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High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions

High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions are regions of the ocean where the abundance of phytoplankton is low and fairly constant despite the availability of macronutrients. Phytoplankton rely on a suite of nutrients for cellular function. Macronutrients (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid) are generally available in higher quantities in surface ocean waters, and are the typical components of common garden fertilizers. Micronutrients (e.g., iron, zinc, cobalt) are generally available in lower quantities and include trace metals. Macronutrients are typically available in millimolar concentrations, while micronutrients are generally available in micro- to nanomolar concentrations. In general, nitrogen tends to be a limiting ocean nutrient, but in HNLC regions it is never significantly depleted. Instead, these regions tend to be limited by low concentrations of metabolizable iron. Iron is a critical phytoplankton micronutrient necessary for enzyme catalysis and electron transport.

Between the 1930s and '80s, it was hypothesized that iron is a limiting ocean micronutrient, but there were not sufficient methods reliably to detect iron in seawater to confirm this hypothesis. In 1989, high concentrations of iron-rich sediments in nearshore coastal waters off the Gulf of Alaska were detected. However, offshore waters had lower iron concentrations and lower productivity despite macronutrient availability for phytoplankton growth. This pattern was observed in other oceanic regions and led to the naming of three major HNLC zones: the North Pacific Ocean, the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the Southern Ocean.

The discovery of HNLC regions has fostered scientific debate about the ethics and efficacy of iron fertilization experiments which attempt to draw down atmospheric carbon dioxide by stimulating surface-level photosynthesis. It has also led to the development of hypotheses such as grazing control which poses that HNLC regions are formed, in part, from the grazing of phytoplankton (e.g. dinoflagellates, ciliates) by smaller organisms (e.g. protists).

Primary production
Primary production is the process by which autotrophs use light to convert carbon from aqueous carbon dioxide to sugar for cellular growth. Light provides the energy for the photosynthetic process and nutrients are incorporated into organic material. For photosynthesis to occur, macronutrients such as nitrate and phosphate must be available in sufficient ratios and bioavailable forms for biological utilization. The molecular ratio of 106(Carbon):16(Nitrogen):1(Phosphorus) was deduced by Redfield, Ketcham, and Richards (RKR) and is known as the Redfield Ratio. Photosynthesis (forward) and respiration (reverse) is represented by the equation:

Photosynthesis can be limited by deficiencies of certain macronutrients. However, in the North Pacific, the Equatorial Pacific, and the Southern Ocean macronutrients are found in sufficient ratios, quantities and bioavailable forms to support greater levels of primary production than found. Macronutrient availability in HNLC regions in tandem with low standing stocks of phytoplankton suggests that some other biogeochemical process limits phytoplankton growth.

Since primary production and phytoplankton biomass cannot currently be measured over entire ocean basins, scientists use chlorophyll α as a proxy for primary production. Modern satellite observations monitor and track global chlorophyll α abundances in the ocean via remote sensing. Higher chlorophyll concentrations generally indicate areas of enhanced primary production, and conversely lower chlorophyll levels indicate low primary production. This co-occurrence of low chlorophyll and high macronutrient availability is why these regions are deemed "high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll."

In addition to the macronutrients needed for organic matter synthesis, phytoplankton need micronutrients such as trace metals for cellular functions. Micronutrient availability can constrain primary production because trace metals are sometimes limiting nutrients. Iron has been determined to be a primary limiting micronutrient in HNLC provinces. Recent studies have indicated that zinc and cobalt may be secondary and/or co-limiting micronutrients.

Common characteristics
HNLC regions cover 20% of the world’s oceans and are characterized by varying physical, chemical, and biological patterns. These surface waters have annually varying, yet relatively abundant macronutrient concentrations compared to other oceanic provinces. While HNLC broadly describes the biogeochemical trends of these large ocean regions, all three zones experience seasonal phytoplankton blooms in response to global atmospheric patterns. On average, HNLC regions tend to be growth-limited by iron and variably, zinc. This trace metal limitation leads to communities of smaller sized phytoplankton. Compared to more productive regions of the ocean, HNLC zones have higher ratios of silicic acid to nitrate because larger diatoms, that require silicic acid to make their opal silica shells, are less prevalent. Unlike the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific, the Equatorial Pacific experiences temporal silicate availability which leads to large seasonal diatom blooms.

The distribution of trace metals and relative abundance of macronutrients are reflected in the plankton community structure. For example, the selection of phytoplankton with a high surface area to volume ratio results in HNLC regions being dominated by nano- and picoplankton. This ratio allows for optimal utilization of available dissolved nutrients. Larger phytoplankton, such as diatoms, cannot energetically sustain themselves in these regions. Common picoplankton within these regions include genera such as prochlorococcus (not generally found in the North Pacific), synechococcus, and various eukaryotes. Grazing protists likely control the abundance and distribution of these small phytoplankton.

The generally lower net primary production in HNLC zones results in lower biological draw-down of atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus these regions are generally considered a net source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. HNLC areas are of interest to geoengineers and some in the scientific community who believe fertilizing large patches of these waters with iron could potentially lower dissolved carbon dioxide and offset increased anthropogenic carbon emissions. Analysis of Antarctic ice core data over the last million years shows correlation between high levels of dust and low temperature, indicating that addition of diffuse iron-rich dust to the sea has been a natural amplifier of climate cooling.

North Pacific

The discovery and naming of the first HNLC region, the North Pacific, was formalized in a seminal paper published in 1988. The study concluded that surface waters of the eastern North Pacific are generally dominated by picoplankton despite the relative abundance of macronutrients. In other words, larger phytoplankton, such as diatoms which thrive in nutrient-rich waters, were not found. Instead, the surface waters were replete with smaller pico- and nanoplankton. Based on laboratory nutrient experiments, iron was hypothesized to be a key limiting micronutrient.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest and oldest body of water on Earth. The North Pacific is characterized by the general clockwise rotation of the North Pacific gyre, which is driven by trade winds. Spatial variations in tradewinds result in cooler air temperatures in the western North Pacific and milder air temperatures in the eastern North Pacific (i.e., Subarctic Pacific). Iron is supplied to the North Pacific by dust storms that occur in Asia and Alaska as well as iron-rich waters advected from the continental margin, sometimes by eddies such as Haida Eddies.

Concentrations of iron however vary throughout the year. Ocean currents are driven by seasonal atmospheric patterns which transport iron from the Kuril-Kamchatka margin into the western Subarctic Pacific. This introduction of iron provides a subsurface supply of micronutrients, which can be used by primary producers during upwelling of deeper waters to the surface. Seafloor depth may also stimulate phytoplankton blooms in HNLC regions as iron diffuses from the seafloor and alleviates iron limitation in shallow waters. Research conducted in the Gulf of Alaska showed that areas with shallow waters, such as the south shelf of Alaska, have more intense phytoplankton blooms than offshore waters. Volcanic ash from the eruption of the Kasatochi volcano in August 2008 provided an example of natural iron fertilization in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. The region was fertilized by raining volcanic dust containing soluble iron. In the days following, phytoplankton blooms were visible from space.

Limitations in trace metal concentrations in the North Pacific limit diatom blooms throughout the entire year. Even though the North Pacific is an HNLC region, it produces and exports to the ocean interior a relatively high amount of particulate biogenic silica compared to the North Atlantic, which supports significant diatom growth.

Equatorial Pacific
The Equatorial Pacific is an oceanic province characterized by nearly year-round upwelling due to the convergence of trade winds from the northeast and southeast at the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The Equatorial Pacific spans nearly half of Earth’s circumference and plays a major role in global marine new primary production. New production is a term used in biological oceanography to describe the way in which nitrogen is recycled within the ocean. In regions of enhanced new production, nitrate from the aphotic zone makes its way into surface waters, replenishing surface nitrate supply. Despite nitrogen availability in Equatorial Pacific waters, primary production and observed surface ocean biomass are considerably lower compared to other major upwelling regions of the ocean. Thus the Equatorial Pacific is considered one of the three major HNLC regions.

Like other major HNLC provinces, the Equatorial Pacific is considered nutrient-limited due to lack of trace metals such as iron. The Equatorial Pacific receives approximately 7-10 times more iron from Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) upwelling than from inputs due to settling atmospheric dust. Climate reconstructions of glacial periods using sediment proxy records have revealed that the Equatorial Pacific may have been 2.5 times more productive than the modern equatorial ocean. During these glacial periods, the Equatorial Pacific increased its export of marine new production, thus providing a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The science of paleoceanography attempts to understand the interplay of glacial cycles with ocean dynamics. Paleo-oceanographers currently challenge the Aeolian Dust hypothesis which suggests that the atmospheric transport of iron-rich dust off Central and South America controls the intensity of primary production in the Equatorial Pacific. One study suggests that because EUC upwelling provides most of the bioavailable iron to the equatorial surface waters, the only method to reverse HNLC conditions is by enhancing upwelling. In other words, enhanced regional upwelling, rather than iron-rich atmospheric dust deposition, may explain why this region experiences higher primary productivity during glacial periods.

Compared to the North Pacific and Southern Ocean, Equatorial Pacific waters have relatively low levels of biogenic silica and thus do not support significant standing stocks of diatoms. Picoplankton are the most abundant marine primary producers in these regions due mainly to their ability to assimilate low concentrations of trace metals. Various phytoplankton communities within the Equatorial Pacific are grazed at the same rate as their growth rate, which further limits primary production.

There is no current consensus regarding which of the two main hypotheses (grazing or micronutrients) controls production in these equatorial waters. It is likely that trace metal limitations select for smaller-celled organisms, which thereby increases the grazing pressure of protists. While the Equatorial Pacific maintains HNLC characteristics, productivity can be high at times. Productivity leads to an abundance of seabirds such as storm petrels near the convergence of subtropical water and the equatorial "cold tongue." The Equatorial Pacific contains the world's largest yellowfin tuna fisheries and is home to the spotted dolphin.

Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean is the largest HNLC region in the global ocean. The surface waters of the Southern Ocean have been widely identified as being rich in macronutrients despite low phytoplankton stocks. Iron deposited in the North Atlantic is incorporated into North Atlantic Deep Water and is transported to the Southern Ocean via thermohaline circulation. Eventually mixing with the Antarctic Circumpolar Water, upwelling provides iron and macronutrients to the Southern Ocean surface waters. Therefore, iron inputs and primary production in the Southern Ocean are sensitive to iron-rich Saharan dust deposited over the Atlantic. Because of low atmospheric dust inputs directly onto Southern Ocean surface waters, chlorophyll α concentrations are low. Light availability in the Southern Ocean changes dramatically seasonally, but it does not seem to be a significant constraint on phytoplankton growth.

Macronutrients present in Southern Ocean surface waters come from upwelled deep water. While micronutrients such as zinc and cobalt may possibly co-limit phytoplankton growth in the Southern Ocean, iron appears to be a critical limiting micronutrient. Some regions of the Southern Ocean experience both adequate bioavailable iron and macronutrient concentrations yet phytoplankton growth is limited. Hydrographic studies and explorations of the Southern Drake Passage region have observed this phenomenon around the Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. These areas are adjacent to shelf regions of Antarctica and islands of the Southern Ocean. The micronutrients required for algal growth are believed to be supplied from the shelves themselves. Except in areas close to the Antarctic shelf, micronutrient deficiency severely limits productivity in the Southern Ocean.

Iron availability is not the only regulator of phytoplankton productivity and biomass. In the Southern Ocean, prevailing low temperatures are believed to have a negative impact on phytoplankton growth rates. Phytoplankton growth rate is very intense and short lived in open areas surrounded by sea ice and permanent sea-ice zones. Grazing by herbivores such as krill, copepods and salps is believed to suppress phytoplankton standing stock. Unlike the open waters of the Southern Ocean, grazing along continental shelf margins is low, so most phytoplankton that are not consumed sink to the sea floor which provides nutrients to benthic organisms.

Hypotheses
Given the remote location of HNLC areas, scientists have combined modeling and observational data in order to study limits on primary production. Combining these two data sources allows for comparison between the North Pacific, Equatorial Pacific, and Southern Ocean. Two current explanations for global HNLC regions are growth limitations due to iron availability and phytoplankton grazing controls.

Iron hypothesis
In 1988, John Martin confirmed the hypothesis that iron limits phytoplankton blooms and growth rates in the North Pacific. His work was extrapolated to other HNLC regions through evidence which linked low surface iron concentration with low chlorophyll. In response to iron fertilization experiments (IronEx, SOIREE, SEEDS, etc.) in HNLC areas, large phytoplankton responses such as decreased surface nutrient concentration and increased biological activity were observed.

Iron fertilization studies conducted at repeated intervals over the span of a week have produced a larger biological response than a single fertilization event. The biological response size tends to depend on a site’s biological, chemical, and physical characteristics. In the Equatorial and North Pacific, silica is thought to constrain additional production after iron fertilization, while light limits additional production in the Southern Ocean. Native, smaller phytoplankton were initial responders to increased iron, but were quickly outcompeted by larger, coastal phytoplankton such as diatoms. The large bloom response and community shift has led to environmental concerns about fertilizing large sections of HNLC regions. One study suggests that diatoms grow preferentially during fertilization experiments. Some diatoms, such as pseudo-nitzschia, release the neurotoxin domoic acid, poisoning grazing fish. If diatoms grow preferentially during iron fertilization experiments, sustained fertilizations could enhance domoic acid poisoning in the marine food web near fertilized patches.

Aeolian dust
Iron enters remote HNLC regions through two primary methods: upwelling of nutrient-rich water and atmospheric dust deposition. Iron needs to be replenished frequently and in bioavailable forms because of its insolubility, rapid uptake through biological systems, and binding affinity with ligands. Dust deposition might not result in phytoplankton blooms unless settling dust is in the correct bioavailable form of iron. Additionally, iron must be deposited during productive seasons and coincide with the appropriate RKR-ratios of surface nutrients. Aeolian dust has a larger influence on Northern Hemisphere HNLC regions because more land mass contributes to more dust deposition. Due to the Southern Ocean's isolation from land, upwelling related to eddy diffusivity provides iron to HNLC regions.

Grazing control hypothesis
Formulated by John Walsh in 1976, the grazing hypothesis states that grazing by heterotrophs suppresses primary productivity in areas of high nutrient concentrations. Predation by microzooplankton primarily accounts for phytoplankton loss in HNLC regions. Grazing by larger zooplankton and advective mixing are also responsible for a small proportion of losses to phytoplankton communities. Constant grazing limits phytoplankton to a low, constant standing stock. Without this grazing pressure, some scientists believe small phytoplankton would produce blooms despite micronutrient depletion because smaller phytoplankton typically have lower iron requirements and can absorb nutrients at a slower rate.

Contemporary view
Current scientific consensus agrees that HNLC areas lack high productivity because of a combination of iron and physiological limitations, grazing pressure, and physical forcings. The extent to which each factor contributes to low production may differ in each HNLC region. Iron limitation allows for smaller, more iron-frugal phytoplankton to grow at rapid rates, while grazing by microzooplankton maintains stable stocks of these smaller phytoplankton. Once micronutrients become available, grazing may then limit bloom sizes. Additional micronutrient limitations from trace metals like zinc or cobalt may suppress phytoplankton blooms. Turbulent mixing at higher-latitude HNLC regions (North Pacific and Southern Ocean) may mix phytoplankton below the critical depth needed to have community growth.

Theory
Since past iron fertilization experiments have resulted in large phytoplankton blooms, some have suggested that large-scale ocean fertilization experiments should be conducted to draw down inorganic anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the form of particulate organic carbon. Fertilization would stimulate biological productivity, leading to a decrease in the amount of inorganic surface carbon dioxide within a fertilized patch. The bloom would then die off and presumably sink to the deep ocean, taking much of the absorbed carbon dioxide to the seafloor and sequestering it from the short-term carbon cycle in the deep ocean or ocean sediments.

Efficiency and efficacy
To effectively remove anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere, iron fertilization would need to result in significant removal of particulate carbon from the surface ocean and transport it to the deep ocean. Various studies estimated that less than 7-10% of carbon taken up during a bloom would be sequestered, and only a 15-25 ppm decrease in atmospheric carbon dioxide would result with sustained global iron fertilization. The amount of carbon dioxide removed may be offset by the fuel cost of acquiring, transporting, and releasing significant amounts of iron into remote HNLC regions.

Many environmental concerns exist for large-scale iron fertilization. While blooms can be studied and traced, scientists still do not know if the extra production gets incorporated into the food chain or falls to the deep ocean after a bloom dies off. Even if carbon is exported to depth, raining organic matter can be respired, potentially creating mid-column anoxic zones or causing acidification of deep ocean water. Pronounced community shifts to diatoms have been observed during fertilization, and it's still unclear if the change in species composition has any long-term environmental effects.

Energy resources
The following is completely theoretical. Testing would be required to determine feasibility, optimum iron concentration per unit area, carbon sequestration by area over time, need for other micro-nutrients, amount of energy required to maintain such a system, and the potential amount of energy produced by the system. This system considers economic feasibility (profitability of bio-fuel products and carbon credits) and risk management.

Growth
Grazing results in algae being consumed by micro-zooplankton. This predation results in less than 7-10% of carbon being taken to the bottom of the ocean. Growing algae in floating farms could allow these HNLC areas to grow algae for harvest without the problem of predation. Algae grown in floating farms would be recycled through grazing if there was a catastrophic failure of a floating farm, which would limit any environmental damage.

Uses
Algae grown in floating farms could be harvested and used for food or fuel. All biological life is made up of lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Whole algae could be turned into animal feed, fertilizer, or bio-char. Separating the lipids from the algae could also create bio-diesel from the lipid content and bio-char from the rest. Of course, the algae could be pumped to the bottom of the ocean, below any grazing pressure for sequestration.

Sequestration
In a controlled floating farm, the harvest could be sampled to record the amount of algae per unit volume which will indicate the amount of carbon being sequestered. If this carbon is sequestered at the bottom of the ocean, this figure could be used to accurately create carbon credits. Sequestering carbon dioxide on the ocean floor could destroy the unstudied ecosystem and cause undiscovered lifeforms to go extinct.

Carbon sequestration on land does so with desiccated algae. Without sufficient sources of water, bacteria and other life will have a difficult time digesting the sequestered algae. Biofuels, not sold and used as renewable fuel, could be sequestered in abandoned oil wells and coal mines. The volume of bio-diesel and mass of bio-char would provide an accurate figure for producing (when sequestering) and selling (when removing from wells or mines) carbon credits.

title: High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions


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Seems Like Old Times (film)

Seems Like Old Times is a 1980 American comedy film starring Chevy Chase, Goldie Hawn, and Charles Grodin, directed by Jay Sandrich and written by Neil Simon. It was the only theatrical film directed by Sandrich, who was best known for his television sitcom directing work. It follows Nick Gardenia, a writer who is forced to rob a bank and becomes a fugitive, leaving him to seek help from his ex-wife Glenda Parks, a public defender. Her current husband, Ira Parks, is the Los Angeles County district attorney, who harbors a jealous disdain towards Nick.

The film was the second pairing of Goldie Hawn and Chevy Chase, after 1978's Foul Play.

Plot
Nick Gardenia, an out-of-luck writer, resides in a friend's oceanside cabin in Big Sur, California. He is interrupted by a pair of bank robbers who use him to rob a bank in Carmel. Their MO is to take an innocent person, force them at gunpoint to rob a bank, and then take the money and toss their captive out of their car. Unfortunately for Nick, he trips in the bank, is helped up and looks directly into a security camera.

The bank's picture of Nick comes to the attention of Los Angeles district attorney Ira Parks when his assistant, Fred, recognizes it to be Parks' wife's ex-husband. Because of his desire to become the state's attorney general, Ira is frustrated and upset, thinking this could harm his campaign.

Ira's wife, Glenda, is a lawyer herself. A public defender, Glenda often tries to rehabilitate her clients by giving them odd jobs around their house, as with her chauffeur and butler Chester. After a long day in court, Glenda comes home to mixed news: joy for Ira's run for Attorney General and surprise when Ira gives her the news about Nick. She wants to defend Nick because of her disbelief that he would rob a bank.

