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Andrés Gimeno

Andrés Gimeno Tolaguera (3 August 1937 – 9 October 2019) was a Spanish tennis player. His greatest achievement came in 1972, when he won the French Open and became the oldest first-time Grand Slam champion in the Open era at 34 years of age.

Early years
Andrés came from a family which loved tennis, and his father Esteban supported his efforts to play the game. Esteban had been a good tennis player and he became Andres' coach. They practiced at Real Club de Tenis Barcelona. At an early age Andres started to become a really good tennis player, winning some important tournaments in his region. At age sixteen, he won the U-18 Championship of Spain. In 1954, he won the Championship of Spain in the doubles category playing with Juan Manuel Couder. At the same time, he stopped studying to focus on his tennis career.

He was not only a successful tennis player in Spain, but also represented his country throughout Europe. He played in the Galea's Cup, the European Championship U21, and won it in 1956 and 1957. He was the runner-up in 1958. After that, he decided to go to Australia to play with the man who was considered the best tennis coach in the world, Harry Hopman. He improved his tennis level and soon, he had two important victories in the championships in Perth and in Sydney.

Tennis career
Gimeno went back to Spain in 1960 where he then had his best year as an amateur, winning the titles in Barcelona, Caracas, Monte Carlo, and at Queen's Club. In Barcelona, he became the first Spanish player to win the Torneo Conde de Godó, beating the Italian player Giuseppe Merlo. That same year he reached the doubles final of the French Open too, losing to an Australian duo. After that year, he joined the professional group World Championship Tennis, where Jack Kramer offered him $50,000 for three years, and more money for each victory. The group consisted of some of the best tennis players in history such as Rod Laver, Pancho Gonzales and Ken Rosewall.

Gimeno won the Pörtschach pro tournament in August 1963 beating Rosewall and Frank Sedgman. He also won the Genoa Pro in September 1963 beating Laver and Rosewall. Gimeno won the College Park Pro Championships in May 1964 beating Lew Hoad in the final. He won tournaments in Noordwijk and Munich in August and September 1964 beating Laver and Rosewall in both events. Gimeno won the Milan Pro in September 1965 over Laver and Rosewall and beat Laver in the final of the pro event at Port Elizabeth in October 1965. Gimeno won the US Pro hardcourt event at St. Louis in June 1966 beating Laver in the final. He won the World pro championships in Oklahoma City in July 1966 beating Laver and Rosewall. He also won the Geneva and Barcelona pro tournaments in September 1966 (both over Laver). He won the Cincinnati Pro in July 1967 beating Laver and Rosewall. In September 1967, Gimeno won the Border Pro at Selborne (over Rosewall and Fred Stolle) and the Eastern Province Pro at Port Elizabeth (over Laver and Rosewall).

Gimeno's best Grand Slam results as a singles player came in 1968 when the Open era started and the professional could participate in Grand Slams. His first good result was the final in Australian Open in 1969, where he lost to Rod Laver in three sets. Gimeno won events at Barcelona, Cologne and New York in 1969, Dallas in 1970 and Hamburg in 1971.

Gimeno's best year was in 1972, when he was a finalist in Brussels and in Paris, and he won in Los Angeles, in Eastbourne, in Gstaad, and the French Open. The Catalan won his first and only Grand Slam in 1972. He held the record for the oldest male player to win the French Open (at the age of 34) until 2022, and remains the oldest first-time Grand Slam champion. In the final, he beat the French player Patrick Proisy in four sets. In addition, he reached the semifinals at Wimbledon in 1970. In 1973, he reached the final of the Dutch Open in Hilversum, where Tom Okker beat him in five sets.

Gimeno was an active Davis Cup player, recording an 18–5 singles record and 5–5 doubles record. His debut was in the match that Spain played against Egypt with one of the most important players in Spain, Manuel Santana. He could not play the competition while he was a part of the professional group, but he participated as coach in 1966. In 1973, he injured his meniscus and decided to quit playing tennis. He became the tennis coach in the RFET, Tennis' Spanish Federation and then in the Suisse Federation.

After retiring from tennis
After his professional career, he decided to join the tennis circuit for retired players called Legends Championship. He also founded a tennis club in 1974 called "Club de Tenis Andres Gimeno" in Castelldefels, Barcelona.

He was elected to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2009, becoming the fourth Spanish tennis player in it, after Arantxa Sánchez Vicario, Manuel Alonso and Manuel Santana.

Personal life
Gimeno married Cristina Corolla in 1962 and together they had three children: Alejo Gimeno, Andrés Gimeno Jr. and Cristina Gimeno. In 2011, Gimeno lost all his money, and some of the best Spanish tennis players such as Rafael Nadal, Tommy Robredo, Feliciano López and David Ferrer played an exhibition tennis tournament in Palau Blaugrana to raise funds for him.

Death
Gimeno died following a long illness, on 9 October 2019, at the age of 82.

Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups)

 * Stats per ATP website bio

Singles (11 wins, 13 losses)
Source: ATP

Professional Grand Slams
Source:

title: Andrés Gimeno


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User talk:Chameleon/NPOV

Why is religion bad?
Sam Spade 17:17, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Well, because it is based on abandoning reason, primarily. I'm against astrology for similar reasons. — Chameleon 19:34, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Have you seen User_talk:Sam_Spade/Theoretical_Biases? Sam Spade 21:54, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I have now. There's some pretty crazy stuff, like "Scriptures can also be confusing or unpleasant, particularly if manipulated by the arts of the wicked (the bible itself warns against those who speak the word, yet bear ill fruits)", which sounds like you are implying that people who point out the bad stuff in scripture are somehow bad themselves.  In reality, it is good to point out such things, and the existence of such things show that scripture is obviously the work of flawed mortals, and no god; a god would have written something far more sensible.  — Chameleon 22:04, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Well God didn't write the Bible, anymore than he wrote Winnie the pooh. People did, and by most accounts, we have freewill. And no, I wasn't talking about attempts to sow disbelief using scriptures. While that is a wicked enough act of satanism, I was discussing false prophets, blasphemers of the holy spirit. Their desire rather is to perpetuate false belief, rather than to convert another into atheism. Amalek is an applicable concept for the latter. Sam Spade 23:02, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * False belief? As in what?  Islam, Hinduism?  — Chameleon 23:26, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Heck no, see User:Sam Spade/Theoretical Biases, I am a Perennial Philosopher, a Interdenominational Inclusionist universalist (Non-Roman) Catholic monist ;) I embrace Islam and Hinduism as alternate paths to God. Sam Spade 00:21, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Who then? — Chameleon 00:33, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Wicked tele-evangelists, like Robert Tilton. Sam Spade 00:46, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

OK, that's a rather obvious example of scum. Let's get back to "attempts to sow disbelief using scriptures[...] a wicked enough act of satanism". No it's not! We atheists are quite right to point out crazy stuff in scripture, just as might point out crazy stuff in a political manifesto. It's a matter of helping people not get sucked in. — Chameleon 00:54, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * religion and politics are not the same, thats a mistake communism makes (one of many). As you probably know from reading the thread I linked you to, denying my God is nonsensical, since he is pantheistic. That said, should you be exposing errors or ugliness in scriptures? I think not. If you are so offended by something in the bible that you can't call yourself a christian, so be it. But why try to ruin it for somebody else? Religion helps people, psychologically, emotionally,, even medically. Its a fact. Perhaps you question the morals of a book where daughters get their father drunk and sleep with him, or kids get killed by stonethrowing mobs for gathering sticks on sunday. But think about this: What kind of guy was Jesus? From what we hear about him, did he seem like a good role model, or advisor? WWJD? Sam Spade 19:24, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I didn't say religion and politics were the same, and I don't think "communism" necessarily says so either. But they are both areas of human belief and my analogy was valid.  You speak of "ruin[ing] it for somebody else" as though we were talking about spoiling a movie.  We are talking of real life here.  Why is religion the special exception?  That is to say, it would be considered absurd by all to say that flaws in political manifestos or scientific theories should not be pointed out lest we "ruin it for somebody else".  In fact, even in the subjective, artistic sphere, it is only low-brows who complain about (say) films or novels being ruined by intelligent people pointing out their flaws. (I am a great fan of the Movie Physics website.)

