempted merger with CS Sedan Ardennes was refused so Paris went looking in the second division and, subsequently, merged with Stade Saint-Germain to form Paris Saint-Germain, the professional club that plays in Ligue 1. The current incarnation of Paris FC came into being in 1972 when the club split from Paris Saint-Germain after coming under pressure from the capital city's mayor, who refused to support a non-Parisian club (the club had originally been situated in nearby Saint-Germain-en-Laye). As a result, a bitter split occurred and both Paris FC and Paris Saint-Germain remained as separate football club with the main agreement being that Paris FC had the right to keep the splitting entity's first division and professional status, as well as all the professional players. Paris Saint-Germain were, on the other hand, administratively relegated to the third division and given all the former entity's amateur players.

At the beginning of the 1972–73 season, Paris were playing in the first division hosting matches at the Parc des Princes. Two seasons later, the club was relegated to the second division, which coincided with Paris Saint-Germain's rise to top-flight and the installation in the Parc des Princes. After four years of playing in Division 2, Paris returned to the first division for the 1978–79 season. However, the season was a difficult one and resulted in the club falling back to Division 2 after one season. Paris FC have since yet to return to the top-flight league of France.

In 1983, Paris FC, then led by the industrialist Jean-Luc Lagardère, merged with Racing Club de France. While Racing remained in the first division, the remaining entity that was PFC was administratively relegated to the fourth division. Due to having limited resources, Paris fell to the Division d'Honneur after one season and, subsequently, spent four seasons in the fifth division before returning to Division 4 in 1988. Another promotion the following season saw Paris earn a place in Division 3. Paris remained in the division for 12 years becoming inaugural members of the Championnat National in the process. In 2000, the club finished 17th and were relegated to the Championnat de France amateur. Paris spent six years in the league before returning to National for the 2006–07 season. After a successful 2014–15 campaign, the club gained promotion to Ligue 2, the French second division, alongside its local rival Red Star F.C. However, it would stay in Ligue 2 for only one year and was relegated back to the Championnat National for the 2016–17 season.

In the 2016–17 season, Paris FC made the playoff/relegation final against US Orleans but lost over the two legged game on aggregate. Paris FC were then administratively promoted to Ligue 2 after SC Bastia were demoted to the third division for financial irregularities. For the 2017/2018 Ligue 2 season, Paris FC finished 8th in the table but at one stage occupied the promotion places.

In the 2018–19 season, Paris finished 4th and contested the play-offs against RC Lens, but lost the penalty shoot-out after a 1–1 draw.

On 30 April 2021 Paris FC, along with Angers, were handed a transfer ban by FIFA for violation of regulations regarding relay transfers in August 2020. The ban was effective for the summer 2021 transfer window.

Bahraini investment
In July 2020, a new strategic economic partner joined Paris FC to support the club's development and ambitions: the Kingdom of Bahrain. The deal was completed with a capital investment to improve the finances of the club, giving the kingdom 20 percent of the equity. Pierre Ferracci, the founder of the December 1983 established Alpha Group (Groupe Alpha) which owns its subsidiary the consulting and auditing firm Alpha-Secafi, remained the main shareholder with a contribution of 77 percent. In addition to this investment, the Kingdom of Bahrain became the main sponsor of the club.

The Council of Paris was to vote on renewing the yearly subvention that the City of Paris allocates to the Paris Club, several non-profit organizations based in Paris, including ADHRB called for the City of Paris to hold a dialogue on the abuse of human rights and death penalty practiced in the Kingdom of Bahrain, a 20% share holder of the club. The Council of Paris accused the kingdom of distracting the general public from its abuses via a popular sport like football, committing a practice known as ‘sportswashing’. The council also demanded the release of detainees put on death row by Bahrain on the basis of confessions acquired via torture methods. As one of the oldest partners of the Paris FC club, Mairie de Paris was called for pursuing its commitment towards the defense of human rights.

The NGOs had highlighted the human rights records and the sportswashing attempts of Bahrain, under which the club's jerseys promoted “Victorious Bahrain” and the grounds of Charléty stadium had “Explore Bahrain” advertisements. Such publicity was considered inappropriate, as Bahrain was seen as a repressive regime. Following the appeal from the NGOs, the Council of Paris voted an amendment for the allocation of a subsidy of €500,000 to the club. In the amendment, all the issues were kept in mind to ensure the inclusion of an “organization of additional actions to raise awareness of human rights and fight against all forms of discrimination”. Besides, the mention of private financial partnerships in the amendment was believed to prompt a withdrawal of the “Explore Bahrain” advertising panels in the Charléty stadium.

Supporters
The club used to be the biggest and most well supported in the city, with over 20,000 supporter members at the time of the club's formation.

In 1970 the club merged with Stade Saint-Germain to form Paris Saint-Germain F.C., but quickly left the merger. In the 1973 season, the first after leaving, the club still averaged an attendance of 13,202. However, after that, the two clubs' fortunes varied drastically, and as PSG's popularity rose, PFC fell into obscurity and languished in the amateur divisions. It is only when it reached the third tier its popularity started growing again, however the club currently only attracts in the region of a few hundred to very low thousands fans for each match.

In 2000s the club used to have a supporter group called Blue Wolves founded in 2008. Officially apolitical, they tended to have right-wing views. However they were disbanded in 2010 after several hooligan incidents occurred, the last of which during a match against FC Gueugnon.

They were replaced by the group Old Clan, founded in 2010, and ultras group Ultras Lutetia founded in the summer of 2014. After the expulsion of PSG fans from Parc des Princes in 2010, PFC has attracted some of that support, particularly from the left-wing group Virage Auteuil, but also a few from right-wing group Boulogne Boys.

The fans have a friendship with fans of SR Colmar, in the past also fans of Stade Reims.

The club has rivalries with fellow neighbours US Créteil and Red Star F.C. with whom they contest the Parisian derbies. Although both clubs are officially apolitical, due to Red Star fans left-wing political tendencies and PFC's past right-wing political tendencies, the derby is particularly fierce. The derby with US Créteil is a geographical one as both clubs play in the southern suburbs of Paris.

Notable players
Below are the notable former players who have represented Paris and its predecessors in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1969. To appear in the section below, a player must have played in at least 80 official matches for the club.

For a complete list of Paris players, see Category:Paris FC players

 * 🇫🇷 Jean-François Beltramini
 * 🇫🇷 Georges Eo
 * 🇫🇷 Bernard Guignedoux
 * 🇫🇷 Fabrice Moreau
 * 🇫🇷 Jimmy Modeste
 * 🇫🇷 Philippe Prieur
 * 🇩🇿 Lamri Laachi
 * 🇦🇷 Omar da Fonseca
 * 🇬🇦 Armand Ossey
 * Dragoslav Šekularac

Club hierarchy

 * As of 1st August 2020

Members of the board

 * Pierre Ferracci
 * FINARAMA
 * ALTER PARIS
 * Association Paris Football Club
 * Patrick Gobert
 * H.H. Sheikh Khalifa Ali Isa Salman Al-Khalifa
 * Abdulla Jehad Abdulla Alzain

Managerial history
• Louis Hon (1972–73)

• Antoine Dalla Cieca (1973–76)

• Robert Vicot (1976–79)

• Roger Lemerre (1979–81)

• Alberto Muro (1981–83)

• Luc Rabat (1983–86)

• Pierre Lechantre (1987–92)

• Hubert Velud (1992)

• Delio Onnis (1992–95)

• Hubert Velud (1995–99)

• Jean-François Charbonnier (1999)

• Jean-Pierre Carayon (1999 – November 99)

• Robert Buigues (November 1999–02)

• Philippe Lemaître (2002–04)

• Patrick Parizon (2002–05)

• Jean-Marc Pilorget (2005–07)

• Jean-Guy Wallemme (2007–08)

• Jean-Marc Pilorget (2008–09)

• Jean-Luc Vannuchi (2009–11)

• Alain Mboma (2011–12)

• Olivier Guillou (2012)

• Alexandre Monier (2012–13)

• Gaston Diamé (2013)

• Christophe Taine (2013–15)

• Denis Renaud (2015)

• Jean-Luc Vasseur (2015–16)

• Réginald Ray (2016–17)

• Fabien Mercadal (2017–18)

• Mehmed Baždarević (2018–19)

• René Girard (2019–21)

• Thierry Laurey (2021–23)

• Stéphane Gilli (2023–)

League

 * Ligue 2 (second tier)
 * Runners-up: 1977–78 (Group B)
 * Championnat National (third tier)
 * Runners-up: 2014–15
 * Championnat National 2/French Division 4
 * Winners (1): 2005–06 (Group D)
 * Runners-up: 1988–89

title: Paris FC


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Great South Athletic Conference

The Great South Athletic Conference (GSAC) was an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA’s Division III. Member institutions were located nationwide, but was originally based in the southeastern United States.

