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Macaron

A macaron or French macaroon

is a sweet meringue-based confection made with egg white, icing sugar, granulated sugar, almond meal, and often food colouring.

Since the 19th century, a typical Parisian-style macaron has been a sandwich cookie filled with a ganache, buttercream or jam. As baked, the circular macaron displays a smooth, square-edged top, a ruffled circumference—referred to as the "crown" or "foot" (or "pied")—and a flat base. It is mildly moist and easily melts in the mouth. Macarons can be found in a wide variety of flavours that range from traditional sweet such as raspberry or chocolate to savoury (as a foie gras).

Name
There is some variation in whether the term macaron or macaroon is used, and the related macaroon is often confused with the macaron. In North America, most bakers have adopted the French spelling of macaron for the meringue-based treat to distinguish the two. The two confections have a shared history with macaroni (maccheroni, from Greek μακαρία). French words ending with "-on" that were borrowed into English in the 16th and 17th centuries are usually spelled with "-oon" (for example: balloon, cartoon, platoon). In the UK, many bakeries continue to use the term macaroon.

History
Although the sandwich-style macaron that we know today was created in Paris by Claude Gerbet, we can trace the story of the macaron to other almond-based cakes that appeared earlier.

Arab troops from Ifrīqiya (now Tunisia) occupied Sicily in 827. They brought with them nut-based sweets such as fālūdhaj and lausinaj—baked goods with sweet almond cream inside. These pastries had been handed down by the Sassanid shahs in Persia, where the almond cake was made to celebrate the Zoroastrian New Year (Nowruz). In Sicily and in Toledo, Spain, another contact point between Muslim and Christian culture, fālūdhaj and lausinaj developed into various desserts, such as the almond-paste tarts called marzapane and caliscioni.

Some food historians traces the origin of the macarons to a French monastery in Cormery in the 8th century (791), in the Loire Valley. This particular macaron is made with egg whites, sugar and almonds.

A Swiss online encyclopedia on the history of baking says that they were brought from al-Andalus (present-day Spain) to Marrakesh (present-day Morocco) in the early 11th century by the sultan and first king of the Almoravid dynasty Yusuf ibn Tashfin, and that they were served mainly during Ramadan.

A popular legend tells that the macaron was introduced in France by a chef of Catherine de Medici, however, a thorough investigation of records listing service personnel who worked with Catherine since her arrival in France until her death revealed the absence of any Italian chefs.

In the 1790s, macarons began to gain fame when two Carmelite nuns, seeking asylum in Nancy during the French Revolution, baked and sold the macaron cookies in order to pay for their housing. These nuns became known as the "Macaron Sisters". In these early stages, macarons were served without special flavours or fillings.

It was not until the 1930s that macarons began to be served as sandwich cookies with the addition of jams, liqueurs, and spices. The macaron as it is known today, composed of two almond meringue discs filled with a layer of buttercream, jam, or ganache, was originally called the "Gerbet" or the "Paris macaron". Pierre Desfontaines, of the French pâtisserie Ladurée, has sometimes been credited with its creation in the early part of the 20th century, but another baker, Claude Gerbet, also claims to have invented it. French macaron bakeries became trendy in North America in the 2010s.

Earliest recipe
The earliest known recipe dates back to the early 17th century and appears to be inspired by a French version of the recipe. ""

Method

There are two main methods for making a macaron – using either French or Italian meringue (which also originated in France despite its name ).

In the French method, egg whites are whisked until stiff-peaked meringue forms. From there, sifted, ground almonds and powdered sugar are folded in slowly until the desired consistency is reached. This process of knocking out air and folding is called macaronage.

In the Italian, egg whites are whisked with hot sugar syrup to form a meringue. Sifted almonds and icing sugar are separately mixed with raw egg whites to form a paste. The meringue and almond paste are mixed together to form the macaron mixture. This method is often deemed more structurally sound yet also sweeter and also requires a candy thermometer for the sugar syrup.

A vegan variation involves the use of aquafaba in place of egg white. All other ingredients are essentially the same.

Either Italian or French meringue can be combined with ground almonds. The two elements are then folded together until they are the consistency of "shaving foam", and then are piped, left to form a skin, and baked. Sometimes, a filling is added.

France
Several French cities and regions claim long histories and variations, notably Lorraine (Nancy and Boulay), Basque Country (Saint-Jean-de-Luz), Saint-Émilion, Amiens, Montmorillon, Le Dorat, Sault, Chartres, Cormery, Joyeuse and Sainte-Croix in Burgundy.

Macarons d'Amiens, made in Amiens, are small, round-shaped biscuit-type macarons made from almond paste, fruit and honey, which were first recorded in 1855.

The city of Montmorillon is well known for its macarons and has a museum dedicated to them. The Maison Rannou-Métivier is the oldest macaron bakery in Montmorillon, dating back to 1920. The traditional recipe for Montmorillon macarons has remained unchanged for over 150 years.

The town of Nancy in the Lorraine region has a storied history with the macaron. It is said that the abbess of Remiremont founded an order of nuns called the "Dames du Saint-Sacrement" with strict dietary rules prohibiting the consumption of meat. Two nuns, Sisters Marguerite, and Marie-Elisabeth are credited with creating the Nancy macaron to fit their dietary requirements. They became known as the 'Macaron Sisters' (Les Soeurs Macarons). In 1952, the city of Nancy honoured them by giving their name to the Rue de la Hache, where the macaron was invented.

India
Thoothukudi in Tamil Nadu has its own variety of macaroon made with cashews instead of almonds, adapted from macarons introduced in colonial times.

Japan
Macarons in Japan are a popular confection known as マカロン (makaron). There is also another widely available version of makaron which substitutes peanut flour for almond and a wagashi-style flavouring. The makaron is featured in Japanese fashion through cell phone accessories, stickers, and cosmetics aimed towards women.

Switzerland
In Switzerland, Luxemburgerli (also Luxembourger) are a brand name of macaron made by Confiserie Sprüngli in Zürich. A Luxemburgerli comprises two disks of almond meringue with a buttercream filling in of many available flavors. Luxemburgerli are smaller and lighter than macarons from many other vendors.

United States
Pastry chefs in the US have expanded the classic cookie to include such varied flavours as mint chocolate chip, peanut butter and jelly, Snickers, peach champagne, pistachio, strawberry cheesecake, candy corn, salted pretzel, chocolate peanut butter, oatmeal raisin, candy cane, cinnamon, maple bacon, pumpkin, and salted caramel popcorn.

South Korea
In addition to macarons, fat-carons (뚱까롱, thick macarons), also called ttungcarons, were invented and became popular in South Korea. The bakers intentionally overfill the macaron filings and later decorate them as well. The appearance can resemble more to that of a small ice cream sandwich.

Popularity
In Paris, the Ladurée chain of pastry shops has been known for its macarons for about.

In Portugal, Spain, Australia, France, Belgium, Switzerland, New Zealand McDonald's sells macarons in their McCafés (sometimes using advertising that likens the shape of a macaron to that of a hamburger). McCafé macarons are produced by Château Blanc, which, like Ladurée, is a subsidiary of Groupe Holder, though they do not use the same macaron recipe.

Outside of Europe, the French-style macaron can be found in Canada and the United States.

In Australia, Adriano Zumbo and his TV series MasterChef have contributed to the macaron becoming a popular sweet treat, and it is now sold by McDonald's in its Australian McCafe outlets.

title: Macaron


text:
Mazen al-Tumeizi

Mazen al-Tumeizi (مازن الطميزي also transliterated Mazen Tumesi, c. July 5, 1979 – September 12, 2004) was a Palestinian journalist, killed on-camera in Baghdad, Iraq by U.S. helicopter gunfire while covering the Haifa Street helicopter incident.

Tumeizi, a Palestinian reporter, was covering a group of Iraqis ululating around the wreckage of a U.S. Bradley Fighting Vehicle that had been recently abandoned after suffering damage from an improvised roadside bomb attack. A loud explosion can then be heard, followed by layers of smoke and debris. Tumeizi collapses from the impact, falling toward the camera, and the camera's lens is spattered with his blood as he falls. The cameraman (identified by Tumeizi as "Seif") loses focus, but Tumeizi's last words are captured in the camera's audio feed: ''I'm going to die. I'm going to die. Seif. Seif. I'm going to die.'' "Seif" would later be identified as Reuters camera operator Seif Fouad, who was also injured in a subsequent rocket strike.

Reactions
International news agencies reported that Tumeizi began filming the abandoned vehicle's location three hours after it had been ambushed, a claim disputed by the U.S. military. The official military report places the time of the helicopter strike only 40 minutes after the Bradley being ambushed, and states that the airstrike on the wrecked Bradley was called "to prevent looting and harm to the Iraqi people."

Naim Tubasi, chief of the Palestinian Journalists' Union, suggested Tumeizi's killing was the result of deliberate targeting of Arab journalists in Iraq, and called Tumeizi's killing "one more American crime in Iraq."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mazen al-Tumeizi


text: Category:Colorado geography stubs

title: Category:Colorado geography stubs


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Talk:The Lizzie McGuire Movie

Auction

 * Some of the props and costumes used by the cast are up for auction. How much would you pay for a little bit of Lizzie?

That's not necessary. I'm taking it out.--BlueGlowGuardian 07:34, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Not Necessary
I'm not a watcher or fan, but I take glances while my younger sister watches it; anyhow, my point is that this article needs serious cleanup, mainly this paragraph:

Before the 15-minute mark, she is photographed falling into the tub (clothed, it's rated PG); her former best friend (Kate, who is now an enemy) rags on her for wearing the same dress (under her graduation gown!); she is forced to make a speech in place of the valedictorian with no notice (and no notes) by a demeaning teacher ("You're no Margaret Chan"); and she trips on the backdrop, which falls over everyone on stage; film of this is secretly sent in to Good Morning America by her little brother, although made more popular internationally by CNN.