 * You are also presenting a false dilemma between religion on one hand and empty disappointment on the other. It is also perfectly possible to find comfort in truth.  Subjectively, it seems to me that the comfort found in truth and reality is superior to the comfort found in faith.  In addition, finding comfort in faith is all too often detrimental to other people's happiness: if I am a Muslim and believe that I will be rewarded in the afterlife for struggling against murderous false religions such as Judaism (or vice versa) then, regardless of any personal comfort, I am making the world a worse place for others.  Note that this is not a theoretical argument but an observation of what religious nuts are doing right now in 2005 and have done throughout history.

 * As for Jesus, well, we don't know much about Jesus. He is mostly mythical.  But as far as we can tell, the guy was both good and bad.  I do like his opposition to usury, and I don't like his acceptance of many other bads things that were accepted during his lifetime.  I mean, if he was the son of god (or had any sort of direct line to enlightenment at all) then he could have been a bit more visionary, and perhaps written the Bible himself and filled it with only good, sensible stuff.

 * So, in conclusion, Jesus was flawed and shouldn't be held up as such a fantastic a role model. Indeed, any 2000-year-old role model is likely to be largely irrelevant to people trying to figure out how to act today.  If we are looking for the best role model, why not pick someone who is still alive and has consistently fought against tyranny?  Old Noam would be a good one (even though in his e-mails to me he comes across as an irritable old bastard).  Jesus?  A really poor candidate.  — Chameleon 13:14, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Chameleon/NPOV


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2004 US Open (tennis)

The 2004 US Open was held between August 30, 2004 – September 12, 2004.

Both Andy Roddick and Justine Henin-Hardenne were unsuccessful in their title defenses, Roddick losing in the quarter-finals to Joachim Johansson and Henin-Hardenne falling in the fourth round to Nadia Petrova. On the men's side, Roger Federer won his first US Open, defeating rival and 2001 champion Lleyton Hewitt in a lopsided final. Svetlana Kuznetsova won the women's title defeating Elena Dementieva in the final.

Men's singles
Roger Federer defeated 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt, 6–0, 7–6(7–3), 6–0
 * • It was Federer's 4th career Grand Slam singles title and his 1st title at the US Open. It was Federer's 9th title of the year, and his 20th overall.

Women's singles
🇷🇺 Svetlana Kuznetsova defeated 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva, 6–3, 7–5
 * • It was Kuznetsova's 1st career Grand Slam singles title.

Men's doubles
Mark Knowles / 🇨🇦 Daniel Nestor defeated 🇮🇳 Leander Paes / 🇨🇿 David Rikl, 6–3, 6–3
 * • It was Knowles' 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and his 1st title at the US Open.
 * • It was Nestor's 2nd career Grand Slam doubles title and his 1st title at the US Open.

Women's doubles
🇪🇸 Virginia Ruano Pascual / 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez defeated 🇷🇺 Svetlana Kuznetsova / 🇷🇺 Elena Likhovtseva, 6–4, 7–5
 * • It was Ruano Pascual's 7th career Grand Slam doubles title and her 3rd and last title at the US Open.
 * • It was Suárez' 7th career Grand Slam doubles title and her 3rd and last title at the US Open.

Mixed doubles
🇷🇺 Vera Zvonareva / 🇺🇸 Bob Bryan defeated 🇦🇺 Alicia Molik / 🇦🇺 Todd Woodbridge, 6–3, 6–4
 * • It was Zvonareva's 1st career Grand Slam mixed doubles title.
 * • It was Bryan's 2nd career Grand Slam mixed doubles title and his 2nd (consecutive) title at the US Open.

Boys' singles
🇬🇧 Andy Murray defeated 🇺🇦 Sergiy Stakhovsky, 6–4, 6–2

Girls' singles
Michaëlla Krajicek defeated 🇺🇸 Jessica Kirkland, 6–1, 6–1

Boys' doubles
🇺🇸 Brendan Evans / 🇺🇸 Scott Oudsema defeated 🇩🇪 Andreas Beck / 🇩🇪 Sebastian Rieschick, 4–6, 6–1, 6–2

Girls' doubles
🇳🇿 Marina Erakovic / Michaëlla Krajicek defeated 🇷🇴 Mădălina Gojnea / 🇷🇴 Monica Niculescu, 7–6(7–4), 6–0

Withdrawals

 * Men's Singles
 * 🇺🇸 James Blake → replaced by 🇧🇪 Kristof Vliegen
 * 🇫🇷 Julien Boutter → replaced by 🇧🇪 Gilles Elseneer
 * 🇦🇷 Agustín Calleri → replaced by Kristian Pless
 * 🇦🇷 Guillermo Coria → replaced by 🇫🇷 Arnaud Di Pasquale
 * 🇦🇺 Scott Draper → replaced by 🇦🇷 Juan Mónaco
 * 🇫🇷 Nicolas Escudé → replaced by Janko Tipsarević
 * Sjeng Schalken → replaced by 🇩🇪 Daniel Elsner
 * Martin Verkerk → replaced by 🇫🇷 Thierry Ascione

 * Women's Singles
 * 🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters → replaced by Cara Black
 * 🇷🇺 Lina Krasnoroutskaya → replaced by 🇪🇸 Nuria Llagostera Vives
 * 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud → replaced by 🇫🇷 Camille Pin

title: 2004 US Open (tennis)


text:
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User talk:Edbrims

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title: User talk:67.42.86.215


text:
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act

The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACT Act or FACTA, ) is a U.S. federal law, passed by the United States Congress on November 22, 2003, and signed by President George W. Bush on December 4, 2003, as an amendment to the Fair Credit Reporting Act. The act allows consumers to request and obtain a free credit report once every 12 months from each of the three nationwide consumer credit reporting companies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion). In cooperation with the Federal Trade Commission, the three major credit reporting agencies set up the web site AnnualCreditReport.com to provide free access to annual credit reports.

The act also contains provisions to help reduce identity theft, such as the ability for individuals to place alerts on their credit histories if identity theft is suspected, or if deploying overseas in the military, thereby making fraudulent applications for credit more difficult. Further, it requires secure disposal of consumer information.

Provisions
The FACT Act contains seven major titles: Identity Theft Prevention and Credit History Restoration, Improvements in Use of and Consumer Access to Credit Information, Enhancing the Accuracy of Consumer Report Information, Limiting the Use and Sharing of Medical Information in the Financial System, Financial Literacy and Education Improvement, Protecting Employee Misconduct Investigations, and Relation to State Laws.

Identity Theft Prevention and Credit History Restoration
This title of the act contains provisions that deal mainly with the prevention of identity theft. In particular, it establishes new regulations concerning 'fraud alerts' and 'active duty alerts', establishes new limitations on the printing of customers' credit card numbers on receipts, and prescribes that new regulations be established by certain government agencies regarding the detection of identity theft by financial institutions and creditors.

Fraud alerts
The title requires that consumer reporting agencies, upon the request of a consumer who believes he is or about to be a victim of fraud or any other related crime, must place a fraud alert on that consumer's file for at least 90 days, and notify all other consumer reporting agencies of the fraud alert.

Consumers may request an extended fraud alert, in which case requires the reporting agency to disclose this fraud alert in any credit score that it issues for the consumer during a seven-year period. An extended alert also requires the reporting agency to exclude the consumer from any list distributed to third parties for the purpose of extending credit or offering insurance to that consumer.

The title also provides for any active duty member to request an active duty alert, which requires the reporting agency to disclose such alert with any credit report issued within 12 months of the request and to exclude the active duty member from any list distributed to third parties for the purpose of extending credit or offering insurance for two years from the request.

Truncation of credit and debit card numbers
The act also prohibits businesses from printing more than five digits of any customer's card number or card expiration date on any receipt provided to the cardholder at the point of sale or transaction. This provision is enforced with statutory damages ranging from $100 to $1000 per violation, and when claims are aggregated in a class action (brought by all the customers of a retailer that failed to truncate credit card numbers) the amount of damages can be massive. The provision excludes receipts that are handwritten or imprinted, where the only method of recording the credit card number is by such means. The act did not become effective for three years after its enactment for any cash register manufactured before January 1, 2005, and did not become effective for one year after its enactment for any cash register manufactured after January 1, 2005.