The robbers ditch Nick, and he desperately begins to make his way to Glenda and Ira's Brentwood home, inadvertently holding up a gas station attendant for candy bars along the way. During a party, Glenda, while searching for one of her dogs, finds Nick hiding in her garage. He begs for help, and she tries to get him some food despite most of the leaders of law enforcement being in her house. Nick explains what happened, but Glenda refuses to help unless he turns himself in. Glenda finally agrees to let him sleep in a guest room over the garage.

The next day Nick decides to hunt down the criminals who framed him. After some close run-ins with the police, Ira, and her feisty maid Aurora De La Hoya, Glenda keeps anyone from knowing Nick was there. He later takes Glenda's car to go after the robbers but then reappears over her garage, and another confrontation ensues between Ira and Glenda.

Ira soon discovers Nick was telling the truth about the two men who forced him to rob the bank. About to have the governor of California coming to the house for dinner, Glenda must deal with court cases; Aurora having foot surgery, leaving her unavailable to cook the governor's favorite dish; and Chester drinking in the kitchen. Nick comes back to turn himself in and ends up serving dinner to the governor, Ira, Glenda, and Fred. The dinner ultimately ends in a fistfight between a jealous Ira and Nick, during which Fred is knocked out.

Nick, Glenda, Ira, Aurora, and the dogs ultimately end up in the courtroom of Judge John Channing. While the judge is overwhelmed by the happenings in the Parks household, the police bring in the bank robbers. They admit Nick's innocence in exchange for a reduced sentence after getting caught by Aurora and the dogs when they attempted to force her to rob a bank, just like they had done with Nick.

After the case is closed, Nick and Glenda still have unresolved feelings. She decides to stay with Ira and kisses Nick goodbye. Some time later, Ira and Glenda decide to take a car trip to forget the recent events. They end up in an accident trying to avoid a cow on the road. Ira breaks his leg, so Glenda searches for help and finds a cabin with all the lights on. Glenda pounds on the door, and Nick answers.

Cast

 * Goldie Hawn as Glenda Gardenia Parks
 * Chevy Chase as Nicholas J. 'Nick' Gardenia
 * Charles Grodin as Ira J. Parks
 * Robert Guillaume as Fred
 * Yvonne Wilder as Aurora
 * Harold Gould as Judge John Channing
 * George Grizzard as Governor Stanley
 * Bill Zuckert as Gas Station Attendant
 * T. K. Carter as Chester
 * Judd Omen as Warren 'Dex' Dexter
 * Marc Alaimo as B. G. Ramone
 * Chris Lemmon as Policeman

Reception
Roger Ebert, in a December 24, 1980 review, gave the film two stars out of four and wrote that although it made him "laugh out loud", the movie never "edged over the line of success". He said, "the good parts were good enough to hold out the promise for more. The movie is Neil Simon's attempt at one of those 1940s-style screwball comedies with lots of surprise entrances and hasty exits and people hiding under the bed. It would be hard to improve on the casting (Goldie Hawn, Chevy Chase and Charles Grodin). And there are a couple of really funny, sustained sequences." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune also awarded two stars out of four and called it a "limp comedy" with "only gag lines and no characters." Janet Maslin of The New York Times described the film as "Neil Simon in very funny form" and the cast as "extremely appealing," adding, "The material here is slick and entertaining, and Mr. Sandrich settles for comic simplicity without reaching for anything more. He coaxes the film along at a cheerfully breakneck rhythm."

Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "if it gets a zero for innovation, it gets somewhere around 93 for the skill with which it delivers an old-fashioned slapstick farce. Like a Henny Youngman routine, it is funny partly because it tries so hard, in a stop-at-nothing-you-take-my-wife-please way, to be funny." Variety wrote that Sandrich "has relied basically upon Neil Simon's script, often funny but thin on development, to carry things. The result is a picture that is amusing on the surface but very typical in terms of its setups ... Of course, none of the pic's drawbacks much matter thanks to the extremely engaging rapport between Chase and Hawn." Jack Kroll of Newsweek wrote that Simon's working on the models of old screwball comedies gave the movie "a breeziness most of his film writing has lacked. On the laugh meter this movie does well. Sandrich has a nice light touch, and his cast is excellent. Especially, of course, Goldie Hawn, the delightful comedienne who provides more pure pleasure than any other movie actress today."

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 70% of 20 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.1/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 58 out of 100, based on nine critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

The film was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for Charles Grodin.

Inspiration
According to Turner Classic Movies, Neil Simon was inspired by The Talk of the Town. This 1942 comedy starred Cary Grant as a wrongfully accused man hiding out at the home of a beautiful woman, played by Jean Arthur, with Ronald Colman as the third member of the romantic triangle.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seems Like Old Times (film)


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František Kaván

František Kaván (10 September 1866, Víchovská Lhota near Jilemnice - 16 December 1941, Libuň near Jičín) was a Czech painter and poet.

Kaván studied at the gymnasium in Hradec Králové, which he finished in 1888. During 1889 to 1896 he studied painting at the academy in Prague under the guidance of Julius Mařák. He was a member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. He spent the end of his life in the area of Krkonoše, his birthplace. Kaván was a very humble and likeable person who had given away most of his paintings.

As a painter, he specialised in realistic landscapes and created over 4,000 paintings. He concentrated on the mountain areas of Krkonoše and Vysočina.

Unlike his paintings, Kaván's poems were soon forgotten. He also translated literary works from Russian.

title: František Kaván


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Florian

Florian may refer to:

People

 * Florian (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname
 * Florian, Roman emperor in 276 AD
 * Saint Florian (250 – c. 304 AD), patron saint of Poland and Upper Austria, also of the cities of Kraków, Poland; Linz, Austria; firefighters, chimney sweeps and soapmakers

Other uses

 * Florian, Minnesota, a place in the U.S.
 * Florian (film), a 1940 American romantic comedy
 * Florian (1938 film), a Polish film of the 1930s
 * Florians, a religious order
 * Caffè Florian, a coffee house in Venice
 * Isuzu Florian, a car
 * Florian, the prince of the Flower Kingdom in Super Mario Bros. Wonder

title: Florian


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Hyperballad

"Hyperballad" (sometimes written as "Hyper-Ballad") is a song by Icelandic musician and recording artist Björk, released as the fourth single from her second solo album, Post (1995). The song was written by Björk and co-produced by long time collaborator Nellee Hooper. It infuses folktronica, acid house and synth-pop. The lyrical content discusses a dream that Björk experienced, in which she wakes early before her lover and throws small objects off a cliff, watching them smash before returning to their bed. She has described this image as symbolic of the parts of one's self which they give up in order to make a relationship work.

"Hyperballad" was lauded by contemporary music critics, who considered it the best song of Björk's career at the time. The song was moderately successful in the countries it charted in, including Finland, Australia, United States, Sweden and the United Kingdom (where it was the last of three top ten hits from Post, after "Army of Me" and "It's Oh So Quiet"). A music video was released for the single, featuring a digitised Björk running and falling from a cliff. Björk performed the song at the 1997 Tibetan Freedom Concert in New York, which was recorded by Sylvia Massy for Capitol Records; this live version was subsequently included on the second disc of the Tibetan Freedom Concert album released later that year.

Production and musical influence
"Hyperballad" was written by Björk and co-produced by her and Nellee Hooper. The chords and lyrics in the verses move in three bar phrases; the choruses are in four bar phrases. It combines a house beat with a string section conducted by Brazilian musician Eumir Deodato. Heather Phares from AllMusic compared the song to the work of Aphex Twin.

Lorraine Ali from Rolling Stone said that Björk "turns fantasy into morbid but honest wonderment for 'Hyperballad.' Here's what she sings over a sweeping, panoramic vista: 'I imagine what my body would sound like slamming against the rocks, and when it lands, will my eyes be closed or open?'"

Lyrical content
In the lyrics, Björk describes living at the top of a mountain and going to a cliff at sunrise. She throws objects off the edge while pondering her own suicide. The ritual allows her to exorcise darker thoughts and return to her partner. Björk stated that "I feel that words can have a mysticism or a hidden meaning. On "Hyperballad", the idea that I'm throwing car parts from a cliff is about getting out my frustrations."

In an interview with David Hemingway, she elaborated: "I guess that song is about when you're in a relationship and it's going really well and you're really happy and maybe you have given up parts of yourself. To fall in love and be in a relationship for a long time is like giving a lot of parts of you away because the relationship becomes more important than you as individuals."

She also explained how the song relates to the hiding of an aggressive part of oneself from a lover.

Basically, 'Hyper-ballad' is about having this kind of bag going on and three years have passed and you're not high anymore. You have to make an effort consciously and nature's not helping you anymore. So you wake up early in the morning and you sneak outside and you do something horrible and destructive, break whatever you can find, watch a horrible film, read a bit of William Burroughs, something really gross and come home and be like, 'Hi honey, how are you?'

Critical reception
"Hyperballad" was highly acclaimed by contemporary music critics. Mike Diver of BBC Music said "Hyper-Ballad – single four of six taken from this 11-tracker – is similarly striking, and remains among the very finest songs in Björk’s canon [...] perfectly is an indelibly excellent example of music meeting art. It’s a benchmark of successful audio-visual synergy." Steve Baltin from Cash Box named it "Pick of the Week", noting that it "glistens with the dazzling light heartedness that characterizes the critically-hailed Post collection." He added, "With disco undercurrents beneath the strong pop grooves, "Hyper-Ballad" is a delightful track that all fans of quality music will enjoy. [...] Don't be surprised if this song becomes a club hit." Chuck Campbell from Knoxville News Sentinel found that the "humming, low-slung" track "is much darker as Bjork reveals an early morning ritual of throwing objects from a cliff and imagines taking the plunge herself." James Hyman from Music Week's RM Dance Update rated it 5 stars out of five, adding, "From day one, Bjork embraced dance culture, realising its importance in running parallel to the commercial release. 'Hyperballad' is icing on that cake". Another editor, James Hamilton, noted its "winsome caterwauling quirkiness". Also Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine was favorable, saying, "Without missing a beat, Björk puts herself into the role of fragile suicidist on "Hyper-Ballad," as she throws tchotchkes over a cliff to approximate the nature of her own plunge. A phenomenal journey, the track begins with lightly shuffling drum n' bass before expanding into an immense house groove."

