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Coal liquefaction

Coal liquefaction is a process of converting coal into liquid hydrocarbons: liquid fuels and petrochemicals. This process is often known as "Coal to X" or "Carbon to X", where X can be many different hydrocarbon-based products. However, the most common process chain is "Coal to Liquid Fuels" (CTL).

Historical background
Coal liquefactions originally was developed at the beginning of the 20th century. The best-known CTL process is Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FT), named after the inventors Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in the 1920s. The FT synthesis is the basis for indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) technology. Friedrich Bergius, also a German chemist, invented direct coal liquefaction (DCL) as a way to convert lignite into synthetic oil in 1913.

Coal liquefaction was an important part of Adolf Hitler's four-year plan of 1936, and became an integral part of German industry during World War II. During the mid-1930s, companies like IG Farben and Ruhrchemie initiated industrial production of synthetic fuels derived from coal. This led to the construction of twelve DCL plants using hydrogenation and nine ICL plants using Fischer–Tropsch synthesis by the end of World War II. In total, CTL provided 92% of Germany's air fuel and over 50% of its petroleum supply in the 1940s. The DCL and ICL plants effectively complemented each other rather than competed. The reason for this is that coal hydrogenation yields high quality gasoline for aviation and motors, while FT synthesis chiefly produced high-quality diesel, lubrication oil, and waxes together with some smaller amounts of lower-quality motor gasoline. The DCL plants were also more developed, as lignite – the only coal available in many parts of Germany – worked better with hydrogenation than with FT synthesis. After the war, Germany had to abandon its synthetic fuel production as it was prohibited by the Potsdam conference in 1945.

South Africa developed its own CTL technology in the 1950s. The South African Coal, Oil and Gas Corporation (Sasol) was founded in 1950 as part of industrialization process that the South African government considered essential for continued economic development and autonomy. South Africa had no known domestic oil reserves at the time, and this made the country very vulnerable to disruption of supplies coming from outside, albeit for different reasons at different times. Sasol was a successful way to protect the country's balance of payment against the increasing dependence on foreign oil. For years its principal product was synthetic fuel, and this business enjoyed significant government protection in South Africa during the apartheid years for its contribution to domestic energy security. Although it was generally much more expensive to produce oil from coal than from natural petroleum, the political as well as economic importance of achieving as much independence as possible in this sphere was sufficient to overcome any objections. Early attempts to attract private capital, foreign or domestic, were unsuccessful, and it was only with state support that the coal liquefaction could start. CTL continued to play a vital part in South Africa's national economy, providing around 30% of its domestic fuel demand. The democratization of South Africa in the 1990s made Sasol search for products that could prove more competitive in the global marketplace; as of the new millennium the company was focusing primarily on its petrochemical business, as well as on efforts to convert natural gas into crude oil (GTL) using its expertise in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.

CTL technologies have steadily improved since the Second World War. Technical development has resulted in a variety of systems capable of handling a wide array of coal types. However, only a few enterprises based on generating liquid fuels from coal have been undertaken, most of them based on ICL technology; the most successful one has been Sasol in South Africa. CTL also received new interest in the early 2000s as a possible mitigation option for reducing oil dependence, at a time when rising oil prices and concerns over peak oil made planners rethink existing supply chains for liquid fuels.

Methods
Specific liquefaction technologies generally fall into two categories: direct liquefaction (DCL) and indirect liquefaction (ICL) processes. Direct processes are based on approaches such as carbonization, pyrolysis, and hydrogenation.

Indirect liquefaction processes generally involve gasification of coal to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, often known as synthesis gas or simply syngas. Using the Fischer–Tropsch process syngas is converted into liquid hydrocarbons.

In contrast, direct liquefaction processes convert coal into liquids directly without having to rely on intermediate steps by breaking down the organic structure of coal with application of hydrogen-donor solvent, often at high pressures and temperatures. Since liquid hydrocarbons generally have a higher hydrogen-carbon molar ratio than coals, either hydrogenation or carbon-rejection processes must be employed in both ICL and DCL technologies.

At industrial scales (i.e. thousands of barrels/day) a coal liquefaction plant typically requires multibillion-dollar capital investments.

Pyrolysis and carbonization processes
A number of carbonization processes exist. The carbonization conversion typically occurs through pyrolysis or destructive distillation. It produces condensable coal tar, oil and water vapor, non-condensable synthetic gas, and a solid residue - char.

One typical example of carbonization is the Karrick process. In this low-temperature carbonization process, coal is heated at 680 °F to 1380 °F in the absence of air. These temperatures optimize the production of coal tars richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar. However, any produced liquids are mostly a by-product and the main product is semi-coke - a solid and smokeless fuel.

The COED Process, developed by FMC Corporation, uses a fluidized bed for processing, in combination with increasing temperature, through four stages of pyrolysis. Heat is transferred by hot gases produced by combustion of part of the produced char. A modification of this process, the COGAS Process, involves the addition of gasification of char. The TOSCOAL Process, an analogue to the TOSCO II oil shale retorting process and Lurgi–Ruhrgas process, which is also used for the shale oil extraction, uses hot recycled solids for the heat transfer.

Liquid yields of pyrolysis and the Karrick process are generally considered too low for practical use for synthetic liquid fuel production. The resulting coal tars and oils from pyrolysis generally require further treatment before they can be usable as motor fuels; they are processed by hydrotreating to remove sulfur and nitrogen species, after which they are finally processed into liquid fuels.

In summary, the economic viability of this technology is questionable.

Hydrogenation processes

One of the main methods of direct conversion of coal to liquids by hydrogenation process is the Bergius process, developed by Friedrich Bergius in 1913. In this process, dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process. A catalyst is typically added to the mixture. The reaction occurs at between 400 °C to 500 °C and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure. The reaction can be summarized as follows:

After World War I several plants based on this technology were built in Germany; these plants were extensively used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants. The Kohleoel Process, developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA, was used in the demonstration plant with the capacity of 200 ton of lignite per day, built in Bottrop, Germany. This plant operated from 1981 to 1987. In this process, coal is mixed with a recycle solvent and iron catalyst. After preheating and pressurizing, H2 is added. The process takes place in a tubular reactor at the pressure of 300 bar (30 MPa) and at the temperature of 470 °C. This process was also explored by SASOL in South Africa.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Japanese companies Nippon Kokan, Sumitomo Metal Industries, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries developed the NEDOL process. In this process, coal is mixed with a recycled solvent and a synthetic iron-based catalyst; after preheating, H2 is added. The reaction takes place in a tubular reactor at a temperature between 430 °C and 465 °C at the pressure 150-200 bar. The produced oil has low quality and requires intensive upgrading. H-Coal process, developed by Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., in 1963, mixes pulverized coal with recycled liquids, hydrogen and catalyst in the ebullated bed reactor. Advantages of this process are that dissolution and oil upgrading are taking place in the single reactor, products have high H/C ratio, and a fast reaction time, while the main disadvantages are high gas yield (this is basically a thermal cracking process), high hydrogen consumption, and limitation of oil usage only as a boiler oil because of impurities.

The SRC-I and SRC-II (Solvent Refined Coal) processes were developed by Gulf Oil and implemented as pilot plants in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s.

The Nuclear Utility Services Corporation developed hydrogenation process which was patented by Wilburn C. Schroeder in 1976. The process involved dried, pulverized coal mixed with roughly 1wt% molybdenum catalysts. Hydrogenation occurred by use of high temperature and pressure synthesis gas produced in a separate gasifier. The process ultimately yielded a synthetic crude product, naphtha, a limited amount of C3/C4 gas, light-medium weight liquids (C5-C10) suitable for use as fuels, small amounts of NH3 and significant amounts of CO2. Other single-stage hydrogenation processes are the Exxon Donor Solvent Process, the Imhausen High-pressure Process, and the Conoco Zinc Chloride Process.

There are also a number of two-stage direct liquefaction processes; however, after the 1980s only the Catalytic Two-stage Liquefaction Process, modified from the H-Coal Process; the Liquid Solvent Extraction Process by British Coal; and the Brown Coal Liquefaction Process of Japan have been developed.

Shenhua, a Chinese coal mining company, decided in 2002 to build a direct liquefaction plant in Erdos, Inner Mongolia (Erdos CTL), with barrel capacity of 20 koilbbl/d of liquid products including diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and naphtha (petroleum ether). First tests were implemented at the end of 2008. A second and longer test campaign was started in October 2009. In 2011, Shenhua Group reported that the direct liquefaction plant had been in continuous and stable operations since November 2010, and that Shenhua had made 800 million yuan ($125.1 million) in earnings before taxes in the first six months of 2011 on the project.

Chevron Corporation developed a process invented by Joel W. Rosenthal called the Chevron Coal Liquefaction Process (CCLP). It is unique due to the close-coupling of the non-catalytic dissolver and the catalytic hydroprocessing unit. The oil produced had properties that were unique when compared to other coal oils; it was lighter and had far fewer heteroatom impurities. The process was scaled-up to the 6 ton per day level, but not proven commercially.

Indirect conversion processes
Indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) processes operate in two stages. In the first stage, coal is converted into syngas (a purified mixture of CO and H2 gas). In the second stage, the syngas is converted into light hydrocarbons using one of three main processes: Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, methanol synthesis with subsequent conversion to gasoline or petrochemicals, and methanation. Fischer–Tropsch is the oldest of the ICL processes.

In methanol synthesis processes syngas is converted to methanol, which is subsequently polymerized into alkanes over a zeolite catalyst. This process, under the moniker MTG (MTG for "Methanol To Gasoline"), was developed by Mobil in the early 1970s, and is being tested at a demonstration plant by Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group (JAMG) in Shanxi, China. Based on this methanol synthesis, China has also developed a strong coal-to-chemicals industry, with outputs such as olefins, MEG, DME and aromatics.

Methanation reaction converts syngas to substitute natural gas (SNG). The Great Plains Gasification Plant in Beulah, North Dakota is a coal-to-SNG facility producing 160 million cubic feet per day of SNG, and has been in operation since 1984. Several coal-to-SNG plants are in operation or in project in China, South Korea and India.

In another application of gasification, hydrogen extracted from synthetic gas reacts with nitrogen to form ammonia. Ammonia then reacts with carbon dioxide to produce urea.

The above instances of commercial plants based on indirect coal liquefaction processes, as well as many others not listed here including those in planning stages and under construction, are tabulated in the Gasification Technologies Council's World Gasification Database.

