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Leonard Outerbridge

Sir Leonard Cecil Outerbridge, (May 6, 1888 – September 6, 1986) was the second lieutenant governor of Newfoundland from 1949 to 1957. In 1967, he became a Companion of the Order of Canada.

Biography
Leonard Outerbridge was born in Asheville, North Carolina, on May 6, 1888, the son of Bermudians Sir Joseph Outerbridge and Maria Harvey Outerbridge (born Tucker), who were residents of Newfoundland. He was educated at Bishop Feild College in St. John's, Marlborough College in England, and finished a law degree at the University of Toronto where he was a Member of Alpha Delta Phi.

Outerbridge served in the Canadian forces, during the Great War, reaching the rank of Colonel. After the war he worked as a lawyer in Toronto for a year before returning to St. John's to help his brother, Herbert, manage Harvey and Company Ltd.

From 1923 to 1924, Outerbridge was president of the Newfoundland Board of Trade, and in 1925 headed the Charity Organization Bureau. From 1930 to 1944, he was honorary private secretary to successive governors. For the last three years of the Second World War, Outerbridge volunteered full-time as director of Civil Defence, supervising the Air Raids Precaution Team. He was knighted in 1946 "for services as Honorary Private Secretary to the Governor of Newfoundland" as announced in the 1946 King's Birthday Honours.

During the second referendum in 1948, Outerbridge was one of a group of Water Street merchants who supported confederation. In 1949, he succeeded Sir Albert Walsh, who was installed on a temporary basis, as the second lieutenant-governor of Newfoundland.

Outerbridge, not Walsh, was Smallwood's initial choice for Newfoundland's first lieutenant-governor. As a confederation supporter, he was instrumental in gaining support from Newfoundland merchants. Upon the signing of the Terms of Union, Smallwood actually announced Outerbridge's appointment to the position but Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent and Outerbridge felt the declaration too hasty. Fearing the public would suspect patronage, Outerbridge was reluctant to take the position. It was decided Albert Walsh would become the first lieutenant-governor of the new Canadian province of Newfoundland, and Outerbridge succeeded him less than a year later. His term as lieutenant-governor lasted for eight years. He was made Knight of Grace of St. John of Jerusalem in 1951.

After his term, Outerbridge became president of Harvey and Company Limited. In the 1970s he became chair of the company and still held the position at 90. Outerbridge was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1967. He received a special service award for his work as director of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind in 1983, and, in 1985, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Red Cross. He died in St. John's on September 6, 1986.

title: Leonard Outerbridge


text: User talk:81.215.233.67

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:81.215.233.67


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Virtual crime

Virtual crime, can be described as a criminal act conducted in a virtual world -- usually massively multiplayer online role-playing games, MMORPGs. To grasp the definition of virtual crime, the modern interpretation of the term "virtual" must be assessed to portray the implications of virtual crime. In this sense, virtual crime describes those online acts that “evoke the effects of real crime”  but are not widely considered to be prosecutable acts.

There are several interpretations of the term "virtual crime". One scholar defined virtual crime as needing to have all the qualities of a real crime, and so it was not a new subset of crime at all. It is difficult to prove that there are real-life implications of virtual crime, thus it is not widely accepted as prosecutable.

Examples of virtual crimes include; mugging, sexual assault, theft, construction of sweatshops — all of which are usually committed within virtual worlds, metaverses and economies.

Terminology
MMORPG - Massively multiplayer online role-playing game, which is a video game that combines aspects of a role-playing video game and a massively multiplayer online game. MMORPGs are a platform susceptible to virtual crime.

MMOG or MMO - Massively multiplayer online game, which is an online video game with a large number of players on the same server. MMOGs are also platforms susceptible to virtual crime.

Metaverse - In science fiction, the metaverse is a hypothetical iteration of the Internet as a single, universal, and immersive virtual world facilitated by the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) headsets. In colloquial usage, a metaverse is a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social and economic connection. In scientific research, it is defined as “a three-dimensional online environment in which users represented by avatars interact with each other in virtual spaces decoupled from the real physical world”.

Virtual World - Also called a virtual space, a virtual world is a computer-simulated environment which may be populated by many users who can create a personal avatar,[cite] simultaneously and independently explore the virtual world, participate in its activities, and communicate with others. This is where virtual crime takes place.

Virtual Economy - Also called a synthetic economy, a virtual economy exists within a virtual world, and users utilize it to buy, sell, and invest in virtual items, services, and properties. With the rise of virtual worlds, virtual economies see an increase in usage, demand, and currency exchange within, much like in real life. In 2014, the exchange of currency for virtual property in Second Life, a popular virtual world, was US$3.2 billion. For perspective, this was the estimated combined annual trade for virtual economies in 2004.

Individuals or players within virtual worlds explore, build their characters, and collect items through game play or various tasks. These goods and services carry demonstrable value standard conceptions of economic value because players are willing to substitute real economic resources of time and money (monthly fees) in exchange for these resources. However, in most games, players do not own, materially or intellectually, any part of the game world, and merely pay to use it.

As virtual worlds become more popular and we see the rise of virtual economies, many issues and many opportunities rise as well. For example, eBay, along with specialist trading sites, have allowed players to sell their wares. This has attracted fraudulent sales as well as theft. Many game developers, such as Blizzard Entertainment (responsible for World of Warcraft) oppose and even prohibit the practice.

In the online world of Britannia, the currency of one Annum equates to about $3.4 US. If someone were to steal another player's virtual currency, they could convert it to US dollars via PayPal, though this problem has not yet been reported. This stems controversy over whether or not this should be dealt with like real crime, as there are real-life implications.

Virtual Sexual Assault
While not resulting in physical injury or physical assault, virtual sexual assault can inflict emotional harm. One of the earliest reported instances of virtual sexual assault occurred in 1993 in the computer programming world of LambdaMOO. In 2007, a Belgian citizen reported an instance of non-consensual sexual activity in the virtual world Second Life to Belgian police.

In 2005, in the game The Sims Online, a 17-year-old boy going by the in-game name "Evangeline" was discovered to have built a cyber-brothel, where customers would pay sim-money for minutes of cybersex. This led to the cancellation of his accounts but no legal action, mainly because he was above the age of consent.

In July 2018, a mother in the United States posted on Facebook that her daughter's avatar on Roblox had been gang raped by two other users. Roblox stated that it was outraged that a "bad actor" had violated its community policies and rules of conduct, and that they had zero tolerance over such acts. The incident led to The Village Voice reprinting its 1993 article, A Rape in Cyberspace. In July 2021, a formally convicted sex offender was arrested in Illinois for allegedly grooming and soliciting a minor through the use of Roblox.

In November 2021, a beta user of Horizon Worlds reported being groped in-game and that other users supported the conduct. Meta responded that there are built-in tools to block interactions with other users, which are not enabled by default, and that although the incident was "absolutely unfortunate," it provides good feedback in making the blocking feature "trivially easy and findable." A month later on Horizon Worlds, metaverse researcher and psychotherapist Nina Jane Patel reported that her avatar was gang-raped within 60 seconds of joining the platform. Elena Martellozzo, an associate professor of criminology at Middlesex University says that such abuse may be the result of disinhibition due to the lack of face-to-face interaction that is exacerbated on the metaverse.

In 2022, a BBC News researcher posing as a 13-year-old girl on VRChat was approached by adult men and directed to sex shops. BBC News also reported that a safety campaigner knows of children who were groomed in games and forced to take part in virtual sex.

More examples of sexual assault in the virtual reality space include an incident in 2021 — Chanelle Siggens logged into the virtual reality game Population One and another player simulated groping and ejaculating on her.

In 2024, the BBC reported that police were investigating a virtual sexual assault case.

Sweatshops
The virtual economies of many MMOs, and the exchange of virtual items and currency for real money, has triggered the birth of the in-game sweatshop. In virtual sweatshops, workers in the developing world — typically China, although there have been reports of this type of activity in Eastern European countries — earn real-world wages for long days spent monotonously performing in-game tasks. Instances typically involve farming of resources or currency, which has given rise to the epithet Chinese Adena Farmer, because of its first reported widespread use in Lineage II.

More egregious cases involve using exploits such as duping money or items. There have also been reports of collusion or vertical integration among farmers and online currency exchanges. In 2002, a company called Blacksnow Interactive, a game currency exchange, admitted to using workers in a "virtual sweatshop" in Tijuana, Mexico to farm money and items from Ultima Online and Dark Age of Camelot. When Mythic Entertainment cracked down on the practice, Blacksnow attempted to sue the game company.

Virtual Theft
In November 2007, it was reported that a Dutch teenager had been arrested for allegedly stealing virtual furniture from "rooms" in 3D social-networking website Habbo Hotel. The teenagers involved were accused of creating fake Habbo websites in order to lure users into entering their account details, which would then be used to steal virtual furniture bought with real money totaling €4000.

