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Katie and Orbie

Katie and Orbie is a Canadian animated television series aimed at preschoolers, originally broadcast in Canada from 1993 to 2003 by Family Channel and later aired in the USA on PBS from 1995 to 1997 and cable television network Disney Channel (part of Playhouse Disney) from 1997 to 2000. In Canada, the series aired uninterruptedly on Family Channel and beginning in 2007, on Disney Junior (formerly called Playhouse Disney) until December 31, 2012. A total of 78 episodes were produced over six seasons. The series has also aired in different countries around the world.

Production
The animated series is based on a series of four environment-themed children's books titled Katie and Orbie Save the Planet, illustrated by Canadian cartoonist Ben Wicks and written by his daughter Susan Wicks, which were published in 1991. In 1993, Lacewood Productions adapted the characters into an animated series which was originally in production until 1996, being revived five years later by Amberwood Entertainment and then ending in 2002. Contrary to the original books, the series isn't strictly environment-themed, having stories that range from having a new pet or helping their friends, to address themes like children with divorced parents, Down syndrome and cerebral palsy, one of the few series aimed at preschoolers to do so.

The theme song was written by Edmund Eagan and performed by his niece, Mireille Eagan.

Unlike most TV series, Katie and Orbie was animated in a technique referred to by producer Sheldon Wiseman as "picture-mation," similar to a Play-a-sound book, instead of coming to life. Even though the animation in the series itself is very limited, there are brief moments of actual animation, such as at the end of the opening credits when a butterfly can be seen flying by, when the characters blink or they're eating. Also, none of the characters actually speak, so a variety of cartoonish sound effects are used during the stories, with a narrator telling the story. The series is narrated by Leslie Nielsen.

Main

 * Katie is a little 5-year-old blonde-haired human girl, who is imaginative, playful, curious and usually quite happy. She almost always wears a green and white striped sleeved shirt with blue overalls and brown shoes. She lives with her best friend/adoptive brother Orbie and her parents in a home. She is very kind and friendly with most people. While she does not attend school yet, she takes dancing classes in some episodes. Her sound effects include a characteristic laugh, as well as a bit sighing, yelling and crying sounds. Those sound effects, as well as her "voice" during the Did You Know? segments, were made by Amanda Tripp.
 * Orbie is a small pink alien, who is from an unknown planet from outside Earth's Solar System. Katie and Orbie Pick Up the Garbage, one of the books on which the series is based, explains that he was sent away from his home planet because it was too polluted to sustain life, and the fate of his native family or his species is unknown (this is, however, never mentioned in the actual series). While travelling in a small spaceship, he reached Earth and just happened to land in Katie's backyard, and immediately he and Katie became best friends, resulting in him being "adopted" by Katie's parents, essentially becoming Katie's brother. He's the same age as Katie, and shares many aspects of her personality. He speaks in a unique series of squeaks and chirps, as well as honk sounds made with his nose, that people appear to be able to understand despite the fact that he isn't speaking any known language. He has red polka dots on his body (early episodes show him as being capable of changing the color of his dots, depending on his mood). People are shown to be oblivious to the fact that he's an alien, and treat him like a normal person, and in any cases where a character is surprised at first glance by Orbie, he warms up to him after getting to know him better. He is naked. However, he does wear clothing and boots if it's raining, cold or snowing. He is a natural acrobat, often breaking into leaps and flips out of pure joy and has pads on his fingers and toes which enable him to climb walls and hang from the ceiling. He can also use these pads to help him climb other things, but they work best on flat surfaces. He sleeps in Katie's closet, hanging upside down from the bar like a bat. His sound effects were made by Chris Wightman.
 * Wayne is Katie's father as well as Orbie's adoptive father. He is always referred to as Dad, but his real name is mentioned in the episode The Thunderstorm. He works at an office building, but his actual job is never mentioned. He is very thoughtful towards Katie, Orbie, and his wife, Susan, and often acts in a funny way to amuse them. He was born and grew up in the city, where his parents still live.
 * Susan is Katie's mother and Orbie's adoptive mother. She is always referred to as Mom, but her real name is mentioned in the episode Mrs. Parette's Picture. Although she is mostly seen at home, she apparently holds an unknown job too, being shown in some episodes as making or taking business calls, mentioned as doing paperwork, going into the city to attend meetings and even winning an award for her work. Her parents live in the same suburb as the family.

Recurring

 * Mrs. Elaine Parette is a friend of the family, she is an old woman who likes children and is usually seen baking cakes or cookies for them. She has a big willow in her garden which serves as a hideout for Katie, Orbie and their friends. She also likes painting. She has at least one daughter, as well as at least two grandchildren. She is always referred simply as Mrs. Parette, being one of the few characters that has a surname. Her name, Elaine, was mentioned by Susan in the story Mrs. Parette's Picture, which was her first appearance.
 * Chance is the family's cat. She has orange fur, except for her left ear which has white fur.
 * Andy is a blond-haired boy (of a lighter blonde than Katie). His parents are divorced and he lives with his mother and his stepfather named Harry. He is one of the three regular friends of the main characters, the others being Arthur and Yee Ping.
 * Arthur is a redheaded Jewish boy who was initially a bully who got angry easily, and could even hit someone who bothered him (Katie on only one for some reason). After that episode, his behavior was changed to that of a simple boy, although a bit mischievous, who plays normally with the other kids.
 * Yee Ping is a black-haired Chinese girl who is very friendly and has even learned Katie and Orbie on Chinese traditions occasionally. After Orbie, she was Katie's second friend introduced on the series. At the start of the series, her skin was of a light brown color, but it became white by the end.
 * Kyra is a girl with the same hair color as Andy, wearing a light blue diadem over it. She has asthma and, in a later appearance, also wears glasses. She mostly appears during seasons 2 and 3. Along with Dakota, she is rarely seen during seasons 4–6.
 * Phoebe and Bryn are sisters who are always seen together. Phoebe is the youngest and Bryn is the oldest. Phoebe has blonde hair, and Bryn has brown hair. Bryn has an egg allergy.
 * Dakota is a First Nations boy. Although a common character in seasons 1–3, he is practically written out on seasons 4–6, only appearing a few times, and is "replaced" by the Latino character Miguel.
 * Micah is a 9-year-old boy who has Down syndrome (the first character of such condition to appear in an animated series). He lives on a farm with his mother named Ara, who is also a longtime friend of Susan. He is very good at playing drums and caring for the farm animals.
 * Tom is a young adult man who usually serves as Katie and Orbie's babysitter.
 * Polly is Tom's girlfriend. Like Tom, she likes children very much and loves to play with them. Orbie once had a crush on her. She only appears on a few stories. Her appearance changed between episodes, first she had red, curly hair and white skin, and later she had straight, black hair with a ponytail, and dark skin.
 * Belkis is a dark-skinned foreign girl who does not speak English and comes from an unspecified faraway country along with her mother.
 * Charisse is a dark-skinned Black girl who has cerebral palsy and uses a wheelchair, she lives with her mother in a 17th floor apartment. Her appearances are scarce.
 * Miguel is a Latino boy who joins the series by the end of the fourth season although his appearances are scarce. He strongly resembles Dakota, except that Miguel has a lighter skin colour.
 * Charlie and Megan Cobbington are siblings who are neighbors to Katie and Orbie, along with their parents, and they also have other four siblings. Charlie and the parents are written out of the series after season 2, but Megan still makes brief appearances on season 3 and some cameos on seasons 4–6.
 * Greg, Jenny and Megan are a young couple and their baby daughter who are neighbours of Katie and Orbie's family. They appear only in a few stories. They also have a dog named Bruce.
 * Kerry is a dark-skinned Black girl who had been Katie's best friend for an unspecified time, and in her only appearance (episode Close to My Heart) she and her parents moved to another town because her father had got a new job. Ironically, despite being referred to as Katie's best friend, she never appeared before and is never seen or mentioned after the aforementioned story. Mrs. Parette gave her and Katie two heart-shaped collars with photos of both, so they could remember their friendship whenever they felt alone.

Episodes
Ontario-based animation studio Lacewood Productions began work on the series in 1993, creating 13 half-hour episodes, which premiered in 1993 on Family Channel and quickly became a success, prompting Lacewood to create two further seasons in 1995 and 1996. In the third season, the series switched to digital ink and paint for colouring. The series switched to Flash animation in the sixth season.

In 1997, Lacewood Productions closed down and was taken over by Paragon Entertainment. In 1999, Amberwood Entertainment, a studio founded by Sheldon Wiseman after Lacewood's closure, acquired some of its assets from Paragon, including the series, and along with Entertainment Rights began production of 26 more episodes, which premiered on the Family Channel in 2001. However, in 2002 after the sixth season the series definitely ended production.

A total of 234 individual stories were produced, three per each half-hour episode. Each episode also had two interstitial segments titled Did You Know? which tells viewers small pieces of information regarding several subjects, such as plants, food, animals, the body and arts. These segments are narrated off-screen by Katie (voiced by Amanda Tripp).

Each episode is structured by the opening theme, the first story, a Did You Know? interstitial segment, the second story, another Did You Know? interstitial segment, the third story and the closing credits.

DVD releases and streaming
Seasons 1, 4, 5 and 6 were available on DVD on the online store of the now-defunct Canadian retailer Express Media; however, seasons 2 and 3 were not.

Two DVDs were released in Australia in 2010 with season 6 episodes.

title: Katie and Orbie


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American Legion Memorial Bridge

American Legion Memorial Bridge may refer to:

 * American Legion Memorial Bridge (Michigan) in Traverse City, Michigan, U.S.
 * American Legion Memorial Bridge (Potomac River), linking the western half of the Capital Beltway (I-495) between Maryland and Virginia, U.S.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: American Legion Memorial Bridge


text: User:TimNelson/Browse

title: User:TimNelson/Browse


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Celebrity Jeopardy! (Saturday Night Live)

Celebrity Jeopardy! is a series of sketches that aired regularly on the television comedy/variety show Saturday Night Live between 1996 and 2002, the years when Will Ferrell was a cast member. It parodies the same-named special event on the television quiz show Jeopardy! that features competition between notable individuals with all winnings going towards charitable organizations, and significant reductions to the game's level of difficulty. Fifteen sketches aired between December 1996 and February 2015: two sketches per season from 1996 to 2002, and one each in 2005 and 2009, when Ferrell returned to the show as host. The sketch was revived for the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special on February 15, 2015.