Environmental considerations
Typically coal liquefaction processes are associated with significant CO2 emissions from the gasification process or as well as from generation of necessary process heat and electricity inputs to the liquefaction reactors, thus releasing greenhouse gases that can contribute to anthropogenic global warming. This is especially true if coal liquefaction is conducted without any carbon capture and storage technologies. There are technically feasible low-emission configurations of CTL plants.

High water consumption in the water-gas shift reaction or steam methane reforming is another adverse environmental effect.

CO2 emission control at Erdos CTL, an Inner Mongolian plant with a carbon capture and storage demonstration project, involves injecting CO2 into the saline aquifer of Erdos Basin, at a rate of 100,000 tonnes per year. As of late October 2013, an accumulated amount of 154,000 tonnes of CO2 had been injected since 2010, which reached or exceeded the design value.

In the United States, the Renewable Fuel Standard and low-carbon fuel standard, such as enacted in the State of California, reflect an increasing demand for low carbon footprint fuels. Also, legislation in the United States has restricted the military's use of alternative liquid fuels to only those demonstrated to have life-cycle GHG emissions less than or equal to those of their conventional petroleum-based equivalent, as required by Section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007.

Research and development of coal liquefaction
The United States military has an active program to promote alternative fuels use, and utilizing vast domestic U.S. coal reserves to produce fuels through coal liquefaction would have obvious economic and security advantages. But with their higher carbon footprint, fuels from coal liquefaction face the significant challenge of reducing life-cycle GHG emissions to competitive levels, which demands continued research and development of liquefaction technology to increase efficiency and reduce emissions. A number of avenues of research & development will need to be pursued, including:
 * Carbon capture and storage including enhanced oil recovery and developmental CCS methods to offset emissions from both synthesis and utilization of liquid fuels from coal,
 * Coal/biomass/natural gas feedstock blends for coal liquefaction: Utilizing carbon-neutral biomass and hydrogen-rich natural gas as co-feeds in coal liquefaction processes has significant potential for bringing fuel products' life-cycle GHG emissions into competitive ranges,
 * Hydrogen from renewables: the hydrogen demand of coal liquefaction processes might be supplied through renewable energy sources including wind, solar, and biomass, significantly reducing the emissions associated with traditional methods of hydrogen synthesis (such as steam methane reforming or char gasification), and
 * Process improvements such as intensification of the Fischer–Tropsch process, hybrid liquefaction processes, and more efficient air separation technologies needed for production of oxygen (e.g. ceramic membrane-based oxygen separation).

Since 2014, the U.S. Department of Energy and the Department of Defense have been collaborating on supporting new research and development in the area of coal liquefaction to produce military-specification liquid fuels, with an emphasis on jet fuel, which would be both cost-effective and in accordance with EISA Section 526. Projects underway in this area are described under the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory's Advanced Fuels Synthesis R&D area in the Coal and Coal-Biomass to Liquids Program.

Every year, a researcher or developer in coal conversion is rewarded by the industry in receiving the World Carbon To X Award. The 2016 Award recipient is Mr. Jona Pillay, executive director for Gasification & CTL, Jindal Steel & Power Ltd (India). The 2017 Award recipient is Dr. Yao Min, Deputy General Manager of Shenhua Ningxia Coal Group (China).

In terms of commercial development, coal conversion is experiencing a strong acceleration. Geographically, most active projects and recently commissioned operations are located in Asia, mainly in China, while U.S. projects have been delayed or canceled due to the development of shale gas and shale oil.

title: Coal liquefaction


text: User:Fearlessdog

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Fearlessdog


text: Talk:Jerry Hall

title: Talk:Jerry Hall


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Talk:Amiel (aesthetics)

Clean up
Not a whole lot here - more needed please! A curate's egg 18:17, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Proposed for deletion because this person has already an article here Henri-Frédéric Amiel 139.166.240.7 6 July 2005 22:53 (UTC)

 * See Votes for deletion/Amiel (aesthetics) for the archived discussion. -- Francs2000 | Talk [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px| ]] 02:09, 18 July 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Amiel (aesthetics)


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User:Cswrye

My name is Chad Stephen Wrye. For more up-to-date information about me, you can check out my Facebook page.

Biography

I was born in Macon, Georgia, on November 29, 1978. I grew up there and attended the now-defunct Gilead Christian Academy from kindergarten through 12th grade. After graduating on May 31, 1996, I went to Trevecca Nazarene University in Nashville, Tennessee. I graduated on May 6, 2000, with a Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) degree and a triple major in Business Administration, Accounting, and Computer Information Systems. I spent just over three years working as a computer programmer at Compco, a small telecommunications company in Brentwood, Tennessee, before deciding to go back for a Master's degree in the fall of 2003. I attended Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and I received a Master of Arts (M.A.) in Industrial/Organizational Psychology on August 14, 2005. Just before graduating, I started a job as a data analyst for the consulting services division of Quorum Health Resources, a health care management company headquartered in Brentwood. After four years, I left QHR to work as a research analyst at the patient experience division of HealthStream. After nearly nine years with the company, my division was acquired by Press Ganey Associates, where I am now employed. I currently live in Nashville.

Interests
My main hobby is swing dancing, which I do quite often. My primary interest is Lindy Hop, although I also do quite a bit of Balboa, East Coast Swing, Blues, Charleston, and Collegiate Shag. I received training from instructors all over the country, including Frankie Manning. More recently, I have taken up Brazilian Zouk as my primary dance style. I am familiar with several other types of dances including some ballroom dancing, Bachata, Salsa, and Argentine tango, but I do not do them nearly as often.

Video games used to be another major interest of mine, although that has lessened due to a lack of time. My preferred types of games are role-playing games, adventure games, and strategy games, although I tend to enjoy games in all categories. My favorite game franchises are Final Fantasy, Myst, The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Assassin's Creed, BioShock, and all of the Blizzard Entertainment games.

I have a strong interest in logic and philosophy, and I enjoy learning about sciences of all kinds. I consider myself a skeptic and an atheist, and I prefer to base my core beliefs on scientific evidence. In spite of this, I like studying various aspects of Christian theology and church history, particularly Arminianism, partly because of my previous involvement in the Independent Baptist church and the Church of the Nazarene.

Wikipedia role
I joined Wikipedia on June 6, 2005, although I had been reading it for months before then. I will most likely be involved in editing articles related to the material listed above. I think about things in a highly organized manner and tend to be pretty good in making information flow logically. I am very focused on making things consistent and try to apply the same formatting across articles. In addition, I am quite detailed when it comes to grammar and formatting, so I will also be correcting any such errors that I see.

I started out working on reorganizing the list of colleges and universities in the United States. I abandoned this project after other editors took it into a different (and better) direction. My involvement in Wikipedia has lessened, and I rarely edit anymore. However, I am somewhat involved in the Psychology Wikiproject, the Dance Wikiproject, and the Church of the Nazarene WikiProject.

title: User:Cswrye


text:
William Barstow Strong

William Barstow Strong (May 16, 1837 – August 3, 1914) served as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway from 1881 to 1889. He is often referred to as either William B. Strong or W. B. Strong.

Life and career
He was born in Brownington, Vermont on May 16, 1837. Strong graduated from Bell's Business College in Chicago, Illinois, in 1855, and soon launched his career in railroading. His first railroad job was as a station agent for the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, a position that was introduced to him by his older brother James.

He married Abbie J. Moore, October 2, 1859, in Beloit, Wisconsin. They had three children, a girl and two boys.

He worked his way through several railroad jobs successively for the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, McGregor Western Railway, Chicago and North Western Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q), and as superintendent of the Michigan Central Railroad in the 1870s. In this position, Strong was succeeded by Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. in 1876. He returned to the CB&Q after working on the Michigan Central and then joined the management team of the Santa Fe as General Manager, and was promoted to Vice President within a month.

On July 12, 1881, he succeeded T. Jefferson Coolidge as president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF). Under his tenure, the ATSF expanded to about 7,000 miles (11,265 km) of right-of-way, which at the time made the ATSF the largest railroad in North America. He held the presidency until his retirement in 1889.

The city of Barstow, California, where the ATSF maintained extensive shop and equipment construction and repair facilities, the town of Strong City, Kansas, and Stronghurst, Illinois are named in his honor.

William B. Strong's work with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway is extensively chronicled in the book From the River to the Sea by John Sedgwick.

Other uses of the name William Barstow Strong
William Barstow Strong was the name of an observation car owned by the ATSF and operated in business trains in the latter part of the 20th century.

William B. Strong was included in a list of names that traveled aboard NASA's Stardust spacecraft which visited the comet Wild 2 in 2004.

An observation car on the Royal Gorge Scenic Railway in Colorado is named William B. Strong.

title: William Barstow Strong


text:
Barnegat Light

Barnegat Light may refer to:

 * Barnegat Light, New Jersey, a borough in New Jersey
 * Barnegat Lighthouse, a lighthouse in the borough of Barnegat Light

title: Barnegat Light


text:
Steve Bould

Stephen Andrew Bould (born 16 November 1962) is an English football coach and former professional footballer. He is currently the head coach of Lommel SK.

As a player, he was a defender from 1980 until 2000. Bould began his football career with his hometown club Stoke City where he gained a reputation as an impressive young defender. After spending seven seasons with the Potters, and becoming one of English football's most coveted centre backs, he moved to Arsenal in 1988. At Highbury he formed a formidable back line with Tony Adams, Nigel Winterburn and his former Stoke teammate Lee Dixon. He left the Gunners in 1999 and ended his playing career with Sunderland.

Since his playing career has ended Bould has worked at the successful Arsenal Academy as Head Youth Team Coach at Arsenal. He was promoted to Assistant Manager at the start of the 2012–13 season replacing the long serving Pat Rice. He later had a spells as head coach of U23s side.

Stoke City
Born in Stoke-on-Trent, Bould signed for his hometown club Stoke City as a schoolboy in 1978, turning professional in November 1980. He made his debut at right back in a 3–2 defeat away to Middlesbrough in September 1981. However, he was unable to command a regular place in the team, and was loaned out to Torquay United in October 1982 to gain first team experience, playing nine league games for Bruce Rioch's side.

Bould slowly became a regular in the Stoke side after Mick Mills switched him to centre back to replace Paul Dyson. It proved to be a shrewd move as he excelled in his new position and became a first team regular for the "Potters". A back injury that required surgery cost him appearances in 1986–87 and arguably Stoke a play-off place. By the end of the 1987–88 season it was generally acknowledged that Bould was now the best defender in Division Two. Both Arsenal and Everton made approaches for the defender. After discussions Bould chose Arsenal and a tribunal set the price at £390,000, a small fee compared to what Stoke were demanding.

