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Tshumelo Ikatelaho

The Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003, and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It can be awarded to all ranks who have participated in military campaigns or operations which, while not warranting the institution of particular campaign medals, still justify the award of a medal for general service. The bilingual title of the medal is in Tshivenda and English.

The South African military
The Union Defence Force (UDF) was established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Award criteria
The medal can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force, Auxiliary Service of the South African National Defence Force, and Armed Forces attached to or serving with or rendering any service to the South African National Defence Force who, for one day or more, have participated directly in or in support of military campaigns or operations, belligerent or otherwise, in accordance with the provisions of the Defence Act, which operations in themselves may not warrant the institution of particular campaign medals but which are nevertheless judged to be of sufficient significance to justify the award of a medal for general service.

The medal may be awarded posthumously. A member who is injured, killed, or dies before completing the required period of duty is deemed to have rendered the qualifying service for awarding of the medal or a clasp. The period of qualifying service for official visits or inspections in connection with an operation is a minimum of 34 days, which may be continuous or interrupted.

Guidelines consisting of appropriate phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal have been published by the South African Defence Department.

Clasps
Clasps may be awarded to indicate a particular campaign or operation for which the medal has been conferred. The three clasps which have been instituted to date are the Peace Support Clasp, Humanitarian Aid Clasp, and Force Intervention Brigade Clasp.

Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo
The Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo emblem was instituted by the President on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. The bilingual title of the honour is in English and isiNdebele. Members of all ranks whose names have been mentioned in dispatches to the President for having distinguished themselves in the execution of duty for actions of bravery or meritorious conduct, leadership, service, or devotion to duty, which may not warrant the award of a particular decoration or medal, are awarded a miniature emblem in the form of the coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa.

The Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo emblem is worn above any campaign clasp on the ribbon of the relevant campaign medal, or on the ribbon of the Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal or, if the recipient has no such medal, in the position of a single ribbon on a ribbon bar after all other honours worn by the recipient.

Order of wear
The position of the Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal in the official military and national orders of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence
 * Preceded by the South Africa Service Medal of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal of the United Kingdom.

 * Official national order of precedence
 * Preceded by the South Africa Service Medal of Umkhonto we Sizwe and the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal of the United Kingdom.

Description
The Tshumelo Ikatelaho - General Service Medal is a bronze, octagonal medal, 38 millimetres in diameter, with a faceted nine-pointed star charged within a laurel wreath. The star represents the nine Provinces of the Republic of South Africa.
 * Front

The reverse bears, in relief, the coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa. The medal is attached to a plain nickel-silver suspender fixed to the upper rim of the medal. The medal number is stamped below the coat of arms.
 * Reverse

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 5 millimetre wide national flag blue band, a 2 millimetre wide white band, a 6 millimetre wide national flag red band, and a 1½ millimetre wide gold band, repeated in reverse order and separated by a 3 millimetre wide black band in the centre.
 * Ribbon

Clasps are 33 millimetres wide and 5 millimetres high, struck in bronze, and embossed with a name, date, description, or device to indicate a particular campaign or operation. On the ribbon, the clasps are read from the bottom up in order of award. To date, three clasps have been instituted, inscribed "PEACE SUPPORT", "HUMANITARIAN AID", and "FORCE INTERVENTION BRIGADE" respectively.
 * Clasps

The Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo emblem is in the form of the coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa, struck in bronze and 16 millimetres in height. When only a ribbon bar is worn a miniature emblem, 8 millimetres in height, is affixed in the centre of the relevant ribbon bar. When the emblem is worn with miniature medals the same miniature emblem is worn above any campaign clasp.
 * Mentioned in Dispatches - Okhankanyiweyo

title: Tshumelo Ikatelaho


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James Lesure

James Lesure (born September 21, 1970) is an American film and television actor, best known for roles on the NBC/The WB sitcom For Your Love (1998–2002), and NBC comedy-drama Las Vegas (2003–2008), Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce (2017–2018) and Good Girls (2018–2020).

Early life and education
Lesure was born in Los Angeles, California. He attended the University of Southern California and the USC School of Dramatic Arts. During his student years, Lesure began appearing on stage, performing in Hair and The Island.

Career
Lesure has had guest starring roles in a number of television shows during the 1990s, including; Mad About You, Martin, Seinfeld, and NYPD Blue. His big break came in 1998, when he was cast as co-lead opposite Holly Robinson Peete in the NBC sitcom For Your Love. It was canceled after six episodes, but was picked up by The WB Network. It ran there for four years before its 2002 cancellation. From 2003 to 2008, he starred as Mike Cannon on the NBC comedy-drama Las Vegas.

Lesure had recurring roles on Alias, Half & Half, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Lipstick Jungle, The New Adventures of Old Christine and Blue Bloods. He also starred as basketball star Alonzo Pope on the short-lived ABC comedy series Mr. Sunshine in 2011 alongside Matthew Perry and Allison Janney. From 2012 to 2014, he starred on the TBS sitcom Men at Work. In 2014 he guest starred on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Dr. Emmet in the episode "Bad Blood". In 2015 Lesure had a recurring role as Alex McBride on Blue Bloods. 2016, he starred in the ABC comedy series Uncle Buck opposite Mike Epps and Nia Long. In 2017, he appeared on Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce as a baseball coach during seasons 3, 4 and 5. In 2018, he had a recurring role as an FBI agent on Good Girls. Later in 2018, he had a recurring role as Congressman Trey Thomason on Salvation. In 2019 he appeared as Henry, the boyfriend of Sarah Jessica Parker's lead character Frances on season 3 of the HBO series Divorce.

Lesure appeared in a main role in the 2021 television show, Rebel.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Lesure


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Nikolay Cherkasov

Nikolay Konstantinovich Cherkasov (Никола́й Константи́нович Черка́сов; 27 July 1903 – 14 September 1966) was a Soviet and Russian actor. He was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1947.

Career
He was born in Saint Petersburg (later Petrograd in 1914, and Leningrad from 1924 to 1991) into the family of a railway clerk. From 1919 he was a mime artist in Petrograd's Maryinsky Theatre, the Bolshoi Theatre, and elsewhere. After graduating from the Institute of Stage Arts in 1926, he began acting in the Young Spectator's Theatre in Leningrad.

Cherkasov debuted in film with the supporting part of hairdresser Charles in Vladimir Gardin’s Pushkin biopic The Poet and the Tsar (1927). Cherkasov was one of Stalin's favorite actors and played title roles in Sergei Eisenstein's monumental sound films Alexander Nevsky (1938) and Parts I & II of Ivan the Terrible (1945 & 1946; though Part II was not officially released until 1958 for political reasons). He also played Jacques Paganel in the memorable 1936 adaptation of Jules Verne's The Children of Captain Grant. In the 1947 comedy Springtime Cherkasov appeared alongside other icons of Stalinist cinema, Lyubov Orlova and Faina Ranevskaya. For the role of Alexander Popov in the film Alexander Popov in 1951, he received a Stalin Prize of the second degree. In 1957, Cherkasov portrayed Don Quixote in director Grigori Kozintsev's screen adaptation of the novel. In 1941, Cherkasov was awarded the Stalin Prize; in 1947, he was named a People's Artist of the USSR. He wrote his memoirs, "Notes of a Soviet Actor" in 1951. He died in Leningrad in 1966 and was buried in Tikhvin Cemetery, the "Necropolis of the Masters of Art", at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

The image of Cherkasov in the role of Alexander Nevsky is on the Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky, because there are no known lifetime portraits of Nevsky.

title: Nikolay Cherkasov


text:
Talk:Stephanie of Milly

Two Stephanies
There will certainly be several problems in "Adam Bishop"'s path towards doctorate in medieval history, if his working methods and use of sources are as can be deduced from his possessive treatment of the text in this article.

One very simple test is to check timeline: how possible was it for one Stephanie de Milly to be married with Reynald, and also produce in early 1180's children to another husband, with whom marriage was made around 1179. 62.78.106.28 15:40, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps not as many problems as you copying from only one source. I had never read about any first cousin of Stephanie, and what you added made even less sense than Stephanie having two husbands at the same time. I've tried to fix it. Adam Bishop 16:29, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added an external link to the relevant piece of genealogy. Her first husband, William of Botron, was briefly Constable of Jerusalem; Botron seems to have been a fief of Tripoli. Choess 18:10, 2005 Jun 4 (UTC)

A separate article is needed
Why not have a separate article on her cousin, Stephanie, rather than a section on her?--Jeanne Boleyn (talk) 11:45, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stephanie of Milly


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Biomorphism

Biomorphism models artistic design elements on naturally occurring patterns or shapes reminiscent of nature and living organisms. Taken to its extreme it attempts to force naturally occurring shapes onto functional devices. In his search for architectural reform the French architecte Viollet le Duc is the first to express this idea clearly : Like a botanist, Viollet le Duc analyzes details of nature in his books, subsequently making them undergo metamorphoses.

History
Within the context of modern art, the term was coined by the British writer Geoffrey Grigson in 1935 and subsequently used by Alfred H. Barr in the context of his 1936 exhibition Cubism and Abstract Art. Biomorphist art focuses on the power of natural life and uses organic shapes, with shapeless and vaguely spherical hints of the forms of biology. Biomorphism has connections with Surrealism and Art Nouveau.

The Tate Gallery's online glossary article on biomorphic form specifies that while these forms are abstract, they "refer to, or evoke, living forms...". The article goes on to list Joan Miró, Jean Arp, Henry Moore, and Barbara Hepworth as examples of artists whose work epitomises the use of biomorphic form.

In July 2015 a Facebook Group was set up by British artist Andrew Charles. The group morphed into a movement over the following year and was described in a Manifesto by Charles on 16 July 2016, breaking down the Sculptural Genrea into specific patterns of creation forming no less than 8 necessary protocols for a work to conform to the term biomorphism.

In painting
The paintings of Yves Tanguy and Roberto Matta are also often cited as exemplifying the use of biomorphic form. During and after World War II, Yves Tanguy's landscapes became emptier, which has been seen as a psychological portrait of wartime Europe.

The use of metamorphosis through Picasso influenced Surrealism in the 1920s, and it appeared both as subject matter and as procedure in the figurative paintings of Leonora Carrington and in the more abstract, automatic works of André Masson.

American artist Phoebe Adams is known for her biomorphic paintings and sculptures, which are in many museum collections. Desmond Morris, author of "The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal", is a biomorphic painter whose works are in museum collections, including the National Portrait Gallery in London.

American artists Andrew Topolski, Michael Zansky, Suzanne Anker, Frank Gillette, Michael Rees, and Bradley Rubenstein participated in exhibitions featuring biomorphic and biospheric paintings and digital art at Universal Concepts Unlimited (2000–2006). Michael Zansky's series, "Giants and Dwarves," spanned 5,000 square feet of carved, burned, and painted wooden panels with biomorphic forms.

