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Mass in C major (Beethoven)

Ludwig van Beethoven composed the Mass in C major, Op. 86, to a commission from Prince Nikolaus Esterházy II in 1807. The mass, scored for four vocal soloists, choir and orchestra, was premiered that year by the Prince's musical forces in Eisenstadt. Beethoven performed parts of it in his 1808 concert featuring the premieres of four major works including his Fifth Symphony. The mass was published in 1812 by Breitkopf & Härtel.

Both the Prince and contemporary critic E. T. A. Hoffmann were generally displeased by the work, though the latter still considered it "entirely worthy of the great master [because of its] inner structure [and] intelligent orchestration". The work has since been overshadowed by the later and better known Missa solemnis, though critics such as Michael Moore have noted the Mass in C major's superiority in "directness and an emotional content".

History and composition
Beethoven had studied counterpoint in Vienna with Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, an authority in the field, but had not turned to sacred music until late in his career. He received a commission from Prince Nikolaus Esterházy II in 1807, extending a tradition established by Joseph Haydn, who for decades had served as the family's Kapellmeister (music director). Following his return from England in 1795, Haydn had composed one mass per year for the Esterházy family, to celebrate the name day of the Prince's wife, Princess Maria Josepha Esterházy. Haydn had ceased this tradition with the failure of his health in 1802. Beethoven was fully aware of the tradition that Haydn had established and it influenced him strongly in writing the Mass in C major. Beethoven confessed in a letter to the prince: "may I just say that I will hand the mass over to you with great trepidation, as Your Serene Highness is accustomed to having the inimitable masterworks of the great Haydn performed." The musicologist Lewis Lockwood wrote:

"On accepting the prince's commission Beethoven had praised Haydn's masses, calling them 'inimitable masterpieces'. Beethoven meant it. He clearly studied Haydn's masses while composing his own, no doubt for reasons far beyond the fact that the Esterházys had commissioned it, as we see from his sketches for the Gloria. The sketches include two passages copied from the Gloria of Haydn's Schöpfungsmesse (Creation Mass), one of four late Haydn masses easily available to Beethoven in published editions."

Premiere and performance
Beethoven's mass was premiered on 13 September 1807 by the Prince's own musical forces in Eisenstadt, the ancestral seat of the Esterházys not far from Vienna. It is not known what building housed the performance, but the two likely candidates are the Bergkirche, which had hosted a number of the Haydn premieres, and the chapel of the Prince's principal residence, Schloss Esterházy.

The first performance was underrehearsed; the musicologist Stoltzfus described the dress rehearsal as "unsatisfactory", noting that only one of the five altos in the chorus was present. The premiere was not well received, particularly by the man who commissioned it, Prince Esterházy. Lockwood narrated the episode, reporting an anecdote "According to the story, the prince, after hearing the work—and probably noticing its stark difference from the styles of Mass composition he revered in Haydn—said to Beethoven, 'But, my dear Beethoven, what is that you have done again?' Whereupon, continues the story, the court chapel master was heard to laugh—this being none other than Johann Nepomuk Hummel, the composer and pianist who had himself written masses for the Esterházy court, including one in the same key, C major, just the previous year. Reacting angrily to the prince's question and furious over Hummel's pompous laughter as well as the inferior guest quarters he had been given in Eisenstadt, Beethoven left in a huff."

Charles Rosen called the episode Beethoven's "most humiliating public failure". The prince had perhaps muted his reactions in directly addressing Beethoven, as in a later letter to the Countess Henriette von Zielinska he went so far as to say, "Beethoven's mass is unbearably ridiculous and detestable, and I am not convinced that it can ever be performed properly. I am angry and mortified."

Beethoven conducted parts of the mass, the Gloria and the Sanctus, in a concert on 22 December 1808, which featured the public premieres of his Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 6, Piano Concerto No. 4 and Choral Fantasy.

Publication
Beethoven offered the mass, after revising the composition, to the publisher Breitkopf & Härtel, together with the Fifth and Sixth Symphonies. Originally, the mass had been dedicated to Prince Esterházy; this dedication appears on the manuscript score used at the premiere. Perhaps unsurprisingly, given the outcome of the first performance and the Prince's reaction, Beethoven dedicated the published version (1812) to another person, Prince Kinsky. The first publication consisted of a printed score with handwritten copies of orchestral parts on request.

The publisher sent Beethoven an alternative German text by Christian Schreiber, about which Beethoven commented on 16 January 1811: "The translation of the Gloria seems to fit well to me, but to the Kyrie not so well, although the beginning tief im Staub anbeten wir [deep in dust we worship] fits very well; yet it seems to me in some expressions such as ew’gen Weltenherrscher [eternal ruler of the world] Allgewaltigen [omnipotent] are more suitable for the Gloria. The general character ... in the Kyrie is heartfelt resignation, from where the depth of religious feelings Gott erbarme dich unser [God have mercy upon us] without, however, being sad, gentleness is the basis of the whole work, ... although eleison have mercy upon us – yet there is cheerfulness in the whole. The Catholic goes to his church on Sundays bedecked with festive cheerfulness. The Kyrie Eleison is likewise the introduction to the whole mass; with such strong expressions little remains over for the places where they should really be strong."

Structure and scoring
The composition is scored for four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor, bass), a four-part choir (SATB), and a symphony orchestra of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, trumpets, timpani, strings and organ. The setting of the Latin Order of Mass is structured in five movements. In the following table of the movements, the voices, markings, keys and time signatures are taken from the score.

Reception
E. T. A. Hoffmann wrote in a review in 1813, expecting the power of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, about the "expression of a childlike serene mind, which, relying on its purity, trusts in belief in God's mercy and pleads to him as to a father who wants the best for his children and fulfills their requests ("den Ausdruck eines kindlich heiteren Gemüths, das, auf seine Reinheit bauend, gläubig der Gnade Gottes vertraut und zu ihm fleht wie zu dem Vater, der das Beste seiner Kinder will und ihre Bitten erhört)". In the Agnus Dei, in C minor, he heard "a feeling of inner hurt which does not tear the heart but is good for it, and dissolves, like a sorrow from another world, to unearthly delight" ("ein Gefühl der inneren Wehmut, die aber das Herz nicht zerreisst, sondern ihm wohlthut, und sich, wie der Schmerz, der aus einer andern Welt gekommen ist, in überirdische Wonne auflöst"). Critic Nicholas Marston characterizes this review as "fail[ing] to find much favour".

Today, the mass is appreciated by critics (such as Rosen) but is probably one of the least performed of Beethoven's larger works. The work is generally overshadowed by Beethoven's later Missa solemnis. The Penguin Guide to Compact Discs (2007 edition) calls the work a "long-underrated masterpiece", while Michael Moore wrote "it has a directness and an emotional content that the [Missa solemnis] sometimes lacks."

Recordings
The Mass in C major was described by conductor Trevor Harvey as "unjustly neglected", in regards to its recording history. As of 2008 there were only around 10 recordings of the Mass in C major; the Missa solemnis had been recorded at least 21 times. Of these, two are recordings of both masses together: Carlo Maria Giulini with the Philharmonia Orchestra and Philharmonia Chorus (1971) as well as Colin Davis with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Symphony Chorus (2008). Gramophone considers the former a stronger recording, due to its energy and vitality. Other noted recordings include a thoughtful interpretation by Richard Hickox and Collegium Musicum 90 (2003); a refreshing recording by John Eliot Gardiner with the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique and Monteverdi Choir; as well as an intimate take by George Guest with the Academy of St Martin in the Fields and Choir of St John's College, Cambridge.

title: Mass in C major (Beethoven)


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The Whole Shebang

The Whole Shebang may refer to:

 * The Whole Shebang (film), a 2001 romantic comedy film
 * The Whole SHeBANG, a 1999 album by country music trio SHeDAISY
 * The Whole Shebang (album), a 2005 album by Tennessee band Fluid Ounces
 * The Shebang, a radio program previously known as The Whole Shebang
 * The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report, a book by Timothy Ferris

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Whole Shebang


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Vinegar syndrome

Vinegar syndrome, also known as acetic acid syndrome, is a condition created by the deacetylation of cellulose acetates (usually cellulose diacetate) and cellulose triacetate. This deacetylation produces acetic acid, giving off a vinegar odor that gives the condition its name; as well, objects undergoing vinegar syndrome often shrink, become brittle, and form crystals on their surface due to the migration of plasticizers. Vinegar syndrome widely affects cellulose acetate film as used in photography. It has also been observed to affect older magnetic tape, where cellulose acetate is used as a base, as well as polarizers used in liquid-crystal display units and everyday plastics such as containers and tableware. High temperatures and fluctuations in relative humidity have been observed to accelerate the process. The process is autocatalytic, and the damage done by vinegar syndrome is irreversible.