History
The Great South Athletic Conference was founded in 1999 as a group of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III member institutions from the Southeast with similar academic and athletic interests. Charter members included Fisk University, LaGrange College, Maryville College, Piedmont College and Stillman College. In 2002, Huntingdon College and women’s colleges Agnes Scott College and Wesleyan College were granted membership. In 2003, Spelman College and Wesleyan (Ga.) were admitted to the GSAC on a provisional basis and given full membership status in 2005. Salem College, a women’s school in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, became the conference’s eighth member for the 2009-10 season. Covenant College, located on top of Lookout Mountain in northwest Georgia, joined the conference in spring 2010 and began playing in fall 2010, while completing its requirements for NCAA Division III provisional status. Stillman, a charter member, dropped out of the conference following the 2001-02 season, who would later compete in the NCAA Division II Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC) (now currently competing in the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC, now known as the HBCU Athletic Conference (HBCUAC) as of 2024) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) in 2010-11); while Fisk, another charter member, dropped out of the conference following the 2005-06 season, to join the NAIA (and eventually compete in the GCAC).

Three schools (also charter members of the GSAC) left for the USA South Athletic Conference (USA South) beginning with the 2012–13 season: Piedmont, LaGrange and Maryville. Pine Manor College and Trinity Washington University joined the conference in the 2012–13 season to replace those schools. Due to the lack of men's athletic programs in the GSAC, the conference stopped sponsoring men's sports championships at the end of the 2011–12 season.

On May 10, 2012, Covenant College and Huntingdon College announced plans to leave the Great South and join USA South Athletic Conference beginning in the 2013–14 season. In the 2012–13 season, the Covenant and Huntingdon women's sports competed as full members of the GSAC, while their men's sports competed as NCAA Division III independents.

On November 1, 2012, Spelman College announced that they would be dropping all intercollegiate sports at the end of the 2012–13 academic year.

On January 14, 2013, the GSAC announced that Mills College, Finlandia University, and the University of Maine at Presque Isle would join the GSAC in the 2013–14 season. Finlandia and Maine–Presque Isle are co-educational colleges. The women's sports joined the GSAC, while the men's sports at the two schools remained Division III Independents.

On May 6, 2015, the USA South Athletic Conference announced that Agnes Scott College, Salem College, and Wesleyan College would be leaving the GSAC and joining the USA South beginning in the 2016-2017 season.

On June 11, 2015, the GSAC announced that Mount Mary University and UC Santa Cruz would be joining the conference in women's soccer, volleyball, women's basketball, softball (Mount Mary only) and tennis (UC Santa Cruz only). The move was made effective immediately. Both schools were formerly affiliate members, playing tennis in the GSAC since 2013.

Following the move of Agnes Scott, Salem, and Wesleyan to the USA South, the GSAC dissolved in the summer of 2016. The GSAC held its last conference championships in April 2016.

Chronological timeline

 * 1999 - The Great South Athletic Conference (GSAC) was founded. Charter members included Fisk University, LaGrange College, Maryville College, Piedmont College and Stillman College, effective beginning the 1999-2000 academic year.
 * 2002 - Stillman left the GSAC to join the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SIAC), effective after the 2001-02 academic year.
 * 2002 - Agnes Scott College and Huntingdon College joined the GSAC, effective in the 2002-03 academic year.
 * 2003 - Spelman College and Wesleyan College joined the GSAC as provisional members, effective in the 2003-04 academic year.
 * 2006 - Fisk left the GSAC to join the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) as an Independent (which would later join the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference (GCAC), effective beginning the 2010-11 academic year), effective after the 2005-06 academic year.
 * 2009 - Salem College joined the GSAC, effective in the 2009-10 academic year.
 * 2010 - Covenant College joined the GSAC, effective in the 2010-11 academic year.
 * 2012 - LaGrange, Maryville and Piedmont left the GSAC to join the USA South Athletic Conference (USA South), effective after the 2011-12 academic year.
 * 2012 - Due to lack of finding possible candidate schools with men's athletics programs, the GSAC was forced to drop men's sports, thus becoming a women's sports athletic conference, effective in the 2012-13 academic year. Co-ed schools Covenant and Huntingdon remained in the GSAC for women's sports, while their men's sports went to compete as NCAA D-III Independents.
 * 2012 - Pine Manor College and Trinity Washington University joined the GSAC, effective in the 2012-13 academic year.
 * 2012 - Finlandia University joined the GSAC as an affiliate member for softball, effective in the 2013 spring season (2012-13 academic year).
 * 2013 - Three institutions left the GSAC to join their respective new home primary conferences: Covenant and Huntingdon to align with their respective men's athletics programs and join the USA South, and Spelman to discontinue its athletic program as the school announced that it would close, all effective after the 2012-13 academic year.
 * 2013 - The University of Maine at Presque Isle (Maine–Presque Isle or UMPI) and Mills College (with Finlandia upgrading to join for all sports) joined the GSAC, effective in the 2013-14 academic year. Only Finlandia and Maine–Presque Isle (UMPI) were the co-educational schools whose men's sports still competed as NCAA D-III Independents.
 * 2013 - Rust College joined the GSAC as an affiliate member for softball, effective in the 2014 spring season (2013-14 academic year).
 * 2014 - Mount Mary University and the University of California at Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz or UCSC) joined the GSAC as affiliate members for women's tennis, effective in the 2015 spring season (2014-15 academic year).
 * 2015 - Maine–Presque Isle (UMPI) and Trinity Washington left the GSAC to become NCAA D-III Independents, effective after the 2014-15 academic year.
 * 2015 - Rust left the GSAC as an affiliate member for softball, effective after the 2015 spring season (2014-15 academic year).
 * 2015 - Mount Marty and UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) had upgraded to join the GSAC for all sports, effective in the 2015-16 academic year.
 * 2016 - The GSAC ceased operations as an athletic conference, effective after the 2015-16 academic year; as many schools left to join their respective new home primary conferences, effective beginning the 2016-17 academic year: Agnes Scott, Salem (N.C.) and Wesleyan (Ga.) joined the USA South; while Finlandia, Mills, Mount Marty, Pine Manor and UC Santa Cruz returned to become NCAA D-III Independents.

Final members
The GSAC had eight final full members before the conference dissolved, all but one were private schools:

 * Notes:

Former members
The GSAC had ten other former full members during the conference's existence, all but one were private schools:

 * Notes:

Former affiliate members
The GSAC had one former affiliate member that did not later become a full member during the conference's existence, which was also a private school:

 * Notes:

Sports
From the 2012–13 to 2015–16 academic years, the GSAC sponsored intercollegiate athletic competition in women's sports only: basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis, golf, and volleyball.

title: Great South Athletic Conference


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Gotta Kick It Up!

Gotta Kick It Up! is a 2002 American sports comedy-drama film released as a Disney Channel Original Movie. In the United States, it debuted on July 26, 2002. It is based on a true story of a middle school dance team. The film was directed by Ramón Menéndez.

Plot
At Marshall Middle School, a cohort of Latina middle schoolers embarks on their educational journey with a passion for dance. Their aspirations intersect with the arrival of a biology instructor, Ms. Bartlett, a youthful new teacher. However, amidst their fervor for dance, the students struggle to maintain focus in their academic pursuits, prompting an announcement that the school's dance team would not be formed that year.

