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Talk:Conformational isomerism

Changed Intro
I changed / shortened the introduction. My first basic problem was the previous intro was unbalanced & didn't cite sources. I intend to put some more references in here soon. I guess the intro should stay short, cause the two main pages (Alkane Stereochemistry & Cyclohexane conformations) where it points to do a lot of explaining (and citing), also when it comes to relative stabilities in those cases. Hope this is ok to some people reading this, I still intend to improve it. --WijzeWillem (talk) 15:17, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

Crams Rule
Anybody know anything about Cram's Rule? it's very important in determining major and minor products of various substitution mechanisms but my knowledge of it is flawed. Also some coverage of the finer points of conformer naming would be good. I know antiperiplanar is coincident with the simpler anti configuration. Snarfevs 04:20, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Conformers
This page is used as a redirect for conformers but doesn't explain what is meant by that term85.210.50.176 22:46, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Its short for conformational isomers. Richard001 05:39, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Conformational analysis
Why does conformational analysis redirect here? The article doesn't even have the word "analysis", much less talk about what the term means! I get the idea that this page is all about conformers, but that's not what I'm looking for, which is, what constitutes "conformational analysis". 67.159.76.48 (talk) 15:15, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Three conformers for butane
Two equienergetic gauche (they are distinct non superposable structures)and one anti. The png to the right of page also needs to be corrected and have the intension to do that also.Cleanthis (talk) 16:48, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Peer review and responses during the educational assignment in Fall 2013
The introduction section is appropriately detailed and seems accessible to the general public. I thought it was good that you clarified that two conformational isomers can be exchanged without breaking a bond, whereas configurationally isomerism requires bond breakage to interconvert. It seems pretty obvious to us, but if you put in some arrows in the first figure to show how the bonds are rotated to go in-between gauche and anti, that might clarify the topic a bit. I like your figure of the free energy vs. dihedral angle, but it might be helpful to have Newman projections on each peak/trough to make more obvious what each energy corresponds to which conformation and maybe have units for the free energy to show the energies of the interactions. Also, under the topic “Types of conformational isomerism”, I thought maybe you could list the energies associated with specific eclipsing and gauche interactions to give an idea of which kinds of interactions are more energetically disfavorable.

I thought that the section for Protein rotamaer libraries was a bit too distantly related and long to be a sub-section; maybe it could be its own Wikipedia article. If not taken out, I think there should be a figure added to it to break up the big block of text. Also, the two final figures are in the protein rotamer section, but they should be formatted to be under the conformation-dependent reactions section.

Under the heading “Isolation or observation of the conformational isomers”, maybe the terms “protein folding” and “aliphatic” could be linked to their respective Wikipedia site. The figure of electrostatic and steric repulsion of eclipsed ethane should be made bigger and bolder, as it is pretty hard to see. Under “Conformation-dependent reactions” and in the associated figure, make sure you italicize the t or tert in t-Bu. Also, it might be helpful to show the 6-membered ring interactions that explain why the axial t-Bu group so unstable. You could also make a reference to the Wikipedia page for A-values in explaining why t-Bu is a conformational lock.

I think that the third-to-last figure could be eliminated because the final figure sums up the idea well enough. For the first figure, I do not think it is necessary to have two depictions of gauche, rather it would be more beneficial to show an eclipsing interaction of Me/Me and H/Me. The overall presentation is good, some of the figures should be made larger, bolder, and moved around to be next to the section that they are relevant to. (Yvonnedep (talk) 22:44, 1 November 2013 (UTC))

Content Is the introductory section accessible for non-experts? Yes. The introductory section is easy to be understood by the non-experts. Group 16 also added the concept of conformational analysis to the introduction to make people easier to understand the study of energy between different conformers. Several examples have also been shown in the introductory part to show the difference between conformational isomerism and configuration isomerism. Do the contents of each section justify its length? Yes. Group 16 has combined the two sections ‘Isolation or observation of the conformational isomers’ and ‘Techniques for study of conformational isomerism’ on the original page into one section. More information was given in the new section. And they also added a new section ‘Factors contributing to free energy of conformers’, which is very important part for conformational isomerism, to the new page. Are all the important terms/concepts linked to their respective Wikipedia pages for further reference? Yes. On the new page, they have already linked the terms and concepts to the Wikipedia pages. Are the highlighted examples appropriate? I think Group 16 may need to highlight the important concepts in the sections except for the introductory section. Is the content duplicative of any other content already on Wikipedia? No. Although some concepts on this page are also shown on page ‘Isomer’, but this page is mainly about conformational isomers; and they give more information about this topic.

Figures Are the figures original and of high quality? Yes. Group 16 has added four new pictures to the new pages. Are the figures informative and add to the text? Yes. Are the Chemdraw structures chemically accurate, aligned, and easy to read? Yes.

References Are the references complete (≥ 8)? Yes. Group 16 has added 8 new references on the new web page. Are the references inclusive of non-journal sources? Yes.

Overall Presentation The original Wikipedia page has already covered most information about conformational isomerism. So it’s a difficult for Group 16 to edit it. Group 16 has added more content, figures and references to make it easier to understand and also more comprehensive. Here are some advices to improve the new page. 1.	Add some more examples for the ‘Factors contributing to free energy of conformers’ section. For example, talk about which factor is more important in different molecules. 2.	Highlight all the important concepts on the new page. 3.	Conformation is also very important for the selectivity of chemical reactions. Maybe adding some more examples about the in the ‘Conformation-dependent reactions’ section will help readers better understand the importance of conformational isomerism. 4.	Allylic system may be also a good example for conformational isomerism. Some conformation about allylic system may be added in the ‘Types of conformational isomerism’ section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ybs.Umich (talk • contribs) 04:06, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

ChemLibrarian (talk) 02:50, 5 November 2013 (UTC)
1. You added nice images but all of them are in thumbnail. For some places it's good but for some paragraphs, you probably want to enlarge the picture and place them at the center of the page so that people can read them without clicking on them and the whole page can flow better too. See this page Picture tutorial for how to place the image at different places and adjust the size.

2. When you refer to images in the text, it's better to refer to their captions than their location because the location may change from browser to browser. I know images like the "Boltzmann distribution % of lowest energy conformation..." not added by you, but it would be nice to refer them in the text so that people know what they are about. For this particular image, it would be the best to identify the source and cite it since people may want to see the original data and it's ethical to give credits to whoever collected the data.

3. You may not have time to do so now, but I think the sections of this article could use some organization. The current sections seem a little wordy and could be further grouped.

Additional Comments
UMChemProfessor (talk) 20:15, 5 November 2013 (UTC) It seems as though you've added to the site but did not do much improvement to the current content. As a result, it feels disjointed. Feel free to edit/revise/delete current content as appropriate to make a single narrative that flows. I agree with most of the peer reviewer comments as well as ChemLibrarian. Please take their advice into consideration.

Mr.Holmium (talk) 03:06, 11 November 2013 (UTC)
We have incorporated almost all the suggestions you gave (thanks!), except for some minor details which can be ignored without affecting the flow of the information. For example, the free energy diagram has no unit or ΔG values because they are provided in the text and because it avoids convolution in the figure. Also, some suggestions were not taken literally but prompted new ideas for improvement. For example, figure 1 was replaced to show the rotation about a single bond (with the arrow, as suggested) because it complements the introduction better. We did not add the two eclipsed interactions Me/Me and H/Me; rather, both eclipsed and staggered conformations were incorporated to show that rotation would alternate between the two.

The structure of the article was reorganized a little to reflect the categories/hierarchy of information. Also, one old section was rewritten and one was deleted. We could not find sources relating to the Boltzmann distribution of conformers (only a reference merely alluding it, but there are research papers that uses it and we want to avoid citing sources that are hard to access) and the old version does not cite any sources. The "protein rotamers library" section was deleted because the amount of details and scope merit its own separate article like those cited in "types of conformational isomerism".

Proposed merge of Alkane stereochemistry into Conformational isomerism
The alkane stereochemistry article only covers the conformational aspect, which is already covered in conformational isomerism. The topic of stereochemistry involves other aspects as well, and these are already also covered in their own separate articles. DMacks (talk) 17:48, 6 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Support, just for the record as no-one else seems to care very much! Mike Turnbull (talk) 11:34, 5 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Mdewman6 (talk) 08:32, 9 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. This article could have included alkane enantiomerism of the chiral branched alkanes, but doesn't yet as noted. If chiral alkanes need a home in the future, they would fit nicely as a section in chirality (chemistry) or asymmetric carbon. –MadeOfAtoms (talk) 08:19, 11 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support, I am glad that you are doing this kind of work. It is confusing to readers when we have articles on heavily overlapping topics.  It is also worthwhile to create redirects of related quasi-synonyms to minimize this effect.--Smokefoot (talk) 14:13, 25 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment: you can see from the previous section that this article was the topic assigned in some course. That fact often guarantees that the article will be wordy, US-oriented, and often quite mediocre. So be prepared to slash and burn.--Smokefoot (talk) 14:19, 25 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose on the grounds that Alkane stereochemistry seems to be a subtopic of stereochemistry; conformational isomerism is a subtopic within stereochemistry, but there are many topics that are the subject of stereochemistry that are not about isomerism. Klbrain (talk) 12:20, 16 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Reply: I don't follow your reasoning: why would it matter that these are both subtopics of stereochemistry, which also has many other subtopics? My concern with the present contents of alkane stereochemistry is that it is mostly a wordy discussion of some of that material that is already present in conformational isomerism. I have no objection to alkane stereochemistry on its own but it would need new material unique to that article; that mostly consists of the rather slim subject of chiral branched alkanes like 3-Methylhexane. As far as I know there's not yet enough to say about those to devote an article, but someone could always write it in the future if warranted. Does that seem reasonable? –MadeOfAtoms (talk) 05:02, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * MadeOfAtoms correctly clarifies that the problem is the current content of the articles, not their names. And it's also a good point that "alkane stereochemistry" as a topic seems like a difficult niche for specific content. DMacks (talk) 09:15, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Another relevant factor that supports merging is that conformation is a Gold book term relating to the topic being discussed in these two articles, whereas there is no term equivalent to "alkane stereochemistry" in the way it is used in that article. Readers would be more likely to search for "conformation..." than "alkane..." when seeking an article like this. Mike Turnbull (talk) 09:52, 19 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Withdrawing opposition, given the arguments about content rather than title. So, perhaps merge the content as indicated in the proposal, then the decision about the direction of the redirect can made separately. Klbrain (talk) 09:40, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 07:05, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Never heard of "conformational isomerism"
I am an organic chemist for 45 years, and this is the first time I have ever seen or heard of "conformational isomerism". Conformers are NOT a type of "isomer". Isomers are all interconvertible via breaking and making bonds. For constitutional, aka structural, isomers these bonds originate from or terminate to different atoms. For stereoisomers, they are of the same atom. Conformers, on the other hand, have IDENTICAL bonding. Isomers are also all potentially isolable, discrete molecules. You can not isolate the staggered form of n-butane, as it would immediately equilibrate with the eclipsed form.