Drowned In Sound listed it at number #8 on their top ten Björk singles. XFM Radio listed it at number 686 on their The XFM Top 1,000 Songs Of All Time. NME listed the song as the 69th best song of the 1990s, stating that "'Hyperballad' was an earnest attempt to try and make old love alive once more. She said it was about the art of "not forgetting about yourself" in a relationship and this was reflected in the music which altered from gentle folktronica to drum and bass-tinted acid house." Diffuser.fm described the song as "lush, sweeping cinematic synth-pop."

"Hyperballad" received the most votes from Björk fans in the survey for her Greatest Hits album's tracklist. In September 2010, Pitchfork named the second-best track of the decade on their "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s" list, behind only Mariah Carey's "Fantasy (Bad Boy Remix)".

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Hyperballad" was directed by frequent collaborator Michel Gondry. It features Björk as a video game character who runs through an obscure, two-dimensional landscape of pylons before throwing herself off a cliff. This sequence, along with several others (including blinking lights and some of herself performing the song), are projected onto a three-dimensional shot of Björk lying amongst a mountainous landscape.

The video was filmed at Telecine Cell in London, using a motion control system. The entire video and all the effects were shot on a single 400 ft roll of film, by multiple exposure and frame-accurate backwinding of the film strip. The graphics were shot as a series of secondary exposures using a television monitor, and the flashing lights were created with an LED strip board, also exposed on the same piece of film. At Gondry's insistence, no edits were made after the film was exposed; the only post processing consisted of colour correction during the transfer to videotape.

Björk sings the verses live in the video. This new vocal take was later featured in the CD2 of the "Hyperballad" single, and in the 5.1 edition of Surrounded. Mike Diver from BBC Music gave it a positive review, saying "its accompanying video is a masterstroke of suggestive simplicity, evocative elegance; that it suits its skittering beats and contorting vocal [...]"

Reception
Music writer Carol Vernallis felt Gondry developed texture with an aesthetic that does not become "too coy or sickly sweet" by incorporating "a whiff of death"; pointing out that in the video, "Björk's head resembles a death mask". A reviewer, D File, wrote: "Due partially to my personal puzzlement in understanding this video and the construction of its imagery, I’ve concluded that 'Hyperballad' is, if nothing else, one of the most avant-garde pieces of music video in the late 20th century. At one glance, the composites completely coalesce with the elements of the song. Yet the imagery is so transcendent of any other pop promo. Upside, inside out."

Henry Keazor and Thorsten Wübbena considered that the clip "[has] taught us that electronic bodies are rather intangible, dematerialized, purer in a certain way." The music video, with its play on the boundaries between real and virtual, has been absorbed by club culture, as a representative of the scene's visual forms of expression.

Rick Poynor wrote that the video showcases "[Björk's commitment] to a 'techno' sensibility". Gondry and Björk—who have worked together continuously—"shared delight in playing interpretative games with her visual identity." He also said that the video demonstrated the musician's "[embrace of] the computer's shape-shifting powers."

Track listing
These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Hyperballad".

 * European CD single #1
 * 1) "Hyperballad" (Radio Edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Cover Me" (Plaid Mix) – 5:24

 * European CD single #2 /Australian/Japanese/Mexican CD single
 * 1) "Hyperballad" (Radio Edit) – 4:01
 * 2) "Hyperballad" (Robin Hood Riding Through the Glen Remix) – 6:31
 * 3) "Hyperballad" (Disco Sync Mix) – 4:24
 * 4) "Hyperballad" (Subtle Abuse Mix) – 6:54

 * UK Cassette single
 * 1) "Hyperballad" (Radio Edit) – 4:00
 * 2) "Hyperballad" (Robin Hood Riding Through the Glen Mix) – 6:32

 * UK CD single #1 / digital download #1
 * 1) "Hyperballad" (Radio Edit) – 4:00
 * 2) "Hyperballad" (Robin Hood Riding Through the Glen Remix) – 6:32
 * 3) "Hyperballad" (The Stomp Mix) – 5:09
 * 4) "Hyperballad" (The Hyperballad Fluke Mix) – 6:38
 * 5) "Hyperballad" (Subtle Abuse Mix) – 6:56
 * 6) "Hyperballad" (Tee's Freeze Mix) – 7:19

 * UK CD single #2 / digital download #2
 * 1) "Hyperballad" (Radio Edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Isobel" (The Carcass Remix) – 5:41
 * 3) "Cover Me" (Plaid Mix) – 5:24
 * 4) "Hyperballad" (Towa Tei Remix) – 8:12

 * US CD single
 * 1) "Hyperballad" (Radio Edit) – 3:58
 * 2) "Hyperballad" (Robin Hood Riding Through the Glen Mix) – 6:29
 * 3) "Hyperballad" (Subtle Abuse Mix) – 6:53
 * 4) "Hyperballad" (Tee's Freeze Mix) – 7:19
 * 5) "Hyperballad" (David Morales Classic Mix) – 9:10
 * 6) "Hyperballad" (Towa Tei Choice Mix) – 8:13

 * US 12" single
 * 1) "Hyperballad" (David Morales Classic Mix) – 9:09
 * 2) "Hyperballad" (Tee's Freeze Mix) – 7:18
 * 3) "Hyperballad" (Disco Sync Mix) – 4:20
 * 4) "Hyperballad" (Subtle Abuse Mix) – 6:53

Official versions

 * Album version
 * Brodsky Quartet version
 * David Morales Boss Dub mix
 * David Morales Classic mix
 * David Morales radio edit
 * Disco Sync mix
 * Fluke mix
 * Girls Blouse mix
 * LFO 3.A.M mix
 * Over the Edge mix
 * Radio edit (edit of album version)
 * Radio edit (video version)
 * Robin Hood Riding Through the Glen mix
 * Subtle Abuse mix
 * Tee's Freeze mix
 * The Stomp mix
 * Tom Apella remix
 * Towa Tei remix/Towa Tei Choice mix

Note: UK CD 1 and 2 both include a mix labelled "radio edit," however the mix on CD 1 is an edit of the album version, while CD 2 features newly recorded vocals taken from the video.

Covers
The song has been covered by many artists. Yeah Yeah Yeahs, The Ladybird Sideshow, and Glen Phillips covered it during their live shows. Peruvian band Ni Voz Ni Voto covered it for their Unplugged Album Acustico 2002, Greg Dulli and his band The Twilight Singers covered it in their album of 2004, She Loves You.

John Nolan covered this song at Kevin Devine's Record Release Party in 2005. Big Heavy Stuff covers this song on Like a Version, a compilation album by the Australian radio station Triple J. Tori Amos covered parts of this song as an intro or bridge to Butterfly. She also covered a full version on her "Summer of Sin" tour.

Brodsky Quartet contributed their talents to a remix of the song, which first appeared on Björk's Post album, and later on Telegram. The song is mistitled "Hyperballad (Brodski Quartet Version)" on all pressings of the limited two CD edition Australian of Post.

Indonesian band Mocca covered this song on their album of 2007, Colours. The same year also saw an Australian collaboration album named No Man's Woman, featured male vocalists covering some of the most famous songs performed by women. Folk singer Whitley delivered an arrangement of Hyperballad for this project. In 2008, the Spanish group Celtas Cortos made a cover of it in their album 40 de abril, under the title of "Abismo" (meaning "Cliff"). Dirty Projectors also covered the song on Enjoyed: A Tribute to Björk's Post.

Japanese singer-songwriter UA covered Hyperballad on her 2010 album KABA.

In 2010, Robyn performed a cover of the song at the Polar Music Prize ceremony, when Björk and Ennio Morricone were awarded the prize. In jazz, the song has been covered by Marcin Wasilewski, Slawomir Kurkiewicz, and Michal Miskiewicz on their album of 2004, Trio, and by the Verneri Pohjola Quartet on the album of 2012 Ancient History.

British singer Matt Fishel recorded a choral a cappella cover of the song. After receiving numerous requests from his fans to release it officially after he originally uploaded it to his MySpace page in the mid-2000s, Fishel's cover was eventually released on his 2014 covers EP Cover Boy.

In July 2014, Tori Amos covered the song on her Unrepentant Geraldines Tour.

British folk trio Lady Maisery covered the song on their 2023 album, Tender.

title: Hyperballad


text:
William North

William North (1755 – January 3, 1836) was an American soldier and politician.

Early life
William North was born in Pemaquid, Maine, to John North and Elizabeth Pitson in 1755. John was an Irish immigrant and Elizabeth a native of Boston. He had two half-siblings from his father's previous marriage to Elizabeth Lewis, Joseph and Mary North.

His father, Captain John North, was Lieutenant Commander of Fort Frederick between 1744 and 1756, and in charge of Fort St. George from 1756 to 1763. He was also appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the county in 1760.

After the death of his father in 1763, North moved north with his mother to Boston, Massachusetts. There he attended the Boston Latin School in North Boston between 1764 and 1770. While in Boston, North worked in a Merchant's office, where he remained until the northern port was closed by the British in the fall of 1774.

Military career
He entered the Continental Army in 1775 and served under Benedict Arnold in the unfortunate expedition to Canada in that year. Though he volunteered, he was apparently too sick to participate. On May 9, 1776, he was commissioned second lieutenant in Captain John Gill's company of Colonel Thomas Craft's regiment of train artillery. He was then appointed in May 1777 as captain in Colonel Henry Jackson's 16th Massachusetts Regiment, with which he participated in the Battle of Monmouth. According to his son, the commission "went with my father in his bosom through the War of the Revolution".

In 1778 he met Baron Steuben, and the following year was appointed his aide-de-camp, and greatly assisted him introducing his system of discipline in the Continental Army. Later he accompanied Steuben to Virginia, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis and the siege of Yorktown. Based on the Baron's recommendation, North was appointed as Inspector of the Troops under General Henry Knox in 1784.

