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Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Срби Босне и Херцеговине), often referred to as Bosnian Serbs (босански Срби) or Herzegovinian Serbs (херцеговачких Срби), are native and one of the three constitutive nations (state-forming nations) of the country, predominantly residing in the political-territorial entity of Republika Srpska. Most declare themselves Orthodox Christians and speakers of the Serbian language.

Serbs have a long and continuous history of inhabiting the present-day territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a long history of statehood in this territory. Slavs settled the Balkans in the 7th century and the Serbs were one of the main tribes who settled the peninsula including parts of modern-day Herzegovina. Parts of Bosnia were ruled by the Serbian prince Časlav in the 10th century before his death in 960. The territories of Duklja, including Zeta and Zachlumia were later consolidated into a Serbian Kingdom before its fall in 1101. In the second half of the 12th century, Bosnia and Herzegovina was ruled by the Nemanjić dynasty. Stephen Tomašević ruled briefly as Despot of Serbia in 1459 and as King of Bosnia between 1461 and 1463.

From the 15th century, Ottoman rule brought discrimination against the Orthodox population living in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the millet system but also a Serb national consciousness by the 19th century. The 20th century was marked by persecution from Austro-Hungarian occupation (1878–1918), WWII genocide, and eventual breakup of Yugoslavia leading to the Bosnian War in 1992. In the 1990s, many Serbs moved to Serbia proper and Montenegro.

Having lived in much of Bosnia-Herzegovina prior to the Bosnian War, the majority of the Serbs now live in Republika Srpska. According to the report by the Bosnia and Herzegovina statistics office, on the census of 2013 there were 1,086,733 Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbs form the majority in Drvar, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo and Bosanski Petrovac. At the federal level, Serbs are represented by members in the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina while on the state level, Republika Srpska has its own people's assembly. The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina have made significant contributions to the culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Kingdom of Serbia
Slavs settled the Balkans in the 7th century. In the second quarter of the 7th century, the Serbs were one of the main Slavic tribes who settled the peninsula and came to dominate the previous Slav settlers. In the same manner as their Croat counterparts, the Serb elite respectively labeled those mass Slavic populations they ruled over as Serbs, thus absorbing large numbers of Slavs whose ancestry was in actuality traced back to the previous century. Serb settlement was initially in modern-day southwestern Serbia. The region of "Rascia" (Raška) was the center of Serb settlement and Serbian tribes are also thought to have occupied parts near the Adriatic coast, especially modern-day Herzegovina and Montenegro. Prince Vlastimir (r. 830–850) united the Serbian tribes in the vicinity, and after a victory over the advancing Bulgars he went on to expand to the west, taking Bosnia, and Zahumlje (Herzegovina)). Afterwards, Prince Petar (r. 892–917), defeated Duke Tišemir of Bosnia, annexing the valley of Bosna. Around this time is when Bosnia is first attested to as a separate territory, in De Administrando Imperio (ca. 960), a political and geographical document written by Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII. In a section dedicated to the territories of the Serbian prince his lands are described as including "Bosona, Katera and Desnik", demonstrating Bosnia's dependency on Serbs, although the areas comprised were smaller than modern-day Bosnia. Prince Časlav had enlarged Serbia, incorporating Travunija and parts of Bosnia, effectively ruling Bosnia in the 10th century until his death in 960. Following his death, much of Bosnia would be subjected to Croatian rule, before the arrival of Samuel of Bulgaria who subjugated the territory but eventually found himself deposed by the Byzantine empire.

Over the course of the 11th century, Bosnia shifted between partial Croatian and partial Serbian governance. To the south of Bosnia proper lay the territories of Duklja, which included Zeta and Zachlumia who were consolidated into a Serbian Kingdom ruled by local Serb princes. By the 1070s this would also include the region of Raška. Under Constantin Bodin, Serbian territory expanded to take most of Bosnia but the Kingdom broke up following his death in 1101. For much of the 12th century Bosnia was in a tug of war between Hungary and the Byzantine empire; Hungary annexed it 1137 before losing it to the Byzantine empire in 1167, and retaking it in 1180. After 1180, Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia began to assert his independence and Hungarian control became nominal. Prior to this emerging independence, Bosnia thus found itself at times under Serbian rule, particularly during the middle of the 10th century and the end of the 11th. For most of the early medieval period Herzegovina was in practice, Serbian territory. Bosnia proper however was tied politically and religiously more towards Croatia. The historians John Fine Jr. and Robert J. Donia, in considering that before 1180 Bosnia briefly found itself in Serb or Croat units, concluded that neither neighbor had held the Bosnians long enough to acquire their loyalty or to impose any serious claim to Bosnia.

In the second half of the 12th century, Serbian unity and power grows exponentially with the formation of the Nemanjić dynasty led by Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince (župan) of Raška. Modern-day Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and central Serbia would come under his control. By the Middle Ages, Eastern Orthodox Christianity had become entrenched in Herzegovina, and during the Nemanjić dynasty the Serbian Orthodox Church's influence grew in the region. However, Orthodoxy lacked consequential progression into Bosnia until Ottoman conquest.

The Kotromanić (Котроманић, pl. Kotromanići/Котроманићи) noble and later royal dynasties would rule Bosnia from the second half of the 13th century until Ottoman conquest in 1463. It began with Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia in 1322, who managed to expand the realm of the Bosnian state with the acquisition of territories that included Herzegovina, enabling the formation of a single Bosnia and Herzegovina political entity for the first time. The Kotromanić intermarried with several southeastern and central European royal houses which aided in their dynastic development. Stephen II's nephew Tvrtko I, a descendant of the Serbian Nemanjić dynasty, succeeded him and established the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1377, crowning himself as "The King of Serbia/Serbs and Bosnia". The last sovereign, Stephen Tomašević, ruled briefly as Despot of Serbia in 1459 and as King of Bosnia between 1461 and 1463, before losing both countries and his life to the Ottoman Turks. Herzegovina fell in 1466.

According to the historian Neven Isailovović, there was a general awareness in medieval Bosnia, at least amongst the nobles, that they shared a join state with Serbia and that they belong to the same ethnic group. That awareness diminished over time, due to differences in political and social development, but it was kept in Herzegovina and parts of Bosnia which were a part of Serbian state.

Ottoman rule

The conquest of Bosnia by the Ottomans brought significant administrative, economic, social and cultural changes to the country. The Ottomans however, allowed for the preservation of Bosnian identity and territorial integrity by merely making Bosnia an integral province of its Empire. Under the millet system, Christians were afforded a level of autonomy by the provision of local leaders who served the Ottoman state for religious, social, administrative and legal purposes. The Ottomans allowed Christian communities to band together around these religious leaders and preserve their customs. Consequently, this system also made a clear distinction between Muslims and non-Muslims, paving the way for Islamic supremacy and discrimination towards Christians. For instance, non-Muslims had to pay additional taxes and could not own any land or property or hold positions in the Ottoman state apparatus. Thus, conversion to Islam was advantageous to Bosnians and the 15th and 16th centuries marked the beginning of the Islamization period. A major effect of this system was also the development of distinct national identities among the three Bosnian groups during the 19th century, resulting in the spread of Orthodoxy and its assimilation into a Serbian national consciousness for Orthodox people throughout the empire. Given the threat of the Austro-Hungarian empire, the Catholics of Bosnia faced strenuous religious oppression, although this same level of discrimination would also be applied to Orthodox believers with the rise of an independent Serbian state in the 19th century. The Ottomans introduced a sizeable Orthodox Christian population into Bosnia proper, including Vlachs from the eastern Balkans. The conversion of the adherents of the Bosnian Church also aided the spread of Eastern Orthodoxy. Later, areas abandoned by Catholics during the Ottoman–Habsburg wars were settled with Muslims and Orthodox Christians.

Construction of Orthodox monasteries and churches throughout Bosnia started in the northwest in 1515. An Orthodox priest was present in Sarajevo already in 1489, and the city's first Orthodox church was constructed between 1520 and 1539. By 1532, Bosnian Orthodox Christians had their own metropolitan bishop, who took up official residence in Sarajevo in 1699. By the end of the 18th century, the Metropolitan of Bosnia had authority over the Orthodox bishops of Mostar, Zvornik, Novi Pazar and Sarajevo. A turning point in relations between the Orthodox Church and the Ottomans occurred when Orthodox clergy renounced loyalty to the sultans and started encouraging and aiding peasant rebellions, and seeking Christian allies in neighboring lands, which in turn resulted in the persecution of their clergy. Major Serb uprisings to Turkish rule occurred during the Long Turkish War (1593–1606) and Great Turkish War (1683–1699). During the 1593-1606 war, Serbs in the Banat along the border with Transylvania and Wallachia, and chieftains of the Herzegovina clans rebelled, both assisting enemies of the Ottomans and working toward restoring the Serbian state. Clan chiefs in Herzegovina cooperated with Italian counts and the Spanish viceroy, who was established in Naples.

As the rise of Western European development overshadowed the feudal Ottoman system, the empire began a sharp decline that was evident in the 19th century. Bosnia was at this point a regressive state with large landowners, poor peasantry, and a lack of industry and modern transport. A number of anti-Ottoman rebellions occurred, as the dissatisfaction of land-owning Bosnian Muslims aligned itself with nationalistic movements of the non-Muslim population. The various rebellions were largely directed at the Ottoman state and not a product of infighting between the various groups. The Serbs of Bosnia allied themselves with the cause of Serbian statehood; Muslim rebellions sought to stop administrative reforms and peasant rebellions were due to agrarian strife. After the reorganization of the Ottoman army and abolition of the Janissaries, Bosnian nobility revolted in 1831, led by Husein Gradaščević, who wanted to preserve existing privileges and stop any further social reforms. The pivotal rebellion began in 1875 with an uprising in Herzegovina on the part of the Christian population, led by Bosnian Serbs. Iniially a revolt against overtaxation by Bosnian Muslim landowners, it spread to a wider rebellion against the Ottoman rulers, with Bosnian Serbs vying for unity with Serbia. The Ottoman authorities were unable to contain the rebellion and it soon spread to other regions of the empire, with the Principality of Serbia joining and the Russian Empire doing the same, resulting in the Russo-Turkish War. The Turks lost the war in 1878. After the Congress of Berlin was held in same year, mandate of Bosnia and Herzegovina was transferred to the Austro-Hungarian Empire with nominal Ottoman sovereignty.

