text:
Clocking Off

Clocking Off is a British television drama series which was broadcast on BBC One for four series from 2000 to 2003. It was produced for the BBC by the independent Red Production Company, and created by Paul Abbott.

It was effectively an anthology programme, following the lives of a group of workers at a Manchester textile factory, with each episode focusing on the home life of a different character. Well-known actors and actresses who appeared in the series included Christopher Eccleston, Sophie Okonedo, Philip Glenister, John Simm, Lesley Sharp, Siobhan Finneran, Emma Cunniffe, Diane Parish, David Morrissey, Ricky Tomlinson, Julian Rhind-Tutt, William Ash, Ben Crompton, Jack Deam, Jack P. Shepherd, Tina O'Brien, Jason Merrells, Pam Ferris, Wil Johnson, Ashley Jensen, Susan Cookson, Mark Benton, Lindsey Coulson, Paul Copley, Sarah Lancashire, Crissy Rock, Marshall Lancaster, Marc Warren, Claire Sweeney and Maxine Peake.

The series was highly acclaimed by the critics, winning the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series in 2001. However, over the course of the following two years Abbott's work on the series decreased as he moved on to other projects. Nonetheless, every series was nominated for a BAFTA and other writers including Danny Brocklehurst, John Fay and Jan McVerry wrote successful stand-alone episodes. The programme finally ended, after a series with no Abbott scripts at all, in 2003. The BBC said the programme was axed following declining ratings, but creator Abbott said the programme's demise was down to "a lack of writers able to come up with stories good enough to carry the stand alone episodes."

Twenty-seven episodes were produced across the four series, and in 2004 the first series was released on DVD. In 2015, the first series was released on DVD in Australia and was made available for purchase via the BBC Store.

title: Clocking Off


text:
File:Stealth poster.jpg

Summary
Stealth film poster

Fair use in Stealth (film)
Though this image is subject to copyright, its use is covered by the U.S. fair use laws because:
 * 1) It's a low resolution copy of a Film Poster / VHS or DVD Cover.
 * 2) It doesn't limit the copyright owner's rights to sell the film in any way, in fact, it may encourage sales.
 * 3) Because of the low resolution, copies could not be used to make illegal copies of the artwork/image.
 * 4) The image is itself a subject of discussion in the article or used in the infobox thereof.
 * 5) The image  is significant because it was used to promoted a notable film.

Source

 * 1) Derived from a digital capture (photo/scan) of the Film Poster/ VHS or DVD Cover (creator of this digital version is irrelevant as the copyright in all equivalent images is still held by the same party). Copyright held by the film company or the artist.  Claimed as fair use regardless.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File:Stealth poster.jpg


text:
Gosankyō

The Go-san-kyō (御三卿) were three branches of the Tokugawa clan of Japan. They were descended from the eighth of the fifteen Tokugawa shōguns, Yoshimune (1684–1751). Yoshimune established the Gosankyo to augment (or perhaps to replace) the Gosanke, the heads of the powerful han (fiefs) of Owari, Kishū, and Mito. Two of his sons, together with the second son of his successor Ieshige, established the Tayasu, Hitotsubashi, and Shimizu branches of the Tokugawa. Unlike the Gosanke, they did not rule a han. Still, they remained prominent until the end of Tokugawa rule, and some later shōguns were chosen from the Hitotsubashi line.

Tayasu House 田安家

 * 1) Munetake (1716–1771, r. 1731–1771)
 * 2) Haruaki (1753–1774, r. 1771–1774)
 * 3) Narimasa (1779–1846, r. 1787–1836)
 * 4) Naritaka (1810–1845, r. 1836–1839)
 * 5) Yoshiyori (1828–1876, r. 1839–1863)
 * 6) Takachiyo (1860–1865, r. 1863–1865)
 * 7) Kamenosuke (1863–1940, r. 1865–1868)
 * 8) Yoshiyori (2nd time) (1828–1876, r. 1868–1876)
 * 9) Satotaka (1865–1941, r. 1876–1941)
 * 10) Satonari (1899–1961, r. 1941–1961)
 * 11) Munefusa (1929–, r. 1961–  )

Shimizu House 清水家

 * 1) Shigeyoshi (1745–1795, r. 1758–1795)
 * 2) Atsunosuke (1796–1799, r. 1798–1799)
 * 3) Nariyuki (1801–1846, r. 1805–1816)
 * 4) Narinori (1810–1827, r. 1816–1827)
 * 5) Narikatsu (1820–1849, r. 1827–1846)
 * 6) Akitake (1853–1910, r. 1866–1868)
 * 7) Atsumori (1856–1924, r. 1870–1924)
 * 8) Yoshitoshi (r.1924-1963)
 * 豪英

Hitotsubashi House 一橋家

 * [[Image:Tokugawa family crest.svg|20px]] Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1st Tokugawa Shōgun (1543–1616; r. 1603–1605)
 * Tokugawa Yorinobu, 1st daimyō of Kishū (1602–1671)
 * Tokugawa Mitsusada, 2nd daimyō of Kishū (1627–1705)
 * [[Image:Tokugawa family crest.svg|20px]] Tokugawa Yoshimune, 8th Tokugawa Shōgun (1684–1751; 5th daimyō of Kishū: 1705–1716; 8th Tokugawa Shōgun: 1716–1745)
 * I. Tokugawa Munetada, 1st Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1721–1765; Hitotsubashi family head: 1735–1764)
 * II. Tokugawa Harusada, 2nd Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1751–1827; Hitotsubashi family head: 1764–1799)
 * [[Image:Tokugawa family crest.svg|20px]] Tokugawa Ienari, 11th Tokugawa Shōgun (1773–1841; r. 1786–1837)
 * [[Image:Tokugawa family crest.svg|20px]] Tokugawa Ieyoshi, 12th Tokugawa Shōgun (1793–1853; r. 1837–1853)
 * VI. Tokugawa Yoshimasa, 6th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1825–1838, Hitotsubashi family head: 1837–1838)
 * Tokugawa Naritaka, 12th daimyō of Owari (1810-1845)
 * VIII. Tokugawa Shōmaru, 8th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1846–1847, Hitotsubashi family head: 1847)
 * Tokugawa Narimasa, 3rd Tayasu-Tokugawa family head (1779–1848)
 * V. Tokugawa Narikura, 5th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1818–1837; Hitotsubashi family head: 1830–1837)
 * VII.Tokugawa Yoshinaga, 7th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1823–1847, Hitotsubashi family head: 1838–1847)
 * III. Tokugawa Nariatsu, 3rd Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1780–1816, Hitotsubashi family head: 1799–1816)
 * IV. Tokugawa Narinori, 4th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1803–1830, Hitotsubashi family head: 1816–1830)
 * Tokugawa Yorifusa, 1st daimyō of Mito (1603–1661)
 * Matsudaira Yorishige, 1st daimyō of Takamatsu (1622–1695)
 * Matsudaira Yoriyuki (1661–1687)
 * Matsudaira Yoritoyo, 3rd daimyō of Takamatsu (1680–1735)
 * Tokugawa Munetaka, 4th daimyō of Mito (1705–1730)
 * Tokugawa Munemoto, 5th daimyō of Mito (1728–1766)
 * Tokugawa Harumori, 6th daimyō of Mito (1751–1805)
 * Tokugawa Harutoshi, 7th daimyō of Mito (1773–1816)
 * Tokugawa Nariaki, 9th daimyō of Mito (1800–1860)
 * Tokugawa Yoshiatsu, 10th daimyō of Mito (1832–1868)
 * Tokugawa Atsuyoshi, 12th Mito family head, 1st Marquess (1855–1898; 12th family head: 1883–1898; Marquess: 1884)
 * XII. Tokugawa Muneyoshi, 12th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head, 2nd Count (1897-1989; Hitotsubashi family head: 1934–1989; 2nd Count: 1934–1947)
 * XIII. Tokugawa Munenobu, 13th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1929-1993; Hitotsubashi family head: 1989–1993)
 * XIV. Tokugawa Munechika, 14th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (born 1959; Hitotsubashi family head: 1993–present)
 * Munefumi (born 1986)
 * Munenari (born 1994)
 * [[Image:Tokugawa family crest.svg|20px]] IX. Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th Tokugawa Shōgun, 9th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head, 1st Head and 1st Prince of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu line (1837–1913; Hitotsubashi family head: 1847–1866; Shōgun: 1866–1867, 1st Head of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu line: 1868–1913, 1st Prince of the Tokugawa Yoshinobu line: 1902–1913)
 * Matsudaira Yoshinari, 9th daimyō of Takasu (1776–1832)
 * Matsudaira Yoshitatsu, 10th daimyō of Takasu (1800–1862)
 * X. Tokugawa Mochinaga, 10th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1831–1884, Hitotsubashi family head: 1866–1884)
 * XI. Tokugawa Satomichi, 11th Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head, 1st Count (1872-1934, Hitotsubashi family head: 1884–1944; Count: 1884-relinquished 1934)

title: Gosankyō


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Poms Ventures Corporation Oil Mills, Philippines

 This page is an archive of the proposed deletion of the article below. Further comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or on a Votes for Undeletion nomination). No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:22, 8 August 2005 (UTC)

Poms Ventures Corporation Oil Mills, Philippines
Wikipedia is not a means for advertising. Articles about companies should describe companies that are well known, and are notable. This company is definitely not notable. This also looks like some about page rather than an article. Also, if it is confirmed that this should be deleted, may I please request an admin to delete, thanks.

 * Delete, for the mentioned reasons, --Noypi380 12:59, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --*drew 07:59, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete It reads like a company sales brochure. Hamster Sandwich 08:23, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete for reasons stated. --User:Merovingian (t) (c) 09:20, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advert - Tεx  τ  urε  19:15, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in an undeletion request). No further edits should be made to this page.


text:
Talk:Phenol formaldehyde resin

Branching is minimized?
It may be obvious to those familar with polymerization reactions or aromatic reactions but maybe not to everyone that the ideal situation described is not a complete picture. There are reactions which can turn the nice "string of pearls" polymerization into a "snarl of knots". Branching (also can be called crosslinking) is a real problem in keeping the product "nice". —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.230.167.50 (talk • contribs).

is it dissolve graphite —Preceding unsigned comment added by Assememam (talk • contribs) 13:42, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
From my limited understanding and knowledge, both are the same. -- RichiH (talk) 20:28, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * AgreeSandcherry (talk) 23:19, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree that the two articles can be merged. Daandekubber (talk) 08:27, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

Catalin?