Arsenal
He moved to Arsenal for a fee of £390,000 on 13 June 1988, and became part of their "famous back four" defensive line-up, with Tony Adams, Nigel Winterburn and his former Stoke teammate Lee Dixon. Bould won the First Division title twice in 1988–89 and 1990–91, playing in the club's famous 2–0 victory against Liverpool at Anfield where they won the title in the last minute of the last game of the season. He was voted player of the year by the club's fans for the 1991–92 season, though it was a less successful season for the club as defending champions, managing only a fourth-place finish in the league and suffering an early exit from the European Cup, as well as a shock first hurdle exit from the FA Cup at the hands of minnows Wrexham.

On 15 August 1992, he had the distinction of being the scorer of Arsenal's first Premier League goal on the opening day of the season at Highbury, breaking the deadlock in the 28th minute although Arsenal went on lose the match 4–2 to Norwich City.

However, injury ruled him out of the FA Cup and League Cup finals that Arsenal won in 1992–93, and his place in the team was taken by Andy Linighan who scored Arsenal's winning goal in the FA Cup final replay against Sheffield Wednesday.

After winning the Cup Winners' Cup final in 1993–94, further success eluded Arsenal and Bould for several years, and the arrival of French manager Arsène Wenger in October 1996 led some to speculate the ageing Bould would leave the club (especially as he was now often second-choice behind Martin Keown); instead it spurred a brief revival, and Bould became an important member of the squad that won the double in 1997–98. He famously set up Tony Adams with a chipped throughball for the final goal in Arsenal's 4–0 win over Everton, the match that won them the Premier League title. Two weeks later they won the FA Cup to complete the double.

His final season at Highbury was a disappointing one. Arsenal reached the FA Cup semi finals where they drew with Manchester United to force a replay. With the score at 1–1 in the final minute of the game, Arsenal were awarded a penalty. Peter Schmeichel saved from Dennis Bergkamp and a winner from Ryan Giggs in extra time ended Arsenal's defence of the trophy. A month later they were beaten to the Premier League by Manchester United.

Sunderland
By now age was against Bould and he moved to newly promoted Sunderland in July 1999 for a fee of £500,000. Following the departure of skipper Kevin Ball in December 1999, manager Peter Reid made him club captain and he helped them finish seventh – just missing out on a UEFA Cup place. He stayed at the Stadium of Light until arthritis contributed to his retirement in September 2000 having played only 21 Premier League games for Sunderland.

International career
Despite forming part of one of the most secure top-flight defences of the late 1980s and early to mid-1990s, Bould won only two caps for England, far fewer than fellow centre half Tony Adams, and didn't make his first full international appearance until the age of 31. Both caps came under Terry Venables in Wembley friendlies against Greece (5–0) and Norway (0–0) at the end of the 1993–94 season.

Coaching career
After retiring, he began working towards his UEFA coaching badges and in June 2001 moved back to Arsenal and became a coach for the youth teams. He was the head coach of Arsenal's U18 Academy side, whom he led to the Premier Academy League title in 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and FA Youth Cup in 2008–2009. On 10 May 2012, it was announced that Steve Bould would become Arsenal's new assistant manager following the retirement of Pat Rice at the end of the season. On 5 June 2019, Steve Bould swapped jobs with Freddie Ljungberg to become the U23s coach in a major restructuring of Arsenal's coaching staff. In May 2021, he was sacked from his role as a coach of the U23 team. In June 2022, he was appointed as the head coach of Lommel SK.

Club
Source:

International
Source:

Honours
Arsenal
 * Football League First Division: 1988–89, 1990–91
 * Premier League: 1997–98
 * FA Cup: 1997–98
 * FA Charity Shield: 1998
 * European Cup Winners Cup: 1993–94

Individual
 * Arsenal Player of the Season: 1990−91

title: Steve Bould


text:
Sibusiso Zuma

Sibusiso Wiseman Zuma (born 23 June 1975) is a South African former professional footballer who played as a forward or midfielder.

Early career
Born in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, Zuma started his career for South African clubs Mighty Pa, African Wanderers and Orlando Pirates.

F.C. Copenhagen
In June 2000, Zuma joined Danish club F.C. Copenhagen, where he blossomed as a player.

In 2001 Zuma was tied for 29th place for the 2001 FIFA World Player of the Year award, for his performance in the 2000–01 season.

He helped the club win its second Danish football championship in the 2000–01 season, where Copenhagen won the Copenhagen Derby 3–1 in the last match of the season. He scored a bicycle kick that match, volleying the ball into the top corner out of Brøndby keeper Mogens Krogh's reach. This was later voted the Danish goal of the year, and was voted the best Superliga goal of the decade in December 2009.

Zuma was voted into the club's hall of fame for his outstanding efforts in the 2004–05 season. In 2006 Zuma was voted number one by the fans among the greatest profiles to have ever played in F.C. Copenhagen.

In March 2013, FCK TV visited Zuma back in his home country for an interview, where he stated, "I enjoyed every day at the club", that he is very thankful and "owes everything to the club." Later that year, Zuma's bicycle kick was voted the greatest moment in the history of F.C. Copenhagen. As a result, a monument was created to honor Zuma. Zuma himself was invited by F.C. Copenhagen and attended Parken Stadium on 18 August 2013 where the unveiling of the monument took place, which is a replica of his bicycle kick.

Arminia Bielefeld
After five and a half years at FC Copenhagen, Zuma was sold to German Bundesliga club Arminia Bielefeld for €1 million in July 2005.

Mamelodi Sundowns
On 21 June 2008, Zuma signed for Mamelodi Sundowns. He was released in the summer of 2009 and in October 2009 he had a trial period with FC Nordsjælland, eventually being signed by the club.

Nordsjælland
On 16 October 2009, he signed a one-year contract with the Danish club FC Nordsjælland. On 8 November 2009, Zuma scored his first goal for Nordsjælland in the club's 1–0 win over SønderjyskE. When Nordsjælland visited F.C. Copenhagen on 24 March 2010 in a Danish League match, Zuma played well and was substituted to a large majority of the F.C. Copenhagen supporters applauding him. A distinctly touched Zuma claimed that the home supporters were incredible.

Vasco da Gama
In 2010, Zuma joined Vasco da Gama, based in Cape Town. He played one season for the club.

SuperSport United
In 2011, Zuma joined SuperSport United, where he stayed until announcing his retirement in 2015.

International career
He has represented South Africa 67 times. He played for his country at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Zuma was the captain of South African National team at the 2006 African Cup of Nations tournament.

Sibusiso Zuma Foundation
In 2010, Zuma opened the Sibusiso Zuma Foundation which works with young kids with HIV. The foundation also works with "prevention and education about HIV/Aids" and "the prevention of HIV infection and/or the distribution of information relating to HIV/Aids".

Nickname
He is also known as "Zuma the Puma" to the Copenhagen supporters and "Puma" appears on his shirt instead of "Zuma" in the PES 2009 video game.

Incident
On 25 June 2007, it was reported that Zuma had been involved in an incident in his home country South Africa. After an altercation there were allegations that he threatened to shoot a group of men at a party in Kokstad. The local police investigated the situation, and Zuma was prevented from leaving the country for a period, but no charges were made.

Family
Zuma told in the 2002 documentary "Zuma the Puma" that his father was never very supportive of his footballing career, never believing in him, telling him he would never be good enough, never coming to his games and always working instead. When Zuma moved to the Orlando Pirates in 1998, his father told him "The good players play on the national team." Zuma's father died the day before his son played his first game for the South Africa national team.

Career statistics

 * Scores and results list South Africa's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Zuma goal.

Honours
F.C. Copenhagen
 * Danish Superliga: 2000–01, 2002–03
 * Danish Super Cup: 2001

title: Sibusiso Zuma


text:
The Trojan Women (disambiguation)

The Trojan Women is an ancient Greek tragedy written by Euripides, also translated as Women of Troy

The Trojan Women or The Women of Troy may also refer to:
 * The Trojan Women (film), a 1971 American-British-Greek drama film, based on Euripides' play
 * The Women of Troy, 2021 novel by Pat Barker
 * Women of Troy, nickname for the women's athletic teams USC Trojans, representing the University of Southern California

title: The Trojan Women (disambiguation)


text:
Tuan Le

Tuan Le (born February 15, 1978, in Paris, France) is a Vietnamese-American professional poker player.

Of Vietnamese ancestry, Le was raised in Kansas City, Missouri, in the United States, but by middle school age he was living in Los Angeles, California, where he attended John Burroughs Junior High School, on McCadden and 6th Street. He later attended Cal State-Northridge as a finance major.

Le began playing in the $20/$40 limit hold'em games at the Hustler Casino in Los Angeles, where he currently resides.

As of 2015, Le's total live tournament winnings exceed $5,600,000.

World Poker Tour
In 2004, Le won his first World Poker Tour (WPT) event, earning over $1,500,000. In 2005, he finished first at the World Poker Tour Season 3 Championship, winning just over $2,800,000. He won the WPT Battle of Champions III event, defeating Eli Elezra heads-up.

World Series of Poker bracelets
In 2014 and 2015, Le won the $10,000 Limit 2-7 Triple Draw Lowball Championship for the second year in a row. His feat was the first time in WSOP history that a player has won consecutive $10,000 championships other than the main event.

title: Tuan Le


text:
Beach Haven

Beach Haven or Beachhaven may refer to:

 * New Zealand
 * Beach Haven, New Zealand

 * United States of America
 * Beach Haven, New Jersey
 * Beach Haven, Pennsylvania
 * Beach Haven West, New Jersey
 * North Beach Haven, New Jersey

title: Beach Haven


text:
Caliente, California

Caliente (Spanish for "Hot") is an unincorporated community in Kern County, California. It is located 22 mi east-southeast of Bakersfield, at an elevation of 1312 feet.

Caliente has a population of 1,019. Telephone numbers in Caliente follow the format (661) 867-xxxx and the ZIP Code is 93518. It is located south of a small community named Walker Basin in the same telephone exchange area.

History
Established in the 1870s, Caliente was originally named Allens Camp for a cattle rancher and settler named Gabriel Allen. Later, the name Agua Caliente, coming from hot springs in the area, was proposed and may have been used. This name conflicted with the community of the same name in Sonoma County. With the railroad's arrival in 1875, the shortened name Caliente was adopted.

