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Talk:Multi-channel memory architecture

Start
I started the article, as it was requested. I'm not extremely familiar with the intracite architecture, so more detail would be good. DoomBringer 00:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hello. Updated to the best of my ability; added the graphic.  Will add a fuller of explanation of Intel vs. AMD later.  --Bobcat 20:54, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Good work. The graphic could use some work, maybe to show dual vs single: basically, a wider pipe to memory in the dual channel scenario.  I like it though.  DoomBringer 03:10, 12 July 2005 (UTC)
 * No offense, but I think the graphic is misleading. It represents peripherals (AGP, IDE, and USB) to be as fast as the CPU, which is very wrong.  In fact, they are even slower than the memory controller.  It would be more correct to represent this as an inverted pyramid.  I question the applicability of the term "bottleneck", actually, as a bottleneck is a slow point between two fast points. -- Bilbo1507 02:09, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

RAID 0 for memory?
Would it be wrong to think of dual channel memory as an analogous setup to two hard drives configured to RAID 0? You double the speed by splitting the bandwidth costs over two different mediums?
 * Seems so, although I am not sure. -Yyy 12:13, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't dual channel architecture effectively only have any benefit if the two channels are used separately? Meaning that a single application could never profit from more than 1 channel? Or that if two applications intensively use memory that is allocated on one bank, they effectively do not have any profit from dual channel architecture? Dabljuh 19:0wwww

6, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * All applications benefit from dual-channel. Imagine heavy traffic on two highways, one with 64 lanes and one with 128 lanes (Dual-channel), the traffic on the highway with 128 lanes has less problems to go through than on the smaller highway. --Denniss 19:48, 8 February 2006 (UTC)
 * What's a highway? To use the Raid0 analogy: In RAID0, the data is written to the two disks in parallel, so disk one contains blocks 1,3,5 while disk2 contains 0,2,4 for example. That way, Raid0 can double the throughput because no file above a certain size can be located on one disc alone. Is dual channel working like this, with regard to the fragmentation of data? Dabljuh 08:28, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Highway is analogy is not complete. Because the toll booth (memory controller) would be only 32 lanes so all those 128 lanes of cars would still need to merge only 32 lanes.  Imaging the backup.  Remember the cpu can only accept 32 bits of data at once.  Imagine 64 car lanes going 50mph before the booth, 32 cars lanes going 200mph after the booth and 128 lanes going 50mph before the booth and 32 lanes going 400mph after the booth (dual channel).  And yes the data is striped as RAID 0.  --NYC 1:06p, 20 Dec 2006 (EST)
 * As I understand it, the interleaving is done on a much smaller scale. For example, the first 64 bits are stored on one chip, the next 64 bits on the other chip, the third on the first chip, etc.  Memory is usually transferred in bigger bursts (are they page-sized bursts?) to the CPU's cache, so one transfer of memory utilizes both chips.  This has nothing to do with how many applications are running (or highways :P).  So ya, it's kind of like RAID 0 with hard disks, except the stripe size is 64 bits instead of several KB.  Hypertransport, on the other hand, allows each CPU to handle 1/n of the memory independently.  For this, the memory is divided up into n large chunks.  (n = # of CPUs)  For this, how memory is allocated to applications does have a big impact.  Hypertransport with dual channels (2 channels per CPU) has the potential to be four times faster than a single-CPU system with the single-channel memory architecture.  By the way, do not copy this to the article without checking it, because I'm not sure that the details are correct.  In fact there's probably at least one mistake. -- Bilbo1507 02:02, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

Practical data
Some real life data (benchmarks etc.) would be interesting to see. -- 213.253.102.145 16:57, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Oh we're not supposed to just make stuff up and use the power of positive thinking to make it so?? :P  Ya, someone should look into this. -- Bilbo1507 02:28, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

That Intel Whitepaper is Hogwash. Comparing 1X256MB single-channel with 2X256MB single-channel is dumb: of course the system with more memory will perform better because there will be less page faults. The comparison should have been between a 1X512MB system and a 2X256MB system. Maybe Tom's Hardware or Sisoft have benchmark results.

Matching pairs of memory
As per the entry, "Each memory module in each slot should be identical to the one in its matching slot." Why is that? What if they aren't identical? --mriker 03:49, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Internal structure, speed rating and capacity should match, no need to have identical pairs although there are usually less problems with two identical sticks. --Denniss 16:11, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * You should identify that the reason they need to match is because they will be run in sync, and most BIOSes will run them both at the speed of DIMM 0, rather than the fastest compatible speed

None of this article is particularly true on consumer boards any more, where the RAM sold is often fairly terrible in real speed but contains XMP information saying it should run much faster. RAM training at boot determines what speed the mess of memory as a whole will actually run at. I've had the speed go up and CL go down on older memory (i.e. it got faster) after the second bank was populated with faster memory. It was now running at above its rated XMP speed and below its baseline CL. Presumably there was a flaw in the motherboard's termination or voltage control logic somewhere and populating the second bank of quad channel "fixed" it. I think on old boards with memory controllers on the northbridge the 2nd bank could be running at a different speed than the first. Usually ECC RDIMMs are matched because the motherboards they're used in don't contain the ability to upclock them past their base speed; server boards are meant to be stable, not get 2fps more out of something (and their memory bandwidth is already high enough that it isn't the limiting factor, anyway). If full system memory wasn't purchased at the time the server was built it'll usually be replaced with more identical memory because it's what was on the vendor qualified hardware list, not because other memory wouldn't work. --A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 12:21, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

Criticism
I think its worthwhile to mention that technologies like XDR and FB-DIMM were created with the idea that the high pincount of DDR was a bad thing and those technologies instead seek to have wide internal busses which serialize data into thin external busses by having more on-chip circuitry. Possibly there should be mention of the 480 pins that dual channel DDR-II requires? Unfortunately my wordcraft skills aren't particularily high today. --222.155.100.80 23:36, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

What's new?
That kingston whitepaper is very overhyped. The idea of using more than one bank of memory has been around for at least a decade. Memory has been too slow for processor for even loger than that. My Indigo2 which was built in 1996 had 4 memory banks (up to 3 SIMMS per bank). My HP J210 also had 4 banks, and would do 16 way interleaving if it had 16 identical SIMMS. Dual Channel as they now seem to call it, is not something that was invented because DDR was too slow. Remember how annoying it was when your Pentium required SIMMs in pairs?
 * My 486 required 30-pin SIMMs in quads. :) -- Bilbo1507 02:11, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

any CPU with a bus speed that is greater than the memory speed, is innacurate. Even a CPU bus clocked at the same speed as the RAM would end up waiting, because SDRAM takes multiple cycles to read (because of RAS and CAS latency). --Aij 05:59, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know if there is RAS latency in computer memory. Memory speed is given according to RAS.  That is a 10ns memeory has a RAS of 10ns because RAS is the clock strobe.  If CPU and RAM ran at the same speed then waiting will only occur on CAS.  There'll be no waiting for RAS in this case.
 * SIMMs in pairs has nothing to do with interleaving. It has to do with data width.  For 32 bit CPU, memory, data is accessed 32 bits at a time.  But since SIMMs were only 8 bits wide, you always needed to add SIMMs in 4s.  386sx was an exception.  It was 32 bit CPU with 16 bit lines.  Since it needed 16 bits, SIMMs had to be added in 2s.  This was the days of 32 pin SIMMs.  SIMMs 72 pins and greater offer atleast 32 bit wide data so today we no longer need to add SIMM in pairs.
 * Dual Channel could be implemented as interleaved memory but it probably isn't. I've never seen any non-consumer paper on this so I can't say how it works.  But one way dual channel could work is akin to 386sx where more data is read at once then can be transmitted (16 bytes is read in 8 ns, and transmited 4 bytes at a time at 2 ns cycles, a bus speed of 500 MHz).  Memory is not interleaved in this case.  Interleaving was useful in days of DRAM, which required refreshing.  It was interleaved because one bank would be accessed while the other refreshed.  SDRAM does not need refreshing and this kind of interleaving would offer no gain for SDRAM.
 * Note only sequential access is speed up by interleaving or dual channel. Random access gains little or no improvement. -NYC Dec 20, 2006 EST
 * Actually, Pentiums did need 72-pin SIMMs in pairs to match their bus, and RAM in the same class as PC-100 provided a 64-bit bus (which would have required 4 matching 72-pin SIMMs if they hadn't changed things around again). This is what 8Mx64 means on a 64MB PC-100 DIMM.  (And wasn't it 30 pins not 32 pins on the older SIMMs?)  It does have something to do with interleaving, because on a 32-bit bus, bits 0-7 are stored on the first chip, 8-15 on the next chip, 16-23 on the next, and 24-31 on the next, and 32-39 are back on the first.  So the memory is interleaved across 4 chips, with a tiny stripe size.  I think this may be how a dual-channel memory controller works too.  Regardless, both the old and new way (if they're different) see the same speed increase because each bus cycle transfers more data.  I think what we'll see is another eventual consolidation of two chips into one if dual-channel out-paces cranking up the clock rate.  So no, I don't think this is anything new, but just because it's an old trick doesn't mean it's ineffective.  I wish I could match 8 or 16 chips to get 8x or 16x the bus speed, like Alphas mostly did.  -- Bilbo1507 02:24, 20 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Now we're back to MCM mega-chips like TR Pro with 4 memory controllers with 2 DDR4 channels each or Epyc 9004 with 4x3 DDR5 channels which achieve the highest memory bandwidth (but take an intra chip latency hit) by interleaving memory across all 4 controllers. Or they can be run in 2/3x4 interleave or 4x2/3 interleave depending on how latency-sensitive the application is.  Mr. Bilbo predicted something here since they're now accessing DDR5 as though it were 2x32-bit wide data lines instead of a single 64 bit wide.  Not really true dual channel since they made it narrower at the same time, but it's there...  then of course you have the 12 channel thing on Epyc 9004 and the newest Xeons, interleaving across a ton of modules for system memory bandwidths higher than all but the priciest consumer GPUs...   performance desktops were moving in the right direction and made it up to quad channel memory before taking a nose-dive post-Broadwell-E. A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 12:31, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

