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Virginia Theological Seminary

Virginia Theological Seminary (VTS), formally called the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary in Virginia, located at 3737 Seminary Road in Alexandria, Virginia is the largest and second oldest accredited Episcopal seminary in the United States.

Established in 1823, VTS is situated on an 80 acre suburban campus in Alexandria, Virginia, close to downtown Washington, DC and adjacent to the campus of Episcopal High School. The seminary's notable alumni have taken leadership roles in the Episcopal Church, other Christian denominations in the United States, and overseas.

VTS is a member of the Washington Theological Consortium and since 1938 has been an accredited member institution of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS).

Foundation and Civil War years
The seminary's foundation in 1823 was the result of the efforts of small group, led by William Holland Wilmer, who committed themselves to the task of recruiting and training a new generation of church leaders following the Revolutionary War. Francis Scott Key was a prominent member of this group supported by the vestry of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Alexandria, which in 1818 formed a "Society for the Education of Pious Young Men for the Ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland and Virginia".

In 1821 the Virginia convention of the Episcopal Church pledged its support for the establishment of a regional seminary. Acquiescing to lobbying by the College of William and Mary since at least 1815, the Virginia convention recommended the seminary be located in Williamsburg, to involve the Diocese of North Carolina, as well as those men from the District of Columbia and Diocese of Maryland who had been working together through the Education Society. However, the convention of the Diocese of Maryland failed to concur. The committee appointed by the Virginia convention changed its mind about the proposed seminary's location and accepted Alexandria after Congressman Hugh Nelson arranged significant funding and Wilmer offered space and a lecture room at St. Paul's Church.

The seminary formally opened in 1823 with two instructors and 14 enrolled students. The Revd. Reuel Keith, a graduate of Middlebury College, Andover Seminary and a former rector of Bruton Parish Church, became the seminary's first elected professor in 1823. Wilmer also taught theology and church history from 1823 to 1826. In contrast with General Theological Seminary in New York City, VTS was for much of the 19th century associated with the more low-church or evangelical Episcopalian tradition. Emphasis was placed on preaching the plan of salvation, simpler worship styles and the development of student-led missionary initiatives.

Land provided in 1827 for the construction of a purpose built seminary campus prompted a move to hilltop site two and a half miles west of the growing city of Alexandria. The original library building was completed in 1855 and St. George's Hall in 1856. A private donation from two New York brothers, John and William Henry Aspinwall, enabled the construction and dedication of the landmark Italianate, Gothic Revival, Aspinwall Hall in October 1859. Aspinwall Hall and adjacent buildings of the period designed by Baltimore architect Norris Starkweather, are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

During the American Civil War from March 1862 to August 1865 the Union Army commandeered the seminary buildings and grounds for use as a military hospital. After the war, two professors and 11 veterans reopened the seminary on a campus that had been used to house 1,700 wounded Federal troops and to bury 500 soldiers.

Desegregation and merger with Bishop Payne Divinity School
In 1951 John T. Walker, later Bishop of Washington, became the first African-American student to enroll at the seminary. On June 3, 1953, Virginia Seminary merged with the Bishop Payne Divinity School, an African-American institution started by Virginia Seminary in Petersburg, Virginia, in 1878.

Reparations for slavery
In 2019, the seminary's leaders announced they were creating a $1.7 million (~$ in ) reparations fund to allocate money specifically for the descendants of the enslaved who worked on the campus, as well as for black seminarians and black worshipers who experienced discrimination. In February 2021, the reparations fund began disbursing payments to those descendants. Recipients of the payments would receive approximately $2,100 (~$ in ) annually. As of May 2021, 15 people had received payments from the fund.

Mission
The seminary's stated mission is to form men and women for lay or ordained leadership and service in the ministry of the church. Out of its evangelical heritage and its missionary tradition, the seminary emphasizes the life of prayer, worship and community, the ministries of preaching, teaching, pastoral care and social justice. The seminary seeks to prepare its students as servants of Jesus Christ to equip the people of God for their vocation and ministry in the world. VTS also provides continuing theological education for clergy and laity of many Christian denominations.

The seminary maintains that theological education leading to ordination normally requires full-time study and full participation in its common life and worship. It also believes that theological education is greatly enhanced when it is done within an ecumenical, international and cross-cultural context.

Degree programs

 * The Master in Divinity (M.Div.) program is a three-year residential program designed for those in the ordination process in the Episcopal Church or the equivalent in other denominations. It provides a foundation in all theological areas: biblical studies, historical studies, ministerial studies, studies in Christian worship, studies in faith and society, and theological studies.
 * The Master of Arts (MA) program with concentration in Theological Studies, Christian Formation, Religion & Culture, or Biblical Interpretation.
 * The Anglican Studies program for those who seek ordination in The Episcopal Church but who have earned a theological degree from a seminary or divinity school of another denomination.
 * Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.) in Ministry Development.
 * Doctor of Ministry in Educational Leadership.
 * Non-degree studies are also offered.

Faculty
Replacing Martha J. Horne, who served as dean and president from 1994 to 2007, Ian Markham currently serves as the 14th Dean and President of Virginia Theological Seminary.

Admissions
Total enrollment as of July 2012 was 227.
 * Median M.Div. student age: 34 (33 percent in their 20s)
 * Married: 48 percent
 * Men 52 / Women 48
 * International students: 8
 * Full-time faculty: 22
 * Adjunct faculty: 29
 * Field education associates: 50
 * Staff: 56

Campus
In addition to historic buildings such as Aspinwall Hall, 22 buildings have been added to the campus since the 1950s, including five dormitories, a refectory and Scott Lounge, 15 faculty homes, and a recreation building. Recognizing the needs of graduate students with young families a day-care center for young children has also been provided. In 1993, the Addison Academic Center opened with classroom space, the Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Auditorium, the seminary bookstore, and student lounge.

Chapel
The first seminary chapel was badly damaged during the Civil War and replaced in 1881 by Immanuel Chapel, a large Gothic Revival structure designed by architect Charles E. Cassell. On 22 October 2010, fire destroyed the historic building although no other part of the seminary was damaged and there were no injuries. Several of the stained glass windows were lost, including the Miriam window and the window behind the altar. The iconic words, "Go Ye Into All The World And Preach The Gospel", painted above the east window were also destroyed by the heat of the fire. The pulpit, the lectern and its Bible for readings during services, and the baptismal font, were not damaged by the fire. The damage was estimated at $2.5 million (~$ in ). An investigation by the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) and the Alexandria Fire Marshal's Office determined that the fire was of accidental nature.

After the fire the foundations and lower walls of the 1881 structure were secured and retained to form an open air chapel garden. Supported by a capital campaign the seminary's new Immanuel Chapel was built at an adjacent site. Consecrated by the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, the Most Revd. Katharine Jefferts Schori, on 13 October 2015, the sermon at the service of consecration was preached by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby. Designed by the architectural office of Robert A. M. Stern, the new chapel features items salvaged from the 2010 fire, a set of eight change ringing bells produced by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry and a 2 manual and pedal 27 stop tracker action organ (Opus 70) from Taylor and Boody.

Library
The Bishop Payne Library, named after the Bishop Payne Divinity School, serves as the seminary's library. The collection numbers over 225,000 volumes of books and bound periodicals and 190,000 e-books. Specialist areas of focus include biblical studies, church history, theology, the Protestant Reformation, missions, liturgies and church music.

In partnership with the Historical Society of the Episcopal Church, the Bishop Payne Library also hosts the African American Episcopal Historical Collection (AAEHC), documenting the history of the African-American Episcopalians in the United States.

Alumni
Alumni of VTS have served in prominent lay and ordained leadership roles in the Episcopal Church in the United States. Following the words the Great Commission many graduates have also contributed their skills to the development of missions in the wider Anglican Communion. Notable among this number:
 * William Boone, (1811–1864) missionary bishop to the Anglican diocese of Shanghai
 * John Payne, (1815–1874) missionary bishop to the Episcopal Church in Liberia
 * Channing Moore Williams (1829–1910) missionary bishop to China and Japan, leading figure in the establishment of the Nippon Sei Ko Kai, (the Anglican Church in Japan) and founder of Rikkyo University
 * George Herbert Kinsolving (1849–1928) second bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Texas
 * Lindel Tsen (1885–1954) first and only Chinese Presiding Bishop of the Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui

title: Virginia Theological Seminary


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Darina Allen

Darina Hilda Allen (née O'Connell; born 13 June 1948) is an Irish chef, food writer, TV personality and founder of Ballymaloe Cookery School.

Biography
Darina Allen was born in Cullohill, County Laois, the eldest of nine children. The renowned chef Rory O'Connell is her brother. A graduate in hotel management of the Dublin Institute of Technology, she is the author of several successful books on the topic of Irish cuisine. She is a leader of the Slow Food movement in Ireland and instrumental in establishing a network of farmers' markets in the Cork area. In the 1960s she was sous-chef at Ballymaloe House and started giving courses in cooking. Later she moved the cookery classes to Kinoith under the name of Ballymaloe Cookery School. She married Tim Allen, son of Myrtle Allen and Ivan Allen, and now lives on her organic farm, Kinoith, in Shanagarry. Allen has been voted cooking teacher of the year by the International Association of Culinary Professionals. She is owner of Ballymaloe Cookery School in Shanagarry, County Cork, Ireland. The school is situated on an organically run farm.

Allen was a founder of some of the first Farmers' Markets in Ireland and continues to be involved in helping set up new markets.. She is currently chair of the Midleton Farmers' Market.

