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John Cohen (musician)

John Cohen (August 2, 1932 – September 16, 2019) was an American musician, photographer and film maker who performed and documented the traditional music of the rural South and played a major role in the American folk music revival. In the 1950s and 60s, Cohen was a founding member of the New Lost City Ramblers, a New York–based string band. Cohen made several expeditions to Peru to film and record the traditional culture of the Q'ero, an indigenous people. Cohen was also a professor of visual arts at SUNY Purchase College for 25 years.

Early life
Cohen was born in Queens, New York, where his father, Israel, owned a shoe store. John spent most of his childhood in eastern Long Island, where he learned to play the guitar and banjo. He later attended Yale University where he studied painting. He later on met one of his good friends Tom Paley. They began organizing small concerts for people on their universities campus. Later on, he and Tom both moved to New York City and formed the New Lost City Ramblers. This newly formed band introduced several generations of musicians and audiences to the music styles of rural string bands from the 1920s and '30s.

When living in New York John was in the heart of a diverse world of art and music forms. He began taking photos of many painters and artists around the area and this brought in his love for photography.

College career
In 1958, Cohen formed the New Lost City Ramblers with Mike Seeger and Tom Paley. In 1962, Paley was replaced by Tracy Schwarz. The Ramblers introduced young urban folk music fans to the work of rural performers such as Dock Boggs, Elizabeth Cotten and Blind Alfred Reed. The influence of the Ramblers has been compared to Harry Smith's Anthology of American Folk Music. It has been suggested that The Grateful Dead song "Uncle John's Band", released on the album Workingman's Dead, was about Cohen and his band. Cohen called this "a true rumor."

Cohen described the outlook of the Ramblers: “We made it possible for urban-based musicians to step out of the demands of the music business and look out into America to get in touch with the genuine energy, drive and craziness out there.” Rather than pursuing commercial success through a polished sound, Cohen and the Ramblers undertook numerous research field trips to the South.

Photography/film career
John Cohen had taken photos and pursued photography for many years. Cohen also enjoyed filmmaking. He created a film called The High Lonesome Sound . This documentary shows the many emotions of life among the poor in those times. It illustrates how music and religion helped people in the Appalachian region maintain hope and traditions during hard times.

In 1962, Cohen returned to Kentucky, where he spent six weeks filming the documentary The High Lonesome Sound which centred on Roscoe Holcomb. (The title of the film became synonymous with the Appalachian music he captured.) Cohen subsequently recorded Dillard Chandler and made the documentary The End of an Old Song about Chandler and his world. With Ralph Rinzler and Izzy Young, Cohen created the organization Friends of Old Time Music. They produced a string of concerts featuring traditional musicians in New York in the 1960s

In 1959 he worked as an assistant photographer to Robert Frank and participated in the production of his film Pull My Daisy, the Beat Generation film directed by Frank and Alfred Leslie, written by Jack Kerouac and featuring Allen Ginsberg, Peter Orlovsky, David Amram, and Gregory Corso. In New York, John was at the center of wildly diverse worlds of art and music. He photographed poets Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso; painters Franz Kline and Red Grooms; and a young Bob Dylan, who had just arrived in the city. Influenced by Frank, Cohen photographed the Abstract Expressionist painters and Beat writers who congregated in artists' studios and at the Cedar Tavern. Once out there in the world, John got in contact with Life Magazine, and Life paid him for early publication rights of his "beat generation" photos.

Cohen learnt about weaving customs of Peru through an archaeology course at Yale. He travelled to the Peruvian Andes in 1956 to write his master's thesis on their weaving techniques. Cohen visited Peru eight times between 1956 and 2005. His work in Peru included audio recordings of Andean music and documentary films as well as books about weaving, music, festivals, and dance. Cohen's recording of a Peruvian wedding song was included on the Voyager Golden Record which was attached to the Voyager spacecraft in 1977.

Cohen ceased to perform with the New Lost City Ramblers in the 1970s, though they would re-unite for a 20th anniversary concert at New York's Carnegie Hall in 1978 and for a 35th anniversary tour in 1993. From 1972 to 1997, Cohen was a Professor of Visual Arts at SUNY Purchase College where he taught photography and drawing.

John made 15 films, including The High Lonesome Sound (1963), Sara and Maybelle: The Carter Family (1981), and Mountain Music of Peru (1984). He himself was the subject of the Smithsonian Channel's 2009 film Play On, John: A Life in Music

Music career
In spring 1959, Cohen went to Hazard, Kentucky in search of traditional musicians. A series of chance encounters led him to Roscoe Holcomb who played "Across the Rocky Mountain". "My hair stood up on end," Cohen recalled. "It was the most moving, touching, dynamic, powerful song. Not the song itself, but the way he sang it was just astounding." Cohen's recording trip resulted in the album, Mountain Music of Kentucky, released on the Folkways label.

In 1998, Cohen released his first solo album, Stories the Crow Told Me. Steve Leggett wrote in AllMusic that the record is "not so much a redefinition of Appalachian music as it is an attempt to enter it fully and completely. Cohen does this so well that the album sounds exactly like some great, lost Alan Lomax field tape, and although by definition what Cohen has done here is a facsimile, it sounds so much like the real deal that it hardly matters."

Cohen was associate music producer on the movie Cold Mountain (2003), working with T Bone Burnett. Cohen appeared in the Martin Scorsese documentary about Bob Dylan, No Direction Home (2005), describing Dylan's development in the context of the 1960s folk music revival. From 2008 onwards Cohen performed with The Down Hill Strugglers, an old-time string band featuring younger performers. In 2009, the Smithsonian Channel released a documentary about Cohen, Play On, John: A Life in Music.

In 2011, the Library of Congress acquired the John Cohen archive of manuscripts, films, photographs and audio recordings. Cohen's archive includes interviews with Harry Smith, Roger McGuinn, Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan, Gary Davis and Roscoe Holcomb. The photographs include these artists and Willie Dixon, Woody Guthrie, Alan Lomax, Bill Monroe, The Stanley Brothers, Merle Travis, Muddy Waters and many others.

Cohen resided in Putnam Valley, New York.

Through the 1960s, John continued to make albums for Folkways. The artists included ballad singer Dillard Chandler, “Singing Miner” George Davis, and Roscoe Holcomb. Most of John's recordings of Roscoe can be heard on two Smithsonian Folkways CDs, The High Lonesome Sound and An Untamed Sense of Control. John's 1953 recordings of Reverend Gary Davis were released by Smithsonian Folkways on the 2003 CD If I had My Way. In 1998, Cohen released his first solo album, Stories the Crow Told Me. Cohen was associate music producer on the movie Cold Mountain (2003), working with T Bone Burnett.

Personal life
In 1965 Cohen married Penny Seeger, a member of the musical Seeger family. They had a daughter, Sonya Cohen Cramer, a singer who died in 2015, and a son, Rufus. Penny accompanied her husband to Peru and collaborated on recording music. She died in 1993.

Monographs

 * There Is No Eye: John Cohen Photographs, introduction by Greil Marcus. New York: powerHouse Books, 2001. ISBN 1-57687-107-X, ISBN 1-57687-119-3
 * Young Bob: John Cohen’s Early Photographs of Bob Dylan, Brooklyn: powerHouse Books, 2003. ISBN 1-57687-199-1
 * Past, Present, Peru, Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2010. ISBN 978-3-86930-103-7
 * The High & Lonesome Sound: The Legacy of Roscoe Holcomb, Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2012. ISBN 978-3-86930-254-6
 * Here and Gone: Bob Dylan & Woody Guthrie & the 1960s, Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2014. ISBN 978-3-86930-604-9
 * Walking In the Light, Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2015. ISBN 978-3-86930-772-5
 * Cheap Rents…and de Kooning Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2016. ISBN 978-3-86930-903-3

Recent publications

 * Beat Generation: New York, San Francisco, Paris, Paris, France: Centre Pompidou, 2016. ISBN 978-2-84426-733-7
 * Pull My Daisy, Paris, France: Editions Macula and Centre Pompidou, 2016. Text by Rollet, Patrice; Sargeant, Jack. ISBN 978-2-86589-089-7
 * Petrus, Stephen and Cohen, Ronald. Folk City: New York and the American Folk Music Revival, New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Foreword by Peter Yarrow. ISBN 978-0-19-023102-6
 * Glimcher, Mildred L.Happenings: New York, 1958-1963, New York: The Monacelli Press LLC. 2012 ISBN 978-1-58093-307-0

Selected filmography

 * The High Lonesome Sound (1962). Streaming on Folkstreams
 * Fifty Miles from Times Square (1970)
 * The End of an Old Song (1972). A DVD version is in print as part of Dark Holler: Old Love Songs and Ballads (2005-09-27). Washington: Smithsonian Folkways. Streaming on Folkstreams.
 * Musical Holdouts (1975) Streaming on Folkstreams.
 * Q'eros: The Shape of Survival (1979)
 * Peruvian Weaving: a continuous warp (1980)
 * Sara and Maybelle (1981)
 * Gypsies Sing Long Ballads (1982), streaming on Folkstreams
 * Mountain Music of Peru (1984)
 * Dancing with the Incas (1990)
 * Carnival in Q'eros (1992)
 * Play on John: A Life in Music (2009) on Smithsonian Networks
 * Visions of Mary Frank (2014)

Selected discography (as producer)

 * High Atmosphere: Ballads and Banjo Tunes from Virginia and North Carolina (1975)
 * There Is No Eye: Music for Photographs, Smithsonian Folkways SFW CD 40091 (2001), companion to the book
 * Back Roads to Cold Mountain (2004)

title: John Cohen (musician)


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User:DanielZimmerman

Welcome to my Wikipedia user page. It is under heavy construction. I hope to make it look much nicer.