Question
Do dual channel motherboards accept memory which doesn't support dual channel? i.e. is it backward compatible? Would be handy to know...
 * There is no memory supporting only single-channel or only dual-channel. All memory sticks may work in dual-channel if you have a pair of two. Best is is identical modules or at least two similar ones (speed grade, memory density). --Denniss 09:55, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for the response, I now understand the concept of dual-channel operation. However it should be added to the main article for other people's benefit.
 * Some retail boxed ram, especialy ones from Kingston, sometimes have a "Not Dual-Channel Compatible" warning label on them. I remember occasionally seeing this when I worked for . Keep in mind that these usually still work but, as mentioned in this Wiki article, some motherboards may have issues with them. My P4 board with an SIS chipset had no problem dual channel-ing them.66.177.213.82 21:32, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

I came here for clock speed information and couldn't find it
So, perhaps it should be added by someone who knows the answer. I'd like to know if RAM, in a dual-channel configuration, continues to run at the same clock speed or not. For example, PC-3200 RAM runs at 200 MHz. Would it continue to run at 200 MHz in a dual-channel configuration? It seems like I've read before that the speed drops in half (100 MHz in this example). Modul8r 22:50, 29 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Why should the speed be cut in half ? In Dual-channel both PC-3200 sticks are still operating at 200 MHz as long as they are compatible to each other and the memory controller likes them, too. --Denniss 11:38, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Your memory would only down-clock if you mixed it with a slower chip. For example, if you put in a PC-2100 chip in there, all your ram would run at 133 MHz.66.177.213.82 21:34, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

MB or MiB?
This article is littered with misabbreviations. I once corrected them, however they were reverted, and the guilty party insisted that "GiB" was the correct abbreviation for gigabytes. Was there some inverse revolution where letters were ADDED to abbreviations, or does this other user not know what he's talking about? Seedsoflight 20:16, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * See Binary prefix --Denniss 13:47, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Yup, the boy don't know what's the difference between MB's and GB's 203.81.161.154 15:36, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Dual Channel with one stick
If you only use one stick of DDR2, is the speed effectively halved because it can't use dual channel? 91.84.211.193 10:24, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The maximum memory transfer rate is halved. Usually system performance does not decrease at the same rate but it depends on the board/CPU how much it decreases (a P4 is severely affected but a Core/Athlon64 not that hard). --Denniss —Preceding signed but undated comment was added at 15:22, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Inadequate information and sourcing
The sole source for this article is currently a whitepaper from two technology companies that stand to benefit from promoting new memory technology. The whitepaper provides an elementary explanation of how dual-channel architecture works, but fails to discuss the question of what kinds of application environments succeed or fail to take advantage of this feature. The wide disparity of benchmark results (as little as about 3% improvement to as much as about 80% improvement, based on the approximate but not clearly stated raw numbers of directly comparable components, and ignoring the sometimes misleading use of chart numbering) makes clear that the identification of these specific environments is vital to understanding whether dual-channel is of any use to a consumer for their particular needs. (That's why I came to this article in the first place.) Can't we find some more objective and more thorough sources for this 4-year-old technology? ~ Jeff Q (talk) 03:45, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Modules should be in non-matching banks
In order to achieve this, two or more DDR/DDR2 SDRAM memory modules must be installed into matching banks

I don't know if this is universal or not, but the sentence above is misleading. Colored banks can (always?) belong to the same channel -- to get dual-channel working correctly, paired modules should be installed to opposite banks, not matching banks. Thus, in a 3-bank configuration where 2 banks are blue and one is black, dual channel setup would require 1 module in a blue slot and 1 module in the black. Ham Pastrami 06:11, 26 October 2007 (UTC)
 * At least in my gigabyte mobo, it is recommed to set in the SAME colored slots. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.108.215.226 (talk) 15:38, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

Misuse of "bank"
''If the motherboard has two pairs of differently coloured DIMM sockets (the colours indicate which bank they belong to, bank 0 or bank 1), then one can place a matched pair of memory modules in bank 0, but a different-capacity pair of modules in bank 1, as long as they are of the same speed. Using this scheme, a pair of 1 GiB memory modules in bank 0 and a pair of matched 512 MiB modules in bank 1 would be acceptable for dual-channel operation.[1]''

This is highly misleading. First of all, the word "bank" is being used ambiguously to mean a pair of corresponding DIMMs from each channel, which is not technically correct since the term "bank" refers to a single side of a module (paired up for DIMMs). The whitepaper itself refers to these as "DIMM 0" and "DIMM 1" of each channel (A and B). In practice, these would normally be labeled as bank 0/1, 2/3, 4/5, and 6/7 or simply as DIMM-0 through DIMM-3. The rest of the paragraph is also needlessly ambiguous -- what it's trying to say is that you can mix modules of different size in a channel, as long as the configuration is mirrored in the other channel. Which is somewhat redundant with stating the need for matching pairs of DIMMs. I'll try to clean it up later if no one gets around to it. Ham Pastrami 18:15, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Further ambiguity of the term "bank"
I'm confused about how the word "bank" is used and it is particularly confusing since the SDRAM chips on the DIMMs themselves each contain 8 banks of DRAM, addressed by the BA[2:0] ("bank address") pins. My understanding: each memory location is uniquely addressed by (i) channel number, (ii) rank number, (iii) bank address, (iv) row-address and (v) column-address: The SDRAMs' address and control pins are shared between channel 0 and channel 1. A diagram would help here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.254.223.97 (talk) 16:45, 5 January 2011 (UTC)
 * "Channel 0" refers to all memory connected to controller data bits 63:0.
 * "Channel 1" refers to all memory connected to controller data bits 127:64.
 * "Rank 0" refers to all memory connected to controller chip select CS0_N.
 * "Rank 1" refers to all memory connected to controller chip select CS1_N.
 * "Bank 7" refers to memory addressed when BA[2:0]=111.

Actual results
I've removed this line from actual results: "But still there where numerous reports of users who've felt a performance boost from dual-channel. Some users reported a boost circa 70% in comparison to single-channel." Aside from the terrible grammar and misspelled words, I felt that the lack of evidence and weasel words necessitated the removal until someone can write it up better and provide actual evidence Kakomu (talk) 17:45, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Difference between Interleaving, Dual Channel
Can anyone explain the difference between these 2? They all increase memory bandwidth. I understand that interleaving helps accessing contiguous memory locations due to locality by overlapping CAS. Dual channel seems to imply no interleaving, but parallel access to both memory modules. This would explain why it generally doesn't improve performance. It wouldn't speed up contiguous accesses up to the virtual memory page size. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.61.49.181 (talk) 10:15, 24 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Memory interleaving is a technical term that means the memory controller stores one block of data in the first module, then the next block in the next module, and so on, until it gets back to the first module. It only makes sense to do if you can access multiple modules in parallel, which usually implies multiple memory buses, although older asynchronous DRAM systems could take advantage of limited interleaving on the same bus by sending commands to the next module before reading results back from the previous one. Dual-channel OTOH is a marketing buzzword which means the system can read from two modules faster than from a single one. Note the use of the word "channel" rather than an actual meaningful word. For example, dual-channel would describe a 2-way interleaved system as well as an early dual CPU Opteron which had two completely separate memory buses. Aij (talk) 00:04, 29 February 2012 (UTC)
 * CPUs have one set of data lines to each channel if you check the pinouts. The only reason to have this configuration at all, since it eats up die space, is to take advantage of multiple sticks of memory to increase speed, and the easiest way to do that is hardware level striping across them.  In the case of multi-chip processors with memory controllers built in which are fairly new (the Q6600 was an MCM but still had a Northbridge) there is usually a memory controller per-CCD and various striping configurations are possible, although going from 8-way striping on a TR Pro for example to 4x2-way striping doesn't affect overall memory bandwidth as negatively as dropping from 8 to 2 banks does in real world comparisons vs. Ryzens since each CCD is able to fetch from its local memory simultaneously, and the whole mess is really dependent on workload, NUMA-awareness of programs if more than one NUMA node per processor is being used, etc.  Additional banks OTOH usually just add to the capacity and on most systems past dual bank 4-channel broadwell force a drop in overall memory speed to the next lower JEDEC level if the second bank is populated (which might not actually affect bandwidth, since CL usually becomes faster along with clock becoming slower and the two are heavily related). A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 12:41, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

Should MOSNUM continue to deprecate IEC prefixes?
A discussion has been started at WP:MOSNUM concerning the continued deprecation of IEC prefixes. Please comment at the MOSNUM talk page. Thunderbird2 (talk) 19:13, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Quad channel?
Now that everyone is installing 4 slots of memories, is there any quad channel mobo out? Lightblade (talk) 04:16, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

about the measures in performance gain with dual channel
i can't believe you people take tom's hardware's garbage as a source for performance examples. I put it simple, I run everest 5.5 in DDR2-1066 single channel and I get 5970MB/sec read, I put it in dual channel (G.skill 2x2GB PI Edition) and I get 7870MB there's a difference please take a look somewhere serious like xbitlabs or do your own measures with your own computers. hope it changes before i change the article removing tom's hardware's garbage from a serious website like Wikipedia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.31.175.252 (talk) 11:52, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