Darina Allen's husband, Tim Allen set up the Ballymaloe Cookery School with Darina. In January 2003 he pleaded guilty to possessing 977 pornographic images of children. He was caught as part of the Gardaí's Operation Amethyst, which tracked internet users who paid for child pornography with credit cards. Tim Allen was sentenced to community service and placed on the sex offenders register after offering to pay €40,000 to a children's charity in India. Following Allen's conviction, the Ballymaloe cookery school announced that he would no longer be involved in the business. However, he remains involved.

Memberships
Member of Taste Council of Irish Food Board, Chair of Artisan Food Forum of Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Food Safety Consultative Council of Ireland, Trustee of Irish Organic Centre, Patron of Irish Seedsavers.

Member of Eurotoques (European Association of Chefs), IWF (International Women's Federation), Network Ireland, Guild of Foodwriters in UK and Ireland, International SLOW Movement, Bread Bakers Guild of America, IACP (International Association of Culinary Professionals – Darina Allen is a Certified Culinary Professional and Teacher and the school is accredited by IACP).

Councillor for Ireland in Slow Food Movement and President of East Cork Convivium of Slow Food.

Awards and honours

 * 2013 Irish Book Awards (Cookbook of the Year) for 30 Years of Ballymaloe
 * 2005 Cooking Teacher of the Year Award from IACP
 * 2003 Honorary Degree from University of Ulster
 * 2001 Veuve Clicquot Business Woman of the Year
 * 2000 Waterford Wedgwood Hospitality Award
 * 1996 Langhe Ceretto Prize
 * 1993 Laois Person of the Year
 * 1992 Gilbeys Gold Medal for Catering Excellence jointly with Myrtle Allen
 * Fellow of Irish Hotel and Catering Institute

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Darina Allen


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User:Chosenken

Hello. If your reading this...wow...I didn't expect any one to really click on my name....sorry there isn't much here. If I made an edit that you don't agree with, sorry. I didn't do it to spite you or any one, I just did it cause I thought it was right. I apologize if you are upset over it. Change it, remove it, what ever. Just think how you would feel if some one started removing your edits if they didn't like them, thats all.

title: User:Chosenken


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Church Divinity School of the Pacific

Church Divinity School of the Pacific (CDSP) is an Episcopal seminary in Berkeley, California. It is one of the nine seminaries in the Episcopal Church and a member of the Graduate Theological Union. The only Episcopal seminary located in the Far West, CDSP has, since 1911, been designated the official seminary of the Episcopal Church's Eighth Province, the Province west of the Rocky Mountains.

The Church Divinity School of the Pacific, or CDSP, and Trinity Church Wall Street announced March 4, 2019 that the New York parish had acquired the seminary. The Very Rev. W. Mark Richardson, CDSP president and dean, told Episcopal News Service in an interview that the deal will put the school on a solid financial footing and position it for growth. CDSP and its assets now belong to Trinity, he said, and the value of those assets “will be a fund, among other resources they have, that supports the program at the school and operation.”

CDSP is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada and offers degree and certificate programs aimed at training clergy and lay leaders for ministries in the Anglican Communion.

History
Church Divinity School of the Pacific was founded in 1893 in San Mateo, California, by the second Episcopal Bishop of California, William Ford Nichols, after the gift of 4 acre of land, funds for construction of the first building, and an endowment from George and Augusta Gibbs. Several of the seminary buildings were destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and the seminary relocated to San Francisco in 1911 to a new building on the grounds of Grace Cathedral.

In 1914, CDSP was declared to be the official seminary of what is now known as Province VIII of the Episcopal Church, which comprises seventeen dioceses of the western United States and Taiwan. A move to Berkeley in 1930 facilitated cooperation with other seminaries in the East Bay, as well as with the University of California, Berkeley. CDSP was one of the founders of the Graduate Theological Union (GTU), established in 1962, and is now one of nine member schools and eight affiliated centers in this ecumenical consortium.

Academics
CDSP offers students a variety of degree programs and courses of study. In order to keep up with changes and advances in the Church and in theological education, faculty members continually review curricula and make changes as appropriate. Currently, CDSP offers several degree programs:

 * Certificate of Anglican Studies, geared towards students with M.Div. degrees from non-Anglican schools who are seeking ordination in the Episcopal Church.
 * Master of Divinity (M.Div.) [on campus and low residence in January and July]
 * Master of Divinity in cooperation with Bloy House, an Anglican house of study in Claremont, California.
 * Master of Theological Studies (M.T.S.) [on campus and online]

Jointly with the Graduate Theological Union, CDSP also offers three advanced academic degree programs:
 * Master of Arts (M.A.)
 * Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)
 * Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)

Students may enroll in the M.Div. and M.A. programs concurrently. A separate admission process for each program is necessary, as is the completion of all requirements for each degree. Concurrent M.Div./M.A. programs can be completed in no less than four years.

Certificates of one, two, or three years of study may be given to non-degree students who have successfully completed the appropriate full academic years. These certificate programs include:
 * Certificate of Anglican Studies (C.A.S) [on campus and low-residence in July]
 * Certificate of Theological Studies (C.T.S) [on campus and online]

St. Margaret's Visiting Professorship
The St. Margaret's Visiting Professorship of Women in Ministry is named in honor of St. Margaret's House, a school that trained deaconesses and lay women for ministry in the Episcopal Church when deaconesses were separate orders from deacons. The school itself was named after Saint Margaret of Scotland. In the early 20th century, students from St. Margaret's House were able to take classes with CDSP students. By 1966, with the gradual dismantling of separate orders of ministry for men and women, the House was merged into CDSP.

The first St. Margaret's Visiting Professor of Women in Ministry is Dr. Jenny Te Paa Daniel, who was a theology graduate of the Graduate Theological Union and the first Maori woman to earn a doctorate in systematic theology. She was followed by Dr. Suzanne Guthrie, who has served as parish priest and chaplain at Vassar College and Cornell University. The third St. Margaret's Visiting Professor will be the 26th Presiding Bishop Katharine Jefferts Schori who is a CDSP alumna (1994) and was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Divinity in 2001 when she was elected bishop of Nevada.

Affiliated schools
The Episcopal School for Deacons is on the grounds of the CDSP. This school trains deacons for the Diocese of California.

Notable alumni

 * Keith Andrews, bishop of the Diocese of Western Anglicans
 * Lani Hanchett, Bishop of Hawai'i
 * Mark Hollingsworth (born 1954), bishop of Ohio
 * Katharine Jefferts Schori (born 1954), 26th presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church
 * Edward J. Konieczny, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Oklahoma
 * Paul Kwong (born 1951), 2nd Primate of Hong Kong Anglican Church, and Archbishop of Hong Kong
 * Brian Prior, bishop of Minnesota
 * Nedi Rivera (born 1946), bishop suffragan of Olympia, provisional bishop of Eastern Oregon
 * Michael Roberts, Principal of Westcott House, Cambridge
 * Chester Talton (born 1941), bishop suffragan of Los Angeles, provisional bishop of San Joaquin
 * Brian Thom, bishop of Idaho
 * Fran Toy (born 1934), First Asian American Woman to be ordained in the Episcopal Church.

Notable faculty

 * L. William Countryman (born 1941), faculty member, biblical scholar
 * Sherman E. Johnson, Dean, faculty member, biblical scholar
 * Massey H. Shepherd (1913-1990), faculty member, liturgical scholar
 * Louis Weil (1935-2022)

title: Church Divinity School of the Pacific


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CableACE Award

The CableACE Award (earlier known as the ACE Awards; ACE was an acronym for "Award for Cable Excellence") was an award that was given by what was then the National Cable Television Association from 1978 to 1997 to honor excellence in American cable television programming. The trophy itself was shaped as a glass spade, alluding to the Ace of spades.

History
The CableACE was created to serve as the cable industry's counterpart to broadcast television's Primetime Emmy Awards. Until the 40th ceremony in 1988, the Emmys refused to honor cable programming. For much of its existence, the ceremony aired on a simulcast on as many as twelve cable networks in some years. The last few years found the ceremony awarded solely to one network, usually Lifetime or TBS.

In 1992, the award's official name was changed from ACE to CableACE, agreeing to do so to reduce confusion with the American Cinema Editors (ACE) society.

By 1997, the Emmys began to reach a tipping point, where cable programming had grown to hold much more critical acclaim over broadcast programming, and met an even parity, a position that would only hold for a short time before cable programming began to dominate the categories of the Primetime Emmys.

Few attended the national CableACE Awards ceremony in November 1997, and the CableACE show had a low 0.6 rating on TNT, compared with a 1.2 rating the year before, while the Emmys had a 13.5 rating that year. Smaller cable networks called for the CableACEs to be saved as their only real forum for recognition.

In April 1998, members of the NCTA chose to end the CableACEs.

Judging
Professionals in the television industry were randomly selected to be judges. A Universal City hotel would be selected, where several rooms would be rented for the day. Individual rooms would be designated for each award category. Judges were discouraged from leaving the rooms at any time during the day-long judging. There were usually eight to 12 judges for each category. Depending on the submissions being presented, facilitators would play anywhere from 10 minutes per show – to the entire show – for the judges' award consideration. Judges would mark their ballots privately and were told to not discuss their selections with other judges. The awards standard tallying by a certified public accounting firm was done to keep the results of the ballot secret until the time of the announcement of the award's winner.

Ceremonies

 * 1995 CableACE Awards
 * 1996 CableACE Awards
 * 1997 CableACE Awards

title: CableACE Award


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Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

Julia is a fictional character in George Orwell's 1949 dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Her last name is not revealed in the novel but she is called Dixon in the 1954 BBC TV production.

