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Eden's Bowy

Eden's Bowy (ヱデンズ ボゥイ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kitsune Tennouji. It was originally published in the magazine Comptiq in 1994, but it moved to Shōnen Ace in 1996. It was adapted into a 26-episode animated series by Studio Deen in 1999.

Comic version
After human civilization were destroyed and rebuilt for several times, the world was now a place where three floating continents: Yulgaha, Yanuess, and Urt, move slowly through the sky. People living on the ground referred those floating lands as "Ëdens". Yorn, a boy born to Yoniha the Foreseeing Maiden on Yulgaha, was separated from his mother and brought to live on the surface when he was five years old. He was then adopted by Gastini, a former swordsman now a farmer, and raised along with Gastini's three sons: Moes, Miel, and their younger brother.

Ten years later, Yulgaha sent Witto and Hairra to investigate Yorn, as the boy who turned out to be a "God Killer". They met a mysterious swordsman, later known as "Old Man" (Oyaji) by Yorn, and headed to Gastini's farm. Meanwhile, Yorn encountered Elisiss, a mysterious girl who fell from the sky, and hid her in his workshop.

A while later, Yorn had a physical fight with Moes and Miel. The fight ended up both Yorn and Miel hurt while Moes ran away. Both Yorn and Miel were healed by Elisiss, while Moes were killed by Hairra and transformed into a puppet. Hairra and Witto's Claymen then attacked on Gastini's house, killing him.

Upon returning home, Yorn and Miel were attacked by Hairra and Claymen. Yorn's sword was broken by a Clayman, but Elisiss managed to fix and upgrade the sword. After defeating Claymen with his sword, Yorn had to battle Old Man. When observing the battle, Hairra recognized the Old Man was in fact Ulgar Dyne, a swordsman who won his place to live in Yulgaha but escaped years ago, and decided to kill both Yorn and Ulgar. Seeda, another mysterious girl, intervened and saved them both. Seeda and Ulgar managed defeated Hairra and reanimated Moes respectively before Hairra escaped.

After the battle, Seeda told Yorn had to begin a journey. Before leaving, Yorn learned from Ulgar that there was a tournament, which held every ten years and granted the champion to live in Ëdens. In order to return to Yulgaha and reunite with his mother, Yorn decided to fight in the tournament, which would be held three years later, while Ulgar agreed to train him during the journey.

Anime version
The story is set in a world where two floating islands named Yulgaha and Yanuess slowly move through the sky. The people on the ground named these islands "Ëdens", and they control all the land. A boy, Yorn, was born on Yulgaha, but in his infancy, he was separated from his mother and brought to live on the surface. Although the foster father that raised him was poor, Yorn grew into a bright, chipper young man.

One day, Yorn is attacked by Hairra, a woman who is later revealed to be a puppet from Yulgaha, while he is forging a sword. When she breaks the sword and attempts to kill him, his father sacrifices himself to save Yorn. Hairra proceeds to incapacitate Yorn, but is prevented from killing him by the arrival of a mysterious young girl. The girl picks up the hilt of Yorn's sword and drives it into her hand, magically transforming it into the sword of the God hunter.

Hairra attempts to kill her, but she transforms into a young woman armed with a staff (Seeda) and fights back. During this battle, Yorn's powers as a God-Hunter are awakened by the sword and he enters the battle. Using a massive energy blast emanating from the sword, he drives off Hairra and her brother. During the interim, the mysterious girl disappears. She rejoins him later when both are caught by the Chosen of Yulgaha for drinking from a desert oasis that was sacred to Yulgaha, and after a series of events they and the old man Yorn met after the conflict with Hairra set off for Rubeet.

They come to a village that is being attacked by a white leopard. The young girl wanders off into the forest after a dance that told the story of the God Hunter. Searching for her, Yorn, the old man and some of the villagers go into the forest to search for her. They find her (caught in a trap that had been meant for the leopard), but shortly after that the white leopard attacks. It attacks the village chief but is driven off by the old man. It finds Yorn and the young girl, but does not attack. The young girl follows it, and when Yorn gets back the strength to search for her, he overhears her talking to someone. As he follows the voice of the girl to its source, he finds her name is Elisiss. When he finds her, it turns out that she had been talking to the leopard. He puts himself between the two, but Elisiss then puts herself between him and the leopard, protecting it. Shortly after that, the leopard is attacked by someone who looks similar to Yorn. Elisiss again interposes herself between the leopard and its assailant, but he is only stopped when Yorn parries his blade. He is stronger than Yorn, however, and knocks his sword out of his hands and to the ground. He spares Yorn however, and introduces himself as Spike Randit, another God Hunter, before leaving.

While Yorn is trying reconcile the fact that he is a God Hunter with himself, not quite able to believe it, Elisiss licks his wound. This somehow heals it, and prompts a bit of teasing from the old man. Afterwards, when the talk turns to the white leopard, Elisiss tells them it is her sister and will not be seen in the forest again.

They then leave to continue their journey.

Characters

 * Yorn
 * Yorn, the main protagonist, is a God Hunter, one with the power to kill gods. He lived as a farm boy until Hairra and Weto's attack. When he first saw Elisiss in the market, he fell for her. He doesn't fight too much, mostly because the old man won't let him. This irritates Yorn to no end.  He wants to meet his mother, but above all he wants to protect Elisiss and spend the rest of his life with her. There is a certain irony to this, for reasons that will be explained. He initially admires Yulgaha and wants to go up to it, and it takes a great deal to prove to him how evil they truly are. He and Spike Randit do not get along, as Spike feels that there can only be one God Hunter, a view not shared by Yorn. He found out that Seeda and Elisiss were the same person, and later that she was also a god. Yorn accepts this when he learns it. His reaction to learning she and Seeda are one and the same, on the other hand, is rather different. He found hard to reconcile initially, but he accepted it in the end. Yorn feels that just because he is a God Hunter, that does not mean that he will be forced to kill Elisiss, and even if it is natural law, he will break it to keep her. He seems to be symbolized by a white lily.
 * Yorn, the main protagonist, is a God Hunter, one with the power to kill gods. He lived as a farm boy until Hairra and Weto's attack. When he first saw Elisiss in the market, he fell for her. He doesn't fight too much, mostly because the old man won't let him. This irritates Yorn to no end.  He wants to meet his mother, but above all he wants to protect Elisiss and spend the rest of his life with her. There is a certain irony to this, for reasons that will be explained. He initially admires Yulgaha and wants to go up to it, and it takes a great deal to prove to him how evil they truly are. He and Spike Randit do not get along, as Spike feels that there can only be one God Hunter, a view not shared by Yorn. He found out that Seeda and Elisiss were the same person, and later that she was also a god. Yorn accepts this when he learns it. His reaction to learning she and Seeda are one and the same, on the other hand, is rather different. He found hard to reconcile initially, but he accepted it in the end. Yorn feels that just because he is a God Hunter, that does not mean that he will be forced to kill Elisiss, and even if it is natural law, he will break it to keep her. He seems to be symbolized by a white lily.

 * Elisiss / Seeda
 * Elisiss is a mysterious young girl who showed up out of nowhere in the market of Coacassa one day. She almost never talks about her past. She is fond of Yorn, and comes to love him. She protects Yorn and would do so no matter what. She also seems to be symbolized by a white lily (in fact,the second episode is titled "White Flowers of Coacassa"), which she was given when she and Yorn first saw each other in the market. She is able to use powerful magic, especially when she transforms into Seeda (Jsieda in the manga). When she was in her normal form, she used her magic to fix Yorn's broken sword and transformed it into the sword of the God Hunter. As Seeda, she is not only a powerful mage but can also use her staff as a pole arm. The pendant she wears on her neck is what enables her to transform into Seeda. She also has a third form, which is her true form (or at least the closest to it). In this form she gains white wings. She uses it at least twice, once to follow Yorn and once to save him. As Seeda, she is very up front and business like, and at times seems to enjoy combat. As Elisiss, she is a much more gentle individual and is much quieter. As both, however, she shows compassion for those suffering. That she and Yorn love each other is quite ironic, as Elisiss is actually a God herself. In fact, she flew down from heaven just to meet him. At the time she felt it was just to protect him, but she admitted her feelings eventually. Along with Seeda, she's implied to have other separate forms with their own personality.  In particular, Yorn's mother is implied to be one of these forms at the end of the manga.  This particularly upsets Yorn as they'd consummated their relationship before this revelation.  In the manga, rather than meet him in the market, Elisiss falls straight from Eden and crashes into Yorn's house.  She is also more open and clingy in the manga: she heals other people by extending her hands above them, but for Yorn she licks his wounds.
 * Elisiss is a mysterious young girl who showed up out of nowhere in the market of Coacassa one day. She almost never talks about her past. She is fond of Yorn, and comes to love him. She protects Yorn and would do so no matter what. She also seems to be symbolized by a white lily (in fact,the second episode is titled "White Flowers of Coacassa"), which she was given when she and Yorn first saw each other in the market. She is able to use powerful magic, especially when she transforms into Seeda (Jsieda in the manga). When she was in her normal form, she used her magic to fix Yorn's broken sword and transformed it into the sword of the God Hunter. As Seeda, she is not only a powerful mage but can also use her staff as a pole arm. The pendant she wears on her neck is what enables her to transform into Seeda. She also has a third form, which is her true form (or at least the closest to it). In this form she gains white wings. She uses it at least twice, once to follow Yorn and once to save him. As Seeda, she is very up front and business like, and at times seems to enjoy combat. As Elisiss, she is a much more gentle individual and is much quieter. As both, however, she shows compassion for those suffering. That she and Yorn love each other is quite ironic, as Elisiss is actually a God herself. In fact, she flew down from heaven just to meet him. At the time she felt it was just to protect him, but she admitted her feelings eventually. Along with Seeda, she's implied to have other separate forms with their own personality.  In particular, Yorn's mother is implied to be one of these forms at the end of the manga.  This particularly upsets Yorn as they'd consummated their relationship before this revelation.  In the manga, rather than meet him in the market, Elisiss falls straight from Eden and crashes into Yorn's house.  She is also more open and clingy in the manga: she heals other people by extending her hands above them, but for Yorn she licks his wounds.