Ferrell portrayed Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek. Darrell Hammond also appeared in each sketch, usually portraying Sean Connery, Trebek's "arch-nemesis" who makes crass insults implying a sexual relationship between Connery and Trebek's mother. Norm Macdonald appeared as Burt Reynolds in six sketches. Jimmy Fallon also appeared six times, portraying a different character in each appearance.

On several occasions, Celebrity Jeopardy! sketches have been referenced during actual episodes of Jeopardy!.

Sketch
The participants in each sketch consist of Ferrell, Hammond, the host for the episode, and a third cast member; after Norm Macdonald left the series, the third celebrity would be most frequently played by Jimmy Fallon. The sketch uses a mock-up of the "sushi bar" Naomi Slodki set from November 1996 to November 2002 used on the actual Jeopardy! in November 1996, one month before the first Celebrity Jeopardy! sketch debuted on SNL. The actual Jeopardy! would replace the "sushi bar" set with the "metallic" set in 2002, months after Ferrell left SNL, but the same Celebrity Jeopardy! set used during Ferrell's tenure as a regular cast member was recycled for each of its three subsequent appearances since Ferrell's departure.

The sketch often begins at the start of the Double Jeopardy! round. Trebek welcomes the audience and, occasionally, apologizes for an offense or incident that occurred before the break. He then introduces the celebrity contestants and reveals their scores, which are either $0, a negative score, or a very low positive score. Many times, the contestants refuse or fail to select an appropriate category and dollar value from the game board, grinding the game to a halt and often requiring Trebek to choose them himself. As the celebrities' growing ineptitude and lack of interest became apparent, the subject matter used for categories shifted from normal topics (such as "Movies" and "Popular Music") to more childish topics, categories with titles giving not-so-subtle hints as to the correct response without reading the clues (such as "Colors that end in 'urple'", "Countries between Mexico and Canada", and "Current Black Presidents"), and those requiring no responses whatsoever (such as "Automatic Points" or "Tie Your Shoe"). Recurring Jeopardy! category "Potent Potables" appears in every sketch but is never selected, and when it finally is chosen, it results in an inadvertently offensive pre-recorded Video Daily Double involving Bill Cosby.

Instead of buzzing in with the correct questions, contestants either give wildly incorrect responses or say things that have nothing to do with the game, frustrating Trebek, who does nothing to hide his contempt for the celebrities' performance. Trebek's mood is also exacerbated by Connery's pranks and antics, which include making sexual jokes at Trebek's expense, deliberately misreading or vandalizing the categories on the board to turn them into sexually suggestive phrases (such as "Let It Snow" as "Le Tits, Now" or "Catch These Men" as "Catch the Semen"; or in terms of vandalizing, "I Have a Chardonnay" as "I Have a hardon"), and implying that he has had sexual relations with Trebek's mother.

Trebek eventually grows exasperated with his inability to conduct the show and cuts it short by moving to Final Jeopardy!. He either discards the scripted category in favor of a much easier task (such as having the celebrities write and respond to their own questions), or announces a childishly simple category. Even though it appears impossible for the celebrities to fail, they invariably do. Connery occasionally provides a correct response, yet uses his wager to transform the text into a rude phrase or drawing (such as the letter V which is the Roman numeral for 5, until the V was revealed as part of the whole wager which reads "SucK it Trebek"). Sometimes Connery appears to have sympathy for Trebek until the wager reveal, which happens to be a rude drawing at Trebek's expense; in an earlier sketch, this is also performed by John Travolta, who in response to a clue asking the celebrities to name their favorite food, responds with "miso", an actual soup, but when Trebek asks for the wager, reveals it to be "horny", which is read as "me so horny".

Trebek is the beleaguered straight man and is generally the only person on stage interested in the game. The contestants, who are either unaware of what the game is or uninterested in playing, will ramble incoherently, deliver irrelevant monologues, or openly antagonize the host. Whenever a contestant takes the game seriously, they prove utterly incapable of supplying the correct question. No contestant ever offers a correct response; however, two come close: Phil Donahue and Tony Bennett, who in their respective sketches, offer descriptions for the holiday of Christmas and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. When Reynolds, who had initially been the celebrity who appeared in each sketch, makes his return appearances, he misreads categories in the same manner as Connery and insists that he be addressed as "Turd Ferguson" because he finds that name funny.

At the end of almost every sketch, all three celebrities have scores in the negative thousands of dollars, and in most cases, a humorous, often sexual, Final Jeopardy! punchline is delivered by Connery. In one of his sketches, Reynolds is declared an unquestioned winner, even though he wins simply because he has the least amount of negative money, rather than actually earning a victory. When Trebek ends the show, he either states that money will not be awarded to charity, that money will be taken away from charity due to the contestants' negative scores, or announces his intention to resign or kill himself.

SNL cast members
A typical Celebrity Jeopardy! sketch featured three cast members (two as contestants and Ferrell as Trebek), plus that week's host as a third contestant. The thirteenth edition of the sketch (Cosby, Sharon Osbourne, Connery) featured three members of the SNL cast as the three contestants and Ferrell, now hosting, reprising his role as Trebek. The episode with Connery, Ozzy Osbourne and Martha Stewart featured cast members in all four roles.

 * Dean Edwards as Chris Tucker
 * Jimmy Fallon as Adam Sandler, Nicolas Cage, French Stewart, Hilary Swank, Robin Williams and Dave Matthews
 * Will Ferrell as Alex Trebek
 * Ana Gasteyer as Martha Stewart
 * Darrell Hammond as Sean Connery, Phil Donahue and John Travolta
 * Taran Killam as Christoph Waltz
 * Norm Macdonald as Burt Reynolds
 * Kate McKinnon as Justin Bieber
 * Amy Poehler as Sharon Osbourne
 * Horatio Sanz as Ozzy Osbourne
 * Molly Shannon as Minnie Driver
 * Kenan Thompson as Bill Cosby
 * Kristen Wiig as Kathie Lee Gifford

SNL hosts
Thirteen of the fifteen sketches included the episode's host, usually as a contestant. The tenth sketch was one of two not to feature a host, as it was part of an SNL primetime special that did not feature a guest host. The 40th anniversary special also did not have a host. Both Ferrell and Macdonald were previous cast members who reprised their Celebrity Jeopardy! role upon their return. Notably, two hosts appeared as actual contestants on the real Celebrity Jeopardy!: David Duchovny (in 1995 and 2010) and Martin Short (in 2006).

 * Alec Baldwin as Tony Bennett
 * Drew Barrymore as Calista Flockhart
 * Jim Carrey as Matthew McConaughey
 * David Duchovny as Jeff Goldblum
 * Will Ferrell as Alex Trebek
 * John Goodman as Marlon Brando
 * Tom Hanks as himself
 * Lucy Liu as Catherine Zeta-Jones
 * Norm Macdonald as Burt Reynolds (who changed his name to Turd Ferguson in several sketches, claiming "it's a funny name").
 * Tobey Maguire as Keanu Reeves
 * Matthew Perry as Michael Keaton
 * Winona Ryder as Björk
 * Martin Short as Jerry Lewis
 * Ben Stiller as Tom Cruise
 * Reese Witherspoon as Anne Heche

Background
Norm Macdonald was inspired to create the first Celebrity Jeopardy! after noting how much easier the questions on the real-life Celebrity Jeopardy! were compared to regular episodes. A fan of the sketch series SCTV, Macdonald acknowledged that his concept would be substantially the same as "Half-Wits," a recurring sketch on SCTV in which Eugene Levy played a parody of Trebek, exasperated by the incredibly dumb contestants on the program. Macdonald called Levy and secured permission to co-opt the premise of the sketch.

During the May 2007 special Saturday Night Live in the '90s: Pop Culture Nation, Macdonald said he created the Celebrity Jeopardy! sketch purely as an excuse to do his Burt Reynolds impersonation. He purposely chose to make Reynolds an anachronism, appearing on stage as if Reynolds was still the same age he was in 1972. Macdonald also claims that Reynolds was a fan of the sketch and that there were talks to do a sketch where the real Reynolds would crash the game and punch out Macdonald. Reynolds would then play the remainder of the game, with his responses being even dumber than Macdonald's. However, Macdonald was fired from SNL before that sketch could be written.

The host and contestants are played as caricatures of their real-life personalities. Hammond said that, while his initial Connery impression was as accurate as possible, it would eventually morph into a "bastardization" of the actor, which audiences — and Hammond himself — found far more entertaining. Though Trebek shaved his trademark mustache in 2001, Ferrell retained it as long as he played the character, even in the twelfth sketch — Ferrell's last episode as a cast member — when a clean-shaven real Trebek made a cameo at the end.

Critical reactions
Critical responses to the sketches have been positive. In 2008, Ferrell's portrayal of Trebek was #3 in IGN's "Top 15 Will Ferrell characters".

Impact
Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek mentioned his admiration for Will Ferrell's impression of him in interviews. Trebek also stated that during every taping of the show, he was asked by one of the audience members how he felt about Ferrell's impression, and always replied that he loved it. On several occasions, Celebrity Jeopardy! sketches have been referenced during actual Jeopardy! episodes:

In the May 19, 1999 Celebrity Jeopardy! episode, the Jeopardy! round featured the category "'S' Words", and the Double Jeopardy! round featured "Swords" in the same column (in the first sketch, wherein "'S' Words" is a category, Connery misreads it as "Swords"). During the September 5, 2001, episode, the Double Jeopardy! categories were "Sean Connery", "Surprise Me, Trebek!", "Therapists" (misread by Connery as "The Rapists"), "Things You Shouldn't Put in Your Mouth", "The Number After 2", and "Rhymes With 'Dog'".