Julia was born in 1958 in Oceania, the super-state combining North America, South America, Southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the British Isles (renamed Airstrip One). Her knowledge of events before the revolution is inaccurate as her grandfather, the only close source to her with that knowledge, disappeared when she was eight. Julia integrated herself into the daily life of Oceania early, becoming an especially zealous propagandist for the Junior Anti-Sex League, the Two Minutes Hate and Community Centre. She secretly despises the Party and wants to join the Brotherhood, purportedly an outlawed organization founded by Emmanuel Goldstein. She had her first affair with a Party member at the age of sixteen.

Fictional character history
Julia first appears in Nineteen Eighty-Four at the age of 26, an enthusiastic participant in the Two Minutes Hate directed against Emmanuel Goldstein, a Party co-founder who claims the Revolution was betrayed. At one point, she flings a Newspeak dictionary at the telescreen. Winston Smith, a fellow worker in the Ministry of Truth, is both aroused by Julia's beauty and disgusted by her fervour. He recalls that women, especially those Julia's age, are among the most fanatical members of the Party. He fantasises about raping and murdering her, and fears that she is a member of the Thought Police prepared to denounce him.

After an unspecified amount of time (after Winston leaves a store), Winston spots Julia walking past him. Their gazes meet and Winston, thinking that she is spying on him, contemplates murdering her with a cobblestone. His fear keeps him from doing this.

Four days later, Winston bumps into Julia on her way from the Fiction Department and receives a small paper from her. In his cubicle at work, he unfolds the note and reads what Julia wrote: "I love you." Winston makes arrangements with Julia to meet in the crowd at Victory Square. Winston finds in Julia a fellow thoughtcriminal (as well as a sex criminal); they decide to live life to the fullest while dodging the Party whenever possible. Over the next several months, they arrange to meet and have recreational sex – something forbidden by the Party – in a variety of places outside London. The lovers know fully well that they will soon be detected and arrested, and Julia observes that "everybody always confesses. You can't help it."

Like Winston, Julia is a smoker. During the affair between them, Julia ambiguously acquires goods such as "real" coffee (the 'victory coffee' is of poor quality and is intended to keep the expectations of the Proles reduced as much as possible so that they do not experience pleasure, which would eventually result in acquiring higher intelligence levels, an outcome not desirable to the Inner Party as it would be contrary to the principles of ingsoc). She also acquires tea, bread and milk, these being theoretically only available to the Inner Party members (as opposed to the lower-quality "Victory" brand products consumed by Outer Party members and Proles) - luxuries which seem to heighten the forbidden feelings induced in them by their affair.

When Inner Party member O'Brien drops a hint that he is a member of the mysterious anti-Party Brotherhood, Winston and Julia come to meet him. O'Brien tests their loyalty by asking whether she and Winston are prepared to separate and never see each other again; Julia shouts "No!". Winston agrees with a heavy heart. Days later, when Winston and Julia are staying in the room above Mr Charrington's shop and have read parts of Goldstein's book, they are arrested by the Thought Police. Charrington, as it turns out, is a Thought Police agent.

O'Brien is really a Party member and torturer for the Thought Police. While interrogating Winston, O'Brien claims that Julia caved in immediately to the Party's pressure: "She betrayed you, Winston. Immediately – unreservedly. I have seldom seen anyone come over to us so promptly. You would hardly recognise her if you saw her. All her rebelliousness, her deceit, her folly, her dirty-mindedness – everything has been burned out of her. It was a perfect conversion, a textbook case."

During months of torture and brainwashing, Winston surrenders intellectually, but strives to keep his innermost heart inviolate: He knows he will eventually be killed, but secretly he intends to continue hating Big Brother and loving Julia, the only thing keeping him from reverting to a mindlessly loyal Party member. One tiny victory he reserves for his moment of death: The Party could not change his feelings and make him betray Julia in his heart. However, Winston's resolve to continue loving Julia is burned away when he finally enters Room 101. O'Brien threatens to let rats devour Winston's face, and in utter desperation he begs O'Brien, "Do it to Julia!"

Julia is seen one last time in the novel, when she meets Winston after they have both been reintegrated into Oceania society and restored to orthodox thought. They agree nothing – not even sex – matters any more, because their feelings for each other are gone. Julia explains to Winston that "sometimes...they threaten you with something – something you can't stand up to, can't even think about. And then you say, 'Don't do it to me, do it to somebody else, do it to so-and-so.' ... And after that, you don't feel the same towards the other person any longer". It is also suggested that she has been given a lobotomy ("...and there was a long scar, partly hidden by the hair, across her forehead and temple...").

As the novel closes, Winston accepts that he loves Big Brother, instead of Julia.

Portrayals in other media

 * The United States Steel Hour: "1984", radio adaptation from 1953. Marian Seldes
 * Studio One: "1984", television adaptation from 1953: Norma Crane
 * Nineteen Eighty-Four, television adaptation from 1954: Yvonne Mitchell
 * Nineteen Eighty-Four, radio adaptation from 1965. Sylvia Syms
 * 1984, film adaptation directed by Michael Anderson in 1956: Jan Sterling
 * Theatre 625: "The World of George Orwell: 1984", television adaptation from 1965: Jane Merrow
 * Nineteen Eighty-Four, radio adaptation from 1967. Diana Olsson
 * Nineteen Eighty-Four, film adaptation directed by Michael Radford in 1984: Suzanna Hamilton
 * Actresses who have played Julia in the 2013 Stage Adaptation have included Hara Yannas, Catrin Stewart, Olivia Wilde, and Ursula Mills.
 * 1984! The Musical! 2020 Musical: Anna Della Marta
 * The Real George Orwell: Nineteen Eighty-Four, radio adaptation from 2013. Pippa Nixon
 * The Sisterhood (2023) Katherine Bradley
 * Julia, a novel released in 2023 by Sandra Newman

title: Julia (Nineteen Eighty-Four)


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Talk:Dodge Viper

Untitled
Removed an opinion comparing it to another car. 0zlw (talk) 04:22, 29 January 2010 (UTC)

SRT whatever my arse. go up to anyone and it's a viper. 82.42.205.93 (talk) 00:08, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Production
Who the hell said that the Dodge Viper's production is going to end? They're gonna need a reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.122.121.65 (talk) 01:33, 8 March 2010 (UTC) <!Template:UnsignedIP -->

According to Dodge's Website, 2010 is the last model year for the CURRENT GENERATION viper. Not the end of the viper it's self. There needs to be references.--Brainiack16 (talk) 19:46, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

I added a new section with details regarding the next generation of 2012 and beyond. I feel it is useful for people who want info regarding/researching the Viper to have the info and links to the original articles about the CEO's announcement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.116.88.119 (talk) 13:47, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

"Not much is known, but is expected to be based on Alfa Romeo's c8." - expected by whom ??
The 2012 prototype new viper was shown to the Dodge dealers and the Viper Owner's Invitational convention in Salt Lake City on October 2, 2010 - no photos allowed. It is NOT based on an Alfa C8. Where did that come from ? Whose wild guess ?? pure speculation without basis. If anything the 2012 Gen V Viper resembles a Viper GTS coupe on steroids.
 * Yes, why is this even on the page. It was baseless speculation from Car and Driver magazine and as has already been said is wrong. What say we remove it ok?.(Hostile Rain (talk) 04:51, 29 September 2011 (UTC))

There is also a new third generation Viper logo unveiled to owners and allowed to photograph. Yes this logo is named "Stryker". I will find the official announcement by Ralph Gilles and link it. (Hostile Rain (talk) 04:51, 29 September 2011 (UTC)) 199.173.226.236 (talk) 21:00, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

This assumption was based on Fiat owning Chrysler and Chrysler hinting at using tech from other Fiat owned brands in the new Viper. People just speculated that it'll share a chassis with the 8C because it's the best candidate for chassis sharing out of the Fiat family of cars. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.75.32.53 (talk) 22:02, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Link with SLS?
That article by Ed Hellwig is the only ever source I could find that claims the SLS is derived from a Viper project. It has no backing as far as I can see. I doubt it as such a project would have made the Viper the most advanced car in production in America. with such small volumes, I don't see it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.251.42.57 (talk) 16:32, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Engine torque (fifth generation)
In the engine part of the fifth generation, it says that it will have the naturally aspirated engine with the most torque. As far as I can see, the Aston Martin One-77 but I'm not a specialist so i'm not totally sure if it's engine is naturally aspirated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.203.33.5 (talk) 20:45, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

If you don't know why bother saying anything? Anyone who watched the unveiling knows that the 2013 Viper has the highest output naturally-aspirated engine in the world. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.119.49.147 (talk) 22:05, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

SRT Viper Copyright?
Photo is public issued. It wasn't infringed. If it was, how? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.110.76.152 (talk) 01:54, 7 April 2012 (UTC)

Popular culture
Seriously, no mention of Viper (TV series)? --37.4.121.179 (talk) 20:10, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Snickers Promotion
Wasn't there a promotion with Snickers back in the early 90's where someone could win a Viper from a code in the wrapper? 68.80.62.93 (talk) 01:57, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 August 2014
Top speed of 5th gen Viper is 206mph(331.5kmh)

174.56.102.192 (talk) 03:54, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: as you have not cited reliable sources to back up your request, without which no information should be added to any article. - Arjayay (talk) 16:46, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

2015 Info
Info about the 2015 lineup, including production details, counts, and colors for the TA, GT and GTS trim levels. http://www.roadandtrack.com/go/first-looks/first-look-2015-dodge-viper-srt — MrDolomite • Talk 15:29, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

New section for 2013+ Viper?
What is the reason the 2013+Viper (5th generation) is combined into the same section with the previous generation third and fourth generation? Expandinglight5 (talk) 03:33, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

