text:
User talk:Unmet

hey all

Ellsberg paradox
Thanks for your addition to the entry on the Ellsberg paradox. I must say I don't understand what you are getting at. Would you might modifying the entry to be a bit more clear? I am also worried that the explanation may mislead readers. The problem is not that individuals are choosing an option that has a worse expected utility for them, but rather that there is no utility function that can account for their behavior without including some sort of disutility for ambiguity (or someting). Anyway, thanks again for your interest! best, --Kzollman 07:38, Jun 22, 2005 (UTC)

dear kevin, thx for your note. sorry, i haven't made myself clear - would you help me to clarify it? i would define 'mistrust to a stranger' as utility function - probably one could also interpret it as 'disutility for ambiguity', but i was trying to underscore that individuals behave reasonably when choosing to trust a relative and distrust a stranger. this seems to be the case, when we have mental reasoning that Y balls are less then 50% in first gamble and more then 50% in the second. the only constant i see, is a disbelief in possibility to win all, like in case with sister and brother. probably, i am defining 'utility' too broad, but then a question arises - should psychological terministic screens be used when one is dealing with economic terms? best twice, - unmet 22:36 jun22 2005

 * Are you suggesting that the choices individuals make in the paradox depend on who loads the urn? If so, do you know of any studies that demonstrate this has an effect?  best, --Kzollman 03:12, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * well, sure - imagine you have to put balls yourself and then gamble (which is the same as a loader's cooperation), isn't that obvious that results would change to B and C? regards, - unmet 02:36 jun24 2005

 * I see. It seems plausible that individuals think something is afoot and so choose A and D.  Do you know of any psychological studies that conclude this is, in fact, what is happening?  It would certainly be nice to have such a reference.  Additionally, while this is an explanation, I would like to add a comment that it does "resolve" the "paradox" since individuals still fail to have a consistent estimation of the proportion of each color in the urn.  If its alright with you, I will make a few changes to clear up the explanation, add a reference if you have one, add the sentence pointing out this does entirely resolve the paradox, and copy this discussion to the talk page of that article.  Cool?  Thanks for the discussion! --Kzollman 05:38, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

 * i know a lot of psychological studies where effect of an experimentator on the results was recorded. take famous milgram experiment for example. i do not know any psychological studies to that effect about ellsberg's paradox, but based on the above methodology they wouldn't be hard to do. though, frankly, i doubt that anyone would decide to check benefits of loader's cooperation - at this point, there are pretty obvious for me. anyway, i'll will be on a look out for a good psychological reference. sure, u welcome to make any changes u find appropriate and big thanks for help with clarifications. - unmet 20:32 jun26 2005

Mafia
Why did you revert my edits? I spent a lot of time consolidating all the characters which were analogous to each other. For exmaple the guardian angel and the sherif are the same thing. If there is some problem you had with it, could you let me know? Savidan 08:10, 14 January 2006 (UTC

dear savidan! thx a lot for your contribution to mafia webpage, however here are reasons for my revert: your line: "but emceeing(?) the game—asksing(?) everyone to close", complete rework of an article structure w/out any discussion, changing rules description - thus making inconsistent an article itself - you are writing about 9:2 scheme of playing mafia, when minimal requirement of 5 is stated in summary box nearby and quite a few more. please, lets not even talk about wars. lets just discuss your changes first in the article's discussion list and then implement ones we agreed upon? Unmet 19:36, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Helen Keller
Hello. Thanks for adding your interesting bit of info to Helen Keller regarding Meshcheryakov. However, this needs to be properly cited: just claiming that this is in his dissertation is not enough (what dissertation? when? where?). Please read Citing_sources for information about how to cite properly. Thanks! Doctormatt 21:58, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * hey, ty for all help. what do yo think would be the better source - embedded interview in russian - http://scepsis.ru/library/id_1180.html where Meshcheryakov's dissertation is quoted or an English translation of his book (A. Meshcheryakov, Awakening to Life, Progress Publishers Moscow, 1979) - with lengthy case discussion (pages 55-70), but without reference to the dissertation? Thanks and take care! Unmet 01:59, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the english translation of his book would be the most appropriate here, since this is the english language Wikipedia, and is probably easier to get one's hands on than the dissertation itself. I think this would be an excellent reference to add to the article. Cheers, Doctormatt 04:31, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Unmet


text: User talk:68.224.178.2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.224.178.2


text:
Saga Airlines

Saga Airlines was a charter airline based in Istanbul, Turkey, which served the tourism industry.