Identification of possible identity theft (Red Flags rule)
The act established the Red Flags Rule, which required the federal banking agencies, the National Credit Union Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission to jointly create regulations regarding identity theft prevention applicable to financial institutions and creditors. The Red Flags Rule also addresses how card issuers must respond to changes of address. Regulations that were established as a result include:

 * One that requires financial institutions or creditors to develop and implement an Identity Theft Prevention Program in connection with both new and existing accounts. The Program must include reasonable policies and procedures for detecting, preventing, and mitigating identity theft;
 * Another that requires users of consumer reports to respond to Notices of Address Discrepancies that they receive; and
 * A third that places special requirements on issuers of debit or credit cards to assess the validity of a change of address if they receive notification of a change of address for a consumer's debit or credit card account and, within a short period of time afterward they receive a request for an additional or replacement card for the same account.

Another key item was the requirement that mortgage lenders provide consumers with a Credit Disclosure Notice that included their credit scores, range of scores, credit bureaus, scoring models, and factors affecting their scores. This form is typically available from credit reporting agencies, and many will send this directly to the consumer on the lenders' behalf.

Confusion with the scope of the Red Flags rule
Financial institutions faced a mandatory deadline of November 1, 2008, to comply with the Red Flags Rule, section 114 and 315 of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions (FACT) Act. However, due to widespread confusion over coverage under the act, specifically whether the term "creditor" applies to particular businesses, members of Congress repeatedly requested that FTC postpone the deadline for compliance with Section 315 until after December 31, 2010.

According to a Business Alert issued by the Federal Trade Commission in June 2008, the Red Flags Rule applies to a very broad list of businesses including "financial institutions" and "creditors" with "covered accounts". A "creditor" is defined to include "lenders such as banks, finance companies, automobile dealers, mortgage brokers, utility companies and telecommunications companies". However, this is not an all-inclusive list.

The regulations apply to all businesses that have "covered accounts". A "covered account" includes any account for which there is a foreseeable risk of identity theft. For example, credit cards, monthly billed accounts like utility bills or cell phone bills, social security numbers, drivers license numbers, medical insurance accounts, and many others. This significantly expands the definition to include all companies, regardless of size, that maintain, or otherwise possess, consumer information for a business purpose. Because of the broad definitions in these regulations, few businesses will be able to escape these requirements.

Summary of rights of identity theft victims
Provisions in this title require that the Federal Trade Commission, in consultation with the Federal banking agencies and the National Credit Union Agency, "prepare a model summary of the rights of consumers ... with respect to the procedures for remedying the effects of fraud or identity theft...". Beginning sixty days after the summary of these rights were established, all reporting agencies are required to provide a copy of this summary to any consumer that contacts an agency and states that he believes he has been a victim of fraud or identity theft.

Blocking of information resulting from identity theft
The Act also requires any reporting agency to block the reporting of any information in a consumer's file that the consumer identifies as information that originated from an alleged identity theft. Such agency must block the information within four days of receiving proof, a copy of an identity theft report, the identification of the information by the consumer, and a statement from the consumer that the information is not a result of any transaction he participated in.

Agencies are not required to block any information (and may rescind any existing blocks) in the case that the block was found to be made in error or based on erroneous information as provided by the consumer, or that the consumer "obtained possession of goods, services, or money as a result of the blocked transaction or transactions.

Coordination of identity theft complaint investigations
This section requires that all consumer reporting agencies develop a means of communicating to each other consumer complaints regarding fraud or identity theft, or requests for fraud alerts or blocks. Furthermore, the section requires that each consumer reporting agency release a report each year to the Federal Trade Commission of fraud alert requests and complaints involving fraud or identity theft received by the reporting agency. Finally, the section requires the Federal Trade Commission to set up a means by which consumers can contact the reporting agencies and creditors with a complaint involving identity theft or fraud.

Criticism
After its enactment, some consumer advocacy groups criticized the FACT Act claiming that it preempts some stricter and already-existing state regulations, and provides exceptions that are 'far too generous' to new regulations regarding disclosure of personal information by banks as found in the act. Furthermore, an article in The Washington Post criticized the difficulty in retrieving the credit reports in some of the states that were first eligible under the act.

Preemption of state laws
Vermont, Colorado, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and California had all established laws by 1994 requiring credit bureaus to provide a free credit report on demand. However, according to U.S. Pirg, "[w]ith the FACT Act, the financial industry won its primary goal: permanent preemption of stronger state credit and privacy laws." Specifically, state laws are preempted in certain areas, such as the content of a consumer report, the responsibilities of "furnishers", responses of consumer reporting agencies to disputes over inaccurate information (although there is an exception for statutes in place before 1996), and duties of those who take an adverse action based on a report.

Difficulty in obtaining credit reports
An article dated March 13, 2005 and published in the Washington Post stated that while "[r]esidents of six East Coast states—Maryland, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Vermont—are already eligible for free reports from all three agencies as a result of state laws", the phone numbers provided to request these reports connected to automated systems that the article described as "maddening in their complexity and unforgiving if your circumstances vary from the system's programming." Furthermore, the article criticised automated systems for forcing consumers to "navigate a thicket of recorded information -- including sales pitches for their products, such as a credit 'score' (an evaluation of your creditworthiness) or a 'monitoring' service to help guard against identity theft". Since 2012, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has published a list of consumer reporting agencies (CRAs). It enables consumers to see which CRAs might be important to them and gives them the contact information of each CRA in the list, so consumers can more easily order their personal consumer reports. Many of the CRAs in the list provide personal reports to consumers for free. The 2016 edition of the list is available on the CFPB's website here.

The Red Flag rule as a cause of identity theft
As the Red Flag rule widely defines creditors, many businesses (such as utilities) are now required to collect personal information (such as SSN and driver's license numbers) that they do not need and have no use for. This policy is precisely contrary to the FTC's advice to consumers that they should disclose their social security number to companies only when absolutely necessary. This aspect of the Red Flag rule has the unintended consequences of increasing the number of businesses that hold consumers' Social Security numbers, thereby putting consumers at greater risk for identity theft through data theft.

Mass Lawsuits for Including Expiration Date on Printed Receipts
The Act prohibits merchants from including credit- and debit-card expiration dates on electronically printed receipts. When the Act went into effect in 2004, courts received massive amounts of expiration date lawsuits, all federal circuit to have expressly considered the issue now refuse to hear related class-action lawsuits. In 2008 Congress passed the Credit and Debit Card Receipt Clarification Act (Clarification Act), which made merchants who printed expiration dates on receipts, but otherwise complied with the Act, to not in willful noncompliance up to June 3, 2008. In the Clarification Act, Congress found that "Experts in the field agree that proper truncation of the card number, by itself... regardless of the inclusion of the expiration date, prevents a potential fraudster from perpetrating identity theft or credit card fraud." However, despite court rulings and the Clarification Act, the text of the Act remains largely unchanged regarding expiration dates on receipts after June 3, 2008.


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Arthur R. von Hippel

Arthur Robert von Hippel (November 19, 1898 – December 31, 2003) was a German American materials scientist and physicist. Von Hippel was a pioneer in the study of dielectrics, ferromagnetic and ferroelectric materials, and semiconductors and was a codeveloper of radar during World War II.

Early life
Von Hippel was born in Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on November 19, 1898, and was the son of Robert von Hippel. He graduated in physics from the University of Göttingen, where David Hilbert, Richard Courant, Robert Pohl, and the Nobel Prize winners Peter Debye, Max Born, and Gustav Hertz were among his teachers in mathematics and physics. He received his Ph.D. in physics in 1924 under the Nobel Prize winner James Franck who in 1930 became his father-in-law by marriage with Franck's daughter Dagmar.

Career and achievements
In 1933, with the ascension of Nazis to power in Germany, von Hippel decided to move to another country, mainly because his wife was Jewish, but due also to his political stance against the new regime. In 1934 he was able to secure a position with the University at Istanbul, Turkey, then spent a year in Denmark, working at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. In 1936, accepting an invitation by Karl Compton, von Hippel moved again, this time to the United States, and became an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During this time, he studied the properties and behavior of high voltage gas discharges, using positive and negative Lichtenberg figures recorded on photographic film. In 1940 he founded the Laboratory for Insulation Research, which soon became one of the most important research and education centers in this area in the world.