Elitist Deletists
I reject WP:BIO and all other forms of notability "standards" for determining if an article should be included in or deleted from Wikipedia. Notability is relative, subjective, and a matter of POV. There are plenty of other policies and guidelines on Wikipedia that allow for the creation of a proper encyclopedia that is not paper.

Userboxes
Userboxes are supposed to go on userpages. Userpages are not encyclopedic so why does the content on them have to be? It make's no sense. Again, Wikipedia is not paper.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:DanielZimmerman


text: User talk:68.218.116.106

title: User talk:68.218.116.106


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Talk:Angel Cabrera

El Pato
Osomec: El Pato is Cabrera's nickname, and I think it's important to keep it. I will put it back, with its translation. --Mariano 07:00, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * Good, thanks. Osomec 00:34, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * However, Cabrera states the nickname was given to him as a child and there really wasn't a connection with his appearance or gait.Springtank 18:27, 14 Jun 2007

I suspect that Cabrera is not known on the golf circuit as "El Pato"; rather, he is affectionately known as "El Pato" by the (Argentinian) fans.

Tournament Wins
I couldn't find any source saying that he won the Columbian Open [sic] in 1995, so I deleted it from his record. Scott182 00:58, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

For the record
The US Open is a sanctioned European PGA Tour event. Prize money from the 4 majors and World Golf Championships count towards the European Order of Merit. Catchpole 13:41, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angel Cabrera


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User:Wenncqw.aries

§ ŴëŇņ ĊħĒě QĭĄń ŴëŇ §

title: User:Wenncqw.aries


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File:The Little Friend, Front Cover.jpg

Summary
Source: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002

Fair use rationale
This book cover qualifies as fair use since the subject of the book is specifically referenced in the critical commentary.

title: File:The Little Friend, Front Cover.jpg


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Talk:Siege of Port Arthur

Does this belong in this Article?
I (re) wrote the ending of this page, esp. because the Russians in the person of the Tzar were decidedly reluctant to approach the peace table, and the previous ending, stating they had sued for peace thus gives an erroneous impression. (Blame Edmund Morris, not me!)

The following should obviously be included in the Russo-Japanese War ending, but it's late, I'm not sure either way, so I'm saving it here for comment (while it's in the cut buffer). Does it belong here as well? It needs some polish, but makes sense (I hope ):

The capture of Port Arthur, and the Japanese naval victory in the Battle of Tsushima five months later, did not convince the war-weary Russian government (Tzar Nickolaus II) to sue for peace but only a diplomatic tour de force by US President Theodore Roosevelt initiated after a secret request by the war weary Japanese government got the Russians to the Peace Table. The United States mediated and under the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire in September 1905, the Russo-Japanese War came to an end which established Japan as the dominant power in Asia. President Roosevelt was awarded the Noble Prize for Peace for his offices as intermediary and mediator. In the face of Russian willingness to continue the conflict, Roosevelt got the Japanese to concede terms unwillingly (esp. reparations), and these generated riots in Japan as they were percieved as a loss of face, and these same perceptions (i.e. That America and other western powers had treated Japan as the 'defeated party of the Russo-Japanese war) subsequently became part of the Japanese rationale for the infamous sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, as they explicitly stated in the famously 'late delivered' comunication declaring war -- after' the sneak attack began.

Comments
The first thing I would worry about is finding a second source. I assume Theodore Rex is a biography of Rooselvelt not a history of the Russo-Japanese war, so Morris is going to approach the subject from a Rooselvelt-a-centric view. What does a history of the war say on the subject? I guess the second question is how much of the discussion is needed here. For example, the fact that President Roosevelt was awarded the Noble Prize, and the long term effect on Japan and the start of WWII may not be needed here. Having said that, if the version above is more accurate than what was there before (and at least it has a citation) the change is a good idea. Andreww 09:26, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

not quite an rebuttal It's been my experience (after a lifetime of reading history) that you get a far greater detail and feel for the actual decision factors in history from the painstaking detailed research a biographer performs than you do from a contemporary writer of history, composing so soon after the fact that not all information is available, or declassified. Mr. Morris won the Pultzer Prize for his first book on TR, and the second's research (nearly 25 years later) is to the same high standard. Having access to now declassified source materials s.a. Brittish Diplomatic records documenting TR's requests through the Brittish (diplomatic back channels) give his account information that no other historical writer has yet had a crack at, or compiled together. The Brits generally classify things for a minimum of 75 years. In the main, however, there is little disagreement as the treaty of Portsmouth is a well documented fact; what's significantly 'new' is that TR was looking to mediate early on, that he put out feelers to both sides, the give and take, and especially the view from the back room that is available only after the principles have died. Of their 'reads' of the diplomatic activity and of the opposing diplomats themselves... Morris spent two chapters building the case for the synopsis I presented here. I have no pretensions that it is perfect in any way, save one - Nicholas II was reluctant as hell to come to the peace table and his intransingence in part resulted eventually in our entry into WW-II.

As to other sources, I'll have no less than seven books ordered in by the weekend, not counting the half dozen encyclopedias and four general histories of Japan and Russia I surveyed this evening on the Russo-Japanese war. These verify hard facts, but are too abbreviated and too general to address the diplomatic backchannels. A biography isn't, even the one's I've read where the biographer was clearly no friend of his subject. I will add a bio of Nicholas II to my list, as you've just made me curious, but Morris's case is iron clad and explains more 'better' than contemporary explainations ever did.

wrt -"I guess the second question is how much of the discussion is needed here." That's the answer as to why I put it here first. Unfortunately, I answered the question for myself overnight as I added a similar but more expanded version to the Battle of Port Arthur article this (well, yesterday) afternoon... which is how I got to the library. The answer I came up with is that connections like this are the exciting secrets of history that are a delight to discover. Is the link to the attack on Pearl Harbor significant in studying these old battles in their own day? Not! Is it of intermediary historical importance -- certainly, ask anyone that died at Pearl Harbor! Is Pearl important to our place in history today? Sitting out WW-II would mean we live in an alternate universe, so the answer must be yes. History is a concantative assembledge wherein individual events interact and interrelate in complex and marvelous ways, are sometimes tragic, frequently taudry, or contemptable (Morris's discussion of Kaiser Wilhelm's machinations makes me grin when using that word!), or underhanded, or noble, but always in contrast to, and along side of other significant events. The great thing to me about wikipedia is that is not shackled by the economic restrictions of a printed work. It can be thourough and complete without significant adverse costs. In a decade, it will be an authoratative source of general knowledge, and by providing such glimpses of the magic interconnections inherent to history we can stimulate thousands -- and brighten their day doing it. Thus, a good section covering the historical implications of such matters are an ideal we should strive for across the board. Something should be put there to satisfy that goal, and my piece is a good start on that at least. Tonight I learned that Japan had also taken over the Russian's Lease of Terratories in Manchuria as part of the settlement. That and a few other things need added in a judicious manner Fabartus 06:55, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"The Tide at Sunrise" is a lengthy (628 pages) history of the Russo-Japanese War. It is expensive ($125.00 at Amazon) but you can still find it in libraries.

Well No More Comments

 * Since the above didn't generate any futher discussion, I'm posting in the Arty. User:Fabartus || Talkto_FrankB 30 June 2005 19:52 (UTC)

Copyvio? (August 2006)
After the major rewrite in August 2006 much of the article seems to be copied from battlefieldanomalies.com. I have blanked the latest version and restored the version from 25 July 2006. -- Petri Krohn 23:48, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Will work on a rewrite and submit in 2-3 days. However, arbitrarily blanking of an article without any prior discussion was a pretty abrupt step.220.104.154.59
 * I have restored the content based on last non-copyrighted version. -- Petri Krohn 12:26, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Mine Warfare
While the article seems to be dealing mostly with land operations, it does go into naval business when applicable. I think it would be well along the lines if we include a section dealing with sinking of japanese battleships "Hatsuse" and "Yashima" near Port-Arthur - especially considering that they were the only japanese battleships sunk by the russians in that war. With respect, Ko Soi IX 14:16, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Poison gas
I removed sentences concerning poison gas. I checked some evaluated books about Siege of Port Arthur or Japanese chemical warfare, but can't find any mentions. Please put back the sentences with appropriate sources.--Amagase 09:45, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Weight of the shells thrown by the 11-inch howitzers
I noticed some minor inconsistencies in the article shown by these three quotations:

"11-inch howitzers with 500-kilogram armor-piercing shells"

"the arrival of the first battery of huge Krupp 11-inch siege howitzers, replacing those lost on the Hitachi-Maru disaster. The massive Krupp howitzers could throw a 227 kilogram shell over 9 kilometers"

"Over 1000 of the 500-lb shells from the 11-inch Krupp howitzers were fired in a single day to support this attack."

