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Ultraman

The Ultra Series (ウルトラシリーズ), also known as Ultraman, is a Japanese science fiction media franchise owned by Tsuburaya Productions, which began with the television series Ultra Q in 1966 and became an international pop-culture phenomenon. The 1934 kaiju film The Great Buddha Arrival presumably served as one of inspiration sources for the franchise. The franchise has expanded into many television shows, films, comic books, and other media publications, becoming one of the most prominent productions in the Japanese tokusatsu and kaiju genres and pioneering the Kyodai Hero subgenre. The Ultraman series is centered on a fictional alien race of superheroes who often combat kaiju or other aliens.

In Japan, the Ultraman brand generated US$ 7.4 billion in merchandising revenue from 1966 to 1987. This makes it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. Ultraman was the world's third top-selling licensed character in the 1980s, largely due to his popularity in Asia. References to Ultraman are abundant in Japanese popular culture, much like references to Superman in U.S. culture.

The Ultras
The Ultraman series is centered on a race of aliens nicknamed the "Ultras". As revealed in Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy, they are a technologically advanced civilization originating from a planet within the M78 nebula (M78星雲), three million light years away from Earth (not to be confused with the Messier 78 nebula)—colloquially called the Land of Light (光の国)—who were originally identical to humans. They had evolved into their current state of being following the activation of the Plasma Spark, which replaced their dead sun. Ultraman and his many kin are usually red-and-silver (although several color variations have been seen in recent years) and have glowing yellow almond-shaped dome eyes (although there are exceptions to both the shape and color) and various abilities, most notably firing energy beams from their crossed hands and flight. They share a strong cultural sense of justice and duty, a majority of Ultramen joining the Space Garrison (宇宙警備隊) to maintain peace in the universe from alien invaders and monsters.

The Ultras that are sent to other worlds are given Color Timers, or "warning lights", which blink with increasing frequency and turn from blue to red if an Ultra's energy supply dwindles or he is mortally wounded. Due to human pollution and the light filtering effects of the atmosphere, an Ultra can remain active on Earth for a limited span of minutes before its energy is depleted and they die. This forces an Ultra to either assume a human form or merge with a human host body. The latter process has healing properties that include reviving a recently dead person with their own life force.

Ultra beings also appear to be near-impossible to permanently kill, as several times an Ultra being has been killed, only to be revived by another member of their species. An Ultra being can be revived with a massive energy infusion, as when Mebius' allies revived him with their energy after his defeat by Alien Empera's army. Ultras always try to avoid battles in inhabited areas or near innocent bystanders and try to minimize collateral property damage. If these concerns cannot be met, a city like Tokyo could be destroyed.

The Ultraman phenomenon
The show Ultraman was followed by many other series. Sequels to the original series are: Ultraseven (1967, TBS), The Return of Ultraman (1971, TBS), Ultraman Ace (1972, TBS), Ultraman Taro (1973, TBS), Ultraman Leo (1974, TBS), Ultraman 80 (1980, TBS), Ultraman Tiga (1996, MBS), Ultraman Dyna (1997, MBS), Ultraman Gaia (1998, MBS), and Ultraman Cosmos (2001, MBS). After that, the studio tried a reinvention of the hero through the "Ultra N Project", which involved three heroes: Ultraman Noa (the "mascot" of the Ultra N Project, who appears in stage shows as well as in the final episode of Ultraman Nexus) in late 2003, Ultraman Nexus (2004, CBC), and ULTRAMAN (2004, Shochiku Productions). This was followed by a return to the old-school series' style in the form of Ultraman Max (2005, CBC). In the course of the Max series, another new hero known as Ultraman Xenon was also introduced. April 2006 saw the 40th anniversary series, Ultraman Mebius, which signaled a long-awaited return to the original universe. Another hero was also introduced: Ultraman Hikari, formerly known as Hunter Knight Tsurugi.

The franchise has also had Ultras introduced in movie theaters, starting with Ultraman Zearth and Ultraman Zearth 2 in 1996 and 1997 respectively, as well as ULTRAMAN in 2004.

Foreign productions include the 1987 Hanna-Barbera co-production Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (in Japanese, Ultraman USA), an animated movie; Ultraman: Towards the Future (in Japanese, Ultraman Great), produced in Australia in 1990 and Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero (in Japanese, Ultraman Powered), produced in the United States in 1993. The Ultraman series have also been dubbed into various languages, including English (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Ultraman Tiga and Ultraman Max), Spanish (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Return of Ultraman, Ultraman Great and Ultraman Tiga), Portuguese (Ultraman, Ultraseven, Return of Ultraman and Ultraman Tiga), French (only Ultraman). Also of note is the American English dub of Ultraman Tiga by 4Kids Entertainment that aired in 2002. The dub considerably distorted the characterization and general mood of the series, and it achieved only limited success.

In 1993, Tsuburaya Productions and Toei Company co-produced Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider, a crossover with the original Ultraman and Toei's Kamen Rider. This direct-to-video feature is co-copyrighted by both Toei (and its subordinates, Toei Video and Ishinomori Productions) and Tsuburaya Productions.

, Tsuburaya Productions accepts 36 Ultramen as official (counting Ultraman Legend, the combined form of Ultramen Cosmos and Justice, as a separate entity). This figure does not account for Thai-produced Ultramen (the figure is 38 if Next, Noa, and Nexus are counted as separate entities — it has been revealed in Nexus that all three are a single being with various modes used by different hosts). In 2013, the Ultra Series was cited in the Guinness Book of World Records as the record-holder for the most spin-off shows. The Ultraman brand generated $7.4 billion in merchandising revenue from 1966 to 1987, equivalent to more than US$billion adjusted for inflation. Ultraman was the world's third top-selling licensed character in the 1980s, largely due to his popularity in Asia.

The Ultraman manga, which began in 2011, has sold more than 2.8million copies as of 2018. At the Tokyo Comic Con on 7 December 2017, Tsuburaya Productions revealed that an anime adaptation of the manga was planned for release in 2019. It was released by Netflix.

Ultraman content, products and services have been distributed in more than 100 countries worldwide,. Tsuburaya has officially made their Ultraman and non-Ultraman content widely available on their YouTube channel, even simulcasting several of their series with English subtitles, the channel has reached over 2 million subscribers. In China, an Ultraman television series received 1.8 billion views on over-the-top media services between July 2017 and March 2018.

The manga author Akira Toriyama, creator of Dragon Ball and Dr. Slump, cited Ultraman as a formative influence on his work. Peyton Reed, the director of the Ant-Man films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, said that Ant-Man's costume design was influenced by Ultraman along with Inframan, another tokusatsu superhero from China. Video game designer Hideki Kamiya (known for games such as Resident Evil 2, Devil May Cry, Viewtiful Joe, Ōkami, Bayonetta and The Wonderful 101) said he loved Godzilla and Ultraman as a child.

It was announced in November 2019 that Marvel Comics has partnered with Tsuburaya Productions to publish Ultraman comic books in 2020. , Bandai Namco has sold 101.87 million Ultraman soft figures (heroes and monsters) since 1983, while Bandai Namco Arts (including Bandai Visual) has sold 8.48 million Ultraman home video units between January 1988 and March 2021.

Licensing rights dispute
Ultraman's licensing rights outside Japan have been the subject of a prolonged legal dispute between Tsuburaya Productions and Chaiyo Productions (also called Tsuburaya Chaiyo Co. Ltd) based in Thailand. Tsuburaya had previously collaborated with Chaiyo on the production of two movies, The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army and Jumborg Ace & Giant—the latter of which featured another Tsuburaya superhero, Jumborg Ace—in 1974. Sompote Saengduenchai, founder/president of Chaiyo Productions, claimed and maintained that in 1976 that Noboru Tsuburaya, the son of the late Eiji Tsuburaya, had given him and his company a contract which had given him rights to everything Ultraman outside Japanese territories in exchange for a monetary loan.

In spite of the fact that the document failed to state clearly and specifically exactly what had been given to Tsuburaya in exchange for these rights, Japanese and Thai courts accepted this contract as real and binding because of the supposed hanko of the late Noboru Tsuburaya, who had died in 1995, in the document. Tsuburaya Productions insisted and maintained that the contract was a forgery (due to factual errors, including the faulty titles of the series in the document, such as Ultra Q being called Ultraman 1: Ultra Q, Ultraseven being called Ultraman 3: Ultraman Seven, and Tsuburaya Productions being called Tsuburaya Prod. and Enterprises, a name the company never did business under), and repeatedly contested the issue.

In the course of the legal battle, Sompote presented photos of himself sharing his photos of Thai Buddhist edifices, stating that Eiji had based Ultraman's face on those edifices, a claim which he has continued to hold since the dispute began. No other evidence supporting this claim is known to exist.

After an eight-year battle in the courts of both countries, Sompote Saengduenchai was awarded a favorable decision on 27 April 2004. The exact ruling fell into some dispute: Some said it only gave him merchandising rights for the first six Ultra Series (Ultra Q through Ultraman Taro) and Jumborg Ace outside Japan, and broadcasting rights of those shows within Thailand. Other accounts, usually reported in the Thai/Asian media, said that Chaiyo had gained the rights to those six shows everywhere outside Japan. The latter could be taken as Chaiyo's side of the story, as Tsuburaya was reported in the Japanese media to continue taking further action against them.

Tsuburaya decided not to market any of the disputed six Ultra Series outside Japan until it had completely settled the rights issues with Chaiyo, although the company continued to merchandise and distribute all of the Ultraman programs created after Ultraman Taro, including the theatrical feature Ultraman the Next, throughout the world. Because of the copyright struggle, importing literature on Ultraman into Singapore and Malaysia was prohibited. It also resulted in a slight backlash against Thai Ultraman fans, who were assumed to be outright Chaiyo supporters.

In 2005 the American company BCI Home Entertainment (BCI/Eclipse), a subsidiary of Navarre Corporation announced they had acquired the DVD license to Ultraman from distributor Golden Media Group Inc., a Hollywood-based distributor, who secured the rights from Tokyo-based UM Corp. Inc., acting as the global agent for Chaiyo. A three-disc box set containing the first 20 episodes of the series was released on 18 July 2006, followed by a second three-disc box set containing the remaining 19 episodes was released on 7 November 2006. Both sets feature the Japanese stereo audio, created by Tsuburaya Productions and Pioneer for their Japanese R-2 DVD release in 1999, as well as the English-dubbed version produced by United Artists for North American syndication. The original Japanese monaural was not included.