The phrases in bold means that they need to be cleaned up.
 * 1: the word 'rags' is not suitable for an encyclopedia article, it's highly juvenille. It should be revised to: "her former best friend (.............) is infuriated with her...."
 * 2: "(under her graduation gown!)"; the exclamation point is not neccesary.
 * 3: "forced" should be revised to "pressured"
 * 4: (and no notes) doesn't serve any purpose in the sentence because we already know that she is unaware.
 * 5: ("you're no Margaret Chan"); I've no idea what this has to do with the article, but I'm taking it out.
 * 6: 'falls over' should be revised to 'topples over'.
 * 7: "film of this"; should be changed to footage, there also doesn't need to be a semicolon between the two phrases, a comma will do just as nicely.

In conclusion, this article sounds very juvenille and 'oversimplified', the punctuation is incorrect as well. Who cares now? I'm changing it. --4.253.112.145 21:40, 26 November 2005 (UTC)Insomniak

Plot summary
The plot summary for this article is written really strangely. Kind of like tongue in cheek barely restrained mockery. Looking back in the history I see Ed Poor is responsible for adding all this material to the article. Anyone up for trying a rewrite? I haven't seen the movie myself. Everyking 03:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, I see Dtobias did a little work in this direction. Everyking 05:25, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey! In the movie, Miranda Sanchez went on a vacation to Mexico with her family, not in Cancun. Lizzie told one of her friends that Miranda went to Mexico on a vacation with her family and Miranda missed the Graduation Party and the Graduation Trip. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Zachkudrna18@yahoo.com (talk • contribs)

 * Well, Cancun is in Mexico. – Mipadi 02:28, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

Isabella Singer
In the movie, during the Music Show Isabella shows up and sings. Who sings as Isabella? I looked in the credits and its not there? Can anyone help me?--Dylankidwell 02:52, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Isabella is played by Hilary Duff, you know, COMPUTER ANIMATION.

I mean during the "INVMA" Isabella's singing voice is different than Hilary's. Who sings that part?--Dylankidwell 20:08, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

Haylie Duff (Hilary's elder sister) sings as Isabela, but Hilary acts as Isabella.

Lizzie Dance Double
In the movie it appears that someone is acting as a dance-double for Hilary (purple outfit). Is it known who that is?

Yeah the double is listed in the credits as "Lizzie Dance Double". I dont remember how ever who she is--Dil 03:04, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

When I see you smiling...
Why is it that, in the fast version of "What Dreams are Made of", when Lizzie sings, "When I see you smiling I go/Oh, oh, oh", it sounds like, "When I see you smilin'-Sigh go..."?

Sequel plans & New series
Dick Cook from Disney Studios offered Duff a two-picture deal, including $3.5 million for a sequel plus a $500,000 bonus if The Lizzie McGuire Movie grossed $50 million. Hilary's mom Susan, said they wanted $5 million. She also wanted a producer credit for herself, and wanted Disney to pay her cell phone bills. Susan had a script for A Cinderella Story, which she shopped the project to every studio but Disney, and Cook was furious when he found out. He withdrew the two-picture offer, but negotiations for a sequel proceeded. Within three weeks, the gross for The Lizzie McGuire Movie at the box office had exceeded $40 million, and it seemed sure to pass the $50 million mark. Susan demanded Hilary's $500,000 bonus. Cook refused, she'd get the bonus when gross passed the target, and not before. But he reiterated the $4 million offer. Susan said she wanted $4.5.

Cook refused to budge, and gave her a deadline of May 8. The day came and went, and there was no word from Susan or Hilary's lawyer of manager. The next morning Susan called. "Okay, we'll take the deal." "You missed the deadline," Cook replied. That same day, Disney announced plans for a sequel had ended. "Disney thought they'd be able to bully us into accepting whatever offer they wanted to make, and they couldn't," Susan told Entertainment Weekly. "We walked away from a sequel. They walked away from a franchise." Roy Disney thought that Susan Duff had a point. There were also plans for a Lizzie McGuire series on Disney's ABC network, which would chart Lizzie's course through high school.

What. The. Heck.
Who in the world wrote this in the Review section?

But overall the film received great reviews and showed the critics wrong with a wonderful performances by Duff, and the rest of the cast.

I can clearly see this statement has no encyclopedic value and has no citation, also. --76.113.238.187 (talk) 01:36, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Lizzie McGuire 2003 104.205.137.166 (talk) 23:21, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Lizzie McGuire Movie


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Tiandihui

The Tiandihui, the Heaven and Earth Society, also called Hongmen (the Vast Family), is a Chinese fraternal organization and historically a secretive folk religious sect in the vein of the Ming loyalist White Lotus Sect, the Tiandihui's ancestral organization. As the Tiandihui spread through different counties and provinces, it branched off into many groups and became known by many names, including the Sanhehui. The Hongmen grouping is today more or less synonymous with the whole Tiandihui concept, although the title "Hongmen" is also claimed by some criminal groups. Branches of the Hongmen were also formed by Chinese communities overseas, some of which became known as Chinese Freemasons. Its current iteration is purely secular.

Under British rule in Hong Kong, all Chinese secret societies were collectively seen as criminal threats and were bundled together and defined as "Triads", although the Hongmen might be said to have differed in its nature from others. The name of the "Three Harmonies Society" (the "Sanhehui" grouping of the Tiandihui) is in fact the source of the term "Triad" that has become synonymous with Chinese organized crime. Because of that heritage, the Tiandihui (more commonly known there as "Triads') is both controversial and prohibited in Hong Kong.

History
Republican-era scholars generally thought that the Tiandihui was founded by Ming loyalists in the early Qing dynasty to resist the Manchu invasion of China. In 1964, scholar Cai Shaoqing published the article On the Origins of the Tiandihui (關於天地會的起源問題) based on his research of Qing archives (now known as the First Historical Archives) in Beijing. He concluded that the Tiandihui was founded in 1761 and its roots lay in mutual aid rather than national politics. His interpretation was further developed by his student Qin Baoqi and confirmed by independent research by the Taiwanese scholar Zhuang Jifa.

The founders of the Tiandihui—Ti Xi, Li Amin, Zhu Dingyuan, and Tao Yuan—were all from Zhangpu, Zhangzhou, Fujian, on the border with Guangdong. They left Zhangpu for Sichuan, where they joined a local cult and left disenchanted. Of the four, Ti Xi soon left for Guangdong, where he organized a group of followers in Huizhou. In 1761, he returned to Fujian and organized his followers from both provinces to form the Tiandihui.

A century earlier, the Qing dynasty made membership in such societies illegal, driving them into the arms of the anti-Qing resistance, for whom they now served as an organizational model. The 18th century saw a proliferation of such societies, some of which were devoted to overthrowing the Qing, such as the Tiandihui, which had established itself in the Zhangpu and Pinghe counties of Zhangzhou in 1766. By 1767, Lu Mao had organized within the Tiandihui a campaign of robberies to fund their revolutionary activities.

The Tiandihui began to claim that their society was born of an alliance between Ming dynasty loyalists and five survivors of the destruction of Shaolin Monastery—Cai Dezhong (蔡德忠), Fang Dahong (方大洪), Ma Chaoxing (馬超興), Hu Dedi (胡德帝), and Li Shikai (李式開)—by the Qing forged at the Honghua Ting ("Vast or Red Flower Pavilion"), where they swore to devote themselves to the mission of "Fan Qing Fu Ming".

In 1768 anti-Qing Tiandihui rebel Zhao Liangming claimed to be a descendant of the imperial house of the Song dynasty.

The merchant Koh Lay Huan, who had been involved in these subversive activities, had to flee China, arriving in Siam and the Malay States, to eventually settle in Penang as its first Kapitan China before dying in 1826.

During the late 19th century, branches of the Hongmen were formed by Chinese communities overseas, notably the United States, Canada, and Australia, where they are nowadays known as "Chinese Freemasons."

Following the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty of China in 1911, the Hongmen suddenly found themselves without purpose. From then on, the Hongmen diverged into various groups. When some Hongmen groups based within China could no longer rely on donations from sympathetic locals; being unable to resume normal civilian lives after years of hiding, they turned to illegal activities – thus giving birth to the modern Triads.

The Hongmen today
The Hongmen is believed to consist of about 300,000 members worldwide, members found in mainland China, Taiwan, and Chinese overseas communities. Membership is overwhelmingly ethnically Chinese but there are also Japanese members and a few white American members. The Hongmen are divided into branches, of which there are believed to be approximately 180. The largest of the branches, Wu Sheng Shan, consists of perhaps 180,000 members. Membership is said to be primarily working class, and is also said to include a considerable membership in the armed forces of the Republic of China (Taiwan).

Hongmen members worldwide continue to observe certain common traditions: they all stress their patriotic origin; they all revere Lord Guan, a deified historic Chinese figure who embodies righteousness, patriotism, and loyalty; and they all share certain rituals and traditions such as the concept of brotherhood and a secret handshake.

Hong Kong
Today, the Hongmen is an illegal society in Hong Kong because of its traditional association with the triads.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, by contrast, the Hongmen is not only legal, but politically influential; this is not surprising, since Sun Yat-sen, founding father of the Republic of China, was a senior figure within the Hongmen, as was nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek. Moreover, the Kuomintang, or Chinese Nationalist Party, was formed from the Xingzhonghui and Guangfuhui, groups not unlike the Hongmen.

Because of the Hongmen's revolutionary character and mysterious quality, their future was unclear after the Republic of China central government moved to Taiwan. For a long time, the Republic of China on Taiwan did not openly allow the Hongmen to operate. After martial law ended in 1989, Ge Shan Tang formed and started exchange with the outside world.

Under the influence of Chiang Kai-shek, the Hongmen attempted to remain somewhat secretive, but in recent years the organization's activities have been more transparent.

The organization also has numerous business interests, and is reportedly trying to open a martial arts school in Taiwan.

On 1 January 2004, Nan Hua Shan Tang was registered with Taiwan's Ministry of the Interior.