Together with the MIT Radiation Laboratory, von Hippel and his collaborators helped to develop radar technology during the war. He was awarded the President's Certificate of Merit in 1948 by U.S. President Harry Truman. He became famous also for his discovery of ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of barium titanate (BaTiO3).

During the war the results on dielectrics obtained by the Laboratory for Insulation Research were classified information. After the war these results were prepared for publication. In 1954 von Hippel published Dielectrics and Waves and assembled Dielectric Materials and Applications with 22 collaborators. The Laboratory for Insulation Research also published several technical reports.

Arthur introduced his ideas of designing materials with properties prescribed for the purpose at hand, or molecular engineering, in 1956 in an article that discussed impurities and dislocations in materials, and the use of imperfections. He edited the volume Molecular Science and Molecular Engineering (1959).

The premier award of the Materials Research Society is named in his honor.

Later life
He died at 105 years of age, in 2003. His son, Frank N. von Hippel is a theoretical physicist and professor of Public Policy at Princeton University. Another son, Eric von Hippel, is a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management who has done pioneering research on user innovation. His uncle, Eugen von Hippel, described the ophthalmic hemangiomata that are part of Von Hippel–Lindau disease, which bears his name.

In historical fiction
Von Hippel is briefly mentioned in Ayşe Kulin's historical novel Without a Country as one of the German scientists who took an academic position in Turkey while fleeing Nazi Germany.

title: Arthur R. von Hippel


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Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-05-30/Laotian Rock Rat

Wikipedia breaks news of new species before mainstream sources
Recent news from the world of zoology has once again brought to the fore Wikipedia's ability to stay ahead of mainstream sources when dealing with current events. Following on from breaking the news of Andrea Dworkin's death (see archived story), an article on the newly-discovered Laotian rock rat appeared a matter of days after the publication of a journal article announcing the new species, and well in advance of the news reaching other outlets.

Long history behind rare discovery
In spite of the fact that Wikipedia was one of the first places to have this information, it could still be said that it took years for the information to appear. The rock rat was actually discovered nearly ten years ago, but the intervening time was necessary for the discoverers to test and confirm that this was in fact a new species. The foot-long rodent was first noticed by researchers in 1996, when a team visiting Laos found the rat being sold as bushmeat at a market.

Researchers Robert Timmins and Mark Robinson sent specimens of the rat to the Natural History Museum in London for analysis, and examination of the creature's DNA revealed it to be an entirely new species, more closely related to rodents found in Africa and South America than others found in Southeast Asia.

The rock rat (known in Lao as the kha-nyou) is not only a new species, but has become the first known member of both a new genus and a new family as well. Such a discovery is very rare, the last being over thirty years ago when a new family of bats was discovered in Thailand.

Announcing the discovery
Many of the most significant and remarkable discoveries in many fields of science tend to be reported in the journals Science and Nature. Science journalists monitor these publications for breaking news stories. However, in this case the discoverers of the Laotian Rock Rat published their findings in the much more specialized journal Systematics and Biodiversity, in an article published on 18 April 2005. Mainstream news sources didn't pick up on the discovery until it was publicised by the Wildlife Conservation Society in a press release on 11 May.

Weeks before that, though, Aranae had picked up on the announcement and had created an article on the mysterious creature. The article, created on 23 April, was mentioned on the Main Page in the Did you know section two days later. It also served as an opportunity for Wikinews to scoop other media sources about the discovery, as Aranae published a separate article there on 23 April (New rodent discovery leads to new mammal family). Aranae later said "I'm interested in rodent evolution/systematics/taxonomy and recognized that this is just about as big of a story as that subject matter can ever produce. It bothered me that no one seemed to care so I did what I could to propagate the story as much as possible."

Following the WCS press release announcing the Laotian rock rat on 11 May, several magazines and websites picking up on the news pointed their readers towards Wikipedia's article, including the New Scientist and the website of the Natural History Museum.

Also this week: Official positions — Time article — Rock rat — Election — Features — Vandal fighting — Substubs, templates — Trophy — T.R.O.L.L.


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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Voyager 1 entering heliosheath region

Voyager 1 entering heliosheath region
This image, created by NASA, illustrates 7 articles and is informative, striking, beautiful, and impressive. It shows us the exact location of Voyagers 1 and 2 in relation to the heliopause, heliosheath, termination shock, bow shock, and heliosphere, and it's one of the best diagrams I've seen. Sango 123  17:22, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Nominate and support. Sango  123  17:22, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. Beatiful image and very informative (shown in 7 article! WOW!) Mgm|(talk) 17:50, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support TomStar81 01:13, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support But I'd rather that the text was a consistant size--Fir0002 01:39, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support, very interesting and aestheticly pleasing. -- Silversmith Hewwo 10:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Support but perhaps a line could be drawn pointing out the sun, due to the odd scale of the picture. --Golbez 18:58, Jun 2, 2005 (UTC)

+10 / -3 -- Solipsist
 * Support - Wonderful image of the historic journey being made by this craft. - Hoekenheef 19:06, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose - didn't like it - duuno why though...A curate's egg 19:44, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- Chris 73 Talk 07:43, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Support -- excellent diagram; beautiful. Phoenix2 19:33, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I'd consider myself knowledgeable about astronomy, but I had to go do some reading to figure out that the red stuff was the interstellar medium that was blowing away the Sun's heliopause. That could be fixed with some simple labelling and makes the image a lot less accessible. Even if that were fixed, I also partly find the image to be overly stylized -Lommer | talk 22:54, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Support - Thanks for nominating "my" picture (uploaded by me). Though not very realistic, it is very informative and illustrative and is also used on many other wikis (check it with this tool ) --Bricktop 00:46, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Overly stylised, and I agree more labelling would help. Also, the lines connecting the vogager craft to the centre of the galaxy... gives the wrong impression about their flight. Enochlau 08:55, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * What exactly is wrong? And the lines are connecting Voyagers with Earth, not center of the galaxy. Or which lines do you mean? --Bricktop 10:06, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)po.
 * Oops typo. I meant - they come streaming straight out of the middle, surely there would have been multiple gravitational fly bys etc... the diagram oversimplifies things. Enochlau 13:21, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It's only a diagramm ;-), it is not a 3D-simulation of Voyager's flight path. And the main purpose of this diagramm is to show the location of Voagers in respect to termination shock and so on. And Voyagers took a direct route to Jupiter and further to Saturn, in other words they didn't have multiple flybys at inner planets like more modern space probes commons:Image:Voyager Path.jpg. --Bricktop 15:45, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment. It may be usefull to label the Sun on the picture. Could someone with graphical skills do it?--Bricktop 11:26, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Metabelian group

In mathematics, a metabelian group is a group whose commutator subgroup is abelian. Equivalently, a group G is metabelian if and only if there is an abelian normal subgroup A such that the quotient group G/A is abelian.

Subgroups of metabelian groups are metabelian, as are images of metabelian groups over group homomorphisms.

Metabelian groups are solvable. In fact, they are precisely the solvable groups of derived length at most 2.

Examples

 * Any dihedral group is metabelian, as it has a cyclic normal subgroup of index 2. More generally, any generalized dihedral group is metabelian, as it has an abelian normal subgroup of index 2.
 * If F is a field, the group of affine maps $$ x \mapsto ax+b $$ (where a ≠ 0) acting on F is metabelian. Here the abelian normal subgroup is the group of pure translations $$ x\mapsto x+b $$, and the abelian quotient group is isomorphic to the group of homotheties $$ x\mapsto ax $$. If F is a finite field with q elements, this metabelian group is of order q(q − 1).
 * The group of direct isometries of the Euclidean plane is metabelian. This is similar to the above example, as the elements are again affine maps. The translations of the plane form an abelian normal subgroup of the group, and the corresponding quotient is the circle group.
 * The finite Heisenberg group H3,p of order p3 is metabelian. The same is true for any Heisenberg group defined over a ring (group of upper-triangular 3 × 3 matrices with entries in a commutative ring).
 * All nilpotent groups of class 3 or less are metabelian.
 * The lamplighter group is metabelian.
 * All groups of order p5 are metabelian (for prime p).
 * All groups of order less than 24 are metabelian.