 * Should Catalin be included under trade names? Flight Risk (talk) 19:22, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

Tufnol
The link on the trade name "Tufnol" is circular, back to this same article ! Was there previously a separate article that was merged, or has something gone astray ? Darkman101 (talk) 00:02, 20 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenol formaldehyde resin


text:
User talk:Specialfriends614

-my friends an me- we are all sisters but when new-cumbers come in we change.it`s like were not sisters any more and people that came in broke us apart from another.okay,i got this friend or sister name shakita,we were sister together:we always played with each other but now we are together that good any more because new girls come in between us.then sense we got this new girl name shagleenda we were friends until i guess shakita got mad because we were not friends any more,so she decided she wanted us broke up.so she did it we were broke up.then shagleenda went to shakita.and shakita was all friendzee with shagleenda.so then i got mad at shagleenda because she told me that nothing would brake us up.+ we were sister-sister.then shakita was all up under shagleenda`s ass.telling her lies about me.so shagleenda would stay being shakita`s friend.then after a while we got a new girl name heather she was 15 just like shagleenda,oh i forgot to tel how old shagleenda was.but,oh well.so then sense shagleenda had someone her age to play with she went to heather and heather was cool until,she started listening to shakita or who ever was telling her stuff.then she wanted me to be her little sister.so sense then we all got back with each other and we were all happy being with each other.

title: User talk:Specialfriends614


text:
Jagi

Jagi may refer to:

 * Jagi, Iran, a village
 * Jagi (Fist of the North Star), a fictional character
 * G. Jagi, field hockey player of Afghanistan
 * L. Jagi Lamplighter, American writer

title: Jagi


text:
Normalcy bias

Normalcy bias, or normality bias, is a cognitive bias which leads people to disbelieve or minimize threat warnings. Consequently, individuals underestimate the likelihood of a disaster, when it might affect them, and its potential adverse effects. The normalcy bias causes many people to prepare inadequately for natural disasters, market crashes, and calamities caused by human error. About 80% of people reportedly display normalcy bias during a disaster.

The normalcy bias can manifest in response to warnings about disasters and actual catastrophes. Such events can range in scale from incidents such as traffic collisions to global catastrophic risk. The event may involve social constructionism phenomena such as loss of money in market crashes, or direct threats to continuity of life: as in natural disasters like a tsunami or violence in war.

Normalcy bias has also been called analysis paralysis, the ostrich effect, and by first responders, the negative panic. The opposite of normalcy bias is overreaction, or worst-case scenario bias, in which small deviations from normality are dealt with as signals of an impending catastrophe.

Phases
Amanda Ripley, author of The Unthinkable: Who Survives When Disaster Strikes – and Why, identifies common response patterns of people in disasters and explains that there are three phases of response: "denial, deliberation, and the decisive moment". With regard to the first phase, described as "denial", Ripley found that people were likely to deny that a disaster was happening. It takes time for the brain to process information and recognize that a disaster is a threat. In the "deliberation" phase, people have to decide what to do. If a person does not have a plan in place, this causes a serious problem because the effects of life-threatening stress on the body (e.g. tunnel vision, audio exclusion, time dilations, out-of-body experiences, or reduced motor skills) limit an individual's ability to perceive information and make plans. Ripley asserts that in the third and final phase, described as the "decisive moment", a person must act quickly and decisively. Failure to do so can result in injury or death. She explains that the faster someone can get through the denial and deliberation phases, the quicker they will reach the decisive moment and begin to take action.

Examples
Journalist David McRaney wrote that "Normalcy bias flows into the brain no matter the scale of the problem. It will appear whether you have days and plenty of warning or are blindsided with only seconds between life and death." It can manifest itself in phenomena such as car crashes. Car crashes occur very frequently, but the average individual experiences them only rarely, if ever. It also manifests itself in connection with events in world history. According to a 2001 study by sociologist Thomas Drabek, when people are asked to leave in anticipation of a disaster, most check with four or more sources of information before deciding what to do. The process of checking in, known as milling, is common in disasters.

It can explain why thousands of people refused to leave New Orleans as Hurricane Katrina approached and why at least 70% of 9/11 survivors spoke with others before evacuating. Officials at the White Star Line made insufficient preparations to evacuate passengers on the Titanic and people refused evacuation orders, possibly because they underestimated the odds of a worst-case scenario and minimized its potential impact. Similarly, experts connected with the Fukushima nuclear power plant were strongly convinced that a multiple reactor meltdown could never occur.

A website for police officers has noted that members of that profession have "all seen videos of officers who were injured or killed while dealing with an ambiguous situation, like the old one of a father with his young daughter on a traffic stop". In the video referred to, "the officer misses multiple threat cues...because the assailant talks lovingly about his daughter and jokes about how packed his minivan is. The officer only seems to react to the positive interactions, while seeming to ignore the negative signals. It's almost as if the officer is thinking, 'Well I've never been brutally assaulted before so it certainly won't happen now.' No one is surprised at the end of the video when the officer is violently attacked, unable to put up an effective defense." This professional failure, notes the website, is a consequence of normalcy bias.

Normalcy bias, David McRaney has written, "is often factored into fatality predictions in everything from ship sinkings to stadium evacuations". Disaster movies, he adds, "get it all wrong. When you and others are warned of danger, you don't evacuate immediately while screaming and flailing your arms." McRaney notes that in the book Big Weather, tornado chaser Mark Svenvold discusses "how contagious normalcy bias can be. He recalled how people often tried to convince him to chill out while fleeing from impending doom. Even when tornado warnings were issued, people assumed it was someone else's problem. Stake-holding peers, he said, would try to shame him into denial so they could remain calm. They didn't want him deflating their attempts at feeling normal".

Hypothesized cause
The normalcy bias may be caused in part by the way the brain processes new data. Research suggests that even when the brain is calm, it takes 8–10 seconds to process new information. Stress slows the process, and when the brain cannot find an acceptable response to a situation, it fixates on a single and sometimes default solution that may or may not be correct. An evolutionary reason for this response could be that paralysis gives an animal a better chance of surviving an attack and predators are less likely to see prey that is not moving.

Effects
About 80% of people reportedly display normalcy bias in disasters. Normalcy bias has been described as "one of the most dangerous biases we have". The lack of preparation for disasters often leads to inadequate shelter, supplies, and evacuation plans. Even when all these things are in place, individuals with a normalcy bias often refuse to leave their homes.

Normalcy bias can cause people to drastically underestimate the effects of the disaster. Therefore, people think that they will be safe even though information from the radio, television, or neighbors gives them reasons to believe there is a risk. The normalcy bias causes a cognitive dissonance that people then must work to eliminate. Some manage to eliminate it by refusing to believe new warnings coming in and refusing to evacuate (maintaining the normalcy bias), while others eliminate the dissonance by escaping the danger. The possibility that some people may refuse to evacuate causes significant problems in disaster planning.

Prevention
The negative effects of normalcy bias can be combated through the four stages of disaster response:
 * preparation, including publicly acknowledging the possibility of disaster and forming contingency plans.
 * warning, including issuing clear, unambiguous, and frequent warnings and helping the public to understand and believe them.
 * impact, the stage at which the contingency plans take effect and emergency services, rescue teams, and disaster relief teams work in tandem.
 * aftermath, reestablishing equilibrium after the fact, by providing both supplies and aid to those in need.

title: Normalcy bias


text:
Milić od Mačve

Milić Stanković (1934 – 2000), known by his artistic name Milić of Mačva (Милић од Мачве, Milić od Mačve; 30 October 1934 – 8 December 2000), was a Serbian painter and artist often named Balkan's Dalí for his figurative surrealist paintings.

Biography
Stanković was born in 1934 in Belotić, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

When he was in the second year of high school in the town of Šabac, a professor of drawing, Đorđe Kostić came to Šabac from Belgrade, demolished after the Nazi bombardment. Kostić founded the art section in the basement of the high school. The professor had a special ability of perceiving children gifted in painting, including Milić. As a high school student, Milić participated at painting exhibitions in the town.

Because of poverty, his parents decided that he should attend the Military Academy in Belgrade. Milić was accepted, but at the last moment, managed to convince his parents that architecture would be better for him and more promising for the future. Young Milić had talent and good will, and now it became important for him to remain in Belgrade. At the School of Architecture, he was taught by an extraordinary draughtsman - Pivo Karamatijević. The first year, he lived in the Students' City, New Belgrade.

In the fall of 1953 Milić began socializing with the family of Đorđe Kadijević. Milić and Đorđe were constantly fantasizing about painting. The next year, Milić passed the entrance exam to the Academy of Fine Arts, in contrast to Kadijević, who did not pass it.

Milić received support from his mother Desanka for admission to the academy, and he was especially encouraged by his high school classmate Vlada Lalicki, from Šabac. Later, as a specially gifted student, he received a scholarship. At the Academy of Fine Arts, he studied in the class of professor Kosta Hakman, and after Hakman's death, with professor Ljubica Sokić. Milić graduated from the academy in 1959

On Milić's first solo exhibition, Herbert Beck, a famous collector from Geneva bought seven of his paintings for 770,000 dinars, a significant amount at the time.

Milić was a very prolific painter. As of February 2000, he had painted around 7,500 paintings, more than 13,000 graphics and hundreds of icons and frescoes. By his works he defended the Serbian tradition from oblivion and distortion.

He died on December 8, 2000, in Belgrade, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

title: Milić od Mačve


text:
Cheetahs (rugby union)

The Cheetahs (known for sponsorship reasons as the Toyota Cheetahs), is a South African professional rugby union team based at the Free State Stadium in Bloemfontein. They have played Super Rugby between 2006 and 2017, then the Pro14 (now United Rugby Championship) from 2017 to 2020, and currently the EPCR Challenge Cup since 2022.

The franchise area encompasses the western half of the Free State province, the same as that of provincial Currie Cup side the. Between 2006 and 2015, the from the eastern half of the Free State province and  from the Northern Cape province were Cheetahs franchise partners, but this ended prior to the 2016 Super Rugby season.

The Cheetahs was one of the two new franchises that entered the expanded Super 14 competition in 2006, the other being Australia's Western Force. The Central Union was awarded the fifth South African franchise over the SEC franchise in April 2005. In its first season the Cheetahs did surprisingly well, finishing tenth in the final standings, out of 14 sides. Prior to being accepted into the 2006 Super 14 season, the Cheetahs were represented as a part of the Cats. In addition, before the South African Rugby Union entered regionalised franchises into the competition, the Free State Cheetahs side competed in the 1997 Super 12 season.

Strip
The primary strip for the Toyota Cheetahs is an orange jersey with a white collar and white trim. Black shorts with orange socks and white trim. The colours are representative of the Free State Currie Cup side; orange and white (Free State Cheetahs). The alternative jersey is the same design, though it is a white jersey with an orange collar and orange trim. Black shorts with orange socks and white trim.