Conformers are simply different energy states of the exact same molecule, generated by torsional angle changes.

Would you count all of the quantum allowed vibrational states of water as "isomers" of water? Of course you wouldn't.

 * This entire article should be taken down. It will thoroughly confuse students.Retired angler2924 (talk) 19:23, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I moved the above content to the bottom of the page and gave the remark a header.
 * I agree that the title is awful. But once lots of content has been written, it is nearly impossible to remove an article from Wikipedia for good and for bad reasons.  So the article needs to be renamed.--Smokefoot (talk) 13:41, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I also hate the title but this is complex. For example see here: https://www.sydney.edu.au/science/chemistry/~george/isomers.html
 * as well as
 * https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/05%3A_Stereoisomerism_of_Organic_Molecules/5.03%3A_Conformational_Isomers
 * and this article:
 * https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-018-0043-6
 * The more I look, the more I see this term being used by folks teaching organic chemistry as well as it being used in the literature.
 * Now personally, I don’t think of this as isomerism either, and prefer “conformer distribution” or “conformational flexibility.” These also get used in the primary literature. See here for example: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8808740/. Anyway I would hesitate to change the title given that the term does have currency. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 15:53, 9 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Conformational isomerism


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Talk:Scientific creationism/Archive 1

Why was "most" changed to "many"? I can think of no reason for that change. Is it not the case that most scientists reject "scientific creationism" as unscientific? If so, then the word should be "most". -- Egern

It was changed in:

 * While many Christians and about 99.9% of scientists accept the theory of evolution and natural selection as the most likely explanation of speciation, most -> many nonscientists do not.

--Taw

Oh, never mind. I misread the change. My mistake. -- Egern

Y'know, the words "about 99.9% of biologists" are interesting. I doubt the person who wrote this is familiar with a survey that found that precisely 99.9% of biologists believe this. For all I know, it's 99.999%, or 97.6%. Everybody knows, in any case, that it's a very high percentage. If we don't know that the 99.9% figure, precisely, is correct, then why are we using it? --LMS

The creationism article contains this quote:

 * In 1987, Newsweek said: "By one count there are some 700 scientists with respectable academic credentials (out of a total of 480,000 U.S. earth and life scientists) who give credence to creation science...". Among scientists who work in the field, therefore, only about 0.14% hold the creationist view

That would make Newsweek's estimate 99.86%. I agree, though, that even if the number is accurate, it sounds like just a rhetorical flourish for "nearly all", and in any case, such numbers ought to be attributed as this one is in the other article. --LDC

Yep, here's where a more precise number and a citation of a study would come in handy. --LMS

Why do both creation science and scientific creationism exist? The names mean the same thing, right? --LMS

Who knows? F. Lee Horn

 * You're right, Larry. Perhaps one should REDIRECT to the other. I

hereby authorize you; feel the empowerment!! Ed Poor

I was waiting for someone who knows and cares enough to do it. :-) --LMS

''The teaching of religions at public schools is prohibited in the United States.''

This sentence says that students cannot be taught about religion in public schools. Is this true? My understanding is that American public schools simply cannot teach from the perspective of a particular religion. --Stephen Gilbert

 * Well, this must be subjective. I understand the sentence to mean

exactly what Stephen thinks the sentence should mean -- i.e. that schools can teach "about" religions and religion, but cannot teach students to be religious or to adhere to any particular religion. That's just what I think the "of" means. SR

It is certainly legal for American public schools to teach their students about religion. However, it is strictly forbidden by the Constitution of the US to teach children religion; the small difference is phrasing masks a tremendous difference in meaning. Teaching students about religion merely means that teachers can talk about the existence of various religions, and mention their beliefs and practices that have to do with the issue being studied by the class. Teaching students religion itself, however, would mean indoctrinating the students in one particular faith. American schools can and do have courses in Human Sexuality that mentions the Jewish, Christian and Islamic views of abortion and birth control. American schools may not, however, use their schools to teach their students to become Jewish (or Christian, or Muslim, etc.) RK

Just by way of clarification, the prohibition against teaching a supported by public revenue. F. Lee Horn
 * particular* religion applies only to schools which are financially

Removed for the moment:

 * The National Center for Science Education

http://www.ncseweb.org is an excellent resource for learning about and helping to fight against creationism.

This sounds like advocacy. We need to rewrite the context for this and, preferably, add a link to a major creationist site as well. --Robert Merkel - Taken from the article:

Some arguments proposed by creationists are: *That there are structures in species, such as the woodpecker's hyoid and the eyes of Strepsiptera, that could not have developed gradually. of order. *That the existence of strata and fossils suggest that they were laid down catastrophically. *That the speed of light has changed over time, thus changing the speed of radioactive decay. (Since both the meter and the second are defined in terms of light waves, this would then make no sense.) *That radioactive dates may be thought unreliable if they assume that certain isotopes were not present in the rock when formed. *That while a few thousands of years elapsed on earth, millions of years may have elapsed in the wider universe. (This argument is based on a non-standard interpretation of the theory of general relativity.)
 * That rock strata have in some places apparently been laid down out

Until a list of counter-arguments to the above is made (by whichever side), this list is inherently POV since it only presents one side of the argument. --mav

I am a creationist and wrote this list of creationist arguments to begin with, and I think it is correct to present them from the creationist POV, after the introduction stating so. I also think that some of them are bunk, so I've put parentheses around the counterarguments, though I've known someone who believes in c-decay. I suggest that rebuttals to the others be added in parentheses, if you know of any. -PierreAbbat

 * Mav, I agree with Pierre. Moreover, there is no "risk" that people

will be swayed by these arguments (they don't hold water). Actually, they show just how silly creationism is; they hardly require rebuttal. I vote to include them, and I'm willing to help locate some anti-creationist arguments. Why? Because I'm neither a creationist nor an evolutionist: I'm a serious student of science. Ed Poor 15:46 Jul 22, 2002 (PDT)

 * Hello all. Sorry for crashing in with my NPVing without

introducing myself on Editing Talk. I'm new here and I haven't quite got to grips with the etiquette. The revised list of arguments seems much better to me, although I don't agree that it is scientific to claim that some features couldn't have evolved gradually. There may be some for which the mechanism isn't [yet] known, but one can't prove a negative. GrahamN

I think the arguments should stay. The page is meant to describe the tenets of scientific creationism, and I believe that the most NPOV way we can do that is to present them (with the appropriate introduction) as they are.

Debating the validity of the arguments has no place on a page which should simply describe them as clearly as possible; if we get into that we run the risk of an endless revision based on editors' personal beliefs.

Standard practice here is to present the fact that "group A believes B" in a straightforward, factual manner, even in a generally sympathetic tone--at least in the article on subject B--followed by a brief statement that group C beleives otherwise. It's distracting to include the counter-arguments point-by-point inside the list, so I removed those (besides, the speed-of-light counterargument was even sillier than the creationist one). LDC

I agree that we shouldn't do it point-by-point, but...

I feel that recent revisions are a little bit as a result of the idea that it's irresponsible to present a falsehood as the last word in an article. This "last-word-ness" isn't going to help the entry. While we should make it clear that the scientific community generally regards these opinions as bunkum, that's already been said earlier in the article, and we shouldn't worry about leaving them with the impression that it's true. Compare the page on Buddhism, which rightly sees no need to rebut the assertion that "all life involves suffering" since it's presented as a belief that Buddhists hold without any statement on its truth or falsehood. Mswake

I don't disagree, really, it's just that this article is structured to make the counter-argument last kind of natural. In the early paragraphs, we only state that biologists generally disagree with "scientific creationism" in general. Only later do we present the arguments of the creationists, so we need a further statement that these arguments are considered unscientific or flawed. I don't think we need point-by-point debate, but we should at least balance all the major sections. How one chooses to do that is a matter of style. LDC

Fair enough. How's this as a final paragraph? "It should be noted that each of these arguments has a scientific rebuttal."? The problem is that any sort of having the last word requires that we add things like "this has a religious rebuttal" to pages such as Theory of Relativity, which seems ridiculous. Mswake

That would be a reasonable way to introduce the paragraph, but it makes it awkward to include the example. I don't think we need a counterpoint to each argument, but an example is good. What we don't want is just a blow-by-blow "group A believes this, group B says they're weenies". We want a reasonably complete, accurate statement of the beleivers' ideas, and a brief summary of what opposition groups believe and why. LDC

Just saying that each of them has a rebuttal would leave me wondering what they are. As to the time-on-earth/time-in-wider-universe argument, it's not a rebuttal to the Theory of Relativity, just (AFAIK, for I haven't worked out the numbers) a gross miscalculation, or failure to calculate. The effect is real, it just isn't as big as those creationists say it is. -phma

If the problem is "who has the last word", could we just move move the list further up the article, keeping the statement that "each of these arguments has a scientific rebuttal", or adding specific rebuttals if it is felt necessary, so that the article will finish on the same note that it did before? GrahamN

- What the article really needs is some real information. Would an article on any other academic topic be thought acceptable if it contained no mention at all of specific people who proposed the ideas, specific book titles, dates of important events, etc.? Legal rulings are a good start, but where's the beef? After someone who actually cares about this topic finishes writing it, then we can revisit polishing the tone and balance a bit. LDC

I added an explanation of #6, without which it sounds unbelievable even to someone trying to put his mind into a creationist's. Is there a similar explanation for #4? I regard the statement "the speed of light changes" as meaningless. -phma

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Scientific creationism/Archive 1


text: Category:Strapping Young Lad albums

title: Category:Strapping Young Lad albums


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Powderhorn Wilderness

The Powderhorn Wilderness is a 62050 acre wilderness area in Hinsdale and Gunnison counties, Colorado, United States, located 5 mi northeast of Lake City.