I know nothing about artillery, but I'm betting someone who is reading this does! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wilson44691 (talk • contribs) 01:17, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There are some inaccurate descriptions in the sentences. These howitzers were not German-made, but Italian and its copies made in Japan. There were no howitzers lost in the sinking of Hitachi-maru. I can't find any appropriate sources about the weight by now. --Amagase (talk) 09:42, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Who was Foch (beside being "incompetent"..) ? Shouldn't be "Fock" ?
The article mentions several times a "Foch" but doesn't give any idea of who he was, except he was "incompetent". This may need a little more details and argumentation, maybe ?

He definitely is not the same person as Ferdinand Foch.

A quick search on Google would lead to conclude that it should have been Fock, not Foch. See for example some archives from the New York Times, this article, and a seemingly serious book on the subject

So it's probably an error; this error appears in a few pages (Roman Kondratenko, Battle of Nanshan, Anatoly Stessel), all related to the same events, so probably from the same source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Farialima (talk • contribs) 06:49, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

Changing Result in Infobox
I would like to propose that we change the Result from "Japanese Pyrrhic Victory" to "Japanese Victory" or something similar. By definition, a pyrrhic victory is one where the victor suffers losses so devastating in the achievement of victory that the result proves not worth the cost. I think it would be hard to argue such was the case at Port Arthur for the Japanese. Thoughts? Jrt989 (talk) 01:30, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The word "Pyrrhic" keeps being added to several battles of the Russo-Japanese War by an anon user, despite repeated warnings to desist by numerous editors. At best use of the word is POV, and it should be removed. --MChew (talk) 02:27, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

first amoung eqauls
How many of the firsts were barbed wire and bolt-action magazine rifles were used in the boar war. Maxim guns were also not introduced in this war, although this was the first was they were used in large numbers. Trenchwarfare is as old as the ACW. I rthink we really need sources for this.Slatersteven (talk) 18:13, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

kia
Are the death totals right? Um, seems kind of high. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.92.90.156 (talk) 03:58, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Obice 280K
The Landships website is not a reliable source. What's most funny about it is that it says the Obice 280K is not designed by Krupp. If you know anything about 19th century Italian designations, you'd see how lame this is. Krupp made some "un-German" (in Landships terminology) breeches, including the ones on the 400/35 guns (also sold to Italy) and the Gamma Gërat.

From The Royal Engineers Journal, Volume 43, p. 718:

The 28-cm. howitzer of the Spezia type, was built by Krupp's for Italy, in 1879. The Japanese bought a number of these for coast defence from the Italians, and 18 of them took part in the bombardment of Port Arthur, where they contributed to ...

-- Someone not using his real name (talk) 23:19, 23 September 2013 (UTC)

Dubious
Parts of this article seem to be based on the historical novel Saka no Ue no Kumo, or perhaps its TV adaption. Japanese Wikipedia has a large section in the Saka no Ue no Kumo article which says that its account of 203-Meter Hill and Kodama's relief of Nogi is entirely fictional and has no historical basis whatsoever. However, other parts of the article seem to be drawn from real historical sources and I am not sure what to do. I request anyone interested in this topic to review more reliable sources and edit or blank the article as needed. Shii (tock) 19:53, 13 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Expanded and added footnotes. Per numerous sources, Kodama had been given written orders by Oyama to relieve Nogi of his command if required, but this proved unnecessary, as Nogi was amenable to accepting "advice" and agreed to follow Kodama's directive to concentrate his attack on 203-Meter Hill. However, (per Warner, Connaught and others) during the seesaw final assault on 203-Meter Hill, Kodama decided that he needed to take a more pro-active role and (with Nogi's acquiescence), began to issue orders directly to the front-line commanders. However, he never formally relieved Nogi of his command. --MChew (talk) 16:12, 22 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for clearing this up. Shii (tock) 02:38, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Serious inconsistency
The Lüshunkou District article says that the Liaodong Peninsula was ceded to the Japanese under the Treaty of Shimonoseki, given back under pressure during the Triple Intervention, then a lease to Russia was "coerced". This version says that the lease was three days after the treaty was signed. This being history, I wouldn't be surprised if both were right, but somebody ought to figure it out. :) Wnt (talk) 13:20, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

The role of Britain.
I know nothing about this war, but I have studied British foreign policy in the run-up to the Great War at various levels over the decades. And this is the first time I have encountered Britain being accused of being the main cause of the conflict. I am aware that Britain had recently signed the Entente Cordiale with France (who was an ally of Russia) while also having alliance with Japan.

But if you're going to say "The main cause of the siege was the British stealth operation conducted under Edward VII which caused Japanese leaders to believe that the French were collaborating with Russia behind their backs" then you must provide evidence. Edward VII, as King, had no control over British politics or foreign policy. So to suggest that any operations were conducted by him is ridiculous.

Ganpati23 (talk) 17:16, 22 July 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Siege of Port Arthur


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dave Greenfield

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was speedy deleted by User:Evil Monkey. From the deletion log: Sjakkalle 13:37, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 07:08, 31 May 2005 Evil Monkey deleted "Dave Greenfield" (vanity nonsense)

Dave Greenfield
Article does not establish notability. Google results lead to numerous people of the same name. →Iñgōlemo←  talk  07:08, 2005 May 31 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Cobram

Cobram is a town in Victoria, Australia. It is on the Murray River which forms the border between Victoria and New South Wales. Cobram along with the nearby towns of Numurkah and Yarrawonga is part of Shire of Moira and is the administrative centre of the council. Its twin town of Barooga is located on the north side of the Murray River. Surrounding Cobram are a number of orchards, dairy farms and wineries. At the 2021 census, Cobram had a population of 6,148. Barooga's population is currently 1,888.

History
Aboriginals, although they had disappeared from the area prior to European settlement, were believed to inhabit the stretch of region bound by the Murray River from Tocumwal to the east of Cobram and south as far as the Broken Creek. The main tribe believed to have occupied the area were the Bangerang. A 'horde', or smaller grouping of about 100 persons, named Angootheraban, are believed to have lived in the immediate Cobram area.

Charles Sturt first passed through the region on the northern bank of the Murray River in June 1838 en route to South Australia, leading a cattle droving party, with 300 head of cattle.

In January 1845, Octavius Phillpotts established Cobram station between the already existing Yarrawonga and Strathmerton stations, located where Cobram East now is. This was divided into the Cobram and St. James stations in 1855.

By the 1860s, present day Cobram still hadn't begun to exist, and the area was still broadly referred to as Yarroweyah. In 1868, the old township of Cobram, bound by Warkil Street to the west and the Murray River to the east was reserved for future use, about 15 kilometres west of Cobram East.

Up until this time, the area of Cobram was part of the Echuca Shire, Cobram station was included when Yarrawonga Shire was created on 15 May 1878. It would later be part of the Tungamah shire in its creation on 17 February 1893. On 12 August 1879 the first school, 2166 Cobram, opened, later renamed Cobram East.

In 1886, the government produced the town plan for Cobram, as section 110. 1888 brought about the establishment of the township proper, with the opening of the primary school, Cobram 2881, in April, the opening of the Cobram Post Office near the court house on 1 May, and the coming of the railway on 1 October, which had been heavily publicised by the Cobram Courier, the town's newspaper, first issued 12 September of that year. It was also in 1888 that the first policeman was appointed, the first doctor arrived and Cobram Football Club played its first match along with the building of Cobram's first pub, the Royal Victoria Hotel. A river punt began operating between Cobram and the New South Wales banks the following year.

The Cobram Post Office was moved to its present site on 23 February 1904, the first government building in town and the first built in Australia with the authority of the Commonwealth government.

Cobram township was finally proclaimed by John Fuller, Governor of Victoria, on 2 December 1912. Two years later, electricity for the town was being produced by a local coal-fired power plant.

St. Joseph's Catholic primary school was opened in 1922 and in 1925, the Cobram Golf Club opened a 9-hole course near the Murray Valley Highway, transferring three years later to the current location in Barooga.

Cobram adopted yet another town plan in 1949, the first rural Victorian town to do so, with high anticipation of population growth and the proliferation of industry. In 1950, the first of such expansions was realised, with the creation of the Murray Valley Co-operative Dairy Producers and Trading Company, the predecessor of Murray Goulburn Co-operative.