North was appointed by Act of Congress a Major in the 2nd United States Regiment on October 20, 1786. This regiment was added to the army temporarily in response to Daniel Shays' uprising of debtor farmers in Massachusetts.

After the war he settled in Duanesburg, New York, where he married.

He was appointed adjutant general of the United States Army with the rank of brigadier general on July 19, 1798. In March of 1799, after eight months of inactive duty, Congress added the role of assistant inspector general to the position. As inspector general, Alexander Hamilton, who had worked closely with North during the Revolutionary War, subsequently requested him to serve as his chief of staff. There he assisted in Hamilton's attempt at reforming and strengthening the army. North began a revision of the army's general regulations in the winter of 1799–1800 before Congress abolished his and other staff appointments as tensions with France diminished in May. He was discharged in June.

In March 1812, he was again appointed adjutant-general of the Army, but declined. He may have declined due to his party's opposition to the war, which was especially strong in his home state of New York.

George Washington included North "among the most intelligent and active Officers of the late American Army" in a letter suggesting men for military appointment.

Caesar Russell, an African American Private in the 4th Massachusetts Regiment, served as North's personal servant while aide-de-camp to Baron Steuben.

Relationship with Baron Steuben
North and a fellow aide-de-camp, Captain Benjamin Walker, were formally adopted by Steuben and made his heirs. Some historians believe that these 'extraordinary intense emotional relationships' were romantic, and given Steuben's reported earlier behaviour, it has been suggested it would have been out-of-character for him if they were not. However, based on the limited historical record, it is impossible to prove. Following Baron Steuben's death, North divided the property bequeathed to him among his military companions.

North named two of his six children after the Baron, Frederic William Steuben North and William Augustus Steuben North.

Political office
He was a member of the New York State Assembly from Albany County in 1792, 1794 and 1795, from Albany and Schenectady Counties in 1796, and from Schenectady County in 1810. He was Speaker in 1795, 1796 and 1810. North was appointed as a Federalist to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sloss Hobart and served from May 5, 1798, to August 17, 1798, when James Watson was elected and qualified to succeed.

As a strong Federalist, North supported the Aliens and Sedition Acts and other efforts against the Democratic-Republican opposition. Additionally, he supported the establishment of a Provisional army, following the outbreak of the Quasi-war with France.

He was a member of the first Erie Canal Commission, from 1810 to 1816.

North was a commissioner and director of the Great Western Turnpike Company which was established by the New York state legislature March 15, 1799. It was commissioned to build a road from Albany to Cherry Valley.

Personal life

On October 14, 1787, North married Mary Duane (b. 1762), the daughter of James Duane (1733–1797), the 44th Mayor of New York City and U.S. District Judge for the District of New York, appointed by George Washington. Together, they had six children, Frederic William Steuben (1788–1789), Marie (1780–1812), James Duane (1791–1792), Elizabeth (1792–1845), William Augustus Steuben (1793–1845), Adelia (1797–1878).

It has been suggested that North and Benjamin Walker had a romantic relationship, but like with the Baron, this is difficult to be certain of. Nevertheless, and despite a falling out between 1811 and 1813, Walker remained North's most intimate friend until their deaths. Walker was named as a sponsor of North's daughter Adelia at her baptism.

The General William North House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

General North was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. He died in New York City, and was buried in the crypt under the Christ Episcopal Church in Duanesburg.

title: William North


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nick Gabrichidze

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Note: this vote features prominent astroturfing for keep.

Nick Gabrichidze
''-The text posted here by "Ell" at 17/06 6:37 was moved to the project descussion page ( Wikipedia talk:Votes for deletion/Nick Gabrichidze )because one person can vote only once. But thanx for contibution dear Ell :) The original vote is placed at the bottom of the page(if somebody alse will vote please do so there)-''

del. self-promotion, original research, nonverifiable, nonnotable. Of google hits, vast majority are online catalogs of art and gabrishidze's signatures in posts. Not a single external reference. Self-promotion is also spammed across several articles, embedded, I admit, into serious contributions. But still sucks. mikka (t) 20:05, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Google can obvoiusely display only the "on-line" material including catalogs so this claim isn't relevant; however Google shows significant presense of tis atists works in the different collections and popular data base, which makes it iteresting for wikipedia users

Autors: 1:26 am, Amsterdam time, 14 June 2005
 * Impotant note To solve the verifability problem the date of publication which is mentioned in the artickle is corrected. Correct date is: "Het Parool", 25 July 1998, page 2. Our apologies for inconvinience and many thanks for mikkalai for notice

This note was inserted into the body progressing discussion. For details of dicussion please see below:

Ä
 * The availablity of artists works in different catalogs is in fact proof of emerging popularity.
 * most cathalogs shown both in Google and Yahoo do not have gabrichidze'ssignature.
 * The activity of Nick Gabrichidze as significant on-line journalist is of course reflected with a significant number of on-line publications which yo have noticed
 *  (Unsigned edit by )
 * who is Jumber, and what makes you think his point is invalid?
 * I am very active online. But until someone else writes an article about me, I am not going to land into wikipedia. mikka (t) 00:13, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * As a matter of fact you have a page here, with a photo of your own self, links to your articles and image of the Bolshevik star you have earned in your youth. You do not reveal your real name but its your own business after all. You don’t do it, Nick Gabrichidze does.. So? If the current position of Nick Gabrichidze page is frustrating for you it can be simply relocated as his user page: still it will be linked to surrealism, (most editors there seem to like his work), necessary political threads and pop art, so people would keep coming..
 * It is your business, but not a valid point. First of all we are not sure if Gabrichidze actually wrote the article himself, or posted it himself. It could be a text written by some Gabrichidze-friendly critic ( jumber ?), or some gallery which has his exhibition coming. Besides even if he did, it is normal; even if it is not common in wikipedia technically speaking.. Possibly you are not familiar with an art world. Most galleries ask artists to write artists statements themselves, so what you see later in the newspaper as a "critical article" is mostly work of the artists themselves; unless press wants to bury their carriers of course. Besides Gabrichidze is listed as surrealist and aggressive self-promotion is a trade mark of surrealism, particularly of Salvador Dali. Note:typos corrected. Autors 2:47 Amsterdam time, 14/07/2005
 * Delete Surely they can get a better photo for one who "is still the mater of political controversy"! Sonic Mew 20:31, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Jinkleberries 20:31, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Junkleberries is a new account today and voted 'keep' on 37 articles within a 7-minute period. This user also received a vandalism warning today.  Tobycat 21:07, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is no need to discuse a personalities unless they violating a code of conduct at this particular discussion (Unsigned edit by )'
 * Keep There ARE external refernces (such as expatica link, plus peference to the "Het Parool"(verifiable in any libruary). Big number of reference would make artickle look like a resume I guess. No proof of self-promotion but the articke could be a contribution by one of the art agensies who work with this particular artist, which is indeed acceptable for active artist. Jumber 23:45, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * A new account. mikka (t) 00:49, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 04:42, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Xcali 04:46, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep The great Russian writer Bulgakov once wrote:

 * "To see that Dostoevsky is a great writer one should not ask for his reference. Seeing one of his books would be enough"

 * Same applies for artists. I enjoyed seeing his artwork here Lola pianola 11 : 09, 13 Jun (UTC)
 * user's first and second edits on Wikipedia are to this VFD page.

 * Delete - non-notable. --FCYTravis 10:12, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable. It is an article about the un-official, so called underground activity: both in the fields of journalism and arts. Even in his choise of politics. Either we remove articles regarding alternative forms of journalism, arts and politics(I mean graffiti, murals, Online journalism or accept the fact that Gabrichidze is indeed the most notable representative of that sector of society. Please remeber that number of coorporate serch engine hits or amount of headlines aren't neccesarily the sighn of significance. Kaji1 14 : 08, 13 Jun (UTC)
 * New user. mikka (t) 21:54, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Art is not the same as let's say MTV when you discuss how notable the artist is. Self-promotion? Maybe but artists who is not self-promoting himself should consider retirement. If we remove him we should remove Keith Haring too Erin23 3 : 07 pm, 13 June (UTC)
 * New user. mikka (t) 21:54, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Keith Haring is already dead. It's known that artists should die first to get recognition. Let's make an exception and keep this page:)Pop culture highway 15:36, 13 June
 * Comment: Whoever closes this vote should note that the last three users all did their first edits after this article was nominated for VfD and somehow mysteriously all found their way to this vote.  Also note that the subject of this article has been added to several legitmate art articles including Art deco and Surrealism. DS1953 14:45, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * So what's your point?
 * If you will check surrealism page you will see that the image of "Chess revolution"(good work don't you think) .[[Image:Chess.jpg|thumb|100px|Chess revolution]]was added by the author of the same article we have to WfD here; but the link from painting directly to this article was created by User:Sparkit who is a long time wiki editor

If you ask me image belongs there; there is nothing more surrealist then that piece in contemporary art(my personal opinion). Pity if we will remove it because the artists "official status" does not satisfy some ones pedantism
 * If you ask me, my 12-year old daughter may do better than this piece of pretentious daub. mikka (t) 15:31, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