Caliente prospered during Southern Pacific Railroad's construction of Tehachapi Pass line. For a time, the Telegraph Stage Line and the Cerro Gordo Freighting Co. also ran through Caliente and its full-time population grew to 200. There were approximately 60 buildings, including 20 or more saloons.

The Caliente post office opened in 1875, closed in 1883, and was re-established in 1890. The Caliente General Store was remodeled in 1980 to house the post office which is still in operation today.

Bealville is a district about 1 mile to the south toward SR58 and along Caliente-Bodfish Road. It is named for Edward Fitzgerald Beale who served in the US Army, and also as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California and Nevada. He was also appointed as US Surveyor General of California. Beale established a home in this area about 1855. The location is now registered as California Historical Landmark #757

California Historical Landmark reads:
 * NO. 757 CALIENTE - Originally known as Allen's Camp after Gabriel Allen, who in the 1870s had a cabin and stock pasture near here, the settlement was named Caliente when railroad construction reached this point in April 1875. The town became a railroad terminal for about 16 months while a force of up to three thousand men, most of them Chinese, labored on the heavy railroad construction on the mountain.

Today
The sound of diesel locomotives and railroad horns are present day and night. The community is along the track of the Union Pacific Railroad, Mojave Subdivision. The track loops around the post office as it winds through the local hills. Trains climb toward the Tehachapi summit eastbound or descend toward Bakersfield if westbound.

California State Route 58 is about two driving miles south of Caliente.

title: Caliente, California


text:
Sylvia del Villard

Sylvia Del Villard (February 28, 1928 – February 28, 1990), was an actress, dancer, choreographer and Afro-Puerto Rican activist.

Early years
Del Villard was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico. As a young child, Del Villard would entertain her parents, Agustin and Marcoline Del Villard, with her dances. Her family considered her very talented and she was also a good student at school. She received her primary and secondary education in Santurce and when she graduated from high school the government of Puerto Rico awarded her with a scholarship to attend college.

Del Villard studied Sociology and Anthropology at Fisk University in Tennessee. However, Del Villard had to deal with the anti-black discrimination which was rampant in the southern regions of the United States at that time. She returned to Puerto Rico and enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico where she earned her degree.

Upon graduating, Del Villard traveled to New York City and enrolled in the City College of New York. It was during this period that she was to develop a passion and love for Africa. She joined the song and ballet group called the "Africa House". Del Villard took dance and voice lessons with Leo Braun at the Metropolitan Opera.

Acting career
Among the theater productions in which Del Villard has participated in Puerto Rico and abroad are: La Muerte (Death), La Tempestad (The Storm) and Let My People Go. She danced as a ballerina in the following American productions: Valley Without Echo, Witches of Salem, The Boyfriend, The Crucible and Kwamina. In Puerto Rico she joined the Afro-Boricua Ballet. With the ballet she participated in the following Afro-Puerto Rican productions, Palesiana y Aquelarre and Palesianisima.

In 1968, she founded the Afro-Boricua El Coqui Theater, which was recognized by the Panamerican Association of the New World Festival as the most important authority of Black Puerto Rican culture. The Theater group were given a contract which permitted them to present their act in other countries and in various universities in the United States. Del Villard's favorite poet was Luis Palés Matos. In 1969, she established a theater/school in San Juan and named it after him. However, it wasn't long before she closed the theater because of the continuous complaints she received from her neighbors. Although many, including herself, felt the complaints were politically motivated and marked the beginning of a voluntary exile that eventually brought her to Hollywood, California.

Director of the office of the Afro-Puerto Rican affairs
She moved back to New York where she founded a new theater group which she named Sininke. She made many presentations in the Museum of Natural History in that city. In 1981, she became the first and only director of the office of the Afro-Puerto Rican affairs of the Puerto Rican Institute of Culture. She was known to be an outspoken activist who fought for the equal rights of the Black Puerto Rican artist.

Later years
In 1981 in California, Del Villard was diagnosed with lung cancer and returned to the island to receive treatment for her condition. Sylvia del Villard died on February 28, 1990, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. She was buried at Villa Palmeras Cemetery in Santurce, Puerto Rico.

Legacy
In 1993, Banco Popular de Puerto Rico produced a musical with the participation of many noted artists titled Ocho Puertas: Un Especial para la historia (Eight Doors: A Historical Special), which paid tribute to Del Villard among other artists. In the East Village of New York City, there is the Sylvia Del Villard Program of the Roberto Clemente Center, a Spanish day treatment program named after her. In Chicago, there is a Sylvia Del Villard Hall at the Segundo Ruiz Belvis Cultural Center.

title: Sylvia del Villard


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Árpád Feszty

Árpád Feszty (21 December 1856 – 1 June 1914) was a Hungarian painter. He was born in the town of Ógyalla (then Hungary, now Hurbanovo, Slovakia). His ancestors were German settlers (the original family name was Rehrenbeck). He was the fifth child of Silvester Rehrenbeck (1819–1910), an affluent landowner at Ógyalla, and his wife Jozefa (Linzmayer). Silvester was ennobled by the emperor on 21 April 1887, and the family thereafter took the name Martosi Feszty (or, in German: Feszty von Martos). Feszty mostly painted scenes from Hungarian history and religion.

He studied in Munich from 1874, and later (1880–81) in Vienna. After returning home to Hungary, he was made famous by his two works entitled Golgota ("Calvary") and Bányaszerencsétlenség ("Accident in a Quarry"). He painted his well-known monumental picture, the Arrival of the Hungarians, depicting the Magyar conquest of Hungary in 896, for the 1000th anniversary of the Conquest, with the help of many others, including Jenő Barcsay, Dániel Mihalik and László Mednyánszky. It was seriously damaged during World War II (the painting, a cyclorama with a circumference of almost 120 metres and 15 metres tall, and thus some 1800 m2 in area, was cut up into 8-metre-long pieces, which were rolled up and stored in various museum warehouses). It wasn't until 1995 that it was restored and exhibited at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary.

He lived in Florence from 1899 to 1902. After returning home, he painted smaller pictures and increasingly suffered from financial difficulties.

His art combined academic and naturalist tendencies. Several of his works are in the possession of the Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest.

His brothers Adolf and Gyula Feszty were both known architects; his daughter Masa (Mária) Feszty also became a painter of mainly landscapes, portraits and religious scenes. Among others, her portrait of the Hungarian sculptor Ede Kallós is owned by the Hungarian National Gallery.

title: Árpád Feszty


text:
User:CallMeSuperman

Senior editor of Imdb.com

title: User:CallMeSuperman


text:
Juno (spacecraft)

Juno is a NASA space probe orbiting the planet Jupiter. It was built by Lockheed Martin and is operated by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The spacecraft was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on August 5, 2011 UTC, as part of the New Frontiers program. Juno entered a polar orbit of Jupiter on July 5, 2016, UTC, to begin a scientific investigation of the planet. After completing its mission, Juno was originally planned to be intentionally deorbited into Jupiter's atmosphere, but has since been approved to continue orbiting until contact is lost with the spacecraft.

Juno mission is to measure Jupiter's composition, gravitational field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. It will also search for clues about how the planet formed, including whether it has a rocky core, the amount of water present within the deep atmosphere, mass distribution, and its deep winds, which can reach speeds up to 620 km/h.

Juno is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, after the nuclear powered Galileo orbiter, which orbited from 1995 to 2003. Unlike all earlier spacecraft sent to the outer planets, Juno is powered by solar panels, commonly used by satellites orbiting Earth and working in the inner Solar System, whereas radioisotope thermoelectric generators are commonly used for missions to the outer Solar System and beyond. For Juno, however, the three largest solar panel wings ever deployed on a planetary probe (at the time of launching) play an integral role in stabilizing the spacecraft as well as generating power.

Naming
"Juno name comes from Greek and Roman mythology. The god Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief, and his wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature."

A NASA compilation of mission names and acronyms referred to the mission by the backronym Jupiter Near-polar Orbiter. However the project itself has consistently described it as a name with mythological associations and not an acronym. The spacecraft's current name is in reference to the Roman goddess Juno. Juno is sometimes called the New Frontiers 2 as the second mission in the New Frontiers program, but is not to be confused with New Horizons 2, a proposed but unselected New Frontiers mission.

Overview

Juno was selected on June 9, 2005, as the next New Frontiers mission after New Horizons. The desire for a Jupiter probe was strong in the years prior to this, but there had not been any approved missions. The Discovery Program had passed over the somewhat similar but more limited Interior Structure and Internal Dynamical Evolution of Jupiter (INSIDE Jupiter) proposal, and the turn-of-the-century era Europa Orbiter was canceled in 2002. The flagship-level Europa Jupiter System Mission was in the works in the early 2000s, but funding issues resulted in it evolving into ESA's Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer.

Juno completed a five-year cruise to Jupiter, arriving on July 5, 2016. The spacecraft traveled a total distance of roughly 2.8 e9km to reach Jupiter. The spacecraft was designed to orbit Jupiter 37 times over the course of its mission. This was originally planned to take 20 months.

Juno trajectory used a gravity assist speed boost from Earth, accomplished by an Earth flyby in October 2013, two years after its launch on August 5, 2011. The spacecraft performed an orbit insertion burn to slow it enough to allow capture. It was expected to make three 53-day orbits before performing another burn on December 11, 2016, that would bring it into a 14-day polar orbit called the Science Orbit. Because of a suspected problem in Juno main engine, the burn scheduled on December 11, 2016, was cancelled and Juno remained in its 53-day orbit until the first Ganymede encounter of its Extended Mission. This extended mission began with a flyby of Ganymede on June 7, 2021. Subsequent flybys of Europa and then Io will further decrease the orbital period to 33 days by February 2024.

During the science mission, infrared and microwave instruments will measure the thermal radiation emanating from deep within Jupiter's atmosphere. These observations will complement previous studies of its composition by assessing the abundance and distribution of water, and therefore oxygen. This data will provide insight into Jupiter's origins. Juno will also investigate the convection that drives natural circulation patterns in Jupiter's atmosphere. Other instruments aboard Juno will gather data about its gravitational field and polar magnetosphere. The Juno mission was planned to conclude in February 2018 after completing 37 orbits of Jupiter, but now has been commissioned through 2025 to do a further 42 additional orbits of Jupiter as well as close flybys of Ganymede, Europa and Io. The probe was then intended to be deorbited and burnt up in Jupiter's outer atmosphere to avoid any possibility of impact and biological contamination of one of its moons.