In architecture
The Sagrada Família church by Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona contains many features inspired by nature, such as branching columns intended to reflect trees.

Other well known examples of biomorphism in architecture can be found in the Lotus Temple in New Delhi, by Fariborz Sahba, based on a lotus flower, and the TWA Flight Center building in New York City, by Eero Saarinen, inspired by the form of a bird’s wing.

One of the leading contemporary architects that uses biomorphism in his work is Basil Al Bayati, a leading proponent of the school of Metaphoric architecture whose designs have been inspired by trees and plants, snails, whales and insects such as the Palm Mosque at the King Saud University in Riyadh, or the Al-Nakhlah Palm Telecommunications Tower, which are based upon the form of a palm tree, or the Oriental Village by the Sea, in the Dominican Republic that is based upon the segmented body of a dragonfly.

In industrial design
Biomorphism is also seen in modern industrial design, such as the work of Alvar Aalto, and Isamu Noguchi, whose Noguchi table is considered an icon of industrial design. Presently, the effect of the influence of nature is less obvious: instead of designed objects looking exactly like the natural form, they use only slight characteristics to remind us of nature.

Victor Papanek (1923–1999) was one of the first American industrial designers to use biomorphic analysis in his design assignments. He reached international prominence while at Purdue University 1964–1970. Student work and his work is illustrated in his book Design for the Real World, published in 1970, which challenges the industrial design establishment to design for the handicapped and disadvantaged throughout the world. First published in 1970 by Bonnier in Swedish, it was published in English in 1971 by Pantheon and eventually translated and published in 23 languages. It is perhaps the most widely read book on design.

Gaetano Pesce is an Italian designer who creates brightly colored acrylic furniture in biomorphic and human shapes.

Marc Newson is an Australian biomorphic designer who created a Charlotte chair (1987) and three-legged carbon-fibre Black Hole table (1988).

title: Biomorphism


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Medalje vir Troue Diens

The Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service was instituted by the President of the Republic of South Africa on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. It can be awarded to all ranks whose character and conduct have been irreproachable and who have completed ten years of qualifying service.

The South African military
The Union Defence Forces (UDF) were established in 1912 and renamed the South African Defence Force (SADF) in 1958. On 27 April 1994, it was integrated with six other independent forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

Institution
The Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service was instituted by the President on 16 April 2003 and came into effect on 27 April 2003. The bilingual title of the medal is in Afrikaans and English.

Award criteria
The medal can be awarded to all ranks of the South African National Defence Force and of any Auxiliary Service of the South African National Defence Force, whose character and conduct have been irreproachable and who, on or after 27 April 2003, have completed ten years of qualifying service, not necessarily continuous. The medal and the Bars to the medal may be awarded posthumously. Qualifying service include service in the former constituent permanent or part-time forces of the SANDF as well as other former uniformed establishments, such as the Police forces and Prisons services of South Africa, the Republics of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei and the Self-Governing Territories.

Upon completion of further periods of ten years of qualifying service, the Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service and the appropriate bar may be awarded in addition to previous medals for long service which had been awarded for service in these former forces.

Guidelines, consisting of appropriate words or phrases which may be useful when writing a citation for the award of the Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service, have been published by the South African Defence Department.

Orders of wear
Only one medal is conferred and, for each additional period of ten years of qualifying service to a maximum of another forty years, altogether four bars may be awarded to denote subsequent conferments of the medal. The position of the Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service in the official military and national orders of precedence depends on which bars for further periods of service beyond ten years, if any, had been awarded to the recipient.

Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service
In respect of the Medalje vir Troue Diens without a bar, for ten years service, the official order of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Service Medal in Bronze of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces of the United Kingdom.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Service Medal in Bronze of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the Queen's Medal for Champion Shots in the Military Forces of the United Kingdom.

Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar, 20 years
In respect of the Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar for twenty years service, the official order of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Silver Service Medal of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the Union Medal of the Union of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Silver Service Medal of the Azanian People's Liberation Army.
 * Succeeded by the Medal for Faithful Service in the Prisons Service of the Republic of South Africa.

Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar, 30 years
In respect of the Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar for thirty years service, the official order of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Service Medal in Gold of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the John Chard Decoration (JCD) of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Service Medal in Gold of Umkhonto we Sizwe.
 * Succeeded by the John Chard Decoration (JCD) of the Republic of South Africa.

Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar, 40 years
In respect of the Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar for forty years service, the official order of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service of the Republic of South Africa.
 * Succeeded by the Good Service Medal, Gold of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service of the Republic of South Africa.
 * Succeeded by the Police Faithful Service Medal, 35 Years of the Republic of Transkei.

Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar, 50 years
In respect of the Medalje vir Troue Diens and Bar for fifty years service, the official order of precedence is as follows:

 * Official military order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Closure Commemoration Medal of the Republic of South Africa.
 * Succeeded by the Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service of the Republic of South Africa.

 * Official national order of precedence:
 * Preceded by the Police Service Amalgamation Medal of the Republic of South Africa.
 * Succeeded by the Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service of the Republic of South Africa.

Emblem for Reserve Force Service
The Emblem for Reserve Force Service, post-nominal letters RD, was instituted on 27 April 2003 and may be awarded to members in the part-time Reserves of the South African National Defence Force who have performed twenty years of loyal service, of which not less than five years were served in the Reserve Force, service in the former Citizen Force or Commandos included. The emblem is worn on the centre of the ribbon of the Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service, above any bars awarded for periods of extended service, and may be continued to be worn even if the recipient is later appointed in the Regular Force.

The conferring of the Emblem for Reserve Force Service entitles recipients to the use of the post-nominal letters RD, denoting "Reserve Distinction".

Description
The Medalje vir Troue Diens - Medal for Loyal Service was struck in nickel-silver, circular in shape with a diameter of 38 millimetres and a raised edge, with the edge evenly scalloped. The obverse of the medal bears the coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa in relief.
 * Obverse

The reverse bears the emblem of the South African National Defence Force at the top and is inscribed, in relief, with the words "VIR TROUE DIENS" around the lower perimeter, with the medal number impressed between the emblem and the inscription. The medal is attached to a plain nickel-silver suspender affixed to the upper rim of the medal.
 * Reverse

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide and national flag green, with a 3 millimetres wide national flag red band and a 3 millimetres wide white band on the left edge, and a 3 millimetres wide white band and a 3 millimetres wide national flag blue band on the right edge.
 * Ribbon

The bars are 33 millimetres wide and 5 millimetres high, with the Arabic numerals "20", "30", "40" or "50" respectively in relief in the centre. When only a ribbon bar is worn, silhouette button replicas of the medal, 8 millimetres in diameter and with the Arabic numerals "20", "30", "40" or "50" respectively in relief, is affixed to the ribbon bar to denote each bar awarded, evenly spaced on the breadth of the ribbon. The bars and ribbon buttons are struck in the following metals:
 * Bars
 * Silver for the completion of twenty years of service.
 * Matt silver for the completion of thirty years of service.
 * Silver-gilt for the completion of forty years of service.
 * Matt silver-gilt for the completion of fifty years of service.

The Emblem for Reserve Force Service consists of the uppercase letters "RD", 8 millimetres high and struck in silver.
 * Emblem for Reserve Force Service

title: Medalje vir Troue Diens


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Cherkasov

Cherkasov (masculine, Черка́сов) or Cherkasova (feminine) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Alla Cherkasova (born 1989), Ukrainian wrestler
 * Alan Cherkasov, Kazakh television personality
 * Andrei Cherkasov (born 1970), former professional tennis player
 * Maria Cherkasova (born 1938), Russian journalist and ecologist
 * Marina Cherkasova (born 1964), Russian retired pair skater
 * Marina Cherkasova (skier) (born 1972), Russian freestyle skier
 * Nikolai Cherkasov (1903–1966), Soviet actor
 * Svetlana Cherkasova (born 1978), Russian middle-distance runner
 * Valentina Cherkasova (born 1958), Soviet sports shooter
 * Veronika Cherkasova (1959–2004), Belarusian journalist

title: Cherkasov


text:
Shamokin

Shamokin may refer to the following:

Geographical locations

 * Shamokin, Pennsylvania, a city in Northumberland County
 * Shamokin Dam, Pennsylvania, a borough in Snyder County
 * Shamokin Township, Pennsylvania
 * Shamokin (village), 18th century Native American settlement near the site of present Sunbury
 * Great Shamokin Path, a Native American trail
 * Shamokin Area School District, a public school district in Northumberland County
 * Shamokin Valley Railroad, in Northumberland County
 * Shamokin Creek, a tributary of the Susquehanna River

Other

 * Shamokin!!!, a 2007 jazz album by Mostly Other People Do the Killing

title: Shamokin


text:
Sean Hughes (Irish republican)

Seán Gerard Hughes is a farmer from Dromintee, County Armagh, Northern Ireland, who has been named as a former member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) Army Council.

Describing him as a "hardliner" in the Republican movement, The Sunday Times reported that Hughes had served on the IRA's general headquarters staff (GHQ) as operations officer, but left in 2002 when appointed to the Army Council. Speaking under Parliamentary privilege in the British House of Commons, Member of Parliament for Belfast East, Peter Robinson, named Hughes as a member of the Army Council. In 2005 The Sunday Times reported Hughes had resigned his position "after losing interest in the peacetime IRA."

In 2001 Hughes was charged on counts of false accounting and obtaining by deception. He filed an application under human rights legislation, claiming he could not receive a fair trial in Northern Ireland after his picture, identified as an IRA member, was included in a book by Toby Harnden. The application was rejected, but the case was moved to Belfast Crown Court where Hughes was convicted of benefit fraud.

Hughes and several associates subsequently had their assets frozen by the Serious Organised Crime Agency.

title: Sean Hughes (Irish republican)


text:
List of Ethiopians

This is a list of notable Ethiopians, sorted by the fields for which they are best known. The list includes people born in and residing in Ethiopia, as well as people strongly associated with Ethiopia, and people of significant Ethiopian ancestry.