And please, mikka do not take issue with deletion of this page so much to the heart. It is just an art page, matter of taste after all. If people like his art he will be considered(if is not already considered) great, if people will like it not then... Besides unless someone will prove the opposite, there is no grounds to claim plagiarism. For the lovers of “conspiracy theories”: I registered purely to defend nick. I do not know the artist personally, but have seen his displays and murals, and I am in the mailing list of one of galleries which works with Nick. I was actually informed by them through email that now Nick has a wikipedia page, came here to check it out and found out that page it marked for deletion (I guess if Nick will keep up his good work I will create a new page for this artist myself, even if this one will be deleted). I opened an account to edit this page, but in a meanwhile I found out that page of other Amsterdam’s cultural phenomena, the Boom Chicago theater is inaccurate too, so I edited it as well. I hope the fact that I am fun of Nick Gabrichidze’s art does not disqualify my vote. I believe that when coming to art, music or love only cyborgs are neutral.PeterPan1 19:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Congratulations! Your daughter is really talented then, no kidding. Of course it is too early to allow her to open even user account here, but you must have already set some on-line photo album or even website with her paintings. Can I see it? I am really interested. I know some gallery owners who exhibit prodigy kids, so may be I would even arrange an exposition… Can you please post a link here?
 * Delete - not notable. DS1953 14:45, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * With all due respect to your opinion can you spare some more minutes of your valuable time to explain us your point of view in details? Thanks in advance.
 * Keep Obviously artists and also scientists do not make headlines everyday. If we will begin removing people because they have not enough hits in the corporate websites and traditional media, soon wiki will have only the MTV stars and top politicians left Punkpunk 17:37, 13 Jun 2005
 * New user. mikka (t) 21:54, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Not obviously. Notable artists and scientists do make headlines. We don't have articles about each and every professor in the world. They are normal people, who do their noral job. The guy that owns pizza hut across my office is just as deserving as Bush before the face of God. Biu obviously there is some difference betwen them. Another reson is verifiability of information about him. I don't believe a single word of the wikipedia article how good he is, unless a solid reference is provided. I am tired to explain this at every VfD. mikka (t) 15:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep For an living artist he made a tremendous achievement. There is no point to wait for official monography to come out, it does not happen until 50 years of artist's demise usually. If his works are present in the catalogs plus are available publicly as a murals then keep it. There are references and catalogs available at search engines(not only Google) plus many images from his websites. I checked it, and I have visited some of this artists display's before, particularly in Amsterdam’s public library in April-may 2002, very interesting if you ask me. I think his images are also available as posters(I recognize it) in my area(I live in Europe now, but I have seen it even in Venice, California I guess). For a university professor it wouldn’t be enough, but for the artist-more then enough.
 * I am not. I am a proud Bureaucratic Fuck . I have nothing personal against Nick, nor against the authors of his article. But there are certain wikipedia rules. And I am taking to the heart the thing described by a Russian proverb: "You cannot do this... but if you want it very much, then you can". Well, let us see what if it will prevail. It is people who make rules, after all. mikka (t) 18:47, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay Mr. Buraucratic Fuck, we have to leave soon but we are still online. So when we will leave,can you please post your future comments not in the middle of people's posts, but AFTER their sgnature?
 * "You cannot do this... but if you want it very much, then you can". Well, let us see what if it will prevail"
 * If you ask me that should ALLWAYS PREVAIL if we want to make World a better place? Don't you agree? Thanx for a great slogan I will put it on my T-shirt.:):)
 * You may, acording to copyrights and GFDL "provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies". But the original Russian say, which goes "If forbidden, but you want it very much, then allowed", is copyright-free, according to the current copyright law of the Russian Federation, which excludes "works of folk creativity" from copyright. mikka (t) 19:36, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is my first post at wikipedia but I hope to find some time to edit modeling, and also "cat walk" section.. Unlike Peter I DO know Nick Gabrichidze personally; I was honored to be his model for a while (See my profile please). I am a one who introduced Peter to Nick's artwork, and projects. Anyway I guess it makes my vote even less valuable, but from another hand if there is a discussion about keeping a university professor at the wikipedia, then his students would vote "yes" or "no" I guess.. So why can’t model vote for the artist she worked with? I have visited most museums in europe,and beleive me, seeing the original works of great masters makes same impact as seeing the original work of Nick Gabrichidze. HIS WORK IS GREAT. I know my statement is purely emotional, there is no logic in it; so I do not want to argue about it, but I have a right to say my opinion here as far as I understand, so I use this right. And to get some proof that Nick does what he does, best thing to do for you mikka would be to see it by your own eyes. Te next public project by Nick Gabrichidze will be changing an interior of Holland Casino in Amsterdam, opening is at July 28 here is a link. You are welcome to show up. Nick will be at the opening himself, you can introduce yourself to him and I am sure you will get a free drink and will enjoy rest of the evening and both show and paintings..Knutson
 * Keep To be honest I am writing this sitting next to Peter, and using same PC, so in theory you may consider our vote "one vote", but I am different person, so I think it would be fair to count two. It's up to you of course. Anyway, I am professional model, my name is also Erin (there are some other Erin’s here, among Nick Gabrichidze “fun-club” I see, can I send you an email?)
 * One last comment from Knutson and Peter I disagree with mikka but at least he has enough respect for users to make his point clear and argue for it. So could other guys who vote for "delete" spare some of heir time and present us with some arguments? I am sure they can find some, after all Nick isn’t Da Vinci,;) yet.. It’s just so arrogant to post one word like "irrelevant" or "vanity" and go away.
 * Delete, no evidence of notability. --W(t) 19:08, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * Keep My private opinion: thinking that request for VfD from mikka  is little biased in that case judging by his actions the discussion about same person at another thread. I am ethnic Caucasian(Azeri )myself and I am shocked how deep the hostility goes sometimes(i mean the other thread not here). I checked many articles about other artists and found even less sources of notability; as matter of fact this has much more then 75% of artists. I wonder if the user who started this thread would ever have such a big interest in fine arts if not Mr. Gabrichidze's mention regarding caucasophobia; would be interesting to see how frequently mikka is participating in editing art pages.. Everybody has a right to put a deletion request at this board as far as I understood, but I guess to give ones self this right, this person should have at least some professional competence in the matter. I would not give myself a right to request the deletion of pages about microbiology because I am not a microbiologist. And the fact that one user has put two pages regarding the same person for deletion within less then few days; from those two at least one(not this one but another, about politics, the caucasophobia one) with no grounds at all, gives away serious level of prejudice. But could be I am wrong. I am not going to argue about it here anyway, I just wrote my opinion once. The request for deletion is biased.I do not know how good is Mr. Gabrichidze as an artist though, I am not an art critic. He makes lot of hits at search engines but for me it is not an illustration of anything. But until someone will come out with some competent comment about his art, not “my daughter can do better” I will stand for "keep him here". I am new user I know. I came simply from caucasophobia link, where I participate. Musavatist 11:51, 2005 Jun 13
 * New user. mikka (t) 21:54, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Gues what, I came from caucasophobia link as well. And it just happened that we have different opinions about both articles. Your attitude to my opinion exactly of the kind that is expressed in the caucaso article: if I am against a Caucasian, then I am a biased and hostile caucasophob. Nevertheless, I am repeating personally to you again: the probliem is not in Nick, but in the article. It is not based on a published opinion of an expert (I don't have to be an expert in microbiology to see that), but someone's personal essay. Allah akbar! mikka 23:28, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Note:Please discuss the artickle about caucasophobia at this link Votes for deletion/Caucasophobia Autors

 * Delete - this guy or a friend is becoming a pest by vandalising articles with self promotion material. -- Solipsist 21:58, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This flock of new editors suddenly popped up from out of nowhere just to vote for their(?) beloved artist looks extremely suspicious for Astroturfing mikka (t) 17:10, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep I guess the problem is already solved but I still want to cast my vote as long I am here.I live in Europe and I am an art lover, so defenetely know Nick Gabrichidze's art.But I am not surprised that many people outside Europe do not know him, because art is not well promoted by coorporate media..Anyway I think the people who complain about notability have a point. "Autors"(authors) of this artickle should put some more articles about Nick from mainstream European media here to close all arguments against him. I hope (I am sure) there are some available. Evelina 18:25 June 14 2005 (UTC)
 * New user. mikka (t) 21:54, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Notability not established. I also deleted Nick Gabrichidze from among the noted artists and designers list in the art deco article. The photo of his painting                                                                                in the surrealism article should also be removed; are Gabrichidze's supporters really maintaining that he is among the most important surrealists? carmeld1 00:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Note: Wikipedia does not yet have a User page called Carmeld1 (just for the record)Authors; 11:30, 15/07/2005 Amsterdam

-''Beleive it or not, it is not sock puppet breach. But some "keep" votes(especially recent) are so poorely edited that VfD page would bebeter of without them..''
 * Delete, nn, sock puppet breach. RickK 23:11, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

"The photo of his painting in the surrealism article should also be removed; are Gabrichidze's supporters really maintaining that he is among the most important surrealists?" We believe that this particular work is. Art is a mater of opinion. Your is taken into the consideration but please respect other people’s opinion too..Authors; 11:30, 15/07/2005 Amsterdam

 * Delete, self-promotion. I checked Lexis-Nexis for his name and it is not referenced even once in a single US news source; checking European sources there was one article that mentioned him, however.  I'm not sure if it's enough to merit a wikipedia entry.  My advice - Nick, wait until more articles are published about you and then someone else decides it is notable enough to include in wikipedia. --csloat 21:28, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

"*Keep I want to support Nick, whose creativity very much to like me. Pictures of Nick are wonderful. It is very bad, that I have not seen here my favourite picture " the Flying Dutch ", but I think, that it can be corrected Ell 12 : 08 pm, 18 June (UTC) This is a vote cast by a phisical person,and I know her well, but it is so poorely etided that creates wrong impression. You may disqualify it if it lookssuspiciousAuthors

Anyway this vote went out of hand anyway, so could be better for all to close it up..

Keep and cleanup. --sparkit (talk) 14:33, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Non notable. Also, there seems to be a rush of new editors who only started editing in order to vote keep for this article, which looks very much like sockpuppets to me -- Chris 73 Talk 17:30, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, not notable vanity. Self-promoting his art in unrelated articles like Zbigniew Brzezinski, of all places. --Kevin Myers 22:18, Jun 19, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete and sanction user. It's bad enough that he created an article on himself to promote his work, he then had the nerve to add his work to surrealism and even Plato. 172 12:12, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete. Completely a vanity page; also, use of sockpuppets. (Also, awful English, from both Gabrichidze and socks; I'm going to go clean up some of their(?) contribs now.) --Quuxplusone 22:55, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Weak Keep but cleanup and do sanction user!!!. There are many less notable people who have article in WP. Cleanup, so it becomes less of an ad. His behavior of inserting his images to Surrealism, Plato, etc. should be sanctioned if policy permits. In spite of this, I would keep this article if someone cleans it up. -Irpen

23:14, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)
 * non-vote talk moved to talk page. Radiant_ >|< 14:33, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, WP:VAIN. Radiant_ >|< 14:33, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Staging (theatre, film, television)

Staging is the process of selecting, designing, adapting to, or modifying the performance space for a play or film. This includes the use or absence of stagecraft elements as well as the structure of the stage and its components.