History
The first instance of cellulose triacetate degradation was reported to the Eastman Kodak Company within a decade of its introduction in 1948. The first report came from the Government of India, whose film materials were stored in hot, humid conditions. It was followed by further reports of degradation from collections stored in similar conditions. These observations resulted in continuing studies in the Kodak laboratories during the 1960s. Film degradation can only be delayed by storage in dry and cold conditions. It was initially thought that storage under recommended conditions might delay decay by 450 years, but some films are developing vinegar syndrome after just 70 years of cold dry storage.

The film preservationist Harold Brown is credited with coining the phrase "vinegar syndrome".

The progression of degradation
In acetate film, acetyl (CH3CO) groups are attached to long molecular chains of cellulose. With exposure to moisture, heat, or acids, these acetyl groups break from their molecular bonds and acetic acid is released. While the acid is initially released inside the plastic, it gradually diffuses to the surface, causing a characteristic vinegary smell.

The decay process follows this pattern:
 * Acetic acid is released during the initial acetate base deterioration, leading to the characteristic vinegar odor. This signal marks the progression of deterioration.
 * The plastic film base becomes brittle. This occurs in the advanced stages of deterioration, weakening the film and causing it to shatter with the slightest tension. These physical changes happen because cellulose acetate consists of long chains of repeating units, or polymers. When the acetic acid is released as these groups break off, the acidic environment helps to break the links between units, shortening the polymer chains and leading to brittleness.
 * Shrinkage also occurs during this process. With the cellulose acetate polymer chains breaking into smaller pieces, and with their side groups splitting off, the plastic film begins to shrink. In advanced stages of deterioration, shrinkage can be as much as 10%. There have been some reports of film 35mm wide shrinking to almost 17mm.
 * As the acetate base shrinks, the gelatin emulsion of the film does not shrink, because it is not undergoing deterioration. The emulsion and film base separate, causing buckling, referred to by archivists as 'channelling.' Sheet films are often severely channelled in the later stages of degradation.
 * Crystalline deposits or liquid-filled bubbles appear on the emulsion. These are evidence of plasticizers, additives to the plastic base, becoming incompatible with the film base and oozing out on the surface. This discharge of plasticizers is a sign of advanced degradation.
 * In some cases, pink or blue colors appear in some sheet films. This is caused by antihalation dyes, which are normally colorless and incorporated into the gelatin layer. When acetic acid is formed during deterioration, the acidic environment causes the dyes to return to their original pink or blue color.

Testing
A testing product developed by the Image Permanence Institute, A-D, or "acid-detection" indicator strips change color from blue through shades of green to yellow with increasing exposure to acid. According to the test User's Guide, they were "created to aid in the preservation of collections of photographic film, including sheet and roll films, cinema film, and microfilm. They provide a nondestructive method of determining the extent of vinegar syndrome in film collections." These tools can be used to determine the extent of damage to a film collection and which steps should be taken to prolong their usability.

title: Vinegar syndrome


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Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy

Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy (Esterházy I. Miklós, Nikolaus I. Joseph Fürst Esterhazy; slovensky Mikuláš I. Esterházy; 18 December 1714 – 28 September 1790) was a Hungarian prince, a member of the famous Esterházy family. His building of palaces, extravagant clothing, and taste for opera and other grand musical productions led to his being given the title "the Magnificent". He is remembered as the principal employer of the composer Joseph Haydn.

Life
Nikolaus Esterházy was the son of Prince Joseph (József Simon Antal, 1688–1721), and the younger brother of Prince Paul Anton (Pál Antal, 1711–1762). He took the title of Prince on his brother's death.

His name is given in various languages: German (the language of the Habsburg Court) "Nikolaus Josef", Hungarian (probably his native language) "Miklós József," and (in English contexts) the English form of his name, "Nicholas".

In early life he was educated by Jesuits. He became a military officer, serving the Austrian Empire. Of his military career, Robbins Landon notes that he achieved, "considerable distinction, particularly as Colonel at the Battle of Kolin (1757) in the Seven Years' War where, with great personal courage, he led the wavering cavalry troops to victory. He was later made a Lieutenant Field-Marshal." Subsequently he became one of the original members of the Order of Maria Theresa. In 1762 he was appointed captain of Maria Theresa's Hungarian bodyguard, in 1764 Feldzeugmeister, and in 1768 field marshal. His other honours included the Golden Fleece and the grade of commander in the Order of Maria Theresa.

Robbins Landon narrates Nikolaus's marriage thus: "On 4 March 1737, he married Freiin Marie Elisabeth, daughter of Reichsgraf (Count of the Holy Roman Empire) Ferdinand von Weissenwolf". His son Anton I, Prince Esterházy became the father of Nikolaus II, Prince Esterházy, patron of well known musicians and composers.

During the period before his brother Paul Anton's death, Nikolaus held the title of Count. He generally lived apart from his brother, favoring a hunting lodge near the Neusiedlersee in Hungary. The brothers got along well, however, at least as can be determined from their correspondence.

Upon his brother's death in 1762, Paul Anton having had no children, Nikolaus inherited the title of Prince. Joseph II conferred the title of Prince, which had previously been limited to the eldest-born of the house, on all his descendants, male and female.

In 1766, Nikolaus began the construction of a magnificent new palace constructed at Eszterháza (now Fertőd), in rural Hungary on the site of his old hunting lodge. This is the most admired of the various Esterházy homes, is often called the "Hungarian Versailles," and is a tourist attraction today. The Prince at first spent only summers there, but gradually came to spend ten months of the year—much to the distress of his musicians; see the tale of the "Farewell" Symphony. Nikolaus evidently did not enjoy Vienna (where most of the Empire's landed aristocrats spent much of their time) and the time he spent away from Eszterháza was mostly at the old family seat in Eisenstadt.

Nikolaus had a very high income; according to some sources, he was richer than the Austrian Emperor. However, his expenses were also high, and on his death his son and successor Anton (Antal, 1738–1794) was forced to retrench financially.

Personal characteristics
Nikolaus carried over habits he had acquired in the military to the administration of his household and lands. His chief administrator, Peter Ludwig von Rahier, was likewise a military man, and the highest ranking servants (including Joseph Haydn) were designated as "house officers" and ate at a special table provided for them.

The Prince insisted on honesty and exact adherence to procedure in his officials. At one point he issued "a detailed printed document to his subordinates, containing all manner of ... instructions and advice ('locks on granaries must be subject to checks'; 'officials must be polite'; 'intoxication is the greatest vice'; 'the bee-hives are to be counted'; 'officials must lead God-fearing lives')." In fact, his management style was successful, insofar as "by the time of his death in 1790, he had greatly increased the wealth of the family estates."

Nikolaus was extravagant in his clothing budget, and wore a famous jacket studded with diamonds. He was also "intensely musical" (Robbins Landon and Jones, 35), and he played the cello, the viola da gamba, and his favourite instrument, the difficult and now-obscure baryton.

Goethe, who beheld Nikolaus in Frankfurt on a diplomatic mission during the coronation of Joseph II in 1764, described him as 'not tall, though well-formed, lively, and at the same time eminently decorous, without pride or coldness.'

Benevolence
Nikolaus did not spend all of his income on himself; Karl Geiringer, in his biography of Haydn, documents a program of social welfare maintained by the Prince for his employees: "Prince Nicolaus often showed himself to be generous and kindhearted and by and large displayed a degree of social-mindedness uncommon at that time. He paid pensions to aged employees, and bestowed small sums on their widows.  He supported a modest hospital in Eisenstadt and another in Eszterháza, which were available to the court employees.  The medicines dispensed by the monastery of the Brothers of the Order of Mercy were, in most cases, paid for by the Prince.  Any employee was entitled to consult one of the three physicians attached to the court, and, if the doctor so advised, an ailing servant was sent at the sovereign's expense to a spa to receive treatment."

Nikolaus and Joseph Haydn
Nikolaus did not hire Haydn, but rather "inherited" him from his brother, who had hired him as Vice Kapellmeister in 1761. He was responsible for the promotion of Haydn to full Kapellmeister on the death of the old Kapellmeister, Gregor Werner, in 1766.

It is evident that, following a brief initial rough period (Haydn was reprimanded for negligence in 1765), the prince ultimately came to treasure Haydn. For instance, he frequently presented Haydn with gold ducats in praise of individual compositions, twice rebuilt Haydn's house when it burnt down (1768, 1776), and reversed a decision (1780) to dismiss the mediocre soprano Luigia Polzelli from the payroll when it became evident that Polzelli had become Haydn's mistress. Haydn was also allowed (1766) to retain another mediocre singer on the payroll, his younger brother Johann.

The official reprimand of 1765 included wording insisting that Haydn compose more works for the Prince's favorite instrument, the baryton. Haydn responded immediately, and in the period starting at this time and continuing into the mid-1770s wrote 126 baryton trios, as well as other works for the instrument. The baryton being quite obscure today, this music is not often played at present.

In his later life Nikolaus played much less, listening to ceaseless performances of operas produced by Haydn and his troupe both for the main theatre and for the marionette theatre at Esterhaza. Haydn wrote several of these operas himself (see List of operas by Joseph Haydn). These are likewise among his least remembered works.