In contrast to this last example, the symmetric group S4 of order 24 is not metabelian, as its commutator subgroup is the non-abelian alternating group A4.

title: Metabelian group


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Talk:CBF-FM

Untitled
This article should explain how the move of CBF from 690 to 95.1B was made possible by the move of WXXX from 95.3 to 95.5 (it may have even been included in the negotiations for that move, but I have no documentary evidence). Contrast CBME-FM which did not get such preferment and as a result has a seriously impaired signal. 121a0012 17:23, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:CBF-FM


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Waldemar Bastos

Waldemar dos Santos Alonso de Almeida Bastos (January 4, 1954 – August 10, 2020) was an Angolan musician who combined Afropop, Portuguese (fado), and Brazilian influences.

History
He was born in the Portuguese Overseas Province of Angola's town of São Salvador do Congo (now M'banza-Kongo) from black parents who were both nurses. He started singing at a very early age using his father's instruments. After the independence of Angola in 1975 due to the events of the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, at the age of 28 (in 1982) he fled the People's Republic of Angola for Portugal. He emigrated to Portugal in order to escape the civil war between the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola regime and the Western-backed National Union for Total Independence of Angola.

Waldemar Bastos died on August 9, 2020, in Lisbon, victim of cancer, at the age of 66, said a source from the communication office of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment of Angola.

Discography

 * Estamos Juntos (EMI Records Ltd., 1982)
 * Angola Minha Namorada (EMI Portugal, 1989)
 * Pitanga Madura (EMI Portugal, 1992)
 * Pretaluz [blacklight] (Luaka Bop, 1997)
 * Renascence (World Connection, 2004)
 * Love Is Blindness (2008) (1 song on the compilation 'In The Name Of Love Africa Celebrates U2')
 * Classics of my Soul (WB Music, 2010)

title: Waldemar Bastos


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Talk:Volcán de Fuego

Fuego volcano ?
It seems that the name Fuego volcano is popular in English.Xx236 (talk) 06:31, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

Mayan name
Which Mayan language is 'chi'gag' from? Just saying it's 'Mayan' is like talking about how 'la Chine' is 'the European name for China'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.129.203.28 (talk) 02:27, 7 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volcán de Fuego


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Oldenburg Münsterland

The Oldenburg Münsterland, otherwise called Oldenburger Münsterland or Oldenburgisches Münsterland, is a region in Lower Saxony, Germany and the administrative area that comprises the federal districts of Cloppenburg and Vechta. It forms the southern part of the historical region of Oldenburg Land, so it is also called Südoldenburg. The inhabitants of the region accordingly call themselves Südoldenburger, with the denominative Oldenburger Münsterländer being rather uncommon.

History

In 1252, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster acquired the former County of Ravensberg-Vechta. With the conquest of the former Tecklenburg office of Cloppenburg in 1400, the common history of today's Oldenburg Münsterland in the Lower Chapter of Münster began. In 1668, the Bishop of Münster also gained ecclesiastical sovereignty over Lower Saxony. As a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 25 February 1803, the Protestant Duke of Oldenburg gained state power over the offices of Cloppenburg and Vechta, whose population has remained predominantly Roman Catholic to this day.

During the so-called French period (1811–1813), the Oldenburg Münsterland was administered by the French-Hanseatic Département de l'Ems-Supérieur (Department of the Upper Ems). Until 1946, the Oldenburg Münsterland remained part of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg or the Free State of Oldenburg (since 1919). Since 1946, the Oldenburg Münsterland has belonged to the German state of Lower Saxony and includes the area of the federal districts of Cloppenburg and Vechta.

Economy
The Oldenburg Münsterland is shaped by a high density of intensive animal farming. Several large companies of the meat industry are headquartered in the region. The PHW Group, the largest German poultry meat producer, has its headquarters in Rechterfeld. The EW Group, the world market leader in poultry breeding and genetics, has its headquarters in Visbek. Further meat industry groups such as the Plukon Food Group and Westfleisch operate industrial meat processing facilities in the region.

title: Oldenburg Münsterland


text:
User talk:Cornstar~enwiki

I really don't see the point of such a ridiculously transparent sockpuppet account. Why don't you just edit under your usual alias? — Chameleon 17:25, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Cornstar. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Cornstar~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:09, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:45, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cornstar~enwiki


text:
2005 European Grand Prix

The 2005 European Grand Prix (officially the 2005 Formula 1 Grand Prix of Europe) was a Formula One motor race held on 29 May 2005 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. The 59-lap race was the seventh round of the 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship, the 49th running of the European Grand Prix, and the 15th European Grand Prix as a standalone event (i.e. not an honorific title awarded to an existing event). It was the second of a series of six races held within eight weeks.

The race was won by championship leader Fernando Alonso for the Renault team. McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen was leading the race at the start of the final lap, but crashed out with a suspension failure caused by a flat-spotted front tyre. Winner Alonso started in sixth position whilst Nick Heidfeld took the first and only pole position of his career for the Williams team. He eventually finished second in front of the Ferrari of Rubens Barrichello, who completed the podium in third position.

Background
The race saw the return of the BAR-Honda team, who had been suspended for two races following the San Marino Grand Prix, due to a fuel tank irregularity. However, due to the 2005 engine regulations, they had to use engines from the San Marino race, which had been untouched for five weeks. Red Bull Racing decided that Vitantonio Liuzzi would retain his race seat for one round, before Christian Klien would take over for the Canadian Grand Prix and onwards.

Friday drivers
The bottom 6 teams in the 2004 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.

Qualifying
The race marked yet another change in the qualifying system, with the aggregate system being discarded for a single session on Saturday, with cars in full race set-up (including fuel), and running in reverse order to the classification from the previous Grand Prix. This disadvantaged the BAR team significantly, as they were required to be the first two cars on the track. German Williams driver Nick Heidfeld took his only career pole position in front of his home fans, ahead of McLaren's Kimi Räikkönen and Heidfeld's teammate Mark Webber.

Race
With an ambient temperature of 25 C and a track temperature of 45 C, the cars lined up for the start of the race. However, as the lights turned on to signal the start, Renault's Giancarlo Fisichella signalled that his car had stalled, and the start had to be aborted. As the field set off for another formation lap, Fisichella's car was pushed into the pitlane, and the race distance was reduced by 1 lap to 59. At the start, both Williams' got away from the line slowly, with Heidfeld beaten into the first corner by Räikkönen, and Webber overtaken by both Jarno Trulli and Juan Pablo Montoya before the first turn. Desperate to keep Trulli behind, Webber braked very late for the corner, and locked his front-right brake. Montoya turned in towards the apex of the corner, but made contact with Webber, who was forced to retire with suspension damage. Montoya's car was undamaged, but he lost several places as a result of being forced off line, and finished the first lap in 13th place. Several other cars were forced to take evasive action, with both Ferraris losing a large amount of time, and Ralf Schumacher breaking his front wing as he ran into the back of another car. During the first lap, Takuma Sato also damaged his front wing, and along with Schumacher, was forced to pit at the end of the lap, leaving both cars at the back of the field. Red Bull Racing's David Coulthard managed to avoid the confusion, and was in 4th place at the end of the first lap after starting 12th. Both Jordan drivers made good starts also, sitting in 10th and 11th. Räikkönen pushed away to a 1.9 second lead by the end of lap 1.

As the Jordans and Minardis were forced back down the field by faster cars, Toyota's Jarno Trulli was handed a drive-through penalty because his mechanics were still on the grid within 15 seconds of the race start. He dropped down from 3rd to 9th upon taking the penalty. On lap 6, Rubens Barrichello had an excellent battle with Jenson Button, taking 8th position after attempting to pass through 3 corners. Button lost a small amount of time as a result of the pass, which was enough for Montoya to close up behind and subsequently take 9th place. Barrichello, on a charge, overtook Vitantonio Liuzzi for 7th place on lap 8, but showed he was on light fuel, being the first driver to take their scheduled stop, which dropped him down to 12th position. On the very next lap, Heidfeld took his first stop, showing that his pole position was helped by having less fuel than several of the front-runners. The rest of the field began their pit stop sequences around lap 18, allowing Montoya to leapfrog Liuzzi for 8th place, while Barrichello put in some quick laps to move into an outright 4th position. David Coulthard, who led the race for 1 lap as the pit stop sequence unfolded, was given a drive-through penalty for exceeding the pitlane speed limit. With all the stops complete, Räikkönen retained a 2-second lead over Heidfeld, followed by Alonso, Barrichello, Coulthard, Felipe Massa, Michael Schumacher and Montoya.