Undeterred, the girls showcase their dance talents to Ms. Bartlett, only to receive the disappointing news of the team's cancellation. Witnessing their crestfallen spirits, Ms. Bartlett undergoes a transformation, assuming the role of coach to guide and support the girls in their dance endeavors. Determined to prove their readiness for competition and revive the dance festival, the girls, under Ms. Bartlett's mentorship, embark on a journey of self-discovery.

Guided by the empowering mantra "si se puede," the young Latina dancers navigate societal barriers through their collective artistry. Through perseverance and dedication, they transcend obstacles, reclaiming their agency and identity while revitalizing their dance troupe. Ms. Bartlett's mentorship becomes instrumental in not only honing their dance skills but also instilling confidence and resilience, empowering the girls to overcome adversities and shine on stage.

Cast

 * Camille Guaty as Daisy Salinas
 * America Ferrera as Yolanda "Yoli" Vargas
 * Jhoanna Flores as Alyssa Cortez
 * Suilma Rodriguez as Marisol
 * Sabrina Wiener as Esmeralda Reyna
 * Miguel Sandoval as Principal Zavala
 * Erik Alexander Gavica as "Chuy"
 * Susan Egan as Heather Bartlett
 * Elizabeth Sung as Ms. Kim
 * Gina Gallego as Mrs. Cortez
 * Gerry Del Sol as Mr. Cortez
 * Valente Rodriguez as Mr. Reyna
 * Anita Ortega as Mrs. Reyna
 * Yvonne Farrow as Lynell Elliott
 * Ulises Cuadra as Segura

title: Gotta Kick It Up!


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Organomegaly

Organomegaly is the abnormal enlargement of organs. For example, cardiomegaly is enlargement of the heart. Visceromegaly is the enlargement of abdominal organs. Examples of visceromegaly are enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), spleen (splenomegaly), stomach, kidneys, and pancreas.

Definitions for various organs
Values refer to adults unless otherwise specified.

title: Organomegaly


text:
Red Dog: Superior Firepower

Red Dog: Superior Firepower, also known as simply Red Dog, is a shooter game released in 2000 for the Sega Dreamcast; it was developed by Argonaut Games.

Gameplay
The game is composed of six single-player missions, seven challenge missions, and numerous combinations of game types and maps in multi-player mode. The player controls the Red Dog, an armored all-terrain assault vehicle to fight the Haak, an alien race that has invaded Earth.

Development
Red Dog was one of the first third party titles developed for the Dreamcast outside of Japan. Jez San, the Managing Director of Argonaut Games, stated that Sega referred to them, No Cliché (developers of Toy Commander), Bizarre Creations (Fur Fighters), Red Lemon (Take the Bullet and The Simpsons: Bug Squad, both unreleased) and Appaloosa Interactive (Ecco the Dolphin: Defender of the Future) as their "1.5 party developers, in reference to the fact that we were treated like in-house developers and given access to the early devkits....warts n' all!". He told GameFan magazine that when Sega approached them to develop for the Dreamcast "we asked our artists to go to town on what they thought a next-gen game might look like" with "no limits on the number of polygons and CPU power used and we then set about trying to faithfully reproduce that vision in reality".

San described their intent in designing the gameplay as "kinda Quake, meets Battlezone meets Star Fox...in a tank".

On the 26th of September 2022 the game's source code was released by the developers and published on the open source platform GitHub.

Reception
The game received above-average reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Jim Preston of NextGen called it "A fun, colorful 3D take on Moon Patrol that is best when played with some friends." Four-Eyed Dragon of GamePro said, "Red Dog may look and sound strong, but with poor controls, its bite is far from threatening. The only thing saving this canine from the kennel is its huge complement of multiplayer games for up to four people."

title: Red Dog: Superior Firepower


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Gol Maal

Gol Maal is a 1979 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and written by Rahi Masoom Raza and Sachin Bhowmick. It was produced by N. C. Sippy, with music by R. D. Burman. The film won several awards and was praised by critics.

The film was remade in Tamil as Thillu Mullu (1981), in Kannada as Aasegobba Meesegobba (1990), in Malayalam as Simhavalan Menon (1995), and in Sinhala as. The film was an inspiration for the Hindi movie Bol Bachchan (2012) which was remade in Telugu as Masala (2013).

Plot
Ramprasad Dashrathprasad Sharma, a chartered accountant and singer, lives with his sister Ratna and searches for a job after completing his education. His uncle Kedar informs him of an opening at his acquaintance Bhavani Shankar's firm called Urmila Traders. Shankar is a man of traditional values who hates modern attire and laments that the youth spends so much time on sports. He also carries an irrational contempt for men without mustaches, whom he considers characterless. Following Kedar's advice, Sharma appears for the interview in a kurta and feigns ignorance about sports, impressing Shankar who hires him immediately. A few days later, he takes leave to watch a hockey match by lying that his mother, who is long dead, has fallen ill. Shankar, who secretly enjoys sports despite preaching against them, attends the same match and spots Sharma. When confronted the next day, Sharma lies again that it was his clean-shaven twin brother, Lakshmanprasad aka Lucky who was at the match, not him.

Bhavani Shankar buys the lie and summons Lucky to teach music to his daughter Urmila. Taking help from his friend Deven, Sharma shaves his mustache and starts living a double life as Lucky- a modern, easy-going man completely opposite to Ramprasad. Urmila immediately takes a liking to him. Sometime later, Bhavani Shankar expresses his wish to meet Sharma's mother. Sharma recruits a socialite, Kamala Srivastava to pretend to be his mother. Kamala faces a similar situation when Shankar recognises her real self at a party, and she too lies that she has a twin sister, confusing the man.

Bhavani Shankar notices Urmila's fondness for Lucky, and decides to get her married to Ramprasad instead, whom he considers a better match, upsetting Urmila. Sharma eventually reveals the truth to her, and decides to drop his persona of Lucky. They tell Shankar that Lucky ran away, but Shankar notices Sharma's fake mustache and assumes that Lucky killed and impersonated Ramprasad in order to marry his daughter. He then chases the fleeing Sharma and Urmila in his car but gets arrested. When released, he finds them both married and refuses to accept it until Kedar and Deven explain the situation. In the end, everyone takes a group photograph and we see Bhavani, who has now shaved his mustache.

Soundtrack
The music of the film was composed by R. D. Burman and lyrics were written by Gulzar.

Production
Hrishikesh Mukherjee had first selected Rekha to enact the heroine's part, but felt that he would be wasting a talented actress in a film where the hero was the mainstay. He replaced her with Bindiya Goswami. The whole film was shot in 40 working days.

Remakes
David Dhawan's 2002 film Chor Machaaye Shor had many scenes plagiarised from Gol Maal. The 2012 film Bol Bachchan, directed by Rohit Shetty is loosely based on Gol Maal. It was also later remade in Telugu as Masala. The Malayalam movie Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi'' had few scenes adapted from Gol Maal. Simhavalan Menon movie is also a remake of this film

Awards

 * 27th Filmfare Awards :

Won

 * Best Actor – Amol Palekar
 * Best Comedian – Utpal Dutt
 * Best Lyricist – Gulzar for "Aane Wala Pal"

Nominated

 * Best Director – Hrishikesh Mukherjee
 * Best Supporting Actor – Utpal Dutt
 * Best Supporting Actress – Dina Pathak
 * Best Comedian – Deven Verma
 * Best Story – Sailesh Dey

title: Gol Maal


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Kantara Castle

Kantara Castle (Κάστρο της Καντάρας Kantara Kalesi) is a castle in Cyprus, under the de facto control of Northern Cyprus. The exact date of its construction remains unknown, the most plausible theory being the Byzantine period. It combines Byzantine and Frankish architectural elements, became derelict in 1525 and was dismantled in 1560. It gave its name to the nearby Kantara monastery.