History
Prior to South Africa entering franchises into the then Super 12, the domestic Currie Cup sides competed instead. The Free State Cheetahs, one of the sides that make up the current Central Cheetahs, competed in one Super 12 season in 1997. The Free State played 11 matches, winning 5 and losing 6. They placed 7th on the end of season standings.

Proposals by the Central Union franchise and the SEC (Southern and Eastern Cape) franchise were studied for the allocation of a fifth Super Rugby team licence. The Central Union emphasized points to the SARU such as that the region is second only to the Western Province in terms of producing players for the national side. The Central Union noted that they have a strong and stable fanbase that would be able to meet financial and administrative responsibilities and demands of a Super 14 rugby side.

In mid April 2005, the South African Rugby Union announced that the Central Unions franchise would be its fifth team for the expanded Super 14 competition that would begin in 2006. They were awarded the franchise ahead of the Southern and Eastern Cape (see Southern Spears). In the pre-season of their entrance to the new look Super 14 competition, the Cheetahs played both of the other new franchises, new Australian team; the Western Force and 2007 fellow South African team, the Southern Spears. The Cheetahs proved to be the strongest out of the new sides, demolishing the Spears 48 to nil and soundly defeating the Force in Perth. The Cheetahs played their first game on 10 February, proving they are fighting fit, but were not good enough on the day for the South African Bulls, losing their first official match in Bloemfontein 18 points to 30. The Cheetahs won their first Super 14 game in week two, defeating the Sharks in a thrilling match seeing the Cheetahs win by a single point, 27 to 26. Entering round four of the 2006 season, the Cheetahs were facing the table leaders, the Hurricanes. In a surprise result, the Cheetahs beat the table leaders, thus winning their first home game and proving they deserve to be in the Super 14.

The Cheetahs finally broke their drought in overseas matches with an upset over the New South Wales Waratahs on 19 March 2011.

Following SANZAAR's decision to reduce the number of teams for 2018, the South African Rugby Union announced that the Cheetahs would be one of the teams cut from the 2018 competition. Instead, the Cheetahs joined the previously Northern Hemisphere-exclusive Pro14 competition prior to the 2017–18 season.

The Cheetahs were unable to compete in the 2020–21 Pro14 due to COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions. Instead, the team played the Super Rugby Unlocked in late 2020 and the Preparation Series in early 2021. However, the Cheetahs were not invited into the Pro14 Rainbow Cup. The Pro14 was rebranded as the United Rugby Championship for the 2021–22, and the team was not selected to enter it.

Since 2022, the Cheetahs play in the EPCR Challenge Cup as an invited team.

Minor Honours

 * Lafarge Zimbabwe Champions Cup winners 2016
 * Toyota Challenge: winners 9 times runner up 3 times

Stadia
The Cheetahs' home stadium is the Free State Stadium, previously referred to as Vodacom Park for sponsorship purposes, located in Bloemfontein. The stadium had its capacity increased to 48,000 for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The stadium is the home of Free State rugby as it is also home to the Free State Cheetahs, a Currie Cup side which produces a large number of players for the Cheetahs franchise. A then-capacity crowd of 37,383 watched the Cheetahs in their first official Super 14 match against the Bulls on 10 February 2006.

The Cheetahs also previously played matches at Griquas Park in Kimberley, the home of the Griqualand West Rugby Union, and at North West Stadium in Welkom, the home of the Griffons Rugby Union.

Season by season record

 * Bold indicates current team player

Current squad
The Cheetahs squad for 2023–24 EPCR Challenge Cup is:

Coaches

 * Rassie Erasmus (2006–2007)
 * Naka Drotské (2008–2015)
 * Franco Smith (2016–2017)
 * Rory Duncan (2017–2018)
 * Franco Smith (2018–2019)
 * Hawies Fourie (2019–2024)
 * Izak van der Westhuizen (2024–present)

Captains

 * Juan Smith (2006–2011)
 * Adriaan Strauss (2012–2014)
 * Francois Uys (2015)
 * Francois Venter (2016–2018)
 * Oupa Mohojé (2018)
 * Tian Meyer (2018–2019)
 * Ruan Pienaar (2020–2022)
 * Victor Sekekete (2022–present)

Pro14 records
The Cheetahs' Pro14 records are as follows (updated 11 February 2018):

Super Rugby records
The Cheetahs' Super Rugby records are as follows:

title: Cheetahs (rugby union)


text: Category:Kiel

title: Category:Kiel


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jay Barnes

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – Rich Farmbrough 17:35, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jay Barnes
Extremely creative person responsible for crazes and weaselball needs. Since he claims to be widely notable on the 'net, and the ~6500 googles his name gets are not all actually about the same person, I smell a vanity page. Radiant_ >|< 13:08, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

Delete. Immediately. -Snorre/Antwelm 13:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete, because even ignoring my elitist tendencies, I can't see this guy being of interest to anyone now, let alone in ten years. --Scimitar 13:47, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete webmaster, vanity. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 13:53, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete or create Rock, Paper, Saddam as an internet meme/trend/noteworthy page and add him as a section. jglc | t | c 15:48, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: Rock Paper Saddam exists and seems as though it will not be Deleted per the VfD discussion. jglc | t | c 18:08, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. His meme far outstrips him in notability. -- BD2412 talk 16:15, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete - vanity. --FCYTravis 18:13, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. — Phil Welch 02:06, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 02:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity with a touch of advertising. Vastly overrates his own fame.   — Gwalla | Talk 04:50, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Self-promo. See also discussion at Votes_for_deletion/Rock_Paper_Saddam which tends strongly towards delete at the moment. --Oneliner 12:12, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Sava Šumanović

Sava Šumanović (Сава Шумановић; 22 January 1896 – 30 August 1942) was a Serbian painter. He is considered to be one of the most important Serbian painters of the 20th century. Šumanović's opus includes around 800 paintings as well as 400 drawings and sketches. He was executed during the mass genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia. Ustaše tortured him and threw him half alive into limestone.

Biography
Sava Šumanović was born in Vinkovci, Austria-Hungary (now in Croatia) in 1896, the only child of mother Persida Šumanović (née Tubić) and father Milutin Šumanović, who worked as an engineer. Šumanovićs were rich and influential family, which was recorded in Šid as of the 18th century. When Šumanović was four years old his family moved to Šid (modern-day Serbia). He graduated Zemun Gymnasium, where he was first introduced to the art of painting and the work of artists like Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne. He later enrolled in the College of Crafts and Arts in Zagreb and soon after he lived in Paris for several years, since 1920. His professor in Paris was André Lhote. Šumanović befriended Amedeo Modigliani, Max Jacob and various Paris-based Serbian artists and writers such as Rastko Petrović. In 1924 Šumanović wrote two notable essays, Slikar o slikarstvu i Zašto volim Pusenovo slikarstvo.

Living for a couple of years in Croatia, Šumanović returned to Paris in late 1925, and stayed again for several years, accepting certain influences of the Matisse painting style. In 1927 he produced some of his best known works, including Pijana ladja (Drunken boat) and Doručak na travi (Luncheon on the grass). Šumanović returned to Šid in 1928 and after another year spent in Paris, eventually settled there in 1930. His major exhibition was at the Belgrade New University in 1939, where he exposed roughly 410 paintings mostly from the Šid period. It was his first major success after many years. He lived quietly in Šid until the outbreak of World War II in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941, when the Nazi puppet state Independent State of Croatia, led by the Croatian fascist Ustaše, occupied Syrmia and began a genocide campaign against Serbs, Jews, and Romani people.

When the Independent State of Croatia upon its establishment banned usage of Serbian Cyrillic, Šumanović stopped signing pictures and only put the year. Ustaše police arrested Šumanović together with 150 Serbian citizens and took them to a concentration camp in Hrvatska Mitrovica (today Sremska Mitrovica). Šumanović was executed there on 30 August 1942, together with many other Serbs and buried in a common grave in a Serbian Orthodox graveyard.

Style
His early artistic style was characterized by various influences, mainly Cubism but Fauvism and Expressionism as well. In his later works, Sava Šumanović managed to develop his own, rather original artistic expression, which he simply called "the way I know and can." Due to innovations and unique style, Šumanović can be described as one of the most prominent Serbian painters of the twentieth century as well as a major painter from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Legacy
A museum dedicated to his life and work is located in Šid. His works are also on display in the museums of Belgrade, Novi Sad, Kragujevac, Zrenjanin and Split.

A gallery devoted to Šumanović's work was established in 1952 based on a gift from Persida Šumanović, the painter's mother. The legacy of 417 works of art, out of which 356 are oil paintings is located in the Šumanović family home (also used as a court). In 1989 the building was renovated and the original exhibition area was expanded from 400 to 600 m2. This enabled a large number of paintings to be exhibited simultaneously. The main activity of the gallery is the preservation and presentation of paintings obtained as gifts. In addition to this, a rich collection of documentary materials has been amassed, as well as an extraordinarily rich Hermoteca (newspaper and periodical library), containing the catalogues from all the exhibitions held until now.

Also part of the gallery is the Memorial House of Sava Šumanović, as well as the archaeological collection “Gradina on the Bosut”, and an antique sarcophagus. The artistic circle “Sava Šumanović,” consisting of local amateur painters, also operates within the gallery. Ten years after the gallery had been established, the memorial in honour of Sava Šumanović was initiated, an event which takes place every three years.

The July 2019 exhibition of his works organised by the Gallery of Matica Srpska in Cultural Center of Serbia in Paris caused wider media coverage and attention.

He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs list.

title: Sava Šumanović


text:
Branko Radičević

Aleksije "Branko" Radičević (Алексије Бранко Радичевић, ; 28 March 1824 – 1 July 1853) was a Serbian poet who wrote in the period of Romanticism.

Biography
Branko Radičević was born in Slavonski Brod on 15 March 1824. Aleksije was his baptismal name before he changed it to Branko, a more common Serbian name. He finished high school in Sremski Karlovci, the setting of his best poems. He then studied in Vienna. In 1847 Radičević's first book of poetry appeared, launching a new era in Serbian poetry. He went to Serbia but soon returned to Vienna to study medicine, where he was surrounded by Serb intellectuals, either living in the city or passing through, including his lifelong friend Bogoboj Atanacković, Vuk Karadžić, Đuro Daničić, Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja and Petar II Petrović-Njegoš. Radičević's second collection of poetry is considered weaker than his first. Near his death he wrote a notable poem titled Kad mlidijah umreti (As I Thought of Dying).