In China, Qiu Chengwei was sentenced to life in prison in 2005 after stabbing and killing fellow The Legend of Mir 3 gamer Zhu Caoyuan. In the game Qiu had lent Zhu a powerful sword (a "dragon sabre"), which Zhu then went on to sell on eBay for 7,200 Yuan (about £473 or US$870).

Virtual Mugging
The term "virtual mugging" was coined in Japan in 2005 when a player of Lineage II used bots to defeat other players’ characters and take their items. The Kagawa prefectural police arrested a Chinese foreign exchange student on Aug. 16 following the reports of virtual mugging and online sales of the stolen items.

Punishment
In Sweden a man threatened the families of 26 underage girls if they did not perform sexual acts online — he was sentenced to 10 years in prison and made to pay $131,590 in damages. Official prosecution proceedings regarding virtual crime currently exist in countries like Sweden but not for a majority of the modern world.

External references

 * Thomas-Gabriel Rüdiger: Sex offenders in the virtual worlds. Brandenburg 2013
 * Thomas-Gabriel Rüdiger: The Real World of Sexual Predators and Online Gaming . Be a kids hero, 2015
 * Susan W. Brenner. Is There Such a Thing as "Virtual Crime"? 4 Cal. Crim. Law Rev. 1
 * 7 July 2005. "Wage Slaves" at 1up.com. Retrieved 19 August 2005
 * 7 February 2005. "Virtual worlds wind up in real world's courts at MSNBC. Retrieved 19 August 2005
 * Lastowka, Greg and Hunter, Dan. "Virtual Crimes" New York Law School Law Review.
 * Diana Selck, Thomas-Gabriel Rüdiger: Online games as risk generators for children and adolescents – Analysing risk factors in gaming environments criminologia, 2016
 * Diana Selck, Thomas-Gabriel Rüdiger: Online games as risk generators for children and adolescents – Analysing risk factors in gaming environments criminologia, 2016

title: Virtual crime


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wiki Whack

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Speedy Deleted

Wiki Whack
Wiki Whack this - and if you don't know what that means then delete the neologism --Doc (?) 22:59, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC) Deleted it; absolute nonsense = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 08:21, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Trying to hard to get into BJAODN. -- BD2412 talk 23:25, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
 * Delete (probably should have been speedied - vandalism or nonsense) DS1953 23:46, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy delete, nonsense. --Sn0wflake 00:14, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)

Alexandra Feodorovna (Алекса́ндра Фёдоровна), born Princess Charlotte of Prussia (13 July 1798 – 1 November 1860), was Empress of Russia as the wife of Emperor Nicholas I ((r. 1825 – 1855)).

Princess of Prussia
Empress Alexandra Feodorovna was born as Princess Friederike Luise Charlotte Wilhelmine of Prussia, at the Charlottenburg Palace in Berlin on 13 July 1798. She was the eldest surviving daughter and fourth child of Frederick William III, King of Prussia, and Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and a sister of Frederick William IV and of William I, German Emperor. She was known as Charlotte, a name popular in the Prussian royal family, and nicknamed Lottchen by her family.

The princess's childhood was marked by the Napoleonic Wars and she was raised under difficult financial conditions. Her father was a kind, religious man but a weak and indecisive ruler who, following military defeats in 1806, lost half of his kingdom. Charlotte's mother, admired for her beauty, intellect, and charm, was considered more decisive than her husband. When the Prussians were defeated at the battle of Jena, Louise fled to Königsberg, taking her children with her, Charlotte then being eight years old. In East Prussia, they were given protection by Tsar Alexander I. "My daughter Charlotte is reserved and concentrated, but like her father, her seemingly cold appearance conceals the beating of her hot compassionate heart", wrote Queen Louise about her daughter. On 27 October 1806, Berlin fell under Napoleon's control and Charlotte grew up in war-torn Memel, Prussia. In December 1809, Queen Louise finally returned to Berlin with her children, but after a few months, became ill and died of typhus at the age of 34, shortly after Charlotte's twelfth birthday. As the eldest daughter, Charlotte was now the most senior lady at the court and had to undertake her mother's duties. For the rest of her life, Charlotte treasured her mother's memory.

Marriage
In February 1814, Grand Duke Nicholas Pavlovich, future Tsar of Russia, and his brother Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich, visited Berlin. Arrangements were made between the two dynasties for Nicholas to marry Charlotte, then fifteen years old, to strengthen the alliance between Russia and Prussia.

Nicholas was only second in line to the throne, as the heir was his brother Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich who, like Tsar Alexander I, was childless. On a second visit the following year, Nicholas fell in love with the then-seventeen-year-old Princess Charlotte. Nicholas was tall and handsome with classical features. The feeling was mutual, "I like him and am sure of being happy with him". She wrote to her brother, "What we have in common is our inner life; let the world do as it pleases, in our hearts we have a world of our own". Hand-in-hand, they wandered over the Potsdam countryside, and attended the Berlin Court Opera. By the end of his visit, in October 1816, Nicholas and Charlotte were engaged. They were third cousins as great-great-grandchildren of Frederick William I of Prussia.

On 9 June 1817 (O.S.) Princess Charlotte came to Russia with her brother William. After arriving in St. Petersburg she converted to Russian Orthodoxy, and took the Russian name "Alexandra Feodorovna". On her nineteenth birthday, 13 July 1817, she and Nicholas were married in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace. "I felt myself very, very happy when our hands joined", she would later write about her wedding. "With complete confidence and trust, I gave my life into the hands of my Nicholas, and he never once betrayed it".

Grand Duchess
At first, Alexandra Feodorovna had problems adapting to the Russian court, the change of religion affected her and she was overwhelmed by her new surroundings. She gained the favor of her mother-in-law, Maria Feodorovna, but did not get along well with the Empress Elizabeth Alexeievna, consort of her brother-in-law. "I was very weak, very pale and (they claimed) very interesting-looking", she recalled later.

Pregnant with her first child, Alexandra traveled to Moscow where, on 29 April 1818, she gave birth to her first son, the future Tsar Alexander II. The next year, 18 August 1819 in Krasnoye Selo, she had a daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna. That summer, Tsar Alexander I announced privately to Nicholas and Alexandra his intention of eventually abdicating during his lifetime and that Nicholas would succeed him since their brother Constantine intended to marry morganatically. In 1820 Alexandra delivered a stillborn daughter, which brought on a deep depression. Her doctors advised a holiday, and in the autumn of 1820 Nicholas took her to see her family in Berlin, where they remained until the summer of 1821, returning again in the summer of 1824. They did not come back to St. Petersburg until March 1825 when Tsar Alexander I required their presence in Russia.

Alexandra Feodorovna spent her first years in Russia trying to learn the language and customs of her adopted country under the tutelage of the poet Vasily Zhukovsky, whom she characterized as being "too much of a poet to be a good tutor". The Imperial family spoke German and wrote their letters in French, which was widely spoken at the Russian court, and as a consequence, Alexandra never completely mastered the Russian language.

Alexandra Feodorovna wrote in her memoirs of her first years in Russia, "We both were truly happy only when we found ourselves alone in our apartments, with me sitting on his knees while he was loving and tender". Nicholas nicknamed his wife "Mouffy". For eight years, during the reign of Tsar Alexander I, the couple lived quietly. Tsar Alexander I had no surviving children and his heir, Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich, renounced his succession rights in 1822, making Nicholas heir to the throne.

In 1825 the Tsar gave Alexandra the Peterhof Palace, where she and Nicholas lived. It would remain her favorite summer residence.

Personality
Alexandra was tall, thin, had a small head, and a pronounced brow. She had an air of regal majesty. Her quick, light walk was graceful. She was frail, often in poor health. Her voice was hoarse, but she spoke rapidly and with decision.

Alexandra Feodorovna was an avid reader and enjoyed music. Her favorite Russian writer was Lermontov. She was kind and liked privacy and simplicity. She dressed elegantly, with a decided preference for light colors, and collected beautiful jewels. Alexandra loved dancing and was particularly skillful at the mazurka, enjoying court balls until dawn. Neither arrogant nor frivolous, Alexandra was not without intelligence and had an excellent memory; her reading was quite extensive; her judgment of men sure, slightly ironical. However, she took no active interest in politics and fulfilled the role of being an empress consort, rather than being active in the public sphere. She loved her family very dearly and even developed facial tics whilst fearing the Decembrist Uprising and its plans to kill her family. The facial tics were a trait that ran in the royal German-Russian-British family in many branches.

Empress of Russia
Alexandra Feodorovna became Empress consort upon her husband's accession as Tsar Nicholas I in December 1825 during a turbulent period marked by the bloody repression of the Decembrist revolt. She and her husband were consecrated and crowned at the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin on 3 September 1826.

Alexandra enjoyed her husband's confidence in affairs of state, but she had no interest in politics other than her personal attachment to Prussia, her native country. She was the obedient and admiring supporter of her husband's views.

As empress, Alexandra Feodorovna had no interest in charity work. Her chief interests were in family affairs, balls and jewels.

