text:
Shane Lechler

Edward Shane Lechler (born August 7, 1976) is an American former professional football player who played as a punter for 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas A&M University and was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the fifth round of the 2000 NFL draft.

Regarded as one of the greatest punters in NFL history, Lechler was named an All-Pro nine times during his career, and made seven Pro Bowls. He led the league in punting average five times and is the NFL's all-time leader in career punting average. Lechler was one of two punters named to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team, along with Hall of Famer Ray Guy.

Early years
Lechler attended East Bernard High School in East Bernard, Texas, and was a standout in football, basketball, golf, and baseball. As quarterback, punter and placekicker, Lechler led East Bernard to the state quarterfinals his senior year, completing 87 of 101 (86.1%) passes for 1,640 yards and 11 touchdowns. In his high school career, he passed for nearly 5,000 yards and averaged 41.6 yards per punt. Lechler's longest punt in high school was 85 yards.

College career
Lechler attended Texas A&M University, and played for the Aggies football team from 1996 to 1999. A versatile player, he was not only the Aggies' punter but also kicked off, was the long field goal kicker, served as the holder for short field goals and PATs, and was the emergency quarterback. As a junior, he completed a 29-yard pass on a fake punt against Baylor and threw a touchdown pass to Dan Campbell on a fake field goal in a hard-fought 17–10 win against Texas Tech.

When injuries depleted the depth chart, Lechler served as the backup quarterback for the 1998 Big 12 championship game. At one point in the game, the Aggies' last healthy quarterback, Branndon Stewart, appeared shaken and a nervous-looking Lechler threw warmup passes on the sideline. Stewart was able to stay in the game, however, and led the Aggies to a 36–33 victory over Kansas State, earning the Aggies their only Big 12 Championship. Because of his contributions in so many facets of the game, coach R. C. Slocum called Lechler "the team's most valuable player."

Lechler started his career off strong at Texas A&M, earning Freshman All-America honors in 1996 with a punting average of 42.7 yards. After his sophomore season, he was named to the All-Big 12 team after breaking the Aggie single-season record with an average of 47.0 yards per punt. He was named to The Sporting News All-America team as a junior in 1998, and was also an Associated Press first team All-American honors as a senior in 1999, a year in which his 46.5 yards per punt is second in the record books only to his own sophomore record of 47.0. He is the NCAA record holder for career punt average with a mark of 44.7 yards per punt.

Lechler had only one punt blocked, against Ohio State in the 1999 Sugar Bowl.

Oakland Raiders
Lechler was drafted in the fifth round with the 142nd overall pick in the 2000 NFL draft. He was the only punter selected that year.

2000 season: Rookie year
On September 3, 2000, in the season opener against the San Diego Chargers, Lechler made his NFL debut and had a season-high 10 punts for a season-high 424 net yards (42.4 average) as the Raiders won 9–6. During Week 10 against the Kansas City Chiefs, he converted all seven extra-point attempts in the game as the Raiders won by a score of 49–31. Two weeks later against the New Orleans Saints, Lechler had four punts for 219 net yards for a season-high 54.75 average as the Raiders won by a score of 31–22.

Lechler finished his rookie season with 65 punts for 2,984 net yards for a 45.91 average. The Raiders finished atop the AFC West with a 12–4 record and qualified for the playoffs. He was named to the NFL All-Rookie Team and earned First Team All-Pro honors. Lechler made his playoff debut in the Divisional Round against the Miami Dolphins. In the 27–0 victory, he had five punts for 234 net yards (46.8 average). In the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens, he had seven punts for 315 net yards (45.00 average) in the 16–3 loss.

2001 season
During the season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs, Lechler had four punts for 185 net yards (46.25 average) in the 27–24 road victory. Two weeks later against the Miami Dolphins, he had a season-high seven punts for a season-high 345 net yards for a 49.29 average in the 18–15 road loss. Three weeks later against the Indianapolis Colts, Lechler had five punts for 262 net yards for a season-high 52.4 average in the 23–18 road victory. He earned his first Pro Bowl nomination.

Lechler finished his second professional season with 73 punts for 3,375 yards for a 46.23 average. The Raiders finished atop the AFC West for the second consecutive season with a 10–6 record and made the playoffs, but their season ended in a 16–13 road loss to the New England Patriots in the Divisional Round.

2002 season
Lechler's third professional season saw his team have a lot of success. During a Week 4 52–25 victory over the Tennessee Titans, he had three punts for 134 net yards for a 44.67 average in his season debut. In the next game against the Buffalo Bills, he had five punts for a season-high 250 net yards for a 50.00 average in the 49–31 road victory. On December 22, against the Denver Broncos, he had a season-high six punts for 244 net yards for a 40.67 average in the 28–16 victory. Overall, in the regular season, Lechler totaled 53 punts for 2,251 yards for a 42.47 average.

The Raiders finished atop the AFC West for the third consecutive year with an 11–5 record and made the playoffs. After two victories over the New York Jets in the Divisional Round and the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Championship, Lechler appeared in his first Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XXXVII, he had five punts for 195 net yards for a 39.00 average in the 48–21 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

2003 season
During the season opener against the Tennessee Titans, Lechler had seven punts for 353 net yards for a 50.43 average in the 25–20 road loss. During a Week 5 24–21 road loss to the Chicago Bears, he had three punts for 166 net yards for a season-high 55.33 average. In the regular-season finale against the San Diego Chargers, he had a season-high nine punts for a season-high 424 net yards for a 47.11 average as the Raiders lost on the road by a score of 21–14. Lechler recorded a 73-yard punt, which was the longest by any punter in the NFL for the 2003 season.

Lechler finished the 2003 season with 96 punts for 4,503 yards for a 46.91 average as the Raiders finished the season with a 4–12 record. He was named as a First Team All-Pro for the second time.

2004 season
Lechler started his fifth professional season in the season-opening 24–21 road loss against the Pittsburgh Steelers, punting thrice for 132 net yards and a 44 average. During a Week 6 31–3 loss to the Denver Broncos, he had a season-high seven punts for a season-high 333 net yards for a 47.57 average. Three weeks later against the Carolina Panthers, Lechler punted thrice for 167 net yards for a season-high 55.67 average in the 27–24 road victory. He finished the season with 73 punts for 3,409 yards for a 46.7 average as the Raiders finished with a 5–11 record. He earned a second Pro Bowl nomination and was named as a First Team All-Pro for the third time.

2005 season
In the season-opening game against the New England Patriots, Lechler had eight punts for 356 net yards for a 44.5 average in the 30–20 road loss. On Christmas Eve, against the Denver Broncos, he had five punts for 295 net yards for a season-high 59.00 average. On New Year's Eve, against the New York Giants, he had a season-high nine punts for a season-high 421 net yards for a 46.78 average. Overall, in the 2005 season, he had 82 punts for 3,744 yards for a 45.66 average as the Raiders finished with a 4–12 record.

2006 season
On September 11, in a shutout loss to the San Diego Chargers in the season opener, he had nine punts for 420 net yards for a 46.67 average. On November 6, against the Seattle Seahawks, he had a season-high ten punts for a season-high 450 net yards for a 45.00 average. Overall, in the 2006 season, he totaled 77 punts for 3,660 net yards for a 47.53 average as the Raiders struggled to a 2–14 season.

2007 season

Lechler was part of the 2007 Oakland Raiders team that went 4–12 on the season. On October 21, against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had a season-high nine punts for a season-high 461 net yards for a 51.22 average. On November 11, against the Chicago Bears, he had nine punts for 433 net yards for a 48.11 average. Overall, he recorded 73 total punts for 3,585 net yards for a 49.11 average. He earned a Pro Bowl nomination for the third time.

2008 season

On September 8, in the season opener against the Denver Broncos, Lechler had five punts for 255 net yards for a 51.00 average. On November 9, against the Carolina Panthers, he had a season-high 11 punts for a season-high 556 net yards for a 50.55 average. On November 23, in the second divisional game against the Denver Broncos, he had three punts for 176 net yards for a season-high 58.67 average. Overall, in the 2008 season, he totaled 90 punts for 4,391 yards for a 48.79 average. He earned a fourth Pro Bowl nomination and was named as a First Team All-Pro for the fourth time.

2009 season

On February 18, 2009, he signed a four-year, $12 million contract, making him the highest-paid punter in NFL history.

On September 14, in the season opener against the San Diego Chargers, Lechler had four punts for 195 net yards for a 48.75 average as the Raiders lost by a score of 24–20. In the next game against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had seven punts for 398 net yards for a season-high 56.86 average in the 13–10 road victory. On November 15, in the second divisional game against the Chiefs, he had a season-high 11 punts for a season-high 531 net yards for a 48.27 average as the Raiders lost by a score of 16–10.

Lechler finished the 2009 season with 96 punts for 4,909 net yards for a 51.14 average. His 4,909 yards in the 2009 season marked the Raider record for most punting yards in a season. He earned a fifth career Pro Bowl nomination and was named as a First Team All-Pro for the fourth time. Lechler was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame All-2000s Team.

