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Convention of 1832

The Convention of 1832 was the first political gathering of colonists in Mexican Texas. Delegates sought reforms from the Mexican government and hoped to quell the widespread belief that settlers in Texas wished to secede from Mexico. The convention was the first in a series of unsuccessful attempts at political negotiation that eventually led to the Texas Revolution.

Under the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, Texas was denied independent statehood and merged into the new state Coahuila y Tejas. After growing suspicion that the United States government would attempt to seize Texas by force, in 1830 Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante enacted the Law of April 6, 1830 which restricted immigration and called for customs duty enforcement. Tensions erupted in June 1832, when Texas residents systematically expelled all Mexican troops from eastern Texas.

The lack of military oversight emboldened the colonists to increase their political activity. On October 1, 1832, 55 political delegates met at San Felipe de Austin to petition for changes in the governance of Texas. Notably absent was any representation from San Antonio de Béxar, where many of the native Mexican settlers (Tejanos) lived. The delegates elected Stephen F. Austin, a highly respected empresario, as president of the convention.

Delegates passed a series of resolutions requesting, among other things, a repeal of the immigration restrictions, a three-year exclusion from customs duties enforcement, permission to form an armed militia and independent statehood. They also voted themselves the power to call future conventions. Before the petition could be delivered to Mexico City, the political chief of Texas, Ramón Músquiz, ruled that the convention was illegal and annulled the resolutions. In a compromise, the ayuntamiento (city council) of San Antonio de Béxar drafted a new petition with similar language to the convention resolutions and submitted it through proper legal channels. Músquiz forwarded the new document to the Mexican Congress.

Background
In 1821 several of Spain's former colonies in the New World won their independence and joined together to create a new country, Mexico. The Constitution of 1824 established Mexico as a federalist republic comprising multiple states. Sparsely populated former Spanish provinces were denied independent statehood and instead merged with neighboring areas. The former Spanish Texas, which marked Mexico's eastern border with the United States, was combined to Coahuila to form the new state Coahuila y Tejas. To assist in governing the large area, the state was subdivided into several departments; all of Texas was included in the Department of Béxar. With the formation of a new state government, the Texas provincial governing committee was forced to disband, and the capital was moved from San Antonio de Béxar to Saltillo. Many Tejanos—native Mexican citizens who lived in Texas—were reluctant to give up their self-rule.

The bankrupt federal government was unable to provide much military assistance to the settlers in Texas, who faced frequent raids by native tribes. Hoping that an influx of settlers could control the raids, in 1824 the government appointed empresarios to encourage families from the United States and Europe to settle in Texas. However, as the number of settlers from the US and other non-Spanish-speaking areas increased in Texas, Mexican authorities became apprehensive that the United States might wish to annex the area, possibly using force. On April 6, 1830, the Mexican government passed a series of laws restricting immigration from the United States into Texas. The laws also canceled all unfilled empresario contracts and called for the first enforcement of customs duties.

The new laws angered both Tejanos and recent immigrants (Texians). Stephen F. Austin, a well-respected empresario who had brought the first group of American settlers to Texas, warned Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante that the laws seemed designed to destroy the colonies. Texas's two delegates to the state legislature, both Tejanos, were so vocal in their opposition that one of them was expelled from the legislature. Austin was elected to fill his seat, and in December 1830 he left for Saltillo.

Implementation of the laws led to much tension within Texas. Much to the displeasure of the colonists, a new military post was established in Anahuac to begin collecting customs duties. The commander of the post, Colonel Juan Davis Bradburn, often clashed with the locals over his strict interpretation of Mexican law. In June 1832, colonists armed themselves and marched on Anahuac. As a result of these Anahuac Disturbances, Bradburn was forced to resign.

The small Texian rebellion coincided with a revolt led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna against Bustamante's centralist government. The chaos in the Mexican interior and the Texian success at Anahuac emboldened other Texas settlers to take arms against garrisons throughout eastern Texas. Within weeks, settlers expelled all Mexican soldiers from eastern Texas. Free from military oversight, the settlers began to increase their political activity.

Meeting
Buoyed by their success, Texians organized a political convention to persuade Mexican authorities to weaken the Laws of April 6, 1830. On August 22, the ayuntamiento at San Felipe de Austin (the capital of Austin's colony) called for each district to elect five delegates. Although Austin attempted to dissuade the instigators, elections were held before his return from Saltillo. Sixteen communities chose delegates. The two municipalities with the largest Tejano population, San Antonio de Béxar and Victoria, refused to participate. The majority of the elected delegates were known as relatively even-tempered. Many known agitators, such as James Bowie and William B. Travis, were defeated. Tejanos did not have a large presence at the convention, largely due to the boycott by the Béxar and Victoria municipalities. Convention organizers invited several prominent Tejanos from these towns to attend, but all declined. On October 1, 1832, 55 delegates met in San Felipe de Austin; attendance may have been diminished due to the short notice. The gathering marked the first time residents from each of the colonies had convened to discuss common goals.

The convention was called to order by John Austin, one of the alcaldes of San Felipe de Austin. In his remarks, John Austin laid out four key points that the convention needed to address: the "misrepresentations" made by "enemies of Texas" that the settlers desired independence from Mexico, an appeal of the restrictions on immigration from the United States, a method to grant land titles to residents in certain areas of the province, and reduction of tariffs on many imported items. The first order of business was the election of officers. Stephen F. Austin and William H. Wharton, a known hothead, were nominated to lead the convention; Austin won, 31–15. Frank W. Johnson, who had led the armed resistance at the Anahuac Disturbances, was elected secretary. In his acceptance speech, Austin praised the delegates for exerting their constitutional rights to petition the government.

Over the next six days, the delegates adopted a series of resolutions requesting changes in the governance of Texas. Historian Eugene Campbell Barker suggests that the discussions would likely not have concluded so swiftly unless the delegates had done "considerable preparation before the meeting". Several of the resolutions were designed to stimulate the local economy. Delegates requested that customs duty enforcement be delayed until 1835 and that citizens be granted a method to remove corrupt customs officers. Resolutions encouraged that land titles be issued more quickly and that public lands be sold to raise money for bilingual schools. Delegates from Nacogdoches asked that the government take a firmer hand in preventing new settlers from encroaching on lands that had previously been promised to native tribes. After explaining that law-abiding potential citizens were being excluded from Texas while disreputable squatters continued to stream illegally in, the delegates asked for the repeal of the prohibition on immigration from the United States. Furthermore, they requested permission to raise a militia, ostensibly for protection from marauding native tribes. The most controversial resolution asked that Texas become an independent state, separate from Coahuila. The separation request was added by a vote of 36–12. The motion included as justification the fact that Coahuila and Texas were very dissimilar in climate and economy and mentioned that Texas's limited representation in the state legislature made it very difficult to enact laws that specifically addressed the needs of its citizens. Delegates insisted that independent statehood was not a pretext for secession from Mexico.

After approving the list of resolutions, delegates created a seven-member central committee to convene future meetings. The central committee would be based in San Felipe "for the purpose of circulating information of events of importance to the interest of the people". In addition, each municipality was asked to create a committee of correspondence and safety. The sub-committees would keep in close contact with the central committee because "united our strength and resources are more than adequate to our defense in any possible event. Disunited, we may become an easy prey, even to a handful of cowardly invaders."

The convention adjourned on October 6 after unanimously electing Wharton to deliver the resolutions to the state legislature in Saltillo and to the Mexican Congress in Mexico City. Just before the group dispersed, Rafael Manchola, the alcalde (mayor) of Goliad, arrived. He was the only delegate from Goliad and the only Tejano to appear at the convention. Manchola volunteered to accompany Wharton at his own expense—he and other delegates thought the expedition might have more success if a Tejano was also involved. Days later, Austin wrote that "we have just had a convention of all Texas, native Mexicans and foreign settlers—all united as one man".

Results
Following the convention, much of the unrest in Texas subsided. Austin believed the public was calmed simply by having the opportunity to air their grievances. Before the list of concerns could be presented to the state and federal governments, Ramón Músquiz, the political chief, or head, of the Department of Béxar, ruled that the convention was illegal. This type of activism was traditionally forbidden in Texas. The law directed that citizens should protest to their local ayuntamiento (similar to a city council), which would forward their concerns to the political chief. The political chief could then escalate the concerns to the state or federal government. Because the colonists had not followed this process, Músquiz annulled their resolutions. The ayuntamientos at San Felipe, Nacogdoches, Gonzales and Liberty half-heartedly apologized for their participation, and Wharton's mission was cancelled.

The lack of Tejano representation and the San Antonio de Béxar residents' refusal to participate fostered a perception that only newcomers to Texas were dissatisfied. Austin agreed to meet with the political leaders in San Antonio de Béxar to persuade them to support the resolutions. These Tejano leaders, including Erasmo Seguin, largely agreed with the result of the convention but opposed the methods by which the resolutions had been proposed. The Tejano leaders urged patience; Bustamante was still president and would not look favorably on a petition from Texas settlers who had sided with his rival, Santa Anna.

Austin and the Tejano leaders agreed to a compromise. Because San Antonio de Béxar was the seat of the Department of Béxar, its ayuntamiento drafted a petition containing similar language to the convention resolutions. The petition was endorsed by the ayuntamientos at Goliad, San Felipe, and Nacogdoches and then given to Músquiz, who forwarded it to the Mexican Congress in early 1833. Although Músquiz had publicly supported the petition, he secretly included a note to the Coahuila y Tejas governor warning that this might be a precursor to secession.

The political leaders also agreed to Austin's stipulation that if the federal government refused to address the petition within several months, Texas residents would form their own state government, essentially declaring independence from Coahuila, if not from Mexico. The central committee elected by the convention was too impatient to wait long. In late December, the committee called for a March election for delegates to the Convention of 1833. The second convention reiterated some of the previous concerns and took additional steps to declare Texas an independent state, further concerning Mexican authorities, who feared this was a step towards Texas joining the United States.

