text:
Talk:Mikio Naruse

Image
 Does anyone know whether that image is copyright free? If so, we should put it commons and have it show up on the Japanese article for Naruse. Despite having an older and more full article than us, they have no picture.

Good article nomination failed
After careful review of this article, I feel as though it fails to meet the criteria for good article status. The following issues would need to be addressed before this article could pass for GA:

1. There is a lack of inline citations throughout the article. Coupled with the fact there are but three references, and these are not available online, it makes this article very difficult to verify. In-line citations should be added and references expanded. If possible, I would try to use the external links for your references as well. Futhermore, the references section should follow a consistent format as per the Wikipedia Manual of Style.

2. The article is disorganized. Though the first heading is "Biography", it contains far more than a biography, but also a partial filmography and critical analysis of the movies. Because these are without citation, they could be original research. This needs to be reorganized into at least one other section, reserved for critical analysis.

3. The writing occasionally deviates from formality. For example: "where a couple is swindled out of a bank loan by the in-laws".

4. The writing contains long and complicated sentences that could be reduced for a more encyclopedic read.

5. I feel as though an additional image(s) would benefit this article. I have no idea whether this is feasible, but it seems as though a director from so long ago would have some public domain images from his works. This alone is not grounds for failure, but is definately important, especially if the article is to progress to a featured article nomination.

6. I worry that this article presumes both a knowledge of Japanese filmmaking and filmmaking in general that a reader wholly unfamiliar with the topics might stumble over the complexity of the writing. Certain terms and concepts should receive greater introduction to help the reader understand without being forced to read too many other articles before finding him/herself able to understand this one.

I feel as though these items are the ones most urgently needing attention. I also think this article has tremendous potential and with continued improvement, it will attain good article status, and perhaps even featured article. I encourage the editors to revise and resubmit this article for GA status evaluation. Cheers! Chuchunezumi 02:54, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 00:04, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Reworking and added references
I've done some reworking of the "Life" section, which is now referenced, and omitted a paragraph in the "Film style" section which looked like WP:OR, containing phrases like "perhaps unsurprisingly" and "possibly reflecting". Robert Kerber (talk) 19:21, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mikio Naruse


text:
Donna Murphy

Donna Murphy (born March 7, 1959) is an American actress, best known for her work in musical theater. A five-time Tony Award nominee, she has twice won the Tony for Best Actress in a Musical: for her role as Fosca in Passion (1994–1995) and as Anna Leonowens in The King and I (1996–1997). She was also nominated for her roles as Ruth Sherwood in Wonderful Town (2003), Lotte Lenya in LoveMusik (2007), and Bubbie/Raisel in The People in the Picture (2011).

Murphy made her Broadway debut as a replacement in the 1979 musical They're Playing Our Song. Her other stage credits include the original off-Broadway productions of Song of Singapore (1991) and Hello Again (1993), as well as the alternate to Bette Midler as the title character in a Broadway revival of Hello, Dolly! (2017–2018). In 1997, she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children's Special for her role in Someone Had to be Benny, an episode of the HBO series Lifestories: Families in Crisis. Her film roles include Anij in Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), Rosalie Octavius in Spider-Man 2 (2004), Mother Gothel in the animated film Tangled (2010), and one of the government secretaries in The Bourne Legacy (2012). As of 2022, she portrays Caroline Schermerhorn Astor in the HBO series The Gilded Age.

Early life and education
Murphy, the eldest of seven children, was born in Corona, Queens, New York, the daughter of Jeanne (née Fink) and Robert Murphy, an aerospace engineer. Murphy is of Irish, French, German, and Czech ancestry. Her family moved to Hauppauge, Long Island, New York. At age three, she asked for voice lessons, and she put on shows as a child in Hauppauge. She later moved to Topsfield, Massachusetts and graduated from Masconomet Regional High School in 1977.

Career
Murphy dropped out of the New York University drama program in her sophomore year when she was cast to understudy the three backup singers in the 1979 Broadway musical They're Playing Our Song. In a 2007 interview, Murphy explained, "At the end of my sophomore year, I took a leave of absence. I needed to audition without cutting classes." She also studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute.

She has appeared in many off-Broadway productions, including the musical Francis in 1981 at the York Theatre at St. Peter's, The Mystery of Edwin Drood in 1985 at the Public Theater's Delacorte Theatre, Birds of Paradise in 1987 (Promenade Theatre), Privates on Parade (Roundabout Theatre) in 1989, the musical Song of Singapore in 1991, the Michael John LaChiusa musical Hello Again at the Lincoln Center Mitzi Newhouse Theater in 1993, Twelve Dreams at the Mitzi Newhouse Theater in 1995, and Helen at the Public Theater/New York Shakespeare Festival in 2002. In 2012, she appeared in Stephen Sondheim's Into the Woods at The Public Theater's Delacorte Theatre as the Witch. On Broadway, after They're Playing Our Song (1979), she was an understudy in the musical/opera The Human Comedy in April 1984 and played various roles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood from 1985 to 1987. She also played Audrey in Howard Ashman and Alan Menken's Little Shop of Horrors. In 1994, she played the role of Fosca in Stephen Sondheim's and James Lapine's Passion, winning the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance. A year later she appeared in Lapine's revival, Twelve Dreams. In 1996, she played Anna Leonowens in the revival of The King and I alongside Lou Diamond Phillips, also recording a cast album. The role earned her a second Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. She appeared as Ruth Sherwood in a revival of Wonderful Town from 2003 to 2005 (having previously performed in the New York City Center Encores! 2000 staged concert of that musical), and was nominated for the Tony Award, Best Actress in a Musical and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical. In 2007, she appeared in LoveMusik as Lotte Lenya, opposite Michael Cerveris as Kurt Weill, receiving nominations for Tony and Drama Desk Awards. She appeared in the 2007 New York City Center Encores! staged concert of Follies as Phyllis. She appeared in the Roundabout Theatre production of a new musical, The People in the Picture, which opened on April 28, 2011, and closed on June 19, 2011. She was nominated for a 2011 Tony Award for Leading Actress in a Musical for her role in the production.