2010 season

On September 12, in the season-opening road loss to the Tennessee Titans, Lechler had four punts for 219 net yards for a season-high 54.75 average. On November 21, against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he had a season-high eight punts for a season-high 390 net yards for a 48.75 average. Overall, on the 2010 season, Lechler had 77 total punts for 3,618 net yards for a 46.99 average. He earned a sixth career Pro Bowl nomination and was named as a First Team All-Pro for the fifth time.

2011 season
On September 12, in the season opener against the Denver Broncos, Lechler had six punts for 349 net yards for a season-high 58.17 average. In Week 6 of the 2011 season, as the holder for placekicker Sebastian Janikowski, he threw a 35-yard touchdown pass to tight end Kevin Boss on a fake field goal attempt. In Week 12, on November 27, he kicked a career-best 80-yard punt against the Chicago Bears. That punt, kicked from his own 10-yard line (the Oakland 20-yard line was the line of scrimmage), bounced at the Chicago 11 and went into the endzone after traveling 79 yards in the air, setting a franchise record for the longest punt by an Oakland Raider. On December 4, against the Miami Dolphins, he had a season-high eight punts for a season-high 372 net yards for a 46.5 average. Overall, in the 2011 season, he recorded 78 total punts for 3,960 yards for a 50.77 average. He earned a seventh Pro Bowl nomination.

2012 season
On September 10, against the San Diego Chargers, he had a quiet season opener with only two punts for 114 net yards for a season-high 57.00 average. In the next game, against the Miami Dolphins, his use increased with a season-high nine punts for a season-high 422 net yards for a 46.89 average. Lechler and the Raiders struggled to a 4–12 season in 2012 as he had 81 total punts for 3,826 net yards for a 47.23 average.

2013 season
On March 23, 2013, Lechler signed with the Houston Texans. The contract was a three-year deal worth $5.5 million with a $1 million signing bonus.

On September 9, against the San Diego Chargers, he had three punts for 135 net yards for a 45.00 average in his Texans debut. During Week 10 on November 10, Lechler became just the sixth player in NFL history to reach the 50,000 punt-yard mark during his second punt of the game against the Arizona Cardinals. On November 17, against his former team, the Oakland Raiders, he had a season-high nine punts for 442 net yards for a 49.11 average. Overall, on the 2013 season, he recorded 88 punts for 4,189 yards for a 47.60 average.

2014 season
On September 7, in the season opener against the Washington Redskins, Lechler had six punts for 306 net yards for a 51.00 average. On October 9, against the Indianapolis Colts, he had four punts for 218 net yards for a season-high 54.5 average. During Week 15 on December 14, third-string quarterback Tom Savage was injured with under two minutes left and Houston down seven points, needing a touchdown to tie the game. All of their other quarterbacks were injured, and Lechler, a former high school quarterback, began to warm up. Houston called a timeout after the injury and Savage stayed in the game, throwing an interception on the very next play. Lechler never entered the game. On December 21, against the Baltimore Ravens, he had a season-high eight punts for a season-high 361 net yards for a 45.13 average. Overall, on the 2014 season, Lechler had 83 punts for 3,845 net yards for a 46.33 average.

2015 season
On September 13, against the Kansas City Chiefs, Lechler had seven punts for 329 net yards for a 47.00 average. On November 22, against the New York Jets, he had eight punts for a season-high 417 net yards for a 52.13 average. Overall, on the 2015 season, Lechler had 95 total punts for 4,497 net yards for a 47.34 average.

The Texans finished the 2015 season with a 9–7 record and qualified for the playoffs. In his first playoff game since the 2002 season, Lechler had five punts for 228 net yards (45.60 average) in the 30–0 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card Round.

2016 season
On March 11, 2016, Lechler signed a one-year, $1.3 million contract with the Texans.

On September 11, in the season opener against the Chicago Bears, Lechler had five punts for 243 net yards for a 48.6 average. In Week 8, against the Detroit Lions, Lechler had four punts for 203 net yards for a 50.75 average to earn AFC Special Teams Player of the Week. In Week 16, against the Cincinnati Bengals, he had a season-high eight punts for a season-high 371 net yards for a 46.38 average. Overall, on the 2016 season, he had 72 total punts for 3,423 net yards for a 47.54 average.

The Texans finished the 2016 season with a 9–7 record and qualified for the playoffs. In the Wild Card Round victory over the Oakland Raiders, Lechler had nine punts for 414 net yards (46.00 average). In the Divisional Round against the New England Patriots, he had eight punts for 341 net yards (42.63 average) in the 34–16 loss.

2017 season
On March 8, 2017, Lechler signed a one-year contract extension with the Texans.

On September 10, in the season-opening loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars, Lechler had five punts for 216 net yards for a 43.2 average. On December 17, in the second divisional game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had a season-high 11 punts for a season-high 518 net yards for a 47.09 average. Overall, in the 2017 season, Lechler and the Texans finished with a 4–12 record. He finished with 92 total punts for 4,507 yards for a 48.99 average.

2018 season
On March 8, 2018, Lechler signed a one-year contract for $2 million to remain with the Texans.

On August 31, 2018, Lechler was released by the Texans after rookie Trevor Daniel won the starting job. Afterwards, he stated he did not plan on retiring.

Retirement
After sitting out of the league for the entire 2018 season, Lechler officially announced his retirement on March 30, 2019. He was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame All-2010s Team and the NFL 100 All-Time Team.

Records
Lechler booted at least one punt of 50 yards or more in 33 consecutive games from Week 13 of 2003 through Week 14 of 2005, the longest streak by any player since the AFL/NFL merger in 1970. He was a seven-time Pro Bowler, in 2001, 2004 and 2007–2011, and was voted All-Pro nine times, in 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007–2011. Lechler holds the NFL record for best average per punt in a career (47.6). He has the five best single-season punting averages in Raiders history, including a career-best 51.1 in 2009, the third-highest single-season average in league history (to Sammy Baugh's 51.4 in 1940 and Ryan Stonehouse's 53.1 in 2022).

Personal life
Lechler is married to Erin Gibson, who was an All-American volleyball player at Texas A&M. He comes from an athletic family: both of his parents participated in Baylor athletics, and his brother Derek was a punter for Texas A&M.

title: Shane Lechler


text:
Chinese American Citizens Alliance

Chinese American Citizens Alliance (C.A.C.A.) is a Chinese American fraternal, benevolent non-profit organization founded in 1895 in San Francisco, California to secure equal rights for Americans of Chinese ancestry and to better the welfare of their communities. C.A.C.A. is the United States' oldest Asian American civil rights organization.

Organization
C.A.C.A. was originally named the Native Sons of the Golden State (similar to the Native Sons of the Golden West) and changed to its present name in 1915 to reflect its national presence. By that time, three lodges within California in Los Angeles (1914), San Francisco (1915), and Oakland (1917) were chartered as local lodges. In the early 1920s, the building housing the national headquarters at 1044 Stockton Street in San Francisco was completed. As interest for local lodges grew beyond the Golden State, the organization's name was changed to accommodate a national alliance, the Chinese American Citizens Alliance.

As of 2016, there are nineteen local lodges around the United States, including Albuquerque, Boston, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Greenville, Oakland, Orange County, Peninsula (Silicon Valley), Phoenix, Portland, Salinas, San Antonio, Greater San Gabriel Valley, San Francisco, Tucson, Chicago, Seattle, Washington, D.C., and Greater New York.

The Grand Lodge became the highest governing body of the Alliance with its officers elected during each biennial convention. Local lodges each have their own board of officers and associates. In addition, each local lodge annually chooses a Grand Representative to serve in a Liaison capacity between their own lodge and the Grand Lodge.

Mission and values
The Purposes and Objectives of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance are to empower Chinese Americans and to improve the organization by: The Cardinal Principles each Member must abide by are that:
 * pursuing the highest ethics, morals, and values, practicing and defending American citizenship and American patriotism,
 * bettering the economic and political opportunities in our communities,
 * preserving historical and cultural traditions, and
 * assuring the education of our youth and community.
 * A Member shall be a person of highest character and shall uphold the principles of charity, justice, fidelity, fellowship, and mutual help of other Members, shall support the pursuit of knowledge, and must suppress self-interest to foster an organization united in cause for the good of community and our Alliance.

History
C.A.C.A has had over a century of civil rights advocacy and local community development. The Chinese Times, founded in 1924 by Walter U. Lum, became the official and national newspaper of the Alliance for over 60 years and, at one point, grew to the largest circulated Chinese language newspaper in the country. Many community projects, such as the City College of San Francisco Chinatown/North Beach campus, San Francisco Chinatown Playground, and a San Francisco Chinatown police substation, have been due to the efforts and influence of Alliance members.

In recent times, C.A.C.A. continues to promote immigrant literacy programs, support the preservation of historical sites and landmarks, and approach local and state governments to ensure Asian American topics are adequately covered in school curriculums. In 2012, through the collective effort of many Asian Americans including members of the C.A.C.A., worked with the 112th Congress to secure the passage of two resolutions (H Res. 683 and S. Res. 201), expressing regret for the passage of Chinese Exclusion Laws. For H Res. 683, the House of Representatives passed the resolution by unanimous consent expressing regret over the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

C.A.C.A. has had a history of youth outreach programs. The Chinese American Citizens Alliance LA Lodge Youth Council (YC) was formed in August 2001 and is supported by the Chinese American Citizens Alliance, Los Angeles Chapter. It was created in response to the growing number of students seeking college entry counseling. The main goals of the Youth Council are to assist students with the college admission process, provide opportunities for them to perform community service and for youth leadership development. Membership currently consists of high school students, college students, and recent college graduates residing in the San Fernando Valley, Chinatown, Foothill (Arcadia and Temple City), West and East San Gabriel Valley.

