text:
Talk:Petronas

Capitalisation
This is for those who insists on spelling it as Petronas: PETRONAS is an acronym, like e.g. NATO. We don't write it as Nato, do we? It's not just a shorthand, it's a trademark, used in all official PETRONAS documents and publications. I work here, so I know how it's supposed to be spelled. As a side note, you might find that even the Malaysian media writes it as Petronas, but that's only because they're ignorant. In PETRONAS's press releases, it's always written as PETRONAS, not Petronas. You might think PETRONAS looks strange, but to me, Petronas looks strange, and PETRONAS looks proper. --Aidfarh 02:10, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The e, t, r, o, a, and s are not from the initial letters of the constituent words, so there is no reason to capitalize them. All the letters of NATO stand for a separate word, so they get capitalized. This is not the case with Petronas. Gestapo comes from Geheime Staatspolizei, but we don't spell it "GESTAPO". The same goes for Petronas. Nohat 02:33, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Why don't you refer to the wiki Acronym and initialism? Sure, NATO is an initialism, it's also an acronym. There's no standard on how we spell acronyms. The question is not how WE spell Gestapo, but how they themselves spell it. If the Gestapo people want to spell it that way, then we follow them. But in the acronyms wiki page, CONMEBOL is also given as an example, and that's not an initialism. Why is it spelled with all caps? PETRONAS's a self-given acronym, chosen by PETRONAS people, and they (we) choose to spell it with all caps. Who are you to say we are wrong? It's a brand, our brand. Please have some respect, and spell it the way it should be. How would you like it if people don't spell your name the right way? Another example is McDonald's. If you insist that there's a standard way to capitalise names, why don't we spell it as Mcdonald's instead? --Aidfarh 23:57, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia policy is to spell things how they are most commonly spelled, not how some group of people want us to spell it. It is most commonly spelled "Petronas", so that's how Wikipedia will spell it. Nohat 01:54, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Relax people. I think we just follow the official version: PETRONAS.good

>>>>>18/12/2013 update>>>>> The full legal name is PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)and the official singular name is PETRONAS. The name should always be spelled in ALL-CAPITALS to emphasise the solemnity and history roots. The Full legal name is to be used for legal matters and information only and it should never be used for branding and communication purposes. >>>>> INFO ADAPTED FROM BRAND MANAGEMENT WEBSITE, PETRONAS — Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.38.99.34 (talk) 01:28, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

We should always refer to the official website, http://www.petronas.com.my/about-us/Pages/corporate-profile.aspx, there is NONE in the website that spelled PETRONAS as Petronas — Preceding unsigned comment added by 170.38.99.35 (talk) 01:31, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

Copyvio sections
I just wanted to mention that I've removed the Events in 2005 section because both are copyvios from these sources: and  --Andylkl (talk) 19:11, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

I agree with this. Plus you shouldnt write big chunks of paragraphs. and there no need to put events on a company page. even if you wanted to, you have to summarise it. --Haniff 17:11, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Education Sponsorhip Unit
The reason why add this is that ESU is a big unit of Petronas. They have office at the Twin Tower. Anyway, if anyone feel this is out of place, I think you should add all the other Units under Petronas, so that ESU is one of these units. For now, it looks out of place since there's only one unit shown, but when other units are there, it should look ok. --Haniff 01:30, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Rectified. I don't think it's practical to list down all other PETRONAS units here, so I've changed the heading instead. --Fusion16 18:28, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Acronym
PETRONAS is an acronym for Petroliam Nasional Berhad, not Petroleum Nasional Berhad. Please check PETRONAS official website and other resource regarding this. I need somebody from PETRONAS corporate affairs to confirm this. --Escabyte 15:53, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Capitalisation of page title
By my reckoning, naming conventions and the above discussion place this article here, at Petronas, and not at PETRONAS. If you disagree, and would like this page to reside at PETRONAS, please do not attempt to move it there yourself. Please follow the proedure at Requested moves. Thank you. — mholland 13:27, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Never mind the page title. We should be removing all the capitalised "PETRONAS" in the bady of the article too as per WP:MOSTM. Even stuff like PETRONAS Twin Towers is a redirect anyway. I'll fix that just now. --DeLarge 16:43, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Petronas logo.jpg
Image:Petronas logo.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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History section - copyvio?
I found a similar article here:. But im not sure if that site is a mirror. I doesnt look like a mirror though. kawaputra torque 11:48, 7 December 2007 (UTC)

Hi Sir

I have got the below offer which I would like to confirm is it true or not and how to communicat in right way and to whom.. could you help me pls. Thanks

Yours Omar

Office of the Employment Manager Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS OIL COMPANY) Tower 1, PETRONAS Twin Towers Kuala Lumpur City Centre 50088 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. TEL: +60102926590

Dear Employee, We have confirmed your CV/Resume, at ( Chambers of Commerce and Industry) and here under, you will find the current vacancies/ positions where expatriates are needed in our Company (Petronas Oil Company). All positions attracts underlisted benefits: 1. Five Bedroom Flat Duplex 2. Free Medical & Travel Insurance 3. 10 Days Leave / break/ Vacation after every 90 working days 4. Flight Fares (Air Tickets) 5. Free Education Scheme for expatriates children/family 6. Free Toyota Camry 2006 Model. A. One Reference Letter B. Passport Copy The Scan copies of these Documents {Reference Letter & Passport Copy} should be provided to us through e-mail attachment. This is for fast processing, because all the positions needed expatriates" who will be able to start up employment on May/June 2009. Hence every Arrangement need to be made as quickly as possible. Below are the Available/Existing positions/vacancies in Petroliam Nasional Berhad Company. Kindly reply us by forwarding your CV /Resume to us for our considerations/confirmation.The positions are as follow: Job #1: Petroleum Engineering Job #2: Drilling Services Job #3: Civil Engineering Job #4 Computer Engineering Job #5: Architect Engineering Job #6. Marine Engineering Job #7: Mechanical Engineering Job #9: Electrical Engineering JoJob#11: Surveying Engineer Job #10: Electronics-Telecommunication Engineering Job #12: Aerospace Engineering Job #13: Computer Engineering Job #14: Site Engineering Job #14: Piping Engineering Job #15: Inspection Engineering Job #16. QA/QC Engineer Job #17: Accountant Engineer Job #18: Design Engineer Job #19: Factory Engineer Job #20: Engineering Manager Job #21: Production Manager Job #22: QA/QC Manager Job #23: Production development Exec Job #24: Workman/foreman/technician Job #25: Service/maintenances supervisor Job #26: Project Manager Job #27: Manufacturing /Maintenances Job #28: Safety Officer Job #29: Environment Engineer Job #30: Geotechnical Engineer and others. We are looking forward for your earlier reponse: Regards, Dr.Kazeem Ali. EMPLOYMENT PROCESSING MANAGER Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS OIL COMPANY) Kuala Lumpur. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.99.59.7 (talk) 06:29, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. --Mkativerata (talk) 22:53, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Name
Is the name of the company "Petronas" or "PETRONAS"? It is inconsistent throughout the article. sovereign°sentinel (contribs) 06:10, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Petronas


text:
Talk:Constitutional convention (political meeting)

Move from "Constitutional Convention"
I moved this page from "Constitutional Convention", moved the page "Constitutional convention" to "Constitutional convention (political custom)" and redirected both "Constitutional Convention" and "Constitutional convention" to Constitutional convention (disambiguation). Capitalization does not distinguish between the two uses of the phrase. "Constitutional Convention" is used for the political meeting only when referring to a specific constitutional convention. Mateo SA | talk 02:20, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

"Constitutional convention"

 * The discussions in this section refer to the fact that this page was originally located at Constitutional Convention, and that the page Constitutional convention (political custom) was originally located at Constitutional convention.

In the United States, the Constitutional Convention was the meeting of representatives from every state to write the Constitution. This meaning seems different from what is being written here. We need a separate article with a capital "C". Does someone have some insights into this? -- Zoe

I think that there are various possible nomenclatures in Alexandria, Virginia it is called the Federal Convention of 1787, this is also the name given to it by the Avalon Project at Yale University. However some people do call it the Constitutional Convention of 1787 such as those who have contributed to United States Constitution. Reminds me of the joke about Canadians. What do they do when they go to Heaven? Organize a convention. (I'm allowed to tell this as I am a Canadian.) This is already an orphan called Constitutional Convention that has been around for months. Alex756

Um, the US section is wrong, horribly, re House members. The Constitution is quite clear that they have to live in the district they represent.

Precisely how one defines "live", however, is another question entirely. --Penta 02:28, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * That is not correct, see the section below. Mateo SA | talk 02:11, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

How would we go about calling for a new constitutional convention in the United States? Suppose we wanted to consider an amendment to disband the union. It has been a grand experiment, but on many levels we must accept the fact that the experiment is a dismal failure. Can 'We, the People' propose an end to it? J. R.