 * You're measuring the transfer rate using a benchmarking tool designed specifically to maximize transfer rate, i.e. the same assumption that manufacturers use in order to inflate the appearance of performance gain. A real-world application (i.e. software that is not a benchmarking tool) generally cannot be optimized in such a way because they are more constrained by the CPU, I/O, or any number of other bottlenecks. You miss the entire point of the Tom's article, which was to verify real-world performance benefits against the advertising claims and theory, which although true, are meaningless. In other words, your gain of ~50% memory bandwidth results in a gain of only +5% frames per second when running an actual game. That is the point of the Tom's article. Nobody disputed the benchmark scores themselves. Ham Pastrami (talk) 05:59, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Triple-channel architecture be merged into Dual-channel architecture and that the article be renamed "Multi-channel architecture" or similar. It seems that having seperate articles is redundant, as the two concepts are very similar. 98.103.186.3 (talk) 18:15, 18 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree. Please just do this, as it is highly logical so needs no mass discussion. Use "Multi-channel architecture" and do sections for "Dual-channel architecture", "Triple-channel architecture", and "Quad-channel architecture". But PLEASE make sure you sort all the current link-to's to link to the new appropriate section on the new page, eg. "Multi-channel architecture#Dual-channel architecture". --Jimthing (talk) 17:33, 31 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Agree. The technology behind this is similar, and most of the content will overlap in each article. GL1zdA (talk) 15:06, 20 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay. Since there haven't been any No's so far and since this seems like a good thing to do, I am going to go ahead and do it.  Arjun G. Menon  ( talk  · mail) 07:01, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Article needs to be improved
The article is need of improvement. Any experts on the subject are welcome to add info to this article. For others, the German Wikipedia article on Dual Channel memory could be used for reference for improving this article.  Arjun G. Menon  ( talk  · mail) 08:06, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

X79 and quad-channel?
What happened with quad-channel memory? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.187.151.86 (talk) 10:59, 6 January 2012 (UTC)

Bottleneck What the Hell
What is the Bottleneck diagram supposed to tell me? That my USB port is faster than my memory? That peripheral data has to go through memory before it goes to a CPU? I don't think it's the right way of visualizing the Bottleneck principle. It does not visualize how fast memory is in comparison to mos peripherals. Please help me out but isn't the bottleneck in numbercrunching usally CPU->RAM->CPU. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.205.102.196 (talk) 10:54, 3 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Commented out so not visible. ✅ It would be useful to have an updated version with the salient bottleneck issue. A possible separate pair of images showing single channel/dual channel would also help. Widefox ; talk 14:14, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

ganged versus unganged
This section mentions that unganged multi-channel memory could be used to speed up multi-threading, but since a multi-threading program shares a common virtual address space, how would a multi-threading application allocate memory so that the physical pages of memory ended up on separate unganged busses of memory? For a multi-processing application (separate virtual address space for each process), it could be possible for the operating system to allocate paged memory from separate busses for 2 to 4 processes (for double to quad channel memory), but I don't know if there are any operating systems that do this. Rcgldr (talk) 03:03, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

 * In unganged mode, a core is assigned to use only one of the memory buses. A thread will only run on one core, so it doesn't have to worry about multiple buses. 65.87.26.124 (talk) 01:08, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

 * It could be envisioned in the same way RAID 0 works, when compared to JBOD. With RAID 0 (ganged mode), it's up to the additional logic layer to provide better (ideally even) usage of all available hardware units (HDDs, memory banks); with JBOD (unganged mode) it's relied on the statictical usage patterns to ensure even usage of all available hardware units.  I'll try to find a reference, and add this into the article. — Dsimic (talk) 01:20, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Quad-Channel Haswell-E
I have edited the list of quad-channel supporting CPUs to include more 2nd and 3rd gen. chips and 4th gen. Haswell chips. I pulled everything from ARK and went through checking for supporting families. Everything should be updated until the E7 series is launched this fall. The AMD list could use updating too. --Jsd45 (talk) 23:47, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

Dual Channel History
I think there should be something in the article about the first dual channel chipsets. If I remember correctly, the first Dual Channel chipset was the Intel 850 (11/2000) and the first DDR-SDRAM Dual Channel chipset was the nVidia nForce (06/2001). --MrBurns (talk) 14:09, 25 November 2014 (UTC)

 * Hello! That sounds like a good suggestion; any chances, please, for providing a few references for that? — Dsimic (talk | contribs) 19:08, 27 November 2014 (UTC)

Found some benchmarks
Please validate these information. I have not the technical knowledge to do it myself. http://www.mersenneforum.org/showthread.php?t=20575

93.88.103.166 (talk) 18:30, 14 April 2017 (UTC)

Multi-Channel Requirements
The requirements "data" given in the article do NOT match what Intel says: https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000005657/boards-and-kits.html#dual So who is right-- the author or Intel? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.241.152.175 (talk) 18:49, 24 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The requirements info in this article are completely full of it, or the computer I'm posting from can't exist, since it's an i7-6950x (they're cheap right now) with 4x8GB DDR4 in quad channel mode in one bank and 4x32GB modules in the other bank that are working fine as 160GB of quad channel total. I've also mixed and matched sizes within 3 channels on both a Nehalem i7 and an old junk xeon of some sort, I'm ashamed to admit.  The first case works because when 8 slots exist the processor divides them into 2 physical banks which can be selected via DDR{0/1/2/3}_BA[0:1] pins and logical bank groups per socket addressed via a similar method. The second case works because Intel flat out says they support it and you don't need to dig anything else up, and they've always supported it.   The whole "use the exact same matching set of memory everywhere" has to do primarily with the usual BS spread by overclockers and the barrage of idiots who decided to start a "tech blog" for quick ad revenue and free parts but don't bother to do any research or actually try anything weird out...  you know, the things that would actually interest people instead of 20 pages of artificial benchmarks.  My mismatched size memory is also mismatched in timings and base JEDEC speed, and the timings improved when more was installed via regular old POST mem training.  It somehow settled on some weird hybrid that's faster than either type of stick and not directly supported by either.  Even more weirdly it solved sporadic system crashes I'd been having, although this may have been something that had settled into an empty slot and was just barely shorting a couple of pins.  Who knows.  Anyway this is wikipedia so the arbitrary crap I did to my computers over the years is "original research", but I'm just making the point that this article is extremely oversimplified at best and more like what I'd call completely incorrect in almost every aspect.   In reality, you can't have memory pairs in channels 0/1 or in 2/3 that won't run at the same voltages because they share the setting.  That's it.   Most UEFI doesn't expose it but at least the 2011v3 chips (even non server) support lockstep modes for memory with various pairing / mirroring / interleave methods.   It's a complicated topic.   I'm afraid I can't condense anything down enough to help aside from the reference link and the others like it you can google from intel and AMD.
 * My vote would be to delete the whole section, the requirements there are barely exist and are too complicated to really cover here. --A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 09:18, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

Interleaving granularity?
Hi, this seems not given AFAICS. Is it per 64 bits (width of a DRAM bus), or a cache line perhaps (typically 512 bits), or per 4K page, or something else? TIA 79.66.198.78 (talk) 18:48, 10 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Edit-I doubt it would make sense to be 4K-page sized because the very common case of linear reads would gain next to nothing, so I guess the smaller the better? 92.6.102.193 (talk) 10:25, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I'd really appreciate some info on this, please! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.103.30.137 (talk) 13:21, 16 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Most of the time a computer will be reading far more than 4k of data from RAM into cache at once, there's prefetch involved for most reads. On Threadripper PRO and Epyc the interleaving can be controlled in UEFI settings:
 * "... This determines the starting address of the interleave (bit 8, 9, 10 or 11). The options are 256 Bytes, 512 Bytes, 1 KB, 2 KB and Auto." A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 12:47, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Multi-channel memory architecture


text:
Gargamel (disambiguation)

Gargamel may refer to:

 * Gargamel, the villain of the comic strip and animated TV series The Smurfs
 * Gargamel!, an American rock band
 * Gargamel, a reggae artist better known as Buju Banton
 * Gargamelle, giantess and mother of Gargantua in Gargantua and Pantagruel
 * Gargamelle, a bubble chamber particle detector at CERN, named for the giantess

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gargamel (disambiguation)


text:
Vicalloy

Vicalloy is a family of cobalt-iron-vanadium wrought ferromagnetic alloys which have high coercivity and are used to make permanent magnets and other magnetic components. Vicalloy is precipitation hardened and can be formed by a number of cold working techniques. It is commonly used in electromechanical device applications, such as Wiegand wires because it shows a large Wiegand effect.

It consists of 52% cobalt, 10% vanadium, trace amounts of elements such as carbon and manganese, and balance (~37%) iron.

Its magnetic maximum energy product $BH_{max}$ is 1 MGOe when cast and as high as 3.5 MGOe when appropriately cold worked.