By 1832 Nicholas and Alexandra had seven children whom they raised with care. In 1837, when much of the Winter Palace was destroyed by fire, Nicholas reportedly told an aide-de-camp, "Let everything else burn up, only just save for me the small case of letters in my study which my wife wrote to me when she was my betrothed".

Reportedly, after more than twenty-five years of fidelity, Nicholas took a mistress, Varvara Nelidova, one of Alexandra's ladies-in-waiting, after the doctors had forbidden the Empress from sexual activity due to her poor health and recurring heart-attacks. In actuality, Nicholas has at least three known illegitimate children born prior to 1842. Nicholas continued to seek refuge from the cares of state in Alexandra's company. "Happiness, joy, and repose – that is what I seek and find in my old Mouffy". he once wrote. In 1845, Nicholas wept when court doctors urged the Empress to visit Palermo for several months due to poor health. "Leave me my wife", he begged her physicians, and when he learned that she had no choice, he made plans to join her briefly. Nelidova went with them, and though Alexandra was jealous in the beginning, she soon came to accept the affair and remained on good terms with her husband's mistress.

Alexandra Feodorovna was always frail and in poor health. At forty, she looked far older than her years, becoming increasingly thin. For a long time, she suffered from a nervous twitching that became a convulsive shaking of her head. In 1837, she chose a resort in the Crimea for a new residence. There, Nicholas ordered that the Palace of Oreanda be built for her. She was only able to visit the palace once however; the Crimean War began in 1852. Towards the end of 1854, Alexandra Feodorovna fell ill and came close to death, though she managed to recover. In 1855, Tsar Nicholas I contracted influenza, and he died on 6/18 February.

Dowager Empress and remaining years
Alexandra Feodorovna survived her husband by five years. She retired to the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, and remained on good terms with her late husband's mistress Varvara Nelidova, whom she appointed as her personal reader.

The Dowager Empress's health became more and more fragile with the years. Unable to spend the harsh winters in Russia, she was forced to make long sojourns abroad in Switzerland, Nice and Rome. She wrote in September 1859, "I am homesick for my country and I reproached myself for costing so much money at a time when Russia has need of every ruble. But I cough and my sick lungs cannot go without a southern climate".

After returning from a trip abroad in July 1860, she did not cease to be ill. In the autumn of 1860, her doctors told her that she would not live through the winter if she did not travel once more to the south. Knowing the danger, she preferred to stay in St. Petersburg so that she might die on Russian soil. The night before her death, she was heard to say, "Niki, I am coming to you." She died in her sleep at the age of sixty-two on 1 November 1860 at the Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo.

Honours

 * Kingdom of Prussia: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division
 * Kingdom of Portugal: Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel, 31 May 1850
 * Russian Empire: Grand Cross of St. Catherine, 13 January 1809
 * Kingdom of Poland: Dame of the White Eagle, 1829
 * Kingdom of Spain: Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 14 May 1826


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Blonde on Blonde (girl group)

Blonde on Blonde was a girl group formed in 1978 by the British glamour models Nina Carter and Jilly Johnson. After some success, particularly in Japan, they disbanded in the 1980s. Their most successful single was a cover version of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love". They featured in a cameo role in the 1979 British thriller film The Golden Lady and appear on the film's soundtrack album. Their album And How! was released in 1979.

title: Blonde on Blonde (girl group)


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Richard Ellis (astronomer)

Richard Salisbury Ellis (born 25 May 1950, Colwyn Bay, Wales) is Professor of Astrophysics at the University College London. He previously served as the Steele Professor of Astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). He was awarded the 2011 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, in 2022 the Royal Medal of the Royal Society and in 2023 the Gruber Prize in Cosmology.

Education
Ellis read astronomy at University College London and obtained a DPhil at Wolfson College at the University of Oxford in 1974.

Career and research
In 1985 he was appointed professor at the University of Durham (with two years at the Royal Greenwich Observatory) for his research contributions. In 1993 he moved to the University of Cambridge as the Plumian Professor and became a professorial fellow at Magdalene College. He served as director of the Institute of Astronomy from 1994 to 1999, at which point he moved to Caltech. Shortly after his arrival at Caltech, he was appointed as director of the Palomar Observatory which he later reorganized as the Caltech Optical Observatories taking into account the growing importance of Caltech's role in the Thirty Meter Telescope. After 16 years at Caltech, in September 2015 he returned to Europe via the award of a European Research Council Advanced Research Grant held at University College London (UCL).

Ellis works primarily in observational cosmology, considering the origin and evolution of galaxies, the evolution of large scale structure in the universe, and the nature and distribution of dark matter. He worked on the Morphs collaboration studying the formation and morphologies of distant galaxies. Particular interests include applications using gravitational lensing and high-redshift supernovae. He was a member of the Supernova Cosmology Project whose leader, Saul Perlmutter, shared the 2011 Nobel Prize for Physics for the team's surprising discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe. His most recent discoveries relate to searches for the earliest known galaxies, seen when the Universe was only a few percent of its present age.

At Caltech, Ellis was director of the Palomar Observatory from 2000 to 2005 and played a key role in developing the scientific and technical case, as well as building the partnership, for the Thirty Meter Telescope - a collaborative effort involving Caltech, the University of California, Canada, Japan, China and India destined for Mauna Kea, Hawaii. If constructed this will be the largest ground-based optical and near-infrared telescope in the northern hemisphere.

Awards and honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995, appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours, a Fellow and Corresponding Member of the Australian Academy of Science in 2018, and an International Member of the US National Academy of Sciences in 2024.

Publications
Ellis wrote When Galaxies Were Born: The Quest for Cosmic Dawn (Princeton University Press 2022) in which he describes the observational progress made by astronomers over his career of five decades in probing galaxies to ever greater distances, and hence to earlier periods of cosmic history. The story culminates with the prospects for witnessing cosmic dawn - the emergence of the first generation of galaxies from darkness - with NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.

Ellis also contributed the text to a collection of striking photographs by Julian Abrams of the many large telescopes he has used in Modern Observatories of the World.

title: Richard Ellis (astronomer)


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James G. MacKinnon

James Gordon MacKinnon (born January 4, 1951) is currently the Sir Edward Peacock Professor of Econometrics in the Department of Economics at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, where he has spent his entire academic career and previously served as Head of the department.

He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1971 from Glendon College (York University), a Master of Arts degree in 1974 and Ph.D. in 1975, both from Princeton University.

James MacKinnon has co-written (with Russell Davidson of McGill University) two econometrics textbooks, Estimation and Inference in Econometrics and Econometric Theory and Methods. For his contributions to scholarship, MacKinnon has been elected a Fellow of the Econometric Society, and of the Royal Society of Canada.

MacKinnon's career is marked by a commitment to service as well as to rigorous scholarship. He has served on numerous editorial boards and professional committees, as well as fundraising for the David Smith Chair of Economics, a fund established for the purpose of hiring a new economics professor. In 2001–2, MacKinnon served as President of the Canadian Economics Association.

title: James G. MacKinnon


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Richard Ellis (biologist)

Richard Ellis (April 2, 1938 – May 21, 2024) was an American marine biologist, author, and illustrator. He was a research associate in the American Museum of Natural History's division of paleontology, special adviser to the American Cetacean Society, and a member of the Explorers Club. He was a U.S. delegate to the International Whaling Commission from 1980 to 1990.

Despite no formal training in marine biology, painting or writing, his paintings have been exhibited in galleries and museums around the world, and his murals can be seen in the Denver Museum of Natural History, the New Bedford Whaling Museum in Massachusetts, and Whaleworld, a museum in Albany, Western Australia. He authored and illustrated more than two dozen books on marine life.

Early life
Richard Ellis was born on April 2, 1938, in Queens, New York. His parents, Richard and Sylvia Ellis, were lawyers. His father worked at the United Transformer Corporation, while his mother did not practice. He spent most of his childhood swimming in the ocean.

He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1959 with a degree in American civilization. After graduation, he joined the army and was stationed in Honolulu, Hawaii where he spent his free time surfing and swimming in the Pacific Ocean.

Career
In 1969, Ellis was hired by the American Museum of Natural History as an exhibition designer and was asked to help build a life-sized blue whale for the Hall of Ocean Life for the museum's 100-year anniversary. After relying on paintings and photos of dead animals for the creation of the exhibit, Mr. Ellis decided to start swimming with animals in their natural habitat to depict them more accurately.

Ellis spent most of his life traveling to exotic locations and used scuba gear and a steel cage to swim with various marine animals. He was one of the first ocean explorers to swim with great white sharks.

His photorealistic paintings of whales were published in Audubon, National Wildlife Magazine and Encyclopedia Britannia. He maintained an affiliation with the American Museum of Natural History for most of his life but is most well-known for writing and illustrating books on marine animals. His notable works include The Book of Whales (1980), Monsters of the Sea (1994), The Search for the Giant Squid (1998), and Tuna: A Love Story (2008). On Thin Ice (2009) looks into the changing world of polar bears and highlights their problems caused by global warming and disappearing Arctic ice.