The English audio for Episodes 5 through 39 were not all complete, as BCI sourced private home off-air audio recordings from an unknown television broadcast, which were cut to provide for more commercial time. Therefore, the episodes in question would switch to Japanese audio from English audio to cover the missing gaps. Due to these gaps, BCI's publicity department assumed the original series was edited by UA-TV when it was originally prepared for U.S. syndication. Only minor seconds of extreme violence were trimmed from three episodes, none of which contained dialogue. Tsuburaya Productions had a complete run of the UA-TV's version, which their Los Angeles office, UltraCom Inc., retrieved from a U.S. film warehouse in 1993. In 1994, they provided the English audio for the Expressions in Animation VHS release of the first four episodes, which were sourced for the corresponding episodes in the BCI release.

During the time of the legal battle, Chaiyo came up with three of their own Ultras: Ultraman Millennium, Dark Ultraman (an evil Ultra), and Ultraman Elite. These were not used for purposes other than stage shows and merchandise. Chaiyo also created a TV series that he called Project Ultraman, unaired as of late March 2008, a joint project in China featuring their own Ultraman and attaching Hong Kong star Ekin Cheng to the project.

On 23 August 2006, Tsuburaya Productions filed a new lawsuit against Chaiyo for copyright infringement and plagiarism (concerning their three original Ultraman characters), and the court case was taken to China. The Chinese courts in Beijing opened "The Ultraman Copyright Study Group" in response to the lawsuit. In April 2007, the Thailand Intellectual Property Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions, ordering Chaiyo to cease and desist making commercial profits from Chaiyo-produced Ultraman characters such as Millennium, Dark, and Elite. The defendants were also fined THB 15,000,000 (approx. JPY 50,904,959 or US$428,673.50 c. April 2007) plus interest and attorneys' fees. Project Ultraman went on hiatus as a result of the ruling, which implied that, although Chaiyo owned the right to some of the Ultraman series, it did not own the right to Ultraman and his brothers, including the design. Chaiyo gained permission to merchandise the original series, but lost the right to create and market its own Ultraman, or even use the original, without Tsuburaya's consent.

On 5 February 2008, Thailand's Supreme Court ruled in favor of Tsuburaya Productions of Japan after they made an appeal to the initial ruling. The ruling ended the long legal battle by finding Sompote Saengduenchai was not a co-creator of Ultraman. The decision ended Sompote's bid to continue his enterprise, and the court gave Sompote 30 days to stop profiteering from Ultraman. The final ruling saw Tsuburaya Productions as the sole copyright owner. Sompote was also required to pay THB 10,700,000 plus interest at the rate of 7.5 percent a year starting from 16 December 1997, when the original lawsuit was filed.

In 2009, the Thai Intellectual Property Court and the Tokyo District Court both ruled in favour of the Thai company. This led to the Tokyo District Court on 30 September 2010, ordering Tsuburaya Productions Co. of Japan to pay damages of 16.36 million yen (Bt5.9 million) to Sompote Saengduenchai of Thailand for violating his overseas copyrights on the Ultraman characters.

After the announcement of the film Dragon Force: So Long, Ultraman in July 2017, the dispute on the ownership of the franchise has escalated. But on 20 November 2017, through a Los Angeles court ruling by Judge Andre Birotte Jr, Tsuburaya won the lawsuit against Chaiyo and affiliate groups on the rights of the series after the jury concluded that the supposed agreement between Noboru Tsuburaya and Chaiyo was "not authentic". Despite UM Corporation and Chaiyo filing a counter-dispute, on 18 April 2018, the legal court came to a definite close where a final judgement states that the dispute and the document was deemed invalid, forbidding UMC to use the Ultra Series and all its related characters and forced them to pay Tsubaraya damages for its infringement of its rights.

With the release of the sequel film Dragon Force: Rise of Ultraman, issues between UMC, Bluearc and Tsubaraya had reignited and the company took legal actions against the two companies again. On 10 December 2019, it was confirmed by Tsuburaya that the court has rejected UMC and Bluearc's appeal for a retrial, stating the court's first verdict of regarding the rights and ownership of Ultraman to Tsuburaya is still legitimate and final, and that any future appeals by UMC and Bluearc will likely be rejected. As UMC and Bluearc failed to file a further appeal by 4 March 2020, they were to pay US$4,000,000 (approx. 400,000,000 Japanese yen) in compensatory damages, as well as other various court fees. The resulting victory has reached Thailand as well and the Thai Supreme Court ordered a ruling in favor Tsuburaya Productions as the legitimate copyright owner of the shows listed in the License Granting Agreement alongside ownership over Hanuman vs. 7 Ultraman (and its remake, Hanuman vs. 11 Ultraman) and Jumborg Ace & Giant. Sompote had made an appeal to the court over the decision, but was dismissed. Sompote believes the decision would affect the former two movies' status as national heritage items, and has appealed to both the Supreme Court and Ministry of Culture on that front.

The legal battles with Chaiyo will likely now come to an end as Sompote Saengduenchai died on the 26th August 2021.

Malaysian book ban
On 6 March 2014, the Malaysian Ministry of Home Affairs announced that it had banned the publication of an Ultraman comic book Ultraman: The Ultra Power "due to contents that were detrimental to public order". Social media users later noticed that a page in the book described the character of Ultraman King (from the film Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy) as a god, which in the Malaysian language is the Arabic word Allah. The Home Ministry later confirmed that the use of Allah was indeed the reason for the ban, claiming that the comparison may "confuse Muslim children and damage their faith". This highlighted the larger ban to prevent non-Muslims in Malaysia from using the word Allah, despite its common usage in Bahasa Melayu to refer to any god, as well as a suit from the Catholic Church of Malaysia over its usage.

Showa era

 * Ultra Q (1966)
 * Ultraman (1966–1967)
 * Ultraseven (1967–1968)
 * Return of Ultraman (1971–1972)
 * Ultraman Ace (1972–1973)
 * Ultraman Taro (1973–1974)
 * Ultraman Leo (1974–1975)
 * The Ultraman (1979–1980)
 * Ultraman 80 (1980–1981)

Heisei era

 * Ultraman: Towards the Future (1990)
 * Ultraman: The Ultimate Hero (1995)
 * Ultraman Tiga (1996–1997)
 * Ultraman Dyna (1997–1998)
 * Ultraman Gaia (1998–1999)
 * Ultraman Neos (2000–2001)
 * Ultraman Cosmos (2001–2002)
 * Ultraman Nexus (2004–2005)
 * Ultraman Max (2005–2006)
 * Ultraman Mebius (2006–2007)
 * Ultraseven X (October 2007–December 2007)
 * Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle (2007–2008)
 * Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle: Never Ending Odyssey (2008–2009)
 * Ultraman Ginga (July 2013–December 2013)
 * Ultraman Ginga S (July 2014–December 2014)
 * Ultraman X (July 2015– December 2015)
 * Ultraman Orb (July 2016–December 2016)
 * Ultraman Geed (July 2017–December 2017)
 * Ultraman R/B (July 2018–December 2018)

Reiwa era

 * Ultraman Taiga (July 2019–December 2019)
 * Ultraman Z (June 2020–December 2020)
 * Ultraman Trigger: New Generation Tiga (2021–2022)
 * Ultraman Decker (2022–2023)
 * Ultraman Blazar (2023–2024)
 * Ultraman Arc (2024)

Films

 * Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature (1967)
 * Ultraman, Ultraseven: Great Violent Monster Fight (1969)
 * Return of Ultraman (1971)
 * Return of Ultraman: Fear of the Tornado Monsters (1971)
 * Return of Ultraman: Jiro-Kun Rides a Monster (1972)
 * Ultraman Taro (1973)
 * Ultraman Taro: Burn On! The Six Ultra Brothers (1973)
 * The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army (1974)
 * Ultraman Taro: The Blood-Sucking Flower Is a Young Girl's Spirit (1974)
 * Ultraman (1979)
 * Ultraman: Great Monster Decisive Battle (1979)
 * Ultraman Zoffy: Ultra Warriors vs. the Giant Monster Army (1984)
 * Ultraman Story (1984)
 * Ultraman: The Adventure Begins (1987)
 * Ultraman: Terror on Route 87 (1989)
 * Ultraman Ace: Giant Ant Terrible-Monster vs. Ultra Brothers (1989)
 * Ultraman Kids (1989)
 * Ultra Q The Movie: Legend of the Stars (1990)
 * Revive! Ultraman (1996)
 * Ultraman Company: This is the Ultraman (Wacky) Investigation Team (1996)
 * Ultraman Zearth (1996)
 * Ultraman Zearth 2: Superman Big Battle - Light and Shadow (1997)
 * Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998)
 * Ultraman Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999)
 * Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000)
 * Ultraman Cosmos: The First Contact (2001)
 * Ultraman Cosmos 2: The Blue Planet (2002)
 * Ultraman Cosmos vs. Ultraman Justice: The Final Battle (2003)
 * Ultraman: The Next (2004)
 * Ultraman Mebius & Ultraman Brothers (2006)
 * Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers (2008)
 * Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy|Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy Legends (2009)
 * Ultraman Zero: The Revenge of Belial (2010)
 * Ultraman Saga (2012)
 * Ultraman Ginga S The Movie (2015)
 * Ultraman X The Movie (2016)
 * Ultraman Orb The Movie (2017)
 * Ultraman Geed The Movie (2018)
 * Ultraman R/B The Movie (2019)
 * Ultraman Taiga The Movie (2020)
 * Ultraman Trigger: Episode Z (2022)
 * Shin Ultraman (2022)
 * Ultraman Decker Finale: Journey to Beyond (2023)
 * Ultraman Blazar The Movie: Tokyo Kaiju Showdown (2024)
 * Ultraman: Rising (2024)