Academics and philosophers

 * Alemayehu Fentaw Weldemariam
 * Mohamed Hikam Sheikh Abdirahman, Islamic scholar
 * Dereje Agonafer, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at University of Texas at Arlington
 * Amsalu Aklilu, lexicographer of Amharic
 * Hizkias Assefa, professor of conflict studies and consulting mediator
 * Bahrey, 16th-century monk historian
 * Gäbre-Heywät Baykädañ (1886–1919), intellectual and reformer who served as treasurer for Emperor Menelik II
 * Yosef Ben-Jochannan, writer and historian
 * Eleni Gebre-Medhin, economist
 * Gebisa Ejeta, 2009 World Food Prize laureate and Distinguished Professor at Purdue University
 * Getatchew Haile, scholar of the Ge'ez language
 * Walda Heywat, philosopher
 * Ephraim Isaac, scholar of ancient languages
 * Taddesse Tamrat, Ethiopian historian
 * Shekh Muhammad Tānī, Islamic scholar
 * Merid Wolde Aregay, Ethiopian historian
 * Mesfin Woldemariam, academician
 * Zewde Gebre-Sellassie
 * Edemariam Tsega, physician

Artists

 * Mickaël Bethe-Selassié, papier mâché sculptor
 * Alexander Boghossian
 * Gebre Kristos Desta
 * Wosene Worke Kosrof
 * Tadesse Mamechae, sculptor
 * Julie Mehretu
 * Aida Muluneh, photographer
 * Afewerk Tekle
 * Abel Tilahun, visual artist
 * Elizabeth Habte Wold, mixed-media artist
 * Zerihun Yetmgeta
 * Ale Felege Selam

Athletes

 * Gezahegne Abera, runner
 * Haimro Alame (born 1990), Ethiopian-born Israeli runner
 * Gashau Ayale (born 1996), Ethiopian-born Israeli marathon runner
 * Bezunesh Bekele, runner
 * Kenenisa Bekele (born 1982), long-distance runner
 * Almensh Belete (born 1989, Addis Ababa), Ethiopian-born Belgian female long-distance runner
 * Abebe Bikila (1932–1973), long-distance runner
 * Worku Bikila (born 1968), long-distance runner
 * Meseret Defar
 * Baruch Dego (born 1982), Ethiopian-born Israeli footballer
 * Ejegayehu Dibaba
 * Genzebe Dibaba
 * Tirunesh Dibaba
 * Ageze Guadie (born 1989), Ethiopian-born Israeli Olympic marathon runner
 * Haile Gebrselassie
 * Letesenbet Gidey, 5000 meters world record holder
 * Sifan Hassan, Ethiopian-born Dutch middle- and long-distance runner
 * Youssouf Hersi, footballer
 * Benjamin Kibebe, footballer
 * Werknesh Kidane
 * Tesama Moogas, Ethiopian-born Israeli Olympic marathon runner
 * Jamal Sadat, footballer
 * Theodor Gebre Selassie, footballer
 * Lencho Skibba
 * Maru Teferi (born 1992), Ethiopian-born Israeli Olympic marathoner
 * Ydnekatchew Tessema
 * Derartu Tulu
 * Italo Vassalo
 * Luciano Vassalo
 * Asi Vassihon (born 1982), Ethiopian-Israeli footballer
 * Mamo Wolde (1932–2002), long-distance runner
 * Million Wolde
 * Mengistu Worku, footballer
 * Andargachew Yelak, footballer
 * Miruts Yifter
 * Zohar Zemiro (born 1977), Israeli marathon runner

Businesspeople

 * Mahlet Afework, fashion designer and entrepreneur
 * Tewodros Ashenafi, CEO of SouthWest Energy
 * Sophia Bekele, corporate executive and entrepreneur
 * Betelhem Dessie (born 1999), tech entrepreneur
 * Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi (born 1946), Ethiopian-Saudi billionaire
 * Juneidi Basha, business executive
 * Melesse Temesgen (born 1964), businessman and researcher
 * Mazengia Demma, businessman and investor
 * Eleni Gebre-Medhin, entrepreneur and business woman
 * Tewolde Gebremariam, business executive, former Chief Executive Officer of Ethiopian Airlines
 * Girma Wake, business executive and Chairman of Ethiopian Airlines

Diplomats and ambassadors

 * Aida Girma-Melaku UNICEF Representative in Pakistan
 * Tekeda Alemu (born 1951), representative to the United Nations
 * Teketel Forsido, ambassador and former Minister of Agriculture
 * Abdul Majid Hussein (1944–2004), representative to the United Nations
 * Makonnen Kebret, diplomat and agricultural education specialist
 * Atsede Kidanu, career diplomat
 * Mateus, 16th-century ambassador to Portugal and Rome
 * Andargachew Messai (1902–1981), diplomat and husband of Princess Tenagnework Haile Selassie
 * Saga za Ab, 16th-century ambassador to Europe
 * Lorenzo Taezaz, (1900–1947), diplomat and later Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Tayé-Brook Zerihoun (born 1942), Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs in the United Nations Department of Political Affairs

Entertainers

 * Senait Ashenafi, actor
 * Mahder Assefa, actress
 * Dege Feder, dancer
 * Amleset Muchie, actress and filmmaker
 * Tesfaye Sahlu (1920–2017), comedian and children's television host
 * Alebachew Teka, actor and comedian

Fashion models

 * Gelila Bekele
 * Liya Kebede
 * Sara Nuru
 * Berta Vázquez

Filmmakers

 * Adanech Admassu
 * Haile Gerima
 * Nnegest Likke
 * Theodros Teshome

Humanitarians

 * Yohannes Gebregeorgis
 * Abebech Gobena
 * Lale Labuko
 * Yetnebersh Nigussie
 * Alemayehu Fentaw Weldemariam
 * Mesfin Woldemariam

Military personnel

 * Haile Tilahun Gebremariam, former Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) general, present Head of Mission of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA)
 * Lieutenant General Birhanu Jula Gelalcha, Force Commander of UNISFA from 2014 to 2016
 * Major General Tesfay Gidey Hailemichael, Force Commander of UNISFA from 2017 to 2018
 * Major General Halefom Ejigu Moges, acting Head of Mission of UNISFA from 2014 to 2015
 * Major General Hassen Ebrahim Mussa, Force Commander of UNISFA from 2016 to 2017
 * Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay, commander of UNISFA from 2011 to 2013
 * Major General Yohannes Gebremeskel Tesfamariam, commander of UNISFA from 2013 to 2014
 * Major General Gebre Adhana Woldezgu, Force Commander of UNISFA since 2018

Musicians

 * Aminé, American rapper of Ethiopian descent
 * Mulugeta Abate, songwriter and composer
 * Madingo Afework (1978–2022), singer
 * Teddy Afro, singer
 * Alemu Aga
 * Mahmoud Ahmed, singer
 * Tadesse Alemu
 * Mulatu Astatke, musician and father of "ethio-jazz"
 * Aster Aweke, singer
 * Abatte Barihun, jazz saxophonist and composer
 * Aragaw Bedaso, traditional singer
 * Eyasu Berhe, singer
 * Girma Bèyènè
 * Ali Birra, singer and composer
 * Tamrat Desta, singer-songwriter
 * Alemayehu Eshete, Ethio-jazz singer
 * Rophnan, electronic musician and songwriter
 * Tilahun Gessesse, singer
 * Gigi, singer
 * Thomas Gobena, bassist of the Gypsy punk band Gogol Bordello
 * Hachalu Hundessa, Oromo singer-songwriter
 * Kenna
 * Getatchew Mekurya, jazz, saxophonist
 * Munit Mesfin, singer-songwriter
 * LoLa Monroe, rapper, model, actress
 * Emilia Rydberg, partial Ethiopian descent, performs in English and Swedish
 * Kuku Sebsebe
 * Kiros Alemayehu, Tigrayan singer
 * Tigist Shibabaw, singer, sister of Gigi
 * Shantam Shubissa, composer, singer, and poet
 * Walias Band
 * Wayna
 * The Weeknd, Canadian performer of Ethiopian ancestry
 * Asnaketch Worku, singer and krar player
 * Dawit Yifru, keyboardist and music arranger
 * Gildo Kassa, music composer and singer

Nobility

 * Faisal bin Turki, Sultan of Muscat and Oman
 * Menen Asfaw
 * Taytu Betul
 * Abram Petrovich Gannibal
 * Girma Yohannis Iyasu
 * Iyasu II
 * Iyasu V
 * Prince Makonnen
 * Menelik II
 * Amha Selassie
 * Haile Selassie I
 * Zera Yacob Amha Selassie
 * Princess Tenagnework
 * Tewodros II
 * Yohannes IV of Ethiopia
 * Zewditu I
 * Imru Haile Selassie
 * Seifu Mikael
 * Kassa Hailu

Physicians

 * Gebrehiwot Baykedagn
 * Workneh Eshete (1864–1952), first Ethiopian to be educated as a medical doctor

Political figures

 * Fisseha Adugna
 * Abiy Ahmed
 * Aman Mikael Andom
 * Andualem Aragie (born 1972), Vice President and Press Secretary for the Unity for Democracy and Justice (UDJP) party
 * Fitsum Assefa
 * Lidetu Ayalew
 * Tafari Benti
 * Abdirahman Eid Daahir (born 1985), Ethiopian politician and son of Eid Daahir Farah who is the former president of the Somali Region of Ethiopia
 * Hailemariam Desalegn
 * Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold
 * Tesfaye Gebre Kidan
 * Bulcha Demeksa
 * Merera Gudina
 * Harka Haroyu
 * Adem Ibrahim, former Minister of Health
 * Tamirat Layne
 * Negeri Lencho, Minister of Communications
 * Endelkachew Makonnen
 * Mengistu Haile Mariam
 * Seyoum Mesfin
 * Birtukan Mideksa
 * Beyene Petros
 * Mazi Melesa Pilip, Ethiopian-born American politician
 * Haile Fida
 * Berhanu Nega
 * Mulu Nega
 * Arkebe Oqubay
 * Haile Selassie
 * Hailu Shawel
 * Lia Tadesse
 * Zinash Tayachew
 * Tekle Hawariat Tekle Mariyam (1884–1977), contributing author to the 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia
 * Roman Tesfaye
 * Mulatu Teshome
 * Samuel Urkato
 * Fikre Selassie Wogderess
 * Asrat Woldeyes
 * Girma Wolde-Giorgis
 * Hailu Yimenu
 * Meles Zenawi

Religious people

 * Abu Rumi, first to translate Bible into Amharic
 * Aster Ganno, Oromo Bible translator, collector of folklore, and teacher
 * Dawit Amanuel, Bible translator into Tigre
 * Jamāl al-Dīn b. Muḥammad al-Annī, Islamic scholar who introduced the Qādirī order to Ethiopia
 * Onesimos Nesib, Oromo Bible translator
 * Tekle Haymanot, saint of Ethiopian Orthodox Church
 * Tewolde-Medhin Gebre-Medhin, Bible translator into Tigre and Tigrinya
 * Yonatan Aklilu, founder of the Addis Kidan Kahinat Church

Saints

 * Abuna Aregawi
 * Ewostatewos
 * Tekle Haymanot
 * Iyasus Mo'a
 * Gabra Manfas Qeddus
 * Kristos Samra
 * Abuna Theophilos
 * Samuel of Dabra Wagag
 * Walatta Petros
 * Yared