Richard Ellis curated a show on sharks in art for the Fort Lauderdale Art Museum, from May 2012 to January 2013.

Personal life
Ellis married Anna Kneeland in 1963. They had a daughter, Elizabeth, and a son, Timo. They divorced in 1981.

He died at the age of 86 at an assisted living facility in Norwood, New Jersey. According to his daughter, the cause of death was cardiac arrest.

title: Richard Ellis (biologist)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jared Siegel

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 08:58, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Jared Siegel
While there does seem to be a College football player named Jared Siegel, the young artist discussed on this page isn't findable at Google. This page is probably vanity and should be deleted. --Angr/undefined 23:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete nn vanity. --Etacar11 23:27, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Not notable. DS1953 23:44, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 07:55, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, vanity and self-promotion. jglc | t | c 15:27, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Not notable
 * Vote by User:65.32.181.16, who is the creator and main contributor to the article. Even though anonymous users are allowed to vote, it is preferable to get a username and log in to prevent suspicion of sockpuppetry. Also, remember to sign your vote with four tildes ( ~ ). Sjakkalle (Check!)  07:00, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Mojo

Mojo may refer to:

 * Mojo (African-American culture), a magical charm bag used in Hoodoo

Film and television

 * Mojo HD, an American television network
 * Mojo (play), by Jez Butterworth
 * Mojo (2017 film)
 * Mojo Jojo, the main villain in The Powerpuff Girls series
 * Mojo, the source of confidence, charisma, and sex appeal of Austin Powers

Games

 * Mojo (board game)
 * Mojo!, a 2003 video game
 * Mojo (microconsole), an Android video game console by Mad Catz
 * Mojo Rules System (RPG), created by Polymancer magazine
 * Mojo, a character in Chrono Cross

Literature

 * Mojo (comics), a Marvel Comics villain
 * Mojo (magazine), a British music magazine
 * Mother Jones (magazine) (MoJo)
 * Mojo: Conjure Stories, an anthology edited by Nalo Hopkinson

Radio stations

 * Mojo Radio (WPLJ), a New York City, US radio station
 * Mojo Radio (CFMJ), a Toronto, Ontario, Canada radio station

Artists

 * The Mojos, a 1960s British beat group
 * The Mojo Men, a 1960s American rock band

Companies

 * Mojo Records, a 1990s California record label
 * Mojo Records (UK), a record label
 * Mojo Concerts, a Dutch subsidiary of Live Nation Entertainment

Recordings

 * Mojo (Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers album), 2010
 * Mojo (Ash Grunwald album), 2019
 * "Mojo", a 2012 song by -M- from Îl
 * "Mojo", a 1995 song by Night Ranger from Feeding off the Mojo
 * "Mojo", a 2006 song by Peeping Tom from Peeping Tom

Sculptures

 * Mojo (Moeller), a 2008 sculpture

Businesses and organizations

 * Mojo (advertising), an Australian advertising agency
 * Mojo Club, in Hamburg, Germany
 * Mojo Press, a publisher
 * Mississippi Mojo, a US bandy club
 * Miscarriages of Justice Organisation (MOJO), a charity

Food

 * Mojo (confectionery), a sweet manufactured and sold in the UK
 * Mojo (sauce), a group of sauces from the Canary Islands
 * Mojo (soft drink), a cola flavor soft drink manufactured and sold in the Bangladesh

Given name

 * Mojo Nixon (born 1957), American musician
 * Mojo Mathers (born 1966), New Zealand Member of Parliament

Nickname

 * George "Mojo" Buford (1929–2011), American blues harmonica player
 * Mo Johnston (born 1963), or MoJo, footballer
 * MoJo (born 1952), Japanese vocalist
 * Maurice Jones-Drew (born 1985), or MoJo, NFL running back
 * Matt Morginsky (born 1976), or Mojo, former lead singer of The O.C. Supertones
 * Mojo Rawley, American wrestler
 * Mojo, singer, musician, songwriter and leader of Mojo & The Bayou Gypsies, a zydeco and Cajun music band

Places

 * Mojo, Ethiopia, a railway town near Addis Ababa
 * Mojo, an island a few miles west of Mount Tambora, Indonesia
 * MOJO (M20, Junction 10a), the original name of the Customs clearance facility near Sevington, Kent, England

Other uses

 * Mojo (mobile journalist), a journalist in the field who sends stories electronically
 * Mojo people, an indigenous people of Bolivia
 * Mojo languages, spoken in Bolivia
 * Mahindra Mojo, a motorcycle
 * Mortimer Jordan High School, or MoJo, in Morris, Alabama
 * Mojo (mammal), a genus of extinct rodent-like animal
 * Mojo (programming language), designed to be a superset of Python
 * San Diego Mojo, a professional volleyball team

title: Mojo


text:
User talk:Cplbeaudoin

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You 23:04, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
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Mistaken identity
That's why it's useful - and encouraged - to get a user account so we know it's you. Usually vandals are from anon ips, and if they use accounts, we can target those accounts. By getting your own user account, you (for the most part) will not be blamed for bad edits as long as they don't come from your account. (Not to mention that, building up good edits with your own account builds credibility... it's always easier to trust a name than a string of numbers) Welcome to your very own account, and guard that password! --khaosworks 19:36, Jun 17, 2005 (UTC)

Camouflage Peer Review
Hello, you once edited Camouflage. You might be interested to know, this article has been nominated for peer peer review. novacatz 03:41, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Sharpuscmmd.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Sharpuscmmd.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is therefore unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

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Untagged image
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Possibly unfree Image:UA_Flag.jpg
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Unspecified source for Image:Tornade-fleuve-Montréal.jpg
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If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 17:41, 24 July 2008 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? --MifterBot (Talk • Contribs • Owner) 17:41, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Carrie Henn.jpg
Hi Cplbeaudoin!

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--John Bot III (talk) 22:56, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

License tagging for File:Glq dedication stone.jpg
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Bravo!
I was hoping someone would create an article the Montreal Masonic Memorial Temple. It's such a wonderful structure. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 06:58, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * However, I do see that the List of National Historic Sites of Canada cites the Temple as an outstanding of Beaux arts style, coming as it does rather late in the more baroque stages of the neoclassical movement. Would you be willing to adapt article so as to synchronize the description a little more with that of National Historic Sites of Canada? cheers, --Shawn in Montreal (talk) 07:31, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Oh dear. I didn't realize that you'd simply pasted in the text from the Temple's website. That's a copyright violation, a rather serious offense round these parts, and the article will be deleted as such eventually. You need to rewrite the article in your own words, or it'll be deleted. If you're unable to, I can try to get to it. It'll be shorter when I'm done, but it won't be a copyvio. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 01:56, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Mudflap girl.png
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Image copyright problem with File:Glq logo.gif
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March 2009
This is the only warning you will receive for your disruptive edits. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you will be blocked from editing. Dave1185 (talk) 20:30, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

File:Mudflap girl.png listed for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Yulia Nova

A tag has been placed on Yulia Nova requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Click here to contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, you can place a request here. red dog six (talk) 03:11, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Yulia Nova for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Yulia Nova is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Yulia Nova & until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Jimfbleak -  talk to me?  10:43, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Survey Invite
I'm working on a study of political motivations and how they affect editing. I'd like to ask you to take a survey. The survey should take 5 minutes. Your survey responses will be kept private. Our project is documented at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_%2B_Politics.

Survey Link: http://uchicago.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_80J3UDCpLnKyWTH?Q_DL=3dz0m2ubQw1KSnb_80J3UDCpLnKyWTH_MLRP_a3FGer0uABEX1Hv&Q_CHL=gl

I am asking you to participate in this study because you are a frequent editor of pages on Wikipedia that are of political interest. We would like to learn about your experiences in dealing with editors of different political orientations.

Sincere thanks for your help! Porteclefs (talk) 15:25, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cplbeaudoin


text:
Sculpture of the United States

The history of sculpture in the United States begins in the 1600s "with the modest efforts of craftsmen who adorned gravestones, Bible boxes, and various utilitarian objects with simple low-relief decorations." American sculpture in its many forms, genres and guises has continuously contributed to the cultural landscape of world art into the 21st century.

Folk art
There is frequently art in well-made tombstones, iron products, furniture, toys, and tools—perhaps better reflecting the character of a people than sculptures made in classical styles for social elites. One of these specific applications, the carving of wooden figureheads for ships, started in the Americas as early as 1750 and a century later helped launch the careers of Samuel McIntyre and the country's first famous sculptor, William Rush (1756–1833) of Philadelphia. The tradition begun then continues today in the folk sculpture style known as Chainsaw carving.