Specials

 * Ultra Q (January 1966–July 1966)
 * Ultraman Kids' M78 Movie (1984)
 * Ultraman Kids' Proverb Stories (1986)
 * Ultraman Kids: 30 Million Light-Years In Search of Mother (1991–1992)
 * Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider (1993)
 * Ultraseven - Operation: Solar Energy (1994)
 * Ultraseven - The Ground of the Earthlings (1994)
 * Ultraman Graffiti (1990)
 * Ultraman: Super Fighter Legend (1996)
 * Heisei Ultraseven (1994–2002)
 * Ultraseven 30th Anniversary Trilogy (1998)
 * Ultraseven 1999 The Final Chapters Hexalogy (1999)
 * Ultraseven 35th Anniversary Evolution Pentalogy (2002)
 * ''Heisei Ultraman Side Stories (2001)
 * Ultraman Tiga Side Story: The Giant Resurrected in the Ancient Past (2001)
 * Ultraman Dyna: Return of Hanejiro (2001)
 * Ultraman Gaia: Gaia Again (2001)
 * Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy (April 2004–September 2004)
 * Ultraman Max: Super Battle! (2005)
 * Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Hikari Saga (2006–2007)
 * Ultraman Mebius (2006–2009)
 * Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Armored Darkness (2008)
 * Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Ghost Reverse (2009)
 * Ultra Galaxy Legend Side Story: Ultraman Zero vs. Darklops Zero (2010)
 * Ultraman Retsuden (2011–2016)
 * Ultraman Zero Side Story: Killer the Beatstar (2011)
 * Neo Ultra Q (January 2013–March 2013)
 * Ultraman Zero: The Chronicle (January 2017–June 2017)
 * Ultraman Orb: The Chronicle (January 2018–June 2018)
 * Ultraman New Generation Chronicle (January 2019–June 2019)
 * Ultraman Chronicle Zero & Geed (January 2020–June 2020)
 * Ultraman Chronicle Z: Heroes' Odyssey (January 2021–June 2021)
 * Ultraman Chronicle D (January 2022–June 2022)
 * Ultraman New Generation Stars (January 2023,January 2024)

Miniseries

 * Ultra Fight (1970)
 * Ultra Super Legend: Andro Melos (1984)
 * Ultra Super Fight (1994)
 * Ultraman Zearth: Parody Chapter (1996)
 * Ultraman Nice (1999)
 * Ultraman Boy's Ultra Coliseum (2003)
 * Ultra Zone (2011)
 * Ultra Zero Fight (2012)
 * Ultra Fight Victory (2015)
 * Ultraman Orb: The Origin Saga (2016–2017)
 * Ultra Fight Orb (2017)
 * Ultra Galaxy Fight
 * New Generation Heroes (2019)
 * The Absolute Conspiracy (2020–2021)
 * The Destined Crossroad (2022–2023)
 * Ultraman Regulos (2023)
 * Ultraman Regulos: First Mission (2023)

Video games

 * Ultraman MSX (1984)
 * Ultraman: Kaijuu Teikoku no Gyakushuu Famicom Disk System (1987)
 * Ultraman 2 Famicom Disk System (1987)
 * Ultraman Club: Chikyuu Dakkan Sakusen Famicom Disk System (1988)
 * Ultraman Club 2: Kaette Kita Ultraman Club Famicom (1990)
 * Ultraman Club: Teki Kaijuu o Hakken Seyo Game Boy (1990)
 * SD Battle Ozumo: Heisei Hero Basho Famicom (1990)
 * SD Hero Soukessen: Taose! Aku no Gundan Famicom (1990)
 * SD the Great Battle Super Famicom (1990)
 * Battle Dodge Ball Super Famicom (1991)
 * Ultraman Club 3: Mata Mata Shiyutsugeki!! Ultra Kyoudai Famicom (1991)
 * Ultraman Game Boy (1991)
 * Ultraman Super Famicom (1991)
 * Ultraman Arcade (1991)
 * Ultraman: Towards the Future SNES, Super Famicom (1991)
 * Ultraman Club: Kaijuu Dai Kessen!! Famicom (1992)
 * The Great Battle II: Last Fighter Twin Super Famicom (1992)
 * Versus Hero: Road to the King Fight Game Boy (1992)
 * Battle Dodge Ball Game Boy (1992)
 * Hero Senki: Project Olympus Super Famicom (1992)
 * Battle Soccer: Field no Hasha Super Famicom (1992)
 * Great Battle Cyber Famicom (1992)
 * Ultraman Club: Tatakae! Ultraman Kyoudai!! Arcade (1992)
 * Battle Baseball Famicom (1993)
 * The Great Battle III Super Famicom (1993)
 * Battle Dodge Ball II Super Famicom (1993)
 * Tekkyu Fight! The Great Battle Gaiden Game Boy (1993)
 * Ultra Toukon Densetsu Arcade (1993)
 * Cult Master: Ultraman ni Miserarete Game Boy (1993)
 * Ultraman Sega Mega Drive (1993)
 * Ultraman Club: Supokon Fight! Famicom (1993)
 * Ultraseven Super Famicom (1993)
 * Ultraman Powered Panasonic 3DO (1994)
 * Ultraman Chou Toushi Gekiden Game Boy (1994)
 * The Great Battle Gaiden 2: Matsuri da Wasshoi Super Famicom (1994)
 * Gaia Saver Super Famicom (1994)
 * Battle Soccer 2 Super Famicom (1994)
 * The Great Battle IV Super Famicom (1994)
 * Ultraman Powered: Kaijuu Gekimetsu Sakusen Playdia (1994)
 * Ultraseven: Chikyu Boei Sakusen Playdia (1994)
 * Ultraman Ball Game Boy (1994)
 * Ultra League Super Famicom (1995)
 * The Great Battle V Super Famicom (1995)
 * Battle Crusher Game Boy (1995)
 * Battle Pinball Super Famicom (1995)
 * Battle Racers Super Famicom (1995)
 * Super Pachinko Taisen Super Famicom (1995)
 * Super Pachinko Taisen Game Boy (1995)
 * Super Tekkyu Fight! Super Famicom (1995)
 * Ultra X Weapons/Ultra Keibitai Arcade (1995)
 * Ultraman Hiragana Daisakusen Playdia (1995)
 * Ultraman Alphabet TV e Yokoso Playdia (1995)
 * PD Ultraman Invader PS1 (1995)
 * PD Ultraman Link Sega Saturn (1996)
 * Ultraman: Ultra Land Suuji de Asobou Playdia (1996)
 * Ultraman: Chinou Up Daisakusen Playdia (1996)
 * SD Ultra Battle: Ultraman Densetsu Super Famicom (1996)
 * Ultraman Zukan Sega Saturn (1996)
 * Ultraman Zearth PS1 (1996)
 * Ultraman: Hikari no Kyojin Densetsu Sega Saturn (1996)
 * Ultraman Zukan 2 Sega Saturn (1997)
 * The Great Battle VI PS1 (1997)
 * Battle Formation PS1 (1997)
 * Ultraman Fighting Evolution PS1 (1998)
 * Ultraman Zukan 3 Sega Saturn (1998)
 * Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: New Generations PS1 (1998)
 * PD Ultraman Battle Collection 64 Nintendo 64 (1999)
 * Super Hero Operations PS1 (1999)
 * Great Battle Pocket Game Boy Color (1999)
 * Super Hero Operations: Diedal's Ambition PS1 (2000)
 * Kids Station: Bokurato Asobou! Ultraman TV PS1 (2000)
 * Kids Station: Ultraman Cosmos PS1 (2001)
 * Super Tokusatsu Taisen 2001 PS1 (2001)
 * Ultraman Fighting Evolution 2 PS2 (2002)
 * Charinko Hero Nintendo GameCube (2003)
 * Ultraman PS2 (2004)
 * Ultraman Fighting Evolution 3 PS2 (2004)
 * Ultraman Fighting Evolution Rebirth PS2 (2005)
 * Ultraman Nexus PS2 (2005)
 * Ultraman Fighting Evolution 0 PSP (2006)
 * Jissen Pachi-Slot Hisshouhou! Ultraman Club ST PS2 (2006)
 * Pachitte Chonmage Tatsujin 12: Pachinko Ultraman PS2 (2007)
 * Daikaiju Battle: Ultra Coliseum Nintendo Wii (2008)
 * Kaiju Busters Nintendo DS (2009)
 * Ultra Coliseum DX: Ultra Senshi Daishuketsu Nintendo Wii (2010)
 * Kaiju Busters POWERED Nintendo DS (2011)
 * The Great Battle Full Blast PSP (2012)
 * Battle Dodge Ball III PSP (2012)
 * Lost Heroes Nintendo 3DS, PSP (2012)
 * Heroes' VS PSP (2013)
 * Ultraman All-Star Chronicle PSP (2013)
 * Super Hero Generation PS3, PS Vita (2014)
 * Lost Heroes 2 Nintendo 3DS (2015)
 * Ultraman Fusion Fight! Arcade (2016)
 * City Shrouded in Shadow PS4, PS Vita (2017)
 * Ultraman R/B Nintendo Switch (2018)
 * Godzilla Battle Line Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows (2022)
 * Ultra Kaiju Monster Rancher Nintendo Switch (2022)
 * GigaBash Microsoft Windows, PS4, PS5, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S (2023)

Harvey Comics series
Between 1993 and 1994, Harvey Comics published two comic book series based on the 1966 Ultraman television series.

Dark Horse Comics series
In 2003, Dark Horse Comics published a comic book based on Ultraman Tiga.

Marvel Comics series
Since 2020, Marvel Comics started publishing an initial new Ultraman comic book limited series titled The Rise of Ultraman, written by Kyle Higgins & Matt Groom with art by Francesco Manna. It debuted in September 2020 and concluded in January 2021.

A second series titled The Trials of Ultraman premiered in March 2021, with Higgins, Groom and Manna returning and concluded in August of the same year.

A third series titled The Mystery of Ultraseven, which will be written by Higgins and Groom, and drawn by Davide Tinto, David Lopez, and Gurihiru, was released on August 17, 2022.

During Anime Expo 2022, Groom announced a crossover event between the current Ultraman comics with the Marvel Universe for 2023. In May 2024, Marvel and Tsubaraya officially announced the Ultraman x Avengers limited series to debut for release in August 14, 2024.

title: Ultraman


text:
Moulton (crater)

Moulton is a crater on the Moon's far side, just beyond the south-southwestern limb as seen from the Earth. The crater is attached to the southern edge of Chamberlin, and it lies at the northern terminus of the Vallis Schrödinger. There is a cleft in the shared rim between Chamberlin and Moulton.

This is a worn crater with an outer rim that is not quite circular. There are straight lengths in the rim to the west and northeast, as well as the common rim shared with Chamberlin to the north. Attached to the eastern outer rim is the satellite crater Moulton H. The interior floor has been resurfaced, although the albedo is not as low as the lava-flooded interior of Chamberlin. There are no craters of note on Moulton's rim or within the interior.

Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Moulton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Moulton (crater)


text:
Jean-Guy Paquet

Jean-Guy Paquet, (born January 5, 1938) is a Canadian scientist, businessman, and former rector of Université Laval.