He was one of the first authors to write poetry in the simple language of the common folk. He attempted to recreate the rhythm of the folk song, thus supporting the belief of Vuk Karadžić that even poetry can be written in the newly reformed Serbian language. Radičević proved to be very important to Vuk Karadžić's victory because he gathered his generation of young writers and poets around the cause of language reform.

Skerlić writes in his History of New Serbian Literature that Branko Radičević had a significant influence on Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Bogoboj Atanacković, Kosta Ruvarac, Jovan Grčić Milenko, and other Serbian poets and writers of the period.

Radičević died of tuberculosis in Vienna 1853 and in 1883 his remains were buried in Stražilovo.

Poetry
Đački rastanak (The Parting of Schoolfriends) is the most popular of his works. In it, Radičević portrayed the life of college students. For a time he gives himself up to the fleeting impressions of the moment.

In Put (A Journey), a magnanimous allegory, Radičević shows a skill in satirical nomenclature by stigmatizing Vuk Stefanović Karadžić's adversaries who disapproved the reforms of language and orthography.

With Bezimena he changed his style, from the influences by Byron and Romanticism, towards Pushkin's Eugene Onegin and Vissarion Belinsky's essay of 1843 about Pushkin and Realism.

His work gave an important contribution to Vuk's victory in the cultural battle for language reform.

Legacy
Radičević left some unfinished work. He left at least one text meriting close attention in any inquiry into Slavic Romantic irony, and the ambitious unfinished poem of 1477 lines, composed in 1849 which featured two titles: Ludi Branko (Branko the Fool) and Bezimena (Unnamed). Seventy-four years later, literary critics Pavle Popović and his brother Bogdan Popović found that in this poetic fragment "there is no poetry whatsoever" and that it "merits no compliment of any kind."

He is included in The 100 most prominent Serbs. He influenced future generations of Serbian poets, including Đura Jakšić, Jovan Milenko Grčić and Miloš Crnjanski.

His statue made by Jovan Soldatović and a plaque on his birth house were removed during the 90s from Slavonski Brod. There are ongoing talks to rebuild the statue.

A number of his poems were turned into music.

Branko's Award was founded in 1954 in his honour. It is awarded for the best book of poetry in Serbian, published by authors under the age of 30.

Squares in Zemun and Sremski Karlovci were named after him.

Schools in Batajnica, Velika Moštanica, Novi Beograd, Novi Sad, Banja Luka, Negotin, Smederevo and other cities are named after him.

Selected works

 * Kad mlidijah umreti (As I Thought of Dying)
 * Tuga i opomena (Sadness and Warning)
 * Đački rastanak (The Parting of Schoolfriends)
 * Put (A Journey)
 * Bezimena (Unnamed)
 * Utopljenica
 * Osveta

title: Branko Radičević


text:
Blackwood Creek, Tasmania

Blackwood Creek is a rural locality in the local government area (LGA) of Northern Midlands in the Central LGA region of Tasmania. The locality is about 31 km south-west of the town of Longford. The 2021 census has a population of 120 for the state suburb of Blackwood Creek. It is a small community at the base of the Great Western Tiers in Tasmania. Nearby towns include Poatina, Liffey, Bracknell, Cressy and Miena.

History
Blackwood Creek was gazetted as a locality in 1968.

Blackwood Creek Post Office opened in 1884 and closed in 1974.

Blackwood Creek Primary School opened in 1880 and closed in 1947. The Baptist Church opened in 1874 and closed in 1991 and a community church was opened in 2000.

Geography
Westons Rivulet and Brumbys Creek flow through from west to east.

Road infrastructure
Route C514 (Blackwood Creek Road) passes through from east to north.

title: Blackwood Creek, Tasmania


text:
Bearsuit

Bearsuit are an English art-rock/indie pop band from Norwich, England, active from 2001.

Biography
Bearsuit first came to public attention following their championing by Radio 1 DJ John Peel, and their debut single "Hey Charlie, Hey Chuck" was voted number four in the Peel programme's Festive Fifty of 2001. They recorded four Peel Sessions in 2001 and 2002 and their single "Chargr" was number two in the first Festive Fifty after Peel's death.

After their third album oh:io in 2007, the band underwent a line-up change, swapped violins, flutes and horns for synths and guitars, brought in producer Gareth Parton (The Go! Team, Foals, The Breeders) and recorded the more pop-oriented album The Phantom Forest (released in 2011).

First single from the album "Please Don’t Take Him Back" was released in October 2010 on the UK label Fortuna Pop!; it was playlisted on BBC6 Music, received airplay on Radio 1 and XFM, and was reviewed in NME, Vice, Artrocker, Clash Magazine, and many more online. A free download single 'A Train Wreck' was released in December 2010 followed by "When Will I Be Queen" in March 2011. The band toured the UK in March/April, followed by a European Tour in July 2011.

As well as touring extensively in the UK, the band toured the US, playing festivals including Latitude, Bestival, The Great Escape and Offset, as well as several abroad including SXSW, Emmaboda (Sweden), Primavera Sound (Spain), Contempopranea (Spain) and CMJ in New York, where they were voted ‘Best Breakthrough Act’ in a New York Times poll of badge-holders and received positive reviews, including Pitchfork.

The band also supported the likes of Crystal Castles, Melt Banana, You Say Party, Future of the Left, Factory Floor and Hot Chip. In addition to Fantastic Plastic and Fortuna Pop, the band released records on Happy Happy Birthday To Me and Micro Indie in the US.

Bearsuit were championed by BBC radio DJs including John Peel, Steve Lamacq, Huw Stephens, Zane Lowe, Rob Da Bank, Phill Jupitus, Marc Riley, Tom Ravenscroft, Tom Robinson, Colin Murray, Gideon Coe and John Kennedy on XFM. Accolades include scooping 'Vinyl of the Week' in the NME, 'Pick of the Week' in The Guardian, and 'Album of the Fortnight' in Artrocker.

Members have also played in the Polyphonic Spree, Cruiser Chimps, Evader, Keytarded, Hyper Kinako, The Bavarian Rocket Group, Velvia, Tell Me How, The Aprons, Mega Emotion, Lady Di, P0VT3R and Invisible Cities.

Following a hiatus from 2012, Bearsuit reformed to play at Indietracks festival in 2016, and one of Fortuna POP's 'Twenty Years Of Trouble' farewell concerts in 2017.

Past members

 * Lisa Horton — keyboards, vocals, accordion
 * Jan Robertson — guitar, keyboards, vocals, flute
 * Iain Ross — guitar, vocals
 * Emma Belka - drums (until 2001)
 * Cerian Hutchings (née Hamer) — cornet, violin, keyboards, vocals, piano, percussion
 * Matt Hutchings — drums
 * Matt Moss — bass (until 2004) (also a member of Lethargic Pigeon and The Rebeccas)
 * Richard Squires — bass, guitar, vocals
 * Charlene Katuwawala — bass, vocals, keyboards
 * Joe Naylor — drums, vocals

Albums

 * Cat Spectacular! (Fortuna Pop!, Microindie 2004)
 * Team Ping Pong (Fantastic Plastic, 2005)
 * oh:io (Fantastic Plastic, Happy Happy Birthday To Me Records 2007)
 * The Phantom Forest (Fortuna Pop!, 2011)

Singles

 * "Hey Charlie Hey Chuck" (Sickroom GC, 2001)
 * "Drinkink" (Sickroom GC, 2002)
 * "Stop What You're Doing What You're Doing Is Wrong" (Sickroom GC, 2002)
 * "Itsuko Got Married" (Bearslut recordings, 2003)
 * "The Bearsuit Jesus Will Spear You Through The Heart" EP (Fortuna Pop!, 2003)
 * "Chargr!" (Fortuna POP!, 2004)
 * "Steven Fucking Spielberg" (Fantastic Plastic, 2006)
 * "More Soul Than Wigan Casino" (Fantastic Plastic, 2007) No. 24 UK Indie
 * "Foxy Boxer" (Fantastic Plastic, 2007) No. 13 UK Indie
 * "Pushover" (Fantastic Plastic, 2008)
 * "Musclebelt" (Fantastic Plastic, 2009)
 * "Please Don't Take Him Back" (Fortuna POP!, 2010)
 * "A Train Wreck" (free digital download to mailing list, Fortuna Pop!, 2010)
 * "When Will I Be Queen" (Fortuna Pop!, 2011)

Compilation appearances

 * The Gazumper (Sickroom GC, 2001)
 * "Snowshoe" on Should you be singing Christmas songs? (Happy Capitalist, 2001)
 * "Come Around" on GoJonnyGoGoGoGo (2001)
 * "Drinkink" on Blip Anomaly (Sickroom GC, 2001)
 * "Poor Prince Neal" on GoJonnyGoGoGoGo2 (2002)
 * "Little Donkey" on A Christmas Gift from Fortuna Pop! (Fortuna POP!, 2002)
 * "On Your Special Day" on I'm With Cupid (WIAIWYA records, 2004)
 * "Rodent Disco" on GoJonnyGoGoGoGo Favourites No. 1 (2005)
 * "Rodent Disco" (edited version) on Que Viva le Pop! (Elefant Records/Fortuna POP!, 2006)
 * "Itsuko Got Married" on Kat's Karavan: The History of John Peel on the Radio (Universal Music, 2009)

title: Bearsuit


text:
HMS Leviathan (1790)

HMS Leviathan was a 74-gun third-rate ship of the line of the British Royal Navy, launched on 9 October 1790.

Service history
At the Battle of Trafalgar under Henry William Bayntun, she was near the front of the windward column led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard his flagship, HMS Victory, and captured the Spanish ship SPANISH SHIP San Agustín. A flag said to have been flown by the Leviathan at Trafalgar is to be sold at auction by Arthur Cory in March 2016 - Bayntun is thought to have given it to his friend the Duke of Clarence (later William IV), who then gave it to Arthur Cory's direct ancestor Nicholas Cory, a senior officer on William's royal yacht HMS Royal Sovereign (1804), in thanks for helping the yacht win a race and a bet.

Leviathan, HMS Pompee (1793), HMS Anson (1781), HMS Melpomene (1794), and HMS Childers (1778) shared in the proceeds of the capture on 10 September 1797 of the Tordenskiold.

In 1809, she took part in the Battle of Maguelone.

On 27 June 1812, Leviathan, HMS Imperieuse (1805), HMS Curacoa (1809) and HMS Eclair (1807) attacked an 18-strong French convoy at Laigueglia and Alassio in Liguria, northern Italy.