Mainland China
In Mainland China, the Hongmen is known as the Zhi Gong Party, a political party that participates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Jiang Zuojun, chairman of the Zhi Gong Party, is currently the only non-Communist Party minister in the Chinese government.

Canada
The Canadian branch was established in 1863 in Barkerville, British Columbia. In 1971, Chinese Freemasons National Headquarters of Canada (加拿大洪門民治黨) was incorporated under the Canadian Corporations Act on 31 May 1971, and registered on 22 July 1971. The Barkerville headquarter was donated to British Columbia government.

Other
The Hongmen continues to exist within numerous overseas Chinese communities, albeit with rapidly aging memberships; its main purposes today are to act as fraternities among overseas Chinese, and to participate in charitable activities. On 28 July 1992 the Hongmen held their 3rd Worldwide Hongmen Conference in the United States. Over 100 worldwide representatives attended for two days of discussion and adopted organizational rules, proclaimed the founding of a worldwide Hongmen association. First session President Li Zhipeng announced the construction of the Hongmen headquarters in Honolulu.

Biographies

 * A biography based on the Canadian Chinese Freemasons documents titled 'History of Hongmen and Chinese Freemasons in Canada' (洪門及加拿大洪門史論) was written by Dr. David Chuenyan Lai of University of Victoria.

title: Tiandihui


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Night of Knives

Night of Knives is the first novel of the Novels of the Malazan Empire series by Canadian author Ian Esslemont, set after the prologue, but before the main body of Gardens of the Moon, the first novel in the Malazan Book of the Fallen.

Plot summary
Night of Knives takes place in the 24 hours leading up to the night of the "Shadow Moon", a night on which a prophecy promises the return of the Emperor. Kiska is a young and enterprising girl who knows the Malaz City inside out and yearns to escape the dreary island and into the Malazan military. On the other hand, Temper, former bodyguard to Dassem Ultor, the legendary First Sword of the Empire, wants to stay beyond notice of the powers now converging on the city. In the city, the mages of Malaz, much reduced since the cull, now face an almost impossible task as an ancient power draws close.

Reviews

 * Review by Sue Thomason (2005) in Vector 243
 * Review by uncredited (2007) in Vector 253

title: Night of Knives


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Karameh

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:38, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Karameh
I might have forgotten my Lord of the Rings lore, but this is a battle I have never heard of. Delete Rewritten with proper info: Keep Rasmus (talk) 07:38, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, an earlier version of this article discusses a real 1968 battle which occured in the Jordanian village of Al-Karameh (sometimes called Karameh). Revert to that earlier version, cleanup, and keep. -- BD2412 talk 19:33, 2005 Jun 7 (UTC)
 * What does "Karameh was a big battle between the Elves and Dwarves of Middle Earth" have to do with Jordan? I don't think there was a Tolkien character named Big Nose George, either. Delete.  RickK 20:16, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * OK, BD2412 showed me that there was a real verson buried amongst the drek in the article's history. I have reverted to that version and re-added the vfd header. I change my vote to keep and cleanup. RickK 21:00, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Kappa 21:07, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. What's weird is that the same IP that started the real article also created the LotR one...strange. func (talk) 21:21, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * And also made several vandalistic edits besides the complete nonsense rewrite. RickK 22:00, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Jordanian battle. Capitalistroadster 00:06, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Notable battle. JamesBurns 05:45, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: The buried actual version is a copyvio from . Rasmus (talk) 07:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Use as a source and rewrite - RL confrontation - Skysmith 08:11, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewritten to remove copyvio - and POV. :-D  -- BD2412  talk 13:42, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * Keep but rename into Battle of Karameh.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 03:41, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Karameh


text: Template:Alaska-geo-stub

title: Template:Alaska-geo-stub


text:
User:JamesTheJust

I believe that we should all use common sense and objectivity in order to help people learn about all people's pov. having one point of view is obviously being biased. I have tried in all my editing to present an un-biased view of the subjects I am most aquainted with. I support this project but find it hard to do so when those who are permitted to control these pages often have thei own biases and cultural slants.--JamesTheJust 07:39, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:JamesTheJust


text: Category:Alaska geography stubs

title: Category:Alaska geography stubs


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Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-06-06/Lists and rankings

Wow! Have added this to the Wikipedia article. - Ta bu shi da yu 07:40, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Etymology of Khuzestan

Although Herodotus and Xenophon referred to the entire region as Susiana, the name Khuzestan is what has been referred to the southwesternmost province of Persia (Iran) from antiquity.

Etymology
In some instances, sugar and sugar cane have been given as the meaning of Khuz. The fertile soil of Khuzestan has optimal potential for growing this plant, making excellent harvests for sugar cane possible here.

However, most experts believe the name Khuzestan to be derived from Khūzī, the name of the original Elamite people who inhabited the region, whose distinctive language reportedly survived until Sassanid times.

Every author of the early Islamic period, whether Arabic, Persian, or African, referred to the entire region as Ahvaz. The word "Khuzestan", however, seems to have been widely used to refer to the region by the 9th century.

Some scholars believe Ahvaz and Khuzestan are related to the name Ooksin, a city established during the era of the Elamite civilization, and are the altered forms of the words Ooks, Ookz, Hookz, Huz and Khuz. Iraj Afshar in his Nigāhī bih Khūzistān : majmū`ah´ī az awzā`-i tārīkhī, jughrāfiyā'ī, ijtimā`i, iqtisādī-i mintaqah states that Uxi was the Greek counterpart of the Elamite word Ūvja.

According to Jules Oppert, the word Ūvja, was pronounced as Xuz or Khuz in the Elamite language. The word Ūvja appears abundantly in many texts and on Achaemenid inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rustam, and on Darius's epigraphs at Persepolis and Susa among others Ūvja, or its Greek counterpart Uxi, were names used to refer to the land or the peoples inhabiting the land of Khuzestan.

Furthermore, Ibn Nadeem, in his book al-Fihrist (الفهرست), mentions that all the Median and Persian lands of antiquity spoke one language. In his book he quotes the Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa:

 * "The Iranian languages are Fahlavi, Dari, Khuzi, Persian, and Suryani."

He then adds that Khuzi is the unofficial language of the royalty and comes from Khuzestan.

In Majma-ul-Tawarikh wa al-Qesas ("The Collection of histories and Tales") written in 1126CE, Khuzestan appears with such names as Hajuestan, Hobujestan, and Ajar, which seem to be derived from Hobujestan and Hujestan in Pahlavi language. .

The Old Persian word Hūjiya "Elam" appears abundantly in many texts and on Achaemenid inscriptions at Naqsh-e Rustam, and on Darius's epigraphs at Persepolis and Susa among others Hūjiya, or its Greek counterpart Uxi, were names used to refer to the land or the peoples inhabiting Susiana. In Middle Persian, Hūjiya "Elam, Susiana Province" became Huź "Susiana", and the modern form of this word is Xuz. As with istan, the common Persian ending -stan "land, region" was added at some point. The Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon by Roland G. Kent of the American Oriental Society, lists the following chains of derivation:

Ūvja → Awaz → Xuz

Ūvja → Ux → Xuz

Ūvja → Xuz → Hobuj

Ūvja → Hobuj → Xuz → Hoz

Ūvja → Hobuj → Xuz → Hoz → Ahvaz

Whereas in some Iranian dialects such as Luri and Bakhtiari (also based in and around Khuzestan), the sound "h" is sometimes used for pronouncing Kh, the words oo, hoo and Khuz have in the process of time been added to the suffix -estan, and the word oojestan has gradually changed to Hujestan, forming the word Khuzestan. Such conversions derive from the fact that in ancient Persian dialects and in Pahlavi language, the sound "oo" was changeable to "hoo" as in such words like Oormazd → Hoormazd or Ooshmand → Hooshmand. And Hoordad has also been pronounced Khordad and Khoortat.

Arabistan
Most Arabs such as the Bani Kaab tribe, came from the west and southwest of the Tigris and Euphrates outside of Khuzestan, beginning in the 15-16th centuries. During the succeeding centuries many more Arab tribes moved from southern Iraq to Khuzestan; as a result, Khuzestan gained the second name Arabistan, and became extensively Arabized.

In 1441, Muhammad ibn Falah, founder and leader of the Msha'sha'iya, initiated a wave of attacks on Khuzestan, and the cities of Hoveizeh, Khorramshahr, Ahvaz, and Susa started seeing large increases in Arab populations. The term Arabistan thus came into use to refer to the Arab populated areas of this region. At this time, many texts started using both Khuzestan and Arabistan as the region's name. Examples are Majalis Al-Mumineen written by Ghadhi Nurollah Shushtari in 1585, Giti Gosha by Mirza Muhammad Sadigh Musawi, Nasikh Al-Tawarikh by Lisan Malek Sepehr, Muntazam Naseri and Mar'at ul-Baladan by Sani ol molk, Sharh Waghi'a by Ismail Mirza Dorughi, and the Afsharid era work Jahan goshay-i Naderi. The Safavid era account History of Alam Aray Abbasi speaks of dispatching troops to "Khuzestan wa Arabistan" during the 8th year of Shah Abbas' reign.

The name Arabistan, however, became more prevalent over time as the British became gradually involved in the Persian Gulf region. By the time of the Qajar Mozaffareddin Shah, the name Arabistan was meant to completely refer to all of Khuzestan.

With the centralized Pahlavi government of Iran gradually strengthening, Reza Shah restored the name of the province to its original in 1923.

Supporting documentation
The following is a list of sources that specifically use, describe, or discuss the word "Khuzestan". Almost all are written in the Arabic language.