Born in Montmagny, Quebec, he received a Doctor of Electrical Engineering from Université Laval in 1963. From 1967 to 1969, he was the head of the electrical engineering department at Université Laval. From 1969 to 1972, he was a vice-rector of Université Laval and he was rector from 1977 to 1987. He was the youngest-ever president of a Canadian university and the second engineer to become rector at Laval.

After leaving Université Laval, he became Executive Vice President of The Laurentian Mutual Insurance Company from 1987 to 1988 and was President from 1988 to 1994. Since 1994, he has been President and CEO of the National Optics Institute.

Honours

 * In 1978, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
 * In 1982, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Sciences from McGill University.
 * In 1983, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Law from York University.
 * In 1984, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.
 * In 1992, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
 * In 1994, he was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada.
 * In 2000, he was awarded the Quebec government's Prix Armand-Frappier.
 * In 2005, he was promoted to Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
 * he was elected as Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering.

title: Jean-Guy Paquet


text:
Graham Duff

Graham Duff is an English writer, actor and producer. His work for television and radio is typified by intricate plotting, large casts, frequently dark subject matter and a love of wordplay and surrealism.

Duff's writing is influenced by the worlds of horror and science fiction, musical sub-cultures and the realms of fine art and art house cinema. He is a noted music enthusiast, having worked as a DJ and selected all the soundtrack music for seven series of his television show Ideal, as well as compiling an Ideal soundtrack album and helping to release albums by the left-field bands Celebricide and Cyclobe. He also worked as a script editor on seven series of BBC Radio 4's Count Arthur Strong's Radio Show! and the Alan Partridge movie Alpha Papa (2013).

Early life
Duff was born in Blackburn, Lancashire. He graduated from the University of Brighton.

Early career
Duff began writing and performing in the mid-1980s with the performance art group Theatre of the Bleeding Obelisk and the fringe theatre company Wax Cabinet. During this period, he also worked occasionally as an assistant editor at Ikon, the video department of Manchester's Factory Records. By the early 1990s he was a member of the comedy improvisation group "Fish-heads". With Wax Cabinet colleague Malcolm Boyle, he wrote for BBC Radio 1's Mark Goodier Show and contributed sketches to BBC Radio 3's The Music Makers. Duff also DJ’d and hosted comedy phone-in shows in the guise of self-help guru Doctor Devlin on a number of independent and pirate radio stations, as well as presenting "The Duff Almanac", a regular feature on BBC Radio 4's Loose Ends.

Stage
Duff's first one-man stage show was ‘Burroughs’ (1992) – based on the life and times of infamous beat author William S. Burroughs. The show won a Brighton Festival award and was followed by "Diary of a Madman" (1993), adapted from the novel of the same name by Russian absurdist author Nikolai Gogol. With comedian and writer James Poulter, Duff toured internationally with the stand-up shows "The A-Z of Drugs" (1995) and "The A-Z of Taboo" (1996). These were followed by another solo comedy show "Vinyl Anorak" (1997) about the world of music obsessives.

Television
Along with Henry Normal and Steve Coogan, Duff co-wrote the six-part comedy horror homage Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible (BBC2 2001), which starred Coogan in seven roles; Duff appeared in four supporting roles. Duff then created and wrote all 53 episodes of Ideal (BBC3 & BBC2 2005–2011) starring Johnny Vegas as Salford cannabis dealer Moz. Duff also appeared in the show as the promiscuous and bitchy gay man Brian, as well as an uncredited role as Moz's frightening, masked neighbour Fist. He co-wrote two series and a Christmas special of the sit-com Hebburn (BBC2 2012–2013) with stand-up comedian and series creator Jason Cook as well as appearing in several episodes as newspaper photographer David Cowgill. He also created and wrote the Sky Arts television series The Nightmare Worlds of H. G. Wells which starred Ray Winstone, Michael Gambon and Rupert Graves; Duff also appeared in the first episode.

Radio
Duff wrote and performed the lead roles in his six-part comedy series Stereonation (adapted from the stage show Vinyl Anorak) which was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the summer of 1998. From 1998 to 2000, he presented Totally Wired, an alternative music show on Brighton's Juice 107.2. Following this, Duff wrote three series of the BBC Radio 4 sci-fi sit-com Nebulous (2005–2008) starring Mark Gatiss as Professor Nebulous. The show featured Duff as the Professor's assistant Rory. Duff has also worked as the script editor on all seven series of BBC Radio 4's Count Arthur Strong's Radio Show! (2005–2011) starring Steve Delaney, the fourth series of which won the prestigious Sony Gold Award. Duff currently presents a weekly show, Graham Duff's Mixtape, on Brighton based radio station Slack City which is run by the same directors as Juice 107.2. For BBC Radio 4, he adapted Alexei Sayle's short stories for two series of the comedy drama series  The Absence of Normal, with actors including Maxine Peake, Paul Barber and Hugh Quarshie.

Acting
Aside from appearing in his own work, Duff has a small speaking part as a Death Eater in the films Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). He has also appeared in ITV's comedy series Monkey Trousers (2005) and Channel 4's Ketch & Hiro-pon Get it On (2008). He appeared as a convicted child molester and cult leader in two series of David Cross's dark sitcom The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret (2011) and as a Nazi in the Channel 4 comedy show Totally Tom (2011). He played greengrocer Mike Greatbatch in Alan Partridge: Welcome to the Places of My Life (2012) and press photographer David Cowgill in Hebburn (2012-2013). He also played a malevolent bio-mechanoid waiter in "Deep Breath", Peter Capaldi's debut episode of Doctor Who.

Books
Duff has published three books: Foreground Music: A Life in 15 Gigs (2019), The Future's Here To Stay: The Singles of The Fall (2021) and The Otherwise (2021), which was co-written with Mark E. Smith of The Fall.

Other work
Duff has written articles for The Guardian and The Wire. He has also contributed a chapter to The Cosey Complex - a book about the life and work of musician and performance artist Cosey Fanni Tutti and written an introduction to Tranart - a monograph on the visual art of Val Denham. Duff has made guest contributions on a number of albums by "People Like Us" aka Vicki Bennett. He acted in Exile — an audio drama based on Doctor Who, as well as writing another — Faith Stealer starring Paul McGann. In 2013, alongside Pat Cahill he co-created and co-wrote Still Reeling, a series of two online comedy blaps for Channel 4 starring Cahill and Matt King.

Heaven's Lathe
In 2021, with designer Lauren Winton and lathe cutter Michael Lawrence, Duff co-founded the Heaven's Lathe record label. The label releases limited edition lathe cut singles, with Duff curating the artists, including established names, such as Adi Newton, Danielle Dax, I Monster, David J, Roger Robinson and Graham Lewis, as well as debut vinyl releases from artists including Wrong Circles, Andrew&Lucy, and White Devil Disco.

Personal life
Duff lives in Blackburn.

Partial filmography

 * Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) - Death Eater
 * Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011) - Death Eater
 * High-Rise (2015) - Queue Person

title: Graham Duff


text:
Dirk Geeraerts

Dirk Geeraerts (born 24 October 1955) is a Belgian linguist. He is professor emeritus of theoretical linguistics at the University of Leuven, Belgium. He is the founder of the research unit Quantitative Lexicology and Variational Linguistics (QLVL). His main research interests involve the overlapping fields of lexical semantics, lexicology, and lexicography, with a theoretical focus on cognitive semantics. His involvement with cognitive linguistics dates from the 1980s, when in his PhD thesis he was one of the first in Europe to explore the possibilities of a prototype-theoretical model of categorization. As the founder of the journal Cognitive Linguistics and as the editor (with Hubert Cuyckens) of the Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, he played an instrumental role in the international expansion of cognitive linguistics. Geeraerts is one of the outspoken advocates of the implementation of empirical methodologies, such as corpus linguistics in cognitive linguistic research. He also argues for the involvement of more pragmatic elements such as contextual factors, lectal variation, and language history that influence the construal of word meanings and the choice of lexical items for concepts.

Books
His publications include the following monographs:
 * D. Geeraerts, Paradigm and Paradox (1985). Leuven: Leuven University Press.
 * D. Geeraerts, Woordbetekenis (1986). Leuven: Acco.
 * D. Geeraerts, Wat er in een woord zit (1989) Leuven: Peeters.
 * D. Geeraerts, S. Grondelaers & P. Bakema, The Structure of Lexical Variation (1994). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
 * D. Geeraerts, Diachronic Prototype Semantics (1997). Oxford: OUP.
 * D. Geeraerts, S. Grondelaers & D. Speelman, Convergentie en divergentie in de Nederlandse woordenschat (2000). Amsterdam: Meertens.
 * D. Geeraerts, Words and Other Wonders. Papers on Lexical and Semantic Topics (2006). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
 * D. Geeraerts, Theories of Lexical Semantics (2010). Oxford: OUP.
 * D. Geeraerts, Conceptual Structure and Conceptual Variation (2017). Shanghai: Foreign Language Education Press.
 * D. Geeraerts, Ten Lectures on Cognitive Sociolinguistics (2018). Leiden: Brill.
 * D. Geeraerts, D. Speelman, K. Heylen, M. Montes, S. De Pascale, K. Franco, M. Lang (2024). Lexical Variation and Change. A Distributional Semantic Approach . Oxford: OUP.

Honors
He is a member of the Koninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse Taal en Letteren (KANTL) and the Academia Europaea. His 60th birthday was celebrated by the publication of Change of Paradigms-New Paradoxes (J. Daems et al. 2015, De Gruyter Mouton). His retirement saw the publication of a special issue of the journal Nederlandse Taalkunde (2022:2), and another Festschrift: G. Kristiansen et al. 2021, Cognitive Sociolinguistics Revisited (De Gruyter Mouton).

title: Dirk Geeraerts


text:
Sabrina Simoni

Sabrina Simoni (born 16 October 1969) has been interested in classical music since her childhood.

Biography
She graduated from Music Conservatory in Ferrara. She joined the Institute of Antoniano di Bologna around 1991.

At first she was working with the teenager/studentchoir Le Verdi Note. When Mariele Ventre, the conductor of the better known Antoniano children's choir Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano had to have an urgent operation exactly during the preparations of the 1992 children's songfestival Zecchino d'Oro, she asked Sabrina Simoni and her friend Antonella Tosti (ex-Piccolo Coro singer) to take charge of the children's choir and the preparations for the festival.

