text:
Talk:Nazareth (band)

Untitled
Okay - so I'm an old coot - I saw them live a couple of times in the mid 70's. I'm sorry to say they were a MAJOR disappointment - they couldn't hide the fact (on stage) that there was a lot of infighting in the band, and their performance was like....."well since you idiots paid to see us, I guess we have to perform something or give the money back". I am surprised they didn't kill one another. GnR stole their act...20 years later. 4.88.43.154 17:57, 8 April 2007 (UTC)Just an old Bassman, adding his comments4.88.43.154 17:57, 8 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This is not a forum for discussion on the article's subject. LoofNeZorf (talk) 09:58, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Except that "taboo" discussion of this sort gives researchers raw information that can be pursued further, then confirmed or denied. Varlaam (talk) 22:01, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Crazy (Suitable Case For Treatment)
Does this song appear on any other record?!? I know it was on the Heavy Metal OST.24.68.50.33 (talk) 19:44, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

They rock!
I agree, that is why I am making pages for all albums! (It's about time someone did....) Weatherman90 00:15, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I can not help greatly, as I am largely clueless, but I know Nazareth were a more influential band than they have ever been given credit for. Be bold Weatherman, and good luck !
 * Derek R Bullamore 01:01, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Why does the present biography simply dry up in the mid 1970s ? Has someone removed a large tranche of text ?

 * Derek R Bullamore 18:08, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Nazareth.jpg
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Citations & References
See Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the  tags Nhl4hamilton (talk) 09:19, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

TWO versions!?
Hey all,

There are currently TWO versions of Nazareth touring!

http://www.nazarethlive.com/

This Nazareth includes Manny Charlton... I saw them a couple days ago at the Canal Concert Series in Lockport, NY. I was VERY confused when I saw them take the stage and saw Charlton, who according to the Wikipedia page isn't in the current lineup... someone who knows what the heck is going on with the two versions of Nazareth needs to explain this in the article! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.77.77.146 (talk) 23:24, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

Another topic missed in this article.
The author does not even mention Nazareth's song "Child In The Sun", which also became a worldwide major hit. Overall, it is informative for starters. However, I share the same concern as others about the completeness of this article and, in particular, that information was suppressed to support the viewpoint that Nazareth is overall a mediocre band. Sorry, but it belongs together with Boston and other hard rock bands. Somebody please bring some fresh air into this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lamp90 (talk • contribs) 20:13, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I am not sure who 'the author' is that you refer to as, in the broadest sense at Wikipedia, everyone is. However, I will answer two or three points you raise.  Firstly, "Child in the Sun" was simply a track on their 1973 album, Loud 'n' Proud, which reached #10 in the UK.  It was not released as a single (not even as a B-side), so to describe it as a 'worldwide major hit' is, with all respect, somewhat over egging the pudding.  Secondly, the issue of 'completeness' was resolved some time ago, and I am intrigued as to why you think information was 'suppressed'.  By whom exactly ?  There is no comment in the article suggesting they are a 'mediocre band' as far as I can see, and comparison with other bands output or stature is subjective at best.  Can I respectfully suggest that if you think 'fresh air' is needed in the article, there is little to stop you inserting some.

 * The article is a long way from perfect. A comment most Wiki editors, I believe, would readily admit applies to nearly all articles in the current encyclopedia.  However, there is only one way it will improve generally or, as here, specifically.

 * Derek R Bullamore (talk) 20:58, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

"This Flight Tonight"
My personal impression is that, in Canada, "This Flight Tonight" was their monster hit in the 1970s, and that is still the one I hear on the radio here. Not "Love Hurts", no way. Haven't heard that song in decades.

I have no data to support this impression however, naturally. Varlaam (talk) 21:56, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Farewell Tour
I heard a that Nazareth are doing a farewell tour in 2012 and 2013 i don't know if this tour means thier ending or not because Kiss did a farewell tour from 2000-2001 and they did'nt end incase nazaeth does end i put the yars active 1968-2013. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.179.233.65 (talk) 03:43, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Some other editor has reverted your edits. Please do not assume on Wikipedia - moreover, please read Verifiability.  Thanks,

 * Derek R Bullamore (talk)

I reverted your edit because you didn't provide a source to support the entry that the band had finished, or were planning to finish. You also didn't explain your edit in the edit summary, so we can only guess your reason for making the change. Please make yourself familiar with Verifiability as suggested above. Best wishes ''' Flat Out   let's discuss it   09:26, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

Regarding the grammar
First though, I'm born 1964, in Scania (southernmost Sweden, close to Danish capital Copenhagen which actually feels like my capital city too). And I remember as a kid, at age 8 or 9, everybody was listening to British (and some American) music. And Nazareth was huge among those who was older than I. But I began listening to them around the time when their "Greatest Hits" was released. And ever since have I liked hits like "Broken Down Angel", "Turn On Your Receiver" and (little later) "Gone Dead Train" and I'm listening to "Love Hurts" just now. A really great band, and I've got at least 7-8 vinyl LP's with Nazareth. Further, in school we were taught British English. Only in secondary school was American English briefly mentioned. From television one adapts things however, English and American film and crime stories are underlined in both Swedish and Danish television (never dubbed), but on Wikipedia do I try to use British English (especially in articles related to the UK and Europe). But when it comes to sport, have I learned that for instance "Queens Park Rangers IS a football club" while "New York Rangers ARE an ice-hockey franchise team". So without any criticism whatsoever, could "Nazareth ARE a Scottish hard rock band" be typical Scottish within British English ? Boeing720 (talk) 17:41, 3 February 2017 (UTC)

USA Album Releases
In the USA, Nazareth's albums were released on both Warner Bros. Records and in the 1970's, A&M Records released many of their albums. Discogs is very reliable and shows record releases from all over the world. Just check the individual pages on their records and that will show you. Plus, I have many of Nazareth's albums in my vinyl collection, mostly domestic, and their self titled album was released on Warner Bros. and A&M released many more in the USA and since I have these, that is how I know. Here's the page of Discogs of their discography. Check it out and view the individual pages of their records:

https://www.discogs.com/artist/253882-Nazareth-2?page=1 Frschoonover (talk) 22:40, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

 * please review this discussion about discodogs and IMDB. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 01:08, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Semi-protected edit request 11 November 2018 (formatting error and overlinking)
The last part of the second paragraph is: ("I pulled into Nazareth / Was feelin' about half past dead...").

The forward-slash was altered in this 2007 change by adding spaces either side, but it wasn't correct initially.

Suggest changing to ("I pulled into Nazareth, was feelin' about half past dead...") to be faithful to the lyric (emboldened emphasis on comma and de-Cap letter 'w' just for clarity here, not intended to be transferred into article space).

Nazareth, Pennsylvania is wikilinked twice in the same sentence, piped as Nazareth. I ain't bothered to trace the date of the second linking. Thank you.--86.29.222.228 (talk) 02:24, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done ... both and removed the italic, etc. Sam Sailor 12:09, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks, .--86.29.222.228 (talk) 18:12, 11 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nazareth (band)


text: User talk:24.150.33.38

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:24.150.33.38


text:
Conversion between quaternions and Euler angles

Spatial rotations in three dimensions can be parametrized using both Euler angles and unit quaternions. This article explains how to convert between the two representations. Actually this simple use of "quaternions" was first presented by Euler some seventy years earlier than Hamilton to solve the problem of magic squares. For this reason the dynamics community commonly refers to quaternions in this application as "Euler parameters".

Definition
There are two representations of quaternions. This article uses the more popular Hamilton.

A quaternion has 4 scalar values: $q_{w}$ (the real part) and $q_{x} q_{y} q_{z}$ (the imaginary part).

Defining the norm of the quaternion as follows: $$\lVert q \rVert = \sqrt{\,q_w^2 + q_x^2 + q_y^2 + q_z^2~}$$

A unit quaternion satisfies: $$\lVert q \rVert = 1$$

We can associate a quaternion with a rotation around an axis by the following expression

 * $$\mathbf{q}_w = \cos(\alpha/2)$$
 * $$\mathbf{q}_x = \sin(\alpha/2)\cos(\beta_x)$$
 * $$\mathbf{q}_y = \sin(\alpha/2)\cos(\beta_y)$$
 * $$\mathbf{q}_z = \sin(\alpha/2)\cos(\beta_z)$$

where α is a simple rotation angle (the value in radians of the angle of rotation) and cos(βx), cos(βy) and cos(βz) are the "direction cosines" of the angles between the three coordinate axes and the axis of rotation. (Euler's Rotation Theorem).

Intuition
To better understand how "direction cosines" work with quaternions:

 * $$\begin{array}{lcr} \mathbf{q}_w = \cos(\text{rotation angle}/2)\\

\mathbf{q}_x = \sin(\text{rotation angle}/2)\cos(\text{angle between axis of rotation and x axis})\\ \mathbf{q}_y = \sin(\text{rotation angle}/2)\cos(\text{angle between axis of rotation and y axis})\\ \mathbf{q}_z = \sin(\text{rotation angle}/2)\cos(\text{angle between axis of rotation and z axis})\end{array}$$

If the axis of rotation is the x-axis:

 * $$\begin{array}{lcr} \mathbf{q}_w = \cos(\alpha/2)\\

\mathbf{q}_x = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot1\\ \mathbf{q}_y = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0\\ \mathbf{q}_z = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0\end{array}$$

If the axis of rotation is the y-axis:

 * $$\begin{array}{lcr} \mathbf{q}_w = \cos(\alpha/2)\\

\mathbf{q}_x = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0\\ \mathbf{q}_y = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot1\\ \mathbf{q}_z = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0\end{array}$$

If the axis of rotation is the z-axis:

 * $$\begin{array}{lcr} \mathbf{q}_w = \cos(\alpha/2)\\

\mathbf{q}_x = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0\\ \mathbf{q}_y = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0\\ \mathbf{q}_z = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot1\end{array}$$

If the axis of rotation is a vector located 45° ($\pi⁄4$ radians) between the x and y axes:

 * $$\begin{array}{lcr} \mathbf{q}_w = \cos(\alpha/2)\\

\mathbf{q}_x = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0.707 \ldots\\ \mathbf{q}_y = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0.707 \ldots\\ \mathbf{q}_z = \sin(\alpha/2)\cdot0\end{array}$$

Therefore, the x and y axes "share" influence over the new axis of rotation.