Description
Most of the northern part of the wilderness area, 48115 acre, about 77.5%, is located on Bureau of Land Management land and its southern portion, 13935 acre, about 22.5%, is located within the Gunnison National Forest. Elevations in the wilderness range from 8500 ft at the West Fork Powderhorn Creek to 12661 ft at the summit of Calf Creek Plateau.

The Powderhorn Wilderness is an important watershed for the Gunnison River. The area protects the East, Middle, and West forks of Powderhorn Creek, which flow into Cebolla Creek and then the Gunnison River. Calf Creek, which is on National Forest land, flows south and eventually joins Cebolla Creek. Within the wilderness area there are numerous small lakes and beaver ponds. The largest of these are Devil's Lake and Powderhorn Lake.

Much of the area sits above timberline at 12000 ft and it is recognized as one of the largest expanses of tundra in the contiguous United States.

Geology
The Powderhorn Wilderness is within the San Juan volcanic field and volcanic rocks dominate the region. The central, highest terrain of the wilderness is composed of basaltic lava flows of the Hinsdale Formation, which are dated at 16 to 19 million years old. These lava flows are thought to be among the last volcanic events in the area and are some of the best preserved. The Hinsdale Formation lava flows form an expansive alpine highland where the two highest ridges are Calf Creek Plateau and Cannibal Plateau.

Underlying these basalt flows are sheets of older volcanic rocks that are exposed around the periphery of the wilderness. From youngest to oldest, these rocks include Cochetopa Park Tuff, Nelson Mountain Tuff, Carpenter Ridge Tuff, and Fish Canyon Tuff. The volcanic ash that formed these tuffs came from Oligocene eruptions within the San Juan volcanic field. These eruption sites are the Cochetopa Caldera, San Luis Caldera, Bachelor Caldera, and La Garita Caldera, respectively. On the northern and western reaches of the wilderness there are yet older volcanic rocks exposed. These Oligocene lavas and breccias have been dated at 32 million years old.

The Powderhorn Wilderness was glaciated, and the most prominent glacial cirques are located on the north side of the wilderness. Powderhorn Lakes, popular hiking destinations, are located in one of these cirques.

Flora and fauna
Half of the Powderhorn Wilderness is above tree line and the alpine tundra here is dominated by grasses and forbs, though there are also extensive thickets of willow. Below, the subalpine forest is dominated by  Engelmann spruce and  subalpine fir, and interspersed are numerous subalpine meadows of grasses and forbs. There are also stands of aspen. At lower elevations, particularly in the northern extension of the wilderness, montane forests occur and ponderosa pine is often dominate. Sagebrush steppe becomes increasingly common at lower elevations, particularly on drier hillsides.

The wilderness serves as important summer range for mule deer and elk. Other mammals include mountain lions,  black bears, bobcats, coyotes,  martens,  marmots, and  pikas.

Hiking
Travel through the wilderness is limited to those on foot and horseback. There are six trailheads that provide access to the wilderness. To the west is the Devils Creek Trailhead (8478 ft). Along the north and northeast boundary are the Powderhorn Lake (11143 ft) and Ten Mile Spring (9327 ft) trailheads. And to the south are the Deer Lakes (10444 ft), Brush Creek (9926 ft), and Powderhorn Park (9047 ft) trailheads. These trailheads provide access to 45 mi of interconnecting trails allowing multiple options for trips in the wilderness.

The most popular destination in the wilderness is Powderhorn Lakes. These two lakes are nestled in a beautiful glacial cirque, and the 4.8 mi trip one-way is well worth the effort. Start at the Powderhorn Lake Trailhead and take the well-maintained Powderhorn Lakes Trail south to the lakes. The upper lake is at an elevation of (11860 ft). Given the popularity of this trail, those seeking remoteness and more solitude may find other trails and destinations more rewarding.

title: Powderhorn Wilderness


text: Category:Estonian chess players

title: Category:Estonian chess players


text:
User talk:Finenets

Thanks for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and has now been reverted or removed. Please use Sandbox for any other tests you want to do, since testing in articles will be reverted quickly. Please see the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. Thanks. CryptoDerk 04:27, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Finenets


text:
Niles Car and Manufacturing Company

The Niles Car and Manufacturing Company was an American manufacturer of railroad equipment, including many streetcar and interurban cars. It was founded in 1901 in Niles, Ohio and published catalogs showcasing their various cars.

Niles specialized in building wooden-bodied cars in the heyday of interurban building. Its cars had a reputation of being well-built and stylish; Niles advertising called them "The Electric Pullmans."

The company also produced equipment for the trucking industry, an industry reference citing 2 models of 1 and 2 tons respectively, costing $1500 to $2400, utilizing a worm drive and custom bodies to suit.

The company ceased producing railroad cars in 1917. The plant and equipment were purchased by the Engel Aircraft Company to produce aircraft parts for the United States Army Signal Corps.

Customers
Niles' clients included the:

 * Aurora Elgin and Chicago Railroad (later the Chicago Aurora and Elgin Railroad); including the oldest operating interurban in the US (#20)
 * Bamberger Electric Railroad
 * Fort Dodge, Des Moines and Southern Railway
 * Northern Electric Railway (later part of the Sacramento Northern Railway)
 * The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company
 * Northern Ohio Traction & Light
 * Pacific Northwest Traction Company
 * Rochester, Lockport and Buffalo Railroad
 * Rock Island Southern Railway
 * San Francisco, Napa and Calistoga Railway
 * St. Paul Southern Electric Railway
 * The Chicago Lake Shore and South Bend Railway
 * Toledo, Port Clinton and Lakeside Railway
 * Toronto Civic Railways (DE DT M - late TTC Class H, H1 and H3 cars).
 * Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis Electric Railway
 * Yakima Valley Transportation Company
 * Youngstown and Ohio River Railroad

title: Niles Car and Manufacturing Company


text:
Talk:Buk, Greater Poland Voivodeship

Untitled
Is the novel Poland really based on the town of Buk? Isn't it just a similar name? I thought the Bukowo of the novel was supposed to be somewhere in the south of Poland.--Kotniski 15:13, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Buk (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 15:05, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buk, Greater Poland Voivodeship


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Lloyd Nolan

Lloyd Benedict Nolan (August 11, 1902 – September 27, 1985) was an American stage, film and television actor who rose from a supporting player and B-movie lead early in his career to featured player status after creating the role of Captain Queeg in Herman Wouk's play The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial in the mid-1950s. Nolan won a Best Actor Emmy Award reprising the part in 1955 TV play based on Wouk's tale of military justice.

Starting in the 1950s, Nolan worked extensively in television while appearing in major motion pictures as a character actor. As he got older, he often played doctors, including in the Oscar-nominated movie Peyton Place and in Julia, the first American TV series starring an African American woman. For playing Doctor Morton Chegley to Diahann Carroll's nurse Julia Baker, Nolan was nominated for a 1969 Emmy for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series.

His last role was in Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters, which was released posthumously in 1986, the year after he died, bringing down the curtain on a career that spanned half a century. It is a measure of the respect in which he was held that his obituary in the Los Angeles Times was entitled "Lloyd Nolan, the Actor’s Actor, Dies."

Biography
Nolan was born in San Francisco, California, the youngest of three children of Margaret, who was of Irish descent, and James Nolan, an Irish immigrant who was a shoe manufacturer. He attended Santa Clara Preparatory School and Stanford University, flunking out of Stanford as a freshman "because I never got around to attending any other class but dramatics." His parents disapproved of his choice of a career in acting, preferring that he join his father's shoe business, "one of the most solvent commercial firms in San Francisco."

Nolan served in the United States Merchant Marine before joining the Dennis Players theatrical troupe in Cape Cod. He began his career on stage and was subsequently lured to Hollywood, where he played mainly doctors, private detectives, and policemen in many film roles.

Film career
Nolan's obituary in the Los Angeles Times contained the evaluation, "Nolan was to both critics and audiences the veteran actor who works often and well regardless of his material." Although Nolan's acting was often praised by critics, he was, for the most part, relegated to B pictures. Despite this, Nolan co-starred with a number of well-known actresses, among them Mae West, Dorothy McGuire, and former Metropolitan Opera mezzo-soprano Gladys Swarthout. Under contract to Paramount and 20th Century Fox studios, he essayed starring roles in the late '30s and early-to-mid '40s and appeared as the title character in the Michael Shayne detective series. Raymond Chandler's novel The High Window was adapted from a Philip Marlowe adventure for the seventh film in the Michael Shayne series, Time to Kill (1942); the film was remade five years later as The Brasher Doubloon, truer to Chandler's original story, with George Montgomery as Marlowe.

A number of Nolan's films were light entertainment with an emphasis on action. His most famous include: Atlantic Adventure; costarring Nancy Carroll; Ebb Tide; Wells Fargo; Every Day's a Holiday, starring Mae West; and Bataan starring Robert Taylor.