She appeared in the Broadway revival of Hello, Dolly! as Dolly Levi, the alternate to Bette Midler on Tuesday evenings and other select performances. She played her last performance on January 7, 2018. Murphy returned to Hello, Dolly! for six performances (July 22 and 29, August 5, 12, 19, and 20) when Midler rejoined the musical before it closed on August 25, 2018.

Murphy's film roles include Anij, Captain Jean-Luc Picard's love interest, in Star Trek: Insurrection (1998), in the film Center Stage, as a ballet teacher (2000), as Rosalie Octavius, wife of Dr. Otto Octavius, the film's villain in Spider-Man 2 (2004), as Betty, a surgical research assistant in Darren Aronofsky's film The Fountain (2006), and Scarlett Johansson's mother in The Nanny Diaries (2007). As Mother Gothel in the animated musical film Tangled (2010) she sang the song "Mother Knows Best". She played Kathleen, Vera Farmiga's mother in Higher Ground (2011) and Marie in Dark Horse (2011). In 2012, she appeared as government secretary Dita Mandy, in The Bourne Legacy.

On television, Murphy appeared in the NBC soap opera Another World from 1989 through 1991 as District Attorney Morgan Graves. She won an Emmy in 1997, for playing Armando Agrelo in "Someone Had to be Benny" (1996), an episode of the HBO series Lifestories: Families in Crisis. Other television series roles include a recurring role as Abigail Adams in Liberty! The American Revolution (1997), Murder One (1995–1996), Law & Order as Carla Tyrell in a recurring role (2000), Hack (2002–2003), Trust Me (2009) and Quantico (2017). Her voice-over work in TV commercials, includes the Le Vian chocolate diamonds series for Jared Jewelry. In 2022 Murphy recurred on HBO's The Gilded Age as Caroline Schermerhorn Astor.

Personal life
Murphy was married to actor and singer Shawn Elliott from 1990 until his death in March 2016. She is the stepmother of Elliott's two daughters. In 2005, they adopted a daughter from Guatemala.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Donna Murphy


text: User talk:209.226.48.226

title: User talk:209.226.48.226


text: Category:Roman Catholic churches in France


text:
Talk:George Paterson Walker

Improving this article
This article is a carbon copy of the internet site it links to and is not encyclopedic. I will not request deletion as Mr Walker appears to have been a personage of some note. However, the article requires a good deal of improvement.--File Éireann 17:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:George Paterson Walker


text:
User talk:Phil48

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Where to ask a question, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! KHM03 17:33, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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title: User talk:Phil48


text:
Pacific Heights, San Francisco

Pacific Heights (often referred to as Pac Heights ) is a neighborhood in San Francisco, California, United States. It has panoramic views of the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco Bay, the Palace of Fine Arts, Alcatraz, and the Presidio.

The Pacific Heights Residents Association defines the neighborhood as stretching from Union Street to Bush Street in the north–south direction and from Van Ness Avenue to Presidio Avenue in the east–west direction. The San Francisco Mayor's Office of Neighborhood Services defines its north–south extent more narrowly, with Green Street and California & Pine Streets serving as its boundaries. Pacific Heights is situated on a primarily east–west oriented ridge that rises sharply from the Marina District and Cow Hollow neighborhoods to the north to a maximum height of 370 ft above sea level. Pacific Heights features two parks, Lafayette and Alta Plaza. Visible to the north are the Golden Gate Bridge, the Marin Headlands, and Alcatraz Island. Visible to the south are Twin Peaks and the Sutro Tower.

A 2013 article named Pacific Heights one of the most expensive neighborhoods in the United States. Since that year, Pacific Heights remains one of the ten most expensive neighborhoods in San Francisco.

Lower Pacific Heights refers to the area located south of California Street down to Post Street. While this area was previously considered part of the Western Addition, the new neighborhood designation became popularized by real estate agents in the early 1990s.

History
The neighborhood was first developed in the 1870s, with small Victorian-inspired homes built. Starting around the beginning of the 20th century, and especially after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many were replaced with period homes. Still residential, the area is characterized by painted Victorian style architecture.

Attractions and characteristics
The oldest building in Pacific Heights, Leale House, located at 2475 Pacific Avenue, was built in 1853, though the majority of the neighborhood was built after the 1906 earthquake. The architecture of the neighborhood is varied; Victorian, Mission Revival, Edwardian, and Château styles are common.

Several countries have consulates in Pacific Heights. They include Italy, Greece, Vietnam, South Korea, China, and Germany.

Most of the neighborhood's boutiques and restaurants can be found along Fillmore Street, south of Pacific Avenue. Other businesses in Pacific Heights are located on California and Divisadero Streets, as well as on Van Ness Avenue.

Pacific Heights is home to several schools, including the San Francisco University High School; Drew School (formerly Drew College Preparatory School); the Hamlin School; Convent of the Sacred Heart High School; Stuart Hall High School, San Francisco Waldorf School, Academy of Thought and Industry, and Town School for Boys, among others. The celebrated Grant Elementary School was open on Pacific Ave from 1922 to 1972. Its students included children of diplomats, the well to do, and the adjacent Presidio military base. Current elementary schools include Hillwood Academic Day School, which opened in 1949.

Events
Pac Heights has played host to many notable events -- both ongoing and one time -- such as:

 * The annual Fillmore Jazz Festival
 * A one time ski jump event, featuring an artificial snow jump at the corner of Broadway and Fillmore, which was hosted by Johnny Mosley, San Francisco’s Norwegian Consulate, and others.

Government and infrastructure
The San Francisco Police Department Northern Station serves Pacific Heights.