Scientists

 * Zeresenay Alemseged, anthropologist
 * Berhane Asfaw, anthropologist
 * Kitaw Ejigu
 * Gebisa Ejeta
 * Sossina M. Haile
 * Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher
 * Aklilu Lemma
 * Legesse Wolde-Yohannes
 * Melaku Worede
 * Yohannes Haile-Selassie
 * Segenet Kelemu

Writers

 * Haddis Alemayehu
 * Bahrey
 * Yemodish Bekele (born 1960), journalist and author
 * Dhoodaan (1941–2013), Somali-Ethiopian poet
 * Tsegaye Gebre-Medhin
 * Baalu Girma, author of Oromay
 * Abe Gubegna
 * Sebhat Guèbrè-Egziabhér
 * Getatchew Haile
 * Alaqa Gebre Hanna, master of qene poetry
 * Afawarq Gabra Iyasus
 * Moges Kebede
 * Kebede Michael
 * Maaza Mengiste
 * Dinaw Mengestu
 * Eskinder Nega
 * Heruy Welde Sellase
 * Abiye Teklemariam
 * Alemayehu Fentaw Weldemariam
 * Mammo Wudneh
 * Bewketu Seyoum

Other notable people

 * Alemseged Assefa, banker
 * Amsale Gualu, first female airline captain
 * Marcus Samuelsson, chef
 * Adeneko Svhat-Haimovitch, judge in Israel
 * Eyerusalem Jiregna, photographer and photojournalist
 * Ellene Mocria, first female radio and television presenter

title: List of Ethiopians


text:
Zinda

Zinda is a Persian word meaning "live". It is also used in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Bengali, Hindi and Urdu and can refer to:

 * Zinda Magazine, the largest online magazine serving the Syriac-speaking ethnic Assyrian Christian community around the world
 * Zinda (film), a 2006 Bollywood film
 * Lady Blackhawk (Zinda Blake), a DC Comics character and member of The Blackhawks and Birds of Prey
 * "Zinda" (song), a song from the 2013 Hindi biographical drama Bhaag Milkha Bhaag

People

 * Zinda Kaul (1884–1965), Kashmiri poet
 * Zinda Kaboré (1920–1947), politician of Voltaic origin

title: Zinda


text:
Charlie Conacher

Charles William "The Big Bomber" Conacher, Sr. (December 20, 1909 – December 30, 1967) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Detroit Red Wings and New York Americans in the National Hockey League. An early power forward, Conacher was nicknamed "The Big Bomber," for his size, powerful shot and goal scoring. He led the NHL five times in goals, and twice led in overall scoring. Over five seasons from 1931-32 to 1935-36 Conacher was named to three NHL First All-Star Teams and two NHL Second All-Star Teams. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2013, Charlie Conacher was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. In 2017 Conacher was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

Junior career
Conacher played three years of junior hockey, most notably with the Toronto Marlboros. Playing with future Maple Leafs teammate Harvey "Busher" Jackson, he achieved staggering scoring numbers, leading the Marlboros to the Memorial Cup playoffs in 1928 and 1929. In 28 playoff games with the Marlies in those two seasons, Conacher scored 50 goals, including 28 goals in the 1929 playoffs to lead his team to a Memorial Cup championship, its first of six eventual titles.

Professional career
Signed the next season by the Maple Leafs with Busher Jackson, Toronto manager Conn Smythe paired the two with former farmhand Joe Primeau. The trio, nicknamed the "Kid Line" for their inexperience - Primeau was 23, Conacher and Jackson both 18 - became an immediate sensation in Toronto, as Conacher scored his first NHL goal in Toronto's opening 2-2 tie with the Chicago Black Hawks on November 14. Although he missed six games at the end of the season with an infected hand, he finished the season with 20 goals.

The following season, Conacher broke into the elite of the league, despite missing a number of games due to a reinjured hand. He scored 31 goals - the first of five times he led the league in goal scoring - and finishing third overall in points to Howie Morenz and Ebbie Goodfellow. Primeau finished 6th in league scoring as well, and Jackson 15th.

The 1932 season saw the team move into the new Maple Leaf Gardens. In return for Black Hawk Johnny Gottselig, whom Smythe coveted, Chicago asked for Conacher and star defenceman King Clancy for compensation, to which Smythe reportedly cabled that Santa Claus lived at the North Pole, not in Maple Leaf Gardens. Once again, Conacher missed time with a broken hand, during which a curious incident took place. League rules stated that a player receiving a third major penalty in the season would receive a one-game suspension. Conacher had two at the time of his injury, but he was dressed by coach Irvin. According to another league rule, any player jumping on the ice while his team was at full strength received a major penalty, and Irvin had Conacher do so, thus triggering his automatic suspension for a game in which he could not play anyway. With Dick Irvin the new coach of the Leafs, the Kid Line shone, leading Toronto to a Stanley Cup championship. Jackson led the league in scoring, Primeau was second and Conacher - used sparingly after his return from his injury - fourth, while once again leading the league in goals and being named to the Second All-Star Team, his best game coming in an 11-3 romp over the New York Americans in which he scored five goals.

A broken collarbone sidelined Conacher for weeks in the 1933 season - the only one in a six-year stretch in which he failed to lead the league in goals - but he was once again named to the Second All-Star Team at right wing.

The next three seasons saw Conacher cemented among the top players in the game, as he regained his form and led the league in goal scoring all three seasons and in points in 1934 and 1935, being named First Team All-Star all three seasons, years in which the Leafs finished as runner-up in the Stanley Cup finals. Things would change in 1937; Primeau and Clancy retired, while Conacher broke a wrist in training camp, an injury initially thought not serious. However, Conacher would only play 15 games that season and 19 the next after suffering a dislocated shoulder, as chronic injuries caught up to him, and he never again regained his form.

The Detroit Red Wings, seeking to improve their team, purchased Conacher in the fall of 1939 for a sum reported to be $16,000, and contingent on him remaining in good health. While he finished fourth on the Wings in scoring with 23 points, his days as a superstar were over. He was optioned the following season to the New York Americans, where he played his final two seasons paired on defence with former Montreal Maroons star Hooley Smith. The Amerks, who had loaded up with once-great players like Conacher, Smith, Busher Jackson, Eddie Shore and Nels Stewart, were notably slow and finished in last place both seasons, although Conacher played credibly, finished 3rd and 5th respectively in team scoring and serving as the Americans' captain both years. Only 30, Conacher retired after the 1941 season.

Retirement and legacy
After his retirement, Conacher went into coaching, meeting with remarkable success: he led the junior league Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey Association to four straight OHA Championships between 1941 and 1944, as well as three straight Eastern Canada amateur championships in 1942, 1943 and 1944, and the Memorial Cup Championship in 1944. The Generals finished in second place in both 1946 and 1947 - coincidentally, losing in both seasons to the St. Michael's College Majors, coached by his old linemate Joe Primeau.

After resigning from his coaching post in Oshawa, Conacher was named to replace Johnny Gottselig as coach of the Chicago Black Hawks 28 games into the 1949 season. As a coach, Conacher was involved in a notable altercation when Detroit Times writer Lew Walter tried to interview him after the Red Wings defeated Chicago 9–2 on February 8, 1950. Conacher, who exploded in anger, criticized Walter's past stories and punched Walter, knocking him down to the floor. Walter announced that he would seek a warrant for Conacher's arrest. NHL president Clarence Campbell took a dim view of Conacher's actions and fined him $200. Conacher then phoned Walter and apologized, saying he regretted what had taken place. Over his three seasons at the helm, Conacher coached the Black Hawks - a team on which his younger brother Roy played - to 6th, 5th and 6th-place finishes respectively, after which he was fired in favor of Ebbie Goodfellow.

Conacher had nine siblings, including Hockey Hall of Famers Lionel Conacher and Roy Conacher. His son, Pete Conacher, played in the NHL, as did nephews Brian Conacher and Murray Henderson. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961 and, later, to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975. In 1998, he was ranked number 36 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. Lionel's son, Lionel Jr. was a CFL football player.

Conacher died in 1967 of throat cancer just ten days after his 58th birthday, and was buried in the Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.

The Charlie Conacher Humanitarian Award was an award named after Conacher. It was given out to the NHL player who best exhibited outstanding humanitarian and public services contributions, and was awarded from 1968 to 1984.

title: Charlie Conacher


text:
Talk:Telegrapher's equations

Merge with transmission line
These equations are all about transmission lines. On thier own they mean nothing but would greatly enhance the utility of the transmission line article. Does anyone object to the merge. If so, could you please state your reasons?--Light current 22:46, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Ive copied all this matl over to transmission line. I'll leave it here also for a while to make sure of no objections, then we need to delete this page. I'm not sure how to do that.

 * I do have a possible objection. The telegrapher's equations are used for more than just transmission lines. For example, in the modeling of silver nanowires, the telegrapher's equations are used. Salsb 21:49, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Not knowing about silver nano wires, can you briefly explain how the equations are used. Maybe we can use a redirect, rather than delete the page.--Light current 21:52, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Just leave these. The partial differential equations are called that. But they don't 'belong' to any one application. Charles Matthews 22:00, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Redirect to transmission lines s promised.--Light current 02:31, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Equivalent Circuit Model
Is there any special reason, why the resistance between signal and ground is denoted by G in the equivalent circuit model? In the telegrapher's equations, G is used for the conductance between these two. Shouldn't one use 1/G as the value for the resistance instead? 89.49.148.145 (talk) 21:23, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

In the drawing what appears to be a resistance G is actually a conductance, as stated in the text. The telegrapher's equations are in fact dimensionally correct as they are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.117.78.7 (talk) 17:06, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

The first contributor is quite correct. The diagram should show 1/G as the value of the shunt resistor element as its simply bizarre to have some resistors shown with symbols that are inconsistent, some needing to be reciprocals and others not. It's perfectly fine to use the symbol G in the text as it is defined in the text, just not next door to a resistance symbol. Can anyone fix the diagramCecilWard (talk) 14:27, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I could change the diagram, but I am not convinced that would be the right thing to do. Transmission lines are pretty universally represented in my text books in the way shown, that is, with G not inverted. There is no separate graphic for a conductance.  Likewise, there are not separate graphic symbols for (admittedly much rarer) elastance and inverse inductance, the symbols for a capacitor and inductor, respectively, are used.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  21:25, 30 October 2009 (UTC)

lossless lines
"Lossless transmission" should include the derivation at http://www.ivorcatt.org/digihwdesignp05.htm and http://www.ivorcatt.co.uk/4_1.htm. Ivor Catt —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.245.72.207 (talk) 09:43, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Frequency of Applicability
I'd like to propose changing "The theory applies to high-frequency transmission lines (such as telegraph wires and radio frequency conductors) but is also important for designing high-voltage energy transmission lines." in the first paragraph to "The theory applies to transmission lines of all frequencies including high-frequency (such as telegraph wires and radio frequency conductors), audio frequency (such as telephone lines), low frequency (such as power lines) and direct current."  I think there is general misconception that the telegrapher's equations and their solutions apply only at high frequency. In fact, there is no frequency assumption in the derivation and the results can be applied right down to DC. What is true is that the math is somewhat more tractable at high frequency. The characteristic impedance becomes complex and very large at zero frequency. This causes reflections at both ends of the wires. Each source end reflection demands more current from the source and each load end reflection supplies more current to the load. Once the reflections die out, we are left with the expected DC result.