'Vicalloy' was used in hysteresis motors both in solid and laminated form (for higher frequency applications) by Vactric Ltd and Walter Jones Ltd - neither company still exist- using material produced and processed by Telcon Ltd (now owned by Carpenter Technology Corporation) from about 2008. 'Electrical Times' published an article 'Magnetic Alloys for Hysteresis Motors' by D.R. Driver on 10 August 1967 which includes some magnetic characteristics of Vicalloy and P6 alloy. Work on applications in hysteresis motors was done at Aston University, UK, (the late Nick Capoldi who joined Smiths Industries) and The Electrical Research Association, UK, (Tasker and Bradford), amongst others.

title: Vicalloy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Last Days of Foxhound

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE   — Gwalla | Talk 18:12, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Last Days of Foxhound
Non-notable web comic. Alexa rank of 642,713. Metal Gear Solid fanfiction (in other words, they're somebody else's characters). --  — Gwalla | Talk 00:46, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (Weak)- Yes, it is no Penny Arcade, or Megatokyo, but is it non-notable enough to be worth deleting and trashing everyone's work? Remember, we're not pressed for space here like a paper encylopedia. --maru 02:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Not encyclopedic. 1) Will it be a puzzling topic a reference work will need to address?  2) Is it something anyone will seek in the future?  3) Does it represent a pioneering or influential artwork?  I get "no" to all three.  --Geogre 03:12, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Geogre, I have to ask: where did you get those criteria? They don't resemble any of the crieria for webcomics I remember ever hearing about. --maru 03:25, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * They're my criteria for articles, all articles. I've been voting on VfD since before the first web comic showed up here, I believe, and all artworks have to answer the same questions, IMO.  If anything, we should be more strict about web art, as it is by its nature far more ephemeral than even vanity press publications.  For me, an artwork should be either first, greatest, or influential, and it should be something that appears in alien contexts (i.e. something mentioned elsewhere and by someone not in the web comic business) so that we will have a need for explanation.  Otherwise, it doesn't matter whether we're talking about video game music or sculpture: the subject is not notable enough for encyclopedic treatment. --Geogre 04:11, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Low Alexa rank alone is enuf, but also hints at the more detailed reasons. Niteowlneils 03:48, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. As Geogre says, the notability bar for webcomics ought to be pretty high. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  05:21, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This entry will probably bring the search up by next week... -- ℬ astique ▼ talk 05:24, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Question: Are you saying that the page rank boosting that occurs when someone writes a Wikipedia article should be used as justification for the Wikipedia article? --Geogre 14:54, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete non notable. --JamesBurns 05:50, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn --Xcali 05:57, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. --mikka (t) 08:14, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete not notable. --Melvis 16:28, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * User's 19th edit, 12 of which are VFD votes. Kaibabsquirrel 22:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete it seems like this guy wants to make his comic better known. ConeyCyclone 17:17, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account was created 12 minutes before this vote. User's 11th edit. Kaibabsquirrel 22:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. --Jinkleberries 19:55, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that the above user was created 12 June 2005, and has voted "keep" on everyone of the (many) VfD that user voted on. --maru 20:21, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I noted 37 'keep' votes within 7 minutes. That's pretty quick evaluating.  :-) Tobycat 20:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, in order to prevent Bastique's reasoning from coming to fruition. RickK 22:19, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn fanfic. -Sean Curtin 07:23, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - non-notable. --DoubleCross 08:43, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Quale 20:55, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Booji Boy

Booji Boy is a character created in the early 1970s by the American new wave band Devo. The name is pronounced "Boogie Boy"—the strange spelling "Booji" resulted when the band was using Letraset to produce captions for a film, and ran out of the letter "g". When the "i" was added but before the "e", Devo's lead singer Mark Mothersbaugh reportedly remarked that the odd spelling "looked right".

Booji Boy has traits of a simian child and typically wears an orange nuclear protection suit. He is portrayed by Mothersbaugh in a mask and is the son of another fictitious Devo character, General Boy. The intent of the figure is to satirize infantile regression in Western culture, a quality Devo enjoyed elucidating. This character was officially introduced in the 1976 short film The Truth About De-Evolution.

According to the book We're All Devo!, the roots of the character come from discovering a baby mask in an Akron area novelty store. Mothersbaugh developed the character's distinctive high pitched falsetto almost instantly. He had kept a supply of Booji Boy masks for several years, but due to improper storage, many of them ended up ruined from dry rot. A similar, half-head mask was used in concerts during 2004 and 2005, and a new mask based on the original was created and used beginning in 2007. In 2012, SikRik Masks in Devo's hometown of Akron, Ohio made a new mask that more closely resembled the original. The company made 100 copies of the new mask, which were sold through Club Devo.

Booji Boy was incorporated into Devo's 1996 PC CD-ROM video game Devo Presents Adventures of the Smart Patrol. His name was simplified to "Boogie Boy" and the game claims his "real name" was "Craig Allen Rothwell". Not coincidentally, this is also supposedly the real name of the dancer known as "Spazz Attack" who appeared in some of Devo's videos and played Booji Boy on a Devo tour.

The game's booklet contained more information about the character's back story:

"Obsessed with the idea of genetic mutation, Craig submitted to a botched operation in an effort to land a media deal with Big Media. Voila! Boogie Boy - a bizarre adult infant freak with pre-adolescent sexuality and Yoda-like wisdom."

Booji Boy has been featured in the band's visual imagery throughout their career. For example, he plays a prominent role in the video of their 1981 single "Beautiful World". He also appeared in the 1982 Neil Young film Human Highway in a very comical yet unsettling role predicting the end of the planet. Booji is pictured on the cover art to Recombo DNA. Booji Boy publicly announced his pending resignation on multiple occasions, most recently on August 13, 2007, yet he appeared at a Summerfest concert on July 4, 2010 and on July 8, 2010 at the Town Ballroom in Buffalo, New York. Booji Boy continues to appear in concert regularly to perform "Beautiful World". In recent years, Booji Boy's concert appearances have seen him dressed in modern "hip hop" attire (including a sideways ball cap and sporting "bling"), with Devo bass guitarist Gerald Casale introducing him as "Boogie Boyyyyyy".

Beyond Devo's works, Booji appeared in the Zabagabee home video by Barnes & Barnes demonstrating how to masturbate, and in the music video for "You Ain't Fresh" by hip hop duo Boogie Boys.

Booji Boy Records
"Booji Boy" was also the name of the independent label Devo used to record their earliest songs. More recently it has become an archival release label, releasing old material of interest to fans. The following vinyl releases were sold under the Booji Boy banner:

"My Struggle"
Mothersbaugh, as Booji Boy, wrote a book titled My Struggle. The title is the English translation of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf and the book featured a red leather cover as a poke at Chairman Mao Zedong's "little red book". Excerpts from the book can also be found hidden in Devo's CD-ROM game "Devo Presents Adventures of the Smart Patrol."

Songs performed by Booji Boy
Booji Boy primarily performs live, but his voice was used on several early Devo recordings, such as "Lost At Home (Tater Tot)" and an early version of "Smart Patrol". His only album appearances are the song "Puppet Boy" from Shout, Devo's cover of "Bread and Butter" by The Newbeats and a re-recorded vocal track to the early demo "U Got Me Bugged", which appears on the soundtrack to Devo Presents Adventures of the Smart Patrol (performed by Pat Tierney instead of Mark Mothersbaugh).

In concert, Booji has performed several songs:
 * "The Words Get Stuck in My Throat" – performed live in concert in 1977 and 1978. In 2000, a studio version was recorded for the compilation Pioneers Who Got Scalped. The song originates from the Japanese film The War of the Gargantuas.
 * "I Need a Chick" – performed at some shows in 1977 and 1978.
 * "Red Eye" – performed on the 1978 tour, and seen in the film The Men Who Make the Music.
 * "In Heaven Everything Is Fine" and "The One That Gets Away" – performed in 1979. "In Heaven" was originally part of the soundtrack of the David Lynch film Eraserhead.
 * "Gotta Serve Somebody" – performed with Devo's alter-ego Dove, "the band of love". A live recording appears on the compilation album Recombo DNA.
 * "U Got Me Bugged" – performed at two shows in late 1979, and again on the Hardcore Devo tour in 2014
 * "Tunnel of Life" – performed in 1980. Video of this performance appears on the Devo Live 1980 DVD. (The instrumental version of this song, which appears on Hardcore Devo: Volume Two, is titled "Booji Boy's Funeral".)
 * "Beautiful World" – performed since 1981., performed live with Terri Nunn at the YouTube Theater November 16, 2023.
 * "Hey Hey My My" – performed with Neil Young on Human Highway

title: Booji Boy


text:
Talk:Kings Island

Notable Events
One event to add was October 30th 2015, as Walking Dead cast star Laurie Holden came to the park.

http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2015/10/26/kings-island-host-walking-dead-character/74639660/

Nothing too major, but it was an event that happened at the park with a famous actor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oblivioux (talk • contribs) 22:56, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070814133841/http://www.co.warren.oh.us/genealogy/cem/Dogstreet.htm to http://www.co.warren.oh.us/genealogy/cem/Dogstreet.htm

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External links modified
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Kings Island Campground & One Team Village
One Team Village should be included in the Significant facts section as an asset owned by the park.

As for a historical fact the Village is being built on the old overflow area of the campground. which can bee seen in a old aerial image here https://www.historicaerials.com/location/39.349440251806776/-84.26085591316223/2004/17

For facts on the campground itself. It used to include the area that was used before Animal safari was installed. as seen in the topo map here https://www.historicaerials.com/location/39.349232838051336/-84.26118850708008/T1976/16 The remainder of the campground "Area north of columbia road" was the only section sold to Great Wolf Resorts.