 * Enefea (The white leopard)
 * Enefea is Elisiss's sister, and is the white leopard. Like Elisiss, she is also a god. She was punished by being cursed with the form of the leopard and cast down from heaven by their own father, Rumezavia, whom she angered by siding with humans. Even after all this, she is thoroughly devoted to making sure that her sister is safe. Anyone, no matter who or where they are, who attempts to harm Elisiss feels the wrath of Enefea. She is still capable of speech, and uses it to speak with Elisiss. She has an innate distrust of Yorn, as he is a God Hunter. She fights with the teeth and claws of her leopard form, but is also capable of producing powerful magic blasts from between her eyes. She eventually follows Spike to ensure he won't harm Elisiss. She would have killed him for trying to do so once, but wasn't able to after hearing Spike's tragic story.
 * Enefea is Elisiss's sister, and is the white leopard. Like Elisiss, she is also a god. She was punished by being cursed with the form of the leopard and cast down from heaven by their own father, Rumezavia, whom she angered by siding with humans. Even after all this, she is thoroughly devoted to making sure that her sister is safe. Anyone, no matter who or where they are, who attempts to harm Elisiss feels the wrath of Enefea. She is still capable of speech, and uses it to speak with Elisiss. She has an innate distrust of Yorn, as he is a God Hunter. She fights with the teeth and claws of her leopard form, but is also capable of producing powerful magic blasts from between her eyes. She eventually follows Spike to ensure he won't harm Elisiss. She would have killed him for trying to do so once, but wasn't able to after hearing Spike's tragic story.

 * Old Man (Ulgar Dyne/Oyazi)
 * The old man rescued Yorn's mother, the princess of foresight, from Yulgaha at the very beginning of the series. Whenever Elisiss and Yorn are close, he teases them about it. He is an accomplished swordsman and is Yorn's guide on his journey. He seems to know a lot about stuff from Yulgaha and how to operate it. He also happens to despise Yulgaha and the people who live up there, since, among other things, they drain people's souls and use them to power the city.
 * The old man rescued Yorn's mother, the princess of foresight, from Yulgaha at the very beginning of the series. Whenever Elisiss and Yorn are close, he teases them about it. He is an accomplished swordsman and is Yorn's guide on his journey. He seems to know a lot about stuff from Yulgaha and how to operate it. He also happens to despise Yulgaha and the people who live up there, since, among other things, they drain people's souls and use them to power the city.

 * Spike Randit
 * Spike Randit is another God Hunter, and appears to be meant as Yorn's dark counterpart. He looks similar to Yorn, with several differences. The first and most obvious difference are the four scars on his jawbone. There are two on each side, perfectly parallel to each other. He is also dressed in black as opposed to white, with red visible in some areas. His sword is also the sword of the god hunter, and they have somewhat similar hair. The main difference is that his hair is somewhat flatter. He feels that a God Hunter has no choice but to kill a god, a view that is not shared by Yorn. He calls it a law of nature, an unstoppable instinct. He feels it's his destiny to be the one true God Hunter. He is constantly challenging Yorn, attempting to force Yorn to fight him or provoke Yorn into doing so. He challenges the truth of Yorn's being the true God Hunter, saying that if he was, he wouldn't be traveling with Elisiss and would kill her - something Yorn absolutely refuses to do, no matter what.
 * Spike Randit is another God Hunter, and appears to be meant as Yorn's dark counterpart. He looks similar to Yorn, with several differences. The first and most obvious difference are the four scars on his jawbone. There are two on each side, perfectly parallel to each other. He is also dressed in black as opposed to white, with red visible in some areas. His sword is also the sword of the god hunter, and they have somewhat similar hair. The main difference is that his hair is somewhat flatter. He feels that a God Hunter has no choice but to kill a god, a view that is not shared by Yorn. He calls it a law of nature, an unstoppable instinct. He feels it's his destiny to be the one true God Hunter. He is constantly challenging Yorn, attempting to force Yorn to fight him or provoke Yorn into doing so. He challenges the truth of Yorn's being the true God Hunter, saying that if he was, he wouldn't be traveling with Elisiss and would kill her - something Yorn absolutely refuses to do, no matter what.

title: Eden's Bowy


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National Iranian Oil Company

The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; ) is a government-owned national oil and natural gas producer and distributor under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran. NIOC was established in 1951 and restructured under The Consortium Agreement of 1954. NIOC ranks as the world's second largest oil company, after Saudi Arabia's state-owned Aramco.

The NIOC is exclusively responsible for the exploration, drilling, production, distribution and export of crude oil, as well as exploration, extraction and sales of natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG). NIOC exports its surplus production according to commercial considerations determined by the OPEC and at the prices prevalent in the international markets. In early 2015 NIOC's recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves was 156.53 Goilbbl (10% of world's total) and recoverable gas reserves were 33.79 m3 (15% of world's total). As at 2012, the NIOC production capacity included over 4 Moilbbl of crude oil and in excess of 750 million cubic meters of natural gas per day.

Background: 1901–1951

In May 1901, William Knox D'Arcy was granted a concession by the Shah of Iran to search for oil, which he discovered in May 1908. This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. In 1923, Burmah Oil employed future Prime Minister, Winston Churchill as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to have exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, which were successfully granted.

In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as 'Iran', which was reflected in the name change of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). Following World War II, Iranian nationalism was on the rise, especially surrounding the Iranian natural resources being exploited by the foreign companies without adequately compensating Iranian taxpayers. AIOC and the pro western Iranian government led by Prime Minister Ali Razmara, initially resisted nationalist pressure to revise AIOC's concession terms still further in Iran's favour. In March 1951, Ali Razmara was assassinated; and Mohammed Mossadeq, a nationalist, was elected as the new prime minister by the Majlis of Iran.

NIOC: 1951–1979
In April 1951, the Majlis nationalized the Iranian oil industry by a unanimous vote, and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was formed, displacing the AIOC. The AIOC withdrew its management from Iran and organised an effective worldwide embargo of Iranian oil. The British government, which owned the AIOC, contested the nationalization at the International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.

By the spring of 1953, incoming US President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorised the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), to organise a coup against the Mossadeq government, the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. In August 1953, the coup brought pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi to power as the new PM, along with the return to Iran of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from his brief exile in Italy. The anti-Mossadeq plan was orchestrated by the CIA under the code-name Operation Ajax, and by the British SIS (MI6) as Operation Boot.

In 1954, the AIOC became British Petroleum. The return of the shah had not meant that British Petroleum was able to monopolise Iranian oil as before. Under pressure from United States, British Petroleum reluctantly accepted membership in a consortium of companies, founded in October 1954, to bring back Iranian oil to the international market. It was incorporated in London as a holding company called Iranian Oil Participants (IOP). The founding members of IOP included British Petroleum (40%), Gulf (later Chevron, 8%), Royal Dutch Shell (14%), and Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later Total, 6%). The four Aramco partners – Standard Oil of California (SoCal, later Chevron) – Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon, then ExxonMobil) – Standard Oil Co. of New York (later Mobil, then ExxonMobil) – Texaco (later Chevron) – each held an 8% stake in the holding company.

All IOP members acknowledged that NIOC owned the oil and facilities in Iran, and IOP's role was to operate and manage them on behalf of NIOC. To facilitate that, IOP established two operating entities incorporated in the Netherlands, and both were delegated to NIOC. Similar to the Saudi-Aramco "50/50" agreement of 1950, the IOP consortium agreed to share profits on a 50–50 basis with Iran, "but not to open its books to Iranian auditors or to allow Iranians onto its board of directors". The negotiations leading to the creation of the consortium, during 1954–55, were considered a feat of skillful diplomacy.

In Iran, IOP continued to operate until the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The new regime of Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all of the company's assets in Iran. According to the IOP's Web site: The victory of the Islamic revolution annulled the Consortium Agreement of 1954 and all regulations pertaining to it. The revolution led to the withdrawal or expulsion of virtually all foreign employees from the oil industry with the new Iranian government assuming full control of its affairs.

NIOC's Oil Reserves
According to OPEC, NIOC recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves at the end of 2006 was 1384 Goilbbl.

NIOC oil reserves at the beginning of 2001 was reported to be about 99 Goilbbl, however in 2002 the result of NIOC's study showed huge reserves upgrade adding about 317 Goilbbl of recoverable reserves to the Iranian oil reserves.

After 2003 Iran made some significant discoveries which led to addition of another 7.7 Goilbbl of oil to the recoverable reserves of Iran.

The vast majority of Iran's crude oil reserves are located in giant onshore fields in the south-western Khuzestan region near the Iraqi border. Overall, Iran has 40 producing fields – 27 onshore and 13 offshore. Iran's crude oil is generally medium in sulfur and in the 28°-35 °API range.

As at 2012, 98 rigs are in operation in onshore fields, 24 in offshore fields and a single rig is in operation in the Caspian Sea. Iran plans to increase the number of its drilling rigs operating in its onshore and offshore oilfields by 36 units to reach 134 units by March 2014.

Table 1- The biggest NIOC oil fields;

Strategic petroleum reserves
Iran began in 2006 with plans to create a global strategic petroleum reserve with the construction of 15 crude oil storage tanks with a planned capacity of 10 Moilbbl. The storage capacity of oil products in the country is around 11.5 billion liters (2011), but it will reach 16.7 billion liters by the end of the Fifth Five Year Development Plan (2010–2015). As of 2012, Iran is capable of storing crude oil in the Persian Gulf for a period of 10–12 days. The figure should hit 30–40 days after the construction of new storage facilities are completed.

Gas reserves
NIOC holds about 1000 Tcuft of proven Natural gas reserves of which 36% are as associated gas and 64% is in non-associated gas fields. It stands for world's second largest reserves after Russia.