Nolan also contributed solid and key character parts in numerous other films. In Johnny Apollo (1940) he was a charismatic but finally self-serving and murderous gang boss. In A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, with Dorothy McGuire and James Dunn, he played a lonely beat policeman. In later years he gave a notable performance as a straight talking doctor who ultimately rails against small-town hypocrisy in the 1957 film Peyton Place with Lana Turner. One of his films was a startling revelation to audiences in 1945. The House on 92nd Street was a conflation of several true incidents of attempted sabotage by the Nazi regime (incidents which the FBI was able to thwart during World War II). Many scenes were filmed on location in New York City, unusual at the time, and real employees of the FBI interacted with Nolan throughout the film. Nolan reprised his role as FBI Agent Briggs in the 1948 movie, The Street with No Name.

One of the last of his many military roles was playing an admiral at the start of what proved to be Howard Hughes' favorite film, Ice Station Zebra.

Television
Later in Nolan's career, he returned to the stage and appeared on television to great acclaim in The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial, for which he received a 1955 Emmy award for portraying Captain Queeg, the role made famous by Humphrey Bogart. Nolan also made guest appearances on television shows, including NBC's The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford, The Bing Crosby Show, a sitcom on ABC and the Emmy-winning NBC anthology series The Barbara Stanwyck Show.

Nolan appeared on Wagon Train in the second season, episode 16, as the title character in “The Hunter Malloy Story”, January 21, 1959.

Nolan appeared three times on NBC's Laramie Western series, as sheriff Tully Hatch in the episode "The Star Trail (1959), as outlaw Matt Dyer in the episode "Deadly Is the Night" (1961) and then as former Union Army General George Barton in the episode "War Hero" (1962). On December 8, 1960, Nolan was cast as Dr. Elisha Pittman, in "Knife of Hate" on Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre. In the story line, Dr. Pittman removed one of the legs of Jack Hoyt (Robert Harland) after Hoyt sustained a gunshot wound from which infection was developing. Hoyt wants to marry Susan Pittman (Susan Oliver), but her father is at first unyielding on the matter.

Nolan starred in The Outer Limits episode "Soldier" written by Harlan Ellison. He appeared in the NBC Western Bonanza as LaDuke, a New Orleans detective. In 1967, Strother Martin and he guest-starred in the episode "A Mighty Hunter Before the Lord" of NBC's The Road West series, starring Barry Sullivan. Also in 1967, Nolan was a guest star in the popular Western TV series The Virginian, in the episode "The Masquerade", and in the pilot episode of Mannix.

Nolan co-starred from 1968 to 1971 in the pioneering NBC series Julia, with Diahann Carroll, who was the first African American woman to star in a non-servant role in her own television series.

One of his last appearances was a guest spot as himself in the 1984 episode "Cast in Steele" on the TV detective series Remington Steele.

On February 8, 1960, Nolan received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work in the television industry, at 1752 Vine Street.

In his later years, Nolan appeared in commercials for Polident.

Personal life
Nolan married Mell Efrid in 1933. They had a daughter Melinda who gave them two grandchildren, and a son Jay. The couple remained married until Efrid's death in 1981.

Their son Jay Nolan had autism and was institutionalized at a private institution at age 13. He died at age 26 from choking while eating. When Lloyd Nolan went public in 1972 about his son's autism, it was revealed that Jay was one of the first children in the United States to be diagnosed with the condition.

In 1983, Nolan married Virginia Dabney, with whom he remained until his death.

Political activity
Nolan was a lifelong Republican.

In 1964, Nolan spoke at the "Project Prayer" rally attended by 2,500 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles. The gathering, which was hosted by Anthony Eisley, a star of ABC's Hawaiian Eye series, sought to flood the United States Congress with letters in support of mandatory school prayer, following two decisions in 1962 and 1963 of the United States Supreme Court which struck down mandatory school prayer as conflicting with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Joining Nolan and Eisley at the rally were Walter Brennan, Rhonda Fleming, Dale Evans, Pat Boone, and Gloria Swanson. At the rally, Nolan asked, "Do we permit ourselves to be turned into a godless people, or do we preserve America as one nation under God?" Eisley and Fleming added that John Wayne, Ronald Reagan, Roy Rogers, Mary Pickford, Jane Russell, Ginger Rogers, and Pat Buttram would also have attended the rally had their schedules not been in conflict. "Project Prayer" was ultimately unsuccessful in its campaign to keep public prayer in public schools.

In 1973, Nolan testified to Congress urging that autism be recognized as a developmental disability. Nolan is credited with having convinced Ronald Reagan to sign California's bill mandating education be provided to children with autism. Nolan founded the Jay Nolan Autistic Center (now known as Jay Nolan Community Services) in honor of his son, Jay, and was chairman of the annual Save Autistic Children Telethon.

Nolan appeared alongside Ronald Reagan during the 1976 New Hampshire presidential primary in which he nearly scored an upset against President Gerald Ford.

Death
A long-time cigar and pipe smoker, Nolan died of lung cancer on September 27, 1985, at his home in Brentwood, California; he was 83. He is interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles, California.

title: Lloyd Nolan


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Covenant Theological Seminary

Covenant Theological Seminary, informally called Covenant Seminary, is the denominational seminary of the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA). Located in Creve Coeur, Missouri, it trains people to work as leaders in church positions and elsewhere, especially as pastors, missionaries, and counselors. It does not require all students to be members of the PCA, but it is bound to promote the teachings of its denomination. Faculty must subscribe to the system of biblical doctrine outlined in the Westminster Standards.

History
The seminary was established in 1956 as a sister institution to Covenant College, founded the previous year in Pasadena, California. Both were agencies of the Bible Presbyterian Church (Columbus Synod). The institution's founders believed that their denomination needed a strong theological school to resist liberalizing influences in American Evangelicalism. The college and seminary shared the president and campus in St. Louis until the college outgrew its space and moved to Lookout Mountain, Georgia, in 1964. They formally became two separate institutions in 1966.

Denominational mergers over the ensuing decades made the schools part of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC), then the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod (RPCES), and finally, in 1982—through what is known as the "joining and receiving" with the RPCES—the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), which elects and oversees the work of the seminary's board of trustees.

Over its 65 years, the seminary has continued to grow in size and reputation, and is now home to a student body (both on campus and online) drawn from nearly every U.S. state and many other nations. More than 4,500 Covenant Seminary graduates now serve as pastors, church planters, missionaries, campus ministers, counselors, Bible translators, and educators, and in many other ministry and non-vocational ministry capacities in multiple denominations and in all 50 states and 100 countries.

Academics
The seminary is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. It offers several academic degrees, including the Master of Divinity (MDiv), Master of Arts (MA), Master of Theology (ThM), and Doctor of Ministry (DMin).

The seminary is doctrinally committed to the Reformed faith and Covenant theology, and it believes the Bible to be the inspired and inerrant word of God.

The seminary is also home to the Francis Schaeffer Institute, which encourages Christians to engage contemporary culture in a compassionate way with the truth-claims of the gospel.

Covenant publishes Covenant magazine annually and Presbyterion, an academic theological journal, semiannually.

President
In July 2021, Thomas C. Gibbs became the sixth president of Covenant Seminary, After graduating from Auburn University, Gibbs served as a youth director at Faith Presbyterian Church in Birmingham, Alabama. After earning a Master of Divinity degree from Covenant Seminary in 1997, he started a new Reformed University Fellowship (RUF) chapter at Baylor University, then served as senior pastor at Redeemer Presbyterian Church of San Antonio, Texas, for 19 years.

Previous Covenant presidents include: Robert G. Rayburn (1956–1977), William S. Barker (1977–1985), Paul Kooistra (1985–1994), Bryan Chapell (1994–2010; chancellor, 2011–2012), and Mark Dalbey (interim president, 2012–2013, permanent, 2013-2021).

Notable alumni

 * Kenneth Bae, US missionary, author, activist
 * William S. Barker, theologian, educator
 * Jerram Barrs, author, educator, pastor, Founder of Francis Schaffer Institute
 * Anthony Bradley, theologian, educator, author
 * Bryan Chapell, theologian, educator, pastor
 * Ligon Duncan, pastor
 * Ted K. Lim, pastor, educator, former president of Asian Center for Theological Studies in Korea
 * Matt Morginsky, Christian singer
 * Nancy Pearcey, Christian author
 * Bong Rin Ro, missiologist, former executive secretary of Asia Graduate School of Theology
 * Phillip Sandifer, singer/songwriter
 * Dane Ortlund, pastor, author
 * Gavin Ortlund, theologian, author, apologist

title: Covenant Theological Seminary


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Talk:Fall Out Boy (band)

Shouldn't the article have a section with the names of the band members?--Kross 14:05, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

Edit Required (moved from article)

 * Tour History
 * Release date for the Vinyl
 * Clarification on who joined the band third, Strump or Hurley
 * Consistent capitalization and punctuation for titles (making sure they are all the same in terms of what is capitalized in titles, and uniformity in quotation marks
 * Pictures for the albums and a picture of the band if you can find a place to get them with permission
 * Producer/recorder for each album

Necessity / Merger

 * This page seems extraneous, compared to Fall Out Boy, which is a little more correct and a lot more comprehensive.

title: Talk:Fall Out Boy (band)


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Sea lane

A sea lane, sea road or shipping lane is a regularly used navigable route for large water vessels (ships) on wide waterways such as oceans and large lakes, and is preferably safe, direct and economic. During the Age of Sail, they were determined by the distribution of land masses but also by the prevailing winds, whose discovery was crucial for the success of long maritime voyages. Sea lanes are very important for seaborne trade.

