text:
Harold Ware

Harold or "Hal" Ware (August 19, 1889 – August 14, 1935) was an American Marxist, regarded as one of the Communist Party's top experts on agriculture. He was employed by a federal New Deal agency in the 1930s. He is alleged to have been a Soviet spy and is understood to have founded the "Ware Group," a covert group of operatives within the United States government aiding Soviet intelligence agents.

Background
Harold Maskell Ware, best known by his nickname "Hal," was born on August 19, 1889, in Woodstown, New Jersey, the fourth child of Ella Reeve Bloor and her husband, Lucien Bonaparte Ware. Two of Ware's three older siblings died in early childhood.

His mother, Ella Bloor, converted to socialism during 1894-1895, when the family lived in Philadelphia. She became a lifelong activist in the labor movement, an early member of the Social Democracy of America (organized by Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs), and a founder of the Communist Party of America. Ware was raised in a politically radical household, as a "Red Diaper Baby."

When he was 15, a case of measles left Ware with what doctors believed to be an early case of tuberculosis. His divorced mother moved with him and two brothers to the country for a year, while the rest of the family lived with his father in Philadelphia and attended school there. While his mother went weekly to Wilmington to speak and organize literature sales (as Delaware state organizer for the Socialist Party), Ware lived a rural life. Although he would return to school in the big city the following year, his orientation towards the countryside was firmly established.

Following his graduation from high school (circa 1907), Ware enrolled in a two-year course in agriculture at Pennsylvania State College, later Penn State University.

Career
Following graduation, with financial help from his father he bought a grain and dairy farm near Arden, a small town near Philadelphia, where he learned farming firsthand. His brief experience as a working farmer made him almost a unique figure among pioneer members of the American Communist Party, a group almost exclusively composed of urban laborers, factory workers, or intellectuals (and mostly foreign-born).

Before WWI began, Ware had proven himself something of an agricultural innovator. Unable to afford equipment for his tractor, he welded together two harrows for horses. He adapted other horse-drawn gear for use in mechanized agriculture.

After three years, Ware sold the farm and took a job in a shipyard as a draftsman, for which he had a natural faculty. This lasted until the end of the First World War, whose armistice in November 1918 ended the torrent of government funding directed toward the shipbuilding industry.

Communist Party
Although not a delegate to its founding convention, Ware was a member of the Communist Labor Party of America (CLP) from the year of its origin, 1919, as were his mother and older sister, Helen. Ware and his family stayed with the CLP throughout its permutations, merging into the United Communist Party in 1920, into the Communist Party of America in 1921, and into the "aboveground" Workers Party of America in 1922, and eventually the Communist Party of the USA in 1929.

Almost immediately after the Party launched, federal and state authorities moved against the fledgling communist movement, forcing its adherents to make use of pseudonyms and to conduct their activities in secret. During the so-called "underground period" of the party, the agriculturally-oriented Ware used the pseudonym "H.R. Harrow," publishing under that by-line in the communist press. (The pseudonym seems to have been a pun on his real given name, "Harold.") In 1921, eager to study the plight of migrant farm workers firsthand with a view to organizing them for the Communist Party, Ware took a six-month trip around the United States, working harvests from the South to the Midwest, Northwest and then East again through the Upper Midwest. This experience, combined with his previous agricultural experience, cemented Ware's place as the Communist Party's leading agricultural expert.

That fall, in addition to articles he wrote for the "underground" and "aboveground" Communist press, Ware compiled an exhaustive survey of American agriculture, including maps showing distribution of types of farms, farm incomes, and so forth in different sections of the country. The research was transmitted to the Communist International in Moscow, where it was read and praised by Lenin himself.

In late 1921, Ware attended the founding convention in New York of the Workers Party of America. He was elected an alternate to the governing Central Executive Committee of that organization. Ware was not typically a member of the Communist Party's top committees; he preferred to work in the agricultural sector rather than to engage in factional party politics.

Soviet collective farming
Ware helped come up with the idea of using funds raised by the Friends of Soviet Russia organization to construct a model collective farm in Soviet Russia. His farm would serve as a model to help to alleviate the great Russian famine through production of grain plus firsthand demonstration of modern agricultural technique. An appropriation of $75,000 was granted for the project, with Ware's half-brother, Carl Reeve, traveling around the U.S., showing a motion picture depicting horrific conditions in Russia to help raise funds. Funding in hand, Ware went to the J.I. Case Farm Implement Co. and brokered a deal for 24 tractors and related equipment.

In May 1922, Hal and Cris Ware left his three children in America for Soviet Russia along with their tractors, implements, a complete medical unit, and several tons of food supplies. Also making the voyage was a doctor who spoke Russian and a group of American farmers to operate the machinery. The group had been assigned land in the village of Toikino in Perm guberniia, a substantial distance from any centers of population. They taught local peasants the basics of machine operation and plowed 4000 acre of land. Shortages of fuel, hauled by peasant wagons some 40 mi from the nearest train station, severely hampered their efforts. At season's end, the American crew left for Moscow, whence they went home to America with thanks.

The next year, Soviet authorities were eager to expand the Toikino experiment of 1922. The Soviet People's Commissariat of Agriculture offered a large tract of fertile land in the Kuban region, just north of the Black Sea for a second model farm. Working again with the Friends of Soviet Russia organization, Ware organized a party of 40 to make the trip, including agricultural specialists, a doctor, and a nurse. He arrived in Soviet Russia to inspect the land designated for the project, only to be told by Soviet officials that the deal was off because local peasants had begun to allocate the land among themselves. A hasty search commenced for yet another site, in the North Caucasus, but the project was delayed.

Ware spent most of 1925 raising funds for his Soviet farming venture. This farm was organized as a Russian-American joint venture, with Ware as its American Director and then director of the state farm for three years. The project took over four flour mills and profitably operated them; they began to electrify the countryside.

During winter 1928-29, Ware returned to the United States, where he attempted to interest American agricultural equipment manufacturers in the Soviet market. He convinced some companies to send test tractors and implements along with mechanics to assemble them. He stayed in the Soviet through the collectivization campaign of 1929-30.

Return to America
In Spring 1931, Ware set out to organizing farmers and farm-workers in America. In the company of Lem Harris, another Communist Party agricultural expert, he made a year-long survey of American agriculture, echoing his research of 1921. The pair travelled by car around the United States, visiting nearly every state in the union, studying the sometimes desperate conditions which resulted from the collapse of agricultural prices associated with the Great Depression.

Shortly after completion of this task, Ware established a research center in Washington, DC called Farm Research, Inc. and recruited personnel to run it. The institute, funded by the Communist Party, published a newspaper called The Farmers National Weekly continuously throughout the Great Depression. Fellow Communist Party member Herbert Joseph Putz (Erik Bert) (1904-1981) edited the newspaper (1934-1936) ("Farm Research" received funding from the Robert Marshall Foundation, which also funded the Communist controlled news agency "Federated Press."  ) In 1932, Ware was active in the Farmers Holiday Association on behalf of the Communist Party.

Allegations: Whittaker Chambers
In his 1952 memoir, Witness, former Communist Whittaker Chambers wrote that from the time of Ware's death to his defection from the Communist Party in April 1938, he had been a member of the "Washington spy apparatus" headed by Colonel Boris Bykov, a Russian military intelligence officer. Chambers wrote that in addition to the four members of the group (also identified by Lee Pressman under oath to Congress in 1950, though Pressman denied that the group engaged in espionage):

"There must have been sixty or seventy others, though Pressman did not necessarily know them all; neither did I. All were dues-paying members of the Communist Party. Nearly all were employed in the United States Government, some in rather high positions, notably in the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Justice, the Department of the Interior, the National Labor Relations Board, the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the Railroad Retirement Board, the National Research Project — and others."

Chambers further wrote that "by 1938, the Soviet espionage apparatus in Washington had penetrated the US State Department, the US Treasury Department, the Bureau of Standards and the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. These individuals "supplied the Soviet espionage apparatus with secret or confidential information, usually in the form of official United States Government documents for microfilming," Chambers stated.

In the 1930s, Hal Ware was employed by the federal government, working for the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), a New Deal agency which reported to the Secretary of Agriculture but was independent of the Department of Agriculture bureaucracy. According to Chambers, he also "organized that Washington underground" in which he was later to work. Introduced to him in the spring of 1934, Chambers described Ware at length:

He was as American as ham and eggs and as indistinguishable as everybody else. He stood about five feet nine, a trim, middle-aging man in 1934, with a plain face, masked by a quiet earnestness of expression wholly reassuring to people whom quickness of mind makes uncomfortable. Nevertheless, his mind was extremely quick. ...

He might have been a progressive country agent or a professor of ecology at an agricultural college. And yet there was something unprofessorially jaunty about the flip of his hat brim and his springy stride. ... It is true that he liked to drive his car at breakneck speed almost as well as to talk about soils, tenant farmers and underground organization ...

Harold Ware was a frustrated farmer. The soil was in his pores. Unlike most American Communists, who managed to pass from one big city to another without seeing anything in the intervening spaces, Ware was absorbed in the land and its problems. He held that, with the deepening of the agricultural crisis, and with the rapid mechanization of agriculture, the time had come for revolutionary organization among farmers.