NIOC's ten biggest Non-Associated Gas Fields;

Recent discoveries
Since 1995, National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) has made significant oil and gas discoveries, standing for some 84 Goilbbl of oil in place and at least 175 Tcuft of gas in place, which are listed below.

Organizational structure
The company is completely owned by Iranian government. NIOC's General Assembly (GA) consists of:
 * The President
 * Vice President
 * Director General of the Management and Planning Organization
 * Minister of Petroleum
 * Minister of Energy
 * Minister of Industries and Mines
 * Minister of Labor and Social Affairs
 * Minister of Economy and Finance

The GA is its highest decision-making body, determining the company's general policy guide lines, and approving the annual budgets, operations and financial statements and balance sheets. The company's board of directors has the authority and major responsibilities to approve the operational schemes within the general framework ratified by the General Assembly, approve transactions and contracts, and prepare budgets and Board reports and annual balance sheets for presentation to the General Assembly.

The Board supervises the implementation of general policy guidelines defined by the General Assembly, and pursues executive operations via the company's Managing Director.

Subsidiary companies
With appropriate division of tasks and delegation of responsibilities to subsidiaries- affiliates, NIOC has been able to establish acceptable degrees of coordination within its organizational set up. In fact, NIOC's Directors act primarily in policy making and supervision while subsidiaries act as their executive arm in coordinating an array of operations such as exploration, drilling, production and delivery of crude oil and natural gas, for export and domestic consumption.

The NIOC's subsidiaries are as follows:

Production costs and investments
The cost of producing each barrel will rise to $30 or more from $7 in 2012.

Iran currently allocates $20 billion a year to develop fields and $10 billion on maintaining output. In the next decade, maintaining production will cost $50 billion, with a similar sum required for development. This does not include development and investment costs in related fields such as Petrochemicals.

NIOC's major domestic contractors
Although usually neglected and overlooked, Iran also has a number of very active private companies in the oil sector. The growing private sector activity is mainly active in projects involving the construction of oil field units, refinery equipment, tanks and pipelines, as well as engineering. Iranian manufacturers will supply oil industry with $10 billion worth of domestically made goods and equipment in 2012.

NIOC produces 60–70% of its industrial equipment domestically including towers, reactors, various turbines, refineries, oil tankers, oil rigs, offshore platforms, valves, pipelines, generators and exploration instruments. Iran is also cooperating with foreign companies to transfer technology to Iranian oil industry. The objective is to become self-sufficient by 85% before 2015. The strategic goods include onshore and offshore drilling rigs, pumps, turbines and precision tools. Domestic production of 52 petrochemical catalysts will be started in 2013.

In 2019, the government sub-contracted projects worth 6.2 billion to domestic contractors. Pending projects include domestication of wellhead equipment, desalinating packages, anti-corrosions, sulfur recovery catalysts, wellhead control panels, among others. According to NIOC in 2019, Iran was manufacturing 12,000 components and complicated equipment of the petroleum industry.

In 2021, Iran announced that 820 domestic firms, including 182 knowledge-based, have manufactured 85% of the parts or equipments needed by the oil and gas sector, worth some $5 billion. The companies have generated some 80,000 and 250,000 jobs directly and indirectly, respectively.

Participations in foreign gas fields

 * Iran owns 50% of the offshore gas field of Rhum in the North Sea, which is Britain's largest untapped gas field. It is a joint-venture with BP worth $1 million a day at 15 June 2010 spot prices.
 * Iran has another 10% joint-venture participation with BP and other foreign oil companies in Azerbaijani Shah Deniz gas field, producing 8 billion cubic meters of gas per year, worth up to a reported $2.4 billion per year. The Iranian entity with which BP has partnered in these ventures is the Swiss-based Naftiran Intertrade, a subsidiary of NIOC.

Environmental record
According to geographer Richard Heede, is third on the list of companies with the highest level of emissions globally with 739 e6t in 2013, amounting to more than 3.1% of worldwide anthropogenic emissions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: National Iranian Oil Company


text:
Dallas McPherson

Dallas Lyle McPherson (born July 23, 1980) is an American former professional baseball third baseman and current minor league coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Florida Marlins, and Chicago White Sox.

High school
McPherson played at Randleman High School in Randleman, North Carolina. He was selected by the Atlanta Braves in the 44th round (1323rd overall) of the 1998 First-Year Player Draft, but chose to go to college instead.

College
McPherson attended The Citadel, where he played college baseball from 1998 to 2001. In 2000, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was the second round draft pick (57th overall) of the Anaheim Angels in the 2001 First-Year Player Draft.

Anaheim/Los Angeles Angels
In 2002, McPherson played for the Angels affiliate the Cedar Rapids Kernels. He ended the season with a .277 batting average with 15 home runs with 30 stolen bases and led the team with 88 RBIs and 78 bases-on-balls. He was the Angels minor league player of the year, Baseball America minor league player of the year and California League all-star in 2003, when he hit .308 with 18 homers for the A+ Rancho Cucamonga Quakes. Midway through his 2004 season, he shot up the ranks from Double-A minor league affiliate Arkansas Travelers to the Triple-A Salt Lake Stingers (now Salt Lake Bees).

After repeating as the Angels and Baseball America's minor league player of the year in 2004 (.313 with 20 homers for Salt Lake), McPherson was a September call-up by the Angels to fill their 40-man expanded roster. He made his Major League debut on September 10, 2004, against the Chicago White Sox as a pinch runner. His first hit was a double to left field off of Ryan Franklin of the Seattle Mariners on September 20. With third baseman Troy Glaus limited to the designated hitter role due to a shoulder injury, McPherson started 11 games down the stretch beginning on September 20 and was the Angels' starting third baseman in their playoff series versus the Boston Red Sox.

His rookie season in 2005 started out sluggishly, with his batting average usually around or below the Mendoza Line in April. Approximately one-third into the season, McPherson's bat heated up and he began hitting like he had been projected to do, including knocking in a pair of game-winning home runs in a series against the Kansas City Royals. His season was truncated by a hip injury, however. He underwent surgery in August 2005 to remove bone spurs.

Entering spring training in 2006, McPherson was expected to compete to be the Angels' starting third baseman. However, he did not hit well during the exhibition season, and that job fell to Chone Figgins, leaving no role on the team for McPherson. As a result, McPherson began the 2006 campaign in the minor leagues. After re-discovering his home run stroke at Salt Lake, the Angels called McPherson back to the active roster in May.

McPherson spent the entirety of the 2007 season on the disabled list after choosing to have back surgery to fuse two vertebrate in his back. McPherson was not offered a new contract by the Angels and became a free agent on December 12, 2007.

Florida Marlins
He signed a one-year deal with the Florida Marlins on January 31,. Playing for the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes, he batted .275 with 42 home runs and 98 RBI. His 42 home runs led the minor leagues in 2008. He was called up on September 1, 2008 and had two hits in 11 at-bats.

On March 31, 2009, McPherson was released by the Marlins.

San Francisco Giants
On April 11, 2009 McPherson was signed to a minor league contract by the San Francisco Giants. However, he never played a game for any team in the Giants system in 2009 due to recurring back problems.

Oakland Athletics
On November 20, 2009 McPherson was signed to a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics, with an invitation to spring training; He was expected to compete for the starting 3rd base position. But with more injury problems, Mc Pherson found himself playing with the Oakland A's Pacific Coast League affiliate, the Sacramento River Cats. In 84 games, he hit .267 with 22 home runs and 75 RBI.

Chicago White Sox
McPherson signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox on November 17, 2010. He began the season in the minors with the Charlotte Knights. He had his contract purchased by the White Sox on May 17, 2011 but was designated for assignment on May 30 after only playing in 11 games and hitting .133.

On August 2, 2012, McPherson was released by the White Sox. He was hitting .253 with 12 HR and 47 RBI in 61 games with Charlotte.

Pittsburgh Pirates
McPherson signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates in August 2012. In 22 games with the Indianapolis Indians, he hit .299.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On December 21, 2012, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was released on March 20, 2013.

York Revolution
On May 28, 2013, McPherson signed with the York Revolution of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He was released on June 1, 2013.

Coaching
On January 10, 2018, McPherson was announced as the manager of the Short Season-A Vancouver Canadians. A year later, he was promoted to the Single-A Lansing Lugnuts.

title: Dallas McPherson


text: User talk:64.171.98.227

title: User talk:64.171.98.227


text:
Talk:Office of Hawaiian Affairs

Women in OHA
I think that it's a positive thing that there's currently about an equal amount of men and women currently serving on the Board of Trustees in OHA. I think that it's important that this trend continue as Native Hawaiian women sometimes might be a little unrepresented at times. Progress has no doubt been made in terms of Native Hawaiians looking for representation here in today's United States but it can't just stop there. Through studying various uprising groups it's clear that men have often lead the charge and have taken forefront for the movement. Although OHA is not necessarily a movement they are still the leaders for Native Hawaiians and are responsible for the growth and development of its people. It should be a point that gender inequality should not be one of the reasons that this organization or culture comes to a crossroads. Although very different it was sad to learn about how the Brown Berets, a Chicano movement in the 1960s, began to fall apart due to gender related issues in representation and treatment. Not saying that OHA would face these same kinds of problems but I also think that it's smart to acknowledge for the simple fact that we can continue to learn from the mistakes of others. Again, the movements and situations are completely different and in no way am I trying to compare the two in saying that OHA might or might not face these kinds of problems. I just think that it's a smart thing to consider when electing the Board of Trustees for OHA so that these problems never have to be an issue in the first place. Native Hawaiians have worked long and hard for representation and any efforts to defeat any kind of opposition or problem I think is beneficial no matter how big or small.TokoUso6Tree (talk) 23:28, 18 February 2018 (UTC)TokoUso6Tree

Purpose
The article says little about OHA's purpose and scope. Housing, agriculture,... Lfstevens (talk) 21:58, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Office of Hawaiian Affairs


text:
Railroaded!

Railroaded! is a 1947 American crime film noir directed by Anthony Mann starring John Ireland, Sheila Ryan, Hugh Beaumont and Jane Randolph.