Staging is also used to mean the result of this process, in other words the spectacle that a play presents in performance, its visual detail. This can include such things as positions of actors on stage (often referred to as blocking), their gestures and movements (also called stage business), the scenic background, the props and costumes, lighting, and sound effects. Besides costume, any physical object that appears in a play has the potential to become an important dramatic symbol. The first thing that the audience of a play sees is the stage set, the physical objects that suggest the world of the play. The stage set is usually indicated by the playwright, but the degree of detail and specificity of this rendering vary from one playwright to another and from one literary period to another. In film, staging is generally called set dressing.

While from a critical standpoint, "staging" can refer to the spectacle that a play presents in performance, the term is also frequently used interchangeably with the term "blocking", referring to how the performers are placed and moved around the stage. Major points of blocking are often set down by the playwright, but blocking is usually done by the director, sometimes in collaboration with performers and designers. In the modern theater, there are purely mechanical reasons why blocking is crucial. Stage lighting is focused on specific parts of the stage at specific moments, and the performer must be sure to be on his or her "mark" or "spike" or they may not be well lit. Blocking also ensures that the stage picture gives the proper focus to the proper places, and that transitions occur smoothly. This becomes even more crucial as modern stage technology allows for ever more elaborate special effects.

When Twentieth Century Fox introduced wide-screen CinemaScope format, the head of production Darryl Zanuck repeatedly reminded his directors to take full advantage of the screen width by staging action all the way across the frame - in his words, 'keep the people spread out'. He wanted the audience to experience the full width of the new screen shape. The 'washing line' staging demanded by Zanuck not only was a commercial imperative, it also was a practical solution for the lack of color film sensitivity as well for inability to employ deep staging.

title: Staging (theatre, film, television)


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Gloria Ray Karlmark

Gloria Cecelia Ray Karlmark (born September 26, 1942) is a member of the Little Rock Nine, the nine African-American students who desegregated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957. One of the three children of Harvey C. and Julia Miller Ray, she was 15 when she attempted to enter Little Rock Central High School where she was barred from entering by the Arkansas National Guard, under the order of Governor Orval Faubus who opposed integration. They returned to the school weeks later protected by federal troops.

In 1965, she graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology with a bachelor's degree in Chemistry and Mathematics. She worked briefly as a public school teacher and research assistant at the University of Chicago Research Medical Center. Ray married Krister Karlmark in 1966, and in 1970, she joined International Business Machine's (IBM) Nordic Laboratory in Stockholm, Sweden, where she worked as a systems analyst and technical writer. In 1976 she cofounded the journal Computers in Industry, serving as the editor-in-chief until 1991.

Karlmark graduated from Kungliga Patent & Registreringsverket in Sweden as a patent attorney, and from 1977 until 1981, she worked for IBM International Patent Operations. From 1976 to 1994, Karlmark founded and was editor-in-chief of Computers in Industry, an international journal of computer applications in industry. In 1994, Karlmark went to work in the Netherlands for Philips Telecommunications in Hilversum and, later, for Philips Lighting in Eindhoven. She and her husband have two children. In 1998, Karlmark and the other members of the Little Rock Nine were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in recognition of "selfless heroism."

In 1958, Karlmark and the Little Rock Nine received the Spingarn Medal by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for outstanding achievement by an African American.

Karlmark has noted concern about racism in the United States and now resides in Sweden and the Netherlands.

In 2019, Karlmark received an Honorary Doctorate of Science, for outstanding contributions to the development of a more inclusive society from the Illinois Institute of Technology.

title: Gloria Ray Karlmark


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User:Jayhawkfixer

Jayhawkfixer is in the United States Coast Guard. My rating and rank is Aviation Maintenance Technician Second Class Petty Officer, I also hold a Basic Aircrewmen, Flight Mechanic and Aerial Gunner designation. I maintain and fly on the HH-60 Jayhawk. I am stationed at CGAS Clearwater but I have gotten orders to HITRON Jacksonville, Florida. Here is my career in the Coast Guard so far:
 * Coast Guard Recruit Training recruit company Romeo 154 Feb99-Mar99
 * USCGC Hornbeam (WLB 394) Apr99-Sept99
 * Coast Guard Station Sabine Pass, Texas Oct99-Mar00
 * CGAS Clearwater, Florida Apr00-Jun05
 * Coast Guard HITRON Jacksonville, Florida Jun05-Jun08
 * CGAS Houston, Texas Jun08-Present

title: User:Jayhawkfixer


text:
Mock turtle soup

Mock turtle soup is an English soup that was created in the mid-18th century as an imitation of green turtle soup. It often uses brains and organ meats such as calf's head to duplicate the texture and flavour of the original's turtle meat after the green turtles used to make the original dish were hunted nearly to extinction. In the United States, mock turtle soup eventually became more popular than the original dish and is still popular in Cincinnati. The soup is also a traditional dish in the Lower Saxony areas of Germany, where it is considered a specialty of English cuisine.

History
Calf's head soups were known in England before importation of turtles began.

The soup was created in response to overhunting to near extinction of the turtles needed for the original dish. Turtle soup was known as early as the 1720s after sailors returning from the West Indies brought several green turtles home with them and was popular by the mid-18th century. By the late 19th century, commercial brands of canned mock turtle soup were available and advertising, ironically, warned consumers to "Beware of Imitations".

Preparation
Natasha Frost, writing for Atlas Obscura, notes that the recipe isn't "particularly easy to prepare at home", as most versions call for dressing a calf's head, which was considered to mimic the texture and flavor of the turtle, and require overnight preparation. Other ingredients may include beef and hard-boiled eggs.

Hannah Glasse's The Art of Cookery (1751 edition) gives instruction on "How to dress a mock turtle" to make soup from a calf's head. By the 1758 edition she provides a recipe specifically for mock turtle soup. The 1821 Hamburg cookery book or complete instructions for cooking, especially for housewives in Hamburg and Lower Saxony contains a recipe that calls for malaga wine, brandy, and fish dumplings. The 1845 Modern Cookery for Private Families provides a recipe for an "old-fashioned" mock turtle soup. The 1887 White House Cook Book calls for seasonings including cayenne pepper, lemon, mace, and sherry. By the mid- to late-19th century most cookbooks contained a recipe for mock turtle soup.

19th century recipe collector Martha Lloyd gives a recipe for Mrs. Fowle's Mock Turtle Soup in her Household Book:

Take a large calf's head. Scald off the hair. Boil it until the horn is tender, then cut it into slices about the size of your finger, with as little lean as possible. Have ready three pints of good mutton or veal broth, put in it half a pint of Madeira wine, half a teaspoonful of thyme, pepper, a large onion, and the peel of a lemon chop't very small. A ¼ of a pint of oysters chop't very small, and their liquor; a little salt, the juice of two large onions, some sweet herbs, and the brains chop't. Stand all these together for about an hour, and send it up to the table with the forcemeat balls made small and the yolks of hard eggs. Heston Blumenthal's updated version calls for beef bones and oxtail and is seasoned with star anise and red wine.

England
Serving turtle soup in the 18th century was a display of wealth. The term "turtle soup" was used as a synonym for delicious food. Less-wealthy families opted for mock turtle soup, which became popular in its own right and according to Buttery became a "British classic" dish. Heinz made a commercial version.

Germany
In the Oldenburg and Ammerland regions of Germany, Mockturtlesuppe is considered a specialty of English cuisine and dates from the time of the personal union between the Kingdom of Hanover and the Kingdom of Great Britain.

United States
While green sea turtle was popular for soup making in many countries, U.S. recipes included many other local species. Soup made from snapping turtles is still available in certain parts of the country. Similarly, mock turtle soup recipes have a variety of substitute meats. Besides organ meats like the British recipes, recipes in the U.S. often use stewing beef or ground beef, but may call for alligator. Versions were served at Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration, at the Waldorf-Astoria, the St. Regis and the Plaza. A recipe for it appeared in the 1887 White House Cook Book. The mock version eventually became more popular than the original dish. It was on many 19th and early 20th-century menus but by the 1960s it was no longer commonly offered. During its period of popularity it was considered a classic comfort food and "found on every table".

The dish is still popular in Cincinnati, where butcher Phil Houck's version was so popular among customers that he stopped cutting meat and pivoted to production of the soup, founding in 1920 the brand Worthmore, which is the only remaining commercial brand of mock turtle soup. In the early 1900s the soup was commonly served as a free lunch in the German saloons of Over-the-Rhine for customers purchasing beer and in 1980 it was still served in many restaurants in Over-the-Rhine and on Cincinnati's West Side. As of 2021 it was still seen on local menus and at butcher shops, festivals, and sporting events. Cincinnati Bengals owner Mike Brown serves it at his annual media day event. Cincinnati food historian Dann Woellert calls the soup one of the "holy trinity" of local specialties, along with Cincinnati chili and goetta.

Campbell Soup Company once produced canned condensed version made of calf's head but discontinued it before 1960. In a 1962 interview with David Bourdon, Andy Warhol, commenting on Campbell's discontinued soups, said that Mock Turtle had once been his favorite.

In popular culture
Lewis Carroll included a character, Mock Turtle, in his 1865 children's book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The character had the body and front flippers of a turtle with the head, tail, and back hooves of a calf.

In an episode of Gilmore Girls, Richard Gilmore requests mock turtle soup after his mother dies.

In the sixth episode of the seventh season of Are You Being Served?, the characters from the menswear and ladies department take over the canteen after the canteen staff walk out following complaints. They serve mock turtle soup (among other dishes). Young Mr Grace, the store owner, orders the soup and finds a frog in his.

title: Mock turtle soup


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Greatest Hits Live: Vancouver 1986

Greatest Hits Live – Vancouver 1986 is the fifth live album, and 24th album overall, from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released in the on October 2, 2001 (Varése Sarabande 302 066 259 2) on CD.