Notable residents

 * Larry Ellison: co-founder and chairman of Oracle Corporation
 * Gordon Getty: billionaire businessman and composer
 * Ann Getty: philanthropist, publisher, anthropologist, socialite
 * Jonathan Ive: former chief designer at Apple Inc.
 * Jay Paul: billionaire real estate developer
 * Nancy Pelosi, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, and her husband Paul Pelosi
 * Danielle Steel: author
 * Peter Thiel: co-founder of PayPal

title: Pacific Heights, San Francisco


text:
Teen Big Brother: The Experiment

Teen Big Brother: The Experiment also known as Teen Big Brother is a United Kingdom reality television spin off of the show Big Brother where a group of teenagers lived in the Big Brother House for ten days. It was pre-recorded on 30 July - 8 August 2003 shortly after the fourth series of Big Brother ended and was aired on Channel 4 over five nights on 13–17 October 2003. The programme consisted of five episodes, each approximately 60 minutes long including adverts, with Elaine Hackett serving as executive producer for Endemol UK Productions. Channel 4 announced the series on 22 May 2003 for the broadcaster's educational division 4Learning with the aim of transmitting the series in late 2003 or early 2004. The series was controversial as some felt the broadcaster was exploiting the teenagers while the program featured the first sexual act between two contestants in the history of the British adaptation of Big Brother.

The series followed a similar format to its parent show where the contestants, known as Housemates, lived inside a specialty built compound known as the Big Brother House at Elstree Studios. The Housemates were constantly filmed during their time in the House and were not permitted to speak with those filming them. Due to the pre-recorded nature of the programme, the viewing public was unable to vote during evictions or to decide the winner; instead the Housemates did all the voting themselves during their time in the House. The Housemates competed to win a trip around the world worth £30,000 which was won by Paul Brennan after he was crowned the winner with a majority vote from his Housemates. Brennan chose to share his prize with Caroline Cloke, the runner-up.

Production
Channel 4 announced it had commissioned Teen Big Brother: The Experiment from Endemol UK Productions shortly prior to the launch of the fourth series of Big Brother. The programme was part of an effort to produce educational programming that was aimed at a young adult market. The programme was revealed by Heather Rabbatts from Channel 4's educational division, 4Learning, at the World Education Market in Lisbon. The audition process used to select the Housemates was similar to the one Endemol used in the past for Big Brother. Elaine Hackett served as the executive producer for the series while Marcus Bentley returned to narrate the series. In a change Dermot O'Leary, host of Big Brother's Little Brother presented the series instead of Davina McCall.

Broadcast
The main television coverage for Teen Big Brother was screened during five episodes, each approximately 60 minutes long including adverts, on Channel 4 from 13 October to 17 October 2003 at 10pm. E4 previewed each episode a day before they were transmitted on Channel 4. Due to the pre-recorded nature of the programme there was no live streaming or any spin-off shows that aired during the original broadcast. The show was later re-aired as part of Channel 4's 4Learning programme block in January 2004.

Format
The format was changed slightly from previous series of Big Brother. Housemates were incarcerated in the Big Brother House with no contact to and from the outside world. During their time in the House, the housemates took part in a compulsory task that determined the amount of money they were allocated to spend on their shopping; if they passed, they received a luxury budget and they were allocated a basic budget if they failed. Housemates were instructed to nominate two fellow Housemates for eviction. This compulsory vote was conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room and housemates were not allowed to discuss the nomination process or influence the nominations of others. The two or more housemates who gathered the most nominations were then nominated for eviction and the remaining Housemates that were safe from eviction had to decide which nominee would be evicted. On the final day the remaining Housemates voted for who they wanted to win Teen Big Brother. Housemates could voluntarily leave the House at any time and those who broke the rules could have been ejected by Big Brother. The teen Housemates were not allowed to have cigarettes or alcohol during their stay in the House.

Housemates
All the Housemates in this edition were eighteen years old when they entered the Big Brother House.

† deceased

Controversy and criticism
The series attracted criticism for Channel 4 after the press began to report about two of the Housemates having sex inside the House. The Learning and Skills Council gave Channel 4 advice as part of its work enhance education contents of their programmes which included Teen Big Brother. In an interview with The Guardian in September 2003, Channel 4 confirmed that incident would not air as part of its 4Learning educational arm but references to the incident would not be cut out. At the time Channel 4 had not confirmed any other plans for the programme. After the broadcaster decided to show Teen Big Brother in primetime it began receiving criticism from the media. The episode which featured the incident was watched by 1.9 million viewers on Channel 4 and was the lowest rated out of all five. A Channel 4 spokeswoman said "the broadcaster was happy with the show's ratings."

title: Teen Big Brother: The Experiment


text:
Comenius University

Comenius University in Bratislava (Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave) is the largest university in Slovakia, with most of its faculties located in Bratislava. It was founded in 1919, shortly after the creation of Czechoslovakia. It is named after Jan Amos Comenius, a 17th-century Czech teacher and philosopher.

In 2020, Comenius University had more about 23,000 students and 2,500 faculty members. As are most universities in Slovakia, it is funded mostly by the government.

History
The Comenius University was established in 1919 with assistance from the more established University of Prague. It was meant to replace the former Elisabeth University, which had been located in Bratislava since 1912, as the latter had been forcefully disbanded in 1919 by Samuel Zoch, plenipotentiary župan of Slovakia, after Hungarian professors refused to take an oath of allegiance at that time in the First Czechoslovak Republic. This had caused the majority of the university's professors (and some of the students) to take refuge in Budapest, where the Elisabeth University was reestablished. It was later moved to Pécs and renamed to University of Pécs. This persecution of former (predominantly Hungarian) pillars of education in Bratislava necessitated the recruitment of Czech academicians. Therefore, many professors of the newly established university, including its first rector, Prof. MUDr. Kristian Hynek, were Czechs, since Slovakia at that time did not have enough educated Slovak speakers who could serve as faculty members. In spite of personnel, financial, and space difficulties, the university developed research and teaching programs. The Faculty of Medicine opened in 1919, and was quickly followed by the Faculties of Law and Philosophy in 1921. The Faculty of Philosophy, besides offering programs in the humanities and social sciences, also educated much-needed teachers for Slovakia's high schools.

In 1937, a new university building for the Faculties of Law and Philosophy was opened in the centre of Bratislava. The building includes the Aula (hall), used for graduation ceremonies and other formal functions.