Nickvet419 (talk) 12:49, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Nickvet419, looking at images and drawing conclusions from them violates WP:NOR. First and foremost, we need a reliable, published source that specifically addresses the location of "One Team Village" in prose. Second, we need several sources to show the significance. Being a fact does not guarantee that it should be included in an article per WP:VNOTSUFF. Also per WP:DUE, we should only be mentioning details that hold significant weight (a tiny aspect about a subject should be tossed out). If you're able to find better, secondary sources, then we can take a second look and see if it satisfies both of these policies. --GoneIn60 (talk) 14:04, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

Octoberfest to Adventure Port
Oktoberfest needs updated to Adventure Port https://www.visitkingsisland.com/new-in-2023 98.28.176.97 (talk) 20:42, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * It will be taken care of. The change was just announced, and the section will not open until March or April of next year. There is no need to rush. Right now, the section is still Oktoberfest.— JlACEer ( talk ) 20:47, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: First Year English Composition 1001
— Assignment last updated by Contehis (talk) 14:09, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

Camp Snoopy
Hey can I add in the camp Snoopy changes, I thought I’d ask before I change it Orion123478 (talk) 18:54, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * , as long as the changes can all be linked to solid sources, then yes if you wouldn't mind, please do. For any ride name changes, be sure to retain the previous name in the ride description column, noting the years it operated under that name. Eventually we are moving all the ride charts out of this article (except for roller coasters), but for now, that will work. I can swoop in behind later on and do some additional cleanup after you're done, thanks. --GoneIn60 (talk) 14:52, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Cool I’ll get right on it :) Orion123478 (talk) 17:53, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Also, for any rides being added or removed, you may want to update List of Kings Island attractions and List of former Kings Island attractions if you get time. --GoneIn60 (talk) 15:09, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kings Island


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1874

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1874


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1850

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1850


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1859

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1859


text:
User talk:Dcclark

 Click here to leave me a new message.

'''If you leave me a message here, I will respond to you here as well to avoid fragmenting the conversation. Please explicitly mention if you want me to reply on your talk page, or elsewhere.'''

Archives:
 * 11-June-2005 to 30-August-2006
 * 31-August-2006 to 14-September-2008

Broomball at Michigan Tech
It has been suggested that Broomball at Michigan Tech be merged into the broomball article. Is there anything you can do to substantiate Broomball at Michigan Tech's notability? Mjf3719 (talk) 13:29, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, I would agree that Broomball at Michigan Tech should be merged to either broomball or Michigan Tech. While it certainly is a big deal at da Tech, it's not particularly notable. Broomball is an IM sport at many other universities (I've played it at three others myself). -- dcclark (talk) 16:09, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Where did the copper come from?
I notice in your latest edit of Copper mining in Michigan that you changed the wording to read that the Calumet Conglomerate had been worked out when UOP bought the company in 1968. The question then arises: from where were the miners extracting the copper until they went on strike later that year? I was going to school there in the early 1970s, when Homestake Mining began dewatering the Tamarack shaft (I think it was) to evaluate the workings. Was Homestake unaware that the conglomerate had been worked out? Your info might have saved them the trouble! I suspect that you may be erroneously assuming that the orebody was completely exhausted. Cheers. Plazak (talk) 01:31, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Plazak -- I was referring to the fact that C&H had closed all of its original workings on the conglomerate by that time. I suppose that it is too broad to say that the entire conglomerate bed was worked out -- we still don't know that today. Although as I recall, nothing ever came from the various Homestake explorations... -- dcclark (talk) 03:35, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I clarified those edits to say that the original mines (i.e. the great Calumet, Hecla, and South Hecla shafts) had been abandoned. But certainly by the late 60's, C&H was only actually extracting ore from Ahmeek, Kingston, and a couple others, none of them on the Calumet conglomerate. -- dcclark (talk) 03:40, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

 * One last comment -- Homestake dewatered several shafts in the 70's, but I don't think the Tamaracks were ever cleared out. There was Centennial (supposedly an offshoot of the Conglomerate at depth) and Mesnard at Quincy. -- dcclark (talk) 03:45, 2 December 2008 (UTC)
 * You are no doubt right that it was the Centennial shaft I must have been thinking about. That was a while ago.  Plazak (talk) 04:09, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Devon vs Cornwall
I have read your peace on the Devon vs Cornwall pasty situation. You asked to see what prove the people of Devon have that the pasty origanated in Devon. If you visit[]then you will be informed about the amount of effidence for devon. Please contact me about what you have seen. Thank you. From Robert Magarbie —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kinghenrimck (talk • contribs) 19:30, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Say what? Are you talking about the years-old discussion at Pasty? -- dcclark (talk) 02:26, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Yes i am. Have you visited the site? If so tell me what you thought. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kinghenrimck (talk • contribs) 16:47, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

You asked what evidence the devoners have that the pasty originated from Devon. I advise you to visitor. Please contact me and tell me what you think of it. Thank you. From Robert Magerbie. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kinghenrimck (talk • contribs) 16:40, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

yes i am. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kinghenrimck (talk • contribs) 16:42, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I've had nothing to do with that discussion for a very long time. That said, the first site is largely incomprehensible, and the second one clearly is just talking about one fellow's opinion. Please, stop bothering me with this silliness. -- dcclark (talk) 18:56, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Hello its me again. I have recently found out that you are a yank. What do you know about are country? You don't just go round writting things that you don't know shit about. If your not sure about something, keep your trap shut. Ow and tell some of your mates to stop buying are footy clubs.(Kinghenrimck (talk) 19:02, 2 February 2010 (UTC))
 * I have added a personal attack warning on your talk page. Now to respond: I am from the Copper Country, a mining region where thousands of Cornish miners moved in the mid 19th century. Pasties are extremely popular here to this day. Also see my editing history on Pasty. -- dcclark (talk) 22:53, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

If it wasnt for Devoners then America would have nether been founded (because of the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth). So if you if your going to be bias be bias towards Devon. --Kinghenrimck (talk) 17:17, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

Lift Bridge Picture
Hi- Do you mind if i use the picture you took of the Houghton lift bridge on my website? If not how would you like me to attribute the photograph to you. ("photo taken by...") —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.213.0.73 (talk) 18:07, 6 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi, I have no way to contact you since you aren't signed in. Please sign in or contact me directly in some other way. -- dcclark (talk) 14:40, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

Lift Bridge photo
Sorry about not being signed in last time. You can contact me directly at zach@ztwebdev.com or through Wikipedia if you would like to discuss usage of the picture. Erks7 (talk) 17:22, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Two-course pasties
Hi - I am not a Wikipedia contributor except that I provided photos of the two-course pasty to someone in New Zealand and he put them on the Pasty article.

I run the web site called " The Cornish Pasty & Pastypaedia The Cornish Pasty & Pastypaedia", and I have several pages there about pasties with "afters", as my mother used to call them. I have also made them (I am now 66 yrs. old, and male).

I recently added a new web page about the commercial version: Morrisons Tin Miner Pasty - sold in supermarkets.

I am merely pointing out that these pasties are real and have been all my life - they are not make believe!

I have to apologise for the guy who realised late that "you are a Yank", also for his spelling and grammar!

What is your PhD about? Mine was "Cryogenic fixation for electron microscopy" (short title), in 1991.

If you want to contact me, email is best: kpryan @ btinternet.com (no gaps.

Best wishes - Keith Ryan, Plymouth UK.

PS - I saw something about Devon vs Cornwall and comment that the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, Devon, UK. This is true, but only after the ship put in for repairs to storm damage. It actually sailed from Southampton!

Good history link - http://www.plymouthdata.info/Pilgrim%20Fathers.htm — Preceding unsigned comment added by RoadRunnerCwll (talk • contribs) 12:13, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:40, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dcclark


text: Category:Slovak painters

title: Category:Slovak painters


text:
Belmore Mountain

Belmore Mountain is a hill in the townland of Gortgall, western County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. With a summit roughly 398 m above sea level, it is the second highest point in Fermanagh, the highest being at Cuilcagh on the Northern Ireland–Republic of Ireland border in the south of the county. The historian John O Donovan (1834) states that the indigenous population called the mountain Bel Mor Muintir Pheodachain.

Belmore Mountain dominates the skyline in the nearby county town of Enniskillen and gives its name to Belmore Street.

Geography
Geologically dominated by limestone, outcropping of the sedimentary rock forms extensive sheer cliffs near the summit. Chemical erosion caused by the natural acidity of water has formed a cave system underneath the mountain, accessible at the village of Boho. Faulting has produced the Knockmore escarpment on the western flanks of Belmore. Other small villages and hamlets around the foot of Belmore include Letterbreen and Springfield.

Agriculture is limited due to the steep slopes and thin peaty soils on Belmore, however extensive plantations of coniferous forest can be found on the upper plateau.

In 1894, archeologist Thomas Plunkett excavated both the Eagle’s Knoll Cairn passage tomb and Moylehid ring cairn in the townland of Moylehid; one of which is situated on an eastern spur of Belmore Mountain overlooking the Erne valley.

Eponymy
The mountain also gives its name to an Irish earldom. Somerset Lowry-Corry, 4th Earl Belmore, served from 1868 to 1872 as the 14th Governor of New South Wales, where several features are named for him: the Belmore River, the suburb of Belmore in Sydney, Belmore Park, also in Sydney and in Goulburn. The name is also associated with Belmore Forest in the Boho area.

title: Belmore Mountain


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1911

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1911


text:
The Stan Freberg Show

The Stan Freberg Show was a weekly radio comedy show that ran on the CBS Radio Network for fifteen episodes in 1957 from July 14 through October 20. The show, starring comedian Stan Freberg and featuring the vocal talents of Daws Butler, June Foray and Peter Leeds, Peggy Taylor as the resident singer, and the musical direction of Billy May. The show aired in the 7:30 p.m. (ET) time slot following repeats of The Jack Benny Program ("The Best Of Benny") on Sundays. The show was produced by Pete Barnum.

Despite its short run, the show contained some running gags and stock jokes, from Freberg's ambivalence toward Madison Avenue (faux advertisements for "Puffed Grass" and "Food," as well as the sketch "Gray Flannel Hatful of Teenage Werewolves") to the interviews with a sneaker-wearing Abominable Snowman. Freberg also developed an elaborate parody of Lawrence Welk's then-current Dodge Dancing Party, which he later released (in a somewhat shorter form) as a single, "Wun'erful, Wun'erful! (Sides uh-one & uh-two)." (He would reprise the Welk impersonation for his final show, in which the fictional Welk tersely mocks Freberg's cancellation.)