Tait–Bryan angles

Similarly for Euler angles, we use the Tait Bryan angles (in terms of flight dynamics): where the X-axis points forward, Y-axis to the right and Z-axis downward. In the conversion example above the rotation occurs in the order heading, pitch, bank.
 * Heading – $$\psi$$: rotation about the Z-axis
 * Pitch – $$\theta$$: rotation about the new Y-axis
 * Bank – $$\phi$$: rotation about the new X-axis

Rotation matrices
The orthogonal matrix (post-multiplying a column vector) corresponding to a clockwise/left-handed (looking along positive axis to origin) rotation by the unit quaternion $$q=q_w+iq_x+jq_y+kq_z$$ is given by the inhomogeneous expression:

 * $$R = \begin{bmatrix}

1- 2(q_y^2 + q_z^2) & 2(q_x q_y - q_w q_z) &  2(q_w q_y + q_x q_z) \\ 2(q_x q_y + q_w q_z) & 1 - 2(q_x^2 + q_z^2) &  2(q_y q_z - q_w q_x) \\ 2(q_x q_z - q_w q_y) & 2( q_w q_x + q_y q_z) & 1 - 2(q_x^2 + q_y^2) \end{bmatrix}$$

or equivalently, by the homogeneous expression:

 * $$R = \begin{bmatrix}

q_w^2 + q_x^2 - q_y^2 - q_z^2 & 2(q_x q_y - q_w q_z) &  2(q_w q_y + q_x q_z) \\ 2(q_x q_y + q_w q_z) & q_w^2 - q_x^2 + q_y^2 - q_z^2 & 2(q_y q_z - q_w q_x) \\ 2(q_x q_z - q_w q_y) & 2( q_w q_x + q_y q_z) & q_w^2 - q_x^2 - q_y^2 + q_z^2 \end{bmatrix}$$

If $$q_w+iq_x+jq_y+kq_z$$ is not a unit quaternion then the homogeneous form is still a scalar multiple of a rotation matrix, while the inhomogeneous form is in general no longer an orthogonal matrix. This is why in numerical work the homogeneous form is to be preferred if distortion is to be avoided.

The direction cosine matrix (from the rotated Body XYZ coordinates to the original Lab xyz coordinates for a clockwise/lefthand rotation) corresponding to a post-multiply Body 3-2-1 sequence with Euler angles (ψ, θ, φ) is given by:

\begin{align} \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ \end{bmatrix} & = R_z(\psi) R_y(\theta) R_x(\phi) \begin{bmatrix} X \\ Y \\ Z \\ \end{bmatrix} \\ & = \begin{bmatrix} \cos\psi & -\sin\psi & 0 \\ \sin\psi & \cos\psi & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \cos\theta & 0 & \sin\theta \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ -\sin\theta & 0 & \cos\theta \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \cos\phi & -\sin\phi \\ 0 & \sin\phi & \cos\phi \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} X \\ Y \\ Z \\ \end{bmatrix} \\ & = \begin{bmatrix} \cos\theta \cos\psi & -\cos\phi \sin\psi + \sin\phi \sin\theta \cos\psi &  \sin\phi \sin\psi + \cos\phi \sin\theta \cos\psi \\ \cos\theta \sin\psi & \cos\phi \cos\psi + \sin\phi \sin\theta \sin\psi & -\sin\phi \cos\psi + \cos\phi \sin\theta \sin\psi \\ -\sin\theta        &  \sin\phi \cos\theta                              &   \cos\phi \cos\theta \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} X \\ Y \\ Z \\ \end{bmatrix} \\ \end{align} $$

Euler angles (in 3-2-1 sequence) to quaternion conversion
By combining the quaternion representations of the Euler rotations we get for the Body 3-2-1 sequence, where the airplane first does yaw (Body-Z) turn during taxiing onto the runway, then pitches (Body-Y) during take-off, and finally rolls (Body-X) in the air. The resulting orientation of Body 3-2-1 sequence (around the capitalized axis in the illustration of Tait–Bryan angles) is equivalent to that of lab 1-2-3 sequence (around the lower-cased axis), where the airplane is rolled first (lab-x axis), and then nosed up around the horizontal lab-y axis, and finally rotated around the vertical lab-z axis (lB = lab2Body):

\begin{align} \mathbf{q_{lB}} & = \begin{bmatrix} \cos (\psi /2) \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \sin (\psi /2) \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \cos (\theta /2) \\ 0 \\ \sin (\theta /2) \\ 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \cos (\phi /2) \\ \sin (\phi /2) \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{bmatrix} \\ & = \begin{bmatrix} \cos (\phi /2) \cos (\theta /2) \cos (\psi /2) + \sin (\phi /2) \sin (\theta /2) \sin (\psi /2) \\ \sin (\phi /2) \cos (\theta /2) \cos (\psi /2) - \cos (\phi /2) \sin (\theta /2) \sin (\psi /2) \\ \cos (\phi /2) \sin (\theta /2) \cos (\psi /2) + \sin (\phi /2) \cos (\theta /2) \sin (\psi /2) \\ \cos (\phi /2) \cos (\theta /2) \sin (\psi /2) - \sin (\phi /2) \sin (\theta /2) \cos (\psi /2) \\ \end{bmatrix} \\ \end{align} $$

Other rotation sequences use different conventions.

Source code
Below code in C++ illustrates above conversion:

Quaternion to Euler angles (in 3-2-1 sequence) conversion
A direct formula for the conversion from a quaternion to Euler angles in any of the 12 possible sequences exists. For the rest of this section, the formula for the sequence Body 3-2-1 will be shown. If the quaternion is properly normalized, the Euler angles can be obtained from the quaternions via the relations:

 * $$\begin{bmatrix}

\phi \\ \theta \\ \psi \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \mbox{atan2} \left(2(q_w q_x + q_y q_z),1 - 2(q_x^2 + q_y^2)\right) \\ - \pi/2 + 2 \, \mbox{atan2} \left(\sqrt{1 + 2(q_w q_y - q_x q_z)}, \sqrt{1 - 2(q_w q_y - q_x q_z)}\right) \\ \mbox{atan2} \left(2(q_w q_z + q_x q_y),1 - 2(q_y^2 + q_z^2)\right) \end{bmatrix} $$

Note that the arctan functions implemented in computer languages only produce results between −π/2 and π/2, which is why atan2 is used to generate all the correct orientations. Moreover, typical implementations of arctan also might have some numerical disadvantages near zero and one.

Some implementations use the equivalent expression:
 * $$ \theta = \mbox{arcsin} (2(q_w q_y - q_x q_z)) $$

Source code
The following C++ program illustrates conversion above:

Singularities
One must be aware of singularities in the Euler angle parametrization when the pitch approaches ±90° (north/south pole). These cases must be handled specially. The common name for this situation is gimbal lock.

Code to handle the singularities is derived on this site: www.euclideanspace.com

Vector rotation
Let us define scalar $$q_w$$ and vector $$\vec{q}$$ such that quaternion $$\mathbf{q} = (q_w,\vec{q})$$.

Note that the canonical way to rotate a three-dimensional vector $$\vec{v}$$ by a quaternion $$q$$ defining an Euler rotation is via the formula
 * $$\mathbf{v}^{\,\prime} = \mathbf{qvq}^\ast$$

where $$\mathbf{v} = (0,\vec{v})$$ is a quaternion containing the embedded vector $$\vec{v}$$, $$\mathbf{q}^\ast=(q_w,-\vec{q})$$ is a conjugate quaternion, and $$\mathbf{v}^{\,\prime} = (0,\vec{v}^{\,\prime})$$ is the rotated vector $$\vec{v}^{\,\prime}$$. In computational implementations this requires two quaternion multiplications. An alternative approach is to apply the pair of relations
 * $$\vec{t} = 2\vec{q} \times \vec{v}$$
 * $$\vec{v}^{\,\prime} = \vec{v} + q_w \vec{t} + \vec{q} \times \vec{t}$$

where $$\times$$ indicates a three-dimensional vector cross product. This involves fewer multiplications and is therefore computationally faster. Numerical tests indicate this latter approach may be up to 30% faster than the original for vector rotation.