On lap 30, Räikkönen appeared to lose concentration, going wide through the Ford chicane, allowing Heidfeld into the lead for one lap before the German had to pit. As he ran off-road, Räikkönen damaged his bargeboard. The mistake allowed Alonso to gain 4 seconds. Heidfeld rejoined in 3rd after his second pit stop, and Barrichello, also on a 3-stop strategy, retained 4th. A few laps later whilst lapping Jacques Villeneuve, who ignored blue flags, Räikkönen locked his front-right tyre and ran wide, causing a "flat spot" and losing a small amount of time to Alonso. Due to the 2005 regulations, Räikkönen was unable to change the tyre and continue in the race, causing severe problems later in the race. Ralf Schumacher became only the second retirement of the race, losing his car at the Ford chicane, and spinning into the gravel trap. On lap 36, Räikkönen held a 15.2 second lead back to Alonso, who had an 8-second gap back to Heidfeld, followed by Barrichello, Coulthard, Massa, Michael Schumacher and Montoya.

Räikkönen was able to continue posting competitive lap times and retain his lead over Alonso, but had to take his second pit stop on lap 43, handing Alonso the lead and a chance to decrease the gap. Alonso set the fastest lap of the race on lap 44, but then lost around 7 seconds after running off the road at the Dunlop hairpin. All of the front-runners pitted and held their positions, while Fisichella was able to move ahead of Montoya after some good laps. Meanwhile, Massa, in 6th position, ran off the road and lost a large amount of time, also damaging his tyres. With 8 laps remaining, Räikkönen held a 7.4 second lead over Alonso, and had victory in sight, but the tyre damage was causing major vibrations throughout the car and suspension, causing him trouble under braking and through corners. Alonso, with a clearly faster car at that stage, was able to close the gap quickly, and with 2 laps left, he had reduced it to just 2.7 seconds. Räikkönen's tyre began showing signs of imminent failure, and the vibrations in the car became increasingly severe. The McLaren team decided not to change the tyre, instead opting to go for the victory.

As Räikkönen started the final lap of the race, he was 1.5 seconds ahead of Alonso, and there was a chance for Alonso to perhaps catch the Finnish driver. However, under braking for turn 1, Räikkönen's suspension broke under the increasing pressure, sending him spinning narrowly past Jenson Button and into the gravel trap, ending his race. Alonso was able to take the last lap easily, winning the race ahead of Heidfeld and Barrichello. It was Alonso's fourth win for the season, increasing his championship lead to 32 points ahead of Räikkönen and Trulli. The failure on the final lap had denied Räikkönen his third successive victory. Heidfeld's third podium for the year meant he moved into fourth place in the championship standings. David Coulthard picked up a valuable fourth place for Red Bull, followed by Michael Schumacher, Fisichella, Montoya and Trulli. Felipe Massa finished 14th after his front wing failed with four laps remaining, damaging his left-front tyre, forcing him to pit to change both. Trulli and Coulthard were not the only ones to receive penalties, as Tiago Monteiro and Christijan Albers were issued drive-through penalties for ignoring blue flags.

Race

 * Fisichella started the race from the pitlane.

Championship standings after the race

 * Drivers' Championship standings

 * Constructors' Championship standings

 * Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.

title: 2005 European Grand Prix


text:
Ringen

Ringen is the German language term for grappling (wrestling). In the context of the German school of historical European martial arts during the Late Middle Ages and the German Renaissance, Ringen refers to unarmed combat in general, including grappling techniques used as part of swordsmanship.

The German tradition has records of a number of master-Ringer of the 15th to 16th centuries specializing in unarmed combat, such as Ott Jud.

Medieval and early Renaissance wrestling treatises present both sport and combat techniques together as one art. The distinction is made more frequently by modern practitioners than is present in historical sources, but in a select few examples the terms for sportive grappling or geselliges Ringen and earnest unarmed combat or Kampfringen (where Kampf is the Early Modern German term for "war" or battle) were used to describe specific techniques which were only suitable for one scenario or the other.

There are no known sources describing medieval rulesets for Ringen competition. However, many living folk wrestling styles in Europe are fought until a throw is completed. The lack of detailed ground wrestling in the medieval wrestling treatises supports the theory that in both competition and combat the throw was more important than extended ground wrestling.

While sportive grappling had fixed rules that prohibited dangerous techniques, usually starting in grappling hold and ending with a throw or submission, Kampfringen can be considered a system of unarmed self-defense including punches, joint-locks, knee strikes, chokeholds, headbutts and (to a limited extent) kicks.

The German tradition of Ringen was eclipsed during the 17th century as the modern Baroque understanding of nobility precluded the participation of the higher classes in wrestling matches. Wrestling continued to be practiced among the lower classes, giving rise to the various traditional styles of folk wrestling. The still existing Swiss martial art Schwingen is directly related to Kampfringen.

History
One of the primary men to have shaped Ringen at the dawning of the Renaissance appears to have been Austrian master Ott Jud. Ott was a master of the early 15th century. He is credited in multiple medieval combat treatises with a series of wrestling techniques, including joint breaks, arm locks and throws. No treatise from Ott's own hand has survived, but his system is taught by several fencing masters of the later 15th century, including Hans Talhoffer (1443), Peter von Danzig and Jud Lew. Paulus Kal counts him among the "society of Liechtenauer", saying that he was wrestling teacher to the "lords of Austria" (possibly under Frederick III). According to both Talhoffer and Lew, Ott was a baptized Jew.

Other treatises that contain material both on Ringen and on swordsmanship include those of Fiore dei Liberi (c. 1410), Fabian von Auerswald (1462), Pietro Monte (c. 1480), and Hans Wurm (c. 1500).

Wrestling fell out of fashion among the upper classes with the beginning Baroque period. A late treatise on Ringen is that by Johann Georg Passchen, published in 1659. Maybe the last book which deals with Ringen as a deadly martial art, is possibly "Leib-beschirmende und Feinden Trotz-bietende Fecht-Kunst" from Johann Andreas Schmidt, which was published in Weigel, Nürnberg in 1713. However, Kampfringen did survive at least partly in the folk wrestling styles of the Holy Roman Empire and parts of it still exist within modern wrestling styles such as local German catch wrestling.

Grappling techniques in swordsmanship
Many manuals combine fencing and wrestling into a specialized branch of kampfringen called Ringen am Schwert ("grappling at the sword"), designed to be used during armed combat. This included closing techniques, disarms, weapon-seizures, pommel-strikes, and weapon-aided joint-locks.

Grappling techniques are particularly central to the discipline of armoured fighting (Harnischfechten).

Mounted grappling
Several manuscripts detail grappling techniques for mounted combat or Rossfechten.

title: Ringen


text:
Berth Milton Sr.

Berth Milton Sr. (26 November 1926 – 31 December 2005) was a Swedish pornographer and businessman. He is known for his creation of Private, the first full-color hardcore pornographic magazine, in 1965. Later, he went on to build one of the most renowned brand names in modern pornography. He was the father of Berth Milton Jr., the current majority owner and former CEO of Private Media Group, the company that now publishes the magazine and other properties under the Private brand.

title: Berth Milton Sr.


text:
2004 French Open

The 2004 French Open was the 108th edition of the tournament.