History
The airline was established in 2004 and started operations in June 2004. It was owned by Abdulkadir Kolot. Saga Airlines ceased its operations in 2013.

Operations
Saga Airlines operated an extensive programme of charter flights between Turkey and Northern European countries on behalf of various tour operators. They also supplied aircraft for lease to other airlines.

Fleet
As of May 2013, Saga Airlines operated no aircraft as its last active Airbus A320 has been returned to its lessor.

Retired fleet

 * Airbus A300B2, went to Mahan Airlines in 2006
 * Airbus A310-300, went to Iran Air Tours in 2012
 * Airbus A320-200, returned to lessor in 2013
 * Airbus A330-300, went to Air Transat in 2011
 * Boeing 737-400, left fleet in 2010
 * Boeing 737-800, left fleet in 2012

title: Saga Airlines


text:
Talk:Kalah

Kalah(6,7)
I'm not sure if anyone is interested in the standard version of Kalah(6,7) (i.e. with 7 seeds in each bin), but I ran a deep search with the 34-seed endgame database (about 8 days and over 6 trillion nodes searched!). The result is trending towards a win for the first player. When I have time, I'll run a deep search of the "empty capture" variant. -Mark

Kalah(6,6) Update
I updated the results of Kalah(6,6) standard version (2/4/2016). Of the 10 possible first player moves, 2 are proven wins, 2 are proven losses, one is trending towards a win, and the rest are probable ties. To make further progress, I'll need a computer with 64GB of RAM so I can compute the 35 and 36-seed endgame databases. Hopefully, I'll have one in the coming months. -Mark

07/21/18: Finally purchased a computer with 64GB RAM! I have already computed the huge 35-seed endgame database (13.3GB) for the standard version of the game. Currently working on the proof for Kalah(6,6), standard version. (Looks like this will take some time, even with 52GB of endgame databases loaded in RAM...)

Correct description
A correct description with sample games, problems, detailed history and a longer bibliography can be found at http://mancala.wikia.com/wiki/Kalah ---84.175.151.175 (talk) 08:04, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
Added info on computer analysis of Kalah(6/6). This is one of my first edits and I can't seem to get the tables formatted correctly. I'll be back later to fix the tables after I figure out how. MarkR27 — Preceding unsigned comment added by MarkR27 (talk • contribs) 22:14, 14 November 2015 (UTC)

Clarification needed. The rules currently aren't clear as to: (a) when the games ends (presumably when either player clears their side of seeds), and (b) if PlayerA has cleared his side and the game is ended, then what happen to PlayerB's seeds still on-the-board (ie, are those seeds moved to PlayerB's pit and along with those that he's captured?

First player advantage? Can someone explain the reason the first player to move has such a great advantage over other, more traditional Mancala games? Also, if someone can do a mathematical explaination of the game -- similar to the math behind the article Go, I think the community would appreciate it. Thanks. Stexe

Reply to the above statements

 * The game ends as soon as one row is emptied. (standard rules by Champion)
 * The remaining seeds are moved to the store of the player who owns their pits.
 * Can we expect to have the standard game analyzed too? The empty capture variant is non-standard, less deep and not much played.
 * It is not correct that it is unusual for traditional mancala games to not have a significant first-move advantage. Dakon/Sungka/Congka is even a win in the first ply of the game. Toguz Kumalak also has a first move advantage. In Kalah (6,6) the first player can capture two seeds, while the second player can capture only one seed. In addition, the first player got the initiative and can maximize this advantage in the following moves.- 84.175.153.12 (talk) 07:27, 21 November 2015 (UTC)

Kalah(6,6) with the empty capture rule is only a win by 2 for the first player, which is not much of an advantage considering how long the game is. I doubt that a human moving first could secure a win against my program. Kalah(6,6) is just too complex (even though I have posted 10 ply or so of perfect play). If anyone would like to try, I'd be glad to play. It would be an interesting experiment! Also, analysis of the standard rule game has been posted for Kalah(6,4) and Kalah(6,5). I'm still working on Kalah(6,6) with the standard rules. So far, I've proven that it is a win by at least 4 for the first player. A full proof like I did for the empty capture variant might not be possible with my current hardware (32GB RAM). With an upgrade to 64GB RAM, I could add the 35 and 36-seed endgame databases, which should make it solvable. - Mark

In what year did Willie finalize the rules that are more or less the same as we know today?--Sonjaaa 15:02, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Weblinks

I removed the last weblink as it 404'ed. Regarding the mathematical explanation: I haven't found any deeper research in Kalah so it would be hard to back anything up without good sources. 78.53.102.138 (talk) 08:53, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Bantumi
I understand that that is not the game's original name, and I am not proposing that anything on the page is changed.