Proof
The general rule for quaternion multiplication involving scalar and vector parts is given by

\begin{align} \mathbf{p q} & = (p_w,\vec{p})(q_w,\vec{q}) \\ & = (p_w q_w - \vec{p} \cdot \vec{q}, p_w \vec{q} + q_w \vec{p} + \vec{p} \times \vec{q}) \\ \end{align} $$ Using this relation one finds for $$\mathbf{v} = (0,\vec{v})$$ that

\begin{align} \mathbf{v q^\ast} & = (0,\vec{v})(q_w,-\vec{q}) \\ & = (\vec{v} \cdot \vec{q}, q_w \vec{v} - \vec{v} \times \vec{q}) \\ \end{align} $$ and upon substitution for the triple product

\begin{align} \mathbf{q v q^\ast} & = (q_w,\vec{q})(\vec{v} \cdot \vec{q}, q_w \vec{v} - \vec{v} \times \vec{q}) \\ & = (0, q_w^2 \vec{v} + q_w \vec{q} \times \vec{v} + (\vec{v} \cdot \vec{q}) \vec{q} + q_w \vec{q} \times \vec{v} + \vec{q}\times(\vec{q}\times\vec{v} )) \\ \end{align} $$ where anti-commutivity of cross product and $$\vec{q}\cdot \vec{v} \times \vec{q} = 0$$ has been applied. By next exploiting the property that $$\mathbf{q}$$ is a unit quaternion so that $$q_w^2 = 1 - \vec{q}\cdot\vec{q}$$, along with the standard vector identity

\vec{q}\times(\vec{q}\times\vec{v}) = (\vec{q}\cdot\vec{v})\vec{q} - (\vec{q}\cdot\vec{q})\vec{v} $$ one obtains

\begin{align} \mathbf{v}^\prime & = \mathbf{q v q^\ast} = (0, \vec{v} + 2 q_w \vec{q} \times \vec{v} + 2\vec{q}\times (\vec{q}\times\vec{v} )) \\ \end{align} $$ which upon defining $$\vec{t} = 2\vec{q} \times \vec{v}$$ can be written in terms of scalar and vector parts as

(0, \vec{v}^{\,\prime}) = (0, \vec{v} + q_w \vec{t} + \vec{q} \times \vec{t} ). $$


text:
Talk:Trois-Rivières

Template:Canadian_City
The template should be used for all Canadian cities: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template:Canadian_City — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.203.166.56 (talk) 23:24, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Ethnic stats
I think that you could make an argument for the numbers not being useful, or explanatory, or something, but Lotheric has reverted a change from racial stats that were referenced to ethnic origin stats that are referenced. His comment was that they are "way off". The numbers are taken directly from the 2001 census, and there was a reference provided that was a direct link to the table in question. I understand that these numbers are self-reported, but they are still accurate, at least for that, and certainly belong in Wikipedia more than our own personal impressions. I have bounced it back to the version I submitted, but I won't again unless we settle the issue here, first.AshleyMorton 10:04, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * My concern, besides not being useful, is that I find this table to be misleading. A Quebecois is also a Canadian; A Canadian may mean to have been born in Trois-Rivières or anywhere else in Canada; French can mean to have French ancestors or to be a citizen of France residing in the city; the same applies to the English and the Iris. There is no way to know the proportion of foreigners. I don't consider accuracy to be a sufficient criterion to include information. I'd simply remove the table. To replace it, I'd put the distribution of the population among the cities that were merged in 2002. Jean Fex (talk) 20:36, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

advert?
I am deleting "- and one gets the feeling that the entire town has come out to celebrate all together! This town has real "joie de vivre"...!". It is extremely POV. It seems taken from a CVB brochure, or else seems written by a local who can't conain his enthusiasm.--Coryma 20:25, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

"Unofficial"
Hi everybody—there seems to be a history of reverts involving the term "capital of the Mauricie", mostly surrounding the addition or deletion of the word "unofficial". Is there supporting evidence for Trois-Rivières being the "capital" of the Mauricie region, and if so, what should be our policy relating to the terminology on this page? Alternatively, is this all a waste of time and should we strike the entire sentence from the article? Feedback appreciated, thanks. --dragfyre 00:28, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I see there is controversy here, I removed it along with an error of a bad gallery near the top of the page. I am unaware of its official status, but by looking at the most recent previous edits, it seemed to me this was done as a sneaky vandalism, as none of the recent previous pages I saw had any discrepancy on the matter. If I am wrong, forgive me, I was simply responding as if it were vandalism.--Vox Causa 00:44, 11 December 2006 (UTC)
 * FYI the "unofficial" reference was added here (16 June 2004) and deleted here (22 October 2006). OK so maybe not a "history of reverts" per se.  But the question still stands: is the term "unofficial" needed? --dragfyre 20:08, 12 December 2006 (UTC)
 * The regions of Quebec do not have "capitals"; I've changed the wording to a more accurate phrase that conveys the same intended meaning. Bearcat 03:17, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Page title
move.

At present, the plain title Trois-Rivières is a disambiguation page. However, I would like to initiate a discussion about this — at present, the only two other items on the dab page are a commune in Guadeloupe which doesn't even have an article yet, and a race track in Trois-Rivières, Quebec.

Personally, I don't believe that race tracks, universities, arenas, hospitals, and other things whose names include the name of the city they're located in, should be enough to dictate a disambiguation page — as far as I'm concerned, certain people who dislike the "undisambiguated city name" convention threw that idea on the table as a way to derail the established consensus by making dab pages virtually mandatory. The city article would and should link to things like Circuit Trois-Rivières anyway. But I digress.

So, anyway, I'm soliciting input here: should this article remain at Trois-Rivières, Quebec, or should it be moved to Trois-Rivières? Bearcat 03:17, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * What exactly are the rules on Canadian city names? Is Trois-Rivières allowed to be the title, assuming we agree that the Canadian city is the primary use?  Either the article should be moved or, at least, Trois-Rivières ought to redirect to this page, rather than be a disambiguation page. john k 04:34, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Although it's been inconsistently applied so far, the rule for Canada is that a city goes at the plain title if it (a) has a unique name (e.g. Iqaluit) or (b) can be shown to be the primary meaning of its name (e.g. Toronto). An undisambiguated title shouldn't be a redirect to a disambiguated one — either the city should get the undisambiguated title, or the undisambiguated title should become a dab page. Bearcat 04:44, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * In that case, I think I agree with you - this should just be at Trois-Rivières. john k 05:08, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I support the move, as it would conform to the Canadian naming conventions for cities, and the move would be consistent with other similar moves (e.g. Gatineau). Skeezix1000 11:16, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Ditto - go for it. As far as I know the city of Trois-Rivières has a monopoly on the name. --dragfyre 13:41, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. "3 rivers" a unique name? What about the districts Trois-Rivières (Lower Canada), Trois-Rivières (electoral district), Trois-Rivières (provincial electoral district), Trois-Rivières (Province of Canada). Three Rivers (the English translation) is a dab page already, which contains links to Trois-Rivières. This is exactly the king of pitfall that a solid naming convention was trying to avoid. --Qyd 05:03, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, but the name "Trois-Rivieres" is generally recognized as referring to the city; all the articles you've cited are about geographical divisions which contain the City of Trois-Rivieres. Unless there are notable uses of "Trois-Rivieres" (the french name, not the english translation) that do not relate to the city in Quebec, I still support the move. --dragfyre 14:14, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not contesting the primary meaning. Just the uniqueness. --Qyd 14:19, 20 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Per the existing naming convention, a city's name does not have to be strictly unique to be moved to the undisambiguated title; "primary meaning" is a sufficient criterion. Bearcat 22:32, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support as a no brainer. In my opinion, districts and electoral ridings always fall below cities in precedent (unless it was a historically important district eg District of Keewatin). And we're arguing Trois-Rivières here, not "Three Rivers". Nobody in the last century has referred to it as "Three Rivers". So, use most common name as of today. -Royalguard11 (T·R!) 23:34, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Support. It has more than ten times the population of Trois-Rivières, Guadeloupe. Lotheric 12:30, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Move back to Trois-Rivières, Quebec
no move. This Trois-Rivières article title is not specific. I would've oppose the move from Trois-Rivières, Quebec to Trois-Rivières. All of the article titles contains a city with a province name. For example Sherbrooke, Quebec is a specific city with a provincial specific name and many of the cities with a province to form a main article title. This Trois-Rivières article title has to move back to it's Trois-Rivières, Quebec actual article title to make it specific. Steam5 (talk) 08:51, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. We've had long discussions about naming conventions for Canadian geopolitical entities over the past three or four years, and the consensus we reached in 2007 is defined at Canadian Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide. There's no need to revert to previously-used, and now discarded, conventions. Mind  matrix  14:54, 13 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The current name conforms to the naming convention at Canadian Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide.  And the suggestion that "All of the article titles contains a city with a province name" is not correct, as a review of article titles for Canadian settlements and communities worldwide (U.S. being the exception) clearly indicates.  As for the nominator's specificity concerns, I am not sure how you can get more specific than the current name of the article, which is the name of the place -- disambiguation has nothing to do with specificity. Skeezix1000 (talk) 17:50, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Trois-Rivières sex worker scandal
It might be a good idea to talk about Julien Ringuette, the pimp, and the massive police and Canadian military crack down on sex workers. 100 sex workers in Trois-Rivières were arrested during the biggest sex crack down in world history. The pimp was called Julien Ringuette. He is currently in a maximum security penitentiary. Also, a minimum security prison had to be enlarged to house the 47 sex workers convicted to 10 years in jail each. Trois-Rivières is now famous for this huge sex crack down.
 * Not sure this is notable enough to merit its own section in the article; maybe as a passing note in a larger section on the socio-economic problems of Trois-Rivières (those could fill up a whole phone book). Can you provide credible online references (i.e. not blogs) mentioning the case? —dragfyre 19:56, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Trois-Rivières is the home town of the Star wars kid
Might be a good idea to talk about the star wars kid (ghyslain raza), biggest internet phenomenon of all time, he is from trois-rivières. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.226.163.252 (talk) 02:57, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Before doing that, you might want to consult the Star Wars kid discussion page, which contains an imposing amount of discussion about the Star Wars kid phenomenon, including whether or not to include his name, etc. You'll notice that "Star Wars Kid" has a wiki page, and his full name doesn't, which is probably due to him being underage. tl;dr you may try, but know that many editors will oppose. I know that, since I've worked on this article, several people have tried to add external links to Star Wars kid that were quickly reverted. BTW, "biggest internet phenomenon of all time" is blatantly POV. —dragfyre 19:52, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Organization
The "Description" section reads like a depository for miscellaneous information. In my opinion this section should be removed and the information distributed among new sections: Geography (including discussion of the city name), Culture, Industry, and the existing History section. I can also add more detail and citations from the April 2009 Canadian Geographic magazine which has a feature article on Trois-Rivieres. Any opposition to the proposed reorganization? Zatoichi26 (talk) 20:18, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Do it (if you're still interested; it's been almost a year now, lol)! Expanding and reorganizing the "Description" section in the way you've outlined sounds just fine. Note that there's already a "Culture" section too, so you can use that one to move further information into. --dragfyre (talk 20:17, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