9th century and before

 * Khwarizmi's Mafatih Al-ulum.
 * The poetry of Al-Muzraji ibn Kulab, 699. (المضرجي بن کلاب)
 * Al-masalik wa al-mamalik by Abul Qasim Ubaidullah ibn Abdullah ibn Khurdad-bih a.k.a. Istakhri, 864.
 * I'laq al-nafisah (اعلاق النفيسه) by Abu Ali Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Rasteh, 902.
 * Kitab al-kharaj by Qudamah ibn Ja'far, 879.
 * Mukhtasar Kitab ul Baladan (مختصر کتاب البلدان) by Ahmad ibn al-Faqih Hamadani a.k.a. Ibn al-Faqih.
 * Ajayib Al-aqalim Al-sab'ah (عجايب الاقاليم السبعه) by Ibn Sarabiyun d.945.
 * Tarikh al-Yaqubi by the famous historian Al-Yaqubi.
 * Sahih Bukhari
 * Al-risalah Al-Wasiyah by Ala ul-dowlah Semnani, a mysticism treatise.

10th century

 * Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
 * Sowar al-Aqalim Masalik al-Mamalik (صور الاقاليم - مسالک الممالک) by Ahmad ibn Sahl Al-balkhi 920.
 * Surat ul-Ardh (صوره العرض) by Ibn Hawqal, 977.
 * Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat il-Aqalim (احسن التقاسيم في معرفه الاقاليم) by Shamsideen Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Abu Bakr Al-Shami, a.k.a. Al-Muqaddasi, 985.
 * Moruj ul-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawahir (مروج الذهب و معادن الجواهر) written in 943 by Masudi.
 * Masudi's Al-tanbih wa al-ashraf (التنبیه و الاشراف).
 * Hodud ul-'alam min al-mashriq ila al-maqrib (حدود العالم من المشرق الی المغرب) written by an unknown author in 982.
 * Al-risalah al-thaniyah by Abu Dalf mas'ar ibn muhalhal (ابو دلف مسعر بن مهلهل).
 * Tabari's Akhbar al-rusul wa al-muluk, 922.
 * Tajarib al-umam by Ibn Miskawayh.
 * Tajarib al-umam by Abu Shuja. d1002.

11th century

 * Nizam al-Mulk's famous Siyasat Nama.
 * The famous Tarikh al-Yamini by Muhammad ibn Abdul-jabbar Otbi (محمد عبد الجبار عتبی), d1305.
 * The Canon of Medicine by Avicenna

12th century

 * Nizami Ganjavi's works.
 * Majmal al-Tawarikh wa al-Qasas (مجمل التواریخ و القصص) written in 1126 by an unknown author.
 * al-Ansab (الانساب) by Abu Saeed Abdulkarim al-Tamimi al-Sama'ani, written in 1166.
 * Rahat al-Sodur wa Ayat al-Sorur (راحه الصدور و آیه السرور) by Najmideen Abubakr al-Rawandi, in 1173.
 * Ajayib al-Makhluqat (عجایب المخلوقات) by Muhammad ibn Mahmud ibn Ahmad al-Tusi.
 * Fars Nama by Ibn Balkhi, 1116.
 * Tadhkirat ul-Awliya by Farid al-Din Attar.

13th century

 * Wafiyat al-A'yan wa anba' ul-Zaman (وفیات الاعیان و انبا الزمان) by Abul Abbas Shamsuddin Ahmad Khalkan a.k.a. Ibn Khalkan, written in 1282.
 * Al-mu'arrib (المعرب) by Abu Mansur Marhub ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Khizr ibn Hasan ibn Jawalighi Al-Baghdadi, d1247.
 * Mujem al-baladan (معجم البلدان) written in 1226 by Yaqut al-Hamawi.
 * al-Mushtarak wadh'āa wa al-Muftaraq Sa'qāa (المشترک وضعا و المفترق صعقا), also by Yaqut al-Hamawi.
 * Athar al-Bilad wa Akhbar al-Ibad (آثار البلاد و اخبار العباد) by Zakariya ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Qazwini.
 * Uyun al-Anba' fi Tabaqat al-Atba' (عیون الانبا فی طبقات الاطبا), by Ibn Abi Asiba'ah, written in 1230.
 * Al-Kamil fi Tarikh by Ibn al-Athir
 * Sirat Jalaliddin Minakbarni by Shahabiddin Muhammad Nasawi.
 * Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini by Ata-Malik Juvayni.
 * Tarikh Shahi Gharakhtaian by an unknown author.
 * Tarikh Mukhtasar al-Dawal (تاریخ مختصر الدول) by Ibn 'Ibri.

14th century

 * Lisan ul-Arab (لسان العرب) by Muhammad ibn Mukrim ibn Ali ibn Ahmad Ansari Ifriqi Misri aka Ibn Manzur d1311.
 * Diwan Nizari by the Ismaili poet Nizari Quhistani, d1320.
 * Taqwim al-Buldan (تقویم البلدان) by Imad al-Din Ismail ibn Ali ibn Mahmud, a copy of which was printed by Reinaud in 1848.
 * Nezhat ol-Qolub by Hamdollah Mostowfi.
 * Tarikh Gozideh, also by Hamdollah Mostowfi.
 * Suwar al-Aqalim (صور الاقالیم) by unknown author. Written in 1347, this geographic treatise was dedicated to the Muzaffarid ruler Amir Mubarizeddin Muhammad.
 * Marasid al-Ittila' ila Asma' al-Imkanah wa al-Bagha' (مراصد الاطلاع الی اسما الامکنه و البقاع) by Safideen Abdulmumin al-Baghdadi.
 * Nukhbat ul-Dahr fi Ajayib al-Bir wa al-Bahr (نخبه الدهر و فی عجائب البر و البحر) by Shaikh Shamsuddin Abi Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abitalib al-Ansari, a copy of which was printed in 1928 by A. Meher in Leipzig.
 * Tarikh Fakhri by Safiddin Muhammad ibn Ali a.k.a. Ibn Taghtaghi, written in 1301.
 * Jami' al-Tawarikh by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani.
 * Rawdhah Ulā al-Albab fi Marifah al-Tawarikh wa al-Ansab (روضه اولی الالباب فی معرفه التواریخ و الانساب) by Fakhriddin Abu Suleiman Dawud al-Banakuti, written in 1317.
 * Shiraz nama by Abul Abbas Mo'in-uddin Ahmad Shirazi, written in 1356.
 * Tabaqat al-Shafi'iyah al-Kubra (طبقات الشافعیه الکبری) by Tajiddin Abi Nasr Abdul wahab ibn Ali ibn Abdul Kafi Asbaki a.k.a. Ibn Sabki, d1326.

15th century

 * Al-Qamus Almuhit (القاموس المحيط) by Muhammad ibn Yaqub ibn Muhammad Firouzabadi, d1414.
 * Kitab al-ibr by Ibn Khaldun
 * Zafar nama by Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi.
 * Anis ul-nas (انیس الناس) by Shuja', written in 1426.
 * Majmal al-Tawarikh (مجمل التواریخ) by Faish-iddin Ahmad, written in 1441.
 * Matla al-Sa'dayn wa Majma' al-Bahrain (مطلع السعدین و مجمع البحرین) by kamaliddin Abdal-razzaq Samaqandi, d1482.

16th century

 * Sharaf nama by Abul Barakat Muniri, 1596.
 * Lubab ul-Albab by Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi.
 * Habib ul-Sayr fi Akhbar Afrad Bashar (حبیب السیر فی اخبار افراد بشر) by Khandmir, written in 1520 by for Khajah Habibullah Savoji.
 * Ahsan al-Tawarikh by Hasan Beyk Romlu, d1577.
 * Tafawut al-Athar fi dhikr al-ikhyar (تفاوه الآثار فی ذکر الاخیار) by Mahmud ibn Hidayat al-Natanzi, written in 1589.
 * Sharaf nama by Amir Ashraf-khan Badilisi, written in 1596.

17th century

 * Majma 'ul-Bahrain wa Matla 'ul Nayrein (مجمع البحرين و مطلع النيرين) by Fakhroddin ibn Muhammad ibn Ali Tarihi, d1674.
 * Farhang Burhan Qati'  (فرهنگ برهان قاطع) by Muhammad Husayn ibn Khalaf Tabrizi of India, 1672.
 * Jami' Mufidi by Muhammad Mufid Mostowfi Bafghi, written in 1066.
 * Firdaws dar Tarikh Shushtar by Ala'ul Mulk Husayni Shushtari Mar'ashi.
 * Khulasat al-Baladan (خلاصه البلدان) written by Safiddin Muhammad ibn Hashim Husayni Qumi, in 1668.

18th century and after

 * Taj al-Arus Min Jawahir al-Qamus (تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس) by Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdul-razzaq Hussayni Yamani Zubaidy, 1790.
 * Farhang Anandraj (فرهنگ آنندراج) by Muhammad Padhsha ibn Ghulam Muhyiddin, India, 1888.
 * Lughat Nama of Ali Akbar Dehkhoda.
 * Haqayiq al-Akhbar Naseri (حقایق الاخبار ناصری) by Mirza Sayyid Jafar.
 * Dareh Na Darreh (دره نا دره) by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, d1759.
 * Da'irat ul-Ma'arif al-Qarn al-Rabi' al-Ashar (دائره المعارف القرن الرابع العشر) by Muhammad farid Mustafa Wajdi, b1878.

Further references used

 * Najafī, Muhammad Bāqir. Khuzistan dar manabi' Iran-shinasi. Tehran. 1983. Library of The National Museum of Iran. This study documents in 5 chapters and 162 pages, the sources of the names Khuzestan and Ahvaz in the most extensive detail.
 * Encyclopædia Iranica

title: Etymology of Khuzestan


text:
Talk:Places in Singapore

Planning area versus actual town
I noticed that under the URA classification since Ang Mo Kio Planning Area is different from Ang Mo Kio, wouldn't that imply most of these links (specified in a list of urban planning areas such as Districts and places in Singapore and Urban Redevelopment Authority) are wrong? Ie. Orchard Planning Area isn't the same as Orchard Road, etc.? Should I change all of them ? -- Natalinasmpf 07:40, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Places in Singapore


text:
Donald Foster

Donald Foster may refer to:
 * Donald Foster (actor) (1889–1969), American film and television actor
 * Don Foster, Baron Foster of Bath (born 1947), British Liberal Democrat politician
 * Donald Wayne Foster (born 1950), American Shakespeare scholar
 * Don Foster (screenwriter), known for the American television sitcom Dharma & Greg (1997–2002)

title: Donald Foster


text:
Moodymann

Kenny Dixon Jr., better known by his stage name Moodymann, is an American musician based in Detroit, Michigan. He released his 1997 debut album Silentintroduction on the label Planet E Communications. He is the owner of the record labels Mahogani Music and KDJ Records. He is also a member of the group 3 Chairs.