According to Chambers' testimony, when he came back from Soviet Russia in 1930, Ware carried with him $25,000 in US currency hidden in a money belt, funds from the Comintern for work among the farmers. It was with these funds that he had established Farm Research Inc. in Washington, DC. But his real mission was espionage, Chambers wrote:

"Once the New Deal was in full swing, Hal Ware was like a man who has bought a farm sight unseen only to discover that the crops are all in and ready to harvest. All that he had to do was to hustle them into the barn. The barn in this case was the Communist Party. In the AAA, Hal found a bumper crop of incipient or registered Communists. On its legal staff were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss and John Abt (later named by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her contacts). There was Charles Krivitsky, a former physicist at New York University, then or shortly after to be known as Charles Kramer (also, later on, one of Elizabeth Bentley's contacts). Abraham George Silverman (another of Elizabeth Bentley's future contacts) was sitting with a little cluster of communists over at the Railroad Retirement Board."

Others named by Chambers included Henry H. Collins, Jr., Laurence Duggan, Nathan Witt, Marion Bachrach, and Victor Perlo. Others subsequently mentioned in these ranks included John Herrmann, Nathaniel Weyl, Donald Hiss, and Harry Dexter White. According to Chambers, Ware was in close contact with and directly reported to J. Peters, "the head of the underground section of the American Communist Party":

"... By 1934, the Ware Group had developed into a tightly organized underground, managed by a directory of seven men. In time it included a number of secret sub-cells whose total membership I can only estimate — probably about seventy-five Communists. Sometimes they were visited officially by J. Peters who lectured them on Communist organization and Leninist theory and advised them on general policy and specific problems. For several of them were so placed in the New Deal agencies (notably Alger Hiss, Nathan Witt, John Abt and Lee Pressman) that they were in a position to influence policy at several levels."

Corroboration from Ware Group members

 * Lee Pressman: On August 28, 1950, Lee Pressman gave testimony against his former comrades, though denied that they engaged in espionage.   He stated he had met Ware and that:

In my desire to see the destruction of Hitlerism and an improvement in economic conditions here at home, I joined a Communist group in Washington, D. C, about 1934. My participation in such group extended for about a year, to the best of my recollection.

Pressman also indicated that in at least one meeting of his group, perhaps two, he had met Soviet intelligence agent J. Peters. Pressman's 1950 testimony provided the first corroboration of Chambers' allegation that a Washington, D.C., Communist group around Ware existed, with federal officials Nathan Witt, John Abt and Charles Kramer named by Pressman as members of this party cell.
 * Nathaniel Weyl: In 1952, Nathaniel Weyl testified before the U.S. Senate Internal Security Committee that he had been a member of the Ware group, and that Alger Hiss had attended meetings as well – the only eyewitness corroboration of Whittaker Chambers's testimony that Alger Hiss was a Communist and Ware Group member.   Of his own Ware Group participation, Weyl said: "I was one of its less enthusiastic members."  Weyl described what could be interpreted as Ware's efforts to corral him into espionage and his own effort to extract himself from the group:

"Ware wanted me to try to get into the Foreign Service and be attached to the staff of William Bullitt, our first Ambassador to the Soviet Union ... I didn't think there was anything illegal about membership in the Ware unit, but nevertheless it was duplicitous ... I told Hal Ware that the Moscow idea was out and that I wanted to leave Washington and resign from government. He said: absolutely not. I forced his hand by committing an appalling breach of security. I showed up at a cell meeting with the girl I was having an affair with, a young lady who was not a Communist Party member and who had known nothing about the group. Ware withdrew his objections and I resigned from AAA."

 * John Abt: In his 1993 autobiography, * John Abt, later long-time attorney for the Communist Party, confirmed that the Ware Group had existed, that it was a secret Communist Party unit, and that Ware had recruited him and several of the others named by Chambers for the Party.
 * Hope Hale Davis: In her 1994 memoir, Hope Hale Davis also admitted to membership in the Ware group: Davis confirmed that it was engaged in illegal activity.

Personal life and death
Ware married Margaret Stephens: in 1916, she died three weeks following birth of their second child, Nancy Stephens Ware.

In August 1917, Ware married his second wife, Clarissa "Cris" Smith. (The couple had two children, Robin and Nancy, before divorcing in the early 1920s.) Ware's second marriage seems to have ended upon their return to the States. Cris took a job in the National Office of the Workers Party as head of the Committee for Protection of Foreign-Born Workers. She was reported in the Communist Party press as having died of "acute pancreatitis, a rare disease of one of the digestive organs of the stomach," rumored to be a cover story for a botched illegal abortion, on September 27, 1923. Benjamin Gitlow luridly wrote of a love triangle between Cris, Party national secretary C. E. Ruthenberg, and future secretary Jay Lovestone. Her death was "a tragic end, for the last of Cris Ware's abortions proved fatal for her."

While in Russia, Ware met Jessica Smith, working with the Quaker famine relief effort, the American Friends Service Committee. Back in New York City, the pair were married in January 1925 by Rev. Norman Thomas, soon to become a key political leader of the Socialist Party of America.

On August 9, 1935, Ware was critically injured in an automobile accident in the mountains near York Springs in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania when his car collided with a coal truck. He died the next Tuesday at the hospital in Harrisburg, never regaining consciousness after the crash.

Legacy
Ware was memorialized with a chapter in the memoir written by his more famous mother, Ella Reeve Bloor, in 1940: "As a boy he loved the outdoors, was full of restless, eager vitality and bold curiosity. He had a startlingly vivid imagination, and an urge and talent for organizing that continued and marked his whole life. More than ordinarily shy, he forgot his shyness when engaged in one of his organizing ventures, and a flow of colorful, stirring talk would come from him so persuasive that those who heard him were completely carried away. He grew slim and tall, and when we moved to Arden was captain of the baseball team and a leader in tennis and other games. He missed a lot of school because of his siege of tuberculosis, but he read a lot and was always able to make up two or three years of ordinary schooling in a few months of intensive study. His interest in socialism began as early as I can remember. Hal's interest in agriculture began early. He started raising truck in a small garden in Arden, and sold it around the countryside. His keen sense of beauty showed in the way he fixed up his boxes of vegetables to sell, arranging them artistically in green boxes. He first planned to study forestry. He used to tell me his dreams of a life in the open, alone on a hillside, a sea of green tree tops below him. While taking the entrance exams for Pennsylvania State College he found that the forestry course would take four years, while there was a fine two-year agricultural course. Beginning to feel, too, that he did not want to live away from people, but among them, he chose agriculture. His interest in economics and politics developed intensely at this time, and while at college he wrote me constantly for the latest news of the socialist movement. We were always very close to one another, and no matter how many months or years we were apart, we could always pick up where we had left off.'"

After his death, attorney John Abt married Jessica Smith, Ware's widow. Ware left behind four children: Judith, David, Nancy, and Robin.

Hal Ware's half-brother, Carl Reeve, was also a lifelong activist in the Communist Party.

Works

 * "Our Agrarian Problem." Signed as "H.R. Harrow." The Communist [New York: Unified CPA], vol. 1, no. 5 (November 1921), pp. 20–21, 23
 * "American Agricultural Problems," The Toiler, vol. 4, whole no. 194 (November 12, 1921), pp. 8–10
 * "American Farmers in Russia," Soviet Russia Pictorial [New York], vol. 8, no. 4 (April 1923), pg. 77
 * "The Factory Farm — A Discussion Article on the Party and the Farm Problem." Signed as "Harrow." Part 1: The Communist, vol. 7, no. 12 (December 1928), pp. 761–769. Part 2: The Communist, vol. 8, no. 3 (March 1929), pp. 142–149
 * The American Farmer (as "George Anstrom") (1932)
 * "Planning for Permanent Poverty: What Subsistence Farming Really Stands For." Harper's Magazine, April 1935

title: Harold Ware


text: Category:Skyscrapers in South Korea

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Skyscrapers in South Korea


text:
Babaco

The babaco (Vasconcellea × heilbornii; syn. Carica pentagona), is a hybrid cultivar in the genus Vasconcellea from Ecuador. It is a hybrid between Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis (syn. Carica pubescens, "mountain papaya".), and Vasconcellea stipulata (syn. Carica stipulata, "toronche".) although Vasconcellea weberbaueri has also been mentioned as a contributor to the hybrid.

Growth
It can grow at high altitudes (over 2,000 m), and is the most cold-tolerant plant in the genus Vasconcellea. The babaco is classified as a herbaceous shrub like Carica papaya (papaya) but unlike papaya it produces only female flowers. The babaco plant can produce from 30–60 fruits annually, and has an average life span of about eight years. The small plant is better suited as a container specimen than its cousin the papaya, which needs constant moisture and high temperatures to survive.