No one took care of that ambiguous table in the demographics.
Did someone made the difference between Canadians (who can be, among other things, French-Canadians, naturalized French citizens, Anglophones) and French (who, in the official meaning, are only citizens of France, but in the popular talk, will be, among other things, french-speaking people, either French-Canadians, naturalized French citizens, French citizens or citizens of French african nations)

Listen guys, this encyclopedia is a POPULAR one, and it should be easy to understand by everyone. No matter if the people at the census couldn't make the difference between a language and a citizenship, the regular people looking at wikipedia are even less likely to understand if we present the information this way, with no explanations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.162.58.17 (talk) 14:53, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Relying on agreed journalistic and international naming conventions, the proper title for people who speak French in Canada is: French Canadian, no hyphen. This distinguishes from hyphenated titles that denote origin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.144.151.249 (talk) 00:48, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Trois-Rivières


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Andain

Andain was a San Francisco-based electronic music duo, originally formed in 2000. They broke through in 2002 after being discovered by DJ Tiësto, reaching clubbers worldwide with their singles "Summer Calling" in 2002 and "Beautiful Things" in 2003. The band members initially included producer Josh Gabriel, singer and songwriter Mavie Marcos, and guitarist David Penner, before the group disbanded in 2006. Andain returned again in 2011 as Josh and Mavie, making their comeback with the single "Promises". The successive year saw the release of the band's first and only full-length album, on September 12, 2012, following a year of touring and performing. Andain was eventually concluded in 2014.

2000–06: Initial works
Andain began as an experimental electronica group in 2000, making their breakthrough in 2002 with the song "Summer Calling", after getting attention from Tiësto and signing with Black Hole. This eventually lead to the production of a club remix by Josh Gabriel, which was then promoted on Tiësto's compilation album In Search of Sunrise 3: Panama, to later be released as a 12" single with the B-side "Gabriel & Dresden Remix".

The following year saw the release of Andain's second single, "Beautiful Things", which since became the band's biggest hit and signature song. Being released and promoted as a remix by Gabriel & Dresden, the song made its first appearance on Tiësto's compilation album Nyana, eventually spawning a single. With enthusiastic reception from the club music scene, it has since become recognised as the band's signature track, spawning several remixes from Black Hole over the years.

While the sound of Andain would appear to be promoted as club oriented, a batch of leaked demos, namely "Time", "Get Up", "Make Me", "Ave Maria", and "You Once Told Me", would reveal a more experimental style of electronica with fusions of acoustic elements. As the leak would denote, the band was planning to record a full-length album, that was initially scheduled for a release in 2003. Meanwhile, "Beautiful Things" earned a nomination for Best Progressive / Trance under the Winter Music Conference 2004, with also Andain being nominated for Best New Dance Group. The year was also marked by a less prominent release from the band, with the track "Here is the House", a cover of Depeche Mode, presented on the compilation album Bloom by Gabriel & Dresden.

While no further news were published about the status of the anticipated album, an announcement from July 2005 stated that Andain was working on new material. However, due to high demands from other projects, the group suspended in 2006.

2007–14: The official album
Andain would eventually reform in 2007 as Mavie and Josh, and the intent was set to create a new album. Two years later, an interview with Josh by Trance.nu would reveal the word of their next single, "Promises" – although, no word of an estimated release date was mentioned at the time. Nevertheless, the word of Andain began to stir into motion again, further supported by the leak of a new demo, "Turn Up the Sound".

After four years in the making, Andain's new album was handed in to the label in early April, 2011. Subsequently, with "Promises" getting closer to an official release, the single was given support by some of the most recognized DJs of the EDM scene, being promoted with remixes by the likes of Gabriel & Dresden and Mÿon & Shane 54. Eventually, the album version debuted with the official music video on June 1, 2011, while the single followed on June 6, 2011.

As the second single from the upcoming album, "Much Too Much" was released on January 30, 2012, while the official music video followed on February 2, 2012. The single was later succeeded by a three track remix EP on February 27, 2012, and a standalone remix by Mike Shiver on April 23, 2012.

While the album was still being prepared for release, "Turn Up the Sound" was selected to make an official appearance. As the third single taken from the album, the song made its debut as a three track remix EP on June 18, 2012, while the album version followed two weeks later, on July 2, 2012, along with additional remixes. Incidentally, the production of the song had been rewritten since the leak in 2009, with exception of the last part of the song, which preserved its original club oriented composition.

On August 10, 2012, the anticipated album was officially announced on Andain's Facebook page. Titled You Once Told Me, the record was finally released on September 24, 2012, featuring 11 tracks. Among the tracks, the album also featured new versions of the previously leaked "Ave Maria" and "You Once Told Me", while the exclusive iTunes LP Deluxe Version of the album housed another 8 additional bonus tracks, including the original version of "Summer Calling", and "Beautiful Things" in its classic club interpretation by Gabriel & Dresden.

Succeeding the release of You Once Told Me, the album also spawned two additional singles. First out, "What It's Like" was released on December 31, 2012, as an 8 track remix EP. In spite of the song's soft-rock nature, the remix EP sported a set of club mixes, lastly complemented by the album version. As the album's title track, "You Once Told Me" followed along one year later, released on December 16, 2013. The remix EP sported 6 tracks, featuring five trance remixes along with the album version, concluding the fifth single taken from the album.

According to the band's website, the members have moved on to new projects, including a solo career for Mavie.

Albums

 * 2012 You Once Told Me

Singles

 * 2002 "Summer Calling"
 * 2003 "Beautiful Things"
 * 2011 "Promises"
 * 2012 "Much Too Much"
 * 2012 "Turn Up the Sound"
 * 2012 "What It's Like"
 * 2013 "You Once Told Me"

Covers

 * 2004 "Here is the House"

Awards and nominations
Following the success of their single "Beautiful Things", Andain earned a nomination for International Dance Music Awards in 2004, with the song being selected for the category Best Progressive / Trance. Simultaneously, the band itself was also nominated for Best New Dance Group. "Beautiful Things" would eventually also reward a trophy, as Andain was chosen to receive the Sunset Music Awards in 2010, during the Polish Sunrise Festival.

With "Promises" creating a stir as the comeback song for Andain in 2011, the band received another nomination for the International Dance Music Awards 2012. The song received two nominations under the categories Best Trance Track and Best Chillout / Lounge Track. However, as a song in the downtempo genre, no specific remix had been reported for the first category.

Andain also earned a nomination for the International Dance Music Awards 2013, this time with another entry in the category Best Chillout / Lounge Track, honoring Zetandel's remix of "Much Too Much", taken from the initial release of the 2012 single.

title: Andain


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Silver Knights

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Delete Zzyzx11 (Talk) 03:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Silver Knights
An article with three lines of content and then a splurge of gaming instructions. Someone will have to argue very well to persuade me of how game controls are encyclopedic. Harro5 23:27, May 27, 2005 (UTC) I'm sorry it began so small. I should have marked it as a stub... Sorry I am new to wikipedia. But I have several people working to expand this article and make it more informative. Skolympus 23:30, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * delete Xcali 23:29, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Oh, please.  Frjwoolley 23:30, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak delete. Any recovery of this article would need to begin by deleting or transwiking all of the dry game control stuff...after that, I just can't see notability for a freeware game that has been in beta for two and a half years now. A Man In Black 09:55, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. No references for claims of notability.  (Actually no references at all.) As noted, game controls are not encyclopedic.  Quale 16:31, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, unless someone actually turns into a solid article that explains why the game is notable (and "large fanbase and huge potential" just won't do) -- right now it reads like an incomplete instruction manual instead of an encyclopedia article. -- Captain Disdain 23:23, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Completely pointless as it stands.--Ian Pitchford 22:55, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, or shortened, made informative and purged of specific game-control information. Citizen Premier 15:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of biomedical topics, F to J

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep as redirect. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 14:55, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

List of biomedical topics, F to J
I have broken this list into five separate pages since it was too long, and redirected the pages that link to this page to List of biomedical terms. David D. 23:27, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as a redirect, page history should be preserved. - SimonP
 * Delete. Nothing links here. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 08:30, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect to preserve history. JamesBurns 11:16, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sanctus Ignis

Sanctus Ignis is the debut album by French progressive/neoclassical metal band Adagio, released on 8 May 2001 in France by Nothing to Say and in Europe by Limb Music.

Reception
Sanctus Ignis was well received by critics. Gary Hill of AllMusic said "this is a superior album in the neo-classically tinged metal genre."

