text:
Blacktailed red sheetweaver

The blacktailed red sheetweaver (Florinda coccinea), also known as red grass spider, is a species of dwarf spider. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Florinda. It was first described by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1896, and has only been found in Mexico, the West Indies, and the United States. It is common in the southeastern United States, inhabiting grasslands, lawns, and agricultural fields.

Description
F. coccinea are bright red in color, with a black caudal tubercle. Adults typically grow to 3 to 4 mm long, with females growing slightly larger than males. They have two rows of eyes; two on the top row and six procurved on the bottom.

Webs spun by F. coccinea consist of a horizontal sheet of non-sticky silk, and a tangle of stopping threads above. The stopping threads intercept flying prey and cause them to fall into the sheet below, where they are attacked by the spider.

title: Blacktailed red sheetweaver


text:
User talk:Rizachar

Gigametres
When you edited the solar wind article, you should have checked your facts. As the gigametre article shows, a Gm equals approximately 621,371 miles. 160 Gm is nearly exactly 100 million miles, as originally stated. No need to correct the article; this has already been done for you. Urhixidur 16:31, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

Excellent photograph
Were you the photographer of Image:Thepingryschoolfront.jpeg? The image is beautiful. Please add licensing information (GFDL, CC-by-SA, fairuse, etc) to your uploaded image so it doesn't get deleted by the admins. Bahn Mi 19:39, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Rizachar


text:
Kristofer Uppdal

Kristofer Oliver Uppdal (19 February 1878 – 26 December 1961), born Opdal, was a Norwegian poet and author, born in Beitstad, Nord-Trøndelag.

As a boy, Uppdal worked as a shepherd, and later as a miner and construction worker. In 1907 he started working for Norsk Hydro, and came to their factory in Rjukan in 1910-1911. In 1905, he debuted with Ung sorg (Young sorrow) and Kvæde (Songs), collections of poetry, followed by Sollaug in 1908, and Villfuglar (Wild birds) in 1909.

With the short-stories collection Ved Akerselva (By the Aker River) in 1910, Uppdal introduced his epic 10-volume series of novels, Dansen gjenom skuggeheimen (The Dance through the Shadow Land). Here listed are the separate volumes in the order that Uppdal himself later designated and explained in the preface to Herdsla, along with year of publication:

 * (1919) Stigeren (The Foreman of the Miners)
 * (1912/1922) Trolldom i lufta (Witchcraft in the Air)
 * (1923) Vandringa (The Wander) [a revision of Ved Akerselva]
 * (1920) Kongen (The King)
 * (1911/1921) Dansen gjenom skuggeheimen (The Dance through the Shadow Land)
 * (1921) Domkyrkjebyggaren (The Cathedral Builder)
 * (1922) I skiftet (In the change)
 * (1914/1923) Røysingfolket (The Røysing People)
 * (1924) Fjelskjeringa (The Mountain Trench)
 * (1924) Herdsla (The Toughening)

Uppdal seems to have decided to link the stories together in hindsight, as he outlined the plan in the last volume, Herdsla, and thus revised and republish the three volumes first published so they'd fit the puzzle. His intent, by his own statements, was to describe the dawn of the working class, its severance from its origins (the peasantry), the proletarization, and finally the modern worker and the worker movement. At the same time, Uppdal claimed he was not a "proletarian poet;" his main purpose was to describe the human being.

Two of the volumes were republished in revised editions in the 1950s, in which Uppdal (in addition to expanding the narrative considerably, and emphasizing the political agenda) had changed the language used into a more archaic and dialectal form. These editions didn't win any acclaim, and later editions of the series in the 1970s and 1985-91 were made from the 1919-24 editions.

Uppdal was also an important lyric poet. He gathered his finest poetry of youth and adulthood in Elskhug (Love) in 1919, and Altarelden (The Altar Fire) in 1920. Of his poetry, Johs. A. Dale has written that "It has a primitive strength and a masculine self-assertion, and is marked by suffering and conflict of the soul." Uppdal was finally granted a poet's pension by the state in 1939, perhaps due to his long periods of financial hardship.

When confronted with his difficult prose and asked if he had plans to make his novels more audience-friendly, he is said to have responded: "I don't give a damn about the audience! Don't give a hoot about what anyone else says, be yourself even if it should take you straight to the pits of Hell."

title: Kristofer Uppdal


text:
Talk:Nicolò Brancaleon

Untitled
Nice article! Thank you, Llywrch! — mark ✎ 13:36, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Name
Venetian form of his name and surname is Nicolo Brancaleon. GhePeU 20:49, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I was wondering about this, should the article be renamed to "Nicolò Brancaleon?" Or is the Venetian naming custom such that his common name would be simply "Brancaleon?" For comparison's sake, most people know of the artist Michelangelo, fewer know him as Michelangelo Buonarroti, though that is how the Wikipedia article is named. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 14:15, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * There isn't a general naming custom, Venetian (and Italian) artists of the Middle Ages, Renaissance and later ages can be known by name, surname or nickname, usually it depends on practices started centuries ago. For example, Jacopo Robusti is known by his nickname Tintoretto, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo is usually referred as Tiepolo (his family name) and Tiziano Vecellio is known as Tiziano (his personal name). Nicolò Brancaleon isn't famous, so moving the article to Nicolò Brancaleon could be justified. GhePeU 15:05, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicolò Brancaleon


text:
Talk:Cowboy Troy

Untitled
I just updated this page with all the information I have on CBT (at least without going to track-by-track detail). --archola May 30, 2005 10:23 a.m. CDT.

Copy Editing
Tyrangiel (talk) 05:00, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

Port Vale
I heard he was a big Port Vale man, can anyone confirm this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.222.136.139 (talk • contribs)

Education
cowboy troy attended UT austin, not UT-dallas Corpx

Vandalism?
I noticed on the information panel the header reads "Cowboy Troy YAYAYAYAYA", could this be vandalism or is it indended??? --204.116.124.117 11:34, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It's vandalism. I reverted. Arch O. La  Grigory Deepdelver  17:44, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

More Vandalism? Check out the last line of this page? That must not be to Wiki standards... Vandalism; first paragraph, first lines. Reverted to a previouis, non vandalised version, I think. -Lucajo 18:15, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

lyrics to Texas
These were in the article for some reason O.o Texas By: Cowboy Troy From the plains of Lubbock, way down to the coast, the land is filled with people that rock the most. People from Laredo all the way to Corsicana, at San Jacinto they defeated Santa Anna. From 1836 to 1845, for about 10 years the republic survived. With the solitary star in the field of blue, everybody learned about it back when u was in school. It’s a proud story of a land that’s great. It’s the largest state in the lower 48. Now Stephen F. Austin gets much respect, cause he’s the father of the land the Spanish tried to get. Proud men like Crockett and William B. Travis, others tried to take this land but they would not let them have it. The first elected president was named Sam Houston. Come on everybody get loose in Texas. Chorus: It’s a powerful thing, Texas let freedom ring Texas like a yellow jacket sting, from the Lone Star State like Robert L. King. Texas the flags standin’ tall, Texas ya need help just call, Texas from Montezuma’s halls, ya say hello we say howdy ya’ll. Now Z.Z. Top’s been kickin’ dust for years Pantera invented the steel in ya ears, the ghetto boys been playin’ tricks on ya mind and MC Overlord’s been shakin’ yo behind. We got Pat Green and Ed Burleson, Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson, Clint Black and Jerry Jeff Walker; we all talk slow not one fast talker. Ya know I get down like big Dave King, I love to listen to George Strait sing Cause I’m just like Texas don’t mess with me, cause if ya pop that noise ya getting this directly. Ya wanna battle me ya better be on your guard cause cowboy troy and the hicks will always be hard. We’ll be harder than physics on a calculus test, and when the battle is done cowboy troy is the best. Im not tryin’ to say im the best but ya know that im good, and that’s one thing quickly understood. It’s a round one knockout makin’ ya’ll feel this, last man like Bruce Willis Chorus Gotta say howdy to my friends at UT, cause a Texas longhorn I will always be, and to the good ole boys in Houston I gotta say howdy even thought every now and then they get a little rowdy, best wishes to the cowboys that live in San Antone’, the ones in San Marcus, the ones in Waco. I gotta say hey to the boys in El Paso, the boys in Texarkana, the Golden Triangle, To the boys in College Station, the ones in Amarillo, the ones down in the valley at midland Odessa. Ya cant forget Ft. Worth and Dallas as well, the original address of the Heartbreak Hotel. We in the Lone Star state, we got a country style, even though every now and then we get a little wild. Im a right nice guy, don’t take no lip, so the diarrhea of the mouth better quit cause ill be on your behind like a pig on slop, or make ya call me Tex just to stop. If ya keep talkin’ noise, you’ll be getting demolished, ill be kickin your behind ‘til ya taste my shoe polish. Chorus —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.29.139.59 (talk) 03:16, 16 February 2007 (UTC).

Sarah Buxton
Cowboy Troy released the single "If You Don't Wanna Love Me," a duet with Sarah Buxton whom he empregnated on July 20, 2005. Does anyone know if this is true? Jack Meihoffer 03:38, 25 August 2007 (UTC) (Not the part about the single. The part about the empregnation.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jack Meihoffer (talk • contribs) 03:41, August 25, 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 11:06, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Peer review javascript
The following suggestions were generated by a semi-automatic javascript program, and might not be applicable for the article in question. You may wish to browse through User:AndyZ/Suggestions for further ideas. Thanks, Arch O. La  Grigory Deepdelver  18:08, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Consider removing links that add little to the article or that have been repeated in close proximity to other links to the same article, as per Manual of Style (links) and WP:CONTEXT. Guides recommend having greater than 3% words in links, but be sure not to overlink words just to add more links.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), months and days of the week generally should not be linked. Years, decades, and centuries can be linked if they provide context for the article.[?]
 * This article has no or few images. Please see if there are any free use images that fall under the Image use policy and fit under one of the Image copyright tags that can be uploaded. To upload images on Wikipedia, go to Special:Upload; to upload non-fair use images on the Wikimedia Commons, go to commons:special:upload.[?]
 * If there is not a free use image in the top right corner of the article, please try to find and include one.[?]
 * If this article is about a person, please add  along with the required parameters to the article - see Persondata for more information.[?]
 * Per Wikipedia:Context and Build the web, years with full dates should be linked; for example, if January 15, 2006 appeared in the article, link it as January 15, 2006.[?]
 * As per Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates), dates shouldn't use th; for example, instead of (if such appeared in the article) using January 30th was a great day, use January 30 was a great day.[?]
 * Please ensure that the article has gone through a thorough copyediting so that it exemplifies some of Wikipedia's best work. See also User:Tony1/How to satisfy Criterion 1a.[?]