During World War II, Slovakia became nominally a republic but was actually under the sway of Nazi Germany. The government reduced academic freedoms at the university, and the Czech professors were forced out. The university was renamed Slovak University in 1939, though the original name was reinstated in 1954. The Faculty of Science opened in 1940 and the Roman Catholic Faculty of Theology was established in 1941. Academic freedom returned after the end of the war in 1945 but was again cancelled in 1948 as the communists took power in Czechoslovakia, enforcing the ideology of Marxism-Leninism at Czechoslovak universities. The Roman Catholic Faculty of Theology was taken under direct control of the Ministry of Education.

However, the university continued to grow, and new faculties were established (mostly by splitting the existing faculties):
 * Faculty of Education in 1946,
 * Faculty of Pharmacy in 1952,
 * Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in 1960,
 * Faculty of Medicine in Martin in 1969,
 * Faculty of Mathematics and Physics in 1980.

After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, the university created a democratic self-government, and mandatory courses on Marxist ideology were abolished. The Roman Catholic Faculty of Theology and the Evangelical Theological Faculty joined the university.

The transformation of Slovakia into a market economy created a need for professionals in management and financial sciences. As a result, the university established the Faculty of Management (1991) and the Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences (2002). In 2000, the European credit transfer system was implemented to improve student mobility and facilitate more ties with other European universities.

List of faculties
This is a list of faculties of Comenius University in Bratislava with their official English names.

 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Arts
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences
 * Faculty of Education
 * Faculty of Pharmacy
 * Faculty of Physical Education and Sport
 * Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin
 * Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics
 * Faculty of Roman Catholic Theology of Cyril and Methodius
 * Evangelical Lutheran Theological Faculty
 * Faculty of Management
 * Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences

Notable alumni

 * Ľubomír Belák – singer, musician, composer and TV producer
 * Emil Benčík – journalist and translator
 * Zuzana Beňušková – ethnologist
 * József Berényi – Chairman of the Party of the Hungarian Coalition
 * Robert Fico – politician, Prime minister of Slovakia
 * Eva Kolníková – numismatist and archaeologist
 * Rudolf Macúch – Protestant theologian and expert on Mandaean language and Samaritan language
 * Zora Mintalová – Zubercová – ethnographer, historian and museologist
 * Milan Mišík – geologist and university professor
 * Vladimír Palko – former interior minister of Slovakia
 * Ladislav Pataki – sports scientist, athletics coach, masters athletics champion
 * Julián Podoba – endocrinologist
 * Tomáš Raček – actor and diplomat
 * Iveta Radičová – former Prime minister of Slovakia
 * Emire Khidayer – diplomat, entrepreneur and writer
 * Ernest Valko – assassinated constitutional lawyer
 * Ján Vilček – biomedical scientist, educator, inventor and philanthropist
 * Štefan Znám – mathematician, first to ponder Znám's problem in modern mathematics
 * Miroslav Lajcak – diplomat, President of the United Nations General Assembly for the 72nd session
 * Zuzana Čaputová – politician, President of Slovakia
 * Lukáš Plank – award-winning pathologist specializing in hematopathology.

title: Comenius University


text:
Tiko

Tiko, originally called ‘Keka’ by the Bakweris, is a town and important port in the southwest region of Cameroon. The settlement grew as a market town for Duala (or Douala) fishermen, Bakweri (Kpwe people) farmers and hunters from Molyko, Bwenga, Bulu and Bokova. The core quarters in Tiko include Streets 1 to 7, Motombolombo, Down Beach, New Quarter, P&T quarters, New Layout, Long Street, Likomba, Golf Club, Mutengene, Ombe. As of 2010, the town is estimated to have a population of 55,914.

Economy And Transport
Tiko is a popular destination for tourists visiting Cameroon. The town is also an industrial area which is mostly occupied by the CDC (Cameroon Development Co-operation), which produces rubber, banana, and palm oil. Tiko hosts the Tiko Golf Club, which is a popular destination for golf lovers. The Likomba Golf Course is located in Likomba which has 18 holes. During the dry season, major golf tournaments are held there, as it is one of only 2 golf courses in Cameroon.

The town is served by the once active Tiko International Airport, which served West Kamerun (Southern Cameroons) before its closure under the  Yaounde Government. It was under the ownership of the Cameroon Air Transport (CAT), which was headquartered in Bota, Victoria (Southern Cameroons). It is one of the Anglophone airport that went into disuse after federation with, and later annexation by Cameroon, the others being:  Bali Airport, Limbe Airport,  Besongabang Airport and Nguti Airport. Though governments plans are underway to redevelop and rehabilitated both the Airport and the Tiko Port, delays have put the project into uncertainty.

There are two major hotels. Airport Hotel, which derived its name from the Tiko Airport, is located on Long Street. This hotel was built in the early 70s. It used to have a very popular nightclub which attracted folks and musicians not only from within but also from out of Cameroon.

3813 is the second of the two hotels. It was built around the year 2002 and is located along the Tiko-Douala road. It has a supermarket, a swimming pool and a night club for dancing. Internet access is also available.

Tiko is well known for its Nigerian (Igbo people) population, as well as its organized marketplace. The Tiko Market is one of the most renowned markets in West Africa. People traveled from surrounding villages, cities, and countries to shop or conduct business in Tiko. The market is currently being rebuilt after a fire destroyed the shops on 2 March 2010.

Tiko also hosts the special forces, which explains the peace and security enjoyed by the inhabitants.

Mutengene, a small town west of Tiko, is a cross roads leading to Buea and Limbe, Cameroon (Formerly called Victoria).

The closest towns with coordinates:

 * Mutengene (10 km W)
 * Buea (17.9 km W/NW)
 * Limbe, Cameroon (21 km W/SW)
 * Muyuka (24 km N/NE)
 * Bonabéri (33.2 km E)
 * Dibombari (34.7 km E/NE)
 * Douala (37.7 km E)
 * Idenao or Idenau (46.7 km W/NW)
 * Mbanga or Mabanga (52.7 km N/NE)
 * Kumba (62.7 km N)
 * West: By Limbe, Cameroon city Council up to the Ombe River bridge
 * North West: By Buea Council up to Dibanda
 * North East: By Muyuka Council
 * East: By Dibombari Council in Mungo people Division
 * South: By Bonaberi Duala (or Douala) Sub Divisional Urban Council

Facilities
Tiko is home to many colleges, including Christ the King College, GBHS, Imperial Academy of Arts and Science (IMPASS), Sure Foundation Comprehensive College, and Plive College.