History
Kantara is situated to the east of the Buffavento Castle with the St. Hilarion Castle standing even farther to the west forming a protective axis in the Kyrenia mountain range of Cyprus. As both of the other castles are visible from Buffavento, it was used to pass signals between them. The castles were built in conjunction during the Byzantine period but the date of their commission remains unknown. Among the theories put forward to explain their origin the popular are: In 965 (after the expulsion of the Arabs from the island), in 1091 by the rebel Rhapsomates, during the rule of Eumathios Philokales (1091–1094), in the late 11th century after the Cilician coast was overrun by the Seljuk Empire or in 1096 as a countermeasure for the upheaval caused by the First Crusade. The name of the castle derives from the Cypriot Maronite Arabic word kandak which means stone bridge.

Serving as a watchtower for pirate raids, an administrative centre and a place of incarceration the castle saw next to no fighting. In 1191, it was taken by Richard the Lionheart during his campaign against the island's ruler Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus. Richard subsequently sold the island to the Knights Templar whose rule abruptly ended after a major revolt in Nicosia. Cyprus was thus resold to Guy of Lusignan, the former king of Jerusalem who became the first king of Cyprus in 1192. A period of peace ended with the death of Hugh I of Cyprus in 1218. A struggle over who should act as the kingdom's regent ensued, pitting the House of Ibelin with the local supporters of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick's arrival in Limassol in 1228 escalated the conflict into an open war. In 1229, the castle came under siege by the Ibelins, who bombarded it with trebuchets, reportedly destroying several buildings. The castle's garrison surrendered a year later when its commander Gauvain de Cheneche was killed by a crossbow bolt. Afterwards, the Lusignans continued their reign interrupted only by occasional palace coups. In 1373, Cyprus was invaded by the Republic of Genoa imprisoning the local nobility. According to Philip of Novara's chronicle prince John of Antioch managed to escape from Famagusta after disguising himself as the valet of his cook. John subsequently fled to Kantara, from which he organised a successful counter offensive that expelled the Genoese after the latter failed to capture Kantara.

Recognizing the importance of the three Kyrenian castles James I of Cyprus and Peter II of Cyprus vastly expanded their fortifications. During their reign Kantara was transformed into a garrison castle, barracks and an enormous cistern were erected. Another cistern located at the basement of the castle was converted into a prison and later made into rooms for the captain of garrison. In 1489, the Republic of Venice acquired the island, 1519 Italian engineers branded the castle as obsolete. At which time the Kyrenian mountain castles fell into disuse, the last garrison departing in 1525. The castle was finally dismantled in 1560. Kantara's buildings remain in a relatively good condition until they were subjected to looting in the early 20th century. In 1905, the castle was classified as historic heritage due to the efforts of the French archaeologist Camille Enlart. In 1914, British colonial authorities under George Jeffery undertook restoration work at the castle, in an effort to attract sightseers. In 1939, the foundation of the horseshoe tower was refurbished in order to prevent it from collapsing.

Architecture
Kantara is situated on an elevation of 550 – above sea level. The castle is surrounded by ridges of barren granite and sandstone bedrock which were used as the main building materials for the castle's construction. The materials were subjected to coarse masonry; most of the buildings are coated with thick layers of plaster to cover the poor quality of the materials. Doors, windows and quoins were transported from elsewhere. The lack of local water sources necessitated the collection of rainwater through the use flat roofs which were connected to the cisterns through a drainage system. Among the six cisterns used the largest stood outside the walls. Buildings contained bread ovens and perhaps even a mill.

The steep crags limit the available pathways to a narrow valley on its eastern side, which is guarded by twin towers named Nicolas and Faucherre respectively. The first gate is followed by a barrel vaulted barbican, a steep chicane then leads to the portcullis protected main gate. The barbican shows great similarities with contemporary Cilician Armenian designs, having a gallery of arrowslits and two towers of its own. To the north of the main gate stands a horseshoe shaped tower providing additional support to the defenders of the barbican. The apsidal vault at the front of the tower facilitates better shock absorption. Despite its similarities to Roman and Byzantine military architecture it was in fact constructed sometime between 1208 and 1228.

The surrounding 120 × wall contained ten garrison rooms which were constructed in the late 14th century, the barracks were connected with a latrine. A concealed postern, guarded by two towers lies on the south–western corner of the castle. To the south of the main gate, was built a rectangular, barrel vaulted keep, used a prison, later converted into a cistern. The centre of its northern wall is graced by a refined late 14th century Frankish window built from what once was an embrasure. The shape of the embrasures throughout the castle points out that they were mainly used by crossbowmen. At the top of the castle stand the ruins of "The Queen's Chamber", an alleged fortified chapel destroyed in a Turkish naval bombardment in 1525 and looted in the 19th century.

title: Kantara Castle


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Multi-stage flash distillation

Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages.

Multi-stage flash distillation plants produce about 26% of all desalinated water in the world, but almost all of new desalination plants currently use reverse osmosis due to much lower energy consumption.

Principle
The plant has a series of spaces called stages, each containing a heat exchanger and a condensate collector. The sequence has a cold end and a hot end while intermediate stages have intermediate temperatures. The stages have different pressures corresponding to the boiling points of water at the stage temperatures. After the hot end there is a container called the brine heater.

When the plant is operating in steady state, feed water at the cold inlet temperature flows, or is pumped, through the heat exchangers in the stages and warms up. When it reaches the brine heater it already has nearly the maximum temperature. In the heater, an amount of additional heat is added. After the heater, the water flows through valves back into the stages that have ever lower pressure and temperature. As it flows back through the stages the water is now called brine, to distinguish it from the inlet water. In each stage, as the brine enters, its temperature is above the boiling point at the pressure of the stage, and a small fraction of the brine water boils ("flashes") to steam thereby reducing the temperature until an equilibrium is reached. The resulting steam is a little hotter than the feed water in the heat exchanger. The steam cools and condenses against the heat exchanger tubes, thereby heating the feed water as described earlier.

The total evaporation in all the stages is up to approximately 85% of the water flowing through the system, depending on the range of temperatures used. With increasing temperature there are growing difficulties of scale formation and corrosion. 110-120 °C appears to be a maximum, although scale avoidance may require temperatures below 70 °C.

The feed water carries away the latent heat of the condensed steam, maintaining the low temperature of the stage. The pressure in the chamber remains constant as equal amounts of steam is formed when new warm brine enters the stage and steam is removed as it condenses on the tubes of the heat exchanger. The equilibrium is stable, because if at some point more vapor forms, the pressure increases and that reduces evaporation and increases condensation.

In the final stage the brine and the condensate has a temperature near the inlet temperature. Then the brine and condensate are pumped out from the low pressure in the stage to the ambient pressure. The brine and condensate still carry a small amount of heat that is lost from the system when they are discharged. The heat that was added in the heater makes up for this loss.

The heat added in the brine heater usually comes in the form of hot steam from an industrial process co-located with the desalination plant. The steam is allowed to condense against tubes carrying the brine (similar to the stages).

The energy that makes possible the evaporation is all present in the brine as it leaves the heater. The reason for letting the evaporation happen in multiple stages rather than a single stage at the lowest pressure and temperature, is that in a single stage, the feed water would only warm to an intermediate temperature between the inlet temperature and the heater, while much of the steam would not condense and the stage would not maintain the lowest pressure and temperature.

Such plants can operate at 23–27 kWh/m3 (appr. 90 MJ/m3) of distilled water.

Because the colder salt water entering the process counterflows with the saline waste water/distilled water, relatively little heat energy leaves in the outflow—most of the heat is picked up by the colder saline water flowing toward the heater and the energy is recycled.

In addition, MSF distillation plants, especially large ones, are often paired with power plants in a cogeneration configuration. Waste heat from the power plant is used to heat the seawater, providing cooling for the power plant at the same time. This reduces the energy needed by half to two-thirds, which drastically alters the economics of the plant, since energy is by far the largest operating cost of MSF plants. Reverse osmosis, MSF distillation's main competitor, requires more pretreatment of the seawater and more maintenance, as well as energy in the form of work (electricity, mechanical power) as opposed to cheaper low-grade waste heat.

title: Multi-stage flash distillation


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List of sieges of Galway

The city of Galway Ireland was built as a naval base and military fort by Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair in 1124, refounded as a military outpost and town by Richard Mor de Burgh in 1230 - has been subjected to a number of battles, sacks and sieges. This article enumerates the history of military conflict in Galway.