History

The establishment of the North Atlantic sea lanes was inspired by the sinking of the US mail steamer SS Arctic by collision with the French steamer SS Vesta in October 1854 which resulted in the loss of over 300 lives. Lieutenant M. F. Maury of the US Navy first published a section titled "Steam Lanes Across the Atlantic" in his 1855 Sailing Directions proposing sea lanes along the 42 degree latitude. A number of international conferences and committees were held in 1866, 1872, 1887, 1889, and 1891 all of which left the designation of sea lanes to the principal trans-Atlantic steamship companies at the time; Cunard, White Star, Inman, National Line, and Guion Lines. In 1913–1914 the International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea held in London again reaffirmed that the selection of routes across the Atlantic in both directions is left to the responsibility of the steamship companies.

Shipping lanes came to be by analysing the prevailing winds. The trade winds allowed ships to sail towards the west quickly, and the westerlies allowed ships to travel to the east quickly. As such, the sea lanes are mostly chosen to take full advantage of these winds. Currents are also similarly followed as well, which also gives an advantage to the vessel. Some routes, such as that from Cape Town to Rio de Janeiro (passing Tristan da Cunha), were not able to take advantage of these natural factors.

Main sea lanes may also attract pirates. Pax Britannica was the period from 1815–1914 during which the British Royal Navy controlled most of the key maritime trade routes, and also suppressed piracy and the slave trade. During World War I, as German U-boats began hitting American and British shipping, the Allied trade vessels began to move out of the usual sea lanes to be escorted by naval ships.

Advantages

Although most ships no longer use sails (having switched them for engines), the wind still creates waves, and this can cause heeling. As such following the overall direction of the trade winds and westerlies is still very useful. However, it is best for any vessel that is not engaged in trading, or is smaller than a certain length, to avoid the lanes. This is not only because the slight chance of a collision with a large ship that can easily cause a smaller ship to sink, but also because large vessels are much less maneuverable than smaller ships, and need much more depth. Smaller ships can thus easily take courses that are nearer to the shore. Unlike with road traffic, there is no exact "road" a ship must follow, so this can easily be done.

Shipping lanes are the busiest parts of the sea, thus being a useful place for stranded boaters whose boats are sinking or people on a liferaft to boat to, and be rescued by a passing ship.

Threats from shipping lanes
Shipping lanes may pose threats to some ocean-going craft. Small boats risk conflicts with bigger ships if they follow the shipping lanes. Sections of lanes exist which can be shallow or have some kind of obstruction (such as sand banks). This threat is greatest when passing some narrows, such as between islands in the Indian Ocean (e.g. in Indonesia) as well as between islands in the Pacific (e.g. near the Marquesas islands, Tahiti). Some shipping lanes, such as the Straits of Malacca off Indonesia and Malaysia, and the waters off Somalia, are frequented by pirates operating independently or as privateers (for companies and countries). Passing ships run the risk of being attacked and held for ransom.

Busiest shipping lanes
The world's busiest shipping lane is the Dover Strait. 500–600 vessels per day traverse the narrow strait and in 1999 1.4 billion tonnes gross, carried by 62,500 vessels passed through the strait.

title: Sea lane


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String Quartet No. 12 (Dvořák)

The String Quartet No. 12 in F major, Op. 96, nicknamed the American Quartet, is the twelfth string quartet composed by Antonín Dvořák. It was written in 1893, during Dvořák's time in the United States. The quartet is one of the most popular in the chamber music repertoire.

Composition
Dvořák composed the quartet in 1893 during a summer vacation from his position as director (1892–1895) of the National Conservatory in New York City. He spent his vacation in the town of Spillville, Iowa, which was home to a Czech immigrant community. Dvořák went to Spillville through Josef Jan Kovařík. Kovařík had finished violin studies at the Prague Conservatory and was about to return to Spillville—his home in the United States—when Dvořák offered him a position as secretary. When Josef Jan accepted, he went to live with the Dvořák family in New York. He told Dvořák about Spillville, where his father Jan Josef was a schoolmaster, leading Dvořák to spend the summer of 1893 there.

Dvořák felt very much at ease in Spillville. Writing to a friend he described his state of mind, away from hectic New York: "I have been on vacation since 3 June here in the Czech village of Spillville and I won't be returning to New York until the latter half of September. The children arrived safely from Europe and we're all happy together. We like it very much here and, thank God, I am working hard and I'm healthy and in good spirits." He composed the quartet shortly after the New World Symphony, before that work had been performed.

Dvořák sketched the quartet in three days and completed it in thirteen more days, finishing the score with the comment "Thank God! I am content. It was fast." It was his second attempt to write a quartet in F major: his first effort, twelve years earlier, produced only one movement. The American Quartet proved a turning point in Dvořák's chamber music output: for decades he had toiled unsuccessfully to find a balance between his overflowing melodic invention and a clear structure. In the American Quartet it finally came together. Dvořák defended the apparent simplicity of the piece: "When I wrote this quartet in the Czech community of Spillville in 1893, I wanted to write something for once that was very melodious and straightforward, and dear Papa Haydn kept appearing before my eyes, and that is why it all turned out so simply. And it's good that it did."

Dvořák gave the subtitle for his symphony as, "From the New World". To the quartet he gave no subtitle, but there is the comment "The second composition written in America."

Inspirations
For the London premiere of his New World symphony, Dvořák wrote: "As to my opinion I think that the influence of this country (it means the folk songs as are Negro, Indian, Irish, etc.) is to be seen, and that this and all other works (written in America) differ very much from my other works as well as in couleur as in character,..."

Dvořák's appreciation of African-American music is documented: Harry T. Burleigh, a baritone and later a composer, who knew Dvořák while a student at the National Conservatory, said, "I sang our Negro songs for him very often, and before he wrote his own themes, he filled himself with the spirit of the old Spirituals." Dvořák said: "In the Negro melodies of America I discover all that is needed for a great and noble school of music." For its presumed association with African-American music, the quartet was referred to with nicknames such as Negro and Nigger, before being called the American Quartet. The older nicknames, without negative connotations for the composition, were abandoned after the 1950s.

Dvořák wrote (in a letter he sent from America shortly after composing the quartet): "As for my new Symphony, the F major String Quartet and the Quintet (composed here in Spillville) – I should never have written these works 'just so' if I hadn't seen America." Listeners have tried to identify specific American motifs in the quartet. Some have claimed that the theme of the second movement is based on an African-American spiritual, or perhaps on a Kickapoo tune that Dvořák heard during his sojourn at Spillville.

A characteristic, unifying element throughout the quartet is the use of the pentatonic scale. This scale gives the whole quartet its open, simple character, a character that is frequently identified with American folk music. However, the pentatonic scale is common in many ethnic musics worldwide, and before coming to America Dvořák had composed pentatonic music, being familiar with such Slavonic folk music examples.

Specific American influences have been doubted: "In fact the only American thing about the work is that it was written there", writes Paul Griffiths. "The specific American qualities of the so-called "American" Quartet are not easily identifiable, writes Lucy Miller, "...Better to look upon the subtitle as simply one assigned because of its composition during Dvořák's American tour." Some have heard suggestions of a locomotive in the last movement, recalling Dvořák's love of railroads.

Dvořák quoted in the third movement, measures 21–24, a bird that he heard in Iowa. The song appears as a high, interrupting strain in the first violin part. Dvořák was annoyed by this bird's insistent chattering, and transcribed its song in his notebook. In the 1950s, an English musicologist identified the bird as a scarlet tanager - a claim that has been repeated in books ever since. However, American ornithologist Ted Floyd showed in 2016 that the bird quoted by Dvořák likely was not a scarlet tanager; instead, the bird was probably a red-eyed vireo, another American songbird.

Structure
The quartet is scored for the usual complement of two violins, viola, and cello, and comprises four movements: A typical performance of the work lasts 26 to 30 minutes.

I. Allegro ma non troppo
The opening theme of the quartet is purely pentatonic, played by the viola, with a rippling F major chord in the accompanying instruments. This same F major chord continues without harmonic change throughout the first twelve measures of the piece. The movement then goes into a bridge, developing harmonically, but still with the open, triadic sense of openness and simplicity.

The second theme, in A major, is also primarily pentatonic, but ornamented with melismatic elements reminiscent of Romani or Czech music. The movement moves to a development section that is much denser harmonically and much more dramatic in tempo and color.

The development ends with a fugato section that leads into the recapitulation.

After the first theme is restated in the recapitulation, there is a cello solo that bridges to the second theme.

II. Lento
The theme of the second movement is the one that interpreters have most tried to associate with a Negro spiritual or with an American Indian tune. The simple melody, with the pulsing accompaniment in second violin and viola, does indeed recall spirituals or Indian ritual music. It is written using the same pentatonic scale as the first movement, but in the minor (D minor) rather than the major. The theme is introduced in the first violin, and repeated in the cello. Dvořák develops this thematic material in an extended middle section, then repeats the theme in the cello with an even thinner accompaniment that is alternately bowed and pizzicato.

III. Molto vivace
The third movement is a variant of the traditional scherzo. It has the form A–B–A–B–A: the A section is a sprightly, somewhat quirky tune, full of off-beats and cross-rhythms. High in the first violin there appears the song of a bird the composer believed to be a scarlet tanager; however, the song was likely not that of the tanager.

The B section is a variation of the main scherzo theme, played in minor, at half tempo, and more lyrical. In its first appearance it is a legato line, while in the second appearance the lyrical theme is played in triplets, giving it a more pulsing character.

IV. Finale: vivace ma non troppo
The final movement is in a traditional rondo form, A–B–A–C–A–B–A. Again, the main melody is pentatonic. The movement's rhythm was inspired by Dvořák's experience riding on trains and hearing them chugging on tracks while traveling across America, as seen in the "chugging" of the second violin and viola throughout the piece.

The B section is more lyrical, but continues in the spirit of the first theme.

The C section is a chorale theme.

History
In a first private performance of the quartet, in Spillville, June 1893, Dvořák played first violin, Jan Josef Kovařík second violin, daughter Cecilie Kovaříková viola, and son Josef Jan Kovařík the cello.