The June 27, 2006, show featured the category "Japan-U.S. Relations", which had been misread by Connery as "Jap Anus Relations". In the November 8 and 16, 2006 Celebrity Jeopardy! episodes, categories included "Surprise Me, Trebek!" and "Answers That Start With 'Feb'", respectively (the latter of which is a reference to the category "" from the sketch). On the September 24, 2008 episode, the Jeopardy! round featured the category "Stars With Feb, Trebek". When contestant Brian Levinson first selected the category, he did so in a Sean Connery voice. On the November 23, 2009, show, the categories in the Jeopardy! round were "SNL Celebrity Jeopardy!", "States That End in Hampshire", "What Color Is Green?", "Current Black presidents", "Sounds That Kitties Make", and "Twinkle Twinkle Little Word That Rhymes With Star".

A May 15, 2015 Celebrity Jeopardy! featured "The Pen is Mightier", a category about famous authors and their books (which was misread in a Celebrity Jeopardy! sketch as "The Penis Mightier" by Connery, who thought it was a penis enlargement product); and on September 16, 2015, a contestant who did not know the actual answer jokingly guessed "The Love Ballad of Turd Ferguson" during Final Jeopardy!

The Jeopardy! round from the July 8, 2016, episode featured the categories "States That Begin with Californ", "Is That a Hat?", "Catch These Men" (which Connery reads in a sketch as "Catch The Semen"), "A Petite Dejeuner" (a respelling of the category from the sketch which was "A Petit Dejeuner", which Burt Reynolds misread as "Ape Tit Dejeuner"), "'S' Words" (which appeared again after appearing in 1999), and "SNL Cracks Us Up". On July 10, 2019, the Jeopardy! round featured the category "An Album Cover", which Connery reads in a sketch as "Anal Bum Cover".

The category "Surprise Me, Trebek!" appeared again in the Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time special in 2020. When contestant Brad Rutter picked the category for the first time, he too shouted its name in an imitation Sean Connery voice.

The February 6, 2023 episode featured the category "Months That Start with Feb". The July 11, 2024 episode featured the category "States That End in Hampshire", which appeared again after appearing in 2009.

Home video releases
The October 1999 Celebrity Jeopardy! sketch featuring Sean Connery, Burt Reynolds, and French Stewart was featured in the SNL Game Show Parodies compilation special from February 2000 and its later home video release. The special was co-hosted by Will Ferrell in character as Alex Trebek alongside Darrell Hammond as then-Who Wants to Be a Millionaire host Regis Philbin, who was briefly mentioned in the April 2000 Celebrity Jeopardy! installment. Two of the three Best of Will Ferrell home video compilations would include Celebrity Jeopardy! sketches, including the Connery/Reynolds/Stewart sketch in 2003's first volume and 2005's Connery/Osbourne/Cosby installment in 2010's third volume.

Other Jeopardy! sketches
Saturday Night Live has parodied Jeopardy! in other unrelated sketches, such as the futuristic parody ''Jeopardy! 1999 from October 1976, the comedy themed Stand Up and Win'' in 1992, "Das Ist Jeöpardy!" (an episode of Sprockets) in November 1993, and the April 1995 sketch Gapardy, featuring The Gap Girls.

Additionally, various contestant impersonations, including Connery and Reynolds, have appeared outside of Celebrity Jeopardy! sketches with the same cast members.

Black Jeopardy!
A recurring sketch in more recent seasons is Black Jeopardy!, which debuted in season 39, and whose clues frequently invoke African American stereotypes.

Black Jeopardy! is hosted by Darnell Hayes (Kenan Thompson), and whose contestants often include two stereotypical African American contestants and the third either being a white person, a foreigner of African descent, or someone who is ignoring the game for their own personal agenda. The first two contestants are always played by the regular cast members and always have an African American name, while the third contestant is always played by the guest host and almost always with a more "European" name that catches Darnell by surprise. Among the "third" contestants have been:

 * Mark, a professor of African American studies at Brigham Young University. (Louis C.K.)
 * Allison, who "understands Black culture because she once dated a Black man" and claims to be "color blind". (Elizabeth Banks)
 * Doug, a Donald Trump-supporter with a MAGA hat. (Tom Hanks) Doug does surprisingly well until the Final Black Jeopardy! category is revealed as "Lives That Matter"
 * T'Challa, Prince of Wakanda. (Chadwick Boseman)
 * Jared, a Black Canadian. (Drake)
 * Velvet Jones, an African American contestant who promotes his consultation business on how women can make money as prostitutes through numerous books. (Eddie Murphy)

The sketches are implied to take place in an apartment building in a residential neighborhood as opposed to a TV studio, and also have several sponsors pertaining to African American stereotypes, most of them fictional though Sprite was listed as one due to that drink's long association with the National Basketball Association.


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Arkady Averchenko

Arkady Timofeevich Averchenko (Арка́дий Тимофе́евич Аве́рченко; 27 March 1881 – 12 March 1925) was a Russian playwright and satirist. He published his stories in the journal Satirikon, of which he was also an editor, in the series of New Satirikon, and other publications. He published a total of around 20 books. Averchenko's satirical writings can be described as liberal. After the Russian Civil War, he emigrated to Central Europe and died in Prague.

Life before the Russian Revolution
Averchenko was born on 27 March 1881 in Sevastopol. He was the son of a poor merchant, Timofey Petrovich Averchenko. Averchenko completed only two courses at the Gymnasia because of his poor eyesight, which rendered him unable to work on his studies for extended periods. His eye had been damaged by a childhood accident. However, as time went by, his lack of formal education was compensated by his natural intellect, as the writer N.N. Breshko-Breshkovskiy has described.

Averchenko started to work at the age of 15, employed by a private transport company. He remained there for slightly over a year before pursuing other employment. In 1897 Averchenko left for Donbas to work as a clerk in the Bryansk mine. He worked there for three years and later wrote several stories about life at the mine, including "In the Evening" and "Lightning."

In 1903, at the age of 22, he moved to Kharkiv where his first story appeared in the newspaper "South Territory" on 31 October.

During 1906 to 1907 he edited the satirical magazines Bayonet and Sword. Finally in 1907 he was fired from this work, reportedly with the words, "You are a good man, but suitable for nothing." After this, in January 1908 Averchenko left for Saint Petersburg where he was to achieve success in his career.

In 1908 Averchenko became secretary of the satirical magazine Dragonfly (later renamed to Satyricon) and in 1913 he became its editor. For many years Averchenko worked successfully as a member of the magazine's staff together with many other notable people, including Nadezhda Teffi, Sasha Chorny, and Aleksey Remizov. His most lauded humorous stories were published in the magazine. During Averchenko's work at the Satyricon it became very popular, and theatrical works based on his stories were put on by many theatres throughout the country.

From 1910 to 1912 Averchenko more than once travelled to Europe with his friends and colleagues at the Satyricon (including Aleksey Remizov). These travels served Averchenko as a rich source for his creative work, and inspired his book Expedition of Satyriconers in Western Europe which was published in 1912. Averchenko also wrote many theatre reviews under several pen names.

After the October Revolution, Averchenko's life was greatly changed. In August 1918 Bolshevik leaders declared the Satyricon anti-Soviet and suppressed it.

Averchenko and all Satyricon staff took a negative position against Soviet authority. Averchenko struggled greatly in attempting to return to his own Sevastopol; in particular, he had to travel through the Ukraine, which was being occupied by Germans. Beginning in June 1919 Averchenko worked for the newspaper South (later the South of Russia) and urged aid for the Voluntary Army.

On 15 November 1920 Sevastopol was taken by the Reds. Some days before Averchenko had had time to flee via steamer ship to Istanbul.

After emigration
Averchenko felt comfortable while in Istanbul. There were many other fellow Russian refugees in the city at the time.

In 1921 in Paris he published a satirical anthology, A Dozen Knives in the Back of Revolution which Lenin described as "a book of great talent by the embittered to distraction White Guard." He followed this book with a collection of stories, A Dozen Portraits in the Boudoir Format.

On 13 April 1922 Averchenko moved to Sofia and later moved to Belgrade. Averchenko spent a brief time in both cities before moving again and taking up permanent residence in Prague on 17 June 1922. In 1923 his book of collected emigrant stories, The Notes of the Simple-Minded, was published by the Berlin publishing house Nord.

Averchenko found life away from his homeland and from his native tongue very hard. Many his stories dealt with his feelings of alienation, in particular the story "The Tragedy of the Russian Writer." He took on popularity in Czech immediately. His writings have been very successful and many of his stories have been translated into Czech.

Working for the famous newspaper Prager Presse, Averchenko wrote many effervescent and witty stories, which nevertheless expressed great yearning for his homeland.

In 1925 Averchenko fell sick after an operation to remove his eye. On 28 January he was moved to the Prague Municipal Hospital with the diagnosis of "weakness of the heart muscle, distension of the aorta and sclerosis of the kidneys." Doctors could not save his life and he died on the morning of 12 March 1925.

Averchenko was buried in the Olšany Cemetery in Prague. His last work was the novel The Joke of Maecenas, written in Sopot in 1923 and published in 1925 after his death.

English translations

 * A Friendly Letter to Lenin, "Ninochka", and Other Short Stories, [Comp. & Trans. by Igor Gregory Kozak] The Edwin Mellen Press, 2010. cl, illus., frontis. port., 297 pp.

title: Arkady Averchenko


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Talk:Pornography (disambiguation)

Pornography (disambiguation)
The second definition there isn't all that new, the way it's phrased leads me to believe it's a usage that hasn't even got five years use behind it. The obvious example I can think of older than that is "Acid Porn." I'm not really good at wording things, but if someone wanted to rewrite that bit, it could probably use it. -Davi

title: Talk:Pornography (disambiguation)


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Averchenko

Averchenko is a gender-neutral Slavic surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Arkady Averchenko (1881–1925), Russian playwright and satirist
 * Evgeniy Averchenko (born 1982), Kazakh footballer
 * Jordan Averchenko (born 1993), British guitarist, multi instrumentalist.

title: Averchenko


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American Legion Memorial Bridge (Michigan)

The American Legion Memorial Bridge, also known as the South Cass Street Bridge, is a reinforced concrete arch bridge carrying South Cass Street over the Boardman River in Traverse City, Michigan. It was completed in 1930 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

History
In 1929 the city commission called for a public referendum to decide if the city should build bridges over the Boardman River at South Union and South Cass Streets. The referendum passed, and at the same time the state agreed to build the Union Street Bridge. The city commission hired Indianapolis bridge engineer Daniel B. Luten to design the bridge at South Cass. The firms of Aldrich & Cook and Jerome Wilhelm were hired to build the bridge, which was completed in 1930. Dedication plaques were purchased during construction at the request of the American Legion.