Fate
In 1816, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, she was converted into a prison ship and in 1848 was sold and broken up.

title: HMS Leviathan (1790)


text: Category:Images of Nevada

title: Category:Images of Nevada


text:
User talk:Gkwylie

WikiProject Harry Potter
RHB(AWB) 21:40, 30 December 2006 (UTC), on behalf of WPHarry Potter

title: User talk:Gkwylie


text:
Tokugawa clan

The Tokugawa clan (Shinjitai: 徳川氏, Kyūjitai: 德川氏, Tokugawa-shi or Tokugawa-uji) is a Japanese dynasty which produced the Tokugawa shoguns who ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868 during the Edo period. It was formerly a powerful daimyō family. They nominally descended from Emperor Seiwa (850–880) and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji) through the Matsudaira clan. The early history of the clan remains a mystery. Nominally, the Matsudaira clan is said to be descended from the Nitta clan, a branch of the Minamoto clan, but the likelihood of this claim is considered quite low or untrue.

History
Minamoto no Yoshishige (1135–1202), grandson of Minamoto no Yoshiie (1041–1108), was the first to take the name of Nitta. He sided with his cousin Minamoto no Yoritomo against the Taira clan (1180) and accompanied him to Kamakura. Nitta Yoshisue, 4th son of Yoshishige, settled at Tokugawa (Kozuke province) and took the name of that place. Their provincial history book did not mention Minamoto clan or Nitta clan.

The nominal originator of the Matsudaira clan was reportedly Matsudaira Chikauji, who was originally a poor Buddhist monk. He reportedly descended from Nitta Yoshisue in the 8th generation and witnessed the ruin of the Nitta in their war against the Ashikaga. He settled at Matsudaira (Mikawa province) and was adopted by his wife's family. Their provincial history book claimed that this original clan was Ariwara clan. Because this place is said to have been reclaimed by Ariwara Nobumori, one theory holds that Matsudaira clan was related to Ariwara no Narihira.

Matsudaira Nobumitsu (15th century), son of Chikauji, was in charge of Okazaki Castle, and strengthened the authority of his family in the Mikawa province. Nobumitsu's great-great-grandson Matsudaira Kiyoyasu made his clan strong, but was assassinated. In 1567, Matsudaira Motonobu—then known as Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616)—grandson of Kiyoyasu, was recognized by Emperor Ōgimachi as a descendant of Seiwa Genji; he also started the family name Tokugawa. According to historical documents from the same period, some of the three generations of the Matsudaira clan, including Nobumitsu, took the surname Kamo no Ason (Kamo), and the Matsudaira clan's hollyhock crest also suggests a connection to the Kamo clan, so some have pointed out that they were actually vassals of the Kamo clan. Tokugawa Ieyasu himself signed the letter of assurance to the Suganuma clan in 1561, shortly after independence from the Imagawa clan, as "Minamoto no Motoyasu" ("Suganuma Family Genealogy" and "Documents Possessed by Kunozan Toshogu Shrine")

The clan rose to power at the end of the Sengoku period. as their political influences and territories they controlled expanded during this period, they developed many new offices such as many magistrate official such as Kōriki Kiyonaga, Amano Yasukage, Honda Shigetsugu, and many others, to control their new territories and vassals. In 1566, as Ieyasu declared his independence from the Imagawa clan, he reformed the order of Mikawa province starting with the Matsudaira clan, after he pacified Mikawa. This decision was made after he counseled by his senior vassal Sakai Tadatsugu to abandon their allegiance with the Imagawa clan. He also strengthened his powerbase by creating a military government system of Tokugawa clan in Mikawa which based from his hereditary vassals Fudai daimyō. The system which called "Sanbi no gunsei" (三備の軍制) with the structure divide the governance into three sections:

 * 1) Hatamoto-Senshi: Ieyasu's direct vassals unit of army. Their task was to personally protect Ieyasu, the earliest commanders of this unit such as Matsudaira Ietada (Tojo), Torii Mototada, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, Ōkubo Tadayo, Osuga Yasutaka, Uomura Iezumi, and others
 * 2) Higashi Mikawa: unit of Western Mikawa province army, put under the control of Sakai Tadatsugu as overall commander, the commanders of this unit consisted of many Matsudaira clansmen and other hereditary vassals of Tokugawa such as Matsudaira Ietada (Fukōzu), Matsudaira Tadamasa, Matsudaira Ietada (Katahara), and others
 * 3) Nishi-Mikawa: unit of Eastern Mikawa province army, put under the control of Ishikawa Ienari (De jure, De facto was his nephew, Ishikawa Kazumasa) as overall commander, the commanders of this unit consisted of many Matsudaira clansmen and other hereditary vassals which assigned on eastern side of the province, such as Shimada Heizo, Hiraiwa Chikayoshi, Naitō Ienaga, Sakai Tadatoshi, Matsudaira Shinichi, and others.

To the end of the Edo period they ruled Japan as shōguns. During the Edo period There were fifteen Tokugawa shōguns. Their dominance was so strong that some history books use the term "Tokugawa era" instead of "Edo period". Their principal family shrine is the Tōshō-gū in Nikkō, and their principal temples (bodaiji) are Kan'ei-ji and Zōjō-ji, both in Tokyo. Heirlooms of the clan are partly administered by the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation.

After the death of Ieyasu, in 1636, the heads of the gosanke (the three branches with fiefs in Owari, Kishū, and Mito) also bore the Tokugawa surname, so did the three additional branches, known as the gosankyō: the Tayasu (1731), Hitotsubashi (1735), and Shimizu (1758) family, after the ascension of Tokugawa Yoshimune. Once a shōgun died without a living heir, both the heads of gosanke (except Mito-Tokugawa family) and gosankyō had priority to succeed his position. Many daimyōs descended from cadet branches of the clan, however, retained the surname Matsudaira; examples include the Matsudaira of Fukui and Aizu. Members of the Tokugawa clan intermarried with prominent daimyo and the Imperial family.

On November 9, 1867, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the 15th and the last shōgun of Tokugawa, tendered his resignation to Emperor Meiji. He formally stepped down ten days later, returning governing power to the Emperor, marking the end of the ruling power of the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1868, Tokugawa Iesato (1863–1940, from Tayasu family) was chosen as the heir to Yoshinobu as the head of Tokugawa clan. On July 7, 1884, Iesato became a prince, just like the heads of some of other notable Japanese noble families, known as Kazoku.

The 1946 Constitution of Japan abolished the kazoku and the noble titles, making Iesato's son, Iemasa Tokugawa, no longer a prince. Iemasa had a son Iehide, who died young, so he was succeeded by one of his grandsons, Tsunenari. Tsunenari is the second son of Toyoko (eldest daughter of Iemasa) and Ichirō Matsudaira (son of Tsuneo Matsudaira), and he is also a patrilineal descendant of Tokugawa Yorifusa, the youngest son of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

In 2007, Tsunenari published a book entitled Edo no idenshi (江戸の遺伝子), released in English in 2009 as The Edo Inheritance, which seeks to counter the common belief among Japanese that the Edo period was like a Dark Age, when Japan, cut off from the world, fell behind. On the contrary, he argues, the roughly 250 years of peace and relative prosperity saw great economic reforms, the growth of a sophisticated urban culture, and the development of the most urbanized society on the planet. Tsunenari formed the Tokugawa Memorial Foundation in 2003 to preserve and administer the historical objects, art, armor and documents that have been passed down in the Tokugawa family over the generations, display them for the general public and provide assistance to academic research on topics concerning historical Japan.

Symbol
The Tokugawa's clan symbol, known in Japanese as a "mon", the "triple hollyhock" (although commonly, but mistakenly identified as "hollyhock", the "aoi" actually belongs to the birthwort family and translates as "wild ginger"—Asarum), has been a readily recognized icon in Japan, symbolizing in equal parts the Tokugawa clan and the last shogunate.

The symbol derives from a mythical clan, the Kamo clan, which legendarily descended from Yatagarasu. Matsudaira village was located in Higashikamo District, Aichi Prefecture. Although Emperor Go-Yōzei offered a new symbol, Ieyasu continued to use the symbol, which was not related to Minamoto clan.

In jidaigeki, the symbol is often shown to locate the story in the Edo period. In works set in during the Meiji Restoration movement, the symbol is used to show the bearer's allegiance to the shogunate—as opposed to the royalists, whose cause is symbolized by the Imperial throne's chrysanthemum symbol. Compare with the red and white rose iconography of English Wars of the Roses, as imagined by Walter Scott earlier in the 19th century, in Anne of Geierstein (1829).

Family members

 * Tokugawa Ieyasu
 * Tokugawa Hidetada
 * Matsudaira Nobuyasu
 * Kamehime
 * Yūki Hideyasu
 * Matsudaira Ietada
 * Matsudaira Tadaaki
 * Matsudaira Tadanao
 * Tokuhime
 * Komatsuhime
 * Tokugawa Iemitsu
 * Senhime

 * Tokugawa Mitsukuni
 * Tokugawa Iesada
 * Tsunenari Tokugawa
 * Muneyoshi Tokugawa
 * Yoshitomo Tokugawa
 * Iehiro Tokugawa

Clans

 * Abe clan of Mikawa Province
 * Gosankyō
 * Honda clan
 * Ii clan
 * Ishikawa clan
 * Ōkubo clan
 * Sakai clan
 * Toda clan

Important retainers

 * Abe Masakatsu
 * Akaza Naoyasu
 * Amano Yasukage
 * Ando Naotsugu
 * Ando Shigenobu
 * Aoyama Tadanari
 * Ariyama Toyouji
 * Asano Nagaakira
 * Baba Nobushige
 * Fukushima Masanori
 * Fukushima Masayori
 * Furuta Shigekatsu
 * Hattori Hanzō
 * Hattori Masanari
 * Hiraiwa Chikayoshi
 * Hirose Kagefusa
 * Hisamatsu Sadakatsu
 * Honda Hirotaka
 * Honda Masanobu
 * Honda Masazumi
 * Honda Narishige
 * Honda Shigetsugu
 * Honda Tadakatsu
 * Honda Tadamasa
 * Honda Tadatoki
 * Honda Tadatsugu
 * Honda Tadazumi
 * Honda Yasutoshi (1569–1621)
 * Honda Yasutoshi (1693–1747)
 * Hoshina Masamitsu
 * Hoshina Masanao
 * Hoshina Masatoshi
 * Ii Naotora
 * Ii Naomasa
 * Ii Naotaka
 * Ii Naotsugu
 * Ina Tadatsugu
 * Ishikawa Kazumasa
 * Ishin Sūden
 * Kikkawa Hiroie
 * Kobayakawa Hideaki
 * Kōriki Kiyonaga
 * Kutsuki Mototsuna
 * Mizuno Nobumoto
 * Naitō Ienaga
 * Naitō Nobunari
 * Natsume Yoshinobu
 * Ogasawara Ujisuke
 * Ogawa Suketada
 * Ōkubo Tadayo
 * Ōkubo Tadasuke
 * Ōkubo Tadachika
 * Ōkubo Nagayasu
 * Okudaira Sadamasa
 * Sakai Tadatsugu
 * Sakakibara Yasumasa
 * Suganuma Sadamitsu
 * Torii Tadayoshi
 * Torii Mototada
 * Uemura Masakatsu
 * Wakisaka Yasuharu
 * Watanabe Moritsuna

title: Tokugawa clan


text:
London Scottish Bank

London Scottish Bank PLC was a British bank based in Manchester, specialising in subprime lending.