On the men's side, Gastón Gaudio became the first men's major champion in the Open Era to save two championship points in the final. Gaudio also became the first Argentine man since Guillermo Vilas in 1979 to win a major. Fellow Argentine Guillermo Coria, widely regarded as the favourite and the world's best clay court player coming into the tournament, was seeded 3rd for the event, whereas Gaudio was unseeded (ranked 44th ). After winning the first two sets convincingly, Coria began suffering from leg cramps. Gaudio won the next two sets; however, Coria came back and was up two breaks of serve in the final set. Coria had two match points at 6–5 before Gaudio prevailed 0–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1, 8–6. Gaudio also became the first man to win a Grand Slam tournament final after being bagelled, which occurred in the first set. The overall tournament was noted for the performance of Argentine players – in addition to the two finalists, there were a semifinalist (David Nalbandian) and a quarterfinalist (Juan Ignacio Chela). It was also highlighted by a first round match between Fabrice Santoro and Arnaud Clément, lasting 6 hours and 33 minutes and ending in Clement's defeat 6–4, 6–3, 6–7, 3–6, 16–14, setting a new record for the longest singles match in the Open Era, which would stand until Wimbledon 2010. It was also the last major to feature neither Roger Federer nor Rafael Nadal in the semifinals until the 2012 US Open.

In the women's draw, Anastasia Myskina became first Russian woman to win a major title. The next two majors were also won by Russian women (Maria Sharapova at Wimbledon and Svetlana Kuznetsova at the US Open). She also became the first French Open women's champion after saving a match point en route to the title (against Svetlana Kuznetsova in the fourth round).

In the mixed doubles, French players Tatiana Golovin and Richard Gasquet (aged 16 and 17 respectively) won the tournament after entering as wildcards. France also saw success in the boys' singles, where Gaël Monfils won.

Juan Carlos Ferrero and Justine Henin-Hardenne were both unsuccessful in defending their 2003 titles; both being eliminated in the second round. In Henin's case, her early exit would be the last time a top seed lost within the first two rounds of any major until Ana Ivanovic lost in the second round of the 2008 US Open. Henin's loss to Tathiana Garbin in the second round was her only defeat at the tournament between 2003 and 2009 (not playing in 2008 and 2009).

Point distribution
Below are the tables with the point distribution for each discipline of the tournament.

Men's singles
🇦🇷 Gastón Gaudio defeated 🇦🇷 Guillermo Coria, 0–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1, 8–6
 * It was Gaudio's 1st title of the year, and his 3rd overall. It was his 1st and only singles Grand Slam title.

Women's singles
🇷🇺 Anastasia Myskina defeated 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva, 6–1, 6–2
 * It was Myskina's 2nd title of the year, and her 8th overall. It was her 1st and only singles Grand Slam title.

Men's doubles
🇧🇪 Xavier Malisse / 🇧🇪 Olivier Rochus defeated 🇫🇷 Michaël Llodra / 🇫🇷 Fabrice Santoro, 7–5, 7–5
 * It was Malisse and Rochus' 1st career Grand Slam title.

Women's doubles
🇪🇸 Virginia Ruano Pascual / 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez defeated 🇷🇺 Svetlana Kuznetsova / 🇷🇺 Elena Likhovtseva, 6–0, 6–3

Mixed doubles
🇫🇷 Tatiana Golovin / 🇫🇷 Richard Gasquet defeated Cara Black /  Wayne Black, 6–3, 6–4

Boys' singles
🇫🇷 Gaël Monfils defeated 🇺🇸 Alex Kuznetsov, 6–2, 6–2

Girls' singles
🇧🇬 Sesil Karatantcheva defeated 🇷🇴 Mădălina Gojnea, 6–4, 6–0

Boys' doubles
🇪🇸 Pablo Andújar / 🇪🇸 Marcel Granollers defeated 🇺🇸 Alex Kuznetsov / 🇩🇪 Mischa Zverev, 6–3, 6–2

Girls' doubles
🇨🇿 Kateřina Böhmová / Michaëlla Krajicek defeated 🇷🇺 Irina Kotkina / 🇷🇺 Yaroslava Shvedova, 6–3, 6–2

Men's singles

 * 1)  Roger Federer (third round, lost to Gustavo Kuerten)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Andy Roddick (second round, lost to Olivier Mutis)
 * 3) 🇦🇷 Guillermo Coria (final, lost to Gastón Gaudio)
 * 4) 🇪🇸 Juan Carlos Ferrero (second round, lost to Igor Andreev)
 * 5) 🇪🇸 Carlos Moyá (quarterfinals, lost to Guillermo Coria)
 * 6) 🇫🇷 Andre Agassi (first round, lost to Jérôme Haehnel)
 * 7) 🇩🇪 Rainer Schüttler (first round, lost to Xavier Malisse)
 * 8) 🇦🇷 David Nalbandian (semifinals, lost to Gastón Gaudio)
 * 9) 🇬🇧 Tim Henman (semifinals, lost to Guillermo Coria)
 * 10) 🇫🇷 Sébastien Grosjean (second round, lost to Potito Starace)
 * 11)  Nicolás Massú (third round, lost to Tommy Robredo)
 * 12) 🇦🇺 Lleyton Hewitt (quarterfinals, lost to Gastón Gaudio)
 * 13) 🇹🇭 Paradorn Srichaphan (second round, lost to Àlex Corretja)
 * 14) 🇨🇿 Jiří Novák (second round, lost to Gastón Gaudio)
 * 15)  Sjeng Schalken (withdrew due to viral infection)
 * 16)  Fernando González (first round, lost to Florian Mayer)
 * 17) 🇪🇸 Tommy Robredo (fourth round, lost to Carlos Moyá)
 * 18) 🇦🇺 Mark Philippoussis (first round, lost to Luis Horna)
 * 19)  Martin Verkerk (third round, lost to Lleyton Hewitt)
 * 20) 🇷🇺 Marat Safin (fourth round, lost to David Nalbandian)
 * 21) 🇷🇴 Andrei Pavel (second round, lost to Mikhail Youzhny)
 * 22) 🇦🇷 Juan Ignacio Chela (quarterfinals, lost to Tim Henman)
 * 23) 🇪🇸 Feliciano López (fourth round, lost to Gustavo Kuerten)
 * 24) 🇸🇪 Jonas Björkman (second round, lost to Thomas Enqvist)
 * 25)  Ivan Ljubičić (second round, lost to Stefan Koubek)
 * 26) 🇪🇸 Albert Costa (third round, lost to Xavier Malisse)
 * 27) 🇺🇸 Vince Spadea (second round, lost to Julien Jeanpierre)
 * 28) 🇧🇷 Gustavo Kuerten (quarterfinals, lost to David Nalbandian)
 * 29) 🇧🇾 Max Mirnyi (first round, lost to Julien Benneteau)
 * 30) 🇦🇷 Mariano Zabaleta (second round, lost to Mario Ančić)
 * 31) 🇸🇰 Dominik Hrbatý (second round, lost to Raemon Sluiter)
 * 32) 🇫🇷 Arnaud Clément (first round, lost to Fabrice Santoro)

Women's singles

 * 1) 🇧🇪 Justine Henin-Hardenne (second round, lost to Tathiana Garbin)
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Serena Williams (quarterfinals, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 3) 🇫🇷 Amélie Mauresmo (quarterfinals, lost to Elena Dementieva)
 * 4) 🇺🇸 Venus Williams (quarterfinals, lost to Anastasia Myskina)
 * 5) 🇺🇸 Lindsay Davenport (fourth round, lost to Elena Dementieva)
 * 6) 🇷🇺 Anastasia Myskina (champion)
 * 7) 🇺🇸 Jennifer Capriati (semifinals, lost to Anastasia Myskina)
 * 8) 🇷🇺 Nadia Petrova (third round, lost to Marlene Weingärtner)
 * 9) 🇷🇺 Elena Dementieva (final, lost to Anastasia Myskina)
 * 10) 🇷🇺 Vera Zvonareva (third round, lost to Maria Sharapova)
 * 11) 🇷🇺 Svetlana Kuznetsova (fourth round, lost to Anastasia Myskina)
 * 12) 🇯🇵 Ai Sugiyama (second round, lost to Virginia Ruano Pascual)
 * 13) 🇺🇸 Chanda Rubin (withdrew due to knee injury)
 * 14) 🇦🇷 Paola Suárez (semifinals, lost to Elena Dementieva)
 * 15) 🇮🇹 Silvia Farina Elia (second round, lost to Meghann Shaughnessy)
 * 16)  Patty Schnyder (second round, lost to Shinobu Asagoe)
 * 17) 🇮🇹 Francesca Schiavone (fourth round, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 18) 🇷🇺 Maria Sharapova (quarterfinals, lost to Paola Suárez)
 * 19) 🇮🇱 Anna Smashnova-Pistolesi (third round, lost to Elena Dementieva)
 * 20) 🇪🇸 Conchita Martínez (second round, lost to Gisela Dulko)
 * 21) 🇧🇬 Magdalena Maleeva (fourth round, lost to Amélie Mauresmo)
 * 22)  Karolina Šprem (first round, lost to Myriam Casanova)
 * 23) 🇨🇴 Fabiola Zuluaga (fourth round, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 24)  Jelena Dokic (first round, lost to Tatiana Perebiynis)
 * 25) 🇷🇺 Elena Bovina (third round, lost to Jennifer Capriati)
 * 26) 🇫🇷 Nathalie Dechy (first round, lost to Stéphanie Foretz)
 * 27)  Eleni Daniilidou (first round, lost to Marlene Weingärtner)
 * 28) 🇺🇸 Lisa Raymond (second round, lost to Arantxa Parra Santonja)
 * 29) 🇭🇺 Petra Mandula (second round, lost to Denisa Chládková)
 * 30) 🇫🇷 Mary Pierce (third round, lost to Venus Williams)
 * 31) 🇫🇷 Émilie Loit (first round, lost to Zheng Jie)
 * 32) 🇷🇺 Dinara Safina (second round, lost to Marissa Irvin)