Of course I am tacitly assuming the TEM mode. Even at frequencies high enough to excite waveguide modes, the equations still apply to the TEM mode, but there may be additional modes. Constant314 (talk) 14:08, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The characteristic impedance becomes complex and very large at zero frequency. Don't think that is right, I believe that $$ \textstyle \lim_{\omega \rightarrow 0} Z_0 = \sqrt{\frac{R}{G}}$$, which might be large, but it aint complex. I agree that the equation certainly applies at all frequencies, but there is a diminishing need to use it at low frequencies because the phase delay is so much smaller, hence the effects of reflections are so much less noticeable.  A construction something like ...applies to all frequencies ... but is especially important to ... or something similar might be more appropriate.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  15:03, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The characteristic impedance becomes complex and very large at zero frequency. There is a piece of missing information and that is that G tends to become very small as the frequency becomes small. It is so small that usually sC >> G, at least into the sub hertz region. In that case  $$ \textstyle \lim_{\omega \rightarrow 0} Z_0 = \sqrt{\frac{R}{sC}}$$.    For example in Subscriber Loop Signaling and Transmission Handbook (Digital), by Reeve, Whitman, IEEE Press, 1995 appendix B, the characteristic impedance of 26 gauge PIC at 1 hertz is given as 20,562 - J20,551.    But yes, if Gdc > 0 then at a low enough frequency the characteristic impedance would become real.Constant314 (talk) 14:18, 3 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Regarding "there is a diminishing need to use it at low frequencies because the phase delay is so much smaller, hence the effects of reflections are so much less noticeable. " Even with pure dc, if the line is long, series resistance and shunt resistance are distributed.  You cannot merely use their lumped values.  Instead, you start with the solution from the Telegrapher's equations and take the limit as frequency approaches zero. Constant314 (talk) 22:04, 12 October 2010 (UTC) 15:02, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Of course it's distributed, but that wasn't exactly the point. It is not necessary to invoke the Telegrapher's equation, to find the dc solution; there are much more straightforward methods.  Sp in ni ng  Spark  18:18, 8 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm never surprised to find that there is more than one way to solve a problem, but right now I cannot think of any way that would not amount to seting up telegrapher's equations without the L and C terms and solving them in the same way.Constant314 (talk) 22:33, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh of course, I see what you mean. I should say "The characteristic impedance becomes complex and very large at low frequency." instead of "at zero frequency". Constant314 (talk) 22:41, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Solutions of the Telegrapher's Equations as Circuit Components
I posted a simular schematic on the article "Transmission Lines" and I got a comment that I think is relevent to the schematic posted on "Telegrapher's Equtions" so I will repeat it and my response here.

Comment: Is this standard stuff? I've never heard of it before. Also, why would one want to represent a transmission line by an active circuit?

 * Regarding the question “why”
 * 1. You can insert it into your SPICE circuit simulator for robust simulation of the transmission line, its load, its source and all the other circuitry including equalizers, filters, pads, amplifiers and other signal conditioning.  It also lets you readily simulate such things as multiple bridge taps, gauge changes, splits, and corroded splices.  You can simulate complex structures such as customer wiring which might have bridge taps with bridge taps, on-hook telephones, off- hook telephones, etc.  If you can draw it as a circuit, then you can simulate it with SPICE.  Check out the link about SPICE simulation for more details.

http://www.eetimes.com/design/microwave-rf-design/4200760/SPICE-Simulation-of-Transmission-Lines-by-the-Telegrapher-s-Method-Part-1-of-3-
 * 2. Thanks to Linear Technology Corporation, SPICE is available to almost every one with a very general and free license at

http://www.linear.com/designtools/software/ltspice.jsp
 * 3. This is subjective, but I find this diagram to be highly intuitive. If the load side is open, it is obvious that the pulse voltage doubles and is reflected. If the load is shorted, the pulse current doubles and is reflected.  If the load is matched, then there is no reflection.  For a sanity check, assume that the line is lossless but has delay (T = pure delay) and then try various combinations of impedance at each end (infinite, matched, and zero) and verify that you get the expected behavior.

 * Regarding the question: “Is this standard stuff?”

 * The solutions to the Telegrapher's Equation are, of course, standard stuff.
 * Representing the transmission line as a two-port is also standard stuff.
 * Using the solutions of the Telegrapher’s equations to derive the two-port parameters is standard stuff.
 * Using circuits to implement equations is standard stuff.
 * The pararmeters of any of the standard two-ports can be derived from this circiut.

 * But, is this circuit new? The mathematical equations that the circuit implies have been around for decades.  So, is this standard stuff?  In my opinion, yes it is because it translates precisely to standard stuff (the Telegrapher’s equations).  But representing a transmission line as this circuit instead of a list of equations may be new.  Which is to say, I haven’t seen this particular circuit anywhere, although I recall seeing crude equivalent circuits buried in the back of very old (from the 90’s or older) SPICE manuals.  Constant314 (talk) 12:23, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

 * For now, I think it should be out. It's very non-standard, and fairly hard to understand, with all the complexity being hidden inside the little T(s) boxes in the "hybrid" arrangement; this form of T(s) transfer function is not itself something that's easy to describe and simulate in SPICE, I think.  If you want to describe the T(s), the transfer function to forward- and backward-propagating waves across a length x, that is published in reviewed articles (by me, for instance).  Dicklyon (talk) 18:20, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I discussed this with an Admin before I posted it. His opinion was that an article published in EE Times met the criteria for a credible source.Constant314 (talk) 05:31, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Somewhat later Paul Rako blogged about it on EDN: http://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/anablog/4311804/Improved-Spice-model-of-a-transmission-line  and there was a round of comments http://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/anablog/4311805/Ott-Gilbert-Sauer-Harvey-and-Fong-discuss-the-new-Spice-model-for-transmission-lines  You may recognize some of the names.  There is a wikipedia page on Barrie Gilbert.  Constant314 (talk) 05:40, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I take it back about it not being easy to represent in SPICE. I see the Laplace object takes arbitrary formulas; this was probably added some time in the last 3 decades.  Dicklyon (talk) 18:45, 13 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Its a surprise that the Laplace objects work at all. Apparently they numerically calculate the impulse response and use that in the transient simulation.Constant314 (talk) 05:44, 14 December 2012 (UTC)
 * That would explain why they need to roll off at least 6 dB/octave at high frequencies to work well. For frequency response, of course, they're easy.  Dicklyon (talk) 07:03, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Changing reference style to Harvard
I am going to switch all the references to Harvard style. I am the person that added all the references in first place.Constant314 (talk) 14:09, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Using Kelvin or Celsius temperature scale.
In the article there are places where some temperatures are referenced in Fahrenheit. Because this scale is not the only one and also, the scale in SI is Kelvin's I propose using either Kelvins or degrees Celsius (because they have the same step of values). - A SI fan. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nikolageneshki (talk • contribs) 14:34, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Fahrenheit is still widely used in some countries, particularly the US. I suggest instead that you use the convert template.  Spinning  Spark  17:37, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Presumably Fahrenheit is not used in science even in the US? More in everyday applications like room temperature and cooking? Billlion (talk) 17:12, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Fahrenheit is still widely used in th US by industry, including the telecom providers. The data in the Values of primary parameters for telephone cable table is in Fahrenheit because the source used Fahrenheit. Constant314 (talk) 13:51, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Skin Effect and Proximity Effect
The article says that The variation of R and L is mainly due to skin effect and proximity effect. Do these really affect L?  AlphaHelical (talk) 03:45, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
 * see the Skin effect article for a description of how skin effect reduces inductance and citations to Hayt's E&M text book. Howard Johnson's High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic describes how proximity effect changes the current distribution in the wires.  I don't recall what if anything he says about changing inductance, but it's plausible to me that if something changes the current configuration it would change the inductance too.Constant314 (talk) 04:53, 14 June 2013 (UTC)

Drift velocity and wave velocity
Why have you removed the explanation that it is the wave that is travelling at that speed, not the current carriers? This is a very common misconception (we get questions on it all the time on the refdesk. I understand your edit summary, and the text may be more appropriate in another part of the article, but not removed altogether.  Does a perfect (mathematically ideal) conductor not have current carriers by the way? I appreciate that drift velocity is intimately connected with resistance and is thus not applicable to an ideal conductor, but it is still the case, even in an ideal conductor, that the charge carriers are not moving at the speed of the propagated wave and this needs explaining.  Spinning  Spark  14:14, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I did NOT remove it. If you look at the history page, you will see that Constant314 removed it.  If you are not happy about it, then put it back or discuss it with that person. First Harmonic (talk) 17:32, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Beg your pardon. Let's wait to see what he says.  Spinning Spark  18:37, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * It was me that removed it. It seems like a comment from left field.  The article is doing a good job discussing the telegrapher’s equations and then suddenly there is this unrelated comment about drift velocity.  It's not a text book where the author may indeed warn the student about different kinds of velocity.  I don't think it belongs in an encyclopedia article about the telegrapher’s equations.  But I'm not going to war about it.  Regarding perfect conductors: in my opinion mathematically perfect conductors don't have charge carriers.  They don't have any internal structure at all.  The reason for invoking them is so you can concentrate on fields and ignore whatever is going on in the conductors.  I think imputing the existence of charge carriers and what they must be doing in perfect conductors borders on WP:SYN.  Also, I think drift velocity is a somewhat vague but complicated concept that should not be dropped casually into any article.  There are a lot of assumptions that go into calculating drift velocity and some of them are just convenient.  It comes down to this: drift velocity is just the average velocity of the electrons someone arbitrarily decides should go into the average.  You could average over all the electrons in the metal and get a really small number.  Or you can assume, as is commonly done, that it is one electron per atom and get a different number.  Or you can look at the Fermi ball and say that it is a whole lot less than one electron per atom that is available to contribute to the current so the drift velocity actually pretty big, though still less than the speed of light.  If you want to discuss velocities, it would be more appropriate to point out that transmission lines made of perfect conductors may have wave-guide modes that do propagate slower than the speed of light.  Bottom line: I think electron drift velocity is out of place in this article, but if someone wants to put it back, I won’t remove it again.Constant314 (talk) 02:53, 16 May 2014 (UTC)

Velocity: u or v?
I suggest that you go back to lower case v for velocity. Of the seven references for the section, four use lower case v, Sadaku and Metzger use lower case u and Marshall uses upper case U. Looking at other sources, Feynman, Griffiths, Johnson, Jordan/Balman, Ramo/Whinnery/van Duzer, Magnuson, Hilberg and Gupta all use lower case v. Constant314 (talk) 21:07, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not really bothered either way, but it bugs me when people arbitrarily change the format of anything to their preferred system without discussion. So just on that basis, I support going back to v.