According to the historian Dušan T. Bataković, around one quarter of rebel leaders (voivodes) of the Serbian Revolution were born in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina or had their roots in the region of Bosnia or Herzegovina. Mateja Nenadović met with local Serb leaders from Sarajevo in 1803 in order to negotiate their part in the rebellion, with the ultimate goal being that the two armies meet in Sarajevo.

Austro-Hungarian occupation
Austro-Hungarian rule initially resulted in a fragmentation between the citizenry of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as technically they were subjects of the Ottomans while the land belonged to Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian administration advocated the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian nation. Joint Imperial Minister of Finance and Vienna-based administrator of Bosnia Béni Kállay thus endorsed Bosnian nationalism in the form of Bošnjaštvo ("Bosniakhood") with the aim to inspire in Bosnia's people "a feeling that they belong to a great and powerful nation".

The Austro-Hungarians viewed Bosnians as "speaking the Bosnian language and divided into three religions with equal rights." On the one hand, these policies attempted to insulate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its irredentist neighbors (Eastern Orthodox Serbia, Catholic Croatia, and the Muslim Ottoman Empire) and to marginalize the already circulating ideas of Serbian and Croatian nationhood among Bosnia's Orthodox and Catholic communities, respectively. On the other hand, the Habsburg administrators precisely used the existing ideas of nationhood (especially Bosnian folklore and symbolism) in order to promote their own version of Bošnjak patriotism that aligned with loyalty to the Habsburg state. Habsburg policies are thus best described not as anti-national, but as cultivating their own style of pro-imperial nationalisms. These policies also heightened divisions along national and religious lines. Bosnian Serbs felt oppressed by the Austro-Hungarians who favored Roman Catholicism, and in turn the Croat population, who were the only members of the three constituent groups with any loyalty to the empire. After the death of Kallay, the policy was abandoned.

By 1905, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections. Austro-Hungarian authorities banned textbooks printed in Serbia and a number of other Serbian-language books they deemed to carry nationalistic content. A number of Bosnian Serb cultural and national organizations were formed in the early 20th century, one of which was the Prosvjeta. The Austro-Hungarian empire would wind up annexing the territory in 1908.

The first parliamentary elections to elect members to the Diet of Bosnia were held in 1910. The population was classified according to their ethno-religious status and each group was given its share of seats in the parliament according to their population. As the majority, the Serb representation was won by the Serbian National Organization, who received 31 seats.

On June 28, 1914, Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip made international headlines after assassinating Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo. This sparked World War I leading to Austria-Hungary's defeat and the incorporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

World War I
During WWI, Serbs in Bosnia were often blamed for the outbreak of the war, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and were subjected to persecution by the Austro-Hungarian authorities, including internment and looting of their businesses, by people who were instigated to ethnic violence. Early in the war, the Austro-Hungarian authorities unleashed a persecution of Bosnian Serbs, which included the internment of thousands in camps, court-martialing and death sentencing of intellectuals, massacres by the Schutzkorps, looting of property and forced expulsions.

Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs served in Montenegrin and Serbian army en masse, as they felt loyalty to the overall pan-Serbian cause. Bosnian Serbs also served in Austrian Army, and were loyal to Austria-Hungary when it came to Italian Front, but they often deserted and switched sides when they were sent to the Russian front, or to Serbian Front. Many Serbs supported the advance of fellow Montenegrin Serb Army, when it entered into Herzegovina, and advanced close to Sarajevo in 1914, as the King of Montenegro, King Nicholas I Petrovich-Njegos was very popular among Bosnian and Herzegovinian Serbs because of his pan-Serbian and Serbian nationalist views and help during Herzegovinian uprisings in the 19th century.

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
After World War I, Bosnia and Herzegovina became part of the internationally unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which existed between October and December 1918. In December 1918, this state united with the Kingdom of Serbia as Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. The Serbian leadership of the state decided to acknowledge demands of Muslim representative Mehmed Spaho, and respect the pre-war territorial integrity of Bosnia & Herzegovina, therefore not changing internal district borders of Bosnia.

Bosnian Serbs largely approved of a unification with Serbia as it appeared to be the realization of the common dream of being unified with all Serbs into one state. However, part of the Bosnian Serb population were unsatisfied given the fact that there was not a formal establishment between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. Bosnian Muslims saw the new arrangement as a form of colonial rule and instead argued for a decentralized unitary state with autonomy rights for constituents. Bosnian Croats meanwhile supported the federalization of Yugoslavia into six units, one of which was to be Bosnia and Herzegovina. The 1921 constitution affirmed the continued territorial existence of Bosnia as well as safeguarding protections for Muslims. This lasted until 1929 when King Alexander declared a dictatorship on 6 January. The Kingdom was renamed into Yugoslavia, divided into new territorial entities called Banovinas, largely based on natural borders. Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into four banovinas, with Serbs constituting a majority in three of them. King Alexander was killed in 1934, which led to the end of dictatorship.

In 1939, faced with killings, corruption scandals, violence and the failure of centralized policy, the Serbian leadership agreed a compromise with Croats. Banovinas would later, in 1939, evolve into the final proposal for the partition of the joint state into three parts or three Banovinas, one Slovene Banovina, one Croatian and one Serbian, with each encompassing most of the ethnic space of each ethnic group. Most of the territory of contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina was to be part of the Banovina Serbia, since most of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was majority Serb-inhabited, and the Serbs constituted overall relative majority. On 26 August 1939, the president of the Croatian Peasant Party, Vladko Maček and Dragiša Cvetković made an agreement (Cvetković-Maček agreement) according to which a Banovina of Croatia was created which included Sava and the Littoral Banovina, along with a number of districts in southern Dalmatia, the Srem, and north-western Bosnia. Around 20% of the Croatian banovina was inhabited by Serbs, numbering some 800,000. These concessions were unsatisfactory to some Croats, with Serbs also being dissatisfied and seeking a banovina of their own. Bosnian Muslims meanwhile were not consulted on the partition plan and given no alternatives.

Competing ideologies among Serbs and Croats and their influences on Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to a broader extent, a lack of agreement on inter-ethnic relations in the new Yugoslav state and its governance resulted in perpetual instability. Yugoslavia however would only collapse after the Nazi Germany invasion of the country in April 1941, which dismembered the country into three different zones of occupation.

World War II

Following the invasion of Yugoslavia, the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was incorporated into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German installed puppet state with the Croatian fascist Ustaše regime and its leader Ante Pavelić put in power. Under Ustaše rule, Serbs along with Jews and Roma people were subjected to systematic genocide, with Serbs being the main target due to their large population.

Serbs in villages in the countryside were hacked to death with various tools, thrown alive into pits and ravines or in some cases locked in churches that were afterwards set on fire. The scale of the violence meant that approximately every sixth Serb living in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the victim of a massacre and virtually every Serb had a family member that was killed in the war, mostly by the Ustaše. The experience had a profound impact in the collective memory of Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia. Others were sent to concentration camps. The Kruščica concentration camp, located near the town of Vitez, was one of the concentration camps established by Ustashe; it was founded in April 1941 for Serb and Jewish women and children. According to the US Holocaust Museum, 320,000–340,000 Serbs were murdered under Ustasha rule. An estimated 209,000 Serbs or 16.9% of its Bosnia population were killed on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war. In an interview on 4 November 2015, Bakir Izetbegović, Bosniak Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, affirmed the persecutions of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia as genocide.

A multi-ethnic resistance against the Axis emerged in the form of the Yugoslav Partisans, led by Josip Broz Tito. At the same time, a Serbian nationalist and royalist guerilla in the Chetniks was formed, led by Draža Mihailović which was initially a resistance movement but became increasingly collaborationist. Serb allegiance was split between the Partisans and Chetniks, although Serbs in eastern Bosnia aligned themselves more with the Partisans who experienced military success in the area.

As in other parts of the NDH, the Ustaše policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina caused a rebellion among the Serb population. In June 1941, Serbs in eastern Herzegovina staged an armed rebellion against the NDH authorities following massacres of Serbs, which was suppressed after two weeks. Persecution of Serbs resulted in the prevalence of resistance movements in Serb populated areas including parts of Bosnia. Another rebellion, led by the Partisans, began on July 27, 1941. Some of these insurgents in turn committed atrocities against the Muslim and Croat population. In the early stages of the war, Serbs formed around 90% of Partisan units that were active in the NDH. Most of the anti-fascist combat and battles were fought in mainly Serb-inhabited areas of Bosnia & Herzegovina, such as the Battle of Neretva, Battle of Sutjeska, Drvar Operation and Kozara Battle. During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia, according to the records of recipients of Partisan pensions, 64.1% of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs. The Partisans liberated Sarajevo on 6 April 1945 and Bosnia came under full control a few weeks later. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established and the constitution of 1946 officially made Bosnia and Herzegovina one of six constituent republics in the new Yugoslav state.

Bosnian War
Following Slovenia and Croatia's declaration of independence in June 1991, Bosnia and Herzegovina was faced with the dilemma of whether to stay in the Yugoslav federation or seek its own independence. Independence was favored by most Bosniaks and Croats but opposed by most Bosnian Serbs. On 15 October 1991, the parliament of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo passed a 'memorandum on sovereignty' causing a desertion of the parliament from Bosnian Serb representatives. On 24 October 1991, the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) formed the Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina declaring that the Serb people wished to remain in Yugoslavia. On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serbs proclaimed the "Republic of the Serbian People in Bosnia-Herzegovina". From 29 February-1 March 1992, a European Community-backed Bosnian referendum was held in which 99.7 percent voted for independence. The turnout was only 63.4 percent, as it was boycotted by Bosnian Serbs. Following Bosnia's declaration of independence, violent skirmishes eventually broke out into full-scale war by 6 April 1992.