Launch
Juno was launched atop an Atlas V (551 configuration) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), Florida on August 5, 2011, 16:25:00 UTC. The Atlas V (AV-029) used a Russian-built RD-180 main engine, powered by kerosene and liquid oxygen. The main engine ignited and underwent checkout then, 3.8 seconds later, the five strap-on solid rocket boosters (SRBs) ignited. Following the SRB burnout, about 93 seconds into the flight, two of the spent boosters fell away from the vehicle, followed 1.5 seconds later by the remaining three. When heating levels had dropped below predetermined limits, the payload fairing that protected Juno during launch and transit through the thickest part of the atmosphere separated, about 3 minutes 24 seconds into the flight. The Atlas V main engine cut off 4 minutes 26 seconds after liftoff. Sixteen seconds later, the Centaur second stage ignited, and it burned for about 6 minutes, putting the satellite into an initial parking orbit. The vehicle coasted for about 30 minutes, and then the Centaur was reignited for a second firing of 9 minutes, placing the spacecraft on an Earth escape trajectory in a heliocentric orbit.

Prior to separation, the Centaur stage used onboard reaction engines to spin Juno up to 1.4 r.p.m. About 54 minutes after launch, the spacecraft separated from the Centaur and began to extend its solar panels. Following the full deployment and locking of the solar panels, Juno batteries began to recharge. Deployment of the solar panels reduced Juno spin rate by two-thirds. The probe is spun to ensure stability during the voyage and so that all instruments on the probe are able to observe Jupiter.

The voyage to Jupiter took five years, and included two orbital maneuvers in August and September 2012 and a flyby of the Earth on October 9, 2013. When it reached the Jovian system, Juno had traveled approximately 19 au.

Flyby of the Earth
After traveling for about a year in an elliptical heliocentric orbit, Juno fired its engine twice in 2012 near aphelion (beyond the orbit of Mars) to change its orbit and return to pass by the Earth at a distance of 559 kilometers in October 2013. It used Earth's gravity to help slingshot itself toward the Jovian system in a maneuver called a gravity assist. The spacecraft received a boost in speed of more than 3.9 km/s, and it was set on a course to Jupiter. The flyby was also used as a rehearsal for the Juno science team to test some instruments and practice certain procedures before the arrival at Jupiter.

Insertion into Jovian orbit
Jupiter's gravity accelerated the approaching spacecraft to around 210000 km/h. On July 5, 2016, between 03:18 and 03:53 UTC Earth-received time, an insertion burn lasting 2,102 seconds decelerated Juno by 542 m/s and changed its trajectory from a hyperbolic flyby to an elliptical, polar orbit with a period of about 53.5 days. The spacecraft successfully entered Jovian orbit on July 5, 2016, at 03:53 UTC.

Orbit and environment
Juno highly elliptical initial polar orbit takes it within 4200 km of the planet and out to 8.1 e6km, far beyond Callisto's orbit. An eccentricity-reducing burn, called the Period Reduction Maneuver, was planned that would drop the probe into a much shorter 14 day science orbit. Originally, Juno was expected to complete 37 orbits over 20 months before the end of its mission. Due to problems with helium valves that are important during main engine burns, mission managers announced on February 17, 2017, that Juno would remain in its original 53-day orbit, since the chance of an engine misfire putting the spacecraft into a bad orbit was too high. Juno completed only 12 science orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending July 2018. In June 2018, NASA extended the mission through July 2021, as described below.

The orbits were carefully planned in order to minimize contact with Jupiter's dense radiation belts, which can damage spacecraft electronics and solar panels, by exploiting a gap in the radiation envelope near the planet, passing through a region of minimal radiation. The "Juno Radiation Vault", with 1-centimeter-thick titanium walls (three times as thick as the Galileo spacecraft body's), also aids in protecting Juno electronics by reducing the incoming radiation by a factor of 800. Despite the intense radiation, JunoCam and the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) are expected to endure at least eight orbits, while the Microwave Radiometer (MWR) should endure at least eleven orbits. Although the flux of electrons close to Jupiter is about ten times as high as it is around Jupiter's moon Europa, Juno will still receive a lower total dose of radiation in its polar orbit (20 mrad through end of mission) than the Galileo orbiter received in its equatorial orbit. Galileo subsystems were damaged by radiation during its mission, including an LED in its data recording system.

Orbital operations

The spacecraft completed its first flyby of Jupiter (perijove 1) on August 26, 2016, and captured the first images of the planet's north pole.

On October 14, 2016, days prior to perijove 2 and the planned Period Reduction Maneuver, telemetry showed that some of Juno helium valves were not opening properly. On October 18, 2016, some 13 hours before its second close approach to Jupiter, Juno entered into safe mode, an operational mode engaged when its onboard computer encounters unexpected conditions. The spacecraft powered down all non-critical systems and reoriented itself to face the Sun to gather the most power. Due to this, no science operations were conducted during perijove 2.

On December 11, 2016, the spacecraft completed perijove 3, with all but one instrument operating and returning data. One instrument, JIRAM, was off pending a flight software update. Perijove 4 occurred on February 2, 2017, with all instruments operating. Perijove 5 occurred on March 27, 2017. Perijove 6 took place on May 19, 2017.

Although the mission's lifetime is inherently limited by radiation exposure, almost all of this dose was planned to be acquired during the perijoves. , the 53.4 day orbit was planned to be maintained through July 2018 for a total of twelve science-gathering perijoves. At the end of this prime mission, the project was planned to go through a science review process by NASA's Planetary Science Division to determine if it will receive funding for an extended mission.

In June 2018, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021.

In January 2021, NASA extended the mission operations to September 2025. In this phase Juno began to examine Jupiter's inner moons, Ganymede, Europa and Io. A flyby of Ganymede occurred on June 7, 2021, 17:35 UTC, coming within 1038 km, the closest any spacecraft has come to the moon since Galileo in 2000. A flyby of Europa took place on September 29, 2022, at a distance of 352 km. Juno performed two flybys of Io on December 30, 2023, and February 3, 2024, gathering observational data on volcanic activity. From April 2024, Juno will begin a series of experiments to learn more about Jupiter's interior shape and structure.

Planned deorbit and disintegration
NASA originally planned to deorbit the spacecraft into the atmosphere of Jupiter after completing 32 orbits of Jupiter, but has since extended the mission to September 2025. The controlled deorbit is intended to eliminate space debris and risks of contamination in accordance with NASA's planetary protection guidelines.

Team
Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas is the principal investigator and is responsible for all aspects of the mission. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California manages the mission and the Lockheed Martin Corporation was responsible for the spacecraft development and construction. The mission is being carried out with the participation of several institutional partners. Coinvestigators include Toby Owen of the University of Hawaii, Andrew Ingersoll of California Institute of Technology, Frances Bagenal of the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Candy Hansen of the Planetary Science Institute. Jack Connerney of the Goddard Space Flight Center served as instrument lead.

Cost
Juno was originally proposed at a cost of approximately US$700 million (fiscal year 2003) for a launch in June 2009 (equivalent to US$ million in ). NASA budgetary restrictions resulted in postponement until August 2011, and a launch on board an Atlas V rocket in the 551 configuration. the mission was projected to cost US$1.46 billion for operations and data analysis through 2022.

Scientific objectives

The Juno spacecraft's suite of science instruments will:
 * Determine the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen, effectively measuring the abundance of water in Jupiter, which will help distinguish among prevailing theories linking Jupiter's formation to the Solar System.
 * Obtain a better estimate of Jupiter's core mass, which will also help distinguish among prevailing theories linking Jupiter's formation to the Solar System.
 * Precisely map Jupiter's gravitational field to assess the distribution of mass in Jupiter's interior, including properties of its structure and dynamics.
 * Precisely map Jupiter's magnetic field to assess the origin and structure of the field, and the depth at which the planet's magnetic field is created. This experiment will also help scientists understand the fundamental physics of dynamo theory.
 * Map the variation in atmospheric composition, temperature, structure, cloud opacity and dynamics to pressures far greater than 100 bar at all latitudes.
 * Characterize and explore the three-dimensional structure of Jupiter's polar magnetosphere and auroras.
 * Measure the orbital frame-dragging, known also as Lense–Thirring precession caused by the angular momentum of Jupiter, and possibly a new test of general relativity effects connected with the Jovian rotation.

Scientific instruments
The Juno mission's scientific objectives are being achieved with a payload of nine instruments on board the spacecraft:

Microwave radiometer (MWR)
The microwave radiometer comprises six antennas mounted on two of the sides of the body of the probe. They will perform measurements of electromagnetic waves on frequencies in the microwave range: 600 MHz, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6 and 22 GHz, the only microwave frequencies which are able to pass through the thick Jovian atmosphere. The radiometer will measure the abundance of water and ammonia in the deep layers of the atmosphere up to 200 bar pressure or 500 - 600 km deep. The combination of different wavelengths and the emission angle should make it possible to obtain a temperature profile at various levels of the atmosphere. The data collected will determine how deep the atmospheric circulation is. The MWR is designed to function through orbit 11 of Jupiter. (Principal investigator: Mike Janssen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM)
The spectrometer mapper JIRAM, operating in the near infrared (between 2 and 5 μm), conducts surveys in the upper layers of the atmosphere to a depth of between 50 and 70 km where the pressure reaches 5 to 7 bar. JIRAM will provide images of the aurora in the wavelength of 3.4 μm in regions with abundant H3+ ions. By measuring the heat radiated by the atmosphere of Jupiter, JIRAM can determine how clouds with water are flowing beneath the surface. It can also detect methane, water vapor, ammonia and phosphine. It was not required that this device meets the radiation resistance requirements. The JIRAM instrument is expected to operate through the eighth orbit of Jupiter. (Principal investigator: Alberto Adriani, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics)

JIRAM's spin-compensation mirror is stuck since PJ44, but the instrument is operational.