Tiko United FC is Tiko's most famous football club. Tiko United is the first club west of the Mongo to have won the championship title since its inception some 50 years ago.

Plantation railways
Plantations in the Tiko area were originally served by narrow gauge plantation railways.

Notable persons

 * Sofoklis Schortsanitis, basketball player for Trikala Aries B.C. in Greece.
 * Mbella Sonne Dipoko
 * Salatiel

title: Tiko


text:
North Berwick witch trials

The North Berwick witch trials were the trials in 1590 of a number of people from East Lothian, Scotland, accused of witchcraft in the St Andrew's Auld Kirk in North Berwick on Halloween night. They ran for two years, and implicated over 70 people. These included Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, on charges of high treason.

The "witches" allegedly held their covens on the Auld Kirk Green, part of the modern-day North Berwick Harbour area. Confessions were extracted by torture in the Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh. One source for these events is a 1591 pamphlet Newes from Scotland. King James VI wrote a dissertation on witchcraft and necromancy titled Daemonologie in 1597.

The North Berwick trials were among the better known of the large number of witch trials in early modern Scotland between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century.

The Danish connection
This was the first major witchcraft persecution in Scotland, and began with a sensational case involving the royal houses of Denmark-Norway and Scotland. King James VI sailed to Copenhagen to marry Anne of Denmark, sister of Christian IV of Denmark. During their return to Scotland they experienced terrible storms and had to shelter in Norway for several weeks before continuing. At this point, the interest in witch trials were revived in Denmark because of ongoing Trier witch trials in Germany, which were described and discussed in Denmark.

The admiral of the Danish fleet, Peder Munk argued with the treasurer Christoffer Valkendorff about the state of the ships used to transport Anne of Denmark. The storms were blamed on the wife of an official in Copenhagen whom he had insulted. The Copenhagen witch trials were held in July 1590. One of the first Danish victims was Anna Koldings, who, when tortured, divulged the names of five other women; one of whom was Malin, the wife of the burgomaster of Helsingor. They all confessed that they had been guilty of sorcery in raising storms that menaced Queen Anne's voyage, and that on Halloween night they had sent devils to climb up the keel of her ship. In September, two women were burnt as witches at Kronborg. James heard news from Denmark regarding this and decided to set up his own tribunal.

Accused

The main alleged witches directly involved in the trials were:

 * Agnes Sampson
 * Barbara Napier, sister-in-law of Archibald Douglas of Carshogle.
 * Doctor Fian (John Cunningham)
 * Euphame MacCalzean
 * Geillis Duncan
 * Robert Grierson
 * Lennit Bandilandis
 * The Porter's wife of Seaton
 * The Smith of bridge Hallis
 * The Wife of George Mott - Margaret Acheson
 * Alanis Muir
 * Others not named

More than 100 suspected witches in North Berwick were arrested. Several confessed under torture to having met with the Devil in the church at night, and devoted themselves to doing evil, including poisoning the King and other members of his household, and attempting to sink the King's ship. In February 1591 James VI instructed David Seton or Seaton of Tranent to find accused people who had fled to England. The English ambassador Robert Bowes wrote that these fugitives were "the worst sort of witches". David Seton's servant Geillis Duncan had been one of the first accused.

Two significant accused persons were Agnes Sampson, a respected and elderly woman from Humbie, and Dr John Fian, a schoolmaster and scholar in Prestonpans. Both initially refused to confess and were put to severe torture. Sampson was brought before King James and a council of nobles. She denied all the charges, but after torture, she confessed. By special commandment, her head and body hair was shaved and she was fastened to the wall of her cell by a scold's bridle, an iron instrument with 4 sharp prongs forced into the mouth, so that two prongs pressed against the tongue, and the two others against the cheeks. She was kept without sleep and thrown with a rope around her head. After these ordeals she confessed to the 53 indictments against her. She was finally strangled and burned as a witch. According to Newes from Scotland, (1591), Sampson confessed to attending a Sabbat with 200 witches, including Giellis Duncan.

Dr. Fian also suffered severe torture. His fingernails were forcibly extracted, then iron pins were inserted. He was tortured with the pilliwinks, and the boot. Fian was finally taken to the Castlehill in Edinburgh and burned at the stake on 16 December. Fian's testimony implicated Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell in a supernatural conspiracy, bringing a political element the ongoing trials. According to Christopher Smout, between 3,000 and 4,000 accused witches may have been killed in Scotland in the years 1560–1707.

Geillis Duncan
Scottish witches were linked to storms by the testimony of Gillis Duncan (or Geillis Duncan). She was a servant of David Seaton in Tranent, who forced her to make a confession. Apparently Duncan suddenly began to exhibit a miraculous healing ability and would sneak out of the house during the night. When Seaton confronted her, she could not explain her new ability and strange behaviour and he had her tortured. Whilst she was able to withstand many forms of torture including pilliwinks, she eventually confessed to witchcraft when the method of searching was used (searching is where a suspected witch would be 'searched' for a blemish such as a mole or birth mark, this would then be proclaimed to be a witch's mark) and accused many others of witchcraft. According to the contemporary pamphlet Newes from Scotland, 1591, she named numerous individuals, both women and men:

"Agnes Sampson the eldest witch of them all, dwelling in Haddington; Agnes Tompson of Edenbrough; Doctor Fian alias John Cuningham, master of the school at Saltpans in Lowthian, of whose life and strange acts you shal hear more largely in the end of this discourse. These were by the said Geillis Duncane accused, as also George Motts wife, dwelling in Lowthian; Robert Grierson, skipper; and Jannet Blandilands; with the potter's wife of Seaton: the smith at the Brigge Hallis, with innumerable others in those parts, and dwelling in those bounds aforesaid; of whom some are already executed, the rest remained in prison to receive the doome of judgment at the Kinges Majesties will and pleasure."

Duncan was also found to have conspired with Euphame MacCalzean in the murder of Duncan's godfather.