There is no sign that Nikolaus had any real interest in Haydn's string quartets, now considered among his greatest works. However, there is one area of Haydn's œuvre where Nikolaus can be uncontroversially considered a great patron of musical arts, as he was the primary sponsor of Haydn's series of symphonies. Of the 106 symphonies, those following the series written for Count Morzin (Haydn's first employer) and for Paul Anton, and before the Paris symphonies of the late 1780s, were written specifically at Nikolaus's instigation. They were premiered by a small orchestra that Nikolaus provided to Haydn, giving the composer ample rehearsal time, salary levels to attract top personnel, and full artistic control. Few composers can ever have claimed to have possessed such an incubator for their creations, and the symphonies that Haydn wrote for this ensemble can fairly be regarded as Nikolaus's gift to posterity.

The orchestra maintained by the Prince was much smaller than modern symphony orchestras; in the 1760s it numbered only about 13-15. Later, particularly with the introduction of opera performances, the orchestra was expanded, reaching a peak of about 22–24.

A letter of Haydn's tells us that Nikolaus was disconsolate at the death (25 February 1790) of his wife, Princess Maria Elisabeth. The composer struggled to keep his employer's spirits up with music during the few months that he survived her.

title: Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy


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User:JMBell/Lost Library/WelcomeTemp

To all prospective users, the rules are simple - copy the above code, substituting (your name) with your user name, remove the parentheses, and remove the two nowiki commands at the end of the code. Variants are also possible: e.g. removing the faded lines at the top or bottom, changing font size, etc. etc. JMBell° 23:37, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User:JMBell/Lost Library/WelcomeTemp


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Aloo pie

An aloo pie is a Caribbean fast food dish originating from and common in Trinidad and Tobago.

An aloo pie is a pastry filled with seasoned mashed potatoes and then fried. It is therefore similar to samosas, but at 10-15 cm in length it is significantly larger, and it does not have a triangular basic shape, but rather resembles a calzone. The dough consists of flour, water, salt, baking powder and if necessary some saffron for the color. Seasonings and ingredients used in the mashed potatoes include salt, pepper, onion, cumin, and garlic, and occasionally green seasoning and long coriander. As a rule, the dumplings are cut open before serving and garnished with a curry based on chickpeas or green peas. It is seasoned with a chutney (usually based on tamarind or mango), chadon beni and a spicy pepper sauce.

Aloo is Hindi and means potato. Trinidad was a British colony from 1797 to 1962, so English is spoken there. After the abolition of slavery in Trinidad, numerous Indians were recruited from 1845 as cheap labor for the plantations, who in turn introduced curries that were often vegetarian and sometimes contained potatoes. The pies are sold in snack bars, but also in bakeries and cafeterias in Trinidad. On the street, aloo pies are often sold by vendors who also sell doubles, since both dishes are fried and can therefore be made with the same appliance.

title: Aloo pie


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Click here for more info about venice.including reasons why you should visit here!

Click here for more info about venice.including reasons why you should visit here!
Pretty much ridiculous and obviously unencyclopedic. Tadanisakari 06:28, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)


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Comet Morehouse

Comet Morehouse (modern formal designation: C/1908 R1) was a bright, non-periodic comet discovered by US astronomer Daniel Walter Morehouse and first observed on September 1, 1908, at Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. Morehouse was a graduate student at the time. It was unusual in the rapid variations seen in the structure of its tail. At times, the tail seemed to split into up to six separate tails; at others, the tail appeared completely detached from the head of the comet. The tail was further unusual in that it formed while the comet was still 2 AU away from the Sun (where distances of 1.5 AU are more usual), and that there was a high concentration of the CO+ ion in its spectrum.

As is typical for comets fresh from the Oort Cloud, its orbital solution is more or less parabolic; if its orbit is in fact closed, it will likely not return for millions of years.

title: Comet Morehouse


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Heptomino

A heptomino (or 7-omino or septomino) is a polyomino of order 7; that is, a polygon in the plane made of 7 equal-sized squares connected edge to edge. The name of this type of figure is formed with the prefix hept(a)-. When rotations and reflections are not considered to be distinct shapes, there are 108 different free heptominoes. When reflections are considered distinct, there are 196 one-sided heptominoes. When rotations are also considered distinct, there are 760 fixed heptominoes.

Symmetry
The figure shows all possible free heptominoes, coloured according to their symmetry groups:

 * 84 heptominoes (coloured grey) have no symmetry. Their symmetry group consists only of the identity mapping.
 * 9 heptominoes (coloured red) have an axis of reflection symmetry aligned with the gridlines. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and the reflection in a line parallel to the sides of the squares.
 * [[File:Reflection Symmetrical Heptominoes-90-deg.svg]]

 * 7 heptominoes (coloured green) have an axis of reflection symmetry at 45° to the gridlines. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and a diagonal reflection.
 * [[File:Reflection Symmetrical Heptominoes-45-deg.svg]]

 * 4 heptominoes (coloured blue) have point symmetry, also known as rotational symmetry of order 2. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and the 180° rotation.
 * [[File:Rotation Symmetrical Heptominoes.svg]]

 * 3 heptominoes (coloured purple) have two axes of reflection symmetry, both aligned with the gridlines. Their symmetry group has four elements, the identity, two reflections and the 180° rotation. It is the dihedral group of order 2, also known as the Klein four-group.

 * 1 heptomino (coloured orange) has two axes of reflection symmetry, both aligned with the diagonals. Its symmetry group also has four elements. Its symmetry group is also the dihedral group of order 2 with four elements.
 * Rotation and Reflection Symmetrical Heptominoes.svg

If reflections of a heptomino are considered distinct, as they are with one-sided heptominoes, then the first and fourth categories above would each double in size, resulting in an extra 88 heptominoes for a total of 196. If rotations are also considered distinct, then the heptominoes from the first category count eightfold, the ones from the next three categories count fourfold, and the ones from the last two categories count twice. This results in 84 × 8 + (9+7+4) × 4 + (3+1) × 2 = 760 fixed heptominoes.

Packing and tiling
Of the 108 free heptominoes, 101 satisfy the Conway criterion and 3 more can form a patch satisfying the criterion. Thus, only 4 heptominoes fail to satisfy the criterion and, in fact, these 4 are unable to tessellate the plane.

 * No Tile Heptominoes.png

Although a complete set of the 108 free heptominoes has a total of 756 squares, it is not possible to tile a rectangle with that set. The proof of this is trivial, since there is one heptomino which has a hole. It is also impossible to pack them into a 757-square rectangle with a one-square hole because 757 is a prime number.

However, the set of 107 simply connected free heptominoes—that is, the ones without the hole—can tile a 7 by 107 (749-square) rectangle. Furthermore, the complete set of free heptominoes can tile three 11-by-23 (253-square) rectangles, each with a one-square hole in the center; the complete set can also tile twelve 8 by 8 (64-square) squares with a one-square hole in the "center".

title: Heptomino


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Nonomino

A nonomino (or enneomino or 9-omino) is a polyomino of order 9; that is, a polygon in the plane made of 9 equal-sized squares connected edge to edge. The name of this type of figure is formed with the prefix non(a)-. When rotations and reflections are not considered to be distinct shapes, there are 1,285 different free nonominoes. When reflections are considered distinct, there are 2,500 one-sided nonominoes. When rotations are also considered distinct, there are 9,910 fixed nonominoes.

Symmetry
The 1,285 free nonominoes can be classified according to their symmetry groups:
 * 1,196 nonominoes have no symmetry. Their symmetry group consists only of the identity mapping.
 * 38 nonominoes have an axis of reflection symmetry aligned with the gridlines. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and the reflection in a line parallel to the sides of the squares.

 * 26 nonominoes have an axis of reflection symmetry at 45° to the gridlines. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and a diagonal reflection.

 * 19 nonominoes have point symmetry, also known as rotational symmetry of order 2. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and the 180° rotation.

 * 4 nonominoes have two axes of reflection symmetry, both aligned with the gridlines. Their symmetry group has four elements, the identity, two reflections and the 180° rotation. It is the dihedral group of order 2, also known as the Klein four-group.

 * 2 nonominoes have four axes of reflection symmetry, aligned with the gridlines and the diagonals, and rotational symmetry of order 4. Their symmetry group, the dihedral group of order 4, has eight elements.

Unlike octominoes, there are no nonominoes with rotational symmetry of order 4 or with two axes of reflection symmetry aligned with the diagonals.

If reflections of a nonomino are considered distinct, as they are with one-sided nonominoes, then the first and fourth categories above double in size, resulting in an extra 1,215 nonominoes for a total of 2,500. If rotations are also considered distinct, then the nonominoes from the first category count eightfold, the ones from the next three categories count fourfold, the ones from the fifth category count twice, and the ones from the last category count only once. This results in 1,196 × 8 + (38+26+19) × 4 + 4 × 2 + 2 = 9,910 fixed nonominoes.