New Photo of Cowboy Troy
I saw Cowboy Troy this weekend and I got a picture of him. Personally, I think it is better than the current one, but who am I to say?

Here: Cowboy Troy TheL1ke20N1njas (talk) 16:27, 12 July 2010 (UTC)

Some very important information missing
The article is missing information about when CBT was on Pee Wee's Playhouse. Please someone update! 72.240.38.254 (talk) 13:02, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cowboy Troy


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mythic beings in Lithuanian mythology (list)

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Eugene van der Pijll 18:11, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Mythic beings in Lithuanian mythology (list)
This is merely a copy of material from Lithuanian mythology under a title that's both non-standard (list titles should begin "List of...") and grammatically incorrect (it should be "mythical beings"). It doesn't seem very useful as a redirect either. If at some time in the future it seems a good idea to separate out the list from the article, it can be done using a better article-name. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 13:40, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

I suppose it's a mistake. The article should be moved to other, with more correct name. See more on Talk: Lithuanian mythology Linas Lituanus 15:15, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

Delete - agreed... duplicated data, and should be on a "List of..." page in any case. UkPaolo 15:53, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete as duplicate content. Megan1967 09:47, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete content duplication. JamesBurns 09:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep (but probably rename) for now. Would appear to be the beginnings of an attempt to clean up Lithuanian mythology splitting it into an article about the mythology, and one listing relevant deities and spirits etc.     16:33, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The page creator has recognised that he made a mistake; frankly, it's now a speedy candidate. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 16:40, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete based on comments of Mel Etitis Mozzerati 20:38, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
User talk:Goclenius

This is the Goclenius talk page 30 May, 2005.

Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee
, I can see from your userboxes that you love cats.

Would you be interested in joining the Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee?

If you want to join, you can add yourself to the members list and contact me, Sergeant Snopake, on my talk page or the committee founder, GeorgeMoney, on his.

The Wikipedia Cat Lover's Committee has also been nominated for deletion.

Please comment on the deletion page to help keep the committee going.

Please vote keep.

Thank You very much!:)

Sergeant Snopake, 11:17, 21th of April 2006 (UTC)

Congrtulations!
Congratulations on joining the committee! Sergeant Snopake, 13:20, 21st of April 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee
The Wikipedia Cat Lovers' Committee has survived deletion!!!! The result of the debate was No consensus---Keep!!!

-- George Mon  e  y Talk   Contribs 04:20, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Your watchlist
You have a link to your watchlist on your userpage, but the only one who can see your watchlist is you. If you want to link to your watchlist, then I would suggest using watchlistlink or watchlistlink2. Thanks. -- George Mon  e  y Talk   Contribs 02:46, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Descartesweenix.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Descartesweenix.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. -- Richard Slater ( Talk to me! ) 07:15, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

Question
Hi. I'm kind of new, but I was wondering why this page is in the Wikipedia style guidelines category? Thanks. --TorriTorri 01:22, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Welcome to the history of science project
I'm always excited when experts get involved. By the way, to link to categories without including a page in them, place a colon before the category, like this... Category:History of science.--ragesoss 03:26, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

cross-namespace links
Hi, welcome and thank you for your contributions. I have seen your work "René Descartes' Life", that links to User:Goclenius/René Descartes' Life. Please bear in mind that Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and as such, articles should not link to the user namespace - which is generally a place for not-so-encyclopedic content. You are free to edit "test versions" of articles in the user namespace but in that case do not add wikilinks from the article namespace to them. Or if you think that User:Goclenius/René Descartes' Life and its subpages are suitable for the article namespace, then please move them to the main namespace. Thank you! PS: If you have any questions, please ask me on my talk page. --Zoz (t) 13:15, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Cats project newsletter
Hello. Please find here a copy of the first Cats WikiProject newsletter. Please feel free to make any comments, suggestions, etc., here or at the project page itself. Thank you. Badbilltucker 15:54, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Change to Common.css
Per recent discussions, the way in which Persondata is viewed by Wikipedia editors has changed. In order to continue viewing Persondata in Wikipedia articles, please edit your user CSS file to display table.persondata rather than table.metadata. More specific instructions can be found on the Persondata page. -- ShakingSpirit talk  on behalf of Kaldari 01:07, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Your monobook is in Category:Wikipedia tools
Your monobook (and myskin) are in Category:Wikipedia tools. This is most likely because when you were copying scripts into yout monobook you accidentaly copied their category. Since your monobook is not a tool itself, please remove this category from it. If you intend for your monobook to be a tool, please consider creating a subpage with a more descriptive name, and moving the category there. Thank you, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:33, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Two-Tongued Cat
I would like to contribute something to your cats page for cat abnormalities. I have noticed that you not included anything about cats being born with extra tongues (which I have been told is rare). I am giving to you a link to a website about a cat born with this abnormality.

www.geocities.com/twotonguedcat

Thank you. Twotonguedcat 14:08, 16 March 2007 (UTC)twotonguedcat

PS: I own this cat.

WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue I - March 2007
The inaugural March 2007 issue of the WikiProject History of Science newsletter has been published. You're receiving this because you are a participant in the History of Science WikiProject. You may read the newsletter or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Yours in discourse--ragesoss 04:05, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue II - May 2007
The May 2007 issue of the WikiProject History of Science newsletter has been published. You're receiving this because you are a participant in the History of Science WikiProject. You may read the newsletter or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Yours in discourse--ragesoss 06:17, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue III - September 2007
The September 2007 issue of the WikiProject History of Science newsletter has been published. You're receiving this because you are a participant in the History of Science WikiProject. You may read the newsletter or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Yours in discourse--ragesoss 00:53, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue IV - May 2008
A new May 2008 issue of the WikiProject History of Science newsletter is hot off the virtual presses. Please feel free to make corrections or add news about any project-related content you've been working on. You're receiving this because you are a participant in the History of Science WikiProject. You may read the newsletter or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Yours in discourse--ragesoss (talk) 23:24, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

Your Descartes pages
I noticed your extensive Descartes pages. You've stopped working on it in 2006, and you obviously were not finished, but the biography section seems pretty much done and makes the current wikipedia biography look like a stub. I'd like to encourage you to integrate your writing in that article, as your excellent work currently escapes most wikipedia users' eyes. Small as it is, there are a few things in the current wikipedia text that you could still add to your own bio (e.g. I listed his whereabouts in Holland between 1628 and 1649). If you don't feel like it, is it okay if I or some other wikipedia editor try to integrate it? Thanks. Afasmit (talk) 05:30, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject History of Science newsletter : Issue V - January 2009
It's here at long last! The January 2009 issue of the WikiProject History of Science newsletter is ready, with exciting news about Darwin Day 2009. Please feel free to make corrections or add news about any project-related content you've been working on. You're receiving this because you are a participant in the History of Science WikiProject. You may read the newsletter or unsubscribe from this notification by following the link. Yours in discourse --ragesoss (talk) 03:08, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Descartes' philosophy
Hi Goclenius - in an edit to the René Descartes article on 10th March 2006, you added the following: In his natural philosophy, he differs from the Schools on two major points: First, he rejects the analysis of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejects any appeal to ends — divine or natural — in explaining natural phenomena.

Can you suggest any further reading on this please? The paragraph is unsourced, and the themes are not taken up later in the article. References would be useful to improve the article. I would also like to learn more! Thanks - Crosbiesmith (talk) 18:39, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

June 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=558377974 your edit] to Essential tremor may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 ""s. If you have, don't worry, just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20&section=new my operator's talk page].

File:Gocleniusdescartesweenix01.jpg missing description details
Dear uploader: The media file you uploaded as: is missing a description and/or other details on its image description page. If possible, please add this information. This will help other editors make better use of the image, and it will be more informative to readers.
 * File:Gocleniusdescartesweenix01.jpg

If you have any questions, please see Help:Image page. Thank you. Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 15:54, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:01, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Goclenius


text:
User:Lomper

Et kütt, wie et kütt

About my nick:

"LOMPER - is the only member of the troop who has a job, which is ironic since he's such a sodding shag bucket. You would think he'd be uptight over doing the Full Monty, being that he's such a pigeon chested bugger. But, he becomes an entirely new person with the troop and even finds someone who can make him a little less of a hump."

Alright, now you got some idea who you are dealing with. Since i have a full-time job, I have only little time to add information I find useful to existing articles.

title: User:Lomper


text:
Vredenburg Castle

Vredenburg Castle (Dutch: (Kasteel) Vredenburg or Vredeborch) was a 16th-century castle built by Habsburg emperor Charles V in the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. Some remains of the castle, which stood for only 50 years, are still visible on what is now Vredenburg square in Utrecht.

History
In 1528, the Holy Roman Empire annexed the Bishopric of Utrecht, and Emperor Charles V immediately ordered the construction of a castle in Utrecht, not only to protect the domain from invasion by the duke of Guelders, but also to retain control over the city's unruly population. Construction began in 1529 and was completed in 1532.

On 8 November 1576, the States General of the Seventeen Provinces ratified an agreement, known as the Pacification of Ghent, to remove Spanish occupying soldiers. In response the castle's Spanish garrison prepared to be besieged by the Dutch rebels, turning the castle's cannons towards the city itself.

By December, the siege was underway and fighting broke out between the Spanish and Dutch. However, the garrison abandoned the castle on 11 February 1577, following negotiations between garrison commander Francesco Fernando d'Avila and Maximilien de Hénin-Liétard, the count of Bossu, who served as temporary Dutch stadholder. The abandonment was part of a general withdrawal agreed upon by the new Governor-General Don Juan one day later, on 12 February.