Adagio

 * David Readman – vocals
 * Stéphan Forté – guitar, keyboard
 * Richard Andersson – keyboard
 * Franck Hermanny – bass guitar
 * Dirk Bruinenberg – drums

Production

 * Dennis Ward – production, mixing, engineering
 * Isabel De Amorim – artwork
 * Marc Villalonga – photography

title: Sanctus Ignis


text:
AJ Michalka

Amanda Joy Michalka (born April 10, 1991) is an American actress, musician and singer-songwriter who is best known as one half of the musical duo Aly & AJ (briefly 78violet), alongside her older sister Aly Michalka. She has appeared in films such as The Lovely Bones (2009), Secretariat (2010), Super 8 (2011), Grace Unplugged (2013), Weepah Way for Now (2015), and Support the Girls (2018). Michalka also starred in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs (2013–2023) and its spin-off series Schooled (2019–2020). She is also known for voicing a lead role as Catra in the Netflix animated adventure series She-Ra and the Princesses of Power (2018–2020).

Early life
Michalka was born in Torrance, California and is the younger sister of actress and musician Aly Michalka. Her father, Mark, owns a contracting company, and her mother, Carrie, is a musician and performed with the Christian rock band "JC Band". Her parents are divorced. As a little girl, she briefly lived in Seattle and Milwaukee. Both she and her sister attended Mack Elementary. She has played the piano since she was six and started playing the guitar in her early life. She started acting when she was five, mostly in church play productions. She was raised as a Christian and homeschooled for part of her childhood. Michalka was in a number of musical productions at her school in Milwaukee as a young woman.

Career
She plays a variety of instruments such as acoustic guitar, electric guitar, and piano. She was a model for catalogs. In 2006 she made her Disney Channel debut in the Disney Channel Original Movie Cow Belles, as "Courtney Callum", along with sister Aly, as "Taylor Callum". She has also appeared on shows such as Oliver Beene, Six Feet Under, The Guardian, and General Hospital. She and her sister appeared in the MTV film Super Sweet 16: The Movie.

In 2009 she was featured in the Peter Jackson film The Lovely Bones, released widely on January 15, 2010.

From 2009 to 2013 Michalka and her sister performed as the musical duo 78violet. They decided to change its name back to "Aly and AJ" in 2015. She was cast as a recurring character on The CW series Hellcats starring Ashley Tisdale and her sister Aly Michalka. The series ran for one season and was cancelled in May 2011.

Michalka appeared in the 2011 film Super 8, directed by J. J. Abrams. Her first big-screen starring role was as the title character in 2013's Grace Unplugged.

Since 2013, Michalka has had a recurring role on the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs as Lainey Lewis, the best friend of main character Erica Goldberg and one-time girlfriend of Erica's brother, Barry. In May 2015, it was announced that she was promoted to series regular for the show's upcoming third season. She also played the Lainey character in a lead role on the spinoff series Schooled, which ran for two seasons.

Michalka voices the character Stevonnie in Steven Universe, a fusion of the protagonist Steven and his best friend Connie. In July 2014, she and her sister filmed an untitled drama in Laurel Canyon, California. The film was directed and written by Aly's husband, Stephen Ringer. Michalka was one of the producers of the film, with her sister and Ringer, and participated in the casting process. In May 2015, it was announced that the film, Weepah Way for Now, would premiere at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 16, 2015. The film was released on DVD, iTunes, and other streaming platforms in June 2016.

Personal life
In 2006, Michalka dated actor and musician Joe Jonas. She has confirmed that her duo's song "Flattery" was written about him.

Since August 2017, Michalka has been in a relationship with actor Josh Pence.

title: AJ Michalka


text:
User:Miastko

Hello!

I live in Germany. If you find some mistakes in my contributions, so just improve them.

csb:Brëkòwnik:Miastko de:Benutzer:Miastko it:Utente:Miastko pl:Wikipedysta:Miastko &

title: User:Miastko


text:
Talk:Terror of the Autons

Has Anyone Else Noticed
Every time I watch Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome I am struck by the fact that when Max is banished from Bartertown he is put on a horse backwards, hands tied, and a huge fake head is put over his head. It looks remarkably like the ones worn by the Autons, when they are handing out the plastic daffodils, in this episode. I'm just curious if any other Wikipedia - Doctor Who fans have ever noticed this.MarnetteD | Talk 23:29, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

I don't have a source, but apparently Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome did use a prop from Terror of the Autons for that scene. Similarly, Star Wars reused some flight suits from Doctor Who's The Tenth Planet. Jabalong | Talk 13:18, 1 Apr 2014 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:Auton stories
Template:Auton stories has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Will (I hope they cannot see, I AM THE GREAT DESTROYER!) 14:30, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

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Videodisc
Apparently McDermott's death in the plastic chair was done on Videodisc in reverse to avoid rewind tracking on the image. Does anyone have any idea what format? None of the options available by late 1970 on the wikilinked article sound very practical for what was planned. Romomusicfan (talk) Romomusicfan (talk) 13:37, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terror of the Autons


text:
Hinduism in Bangladesh

Hinduism is the second largest religious affiliation in Bangladesh, as according to the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, approximately 13.1 million people responded that they were Hindus, constituting 7.95% out of the total population of 165.15 million people. In terms of population, Bangladesh is the third-largest Hindu populated country of the world, after the neighboring countries of India and Nepal. Hinduism is the second-largest religion in 61 out of 64 districts of Bangladesh, but there is no Hindu majority district in Bangladesh.

In October 2022, the Government of Bangladesh proclaimed that it is dedicated to ensuring the safety and security of the Hindu minority community, after attacks on Hindu temples during religious pujas, Hindu communities, temples, mandirs, and pandals.

Culture
In nature, Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the forms and customs of Hinduism practiced in the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as East Bengal) was united until the partition of India in 1947. The vast majority of Hindus in Bangladesh are Bengali Hindus.

Goddess (Devi) – usually venerated as Durga or Kali – is widely revered, often alongside her consort Shiva. The worship of Shiva has generally found adherents among the higher castes in Bangladesh. Worship of Vishnu (typically in the form of his Avatars or incarnation Rama or Krishna) more explicitly cuts across caste lines by teaching the fundamental oneness of humankind in spirit. Vishnu worship in Bengal expresses the union of the male and female principles in a tradition of love and devotion. This form of Hindu belief and the Sufi tradition of Islam have influenced and interacted with each other in Bengal. Both were popular mystical movements emphasizing the personal relationship of religious leaders and disciples instead of the dry stereotypes of the Brahmins or the Ulama. As in Bengali Hindu practice, worship of Vishnu frequently occurs in a small devotional society (shomaj). Both use the language of earthly love to express communion with the divine. In both traditions, the Bengali language is the vehicle of a large corpus of mystical literature of great beauty and emotional impact.

In Bangladeshi Hinduism ritual bathing, vows, and pilgrimages to sacred rivers, mountains, and shrines are common practices. An ordinary Hindu will worship at the shrines of Muslim pirs, without being concerned with the religion to which that place is supposed to be affiliated. Hindus revere many holy men and ascetics conspicuous for their bodily mortifications. Some believe that they attain spiritual benefit merely by looking at a great holy man. Durga Puja, held in September–October, is the most important festival of Bangladeshi Hindus and it is widely celebrated amongst Bangladeshi Hindus. Thousands of pandals (mandaps) are set up in various cities, towns, and villages to mark the festival. Other festivals are Kali Puja, Janmashtami, Holi, Saraswati Puja, Shivratri and Rathayatra, the most popular being the century-old Dhamrai Rathayatra.

The principle of ahimsa is expressed in almost universally observed rules against eating beef. By no means are all Bangladeshi Hindus vegetarians, but abstinence from all kinds of meat is regarded as a "higher" virtue. The Priestly Caste Brahmin (pronounced Brahmon in Bengali) Bangladeshi Hindus, unlike their counterparts elsewhere in South Asia, eat fish and chicken. This is similar to the Indian state of West Bengal, where Hindus also consume fish, eggs, chicken, and mutton. There are also some vegetarians as well. There are also non-Bengali Hindus in Bangladesh, majority of the Hajong, Rajbongshi people and Tripuris in Bangladesh are Hindus.

Demographics

According to the 2001 Bangladesh census, there were around 11.82 million Hindus in Bangladesh constituting 9.6% of the population, which at the time was 123.15 million. The Bangladesh 2011 census states, that approximately 12.73 million people responded that they were Hindus, constituting 8.54% of the total 149.77 million. While 2022 Census of Bangladesh, put the number of Hindus in Bangladesh at 13.1 million out of total 165.1 million population, thus constituting 7.95% of the population. According to a report published by a local daily newspaper of Bangladesh, the Hindu population in the country has reduced by nearly one million between 2001 and 2011 period. The reduction mainly happened in nine districts – Bhola, Barisal, Jhalokati, Pirojpur, Bagerhat, Narail, Gopalganj, Rajbari and Manikganj. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom have said that Hindus constitute merely 7% of the population in Bangladesh as per as the latest 2016 figures. Hindus in Bangladesh in the late 2000s were almost evenly distributed in all regions, with large concentrations in Gopalganj, Dinajpur, Sylhet, Sunamganj, Mymensingh, Khulna, Jessore, Chittagong and parts of Chittagong Hill Tracts. In the capital city of Dhaka, Hindus are the second-largest religious community after the Muslims and the largest concentration of Hindus can be found in and around Shankhari Bazaar of the old city.

In 2013, Amnesty International reported that the rise of more explicitly Islamist political formations in Bangladesh during the 1990s had resulted in many Hindus being intimidated or attacked, and that fairly substantial numbers were leaving the country for India.