Magnetometer (MAG)
The magnetic field investigation has three goals: mapping of the magnetic field, determining the dynamics of Jupiter's interior, and determination of the three-dimensional structure of the polar magnetosphere. The magnetometer experiment consists of the Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM), which will observe the strength and direction of the magnetic field lines, and the Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC), which will monitor the orientation of the magnetometer sensors. (Principal investigator: Jack Connerney, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center)

Gravity Science (GS)
The purpose of measuring gravity by radio waves is to establish a map of the distribution of mass inside Jupiter. The uneven distribution of mass in Jupiter induces small variations in gravity all along the orbit followed by the probe when it runs closer to the surface of the planet. These gravity variations drive small probe velocity changes. The purpose of radio science is to detect the Doppler effect on radio broadcasts issued by Juno toward Earth in Ka-band and X-band, which are frequency ranges that can conduct the study with fewer disruptions related to the solar wind or Jupiter's ionosphere. (Principal investigator: John Anderson, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Principal investigator (Juno's Ka-band Translator): Luciano Iess, Sapienza University of Rome)

Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE)
The energetic particle detector JADE will measure the angular distribution, energy, and the velocity vector of ions and electrons at low energy (ions between 13 eV and 20 KeV, electrons of 200 eV to 40 KeV) present in the aurora of Jupiter. On JADE, like JEDI, the electron analyzers are installed on three sides of the upper plate which allows a measure of frequency three times higher. (Principal investigator: David McComas, Southwest Research Institute)

Jovian Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI)
The energetic particle detector JEDI will measure the angular distribution and the velocity vector of ions and electrons at high energy (ions between 20 keV and 1 MeV, electrons from 40 to 500 keV) present in the polar magnetosphere of Jupiter. JEDI has three identical sensors dedicated to the study of particular ions of hydrogen, helium, oxygen and sulfur. (Principal investigator: Barry Mauk, Applied Physics Laboratory)

Radio and Plasma Wave Sensor (Waves)
This instrument will identify the regions of auroral currents that define Jovian radio emissions and acceleration of the auroral particles by measuring the radio and plasma spectra in the auroral region. It will also observe the interactions between Jupiter's atmosphere and magnetosphere. The instrument consists of two antennae that detect radio and plasma waves. (Principal investigator: William Kurth, University of Iowa)

Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS)
UVS will record the wavelength, position and arrival time of detected ultraviolet photons during the time when the spectrograph slit views Jupiter during each turn of the spacecraft. The instrument will provide spectral images of the UV auroral emissions in the polar magnetosphere. (Principal investigator: G. Randall Gladstone, Southwest Research Institute)

JunoCam (JCM)
A visible light camera/telescope, included in the payload to facilitate education and public outreach; later re-purposed to study the dynamics of Jupiter's clouds, particularly those at the poles. It was anticipated that it would operate through only eight orbits of Jupiter ending in September 2017 due to the planet's damaging radiation and magnetic field, but as of October 2023 (55 orbits), JunoCam remains operational. (Principal investigator: Michael C. Malin, Malin Space Science Systems)

Solar panels

Juno is the first mission to Jupiter to use solar panels instead of the radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) used by Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, the Voyager program, Ulysses, Cassini–Huygens, New Horizons, and the Galileo orbiter. It is also the farthest solar-powered trip in the history of space exploration. Once in orbit around Jupiter, Juno receives only 4% as much sunlight as it would on Earth, but the global shortage of plutonium-238 at the time,   as well as advances made in solar cell technology over the past several decades, makes it economically preferable to use solar panels of practical size to provide power at a distance of 5 a.u. from the Sun.

The Juno spacecraft uses three solar panels symmetrically arranged around the spacecraft. Shortly after it cleared Earth's atmosphere, the panels were deployed. Two of the panels have four hinged segments each, and the third panel has three segments and a magnetometer. Each panel is 2.7 by long providing 50 sqm of active cells – the largest on any NASA deep-space probe at the time of launching.

The combined mass of the three panels is nearly 340 kg. If the panels were optimized to operate at Earth, they would produce 12 to 14 kilowatts of power. Only about 486 watts were generated when Juno arrived at Jupiter, projected to decline to near 420 watts as radiation degrades the cells. The solar panels will remain in sunlight continuously from launch through the end of the mission, except for short periods during the operation of the main engine and eclipses by Jupiter. A central power distribution and drive unit monitors the power that is generated by the solar panels and distributes it to instruments, heaters, and experiment sensors, as well as to batteries that are charged when excess power is available. Two 55 Ah lithium-ion batteries that are able to withstand the radiation environment of Jupiter provide power when Juno passes through eclipse.

Telecommunications

Juno uses in-band signaling ("tones") for several critical operations as well as status reporting during cruise mode, but it is expected to be used infrequently. Communications are via the 34 m and 70 m antennas of the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) utilizing an X-band direct link. The command and data processing of the Juno spacecraft includes a flight computer capable of providing about 50 Mbit/s of instrument throughput. Gravity science subsystems use the X-band and Ka-band Doppler tracking and autoranging.

Due to telecommunications constraints, Juno will only be able to return about 40 megabytes of JunoCam data during each 11-day orbital period, limiting the number of images that are captured and transmitted during each orbit to somewhere between 10 and 100 depending on the compression level used. The overall amount of data downlinked on each orbit is significantly higher and used for the mission's scientific instruments; JunoCam is intended for public outreach and is thus secondary to the science data. This is comparable to the previous Galileo mission that orbited Jupiter, which captured thousands of images despite its slow data rate of 1000 bit/s (at maximum compression level) due to the failure of its high gain antenna.

The communication system is also used as part of the Gravity Science experiment.

Propulsion
Juno uses a LEROS 1b main engine with hypergolic propellant, manufactured by Moog Inc in Westcott, Buckinghamshire, England. It uses approx. 2000 kg of hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide for propulsion, including 1232 kg available for the Jupiter Orbit Insertion plus subsequent orbital maneuvers. The engine provides a thrust of 645 newtons. The engine bell is enclosed in a debris shield fixed to the spacecraft body, and is used for major burns. For control of the vehicle's orientation (attitude control) and to perform trajectory correction maneuvers, Juno utilizes a monopropellant reaction control system (RCS) consisting of twelve small thrusters that are mounted on four engine modules.

Galileo plaque and minifigures
Juno carries a plaque to Jupiter, dedicated to Galileo Galilei. The plaque was provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and measures 7.1 by. It is made of flight-grade aluminum and weighs 6 g. The plaque depicts a portrait of Galileo and a text in Galileo's own handwriting, penned in January 1610, while observing what would later be known to be the Galilean moons. The text translates as:

"On the 11th it was in this formation – and the star closest to Jupiter was half the size than the other and very close to the other so that during the previous nights all of the three observed stars looked of the same dimension and among them equally afar; so that it is evident that around Jupiter there are three moving stars invisible till this time to everyone."

The spacecraft also carries three Lego minifigures representing Galileo Galilei, the Roman god Jupiter, and his sister and wife, the goddess Juno. In Roman mythology, Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his mischief. Juno was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's true nature. The Juno minifigure holds a magnifying glass as a sign of searching for the truth, and Jupiter holds a lightning bolt. The third Lego crew member, Galileo Galilei, has his telescope with him on the journey. The figurines were produced in partnership between NASA and Lego as part of an outreach program to inspire children's interest in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Although most Lego toys are made of plastic, Lego specially made these minifigures of aluminum to endure the extreme conditions of space flight.

Scientific results
Among early results, Juno gathered information about Jovian lightning that revised earlier theories. Juno provided the first views of Jupiter's north pole, as well as providing insight about Jupiter's aurorae, magnetic field, and atmosphere.

In 2021, analysis of the frequency of interplanetary dust impacts (primarily on the backs of the solar panels), as Juno passed between Earth and the asteroid belt, indicated that this dust, which causes the Zodiacal light, comes from Mars, rather than from comets or asteroids that come from the outer solar system, as was previously thought.

Juno made many discoveries that are challenging existing theories about Jupiter's formation. When Juno flew over the poles of Jupiter it imaged clusters of stable cyclones that exist at the poles. It found that the magnetosphere of Jupiter is uneven and chaotic. Using its Microwave Radiometer, Juno found that the red and white bands that can be seen on Jupiter extend hundreds of kilometers into the Jovian atmosphere, yet the interior of Jupiter is not evenly mixed. This has resulted in the theory that Jupiter does not have a solid core as previously thought, but a "fuzzy" core made of pieces of rock and metallic hydrogen. This peculiar core may be a result of a collision that happened early on in Jupiter's formation.

In April 2020, Juno detected a meteor impact on Jupiter, with estimated mass of 250-5000 kg.

Results from Juno on storms suggests that they are far taller than expected, with some extending 60 miles (100 kilometers) below the cloud tops and others, including the Great Red Spot, extending over 200 miles (350 kilometers). With Juno traveling low over Jupiter's cloud deck at about 130,000 mph (209,000 kph) Juno scientists were able to measure velocity changes as small 0.01 millimeter per second using a NASA's Deep Space Network tracking antenna, from a distance of more than 400 million miles (650 million kilometers). This enabled the team to constrain the depth of the Great Red Spot to about 300 miles (500 kilometers) below the cloud tops. The new results show that the cyclones are warmer on top, with lower atmospheric densities, while they are colder at the bottom, with higher densities. Anticyclones, which rotate in the opposite direction, are colder at the top but warmer at the bottom.

title: Juno (spacecraft)


text:
Talk:Sydney Bristow

Photographic Memory?
I don't think it is ever mentioned that she has a photographic memore, that's only mentioned about Marshall. I'm removing that from the page.

Luke 19:21, 9 February 2006 (UTC) She definately does. Sloane said that he picked alot of the missions she did for her beacause of her ability to notice small details
 * That doesn't mean she has a photographic memory, that would be original research. And, yes, I realize this conversation is nearly 4 years old...— DMCer ™  21:21, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

Krav maga?
Has it actually been established in any episode that the martial art used by Sydney is Krav maga? I don't remember ever hearing it referred to as such. 23skidoo 18:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps not in an episode, but her official bio on ABC.com says yes. Excerpt: "Training/Special Skills: Krav Maga, track and field, Pilates, Linguistics, Theatre Arts, and electromagnetic lock picking." It's also a technique used by the CIA for close combat, so I'd say she does even without seeing the bio. K1Bond007 18:29, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

They do mention it once in the earlier seasons. I think they throw in other styles as well. She did most of the fighting scenes in the show.