Early life
Moodymann was born in Los Angeles, CA. At three weeks old, his mother returned with him to Detroit, where both his parents are from. Moodymann frequented roller rinks as a child. As a teenager, he played drums at his grandfather’s 55-and-older jazz club, but was quickly removed for lack of skill.

Before moving into house and techno, Moodymann sold beats to local hip-hop artists, including A.W.O.L., Detroit’s Most Wanted, The Riddler, B-Def, and Smiley. “You would make 10 beats in a day; you used to just have cassettes floating around anywhere. I was just so happy to be producing stuff,” he told Mixmag in 2023. At night, Moodymann DJed at house parties.

At this time, Moodymann, who then used the name Mr. House, partnered with the rapper Kevin Bailey, who performed under the K-Stone, and the producer Kahlil Oden, or K9. Moodymann and Bailey grew up in the same neighborhood and, in their late teens and early twenties, lived together in the house of Moodymann’s father. Moodymann primarily searched through records for samples and looped them over beats. “Moody would pick some of the craziest loops, old skool loops from different types of records. He would use breakbeats and vocal samples to create various different hip hop grooves and beats,” Bailey told Mixmag.

In 1989, Warner Bros. Records offered the group a joint record deal, but two days before they signed the deal, Oden was killed in a shooting. The record label revoked the offer due to concerns over violence, according to Bailey.

Moodymann and Bailey signed to Atlanta’s Ichiban Records and toured for several years. Moodymann sent techno and house recordings to record labels, but when none responded, he began releasing his music independently.

Moodymann released his first record under his current stage name in 1992. However, the record received no public response, because Moodymann botched the production. Not knowing one side of the record could only play fifteen minutes of audio, he recorded thirty minutes on each side, resulting in records that played feedback. During this time, Moodymann did not own any musical equipment. He made all of his music on borrowed instruments or discretely recorded tracks on instruments at Guitar Center.

In the mid-1990s, Moodymann worked as a resident DJ at the Outcast Motorcycle Club, a Black outlaw motorcycle club in Detroit, MI. While he produced music, Moodymann also worked at several record stores, including one owned by early Detroit techno producer Blake Baxter. Moodymann’s co-workers suggested that he use the name “Moodymann,” a spin off of his nickname since childhood, Moody.

Career
In 1994, Moodymann officially launched his own independent label, KDJ Records, with the release of his EP Moody Trax. Shortly thereafter, he released “The Day We Lost the Soul” (1995), a tribute to Marvin Gaye. He followed these with “Don’t Be Misled” (1996) and “I Can’t Kick This Feelin When It Hits” (1997). Because of financial constraints in the early days of the label, records varied by track length, edits, and mixes.

In 1997, Moodymann released his debut album, Silentintroduction, on Planet E Communications. It compiled the previously released tracks from his own KDJ Records. Among the ten tracks of the album, Moodymann included “I Can’t Kick This Feeling When It Hits,” a classic techno record that samples Chic’s 1978 disco hit “I Want Your Love.” Silentintroduction also samples jazz, incorporates spoken word, and returns to Moodymann’s techno roots. It includes the sounds of crowd noise, background chatter, and voices. He released Mahogany Brown in 1998, Forevernevermore in 2000, and Silence in the Secret Garden in 2003.

In 2012, he released Picture This as a free download. It was followed by ABCD in 2013. His self-titled album, Moodymann, was released in 2014. He released Sinner in 2019, and Taken Away in 2020. In December 2020, Moodymann portrayed a fictionalised version of himself in the video game Grand Theft Auto Online as part of an update; he serves as one of the resident DJs at the newly-opened nightclub called the Music Locker. He subsequently appeared in a July 2021 update, under the alias "KDJ". Together with his fictional girlfriend Sessanta, he becomes a member of the underground LS Car Meet, and provides the player with several contracts. Moodymann produced Kenny’s Backyard Boogie Mix — a playlist of house, soul, hip-hop, and other genres — for the game.

Soul Skate
Since 2007, Moodyman has hosted a biannual Memorial Day roller skating party in Detroit called Soul Skate. Moodymann does not exclusively perform at Soul Skate, nor is the event exclusively for disco; DJs from other major American cities play house, funk, and hip-hop.

In 2018, Dazed magazine produced a documentary short film about the event. Moodymann provides narration and three of his songs — “Black Mahogani,” “I Got Werk,” and “I Can’t Kick This Feeling When It Hits” — appear in the film.

In 2010, Moodymann partnered with Red Bull Music Academy to host a Soul Skate roller-skating jam in South London’s Renaissance Rooms. Ten Detroit dancers between the ages of 8 and 80 performed at the event. Moodymann performed alongside Horse Meat Disco, a London-based disco band.

Style and influences
Moodymann is considered to have "developed hybrid modes of recording and performance incorporating analog and digital media—the playing of 'real' instruments with 'pushing buttons live'." Philip Sherburne of Pitchfork wrote: "His sample-heavy productions have drawn on artists like Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Chic, not to mention gospel music, and his beats have always remained rooted in disco's bump and swirl."

Critic Ben Cardew argues that Moodymann influenced lo-fi house and outsider house in the 2010s, as well as chillwave, a 2000s-era microgenre inspired by the music of the 1970s and 1980s.

Moodymann credits Mojo, Marvelous Marv, Robert Plant and Led Zeppelin as musical influences. He grew up listening to the WJZZ radio station. Moodymann took much of his musical influences from the roller rink, where he regularly danced to Kraftwerk’s “Trans-Europe Express.” For years, Moodymann says, he thought the duo were Black men from Detroit before learning that Kraftwerk comes from Germany.

Moodymann continues to use the SP-1200 and Roland R-8 drum machines.

Personal life
In January 2019, Moodymann released a video on Instagram, which he later removed, showing the Highland Park police holding him at gunpoint in his parked car, on his property. The Highland Park police department released a statement saying that during the incident, Moodymann did not show proof of ownership of the property or an ID, which led to the arrest. Moodymann was later released after an investigation showing that he was indeed the owner of the property.

Moodymann refuses to work with major labels and has expressed a desire to help others in his neighborhood by running his own label. Moodymann works on every release by KDJ Records, but also owns the label Mahogani Music, which releases music by other artists.

Studio albums

 * Silentintroduction (1997)
 * Mahogany Brown (1998)
 * Forevernevermore (2000)
 * Silence in the Secret Garden (2003)
 * Black Mahogani (2004)
 * Black Mahogani II (2004)
 * Det.riot '67 (2008)
 * Anotha Black Sunday (2009)
 * Picture This (2012)
 * ABCD (2013)
 * Moodymann (2014)
 * Sinner (2019)
 * Taken Away (2020)

DJ mixes

 * Moodymann Collection (2006)
 * DJ-Kicks (2016)

EPs

 * The Telephone (2001)
 * I Guess U Never Been Lonely (2012)

Singles

 * "I Like It" / "Emotional Content" (1994)
 * "Moodymann" (1995)
 * "Long Hot Sex Nights" / "The Dancer" (1995)
 * "The Day We Lost the Soul" (1995)
 * "Don't Be Misled!" (1996)
 * "I Can't Kick This Feelin When It Hits" / "Music People" (1997)
 * "U Can Dance If U Want 2" (1997)
 * "In Loving Memory" (1997)
 * "Dem Young Sconies" / "Bosconi" (1997)
 * "Silent Introduction" (1997)
 * "Music Is..." (1997)
 * "Joy Pt. II" (1997)
 * "Amerika" (1997)
 * "Forevernevermore" (1998)
 * "Just Anotha Black Sunday Morning with Grandma" (1998)
 * "Sunday Morning" / "Track Four" (1998)
 * "Black Mahogany" (1998)
 * "Shades of Jae" (1999)
 * "The Thief That Stole My Sad Days... Ya Blessin' Me" (1999)
 * "Don't You Want My Love" (2000)
 * "Deleted Rehearsals" (2000)
 * "Analog: Live" (2000)
 * "J.A.N." (2001)
 * "Nmywagon" (2001)
 * "Sweet Yesterday" (2003)
 * "Shattered Dreams" (2003)
 * "Silence in the Secret Garden" (2003)
 * "Untitled" (2004)
 * "Ampapella" (2005)
 * "How Sweed It Is" (2005)
 * "I'd Rather Be Lonely" (2007)
 * "Technologystolemyvinyle" (2007)
 * "Ol' Dirty Vinyl" (2010)
 * "Freeki Mutha F*cker (All I Need Is U)" (2011)
 * "Why Do U Feel" (2012)
 * "Sloppy Cosmic" / "Hangover" (2014)
 * "Neu Geu Jeup" (2017)
 * "Pitch Black City Reunion" / "Got Me Coming Back Rite Now" (2018)
 * "Korean Caster Meltdown" (2019)
 * "Viper Is Above" (2021)
 * "LPL >> LCK" (2023)

Productions

 * Norma Jean Bell – "Yes I Am (I'm Gonna Get You)", "Nobody", and "Mystery" from Come into My Room (2001)
 * José James – "Desire (Moodymann Remix)" from Desire & Love (2008)
 * Andres – II (2009)
 * Rick Wilhite – "Drum Patterns & Memories (Moodymann Mix)" from The Godson & Soul Edge (2010)
 * José James – "Detroit Loveletter" from Blackmagic (2010)
 * Junior Boys – "Banana Ripple (Moodymann Remix)" from Even Truer (2013)

title: Moodymann


text:
Talk:Donald Michael Ellison Foster

From WP:RfD:

 * Don Foster., Donald Michael Ellison Foster → Don Foster - The first one just makes me go "Please". The second one isn't so bad, but isn't used by anything. --New Progressive 04:56, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * There first one is pretty useless, but redirects from full names are encouraged. - SimonP 22:16, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Concur, keep the second. Noel (talk) 07:49, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donald Michael Ellison Foster


text: Category:Mexican football managers

title: Category:Mexican football managers


text:
Petrarchan sonnet

The Petrarchan sonnet, also known as the Italian sonnet, is a sonnet named after the Italian poet Francesco Petrarca, although it was not developed by Petrarch himself, but rather by a string of Renaissance poets. Because of the structure of Italian, the rhyme scheme of the Petrarchan sonnet is more easily fulfilled in that language than in English. The original Italian sonnet form consists of a total of fourteen hendecasyllabic lines in two parts, the first part being an octave and the second being a sestet.