Notable events

 * 1895 – Chinese Americans in San Francisco establish the Native Sons of the Golden State in response to racism and prejudice that limited their employment, education, housing, insurance and banking opportunities. Full citizenship and informed civic engagement are key tenets.
 * 1912 − The cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Oakland establish lodges.
 * 1915 − A new national charter is adopted to form the Chinese American Citizens Alliance under a Grand Lodge based in San Francisco.
 * 1921 – Built a National Headquarters in San Francisco.
 * 1924 – Alliance publishes Chinese Times as its official newspaper. It is the first Chinese language newspaper to be owned, edited, and published by American citizens. For 60 years, it was the principal source of national news and commentary for Chinese American communities.
 * 1943 − Congress repeals Chinese exclusion provisions to permit Chinese to immigrate (albeit limited to 105 worldwide per year) and become American citizens.
 * 1946 – With Alliance backing, Congress removes immigration restrictions that prevented Chinese from benefiting from the 1945 War Brides Act as non-quota wives and children of American citizens.
 * 1965 – Hart-Cellar Act removes race and national origins as basis for immigration. It comes on the heels of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to atone for past discrimination.
 * 2000 – With Alliance support, California voters passed a state bond measure that set aside $15 million specifically for restoration of the Angel Island Immigration Station.
 * 2008 – Alliance wins House recognition of the contributions of Asian American/Pacific Islander soldiers who fought in the American Civil War.
 * 2012 – Alliance, with five national Asian American organizations, obtains Senate and House unanimous resolutions condemning the Chinese exclusion laws first enacted in 1882.
 * 2014 – The U.S. Department of Labor, with Alliance assistance, inducts Chinese transcontinental railroad workers into its Wall of Honor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chinese American Citizens Alliance


text:
User talk:Gcline

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 04:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Gcline


text:
User talk:Pippo2001

Leave me any message here.

Spam: bestincosmetics

Welcome -- Infrogmation 04:55, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Seborga
Would you mind to rewrite the article, i.e. provide standard information about standard Italian city? It is weakness of Wikipedia that dedicated trolls can take over an article and remodel to fit their aims; it obviously happened here. Thanks. Pavel Vozenilek 15:32, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Done! --pippo2001 20:31, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Pavel Vozenilek 21:00, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

Piazza Maggiore
Ciao, ti segnalo che in realtà la foto Image:Piazza Maggiore.jpg ritrae Piazza Nettuno, adiacente Piazza Maggiore --Biopresto 21:39, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * "Piazza nettuno prima e subito dietro Piazza Maggiore.... --pippo2001 23:11, 5 August 2005 (UTC)" Appunto! --Biopresto 13:38, 14 August 2005 (UTC) Ottimo. La pigrizia stava avendola vinta. --pippo2001 02:40, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Aldo-moro.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Aldo-moro.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 13:28, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Thechicagoschool.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Thechicagoschool.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable under fair use (see our fair use policy).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any fair use images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. This is an automated message from BJBot 07:05, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Csopp.gif)
Thanks for uploading Image:Csopp.gif. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BetacommandBot 19:10, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:J dalla-caruso.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:J dalla-caruso.jpg. However, there is a concern that the rationale you have provided for using this image under "fair use" may be invalid. Please read the instructions at Non-free content carefully, then go to the image description page and clarify why you think the image qualifies for fair use. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If it is determined that the image does not qualify under fair use, it will be deleted within a couple of days according to our criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot (talk) 23:45, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Craxi Berlusconi.gif
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Craxi Berlusconi.gif, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. -- Kelly hi! 08:52, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pippo2001


text:
Category talk:Wikipedia guidelines

Define your terms?

 * I have run across statements (in contentious articles) that could have very different meanings depending on how the words in them are defined. The intended meaning of the words is not clear from the context.
 * This makes it impossible to discuss or challenge the statements.
 * When I suggest rewording the statements to clarify the meaning there are objections from people who prefer an ambiguous but suggestive statement to a more precise statement.
 * I came here hoping to find a Wikipedia policy that says something like:
 * "If the meaning/sense/usage of a word is not clear from the context, the meaning should be specified. One way to do this is to replace the word with its definition".
 * but I don't see anything like that. Have I missed it, or should I try to write a new policy? 24.64.166.191 04:56, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I am not aware of any such policy or guideline. Libcub (talk) 05:02, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Minor nit
Why is Vanity page under "W"? Should be under "V", correct? (Yes, I'm relatively new, and don't know how to change it myself, if category pages can be changed by non-admins.)--Canuckguy 17:24, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Seems that article has been renamed & re-categorized. Libcub (talk) 06:09, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

How to rally support?
In the multiposting guideline it says:

"I rally you, my fellow hamster-lovers! Come and support me in my proposal to give all hamsters the same rights as men at Village pump (proposals). Please limit discussion to that page, however."

as an example of how to rally support for a particular idea. Yet, I see editors/administrators criticizing others for rallying support by posting notices to other editors' talk pages.

Does the guideline mean that it is 'ok' to rally support by posting notices to article/category talk pages, but the practice (not policy or guideline have I found) is that it is not ok to rally support by posting notices to users' talk pages and you will be urgently attacked if you do so. Thanks Hmains 22:42, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Funny thing
It seems strange that Talk:Muhammad's slaves sat here on the list of pages in the Wikipedia Guidelines category for some nine months and no one did anything about it. (Someone added WP:AGF with double braces instead of double square brackets to that article back in March.) —Largo Plazo (talk) 13:42, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Sorting
"Wikipedia" is sorting under "WikiProject", and "Avoid" appears under W. —Largo Plazo (talk) 13:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Perhaps unfortunately, in the default sort, capital letters sort before lowercase letters. I have asked for a sort key option in the Template:Guideline. I don't see any "Avoids" on the page; did you see that on a different page? Libcub (talk) 05:19, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Main category missing?
This article starts with a big tag, calling attention to Category:Wikipedia official policy. Which redlinks!

I'm really new here, and don't know where it should link, but I'd like to know...Tøpholm (talk) 21:15, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Was quickly fixed by Good Ol’factory. Not sure if I should just delete this section now...Tøpholm (talk) 01:28, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

"Wikinese" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Wikinese. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 July 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 17:30, 3 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Wikipedia guidelines


text:
Talk:Unionest Party

Untitled
Shouldn't this be Unionist? Or is that the spelling that was actually used by this party? - Nik42 04:59, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oops, should've read further.

title: Talk:Unionest Party


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adaptation of the CNS to thermodynamic changes: temperature and pressure

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted - SimonP 00:12, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Adaptation of the CNS to thermodynamic changes: temperature and pressure
This article never addresses what its title says it will address. All of the content is based off of this one sentence: "Adaptive mechanisms to extreme temperatures and pressures have been observed in areas of the brain, like the hippocampus." I can find nowhere that is appropriate to place this information, and I don't think there's anything useful in here, or that this topic needs an article. -- Barfooz  (talk)  05:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete I agree with Barfooz. --Xcali 05:47, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Seems like the title and abstract of a scientific paper. –Joke137 15:40, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Bad title. Content belongs someplace else. GregorB 22:02, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Premium Blend

Premium Blend was a stand-up comedy series created and directed by Paul Miller that aired on the American cable television channel Comedy Central from 1997 to 2005. In 2005 the show was changed, and now known as "Live at Gotham".

The show was born out of Comedy Central's attempts to find new comedy stars. These "attempts" were $1,000 to $10,000 dollar productions that allowed unnoticed comedians to share their material. Premium Blend acted as a showcase where most of the material and bits were shown.

Overview
Every year since its premier in 1997, the program featured a well-known stand up comedian as an emcee who introduced four or five lesser known comedians looking for a big break on television. The host and guests would change every year. Each comedian presented a short set of jokes, which was edited to last about five minutes on the airing of the show.

Many alumni have gone on to have their own Comedy Central Presents specials or further acclaim, including Mitch Hedberg, Stephen Lynch, Demetri Martin, Dane Cook, B. J. Novak, Anthony Jeselnik, Paul F. Tompkins, Darrell Hammond, Mike Birbiglia, Greer Barnes, Wayne Federman, Daniel Tosh, Gabriel Iglesias, Pete Holmes, and Ron White.

Hosts
Each year the show would get a new comedian to serve as host for each of the season's ten episodes. The hosts were:
 * Kathy Griffin (1997)
 * Jim Breuer (1998)
 * Tommy Davidson (1999)
 * Harland Williams (2000)
 * David Alan Grier (2001)
 * Wanda Sykes (2002)
 * D.L. Hughley (2003)
 * Jamie Kennedy (2004)
 * Damon Wayans (2005)

title: Premium Blend


text:
Brunei revolt

The Brunei revolt (Pemberontakan Brunei) or the Brunei rebellion of 1962 was a December 1962 insurrection in the British protectorate of Brunei by opponents of its monarchy and its proposed inclusion in the Federation of Malaysia who wanted to establish a republic. The insurgents were members of the TNKU (North Kalimantan National Army), a militia supplied by Indonesia and linked to the left-wing Brunei People's Party (BPP), which favoured a North Borneo Federation. The TNKU began co-ordinated attacks on the oil town of Seria (targeting the Royal Dutch Shell oil installations), on police stations, and on government facilities around the protectorate. The revolt began to break down within hours, having failed to achieve key objectives such as the capture of Brunei Town and Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III. The revolt influenced the Sultan's 1963 decision not to join Malaysia. It is seen as one of the first stages of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.