Barbara Nap(i)er
Barbara Napier came from a good family and had married a book dealer named George Ker in 1572. George died at La Rochelle in 1576, and she then married Archibald Douglas whose brother Robert Douglas was the laird of Corshogill. Her family included a daughter, Janet Douglas.

Gillis Duncan caused the arrest of Barbara Naper for bewitching to death Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus. Archibald was reported to have died from a disease so strange there could be no cure or remedy. He fell ill at Langhope and died at Smeaton near Dalkeith on 4 August 1588.

It was alleged that Euphame MacCalzean, Barbara Napier, Agnes Sampson and others had attended an assembly of witches at "Atkynson's Haven" where an image of James VI was given to the devil for the destruction of the king.

Napier had bought charms to help her own health and to try and fix her poor relationship with Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus who employed her and her husband. They did not work as she lost her job. When it all came to trial, Napier was accused of a practice to kill the king by witchcraft but was found guilty of only the lesser crime of conspiring with witches. James VI ordered the Chancellor to have physicians examine her to see if she was pregnant, and if she was not, to have her burnt and publicly disembowelled.

James VI wanted an appeal to overturn the first verdict, in order to better prosecute the Earl of Bothwell, and an "assize of error" was planned. James VI spoke the jurors, who faced penalties for their former decision, on 7 June 1591, and they agreed with his views. Her fate is unclear, and it is possible that she was eventually burnt to death. The town council bought materials to build a fire for her execution and these were used on 25 June 1591 at the burning of Euphame MacCalzean. The opinion of the 17th-century historian of the Douglas family, David Hume of Godscroft, was that she had been released.

Apology from Scottish government
In March 2022 Nicola Sturgeon, the first minister of Scotland, apologized for the persecution of alleged witches during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The Scottish government had not apologized previously.

Popular culture
Shakespeare adapted or was influenced by several concepts from the trials, including the rituals confessed by the witches and the Scottish setting, in his tragedy Macbeth. Heavily influenced by the incidents made public, the play was published a few years after King James's Daemonologie. Borrowing many quotes from the treaties, the three witches cast their spells in the same manner: "purposely to be cassin into the sea to raise winds for destruction of ships."

The trials and the events leading up to them are fictionalised in the 1971 young adult historical novel The Thirteenth Member by Mollie Hunter.

Heavy/doom metal group Cathedral has a song called "North Berwick Witch Trials" on their 2005 album The Garden of Unearthly Delights. The lyrics of the song are, however, slightly erroneous as James was not yet the king of England during the North Berwick Witch Trials.

Diana Gabaldon's Outlander series of novels features a recurring character named Geillis Duncan who is tried and convicted of being a witch. In the television adaptation she is portrayed by Lotte Verbeek.

Shadow of Night (All Souls series book #2) by Deborah Harkness, although not taking place in Scotland, mentions the North Berwick Witch Trials and the trials are used to shape some of the plot points and events that occur in the book. Additionally, the two main characters, Diana and Matthew travel to the past, to Elizabethan England on Halloween night 1590 at the beginning of the book.

The Burnings, a 2023 debut novel by Naomi Kelsey, describes the North Berwick witch trials from the perspectives of Geillis Duncan and of Margaret Vinstarr, who was married to John Wemyss of Logie and was a lady-in-waiting for princess Anne of Denmark, Queen of Scotland by marriage (at age 14) to King James VI.

title: North Berwick witch trials


text:
Talk:Language death

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Nice Bibliography but No Citations
The article has an extensive Bibliography but no citations to it within the article text. -The links all seem to be to the works of one man. Very repetative, be nice to have more than one POV here. 82.152.209.210 (talk) 00:03, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Getting rid of the inaccuracy tag
From reading the talk page, it looks like the {accuracy} tag is mostly around these questions:

 * Is there a difference between the terms "dead language" and "extinct language"?
 * Can a language be called dead/extinct if it disappeared by gradual evolution into one or more child languages?
 * Is Latin a dead language?

Wikipedia is not a place for original research. So, the solution to these questions is not to debate analogies to biology, but to do some academic research and see how the terms "dead language", "extinct language", and "language death" are actually used by linguists. If there's a big difference between how they're used by linguists and how they're used colloquially (as evidenced by cited examples), that could be mentioned in the article as well.

Given the huge bibliography on the end of this article, I'm surprised the question has remained unsettled for so long. Unfortunately, none of those bibliographical citations are footnoted to sentences in the text, so there's no way to tell which statements are supported by the works in the bibliography, and which aren't.

My quick search of scholar.google.com for documents publicly available online suggests that "dead language" and "extinct language" are used synonymously by linguists, and I also see references to Latin and other "ancestor" languages as dead/extinct 1 2 3 4. However, my findings are extremely limited, based on what I can find online. I'm sure that someone with access to a university library could get a much more definitive result by checking out some linguistics texts and journals. --66.81.67.25 20:26, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Since there doesn't seem to have been a lot of activity on this page in the past couple of months, I'm going to be bold and bring it in line with my (limited) findings, in regard to whether Latin is a living language or not. I won't remove the accuracy tag, though, because the article still needs more substantial research than the handful of journals that were accessible through scholar.google.com. --66.81.67.25 20:39, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I remember in college learning that "dead language" is a colloquial term for any language that is no longer spoken regardless of whether it has living descendants. Linguists call this an "ancient language." They never use the term "dead language." If the language has no living descendants it is also called an extinct language. Bostoner (talk) 02:32, 26 November 2010 (UTC)

Irish again
I'm going to remove the reference to Irish from the section about language revival in this article. While "language revival" seems to refer to both extinct languages and endangered languages (assuming that the language revival article is correct), this is an article about extinct languages. The Irish language article says that Irish never went fully extinct, and this assertion doesn't seem to be contested. --66.81.67.25 19:44, 5 November 2005 (UTC) hi

merge with Linguicide?
can this be merged with the Linguicide article? — ishwar  (SPEAK)  17:38, 2005 Jun 2 (UTC)
 * Yeah maybe — I presume you mean moving the stuff from there into here (i.e., keeping it all at Language death). Language death seems the most common term to me; linguicide covers just a subset of cases where a certain intention is ascribed to a certain actor. — mark ✎ 22:23, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Irish goverment & Irish death
"Successive Irish governments since 1922 are thought to have done more harm than good to the Irish language." - this needs substantiating. Secretlondon 19:35, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * There is extensive discussion of the counterproductive policies on the Irish language page. But Irisih isn't dead quite yet: it's moribund.  I'm more bothered by the assertion that "Latin never really died" and that we can't assign at least a rough date for the death of native colloquial Latin.  (The dramatic collapse of the case system and the neuter gender in most daughter languages is a good place to start).  --Jpbrenna 21:51, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