The Italian years
In the 1830s, the first generation of notable American sculptors studied and lived in Italy, particularly in Florence and Rome, creating the Neoclassic style. At that time, Italy "provided the proper atmosphere, brought the sculptor close to the great monuments of antiquity, and provided museum collections that were available to study." They also gave the artists access to the carvers of Italy who translated their clay works into marble. During this period the themes from which the subjects of sculptural works were chosen tended to be drawn from antiquity, the exceptions being portraits (whose subjects were frequently shown wearing Roman or Greek garb) or works that included Native Americans. These artists included Horatio Greenough (1805–1852), Hiram Powers (1805–1873), Thomas Crawford (1814–1857), Thomas Ball (1819–1911) and his son-in-law William Couper (1853–1942), Harriet Hosmer (1830–1908), Chauncey Ives (1810–1894), Randolph Rogers (1825–1892) and (somewhat later) William Henry Rinehart (1825–1874).

19th-century American women sculptors
American women also became active sculptors during the Italian Period despite the sexism of the age. Among the women who acquired both commissions and fame were Edmonia Lewis, Harriet Hosmer, Anne Whitney, Vinnie Ream and Emma Stebbins).

The Paris years
In the decades following the Civil War American sculptors began more and more to go to Paris to study — falling in with the more naturalistic and dramatic style exemplified by the works of Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827–1875) and Antoine-Louis Barye (1796–1875) and other French sculptors. Among these Americans were Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Frederick MacMonnies, and Daniel Chester French.

Home grown
American sculpture of the mid- to late 19th century was often classical and often romantic, but it showed a special bent for a dramatic, narrative, almost journalistic realism (especially appropriate for nationalistic themes) as witnessed by the frontier life depicted by Frederic Remington. This was the beginning of the style of "Western Art" that continued with Alexander Phimister Proctor and others through the 20th into the 21st century.

Animal sculptors (Animaliers)
The naturalism of the French school, exemplified by Antoine Barye, had a great impact on the first sculptors of American wildlife. The first generation of American animaliers included, Edward Kemeys, Edward Potter (who occasionally worked with Daniel Chester French, producing horses for his equestrian statues), Alexander Phimister Proctor (who executed mounts for Augustus Saint-Gaudens' riders), Charles Russell, Herbert Haseltine, Frederick Roth, Albert Laessle and Anna Hyatt Huntington.

Public monuments
The years following the American Civil War saw a huge increase in the number of public monuments erected in the United States. "By far the most prevalent monument features a fully equipped Confederate soldier (the same prototype held true for Union monuments) in a realistic pose." This style of monument was popularized by sculptor Martin Milmore who created one of the first ones in 1868. Milmore's own monument, authored by Daniel Chester French, Death and the Sculptor remains one of America's "noble tributes."

As the century closed, the pace of monument-building quickened in the great cities of the East, especially those erected to memorialize the Civil War. Several outstanding sculptors emerged, most of them trained in the beaux-arts academies of Paris. Daniel Chester French stands out, as do Frederick William Macmonnies, Hans Schuler, and Lorado Taft. This tradition continued to the 1940s with Charles Keck, Alexander Stirling Calder and others and the use of figurative sculpture in monuments persists into the 21st Century. After the middle of the 20th Century sculpture used in public monuments was increasingly abstract.

The decades following the Second World War saw a large number of monuments and memorials dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust.

Carving mountains
There are at least three major mountain sculptures in the United States. These are Mount Rushmore, Stone Mountain, and Crazy Horse Memorial. Gutzon Borglum, an accomplished sculptor with such pieces as Seated Lincoln and a variety of other public monuments, oversaw the sculpture of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills in South Dakota. The monument was finished after his death by his son Lincoln Borglum.

Gutzon Borglum also was responsible for starting the Stone Mountain project in Georgia but had a falling-out with its overseers. The monument was then taken up by Augustus Lukeman, who died during its carving in 1935. The memorial was finished by Walker Hancock and was considered complete in 1972.

The Crazy Horse Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota depicts the Oglala Lakota warrior Crazy Horse riding a horse and pointing into the distance. It was begun in 1948 by sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski and continued after his death by his wife, Ruth Ziolkowski, who took over the helm of the project, and several of their children. The face was dedicated in 1998.

Architectural sculpture
Public buildings of the last quarter of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century provided an architectural setting for sculpture, especially in relief. Karl Bitter, Lee Lawrie, Adolph Alexander Weinman, C. Paul Jennewein, Rene Paul Chambellan, Corrado Parducci, and many others worked in the simple, sometimes narrative style that fit these spaces. Much of this work was created by anonymous sculptors and carvers.

Twentieth century
As the century began, many young European sculptors migrated to the free, booming economy across the Atlantic, and European trained sculptors account for much of the great work created before 1950. These include Elie Nadelman, Albin Polasek, Gaston Lachaise and Carl Milles.

Modern Classicism
Several notable American sculptors joined in the revitalization of the classical tradition at this time, most notably Paul Manship, who "discovered" archaic Greek sculpture while studying on a scholarship in Rome. C. Paul Jennewein and Edward McCartan were also leaders in this direction who fit easily with the art-deco tastes of the 1920s. In the 1930s and 1940s, the ideologies that rent European politics were reflected in associations of American sculptors. On the right was the group, mostly native-born, mostly old-school classical, mostly modelers of clay, who founded the National Sculpture Society, led by the heiress and sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington and preserved in the sculpture park that she endowed — Brookgreen Gardens in South Carolina.

American Expressionism
On the left, often immigrant, often expressionistic, was the New York-based Sculptors Guild, with an emphasis on more current themes and direct carving in wood or stone. One of its better known members was William Zorach.

African-American sculptors
With the Harlem Renaissance, an African-American sculpture genre emerged. Richmond Barthé was an outstanding example. Augusta Savage was a sculptor and teacher. Richard Hunt was the first to have a retrospective show at the Museum of Modern Art in 1971. Other contemporary sculptors include Elizabeth Catlett, Martin Puryear, Jerry Harris, and Thaddeus Mosley.

Turn toward abstraction
Some Americans, such as Isamu Noguchi, had already moved from figurative to nonfigurative design, but after 1950, the entire American art world took a dramatic turn away from the former tradition, and America led the rest of the world into a more iconoclastic and theoretical approach to modernism.

Within the next ten years, traditional sculpture education would almost completely be replaced by a Bauhaus-influenced concern for abstract design. To accompany the triumph of abstract expressionist painting, heroes of abstract sculpture such as David Smith emerged, and many new materials were explored for sculptural expression. Louise Nevelson pioneered the emerging genre of environmental sculpture.

However, during this period a group of American sculptors persisted in creating works in their pre-war, modern/classical-style. These include Milton Horn, Donal Hord, Charles Umlauf, Joseph Erhardy, and John Henry Waddell.

Pushing the boundaries of art
The figure returned in the 1960s, but without the beaux-arts figurative tradition, sometimes even as life-casts like those George Segal made with plaster. Jim Gary created life-sized figures composed of metal washers and hardware almost invisibly welded together, as well as those of stained glass and even used automobile parts and tools in his sculptures.

Concerns for the qualities of forms and design continued — but usually without representing a human figure. Minimalist sculpture by artists such as Richard Serra and Norman Carlberg often replaced the figure in public settings. Sculpture of the late 20th century was mostly a playful exploration of the boundaries of what could be called art.

Minimalism
The Minimalist style reduces sculpture to its most essential and fundamental features. Minimalists include Tony Smith, Donald Judd, Robert Morris, Larry Bell, Anne Truitt, and Dan Flavin;

Site-specific movement

Site specific and environmental art works are represented by artists: Donald Judd, Dennis Oppenheim, Richard Serra, Robert Irwin, George Rickey, and Christo and Jeanne-Claude led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions. Artists created environmental sculpture on expansive sites in the 'land art in the American West' group of projects. These land art or 'earth art' environmental scale sculpture works exemplified by artists such as Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, James Turrell (Roden Crater) and others The land art (earth art) environmental scale sculpture works by Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, James Turrell and others.

Postminimalism
Artists Bill Bollinger, Eva Hesse, Sol LeWitt, Jackie Winsor, Keith Sonnier, Bruce Nauman, and Lucas Samaras, among others were pioneers of Postminimalist sculpture. The later works of Robert Graham continued evolving, often in public art settings, into the 21st century.

Also during the 1960s and 1970s artists as diverse as Stephen Antonakis, Chryssa, Walter De Maria, Dan Flavin, Robert Smithson, Dennis Oppenheim, Robert Irwin, Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, Edward Kienholz, Duane Hanson, and John DeAndrea explored abstraction, imagery and figuration through Light sculpture, Land art, and installation art in new ways.

Late 20th-century revival of figurative sculpture
Other kinds of sculpture grew in importance, some evolving from the work of leaders in ironwork during the early 1900s who included Samuel Yellin. A center for the western style of American sculpture developed at Loveland, Colorado, and many studios, magazines, and even a museum (the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City) pursued this interest. A neo-Victorian style emerged, pioneered by the sculptor Frederick Hart.