 * The all use the same engine, borrow the same wheelbase, and carry the same kind of transmission. Especially with the 2008+ models, which use an 8.4 V-10. 2607:FB90:492:2DD:0:15:98AA:2501 (talk) 04:09, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

Separating concepts from variants.
I am going to add a new section titled "Concepts" to separate the concepts from the Viper variants such as the TA and ACR. F-16 Viper (talk) 04:15, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

Why did you include the Zagato and Prefix car as concepts if they weren't produced by Chrysler? Expandinglight5 (talk) 06:17, 19 November 2015 (UTC)
 * I didn't add them to the article but I will move them to the variants section. F-16 Viper (talk) 05:54, 9 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090103053726/http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/compx2008f.jsp?hiddenField=Manufacturer&year=1994&make=Dodge to http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/compx2008f.jsp?hiddenField=Manufacturer&year=1994&make=Dodge

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The main photo?
The current "main" picture looks terrible. The Viper is too small, and isn't even centred in the picture. Can somebody please put a better one up? 142.162.196.44 (talk) 18:56, 14 March 2016 (UTC)

Personal opinion included
"Phase ZB II (2008–2010) Also known by Justin Pritchard (Automotive Journalist from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada) as a Gen 3"

This information is entirely irrelevant, and should be deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.196.189.121 (talk) 15:38, 16 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Phases?
This is the only auto page I've seen which refers to generations or model codes as "phases". Is this an official term that was used by Dodge & SRT? Or did someone make it up? --Vossanova o< 14:55, 17 May 2018 (UTC)
 * I see that Porsche 991 also uses "phase", although it was changed from "generation" on October 24, 2017 . I guess the idea is that a "phase" is considered more than a "refresh" or "facelift" within a generation (in this case, 991), and may have its own model code (991.1, 991.2).  So for Dodge Viper, there are three generations, and the first two each have two phases.  I can ask on WP:CAR if that's clear. --Vossanova o< 17:22, 18 May 2018 (UTC)

repeated picture repeated
Not reading the article right now, but i suspect File:Dodge Viper GTS (9402840088).jpg shouldn't be in the article twice. Wonder if Manual of Style says anything about duplicate pictures... 96.244.220.178 (talk) 11:29, 9 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Removed, Thanks, – Davey 2010 Talk 12:08, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

The Dodge Viper is considered a supercar
The term "supercar" is subjective to say the very least. There is no true, concrete definition of what defines the differences between sports cars and supercars on the wikipedia pages that describe both terms. The dodge viper has set many records far above other cars listed in the supercar section. I understand that many people on here (not all) have zero clue about what the differences are other that it has a mid-engine and is from Europe (eyeroll). The dodge viper, like the Ford GT is most definitely a supercar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jwittenso (talk • contribs) 12:55, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Per the WikiProject Automobiles conventions found at WP:CARCLASS: "[S]ome classes are too subjective and should be avoided, such as "supercar", "hypercar", and "exotic"." For this reason, the classification should be left as "sports car". IPBilly (talk) 14:21, 28 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dodge Viper


text:
User:Ryan Prior/Archivelink

 * [ |Go ]

title: User:Ryan Prior/Archivelink


text:
Talk:United States District Court for the District of Michigan

Untitled
The article is called "U.S. District Court for the District of Michigan", but the intro goes as "The U.S. Attorney for the District of Michigan represented the interests of the people in the United States District Court for the District of Michigan", suggesting that the title should be "U.S. Attorney for the District of Michigan". I do not know nearly enough about this subject to decide which of these two titles is better suited for the article. Either way, either the article should be moved to a different title, or intro should be formatted differently (eliminating self-link).—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 18:03, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow, you're right. I'll give it a try. BenedictX 01:31, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Section rewritten. I've prefaced the section with a "see also" note, since it is more likely that someone researching the Court wants to find current information instead of this rather obscure and technical historical article. BenedictX 01:49, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Perhaps the most surprising part for me was to see this article pop up in my watchlist a year and a half after I made the original inquiry (and forgot about it) :)—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 13:06, 7 February 2007 (UTC)


text:
Logic in China

China is a special case in the history of logic, due to its relatively long isolation from the corresponding traditions that developed in Europe, India, and the Islamic world.

Mohist logic
In China, Mozi, a contemporary of Confucius, is credited with founding the Mohist school, whose canons dealt with issues relating to valid inference and the conditions of correct conclusions. However, they were nonproductive and not integrated into Chinese science or mathematics.

The Mohist school of Chinese philosophy contained an approach to logic and argumentation that stresses rhetorical analogies over mathematical reasoning, and is based on the three fa, or methods of drawing distinctions between kinds of things. As classical Chinese philosophical logic was based on analogy rather than syllogism, fa were used as benchmarks to determine the validity of logical claims through comparison.

One of the schools that grew out of Mohism, the Logicians, are credited by some scholars for their early investigation of formal logic.

Daoist skepticism
Although Daoist skeptics such as Zhuang Zhou agreed with the Mohist perspective about object relations regarding similarities and differences, they did not consider language to be sufficiently precise to provide a constant guide of action.

The repression of the study of logic
During the subsequent Qin dynasty, the rule of Legalism repressed this Mohist line of investigation, which has been said to have disappeared in China until the introduction of Indian philosophy and Indian logic by Buddhists. A prominent scholar suggests that the version assembled for the Imperial Library of the Han dynasty would probably have been as disorganised as the current extant text, and thus would have only been 'intermittently intelligible', as it is for current readers who do not consult a critical edition. Disagreeing with Hajime Nakamura, Graham argues the school of Neo-Taoism maintained some interest in the Canons, although they may already have some of the terminology difficult to understand. Before the end of the Sui dynasty, a shortened version of Mozi appeared, which appears to have replaced the Han edition. Although the original Mozi had been preserved in the Taoist, and became known once more in the 1552 Lu edition and 1553 Tang edition, the damage was done: the dialectical chapters (as well as the military chapters) were considered incomprehensible. Nevertheless, with the rise of Chinese critical textual scholarship, the book benefited from explanatory and critical commentaries: first, by Bi Yuan, and his assistant, Sun Xingyan; another commentary by Wang Chong, which has not survived; 'the first special study', by Zhang Huiyan; a republication of Part B by Wu Rulun. However, the summit of this late imperial scholarship, according to Graham, was the 'magnificent' commentary of Sun Yirang, which 'threw open the sanctum of the Canons to all comers. Graham summarises the arduous textual history of the Canons by arguing that the Canons were neglected throughout most of China's history; but he attributes this fact to 'bibliographical' accidents, rather than political repression, like Nakamura.

Buddhist logic
The study of logic in China was revived following the transmission of Buddhism in China, which introduced the Buddhist logical tradition that began in Indian logic. Buddhist logic has been often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lack the necessary background in Indian logic.

Western logic
In 1631, Li Zhizao and Francisco Furtado published an abridged translation of a commentary on Aristotle's logic published by the University of Coimbra.

In 1886, Joseph Edkins published the Chinese translation of Jevons's Elementary Lessons in Logic.

In 1905, Yan Fu published the translation of J.S. Mill's A System of Logic.

In the early 1930s, the Department of Philosophy of Tsinghua University was the center of philosophical study. Many of the scholars at Tsinghua University at the time were strongly influenced by Russell, who visited China in 1920.

Outside of the PRC, Hao Wang, a mathematical logician who was a close friend of Gödel, and Mou Zongsan, one of the new-Confucian scholars and a translator of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus were active.

Within the PRC, dialectical logic was actively discussed during the Cultural Revolution period, while mathematical logic stagnated. However, in 1979, after the Cultural Revolution, the Chinese Association of Logic was established with Jin Yuelin as the first chairman and studies of mathematical logic began.

title: Logic in China


text:
MNF

MNF may refer to:

Music

 * Maata Näkyvissä Festival, Finland

Chemical elements

 * Manganese(III) fluoride, MnF2 and MnF4

Political organizations

 * Mizo National Front, Mizoram, India
 * Mizo National Front (Democratic), split from the Mizo National Front
 * Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation, Tanzania

Television shows

 * Monday Night Football, televised National Football League
 * Monday Night Football (Sky Sports), televised Premier League football

Places

 * Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, US

Military

 * Multinational Force in Lebanon, an international peacekeeping force created in 1982
 * Multi-National Force – Iraq, MRF-I

title: MNF


text:
Gregor Mackintosh

Gregor Mackintosh (born 20 June 1970) is a British guitar player. He is the lead guitarist in the metal band Paradise Lost, which he founded in 1988 together with singer Nick Holmes, rhythm guitarist Aaron Aedy, and bassist Steve Edmondson. He is the main composer of one of the pioneer bands and founding fathers of the gothic metal genre, considered to be influential to many other artists.

Mackintosh also plays keyboards (on several Paradise Lost albums) and also uses them to compose music. He produced Hull industrial metal act Systemyk. Also he founded the bands Vallenfyre, Strigoi, and Host.

Regarding his influences, Mackintosh remarked, "I was into punky stuff when I was really young, then I started to delve into the goth stuff – Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bauhaus and especially The Sisters of Mercy."

title: Gregor Mackintosh


text:
Society of Yeager Scholars

The Society of Yeager Scholars is the name of the highest academic scholarship offered at Marshall University, named in honor of Chuck Yeager, the first recorded pilot to break the sound barrier.

General information
The scholarship was established to elevate the quality of academics at Marshall University and to honor Yeager, a local native who did not have the opportunity to attend college (see The Right Stuff).