The town split from Tungamah Shire and Cobram Shire was formed on 1 April 1953, after increasing agitation from the townspeople with the operations of the Tungamah Shire. The first Shire President was Mr Norm Jordan, a long-standing Cobram businessman. Almost ten years later, in 1962, the first high school opened in the town. In May 1972, the first connections to town sewerage were made, totaling 1,000 by 1976.

Through the 1980s and 1990s, Cobram was awarded many town awards, including Tidiest Town in Victoria in 1991 and 1993. In 1993, Cobram Shire was amalgamated with Yarrawonga, Numurkah, Nathalia and Tungamah Shires to form the Moira Shire.

Present day
Cobram serves as the headquarters for the Shire of Moira, is centrally located within the shire and is the second-largest town. Cobram has one government high school and a primary school, an Anglican prep to year 12 college, a Catholic primary school and a special developmental school. It also has a district hospital, built in 1949 with emergency department and an associated nursing home for the elderly.

There are numerous recreational facilities for public use, such as Scott Reserve, the Cobram Showgrounds, Cobram Lawn Tennis Club and of course the Murray River including Thompson's Beach. A large sports stadium is located adjacent to the Anglican College and Cobram Showgrounds, with numerous soccer fields, netball and tennis courts outside, along with indoor basketball, badminton, volleyball, tennis and netball courts.

The Melba Theatre first opened on 1 December 1948. Featuring a lobby and two cinemas, it was the first air-conditioned theatre in the region. A fire destroyed the cinema and caused damage to surrounding shops on 10 April 2010 and it was demolished the following day.

A Peaches & Cream Festival is held biennially around the second or third weekend in January. It is Australia's oldest-running festival, with a town parade and music festival located at Thompson's Beach.

Cobram is the birthplace of Murray Goulburn Co-operative, Australia's largest dairy co-operative, collecting 35% of Australia's milk produce through its numerous facilities throughout south eastern Australia. Murray Goulburn, along with the Meiji Dairy Corporation milk processing plant, a large abattoir and orange juice factories form the major industries of the town as well as serving as major employers.

Cobram is home to a large Muslim community of mainly Iraqi origin which continues to grow quickly, along with Italians who migrated in the post-war boom, and began a thriving fruit industry.

In 2006, the then 104-year-old De Burgh Truss road bridge over the river was replaced by a concrete type immediately adjacent to and upstream of the original bridge, named Cobram Barooga Bridge. The new bridge was built to a cost of $9.6 million and completed ahead of schedule.

Smaller towns located nearby include Strathmerton, home of a large Bega cheese processing plant, Yarroweyah, Katamatite, Katunga, Koonoomoo and the larger towns of Yarrawonga on the Victorian side and Tocumwal on the New South Wales side.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 6,014 people in Cobram.
 * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 1.7% of the population.
 * 75.8% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were Italy 2.8%, England 2.2%, New Zealand 1.8% and India 1.7%.
 * 80.3% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Italian 4.1% and Arabic 2.2%.
 * The most common responses for religion were Catholic 32.7%, No Religion 22.0% and Anglican 14.7%.

Suburbs
Although there are no named suburbs in the town, there are areas which can be distinguished by locals due to their colloquial names.

The Mill End is the oldest area name, given to the old Cobram town bound by Warkil Street to the west and the river to the east, so named because of the timber mills that were once scattered in the area. It is still used, although not as commonly, by people and business.

Murray Heights is the name given to the estate of relatively recent residential area that runs along the sand hills of River Road on the town's eastern edge. The sandy mounds had previously been occupied by orchards.

Koonoomoo, Yarroweyah and Cobram East share the same post code as Cobram, as does Barooga despite being in NSW.

Sport
Cobram has an Australian rules football team in the Murray Football League called the Cobram Tigers.

Cobram Roar is a soccer club formed in 2014 which participates in the Albury Wodonga Football Association. They are based at the Cobram Showgrounds.

Cobram also has two cricket teams which play in the Murray Valley Cricket Association games, one being Cobram Yarroweyah United, which is based at Scott Oval in Cobram.

Other popular sports played include basketball, table tennis, ballet, motorcross, netball, lawn tennis, badminton and lawn bowls. Cobram Bowling Club is centrally located and has three grass greens. The club has two ladies' pennant teams and four Saturday pennant sides which participate in the Murray Bowls Association.

Golfers play at the Cobram Barooga Golf Club on Barooga Golf Course Road.

The Cobram Lawn Tennis Club hosts an annual tournament over Labour Day Weekend (usually the first weekend of March). It is attended by around 750 tennis players from around Victoria, with most travelling from Melbourne for the weekend. The tournament concludes with the finals on Labour Day Monday.

Public transport
V/Line once serviced Cobram with regular daily passenger trains as part of the Shepparton service. These train services were discontinued in 1993. Now V/Line operates multiple daily return connecting coach services between Cobram and Melbourne, as well as multiple return services to Albury and Mildura.

NSW TrainLink, the New South Wales regional rail and coach provider, services Cobram with three-times-weekly return coach services 741 and 742 between Albury and Echuca.

Climate
Cobram has a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and cool, wet winters. The area has 300 days of sunshine a year. The average wettest day Cobram would have is around 30 millimetres.

Landmarks
A major landmark is the Cobram Bridge, a De Burgh truss lift bridge, which was built across the Murray in 1902. The Cobram Bridge is the only bridge on the Murray River whose construction was completely funded by the Victorian government. Tenders were awarded in November 1900 and the bridge was opened officially on 3 December 1902, two months after being open to traffic.

Other landmarks include the settlers' log cabin, war memorial and civic centre. Also of note is the Cobram courthouse, built in 1912, which continues to be utilised as the Cobram Magistrates' Court. Most of the old brick buildings were of local bricks, made by Samuel Steward. He has a monument on the Cobram to Barooga Road.

Cobram Station, built from 1905 to 1907, is a large homestead located east of the town on the Murray Valley Highway. The building comprises 250,000 bricks hand-made on site. It is currently a private residence.

Around the region are numerous river beaches, with Thompson's Beach, claimed to be the largest inland beach in Australia located just north of Mookarii Street, before crossing into New South Wales.

Notable people from Cobram

 * Former Geelong Australian rules footballer Garry Hocking and Steven Hocking
 * Former Geelong and Essendon Australian rules footballer John Barnes
 * Former Olympic diver Dean Pullar.

title: Cobram


text:
Jüri Kerem

Jüri Kerem (24 April 1943 – 8 September 1993) was an Estonian caricaturist and portraitist.

He was born in Tallinn.

title: Jüri Kerem


text:
Gonin

Gonin (ゴニン (５人) or, in some English-language editions, The Five) is a 1995 crime film directed by Takashi Ishii and starring Takeshi Kitano, Kōichi Satō and Masahiro Motoki. This was the first film Kitano starred in after his 1994 motorcycle accident. The eyepatch the character wears was because his right eye was still leaking fluids.

Summary
Bandai (Sato) is a disco owner whose business, following the collapse of Japan's bubble economy, is slowly disintegrating, and who owes debts he cannot possibly pay to the local yakuza. His solution is to rob the gangsters, for which purpose he assembles a team consisting of other casualties of the economic downturn—including a gay hustler (Motoki) who frequents his club, a down-on-his-luck ex-cop (Jinpachi Nezu), an unbalanced salaryman (Naoto Takenaka), and a Thai pimp (Kippei Shiina). The hastily planned heist goes off awkwardly, and the yakuza start tracking down the conspirators, hiring a team of hitmen (Kitano and Kazuya Kimura) to take out the thieves.

Cast

 * Kōichi Satō as Mikihiko Bandai
 * Masahiro Motoki as Junichi Mitsuya
 * Jinpachi Nezu as Kaname Hizu
 * Kippei Shiina as Jimmy
 * Naoto Takenaka as Shohei Ogiwara
 * Megumi Yokoyama as Nammy
 * Eiko Nagashima as Saki
 * Maiko Kawakami as Hostess at Pinky
 * Hideo Murota as Shikine
 * Kazuya Kimura as Kazuma Shibata
 * Shingo Tsurumi as Shigeru Hisamatsu
 * Toshiyuki Nagashima as Yasumasa Ogoshi
 * Takeshi Kitano as Ichiro Kyoya

title: Gonin


text:
Talk:Wetting

-DavidWeekly

"Physical Forces"
The High-energy vs. low-energy surfaces section states that weakly bonded molecules are: "held together essentially by physical forces (e.g., van der Waals and hydrogen bonds)." All particles that are held together are held together by physical forces, and everything in the universe that happens, happens because of physical forces. I think they mean physical bonds, which is a poorly defined, and in my opinion, misleading term used by some chemists as a synonym for "intermolecular bonds." I will change the word and link it to the article on intermolecular bonds.

Complete Wetting?
The High-energy vs. low-energy surfaces section states: "Most molecular liquids achieve complete wetting with high-energy surfaces." I will leave this in place because I don't have any articles to back up my intuition, but hasn't everyone here seen water bead up on a piece of glass or metal? This doesn't seem correct, and I suspect that this is a mistake and the opposite was meant.