It was loosely based on the real-life case of Majczek and Marcinkiewicz, the same case that inspired Call Northside 777 (1948).

Plot
Clara Calhoun is a beautician with a shop in New York. Her shop is in fact a front for a bookmaking operation. One evening when she closes up for the night, she gives a silent signal to two masked gunmen lurking outside. These two bandits then burst into the shop and hold up both Calhoun and her unsuspecting assistant, Marie Westin. The money they steal is betting money from the illegal operation.

During the robbery, a policeman on patrol in the neighborhood hears Westin's screams. He sees the hold up and tries to interrupt the robbery. As the policeman intervenes, he shoots one of the robbers, "Cowie" Kowalski, but is then shot and killed by the other robber, Duke Martin. The two robbers then escape the scene in a laundry truck, and Martin drops off Kowalski at a doctor's house for medical care. Before leaving Martin reminds Kowalski of the plan to implicate a certain Steve Ryan in the crime.

Later on, Calhoun and Westin are interrogated by detectives Mickey Ferguson and Jim Chubb. Westin describes both robbers as black-haired, but Calhoun insists that one of them, the "shooter", had sandy hair. Calhoun's version is believed, and soon the sandy-haired Steve Ryan, who usually drives the laundry truck and whose Navy scarf was found at the shop, is found and brought in for questioning. After a round of tough questioning by Ferguson and Chubb, Steve Ryan is then taken to a hospital, where Kowalski identifies him as the killer.

Steve Ryan claims that he is being framed by Kowalski for something he didn't do. He says the reason for this is that he beat up Kowalski for making a pass at his sister Rosie Ryan. But the detectives don't believe his story. Calhoun too confirms Kowalski's identification, and the unfortunate Steve Ryan is arrested. His sister Rosie is sure of her brother's innocence.

Rosie pleads her brother's case to detective Ferguson, but he is quite convinced of Steve Ryan's guilt and intends to perform a thorough investigation. Calhoun, who has come up with the robbery scheme together with Martin, her boyfriend, starts drinking heavily, angering Martin.

When it turns out Kowalski dies from his gunshot wound, Rosie Ryan goes over to Calhoun's apartment and confronts her about her identification. A fight ensues between the two women. Martin watches the fight while hiding, and afterwards he enters the room and tells Calhoun he will "straighten out" Westin before Rosie Ryan talks with her. Martin also tells Calhoun that she should lie low until Steve Martin's trial. Rosie Ryan goes straight to Westin's beauty shop, but is unable to find her. Also looking for Westin is Ferguson, who offers Rosie a ride home. On the way, Ferguson confesses his doubts about Steve Ryan's guilt.

Rosie Ryan receives a message from Martin, telling her to come to the Club Bombay, which he manages. Rosie Ryan goes to meet Martin at the club, and in the meantime Ferguson breaks into and inspects Calhoun's now-deserted apartment. He finds a photograph of Martin, which connects the two. He goes to the club to question Martin about his relation to Calhoun.

Martin suggests to Rosie Ryan that he knows who is framing Steve Ryan, and Rosie denounces Ferguson in front of Martin. Ferguson warns Rosie to stay away from Martin. However, she is determined to do anything to get her brother off the hook, and puts more trust in Martin. Martin reveals to Calhoun his intent to rob Jacklin Ainsworth, Calhoun's gambling boss and the owner of Club Bombay. In an attempt to discover the relation between Calhoun and Martin, Ferguson waits outside Calhoun's hideout apartment. When Martin appears and is about to enter the building, Ferguson makes his presence known to him.

Martin accuses Calhoun of double-crossing him. He then runs off, and Ferguson goes inside and tells her that Westin has been found dead in the river. He advises Calhoun to call him later at Rosie Ryan's house for her own protection. Meanwhile Martin persuades an alcoholic named Wino to confess to the robbery in exchange for money. He assures Rosie that Wino's statements will get Steve Ryan out of jail.

Rosie buys the whole concept and goes home to get money to pay Wino. Martin goes back to Calhoun's apartment, but she isn't there. He discovers the frightened Calhoun calling Ferguson from a drugstore. Calhoun arranges to meet Ferguson at her apartment, but before the detective arrives Martin shoots her. Martin then goes to Club Bombay, where he shoots and robs Ainsworth. Aware that Calhoun had called Rosie's phone number, Martin waits for her at the club and accuses her of betraying him.

Just when Martin is about to shoot Rosie, Ferguson arrives with the police, having ordered a raid on the club. In the ensuing commotion, Martin manages to fire at Rosie and wound her. Martin is then killed in a shootout with Ferguson. Steve Ryan is at last released from jail. Ferguson and Rosie kiss.

Cast

 * John Ireland as Duke Martin
 * Ed Kelly as Steve Ryan
 * Sheila Ryan as Rosie Ryan
 * Hugh Beaumont as Mickey Ferguson
 * Jane Randolph as Clara Calhoun
 * Charles D. Brown as Police Capt. MacTaggart
 * Clancy Cooper as Detective Jim Chubb
 * Peggy Converse as Marie Weston
 * Hermine Sterler as Mrs. Ryan
 * Keefe Brasselle as Cowie Kowalski
 * Roy Gordon as Jackland Ainsworth

Production
The film was shot in ten days.

Critical response
Monthly Film Bulletin said "The film offers no surprises, as the identity of the killer is revealed in the early sequences, and it relies for its chief interest on the efforts of Ferguson to identify and trap the criminal. The dramatic quality is well sustained."

Critic Roger Westcombe praised the film, writing, "It's a standard frame-up story, solidified through the strength of Mann's directing skills beyond the merits of the material. Preceding his now legendary teaming with cinematographer John Alton for the unbeatable run of Raw Deal, T-Men, Border Incident, and He Walked by Night, Railroaded! is still very dark but grim. The absence of Alton's breathtaking set-ups pedestrianises this effort into something merely heavy-handed. Mann’s transitional work Desperate (1947), also pre-Alton, gained an edge of complexity through Raymond Burr's latent menace and a more nuanced study of human corruption than is found here. Yet for all these shortcomings Railroaded's tension is remarkably well maintained, primarily due to the acting of all the principals."

Film critic Dennis Schwartz, gave the film a mixed review, writing, "A second-rate crime thriller made before Anthony Mann (Desperate) reached prime time. Railroaded is a well-crafted and fast-paced mystery tale. It's a low-budget film noir that is held together by John Ireland's nasty performance as the heartless villain without redemption ... The plot was uninteresting and predictable, while the acting was so-so."

Leslie Halliwell said: "A new post-war toughness was evident in this sharply-made second feature."

The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 3/5 stars, writing: "Anthony Mann brings a sure touch to this low-budget crime B-movie. Innocent youngster Ed Kelly is framed for murder by psychopathic professional John Ireland, whose penchant is spraying bullets with perfume before discharging them into his victims. Although formula stuff, it's taut, coolly violent and very tough, particularly in its treatment of female characters."

title: Railroaded!


text:
User:Iramkhan

Muslim scientists
Please don't copy and paste material from other websites. Copyright violations can cause legal problems for Wikipedia. RickK 05:48, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

Please don't blank articles. RickK 06:23, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

title: User:Iramkhan


text:
User talk:Ludootje

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If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 05:48, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ludootje


text:
Employment Division v. Smith

Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990), is a United States Supreme Court case that held that the state could deny unemployment benefits to a person fired for violating a state prohibition on the use of peyote even though the use of the drug was part of a religious ritual. Although states have the power to accommodate otherwise illegal acts performed in pursuit of religious beliefs, they are not required to do so.

Facts
Alfred Leo Smith and Galen Black were members of the Native American Church and counselors at a private drug rehabilitation clinic. They were fired because they had ingested peyote, a powerful entheogen, as part of religious ceremonies at the Native American Church. At the time, intentional possession of peyote was a crime under Oregon law without an affirmative defense for religious use. The counselors filed a claim for unemployment compensation with the Employment Division of the Oregon Department of Human Resources, but the claim was denied because the reason for their dismissal was deemed work-related "misconduct". The Oregon Court of Appeals reversed that ruling, holding that denying them unemployment benefits for their religious use of peyote violated their right to exercise their religion. The Oregon Supreme Court agreed, although it relied not on the fact that peyote use was a crime but on the fact that the state's justification for withholding the benefits—preserving the "financial integrity" of the workers' compensation fund—was outweighed by the burden imposed on the employees' exercise of their religion. The state appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, again arguing that denying the unemployment benefits was proper because possession of peyote was a crime.

The U.S. Supreme Court let stand the Oregon Supreme Court's judgment regarding Smith and Black and returned the case to the Oregon courts to determine whether or not sacramental use of illegal drugs violated Oregon's state drug laws (485 U.S. 660 (1988)). On remand, the Oregon Supreme Court concluded that while Oregon drug law prohibited the consumption of illegal drugs for sacramental religious uses, this prohibition violated the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The state asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review this second decision of the Oregon Supreme Court, and it agreed to do so. In earlier rulings like Sherbert v. Verner (1963), the Court had decided that the government could not condition access to unemployment insurance or other benefits on an individual's willingness to give up conduct required by their religion. But the Supreme Court did not find that this principle also applied when the conduct in question is justifiably prohibited by law.

Of particular importance was that the Oregon law was not directed at the Native Americans' religious practice specifically; thus, it was deemed constitutional when applied to all citizens: "It is a permissible reading of the [free exercise clause]...to say that if prohibiting the exercise of religion is not the object of the [law] but merely the incidental effect of a generally applicable and otherwise valid provision, the First Amendment has not been offended.... To make an individual's obligation to obey such a law contingent upon the law's coincidence with his religious beliefs, except where the State's interest is 'compelling'–permitting him, by virtue of his beliefs, 'to become a law unto himself,'–contradicts both constitutional tradition and common sense. To adopt a true 'compelling interest' requirement for laws that affect religious practice would lead towards anarchy."