The Mexican government attempted to address some of the concerns identified by the conventions of 1832 and 1833. In November 1833, part of the Laws of April 6, 1830 were repealed, allowing Americans to immigrate legally to Texas. Several months later, Texas was granted increased representation in the Coahuila y Tejas legislature. Several American legal concepts, such as trial by jury, were introduced to Texas, and English was authorized as a second language. Unimpressed with these compromises, some Texas residents continued to campaign for independent statehood. Rising tensions eventually led to the Texas Revolution, which began in October 1835.

title: Convention of 1832


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Cragus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Cragus or Cragos (Ancient Greek: Κράγος Kragos) was a Lycian god identified with Zeus, and humanized into a son of Tremiles, eponym of Tremile which was afterwards named Lycia.

Family
Cragus' mother was the nymph Praxidice, daughter of Ogygus, and brother of Tlos, Pinarus and Xanthus. Cragus may be identical with the figure of the same name mentioned as the husband of Milye, sister-wife of Solymus, eponym of the Solymi. Possibly by Milye, he became the father of Chelidon, mother of Sidymus (eponym of Sidyma).

Mythology
It was after Cragus that Mount Cragus and/or the city of Cragus were named. He was worshipped as the god of victory and strength.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cragus (mythology)


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File:CupertinoCitySeal.jpg

Summary
Seal of the City of Cupertino, California from 1999 to 2007.

title: File:CupertinoCitySeal.jpg


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Plaid Tongued Devils

The Plaid Tongued Devils are a Canadian musical group. Their music combines Roma, Klezmer, Ska, Rock and Jazz.

History
The Plaid Tongued Devils began as an alternative country duet with singer Ty Semaka and guitarist Alan Kolodziejzyk in 1990. The group expanded to a five piece band in 1992.

In 1998, the Devils began to develop a new style of music which they dubbed "romaklezkarock", combining Roma, Klezmer, Ska, Rock and Jazz. In 1999 they recorded the soundtrack for the musical Klezskavania, which was performed for the One Yellow Rabbit Theatre Company in Calgary.

The band's 2002 album, Belladonna, featured violinist Jonathan Lewis and percussionists Chip Robb and John McNeil.

The group regularly tours in Canada and the Netherlands. Some members of the group have written and recorded songs for OpenBSD CD releases.

Discography

 * Running With Scissors - 1994
 * Tongue and Groove - 1996
 * In Klezkavania - 1999 (Also a theatre event)
 * Belladonna - 2002
 * Monsteroma - 2005

title: Plaid Tongued Devils


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Category talk:Grammar

grammar vs syntax & morphology
this category overlaps with Category:Syntax and Category:Linguistic morphology. — ishwar  (SPEAK)  04:34, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Grammar


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Crime & the City Solution

Crime & the City Solution are an Australian rock band formed in late 1977 by singer-songwriter and mainstay Simon Bonney. They disbanded in 1979 leaving only bootleg recordings and demos. In late 1983, Bonney travelled to London and in 1985 he formed a new version of the group in the U.K. which included members of the recently disbanded The Birthday Party; later they transferred to Berlin, where they issued four albums – Room of Lights (1986), Shine (1988), The Bride Ship (1989) and Paradise Discotheque (1990) – before disbanding again in 1991. In 2012, Bonney reformed the band in Detroit with two veterans of its Berlin era and a handful of new members.

Critic David Sheridan described the band's music as characterized by slow tempos, dark moods and Bonney's forlorn vocals, all of which can range from "endurance testing" at worst to "hauntingly beautiful" at best.

History
Crime & the City Solution are an Australian rock group which formed in late 1977 in Sydney with a line-up of Simon Bonney on lead vocals, Phil Kitchener on bass guitar, Dave MacKinnon on saxophone, Don McLennan (ex-Particles) on drums and Harry Zantey on guitar. The group has had five distinct line-ups with Bonney as the only mainstay: Sydney in 1977–78, Melbourne in 1979, two groupings in Berlin from 1985 to 1990, and Detroit from 2012 onwards. In the late 1970s Bonney had met McLennan and sometimes provided guest vocals for McLennan's group, The Particles. According to Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, The Particles had "a cult following around the inner-city Sydney scene courtesy of its delightful, melodious pop sound". In contrast, according to Peter Nelson of Pulp fanzine, Crime & the City Solution, used "An exciting blend of fuzzed monotone guitar runs and squawking saxophone riffs . . . [like] the drone songs on Wire's Pink Flag".

In late 1978 Bonney and McLennan had relocated to Melbourne where they formed a new version of Crime & the City Solution with Chris Astley on keyboards, Kim Beissel on saxophone, Lindsay O'Meara on bass guitar (ex-Voigt/465) and Dan Wallace-Crabbe on guitar. In Melbourne Bonney became friends with local post-punk group, The Boys Next Door (later known as The Birthday Party). Crime & the City Solution broke up in 1979 after a number of live shows and recording an unreleased demo. Wallace-Crabbe later joined Laughing Clowns, O'Meara returned to Sydney and joined Pel Mel, Beissel played in → ↑ →, Astley and McLennan in other bands.

In late 1983 Bonney moved to London and reconnected with members of The Birthday Party. In 1985 he formed another version of Crime & the City Solution in London with Mick Harvey on drums, keyboards and bass guitar and Rowland S. Howard on guitar and backing vocals. Howard's younger brother, Harry, soon joined on bass guitar. In June 1985 the group's debut four-track EP, The Dangling Man, was released by Mute Records in the UK and Possum Records in Australia. McFarlane found the EP provided "a gloomy, stripped-down, blues-flavoured sound". A six-track EP, Just South of Heaven, followed in September for UK release only. It was "cleaner, more powerful set of songs dominated by Bonney's dramatic vocals and chilling instrumentation". After the release Epic Soundtracks (aka Kevin Godfrey, ex-Swell Maps) joined on drums which freed Harvey to concentrate on keyboards and guitar. In 1986 Bronwyn Adams, Bonney's domestic partner, joined on violin and backing vocals.

With the line-up of Adams, Bonney, Harvey, Rowland and Harry Howard, and Soundtracks, Crime & the City Solution recorded its debut album, Room of Lights, produced by the band, Flood and Tony Cohen. They recorded the album in Berlin. On 27 October 1986 it was released in the UK on Mute Records. Amy Hanson of Allmusic praised it as "rough and ready rock that slotted itself nicely under a gothic canvas – they were and remain post-punk's forgotten kings ... Its urgency jangles, its cacophony is dichotomous, and, at times, the underlying energy is breathtaking as the band storms through a great set". Late that year the Howard brothers and Soundtracks left to form their own group, These Immortal Souls.

In 1987 Adams, Bonney and Harvey recruited Chrislo Haas (D.A.F., Liaisons Dangereuses) on synthesiser, Alexander Hacke (Einstürzende Neubauten) on guitar and Thomas Stern on bass guitar. In Australia in March 1988, Rampant Records issued a compilation, Room of Lights, with tracks from the UK releases, Just South of Heaven and Room of Lights. On 25 April that year Crime & the City Solution issued their second album, Shine, which Allmusic's Ned Raggett felt was "a touch less classically smooth and arranged, more rough around the edges and jagged, especially with Bonney's delivery ... his lyrics come across as distinctly unfriendly to a usual verse/chorus structure, sounding like a spoken-word recitation sung a line at a time". In November Craig Lee described their performance at Bogart's for the Los Angeles Times, "For what is purportedly a loosely structured outfit, this group displayed a remarkable cohesiveness. At times the band has the earthy feel of both old blues and country sounds and the slightly mystical aura of the early Doors. But rather than rehash time-worn styles, the Solution translates these forms into its own introspective idioms". Alternative rocker Mark Lanegan cited Shine as one of his favourite albums, "[it] is succinct and is great from start to finish. There’s a great sense of space on this record that’s fantastic but the thing that I’m most drawn to is the melancholy on some of those songs. But it also has a cinematic quality".

On 17 April 1989 Crime & the City Solution released their third album, The Bride Ship, for which Raggett found them "continue carving its own strange path. ... Harvey doubtless contributes most of the organ work. Simon Bonney continues to evolve into more of his own man – if anything, he's embracing country and western more explicitly in his singing style". The Bride Ship was issued in Australia by BMG and Arista Records.

On 3 September 1990 Crime & the City Solution's fourth studio album, Paradise Discotheque, appeared. It had been recorded between November 1989 to March 1990 and was produced by Haas. The group disbanded late in 1991 and on 4 October 1993 a live album, The Adversary – Live, was released. By 1991 Bonney had moved to Los Angeles where he released two solo albums, Forever (1992) and Everyman (1994).