Form
The rhyme scheme for the octave is typically ABBAABBA. The sestet is more flexible. Petrarch typically used CDECDE or CDCDCD for the sestet. Some other possibilities for the sestet include CDDCDD, CDDECE, or CDDCCD (as in Wordsworth's "Nuns Fret Not at Their Convent's Narrow Room," a sonnet about sonnets). This form was used in the earliest English sonnets by Wyatt and others. For background on the pre-English sonnet, see Robert Canary's web page, The Continental Origins of the Sonnet. In a strict Petrarchan sonnet, the sestet does not end with a couplet, since this would tend to divide the sestet into a quatrain and a couplet. However, in Italian sonnets in English, this rule is not always observed, and CDDCEE and CDCDEE are also used.

The octave introduces a problem or conflict in the mind of the speaker, in the first four lines (known as the first quatrain). The next quatrain explains the problem or provides an exposition to the reader. The sestet begins with a volta which marks the change in rhyme scheme as well as the change of the conflict into a solution or some form of resolution.

Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey are both known for their translations of Petrarch's sonnets from Italian into English. While Surrey tended to use the English sonnet form in his own work, reserving the Petrarchan form for his translations of Petrarch, Wyatt made extensive use of the Italian sonnet form in the poems of his that were not translation and adaptation work. As a result, he is often credited for integrating the Petrarchan sonnet into English vernacular tradition.

The form also gave rise to an "anti-Petrarchan" convention. The convention was also mocked, or adopted for alternative persuasive means by many of the Inns of Court writers during the Renaissance.

Structure
The sonnet is split in two stanzas: the "octave" or "octet" (of 8 lines) and the "sestet" (of 6 lines), for a total of 14 lines.

The octave typically introduces the theme or problem using a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA. The sestet provides resolution for the poem and rhymes variously, but usually follows the schemes of CDECDE or CDCCDC.

Examples of a Petrarchan sonnet
William Wordsworth's "London, 1802"

 * Octave -

 * Milton! thou shouldst be living at this hour: || style="width: 2em;" | || A
 * England hath need of thee: she is a fen        || || B
 * Of stagnant waters: altar, sword, and pen,     || || B
 * Fireside, the heroic wealth of hall and bower, || || A
 * Have forfeited their ancient English dower     || || A
 * Of inward happiness. We are selfish men;       || || B
 * Oh! raise us up, return to us again;           || || B
 * And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.   || || A
 * }
 * Have forfeited their ancient English dower     || || A
 * Of inward happiness. We are selfish men;       || || B
 * Oh! raise us up, return to us again;           || || B
 * And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.   || || A
 * }
 * And give us manners, virtue, freedom, power.   || || A
 * }
 * }

 * Sestet -

 * Thy soul was like a Star, and dwelt apart;      || style="width: 2em;" | || C
 * Thou hadst a voice whose sound was like the sea: || || D
 * Pure as the naked heavens, majestic, free,      || || D
 * So didst thou travel on life's common way,      || || E
 * In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart        || || C
 * The lowliest duties on herself did lay.         || || E
 * }
 * So didst thou travel on life's common way,      || || E
 * In cheerful godliness; and yet thy heart        || || C
 * The lowliest duties on herself did lay.         || || E
 * }
 * The lowliest duties on herself did lay.         || || E
 * }

Emma Lazarus's "The New Colossus"
 * Lazarus's poem uses one of the oldest and most traditional patterns for the sestet.

 * Octave-

 * Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,           || style="width: 2em;" | || A
 * With conquering limbs astride from land to land;   || || B
 * Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand   || || B
 * A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame           || || A
 * Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name          || || A
 * Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand             || || B
 * Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command    || || B
 * The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.     || || A
 * }
 * Sestet -
 * Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand             || || B
 * Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command    || || B
 * The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.     || || A
 * }
 * Sestet -
 * The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.     || || A
 * }
 * Sestet -

 * "Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she  || style="width: 2em;" | || C
 * With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,    || || D
 * Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,        || || C
 * The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.           || || D
 * Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,        || || C
 * I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"              || || D
 * }
 * The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.           || || D
 * Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,        || || C
 * I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"              || || D
 * }
 * I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"              || || D
 * }

title: Petrarchan sonnet


text:
George Thatcher

George Thatcher (sometimes spelled Thacher; April 12, 1754 – April 6, 1824) was an American lawyer, jurist, and statesman from the Maine district of Massachusetts. He was a delegate for Massachusetts to the Continental Congress in 1787 and 1788. He was an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1801 to 1824.

Life
Thatcher was born April 12, 1754, in Yarmouth in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. After private tutoring, he attended Harvard, graduating in 1776. He read law and was admitted to the bar in 1778, and then moved to York in Massachusetts' District of Maine to open a practice. By 1782 he had settled in Biddeford.

Thatcher was named as one of the Massachusetts delegates to the Continental Congress in 1787. He wrote under the name "Scribble Scrabble."

Congressman
He was later elected a U.S. Congressman from the Maine district of Massachusetts, as a Pro-administration candidate in 1789 to 1792 and as a Federalist from 1794 to 1801. He did not seek re-election in 1800. At the time he left the Congress, he was the last original Congressman still in office.

Fugitive Slave Act
In 1788 North Carolina passed a law allowing the capture and sale of any former slave who had been freed without court approval. Many freed African Americans fled the state to avoid being captured and sold back into slavery. Rev Absalom Jones drafted a petition on behalf of four freed slaves, the first group of African Americans to petition the U.S. Congress. The petition related to the 1793 Fugitive Slave Act, which Thatcher was one of seven representatives to vote against, and asked Congress to adopt “some remedy for an evil of such magnitude.”

The petition was presented on January 30, 1797, by U.S. Representative John Swanwick of Pennsylvania. Although Representative Thatcher argued that the petition should be accepted and referred to the Committee on the Fugitive Law, the House of Representatives declined to accept the petition by a vote of was 50 to 33. In March 1798 Rep. Thatcher renewed debate on the issue of the "rights of man".

Later career
Thatcher accepted an appointment to a Massachusetts state court in 1792 and served until 1800 when he was appointed to the state's Supreme Judicial Court. During the organization of Maine's statehood in 1819, he was a member of the convention that created the new state's constitution. When statehood was achieved in 1820, he moved to Newburyport, Massachusetts. He resigned from the court in January 1824, and retired to Biddeford, Maine.

Thatcher, an ardent Unitarian, helped to sponsor the creation of Bowdoin College so that Maine would have its own institution of higher education. For the college's first dozen years, he served as a regent.

Thatcher was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814, and served on its board of councilors from 1815 to 1819.

Thatcher died at his home, and is buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery at Biddeford.

title: George Thatcher


text: Talk:Newsmax Media

title: Talk:Newsmax Media


text:
Mikio Naruse

Mikio Naruse (成瀬 巳喜男) was a Japanese filmmaker who directed 89 films spanning the period 1930 to 1967.

Naruse is known for imbuing his films with a bleak and pessimistic outlook. He made primarily shōshimin-eiga ("common people drama") films with female protagonists, portrayed by actresses such as Hideko Takamine, Kinuyo Tanaka, and Setsuko Hara. Because of his focus on family drama and the intersection of traditional and modern Japanese culture, his films have been compared with the works of Yasujirō Ozu. Many of his films in his later career were adaptations of the works of acknowledged Japanese writers. Titled a "major figure of Japan's golden age" and "supremely intelligent dramatist", he remains lesser known than his contemporaries Akira Kurosawa, Kenji Mizoguchi, and Ozu. Among his most noted films are Sound of the Mountain, Late Chrysanthemums, Floating Clouds, Flowing and When A Woman Ascends The Stairs.

Early years
Mikio Naruse was born in Tokyo in 1905 and raised by his brother and sister after his parents' early death. He entered Shirō Kido's Shōchiku film studio in the 1920s as a light crew assistant and was soon assigned to comedy director Yoshinobu Ikeda. It was not until 1930 that he was allowed to direct a film on his own. His debut film, the short slapstick comedy Mr. and Mrs. Swordplay (Chanbara fūfū), was edited by Heinosuke Gosho who tried to support the young filmmaker. The film was considered a success, and Naruse was allowed to direct the romance film Pure Love (Junjo). Both films, like the majority of his early works at Shōchiku, are regarded as lost.

Naruse's earliest extant work is the short Flunky, Work Hard! (1931), a mixture of comedy and domestic drama. In 1933–1934, he directed a series of silent melodramas, Apart From You, Every-Night Dreams, and Street Without End, which centered on women confronted with hostile environments and practical responsibilities, and demonstrated "a considerable stylistic virtuosity" (Alexander Jacoby). Unsatisfied with the working conditions at Shōchiku and the projects he was assigned to, Naruse left Shōchiku in 1934 and moved to P.C.L. studios (Photo Chemical Laboratories, which later became Toho).