Obtaining Telegrapher's Equation from Maxwell Equations
I'm really surprised this is not present in the article; we have to memorize it for exam, so apparently it's something "common".

Unfortunately I don't really understand this problematic nso can't add it to the article, but it's definitely missing! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.175.227.121 (talk) 00:28, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

Electrons do have inertia, don't they?
The sentence "The inductance L makes it look like the electrons have inertia" makes it sound like electrons don't *actually* have inertia. Electrons, like everything with mass, do in fact have inertia. Would it be more accurate to say "more inertia"? 67.188.28.229 (talk) 00:37, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, electrons have inertia.  It is an imperfect analogy.  In the plumbing model of circuits, the inertia of the water is analogous to inductance.  It might be better to say that the current acts like it has inertia.  I don't think that the language is particularly encyclopedic and there is no reference, so you are welcome to try to improve it.Constant314 (talk) 01:22, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * The actual inertia of electrons, related to the fact that the electron mass is more than zero, does indeed exist and is responsible for so-called "kinetic inductance". In this context, kinetic inductance is much smaller than normal (magnetic) inductance and can be ignored. Kinetic inductance is typically relevant at very high frequency (~1 petahertz = 1 million GHz, i.e. ultraviolet) and also in some superconducting circuits. I just added a link. Interestingly, magnetic fields have momentum too, and therefore they have inertia. I wonder whether magnetic inductance too can be explained as an actual mechanical inertia effect? I don't think I've seen that in any reference, it's just a fun thought. :-D --Steve (talk) 13:03, 17 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I think that perhaps kinetic inductance is a detail not needed in this article.Constant314 (talk) 22:58, 17 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Hmm, you're probably right, I just deleted it. --Steve (talk) 23:33, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

Beam me up
Hi people. Imma not el stupido, but this article is completely out of reach of the average person. Can one of you engineers try and explain this to your mother here? We need a Sarek, I guess, or Sagan or whomever. cheers 184.69.174.194 (talk) 05:46, 15 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Your complaint is too vague. Why don't you indicate the first paragraph that is confusing and tell us what makes you confused.Constant314 (talk) 06:10, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

Antennas section
I wonder if this section should be restricted to folded antennas. One of the references is entirely about folded antennas. I also find some mention in Balanis regarding transmission line modes on a folded dipole antenna. It makes sense, since the folded elements sort of look like transmission lines, but I have trouble imagining transmission line type analysis for general antennas. Constant314 (talk) 20:46, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

 * In short, the answer is ‘no’. There is no requirement for a second conductor, and folded dipoles do not illustrate a better-behaved system. If you sit down with a paper and pencil, you'll notice that the two currents in a folded antenna at a resonant frequency are flowing in the same direction, rather than opposite directions, like you'd expect of a transmission line. If you cut the shorted ends of the wires at the far end (the shorted, far end, is a current null = voltage peak) the RF performance is pretty much unchanged.

 * An honest-to-goodness (American style) telegraph line is a genuine single-conductor transmission line. If you like, you can either think of the return current coming back through the ground (telegraph) or reflecting off the open end (antenna) (both occur). Since American telegraph wires carried / carry a one-way DC current, it's easier to believe in the return via ground current, and hence its a good tutorial start-point for RF single-wire conductors.

 * There is also a single-conductor power line design. It was used in the early days of U.S. rural electrification (maybe elsewhere). The far end of the line, at the power delivery point, was attached to a transformer; the other end of the transformer was grounded. The AC return current (in principle) flows back through the ground (but in reality, the earth just serves as a local reservoir of electrons and electron holes). It is inefficient, but putting up just one wire greatly reduced the demand for copper, and allowed the first rural electrical lines to be put up quickly.

 * In the case of antennas, there is no ground reservoir that I know of; at RF there genuinely is an "invisible second wire". The fictitious second conducting wire is an image of the current in the wire seen in the ground-plane by the antenna wires dangling above it; in a salt-water marsh, there is no wire, but for more ordinary ground planes, the antenna-builder needs to put down a meshwork (chicken wire) or "star" network of grounding wires to give the "ground" better conductivity. (Actually, in passing, I should mention that getting neophyte antenna-users to pay attention to the ground currents that are dissipating their voltage without producing any radiation is something of an important lesson. So if the article included a § that explained single-conductor transmission lines, it might be usefully tutorial for antenna purposes.)

 * (None of the above discussion pertains to VHF / UHF single-wire wave-guides, that I know of. Those have the RF waves skimming above the outside of the conductor surface. There is indeed a smooth cross-over with frequency, from electrical waves conducted in the metal to radio waves surfing outside of, but near a conductor, but I'm not sure if Heaviside's $R′ L′ G′ C′$ model still applies at that point.)
 * 107.127.18.8 (talk) 19:21, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

A wave equation
The caption "In the presence of losses the solution of the Telegrapher's equation has both damping and dispersion, as visible when compared with the solution of a Wave equation.", doesn't make sense because the telegraph equation IS a wave equation. It should be qualified by what type of wave equation being compared to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.163.239.235 (talk) 19:40, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

 * The "classical" wave equation is $$ \left[ \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\right)^2 - \left(~\frac{\partial}{c\, \partial t}\right)^2 \right] W(x,y,z,t) = 0 ~.$$ Notice that there is no first-order term. The second-order-only form is what people typically mean when they refer to "the wave equation". Inserting first-order terms introduces energy loss: The waves die out. (Unless, of course, you get the sign wrong, in which case the waves grow.) (In mechanical systems and fluids, the first-order terms are usually fairly inaccurate approximations for the dissipative forces, although they are nearly perfect for electrical circuits, the only sticky issue being the mess that the $$\sqrt{f~}$$ factor from the skin effect makes.)
 * 107.127.18.8 (talk) 19:38, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

General solution for terminated lines of finite length
I have been looking for a WP:RS for this and haven't found any. I think I know why. It is a comprehensive result for a special case. It attempts to give the time domain solution for the volage everywhere inside the transmission line for the special case where the source impedance is zero. While I do not have any reason to believe it is incorrect, I do believe there are too many missing steps to accept it as verifiable (WP:V). So, I will remove it and replace it with something similar that does have a reliable source. Constant314 (talk) 01:46, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Telegrapher's equations


text:
Ian Harvey

Ian Joseph Harvey (born 10 April 1972) is a former Australian cricketer. He was an all-rounder who played 73 One Day Internationals for Australia and was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 2004 for his performances in county cricket. He was a part of the Australian squad which won the 2003 Cricket World Cup.

Australian squad
Harvey started his first-class cricket career with Victoria in the Sheffield Shield in 1993 as an all-rounder. He was called up to the Australian one day cricket team in 1997 and played 73 One Day Internationals. Harvey bowled tightly at the end of games, equipped with a well disguised slower ball, as well as being a big hitting late order batsman, however he did not hit an ODI half-century.

2003 ICC Cricket World Cup
Harvey played in the 2003 World Cup in South Africa as a replacement for the injured Shane Watson. He played in Australia's group game against Pakistan, scoring 24 at better than a run-a-ball, supporting Andrew Symonds who made a match-winning 143 not out. Defending 310, Harvey was the best bowler picking up 4 wickets, including one with his first ball, as Australia won comfortably. Harvey lost his place when Darren Lehmann and Michael Bevan returned from injury. He featured in one more group game against the Netherlands where he picked up three more wickets.

He played in the first Super Six game against Sri Lanka making a brief 5 not out at the end of Australia's innings. He did not take a wicket when he bowled but he was economical. Against New Zealand he failed with the bat making just 2 but he bowled economically again, taking 1/11 in 6 overs. In the final Super Six stage against tournament surprise package Kenya he bowled tightly without reward. However, in the run chase of 175, after Australia stuttered, he and Symonds were involved together in a 50-run partnership as they saw Australia home carrying on their unbeaten run through the tournament. Harvey finished on 24 not out. Because of an injury to Damien Martyn, he played in the semi-final against Sri Lanka.

In the tournament he played 6 games, scored 66 runs at 22.00 and took 8 wickets at 19.62.

Australia
Harvey played for Victoria between 1993–94 and 2004–05.

England
Harvey played for Gloucestershire from 1999 to 2003 in the English County Championship and domestic one-day competitions. He was an integral part of the team that won a number of one-day trophies, including four one-day finals in a row. On 23 June 2003, Harvey scored the first century in Twenty20 cricket, and went on to score three T20 centuries in all. In 2004 he switched counties to play for Yorkshire for whom he played until 2005.

For 2006, he returned to play for Gloucestershire in the County Championship and Victoria in the Pura Cup. He signed to play for Derbyshire in 2007, but did not play a full season as his clearance to play as an English-qualified player was not received from the Home Office. Approval was delayed as a result of a drink-driving conviction, a decision which upset Derbyshire chief executive John Sears. Derbyshire allowed Harvey to play for Middleton Cricket Club for a weekend as a temporary replacement for their professional.

South Africa
For the 2005–06 season, Harvey played with the South African provincial side Nashua-Western Province Boland, where he also coached and commentated, sometimes doing two or all three at once.

Twenty20
Harvey excelled in the Twenty20 format, initially for Gloucestershire and Victoria. He also played in the first Indian Cricket League Twenty20 competition in 2007 for Chennai Superstars. He played in the Chennai team that won the inaugural league. He won both the man of the match award for the final and the player of the tournament award.

Being a specialist Twenty20 player, he signed short-term deals especially for the Twenty20 with Hampshire Hawks in 2008 and Northamptonshire Steelbacks in 2009. On his debut for Northants, he scored 12 with the bat but starred with the ball taking 4 for 18 off 4 overs to help them to a 17-run win against Warwickshire Bears. Harvey contracted swine flu, which kept him out of the quarter-finals which Northamptonshire won. He returned to play in the finals day of the competition.

In February 2010, Harvey signed to play T20 and first-class matches for Zimbabwean franchise Southern Rocks.

Coaching career
Harvey was appointed assistant to head coach Richard Dawson at Gloucestershire County Cricket Club in the 2015 county season.

Personal life
Harvey is uncle of Mackenzie Harvey.

title: Ian Harvey


text:
Gan De

Gan De (fl. c. 365 BC) also known as the Lord Gan (Gan Gong), was an ancient Chinese astronomer and astrologer born in the State of Qi. Along with Shi Shen, he is believed to be the first in history known by name to compile a star catalogue, preceded by the anonymous authors of the early Babylonian star catalogues and followed by the Greek Hipparchus who is the first known in the Western tradition of Hellenistic astronomy to have compiled a star catalogue. He also made observations of the planets, particularly Jupiter. His writings are lost, but some of his works' titles and fragments quoted from them are known from later texts.