The plant is easy to cultivate under greenhouse conditions (Kempler et al., 1993). Propagation of the plant is achieved by rooting axillary shoots. The opening of axillary buds and subsequent shoot growth is stimulated by removing the apical meristem. The shoots are cut at 15–25 cm long and only the apical leaf is kept. The basal area of the stem is mildly injured and dipped in 0.4% IBA rooting powder and planted into suitable rooting media such as peat:perlite:sand and placed under intermittent mist. The cutting can be ready for transplanting within 3 weeks. Top-prunings (to reduce the height of the plant) may also be used as giant cuttings, up to 1.5 meters long, if protected against drying out.

In contrast to the tropical papaya, babaco require a cool subtropical climate. Recommended greenhouse minimum temperature of 10 °C at night, 12 °C during the day, and 18 °C for fruit to ripen quickly and uniformly. Excessively low temperatures cause fruit to mature with rough, pitted skin.

The flowering habit is indeterminate. Under greenhouse conditions, plant growth during winter month (October- March at 49°N) is slow, and flowers senesce and fail to set fruit (Kempler et al., 1993). In Ecuador, the trees begin cropping 10 months after planting and continue bearing for 6 months, producing about 40 fruit/tree with each weighing about 1-1.5 kg, in the greenhouse we produced about 32 kg fruit per square meter in 16 months when planted 0.8 plants per sq. meter, and 25 kg sq. meter after 12 months space at 3 plants sq. meter. Because of the heavy fruit load a support system for the plants was required. Small fruit size can be achieved by growing plants at high densities. Fruit begins to mature with gradual color change from green to yellow and, if harvest is delayed, the fruit stalk will abscise and fruit will drop and bruise. The delicate-skinned fruit is harvested with pruners with a short stalk and handled carefully. In northern climate, ripening begins in November (March planting), and continues until June. During this period new flowers are set (April–September) and the second crop starts to ripen in November, the plant is cut above the last-formed fruit as flowers senesce in October. After the end of the second season, cropping plants can be cut and rejuvenated from the base or replaced with new plants.

Cultural importance
Babaco sweet fruit consumption is of considerable cultural importance in the mountainous regions of Andean countries, specially in Ecuador. The fruit is commonly eaten in the Ecuadorian Sierra as fruit marmalade, boiled with sugar to make dulce de babaco, in juice, or as flavoring of traditional sweets. Boiled babaco texture has been described close to that of boiled apple. The fruit is used mainly in confections, pastry and juices.

Characteristics
It is a small, unbranched or sparsely branched tree reaching 5–8 m tall. The fruit differs from the related papaya (C. papaya) in being narrower, typically less than 10 cm in diameter. The babaco fruit is seedless and the smooth skin can be eaten, and is said to have tastes of strawberry, papaya, kiwi and pineapple. The fruit is pentagonal in shape, therefore giving it the scientific name of Carica pentagona. The fruit is not especially acidic, but contains papain, a proteolytic enzyme, which may cause mild irritation or "burns".

Like the papaya, the babaco is grown for its edible fruit and for its fruit juice. Cultivation away from its native range has been successful as far south as New Zealand, and as far north as California, some regions of Britain, Guernsey, Channel Islands, and somewhat also in Italy (mostly Sicily and Calabria).

title: Babaco


text:
User:TheWoodmanIII

The Woodman III

Private Equity Investor in New York.

Looking to find his place to help...

title: User:TheWoodmanIII


text: Category:Bridges in South Korea

title: Category:Bridges in South Korea


text:
Arrow River

Arrow River may refer to:
 * Arrow River (New Zealand), a short river
 * Arrow River, Manitoba, unincorporated settlement

title: Arrow River


text: Category:Towers in South Korea

title: Category:Towers in South Korea


text: Category:Buildings and structures in South Korea


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/USS Odyssey

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was - It's clear the content should be kept. Also clear that it shouldn't exist as an independent article. However there are three different merge targets, and sorting out where the content should go isn't a matter for VfD anyway. - SimonP 02:04, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)

USS Odyssey
Page for a Star Trek starship that appeared briefly in a single episode. Content already covered adequately by Galaxy class starship. And nothing links here except a redirect page called Uss odyssey, which nothing links to. AlistairMcMillan 21:19, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. --- Not everything about the Star Trek universe is notable. Especially when it's obviously invented because Rick Berman saw Independence Day and said to himself, "That's why the ratings are so low -- we don't blow up enough stuff!" Isaac R 22:58, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * What does that have to do with anything? People will look for any dubious excuse to bash Rick Berman. Anyway, redirect to Galaxy class as mentioned above. 23skidoo 23:57, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, I was just looking for an excuse to bash Mr. Berman. Poor Rick, nobody likes him. Can't imagine why! Isaac R 00:06, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep the content. If it only appeared in a single episode perhaps merge it into the page on the episode. - SimonP 00:48, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * The content is already covered... Galaxy_class_starship AlistairMcMillan 01:23, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect Xcali 01:02, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge to Dominion War. — Phil Welch 02:06, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The destruction of the USS Oddyssey was several years before the outbreak of the Dominion War and was not connected to it at all really. Just merge it in with the relevant episode or the Galaxy Class article. --New Progressive 06:07, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Redirect to episode article. In canon, notable as 1st Starfellet ship openly attacked by Dominion forces: pace Archduke Ferdinand. --Simon Cursitor 07:14, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Phil Gould (musician)

Philip Gabriel Gould (born 28 February 1957) is a British drummer, songwriter and singer from the Isle of Wight in southern England. He founded the band Level 42 with Mark King.

Career
Gould was born in Hong Kong, and studied percussion at the Royal Academy of Music in London, where he met keyboardist Mike Lindup. Gould's first foray into the charts came with pop group M, drumming on their single "Pop Muzik", a number one single in the United States, and No. 2 hit in the UK. Gould also appeared on Top of the Pops with Roxy Music for their performance of "More Than This" and also in their promo video for this song.

Together with Mike Lindup, Mark King and Gould's guitarist brother Boon, he formed Level 42 and had several major hits, writing many of the lyrics and co-writing many songs. Their biggest selling albums were World Machine and Running in the Family. In 1987, the Gould brothers left Level 42, Phil citing nervous exhaustion and being unhappy with their new pop sound. Gould became a respected session musician.

Gould briefly returned as a studio drummer and principal lyricist on 1994's Forever Now album. However, dismayed by the record company's incompetence, he did not go on the road with the band for their Forever Now tour, and was quickly replaced as a live drummer by Gavin Harrison.

In 2007, Gould contributed to the debut album Escapizm by Italian singer Diana Winter, co-writing and producing the tracks "Rain" and "Dream Alone", and playing drums. In 2009, Gould released his first solo album Watertight on the Bongo Saloon label. The album features contributions from Mike Lindup, Wally Badarou and Berenice Scott. In January 2009, Gould finally released the album Terraforming under the group name of Gould, Brown and Black. The album was initially made available via iTunes with a view to a CD release later in the year. In November 2013, Gould was busy with The-Bongo-Saloon project.

In 2021, Gould released the album Beautiful Wounds on Abbey Records, which includes contributions from singers Diana Winter, Keira Osment, Anji Hinke and Allison Mareek. It also includes the last recording made by his brother Boon Gould, who contributed a guitar solo to the track "The Russian Submariner".

Discography

 * 2009: Watertight
 * 2021: Beautiful Wounds

With M

 * 1979: New York • London • Paris • Munich
 * 1980: The Official Secrets Act

With Level 42

 * 1981: Level 42
 * 1982: Strategy / The Early Tapes
 * 1982: The Pursuit of Accidents
 * 1983: Standing in the Light
 * 1984: True Colours
 * 1985: World Machine
 * 1987: Running in the Family
 * 1994: Forever Now

With Gould, Brown and Black

 * 2009: Terraforming

title: Phil Gould (musician)


text: Category:Towers in Azerbaijan

title: Category:Towers in Azerbaijan


text:
Walt Becker

Walter William Becker is an American filmmaker and novelist, whose directorial credits include the films Van Wilder (2002), Wild Hogs (2007), and Old Dogs (2009).

Early life and education
Becker was born in Hollywood, California and graduated from Pasadena High School (California) in 1986 and USC School of Cinema-Television in 1995, where he was a member of the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity.

He also wrote the novel Link in 1999, which was on the Los Angeles Times' bestseller list for four weeks. It is based on some ideas of Graham Hancock, to whom he refers in the epilogue. He has a son and a daughter with his wife, Lindsay.

In January 2010, TBS picked up Glory Daze, a fraternity-centered comedy pilot set in the 1980s created and written by Becker and Michael LeSieur, to also be directed by Becker.

In January 2016, Becker is said to be working with Rome co-creator William J. Macdonald on a pilot for Storyville, which is based on the bestselling book Empire of Sin by Gary Krist.

In September 2017, Becker was hired to direct the 2021 film Clifford the Big Red Dog, replacing David Bowers. The film was released on November 10, 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film received a hybrid release in theaters and on the Paramount+ streaming service. Shortly after the film's release, it was announced that a sequel was in development.

Television
Producer
 * Glory Days (2010) (3 episodes)
 * Zookeeper (2011)
 * Thunderballs (2011) (Television film)
 * Bad Samaritans (2013) (2 episodes)
 * Do It Yourself (2014) (Television film)

title: Walt Becker


text:
William Russell Grace

William Russell Grace (May 10, 1832 – March 21, 1904) was an American politician, the first Roman Catholic mayor of New York City, and the founder of W. R. Grace and Company.