 * There have been proposals for a Second Constitutional Convention from various scholars such as Sanford Levinson, Larry Sabato, Richard Labunski, and others. Anybody can propose anything; but there's lots of inertia for continuing the United States under the current Constitution; the chances that any major changes to the structure will come are small. But I agree there are serious problems. --Tomwsulcer (talk) 23:59, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Clearing some stuff up
- There have also been all 50 US states which have passed resolutions through their state legislatures calling for a new Constitutional Convention, more than the two-thirds required by Article V.

''That line is totally unclear. Perhaps the person who wrote it, or someone who knows what he was trying to say, could rephrase.''

Representatives do not have to live in the District they represent, but must be in the State; Article I, Section 2, Clause 2:

''No Person shall be a Representative who shall not ... be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.''
 * Yes, however, its pretty much unanimous that states impose their own requirements, including residing within their district, although as some state attorney generals have stated, "residency is a state of mind."69.173.98.243 06:57, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

There is provision to call a new Constitutional Convention contained in Article V of the US Constitution that requires the consent of 2/3 of the States to call for such a Convention. I'm not sure exactly what the legal status of a Constitutional Amendment to disband the Union would be, but I suspect it would be unconstitutional since it is anti-constitutional. Much like the Articles of Confederation, I suspect the Union would just disband by the virtue of the States no longer sending representatives to the federal government.

When discussing US Constitutional conventions, the Article is horrifically misguided; It takes what are political conventions such as Senate Leaders not campaigning against one another and calls them constitutional conventions, nor is a televised debate a constitutional convention but a political one.

When I have some time over the next couple of days I will go over the US section and update it. --New Progressive 09:18, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Political conventions are held by parties, but states can hold constitutional conventions to amend their own state constitutions.69.173.98.243 06:58, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Constitutional Convention of a trade union
Might anybody add a description of a Constitutional Convention of a trade union (cf. United Auto Workers)? Gerd-HH (talk) 18:53, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Prohibition Repeal
Other wikipedia pages say that prohibition was repealed by convention.

United States: Annapolis Convention (1786), which proposed what became the Philadelphia Convention (1787) – Drafted the United States Constitution for ratification by the states. Article V of the constitution sets forth a mechanism whereby future constitutional conventions can be held. The constitution has been amended several times since the Philadelphia Convention, but never (as of 2011) by this method http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)

vs

Congress may require ratification by special convention. The convention method has been used only once, to approve the 21st Amendment (repealing prohibition, 1933). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_constitution#Article_Five:_Amendments — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sdavidg (talk • contribs) 01:03, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

Ubiquitous Boilerplate?
Seven states have held constitutional conventions. The arcane questions then arises, does every state include this procedure in its constitution? I have NO idea how to research this unless I can get my hands on a certain political science textbook, and perhaps not even then. kencf0618 (talk) 15:41, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Xstrata

Xstrata plc was an Anglo-Swiss multinational mining company headquartered in Zug, Switzerland and with its registered office in London, United Kingdom. It was a major producer of coal (and the world's largest exporter of thermal coal), copper, nickel, primary vanadium and zinc and the world's largest producer of ferrochrome. It had operations in 19 countries across Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North America and South America.

Xstrata had a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It had a market capitalisation of approximately £29 billion as of 23 December 2011, making it the 16th-largest company on the London Stock Exchange. It had a secondary listing on the SIX Swiss Exchange. In the 2013 Forbes Global 2000, Xstrata was ranked as the 202nd largest public company in the world.

On 2 May 2013 Xstrata was acquired by Glencore. Glencore later retired the Xstrata brand, and the company name changed from Glencore Xstrata plc to Glencore plc.

The Xstrata name survives in the Mexican foreign capital company Xstrata Mexico.

History
The company was founded in 1926 in Switzerland as Südelektra, an infrastructure and electricity projects concern operating in Latin America. In 1990, Marc Rich + Co AG became its majority shareholder. In the 1990s it diversified into mining and disposed of its non-core businesses.

It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2002 at which time it acquired Glencore's coal assets in Australia and South Africa.

In 2003, it doubled in size with the A$2.9 billion takeover of Australian copper, zinc and lead miner MIM Holdings. However, it failed in a 2005 bid for another Australian miner, WMC Resources, which was captured by BHP, the world's biggest mining company.

In 2004, Xstrata closed its recently purchased Windimurra Vanadium plant in Western Australia which had the effect of increasing Vanadium prices received for Xstrata's other Vanadium mines around the world. Many hundreds of people were put out of work.

In August 2005, Xstrata purchased a 19.9% stake in Falconbridge Limited, a diversified Canadian mining company producing copper, nickel, aluminum, lead and zinc. Following a contested take-over battle with Inco Limited, Xstrata acquired the remaining 80.1% of Falconbridge in August 2006.

In 2006, The Northern Territory and Australian Governments approved the expansion of the McArthur River zinc mine, near the popular fishing destination of Borrooloola. The expansion involves diversion of the river to a new 5.5 km channel, to allow construction of a massive open-cut pit in the existing river. On behalf of the Traditional Owners of the region – the Yanyuwa, Marra, Garrawa and Gurdanji peoples – the Northern Land Council launched a legal challenge to the Northern Territory Government's decision to approve the mining of and diversion of the McArthur River. On 1 May 2007, The Northern Territory Supreme Court ruled in favour of the Northern Land Council to stop the expansion. On 3 May 2007, the Northern Territory government rushed through retrospective legislation to overrule the court decision and allow the open-cut mine to proceed.

On 28 May 2012 violent repression of local residents by the police in the province of Espinar, Cuzco, Peru, caused the deaths of two civilians. The inhabitants protested against the pollution of the water sources caused by Xstrata's mining activities. The government has decreed a State of Emergency and suspended civil liberties guaranteed in the Constitution.

On 2 May 2013 Xstrata was acquired by Glencore.

Xstrata Mexico, created in 2011 as a Special Purpose Vehicle to develop iron ore mining in Mexico, continues to use the Xstrata name, though it halted its mining activities in Mexico in 2015, and in 2016 moved into agribusiness.

Operations
After 2000, it developed from a small player into one of the world's largest diversified mining groups with the help of a series of large acquisitions. In 2008, its degree of transnationality according to the Transnationality Index was 93.2 percent and ranked first place. It had major operations/projects in eighteen countries (Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Germany, Jamaica, New Caledonia, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, South Africa, Spain, Tanzania, the United States and the United Kingdom) and it was a major producer of copper, coking coal, thermal coal, nickel, ferrochrome, vanadium and zinc. It had smaller scale involvement in aluminum, gold, lead and silver. It also had interests in platinum group metals through its 24.9% stake in Lonmin.

In July 2012, Xstrata opened its first office in mainland China. China accounted for up to one-third of Xstrata's global sales. The office was located in Shanghai.

Bulga Coal
Xstrata were the operators of the Bulga Coal Mine in NSW, Australia. Xstrata managed this mine on behalf of the Bulga Coal Pty Ltd shareholders from 2001 when it purchased Enex Resources Limited from Glencore International AG. The Bulga Coal mine site served as the headquarters for Xstrata Coal's NSW division.

Mangoola coal mine controversy
In 2007 Xstrata Coal bought the Mangoola coal mine in the Hunter Valley from Centennial Coal. After this, Xstrata Coal came under media scrutiny numerous times in regards to the company's management of the pre-mining stage of the mining project. Most notably scrutinised was the community relations approach of Xstrata Coal towards the local community, with allegations of misleading actions on behalf of the company being cited in the local and regional media, and other regional and local communication channels. This included the setting up of a local action group in opposition to the mine named WAG (Wybong Action Group).

George Fisher mine
In October 2010, Xstrata's A$274 million expansion plan for the George Fisher mine at Mount Isa was approved by the government of Queensland

Relationship with Glencore
When Mick Davis was appointed CEO of Xstrata in 2001, Glencore controlled 40% of Xstrata stock. Xstrata had the option of using Glencore as a marketing agent. In 2006, Glencore leaders Willy Strothotte and Ivan Glasenberg were on the board of Xstrata, which Strothotte chaired.

In June 2012, following a previous announcement of a merger between Glencore and Xstrata, the two companies began to reconsider the proposed retention package for their merger, due to shareholder opposition to a huge payout for executives. In total, 73 key executives stood to receive over GBP 170 million under the initial retention package.

In July 2012, Xstrata announced that the Court Meeting originally scheduled for 12 July 2012 to approve the details of the merger between Xstrata and Glencore had been adjourned to 7 September 2012. After the merger with Glencore, the Xstrata CFO Trevor Reid announced that he would not continue to work as employee but as consultant. After 11 years of involvement, this marks a massive shift in the company's strategy and the group is entering a post-Reid era.