In 1901, Hindus constituted 33% of the population of what is now Bangladesh. In 1941, about 28% of the population were Hindus. Their proportion declined to 22% in 1951 after the Partition of India in 1947, as Hindus migrated from East Bengal to India. Wealthy Hindus who migrated lost their land and assets through the East Bengal Evacuees Act. Poor and middle-class Hindus who were left behind were targets of discriminatory new laws. At the outbreak of the 1965 India-Pakistan war, the Defense of Pakistan Ordinance, and later the Enemy (Custody and Registration) Order II, labeled Hindus as the "enemy" and expropriated their property. The 1974 census of Bangladesh showed that the population of Hindus had fallen to 13.5%. Even after independence, the Hindus were branded "Indian stooges" and untrustworthy citizens.

Since 1971, the Hindu percentage has continued to decline, forming 8.5% of the population as of 2011. The fall in the share of total population has been attributed to outward migration, and the fertility rate for Hindus remaining consistently lower than Muslims (2.1 versus 2.3 as of 2014). The bengali genocide of 1971 also disproportionately targetted Hindus.

Hindu population by administrative divisions
According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics report, Khulna division has the highest decline in Hindu population of (1.33%) from 2011-22 period. In 2011, 12.85% of the population of the division were Hindus. This rate has come down to 11.52% in 2022. Among the eight divisions, Khulna has the third highest Hindu population. According to the 2022 census, Sylhet division has the highest Hindu population of 13.5%, but the ratio was 14.05% in 2011. In Rangpur division, the Hindu population has decreased from 13.21% in 2011 to 12.98% in 2022. Mymensingh division has the lowest percentage of people belonging to the Hindu community at (3.92%) as of 2022.

The Hindu population in what is now Bangladesh has consistently decreased as a percentage of the population, from 28% in 1941 to 13.5% at the time of Bangladesh's founding in 1974, and reducing further to 7.9% in 2022. Bangladesh Census authority have found that since from the last 50 years, about 7.5 million (75 lakhs) Hindus have left the country due to religious persecution and discrimination. As per as 2016 official figures, it is estimated that Hindu population have came down to a mere 7%.

Persecution
Malaun (from Arabic ملعون, meaning "accursed") is a pejorative term for Bengali Hindus, most commonly used in Bangladesh by Bengali Muslims. Hindus and others have been regularly and systematically persecuted, such as during the Bangladesh genocide, Bangladesh Liberation War and numerous recurring massacres of civilians      where rapes were also used as weapon. Active perpetrators of genocide, ethnic cleansing and rapes of Hindus in Bangladesh include the Pakistani Military, Al Badr, Al Sham, East Pakistan Central Peace Committee, Razakars, Muslim League, Jamaat-e-Islami, and the Urdu-speaking Biharis. According to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), Hindus are among those persecuted in Bangladesh, with hundreds of cases of "killings, attempted killings, death threats, assaults, rapes, kidnappings, and attacks on homes, businesses, and places of worship" on religious minorities in 2017. The 'Vested Property Act' previously named the 'Enemy Property Act' has seen up to 40% of Hindu land get snatched away forcibly. Hindu temples in Bangladesh have also been vandalised. The Pakistani census has found that the Hindu population in East Pakistan declined drastically from 28% in 1941 to 22% in 1951. The 1946 Noakhali massacre, occurring before the partition, and the 1950 East Pakistan riots, which took place after the Partition of Bengal, were among the most severe anti-Hindu riots in the region's history.

1971 genocide
Between the 1961 and 1974 censuses, the Hindu population increased by only 300,000, from 9.3 million to 9.6 million, while the Hindu percentage declined from 18.5% to 13.5%. The Hindu population was significantly impacted by the 1964 East Pakistan riots and 1971 East Pakistan genocide, which primarily targeted Bengali Hindus. An estimated 10 million East Pakistanis sought refuge in India, with 80% being Hindus. Approximately 8 million Hindus fled to various parts of India during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War to escape persecution by Pakistani armies and Islamic militias. After Independence, it was discovered that 1.5 million Hindus remained in India, while the remaining 6.5 million returned to Bangladesh. Additionally, an estimated 3.1 million Hindus who were already residing in Bangladesh chose to remain during the turmoil and survived the atrocities. It is estimated that between 300,000 to 3 million people were killed during the Bangladesh Liberation War, with 300,000 to 400,000 Bengali women being raped, with the majority of victims being Hindus.

Future population
From 1964 to 2013, around 11.3 million Hindus left Bangladesh due to religious persecution and discrimination, as stated by Dhaka university economist Abul Barkat. On average 632 Hindus left the country each day and 230,612 annually as reported by him. From his 30-year-long research, Barkat found that the exodus mostly took place during military governments after independence. Barkat also state's: that there should have been 28.7 million Hindus in the year 2013 instead of 12.2 million", Or, to put it another way, Hindus should have accounted for 16-18% of Bangladesh's population, not 9.7% as they do currently. According to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, Hindus constitute merely 7% of the population in Bangladesh as per as the latest 2016 figures.

According to the Pew Research Center, Bangladesh will have 14.47 million Hindus by 2050 who will comprise 7.3% of the country's population. Another theory suggest that Bangladesh will have at least 180-200 million population by 2050, out of which there will be around 8.51-9.25 million Hindus living in this nation, thus constituting only 4% after the beginning of half-century. On average, annually 230,612 Hindus were leaving Bangladesh for India permanently. So between (2024-2050), It is estimated that 5,995,912 Hindus will leave the country if current immigration rates continue further.

Missing population
With migration into West Bengal, the 1947 partition of Bengal significantly altered religious demographics in the eastern segment of the province, which later became Bangladesh. Violence also saw an uptick in the 1950s and 1960s in what had then become East Pakistan (present-day-Bangladesh), leading to large numbers of upper caste Bengali Hindus migrating to West Bengal, Assam and Tripura with official Indian Government records indicating 2,519,557 (Hindu) refugees crossed into India from East Bengal between 1941 and 1951.

Utilizing demography studies and other methods over a 55-year period from 1947 to 2001, professor Sachi Dastidar of the State University of New York calculates that well over 49 million Hindus are missing today from Bangladesh. According to a report published by a local daily newspaper of Bangladesh, the Hindu population in the country has reduced by 1 million between 2001 and 2011 period. Ergo in the absence of partition in 1947 and other events that followed, It is estimated the present-day Bangladeshi hindu population would be approximately 63.13 million or 28%, well above the current population of 12.73 million or 8.5%, as reported in the Bangladesh 2011 census.

After the 1960s, most of the migration was lower caste – a trend that has continued to till this day. As per a BJP estimate, Bangladeshi Hindu immigrants are a significant presence in 75 Assembly constituencies – making up approximately a fourth of the state's seats.

Starting from the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the BJP has made the issue of Hindu Bangladeshi immigrants a core part of its strategy in West Bengal. An estimation shows that around 30 million Bangladeshi origin low-caste Hindu refugees live in different parts of West Bengal specially in southern districts namely North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Nadia and other smaller pockets of North and South Bengal, they are having an influence in over 70 assembly constituencies and are eagerly waiting to acquire Indian citizenship through CAA which was passed by Indian parliament in 2019 year for the purpose of granting them citizenship (if their religion is Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism) as a promise criteria made by BJP in the election campaign of West Bengal earlier before the passage of that bill. An estimation shows that Assam has around 2 million Bangladeshi Hindus living in different parts of the state and are struggling to acquire Indian citizenship just like their counterparts in neighbouring West Bengal. The BJP hopes to wean away a large chunk of Bengali settlers who took refuge in Tripura from Bangladesh (former East Pakistan). The influx of the Bengali Hindus increased during the Bangladesh Liberation War and around at that time of (1971), India have received 10 million refugees from East Pakistan- mostly 80% being Hindus, and after Bangladesh become independent, nearly 1.5 million of Bengali Hindu refugees decided to stay back in India particularly in West Bengal and other North Eastern states majorly in Assam and Tripura. Census data show the population of Tripura's 19 Scheduled Tribes dropped from 63.77% in 1881 to 31.78% in 2011. This is attributed to the migration of 6.10 lakh Bengalis – the figure almost equal to the State's total population in 1951 – from East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) between 1947 and 1971. At present, there are around 2.2 million Bengali Hindus in Tripura (moslty having Eastern Bangladeshi origin), making them the largest ethnic group in the State, constituting around 60 per cent of the state population.

Population controversies
The official number of Hindus living in Bangladesh is about 13.1 million or say 7.9% as per as 2022 census conducted by Bangladesh government authority. However, at certain times different leaders as well as Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics have given different estimates. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) have found that 4.67 million people, which is about 2.75% of country's total population, were have not been counted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) for 2022 census. Moreover, around 2.75% of undercount was reported in the case of Muslims against 2.68% of followers of other religions. At the same time, Indigenous activists of Bangladesh have claimed that Ethnic minorities have been undercounted in Bangladesh's latest census.

Hindu Temples
Hindu temples and shrines are more or less distributed all across the country. The Kantaji Temple is an elegant example of an 18th-century temple. The most important temple in terms of prominence is the Dhakeshwari National Temple, located in Dhaka. This temple along with other Hindu organizations arranges Durga Puja and Krishna Janmaashtami very prominently. The other main temples of Dhaka are the Ramakrishna Mission, Ramna Kali Temple, Joy Kali Temple, Laxmi Narayan Mandir, Swami Bagh Temple and Siddheswari Kalimandir.

Many Hindu temples have suffered from the implementation of the Vested Property Act through which land and moveable property has been confiscated by agents acting on behalf of successive governments.

Hindu marriage law
Hindu family law governs the personal life of Hindus in Bangladesh. There is no known limit for the number of wives a Hindu man can take in Bangladesh so polygamy for Hindu man is legal in Bangladesh.

"Under Bangladesh Hindu (civil) law, men may have multiple wives, but there are officially no options for divorce," the report said.