However, there is a page redirect from Bantumi that points here, and yet not a single mention of that word on the page. It seems a little odd to redirect wiki users and then not explain the link between what they searched for and where they ended up. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.186.34.143 (talk) 15:35, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

The first section says that the traditional game starts with 4 stones per pit. The following section implies that the traditional game starts with 3 per pit. I don't know which is correct, but this should be fixed. 72.42.84.75 (talk) 00:18, 10 April 2017 (UTC) Thad

Broken Links
Both of the external links in this article appear to be broken. Sbj42 (talk) 03:23, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kalah. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070602024907/http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/VirtualExhibits/countcap/pages/kalah.html to http://www.gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/VirtualExhibits/countcap/pages/kalah.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080412055723/http://www.fdg.unimaas.nl/educ/donkers/games/kalah/ to http://www.fdg.unimaas.nl/educ/donkers/games/kalah

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:56, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

As played in Denmark...
In Denmark, "Kalaha" is usually played in the (6,4) or (6,6) version with all or some of these three variant rules (even if printed rules may agree with the standard rules given in the article): E.g., rule 1 and 2 are assumed here: "How to win every time", where as rule 3 is unspecified but irrelevant as the article explains how player 1 may score more than half the sseeds in the first round of the (6,6) game!
 * 1) When the last seed ends in a house that contains seeds, the turn continues by sowing all these seeds. This rule may be limited to the player's own houses, but usually does not have this limitation. With perfect play, it tilts the game even further towards a 1st-player advantage.
 * 2) A player does not empty the opposite house when ending in an empty house of one's own (probably making the game a little less tilted).
 * 3) At the end of the game, the remaining seeds go into the store of the player who has emptied all stores rather than into the opponent's store (improving a bit on the chances for a player who is far behind).

Now, if these variants are Danish only, they probably do not deserve to be mentioned in the article. But does anyone else know these variants? And perhaps even have sources (more appropriate than the newspaper article I link to)?--Nø (talk) 10:34, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

First player wins?
In this edit, User:Ettrig changed this:
 * A solved game for most of its variations, with first-player win with perfect play.

into
 * Kalah is a solved game for most of its variations. That is, if both players play perfectly, the first player wins.

But there is, I believe, no argument why all solvable Kalah variants must be first-player wins, though there are obvious reasons why it a priori is more likely than a 2nd-player win. I believe something like this would be more defendable:
 * For most of its variations, Kalah is a solved game with a first-player win if both players play perfect games.

--Nø (talk) 08:02, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree. (I still think my expansion is in line with what was intended. But strictly i changes the meaning, and that was not my intention.) --Ettrig (talk) 09:31, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

Kalah
There is a 1961 game called Kalah developed in mainframe by DECUS written by Roland Silver

Empty/Zero Capture Rule is Not a Variant - See Patent
Captures do not require opponent pieces opposite. Original patent text starting at line 44, right column:''If the last game piece 22 is placed in an empty pit 21 all of the game pieces in the laternally aligned pit of the opposing player are captured. The captured pieces together with the piece making the capture are removed and placed in that player’s bowl or kalah 23. A capture ends that player’s turn. While it would have been clearer to have the text any captured pieces'', the condition in the first sentence only requires an empty pit (later in the sentence clarified to be on the player’s side) for the last distributed piece. Researchers who have analyzed the game understand all of the game pieces … are captured to include the case of 0 game pieces.