The Society of Yeager Scholars is a part of the Marshall University Honors College. Academic policy for the Yeager Scholars program is guided by a steering committee composed of university faculty. The chair of the steering committee and the dean of the Honors College have a role in developing the curriculum, administering the budget, coordinating the international aspects of the program, and recruiting and advising of the scholars.

A board of directors, which includes politicians, business leaders, and former students, has been established to advise on policy, to promote the society, to assist in recruiting students, and to be active in fundraising. Permanent members of the board of directors are the president of Marshall University as well as the vice-president for academic affairs and the vice-president for institutional advancement of the university. The Governor of West Virginia is an ex-officio member of the board.

Funding for the Society of Yeager Scholars comes primarily from private money. An endowment in excess of $9.2 million supports the Yeager Scholars and is administered through the Marshall University Foundation.

Membership
Members of the society are selected through a highly competitive interview process from high school seniors from throughout the United States. The process of selecting Yeager Scholars begins with an application made directly to the program and submitted by December 1 of each year. The application consists of information about each student's extracurricular activities, honors and awards, and includes personal essays. Each application must be accompanied by three letters of reference and a transcript of high school grades.

The applications are screened by a special committee of faculty and administrators and are evaluated on a system that takes into consideration scores on the ACT and/or SAT tests, cumulative grade point average in high school, range of extracurricular activities, the nature of awards and honors achieved, and the information contained in the letters of reference. As a result of the screening a number of applicants are invited to become semifinalists and are interviewed at locations near their home on a Saturday in late January.

The results of the semi-finalist interviews are then tallied, and a number of semi-finalists are then invited to become finalists and to be interviewed at the Marshall University campus in Huntington, West Virginia in late February. The finalist weekend includes (in addition to two sets of interviews) a tour of the university campus, the opportunity to meet with faculty from departments in which the finalist might wish to major, the chance to watch a home basketball game in the Henderson Center (depending on the basketball schedule), and the opportunity to talk informally with the current scholars and with the staff of the Yeager program. The weekend is designed to give the finalists a chance to get acquainted with Marshall University and the Yeager Scholars program and to give the selection committee the opportunity to determine which of the finalists will be asked to become Yeager Scholars. Those selected to become Yeager Scholars will have until early April to accept the Society's invitation.

Those chosen receive a four-year scholarship that includes full tuition and fees, full room and board, study at Oxford University, a stipend for textbooks and supplies, $7000 for an additional study abroad experience, and the use of a personal computer while he or she is enrolled in the program.

Academic program
The academic program provided each Yeager Scholar is rigorous and demanding. The program consists of a number of elements:

 * A core of four interdisciplinary seminars, one each semester for the first two years. The seminars will cover communication and computers; humanities, texts and values; theories of science and statistics; and history and the arts.
 * The development of a proficiency in a modern language.
 * Additional courses in the natural and social sciences and in literature to round out the core curriculum of a scholar's program.
 * In-depth study in a major or majors selected from those offered by the university.
 * Independent study, guided by a mentor professor, leading to a senior project.
 * Study abroad at Oxford University and in a country where the scholar's choice of a foreign language can be used in daily living.
 * Community mentorships appropriate to the scholar's major, in government, business, industry or education.

The core curriculum is designed to assist each Yeager Scholar in developing skills in analysis, synthesis and critical thinking. Each scholar will be expected to demonstrate superior skills in written and oral communication. In order to remain in the program, each student must maintain a cumulative 3.5 grade point average. Those who complete all academic requirements are awarded a Yeager medallion containing flecks of the same metal as the Bell X-1.

title: Society of Yeager Scholars


text:
Quincy Mine

The Quincy Mine is an extensive set of copper mines located near Hancock, Michigan. The mine was owned by the Quincy Mining Company and operated between 1846 and 1945, although some activities continued through the 1970s. The Quincy Mine was known as "Old Reliable," as the Quincy Mine Company paid a dividend to investors every year from 1868 through 1920. The Quincy Mining Company Historic District is a United States National Historic Landmark District; other Quincy Mine properties nearby, including the Quincy Mining Company Stamp Mills, the Quincy Dredge Number Two, and the Quincy Smelter are also historically significant.

Lifespan: 1846-1945

The Quincy Mine was founded in 1846 by the merger of the Northwest Mining Company and the Portage Mining Company. Due to poor communication between government offices, these two speculative mining companies had purchased the same tracts of land during the mining rush of the early 1840s. The directors met and decided to merge, with significant investment coming from Massachusetts (the town of Quincy, Massachusetts lent the mine its name). While many other copper mines were founded at the same time, the Quincy Mine became the most successful of the 1840s-era mines, and was the country's leading copper-producing mine from 1863 (when it exceeded the production of the Minesota Mine) through 1867 (after which it was exceeded by the Calumet and Hecla).

The mine was the first Michigan copper mine to switch from fissure mining to amygdaloid mining, when the recently discovered Pewabic amygdaloid lode was found to cross Quincy property in 1856. High-grade fissure veins contained large, pure masses of copper, but the masses could take days or even months to extract, at high cost. Amygdaloid mining consisted of extracting lower-grade strataform orebodies in the "amygdaloid zones," the upper portions of basalt lava flows. Rock bearing small pockets of copper could be blasted out immediately and processed elsewhere at much lower cost. Amygdaloid mining proved much more productive than fissure mining, and the size and richness of the Pewabic lode in particular allowed the Quincy to produce profits for 53 consecutive years. The Quincy company expanded laterally along the lode by buying out adjacent properties. The company bought the Pewabic mine in 1891, the Mesnard and the Pontiac in 1897, and the Franklin mine in 1908. This helped the mine survive longer than almost all other Keweenaw copper mining companies, except the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company and the Copper Range Company.

To attract a better class of worker, the Quincy Mining Company built and maintained housing for the workers. Over the course of operations, the types of housing ranged from simple tents in the early days, to complete three story houses shortly before the mine's shutdown. The executives on the east coast wanted to build more elaborate and fancy homes with amenities such as electricity and running water. However, the on-site managers didn't think it was necessary for the miners to have such high-class dwellings. But the east coast executives realized that if they offered nicer homes to the workers, the miners were more likely to stay, raise families, and be less likely to leave the area or transfer to another mining company. This strategy proved effective and helped the Quincy Mining Company retain its status as one of the premier mining companies in the region.

The Quincy Mining Company closed operations (but did not dissolve) in 1931 due to low copper prices. During World War II, the mines re-opened due to increased copper demand. When the government stopped supporting copper prices after the war, the mines quickly closed for good.

The mine's engineering achievements

When the mine ceased production in 1945, the Quincy Number 2 shaft was the world's longest mine shaft, at 9,260 feet (2.82 km or 1.75 miles) along the dip of the deposit on a 55 degree decline. (measured vertically from the shaft collar, the depth is 6,200 feet.) To raise and lower ore and workers into this shaft, the world's largest steam-driven mine hoist was built in 1918 and housed in the Quincy Number 2 Hoist House. The Nordberg Steam Hoist and its reinforced concrete building, built in the Georgian architectural style with brick veneer and Italian-tiled walls, cost over $370,000 in 1918 but was used for only eleven years until it ceased usage in 1929. Weighing more than 880 tons, it lifted 10 tons of ore at 36.4 miles per hour, thus saving $16,080 in fuel bills in its first year of operation. The hoist sat on the largest concrete slab ever poured, containing 3200 cu. yards of concrete and over 8 tons of reinforcement material. The Number 2 Hoist House was built as a reinforced concrete structure on a scale rare for 1918, making it one of the first of its kind. The very decorative Hoist House was used as a showpiece for visiting investors.

The Mine Today

The Quincy Mine is now a popular Keweenaw tourist attraction. The Quincy Mine Hoist Association maintains the buildings and grounds, and provides guided tours of the Number 2 Hoist House and the 7th level of the mine during the summer. Tourists are transported to the 7th level by the Quincy and Torch Lake Cog Railway. There are museum-style exhibits within many buildings. The mine and surrounding areas are part of Keweenaw National Historical Park.

Two locomotives of the Quincy & Torch Lake Railroad, which used to transport the mine’s ore to a mill, are located on site: Locomotive #1, the Thomas F. Mason, being a 32-ton 2-6-0 Mogul built by the Brooks Locomotive Works of Dunkirk, New York, and Locomotive #6, the last engine purchased for the line, being a 2-8-0 Consolidation acquired in 1913.

The Number 6 Shaft House (no longer standing) is often pictured in photographs as a picturesque example of shaft house architecture.

On December 6, 2008 Michigan Tech Associate Professor William J. Gregg was installing emergency ladders in the mine shaft at the Number 2 Shaft House when he fell 225 feet and landed on an object and was declared dead at the scene by a paramedic who was lowered down to his location.

The shafts and stopes of the Quincy Mine have slowly filled with groundwater since the closing of the mine. The water has currently filled the mine up to the seventh level, making all lower levels inaccessible. The seventh level is drained by a large adit, which is the mine tour entrance. The adit, originally five feet high and three feet wide when it was constructed in 1892, was enlarged by Michigan Tech in the 1970s for a mining study.

title: Quincy Mine


text:
Brominated flame retardant

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organobromine compounds that have an inhibitory effect on combustion chemistry and tend to reduce the flammability of products containing them. The brominated variety of commercialized chemical flame retardants comprise approximately 19.7% of the market. They are effective in plastics and textile applications like electronics, clothes, and furniture.