The Xstrata name
The Xstrata name, which evokes the activities of mining and extraction, was created in 1999 by John Lloyd of the British corporate identity consultancy Lloyd Northover. Glencore has also announced that they will no longer use the 'Xstrata' brand and it will be phased out. Glencore Xstrata plc is now Glencore plc.

title: Xstrata


text:
Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 June 10

The three step process seems to be broken... Process says add to bottom of this page as third step. Neither that, nor a copy of the "{{Wikipedia votes for deletion..." line (suitably altered) seems to want to take. HELP!!! Arghhhh- subst:vfd3  works in preview changing sense above! Please explain! Fabartus 02:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Deadwood, Alberta

Deadwood is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within the County of Northern Lights. It is located on Highway 690, approximately 10 km east of the Mackenzie Highway (Highway 35), 80 km north of Peace River and 34 km southeast of Manning.

History
John Chauncey Eggenberger was the first postmaster and proprietor of the first general store. He was from Deadwood, South Dakota, and left with two cars of settlers to homestead deadwood in 1931. The original store, post office and community hall were located a few miles west of the present day hamlet. The first town hall was demolished in 1936. The current hall was constructed in February 1979, primarily through volunteer labor.

On Saturday, August 19, 2006, in the evening (with a number of people gathered for the Deadwood Days ball tournament watching) a single-engine Cessna 177 piloted by Manning businessman Nick Gudzinski, 49, crashed less than a kilometre south of the hamlet. The pilot and all three of the teenaged passengers were killed. All were residents of the Manning area some 21 kilometers northwest of Deadwood. One of the passengers was Mr. Gudzinski's son; another was his son's girlfriend, and the remaining was the girlfriend's brother.

On February 20, 2017, 37 illegal firearms were seized from a farmer in a home in Deadwood. Two days later, police went back to the property and recovered two stolen sports cars and some cocaine.

Demographics
Deadwood recorded a population of 22 in the 1991 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada.

Amenities
The hamlet consists of a community hall, baseball diamond, post office, small store, and several houses. The post office, store "School Daze" and pool room are all contained within the building that was the Deadwood School. The Deadwood United Church continues as an active preaching point of the Manning-Deadwood Shared Ministry. At one time there was a service station, blacksmith shop and at least one other church. Deadwood had a number of baseball teams in the 1950s and early 1960s and competed in the Mackenzie Highway Baseball League against a number of other teams in the area.

Events
Annual community events have included:
 * "Deadwood Days" in the summer with a softball tournament, and sometimes a parade and a very small fair;
 * "The Fall Supper" as in many rural communities in North America, is usually held in late October in the community hall; and
 * "Deadwood Talent Night" in the spring, held in the community hall, showcasing an eclectic and sometimes astonishing range of talents from the Manning-Deadwood and Dixonville area.

Notable people
Deadwood is the hometown of country singer Carolyn Dawn Johnson.

title: Deadwood, Alberta


text:
Talk:AppFuse

AppFuse doesn't seem to be a Framework
It looks like AppFuse is *not* a framework, but an application that let's you create project skeleton just like how most IDEs do, or what the django-admin does. To quote the official AppFuse page : « At its core, AppFuse is a project skeleton, similar to the one that's created by your IDE when you click through a wizard to create a new web project » http://appfuse.org/display/APF/Home --80.9.223.6 (talk) 18:05, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Should there be a separate AppFuse article?

 * AppFuse seems to meet the Google Hit Count Test for notability. But does it deserve its own article? Not if that article only contains 3 sentences that are just a bare description of the project. I've labelled the article a stub, which should encourage interested people to add material. If that doesn't happen, we should consider folding AppFuse into a more general article. ---Isaac R 02:14, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Whatever, this kind of projects needs visibility as a community effort for better workflow on the java plateform --80.9.223.6 (talk) 18:05, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AppFuse.gif
Image:AppFuse.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 19:52, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Vivek —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.162.238.153 (talk) 14:43, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:AppFuse


text: Category:French chess players

title: Category:French chess players


text:
Talk:Outcast (video game)

Gameplay
The control of the player character was actually rather problematic. The second item is that the original release was quite buggy, as is described in the section "Release". These factors probably contributed to the commercial failure of this project: Steep learning curve, bad control, high demand on computer power while the delivered production values were below those of programs with hardware acceleration (s. comment by Nil Einne), bugs that interrupted gameplay or prevented you from completing quests. This criticism should somehow be added to the article, perhaps somebody can find a review from back then?(91.63.226.72 (talk)) —Preceding undated comment added 02:34, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

Voxel ratio?
Are you guys SURE that everything was voxel? The characters seem rather polyrendered to me. // Gargaj 21:01, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

''From a preview I remember reading ages ago, it was mostly voxels but also some (software rendered) polys were used too. IIRC the characters were polys, and I'd guess that the buildings are too. 82.71.7.193 14:40, 4 January 2007 (UTC)''

Doesn't Voxel mean pretty much polyrendered and used as a sprite *after*? It's rendered in real time but scaled and "copy/pasted" to screen, instead of rendered directly to screen. "Blade Runner" used the same method, it looked real-time 3d but when the character was too close to the screen you could see the huge pixels, this was done for performance before all that nifty "3d acceleration hardware" was commonplace. 200.121.137.167 19:21, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Actually when Outcast that nifty 3D hardware had started to become commonplace which was one of the big problems. Outcast was designed in such a way that it couldn't take advantage of the nifty 3D hardware so it was panned for it's high requirements and low res Nil Einne 16:03, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

The Talan Essences
"Ka    The essence of wind, it is obviously the rarest essence ever to manifest."

Why is it "obviously" the rarest? Is there some backstory that all wikipedia readers are supposed to know beforehand, to be able to read this article? Just state that it's the rarest, because we just happen to not live in that fictional planet so we AREN'T SUPPOSED TO KNOW THAT. 200.121.137.167 19:25, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

Kizaar
Kizaar is not a region. In the region of Shamazaar ,Zeo, the talan at the Well of Essence says that Kizaar is a distant island in Okasaankar where the female talan and the children of Adelpha are found. It is not seen in the game, but Kizaar is not a region. It is an island in the region if Okasaankar.

Broken Official link
http://www.outcast-thegame.com/ is a dead link (redirects to Atari home website). Suggest replacing it with http://web.archive.org/web/20080420151516/http://www.outcast-thegame.com/. --82.45.115.238 (talk) 00:42, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

No screenshots?
No screenshots of the actual game are given in the article. It's hard to get a feel for the graphics of the game without screenshots. 75.170.46.193 (talk) 18:23, 28 August 2010 (UTC)

Vandalism
Some idiot completely trashed the plot section with. Please refer to the version history. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.200.70.50 (talk) 17:34, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

And he did it again: "Target objective is to access a prison and become inmate." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.230.226.247 (talk) 19:39, 4 March 2013 (UTC)

Source

 * https://archive.org/details/MicromaniaTerceraEpocaSpanishIssue53/page/n59
 * https://archive.org/details/MicromaniaTerceraEpocaSpanishIssue52/page/n23
 * https://archive.org/details/MicromanaTerceraEpocaSpanishIssue40/page/n107
 * https://archive.org/details/MicromanaTerceraEpocaSpanishIssue40/page/n17
 * https://archive.org/details/MicromanaTerceraEpocaSpanishIssue36/page/n11
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20020308030852/http://www.gamespot-es.com/news/01_09/27/1/index.asp
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20190220074533/https://www.lalibre.be/economie/libre-entreprise/elsewhere-entertainment-un-petit-developpeur-belge-qui-voit-loin-51b87fc2e4b0de6db9a91f13
 * https://web.archive.org/web/19991105040319/http://www.games.net:80/pcgames/articles/0,1034,5751,00.html?CHANNEL=pcgames&AD_SECTION=adventure
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000119181040/http://pc.ign.com:80/news/9707.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000816045141/http://www.outcast-thegame.com/press/reviewsindex.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000824091956/http://www.outcast-thegame.com/gallery/makingindex.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20000816044940/http://www.outcast-thegame.com/news/index.htm
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20001011060030/http://sharkyextreme.com/games/interviews/appeal/
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20010405125204/http://www.3dsoundsurge.com/interviews/outcast/outcast.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20031026190326/http://adventuregamers.com:80/newsarchives.php?start=126

PC Player sales analysis

 * https://archive.org/stream/PC-Player-German-Magazine-1999-12/PC_Player_1999_12#page/n15

First 3D open-world game?
According to the PlayStation Store, Outcast was "the first 3D open-world game in video game history." Is that an accurate assertion? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.203.143.126 (talk) 12:16, 6 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Outcast (video game)


text:
Staf De Clercq

Staf De Clercq (16 September 1884 – 22 October 1942) was a Flemish nationalist collaborator, co-founder and leader of the Flemish nationalist Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond (Flemish National League, or VNV).

Biography
He was born as Jeroom Gustaaf De Clercq in Everbeek, East Flanders on 16 September 1884. He was a member of the moderate Frontpartij, became party leader in 1932, and moved them to the right, converting them into VNV the following year. In 1936 his new party gained 13.6% of the votes in Flanders, and 14.7% in 1939.