The war ended after NATO Bombardment of Bosnian Serb positions, which led to peace talks and the signing of the Dayton Accords in December 1995. The agreements established the Bosnian Serb Republic (Republika Srpska) as an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Demographics
According to the 2013 census, there were 1,086,733 Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or 30,78% of the total population. The vast majority of them, 1,001,299 lived in Republika Srpska or 92,13% of the total Serb population. In Republika Srpska itself, the Serbs form an absolute majority of 81,51% of the total population. On the other hand, there were 56,550 Serbs in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina or 5,20% of the total Serb population. The Serbs made 2,55 percent of the population of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Also, there was 28,884 living in the Brčko District or 2,66% of the total Serb population. They made 34,58 percent of the total population of the Brčko District.

Medieval Bosnia and Ottoman Empire
Heading 32 of De Administrando Imperio of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, is called "On the Serbs and the lands in which they live". It speaks of the territories inhabited by Serbs in which he mentions Bosnia, specifically two inhabited cities, Kotor and Desnik, both of which are in an unidentified geographic position.

Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia)
Austria-Hungary pursued a demographic policy of reducing the Serbian population and trying to erase their identity, converting it to a "Bosnian nationhood", therefore, Austrian population census only had religious affiliation as a main determinism of identity. In the last Austrian census of 1910, there were 825,418 Orthodox Serbs, which constituted 43.49% of the total population. The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1917, states: "According to the census of 22 April 1895, Bosnia has 1,361,868 inhabitants and Herzegovina 229,168, giving a total population of 1,591,036. The number of persons to the square mile is small (about 80), less than that in any of the other Austrian crown provinces excepting Salzburg (about 70). This average does not vary much in the six districts (five in Bosnia, one in Herzegovina). The number of persons to the square mile in these districts is as follows: Doljna Tuzla, 106; Banjaluka, 96; Bihac, 91; Serajevo, 73, Mostar(Herzegovina), 65, Travnik, 62. There are 5,388 settlements, of which only 11 have more than 5,000 inhabitants, while 4,689 contain less 500 persons. Excluding some 30,000 Albanians living in the south-east, the Jews who emigrated in earlier times from Spain, a few Osmanli Turks, the merchants, officials. and Austrian troops, the rest of the population (about 98 per cent) belong to the southern Slavonic people, the Serbs. Although one in race, the people form in religious beliefs three sharply separated divhe Mohammedans, about 550,000 persons (35 per cent), Greek Schismatics, about 674,000 persons (43 per cent), and Catholics, about 334,000 persons (21.3 per cent). The last mentioned are chiefly peasants."

World War II
Serbs suffered a drastic demographic shift during WWII due to their persecution. The official brutal policies of the Independent State of Croatia, involving expulsion, murder and forced conversion to Catholicism of Orthodox Serbs, contributed that Serbs never recover within Bosnia & Herzegovina. By the plans of Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia 110,000 Serbs were relocated and transported to German-occupied Serbia. Just in the period of May to August 1941 over 200,000 Serbs were expelled to Serbia. In the heat of war Serbia had 200,000–400,000 Serbian refugees from Ustaša-held Bosnia and Herzegovina. By the end of war 137,000 Serbs had permanently left the territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federal Bureau of Statistics in Belgrade composed a figure of 179,173 persons killed in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Second World War: 129,114 Serbs (72.1%); 29,539 Muslims (16.5%); 7,850 Croats (4.4%); others (7%).

Communist Yugoslavia
Communist authorities implemented a policy of silent "demographic emptying" of Serbs from Bosnia, by dividing Serbs into several republics, causing a "brain drain" of Serbs from Bosnia to Serbia. Also, the communist policies of rapid urbanization and industrialization, devastated the traditional rural life of Serbs, causing drastic halt in natural growth of Serbs. The first Yugoslav census recorded a decreasing number of Serbs; from the first census in 1948 to the last one from 1991, the percentage of Serbs decreased from 44.3% to 31.2%, even though the total number increased. According to the 1953 census, Serbs were in the majority in 74% of the territory of Bosnia & Herzegovina. Their total number in 1953 was 1,261,405, that is 44.3% of total Bosnian population. According to the 1961 census, Serbs made up 42.9% of total population, and their number was 1,406,057. After that, districts were divided into smaller municipalities.

According to the 1971 census, Serbs were 37.2% of total population, and their number was 1,393,148. According to the 1981 census, Serbs made up 32.02% of total population, and their number was 1,320,644. After 1981, their percentage continued to reduce. From 1971 to 1991, the percentage of Serbs fell due to emigration into Montenegro, Serbia, and Western Europe. According to the 1991 census, Serbs were 31.21% of the total population, and their number was 1,369,258.

Bosnia and Herzegovina War
The total number of Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina continued to reduce, especially after the Bosnian War broke out in 1992. Soon, an exodus of Bosnian Serbs occurred when a large number of Serbs were expelled from central Bosnia, Ozren, Sarajevo, Western Herzegovina and Krajina. According to the 1996 census, made by UNHCR and unrecognized by Sarajevo, there was 3,919,953 inhabitants, of which 1,484,530 (37.9%) were Serbs. In the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the percentage of Serbs slightly changed, although, their total number reduced.

State level
The Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina has two chambers, the House of Representatives and the House of Peoples. The House of Representatives has 42 members who are elected directly by voters, of which 28 are from the Federation and 14 from Republika Srpska, the Serb entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The House of Peoples has 15 members, five Bosniaks, five Croats and five Serbs who are each elected for a four-year term. Bosniak and Croat members of the House of Peoples are elected by the Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the five Serb members are elected by the National Assembly of Republika Srpska.

The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina has three members, one Bosniak, one Croat and one Serb who are tasked with foreign, diplomatic and military affairs, as well as the budget of state-level institutions. The Bosniak and the Croat are elected in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the Serb is elected in the Republika Srpska. Additionally, the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina is nominated by the Presidency and confirmed by the House of Representatives. This post switches between Croat, Bosniak and Serb representation every eight months.

The current president of the Republika Srpska is Milorad Dodik. The current Serb member of the Presidency is Željka Cvijanović of the SNSD.

Federal level
Like the Federation, Repubika Srpska has its own people's assembly. It consists of 83 members. Republika Srpska has jurisdiction over its own healthcare, education, agriculture, culture, veteran issues, labour, police and internal affairs. The Constitution of Republika Srpska notes that the entity has its own president as well as the ability to perform its own "constitutional, legislative, executive and judicial functions". This includes a police force, supreme court and lower courts, customs service (under the state-level customs service), and a postal service. Republika Srpska also has a Prime Minister and sixteen ministries. It also has its symbols, including coat of arms, flag (a variant of the Serbian flag without the coat of arms displayed) and entity anthem.

Although the constitution names Sarajevo as the capital of Republika Srpska, the northwestern city of Banja Luka is the headquarters of most of the institutions of government, including the parliament, and is therefore the de facto capital. After the war, Republika Srpska retained its army, but in August 2005, the parliament consented to transfer control of the Army of Republika Srpska to a state-level ministry and abolish the entity's defense ministry and army by 1 January 2006. These reforms were required by NATO as a precondition of Bosnia and Herzegovina's admission to the Partnership for Peace programme. Bosnia and Herzegovina joined the programme in December 2006.

Political parties
There are several Serbian political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Republika Srpska. The Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD) has been the dominant party in Republika Srpska since 2006, when it scored its first electoral success. Its reformist and socialist ideology has largely shifted and it has increasingly towed a nationalist and secessionist line. The Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) is the leading opposition party. Founded in 1990 by Radovan Karadžić, it was formerly the strongest political party in the entity before internal strife led to its fragmentation. Other notable but smaller parties include the Party of Democratic Progress (PDP) and National Democratic Movement (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (NDP).

Culture
The cultural and educational society Prosvjeta was founded in Sarajevo in 1902. It quickly became the most important organization gathering ethnic Serb citizens. In 1903 Gajret, a Serbian Muslim Cultural Society was founded. The Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska is active since 1996.

Architecture and art
Bosnia and Herzegovina is rich in Serbian architecture, especially when it comes to numerous Serbian churches and monasteries. The modern Serbo-Byzantine architectural style which started in the second half of the 19th century is present in sacral and civil architecture. Bosnian topography thus becomes linked with the Serbian state and Orthodox Serb principles. Churches and monasteries are decorated with frescoes and iconostasis, art expressions which go back to Orthodox churches and monasteries built in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The Museum of Old Orthodox Church in Sarajevo is among the top five in the world in its rich treasury of icons and other objects dating from different centuries.

Bosnian Serbs have made a significant contribution to modern Serbian painting. Notable painters include Miloš Bajić, considered to be the first abstract painter in Yugoslavia, Jovan Bijelić, a prominent expressionist who drew upon the Bosnian landscape, Vojo Dimitrijević, Nedeljko Gvozdenović, Kosta Hakman, Branko Šotra, Mica Todorović, and others. In 1907, Pero Popović, Branko Radulović and Todor Švrakić exhibited their works in one of the two exhibitions that year that marked the beginnings of the modern painting tradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Among the prominent sculptors is Sreten Stojanović.

Language and literature
The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina speak the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect of Serbian language, characterized by the ijekavian pronunciation.

Traces of Serbian language on this territory are very old as in old inscriptions such as Grdeša's tombstone, the oldest known stećak. One of the most important Serbian manuscripts Miroslav Gospel, was written for the Serbian Grand Prince Miroslav of Hum. Serbian language is rich with several medieval gospels written in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They are decorated with miniatures. The Serb medieval experience flourished in Medieval Bosnia through the development of Serb religious literature and refinement of the language. In the early 16th century Božidar Goraždanin founded the Goražde printing house. It was one of the earliest printing houses among the Serbs, and the first in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Goražde Psalter printed there is counted among the better accomplishments of early Serb printers.

Beginning in the nineteenth century, Bosanska vila from Sarajevo and Zora from Mostar, were important literary magazines at the forefront of political and cultural issues.

Bosnian Serbs gave significant contribution to the Serbian epic poetry. Famous singers of the epic poetry are Filip Višnjić and Tešan Podrugović.