Early life
Grace was born in Ireland in Riverstown near the Cove of Cork to James Grace and Eleanor May Russell (née Ellen) while the family was away from home, and raised on Grace property at Ballylinan in Queens (now Laois) County near the town of Athy. He was a member of a prominent and well-to-do family who lived for a period at Brooklawn House on Love Lane (now Donore Avenue). In 1846, Grace sailed for New York against the wishes of his father, and worked as a printer's devil and a shoemaker's helper before returning to Ireland in 1848. For a period he attended Belvedere College before again leaving school.

His nephew, Cecil Grace, attempted a crossing of the English Channel in December 1910 in an airplane, flying from Dover to Calais. However, in coming back he became disoriented and over Dover flew northeast over the Goodwin Sands toward the North Sea and was lost.

Career
William and his father, James Grace, traveled to Callao, Peru, in 1851, seeking to establish an Irish agricultural community. James returned home but William remained, where he began work with the firm of John Bryce and Co., as a ship chandler.

In 1854, the company was renamed Bryce, Grace & Company, in 1865, to Grace Brothers & Co., and then W. R. Grace and Company.

Reform politics
Opposing the famous Tammany Hall, Grace was elected as the first Irish American Catholic mayor of New York City in 1880. He conducted a reform administration attacking police scandals, patronage and organized vice; reduced the tax rate, and broke up the Louisiana Lottery. Defeated in the following election, he was re-elected in 1884 on an Independent ticket but lost again the following time. During his second term, Grace received the Statue of Liberty as a gift from France.

Philanthropy
Grace was a renowned philanthropist and humanitarian, at one point contributing a quarter of the aid delivered to Ireland aboard the steamship Constellation during the Irish Famine of 1879. In 1897, he and his brother, Michael, founded the Grace Institute for the education of women, especially immigrants.

Personal life
On September 11, 1859, William was married to Lillius Gilchrist (1839–1922), the daughter of George W. Gilchrist, a prominent ship builder of Thomaston, Maine, and Mary Jane (née Smalley) Gilchrest. Together, William and Lillius had eleven children, including:

 * Alice Gertrude Grace (born in South America, June 11, 1860), who married the New York architect Albert D'Oench in 1901.
 * Florence F. Grace (born in South America, September 20, 1861; died September 27, 1861).
 * Lilius Clemintina Grace (born in South America, October 24, 1864; died in Ireland, June 26, 1866).
 * Agnes Isadora Grace (born in Brooklyn, N.Y., April 4, 1867; died in New York City, March 8, 1884).
 * Mary Augusta Grace (born in Brooklyn, September 2, 1868; died there February 16, 1870).
 * Lilius Annie Grace (born in Brooklyn, September 1, 1870; died there August 30, 1871).
 * Joseph Peter Grace (born at Great Neck, N.Y., June 29, 1872; died there July 15, 1950).
 * Lilias Juanita Grace (born in New York City, March 30, 1874), who married George Edward Kent on July 12, 1898.
 * Louise Natalie Grace (born in New York City, December 23, 1875; died in North Hills, Long Island, New York in 1954).
 * William Russell Grace, Jr. (born April 11, 1878; died in Aiken, South Carolina, March 31, 1943).
 * Caroline S. Grace (born April 22, 1879; died April 21, 1882).

Grace died on March 21, 1904, at his residence, 31 East 79th Street, in New York City. His funeral was held at the Church of St. Francis Xavier on West 16th Street and he was buried at the Holy Cross Cemetery in Brooklyn. Grace Avenue in the Bronx, NY is named in his honor. His estate was valued at $25,000,000.

title: William Russell Grace


text:
Suzuki Magoichi

Suzuki Magoichi (鈴木孫一、鈴木孫市), better known as Saiga Magoichi or Saika Magoichi (雑賀孫一、雑賀孫市), (c. 1534 – c. May 2, 1589) was the name given to the leader of the Saika Ikki. He is famous for arming his troops with arquebuses and donning the yatagarasu as his family crest.

There were three people known as Saika (Suzuki) Magoichi, including Suzuki Sadayu (鈴木佐大夫, 1511–1585, true name Suzuki Shigeoki (鈴木重意)), Suzuki Shigehide (鈴木重秀, c. 1546 – c. 1586) and Suzuki Shigetomo (鈴木重朝, 1561–1623).

Suzuki Shigeoki
Suzuki Shigeoki (鈴木重意, 1511–1585), also known as Suzuki Sadayū (鈴木佐大夫), was Shigehide and Shigetomo's father (though the former is disputed). Since records regarding the first half of his life are scant, it is speculated that he traveled as a mercenary. He was employed by the Hatakeyama clan and was a major contributor for repelling the Miyoshi clan. His reputation as a fearsome warrior began to spread and he became a kokujin in the area. When the Miyoshi clan were being attacked by Oda Nobunaga in 1570, the Ishiyama Hongan-ji mob assisted the resistance against the conqueror. Shigeoki came to their aid and led 600 riflemen into battle. His efforts won him fame when he injured one of Nobunaga's valued generals, Sassa Narimasa. Kennyo continued to count on Shigeoki's reinforcements. During this time, Nobunaga was said to have called him "Kennyo's left and right-hand man".

During the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, Shigeoki aided Tokugawa Ieyasu and surrendered to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's vast army after the battle's conclusion. Though he swore to serve Hideyoshi, Tōdō Takatora suspected that keeping a formidable enemy within their ranks was too risky to trust. Therefore, Shigeoki was sentenced to commit suicide. He died when he was 75. His four sons survived him. Their names were Shigekane, Shigehide, Yoshikane, and Shigetomo.

Suzuki Shigehide
Suzuki Shigehide is perhaps the better known of the three, known for supporting the Ikkō resistance against Oda Nobunaga during the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War. Shigehide (鈴木重秀 or 鈴木重次, c. 1546 – c. 1586) was possibly one of Shigeoki's sons. He is said to be his second eldest son, but the truth behind the matter remains unknown. This is mainly because his name isn't listed in historical records available to the public, making the authenticity of the "Shigehide" name even more dubious. Though said to be a warrior of distinguished prowess, details regarding his services remain scant. Aside from his distinct hatred for Nobunaga, the rest of his history is filled with half-truths, rumors, or theories. According to the Sengoku Engi, he was said to have been a great warrior.

It is said that he participated during the Hongan-ji riots as well and led 3,000 gunmen into battle. He is accredited for causing Harada Naomasa's death on the field. Despite being allied with the Miyoshi clan, legends state that Shigehide empathized with the Honganji rebels and was only loyal to them. When the Saika group surrendered to Hideyoshi years later, Shigehide was said to have tried to save his family from destruction. However, he couldn't convince Hideyoshi to spare them and his family's property fell into ruin.

From here, the tales surrounding his fate differ from one another. One story says that he served Hideyoshi briefly before he also decided to commit suicide in 1586. Another states, that he faithfully continued to serve Hideyoshi until Sekigahara and joined the Western army's ranks during the Sekigahara Campaign, He participated in the Siege of Fushimi. After Torii Mototada's downfall during the battle of Sekigahara, he is said to have lived the rest of his days as a rōnin in Mito Domain.

Suzuki Shigetomo
Suzuki Shigetomo (鈴木重朝, 1561–1623) was one of Shigeoki's sons. Like Shigehide, he fought alongside his father during the Ikko sect's riots. After his family fell into ruin, Shigetomo became one of Hideyoshi's generals. He participated in the Korean campaign by sending men from his station, Nagoya Castle.

Following the Sekigahara Campaign, he was spotted by Date Masamune at Siege of Hasedo and joined Date clan, There, he was employed by Date Masamune to be his secondary rifle troop. Under Masamune orders, he was sent to act as one of Tokugawa Yorifusa's high-ranked bodyguards. He died due to natural causes at age 63. He was said to have been survived by two sons. A few tales said that he became a wanderer and died as a hermit late in his life.

It is unclear whether he or his descendants were known under the "Magoichi" name when he became a part of the samurai class.

Reports of different men using the name range from Wakayama, Ibaraki and Mie prefectures.

title: Suzuki Magoichi


text:
Learning object metadata

Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. The purpose of learning object metadata is to support the reusability of learning objects, to aid discoverability, and to facilitate their interoperability, usually in the context of online learning management systems (LMS).

The IEEE 1484.12.1-2020 – Standard for Learning Object Metadata is the latest revision of an internationally recognised open standard (published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association, New York) under the LTSC sponsorship for the description of “learning objects". Relevant attributes of learning objects to be described include: type of object; author; owner; terms of distribution; format; and pedagogical attributes, such as teaching or interaction style.