In late 2011, Bonney was based in Detroit and announced that Crime & the City Solution would re-form to record a new album for Mute Records in 2012. Personnel are Bonney, Adams, Hacke, David Eugene Edwards (of US bands 16 Horsepower and Woven Hand), Detroit musician Troy Gregory, Matthew Smith, Jim White (of the Australian group Dirty Three), and Danielle de Picciotto (married to Hacke). The recording of the album, titled American Twilight and released in 2013 occurred in Detroit.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Room of Lights (1986)
 * Shine (1988)
 * The Bride Ship (1989)
 * Paradise Discotheque (1990)
 * American Twilight (2013)
 * The Killer (2023)

 * EPs
 * The Dangling Man (1985)
 * Just South of Heaven (1985)
 * The Kentucky Click / Adventure (1986)
 * On Every Train (Grain Will Bear Grain) (1988)
 * The Shadow Of No Man (1989)
 * I Have The Gun (1990)
 * The Dolphins And The Sharks (1991)

 * Live
 * The Adversary – Live (1993)

 * Compilations
 * A History of Crime (2012)

Members
Sydney 1977–1978
 * Simon Bonney – vocals
 * Don McLennan – drums
 * Harry Zantey – guitar
 * Phil Kitchener – bass (deceased)
 * Dave MacKinnon – soprano & tenor saxophone

Melbourne 1979
 * Simon Bonney – vocals
 * Don McLennan – drums
 * Dan Wallace-Crabbe – guitar
 * Lindsay O'Meara – bass
 * Chris Astley – keyboards
 * Kim Beissel – alto saxophone

Berlin/London 1985–1986
 * Simon Bonney – vocals
 * Mick Harvey – guitar, keyboards
 * Rowland S. Howard – guitar (deceased)
 * Harry Howard – bass
 * Epic Soundtracks – drums (deceased)

Berlin 1987–1991
 * Simon Bonney – vocals
 * Mick Harvey – drums
 * Bronwyn Adams – violin
 * Alexander Hacke – guitar
 * Chrislo Haas – synthesizer (deceased)
 * Thomas Stern – bass

Detroit 2012–2013
 * Simon Bonney – vocals
 * Bronwyn Adams – violin
 * Alexander Hacke – guitar
 * David Eugene Edwards – guitar
 * Troy Gregory – bass
 * Danielle de Picciotto – visuals
 * Matthew Smith – keyboards/synthesizer
 * Jim White – drums

Berlin 2022–present
 * Simon Bonney – vocals
 * Bronwyn Adams – violin, vocals
 * Chris Hughes – drums, percussion
 * Frederic Lyenn Jacques – bass, synth, piano, guitar
 * Georgio Valentino – synthesizer, guitar
 * Joshua Murphy - guitar, synth, piano
 * Donald Baldie - guitar, piano

Miscellaneous

 * Wim Wenders, who was a fan of the band, featured them performing "Six Bells Chime" in his film Wings of Desire. Also, the song "The Adversary" was included in the soundtrack to the Wenders film Until the end of the World.
 * Bandmember Bronwyn Adams is married to vocalist Simon Bonney. Her late brother Bruno Adams was the vocalist in the band named "Once Upon A Time", who were produced by Mick Harvey, and he was later in the band named "Fatal Shore" (Prague/Berlin).

title: Crime & the City Solution


text:
Category talk:Linguistic morphology

name change
how about renaming this Category:Morphology (linguistics)? then it matches the article Morphology (linguistics). — ishwar  (SPEAK)  04:36, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)

category 'augmentatives by language'
Hi, it would enrich the category a great deal to add a parallel section with augmentatives. Thanks in advance. --Backinstadiums (talk) 17:49, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Linguistic morphology


text: User talk:71.106.207.250

title: User talk:71.106.207.250


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Small mammals as pets

The domestication of small mammals to keep as pets is a relatively recent development, arising only after large-scale industrialization. Historically, Western society was more agrarian than today, with rodents as a whole seen as vermin that were carriers for disease and a threat to crops. Animals that hunted such pests, such as terriers and cats, were prized.

Many small animals kept as household pets are rodents, including: fancy mice, fancy rats, hamsters (golden hamsters and dwarf hamsters), gerbils (Mongolian jirds and duprasi gerbils), common degus, common chinchillas, and guinea pigs (cavies). Non-rodents, including rabbits, hedgehogs and sugar gliders are also kept.

Some of these small mammals are prohibited from being kept as pets in certain jurisdictions for being invasive; California, Hawaii, Alberta and New Zealand have strict regulations to protect their native environments and agricultural operations. Gerbils, degus, and domesticated rats have various prohibitions on their ownership.

Nomenclature
The definition of a "small mammal" differs, but is generally accepted as all mammals weighing less than 5 kg.

The term "pocket pet" is used for a small, pocket-sized mammal (sometimes also categorized as a "small and furry" in the pet industry) commonly kept as a household pet.

Guinea pig

Guinea pigs (cavy) have perhaps been kept the longest as pets among rodents. While historically they served as a food staple for the native Inca people, they were imported to Europe as early as the mid-16th century, shortly after Spain conquered Peru. As an oddity from the New World, they were afforded a special status, and seen as house pets, rather than vermin or food. While their popularity was initially limited to the wealthy, their prodigious reproductive habits ensured that they spread throughout the middle classes shortly after their introduction; guinea pig burial places (not scattered bones—as would be found with an eaten animal) have been found in archaeological digs in early modern middle-class suburbs.

Guinea pigs do not store their food. They typically travel in groups, or herds, scavenging for grass and other vegetation. They are commonly active during dawn or dusk when they are less likely to encounter predators (crepuscular). As pack animals in the wild, the domestic Guinea pig also thrives when kept with one or more companions (except boars in the presence of a sow). They live off a diet consisting of grass hay and food pellets, typically synthesized from timothy hay. Like humans, Guinea pigs cannot synthesize their own vitamin C, making their food intake their only source of vitamin C;. A lack of vitamin C will often cause fatal scurvy. At merely four weeks old, female Guinea pigs become fertile and may produce as many as four to five litters a year. With an average gestation period of 59–72 days, a female Guinea pig may become pregnant again in as few as 6 hours after giving birth. However, there are a lot of concerns related to Guinea pig pregnancy. Guinea pigs live to be around 4 to 5 years old.

Fancy mouse
Fancy mice were popular pets in Japan during the 18th century, due in large part to the abundance of color mutations in wild mice. In 1787, a book on this hobby, The Breeding of Curious Varieties of the Mouse, was published by Chobei Zenya, a Kyoto money exchanger. Over time, the tradition spread from Japan to Europe, and in 1895 the National Mouse Club was established in England.

Fancy mice are nocturnal animals who utilize burrowing and hiding to evade predators due to their general defenselessness. Mice also utilize burrows to avoid light whenever possible. Mice live in families with developed social structure and territorial boundaries between families. Male mice organize themselves into a social hierarchy in which the most dominant mouse becomes the "lead buck", or the one at the top of the social ladder. Only the lead buck mates during mating season; all other mice are restricted by the lead buck or downright rejected by the female mice. Mice possess highly developed senses of smell, hearing, and feeling; however, their sense of sight is poor due to the odd location of their eyes on their head. Mice can hear pitches inaudible to the human ear and communicate with squeaks, some of which reach pitches humans cannot hear, detectable through the use of a microphone and oscilloscope.

Their sense of smell is highly developed and many mice can recognize if another mouse is part of their family groups based on smell alone. Their sense of touch is also highly developed; due to their poor eyesight a lot of movement is interpreted through the utilization of whiskers and guard hairs to orientate themselves and determine their surroundings. Female mice have a gestation period of 19 to 21 days and may have up to 15 litters a year, due to their ability to become pregnant again within 24 hours of giving birth. The average litter size is 10 to 12 pups who are born deaf and blind; within two weeks the litter will resemble small adult mice.

Fancy rat

Fancy rats first became popular pets in 19th-century England when selectively bred for unusual colouration. They are prohibited in Alberta, Canada, outside of schools, laboratories, and zoos. Fancy rats enjoy the company of their own kind; it is common to keep domestic rats paired together with companions of the same sex; rats housed with the opposite sex will breed rapidly. Whereas mice prefer independence, domestic rats enjoy the company of their owner. Female rats may become pregnant as early as five weeks old; producing a litter of about eight young each time, and are able to become pregnant again within 24 hours. Rats have sharp teeth that never stop growing, and will chew objects such as wood to shave down their teeth to an appropriate length. Wild rats have different diets depending on location. Rats are opportunistic eaters; in the wild, rats are herbivores, as they will scavenge for seeds, plants and fruits. Due to a lack of easily accessible produce in the city, city rats will eat nearly anything, including trash and meat. Domestic rats live slightly longer than wild rats, with life spans of around two years.

Hamster

Hamsters first gained popularity as pets in the 1930s, with virtually all modern Syrian hamsters (the most common pet species) tracing their lineage back to a single litter of hamsters taken to Palestine for scientific research in 1930. Shortly thereafter, in 1938, hamsters were introduced to the United States. Dwarf hamsters are also popular pets. Wild hamsters are typically found in open areas such as deserts, plains, steppes, and fields. Hamsters scavenge for food, with a diet consisting primarily of grain and insects. Hamsters temporarily store their food in their large cheek pouches for transport to their burrows, where they maintain hoards. Territorial by nature, hamsters will react aggressively towards a member of their own species.

Domestic hamsters that are caged together will act aggressively towards one another as they get older, usually fatally. Syrian hamsters are strictly solitary; while Roborovski dwarf hamsters can rarely be kept in pairs, this is strongly not advised. They typically are nocturnal or crepuscular, though they may be active during both night and day if their sleep schedule is disturbed. Hamsters produce two to four litters a year. Gestation takes 15 to 22 days and newborns only require nursing for approximately three weeks. The domestic hamster population is large; however, despite a rapid reproduction rate, wild hamster populations are diminishing due to habitat destruction and their place near the bottom of the food chain.

Gerbil

Gerbils became established in the pet industry in 1964. They are prohibited in California. As desert dwellers, gerbils dig long burrows in order to escape the harsh temperatures; however, unlike hamsters, gerbils are not nocturnal. Gerbils are active most during the evening and morning, times in which the weather is calmest, making them primarily crepuscular. Gerbils are naturally curious, social, and nonviolent animals, making them more suitable for children than most pocket pets. Gerbils have an average lifespan of two to four years. Adult male gerbils are very territorial; typically the larger the gerbil, the larger their burrow and the more territory they scent mark. Gerbils communicate through the use of thumping their back legs and whistling sharply; thumping can be both a communication of excitement and anxiety.