Gan De may have been the first to describe one of the Galilean moons of Jupiter, usually invisible without the aid of telescopes. In the 20th century, a fragment of Gan's work, in a later compilation of astronomical texts, was identified by Xi Zezong as describing a naked-eye observation of either of the two largest and brightest moons, Ganymede or Callisto in summer 365 BC.

Life
Gan was one of the earliest practitioners of Chinese astronomy. As the earliest attempt to document the sky during the Warring States period, Gan De's work possesses high scientific value. He wrote two books, the Treatise on Jupiter and the 8-volume Treatise on Astronomical Astrology. Gan De also wrote the Astronomic Star Observation (天文星占, Tianwen xingzhan).

Shen and Gan together made fairly detailed observations of the five major planets during the 4th century. Gan De made some of the first detailed observations of Jupiter in recorded history.

Works
All Gan's writings are lost, but some fragments are preserved in the Great Tang Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era (Kai Yuan Zhan Jing), an 8th-century CE text whose compilation dates to the period between 718 and 726, and the titles of two treatises – On Jupiter (Sui Xing Jing) and Astronomical Star Prognostication (Tian Wen Xing Zhan) – are known. Other fragments of Gan's work exist as quotations in the Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji; volume 27) and the Book of Han (Hanshu; volume 26), but most of his surviving corpus was preserved in the Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era.

Celestial comparisons
Shi Shen and Gan De divided the celestial sphere into 365$1⁄4$°, as a tropical year has 365$1⁄4$ days. At the time, most ancient astronomers adopted the Babylon division where the celestial sphere is divided by 360°.

Satellite of Jupiter
Chapter 23 of the Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era, which details the apparent positions of Jupiter during the course of a conjectural twelve year sidereal period (in reality 11.9 years), quotes Gan's notes on the "stars" observed in 365 BC, when Jupiter appeared in the lunar station of the constellation Aquarius, the Chinese lunar mansion of Wēi: ""In the year of chan yan. . ., Jupiter was in Zi, it rose in the morning and went under in the evening together with the lunar mansions Nǚ, Xū and Wēi. It was very large and bright. Apparently, there was a small reddish star appended to its side. This is called 'an alliance'.""

- Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era

The historian and astronomer Xi Zezong published a paper in 1981 in Acta Astrophysica Sinica identifying the "small reddish star" with one of the Galilean moons of Jupiter, an interpretation hitherto unrecognized. Xi used the Beijing Planetarium to simulate the brightnesses of Jupiter and its moons in their relative positions from the earth as reported in the astronomical publications of Bryant Tuckerman and Clabon Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. He concluded that the Galiean moons of Jupiter are visible to the human eye under good conditions, and that Gan's report was an accurate account of a naked-eye observation of either Callisto or Ganymede – the two brightest and most visibly distinct moons – in summer 364 BC = 9637 HE.

Since Ganymede is larger and brighter than is Callisto, Xi reasoned that it was likely Ganymede to which Gan's "small reddish star" refers. Writing in Nature in 1982, the astronomer David Hughes pointed out that William Henry Smyth had recorded reports of Jupiter's moons visible with the naked eye in exceptional conditions in particular places. Smyth wrote in 1844 that sightings of the moons typically mentioned the Apennine Mountains and Mount Etna in Italy and the Caribbean "and various other fine-climate places as the spots where such a feat is frequently done" by those endowed with "visual organs of extraordinary power". Galileo Galilei, describing his discovery using refracting telescopes of "four planets swiftly revolving about Jupiter at differing distances and periods" (the Galilean moons), was therefore unlikely to have been correct to write in his Sidereus Nuncius, published in 1610, that these bodies were "known to no one before the Author recently perceived them". By occluding Jupiter itself behind a high tree limb perpendicular to the satellites' orbital plane to prevent the planet's glare from obscuring them, one or more of the Galilean moons might be spotted in favorable conditions.

However, the description of the "small reddish star" is not explained; it is not known why Gan might have referred to either moon as "reddish" ( chi, a light red colour), since neither's colour is distinguishable by the human eye alone, and even using a telescope their colour appears uniform with Jupiter's.

Related texts
In 1973, a similar catalogue by Gan De and Shi Shen was uncovered within the Mawangdui Silk Texts. Arranged under the name of Divination of Five Planets, it records the motion of Jupiter, Saturn, Venus and other planets in their orbits between 246 BC and 177 BC.

title: Gan De


text:
Oak Technology

Oak Technology (OAKT) was an American supplier of semiconductor chips for sound cards, graphics cards and optical storage devices such as CD-ROM, CD-RW and DVD. It achieved success with optical storage chips and its stock price increased substantially around the time of the tech bubble in 2000. After falling on hard times, in 2003 it was acquired by Zoran Corporation.

Oak Technology helped develop the ATAPI standard and provided the oakcdrom.sys CD-ROM driver that was ubiquitous on DOS-based systems in the mid-1990s.

History
Oak Technology, Inc. was founded by semiconductor pioneer David Tsang in 1987 and was headquarterd in Sunnyvale, California, United States with operations across the US and Asia Pacific. During the late 1980s through the early 1990s, Oak was a supplier of PC graphics, CD-ROMs (SVGA) chipsets and PCBs. Oak Technology also supplied motherboard chipsets – a PS/2-compatible chipset and the Oaknote chipset for notebooks. Oak enjoyed modest success in the value segment (low-end) of the market.

In 1994, Sun Microsystems decided to change the name of their new language from Oak to Java because Oak was already trademarked by Oak Technology.

Initial Public Offering (IPO)
The company had a dominant position early on in the market for semiconductors for CD-ROM drives (around 1995) and with business lines including PC graphics and optical storage for the personal computing market led to a successful IPO and Secondary Offering shortly thereafter. Oak regained a prominent position in optical storage chips as the market transitioned to recordable/rewritable technology, resulting in substantial revenue growth and stock price appreciation at the height of the tech bubble in 2000.

However, the company could not maintain growth and the stock price declined substantially, including a drop by more than half on 19 June 2002.

It then acquired the pioneering digital TV chip company Teralogic at the end of 2002 whose technology would later contribute to Zoran's DTV chip development after Zoran acquired Oak Technology in 2003.

Graphics products
Oak's graphics efforts started off in 2D but by the mid 1990s, the Company encouraged by ambitions to bring forward advanced level 3D graphics at reasonable cost for PC and gaming embarked on the Warp 5 (below). Oak formed a 3-D graphics business unit, and in 1996, Oak announced that its new graphics controllers would support Microsoft’s “Direct3D” and “ActiveMovie” game and video playback formats.

Warp 5 - OTI 64317 - During the mid 1990s, Oak was developing their first and only 2D/3D graphics accelerator chip. Warp 5 was to be a tile-based deferred renderer (TBDR), similar to PowerVR's chipsets but was the first to combine tiling with other high performance rendering algorithms including anti aliasing and tri linear mip mapping. In the same vein as the S3 ViRGE chip, the Warp 5 was pin-compatible with a 2D-only predecessor.

Technologies contained in the Warp 5 were well ahead of its era. This graphics processor was based on a region concept and had many similarities to Microsoft's Talisman architecture. The chip processed each region at a time and did on chip z-sorting and anti-aliasing. As a result, the chip did 24-bit floating point Z, sub-pixel anti-aliasing, order independent translucency, non-linear fogging and atmospheric effects and MIP-Mapping. Typically, such region based architectures are gated by the number of polygons that can be processed per region, but Oak claimed that there were no such limitations in the WARP 5.

The specifications included:
 * 50m pixels/sec (all features turned on)
 * EDO and SGRAM Memory Supported - 8 MB
 * On-chip Texture Cache
 * 2D GUI acceleration
 * Video Scaling in Y
 * VBI support Including Intercast
 * 220 MHz RAMDAC
 * Resolutions to 1600 × 1200
 * Direct3D and BRender APIs supported
 * OS support Windows 95 and Windows NT
 * Packaging - 256 pin BGA
 * Pin Compatibility with OAK OTI-74217 EON 2D GUI accelerator

List of Graphics products
OTI037C - 8-bit VGA chipset, with up to 256KB of DRAM. Provided support for VGA, EGA & CGA display modes. Most are only able to do standard VGA modes. (i.e. up to 320×200×256 and up to 640×480×16).

OTI057/067 - ISA SVGA chipset. Supports up to 512KB of DRAM (usually 70/80 ns).

OTI077 - Enhanced version of the OTI067. Includes support for 1MB and up to 65 MHz dot clock. Capable of resolutions up to 1024×768×256 colors in non-interlaced mode, and up to 1280×1024×16 colors interlaced.

OTI087 - ISA SVGA chipset, and one of the first VLB chipsets available. Has a 16-bit external data path, and a 32-bit internal memory controller data path. It features an improved, local-bus compatible host interface controller with read and write caching capabilities similar to those implemented on Tseng ET4000AX graphics chips, along with register-based color expansion, color fill, 16-bit graphic latch and some other new (for its time) features. Maximum BIOS resolutions are 1024x768x256 non-interlaced and 1280×1024×256 interlaced. Maximum dot clock is 80 MHz, but is usually coupled with the OTI068 clock generator capable of frequencies up to 78 MHz. This chipset supports up to 2MB of 70/70R ns DRAM.

A modified version, OTI087X, added a hardware mouse cursor sprite. It was implemented on many Weitek P9000-based graphics boards as a companion VGA controller; unfortunately, on these boards the chip was typically configured with a narrow 8-bit data path to its own dedicated VGA memory, resulting in sub-par VGA mode performance.

Spitfire - OTI 64105/64107 - PCI/VLB/ISA chipset with 64-bit DRAM support. Provides 2D/GUI acceleration features comparable to other 64-bit accelerators of its time.

Spitfire - OTI 64111 - Enhanced version of the 64105/64107, with integrated 135 MHz RAMDAC. DRAM and EDO supported.

Eon - OTI 64217 - PCI chipset with support for EDO DRAM and SGRAM.

Warp 5 - OTI 64317 - PCI chipset and 2D/3D graphics accelerator. Support for EDO DRAM and SGRAM, resolutions up to 1600x1200, and Direct3D accelerated graphics. Pin compatible with OTI 64217.