IEEE 1484.12.1 – 2002 Standard for Learning Object Metadata
The IEEE working group that developed the standard defined learning objects, for the purposes of the standard, as being "any entity, digital or non-digital, that may be used for learning, education or training." This definition has struck many commentators as being rather broad in its scope, but the definition was intended to provide a broad class of objects to which LOM metadata might usefully be associated rather than to give an instructional or pedagogic definition of a learning object. IEEE 1484.12.1 is the first part of a multipart standard, and describes the LOM data model. The LOM data model specifies which aspects of a learning object should be described and what vocabularies may be used for these descriptions; it also defines how this data model can be amended by additions or constraints. Other parts of the standard are being drafted to define bindings of the LOM data model, i.e. define how LOM records should be represented in XML and RDF (IEEE 1484.12.3 and IEEE 1484.12.4 respectively). This article focuses on the LOM data model rather than issues relating to XML or other bindings.

IMS Global Learning Consortium is an international consortium that contributed to the drafting of the IEEE Learning Object Metadata (together with the ARIADNE Foundation) and endorsed early drafts of the data model as part of the IMS Learning Resource Meta-data specification (IMS LRM, versions 1.0 – 1.2.2). Feedback and suggestions from the implementers of IMS LRM fed into the further development of the LOM, resulting in some drift between version 1.2 of the IMS LRM specification and what was finally published at the LOM standard. Version 1.3 of the IMS LRM specification realigns the IMS LRM data model with the IEEE LOM data model and specifies that the IEEE XML binding should be used. Thus, we can now use the term 'LOM' in referring to both the IEEE standard and version 1.3 of the IMS specification. The IMS LRM specification also provides an extensive Best Practice and Implementation Guide, and an XSL transform that can be used to migrate metadata instances from the older versions of the IMS LRM XML binding to the IEEE LOM XML binding.

How the data model works
The LOM comprises a hierarchy of elements. At the first level, there are nine categories, each of which contains sub-elements; these sub-elements may be simple elements that hold data, or may themselves be aggregate elements, which contain further sub-elements. The semantics of an element are determined by its context: they are affected by the parent or container element in the hierarchy and by other elements in the same container. For example, the various Description elements (1.4, 5.10, 6.3, 7.2.2, 8.3 and 9.3) each derive their context from their parent element. In addition, description element 9.3 also takes its context from the value of element 9.1 Purpose in the same instance of Classification.

The data model specifies that some elements may be repeated either individually or as a group; for example, although the elements 9.2 (Description) and 9.1 (Purpose) can only occur once within each instance of the Classification container element, the Classification element may be repeated - thus allowing many descriptions for different purposes.

The data model also specifies the value space and datatype for each of the simple data elements. The value space defines the restrictions, if any, on the data that can be entered for that element. For many elements, the value space allows any string of Unicode character to be entered, whereas other elements entries must be drawn from a declared list (i.e. a controlled vocabulary) or must be in a specified format (e.g. date and language codes). Some element datatypes simply allow a string of characters to be entered, and others comprise two parts, as described below:
 * LangString items contain Language and String parts, allowing the same information to be recorded in multiple languages
 * Vocabulary items are constrained in such a way that their entries have to be chosen from a controlled list of terms - composed of Source-Value pairs - with the Source containing the name of the list of terms being used and the Value containing the chosen term
 * DateTime and Duration items contain one part that allows the date or duration to be given in a machine readable format, and a second that allows a description of the date or duration (for example "mid summer, 1968").

When implementing the LOM as a data or service provider, it is not necessary to support all the elements in the data model, nor need the LOM data model limit the information which may be provided. The creation of an application profile allows a community of users to specify which elements and vocabularies they will use. Elements from the LOM may be dropped and elements from other metadata schemas may be brought in; likewise, the vocabularies in the LOM may be supplemented with values appropriate to that community.

Requirements
The key requirements for exploiting the LOM as a data or service provider are to:
 * Understand user/community needs and to express these as an application profile
 * Have a strategy for creating high quality metadata
 * Store this metadata in a form which can be exported as LOM records
 * Agree a binding for LOM instances when they are exchanged
 * Be able to exchange records with other systems either as single instances or en masse.

Related specifications
There are many metadata specifications; of particular interest is the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (commonly known as Simple Dublin Core, standardised as ANSI/NISO Z39.85 – 2001). Simple Dublin Core (DC) provides a non-complex, loosely defined set of elements which is useful for sharing metadata across a wide range of disparate services. Since the LOM standard used Dublin Core as a starting point, refining the Simple DC schema with qualifiers relevant to learning objects, there is some overlap between the LOM and DC standards. The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is also working on a set of terms which allow the Dublin Core Element Set to be used with greater semantic precision (Qualified Dublin Core). The Dublin Education Working Group aims to provide refinements of Dublin Core for the specific needs of the education community.

Many other education-related specifications allow for LO metadata to be embedded within XML instances, such as: describing the resources in an IMS Content Package or Resource List; describing the vocabularies and terms in an IMS VDEX (Vocabulary Definition and Exchange) file; and describing the question items in an IMS QTI (Question and Test Interoperability) file.

The IMS Vocabulary Definition and Exchange (VDEX) specification has a double relation with the LOM, since not only can the LOM provide metadata on the vocabularies in a VDEX instance, but VDEX can be used to describe the controlled vocabularies which are the value space for many LOM elements.

LOM records can be transported between systems using a variety of protocols, perhaps the most widely used being OAI-PMH.

UK LOM Core
For UK Further and Higher Education, the most relevant family of application profiles are those based around the UK LOM Core. The UK LOM Core is currently a draft schema researched by a community of practitioners to identify common UK practice in learning object content, by comparing 12 metadata schemas. UK LOM is currently legacy work, it is not in active development.

CanCore
CanCore provides detailed guidance for the interpretation and implementation of each data element in the LOM standard. These guidelines (2004) constitute a 250-page document, and have been developed over three years under the leadership of Norm Friesen, and through consultation with experts across Canada and throughout the world. These guidelines are also available at no charge from the CanCore Website.

ANZ-LOM
ANZ-LOM is a metadata profile developed for the education sector in Australia and New Zealand. The profile sets obligations for elements and illustrates how to apply controlled vocabularies, including example regional vocabularies used in the "classification" element. The ANZ-LOM profile was first published by The Le@rning Federation (TLF) in January, 2008.

Vetadata
The Australian Vocational Training and Education (VET) sector uses an application profile of the IEEE LOM called Vetadata. The profile contains five mandatory elements, and makes use of a number of vocabularies specific to the Australian VET sector. This application profile was first published in 2005. The Vetadata and ANZ-LOM profiles are closely aligned.

NORLOM
NORLOM is the Norwegian LOM profile. The profile is managed by NSSL (The Norwegian Secretariat for Standardization of Learning Technologies)

ISRACore
ISRACORE is the Israeli LOM profile. The Israel Internet Association (ISOC-IL) and Inter University Computational Center (IUCC) have teamed up to manage and establish an e-learning objects database.

SWE-LOM
SWE-LOM is the Swedish LOM profile that is managed by IML at Umeå University as a part of the work with the national standardization group TK450 at Swedish Standards Institute.

TWLOM
TWLOM is the Taiwanese LOM profile that is managed by Industrial Development and Promotion of Archives and e-Learning Project

LOM-FR
LOM-FR is a metadata profile developed for the education sector in France. This application profile was first published in 2006.

NL LOM
NL LOM is the Dutch metadata profile for educational resources in the Netherlands. This application profile was the result of merging the Dutch higher education LOM profile with the one used in primary and secondary Dutch education. The final version was released in 2011.

LOM-CH
LOM-CH is a metadata profile developed for the education sector in Switzerland. It is currently available in French and German. This application profile was published in July 2014.

LOM-ES
LOM-ES is a metadata profile developed for the education sector in Spain. It is available in Spanish.

LOM-GR
LOM-GR, also known as "LOM-GR Photodentro" is the Greek LOM application profile for educational resources, currently being used for resources related to school education. It was published in 2012 and is currently available in Greek and English. It is maintained by CTI DIOPHANTUS as part of the "Photodentro Federated Architecture for Educational Content for Schools" that includes a number of educational content repositories (for Learning Objects, Educational Video, and User Generated Content) and the Greek National Aggregator of Educational Content accumulating metadata from collections stored in repositories of other organizations. LOM-GR is a working specification of the TC48/WG3 working group of the Hellenic Organization for Standardization.

Others
Other application profiles are those developed by the Celebrate project and the metadata profile that is part of the SCORM reference model.

title: Learning object metadata


text:
Samuel Rowlands

Samuel Rowlands (c. 1573–1630) was an English author of pamphlets in prose and verse which reflect the follies and humours of lower middle-class life in his day. He seems to have had no literary reputation at the time, but his work throws much light on the development of popular literature and social life in London, where he spent his life. His contact with the middle and lower classes of society included working in 1600–1615 for William White, and then George Loftus, booksellers, who published Rowlands's pamphlets in this time.