Dun Beal Gallimhe
Dun Beal Gallimhe can be translated as "fort at the mouth of the Gallimhe river." It is believed to have been situated on the site of the present Customs House. This building is situated in the heart of the old medieval city between Quay Street to the north, Flood Street to the south, Druid Lane to the east and Quay Lane to the west. Subsequent to the founding of Galway in 1232, a castle and hall were built upon the site. The latter building was known as the Red Earl's hall and was excavated in 1999.

There is some slight evidence for Viking use of the area, at least as a seasonal camp, as the Danes of Limerick made a number of devastating raids in the area in the 9th and 10th centuries, and though the annalistic evidence is ambiguous, seem to have made some sort of semi-permanent camp along the river or in Lough Corrib. Be that as it may, the earliest known building was erected there in 1124 at the instigation of High King Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair.

Both as a naval base and military base Dun Beal Gallimhe offered several advantages. It was surrounded to the north by a number of small islands that, separated from the Dun by large streams and extremely boggy ground, made physical progress difficult and an attack futile. To the south it was bounded by muddy estuary flats and the effects of the tide which made approach from this side just as difficult. The Dun itself was raised at the very end of a thin peninsula of land that could withstand attack by a relatively small number of defenders. Due west was the river, which is one of the fastest-flowing in Europe, and yet almost the only ford on the river. If all was lost, defenders could withdraw to the west bank and flee into Iar Connacht. If, however, the attacking force could still not make the east bank, there were only two other routes to the other side, neither favourable: one was to risk a crossing of Lough Corrib, which however can be treacherous at the best of times to an unskilled sailor; second, the unenviable sixty mile slog north to Cong.

From a naval point of view Gallimhe did not make an especially desirable port, lacking a deep harbour. Up to the early 19th century smaller ships docked at the river quay, while larger ones remained at anchor out in the bay for unloading. Yet in the early days of its existence it offered a way into Lough Corrib and its surrounding landmass, from which an invader could strike deep into the heart of Delbhna Tir Dha Locha or Maigh Seola. Conversely it also offered a route out of the latter kingdom and a means to attack its ruler's enemies. Indeed, it was used in this capacity both in the 1160s and 1590s.

At least some of these factors played a part in subsequent sieges of the settlement. Only much later in its history it would be put to use as the premier merchant port and market of Ireland's west coast. By then it had far outgrown its initial raison d'être as seen by O Conchobair and de Burgh and become "the City of the Tribes" (see Tribes of Galway).

O Brian's siege of 1132
Naval-based warfare became something of a regular occurrence in early 12th century Ireland. The Annals of Inisfallen note raids of this nature occurring in 1100, 1101, 1119, and 1124. Perhaps this was what led to Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair to build Dún Béal Gallimhe in 1124. It was located in Clan Fergal, the territory of the O Hallorans but was supervised by Ua Conchobair's vassals, the Ua Flaithbheartaigh, who at this time were still based in their homeland of Maigh Seola.

During the summer of 1132, Conchobhair O Brian of Thomond (modern north Munster) invaded Hy-Many where he "plundered ... Maenmhagh ... [and] carried off many cows." This raid was purely of a plundering nature, yet apparently within a very short period of time, he followed it up with a full-scale assault on O Conchobair's new naval base at Dún Béal Gallimhe. The Annals of the Four Masters noted that "The castle of Bun-Gaillmhe was burned and demolished [by] a fleet of the men of Munster." The Munstermen then followed this up with a devastating raid on both Clan Fergal and Magh Seola, for the same annals note that "A great slaughter was made of the Connachtmen by the men of Munster, wherein Conchobhar Ua Flaithbheartaigh, lord of West Connacht" was slain.

Also among the dead were "the two sons of Cathal Ua Mughroin" and Ua Taidhg "an Teaghlaigh". This is significant because the Ua Mughroin were a sept native to Hy-Many, some distance from Gallimhe which was in any case historically based in a different territory, Clann Fergal. Therefore, they must have travelled some distance to be present to fight against the forces from Munster, possibly in a levy raised by Tairrdelbach himself. Ua Taidgh's nickname, An Teaghlaigh, indicates that he was of the household, or indeed the household bodyguard, of Tairrdelbach, who would of necessity have only accompanied the High King. Therefore, the deaths of members of these three vassal clans, as well as his own possible presence at the battle, indicates the importance the High King attached to his "dún" on the Gallimhe. This is underlined by the fact that it was rebuilt, which can be inferred by a further attack in 1149.

O Brian's siege of 1149
The 1149 siege of Dún Béal Gallimhe was led by Toirdhealbhach O Brían, then King of Thomond. It was a combined raid of plunder (taking the rich pickings of Maigh Seola) and military strategy (destroying the Dún).

In the years immediately prior to 1149, the respective interests of Connacht - still ruled by High King Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair - and of Thomond had were confined to putting down rebellions and civil strife in their kingdoms, as well as maintaining their areas of interest. Ruaidri was frequently at odds with the O Neills in Ulster and Meath, and had a sometime antagonistic relationship with Tighernan O Rúairc, King of Brefine, which was a buffer state carved out of disputed territory between Connacht and Ulster.

Toirdhealbhach O Brían on the other hand was pre-occupied with extending his influence into Leinster (the kingdom whose rejection of tributes had led to his ancestor, Brian Boru's, death in 1014), as well as with putting down rebellion in his native Thomond and with ensuring his vassals of Munster, the MacCarthys, knew their place. Both Kings had in fact ratified a treaty at Terryglass Monastery in 1144, possibly to recognise and respect their spheres of influence.

However the following year Toirdhealbhach was decisively defeated by O Conchobair and his vassals at Feara Ceall in the Sliabh Bloom; O Brian had been en route to Meath to fight O Ruairc but had been intercepted by O Conchobair. O Brian was forced to return home, "without prey, without hostage, without peace, without truce." This brought O Brian and O Conchobhair into open war; O Brian struck within the same year with "an army into Connacht; and they carried off Ua Ceallaigh, i.e. Tadhg, son of Conchobhar, lord of Ui-Maine, and slew Ruaidhri Ua Flaithbheartaigh". The death of Ua Flaithbheartaigh indicates that an attempt may have been made on Gallimhe, but O Brian would have to wait a full four years before he reached this objective.

According to the Four Masters, in 1149 "An army was led by Toirdhealbhach Ua Briain and the men of Munster into Connacht, until they arrived at Magh Ua mBriuin; they carried off a great spoil of cattle, and demolished Dún-Gaillmhe; and Ua Lochlainn, lord of Corca-Modhruadh, was drowned in the (river) Gaillimh." Again, the mention of Magh Ua mBriuin - an alternative name for Maigh Seola - demonstrates the destruction of Gallimhe and its fleet was merely one tactic employed by O Brian. Kinsmen and vassals would only stay loyal as long as a king could deliver the goods to ensure their loyalty, hence the rich plains were plundered of their goods, food and fine cattle. It also had the additional prize of weakening O Conchobair's prime vassal in the area, Ua Flaithbheartaigh.

Ua Lochlainn was of the Corcu Mo Druad, vassals of O Brian, and strategically located across Galway Bay. Thus it is possible that while O Brian led his army by land, Ua Lochlainn sailed across the bay and the two inflicted a sea-and-land siege of Gallimhe; this possibility is obliquely hinted at in the manner of Ua Lochlainn's death. It may even be that, contending for the lordship of Galway Bay - from which plundering raids could be made into Clan Fergal, Maigh Seola, Meadraige and Uí Fiachrach Aidhne - O Brian may have been letting Ua Lochlainn unleash himself against a prime adversary.