Potentially off-topic
The High-energy vs. low-energy surfaces/Wetting of low-energy surfaces section states: "William Zisman had several key findings in the work that he did:[7] Zisman observed that cos θ increases linearly as the surface tension (γLV) of the liquid decreased. Thus, he was able to establish a rectilinear relation between cos θ and the surface tension (γLV) for various organic liquids. A surface is more wettable when γLV is low and when θ is low. He termed the intercept of these lines when the cos θ = 1, as the critical surface tension (γc) of that surface. This critical surface tension is an important parameter because it is a characteristic of only the solid."

This looks like good information, but the findings are not clearly related to the wetting of low energy surfaces. It is unclear if these findings are only true for liquids on low energy surfaces. If the relationship between cos θ and surface tension (γLV) of the liquid is only linear for low energy surfaces, this should be stated. If the relationship is linear for interfaces between liquids and high energy surfaces as well, this information should be moved to another section.

"Poorer" packing?
The High-energy vs. low-energy surfaces/Wetting of low-energy surfaces section states: "Differences in wettability between surfaces that are similar in structure are due to differences in packing of the atoms. For instance, if a surface has branched chains, it will have poorer packing than a surface with straight chains." Do they mean poorer wetting? The second sentence doesn't relate to the first, and I'm not sure what poorer packing would even mean as molecular packing is not a quantifiable unless some judgement criteria has been specified (ie, uniformity, density, degree of conformance to a particular crystal structure, etc.)

Cold welding
Would it be safe to say that wetting is a liquid equivalent of cold welding in that both occur when the surface of one material bonds to that of the other chemically rather than simply being pressed next to eachother? —BenFrantzDale 17:08, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Cassie's law
I think Cassie's law as listed is incorrect. It should be either: $$\cos\,{\theta^*}= \phi \,\,cos\,(\theta_\text{Y} + 1)-1$$ or $$\cos\,{\theta^*}= r\,\,cos\,(\theta_\text{Y})-f$$

Needs editing
citing: "If the surface is high energy, it will want to be covered with a liquid because this interface will lower its energy, and so on."

As for the first clause, what does this mean - "If the surface is high energy". Furthermore, how does this follow: "... it will want to be covered with a liquid because..."? Since when do surfaces have minds of their own? How does a surface want something?

Re: Needs editing
It is common to say that any object "wants" something if it lowers it's energy. Objects do not have minds, but that's just a simple way of expressing the effect of lowering enery.

Ivopeters 08:24, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Re: Needs editing
Given that the contact angle is the angle between the tangent to the surface of the liquid at the point where all three phases meet and the surface of the solid (as denoted by $$\theta_c$$ in Figure 4 of the article). I'm a little confused by the following excerpt from the article:

When a contact line advances, covering more of the surface with liquid, the contact angle is increased...A receding interface likewise has a contact angle that is reduced...

Wouldn't the contact angle decrease as the contact line advances, and the contact angle increase as the contact line recedes? Currently, I don't have access to the referenced material, so I can't check for the explanation.

--Jgrunschel (talk) 07:05, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

How does glass get completely wet ?
"There are two main types of solid surfaces with which liquids can interact. Traditionally, solid surfaces have been divided into high energy solids and low energy types. The relative energy of a solid has to do with the bulk nature of the solid itself. Solids such as metals, glasses, and ceramics are known as 'hard solids' because the chemical bonds that hold them together (e.g. covalent, ionic, or metallic) are very strong. Thus, it takes a large input of energy to break these solids so they are termed “high energy.” Most molecular liquids achieve complete wetting with high-energy surfaces."

Could someone please briefly explain (and possibly re-phrase) that last sentence to me ? It seems to say that if water, say, is poured on to a 'hard-solid' like glass, the glass will become completely wet. Which can't be right. Help ! Gnu Ordure (talk) 16:48, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

"Is water wet" debate
Could we possibly add a "In popular culture" section for the mention of the water wetness debate? Dragon Curve (talk) 02:21, 1 October 2020 (UTC)

Discussion on Jasper-Anand section
The user Nadish21 appears to be using this page as a vehicle to promote his own scientific work. The equations from the Jasper-Anand paper were added to Wikipedia within 10 days of its publication. Unknown users have repeatedly rolled back the efforts of others to remove the section from the page.

Although the publication is peer reviewed, it is really questionable to list it as an important result in a field that is at least a century old. As a researcher in this field I find the paper to be of poor quality and there are many other well regarded papers that far deserve to be mentioned on this page (to give one example: 10.1063/1.1563828). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 103.6.151.208 (talk) 30 May 2021

Reply: The justification for removing this section does a disservice to the field of wetting for the following reasons: 1. The Young-Dupre equation, which has been a well established theory for over two centuries, also happens to be incompatible with the First Law of Thermodynamics. 2. Existing theories such as the Young-Dupre equation or the Modified Young's Equation do not agree with peer reviewed experimental data on predicting the contact angle of small sessile droplets. 3. Existing theories predict incorrectly the magnitude and sign of the line tension term. 4. The Young-Dupre equation fails to predict contact angle hysteresis for sessile droplets.

In contrast, the section which is being proposed to be deleted: 1. Agrees with the First Law of Thermodynamics. 2. Agrees with experimental results over 14 orders of magnitude in droplet volume. 3. Correctly predicts the sign and magnitude of the line tension term at the three phase boundary. 4. Correctly predicts contact line hysteresis.

Instead of self-censoring this section, would it not be more prudent for the readers to decide for themselves between theories which do not agree with experiment and those that do? Finally, passing on conjecture and one's opinions, without hard scientific evidence that disproves this particular theory, should not be the basis for censoring this section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:B01:5880:20C2:CA26:3A59:B101 (talk) 22:24, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

More self-promotion on "A Generalized Model for the Contact Angle of Droplets on Flat and curved surfaces"
Some months ago I wrote ("Discussion on Jasper-Anand section") that a user was seemingly promoting his own academic work, adding equations from a paper days after its publication.

Someone has continued to surreptitiously add the work of Jasper and Anand to this Wikipedia page, now in a section titled "A Generalized Model for the Contact Angle of Droplets on Flat and curved surfaces". Apart from what seems to be a shameless act of self-promotion from someone who calls himself the progenitor of the Jasper-Anand equation), there is no really compelling reason why this paper should be featured over papers from more established names in wetting such as Tadmor, Extrand and so forth.

In an earlier comment an unsigned commenter claims that Jasper and Anand's theory agrees with experimental results over 14 orders of magnitude and correctly predicts the sign and magnitude of line tension. These claims are wrong because the order of magnitude of the line tension is a notoriously unsolved problem (see B M Law et al https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/53476/6/Line%20tension%20Prog%20Surf%20Sci%20Submission%20BMLaw%20082016.pdf) whose experimental measurements notably conflict with one another. 103.252.202.193 (talk) 06:41, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wetting


text:
User talk:Walshicus

European Union Project
You might be interested in the European Union project. Parmaestro 07:10, 31 May 2005 (UTC) ?

Talk:List of countries by GDP %28nominal%29
Hi - you're invited to join in a discussion on the inclusion of the EU in the List of countries by GDP %28nominal%29 article. Regards  SilkTork  *YES! 23:13, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Talk:List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29
The Mediation discussion regarding the inclusion of the EU in List of countries by GDP %28nominal%29 has come to a conclusion with the following result:
 * The EU to remain in List of countries by GDP (nominal).
 * The EU to be positioned according to GDP rank between World and USA.
 * No consensus on the EU appearing in all three charts. By convention this means the situation would remain as current - that is the EU remains on all three charts.
 * Data for the EU on each chart to only be given if sourced, otherwise a dash to replace the data.
 * Explanation to be placed in the lead section for the appearance of the EU and other non-countries. Possible wording: "Several economies which are not normally considered to be countries are included in the list because they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison."
 * The List retains the current name.
 * A suggestion by Tomeasy that I feel should be carried out is that the sister articles are given the same treatment as agreed above.

Unless there are significant disagreements within the next 48 hours I will be closing the Mediation. Any questions, please get in touch. Regards  SilkTork  *YES! 10:55, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Re: Xbox One
Please read WP:LEAD. The lead must summarize the entire article, including any prominent controversies. Since these controversies are part of the console's identity, it's POV pushing if they were to only be mentioned in reception. ViperSnake151  Talk  14:50, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Genar-Hofoen for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Genar-Hofoen is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Genar-Hofoen until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Smith (talk)  20:33, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Walshicus


text:
User:Brianmcgovern

Nunya

title: User:Brianmcgovern


text:
Yarrawonga

Yarrawonga is a town in the Shire of Moira local government area in the Australian state of Victoria. In the 2021 census, Yarrawonga had a population of 8,661 people.

Geography
The town is located approximately 264 km north-east of the state capital, Melbourne, situated on the south bank of the Murray River, the border between Victoria and New South Wales.

Yarrawonga's twin town of Mulwala is on the other side of the Murray River.