Degu

After initial interest in common degus as research subjects, they have become popular as pets, though until recently they were seldom found in pet shops. Degus are social animals and thrive with a partner when kept as pets. Degus love to run around, exercise, and explore tight locations. Domestic degus require some form of bedding so that they may store their food similarly to wild degus. Degus' incisor and molar teeth never stop growing, so they need access to items to regularly chew on. They are naturally active during the day and rest during night, unlike most other pocket pets. They consume a diet heavy in fiber and require constant access to hay, and small amounts of pellets and leafy vegetables. They are prone to diabetes, so degus need a diet that is low in sugar and fat; fruits and vegetables high in sugar content such as carrots should not be provided. Degus occasionally eat their own droppings to obtain certain nutrients that keep their digestive system healthy. They are prohibited in California.

Chinchilla

Chinchillas have been used in research since the 1950s. They are popular pets, but require much care. The domestic chinchilla is descended from Chinchilla lanigera, the long-tailed Chinchilla, and so have thinner bodies, longer tails and larger ears. Wild chinchillas roam in herds, so domestic chinchillas also like to have a companion and can live to be over 10 years old. They subsist on a diet of grass, hay, and grass-based chinchilla pellets. Their teeth never stop growing, so they rely on their food to wear down their teeth to the appropriate length. An improper diet can lead to serious dental disease. Chinchillas may eat small amounts of dried fruit and root vegetables as treats, but too much can lead to serious health issues such as obesity. They are typically nocturnal and require a lot of free space to roam around. They average two kits per litter and gestation lasts around 110 days. They can breed at 6–9 months of age. The females are seasonally polyestrous and come into heat every 30 to 90 days during the year. They can have up to three litters in a year if the female breeds soon after giving birth.

Ferret

Ferrets have a high metabolic rate, meaning they can eat around 8 to 10 small meals daily. They are carnivorous, like cats, so they need a high protein intake which can be satisfied using pellets. Chicken and lamb are common ingredients in ferret food, it is best to avoid foods that include grain or corn. In the wild ferrets commonly take over the burrows of other small animals such as prairie dogs, domestic ferrets live in cages but should be let out for several hours each day. Domestic ferrets enjoy having many places to hide and explore such as tunnels and closed hammocks, some ferrets may also enjoy playing in water. As natural predators, ferrets should be kept separate from any prey animals. Like many other pocket pets, ferrets are social animals and thrive in groups of two or three. A ferret kept on its own will require a lot more attention from its owner than a ferret who has the constant company of his own species. Female ferrets reach sexual maturity at around 8 –12 months of age. A ferret gives birth to an average of 8 kits, gestation last about 41 days.

Sugar glider

Around the world, the sugar glider is popular as an exotic pet, and is sometimes considered a pocket pet. Most US states and cities allow sugar gliders as pets, with some exceptions including California, Hawaii, Alaska, and New York City. In Australia, sugar gliders can be kept in Victoria, South Australia, and the Northern Territory. However, they are not allowed to be kept as pets in Western Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Queensland or Tasmania.

Sugar gliders are social animals commonly living in groups of around 7 individuals. They communicate through vocalization and chemical odors and commonly live in trees. Male gliders become mature at 4–12 weeks and female gliders mature at 8–12 weeks. Breeding takes place in June to November and the glider gives birth to one child, or joey, although having twins is possible. The joey spends 2 months in the pouch only opening its eyes 80 days after birth. Male gliders do all the parental care and after 110 days the joey is ready to leave the nest. Sugar gliders are omnivorous relying on the consumption of insects in the summer. Gliders can also eat arthropods, sap, honeydew, and nectar from plants. Sugar gliders eat around 11 grams of food a day, 10 percent of their body weight.

Hedgehog

Seventeen species of hedgehog exist worldwide. Hedgehogs are native in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and central Asia. They were introduced to New Zealand by England and quickly became an invasive species. Hedgehogs are omnivorous and threaten insect, snail, lizard, and bird populations due to a lack of natural predators in New Zealand. Hedgehogs may tighten the orbicularis muscle on their back to hide their head, legs, and belly in a coat of prickly erect spines. Hedgehogs are primarily nocturnal, though some may be crepuscular. Hedgehogs typically take refuge in the empty burrow of another small animal, or a burrow they dug themselves. However, hedgehogs can occasionally take refuge under rocks or in thick vegetation, or anywhere dark and secluded. Hedgehogs tend to be solitary, though not to the extent of hamsters. Some captive bred females crave the companionship of another hedgehog and occasionally show bonding tendencies when housed with another female; male hedgehogs should not be housed together as they will fight once they reach sexual maturity.

Hedgehogs were classified under the order Insectivora prior to that classification's abandonment. Hedgehogs are considered omnivorous. Hedgehogs have been known to eat bugs, slugs, frogs, fish, worms, small mice, small snakes, and even fruits and vegetables. A hedgehog's diet should be very high in protein. Hedgehogs can eat fruits and vegetables but only in moderation. Despite their small size Hedgehogs require a large cage with bedding and plenty of furniture to hide in and explore. Hedgehogs have a gestation period of about 35 days, and give birth to on average 4 deaf and blind young (hoglets). At three to five weeks old the young leave the nest for the first time to go hunting on their own.

title: Small mammals as pets


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John McKeown

John McKeown is a solo artist based in London, England, signed to Beatroute Records. McKeown previously fronted rock group, Hero. After a European tour with Stereophonics and a number of tour dates in Los Angeles, Hero disbanded. John McKeown chose to pursue a solo career at the end of 2008.

At the start of 2009 McKeown started recording his debut album Things Worth Fighting For with Elliott Randall producing. The first single "Fade Away" was released by Beatroute Records on 14 September 2009. The digital single was accompanied by the b-side "These are the Times". Things Worth Fighting For became available on 28 September 2009. Both the single and album were limited to digital releases.

John McKeown launched Things Worth Fighting For with an exclusive showcase at The Pigalle Club in Picadilly on 10 September 2009. He was joined on stage by Elliott Randall and London Community Gospel Choir founder, Reverend Bazil Meade. The show was only open to press and invited VIPs but the performance was broadcast live on his website.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Things Worth Fighting For (Digital Release: 28 September 2009 – Beatroute Records)

 * Singles
 * "Fade Away" (Digital Release: 14 September 2009 – Beatroute Records)

title: John McKeown


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The Make Yourself at Home EP

The Make Yourself at Home EP is an acoustic EP by American pop punk band The Starting Line released on 25 November 2003.

History
The Make Yourself at Home EP contains six acoustic songs, including five new songs and an acoustic version of "The Best of Me", previously released as an electric version on The Starting Line's 2002 studio album, Say It Like You Mean It. The enhanced version of the EP contains video footage of the band performing unreleased tracks, titled "Classic Jazz" and "Surprise, Surprise". Recorded in two sessions in producer Bob Jones' bedroom and singer Kenny Vasoli's basement, the EP's first five tracks were initially planned to be released on 12 August 2003. However, the release date was postponed as a result of Vasoli recording a sixth song, titled "Lasting Impressions", in the back of the band's bus while on tour. A DVD with the same name was released simultaneously, and features an acoustic set performed by the band at Skate & Surf 2003 in Asbury Park, New Jersey.

Personnel

 * Kenny Vasoli - lead vocals, bass guitar
 * Matt Watts – rhythm guitar
 * Mike Golla – lead guitar, backing vocals
 * Tom Gryskiewicz – drums, percussion

title: The Make Yourself at Home EP


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John Lescroart

John Lescroart (born January 14, 1948) is a New York Times bestselling author known for his series of legal and crime thriller novels featuring the characters Dismas Hardy, Abe Glitsky, and Wyatt Hunt. His novels have sold more than 10 million copies, have been translated into 22 languages in more than 75 countries, and 18 of his books have been on the New York Times bestseller list.

Early life and education
Lescroart was born in Houston, Texas, and graduated from Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo, California (Class of 1966). He earned a B.A. in English with Honors at UC Berkeley in 1970.

Career
Before becoming a full-time writer in 1994, Lescroart was a self-described "Jack of all trades", who worked as a word processor for law firms as well as a bartender, moving man, house painter, editor, advertising director, computer programmer, and fundraising executive.

Through his 20s, he was also a full-time singer-songwriter-guitarist, and performed under the name Johnny Capo, with Johnny Capo and his Real Good Band.

In addition to more than 20 novels, Lescroart has written several screenplays.

He is an original founding member of the group International Thriller Writers.

In other media
He appeared as a contestant on the game show Tic Tac Dough in 1979, as well as on The Joker's Wild, Blank Check, and Headline Chasers.

Additionally, under Crow Art Records, Lescroart has released several albums, including a CD of piano versions of his songs performed by Antonio Gala. He has for some time been writing and living in Davis, California.

Awards and honors
Lescroart's first novel, Sunburn (1981), won the San Francisco Foundation's Joseph Henry Jackson Award for best as yet unpublished novel by a California author, beating Anne Rice's Interview With the Vampire. Dead Irish (1989) and The 13th Juror (1994) were nominees for the Shamus and Anthony Awards for Best Mystery Novel, respectively; additionally The 13th Juror is included in the International Thriller Writers publication "100 Must-Read Thrillers Of All Time." Hard Evidence (1993) is named in The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Ultimate Reading List. His novel Guilt (1997) was a Reader's Digest Select Edition choice. The Mercy Rule (1998), Nothing But the Truth (2000), and The Suspect (2007) have been major market Book Club selections. The Suspect was also the 2007 One Book Sacramento choice of the Sacramento Library Foundation, and was chosen by the American Author's Association as its 2007 Book of the Year. Damage (2011) made Entertainment Weekly's "Must List."

In 2007, Lescroart was awarded the American Author Medal for The Suspect. In 2008, he was part of the California Library Laureates, in association with the California State Assembly. He has twice been the spotlighted guest at the International Thriller Writer's Thrillerfest, and in 2012, he was the guest of honor at Left Coast Crime.

In 1998, he appeared in The Best American Mystery Stories, edited by Sue Grafton, for "The Adventure of the Giant Rat of Sumatra".

Libraries Unlimited has included Lescroart in its publication The 100 Most Popular Thriller and Suspense Authors.