The first two public performances of the quartet were by the Kneisel Quartet, in Boston on 1 January 1894, and then in New York City on 13 January. An unnamed reviewer wrote the next day that to be sure, "there is none of the soaring or the yearning of the mighty Beethoven", but that there is "the spirit of eternal sunshine" that is "the soul of Mozart's music". Burghauser mentions press notices in both cities, the first in the New York Herald, 18 December 1893.

While the influence of American folk song is not explicit in the quartet, the impact of Dvořák's quartet on later American compositions is clear. Following Dvořák, a number of American composers turned their hands to the string quartet genre, including John Knowles Paine, Horatio Parker, George Whitefield Chadwick, and Arthur Foote. "The extensive use of folk-songs in 20th century American music and the 'wide-open-spaces' atmosphere of 'Western' film scores may have at least some of their origins" in Dvořák's new American style, writes Butterworth.

The song is also used in the score for the Greta Gerwig film Little Women, for a pivotal scene in which Laurie and Jo dance for the first time.

title: String Quartet No. 12 (Dvořák)


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Major Barbara (film)

Major Barbara is a 1941 British film starring Wendy Hiller and Rex Harrison. The film was produced and directed by Gabriel Pascal and edited by David Lean. It was adapted for the screen by Marjorie Deans and Anatole de Grunwald, based on the 1905 stage play Major Barbara by George Bernard Shaw. It was both a critical and a financial success.

Plot
In this social satire, Barbara Undershaft (Hiller), an idealistic major in the Salvation Army, is deeply troubled by the fact that her father, Andrew Undershaft (Robert Morley), is a wealthy weapons manufacturer. Meanwhile, Andrew is looking for an heir for his industrial empire, in particular a foundling like himself.

Cast

 * Wendy Hiller as Major Barbara Undershaft
 * Rex Harrison as Adolphus Cusins
 * Robert Morley as Andrew Undershaft
 * Robert Newton as Bill Walker
 * Sybil Thorndike as The General
 * Emlyn Williams as Snobby Price
 * Miles Malleson as Morrison, the butler
 * Donald Calthrop as Peter Shirley (died during filming)
 * Marie Lohr as Lady Britomart
 * Stanley Holloway as a Policeman
 * Marie Ault as Rummy Mitchens
 * Penelope Dudley-Ward as Sarah Undershaft
 * Walter Hudd as Stephen Undershaft
 * David Tree as Charles Lomax
 * Deborah Kerr as Jenny Hill
 * Torin Thatcher as Todger Fairmile
 * Felix Aylmer as James
 * Kathleen Harrison as Mrs. Price
 * Edward Rigby as Man on Quayside

Production
Major Barbara was filmed in London during The Blitz bombing of 1940. During air raids, the crew and cast repeatedly had to dodge into bomb shelters. The film's producer-director, Pascal, never stopped the production and the film was completed on schedule.

According to another account the film was meant to take ten weeks but took twenty weeks. The original budget of £130,000 was insufficient to complete it so J. Arthur Rank provided £100,000 necessary. This resulted in Rank making a full commitment to investing in films.

Box Office
According to Kinematograph Weekly it was the sixth most popular film of 1941 in Britain, after 49th Parallel, Great Dictator, Pimpernel Smith and Lady Hamilton.

Critical reception
In a contemporary review, Bosley Crowther wrote in The New York Times:"To call it a manifest triumph would be arrant stinginess with words. For this is something more than just a brilliant and adult translation of a stimulating play, something more than a captivating compound of ironic humor and pity. This is a lasting memorial to the devotion of artists working under fire, a permanent proof for posterity that it takes more than bombs to squelch the English wit. It is as wry and impudent a satire of conventional morals and social creeds as though it had been made in a time of easy and carefree peace. It is, in short, a more triumphant picture than any the British have yet sent across."More recently, Time Out wrote, "There is plenty to relish, notably Newton and Morley hamming it up (as, respectively, the rumbustious Bill Walker and the overbearing tycoon), and Deborah Kerr in her debut; but it does tend to just sit there."

Home media
Major Barbara was released on DVD by The Criterion Collection on 23 February 2010, as part of the box set George Bernard Shaw on Film.

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Loftus railway station, Sydney

Loftus railway station is located on the Illawarra line, serving the Sydney suburb of Loftus. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 line services and limited NSW TrainLink South Coast line services.

History
Loftus station opened on 9 March 1886 as Loftus Junction when the Illawarra line was extended from Sutherland to Waterfall. In September 1896 it was renamed Loftus. It was rebuilt in 1979 as part of the extension of the electrification from Loftus Junction to Waterfall.

From 1886 until 1991, Loftus was the former junction of the branch line to the Royal National Park which branched off immediately south of the station.

Transport links
U-Go Mobility operates two bus routes via Loftus station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 991: Sutherland station to Heathcote
 * 993: Westfield Miranda to Woronora Heights

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Jack Dangermond

Jack Dangermond (born 1945) is an American billionaire businessman and environmental scientist, who in 1969 co-founded, with Laura Dangermond, the Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), a privately held geographic information systems (GIS) software company. As of July 2023, his net worth was estimated at US$9.3 billion.

Dangermond, Esri's president, works at its headquarters in Redlands, California. He founded the company to perform land-use analysis; however, its focus evolved into GIS-software development, highlighted by the release of ARC/INFO in the early 1980s. The development and marketing of ARC/INFO positioned Esri with the dominant market share among GIS-software developers. Esri's flagship product, ArcGIS, traces its heritage to Dangermond's initial efforts in developing ARC/INFO.

Career
Dangermond grew up in Redlands, the son of Dutch immigrants. His parents owned a plant nursery in the town. Dangermond attended Redlands High School.

Dangermond completed his undergraduate degree in landscape architecture at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. He then earned a Master in Urban Planning from the University of Minnesota, and a Master of Landscape Architecture degree from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design in 1969. His early work in the school's Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis (LCGSA) led directly to the development of Esri's ARC/INFO GIS software. He has been awarded 13 honorary doctoral degrees.

Philanthropy
In December 2017, Jack and Laura Dangermond donated $165 million to establish the Jack and Laura Dangermond Preserve on the Pacific coast—the largest ever gift to The Nature Conservancy.

Jack and Laura Dangermond have signed The Giving Pledge.

In January 2020, Jack and Laura Dangermond donated $3 million to the Museum of Redlands fund.

In 2005, Jack helped Duane Marble establish the American Association of Geographers Marble Fund for Geographic Science. This fund serves to advance GIScience education by providing awards to undergraduate and graduate student research. These awards include the "Marble-Boyle Undergraduate Achievement Award," "William L. Garrison Award for Best Dissertation in Computational Geography," and the "Marble Fund Award for Innovative Master's Research in Quantitative Geography."

Honors
Dangermond has received many awards, including:
 * Officier in de Orde van Oranje Nassau
 * Horwood Distinguished Service Award of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association in 1988
 * John Wesley Powell Award of the U.S. Geological Survey in 1996
 * Anderson Medal of the Association of American Geographers in 1998
 * Cullum Geographical Medal of the American Geographical Society in 1999
 * EDUCAUSE Medal of EduCause
 * Honorary doctorate from the University of West-Hungary in 2003
 * Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal of the International Cartographic Association in 2007
 * Honorary doctorate from the University of Minnesota in 2008
 * Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 2010.
 * Alexander Graham Bell Medal of the National Geographic Society in 2010, together with Roger Tomlinson.
 * Fellow of the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science in 2012
 * Recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award (Champions of the Earth) in 2013.
 * Audubon Medal of the National Audubon Society in 2015

title: Jack Dangermond


text:
Engadine railway station

Engadine railway station is located on the Illawarra line, serving the Sydney suburb of Engadine. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 line services and limited NSW TrainLink South Coast line services.

History
Engadine station opened on 1 October 1920.

The station was extensively upgraded in 2002 with the provision of extended shelters and passenger lifts between the platforms and the overhead footbridge.

Transport links
Premier Motor Service operates a daily coach from Sydney to Eden via Engadine station.

U-Go Mobility operates five bus routes via Engadine station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 991: Sutherland station to Heathcote
 * 992: to Kingswood Road
 * 993: Westfield Miranda to Woronora Heights
 * 996: to Heathcote East
 * 989: on Wednesdays to Bundeena, subcontracted to Maianbar Bundeena Bus Service

title: Engadine railway station


text:
Peach Fuzz (comics)

Peach Fuzz is an original English-language manga written and illustrated by Lindsay Cibos and Jared Hodges. It was published in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop in three volumes from January 11, 2005, to December 11, 2007. Peach Fuzz originally started as a short 17-page story in Tokyopop's 2nd Rising Stars of Manga competition, where it won the grand prize. The series also appeared in a Sunday comic strip form within Sunday newspaper comics sections. Peach Fuzz focuses on the relationship between a young girl and a ferret who believes herself to be a princess.

Plot
The series begins when Amanda desires a unique pet and chooses a young ferret at the local pet shop. Her mother reluctantly yields to her decision on the condition that it should never injure her. Amanda names it Peach after seeing a fruit stand with peaches. Terrified of losing her new pet and companion, Amanda keeps Peach's biting a secret. Peach, in turn, rebels in a self-congratulatory way, maintaining that she is a ferret princess who must heroically retain her composure and courage while being tormented by five-headed giants and their slaves. After being forced to fight Mr. Fuzzy — a toy given to Peach which she views as a servant, Peach bites Amanda and Amanda, in response, tries the "Bitter Bite" spray to discipline her. Amanda's actions reminds her of her mother and Peach softens her view of Amanda.

Amanda brings Peach to her class's show and tell and because of Peach's popularity with the class, Amanda's friend Kim decides to get a ferret. Her ferret, Pavaratty, displays arrogance towards Peach and doubts her princess status since she lacks a palace, an entourage and treasure. Peach resolves to gain these things so she can impress the ferret prince. Meanwhile, two bullies turn Amanda's class against her after she wears a handmade ferret costume to school in an attempt to stand out. To collect more treasure, Peach secretly accompanies Amanda to school. Kim realizes Amanda's friendship is more important and admits she was wrong to turn against her. Peach accidentally saves the class's hamsters from being eaten by a snake which escaped during the show and tell. Amanda is redeemed in the class's eyes.