About
London Scottish Bank was a specialist financial services company that had been established for over a century. They had a nationwide network of high street branches.

The Group employed over 2,000 staff and operated in a range of markets, specialising in the provision of subprime and low income borrower loans. These services included consumer and commercial lending, secured and unsecured broking, debt collection and factoring.

In February 2008, the company announced they were stopping all lending. In November 2008 the company entered administration.

Robinson Way, the Debt Collection arm of London Scottish Bank was subject to a management buy out in August 2009.

title: London Scottish Bank


text:
Talk:Jay Rockefeller

Untitled
I only hear this guy referred to as "John D Rockfeller IV" outside of this article. Shouldn't the article be titled as such? I don't know in what contexts he goes by "Jay," but it's not the way he's best known, so I think the title should be changed...
 * In his home state, he is always called 'Jay' and he is called that on a social level, too. I would strongly oppose any such title change. Youngamerican 14:10, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Oil stocks ?
Does anyone know if Senator Rockefeller owns oil stocks? His family got their $$ from Standard Oil, (which started Exxon, etc.). Is Rockefeller against the Iraq War because losing that war will keep the price of oil up?

If he supported it, you would no doubt say it was to control the oil. Sometimes you just can’t win for losing. 213.205.198.127 (talk) 05:01, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

Accusations and investigations of leaking
In July 2005, the Justice Dept. began an investigation concerning whether Senator Rockefeller is guilty of criminally leaking government secrets. According to media personality Rush Limbaugh, Senator Rockefeller is also suspected of leaking NSA wiretap details in December 2005.

After a nexis and google search, I'd like to propose the following for the last sentence of this section: There are unconfirmed rumors that Senator Rockefeller is also suspected of leaking NSA wiretap details in December 2005. Kschlot1 01:45, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Partisan rumors have no business being in an article, period. Articles that present extrapolation, speculation, and "future history" are original research and therefore inappropriate. Remember that Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. --Dragon695 02:55, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Senator Rockefeller's office just called to complain about this. There is no investigation. The source cited above (Newsmax) is not reliable. Unless and until this turns into a bigger story, a random suspicion thrown out by Rush Limbaugh does not seem notable to me either. Let's not include this stuff unless and until we have reliable mainstream sources.

(To be clear: Rush Limbaugh can be a valid source, but there is a question of importance here -- if he said something once on the radio, that hardly merits inclusion in this article. If he's on a crusade and other media take notice, then it becomes interesting enough to include.)

--Jimbo Wales 17:05, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Accusations and investigations of leaking removed
I have removed this partisan piece of hackery, and I would do the same if it were a Republican. Rush Limbaugh and NewsMax are about as NPOV as Al Franken and Mother Jones are. Until you can provide evidence from some other source (EVEN FOX NEWS) less POV-pushing then those two, the section must go. --Dragon695 02:49, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Agreed.--Jimbo Wales 17:06, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Please keep your insults off this page. There is no need to say "Moonie Times", etc. 70.84.56.166 03:37, 11 February 2006 (UTC)
 * This NPR web broadcast seems to support that Rockfeller is being investigated or named for investigation concerning at least one leak. 70.85.195.238 11:58, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Do you have a transcript? A specific quote? Bear in mind that we really aren't a forum for speculation about investigations or what not. --Dragon695 07:13, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Another link from American Thinker. 192.168.224.130 12:03, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like Rockefeller also blabbed secrets to Syria 192.168.224.130 12:05, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmmm... [ http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=48717 Big mouths in Congress inhibit secret-sharing] 70.84.56.177 05:39, 10 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Those are partisan, political mags/websites with a definite slant. Can't you find something in the Moonie Times? Fox News? New York Post? Wall Street Journal? If what you say is true, why isn't it more widely reported? Again, we are not here to provide a forum for speculation. --Dragon695 07:13, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Someone should give a mention to S. 733, specifically sec. 14 (b) (2) and sec. 18 (2). Rockafeller is basically sponsoring a bill that would give the president unlimited power to sequester any information he wants and shut down the internet. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.24.225.125 (talk) 20:05, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

2002 Trip to Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia
In 2002, Senator Rockefeller travelled to certain Middle East countries and revealed United States military intentions to the leaders of those countries. Rockefeller was quoted admitting this in November 2005 "I took a trip by myself in January of 2002 to Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria, and I told each of the heads of state that it was my view that George Bush had already made up his mind to go to war against Iraq". As a ranking Senator, Rockefeller is privy to many internal military planning details on which he is able to form his personal views.
 * I've revised the source to point to the orignal Fox News sunday transcript, de-cropped the quote, and removed the bold emphisis. Otherwise, it would seem to be a fair thing (he did after all say it). However, it still could probably do with a rebuttle, if any, from the senator or his supporters. --Dragon695 07:20, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Rebuttal? As in a denial? What's there to "rebut"? 70.84.56.166 03:30, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

2002 Trip to Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia
In 2002, Senator Rockefeller travelled to certain Middle East countries and revealed United States military intentions to the leaders of those countries. Rockefeller was quoted admitting this in November 2005: "I took a trip by myself in January of 2002 to Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria, and I told each of the heads of state that it was my view that George Bush had already made up his mind to go to war against Iraq, that that was a predetermined set course which had taken shape shortly after 9/11." As a ranking Senator, Rockefeller is privy to many internal military planning details on which he is able to form his personal views. Regarding this trip and Senator Rockefeller's communications with Syrian and other leaders; as these facts became known, there have been suggestions made that Rockefeller may have violated the Logan Act and could be subject to criminal prosecution.

Explanation of my edits
Here's what the anon ip number wanted this paragraph to say: "In 2002, Senator Rockefeller travelled to several Middle East countries and revealed United States military intentions to the leaders of those countries. Rockefeller was quoted admitting this in November 2005: "I took a trip by myself in January of 2002 to Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria, and I told each of the heads of state that it was my view that George Bush had already made up his mind to go to war against Iraq, that that was a predetermined set course which had taken shape shortly after 9/11." [1] As a ranking Senator, Rockefeller is privy to many internal military planning details on which he is able to form his personal views. Regarding this trip and Senator Rockefeller's communications with Syrian and other leaders; as these facts became known, there have been suggestions made that Rockefeller may have violated the Logan Act and could be subject to criminal prosecution. [2]"

This is a highly POV presentation, to say the least. The word "revealed" suggests what is later asserted... something which is completely unsupported by the references... that Sen. Rockefeller was privy to secret information which he revealed. Danny version notes that he made the trip, had the discussions, but does not prejudge whether the discussion did or did not reveal secrets -- we are not in a position to judge, nor in a position to suggest, one way or the other.

Even including the incident at all, in an article of this length, is fairly POV, but the solution to that is to make the article better and longer overall. I hardly think that the man's entire career is best summed up with this reference to a fairly minor event in that career.--Jimbo Wales 21:17, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * With all due respect Jimbo, your personal feelings about Rocky are not ipso facto NPOV. As I see it, you are letting your emotions cloud your vision here. Please read all the above, including the conjectures about Rocky's family oil ties and see if there is a drive to poison the well here. Indeed, there is not. Rather, the effort is to be sure that people understand the context. 1) A high ranking Senator 2) took it upon himself to address foreign leaders 3) while at the same time, being in personal knowledge of various USA intentions 4) as a result of sitting on very important Senate committees 5) yet he went ahead and did it anyway.

 * Jimbo, 1st you delete the Limbaugh assertion. Now you sweep the Logan act allegation under the rug. By your own admission you've already reacted to complaints from Rocky's office. That being the case, you have chosen sides in a partisan battle. Rocky's staff wants this info excised because it's true and it makes him look bad - and you are helping them.

 * All that said, since you are indeed the grand-poobah around here, you are entitled to deference and in this case, as best as reasonably possibly, you shall have it. Even so, mark my words: When more facts about these blabbings and leaks finally come out, you will come to see that your intercession here was ethically wrong and not only that, these allegations against Rocky are true. Loose lips do indeed sink ships and Rocky is a blabbermouth.

 * Now as to whether he blabs out of senility, spite, avarice, hubris or a simply a stupid understanding of current world events, I'll leave that to the history books to decide. In the meantime, I'll do my best to respect your wishes here - even though you are both ethically and factually wrong on this point. PS: Love the wiki - this is truly a paradigm shifting happening. Thanks for all you've done so far - keep up the good work. 192.168.227.195 09:30, 25 February 2006 (UTC)(Actually posted by user:70.85.195.227)

Section title
According to Rocky "I took a trip by myself in January of 2002 to Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria..." he went to 3 specific countries. There is no reason to obfuscate that fact and/or infer he went elsewhere. He went to those countries, stop deleting this true NPOV section title. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.98.130.204 (talk • contribs)

any relations to Nicholas Rockefeller

Cybersecurity Act of 2009
Cybersecurity Act of 2009 is mentioned in this article, but it's also notable enough to deserve its own article. I can't create it because I have been topic banned from political articles. Grundle2600 (talk) 03:57, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Jamie Rockefeller Article Removed?
I couldn't help but notice that the page for Jay's eldest son John Davison "Jamie" Rockefeller V seems to have gone. I recall there once being an article for Jamie, what happened to it? If it isn't gone, then why does the "John D. Rockefeller V" link redirect me to John D. "Jay" Rockefeller IV's page?? Thesomeone987 (talk) 03:53, 26 February 2012 (UTC)Thesomeone987
 * There are probably discussion pages if you dig around, but I would assume that John V was found not to be notable in his own right and a decision was made to link back to his father. Bitmapped (talk) 04:20, 26 February 2012 (UTC)