The works of Serbian writers from Bosnia and Herzegovina are of great importance to the entire Serbian literature. Notable authors include Aleksa Šantić, Jovan Dučić, Petar Kočić, Sima Milutinović Sarajlija, and Svetozar Ćorović.

Music
Traditional instruments such as gusle, frula, gajde, and tamburica are utilized by the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina for musical performances. The first Serbian singing societies in Bosnia and Herzegovina were set up in Foča (1885), Tuzla (1886), Prijedor (1887), and in Mostar and Sarajevo in 1888 along with other cities across the country. The first concert in Bosnia and Herzegovina was held in Banja Luka in 1881.

Serbian music is rich in folk songs of Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many songs are performed in traditional way of singing called ojkanje. Serbian singers and composers such as Rade Jovanović, Jovica Petković, Dragiša Nedović and others gave significant contribution to special type of songs called sevdalinka. Aleksa Šantić's poem Emina became one of the most known sevdalinkas. Notable performers of folk music include Vuka Šeherović, Nada Mamula, Nada Obrić, and Marinko Rokvić. Bosnian and Heregovian Serbs largely participated in the Yugoslav pop-rock scene that was active from the end of the World War II until the break up of the country. Serbian musicians are or were members, and often leaders of popular bands such as Ambasadori, Bijelo Dugme, Bombaj Štampa, Indexi, Plavi orkestar, ProArte, Regina, Vatreni Poljubac, and Zabranjeno pušenje. Zdravko Čolić is one of the biggest Yugoslav and Serbian music stars. Jadranka Stojaković and Srđan Marjanović have had significant careers as singer-songwriters.

Post Yugoslav popular music singers include Željko Samardžić, Romana, Nedeljko Bajić Baja, Saša and Dejan Matić. Bosnian Serb Dušan Šestić composed the national anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Theatre and cinema
The first theatre show in Bosnia and Herzegovina was organized by Serb Stevo Petranović in Tešanj in 1865 while the first shows in Sarajevo were organized in the house of Serb Despić family. The first feature film in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Major Bauk was directed by Nikola Popović by the script of Branko Ćopić.

Significant directors include Emir Kusturica, double winner of the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, Zdravko Šotra, Predrag Golubović, and Boro Drašković. Prominent screenwriters include Gordan Mihić, and Srđan Koljević. Actors that have achieved success in Yugoslav and Serbian cinematography include Predrag Tasovac, Branko Pleša, Marko Todorović, Tihomir Stanić, Nikola Pejaković, Nebojša Glogovac, Davor Dujmović, Nataša Ninković, and Danina Jeftić.

Folklore
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina gave significant contribution to the folklore of Serbian people, including folk costume, music, traditional singing and instruments, epic poetry, crafts, and dances. The dresses of Bosnia are divided into two groups; the Dinaric and Pannonian styles. In Eastern Herzegovina, the folk costumes are closely related to those of Old Herzegovina. Cultural and artistic societies across the country practice folklore tradition.

Education
The first educational institutions in Bosnia were religious sites, with priests serving as teachers in monasteries in the case of Bosnian Serbs. In 1878, the first year of Austro-Hungarian occupation, there were 56 Orthodox schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina, most of whom were founded toward the end of Ottoman rule. The number grew to 107 by 1910 but by World War I, they were banished by Austro-Hungarian authorities and never revived. The first girls' school was established in Sarajevo by Staka Skenderova in 1858. The educational system of Bosnia and Herzegovina during communism was based on a mixture of nationalities and the suppression of Serb identity, as Tito focused on building the social dimension of the country. With the foundation of Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War, Bosnian Serb school curriculums underwent changes to adapt more towards Serbia. Following the end of the war and establishment of Republika Srpska through the Dayton Accords, jurisdiction over education in Republika Srpska was given to the RS Government, while in the Federation, jurisdiction over education was given to the cantons. The University of Sarajevo split into two, with the Bosniak division located in Western Sarajevo, and the Serbian one renamed University of East Sarajevo, with Serbian as its official language. The University of Banja Luka became part of Republika Srpska. Municipalities with Serb majority or significant minority, schools with Serbian language as official one also exist.

Religion
The Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Serbian Orthodox Church. According to the CIA World Factbook, Orthodox Christians make up 30.7% of the country's population.

The jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Bosnia is organized into five subdivisions consisting of one metropolitanate and four eparchies. In 1220, Archbishop Sava founded the medieval Eparchy of Dabar which stretched into Bosnia. After the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1557, it became the Eparchy of Dabar and Bosnia, eventually gaining the status of metropolitanate. In 1611, the Orthodox eparchy of Hum was split into two regions before consolidating into the Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina the following century. Around 1532, an Orthodox episcopate was established in Zvornik and transferred to Tuzla in 1852, becoming the Tuzla-Zvornik episcopate. The Eparchy of Banja Luka was formed in 1900 and the Eparchy of Bihać and Petrovac originally formed in 1925 but abolished in 1934 was re-instated in 1990.

The Orthodox Theological Faculty of St. Basil of Ostrog and the Orthodox Seminary of St. Peter of Dabar-Bosnia are the two Orthodox institutions of higher learning in Bosnia and Herzegovina and they are both located in Foča. They both have historical continuity with the Sarajevo-Reljevo Theological Seminary that was founded in 1882, as the first Serbian high school in Bosnia. There are many Serbian churches and monasteries across the Bosnia and Herzegovina hailing from different periods. Each subdivision has its cathedral church and bishop's palace.

Sport
Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina have contributed significantly to Yugoslav and Serbian sport.

The first Serbian Sokol societies on the present territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina were founded in the late 19th century by intellectuals. Stevan Žakula, a Croatian Serb, is remembered as a prominent worker in opening and maintaining sokol and gymnastic clubs. Žakula was the initiator of the establishment of Serbian gymnastics society "Obilić" in Mostar and Sports and gymnastic society "Serbian soko" in Tuzla. Sokol societies were also established in another cities across the Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Football is the most popular sport among the Bosnian Serbs. The oldest Serb dominated Club in Bosnia and Herzegovina is Slavija Istočno Sarajevo, founded in 1908. One of the most popular is Borac Banja Luka, winner of the Yugoslav Cup (1988) and Mitropa Cup (1992).

Serbian clubs participate in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and First League of the Republika Srpska which is run by Football Association of Republika Srpska. Notable players that represented Yugoslavia, Serbia and Bosnia include Branko Stanković, Milan Galić, Dušan Bajević, Boško Antić, Miloš Šestić, Savo Milošević, Mladen Krstajić, Neven Subotić, Zvjezdan Misimović, Luka Jović, Sergej Milinković-Savić, and Rade Krunić among many others. Zvjezdan Misimović served as captain of the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team from 2007 to 2012 while Ljupko Petrović led Red Star Belgrade to the Champions League trophy in 1991.

The second most popular sport among Bosnian Serbs is basketball. Bosnian-born Aleksandar Nikolić, is often referred to as, The Father of Yugoslav Basketball. He was voted two times European Coach of the Year winning three Euroleagues and two times FIBA Intercontinental Cup. Second of four fathers of Yugoslav basketball is Borislav Stanković, former general secretatary of FIBA and IOC member. KK Igokea currently plays in regional ABA League.

The handball club Borac Banja Luka is the most successful Serbian handball club in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It won EHF Champions League in 1976 and was runner up in 1975. In 2010, Svetlana Kitić was voted the best female handball player ever by the International Handball Federation.

The most famous Serbian volleyball family, Grbić family, hails from Trebinje in Eastern Herzegovina. Father Miloš was the captain of the team that won first Yugoslav medal at European championship while sons Vanja and Nikola became Olympic champions with Serbian team. Other players that represented Serbia with success are Đorđe Đurić, Brankica Mihajlović, Tijana Bošković, Jelena Blagojević, Sanja and Saša Starović.

Besides team sports, Bosnian Serbs achieved success and in individual sports such as Slobodan and Tadija Kačar in boxing, Radomir Kovačević, Nemanja Majdov and Aleksandar Kukolj in judo, Milenko Zorić in canoeing, Velimir Stjepanović and Mihajlo Čeprkalo in swimming, and Andrea Arsović in shooting.

title: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina


text: User talk:69.250.132.41

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:69.250.132.41


text:
Ferhad Pasha Sokolović

Ferhad Pasha Sokolović (Sokollu Ferhat Paşa, Ферхад-паша Соколовић) (died 1590) was an Ottoman general and statesman from Bosnia. He was the last sanjak-bey of Bosnia and first beylerbey of Bosnia.

Origin
Born into the Serbian Sokolović family, he was, like his close relative Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (Mehmed-paša Sokolović) abducted as part of the devşirme system of collection of Christian boys to be raised to serve in the janissary corps, Islamized and recruited into Ottoman service. While one part of the family became Islamized, the other stayed Christian; notably, another relative (possibly Mehmed's brother ), Makarije Sokolović, was appointed as a Serbian Patriarch by Mehmed Pasha, who with the support of the Sultan had revived the Patriarchate of Peć.

Sanjakbey of Klis
Ferhad Pasha was governor of the Sanjak of Klis between 1566 and 1574. Nothing much is known during his rule in Klis.

Sanjakbey of Bosnia
Then he moved back to Bosnia, and was one of the founding fathers of Banja Luka, the second largest city in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. There, he built over 200 buildings ranging from artisan and sales shops to wheat warehouses, baths and mosques. Among more important commissions were the Ferhadija and Arnaudija mosques during which construction a plumbing infrastructure was laid that served surrounding residential areas. He moved the seat of Bosnia from Travnik to Banja Luka.

In 1576–77, he conquered the towns of Mutnica, Ostrožac, Podzvizd, Kladuša, Peći, and other towns to the Kupa. Already by springtime 1577, he settled Serb families from Serbia to Bosnia around reconstructed towns in those areas to boost the population.

Ferhad reformed Bosnia and made Banja Luka its capital for a couple of decades then it was returned to Sarajevo.