By the thirteenth episode, it was clear that The Stan Freberg Show was suffering from a lack of advertiser interest (perhaps helped by Freberg's werewolf comparisons). According to Freberg's autobiography, It Only Hurts When I Laugh, two different cigarette companies offered to sponsor the program, but Stan turned them down; because no other advertisers were willing to provide primary or alternate sponsorship on Freberg's terms, CBS canceled the series after fifteen episodes. According to author Joe Bevilacqua, it was the last American network radio show to devote itself purely to comedy.

1958's The Best of the Stan Freberg Shows, a recording of collected material from the show, won the first 1959 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.

title: The Stan Freberg Show


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1826

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1826


text: User talk:69.201.155.20

title: User talk:69.201.155.20


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1820

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1820


text:
Alabina

Alabina is a French-based group that performs a mix of world music: Middle Eastern, Arabic, French, Hebrew, and Spanish Gypsy music. Alabina consists of lead singer Ishtar, who does the female vocals, and the band Los Niños de Sara, who provide male vocals and music.

Name
According to Alabina.org, the word is Arabic and Alabina has two meanings: "let's go" and "God is between us." The name comes from the title of Alabina's first song. It is also the name of the group's first album.

Group
Alabina consists of lead singer Ishtar, who does the female vocals, and the band Los Niños de Sara, who provide male vocals and music.

Ishtar
Ishtar was born Eti Zach (אתי זך) in Israel. She grew up there to parents who are of Moroccan-Jewish and Egyptian-Jewish descent. She speaks and sings in Hebrew, Arabic, French, Spanish, and English; she also says she "half-speaks" "Moroccan." Ishtar began performing in clubs at age 15 and continued even after her high school graduation when she was enlisted to the Israeli military (IDF), where she served as a helicopter technician. Though she was born Eti Zak, she chose the professional name "Ishtar," a Mesopotamian goddess, because her grandmother called her Ester, which "with her Egyptian accent it sounded like Ishtar," she said.

As the lead singer of Alabina, Ishtar frequently sings in Arabic, complementing the Spanish of Los Niños de Sara. She often employs the use of gamakas and ululation. She also sings Hebrew songs, sometimes songs from her childhood, only alone, however — not with Alabina. Occasionally she joins Los Niños in Spanish. On her own, she frequently sings French. Nine out of twelve songs in her album The Voice of Alabina are in French — and she has two songs in English: "C'Est La Vie My Baby" (Truly (Emet)) and "Lady revolver" (The Voice of Alabina).

Ishtar is frequently featured on Alabina album covers. She has dyed blonde hair, which is sometimes curly, and dark brown eyes. She has been noted for her provocative dress in pictures and at concerts.

On her own, Ishtar has produced three albums: The Voice of Alabina (2000), Truly (Emet) (2003) and Je sais d'où je viens (2005). The first is mainly composed of French songs, the second is mostly in Hebrew, and Ishtar's last album is primarily in Arabic, with four songs in French, one in Spanish and significant chunks of English dispersed throughout.

Ishtar currently lives in France, but has also a home located in the southern city of Eilat in Israel.

Los Niños de Sara
Los Niños de Sara (in Spanish, "Sara's children") are Spanish-speaking Gypsies from Montpellier, France. The four cousins are named Antonio ("Tonio") (also written Antoine) Contreras, Ramón Compas, Santiago ("Santi") Lorente, and Coco. Though they speak both Spanish and French, they only sing in their native Spanish. Tonio, the lead male singer, plays guitar. In addition to all providing back-up vocals, Ramón and Santi play guitar and Coco plays percussion.

On their own, Los Niños have produced two CDs: La Cubanita (2001) and Gipsyolé (2003). Their songs often speak of family, love, and God. Los Niños are Catholic.

Their birthdays are: Tonio, March 27; Ramón, January 7; Santi, September 4; and Coco, September 5.

They currently live in France.

Music
Alabina's music mixes many styles, cultures, and languages: Middle Eastern, Spanish music, French, raï, flamenco, gypsy, Arabic, and at times, Western pop. The group often takes older songs, for example, "Habibi Ya Nour El Ain" the Arabic song of Amr Diab, and adds a mix of styles and languages and Alabina's own flavor. The new version, "Habibi de Mis Amores" in both Arabic and Spanish, is one example. Another example is "Lolole (Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood)", which Alabina turned into an upbeat Arabic-Spanish song, which though it can be recognized from the melody, is far from its original: a Western pop song in English. "Habibi Ya Nour El Ain" performed by Alabina, Ishtar was used in a bollywood movie Agent Vinod (2012 film) scene background when Agent Vinod and Freddie Khambatta are seen walking out of Morocco Airport. However their song was not credited by the producers of Agent Vinod (2012 film). The song "Alabina" is well known in France for being the end credits music in the French comedies La Vérité si je mens! and ''La Vérité si je mens! 2''. Their single "Ole y ola" reached number 19 on the French music charts in 1997 and was certified silver. The single "Alabina" spent 21 weeks on the charts, peaking at 29.

Albums

 * Alabina (1996) Astor Place
 * The Album II (1998) Astor Place
 * Sahara (1999)
 * L'essentiel (2000)
 * The Ultimate Club Remixes (2002)
 * Baila (2016)

Songs

 * "Amore de mis amore"
 * "Pour toi et moi"
 * "Alabina"
 * "Carnaval"
 * "Lolai"
 * "Lady Revolver"
 * "Choukrane (Shukran)"
 * "Habibi de Mis Amores"
 * "Baila"
 * "Tierra santa"
 * Наши Ночи Наши Дни Alen Begl & Ishtar Alabina

title: Alabina


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1981

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1981


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1829

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1829


text: Category:Eurosceptic parties

title: Category:Eurosceptic parties


text:
Presidio Med

Presidio Med is an American medical drama television series created by John Wells and Lydia Woodward (who also executive produced NBC's ER), that aired on CBS from September 24, 2002 to January 24, 2003. The series centers on a San Francisco hospital.

Premise
Bucking the recent medical trend toward impersonal care, the doctors at Presidio Medical Group set bureaucracy aside and put their patients first, forming trusting, long-term relationships. Although their personalities sometimes clash, all of the doctors seek the best possible care for their patients.

Cast

 * Dana Delany as Dr. Rae Brennan
 * Sasha Alexander as Dr. Jackie Colette
 * Paul Blackthorne as Dr. Matt Slingerland
 * Blythe Danner as Dr. Harrient Lanning
 * Anna Deavere Smith as Dr. Letty Jordan
 * Oded Fehr as Dr. Nicolas Kokoris
 * Julianne Nicholson as Dr. Jules Keating
 * Jennifer Siebel as Cyndy Lloyd

Awards and nominations
In 2004, actress Hallie Kate Eisenberg was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series in the category Guest Starring Young Actress for her performance as Grace Rothman in the episode "With Grace".

title: Presidio Med


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1890

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1890


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1895

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1895


text: Template:Fitchburg Railroad

title: Template:Fitchburg Railroad


text:
User talk:Hzglenn

Image copyright
Thank you for uploading Image:Emperor-scorpion.jpg and for stating the source. However, its copyright status is unclear, so it may have to be deleted. If it is open content or public domain, please give proof of this on the image page. If the image is fair use, please provide a rationale. Thank you. --Kevin McManus 00:59, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hzglenn


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1891

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1891


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1897

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1897


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Espen Moe

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 05:51, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Espen Moe
Delete its a vanity post! Melvis 16:28, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non-notable; vanity page Polynova 01:00, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, no evidence of notability, likely vanity. Note: "Espen Moe" gets 668 web hits on Google, but at least the majority of the top ones seem to be someone(s) else of the same name. -- Infrogmation 02:25, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Great name for a future "The Simpsons" episode, but just some dude who makes animations. Vanity page. Geogre 03:11, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 05:50, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as I concour with the above. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:18, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Vanity - Delete Celestianpower , Monday 29th July, 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak delete: I know the name, but presumably only because I live in the area and any local who does anything gets a disproportionate amount of coverage here. - Ar 15:16, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)
 * User's 18th edit, 11 of which are VFD votes. Kaibabsquirrel 22:25, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete who the hell is this guy? ConeyCyclone 17:20, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account was created less than an hour before this vote. Kaibabsquirrel 22:25, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Jinkleberries 19:56, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Junkleberries is a new account today and voted 'keep' on 37 articles within a 7-minute period. This user also received a vandalism warning today.  Tobycat 20:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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The Morning After (Maureen McGovern album)

The Morning After was Maureen McGovern's first studio album, released in July 1973 (see 1973 in music).

The album was released by popular demand following an Academy Award win for Best Song for "The Morning After", written by Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn. After the song's subsequent rise up the Billboard Top 100 charts, the eponymous album was released, eventually peaking in September at #77 on the Billboard Hot 200 list of popular albums.

"The Morning After" is the first track on the record. McGovern composed the music for the fourth and sixth tracks. Cover versions include Paul Williams' "I Won't Last a Day Without You" (which was an adult-contemporary hit for McGovern before becoming a national hit for The Carpenters) and Buffy Sainte-Marie's "Until It's Time for You to Go".

McGovern dedicated the album to her parents, Mary and James McGovern.