Todd (talk)

Related to nim?
I wonder if this game is related to nim, which also has a winning strategy. The first or second person to play in nim can always win, depending on the initial configuration. David Spector (talk) 23:11, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

 * you may be interested in:
 * Fillers, W. R., Linderman, B., & Simoson, A. (2014). Mancala as Nim. The College Mathematics Journal, 45(5), 350–356. https://doi.org/10.4169/college.math.j.45.5.350
 * I didn't read it in its entirety, but it analyzes a highly simplified mancala variant which it demonstrates as being "a somewhat camouflaged version of Nim". If you have an account with a university library or some such similar thing you can probably access the article for free, otherwise I doubt it'll be worth the expense tbh HumbleSolipsist1 (talk) 23:05, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

Source on the claim that it was invented by Champion in 1940?
I have spent some time looking for a source to cite stating that Kalah was invented by Champion in 1940. I have found several papers which make this claim... but they are all papers on AI/game-theory, and only make the claim in passing, with no clarification as to why they believe it to be true (one of them even cited wikipedia as a source for that information!). Champion seems to have not taken credit for its invention, and claimed it was an ancient game. I'm not saying he didn't invent it, but that does seem to create a bit of trouble sourcing that information, since it appears the only reason to believe he did is that he was the first to sell it at scale.

Now, he did trademark the name, but that doesn't mean much with respect to the game's invention afaik. He also submitted a patent, but it appears to me (as a layperson, feel free to correct me if you understand patents better than I do) that his patent is merely for the design of the board, not the rules of the game. The rules of the game are described, but don't seem to be referred to as the "invention", and the patent is classified under A63F11/00 - Game accessories of general use. There are other classifications it could be listed under if it was the actual game being patented, such as A63F3/00 - Board games; Raffle games.

According to the 1963 press release in The Elliott Avedon Museum and Archive of Games article on Kalah, "In the year 1905, William J. Champion... came across an article concerning the ancient game of Kalah". Are there any leads on what this 1905 article may have been? HumbleSolipsist1 (talk) 23:30, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

 * also on this note - why 1940? That's not when Champion made it publicly available, and, as previously stated, he doesn't seem to have taken credit for its invention... so who said it was invented in 1940? Surely not Champion. Someone who knew him personally...? HumbleSolipsist1 (talk) 04:18, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Saying someone "invented" Kalah in the 20th century is like saying chess was invented when the modern rules were codified. (According to Rules of chess, you could e.g. pick any of the years 1497, 1749, 1828, 1854, 1928, 1952 or 1982 for chess, as well as several other years, but in fact, something like AD 800 would make more sense as a date for an "invention".) Kalah is (or may be taken to be) a specific combination of the many variant rules and lay-outs for Mancala games that existed prior to the 20th century. So, the name and the year may (or may not) be correct, but calling it an invention is not. And yes, without a good source, the statement should better be removed alltogether. Nø (talk) 15:55, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I take your point re:"invented", but, to be clear, that was my own poor wording, not the article's (the article says "The Kalah variation was developed in the United States by William Julius Champion, Jr. in 1940").
 * "And yes, without a good source, the statement should better be removed alltogether."
 * Alright, I figured that may be the case. I think it'll probably be easier to find a good source on its initial release date or some such thing. I'll look for one later today and replace the text with something I've got a good source for (if I find anything, else I'll probably just remove the aforementioned sentence).
 * HumbleSolipsist1 (talk) 20:50, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

comment about mancala at Cheops?
I removed the mention of the oldest Mancala board being found in Cheops. This seems tangential to the topic of this article (that sort of info is better suited to the Mancala article... now, it also seems at odds with the info in Mancala, but, again, that debate is better suited to the talk page of the relevant article), and also because of the citation used - "exhibit at Lawrence Hall of Science, Berkeley CA; October 2022". I've never seen a museum exhibit being used as a citation before... That can't be a reliable source, right? Given how often museums cycle their exhibits, it seems impossible to verify.

HumbleSolipsist1 (talk) 06:39, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

first remotely played computer game?
| this archived blog post says that the pdp-1 implementation of kalah was the "first remotely played computer game." If that's the case, it's definitely worth including in Kalah, but I'd like a better source than a blog post. Something to keep an eye out for.

HumbleSolipsist1 (talk) 23:58, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kalah


text:
The Rolling Stones No. 2

The Rolling Stones No. 2 is the second studio album by the English rock band the Rolling Stones, released in 1965 following the success of their 1964 debut album The Rolling Stones. It contains three compositions from the still-developing Mick Jagger/Keith Richards songwriting team, with all the other songs being covers of American R&B and rock and roll numbers, similar to the first album.

Description
On Dutch and German pressings of the album, the title is listed as The Rolling Stones Vol. 2 on the front cover, although the back of the album cover lists the title as The Rolling Stones No. 2.

Using the cover shot for 12 X 5, the second US-released album in October 1964, The Rolling Stones No. 2's track listing would largely be emulated on the upcoming US release of The Rolling Stones, Now!. While Eric Easton was co-credited as producer alongside Andrew Loog Oldham on the band's debut album, Oldham takes full production duties for this album, which was recorded sporadically in the UK and US during 1964.