Beylerbey of Bosnia
In 1580 Ferhad reformed Bosnia from a Rumelian Sanjak to its own Eyalet, he became the first governor of the newly formed Bosnia Eyalet, as beylerbey (also referred to as "pasha") which ceded from the Rumelia Eyalet as its own province. The Bosnia Eyalet (or Pashaluk) comprised a total of ten sanjaks: Sanjak of Bosnia (central province), Sanjak of Herzegovina, Sanjak of Vučitrn, Sanjak of Prizren, Sanjak of Klis, Sanjak of Krka, Sanjak of Pojega and Sanjak of Pakrac. The sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Pakrac was Ali-beg, brother of Ferhad Pasha Sokolović.

Siege of Gvozdansko
Ferhad Pasha Sokolović with 10,000 soldiers organized three major assaults and tried to take Gvozdansko Castle in the Kingdom of Croatia in the Habsburg monarchy. Finally, when the Ottomans entered the castle gates, all the defending forces were already dead of wounds, hunger and cold. The Siege of Gvozdansko ended with an Ottoman victory on 13 January 1578. Ferhad Pasha was so moved by their bravery that they were conceded a Christian burial and the local population freed from taxes.

Death
Ferhad died in Buda (Budapest) in the year 1590, he requested when he died that his body must be moved to Banja Luka the city he himself built from the ground. He was probably buried near his Ferhadija mosque in Banja Luka.

title: Ferhad Pasha Sokolović


text:
Branko Ivanković

Branko Ivanković ( born 28 February 1954) is a Croatian football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He is the current manager of the China national football team. After a 12-year playing career at Varteks, Ivanković started his coaching career at the same club in 1991. Prior to his appointment as the manager of Oman, Ivanković's most high-profile managerial positions were at the most successful Croatian and Iranian clubs respectively, Dinamo Zagreb and Persepolis as well as one of the most successful Chinese clubs Shandong Luneng. He additionally served as both assistant coach and manager of the Iran national team, leading the team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany.

Playing career
Ivanković spent his entire 12-season playing career at Varteks, appearing in a total of 263 matches and scoring 31 goals. He then continued to work at the club by first being their secretary and then starting his coaching career.

Croatia national team
Ivanković then became an assistant manager to Miroslav Blažević, who led the Croatia national team to a sensational third-place finish at the 1998 World Cup finals in France.

In the 1999–2000 season, he coached German club Hannover 96, which was playing in the 2. Bundesliga at the time. He briefly returned to the Croatia national team as the assistant to Mirko Jozić during the qualifications for the 2002 World Cup, before he took over the Iran national team, where he replaced Blažević, who had managed them since 2001.

Iran national team
Ivanković was appointed to the head of the Iranian team on 29 January 2002. Under Ivanković, Iran's U23 football team won the 2002 Asian Games in Pusan. He remained the coach of the national team until the end of 2002, when he was replaced by Homayun Shahrokhi.

Ivanković had become very popular in Iran and the public media demanded a contract renewal, but the Football Federation was initially reluctant to appoint him as the head coach. Finally after a period of negotiations he was reappointed as the head coach of Iran on 3 October 2003.

Ivanković led Iran to 2004 AFC Asian Cup third place.

Ivanković also led Iran to qualify for the 2006 World Cup, the third time in the country's history (they had previously been eliminated in the first round in 1978 and 1998).

Despite him being the most successful coach of the Iran national team in terms of winning percentage, Ivanković was not liked by the Iranian government who deliberately tried to replace him with a native coach. The Organization for Physical Education which is a governmental watchdog on sports, tried to replace the coach before the World Cup in Germany, however the Iranian Football Federation resisted the pressure and kept Ivanković for the 2006 World Cup.

2006 World Cup
Iran, at their opening game at the World Cup, showed a scintillating first half performance against Mexico, but conceded two goals. The second match against Portugal was not successful either, with Iran conceding two late goals to lose 2–0 and being left without any chances of advancing to the second stage of the tournament, as Mexico drew against Angola on the previous evening and left Iran unreachable four points behind. So, the third group match against Angola became insignificant for Iran. Angola put themselves into the lead with the opening goal after one hour of playing. The Iranians managed to equalise fifteen minutes later, eventually scoring their only point at the 2006 World Cup since the match ended in a 1–1 draw. This point was, however, only enough for Iran to occupy the last place in their group.

After the World Cup, MPE removed the Head of the Football Federation of Iran, replacing Ivanković with Amir Qalenoei. This in turn resulted a FIFA suspension for Iran's football due to political interference.

Dinamo Zagreb
On 6 November 2006, Ivanković replaced Josip Kuže as the head coach of Croatian club Dinamo Zagreb. He led the club to the Double in 2007 without losing a single competitive match. On 14 January 2008, he resigned as the coach of Dinamo Zagreb, mostly due to his differences with the club's executive vice-president Zdravko Mamić.

Ivanković returned as the manager of Dinamo Zagreb on 21 May 2008. He replaced Zvonimir Soldo, who resigned immediately after Dinamo won the domestic double.

In July 2009, Ivanković was offered the role of Persepolis manager in Iran, but he rejected the offer.

Shandong Luneng
On 17 December 2009, Ivanković was appointed as the new head coach of Chinese giant Shandong Luneng. In his first season, he led the team to the 2010 Chinese Super League winners with a record 63 points. The team secured the qualification for 2011 AFC Champions League, but Shandong were eliminated in the first round with 7 points. Due to poor result in the Champions League, he was dismissed on 10 May 2011, seven days before crucial game with Cerezo Osaka, which they lost by a score of 0–4.

Ettifaq
On 22 July 2011, Ivanković signed a one-year contract with Ettifaq to lead the club in the 2011–12 Saudi Professional League and return club to the AFC Champions League. He was sacked on 29 April 2012 after finishing the 2011–12 season in fourth.

Al Wahda
In May 2012, UAE Pro-League side Al-Wahda said it signed a two-year contract with Ivanković and that he would take charge at the club in the 2012–13 season, but his contract was terminated on 27 April 2013, after a 3–4 loss to Ajman Club. At the time of his dismissal, Al Wahda was ranked at the 7th place.

Return to Dinamo Zagreb
On 2 September 2013, Ivanković returned to Dinamo Zagreb, the club he led from 2006 to 2008. However, he was sacked on 21 October 2013, after just five games.

Persepolis
On 5 April 2015, Ivanković was confirmed as the new manager of Persepolis, signing a $1 1/2$-year contract with the club. After good performances with the club, which left the team in the first place with six matches remaining, Ivanković extended his contract with Persepolis in April 2016 to the end of the 2017–18 season and in 2017 to the end of the 2019–20 season. After the end of the 2018–19 season, it was reported that he was signed for Ahli Jeddah before returning to Croatia for his annual vacation. Ivanković announced that he will leave Persepolis on 11 June 2019.

Al-Ahli
On 18 June 2019, he was confirmed signing a two-year contract with Al-Ahli. On 16 September 2019, Ivanković was officially sacked after just five games due to poor results.

Oman
On 19 January 2020, Ivanković was announced as the head coach of the Oman national team to succeed Erwin Koeman after the latter's dismissal. Under Ivanković, Oman pulled off a historic win over Japan in the final round of the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. In December 2021, he extended his contract with Oman until 2023.

Following Oman's group stage exit from the 2023 AFC Asian Cup without a single win, Ivanković was sacked by the Oman Football Association.

China
On 24 February 2024, Ivanković was announced as the head coach of China national football team, replacing former Yugoslav compatriot Aleksandar Janković.

Personal life
Branko is the younger brother of Zlatko Ivanković, who has also coached various teams in the Middle East.

Manager
Iran U23
 * Asian Games Gold Medal: 2002

Iran
 * WAFF Championship: 2004
 * AFC/OFC Cup Challenge: 2003

Dinamo Zagreb
 * Croatian First League: 2006–07, 2007–08
 * Croatian Cup: 2006–07
 * Croatian Super Cup: 2006

Shandong Luneng
 * Chinese Super League: 2010

Persepolis
 * Persian Gulf Pro League: 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, runner-up: 2015–16
 * Hazfi Cup: 2018–19
 * Iranian Super Cup: 2017, 2018, 2019
 * AFC Champions League runner-up: 2018

Individual
 * HNS Croatian Coach of the Year: 2007, 2008
 * Chinese Football Association Coach of the Year: 2010
 * Persian Gulf Pro League Coach of the Season: 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19

authors: محمدحسین آزاد

title: Branko Ivanković


text:
Arnaudija Mosque

Arnaudija Mosque (Arnaudija džamija), is a large mosque in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mosque was destroyed by the Army of Republika Srpska on 1993 but was rebuilt and reopened in 2024. Arnaudija is designated National Monument, by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

History
The mosque was built in 1595 under Hasan Defterdar, finance minister of the Eyalet of Bosnia.

The mosque was demolished by explosives on May 7, 1993, by the Serb militia during the Bosnian War. The demolition was organized by the authorities of the Republika Srpska which included the demolition of the entire Arnaudija mosque complex and Ferhadija mosque complex that were approximately 800 m distance from each other. Both mosques were destroyed in the same night just within the time frame of 15 minutes.

One of the Serbs leaders from Banja Luka, Radoslav Brđanin was convicted for his part in organizing the ethnic cleansing of the non-Serbs and destruction of the properties of Muslims, including mosques. Radoslav Brđanin was sentenced to a single sentence of 32 years of imprisonment. The reconstruction of Arnaudija mosque started in April 2017 and is expected to finish in 2024.

The mosque officially reopened in May 2024.

title: Arnaudija Mosque


text:
House of the Virgin Mary

The House of the Virgin Mary (Turkish: Meryemana Evi or Meryem Ana Evi, "Mother Mary's House") is a Catholic shrine located on Mt. Koressos (Turkish: Bülbüldağı, "Mount Nightingale") in the vicinity of Ephesus, 7 km from Selçuk in Turkey.

The house was discovered in the 19th century by following the descriptions in the reported visions of Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich (1774–1824), a Roman Catholic nun and visionary, which were published as a book by Clemens Brentano after her death. While the Catholic Church has never pronounced in favour or against the authenticity of the house, the site has nevertheless received a steady flow of pilgrimage since its discovery. Anne Catherine Emmerich was beatified by Pope John Paul II on October 3, 2004.