To ease Peach's boredom, Amanda gets another ferret, who is named Edwin after the hero of a romance novel. Initially Peach believes he is her ferret prince, but quickly becomes annoyed by him. Amanda brings the ferrets to her friend's house. There, Peach and Edwin meet Mimi's albino ferrets, the manic-depressive Spore and melancholy Truffle, who believe that they and anyone who enters their land is cursed. After Edwin breaks off a claw, Peach softens her view of him, but becomes ill. She recovers and decides that even if Edwin is not a prince, she still loves him.

Development
As a young girl, Lindsay Cibos frequently read comic books such as Sonic the Hedgehog and Gargoyles. After learning about manga, she preferred it to comics because it had art and female-centered storylines that appealed to her. She found it easier to get into manga because they were self-contained stories that started at the beginning. She learned about Tokyopop's Rising Stars of Manga contest from a Tokyopop Newsblast e-mail but was unable to work on an entry for the contest because of other projects. For the second contest, she worked with Jared Hodges, whom she had met at an anime club in 1998, and set aside a month to work on her entry; she wanted to "make a good concise little story for the contest's 20-page limit." Based on a web-comic that the two had been working on, their entry "Peach Fuzz" won the grand prize, was published in Tokyopop's anthology and turned into a manga series of the same name. While drawing the series, Cibos and Hodges encountered the challenge of working with the screentone and "digitally inking" the comic.

Some of Peach Fuzz is based on real-life ferrets and places. The creators designed the ferret characters Peach and Edwin after Cibos's pet ferrets Momoko—Japanese for Peach—and Elf. They also modeled several of Edwin's mannerisms on Elf's. Elf's "single-minded obsession to a pair of headphones" became the model for "Pavaratty’s devotion to his toy microphone". In contrast, the human characters have no specific model. Cibos stated: "Bits and pieces were likely inspired from the people around me and from an amalgam of life experiences Jared and I had growing up: remembering what it was like to be in the fourth grade, having a pet for the first time, dealing with bullies, misunderstandings with parents, and so on." Several of the locations in Peach Fuzz, such as Mimi's apartments, were designed after real-life places.

Release
Written and illustrated by Lindsay Cibos and Jared Hodges, Peach Fuzz was published in three volumes in North America and the United Kingdom by Tokyopop from January 11, 2005, to December 11, 2007. The first six chapters of Peach Fuzz also appeared as a serial in forty newspapers, including The Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, and Vancouver Sun, from January to July 2006. In Australia and New Zealand, Madman Entertainment distributes the series. It is also licensed in Sweden by B. Wahlströms Bokförlag, in Germany by Tokyopop Germany, in Finland by Pauna Media Group, in Spain, and in Portugal by Edições Asa.

Reception
Peach Fuzz received positive reviews from English-language critics. Newtype USA ' s Jennifer M. Contino enjoyed how much of the story focused on Peach's perspective and called the series "a promising debut". Danica Davidson of The Book Report praised the appeal of the "fun cast of characters" and described the series as "cute and warmhearted...with plenty of laughs." Johanna Draper Carlson, a longtime reviewer for Publishers Weekly, noted the potential of the series but thought it could have "benefited from experienced editing" and commented on the mixed messages being sent, stating: "If we root for the character we see most often, Peach, then we’re hoping to see her continue to misbehave. If we root for Amanda teaching Peach how to behave, then most of the material is irrelevant or mistargeted."

title: Peach Fuzz (comics)


text:
Talk:Karakuwa, Miyagi

External links modified
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title: Talk:Karakuwa, Miyagi


text:
Heathcote railway station

Heathcote railway station is located on the Illawarra line, serving the Sydney suburb of Heathcote. It is served by Sydney Trains T4 line services and limited NSW TrainLink South Coast line services. Station facilities include public toilets and a car park.

History
Heathcote station opened on 9 March 1886 as Loftus station when the Illawarra line was extended from Sutherland to Waterfall. Upgrades to the station, including a new footbridge with lifts, were completed in January 2017. The contract for these upgrades was awarded in July 2015.

Transport links
U-Go Mobility operates two bus routes via Heathcote station, under contract to Transport for NSW:
 * 991: Heathcote to Sutherland station
 * 996: Engadine to Heathcote East

title: Heathcote railway station


text:
Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé

Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé (born 2 March 1956) is a Bolivian judge who briefly served as the 64th president of Bolivia from 2005 to 2006 on an interim basis following the resignation of President Carlos Mesa during the 2005 political crisis. Prior to his temporary role as president, he was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Bolivia.

Background
Born in Cochabamba in 1956, Rodríguez is a lawyer and holds a master's degree in public administration. He studied at Colegio San Agustín; later he studied law at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in Cochabamba and obtained his Master of Public Administration at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.

Rodríguez was the Bolivian ambassador to the Netherlands where he also served as ambassador before the International Court of Justice. On 12 November 2019, he resigned from that post upon the assumption of the government of Jeanine Áñez.

Presidency (2005–2006)
In 2005, after weeks of civil unrest led by cocalero activist Evo Morales, former president Carlos Mesa offered his resignation to Congress. Senate President Hormando Vaca Diez and Chamber of Deputies leader Mario Cossío did not take the post, under pressure from opposition protestors. Rodríguez, as non-partisan head of the judiciary and fourth in the line of succession, became the country's new president on June 10, 2005; he was inaugurated with the constitutional mandate to call elections within one year's time.

Evo Morales won the December 2005 general election and Rodriguez's term ended upon Morales' inauguration.

Treason charges
Under the Morales administration, Rodriguez has been charged with treason following the decommissioning of missiles during his term in office. Bolivia bought about 30 HN-5 shoulder-launched missiles from China in 1993 or 1998. By 2005 they had become obsolete and Rodriguez made the decision to destroy them; he says he did not know the United States would be the ones to be given the missiles for destruction. Before taking office, Morales charged that the transfer amounted to putting the country "under foreign domination."

He was charged with treason in 2006, which carries a 30-year prison term. He has since been cleared of all charges.

title: Eduardo Rodríguez Veltzé


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Karakuwa, Miyagi/archive1

Karakuwa, Miyagi
I'm attempting to get this article up to FA status, with the hope of it being featured in late March next year (just before the town ceases to exist and is merged into Kesennuma). I'd appreciate any suggestions on what to expand, general suggestions on the writing, and any interesting details that people would like to know. Thanks for the help! --William McDuff 04:50, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I see only one external link. Where are the references? Also, I'm missing a culture section in the article. You could take a featured city article and see what's included in that and get an idea on what still needs expanding. Mgm|(talk) 09:13, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * I've moved over the merger information link (and the town hall website is linked on the table, by the way, perhaps I should duplicate it?) An other reference was the Japanese page...and I'm living in the city at the moment.  Still, yes, this gives me a direction to expand to.  Have to go digging (paper and people, most probably). Thanks for the input! --William McDuff 21:58, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * It seems too short to me, even for a small city like this one. There's probably plenty of other things that could be added, such as local government, culture, business, sports, &c. I'd compare it to some featured cities, as Mgm says. Also you'll probably have to convert your bulleted lists into narrative form. Thanks. — RJH 17:26, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I can work on most of those. (Though sports... There's never been a high school in the town, so that's tricky.  Perhaps the Junior High has done something, but is that notable?)  Culture, though.  I need to find out about the festivals, specifically. Thanks for the input! --William McDuff 21:58, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Edwin barely pays attention to politics, and sums up wars in one or two paragraphs, but he's pretty good on the culture which appears to be his passion, and he specifially discusses your MULBERRY TREE rescuers as a causcoid people to whom he attributes the fact that many Japanese of their descent have significant facial hair. I'm pursuing the Russo-Japanese and Sino-Japanese wars, so I've just given the first five or six chapters a good skim reading, but you might well be able to mine far more than I. Fabartus 06:30, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you would like to go through some towns which are Featured Articles. Kalimpong, 50,000 residents is a great place to start from. = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 14:01, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, Kalimpong is a great starting point. I had paged through the places looking for a comparitable small town, but there was nothing terribly close, I thought.  Must have thought Kalimpong was a park or mountain or something, I guess.  Thanks!  Major edits coming... --William McDuff 21:52, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Suggest a map of Japan or at least Kyoto (?) showing the location. As a cultural reference, may I commend:
 * Japan - The Story of a Nation by Edwin O Reischauer. LoCCC# 77-10895  Afred A. Knopf, Inc., New York. Previously published as Japan Past and Present (4 Eds., 1946-64)
 * Excellent! I will find the book and read it as soon as I can get it.  Thanks for the tip! --William McDuff 12:50, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Pambula, New South Wales

Pambula is a town in Bega Valley Shire on the far south coast of New South Wales, Australia 454 km south of Sydney via the Princes Highway. At the, Pambula had a population of 970 people.

History
The area was populated by the Thaua Aboriginal people, with shell middens dating back 3000 years. In 1797, the European voyager George Bass explored the area.

The name Pambula is derived from its Dharwa name, pronounced "panboola", meaning 'twin waters'. The name was also spelled 'Panbula' by colonial settlers, although Pambula came to be used for postal purposes. Pambula had become the more commonly used name, by 1915. The official name, recorded by the Lands Department and Geographical Names Board, only changed, from Panbula to Pambula, in September 1967.

Pambula is a historic village with its first European settlers thought to have been the Imlay brothers who established cattle runs on the Pambula River flats in the 1830s. The village of Pambula situated on the flats near the river was planned in 1843 by surveyor Townsend and the first school and churches were built there, but frequent flooding led to the village being relocated to its present site on higher ground.