At some point, the original handrails were removed and jersey barricades were added, detracting somewhat from the original design. However, the bridge is still in use. In 2021/22, the bridge underwent extensive renovation, including a removal and replacement of the bridge and the installation of a decorative pedestrian railing.

Description
The American Legion Memorial Bridge is 68 ft long and 58.5 ft wide, with a roadway width of 40 ft. The span is formed by a barrel-vaulted elliptical arch. Sidewalks, supported by concrete brackets, overhang the face of the arch. The original balustrade railings on the bridge have been replaced with planks, but the approaches still contain the original solid-concrete parapets and concrete balustrades with urn-shaped spindles. A plate on one parapet reads: "American Legion Memorial Bridge 1930."


text: User talk:69.249.50.115

title: User talk:69.249.50.115


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Eduard Robert Flegel

Eduard Robert Flegel (13 October 1855 – 11 September 1886) was a German explorer who played an important role in the Scramble for Africa.

Life
Born in Vilna, Lithuania, Flegel trained as a merchant before travelling to Lagos in 1875, where, in 1879 opportunity arose to take part in an expedition along the River Niger, which penetrated to about 125 miles beyond the farthest point hitherto explored.

At the behest of the German African Society, which commissioned him to explore the entire Benue River basin, Flegel undertook further study of the Benue, and in 1880 travelled up the Niger to Sokoto. There, he obtained leave from the sultan for an expedition to the Adamawa Plateau. During his exploration of the Benue, he identified its source at Ngaundere in 1882.

After a brief sojourn in Europe, Flegel returned to Africa on a commission from the German African Society to open the Niger-Benue district to German trade. His efforts were largely unsuccessful as he arrived to find the district occupied by George Taubman Goldie's National African Company, and it maintained its ascendancy. Although very ill, he attempted the ascent of the Benue, but turned back at Yola and died soon after arriving at the coast.

Works

 * Lose Blätter aus dem Tagebuch meiner Haussa-Freunde und Reisegefährten (Loose Leaves from the Diary of My Hausa Friends and Travel Companions; Hamburg, 1885)
 * Vom Niger-Benüe; Briefe aus Afrika (Concerning the Niger-Benue; Letters from Africa; Leipzig, 1890)

title: Eduard Robert Flegel


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Game demo

A game demo is a trial version of a video game that is limited to a certain time period or a point in progress. A game demo comes in forms such as shareware, demo discs, downloadable software, and tech demos.

Distribution

In the early 1990s, shareware distribution was a popular method for publishing games for smaller developers, including then-fledgling companies such as Apogee Software (now 3D Realms), Epic MegaGames (now Epic Games), and id Software. It gave consumers the chance to try a trial portion of the game, usually restricted to the game's complete first section or "episode", before purchasing the rest of the adventure. Racks of games on single 5$1⁄4$" and later 3.5" floppy disks were common in many stores, often very cheaply. Since the shareware versions were essentially free, the cost only needed to cover the disk and minimal packaging. Sometimes, the demo disks were packaged within the box of another game by the same company. As the increasing size of games in the mid-1990s made them impractical to fit on floppy disks, and retail publishers and developers began to earnestly mimic the practice, shareware games were replaced by shorter demos that were either distributed free on CDs with gaming magazines or as free downloads over the Internet, in some cases becoming exclusive content for specific websites.

Shareware was also the distribution method of choice of early modern first-person shooters (FPS).

There is a technical difference between shareware and demos. Up to the early 1990s, shareware could easily be upgraded to the full version by adding the "other episodes" or full portion of the game; this would leave the existing shareware files intact. Demos are different in that they are "self-contained" programs that cannot be upgraded to the full version. An example is the Descent shareware versus the Descent II demo; players were able to retain their saved games on the former but not the latter.

Magazines that include the demos on a CD or DVD and likewise may be exclusive to a certain publication. Demos are also sometimes released on cover tape/disks, especially in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe, but given the increasing size of demos and widespread availability of broadband Internet, this common practice throughout the 1980s and 1990s gradually lost cover focus to full games. With the advent of online services for consoles, demos are also becoming available as a free or premium download.

Console manufacturers also often release their systems with a demo disc containing playable previews of games to be released for their console.

Medium
The availability of demos varies between formats. Systems that use cartridges typically did not have demos available to them, unless they happen to be digital, due to the cost of duplication, whereas systems supporting more cheaply produced media, such as tapes, floppy disks, and later CD-ROM and DVD-ROM, do. Now, the Internet is the main source for demos, as nearly all game developers and platforms focus on online distribution.

Types
Game demos come in two variations: playable and non-playable (also called a "rolling demo"). Playable demos generally have exactly the same gameplay as the upcoming full game, although game advancement is usually limited to a certain point, and occasionally some advanced features might be disabled. A non-playable demo is essentially the gaming equivalent of a teaser trailer.

Playable
Generally, playable demos are stripped-down versions of the full game, restricting game-play to some levels, only allowing access to some features, or limiting the amount of time playable in the game.

However, some demos provide content not available in the full game.

In other cases, a demo may differ from the equivalent section in the full game, when the demo is released as a preview before the full game is completed.

Demos for platform or other action games generally only include the first few levels of the game. Demos of adventure games are often limited to a very small number of rooms, and have the "save game" feature disabled. Demos of sports games usually limit play to an accelerated half-time or complete match between a small number of teams (which at the same time led to the practice of "demo expanders" that allow the tweaking of some of those settings). Likewise, demos of racing games are ordinarily restricted to a single race with a pre-selected car.

Non-playable
A non-playable demo is a recording of game-play, either recorded in a video, or played through using the game's own engine showing off the game's features. They are mainly displayed at gaming conventions, such as E3, when the game is still in early production as a technology or game-play preview. Such demos might also be distributed through the Internet or with magazines as trailers for an upcoming game, or featured at retail stores (often among playable demos). Most games also play demos if the title screen is left running.

title: Game demo


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Setouchi

Setouchi may refer to:

Places

 * Setouchi, Kagoshima, a town on Amami Islands, Japan
 * Setouchi, Okayama, a city on Honshū, Japan
 * Setouchi region, a region of Japan encompassing the Seto Inland Sea and adjacent coastal areas of Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyushu

People

 * Jakucho Setouchi (1922–2021), Japanese Buddhist nun

Other

 * Setouchi Volcanic Belt, a Miocene volcanic belt in southwestern Japan
 * Setouchi Junior College, a private junior college in Mitoyo, Kagawa, Japan
 * TV Setouchi, a TV station in Japan

title: Setouchi


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Touched by the Crimson King

Touched by the Crimson King is the second album by the power metal supergroup Demons and Wizards, released in June 2005. The album contains a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song". It was also released as a limited edition digipak in Europe with an alternate cover and four bonus tracks on a second disc. For the North American release, all fourteen songs appeared on one disc, which had the limited edition cover in the form of a sleeve around the jewel case.

The album appeared on the American Billboard charts on place 35.

Personnel

 * Hansi Kürsch – vocals
 * Jon Schaffer – lead, rhythm, bass, acoustic guitars

 * Guest musicians
 * Bobby Jarzombek – drums and percussion
 * Jim Morris – guitar solos and backing vocals
 * Rubin Drake – bass and fretless bass guitar
 * Howard Helm – piano and backing vocals
 * Kathy Helm – backing vocals
 * Tori Fuson – backing vocals
 * Jesse Morris – backing vocals
 * Krystyna Kolaczynski – cello

Lyrical content

 * "Crimson King" is a reference to the Crimson King, the main antagonist of The Dark Tower series. The song also strongly references Randall Flagg, one of the King's many servants. Hansi in an interview has also stated that the Crimson King is Satan.
 * "The Gunslinger" is referring to Roland of Gilead, the protagonist of the Dark Tower series. The song refers mainly to the plot of the final book of the series.
 * "Terror Train" is a reference to Blaine the Mono, from the third and fourth novels of the Dark Tower series.
 * "Beneath These Waves" is based on Herman Melville's Moby Dick.
 * "Seize the Day" is based on Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.
 * "Love's Tragedy Asunder" is about a man whose wife is terminally ill, and he assists her suicide, and ends up killing himself.
 * "Wicked Witch" is about the Wicked Witch of the West from L. Frank Baum's The Wizard of Oz.
 * "Dorian" is about Oscar Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.
 * "Down Where I Am" is about a baby born with Down syndrome and the struggle of his father and the emotions going in and out of his mind.

title: Touched by the Crimson King


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Bomba (Ecuador)

Bomba or Bomba del Chota is an Afro-Ecuadorian music and dance form from the Chota Valley area of Ecuador in the province of Imbabura and Carchi. Its origins can be traced back to Africa via the middle passage and the use of African slave labor during the country's colonial period. Africans brought to labor as slaves in Ecuador brought with them this music form heavily influenced from the Bantu cultures of the Congo. The people dance in pairs to the drums and use improvisation to build relationships between the dancer and lead drummer.

This music and dance tends to have a prominent Spanish, mestizo and indigenous influence in the melodies. It could go from a mid tempo to a very fast rhythm. It is usually played with guitars along with the main local instrument which is also called bomba which is a drum along with a guiro and sometimes bombos and bongos. A variation of it is la banda mocha which are groups that play bomba with a bombo, guiro and plant leaves to give melody.

Recently it is enjoying some national exposure but outside the Chota Valley it is mostly popular in cities such as Quito and Ibarra which have important concentrations of afro-chotan people. In these cities sometimes it is played in discothèques and has some public performances as well as popularity among mestizo and indigenous people.

The word bomba is most likely of Bantu origin.