The citizens of Utrecht demanded that the castle be demolished to prevent the Spanish or other foreign powers from dominating the city again in future. However, the city government opposed demolition, so as not to offend the emperor. On 2 May, the population took the matter into their own hands. According to legend, a group of local women led by Trijn van Leemput stormed the castle and Trijn gave the signal for the castle to be destroyed by removing the first bricks from the castle walls. Despite doubts about the historical accuracy of this tale, a statue of Trijn van Leemput was erected on the in Utrecht in 1955.

The demolition of the castle lasted until 1581. The two western towers remained standing, as they were part of the outer city walls. However, they were also demolished piece by piece in the following centuries; by 1919 they had completely disappeared. The foundations of Vredenburg castle were uncovered during archaeological excavations in 1976 and 1978.

title: Vredenburg Castle


text:
Four sons of Horus

The four sons of Horus were a group of four deities in ancient Egyptian religion who were believed to protect deceased people in the afterlife. Beginning in the First Intermediate Period of Egyptian history (c. 2181–2055 BC), Imsety, Hapy, Duamutef, and Qebehsenuef were especially connected with the four canopic jars that housed the internal organs that were removed from the body of the deceased during the process of mummification. Most commonly, Imsety protected the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the stomach, and Qebehsenuef the intestines, but this pattern often varied. The canopic jars were given lids that represented the heads of the sons of Horus. Although they were originally portrayed as humans, in the latter part of the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC), they took on their most distinctive iconography, in which Imsety is portrayed as a human, Hapy as a baboon, Duamutef as a jackal, and Qebehsenuef as a falcon. The four sons were also linked with stars in the sky, with regions of Egypt, and with the cardinal directions.

The worship of the sons of Horus was almost entirely restricted to the funerary sphere. They were first mentioned late in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC) in the Pyramid Texts and continued to be invoked in funerary texts throughout ancient Egyptian history. Their connection with the canopic jars was established in the First Intermediate Period, and afterward they became ubiquitous in the decoration of canopic chests, coffins, and sarcophagi. Although they were increasingly closely associated with the internal organs, they continued to appear in burial equipment even after the use of canopic jars was abandoned in the Ptolemaic Period (303–30 BC), disappearing only in the fourth century AD with the extinction of the ancient Egyptian funerary tradition.

Names and origins
Imsety (jmstj), Hapy (ḥpy), Duamutef (dwꜣ-mwt.f), and Qebehsenuef (qbḥ-snw.f) are first mentioned in the Pyramid Texts, the earliest ancient Egyptian funerary texts, in the late Old Kingdom (24th and 23rd centuries BC). In numerous sources, such as Spell 541 of the Pyramid Texts, they are stated to be the children of Horus, one of the major deities of the Egyptian pantheon. In a few of these texts they are instead called the children of the god Atum, the god Geb, or the goddess Nut. A passage in the Coffin Texts from the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC) says they are the offspring of the goddess Isis and a form of Horus known as Horus the Elder.

In the Pyramid Texts, the sons of Horus are said to assist the deceased king in the afterlife. In Spell 688, for example, they "make firm a ladder" for the king to ascend into the sky, while in Spell 338 they protect him from hunger and thirst. Egyptologists often treat the protection of the deceased as their primary role, though Maarten Raven argues that the four sons originated as celestial deities, given that the Pyramid Texts frequently connect them with the sky and that Horus himself was a sky deity.

The name of Duamutef means "He who praises his mother", while Qebehsenuef means "He who purifies his brother by means of libation". The Egyptologist James P. Allen translates Hapy's name as "He of Haste" and Imsety as "He of the Dill"; another Egyptologist, Joshua Roberson, believes Imsety originated as a personification of this herb. Imsety's name also resembled the Egyptian word for "liver" (mjst), which may be the reason why he became specifically linked with the liver.

The name of Imsety incorporates the Egyptian grammatical dual ending (-ty or -wy), and the name of Hapy may have originally done so as well, incorporating a w that was later lost. For this reason, the Egyptologist John Taylor argues that these two sons were originally two male and female pairs of deities.

Protectors of the deceased

Texts from later periods continue to invoke the sons of Horus for protection in the afterlife as the Pyramid Texts do. In many texts they were said to protect Osiris, the funerary deity whose mythological death and resurrection served as the template for ancient Egyptian funerary practices. Some texts even refer to them as the sons of Osiris rather than Horus. In a Middle Kingdom ritual, recorded in the Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus, the sons of Horus aid Osiris in his rejuvenation after death, fight the followers of his enemy Set, and restore the lost Eye of Horus to their father. Spell 137 of the Book of the Dead from the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC) says to them, "as you spread your protection over your father Osiris-Khentiamentiu, so spread your protection over [the deceased person]". In the tenth section of the New Kingdom Book of Gates, a funerary text that depicts the underworld in detail, the four sons are portrayed holding chains that bind the malign beings called "wmmtj-snakes".

The four sons developed a specialized connection with the internal organs of the deceased. During the mummification process, four internal organs—the lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines—were removed from the body and dried before being placed in the burial, usually separately from the body. In the late Old Kingdom, these organs began to be placed in a set of jars known as canopic jars, and during the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BC), the jars began to be inscribed with texts invoking the sons of Horus. No text specifies which of the sons protect which organ. Burials in which the jars and organs survive show that the most common arrangement was for Imsety to guard the liver, Hapy the lungs, Duamutef the stomach, and Qebehsenuef the intestines, but many variations are known. For instance, in some cases Hapy protected the stomach and Duamutef the lungs.

The sons of Horus themselves were thought to be under the protection of four goddesses, usually Isis for Imsety, Nephthys for Hapy, Neith for Duamutef, and Serqet for Qebehsenuef. In the Middle Kingdom, this scheme could vary and sometimes included different goddesses, so that Sendjet guarded Duamutef and Renenutet guarded Qebehsenuef. In some inscriptions from Middle Kingdom coffins, the goddesses are invoked to protect the son of Horus "who is in you [the deceased]", suggesting that the sons were equated with the internal organs as well as being their protectors.

Directions and regions of the cosmos
The sons of Horus were also connected with the sky or parts of the cosmos as the Egyptians envisioned it. In the New Kingdom, they were sometimes thought of as stars in the northern sky or as birds flying to the four corners of the world. Bernard Mathieu suggests that they were equated with the four stars at the corners of the constellation Orion (Saiph, Betelgeuse, Bellatrix, and Rigel) and with four of the stars in Ursa Major (Megrez, Phecda, Merak, and Dubhe).

Several Egyptologists have suggested that the four sons were equated with the four pillars that supported the vault of the sky in Egyptian cosmology. They were also connected with regions of Egypt: they were sometimes equated with the Souls of Nekhen and Pe, a set of deities that represented the Predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north. Hapy and Duamutef were linked with the Lower Egyptian city of Buto, and Imsety and Qebehsenuef with the Upper Egyptian city of Nekhen.

Egyptian beliefs drew analogies between the human body and the cosmos, and these analogies were particularly visible in burial customs. In Middle Kingdom burials, bodies were laid out with the head to the north and the feet to the south. The texts that decorated coffins in this period placed some deities in consistent locations, thus linking them with particular directions. Imsety and Hapy were invoked at the head of the coffin, with Imsety on the left and Hapy on the right, thus placing Imsety in the northeast and Hapy in the northwest. Duamutef and Qebehsenuef were invoked at the foot of the coffin, with Duamutef on the left and Qebehsenuef on the right, thus placing Duamutef in the southeast and Qebehsenuef in the southwest. Canopic chests of the time placed each deity in equivalent positions. These orientations suggest that the sons of Horus were linked with the four corners of the Egyptian cosmos. Their orientation may be related to the positions of each organ: the lungs and liver sit higher in the body, thus fitting the northerly position of Imsety and Hapy, while the stomach and intestines are lower down, matching the southerly position of Duamutef and Qebehsenuef.

The sons' positions shifted in the New Kingdom, when burials came to be laid out with the head to the west and the feet in the east. On some coffins, Imsety and Hapy remained at the head and Duamutef and Qebehsenuef at the foot, but in each pair, the deity who had been on the left side was moved to the right, and vice versa. In other cases, each of the sons of Horus appeared on a side wall of the coffin or canopic chest: Imsety in the south, Hapy in the north, Duamutef in the east, and Qebehsenuef in the west. The latter placement, with the sons of Horus on four sides rather than four corners, links the four deities with the cardinal directions rather than the corners of the cosmos. The coexistence of the two systems of orientation suggests that the Egyptians did not sharply distinguish the four corners from the four directions.

Iconography
The lids of canopic jars began to be sculpted in the shape of heads at the end of the First Intermediate Period, at the same time that the jars' inscriptions began to invoke the sons of Horus. These lids are therefore probably meant to represent the four sons rather than the organs' deceased owner. In some of the earliest examples, the lids have falcon heads, but in the Middle Kingdom, human heads became the norm. In some of these cases, Imsety, unlike the others, is portrayed as a woman.

In the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1550–1292 BC), a few canopic jars were given varying heads: Imsety was portrayed as a man, Hapy as a baboon, Duamutef as a jackal and Qebehsenuef as a falcon. This iconography became standard during the reign of Ramesses II in the thirteenth century BC and remained so for the rest of ancient Egyptian history, although in the Third Intermediate Period the animal forms were frequently confused. For instance, Duamutef was often portrayed as a falcon and Qebehsenuef as a jackal.

In addition to the jars themselves, the four sons were often portrayed on the canopic chests that housed the jars, as well as on coffins and other burial equipment. In the vignette that accompanies Spell 125 of the Book of the Dead, they appear as small figures standing on a lotus flower in front of the throne of Osiris. In an exceptional portrayal, in the wall decoration in WV23, the tomb of Ay from the late Eighteenth Dynasty, the four sons are portrayed as fully human, with Imsety and Hapy wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and Duamutef and Qebehsenuef wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt.