Personnel and production

 * Arranged by Joe Hudson (tracks 1, 4, 5 & 7), Michel Rubini (tracks 2 & 8), Gene Page (tracks 3, 6 & 10), Gary Kekel (in tandem with Joe Hudson on track 4) & Bob Hill (track 9)
 * Conducted by Joe Hudson (tracks 1, 4, 5 & 7) & Bob Hill (tracks 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 & 10)
 * Produced by Carl Maduri for Belkin-Maduri Productions
 * Engineered and mixed by Arnie Rosenberg
 * Bob Fraser - guitar
 * Bill Severance - drums, percussion
 * Recorded at: Agency Recording Studios 1730 E. 24th Cleveland, OH 44114


text:
Julien Duvivier

Julien Duvivier (8 October 1896 – 29 October 1967) was a French film director and screenwriter. He was prominent in French cinema in the years 1930–1960. Amongst his most original films, chiefly notable are La Bandera, Pépé le Moko, Little World of Don Camillo, Panic (Panique), Deadlier Than the Male and Marianne de ma jeunesse.

Jean Renoir called him, a "great technician, [a] rigorist, a poet".

Early years
It was as an actor, in 1916 at the Théâtre de l'Odéon under the direction of André Antoine, that Duvivier's career began. In 1918 he moved on to Gaumont, as a writer and assistant of, amongst others, André Antoine, Louis Feuillade and Marcel L'Herbier. In 1919 he directed his first film. In the 1920s several of his films had a religious concern: Credo ou la tragédie de Lourdes, L'abbé Constantin and La Vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin — a film about the Carmelite saint Thérèse of Lisieux.

The 1930s
In the 1930s Duvivier was part of the production company, 'Film d'Art', founded by Marcel Vandal and Charles Delac and he worked as part of a team. He stayed with them for nine years. David Golder (1930), was his first success. It was also his first 'talkie', as it was of the actor Harry Baur. They worked together many more times in the 1930s. In 1934 Duvivier collaborated with Jean Gabin for the first time in the film Maria Chapdelaine, while for La Bandera (1935), he availed himself of the writing talent of Charles Spaak, who had previously worked with Jacques Feyder, Jean Grémillon, Marc Allégret and Marcel L'Herbier. They too would work together many times from this point onwards. Having made Le Golem (1936), a remake of an earlier German horror film, Duvivier set out on La belle équipe (also 1936), with Jean Gabin, Charles Vanel and Raymond Aimos. The film remains a significant example of his work. Five unemployed men hit the lottery jackpot and decide to buy a seaside café/dance hall together. The unexpected, however, keeps happening. Once jealousy over a woman, Gina, (Viviane Romance), gets mixed up with the venture, there is little left to save. The original ending of the film involving a killing, was judged too pessimistic, and another, happier ending, was filmed. It was the happier version that was released, though both versions still survive. L'Homme du jour (1936), with Maurice Chevalier in the lead role is a minor work in the director's canon but Pépé le Moko and Un Carnet de Bal (both 1937) are incontestable summits.

Pépé le Moko, which plunges into the midst of the gangster underworld and which had the Casbah (Arab quarter) of Algiers for exotic backdrop, was the film which propelled Jean Gabin into the category of an international star. In 1938 Duvivier signed a contract with MGM and made his first American film, a biopic of Johann Strauss, The Great Waltz. The next year, back in France, he made La Fin du jour, in which theatre actors in retirement struggle to see that their retirement home remains open. Michel Simon played an old ham actor, and Louis Jouvet, an old leading actor who still believes in his seductive powers. La Charrette fantôme (1939) followed, a horror film adapted from a novel by Selma Lagerlöf. In 1940 Untel père et fils, a family history starring Raimu, Michèle Morgan, and Louis Jouvet, was not able to be shown — because of the political situation — until the end of the war, at least in France. It is generally considered a minor work, and even a failure.

World War II, his American period
During World War II, Duvivier left to work in the United States. Before leaving the continent, he spent some days in Portugal. He stayed in Estoril, at the Hotel Palácio, between 2 July and 6 July 1940. After arriving in the United States, he produced several movies. Lydia (1941); two anthology films, Tales of Manhattan (1942) with Charles Boyer and Rita Hayworth among leading actors, and Flesh and Fantasy (1943) with Edward G. Robinson, Charles Boyer and Barbara Stanwyck; The Impostor (1944), again with Jean Gabin; and Destiny (also 1944), a Reginald Le Borg directed film which was built around a cut thirty-minute sequence from Flesh and Fantasy (Duvivier was uncredited).

After the war
On his return to France, Duvivier experienced some difficulties in resuming his career. Panic (Panique) (1946), an exhaustive summary of the lowest of human instincts, was the most personal, darkest, and nihilistic of his works. It was a bitter failure with critics and the public. Duvivier continued, notwithstanding, to work in France until the end of his life, apart from a short period in Great Britain to shoot Anna Karenina (1948) and to Spain for Black Jack (1950).

Under the Sky of Paris (1951) is a highly original film from the point of view of the way the film was cut. In the course of a day in Paris, one follows people whose paths will cross. The same year Duvivier shot the first of the humorous Don Camillo films from the Giovannino Guareschi books, Le Petit monde de Don Camillo. It met with immediate popular success and he followed its success with The Return of Don Camillo (1953). The series continued with other directors.

In Deadlier Than the Male (1956), Jean Gabin plays a decent restaurateur in Les Halles who is swindled by a cynical young woman, Catherine, (Danièle Delorme). Duvivier co-wrote and directed two films in 1957: the drama Lovers of Paris (starring Gérard Philipe) and the comedy-thriller The Man in the Raincoat (starring Fernandel and Bernard Blier).

Marie-Octobre (1959) followed, featuring Danielle Darrieux, Serge Reggiani, and Bernard Blier amongst others. It was an exercise in style; 11 people, nine men, two women, and a mise en scène that followed the unities of time, place, and action, it had a constant concern for the framing of the composition to reinforce an inquisitorial, menacing atmosphere. The same year he was invited to be part of the jury of the Cannes Film Festival, 1959, the year the Nouvelle Vague fully emerged. Duvivier's final portmanteau film was Le Diable et les dix Commandements (1962), while the scenario of Chair de poule (1963) has a resemblance to The Postman Always Rings Twice and again features an unscrupulous woman.

During the fall of 1967, just as the production of Diaboliquement vôtre reached completion, a film about a man made amnesiac following a car accident, Duvivier was in a traffic accident, triggering a heart attack which killed him. He was 71; he left behind a filmography comprising nearly 70 films. He is buried in the cemetery of Rueil-Malmaison in the Hauts-de-Seine.

title: Julien Duvivier


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1864

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1864


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Talk:On2

Removal of Copyright page
I need this removed before Monday. I have removed the copyright information - the copyright flag can be removed. I can find the original page to restore the article 24.57.200.52 15:19, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Restore previous content
Please restore previous content. -- Brux 20:53 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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copyright violation
It appears that what existed on this article's page was lifted from the On2 website in violation of that company's copyright. I have created a new article at On2/Temp. NatusRoma 01:03, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:On2


text:
Counties of Moldova

Between 1999 and February 2002, Moldova was divided into 12 territorial units, including 1 municipality, 1 autonomous territorial unit, 1 territorial unit, and 9 counties (Romanian: județe; seats in brackets):

 * 1) Chișinău municipality, surrounded by Chișinău County, but different from it
 * 2) Bălți County (Bălți)
 * 3) Cahul County (Cahul)
 * 4) Chișinău County (Chișinău)
 * 5) Edineț County (Edineț)
 * 6) Lăpușna County (Hîncești)
 * 7) Orhei County (Orhei)
 * 8) Soroca County (Soroca)
 * 9) Tighina County (Căușeni)
 * 10) Ungheni County (Ungheni)
 * 11) Găgăuzia, autonomous territorial unit (Comrat)
 * 12) Stânga Nistrului, territorial unit (Dubăsari)

In October 1999 a Taraclia County was split out from the Cahul County; it coincides with the current Taraclia District.

title: Counties of Moldova


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Easton

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 05:52, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Adam Easton
This chap seems to be non-notable - the IP (which resolves to balliol.ox.ac.uk) who created it also added vanity entries to several pages (mostly adding the names of recent students as notable figures), and created Babiker Hassanain, also on VfD. As it is, it amounts to "He's Australian. He has a scholarship and a good degree. He has a college post.", which is vanity and not much more... Delete. Shimgray 01:05, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC) Delete its a vanity post! Melvis 16:28, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable, just in charge of a residence hall. Bratsche talk  5 pillars 01:14, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, non-notable. Apparent good prospects for a promising future are not encyclopedia worthy in themselves. -- Infrogmation 02:32, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: He seems to be a dorm president. He may achieve notability soon, but not for this, I'm afraid. Geogre 03:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, but keep his application on file  ℬ astique ▼ talk 05:23, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as vanity Celestianpower  talk, Monday 29th July, 2024 (UTC)
 * User's 17th edit, 10 of which are VFD votes. Kaibabsquirrel 22:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Robert Surtees (cinematographer)

Robert L. Surtees (August 9, 1906 – January 5, 1985) was an American cinematographer who won three Academy Awards for the films King Solomon's Mines, The Bad and the Beautiful and the 1959 version of Ben-Hur. Surtees worked at various studios, including Universal, UFA, Warner Brothers, and MGM, lighting for notable directors Howard Hawks, Mike Nichols, and William Wyler, gaining him a reputation as one of the most versatile cinematographers of his time.

Early life and education
Robert L. Surtees was born in Covington, Kentucky, on August 9, 1906. He grew up in Ohio where he got a job as a photographer and retoucher at a portrait studio in Cincinnati. Surtees then moved to New York City for a year to study photography, but always had a goal of becoming a cinematographer.