List of most popular bomba bands

 * Edgar Gonzalon "Negrito de la Salsa"
 * La Banda Mocha
 * Marabu
 * Mario Polo
 * Mario Congo
 * Nery Padilla
 * Oro Negro
 * Poder Negro
 * Eddy More

title: Bomba (Ecuador)


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Matthew 4:5

Matthew 4:5 is the fifth verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. Jesus has just rebuffed Satan's first temptation, and in this verse the devil transports him to the site of the second temptation.

Content
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
 * Then the devil taketh him up
 * into the holy city, and setteth
 * him on a pinnacle of the temple,

The World English Bible translates the passage as:
 * Then the devil took him into
 * the holy city. He set him on
 * the pinnacle of the temple,

The 1881 Westcott-Hort Greek text is:
 * τοτε παραλαμβανει αυτον ο διαβολος εις την αγιαν πολιν
 * και εστησεν αυτον επι το πτερυγιον του ιερου

For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 4:5

Analysis
The "holy city" is unquestionably a reference to Jerusalem, as the mention of The Temple makes clear. In Luke's version of this scene at, the city is named as such. Both names are used in the retelling of this event in Revelation 21:10.

Nolland notes that the word translated as taketh/took here and in Matthew 4:8 is the same verb as was used to refer to Joseph taking Jesus to Egypt and back in Matthew 2:14 and Matthew 2:21. Nolland feels that this establishes a subtle contrast between Joseph's righteous transportation of Jesus and Satan's evil designs.

What is meant by the word traditionally translated as "pinnacle" is not entirely clear. Schweizer notes that in Greek the term is very similar to "little wings": he feels that "little tower" or "parapet" would be a more accurate translation. France notes that the word occurs nowhere in classical literature to refer to an architectural feature, though it is used in reference to a projection from a piece of armour or machinery. Harrington believes that the verse may be linked to the reference to protecting wings in. Gundry lists three sites on the temple that have been considered for the setting of this scene. Artists and others using the traditional translation "pinnacle" generally set the event on the top of the temple's main tower above the sanctuary proper, some 180 feet above ground. Another view is that it was set atop the lintel of the main gateway into the temple, the most prominent position where the pair could easily have been seen. The third site, and that adopted by tradition, is that it was at a tower the southeast corner of the outer wall that looks down into the Kidron Valley. In a related tradition, James the Just was said to have been executed by being thrown from this same tower.

Commentary from the Church Fathers
Pseudo-Chrysostom: "From this first answer of Christ, the Devil could learn nothing certain whether He were God or man; he therefore betook him to another temptation, saying within himself; This man who is not sensible of the appetite of hunger, if not the Son of God, is yet a holy man; and such do attain strength not to be overcome by hunger; but when they have subdued every necessity of the flesh, they often fall by desire of empty glory. Therefore he began to tempt Him by this empty glory."

Jerome: "Took him, not because the Lord was weak, but the enemy proud; he imputed to a necessity what the Saviour did willingly."

Rabanus Maurus: "Jerusalem was called the Holy City, for in it was the Temple of God, the Holy of holies, and the worship of the one God according to the law of Moses."

Saint Remigius: "This shows that the Devil lies in wait for Christ’s faithful people even in the sacred places."

Gregory the Great: "Behold when it is said that this God was taken by the Devil into the holy city, pious ears tremble to hear, and yet the Devil is head and chief among the wicked; what wonder that He suffered Himself to be led up a mountain by the wicked one himself, who suffered Himself to be crucified by his members."

Glossa Ordinaria: "The Devil places us on high places by exalting with pride, that he may dash us to the ground again."

Saint Remigius: "The pinnacle is the seat of the doctors; for the temple had not a pointed roof like our houses, but was flat on the top after the manner of the country of Palestine, and in the temple were three stories. It should be known, that the pinnacle was on the floor, and in each story was one pinnacle. Whether then he placed Him on the pinnacle in the first story, or that in the second, or the third, he placed Him whence a fall was possible."

Glossa Ordinaria: (ord.) "Observe here that all these things were done with bodily sense, and by careful comparison of the context it seems probable that the Devil appeared in human form."

Pseudo-Chrysostom: "Perhaps you may say, How could he in the sight of all place Him bodily upon the temple? Perhaps the Devil so took Him as though He were visible to all, while He, without the Devil being aware of it, made Himself invisible."

Glossa Ordinaria: (ap. Anselm.) "He set Him on a pinnacle of the temple when he would tempt Him through ambition, because in this seat of the doctors he had before taken many through the same temptation, and therefore thought that when set in the same seat, He might in like manner be puffed up with vain pride."

title: Matthew 4:5


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Debutante Detective Corps

Debutante Detective Corps (お嬢様捜査網) is an anime OVA, and was released on VHS and DVD in North America by ADV Films. The OVA was animated by Daume and was produced by Marcus Company.

Synopsis
Five wealthy girls, each with a special talent, have been targeted for assassination by a mysterious person. While enrolling in the Seika School for Girls, a group of mercenaries have begun their attack on the girls. Kimiko Ayanokouji, her twin sister Miyuki and their friends, Youko, Reika and Nina must find a way to survive, fight back against the bad guys and get to the bottom of who wants them dead.

Main characters

 * Kimiko Ayanokouji (綾小路 公子)
 * voiced by Shiho Niiyama (Japanese), Dara Aylor English
 * Kimiko is the leader of the Debutante Detective Corps. She's very aloof, considers herself beautiful and has an IQ of 200. Kimiko's special talent is ESP, of which Miyuki claims is made up.

 * Miyuki Ayanokouji (綾小路 美幸)
 * voiced by Yūko Nagashima (Japanese), Shana McClendon (English)
 * Miyuki is Kimiko's younger twin sister. Unlike Kimiko, Miyuki is easily tempered, especially by Kimiko's antics. Her specialty is mechanics and electronics and is an expert hacker.

 * Youko Ryuuzaki (竜崎 陽子)
 * voiced by Natsumi Yanase (Japanese), Missy Atwood (English)
 * Youko is a glasses girl who rides around in a limousine. Her unique talent is to disguise herself into anyone regardless of age, gender or nationality. In addition, she can mimic anyone's voice by memory.

 * Reika Shu (周　麗華)
 * voiced by Sakura Tange (Japanese), Larissa Wolcott (English)
 * Reika is born in Hong Kong from a wealthy merchant family. Her training with the Triads has developed her martial arts talent, and thus becoming the Debutantes' personal muscle.

 * Nina Kirov (ニーナ・キーロフ)
 * voiced by Rumi Kasahara (Japanese), Lindsay Doleshal (English)
 * Nina is born in New York City, but is of a legendary Russian bloodline. She loves everything about the military and is a talented marksman with any gun.

Supporting characters

 * Principal (校長先生)
 * voiced by Yukikasa Kishino (Japanese), David Kroll
 * He runs the Seika School for Girls and gets word of the assassination attempt of the Debutante Detective Corps from the police.

 * Inspector Daichi (大地警部補)
 * voiced by Takeshi Aono (Japanese), Michael Dalmon (English)
 * Daichi is the Assistant Inspector assigned by the Commissioner to protect the Debutante Detective Corps ever since the video threat was released. He's a balding husky old man who takes his business seriously.

 * Detective Nomura (野村刑事)
 * voiced by Tōru Furuya (Japanese), Joseph Anthony (English)
 * Nomura is Daichi's assistant in the criminal case regarding the Debutante Detective Corps. He's a man in glasses and very shy and nervous when it comes to girls, more specifically Kimiko, who loves to flirt with him.

 * Commissioner (警総監)
 * voiced by Charles Campbell (English)
 * He assigned Daichi and Nomura to protect the Debutante Detective Corps from those that threatened them.

Antagonists

 * Col. Kartz (カーツ)
 * voiced by Kazuya Ichijō (Japanese), Gary Dehan (English)
 * He and two other men were discharged soldiers who became mercenaries for hire. Kartz and his men were imprisoned for their crimes, but somehow managed to escape. Once out, he received orders to kill the Debutante Detective Corps by any means necessary.

 * Lt. Molicov (モルコフ)
 * voiced by Shin-ichiro Miki (Japanese), Joseph Anthony (English)
 * Molicov is the expert sniper and marksman in Kartz's unit.

 * Sgt. Martin (マーティン)
 * voiced by Hisao Egawa (Japanese), Lowell B. Bartholomee (English)
 * Martin is a giant African-American soldier in Kartz's unit and is extremely skilled in hand-to-hand combat.

Others

 * Anchor (アナウンサー)
 * voiced by Chizu Yonemoto (Japanese), Nicole Cavazos (English)
 * She is the reporter who breaks the news about Col. Kartz's unit's prison breakout, as well as the theft of a military jump jet, of which Kartz used against the Debutantes.

 * Old Coot (親父)
 * voiced by Heimlick Studermeyer (English)
 * Daughter (娘)
 * voiced by Nicole Cavazos (English)
 * Limo Driver (運転手)
 * voiced by Lowell B. Bartholomee (English)
 * Geisha (芸者)
 * voiced by Rebecca L. Cannon (English)

Music
Both the insert theme "Koi no Sōsamō" (恋の捜査網) and ending theme "Koi wa Itsumo Beautiful" (恋はいつもBeautiful) were performed by Virgo.

title: Debutante Detective Corps


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Fiesta (magazine)

Fiesta was a British adult magazine featuring softcore pornography, published by Galaxy Publications Limited. It was a sister publication of Knave magazine, launched two years later.

Launched in 1966 by the British photographer Russell Gay, Fiesta quickly became Britain's top-selling adult magazine. Dubbed "the magazine for men which women love to read", the monthly magazine's readers were responsible, in the early 1970s, for creating a feature that has been adopted in magazines worldwide: Readers' Wives. Central to this theme was the monthly "Readers' Wives Striptease" section, which shows a set of photos of a supposed wife or girlfriend of a reader being photographed by Fiesta undressing (often, but not always out of everyday clothing) to full nudity. The Readers' Wives section was the subject of a song by John Cooper Clarke on his album Disguise in Love.

As well as its Readers' Wives and photographic girl sets, Fiesta was built around a core of readers' letters from men and women. In addition there were male-interest features, cartoons and reviews, sexy puzzles and a regular erotic horoscope, together with Firkin, an underground-comics style cartoon strip drawn by Hunt Emerson and written by Tym Manley.