Eighteen of John Lescroart's novels have been The New York Times Best Seller list.

Auguste Lupa series
[It is strongly hinted in these books that Lupa (the son of Sherlock Holmes and Irene Adler) later becomes Nero Wolfe, although Wolfe is never mentioned by name. ]
 * 1) Son of Holmes (Donald I. Fine, 1986) ISBN 0-917657-64-0
 * 2) Rasputin's Revenge (Donald I. Fine, 1987) ISBN 1-55611-011-1

Dismas Hardy (featured protagonist)
Lescroart's most popular works are a series of legal and crime dramas taking place in and around San Francisco, beginning with the thriller Dead Irish. They center around the adventures of ex-cop and lawyer, Dismas Hardy, and his best friend, officer Abe Glitsky, among many other friends and associates. His newest works introduce Wyatt Hunt, working as a private investigator. Although they are often performing together in the story, the books can be distinguished by which character is the main protagonist. Hardy's daughter, Rebecca, first appears as the main character in the novel The Fall, following her graduation from law school and joining Hardy's law firm as an associate attorney.

 * 1) Dead Irish (Donald I. Fine, 1989) ISBN 1-55611-159-2
 * 2) The Vig (Donald I. Fine, 1990) ISBN 1-55611-221-1
 * 3) Hard Evidence (Donald I. Fine, 1993) ISBN 1-55611-344-7
 * 4) The 13th Juror (Donald I. Fine, 1994) ISBN 1-55611-402-8
 * 5) The Mercy Rule (Delacorte, 1998) ISBN 0-385-31658-5
 * 6) Nothing But the Truth (Delacorte, 1999) ISBN 0-385-33353-6
 * 7) The Hearing (Dutton, 1999) ISBN 0-525-94575-X
 * 8) The Oath (Dutton, 2002) ISBN 0-525-94576-8
 * 9) The First Law (Dutton, 2003) ISBN 0-525-94705-1
 * 10) The Second Chair (Dutton, 2004) ISBN 0-525-94775-2
 * 11) The Motive (Dutton, 2004) ISBN 0-525-94844-9
 * 12) Betrayal (Dutton, 2007) ISBN 978-0-525-95039-4
 * 13) A Plague of Secrets (Dutton, 2009) ISBN 978-0-525-95092-9
 * 14) The Ophelia Cut (Atria Books 2013) ISBN 978-1476709154
 * 15) The Keeper (Atria, 2014) ISBN 978-1476709185
 * 16) Poison (Atria, 2018) ISBN 978-1501115707
 * 17) The Rule of Law (Atria, 2019) ISBN 978-1501115738
 * 18) The Missing Piece (Atria, 2022) ISBN 978-1982170493

Rebecca Hardy (featured protagonist)

 * 1) The Fall (Atria, 2015) ISBN 978-1476709215

Abe Glitsky (featured protagonist)

 * 1) A Certain Justice (Donald I. Fine, 1995) ISBN 1-55611-445-1
 * 2) Guilt (Delacorte, 1996) ISBN 0-385-31655-0
 * 3) Damage (Dutton, 2011) ISBN 0-525-95176-8

The events of A Certain Justice happen chronologically between Parts IV and V of Guilt. Lescroart wrote A Certain Justice before Guilt, and in the course of writing it, he came up with Wes Farrell's account of the trial that made him lose faith in the law. After finishing Justice, he decided Guilt would go both backwards and forwards and tell the whole story of Mark Dooher.

Wyatt Hunt

 * 1) The Hunt Club (Dutton, 2005) ISBN 0-525-94914-3
 * 2) Treasure Hunt (Dutton, 2010)
 * 3) The Hunter (Dutton, 2012) ISBN 0-525-95256-X

Gina Roake

 * The Suspect (Dutton, 2007) ISBN 978-0-525-94998-5

Stand Alone Books (no featured protagonist)

 * Sunburn (Pinnacle, 1981) ISBN 0-523-41187-1
 * Fatal (Atria, 2017) ISBN 978-1501115677

title: John Lescroart


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Chronic inflation

Chronic inflation is an economic phenomenon occurring when a country experiences high inflation for a prolonged period (several years or decades) due to continual increases in the money supply among other things. In countries with chronic inflation, inflation expectations become 'built-in', and it becomes extremely difficult to reduce the inflation rate because the process of reducing inflation by, for example, slowing down the growth rate of the money supply, will often lead to high unemployment until inflationary expectations have adjusted to the new situation.

Chronic inflation is distinct from hyperinflation.

Occurrence
Even more so than hyperinflation, chronic inflation is a 20th-century phenomenon, being first observed by Felipe Pazos in 1972. High inflation can only be sustained with unbacked paper currencies over long periods, and before World War II unbacked paper currencies were rare except in countries affected by war – which often produced extremely high inflation but never for more than a few years. Most economists believe chronic inflation first emerged in Latin America following World War II, with the result that it was originally called "Latin inflation". Some economists, however, argue that the experience of France in the 1920s was the first case of chronic inflation. Japan (see below) in the years surrounding World War II is another case with characteristics very akin to well-studied cases of chronic inflation.

Causes
Monetarists state that chronic inflation is caused by chronic growth of the money supply, a position that is accepted by most mainstream economists. This paragraph describes reasons for persistent monetary growth.

In the 1960s and 1970s, chronic inflation was attributed to powerful political group interests with radically divergent policy demands; the power of labour unions to demand high wages for workers, often in obsolete economic sectors, conflicted with the somewhat feudal political structures of the affected countries. Under these conditions, a return to a commodity money that would curb inflation quickly is politically suicidal, so that governments of countries affected by chronic inflation have invariably had to resort to more subtle methods of reducing inflation, such as central bank reforms or indexing price and wage levels to the future value of money. This, however, leads to "inflation inertia" and ultimately to a public that becomes skeptical of attempts to reduce inflation: unlike hyperinflation, history has shown that communities can live with moderate chronic inflation relatively easily.

Other sources have argued that chronic inflation is caused by governments seeking to optimize seignorage taxes in order to pay most efficiently for public programmes, or because the societies in which it developed have consistently imported more than they can export and their currencies have had to devalue constantly to make their imports more expensive without elasticity being sufficient to reduce demand. Along the same lines, there have also been arguments for demographic causes of chronic inflation as resulting from populations growing more rapidly than production in developing nations from the 1950s to the 1980s, and until today in sub-Saharan Africa. Increasingly it is also thought that environmental or ecological stresses and disasters can trigger a period of systemic inflation by governments unable to effectively handle the situation.

Argentina
The Argentine economy has a long history of experiencing trouble with prolonged high inflation rates. In 1989, Argentina experienced a hyperinflation crisis as a result of bad economic policies, which led to an inflation rate of 257%. The hyperinflation crisis caused protests, riots, looting and a general decline of the government popularity among the public. This hyperinflation crisis had also taken place in the middle of the presidential elections, which led to the governing party to lose the elections.

During the 1990s, thanks to the convertibility plan, which pegged the austral (and, afterward, the peso) to the United States Dollar value, inflation rates decreased nearly to 0%. These policies ended with a catastrophic economic crisis in 2001.

During the 21st century, Argentina didn't experience real inflationary troubles until 2007, which saw a rise in inflation rates. During Cristina Kirchner's government, inflation rates were at an all-time high, with the highest inflation rates experienced in 2013, which saw a rise of the inflation rate to 30% to 40%.

This was compensated, albeit partly, with high purchasing power and subsidization, the latter increasing the fiscal deficit.

In December 2015, Mauricio Macri assumed the presidency of the nation, with a 40% inflation from Cristina Kirchner's presidency. When 2016 ended, inflation was in a recent of 42%.

The Argentine Ministry of Economy had put in action a project that claimed to reduce inflation from 40% to 20% (+/- 2%) in 2017, to 10% (+/- 2%) in 2018 and to 5% (+/- 1%) in 2019. The project initially led to 24% inflation in 2017, but it did not work in 2018, with an inflation rate of 47.6%, and in 2019, inflation was 53%.

Bulgaria
In 1996, the Bulgarian economy collapsed due to the slow and mismanaged economic reforms of several governments in a row, shortages of wheat, and an unstable and decentralized banking system, which led to an inflation rate of 311% and the collapse of the lev, with the exchange rate to dollars reaching 3000. When pro-reform forces came into power in the spring 1997, an ambitious economic reform package, including introduction of a currency board regime and pegging the Bulgarian Lev to the German Deutsche Mark (and subsequently to the euro), was agreed to with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and the economy began to stabilize.

Chile
Chile had prolonged inflation for the greater part of the twentieth century. Inflation first became persistent at the tail end of the 1930s as the government began a process of import substitution, rising steady to 84 percent in 1955. After slowing in the late 1950s, inflation rose again under Allende and peaked anywhere between 500% and 1,000% in late 1973 (which some consider hyperinflation, though the monthly inflation rate reached 30% for a single month ). A 1973 coup d'état deposed Allende and installed a military government led by Augusto Pinochet. Pinochet's free-market economic policy gradually ended chronic inflation, which stabilised in single figures for the first time in forty-five years. Overall impact of chronic inflation: 1 current peso = 1,000,000 pre-1960 pesos.

Guinea
Guinea has seen year on year inflation rates hover well above 50% since the late 1990s, though many months have seen much lower levels in the single digits. In Guinea the normal drivers of inflation are food supply and distribution, and global commodity prices. Political instability has also contributed greatly to the fall in the Guinean franc's value in recent years due to a series of coups following the ouster of longtime military strongman Lansana Conté and mass protests. Some government mitigation policies and economic growth have progressively stabilized inflation rates which reached their peak in July 2005 at 42.6% for the month to a current average of 9.7% per month. On 21 July 2010, Yahoo! Finance quoted the rate as 5,050 GNF to 1 USD. , the exchange rate was 7,023 GNF to 1 USD.