Welcoming of the Nazi German occupation, De Clercq believed it to constitute a chance for the creation of a Diets state, an unprecedented (apart from the medieval Burgundian personal union) Dutch language-based community uniting Flanders, the Netherlands and even the part of northern France with Flemish dialects (corresponding to French Flanders). His organization supported the German occupiers in the identification and round-up of Jews for deportation.

He died in Ghent and was succeeded by Hendrik Elias. In 1978 the Vlaamse Militanten Orde had his body transferred to the cemetery in Asse. He remains revered among some far-right Flemish nationalists in modern Belgium.

title: Staf De Clercq


text:
Join selection factor

Within computing, author O'Connell defines join selection factor as "[t]he percentage (or fraction) of records in one file that will be joined with records of another file". This can be calculated when two database tables are to be joined. It is primarily concerned with query optimization.

title: Join selection factor


text: User talk:68.95.72.180

title: User talk:68.95.72.180


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Clarion village

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 18:29, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

Clarion village
I can't see any redeeming encyclopedic value. --Hooperbloob 02:21, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

''I am completing Hooperbloob's nomination. I will leave a note on his talk about this. RJFJR 16:31, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Schools may be notable, but student residences don't need the same protection. --Scimitar 19:49, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, agree with Scimitar. Mr Bound 23:05, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Literaturnaya Gazeta

Literaturnaya Gazeta (Литературная Газета, Literary Gazette) is a weekly cultural and political newspaper published in Russia and the Soviet Union. It was published for two periods in the 19th century, and was revived in 1929.

Overview
The current newspaper shares its title with a 19th century publication, and claims to be a continuation of the original publication. The first paper to bear the name of Literaturnaya Gazeta was founded by a literary group led by Anton Delvig and Alexander Pushkin, whose profile to this day adorns the paper's masthead. The first issue appeared on January 1, 1830. The paper appeared regularly until June 30, 1831, reappearing in 1840–1849. Pushkin himself published some of his most famous works in this paper. Literaturnaya Gazeta was the first to publish Gogol, and published works by Baratynsky, Belinsky, Nekrasov and many other Russian authors.

After the Russian Revolution, the Soviet literary establishment decided to resume the venture on April 22, 1929, and the paper has been published regularly ever since. From 1929 to 1932, Literaturnaya Gazeta was the official organ of the Federation of Unions of Soviet Writers, which had as its stated aim "to foster in the area of creative writing the principle of free competition of the various groupings and tendencies". In 1932, however, Literaturnaya Gazeta became the official organ of the Union of Soviet Writers, the government-controlled organization responsible for most literary publication and employment of writers in the USSR.

In 1947, the format of Literaturnaya Gazeta was changed from a purely literary publication into a newspaper with political and social content as well. It was published weekly in an edition of sixteen pages, the first "thick newspaper" in a country where most newspapers were four to eight pages in length. The expanded newspaper not only took on a new look, but also acquired greater influence, becoming one of the most authoritative and influential publications. Though Literaturnaya Gazeta, like all newspapers during the Soviet period, faithfully reflected government policy (both political and literary), it showed, as much as possible, the human face of Soviet society, and was the national paper most likely to "push the limits" (though those limits were fairly severe). Likely over the limit covering Eastern Siberia in 1958 on October 21 "In Defense of Baikal" from Frants Taurin appeared, which brought the regional environmental conflict to the national press. Most interesting to its readers were reports on the international political scene, and especially on cultural life in countries outside the Soviet sphere of influence.

Especially popular was the last page of each issue, which contained a variety of satirical articles and cartoons under the rubric "Twelve Chairs Club" (an allusion to the well-known comic novel by Ilf and Petrov). Under the protective guise of good-natured, constructive satire, various frustrating and unsavory aspects of Soviet life could be discussed that were scarcely acknowledged in other publications.

In 1990, with the end of the Soviet Union, the newspaper became an independent collective, and in 1997 formed itself into a publicly traded company.

authors: Анатолий Росдашин

title: Literaturnaya Gazeta


text:
Talk:Leigong

Untitled
The article is not even right, and the wording is confusing.

title: Talk:Leigong


text: Category:Russian chess players

title: Category:Russian chess players


text:
Jewish Defense Organization

The Jewish Defense Organization (JDO) was or is a Jewish militant group  in the United States. It is unclear if it is still functioning.

Background and ideology
The JDO was founded in the early 1980s by Mordechai Levy after a violent feud with the Jewish Defense League's former leader Irv Rubin, who was either killed or committed suicide in jail in 2002. It is one of two United States offshoots of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) after breaking with the JDL's former leader Meir Kahane.

According to the Anti-Defamation League, the JDO is a branch of Kahanism. The JDO opposes the ADL and believes that ADL head Abe Foxman obtained a pardon for Marc Rich after Rich made a contribution to the ADL. The Anti-Defamation League states that:

"The Kahanist movement – comprising the Jewish Defense League (JDL) and the Jewish Defense Organization (JDO) in the United States, the Kach (Hebrew for 'thus' or 'this is the way') Party in Israel, and the Kahane Chai ('Kahane Lives') group, founded after Kahane's murder and operating both in Israel and in the U.S. – has spanned 26 years, reflecting a consistent agenda of hate, fear-mongering and intimidation." Rand Corporation terrorism authority Bruce Hoffman, notes that "terrorist organizations almost without exception now regularly select names for themselves that consciously eschew the word 'terrorism' in any of its forms." He cites the JDO as an example of an organisation that has chosen such a name.

JDO campaigns
The JDO's security team has occasionally patrolled Jewish neighborhoods in the aftermath of antisemitic incidents, and urged other Jewish groups to do likewise. JDO members attempted to help provide security in Crown Heights during the 1991 Crown Heights Riot. The group has engaged in fights against neo-Nazis and white power skinheads in Las Vegas and other cities. It has also demonstrated, without incident, against Louis Farrakhan in New York City. The JDO often gives its demonstrations pseudo-military names, such as "Operation Klan Kicker" or "Operation Nazi Kicker".

In 2004, the JDO held rallies at an apartment house on Manhattan's Upper West Side, where a neo-Nazi activist and Holocaust denier ran his operation. In 1989, it launched a boycott of the rap group Public Enemy in response to allegedly antisemitic remarks by Professor Griff, its self-styled Minister of Information. As a result of the media controversy, Griff temporarily left the band, and Public Enemy apologized for his remarks.

The JDO has adopted a tactic of pressuring hotels and other public facilities to cancel meetings sponsored by antisemites such as David Duke. In early 2004, the JDO waged a phone-in campaign to pressure a Florida company to remove billboard messages sponsored by the National Alliance, an organization widely regarded as neo-Nazi. In September 2006 Columbia University scrapped plans for an address by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad because of security and logistical problems. The move came as the JDO expressed outrage that the hard-line leader had been invited to speak.

In late 2006 the JDO initiated Operation Screwball, aimed at the small Haredi Jewish group Neturei Karta. In 2007, the JDO helped organize a demonstration in which several hundred Orthodox Jews protested against Neturei Karta, some of whose members had been attending a Holocaust denial conference in Iran. The protesters shouted "Nazi traitors! Go back to Iran! You are killing Jews!" at members of Neturei Karta in the Rockland County community of Monsey. On January 14, 2007, 200 JDO members and sympathizers gathered outside a Brooklyn hotel to protest the presence of Moshe Aryeh Friedman, an anti-Israel rabbi who spoke at a Holocaust-denial conference in Iran.

In June 2007, New York City Police investigated the JDO after it plastered fliers over Brooklyn Councilman Charles Barron's office, calling him an antisemite for voting for a defeated proposal to name a street after controversial black nationalist activist Sonny Carson.

Allegations of fueling racial unrest
Levy and the JDO's involvement led to accusations that the group inflamed divisions at Rutgers University in 1995, where African American students had protested against comments made by then-President Francis L. Lawrence that were perceived as anti-Black. The JDO accused the protesting black students of themselves being racist and antisemitic. Levy's involvement was met with apprehension by some members of the Rutgers Jewish community. Rabbi Norman Weitzner of Rutgers Hillel felt there was no antisemitism involved and noted "The JDO sees antisemitism at the drop of a hat, when it may not actually exist." The interim director of Rutgers Hillel said at the time that Levy "thinks he's going to wake up the Jewish students. What's going to happen is that he's going to start a racial war."

title: Jewish Defense Organization


text:
File:Litgazeta.jpg

Literaturnaya Gazeta

title: File:Litgazeta.jpg


text:
Panjin

Panjin is a coastal prefecture-level city in central Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, situated on the northern shore of the Liaodong Bay. It borders Anshan to the east, Yingkou to the southeast, and Jinzhou to the west and north. It is the smallest city in both Liaoning and the entire Northeast China with an administrative area of 3825 km2, and Liaoning's least populous city with a population of 1,389,691 people as of the 2020 census, all in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 2 urban districts and Dawa and Panshan counties now largely being conurbated.