Mary Millington modelled for the magazine in 1974, prior to her exclusive signing to work for David Sullivan's magazines.

Nicholas Whittaker, journalist and author of Platform Souls, Blue Period and Sweet Talk, worked for the company from 1980 to 1982, when he left to go and work for Paul Raymond Publications, where he played a major role in establishing the new Razzle magazine. His experiences at Fiesta and Razzle are the subject of his book Blue Period.

Sales of Fiesta were 238,000 in 1991 but had dropped to 162,000 in 1996, mirroring the decline in the market for softcore magazines at that time. Nevertheless, in the mid-2000s it was still the country's top selling adult magazine. Fiesta ceased production in 2020, after 54 years of publication.

title: Fiesta (magazine)


text:
Talk:Humid subtropical climate

Edit war brewing
How does one report the outbreak of an edit war? An editor does not leave edit summaries or sign Talk page comments. They have a Richmond, Virginia fixation, and keep removing Richmond from the article, except when they add it as a "northern tier" humid subtropical climate US city.--Quisqualis (talk) 11:19, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

 * It is best to just leave the article the way it is. Richmond is still mentioned and it has sources to back it up. Hopefully, another user will notice if anything is wrong. Musicalheart1 (talk) 03:41, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Richmond is now mentioned incorrectly as a "northern tier" city in the zone. I suspect that the actions of the IP in question may have been the driving force behind the recent mention of protecting the page (since deleted).--Quisqualis (talk) 03:54, 15 December 2018 (UTC)
 * How is Richmond incorrectly mentioned?Newcourtier (talk) 04:01, 15 December 2018 (UTC)
 * I just checked the sources provided and while Richmond may not be in the northern tier of the climate zone, its snowfall amounts and plant hardiness zone put its climate in line with areas such as Philadelphia and Baltimore more so than Charlotte or Birmingham. It is probably more accurate to say that it is an outlier more so than a Northern tier city due to its inland position.Newcourtier (talk) 04:09, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

 * If this is very concerning to you, then you should email the main Wikimedia help line. Hopefully, someone will sort this out. Edit warring is highly frowned upon. I am not sure why this user is hung up on Richmond. However, they are unfairly making false edits and need to be reported.Arbuttle918 (talk) 04:19, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

 * A quick read of the second paragraph of the third section of the article will find "the climate can also be found in the Mid-Atlantic, primarily Virginia, the lower elevations of West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, and far southern New York, specifically New York City and sections of Long Island. It can also be found in the Midwest, primarily in the central and southern portions of Kansas and Missouri, and far southern portions of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. If you wish to call all the italicised locales the "Northern Tier", then how is Richmond, out of all the other "southern" humid subtropical cities in North America, a member of the northern tier?
 * It might seem that I am splitting hairs to remove Richmond, but an even greater amount of hair-splitting would have accompanied its inclusion. A review of the IP's edit history sees Richmond removed from at least one other WP article, List of locations with a subtropical climate . I'd like to know how this very stubborn IP editor is improving Wikipedia. --Quisqualis (talk) 04:35, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Please stop changing sourced content and adding unsourced content to the article. Richmond receive more snowfall and has cooler winter temperatures than the other cities mentioned as referenced in the sources I provided. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1003:B014:10CD:8DA6:DE79:C89F:1A7E (talk) 04:44, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

 * "Changing sourced content and adding unsourced content" describes your entire Wikipedia career, IP editor. Please don't throw your own faults onto your fellow editors.
 * As Newcourtier has stated, Richmond is an outlier. It is in the American South, and not a midatlantic city, yet has colder winters than coastal Southern states. You will have to write some cogent text rather than just swapping words and numbers around. If you find this an impediment, just request an edit by another editor, here on the Talk page.--Quisqualis (talk) 05:23, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

Richmond is a mid-Atlantic City. I added sources for the content that I addded. As Newcortier states, Richmond’s climate is more akin to cities like Philadelphia and Baltimore rather than inland southern cities such as Charlotte and Birmingham. Richmond has more than three times the snowfall of any of the inland southern cities. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1003:B457:64CA:E41D:D6A0:AC3E:37BB (talk) 06:02, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

I have a PHD in Climatology....TRUST ME....Koppen NEVER used the term "subtropical"!!!! In the original Koppen climate classification, the "C" group or "TEMPERATE Rainy climates were grouped as all locations with the coldest month have a mean temperature of -3 C (26. 8 F) or higher....but below 18 C (64.4 F). Many, many, many, climatologists from 1899 to 1960 (including Landsburg) complained that Koppens "C" zone was far to broad, cities like Brisbane and Charleston were grouped with cities like London, New York City, or St. Louis. Trewartha sought to change this MAJOR issue...and created a "subtropical" zone, just above 25 N/S latitude. In this zone(from 25 to around 35 N/S latitude). In this new zone, climates are termed subtropical when they have 8 or more months with a mean temp of higher than 10 C (50 F). Trewartha did this so warm temperate climates like NYC or Milan would NOT be in the subtropical zone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:188:180:F040:B5DD:B7C9:7770:F678 (talk) 16:09, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

 * You might actually have a PhD in climatology but it doesn't seem to be doing you much good. If you're from the Gulf Coast you're probably happy to see New York and DC removed from the "Cf(a)" climate in Trewartha's system. However, Trewartha put us in the same climate type as Scotland, British Columbia, and other absurdly cold places where the warmest summer month is colder than October in the Mid-Atlantic. Moreover, even in Trewartha's system NYC and DC are both less than 1 degree Fahrenheit away from actually being humid subtropical, and you will probably see that transition in your lifetime. So please, calm down and understand that you cannot make a rigid system with a fixed number of little "categories" and have it adequately qualitatively describe something as variable and unique as the climate of any given place. Even the north shore and south shore of Long Island have appreciably different climate characteristics. 96.242.144.8 (talk) 18:54, 5 March 2022 (UTC)

Roanoke, Virginia
In the section of this article that talks about snowfall in North American cities, Roanoke, Virginia is grouped in with various cities that have significantly less snowfall than it does. It is grouped in with the cities of Atlanta, Birmingham, Charlotte, Raleigh, Dallas, Memphis, Nashville, and Oklahoma City. These cites average 2.9, 1.6, 4.3, 6.1, 1.5, 3.8, 6.3, and 7.6 inches of snow respectively each year. Roanoke averages 16.6 inches of snow each year and seems to be a slight outlier. For comparison, both Baltimore and Philadelphia average roughly 20 inches of snow annually and they are listed in a separate description. Why is Roanoke with 16.6 inches of snow a year paired with cities that get 7.6 inches of snow at the most instead of with cities that get 20.1 inches of snow. 16.6 inches is much closer to 20.1 than it is to 7.6 inches. 50.202.217.173 (talk) 16:29, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

 * As a climatologist it is important for me to set the record (and facts!) straight:
 * 1)Koppen NEVER used the term "subtropical". PERIOD!. In the 1899 original koppen work, all climates that had a mean temp of above -3 C (26.4 F) BUT below 18 C (64.4) were termed "Temperate Rainy Climates or "C" climates. If ANYONE doubts this - FIND the original koppen classification - there are several republished texts out there.
 * 2) When Trewartha created the "humid subtropical climate classification" (both the humid (cfa) and the dry-summer (Ca)...his WHOLE POINT was the separate them from true temperate climates. By using the criteria that at least 8 months had a mean temp of 10 C (50 F), he hoped to keep out oceanic climates (like London, Seattle, ..etc) and continental climates (like Denver, New York, Beijing...etc). This is why the climate map of Trewartha show subtropical climates in the southernmost portions of the temperate zone (from latitude 25 to 35 north and south). The obvious relation is climate genetics: "Sub" tropical climates have similar attributes to tropical climates for part of the year (lower latitude, intense sun angle, high dew point temps, showery weather, hot temperatures...etc), and semi-mild winters with light infrequent freezes, little or no snow, semi mild temps, and a semi-green winter landscape (New Orleans, Brisbane, Shanghai, Charleston, ...etc). It's laughable that he was thinking that locations with sub zero wind chills, 30 inches of snow annually (or more), frozen ground, and poleward of 40 latitude was to be included (like central United States, parts of Europe, and continental Asia).
 * 3) Today, due to chamber of commerce type agenda (warm cities are better?), every city is "subtropical", from Seattle, to New York City, to London, to northern Japan. Trewartha NEVER intended this, and his work (and classification map) shows this clearly. People have edited and reedited the subtropical page and perverted Trewarthas work and his intention, as well as misrepresented Koppens "C" climate group.
 * In the United States, the line of "Humid Subtropical" is from extreme southeast VA south to central Florida and west to eastern Texas. New York City, Washington DC, St.Louis, Denver(lol), Nashville, Richmond, Boston, nor anywhere in Italy, or Europe (outside a tiny area near the Black Sea) is Subtropical.
 * Please, the powers that be...don't confuse students who are honestly trying to understand climate as a science and allow the these FALSE edits and perverting of Koppens and Trewarta work.
 * I don't know where to put this, or how to sign it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:188:180:F040:3969:F20:141:3EF7 (talk) 13:57, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Okay. A bit to unpack here.
 * 1. The article clearly states that while some climatologists have elected to term the Cfa, Cwa climates “humid subtropical climates”, Koppen never did so. To illustrate that point, a credible source (the NOAA, a US scientific agency) alternatively calls Cfa/Cwa climates “humid subtropical climates.” They are not the only ones to do so.
 * 2. Wind chill temperatures are not actual temperatures.
 * 3. Denver has a steppe (or semiarid) climate, it’s not humid subtropical.
 * 4. Boston and St. Louis are within the transitional zone between humid subtropical climate and humid continental climates because it depends on the isotherm used (0 C they’re both Humid Continental, -3 C they’re both Cfa). Therefore, neither city is mentioned in this article. NYC, Philadelphia and Louisville however fall under Cfa under both isotherms, so the three cities are included here. It’s emphasized that these cities are on the fringes of the climate zone and that winters there are colder and snowier than many other locations with this climate. Few reading this article would think of these locations as a “subtropical paradise.”
 * 5. Your argument is akin to not including Miami in the tropical climate category because nighttime temperatures there can occasionally drop below 10 C (50 F) during its “winter.” A number of people who live in locations with tropical climates wouldn’t consider Miami “tropical.” Yet, its climate data places it on the fringes of a tropical climate.
 * In short, this article isn’t about marketing. As you yourself stated, it’s primarily based on data and facts. I may feel that NYC should not be under a “humid subtropical climate,” but the numbers state otherwise. If a number of climatologists currently call Cfa and Cwa climates, “humid subtropical climates” we cannot ignore that fact. G. Capo (talk) 21:55, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 October 2021 and 9 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nenenie.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:03, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