Other genres of sculpture
The art-doll and ceramic sculpture communities also grew in numbers and importance in the late 20th century, while the entertainment industry required large-scale, spectacular (sometimes monstrous or cartoon-like) sculpture for movie sets, theme parks, casinos, and athletic stadiums. Industrial product design, especially automobiles, should not be ignored. An example is Randolph Parducci's (brother of Corrado Parducci) sculptures created for the famous chariot race scene in the film Ben Hur.

Legal issues regarding photographs
United States courts have consistently held that sculptors maintain an intellectual property right to sculptures and are entitled to compensation if photographs are used for commercial purposes. The rights apply even if the sculptor no longer owns the sculpture or the sculpture is not even in a public space. The sculptor, however, could sign away those rights. Some other countries, such as Germany, give permission to take the photographs via the concept of Panoramafreiheit, or Freedom of Panorama.

On February 25, 2010, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ruled 2-1 that the Frank Gaylord, sculptor of the Korean War Veterans Memorial, was entitled to compensation because an image of it was used on a 37 cent U. S. postage stamp and he had not signed away his intellectual property rights. The appeals court rejected arguments that the photo was transformative.

In 2002, amateur photographer and retired Marine John All was paid $1,500 to use one of his photographs of the memorial on a snowy day for the stamp which sold more than $17 million worth of stamps. In 2006, sculptor Frank Gaylord enlisted Fish & Richardson to make a pro bono claim that the U. S. Postal Service had violated his intellectual property rights to the sculpture and thus he should have been compensated. The Postal Service argued that Gaylord was not the sole sculptor (saying he had received advice from federal sources – who recommended that the uniforms appear more in the wind) and also that the sculpture was actually architecture. Gaylord won all of his arguments in the lower court except for one...the court ruled the photo was fair use and thus he was not entitled to compensation. Gaylord appealed the fair use ruling and won the case on appeal. On April 22, 2011, The US Court of Claims awarded Gaylord $5,000.

title: Sculpture of the United States


text:
Natural Born Kissers

"Natural Born Kissers" is the twenty-fifth and final episode of the ninth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 17, 1998. Homer and Marge discover that the fear of getting caught while making love is a turn on and start making love in public places. It was the first episode written by Matt Selman and was the only episode to be directed by Klay Hall. Some networks list the episode by the title, "Margie, May I Sleep with Danger?".

Matt Groening listed the episode as being his eighth favorite, and the aroused cow is one of his all-time favorite act break jokes. Andy Dougan of the Evening Times characterized the episode along with "Large Marge", "Three Gays of the Condo", and "The Way We Weren't", as "four of the funniest episodes of recent series". The DVD release was also reviewed favorably by Louis R. Carlozo in the Chicago Tribune, where the episode was seen as "more ridiculous" than "Large Marge".

Plot
It is Homer and Marge's eleventh wedding anniversary and Grampa does not arrive at the Simpson house to babysit the children, spoiling Homer and Marge's evening together. Later that evening, Homer and Marge attempt to have sexual intercourse, but lack enthusiasm.

The following day, the refrigerator's motor burns out after Homer left the door open to look at a slice of his and Marge's wedding cake. As Homer and Marge make their way to a hardware store to buy another one, their car gets stuck in the muddy driveway in the middle of farm country. Homer and Marge rush into the nearest barn to avoid a sudden storm. A farmer discovers the barn door is open and suspects trespassers. He enters the barn, nearly catching Homer and Marge, who are hiding in the hay loft, but leaves after failing to locate them. When the coast is clear, Homer and Marge have inspired sexual intercourse in the hay loft.

Homer and Marge think their marriage has been recharged and go for a romantic weekend at a bed and breakfast, but soon fall into their old patterns. However, a maid walks in on them and they conclude they are both aroused when they risk being caught during intimate moments, so they have sex behind window curtains in a room full of people.

Their love life is recharged and one day they begin to have sex on the same miniature golf course windmill where Bart was conceived. This time they come too close to being caught having public sex, and while they manage to escape, they have to flee through Springfield naked. After trying to seek help from Gil at his car lot, they steal his hot air balloon and fly throughout the city in it. As Marge tries to pilot the balloon after Homer falls and is left hanging on the rope, the balloon lands in a football stadium, and a naked photograph of Homer and Marge appears in the local newspaper. The next day, Bart and Lisa see the picture and their parents begin to explain sex to them. Before they go into detail, however, they decide to go back to the miniature golf course.

In a subplot, Bart and Lisa stay at the Springfield Retirement Castle with Grampa, and they discover a metal detector in his closet. While Bart uses it to look for pirate treasure, they uncover a film reel of an alternate ending to Casablanca. They watch the scene, which turns out to be a very sanitized and typical Hollywood happy ending, where Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman's characters marry in the end. Bart, Lisa and Grampa all like it but the Old Jewish Man reveals that he was once a studio executive and tried to include this happy ending on the film. Disgruntled, he pays Bart and Lisa to dispose of the reel, along with another reel of a killing spree ending to It's A Wonderful Life.

Production
"Natural Born Kissers" was the first episode written by Matt Selman, who partly based it on his parents' marriage. The episode was the only time that show runner Mike Scully ever got a call from Fox where they suggested not doing the episode. They were worried about the sexual content, the nudity, and how it was going to be handled. They disliked several of the phrases used in the episode, such as the term "ass forkin'".

In an interview, Matt Groening said: "The network censors couldn't believe it, and neither could I: the cow at the peephole while Homer and Marge make love in a hayloft; neighbors groping Homer when he and Marge are caught nude inside the windmill at the Sir Putts-A-Lot mini golf course; Homer dangling naked from a hot-air balloon, his ass dragging against the glass of a Crystal Cathedral-like church."

The producers fought the censors and in the end, very little of the script was modified. This episode is the first time that Marge's buttocks are shown on television. Marge and Homer in the golf course is a reference to the season three episode "I Married Marge", although in that episode they are in a castle, rather than a windmill.

Cultural references
The title of the episode is a play on film Natural Born Killers. The airplane restaurant "Up, Up and Buffet!" (a play on the song Up, Up and Away) is based on a submarine-shaped restaurant that was near the Fox studio named "Dive!". A supposed alternate ending to the 1942 film Casablanca is shown in the episode, and the Old Jewish Man gives Bart and Lisa a copy of It's A Wonderful Life with a "killing-spree ending". The song "Spanish Flea" plays during the radio commercial for Divorce Specialists. During the episode, Bart asks his parents if they "rocked the casbah", and consequently the song "Rock the Casbah" by The Clash plays over the end credits.

Reception
In its original broadcast, "Natural Born Kissers" finished 29th in ratings for the week of May 11–18, 1998, with a Nielsen rating of 8.8, equivalent to approximately 8.6 million viewing households. It was the fourth highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following The X-Files, King of the Hill, and Ally McBeal.

Matt Groening listed the episode as being his eighth favorite episode, and the aroused cow is one of his all-time favorite act break jokes. The authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, wrote, "a superb episode which actually makes Marge and Homer's love life seem very real; everyone needs a bit of spice now and again, and they find theirs. The balloon trip is hysterical, and the attempts to explain their behaviour to a very worldly-wise Bart and Lisa are magnificent."

The episode was part of a DVD boxed set release called The Simpsons Kiss and Tell: The Story of Their Love, and in his review of the release, Andy Dougan of the Evening Times characterized the episode along with "Large Marge", "Three Gays of the Condo", and "The Way We Weren't", as "four of the funniest episodes of recent series". The DVD release was also reviewed favorably by Louis R. Carlozo in the Chicago Tribune, where the episode was seen as "more ridiculous" than "Large Marge".

In the last of The A.V. Club 's "Classic Simpsons" recaps, Les Chappell writes that the episode is a fitting conclusion to the show's ninth season: "It’s a great encapsulation of how this family works: Homer and Marge have to try to explain things to children who are too worldly to fall for most excuses, the explanation trails off, and what could be a pleasant family outing to solve it all turns out to be yet another excuse for self-involvement when one public humiliation doesn’t outweigh the joys of getting busy in a windmill. The Simpsons are a weird, dysfunctional, and ultimately loving family, and this is an ending—and an episode—that reminds us how wonderful that can be."

title: Natural Born Kissers


text:
Scutelleridae

Scutelleridae is a family of true bugs. They are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration. With the name based on the Asian genus Scutellera, they are also known as shield-backed bugs due to the enlargement of the thoracic scutellum into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings. This latter characteristic distinguishes them from most other families within Heteroptera, and may lead to misidentification as a beetle rather than a bug. These insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species, including some commercial crops. Closely related to stink bugs, they may also produce an offensive odour when disturbed. There are around 450 species worldwide.

Description
Jewel bugs are small to medium-sized oval-shaped bugs with a body length averaging at 5 to 20 mm. They can easily be distinguished from stink bugs (Pentatomidae) because the shield-like enlarged last section of their thorax (known as the scutellum, Latin for "little shield") completely covers the abdomen and the wings.