Packing and tiling
37 nonominoes have holes. Therefore a complete set cannot be packed into a rectangle and not all nonominoes have tilings. Of the 1285 free nonominoes, 960 satisfy the Conway criterion and 88 more can form a patch satisfying the criterion. Two additional nonominoes admit tilings, but satisfy neither of the previous criteria. This is the lowest order of polyomino for which such exceptions exist.

One nonomino has a two-square hole (second rightmost in the top row) and is the smallest polyomino with such a hole.

title: Nonomino


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Thought broadcasting

Thought broadcasting is a type of delusional condition in which the affected person believes that others can hear their inner thoughts, despite a clear lack of evidence. The person may believe that either those nearby can perceive their thoughts or that they are being transmitted via mediums such as television, radio or the internet. Different people can experience thought broadcasting in different ways. Thought broadcasting is most commonly found among people who have a psychotic disorder, specifically schizophrenia.

Thought broadcasting is considered a severe delusion and it induces multiple complications, from lack of insight to social isolation. The delusion normally occurs along with other symptoms. Thought broadcasting is considered rare. In one study, for instance, it had a prevalence of 6% among individuals with schizophrenia.

Thought broadcasting is linked with problems of self-other control (the capacity to distinguish oneself from others). This type of delusion can be treated with the use of antipsychotic and psychotherapy. The delusion is part of the Schneider's first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia. The diagnosis of the condition can be made using the DSM-5 or the ICD-11.

Definition
Various interpretations of thought broadcasting exist in the literature, but three primary definitions have been recognized. Under the first definition, thought broadcasting occurs when an individual hears their own thoughts spoken aloud. This definition suggests an auditory hallucination is experienced by the individual. It was first noted in Kraepelin's book, Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. The second definition involves an individual sensing their thoughts silently escaping from their mind, without necessarily being audible to others. This contrasts with thought withdrawal, a similar phenomenon, as thoughts passively dissipate outwards rather than being actively removed. The third and final definition posits that thought broadcasting happens when others think in union with the individual, without the need for the thoughts to be audible. It was first described by Schneider in 1959 and is considered to be the most important definition.

Signs and symptoms

Thought broadcasting is the persistent, distressing belief that one's thoughts are accessible by others, that continues even when evidence to the contrary is presented. This condition is frequent among individuals with schizophrenia and is considered a positive symptom; however, it can also manifest during maniac episodes of bipolar disorder, psychotic depression, brief psychotic disorder and schizoaffective disorder. Thought broadcasting is rare and there are no significant differences in occurrence between sexes. This type of delusion is also regarded as one of the most severe, due to its significant effect on mental well-being. Within the population of individuals with schizophrenia, thought broadcasting has a prevalence of approximately 6%, according to one study. This type of delusion rarely occurs in isolation; it frequently coexists with other symptoms, including auditory verbal hallucinations, somatic hallucinations, delusions of control, delusion of guilt, sexual delusions, and depersonalization.

Thought broadcasting is often paired with lower functioning, quality of life, magical thinking and lack of insight and judgment. It can also contribute to symptoms of depression and anxiety. Thought broadcasting recurrently leads to changes in mental privacy, location, and agency. It can also blur ego boundary. It can be considered a manifestation of autonetic agnosia, that is, a deficit in the ability to identify self-generated mental events, along with thought insertion and others.

This type of delusion influences both speech production and speech perception. Over time, thought broadcasting can shape how one thinks. If someone says a word or phrase similar to what the patient may have been thinking, it could catalyze the delusion, especially if it happens fairly frequently.

Association with obsessive-compulsive disorder
There is a very high comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia. This may result from obsessive-compulsive symptoms that initially present or worsen with the use of atypical antipsychotics, a common treatment modality for schizophrenia. Intrusive thoughts—involuntary and unwanted thoughts, ideas, and images—constitute a central symptom of OCD. When these intrusive thoughts are coupled with thought broadcasting, it causes a special concern that these could be apprehended by others, resulting in increased anxiety and shame, leading to social isolation—a safety behavior. The relief given by isolation then reinforces the belief that the individual needs to stay away from others.

Causes
Auditory hallucinations are often depicted as malicious voices that possess knowledge about the person's private and shameful thoughts or actions, which the individual would prefer to keep hidden. In these situations, thought broadcasting arises as an inability to conceal one's own thoughts. This type of delusion is also believed to be linked with problems in self-other control, that is, when an individual adjusts the representation of oneself and others in social interactions. Methamphetamine abuse can induce psychosis, including thought broadcasting. One theory suggests that when the two hemispheres of the brain are not effectively integrated, the left hemisphere may fail to identify the source of feelings and thoughts originating in the right hemisphere. As a result, individuals may experience the mistaken belief that these thoughts and emotions are either being inserted into (thought insertion), removed from (thought withdrawal), or transmitted out of their own head (thought broadcasting).

Treatment
Individuals with thought broadcasting have a lower acceptance of treatment. Both antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy, specially cognitive behavioral therapy, may be useful. In one case study, cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy helped reduce significantly the conviction of thought broadcasting. In another case study, where an individuals with schizophrenia also exhibited comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), treating these symptoms helped to reduce thought broadcasting. This delusion does not significantly affect the prognosis for patients with psychosis, though is observed more often in schizophrenia with poor prognosis.

Diagnosis and classification
Thought broadcasting was initially described by Emil Kraepelin in his 1913 work, Psychiatrie. In the mid-1900s, Kurt Schneider classified thought broadcasting as typical of schizophrenia, encompassing it as a first-rank symptom along with 7 others. From then, the delusion has been incorporated into the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) diagnostic criteria. The DSM-5 outlines eleven categories of delusions, among which thought broadcasting is included. The ICD-11 characterizes it as in experiences of influence, passivity, and control, along with thought insertion and withdrawal. The DSM-5 specifies thought broadcasting as a belief that one's thoughts are transmitted and consequently perceived by others. It also classifies it as bizarre—a delusion of implausible and incomprehensible nature. In contrast, the ICD-11 provides a broader description, stating that an individual's thoughts are accessible to others, enabling them to know the content of those thoughts. Furthermore, it includes thought broadcasting as one of the core symptoms for diagnosing schizophrenia.

title: Thought broadcasting


text:
User talk:Temptation4u13

Hi, im new to wikipedia, but anyone out there graceful enough to come across this, good for u, thanks and have a nice day.

title: User talk:Temptation4u13


text:
Ullah

Ellah is an Islamic name, which means "of Allah" or "of The God". Ellah is the form assumed by "Allah" when in a genitive construction. For instance, in classical Arabic when case ending vowels were still pronounced, "servant of God" would be "`abdu -llāhi", where the initial "a" of "Allah" is dropped, thus producing the modern word "Abdullah". Other examples include Hizbullah (party of God), Irfanullah (knowledge of God), Jundullah (army of God), Mohibullah (friend of God), Nasrallah (victory of God), Asadullah (Lion of God).

The name Ullah may also refer to:

People

 * Ahsan Ullah (born 1992), Pakistani football player
 * AKM Alim Ullah (born 1955), Bangladeshi politician
 * Atiq Ullah (born 1983), Pakistani football player
 * Fareed Ullah (born 2001), Pakistani footballer
 * Hamid Ullah Afsar (1895–1974), Indian writer
 * Hifazat Ullah Khan (born 1952), Pakistani general
 * Ibad Ullah (born 1974), Pakistani politician
 * Imran Ullah Khan (born 1932), Pakistani general
 * Israr Ullah Zehri (born 1965), Pakistani politician
 * Kamran Ullah (born 1983), Dutch journalist
 * Khalil Ullah Khan (1934–2014), Bangladeshi actor
 * M. M. Rahmat Ullah (born 1940), Bangladeshi politician
 * Mushahid Ullah Khan (born 1952), Pakistani politician
 * Qudrat Ullah Shahab (1917–1987), Pakistani writer
 * Rahim Ullah (died 1861), Bengali rebel
 * Sajjad Ullah Baqi (born 1979), Pakistani politician
 * Shahkur Ullah Durrani (1928–2009), Pakistani businessman
 * S.M. Ullah, Bangladeshi scientist
 * Zaka Ullah Bhangoo (1948–2007), Pakistani general
 * Dr Zaker Ullah, Bangla TV Presenter
 * Zameer Ullah Khan (born 1966), Indian politician

title: Ullah


text:
154 (number)

154 (one hundred [and] fifty-four) is the natural number following 153 and preceding 155.

In mathematics
154 is a nonagonal number. Its factorization makes 154 a sphenic number.

There is no integer with exactly 154 coprimes below it, making 154 a noncototient, nor is there, in base 10, any integer that added up to its own digits yields 154, making 154 a self number

154 is the sum of the first six factorials, if one starts with $$0!$$ and assumes that $$0!=1$$.

With just 17 cuts, a pancake can be cut up into 154 pieces (Lazy caterer's sequence).