A suggestion
While a lot of suggestions on this page and its archives are not possible (they are for redrawing climate maps in terms of personal opinion), I do think they point to a problem. Köppen is treated not as the most common way of classifying climates, but as the arbiter of truth of what each climate category entails. This is not how climate classification works; in fact this is not how constructed categories work. A wider set of definitions (from the major climate systems we present in the city climate template, for example) could better describe the situation at hand. Of course, Köppen should still be central to these, it is the most popular, but at least reconfiguring the examples to say "X cities are unanimously considered this climate; some classifications also include Y cities", and widening definitions to at least Köppen AND Trewartha should resolve a lot of our problems. I'm obviously suggesting this for any climate page of course, but this page seems to be the most frequently disputed. Uness232 (talk) 14:16, 20 June 2023 (UTC)
 * This may be a good idea. We could break things up by climate classification, or by locality. I think the former is less cluttered. Chumzwumz68 (talk) 19:52, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * If we start adding different climate classifications, this page (and other climate pages) would become extremely complicated and unclear. Koppen's system is not perfect but still is the most commonly used system. Also other climate classifications systems have flaws. G. Capo (talk) 16:40, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * On the "complicated and unclear" argument, I would say that this is rather more confusing. The issue is that climate categorization is conceptual and mostly intangible; while authors might agree or disagree on certain tangible statistics or markers that make a climate subtropical, continental etc. There is no such thing as a tangible climate zone. And the proper encyclopedic thing to do when dealing with concepts like these, is not to take the most popular categorization and treat it as truth, but rather to survey some of the more popular definitions. I think what is effectively causing this article's size is the lengthy section on the specific places one might find humid subtropical climates according to one classification. I would propose these sections instead:
 * Lede: Reconfigured for the rest of the article, but the main idea should remain unchanged
 * (Replace Characteristics with the below section)
 * X climate classification: One or two paragraphs on how it is defined in this classification, around two paragraphs on the major locations in which it is found (also looking at differences and similarities).
 * (Repeat for 3-4 other classifications max)
 * (Remove the locations section)
 * This set up is, in fact, shorter than the current article, which ponders on the features of each and every locality one may find this climate. I would argue that this is best done on the city climate sections, and city climate sections have every right to only use Köppen, summary style and all. This article should be a survey of definitions and usage, not a ponderous deep dive into Köppen's idea on what a climate zone is, which can also be done on Köppen climate classification. I understand that this would take time to mirror this to other climate pages, but a slow process of doing this is better than the article's current state in my humble opinion.
 * On your second point, I am aware. This does not change my argument, however, which is not (and is not even close to) the idea that Köppen is not good, or that other classifications are better. My argument simply challenges the disparity I see between the handling of climate zones when compared to other conceptual categories. Uness232 (talk) 17:23, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * We agree that Koppen system is the most commonly used system and this page is technically a Koppen page. This article clearly states (or should clearly state) that Koppen defined the Cfa climate as having its warmest monthly average temp at/above 22 degrees Celsius and the coldest monthly average temp at the coldest either 0 or -3 Celsius. We're using the 0 degree Celsius threshold for examples because that clearly qualifies a location as Cfa. There is a brief description of Trewartha's system of this climate because some felt that is a better description of humid subtropical climates. In my humble opinion, that alone muddied the waters. A lot of the objections were some variation of "I do not care what the data shows, I feel that this city with a colder winter climate is not humid subtropical."
 * Perhaps the best way to approach this is to establish Trewartha Climate pages for each of its categories and link it to the Trewartha Climate page. This would help differentiate the two climate systems. G. Capo (talk) 22:20, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @G. Capo: I would assume that a Trewartha climate page would make things more confusing than both of our suggestions. The idea that every climate page be duplicated is fine by me when using a classification based naming system, but a classification-based naming system would then cause an incredibly large amount of disambiguation pages.
 * I have two further disagreements with what you have said. One is that this is "technically a Köppen page." The problem with this is that this is nominally not a Köppen page. It is not called Cfa and Cwa climate (Köppen); rightfully so in my opinion, as that would be a confusing naming convention. This is describing the term humid subtropical. The idea, then, that even stating a Trewartha definition is harmful, is not very productive.
 * What vexes me more, however, is your insistence on speaking of data independent of classification. A climate chart alone can not show that a city has a humid subtropical climate in the absence of a classification scheme. It would give you its mean temperature, precipitation, sunshine, etc; but not its climate type. For that one must find definitions, or at least convention, of classifying climate types. Most of these comments are worded less than ideally, I'll give you that, but some do rely on other climatologist's opinions. It's not just that they feel that, say NYC, Milan or Budapest isn't humid subtropical, it's that they are agreeing (some more knowledgeably than others) with climatologists who have concluded their study thinking that they aren't. That would include Trewartha, Strahler and Holdridge for example. What you inadvertently seem to do when you claim that these people do not care about data is only accept the Köppen classification as "data" while other classifications are "feeling". This is not how classification works, in any field open to classification; say continents. Wikipedia doesn't just cover the seven continent model since that is most common in English-speaking countries; it covers at least 5 different models. This would be the balanced way to cover any classification related topic. Note the most common, note the more popular alternatives. Uness232 (talk) 07:06, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @G. Capo Trying to revive this conversation; any objections, or should I progress to a way of finding a wider consensus, whichever of these it may be? Uness232 (talk) 09:13, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Uness232 Two responses...First, this was intended to be a Koppen page...look at the links below the article. The info on Trewartha was added to point out that the term "humid subtropical climate" apparently was first used under the Trewartha system.
 * Second despite its flaws, the Koppen system is still the most widely used climate classification system. As a result there are hundreds, if not thousands, of Wiki articles that reference the Koppen system. Most people are at least okay with utilizing it, because it's a "common currency." Most if not all of the other Koppen climate pages do not reference other systems. Koppen's humid subtropical climate page should primarily discuss Koppen's description of a Cfa/Cwa climate.
 * The short answer: For clarity sake, if you want to create a page of for example Trewartha's climate version of a humid subtropical climate, feel free to do so. It should probably be titled Humid Subtropical Climate (Climate Classification System). That should be a separate entry from the Koppen version, because its parameters are noticeably different from Koppen's. That page should be linked to the climate system page(s) that it utilizes. This way we do not confuse the reader. G. Capo (talk) 05:12, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @G. Capo I am sorry, but you have not addressed any of my concerns.
 * 1) It does not particularly concern me that this was supposed to be a Köppen page; this argument is on what it should be, now.
 * 2) Another example, most pages which are not the continent page itself use the 7 continent model. That's fine and understandable. However, the continent page is different, because it discusses the concept, and my argument is that we should impart to readers that climate classification is a type of conceptualization.
 * 3) Also, in almost all cases where Köppen is linked, it is qualified as Köppen. See New York City, Tokyo, Paris, and many more. To say that including other classifications would confuse the reader is strange to me, considering my suggested setup is both shorter and more categorized. The idea that a reader can not recognize a bold, heading-sized text reading Köppen climate classification as what they need to read in order to get the information about Köppen is beyond perplexing to me. Other classifications have sources, are routinely used in "Climate of" pages etc. Why not here of all places?
 * I just want an argument on why this (and other climate pages) ought not to be a generalized survey of the most common classifications, that does not verge on belittling the average Wikipedia reader in the expense of everything else. Uness232 (talk) 07:05, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think you stated the page’s problem in your first response. Intention to make it a Koppen climate page while the term was not used in Koppen’s original works and was introduced after 80 years by Trewartha. PAper GOL (talk) 10:49, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * For the record, I do not object to the inclusion of Köppen in this article. A consensus exists in reliable sources to equate Köppen's "hot summer humid temperate climate" with a humid subtropical climate, correctly or not. My problem is how climate classification is handled on Wikipedia in general. Uness232 (talk) 14:03, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You're right. Your first option was a good idea in my opinion, though I don't know if it makes the article more confusing or not.
 * Why not add more information about Trewartha classification to this article? In a way that it will not make the article more complex. PAper GOL (talk) 18:46, 15 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @ PAper GOL As I said before, I believe the solution here is to create a separate page for Trewartha's description of the climate. There are a number of locations that falls under the humid subtropical climate under Koppen's definition that would not fall under that category under Trewartha version of the climate. Philadelphia for example is humid subtropical under Koppen's system and apparently oceanic under Trewartha's system. If I'm clicking on the humid subtropical climate link on the Philadelphia page, it should not lead me to an article with a detailed description of Trewartha's version of the humid subtropical climate. If I click on oceanic climate on that page, it should not lead me to an article with a detailed description of Koppen's version of the oceanic climate. For the record, Trewartha's version of the oceanic climate is also noticeably different from Koppen's version. Discussing two noticeably different classification systems here on the same page only muddies the waters, which irks me to no end. G. Capo (talk) 05:48, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Uness232 I'm curious...what do you propose? How should Wikipedia articles handle climate classifications? Should we use 4+ different climate classifications or should we use none...or should it be somewhere in between? G. Capo (talk) 05:54, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @G. Capo My suggestion was quite clear as I outlined it back in July; here it is again:
 * Lede: Reconfigured for the rest of the article, but the main idea should remain unchanged
 * (Replace Characteristics with the below section)
 * X climate classification: One or two paragraphs on how it is defined in this classification, around two paragraphs on the major locations in which it is found (also looking at differences and similarities).
 * (Repeat for 3-4 other classifications max) --> this would be dependent on which classifications have sources and use this climate type.
 * (Remove the locations section)
 * This is around 10-15 paragraphs of material, smaller than this article, and could readily be expanded upon, but is a good and simple starting point, and is not tough to navigate.
 * Creating separate pages for different climate classifications would cause a superfluous amount of disambiguation pages, while misleading the reader on the messiness of climate categories.
 * Discussing two noticeably different classification systems here on the same page only muddies the waters, which irks me to no end.
 * And this, I find, is the main problem with your position. Discussing the existing complexity of a term is not muddying the waters, it is to clarify it. Uness232 (talk) 08:22, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I guess that is where we fundamentally disagree. If a researcher is reading about how Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate under Koppen's system but then clicks on humid subtropical climate link in that article and he/she is now reading about Trewartha's version of the climate, I can easily see that individual getting confused. If you create a separate page entitled for example Humid Subtropical Climate (Trewartha System) and properly link articles to that article, you significantly decrease opportunities for confusion. Also, there should not be an issue with "disambiguity" if the article is properly linked. Finally, you know well that 10-15 paragraphs of material can easily be expanded to 25-30. The best course of action, to avoid any confusion, is to create a separate entry for the Trewartha version of the Humid Subtropical Climate. As for the other climate types, which I really do not believe we should include as this...again...muddies the waters, if someone has the urge to create new Wiki pages for them them, they should feel free to do so. However, they should be separate entries
 * Other than an article being accurate, the most important thing to me about an article in Wiki is its clarity. I want to readily and easily understand what is being discussed. Your proposed method does the exact opposite. G. Capo (talk) 22:00, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @G. Capo I do not see how that would be. Shanghai is actually an outlier in terms of wording, and even then Cfa is linked to the Köppen classification; and furthermore, Shanghai would be humid subtropical by Trewartha as well. The vast majority of climate sections (see NYC, Tokyo, Paris, London and more) specify that their usage refers to Köppen, and specify when it does not. And if you are claiming that users can not navigate to a specific section in a page, I don't find that particularly believable.
 * I generally fail to understand your insistence that reflecting the very real (and generally non-technical) complexity of climate classification will cause confusion. Wikipedia readily does this in most conceptual categories (from continents to religion). Sometimes, the waters are muddy; sometimes things are not as simple as "this is what X means and everyone agrees on it". Even if this was to create slightly less clarity, it would very much make up for it in terms of explanatory value. I also want to remind you that this page is over the 30 paragraph limit that you asserted would create a problem, and limiting page sizes can be done by consensus.
 * I think this desperately needs some kind of dispute resolution at this point. We are running around in circles. Uness232 (talk) 22:30, 17 August 2023 (UTC)
 * If we are running in circles, why not talk about the reason each solution causes "confusion"? Or how the water is muddy? This, I think, should be discussed first. PAper GOL (talk) 05:46, 18 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @PAper GOL I feel that I already explained this at length, but I suppose I can follow this up in a different way. Climate classification is just and only that; classification. It is not made up of statements of fact, nor is it a one-to-one recreation of climate realities. It is not the rules of mathematics, and it is almost as much semantics as it is climatology.
 * For example, if one was to describe Istanbul's climate with as many words as they like; they could come up with a very detailed and accurate picture; as I've tried to do here, for example. But that's not the job of a climate classification, which has to classify climates in no more than a few words. As I've noted in the page I've linked above, there are 6 different phrases that have been used to classify Istanbul's climate, most of them contradictory.
 * If everything could be wrapped in a neat little Köppen-box, why is everyone disagreeing? Why do many in the Pacific Northwest - even in universities - praise the objective superiority of Trewartha as a more "real-world climate classification", while us in Turkey find it comical that Diyarbakır is "temperate", while Istanbul is "subtropical"? And why does Strahler, the climate classification that many in the Turkish scene portray as the most accurate of etic classifications, think that Rasht is desert?
 * The answer is that climate classification is complex, difficult, and incompatible with the "matter-of-factly" way in which @G. Capo wants pages to be organized.
 * In terms of confusion, I genuinely fail to understand how a sentence like: Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and is the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization.
 * could possibly not clear up the fact that the classification which one must navigate to in the humid subtropical page is the Köppen one.
 * All of this has been said before however. Uness232 (talk) 10:01, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, You clearly expressed your issue this time.
 * But Capo may not want a "matter-of-factly" way for calssification. He may insist on the most commonly used system for some reasons. You were talking about Strahler's, whose classification is almost not explained at all in Wikipedia, that is a problem on its own. Same with Troll. And honestly I know nothing about them. If we want to add information about other classifications, we need an overview of those classifications themselves. PAper GOL (talk) 16:52, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I read the Istanbul page, I think it is well-written, including the classification section.
 * But it also shows that one would need some information about these classification systems. Strahler links to the river system rather than climate and Neef shows a small page with a list of books.PAper GOL (talk) 17:10, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I'll let Capo speak for themself on that first one.
 * On your second claim; true. In fact I am uncomfortable with including Neef at all due to lack of sources. However, there are at least 5 classifications (Köppen, Trewartha, Holdridge, Alisov and Thornthwaite - my inclusion of Strahler was to demonstrate a point) that have good enough sourcing to be on a Wikipedia page. Others may be added, but I am not familiar enough with Troll-Paffen for example.
 * These are the ones that have been covered by sources at least somewhat extensively, and should be given some space (even if less space than Köppen) in pages relating to climate types. And whether the climate classification pages or the specific climate types should come first, the answer is that while having classification pages first would be nice, it ideally should not matter, as long as things start being done. In general there's no need to rush, but with stuff like this perhaps coverage of climate classification on Wikipedia can get more descriptive and productive over the years. If at all possible, I would also be for the creation of a guideline for climate-related pages, with input from the entire community. Uness232 (talk) 17:43, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * On your second claim; true. In fact I am uncomfortable with including Neef at all due to lack of sources. However, there are at least 5 classifications (Köppen, Trewartha, Holdridge, Alisov and Thornthwaite - my inclusion of Strahler was to demonstrate a point) that have good enough sourcing to be on a Wikipedia page. Others may be added, but I am not familiar enough with Troll-Paffen for example.
 * These are the ones that have been covered by sources at least somewhat extensively, and should be given some space (even if less space than Köppen) in pages relating to climate types. And whether the climate classification pages or the specific climate types should come first, the answer is that while having classification pages first would be nice, it ideally should not matter, as long as things start being done. In general there's no need to rush, but with stuff like this perhaps coverage of climate classification on Wikipedia can get more descriptive and productive over the years. If at all possible, I would also be for the creation of a guideline for climate-related pages, with input from the entire community. Uness232 (talk) 17:43, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Humid subtropical climate