Career
With an intention to attend college, Surtees moved to California in 1925. Roy C. Hunter at Universal offered him a job after some of his work was published in Towing Topics Automotive Club magazine. He assisted Harry Neumann, ASC, on a Hoot Gibson Western Hey, Hey Cowboy in 1925, Jerry Ash, ASC, on the Andy Gump comedies also in 1925, and Jackson Rose, ASC, on the Reginald Denny Leather Pushers series in 1926. The Man Who Laughs (1928), photographed by Gil Warrenton, ASC was Surtees' first high budget picture as an assistant.

From 1928 to 1929 Surtees worked for Universal and UFA as an assistant to Charles Stumar in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. Some sources say that he assisted Gregg Toland and Joseph Ruttenburg in the latter years of the 1920s before going abroad and this is what kick-started his career. In 1930 Surtees returned to California and assisted Hal Mohr, ASC, on King of Jazz. He went on to shoot 36 pictures with Mohr at Universal, Warner Brothers, Pathé and Fox Studios over a period of 6 years from 1930 to 1936. In 1935, Surtees applied to be a member of the ASC as a camera operator just after completing 13 weeks as an operator at Warner Brother's Studios on the film A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935).

Surtees' first film as a director of photography was This Precious Freedom (1942), a propaganda film made for the US army, which was only released to the military.

He shot a few more pictures with various directors such as Frank Buck and Ed Sutherland on Jacquerai in September 1942, and Les Goodwins on Ice Capades in October 1942. On October 20, 1942, Surtees submitted another application to ASC as a director of photography while employed at Freelance Independent Producers.

Shortly after this Surtees landed a job at MGM where he began his long tenure and produced his most notable work beginning with Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo, shot alongside Harold Rosson, ASC and nominated for an Oscar in the category of Black and White Cinematography in 1944. Robert Surtees went on to film nearly 100 motion pictures in his 48-year career, including King Solomon's Mines (1950), The Bad and the Beautiful (1952), and Ben Hur (1959), which each won an Oscar. Not to mention his 13 other films that also received nomination for Best Cinematography, including The Graduate (1967), The Last Picture Show (1971), and The Sting (1973).

Legacy
Surtees was a sought-after cinematographer because of his versatility -— "I have liked doing all kinds of pictures—musical, comedies, and action-adventure". He also gained a reputation for being a stickler for precise color control and proper exposure of the negative, arranging his lighting and camera angles so he could provide the lab with the best negative he could make.

Surtees enjoyed experimenting with lighting, and always found ways to properly light a scene, even without all the necessary equipment; for instance, on King Solomon's Mines (1950), when generators could not be transported throughout the dense African jungle, Surtees lit the whole film with reflectors.

He also played a role with regards to technological innovations, being one of the first to use a telephoto lens (500mm) in The Graduate (1967).

Personal life
Robert Surtees married Maydell Lois James in 1930 before moving to California. The couple had two daughters (Linda, later Linda Lowers, and Nancy, later Nancy Corby), as well as two sons (Thomas and Bruce). Bruce was also a director of photography, working alongside his father on Lost Horizon (1973), as a first cameraman on a second camera unit.

Robert Surtees died on January 5, 1985, following a long illness.

Filmography
• Heavenly Music (short) (1943)

• Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)

• A Date with Judy (1948)

• Act of Violence (1949)

• King Solomon's Mines (1950)

• Quo Vadis (1951)

• The Wild North (1952)

• Scaramouche (1952)

• The Merry Widow (1952)

• The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)

• Ride, Vaquero! (1953)

• Mogambo (1953)

• Escape from Fort Bravo (1953)

• Valley of the Kings (1954)

• The Long, Long Trailer (1954)

• Trial (1955)

• Oklahoma! (1955)

• Tribute to a Bad Man (1956)

• The Swan (1956)

• Raintree County (1957)

• Les Girls (1957)

• Merry Andrew (1958)

• The Law and Jake Wade (1958)

• Ben-Hur (1959)

• It Started in Naples (1960)

• Cimarron (1960)

• Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)

• Pt 109 (1963)

• Kisses for My President (1964)

• The Third Day (1965)

• The Satan Bug (1965)

• The Hallelujah Trail (1965)

• The Collector (1965)

• Lost Command (1966)

• The Chase (1966)

• The Graduate (1967)

• Doctor Dolittle (1967)

• Sweet Charity (1969)

• The Arrangement (1969)

• The Liberation of L.B. Jones (1970)

• Summer of '42 (1971)

• The Last Picture Show (1971)

• The Other (1972)

• The Cowboys (1972)

• The Sting (1973)

• Oklahoma Crude (1973)

• Lost Horizon (1973)

• The Hindenburg (1975)

• The Great Waldo Pepper (1975)

• A Star Is Born (1976)

• The Turning Point (1977)

• Same Time, Next Year (1978)

• Bloodbrothers (1978)

Academy Awards and nominations
Robert L. Surtees Best Cinematography
 * Nominee Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944) Shared with: Harold Rosson
 * Winner King Solomon's Mines (1950)
 * Nominee Quo Vadis (1951) Shared with: William V. Skall
 * Winner The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)
 * Nominee Oklahoma! (1955)
 * Winner Ben-Hur (1959)
 * Nominee Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
 * Nominee The Graduate (1967)
 * Nominee Doctor Dolittle (1967)
 * Nominee Summer of '42 (1971)
 * Nominee The Last Picture Show (1971)
 * Nominee The Sting (1973)
 * Nominee The Hindenburg (1975)
 * Nominee A Star Is Born (1976)
 * Nominee The Turning Point (1977)
 * Nominee Same Time, Next Year (1978)

title: Robert Surtees (cinematographer)


text:
Palsy

Palsy is a medical term which refers to various types of paralysis or paresis, often accompanied by weakness and the loss of feeling and uncontrolled body movements such as shaking. The word originates from the Anglo-Norman paralisie, parleisie et al., from the accusative form of Latin paralysis, from Ancient Greek παράλυσις (parálusis), from παραλύειν (paralúein, "to disable on one side"), from παρά (pará, "beside") + λύειν (lúein, "loosen"). The word is longstanding in the English language, having appeared in the play Grim the Collier of Croydon, reported to have been written as early as 1599:

"Rob. I'll have thee come, I say. Why tremblest thou? Grim. No sir, not I; 'tis a palsy I have still."

In some editions, the Bible passage of Luke 5:18 is translated to refer to "a man which was taken with a palsy". More modern editions simply refer to a man who is paralysed. Although the term has historically been associated with paralysis generally, "is now almost always used in connection to the word cerebral—meaning the brain".

Specific kinds of palsy include:
 * Bell's palsy, partial facial paralysis
 * Bulbar palsy, impairment of cranial nerves
 * Cerebral palsy, a neural disorder caused by intracranial lesions
 * Conjugate gaze palsy, a disorder affecting the ability to move the eyes
 * Erb's palsy, also known as brachial palsy, involving paralysis of an arm
 * Spinal muscular atrophy, also known as wasting palsy
 * Progressive supranuclear palsy, a degenerative disease
 * Squatter's palsy, a common name for bilateral peroneal nerve palsy that may be triggered by sustained squatting
 * Third nerve palsy, involving cranial nerve III

title: Palsy


text:
Wikipedia:Goings-on/June 12, 2005

Welcome to Wikipedia's goings-on. This page is a central point for community members to collect current information about the community project and to report on recent goings-on. In a sense, it's an announcement page, but it is supposed to collect even those kinds of information that are normally not announced on pages like Announcements (e.g. arbitration progress, outspoken newcomers, amusing things, etc.). However, please notice that this page is explicitly not for discussion. When listing topics here that are being discussed or have been discussed, please link to the appropriate discussion page and discuss it there. For a project-wide update of events, see the Meta goings-on. For Votes see Current surveys.

This page is archived in a weekly digest-like fashion, every Sunday at 0:00 UTC.

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 * bgcolor="#fffff6" colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid black;padding-left:1em;"|

Goings-on in the week starting Sunday June 12 2005

 * Requests for arbitration/RFC - The arbitration committee is looking for community feedback in this requests for comment.
 * Issue 23 of Wikipedia Signpost is published.

Current live Collaborations of the Week
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 * General: High Middle Ages
 * Article Improvement Drive: Abortion
 * Australian: Snowy Mountains Scheme
 * Canadian: Rick Hansen
 * Indian: Indian Railways
 * United Kingdom: Wiltshire
 * Spanish translation: Icod de los Vinos, from es:Icod de los Vinos
 * Gaming: Greatest ever games
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Articles featured on the Main Page
 * Habsburg Spain (June 12)
 * James K. Polk (June 13)
 * Screenwriting credit (June 14)
 * Cat's Eye Nebula (June 15)
 * Book of Kells (June 16)
 * Warren County Canal (June 17)
 * Swedish (June 18)

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Articles that gained "featured" status
 * Gangtok (June 14)
 * BC Rail (June 14)
 * United States Senate (June 14)
 * Yom Kippur War (June 14)
 * Isaac Brock (June 14)
 * Geography of India (June 14)
 * George F. Kennan (June 14)
 * Architecture of Windows 2000 (June 14)
 * David Helvarg (June 18)
 * RMS Titanic (June 18)
 * Anschluss (June 18)
 * Island Fox (June 18)
 * Vanilla Ninja (June 18)

Lists that gained "featured" status

 * List of Presidents of the United States (June 15)
 * List of countries where UN peacekeepers are currently deployed (June 17)

Pictures that gained "featured" status
 * Folio 27r of the Lindisfarne Gospels (June 12)
 * Teller-Ulam device (June 15)
 * Voyager 1 entering heliosheath (June 15)
 * Silver torch cactus (June 15)
 * }

title: Wikipedia:Goings-on/June 12, 2005


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1876

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1876


text: Category:Bridges completed in 1849

title: Category:Bridges completed in 1849