Background
The northern part of the island of Borneo was composed of three British territories: the colonies of Sarawak and North Borneo (to be renamed Sabah) and the protectorate of the Sultanate of Brunei. Brunei became a British protectorate in 1888, had an area of about 2226 sqmi and some 85,000 people. Just over half of the people were Malays, a quarter were Chinese, and the rest were Dayaks, the indigenous people of Borneo. Oil was discovered in 1929 near Seria and the Brunei Shell Petroleum Company concession provided the Sultanate with a huge income. The capital, then called Brunei Town, was on a river some 10 mi from the coast.

In 1959, the Sultan, Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin III, established a legislature with half its members nominated and half elected. Elections were held in September 1962 and all of the contested seats were won by the Brunei People's Party.

Between 1959 and 1962, the United Kingdom, Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak were involved in negotiations to form a new Malaysian Federation. However, the Philippines and particularly Indonesia opposed any move toward unification of North Borneo and Sarawak with the new federation. This external opposition toward unification strengthened by widespread anti-Federation sentiment within Sarawak and Brunei itself. The Brunei People's Party was in favour of joining Malaysia on condition of the unification of the three crown colonies of northern Borneo (total about 1.5 million people, half Dayak) with their own sultan. It was thought that the resultant sultanate would be strong enough to resist domination by Malaya or Singapore, Malay administrators or Chinese merchants. Local opposition and sentiments against the Malaysian Federation plan have often been under-represented in historical writings on the Brunei rebellion and the subsequent Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation. In fact, political forces in Sarawak had long anticipated their own national independence as promised (but later aborted) by the last White Rajah of Sarawak, Charles Vyner Brooke, in 1941.

The North Kalimantan (or Kalimantan Utara) proposal was seen as a post-decolonisation alternative by local opposition against the Malaysian Federation plan. Local opposition throughout the Borneo territories was primarily based on economic, political, historical and cultural differences between the Borneo states and the Malayan peninsula, and an unwillingness to be subjected to peninsular political domination.

However, before the Brunei People's Party electoral success, a military wing had emerged, the North Kalimantan National Army saw itself as an anti-colonialist liberation party. Its sympathies lay with Indonesia which was seen as having better 'liberationist' credentials than Malaya and Singapore. Its 34-year-old leader A.M. Azahari had lived in Indonesia and was in touch with Indonesian intelligence agents. He had recruited several officers who had been trained in clandestine warfare in Indonesia. By late 1962, they could muster about 4000 men, a few modern weapons and about 1000 shotguns.

Prelude
Hints of brewing trouble came in early November 1962 when the Resident for the 5th Division of Sarawak, Richard Morris (an Australian), who was based in Limbang (sandwiched between the two parts of Brunei) received information. Special Branch police from Kuching visited Limbang but only found some illegal uniforms with TNKU badges. Later in November, Morris heard that an insurrection was planned for Brunei, but not before 19 December. Claude Fenner, the Inspector General of the Malayan Police flew to Sarawak to investigate but found no evidence. However, the Chief of Staff in the British Far East Headquarters in Singapore did review and update the contingency plan, PALE ALE, for Brunei. However, the risk was assessed as low and the British Far East Land, Sea and Air Commanders-in-Chief were away from Singapore as was the operational commander of land forces, Major General Walter Walker.

On 6 December, Morris heard the rebellion would start on the 8th. The next day similar information reached John Fisher, the resident of the 4th Division of Sarawak, who was based in Miri some 20 miles (30 km) west of Brunei. As a result, police were put on full alert through Brunei, North Borneo and Sarawak, and Police Field Force reinforcements were flown from Kuching to Miri.

First ten days
The rebellion broke out at 2:00 am on 8 December. Signals from Brunei to British Far East Headquarters reported rebel attacks on police stations, the Sultan's Istana (Istana Darul Hana), the Chief Minister's house (Rumah Jerambak) and the power station, and that another rebel force was approaching the capital by water. Far East Headquarters ordered ALE YELLOW, which placed a force of two Gurkha infantry companies on 48 hours notice to move.

Most of the attacks in Brunei town were repulsed although the electricity supply was cut off. At this stage it was not known that rebels had attacked police stations throughout Brunei, in the 5th Division of Sarawak and on the western edge of North Borneo. Miri was still in government hands but Limbang had been taken by the rebels. The situation was most serious in Seria where the rebels had captured the police station and were dominating the oilfields.

Nine hours after ALE YELLOW, ALE RED was ordered and two companies of 1st Battalion, 2nd Gurkha Rifles, of 99th Infantry Brigade, moved to the RAF airfields at Changi and Seletar in Singapore to fly to Labuan Island in Brunei Bay. The Gurkhas' embarkation went slowly because the RAF was unprepared and following normal peacetime procedures. The troops were in a Bristol Britannia of No. 99 Squadron and three Blackburn Beverleys from the No. 32 Squadron, and the latter were diverted in flight from Labuan to Brunei Airfield when it was learned that this was not in rebel hands.

The Beverleys landed at about 10:00 pm and the Gurkhas advanced into Brunei. They fought a series of actions, suffering six casualties, two fatal. A small group of Gurkhas led by Captain Digby Willoughby rescued the Sultan and took him to police headquarters. An advance to Seria met strong opposition and returned to Brunei to counter a rebel threat to its centre and the airfield.

On 9 December, John Fisher called on the Dayak tribes for help by sending a boat with the traditional Red Feather of War up the Baram River. Tom Harrisson, the Curator of the Sarawak Museum in Kuching and leader of resistance to the Japanese in the Second World War also arrived in Brunei. He summoned the Kelabits from the highlands around Bario in the 5th Division, the centre of his wartime resistance. Hundreds of Dayaks responded, and formed into companies led by British civilians all commanded by Harrisson. This force reached some 2,000 strong, and with excellent knowledge of the tracks through the interior (there were no roads), helped contain the rebels and cut off their escape route to Indonesia.

Meanwhile, reinforcements flowed into Labuan. The 2nd Gurkhas were brought up to battalion strength. On 10 December, the Far East 'spearhead battalion', the Queen's Own Highlanders began arriving in Brunei. Brigadier Arthur Patterson, commander 99th Gurkha Infantry Brigade arrived to take overall command from Brigadier Pat Glennie, normally the Brigadier General Staff at Far East HQ. Both reported to Lieutenant General Sir Nigel Poett, the Far East Land Forces Commander in Singapore. Seria and Limbang remained in rebel hands. Further reinforcements arrived in the following days. These enabled Seria and Limbang to be recaptured.

By 17 December, the rebellion had been held and broken. Some 40 rebels were dead and 3,400 captured. The remainder had fled and were assumed to be trying to reach Indonesia. Of the leaders, Azahari was in the Philippines and Yassin Affandi was with the fugitives.

Seria
The road route to Seria was judged too vulnerable to ambush and there were no naval resources for a move by sea. Reconnaissance by an Army Air Corps Beaver revealed rebel flags over the Shell complex, and the 6 miles (10 km) of coast seemed in rebel hands. However, there appeared to be a potential landing site for light aircraft west of Seria and east of the town – the runway at Anduki Airfield had been cleared by a small group of western civilians who had managed to escape the rebels. One escapee, Hugh McDonald, a Shell contractor and WWII veteran, made contact with Singapore installations to confirm a safe landing. On 10 December, a company of the Queen's Own Highlanders boarded five Twin Pioneers and a Beverley at Brunei. The Twin Pioneers landed west of Seria and the Beverley at Anduki. A police station 2 miles (3 km) from the western landing was recaptured and so was the Telecommunications Centre after a brief fight. Anduki airfield was quickly recaptured. However, the main Seria police station, with 48 hostages, most Shell expatriates, was not secured until the 12th.

Anduki Airfield is today a grass airstrip with a concrete ramp used almost exclusively by Brunei Shell Petroleum aircraft and helicopters servicing Brunei's extensive offshore petroleum production installations. The Sultan of Brunei and members of the royal family sometimes use it in their helicopters when they wish to visit Seria, especially on State occasions. Regarded as strategically important because of its proximity to the oil town of Seria, its history in the Brunei Revolt and the paucity of other Brunei airstrips usable by fixed-wing military aircraft, Anduki and the adjacent highway to Bandar Seri Begawan is one of the first areas to be secured by Gurkha and Brunei Army troops when they deploy on contemporary war exercises.

Executions at Temburong
On 8 December 1962, from two till five in the morning, shots could be heard near police stations all over Brunei. According to news received from Temburong, the District Officer Pengiran Haji Besar bin Pengiran Haji Kula and a few others from Brunei security forces and a number of civilians were executed for refusing to join in the rebellion.