Worship
The four sons did not receive the regular cultic worship that major Egyptian deities did, and they appeared exclusively in funerary contexts. They play a minor role in the ritual from the Dramatic Ramesseum Papyrus, whose purpose is uncertain but has commonalities with funerary rites, but they were found most commonly in the tomb itself. From the Middle Kingdom onward, they were almost always portrayed or invoked in the decoration of coffins, sarcophagi, and canopic equipment. During the late New Kingdom, jars that contained shabtis, a common type of funerary figurine, were given lids shaped like the heads of the sons of Horus, similar to the lids of canopic jars.

In the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom (1189–1077 BC), embalmers began placing wax figurines of the sons of Horus inside the body cavity. Soon afterward, at the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period, Egyptians ceased to store organs in canopic jars and instead embalmed each organ separately, wrapping them together with the corresponding wax figurines and returning them to the body cavity. Wealthy burials continued to include canopic jars with no organs inside. Toward the end of this period, the four sons were also portrayed in faience amulets attached to the exterior wrappings of the mummy. During this period, the decoration of human-shaped coffins placed the four sons near the abdomen of the mummy rather than distributing them around the coffin, a sign that their connection with the internal organs was overshadowing their other roles.

The use of canopic jars ceased in the early Ptolemaic Period (303–30 BC), and the use of canopic chests died out in the middle of that period. Yet in Ptolemaic and Roman times, the sons of Horus continued to appear on other burial goods, such as decorated stucco casings on wrapped mummies. A set of instructions for the embalming process, dating to the first or second century AD, calls for four officiants to take on the role of the sons of Horus as the deceased person's hand is wrapped. The last references to the sons of Horus in burial goods date to the fourth century AD, near the end of the ancient Egyptian funerary tradition.

title: Four sons of Horus


text: Category:Castles in the Netherlands

title: Category:Castles in the Netherlands


text:
No. 76 special incendiary grenade

The No. 76 special incendiary grenade also commonly known as the A.W. bomb (Albright and Wilson bomb) and SIP grenade (self-igniting phosphorus grenade), was an incendiary grenade based on white phosphorus used during World War II.

On 29 July 1940, manufacturers Albright and Wilson of Oldbury demonstrated to the Royal Air Force how their white phosphorus could be used to ignite incendiary bombs. The demonstration involved throwing glass bottles containing a mixture of petrol and phosphorus at pieces of wood and into a hut. Upon breaking, the phosphorus was exposed to the air and spontaneously ignited; the petrol also burned, resulting in a fierce fire. Because of safety concerns, the RAF was not interested in white phosphorus as a source of ignition, but the idea of a self-igniting petrol bomb took hold. Initially known as an "A.W. bomb" (for the manufacturers, Albright and Wilson), it was officially named the "No. 76 grenade", but was more commonly known as the "SIP" (self-igniting phosphorus) grenade. The perfected list of ingredients was white phosphorus, benzene, water, and a two-inch strip of raw rubber, all in a half-pint bottle sealed with a crown stopper. Over time, the rubber would slowly dissolve, making the contents slightly sticky, and the mixture would separate into two layers; this was intentional, and the grenade was not to be shaken to mix the layers, as this would only delay ignition. When thrown against a hard surface, the glass would shatter and the contents would instantly ignite, liberating choking fumes of phosphorus pentoxide and sulphur dioxide, as well as producing a great deal of heat.

Strict instructions were issued to store the grenades safely, preferably underwater and certainly never in a house. Mainly issued to the Home Guard as an anti-tank weapon, it was produced in vast numbers; by August 1941 well over 6,000,000 had been manufactured. The grenade could either be thrown by hand, or fired from the Northover projector, a simple mortar; a stronger container was needed for the latter, and the two types were colour-coded.

There were many who were sceptical about the efficacy of Molotov cocktails and SIP grenades against the more modern German tanks. Weapon designer Stuart Macrae witnessed a trial of the SIP grenade at Farnborough Airfield: "There was some concern that, if the tank drivers could not pull up quickly enough and hop out, they were likely to be frizzled to death, but after looking at the bottles they said they would be happy to take a chance." The drivers were proved right; trials on modern British tanks confirmed that Molotov and SIP grenades caused the occupants of the tanks "no inconvenience whatsoever".

The Home Guard hid caches of these grenades during the war, for use in the event of an invasion. Not all locations were officially recorded and some caches were lost. Occasionally, the caches are discovered by builders digging foundations. In all cases, the grenades are still found to be dangerous, and are typically destroyed via a controlled explosion.

title: No. 76 special incendiary grenade


text:
The New York Ripper

The New York Ripper (Lo squartatore di New York) is a 1982 Italian giallo film directed by Lucio Fulci. The film is about a police lieutenant who is tracking a sadistic killer who slashes women with a switchblade and straight-razors.

The film was shot in late August to October 1981 in New York with interiors being shot in Italy. The script was re-written by Dardano Sacchetti at the last moment before filming had begun. It was released in 1982 in Italy and later in the United States in 1984 while being banned in the United Kingdom until 2002.

Plot
A decomposed human hand is found in New York City. The police identify it as belonging to Anne Lynne, a local model. Lieutenant Fred Williams (Jack Hedley), the burned-out police detective investigating the murder, interviews the young woman's nosy landlady, Mrs. Weissburger (Babette New). She tells him that during her daily spying and eavesdropping on her tenants, she overheard the girl last week over the phone arranging to meet a man who spoke with a strange, duck-like voice.

On a ferry, a young woman (Cinzia de Ponti) is eviscerated as she attempts to vandalize a car. The pathologist who conducts the autopsy (Giordano Falzoni) tells Williams that the style of the murder was similar to that of Anne Lynne and a similar case in Harlem the previous month. When Williams tells the press about a potential serial killer on the loose, the chief of police (Lucio Fulci) orders him not to make any further public announcements about the case to avoid starting a citywide panic. Williams hires Dr. Paul Davis (Paolo Malco) to advise on the case.

That night in New York's red-light district, Jane Lodge (Alexandra Delli Colli) attends a live sex show and records the simulated moans and groans of the two performers with a pocket tape recorder. Mickey Scellenda (Howard Ross), a scruffy, dangerous-looking man with two fingers missing from his right hand, sits nearby and observes what she is doing. After the show has ended, the female performer (Zora Kerova) is brutally killed by the maniac, stabbing her in the groin with a broken bottle. Later that night, while at the apartment of Kitty (Daniela Doria), a prostitute he patronizes, Williams receives a taunting phone call from the duck-voiced killer saying that he has killed again.

A young woman, Fay (Almanta Suska), is attacked by a handsome, razor-blade-wielding killer but survives. She is comforted in the hospital by her handsome boyfriend, Peter (Andrea Occhipinti). Fay tells Williams that she suspects her attacker was a scruffy, dangerous-looking man missing two fingers from his right hand. Jane continues to prowl New York for sexual experiences. After being molested in a pool hall, she picks up Scellenda; they go to a sleazy hotel room and engage in BDSM. As he has a post-coital nap, Jane overhears a radio DJ describing the killer, whom the press has now dubbed 'the New York Ripper,' as missing two fingers from his right hand. Jane slips from the room only to be killed by the New York Ripper.

Williams identifies Scellenda as the eight-fingered man — a Greek immigrant with a history of sexual assault and drug abuse. Although Dr. Davis doubts that Scellenda is intelligent enough to be the serial killer, his concerns seem obviated when Scellenda attempts to kill Fay in her home before being chased off by her boyfriend. A week later, Williams receives a call from the Ripper who wants to "dedicate a murder" to him. After being delayed by a false lead, Williams realizes the Ripper's target is Kitty. But he arrives too late to prevent her gruesome murder.

Scellenda's body is found a few days later; he has committed suicide. The pathologist tells Williams he was dead several days before Kitty's murder, proving he couldn't be the Ripper. Dr. Davis completes a profile of the killer: an intelligent young man who hates young, sexually active women and followed Scellenda to identify his victims. Realizing this describes Peter, Williams and Davis begin to follow him and Fay. They discover that Peter has Suzy, a terminally ill daughter from a previous relationship. Believing them to be the killers, Williams goes to their house to arrest them. There he discovers Peter attempting to kill Fay and kills him.

Davis explains to Fay that Peter resented her and other women for enjoying a life that his daughter never would. Suzy attempts to call Peter on the phone from her hospital room but receives no reply.

Cast

 * Jack Hedley as Lt. Fred Williams
 * Paolo Malco as Dr. Paul Davis
 * Almanta Suska as Fay Majors (credited as Almanta Keller)
 * Howard Ross as Mickey Scellenda (Mikis)
 * Andrea Occhipinti as Peter Bunch (credited as Andrew Painter)
 * Alexandra Delli Colli as Jane Lodge
 * Cosimo Cinieri as Dr. Lodge (credited as Laurence Welles)
 * Giordano Falzoni as Dr. Barry Jones, Coroner
 * Daniela Doria as Kitty
 * Cinzia de Ponti as Rosie - Ferry victim
 * Zora Kerova as Eva - Sex show performer (credited as Zora Kerowa)
 * Josh Cruze as Chico (credited as Johs Cruze)
 * Antone Pagán as Morales (credited as Anthon Kagan)
 * Chiara Ferrari as Susy Bunch
 * Barbara Cupisti as Heather
 * Babette New as Mrs. Weissburger

Production
Producer Fabrizio De Angelis was not content with the script provided by Gianfranco Clerici and Vincenzo Mannino and had Dardano Sacchetti rewrite the script. According to Sacchetti, De Angelis claimed the film to be modelled after The Hunger (1983), which is impossible as the film came out after Fulci's film was completed. Sacchetti stated that the film had initially involved a murderer suffering from progeria, that it was "a meditation on old age and human decadence. Fulci didn't understand it." and that Sacchetti had to re-do "the script in five days, not working on the structure or plot but on the situations, that is, the death scenes and the giallo mechanisms." Sacchetti added that much of the film's sexual content came from Fulci, claiming that Fulci "nurtures a profound sadism towards women." Prior to the release of the film, Fulci discussed the production, describing it as "much less horror than my previous films, no zombies, but a human killer working in the dark." Fulci described the film as a tribute to Alfred Hitchcock, billing it as "Hitchcock Revisited, a fantastic film with a plot, violence and sexuality."

