text:
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Image:Ibexes.jpg

Ibexes.jpg
This image takes a couple seconds to appreciate, but it really jumped out at me when I saw it on Camouflage. Make sure you look at the full-size image too — how many Ibexes can you see? Image taken by Sputnikcccp and released under the GFDL. -Lommer | talk 23:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Nominate and support. -Lommer | talk 23:02, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What hi-res version? Oppose. ed g2s  •  talk  23:48, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sorry, by hi-res version I mean the full-size image, I'll change the nomination speach. -Lommer | talk 04:12, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's far too small, grainy and out of focus. ed g2s  •  talk  08:34, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Impressive. — Trilobite (Talk) 20:52, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. I know it's a picture I took, so I don't know if this nomination counts, but I have to say it is a very good picture. It illustrates Ibexes and Camouflage well. — Sputnik (Talk) 21:47, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Neutral. Is there any chance of a higher res pic? -- Silversmith  Hewwo 08:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, though could used higher res. Circeus 10:52, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know if the picture can be altered to create a higher res image. If someone with more photo-altering knowledge would like to try, go right ahead. And in my defence, Ed g2s, yes, it's slightly grainy and out of focus, but I think that adds to the effect of camouflage. Sputnik
 * Generally speaking increasing the size will not create a better image, and as it stands the image is far too small for FP. ed g2s  •  talk  19:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The colour is horrible - you can hardly see the features of the ibexes, which look rather like the rocks. Enochlau 08:43, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * That's the point of the picture! The ibexes blend in, they look like the rocks. If you can't find them, neither could a predator. That's what camouflage is for! Sputnik
 * oh gosh I'm so stupid... in any case, still an oppose because the image quality is not too good - compare it with the clarity of the second picture on the camouflage page. Enochlau 13:25, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Small and out of focus. --Bernard Helmstetter 20:15, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Though I like hunting for ibexes, the resolution is prohibitive.Deltabeignet 21:57, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.png|15px]] Oppose, suffers from compression/lack of clarity. --Fir0002 04:56, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose, Bad compositon, color and overall lacking in sharpness. Alight 20:14, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Although it illustrates the article well, it's not particularly aesthetically pleasing. Dzof 11:03, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This link is Broken 18:17, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
FYP

FYP may refer to:
 * F.Y.P, an American punk band
 * Five-year plan (disambiguation)
 * Foundation Year Program
 * Final year project
 * the "For you page" on TikTok, which allows users to view a feed of recommended videos

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: FYP


text:
Tchotchke

A tchotchke     is a small bric-à-brac or miscellaneous item. The word has long been used by Jewish-Americans and in the regional speech of New York City and elsewhere. It is borrowed from Yiddish and is ultimately Slavic in origin.

The word may also refer to free promotional items dispensed at trade shows, conventions, and similar commercial events. They can also be sold as cheap souvenirs in tourist areas, which are sometimes called "tchotchke shops".

Spelling
A wide variety of spellings exist for the English usage of the term, such as tchatchke, tshotshke, tshatshke, tchachke, tchotchka, tchatchka, chachke, tsotchke, chotski, and chochke; the standard Yiddish transliteration is tsatske or tshatshke. In YIVO standard orthography, it is spelled טשאַטשקע. In Israeli Hebrew it is often spelled צאצקע,, with a tsade instead of teth-shin, as in Yiddish. A Hebrew variant is צ׳אצ׳קע, using צ (tsade) with a geresh to represent the sound.

Alternative meanings and context
Depending on the context, the term has a connotation of worthlessness or disposability as well as tackiness.

A common confusion is between the terms tchotchke and tsatske or rather tsatskele, with the diminutive ending -le. Both terms have the same Slavic root, but the tch- version stems from Russian, while the ts- originates in Polish. Tchotchke usually references trinkets, while tsatskele is more likely to mean a young girl or woman who uses her charms to reach her goals. Being Yiddish, the meaning can change by the use of gestures and a change in tone, so that tsatskele can become the favorite child.

Leo Rosten, author of The Joys of Yiddish, combines the two main meanings and gives an alternative sense of tchotchke as meaning a young girl, a "pretty young thing". Less flatteringly, the term could be construed as a more dismissive synonym for "bimbo", or "slut".

Etymology
The word tchotchke derives from a Slavic word for "trinket" (цяцька ; cacko, plural cacka; čačka ; цацка ; цацки ), adapted to Yiddish singular טשאַטשקע tshatshke.

title: Tchotchke


text:
Mordant red 19

Mordant red 19 is an organic compound with the chemical formula C16H13ClN4O5S. It is classified as an azo dye.

It is a mordant used in textile dyeing, usually in combination with chromium. It is usually found as the sodium salt.

title: Mordant red 19


text:
Susperia

Susperia is a Norwegian melodic thrash metal band formed in October 1998 by Tjodalv and Cyrus. The band was originally named Seven Sins, but since there was another band with that name they changed it to the title of the horror film Suspiria, changing the spelling to avoid a clash with Suspiria, a gothic rock band that also took its name from the film.

History
Susperia was started by Tjodalv (Dimmu Borgir, Old Man's Child) and Cyrus (Satyricon, Old Man's Child) in October 1998. After Tjodalv left Dimmu Borgir in the middle of March 1999, he started to concentrate fully on Susperia together with old-time friend Cyrus. At Wacken Open Air Festival in 1999, Tjodalv met with singer Athera (Vanaheim), who joined the band subsequently, followed by bass player Memnock (Old Man's Child, Vanaheim) and guitarist Elvorn. They recorded a demo, Illusions of Evil, in December 1999 at Pitfire Studio outside Oslo, which was mixed and mastered by L. Argedick. Synthesizer and piano parts were played by Mustis (Dimmu Borgir). He was briefly an official member of the band before he left to fully concentrate on Dimmu Borgir. Mustis returned to the band in 2010, after being fired from Dimmu Borgir.

The demo was sent out to different record companies and gained some positive feedback. They received a few offers from mainly major record labels and signed in early 2000 with Nuclear Blast for four records. Susperia played their first live gig at John Dee in Oslo, following Ragnarok and Alsvartr; just a few months later, they played at the Scream Magazine 10-year anniversary party.

In March 2009, it was reported that vocalist Athera (real name Pål Mathisen) had suffered a heart attack. It was later confirmed that he had been rushed into hospital in Lørenskog, suffering from acute stomach pain and heavy bleeding. He was expected to remain hospitalised for some time. It was later announced that he would undergo a triple bypass operation on 16 March 2009.

Susperia joined Melodi Grand Prix in 2011, but lost before the semi-final.

Cyrus is currently the touring bassist for Dimmu Borgir.

In 2015, founding vocalist Athera left the band.

Musical style
On their early albums, the band experimented with a mixture of black and thrash metal. Testament, one of the members' favorite bands, was a major influence, and by the time the album Unlimited was released, the black metal elements had disappeared. Instead, the band gave more space to influences from heavy metal. Today, Susperia are generally regarded as a melodic thrash metal band.

The lyrics written by singer Athera are personal and either purely fictional or autobiographical. Politics and religion are not dealt with, nor are certain concepts. Athera uses both guttural and clean vocals.

Susperia is not a Satanic band, though their lyrics tend to criticise and question the views and morals of Christianity.

Band members
Current members
 * Terje "Cyrus" Andersen – guitars (1998–present)
 * Christian "Elvorn" Hagen – guitars (1998–present)
 * Ian Kenneth "Tjodalv" Åkesson – drums (1998–present)

Former members
 * Øyvind Johan "Mustis" Mustaparta – keyboards (1998–2000; touring musician: 2010–2011)
 * Håkon "Memnock" Didriksen – bass (1998–2019)
 * Pål "Athera" Mathiesen – vocals (1998–2015; touring musician: 2019)
 * Bernt "Dagon" Fjellstad – vocals (2015–2019; touring musician: 2009, 2014–2015)

Live musicians
 * Lars "Tristhan" Fredriksen – bass (2019)

Timeline

Studio albums

 * Predominance (2001)
 * Vindication (2002)
 * Unlimited (2004)
 * Cut from Stone (2007)
 * Attitude (2009)
 * The Lyricist (2018)

EPs/singles

 * Devil May Care (2005)
 *  Nothing Remains (single, 2011)
 *  We Are the Ones (2011)

Demos

 * Illusions of Evil (2000)

title: Susperia


text:
Political Affairs Committee (African Union)

The African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council's Political Affairs Committee concern themselves with:

 * Human rights
 * Rule of law
 * Democratic constitutional rule
 * Good governance
 * Power sharing
 * Electoral institutions
 * Humanitarian affairs and assistance

The Chairpersomn of the Committee is Landing Badji.


text:
Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar)

Fort-Dauphin (Malagasy Tolagnaro or Taolagnaro) is a city (commune urbaine) on the southeast coast of Madagascar. It is the capital of the Anosy Region and of the Taolagnaro District. It has been a port of local importance since the early 1500s. A new port, the Ehoala Port was built in 2006–2009. Fort-Dauphin was the first French settlement in Madagascar.

History
The bay of Fort-Dauphin was found by a Portuguese Captain in 1500. Fort Dauphin was founded on an Antanosy village, Taolankarana, in 1643 by the French East India Company who built a fort there named in honor of the crown prince, the future Louis XIV of France. It was settled by around a hundred colonists, who found themselves involved in the local politics. The poor trade results (some ebony and little more was obtained) hardly justified the difficulties of the settlers, who suffered from tropical illnesses and other problems. After a conflict with the Antanosy people, the survivors were evacuated in 1674.

One Governor of this colony, Étienne de Flacourt, published the History of the Great Isle of Madagascar and Relations, which was the main source of information on the island for Europeans until the late 19th century.

After World War II and until Didier Ratsiraka took the presidency in 1975, Fort Dauphin had a thriving community of Malagasy, French, Chinese and Pakistani merchants with adequate roads connecting the city to Toliara to the west and Fianarantsoa to the west and then north. The port provided a means of exporting cattle to Mauritius and importing various goods from France and elsewhere. During the time Philibert Tsiranana was President of Madagascar, he enjoyed flying down to Fort Dauphin.

In 1975, the French businesses were nationalized, French citizens' assets were frozen, and several were briefly imprisoned.

Modern era
Since the early 1970s, Fort Dauphin suffered an economic decline due to lack of good road connections to the rest of the country, rendering its port of local importance only. This in spite of significant foreign exchange earned from the export of live lobster (250 to over 350 tonnes per year from 1990 to 2005), and sapphires.

The Mandena ilmenite mine near Fort-Dauphin was opened by QIT Madagascar Minerals in 1986 prompting a boost in employment, migration to the area, development of roads and exacerbation of deforestation. Associated with the mine the port d'Ehoala was built, 10 km west of Tolagnaro. These are the first major investments in the region's infrastructure for many decades. The mine contaminated Lake Besaroy in 2014-2015 and has been met with mixed reactions from local communities, who held protests in 2013 and 2022.

Today, there are a large variety of international non-governmental organizations with offices in Tolagnaro.

Geography
Fort-Dauphin was initially situated on a short, narrow peninsula on the extreme southeastern coast of Madagascar, but has since grown to cover a much greater area along the ocean, almost to Mount Bezavona.

 * Andohahela National Park is within driving distance, 40 km to the northwest of Fort-Dauphin.
 * Berenty Reserve
 * Tsitongambarika reserve

Climate
Fort-Dauphin has a tropical rainforest climate, though it is less rainy than areas further north on the eastern Malagasy coast. Being closer to the centre of the subtropical anticyclones than other parts of Madagascar, most rainfall is orographic, and tropical cyclones are not as common as in more northerly parts of the island.

Religion
The majority of its population are Christian, though almost all religions practised in Madagascar are found in Fort-Dauphin.
 * FJKM - Fiangonan'i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara (Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar)
 * FLM - Fiangonana Loterana Malagasy (Malagasy Lutheran Church)
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Tolagnaro includes a huge site with a primary school, middle school, a large cathedral and a smaller church in town. Near the Marillac Airport are the Sisters of Marillac à Fort Dauphin and St. Vincentienne Marillac, a large private Catholic school.
 * FFPM - (United Pentecostal Church of Madagascar)
 * EEM Eklesia Episkopaly Malagasy (Anglican Church of Madagascar)
 * Eglise Rhema Terre de Sel

Fort Dauphin was the headquarters of American Lutheran missionaries American Lutheran Church who worked in southern Madagascar starting in 1888 for almost 100 years.

The Lutheran missionaries also traded land above the original Fort Dauphin harbour for what was then a sand dune. There is also a section of the town's cemetery where quite a few American Lutheran missionaries and several others are buried.

The Mahovoky Hotel and Annex and the American style homes in the forest at Libanona were part of this mission.

Roads

 * the National Road 12a, from Fort-Dauphin to Vangaindrano.
 * the National Road 13, from Fort-Dauphin to Ambovombe and Ihosy.

Airport

 * Tolagnaro Airport

Seaport

 * Port d'Ehoala

Education
There are 161 public primary schools in the district of Fort-Dauphin, 8 public colleges and 1 public lycée. There are also 32 private primary schools, 5 private colleges and 2 private lycées.

There is one certified French School at the primary level, École primaire française de Fort-Dauphin, and a middle school and high school (college et lycée) AEFE, and Lycee La Clairefontaine.

Research
In 1995 and 2006, Malagasy agronomists and American political ecologists studied the production of Catharanthus roseus around Fort Dauphin and Ambovombe and its export as a natural source of the alkaloids used to make vincristine, vinblastine and other vinca alkaloid cancer drugs. Their research focused on the wild collection of periwinkle roots and leaves from roadsides and fields and its industrial cultivation on large farms.

Notable resident

 * Abraham Samuel, pirate, led a combined pirate-Antanosy kingdom from Fort Dauphin from 1697 until he died there in 1705.

title: Fort-Dauphin (Madagascar)


text: Category:Economic, Social and Cultural Council


text:
Talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 9 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): DemiKilpatrick. Peer reviewers: Camilamada15.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Mechanicsm
What does "mechanicsm" mean? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.131.88.120 (talk • contribs) 23:10, 6 June 2005

 * Thank you for your suggestion! When you feel an article needs improvement, please feel free to make whatever changes you feel are needed. Wikipedia is a wiki, so anyone can edit almost any article by simply following the  link at the top. You don't even need to log in! (Although there are some reasons why you might like to…) The Wikipedia community encourages you to be bold. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. If you're not sure how editing works, check out how to edit a page, or use the sandbox to try out your editing skills.  New contributors are always welcome. JFW |  T@lk  02:26, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Issue resolved by JFW at 02:27, 7 June 2005 (UTC). –panda 16:12, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Article improvements
I just finished an informal reveiw of all the Nobel Prize laurates in Physiology or Medicine. Many of the articles are very short stubs. I've made of list of my off-the-cuff assessments of each article on my subpage User:Sayeth/nobelprize. Please help improve these articles to make Wikipedia more complete. Sayeth 17:39, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * In the Nobel prize overview, it does not mention Economics. 75.169.28.43 (talk) 19:07, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

change sort?
I'm tempted to resort this with the most recent on top, and the oldest on the bottom. I think most users will want to know the most recent prizes awarded, since these are usually current afairs, and keep the history and oldest ones on the bottom. Anybody agree or disagree?--Sonjaaa 21:06, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I kind of like it as it is, truth to say. Scrolling through it makes you wonder at the speed of progress in this field in the last century or so... It puts things in perspective, and helps realise that many familiar aspects of healthcare that we rely upon today, like antibiotics, are actuallya pretty recent invetion. :)  --Nehwyn 21:47, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Issue resolved. See  –panda 16:12, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Topics do not match Nobel site
I've noticed that the topics listed on this page do not always match those given at the official nobel prize website. For example, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/ Shanata 01:22, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Issue resolved. See  –panda 16:12, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Dutch Prince's flag
I just changed the Dutch "prinsenvlag" to the standard Dutch flag for the Willem Einthoven (1924) and Christiaan Eijkman (1929). While both flags were in use before 1937, the Red-White-Blue was generally given precedence (according to the Wikipedia article on the flag). Using this flag is also more consistent with the other pages on Nobel Prizes: they all use the "modern" flag for Dutch winners, even before 1937. 83.247.46.41 14:31, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

Major changes to the table
I made some changes to the table:

 * The table is now sortable - If you prefer to see a list with the most current year on top, you can now switch the order. This meant that years that had multiple reasons had to be put in separate rows (that is, I removed all rowspans) and there would be two entries for a particular year.  So I put an asterisk ( * ) behind those years with an explanation at the bottom of the table.
 * The country of citizenship is now associated with a person - I moved the country of citizenship from a separate column to beside the person's name to make it easier to understand who had what citizenship.
 * The flags may reflect the state of a country in the past - Many countries have changed their flags and/or borders throughout the years. Before changing a flag, please read the text before the table explaining which flag is used for each country.  The rationale for using an older flag is that it can sometimes quickly explain why someone emigrated and the state of the world at the time they emigrated, won the Nobel prize, or died.
 * The quotes are the actual quotes from The Nobel Foundation website - A lot of the previous text was not a quote but was within quotation marks anyway. The change meant that some of the previous wiki-links have changed.  All of the quotes are also now referenced.
 * Included all years, even when no prize was awarded - Otherwise it's easy to miss that the Nobel prize was not awarded ever year from 1901.

Things to do - please help!:

 * Verify citizenships - For example, the Nobel website claims that John James Richard Macleod was Canadian but I haven't found any evidence of that yet except on that page. So rather than remove it, I put a question mark beside it.
 * Add the year someone acquired an additional citizenship - The year can sometimes be interesting as it can be related to other world events and may help explain why someone would change citizenships.

–panda 16:57, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

RFC: Country – ambiguous or not
There is currently a request for comments at Talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry to discuss whether the country column in the table of Nobel laureates is ambiguous or not. Your comments in this matter would be appreciated. panda 14:09, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Weird issues regarding flags and country names
I realize that the text at the top of the article is intended to provide rules as to which flags are used for laureates who have changed their citizenship. However, when the rules present weird results, as they apparently do now, that may mean that those rules need to be changed.

In particular, there is a laureate from 1970 who is identified with a flag of Nazi Germany (along with the British flag for his later citizenship). This makes it look as though the article is giving Nazi Germany "credit" for a Nobel Prize in 1970, twenty-five years after the regime dissolved. Furthermore, the laureate in question, Bernard Katz, was Jewish and spent less than two years living in Nazi Germany before emigrating. If one were to associate a German flag with Katz, it might make more sense to use the flag of the German Empire as of when he was born, rather than the flag that he spent only a short period of his life living under. A similar argument applies to 1945 laureate Ernst Boris Chain.

Finally, identifying the country as "Nazi Germany" in this table seems to violate NPOV (obviously there are contexts where it is a useful description, but not here). The country was officially known as "Deutsches Reich" at the time when the three Physiology or Medicine laureates last lived there, and the word "Nazi" was never part of the country's name. While "Deutsches Reich" can be translated as "German Reich" or "German Empire", it would seem more useful just to identify the country as "Germany" which is the standard short name in English. For comparison, the term "Communist China" is in common use, but I doubt that a laureate from the People's Republic of China would be identified as being from "Communist China". --Metropolitan90 06:15, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I have nothing against replacing Nazi Germany with its official name Deutsches Reich. The point was to use official country names and the flags used at that time.  That would not be a violation of  NPOV.  The reason why I chose the scheme that I did was because for laureates such as Bernard Katz and Ernst Boris Chain, the Nazi flag shows quickly why they emigrated.  If you can come up with a consistent flag scheme, then by all means use it.  (Country of birth is not a good choice since some people can be born in a country and never be a citizen of that country.) panda 07:59, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * For clarity, I am not recommending that we use the name "Deutsches Reich" in the table. To use an analogy, if someone from France were to win the prize this year, we wouldn't identify their country in the table as "République française" or "French Republic". We'd use the common name "France". Similarly, the common name of "Deutsches Reich" should be given as "Germany". --Metropolitan90 15:59, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * According to the editors of the Germany articles, the common English name would be Nazi Germany for that time period. (See Talk:Nazi Germany and the many comments about this.)  The more official English name would be German Reich, but other editors of the Nobel articles have split up the German Reich into its three periods: German Empire, Weimar Republic, and Nazi Germany.  I didn't pick those names, I only reorganized the table according to the comments other editors have made on this talk page and the other Nobel lists.  If you have a better suggestion that takes into consideration what others have requested, then that would be great.  Right now, it sounds like your only objection is seeing Nazi Germany in the table for Jewish Germans that emigrated due to the rise of Nazi Germany.  That's not a violation of WP:NPOV but rather a historical fact. panda 21:36, 13 September 2007 (UTC)
 * All that the discussion at Talk:Nazi Germany shows is that there is a consensus that "Nazi Germany" is the correct title of the article about Germany in the Nazi era. I agree that that would be the correct title for that article, but that doesn't necessarily support having that designation on this page Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. By comparison, look at the article Athletics at the 1936 Summer Olympics. There are various German athletes listed as medalists on that page, with the flag of Nazi Germany next to their names, but the country listing for each of them is Germany (GER), not "Nazi Germany". Also, it is a historical fact that the Jewish German laureates emigrated due to the rise of Nazi Germany, but it was the decision of one or more Wikipedia editors that the flag that would be placed next to their names for their country of origin would be the Nazi-era flag. If Wikipedia editors chose instead, for laureates who changed their citizenship, to use the flag of their native country as of when they were born, then Katz and Chain would have different flags next to their names. In summary, these rules that have been applied on this page were not handed down by God or even Jimbo Wales, but are the product of editing decisions. If those rules produce unsatisfactory results, we can change them by consensus. --Metropolitan90 00:32, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course the rules can be changed but could you reiterate exactly what your suggestion is? You've written that Nazi Germany should be changed to Germany but then you also written that PRC should be used instead of Communist China, which is contradictory in my mind.  Just out of curiosity, what is inappropriate about mentioning Nazi Germany or showing the Nazi flag in this article?  panda 06:16, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Perhaps other editors can help us formulate a rule that will work broadly. I don't see the contradiction in my Germany vs. China position; a laureate from Nazi Germany should be identified as from "Germany" while a laureate from Communist China should be identified as being from "China", which seems consistent to me. If you look at Nobel laureates by country you will see significant interest in which countries have produced the most Nobel prize winners, implying that a country gets "credit" for its natives or citizens who win. Appearing to give Nazi Germany in particular credit for Katz and Chain, rather than Germany or the German Empire (as it was when they were born), makes it look like the regime gets credit for the Nobel Prizes won by its ex-citizens that it drove out of the country. --Metropolitan90 07:36, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Nobel laureates by country seems to have their own problems with how to handle counties that no longer exist today and laureates with multiple nationalities. I don't have any strong opinions about this topic so let's make it an RFC across all of the Nobel Prize articles and try to reach a consensus that can be applied to all of the articles.  (Your current example of Germany and China make more sense than the previous one which sounded like you were advocating for using Germany and PRC.) I can start it in the Nobel Prize for Chemistry talk page since that one already has an RFC that I plan to close due to consensus. panda 10:28, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

RFC: Country data in Nobel lists
There is currently a Request for Comments about the country data in the Nobel lists at Talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Your comments would be appreciated. The results of the RFC may affect all of the Nobel Prize articles. panda 16:50, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Some RFC updates: –panda 15:21, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You can find the definition of the country data included in the Nobel lists in the RFC under the point Country data defined.
 * There is currently a consensus moving towards removing all of the flags in the Nobel lists unless someone can devise an acceptable scheme for them. This portion of the RFC (point 2) will be closed in 2 weeks, i.e., 31 October 2007 24 October 2007, assuming it is not challenged.  That is, the consensus will be to remove all flags from the lists.

this is incorrect mis-information: on please do not continue to represent your opinion as fact. --emerson7 16:47, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

 * As stated in the RFC: This is a fact. It is the definition according to the Nobel Foundation. If you dispute the fact, then I invite you to go to the library and check the book. Please stop being disruptive. –panda 16:50, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

This RFC has been closed. The following was reach by consensus:
 * The country data on the Nobel Foundation list is the laureate's nationality (according to the book "Nobel: The Man and His Prizes"); knowing this, there are at least a couple errors for the laureate's nationality in the Nobel Foundation's list.
 * The countries/nationalities should be included in the list.
 * Use common names for the countries/nationalities. All variants of Germany should simply be called Germany except for West Germany, even though there never were any laureate's from East Germany.  Only one editor commented on which variant of Germany should be linked to (the current one), so it's difficult to say if there is any consensus about that aspect.

For a list of inconclusive items, please see the closing comments. –panda 20:57, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

Therefore there was no reason to remove the note about West Germany, and furthermore the subsequent era's should NOT be called the German Empire, which fell around 1918 At the end of WWI. There is a reason I made the Changes. It is politically incorrect. It is like saying that any articles referring to Russia should immediately be changed to USSR! It is not correct. --Jab843 (talk) 00:15, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I have no idea what you're commenting about. I'm just reporting the results of the RFC. –panda (talk) 03:54, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Protection
The edit-warring on this page is disruptive, so I have protected the page. I suggest you all read Manual of Style (flags) and agree on what to do with this page. The two choices that are consistent with consensus Wikipedia guidelines are: — Andrwsc (talk) 00:15, 17 November 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Use the historically correct flags at the time
 * 2) Don't use any flags at all

For those who have an interest in the flags that are displayed in the lists, there is a thread about this here: Talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry. –panda (talk) 03:56, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd just like to point out that the RfC was inconclusive with respect to the use of flags. WP:FLAG, in light of the edit wars, suggests that it is preferable not to use flags at all in this case.--Boffob 19:31, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. It's not like these people were competing for their "national Nobel Prize teams"!  Their nationality is purely incidental, and the flags are not helpful.  I have just removed them.  Andrwsc 19:54, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Can I suggest that the lists be consistent? That is, if the flags are removed here, then they should be removed from all of the Nobel lists.  –panda 20:12, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I absolutely agree.--Boffob 20:18, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Just wanted to point out that Nobel Prize in Literature still has flags in the nationality list, which need to be removed. (I'm feeling lazy and don't want to do it myself...) –panda (talk) 15:23, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

I removed the flags from Nobel Prize in Literature today. –panda (talk) 17:35, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Ronald Ross
Ronald Ross was not 87 years old in 1902

You must be thinking of Peyton Rous, 1966 Nobel Laureate for his 1911 discovery of the filterable agent in chicken cancer, Rous sarcoma virus. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.70.113.12 (talk) 07:04, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

Mistake?
This sentence makes no sense: "The Nobel Committee did not acknowledged Paulescu as the true discoverer of insulin in 1969" --Accursius (talk) 13:16, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Vandalism
Since this is a main page news item, it seems to be recieving some vandalism, as the article currently claims it is not the Nobel prize, but the "Judith" prize. Someone who knows what they are doing should consider:

- Reverting the vandalism,

- Punishing the vandal, and

- Temporarily protecting the article while things cool off. Ako17 (talk) 12:23, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

Regarding anomolous content
In the Section of the article on Laureates, subsection Time Factor and Death, here, the following sentences: The 2009 award in medicine was the first in the Nobel Prize's history that more than one woman has been the recipient of the Nobel Prize in a single year. It is also the first time two women have been awarded the Physiology or Medicine prize. have nothing to do with the subsection title content, looking instead as if they were placed in that location because the preceding sentence that did regard time passed before winning (time factor) was also about a female recipient of this prize.

Bottom line, this is interesting content, and well referenced, but it is in the wrong place. I would appreciate if someone with interest could place it in a more appropriate spot, or if desirable, create a subsection on gender issues into which it could be moved. Le Prof  Leprof 7272 (talk) 13:08, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

Regarding other problematic content
Note, in the following, I have no opinion as to the controversy or historical matters, only to the way in which claims are substantiated via references provided.

In the Section of the article on Laureates, subsection Controversial inclusions and exclusions, here, the following section contains problem with prose and references (lead brackets of citations removed, and citations bulleted for ease of review):

Some maintain that Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bucharest, was the first to isolate insulin, in 1916, although his pancrein was an impure aqueous extract unfit for human treatment similar to the one used previously by Israel Kleiner. In the paper that brought him the Nobel, Paulescu already held a patent for his discovery (10 April 1922, patent no. 6254 (8322) "Pancreina şi procedeul fabricaţiei ei"/"Pancrein and the process of making it", from the Romanian Ministry of Industry and Trade).
 * ref name="J. Nutrition 92">
 * ref name="nrjs">
 * ref name="nrps">
 * ref name="nrks">
 * ref name="nrms">
 * ref name="nrqs">

This is a very problematic and currently unacceptable section, issues for which include:
 * (i) that the names Paulescu and Paulesco appear interchangeably, without explanation, in the text and citations,
 * (ii) that 3 articles are to primary literature (J Nutrition, Paulesco 1921, Banting & Best 1922), making the content WP:OR (insofar as the editors placing the content were conducting OR in drawing conclusions form original historical sources, rather than reporting the conclusions of secondary or tertiary sources);
 * (iii) that 2 articles are not in English (Paulesco 1921, Lestradet 1997), and therefore cannot generally be used to support verification of content;
 * (iv) that the J Nutrition reference content, minutes from a meeting in 1967, do not support the Kleiner or any other content of the sentence to which they are attached;
 * (v) that the "In the paper that brought him the Nobel, Paulescu already held a patent..." sentence is indecipherable as to meaning, and so requires editing for basic clarity;
 * (vi) that the closing citation is difficult to attain or to see excerpts of, and so is essentially unverifiable, and is not given great credibility in mainstream scientific book reviews (see ), and at its face may be questionable vis-a-vis POV; and
 * (vii) that the Murray 1971 article, while a reputable article that may support the claims made in this Wikipedia text, is not widely available (see ), and appears based on another's summary of it to address the issues in such a way as to not support the conclusion of the sentence:

Bottom line, while I m sympathetic to the historical claims of this section, "that Paulescu belongs in this genealogy" (see ), only the Murray 1971 article in this section stands as a reliable, verifiable source without OR or POV issues that might make this claim, and the Murray source is not readily available. (I have requested it via ResearchGate.) All remaining citations are either primary citations demanding OR, or are inaccessible or have apparent POV issues. Even in the case of Murray, another reliable representation of its content indicates it does not say what this WIkipedia article suggests (quotation). Hence, this indicated content should be redacted and replaced by content on this issue that is fully supported by citations that allow for content verification. I would appreciate if someone with interest could review this and make the appropriate edits. Le Prof  Leprof 7272 (talk) 14:53, 6 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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2nd reference needs to be changed
Hi. The 2nd reference in the article needs to be changed from an internet destination, to an actual "reference." Either someone doesn't what a reference is or doesn't know that a reference should be used for footnoted comments. Stevenmitchell (talk) 22:49, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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text:
Wikipedia:Categories for deletion/Log/2005 June 7

Category:Radio stations by location

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 13:39, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Should be Category:Radio stations by country which is the format used by every other such category. - SimonP 23:17, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename As per SimonP. I was worried there would be too many listed in the US, then thought we may need to break it down by state, but to my surprise, its a fairly empty category. <> Who ? ¿ ?  17:24, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It already got broken down by state (and Canadian ones by province), and there are a few people like me who keep an eye on these things to refile anything that goes into the main category instead of the appropriate subcat. Support rename, by the way. Bearcat 00:00, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Rename. Sebastian (talk) 06:13, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Rename to specify what type of location this is. Sjakkalle (Check!)  10:51, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Star Fox planets

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:27, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The planets that were originally listed in this category were all merged into one article due to them all being stubs (see List of Star Fox planets). This category is no longer necessary. Empty. K1Bond007 20:54, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, empty - SimonP 23:17, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Jewish rulers

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:38, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This very new category is far too vague and will surely be open to misinterpretation and misapplication. So far, it lists mostly obscure Khazars and chracters such as Agrippa I lumped together with the Biblical Nehemiah with the ancient Kings of Judah and Israel as subcategories. What's next? "Christian rulers"? "Buddhist rulers"? "Atheist rulers"? Will Abraham be listed? How about Jesus, he was Jewish and a "ruler"? etc, etc. This category must go ASAP IZAK 06:48, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete this unscholarly category soon. IZAK 06:48, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 07:32, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Middle Eastern territories

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:32, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This strange category was created on June 22, 2004, and so far, it has only one article Palestine (region) in it and one subcategory Category:Palestine in it. Nothing else. It is therefore not needed because the Category:Palestine is completely sufficient on its own... (unless someone can come up with some more "Middle Eastern territories" that should be put in it some time soon). See: the Territory article, for the broadness of this term. Does Category:Middle Eastern territories mean to include occupied territories? Or disputed territory such as: Ceuta, Melilla, and Isla Perejil disputed by Spain and Morocco, or the Hala'ib Triangle disputed by Egypt and Sudan? Or Western Sahara disputed by Morocco and the Polisario? Or Kabylie that wants to get rid of Algeria? Or the Hawar Islands disputed by Qatar and Bahrain? Or the Kurd and Assyria areas that want to break away from Syria? etc, etc, and so forth... which makes it all the more puzzling why only Palestine (region) and Category:Palestine are listed? One has to conclude they are not listed because the notion of "Middle Eastern territories" is a political myth. IZAK 06:20, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete,because it is redundant (Category:Palestine is enough), unless all "disputed" and/or "occupied" territories are described as "Middle Eastern territories" (which they are not). IZAK 06:20, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Sebastian (talk) 06:14, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Delete. Neutralitytalk 05:01, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Category:Notable roller coasters

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was rename --Kbdank71 13:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Shouldn't this be just Category:Roller coasters - SimonP 01:17, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, speedy? -- Rick Block (talk) 02:16, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree--BaronLarf 12:29, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, although I suggested we might make it a list instead of a category... There's some talk of it on the current category's talk page -- BrandonR 22:53, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Rename to Category:Roller coasters. I can't imagine any harm done by this category (as long as the articles themselves are encyclopedic). I even vaguely remember a pertinent question on WP:RD a month ago. Sebastian (talk) 06:20, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * Agree. Neutralitytalk 05:01, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.

Multiple "Image Request" Categories

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the category above. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result of the debate was delete --Kbdank71 13:27, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

These 3 categories are redundant, mostly unused and self redirecting. More over,the request templates point to Category:Articles needing images.
 * 1) Category:Wikipedia requested photos
 * 2) Category:Requested photos
 * 3) Category:Picture request

 * 1) Is rarely used, as it currently only has 1 article, which was placed there in Oct 2004
 * (moved article to Category:Articles needing images <> Who ? ¿ ?  17:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC))
 * 2) Is a sub-cat of (1), and was intended to point back to Category:Wikipedia requested photos, its parent, but the wiki code was done wrong. Hence, it is empty and unused.

 * 3) Is an empty category with a link that points to Commons Picture requests.

 * All of these links and topics are currently covered in Category:Articles needing images, which I recently added to the categories Category:Wikipedia requests and Category:Wikipedia images, where it would be utilized more often.

 * I propose we delete (2) and (3).
 * As far as (1), it better matches the category name schema with Category:Wikipedia requested articles. If (1) is kept, that would either mean renaming and/or deletion of Category:Articles needing images and editing the templates, or adding a redirect to it pointing towards (1).

<> Who ? ¿ ? 04:33, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Nicely found. I'd go for 'requested images', since not all requests are for photos. So delete all three, and propose renaming of Category:Articles needing images. Radiant_* 07:06, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Radiant, Category:Wikipedia requested images is a better name than all four of these listed. (especially since image need not be a photo) 132.205.95.65 20:12, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * possibly Category:Wikipedia articles requesting images 132.205.64.154 00:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, the Category:Wikipedia requested images, would fit the schema and purpose perfectly.   <> Who ? ¿ ?  00:43, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree Category:Wikipedia requested images --sparkit (talk) 16:36, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete 2 of the three. I'm not sure about the 3rd: If the category is assigned to an article, doesn't Category:Articles needing images fit better than Category:Wikipedia requested images? Sebastian (talk) 06:31, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * The articles are using to be assigned to Category:Articles needing images, once the template is edited, they would then of course be in Category:Wikipedia requested images -  <> Who ? ¿ ?  06:57, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I still don't see where the picture name comes in. If we had a way to make a name appear in a category (as e.g. discussed in User_talk:R._S._Shaw), that might be an option ... Sebastian (talk) 08:17, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)
 * The actual "picture name" has nothing to do with Category:Articles needing images, this category was created solely for the purpose of the Template:reqimage . Editors have the option of requesting an image either by adding to Requested pictures and/or using on the article. The category is for the article requiring the image, even when there is an image request, its for a specific article, it's pointless to request an image and not have a destination.   <> Who ? ¿ ?  19:12, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your reply. Instead of talking about "picture name", I should have written: I still don't see what's wrong with the name "Articles needing images". But I trust that you guys know what you're doing, so I'll abstain on this third sub-issue. — Sebastian (talk) 20:07, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

 * Moving as it seems there is a general consensus, due to the fact the cat's have been deleted. If there is no opposition, I am going to start the Category:Wikipedia requested images, with the appropriate info, and then updated the templates to populate.   <> Who ? ¿ ?  04:30, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the category's talk page (if any). No further edits should be made to this page.


text: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2005 June 7


text: Category:Manufacturing plants

title: Category:Manufacturing plants


text:
Toleration Act

Toleration Act may refer to:

 * Maryland Toleration Act, a 1649 law mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians
 * Toleration Act 1689, an Act of the Parliament of England
 * Toleration Act 1719, an Act of the Parliament of Ireland

title: Toleration Act


text:
Photovoltaic effect

The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light. It is a physical phenomenon.

The photovoltaic effect is closely related to the photoelectric effect. For both phenomena, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higher-energy state. The main distinction is that the term photoelectric effect is now usually used when the electron is ejected out of the material (usually into a vacuum) and photovoltaic effect used when the excited charge carrier is still contained within the material. In either case, an electric potential (or voltage) is produced by the separation of charges, and the light has to have a sufficient energy to overcome the potential barrier for excitation. The physical essence of the difference is usually that photoelectric emission separates the charges by ballistic conduction and photovoltaic emission separates them by diffusion, but some "hot carrier" photovoltaic devices concepts blur this distinction.

History
The first demonstration of the photovoltaic effect, by Edmond Becquerel in 1839, used an electrochemical cell. He explained his discovery in Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, "the production of an electric current when two plates of platinum or gold immersed in an acid, neutral, or alkaline solution are exposed in an uneven way to solar radiation."

The first solar cell, consisting of a layer of selenium covered with a thin film of gold, was experimented by Charles Fritts in 1884, but it had a very poor efficiency. However, the most familiar form of the photovoltaic effect uses solid-state devices, mainly in photodiodes. When sunlight or other sufficiently energetic light is incident upon the photodiode, the electrons present in the valence band absorb energy and, being excited, jump to the conduction band and become free. These excited electrons diffuse, and some reach the rectifying junction (usually a diode p–n junction) where they are accelerated into the n-type semiconductor material by the built-in potential (Galvani potential). This generates an electromotive force and an electric current, and thus some of the light energy is converted into electric energy. The photovoltaic effect can also occur when two photons are absorbed simultaneously in a process called two-photon photovoltaic effect.

Physics
In addition to the direct photovoltaic excitation of free electrons, an electric current can also arise through the Seebeck effect. When conductive or semiconductive material is heated by absorption of electromagnetic radiation, the heating can lead to increased temperature gradients in the semiconductor material or differentials between materials. These thermal differences in turn may generate a voltage because the electron energy levels are shifted differently in different areas, creating a potential difference between those areas which in turn create an electric current. The relative contributions of the photovoltaic effect versus the Seebeck effect depend on many characteristics of the constituent materials.

All above effects generate direct current, the first demonstration of the alternating current photovoltaic effect (AC PV) was done by Dr. Haiyang Zou and Prof. Zhong Lin Wang at the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2017. The AC PV effect is the generation of alternating current (AC) in the nonequilibrium states when the light periodically shines at the junction or interface of material. The AC PV effect is based on the capacitive model that the current strongly depends on the frequency of the chopper. The AC PV effect is suggested to be a result of the relative shift and realignment between the quasi-Fermi levels of the semiconductors adjacent to the junction/interface under the nonequilibrium conditions. The electrons flow in the external circuit back and forth to balance the potential difference between two electrodes. The organic solar cell, which the materials have no initial carrier concentration, does not have the AC PV effect.

Effect of the temperature
The performance of a photovoltaic module depends on the environmental conditions, mainly on the global incident irradiance G on the module plane. However, the temperature T of the p–n junction also influences the main electrical parameters: the short-circuit current ISC, the open-circuit voltage VOC, and the maximum power Pmax. The first studies about the behavior of PV cells under varying conditions of G and T date back several decades ago.1-4 In general, it is known that VOC shows a significant inverse correlation with T, whereas for ISC that correlation is direct, but weaker, so that this increment does not compensate for the decrease of VOC. As a consequence, Pmax reduces when T increases. This correlation between the output power of a solar cell and its junction working temperature depends on the semiconductor material,2 and it is due to the influence of T on the concentration, lifetime, and mobility of the intrinsic carriers, that is, electrons and holes, inside the PV cell.

The temperature sensitivity is usually described by some temperature coefficients, each one expressing the derivative of the parameter it refers to with respect to the junction temperature. The values of these parameters can be found in any PV module data sheet; they are the following:

– β Coefficient of variation of VOC with respect to T, given by ∂VOC/∂T.

– α Coefficient of variation of ISC with respect to T, given by ∂ISC/∂T.

– δ Coefficient of variation of Pmax with respect to T, given by ∂Pmax/∂T.

Techniques for estimating these coefficients from experimental data can be found in the literature. Few studies analyse the variation of the series resistance with respect to the cell or module temperature. This dependency is studied by suitably processing the current–voltage curve. The temperature coefficient of the series resistance is estimated by using the single diode model or the double diode one.

Solar cells
In most photovoltaic applications, the radiation source is sunlight, and the devices are called solar cells. In the case of a semiconductor p–n (diode) junction solar cell, illuminating the material creates an electric current because excited electrons and the remaining holes are swept in different directions by the built-in electric field of the depletion region.

The AC PV is operated at the non-equilibrium conditions. The first study was based on a p-Si/TiO2 nanofilm. It is found that except for the DC output generated by the conventional PV effect based on a p–n junction, AC current is also produced when a flashing light is illuminated at the interface. The AC PV effect does not follow Ohm's law, being based on the capacitive model that the current strongly depends on the frequency of the chopper, but voltage is independent of the frequency. The peak current of AC at high switching frequency can be much higher than that from DC. The magnitude of the output is also associated with the light absorption of materials.

title: Photovoltaic effect


text:
Shenandoah (film)

Shenandoah is a 1965 American film set during the American Civil War starring James Stewart and featuring Doug McClure, Glenn Corbett, Patrick Wayne, and, in their film debuts, Katharine Ross and Rosemary Forsyth. The picture was directed by Andrew V. McLaglen. The American folk song "Oh Shenandoah" features prominently in the film's soundtrack.

Though set during the Civil War, the film's strong antiwar and humanitarian themes resonated with audiences in later years as attitudes began to change against the Vietnam War. Upon its release, the film was praised for its themes as well as its technical production.

Plot
In the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1864, during the Civil War, family patriarch Charlie Anderson and his six sons Jacob, John, James, Nathan, Henry, and Boy (who is 16) run the family farm, while his daughter Jennie and daughter-in-law Ann take care of the housework. The family has no slaves. Though Charlie attends church weekly and considers himself a "God fearing" man, he doesn't give God credit for anything, but takes credit for himself especially during dinner prayer. He internally blames God for taking his wife from him. His family is regularly late for church and will force people out of their seats to make room for his family, to the annoyance of the preacher and congregation.

Charlie is an archetype of a rugged individualist. Although the Civil War has been raging around him for some three years, literally being fought within miles of his farm, he does not concern himself with the issues or with loyalty but only with his own and his family's welfare. Charlie's oldest son Jacob wants to join the Confederate Army to defend Virginia, but Charlie repeatedly tells his family that they won't become involved in the war until it concerns them directly. Although a few of the boys want to join up, they respect their father's wishes and remain on the farm. Jennie is courted by a young Confederate officer named Sam. He wants to marry Jennie, and when Charlie gives his permission, the wedding occurs a few days later. As soon as the vows are said, a corporal who has been waiting in the rear of the church comes forward to announce that Sam is wanted back immediately. Sam leaves, much to the sorrow of his new bride. Shortly after Sam leaves Ann goes into labor, giving birth to a baby girl, whom they name Martha in honor of Charlie's late wife.

While out hunting raccoon, Boy and his friend Gabriel stumble onto a Confederate ambush. They run away and stop for a drink at a pond. Boy is wearing an old rebel soldier kepi cap that he found at the river. When a Union patrol comes on them, they take Boy as a prisoner of war, mistakenly thinking, based on the cap, that he is a rebel soldier. Gabriel, who has been told he is free by a black Union soldier, runs to tell the Andersons what happened and then, assured by Jennie that it is true that slaves in the Confederacy have been declared emancipated, heads out on his own. When Charlie hears the news of Boy's capture, he, along with Jacob, John, Nathan, Henry and Jennie leave to look for him, leaving James and Ann at the farm with their young baby.

The first place the Andersons look is a nearby Union camp. They are told there are no prisoners there, but Colonel Fairchild, who also has a sixteen-year-old son, directs them to a possible location, where Confederate prisoners are shipped North via railroad. However, the captain in charge at the train depot refuses to allow Charlie to look through the cars, as he "has schedules to keep". So Charlie sets up a roadblock on the tracks, then disarms the Union guards and sends them away. He looks through the boxcars, but Boy is not there, so he mounts his horse to leave. As he looks up, he sees Sam coming through the crowd of liberated prisoners. Jennie is overjoyed to see her husband. Sam leaves with the Andersons, telling the soldiers to burn the train and go home, knowing that the South has no chance of winning the war.

After being taken to a different prisoner of war camp, Boy is befriended by rebel soldier Carter, who plans to escape and decides to let Boy come along. They and a few other men successfully escape while being loaded on a paddle wheeler and start heading south. They come onto a Confederate camp and the next day are attacked by the Federals. Carter is killed in battle, and Boy is shot in the leg. A Union soldier almost kills him, but it turns out to be Gabriel, who has joined the Union Army. Gabriel helps Boy hide in a bush until after the battle.

Back at the farm, three Confederate scavengers raid the place, killing James before attacking and killing Ann. On their way home, the Andersons run across a Confederate unit guarding the road. A young sentry, startled awake by the sound of horses, takes a shot at Jacob, killing him instantly. Charlie starts to strangle the sentry, but stops to ask him his age. The sentry replies, "Sixteen, sir." Charlie, remembering Boy, emotionally tells the sentry that he wants him to live and be an old man and have many sons. He wants him to know what it feels like to lose one of them. The sentry then weeps.

When the Andersons return home, the doctor tells them what happened to James and Ann. Martha is still alive, with a black woman acting as her nanny, and Charlie takes her in his arms. The next day at the breakfast table, Charlie begins his standard prayer, but is so heartbroken that he can't finish it. He goes out to the family graveyard to see his wife's grave. He sees the graves of James, Jacob, and Ann alongside hers, and he hears church bells ringing in the distance.

At the farmhouse, he demands to know why nobody told him that it was Sunday. The whole family gets dressed and ready for church, arriving late, as usual, as the singing begins. As the congregation completes the first hymn, the pastor starts to announce the next. Boy stumbles through the door on a crutch. The whole congregation looks, and Charlie turns to see what is happening. His face lights up, and he helps his son to the pew. Everybody joyously sings in unison.

Reception
Howard Thompson of The New York Times called the film "a pretty good Civil War drama" with Stewart "perfectly cast," though he thought it was "too long. Under the overly detailed direction of Andrew V. McLaglen, it hits and hangs onto many a static snag." Variety stated that "the Technicolor film, despite a neuter title, packs drama, excitement and an emotional quality certain National Parks particularly reflected in the climax — which should find better-than-average reception in the general market ... Stewart, seldom without a cigar butt in the corner of his mouth, endows his grizzled role with a warm conviction." Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times called it "a curious film for this day and age, a kind of anachronistic throwback to the bucolic ... Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder of homely virtues and homilies, as spoken, mostly, by James Stewart. He creates a unique character and sustains it convincingly through stress and tragic change." Leo Sullivan of The Washington Post praised it as "an engrossing film with lots of heart and even a soul," adding, "Playing with splendid conviction, Stewart forgoes his usual tricks to gain sympathy for this widower who has raised six sons and an equally sturdy daughter. His performance is a thoughtful study in one man's attempt at neutrality." The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Basically sentimental, the film even includes a scene where the longstanding but still sorrowing widower philosophizes about life over his wife's grave, but the treatment often has a freshness and humour which show that McLaglen has learned from his admiration for John Ford ... James Stewart, whose laconic drawl makes the dialogue sound funnier than it really is, gives one of the best performances of his career." The film was particularly successful at the box office within the state of Virginia, the movie's locale, where it broke records for ticket sales. The film has a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Awards
In 1966, the film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound (Waldon O. Watson). For her part in Shenandoah, Rosemary Forsyth was nominated for a Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer - Female.

Adaptations
The film was adapted as a hit Broadway musical in 1975, which won John Cullum his first Tony Award for Best Actor.

Production notes

 * Location scenes filmed near Eugene, Oregon
 * Working titles: Fields of Honor and Shenandoah Crossing.
 * The film broke box office records in Virginia, the story's locale.

title: Shenandoah (film)


text: User talk:24.52.227.195

title: User talk:24.52.227.195


text:
Office for Fair Access

The Office for Fair Access (OFFA) was an independent public body in England that supported the Director of Fair Access to Higher Education in his or her work that was intended to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education. It approved and monitored higher education institutions in England through 'access agreements'.

All English universities and colleges that wanted to charge higher fees must have had 'access agreements' approved by the Director of Fair Access to Higher Education.

The first Director, appointed in 2004, was Sir Martin Harris. He was followed by Les Ebdon, whose appointment was confirmed in February 2012.

As a consequence of the Higher Education and Research Act 2017, OFFA and the Higher Education Funding Council for England were replaced by the new Office for Students. OFFA's responsibilities officially ceased on the 31 March 2018.

Background
The Higher Education Act 2004 introduced the concept of variable tuition fees for the first time. Whilst some parts of the United Kingdom, most notably Scotland, did not implement top-up fees, most universities and higher education institutions (HEIs) in the United Kingdom in England and sought to implement the new funding regime.

That regime allowed HEIs to charge tuition fees of any amount from £0 to £3,000. (These caps were raised in 2010.) At the time this policy was being debated there was considerable concern that the amount of debt new graduates would be faced with could dissuade some potential students from entering higher education altogether. Thus, as part of the debate, the government decided to institute a regulator to ensure that HEIs took steps to ensure that such dissuasion did not occur. The Act established the post of Director of Fair Access to Higher Education and the supporting body OFFA, and gave the Director the power to prevent a HEI charging fees above £1,200 if it could not satisfy the regulator that it would make adequate provision for widening access and encouraging participation.

For the academic year starting September 2012, the amount that institutions could charge increased to £9,000, subject to approval by the Director of Fair Access to Higher Education.

Structure
It was headquartered in Stoke Gifford in South Gloucestershire in the offices of the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE).

Aims
OFFA stated that it had two core aims:

 * 1) To increase the proportion of learners from under-represented and disadvantaged groups who enter, succeed in and are well prepared to progress from higher education to employment or postgraduate study.
 * 2) To make faster progress in improving access to the most selective higher education institutions by students from under-represented and disadvantaged groups.

These aims were primarily delivered through implementation of approved access agreements, and OFFA's work in monitoring access agreements and disseminating their view of good practice.

Access agreements
An access agreement was a document setting out how a university or college charging higher fees intends to safeguard and promote fair access to higher education through its outreach work, financial support etc. It also includes targets and milestones, set by the university/college itself. Many access agreements remained in force following OFFA's closure and continued to be regulated by the Office for Students.

Bursaries
OFFA defined a bursary as a cash award where the student's eligibility is either wholly or partially dependent on their assessed household income. This is separate from a scholarship which it defined as an award where eligibility is not dependent on the recipient's assessed household income. For example, some universities and colleges offer scholarships based on academic criteria or whether the student lives in the local area.

Criticism
Charges often made against OFFA were that it levelled down standards rather than raising them and that it replaced one form of unfairness with another as reforms were being achieved by "disadvantaging" the brightest children. At the time of its foundation, one member of the then shadow cabinet called OFFA “an interfering, manipulative, corrosive emblem of political correctness. At the time of its closure, the outgoing director rebuked this criticism and noted that for the period of OFFA's existence, there had been an 82% increase in the higher education participation of disadvantaged areas.

title: Office for Fair Access


text:
Treaties of Nijmegen

The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Traités de Paix de Nimègue; Friede von Nimwegen; Vrede van Nijmegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679. The treaties ended various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire. The most significant of the treaties was the first, which established peace between France and the Dutch Republic and placed the northern border of France very near its modern position.

Background
The Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78 was the source of all the other wars that were ended formally at Nijmegen. Separate peace treaties were arranged for conflicts like the Third Anglo-Dutch War and the Scanian War, but all of them had been directly caused by and form part of the Franco-Dutch War. England initially participated in the war on the French side but withdrew in 1674, after the Treaty of Westminster. The Electorate of Cologne left the war in 1674, while the Prince-Bishopric of Münster switched sides from France to join the anti-French coalition that year. Denmark-Norway also joined the anti-French side in 1675, primarily fighting against Sweden.

At the end of the Franco-Dutch and Scanian Wars, these were the belligerents:

 * Anti-French coalition:
 * Statenvlag.svg Dutch Republic
 * Flag of New Spain.svg Spanish Empire (including Spanish Netherlands)
 * Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark-Norway
 * Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg Holy Roman Empire:
 * Kriegsflagge Kur-Brandenburgische Flotte.svg Brandenburg-Prussia
 * Flag of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster.svg Prince-Bishopric of Münster
 * DEU Fuerstentum Lueneburg COA.svg Principality of Lüneburg (Celle)
 * Lorraine.svg Duchy of Lorraine
 * and others

 * France and allies
 * Royal Standard of the King of France.svg Kingdom of France
 * Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg Kingdom of Sweden

Treaties
Peace negotiations had begun as early as 1676, but nothing was agreed to and signed before 1678. Most treaties were concluded in Nijmegen, therefore the sum of all documents is known as the 'Treaties of Nijmegen'. Some of the countries involved signed peace deals elsewhere, such as the Treaty of Celle (Sweden made peace with Lüneburg (Celle)), Treaty of Saint-Germain (France and Sweden made peace with Brandenburg) and Treaty of Fontainebleau (France dictated peace between Sweden and Denmark-Norway).

Terms
The Franco–Dutch War ended with a treaty which gave France control over the region of the Franche-Comté. France also gained further territories of the Spanish Netherlands, adding to those it had annexed under the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees and 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. These included the town of Saint-Omer with the remaining northwestern part of the former Imperial County of Artois; the lands of Cassel, Aire and Ypres in southwestern Flanders; the Bishopric of Cambrai; and the towns of Valenciennes and Maubeuge in the southern County of Hainaut.

In turn, French King Louis XIV ceded the occupied town of Maastricht and the Principality of Orange to the Dutch stadtholder William III. The French forces withdrew from several occupied territories in northern Flanders and Hainaut.

Emperor Leopold I retained the captured fortress of Philippsburg but had to accept the French occupation of the towns of Freiburg (until 1697) and Kehl (until 1698) on the right bank of the Rhine.

The treaties did not result in a lasting peace.

Culture
Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a Te Deum for this occasion. The prelude of the Te Deum is also known as the Eurovision theme.

title: Treaties of Nijmegen


text:
Laura Allen

Laura Allen (born March 21, 1974) is an American actress. She is known for her roles on the ABC Daytime soap opera All My Children (2000–2002) and the USA Network television series The 4400 (2004–2005, 2007). She has also been a regular cast member on Dirt (2007 to 2008), Terriers (2010), and Awake (2012).

Early life
Allen was born in Portland, Oregon, and grew up on Bainbridge Island, Washington. She is the middle child of three sisters. She attended Wellesley College as a sociology major and graduated in 1996. She worked with the NYPD as a domestic violence counselor before pursuing acting.

1997–2002: Early work and All My Children
While pursuing her career in social work, Allen became drawn to the theatre. She took a job as a crew member for the Blue Man Group, then won a role as Maid Marion in a touring production of Robin Hood. Despite the grueling experience of the Robin Hood tour, Allen decided she wanted to focus on acting.

Allen began working as a waitress while interning at the MCC Theater, where she met Robert LuPone. He mentored her, teaching her the Meisner technique and introducing her to her first agent. Allen turned down a role on Sex and the City when she learned that it would require nudity. She won a guest starring role on The Street.

She auditioned unsuccessfully for the roles of Michelle Bauer on Guiding Light and Melanie MacIver on One Life to Live before being cast as Laura Kirk-English on All My Children. The role had previously been played by Lauren Roman. Allen played Laura from October 2000 to January 2002.

2003–2008: The 4400 and Dirt
After departing AMC, Allen went on to play Susan Delacorte in Mike Newell's Mona Lisa Smile. On television, she guest starred on Cold Case, North Shore, House, and Criminal Minds. In 2004, Allen was cast as Samantha Wade in Sucker Free City, a Showtime film directed by Spike Lee. This was followed by a leading role as Jane Carol Webb in the film How You Look to Me.

She landed a starring role on USA Network's hit series, The 4400, playing the role of Lily Tyler. However, her character was written out of the show before its third season. She reprised the role of Lily Tyler in 2007 in the fourth season of The 4400 for one episode.

In 2007, Allen was cast in a regular role on the FX drama series Dirt, playing Julia Mallory. She guest starred on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and appeared in the films From Within and The Collective.

2009–2012: Terriers and Awake
Allen played a recurring role on Grey's Anatomy in 2009 as the ex-lover of Owen (Kevin McKidd). She guest starred on CSI: Miami and appeared in the films Hysteria and Old Dogs.

She played Linda in the 2010 comedy film Cherry, co-starring with Kyle Gallner. Allen then had a regular role as Katie Nichols on the short-lived FX series Terriers in 2010. In 2012, she was initially cast in a supporting role on the NBC series Awake (then titled REM), but was promoted to a leading role as Hannah Britten.

Allen was cast in a Lifetime pilot, The Secret Lives of Husbands and Wives, in 2012. In early 2013, it was announced that the project wasn't going forward.

2014–present
In 2014, Allen had a recurring role as Rochelle Matheson on Ravenswood, a spinoff of Pretty Little Liars. She portrayed Meg in the horror film Clown. Allen starred as Linda Kessler in the Lifetime movie Nanny Cam. She also had a guest starring role on NCIS: New Orleans.

Allen was cast as Olivia in Marvel's Most Wanted, a proposed spinoff of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in 2016. The project was dropped before it could air. In May 2016, Allen guest starred on Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders. She had a recurring role as Rosie on American Horror Story: Cult in 2017.

In the 2018 film The Tale, a drama about sexual abuse, Allen played a younger version of Ellen Burstyn's character. She continued to take on dramatic roles, appearing in the short film Unspeakable, directed by Milena Govich. On television, she had a regular role as Officer Reynolds in the third season of Hap and Leonard.

Allen had recurring roles on 9-1-1 and Suits in 2019. In 2024, she began appearing in the recurring role of Chief Robinson on Chicago Fire.

Personal life
After leaving All My Children in 2002, Allen took a ten week training course to become an Emergency medical technician.

Allen began dating model and cyclist Bruce Weyman in 2004. They were married at Relais Palazzo del Capitano in Pienza, Italy on September 23, 2006. They have two sons. Their first son was born on September 3, 2008 in Los Angeles, California.

title: Laura Allen


text:
Wikipedia:Article improvement drive/Removed/6 June 2005

Article improvement drive is a weekly collaboration to improve non-stub articles to featured article status. (For stub articles or topics with no articles, see Collaboration of the week.)

Two collaborations are selected each week by registered users from ten candidates. Nominations are placed under Pending nominations with an explanation of what work is needed, and held there until they are both seconded and the queue before them is empty. Each Sunday, the two articles with the least support are dropped, the two with the highest become the Article Improvement Drive and the remaining six are dropped to the bottom of the Pending list. Articles in the Pending category may receive votes, but cannot actually become Improvement Drive candidates until they cycle up through to Nominations again. Please place an asterisk next to an article's nomination for each time it enters the 'Nominations' category.

 Current Article improvement drive articles are:

Civil rights and Bumper sticker Last week's winners were Social Justice and Choctaw language

 * , a notice for the talk pages of nominated articles
 * , a notice for current collaborations

 * /History, for past collaborations
 * /Removed, for past votes

Nominations

 * Next two project articles to be selected on Sunday 5 June. Ten nominations are voted on each week, please put overflow nominations under Pending.

Papua New Guinea

 * Reason: It is a great article, however, could be more intresting and have more extensive history. Would help wikipedia greatly if we improved this article.

 * Support
 * 1) Taylorr 9:52, 30, May, 2005
 * 2) NeoJustin 02:50, June 3, 2005 (GMT)
 * 3) Fenice 12:01, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hey, this nomination has jumped the queue. It needs to be brought to book for violation of the procedure

 * See the diff by User:Taylorr, 68.196.86.165. --Laura Scudder | Talk 07:11, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Was copied direct from COTW... still hasn't come off there.  ℬ astique ▼ talk 23:02, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kannur**

 * Reason : The article is slightly verbose and needs some expert editing to become a featured article . I hope wikipedians improve this article.

 * Support
 * 1) Sumalsn 21:33, 6 May 2005
 * 2) Sudheeren 06:52, 8 May 2005

 * Comments
 * The article is good and seems throrughly reasearched. needs alittle bit improvement - 06:52, 8 May 2005 Sudheeren
 * These are all sock puppets. Please cut it out. -Litefantastic 16:33, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Article looks fine, you should probably just use peer review. Revolución 01:18, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

Norman Borlaug**

 * Reason : Currently tagged as a stub, but probably too long for COTW. Certainly needs expansion though, especially on his work, he is thought to have saved at least a billion lives and is very well known in developing countries.

 * Support
 * 1) --the wub  (talk) 10:16, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Within the article we can be all NPOV but Borlaug saved the lives of more human beings than any other person in human history, and is a hero of highest magnitude. There should be reams written on this man. And setting my pov that saving hundreds of millions of people from starvation is an amazingly good thing aside, such an action is extrordinarily influential. --Zantastik 09:05, 20 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) Green Revolution mentions that Borlaug was instrumental in the Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program, but Wikipedia won't tell you precisely what that was. The "Green Revolution" page mentions Hybrid Strains and Agricultural techniques, and hints in the last paragraph at genetic engineering. Presumably, the man's science should be handled on other pages like this, with the Norman Borlaug page concentrating on his biography and specific contributions to the work, personal envolvement in the political controversy, etc. The "Green Revolution" page concentrates primarily on "Criticisms of the Green Revolution", so it appears that NPOV on Wikipedia extends naturally to covering a Nobel Peace Price winner. Wragge 18:02, 2005 May 24 (UTC)

 * Comments

Manx (cat)**

 * Reason : This article has been very contentious until recently. There were multiple points of disagreement (the overall vigor of the breed, the effects of inbreeding, the pertinence of pictures, British vs American English, etc) that have finally been smoothed over, at least for a time. See the talk page for details. I proposed to the participants that perhaps some outside eyeballs might help resolve issues and improve what is a pretty fair article but for the conflicts. I believe that the idea intrigued all and may have contributed to a general calming of moods. So now it's time for me to live up to my end of the deal and propose Manx (cat) as a nominee for the Article Improvement drive. I think it would benefit from having a broader group of editors, especially to smooth over the points of contention.

 * Support
 * 1) -- Catbar (Brian Rock) 01:24, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) -- maltmomma 02:20, May 17, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) ike9898 16:41, May 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * I don't think this is suitable for the Article Improvement Drive. The Manx is a tailless breed. Putting this article on the spot might attract vandals.--Fenice 06:42, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * ...I don't get the connection. -Litefantastic 16:31, 17 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Because its controversial, I forgot to say.--Fenice 05:27, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It can be argued that the missing tail is really a deformed spine and that these cats cannot balance as well as other breeds. (Breeders will argue it is short, but sufficient to balance.) Still there are militant acitivsts against cruelty to animals, and if this article goes on the portal page they might discover Wikipedia as a promotional vehicle to spread their views, in a subtle or in a vandalistic way. AID should produce featured articles. We should improve articles that are suitable for that standard. --Fenice 05:46, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * If we only focus on non-controversial articles, we won't have a very useful or interesting encyclopedia. I'm not saying I don't understand your point, because I do, but hey, we have to run these kind of risks. In time, all of the special interests who are awake will discover Wikipedia. Let's be as ready for them as we can be. Catbar (Brian Rock) 10:23, 18 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The more users involved in an article, the protection it has against being used as a propaganda piece. I think controverisial topics benefit from the raised profile. ike9898 16:41, May 18, 2005 (UTC)

League of Nations**

 * Reason : It has that whole things-that-went-wrong-after-World War One edge to it, and besides: it matters, but nobody really knows about it that much. -Litefantastic 16:36, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Support
 * 1) Litefantastic 16:36, 23 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * Oh blimey: it is a Featured article (one that I nominated, as it happens!). Does you really think it needs substantial improvement? -- ALoan (Talk) 10:20, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Also, this was already a Collaboration of the Week. I honestly don't see anything wrong with the article that could require an Article Improvement Drive nomination. Revolución 21:25, 28 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It would be good if it were updated with inline references (e.g. footnotes) whilst there is still someone around who remembers where the facts came from. Mozzerati 21:14, 2005 Jun 6 (UTC)

Inland Sea**

 * Reason : Needs more geographical information including water pollution. --Larus.r 21:05, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Support

 * Comments

Software engineering**

 * Reason : There is a long discussion on the article with a lot of topics not cleared up to now. In my opinion, the article is not state of the art. It could be structured better and some sections could be moved to articles of its own. It should be a start page for all articles concerning with tthe topic and an introductory article for the WikiReader Software Engineering. Simultaneously, I propose a German collaboration (Qualitätsoffensive). See Talk:Software engineering. --Hans-AC ✉  15:56, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Support
 * 1) --Hans-AC  ✉  14:53, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) --ZeWrestler 21:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comments
 * I agree, this artical, could use some improvements. ZeWrestler 21:32, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

John Langley**

 * Reason : Needs style edit, and just a general overhaul. --To0n 6:09, 26 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support

 * Comments
 * This one might get more help from cleanup and wikify. 10:32, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Mother Marianne Cope

 * Reason : Needs to be beefed up now that it has a prominent link from the Pope Benedict XVI article which has high traffic. Mother Marianne Cope of Hawaii was the first person beatified by this Pope in particular, on the way towards sainthood.  She needs an article befitting of that honor.  I'm quite sure there is a wealth of information sitting around somewhere about Mother Marianne Cope's work with Father Damien in Molokai.

 * Support
 * 1) --Gerald Farinas 22:01, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments

World Year of Physics 2005

 * Reason : This article is definitely not a stub, but I think it could be a lot better. In particular, I think it'd be nice if it could be featured article quality before the end of the year as this celebration is meant to be a big deal in physics and has been talked up in physics circles for years now.

 * Support
 * 1) the wub  (talk) 14:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * I think it would be better if we wait until the World Year of Physics is over before we start writing about it. It's like writing about the crucifixion of Christ before he was even born.  We're not in the business of prophesizing what will happen in the World Year of Physics.  Rather enclyopedias tend to be about events that have happened.  By year's end, I'm sure we'll be swimming in cool information we can use to piece together an article.  Until then, we should wait.  --Gerald Farinas 00:51, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The World Year of Physics though is meant to be a celebration of the last 100 years of physics, particularly Einstein's miracle year of 1905, which changed the face of physics remarkably. So although we don't know exactly how the actual celebration will run it's course, we do know perfectly well what we're celebrating and what is planned for the year.  So I fail to see how we're prophesizing anything. --Laura Scudder | Talk 21:02, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Game

 * Reason: An entry level article on a vast and important subject that was just a few paragraphs long when I came across it. I've added a few more paragraphs with basic info on the anthropology of games; they themselves could stand expansion.  Other views are also needed.
 * Support
 * 1) Smerdis of Tlön 23:09, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Fenice 05:45, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments

Abortion

 * Reason : This important article is currently suffering from edit wars.

 * Support
 * 1) Djbaniel 00:21, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Gerald Farinas 00:54, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) CristianChirita 09:57, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Laura Scudder | Talk 07:14, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * I think it's a good candidate, even if it weren't suffering from edit wars (which is not surprising). There's a wealth of information out there that we hear about often on the topic that hasn't been mentioned.  Also, the information already in the article needs to be better organized and reworded for comprehension and flow.  --Gerald Farinas 00:57, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Industrial Revolution

 * Reason : This article was actually posted on Cleanup as needing work, and I thought it could be a decent AID candidate. Here was the comment from User:Madmagic:
 * "This article needs work. There are sections which are well-written and documented, and other sections which are blank or under-written and under-documented. The relationships between the first, second (and perhaps third) Industrial Revolutions are not made clear nor easy to understand; the Talk page is equally confused and could use streamlining. Given the ongoing importance and the relevance of the subject to daily life, including the net and Wikipedia, this is a signifigant article which IMO should be strengthened to feature article status. Right now, it's a source of confusion and uncertainty to any new reader unfamiliar with the subject."

 * Support
 * 1) RJH 20:05, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 2) Madmagic 18:04, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * 3) EatAlbertaBeef 22:36, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * 4) Fenice 08:00, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Comments
 * I don't think this one needs it as bad as the Second Industrial revolution which doesn't talk about the American Industrial Revolution, Chinese, Japanese,French, Central European, etc. Falphin 16:42, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
User:Gloria Goerring

Hi, honey.

title: User:Gloria Goerring


text: Template:Bantustans

title: Template:Bantustans


text:
Neutronica

Neutronica is the fifteenth studio album (seventeenth overall) by Scottish singer/songwriter Donovan. It was released in West Germany (RCA PL 28429) in August 1980 and France (Barclay Records BA 253 200149) in 1980.

Background
After Donovan failed to chart in both the UK and US, Donovan once again left his long-time producer Mickie Most. He travelled throughout mainland Europe, bringing attention to world hunger and protesting against nuclear proliferation and weapons development. RCA signed him for a European record distribution deal, beginning with Neutronica, released in 1980. The album did not receive distribution in the US or UK.

Many of the songs Donovan wrote for Neutronica are directly related to his political views. At the time, he was campaigning against what he viewed as disproportionate military spending while famine existed across much of the world. Donovan also recorded "Mee Mee I Love You", a song co-written by his daughter Astrella Leitch, and two war-themed songs, the traditional Crimean War tune "Heights of Alma" and Eric Bogle's World War I ballad "No Man's Land". The arrangements on Neutronica range from synthesizer-based rock songs to acoustic folk songs. Donovan's vocals similarly range from the harder singing style prevalent on Donovan on the rockers, and softer singing on the acoustic numbers.

Reissues

 * On 28 August 2001, Pilot Records released Neutronica (Pilot 89) in the UK for the first time on CD with seven bonus tracks. The first two bonus cuts are concert recordings of "The Heights of Alma" and Buffy Sainte-Marie's "Universal Soldier". The next two bonus tracks, "Only to Be Expected" and "Split Wood Not Atoms", were acoustic demo recordings for Neutronica. The fifth and sixth bonus tracks are alternate versions of "Shipwreck" and "Madrigalinda" respectively. The last bonus track, "Fair Ye Well", is an a cappella song.

Track listing
All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted.

Side one

 * 1) "Shipwreck" – 3:30
 * 2) "Only to Be Expected" – 3:27
 * 3) "Comin' to You" – 3:30
 * 4) "No Hunger" – 2:44
 * 5) "Neutron" – 2:05
 * 6) "Mee Mee I Love You" (D. Leitch, Astrella Leitch) – 2:45

Side two

 * 1) "The Heights of Alma" (traditional, arranged by Donovan) – 3:45
 * 2) "No Man's Land" (Eric Bogle) – 5:23
 * 3) "We Are One" – 3:52
 * 4) "Madrigalinda" – 2:47
 * 5) "Harmony" – 2:16

2001 Pilot Records reissue

 * 1) "Shipwreck" – 3:26
 * 2) "Only to Be Expected" – 3:21
 * 3) "Comin' to You" – 3:28
 * 4) "No Hunger" – 2:44
 * 5) "Neutron" – 2:05
 * 6) "Mee Mee I Love You" (D. Leitch, Astrella Leitch) – 2:45
 * 7) "The Heights of Alma" (Traditional, arranged by Donovan) – 3:42
 * 8) "No Man's Land" (Eric Bogle) – 5:20
 * 9) "We Are One" – 3:46
 * 10) "Madrigalinda" – 2:46
 * 11) "Harmony" – 2:16

Bonus tracks

 * 1) "Heights of Alma" (live) (traditional, arranged by Donovan) – 3:33
 * 2) "Universal Soldier" (live) (Buffy Sainte-Marie) – 2:38
 * 3) "Only to Be Expected" (acoustic) – 2:40
 * 4) "Split Wood Not Atoms" – 2:41
 * 5) "Shipwreck" (alt mix) – 3:45
 * 6) "Madrigalinda" (Alt. Version) – 2:44
 * 7) "Fair Ye Well" (acapella) – 1:50

Personnel

 * Donovan – vocals, acoustic guitar
 * Ian Berenson – electric guitar
 * John Giblin – bass guitar
 * Morris Pert – drums

title: Neutronica