The distinct prime factors of 154 add up to 20, and so do the ones of 153, hence the two form a Ruth-Aaron pair. 154! + 1 is a factorial prime.

In music

 * 154 is an album by Wire, named for the number of live gigs Wire had performed at that time

In the military

 * USS Bauxite (IX-154) was a United States Navy Trefoil-class concrete barge during World War II
 * USS Candid (AM-154) was a United States Navy Admirable-class minesweeper during World War II
 * USS Ellis (DD-154) was a United States Navy Wickes-class destroyer during World War II
 * USS General LeRoy Eltinge (AP-154) was a United States Navy General G. O. Squier-class transport during World War II
 * USS Lowndes (APA-154) was a United States Navy Haskell-class attack transport during World War II
 * USS Sims (DE-154) was a United States Navy Buckley-class destroyer escort ship during World War II
 * Strike Fighter Squadron 154 (VFA-154) is a United States Navy strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore
 * Convoy ON-154 was a convoy of ships in December 1942 during World War II

In sports

 * Major League Baseball teams played 154 games per season prior to expansion in 1961
 * Golfer Jack Nicklaus played in a record 154 consecutive major championships from the 1957 U.S. Open to the 1998 U.S. Open

In transportation

 * Seattle Bus Route 154
 * The Maserati Tipo 154 racecar, also known as 151/4, was produced in 1965

In other fields
154 is also:
 * The year AD 154 or 154 BC
 * 154 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to that corresponds to 770 – 771 AD
 * 154 Bertha is a dark outer Main belt asteroid
 * Ross 154 is a red dwarf star near the southern constellation Sagittarius
 * Psalm 154
 * Shakespeare’s 154 sonnets, the last being Sonnet 154
 * Elcapo No. 154, Saskatchewan is a rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada
 * The atomic number of an element temporarily called Unpentquadium
 * In the United Kingdom, 154 is the telephone number used to report Business Faults with telephone provider BT
 * At 154% of the maximum expected load the Boeing 777's wings fail.

title: 154 (number)


text: Talk:Kongde Ri

title: Talk:Kongde Ri


text:
Olivia Spencer

Olivia Spencer is a fictional character on the popular CBS daytime soap opera, Guiding Light. The character was introduced to audiences in the summer of 1999 as the fiancée of the late Prince Richard Winslow. Crystal Chappell originated the role and played it until the end of the series. For her portrayal, the actress was nominated five times (most recently, in 2010) for Outstanding Supporting Actress at the Daytime Emmy Awards, winning the award in 2002.

Storylines
A native of the fictional island of San Cristobel, Olivia is the middle child of the late Gregory and Rebecca Spencer. The latter died of a stroke during an argument she was having with her daughter regarding her teenage pregnancy. She has and had two siblings: the eldest a sister, the late Marissa Spencer Randall, who was murdered by her husband, the late Alfred Randall, and her younger brother, Samuel Marcus "Sam" Spencer. She is also aunt to Alfred and Marissa's adoptive son, Jonathan Randall, and thus great aunt to his daughter, Sarah Randall. Olivia received Gus Aitoro's (Ricky Paull Goldin) heart to survive when he was killed on April 1, 2008. Before she was hospitalized, she set up a wedding to marry Gus but he declined. She married Jeffrey so she wouldn't be alone.

As a result of teenage rape, she gave birth to a baby girl in 1986. The baby was fathered by Jeffrey O'Neill, and placed for adoption right after birth. 20 years later Olivia discovered the woman she tried to kill, Ava Peralta, was actually her long-lost daughter. Through time and anguish, mother and daughter eventually forgave each other. Olivia also managed to forgive Jeffrey O’Neil for raping her, but not with ease. He apologized numerous times, and even said he would turn himself in. Ultimately, Jeffery did not have to do that. In time, all was forgiven. Jeffrey even agreed to marry her so she and her youngest daughter, Emma, would not be alone. Phillip Spaulding (Grant Aleksander) fathered Emma in 2003. The child was aged to age 8 in October 2008.

Following Gus's death, Olivia and Natalia Rivera (Jessica Leccia) become close, as Natalia wanted to feel close to Gus's heart and Olivia needed support to heal from her surgery. Olivia moves into Natalia's farmhouse, and Natalia became her assistant and helped care for Olivia's daughter Emma. When Olivia recovered, the two decided to remain roommates due to their extremely close friendship and for Emma's stability. In early 2009, the nature of their relationship was thrown into doubt when Emma made a school presentation discussing her "two mommies." Due to her naivete, Natalia didn't understand that the school faculty and other parents thought she and Olivia were lesbians, so Olivia pulled her best friend into a kiss to explain the insinuations about their relationships. In the following weeks, the two begin to question their feelings for each other and fight the romantic direction their relationship is taken.

Despite their attempts to deny the romantic attraction between them, Olivia and Natalia are each beginning their own personal journey toward realizing the romantic feelings that exists between them. Olivia has told several people in town that she feels more than friendship for Natalia. As part of her personal journey, Natalia prayed to the Virgin Mary to help her stop having "all these feelings. Natalia decides to accept Frank Cooper Jr. marriage proposal which forces Olivia to help plan a wedding she doesn't want to happen. Olivia declares her love for Natalia at Gus' grave site on the day of Natalia's wedding. Natalia runs out of the church during the ceremony. When Olivia finds her Natalia confesses her love for Olivia.  After some hesitation they decide to move to the next step by taking a trip together, but Emma crashes the party.

Natalia found out she was pregnant in July, and she decided to go on a retreat. But she doesn't tell Olivia this. Olivia is left heartbroken and she feels unloved; she and Joshua Lewis (Robert Newman) were close to having sex three times while Natalia was away. When Natalia returned, she said she could no longer trust her and went into Josh's room and demanded sex so she could forget that she was in love with Natalia.

Olivia kept trying to deny that she still had feelings for Natalia because she could no longer trust her, but Natalia was determined to gain back her trust. Rafe puts all the blame of his mothers hurt on Olivia, but Natalia doesn't want any part in that; she wants her and Olivia to raise her and Frank Cooper's (Frank Dicopoulos) baby together. Olivia turns her down.

Finally, Olivia realized she loved Natalia too much to be mad at her, so she decided to give into her and Emma and her move back into the farmhouse while Rafe is enrolled in the army.

In the final years of Guiding Light, Olivia became involved in a lesbian relationship with her housemate and best friend Natalia. On the Internet, the couple is referred to as Otalia.

Reception
Charlie Mason and Dustin Cushman from Soaps She Knows put Natalia and Olivia on their list of Daytime's Groundbreaking LGBTQ+ Characters and Couples, saying that the couple "became very popular due to their chemistry".

title: Olivia Spencer


text:
Justina Machado

Justina Milagros Machado (born September 6, 1972) is an American actress. She began her career playing secondary roles on television and film before starring as Vanessa Diaz in the HBO comedy-drama series, Six Feet Under (2001—05), for which she received Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. Machado later starred in the short-lived series Missing, Three Rivers and Welcome to the Family and was a regular cast member in the first season of the USA Network crime drama Queen of the South.

From 2017 to 2020, Machado starred as Penelope Alvarez in the Netflix/Pop TV comedy series, One Day at a Time, for which she received positive reviews from critics and two Imagen Awards for Best Actress - Television, and well as nomination for Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. She also has appeared in films Final Destination 2 (2003), Torque (2004), Little Fugitive (2006), The Call (2013), The Purge: Anarchy (2014), All Together Now (2020) and The Throwback (2024). In 2023, she played the leading role in the Amazon Prime Video black comedy-horror series, The Horror of Dolores Roach.

Early life
Machado was born in Chicago, Illinois, one of two children of Alicia Morales Ruiz and Ismael Machado. Her mother was born in Puerto Rico and her father was born to Puerto Rican parents. They subsequently divorced and her mother remarried and had three children. Her family roots are in Barceloneta, Puerto Rico and Barrio Jagual, Patillas, Puerto Rico, and her ancestry includes Afro-Latino. As Machado is of Hispanic descent, she had a traditional quinceañera, with chambelanes as well as damas. She said her family was poor, and she grew up in the Northwest Side of Chicago. Machado was raised Catholic.

Machado was very active in drama, always participating in her school plays. She also took dance at Franklin Fine Arts Center. In 1986, Machado attended Lane Technical College Prep High School. During her spare time, she performed with the Latino Chicago Theater Company.

Machado was a guest appearing in Episode 6 of Season 6 of Finding Your Roots, a documentary show by PBS that is hosted by Dr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., during which it was confirmed that she has African matrilineal ancestry (i.e. through a female ancestor on her mother's side ) through genetic testing of her mitochondrial DNA.