Christian and Muslim pilgrims visit the house based on the belief that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was taken to this stone house by Saint John and lived there for the remainder of her earthly life.

The shrine has merited several papal Apostolic Blessings and visits from several popes including Paul VI, John Paul II, and Benedict XVI.

Description of the site
On the way to the shrine, visitors pass a key hole-shaped baptismal pool, larger than the one located at the basilica in Ephesus. It is thought that an early community of Christians may have lived or were baptized here in seclusion in order to escape the nearby Romans.

The shrine itself is not extensively large, but may rather be described as a modest chapel. The preserved stones and construction date back into the Apostolic Age, as consistent with other preserved buildings from that time, but with minor additions such as garden landscapes and devotional additions outside the shrine. Upon entrance to the chapel, a pilgrim is met by one single large room where an altar along with a large statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary is prominently displayed in the center.

On the right side, a smaller room lies – traditionally associated with the actual room where the Virgin Mary is believed to have slept. Marian tradition holds that some form of running water used to flow like a canal in the smaller room where the Virgin Mary slept and rested, leading to the present drinking fountain outside the building structure.

Wishing Wall
Outside the shrine is a particular "wishing wall" which pilgrims have used by tying their personal intentions on paper or fabric. Various types of florals and fruits are grown nearby, and additional lighting has been installed within the vicinity of the shrine for further monitoring of the site. A water fountain or well is also located nearby, believed by some pilgrims to have miraculous powers of healing or fertility.

Description in Germany
At the beginning of the 19th century, Anne Catherine Emmerich, a bedridden Augustinian nun in Germany, reported a series of visions in which she recounted the last days of the life of Jesus, and details of the life of Mary, his mother. Emmerich was ill for a long period of time in the farming community of Dülmen but was known in Germany as a mystic and was visited by a number of notable figures. One of Emmerich's accounts was a description of the house the Apostle John had built in Ephesus for Mary, the mother of Jesus, where she had lived to the end of her life. Emmerich provided a number of details about the location of the house, and the topography of the surrounding area:

"Mary did not live in Ephesus itself, but in the country near it. ... Mary's dwelling was on a hill to the left of the road from Jerusalem, some three and half hours from Ephesus. This hill slopes steeply towards Ephesus; the city, as one approaches it from the south east seems to lie on rising ground.... Narrow paths lead southwards to a hill near the top of which is an uneven plateau, some half hour's journey."

One of Emmerich's visitors was the author Clemens Brentano who after a first visit stayed in Dülmen for five years to see Emmerich every day and transcribe the visions she reported. After Emmerich's death, Brentano published a book based on his transcriptions of her reported visions in 1852 in Munich, Germany. A second book was published based on his notes after his own death. When the case for Emmerich's beatification was submitted to the Vatican in 1892, a number of experts in Germany began to compare and analyze Brentano's original notes from his personal library with the books he had written. The analysis revealed various apocryphal biblical sources, maps and travel guides among his papers, which could have been used to enhance Emmerich's narrations.

Discovery in Turkey
On October 18, 1881, relying on the descriptions in the book by Brentano based on his conversations with Emmerich, a French priest, the Abbé Julien Gouyet discovered a small stone building on a mountain overlooking the Aegean Sea and the ruins of ancient Ephesus in Turkey. He believed it was the house described by Emmerich and where the Virgin Mary had lived the final years of her life.

Abbé Gouyet's discovery was not taken seriously by most people, but ten years later, urged by Sister Marie de Mandat-Grancey, DC, two Lazarist missionaries, Father Poulin and Father Jung, from Smyrna rediscovered the building on July 29, 1891, using the same source for a guide. They learned that the four-walled, roofless ruin had been venerated for a long time by members of the mountain village of Şirince, 17 km distant, who were descended from the early Christians of Ephesus. The house is called Panaya Kapulu ("Doorway to the Virgin"). Every year pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the site on August 15, the date on which most of the Christian world celebrated Mary's Dormition/Assumption.

Sister Marie de Mandat-Grancey was named Foundress of Mary's House by the Catholic Church and was responsible for acquiring, restoring and preserving Mary's House and surrounding areas of the mountain from 1891 until her death in 1915. The discovery revived and strengthened a Christian tradition dating from the 12th century, 'the tradition of Ephesus', which has competed with the older 'Jerusalem tradition' about the place of the Dormition of the Mother of God. Due to the actions of Pope Leo XIII in 1896 and Pope John XXIII in 1961, the Catholic Church first removed plenary indulgences from the Church of the Dormition in Jerusalem and then bestowed them for all time to pilgrims to Mary's House in Ephesus.

Archaeology
The restored portion of the structure has been distinguished from the original remains of the structure by a line painted in red. Some have expressed doubt about the site, as the tradition of Mary's association with Ephesus "arose only in the twelfth century." Supporters base their belief on the presence of the 5th century Church of Mary.

Gospel and patristic authors
Saint Epiphanius of Salamis in the fourth century was the first author in mentioning the traditional faith of the Assumption of Mary in body and soul to the Heaven, and coming from Ephesus.

Like many other patristic authors, he based this assumption on John 19,18-30, with Jesus on the Cross asking to the Apostle and Evangelist to take care of the Saint Mother of God into his home. "However, the evidence that St. Mary actually stayed there is not very strong, and there are much better indications that her permanent house was in Jerusalem."

Position of the Roman Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church has never pronounced on the authenticity of the house, for lack of scientifically acceptable evidence. It has, however, from the blessing of the first pilgrimage by Pope Leo XIII in 1896, taken a positive attitude towards the site. Pope Pius XII, in 1951, following the definition of the dogma of the Assumption in 1950, elevated the house to the status of a Holy Place, a privilege later made permanent by Pope John XXIII. The site is visited and venerated by Muslims as well as Christians. Pilgrims drink from a spring under the house which is believed to have healing properties. A liturgical ceremony is held here every year on August 15 to commemorate the Assumption of Mary.

Papal visits
Pope Paul VI visited the shrine on July 26, 1967, and Pope John Paul II on November 30, 1979. Pope Benedict XVI visited this shrine on November 29, 2006, during his four-day pastoral trip to Turkey.

title: House of the Virgin Mary


text:
File:Falcons (DVD).jpg

100%" >

Summary
https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/B00008973P/ref=dp_image_0/104-3113779-8287151?ie=UTF8&n=130&s=dvd

Description: Image of DVD cover from the movie Falcons, a work directed by Icelandic Friðrik Þór Friðriksson. Film released in 2002. Note: Image present here under the fair use criteria as an illustrative reference. Image without any commercial effect. Educational purposes only.

title: File:Falcons (DVD).jpg


text:
User talk:Jguk/Archive6

BC/AD vs BCE/CE
Why did you revert my changes? BCE/CE are well established and accepted standards in academia, especially since 'BC/AD' carries Christian baggage. There is currently a debate going on here as to what should be standard, and considering the increasing number of articles adhering to BCE/CE, why do you oppose this? SouthernComfort 01:38, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You will be aware that the debate shows there is no consensus (indeed their is a minority) in favour of Slrubenstein's proposal. This is not surprising - the overwhelming majority of English-speakers in the world use BC/AD. Since you know of the debate, I am surprised that you chose to make changes that clearly go against the grain. You will also be aware that making changes such as the one you did cause widespread offence. For example, one change in one exam paper caused questions to be asked in both houses of the NSW legislature, and for the Minister of Education to have to note that the change should be made. Please do not make changes such as these in the future. Kind regards, jguk 06:41, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I strongly disagree with you and despite the debate, I felt that the good lies in action, and to be bold in setting an example. I consider BC/AD to be extremely offensive to myself personally, as I am not a Christian and I am vehemently opposed to this sort of religious imposition (regardless of what the religion is). However, until there is a consensus of some sort, I will avoid radical changes to existing articles. Again, let it be said that this does not mean I agree with your opinion, nor am I admitting any wrong-doing, as I feel I have done nothing wrong. Regards, SouthernComfort 06:51, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Likewise, one could make the argument that the only reason the non-Christian world continues to use the BC/AD convention is due to the fact that they have their own culture-specific dating systems. Even in those countries we are starting to see wider acceptance of BCE/CE since the Western (nominally Christian) world has largely secularised, thus making the BC/AD terminology obsolete. In Western countries like Canada and France you are also starting to see greater acceptance of this. The United States has pushed forward many novel, progressive innovations in every field over the years and to oppose this simply because it is 'American' doesn't make much sense to me.

 * At any rate, I chose not to become directly involved in this debate as it was obvious there would be no consensus anytime soon. However, I did not think it would be a problem to begin converting articles which do not relate to Western or Christian history and civilisation. Regards, SouthernComfort 09:33, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You cannot say that there won't be a consensus anytime soon. Who knows, maybe a compromise will be reached at some point soon. Only a few days have passed so far. At any rate, I will continue reverting to the BCE/CE version of List of kings of Persia and you can continue reverting back to the BC/AD version until one of us gets bored or gives up, or we take this to mediation or arbitration. Perhaps you should relax and have a glass of Scotch (and perhaps go see Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven as well) instead of worrying so much about continuing the imposition of 'BC/AD' POV terminology upon non-Christian history. SouthernComfort 13:46, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Please refrain from making personal attacks against my character and person. I don't live in New Zealand and I have zero interest in New Zealand. You cannot use these nonsensical arguments to impose Christian terminology upon non-Christian articles and chronologies. Iranian history has absolutely nothing to do with New Zealand, the U.K. or Australia. Just because Anglo-Saxon Protestants from these three countries want to impose Christian POV terminology upon Iranian history does not make it right, and this is beyond excessively offensive and brings to mind the imperialistic ambitions the British had towards Iran (but always failed in the end.) It is not appreciated, nor am I amused by these imperialistic arguments. SouthernComfort 14:02, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia policy encourages editors to be bold and make the appropriate changes where necessary. There is no reason to continue the adherence of 'BC/AD' in Iranian histories and chronologies when the majority of such articles adhere to BCE/CE. I find offense in BC/AD precisely because of the latent implications (automatic acceptance of Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior). Many other users do as well. As I have said, I have zero interest in personally imposing BCE/CE upon Christian or European history articles. This is one chronology - one chronological list. If it's not such a big deal to you, then give it up and allow BCE/CE to take hold. It is irrational of you to insist on reverting back to BC/AD when the article in question is one article and has nothing to do with Christianity or Europe (or the U.K. or Australia or New Zealand or Christian editors from these countries.) SouthernComfort 14:21, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I noticed you are reverted my edits at the Medes article back to BC/AD. Don't think I won't notice and that I won't revert back after 24 hours. Believe me, my friend, I will continue this for as long as I have to and I will spread awareness of this issue to as many editors as possible and focus my efforts entirely on this issue. If you have the right to revert back to BC/AD, I have the right to revert to BCE/CE. But I suggest you be careful in not violating 3RR. SouthernComfort 14:28, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Please spare me the rhetoric and 'kind regards,' as you have shown me anything but. There is no understanding between us - there is only the imperialistic understanding that you wish to impose upon Iranian history articles wish is totally unacceptable. There is no preferable convention - both are acceptable, and as such, since Iranian history has nothing to do with Christianity, BCE/CE is the most acceptable convention as far as these articles are concerned. SouthernComfort 14:33, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You are the one who is disrupting Wikipedia with your constant reverts (you are on your third one right now) and who wishes to impose 'religio-political' terminology (BCE/CE terminology is secular). Don't think that you can threaten me - I know the rules of the game. SouthernComfort 14:38, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I have been absolutely clear. You are the one who is being vague and obviously fishing for an excuse to 'report' me (for what I have no idea, but I won't play your harassing game). Sorry, won't work. SouthernComfort 14:44, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You have broken the 3RR rule. SouthernComfort 14:48, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