By five in the morning, TNKU controlled Pekan Besar. News came that a number of civil servants at Brunei Town had managed to escape capture. Around an hour later at downtown, the Deputy Chief Minister Pengiran Ali was granted an audience by the Sultan. After the meeting, the Sultan made a radio declaration condemning TNKU, the armed wing of the Brunei People's Party, for treason.

Assault on Limbang
In Limbang, rebels attacked the local police station, killing five local policemen. The rebels then obtained the surrender of British official R.H. Morris, his wife, four other Europeans and an American Peace Corps worker, and took the remaining police officers hostage. On the first night of their captivity, they were crowded into the police cells, the second night they were moved to the local hospital where they overheard the rebels planning their hangings the following day.

Eighty-nine Marines of 42 Commando had arrived in Brunei on 11 December, led by Captain Jeremy Moore (who later commanded the British Forces during the Falklands War). After acquiring two landing craft, the Marines were transported to Limbang by Royal Navy crews led by Captain Jeremy Black (who later commanded HMS Invincible (R05) during the Falklands War) and staged their arrival at dawn, 13 December. The landing craft had manually operated ramps which took too long to lower and the senior officer took the decision that the Marines would vault over the sides or over the ramps under covering fire from Vickers machine guns mounted on the bridges. One landing craft's bridge was raked with Bren gun fire, disabling the crew, and the craft rammed into the river bank and quay.

The only map they had was 10 years old at the time. The Marines lost the element of surprise due to the loud noise of their boats, but succeeded nevertheless in suppressing the rebels' machine guns and landed.

The attackers started their search for the hostages who, on hearing shots, began singing the American song "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain", allowing the first rescue party to quickly locate them. The first rescue party was attacked and two of the three Marines were killed. A second rescue party fought off the rebels from around the hospital and freed the hostages. About 200 rebels, who had little if any military training and a paltry assortment of weapons (about a dozen Bren light machine guns and Lee–Enfield rifles, but mainly shotguns, muskets and daggers), tried to resist, but were beaten back.

Five Marines were killed and eight wounded in the attack. British sources do not list rebel losses in this incident, but Clodfelter estimates losses in the Brunei Rebellion as 40 rebels and six Marines.

There is a memorial to all the dead in Limbang. The leader of the Limbang rebels was caught and tried and received an eleven-year prison sentence. He lives (2007) on the outskirts of Limbang.

Mopping up
By 17 December 42 Commando was complete in Brunei and 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd) had landed from the cruiser HMS Tiger (C20) in Miri. 40 Commando aboard the commando carrier HMS Albion (R07) was diverted from Miri to Kuching. On 14 December, most of the unit reinforced the artillery battery sent there as infantry on 12 December to pre-empt trouble from the Chinese of the Clandestine Communist Organisation (CCO) who were openly sympathetic to the Brunei rebels. The last company of 40 Commando landed near Seria. HMS Albion also provided helicopters from the embarked Naval Air Commando squadrons.

Major General Walter Walker took over as COMBRITBOR and Director of Operations (DOBOPS) on 19 December with command of all land, sea and air forces assigned to Borneo and reporting directly to the Commander-in-Chief Far East Forces, Admiral Sir David Luce. Three weeks after the rebellion started, 99th Gurkha Infantry Brigade had 5 infantry battalions and HQ 3rd Command Brigade was in Kuching. This force was supported by the Brunei Malay Regiment, the Sarawak Rangers, police of the three territories including paramilitary Police Field Force, and Harrisson's force of now 4,000 Dayaks. Suitable coastal patrol naval vessels were lacking (the Royal Navy didn't have any) so minesweepers were used. The RAF had medium and short range transport aircraft. In January, the Queen's Own Highlanders and 1/2 Gurkhas were replaced by the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and 1/7 Gurkhas and special forces troops had also arrived.

Mopping up operations, by this time including a commando artillery battery with their guns, continued until May 1963. On 18 May, a patrol of 1/7 Gurkhas were guided by an informer to a camp in the mangrove. They flushed a party of rebels towards an ambush. Ten rebels were killed or captured. They were the remnants of TNKU headquarters and one of the wounded, shot in the hip, was Yassin Affendi.

However, on 12 April, the police station at Tebedu in the 1st Division of Sarawak was attacked and captured. The attackers had come from Kalimantan. This marked the beginning of confrontation.

Aftermath
The rebellion also played a role in the Sultan of Brunei's subsequent decision for Brunei to not join the Federation of Malaysia.

Order of Battle
The following units, or significant elements of them, deployed to Borneo in response to the rebellion before May 1963:
 * 40 Commando Royal Marines
 * 42 Commando Royal Marines
 * Queen's Royal Irish Hussars
 * 29th Commando Light Regiment Royal Artillery
 * Queen's Own Highlanders
 * King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry
 * 1st Green Jackets (43rd and 52nd)
 * 22 Special Air Service
 * 1st/2nd Gurkhas
 * 1st/7th Gurkhas

title: Brunei revolt


text:
Talk:Pampita

Untitled
Does she support Boca Juniors? --Stickywiki 04:02, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

Birthyear
There's a controversy regarding the year of her birth. Most point out 1978 (8,670), while some say 1981 (672). I haven't found any 'official' info, but considering most think its 1978 including the imdb, and models tend to 'forget' years, I think it must be 1978. Please, don't change it back to 1981 before discussing it here. Mariano (t/c) 06:38, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Photo
I have my doubts about whether that Pampita_23 photo (awesome as it is) will survive the Wikipedia copyright police. Thekohser 13:32, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

DrTaylor's edits
The user DrTaylor continues to remove valid external links, replacing them with a site that sells lingerie. Do we need to get an Admin to look into blocking DrTaylor's account? --Thekohser 12:25, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

POV
I believe this article violates wikipedia POV, its written like a biased bio. Dunkerya (talk) 03:00, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Ethnicity
please check out ethnicity, since "latina" is not an ethnicity. i propose that should be changed to "white" or "basque-italian" or whatever real ethnicity she is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.32.56.2 (talk) 20:26, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

VS
Did she really shoot for Victoria's Secret? She's a little too "glamour model" for VS, I thought, and this is the first time I've ever heard about it. Mbinebri (talk) 16:10, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * This seems like a reliable source.  Little Red Riding Hood  talk  22:57, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I would have to disagree: the Angels are the "faces" of VS, and Ardohain is clearly not an Angel, which makes the article's claim highly dubious. If she has shot for VS, pics shouldn't be too hard to find though.  I'll just have to look around.  Mbinebri (talk) 22:34, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Carolina "Pampita" Ardohaín. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060512124943/http://www.pampita-ardohain.com.ar:80/ to http://www.pampita-ardohain.com.ar/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060512124943/http://www.pampita-ardohain.com.ar:80/ to http://www.pampita-ardohain.com.ar

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:24, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Carolina "Pampita" Ardohaín. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060512124943/http://www.pampita-ardohain.com.ar/ to http://www.pampita-ardohain.com.ar/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:06, 31 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pampita


text:
Talk:Flavor Essence

Is this page needed or should it be merged with monosodium glutimate? --Xcali 05:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion
This page was recently nominated for deletion, and the consensus decision was to keep it, merge it with another article, and/or redirect it to another article. The deletion debate is archived here. – ugen64 01:56, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flavor Essence


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alt x

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - deleted- SimonP 00:13, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Alt x
This minor instruction is too trivial to have its own page. Besides, I don't think it is even right. If correct, it certainly isn't universally true but instead applies to a specific application/environment. Tobycat 05:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, it is right for wikipedia. Citizen Premier 05:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ... if one is using a web browser that supports Javascript, if one has enabled Javascript, and if one has not altered the behaviour by customizing the skin with one's own Javascript ... Uncle G 10:41, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * ...and also if you're not one of the 10-15% of us who have option keys rather than alt keys! Grutness...  wha?  11:58, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Should have been speedily deleted in my book. -- Barfooz  (talk)  05:08, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy as Barfooz says. Not factual in that it applies in such a limited context. --Xcali 05:11, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. AFAIK it only works on Wikipedia. Is there somewhere this could fit in the Help namespace? the wub (talk) 08:13, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No content. Delete, candidate for speedy deletion. - Mike Rosoft 11:52, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No content, not relevant speedy Oracleoftruth 22:14, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete. Garbage.  Postdlf 22:15, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge it should be added to an article about wikipedia hotkeys or it should be deleted if the is no page--Jats 02:14, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete No content worth keeping. Falphin 18:10, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alt x


text:
Grant High School

Grant High School may refer to the following schools:

Australia

 * Grant High School (Mount Gambier), South Australia

United States

 * Grant Community High School in Fox Lake, Illinois
 * Grant County High School in Dry Ridge, Kentucky
 * Grant High School (Louisiana), part of the Grant Parish School Board in Louisiana
 * Grant High School (Los Angeles), in Valley Glen
 * Grant High School (Portland, Oregon)
 * Grant Union High School (John Day, Oregon)
 * Grant Union High School (Sacramento, California)
 * U. S. Grant High School (Oklahoma), in Oklahoma City

title: Grant High School


text:
User talk:Somefantastic10

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome! Double Blue (Talk) 05:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Somefantastic10


text:
Death sticks

Death sticks or Deathstick may refer to:

 * A slang term for cigarettes
 * A brand of framing hammer
 * The Elder Wand, a fictional, powerful magical artifact in the Harry Potter universe

title: Death sticks


text:
Okwanuchu

The Okwanuchu were one of a number of small Shastan-speaking tribes of Native Americans in Northern California, who were closely related to the adjacent larger Shasta tribe.