1993—2015: Career beginnings
In 1990, after graduating from Lane Tech, Machado moved to New York City. The experience she had gained as a performer with the Latino Chicago Theater Company helped open the doors for her in that city. Soon, she was offered a job as a professional actress in Los Angeles, California. Machado moved to Los Angeles and in 1996, she landed her first two acting roles. She was cast as Elsa in the ABC series NYPD Blue appearing in an episode "Burnin' Love", and co-starring in the made-for-television drama film No One Would Tell. In 1997, she made her big screen debut playing supporting role of Carmen Rodriguez in the romantic drama film She's So Lovely. Machado also guest-starred on Arsenio, Any Day Now, Touched by an Angel, Early Edition, Angel and had a recurring role on the short-lived UPN sitcom Goode Behavior. In 2001, Machado played the leading role in the action comedy film Sticks and a minor part in Steven Spielberg's science fiction film A.I. Artificial Intelligence. Later that year, she was cast in the HBO comedy-drama series, Six Feet Under. She played Vanessa Diaz, originally a supporting character, later evolving into one of the series' main characters. Machado and her cast mates were honored with a Screen Actors Guild Award. The series completed its final season in 2005. In 2003, she played Isabella Hudson in the supernatural horror film, Final Destination 2, and the following year appeared in the action comedy Torque. In 2003, Machado appeared in the music video for TLC's song "Damaged", the third single from their fourth studio album 3D, as a young woman trapped in an abusive relationship and unsure of what to do with her life. From 2003 to 2004, Machado also starred in the Canadian crime drama series, 1-800-Missing playing FBI Agent Sunny Estrada during the show first season. In 2006, she starred in the drama film Little Fugitive, a remake of the 1953 film of the same name. Machado has also made appearances on stage, including a 2008 production of Neil LaBute's play, Some Girl(s), at the Geffen Playhouse in Los Angeles. She was in productions of Blade to the Heat and Black Butterfly at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. She was the first replacement for Andréa Burns in Broadway's In the Heights. In 2010, Machado appeared in the Los Angeles run of Love, Loss and What I Wore.

Machado appeared in Grey's Anatomy, Ugly Betty, Bones, Body of Proof and Desperate Housewives. She had a recurring role as Chicago police officer Claudia Diaz in the NBC medical drama ER in 2009. From 2009 to 2010, she starred in the short-lived CBS medical drama series, Three Rivers. She later had recurring roles on Private Practice, The Fosters, and Devious Maids. In 2013, she starred alongside Ricardo Antonio Chavira in the short-lived NBC sitcom, Welcome to the Family. She also appeared in films The Call (2013), The Purge: Anarchy (2014), and Endgame.

2016–present: Breakthrough and leading roles
In 2016, Machado starred as Brenda Parra during the first season of USA Network crime drama series, Queen of the South. She later guest-starred on the show' fourth season. Later that year, she joined the cast of The CW comedy series, Jane the Virgin playing the role of Darci Factor. In 2017, she was cast as a lead character in the Netflix comedy series, One Day at a Time based on the 1975 series of the same title. Machado has received positive reviews for her role as a single mother raising two children and struggling with PTSD after serving in Afghanistan. For her performance, she received two Imagen Awards for Best Actress - Television, and well as nomination for Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series. Despite positive critical reception, Machado hasn't received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. The series ended in 2020 after four seasons.

In 2019, Machado played the leading role in the Lifetime television drama film Family Pictures. From 2019 to 2020, she had a recurring role on the NBC comedy series, Superstore playing new district manager Maya, with whom Amy Sosa shares a surprising connection. After having been announced to portray Florence Johnston in the first Live in Front of a Studio Audience’s The Jeffersons portion, instead reprised by Marla Gibbs, Machado was cast in the second edition in December 2019 as Teresa Betancourt from All in the Family. On September 2, 2020, Machado was announced as one of the celebrities competing on the 29th season of Dancing with the Stars, partnered with professional dancer, Sasha Farber. Machado finished in fourth place on November 23, 2020. In 2021, Machado was a singing bust in Muppets Haunted Mansion.

In 2020, Machado starred in the drama film All Together Now, which was released on Netflix. Also in 2020, Jacob Vargas and Justina Machado were Masters of Ceremonies at the National Hispanic Media Coalition Impact Awards. In 2021, she starred in the Lifetime television drama film, Switched Before Birth directed by Elisabeth Röhm. She starred alongside Will Sasso in the comedy film, The Throwback.

In 2023, Machado starred as Dolores Roach in the Amazon Prime Video black comedy-horror series, The Horror of Dolores Roach. The series received generally positive reviews, with Machado's performance being widely praised. In 2024 she was cast in the Netflix medical drama series, Pulse as Dr. Natalie Cruz.

title: Justina Machado


text:
Vehicle registration plates of Finland

Finnish vehicle registration plates usually carry three letters and three numbers separated with a dash (e.g. ABC-123), though vanity plates may carry 2-3 letters and 1-3 numbers. Since 1989 the code has no connection with the geographic location, except that Åland has its own type of plate. Between 1972/1973 and 1989 the first letter indicated where the vehicle was first registered as the plate did not have to be changed even if the vehicle was moved to another area of Finland.

History

 * 1917–1922: Right after gaining independence, different licence plates were issued for each city.
 * 1922–1929: The standard plate had a white background, on which a provincial designation and four-digit number was marked.
 * 1930s–1940s: Annual plates were issued. Plates for odd-numbered years were white with black markings and plates for even-numbered years were black with white markings. The registration number consisted of a provincial designation, dash and a (maximum) four-digit number. A seal and the last two digits of the current year were marked on the left side of the plate.
 * 1950: Annual plates were no longer issued. The standard registration number consisted of two letters, a dash and a (maximum) three-digit number, embossed in white on a black background. The first letter was the provincial designation.
 * 1960: A white border was added to the plate. The registration number consisted of three letters, a dash and one or two numbers.
 * 1972: The current licence plate type was introduced.
 * 1996: The size of the vehicle licence plate was reduced. The old dimensions were 123 mm x 342 mm and 123 mm x 397 mm.
 * 2001: EU licence plates were introduced.

Codes (1922 to 1972)

 * A = Helsinki city
 * B = Helsinki
 * C = Helsinki
 * E = Turku
 * F = Turku
 * G = Kymi
 * H = Häme
 * I = Häme
 * K = Kuopio
 * L = Lappi
 * M = Mikkeli
 * N = Häme until 1961
 * O = Oulu
 * R = Kymi
 * S = Pohjois-Karjala
 * T = Turku
 * U = Uusimaa
 * V = Vaasa (originally VA with four digits)
 * X = Keski-Suomi
 * Y = Vaasa
 * Z = Uusimaa
 * ÅL = Åland (with four digits)

Current
The registration number consists of two or three letters and a (maximum) three-digit number, embossed in black on a white, reflective field. A dash appears between the letter and number series.

Licence plate dimensions are 118 mm x 442 mm or 200 mm x 256 mm.

 * Hole location/long plate: longitudinally 63.5 mm from the edge, vertically 59.0 mm from the edge (hole diameter 7 mm).
 * Hole location/high plate: longitudinally 18.0 mm from the edge, vertically 100.0 mm from the edge (hole diameter 7 mm).

Old model licence plate dimensions are 118 mm x 397 mm or 118 mm x 338 mm.

 * Hole location (118 mm x 397 mm): longitudinally 18.75 mm from the edge, vertically 59.6 mm from the edge (hole diameter 7 mm).
 * Hole location (118 mm x 338 mm): longitudinally 16.75 mm from the edge, vertically 59.6 mm from the edge (hole diameter 7 mm).

On the vehicle designated for the President of the Republic of Finland, the licence plates can be replaced with the Finnish coat of arms.

🇦🇽
An Åland number-plate has blue lettering. The official international vehicle registration code is FIN as in the rest of Finland, but the Parliament of Åland wants to introduce "AX" as its official code. Plates from Åland always begin with ÅL. Until 2011 they were always 3 letters and 1-3 numbers like rest of Finland, but in 2011 the plates started to have ÅL and 5 digits.

Codes
Regular, non-vanity plates also have some more limitations:
 * 2-3 letters & 1-3 numbers (5 in Åland)
 * The letters used are A-Z and Å, Ä & Ö
 * The letter part may not begin with P, W or D (used for trailers, but if you want to buy a specific plate then you can have also these letters in the beginning)
 * The number part may not begin with 0

Special plates
Export registration licence plates contain one letter and a (maximum) four-digit number.

A diplomatic number plate has a blue background and white reflective lettering. The letters are either "C" or "CD", for French Corps Diplomatique. CD plates are with maximum of four numbers and C maximum of five numbers.

Museum registered cars have black plates which have two or three letters and maximum of three numbers with white colour. Size on the plate is 118 mm × 338 mm.

Museum registered motorcycles have black plates which have two letters and maximum of three numbers with white colour. Size on the plate is 119 mm x 280 mm

Tractors and other similar work vehicles have maximum of three numbers and maximum of three letters, separated by a middot, with black on reflective yellow background.