Bangladeshis in England
You may do. If you are very lucky... Smoddy (Rabbit and pork) 17:32, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

Image:Abdulaziz Mosque, Gibraltar.jpg
Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 13:25, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

Images
I noticed this image, and I figured it had simply been an oversight. If you wouldn't mind tagging your images as, that would be great. I have change the gibralter one to that, as per your statement on my talk page. Cheers. Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 13:47, May 21, 2005 (UTC)

Please don't carry your campaign against BCE/CE into other articles
Jguk, it seems pointlessly combative for you to charge around Wikipedia changing all BCE/CEs to BC/AD. You'd have a LOT of articles to change. Including all the Islamic articles I've worked on, since I use BCE/CE out of politeness. Please desist. Zora 08:31, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not changing articles that were previously always in BCE notation to BC. I am merely reverting recent provocative changes made by a small number of editors who are displeased that Slrubenstein's proposal has failed, and are attempting to force it on WP by the backdoor. My understanding of current practice is that WP accepts both styles, but you should not change arbitrarily from one to the other - all I am doing is reverting arbitary changes to the original. Kind regards, jguk 08:38, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

 * All the Iranian articles on which I've worked use BCE/CE. Surely all the articles in a particular subject area should use the same style ... especially if the editors working in that subject area concur that this is the best. I'm in a mano-a-mano conflict with Southern Comfort, but even I have to agree that BCE/CE is appropriate for areas that have always been majority non-Christian. That's the style used in all the current historical works as well. Zora 08:45, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

I am REALLY REALLY upset. I just completely rewrote the article on Islam and other religions. I took material from two other articles, merged it, and re-ordered it. You say that you don't intend to change things that were originally written with BCE/CE ... and then you go and change something that I just wrote and put up a few hours ago. This is utterly outrageous. Please @#$%@#$%! stop!!!!! Zora 10:26, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

complaint
I am filing a complaint at ArbCom against you, because you keep changing BCE to BC abd CE to AD in non-Christian related articles. Slrubenstein  |  Talk  14:18, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Do not edit other editors' user pages
Your edit of my personal user page is a serious infraction, even worse than your other petty gaming of WP, revert wars, 3RRs, WP:Point, personal attacks, and the rest. 'Do not touch my user page! If you wish to comment on my talk page, I will leave your comment intact. Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters 17:50, 2005 May 22 (UTC)

 * Please refer to No personal attacks. Kind regards, jguk 17:59, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Did you know?
 Did you know has been updated and a fact from the article Hampshire County Cricket Club, which you recently created, has been featured in that section on the Main Page. If you have another interesting fact to submit, then please suggest it at the section's talk page.

Lulu
Please see Requests for comment/Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 19:59, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

Arbitration matter concerning Jguk
The Arbitration matter concerning Jguk has opened. Please place evidence at Requests for arbitration/Jguk/Evidence. --mav 01:51, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Jguk, what authority can you cite in support of your move of Wikiportal/Cricket? I have no firm opinion on the matter myself at this stage and don't mind where the page is located, but I noticed that your orignal move was highly controversial and created a major edit war. It is only fair to other editors that you provide clear evidence that your page move really does have community support now. Thankyou, Tannin 08:10, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Camilla
When you reverted you reinstalled the claim that Camilla was Charles's mistress. You may not have noticed the fact. That was the reason I reverted the anonymous user's changes back to my version. All the changes had been to do with calling her POW, to call her 'mistress' and a change from 'Scots' to 'Scottish'. The latter was the only change worth keeping. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 18:52, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Help with delete
jguk, can you please help me with the deletion of an article. I made a typo in the title of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Barlett and added it at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Log/2005_May_26 but for some reason it is not showing up. The corrected article now appears at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Bartlett

Thanks, Tintin 07:20, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Thanks jguk. Changed it to a redirection Tintin 08:03, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

jguk,

Thanks for Bartlett.

Tintin 06:27, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Parthia
Jguk, please stop reverting the article on Parthia. You have made no contributions to this article other than changing the date notations multiple times, you have ignored my requests to present your case on the talk page, and you've violated the 3RR. Please stop, at the very least until the issue with the MoS has been resolved. siafu 13:39, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry to reply to somebody else's talk page notice, but he hasn't actually violated 3RR. violet/riga (t) 13:42, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * ,, , , , , and .  I count 7, all exactly the same edit, and 5 are noted as "rv" in the edit summaries.  I'm not referencing 3RR to be intimidating, and I have no interest in presenting this in the same fashion as the ridiculous arbcom case against jguk.  There are, however, 7 reverts (way more than 3), and it certainly goes against the spirit of 3RR. siafu 13:54, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * You've missed the fact that the 3RR is only violated if there are more than three reverts within a 24 hour period. violet/riga (t) 15:09, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm just asking for a ceasefire. I'm not trying to make a case with the ArbCom. siafu 15:12, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * violet/riga acts as Jguk's legal counsel and mouthpiece. Sunray 07:28, 2005 May 27 (UTC)
 * As I would for you if you were falsely accused of a 3RR violation. violet/riga (t) 07:51, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

This is starting to be a little ridiculous; I'm hearing from multiple users just the not the user in question, the one whose talk page this is. If either of you (Sunray, Violetriga) feel the need to continue this discussion, I invite you to use my talk page so that we can leave jguk's alone pending a response from thus-far silent colleague. siafu 14:28, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

Vacuum cleaner
You said on Talk:Jesus:"This would be confusing - it would also make each year look like a vacuum cleaner model" Which is certainly the best comment I've read on Wikipedia yet. Thanks for eliminating my WikiStress. -SocratesJedi | Talk 07:04, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

RfAr
Please note that a Request for Arbitration has been opened regarding the prefixed style NPOV dispute, the RfC which was opened with respect to my account, and personal attacks made and restored by certain parties. I have named you as an involved party and therefore I am notifying you of this RfAr in order that you may respond accordingly. Whig 12:30, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

I wanted to know if the idea of infoboxes for cricket teams has been proposed so far. In my view, they are a must. --Just my 2 cents -- Hemanshu 10:48, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Cricket
What I mean is changing to. - Ta bu shi da yu 23:48, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Moves of cricket pages
Why have you moved the Cardiff UCCE and Bradford/Leeds UCCE pages? Have you seen something about them being renamed? If so, what? And also if so, that wouldn't change the names they played under in old games. Finally - can we have solidi in page titles, I thought they mucked something up, which is why I went for Bradford&Leeds in the title. Kind regards, jguk 11:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Check out MCC Universities website for names, etc. As to the dates, I'm not sure which is why I stopped and waited for some comment.
 * A / is allowed in the name. See here and here. Bornintheguz 14:50, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Cricket Tables
I've seen you tagged the redirects for the pages you moved for speedy deletion. Problem is, there's still loads of pages pointing to them and without the redirect these will all go red. Please point these directly to the correct place before nominating again, or leave the redirect in place.

I've reverted the to the redirect for now. -- Mgm|(talk) 18:43, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * Please use in the future to explain your reason for speedying. :) Mgm|(talk) 19:17, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

Portalspace
Hi, I was looking over the comments from a couple weeks ago (seems like I always miss interesting discussion by a few days!) and I'd like to know what's going on with the portal space and the links to the portals getting added to the main page. Any progress on that? Anything I can do to help out? Let me know! Thanks. --Spangineer ( háblame ) 19:23, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, I don't know any developers... but what's the problem with just "creating" the portalspace by moving the portals into it, like the Cricket portal? --Spangineer ( háblame ) 16:18, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Cut 'n' paste moves
Hi, jguk. Can I just check, when you moved Korath's ugly decision to move the cricket portal into wikipedia: space, did you just cut and paste it? If so, that needs to be fixed by an admin... I'm happy to do it, but I just need to check that I need to. Cheers, smoddy 22:55, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I know. :/ It's going to be a headache, as I have never done one of these before.  I shall do it in the morning (before 11, of course!).  Cheers, smoddy 23:02, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cricket
I can't find the exact reference now, but I believe the use of subpages for template transclusion on articles is discouraged.