Majority opinion
The majority opinion was delivered by Justice Antonin Scalia. The First Amendment forbids government from prohibiting the "free exercise" of religion. This means that government may not regulate beliefs as such, either by compelling certain beliefs or forbidding them. Religious belief frequently entails the performance of physical acts—assembling for worship, consumption of bread and wine, abstaining from certain foods or behaviors. Government could no more ban the performance of these physical acts when engaged in for religious reasons than it could ban the religious beliefs that compel those actions in the first place. "It would doubtless be unconstitutional, for example, to ban the casting of statues that are to be used for worship purposes or to prohibit bowing down before a golden calf."

But Oregon's ban on the possession of peyote is not a law specifically aimed at a physical act engaged in for a religious reason. Rather, it is a law that applies to everyone who might possess peyote, for whatever reason—a "neutral law of general applicability". Scalia characterized the employees' argument as an attempt to use their religious motivation to use peyote in order to place themselves beyond the reach of Oregon's neutral, generally applicable ban on possession of peyote. The Court held that the First Amendment's protection of the "free exercise" of religion does not allow a person to use a religious motivation as a reason not to obey such generally applicable laws. Citing Reynolds v. United States (1878), Scalia wrote, "To permit this would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land, and in effect to permit every citizen to become a law unto himself." Thus, the Court had held that religious beliefs did not excuse people from complying with laws forbidding polygamy, child labor laws, Sunday closing laws, laws requiring citizens to register for Selective Service, or laws requiring the payment of Social Security taxes.

By contrast, the cases in which the Court had allowed a religious motivation to exempt a person from a neutral, generally applicable law involved the assertion of both the right of free exercise along with some other right. Thus, religious publishers are exempt from a law requiring them to obtain a license if that license may be denied to any publisher the government deems nonreligious. The government may not tax religious solicitors. The government may not require the Amish to send their children to school because their religion demands otherwise, and Amish parents, like all parents, have the right to direct the education of their children. Because Smith and Black were not asserting a hybrid right, they could not claim a religious exemption under the First Amendment from Oregon's ban on peyote.

Smith and Black had argued that, at the very least, the Court should uphold Oregon's ban on peyote as applied to them only if Oregon had a compelling interest in prohibiting their religious use of peyote. The Court had invalidated three other unemployment compensation restrictions under this standard. But those other restrictions themselves required consideration of individualized circumstances, such as when unemployment compensation was denied to a person who could not, for religious reasons, work on Saturdays. If a state has in place a system of individualized consideration, the constitution does not allow the state to refuse to extend that system to cases of religious hardship without a compelling reason.

The difference between the other unemployment cases the Court had decided and this case was that Oregon's ban on peyote applied to everyone equally—in other words, it made no room for individualized consideration of the reasons a person might want to use peyote.

"The 'compelling government interest' requirement seems benign, because it is familiar from other fields. But using it as the standard that must be met before the government may accord different treatment on the basis of race, see, e.g., Palmore v. Sidoti, or before the government may regulate the content of speech, see, e.g., Sable Communications of California v. FCC, is not remotely comparable to using it for the purpose asserted here. What it produces in those other fields -- equality of treatment, and an unrestricted flow of contending speech -- are constitutional norms; what it would produce here -- a private right to ignore generally applicable laws -- is a constitutional anomaly.

....The rule respondents favor would open the prospect of constitutionally required religious exemptions from civic obligations of almost every conceivable kind -- ranging from compulsory military service to the payment of taxes to health and safety regulation such as manslaughter and child neglect laws, compulsory vaccination laws, drug laws, and traffic laws; to social welfare legislation such as minimum wage laws, child labor laws, animal cruelty laws, environmental protection laws, and laws providing for equality of opportunity for the races."

Rather than interpret the First Amendment to require the exemption that Smith and Black sought, the Court encouraged them to seek redress from the legislature. It observed that Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico already specifically exempted religious uses from their otherwise generally applicable peyote bans. "Just as a society that believes in the negative protection accorded to the press by the First Amendment is likely to enact laws that affirmatively foster the dissemination of the printed word, so also a society that believes in the negative protection afforded to religious belief can be expected to be solicitous of that value in its legislation as well." Requiring claims for religious exemptions to be vetted by the legislative process might put less popular religions at a disadvantage, but the Court held that this situation was preferable to the relative anarchy that would result from "a system in which each conscience is a law unto itself."

Concurring opinion
Justice Sandra Day O'Connor disagreed with the majority's analytical framework, preferring to apply the traditional compelling interest test to Oregon's ban on peyote. She agreed with the Court's initial premise that the Free Exercise Clause applied to religiously motivated conduct as well as religious beliefs, but pointed out that even a so-called neutral law of general applicability imposes a burden on a person's exercise of religion if that law prevents a person from engaging in religiously motivated conduct or requires them to engage in conduct forbidden by their religion. The First Amendment has to reach both laws that expressly target religion as well as generally applicable laws; otherwise, the law would relegate the constitutional protection of the free exercise of religion to "the barest level of minimum scrutiny that the Equal Protection Clause already provides".

But First Amendment rights are not absolute. The law tolerates burdens on the free exercise of religion that serve a compelling governmental interest and are narrowly tailored to meet that interest. "The compelling interest test effectuates the First Amendment's command that religious liberty is an independent liberty, that it occupies a preferred position, and that the Court will not permit encroachment upon this liberty, whether direct or indirect, unless required by clear and compelling governmental interests of the highest order."

Thus the critical question in this case is whether exempting respondents from the State's general criminal prohibition "will unduly interfere with fulfillment of the governmental interest," O'Connor wrote. "Although the question is close, I would conclude that uniform application of Oregon's criminal prohibition is 'essential to accomplish,' its overriding interest in preventing the physical harm caused by the use of a Schedule I controlled substance."

First, O'Connor considered the interest of Smith and Black. There was no doubt that the exemption from Oregon's ban on peyote was not a pretext for Smith and Black. It was directly linked to the exercise of their religious beliefs, the sincerity of which the Court does not and should not question. Peyote is a sacrament in the Native American Church; thus, members must "choose between carrying out the ritual embodying their religious beliefs and avoidance of criminal prosecution. That choice is ... more than sufficient to trigger First Amendment scrutiny."

Despite this choice, "Oregon's criminal prohibition represents that state's judgment that the possession and use of controlled substances, even by only one person, is inherently harmful and dangerous," O'Connor wrote. "Because the health effects caused by the use of controlled substances exist regardless of the motivation of the user, the use of such substances, even for religious purposes, violates the very purpose of the laws that prohibit them." Furthermore, society's interest in preventing trafficking in controlled substances was similarly central to effectuating Oregon's ban on peyote. O'Connor likewise suggested that Smith and Black seek redress in the state legislature and not the courts, for the fact that other states allow religious use of peyote does not compel Oregon to follow suit. Indeed, not even Smith and Black disputed that Oregon's interest in outlawing peyote was compelling.

Dissenting opinion
Justice Harry Blackmun agreed with O'Connor that the compelling interest test should apply to Oregon's ban on peyote, but disagreed with her that the ban was supported by a compelling interest that was narrowly tailored. Blackmun began by "articulat[ing] in precise terms the state interest involved" in the ban. He focused narrowly on the state's interest in not exempting religious use from its otherwise generally applicable ban on peyote rather than the state's broader interest in "fighting the critical 'war on drugs.'" Blackmun framed the issue as he did because "failure to reduce the competing interests to the same plane of generality tends to distort the weighing process in the state's favor." He questioned whether Oregon actually enforced its criminal prohibition on peyote against religious users, noting that it had not actually prosecuted Smith or Black. Because Oregon had not prosecuted any religious users of peyote, its "asserted interest thus amounts only to the symbolic preservation of an unfettered prohibition. But a government interest in symbolism, even symbolism for so worthy a cause as the abolition of unlawful drugs, cannot suffice to abrogate the constitutional rights of individuals."

Oregon also claimed an interest in protecting the health and safety of its citizens from the dangers of illegal drug use, but there was no evidence that religious use of peyote actually harmed anyone. That peyote was a Schedule I drug did not persuade Blackmun. The federal government may have placed peyote on Schedule I, but the federal government also tolerated the religious use of peyote. In addition, other Schedule I drugs (such as cannabis) have lawful uses. Religious use was not recreational use; the Native American Church ritual in which peyote is consumed is heavily supervised, thus mitigating Oregon's health and safety concerns. The religious use occurs in a context that harmonizes with the state's general ban. The Native American Church discourages nonreligious use of peyote, and promotes family harmony, self-reliance, and abstinence from alcohol. Research suggests that religious use of peyote can help curb "the tragic effects of alcoholism on the Native American population." And as for the state's interest in abolishing drug trafficking, Blackmun pointed out that there is "practically no illegal traffic in peyote."

Finally, Blackmun expressed concern for "the severe impact of a state's restrictions on the adherents of a minority religion." Eating peyote is "an act of worship and communion," a "means for communicating with the Great Spirit." If Oregon is a hostile environment in which to practice the Native American religion, its adherents might be forced to "migrate to some other and more tolerant region." Blackmun found it inconsistent with First Amendment values to denigrate an "unorthodox" religious practice in this way.

Aftermath
Smith set the precedent "that laws affecting certain religious practices do not violate the right to free exercise of religion as long as the laws are neutral, generally applicable, and not motivated by animus to religion." In other words: When "the government has a 'generally applicable' law or regulation and enforces the law neutrally, the government's action is presumptively legitimate, even if it has some 'incidental' adverse impact on a religious group or person."

Three years later, Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA), which required the application of strict scrutiny to laws restricting religious freedom. In response to the Supreme Court's 1997 ruling in City of Boerne v. Flores, which declared the RFRA unconstitutional as applied to the states, Congress passed the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) in 2000, which grants special privileges to religious landowners and prisoners.