Israel
Inflation accelerated in the 1970s, rising steadily from 13% in 1971 to 111% in 1979. From 133% in 1980, it leaped to 191% in 1983 and then to 445% in 1984, threatening to become a four-digit figure within a year or two. In 1985 Israel froze most prices by law and enacted other measures as part of an economic stabilization plan. That same year, inflation more than halved, to 185%. Within a few months, the authorities began to lift the price freeze on some items; in other cases it took almost a year. By 1986, inflation was down to 19%.

Iraq
Years of constant war and rebuilding resulted in large amounts of government spending, with international sanctions creating shortages and limits on borrowing. Between 1987 and 1995 the Iraqi Dinar went from an official value of 0.306 Dinars/USD (or US$3.26 per dinar; the black market rate is thought to have been substantially fewer dinars per dollar) to 3000 Dinars/USD due to government loss of their Swiss printing press and the printing of inferior quality notes. This equates to approximately 315% inflation per year averaged over that eight-year period.

Japan
As Hirohito prepared for war to gain access to rubber and mineral resources, Japan began experiencing steady inflation from 1934. By the end of 1949, retail prices were more than 150 times their level in 1939, and the highest denomination was a 75,000,000,000 Yen bank cheque. The Japan wholesale price index (relative to 1 as the average of 1930) shot up to 16.3 in 1943, 127.9 in 1948 and 342.5 in 1951. In the early 1950s, after the end of US military occupation, Japan controlled its own money. Through its rapidly growing export trade, Japan stabilized the yen quickly.

Laos
Starting in the late 1980s financial aid and trade with the USSR greatly decreased, which began a two-decade long period of high inflation that began to accelerate by 1996 with the East Asian financial crisis which had severely impacted Laos, burdened with large amounts of foreign debt coupled with very slow growth. By January 1998 inflation had reached 100% a month and did not dip below that level again until late 1999, after it had peaked well above 167%. For a short time the Lao kip gained the less than respected title of being "least valued currency unit." Although the kip has officially returned to lower inflation levels the local inflation rates remain much higher, spurred on by rising food and import prices. The emergence of a new debt crisis in 2013 has brought more uncertainty.

Madagascar
The Malagasy franc (iraimbilanja) had a turbulent time in 2004, losing nearly half its value and sparking rampant inflation. On 1 January 2005, the ariary, worth five francs, became the main currency unit in Madagascar. In May 2005, there were riots over rising inflation. Disinflation calmed the situation from 2005 to 2008, but riots ensued in 2009 as prices continued to rise.

Mexico
In spite of the oil crisis of the late 1970s (Mexico is a producer and exporter), and due to excessive social spending, Mexico defaulted on its external debt in 1982. As a result, the country suffered a severe case of capital flight and over a decade of chronic inflation and peso devaluation. In 1984, the highest denomination was 10,000 pesos, by 1991 it was 100,000 pesos and many Mexicans took to putting their savings into dollars. On 1 January 1993, Mexico created a new currency, the nuevo peso ("new peso", or MXN), which chopped 3 zeros off the old peso, an inflation rate of 10,000% over the decade of the crisis. (One new peso was equal to 1000 of the obsolete MXP pesos). The actual highest denomination was 1,000 pesos, worth 1,000,000 old pesos.

Mozambique
Mozambique was one of the world's poorest and most underdeveloped countries when it became independent of Portugal in 1975, the last colonial power to relinquish its African territories. A brutal civil war between the communist government and rebel forces from 1977 to 1992 led to continuous inflation. The highest denomination in 1976 was 100 meticais. By 2004, it was 500,000 meticais. In the 2006 currency reform, 1 new metical was exchanged for 1,000 old meticais.

North Korea
Though the North Korean Won, officially called the Korean People's won (KPW) never technically failed it had been steadily devalued since 2002 when the dollar peg was removed. During a North Korean currency reform, the government gave citizens seven days to turn in their old won for new won – with 1,000 old worth 10 of the new – but allowed a maximum exchange of only 150,000 of the old won. That meant each adult could legally exchange about US$740-worth of won. The exchange cap wiped out the savings of many North Koreans, and reportedly caused unrest in parts of the country. Many of the exchange and time limits for conversion were either dropped or extended after prices soared over 1000% in some regions in the first week as people rushed to buy as much things as they could. According to a September 2009 BBC report, some department stores in Pyongyang even stopped accepting North Korean won, instead insisting upon payment in U.S. dollars, Chinese renminbi, euros, or even Japanese yen.

Syria
The Syrian Civil War and has resulted in a substantial capital fight of Syrian goods and services to nearby Arab countries. Before the war, the exchange rate was remarkably stable; one U.S. dollar was quoted at 47 Syrian pounds. , profound effects of the Syrian Civil War to the Syrian economy reduced the value of the Syrian pound to less than one thousandth of a U.S. dollar in the black market, representing a devaluation of 96% since the start of the war. Between 1 January and 16 January 2020, the Syrian pound lost a quarter of its value relative to the U.S. dollar, from 900 SYP/USD to 1200 SYP/USD.

Further compounding the problem, the use of currencies other than Syrian pounds in any transaction is forbidden under Syrian law, and on 18 January 2020, Syrian president Bashar al-Assad increased the penalty for unauthorised use of foreign currency anywhere in Syria to seven years of hard labour. Despite the law, Syrians continue to resort to hard currencies such as U.S. dollars or euros to maintain their purchasing power.

Turkey
Throughout the 1990s Turkey dealt with severe inflation rates that finally crippled the economy into a recession in 2001. The highest denomination in 1995 was 1,000,000 lira. By 2005 it was 20,000,000 lira. Recently Turkey has achieved single digit inflation for the first time in decades, and in the 2005 currency reform, introduced the New Turkish Lira; 1 was exchanged for 1,000,000 old lira.

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan has perpetually experienced high inflation since the time of independence. In 1994 the highest denomination available was 100 som, the current highest is 5000 som with a face value of roughly $2.00 as of 2014 and large bundles of currency are required for any substantial purchase, with most prices rounded off to the nearest thousand.

Venezuela
Venezuela has a legacy of multiple inflation crises linked to mismanagement and lack of economic diversification. The largest and longest period was in the 1980s and 1990s; inflation peaked in 1996, increasing from 60% in January to an all-time high of 118.8% in July of that same year. Revenue from petroleum exports accounts for more than 50% of the country's GDP and roughly 95% of total exports, and after decades of some of the strongest economic growth in South America the trend went into sharp reversal as oil prices began their steady drop following the end of the 1970s oil crisis, from which both OPEC member and non-member producers had benefited greatly. This period of economic contraction in Venezuela coincided with the beginning of the 1980s oil glut, which saw large cutbacks in production and state revenue. Since the early 2000s the administration of Hugo Chavez responded to the ongoing crisis with a series of often flawed price controls, state acquisition and reappropriation of both public and private assets and funds, and a revaluation of the bolivar in 2008 which slashed three zeroes off the currency. However, changes in economic reliance on petroleum and mining exports were never made, and Venezuela remained vulnerable to global supply of and demand for oil, and continued to suffer systemic economic problems and a return to high inflation. As of January 2014, Venezuela had the highest inflation rate in the world at 56.2% (63.4% in August 2014), though official numbers are stated to be much lower. The national economy has contracted for three consecutive quarters, officially putting the country in recession, while a global crash in oil prices crimp revenue and contribute to fears of a potential default which could bring inflation levels even higher.

Zambia
Falling copper prices, the oil crisis, and failed economic management in the 1970s led to shortfalls and severe economic crisis in Zambia by the early 80s, instigating a nationwide famine and forcing the government to borrow massive amounts of money and commit to extreme IMF economic reforms which led to anti-government riots and the devaluation of the kwacha. Inflation held around 15% in the 1980s until hitting 54% in 1988, to 191% in 1992, and 183% in 1993, compounded further by a prolonged drought. A "cash-budgeting system" and free market reforms brought inflation down to 55% in 1994, and 25% in 1998.

title: Chronic inflation


text:
Talk:Gustav Hasford

Untitled
One thing I was curious about, was the extent to which Hasford's The Phantom Blooper influenced the movie Full Metal Jacket... I know the film was loosely based on The Short-Timers, but there seems to be some dialogue used from Blooper as well (especially some of R. Lee Ermey's lines)... Anyone know? J. FMJ came out in 1987 and Blooper came out in 1990. I would guess that maybe Gus reused some dialogue, either taking from his Blooper draft when working on the screenplay or possibly vice-versa. Supervert 12:44, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Gustav Hasford


text:
Gravy Train (dog food)

Gravy Train is an American dog food brand currently marketed by Post Consumer Brands. On April 28, 2023, it was one of several brands sold by The J.M. Smucker Company to Post Holdings, in a deal valued at $1.2 billion.

Originally developed by General Foods, the brand was introduced in 1959 and trademarked in 1960. It was the first brand of dog food to have a brown gravy form when warm water is added to the dry kibble, mixing with the kibble's powder coating. The gravy is intended to make the food more palatable. The advertising catchphrase was "the gravy taste dogs can't wait to finish".

History
Products under the "Gravy Train" brand were originally produced and marketed by General Foods, as part of its Gaines division which included Gaines Meal, Gaines-Burgers as well as Prime Choice and Top Choice.

In 2014, Big Heart Pet Brands, the pet food division of Del Monte Foods, became an independent company, taking over rights to the Gravy Train brand. In March 2015, it was announced that J.M. Smucker had completed the acquisition of Big Heart Pet Brands and its brands portfolio. Big Heart had 2,500 employees at the moment of the purchase.

J.M. Smucker, best known for its jams, jellies, coffee, and other human foods, committed to pay $5.8 billion cash and stock deal for the acquisition. Big Heart was the largest pet food manufacturer in the U.S. by then.

In 2023, Gravy Train, along with many other pet food brands such as 9Lives, and Kibbles 'n Bits, was sold to Post Consumer Brands for a value of approximately 1.2 billion dollars.