His first major film was the comedy drama Wife! Be Like a Rose! (1935). It was elected as Best Movie of the Year by the magazine Kinema Junpo, and was the first Japanese film to receive a theatrical release in the United States (where it was not well received). The film concerns a young woman whose father deserted his family for a former geisha. When she visits her father in a remote mountain village, it turns out that the second wife is far more suitable for him than the first. Film historians have emphasised the film's "sprightly, modern feel" and "innovative visual style" and "progressive social attitudes".

Naruse's films of the following years are often regarded as lesser works by film historians, owed in parts to weak scripts and acting, although Jacoby noted the formal experimentation and sceptical attitude towards the institutions of marriage and family in Avalanche and A Woman's Sorrows (both 1937). Naruse later argued that at the time he didn't have the courage to refuse some of the projects he was offered, and that his attempts to compensate weak content with concentration on technique didn't work out.

During the war years, Naruse kept to what his biographer Catherine Russell referred to as "safe projects", including "home front films" like Sincerity. The early 1940s saw the collapse of Naruse's first marriage with Sachiko Chiba, who had starred in ''Wife! Be Like a Rose!'' and whom he had married in 1936. In 1941, he directed the comedy Hideko the Bus Conductor with Hideko Takamine, who would later become his regular starring actress.

Post-war career
The 1951 Repast marked a return for the director and was the first of a series of adaptations of works of female writer Fumiko Hayashi, including Lightning (1952) and Floating Clouds (1955). All of these films featured women struggling with unhappy relationships or family relations and were awarded prestigious national film prizes. Late Chrysanthemums (1954), based on short stories by Hayashi, centered on four former geisha and their attempts to cope with financial restraints in post-war Japan. Sound of the Mountain (1954), a portrayal of a marriage falling apart, and Flowing (1956), which follows the decline of a once flourishing geisha house, were based on novels by Yasunari Kawabata and Aya Kōda.

In the 1960s, Naruse's output decreased in number (partially owed to illness), while film historians at the same time detect an increase of sentimentality and "a more spectacular mode of melodrama" (Russell). When a Woman Ascends the Stairs (1960) tells the story of an aging bar hostess trying to start her own business, A Wanderer's Notebook (1964) follows the life of writer Fumiko Hayashi. His last film was Scattered Clouds (a.k.a. Two in the Shadow, 1967). Two years later, Naruse died of cancer, aged 63.

Film style and themes
Naruse is known as particularly exemplifying the Japanese concept of "mono no aware", the awareness of the transience of things, and a gentle sadness at their passing. "From the youngest age, I have thought that the world we live in betrays us", the director explained. His protagonists were usually women, and his studies of female experience spanned a wide range of social milieux, professions and situations. Six of his films were adaptations of a single novelist, Fumiko Hayashi, whose pessimistic outlook seemed to match his own. From her work he made films about unrequited passion, unhappy families and stale marriages. Surrounded by unbreakable family bonds and fixed customs, the characters are never more vulnerable than when they for once decide to make an individual move: "If they move even a little, they quickly hit the wall" (Naruse). Expectations invariably end in disappointment, happiness is impossible, and contentment is the best the characters can achieve. Of Repast, Husband and Wife and Wife, Naruse said, "these pictures have little that happens in them and end without a conclusion–just like life". While his earlier films employ a more experimental style, Naruse's post-war films show a pairing down of style, relying on editing, lighting, acting and sets.

Reputation
Naruse was described as serious and reticent, and even his closest and long-lasting collaborators like cinematographer Tamai Masao claimed to know nothing about him personally. He gave very few interviews and was, according to Akira Kurosawa, a very self-assured director who did everything himself on the set. Hideko Takamine remembered, "Even during the shooting of a picture, he would never say if anything was good, or bad, interesting or trite. He was a completely unresponsive director. I appeared in about 20 of his films, and yet there was never an instance in which he gave me any acting instructions." Tatsuya Nakadai recalled one instant during the filming of When a Woman Ascends the Stairs where Naruse yelled at an assistant director for drawing a cardboard eye to indicate the point of reference of Hideko Takamine's eyeline.

Awards and legacy

 * Wife! Be Like a Rose!
 * Kinema Junpo Award for Best Film

 * Repast
 * Blue Ribbon Award for Best Film
 * Mainichi Film Concours for Best Film and Best Director

 * Lightning
 * Blue Ribbon Award for Best Film and Best Director

 * Mother
 * Blue Ribbon Award for Best Director

 * Floating Clouds
 * Blue Ribbon Award for Best Film
 * Mainichi Film Concours for Best Film and Best Director
 * Kinema Junpo Award for Best Film and Best Director

Film scholar Audie Bock curated two extensive retrospectives on Naruse in Chicago and New York in 1984–1985. Retrospectives have also been held at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive in 1981 and 2006, at the Locarno Film Festival (1984), at festivals in Hong Kong (1987) and Melbourne (1988), and at the Harvard Film Archive in 2005.

Floating Clouds and Flowing have been voted into the 2009 All Time Best Japanese Movies lists by readers and critics of Kinema Junpo.

Home media (English subtitled)

 * Eclipse Series 26: Silent Naruse. DVD box containing Flunky, Work Hard (1931), No Blood Relation (1932), Apart From You (1933), Every-Night Dreams (1933), Street Without End (1934) (The Criterion Collection, region 1 NTSC)
 * Mikio Naruse. DVD box containing Late Chrysanthemums (1954), Floating Clouds (1955), When a Woman Ascends the Stairs (1960) (BFI, region 2 PAL)
 * Naruse Volume One. DVD box containing Repast (1951), Sound of the Mountain (1954), Flowing (1956) (Eureka! Masters of Cinema, region 2 NTSC)
 * When a Woman Ascends the Stairs (1960) (The Criterion Collection, region 1 NTSC DVD)

title: Mikio Naruse


text:
National League of Cities

The National League of Cities (NLC) is an American advocacy organization that represents the country's 19,495 cities, towns, and villages along with 49 state municipal leagues. Created in 1924, it has evolved into a membership organization providing education, research, support, and advocacy to city leaders across America. Based in Washington, D.C., it is considered part of the 'Big Seven', a group of organizations that represent state and local governments in the United States. NLC provides training and other resources to municipal officials, holds conferences, and conducts federal advocacy efforts on behalf of cities, towns and villages.

Today, NLC represents nearly 2,800 member cities as a convening organization, support network, and representative in federal affairs. Leading priorities for the group include the economy, infrastructure, public safety, technology, education, and families.

History
NLC was first founded as the American Municipal Association in Lawrence, Kansas by a group of ten state municipal leagues seeking greater coordination and representation in national affairs. Over time, the organization's membership expanded to include individual cities of all sizes.

NLC has played a key role in shaping federal urban policy and defining city issues in America. At a 1970 convention that William Ruckelshaus, Administrator of the newly created Environmental Protection Agency, announced an order requiring Cleveland, Detroit, and Atlanta to clean up their inadequately treated sewage discharges into rivers, thereby helping send a message that the young agency meant business.

Federal advocacy
NLC lobbies Congress on multiple issues that directly impact municipalities, including municipal infrastructure, particularly transportation; supporting local energy efficiency and conservation efforts; strengthening and stabilizing the housing market; providing services to support the health and stability of families; and supporting community safety. NLC's core lobbying principles include avoiding unfunded mandates, preserving local authority and protecting the intergovernmental partnership.

Congressional Caucus of Former Local Elected Officials NLC and the National Association of Counties (NACo) formed the Congressional Caucus of Former Local Elected Officials in 2021. The bipartisan caucus brings together members of Congress with prior service in local government to improve intergovernmental partnerships, provide up-to-date information about mutual policy interests to members of Congress and their staffs, and ensure the local government voice is heard in federal decision-making.

Conferences
NLC hosts the annual City Summit conference in a different city held annually in November at which municipal officials participate in workshops, general sessions, networking opportunities and leadership training seminars. NLC's other yearly conference is the Congressional City Conference, held annually in March in Washington, D.C. Thousands of municipal officials discuss NLC’s legislative priorities with Members of Congress and the Administration, share promising practices, discuss policy and participate in leadership training opportunities.

Center of Municipal Practice
NLC's Center for Municipal Practice is dedicated to addressing key challenges faced by our member municipalities and cities across the country. These challenges include various critical areas, including housing, public safety and justice, transportation, infrastructure, racial equity, sustainability, economic development, emerging technologies, and more. The center offers technical assistance, educational resources, peer learning and grant opportunities, and innovative ideas that empower local leaders to build and sustain vibrant communities.

The Center for Leadership, Education, Advancement & Development (LEAD)
The Center for Leadership, Education, Advancement and Development is the go-to place for city leaders seeking to improve outcomes for children and families. With expertise in early childhood success, education and expanded learning, promoting a culture of health and wellbeing, youth and young adult connections, LEAD reaches cities of all ages and brings together local leaders to develop strategies via technical assistance projects, peer learning networks, leadership academies, and more.

LEAD encompasses the Institute for Youth, Education, and Families (IYEF), the National League of Cities University (NLCU), and the Local Infrastructure Hub. IYEF was founded in 2000 and focuses on transforming how municipal leaders envision their roles in improving outcomes for all children, youth, and families in their communities. The National League of Cities University is a professional development center for elected officials (mayors and city council members) and municipal staff, with trainings and courses designed to enhance local leaders and staff’s ability to govern, work across sectors, manage systems change, and achieve equitable outcomes. The Local Infrastructure Hub is a national program designed to connect cities and towns with the resources and expert advice they need to access federal infrastructure funding to drive local progress, improve communities, and deliver results for residents.