"krav maga" means "Close combat" in Hebrew. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.68.226.15 (talk) 13:58, 22 October 2007 (UTC) in a later episode will tippen comes back from witness protection and after a fight scene says he has been taking krav maga**** —Preceding unsigned comment added by Laurensydney (talk • contribs) 20:17, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Origin of middle name?
Hey, I just noticed that, according the the pages here, Sydney shares a middle name with the actress who plays her, Jennifer Anne Garner. Does anyone know if this was intentional? Is this the sort of information that would even be worthy of mentioning (maybe in a trivia section)? SidShakal 16:01, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Trivia sections are best avoided. Personally I don't think it's worth mentioning at all but it's definitely not worth establishing or adding to a trivia section for. Otto4711 17:34, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

This article gets off-track
For an article that is supposed to be about Sydney's character, it goes into more depth about things that aren't specifically sydney-related, such as details about Lauren Reed. While the content is good, should the article really be stating all this under Sydney's bio article? I really think the divergent content ought to be moved to some other article 70.176.230.110 04:00, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sydney Bristow


text:
Structure of the Hellenic Army

General Staff

 * Hellenic Army General Staff Γενικό Επιτελείο Στρατού (ΓΕΣ)
 * Chief-of-Staff of the Army Αρχηγός ΓΕΣ
 * Inspector General of the Army Γενικός Επιθεωρητής Στρατού / Διοικητής ΔΙΔΟΕΕ
 * 1st Deputy Chief-of-Staff of the Army A' Υπαρχηγός ΓΕΣ
 * 2nd Deputy Chief-of-Staff of the Army Β' Υπαρχηγός ΓΕΣ

Branches of the Army

 * Combat and Combat Support branches are called Arms (Όπλον).
 * Service Support and Logistic Support branches are called Corps (Σώμα).
 * The Logistic Support branches do not have units.

Combat Arms (Όπλα Μάχης)

 * Infantry Arm (includes Special Forces) Όπλον Πεζικού (ΠΖ) Ειδικές Δυνάμεις (ΕΔ) - Special Forces including commandos, paratroopers and marines.
 * Armor - Cavalry Arm Όπλον Ιππικού-Τεθωρακισμένων (ΤΘ)
 * Artillery Arm Όπλον Πυροβολικού (ΠΒ)

Combat Support Arms (Όπλα υποστήριξης μάχης)

 * Αrmy Aviation Arm Όπλον Αεροπορίας Στρατού (ΑΣ)
 * Engineers Arm Όπλον Μηχανικού (ΜΧ)
 * Signals Arm Όπλον Διαβιβάσεων (ΔΒ)

Service Support Corps (Σώματα Υποστήριξης Μάχης)

 * Technical Corps Σώμα Τεχνικού (ΤΧ)
 * Supply and Transportation Corps Σώμα Εφοδιασμού Μεταφορών (ΕΜ)
 * Ordnance Corps Σώμα Υλικού Πολέμου (ΥΠ)
 * Medical Corps Σώμα Υγειονομικού (ΥΓ)
 * Research and Informatics Corps Σώμα Έρευνας Πληροφορικής (ΕΠ)

Logistic Corps (Σώματα Διοικητικής Μέριμνας)

 * Finance Corps Σώμα Οικονομικού (Ο)
 * Audit Corps Σώμα Ελεγκτικού (Ε)
 * Post Office Corps Σώμα Ταχυδρομικού (ΤΔ)
 * Quartermaster Corps Σώμα Φροντιστών
 * Medical Logistic and Administrative personnel Corps Σώμα Διαχειριστών Διοικητικών Υγειονομικού
 * Music Corps Μουσικό Σώμα
 * Arms Master Technicians Corps Σώμα Αρχιτεχνικών Οπλων
 * Corps Master Technicians Corps Σώμα Αρχιτεχνικών Σωμάτων
 * Geography Corps Γεωγραφικό Σώμα
 * Military Secretaries and Translators Corps Σώμα Στρατιωτικών Γραμματέων - Διερμηνέων

title: Structure of the Hellenic Army


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lyssa Woolverton

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. – ugen64 01:41, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Lyssa Woolverton
Delete - vanity of a non notable A curate's egg 18:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Please use the steps mentioned in How to list pages for deletion. We didn't get a link back to the page the way you added it, so we couldn't easily go and check the entry. I'm fixing this one. drini ☎ 21:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wasn't me - I'd just marked it "cleanup" as someone else at the same time added the vfd - I just entered a comment first! A curate's egg 13:11, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete drini ☎ 21:31, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete - The GWL is a fictitious organization, and there is no known documentation on Lyssa Woolverton, indicating that she does not exist. This is garbage. Otto Moll 5:05, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity/hoax. --Etacar11 01:08, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
User:Tom Webb

 Tom Webb (Status: Active) (contributions), talk) NOTE - Do NOT edit this page. Please send all comments to talk This userpage template is not to be copied thanks. All credit for this user page design attributed to Matt von Furrie. Used with his permission, thanks Matt for the help.  ....

If you are interested in helping Wikipedia:

title: User:Tom Webb


text:
Carib Brewery

The Carib Brewery Limited is headquartered in Trinidad and Tobago. It produces Carib and Stag beers and a range of shandy products. The main brewery is located in Champs Fleurs, Trinidad, while Carib also has breweries in Saint Kitts and Nevis and Grenada, as well as a United States affiliate brewery in Cape Canaveral, Florida.

The brewery is owned by the ANSA McAL Group of Companies.

History
In order to reduce Trinidad's dependency on the cultivation of sugar and oil, in 1947 the Caribbean Development Company Limited (CDC) was founded. In September 1950 the first Trinidadian beer, Carib lager, was brought to market. The brand is still available, is being sold throughout large parts of the Caribbean and is market leader in Trinidad. In 1955 CDC was split into Carib Brewery Ltd. (starting with seven employees) and Carib Glassworks Ltd. Through acquisitions Carib attained a monopoly on beer production in Trinidad in 1957.

In the 1970s Carib expanded and raised its production to 250,000 hectolitres per year. 1973 the company launched its first non-alcoholic beverage, Malta Carib, a malt beer. In 1985 this was followed up with Shandy Carib, the company's first shandy. In 1987 the equipment was modernised by renowned German manufacturer Steinecker Maschinenfabrik so that the output mark of 1.000.000 hectolitres was surpassed. In the subsequent time the company's beverage business was internationalised. On the one hand distribution and licence contracts with foreign producers such as Diageo or InBev were concluded, on the other hand Carib started to export its own brands. Production sites outside Trinidad were founded: Carib Brewery St. Kitts and Nevis exists since 1997, Carib Brewery Grenada since 2002. In 2015 another shandy was launched, Carib Radler.

In 2016 ANSA McAL bought American brewery Florida Beer Company located in Cape Canaveral. At first Florida Beer was continued as an individual brand, but in June 2021 it was discontinued. Since then the Carib Brewery brands and a craft beer called Hurricane Reef are being brewed in the Cape Canaveral facilities.

Beers

 * Carib, a lager beer with 5.2% abv. Silver medal in the "low-alcohol lager" category at the World Beer Cup 2000.
 * Carib Pilsner Light, a pilsner with 4% abv.
 * Guinness Foreign Extra Stout, a strong beer with 7% abv, bottling agreement with Diageo.
 * Heineken, a lager beer with 5% abv, bottling agreement with Heineken.
 * Heineken 0.0, a non-alcoholic beer, bottling agreement with Heineken.
 * Heineken Light, a light beer with 3.3% abv, bottling agreement with Heineken.
 * Hurricane Reef, an IPA with 6.5% abv, brewed by Carib USA.
 * Mackeson Triple Stout, a sweet stout with 4.9% abv, bottling agreement with InBev.
 * Malta Carib, a malt beer.
 * Pola Beer, a lager beer with 5% abv.
 * Royal Extra Stout, a strong beer with 6.6% abv with added caramel.
 * Shandy Carib, a shandy in four flavours (lime, ginger, tangerine and sorrel).
 * Smalta, a malt beer.
 * Stag, a lager beer with 5.5% abv. Gold medal in the "low-alcohol lager" category at the World Beer Cup 2000.

Other beverages

 * Caribe, a cider with flavours "Original", pineapple and "Rosé".
 * Ginseng Up, a soda with ginseng extractives and fruit flavour. Flavours: "Original", lemon/lime, Kola Champagne, apple, grape and cranberry.
 * Rockstone Tonic Wine, a tonic wine.
 * Smirnoff Ice, a vodka-based mixed drink, bottling agreement with Diageo.

Former products

 * Carib Radler, a radler with 2% abv, that is occasionally produced seasonally.

title: Carib Brewery


text:
Calpine, California

Calpine is a census-designated place in Sierra County, California, United States. Calpine sits at an elevation of 5689 ft. The 2010 United States census reported Calpine's population was 205.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), 99.69% of it land and 0.31% of it water.

History
The town was founded to support the Davies-Johnson Lumber Mill around 1919. From 1921 until 1940, a branch of the Western Pacific Railroad served the town and the mill, working out of Portola, California. The timber stocks were gone by 1939 and the mill closed soon after.

The name could be an abbreviation of the surname McAlpine.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Calpine had a population of 205. The population density was 287.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Calpine was 184 (89.8%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 0 (0.0%) Native American, 0 (0.0%) Asian, 1 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 10 (4.9%) from other races, and 10 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26 persons (12.7%).

The Census reported that 205 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 96 households, out of which 17 (17.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 44 (45.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 8 (8.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 3 (3.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 10 (10.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (2.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 34 households (35.4%) were made up of individuals, and 12 (12.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14. There were 55 families (57.3% of all households); the average family size was 2.73.

The population was spread out, with 37 people (18.0%) under the age of 18, 10 people (4.9%) aged 18 to 24, 37 people (18.0%) aged 25 to 44, 92 people (44.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 29 people (14.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.

There were 158 housing units at an average density of 221.9 /sqmi, of which 74 (77.1%) were owner-occupied, and 22 (22.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 15.4%. 161 people (78.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 44 people (21.5%) lived in rental housing units.

Politics
In the state legislature, Calpine is in, and.

Federally, Calpine is in.

title: Calpine, California


text:
Talk:House of Ibelin

Maria Comnenas ancestry
Really, Maria Comnena was the only really ROYAL common ancestor of Ibelins. In the first generations, there really was no other wife who would have been from clear royalty. All others were noblewomen of more or less mediocre ancestry. And, later wives were then not COMMON ancestors of all Ibelins, but ancestors of only a few members of the big family. Already because of this fact, I will not bother to mention them. Besides, are there any highly royal anyway?

Speaking of Maria Comnena's ancestry, she (according to genealogical and historical research) really had extraordinary some ancestors: from old Bagratides, through clear descent, and not such guessed as with some other branches. Therefore, I do not like that someone is trying to suppress that info. "related" is not enough - as she was clearly descended. Carried the blood.

Georgia is true.

Armenia is wrongly understood by editor X. It was the proper Armenia, ancestors even from Hellenistic era. Please do not confuse with that semi-crusading principality in Cilicia. It is not the same.