Despite their resemblance to beetles, jewel bugs are hemipterans or true bugs. The scutellum is an extension of the thorax, unlike the elytra of beetles which are hardened forewings. As such, jewel bugs have four membranous wings underneath the scutellum in contrast to two in beetles. The scutellum in jewel bugs also does not have a division in the middle and thus does not 'split open' when they take flight like in beetles.

The heads of jewel bugs are triangular and the antennae have three to five segments. Like all heteropterans, jewel bugs are characterized by a segmented beak-like mouthpart (known as the rostrum). During feeding, jewel bugs inject proteolytic enzymes in their saliva into plants, digesting plant matter into a liquid form which they then suck up. The tarsus has three segments (tarsomeres).

Colours
Though some species are quite drab, the most conspicuous jewel bugs are often brilliantly colored, exhibiting a wide range of iridescent metallic hues that change with the view angle. The colors are the result of a combination of factors. Some species like Chrysocoris stockerus and Scutellera nobilis display colors from multiple thin layers of pigmented chitin. The colors often change or become duller when the specimens are dried, due to the topmost chitinous layer becoming opaque and obscuring the colors of the bottom layer. The colors can be restored by moistening the surfaces with water.

Iridescence (or goniochromism) in jewel bugs like Poecilocoris lewisi are the result of structural coloration. Instead of pigments, the colors are caused by the interference, diffraction, or scattering of light by numerous tiny structures.

In Poecilocoris lewisi, multiple tiny conical protuberances around 900 nm in height and averaging at a diameter of 360 nm are scattered on the epicuticle. These structures affect light passing through them, producing their oily-looking blue sheen (known as the Tyndall effect or Mie scattering).

In other species like the African shield bug (Calidea panaethiopica), the dorsal cuticle is dotted with tiny regularly spaced hemispherical cavities. The depressions act like Bragg mirrors. When light hits the pitted surface, it gives off multiple reflections resulting in the distinctive two tone yellow-blue iridescence.

The colors and patterns on jewel bugs can vary significantly between instars and even within adults of a species.

Jewel bugs are also known to mimic the colors, patterns, and shape of other organisms for defensive purposes. An example is the yellow-spotted black Steganocerus multipunctatus which exhibits Müllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle Chiridopsis suffriani.

Ecology and life cycle
All jewel bugs feed on plants (phytophagous). The eggs are laid in compact clusters. They may be round or barrel-shaped with a lid or a cap at the top (known as the operculum). They also contain a ring of small protuberances near the cap called micropylar processes. They permit the passage of sperm into the egg for fertilization and enable gaseous exchange from within the egg and the outside world for the embryos. The eggs are white or cream colored when freshly laid but can change color as the embryo matures. When hatching, the prolarva (the advanced embryo) exit the egg by opening the lid through peristaltic movements and with the help of a T-shaped internal structure in the egg (known as the egg burster).

Like all hemipterans, jewel bugs undergo incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetaboly) and do not possess larval and pupal stages. Instead the adults develop from several stages (instars) of nymphs (usually five) through successive moltings (ecdysis). Nymphs resemble the adults except for size and the absence of wings. They can be of different coloration or patterns from adults.

Some species are known to exhibit parental care of eggs and nymphs. Notable examples of which are Cantao parentum, Pachycoris klugii, Pachycoris stalii, Pachycoris torridus, and Tectocoris diophthalmus.

Reproduction
Chemical secretions from dorsal abdominal or sternal exocrine glands are used to attract mates by certain species of jewel bugs. In certain genera (like Tectocoris, Psacasta, Odontoscelis, and Irochrotus), males possess special unicellular glands in the abdomen known as the androconia (singular: androconium). They release sex pheromones when ruptured.

Females possess a spermatheca, an ectodermal gland which opens into the oviduct. These serve as storage for sperm deposited by males. It contains glands which can nourish the spermatozoa until they can be released to fertilize eggs.

Male jewel bugs of the genus Hotea possess an unusually large, spiky, and heavily sclerotized genitalia. They are used in a mating practice known as traumatic insemination, a result of evolutionary sexual conflict. Male Hotea bugs tear through the female reproductive ducts to deposit sperm, inflicting substantial damage to the female in the process.

Defenses
Like stink bugs, a vast majority of jewel bugs, both adults and nymphs, are also capable of releasing pungent defensive chemicals from glands located on the sides of the thorax. Typical compounds exuded by jewel bugs include alcohols, aldehydes, and esters.

Nymphs and adults often exhibit clustering behavior, being found in large numbers close to each other. This behavior is thought to have an evolutionary advantage. The more individuals present in an area, the stronger the odor of the chemicals released when the bugs are threatened. If this fails, stink bugs will react to threat by flying away or dropping to the ground.

Classification and evolution
Scutellerids were first described by the English zoologist William Elford Leach in 1815. It belongs to the order Hemiptera (true bugs), under the suborder Heteroptera and infraorder Pentatomomorpha. They are classified under the superfamily Pentatomoidea. They were formerly classified as a subfamily of Pentatomidae by George Willis Kirkaldy in 1909. The earliest attempt to restore them to family status was in 1917 by Edward Payson Van Duzee. Most authorities today regard it as a valid family group. In phylogenetic studies in 2008 by Grazia et al., Scutelleridae was shown to be consistently monophyletic, basal to Acanthosomatidae, and distal to Plataspididae and Parastrachiidae. Below is the morphological unweighted tree of the superfamily Pentatomoidea after Grazia et al. (2008).

Subfamilies and genera
The family is composed of about 81 genera and around 450 species worldwide. While the tribal and subfamilial classifications remain unclear, they are divided into eight subfamilies sensu lato: Elvisurinae, Eurygastrinae, Hoteinae (sometimes classified under Pachycorinae), Odontoscelinae, Odontotarsinae, Pachycorinae, Scutellerinae, and Tectocorinae.

Elvisurinae
Auth.: Stål, 1872. Widespread distribution, with the type genus Elvisura found in southern Africa; only one species of Elvisurinae, Solenosthedium bilunatum, is found in Europe.
 * 1) Austrotichus  - monotypic A. rugosus
 * 2) Coleotichus
 * 3) Elvisura
 * 4) Solenosthedium
 * 5) Solenotichus

Eurygastrinae
Auth.: Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
 * Tribe Eurygastrini Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
 * 1) Eurygaster
 * 2) Polyphyma
 * Tribe Psacastini Mulsant & Rey, 1865
 * 1) Ceratocranum
 * 2) Periphima
 * 3) Periphymopsis
 * 4) Promecocoris
 * 5) Psacasta
 * 6) Xerobia

Hoteinae
Auth.: Carapezza, 2008
 * 1) Deroplax
 * 2) Ellipsocoris
 * 3) Hotea

Odontoscelinae
Auth.: Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843; mostly European
 * 1) Holonotellus
 * 2) Irochrotus
 * 3) Odontoscelis

Odontotarsinae
Auth.: Mulsant & Rey, 1865
 * Tribe Odontotarsini Mulsant & Rey, 1865
 * 1) Ahmadocoris
 * 2) Alphocoris
 * 3) Melanodema
 * 4) Odontotarsiellus
 * 5) Odontotarsus
 * 6) Urothyreus
 * Tribe Phimoderini Fuente, 1974
 * 1) Euptychodera
 * 2) Fokkeria
 * 3) Morbora
 * 4) Phimodera
 * 5) Vanduzeeina

Pachycorinae
Auth.: Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843

 * 1) Acantholomidea
 * 2) Agonosoma
 * 3) Ascanius (bug)
 * 4) Brailovskylus
 * 5) Camirus
 * 6) Chelycoris
 * 7) Chelyschema
 * 8) Coptochilus
 * 9) Crathis (bug)
 * 10) Diolcus
 * 11) Dystus
 * 12) Ephynes
 * 13) Galeacius
 * 14) Homaemus
 * 15) Lobothyreus
 * 16) Misippus
 * 17) Nesogenes
 * 18) Orsilochides
 * 19) Pachycoris
 * 20) Polytes
 * 21) Sphyrocoris
 * 22) Stethaulax
 * 23) Symphylus
 * 24) Testrina
 * 25) Tetyra
 * 26) Tiridates (bug)

Scutellerinae
Auth.: Leach, 1815. Selected genera:
 * Augocoris
 * Calliphara
 * Cantao
 * Chrysocoris
 * Eucorysses Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
 * Lampromicra
 * Scutellera Lamarck, 1801
 * Sphaerocoris
 * Tectocorinae McDonald & Cassis, 1984 (monotypic)
 * Tectocoris Hahn, 1834

Economic significance
Though most jewel bugs do little harm to crop plants, a few members of Scutelleridae are considered major agricultural pests. Together with some species of stink bugs, they are collectively known as sunn pests (also spelled as senn, soun, or shüne pests) or wheat bugs. The most economically important species of which are members of the genus Eurygaster.