Selected sacred and secular poems

 * The Betraying of Christ (1598)
 * The Letting of Humour's Blood in the Head-vaine (epigrams and satires) and A Mery Meetinge, or tis Mery when Knaves mete (1600) – the two latter being publicly burnt by order, but republished later under other names (Humors Ordinarie and The Knave of Clubbes)
 * Greene's Ghost haunting Conie-Catchers (1602), which he pretended to have edited from Greene's papers, but which is largely borrowed from his printed works
 * Tis Merrie when Gossips meete (1602), a dialogue between a Widow, a Wile, a Maid and a Vintner
 * Looke to it; for Ile stabbe ye (1604), in which Death describes the tyrants, careless divines and other evil-doers whom he will destroy
 * Hell's broke loose (1605), an account of John of Leyden. In the same year a Theatre of Divine Recreation (not extant), poems founded on the Old Testament, and a collection of epigrams entitled Humor's Antique Faces
 * A Terrible Battle between ... Time and Death (1606)
 * Democritus, or Doctor Merry-man his Medicines against Melancholy humors, reprinted, with alterations, as Doctor Merrie-man, and Diogenes Lent home (1607), in which Athens is London
 * The Famous History of Guy, Earl of Warwick (1607), a long romance in Rowlands's favorite six-lined stanza, and one of his hastiest, least successful efforts
 * Humors Looking Glasse (1608)
 * (dubiously) Martin Mark-all, Beadle of Bridewell (1608 or 1610), a history of roguery containing much information about notable highwaymen (q.v. kings of gypsies) and the completest vocabulary of thieves' slang up to that time, usually attributed to Samuel Rid.

Later works
Of his later works may be mentioned Sir Thomas Overbury; or the Poysoned Knights Complaint, and The Melancholic Knight (1615), which suggests a hearing of Beaumont and Fletcher's Knight of the Burning Pestle. The last of his humorous studies, Good Newes and Bad Newes, appeared in 1622, and in 1628 he published a pious volume of prose and verse, entitled Heaven's Glory, Seeke it: Earts vanitie, Flye it: Hells Horror, Fere it.,

Nothing is known of him after that. Edmund Gosse, introducing Rowlands's complete works, edited in 1872–1880 for the Hunterian Club in Glasgow by Sidney John Hervon Herrtage, sums him up as a small, non-political Daniel Defoe, a pamphleteer in verse whose talents were never exercised except when their possessor was pressed for means, and a poet of considerable talent, yet without a spark or glimmer of genius.

Gosse's notice is reprinted in his Seventeenth Century Studies (1883). A poem by Rowlands, The Bride (1617), was reprinted at Boston, USA, in 1905 by A. C. Potter.,

title: Samuel Rowlands


text:
Superfluous man

The superfluous man (лишний человек, líshniy chelovék, "extra person") is an 1840s and 1850s Russian literary concept derived from the Byronic hero. It refers to a man, perhaps talented and capable, who does not fit into social norms. In most cases, this person is born into wealth and privilege. Typical characteristics are disregard for social values, cynicism, and existential boredom; typical behaviors are gambling, drinking, romantic intrigues and duels. He is often unmindful, indifferent or unempathetic with society's issues and can carelessly distress others with his actions, despite his position of power. He will often use his power for his own comfort and security and will have very little interest in being charitable or using it for the greater good.

The character type originates in Alexander Pushkin's verse-novel Eugene Onegin (1825–1832). This term was popularized by Ivan Turgenev's novella The Diary of a Superfluous Man (1850) and was thereafter applied to characters from earlier novels. Mikhail Lermontov's A Hero of Our Time (1840) depicts another superfluous man – Pechorin – as its protagonist. He can be seen as a nihilist and fatalist. Later examples include Alexander Herzen's Beltov in Who Is to Blame? (1845–46), Turgenev's Rudin (1856), and the title character of Ivan Goncharov's Oblomov (1859).

Russian critics such as Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848) viewed the superfluous man as a byproduct of Nicholas I's reign, when the best-educated men would not enter the discredited government service but, lacking other options for self-realization, doomed themselves to live out their life in passivity. The radical critic Nikolay Dobrolyubov (1836–1861) analyzed the superfluous man as by-product of Russian serfdom. Scholar David Patterson describes the superfluous man as "not just ... another literary type but ... a paradigm of a person who has lost a point, a place, a presence in life" before concluding that "the superfluous man is a homeless man."

title: Superfluous man


text:
Will Ingwersen

Will Alfred Theodore Ingwersen (7 May 1905 – 14 June 1990), was a British nurseryman and alpine specialist. He was an authority on alpine plants, and an expert on rock gardens.

Ingwersen was awarded numerous gold medals at the Chelsea Flower Show and was the author or co-author of several books. On occasion, he served as a broadcaster on the BBC's Gardeners' Question Time. The nursery founded by his father ceased to trade in November 2008 when his half-brother Paul retired.

Ingwersen was a past president of Horticultural Trades Association, and vice-president of both the Alpine Garden Society and the Royal Horticultural Society.

title: Will Ingwersen


text:
Sam McGee

Sam McGee may refer to:
 * "The Cremation of Sam McGee", a poem written by Robert W. Service
 * Sam McGee, an American country musician of the McGee Brothers duo

title: Sam McGee


text: Category:Baku

title: Category:Baku


text:
User talk:Kune

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 21:24, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Kune


text:
User:McDogm/Pats Schedule

During the Fall 2005 season the NFL defending champion Patriots will play each division member home and away, each team in the AFC West once, and each team in the NFC South once. The team will also play the Indianapolis Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers. The team will enjoy two appearances on ABC Monday Night Football.

The season begins on Thursday, September 8, 2005 and ends on Sunday January 1, 2006. The cardinal number of the game corresponds to each intervening weekend. Only the Patriots and the Raiders are playing on Thursday, September 8. The rest of the teams begin play 3 days later on September 11. Opening day of the 2005 NFL season falls on the anniversary of the September 11, 2001 airplane attacks in New York City and Washington, DC. This is not the reason for the season opener to fall on the prior Thursday; the NFL normally opens with a marquee game a few days before opening Sunday.

The Patriots play at Gillette Stadium in Foxboro, Mass, a town close to Boston, Mass.

Schedule

 * 1) Oakland Raiders at home on Thursday - opening day for NFL 2005
 * 2) Carolina Panthers
 * 3) Pittsburgh Steelers
 * 4) San Diego Chargers at home
 * 5) Atlanta Falcons
 * 6) Denver Broncos
 * 7) Bye week - no game
 * 8) Buffalo, NY Bills at home
 * 9) Indianapolis Colts at home - Monday Night
 * 10) Miami Dolphins
 * 11) New Orleans Saints at home
 * 12) Kansas City Chiefs
 * 13) New York Jets at home
 * 14) Buffalo Bills
 * 15) Tampa Bay Buccaneers at home
 * 16) New York Jets - Monday Night
 * 17) Miami Dolphins at home

The NFL Playoffs begin the next week. According to Las Vegas oddsmakers the Patriots are expected to make the playoffs.

title: User:McDogm/Pats Schedule


text: User talk:83.202.147.68

title: User talk:83.202.147.68


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Mexico


text:
Category:Skyscrapers in Russia

Skyscrapers in Russia.

title: Category:Skyscrapers in Russia


text: Category:Skyscrapers in Sweden

title: Category:Skyscrapers in Sweden


text: User talk:84.121.26.194

title: User talk:84.121.26.194


text:
Ojos de Brujo

Ojos de Brujo was a nine-piece band from Barcelona who described their style as "jipjop flamenkillo" (hip hop with a little flamenco). The band sold over 100,000 copies of their self-produced Barí album and received several awards, among these the BBC Radio 3 World Music Award for Europe in 2004, having also been nominated in 2003.

Their success is also notable for being achieved without the aid of label backing. They set up their own label, La Fábrica de Colores, to get complete artistic freedom for Barí, away from the pressure they perceived from their record company Edel Records for their debut, Vengue.

Music
Flamenco is clearly central to their sound; Ramón Giménez observed "the magic lies in the flamenco... that is the heartbeat of Ojos de Brujo's songs." However, they are definitely not pure flamenco. Xavi Turull said: "...we aren't trying to do flamenco. What we are doing is using the richness of flamenco and the richness of other music to build up something different. Maybe sometimes I would say that flamenco is the strongest ingredient, but we aren't trying to do flamenco." Upon the release of their first album, Vengue (1999), the flamenco fusion group did receive a lot of skepticism and criticism from the flamenco purists. Many of them refused to acknowledge that the music was true flamenco and that it strayed from its foundation, style and structure. However, according to the group, their music reflects the past of flamenco and its multicultural roots. The gypsies themselves are diverse and multicultural, a people from the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Iberia. Ojos de Brujo takes this same theme and blends flamenco music with the diverse musical genres of today like hip hop and pop to modernize flamenco. For example Flamenco is combined in their music with other influences including Afro-Cuban, the rap and scratching/turntablism of Hip Hop, and Indian music. The music of Ojos de Brujo uses the drama of flamenco, but carries it along on a steady rhythmic foundation, making the group's music a closer relative to rumba catalana. Usually the focus of Ojos' songs are the vocals by Marina "La Canillas" Abad, which move smoothly from gritty flamenco wail to authoritative rapping. The blend of music opens up their audience base and provides more opportunity to keep creating new types of sounds.