From personal experience I agree that with the critique of govt policies. The main problems are A: The syllabus concentrates almost exclusively on written rather than spoken Irish. Special Irish-medium schools called Gaelscoileanna are supposed to be much more successful at attaining fluency but people can lose it afterwards. B: The State has not facilitated interaction in Irish between citizens and the organs of the State. Personally, I found the problem in A so irritating I managed to get an exemption from Leaving Cert exams years ago (final second-level). We need more Gaelscoileanna and for the syllabus to be radically changed. It's so frustrating when you spend the class concentrating on poems and grammar instead of oral communication. - Peter

 * hi.
 * I dont know about Irish, so I wont comment on the government's participation. However, when discussing language death, the different factors leading to death and the previous states of endangerment (e.g. moribund, obsolescence) should be considered. This is probably the reason for the mention of Irish. But, I am not saying that the article doesnt need expansion — I think it does.

what followed I have removed to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_death#Num_sit_lingua_Lat.C4.ABna_mortua_necne_.28haeret_in_.22lingu.C4.81rum_m.C5.ABt.C4.81ti.C5.8Dne.22.21.29-_Is_Latin_a_dead_language.3F_.28It.27s_stuck_in_.22language_change.22.29_:-P 'Num sit lingua Latīna mortua necne (haeret in "linguārum mūtātiōne"!)- Is Latin a dead language? (It's stuck in "language change") :-P'] Ūnus ē Latīnīs novīs (talk) 00:51, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

POV-ness of the death metaphor
The metaphor of death is used in many ways to describe what happens when people stop speaking a language. Death-related terms include: I realize that many of these, especially "dead language" are standard terms for talking about this subject. The problem is, they also suppose a specific perspective on the process. Would a note about these terms help? Is there some way we can describe a full shift away from a language in terms where we don't anthropomorphize it into something which can die (and hence, whose passing should be mourned)? -- Jeff 04:32, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Language death
 * Linguicide
 * Language murder
 * Linguistic genocide
 * Killer language
 * Dead language
 * Moribund language
 * First, of the terms you list, 'language death', 'dead language' and 'moribund language' are the most common and hence they sound somewhat less shrill (to me, at least) than the others. I feel less comfortable about the marginal terms 'killer language' and 'linguicide' and the like. My take on the most common terms would be that we don't need to 'de-anthropomorphize' them, because the metaphor conveys useful information about the subject at hand. Do you have a suggestion for an alternate term? — mark ✎ 07:16, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Linguists don't still use the term "dead language" because of its confusion with the colloquial meaning, which includes languages that gradually evolved into other languages, such as Latin. The current term is "extinct language." Bostoner (talk) 01:19, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Many linguists still use the phrase "dead language", though some maybe not when they are trying to be precise. Some shout for more precision of expression, but they are few. It is a term that ordinary people use, also. Pete unseth (talk) 03:21, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

Recent reverts
I haven't yet looked closely into this article, but I concur with Ish ishwar that the Latin-becoming-a-dead-language case should not be treated under the heading of "language death". It's "dead" now, but it hasn't "died" in the sense of this article. Whatever it was that happened to Latin wasn't an instance of "language death" in the way this term is commonly used. That said, the text proposed by Ish ishwar seems a bit misleading to me too; I'll try and come up with another formulation later. Lukas (T. 17:29, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Consequences on grammar - Nonsense or Vandalism
"changes caused by language death result from convergence, interference, and independent autogenetic processes"

Autogenetic processes?? Huh?

"overgeneralization" "undergeneralization"

Over and under eh?

Assuming the section isn't a joke, it's needs to be rewritten to actually make sense. Otherwise it needs to be removed and soon. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.27.210.84 (talk • contribs) 19 May 2006, 18:40

 * Well, it's actually correct in the sense of a shopping list of what might be covered in that section. But of course the technical jargon won't make much sense to the lay reader in this condensed form. I'm earmarking it and will try to work on it when I find the time. There's lots of interesting research on these questions, that much is for certain. Lukas (T. 19:26, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

please also take a look at the section, "Language loss & language acquisition" it's very opaquely written and difficult to decode. in particular, what does a "temporal identity" refer to?

Sociolinguistics is not a cause
I was shocked to read: "Sociolinguistics may play a role in language death if the constructions of society fail to support linguistic diversity." Sociolinguistics is a science that studies the relation of social attitudes and social behaviors to language. I know of no way in which sociolinguistics "may play a role in language death" unless simply having more knowledge about how languages die actually contributes to their death. To the contrary, sociolinguistic understanding is one of the sources of support for the kind of "awareness" that the article goes on to say is important to language maintenance, and sociolinguists are often involved in developing language policies expressly aimed at language maintenance. Perhaps what the author meant to say was something like: "Language attitudes may play a role in laguage death if social institutions fail to support linguistic diversity". I know of no sociolinguist who does not support linguistic diversity. Lemccbr 13:14, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I added a merge suggestion tag to add material from Killer language for several reasons:
 * The term in not in popular use among academics. See these google results: linguistics "killer language" (about 600 hits)
 * Compare that to: linguistics "language death" (about 57,000 hits)
 * The essence of this definition of a killer language is 'a majority language that causes language death for a minority language'. The material in the article adds little to language death and possibly the sources can be merged and a mention of the term
 * (Some academic speak ahead) The definition of a 'killer language' is unclear. It is defined as a language that 'kills' a mother tongue--which is a person's first language. In fact, language death is most common on the societal and not individual level: the process is typically that an immigrant or person in a colonized country speaks a native tongue and later generations choose to learn the new language instead. Converting mothertongue to something like 'the historical language of a group of people' and clarifying what is meant by 'at a cost' would fix this...though I think this would be best explained in the language death article.
 * AfD might be a better mechanism for this though I think the results would be about the same--adding a few cites or ideas from there to this article. Antonrojo 15:49, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you can merge it without going to AfD. I don't see a problem with the merge.  Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 01:19, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Language death policies continue worldwide
Currently at this time, the world has about 3,500 languages and 10,000 some dialects spoken, a sudden decrease from 6,500 known languages and over 20,000 dialects about a century ago. By the year 2050, there will be only 500 languages in the world and perhaps 1,000 dialects. A tremendous drop in tribal, regional and national languages in favor of "lingua francas" such as English, Spanish, Russian, Mandarin Chinese and other "official" languages of countries' governments, in global academia, economics and mass media.