Afterwards, Mariele Ventre has been teaching and preparing Sabrina Simoni to one day take over the direction of the Piccolo Coro. After Mariele Ventre's death in 1995, Sabrina became the new conductor of the Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano.

Her job as conductor and music teacher to very young children has led Sabrina Simoni to publish two children's books: Favole in Canto (2003) and La tastiera incantata (2003). Both books have the goal of developing a young child's musical ear in a playful manner.

title: Sabrina Simoni


text:
Talk:Screw cap

An additional arguement toward screwcaps would also be the depletion of the Cork Oak (Quercus suber)in Southern Europe and North Africa. There is currently a shortage of sources for cork. As a result use of those artificial corks has also increased. These retain their shape and are another alternative to wine corks.

 * Actually, as I understand it, this is an argument against screwcaps. If demand for cork falls, then ancient cork-oak forests will likely be grubbed up and replaced with other more profitable crops. Cork is a natural and sustainable product, and the oak plantations provide valuable wildlife habitats, so the demise of natural cork stoppers could be bad news from an environmental point of view. A couple of links to read: http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2003/3/Cork.cfm http://www.acfnewsource.org/environment/cork_crisis.html Do you think this point is worthy of inclusion? 143.252.80.110 14:16, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Not very scientific, but I've noticed more Australian wines using screwcaps/ rubber "corks" than American/ European wines. JD79 04:48, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Food and drink Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Food or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. The bot was instructed to tagg these articles upon consenus from WikiProject Food and drink. You can find the related request for tagging here. Maximum and careful attention was done to avoid any wrongly tagging any categories, but mistakes may happen... If you have concerns, please inform on the project talk page -- TinucherianBot (talk) 06:00, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Have set up a draft page (under construction) for Screw cap (wine)
If others agree can delete info for screw caps for wine on page now as dosn't fit really in generic category next to caps for cleaning products. I belive it warranted a seperate page see Cork material

title: Talk:Screw cap


text: User talk:86.132.247.154

title: User talk:86.132.247.154


text: User talk:66.194.204.11

title: User talk:66.194.204.11


text:
User talk:Ugen64/Archive 4

RFA thanks
Salve, Ugen64! I wanted to drop you a line to thank you for your support in my successful RFA candidacy. It was very gratifying to see the kind remarks posted in the debate. Ave! PedanticallySpeaking 17:28, Dec 21, 2004 (UTC)

Wishing you the best
Just dropping you a note wishing you a very Happy Holiday and that this New Year may bring you and your loved ones happiness and lots of joy. Your friend in Wikipedia Tony the Marine

RFC
Thanks, I don't quite understand why so many people on wikipedia act so hostile. I used to act like that, but I too a long wikibreak and came back with a renewed outlook towards wikipedia. Perhaps they too could use a wikibreak. — マイケル   ₪  04:06, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

Comment by me added. — マイケル   ₪  04:23, Dec 29, 2004 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for your support on my RFA request. It seems that had I waited one day with self-nominating, it would have succeeded. Jordi·✆ 09:06, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

3RR
I have not violated 3RR. If you look at the edits of myself and the other editor, they are all, bar one or two, legitimate edits: removing, adding and re-sourcing information. Are you an admin? Slim 02:41, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your reply. Are you an admin? Slim 02:53, Dec 30, 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Mbecker
Please delete Requests for comment/Mbecker since it is invalid. — マイケル   ₪  06:17, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

Call for AMA election
AMA Member Advocate,

There's a poll currently in the AMA Homepage about making a new AMA Coordinator election. Please, cast your vote there (though it's not mandatory). Any comments you have about this, write it on the AMA Homepage talk page. Cheers, --Neigel von Teighen 18:43, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Proposals for AMA Membership Meeting
As AMA Coordinator I am requesting that suggestions be placed on AMA Membership Meeting plans for our first membership meeting, to be held in the near future, (hopefully before any election occurs.) Since we have never had any kind of "official" meeting we need to discuss how this will occur (i.e. Wiki pages or IRC channel), how it will be structured (i.e. meeting agenda) and if there will be any "chair" to supervise the meeting and meeting "secretary" to write up minutes or keep some kind of official record of what transpires. Thanks in advance for your input and your continued work as an advocate. — ©   Alex756   20:49, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Vandalism
Please do not remove the content of other users talk pages. Doing so is considered vandalism and is against the policy of Wikipedia. Thanks, Valid 23:06, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:22, Jan 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with Dante. Valid 23:25, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Then it's an excellent thing that my comment was in reference to your behavior, and not ugen64's. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 23:47, Jan 5, 2005 (UTC)

Please explain your vote regarding Rhobite's misconduct. Ollieplatt 02:37, 14 Jan 2005 (UTC)

OFFICIAL AMA MEETING NOTICE
The first AMA Membership meeting will be held on Sunday January 23, 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 2 PM Eastern NA Time, 11 AM Pacific NA Time, and 8 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend. — ©   Alex756   19:44, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Colored peers
Hi, I'm creating a series of articles on colored hereditary peers and baronets. While there seems to be several Indians that were granted baronetcies I can only find one hereditary peer Baron Sinha of Indian extraction. There seem to have been no peers or baronets of African extraction however. Do you happen to know of any other hereditary peers of non-white extraction?

Further, it is not very clear what happened to the title of Baron Sinha after the death of the First Baron. The 2nd Baron Sinha was deemed the product of a polygamous marriage and was also an Indian citizen, both of which would have disqualified him from the peerage. Do you know if the title of Baron Sinha of Raipur is extant? Thanx,

--Notquiteauden 22:51, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Logs of first AMA Membership meeting
You may view the log of the first meeting on the following two pages: AMA IRC Meeting log (1-23-05) (first hour) and AMA IRC Meeting log (1-23-05) Pt II (remainder of meeting). If you are interested in commenting on the agenda of the meeting please do so here:AMA Meeting (suggested topics).

OFFICIAL SECOND MEETING NOTICE AND REQUEST FOR INFORMATION

 * "The second AMA Membership meeting will be held on Sunday January 30 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 2 PM Eastern NA Time, 11 AM Pacific NA Time, and 8 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend."

The coordinator is requesting that members submit the following information for the upcoming coordinator?s report:

 * How many individuals did you help as an advocate
 * What is the maximum amount of time you put into a case
 * Do you feel your work as an advocate was successful?
 * How can the advocacy program of the AMA be improved?

Thank you. Please submit your responses here: AMA Coordinator/January 2005 Survey

 * — ©   Alex756   23:07, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC) (The Coordinator)

Peers
Not really, for most of them - the only reason to include them would be if he was (or is) actually known by more than one first name (like George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron), but most weren't. The few that used both or all their names usually used them as initials, like A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough. The problem is that most peerage pages were created from reference works, which obviously include all the names, and we didn't think at the time to do John Henry William Robert Smith, 1st Earl of Loamshire, so now whenever creates an article on a peer they just click on the link with all the middle names and the article ends up there. I've been changing a few to the piped link format, but it's a daunting task, so I've ended up just moving the ones that are created to where they should be. ~

President infobox templates
I think it's bad taste to even have a category for "Place of death" and "Date of death" on presidents who are still alive. Perhaps there should be a separate template for living presidents. Or make the category just disappear when the president is still alive (see the template I made for Philippine presidents) - TheCoffee 16:06, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

TRR - Race

 * I reverted him because more than three reverts are not permitted. I had the option of blocking him, which i did initially, but unblocked him again a minute later because he already got a warning for the last revert. Since he was not allowed to do the last revert, i undid his revert (regardless of content), sort of a last try to see if the warning worked before blocking him. Obviously, it didn't, since he reverted again, and got blocked by me for 3RR. Disclosure: I am not involved in the current conflict on Race, and havent edited the page in quite some time (although i had a conflict there a few months ago about the race mugshot picture). Hope this answers your questions -- Chris 73 Talk 02:55, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem. FYI, said user promptly complained by email about unfair treatment. -- Chris 73 Talk 03:08, Jan 29, 2005 (UTC)

OFFICIAL THIRD MEETING NOTICE AND REQUEST FOR INFORMATION
The second AMA IRC Membership meetingwas held on Sunday January 30, 2005 at 19:00 UTC on freenode.net IRC channel #AMA. Attending were Wally, Metasquares, Anthere, Sam Spade, and alex756 (coordinator). The log of the second meeting can be found here: AMA IRC Meeting log (1-30-05).

"The third AMA Membership meeting will be held on Saturday February 12, 2005 at 17:00 UTC on freenode IRC channel #AMA. That is 12:00 Noon Eastern NA Time, 9 AM Pacific NA Time, and 6 PM Central European (Amsterdam/Stokholm/Warsaw/Venice) Time. All members are invited to attend.

Suggested Topics and Specific Proposals

 * MEMBERS PLEASE REVIEW

 * Suggestions for topics/proposals and agenda to be discussed at the next meeting are to be found at: AMA Meeting (suggested topics). All members are requested to make proposals there and respond to proposals on the talk page there before the beginning of the next meeting so discussion can be held forthwith concerning such proposals. Thank you, your Coordinator.

The coordinator is requesting that members who have not done so already submit the following information for the upcoming coordinator’s report:

 * How many individuals did you help as an advocate
 * What is the maximum amount of time you put into a case
 * Do you feel your work as an advocate was successful?
 * How can the advocacy program of the AMA be improved?