Administration
Panjin has administrative jurisdiction over 3 districts and 1 county.

Panjin was established as a prefecture-level city with its current boundaries by the State Council on June 5, 1984.

Geography
Panjin is located between 40°40'−41°27' N and 121°31'−122°28' E, with its urban section mainly on the historical Liao River Delta. The Shuangtaizi River (which gives name to the city's Shuangtaizi District), formally the smaller western distributary but now the only lower section of the Liao River system, flows through the city and drains into the Liaodong Bay to its west between its Dawa District and Panshan County. The Daliao River, historically Liao River's larger eastern distributary and the main lower section but now a separate river system since 1958, runs east of Panjin, serving as the border between it and the neighboring cities of Anshan and Yingkou.

Panjin is a major crude oil production centre of Northeast China, with access to the Liaohe Oil Field, which was once the third largest oil field in China behind Daqing and Shengli Oil Fields.

Climate
Panjin has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa). It has an annual mean temperature of 9.2 °C and receives over 2700 hours of sunshine a year.

Attractions
Major points of interest include:

 * Shuangtaihekou State Natural Reserve, a marshland that serves as natural habitat to 321 species of animals. It also serves as one of the few breeding grounds for endangered birds such as the red-crowned crane and Saunders' gull.  Millions of birds of as much as 172 different species stop at the area during their migration, including more than 20 endangered species such as the red-crowned crane, demoiselle crane, white stork, black stork, white-fronted goose, whooper swan, and brown goshawk.  On a special note, Panjin is also called "Home of the Cranes" for the above reasons.
 * reed-grass beach (Golden Beach at Bohai Sea) and the clam mound
 * Red Seabeach
 * Hubin Park in Panshan, featuring the Liaohe Tablets. These stone tablets bear inscriptions of Chinese calligraphy by historical and contemporary artists.

Education

 * Higher Education:

Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus

Liaohe Petroleum Career Technical College

Panjin Vocational and Technical College

 * Secondary Education:

Panjin Senior Middle School

LYYG

title: Panjin


text:
User talk:210.60.55.8

Proposed deletion of Susila Dharma International Association

The article Susila Dharma International Association has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unreferenced for 18 years. Fails WP:ORG."

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''' This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. ''' Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:00, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.60.55.8


text: Talk:Ryan Clark

title: Talk:Ryan Clark


text:
Ropes course

A ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high elements, low elements, or some combination of the two. Low elements take place on the ground or above the ground. High elements are usually constructed in trees or made of utility poles and require a belay for safety.

Terminology
Ropes courses are referred to using several different names, including Challenge Courses, Ropes Challenge Courses, Teams Course, and Low Ropes, as well as more idiosyncratic names such as the Challenging Outdoor Personal Experience (Project COPE) course (used by the Boy Scouts of America).

An Aerial Adventure Park (or "European-Style" Adventure Park, Tree-Top Adventure course) has a more recreational purpose.

Other related terms include obstacle courses, assault courses and commando courses, although these terms also have slightly different meanings, often more associated with military training than with education and training for the general public.

History
It is unclear where and when the first ropes course was created. Obstacle courses have been used by the military to train soldiers as far back as the ancient Greeks. Those courses, however, were primarily used for the training of extremely fit individuals and not necessarily aimed at the development of unremarkable persons as is common practice on ropes courses today. The use of belay and risk management systems on such courses was limited and often non-existent.

Many practitioners cite Georges Hébert as the originator of the "modern" ropes course. A French naval officer in the early 1900s, Hébert developed his own method of physical education, apparatus, and principles to train in what he called the “Natural Method,” which included the development of physical, moral, and “virile” qualities in an outdoor environment. Drawing from his naval background, Hébert patterned some of his obstacles on obstacles found on the decks of ships. “Hébertism” grew during and between the World Wars, becoming the standard for physical education training for the French military. Many ropes courses and challenge course programs in French Canada and Europe are still known as Hébertism courses today.

Marble, Colorado, the site of the first Colorado Outward Bound course, has been cited as the location of the first ropes course in the US, although this is highly unlikely. Patterned after a military obstacle course and similar to the course in use at the Outward Bound school in Aberdyfi, Wales, the course was constructed of hemp ropes. Belay systems were minimal or non-existent.

Ropes courses were adapted for use in an education setting by Project Adventure, Inc. in Hamilton, Massachusetts in 1971. The first course built at the school still stands and is in use today.

Modern courses
Since the 1980s, ropes course sophistication has evolved considerably. Modern ropes courses incorporate sophisticated belay and safety systems using wire rope, friction devices, and climbing harnesses to manage what before were unmanaged risks. Recent technological advances in pole hardware and climbing equipment along with industry-accepted installation and design practices have greatly reduced the risk to end users and to the natural environment. Modern courses make use of a variety of materials other than trees, including utility poles and steel structures.

A recent trend of themed courses has created a whole new genre of challenge course aimed at recreational pay-to-play users. New, mobile high ropes courses (originally designed by Jim Liggett of Ropes Courses, Inc.) and climbing walls built on flat bed trucks have made challenge courses more readily available to the public for recreational purposes and are generating increased publicity.

Adventure Parks with a more recreational-orientation are booming in Europe and awake a great interest in the US and around the globe. They are usually designed for a larger volume of visitors. They do not follow a specific educational concept, but see the individual, physical and mental challenge as a predominantly recreational activity. Neither climbing techniques nor special/specific physical fitness experience are necessary. Typical slogans are: Have fun, Test your Courage and Overcome your Own Fears. In an Adventure Park, the participants independently run a variety of trails of increasing difficulty levels. Each trail consists of several poles or trees that are connected by different acrobatic elements.

High course
A high course can be a pre-fabricated, professionally installed course, built of utility poles, cables, and bolts, or it can be a course that is hand-built in a wooded area, where ropes and wire are attached to different trees.

Ropes courses can be described as static, dynamic, vertical, and M-Belay. With a static course, participants are attached to an upper wire, belay cable, with lanyards (ropes and carabiners) for safety. If the participant dangles, they will be caught by the wire. Advantages of a static course include needing fewer facilitators, being able to get more participants up on the course at one time, and allowing participants to do multiple elements without having to be lowered and climb back up after each. On a dynamic course, participants are connected to a rope, which someone on the ground will be holding onto and belaying the participant on the course. Participants on a dynamic course remain on a belay the entire time: climbing up to the element, doing the activity, and being lowered to the ground after. A vertical course is very similar to dynamic, except that the element is the climb up. Vertical courses can be: vertical obstacle courses with hanging logs, ladders, and tires or alpine towers with their unique hour-glass shape of activities. The M-Belay is the most complicated of the two, and involves two separate belays. Otherwise, it is very similar to a dynamic course.

Usually participants must sign a waiver before being allowed to participate on the course, because of the high risk of injury. Some participants may have a hard time completing the course due to its height and the physical challenge. Courses usually range from 25 feet through 50 feet tall, though some elements can reach upwards of 150 feet plus (as in the redwoods and some jungle courses). In order to climb up onto the course participants usually must climb, such as by using a cargo net or Jacob's Ladder, which could be made of rope, or an artificial climbing wall.

Low course
Low ropes courses consist of a series of real and imaginary obstacles designed to challenge groups and individuals to work together to accomplish a task. The classification of low ropes courses can be further broken into several types of activities:
 * Cooperative Game, Socialization Activity, Ice-Breaker: a fun activity designed to reduce inhibitions and break down barriers. These activities are often not based on a defined task but on a sequence of events.  Users are often placed in positions where they are encouraged to try new things that may place them outside their normal comfort zones.  Examples include: name games, people to people, raccoon circle...
 * Group Initiative: problems involving real and imaginary ground-based obstacles (either natural or constructed) that challenge a group to pool their resources and work together to find solutions. Success is achieved only when all members have contributed to the outcome.  Examples include: The Muese, Spider's Web, Carpet Maze, Crocodile Pit, Whale Watch, Peanut Butter River, Ragging River, T.P. Shuffle, Nitro Crossing, and Group Wall
 * Trust-building games: activities designed to provide members the opportunity to demonstrate their trust in other members of the group through a series of sequenced actions. Examples include: Willows in the Wind and Trust Fall.
 * Low Ropes Elements: a series of cables, ropes, and obstacles strung between trees or poles, 12 to 18 inches above the ground, low rope elements present tests of physical strength, stamina, agility, balance, and flexibility, and invite participants to confront such emotional issues as the fear of falling, the fear of failure, and the fear of losing control. Risk is managed by group members who assume critical spotting roles.  Examples include: Swinging Balance Beam, Triangle Traverse, Tire Swings, and Mohawk Walk.