In Fulton v. City of Philadelphia (2021), the Supreme Court ruled that certain services like foster care certification fell outside of public accommodations covered by the anti-discriminatory nature of Smith, and as a result, discriminatory policies related to these services could be reviewed through strict scrutiny; in the specific case of Fulton, the Supreme Court ruled that Philadelphia's policy not to contract a religious-based foster care agency because of its anti-same sex couple policy violated its freedom of religious exercise rights. In a 77-page concurrence, Justice Samuel Alito, joined by Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch, wrote that he would have overruled Smith.

title: Employment Division v. Smith


text:
User talk:Rictus

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia!

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If, for some reason, you are unable to fix a problem yourself, feel free to ask someone else to do it. Wikipedia has a vibrant community of contributors who have a wide range of skills and specialties, and many of them would be glad to help. As well as the wiki community pages there are IRC Channels, where you are more than welcome to ask for assistance.

If you have any questions, feel free to ask me on my talk page. Thanks and happy editing, Alphax τεχ 05:50, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Macromedia
Hi Rictus - your contributions are appreciated. On a personal note: experience hows that mergers of this size need to be handled conservatively; e.g. Netscape and AOL in 1999. Jbetak 19:36, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi -- thanks for your comment. I just checked too and you are right! MACR is being reported as an unknown symbol by Fidelity and Yahoo! finance as well. This is a lot faster than I'd have expected. I had some AT&T Wireless shares before the Cingular merger and although AT&T Wireless shares stopped trading when the merger was consummated, it took the boards several weeks to delist them. Jbetak 16:50, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Your opinion would be greatly appreciated
Hello there, I am a fellow member of Wikiproject jazz. I was wondering, if you had a moment to spare, if you would be willing to give your opinion on a matter at Categories for discussion/Log/2007 June 15 concerning a category I created. The category is, and it has been proposed that the article be merged with Musicians of New Orleans and American jazz musicians. This is precisely why I created the category, because it seemed to me the birthplace of jazz music and continous modern symbol of jazz certainly deserves a category unto itself. Regardless of your opinion, I would greatly appreciate your input there so as to have a discussion over the matter. Thanks. (Mind meal 03:24, 15 June 2007 (UTC))

New categories for jazz musicians
Hello fellow member of WikiProject Jazz! I am delivering this message to all members of the project to inform them of a major addition to the evolution of this project. Please see Category:Jazz musicians by genre to familiarize yourselves with the new categories for jazz musicians. Most of the genre categories contain sub-genres in their drop-down menus, so be sure to open them up! I am sending this to everyone to speed up the population of these categories. The sub-genres have been carefully researched to ensure they belong under their corresponding "mother genre"! And please, when in doubt do not categorize something via an assumption. Well, that about covers it! Any help in this regard will be greatly appreciated.(Mind meal 05:35, 25 June 2007 (UTC))

Revival of WikiProject Music theory
Hello Rictus, I am attempting to revive WikiProject Music theory. I understand that you have a background in music. I hope you will be able to participate in the project. Please visit Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Music theory to stay abreast of any developments. Thanks in advance for your continued interest.BassHistory (talk) 02:45, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Jazz theory
It's a good idea for an article. I haven't read it yet, but I look forward to doing so. Let me know if there's any way I can help out.BassHistory (talk) 02:50, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

I'd love to help you out with this article (if you need any help). However, I think you may want to check out the article for Jazz harmony before you do too much more and try to prevent too much overlap. Good luck. If you need citation from the Eddine Bahha book, I've got it and would love to share. Theadorerex (talk) 21:00, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Rictus


text:
Jeff Loomis

Jeff Loomis (born September 14, 1971) is an American musician, best known for his role as lead guitarist in the progressive metal band Nevermore during its existence from 1991 to 2011, as well as brief tenures in its precursor, Sanctuary. In 2014, he joined Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy, and in 2021 he joined Graham Bonnet's Alcatrazz as well. He left Arch Enemy in 2023. As a solo artist he has released two albums and one EP.

Early days
Loomis got his first instrument at nine or ten years old, but did not start practicing seriously until around the age of 15. As a teenager in Wisconsin he played in a handful of cover bands and three death metal bands before joining more established bands. Guitarists whose style influenced Loomis are Yngwie Malmsteen, Ritchie Blackmore, Marty Friedman, Jason Becker, Tony Iommi and Brian May At the age of 16, Loomis won Wisconsin's Guitar Wars contest.

He auditioned for Megadeth (during the So Far, So Good...So What! era) at the age of 16, after their lead guitarist Jeff Young was fired from the band. After they played a few songs together, Dave Mustaine, the band's frontman and other lead guitarist, thanked Loomis and told him that one day he would become a great guitar player, but because of his age he was not right for the position. Loomis saw Cacophony on tour, and told Marty Friedman, who became very interested, about the audition. Marty tried out for the position and joined the band in 1989. In 2005, Loomis would then share the stage with Megadeth, as the lead guitarist for Nevermore as part of Mustaine's Gigantour festival. Loomis began to work on his solo album Zero Order Phase. At this time Megadeth were having tryouts for a new guitarist once again and invited Loomis to join them. He turned the band down in order to keep working on his solo album. Coincidentally, Loomis's co-guitarist in Nevermore, Chris Broderick, auditioned for Megadeth and was given the part.

Sanctuary (1990–1991)
Not too long after being auditioned for the lead part in Megadeth (which was also auditioned for by Steve Smyth and Chris Broderick, both playing for his later band Nevermore at different points), Loomis was unable to join the band Sanctuary after guitarist Sean Blosl had left. He was able to take his place at this time; however, because of a dispute caused by guitarist Lenny Rutledge wanting to make grunge oriented music, Sanctuary broke up four months afterwards.

Nevermore (1991–2011)
After the break-up, Loomis and former Sanctuary members Warrel Dane (vocalist) and Jim Sheppard (bassist) made plans to form Nevermore, and in late 1994, Loomis became the lead guitarist of Nevermore after the brief period being in Sanctuary. During his time in the band he was the main songwriter of Nevermore. His contributions can be found in albums such as The Politics of Ecstasy, Dreaming Neon Black, This Godless Endeavor (including Steve Smyth, who previously featured in the band Testament) and Nevermore's 2010 album, The Obsidian Conspiracy. Loomis played an important role in developing the sound that Nevermore has today, using 7-string guitars and techniques such as sweep picking. One of his more important musical showcases is the critically acclaimed album Dead Heart in a Dead World, for which he wrote most of the songs before Nevermore. On April 21, 2011, he and drummer Van Williams left Nevermore, citing personal and musical differences with Warrel Dane.

Solo, Arch Enemy and other projects (2005–present)
In 2005, Loomis reported that he would take some time as a break and then begin recording a solo album. He said, "It's something I've been wanting to do for some time ... It will be like a Jason Becker/Marty Friedman kind of thing." On April 1, 2008, Loomis said that all 10 songs which had been written had had the drum parts recorded (done by Mark Arrington pretty much overnight) and they would soon begin tracking the rhythm guitar. On July 3, 2008, it was announced that the album would be called Zero Order Phase. It was released September 30 via Century Media Records. It features guest solos from Ron Jarzombek, Pat O'Brien, and bassist Michael Manring. During this time Dave Mustaine of Megadeth invited Loomis to join as the lead guitarist, but he declined the offer to work on his solo record.

In 2010, he played a guest guitar solo on Keith Merrow's album Awaken the Stone King, released on January 1, 2011. He also played another guest solo in the song "Racecar" on Periphery's self-titled debut album.

On April 10, 2012, Loomis released his second solo album Plains of Oblivion through Century Media Records. Marty Friedman, Tony MacAlpine and Chris Poland performed guest solos on the record.

In summer 2012, Loomis embarked on a North American tour with The Contortionist, Chimp Spanner, and 7 Horns 7 Eyes.

In 2013, Loomis started touring with melodic death metal band Soilwork.

It was announced in July 2013, that Loomis would be teaming up with Keith Merrow, Alex Webster of Cannibal Corpse, and Alex Rüdinger of The Faceless to record an instrumental album titled Conquering Dystopia, the recording of which will be funded by donations.

On November 17, 2014, Loomis was announced as the new guitarist of melodic death metal band Arch Enemy, replacing Nick Cordle. His first show with them was on November 26 in Lyon, France, when War Eternal European tour kicked off.

In 2017, Arch Enemy vocalist Alissa White-Gluz announced she was collaborating with Loomis for her upcoming solo record.

In January 2019, Loomis said he had been working on material for an upcoming third solo album.

In June 2021, Graham Bonnet released a statement on Facebook that Jeff had joined Graham Bonnet's Alcatrazz.

On December 30, 2023, Arch Enemy made a post on their Instagram account, stating that they had amicably parted ways with Loomis.

Instructional and voice work
Loomis had a monthly column in Guitar World magazine titled "Merchant of Menace", where he explained how to play the riffs and solos of Nevermore. In more recent columns, his former co-guitarist in Nevermore, Steve Smyth has co-written the column, which is dubbed "The Merchants of Menace". He has also been featured in Young Guitar Magazine, showing guitarists how to play and explain his style and signature guitar in Nevermore.

In 2006, he provided the voice of Murderface's father in Metalocalypse on Adult Swim.

In 2009, Guitar World released Loomis's first instructional video.

Slated for a late 2010 release, Loomis has recorded a two-part instructional DVD series with RockHouseMethod. Recording took place late fall of 2009.

Equipment
Loomis plays various Schecter seven (and occasionally six) string guitars, including the Jeff Loomis C7 FR Signature Model with EMG 707 pickups and a Floyd Rose tremolo. He also plays a Schecter C-7 Hellraiser with EMG 707 active humbucker pickups, and the C-7 Blackjack with the Seymour Duncan Blackout pickups. Prior to Schecter he played a wide variety of guitars including Ibanez (Politics of Ecstasy period), Gibson, Jackson (Dreaming Neon Black period), ESP (Dead Heart... period), and Warmoth. In the video for "Believe in Nothing" he can be seen using an ESP LTD H-307. He also owns a custom ESP Horizon 7. He endorsed Peavey amplifiers and used their XXX head. After that he endorsed Krank amplifiers and could be seen live using the Krankenstein heads and cabs. As of 2008 Loomis endorsed Engl Amplification and used most of their heads at one time or another, most notably the SE 670, then the Fireball then their Savage heads and then the Engl Special Edition E570 Rack-mounted Preamp with Engl 100W Stereo Poweramp.and Engl cabs loaded with Vintage 30s. Early in 2007, Schecter guitars brought out the Jeff Loomis Signature Schecter 7-string, based on the C-7 Hellraiser model. It features the EMG 707 active pickups, ash body in 'vampyre red satin' and three piece maple neck with maple fretboard and Sperzel locking tuners. At NAMM 08 a new signature model was released. It is the same as his other one but it has a fixed bridge instead of a Floyd Rose. Loomis can also been seen on YouTube playing an electro acoustic LAG Tramontane T100 ASCEBLK.