Social Conscience
Ojos de Brujo also appeals to the youth by addressing social issues and concerns within their music. The group name, Eyes of the Sorcerer reflects this theme. According to group members, the eyes of the sorcerer look deeper into the issues and reveal the truth. Many people think that the band is named Eyes of the Witch. However, Brujo is masculine; Bruja is the Spanish for witch. Moreover, none of their songs address politics; instead many reveal current social situations in Spain. One of their songs, “Nada en la nevera” (2001), “Nothing in the Fridge,” Ojos de Brujo highlights poverty, not only in Spain but throughout the world by singing about someone who wakes up every morning to find nothing in the refrigerator. Criticizing society, in the song “Naita” the singer says, “La sangre se me rebela cuando me pongo a pensar que aquí unos tienen de tó y que otros no tienen de ná” or “My blood boils when I think that there are some who have everything and others who have nothing”. Mixing “dub, hip hop, and flamenco, just to name a few, allows Ojos de Brujo a wide range of expression. By blending flamenco and rumba, grabbing handfuls of hip hop, dub and modern-sounding drum licks and bass lines the group makes forward-looking music that could definitely have been made only in Spain and probably only in Barcelona.” Creating variety in beats, lyrics, and instruments only enhances their social and cultural message and reflects the modern and highly globalized society in which they perform.

Members

 * Marina "la Canillas" Abad - vocals
 * Dani Carbonell - vocals, various instruments (primarily on Vengue (2001) and Barí (2002))
 * Ramón Giménez - flamenco guitar
 * Xavi Turull - cajón, tabla, congas, percussion
 * DJ Panko - scratching
 * Sergio Ramos - drums, cajón
 * Maxwell Wright - percussion, vocals
 * Juan Luis Leprevost Artiach - Bass (on Vengue and Barí)
 * Paco Lomeña - flamenco guitar
 * Javi Martin - bass, (after "Barí")
 * Carlitos Sarduy - congas, trumpet, keyboard

Their CDs have also featured guest appearances by a large number of other musicians, including Nitin Sawhney and Prithpal Rajput from Asian Dub Foundation as well as many Spanish artists.

Discography

 * Vengue, 1999
 * Rumba Dub Style (EP), 2001
 * Barí, 2002
 * Barí: Remezclas de la Casa, 2003
 * Festimad 2003, 2003
 * Techarí, 2006
 * Techarí Live, 2007 (CD/DVD)
 * Techarí Remixes, 2007
 * Aocaná, 2009
 * Corriente vital 10 años, 2010

title: Ojos de Brujo


text: User talk:69.232.46.53

title: User talk:69.232.46.53


text:
Talk:Groom of the Stool

I believe this is actually true and therefore shouldn't be deleted

There is something beautifully ironic about the phrase (in this contest) "To meet Wikipedia's quality standards, this article or section may require cleanup"

Groom of the Stole
Was this actually a position distinct from Groom of the Stole, or shou;d the two articles be merged? TheMadBaron 19:05, 18 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It was the same office and yes, the articles need to be merged. Craigy (talk) 01:17, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I second the motion, however the Groom of the Stole has some tone and style issues that need to be taken care of before merging (or, perhaps dealt with during the merger) Petropetro (talk) 22:59, 14 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. By ME. 122.109.129.187 (talk) 12:36, 2 November 2014 (UTC)

Cleaning your buttocks
Do you 'clean your buttocks' after a stool? This is euphemistic nonsense. It is your anus that you wipe, and presumably the anatomy is no different when the job is done for early modern monarchs by some 'colourless functionary'. --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 20:46, 11 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Only if proceedings have gone sadly awry. I agree euphemism should be avoided.

Qemist (talk) 00:36, 23 May 2014 (UTC)

Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
I've removed the reference to Victoria's Gentleman of the Privy Chamber because it didn't say he was Groom of the Stool (or Stole). All Grooms of the Stool were Gentlemen of the PC but not all Gentlemen of the PC were Grooms of the Stool. With best wishes, --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 14:46, 7 July 2009 (UTC)

Ok as someone who came to this page to find out about "The Groom of the Stool" that little bit of info is actually very relevant as I would have no idea there even was a gentleman of the privy chamber - something that seems intrinsically linked. Zarniewoop (talk) 03:37, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Article doesn't actually explain what the Groom of the Stool did
The current version of the article doesn't really explain what what the Groom of the Stool's namesake role comes from... 38.104.178.30 (talk) 14:45, 17 September 2014 (UTC)

Unintended pun?
Apart from all the primary scatalogical references (originally intended or arising later through euphamism), I'm wondering whether there should be a re-wording of "This secret information he was privy to..." to avoid a secondary-level pun, by association? 213.205.252.104 (talk) 11:54, 29 October 2015 (UTC)

Thomas Heneage
Please do not re-link Thomas Heneage to the article for Thomas Heneage. They are different people; the Thomas Heneage who was Groom of the Stool in 1538 was the uncle of the MP born in 1536. 24.76.103.169 (talk) 10:03, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

"ablutions"
My guess is that 99% of North Americans under the age of 85 have no idea what the word "ablutions" means. Maybe it's a UK word, but it is a failure for an encyclopedia article to use words unknown to the general reader, given that encyclopedias are, by definition, written FOR the general reader. I suggest that this word should be changed, so that the article is less of a failure.77Mike77 (talk) 18:52, 21 February 2017 (UTC)
 * What do you suggest it be changed to? --McGeddon (talk) 11:11, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

 * Have Americans never come across a dictionary? I found it in under 30 seconds in Merriam-Webster's. TheVicarsCat (talk) 16:51, 16 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Surely you're not suggesting that our North American readers should have to do some work to find out what happens in the rest of the world? Richerman  (talk) 11:17, 13 January 2019 (UTC)

 * Wait, and here I thought IQs were going up? lol. In the past 12mo, I've encountered ablutions at least three times: At least twice Howard Stern talking about his mother and once binging Star Trek Discovery. Each of these are American examples. But if I didn't know what ablutions were, I'd hover over the word and see the definition and move on... not steam about it (lol pun intended). 2603:8001:4502:D2E9:59D:8EAA:7017:456 (talk) 07:30, 5 February 2021 (UTC)

Lambert Simnel
I can't say whether Simnel was ever groom of the stool (though I have never seen any indication that he was; I only know that he was a scullion and later a falconer under Henry VIII), but he definitely was NOT groom of the stool from 1485-1487. The Battle of Stoke Field was only in 1487, which is when Henry VII pardoned Simnel for his pretense and brought him into the royal household. He definitely wasn't Henry's groom of the stool whilst the two were at war! 2.28.245.26 (talk) 14:38, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, added by this ip edit (his only one). Perhaps a joke. Gone now. Johnbod (talk) 19:10, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Mind you, his bio says: "...and was thereafter employed by the royal household as a scullion, and, later, as a Groom of the Stool. - no page given. Elton is (was) a well-known textbook. Can anyone confirm? Johnbod (talk) 19:14, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Groom of the Stool


text:
User talk:PetrosGreek

'''Hello! My name is Petros. I live in Kavala, Macedonia, Greece. It is a pleasure for me to contribute to Wikipedia now and then.'''

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! Alai 21:32, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Poll (Macedonian Slav or Macedonian)
I hope that this message is of interest to you, if not please accept my apologies. There is a poll in the talk page of the 'Macedonian Slavs' article here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonian_Slavs#The_poll

Some people are lobbying for changing the article's name to Macedonians without any qualifier. As it seems, a number of these people come from the Macedonian/Macedonian Slav wikipedia project. It seemed only fair to attract the attention of people that _possibly_ share or represent a different point of view. Your contributions to the discussion and the poll are welcomed.

poll
Poll (Macedonian Slav or Macedonian) I hope that this message is of interest to you, if not please accept my apologies. There is a poll in the talk page of the 'Macedonian Slavs' article here:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Macedonian_Slavs#The_poll

Some people are lobbying for changing the article's name to Macedonians without any qualifier. As it seems, a number of these people come from the Macedonian/Macedonian Slav wikipedia project. It seemed only fair to attract the attention of people that _possibly_ share or represent a different point of view. Your contributions to the discussion and the poll are welcomed.

Image Tagging Image:Lemnos-map.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Lemnos-map.gif. I notice the image page currently doesn't specify who created the image, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created the image yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the image on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the image yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the image also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you can claim fair use use or fairuse. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other images, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of image pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ~MDD4696 05:44, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Kolokotronis.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kolokotronis.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Longhair 07:05, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Venezis.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Venezis.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Dethomas 23:59, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Rigas.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:Rigas.gif. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator.