Purpose
Ropes course advocates claim that they meet a number of educational, developmental, and recreational goals. High ropes course and climbing programs generally focus on personal achievements and ask participants to confront their personal fears and anxieties. Challenges may be physical or emotional. In certain cases, high element programs involve the development and mastery of technical skills to manage rope belay systems used to secure other climbers as they move through the course. In such cases, outcomes often include exploring the fundamentals of trust, craftsmanship, and coaching. Programs using low ropes course elements or group initiatives are most often designed to explore group interaction, problem-solving, and leadership. Some of the commonly claimed outcomes include enhancement of cooperation, decision making, self confidence, positive risk-taking, social cohesion, trust, self esteem, leadership, goal setting, and teamwork. In addition to these commonly cited benefits, a study published in 2000 in the Journal of Leisure Research found that ropes courses also demonstrate higher-level outcomes, including increases in effectiveness and efficiency, building relationships, developing understanding, setting goals, brainstorming ideas and task accomplishment.

The British Royal Marines have an extremely difficult ropes course dubbed the 'Tarzan Assault Course'. To pass the Commando Course, recruits must complete this and other arduous tests consecutively under a strict time limit.

Research
Despite the rapid development of ropes course programming during the latter part of the 20th century and the increasing sophistication and professionalism in ropes course construction, there remains a lack of clear scientific consensus about the many claimed psychosocial training benefits of ropes course participation.

title: Ropes course


text: User talk:60.26.31.220

title: User talk:60.26.31.220


text:
Charlie King (politician)

Charlie King (born June 5, 1959) is an American attorney, politician, and civic leader in New York City.

Education
After graduating from the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, King earned a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1981, and a Juris Doctor from the New York University Law School in 1987.

Career
King served as the chairman of the Democratic County Committee in New York County. King was a volunteer attorney for the Mollen Commission in the early-1990s, and was a member of the Election Monitoring Committee in South Africa when Nelson Mandela was elected president in 1994.

In 1999, he was appointed by President Bill Clinton as the regional director for the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) for New York and New Jersey, serving in this post until 2001.

King served as the acting Executive Director for National Action Network, Al Sharpton's not-for-profit organization from April 2007 to April 2009. King also represented the witnesses connected to the killing of Sean Bell by the New York City Police Department.

In April 2010, King was appointed executive director of the New York State Democratic Committee. King stepped down from the post to work as a lobbyist at Mercury Public Affairs, a political strategy and consulting firm with offices in Washington, D.C., New York City, Albany, New York, and Sacramento, California.

King is also a frequent host and guest on Keepin' It Real with Al Sharpton. He remains a staunch ally of Governor Andrew Cuomo.

Runs for elected office
In 1998, King ran for the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of New York and finished second behind Brighton Town Supervisor Sandra Frankel.

In 2002, King again sought New York's Lieutenant Governorship as the running mate of former HUD Secretary Andrew Cuomo. He and Cuomo dropped out of the race before the primary and endorsed the ticket of State Comptroller Carl McCall and businessman Dennis Mehiel. The Cuomo–King ticket appeared on the 2002 general election ballot as the nominees of the Liberal Party and received less than 50,000 votes, thereby costing the Party its automatic ballot status.

In 2006, King sought New York's Attorney General's office. Andrew Cuomo eventually won the election. King also faced former New York City Public Advocate Mark Green, former U.S. Attorney Denise O'Donnell and former White House Staff Secretary Sean Patrick Maloney in the primary. King dropped out a week before the primary election and endorsed Cuomo. He then went on to serve on Cuomo's Transition Team as chair of the Civil Rights Committee.

title: Charlie King (politician)


title: File:LitGazeta1950.jpg


text:
Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis

Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a syndrome that affects the skeletal muscles within a horse. This syndrome causes the muscle to break down which is generally associated with exercise and diet regime. Depending on the severity, there are various types of ER, including sporadic (i.e., Tying-Up, Monday Morning Sickness/Disease, Azoturia) and chronic (i.e., Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) and Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER)).

Types of equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER)
Equine Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a general term used to define both sporadic - (infrequent) and chronic - (repeated) manifestations of the condition. The severity of the condition defines what type of ER a horse has.

Sporadic equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER)
The types of equine ER that are considered sporadic include tying-up, also commonly referred to as Monday morning sickness and/or Monday morning disease, and azoturia also known as black water disease, set fast, and/or paralytic myoglobinuria. Tying-up related is mild as compared to azoturia, which is the more severe case of sporadic ER.

Sporadic equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) can be found in any horse regardless of breed, age, or gender. Most cases relate to excessive glycogen stored due to diet patterns.

Chronic equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER)
Chronic equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) includes the predisposition of two main types, polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER). Each type is specific to horses based on factors of breed, age, and genetics.

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) is commonly found in calm muscular breeds such as quarter horses, and Belgian drafts. However, any horse that can store excess amounts of glycogen, usually genetic, can develop this form of ER.

Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) is commonly found in breeds that are high strung such as Arabians and thoroughbreds. However, any horse can develop this type of ER if it displays abnormal muscle contractions.

Causes and Process of ER
Beyond the probable hereditary factor, no other single cause is known to trigger ER in horses. Due to the "Exertional" component, exercise is seen in every case of ER regardless of type and severity. However, exercise cannot alone be the singular cause of ER, rather it is always accompanied by another factor. In the end several factors together can cause ER.

Other factors that will pair with exercise to form potential ER can be dependent on the type of ER.

Sporadic ER can include the following possible factors:

 * The overfeeding of simple carbohydrates (grass-hay, corn)
 * Excessive heat with electrolyte imbalances, especially seen with potassium
 * The work of a horse after a period of rest, if diet was not reduced.
 * Hormone imbalance
 * Thyroid hormone imbalance with hypothyroidism
 * Vitamin E deficiency
 * Muscles worked without proper training causes contractions leading to myopathy

Chronic ER can include the following factors:

 * Genetic excessive storage of glycogen (carbohydrate storage in the body) paired with abnormal polysaccharide sugar intake - strictly related to Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)
 * Excessive rest periods followed by intense return to work on a high-grain diet - Strictly related to Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)
 * Abnormal muscle contractions - strictly related to Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER)
 * Hormonal imbalances - strictly related to Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER)
 * Stress and over stimulation - strictly related to Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER)

Sporadic ER Process
The more factors that are present, the greater the likelihood that the horse will develop ER. However, the most common cause of ER is an imbalance between the animal's diet and its workload, especially on a high-grain diet.

Sporadic ER occurs if there is an imbalance of glycogen in muscles. On days the animal is not being ridden or working, if the horse ingests feed packed with simple carbohydrates, this can cause too much energy in the form of glucose to be created. When this extra energy is stored, it creates excessive amounts of glycogen in the muscles. Once the horse returns to work and/or exercise, the glycogen can rapidly form to usable energy. If there is too much of it, this can cause an imbalance, which can form into Sporadic ER.

The excess glycogen within the muscle cells that lack oxygen begin to function anaerobically to produce the needed Adenosine Triphosphate. The anaerobic work creates a buildup of waste products, lactic acid, and heat. This subsequently alters the cell by preventing the cell's enzymes from functioning and the myofilaments from contracting efficiently. The cell membranes may then be damaged if the horse is forced to continue work, which allows muscle enzymes and myoglobin to leak into the bloodstream.

This leads to the body building up a store of glycogen from converted carbohydrates in muscle cells. Glycogen is then depleted during work, and restocked when a horse rests. Oxygen-carrying blood metabolizes glycogen, but the blood can not flow fast enough to metabolize the excess stored glycogen. The glycogen that is not metabolized aerobically (by the oxygenated blood) must then be metabolized anaerobically, which then creates the cell waste products and heat, and ER has begun.

Myoglobin can be released into the bloodstream from damaged muscle tissue. If released, myoglobin is not easily cleansed form the bloodstream. Due to this issue it can transfer to the Nephrons which connect to the kidneys. The kidneys much like the blood stream are not meant to cleanse myoglobin from themselves; this can lead the Nephrons to be blocked which could lead to kidney failure, and if severe enough could be fatal.

Chronic ER Process
Chronic ER occurs in horses with a potential genetic link to ER; however, this depends on the type of chronic ER.

In the case of Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM) the storage of excess glycogen is also common for this type of chronic ER, however, it is more a predisposed genetic condition, which can occur more frequently. Rather than the excess storage of glycogen due to high-grain diets and excessive rest, excess glycogen is stored because insulin stored in the muscles tells it to. However, if excessive rest is also allowed, this can be cause for an even greater probability that PSSM ER could develop.

Regarding Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER) it is muscular contractions that can lead to this type of ER. Also considered to have a genetic link meaning that this type of ER could occur more frequently, abnormal muscle contractions can be a cause for this type of Chronic ER to appear. When contracting muscles release intercellular calcium, however, if the horse has a predisposed condition that allows for abnormal muscle contraction, calcium ions are abnormally released. It is because of this that the calcium can become free-roaming which then can trigger abnormal muscle contractions.