History
During the 1980s, Mellow Records recorded many of Donovan's live concerts. These recordings comprised the albums Rising (1990) and Rising Again (early 2001). In late 2001, Varèse Sarabande released another set of these live recordings titled Greatest Hits Live – Vancouver 1986. As the title describes, the tracks were recorded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1986. The initial release of the album also has three tracks from a 1986 Donovan concert in Carnegie Hall, New York City. As an added incentive for Donovan's fans, Sarabande added a 1981 demo version of the Neutronica track, "Only to Be Expected".

Since it was from the same time period, Greatest Hits Live – Vancouver 1986 sounds similar to both Rising and Rising Again. The instrumentation is sparse, and Donovan even recites the same stories about the songs. Greatest Hits Live – Vancouver 1986 also shares many of the same songs as Rising and Rising Again.

Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted. Bonus tracks:
 * 1) "Josie" – 3:47
 * 2) "Catch the Wind" – 3:18
 * 3) "Isle of Islay" – 5:17
 * 4) "Sunshine Superman" – 3:49
 * 5) "Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)" – 2:34
 * 6) "Universal Soldier" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 3:57
 * 7) "Laléna" – 2:58
 * 8) "Jennifer Juniper" – 2:47
 * 9) "Hurdy Gurdy Man" – 5:00
 * 10) "Happiness Runs" – 4:22
 * 11) "The Little Tin Soldier" (Shawn Phillips) – 3:50
 * 12) "Mellow Yellow" – 2:50
 * 13) "Atlantis" – 2:57
 * 14) "There Is a Mountain" – 2:35
 * 1) "Sailing Homeward" – 3:27
 * 2) "Mr. Flute Man" (track from Rising Again) – 2:08
 * 3) "Young Girl Blues" – 5:11
 * 4) "Only to Be Expected" (demo recording of song from Neutronica) – 2:38

All tracks, except for "Mr. Flute Man" were released in studio versions: "Isle of Islay" was released on A Gift from a Flower to a Garden, "The Little Tin Soldier" on Fairytale, "Happiness Runs" on Barabajagal, "Sailing Homeward" on Essence to Essence, and on singles.

title: Greatest Hits Live: Vancouver 1986


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Talk:Top-ups

does the example make any sense? -- 84.176.187.248 20:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't. I don't think the article well written at all. I can't even try to improve it because I don't know what it's trying to say The Monster 21:09, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Top-ups


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HM Coastal Motor Boat 4

HM Coastal Motor Boat 4 is the torpedo boat used when Lieutenant Augustus Agar earned a Victoria Cross for carrying out a raid on Soviet warships in Kronstadt and sinking the cruiser Oleg.

It was one of a large series of small, fast, shallow draught Coastal Motor Boats used during the First World War. She was designed by John I. Thornycroft & Company of Hampton, England, ordered in January 1916, built by them and delivered that summer.

CMB 4 was 45 ft long and 8 ft in the beam. She displaced 5 tons drawing 2 ft of water. Power was a 275 bhp Thornycroft V-12 petrol engine driving a single propeller and achieved a top speed of 24.8 kn. The boat was armed with one 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo and two single .303 in (7.62 km) Lewis machine guns for the attack on Oleg. It was operated by a crew of three. In May 1916, Lieutenant W. N. T. Beckett took command of the newly built HM Coastal Motor Boat 4. In December 1916 he proceeded to Dunkirk in charge of the 3rd CMB Division and operated on the Belgian coast. Beckett was in command of a Divisional CMB attack on German destroyers at Zeebrugge on 7 April 1917; as a result one was sunk and one very seriously damaged. For these actions Beckett was mentioned in Despatches and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).

The boat, under the command of Lieutenant Augustus Agar, was made famous by his part in the British operations in the Baltic Sea against the Bolsheviks in 1919, where she operated with her sister ships in activities such as the raid on Kronstadt.

After the action the boat was returned to the United Kingdom, where it was on display first at the Imperial War Museum in London and then at the Vosper works on Platt’s Eyot (island) on the River Thames near Kingston for many years with a Victoria Cross painted on the side until the Vosper works there closed. It was then restored and displayed (with details of the action but with the painted VC removed) at the Imperial War Museum’s out-station Imperial War Museum Duxford near Cambridge. In July 2019 the boat was moved to Boathouse 4 in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, where she is being displayed above a full-size, working replica being constructed by volunteers. The replica boat will be ready for sea trials in the spring of 2022. CMB 4 remains in the ownership of the Imperial War Museum, and is currently on loan to Boathouse 4 until 2024.

Agar’s VC is held by the Imperial War Museum in London.

The boat was inscribed on the National Register of Historic Vessels in May 1996, becoming part of the National Historic Fleet.

title: HM Coastal Motor Boat 4


text:
Talk:Bank Street (disambiguation)

I really don't think we need a disambig page when the only other option is a "smalll road" in a "small city" that doesn't even have a wiki entry Sherurcij 20:14, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * * I disagree, and have made this a disambiguation page, following the logic that there are Bank Streets in many cities. London, New York, Nashville and I'm sure many other towns have significant streets with this name.  It's just good practice to make the major article the one with the parenthetical city. --Iamvered 13:06, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * If you type in "Bank Street" in Google, the first 3 entries, and 4 of the first 5 entries, refer to the Bank Street College of Education. Iamvered said he was making it a diambig page, but he made it a redirect page. I'm going to make it a disamb page, with the two entries for starters.Simon12 03:55, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll also fix the links that currently point to "Bank Street".Simon12 04:02, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bank Street (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy

This is NOT a school
This is not an "academy" in the sense of a educational institution. It is more like the US Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences or the French National academy for culture. The very name "Shilpo kola" means the Arts. So please do not confuse this with a school. Thanks. --Ragib 20:14, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Pakistan Art Council
Like the country itself, it has some lineage to Pakistan. Is it really necessary to mention Pakistan Arts council here. How much of the Modern Academy owes to Pakistan Arts Council?

User:Asif 20:14, 24 Jan 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy


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Arnold Palmer Cup

The Arnold Palmer Cup is an annual team golf competition for college/university golfers. It is named for Arnold Palmer. From 2018 it has been contested between a United States team and an International team representing the rest of the world. The teams consist of 12 men and 12 women. The teams are selected on the basis of nationality, not according to the location of the players' universities.

The 2024 event was held from July 5 to 7 at Lahinch Golf Club, in Lahinch, Ireland.

History
From its foundation in 1997 until 2017 the event was only contested by men. From 1997 until 2002 the United States played Great Britain & Ireland while from 2003 to 2017 the United States played a European team. Many of the European players attended American universities as sports scholarships have never been a feature of the university system in Europe. Until 2016, the event was known as the Palmer Cup.

From 1997 until 2013 the match was contested between eight-man teams. There were four four-ball matches, four foursome matches, and two sets of eight singles matches for a total of 24 points. From 2014 the teams were increased from eight to ten with five four-ball matches, five foursome matches, and two sets of ten singles matches for 30 points overall. The order of the four sessions has varied with the match being played over either two or three days.

From 2018 it has been contested between a United States team and an International team representing the rest of the world. The teams consist of 12 men and 12 women.

Results
Of the 27 matches, the United States team has won 14, the International/European/Great Britain and Ireland team has won 12, with 1 match tied.

Michael Carter award
The Michael Carter Award was inaugurated in 2002. On February 13, 2002, former Penn State University golfer Michael Carter died in an automobile accident at the age of 19. "The Michael Carter “Junior” Memorial Award is presented to the Arnold Palmer Cup participant from each team who best represents the qualities and ideals that made this young man unique."

Former participants
The following competitors have subsequently played in either the Ryder Cup or the Presidents Cup: Daniel Berger, Kevin Chappell, Ben Curtis, Luke Donald (2), Rickie Fowler, Lucas Glover (2), Bill Haas (2), J. J. Henry, J. B. Holmes, Dustin Johnson, Chris Kirk, Matt Kuchar (2), Hunter Mahan, Graeme McDowell (2), Francesco Molinari, Thomas Pieters, Webb Simpson, Brandt Snedeker, Justin Thomas (2), Oliver Wilson (3).

title: Arnold Palmer Cup


text:
Formulas Fatal to the Flesh

Formulas Fatal to the Flesh is the fifth full-length studio album by death metal band Morbid Angel. The Satanic-themed lyrics of previous albums had been replaced with lyrics about the Old Ones, which would become the primary source of Morbid Angel's lyrical content from this point on, and has some lyrical content written in Sumerian. This is the first album to feature singer/bassist Steve Tucker, replacing David Vincent.

The title refers to the biblical symbol of the Antichrist. The letter "F" is the 6th letter of the alphabet; therefore, it could be read as "6ormulas 6atal to the 6lesh" or 666 for short, the number of the Beast.

Musical style, writing, and composition
The tunings for this record as on Covenant and Domination remained E♭ on six string guitar songs, and B♭ on seven stringed guitar songs. The album saw considerable changes in tone from Domination. Whereas Domination was more melodic, Formulas is considered more brutal and powerful, characterized by very fast drum tempos, extremely fast blast beats, aggressive riffs, atmospheric solos, and a more demonic growl from Steve Tucker.

"Invocation of the Continual One" is made of unused music the band had composed in its early days in 1984, put together and re-recorded for this album. It is also the only Morbid Angel song Trey Azagthoth does all the vocals for.

Reception
The album was met with mixed critics upon release, but retrospective reception is very positive, due to its role as a landmark for the brutal death metal genre that developed in the late nineties.

Track listing
All songs written and arranged by Trey Azagthoth except "Ascent Through the Spheres" and "Hymnos Rituales de Guerra", written by Pete Sandoval.

This bonus CD contains all of the isolated guitar solos performed by Trey Azagthoth. A guitar pick is included which is signed by him.
 * Limited edition bonus disc

Personnel

 * Steve Tucker – bass, vocals
 * Trey Azagthoth – guitars, keyboards, vocals on "Covenant of Death" and "Invocation of the Continual One"
 * Pete Sandoval – drums

title: Formulas Fatal to the Flesh


text: Category:Geography of Tonga

title: Category:Geography of Tonga