Types of compounds
Many different BFRs are produced synthetically with widely varying chemical properties. There are several groups:

 * Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): DecaBDE, OctaBDE (not manufactured anymore), PentaBDE (not manufactured anymore, the first BFR, commercialized in the 1950s)
 * Polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), not manufactured anymore
 * Brominated cyclohydrocarbons
 * Other brominated flame retardants with different properties and mechanisms

Decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE or DeBDE) - In August 2012, the UK authorities proposed decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE or DeBDE) as a candidate for Authorisation under the EU‘s regulatory regime on chemicals, REACH. On 5 July 2013 ECHA withdrew Deca-BDE from its list of priority substances for Authorisation under REACH, therefore closing the public consultation. On 1 August 2014, ECHA submitted a restriction proposal for Deca-BDE. The agency is proposing a restriction on the manufacture, use and placing on the market of the substance and of mixtures and articles containing it. On 17 September 2014, ECHA submitted the restriction report which initiates a six months public consultation. On 9 February 2017, the European Commission adopted Regulation EU 2017/227. Article 1 of this regulation states that Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 is amended to include a ban on the use of decaBDE in quantities greater than 0.1% by weight, effective from 2 March 2019. Products placed on the market prior to 2 March 2019 are exempt. Furthermore, the use decaBDE in aircraft is permissible until 2 March 2027.

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD or HBCDD) is a ring consisting of twelve carbon atoms with six bromine atoms tied to the ring. The commercially used HBCD is in fact a mixture of different isomers. HBCD is toxic to water-living organisms. The UNEP Stockholm Convention has listed HBCD for elimination, but allowing a temporary exemption for the use in polystyrene insulation foams in buildings.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA or TBBP-A) is regarded as toxic to water environment. This flame retardant is mainly used in printed circuit boards, as a reactive. Since TBBPA is chemically bound to the resin of the printed circuit board, it is less easily released than the loosely applied mixtures in foams such that an EU risk assessment concluded in 2005 that TBBPA poses no risk to human health in that application. TBBPA is also used as an additive in acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS).

Contents in plastics
Content of brominated flame retardants in different polymers:

Production
390,000 tons of brominated flame retardants were sold in 2011. This represents 19.7% of the flame retardants market.

Types of applications
The electronics industry accounts for the greatest consumption of BFRs. In computers, BFRs are used in four main applications: in printed circuit boards, in components such as connectors, in plastic covers, and in electrical cables. BFRs are also used in a multitude of products, including, but not exclusively, plastic covers of television sets, carpets, pillows, paints, upholstery, and domestic kitchen appliances.

Testing for BFR in plastics
Until recently testing for BFR has been cumbersome. Cycle time, cost, and level of expertise required for the test engineer has precluded the implementation of any screening of plastic components in a manufacturing or in a product qualification/validation environment.

Recently, with the introduction of a new analytical instrument IA-Mass, screening of plastic material alongside a manufacturing line became possible. A five-minute detection cycle and a 20-minute quantification cycle is available to test and to qualify plastic parts as they reach the assembly line. IA-Mass identifies the presence of bromine (PBB, PBDE, and some others), but cannot characterize all the BFRs present in the plastic matrix.

In February 2009, the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) released two certified reference materials (CRMs) to help analytical laboratories better detect two classes of flame retardants, namely polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs). The two reference materials were custom made to contain all relevant PBDEs and PBBs at levels close to the legal limit set out in the RoHS Directive of 1 g/kg for the sum of PBBs and PBDEs.

Environmental and safety issues
Many brominated chemicals are under increasing criticism in their use in household furnishings and where children would come into contact with them. Some believe PBDEs could have harmful effects on humans and animals. Increasing concern has prompted some European countries to ban some of them, following the precautionary principle more common in Europe. Some PBDEs are lipophilic and bioaccumulative. PBDEs have been found in people all over the world.

Some brominated flame retardants were identified as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to both humans and the environment and were suspected of causing neurobehavioral effects and endocrine disruption. As an example, in Europe, brominated flame retardants have gone through REACH and when risks were identified appropriate risk management options were put in place; such was the case for commercial Penta-BDE and commercial Octa-BDE.

title: Brominated flame retardant


text:
User talk:Rkstaylor

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

Are you from Trinidad originally, or did you just live there for a while? Hope you'll stick around on Wikipedia. If you have any questions, feel free to ask on my user page. Guettarda 18:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

My RFA
Thank you for supporting my RFA. Guettarda 00:25, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hello
RKST -- guess who? Nice edit on the Hunter page Existent80 19:43, August 25, 2005 (UTC)

Ancient Greek Wikisource
I understand from your userboxes you're interested in Ancient Greek. I've submitted a proposal to add an Ancient Greek Wikisource on Meta, and I'd be very grateful if you could assist me by either voting in Support of the proposal, or even adding your name as one of the contributors in the template. (NB: I'm posting this to a lot of people, so please reply to my talkpage or to Meta) --Nema Fakei 20:10, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rkstaylor


text:
Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union

The Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) was a United States labor union representing workers of the hospitality industry, formed in 1890. In 2004, HERE merged with the Union of Needletrades, Industrial, and Textile Employees (UNITE) to form UNITE HERE. HERE notably organized the staff of Yale University in 1984. Other major employers that contracted with this union included Harrah's, Caesars Palace, Wynn Resorts, Hilton Hotels, Hyatt, and Walt Disney World. HERE was affiliated with the AFL–CIO.

Female participation and leadership
Female membership in HERE grew from 2,000 in 1908 to 181,000 in 1950. The rise in women membership reflected the feminization of the hotel and restaurant industry and the increase in the performance of waiting work by women. Women's presence in leadership positions of HERE also increased. Waitress activists sat on the General Executive Board (GEB) from 1909 on and participated in various conventions, though as a minority status. Participation was highest in the 1920s. Though female participation in HERE dipped in the 1930s and 1940s, it was still disproportionately higher than in other unions.

Women also enjoyed leadership positions at the local level. A national estimation written in 1926 held that 43 culinary locals had female secretaries; in 1944 California, 21 out of 75 locals had female secretaries, a prominent position in labor organizing. Women were able to enjoy such success in HERE due to the separation of workers by trade, which provided waitress activists "space apart from male hostility and … the development of female perspectives and leadership skills."

Archives
The Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library at Cornell University holds numerous collections of archival material generated by HERE at a national level.

The Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan houses an archival collection detailing the history of HERE Local 24 from 1914 to 1976, including numerous photographs.

The UCLA Library Department of Special Collections holds the records of UNITE HERE Local 11, which includes records of HERE locals in Los Angeles, Santa Monica, and Long Beach, California.

Presidents

 * 1893: John Mee
 * 1894:
 * 1899: Joseph R. Michaels
 * 1902: Robert A. Callahan
 * 1904: T. J. Sullivan
 * 1911: Edward Flore
 * 1945: Hugo Ernst
 * 1954: Ed Miller
 * 1973: Edward T. Hanley
 * 1998: John W. Wilhelm


text: User talk:68.78.54.194

title: User talk:68.78.54.194


text:
Canadian Blood Services

Canadian Blood Services (French: Société canadienne du sang) is a non-profit charitable organization that is independent from the Canadian government. The Canadian Blood Services was established as Canada's blood authority in all provinces and territories except for Quebec in 1998. The federal, provincial and territorial governments created the Canadian Blood Services through a memorandum of understanding. Canadian Blood Services is funded mainly through the provincial and territorial governments.

Canadian Blood Services is a health-care system that is part of Canada's broader network of systems, and it is currently the only organization that is funded by Canada's provincial and territorial governments for manufacturing biological products. In addition to providing blood and blood products, the organization also provides transfusion and stem cell registry services on behalf of all provincial and territorial governments besides Quebec. All provinces and territories are able to access the national transplant registry for inter-provincial organ sharing and related programs.

It has a unique relationship with Héma-Québec, the provincial blood system operator that provides products to patients and manages Quebec's stem cell donor registry. The two organizations work closely to share blood products in times of need and collaborate regularly to share information, insights and data.

There are several reasons why individuals can be deferred from donating blood, including intravenous drug use, living in the UK for certain periods of time, coming from an HIV-endemic country, and engaging in activities that confer a high risk of HIV.

Canadian Blood Services has been criticized for moving away from an unpaid voluntary donor model towards a commercial model based on monetary incentives for donation.

Blood testing
Canadian Blood Services has a multi-tiered system to measure the safety of their blood supply. Before donating, donors are first screened for their health.

The screening process for prospective donors includes:

 * Making sure the donor is healthy by asking if they have the flu, sore throat, fever or infection
 * What medications the donor is taking
 * If they have had a vaccination within the last three months
 * Questions about their medical history
 * Questions about their travel history
 * Questions about their lifestyle

Once the blood is donated, it must then go through testing for infectious diseases, including but not limited to HIV and hepatitis. Blood is also surveyed to monitor transmittable diseases in blood donors, investigated for possible transfusion-transmitted infections in blood recipients, and scanned for potential emerging pathogens that may pose a risk in the present or future. All these safety measures are done to protect blood recipients.

Blood donation from men who have had sex with men
Policies that banned gay men from donating blood and tissues were first introduced around the world in the mid-1980s. These policies were introduced after the emergence of several reported cases of severe immune deficiency among gay men in the United States at the end of 1981. In June 1982, an increase in the cases of immune deficiency was reported among several groups of gay men in Southern California. This led many to believe that the cause of the immune deficiency was linked to the sexual transmission of infections agents. Furthermore, because many thought that the immune deficiency was only prevalent among gay men, the disease was initially called Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (or GRID). Hence, in the mid-1980s, the predecessor of the Canadian Blood Services—the Canadian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service—introduced a blood donor restriction on men who have had sex with men (MSM) as of 1977, on the grounds of protecting the blood supply from HIV infection.