January 15, 1985
Why did Rockefeller join the Senate 12 days later than the other senators who were elected in 1984? See Seniority in the United States Senate (which offers no explanation). KarlFrei (talk) 15:58, 5 March 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Jay Rockefeller. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080409171023/http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/04/08/rockefeller-apologizes-for-saying-mccain-doesnt-care-about-lives-of-war-bystanders/ to http://elections.foxnews.com/2008/04/08/rockefeller-apologizes-for-saying-mccain-doesnt-care-about-lives-of-war-bystanders/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 20:53, 8 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Jay Rockefeller. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20070930032718/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/politics/4223241.html to http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/politics/4223241.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:06, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 7 external links on Jay Rockefeller. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140919104126/http://www.rockefeller.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=b63f2b0e-06f3-4fda-90ac-6084b102644c to http://www.rockefeller.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=b63f2b0e-06f3-4fda-90ac-6084b102644c
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20132119152100/http://www.wvculture.org/history/jayrock.html to http://www.wvculture.org/history/jayrock.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091202055708/http://rockefeller.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=298774 to http://rockefeller.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=298774
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20070609092030/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hyL3au-RZxEcch2P9ymXaJ9mroogD8TER1IO0 to http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hyL3au-RZxEcch2P9ymXaJ9mroogD8TER1IO0
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100617124555/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s773/text to http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s773/text
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133055/http://www.wvculture.org/history/rockefelleria1.html to http://www.wvculture.org/history/rockefelleria1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131524/http://www.wvculture.org/history/rockefelleria2.html to http://www.wvculture.org/history/rockefelleria2.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:27, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jay Rockefeller. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110603151738/http://rockefeller.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=281817 to http://www.rockefeller.senate.gov/press/record.cfm?id=281817

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:48, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jay Rockefeller


text:
Talk:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur

Untitled
The 2004 Encyclopaedia Britannica has him hyphenated as "René-Antoine". Online sources seem to vary - anybody got anything authoritative as to which is correct (or perhaps he had it both ways, so to speak). OpenToppedBus - Talk 13:15, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

"His greatest work is the Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes". It's a weasel worded statements. On the French version of the article of Wikipedia, his work on metallurgy is define as "the peak of his scientific work" (that may also be a weasel). Cet ouvrage, qu'il écrit alors, est fondateur de la sidérurgie scientifique et reste le sommet de son œuvre scientifique. I'm a mechanical engineer so I think the work he did on siderurgy is more important but a specialist in flora will not have the same opinion I presume. I'll change the sentence to "One of his greatest work ..."--Julien Guyonnet 09:04, 2 June 2008 (UTC) PS : "the Mémoires pour servir a à l'histoire des insectes" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Julien.guyonnet (talk • contribs) 09:06, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Paper made from wood
Find it strange this article omits any mention of Réaumur being credited with the idea for paper manufacture (solely) from wood products. Is this apocryphal?

Refs:

http://www.papertrading.com/prod01.htm "A.D. 1719 - Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur suggests that paper could be made from wood in response to a critical shortage of paper making materials. At the time all paper was made from old clothes and rags. There were not enough rags to supply the ever increasing demand for paper. Reaumur was inspired by observing wasps building their nest."

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1052.htm "The French scientist, René Réaumur, came up with the solution in 1719. Look at North American wasps, he said -- what you and I call paper wasps. They make fine paper for their nests by chewing up wood and exuding it. And if they can do that, why can't we? Réaumur didn't actually make paper. But the idea stayed alive until a German clergyman, Jacob Schaffer, got his hands on it. Between 1765 and 1771 he wrote a huge treatise on making paper from alternate fibers. He included actual paper samples that he'd made from wasp nests and directly from various woods."

Georgebaily (talk) 10:15, 28 April 2014 (UTC)

Agree that it deserved some mention and added a line, although did not locate original documents to confirm that he wrote as reported.GeeBee60 (talk) 13:34, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070714142231/http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/207/ to http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/207/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:51, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur


text:
143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 143rd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and the Second World Wars. In the First World War the brigade served on both Western Front and later the Italian Front. During the Second World War the brigade fought in Belgium and France before being evacuated to England where it remained for the rest of the war and was finally disbanded in 1946. Raised again in the 1980s, this brigade disbanded under Army 2020 in November 2014.

Formation
The Warwickshire Brigade, as this brigade was originally known, was first raised in April 1908 under the Haldane Reforms when the Territorial Force was created, which was formed by the amalgamation of the Yeomanry and Volunteer Force. The brigade was assigned to the South Midland Division, one of fourteen divisions of the peacetime Territorials. The Warwickshire Brigade was composed of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th Volunteer battalions of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment.

First World War
The brigade and division were mobilised on 5 August 1914, a day after the British declaration of war on Germany, thus beginning the First World War. When asked to serve overseas (as soldiers in the TF were not obliged to serve overseas), most of the men of the brigade volunteered for Imperial Service and those who did not were left to be formed into 2nd Line battalions and brigades, forming the 2nd Warwickshire Brigade (2/5th-2/8th Royal Warwickshires) of the 2nd South Midland Division, later the 182nd (2/1st Warwickshire) Brigade, 61st (2nd South Midland) Division. The 1st Line battalions adopted the '1/' prefix (1/5th-1/8th Royal Warwickshires) to distinguish them from the 2nd Line, which adopted the '2/'.

The South Midland Division spent many months in England training until 13 March 1915 when it was warned to prepare for overseas service to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front which had suffered heavy casualties in the winter of 1914-15.

On 13 May 1915 the division was numbered, becoming the 48th (South Midland) Division and the brigades in the division were also numbered, the 1st Warwickshire Brigade became the 143rd (Warwickshire) Brigade. The brigade served throughout the Great War on the Western Front in battles at the Somme and Passchendaele. In early November 1917 the 143rd Brigade, with the rest of 48th (South Midland) Division, was sent to the Italian Front and fought at Piave River in June 1918 and later at Vittoria Veneto, which ended the war in Italy with the signing of the Armistice of Villa Giusti. Both the brigade and division ended the war in Italy.

Order of battle

 * 1/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
 * 1/6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
 * 1/7th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment
 * 1/8th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment (until September 1918)
 * 143rd Machine Gun Company, Machine Gun Corps (formed 8 January 1916, moved to 48th Battalion, Machine Gun Corps 22 March 1918)
 * 143rd Trench Mortar Battery (formed 14 June 1916)

Interwar
The brigade and division were both disbanded in 1919 and then again reformed in 1920 as part of the Territorial Army as the 143rd (Warwickshire) Infantry Brigade and continued to serve with the 48th Division. The brigade again consisted of four battalions of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and remained this way for most of the inter-war years.

However, in the late 1930s, there was an increasing need to strengthen the anti-aircraft defences for the cities of the United Kingdom and, as a result, many infantry battalions of the Territorial Army were subsequently converted into anti-aircraft or searchlight units. In 1936 the 5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshires was one of many selected and transferred to the Royal Engineers, becoming 45th (The Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Battalion, Royal Engineers, transferring to 32nd (South Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group, itself part of 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division. They were replaced by the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment, originally from the 162nd (East Midland) Infantry Brigade, 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division. This battalion was previously the Huntingdonshire Cyclist Battalion of the Army Cyclist Corps.

In 1938 all infantry brigades of the British Army were reduced from four battalions to three and so the 6th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment was transferred to the Royal Artillery and converted to an anti-aircraft regiment, becoming 69th (Royal Warwickshire Regiment) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery, joining the 45th AA Battalion, RE (formerly the 5th Royal Warwickshires) in the 32nd (Midland) Anti-Aircraft Group, 2nd Anti-Aircraft Division. In the following year the brigade was redesignated 143rd Infantry Brigade.

Second World War
The 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division was mobilised on 1 September 1939, along with the rest of the Territorial Army, when the German Army launched its invasion of Poland. The Second World War began two days later, on 3 September 1939, with Britain and France declaring war on Germany. The men of the brigade were called up for full-time war service and, with the division, began training in preparation for an eventual move overseas.

The 143rd Infantry Brigade, commanded at the time by Acting Brigadier James Muirhead, a Regular Army officer, with the rest of the 48th Division was sent to France in early 1940. The brigade arrived in France on 12 January, where it became part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), which was stationed alongside the French Army on the Franco-Belgian border. The 48th Division, commanded by Major-General Andrew Thorne, was the first complete division of the Territorial Army to be sent overseas during the Second World War. The division came under command of I Corps, commanded by Lieutenant-General Michael Barker, serving alongside the 1st and 2nd Infantry Divisions, both Regular Army formations. Due to a policy within the BEF of integrating the Regular Army with the Territorials, the 5th (Huntingdonshire) Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment was sent to 11th Brigade of the 4th Division and exchanged for the 1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, a Regular Army unit.

With the rest of the division, the 143rd Brigade fought in the battles of Belgium and France in May–June 1940 against the German Army but was forced to retreat to Dunkirk, where the 143rd Brigade in particular fought in the battle of the Ypres-Comines Canal. With the rest of the BEF, most of the brigade and division were evacuated to England after the Germans threatened to cut off the BEF from the main French Armies which would likely have caused the annihilation of the BEF.

The brigade and division were successfully evacuated, yet had suffered extremely heavy casualties (8th Royal Warwicks had been reduced to 8 officers and 134 ORs) and had to be completely reformed and brought up to strength with conscripts. Until late 1941 the division was on home defence, training in preparation for a possible German invasion of England. The invasion, fortunately, never arrived due to events that occurred during the Battle of Britain as German intentions turned to the invasion of the Soviet Union.

On 20 December 1942, the division was reduced to a Lower Establishment and the division, now the 48th Infantry (Reserve) Division, became a reserve training formation in the United Kingdom and the brigade was redesignated 143rd Infantry (Reserve) Brigade. The brigade remained in this role for the rest of the war, supplying drafts of replacements for the divisions fighting overseas. The brigade and division were both disbanded after the war in 1946 when it was finally disbanded.

Order of battle
The 143rd Infantry Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:
 * 1/7th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment (left 3 October 1942)
 * 1/8th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment (left 13 July 1944)
 * 5th Battalion, Northamptonshire Regiment (left 29 January 1940)
 * 143rd Infantry Brigade Anti-Tank Company (formed 6 October 1939, disbanded 29 January 1940)
 * 1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (from 29 January 1940, left 9 November 1941)
 * 10th Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry (from 16 November 1941, left 3 June 1942, later became 7th Battalion, Parachute Regiment)
 * 8th Battalion, Suffolk Regiment (from 4 September 1942, left 26 July 1944)
 * 11th Battalion, Green Howards (from 13 September 1942)
 * 5th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment (from 26 July, left 23 August 1944)
 * 10th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment (from 26 July 1944)
 * 11th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment (from 1 August 1944)
 * 1st Battalion, Sherwood Foresters (from 23 July, left 2 August 1944)
 * 11th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment (from 24 August 1944)

Commanders
The following officers commanded 143rd Infantry Brigade during the war:
 * Brigadier J. Muirhead (until 7 June 1940)
 * Lieutenant-Colonel (Acting, from 7 to 19 June 1940)
 * Brigadier J. Muirhead (from 19 June 1940 until 14 November 1941)
 * Lieutenant-Colonel D.B. Bird (Acting, from 14 November until 27 December 1941)
 * Brigadier C.D. Marley (from 27 December 1941 until 19 August 1944)
 * Brigadier W. Carden Roe (from 19 August 1944)

Post War
The brigade was disbanded after the Second World War and not reformed in the Territorial Army in 1947. The brigade was re-raised in 1984, moving to Shrewsbury in 1986.