Thank you. Please submit your responses here. — ©   Alex756   23:19, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Succession boxes
Ugen, I don't think we should group peerages and offices, even if the two are passing in the same manner. They aren't the same concept. If you split the peerage from the office I think the tables will become clearer.Mackensen (talk) 23:59, 5 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Ellen MacArthur
Just to let you know that I've added the link from UK to United Kingdom back into the Ellen MacArthur article. I presume the reason you removed it was that there's another link to UK earlier in the article – from "British". However, someone who'd never heard of "British" or the "UK" would not know that they referred to the same thing, but could find out by following the links. I don't think it's important that there's only one link to a certain page from an article, but that the same phrase is linked only once in a given article. If you removed the link for another reason, or think my reasoning here is faulty, please let me know! John Mark Williams (t) 09:06, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

RfA
Thank you very much for your support! Refdoc 23:50, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Main Page/Main Page suggestion
(copied to User:Gkhan)

Is this test page still needed? -- Netoholic @ 05:15, 2005 Feb 19 (UTC)

Calcutta -> Kolkata name change
Hi there. I noticed you voted in the Naming policy poll to keep the Wikipedia policy of naming an article with the most familiar English name. You may not be aware that another attempt has begun to rename the Calcutta article to Kolkata, which is blatantly not the most common name of the city, whether it's official or not. If you want to vote on the issue you can do so at Talk:Calcutta. Cheers. -- Necrothesp 13:41, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

User:Vaoverland - administrator
Thank you for supporting my appointment as an administrator. I appreciate the pat on the back this represents. It felt nice to read the comments during the voting. Please let me know if you see something I should be doing as admin, as I intend to be fairly passive unless it is clear I should do otherwise. Thanks. Mark in Richmond. Vaoverland 20:06, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Adminship - User:ABCD
Thanks for supporting my request for adminship in January. I have recently reapplied, and you may wish to vote. Thanks, ABCD 19:06, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks again for your support. – ABCD 15:59, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Butt out at Rex071404
I don't have to be signed in to edit my own user page. Butt out. 216.153.214.94 04:43, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for reverting vandalism
Thanks for reverting User:203.10.59.63's pathetic attempt at vandalism. → Jarlaxle Artemis   06:40, Mar 20, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for reverting porn vandalism
Thanks for reverting vandalism of User:Topf. See if you can ban the user. --Boshtang 03:55, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

NYC protection
I beleive the revert war has been resolved on New York City. Could you please list the protection? --Jleon 20:06, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Westcountry Brythonic
Just a heads-up: Westcountryguy has re-created Westcountry Brythonic, which you deleted after a majority of established Wikipedians voted to delete it (as opposed to those like Westcountryguy himself who only joined to vote against its deletion). At the moment it's just a redirect to Brythonic languages, but so long as it's there, there's always the chance that he or someone else will try to restore a deleted page. --Angr 18:15, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Ugen, thank you for voting for me in my adminship nomination. I very much appreciate your support. Best, SlimVirgin 01:54, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you for supporting my nomination for administrator. —wwoods 05:07, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

And thank you for your support on mine as well! I shall attempt to put the shiny new buttons to good use. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:52, 19 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Tkorrovi vs Psb777
Ugen64, please have a look at the case being taken to the ArbCom by Tkorrovi. He has made a set of accusations which are almost entirely wrong and which is going to take me some time to rebut. I have succeeded in previously winding up the leader of the ArbCom (Raul654) on another issue, he refuses to recuse himself from the case. Another arbitrator (FredBauer) seems already to have found against me despite me not offering a counterargument. My habit of throwing stones at the edifices of the pompous could now be about to bite me. Upon looking back through the history I found this Talk:Artificial_consciousness/Blasphemy_archive. Herein you tell Tkorrovi that if he is in another edit war he will be banned. It is precisely this edit war which forms the majority of his evidence in this case. I think it would be very useful were you to offer a statement in the case or at least some evidence. Thanks for giving it a look, anyway. Paul Beardsell 23:48, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Err, well, thank you. I think. Even I do not think that I have always acted entirely as well as I could. But I am somewhat puzzled that you reach your conclusion, that both of us should be punished given what you say. At the time you threatened to ban Tkorrovi you did not really criticise me. Even now you do NOT specifically criticise my behaviour. Perhaps you should do so, in the appropriate place, to support your conclusion. Or modify your conclusion. Paul Beardsell 21:42, 4 Apr 2005 (UTC)

(1) "Wholesale reversions?" No, indicate them. And show where I have violated Wikipedia policy. (2) Many of the "personal attacks" of which I am accused are not personal attacks, as you yourself have recently noted. The remainder, if there are any, seem to have at least been provoked. (3) The issue I have with your conclusion is that you spend a lot of time criticising Tkorrovi, not much if any criticising me, and this does not seem to support your conclusion. (4) You did threaten to ban Tkorrovi and you did not criticise me at the time. Were you wrong then? Or are you wrong now? Paul Beardsell 01:53, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Let's see: Do you owe Tkorrovi an apology for inappropriately censuring him back then? Paul Beardsell 02:05, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

No answer? I think you forget the conclusions you drew back then. See your comments here: User_talk:Psb777

Zürich to Zurich
Zürich has been nominated on Requested moves for a page move to Zurich. Perhapse you might like to express your opinion about this proposed move on talk:Zürich. Philip Baird Shearer 10:16, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thank you!
Thank you for supporting my nomination on RfA, it failed because of Wikipedia's minority rule system, although I thought 21/8 support was sufficient. It was also cut short by 12 hours. But your vote of confidence is greatly appreciated, now let's build an encyclopedia! --Bjarki 13:52, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Unfinished VfD
I noticed you removed the VfD notice on Walkers-ABB Electric Multiple Unit about 2 hours ago. You forgot to close the VfD page, and forgot to remove the VfD notice from two other articles. r3m0t talk 22:34, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi Ugen64, and thank you for your support of my RfA self-nom. Be assured that you won't regret your vote! Phils 19:48, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pageturner VfD
Hey, you just closed the Pageturner VfD and said the result was transwiki. It already was transwikied more than a week ago. I think what you meant to do was close the discussion as a delete. That is the normal procedure, as transwiki votes are usually couned as deletes in that situation. --Dmcdevit 05:52, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Earth Day Revert
Please explain your revert on the talk page. Anonip 08:03, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Please refrain from making reverts without giving your justificaton. Anonip 18:33, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Centre Party
Ugen, if you'd like to enter the discussion at Talk:Centre Party (Germany), I'd appreciate any help you can offer. The argument is wearying me. john k 14:59, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

My adminship: thanks!
Hi Ugen64. Thanks very much for your vote for my RfA. I promise to be prudent, wise, sagacious and totally unilateral in all my admin affairs. I should say that I am very pleased at the number of people who supported me – it's very nice to know I'm making a positive impact. Cheers again, Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 21:19, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)

AMA Meeting Proposal
Hi! I put together a proposal for another AMA meeting that I'm hopeful you can chime in on. --Wgfinley 20:17, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Desysop
May I ask why ? Anthere 05:49, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * hmmmm, generally speaking, if sysops behave like rogues, the idea is to help set up a system so that desysoping becomes easier. What about suggesting a round of desysoping ? For example, you could start with suggesting to unsysop all inactives ones for a year... that would clean up the list... then you could suggest other things... Anthere 05:21, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

My RfA
Thanks for supporting my successful RfA. I will do my best to live up to the responsibility and your trust. --khaosworks 07:07, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Xiong
Hi there! Because the RFC about Xiong seemed to deal mainly on his disagreements with Netoholic, I thought it best to start a new RFC to see if people have comments on Xiong's behavior that do not relate to Netoholic. Please give your thoughts and/or opinion on that at Requests for comment/Xiong. Radiant_* 08:26, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Desysopping
It seems to me that removing yourself from the corps of admins is not the most effective way to influence the direction it is taking. We need more admins who are as concerned about admin bullying as you are. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 21:09, Apr 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree very strongly. Sam Spade 22:56, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Various
I was not aware of your list. For simplicity's sake, we could put up a single list at WikiProject British Government/todo, and cross off titles as necessary. As to my first choice university, I have not made a final decision yet. -- Emsworth 22:51, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * In that case, both of us could use a single page - either your's or mine, I don't really mind. -- Emsworth 22:58, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm only putting in the office I'm crossing off, as it's easier. However, if there is already a differently formatted table on the page, I simply put in all the offices mentioned. -- Emsworth 23:09, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks! I'm sad to see that you've decided not to be a sysop any more, though. Proteus (Talk) 19:38, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)

RFA thanks
Id like to thank you for supporting me in my unsuccesful bid for adminship, I kinda expected it to fail, but I figured "what the hell, it'll make RC patrol easier, why not go for it :P". Anyway, thanks. Gkhan 01:58, Apr 30, 2005 (UTC)

My RFA
Thank you for your comments on my RFA. Although the voting period just ended with a 14-8-2 vote, I will admit once and for all that I used it more as an evaluation of myself. Being promoted would have been a plus. I was more interested in who voted, when they voted, who would change their votes and when, and the comments I would receive. Hopefully I will correct the main weakness that was raised by those who voted oppose -- that I was too eager to put articles on VFD. Also, I will try to interact more with those Wikipedians who did not vote at all.

As for next month, I don't know if I will nominate myself again. I might not think about it until somebody else puts me up there on RFA at a later date. Eventually, I see myself as an admin, especially as the number of articles and users continues to grow. Thanks again and good luck at improving this vast archive of free knowledge. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 09:21, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Re: unless you started listing featured articles on VfD or something
 * I'd only do that if I got insane enough to be sent to the loony bin ;-) (And yes, you did vote Support). Zzyzx11 (Talk) 22:57, 3 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for Dbraceyrules
Thank you for your help on the Wikipedia Picture of the Day page. Dbraceyrules 03:30, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

FAOC
Re your vote on styles. I understand and agree. But only casting one vote is effectively a vote against Alternative 1 because it means that less opposition is recorded against its nearest rival. Ireland uses an electoral system called Proportional Representation using a Single Transferable Vote. It works on the same principle as the one being used (only less complicated! I never thought I would find a system more complicated than PR.STV!) What you do is give your bottom preference to the people you want to defeat, and spread your vote in a way that boosts the rivals of the alternative you do not want. So if for example, you find Alternative 3 the one you least like, give it your bottom vote so that opposition to it is recorded. And spread the other votes to ensure the weakest get votes ahead of it. If for example in Ireland I want to ensure candidate 'x' of Fianna Fáil is elected, and ensure candidate 'y' of Sinn Féin is defeated, and there are 15 candidates, I give my number 1 to 'x', my number '15' to 'y' and spread my other votes to ensure that all other candidates beat 'y'.

Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil voters famously used to practice a 'first and only choice' vote by just voting for their own preferred candidate and then stopping. They eventually realised that they were wasting their vote because they weren't using it to block those they were most opposed to, or to build up the rivals to the candidate they were opposed to. To stop Alternative 3 winning, if that is what you want, give it your fifth choice and give your second, third and fourth choices to the weakest options.