Geography
The Okwanuchu occupied territory south, southwest, and southeast of Mount Shasta in California, including the present-day cities of Mount Shasta, California, McCloud, California and Dunsmuir, California; on the upper Sacramento River downstream to North Salt Creek; in the Yet Atwam Creek drainage; and on the upper McCloud River downstream to where it meets Yet Atwam Creek.

Anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber suggested in 1918 that the Okwanuchu had become extinct. Very little is known about the location of their villages and settlements, or about their culture, other than a presumed similarity to their Shasta and Achomawi neighbors. The archaeological sites associated with their range date back in excess of 5,000 years.

Language
The Okwanuchu were speakers of the Okwanuchu language, an older Hokan-speaking family of languages. Although their language was closely related to that of the Shasta language of the main Shasta tribe, it contained some elements of Wintu and Achomawi.

Members of the Penutian-speaking family of languages, especially the Wintu, arrived in central Northern California in the vicinity of Redding, California about 1200 years ago, likely from southern Oregon. The Wintu possessed superior technology, were out-competing their Hokan-language family neighbors, and were expanding Wintu territory at the expense of the Okwanuchu and the Achomawi to the north, and the Yana to the east. It appears likely that even if Europeans and Americans not intervened (beginning in the 1820s), the Wintu would have absorbed or otherwise eliminated the Okwanuchu over the course of the coming centuries.

title: Okwanuchu


text:
Marquis de Morès

Marquis de Morès et de Montemaggiore (14 June 1858 – 9 June 1896) was a French duelist, frontier ranchman in the Badlands of Dakota Territory during the final years of the American Old West era, a railroad pioneer in Vietnam, and antisemitic politician in his native France.

Early life
Born Antoine-Amédée-Marie-Vincent Manca Amat de Vallombrosa on 14 June 1858. As the eldest son of the Duke of Vallombrosa, he used the courtesy title Marquis de Morès et de Montemaggiore, but he was usually called Marquis de Morès.

Morès began life as a soldier, graduating in 1879 from St. Cyr, the leading military academy of France. Among his classmates was Philippe Pétain, famous French general of World War I and the ill-fated future leader of the Vichy France government in World War II.

After St. Cyr, he entered Saumur, France's premier cavalry school, where he trained to be an officer. He was later sent to Algiers, helping to put down an uprising. It was while in Algiers that he had his first duel, starting his career as a celebrated duelist of his day.

The Badlands
He resigned from the cavalry in 1882 and married Medora von Hoffman (1856–1921), sometimes called the Marquise, the daughter of a New York banker. Soon thereafter, he would move to the North Dakota badlands to begin ranching, purchasing 44500 acre for that purpose. He also opened a stagecoach business. He named his simple vernacular house in Medora, North Dakota, the "Chateau de Mores"; it is preserved as a historic house there.

He tried to revolutionize the ranching industry by shipping refrigerated meat to Chicago by railroad, thus bypassing the Chicago stockyards. He built a meat-packing plant for this purpose in Medora, the town he founded in 1883 and named for his wife.

"The railroads, undoubtedly working hand in glove with the Chicago beef trust, refused to grant him the same rebates on freight rates they gave his competitors, adding to his costs. And range-fed—on grass—beef turned out to be less popular with consumers than beef that had been fattened—on corn—in the stockyards of Chicago. The marquis's father-in-law withdrew his financial backing and soon the packing plant closed. Not long after, just as winter was settling in on the Bad Lands in 1886, de Mores and his wife left Medora for good. The short-lived reign of the Emperor of the Bad Lands was over. Footnote: Back in France, the Marquis claimed the Chicago beef trust was dominated by Jews and announced himself the victim of 'A Jewish Plot.' Turning to politics, he organized a movement that mixed socialism with rabid anti-semitism that fed the French collective mania which led to the Dreyfus affair. On 23 June 1892, he killed a Jewish captain, Armand Mayer, during a duel. In 1896 (after ten years), he was killed by North African tribesmen while carrying out a wild scheme to unite the Muslims in a Holy War against the British and the Jews."

He became famous in the West as a rancher and gunslinger, getting arrested for murder a few times. He was always acquitted. Known as an adventurer, he was quick to anger and was engaged in numerous duels throughout his life; he notoriously sent Theodore Roosevelt what the latter interpreted as a challenge to a duel. Roosevelt assured the Marquis by letter that he was “most emphatically” not his enemy, and nothing came of the matter.

Outlaws were very numerous in the Badlands, and cattle and horse rustling had become unbearably common. Frontiersman Granville Stuart organized a vigilance committee to fight the rustlers. De Morès told Roosevelt of the plan, and the two offered their services to be vigilantes. Stuart declined, stating that de Morès and Roosevelt were both well known and their presence could ruin the element of surprise. Stuart's vigilantes, called The Stranglers, struck viciously against the rustlers, greatly weakening their power in the Badlands.

By 1885 it became obvious that de Morès' business was failing. He was losing a business war against the beef trust, and the enterprise collapsed. He would later sell the ranch and other assets in the Badlands.

Gulf of Tonkin
Subsequently, he left Dakota Territory and returned to France. He was commissioned by the French army to build a railroad in Vietnam, from the Chinese frontier to the Gulf of Tonkin, and arrived in Asia to lead construction in the fall of 1888. He observed the Vietnamese people, and cautioned the French to be kind to them. He wrote, "The colonization of Tonkin will not be accomplished with rifles, but with public works."

He believed a railroad was needed there, and hoped to have one extending all the way to Yunnan Province in China. This was partly a reaction to a British railroad being built from Burma to China.

Political intrigue, being notorious in France in that day, impeded construction of the railroad. A prime minister was deposed, which led to a new undersecretary of the navy, Jean Constans, who opposed de Morès' plan from the start. The Marquis was recalled to France in 1889, and the railroad project was ruined.

France, Algeria, assassination
Upon his return, he would be embroiled in political controversies for the remainder of his life.

He started by attacking Constans, enlisting the aid of Georges Clemenceau, but failed to unseat him in the next election. His politics became overtly antisemitic, and he challenged Ferdinand-Camille Dreyfus, a Jewish member of the Chamber of Deputies, to a duel after Dreyfus wrote an article attacking him. De Morès said he wanted Gaul for the Gauls, and Dreyfus replied by writing that de Morès had a Spanish title, a father with an Italian title, and an American wife who was neither Christian nor French. At the duel Dreyfus fired first and missed, and the Marquis wounded his opponent in the arm.

In 1889 de Morès joined La Ligue antisémitique de France (Antisemitic League of France) founded by Edouard Drumont. After more verbal attacks on Jews, he went to Algeria to strengthen the French hold there and stop British advances into the interior of Africa. He used antisemitic rhetoric to his advantage in Algeria, giving speeches claiming that French and African Jews and the British were conspiring to conquer the entire Sahara Desert. With the British in a difficult position in the Sudan after the death of General Charles George Gordon in the siege of Khartoum, de Morès planned a trip there to meet with the Mahdi, a powerful Muslim leader who was intent on undermining British hegemony in the region. He traveled to North Africa, selected Arabic men in Tunis to escort him, and set out his caravan towards Kebili.

The French officer in charge of the post at Kebili, Lieutenant Leboeuf, received a telegram from the French Intelligence Officer and Military attaché in Tunis, advising him not to give de Morès' expedition any assistance. Furthermore, Leboeuf was told to ensure de Morès traveled by the way of the Berresof oasis. A marabout from Guemar dispatched a messenger to dissident Tuareg in Messine, southeast of Ghadames, telling them to come to Berresof at once to kill a Frenchman. The recipients of the message were told the man they were to kill would be carrying a great deal of money, would not have an official escort, and that whoever killed him would not be prosecuted. While he was in Kebili, de Morès received a telegram from General de la Roque, commander of the division at Constantine, Algeria, telling him that Tuareg guides would be waiting for him at Berresof. De Morès expressed surprise at this, as he had not asked de la Roque to find him any guides. De Morès departed Kebili on May 20, and the Tuareg "guides" joined his caravan on June 3. On the morning of June 9 the Tuareg sprung their attack. De Morès was able to kill several of his attackers before he was gunned down.

On 28 July 1902, after a trial in Sousse in Tunisia, two of the murderers were sentenced: El-Kheir ben Abd-el-Kader to the death penalty and Hamma Ben Cheikh to 20 years of forced labor. During the trial his widow, the Marquise, sought to expose the French government as responsible for the murder but the tribunal did not agree. She then even paid Isabelle Eberhardt to return to Africa to investigate his death, though Eberhardt made no real attempts to investigate the matter, and no government official was ever convicted.