Temporary license plates, or actually single-use stickers, are only plates in a plastic, with a red lettering. They have two letters (originally one) and maximum of four numbers. Stickers have glue stripes on both sides, so they can be attached either outside of the car or inside of rear- and windscreens. These are most commonly used during rallies.

Test series (koe, "experiment").

title: Vehicle registration plates of Finland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pash Cracken

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Merge. -- Jonel | Speak 05:55, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pash Cracken
Seems like a minor minor minor minor character. Don't think it qualifies for it's own article. If anything, merge into the minor characters listing. Delete. Mergeafter a that nice rewrite. Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 06:36, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of minor Star Wars characters. I get some 1500 goodle hits on this name, and the list will take just about any Star Wars related character. Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:26, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Although I abstain from voting at the moment, I would like to point out that while there is a character named Pash Cracken in the Star Wars universe, I beleive the info in the article to be incorrect. I find nothing on any character named "Jason the Wise" and I dont beleive midi-chlorians were ever "created". -CunningLinguist 07:31, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as patent nonsense. Jamyskis 07:44, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A merge in light of the new changes would suit me fine. Jamyskis 14:33, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete . I mean, c'mon, "cousin of Jason the Wise the original Jedi who created midi-chlorians"... that's all of the article, and it's just hoaxy nonsense. There's absolutely nothing salvageable here. -- Captain Disdain 10:30, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What with the changes and all, I'd be fine with a merge -- still not anywhere near notable enough for his own entry, though. -- Captain Disdain 15:02, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge and redirect to List of minor Star Wars characters as per WP:FICT. Info does seem to be incorrect though so I'll clean up a little. -- Lochaber 12:26, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment - info should be correct now, ready for merging if that's how it goes. -- Lochaber 12:43, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rewritten again: yours was good, Lochaber, but some factual inaccuracies. (What can I say: I'm a huge nerd.)  Everybody please re-vote, the article is no longer a hoax.  (I say Merge.) ~ Marblespire 17:19, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as a prank/hoax. (sigh) For the fan-defenders, there is no merge of lies, but Redirect Only would be a possible dispensation.  Has anyone looked at the Minor Characters list to be sure that it doesn't contain a link (as if to a separate article) for this?  I prefer to delete. Geogre 12:33, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The article has been rewritten Please reread and review your votes. Cracken is a minor canon character, so I vote merge. --Scimitar 14:40, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as per WP:FICT --Carnildo 22:14, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge the rewritten article. -- Jonel 02:35, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of minor Star Wars characters. JamesBurns 09:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User:Dustypagoda

yes

title: User:Dustypagoda


text:
Telecommunications Services of Trinidad and Tobago

Telecommunications Services of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (generally known as TSTT) is a large telephone and Internet service provider in Trinidad and Tobago. The company, which is jointly owned by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and Cable & Wireless Communications, was formed out of a merger of Telco (Trinidad and Tobago Telephone Company Limited) and Textel (Trinidad and Tobago External Telecommunications Company Limited). TSTT no longer holds a monopoly in fixed-line telephone services due to FLOW introducing a fixed-line service of their own, and their cellular monopoly was broken in June 2005 when licenses were granted to Digicel and Laqtel.

TELCO
The first telephone was introduced in Trinidad and Tobago in 1883 and the first telephone exchange was located adjacent to the Town Hall (now City Hall) on Frederick Street. By 1898, the telephone system had developed sufficiently to justify enactment of the Telephone Communication Ordinance.

Around 1890, the telephone service extended westward out of Port of Spain to Carenage and then onwards to one customer in Chaguaramas. In the early 1900s, the government operated telephone lines in rural areas, namely from Arima to Manzanilla and from San Fernando to Cedros. History records show that a Mr. Bell of Bacolet started the service in Tobago.

The early system consisted of local battery operated telephones connected to a magneto switchboard, a far cry from the sophisticated electronic system which is in operation today. Special cables called enamel cables were developed for use in this country, and it is reported that their use became worldwide because of their durability.

The British-owned Trinidad Consolidated Telephones Limited was responsible for the early developmental growth of the telephone network in Trinidad and Tobago from the mid-1930s until 1960.

Approximately 6,300 lines were in service when the country got its first 1000-line step-by-step exchange in 1936. In 1947, Consolidated purchased the government-operated system in Tobago and the first teleprinter (TELEX) link was established in 1949.

After a prolonged strike in 1960, which existed for 1,124 days, the government of the day purchased the company, and on November 30, Trinidad Consolidated Telephones Limited became the state owned Trinidad and Tobago Telephone Service.

In 1968, the Government entered into a partnership with Continental Telephone of the United States, to whom it sold fifty percent of the holdings. This was later dissolved in 1973 and the company returned to full ownership by the Government.

Over the years, automatic step-by-step exchanges were gradually extended to suburban and urban areas as the company sought to keep pace with the development of the country. Development programmes were implemented in 1935, 1943, 1952 and 1964. A loan agreement was signed in 1974 with the World Bank for 18 million dollars to carry out a massive development programme. This resulted in the introduction of modern, electronic stored programme equipment at the exchanges.

In 1979, the government contracted Nippon Electric of Japan for the supply and installation of 48,000 additional lines and associated equipment.

In March 1981, some 8,000 subscribers were transferred to the new electronic exchange at Nelson. Similar ND 20 exchanges were commissioned at Thompson in San Fernando, Chaguanas, Couva, Piarco, San Juan, Diego Martin, Maraval, Arouca and St Augustine.

The major thrust of the company's development programme took place during the period 1982 to 1987.

Between 1983 and 1989, DMS-100 digital switches were installed throughout the country and, as a result of this new technology, training of employees became a significant factor. The new technology saw the introduction of new services such as international direct distance dialing and vertical services (call waiting, call forwarding and conference calling).

The company's operations were divided into the following divisions - Technical Operations, Marketing, Human Resources and Finance. The company's employee headcount was 2,300 (including contractors).

There were approximately 160,000 customers in four major operating districts.

TEXTEL
The Trinidad and Tobago External Telecommunications Company Limited (TEXTEL), was incorporated as a limited liability company in December 1969 a joint venture participation, with the Government of Trinidad and Tobago holding 51% of the share capital and Cable and Wireless (West Indies) Limited, the other 49%.

The company acquired the assets of Cable and Wireless in Trinidad and Tobago and assumed responsibility for external telecommunications, commencing 1 January 1970. As the legally constituted body charged with the responsibility for telecommunication links between the country and the rest of the world, TEXTEL provided the transmission, switching and signalling facilities to interconnect with the international facilities of all other countries.

Enterprise Services
Private Branch Exchange Equipment (Avaya / MITEL / Cisco) Domestic and International Leased Circuits Metro Ethernet Trunk Lines, Direct Lines and Value Added Services (CLASS Services) Internet Services – leased line, blink broadband, blink on the Go, blink Hot Spot Mobile Services – Mobile Handsets along with bMobile Corporate Plans BlackBerry – BES services, BIS services, BPS solutions, BlackBerry for Prepaid Video Conferencing VC Cloud Services Telepresence SIP Trunks Security Services

Mobile services

TSTT has re-branded its mobile division to bmobile along with other Cable and Wireless companies in the region. TSTT's mobile service currently uses the GSM network for data and voice. In 2007 they began launching data services on a CDMA network. Their previous TDMA network was discontinued on August 31, 2006.

As of 2006 competition has been introduced into its mobile market in Trinidad and Tobago. Digicel, which also serves other countries in the Caribbean, began operations on their GSM network in early 2006. Digicel and TSTT have since had legal battles over an inter-connection agreement to allow communication between their two networks. LAQTEL, a Trinidadian owned company, was also awarded a CDMA license but on March 14, 2008, had its license revoked.

Internet services
TSTT Internet Services include dial up service, wireless broadband service based on EVDO technology, and ADSL-based Broadband service. It's also the most expensive per Mbp/s in the country. TSTT also offers a variety of data solutions for the corporate sector including leased circuits, virtual private networks, frame relay services, and metro Ethernet service with speeds up to 1 GB. In October 2007, TSTT introduced its ADSL2+ broadband internet service branded "Blink Broadband" with speeds up to 10 Mbit/s. However lagging behind their competitor, Columbus Communications, they still have a large portion of the market secured due to their previous copper network. Yet, to outdated technology and packages on their copper and fiber networks many people have flocked to the competitor. If these errors are not corrected, they are sure to fail. They have since sought refuge in the ever-expanding technology of LTE. Yet, they are making the same mistakes as before, throttling download and upload speeds next to nothing Mbit/s. This has gained them the upper hand in accessing markets blocked by topographical features. Many rural settlements have since been the main targets to obtain revenue. The service in question, has not lived up to expectations, which is mainly due poor performance attributed to the over-saturation of users and lack of available bandwidth.

The new packages include up to a maximum of 40Mbp/s download and 4Mbp/s upload only on their fiber network limited to certain areas. Their LTE network supports up to 5Mbp/s download and 1Mbp/s upload.