A huge hit in the UK upon release, The Rolling Stones No. 2 spent 10 weeks at No. 1 in early 1965, becoming one of the year's biggest sellers in the UK. According to Bill Wyman in his book Stone Alone: The Story of a Rock 'n' Roll Band, John Lennon said of The Rolling Stones No. 2: "The album's great, but I don't like five-minute numbers."

The Muddy Waters cover "I Can't Be Satisfied" was not included on any of the band's original American albums, and was not officially released in the US until 1972 on the compilation More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies).

Due to ABKCO's preference for the American albums, they overlooked both The Rolling Stones and The Rolling Stones No. 2 for CD release in 1986 and during its remastering series in 2002. Consequently, this album was out of print for many years and was thus widely bootlegged by collectors. It was again made available to the public as part of a limited edition vinyl box set, titled The Rolling Stones 1964–1969, in November 2010 and (by itself) digitally at the same time. The original title was also reinstated as part of The Rolling Stones in Mono box set, released on 30 September 2016.

Personnel
Track numbers noted in parentheses below are based on the CD track numbering.

The Rolling Stones
 * Mick Jagger – lead vocals (all tracks), harmonica (2, 5, 6), tambourine (1, 4)
 * Keith Richards – electric guitar (all tracks), backing vocals (1, 4, 6, 8, 11), acoustic guitar (8)
 * Brian Jones – electric guitar (except 8), percussion (8)
 * Bill Wyman – bass guitar (all tracks), backing vocals (4)
 * Charlie Watts – drums (all tracks)

Additional personnel
 * Jack Nitzsche – piano (2, 10)
 * Ian Stewart – piano (1, 5, 7), organ (4)
 * David Bailey – cover photography

Recording studios

 * Chess Studios, Chicago: 10–11 June & 8 November 1964
 * Regent Sound Studios, London: 2, 28–29 September 1964
 * RCA Studios, Hollywood: 2 November 1964

title: The Rolling Stones No. 2


text:
Lolodorf

Lolodorf is a small town-centred region in the south province of the Republic of Cameroon, near the western coast of Africa. It is between Ngoumou and Bipindi, in a zone of the Atlantic Littoral Evergreen Forest. It is notable for being the home of Pygmy clans and their camp settlements and hunting areas, such as those of the Lala and Bakola clans. The Ngumba and Kwassio (speakers of Makaa–Njem languages) and Bagyeli tribes also reside in the area, the Bagyeli having been forced off their lands by the logging industry since the 1960s and the effect of the new oil pipeline since 1999. There are also settled Bantu peoples, who previously 'owned' pygmy clans.

The name of Lolodorf is German in origin, and relates to the name of a notable of Bikoui village, Loule-Dorf. In 1897 a Christian mission was opened in Lolodorf. Most of the people in the region are now Christians.

The Lokoundje River flows through Lolodorf, said to be "narrow with fast moving water and numerous waterfalls", and there is a temporary bridge over the river. Malaria and sleeping sickness are common problems in the humid climate, and there are a variety of natural remedies in which the Pygmy healers are expert.

The nearest market is at the coastal port & resort town of Kribi, and there is a dirt road to it from Lolodorf of about 110 km. The trip usually takes around 6 hours.

The main occupations are farming, tapping palm wine, gathering fruits and nuts for food, and hunting. There are some cocoa plantations. Coffee was grown here historically, but was abandoned as a crop in the mid-1990s. There is said to be little river fishing. There is some limited tourism, arriving from Kribi; people come to see Pygmy camps, wildlife, and local musicians.

Eight different languages are spoken in the town. There is a volunteer-run French radio station at Lolodorf that began broadcasting in 1997.

There has been a weather station in the town for more than 25 years.

Nearby villages are Saballi and Jalalli. There is a seminary at nearby Bibia which trains Presbyterian ministers.

Oil companies aim to run an important pipeline through the area, taking oil from Doba in Chad to an undersea terminal on the sea coast at Kribi. There is a $600,000 'Indigenous Peoples Plan' as compensation to local people, following an intensive study of the area's economy in 1999. Organisations such as Forest Peoples have concerns about the management and distribution of such aid.

There is thought to be some illegal mining of diamonds and gold in the area.