The New York Ripper was shot in eight weeks from late August to October 1981 under the working title of Lo squartatore. It was shot on location in New York with interiors filmed in Rome. Among the cast was Jack Hedley, who was cast after filming had commenced. Zora Kerova, who played Eva in the film, spoke positively about working with Fulci and stated that it took a while for Fulci to warm up to her. When asked what she thought of the film, she stated she "didn't like The New York Ripper at all."

Release
The New York Ripper was released on 4 March 1982 in Italy. It grossed 1,039,731,282 Italian lira during its original theatrical run, and found similar commercial success abroad.

In the United Kingdom, the film was screened for the BBFC, with Carol Tpolski describing the film as "simply the most damaging film I have ever seen in my whole life" and "a relentless catalogue of the eponymous antihero/villain cutting women up." The film was banned in the United Kingdom, where it could not be sold until 2002.

The film received a limited theatrical release in the United States in 1984 and was released on VHS in 1987, where it was slightly edited by Vidmark Entertainment. It has been released 1999-09-07 by Anchor Bay Entertainment on DVD and later on by Blue Underground on Blu-ray and DVD in 2016. It received a 4K scan Blu-ray Release in 2019 and finally a Special Edition 4k Release in August 2020.

Critical reception
From reviews in the 1980s, critic Alan Jones stated in a 1983 issue of Starburst that the film was a "psychotic, erotic masterpiece" and "the strongest and most powerful of all [of Fulci's] films to date." concluding that the film "clinches his position as one of the most influential directors of the past decade." Jones continued that the film captured the sleaziness of New York to perfection, Fulci's sense of ironic humor, declaring the only faults were that the passage of time within sections of the film is unclear; and that the motive for the murders was "a trifle thin". In an overview of Fulci's career in 1989, Chas. Balun wrote in GoreZone that The New York Ripper was "justifiably overlooked" stating that "one can almost summarily dismiss the clunky plotting, regressive world view, mean-spirited misogyny and sleazy sexual sadism, but no one can let Fulci off the hook for featuring a psychopathic killer who quacks like a duck!"

Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine called the film "sour and pointless," adding that it "utilizes all the necessary ingredients but fails to summon from them the magisterial dignity one expects from the finer NYC vomitoriums." On his website, Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings, Dave Sindelar criticized the film's clichéd plot, obvious identity of the killer and attempts at pathos, the latter of which he felt were "forced and ineffectual." In the end, Sindelar stated that the film's nastiness and gore were its primary appeal, while also noting that it "will certainly not be to everyone’s taste." Maitland McDonagh from TV Guide gave the film 1/4 stars, writing, "Fulci alternates sleazy sex scenes with graphic and deeply misogynistic murders, fills the plots with twists that make no sense, then wraps the whole thing up in a preposterous psychological flourish." Robert Firsching of AllMovie claimed that the film was Fulci "pandering to the lowest common denominator as never before in his career". He added that "Fulci showed with this blatant play for the sicko slasher crowd that the days of well-plotted, stylish Italian horror were gone, replaced with the most vicious sort of sexual violence and perversion", concluding that the film was a "shameful piece of work".

The New York Ripper holds a 25% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on eight reviews.

title: The New York Ripper


text: User talk:207.107.197.198

title: User talk:207.107.197.198


text:
William P. Leahy

William P. Leahy (born 1948) is an American Jesuit academic who served as the 25th president of Boston College, a post he had held since 1996, making him the longest serving president in the school's history as of July 31, 2020.

Career
He joined the Society of Jesus in 1967, and is a member of the Jesuits' Midwest Province. Leahy earned a bachelor's degree in philosophy and a master's degree in United States history at Saint Louis University in 1972 and 1975, respectively. He then began studies at the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley in Berkeley, California, where he earned degrees in theology (1978) and historical theology (1980). He was ordained a priest in 1978. He received a doctoral degree in U.S. history from Stanford University in 1986.

He began his academic career as a teacher at Campion High School in Wisconsin from 1973 to 1975. He served as a teaching assistant at Stanford in 1981 before joining the Marquette University faculty as an instructor of history in 1985. He became an associate professor with tenure in 1991, and in that same year became Marquette's executive vice president.

Leahy's memberships include the American Catholic Historical Association, the American Historical Association, the History of Education Society, and the Organization of American Historians.

Boston College presidency
In 2006, after a two-year self-study involving more than 200 BC faculty, administrators, students and alumni, Leahy announced a $1.6-billion strategic plan that called for hiring 100 new faculty, adding a dozen new academic centers and spending $1 billion in construction and renovation projects to elevate Boston College to the highest echelon of premier national universities. The Plan set seven strategic directions for the University: To become a national leader in liberal arts education and student formation; to enhance its research initiatives in select natural sciences and in areas that address urgent social problems; to support leadership initiatives in BC's graduate and professional schools; to expand international programs and partnerships. Leahy's stated goal was to establish Boston College as "the world's leading Catholic university."

In line with this direction, the Weston Jesuit School of Theology re-affiliated with Boston College in 2008 to form the new School of Theology and Ministry. During the same year, Leahy started the construction of Stokes Hall, a 183,000 sqft administrative and classroom building for BC's humanities departments, which opened in 2012. In 2002, Leahy initiated the Church in the 21st Century program to examine issues facing the Roman Catholic Church in light of the clergy sexual abuse scandal.

Books

 * Adapting to America: Catholics, Jesuits and Higher Education in the Twentieth Century (Georgetown University Press, 1991)

Articles
Leahy has written a number of articles on Catholic higher education in the United States, including, among others: In addition, Leahy has authored numerous articles in the Dictionary of Christianity in America and book reviews in History, The Journal of American History, and History of Education Quarterly.
 * "The Rise of Laity in American Catholic Higher Education," Records of the American Catholic Historical Society (1991)
 * "Academic Professionalism and American Catholic Higher Education," Assembly 1989: Jesuit Ministry in Higher Education (1990)

title: William P. Leahy


text:
Four Card Poker

Four Card Poker is a casino card game similar to Three Card Poker, invented by Roger Snow and owned by Shuffle Master.

Description of play
The player can place an ante bet or an "Aces Up" bet or both. Five playing cards are dealt to the player, while the dealer is dealt five cards face down and a sixth card face up. Both the player and the dealer make their best four-card hands. The dealer's advantages are in having an extra card and the fact that if the player folds, he will lose his ante, even if his hand turns out to be better than the dealer's.

After seeing their cards and the dealer's face up card, the player can opt to fold the ante bet, in which case the player loses it, or play by betting 1-3 times their ante. Unlike Three Card Poker and some other games, the dealer always qualifies (plays). If the player ties or beats the dealer, the player is paid the amount bet. A bonus is paid if the player has a three of a kind (2-1 for the original ante bet only), straight flush (20-1), or four of a kind (25-1). This bonus is paid out even if the dealer's hand is better than the player's; however, in this situation, the player would still lose their ante and play bets.

The Aces Up bet depends solely on the player's hand. If the player has a pair of aces or better, they win, otherwise they lose. The dealer's hand is immaterial. The payout for a win can range from 1-1 for a pair of aces to 50-1 for four of a kind, the best possible hand. Various payout variations are possible, depending on the casino, resulting in a house edge ranging from 1.98% to 6.15%.

Rank of hands
The possible four-card hands are (from best to worst):
 * Four of a kind
 * Straight flush
 * Three of a kind
 * Flush
 * Straight
 * Two pair
 * One pair
 * High card

title: Four Card Poker


text:
File:Hollisalbum.jpg

Licensing
Cover of Mark Hollis by Mark Hollis.

title: File:Hollisalbum.jpg


text:
File:Aktuellt intro.jpg

Summary
The Aktuellt logo and intro.

title: File:Aktuellt intro.jpg


text: User:Memory

title: User:Memory


text:
The Meads of Asphodel

The Meads of Asphodel are an English black metal band with pronounced medieval, Arab, punk, and progressive metal influences from Hertfordshire, England.

History
The band was formed in mid-1998 by Metatron and Jaldaboath. The stated aim being to "create heavy guitar-based original Black Metal with Medieval/Eastern influences and a lyrical concept derived from Christ's mortality, Biblical Apocrypha, Fallen Angels and Death." Their demo releases The Bemoaning of Metatron and Metatron and the Red Gleaming Serpent gained them a good deal of critical attention in the underground metal press, even receiving mentions from such mainstream sources as Kerrang! magazine, and they soon signed to Supernal Music after the release of their widely acclaimed final demo The Watchers of Catal Huyuk. Their albums, particularly 2001's The Excommunication of Christ explore conceptual themes based around an anti-Christian interpretation of the Bible and Apocrypha. Despite a fluctuating line-up, the band continues to release well-received music.

One of the band's most consistent features is their use of guest musicians. Over the years they have had a large roster of guests including members of Hawkwind, Sigh, Amebix, Mael Mordha, Taake, and an actual Rabbi.