History
Yarrawonga is Aboriginal, meaning 'cormorant’s nesting place,' 'where the cormorant builds' or 'yarra' meaning 'waterfalls,' and 'wonga' meaning 'pigeon.' It is believed the Mulla Walla people occupied the area before the first white settlers arrived in 1842.

Yarrawonga was founded as a village in 1868, with a Post Office being opened on 28 November 1874, and a courthouse the very same year. It was connected by rail to Melbourne in 1886.

Yarrawonga was proclaimed a shire in 1891, It was renamed from 'North Yarrawonga Shire' (1891) to 'Yarrawonga Shire' in 1893.

Yarrawonga Weir and Lake Mulwala were constructed in the late 1930s as part of the Murray-Darling Irrigation Scheme.

Historically, one of the major industries in the Yarrawonga/Mulwala area has been the explosives factory, which was constructed in Mulwala over 1942–43. It is now operated by French company Thales but remains an Australian Department of Defence asset.

The Yarrawonga Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1990.

Demographics
In the 2016 census, Yarrawonga recorded a population of 7,930, 51.1% female and 48.9% male. The median age of the Yarrawonga population was 50 years, 12 years above the national median of 38. 81.9% of people living in Yarrawonga were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 2.4%, Scotland 0.7%, New Zealand 0.5%, India 0.4% and the Philippines 0.4%. 88.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.2% Italian, 0.2% Gujarati, 0.2% Punjabi, 0.2% French and 0.1% German.

In the 2021 census, Yarrawonga recorded a population of 8,661 people, 51.5% female and 48.5% male. The median age of the Yarrawonga population was 52 years, 14 years above the national median of 38. 84.8% of people living in Yarrawonga were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 2.2%, New Zealand 0.7%, the Philippines 0.6%, Scotland 0.6%, and Germany 0.5%. 90.6% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.3% Filipino, 0.3% Italian, 0.3% Punjabi, 0.3% Cantonese, and 0.2% Urdu.

Sport
The Yarrawonga Football Club (the 'Mighty Pigeons') participates in the Ovens and Murray Football League in the sport of Australian rules football, which has produced Barry Mitchell, Joel Smith, Ben Dixon, and Tom Lonergan as well as Caleb Mitchell.

Transport
Yarrawonga is served by a standard gauge branch railway, which branches off the Melbourne-Sydney line at Benalla and terminates at Oaklands in New South Wales.

Attractions
Yarrawonga's main attraction is Lake Mulwala, formed by the damming of the Murray River. The lake is a popular location for activities such as boating, kayaking and fishing. There are two crossings of the Murray between Yarrawonga and Mulwala; across the weir (a stock route carrying a single lane of traffic); and a bridge over Lake Mulwala. This bridge contains an unusual bend and dip in the middle, a result of miscommunication between the two state governments.

Popular culture

 * Niel McBeath wrote the song "I'm Going Back Again to Yarrawonga", published in 1919 and later recorded by Ella Shields and Leonard Hubbard in 1992 and 1996 respectively.
 * Yarrawonga is also home to Australia's Tallest Man, Kewal Shiels, measuring 7 ft.

Notable people

 * Anne Curtis, actress, TV host personality

title: Yarrawonga


text:
User talk:193.0.96.15

Your submission at Articles for creation: Victor W. Marek has been accepted
 Victor W. Marek, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. . Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! SwisterTwister  talk  19:52, 7 July 2016 (UTC)
 * If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the  [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_talk/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Victor_W._Marek help desk] .
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title: User talk:193.0.96.15


text:
Talk:Bjerrum length

Room Temperature
is typically not 300 K unless you like it hot. It is typically the range between 288 - 298 K (15-25°C) Vegar Ottesen 14:48, 24 March 2015 (UTC)
 * 15oC is a bit chilly for room temperature, admittedly I have worked in labs where the bench temperature was < 10oC, but I don't think that was intentional. In the case of this article, maybe someone meant to refer to "standard ambient temperature and pressure" and decided to round up for some reason? (+)H3N-Protein\Chemist-CO2(-) 14:05, 1 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I changed the corresponding part to "water at room temperature ($$T \approx 293 \mbox{ K}$$)" since $$\varepsilon_r \approx 80$$ fits best to that temperature (according to the literature cited as source for the graph). PChemiker (talk) 08:21, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

What is the significance of it?
A dictionary definition.

Am I crazy?
Am I crazy, or is there something off about the plot of the Bjerrum length? The expression is stated as going as 1/T, but the plotted graph is increasing with T. Is the x-axis meant to be the inverse temp, 1/kT? I want a bear as a pet (talk) 22:28, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, just read that it is in water and the dielectric constant leads to the increase. It might be beneficial to showcase the temperature dependence of water's dielectric constant for clarity. I want a bear as a pet (talk) 22:32, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bjerrum length


text:
Whitehead link

In knot theory, the Whitehead link, named for J. H. C. Whitehead, is one of the most basic links. It can be drawn as an alternating link with five crossings, from the overlay of a circle and a figure-eight shaped loop.

Structure
A common way of describing this knot is formed by overlaying a figure-eight shaped loop with another circular loop surrounding the crossing of the figure-eight. The above-below relation between these two unknots is then set as an alternating link, with the consecutive crossings on each loop alternating between under and over. This drawing has five crossings, one of which is the self-crossing of the figure-eight curve, which does not count towards the linking number. Because the remaining crossings have equal numbers of under and over crossings on each loop, its linking number is 0. It is not isotopic to the unlink, but it is link homotopic to the unlink.

Although this construction of the knot treats its two loops differently from each other, the two loops are topologically symmetric: it is possible to deform the same link into a drawing of the same type in which the loop that was drawn as a figure eight is circular and vice versa. Alternatively, there exist realizations of this knot in three dimensions in which the two loops can be taken to each other by a geometric symmetry of the realization.

In braid theory notation, the link is written

 * $$\sigma^2_1\sigma^2_2\sigma^{-1}_1\sigma^{-2}_2.\,$$

Its Jones polynomial is

 * $$V(t) = t^{-{3 \over 2}}\left(-1 + t - 2t^2 + t^3 - 2t^4 + t^5\right).$$

This polynomial and $$V(1/t)$$ are the two factors of the Jones polynomial of the L10a140 link. Notably, $$V(1/t)$$ is the Jones polynomial for the mirror image of a link having Jones polynomial $$V(t)$$.

Volume
The hyperbolic volume of the complement of the Whitehead link is $4$ times Catalan's constant, approximately 3.66. The Whitehead link complement is one of two two-cusped hyperbolic manifolds with the minimum possible volume, the other being the complement of the pretzel link with parameters $(−2, 3, 8)$.

Dehn filling on one component of the Whitehead link can produce the sibling manifold of the complement of the figure-eight knot, and Dehn filling on both components can produce the Weeks manifold, respectively one of the minimum-volume hyperbolic manifolds with one cusp and the minimum-volume hyperbolic manifold with no cusps.

History
The Whitehead link is named for J. H. C. Whitehead, who spent much of the 1930s looking for a proof of the Poincaré conjecture. In 1934, he used the link as part of his construction of the now-named Whitehead manifold, which refuted his previous purported proof of the conjecture.

title: Whitehead link


text:
Vieuphoria

Vieuphoria is a long form music video by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins, originally released on VHS on October 4, 1994, and DVD on November 26, 2002. It was certified gold by the RIAA in late 1996.

The video consists of various Smashing Pumpkins performances, mostly from the Siamese Dream tour, interspersed with comedy bits (including "Meet the Frogs"), interviews, featurettes, and other short videos.

The soundtrack for the film, Earphoria, was released as a promo CD in 1994 and officially in 2002.

Track listing
The DVD also includes the complete interview with Manny Chevrolet and The Lost '94 Tapes, which were found by Billy Corgan shortly before the DVD release. The performances are:
 * 1) "Quiet"
 * 2) "Snail"
 * 3) "Siva"
 * 4) "I Am One"
 * 5) "Geek U.S.A."
 * 6) "Soma"
 * 7) "Hummer"
 * 8) "Porcelina"
 * 9) "Silverfuck"

Personnel

 * The Smashing Pumpkins
 * Jimmy Chamberlin – drums
 * Billy Corgan – vocals, guitar
 * James Iha – guitar, vocals
 * D'arcy Wretzky – bass guitar, vocals, percussion on "Mayonaise"

 * Additional musicians
 * Eric Remschneider – electric cello on "Soma", "Hummer", and "Porcelina"

 * Production
 * Modi – direction

title: Vieuphoria


text:
Kaokoveld

The Kaokoveld Desert is a coastal desert of northern Namibia and southern Angola.