Notable people

 * Anne-Marie Nzié, renowned Cameroonian Bikutsi singer

title: Lolodorf


text:
Richard W. B. Clarke

Sir Richard William Barnes Clarke, KCB, OBE (13 August 1910 – 21 June 1975), also known as Sir Otto Clarke, was a British civil servant.

Early life and education
Clarke was born in Heanor, Derbyshire, the son of schoolmaster William Thomas Clarke and Helen Rodway Barnes. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, London and Clare College, Cambridge, where he was sixth wrangler in 1931. He sat the examinations of the Royal Statistical Society in 1932 and was awarded their Frances Wood Prize.

Career
Clarke worked for the British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers' Association, 1932–33. He was then on the staff of the Financial News (later taken over by the Financial Times) until 1939 and devised the Ordinary Share Index, now the Financial Times Ordinary Share Index.

During World War II he served in the Ministries of Information, Economic Warfare, and Supply and Production, and with the Combined Production and Resources Board in Washington, 1942–43.

He joined the Treasury in 1945 and was its Second Permanent Secretary, 1962–66. He was then Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Aviation in 1966, then at the Ministry of Technology until 1970, retiring from the Civil Service in 1971. From 1973, he was a Vice-President of the Royal Institution.

According to Sir Douglas Wass, Clarke was "a character you either loved and hated or hated" – although he himself stated "I loved him." Wass stated that, with the exception of Sir Leo Pliatzky, Clarke held most ministers and colleagues "in high disesteem".

Honours
Richard Clarke was given the honours of OBE in 1944, Companion of the Bath in 1951, and Knight Commander of the Bath in 1964.

Personal life
He was the father of politician Charles Clarke.

According to Clarke's son Mark, the nickname "Otto" was possibly because Clarke's "forceful" personality was considered Germanic. According to Sir Sam Brittan, "it was because his round glasses and the bridge over the nose looked like OTTO."

He devised the English Chess Federation (formerly British Chess Federation) Grading System, first published in 1958, whereby points are scored by chess players for every game played in a registered competition.

title: Richard W. B. Clarke


text:
Upturned collar

An upturned collar (or popped collar) is an otherwise flat, protruding collar of either a shirt, Polo, jacket, or coat that has been turned upward.

Origins
Before the early 20th century, most shirt collars were turned up in some manner. Men and women alike wore tall, stiff collars (as much as three inches tall), not unlike a taller version of a clerical collar, made either of starched linen, cotton, or lace. The writer H. G. Wells remarked in his 1902 book Kipps that these "made [the] neck quite sore and left a red mark under [the] ears." Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, men's collars were often detachable from their shirts, connected only by two removable collar studs (one in front and one at the back). Detachable collars were very stiff, and either stood straight up (as in a Hamilton collar) or were pressed over at an ironed-in, starched crease (as in a Fremont collar). After World War II, mass-production gradually phased out detachable collars from ordinary dress shirts. Occasionally, one can still find detachable collar formal shirts, designed to be worn with a tuxedo or evening dress.

Lapels on jackets and coats were also occasionally worn turned up, as a fashion statement and to provide extra warmth. The frock coat of the 18th and 19th century often had a solid lapel that was always turned up. Gradually, toward the mid-to-late 19th century, however, lapels became folded down and "pieced out," in the peak, notched, or shawl lapel that one sees to this day.

Tennis shirts
With the advent of the tennis shirt, however, the upturned collar took on a whole new purpose. In 1929 René Lacoste, the French 7-time Grand Slam champion, decided that the stiff dress shirts and ties usually worn by tennis players were too cumbersome and uncomfortable for the tennis court. Instead, he designed a loosely-knit piqué cotton shirt with an unstarched, flat protruding collar and a longer shirt-tail in back than in front. This came to be known as the tennis shirt. Lacoste's design called for a thick piqué collar that one would wear turned up to block the sun from one's neck skin. Thus, the tennis shirt's upturned collar was originally designed by the inventor of the tennis shirt, himself, for ease and comfort on the tennis court, aiding the player by helping to prevent sunburn.

Gradually, as tennis shirts became more popular and were produced more widely, their use transcended tennis and was adopted for golf, polo, other sports, and everyday life. As the tennis shirt entered the popular culture, wearers were less apt to turn up their collar to block the sun if not wearing the shirt during sport or outdoor activity. Thus, most people began to wear a tennis shirt without the collar turned up, or turning them up only when involved in sport. The professional golfer Fuzzy Zoeller is known for this practice today; as the golf shirt is a looser-fitting descendant of René Lacoste's tennis shirt, off the course Zoeller wears his golf shirt's collar turned down, whereas one often observes him with an upturned collar while he is playing.