In a surprising turn of events, in 1151, O Brian was deposed as King of Munster by his son, Muircheartach. Muircheartach was subsequently captured "by treachery" by "Tadhg son of Diarmaid O Brian and Diarmaid Súgach O Conchobhair" and delivered to his father. However, Tadhg mac Diarmaid O Brian rose against O Brian in rebellion, with the result that "Toirdhealbhach son of Ruaidhrí O Conchobhair came with him to defend the kingship of Munster for him."!

De Burgh's siege of 1230
Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair had owed his position as King of Connacht to King John, and the support of the latter's vassals in Ireland. In addition, he was able to obtain recognition of his son, Aedh mac Cathal Crobdearg Ua Conchobair as his heir.

In the year after Cathal's death in 1224, Aedh had to face a rebellion by Donn Oge Mageraghty of Sil Muirdeag, Aedh Ua Flaithbertaigh of Maigh Seola and an invasion by O Neill of Tir Eoghain from Ulster. O Neill and Aedh's rebellious vassals then crowned Turlough mac Ruaidri O Conchobair King of Connacht in opposition to Aedh, who was supported by only a few vassals such as MacDermott of Moylourg and O Flynn of the Cuirc remaining loyal. With the help of his Norman allies, Aedh was eventually able to suppress the rebellion, though "there was not a church or territory in Connacht at that time that had not been plundered and desolated." The war was made worse by "An oppressive malady raged in the province of Connacht at this time: it was a heavy burning sickness, which left the large towns desolate, without a single survivor."

One incident during the war had given Aedh cause for concern: his erstwhile allies, the Normans of Leinster and Munster, had invaded south Connacht "and slew all the people that they caught, and burned their dwellings and villages." Aedh was furious at this because it was not by his command, and because the Normans "were themselves excited by envy and rapacity, as soon as they had heard what good things the Lord Justice and his English followers had obtained in Connacht at that time." It was a sign of things to come.

Aedh mac Cathal was murdered by the Normans in 1228 and Aedh mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair was chosen by the Normans and the chiefs of Connacht to take his place. Yet in 1230 Aedh and his vassals turned on the Normans, vowing "they would never own a lord who should bring them to make submission to the Galls. They made then great raids on the Galls, Aed son of Ruaidri and the men of West Connacht plundering the young son of William and Adam Duff, while Donn Oc and the sons of Magnus with the new levies of Sil Murray plundered Mac Gosdelb and Tir Maine as far as Athlone." It was in response to this that Richard Mor de Burgh led an army into Connacht "and desolated a large portion of that country." De Burgh brought with him Felim mac Cathal Crobderg Ua Conchobair whom he intended to make king in place of Aedh. They crossed the Shannon at Athlone and made straight for Gallimhe.

The Dún at Gallimhe was being held and defended by Aedh Ua Flaithbertaig, who still held for Aedh mac Ruaidri (Ua Flaithbertaigh had been exiled into Iar Connacht by Aedh mac Cathal for his rebellion). Apparently de Burgh was just reaching the Dún (and a highly apprehensive Ua Flaithbertaigh) ''"when Aed mac Ruaidri came to his help with the Connachtmen, including the sons of Muirchertach O Conchobair." At some point in the fighting Aedh seems to have lost, or ceded possession of, the Dún, because the Annals of Connacht states that "They were on the western bank of the Galway River and the Galls on the eastern." However, this does not seem to have been a decisive factor for de Burgh; as much as a week passed with "much fighting ... between them every day, and in this condition the Galls remained, obtaining neither pledge nor hostage nor submissions from the Connachtmen." Dissatisfied with the inconclusiveness of the conflict, de Burgh cut his losses and left in the direction of Cong ''"to pursue the cattle and folk which had fled into the mountains and recesses of the countryside and the sea-islands."

But as subsequent events would show, the strategic position of Dún Béal Gallimhe had made an impression upon de Burgh, and he would be back.

De Burgh's siege of 1232
In 1232 de Burgh returned in force and took Fedhlim O'Conor prisoner, replacing him by Hugh O'Conor. Having taken control of the castle de Burgh made a number of substantial additions to the building.

O Conchobhair's siege of 1233
When Hugh O'Conor died in 1233 Fedhlim O'Conor regained his freedom and retook the town and castle. He demolished the castle works of de Burgh.

De Burgh's siege of 1235
Richard de Burgh recovered the town again and made it into the capital of the province, dying there in 1271.

O Donnell's siege of 1596
During the Nine Years' War Hugh Ruadh O'Donnell, in league with other chieftains, attacked the county of Galway in 1596 and, after burning Athenry, marched to the town of Galway. There they asked for provisions but were refused, retaliating by setting fire to outlying houses on the edge of the town. O'Donnell's forces were then driven off by cannon fire and an armed sally by the defenders and retreated to Mayo.

Lord Forbes's siege of 1642

On the morning of 7 August 1642, to the "considerable agitation and suspense [of the] town", a naval squadron of seventeen ships appeared in Galway Bay. Led by Alexander, 11th Lord Forbes (died 1671), they had come to relieve the garrison of Forthill at the request of the English Parliament, and which had authorised him, as Lieutenant-General, to waste the coasts of Ireland. Launching long boats from the ship, Forthill was resupplied with food, arms and ammunition. Forbes then sent a messenger with a letter for Mayor Walter Lynch fitz James, ordering them to "confess themselves to have been rebels, and humbly submitting to beg his majesty's intercession for them to the parliament of England, and to declare they would admit such governors as the king and state should appoint, and until then put themselves under the protection of Lord Forbes."

Mayor Lynch and the town council utterly refused the terms, to the surprise and anger of Lord Forbes. They instead made representations to the Earl of Clanricarde - who was at the time a neutral - for protection. Clanricarde in turn communicated to Forbes that, should he make war against the town, it would be both a breach of the peace and endanger the country by bringing yet another area into the war. Furthermore, he made it clear that, should the citizens become actively hostile against Forbes, there would be nothing he could do to influence them.

According to James Hardiman " ... Forbes, stimulated by Willoughby and Ashley" - captains of the besieged Forthill - "and governed by the advice of Hugh Peters, whom he brought with him as his chaplain ... was entirely deaf to every remonstrance of reason or discretion." Being unable to directly assault the town itself, Forbes landed men west of the town and took possession of St. Mary's Church. All of the town's surrounding suburbs and villages were burned and destroyed; dozens of locals were killed, assaulted and raped. St. Mary's Church was badly defaced. Coffins in the St. Mary's graveyard were dug up and Lord Forbes's troops searched the bodies for rings, gold chains and the like.

Forbes placed "two pieces of ordnance", or cannons, at St. Mary's and used them to bombard the city. However, they had little effect and by early September Forbes's men were becoming irritated at both their lack of progress and lack of payment. On 4 September he cut his losses and sailed for Limerick. Forthill was once more under siege and on its own, Clanricarde's political stock had plummeted as he had been unable to prevent the sacking, and any waverers among the people of Galway were now solidly on the Irish Confederate side.

Confederate siege of Fort-Hill 1642–1643
The siege of Fort-Hill by the Confederates began immediately after the departure of Lord Forbes on 4 September 1642 and continued until the surrender of Captain Willoughby on 20 June 1643.

Coote's siege 1651–1652
The Parliamentary siege took place from August 1651 to May 1652 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Galway was the last city held by Irish Catholic forces in Ireland and its fall signalled the end to most organised resistance to the Parliamentarian conquest of the country.

Ginkel's siege of 1691
This short siege took place during the Williamite Wars. After his success at the nearby Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691 (O.S.) the Dutch Williamite General Godert de Ginkell in command of the English forces decided to capture the town of Galway before advancing on Limerick.

Galways's defences were depleted but food supplies were adequate and reinforcements had been promised. The town's Governor, Lord Dillon, and the military commander, Lieutenant-General D'Ussone, decided to hold out rather than surrender. On 20 July 1691 a column of 14,000 Williamite troops surrounded the town and occupied an outlying fort. Other troops cut off the route by which reinforcements would arrive. Under pressure from the townspeople the Governor surrendered and the treaty was signed the following day, under the terms of which the town would be surrendered on 26 July with free passage to anyone who wished to leave and free pardon to those who stayed.