IP Address Block Allocation
The following IPv4 and IPv6 address blocks has been assigned to TSTT by the Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre;

Television services

TSTT has rolled out its new TV service also branded as "bmobile" which is based on the IPTV technology. The company has rolled out a wireless version of this service based on GSM technology although they are no longer offering this product and is offering customers the option to sign up for Amplia TV instead.

Security services
TSTT has entered the electronic surveillance market as well by launching their "Blink Vigilance" (now bsecure) service with an optional armed response add-on.


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The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk

The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk (also known as "Bart no Jack to Mame no Ki" in Japan) is a platform game released in February 1994 for the hand-held console Game Boy. It was developed by Software Creations and published by Acclaim Entertainment, and is based on the animated television series The Simpsons. The game is a parody of the fairy tale "Jack and the Beanstalk"; a large beanstalk grows far up into the sky outside the home of Bart Simpson, whom the player controls. Bart climbs the beanstalk all the way to the top and adventure ensues. Bart & the Beanstalk has received mixed to negative reviews from critics.

Plot and gameplay
The game merges the existing universe of The Simpsons television series with the fairy tale of Jack and the Beanstalk. In the story, Bart Simpson goes to market to sell the family cow, but is swindled by a clever miser (played in the game by the character Mr. Burns) who trades it for magical beans and a slingshot. When Bart takes the magic beans home his father Homer Simpson accidentally eats them and spits them outside. A beanstalk grows, Bart climbs to the top, and adventures in a giant castle ensue. Bart meets several characters from The Simpsons on these adventures.

The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk is a side-scrolling platform game. It is single-player only. The player of the game controls Bart in a total of seven levels. They are: "Up the Beanstalk", "Outside the Castle", "The Giant's Cupboard", "Soup Du Jour", "The Giant's Room", "Escape from the Castle", and "Down the Beanstalk". In order to complete a level, the player must collect a certain amount of gold coins. Bart is faced with a number of enemies on every level, and he can use his slingshot to fend them off. He can also pick up dynamite, which kills all enemies currently on the screen. The enemies featured in the game include beetles, hornets, flies, ducks, rats, and fire flies. On some levels, Bart also has to defeat a boss.

Development and release
The game was developed by Software Creations and published by Acclaim. Richard Kay and Michael Webb served as executive producers, and Joe Smith composed the music. It was released in North America in February 1994 for the hand-held console Game Boy, and in Japan on September 30, 1994. The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk is one of several The Simpsons Game Boy games published by Acclaim in the beginning of the 1990s.

Reception
Bart & the Beanstalk has received mixed to negative reviews from critics. In his 1994 book Video Games: A Guide for Savvy Parents, David Sheff describes Bart & the Beanstalk as "a frustratingly tough game without much whimsy." GamePro commented that "this drab game definitely lacks personality. There's a challenge here for those who want to sit through yet another simple side-scroller. Everyone else, though, might be better off trading in their magic beans for a cow." Similarly, a review in Game Players said "the designers of this action game took a standard story, plastered the Simpsons faces on boring characters, then threw in some of the show's running jokes. Bor-ring!" The four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly found the game's biggest problem to be that it is too frustratingly hard, especially for the game's pre-adolescent target audience. They also stated that the difficulty stems chiefly from the poor design of Bart's slingshot.

Jeff Kapalka of the Syracuse Herald-American was more positive, giving the game a three out of four rating in a review. He commented that "the graphics are crisp, clear and cartoony, and it's a fun game for the Game Boy," and noted that the game is similar to the early side-scrolling Mario games. A review in the St. Petersburg Times called The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk "fun and funny".

In 2009, 1UP.com editor Bob Mackey reviewed the game in 1UP's official Retro Gaming Blog. He described the game as annoying, but thought the graphics were good. Mackey wrote that "outside of a funky walk cycle from Bart, the game actually looks pretty nice—for some reason the Game Boy Simpsons games were always graphically superior to the NES ones—but that's about all the praise it deserves. Even more so than Camp Deadly, the screen of Beanstalk is awfully cramped, so the problem of enemies appearing out of nowhere to kill you has only gotten worse." Mackey added that he would have liked to see a more powerful weapon because the range of the slingshot is only a few feet.

title: The Simpsons: Bart & the Beanstalk


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Hogarth's House

Hogarth's House is the former country home of the 18th-century English artist William Hogarth in Chiswick, adjacent to the A4. The House now belongs to the London Borough of Hounslow and is open to visitors as a historic house museum free of charge. Chiswick is now one of London's western suburbs, but in the 18th century it was a large village or small town quite separate from the metropolis, but within easy reach of it. Today the house is a Grade I listed building.

Construction and early occupation
The house was built between 1713 and 1717 in the corner of an orchard belonging to the Downes family. Its first occupant was Rev George Andreas Ruperti, the pastor of St Mary's Lutheran church in the Savoy, London, who used it as his country home. He cared for the thousands of refugees from the Rhineland who arrived in London following a famine in 1708–9. They hoped to be able to reach America - with Ruperti's help many did, and some settled in the south of Ireland. Ruperti's lists of the refugees, which record their trades, have been invaluable to family historians. He was appointed to the Lutheran Church at St James's Palace in 1728 at a salary of £200 a year. After his death in 1731 his widow retained the House; the Hogarths bought it from his son in 1749.

According to the increased valuations in the parish rate books, the Hogarths extended it in 1750 and Mrs Hogarth added another single storey extension in 1769. It was the artist's country retreat from 1749 until his death in 1764; he had a "painting room" over his coach-house at the bottom of the garden. He shared it with his wife, mother-in-law, his wife's cousin, Mary Lewis (who assisted with his business), and his sister. William Hogarth is buried in the graveyard of the nearby St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick; his fine tomb-monument carries an obituary by his great friend, the actor David Garrick. The family's connections with the house continued until Mary Lewis' death in 1808.

From 1814 to 1833 the house belonged to Rev Henry Francis Cary, a poet and skilful translator of Dante's Divine Comedy. He came to Chiswick as Curate of St Nicholas' Church and went on to become Assistant Librarian at the British Museum. He was part of a circle of writers and poets, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who promoted Cary's Dante translation and made it a best seller. The House was acquired in 1833 by the Wickstead family; they migrated to Australia in 1840 and left the house to tenants.

Restoration and museum

Alfred Dawson, whose family home at The Cedars adjoined Hogarth's and whose printing works was nearby, rescued the House in 1890 and restored it. He leased it to a nursery gardener along with part of his own garden. However, he sold it in 1900 and it was put up for auction for re-development in 1901. A campaign by artists and writers failed to raise sufficient funds to buy the House but it was purchased by Lieutenant-Colonel Robert William Shipway of Grove House, Chiswick. He restored it with the help of the architect Frederick William Peel and Henry Austin Dobson, Hogarth's biographer. He provided a collection of Hogarth's works, commissioned replica furniture based on pieces in Hogarth prints and even took the photographs for the first guide book himself. He opened it to visitors in 1904. Shipway gave the house to Middlesex County Council in 1909 and ownership passed to Hounslow Council when Middlesex was abolished in 1965.

The house was damaged in September 1940 as a result of a parachute mine explosion nearby during World War II. It was repaired and re-opened in 1951. At that time the single-storey extension was completely rebuilt to provide a small exhibition room. The interior of the House was refurbished for the Hogarth Tercentenary in 1997.

In 2014 the William Hogarth Trust commissioned a special exhibition to be held at the museum to mark the 250th anniversary of Hogarth's death. This exhibition featured artwork submissions from over fifty artists and celebrities in tribute to Hogarth including works by Quentin Blake, Harry Hill, Jacqueline Wilson, Cath Kidston, Peter Blake and Joanna Lumley.

Refurbishment

The house closed for refurbishment in September 2008. On 14 August 2009, there was a fire in the house, which was empty. No furnishings or prints were lost, but the staircase and one room were badly damaged and other areas suffered from smoke damage and the effects of the water which doused the flames. The entire structure was carefully restored and a major research project carried out on the history of the House and its occupants. A paint analysis informed the re-decoration, and original features were repaired and revealed, including window shutters, fire surrounds and hearths, and two areas of original floorboards.

The Heritage Lottery Fund, the John & Ruth Howard Charitable Trust and the William Hogarth Trust supported the London Borough of Hounslow in this project with grants and expert advice. Negotiations over insurance and the requirement for complete rewiring, as well as structural repairs, delayed the re-opening.

The museum was officially re-opened on 8 November 2011 by Dara Ó Briain. Two floors of the house are open to visitors and the top floor houses a study/research room for use by appointment. The furnishing includes Shipway's replica pieces and new displays presents the House as a home, as well as celebrating Hogarth's life and work. Prints of some of his best known engravings are on display, including the series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage à-la-mode.

The House has an attractive walled garden which contains a mulberry tree. This is probably the last survivor of the original orchard established in the 1670s. It was damaged by the parachute mine and brought back to good health by arboriculturists from Kew Gardens.

title: Hogarth's House