Initial adoption as trend
In 1980, Lisa Birnbach published The Official Preppy Handbook, in which she extolled the "virtues of the upturned collar". According to Ms. Birnbach, rather than being a sports innovation, the upturned collar on a tennis shirt was simply a signal that the wearer is a "preppy". Despite this obviously tongue-in-cheek characterization, Ms. Birnbach did correctly identify that one was more likely to view an upturned collar on the beaches of Nantucket than one would in middle America.

The book was a bestselling sensation. As a result, many people outside of the "preppy" enclaves of New England began emulating the style espoused in and categorized by Ms. Birnbach. As such, ordinary people in middle America who would not otherwise have done so began to wear the collars of their tennis shirts turned up as a popular culture trend, but not because of the collar's utilitarian purpose of blocking the sun. During the 1980s, many celebrities wore upturned collars. Joan Jett often upturned the collar of her leather jacket, as did Tiffany. Nevertheless, this style ultimately seemed to pass out of popular culture fashion by the middle of the 1990s.

Resurgence as trend
In the early 2000s, however, the upturned collar has undergone a resurgence in popularity as a trend in the popular culture, particularly in the United States, where some people began to refer to it as a "popped collar". Schools such as CSH Greenwich even had days dedicated to the trend such as "Pop your collar Thursday". The layering of multiple polo shirts with the collars up was also popular such as the double or triple popped collars. It also gained popularity as a trend in Europe (perhaps after football star Eric Cantona). Although the upturned collar no longer seems to be in vogue with the majority of European youth, older people still frequently wear upturned collars. Recently, certain Americans still perceive the upturned collar to be a "preppy" status symbol. This trend seems no longer to be limited to tennis shirts, as some people turn up the collars of shirts not designed to be worn that way.

Since the mid-2010s, some Americans have regarded the trend as having worn out, and thus the wearer of an upturned collar can be the object of mockery and scorn. Still, others continue to turn up their collars as a popular culture fashion. This has been bolstered by publicity from retailers with a middle-class clientele, such as Abercrombie & Fitch and American Eagle Outfitters (although Abercrombie & Fitch company styling requirements for the 2006 Holiday floorset officially said that their workers should not be turning their collars up ).

The upturned collar fashion has remained relatively popular over the years and decades, by celebrities who occasionally and sometimes frequently wear their shirts this way. This includes celebrities such as Jane Fonda, Goldie Hawn, Sharon Stone, Kanye West, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama, Diane Sawyer, Suze Orman, Wendie Malick, and Morgan Pressel, and Aishwarya Rai.

Historical use

 * Characters in many films set in the 18th century or 19th century, such as:
 * The Age of Innocence
 * Amadeus
 * Barry Lyndon
 * The Elephant Man
 * Gone with the Wind
 * Gosford Park
 * Hell on Wheels
 * Sherlock Holmes

For sport/utility/traditional use

 * Members of Dan Aykroyd's character's tennis club in Trading Places
 * Marlon Brando's character "Terry Malloy" in On the Waterfront
 * Diane Keaton in the title role of Annie Hall
 * Eric Cantona a French footballer playing for Manchester United in the 1990s

As a trend

 * Many characters in the film Grease and Grease 2
 * The Fonzie character in Happy Days
 * James Dean's character "Jim Stark" in Rebel Without a Cause
 * Tom Cruise's character "Joel Goodson" in Risky Business
 * Andrew Dice Clay in The Adventures of Ford Fairlane
 * Lane Smith as coach "Jack Riley" in the movie The Mighty Ducks
 * Alex Turner of Arctic Monkeys
 * Jana Ina on NBC GIGA
 * Kick Buttowski from Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil
 * Jensen Ackles's character Dean Winchester from the hit TV show Supernatural
 * Mentioned in the BBC series Sherlock. Dr. Watson specifically calls Sherlock out for "turning up his coat collar so he looks cool" in "The Hounds of Baskerville" episode.
 * Former Indian cricketer Mohammad Azharuddin was famous for his style of wearing an upturned collar while on field as well as off field during his career.
 * Many characters in the series Skins
 * Kazuma Kiryu in the video game series Yakuza
 * Snagglepuss in The Yogi Bear Show

title: Upturned collar