The Governor and the garrison forces were escorted to Limerick and Sir Henry Belasyse appointed as the new Governor.

title: List of sieges of Galway


text:
User talk:Hansolo321

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Deb 21:08, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

There is no problem with creating articles about your interests, but I have had to delete Peter Fisher, because it is a rule of wikipedia that the subject of an article must be "notable", which this clearly was not. Sorry. Deb 21:08, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Peter Fisher
Hi. I have deleted "Peter Fisher". This is not the appropriate place to advertise you, your work, or your friends. I'm sure you will be able to contribute to many articles with your knowledge of Star Wars Fandom but we cannot use Wikipedia to advertise for our own projects. Thanks. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:14, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Seeing that you created "Peter Fisher" once before and chose to recreate it please be aware that further abuse will be monitored. Recreating vanity articles can be considered vandalism. - Tεx  τ  urε  21:15, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hansolo321


text:
Template talk:Saint-stub

Saints only?
In addition to saints, I am planning to use this stub for articles about venerables and beatified people. Does anyone have a problem with this? --Eoghanacht 21:08, 2005 Jun 1 (UTC)

This stub does need another image (icon)
There is a saint-stub. It is used in many countries. And as you know the Christianity was divided about 1000 year ago. And the saint-stub uses the icon of Francisk from Assisi. But he is not a saint for some Churches. Therefore we need (in that stub) to use a saint that are accepted in all Churches. Then he must be from time before 1000. I suggest the Saint George. What do you say? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.25.120.81 (talk) 15:05, 16 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I see your point. Personally I'd prefer the image that the portal, navbox, and (in a slightly different version) the project template use, namely: File:Gloriole blur.svg. That would be consistent, visually appealing (unlike rendering any face at a very low resolution), and neural (all major Churches use halos to represent saints, and a halo alone represents no particular saint; the visual tradition dates back to early Christianity). The lead image of the article Saint also features halos. That association is strong. – Finnusertop (talk ⋅ contribs) 01:44, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Saint-stub


text:
Every Move a Picture

Every Move a Picture is an American electronic rock group.

Biography
The band initially materialized around vocalist/guitarist Brent Messenger, bassist Joey Fredrick, and drummer Dan Aquino. Childhood friends Messenger and Fredrick had been playing in various bands throughout the early 2000s (at times with Aquino), but Every Move a Picture was not officially made active until early 2004.

The quartet was ultimately completed after Portland transplant Allen Davis answered a Craigslist posting and joined up on guitar and keyboards. Soon after, the band recorded three songs at a friend's rehearsal space; their songs found early airplay on local radio and by KROQ's Rodney Bingenheimer in L.A. As their music further filtered across to the UK courtesy of BBC Radio 1. Every Move a Picture had opened shows for the likes of the Kaiser Chiefs, Louis XIV and U2

Also generating notable buzz at 2005's SXSW—all from those first three songs—the band next released the five-song EP Blink and You'll Miss It. This led to their first live radio session at KCRW, and the licensing of various tracks to video games ("Signs of Life" appeared on Juiced and Need For Speed: Carbon) and television shows like One Tree Hill. Before any official release appeared overseas, Every Move a Picture played their first UK gigs to overwhelming response. The London-based label Something in Construction then issued a 7" containing the songs "Signs of Life" and "Chemical Burns," which promptly sold out the week of release.

Touring continued, including a spot at the 2005 Reading and Leeds festivals, and serving as support for June dates with the Futureheads in the U.S. The band also issued a four-song EP Opposition Party with all proceeds going to the Rainforest Action Network. Every Move a Picture finally released their debut album, Heart = weapon, on V2 in July 2006, and supported it the same year on the road with Electric Six.

The band is still active as of 2018, with active touring and recording involved.

Albums

 * heart = weapon V2 Records

EPs

 * Signs of Life EP
 * Opposition Party EP

Singles

 * "Signs of Life"
 * "Chemical Burns"
 * "On the Edge of Something Beautiful (At 12 AM)"
 * "On the Dance Floor"

title: Every Move a Picture


text:
Talk:The City Waites

Copyviol?
Tidied up somewhat as the separate sections are all on the same subject, whether the source data is NPOV or a copy violation. It is to be noted that the objectors here do not respect the basic requirement of an editor, to know their subject. I know Graham Wells personally and was last asked to perform by Lucie Skeaping six months ago, on live national radio.

Original postings follow
Looks like a copy vio - appears to be the blurb from a CD sleeve.

 * OK you got me fair and square. I copied it from the blurb on "Musicians of Grope Lane". Don't you just hate perfectionists! I don't know, you buy an obscure album, it goes out of print for several years, you then gather together the best discography of that groups that exists anywhere on the web, you put it into Wiki, and then you get accused, very prominently, of copy vio. Grumble, grumble. I hope you approve of my improvement.Ogg 09:41, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

NPOV sticker

 * Why? As far as I can see it has neutral language and the copyright issue has (apparently) been rectified. In any case is a copyright violation an NPOV issue? --Silver149 6 July 2005 08:15 (UTC)

 * I am removing it. I know nothing about the band itself and whether or not there are any controversities about it, but there is no POV in the article. — Kkmº 20:58, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

copyvio?

 * You seem to be implying that there is something wrong with copying stuff from liner notes. If you look at the article "Jake Thackeray" within wikipedia, there whole article appears to be a straight copy of the insert booklet, yet it is not considered to be copyvio. Why? Also, I notice that the Amazon website often copies large slabs of text from the covers of CDs and puts them on web pages to try to promote sales of the albums. Why should Wikipedia be afraid of being sued for copyright violation, and yet amazon is not afraid?

Neutrality issues

 * I don't know the long term history of this article, but the writing style as I just found it was definitely suffering from neutrality issues. I've removed some puffery and tagged other statements for citations or reconsideration of wording. Acasson (talk) 23:10, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I think the problem lies rather in the use of the group's own publicity as part of the text. If you've edited it, then remove the NPOV sticker (which I've done, because there's nothing unjustified in it). Before going further, I should declare that I know Graham Wells socially, and have followed the group loosely as an academic. Having read the article, it is almost understated, and I will address various questions on the appropriate sections here.

 * It would be helpful if you could restrict your NPOV tagging to subjects you actually know something about, rather than simply tagging because the style seems extravagant: it would be more helpful yet if you could resolve the problem you perceive. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.218.129.144 (talk) 15:11, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

Discography and band history
I have added the bands earliest recordings to the discography and ammended the period that band started to the early 70's as the first album was released in 1974, therefore the bands inception must pre-date that.

Spelling
Aren't they WAITS (without an "e")? IXIA 07:04, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

 * No, they use the old spelling for ye olde English authenticitie.

Academic glamour
To describe Lucie Skeaping as "For an academic... stunningly glamorous" is rather a back-handed compliment to Lucie Skeaping and an implied slur on all the male and female glamour on show in academe. Nor am I sure it's right to refer to her as an "academic". She's certainly a music scholar, and seemingly a good one but she doesn't work in academia which I think is the only sensible definition of an "academic". Since this sentence tells us nothing except that she's very fanciable - which is not relevant within the context of the article - I suggest you remove it. Your link to the City Waites website will enable people to view the lovely Lucie for themselves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.67.29.104 (talk) 11:00, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Fortunately, academia and performance in Early Music are integrally linked in the Historically Informed Performance movement, by the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis, internationally, and the Academy of Ancient Music at Cambridge, nationally. The BBC Radio 3's Early Music Show is the main outreach of the movement in the UK, and Lucie is one of its leading presenters. Lucie heself is on the faculty of London's independent Gresham College, and her husband Roddy is a fully-fledged academic: the premises of your hypothesis are incorrect. The essence of the work done these last fifty years in this domain has taken the academic onto the performance stage in a very active dialogue, and the fact you don't know that the work was started by David Munrow and Roddy Skeaping, who went on to found the City Waites with Lucie and Dr Graham Wells, Head of the Music Department at Sotheby's before becoming head of the Galpin Society, really rather disqualifies you from comment. That rather sums up a fairly heaviweight academic in the real world, in my book (and I work in academia). And what she looks like and how she dresses is entirely her own business and nothing to do with you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.218.129.144 (talk) 16:08, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:The City Waites


text:
Percival Bazeley

Percival Landon Bazeley CBE was a scientist of Australian biotechnology and public health.