text:
List of parliamentary constituencies in Lancashire

The ceremonial county of Lancashire, which includes the unitary authorities of Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool, is divided into sixteen parliamentary constituencies - eight borough constituencies and eight county constituencies.

2010 boundary changes
Under the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the Boundary Commission for England decided to increase Lancashire's representation from 15 to 16 constituencies, with the creation of Wyre and Preston North CC. Lancaster and Wyre was reconfigured and became Lancaster and Fleetwood, and Blackpool North and Fleetwood became Blackpool North and Cleveleys. Other changes were made to realign constituency boundaries with the boundaries of current local government wards, and to reduce the electoral disparity between constituencies.

From 2024
See 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies for further details

Following the abandonment of the Sixth Periodic Review (the 2018 review), the Boundary Commission for England formally launched the 2023 Review on 5 January 2021. Initial proposals were published on 8 June 2021 and, following two periods of public consultation, revised proposals were published on 8 November 2022. The final proposals were published on 28 June 2023.

The commission proposed that Lancashire be combined with Cumbria as a sub-region of the North West Region, with the existing seat of Morecambe and Lunesdale extending into southern Cumbria to create a cross-county boundary constituency. Wyre and Preston North would be abolished, with its contents being distributed to five neighbouring constituencies. As a consequence, Lancaster and Fleetwood, and Blackpool North and Cleveleys would revert back to the previous names of Lancaster and Wyre, and Blackpool North and Fleetwood respectively. Other proposed changes include the expansion of Pendle to become Pendle and Clitheroe. Four wards in the borough of West Lancashire would be included in the Merseyside constituency of Southport.

The following constituencies are proposed:

Containing electoral wards from Blackburn with Darwen Containing electoral wards from Blackpool Containing electoral wards from Burnley Containing electoral wards from Chorley Containing electoral wards from Fylde
 * Blackburn
 * Rossendale and Darwen (part)
 * Blackpool North and Fleetwood (part)
 * Blackpool South
 * Burnley (part)
 * Chorley
 * South Ribble (part)

 * Fylde (part)

Containing electoral wards from Hyndburn Containing electoral wards from Lancaster Containing electoral wards from Pendle
 * Hyndburn (part)
 * Lancaster and Wyre (part)
 * Morecambe and Lunsdale (part also in District of South Lakeland in Cumbria)

 * Burnley (part)

Containing electoral wards from Preston Containing electoral wards from Ribble Valley
 * Pendle and Clitheroe (part)
 * Preston
 * Ribble Valley (part)

 * Pendle and Clitheroe (part)

 * Ribble Valley (part)

Containing electoral wards from Rossendale

 * Hyndburn (part)
 * Rossendale and Darwen (part)

Containing electoral wards from South Ribble Containing electoral wards from West Lancashire
 * Ribble Valley (part)
 * South Ribble (part)

Containing electoral wards from Wyre
 * Southport (part also in the Merseyside borough of Sefton)
 * West Lancashire

 * Blackpool North and Fleetwood (part)
 * Fylde (part)
 * Lancaster and Wyre (part)

Results history
Primary data source: House of Commons research briefing - General election results from 1918 to 2019

2019
The number of votes cast for each political party who fielded candidates in constituencies comprising Lancashire in the 2019 general election were as follows: 1Includes The Speaker, Lyndsay Hoyle, standing in Chorley

Percentage votes
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

2Standing in Chorley, unopposed by the 3 main parties.

* Included in Other

Seats
11983 & 1987 - SDP-Liberal Alliance

2Lindsay Hoyle

Historical representation by party
A cell marked → (with a different colour background to the preceding cell) indicates that the previous MP continued to sit under a new party name.