Just be careful though not to copy everyone else doing it. If everyone gives the same other alternatives the same order of votes they may win. So if option 4 gets a lot of 2s, give it a 4. Doing a full vote right down the line will have the effect of strengthening Alternative 1 vis-a-vis 3 or whatever. Just voting for 1 and stopping actually weakens it against its rivals if everyone else votes down the line, because while their opposition to different alternatives is recorded, by stopping at 1 your's isn't. That is why though very popular Alternative 1 is being beaten. Remember the winner won't be decided by who has more votes for, but which faces the least opposition. By voting first and only choice you haven't recorded your opposition to the other options. Slán Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 00:20, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Chess
Hi, I'd just like to let you know that the chess tournament has started. You will play User:Jasabella. Look at the rules, decide with your opponent what colour you will play, and then start playing! If you have any questions either ask me or try Wikipedia talk:Chess championship. Good luck! Gkhan 23:58, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

Chess again
What's going on with your chess-game? You put 1-0 which your opponent changed to ½-½. Are you two unsure of who won (it certainly looks like you will)? In that case you should continue to play the game until a checkmate. Please let me know. Gkhan 08:52, May 18, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry bout that
I hit rollback by accident. Rhobite 00:45, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Hello
I've just discovered via my RFA that I might have offended you. I'd like to sort out anything I might have said and/or done that caused offense to be taken... could I ask what happened? - Ta bu shi da yu 00:51, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh... I'm not sure how to make ammends... - Ta bu shi da yu 01:18, 19 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Incident? What incident? :P Ta bu shi da yu 01:25, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Vote for Deletion
Hi; I'm sorry to be bothering you concerning this, but Chess championship is up for a VfD. Votes_for_deletion/Chess_championship Please vote to keep this thing alive... this is so lame that I need to ask people to help out here. Linuxbeak | Desk 03:49, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Chess
Man, I can't believe you made such a rookie mistake... ~that was a FAST chess match. ;) --Dante Alighieri | Talk 21:02, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

Military history of Puerto Rico
How are you? I wrote the article mentioned above and have self-nominated it for Featured article status. Please take a look onFeatured article candidates / Military history of Puerto Rico and express your opinon. Thank you, Tony the Marine

Thank you for the kind words and your support. Tony the Marine

Thank You For Your Support
I would like to thank all of the Wikipedians who supported and/or contributed to the article Military history of Puerto Rico. Because of Wikipedians like yourself, this article was able to make featured article status. It was my goal to celebrate my first year in Wikipedia with a featured article and you all made it possible. Thank you once again Tony the Marine

Friendly Chat
Hi, I just thought that I would let you know that Linuxbeak has nominated me for adminship. I would like to invite you to participate at WP:RFA if you wish to do so. Thank you and take care Tony the Marine

Nomination
Hi Ugen, I left a question for you on your nomination page in the comments section. Just letting you know here in case you haven't seen it. SlimVirgin (talk) 04:50, May 25, 2005 (UTC)

Sam Slocum
Hi Ugen64!

Can you take another look at the Sam Slocum article which you listed on VfD? Sjakkalle 07:26, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your response! Sjakkalle 06:06, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

user stats
Hello. On your admin nom, you put in the full stats by namespace. I remember there being a script to do that, but I can't find it now. The standart Kate's Tools link on the page just goes to a single edit count. So what did you use to generate yours? —Ben Brockert (42) UE News  02:58, May 26, 2005 (UTC)

Congratulations!
Your'e a sysop! (again). I imagine you know what to do. :) Cheers, Cecropia | explains it all ® 04:22, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Cograts Mr. Administrator, I'm really happy that you made it because you're a great person to work with. Tony the Marine (UTC)

Congratulations, ugen64! Squash 22:56, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thank You
What a year! My first year in Wiki, a featured article and now administrator. Thank you for your support. Ugen64 you're really a great guy to work withTony the Marine

Watch out! Quotation Marks from HELL!
Hi. I'm guessing that you are using Microsoft Word or some other sort of word processor to spell check pages, and then copying and pasting them in. I'm guessing this, because on Human adaptation to space, your edit converted all the single and double quotation marks to wierd strings of numbers. This is because, I think, you have the 'smart quotes' setting switched on, which means that Word using non-ASCII symbols to generate different open quote and close quote marks. If you hunt around in tools-options, or maybe tools-autocomplete, there should be a checkbox or something that would enable you to switch it off. --Fangz 15:19, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:Humanbot update 03 June 2005
On this day version two is released of the client-side User:Humanbot script. It allows you to browse the English Wikipedia on other tabs and edit it normally. en:User:Humanbot. r3m0t talk 09:45, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

RAoC
I here by award you the Random Acts of Kindness Barnstar. You may think you did little but it means a lot to me. --Cool Cat My Talk 23:07, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your support
Thank you for voting on my RFA. Have some pie! I was pleasantly surprised by the sheer number of supporters (including several people that usually disagree with my opinion). I shall do my best with the proverbial mop. Yours, Radiant_ >|< 08:14, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

User:Humanbot update 08 June 2005
Version two-two released today includes in that green box a nice count of how many articles are left. This more or less co-incides with the event of hitting only 1000 articles remaining. Also, I have re-arranged the User:Humanbot page to make it easier to get to the right stuff. Progress charts, wikicookies, wikilove and a more thorough spelling check is promised when this is completed. (and also when the exam pressure eases off a little on me) r3m0t talk 17:39, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC) Note: If you think this message was too trivial for a mailing, tell me and I'll stick to more important announcements on the list.

Talk:GAP Project
You may want to take a look at duk's comment.
 * "If you can determine that this is derived from PD works, and therefore is mere plagiarism instead of a copyright violation, then by all means, restore the text in question. I would recommend crediting the PD source though. --Duk 00:56, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)"

Thats all I got for now. --Cool Cat My Talk 15:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:Humanbot update 13 June 2005
The spelling2 project (to work on secondary namespaces) was opened and finished. Progress charts will be available soon.

Version six-three tracks who made the edits, and rankings are available. Much of the work was done while I was asleep, explaining my low place ;).

The next project, which may even be released today, will probably fix incorrectly capitalised headings, particularly "See Also" and "External Links".

The mailing list has grown to 24 people and while that is very nice for my ego, it is rather difficult to send out updates. This is why I did not send out a notice that the spelling2 project had opened. From now on, then, you must watch User:Humanbot/announce for updates. r3m0t talk 12:00, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

reverts
Hi, I am aware of the 3RR. Please protect the page and at least have someone mediate the matter. --Ragib 03:18, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I would stop editing the page further, but please have someone neutral mediate the issue --Ragib 03:19, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Collaboration of the week
I'm dropping you a note to let you know that The Seventies, which you voted on, became a Collaboration of the Week! You are highly encouraged to contribute whatever you can to the topic! Mike H 01:26, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ugen64/Archive 4


text:
Dar al-Manasir

Dar al-Manasir (دار المناصير) is the region of the Fourth Cataract, the most impassable of all rapids of the Nile. It is the homeland of the Arab tribe of the Manasir and from them gets its name. Still today the water rapids cannot be crossed by any large boats making the region accessible only via a sandy and rocky desert track.

At the height of the Island of Muqrat (N 19°30') the Nile river is blocked from its northward course taking a sharp turn SSW for 280 kilometres before continuing to flow north. In the middle of this S-shape between the Bayudah Desert to the south and the Nubian Desert to the north, the Nile is forced by the topography to split up into a multitude of tributaries forming a fertile river oasis of small rocky islands described by the traveller GRAY (1949:120) with the following words: "Whereas usually [agriculture] in the Nile Valley […] is confined to the belt on two banks on which the river has deposited silt, in this cataract area, where islands are scattered like a flock of goats, the number of silt-covered river banks in any given 10 kilometres may be up to a dozen".

Dar al-Manasir will be successively flooded by the Merowe Dam project.

Extent
Dar al-Manasir is confined by the upstream living Rubatab tribe (الرباطاب) in the area of Abu Hamed (أبو حمد) (E 33.18°) and the downstream Shaiqiyah tribe (الشايقية) past the village of Birti (E 32.15°), (cf. LAGNAH 2005:2). Dar al-Manasir is covering a distance of approximately 130 km along the Nile with most villages lined up along the left river bank called "Western side" (…). But the heart of Dar al-Manasir consists of 14 islands, twelve of them permanently inhabited; al-Qanaweit (القناويت), Shiri (شري), Kidir (كدر), Sherari (شرري), Sur (سور), Us (اوز), Tibit (…), Dumag (دماج), Buni (بوني), Arag (ارج), Dirbi (دربي) and Birti (برتي), (cf. SALIH 1999:8, LAGNAH 2005:2).

Climate
The climate is arid with an annual rainfall of about 50 mm in good years. The exact amount and spatial distribution of the precipitation during the rainy season in the months of August until October is highly variable and therefore unpredictable. The rainy season coincides with the flood season of the Nile (cf. SALIH 1999:9).

Economy
The Manasir pursue small scale agriculture in the immediate vicinity of the Nile. Tiny pockets of alluvial sediments and the seasonally inundated riverside land are intensively irrigated and cultivated. The most important cash crops of the region are dates (cf. Date cultivation in Dar al-Manasir). During good rainy seasons, in which grazing grounds are abundant, many male Manasir join members of their tribe in the adjacent Bayudah Desert.

Administration
Politically Dar al-Manasir belongs to the River Nile state (ولاية نهر النيل Wilāya nahr an-Nīl). The administrative centre with the only local run police station, branch of the Agricultural Bank and Secondary Schools for both sexes is Shiri (شري) on Shiri Island.

Dar al-Manasir is among the most neglected areas in Northern Sudan. Apart from basic educational institutions virtually no public infrastructure such as tarred roads, bridges or ferry boats and hospitals exist. But the Manasir are also aware of advantages of this situation and describe them in terms of exceptional safety and honesty (في أمان), tranquillity (الجوّ هادئ و نظيف), untainted beauty of their country (البلد سمح) and cleanness of the water which they drink straight out of the Nile. The landscape, described by Innes (1931:184) as "most barren and the most beautiful" along the Nile, is rocky, picturesque and referred by the inhabitants happily as "our rocks" (حجرنا).

Dar al-Manasir with all its villages and agricultural land will be successively flooded in the coming months by the Merowe Dam project. Its residents are going to be moved, but the exact relocation area is still not clear and a matter of ongoing discussion.