Pentobarbital detection in 2018
After pentobarbital—a barbiturate used for euthanasia of dogs, cats and horses—caused the death of a dog on New Year's Eve of 2016, a wide range of pet food brands were tested by WJLA-TV of Washington, D.C., partnered with Ellipse Analytics. The brand that most consistently was found to contain pentobarbital was Gravy Train dog food.

Out of 15 cans of Gravy Train dog food that were tested, 60% tested positive for pentobarbital. The source was identified as likely to be that animals that had been euthanized with pentobarbital had been used for making the dog food. While the levels detected were not considered lethal, the drug is not legally permitted at any concentration in pet food. After declining an on-camera interview, the U.S. FDA stated that it would "investigate the matter and take appropriate enforcement action".

Nutritional info
Gravy Train primarily consists of byproducts from corn, wheat and soybeans, cellulose gum (the active ingredient that creates the gravy), bone meal, vitamin and mineral supplementation, artificial colors, BHA and rosemary.

title: Gravy Train (dog food)


text: Category:Public education in New York (state)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Final Gasp

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:50, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Final Gasp
Fails to establish any conditions set under WP:MUSIC Delete Sasquatch′↔Talk↔Contributions 04:46, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete non notable. JamesBurns 06:39, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete band vanity. --Etacar11 16:38, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:OCPA-2005-03-09-165522.jpg

Image:OCPA-2005-03-09-165522.jpg

The picture speaks for itself. Shows the M1 Abrams fitted with the Tank Urban Survival Kit
 * Nominate and support. Anish7 04:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. ed g2s  •  talk  08:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It certainly illustrates tanks, yes, but is it particularly striking, impressive, beautiful, fascinating, or brilliant? I don't think so. It's just some pictures of tanks and their parts. Sputnik 13:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The often quoted "striking, impressive, beautiful, fascinating, or brilliant" is just a guideline, and anyway, it does add significantly to it's article so I would say it is fascinating. ed g2s  •  talk  19:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not a very interesting image. Junes 22:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * . Adds significantly, and this isn't Commons FPC, so "adds significantly" should outweigh any of the catch-words commonly cited. -- brian0918  ™  02:48, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Illustrative and very well done. --CVaneg 04:58, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. "Adds significantly" has always trumped æsthetic concerns, obviously. James F. (talk) 21:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Agreed with Sputnik. Enochlau 08:42, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I agree it adds significantly to the article in question. But at a resolution images are commonly used the text and smaller images just aren't clear enough to view comfortably. Mgm|(talk) 09:05, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Fixed in article. Now readable. -- brian0918  ™  05:17, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Sure it adds to the article, but it would still be a fine article without it. Also, I find the layout and quality of the picture to be poor given its objective of illustrating the TUSK system. What decided my vote though was the spelling mistake: "reactive armore". -Lommer | talk 03:03, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol support vote.png|15px]] Support A nice composite - clean and does the job. --Fir0002 04:46, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Bland and dry, like bad toast. Chicago god 18:59, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, very poor layout. - Mailer Diablo 16:24, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support Adds signifigantly, and is clear and concise. TomStar81 01:48, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Nothing special at all. Bland, straightforward, uninteresting. Dzof 11:13, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.png|15px]] Oppose - Bad and boring. Darwinek 14:09, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.png|15px]] Oppose - boring and not especially good layout. Kaldari 22:56, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 7 / 10 / 0 --Spangineer (háblame)  14:09, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)


text:
Rogers Group

Founded in 1899, the Rogers Group is a Mauritius-based listed international services and investment company with expertise in five Segments: Finance & Technology, Hospitality & Travel, Logistics, Malls, and Reals Estate & Agribusiness.

Rogers has, over the years, developed beyond Mauritius into the region and internationally, with offices in 13 countries.

Ownership
As of June 2015, the shareholding in the stock of the company was as follows:

title: Rogers Group


text:
Gilly Salmon

Gilly Salmon has been a digital learning innovator for more than 30 years. She is the founder and C.E.O of Education Alchemists Ltd - a company formed around her life's work including Carpe Diem learning design methodology, pedagogical transformation, online teaching, technology enhanced learning, the 5 stage model and e-tivities.

Previously, Salmon was Academic Director for Open Education Services ( OES) in the UK. Previously, Professor of Innovation and Transformation, and Associate Dean, Online, at the University of Liverpool Management School. Pro Vice chancellor at the University of Western Australia, Pro Vice Chancellor (Learning Transformations) at Swinburne University of Technology, in Melbourne, Australia ;Executive Director and Professor (Learning Futures) at the Australian Digital Futures Institute, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. She was previously Professor of E-learning and Learning Technologies, and Head of the Beyond Distance Research Alliance and the Media Zoo, at the University of Leicester in the UK. And before that with the UK Open University Business School. (Salmon, 2013, para. 1–4). She was a founding director of All Things in Moderation Ltd, in 2001.

Salmon has recently spoken at online conferences, including the Learnovation Tech Summit.

title: Gilly Salmon


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/BrightStor

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Xezbeth 07:32, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

BrightStor
delete self promotion WAvegetarian 04:47, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy ad --Xcali 04:49, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Computer Associates listing brands in the company article should be OK. Vegaswikian 05:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

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text:
Live at Luther College

Live at Luther College is a live album by Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds recorded at the Center for Faith and Life at Luther College in Decorah, Iowa. Recorded on February 6, 1996, and released nearly three years later, it was the first concert recording by the pair to be made available commercially. The album features several previously unreleased or rare tracks, including "What Will Become of Me?", which would later be used as the basis for the song "Pantala Naga Pampa" on the 1998 studio album Before These Crowded Streets. Six songs would appear on the studio album Crash, released later in 1996.

Live at Luther College was followed eight years later by the duo's Live at Radio City.

Track listing
All songs by David J. Matthews unless noted.

Disc one

 * 1) "One Sweet World" – 5:43
 * 2) "#41" (Beauford, Lessard, Matthews, Moore, Tinsley) – 5:37
 * 3) "Tripping Billies" – 5:49
 * 4) "Jimi Thing/(What Will Become of Me?)" – 8:13
 * 5) "Satellite" – 4:39
 * 6) "Crash into Me" – 5:33
 * 7) "Deed is Done" (Beauford, Lessard, Matthews, Moore, Tinsley) – 4:51
 * 8) "Lover Lay Down" – 5:33
 * 9) "What Would You Say" – 5:06
 * 10) "Minarets" – 7:00
 * 11) "Cry Freedom" – 5:39
 * 12) "Dancing Nancies" – 7:15

Disc two

 * 1) "Typical Situation" – 7:02
 * 2) "Stream" (Reynolds) – 5:49
 * 3) "Warehouse" – 9:17
 * 4) "Christmas Song" – 5:24
 * 5) "Seek Up" – 7:43
 * 6) "Say Goodbye" – 5:19
 * 7) "Ants Marching" – 5:26
 * 8) "Little Thing" – 6:18
 * 9) "Halloween" – 3:00
 * 10) "Granny" – 3:22
 * 11) "Two Step" – 6:34

Personnel

 * Dave Matthews – acoustic guitar, vocals
 * Tim Reynolds – acoustic guitar

title: Live at Luther College


text:
Talk:Kae Araki

Name
Whoever started this article got Araki's Birth Name wrong. The correct translation for Araki's Birth Kanji should be Yoshie Abe. Kae Araki is now represented by 81 Produce, the same agency representing Yuuki Matsuda (K' from KOF), Shinichirou Miki (Sagat from SF), and Kunihiko Yasui (Iori Yagami from KOF). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.173.115.170 (talk • contribs).
 * This was originally based off of Hitoshi Doi's info, but I've since learned that his site has turned up some inaccuracies... **;;; Ranma9617 06:25, 27 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The Japanese wikipedia page lists the birth name (or 本名 "real name") as 阿部 佳恵（あべ かえ）Abe Kae, not "Yoshie". Those kanji can be read "Kae" in addition to "Yoshie". --nihon 21:40, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

Context
Um... what does this person actually do? OK so there are clues (like voice actor stub at the bottom) but nothing in the intro. :Supergolden:: 16:04, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I just edited it, but it did say she was a seiyū before. If you click the link, you can learn all about that. I'll be expanding the article soon. (^_^) --日本穣 17:58, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Kae Araki


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/"Gilly Salmon"

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:51, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

"Gilly Salmon"
delete non notable WAvegetarian 04:50, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy and tagged as such. This is a duplicate of Gilly Salmon.  --Xcali 04:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
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text:
Talk:69 Love Songs

Untitled
I added it a track list - as well as the album info box. But if someone wanted to check my math as to the individual album and box set lengths, I'd appreciate. Also, I don't know who produced it, either. --MrCheshire

References to Other Artists
The article says: Other songs indirectly reference some of Merritt's favorite artists, including Fleetwood Mac ("No One Will Ever Love You") [1], Cole Porter ("Zebra"), Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark ("Let's Pretend We're Bunny Rabbits"), The Jesus and Mary Chain ("When My Boy Walks Down the Street"), Billie Holiday ("My Only Friend"), and Irving Berlin ("A Pretty Girl is Like...").[

Can these be explained? The references are not obvious even though I'm familiar with one or two of the bands.