In January 2014, Schecter announced that the Loomis series had undergone a redesign. They now feature EMG 57-7H and 66-7H active-housed pickups, all-black hardware, a thinner body with a deeper archop, a thinner, un-tinted neck, repositioned volume and toggle controls, stainless steel frets, and the options of either a Hipshot hard-tail bridge (JL-7), instead of the previous TonePros Tune-O-Matic bridge, or a Floyd Rose floating bridge (JL-7FR). The neck was also repositioned for better upper-fret access. It is available in either vampyre red satin or gloss black. and for case on JLFR7 use Schecters SGR1C hard shell case. In 2016, the guitars began featuring Loomis's signature Seymour Duncan active pickups.

As of March 2018 Loomis has left Schecter stating more freedom to play other guitars in his collection, notably Les Pauls and Strats. In December 2018, he became a Jackson endorsed artist and is under development of a signature model to be released in January 2019.

Loomis uses Ernie Ball strings. His current gauge 9-46+62 in B♭ tuning, he used to use a heavier 10–52 (skinny top, heavy bottom) + 70 gauge along with Dunlop Tortex 1.5 mm Sharp picks. For amplification he is currently using the Line6 Helix rack with Seymour Duncan PowerStage 700.

Effects pedals
 * Maxon 808
 * MXR Stereo Chorus
 * Way Huge Electronics Green Rhino Mk II
 * Morley Dragon Wah
 * Horizon Devices: Precision Drive

Recording gear
 * ENGL Amps – Engl Savage 120 head. Also E670.
 * Digidesign 002 Rack Pro Tools unit
 * Korg Padkontrol
 * Apple Macbook Pro
 * Apogee Quartet interface
 * Two Notes Torpedo Studio (load box and amp interface)
 * Event Opal Studio Monitors
 * Kemper Profiling Amplifier

Nevermore

 * Nevermore (1995)
 * In Memory (EP, 1996)
 * The Politics of Ecstasy (1996)
 * Dreaming Neon Black (1999)
 * Dead Heart in a Dead World (2000)
 * Enemies of Reality (2003, remixed in 2005)
 * This Godless Endeavor (2005)
 * The Year of the Voyager (2008)
 * The Obsidian Conspiracy (2010)

Arch Enemy

 * Stolen Life (EP, 2015)
 * As The Stages Burn! (2017)
 * Will to Power (2017)
 * Deceivers (2022)

Solo

 * Zero Order Phase (2008)
 * Plains of Oblivion (2012)
 * Requiem for the Living (EP, 2013)

Conquering Dystopia

 * Conquering Dystopia (2014)

Guest appearances

 * Rorschach Test – Peace Minus One (2000)
 * God Forbid – Gone Forever (2004)
 * Pamela Moore – Stories from a Blue Room (2006)
 * Annihilator – ''Metal (2007)
 * Warrel Dane – ''Praises to the War Machine (2008)
 * Marty Friedman – ''Future Addict (2008)
 * Switchblade – Invictus Infinitum (2009)
 * Tim "Ripper" Owens – Play My Game (2009)
 * Periphery – Periphery (2010)
 * Pale Gray Sky – Everything for Nothing (2010)
 * Keith Merrow – Heart of the Sea Nymph (2011)
 * Glen Drover – Metalusion, (2011)
 * Single Bullet Theory – IV, (2011)
 * Keith Merrow – Spice-Dealer (2012)
 * Stéphan Forté – The Shadows Compendium (2011)
 * 7 Horns 7 Eyes – Throes of Absolution (2012)
 * Leander – Szívidomár (2012)
 * Ihsahn – Eremita (2012)
 * David Maxim Micic – Bilo 3.0 (2013)
 * Hannes Grossmann – The Radial Covenant (2014)
 * Tony MacAlpine – Concrete Gardens (2015)
 * Abnornmal Thought Patterns – Altered States of Consciousness (2015)
 * Jason Richardson – I (2016)
 * Rob Scallon – The Scene Is Dead (2017)
 * Scale the Summit - "In a World of Fear" (2017)
 * Lady Catman - Eyes Wide Open(2018)
 * Jason Becker - Triumphant Hearts (2018)
 * Silver Talon - Battle Angels (2018)
 * Andy Gillion - Skyless (2019)
 * Michael Sweet - Ten (2019)
 * Amaranthe - Do or Die (2020)
 * Ola Englund - Starzinger (2021)
 * Alissa - TBA (2021)
 * The Home Team - Slow Bloom (2021)
 * Graham Bonnet Band - Day Out in Nowhere (2022)
 * Kvaen - The Great Below (2022)
 * Joey Concepcion - Divine Technical Machine  (2023)

Videography

 * Super Shred – Guitar World
 * Extreme Lead Guitar: Dissonant Scales & Arpeggios (The Rock House Method)

title: Jeff Loomis


text:
League Managers Association

The League Managers Association (LMA) is the trade union for Premier League, EFL and national team managers in English association football. The LMA awards the LMA Manager of the Year award annually.

History
The union was founded in 1919 as the Football League Secretaries and Managers Association. Its membership grew gradually, reaching 223 in 1963, and 321 in 1974. In its early years, all of its members were men, with the first women joining in 1971.

Organisation
The League Managers Association is the collective, representative voice of all managers from the Premier League, the Sky Bet Championship and Sky Bet Leagues 1 and 2. The LMA lobbies with the expertise of their members on various matters to football's governing organisations. Representatives of the LMA now sit on various Football Association panels charged with helping to run the game in England. It was set up in 1992 during the period when association football in England was undergoing major changes, including the split of the Premiership from the rest of the football league, and the introduction of satellite television coverage of football by Sky Television.

The president of the LMA is customarily the person serving as the manager of the England national football team, meaning that the current president is Gareth Southgate. Its chief executive is Richard Bevan, and the chairman is Howard Wilkinson.

LMA Institute of Leadership and High Performance
In April 2017, the LMA launched the LMA Institute of Leadership and High Performance. It was established to provide ongoing learning and continuous personal development to those working in professional football.

The LMA Institute of Leadership and High Performance encompasses the LMA Diploma in Football Management, which is accredited by the University of Liverpool and is joint funded by the League Managers Association, the Premier League, The Football Association and the Professional Footballers’ Association. The programme has been built after an extensive period of research and analysis across the professional game into the complexities and challenges faced by those who choose to build a career in football management and coaching. It is designed to be delivered on a modular basis, combining two residential summer schools and seven one-day workshops during the course of the year.

Controversy
In August 2014 Malky Mackay and Iain Moody were accused of sending each other racist, sexist and homophobic text messages; the LMA defended Mackay by dismissing his action as "banter" in a press statement which was widely condemned. The LMA later apologised for this. There were calls for LMA chief executive Richard Bevan to resign as a result.

In popular culture
The LMA added their name to a series of football management simulation games, LMA Manager series, for the PlayStation 2, and for 2007 the PC.

title: League Managers Association


text:
User:Jgardner/WIP/Chronology of the First Presidency (LDS)