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. If you have questions about copyright tagging of images, post on Wikipedia talk:Image copyright tags or User talk:Carnildo/images. 13:18, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Kavala city.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Kavala city.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 18:39, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:KOSTA KARAMANLIS.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:KOSTA KARAMANLIS.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 19:53, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:One genocide.gif
Thanks for uploading Image:One genocide.gif. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then there needs to be an argument why we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then it needs to be specified where it was found, i.e., in most cases link to the website where it was taken from, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then one should be added. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, consider reading fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, consider checking that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Shyam ( T / C ) 23:01, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Γεια
Απλά είδα τη σωστή διόρθωσή σου στον Φίλιππο (επιτέλους και μια σωστή από κάποιον), και είπα να πώ ένα γειά. N i k o S il v e r  (T) @ (C) 13:33, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Καλά, αφού επιμένεις δε θα βάλω επικεφαλίδα! Ευχαριστώ για τον έπαινο, αν και δε θυμάμαι τι διόρθωση έκανα! Επειδή είμαι "περισταστιακός" χρήστης και κάνω μικροδιορθώσεις, θα 'θελα να μου λύσεις κάποιες απορίες: Πρώτον, πώς φτιάχνει κανείς τις υπογραφές (οι δικές σου είναι εξαιρετικές); Δεύτερον μπορώ να πάρω και να ενσωματώσωσ στη σελίδα μου κάποιου άλλου υπογραφές (π.χ. τις δικές σου;!); [αν μπορείς απάντησε μου στη σελίδα μου και σβήσε αυτό μου το κείμενο] Petros The Hellene 09:48, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Επικεφαλίδα: Μάλλον χρειαζόταν αυτή τη φορά :-)
 * Διόρθωση: Ούτε γώ. Δες τα κοντριμπιούσιον σου (πάνω δεξιά) ή τα δικά μου και όποιου άλλου (αντικαθιστώντας το όνομά σου με το επιθυμητό στη διεύθυνση του εξπλόρερ)
 * Περιστασιακός: Γι'αυτό σου έγραψα γειά, για να σε έχω στο watchlist μου (έχω επιλέξει στις προτιμήσεις, όπου κάνω εντιτ να γίνετα αυτόματα γουότς). Έτσι θα μπορώ να σε ξαναβρώ εύκολα στο μέλλον (από το πλήρες γουοτς-λιστ) αν χρειαστώ βοήθεια...
 * Υπογραφές: Επισκέψου το μαγαζάκι μου και θα κάνουμε δουλίτσα.
 * Ενσωμάτωση: Βέβαια. Κάνε έντιτ, αντέγραψε τον κώδικα και επικόλλησέ τον όπου αλλού θες (πάντα όμως στο χίστορυ θα φαίνεται ότι το έκανες εσύ και όχι ο εμφανιζόμενος ως υπογράφων, για αποφυγή πλαστοπροσωπιών).
 * Σβήσιμο και απάντηση: ΟΚ, έγινε :-)
 * N i k o S il v e r  (T) @ (C) 10:06, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Veggos.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Veggos.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 22:32, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

POLL
No, no, no, not what you think! This time is for something that all of us need:

Improvement of the function.

Please weigh in at Wikipedia talk:Footnotes! N i k o S il v e r   (T) @ (C) 18:13, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

I cannot comprehend it right ?
You say you live in kavala, macedonia, greece. What does it mean?

 * It simply means that I live in the city of Kavala which is in the region Macedonia which is in the country Greece!!! [Do not confuse the country FYROM (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia with the Macedonian region which is much bigger]. Petros The Hellene 15:58, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Plastiras.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Plastiras.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 18:26, 11 December 2009 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Damiens .rf 18:26, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Kapodistrias.jpg

The file File:Kapodistrias.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:00, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Kapodistrias.jpg
Thank you for uploading File:Kapodistrias.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the page from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of the website's terms of use of its content. If the original copyright holder is a party unaffiliated with the website, that author should also be credited. Please add this information by editing the image description page.

If the necessary information is not added within the next seven days, the image will be deleted. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem.

Please refer to the image use policy to learn what images you can or cannot upload on Wikipedia. Please also check any other files you have uploaded to make sure they are correctly tagged. Here is a [ list of your uploads]. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:01, 17 November 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:PetrosGreek


text:
Skirgaila

Skirgaila (Schirgalo; Скіргайла; Skirgiełło, also known as Ivan/Iwan; ca. 1353 or 1354 – 11 January 1397 in Kiev (Kyiv); baptized 1383/1384 as Casimir) was a regent of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for his brother Jogaila from 1386 to 1392. He was the son of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife Uliana of Tver.

Biography
After Algirdas' death in 1377, Jogaila became the Grand Duke. It is believed that the dynastic disputes that soon erupted between him and his uncle Kęstutis and his cousin Vytautas the Great were largely inspired by Skirgaila. It is known about his travels to the Teutonic Knights in 1379 just a year prior to the controversial Treaty of Dovydiškės. Skirgaila was the chief supporter of his brother Jogaila and helped him to imprison both Kęstutis and Vytautas in Kreva castle during the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–1384). Some historians speculate that Kęstutis' death after a week in prison was in fact assassination carried out by Skirgaila. As a reward for a job well done, Skirgaila received the Duchy of Trakai.

When Jogaila was preparing for the Union of Kreva, Skirgaila was actively involved in the negotiations and even headed a diplomatic mission to Poland. The negotiations succeeded and Jogaila married Jadwiga of Poland and was crowned as King of Poland in 1386. He appointed Skirgaila on 13 March 1386 as governor in Lithuania, not only on his behalf but also on behalf of queen Jadwiga and Polish Crown.

As ruler of Lithuania, Skirgaila had to deal with his oldest brother Andrei, who still was refusing to accept Jogaila as a Grand Duke. First he defeated Andrei's ally Sviatoslav II of Smolensk in a battle of the Vikhra River near Mstislavl on 29 April 1386, during which Sviatoslav lost his life. Sviatoslav son Yury of Smolensk was forced to accept Lithuanian suzerainty in exchange of princely throne. Later Skirgaila attacked Polatsk; his first expedition in October was unsuccessful, but the next on March 1387 resulted in Andrei's capture and death of his son Simeon, who was killed in a battle. Next month Skirgaila was invested in Polatsk and once again pledged his loyalty to Jogaila, Jadwiga and Polish Crown, promising return of his land in case of his heirless death. Skirgaila was now directly ruling over large portion of Lithuania, including duchy of Vilnius, ruled on behalf of Jogaila. February 20, 1387 Jogaila elevated his brother above other Lithuanian princes and extended his authority over Ruthenian lands.

In 1389 he started a new civil war, but after an unsuccessful attack on Vilnius he had to seek help from the Teutonic Knights. In 1392 Jogaila and Vytautas signed the Ostrów Agreement, and Vytautas became his regent of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Duchy of Trakai was returned to Vytautas as his patrimony.

As a compensation Skirgaila received a portion of Volhynia and Kiev since 1395. The circumstances surrounding his death are not entirely clear. He was interred in Kyiv Pechersk Lavra.

title: Skirgaila


text: User talk:81.154.45.107

title: User talk:81.154.45.107


text:
Franciszek Fiszer

Franciszek Fiszer (better known as Franc Fiszer; March 25, 1860 – April 9, 1937) was a Polish metaphysician and alchemist, a friend of the most notable writers and philosophers of contemporary Warsaw and one of Warsaw's semi-legendary people. Described as an erudite bon vivant and gourmand, he is remembered for a large number of anecdotes, jokes and sayings coined by him and about him.

The fictional character Ambroży Kleks in author Jan Brzechwa's Pan Kleks series of books was partly based on Fiszer.

Biography
Franciszek Józef Marian Fiszer was born in 1860 in the Ławy manor near Ostrołęka, to Teresa née Glinczanka and Józef Fiszer. His father was from among the German nobility, polonised in the 18th century and a distant relative of General Stanisław Fiszer, while his mother was a member of the Polish gentry and owner of the said manor and village. Very little is known of Fiszer's childhood apart from the fact that he was a late child (both of his parents being over 40 at his birth) and that he became an orphan relatively soon.

In the 1880s Fiszer moved to Warsaw, where he started spending most of his time in Warsaw's cafes, restaurants and some of the most notable clubs of the era. With time, he became a characteristic part of the Warsaw's social panorama and became friends with most of the contemporary Polish writers, poets, artists and politicians. Renowned for his existential monologues and anecdotes, Fiszer's only pastime was the restaurants. In the interbellum, Fiszer became one of the most notable members of Warsaw's high society. A frequent guest at balls and parties, he became a living legend. His family village became neglected and soon had to be parcellated for debts. However, Fiszer's lifestyle did not suffer, as he barely ever had to pay for his meals, since he was seen by the gastronomers as an advertisement for their restaurants. That is why he often was a guest of Udziałowa, Ziemiańska, IPS, Oaza, Astoria or Blikle.

Among the closest friends of Franc Fiszer were Bolesław Leśmian (Fiszer is said to have invented his pen-name), Stefan Żeromski, Władysław Reymont, the Skamandrites Antoni Słonimski and Julian Tuwim, Jan Lechoń, Miriam, Artur Rubinstein and Antoni Lange. Although Fiszer never published any book himself, he is mentioned in nearly all memoirs by Warsaw's artists of the inter-war period. Also, he became the only person never to publish a book to be mentioned in both Stanisław Tatarkiewicz's Polish Biographical Dictionary and Leszek Kołakowski's Philosophy in Poland; Dictionary of Writers.

In 1985, most of the memoirs mentioning Franciszek Fiszer were collected by Roman Loth in a book titled Na rogu świata i nieskończoności (At the Crossing of World and Infinity).

title: Franciszek Fiszer