Bulgaria: any good genealogist knows that Comnenos family had an ancestress who descended from certain Bulgarian tsars of 10th century.

The Bagrations of Armenia proper, Maria's ancestors, according to contemporary Armenian sources really were descended from Persian and Parthian monarchs of Hellenistic & late Roman era (including Seleucides and Achaimenides). I suggest you to check relevant books, such as Charles Settipani, Nos ancetres de l'Antiquité, 1991. 62.78.126.61 18:26, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Wouldn't it be more appropriate to put this on the page about the Comneni, rather than the Ibelins? The fact that Maria is descended from the Bulgarian tsars, etc. is almost completely irrelevant to an article about the Ibelins (although the fact that she was Byzantine royalty is relevant). Choess 18:41, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe it was a most important thing to poor Ibelins, as they did not have any other royal blood, coming from mediocre knights of obscure origin. Middle Ages, the highest descent was extremely important for nobility. They were social climbers. And they, living in Cyprus (earlier Palestine) were close to earlier realms of Seleucides, Persia, Achaimenides, Arsacides, and Armenia. Geographically even closer than Comneni in constantinople. 62.78.105.154 21:10, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, Armenia was closer, but the Bagratid monarchy had collapsed for some time. Bulgaria and Georgia, I daresay, were further from the traditional Ibelin seats of power. (And I'm a bit skeptical about Bagratid claims of descent; the Rupenides traditionally claimed Bagratid descent, too, but Ruedt-Collenberg, who thoroughly studied Armenian genealogy, felt the original ancestor had been a retainer of King Gagik, which was inflated into a blood relationship later on.) And remember that the Byzantine Emperor made most of the leaders of the First Crusade swear fealty too him, continued to take military action in the Crusader States through the fall of Edessa, periodically reassert suzerainity over Cilician Armenia, and so forth. Her Byzantine ties would have mattered to the d'Ibelin, not any descent from vanished Eastern states (which would have been shared with her kin, the Byzantine Emperors, anyway). Choess 22:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Latter Ibelins
Any idea what became of the family after the settled in Cyprus? Are there any people now living who can claim them as ancestors? Fergananim

 * Well, as 62.78 added, "practically all Catholic royalty in recent centuries" have an Ibelin in their family somewhere. Adam Bishop 04:04, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There was a longtime branch of Lusignans in the island, but they (or documentation of further generations) vanished around the Turkish era. Similar things probably happened to other noble families, such as Ibelins. 217.140.193.123 22:45, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The royalty is descended from one nexus, I believe. Anne of Lusignan, duchess consort of Savoy. Other descents are hazy or unknown or non-existent.

When I polished the tree above, I actually took some care to point out through which links European royalty today descends from Ibelins.

Not a bad achievement, the founder of the family was apparently quite a simple knight who received some personal success due to capability loyalty etc. Within two generations, there was royalty descending from him. Unusually rapid elevation.

She was ancestress of enough people, so rather soon (within a coule of centuries) all Catholic royalty descended from her. Such things happen: with a stochastic certainty someone is ancestor of everyone or of no one. Cf Most Recent Common Ancestor. In a smaller subgroup, such as Catholic Royalty, it happens relatively very soon. If you are interested in names, well that's actually trivia as we can mention almost anyone within the basic criteria, but how about:
 * the current Prime Minister of Bulgaria. Certainly descends from Ibelins. Whereas I am not at all sure of Prime Ministers of Cyprus and Israel.
 * Elizabeth II
 * Juan Carlos I 217.140.193.123 22:45, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Family tree
I think the family tree is screwed up (probably by me). Some people are in the wrong generation? It would probably also help to add dates. Adam Bishop (talk) 14:42, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Ok, I think I fixed it now. Adam Bishop (talk) 09:31, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Focus?
The scope of this article is a bit unclear: the lead sentence says that Ibelin “was a castle in the Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem”, while the hatnote states, (and the content reflects) that the article is “about a former crusader family”. It needs to be one or the other, so I have re-written the introduction (the co-ordinates are wrong, anyway), and the first section, to resolve the matter. We could do with an article on the castle anyway, so I've taken that stuff out, and focused this on the noble house. I trust everyone is OK with that. Moonraker12 (talk) 18:52, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

Move
Following the slight re-write (above), I've also moved the page from Ibelin to House of Ibelin; it fits the content better, and "Ibelin" should be a disambiguation page now. I trust everyone is OK with this, too. Moonraker12 (talk) 19:33, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

Family tree, again
There's a lot of work gone into this, but it is a little confusing as it stands (IMHO). Though I'm not sure what would be the remedy. It might be better with the vertical lines marking the generations; there are examples at Koechlin family and at Baldwin family (the second would be easier to install). Or listing the children of each marriage against the couple's name, to make them easier to find. Or standardizing the family names (eg. Hugh I is also Hugh of Lusignan, Isabella of Antioch is also Isabella of Lusignan) it might make it clearer which family they belong to. The main problem, I think, is that there are so many of them: Maybe it would be worth breaking it up into “Family trees”: “Descendants of Barisan”, “...of Baldwin”, “..of Balian” for example. If there are no objections I will have a go at this in a short while. Moonraker12 (talk) 23:12, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I've finally gotten round to doing something about this (As short whiles go, this is pretty bad!) There may be a better remedy, but hopefully this will do for now. Moonraker12 (talk) 22:38, 25 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:House of Ibelin


text:
Raymond Brown

Ray or Raymond Brown may refer to:

Music

 * Ray Brown (musician) (1926–2002), American jazz double bassist
 * Raymond Harry Brown (born 1946), American jazz trumpeter with Stan Kenton big band
 * Ray Brown Jr. (born 1949), American jazz and blues pianist and singer
 * Raymond Lee Brown, American trumpeter, Earth, Wind, & Fire
 * Ray Brown & the Whispers, 1960s Australian rock band with a singer Ray Brown
 * Raymond Brown, former bassist of American band This Will Destroy You

American football

 * Ray Brown (American football, born 1936) (1936–2017), American defensive back and quarterback
 * Ray Brown (offensive lineman) (born 1962), American football player and coach
 * Ray Brown (safety) (1949–2023), American football player

Other sports

 * Ray Brown (National League pitcher) (1889–1955), baseball pitcher for Chicago Cubs in 1909
 * Ray Brown (Negro leagues pitcher) (1908–1965), Negro league baseball pitcher
 * Ray Brown (cricketer) (born 1950), Australian cricketer
 * Ray Brown (footballer) (1928–2005), English footballer
 * Ray Brown (rugby league) (born 1957), Australian rugby footballer for Western Suburbs, Manly, New South Wales
 * Ray Brown (runner) (born 1961), American middle-distance runner
 * Ray Brown (wrestler) (born 1943), Australian Olympic wrestler
 * Ray Brown (racing driver) (1923–1989), American stock car and midget car racer
 * Raymond Brown (basketball) (born 1965), American basketball player
 * Raymond Brown (swimmer) (born 1969), Canadian swimmer

Others

 * Raymond A. Brown (1915–2009), American civil rights lawyer
 * Raymond E. Brown (1928–1998), biblical scholar and Roman Catholic priest in the United States
 * Raymond Frederick Brown (1920–1991), English industrialist, founder of Racal
 * Ray Brown (designer) (born 1959), Australian clothing designer
 * Raymond Brown, pleaded guilty for criminal conspiracy to commit second degree murder, see 2003 John McDonogh High School shooting

title: Raymond Brown


text:
Talk:Methodological empiricism

This article should be merged/redirected to Methodological naturalism. Is there an important distinction? --Rikurzhen 18:25, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Methodological empiricism


text:
1989 French Open

The 1989 French Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. The tournament was held from 29 May until 11 June. It was the 93rd staging of the French Open, and the second Grand Slam tennis event of 1989.

For the first time in French Open history the Singles championships were won by two teenagers – Michael Chang (17 years, 3 months) and Arantxa Sánchez (17 years, 6 months). Chang still holds the record for youngest ever male Grand Slam singles title winner. He gained admirers for his audacious style of play and battling qualities. Sánchez broke the record for the youngest champion at Roland Garros, a record bettered the following year by Monica Seles (16 years, 6 months).

Sánchez's victory made her only the seventh woman to win a Grand Slam tournament in the 1980s; the others being Martina Navratilova, Chris Evert, Tracy Austin, Evonne Goolagong, Steffi Graf and Hana Mandlíková.

Steffi Graf's loss in the women's final was her only Grand Slam defeat in two years. She won eight of the nine Grand Slam tournaments from the 1988 Australian Open – 1990 Australian Open. This prevented her from completing a second consecutive Grand Slam and was her 9th Grand Slam final on her record run of 13 finals.

One notable débutant was Monica Seles, appearing in her first Grand Slam. She reached the semi-finals without being seeded, and aged only 15. Jennifer Capriati also made her presence felt, becoming the youngest winner (13 years, 2 months) of the girls' singles title – this record was broken in 1993 by Martina Hingis, aged 12.

Men's singles
🇺🇸 Michael Chang defeated 🇸🇪 Stefan Edberg, 6–1, 3–6, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2
 * It was Chang's 1st title of the year, and his 2nd overall. It was his 1st (and only) career Grand Slam title.

Women's singles
🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario defeated Steffi Graf, 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 7–5
 * It was Sánchez Vicario's 2nd title of the year, and her 3rd overall. It was her 1st career Grand Slam title.

Men's doubles
🇺🇸 Jim Grabb / 🇺🇸 Patrick McEnroe defeated Mansour Bahrami / 🇫🇷 Éric Winogradsky, 6–4, 2–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–5)

Women's doubles
Larisa Savchenko Neiland / Natalia Zvereva defeated  Steffi Graf / 🇦🇷 Gabriela Sabatini, 6–4, 6–4

Mixed doubles
Manon Bollegraf / Tom Nijssen  defeated 🇦🇷 Horacio de la Peña / 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, 6–3, 6–7, 6–2

Boys' singles
🇫🇷 Fabrice Santoro defeated 🇺🇸 Jared Palmer, 6–3, 3–6, 9–7

Girls' singles
🇺🇸 Jennifer Capriati defeated Eva Švíglerová, 6–4, 6–0

Boys' doubles
🇦🇺 Johan Anderson / 🇦🇺 Todd Woodbridge

Girls' doubles
🇦🇺 Nicole Pratt / Wang Shi-ting

Prize money
Total prize money for the event was $4,545,000.

title: 1989 French Open