Depictions in fiction
The Marquis de Morès is portrayed by the American actor Jeff DuJardin in the 2024 television series Elkhorn.

title: Marquis de Morès


text: User talk:85.250.244.185

title: User talk:85.250.244.185


text:
User talk:Firecrotch18

Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. -- Hadal 05:09, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Please stop. If you continue to vandalize pages, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --W(t) 05:11, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)

I've blocked you indefinitely, as it's clear you have no plans to contribute anything useful. -- Hadal 05:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Firecrotch18


text:
The empire on which the sun never sets

The phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" (el imperio donde nunca se pone el sol) has been used to describe certain global empires that were so territorially extensive that it seemed as though it was always daytime in at least one part of their territory.

The concept of an empire ruling all lands where the sun shines dates back to the Egyptians, the Mesopotamians, the Persians, and the Romans. In its modern form, it was first used for the Habsburg Empire of Charles V, who, as Duke of Burgundy, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor, attempted to build a universal monarchy. The term was then used for the Spanish Empire under Philip II and his successors, when it reached a global territorial size, particularly in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. It was also used for the British Empire, mainly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period in which it reached a global territorial size. In the late 20th century, the phrase was sometimes adapted to refer to the global reach of American power.

Ancient precursors
Mesopotamian texts contemporary to Sargon of Akkad (c. 2334 – 2279 BC) proclaim that this king ruled "all the lands from sunrise to sunset", and the Story of Sinuhe (19th century BC) announces that the Egyptian king rules "all what the sun encircles". Georg Büchmann traces the idea to a speech in Herodotus' Histories, attributed by Xerxes I before invading Greece. γῆν τὴν Περσίδα ἀποδέξομεν τῷ Διὸς αἰθέρι ὁμουρέουσαν. οὐ γὰρ δὴ χώρην γε οὐδεμίαν κατόψεται ἥλιος ὅμουρον ἐοῦσαν τῇ ἡμετέρῃ "We shall extend the Persian territory as far as God's heaven reaches. The sun will then shine on no land beyond our borders."

The Roman Empire was also described in classical Latin literature as extending "from the rising to the setting sun".

Habsburg Empire of Charles V
Charles V of the House of Habsburg controlled in personal union a composite monarchy inclusive of the Holy Roman Empire stretching from Germany to Northern Italy with direct rule over the Low Countries and Austria, and of Spain, which also included the southern Italian kingdoms of Sicily, Sardinia and Naples and the long-lasting Spanish colonies in the Americas. He also reigned over the short-lived German colonies in the Americas. Sources variously attribute the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" to describe this empire to Charles V himself, the poet Ludovico Ariosto, or others.

Spanish Empire

Charles's son, Philip II of Spain, made Spain (his homeland) the metropole of the territories that he inherited. In particular, he placed the Council of Castille, the Council of Aragon, the Council of Italy, the Council of Flanders and the Council of the Indies in Madrid. He added the Philippines (named after him) to his colonial territories. When King Henry of Portugal died, Philip II pressed his claim to the Portuguese throne and was recognised as Philip I of Portugal in 1581. The Portuguese Empire, now ruled by Philip, itself included territories in the Americas, in the North and the Sub-Saharan Africa, in all the Asian Subcontinents, and islands in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.

In 1585 Giovanni Battista Guarini wrote Il pastor fido to mark the marriage of Catherine Michelle, daughter of Philip II, to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy. Guarini's dedication read, "Altera figlia / Di qel Monarca, a cui / Nö anco, quando annotta, il Sol tramonta." ("The proud daughter / of that monarch to whom / when it grows dark [elsewhere] the sun never sets.").

In the early 17th century the phrase was familiar to John Smith and to Francis Bacon, who writes: "both the East and the West Indies being met in the crown of Spain, it is come to pass, that, as one saith in a brave kind of expression, the sun never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shines upon one part or other of them: which, to say truly, is a beam of glory [...]". Thomas Urquhart wrote of "that great Don Philippe, Tetrarch of the world, upon whose subjects the sun never sets."

In the German dramatist Friedrich Schiller's 1787 play Don Carlos, Don Carlos's father, Philip II, says, "Ich heiße / der reichste Mann in der getauften Welt; / Die Sonne geht in meinem Staat nicht unter." ("I am called / The richest monarch in the Christian world; / The sun in my dominion never sets.").

Joseph Fouché recalled Napoleon saying before the Peninsular War, "Reflect that the sun never sets in the immense inheritance of Charles V, and that I shall have the empire of both worlds." This was cited in Walter Scott's Life of Napoleon.

It has been claimed that Louis XIV of France's emblem of the "Sun King" and associated motto, "Nec pluribus impar", were based on the solar emblem and motto of Philip II, who was his maternal great-grandfather.

British Empire

In the 19th century it became popular to apply the phrase to the British Empire. It was a time when British world maps showed the Empire in red and pink to highlight British imperial power spanning the globe. Scottish author, John Wilson, writing as "Christopher North" in Blackwood's Magazine in 1829, is sometimes credited as originating the usage. However, George Macartney wrote in 1773, in the wake of the territorial expansion that followed Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War, of "this vast empire on which the sun never sets, and whose bounds nature has not yet ascertained."

In a speech on 31 July 1827 Rev. R.P. Buddicom said, "It had been said that the sun never set on the British flag; it was certainly an old saying, about the time of Richard the Second, and was not so applicable then as at the present time." In 1821, the Caledonian Mercury wrote of the British Empire, "On her dominions the sun never sets; before his evening rays leave the spires of Quebec, his morning beams have shone three hours on Port Jackson, and while sinking from the waters of Lake Superior, his eye opens upon the Mouth of the Ganges."

Daniel Webster famously expressed a similar idea in 1834: "A power which has dotted over the surface of the whole globe with her possessions and military posts, whose morning drumbeat, following the sun and keeping company with the hours, circles the earth with one continuous and unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." In 1839 Sir Henry Ward said in the House of Commons, "Look at the British Colonial empire—the most magnificent empire that the world ever saw. The old Spanish boast that the sun never set in their dominions, has been more truly realised amongst ourselves." By 1861, Lord Salisbury complained that the £1.5 million spent on colonial defence by Britain merely enabled the nation "to furnish an agreeable variety of stations to our soldiers, and to indulge in the sentiment that the sun never sets on our Empire".

A rejoinder, sometimes attributed to John Duncan Spaeth, runs in one variant, "The sun never set on the British Empire, because even God couldn't trust the English in the dark".

United States
From the mid-nineteenth century the image of the sun never setting can be found applied to anglophone culture, explicitly including both the British Empire and the United States, for example in a speech by Alexander Campbell in 1852: "To Britain and America God has granted the possession of the new world; and because the sun never sets upon our religion, our language and our arts...".

By the end of the century, the phrase was also being applied to the United States alone. An 1897 magazine article titled "The Greatest Nation on Earth" boasted, "[T]he sun never sets on Uncle Sam". In 1906, William Jennings Bryan wrote, "If we can not boast that the sun never sets on American territory, we can find satisfaction in the fact that the sun never sets on American philanthropy"; after which, The New York Times received letters attempting to disprove his presupposition. In the course of the 20th century, the metaphor of the sun never setting was used systematically, together with empire allusions such as Pax Americana, in the rhetoric of US foreign policy. A 1991 history book discussion of U.S. expansion states, "Today ... the sun never sets on American territory, properties owned by the U.S. government and its citizens, American armed forces abroad, or countries that conduct their affairs within limits largely defined by American power."

Although most of these sentiments have a patriotic ring, the phrase is sometimes used critically with the implication of American imperialism, as in the title of Joseph Gerson's book, The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases.

title: The empire on which the sun never sets


text:
Trinidad Express Newspapers

The Trinidad and Tobago Express, better known as Daily Express (and the weekend editions Saturday Express and Sunday Express), is one of three daily newspapers in Trinidad and Tobago. The Daily Express as per its masthead is published by the Caribbean Communications Network (CCN) and is headquartered on Independence Square in Port of Spain. The newspaper commenced operations on 6 June 1967. The website for the Trinidad and Tobago Express was first registered in 1997 and launched subsequently very soon thereafter. The Express newspaper is the second oldest of the daily Trinidad and Tobago newspapers.

Online presence
The Trinidad and Tobago Express news website, then known as the Internet Express, grew quickly into one of the top visited websites about Trinidad and Tobago. With up to 10,000 hits per day, the website has become one of the online centrepieces of CCN. In 2002, newscasts of the television channel CCN TV6, and its televised daily polls, were carried out using an integrated website of the Trinidad and Tobago Express. That same year, the joint staff of the Trinidad and Tobago website also created an e-commerce venture online called the Express MarketPlace, which was later renamed CaribBuy in 2003. In order to remain focused, a CCN New Ventures division was created within CCN to take control of the various websites.

History
Raoul Pantin, a former journalist and editor for the Trinidad Express, authored a book, The Trinidad Express Story which chronicles the history and establishment of the newspaper.

In 1986 the Express helped launch the Stabroek News, the first independent, general circulation newspaper in Guyana.

title: Trinidad Express Newspapers


text:
Oki Electric Industry

Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. (沖電気工業株式会社), commonly referred to as OKI, OKI Electric or the OKI Group, is a Japanese information and communications technology company, headquartered in Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo and operating in over 120 countries around the world.

OKI produced the first Japan-made telephone in 1881, and now specializes not only in developing and manufacturing telecommunications equipment but also in information products and mechatronics products, such as automated teller machine (ATMs) and printers. OKI had a semiconductor business, which it spun off and sold to Rohm Company, Limited on October 1, 2008.