And frankly, I doubt articles for single cricket matches is a very good idea. That would set precedent for football and basket ball matches. Isn't there a way in which you can structure such article so you can simply use pointing to a subarticle on a certain club or season to interconnect everything? In fact, can you tell me why you find this method of transclusion better? Mgm|(talk) 21:48, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)

Cricket categorisation
Hi. I'm just one of those pedants who likes to see every article in a category. I tried finding an appropriate category for your new cricket articles, however your new category created suits perfectly. Keep up the great contributions. -- Longhair | Talk 09:24, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Admin criterion
Hi there! You wrote that you oppose my RFA because I haven't helped with a featured article. Well, I can't argue with that; it's a reasonably fair criterion, and while I've written a Signpost story and part of official policy, I haven't done anything related to FAC. However, may I ask you something - I've noticed there are presently about a dozen nominations for adminship, and you've voted on three of them. Does that mean you haven't seen the others yet? Or is there a meta-criterion to when your criterion applies? Or am I missing something? This is not meant as criticism, it's just that I don't understand it, and I'd like to. Yours, Radiant_* 17:03, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clearing that up, and it's an opinion I can respect. However, I would appreciate it if you were to vote on all open nominations, out of a general feeling of fairness. Unless that would be a lot of extra work for you, that is. Yours, Radiant_* 18:53, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

I'd like to reiterate what Radiant just said; your admin criterion seems to be rather selectively applied, unless I too am missing something. I'd also like to state for the record that I deeply disagree with the entire concept of it, as being about as orthogonal as it'd be possible to get from a sensible measure of someone's suitability for adminship (if you were inviting comment on that, too, as opposed to whether it'd been "correctly applied" in each case). Alai 18:22, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Requests for adminship/Pjacobi
This is a wise criterion, but like you yourself I wouldn't like to see it as policy. I don't disagree with your judgment, that I've not contributed enough to meet your criterion (I've had a very, very minor involment in Tamil language and its FAC discussion). --Pjacobi 18:38, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

 * Like Radiant, I'd prefer you vote on all open RFA nominations rather than being selective. Even though I disagree with your criterion, it is fairly easy to judge whether or not one has passed it. And since open nominations last 7 days, I'd suggest that you set a certain specific time each week and go through all of the nominations on a regular weekly basis. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 19:59, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * If you have not done so, to make it even easier, you might want to create user boilerplate subpages for yourself too. I'll even help you if you don't know how. Thanks. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 19:59, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

WP:RFA
Hello,

I see that you gave an opposing vote to Zocky. I just wanted to bring to your attention his work on Margaret Thatcher, where he did some crucial work. E.g..

Thanks for your time. --Dejan Cabrilo 19:53, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing this out. On reflection though, I don't think these edits are unrelated to the final push towards getting FA status for the article - and, whilst I do not wish to denigrate what are clearly useful edits, they are not substantial in the context of the article as a whole. I have decided the fairest way to apply my criterion is strictly (and without reference to personalities). I will keep my vote as is. I also note that it is unlikely to make much difference in this case. Kind regards, jguk 20:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

templates
User:SimonP is up to his old tricks over templates and categories. He has now proposed deleting Template:Crowns on the template for deletion page. Going by his past antics on Category:Westminster System and Template:Commonwealth Realms he's trying to delete a template that pulls all the articles on the topic together, then he'll start subcategorising all the articles and we'll end up with a complicated, user-unfriendly mess of a category. Your opinions and observations would be welcome. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 21:15, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

My RFA
Jguk, thank you for your vote of confidence on my recent successful RFA, it was much appreciated. I will work to demonstrate that your trust was well-placed. Fawcett5 19:52, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

opinion
I know I've already mentioned this but your opinions are earnestly sought on |Template for deletion:Crowns. To put it simply, there were various lists on crowns and state symbols buried on files, hardly touched, and full of unwritten articles. I created a series of I'd say thirty articles on crowns, types of crowns, crown jewels etc, at considerable time and effort. I created a provisional template to link the articles together, which I planned, once I had all the information in place, to separate into a series of templates as there was too much information for one large one.

SimonP, who has been waging war on templates for ages (usually as a minority of one, through he usually forces his opinion on pages - such as his deletions of the Template:Commonwealth Realms from articles on Commonwealth Realms - by wearing people down on the issue) nominated the template for deletion. While some users have praised the template for creating a workable themed group with a visual unity via the template, a couple of people are determined to delete the template and use their beloved, hideously ugly, lists, the same lists that had proved to be a dead end for all these articles before.

The antics of SimonP makes me wonder why bother doing any serious work here, when all one get is attempts by a small number of people to replace professionally laid out information by visually unattractive, frequently complicated and because of the ease of edits, perrennially inaccurate long lists. Sorry for revisiting the issue, but given your extensive work on royal pages I am very interested in hearing your views on the matter on the TfD page linked above. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 21:34, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I agree. What I did was to create a draft template for all the articles so that I could work on them as a block. Then as a clear set of groupings emerge, I have been splitting bits off. I have created two smaller templates already. The plan was then to move the Crowns Jewels bit of what is left to a separate template and keep the individual crowns together. I kept the British ones separate because they are somewhat complicated - through part of the British crown jewels some are exclusively associated with the monarch of England, some the monarch of Great Britain and some the monarch of the UK. It would be misleading, for example, to imply that the State Crown of George I has any link to the UK when not only did it not have any, it was actually sold before the UK came into existence, and has only recently returned to royal ownership. So rather than have (England), (Great Britain) and (United Kingdom) after different crowns, or the factually wrong (UK) after them all, it made more sense to separate them by chronology under a heading that covered both English and British. But SimonP, as part of his ungoing issue with templates, jumped the gun before I had a chance to finish the layout. And I could not not use the template even in its draft form or else most the articles would have been orphans.

Thanks for the comments. Fear ÉIREANN (talk) 23:41, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Tax avoidance
jguk, would you write a stub for Tax avoidance? In today's featured article, you changed tax avoidance to tax avoidance with the summary "This is completely different." However, Tax avoidance still redirects to Tax evasion. If you would write at least a short paragraph explaining the general concept, that would be helpful. Thank you. SWAdair | Talk 02:38, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The article on tax evasion discusses the distinctions between tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax resistance and tax mitigation. Quite why tax resistance has its own substantial article, but the others redirect to tax evasion.  In an ideal world, they would have separate articles, but the composite one does the job reasonable well at the moment.  (Congratulations, btw, on getting CT on the main page!  And apologies for never getting my comments in.  I've still got my manuscript mark-up from January somewhere...) -- ALoan (Talk) 13:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Admin criterion again
Hi there! I thought some more about your admin criterion and would like to share my opinion... basically, you assert that people who write an FA deserve to be admins, and consequently cast a support vote. I think that's a good reason to support people (and as you say, it's not intended as policy); it's certainly one of the more objective reasons I've heard.

However, you're also inferring the opposite, namely that people who have not written an FA do not deserve to be admins, and consequently cast an opposing vote. I think there's two things wrong with this... first, there are other things people could have done to deserve adminhood, such as stub sorting and RC patrol (in fact, anyone heavily involved in cleanup is likely to become a good admin and likely to not have written an FA). And second, an oppose vote is rather harsh since it subtracts four support votes, and for most people, getting four or five oppose votes means they're out of the running. For other people, it often turns out that yours is the only opposing vote, amidst 20-30 supports.

In other words, by two pennies would be that it seems fairer to abstain, rather than oppose, for people who haven't written featuring stuff. Of course that's entirely up to you, but I felt it worth mentioning. Yours, Radiant_ >|< 07:50, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Sydney Riot of 1879
Congratulations on getting it to FA. Is there any thought of The Ashes going the same way soon? Don't you think that The trophy section should go immediately after the The obituary - it seems a bit out of order as it is now - Ian 14:20, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jguk/Archive6


text:
User talk:Ytgy111

Yo.
Your edit to Atlantic Records is so Weird Al! Gotta love it. -David

Adelaide Wikimeetup 3
Hi Taylor - we're planning a third meetup in Adelaide sometime in the coming weeks, and would love to have you there. If you can, please help decide a location, a date and a time here. Thanks!

Adelaide Wikimeetup 3
Hi Ytgy111 - after some planning we've decided to hold the third Adelaide Wikimeetup on Sunday, 17th February, 2008. The meeting will be held at Billy Baxter's in Rundle Mall at 11:30AM. Further details and directions are available on the meetup page. Please RSVP here by 20:00UTC on 15th February 2008 (that's 6AM Saturday for our time zone) so that we can inform the restaurant about numbers. Hope to see you there!

You are receiving this message because you are in Category:Wikipedians in South Australia or are listed at WP:ADEL. If this has been sent in error, please accept our apologies!

On behalf of Riana ⁂, 11:31, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Adelaide Wikimeetup 3
Hi Ytgy111 - after some planning we've decided to hold the third Adelaide Wikimeetup on Sunday, 17th February, 2008. The meeting will be held at Billy Baxter's in Rundle Mall at 11:30AM. Further details and directions are available on the meetup page. Please RSVP here by 20:00UTC on 15th February 2008 (that's 6AM Saturday for our time zone) so that we can inform the restaurant about numbers. Hope to see you there!

You are receiving this message because you are in Category:Wikipedians in South Australia or are listed at WP:ADEL. If this has been sent in error, please accept our apologies!

On behalf of Riana ⁂, 11:36, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Your edits to McFly
I reverted your change to McFly as a cover band produces music that is almost exclusively not their own, while McFly have penned three original albums. Please check your facts before adding such content. -mattbuck (Talk) 09:11, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:05, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Adelaide Meetup 22 – Friday 6 March 2020
WikiProject Adelaide Meetup 22 has been hastily arranged, spread the word!

DATE: Friday 6 March 2020

TIME: 5.00–6.30 pm

VENUE: Cafe Amore, 162-170 Pulteney St, Adelaide

Celebrate the long weekend with a meet-up and discuss what you'd like to see in the world of Wikimedia in 2020. Sign-up and RSVP here.

Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) on behalf of WikiProject Adelaide at 22:16, 5 March 2020 (UTC). You received this message because your user page is in Category:Wikipedians in South Australia. If you do not wish to receive future notifications, please advise Wikipedia talk:Meetup/Adelaide.

authors: ಮಲ್ನಾಡಾಚ್ ಕೊಂಕ್ಣೊ

title: User talk:Ytgy111


text:
User:Soap32

Soap because that is the first thing I laid eyes on while trying to come up with a screen name and 32 because that is my lucky number.

title: User:Soap32