As another general cause, there are also toxicities that can cause signs of ER. For example, if a horse were to ingest the blister beetles and/or Day Blooming Jasmine - a broadleaf evergreen shrub, each can cause signs of ER. The blister beetle is known to distribute a toxin known as cantharidin. This toxin if ingested can cause severe gastrointestinal issues, which if left untreated could cause nephritis. Ingesting ionophores toxins, such as those found in day blooming jasmine, can cause the heart muscle to become inflamed, which can bring about signs of ER.

Symptoms
A horse developing ER can start to show signs as early as directly after exercise, however, for mild cases, signs may not be seen until after the horse is cooled down. Signs for both sporadic and chronic ER can include a reluctance to move, stiffness or shortened gait when the animal is forced to move typically found in the hind legs, and muscle spasms or cramps, with hard, painful muscles (especially the hindquarters) when palpated. Other signs include excessive sweating, and labored breathing, which can be caused from the pain, increased pulse which also can be attributed to the pain, red urine which can be directly linked to potential myoglobin being released into the kidneys. Horses distributing these symptoms, it can be thought that is could be colic, laminitis, and/or tetanus.

If an observer is unfamiliar with ER, initial symptoms may appear to be tiredness or perhaps lameness, but the condition is far more complex.

Signs of a severe bout of Sporadic or Chronic ER may include reluctance to move, lying down and refusal to rise, remaining in a singular stance such as sit, and can develop lameness permanently due to muscle deterioration. Usually, a correlation exists between how long is needed for the signs to be seen and how severe the bout of ER is, with the more severe bouts displaying signs right after work has begun.

If signs of severe ER are seen, the horse should not be moved. Movement can cause further muscle damage. If the animal is far from the barn, trailering it back is preferable to walking. A veterinarian should then be contacted.

Treatment
Treatment for cases of ER both Sporadic and Chronic should be handled by a licensed veterinarian.

Mild or moderate cases
For mild or moderate cases a vet may recommend or prescribe a Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These are drugs such as Flunixin meglumine (Banamine), Naproxen (Equiproxen), or Ketoprofen. This will help to bring the inflammation down while also acting as a pain reliever. NSAID's should not be used for prolonged periods of time as they can cause damage to the kidneys. Grain or pellets should be withheld. Introducing diet changes should be done gradually, and feed should be done according to work amount. To improve blood flow to the muscles and help to with muscle spasms, heat therapy and equine massage may be beneficial.

For bouts of Sporadic ER, a horse can be turned out to pasture after allowing for a few days of rest and continued use of prescribed medications should there be any.

Severe cases
A horse may need fluids, especially if its urine is colored, it is receiving NSAIDs, or it is dehydrated. Fluids increase the production of urine that, in turn, helps flush out the excess, and potentially damaging, myoglobin from the kidneys and reduce NSAID-produced kidney damage. Fluids should be administered until the urine is clear, which usually takes from a few hours to a few days.

Vasodilators, such as acepromazine, can help improve blood flow to the muscles, but acepromazine only should be administered if it is prescribed by a licensed veterinarian, as it can lower the animal's blood pressure and can cause collapse in a severely dehydrated horse. The human drug dantrolene is sometimes given to alleviate the muscle spasms and prevent further degeneration of muscle tissue.

Vitamin E is an antioxidant, so may help prevent further cell degeneration in the affected muscles. However, vitamin E products must be used with caution if they also contain selenium.

Bicarbonate does not help offset any lactic acid in the bloodstream, as lactic acid generally only accumulates in the affected muscles.

Except to get to its stall, a horse showing signs of severe ER should not be moved until comfortable enough to do so eagerly. This may take several days. After this point, hand-walking the horse a few times each day or turnout in a pasture or paddock is needed.

Chronic ER Cases
For horses who exhibit chronic ER, treatment will vary according to genetic and in some cases breed. Management is key for treating horses with Chronic ER as in most cases this type of ER doesn't go away. Reducing the trigger effects will help with management of the animal.

In some cases a licensed veterinarian may prescribe tranquilizers if the horse is thrashing or nervous. This will help to keep the horse calm and provide some pain relief. Tranquilizers may also be advised to be used during training upon the horse returning to work.

Changing diet regime to a high-fat low-starch can be beneficial for the horse, as it can help with excitement.

Returning the animal to work
Symptoms may take several days to several weeks to subside, all depending on severity and type of ER. If initial symptoms have subsided a horse may be allowed turn-out. A horse may be returned to work if symptoms have ceased and is no longer on NSAIDs or other prescribed drugs related to treatment of ER, this can otherwise can hide signs of another bout of ER. If NSAIDs or other treatment drugs are needed to keep the horse comfortable, or if the horse is reluctant to continue work, the animal is not yet ready for a return to its regular training program. Blood tests such as Creatine Kinase Concentration (CK), Aspartate Transaminase Levels (AST), and/or Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) should be normal before the horse is returned to work.

Prognosis
Depending on the damage and destruction to the muscle tissue prognosis can vary. Prognosis can also vary depending on type and severity as well. However some signs of a positive prognosis may include, a horse being able to stay up and not lying down too much, keeping the horse quiet can also help with the healing factor, if the horse appears to be back to normal within 24 hours the prognosis outlook is better. There are also possibilities that a horse may showcase lameness and/or permanent damage to muscles. In some cases if horse goes into kidney failure due to untreated myoglobinuria, results could be fatal.

Diet
For bouts of Sporadic ER, reducing any extra energy in a horse's diet is essential. Decreasing carbohydrates and increasing the daily intake of hay or pasture can usually accomplish this. Grain may need to be cut in half and feed ration should also be downsized prior to rest days. Feeding a well balanced diet of both vitamins and minerals can also be beneficial.

For bouts of Chronic ER, a high-fat low-starch diet can be beneficial. Gradually the horse should be introduced to this new diet. For some cases of Chronic ER such as RER, the horse may need a higher intake of calories. This is where feeds specially created and designed for ER will be necessary.

Exercise
For bouts of Sporadic ER proper conditioning is essential in prevention. IN using proper training techniques a horse should be warmed up thoroughly before intense training and/or riding. The same should be done when cooling down. Ensure that the horse is cared for, for an issues to the immune system and allowed to recover before continuing training.

A horse ideally should receive exercise once, or possibly twice a day, every day, to prevent the recurrence of ER. If possible, avoid breaks in the horse's exercise schedule.

For bouts of Chronic ER depending on type, the focus should be on preventing overexcitement. This can be accomplished by allowing pasture time, utilizing a hot walker, and minimizing stall time. Horses with Chronic ER should also be injected with a low-dose tranquilizer during intense training, to help with overexcitement, this however is more for the RER type of Chronic ER.

Supplements and drugs
As with any supplements and drugs, conferring with a veterinarian as to the recommended dosages is best. Some drugs are not allowed in competition and may need to be withheld a few days before.

Adding potassium and salt to the diet may be beneficial to horses that suffer from recurrent bouts of ER both chronic and sporadic. Horses in hard training may need a vitamin E supplement, as their requirements are higher than horses in more moderate work. The horse may also be deficient in selenium, and need a feed in supplement. Selenium can be dangerous if overfed, so a blood test to confirm that the horse is in need of supplemental selenium should be used.

Other drugs that have been used with success include phenytoin, dantrolene, and dimethylglycine.

title: Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Slawi

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. JeremyA 21:52, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Slawi
Transwikify to the appropriate non-English Wiki and delete. Denni ☯ 02:35, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * The proper process is to add Template:notenglish, and then wait two weeks before listing it for deletion if it isn't translated. As this article was just posted, this VfD is premature.  Postdlf 03:13, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not encyclopedic. JamesBurns 06:37, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy keep, premature nomination. Kappa 10:16, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 *  Speedy keep, give it its two weeks. --Scimitar 13:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: There is no such thing as "speedy keep" because keepiing is the default. Improper listing requires no votes at all.  The nominator should unlist it on VfD, but even if he or she doesn't, it's rather meaningless unless folks don't read the votes and vote delete anyway.  Jumping in to vote "strong keep" and "speedy keep" just looks like finger wagging, which is not very nice. Geogre 18:52, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the clarification. I've seen speedy keep in use, and my intention was certainly not to finger wag, just to get it off VfD asap, to save space. I was under the impression that an article could be speedy kept and the discussion frozen. --Scimitar 19:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, WP:GVFD describes speedy keep as: "a (rarely used) shorthand for 'Keep this article and close the discussion now'. A voter who votes 'Speedy Keep' thinks that the nomination was an improper one that was made purely as vandalism." I don't think that Kappa and Scimitar believed Denni's nomination was in bad faith, so speedy keep doesn't apply here, but it does apply in other cases. Perhaps this shorthand could use some further clarification in WP:GVFD? A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  23:26, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * My nomination, and I'm retracting it. I'll keep the template in mind for next time (I'm still new at this part of Wiki). Denni ☯ 00:24, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Slawi


text:
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Km130

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. JeremyA 21:45, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