Additional references

 * Al-Hakem, A.M.A. (1993): "Merowe (Hamdab) High Dam and its Impacts". In: Kush XVI, 25 p.
 * Beck. K. (1997): "Wer kennt schon Hamdab? Ein Staudammvorhaben im Sudan". In: Pörtge, K.-H. (ed.): Forschungen im Sudan. Erfurter Geographische Studien, Bd.5, pp. 79–88.
 * Beck, K. (1999): "Escaping from the Narrow Confines – Returning to Tight Communities. Manasir Labour Migration from the Area of the Fourth Nile Cataract". In: Hahn, H.P. & G. Spittler (ed.): Afrika und die Globalisierung, pp. 201–211.
 * Beck, K. (2001): "Die Aneignung der Maschine". In: Kohl, K.-H. & N. Schafhausen (ed.): New Heimat. Katalog zur Ausstellung im Frankfurter Kunstverein, pp. 66–77.
 * Cavendish, M. W. (1966): "The Custom of Placing Pebbles on Nubian Graves". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.47. pp. 151–156.
 * Corkill N.L. (1948): "Weight Equivalent of Sudan Foods sold by Measures of Capacity". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.29, pp. 126–127.
 * Crowfoot, J. W. (1918): "Customs of the Rubatab". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.1. pp. 119–134.
 * Gray, T. (1949): "The Fourth Cataract". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.30, p. 120-121.
 * Innes, N. McL. (1930): "The Monasir Country". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.14, pp. 185–191.
 * Jackson, H.C. (1926): "A Trek in Abu Hamed District". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.9 No.2, pp. 1–35.
 * Lagnah aL-Tanfidhiyah lil-Muta'thirin (2005): Khasan al-Hamdab wa Qissah Tahgir Ahali al-Manasir. pp. 20 (اللجنة التنفيذية للمتأثرين (2005): خزان الحامداب و قصة تهجير أهالي المناصير)
 * Leach, T.A. (1919): "Date-Trees in Halfa Province". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.2, pp. 98–104.
 * Nicholls, W. (1918): "The Sakia in Dongola Province". In: Sudan Notes and Records, Vol.1. pp. 21–24.

Related books

 * Bashir, al-N. T. al-S. (ed.), (1997): Diwan 'Abqariah al-Manasir. Li-Ustadh Ibrahim 'Ali al-Sha'ir. 189 p. (النذير تاج السر البشير(جمع وإعداد), (1997): ديوان عبقرية المناصير. للأستاذ إبراهيم علي الشاعر)
 * Qasim, 'A. al-Sh. (2002): Qamus al-Lahgah al-'Amiya fi al-Sudan, 3rd ed. 1076 p. (عون الشريف قاسم (2002): قاموس اللهجة العامية في السودان. الطبعة الثالثة. الدار السودانية للكتب)
 * Salih, A. M. (1999): The Manasir of the Northern Sudan: Land and People. A Riverain Society and Resource Scarcity. 282 p.
 * Taiyeb, M. Al-T. et al. (1969): Al-Turath al-Sha'ibi li-Qabilah al-Manasir. Salsalah Dirasat fi al-Turath al-Sudani. Khartoum University Faculty of Adab. 155 p. (الطيب محمد الطيب و عبد السلام سليمان و علي سعد (1969): التراث الشعبي لقبيلة المناصير. سلسلة دراسات في التراث السوداني, جامعة الخرطوم, كلية الآداب)
 * Yusif, A.A. (1995): Al-Nakhil (First Part), Khartoum. 349 p. (عبدلله أحمد يوسف (1995): النخيل – الجزء الأولى الخرطوم)

title: Dar al-Manasir


text:
Global Supply Systems

Global Supply Systems (GSS) was a British cargo airline based at London Stansted Airport. It provided dedicated freighters to airlines on a wet lease basis. The company held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence, it was permitted to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats.

History
The company changed its name to Global Supply Systems Limited on 31 January 2001, and started operations on 29 June 2002. It began flying operations for British Airways World Cargo between London Stansted, Frankfurt and Hong Kong using a Boeing 747-400 freighter on dry lease from partner Atlas Air. The company was founded by Atlas Air and John Robert Porter and was majority British-owned (51%), with Atlas Air as minority shareholder (49%).

In January 2014, British Airways World Cargo as the airline's main customer terminated its contract with Global Supply Systems, effective from 30 April. GSS was unable to find a new customer and ceased operations later that year.

The company continued to dry-lease two Boeing 777F aircraft to an international cargo airline.

Fleet
Global Supply Systems had operated three Boeing 747-400F which were later replaced by three Boeing 747-8F.

title: Global Supply Systems


text:
The Old Negro Space Program

The Old Negro Space Program is a short mockumentary in the style of a Ken Burns film. Imagining a black space program, whose "blackstronauts" were excluded from "White NASA", the film lampoons Burns's history of the Negro leagues, a subject of his 1994 series, Baseball.

The ten-minute film was produced and directed by Andy Bobrow, who wrote for the television series Hype, Malcolm in the Middle and later, Community. Bobrow later went on to write the Community episode "Pillows and Blankets", another parody of Ken Burns.

It was created for broad release on the Internet.

Plot
To impress a girl that he likes, Wallace "Suitcase" Jefferson applies for a job at the newly formed NASA. Unfortunately, since America's "love affair with racism was in full swing", Jefferson learns that NASA is whites-only. Undaunted, Jefferson and his friend "Loopie" Louie Hays form their own astronaut group. Their creation—the Negro American Space Society of Astronauts (NASSA)—is a resounding success, with more than 240 "blackstronauts" signing up by 1960. The venture also brings personal success to Jefferson—he wins the girl's heart and later marries her.

Using spaceships cobbled together from old rocket engines, landing capsules, a school bus, and a used Cadillac, NASSA quickly becomes a major player in the space race. Its members farm out across the country, barnstorming in small towns to raise money and becoming minor celebrities. In Washington, the US government worries about losing the space race to the Soviet Union, but is "ten times as worried" about losing the race to NASSA.

Like NASA, NASSA suffers some significant setbacks. Sullivan Carew dies a hero's death when his rocket-powered school bus burns up in the atmosphere, while Peter "Stinky Pete" Carver catches fire in an Illinois church parking lot. Unlike NASA, however, the blackstronauts refuse to slow the pace of their program (Stinky Pete is extinguished and makes another launch the following day).

The film features a letter from Sullivan Carew to his wife written two days before his death. It is a parody of the real-life letter by Union Army soldier Sullivan Ballou, which was used by Ken Burns in his documentary The Civil War.

NASA attempts to lure away those members of NASSA who have light skin and can pass as white, including Gordon Cooper and Buzz Aldrin. When this fails to produce the desired effect, the government issues a "black blackout" and forces the mainstream media to focus only on negative issues affecting the black community. Soon the newspapers are full of stories about crime and riots, and the achievements of NASSA go unreported.

On September 31, 1966, Suitcase Jefferson and Louie Hayes land their rocket-powered Coupe de Ville on the surface of the Moon and return safely to Earth. Their amazing feat is buried by the black blackout, and appears on page 34 of the Cincinnati Enquirer (and, presumably, gets the same treatment in other papers). The article reads as follows:

Negroes Land on Moon

Talk about getting lost! Wallace Jefferson and Louis Hayes, both negroes, have wandered all the way to the moon!

The hapless pair entered lunar orbit late yesterday afternoon and finally landed on the surface of the moon several hours later. They plan to return later this week.

The incident is not a total tragedy. "We may want to talk with these negroes," said NASA mission commander Deke Slayton. "Their mishap may just help us in our goal to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade."

Saddened by the nation's lack of interest in their heroics, Jefferson and his friends decide to shut down NASSA.

Reception
The Old Negro Space Program was nominated for the 2005 Nebula Award for Best Script, but was ruled ineligible because the film "did not meet the requirement of professional release, or the 12 month period for nomination (after professional release) expired prior to the film receiving enough nominations to be placed on the ballot;" the SFWA, administrators of the award, stated that the disqualification in no way reflected on the work's quality.

P. Djèlí Clark considered it to be "[c]leverly done" and "funny", and noted that it "addresses issues ranging from institutional racism to white co-option of black achievement" — while also observing that it could be interpreted as "mocking real issues of black oppression and rendering them as entertainment, thus diluting their importance".

At Slate, Phil Plait called it "brilliant".

Cast

 * Jordan Black	... 	Sullivan Carew (voice)
 * Andy Bobrow	... 	Dr. Warren Fingeroot (a homage to Shelby Foote)
 * Johnny Brown	... 	Wallace "Suitcase" Jefferson
 * Rodney Saulsberry	... 	Narrator (voice)

Known Blackstronauts
The following members of NASSA were shown or named in the film:
 * Wallace "Suitcase" Jefferson - co-founder, landed on Moon
 * "Loopie" Louie Hayes - co-founder, immortalized in song, landed on Moon
 * "Rocket" Randall
 * Sullivan Carew - died in re-entry
 * Peter "Stinky Pete" Carver - caught fire the night before a mission launch in Elgin, IL
 * "Buzz" Aldrin - Co-opted by NASA during the "black blackout", since he could pass for white
 * Gordon Cooper - Co-opted by NASA during the "black blackout", since he could pass for white

title: The Old Negro Space Program


text:
Petzval (crater)

Petzval is a lunar impact crater that lies in the southern latitudes of the Moon's far side. This crater is located to the south of the larger Lippmann and to the north of Doerfel. It was namer after the Hungarian-German inventor Joseph Petzval.

This is a moderately worn crater formation with features that have become rounded and less well defined due to impact erosion. There are only a few small craterlets along parts of the rim and inner wall. Some faded terrace structures appear along parts of the inner wall to the east and south. Within the interior are small craters in the southwest and northeast sections of the floor. Near the midpoint is a worn central peak.

Petzval lies to the southwest of the Mendel-Rydberg Basin, a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age, and it is on the southeast margin of the Pre-Nectarian South Pole-Aitken Basin.

Satellite craters
By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Petzval.

title: Petzval (crater)


text:
File:Gallifrey2.jpg

A Vardan spaceship approaches the planet Gallifrey, homeworld of the Time Lords. From Doctor Who - The Invasion of Time.

Fair use rationale for Gallifrey
This image, Gallifrey2.jpg, is a screen shot from Doctor Who a television show copyrighted by the BBC, I futurehawk|talk 19:03, 14 September 2007 (UTC)) feel it is covered by the U.S. fair use law because:
 * 1) The image is a low-resolution screen shot from a 45 minuet episode;
 * 2) The image is being used for informational purposes about the fictional planet Gallifrey, from the Doctor Who universe;
 * 3) No more free alternative exists or can exist;
 * 4) The use of the image in these articles will have no effect on the copyright holder's commercial use of the image in question.

title: File:Gallifrey2.jpg


text:
Talk:Exchange rule

Is this article warranted?
Could this article grow into anything not better covered in either the article on structural rule or on noncommutative logic? --- Charles Stewart 20:45, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exchange rule