Eurygaster integriceps, in particular, is a very destructive pest of cereal crops in North Africa, the Balkans, and western and central Asia. Other scutellerids known under the name 'sunn pest' include members of the genus Odontotarsus, among others. Methods of control for sunn pests have included biological pest control, using wasps of the family Scelionidae from the genera Trissolcus and Ooencyrtus.

The cotton harlequin bug (Tectocoris diophthalmus) is also an important pest of cotton crops and Hibiscus.

Conservation
Biological methods of pest control have sometimes backfired. A parasitoid fly which preys on hemipterans, Trichopoda pennipes was introduced to Hawaii to control the invasive species Nezara viridula, the southern green stink bug. The fly now threatens native species of bugs in Hawaii as well, particularly the Koa bug (Coleotichus blackburniae, a jewel bug species notable for not possessing stink glands) which has now become rare.

title: Scutelleridae


text:
Alexandrine of Prussia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Alexandrine of Prussia (Friederike Wilhelmine Alexandrine Marie Helene; 23 February 1803 – 21 April 1892) was Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin by marriage to Grand Duke Paul Frederick. She was the daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Early life
Born on 23 February 1803 in Prussia, Alexandrine was the seventh child and fourth daughter of King Frederick William III of Prussia and Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Grand Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
On 25 May 1822, after rejecting a marriage proposal from the future King of Sweden, she married Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. In 1837, Paul Frederick succeeded his grandfather as Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, making Alexandrine the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

The marriage was generally considered unhappy;< Paul Frederick was a military man who had little time for or interest in his wife and family. Alexandrine, by contrast, was a devoted mother who tenderly raised her children and actively cultivated their cultural pursuits. Alexandrine herself was very cultured but was also described as a stereotypically-remote German princess. She was not considered an intellectual but attended scholarly lectures and read many books.

Death
On 21 April 1892 in Schwerin, Alexandrine died at the age of 89. She was buried at the Cathedral of Schwerin.

At the time of her death, she was the last surviving grandchild of King Frederick William II of Prussia. She outlived all three of her children and would die in the reign of her grandson, Grand Duke Frederick Francis III.

Issue

 * Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1823–1883)
 * Luise (1824–1859) married Hugo, Hereditary Prince of Windisch-Graetz and had issue (Princess Marie of Windisch-Graetz)
 * Wilhelm (1827–1879) married Princess Alexandrine of Prussia, daughter of Prince Albert of Prussia


text: Category:American biographers

title: Category:American biographers


text:
Charles Shaar Murray

Charles Shaar Murray (born Charles Maximillian Murray; 27 June 1951) is an English music journalist and broadcaster. He has worked on the New Musical Express and many other magazines and newspapers, and has been interviewed for a number of television documentaries and reports on music.

Biography
Murray grew up in Reading, Berkshire, England, where he attended Reading School and learnt to play the harmonica and guitar. His first experience in journalism came in 1970, when he was one of a number of schoolchildren who responded to an invitation to edit the April issue of the satirical magazine Oz. He thus contributed to the notorious Schoolkids OZ issue and was involved in the consequent obscenity trial.

He then wrote for IT (International Times), before moving to the New Musical Express in 1972 for which he wrote until around 1986. He subsequently worked for a number of publications including Q magazine, Mojo, MacUser, New Statesman, Prospect, The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, Vogue, and The Independent. He currently writes a monthly column about his lifelong love affair with guitars in Guitarist magazine.

Broadcasting
His broadcasting credits include:
 * "The Seven Ages of Rock" (BBC2, 2007) as series consultant and interviewee
 * "The South Bank Show" (ITV, 2006) Dusty Springfield – interviewee
 * "Inky Fingers: The NME Story" (BBC2, 2005) – interviewee
 * "Dancing in the Street" (BBC2) – series consultant
 * "Jazz From Hell: Frank Zappa" (BBC Radio 3) writer and presenter
 * "Punk Jazz: Jaco Pastorius" (BBC R3) writer and presenter
 * "The Life and Crimes of Lenny Bruce" (BBC R3) writer and presenter

Performance
Murray also sang and played guitar and harmonica as Blast Furnace in the band Blast Furnace and the Heatwaves and currently performs with London blues band Crosstown Lightnin'.

title: Charles Shaar Murray


text:
User talk:Eatsaq

Welcome
Hello , and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome! You 23:09, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Stars screenshot.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:Stars screenshot.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Non-free rationale for File:Stars screenshot.png
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If you have uploaded other non-free media, consider checking that you have specified the non-free rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the file is already gone, you can still make a request for undeletion and ask for a chance to fix the problem. If you have any questions, please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 10:18, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Eatsaq


text:
Finance Secretary (India)

The Finance Secretary (ISO: Bhārata kē Vitta Saciva) is the administrative head of the Ministry of Finance. This post is held by senior IAS officer of the rank of Secretary to Government of India. T. V. Somanathan is the incumbent Finance Secretary.

Under Section 22, of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, Finance Secretary signs the 1-rupee note.

As a Secretary to Government of India, the Finance Secretary ranks 23rd on Indian Order of Precedence.

Powers, responsibilities and postings
Finance Secretary is the administrative head of the Ministry of Finance, and is the principal adviser to the Finance Minister on all matters of policy and administration within the Finance Ministry. The senior most Secretary among the five Secretaries of the five Departments of the Ministry of Finance, viz. Economic Affairs, Expenditure, Financial Services, Revenue and Investment & Public Assets Management of Ministry of Finance, is designated as Finance Secretary.

The role of Finance Secretary is as follows:
 * To act as the administrative head of the Ministry of Finance. The responsibility in this regard is complete and undivided.
 * To act as the chief adviser to the Finance Minister on all aspects of policy and administrative affairs.
 * To represent the Ministry of Finance before the Public Accounts Committee of the Parliament of India.
 * To act as the first among equals among secretaries in the Ministry of Finance.

Emolument, accommodation and perquisites
The Finance Secretary is eligible for a Diplomatic passport. The official earmarked residence of the Union Finance Secretary is 5, New Moti Bagh, New Delhi, a Type-VIII bungalow.

As the Finance Secretary is of the rank of Secretary to Government of India, his/her salary is equivalent to Chief Secretaries of State Governments and to Vice Chief of Army Staff/Commanders, in the rank of Lieutenant General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces.

title: Finance Secretary (India)


text:
User talk:Curiosity

Thankyou for contributing to Wikipedia. I would like to point out that we operate a strict netral point of view policy, unfortunatly I have had to remove your recent edits as they have not comformed with this policy. We would welcome further contributions from you if they are made from a neutral point of view, thankyou. Rje 23:09, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Israeli terrorism
Hello Curiosity, can you state a reason why have you removed the link to Amnesty International's article covering the situation in territories occupied by Israel in the misc. section of the Israeli terrorism article? Without such I tend to understand it as another violation of the NPOV Wikipedia's policy, which should be reverted. Oneliner 09:44, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * In fact, Amnesty International's credibility in the human rights and governmental oppression is far firmly established than of any of us here. The fact that AI usually publishes very critical materials which certainly do not fit well in any government's PR should in no way be a reason to remove the link. Most governments would love to mute AI, however we are a free and open society here and should not need such fascist like methods when dealing with unpleasant facts. Now I see, you already started a really rude flamewar with another editor sharing my opinion. Please, be reasonable. You won't help anything or anyone by spitting harsh words and by changing article's POV without consideration and the necessary consensus. Oneliner 23:01, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The fact is that Amnesty International is discredited by many as promoting its own agenda under the guise of the protection of Human Rights. It publishes political material, which is indisputably biased towards gthe opinions of those who run the organisation. It is hardly changina an article's POV to remove an incredibly POV and biased link.

title: User talk:Curiosity


text:
Horseshoe Canyon

Horseshoe Canyon may refer to:

 * Horseshoe Canyon (Alberta) a canyon in Alberta, Canada
 * Horseshoe Canyon Formation, a stratigraphical unit in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
 * Horseshoe Canyon (Chiricahua Mountains), a canyon in Cochise County, Arizona, United States
 * Horseshoe Canyon (Utah) in southern Utah, United States

title: Horseshoe Canyon


text:
User:Apollo2011

If you are coming this far out into the far reaches of the Wikipedia-Universe, you must be pretty bored. Either that, or you're really interested in learning about who I am (If you are, prepare to fit into the first category).

There isn't very much to say about myself, I use Wikipedia as a constant resource, as well as Wikinews and occasionally some of the other Wikimedia projects. I live in the state of Connecticut in the United States. If you're wondering, I disagree with just about anything our current President has done. He is really a disgrace to the country and the world. I am also heavily into computers and electronics. I am proud to say I am a Linux user. I know Windows inside and out but got really tired of its endless trail of problems. If you're interested, check out Ubuntu Linux, the flavor of Linux I currently use, by far a solid distribution with a 6-month release schedule and almost no problems (still haven't found anything major!).

That about wraps up me. I hope to add more info on stuff I like to this page, just a small humble part of this wonderful resource.

Visit my blog at: http://apollo2011.blogspot.com

title: User:Apollo2011