Members

 * Current members
 * Metatron – Vocals (1998–present)
 * J.D. Tait – Guitars, keyboards, vocals (2002–present)
 * André Kjelbergvik Thung – Drums (2012–present)

 * Former members
 * Jaldaboath – Guitars, music programming, vocals, bass, keyboards (1998–2002)
 * Urakbaramel – Drums (2002–2012)
 * Max Rael (History of Guns) – Keyboards, programming (2001–2007)
 * Paul Carter – Keyboards (2003)
 * Deorth – Bass (2003)
 * Pope Richard Alan Weeks – Bass (2015–2018)

 * Session musicians and guests
 * Alan Davey – Bass (2002–2014)
 * Mirai – Keyboards
 * Huw Lloyd-Langton – Lead guitar (2000–2007)
 * The Mad Mullah – drums (2002)

Studio albums

 * The Excommunication of Christ (Supernal, 2001)
 * Exhuming the Grave of Yeshua (Supernal, 2003)
 * Damascus Steel (Supernal, 2005)
 * The Murder of Jesus the Jew (Candlelight Records, 2010)
 * Sonderkommando (Candlelight Records, 2013)
 * Running Out of Time Doing Nothing (Godreah Records, 2019)

EPs and splits

 * Freezing Moon/Jihad split with Mayhem (Supernal, 2002)
 * In the Name of God, Welcome to Planet Genocide EP (Firestorm, 2006)
 * Life is Shit EP (Firestorm, 2007)
 * English Black Punk Metal/The Bones of This Land are Not Speechless split with Old Corpse Road (Godreah, 2010)
 * Taste the Divine Wrath split with Tjolgtjar (Eternal Death, 2015)
 * Imperial East-West Onslaught split with Rerthro (2018)
 * The Voiceless Dust of Ages EP (2018)

Demos

 * The Bemoaning of Metatron (demo, 1998)
 * Metatron and the Gleaming Red Serpent (demo, 1999)
 * The Watchers of Catal Huyuk (demo, 1999)

Live

 * The Mill Hill Sessions (Godreah, 2004)

Compilations

 * Britannia Infernus: A History of British Occult and Black (Godreah, 2002)
 * Daze of the Underground: A Tribute to Hawkwind (Godreah, 2003)
 * The Early Years (compilation of unreleased material from 1998–2002) (Godreah, 2009)
 * Swine of Hades (Godreah, 2011)
 * Voices from Valhalla: A Tribute to Bathory (Godreah, 2012)
 * The Meads of Asphodel boxed Set (Fallen-Angels Productions, 2013)
 * The Middle Ages (Sixsixsix Music, 2014)
 * Split Promo with The Wolves of Avalon (Sixsixsix Music, 2014)
 * We Worship Desaster: A Tribute to Desaster (Grom records, 2014)
 * Desolate Hymns for a Fallen God (Covers Album) (Azermedoth Records, 2015)
 * Tales From Bedlam (Valgriind, 2015)

Singles

 * "All Things Bright & Shit" – Terrorizer Xmas Song (Terrorizer, 2006)
 * "The Song of a Hundred Roars" – Terrorizer Magazine Xmas Song (Terrorizer, 2009)

title: The Meads of Asphodel


text:
Talk:Pickering Airport Lands

Categorization of proposed airports
Should we categorize non-existant airports under Category:Airports of Ontario (that's an honest question, not a troll)? David 14:12, 2005 May 30 (UTC)

What do you mean? Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 01:40, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see, that this airport doesn't exist yet. Hmm, sure, but you might want to make a mention of it in the text of the category. Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 01:41, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

Runway numbering
How can there be a runway at 15/34, it should be 15/33 or 16/34?Tallrichard2 17:37, 24 May 2007 (UTC)

Citations and point of view
I've added a POV-check label - there are a few obviously biased arguments here - "A similar major land expropriation took place north of Montreal for the Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, which opened in 1975, the same year that the Pickering project was postponed. Mirabel International Airport as since met the same fate a Pickering airport will; it was recently closed down and is in the process of being converted into an amusement park." is one example.

Another is: "Once again, there is significant community opposition to the airport, including the umbrella group V.O.C.A.L. (Voters Organized to Cancel the Airport Lands, www.vocalvoice.ca). There is also significant opposition to the airport within the general aviation community,..." - no reference is cited for these types of remarks. --209.161.224.62 (talk) 23:46, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

obvious and clear POV
Beyond the one line "they maintain (the other airport) will be at capacity in mid-2020" the entire conterversey section (which is MORE then half the page) is a pointed attack at the airport. This is obvious and clear POV and should be removed at once. Nickjbor (talk) 04:49, 21 June 2008 (UTC) I agree. How can there be an operator listed when its an airport that doesn't exist? Why is the line "GTAA has assumed" not editable? Its conjecture at this point.207.61.57.18 (talk) 16:49, 20 November 2009 (UTC)Prkmky

 * Um, probably because the GTAA were the ones who proposed the idea and will be constucting the airport. And the contoversy section does not seem so long--don't see much POV in it. Eelam StyleZ (talk) 04:18, 23 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree we should remove it. Kanatonian (talk) 14:21, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Ummm...
"in 2009 announced the end of its $1.5 million annual subsidy to Buttonville for handling overflow general aviation traffic from Toronto Pearson"

GA aircraft haven't been allowed into Pearson for decades. My friend's Maule was one of the last in in the 1980s. Maury Markowitz (talk) 17:05, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

NPOV Dispute
Given that the airport does not even exist, the title "Pickering Airport" doesn't make much sense. "Proposed Pickering Airport" would be much more appropriate.

Also the sentences preceding footnote 5 and 9 are incorrect. The linked news release says nothing about the planned construction of an airport. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Derlaid (talk • contribs) 13:27, 30 June 2013 (UTC)

 * "Proposed Pickering Airport" would not satisfy WP:TITLE. Pickering Airport is the name that is most commonly used to refer to the project. Throwing in an adverb doesn't make a difference and doesn't sound encyclopedic. EelamStyleZ // TALK 20:15, 15 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Category:Proposed airports shows that we commonly use the common name of proposed airports, when there is one. Atlanta's second airport and Proposed Chicago south suburban airport are examples where there is no common name for the proposed airport. So, "Proposed" at the beginning of the title is not unheard of. Sources are mixed, but the most recent consensus seems to be building around Pickering airport, as an airport located in Pickering, not an airport named "Pickering Airport". See Pickering airport announcement blindsides province and locals (June 2013, the news which seems to have prompted this "dispute"), and Minister Raitt engages Durham, York and Toronto area community, business, municipal leaders on next steps for the Pickering Lands (July 2015). The news release from last month gives a proper name to Pickering Lands, while avoiding "Pickering Airport". Indeed, they now call it "a potential future airport" – the term used 3–4 times in that news release. With this airport now in the proposal stage for over 40 years, and not expected to be operational until 2027 or later, and no official name for this proposed airport, I think it may be appropriate to move this to Proposed Pickering airport, until more concrete plans develop. Rouge National Urban Park still needs to be updated. – Wbm1058 (talk) 14:12, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Since the article is about the expropriated lands and covers all the uses made and to be made for the land, perhaps a more neutral title would be "Pickering Airport Lands" ? EncycloCanuck (talk) 14:32, 4 October 2015 (UTC)

Proposal to rename the page
In light of the above discussion and the lack of any objections in almost five years to my proposed renaming to "Pickering Airport Lands" I intend to make this change in 5 days time unless there are serious objections, in which case I will follow the WP:RM process. It is worth noting that even Transport Canada uses the name "Pickering Airport Lands" EncycloCanuck (talk) 20:32, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

 * With no objections having been raised I will now change the name of this page EncycloCanuck (talk) 12:55, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

 * Having made this change I believe that the POV title template should be removed. If there are no objections I shall do so one week from today EncycloCanuck (talk) 14:29, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

 * With no objections having been raised the POV title template has now been removed EncycloCanuck (talk) 23:18, 8 August 2020 (UTC)

Map image
I see that we're currently using a map of all of in the sidebar. I believe the related map of just might do a better job of identifying the airport's proposed location. 198.52.130.137 (talk) 15:44, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pickering Airport Lands


text:
ABSA

ABSA may refer to:

 * ABSA Cargo Airline, a cargo airline
 * Absa Group Limited, a pan-African financial services conglomerate that includes:
 * Absa Bank Limited, one of the largest banks in South Africa, a subsidiary of Absa Group Limited
 * Absa Bank Botswana
 * Absa Bank Ghana
 * Absa Bank Kenya
 * Absa Bank Mauritius
 * Absa Bank Mozambique
 * Absa Bank Seychelles
 * Absa Bank Uganda
 * Absa Bank Zambia
 * Absa Bank Tanzania
 * African Baseball & Softball Association
 * Alberta Boilers Safety Association
 * American Biological Safety Association
 * Association of British Secretaries in America
 * Australian Bird Study Association, an ornithological organization
 * Absa, a character in Rivals of Aether

title: ABSA


text:
Hugh Clapperton

Bain Hugh Clapperton (18 May 1788 – 13 April 1827) was a Scottish naval officer and explorer of West and Central Africa.

Early career
Clapperton was born in Annan, Dumfriesshire, where his father, George Clapperton, was a surgeon. He gained some knowledge of practical mathematics and navigation, and at thirteen was apprenticed on board a vessel which traded between Liverpool and North America. After having made several voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, he was impressed for the navy, in which he soon rose to the rank of midshipman. During the Napoleonic Wars he saw a good deal of active service, and at the storming of Port Louis, Mauritius, in November 1810, he was first in the breach and hauled down the French flag.

In 1814 Clapperton went to Canada, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and to the command of a schooner on the Canadian lakes. In 1817, when the flotilla on the lakes was dismantled, he returned home on half-pay. In 1820 Clapperton removed to Edinburgh, where he made the acquaintance of Walter Oudney, who aroused his interest in African travel.

African exploration
Lieutenant G. F. Lyon having returned from an unsuccessful attempt to reach Bornu from Tripoli, the British government determined on a second expedition to that country. Walter Oudney was appointed by Lord Bathurst, then colonial secretary, to proceed to Bornu as consul, accompanied by Hugh Clapperton. From Tripoli, early in 1822, they set out southward to Murzuk, where they were later joined by Major Dixon Denham, who found both men in a wretched condition. They eventually proceeded south from Murzuk on 29 November 1822. By this time, a deep antipathy had developed between Clapperton and Denham, Denham secretly sending home malicious reports about Clapperton having homosexual relations with one of the Arab servants. The accusation, based on a rumour spread by a disgruntled servant dismissed by Clapperton for theft, was almost certainly unfounded, and Denham later withdrew it but without telling Clapperton he had done so, leading the historian Bovill to observe that 'it remains difficult to recall in all the checkered (sic) history of geographic discovery.... a more odious man than Dixon Denham'.