In 1991, it took on responsibility for the Army in Shropshire, Staffordshire, Hereford and Worcester, Warwickshire and the West Midlands. With the disbandment of 5th Division, 143 (West Midlands) Brigade came under the control of the new Support Command based in Aldershot, in April 2012. 11 Signal Brigade and 143 (West Midlands) Brigade amalgamated to form 11th Signal Brigade and Headquarters West Midlands in November 2014. A few remaining elements of the former brigade moved to MoD Donnington in 2015.

Victoria Cross recipients

 * Private Arthur Hutt, 1/7th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, Great War

title: 143rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)


text: User talk:151.188.16.41

title: User talk:151.188.16.41


text:
East African Rift

The East African Rift (EAR) or East African Rift System (EARS) is an active continental rift zone in East Africa. The EAR began developing around the onset of the Miocene, 22–25 million years ago. It was formerly considered to be part of a larger Great Rift Valley that extended north to Asia Minor.

A narrow zone, the rift is a developing divergent tectonic plate boundary where the African Plate is in the process of splitting into two tectonic plates, called the Somali Plate and the Nubian Plate, at a rate of 6 – per year. The rift system consists of three microplates, the Victoria Microplate to the north, and the Rovuma and Lwandle microplates to the south. The Victoria Microplate is rotating anti-clockwise with respect to the African plate. Its rotation is caused by the configuration of mechanically weaker and stronger lithospheric regions in the EARS.

Many of the African Great Lakes lie within the Rift Valley.

Extent
A series of distinct rift basins, the East African Rift System extends over thousands of kilometers. North of the Afar Triple Junction, the rift follows two paths: west to the Red Sea Rift and east to the Aden Ridge in the Gulf of Aden.

Southward from the Afar Triple Junction, the EAR consists of two main branches. The Eastern Rift Valley (also known as Gregory Rift) includes the Main Ethiopian Rift, runs southward from the Afar Triple Junction, and continues south as the Kenyan Rift Valley, then transects Congo DR, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. The Western Rift Valley includes the Albertine Rift, and farther south, the valley of Lake Malawi.

The rift also continues offshore from the coast of Mozambique along the Kerimba and Lacerda grabens, which are joined by the Davie Ridge, a 2200 km relic fracture zone that cuts across the West Somali basin, straddling the boundary between Tanzania and Mozambique. The Davie Ridge ranges between 30–120 km wide, with a west-facing scarp (east-plunging arch) along the southern half of its length that rises to 2300 m above the sea floor. Its movement is concurrent with the EAR.

Competing theories on geologic evolution
Over time, many theories have tried to clarify the evolution of the East African Rift. In 1972 it was proposed that the EAR was not caused by tectonic activity, but rather by differences in crustal density. Since the 1990s, evidence has been found in favor of mantle plumes beneath the EAR. Others proposed an African superplume causing mantle deformation. Although the effects of deep-rooted mantle plumes are an important hypothesis, their location and dynamics are poorly understood, and a matter of active research. The question is still debated.

The most recent and accepted view is the theory put forth in 2009: that magmatism and plate tectonics have a feedback with one another, controlled by oblique rifting conditions. According to this theory, lithospheric thinning generates volcanic activity, further increasing magmatic processes such as intrusions and numerous small plumes. These processes further thin the lithosphere in saturated areas, making the thinning lithosphere behave like a mid-ocean ridge. According to marine geologist Kathleen Crane, the rift could eventually cause eastern Africa to separate from the mainland, although this potential event could take tens of millions of years.

Studies that contribute to the broader understanding on the evolution of rifts can be grouped into the techniques of isotope geochemistry, seismic tomography and geodynamical modeling.

Isotope geochemistry
The varying geochemical signatures of a suite of Ethiopian lavas suggest multiple plume sources: at least one of deep mantle origin, and one from within the subcontinental lithosphere. In accordance, a 2014 study compares the geochemical signature of rare earth isotopes from xenoliths and lava samples collected in the EAR. The results corroborate the coexistence of a superplume "common to the entire rift" with another mantle material source being either of subcontinental type or of mid-ocean ridge type.

Seismic tomography
The geophysical method of seismic tomography is a suitable tool to investigate Earth's subsurface structures deeper than the crust. It is an inverse problem technique that models which are the velocities of the inner Earth that reproduce the seismographic data recorded all around the world. Recent improvements of tomographic Earth models of P-wave and S-wave velocities suggest that a superplume upwelling from the lower mantle at the northeastern EAR feeds plumes of smaller scale into the upper mantle.

Geodynamical modeling
Parallel to geological and geophysical measures (e.g. isotope ratios and seismic velocities) it is constructive to test hypotheses on computer based geodynamical models. A 3D numerical geodynamic model of the plume-crust coupling was capable of reproducing the lateral asymmetry of the EAR around the Tanzania craton. Numerical modeling of plume-induced continental break-up shows two distinct stages, crustal rifting followed by lithospheric breakup, and the upwelling between stages of an upper mantle plume.

Geologic evolution
Prior to the rift's formation, enormous continental flood basalts erupted, uplifting the Ethiopian, Somali, and East African plateaus. The first stage of rifting of the EAR was characterized by rift localization and magmatism along the entire rift zone. Periods of extension alternated with relative inactivity. There was also the reactivation of a pre-Cambrian weakness in the crust, a suture zone of multiple cratons, displacement along large boundary faults, and the development of deep asymmetric basins. The second stage of rifting was characterized by the deactivation of large boundary faults, the development of internal fault segments, and the concentration of magmatic activity towards the rifts.

Today, the narrow rift segments of the East African Rift system form zones of localized strain. These rifts are the result of the actions of numerous normal faults which are typical of all tectonic rift zones. As aforementioned, voluminous magmatism and continental flood basalts characterize some of the rift segments, while other segments, such as the Western branch, have only very small volumes of volcanic rock.

Petrology
The African continental crust is generally cool and strong. Many cratons are found throughout the EAR, such as the Tanzania and Kaapvaal cratons. The cratons are thick, and have survived for billions of years with little tectonic activity. They are characterized by greenstone belts, tonalites, and other high-grade metamorphic lithologies. The cratons are of significant importance in terms of mineral resources, with major deposits of gold, antimony, iron, chromium and nickel.

A large volume of continental flood basalts erupted during the Oligocene, with the majority of the volcanism coinciding with the opening of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden approximately 30 Ma. The composition of the volcanics are a continuum of ultra-alkaline to tholeiitic and felsic rocks. It has been suggested that the diversity of the compositions could be partially explained by different mantle source regions. The EAR also cuts through old sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient basins.

Volcanism and seismicity
The East African Rift Zone includes a number of active and dormant volcanoes, among them: Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Kenya, Mount Longonot, Menengai Crater, Mount Karisimbi, Mount Nyiragongo, Mount Meru and Mount Elgon, as well as the Crater Highlands in Tanzania. Although most of these mountains lie outside of the rift valley, the EAR created them.

Notable active examples of EAR volcanism include Erta Ale, Dalaffilla (also called Gabuli, Alu-Dalafilla), and Ol Doinyo Lengai. Erta Ale is a basaltic shield volcano in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia, active continuously since at least 1967, with a summit lava lake documented since at least 1906. The 2008 eruption of Dalafilla, its only documented activity since the start of the Holocene, is the largest recorded eruption in Ethiopian history. Ol Doinyo Lengai is currently the only active natrocarbonatite volcano on Earth. Its magma contains almost no silica; typical lava flows have viscosities of less than 100 Pa⋅s, comparable to olive oil at 26 C. EAR-related volcanic structures with dated activity since the onset of the Holocene include approximately 50 in Ethiopia, 17 in Kenya, and 9 in Tanzania.

The EAR is the largest seismically active rift system on Earth today. The majority of earthquakes occur near the Afar Depression, with the largest typically occurring along or near major border faults. Seismic events in the past century are estimated to have reached a maximum moment magnitude of 7.0. The seismicity trends parallel to the rift system, with a shallow focal depth of 12–15 km beneath the rift axis. Further away from the rift axis, focal depths can be below 30 km. Focal mechanism solutions strike NE and frequently demonstrate normal dip-slip faulting, although left-lateral motion is also observed.

Effect on climate
The East African Rift system affects regional, continental and even global climate. Regions of higher elevation, including the Ethiopian Highlands and the Kenya Highlands are hotspots of higher rainfall amid the semi-arid to arid lowlands of East Africa. Lakes which form within the rift, including Lake Victoria, have a large effect on regional climate. They are a source of water vapour, and also lead to the formation of lake breeze systems, which affect weather across large areas of East Africa. The east to west river valleys within the rift system, including the Turkana Channel in northern Kenya and the Zambezi river valley, concentrate low-level easterly winds and accelerate them towards Central Africa. This leaves East Africa drier than it otherwise would be, and also supports the high rainfall in the Congo Basin rainforest. The formation of the east-west valleys could in turn be important for the aridification of East Africa over millions of years.

The barrier presented by EARS concentrates monsoonal winds (known as the Somali Jet) in the western Indian Ocean. The Somali Jet supplies water vapour for the high rainfall during the Indian Monsoon and is responsible for roughly half the global cross-equatorial atmospheric mass flux in the lower-branch of Hadley Circulation.

Discoveries in human evolution
The Rift Valley in East Africa has been a rich source of hominid fossils that allow the study of human evolution. The rapidly eroding highlands quickly filled the valley with sediments, creating a favorable environment for the preservation of remains. The bones of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found here, including those of "Lucy", a partial australopithecine skeleton discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson dating back over 3 million years. Richard and Mary Leakey have also done significant work in this region. In 2008, two other hominid ancestors were discovered here: a 10-million-year-old ape called Chororapithecus abyssinicus, found in the Afar rift in eastern Ethiopia, and Nakalipithecus nakayamai, which is also 10 million years old.

title: East African Rift