Setting
The Kaokoveld Desert occupies a coastal strip covering 45,700 km2, from 13° to 21°S and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Namibian savanna woodlands to the east, and the Namib Desert to the south. It includes the Moçâmedes Desert of southern Angola. The Kaokoveld is a harsh desert of drifting sandunes and rocky mountains. It receives most of its rainfall during summer, which distinguishes it from the adjacent Namib Desert to the south, which receives most of its rain during winter. The Kunene River is the only permanent watercourse but many dry riverbeds (including the Hoanib, Hoarusib and Khumib Rivers) carry moisture through the desert and are home to animals including elephants, black rhinos, and giraffe. Other than those the area is ancient desert sand, moistened by occasional coastal fog.

Flora
The Kaokoveld is home to the Welwitschia mirabilis, a plant that has no close living relatives.

Fauna
The Kaokoveld is home to a number of endemic reptiles while large mammals including desert elephants (Loxodonta africana), black rhinos (Diceros bicornis) and giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) visit the riverbeds. There is a great deal of birdlife including the endemic Cinderella waxbill (Glaucestrilda thomensis) on the Kunene River.

Threats and preservation
The Skeleton Coast National Park runs for 500 km along the coast of Namibia and is the main protected area in the region, along with other smaller conservancies inland. Much of the area was formerly protected under Game Reserve 2, which was reduced in size to become Etosha National Park in 1967, with a subsequent increase in poaching and more recently uncontrolled off-road driving. There is an area of sand dunes in Iona National Park in Angola.

title: Kaokoveld


text: User talk:70.110.65.12

title: User talk:70.110.65.12


text:
Jamaica Farewell

"Jamaica Farewell" is a Jamaican-style folk song (mento). The lyrics for the song were written by Lord Burgess (Irving Burgie), an American-born, half-Barbadian songwriter. It is about the beauties of the West Indian Islands.

Harry Belafonte recording
The song appeared on Harry Belafonte's 1956 album Calypso. It reached number 14 on the Billboard Pop chart.

Background
Many, including Belafonte himself, have said that the song was popular in the West Indies since long before Burgess. It is believed that Burgess compiled and modified the song from many folk pieces to make a new song. Burgess acknowledged his use of the tune of another mento, "Iron Bar". The line "ackee, rice, saltfish are nice" refers to the Jamaican national dish.

Covers
Artists who have covered "Jamaica Farewell" include:
 * Chuck Berry (feat. The Five Dimensions)
 * Sir Lancelot
 * Marty Robbins
 * Don Williams
 * Jimmy Buffett
 * Sam Cooke
 * Nina & Frederik
 * Carly Simon
 * Laura Veirs, on her 2011 album Tumble Bee
 * Caetano Veloso and Sting, while playing a medley of his own "Can't Stand Losing You / Reggatta de Blanc" while still with The Police in 1983
 * Carleton "Bill" Bailey on the album Cruising With Bill Bailey (recorded while on board MS Southward) (1960)
 * Ray Conniff Orchestra, on the album Happiness Is (1966)
 * James Last Orchestra, on the album Music From Across The Way (1971)
 * The Jukebox Band, on the TV show Shining Time Station, episode "Bully for Mr. Conductor"
 * Austrian pop singer Chris Denning (alias Helmut Rulofs) in 1978
 * Desmond Dekker, on the album Caribbean Playground.
 * Lil Ugly Mane, in a section of "Side Two-A" on the album Third Side of Tape
 * Robin Cook aka Jonas Ekfeldt
 * Fisherman's Friends, on the album Sole Mates
 * The Kingston Trio, who led the folk revival of the late 1950s, took their name from the mention of Kingston, Jamaica in the song; though they only recorded it years later, in 2006.
 * Nancy Cassidy, off her collection of children's music

In other languages
This song has been translated into many languages. For example, in Bengali, there exist several translations, some of which are quite well known. One Bengali version of the song became an important anthem for the Naxalite revolutionary movement in the 1970s and thus has significance for Bengali intellectuals in Kolkata society. The Bangladeshi band Souls also sang their own translated version in early 1990s, which instantly became a hit in Bangladesh.

The song "Iron bar" was published along with Swedish lyrics by Ulf Peder Olrog in 1947 as "Mera bruk i baljan boys" in his "Rosenblom i Västindien" sheet music album. Olrog had earlier in 1947 travelled in the West Indies and wrote down some "native songs" in Jamaica, of which 3 were published with Swedish lyrics. The song was a large record hit with singer Anders Börje. Later on, "Jamaica Farewell" was covered with lyrics in Swedish by Schytts as Jamaica farväl, scoring a 1979 Svensktoppen hit. Streaplers recorded a 1967 Swedish-language version of the song, with the lyrics "Långt långt bort". Their version became a 1968 Svensktoppen hit.

German translations are "Abschied von Kingston Town" ("Farewell from Kingston Town") by Bruce Low and "Weil der Sommer ein Winter war" ("For the Summer was a Winter") by Nana Mouskouri.

The Vietnamese translation is "Lời Yêu Thương" ("Love Words") by Đức Huy

Parodies

 * In his album My Son, the Folk Singer, Allan Sherman included a parody of the song on "Shticks and Stones": "I'm upside down, my head is spinning around, because I gotta sell the house in Levittown!"
 * A filk music parody "Change at Jamaica Farewell" makes fun of the Long Island Rail Road.

Soundtrack appearances
This song was featured in the 2009 video game, Rabbids Go Home, at numerous points in the game. It further was featured in episode 8 of season 1 of the TV series, Barry.

title: Jamaica Farewell


text:
Honor suicide (disambiguation)

Honor suicide can mean:
 * Honor suicide, a form of suicide motivated by personal honor
 * Forced suicide, a form of honor killing in which the victim is pressured into committing suicide

title: Honor suicide (disambiguation)


text:
File:The Secret History, front cover.jpg

Fair use rationale
This book cover qualifies as fair use since the subject of the book is specifically referenced in the critical commentary.


text: User talk:203.167.171.184

title: User talk:203.167.171.184


text:
User:Jondel/Genius Development

Reach for the stars!

 * Learn a news language.
 * Mental math
 * Visualization
 * Speed reading

title: User:Jondel/Genius Development


text: Category:Christian schools

title: Category:Christian schools


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MusicWiki

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - no consensus - SimonP 14:00, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

MusicWiki
Wiki vanity. --W(t) 07:28, 2005 May 31 (UTC) Keep valid growing project. Kafuffle 21:54, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * see also --W(t)
 * Comment: I don't suppose the Alexa ranking meets our notability criteria yet, does it? --Scimitar 20:16, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete a question of notability. JamesBurns 09:41, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete drini ☎ 17:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong Keep if comments at Talk:MusicWiki by User:AlissonSellaro is true. Else Keep this page as links on other pages have nothing to do with MusicWiki page. But report this issue to Wikipedia's adm. BTW comments "Wikipedia to MusicWiki (and vice-versa) was properly discussed with Wikipedia's adm." -Bijee 16:23, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Morello

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was undecisive vote, despite long time: KEPT mikka (t) 20:32, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Peter Morello
Question on notability, Google returns 393 hits, but these appear to consist mostly of other Peter Morello's. Peter Morello + Mafia returns 21 hits, Peter Morello + Clutch Hand returns 3 hits. Delete. JamesBurns 07:28, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Something's up, here. I believe that there is a Peter Morello (although the spelling of the last name is up in the air) who is a noted author on Mafia relations.  He's a journalist in Philadelphia, I believe, and contributed to Slate a year ago.  At least I think that's the case.  Delete for lack of verifiability. Geogre 18:35, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'm sorry I thought the article's notability was clear when I had originally written it. Morello was a leading member of the Morello crime family, arguably the first Mafiosi crime family in New York, and the last leader of the Morello's before it was absorbed into Joe "The Boss" Masseria's organization where he remained his top advisor until his death during the Castellammarese War. I apologize if I forgot to add my references and I can certainly add several websites. I believe, as he is often confused with Giuseppe Morello (as seen here ), which might explain the lack of information online. 152.163.100.197 11:36, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep. Few google hits, but what I've found looks convincing, notability wise. There does seem to be some confussion between Giuseppe and Peter, "...Giuseppe Morello (aka Peter Morello...", but that's a content issue, not a notability one. func (talk) 04:13, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Func. That's exactly why I didn't add Giuseppe's details in the Peter Morello article. While I seem to lean towards Thomas Hunt's theory, which makes sense as Nicolo changed his name to Nicholas Morello following the conterfeiting scandal, although until Allen May or another historian can respond to this subject it's still just a theory. 152.163.100.197 16:53, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It seems, at least in my opinion, that many organized crime related articles, from particularly well known mobsters such as Willie Morris Bioff to less documented organizations such as the Bratva, are often nominated for deletion. While this is obviously understandable, especially when no resourses are given, I wonder if an Organized Crime Project page might be helpful in verifing these articles ? 209.213.71.78 19:41, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * We have a project page to you and others get started. :) func (talk) 00:43, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete for lack of verifiability. Megan1967 23:12, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Megan. I should mention that the article contains both references and external links. In my opinion I don't believe either notibility or verification is an issue here.