In 2006, Canadian Blood Services began conducting a thorough review of the blood donor restrictions on MSM; however, in 2007, the board of directors concluded that the restrictions were to be maintained. Upon this conclusion, Canadian Blood Services was encouraged to continue gathering more information on the subject. In 2010, the Ontario Superior Court—in response to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms challenge which was launched in 2002—ruled that the deferral criteria for MSM were not discriminatory as they were based on health and safety considerations. In 2011, the Canadian Blood Services' board of directors approved plans to remove the permanent deferral for MSM, and instead, agreed towards a defined term of not more than 10 years but less than five years since last sexual contact.

On May 22, 2013, Canadian Blood Services announced that the deferral period as prescribed and enforced by Health Canada for MSM would be decreased from a ban for "even once since 1977" to "five years from last MSM [sexual] activity" by the summer of 2013. The new policy came into effect on July 22, 2013. In June 2016, Canadian Blood services announced that Health Canada had approved its request to shorten the MSM ban from five years to one year, with this policy change to take effect on August 15, 2016. In 2019, Canadian Blood Services amended their policy again, after Health Canada had approved their request to reduce the waiting period for MSM donors from one year to three months. Canadian Blood Services plans to remove the ban by the end of 2021.

In April 2022, the Canadian Blood Services announced that by September 30, 2022, the 3-month deferral period would be scrapped and replaced with a policy inquiring if donors engage in any higher-risk sexual behaviours, regardless of sexuality. Monogamous individuals would be able to donate blood without any waiting period whatsoever. The UK has a similar blood donation rules implemented in 2021. Quebec have their own jurisdictional blood donation policies.

On September 11, 2022, this new sexual behaviour-based screening was implemented for all donors, regardless of gender or sexual orientation. The previous questions regarding MSM were replaced by two new questions. The first asks whether the donor had a new sexual partner in the last 3 months, and the second, whether they had more than one sexual partner in the same period. If the answer is yes to any of the two questions, then there is a follow-up that asks whether they had anal sex in the same period. If they have, then a 3-month deferral period is required.

MSM policy reasoning
Canadian Blood Services aims to keep their policies as minimally restrictive while also keeping their blood supply safe. Data from HIV in Canada-Surveillance Report in 2017 stated that MSM adults are the largest portion of new HIV infection in Canada at 46.4%. Eligibility is determined by the most current evidence-based research available. Canadian Blood Services stated that the 3-month waiting period existed because HIV is not detectable shortly after infection with their current testing technologies.

MSM policy criticism
Many critics say that Canadian Blood Services should be using a screening model that evaluates risky behaviour that may result in HIV, not based on an individual's sexuality. If a gay man is having unprotected anal sex in a committed monogamous relationship, they are less likely to be HIV positive than a man with secondary sex partners. All donations go through HIV testing and the approximate nine-day window where HIV goes undetected is the same for a gay man and a heterosexual man.

MSM policy change
In September 2022, the Canadian Blood Services renounced their previous policies on MSM, opting instead for a gender and sexual orientation-neutral questionnaire that only asks if the donor had anal sex with new or multiple partners in the previous 3 months. Canadian Blood Services stated that the long period for the implementation of the new sexual behaviour-based screening was due to a strict evidence-gathering process that was later delivered to Health Canada for approval. Canadian Blood Services also justified the new focus on anal sex with new or multiple partners by stating these sexual behaviours statistically increase the chance of HIV transmission per sex act, compared to vaginal and oral sex.

MSM Research Grant Program
The Canadian Blood Services, in partnership with Héma-Québec, manages the MSM Research Grant Program. This program is funded by contributions from Health Canada, which has made a $3-million investment in the research program. The objective of the MSM Research Grant Program is to generate a body of evidence-based research to help develop and inform alternative screening approaches for blood or plasma donors, thereby helping to ensure a more inclusive donor screening process for the Canadian blood system. The MSM Research Grant program is anticipated to help evolve and inform the current eligibility criteria for MSM, while maintaining and ensuring the safety of the Canadian blood supply. As of November 2018, the MSM Research Grant Program funds a total of 15 research projects.

Blood donation from trans individuals
Previously, there was ambiguity regarding the screening process for trans donors before the national criteria were implemented. On August 15, 2016, Canadian Blood Services' new eligibility criteria for transgender people came into effect. According to these criteria:

 * Donors who have had lower gender affirming surgery will be deferred from donating blood for three months after their surgery. They will then be screened in their affirmed gender after three months.
 * Donors who have not had lower gender affirming surgery will be asked questions based on their sex assigned at birth and will be eligible to donate or be deferred based on these criteria.

There is currently little research done on the trans population in Canada; however, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention has summarized information from the U.S. and European countries stating that the prevalence of trans women in the U.S. and other high-income countries is 22 to 28 percent. Canadian Blood Services' two main risk factors for trans donors include:

 * Risk of Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), particularly from trans men. It is more likely for donors who have had pregnancies in the past to have antibodies present in their blood plasma that can cause TRALI in a recipient, which is rare but potentially fatal. In order to reduce this risk, instead of transfusing plasma protein from donors at risk for TRALI directly to patients, their plasma are used to produce plasma protein products.
 * Trans individuals in Canada are not included in a separate risk category in the HIV and AIDS annual reports by the Public Health Agency of Canada. Therefore, trans women donors who have not had lower gender affirming surgery are placed in a higher-risk category if they have had a male sexual partner.

In an effort to receive input from the LGBTQ community regarding the policies put in place for both MSM and trans donors, several consultations with this community have occurred. Two in-person consultations with trans and gender non-binary communities took place: one on Nov. 17, 2016 in Vancouver, and one on Dec. 8, 2016 in Toronto.

Services offered
The Canadian Blood Services provides services in four main areas: blood, plasma, stem cells, and organs and tissues. Collection services vary across Canada, but typical services include: whole blood collection, plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, and stem cell and bone marrow collection and matching.

Whole blood collection is the shortest process of those listed above and at over 850,000 units collected per year, is the primary blood collection service offered by Canadian Blood Services. About 450 mL (1 United States liquid pint) of blood is collected during a blood donation. For a typical donor this represents about ten percent of their total blood supply.

Blood
The Canadian Blood Services collects, tests, and manufactures blood and blood products. These blood products are distributed to the hospitals which the organization serves in order to meet the clinical needs of individual patients. Canadian Blood Services also work in conjunction with provincial and territorial governments throughout Canada to meet the needs of patients throughout the country.

Plasma
Canadian Blood Services collects plasma from volunteer, unpaid donors across Canada. A majority of the donated plasma is used for a process called fractionation, where plasma is manufactured into plasma-derived products which are used to treat bleeding disorders, burns, and immune deficiencies. Collected plasma is also used to meet the transfusion needs of Canadian patients. In addition to these activities, one of the responsibilities of the organization is to monitor the amount of human plasma available to meet the needs of patients across Canada.

Demand for plasma
There is a growing demand for plasma in Canada in order to increase the amount available to manufacture medications which use proteins present in human plasma. As of 2019, there is not enough plasma collected in Canada to meet the demands of the country. The amount of plasma that the Canadian Blood Services collects only meets 13-14% of the demand for immune globulin. Hence, the vast majority of plasma used in Canada are from finished products that the organization purchases using plasma from paid donors in the United States. Approximately 80% of Canada's immune globulin is imported from the United States.

Authority is delegated to the provinces and territories in Canada to decide how they wish to collect plasma in their respective jurisdictions. While some provinces prohibit private clinics and companies from paying their plasma donors, some clinics located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, have been paying their plasma donors for thirty years. In order to provide Canadians with a secure supply of source plasma to address potential shortages or threats to the Canadian system, the Canadian Blood Services, therefore, has identified increasing their plasma donations as an active priority. However, as a not-for-profit organization, the Canadian Blood Services continues to stand by their current policy regarding plasma donors, in that they shall only collect plasma from voluntary, unpaid donors.

As of 2019, the organization has stated that they are currently working to develop a collections model to significantly increase their plasma collections through voluntary donations.

Stem cells
Canadian Blood Services operates a stem cell program to aid patients who have diseases or disorders that are treatable with stem cell transplants. Manufacturing of stem cells is done through the collection of cord blood, to then be put in the cord blood bank. Canadian Blood Services also operates a national registry of potential adult stem cell donors, which is part of a network of other international donor registries. Human leukocyte antigen typing is also a service provided to assure that the matches between donors and receivers of stem cells are the best as possible.

Cord Blood Bank
Cord blood is the blood remaining in the umbilical cord and placenta after a baby is delivered. Cord blood contains an abundance of stem cells, and is capable of treating several genetic diseases, blood disorders, and immune deficiencies. It is useful in the treatment of over eighty diseases ad disorders, some of which include leukemia, lymphoma, and sickle cell disease. After transplantation, donated stem cells that are deemed healthy replace damaged stem cells in a patient's bone marrow and immune system.

In 2015, the Canadian Blood Services launched the Cord Blood Bank. The inception of the Cord Blood Bank came about after provincial and territorial ministries of health across Canada (with the exception of Quebec) committed to the establishment of an ethnically diverse, national, and publicly funded stem cell bank obtained from umbilical cord blood. In order to fulfill this commitment, a $48-million investment was made, of which the Canadian Blood Services pledged to raising $12.5-million in public funding. From this pledge, the Canadian Blood Services underwent its first fundraising campaign For All Canadians, through which they obtained over $12.5 million, exceeding their initial goal. Today, the Canadian Blood Services' Cord Blood Bank exists as a national, public health-care resource offered at four locations across Canada:

 * The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa Ontario
 * The William Osler Health System's Brampton Civic Hospital, Brampton Ontario
 * The Alberta Health Services' Lois Hole Hospital for Women, Edmonton Alberta
 * The B.C. Women's Hospital & Health Centre, Vancouver British Columbia

Demand for stem cells
In Canada, there has been a steadily increasing demand for stem cells. Half of the patients in Canada requiring a stem cell door, however, are without a match. Furthermore, patients from ethnically diverse backgrounds seeking stem cell donors presents a challenge as oftentimes, a patient's best match is someone of similar ancestry. As of 2019, only thirty-one percent of the roughly 440,000 donors in Canada's stem cell registry are ethnically diverse—a figure that decreases to only three percent when examining those who are of mixed race.