Wildcard entries
Below are the lists of the wildcard awardees entering in the main draws.

Men's singles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇫🇷 Julien Boutter
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Arnaud Di Pasquale
 * 3) 🇫🇷 Jean-René Lisnard
 * 4) 🇫🇷 Michaël Llodra
 * 5) 🇫🇷 Nicolas Mahut
 * 6) 🇫🇷 Olivier Patience
 * 7) 🇦🇺 Todd Reid
 * 8) 🇫🇷 Stéphane Robert

Women's singles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇫🇷 Séverine Beltrame
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Stéphanie Foretz
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Martina Navratilova
 * 4) 🇫🇷 Virginie Pichet
 * 5) 🇫🇷 Camille Pin
 * 6) 🇫🇷 Virginie Razzano
 * 7) 🇫🇷 Sandrine Testud
 * 8) 🇦🇺 Christina Wheeler

Men's doubles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇷🇺 Igor Andreev / 🇷🇺 Nikolay Davydenko
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Thierry Ascione / 🇫🇷 Jean-François Bachelot
 * 3) 🇫🇷 Julien Boutter / 🇫🇷 Antony Dupuis
 * 4) 🇫🇷 Sébastien de Chaunac / 🇫🇷 Stéphane Robert
 * 5) 🇫🇷 Jérôme Haehnel / 🇫🇷 Florent Serra
 * 6) 🇫🇷 Julien Jeanpierre / 🇫🇷 Édouard Roger-Vasselin
 * 7) 🇫🇷 Olivier Mutis / 🇫🇷 Olivier Patience

Women's doubles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇫🇷 Séverine Beltrame / 🇫🇷 Camille Pin
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Kildine Chevalier / 🇫🇷 Sophie Lefèvre
 * 3) 🇫🇷 Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro / 🇱🇺 Claudine Schaul
 * 4) 🇫🇷 Stéphanie Foretz / 🇫🇷 Virginie Razzano
 * 5) 🇪🇸 Anabel Medina Garrigues / 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
 * 6) 🇫🇷 Pauline Parmentier / 🇫🇷 Aurélie Védy
 * 7) 🇫🇷 Virginie Pichet / 🇫🇷 Capucine Rousseau

Mixed doubles wildcard entries

 * 1) 🇫🇷 Séverine Beltrame / 🇫🇷 Michaël Llodra
 * 2) 🇫🇷 Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro / 🇫🇷 Jean-François Bachelot
 * 3) 🇫🇷 Tatiana Golovin / 🇫🇷 Richard Gasquet (champions)
 * 4) 🇫🇷 Camille Pin / 🇫🇷 Arnaud Clément
 * 5) 🇫🇷 Virginie Razzano / 🇫🇷 Julien Boutter (withdrew)
 * 6) 🇪🇸 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario / 🇨🇦 Daniel Nestor

Men's qualifiers entries

 * 1) 🇫🇷 Marc Gicquel
 * 2) 🇩🇪 Florian Mayer
 * 3) 🇫🇷 Jérôme Haehnel
 * 4) 🇪🇸 Guillermo García López
 * 5) 🇦🇷 Juan Mónaco
 * 6) 🇺🇸 Kevin Kim
 * 7) 🇮🇹 Potito Starace
 * 8)  Janko Tipsarević
 * 9) 🇫🇷 Julien Jeanpierre
 * 10) 🇧🇷 Ricardo Mello
 * 11) 🇩🇪 Daniel Elsner
 * 12) 🇨🇴 Alejandro Falla
 * 13) 🇫🇷 Florent Serra
 * 14) 🇦🇹 Alexander Peya
 * 15) 🇪🇸 Nicolás Almagro
 * 16) 🇧🇾 Vladimir Voltchkov

 * Lucky losers
 * 1) 🇺🇸 Jeff Salzenstein
 * 2) 🇧🇪 Kristof Vliegen
 * 3) 🇪🇸 Marc López
 * 4) 🇰🇷 Lee Hyung-taik

Women's qualifiers entries

 * 1) 🇺🇸 Marissa Irvin
 * 2) 🇺🇸 Shenay Perry
 * 3) 🇺🇸 Teryn Ashley
 * 4) 🇮🇹 Roberta Vinci
 * 5) 🇧🇬 Lubomira Bacheva
 * 6) 🇸🇰 Zuzana Kucová
 * 7) 🇩🇪 Julia Schruff
 * 8)  Sanda Mamić
 * 9) 🇨🇿 Květa Peschke
 * 10) 🇺🇦 Yuliana Fedak
 * 11) 🇩🇪 Barbara Rittner
 * 12) 🇺🇸 Kelly McCain

 * Lucky losers
 * 1) 🇨🇿 Eva Birnerová
 * 2) 🇮🇱 Tzipora Obziler

Men's singles

 * 🇩🇪 Tommy Haas
 * Kristian Pless
 * 🇨🇿 Bohdan Ulihrach

Women's singles

 * 🇦🇷 Mariana Díaz Oliva
 * 🇦🇹 Barbara Schwartz

Withdrawals

 * Men's Singles
 * 🇦🇷 José Acasuso → replaced by 🇧🇪 Kristof Vliegen
 * 🇺🇸 James Blake → replaced by 🇧🇪 Christophe Rochus
 * 🇫🇷 Grégory Carraz → replaced by 🇪🇸 Marc López
 * 🇲🇦 Younes El Aynaoui → replaced by 🇮🇱 Harel Levy
 * 🇺🇸 Mardy Fish → replaced by 🇬🇧 Greg Rusedski
 * Goran Ivanišević → replaced by 🇺🇸 Jeff Salzenstein
 * 🇷🇺 Yevgeny Kafelnikov → replaced by 🇪🇸 Àlex Corretja
 * 🇫🇷 Paul-Henri Mathieu → replaced by Kristian Pless
 * 🇪🇸 Rafael Nadal → replaced by 🇺🇸 Alex Bogomolov Jr.
 * 🇫🇮 Jarkko Nieminen → replaced by 🇦🇺 Wayne Arthurs
 * Sjeng Schalken → replaced by 🇰🇷 Lee Hyung-taik

 * Women's Singles
 * 🇧🇪 Kim Clijsters → replaced by 🇨🇴 Catalina Castaño
 * Amanda Coetzer → replaced by 🇷🇺 Alina Jidkova
 * 🇱🇺 Anne Kremer → replaced by 🇨🇿 Eva Birnerová
 * 🇷🇺 Lina Krasnoroutskaya → replaced by 🇷🇺 Maria Kirilenko
 * 🇺🇸 Chanda Rubin → replaced by 🇮🇱 Tzipora Obziler
 * 🇺🇿 Iroda Tulyaganova → replaced by Dally Randriantefy

title: 2004 French Open