Center for Member and Partner Engagement
NLC’s Center for Member and Partner Engagement oversees relationships with more than 2,700 member municipalities of NLC, the 49 state municipal leagues nationwide, and over 50 trusted strategic partners. The Center consists of four distinct services: Member Services and Engagement, Strategic Partnerships, State League Services and Risk Information Sharing Consortium (RISC). Member Services and Engagement actively strives to recruit new members while collectively strengthening the representation of cities, towns, and villages throughout the country. They also engage current member municipalities through NLC's six constituency groups, seven member councils, and seven committees. Strategic Partnerships facilitates connections between NLC's strategic partners and local leaders, fostering collaborations to make America’s cities smarter, more responsive, and economically vibrant. They bring private sector perspectives and solutions to issues facing cities, support NLC’s mission to strengthen local communities across the country and promote the exchange of ideas between corporate and local leaders. State League Services supports NLC's founding members, the state municipal leagues, who are essential partners in strengthening local leadership, influencing federal policy, and driving innovative solutions. NLC RISC provides resources and education around property, liability, workers’ compensation, unemployment, and/or employee benefit programs to their 16,000+ member cities, towns, counties and other local government entities.

Publications
The National League of Cities oversees a range of publications including the blog CitiesSpeak, the newsletter The Weekly (formerly Nation's Cities Weekly), and several social media channels. NLC also produces original research on topics such as technology, education, municipal finance, public safety, and mayoral priorities, and more.

Leadership
The National League of Cities is overseen by a board of directors, which elects a president, vice president, and second vice president in annual elections. Each president serves a one-year term, typically choosing to focus on a single program or advocacy priority such as economic mobility or public safety. NLC's current president is Victoria Woodards, mayor of Tacoma, Washington.

Past NLC presidents have included:
 * Clarence E. Anthony, former Mayor of South Bay, Florida (president 1998-1999; named NLC executive director, 2013)
 * Dennis Archer, former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
 * Charles H. Lyons, former selectman of Arlington, MA
 * Bob Bolen, former mayor of Fort Worth, Texas.
 * Henry Cisneros, former mayor of San Antonio, Texas
 * Ted L. Ellis, former mayor of Bluffton, Indiana
 * Roman Gribbs, former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
 * William B. Hartsfield, former mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
 * James C. Hunt, former mayor of Clarksburg, West Virginia
 * Cathy L. Reynolds, former city council president of Denver, Colorado
 * Richard Lugar, former mayor of Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Bart Peterson, former mayor of Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Anthony A. Williams, former mayor of Washington, DC
 * Mark Stodola, former mayor of Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Terry Goddard, former mayor of Phoenix, AZ
 * Tom Bradley, former mayor of Los Angeles
 * Greg Lashutka, former mayor of Columbus, Ohio
 * George Voinovich, former mayor of Cleveland, Ohio
 * Ferd Harrison, former mayor of Scotland Neck, North Carolina
 * James Mitchell, member of city council, Charlotte, North Carolina
 * Tom Moody, former mayor of Columbus, Ohio
 * Phyllis Lamphere, former city council president of Seattle, first woman and non-mayor to serve as president
 * Carolyn Long Banks, first black woman on the Atlanta City Council

title: National League of Cities


text:
Saffron Burrows

Saffron Domini Burrows is a British and American actress who has appeared in films such as Circle of Friends, Wing Commander, Deep Blue Sea, Gangster No. 1, Enigma, Troy, Reign Over Me, and The Bank Job. On the small screen, she has starred as Lorraine Weller on Boston Legal, Dr. Norah Skinner on My Own Worst Enemy, Detective Serena Stevens on Law & Order: Criminal Intent and Victoria Hand on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.. She appeared as Cynthia Taylor on the Prime Video series Mozart in the Jungle and as Dottie Quinn in the Netflix series You.

Early life
A Londoner, Burrows was born in St Pancras and grew up in Stoke Newington, her mother a trade unionist and primary school teacher in Hackney and her father an architect and teacher. Her parents and stepfather were Socialist Workers Party members, and Burrows was politically active from a young age.

Burrows attended William Tyndale Primary School in Islington and then Stoke Newington School. When asked for her preference of a school in Hackney or Hampstead, she said she wanted to be in a multicultural, inclusive environment. She enrolled in acting classes at the Anna Scher Theatre when she was 11.

Burrows had a successful modelling career after she was discovered at age 15 in Covent Garden by fashion photographer Beth Boldt. For five years she divided her time between London and Paris, where she learned French. She found the modelling world's "obsession with the ideal of the body" troubling.

Acting
Burrows made her film debut in 1993 with a small role in Jim Sheridan's In the Name of the Father. Her first significant acting roles came in 1995, as an ambitious young Irishwoman in Circle of Friends, and in Ngozi Onwurah's Welcome II The Terrordome. She starred in the BBC production of Dennis Potter's Karaoke (1996), and in Hotel de Love, Lovelife, Nevada, One Night Stand and The Matchmaker. In 1999 she appeared in Mike Figgis' experimental film The Loss of Sexual Innocence, where she played twins: one raised in England, the other in Italy. She appeared in the thriller film Deep Blue Sea, and had the title role in a film of Miss Julie, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.

In 1999 she appeared with Stellan Skarsgård in Timecode (2000), a split-screen digital experimental film shot in a single take with no edits. She followed it with Gangster No. 1 with Malcolm McDowell, Paul Bettany and David Thewlis. She co-starred with Kate Winslet and Dougray Scott in Michael Apted's 1940s drama Enigma. She starred in Tempted, an improvised thriller set in New Orleans, with Burt Reynolds and Peter Facinelli.

Mike Figgis' ensemble feature Hotel followed, re-uniting Burrows with some colleagues from Timecode, including Salma Hayek and Danny Huston in Venice, where she played the Duchess of Malfi. In 2002, she had a cameo role in Hayek's produced biopic Frida.

She then dedicated herself to stage work. She was directed by Deborah Warner at the Royal National Theatre in Jeanette Winterson's The Powerbook. The play toured, visiting the Theatre National Du Chaillot, Paris, and the Teatro Argentina, Rome. Burrows performed in Spanish in The Galindez File, a film written by Spanish novelist Vazquez Montalban about a woman seeking the truth about the disappearance of a critic of the Dominican dictator Trujillo.

In 2004, she played the part of Andromache in Troy. In January 2005, she created the role of Janey in the world premiere of Earthly Paradise at the Almeida Theatre. The play of a love triangle between Janey Morris; her husband William Morris, the writer and proponent of the Arts and Crafts movement; and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the Pre-Raphaelite painter. Theatre critic Nicholas De Jongh said of her performance in The Earthly Paradise that "Burrows takes to the stage like a swan to water ... She deserves no end of watching."

On 30 October 2005, she appeared on stage at the Old Vic theatre in London in a rehearsed reading of the 24-hour play Night Sky, alongside Christopher Eccleston. In 2006, Burrows was the female lead in the New Zealand thriller Perfect Creature. That same year, she worked with Chilean director Raoul Ruiz on Klimt, his cinematic version of the life of Gustav Klimt. In this film, she played opposite John Malkovich as the artist's lover, a woman of many personalities and nationalities.

She performed in Hal Hartley's Fay Grim. Onstage in 2006, Burrows starred opposite David Schwimmer in Neil Labute's world premiere of Some Girl(s) at the Gielgud theatre, London. She then starred opposite Don Cheadle and Adam Sandler in Mike Binder's Reign Over Me. Burrows played the female lead roles in the Indian film thriller Broken Thread, and in Dangerous Parking, a drama directed by Peter Howitt. On television, Burrows played attorney Lorraine Weller on ABC's Boston Legal (Season 4) from 2007 to 2008. She starred on NBC's 2008 series, My Own Worst Enemy.

In 2008, Burrows starred in the independent film The Guitar, Amy Redford's directorial debut, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2008, she had a starring role as Martine Love in Roger Donaldson's heist film The Bank Job. She played opposite Kevin Spacey in Jonas Pate's Shrink. She has contributed to the Actors Come Clean for Congo video for the Raise Hope for Congo campaign, a campaign of the Enough Project, in support of the conflict mineral issue.

In 2010, she starred as Detective Serena Stevens on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, departing at the end of the ninth season. In September 2010, she took part in the documentary feature film The People Speak, directed and produced by Colin Firth and Anthony Arnove, televised on the History Channel, linked with The People Speak (Film) – International. Burrows modeled for Marks & Spencer's autumn 2010 campaign for their Portfolio range. In 2012, Burrows performed opposite Rob Lowe in the political comedy Knife Fight. She has participated in the "24 Hour Plays" in London, New York, and Los Angeles.

In 2013 and 2014, Burrows joined the ranks of the Marvel Cinematic Universe on the ABC television show Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. where she played the S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Victoria Hand in a recurring role.

In 2019, Burrows starred in the recurring role of Dottie Quinn on the second season of the Netflix thriller You. She reprised her role in the third season, which released in October 2021.

She starred in the Amazon Video show Mozart in the Jungle as Cynthia Taylor, a cellist with the New York Symphony. The series ran for four seasons from 2014 to 2018.

Writing
Burrows has written diaries, book reviews and newspaper and magazine articles for The Guardian, The Independent, and The Times and the New Statesman.

Personal life
Burrows is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. Burrows is bisexual, and has said that she "prefers the company of women". She was engaged to actor Alan Cumming in the 1990s, and dated director Mike Figgis for five years until 2002. She was also previously in a relationship with actress Fiona Shaw.

Burrows married writer Alison Balian, her girlfriend of six years, in August 2013. Burrows gave birth to their son in 2012 and their daughter in 2017. They separated in 2020.

Burrows has expressed sympathy for European style social democracies and for French Socialist politician Ségolène Royal. She joined an anti-racism group when she was 11 years old and she went on to become the Vice President of the National Civil Rights Movement. Burrows is a campaigner for disabled rights and equality. In 2009, Burrows became an American citizen.

Awards and nominations

 * Blockbuster Entertainment Award
 * 2000: Nominated, "Favorite Newcomer Actress" – Deep Blue Sea

 * Screen Actors Guild Awards
 * 2008: Nominated, "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series" – Boston Legal
 * 2009: Nominated, "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series" – Boston Legal

title: Saffron Burrows


text:
File:PPsingle.jpg

Fair use rationale for use in Promises, Promises (The Cooper Temple Clause song)

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title: File:PPsingle.jpg