Organs and tissues
The Canadian Blood Services works closely with the Organ and Tissue Donation & Transplantation community to help facilitate inter-provincial organ sharing, and to improve national system performance in this area. This is done via the provision of professional education resources, the development and sharing of leading practices, increasing public awareness, and through data analysis and reporting. As part of their role, they also manage a national transplant registry for inter-provincial organ sharing, operate the national organ waitlist, and manage related programs for organ donation and transplantation.

Since 2008, the federal, provincial, and territorial governments have invested more than $70-million to support the Canadian Blood Services and their work with the organ and tissue donation and transplantation system. In April, 2019, it was announced by Ginette Petitpas Taylor, Minister of Health, that an additional $3.4-million in funding was to be delegated towards the Canadian Blood Services over the span of two years to help improve the organ and tissue donation and transplantation system in Canada.

Kidney paired donation program
In Canada, there are currently 23 living kidney donation and transplant donation programs involved with the kidney paired donation program. The kidney paired donation program is operated collaboratively between Canadian Blood Services and Canada's living kidney donation and kidney transplant programs.

Any healthy adult can be assessed to become a potential living kidney donor. Usually, donors wish to donate to a friend or family member if they are compatible, in which case the kidney paired donation program is not used. However, if they do not have a patient in mind to donate to, the kidney paired donation program can be used.

Canadian Blood Services manages the Canadian Transplant Registry to match living kidney donors to those in need of transplants. They also play a role in facilitating the communication between the donor and patient to keep kidney donor chains going as fast as possible. In addition, they collaborate with the Kidney Transplant Advisory Committee to review each donor chain to make sure that high priority cases receive adequate attention and that the chain is progressing.

Demand for kidney transplants
Currently, waiting times for deceased donor kidney transplants in Canada average about four to five years, with some patients never receiving a transplant. Those who are waiting for a kidney transplant make up approximately 78% of the organ transplant waiting list. In 2017, approximately 3379 Canadians were on the waiting list for a kidney transplant.

title: Canadian Blood Services


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Ballard, California

Ballard is a census-designated place in Santa Barbara County, California. The town of Ballard is one of the communities that make up the Santa Ynez Valley. The nearest city is Solvang. The population was 467 at the 2010 census. Ballard is the smallest and oldest community in the Santa Ynez Valley. The town history can be seen in two buildings from the 1880s: the 1883 Ballard School and the Santa Ynez Valley Presbyterian Church, which was erected in 1889. Ballard was founded in 1880.

History
Ballard was founded in 1880 at the location of a Wells Fargo stage line station, being named by George Lewis after William Ballard, the former proprietor, who ran the station from 1862 to 1870. In 1882 it was believed that Ballard would grow into the central metropolis of Santa Barbara County. The first school, Ballard's Little Red School House, was built in 1882 and is still in operation today, being the primary tourist attraction in what turned out to be a tiny village, bypassed as a city.

Today, Ballard is a combination of sleepy village and upscale bedroom community. Noted for its excellent elementary school, it is a prized residential area. The surrounding area is noted for its thriving and well-respected wine industry. The wine-producing region around Ballard was featured in the Academy Award-nominated film Sideways.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), 99.98% of it land, and 0.02% of it water.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Ballard had a population of 467. The population density was 395.7 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Ballard was 432 (92.5%) White, 3 (0.6%) African American, 1 (0.2%) Native American, 2 (0.4%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 12 (2.6%) from other races, and 17 (3.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 46 persons (9.9%).

The Census reported that 467 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 165 households, out of which 69 (41.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 104 (63.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 19 (11.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 6 (3.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 8 (4.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 29 households (17.6%) were made up of individuals, and 11 (6.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83. There were 129 families (78.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.17.

The population was spread out, with 113 people (24.2%) under the age of 18, 45 people (9.6%) aged 18 to 24, 66 people (14.1%) aged 25 to 44, 178 people (38.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 65 people (13.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.

There were 188 housing units at an average density of 159.3 /sqmi, of which 134 (81.2%) were owner-occupied, and 31 (18.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.1%. 386 people (82.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 81 people (17.3%) lived in rental housing units.

title: Ballard, California


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Talk:Mediatized

I am proposing to merge this article with Mediatization. There is really no reason to have two. --Chl 18:09, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Support! I think Mediatization is the best title for the merged article, since it's a noun. Can you do it? Markussep 10:18, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mediatized


text: User talk:62.117.98.186

title: User talk:62.117.98.186


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Osmotherley, North Yorkshire

Osmotherley is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton hills in North Yorkshire, six miles north-east of Northallerton. The village is at the western edge of the North York Moors National Park. Osmotherley is on the route of the 110-mile Cleveland Way, one of the National Trails established by Natural England.

Origin of name
Osmotherley probably means the clearing or 'ley' belonging to a Viking called 'Asmund' or a Saxon called 'Osmund'. In Domesday Book it was recorded as Asmundrelac and subsequently as Osmundeslay and Osmonderlay.

Local legend says that Osmotherley was named after the mother of a villager named Oswald or Osmund, who went out to gather firewood in the winter. When she did not return her son became anxious and went out to look for her. He found her lying in the snow, dead or dying from the cold. Because he was not able to carry her back, he lay down beside her and died himself. It is where Oswald's mother lies, hence Osmotherley.

Governance
Located in the North Riding of Yorkshire, a division of the historic county of Yorkshire, Osmotherley has been administered as part of the non-metropolitan county of North Yorkshire since 1972. North Yorkshire Police, created by the same Local Government Act 1972 as the non-metropolitan county, are responsible for Osmotherley.

An electoral ward of the same name stretches north and south from the village and had a population at the 2011 census of 1,764. It is in the Richmond and Northallerton parliamentary constituency.

Amenities
The village school, Osmotherley Primary School, was founded 1857 and the present building dates from 1878. It is on School Lane and has fewer than 50 pupils.

Osmotherley has three public houses within a 55 yd radius: the Queen Catherine, the Three Tuns and the Golden Lion. The village also has a newsagents, a Top Shop, a Youth Hostel and an antique shop. In 2019 the Osmotherley Fish and Chip Shop was named the best fish and chip shop in Northern England at the England Business Awards event. Thompson, the shop that served Osmotherley since 1786, and an Art and Craft Shop have both recently closed.

The Barter Table on the village green is a five-legged structure about 1.5 ft high with a stone slab on top. Goods were exchanged or bartered on the table and it is now a grade II listed structure.

Religion
The Anglican parish church dedicated to St Peter is built on an Angle site and parts of the building date from the Norman period. Largely rebuilt by architect C. Hodgson Fowler in 1892, it is grade II* listed.

John Wesley preached at the Barter Table on the green on several occasions, the first in 1745. In 1754 a Methodist Chapel was erected in Chapel Yard.

Osmotherley Friends Meeting House, a traditional stone building, was erected in 1690 or 1723. Meetings are held monthly. It is thought that George Fox may have visited the village in the late 17th century.

Geography
The village is on the edge of the North York Moors, the largest area of upland moorland in Great Britain.

Cod Beck Reservoir to the north is named after Cod Beck, a tributary of the River Swale. The beck derives its name from the Celtic word 'Coed', meaning wood. Just before Cod Beck reaches the reservoir is a picturesque location called Sheepwash.

Osmotherley is close to the western end of the Lyke Wake Walk. The official starting point is at the stone marker at the edge of the moors above the village.

About 1½ miles from Osmotherley near the A19 is Mount Grace Priory. Its ruins are at the foot of a steep wooded hill with a footpath leading into the village. The Carthusian religious house was founded around 1396.

In popular culture
Osmotherley is the setting of some of the final chapters of the novel Brother in the Land by Robert Swindells. In the novel, many towns and cities are hit by individually programmed nuclear missiles but because of Osmotherley's small size the village is spared.

title: Osmotherley, North Yorkshire


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Aykut Barka

Aykut Barka (December 16, 1951, Fatih, Istanbul – February 1, 2002) was a Turkish geoscientist specialized in seismology. He is best known for his contributions to understanding the behaviour of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), one of the most dangerous active faults in the world.

Biography
Barka was born in Fatih district of Istanbul in 1951 and received his PhD degree in 1981 from the University of Bristol, UK under the supervision of Dr. P.L. Hancock with a thesis on "Seismotectonic Aspects of the North Anatolian Fault Zone".

He worked and studied geosciences in some top rated institutions around the world, including Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, École Normale Supérieure Paris, MIT's Earth Resources Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, University of Bristol, UK and Geological Survey of Japan.

In 1997, Barka published a paper with Ross Stein and James H. Dieterich of USGS, titled "Progressive failure on the North Anatolian Fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering", which showed the migration of large earthquakes and, not surprisingly, positive stress accumulation in the Marmara Region. Only two years after this paper was published, the M7.4 1999 İzmit earthquake hit the Marmara Region, killing more than 17,000 people.

Aykut Barka died on February 1, 2002, from injuries suffered in a car accident five weeks earlier. He left a wife and two young children.

title: Aykut Barka