Biography
Born in Orbost, Victoria, Australia on 2 March 1909, Bazeley attended the school of Veterinary Science at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1938. During his course of study, he undertook employment at Australia's Commonwealth Serum Laboratories during vacation periods. Subsequently, he joined CSL on a full-time basis in 1939. Val Bazeley joined the Australian Army Militia in June 1939, and began full-time military service in the Australian Imperial Force on 23 May 1941.

With the discovery and subsequent large-scale production of the wonder drug penicillin, a project for the production of penicillin in Australia became a high priority defence need. Captain Bazeley was brought back from New Guinea, where he was a captain in the 2/8th Australian Armoured Regiment, to head the team given the task of producing penicillin. Dr. Bazeley visited the United States and returned to set up production at CSL. In the face of great difficulties, given wartime conditions, his personal contribution to the success of the project cannot be underestimated. He was a driving force and spent long hours at the laboratories grappling with the problems of the new venture. By Christmas of 1943, the first Australian penicillin had arrived in New Guinea to save countless lives. In the months to follow, enormous quantities of penicillin were produced in the primitive CSL plant, and Australia can boast of being the first country in the world to have had penicillin available for its civilian population, having met not only the needs of its own defence forces, but also those of the American allies in the southwest Pacific.

It was during this period that Captain Bazeley's promotion as Major occurred, and the familiar black beret of the Armoured Corps was replaced by the Major's peaked cap.

With the end of the war, Val Bazeley returned to university studies, and graduated as MB BS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) from the University of Melbourne in 1950. By then, he had received the O.B.E. (Order of the British Empire) for his work on penicillin.

The early 1950s saw Dr. Bazeley at the University of Pittsburgh in the United States working with Jonas Salk and his team towards the production of a Poliomyelitis vaccine. With the success of that project, he returned to Australia to once again find himself given the task of pioneering the production of an important new weapon against disease. Twenty-five million doses of Salk Poliomyelitis vaccine were produced at CSL in the 1950s and 1960s under Dr. Bazeley's leadership as director of the government institution. This led to widespread recognition. He was awarded a C.B.E. (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) and was deservedly renowned in the general community where, for example, he was chosen as Victorian Father of the Year in 1958.

In 1961, Dr. Bazeley returned to the United States to work with Jonas Salk at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California. Subsequently, he joined UC San Diego's University Hospital (now "UCSD Medical Center") as a full professor of medicine. At this same time, he also personally funded and maintained a private medical research facility outside Salt Lake City, Utah. University of California mandatory retirement rules forced Dr. Bazeley into private medical practice at the age of 67. He died 10 September 1991.

title: Percival Bazeley


text:
Talk:Svedjebruk

Untitled
According to my encyclopedia, the english term for Svedjebruk is "burn-beating". Comments?

--Fred-Chess 21:10, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Svedjebruk


text: Category:Operas by Dmitri Shostakovich

title: Category:Operas by Dmitri Shostakovich


text:
CAM-D

Compatible Amplitude Modulation - Digital or CAM-D is a hybrid digital radio format for AM broadcasting, proposed by broadcast engineer Leonard R. Kahn.

The system is an in-band on-channel technology that uses the sidebands of any AM radio station. Analog information is still used up to a bandpass of about 7.5kHz, with standard amplitude modulation. The missing treble information that AM normally lacks is then transmitted digitally beyond this. Audio mixing in the receiver then blends them back together.

Unlike other IBOC technologies like iBiquity's HD Radio, Kahn's apparently does not provide a direct path to all-digital transmissions, nor any multichannel capability. Its advantage, however, is that it takes up far less of the sidebands, thereby causing far less interference to adjacent channels, hence the "Compatible" in the name. Interference has affected HD Radio on AM, along with its (like CAM-D) proprietary nature.

Digital Radio Mondiale, commonly used in shortwave broadcasting, can use less, the same, or more bandwidth as AM, to provide high quality audio. Digital Radio Mondiale requires digital detection circuitry not present in conventional AM radios to decode programming.

Special CAM-D receivers provide the benefit of better frequency response and a slow auxiliary data channel for display of station ID, programming titles, etc.

Availability of Receivers
Receivers that could decode CAM-D were not available to the public, and with Leonard Kahn's death, interest in CAM-D vanished and those stations using it turned it off, not seeing any financial return.

Upgradeability of existing transmitters
KCI (Kahn Communications, Inc., the company that invented CAM-D) uses as one of its main selling points that some older transmitters are not directly upgradeable to transmit HD Radio. It is true that older transmitters may lack the transmission purity needed to support HD Radio's digital transmission standard, but more recent transmitters are more likely to be capable of upgrading to transmit HD Radio. CAM-D is said to work with a wider variety of existing transmitters, which is a selling point for smaller broadcasters with limited budgets. The price of the CAM-D hardware is $65,600 as of July 1, 2007.

Technical aspects and differences with other digital radio methods
CAM-D is said to add high-frequency program information digitally transmitted and then overlaid onto the existing low- to mid-frequency analog program. This provides enhanced fidelity that under adequate analog signal conditions may allow AM stations to transmit music and other program content with a more lifelike sound.

A significant disparity between Ibiquity's AM HD Radio and CAM-D is that of time diversity. Namely, HD Radio's AM broadcast scheme broadcasts two copies of the program offset by a few seconds, allowing signal to be briefly lost and maintain uninterrupted program audio (for example, driving under an overpass, multipath in urban areas, lightning, switching transients, etc.). . However, in the field, HD Radio, at a distance from the transmitter, is still not immune to the aspects of the AM dial such as those below.

A substantial problem of analog AM transmission is that it is subject to poor signal-to-noise ratio due to radio frequency noise from man-made and natural sources, such as fluorescent lamps, motors, switches and lightning. Simply adding high frequency information does not produce high fidelity. HD Radio signals on AM, however, use more bandwidth signal wise and often create "hash" on surrounding frequencies, up to 30 kHz from the center frequency. This interference, which is audible mainly on analog radios, was one of the reasons Citadel Communications pulled night broadcasts of their AM HD station's signals. CAM-D does not produce interference on any channels 10 kHz or more from the center frequency.

CAM-D is a system that is applicable to medium wave and possibly shortwave transmission. Since receivers are designed for multiple bands, a receiver that requires a substantially different architecture for CAM-D will require special circuitry that will increase its cost. This is similar to HD Radio and other digital radio services. Since they all require new circuitry, inevitably, the price of manufacture will increase. This price will likely begin to decrease once the technology becomes proven. Since all new broadcast radios are moving to full digital formats that decode with nearly identical hardware (XM, Sirius, HD Radio (in digital mode), Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale) in the long term, the overhead of analog circuitry will cause a cost penalty to implement the technology in future radios.

Stations broadcasting in CAM-D

 * WSRF, 1580 AM, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 * WKBF, 1270 AM, Rock Island, Illinois, decommissioned June 1, 2020
 * KPNP, 1600 AM, Minneapolis, Minnesota, decommissioned April 2, 2021

title: CAM-D


text:
Metroland

Metroland may refer to:
 * Metro-land, an informal name for a suburban area north-west of London, England served by the Metropolitan Line
 * Metro-land (1973 film), a BBC TV documentary (1973) by Sir John Betjeman about the area
 * Metroland (novel), a book by Julian Barnes where the subject comes from that part of London
 * Metroland (film), a 1997 film based on the Julian Barnes novel
 * Metroland (soundtrack), the soundtrack by Mark Knopfler

 * Metroland Media Group, a publisher of daily and community newspapers in Canada
 * "Metroland", a song by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark from the album English Electric
 * Metroland (newspaper), a defunct alternative newsweekly published in Albany, New York, whose editorial staff largely formed its successor The Alt
 * Metroland, a former theme park in the MetroCentre complex in Gateshead, England

title: Metroland