Optical storage products
Oak's entrance into the CD-ROM controller business was a huge success. By 1994, it had sold millions of chip solutions for CD-ROM, CD-R/RW, DVD-ROM and DVD-ROM/CD-RW combo drives, primarily for the PC market. With the IDE interface established and “plug-and-play” CD-ROM drives on the horizon, Oak anticipated an explosion in CD-ROM sales and added a new semiconductor foundry partner in Korea to help it absorb the expected leap in controller orders. In October 1994, Oak released the OTI-201, a new sound and video compression/decompression controller based on the new multimedia MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group) standard. MPEG-based videos were most commonly used for public PC-based information kiosks and corporate training videos. The OTI-201 was the industry’s first MPEG decoder designed specifically for multimedia PCS and enabled peripheral manufacturers to offer high-performance MPEG-format graphics and video on a single add-on expansion board. With CD-ROM controllers expected to eventually become a cheap commodity product, CEO, Tsang viewed the OTI-201 as another way for Oak to expand its customer base and maintain its heady growth. With Oak’s experience producing graphics chips and computer connectivity products, Tsang planned even newer generations of PC video display controllers as well as chips for 3D graphics, recordable CD-ROMs, TV set-top boxes, CD video players, and PC-based video production and teleconferencing. By January 1995 the company that Investor’s Business Daily had once described as a “behind the scenes supplier of minor computer parts” had evolved itself into the world’s leading producer of CD-ROM controller chips, which now generated the lion’s share of its annual revenues. CD-ROM sales in 1995 were three times what they had been in 1993, spurred by the rapid evolution in CD-ROM drive speeds.

title: Oak Technology


text:
Graham Marsh

Graham Vivian Marsh MBE (born 14 January 1944) is an Australian golfer. In 1968, Marsh turned pro and won several tournaments on the Australasian circuits early in his career. He joined the PGA Tour in the mid-1970s and won the 1977 Heritage Classic. However, he elected to focus the remainder of his career overseas, ultimately winning ten times on the European Tour and twenty times on the Japan Golf Tour. As a senior, he continued with much success on the Champions Tour, winning two senior majors, including the U.S. Senior Open.

Early life
Marsh was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. His brother was cricketer Rod Marsh.

Marsh attended the University of Western Australia and Claremont Teachers College. Marsh is a former mathematics teacher.

Professional career
Marsh's first professional tournament was in May 1968 at South Australian Open. He finished in solo third place. Peter Thomson, writing about the event for The Age, stated that "this talented player seems sure to finish higher before long." In 1970 he played well at New Zealand's Caltex Tournament. Entering the par-5 18th hole he was tied for the lead with Maurice Bembridge and Terry Kendall. However, he could only make par. His competitors played the hole under par to defeat him. Marsh finished in solo third at 287, one behind.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s Marsh was a regular winner on the European Tour, the Japan Golf Tour and the PGA Tour of Australasia. He also won several events in Asia outside Japan, winning the Asia Golf Circuit overall title in 1972 and 1973, and one on the U.S.-based PGA Tour, the 1977 Heritage Classic. Marsh had an outstanding win rate on the European Tour, where he accumulated eleven titles even though he never played more than seven events in Europe in a season. He also won the Colgate World Match Play Championship, which was not an official money European Tour event at the time, in England in 1977. He had 56 wins in all in his regular career, making him one of the most successful players of his era not to win a major championship.

Senior career
As a senior, Marsh has played extensively in the United States on the Champions Tour winning six events including two senior majors: the 1997 U.S. Senior Open and the 1999 Tradition. He has also won the Japan Senior Open twice.

Marsh is also active in golf course design through Graham Marsh Golf Design which he established in 1986. The company's early projects were in Australia and Japan, but it later branched out to other parts of Asia, Europe and the United States. His work has included courses such as The Vines Resort (Perth), Palm Meadows Resort (Gold Coast) Old Silo (Kentucky), Twin Creeks Golf and Country Club (New South Wales) and Terrey Hills Golf & Country Club just to name a few. During this era, Marsh was also the chairman of the PGA Tour of Australasia as well.

In 2004, he became the first player on the four main golf tours (PGA Tour, European Tour, Champions Tour or the European Senior Tour) to ace the same hole twice in a tournament when he had a hole-in-one on No. 11 at Royal Portrush Golf Club during the 2004 Senior British Open Championship.

Awards and honors

 * In 1977, Marsh was voted Australian Sportsman of the year
 * In 1977, Marsh was awarded the Golf Digest Rookie of the Year.
 * In 1984, Marsh was made an MBE for services to golf.

European Tour wins (10)
European Tour playoff record (0–1)

Other European wins (3)

 * 1970 Swiss Open
 * 1977 Lancome Trophy, Colgate World Match Play Championship

PGA of Japan Tour wins (20)
 * Note: Tournament shortened to 54 holes due to weather.

PGA of Japan Tour playoff record (5–5)

Other Japan wins (5)

 * 1972 Dunlop Tournament
 * 1973 Japan vs Australia Match individual
 * 1975 Dunlop Wizard
 * 1976 Dunlop Wizard
 * 1977 Dunlop Wizard

Asia Golf Circuit wins (5)
Asia Golf Circuit playoff record (0–2)

Other Asian wins (1)

 * 1976 Dunhill International Match-Play (Hong Kong)

PGA Tour of Australia wins (7)
PGA Tour of Australia playoff record (1–1)

Other Australian wins (6)

 * 1966 Royal Fremantle Open (as an amateur)
 * 1966 Nedlands Masters (as an amateur)
 * 1967 Nedlands Masters (as an amateur)
 * 1968 Western Australian Open
 * 1969 Western Australia PGA Championship
 * 1976 Western Australian Open

Champions Tour wins (6)
 * Note: The 1999 Tradition was shortened to 36 holes due to snow.

Champions Tour playoff record (0–1)

Other senior wins (4)

 * 1997 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf (with John Bland)
 * 1998 Japan Senior Open
 * 1999 Japan Senior Open
 * 2010 Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf – Raphael Division (with John Bland)

Results in major championships
{{legend|yellow|Top 10}} {{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}} CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" indicates a tie for a place

Summary

 * Most consecutive cuts made – 16 (1978 PGA – 1991 Open Championship)
 * Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (twice)

Team appearances

 * Dunhill Cup (representing Australia): 1985 (winners)
 * Four Tours World Championship (representing Australasia): 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991

title: Graham Marsh


text:
Shahr-e Kord

Shahr-e Kord is a city in the Central District of Shahrekord County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district. It is the largest city in the province, and is 90 km away from Iran's third largest city, Isfahan.

Ethnicity
Shahr-e Kord is populated by Persians, Lurs and Turkic people.

Etymology
Shahr-e Kord, at face value, seems to mean "City of the Kurds". In antiquity, the place had been called "Dezh Gord" (دژگرد), where dezh (دژ) means "fortress" and gord (گرد) means "hero".

After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the name changed to "Deh Kord" ; dezh was reinterpreted as deh (ده) meaning "village" and gord became kord because the Arabic alphabet lacks the letters "g" (گ), and "zh" (ژ). Other examples of cities whose names changed partly due to the influence of the Arabic language are Chamgordan, Boroujerd and Dezful, which were called Chamgord, Borougord and Dezhpol, respectively, before the Islamic conquest.

In 1935, the name was finally changed to its present form with deh being replaced with shahr (شهر) meaning "city", which better reflects the size of Shahr-e Kord. On the other side, Lurs have been known as Kurds in the post Islamic conquest literature. Michael M. Gunter states that Lurs are closely related to the Kurds but that they "apparently began to be distinguished from the Kurds 1,000 years ago."

History
Coins have been found in Shahr-e Kord dating back to the Sassanian and Parthian era.

Language
The linguistic composition of the city:

Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 126,746 in 31,977 households. The following census in 2011 counted 159,775 people in 44,081 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 190,441 people in 55,492 households.

Location
Shahr-e Kord is located about 90 km southwest of Isfahan and 512 km of Tehran. It is topographically situated in the north of the Zagros Mountains. Being located 2070 m above the sea level, Shahr-e Kord is the most elevated among the centers of the provinces of Iran, known as the Roof of Iran.

Climate
Shahr-e Kord has a hot-summer mediterranean continental climate (Köppen: Dsa, Trewartha: Dc), with hot summer days, cool summer nights, cold winter days and freezing winter nights. The annual average temperature in Shahr-e Kord is about 11.4°C (52.5°F). The absolute minimum temperature recorded in Shahr-e Kord since the start of keeping records has been -32.4 C on 29 December 2004, while the highest maximum temperature ever recorded was 42.0 C on 15 July 1977. January is the coldest month and July is the hottest month. Although the humidity level is moderate or high in winter, the amount of rainfall is close to zero in planting seasons, except for April and May.

Economy

 * Barfab Company manufactures home appliances including Evaporative cooler, Gas/ Kerosene/ Electric Water Heaters, Gas Space Heater, Refrigerator - Freezer and Twin-Tub Washing Machine. Hiring about 1400 people within the firm, Barfab is the biggest private unit in the province.
 * Shahrekord (Zagros) cement Co is located in the center of the mountain range of Zagros, 35 km away from Shahr-e Kord (Zagros) city.
 * Shahr-e Kord (Zagros) Zagros Steel Company engages in the manufacturing of cast iron.
 * Farokh Shahr Steel Industries is a tinplate producer. It is located 10 km away from Shahr-e Kord city.
 * Shahrekord (Zagros) Carbon Dioxde Corp. is the largest producer of  and Dry Ice in Iran.
 * Shahrekord (Zagros) Textile Industries Co founded in Shahr-e Kord in 1991, is a fabric retail store which specializes in clothing fabrics, polyester viscose and black Chador.
 * PAK PAY CO founded in Shahr-e Kord in 1991, is a dairy factory which produces pasteurized milk, flavored milk, cheese and yogurt. In 1996, Pak Dairy Co bought approximately 99% of company's stock.
 * Photonic and Optoelectronic Research Group founded in Shahr-e Kord in 2014. This research group is managed by Dr. Hamed Saghaei, one of the prominent researchers in this field of study. The research group focused on design and fabrication of Micro and Nano-Photonic devices including photonic crystal fibers and waveguides, photonic chips based on optofluidic approach, etc. This research group is supported by Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e Kord Branch (best university among 6 universities in Shahrekord)
 * Energy Research Center, The research group focused on Energy and Environment including renewable energy employed in building, etc. This research group is supported by Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e Kord Branch, https://shahrekord.iau.ir/energy/fa

Transportation
The Shahr-e Kord Bus Organization has 150 buses in its fleet which operate different routes throughout the city.

Shahrekord Airport is a domestic airport located to the south of the city. It currently has flights to and from two cities: Tehran and Mashhad.

Education

There are three universities in the city of Shar-e Kord. The public and state university is Shahr-e Kord University (SKU) with 5,713 students. The other universities are Shahr-e Kord University of Medical Sciences (SKUMS) with 1,690 students and Islamic Azad University of Shahr-e Kord Branch (IAUSHK) with 7,400 students.

Sister cities

 * 🇹🇯 Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Notable people
Notable people from Shahr-e Kord include painter Arghavan Khosravi.

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Cover of the Deerhoof album Reveille.

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