TODO

 * Get dates for JS's FP.
 * See Also section

 * December 27, 1847 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with Brigham Young President, Heber C. Kimball First Counselor, and Willard Richards Second Counselor. Orson Hyde becomes President of the Quorum.
 * March 11, 1854 : Willard Richards dies.
 * July 1, 1866 : Joseph F. Smith ordained Counselor.
 * June 22, 1868 : Heber C. Kimball dies.
 * 1868 : George A. Smith ordained First Counselor.
 * 1873 : George Q. Cannon ordained Counselor.
 * April 8, 1873 : Brigham Young, Jr. ordained Counselor.
 * 1874 : George Q. Cannon ordained Assistant Counselor.
 * May 9, 1874 : Albert Carrington ordained Counselor.
 * October 10, 1880 : The First Presidency is reorganized with John Taylor President, George Q. Cannon First Counselor, and Joseph F. Smith Second Counselor. Wilford Woodruff becomes President of the Quorum.
 * July 25, 1887 : John Taylor dies.
 * April 7, 1889 : The First Presidency is reorganized with Wilford Woodruff President, George Q. Cannon First Counselor, and Joseph F. Smith Second Counselor. Lorenzo Snow becomes President of the Quorum.
 * September 2, 1898 : Wilford Woodruff dies.
 * September 3, 1898 : The First Presidency is reorganized with Lorenzo Snow President, George Q. Cannon First Counselor, and Joseph F. Smith Second Counselor.
 * April 21, 1901 : George Q. Cannon dies. Joseph F. Smith becomes President of the Quorum.
 * October 10, 1901 : Lorenzo Snow dies.
 * October 17, 1901 : The First Presidency is reorganized with Joseph F. Smith President and Anthon H. Lund Second Counselor. Brigham Young, Jr. becomes President of the Quorum.
 * April 7, 1910 : Anthon H. Lund ordained First Counselor, John Henry Smith Second Counselor.
 * October 3, 1911 : John Henry Smith dies.
 * December 7, 1911 : Charles W. Penrose ordained Second Counselor.
 * November 19, 1918 : Joseph F. Smith dies.
 * November 23, 1918 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with Heber J. Grant President, Anthon H. Lund First Counselor, and Charles W. Penrose Second Counselor.
 * March 2, 1921 : Anthon H. Lund dies.
 * March 10, 1921 : Charles W. Penrose ordained First Counselor, Anthony W. Ivins Second Counselor.
 * May 16, 1925 : Charles W. Penrose dies.
 * March 28, 1925 : Anthony W. Ivins ordained First Counselor.
 * 1933 : J. Reuben Clark ordained Second Counselor but is not an apostle.
 * September 23, 1934 : Anthony W. Ivins dies.
 * October 11, 1934 : J. Reuben Clark ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. J. Reuben Clark ordained First Counselor, David O. McKay Second Counselor.
 * May 14, 1945 : Heber J. Grant dies.
 * May 21, 1945 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with George Albert Smith President, J. Reuben Clark First Counselor, and David O. McKay Second Counselor.
 * April 4, 1951 : George Albert Smith dies.
 * April 9, 1951 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with David O. McKay President, Stephen L. Richards First Counselor, and J. Reuben Clark Second Counselor. Joseph Fielding Smith becomes President of the Quorum.
 * May 19, 1959 : Stephen L. Richards dies.
 * June 12, 1959 : J. Reuben Clark ordained First Counselor, Henry D. Moyle Second Counselor.
 * 1961 : Hugh B. Brown called as Third Counselor.
 * October 6, 1961 : J. Reuben Clark dies.
 * October 12, 1961 : Henry D. Moyle ordained First Counselor, Hugh B. Brown Second Counselor.
 * September 18, 1963 : Henry D. Moyle dies.
 * 1963 : Hugh B. Brown ordained First Counselor, N. Eldon Tanner Second Counselor.
 * October 28, 1965 : Joseph Fielding Smith called as Counselor.
 * January 8, 1970 : David O. McKay dies.
 * January 23, 1970 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with Joseph Fielding Smith President, Harold B. Lee First Counselor, and N. Eldon Tanner Second Counselor.
 * July 2, 1972 : Joseph Fielding Smith dies.
 * July 7, 1972 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with Harold B. Lee President, N. Eldon Tanner First Counselor, and Marion G. Romney Second Counselor.
 * December 26, 1973 : Harold B. Lee dies.
 * December 30, 1973: The First Presidency is reorganized, with Spencer W. Kimball President, N. Eldon Tanner First Counselor, and Marion G. Romney Second Counselor.
 * 1981 : Gordon B. Hinckley called as a Counselor in the First Presidency.
 * November 27, 1982 : N. Eldon Tanner dies.
 * 1982 : Marion G. Romney ordained First Counselor. Gordon B. Hinckley ordained Second Counselor.
 * November 5, 1985 : Spencer W. Kimball dies.
 * November 10, 1985 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with Ezra Taft Benson President, Gordon B. Hinckley First Counselor, and Thomas S. Monson Second Counselor.
 * May 30, 1994 : Ezra Taft Benson dies.
 * April, 1994 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with Howard W. Hunter, Gordon B. Hinckley, and Thomas S. Monson.
 * March 3, 1995 : Howard W. Hunter dies.
 * March 12, 1995 : The First Presidency is reorganized, with Gordon B. Hinckley President, Thomas S. Monson First Counselor, and James E. Faust Second Counselor.


text:
User:Credo~enwiki

(Lat.) I believe

Also: credo, credere, credidi, creditus V  trust, entrust; commit/consign; believe, trust in, rely on, confide; suppose; lend (money) to, make loans/give credit; believe/think/accept as true/be sure;

title: User:Credo~enwiki


text:
Talk:Institution

Untitled
The economics discussion about institutions looks inaccurate (or at least, old-fashioned) to me. FWICT, institutions are mostly viewed as (Nash) equilibria in games, rather than the structure of the game itself. That is, game theory analyses of institutions often attempt to demonstrate why a particular social structure is stable or self-enforcing. Am I being biased here? Is there anything I should read to get a more balanced view of modern economic thinking relating to institutions?

Obviously, if you want to understand the effects of an institution, rather than understand the institution itself, then you could take the institution as exogenous, and construct games in which the only possible actions are ones that follow the rules of the institution.

Any objections to a rewrite of the economics section along these lines?

--Clausen 05:54, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Economics section rewrite
I have done the rewrite of the economics section I proposed earlier. --Clausen 11:01, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Poorly written lead section
The first few sentences excessively use phrases like “further” and “moreover” —which would normally seperate longer sentences or clauses— and are poorly written/hard to read overall. The lead section doesn’t provide a concise overview of what institutions are, but delves into the specifics of how certain scholars approach the topic. While such quotations might be useful, in this case, they veer off into an argument over whether or not institutions constitute forms of behaviour. This is an issue better left to the rest of the article. Yaguzi (talk) 03:08, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

Government titles vS vehicle vin codeing
What sticks.. 2600:1700:5B23:6240:B5D1:51F6:2694:D779 (talk) 20:54, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

"History of institutions" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect History of institutions and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 3 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 17:30, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Institution


text:
Talk:Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)/Official bio

Biography of His Holiness, FILARET Patriarch of Kyiv & All Rus’-Ukraine 1929 23 January - born in Blahodatne, Amvrosyyiv Rayon, Donetsk Oblast 1950 1 January - Received monastic tonsure with the name Filaret

15 January - Ordained hierodeacon by Patriarch Aleksiy (Shimansky) 1951 18 June - ordained priest 1952 Graduated from Moscow Theological Academy

Professor of New Testament at Moscow Theological Seminary 1953 Senior Assistant to Moscow Theological Academy inspector 1956 Appointed Inspector of Spiritual Seminary in Saratov

Elevated to rank of Ihumen 1957 Appointed Inspector of Spiritual Seminary in Kyiv 1958 12 July - Elevated to rank of Archimandrite, and appointed Rector of Spiritual Seminary in Kyiv 1960 Placed in charge of the administration of the Ukrainian Exarchate and appointed pastor of St. Volodymyr Sobor in Kyiv 1961 June, 1961 to January, 1962 - pastor of Russian Orthodox Representation Church to Patriarchate of Alexandria 1962 12 January - elected vicar Bishop of Leningrad [St. Petersburg] Eparchy

4 February - ordained Bishop in Leningrad [St. Petersburg] by: Met. (later Patriarch) Pimen (Izvyekov), Abp. Nikodim (Rotov), and Bps. Kyprian (Zernov), Mykhayil (Voskresenskyj), Mykhayil (Chub) and Nikodim (Rusnak)

3 June to October - Exarch of Central Europe

October, 1962 to December, 1964 - Bishop of Vienna and Austria 1964 December to May, 1966 - Bishop of Dmytrov, vicar of Moscow Eparchy and Rector of Moscow Spiritual Academy and Seminary 1966 14 May - Elevated to rank of Archbishop, appointed permanent member of the Holy Synod and Archbishop of Kyiv and Halych, Exarch of Ukraine 1970 Elected honorary member of the Moscow Spiritual Academy 1973 Elected honorary member of the Leningrad [St. Petersburg] Spiritual Academy 1970’s Authored numerous theological works; Presented papers at various scientific-theological meetings and conferences throughout Europe 1988 Primary organizer of the celebration of the Millennium of the Baptism of Rus’ due to prolonged illness of Patriarch Pimen (Izvyekov) 1990 3 May - Following death of Patriarch Pimen (Izvyekov), elected locum tenens of Muscovite Patriarchal throne

7-8 June - Chairman of full Sobor of Russian Church held in Moscow

25-27 October - Upon initiative of Metropolitan FILARET, Hierarchical Sobor of Russian Church grants independence in administrative matters to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) in Ukraine; Vladyka FILARET is unanimously elected by the hierarchs in Ukraine to be Archpastor of the UOC with the title “Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine” 1991 1-3 November - Sobor of the UOC in Kyiv, headed by Met. FILARET, acting upon the proclamation of independence of Ukraine (August 24), sends petition requesting autocephaly (total independence) for the UOC 1992 1-2 April - Hierarchical Sobor of Russian Church refuses request for autocephaly of the UOC headed by Met. FILARET

27 May - Kharkiv “Sobor”, called by Moscow Patriarchate, in violation of Church canons, the Statute of the UOC, and decisions of the Hierarchical Sobor of the ROC regarding the independence of the UOC in administrative matters, elected a hierarch of the Russian Church to be Archpastor of Ukrainian Orthodox Church

25-26 June - All-Ukrainian Orthodox Sobor in Kyiv united UOC headed by Metropolitan FILARET and UAOC headed by Patriarch MSTYSLAV into one Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kyivan Patriarchate (UOC-KP); elected by this Sobor to be Vicar of the Patriarch 1993 11 June - death of Patriarch MSTYSLAV

October - Metropolitan VOLODYMYR (Romaniuk) elected and enthroned as Patriarch with participation of Metropolitan FILARET and Archbishop Antony (Scharba) of New York and Washington and other hierarchs of the UOC-KP 1995 14 July - death of Patriarch VOLODYMYR

October - Elected and enthroned as the third Patriarch of Kyiv and All Rus’-Ukraine 1998 23 October to 16 November - Visited the United States including the following parishes: St. Nicholas in Cooper City (Miami), Florida; St. Sophia and Holy Pokrova in Chicago, Illinois; St. Stephen in Brunswick, Ohio; Holy Trinity in North Royalton, Ohio; Cathedral of St. Volodymyr in Parma, Ohio; Holy Trinity in Parma, Ohio; St. Andrew in Detroit, Michigan; as well as Holy Protection and Holy Ascension in Clifton, New Jersey [Journal 18 of the 23 November 1998 Session of the Holy Synod contains the text of the Synod’s resolution regarding the visit of His Holiness.] [A full report of the visit of His Holiness to the United States is contained in the February, 1999 edition of the journal Ukrainians of America for Kyivan Patriarchate.]

21 November - Consecrated reconstructed Bell Tower of St. Michael Golden-domed Monastery in Kyiv

23 November - Presided over the Session of the Holy Synod, which approved the petition of the Orthodox Mission in Texas, headed by Bishop Makarios, to be received as part of the UOC-KP [Journal 19 of the 23 November 1998 Session of the Holy Synod contains the text of this resolution.] -user:Sashazlv