Women are also prohibited from inheriting property under the civil laws for Hindus, the report said.

A survey conducted during the year by Research Initiatives in Bangladesh and MJF showed that 26.7% of Hindu men and 29.2% of Hindu women would like to obtain a divorce but did not do so because of existing laws.

Community issues
The Hindu community has many similar issues as the predominantly Muslim community of Bangladesh. These include women's rights, dowry, poverty, unemployment, and others. Issues unique to the Hindu community include maintenance of Hindu culture and temples in Bangladesh. Small sects of Islamists constantly try to politically and socially isolate the Hindus of Bangladesh. Because Hindus of Bangladesh are scattered across all areas (except in Narayanganj), they cannot unite politically. However, Hindus became sway voters in various elections. Hindus have usually voted in large mass for Bangladesh Awami League and communist parties, as these are the only parties which have a nominal commitment to secularism; the alternatives are the increasingly pro-Islamist centrist parties such as the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jatiya Party (which both incorporate Muslim identity into their version of Bangladeshi nationalism) or the outright Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh (an offshoot of the Pakistan-based Jamaat-e-Islami) which seeks to establish Islamic law under which there would be separate provisions for Hindus as non-Muslims. However, Hindus, in general, maintain cordial relationships with liberal Muslims and they even participate in each other's festivals such as Durga Puja and Eid al-Fitr.

Bangladesh Liberation War atrocities (1971)
The Bangladesh Liberation War resulted in one of the largest genocides of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties were 200,000–3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the Pakistan Army's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. The Pakistani Army killed many Bengali Hindus during the Liberation War, and most of the Bengali Hindu-owned businesses were permanently destroyed. The historic Ramna Kali Temple in Dhaka and the century-old Rath at Dhamrai were demolished and burned down by the Pakistani Army.

The initial post-independence period (1972–75)
In the first constitution of the newly independent country, secularism and equality of all citizens irrespective of religious identity were enshrined. On his return to liberated Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in his first speech to the nation, specifically recognized the disproportionate suffering of the Hindu population during the Bangladesh Liberation War. On a visit to Kolkata, India in February 1972, Mujib visited the refugee camps that were still hosting several million Bangladeshi Hindus and appealed to them to return to Bangladesh and to help to rebuild the country.

Despite the public commitment of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his government to re-establishing secularism and the rights of non-Muslim religious groups, two significant aspects of his rule remain controversial as relates to the conditions of Hindus in Bangladesh. The first was his refusal to return the premises of the Ramna Kali Mandir, historically the most important temple in Dhaka, to the religious body that owned the property. This centuries-old Hindu temple was demolished by the Pakistan army during the Bangladesh Liberation War, and around one hundred devotees were murdered. Under the provisions of the Enemy Property Act, it was determined that ownership of the property could not be established as there were no surviving members to claim inherited rights, and the land was handed over to the Dhaka Club.

Secondly, state-authorized confiscation of Hindu owned property under the provisions of the Enemy Property Act was rampant during Mujib's rule, and as per the research conducted by Abul Barkat of Dhaka University, the Awami League party of Sheikh Mujib was the largest beneficiary of Hindu property transfer in the past 35 years of Bangladeshi independence. This was enabled considerably because of the particular turmoil and displacement suffered by Bangladeshi Hindus, who bore the disproportionate burnt of the Pakistan army's genocide, as well documented by international publications such as Time magazine and the New York Times, and by the declassified Hamoodur Rahman Commission report. This caused much bitterness among Bangladeshi Hindus, particularly given the public stance of the regime's commitment to secularism and communal harmony.

Zia and Ershad regimes (1975–1990)
President Ziaur Rahman abandoned the constitutional provision for secularism and began to introduce Islamic symbolism in all spheres of national life (such as official seals and the constitutional preamble). Zia brought back the multi-party system thus allowing organizations such as Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh (an offshoot of the Islamist Jamaat-e-Islami in Pakistan) to regroup and contest elections.

In 1988 President Hussein Mohammed Ershad declared Islam to be the State Religion of Bangladesh. Though the move was protested by students and left-leaning political parties and minority groups, to this date neither the regimes of the BNP or Awami League has challenged this change and it remains in place.

In 1990, the Ershad regime was widely blamed for negligence (and some human rights analysis allege active participation) in the anti-Hindu riots following the Babri Mosque incident in India, the largest communal disturbances since Bangladesh independence, as a means of diverting attention from the rapidly increasing opposition to his rule. Many Hindu temples, Hindu neighbourhoods and shops were attacked and damaged including, for the first time since 1971, the Dhakeshwari temple. The atrocities were brought to the West's attention by many Bangladeshis, including Taslima Nasrin and her book Lajja which translated into English means "shame".

Return to democracy (1991–2008)
Immediately after the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and its Islamic fundamentalist allies came to power in the October 2001 elections, ruling coalition activists attacked Hindus on a large scale in retribution for their perceived support of the opposition Awami League. Hundreds were killed, many were raped, and thousands fled to India. The events were widely seen as a repercussion against the razing of the Babri Mosque in India.

Prominent political leaders frequently fall back on "Hindu bashing" in an attempt to appeal to extremist sentiment and to stir up communal passions. In one of the most notorious utterances of a mainstream Bangladeshi figure, the immediate past Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, while the leader of the opposition in 1996, declared that the country was at risk of hearing "uludhhwani" (a Hindu custom involving women's ululation) from mosques, replacing the azan (Muslim call to prayer) (e.g., see Agence-France Press report of 18 November 1996, "Bangladesh opposition leader accused of hurting religious sentiment").

After the election of 2001, when a right-wing coalition including two Islamist parties (Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh and Islami Oikya Jote) led by the pro-Islamic right wing Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) came to power, many minority Hindus and liberal secularist Muslims were attacked by a section of the governing regime. Thousands of Bangladeshi Hindus were believed to have fled to neighbouring India to escape the violence unleashed by activists sympathetic to the new government. Many Bangladeshi Muslims played an active role in documenting atrocities against Hindus during this period.

The new government also clamped down on attempts by the media to document alleged atrocities against non-Muslim minorities following the election. Severe pressure was put on newspapers and other media outside of government control through threats of violence and other intimidation. Most prominently, the Muslim journalist and human rights activist Shahriyar Kabir was arrested on charges of treason on his return from India where he had been interviewing Hindu refugees from Bangladesh; this was by the Bangladesh High Court and he was subsequently freed.

The fundamentalists and right-wing parties such as the BNP and Jatiya Party often portray Hindus as being sympathetic to India, and transferring economic resources to India, contributing to a widespread perception that Bangladeshi Hindus are disloyal to the state. Also, the right-wing parties claim the Hindus to be backing the Awami League. As widely documented in international media, Bangladesh authorities have had to increase security to enable Bangladeshi Hindus to worship freely following widespread attacks on places of worship and devotees.

After bombings in Bangladesh by the Islamic fundamentalists, the government has taken steps to strengthen the security during various minority celebrations, especially during Durga Puja and Rathayatra.

In October 2006, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom published a report titled 'Policy Focus on Bangladesh,' which said that since its last election, 'Bangladesh has experienced growing violence by religious extremists, intensifying concerns expressed by the country's religious minorities'. The report further stated that Hindus are particularly vulnerable in a period of rising violence and extremism, whether motivated by religious, political or criminal factors, or some combination. The report noted that Hindus had multiple disadvantages against them in Bangladesh, such as perceptions of dual loyalty concerning India and religious beliefs that are not tolerated by the politically dominant Islamic Fundamentalists of the BNP. Violence against Hindus has taken place "in order to encourage them to flee in order to seize their property". The previous reports of the Hindu American Foundation were acknowledged and confirmed by this non-partisan report.

On 2 November 2006, USCIRF criticized Bangladesh for violence against minority Hindus. It also urged the Bush administration to get Dhaka to ensure the protection of religious freedom and minority rights before Bangladesh's next national elections in January 2007.

Sheikh Hasina era (2008–present)
In 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal indicted several Jamaat members for war crimes against Hindus during the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. In retaliation, violence against Hindu minorities in Bangladesh was instigated by the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.

BJHM (Bangladesh Jatiya Hindu Mahajote) claimed in its report that in 2017, at least 107 people of the Hindu community were killed and 31 fell victims to enforced disappearance 782 Hindus were either forced to leave the country or threatened to leave, and besides this, 23 were forced to get converted into other religions and at least 25 Hindu women and children were raped, while 235 temples and statues were vandalized during the year. The total number of atrocities happened with the Hindu community in 2017 is 6474.

During the 2019 Bangladesh elections, eight houses belonging to Hindu families on fire in Thakurgaon alone. In April 2019, two idols of Hindu goddesses, Lakshmi and Saraswati, have been vandalized by unidentified miscreants at a newly constructed temple in Kazipara of Brahmanbaria. In the same month, several idols of Hindu gods in two temples in Madaripur Sadar Upazila which were under construction were desecrated by miscreants.

In 2021, many temples and houses of Hindus were broken and vandalized after an attack on them on Narendra Modi visit to Bangladesh by Hefazat-e-Islam and other radical groups as anti-Modi protests. Similarly, there were attacks on Hindus in 2020, after some of them supported France after the Murder of Samuel Paty. In the October of the same year there had been a severe communal violence in Bangladesh against the Bengali Hindus, after the video of Quran desecration at the Durga Puja pandals was spread in which more than 120 Hindu temples were vandalized and nearly 7 Hindus were killed. It was described by The New York Times as "worst communal violence in years".