Captain John Lloyd, RN, acquired land in 1844 with his severance pay when he left the Royal Navy, and built The Grange on the hill near the river. At about that time he invited the family of Syms Covington to move there. Covington had joined the second survey expedition of HMS Beagle as a fiddler and cabin boy. He became an assistant and manservant to Charles Darwin during the voyage and for a few years afterwards before emigrating to Australia. In 1854 he became Postmaster of Pambula, and managed an inn called the Forest Oak Inn which still stands at a bend on the coast road.

The main land uses were grazing and agriculture, and tented accommodation on stock routes was replaced by slab and bark huts, then by more permanent buildings providing homes, housing, smithies, and hotels. Pambula had five licensed hotels by 1856 and the foundation stone for the courthouse was laid in 1860. Pambula was proclaimed a town in 1885. In 1888, gold was discovered and villages grew up around the mines at nearby Yowaka River and Pipeclay Creek. This created a boom in the town, but in the early 20th century production of gold ceased and the prosperity of the town went into a decline.

William McKell, Premier of New South Wales from 1941-1947 and Governor-General of Australia from 1947-1953, was born in Pambula in 1891.

Pambula continued to be the dominant town of the district, providing facilities which came to include commercial premises, banks, courthouse, hospital, newspaper, and a school of arts. Agriculture developed on the river flats, producing prize crops of maize and potatoes, and a dairying industry became established. Timber felling was carried out in the surrounding forests, and oyster farming was developed in the river.

Heritage listings
Pambula has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
 * Princes Highway: Oaklands
 * Princes Highway: Roan Horse Inn
 * Northview Drive: The Historic Grange
 * 42 Toallo St: Pambula Courthouse & Police Station

Facilities
Pambula is situated approximately 4 km south of Merimbula and has its own hospital, a small supermarket, a community bank, and a primary school. The nearest secondary school is a private secondary school in nearby Pambula Beach. The nearest public secondary schools are in Bega and Eden.

Attractions
Panboola, the Pambula wetlands heritage project, is located between the south edge of town and the Pambula River. Panboola contains fresh water billabongs, saline areas around the former racecourse, saltmarsh and mangroves, plantings of thousands of trees, shrubs and ground covers, walking and cycle tracks and tables and seats.

Pambula is a significant producer of oysters.

Sport
Pambula has a local cricket team, the Pambula Bluedogs. Their home ground is located at the Pambula Recreation oval in the town's centre. The Pambula Sporting Complex is the home ground for the Pambula Panthers Australian Football Club. This club was formed in 1983. The ground is also the home ground for the newly created soccer club, Pambula United Football Club, also known as The Penguins. Located in between Pambula and Merimbula is the 27 hole course Merimbula Golf Club.

title: Pambula, New South Wales


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hokey

Hokey

 * Seems like nonsense and copyvio to me. = Nichalp  ( Talk )= 04:51, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's a direct copy from Random House, which reserves all rights to the text. --Sysop073 04:53, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hokey


text: Talk:Gachon University of Medicine and Science


text: Category:Bangladeshi poets

title: Category:Bangladeshi poets


text:
Home District Council

The Home District Council was the municipal governing body for York, Upper Canada (now Toronto, Ontario) from 1792 to 1849. It was established by Lieutenant Governor of Ontario John Graves Simcoe.

The leader of the council was known as the Chairman of the General Quarter Session of Peace. By 1849 the role was replaced by the Warden of York County, Ontario.

The council first met in Newark at Navy Hall in 1792, then to York after 1793.

Home District Council Chairmen

 * Hon. William Jarvis Esq. (b. 1756, Stamford, Connecticut - d. 1817, York, Upper Canada) 1800-1811

Mr. Jarvis was also provincial secretary and registrar of deeds

 * Hon. Thomas Ridout Esquire (b. 1754 Sherborne, England - d. 1829, York, Upper Canada) 1811-1829

Mr. Ridout was also Clerk of Peace of the Home District 1800-1811, Surveyor-General of Upper Canada

 * William Allan Esquire JP (b. 1770, Huntley Aberdeenshire, England - d. 1853, Toronto, Province of Canada) 1829-1831
 * Alexander Macdonell Esquire JP (b. 1762 Aberchalder, Scotland - d. 1842 Toronto, Province of Canada) 1831-1834
 * Mr. Macdonell was also Sheriff of the Home District, who was responsible for order in the town

title: Home District Council


text:
University System of New Hampshire

The University System of New Hampshire (USNH) is a system of public colleges and universities in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. It was established in 1963 and is responsible for overseeing the University of New Hampshire - Durham, the University of New Hampshire School of Law, the University of New Hampshire at Manchester, Plymouth State University, Keene State College, and Granite State College. The University System of New Hampshire is the largest provider of post-secondary education in New Hampshire and is governed by a single board of trustees which is responsible for ensuring that each institution has a unique character and educational mission. Presently USNH has approximately 32,000 enrolled students annually and more than 90,000 alumni living in state. , the Institution's endowment was valued at $798.7 million.

History
The decision to establish the university system came from the recommendation of the Interim Commission on Higher Education appointed in 1961 by Governor Wesley Powell. In establishing the university system, the Keene and Plymouth Teachers' Colleges were removed from the supervision of the State Board of Education, were renamed "state colleges", and placed under the jurisdiction of the Board of Trustees of the University of New Hampshire. The number of trustees increased from 13 to 22 with the establishment of the University System. The Board designated the President of the University of New Hampshire as "first among equals" and assigned the responsibility to coordinate the activities of the three institutions.

In 1972, the trustees established the School of Continuing Studies (now Granite State College) to serve the adult education needs of New Hampshire residents.

From 1963 to 1974, there was a growing concern of the trustees over the steadily increasing amount of time that senior UNH officials had to devote to the growing responsibilities to the university system. An appointed committee representing a broad spectrum of political, professional, and educational interests later named the Carter Commission recommended the employment of a System Director of Personnel and the development of a comprehensive personnel system which would provide for the establishment of a statewide educational system. The trustees voted to physically separate the university system staff from the university staff. In summer 1974, the newly designated USNH staff moved five miles west of Durham to Lee. The trustees also had legislation passed and signed to create the position of chancellor. The chancellor was established as the chief executive and chief academic officer of the system to oversee the head of each institution, and is elected and answerable to the trustees.

Board of trustees
The University System of New Hampshire is governed by a 29-member Board of Trustees comprising the Governor of the state, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House, ten members appointed by the Governor and Executive Council, seven alumni-elected members, two student-elected members, the Commissioner of Education, the Commissioner of Agriculture, the presidents of the University System's four colleges and universities, and the Chancellor. The chancellor is the chief executive officer of the university system.

title: University System of New Hampshire


text:
Backstitch

Backstitch or back stitch and its variants stem stitch, outline stitch and split stitch are a class of embroidery and sewing stitches in which individual stitches are made backward to the general direction of sewing. In embroidery, these stitches form lines and are most often used to outline shapes and to add fine detail to an embroidered picture. It is also used to embroider lettering. In hand sewing, it is a utility stitch which strongly and permanently attaches two pieces of fabric. The small stitches done back-and-forth makes the back stitch the strongest stitch among the basic stitches. Hence it can be used to sew strong seams by hand, without a sewing machine.

Description of the technique
A versatile stitch which is easy to work, backstitch is ideal for following both simple and intricate outlines and as a foundation row for more complex embroidery stitches such as herringbone ladder filling stitch. Although superficially similar to the Holbein stitch, which is commonly used in blackwork embroidery, backstitch differs in the way it is worked, requiring only a single journey to complete a line of stitching.

Basic backstitch is the stitch used to outline shapes in modern cross-stitch, in Assisi embroidery and occasionally in blackwork.

Stem stitch is an ancient technique; surviving mantles embroidered with stem stitch by the Paracas people of Peru are dated to the first century BCE. Stem stitch is used in the Bayeux Tapestry, an embroidered cloth probably dating to the later 1070s, for lettering and to outline areas filled with couching or laid-work.

Split stitch in silk is characteristic of Opus Anglicanum, an embroidery style of Medieval England.

Backstitch is most easily worked on an even-weave fabric, where the threads can be counted to ensure regularity, and is generally executed from right to left. The stitches are worked in a 'two steps forward, one step back' fashion, along the line to be filled, as shown in the diagram.

Neatly worked in a straight line this stitch resembles chain stitching produced by a sewing machine.

The back stitch can also be used as a hand sewing utility stitch to attach two pieces of fabric together.

Variants
Variants of backstitch include:

 * Basic backstitch or point de sable.
 * Threaded backstitch
 * Pekinese stitch, a looped interlaced backstitch
 * Stem stitch, in which each stitch overlaps the previous stitch to one side, forming a twisted line of stitching, with the thread passing below the needle. It is generally used for outlining shapes and for stitching flower stems and tendrils.
 * Whipped back stitch using thread of a different color than the original stitch, the needle is passed under the stitch without piercing the fabric, repeated to create a colorful twisted effect
 * Outline stitch, sometimes distinguished from stem stitch in that the thread passes above rather than below the needle.
 * Split stitch, in which the needle pierces the thread rather than returning to one side.
 * Ringed back stitch, back stitches are worked to create half rings, these are completed by a second row of stitches to form ring outlines

title: Backstitch


text:
Talk:Delvinë District

Untitled
The last official census to record ethnic data in Albania, listed the ethnic Greek population at 2%; estimates by the Greek community itself place the number as high as 10%. Wikipedia should respect the Albanian goverment estimation and not lie and give gigantic numbers of the Greek population in southern Albania as the Greek goverment does who has not given up territory claims on "northern Epirus". Albanau 05:01, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

--Check the Vlora or Saranda or Gjirokastra articles or districts and you'll see that they all claim that there are 'substantial' Greek communities there, but somehow cannot back it with something I like to call facts. Then you should also check the Greek districts that are known to have many Albanians, and they don't even mention them. Something I like to call lack of NPOV - KAÇAK

title: Talk:Delvinë District


text: User talk:129.186.228.118

title: User talk:129.186.228.118