69 sex position
Does this have anything to do with the 69 sex position? --Nintendude 18:06, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * In the liner notes for the three-CD set Merrit mentions that he originally intended to write one hundred songs, but stopped at sixty-nine because it was a good number, or something along those lines. If someone has the set nearby, I am sure that they could provide a direct quote with a citation.  Jkelly 19:19, 18 November 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be too much of a coincidence if this had nothing to do with the 69 position. Add this to List of pop culture references to the 69 sex position if it is a valid item to add. --Nintendude 02:00, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * If I can recall from the booklet correctly, Merritt acknowledges the sex position, but also chose the number for its aesthetic purposes as a title. It's sort of a visual palindrome. So I'm sure the sex position was a bullet on the list why the title was chosen, but the title isn't explicity referring to the position and nothing else. Pele Merengue 11:30, 11 January 2007 (UTC)
 * So, here's the excerpt:
 * SD: The next lowest number that had another relevant meaning was 69, which I chose as much for its graphic possibilities as its obvious relation to romance.
 * DH: When you say graphic possibilities, you mean the cover of the record?
 * SD: It's a visual palindrome. It would make a good logo on a Broadway poster. I wasn't thinking of it as a record yet.
 * Pele Merengue 11:37, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have been placed at the appropriate disambiguation pages.--Hraefen Talk 20:13, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This seems unnecessary. By convention, pages are only made for songs if they serve some purpose, e.g. to list the song as a single. This, however, serves no purpose. H3xx ( t/c/b ) 04:45, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

"Love in the Shadows" should NOT be redirecting to this article!! The only Top 40 single with that title was by Neil Sedaka, which reached #16 in 1976. I can't write an article on that song because it is redirecting here - Someone who can, please fix this!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.60.250.213 (talk) 02:52, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Ninety-nine Novels
Does it seem viable to anyone else that this album might have gotten its title and cover art from the book Ninety-nine Novels, or is it just me? Especially considering Merritt's obvious love of highbrow literature, and the fact that it is considered a very influential compilation of stories. Just wondering... Chris77xyz 22:56, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Hmmmm..... seems a bit tenuous to me. But good effort! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.110.97.120 (talk) 18:54, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

Additional published cover of "Book of Love"
The Airborne Toxic Event do a cover of "Book of Love" on their live album "All I Ever Wanted: Live from Walt Disney Concert Hall". SDNick484 (talk) 06:10, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Magnetic Fields - 69 Love Songs.jpg
Image:The Magnetic Fields - 69 Love Songs.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 06:42, 29 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you, you stupid bot, for putting this warning here 4 different times. By the way, I fixed this. It should not be deleted now. H3xx ( t/c/b ) 04:54, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

69 Love Songs in comics
This multi-artist effort to draw the songs of the album in comics: http://howfuckingromantic.wordpress.com/ Could be useful for discussing the influence of the album. Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 21:40, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

"Punk Love" redirect
A discussion affecting a redirect to this page is underway at. Ibadibam (talk) 23:26, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 06:11, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:69 Love Songs


text:
Category:Electrical phenomena

Electrical phenomena are commonplace and unusual events that can be observed which illuminate the principles of the physics of electricity and are explained by them. Electrical phenomena are a somewhat arbitrary subset of phenomena of electromagnetism in general.

title: Category:Electrical phenomena


text:
Life Support (Australian TV series)

Life Support was a comedy programme on Australia's SBS network which satirised lifestyle television programs. It ran for three seasons. On Australia Day 2006, a Life Support Marathon was shown on the Comedy Channel showing the first series and half of the second.

Concept
A satirical, sometimes dark look at Australian life as seen through the omnipresent lens of the Television Lifestyle Show. The series' lifestyle experts included Sigourney, a home economics guru who always wore a fresh frock and was a firm believer in the doctrine of "pleasing your man"; Todd, a DIY expert; Rudi, a South African general practitioner; and young person Penne.

Much of the show's humour derived from political incorrectness and black humour. For example: Penne explains that roadside tributes are an ideal place to get fresh flowers; Dr Rudi endorses fattening up one's daughter to prevent boys from wanting to have sex with her because "It's better to have a fatty boombah in the family than a filthy slut"; Sigourney recommends that if you have a bad haircut, shave your head and tell your friends that you have had chemotherapy.

One feature of the series were voxpop interviews with real people about topics raised in the show, which often supported the stereotypes and attitudes voiced by the characters.

Characters

 * Penne - an independent, often aggressive, stereotypical university student-style young woman, always trying to find a way to make quick money and make life easier for overwhelmed young adults. Played by Abbie Cornish (season 1) and Alison Barnes (seasons 2-3).
 * Sigourney - a ditzy blond young woman and stereotype from the North Shore of Sydney whose segments were dedicated to the art of landing a wealthy husband. Played by Rachael Coopes.
 * Todd - a parody of 'do it yourself' home-handymen blokes. Played by Brendan Cowell (seasons 1-2) and Duncan Fellows (season 3).
 * Dr Rudi - an amoral South African doctor with a strong Afrikaner accent, who is a parody of doctors found in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. His catchphrase is "Howzit, Dr Rrrrudi here". Played by Simon Van Der Stap (seasons 1-3) and Jack Finsterer (season 3).

Dr Rudi vs Dr Rudi
Throughout the third series, there were various hints that the new Dr Rudi, who was explained as having surgery, was actually an imposter. During the usual letter time, instead of answering mail, they would instead continue the plot that the old Dr Rudi was out for revenge, and to get his life back. During the final scene of the last episode of the series, Sigourney and Dr Rudi's (Jack Finsterer) wedding was taking place, and from behind the bushes came the original Dr Rudi (Simon Van Der Stap) to try to end the wedding. The pair got into an argument over which Dr Rudi Sigourney would marry, and they started a fist fight. This led to the closing credits. As no episodes of Life Support have been made since, this plot has never been resolved.

DVD release
All 3 series of Life Support have been released on DVD.

title: Life Support (Australian TV series)


text:
Grevillea buxifolia

Grevillea buxifolia, commonly known as grey spider flower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae, and is endemic to New South Wales, Australia. It is an erect to spreading shrub with elliptic to egg-shaped leaves, and woolly-hairy clusters of rust-coloured to fawn flowers.

Description
Grevillea buxifolia is an erect to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.5–2 m. The leaves are egg-shaped, narrowly oblong to elliptic, 7–35 mm long and 2.0–8.5 mm wide with the edges turned down or rolled under. The flowers are arranged in clusters on the ends of branchlets and are covered with woolly, rust-coloured to fawn and whitish hairs, the pistil 11–21 mm long. Flowering mainly occurs from spring to autumn and the fruit is a usually hairy, oval follicle 18–22 mm long.

Taxonomy
This species was first formally described in 1794 by James Edward Smith who gave it the name Embothrium boxifolium in his A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland. In 1810, Robert Brown changed the name to Grevillea buxifolia in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The specific epithet (buxifolia) means "box-tree-leaved".

The names of two subspecies of G. buxifolia are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
 * Grevillea buxifolia (Sm.) R.Br. subsp. buxifolia has a conspicuous appendage usually 2–4 mm long on the style;
 * Grevillea buxifolia subsp. ecorniculata Olde & Marriott usually lacks a style appendage, but if present, it is less than 1.3 mm long.

Distribution and habitat
Grey spider flower grows in woodland or heath in New South Wales, on the South Coast, Central Coast and inland to near Pigeon House Mountain west of Ulladulla. Subspecies ecorniculata is restricted to the area between Putty, Gospers Mountain and Wollombi north-west of Sydney.

Conservation status
Despite its relatively limited distribution, Grevillea buxifolia is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, as it is locally common, its population is presumed to be stable, it occurs within protected areas and there are no major threats currently affecting it. The main threat to this species is inappropriate fire regimes, meaning an increased frequency in bushfires.

title: Grevillea buxifolia


text:
User:Timvale

I first became aquainted with wikipedia more than a year ago and edited a few pages about Hungary where I have now settled since 1996.I would like to write about the area where I live in Pest County in the Tapio Region, about 60 kms from the capital city Budapest.I hope to add pictures and text as the weeks and months go by. I have also living in Sweden for 12 Years, Hong-Kong a year, 3 years in Isreal and the Sinia Desert, and 5 years in Leningrad now called St.Petersburg.My family the Vales are directly decended from King Edward III and a dozen other kings. Here is a copy of our family tree drawn up by my grandmother Ruth Vale. The most interesting people I think are 'Buxton the Liberator', Elizebeth Fry and Lewis Caroll was born in the Vicarage of Daresby Hall.My Grandfather was Robert Edmund Vale an author and wrote a few books in his time.

Born on 27th May 1958, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire,U.K. moved to the Isle of Wight in 1964 where his father Robert Edmund Vale set up a printing works. He attended Ryde Boys School from 1968-1971 then Sacred Heart College For Boys in Droitwich, Worcestershire 1971-1973.

Returning to the Sandown Grammar School on the Island to complete his basic education.He also found seasonal work in Sandown working at a fairground and selling ice creams for a local ice cream vendor.

title: User:Timvale


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Gilly Salmon

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. JeremyA 15:26, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Gilly Salmon
delete non keep; notable in light of info below. Would one of you who knows seems to know something about this do a little expansion please? WAvegetarian 04:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC) WAvegetarian 00:32, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Someone with the title Professor in the UK is automatically of more note than an 'average professor' as usually defined in Wikipedia, as there are three levels below (Reader, Senior Lecturer and Lecturer) that get titled professor in the US. A quick Google Scholar search finds that her book E-moderating: the key to teaching and learning online has been cited a few hundred times, indicating importance in her field. The Independent Newspaper in the UK said ‘If you are serious about e-moderating, you should have a copy.’ She has been the key speaker at conferences . As far as I'm concerned, any academic who is invited to deliver keynote speeches at international conferences has been declared notable by their peers, who know a lot more about what is notable or not in their field than someone with a silly name on Wikipedia Average Earthman 06:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC), and yes I know it's a silly name.
 * Keep and expand. Has some notability. JamesBurns 06:56, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. Article should mention book for example. Capitalistroadster 06:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but rename per Average Earthman's evidence of notability. Kappa 07:29, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Marginal keep. The professor test is a poor predictor of actual notability. Some academics make no impact whatsoever; it is hard to establish Gilly's impact on students, her area of research and on public opinion. JFW | T@lk  11:20, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. James F. (talk) 14:14, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep 281 hits on Google Scholar. Ajc

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .