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History of Rome (Livy)

The History of Rome, perhaps originally titled Annales, and frequently referred to as Ab Urbe Condita (From the Founding of the City), is a monumental history of ancient Rome, written in Latin between 27 and 9 BC by the Roman historian Titus Livius, better known in English as "Livy". The work covers the period from the legends concerning the arrival of Aeneas and the refugees from the fall of Troy, to the city's founding in 753 BC, the expulsion of the Kings in 509 BC, and down to Livy's own time, during the reign of the emperor Augustus. The last event covered by Livy is the death of Drusus in 9 BC. 35 of 142 books, about a quarter of the work, are still extant. The surviving books deal with the events down to 293 BC (books 1–10), and from 219 to 166 BC (books 21–45).

Corpus
The History of Rome originally comprised 142 "books", 35 of which—Books 1–10 with the Preface and Books 21–45—still exist in reasonably complete form. Damage to a manuscript of the 5th century resulted in large gaps (lacunae) in Books 41 and 43–45 (small lacunae exist elsewhere); that is, the material is not covered in any source of Livy's text.

A fragmentary palimpsest of the 91st book was discovered in the Vatican Library in 1772, containing about a thousand words (roughly three paragraphs), and several papyrus fragments of previously unknown material, much smaller, have been found in Egypt since 1900, most recently about 40 words from Book 11, unearthed in 1986.

Some passages are nevertheless known thanks to quotes from ancient authors, the most famous being on the death of Cicero, quoted by Seneca the Elder.

Abridgements
Livy was abridged, in antiquity, to an epitome, which survives for Book 1, but was itself abridged in the fourth century into the so-called Periochae, which is simply a list of contents. The Periochae survive for the entire work, except for books 136 and 137.

In Oxyrhynchus, a similar summary of books 37–40, 47–55, and only small fragments of 88 was found on a roll of papyrus that is now in the British Museum classified as P.Oxy.IV 0668. There is another fragment, named P.Oxy.XI 1379, which represents a passage from the first book (I, 6) and that shows a high level of correctness. However, the Oxyrhynchus Epitome is damaged and incomplete.

Chronology
The entire work covers the following periods:

Books 1–5 – The legendary founding of Rome (including the landing of Aeneas in Italy and the founding of the city by Romulus), the period of the kings, and the early republic down to its conquest by the Gauls in 390 BC.

Books 6–10 – Wars with the Aequi, Volsci, Etruscans, and Samnites, down to 292 BC.

Books 11–20 – The period from 292 to 218, including the First Punic War (lost).

Books 21–30 – The Second Punic War, from 218 to 202.

Books 31–45 – The Macedonian and other eastern wars from 201 to 167.

Books 46 to 142 are all lost:

Books 46–70 – The period from 167 to the outbreak of the Social War in 91.

Books 71–90 – The civil wars between Marius and Sulla, to the death of Sulla in 78.

Books 91–108 – From 78 BC through the end of the Gallic War, in 50.

Books 109–116 – From the Civil War to the death of Caesar (49–44).

Books 117–133 – The wars of the triumvirs down to the death of Antonius (44–30).

Books 134–142 – The rule of Augustus down to the death of Drusus (9).

Style
Livy wrote in a mixture of annual chronology and narrative. This emerged from his decision to organise his narrative on a year-by-year scheme with regular announcements of elections of "consuls, prodigies, temple dedications, triumphs, and the like". This kind of year-by-year list of events is termed "annalistic history". Livy employed annalistic features to associate his history with the dominant traditional of Roman history, which was to write these annalistic chronicles; in so doing, he "imbued his history with an aura of continuity and stability" along with "pontifical authority".

The first and third decades (see below) of Livy's work are written so well that Livy has become a sine qua non of curricula in Golden Age Latin. Some have argued that subsequently the quality of his writing began to decline, and that he becomes repetitious and wordy. Of the 91st book Barthold Georg Niebuhr says "repetitions are here so frequent in the small compass of four pages and the prolixity so great, that we should hardly believe it to belong to Livy...." Niebuhr accounts for the decline by supposing "the writer has grown old and become loquacious...", going so far as to conjecture that the later books were lost because copyists refused to copy such low-quality work.

However, Livy also employed repetitive and formulaic wording in description of repetitive military affairs, described by Ogilvie as "mechanical and careless". Modern readers, however, view Livy's repetitive prose more positively at least in performance of prayers, blessings, and public religious rituals.

A digression in Book 9, Sections 17–19, suggests that the Romans would have beaten Alexander the Great if he had lived longer and had turned west to attack the Romans, making this digression one of the oldest known written alternate history scenarios.

Publication

The first five books were published between 27 and 25 BC. The first date mentioned is the year Augustus received that eponymous title: twice in the first five books Livy uses it. For the second date, Livy lists the closings of the temple of Janus but omits that of 25 (it had not happened yet).

Livy continued to work on the History for much of the rest of his life, publishing new material by popular demand. This explains why the work falls naturally into 12 packets, mainly groups of 10 books, or decades, sometimes of 5 books (pentads or ) and the rest without any packet order. The scheme of dividing it entirely into decades is a later innovation of copyists.

The second pentad did not come out until 9 or after, some 16 years after the first pentad. In Book IX Livy states that the Cimminian Forest was more impassable than the German had been recently, referring to the Hercynian Forest (Black Forest) first opened by Drusus and Ahenobarbus.

Manuscripts
There is no uniform system of classifying and naming manuscripts. Often the relationship of one manuscript (MS) to another remains unknown or changes as perceptions of the handwriting change. Livy's release of chapters by packet diachronically encouraged copyists to copy by decade. Each decade has its own conventions, which do not necessarily respect the conventions of any other decade. A family of MSS descend through copying from the same MSS (typically lost). MSS vary widely; to produce an emendation or a printed edition was and is a major task. Usually variant readings are given in footnotes.

First decade
All of the manuscripts (except one) of the first ten books (first decade) of Ab urbe condita, which were copied through the Middle Ages and were used in the first printed editions, are derived from a single recension commissioned by Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, consul, AD 391. A recension is made by comparing extant manuscripts and producing a new version, an emendation, based on the text that seems best to the editor. The latter then "subscribed" to the new MS by noting on it that he had emended it.

Symmachus, probably using the authority of his office, commissioned Tascius Victorianus to emend the first decade. Books I–IX bear the subscription Victorianus emendabam dominis Symmachis, "I Victorianus emended (this) by the authority of Symmachus." Books VI–VIII include another subscription preceding it, that of Symmachus' son-in-law, Nicomachus Flavianus, and Books III–V were also emended by Flavianus' son, Appius Nicomachus Dexter, who says he used his relative Clementianus' copy. This recension and family of descendant MSS is called the Nicomachean, after two of the subscribers. From it several MSS descend (incomplete list):

Epigraphists go on to identify several hands and lines of descent. A second family of the first decade consists of the Verona Palimpsest, reconstructed and published by Theodore Mommsen, 1868; hence the Veronensis MSS. It includes 60 leaves of Livy fragments covering Books III-VI. The handwriting style is dated to the 4th century, only a few centuries after Livy.

During the Middle Ages, there were constant rumours that the complete books of the History of Livy lay hidden in the library of a Danish or German Monastery. One individual even affirmed under oath in the court of Martin V that he had seen the whole work, written in Lombardic script, in a monastery in Denmark. All of these rumours were later found to be unsubstantiated.

Veracity
The orthodox view is that "Livy was a very poor historian indeed, whether by ancient or modern standards". This is rooted in a few major reasons. He did "no primary research", relying "exclusively on earlier histories". His understanding of those sources was poor: with Livy relating the same event twice on multiple occasions. Moreover, "there are clear signs that his Greek was not good enough to understand properly one of his major sources, the Greek historian Polybius", which he followed closely for events in the east in books 31 to 45.

Livy also did not intend to produce a history in terms of cataloguing and understanding the past, but rather, in terms of preserving a "memory ... [that] equips the reader with a sense of wrong and right as determined or exemplified by the actions of one's predecessors". Moreover, the work was also written "under the shadow of the new emperor" with the goal of supporting "the idea that the Augustan principate was the culmination of Roman history".

While other sources have attempted to rehabilitate Livy's history in terms of its literary quality (for example, DS Levene's Livy on the Hannibalic War), this is not a defence of the history's historicity. Modern criticism of Livy also goes into the "inaccuracy of his battle accounts, the vagueness of his geography, ... the excessive partiality shown to one or [an]other of his 'heroes', and in general the highly rhetorical nature of not only his speeches but also of his dramatic narrations".

However, judgement on Livy's whole work ought to be withheld insofar as only the first third of Ab urbe condita survives; the portions of Livy that survive, heavily relying on an uncritical repetition of earlier sources, may not be the same approach he took for later periods of the republic or his own time, where he would have needed "to do his own research using contemporary testimonies from eyewitnesses[,] the records of the senate and the assemblies[, and records of the] speeches of the great orators".

Historicity
The details of Livy's History vary from the legendary and mythical stories at the beginning to detailed accounts of real events toward the end. Livy, in his preface on discussing the early history of Rome, noted the difficulties of interpreting or reconciling the sources in his own day:

So many chronological errors, magistrates appearing differently in different authors, suggest ... you cannot tell which consuls came after which or what belonged [to] any one year...

It is not easy to prefer one thing over the other or one author over another. I think that the tradition has been contaminated... since various families have fraudulently arrogated to themselves the repute of deeds and offices. As a result, both individuals' deeds and the public records of events have certainly been thrown into confusion. Nor is there any writer contemporary with those times who could serve as a reliable standard.

Livy too recognised that the early years of Rome were profoundly ahistorical, saying "the traditions of what happened prior to the foundation of the city or whilst it was being built, are more fitted to adorn the creations of the poet than the authentic records of the historian". The first book has been one of the most significant sources of the various accounts of the traditional legend of Romulus and Remus. However, when comparing Livy's account of the kingdom to that of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, his scepticism is better evident, as he omitted "many stories which seemed rather improbable to him". And in general, the early parts of the books are important accounts of early Rome surviving from antiquity.

But while Livy did recognise "the higher reliability of older contemporary authors compared to younger ones", he did little to ensure that his history was internally consistent or follow his own insights on unreliability regularly, preferring the story of his chosen choice without changes, "even if he afterward detected capital errors".

Livy's treatment of his own sources was more in terms of arranging material and synthesising a narrative rather than engaging in original research into official documents; in doing so, he "did little more than [trying] to reconcile discrepancies in his sources by using arguments from probability". However, Livy did not substantially grapple with the possibility that annalists knew how to invent probable stories. Furthermore, rarely did Livy provide the names of his sources, especially in the long passages where he followed one major source with infrequent comparisons to other sources to correct errors. Fortunately, Livy's goal in telling existing narratives with "better style and arrangement" means he seemingly did not introduce into his history "invented episodes of exaggerations".

Livy's sources
Livy's work "came at the end of a long line of historians ... conventionally known as the 'annalistic tradition'". Where he relied on these sources (along with other narrative sources available in his day) his principle was similar to that of Herodotus': "tell what he had been told".

Roman historiography goes back to Quintus Fabius Pictor who wrote c. 200 BC, heavily influenced by Greek historiographical canons and methods. Other annalists included Quintus Ennius, Marcius Porcius Cato the censor, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, Lucius Cassius Hemina, Gnaeus Gellius, Vennonius, Valerius Antias, Licinius Macer, Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius, and Quintus Aelius Tubero. The last three annalists (operating in the first century BC) are, however, "widely believed to have been less scrupulous than their second-century predecessors", supplying stories about the archaic period "from their own imaginations". However, as to certain elements of his narrative, Livy may have relied on "unscrupulous annalists" who "did not hesitate to invent a series of face-saving victories".

Livy, did not use the libri lintei or the annales maximi kept by the pontifex maximus; nor did he "walk around in Rome, or elsewhere, to discover inscriptions or other new documents". The difficulties of using the senate's own archives, documented in speeches by Cicero, "hint... at the possibilities of falsifying evidence" and the poor transmission of authoritative historical records.

Machiavelli
Niccolò Machiavelli's work on republics, Discourses on Livy, is presented as a commentary on the History of Rome.

Translations
The first complete rendering of Ab urbe condita into English was Philemon Holland's translation published in 1600. According to Considine, "it was a work of great importance, presented in a grand folio volume of 1,458 pages, and dedicated to [Queen Elizabeth I]".

A notable translation of Livy titled History of Rome was made by B.O. Foster in 1919 for the Loeb Classical Library. A partial translation by Aubrey de Sélincourt was printed in 1960–1965 for Penguin Classics.

The version of Livy available on Wikisource is that from the 1905 translation of Reverend Canon Roberts for Everyman's Library.

title: History of Rome (Livy)


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Hartford Hellions

The Hartford Hellions were a soccer team based out of Hartford, Connecticut that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League. They played from 1979 to 1981. The Hellions played their first season in the New Haven Coliseum before moving to the remodelled Hartford Civic Center. The team was conceived and owned by Glastonbury accountant William Chipman. The two seasons in Hartford the Hellions average 4,361 fans per game.

In May 1981, Athletes in Action purchased the Hellions and moved the team to Memphis, Tennessee. The new owners renamed the Hellions the Memphis Americans.

Coaches
Hank Liotart – Head Coach 1979-80 Charlie McCully – Head Coach 1980-81
 * 🇩🇪 Hubert Vogelsinger – Technical Advisor 1979-80

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hartford Hellions


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Category:Skyscrapers in Germany

Articles directly included in this category do not indicate the purpose/use of the skyscraper.

title: Category:Skyscrapers in Germany


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First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The First League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Prva liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine) is a football league in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Together with the First League of the Republika Srpska, it forms the second level of football in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The league consists of 16 teams. Each team plays a total of 30 games during the course of a regular season, twice each team (once at home and once away). The league champion is promoted to the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Relegated teams fall to the Second League of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The number of relegated clubs depends on how many teams will enter the competition - Two winners of the four third level leagues (Second league) and clubs relegated from the Premier League. Depending on the outcome, two to three teams can be relegated.

Sponsorship
On 13 August 2020, the Football Association of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina signed a three-year deal with Mtel regarding the sponsorship of the league, effectively renaming the league m:tel First League.


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Las Vegas Americans

The Las Vegas Americans were a soccer team based out of Las Vegas that played in the original Major Indoor Soccer League. Prior to Las Vegas, the team had operated as the Memphis Americans. They only played in Las Vegas during the 1984–85 season and lost in the first round of the playoffs that year. The Las Vegas Americans finished their only season in the league with a 30–18 record earning them second place in the Western Division of the league. Their home arena was Thomas & Mack Center, and their average attendance was 6,337.

The Americans were expelled from the Major Indoor Soccer League on July 17, 1985 when the board of directors voted to terminate the franchise due to financial troubles.

Coaches

 * 🇺🇸 Alan Mayer 14 Games in charge
 * 🇺🇸 Don Popovic 38 Games in charge

title: Las Vegas Americans


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1st Infantry Division (Independent State of Croatia)

The Croatian 1st Infantry Division (1. pješačka divizija) was an infantry unit in the Army of the Independent State of Croatia during World War II.

The 1st Infantry Division was formed on or around August 1, 1941, with Colonel (Pukovnik in the Croatian Army rank) Emanuel Balley in command with its headquarters located at Zagreb. In its order of battle on October 21, 1941, the 1st Infantry Division included the 1st, 2nd, and 11th Infantry Regiments and the I and II Artillery Groups.

The 1st Infantry Division was under the subordination of the I Territorial Corps from November 1941 to July 1943. By April 1942 the divisional headquarters had been moved to Bjelovar, east-northeast of Zagreb, where it was still located by February 1943. Divisional garrison responsibilities and tactical operations were carried out by sector commands at Koprivnica, Ludbreg, Križevci, Lepavina, and Varaždinske Toplice.

The divisional headquarters and staff were disbanded around August 1, 1943.

Commanders
(Dates are uncertain)
 * Colonel Emanuel Balley (August 1941 - April 1942)
 * Colonel Ivan Pavić (? - August 1942)
 * Colonel Matija Murković (? - December 1942)
 * Colonel Stjepan Peričić (? - July 1943)


text: User talk:24.141.248.69

title: User talk:24.141.248.69


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Los Angeles Lazers

The Los Angeles Lazers were an indoor soccer team that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) from 1982 to 1989.

History
Jerry Buss, the owner of California Sports, the parent company of the Los Angeles Lakers, Kings and Strings of TeamTennis and The Forum, the home arena of all three teams, was always looking for innovative ways to add additional creative programming to the Forum. He called upon his oldest son Johnny Buss and long-time California Sports executive Ron Weinstein to bring indoor soccer to Los Angeles. In 1981, Buss was awarded an expansion franchise at the same August league meeting where the MISL granted a one-year leave of absence to the Philadelphia Fever. Buss and Weinstein named the team the Los Angeles Lazers, and the team began play in the fall of 1982. The team's name stemmed from the up-and-coming laser light show industry, which management believed would depict a perfect synergy of the lightning fast pace of indoor soccer. It became a pre-game ritual for every Lazers game to have a laser show displayed on the walls of the Forum, which even intrigued Neil Diamond enough to visit the Lazer offices in order to investigate and ultimately incorporate this new laser technology into his own onstage live performances. Following in the footsteps of the "Showtime" Los Angeles Lakers, the Lazers drew many celebrities to their games including Cher, James Caan, Ricky Schroder and Diamond. The "Laker Girls" performed double duty from 1982 to 1989, performing as the "Lazer Girls" at all home games. This opportunity played an integral part in the career of Paula Abdul, who was the lead dancer and choreographer of the team.

Johnny Buss was president of the Lazers from 1982 to 1985 when he went on to pursue other endeavors. His younger brother, Jim Buss, took over as president for the 1985–86 season. In 1986, Jerry Buss attended his first MISL Board of Governors meeting. He strongly suggested to the board that they begin to reduce player salaries and gradually move the league into the summer months. Dr. Buss continued to play for three more seasons, and, after recognizing the MISL was not moving in the proper direction in the summer of 1989, he shared with Lazers executive vice president Ron Weinstein that he was closing the doors on the Lazers. He told Weinstein that if he ever wanted to start a professional indoor soccer league that played in the summer months with a fiscally responsible budget, then he would mentor him while tying the new league into the NBA and NHL. Thus, the seed was planted in Weinstein for the founding of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL).

Arena
The Lazers played their home games in The Forum in Inglewood, California.

Coaches

 * 🏴 Peter Wall 1982–1987
 * 🇺🇸Keith Tozer 1987–1989

Honors
Coach of the Year
 * 1984–1985 Peter Wall

Rookie of the Year
 * 1982–83 Kirk Shermer

Television and radio coverage
In their inaugural season, the Lazers games were broadcast on Cable Radio Network. Beginning in the second season, Bill MacDonald asked Buss and Weinstein for permission to broadcast the Lazers home games on KBOB radio in Pasadena. MacDonald's family agreed to purchase the air time, and MacDonald's long running career was launched. During the 1983–84 season, the Lazers made the first entree into the television arena by broadcasting a few games on the Lakers and Kings KCAL 9 television network. Chick Hearn, the Lakers broadcaster, and Bob Miller, the Kings broadcaster, shared the play-by-play responsibilities. During the 1984–85 season, the Lazers began to broadcast their games on Prime Ticket, which was the regional sports network created by Dr. Jerry Buss for Southern California. This first Lazers broadcast was only the second event to have ever been aired on the Prime Ticket Network. Joel Meyers, a new and upcoming telecaster, joined MacDonald to become the dynamic team that announced every play from then on for the Lazers.

title: Los Angeles Lazers


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File:Rangemurata01b.jpg

Description
Illustration by Range Murata.

Fair use rationale in Range Murata
This image falls under fair use because:
 * 1) The image shows the unique style for which Murata is known.
 * 2) The image is low resolution
 * 3) The image is not used in a manner that is likely to replace the original market role of the original copyrighted media
 * 4) No free equivalent is available, nor could one be created

title: File:Rangemurata01b.jpg


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Memphis Americans

The Memphis Americans were a soccer team based out of Memphis, Tennessee that played in the original Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). They played from 1981 to 1984. Their home arena was the Mid-South Coliseum.

A new version of the team will play in 2021 at Landers Center in Southaven, Mississippi, a suburb of Memphis.

History
In May 1981, the Christian group Athletes in Action, headed by former stand out soccer player Kyle Rote, Jr., purchased the financially troubled MISL team then known as the Hartford Hellions and moved the team to Memphis. The team, renamed the Americans, played in Memphis through the end of the 1984 season before relocating to Las Vegas, but retained the name "Americans".

The team's first coach was German Horst Bertl, who was an experienced player and coach from the Bundesliga, but new to indoor soccer. In the later years to save money the team's general manager, Kyle Rote Jr, would coach the team.

The team was primarily stocked with talented foreign players such as Tony Carbognani, Helmut Dudek and Stan Stamenkovic. Some Hartford players came with the franchise to Memphis, including Thomas Nevers, Hank Liotart and Bruce Rudroff. The Memphis franchise added young Americans like number one draft choice Mike Garrett and Steve Allison along with more experienced pros to round out the first year roster. The team was very competitive and finished at just under .500 in the first season.

The team had good attendance at the Mid-South Coliseum – averaging around 7,000 per game in the 10,000 arena – but expectations were higher and even as they entered year two there was some expectation that the ownership needed to do better. A new group of owners were added shortly after that and included local owners that would provide more attention to franchise operations. In year two the team continued to compete at around .500 and play attractive soccer. After the end of their third season, the team was moved to Las Vegas – where they only lasted one additional year.

Several Memphis players continued to play professionally after the Memphis team were Carbognani (MISL) and National Professional Soccer League (NPSL), Stamenkovic, Kunovac, Garrett (NPSL player coach with Toledo and Kalamazoo) and Dudek. The team was very entertaining and talented – Stamenkovic dubbed "The Magician" for his ball handling skills was amazing to see in action and the best-known of the players on the team. Dudek was a strong defender but was most noticed because he had such a powerful shot. Garrett was a young American with great skills and Carbognani was very good at passing and controlling the ball. Richard But was the primary goalkeeper and had some great games. Bill Mishalow was the backup goalkeeper who was formidable in his own right. Art Hughes a native of Memphis was also an asset on the field and off. Hughes dubbed "The Denier" for his ability to block shots was also used off the field as ambassador to the Memphis City Schools and helped establish the school systems inaugural soccer programs.

The Americans average attendance in Memphis was 5,763 in their three years before moving to Las Vegas and becoming the Las Vegas Americans.

Resurrection and new league
In April 2021, a new version of the Memphis Americans were announced as charter members of the newly-created version of the National Indoor Soccer League (not to be confused with what would become the third incarnation of the Major Indoor Soccer League.) The new team has adopted the history of the original franchise and joins the charter  Fayetteville Fury and Columbus Rapids. On April 29, 2021, the Americans were officially announced as a charter team in the new NISL to field both men's and women's teams.

Coaches

 * 🇩🇪 Horst Bertl
 * 🇺🇸 Kyle Rote, Jr.

Players

 * 🇺🇸 Gary Allison (1983–84)
 * 🇺🇸 Steve Allison (1981–84)
 * 🇵🇱 Richard But (1981–84)
 * 🇦🇷 Tony Carbognani (1981–82) 43 Apps 39 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Steve Doerr (1981–1984) 100 Apps 17 Goals
 * 🇩🇪 Helmut Dudek (1981–82) 43 Apps 34 Goals
 * Jorge Espinoza (1981–84)
 * 🇺🇸 Mike Garrett (1981–1983) 57 Apps 5 Goals
 * 🇭🇷 Fred Grgurev (1983–84) 50 Apps 42 Goals
 * 🇩🇪 Bernd Holzenbein (1983–84)
 * 🇺🇸 Art Hughes (1982–84) 101 App 79 Goals
 * 🇩🇪 Helmut Kremers (1981–82) 14 Apps 13 Goals
 * Hank Liotart (1981–82) 39 Apps 8 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Bill Mishalow (1981–84)
 * 🇺🇸 Thomas Nevers (1981-82) 35 Apps 7 Goals
 * 🇨🇾 Yilmaz Orhan (1983–84) 47 Apps 49 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Bruce Rudroff
 * Derek Smethurst (1981–82) 33 Apps 35 Goals
 * 🇷🇸 Stan Stamenkovic (1981–83) 77 Apps 101 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Matt O'Sullivan (1981–84) 107 Apps 11 Goals

title: Memphis Americans


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Category:Caracas

Caracas is the capital and largest city of Venezuela.

title: Category:Caracas


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New Jersey Rockets (MISL)

The New Jersey Rockets were an indoor soccer team based in East Rutherford, New Jersey that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League for the 1981–82 season. Their home arena was the Brendan Byrne Arena, now known as the Meadowlands Arena. One of the owners was Timothy Sullivan, who was later asked if he wanted to be a part-owner of the New Jersey Devils, to which he replied, "hockey is too big a risk." The Rockets' average attendance for their one season of play was 6,565.

Head coaches

 * 🇫🇮 Timo Liekoski (1981–1982)
 * Ian Anderson (1982)

title: New Jersey Rockets (MISL)


text: User talk:69.92.123.132

title: User talk:69.92.123.132


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New York Arrows

The New York Arrows were an indoor soccer team that played in the original Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) from 1978 to 1984. They won the first four MISL championships.

Preparing for the first season
In 1978, the New York Arrows began their first season as an indoor soccer team in the newly-established Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). They were owned by Bernie Rodin, and John Luciani who also owned the Rochester Lancers of the North American Soccer League. While preparing for the MISL's inaugural season, the Arrows' imported nearly the entire roster of the Lancers, which played a spring-to-fall schedule.

However, the Arrows did make one significant, and crucial, addition: they signed Steve Zungul, a virtually unknown Yugoslavian player. Zungul was a seasoned outdoor player from HNK Hajduk Split who had gained the approval of the Yugoslavia Football Federation to play outside of his native country for a few months. When he refused to return to Hajduk, the Yugoslavia Football Federation obtained a ruling from FIFA forbidding any outdoor team from signing him. This ruled out nearly every club in the world, and forced Zungul to sign with a team in the newly established MISL.

On December 22, 1978, the New York Arrows kicked off the first season of MISL, playing in the league's first game, at home versus the Cincinnati Kids.

Champions
The decision to import the Lancers paid off, as the Arrows finished second out of six teams. Only the Houston Summit had a better record, but it was the Arrows who took the title, defeating the Philadelphia Fever.

The Arrows finished first in their division the next three years, before taking the titles over the Houston Summit (1979–80) and the St. Louis Steamers (1980–81 and 1981–82).

Dominating players
While the Arrows dominated the league as a team, several Arrows players gained repeated individual recognition. In his four seasons with the Arrows, Steve Zungul, "The Lord of All Indoors", regularly scored nearly five goals per game and in one instance, scored seven in a game versus the Chicago Horizons in 1981. His scoring exploits led to his selection as League MVP four times running. He was also the four time league scoring leader and a two time assists leader. While Zungul was head and shoulders above nearly every other player in the league, he was not the only Arrows great. Shep Messing was the first championship series MVP and a perennial all star. His replacement, Zoltan Toth, was the 1982–1983 Goalkeeper of the Year. Juli Veee was an outstanding midfielder while Branko Šegota was a perennial All Star. However, these are merely a handful of great Arrows players.

Decline and bankruptcy
Though a powerhouse on the field, the Arrows were mediocre at best at the box office. Despite four championships and a combined regular season record of 114-26 (.814), New York averaged only 7,049 fans for their 70 home games from 1978-82, less than half-filling the Nassau Coliseum. Shortly after the team won its fourth and final MISL title in 1982, the team was sold. In January 1983, the team traded Steve Zungul to the San Jose Earthquakes for Gary Etherington and Gordon Hill. While billed as a move to "Americanize" the Arrows, it was largely a cost-saving device (especially since Hill was British). In the 1982-83 campaign, the Arrows could only manage a 24-24 mark, fourth place, and a first-round playoff exit at the hands of the Baltimore Blast. Zungul would go on to become the NASL League MVP in 1984; without him, the Arrows slipped even further in 1983-84, to 20-28, barely grabbing the last playoff spot in the East. They were eliminated in the first round by Baltimore again, with the final game (a 14-5 loss on May 9, 1984, in front of just 1,779 on Long Island) proving to be the Arrows' last contest ever. The Arrows' lease on the Coliseum expired on July 4, and a group of players looked into buying the club from owner David Schoenstadt. Instead, Schoenstadt (who also owned the MISL's Kansas City Comets) declared the Arrows bankrupt on July 19.

Legacy
After the folding of the Arrows, the MISL tried again in the New York market by luring the famed New York Cosmos to the league in 1984. However, the Cosmos dropped out of the MISL after playing only 33 games of their planned 48-game schedule, finishing with a league-worst 11-22 record. (With the North American Soccer League folding, the Cosmos tried to play an independent outdoor schedule in 1985, but finally folded for good after three lightly-attended matches at Giants Stadium.) Undaunted, the indoor circuit tried again with the New York Express in 1986, but this proved to be an even bigger disaster: the club folded in February 1987 after losing 23 of their 26 games. The MISL never succeeded in luring big crowds in the sports-heavy New York market.

Arena
Their home arena was Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York.

Management

 * Owner – John Luciani (1978–1982)
 * Owner – David Schoenstadt (1982–1984)
 * General Manager – Tod Leiweke

Coaches

 * Dragan Popović 1978–1983
 * Shep Messing 1983
 * Joe Machnik

Honors
MISL Championship
 * 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982

League MVP
 * 1978–1979 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1979–1980 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1980–1981 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1981–1982 Slaviša Žungul

Championship MVP
 * 1978–1979 Shep Messing
 * 1979–1980 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1980–1981 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1981–1982 Slaviša Žungul

Scoring Champion
 * 1979–1980 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1980–1981 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1981–1982 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1982–1983 Slaviša Žungul

Pass Master (Assists Leader)
 * 1979–1980 Slaviša Žungul
 * 1981–1982 Slaviša Žungul

Defender of the Year
 * 1981–1982 Veljko Tukša

Goalkeeper of the Year
 * 1982–1983 Zoltan Toth

Coach of the Year
 * 1980–1981 Dragan Popović

First Team All MISL
 * 1978–1979: Shep Messing, Slaviša Žungul
 * 1979–1980: Shep Messing, Branko Šegota, Slaviša Žungul
 * 1980–1981: Shep Messing, David D'Errico, Branko Šegota, Slaviša Žungul
 * 1981–1982: Veljko Tukša, Slaviša Žungul
 * 1982–1983: Veljko Tukša

Significant players

 * 🇺🇾 🇺🇸 Fernando Clavijo
 * 🇺🇸 David D'Errico
 * 🇭🇷 🇺🇸 Fred Grgurev
 * 🇺🇸 Shep Messing
 * 🇱🇷 🇺🇸 Doc Lawson
 * 🇨🇦 Branko Šegota
 * 🇭🇺 Zoltan Toth
 * 🇭🇺 🇺🇸 Juli Veee
 * 🇭🇷 Slaviša Žungul

title: New York Arrows


text:
Category:Skyscrapers in Venezuela

Skyscrapers in Venezuela.

title: Category:Skyscrapers in Venezuela


text: Category:Buildings and structures in Venezuela


text:
Talk:Pepper Pike, Ohio

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121220045823/http://www.census.gov:80/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt to http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt

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External links modified
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title: Talk:Pepper Pike, Ohio


text:
Mel Vojvodich

Mele Vojvodich Jr. (March 28, 1929 – November 3, 2003) was an American aviator and major general in the United States Air Force. He was one of the initial five pilots who flew reconnaissance missions in the Lockheed A-12 surveillance aircraft over North Vietnam for the CIA.

Early life
Mele Vojvodich Jr. was born in Steubenville, Ohio, to Mele Vojvodic who was Serbian. He graduated from Wintersville High School in Wintersville, Ohio. In June 1947, he joined the US Air Force.

Korean War
Vojvodich earned his pilot wings in 1950 at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada. He would see action in the Korean War flying the Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star and the North American F-86. Vojvodich flew a reconnaissance mission 300 miles into communist China to detect the presence of Soviet-made bombers. Vojvodich completed a total of 125 combat missions.

Career highlights
After returning from Korea, Vojvodich served as Republic F-84 pilot and aircraft commander in the early 1950s at Turner Air Force Base in Georgia. He completed Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama six years after earning his wings.

CIA career
Vojvodich volunteered and was selected to fly the Lockheed A-12 for the CIA. He was transferred out of the USAF and "sheep dipped" into the CIA to fly as Government service employee. He would later be reinstated in the USAF.

Later career
In 1971 he completed studies at the National War College at Fort Lesley J. McNair in Washington DC.

Vojvodich was promoted to major general on May 1, 1980. He accumulated 6,000 flying hours in his career and retired in March 1983.

Death
Vojvodich died in Schertz, Texas from leukemia in his home on November 3, 2003.

Military awards

 * Distinguished Service Cross
 * Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
 * Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
 * Distinguished Flying Cross with three oak leaf clusters
 * Meritorious Service Medal
 * Air Medal
 * Air Force Commendation Medal
 * Army Commendation Medal
 * Intelligence Star for Valor presented by the CIA.
 * National Defense Service Medal with star
 * Korean Service Medal
 * Vietnam Service Medal
 * Vietnam Gallantry Cross with palm
 * United Nations Korea Medal

Distinguished Service Cross citation
The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross (Air Force) to Captain Mele Vojvodich, Jr., United States Air Force, ''for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as a Pilot with the 15th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron, 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, FIFTH Air Force, in action against enemy forces in the Republic of Korea on 3 January 1953. On that date Captain Vojvodich volunteered to fly an unarmed RF-86 type aircraft on an extremely hazardous mission of greatest importance to United Nations forces. Captain Vojvodich, exhibiting outstanding personal courage and skill, flew his unarmed aircraft deep into heavily defended enemy territory despite constant attacks from enemy aircraft. On his way to the target complex, he experienced a complete radio failure, and in addition, his drop tanks failed to jettison. Notwithstanding these obstacles, Captain Vojvodich, recognizing the vital importance of his assigned mission, elected to complete the photograph runs on his targets, exposing himself to firing passes from enemy aircraft. In order to insure complete coverage, Captain Vojvodich returned to re-photograph his first target, despite the presence of numerous enemy aircraft in the area. The intelligence data Captain Vojvodich obtained at great personal risk was of immeasurable value to subsequent United Nations operation in Korea.''

General Orders: Headquarters, Far East Air Forces: General Orders No. 216 (May 2, 1953)

title: Mel Vojvodich


text:
New York Express

The New York Express was a soccer team based out of Uniondale, New York that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League. They played only part of the 1986–87 MISL season before folding just after the league's midseason All-Star Break. Their home arena was Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. They were owned by Stan Henry and ex-New York Cosmos goalie Shep Messing.

Formation
The Express were formed in late 1985, and played an exhibition schedule in the winter of 1986. The Express featured Messing in goal and former Cosmos star and U.S. National Team player Rick Davis, as well as Iranian national team star Andranik Eskandarian. New York won all five games it played (all held at the Nassau Coliseum), against such competition as Arsenal and Red Star Belgrade as well as the Portuguese and Irish national teams, drawing about 6,000 fans per contest. Finally, on May 15, 1986, the Express were accepted as an expansion franchise by the MISL.

1986-87 season
Things did not go nearly as well for the club once they joined the MISL; in fact, it quickly turned into a disaster. Despite drawing a decent crowd of 10,577 for their home opener on November 21, 1986, attendance quickly dropped as New York lost their first ten games, costing coach Ray Klivecka his job on December 23. After three more defeats, the Express hired ex-Arrows coach Don Popovic, who led them to a their first-ever win on January 7, 1987, 6-4 over the Chicago Sting, in front of 3,106 on Long Island. New York would make it two in a row with a 7-4 victory over the Kansas City Comets two nights later at the Coliseum; however, another slump gave the Express a putrid 2-22 record at the All-Star break. (Defender Chris Whyte and midfielder Michael Collins were selected for the game, played at the Los Angeles Forum and won by the East over the West, 6-5, in overtime.)

On February 14, 1987, the Express got their third (and final) win of the season when Mark Liveric's goal gave New York a 6-5 overtime win over the Lazers in Los Angeles. (It was the Lazers' ninth straight loss en route to a 16-36 record, worst in the West.) The next day, in a game carried nationally on ESPN, the Express were actually leading the defending champion Sockers, 2-1, at halftime in San Diego (with Njego Pesa getting both New York tallies). However, a flurry of San Diego goals in the second half made the final score 6-2, dropping the Express' record to 3-23. It would be the last game the New York Express would ever play: two days later, on February 17, the club announced it was bankrupt. Messing blamed poor attendance (an average of 5,212 for 13 home games) and an inability to sell sufficient shares in a $5.2 million public stock offering. MISL commissioner Bill Kentling, unhappy to see its New York team fail so spectacularly, threatened to sue the Express for fraud and breach of contract. The 37-year-old Messing also retired as a player after the death of the Express.

Legacy
The Express were the fourth and final attempt by the MISL to establish itself in the New York market, after previously failing with the New York Arrows (1978–1984), who also played at Nassau Coliseum, the New Jersey Rockets (1981–1982), and the post-NASL New York Cosmos (1984–1985).

Former coaches

 * 🇺🇸 Ray Klivecka
 * 🇺🇸 Don Popovic
 * 🇺🇸 Mark Steffens

title: New York Express


text:
User:CatherineMunro/Image

 Photo by Catherine Munro

This is a short tutorial on uploading and inserting images to Wikipedia, with pointers to longer articles with more detail.

Choose the image

 * 1) The images that are simplest and most welcome here are pictures you have taken yourself, that you are willing to license under the GNU Free Documentation License.  This allows anyone to copy and reuse your picture for any purpose (including commercially), so long as you are credited, and they don't try to claim copyright for themselves.
 * 2) If you did not take the image yourself, you must be certain that it is usable by our project -- under a free license, in the public domain, or (in some limited cases) fair use.  Most images copied from the web are NOT suitable for Wikipedia use.  Read the Image use policy for more information.
 * 3) If you do get the image from a legitimately usable source on the web, be sure you have recorded that source information or have it available; you'll need it shortly.

Prepare the image

 * 1) If you know how to use image editing tools, use them to make the picture as attractive as possible: if necessary, crop, sharpen, optimize colors and size, etc.  (If not, don't worry about this step; if the picture needs it, someone else can and will clean it up.)
 * 2) Give the image file on your computer's hard drive a complete, descriptive name, and save it in a place where you can easily find it later (such as your desktop, My Documents, or My Pictures).

Upload the image
If the picture is free (you took it yourself, it is under a free license, or is public domain), we prefer that you upload the picture to Wikimedia Commons, a central repository of free images that will make your picture available to all Wikimedia projects, including Wikipediae in other languages, Wiktionary, Wikibooks, and more. You will need to register a quick free account there as well, and follow [|Commons:First steps]. Finish reading the instructions here and those steps will make more sense to you.

 * 1) Go to the Special:Upload page -- this is reachable from the "Upload file" link in the "toolbox" in your left-hand sidebar (it might be elsewhere on the page if you have switched to a non-default skin).
 * 2) Click the "Browse" or "Choose" button and find the file on your hard drive.
 * 3) Enter a concise description in the Summary field.

This is a tutorial on how to insert pictures in Wikipedia articles using Wikiformat. There is also a shorter technical document describing the syntax.

If you need help uploading an image, or selecting a suitable image for an article, you should also read our image use policy.

Note that before you add an image to an article, you should edit the image description page to explain the source of the image and make sure the copyright status of the image is clearly stated. It is preferred that you use one of the Image copyright tags, as appropriate.

For the purposes of this article, all examples will be done using Stevertigo's Wikipedia logo.

Plain picture

 * A plain picture with no formatting can be inserted with the statement:

 * The picture is the same size as the user originally uploaded. The placement in the article is arbitrary, and text does not float (wrap around) it. For example:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Duis tellus. Donec ante dolor, iaculis nec, gravida ac, cursus in, eros. Mauris vestibulum, felis et egestas ullamcorper, purus nibh vehicula sem, eu egestas ante nisl non justo. Fusce tincidunt, lorem nec dapibus consectetuer, leo orci mollis ipsum, eget suscipit eros purus in ante. Mauris at ipsum vitae est lacinia tincidunt. Maecenas elit orci, gravida ut, molestie non, venenatis vel, lorem. Sed lacinia. Suspendisse potenti. Sed ultricies cursus lectus. In id magna sit amet nibh suscipit euismod. Integer enim. Donec sapien ante, accumsan ut, sodales commodo, auctor quis, lacus. Maecenas a elit lacinia urna posuere sodales. Curabitur pede pede, molestie id, blandit vitae, varius ac, purus.

Notice how the picture cut the text into two pieces, depending on where I put the tag.

Specifying placement
Now, let's say we want either (a) text to float (wrap around) the picture, or (b) to specify where it gets put (left, right, inline, etc). To to this, we simply append the placement statement.

Example 1 - Right align, float

Mauris at ipsum vitae est lacinia tincidunt. Maecenas elit orci, gravida ut, molestie non, venenatis vel, lorem. Sed lacinia. Suspendisse potenti. Sed ultricies cursus lectus. In id magna sit amet nibh suscipit euismod. Integer enim. Donec sapien ante, accumsan ut, sodales commodo, auctor quis, lacus. Maecenas a elit lacinia urna posuere sodales. Curabitur pede pede, molestie id, blandit vitae, varius ac, purus. Morbi dictum. Vestibulum adipiscing pulvinar quam. In aliquam rhoncus sem. In mi erat, sodales eget, pretium interdum, malesuada ac, augue. Aliquam sollicitudin, massa ut vestibulum posuere, massa arcu elementum purus, eget vehicula lorem metus vel libero. Sed in dui id lectus commodo elementum. Etiam rhoncus tortor. Proin a lorem. Ut nec velit. Quisque varius. Proin nonummy justo dictum sapien tincidunt iaculis. Duis lobortis pellentesque risus. Aenean ut tortor imperdiet dolor scelerisque bibendum. Fusce metus nibh, adipiscing id, ullamcorper at, consequat a, nulla.

Phasellus orci. Etiam tempor elit auctor magna. Nullam nibh velit, vestibulum ut, eleifend non, pulvinar eget, enim. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos. Integer velit mauris, convallis a, congue sed, placerat id, odio. Etiam venenatis tortor sed lectus. Nulla non orci. In egestas porttitor quam. Duis nec diam eget nibh mattis tempus. Curabitur accumsan pede id odio. Nunc vitae libero. Aenean condimentum diam et turpis. Vestibulum non risus. Ut consectetuer gravida elit. Aenean est nunc, varius sed, aliquam eu, feugiat sit amet, metus. Sed venenatis odio id eros.

Phasellus placerat purus vel mi. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Donec aliquam porta odio. Ut facilisis. Donec ornare ipsum ut massa. In tellus tellus, imperdiet ac, accumsan at, aliquam vitae, velit.

Example 2 - Right align, float, with caption
You'll usually put these at the start of a paragraph so the image floats to the right of the paragraph - it's common to see these at the start of an article.

  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Duis tellus. Donec ante dolor, iaculis nec, gravida ac, cursus in, eros. Mauris vestibulum, felis et egestas ullamcorper, purus nibh vehicula sem, eu egestas ante nisl non justo. Fusce tincidunt, lorem nec dapibus consectetuer, leo orci mollis ipsum, eget suscipit eros purus in ante. Mauris at ipsum vitae est lacinia tincidunt. Maecenas elit orci, gravida ut, molestie non, venenatis vel, lorem. Sed lacinia. Suspendisse potenti. Sed ultricies cursus lectus. In id magna sit amet nibh suscipit euismod. Integer enim. Donec sapien ante, accumsan ut, sodales commodo, auctor quis, lacus. Maecenas a elit lacinia urna posuere sodales. Curabitur pede pede, molestie id, blandit vitae, varius ac, purus.

Morbi dictum. Vestibulum adipiscing pulvinar quam. In aliquam rhoncus sem. In mi erat, sodales eget, pretium interdum, malesuada ac, augue. Aliquam sollicitudin, massa ut vestibulum posuere, massa arcu elementum purus, eget vehicula lorem metus vel libero. Sed in dui id lectus commodo elementum. Etiam rhoncus tortor. Proin a lorem. Ut nec velit. Quisque varius. Proin nonummy justo dictum sapien tincidunt iaculis. Duis lobortis pellentesque risus. Aenean ut tortor imperdiet dolor scelerisque bibendum. Fusce metus nibh, adipiscing id, ullamcorper at, consequat a, nulla.

Example 3 - Left align, float

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Duis tellus. Donec ante dolor, iaculis nec, gravida ac, cursus in, eros. Mauris vestibulum, felis et egestas ullamcorper, purus nibh vehicula sem, eu egestas ante nisl non justo. Fusce tincidunt, lorem nec dapibus consectetuer, leo orci mollis ipsum, eget suscipit eros purus in ante. Mauris at ipsum vitae est lacinia tincidunt. Maecenas elit orci, gravida ut, molestie non, venenatis vel, lorem. Sed lacinia. Suspendisse potenti. Sed ultricies cursus lectus. In id magna sit amet nibh suscipit euismod. Integer enim. Donec sapien ante, accumsan ut, sodales commodo, auctor quis, lacus. Maecenas a elit lacinia urna posuere sodales. Curabitur pede pede, molestie id, blandit vitae, varius ac, purus. Morbi dictum. Vestibulum adipiscing pulvinar quam. In aliquam rhoncus sem. In mi erat, sodales eget, pretium interdum, malesuada ac, augue. Aliquam sollicitudin, massa ut vestibulum posuere, massa arcu elementum purus, eget vehicula lorem metus vel libero. Sed in dui id lectus commodo elementum. Etiam rhoncus tortor. Proin a lorem. Ut nec velit. Quisque varius. Proin nonummy justo dictum sapien tincidunt iaculis. Duis lobortis pellentesque risus. Aenean ut tortor imperdiet dolor scelerisque bibendum. Fusce metus nibh, adipiscing id, ullamcorper at, consequat a, nulla.

Phasellus orci. Etiam tempor elit auctor magna. Nullam nibh velit, vestibulum ut, eleifend non, pulvinar eget, enim. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos. Integer velit mauris, convallis a, congue sed, placerat id, odio. Etiam venenatis tortor sed lectus. Nulla non orci. In egestas porttitor quam. Duis nec diam eget nibh mattis tempus. Curabitur accumsan pede id odio. Nunc vitae libero. Aenean condimentum diam et turpis. Vestibulum non risus.

Example 4 - Don't float

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Duis tellus. Donec ante dolor, iaculis nec, gravida ac, cursus in, eros. Mauris vestibulum, felis et egestas ullamcorper, purus nibh vehicula sem, eu egestas ante nisl non justo. Fusce tincidunt, lorem nec dapibus consectetuer, leo orci mollis ipsum, eget suscipit eros purus in ante. Mauris at ipsum vitae est lacinia tincidunt. Sed lacinia. Suspendisse potenti. Sed ultricies cursus lectus. In id magna sit amet nibh suscipit euismod. Integer enim. Donec sapien ante, accumsan ut, sodales commodo, auctor quis, lacus. Maecenas a elit lacinia urna posuere sodales. Curabitur pede pede, molestie id, blandit vitae, varius ac, purus.

Framing, adding a caption
It's usual to include a caption to describe the image and give credit as necessary. This means that the image will need a "frame"   Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Nulla risus massa, luctus sed, sagittis ac, dapibus eu, pede. Suspendisse convallis ligula ac lorem. Quisque luctus. Mauris ut purus a libero semper sollicitudin. Integer dapibus, velit sit amet rhoncus aliquam, pede ligula cursus ante, nec elementum erat dui et mauris. Nulla quam dolor, nonummy vel, varius fermentum, suscipit ut, sapien. Pellentesque suscipit felis ac nibh. Nunc luctus hendrerit eros. Phasellus lacus. Donec non leo in sem consequat pulvinar. Curabitur ut magna vitae lectus tristique ultrices. Phasellus venenatis neque vulputate leo. Mauris quis eros. Vestibulum nonummy. Nulla facilisis sapien dignissim risus. Quisque arcu urna, aliquam ac, facilisis ac, egestas non, est. Quisque neque. Donec et mi. Phasellus consequat. Integer pellentesque consectetuer lectus. Etiam malesuada eros id nibh. Fusce in tellus vitae mi auctor tincidunt. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nulla vitae metus.

Etiam varius tempus odio. Cras bibendum arcu nec dolor. Donec consectetuer. Cras nonummy orci eget felis. Nullam sagittis venenatis libero. Duis neque purus, suscipit volutpat, molestie ut, venenatis ut, mi. Morbi nec eros. Praesent sollicitudin, nisl eget vehicula varius, tortor magna eleifend massa, ac iaculis turpis lacus quis nisl. Cras ut diam. Nullam erat ante, dignissim ac, posuere nec, commodo nec, nisl. Aenean adipiscing sodales augue. Donec rutrum. Ut nisl. Duis nisl. Ut elit. Vivamus suscipit rutrum tortor. Sed id pede. Praesent eros nulla, tempor vel, faucibus sed, mattis at, lectus. Sed euismod. Curabitur et leo vitae purus accumsan posuere.

Donec tempor nulla in turpis. Nam rutrum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Nullam vel turpis vel risus fermentum posuere. In porta augue quis dui. Integer risus justo, venenatis ut, dapibus in, tempor sed, risus. In tincidunt rhoncus urna. Mauris placerat, tortor et malesuada congue, velit urna elementum urna, vel ornare est tellus vel nunc. Ut et risus. Integer in lorem. Ut in lectus ac arcu pretium rutrum. Phasellus imperdiet pede ut arcu. Sed ac massa. Donec id leo. Etiam ante odio, nonummy ac, elementum sit amet, suscipit eget, dolor. Nam id felis in quam ullamcorper sodales.

Resizing
Let's say that picture is too big. Let's say we want the user to get a smaller version (a "thumbnail") when he/she looks at the article. Thumbnails always include a frame, so when thumbnailing, you almost always want to specify a caption.

Wikiformat supports auto-resizing; that is, our contributors upload a picture of one size, and that picture gets automatically resized when a viewer looks at an article. For example, let's say we want it to be 100 pixels wide:

In typical graphical browsers, this image shows '100px' as a hint when the user moves the mouse over the image; in text browsers, '100px' will appear instead of the image. We should be able to improve on this by specifying alternative text, as follows:

Let's say we want it 500 pixels wide:

As you can see, the image is not scaled to 500 pixels. The wiki software limits the size of unframed images to that of the original. In other words, you can't enlarge pictures unless they are in a frame, which is what we will get to next.

Thumbnailing
A thumbnail frames a picture. It puts a gray border around a picture. This is a good way of letting a user know that a bigger version is available. It also lets you put a caption on the picture. (See Captions for caption writing tips.)

  Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Nulla risus massa, luctus sed, sagittis ac, dapibus eu, pede. Suspendisse convallis ligula ac lorem. Quisque luctus. Mauris ut purus a libero semper sollicitudin. Integer dapibus, velit sit amet rhoncus aliquam, pede ligula cursus ante, nec elementum erat dui et mauris. Nulla quam dolor, nonummy vel, varius fermentum, suscipit ut, sapien. Pellentesque suscipit felis ac nibh. Nunc luctus hendrerit eros. Phasellus lacus. Donec non leo in sem consequat pulvinar. Curabitur ut magna vitae lectus tristique ultrices. Phasellus venenatis neque vulputate leo. Mauris quis eros.

Vestibulum nonummy. Nulla facilisis sapien dignissim risus. Quisque arcu urna, aliquam ac, facilisis ac, egestas non, est. Quisque neque. Donec et mi. Phasellus consequat. Integer pellentesque consectetuer lectus. Etiam malesuada eros id nibh. Fusce in tellus vitae mi auctor tincidunt. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Nulla vitae metus.

Combining different options
Ok, all this so far as has been cool, but it's not really useful unless you combine it all. Let's say we have a picture that we want floating, right aligned, thumbnailed, resized to 100 pixels, and with a caption. You can combine all of the above. Order does not matter, except that the picture name must come first and the caption must come last:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Duis dapibus dictum purus. Cras nibh. Vivamus ante nunc, ultricies ut, fermentum at, luctus ac, felis. Suspendisse ac diam. Suspendisse lacinia congue mauris. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Nulla facilisi. Donec varius egestas tortor. Curabitur augue leo, ullamcorper ac, tempus sed, gravida quis, felis. Curabitur pretium malesuada dui. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Curabitur et urna. Cras lacus. Donec risus. Proin ornare eros ac nibh. In venenatis erat sit amet mauris. Morbi sem felis, tempus eget, aliquam id, imperdiet id, elit. Vestibulum turpis. Etiam ornare, nisl ac varius fermentum, tortor elit laoreet tellus, ut interdum massa eros eget urna. Nunc congue nisl quis orci. Nunc nibh. Integer iaculis, ante sed fringilla tempus, enim augue gravida nibh, vehicula congue arcu tortor ac ligula. In eget libero vel magna varius viverra. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Suspendisse elementum.

Mauris arcu magna, ultrices a, tristique facilisis, facilisis id, massa. Quisque in arcu. Praesent auctor mauris sit amet leo. Proin facilisis viverra tellus. Morbi at purus. Nam dictum. Donec ac neque. Integer sapien wisi, lacinia nec, tincidunt in, lacinia sit amet, ante. Quisque in urna. Donec rutrum.

Avoiding image "stackups"
One of the problems many users of floating images hit is that multiple images sometimes "stack up" horizontally, particularly with large screens and wide images. The best solution to this is simply to add more text, but this sometimes isn't possible. This section shows some solutions to this problem.

 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Donec in enim. Aliquam erat volutpat. Maecenas id nibh ut turpis lobortis commodo. Phasellus sed neque. Proin fringilla euismod libero. Etiam vel lectus. Aliquam dui. Curabitur venenatis molestie neque. Integer mi dolor, gravida at, accumsan eget, fringilla eget, arcu. Suspendisse euismod. Nam et lorem accumsan magna venenatis pellentesque. In et ante. Etiam magna. Cras rutrum mi quis tellus. Nunc tristique risus pulvinar ante. Vivamus varius.

Co-aligning like images
It's very common to have two very similar images that logically should be grouped together. To achieve this, it's currently necessary to use some html markup:

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Sed tellus neque, bibendum ac, accumsan eget, vestibulum a, nibh. Sed viverra urna non massa. Etiam vehicula ligula vitae nibh. Phasellus tempus auctor wisi. In consequat. Cras vel neque. Donec leo dolor, lobortis luctus, volutpat vitae, vestibulum in, eros. Maecenas porttitor, erat ullamcorper tempus faucibus, odio arcu venenatis nisl, ut cursus odio felis sed urna. Nullam ut elit vel est eleifend egestas. Ut dictum orci eu mi. Cras ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos.

Nam turpis. Nunc in enim non turpis facilisis commodo. Suspendisse potenti. Maecenas elementum auctor odio. Vivamus vitae ante. Phasellus quis tortor et quam auctor convallis. Proin elit velit, nonummy a, semper hendrerit, dignissim quis, erat. Maecenas eleifend enim eu tortor. Curabitur non odio. Maecenas neque erat, venenatis sed, sollicitudin ut, iaculis non, mi. Praesent tempor, risus eget pellentesque tincidunt, dolor nibh imperdiet nulla, nec mattis leo ligula vel pede. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae;

Integer nec libero. Nulla facilisi. Vivamus quis purus. Ut sem justo, lobortis at, luctus nec, aliquam nec, orci. Aenean nonummy. In metus. Sed malesuada vestibulum purus. Phasellus at odio. Integer in massa vitae quam euismod viverra. Integer nulla orci, ornare non, consequat non, mollis ornare, nunc. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Aliquam id sapien ut sapien fermentum pretium. Cras mattis. Nam rhoncus. Maecenas dolor neque, tempor vel, iaculis nec, posuere vel, leo. Sed quis dolor. Vivamus mattis tellus elementum magna semper ullamcorper.

It is also often useful to horizontally align two images: However, this should be used sparingly, as it can cause the images to protrude off the right of the page for people with narrow browser windows.

This is done using table markup:

An alternative, that avoids being too wide, is to align both left and rely on them to stack up:   It will be necessary to include the  in order to prevent following text from being placed alongside the images.

Alternating left and right floats
Perhaps the easiest way is to make floating images alternate left then right - this way they don't come into contact with one another, and so can't stack up in an unattractive way.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Donec in enim. Aliquam erat volutpat. Maecenas id nibh ut turpis lobortis commodo. Phasellus sed neque. Proin fringilla euismod libero. Etiam vel lectus. Aliquam dui. Curabitur venenatis molestie neque. Integer mi dolor, gravida at, accumsan eget, fringilla eget, arcu. Suspendisse euismod. Nam et lorem accumsan magna venenatis pellentesque. In et ante. Etiam magna. Cras rutrum mi quis tellus. Nunc tristique risus pulvinar ante. Vivamus varius.

Sed mi eros, lacinia mattis, gravida vel, placerat posuere, lacus. Duis accumsan tincidunt sapien. Morbi sed velit. Etiam quis orci. Donec at velit sed lorem elementum feugiat. Curabitur ut ligula. Quisque in eros. Morbi sed enim id sapien tristique fringilla. Nunc ligula augue, pellentesque ac, nonummy id, semper eget, ante.

Forcing a break
As a final resort, you can force the browser to insert a break, making all text and images appear below the bottom of the first image. This can produce rather unattractive gaps, particularly in the accompanying text. Remember that text will flow and wrap differently for other users, based on their chosen browser, screen resolution, default font size, accessibility options, number of toolbars and sidebars (such as instant messaging panes) and more -- don't force page design just so that it looks pretty on your machine. Hack only where absolutely necessary. Wherever possible, just use the simplest logical page flow.

<p style="font-family:verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;"> All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. <br style="clear:both;"> <p style="font-family:verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;"> Tension, apprehension, and dissention have begun. Tension, apprehension, and dissention have begun. Tension, apprehension, and dissention have begun. Tension, apprehension, and dissention have begun. Tension, apprehension, and dissention have begun. Tension, apprehension, and dissention have begun. Tension, apprehension, and dissention have begun. <br style="clear:both;">

Wiki markup and CSS
To display a series of photos in a gallery, there is a simple method using wiki markup and Cascading Style Sheets: Float all images in the gallery to the left, and clear their left float at the end to avoid having the images run into following content.

<br style="clear: left"/>

Advantages: Adapts to screen width by wrapping, simple markup.

<br style="clear: left"/>

New MediaWiki  tag
The new MediaWiki software has support for a ''

Templates
Another method which may become possible in the future makes use of the  template. Its syntax is:

The following alternative syntax allows image widths to be specified (as ). This may be merged with  if conditional parameters are implemented.

Advantages: Adapts to screen width with wrapping, simpler markup, no HTML, no visible CSS.

Disadvantages: Puts scroll bars and other nasties in some browsers. Can't specify image size.

Linking to pictures without displaying them
Let's say you want to link to the picture without displaying it. There are two ways to do it.
 *  [[Media:Wikipedesketch.png]]

[[Media:Wikipedesketch.png]]

Notice that it says "media" instead of "image". When the user clicks on the link, the browser goes directly to the image. Also, notice that you can change the text so it says anything you want.  [[Media:Wikipedesketch.png|This is the wikipedia logo]]  [[Media:Wikipedesketch.png|This is the wikipedia logo]]

Now let's say that instead of taking the viewer directly to the picture, you want to take them to the image page (where it tells them who uploaded it, when, what the copyright status is, etc). You can do that with:  Image:Wikipedesketch.png  Image:Wikipedesketch.png

The only difference between this picture and the very first picture in this tutorial is that I put a colon before "image".

As above, I can make the link say anything I want.  This links directly to the logo's image page  This links directly to the logo's image page

title: User:CatherineMunro/Image


text:
Philadelphia Fever (MISL)

The Philadelphia Fever was an indoor soccer team that was based out of Philadelphia and played in the original Major Indoor Soccer League from 1978 to 1982. The team's home arena was the Spectrum.

History
After being granted a one-year hiatus following the 1981-82 season, the team ultimately folded. While it is often reported that the Los Angeles Lazers were the relocated Fever, the one-year hiatus was actually granted at the same time as the Lazers were awarded an expansion franchise, during the MISL's August 1982 league meetings.

During the four seasons that the Fever played in Philadelphia, the average attendance was 5,777 per game.

Yearly Awards

 * 1978–1979 Season
 * Fred Grgurev – MISL Top Goalscorer, MISL Scoring Champion, MISL Pass Master (most assists) & All-Star Team selection.

title: Philadelphia Fever (MISL)


text:
Boyash

Boyash or Bayash (endonym: Bȯjáṡ, Romanian: Băieși, Hungarian: Beás, Slovak: Bojáš, South Slavic: Banjaši, Bojaši) are a Romani ethnic group living in Romania, southern Hungary, northeastern and northwestern Croatia, western Vojvodina, Slovakia, the Balkans, but also in the Americas. Alternative names are Rudari (Ludari), Lingurari and Zlătari.

History

The Boyash or Băieși (in Romanian) are a branch/caste of the Roma who were forced to settle in the 14th century in the Apuseni Mountains, located in Transylvania, and work as slaves in mining (a regionalism for mine in Romanian: "baie," from Middle Age Slavonic).

At the end of the 16th century the Boyash started migrating towards the south, in Wallachia, and the east, in Moldavia, where they were held as slaves together with other Romani groups (until the slavery was abolished in 1855–56).

Another name for the Boyash, Rudari, comes from the Slavic ruda ("metal", "ore"). As the mines became inefficient, the Boyash people were forced to readjust by earning their living making wood utensils (Lingurari means "spoon-makers" in Romanian; also cf. Serbian ruda, Hungarian rúd, Romanian rudă meaning "relative", but also "rod, pole, stick"). The nickname Kashtale ("wood-workers") was also given to them by the Romani-speaking Roma and it has remained in Romani as a more general word for a Rom who does not speak Romani. After the point at which they began to make wood tools they scattered themselves in isolated communities. The consequence of this is that nowadays they speak a distinct archaic dialect of Romanian, with borrowings from other surrounding languages.

Population
After the liberation of the Roma from slavery (by the middle of the 19th century), many emigrated to other countries, especially Hungary and the Balkans, but also as far as the Americas, South Africa and Australia.

In 1993, about 14,000 of the 280,000 recorded Hungarian Roma were Boyash.

In Croatia, the Boyash are settled in several small communities along the Hungarian border in the regions of Međimurje, the Podravina, Slavonija and Baranja with an overflow of settlers living in the Apatin county of Vojvodina, Serbia. 2005 saw the Boyash language of Croatia published in its own alphabet for the first time in the Catholic Catechism, published by the HBK Glas Koncila in Zagreb. In 2007, the first Bible—a children's Bible—was published by OM EAST in Austria and facilitated by The Romani Bible Union.

Names in other languages
In English, the commonly accepted name for the ethnic group is Boyash, however in contemporary Bulgaria the terms Ludari and Rudari are in common use, while in Romania both terms are present in some form: Rudari and Băieși.

For the same ethnic group in Hungary and Croatia the terms Beyash and Bayash (Bajaši) are now officially used. The ethnonym Banyash ("miner") in Serbia is known only among the group settled in Bačka region, living along the river Danube, near the border with Croatia and Hungary. This term is only sporadically understood, and not used among some other Banyash groups in the Serbian Banat region, e.g. the village of Uljma.

They are also known by many appellations based on trades; in addition to Rudari/Ludari ("miners", from Serbian and Bulgarian ruda "ore, metal") they are known as Kopanari ("cradle-makers", from Serbian and Bulgarian kopanja "wooden box"), Koritari ("trough-makers"), Lingurara ("spoon-makers", cf. Romanian lingură "spoon") and Ursari (cf. Romanian urs "bear") or Mechkara ("bear-trainers").

Education
Education in the Romanian language is available only for the Banyash living in Romanian villages in the Serbian Banat, as well as in Hungary, in the subdialect of the Romanian language spoken by Boyash communities in (central and western) Hungary.

During the last few years there have been several attempts on behalf of local non-governmental organizations in East Bačka region to introduce optional classes in Romanian. According to 2004 field research data, only two such projects are still going on there: optional classes in Romanian in the village of Vajska, and kindergarten in the local Ardeal dialect in Bački Monoštor, attended by 20 pupils altogether.

title: Boyash


text:
Template talk:Architecture-stub

Comment
Template moved to a spelling that no one will have to look up or guess -Casito⇝Talk 20:03, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Note that the image used is a candidate for speedy deletion. It will be deleted on 2006-12-01 unless a source is provided. /Lokal_Profil 13:35, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Architecture-stub


text:
Bogdan Lobonț

Bogdan Ionuț Lobonț (born 18 January 1978) is a Romanian professional football coach and former player who played as a goalkeeper, currently assistant coach at Liga I club Rapid București.

He amassed 87 appearances for the Romania national team between 1998 and 2018, representing the country in two European Championships. He was popularly nicknamed Pisica ("The Cat") in Romania, due to his quick reflexes and relative small body frame for a goalkeeper.

Early career
Lobonț began his career with hometown club Corvinul Hunedoara in the Romanian Divizia B. He remained with the team until 1997, when he moved to Divizia A club Rapid București. Lobonț enjoyed success there, winning the 1998–99 league title.

Ajax
In the summer of 2000, Lobonț was transferred by Dutch club AFC Ajax, for a fee of €3 million. Injury and inexperience, however, kept him out of the starting team, and he was loaned to Dinamo București for the remainder 2001–02 season.

Upon his return to Ajax, he became the team's primary goalkeeper. Although Lobonț struggled with occasional injuries, he played well when healthy in both the Eredivisie and the UEFA Champions League.

Fiorentina
In January 2006, Lobonț was sold from Ajax to Italian Serie A club ACF Fiorentina, which needed a goalkeeper after the injury of starting goalkeeper Sébastien Frey. Although he played particularly well, Frey's return meant that he would spend most of the time as a substitute.

Because he had also lost his place on the Romania national team, Lobonț made a surprise move back to Dinamo București in January 2007 and helped the club win the Liga I.

Roma
On 31 August 2009, Italian Serie A team A.S. Roma signed Lobonț in a co-ownership deal from Dinamo, with an option for the club to buy him outright at the end of the season, for a fee of €1.5 million. He made his first appearance for the Giallorossi on 4 October, coming off the bench after 23 minutes in a game against Napoli. On 4 March 2012, he came on against Lazio because of Stekelenburg's red card. Because of starter Maarten Stekelenburg's injury, he was the temporary first goalkeeper in seven matches in the 2011–12 season.

On 1 July 2013, Lobonț signed a new three-year contract with Roma which would keep him at the club until 2016. Even though he had not featured in an Roma match for about four years, in 2016 he extended his contract with the team yet again, making Roma the last team of his playing career.

International career
Lobonț was part of Romania national team's UEFA Euro 2000 and Euro 2008 squads. He turned in a particularly strong performance in Romania's group stage game in Euro 2008 against world champions Italy, saving numerous well-placed shots and keeping his team's tournament hopes alive with a draw of 1–1.

Lobonț played an important part for the national team, earning over 80 caps, starting from 1998. In May 2014, after fifteen years of service, he announced his retirement from the Romania national team, citing his age as an important factor. In September 2017, after coach Christoph Daum's sacking, he was called to be part of the national squad in the final two matches of the World Cup 2018 qualification stage.

He retired from professional football on 5 June 2018, earning his final cap for Romania in a 2–0 friendly win against Finland at the Ilie Oană Stadium in Ploiești.

Honours
Rapid București
 * Divizia A: 1998–99
 * Cupa României: 1997–98
 * Supercupa României: 1999

Ajax
 * Eredivisie: 2003–04
 * Johan Cruyff Shield: 2002, 2005, 2006

Dinamo București
 * Liga I: 2001–02, 2006–07
 * Cupa României runner-up: 2001–02
 * Supercupa României runner-up: 2007

Roma
 * Coppa Italia runner-up: 2009–10, 2012–13
 * Supercoppa Italiana runner-up: 2010

Individual
 * Gazeta Sporturilor Romanian Footballer of the Year runner-up: 2007

title: Bogdan Lobonț


text:
Morland Brewery

Morland was a brewery in Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, and the second oldest brewer in England, until it was bought by Greene King in 2000. Morland's beers include Hen's Tooth, Old Speckled Hen, Tanner's Jack and Morland's Original.

John Morland founded the brewery in Abingdon in 1711. In the 1860s, Morland bought Abbey Brewery and Eagle Brewery and in 1885 changed its name to United Breweries. The company bought several more breweries and around 1944 changed its name back to Morland. In 1979, Morland created Old Speckled Hen, one of their most popular beers, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the MG car factory in Abingdon, England.

After Greene King bought the Morland brewery in Abingdon, it closed it and transferred the Ruddles and Old Speckled Hen brands to its own brewery in Bury St Edmunds. The building was converted into residential housing.

History
A farmer, John Morland, set up the brewery in 1711, and the ale and porter was bought by pubs in London. In the 1860s, Morland acquired Abbey Brewery and then Eagle Brewery. In the 1880s, Morland moved its operation from West Ilsley to Abingdon.

In 1885, Morland became a limited company and changed its name to United Breweries and its trademark to a pyramid of three beer barrels, with the initials of the three breweries on the ends of them. In 1889, the company took over two brewers, H. B. Saxby and Field & Sons, keeping their names on the labels of their beers.

Morland acquired Field & Son brewery based at Shillingford near Wallingford. Thomas Skurray, at the age of 19, came with Field & Son. After 10 years at Abingdon Thomas Skurray was running everything apart from the offices. He was chairman of the board until his death in 1938 and was to build a new malthouse and a soft drinks factory.

Thomas Skurray had a son, Thomas Edward Deane Skurray, who was a partner in a company called Theobold & Skurray, a company of Architects. Deane was responsible for the building of many new pubs in the 1930s: The Saxton Arms, Abingdon; the Ox, Oxford Road, Abingdon; the Royal Oak, Didcot; the Old White Hart at Hook; the New Inn at Longworth and the Bystander at Wootton, Abingdon, also looking after over 300 other Morland pubs & hotels.

Morland bought more breweries:
 * The Abbey Brewery.
 * Saxby's Brewery.
 * Field and Sons Brewery.
 * Ferguson Brewery.
 * The Wantage Brewery.
 * Dymore-Brown & Sons. First owned by Thomas Skurray then Morland & Co Ltd.
 * Henry Hewett & Co.
 * Justin & Brinns Castle Street Brewery.
 * The Tower Steam Brewery. This building was used by the Morlands as a vehicle repair centre until the 1990s, when they sold it to a housing developer. It is now Tower Close Abingdon.

In 1944, United-Breweries became a public limited company called Morland and Co plc, and all the acquired brewery names were dropped except Ferguson's Ltd, which was retained for the wine and spirits business, and Bass-Charrington Brewery which was kept separate because of its expensive new distribution warehouse. In 1997 Morland purchased Ruddles Brewers and moved their production from Oakham to Abingdon. In 2000 Morland and Co plc was sold to Greene King brewery. This led to the closure of the Abingdon brewery and the transfer of production to Bury St. Edmunds.

The Morland's sign, showing an artist with his palette, commemorated George Morland who was a noted artist and painter. "Artist's Keg" bitter was also brewed during the 1980s and 1990s. These can still be seen today on many old Morland public houses.

Pubs and restaurants
In 1991, Morland and Co plc purchased 101 pubs from Courage Ltd and a further 100 were added two years later from Whitbread. More purchases were made in the mid-1990s, and also a number of restaurants nationwide. Morland opened their own restaurants called 'Artist Fayre as well as another 100 pubs from Whitbread & co Plc.'. Morland Plc owned over five hundred pubs when the brewery closed in 2000.

Brewery buildings
A large wooden house built for head brewer James Dymore Brown great-grandson of Jas Dymore Brown Reading Brewery once lived in was demolished when the company built a large air-conditioned draught beer warehouse. A lot of the brewery buildings are still standing. The big Malthouse which became Morland's offices and stores. Old malthouse cottages where Mr A.J.Steele signwriter painted the Breweries pub signs. And another part of a malthouse is used as the joiner's shop and a paint store. Bell Amusements a subsidiary of Morland owned was based in Northampton, and office in the old malthouse.

Old Speckled Hen
Old Speckled Hen beer was first brewed by Morland in 1979 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the MG car factory there on 30 November 1979. Other variations launched by Greene King include Old Hoppy Hen, Old Crafty Hen, Old Golden Hen.

Other Morland beers

 * Morland Original
 * Hen's Tooth
 * Tanner's Jack
 * 1711 Bitter
 * Fergusons Smooth Stream
 * Revival Dark Mild
 * Beechnut Ale
 * Bill's Spring Brew
 * Old Masters Bitter
 * Fergusons
 * IPA
 * Beagle
 * Viking
 * Monarch
 * Excalibur Strong

Morland Original, Hen's Tooth and Tanner's Jack are also still brewed under Greene King of Bury St Edmunds by Morland's Brewing.

title: Morland Brewery


text: User talk:83.70.221.255

title: User talk:83.70.221.255


text:
Phoenix Inferno

The Phoenix Inferno was an American indoor soccer team in Phoenix, Arizona, that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 1980 to 1983. In 1983 new ownership renamed the team the Phoenix Pride. The Pride folded at the end of the 1983–1984 season. Both teams played their home games at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum.

The Phoenix Inferno, owned by Richard Ragone and later Irv Berger, entered the Major Indoor Soccer League in 1980. The Phoenix Inferno bumper stickers read "Our Balls Are Off The Wall." Original owner Ragone was killed in a December 1981 car crash. In January 1983, Berger filed for bankruptcy. The league approved the sale of the team to Bruce Merrill, chairman of American Cable Television, for $175,000.

Phoenix Pride
When Bruce Merrill purchased the Phoenix Inferno, he brought in Ted Podleski as general manager. A devout Christian, Podleski objected to the use of the word Inferno and Merrill renamed the team the Pride. On March 3, 1984, Podleski fired the head coach and installed himself as head coach despite never playing or coaching soccer before. The team finished the season at 18–30 and failed to qualify for the playoffs. Merrill put the team up for sale in June 1984. When he received no offers, he folded the team in July.

title: Phoenix Inferno


text:
Dragging death

A dragging death is a death caused by someone being dragged behind or underneath a moving vehicle or animal, whether accidental or as a deliberate act of murder.

Instances of dragging death

 * Antonio Curcoa (1792; Chile)
 * James Byrd Jr. (1998; Texas, US)
 * João Hélio (2007; Brazil)
 * Brandon McClelland (2008; Texas, US)
 * Mido Macia (2013; South Africa)
 * Farkhunda Malikzada (2015; Afghanistan)
 * Andrew Harper (2019; England)

title: Dragging death


text:
User talk:Talleyrand~enwiki

Velkommen til Wikipedia; vi kan godt bruge nogle flere danskere her :). Thue | talk 20:04, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Talleyrand. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Talleyrand~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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title: User talk:Talleyrand~enwiki


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Pittsburgh Spirit

Pittsburgh Spirit was an indoor soccer team based in Pittsburgh and one of the original six teams that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). The Spirit was founded in 1978, suspended operation for the 1980–81 season, then returned to the MISL until owner Edward J. DeBartolo Sr. folded the team on April 11, 1986. In its seven seasons of play in Pittsburgh, the Spirit amassed an overall regular season win-loss record of 153–139, two postseason appearances, and an average regular season attendance of 6,351.

1981–82
The Pittsburgh Spirit was reinstated into the MISL in 1981 after suspending operations the previous season. Stan Terlecki led the team with 74 goals, second in the MISL to Steve Zungul's (New York Arrows) 103 goals, and in points (total combined goals and assists) with 117. Both Terlecki and Zungul were named the MISL's regular season Most Valuable Player (MVP). Meanwhile, goalkeeper Krys Sobieski achieved a 4.20 goals-against average (GAA), the third lowest in the league.

The Spirit finished the regular season with a 31–13 record (including a franchise best .705 winning percentage), securing second place in the Eastern Division and a playoff berth. The team faced the third-place Baltimore Blast in the Division Semifinals. The Spirit won the first game of the playoffs 3–1, but would go on to lose the second contest 6–5 in overtime and the series' third and final game 4–2, eliminating the Spirit from further postseason play.

1982–83
The Spirit were unable to repeat its previous season's success and played .500 soccer for the 1982–83 season (24–24). Despite its mediocre regular season record, the team very narrowly missed the playoffs. Stan Terlecki once again led the Spirit in goals (65) and points (105), and forward Paul Child finished in the top 25 in points (68). Krys Sobieski played at a sub-.500 goalkeeping level, going 19–20 and watched his GAA fall to 4.88.

1983–84
The Spirit enjoyed its winningest regular season ever in 1983–84, going 32–16 despite losing two-time leading scorer Terlecki to the Golden Bay Earthquakes. The Spirit's average attendance peaked during this season, drawing 8,000 fans. By comparison, the National Hockey League's (NHL) Pittsburgh Penguins averaged around 6,000 during the same season. Zeee Kapka led the Spirit offense with 66 points and former first round draft pick goalkeeper Joe Papaleo forged a 16–8 record with a 4.12 GAA. Kevin Maher would earn the honor of MISL Rookie Of The Year. Though the Spirit finished in second place in the Eastern Division and made the postseason, it would lose to the Cleveland Force in the Division Semifinals three games to one by scores of 6-4 (loss), 4-1 (win), 6-5 (OT loss), and 5-3 (loss), respectively.

1984–85
Two-time former leading scorer Stan Terlecki returned to the team, but the Spirit finished in sixth place ten games under .500, going 19–29. Terlecki led the team with 39 goals and 66 points, while goalkeeper Peter Mowlik finished the season 11–13 with a 4.71 GAA.

1985–86
The 1985–1986 season would be the final season for the Pittsburgh Spirit in the MISL. Although the team finished only four games out of first place in the Eastern Division, it also finished in last place with a record of 23–25. Goaltender David Brcic was named to the All-MISL team. After the season's completion, the Pittsburgh Spirit franchise folded.

Return
There was an attempt to revive the Spirit for the final Major Soccer League season, but it did not come to be. An ownership group known as Pittsburgh Soccer Inc. was approved to operate the Major Soccer League expansion team for three years.

Staff

 * General Manager – Chris Wright

Former players

 * 🇺🇸 David Brcic (1985–86) 43 Apps 0 Goals
 * 🏴 Steve Buttle (1979–80) 28 Apps 35 Goals
 * 🏴 Micky Cave (1981–84)
 * 🏴 Clive Charles (1982)
 * 🇺🇸 🏴 Paul Child (1981–86) 133 Apps 140 Goals
 * 🏴 Alfie Conn (1979–80)
 * 🇺🇸 John Dolinsky (1978–79) 22 Apps 16 Goals
 * 🇩🇪 Helmut Dudek (1985–86)
 * Drago Dumbovic (1983–84) 37 Apps 32 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 David Egan
 * 🇨🇦 Charlie Falzon (1985–86)
 * Graham Fyfe (1979–80) 31 Apps 37 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Charley Greene (1984–86)
 * 🇭🇷 Fred Grgurev (1985–86)
 * 🏴 David Hoggan (1984–86)
 * 🏴 Godfrey Ingram (1985–86)
 * 🏴 Tommy Jenkins
 * 🇵🇱 Zdzisław Kapka (1983–86) 45 Apps 30 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 🇷🇴 Erhardt Kapp (1984–86)
 * 🇺🇸 Nicky Klinarski (1985–86)
 * 🇧🇷 Marcio Leite (1984–86)
 * 🇺🇸 Mark Liveric (1985–86)
 * 🇺🇸 Joseph Luxbacher (1978–80) scored first goal in franchise history
 * 🇺🇸 Dave MacKenzie (1984–85)
 * Pat McCluskey (1982–83)
 * David McNiven (1984–85)
 * 🇺🇸 Kevin Maher (1983–86)
 * 🇺🇸 Peter Mannos (1978–79) 16 Apps 0 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Alan Mayer (1979–80) 17 Apps 0 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Shep Messing (1984–85)
 * 🇺🇸 Joe Mihaljevic (1982–86)
 * 🇵🇱 Piotr Mowlik (1984–86) 27 Apps 0 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Bill Nichol (1981–82) 44 Apps 26 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Sid Nolan (1978–79) 23 Apps 21 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 John O'Hara (1981-86)
 * 🇵🇱 Grzegorz Ostalczyk (1981–85)
 * 🇺🇸 Joe Papaleo (1983–84) 25 Apps 0 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Art Rex (1979–80)
 * 🇿🇦 Nathan Sacks (1982)
 * 🇺🇸 Dave Sarachan (1978–79) 23 Apps 23 Goals
 * 🇵🇱 Krzysztof Sobieski (1981–83) 70 Apps 0 Goals
 * 🇵🇱 Janusz Sybis (1983–86) 42 Apps 35 Goals
 * 🇵🇱 Stanisław Terlecki "Stan the Man" (1981–83) 88 Apps 139 Goals (1984–85) 39 Apps 39 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 George Tiger (1984–85) 93 Apps 19 Goals
 * 🇵🇱 Adam Topolski (1984–86)
 * 🇺🇸 Keith Tozer (1981–84) 85 Apps 8 Goals
 * 🇺🇸 Val Tuska (1985–86)
 * 🇺🇸 Bob Vosmaer (1984–85)
 * 🇺🇸 Roger Wynter (1984–85)

Former coaches

 * 🇺🇸 Bruno Schwarz (1978–79)
 * Alex Pringle (1979)
 * 🇺🇸 Len Bilous (1979–80)
 * 🇺🇸 John Kowalski (1981–85)
 * 🇺🇸 Don Popovic (1985–1986)

Individual Honours
MISL MVP
 * 1981–1982 – Stan Terlecki (jointly held)

MISL All-Star Team
 * 1981–1982 – Stan Terlecki
 * 1985–1986 – David Brcic

MISL Rookie of the Year
 * 1983–1984 – Kevin Maher

Coach of the Year
 * 1979–80 – Len Bilous (jointly held)

title: Pittsburgh Spirit


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User talk:Shadows2005

Please stop removing content from Wikipedia; it is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. (I am talking about this edit) -- Mgm|(talk) 20:06, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

If you remove a Votes for Deletion header, or other people's Discussion page comments, again, you will be blocked from editing. RickK 23:55, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

This is your last warning. The next time you vandalize a page, you will be blocked from editing Wikipedia. --W(t) 03:17, 2005 May 29 (UTC)

Semi-automated template substitution

 * This page was modified to semi-automatically substitute templates using Pathoschild's template list. // Tawker 18:01, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Shadows2005


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St. Louis Storm

The St. Louis Storm was a soccer team based out of St. Louis that played in the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). They played from 1989 to 1992. Their home arena was the St. Louis Arena. The mascot for the St. Louis Storm was named "Colt Flash" (1990).

History
On July 13, 1989, Milan Mandaric announced the formation of the St. Louis Storm at the Missouri Athletic Club. Mandaric, a Yugoslav-born technology businessman and mechanical engineer, had previously owned the San Jose Earthquakes of the North American Soccer League from 1974 to 1978. The club began play with the 1989–90 MISL season. Don Popovic, a Yugoslav native who had spent three seasons with the St. Louis Stars during his playing career, was hired as the head coach.

Both the MISL and the Storm folded after the 1991–92 season.

Notable players
A notable Storm player was Preki, the Yugoslav born winger who stayed with the club until its demise in 1992, when he signed for Everton in the new English FA Premier League. He later played for Portsmouth before returning to the US to play in the newly formed Major League Soccer in 1996, the same year that he was first selected for the United States national soccer team.

Other notable players include:
 * Scott Biason
 * David Brcic

Coaches

 * Don Popovic (1989–92)
 * 🇺🇸 Fernando Clavijo (1992)

Yearly awards

 * All-Star team selection: Fernando Clavijo (1989–90) (1990–91)
 * Rookie of the Year: Terry Brown (1989–90)
 * Newcomer of the Year: Claudio De Oliviera (1989–90)
 * MVP: Fernando Clavijo (1989–90) (1990–91)

title: St. Louis Storm


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Midland, Oregon

Midland is an unincorporated community in Klamath County, Oregon, United States, about 8 mi south of Klamath Falls on U.S. Route 97. The site was platted in 1908 and named Midland, with a post office established in 1909. At the time it was said the name was chosen because the town was halfway between Portland and San Francisco on the proposed Cascade Line of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It is not halfway, however, and it is now thought that the name refers to the town's site on land partly surrounded by marshes.

When the Cascade Line reached Midland, the community served as a depot and shipping point for cattle and other livestock, and it once had two general stores, a hotel with a saloon, a livery stable, a warehouse for grain and a telephone office. Little remains in Midland today, but Klamath County's visitor center is located there.

Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Midland has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

Notable residents

 * Carl Barks, Disney Studios illustrator

title: Midland, Oregon