User:Km130
advertising, not a userpage Josh Parris ✉ 02:36, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete spam - ban spammer. -- Cyrius|✎ 02:48, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and block user. Abuse of Wikipedia. -- BD2412 talk 03:12, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete per Above. Concurr. Can this be Speedy??? Fabartus 04:52, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete spam Chill Pill Bill 05:57, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 06:36, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Strong delete. This user (who also created km130) spammed my talk page, too. jglc | t | c 06:53, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Clear advert. Oneliner 10:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete clear advert. Block for spamming and explain wikipedia. Give one more chance to contribute usefully. - Mgm|(talk) 10:48, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I posted a friendly note on Km130's User talk page. I'll await response. jglc | t | c 16:09, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * ATTENTION! ATTENTION! NOT ALL ISSUES CAN BE RESOLVED BY A VfD VOTE! This is not even vaguely covered by Deletion_policy. This is a user abusing his account. Deleting his user page is a waste of time. Let's go get him banned and be done with it. And let's stop using VfD nominations for every little issue! Isaac R 02:33, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Advertising is not acceptable on userpages. VfD is the proper forum to remove them. Sjakkalle (Check!)  09:14, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Its an ad! Spotteddogsdotorg 14:51, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If this can be covered by deletion policy, delete. --Kiand 17:09, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete User pages are not for advertising and only edits user has made are to his page, and other user's talk pages. Would have made it a mild keep if they showed some contribution... but no... Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:37, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - advertisement A curate's egg 07:43, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Faschingsschwank aus Wien

Faschingsschwank aus Wien (Carnival Scenes from Vienna or Carnival Jest from Vienna), Op. 26, is a solo piano work by Robert Schumann. He began composition of the work in 1839 in Vienna. He wrote the first four movements in Vienna, and the last on his return to Leipzig.

Eric Sams has noted that the word "Faschingsschwank" contains the letters ASCH SCHA in that order of appearance, and that Schumann used these notes in sequence as melodic material for this work. Robert Morgan has noted Schumann's use of Ludwig van Beethoven's Op. 26 as a model in this work, and also Schumann's use of musical symmetry. David Neumeyer has noted the similarity of the first section to the Valse Noble, Op. 77, No. 7 (D. 969) of Franz Schubert.

Form
The work is in five movements:

Marked (Sehr Lebhaft) (very lively), this is the longest and one of the more virtuosic movements, notable for its innovative rhythms and its brief quote of "La Marseillaise." Of all the pieces of Faschingsschwank, this one is the least single-minded in its structure, introducing entirely new themes occasionally, only to be brought back repeatedly to two repeated motifs from the beginning. The piece comes to a crashing close with almost dissonant septuplet arpeggios. Probably the least virtuosic of the works, taking only a page of music. Despite its shortness and apparent ease, this is undoubtedly the saddest piece in the set. Despite the fact that most of the work is in G minor, the final measure brings a resolution into G major. Much as the title suggests, this work is a playful respite between two somber movements. A syncopated rhythm, with a melody based almost entirely on notes of the major chord, keeps the movement light and bouncing throughout, with the possible exception of the last run, a progression of octaves into a quick and bright cadence. The Intermezzo is marked by its flowing sound, created by keeping a steady stream of right-hand notes in the background, interspersed with melody notes. The piece, almost entirely based on transpositions, appears difficult at first due to its speed (some musicologists have remarked that Schumann's metronome was calibrated such that it went faster than it should have, due to extreme tempi such as this one). While the background notes in the right hand do indeed move extremely fast, the melody is more singing. The background notes are mostly suited to the shape and position of the hand, despite a few leaps of the melody; in the end, the left hand takes a modified, E-flat major version of the E-flat minor melody, under the right hand. The work is a melancholy and emotionally charged display of a pianist's capability to convey feeling. The "extremely lively" Finale begins with triumphant announcements in B-flat octaves, interspersed with brilliant moving thirds. This section is the second longest, lasting about half the length of the first movement. The patterns seen in the Finale are somewhat reminiscent of Beethoven's compositional style, using a melody that moves in both hands, while both hands also play unchanging notes beneath the melody. The energetic runs of the final bars bring the set to a dramatic close.
 * Allegro: Very lively (Sehr Lebhaft), B♭ major
 * Romanze: Pretty slow (Ziemlich Langsam), G minor
 * Scherzino, B♭ major
 * Intermezzo: With the greatest energy (Mit Größter Energie), E♭ minor
 * Finale: Highly vivid (Höchst Lebhaft), B♭ major

Reception and performance
The Faschingsschwank aus Wien has been recorded many times, including outstanding live performances by Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli in 1957, Annie Fischer in 1960 and Sviatoslav Richter in 1962. The Intermezzo serves as the theme music of the Lawfare podcast, performed by journalist Sophia Yan.

title: Faschingsschwank aus Wien


text:
Gaius Memmius (governor of Macedonia)

Gaius Memmius (c. 140s BC – December 100 BC) was a Roman politician. He was murdered by Gaius Servilius Glaucia during the disturbances that rocked Rome during the violent uprising and suppression of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus.

Career
Gaius Memmius was elected tribune of the plebs in 111 BC, and was instrumental in relaunching the Jugurthine War after Jugurtha’s surrender in 111 BC. During his tribunate, he accused the consul Lucius Calpurnius Bestia, the senator Marcus Aemilius Scaurus and other aristocrats of accepting bribes from King Jugurtha. He summoned Jugurtha to appear in Rome, and promised him safe conduct in order that he may be questioned, but when Jugurtha arrived, Memmius was prevented from questioning the king by his colleague Gaius Baebius, whom Jugurtha bribed to impose his veto.

Memmius served as praetor sometime between in 107 and 102 BC, and this was followed by the proconsular governorship of Macedonia. Then, Marcus Aemilius Scaurus prosecuted Memmius with the charge of extortion. Memmius was found not guilty of all charges.

In 100 BC, Memmius was a candidate for the consulship of the following year (99 BC), but was slain in a riot on the election day, stirred up by his rival the praetor Gaius Servilius Glaucia. It has been speculated that, primarily due to Cicero describing him as consul designatus, Memmius was actually elected Consul in the disrupted elections of 99 BC, and was killed after his successful candidature was announced in the Roman Forum.

Character
Sallust refers to Memmius as "a man fiercely hostile to the power of the nobles" and states that he gave speeches whipping up the plebs, urging them not to accept the behaviour of the nobles. Sallust describes him as an orator, but Cicero had a poor opinion of him.

title: Gaius Memmius (governor of Macedonia)


text:
Jeanne Thérèse du Han

Jeanne Thérèse du Han de Martigny  (30 October 1707 in Lunéville – 7 May 1748 in Nancy) was born and baptized the same day in Lunéville, in the duchy of Lorraine, now part of France. She was the daughter of Philippe-Louis du Han, comte de Martigny (1678–1733) and his wife Catherine Françoise de Roquefeuil de Puydebar (c.1680 – 1764). The Du Han de Martigny were an important noble family of Lorraine, with estates in the north of the duchy.

Louis-Philippe held posts as conseiller d'état, Chamberlain and Grand Veneur under Duke Léopold I, and his daughters were among the court beauties. In 1731, Jeanne-Thérèse was maid of honour to the Dowager Duchess and Regent of Lorraine, Léopold's widow.

After the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession, Granville Elliott spent most of his time away fighting.

Jeanne Thérèse and her husband Granville appear regularly in the Madame de Graffigny correspondence collated by the Voltaire Foundation at the University of Oxford.

Family
She married Granville Elliott, Count Elliott, on 15 March 1735, in Mannheim, but the couple lived in Lorraine after their marriage, where they had one daughter and six sons:

 * 1) Marie Charlotte Elliott (23 May 1736 – 3 February 1785)
 * 2) Stanislaus François Xavier Elliott (7 June 1737 – 12 March 1767)
 * 3) Amable Gaspard Antoine Elliott (4 September 1738 – 30 June 1814), 2nd Count Elliott
 * 4) Charles Phillippe Elliott (1 December 1740 – AFT 1752)
 * 5) Paul Antoine Elliott (12 June 1741 – 25 July 1741)
 * 6) François Maximillian Elliott (12 June 1741 – BEF 1764)
 * 7) Jean-Baptiste-François Elliott (25 June 1747 – BEF 1764)

Jeanne Thérèse died in Nancy on 7 July 1748 and was buried two days later in the nave of the Notre-Dame cathedral church in Nancy. Her body was reburied when the church was demolished and rebuilt in the 1790s.

Because Granville returned to Britain and remarried, he published a will for Jeanne Therese at London.

title: Jeanne Thérèse du Han


text: User talk:69.225.38.244

title: User talk:69.225.38.244


text:
User talk:Neillsm

Image:QBD CALC.png
I have replaced it at QBD by the same formula in format.--Nabla 02:39, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

title: User talk:Neillsm