According to Dr. Abul Barkat, no Hindus will be left in Bangladesh 30 years from now if the current rate of “exodus” continues as on an average 632 people from the minority community leave the Muslim-majority country each day. From 1964 to 2013, around 11.3 million Hindus left Bangladesh due to religious persecution and discrimination which means on an average 632 Hindus left the country each day and 230,612 annually, he said at the book launch ceremony at the Dhaka University (DU).

Political representation
Even after the decline of the Hindu population in Bangladesh from 13.5% in 1974, just after the independence, Hindus were at around 11.2% of the population in 2001 according to government estimates following the census. However, Hindus accounted for only thirty two members of the 300 member parliament following the 2001 elections through direct election; this went up to thirty five following a by-election victory in 2004. Of the 50 seats reserved for women that are directly nominated by the Prime Minister, only four were allotted to a Hindu. The political representation is not at all satisfactory and several Hindu advocacy groups in Bangladesh have demanded a return to a communal electorate system as existed during the Pakistan period, to enable a more equitable and proportionate representation in parliament, or a reserved quota since the persecution of Hindus has continued since 1946.

Despite their dwindling population in terms of overall percentage, Hindus still yield considerable influence because of their geographical concentration in certain regions. They form a majority of the electorate in at least two parliamentary constituencies (Khulna-1 and Gopalganj-3) and account for more than 25% in at least another thirty. For this reason, they are often the deciding factor in parliamentary elections where victory margins can be extremely narrow. It is also frequently alleged that this is a prime reason for many Hindus being prevented from voting in elections, either through intimidating actual voters or through exclusion in voter list revisions.

title: Hinduism in Bangladesh


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Great Shark Hunt

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was Keep. -- Jonel | Speak 04:45, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The Great Shark Hunt
First of all, it's not a novel it's a collection of articles, of which TGSH is only one. Secondly, the article itself is not particularly noteworthy. (nominated by Logan 5)

 * Keep. If Amazon has the book it deserves an article. Mgm|(talk) 23:36, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand, and include the real title, The Great Shark Hunt : Strange Tales from a Strange Time. Notable book by notable author, rank of 4,189 at amazon!  RickK 00:01, May 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep! Ditto above, needs and deserves expansion, will get to it immediatly! Tarnas 01:31, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.


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Paul Marcinkus

Paul Casimir Marcinkus (January 15, 1922 – February 20, 2006) was an American archbishop of the Catholic Church and president of the Institute for the Works of Religion, commonly known as the Vatican Bank, from 1971 to 1989.

Early life
Marcinkus was born in Cicero, Illinois, the son of Lithuanian immigrants and the youngest of five children. His father worked as a window cleaner, among other occupations.

After attending Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary and St. Mary of the Lake Seminary, Paul was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Chicago on May 3, 1947, and served parish assignments with both St. Christina's and Holy Cross Church on the city's south side. By 1949, he had been appointed to the archdiocese's matrimonial tribunal, which processed petitions to recognize the nullity of putatively valid marriages.

International career
In 1950, Marcinkus began to fulfil special assignments for the Holy See and became friendly with Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, later Pope Paul VI, while studying canon law at the Gregorian University. Upon earning his degree in 1953, he completed the two-year program for prospective diplomats at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy and was assigned to Bolivia in 1955 and to Canada four years later, serving as secretary in the nunciature of the Holy See in both instances.

Beginning in December 1959, he worked at the Secretariat of State in Rome and served on occasion as an interpreter for Pope John XXIII and as an English translator for Pope Paul VI. Under Paul VI, he helped manage arrangements for papal overseas trips. His height and muscular build served him well as an "informal bodyguard" for Paul VI, earning him the nickname "The Gorilla". On January 6, 1969, he received his episcopal consecration as Titular Archbishop of Horta.

In 1979, Marcinkus was reported as having been targeted by the Red Brigades, a far-left terrorist group, for possible kidnap or assassination after his address and other documents were found in the apartment of two group members, Valerio Morucci and Adriana Faranda.

In 1981, John Paul II promoted Marcinkus to archbishop and made him vice-president of the Governorate of the Vatican City state, in effect its governor.

In 1982, he allegedly thwarted an assassination attempt against Pope John Paul II in Fátima, Portugal, when Juan Maria Fernandez y Krohn, a reportedly disturbed priest, attacked the Pope with a bayonet. In fact, several Portuguese police officers grabbed and disarmed the attacker, preventing the Pope from being stabbed.

Vatican bank tenure
Paul VI appointed Marcinkus secretary of the Vatican Bank in 1968. He was named its president in 1971 at the age of 48, serving in that role until 1989. Although an able administrator, Marcinkus had no prior experience as a banker. Upon his initial appointment to the Vatican Bank, he underwent brief training and short (of days-to-weeks) observational periods at several financial institutions.

As early as April 24, 1973, Marcinkus was questioned in his Vatican office by United States federal prosecutor William Aronwald and Bill Lynch, head of the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the United States Department of Justice, about his involvement in the delivery of $14.5 million worth of counterfeit bonds to the Vatican in July 1971, part of a total request of $950 million stated in a letter on Vatican letterhead. His name had arisen and the letter come to light during the investigation of an international gangster, who eventually served 12 years in prison. Marcinkus said "he considered the charges against him serious, but not based enough on fact that he would violate the Vatican Bank's confidentiality to defend himself...back in the States, it was agreed on the highest levels that the case against Marcinkus could not be pursued any further."

In July 1982, Marcinkus was implicated in financial scandals being reported on the front pages of newspapers and magazines throughout Europe, particularly the collapse of the Banco Ambrosiano, in which Propaganda Due (aka "P2"), a Masonic Lodge, was involved. Marcinkus had been a director of Ambrosiano Overseas, based in Nassau, Bahamas, and had been involved with Ambrosiano's chairman, financier Roberto Calvi, for a number of years. He also was involved with Michele Sindona, who had links with the Mafia.

The scandal widened, after the body of Calvi, whose Banco Ambrosiano had dealt with Marcinkus, was found hanging under London's Blackfriars Bridge in June 1982. Marcinkus himself was never charged with a crime.

He stepped aside as head of the Vatican Bank soon after, with a board of laymen assuming control of the bank. The Vatican eventually paid £145 million in a settlement with creditors, with Marcinkus observing in 1986 that "You can't run the Church on Hail Marys." Marcinkus later said that he was misquoted, what he actually said was: "When my workers come to retire, they expect a pension; it's no use my saying to them 'I'll pay you 400 Hail Marys."

He resigned his Vatican position on October 30, 1990.

Unsubstantiated allegations
In 1984, Marcinkus was named by David Yallop as a possible accomplice in the claimed "murder" of Pope John Paul I; Yallop made allegations regarding a number of suspects, involving the Mafia and Freemasonry. For instance, Anthony Raimondi, who purports to be a nephew of Lucky Luciano, claimed in 2019 that he helped his alleged cousin Marcinkus murder the pope. Loris Serafini, director of a museum in Canale d'Agordo overseeing a collection covering John Paul I's life, refers to the purported murder as "an unshakable myth", and Chico Harlan and Stefano Pitrelli, writing for the Washington Post, report that: "One papal doctor believed heart attack was the likeliest cause of death. Another doctor who'd previously treated the pope said there was "no clinical doubt" that the cause was circulatory... In her official work as postulator, Stefania Falasca, a journalist for the Italian newspaper Avvenire, and the lead investigator for the Vatican regarding the late pope's canonisation, quotes the conflicting medical opinions and does not try to weigh which was likelier.

As of 2008, a case of a missing person had been reopened after claims that Emanuela Orlandi, daughter of a Vatican employee, had been kidnapped and later killed on orders of Marcinkus were made by Sabrina Minardi, a former girlfriend of Enrico De Pedis, boss of the gang, Banda della Magliana. Members of Orlandi's family said they were skeptical of the claim, as Minardi had been treated for drug abuse. Investigators remained cautious but were reportedly impressed by the accuracy of some details, as reported by La Repubblica.

Later life and death
Marcinkus returned to the Archdiocese of Chicago in 1990 before retiring to Arizona, where he lived as an assistant parish priest at St. Clement of Rome Church in Sun City. He declined to discuss his role in the Ambrosiano scandal. Archbishop Marcinkus died in Sun City, Arizona, aged 84, of undisclosed causes.

In popular culture
Marcinkus was played by actor Rutger Hauer in the Italian film The Bankers of God.

In Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather Part III, actor Donal Donnelly portrayed Archbishop Gilday. The character is widely perceived as based on Marcinkus.

In 2006, Marcinkus was played by actor Jacques Sernas in the 2006 Italian TV Series Pope John Paul I: The Smile of God.

Tom Flannery's one-man play Marcinkus (2006) played in Wilkes-Barre and Scranton, Pennsylvania to positive reviews.

Marcinkus was portrayed by actor Randall Paul in Roberto Faenza's 2016 film La Verità Sta in Cielo ('The Truth Lies in Heaven').

Mentioned in the George Harrison song, "P2 Vatican Blues (Last Saturday Night)".

Honours
Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (2 September 1983)

title: Paul Marcinkus


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Bloomfield Township, Logan County, Ohio

Bloomfield Township is one of the seventeen townships of Logan County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 417, making Bloomfield the smallest township in Logan County by population.

Geography
Located in the western part of the county, it borders the following townships:
 * Stokes Township - north
 * Washington Township - east
 * Pleasant Township - south
 * Salem Township, Shelby County - southwest
 * Jackson Township, Shelby County - west

No municipalities are located within Bloomfield Township.

Name and history
Bloomfield Township was organized in 1832. Statewide, other Bloomfield Townships are located in Jackson and Trumbull counties.

Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

Transportation
State Route 274 passes through the northern part of Bloomfield Township.

title: Bloomfield Township, Logan County, Ohio