On 17 February 1823, the party eventually reached Kuka (now Kukawa in Nigeria), capital of the Bornu Empire, where they were well received by the sultan Sheikh al-Kaneimi, having earlier become the first white men to see Lake Chad. Whilst at Kuka, Clapperton and Oudney parted company with Denham on 14 December to explore the course of the Niger River. Denham remained behind to explore and survey the western, south and south-eastern shores of Lake Chad, and the lower courses of the rivers Waube, Logone and Shari. However, only a few weeks later, Oudney died at the village of Murmur, located near the town of Katagum on the road to Kano. Undeterred, Clapperton continued his journey alone through Kano to Sokoto, the capital of the Fulani Empire, where by order of Sultan Muhammed Bello he was obliged to stop, though the Niger was only a five-day journey to the west. Exhausted by his travels, he returned by way of Zaria and Katsina to Kuka, where Denham found him barely recognizable after his privations. Clapperton and Denham departed Kuka for Tripoli in August 1824, reaching Tripoli on 26 January 1825. Their mutual antipathy unabated, they exchanged not a word during the 133-day journey. The pair continued their journey to England, arriving home to a heroes' welcome on 1 June 1825. An account of their travels was published in 1826 under the title Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the years 1822–1823 and 1824.

Immediately after his return to England, Clapperton was raised to the rank of commander, and sent out with another expedition to Africa, the sultan Bello of Sokoto having professed his eagerness to open up trade with the west coast. Clapperton came out on HMS Brazen, which was joining the West Africa Squadron for the suppression of the slave trade. He landed at Badagry in the Bight of Benin, and started overland for the Niger on 7 December 1825, having with him his servant Richard Lemon Lander, Captain Pearce, and Dr. Morrison, navy surgeon and naturalist. Before the month was out Pearce and Morrison were dead of fever. Clapperton continued his journey, and, passing through the Yoruba country, in January 1826 he crossed the Niger at Bussa, the spot where Mungo Park had died twenty years before.

Death
In July, Clapperton arrived at Kano and thence the Fulani capital Sokoto, intending to continue to Bornu and renew his acquaintance with the Kanuri leader Sheikh al-Kaneimi. However, the Fulani were now at war with al-Kaneimi, and Sultan Bello refused him permission to leave. After many months' detention, afflicted by malaria, depression, and dysentery, Clapperton died, leaving his servant Lander the only survivor of the expedition. Lander returned to the coast, and at Fernando Po by extraordinary coincidence met Clapperton's old antagonist, Dixon Denham, who duly relayed the news of Clapperton's demise to London.

Legacy
Clapperton was the first European to make known from personal observation the Hausa states, which he visited soon after the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate by the Fula. In 1829 the Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, &c., by Clapperton appeared posthumously, with a biographical sketch of the explorer by his uncle, Lieutenant-Colonel S. Clapperton, as a preface. Richard Lander, who had brought back the journal of his master, also published Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa ... with the subsequent Adventures of the Author (2 volumes, London, 1830).

Paintings and Engravings
Hugh Clapperton was painted in c 1817 by Sir Henry Raeburn, the painting now residing in the United States. A later oil painting by Gildon Manton is held by The National Gallery of Scotland The frontispiece to Clapperton's Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa features an engraving by Thomas Goff Lupton.

Works

 * Clapperton, H. (1826). Difficult and Dangerous Roads – Travels in Sahara and Fezzan, 1822–1825. Eds. Bruce-Lockhart, J. & Wright, J. Sickle Moon Books, London. ISBN 978-1-900209-06-9
 * Scans: Volume 1, Volume 2
 * Scans: Volume 1, Volume 2

title: Hugh Clapperton


text:
Canopus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Canopus or Canobus (Ancient Greek: Κάνωβος) was the pilot of the ship of King Menelaus of Sparta during the Trojan War.

Mythology
Canopus is described as a handsome young man who was loved by the Egyptian prophetess, Theonoe, but never reciprocated her feelings.

According to legend, while visiting the Egyptian coast, Canopus was bitten by a serpent and died. His master, Menelaus, erected a monument to him at one of the mouths of the River Nile, around which the town of Canopus later developed.

Legacy
Also named for Canopus is Canopus, the brightest star in the southern constellation of Carina (the keel of the ship Argo), and the second-brightest star in the night sky, after Sirius. In addition, the last technically taxiable de Havilland DH.106 Comet 4C airliner and the very last Comet to fly was also named Canopus, with military serial XS235, by the Royal Air Force of Great Britain. After retirement, it was stored at the disused airfield at Bruntingthorpe.

title: Canopus (mythology)


text:
Talk:Section 8 (military)

Untitled
The article currently describes Section 8 as being an "undesirable" discharge, but this is not one of the four types listed in the military discharge article. What is the exact type of discharge that Section 8 produces? --137.22.3.33 14:15, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a dishonorable discharge. --Victor 03:23, 27 November 2005 (UTC)
 * According to Infoplease, there is a term undesirable discharge but it merely refers to a discharge that is not honorable. It has no specific meaning. Superm401 - Talk 01:17, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

I do not think it is a dishonorable discharge. A dishonorable discharge can only be imposed by a General Court Martial as a punishment for a crime and it is the civilian equivalent of a felony conviction. Does a Section 8 Discharge even exist anymore? Rws1 04:38, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

Basically, this applies to the U.S. military. A Section 8 is a type of dishonorable discharge granted for sexual deviancy, and was normally used to discharge homosexuals from the military. It hasn't been used much since the U.S. military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy came into effect during the Clinton administration.

Section of what?
One thing that needs to be included is what statutory or other compilation section 8 was part of i.e. was it a particular statute, a list of rules, a manual, etc.? For example an "Article 15", "Article 32" etc. refers to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Where can someone look up the famed section 8? Ellsworth 22:17, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The article does need to cite the exact source of the term, and quote it as appropriate if possible. The Max Klinger article claims a Section 8 was considered a medical discharge and not a dishonorable discharge, which differs from the content in this article.  Tempshill 16:03, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * While I can't say positively enough to add it, I'd guess it's S.8 of the Army code of law under which courts martial & other disciplinary measures were conducted prior to the introduction of the UCMJ. Which raises another issue, when the UCMJ replaced the old Civil War-era (earlier?) code. (A side note: the Confederate army used the exact same manual...) Trekphiler 09:31, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/s/s0208600.html says "Section VIII of U.S. Army Regulation 615-360, which provided for the discharge of those deemed unfit for military service." R.615 will be a subsection (I'd guess) of the manual. 09:47, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.section-eight.net dates 615-360 in effect December 1922 to July 1944, calling it "a discharge based on military assessment of psychological unfitness" 10:21, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary dates 615-360 in effect December 1922 to July 1944, also. 10:32, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Objection; relevance?
Can someone explain to me how the paragraph about the videogame is relevant at all? I see the connection; a member of a pseudo-military organisation is implied to be homosexual. What I don't see is how that actually pertains to Section 8 in any way at all. The name is an obvious reference, but it doesn't seem to bring anything of note to article. Perhaps it the reference is of note for an article about the game, but not an article about the actual Section 8.MVMosin 12:52, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

AR 40-501
I think it should be mentioned that not all personality disorders/mental disorders result in what can be characterized as an Administrative Separation (as far as AR 635-200 is concerned). In fact, AR 40-501 classifies several mental conditions as "failing retention standards" and immediate referral to a Medical Evaluation Board. There would have been many cases in the past (such as with Jim Garrison), he would have been medically discharge IAW with AR 40-501 rather than a negative connotation under Section 8. Just my thoughts, I will not add/edit to the article until further discussion occurs. Cheers. --Aristotle1776 (talk) 02:50, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

Comment
What was the process for discharging someone under this classification? Was there a stay in a psychiatric observation hospital involved, or were they just escorted off base after the base doctor made the assessment? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.157.220 (talk) 22:25, 30 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I'm not aware if there was any specific process. It might have depended on the situation.★Trekker (talk) 07:02, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Section 8 (military)


text:
Talk:Four Evangelists

ALERT: Major oversight
As of this date, this article says nothing at all about who actually wrote gospels. Many, if not most, folks coming to this article are probably looking for some information about the actual scholarly thought about this. Why is there nothing? A paragraph would be sufficient. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CC00:67E0:E058:4A06:9541:F57D (talk) 19:05, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Crickets? Really? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.49.105.34 (talk) 14:10, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Feel free to write it! 2.28.151.173 (talk) 16:46, 7 October 2019 (UTC)

Untitled
I added a bit of explanations on why the symbols are attributed that way. As far as I know, that attribution may only be accepted by some forms of chrisitanity (catholocism ?). I think calling the symbol of Matthew an angel rather than a man is a mistake, but I'm no theologian or historian.

Flammifer 14:18, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Mary speaking in Luke only
This also represents Mary as obedient, like an ox, as this is the only Gospel where she says something.

This hardly seems correct. Mary (not named, but called "the Mother of Jesus") speaks in the Gospel of John. I'll delete the reference to her speaking only in this Gospel unless someone can explain why it should remain. 66.178.202.34 21:31, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Naming
The subesction on naming relates to formal and casual naming conventions of the gospels, not the four evangelists of the title. Doesn't seem significant enough to be listed here. Any objections to it being removed? Just nigel 02:27, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * At least the second bit seems relevant enough to have a place at the bottom of the article. Johnbod 02:32, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * OK no big deal, if i carded that strongly I would have already removed it ;) Just nigel 06:09, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

I think that whenever their names are mentioned in the English Wikipedia the order Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John should be used due to the fact it sounds the best when orated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.194.236.128 (talk) 06:25, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Dictating gospels
"Sometimes they appear to dictate to the writing evangelist." It is taking artistic license with Christian understanding of how the gospels were written if they do appear this way. I've not seen it, but if the illuminators have drawn it this way sometimes I understand that it is worth mentioning. Do you have an example for this? Just nigel 06:09, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, it illustrates the divine inspiration. Probably it draws from the account (for which there is a first-hand witness) of the dove seen whispering in the ear of St Gregory. None of the Commons examples seem to show it however. I'll keep my eyes out. Johnbod 12:10, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I was refering to the fact that the notion of 'divine inspirtaion' (as in the Christian evangelists) differs significantly from other religious notions of 'dictation' (as in Mohamad). It may be that they are 'inspiring' the evangelists and not 'dictating' to them. But if we find an example we can see.--Just nigel 04:31, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Well I hardly think the difference will be visible. Johnbod 10:56, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Faulty images and description
New and pressing issue: The 1516 painting by Pier Francesco Sacchi depicts the four original Doctors of the Church (Ambrose, Jerome, Ambrose, Gregory) rather than the Four Evangelists. The painting's full title is Four doctors of the Church represented with attributes of the Four Evangelists. See this article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Francesco_Sacchi

I noticed several things about two of the displayed images.