OKI Data, a subsidiary, which markets its products under the OKI brand, is focused on creating professional printed communications products, applications and services. OKI Data provides a wide range of devices, from printers, faxes and multi-functional products to business applications and consultancy services. Through its American business arm, OKI Data America markets the OKI proColor Series, a line of digital production printers designed specifically for the graphic arts and production market in North America to offer print solutions for color-critical applications.

Founding
The company was founded by Kibataro Oki (1848–1906), an engineer formerly employed at a Kobusho (Ministry of Industry) factory. In 1877, only a year after Alexander Graham Bell's invention, Kubusho had started an effort to make telephone receivers by reverse engineering and Oki was in the team that came up with the first prototype. In January 1881, convinced that the nation was about to enter the age of communications, Kibataro Oki founded Meikōsha, which was later renamed OKI. The company manufactured the first telephone in Japan in 1881, five years after Bell invented the phone, and exhibited a silver-award-winning lacquer-coated wire at the 1885 International Inventions Exhibition in London.

Early years
OKI contributed immensely to the proliferation of phones in Japan under the country's Telephone Expansion Plans. The company saw the need of automatic exchanges as well, as phones became common. Asano Soichiro of Asano zaibatsu, a predecessor of the Fuyo Group, was elected to chairman in 1912.

Pre and post wars
During World War I, wartime demand brought large profits to OKI as demand for telephone service increased. A strong demand emerged for the PBX (Private Branch Exchange), the largest system of which in Japan installed by OKI. In addition to business from Japan, overseas business also grew, providing railroad-type printers, portable telephones and electric wires outside Japan. From around 1920, OKI achieved notable advances in its technical development of the common-battery switchboard. Asano Soichiro's son was appointed to the next chairman in 1931.

In the late 1930s, OKI's plants were used towards meeting the military demand for goods, having major effects on OKI's business, such as building new production plants, and increasing its capital as well as the number of its affiliates.

OKI increased its production capacity after WWII to restore magnetotype telephones and exchanges that were damaged during the war, OKI endured great difficulties as it moved toward rebuilding itself. On November 1, 1949, Oki Electric Industry Co., was established to succeed the former entity Oki Electric Co., Ltd. Two years later in November 1951, OKI's shares were listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. It was also at this time when OKI started mass-producing the “Type-4 telephone,” which was called a "symbol of Japan’s postwar reconstruction". In 1956, it was the first to produce a 100-line Ericsson-type crossbar-switching systems for commercial use.

OKI of electronics (1960s-1980s)
OKI gradually transformed itself into an electronics company from the second half of 1960s into the 1970s.

1960s
To respond to the high-level economic growth Japan was experiencing, OKI needed to speed up its business operations and clarify responsibilities. OKI began producing and supplying business machines such as teletypewriters, and perforation typewriters. In June 1961, OKI launched OKITYPER-2000, an electric teletypewriter that could simultaneously make perforation tapes and book entry forms. The company also developed and sold various general-purpose computers such as OKITAC-5090, the first domestically produced computer to use core memory.

In 1964 OKI developed OKISAVER, a terminal for online deposits which was provided to financial institutions.

1970s
In addition to minicomputers such as the OKITAC series developed in the mid-1960s, OKI began supplying various I/O devices, electroprinters, and dot printers, mainly to the financial industry in the 1970s. OKI's business at this time included cash dispensers (CDs), automatic depositors (ADs) and automated teller machines (ATMs).

In this period, OKI expanded its overseas business providing telecommunications systems to countries in the Middle East, Central and South American countries as well as other Asian countries. In 1972, OKI established Oki Data Corporation (ODC: today's OKI Data Americas), a Japan-US joint venture located in Philadelphia, to develop the DP100, dot printers.

In 1975, OKI developed the world's first automobile telephone system together with Bell Labs. This was the beginning of OKI's wireless technology, and, as of 2009, OKI keeps expanding this technology into vehicle-to-vehicle communications and ETC (Electronic toll collection) technologies.

1980s

In May 1980, OKI launched the IF-800 series, which was a successful business-use PC business. It also added a facsimile business unit in search of private sector demand. In 1982, OKI introduced the world's first cash-recycling ATM, allowing deposited banknotes to be immediately used for withdrawal.

 * Printers
 * Microline
 * 80, 82/83, 84, 92/93
 * 180, 182/183, 190, 192/193
 * 280, 292/293, 294
 * 320 FB, 321, 380, 390 FB, 393, 395
 * 520/521, 590/591
 * Okimate 10, 20
 * Pacemark
 * 2350, 2410
 * 3410, 4410
 * Laserline 6

 * ICs
 * MSM5232 8-channel tone generator
 * MSM6242 RTC
 * MSM6295 4-channel ADPCM

OKI of network solutions (1990s)
In the early 90s, Japanese economy was in the midst of recession that continued after the bubble economy collapsed, which also hit a strong blow to OKI's business. In October 1994, OKI spun off its printer and facsimile business, and established Oki Data Corporation. In the later 90's, with the spread of the Internet, OKI worked on being recognized as a company that offers network solutions.

In December 1990, the OKI 900 cell phone was marketed. The phone was famous in phone phreaking culture for its advanced debugging menu allowing eavesdropping of others cell phone calls and observation of cell phone network operation.

2000s
In 2004, OKI released its IP CONVERGENCE Server SS9100, the industry's first Microsoft.Net-compliant server, and in 2006, released its Center Stage NX5000, a carrier-grade communication server compliant with next-generation networks.

In 2008, as part of its business selection and concentration measures, OKI spun off its semiconductor business to Rohm Co., Ltd.

Subsidiaries
Oki Data Americas, Inc., a subsidiary of Oki Data Corporation of Japan, produces PC peripheral equipment under the OKI brand, including digital color and monochrome printers, serial impact dot matrix printers, multifunction products and facsimiles.

The history of Oki Data Americas can be traced back to 1972 when the company was founded as a joint venture between two Philadelphia entrepreneurs and their Japanese customer, Oki Electric, to develop and produce information technology products. One of its popular products was the Okimate 10 thermal transfer printer, one of the first affordable color printers for early home computers.

Oki Data Americas, Inc. relocated from Mt. Laurel, NJ and is headquartered in Irving, Texas. Other Oki Data Americas offices are in Mississauga, Canada; Mexico City, Mexico; and São Paulo, Brazil.

Oki Data Americas ceased production of all Oki-branded hardware as of March 31, 2021.

Sponsorships
Oki sponsored English Premier League football club Portsmouth F.C. from 2005 to 2009. From 2003 to 2008, Oki owned the naming rights to Jubilee Oval in Kogarah, Sydney, Australia, which was the home ground of National Rugby League team St George Illawarra Dragons. Oki was also the major sponsor of 1.FC Kaiserslautern from 1990 to 1996. During the 1998–1999 season OKI sponsored the French Ligue 1 team HSC Montpellier.

title: Oki Electric Industry


text:
Salih Usar

Salih Usar is the Minister of Public Works and Communications in the 20th Government of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, in the cabinet of Prime Minister Ferdi Sabit Soyer. He was appointed to his portfolios in April, 2005.

title: Salih Usar


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Death sticks

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - should be merged - SimonP 00:15, Jun 16, 2005 (UTC)

Death sticks
Extreme Star Wars fan cruft. Google search brings up 18 results.  Barfooz  (talk)  05:15, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Give the article a death stick. Delete --Xcali 05:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment it was taken from [|the Star Wars wiki], which is a more appropriate venue for this level of detail. Nateji77 05:37, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Too obscure for its own article. If appropriate at all, it belongs as content within another more major Star Wars topic. Tobycat 05:56, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge somewhere or Keep this item from the fictional star wars universe. Kappa 06:07, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with the appropriate list of Star Wars nuncio. (yes, I know nuncio doesn't mean that, but it's almost 4:00AM here). -- BD2412 talk 07:59, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Delete. All that Revenge of the Sith hype has led to a Return of the Fancruft.   [  +t,  +c  ] 09:18, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm generally in favour of keeping most Star Wars-cruft, but I was going to say merge into Spice (Star Wars). The only problem was that this article doesn't exist, and spice is far more notable within the Star Wars universe. Unless there is a fictional narcotic substances article somewhere, delete. --Scimitar 15:12, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Let's merge it with Death stick to get rid of the faulty page title. Somehow I remember Death stick surviving a VFD debate. Is it just my imagination? Mgm|(talk) 15:46, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sub-trivial fancruft. --Carnildo 21:56, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Death Stick and change this to a redirect.--M412k 22:35, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge with Death stick maybe we'll get a reasonable article out of the two of them. -- Lochaber 13:12, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:65.182.172.89

title: User talk:65.182.172.89


text:
Talk:Engineers' Drinking Song

This article and Godiva's Hymn are about the same song. They list different sets of lyrics, but these don't appear to have anything to do with the title. Can someone working on these pages decide with title is prefered and merge? --Azkar 05:19, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Merge
Both titles are used often. A quick googling turns up more accurate hits with "Godiva's Hymn" than "Engineers' Drinking Song", I suggest merging under "Godiva's Hymn". That article is also more extensive.

"Engineering Societies" is a valid category, I am re-entering it.

title: Talk:Engineers' Drinking Song