 *  Merge  all morellos here in one Morello brothers article, since the is confusion and uncertainty. mikka (t) 00:38, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * weak keep; subject to solid references. mikka (t) 17:44, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Mikkalai. While there is certainly confusion between Giuseppe and Peter Morello (of which there are both conflicting sources over weither Peter is an alias for Giuseppe) to include all the Morello family (an article I'm planning to add later this month) would be quite large and might be better served by seperate articles considering the different careers of all the Morellos (Antonio's partnership with Lupo The Wolf's Black Hand operations, Nicholas's leadership of the family during the Mafia-Camorra War, as well as Vincenzo and Ciro Terranova's later role during the rise of the National Crime Syndicate to name a few) however merging Giuseppe and Peter into one article might make more sense. 152.163.100.197 04:18, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. These hood entries are getting as out of hand as the Street Fighter stubs. Low Google hits indicate a lack of notability. Leanne 10:22, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Leanne. With all due respect anyone who is the least bit knowable on organized crime history would at least admit Peter Morello was a notable figure in pre-Prohibition organized crime. Besides being a member and final leader of one of the earliest crime families in the United States, Morello was the top advisor for Joe Masseria. It was his murder that would lead Marranzano and the other American mafiosi to begin the Castellamarese War. Unless it is official policy, I don't believe a lack of Google hits should be qualifications for deletion or verifiability, as opposed to no google hits, however the external links provided should establish his notability and I suggest for anyone voting on the article to at least read the refernces provided to judge weither or not this article is indeed notable. Many of the articles I have contributed on this subject have been high level mafiosi on an otherwise less documented period of organized crime that unfortunatly have little website hits on popular search engines such as Google. I had thought that with these articles significant subjects like these might have more Google hits and that by writing, at least a small article, that someone on Wikipedia who is a bit more knowable on the subject might be able to contribute a bit more to the article. If this topic is inappropriate for Wikipedia then I apologize however I should mention that, while I agree articles such as Street Fighter, Pokemon, Star Wars, etc., article may not interest myself as much as another fan it doesn't make the articles less significant to those with an interest in the subject. I should also point out that the majority of organized crime articles, at least of which I have found, are reasonably well researched and certainly notable topics (certainly not any I would classify as "hoods") of which very few are stubs. While you are obviously entitled to your opinion I would appreciate any Wikipedian with a knowledge of organized crime to offer their opinion on the matter. 64.12.116.197 17:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please indicate more clearly the source of your informatiojn. In particular, whether Sifakis is in fact "Reference", rather than "Further reading". If your surce is a book, it has more credibility that a website. Unfortunately many websites tend to have very low credibility. Usually I treat them as a source of further, more solid references. mikka (t) 17:44, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry for the misunderstanding Mikka. I usally go by what I've seen in other articles regarding format. I'll correct them as soon as possible. 64.12.116.197 21:04, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment. Honestly I think it would be a shame to delete this article. It seems the main arguments for its deletion are notability (based on low google hits) and verification. These look like they've been provided and, while my own opinion is inconsequential, Peter Morello was an important mafiosi both before and during Prohibition and an important figure in the Castellammarese War. The article could use some expanding, possibly merging Giuseppe and Peter Morello, or the Morello crime family. 209.213.71.78 19:21, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
She Hangs Brightly

She Hangs Brightly is the debut studio album by American alternative rock band Mazzy Star. It was released on May 21, 1990, by Rough Trade Records and re-released by Capitol Records later in the year.

"Blue Flower" was released as a single and reached number 29 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. Four years later, "Halah" reached number 19 on the same chart after the success of "Fade into You".

The album cover is a shot of the interior of Hôtel Tassel in Brussels.

Composition
It showcases the band's trademark effect with haunting guitar work and lyrics, and Hope Sandoval's detached vocals. David Roback's Robby Krieger-inspired psychedelic blues slide guitar style can be heard on the song "Free". "Ghost Highway" is another psychedelic rock track, with a fast rhythm. This song dates from the band's days as Opal and was initially slated to be the title track of Opal's second album. While not a commercial success, this album did establish Mazzy Star as a unique band with a unique sound.

"Blue Flower" is a Slapp Happy cover from the 1972 album Sort Of.

Critical reception
In a review for Rolling Stone, Gina Arnold praised She Hangs Brightly as being "coldly beautiful". AllMusic's Jason Ankeny described Hope Sandoval's vocals as "more sultry" than those of Opal's Kendra Smith and praised "Halah" and "Blue Flower" but criticized the album's lack of focus, calling the remaining tunes "unmemorable".

Kurt Cobain of Nirvana listed She Hangs Brightly in his top fifty albums of all time. In 2018, Pitchfork ranked the album at number 29 on its list of the 30 best dream pop albums.

Personnel
Credits for She Hangs Brightly adapted from album liner notes.

Musicians
 * William Cooper
 * Suki Ewers
 * Sylvia Gomez
 * Keith Mitchell
 * Paul Olguin
 * David Roback
 * Hope Sandoval

Technical personnel
 * David Roback – production
 * Merlyn Rosenberg – photography
 * Mazzy Star – cover design

title: She Hangs Brightly


text:
So Tonight That I Might See

So Tonight That I Might See is the second studio album by American alternative rock band Mazzy Star, released by Capitol Records on September 27, 1993 in the United Kingdom, and on October 5, 1993 in the United States.

The album's first track, "Fade into You", became the band's first and only single to make the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 44, and also charted at number 48 on the UK Singles Chart.

Critical reception
Los Angeles Times critic Steve Hochman raved that So Tonight That I Might See "may be the culmination" of the Paisley Underground scene from which Mazzy Star originated, deeming the album "far more narcotic and hypnotic than anything the whole techno-trance universe has digitally blipped up to date." In NME, Keith Cameron called it "an even more lustrous, becalmed work" than Mazzy Star's 1990 debut She Hangs Brightly, and the magazine later ranked it as the 44th-best album of 1993. Lorraine Ali was more critical in Rolling Stone, writing that the album's initially intriguing qualities grow "increasingly monotonous", while Robert Christgau of The Village Voice dismissed it as a "dud".

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Ned Raggett said that "So Tonight That I Might See remains the group's undisputed high point, mixing in plenty of variety among its tracks without losing sight of what made the group so special to begin with." In 2010, Pitchfork listed "Fade into You" as the 19th-best track of the 1990s, while So Tonight That I Might See was ranked second on the website's 2018 list of the best dream pop albums, and 116th on its 2022 list of the best albums of the 1990s.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.

Mazzy Star
 * Hope Sandoval – vocals, harmonica, guitar, tambourine, album design
 * David Roback – guitar, piano, keyboard, production, album design

Additional personnel
 * Jason Yates – bass
 * Keith Mitchell – drums
 * William Cooper – strings
 * Dale Everingham – technical assistance

title: So Tonight That I Might See


text:
Pierre Béarn

Pierre Béarn (15 June 1902 – 27 October 2004) was a French writer. He was born Louis-Gabriel Besnard in Bucharest, Romania.

He is known to Anglophones for his poem "Couleurs d'usine", which includes the line Métro, boulot, bistrots, mégots, dodo, zéro (translation: "Subway, work, bars, (cigarette) butts, sleep, nothing")

Biography
A multifaceted personality—at one time a journalist, novelist, poet, fabulist and humanist—, at age nine Béarn began writing in French slang, his "natural" language.

His father having died prematurely, at the age of 14 he became a mechanic to financially support his mother. This working life inspired the poem from which came one of the May 1968 protest slogans "métro-boulot-dodo" ("subway-work-sleep") that denounced the shocking workers' conditions at the time.

While commanding a trawler to aid the French evacuations in 1940, he was captured and was detained in the concentration camp at Aintree. His poems from that point onwards centred on the sea and the war.

After the war he took a post as a press attaché in Africa. In 1969, he created a quarterly magazine for himself alone: Le Lien (The Link). In 1975, he withdrew to Montlhéry where the peace allowed him to write many fables.

In 1998, the first volume of his complete works was published: L'arc en ciel de ma vie (The rainbow of my life). This was followed in 1999 by volume 2, 300 fables d'aujourd'hui (300 fables of today). The third volume, Couleurs charnelles (Carnal colours), was released just months before his death on October 27, 2004, during his 102nd year.

While generally ignored by the wider public, Béarn received a number of literary prizes such as the Prix de Verlaine (1940), the Grand Prix International de Poésie awarded by General Charles de Gaulle in 1971, the Grand prix de l'Académie française in 1981 and again in 1995 for his fables.

He also received the Médaille de la Résistance for his participation in the Liberation of Paris in 1944 and the Légion d'honneur in 1990 from François Mitterrand. He was also named Officer of the Ordre national du Mérite in 1995 by Jacques Chirac, and Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 2000 by the minister of culture, Catherine Tasca.

Quotes
"Au déboulé garçon pointe ton numéro Pour gagner ainsi le salaire D'un morne jour utilitaire Métro, boulot, bistro, mégots, dodo, zéro"

title: Pierre Béarn