'Haregarius_001.jpg's description is wrong: The evangelists are not '"displayed twice"'. If you read carefully you can spot the names of the Old Testament prophets who are often credited with prophesying Jesus as the Messiah (Isaiah, Daniel, Jeremiah and Ezekiel).

'Germany_Rottenburg_St-Moritz_Evangelists.jpg' is faulty in that the 15th century artist erred in the animals attributed to the saints. Looking closely, the lion bears the inscription "'S.MATHAUS'" and the winged man carries a banner inscribed "'S.MARCHUS'". As explained in the article the traditional attributes are Matthew = man and Mark = lion. It should be replaced with a correct picture to prevent confusion. I think I saw some pics in the German wiki... 85.177.109.223 (talk) 13:05, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I inquired with St Moriz's church secretary and edited the image descriptions as she confirmed my observation. 85.182.6.63 (talk) 06:13, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Lions sleeping with open eyes?
Could anybody provide reference for lions sleeping with open eyes. I did a quick search and was not able to find any such facts!Jyrejoice (talk) 19:20, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

The symbols
Cannot source it yet, but the symbollogy is as follows: The symbollogy was prob borrowed from Mesopotamian mythology, via an unknown route, one of three likely: Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 20:40, 10 May 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) directly from the Babylonian captivity,
 * 2) borrowing from a neighbor mythology such as wandering Chaldean astrologers, neighboring west semites, or
 * 3) inheritance from the original Canaanean religion where JHWH was one of many gods.

 * No, the symbols come from the Book of Ezekiel 1-2, namly the Chariot Vision (merkabah) of four many-winged, four-faced creatures. The evangelist's symbols are always shown with wings. The creatures had faces of a human, lion, bull, and eagle.

!|evangelist !|symbol
 * Matthew
 * winged man/angel
 * Mark
 * winged lion
 * Luke
 * winged ox/bull
 * John
 * eagle
 * }
 * While this was a vision to Ezekiel while in the Babylonian captivity, many myths and stories of the region used these animals as symbols. There is no reason to assume that the symbols are linked to any one culture's set of myths. (It was the church fathers than linked the four types with the four evangelists.) User talk:Carlaude 00:22, 11 May 2010 (UTC)
 * John
 * eagle
 * }
 * While this was a vision to Ezekiel while in the Babylonian captivity, many myths and stories of the region used these animals as symbols. There is no reason to assume that the symbols are linked to any one culture's set of myths. (It was the church fathers than linked the four types with the four evangelists.) User talk:Carlaude 00:22, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

The Tetramorph page describes the symbols better than this page and, with a source, links the "living creatures" correctly with the fixed signs of the zodiac. Which was Babylonian. Earth Sprite ∞ 17:07, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Authorship of Gospels
Biblical scholars mostly agree that the canonical gospels were not written by contemporaries of Jesus. This entry (particularly the symbols section) seems unaware of that fact. The gospels were written anonymously, in Greek, by highly educated scribes, a couple of decades after Jesus of Nazareth's death. The "Four Evangelists" were almost certainly not the authors of the four canonical New Testament gospels, although "tradition" has incorrectly considered them as such.Matt2h (talk) 20:46, 16 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Have you read the article? It deals with the issue from the first line onwards, if not ideally. But this short group article is not the place to go into much detail. Johnbod (talk) 20:52, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The bishop and church historian Eusebius of Caesaria (c. A.D. 264-c. 340), in his Historia Ecclesiastica (or Ecclesiastical History, in English) wrote about the authorship of the Gospels. I don't have the quotation from his work, but I recall that he said that Mark started first, then Matthew, then Luke and John.  I am not sure though.  It would be worthwhile to put some investigation into any sources that support this. One can read Eusebius' work online on the Christian Classics Ethereal Library, here.--Joshuajohnson555 (talk) 23:21, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I think that Pandora's box is the subject of Q source. History2007 (talk) 23:43, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Capitalization
Per Ascension of Jesus, "ascension" is not capitalized unless it is a component of a work of art, a place name, or some other already-proper noun. Therefore in the phrase in question, it should be lowercase. Elizium23 (talk) 05:49, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, that's wrong - obviously. It is exactly the same as Crucifixion and Resurrection. When the single word is used to mean the specific event it is a proper noun. Johnbod (talk) 05:55, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * , while I agree that it is wrong, it is uniformly wrong on Wikipedia and reflects consensus contrary to our instincts. Elizium23 (talk) 05:57, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * This is all according to MOS:GOD. Elizium23 (talk) 05:59, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Not at all - for example Ascension of Jesus in Christian art treats it correctly. Johnbod (talk) 05:59, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I think we could make a valid case for capitalization: Spiritual or religious events are capitalized only when referring to proper names of specific incidents or periods but could we make that case across 3+ major articles and have it take hold? Elizium23 (talk) 06:01, 22 January 2021 (UTC)
 * (ec) exactly - What MOS:GOD actually says is "Spiritual or religious events are capitalized only when referring to proper names of specific incidents or periods (the Great Flood and the Exodus; but Ancient Egyptian myths about the Nile's annual flooding, and an exodus of refugees from Soviet religious persecution)." - which is absolutely fine.  I think that is in fact already usually followed. Of course "ascending Christ" etc is different. Johnbod (talk) 06:03, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Four Evangelists


text:
Waimea River (Tasman)

The Waimea River is located in the north of the South Island of New Zealand. It is formed from the confluence of the Wairoa River and the Wai-iti River, which meet near Brightwater. The combined waters flow into Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere near Appleby, opposite Rabbit Island.

title: Waimea River (Tasman)


text:
User talk:Jerzy/Richard J. Doscher

 *  (This approach to Wiki-talk (using two templates) is an experiment; i've so far imposed upon a number of colleagues with it, who have responded thru it (even without this 'graph) well enough that i can describe it as "working" (though an otherwise angry one nevertheless described it as "ridiculous"). My hope is that it will slow the growth of my talk page, make my archiving simpler and more timely, and thus make leaving talk for me less burdensome (especially for slow-pipe colleagues) than it has been for too many months. I cordially invite discussion of it (or one-shot comments, from those who prefer).)

''If you add to this discussion, most other participant(s) won't be nearly as quickly aware of that as they would, if you had also edited their respective talk page(s). (A link to the corresponding section of each is at their corresponding "*" below, and your updating the edit count and editing-time-stamp range there also gives that participant further information. But no one other than i has done so yet.) For my own notification, i've started a list that i can check via "Related changes" more often than i am willing to check my Watchlist or "My contributions", tho of course that is still less often than "You have new messages."''

 * 4 msgs,14:45, 27 thru 15:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 14:45, 27 May 2005 (UTC J
 * 02:22, 28 May 2005 (UTC) R
 * 04:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC) R
 * 15:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC) J
 * 2 participants: Jerzy·t·c·*; Rdoscherca·t·c·*.
 * general topic(s): His auto-bio art; "vanity"; copyvio issues
 * relevant reference(s): Votes for deletion/Richard J. Doscher; (& peripherally Richard J. Doscher)

...hope we don't lose you ... VfDed Auto-Bio
Please don't overlook my new remarks close to the top of Votes for deletion/Richard J. Doscher. I hope this isn't too late to be saying what i now have. IMO you've got nothing to prove, and IMO we owe you to some extent, rather than the other way around. But i'm not sure your autobio was a bad starting point for your WP affiliation, and it sounds to me as if there may be plenty of intersection between the articles that serve your purposes and ours, so i hope we don't lose you. Thanks for sticking your head up. [smile] --Jerzy·t 14:45, 27 May 2005 (UTC)
 * THANK YOU for your kind comments. Rdoscherca 02:22, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Can you explain to me the process relative to the copywrite hold on the page. Thank you. Rdoscherca 04:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The quick, flippant, and sadly accurate answer is "No. No one can really explain anything about WP, because that's like nailing Jello to a wall."
 * A more helpful one is that if you haven't already been to WP:CP, read whatever introductory matter is at the top of that page, and find the entry that refers to the autobio that presumably prompted this request to me by you. I think you'll find an appropriate place to say whatever you think will help.
 * (If i were you, i would probably say
 * I think i've established that i am the sole authority entitled to exercise the rights US law grants to the "author" of the copyright-protected page that is the source. I have knowingly placed it under GDFL, so treating it as a "copyvio" here and on the VfD sub-page is unjustified. How do we get the VfD back on track?
 * I haven't carefully studied our copyvio policy (or if i did, it was around 18 months ago, when i helped two purported authors of external Web pages re James MacArthur), and if you want more info from me, just say so and i will go read WP:CP at least twice (especially for the sake of the parts that may make more sense to me than you), before replying further.
 * --Jerzy·t 15:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * --Jerzy·t 15:28, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

RickK has written me (at the end of my talk page) apparently hoping i can facilitate getting the VfD process on the bio article abt you back on track. I hope that the removal of the VfD msg you apparently did was due to misunderstanding -- possibly involving his use of an IP address instead of his registerd ID, which IMO is certainly confusing: these can't be removed until the process has run its course, and the red herring about copyvio has interfered with the completion of that one, so
 * 1) it still needs the notice in place, and
 * 2) even before, and still moreso since you've done it at least once, you (as the original and principal author) should not be the one to remove when it is time for that.

Please be patient; the kind of merge proposal that i recall as seeming likely to prevail would keep your name as the title of a page that automatically delivers the page the article gets merged into, so merging will leave yr name among WP page titles and probably the core info -- IMO things are going well for you, but removing the tag at the least could generate needless hostility even if people are cool enuf to judge the article instead of you.

Look, i'd like to have gotten some dialog in with you on this, but i am going to be offline for about 60 hours. "Be cool, like Fonzie", and i'll try to be helpful when i get back on-line.

--Jerzy·t 03:47, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jerzy/Richard J. Doscher