The most controversial linguicide claim comes from the Occitan-speaking population of southern France, they accuse the French Republic government for over two centuries of aggressive, humiliating, nationalistic (to insist non-French speaking regions are disloyal people) and strict policies to destroy the Occitan language "the langue d'oc" with its subdialects (i.e. the Provencal language) and replacing them with the "official" French language or the "langue d'oil" originating in the Northern regions around Paris. Even to this day, the French republic was very slow and resilient to legally recognize and tolerate the use of regional "subdialect" languages like Occitan or Provencal in both regional and national government level.

The biggest casualities of linguicide was in North American Indians and most Indigenous peoples of the Americas have over 90% ratio of extinct languages, the rest are endangered and only 20 known languages to have some limited official usage. In South America- Quechua and Aymara in Peru and Bolivia, Guarani in Paraguay, Mapuche in Chile and Amazonian languages in Brazil. In North America- about 60 languages in Mexico and 30 languages in Canada have over 10,000 known fluent speakers, although the U.S. has the Navajo, Lakota, Cherokee and Pueblo Indians languages to each have over 10,000 speakers; and about 15 languages spoken by Inuit, Aleuts and Alaska Natives used semi-regularly in villages and communities across the state of Alaska.

Several hundreds of Native American languages have less than 100 speakers, most of them will become extinct when the last speaker of these languages dies whether or not their verbal or written language skills are recorded and preserved. The state governments in the U.S., provincial in Canada and the Mexican national government are taking drastic steps in protecting and promoting some few hundred total Native American languages, a reversal of former linguicidal policies and for Native Americans in the U.S., First Nations groups of Canada, or Indigenous peoples of Mexico to not lose an ancient part of their tribal heritage before it's gone forever. + 71.102.2.206 (talk) 01:17, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Num sit lingua Latīna mortua necne (haeret in "linguārum mūtātiōne"!)- Is Latin a dead language? (It's stuck in "language change") :-P
Quae dē "morte" linguae Latīnae scrīpta sunt, ē locō "Irish goverment & Irish death" īnscrīptō hunc in locum novum trānsposuī, praeter ānsam, quam duplicāvī.

What was written about the Latin language, I moved from the section "Irish goverment & Irish death" to this new section, except the "start", which I have copied.

(In īnfimō addidī, quae mhh.. plūs minusve futilem hanc disputātiōnem faciant! - Below, I've added, what, well, makes more or less futile this discussion!)

Ūnus ē Latīnīs novīs (talk) 00:46, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

—

Ānsa, quam dīxī: - The said "start":

(There is extensive discussion of the counterproductive policies on the Irish language page. But Irisih isn't dead quite yet: it's moribund.)  I'm more bothered by the assertion that "Latin never really died" and that we can't assign at least a rough date for the death of native colloquial Latin. (The dramatic collapse of the case system and the neuter gender in most daughter languages is a good place to start). --Jpbrenna 21:51, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

respōnsī prīncipium est dē linuguā Hiberniā et ōmissum

The beginning of the answer is about the Irisch language and left out

 * re Latin: Latin is not dead in the same sense as many other languages. The reason is this: All languages change over time. The thing we call Latin did indeed change as well. However, there was no point in the history of its development where Latin speakers stopped speaking. Rather, in different geographic and cultural areas, the speakers in these respective areas slowly started to sound different. Eventually, at one point, two given groups of speakers from different areas no longer found it easy to communicate with one another. There was not a cessation of language use.

 * It may be useful to use a (another) biological metaphor. Related languages are said to be a part of genetic family trees. So, we could call Latin a baby that grew up and "became" a child. This baby did not die first and then "become" a child.

 * Other languages, in contrast, do not have the opportunity to change naturally. You see a different situation where the native speakers actually cease to exist. It is not the case where there is both a baby and a child. Languages that have died have no children.

 * Perhaps the only sense in which Latin may be called a dead language in a similar sense as the dead Tasmanian languages, is concerning the use of Latin as an international written language of education & scholarship. Here written Latin did not change — it was simply no longer used by European scholars and clergy (although there are still some remnants of this). But even so, this is different from the Tasmanian languages in that there were no native speakers of written Latin whereas there were native speakers of the Tasmanian languages.

 * Hopefully, this makes sense. peace – ishwar  (speak)  22:59, 2005 Jun 21 (UTC)
 * No, it does not. I majored in Latin, (though I'm getting rusty), so maybe I could go back in time and shoot the breeze with Cicero for a little bit, whereas your average Frenchman or Italian who hasn't made extensive study of Latin could not.  Latin is dead as a doornail, and no one speaks it natively.  There is significant discontinuity between the Romance languages and Latin.
 * Minimē - et cūr per ūnīversum semper "nātīvitātem" ad nauseam iterātis??? Loquor bene, nōn optimē forsan - sed intellegor! Et sunt, quae quīque melius quam mē loquantur - et eās eōsque intellegō. Illud argūmentum sēnsū caret - meminī amīcum in Americā merīdiōnālī nātum dīxisse dē Germānō suō medicō: "Facile mē fācundius Anglicē sciat."

 * By no means - and why by the universe do you always repeat "nativity" ad nausem ;-)??? I speak well, not best, maybe - but I'm unterstood! And there are others, who talk better than me - and I understand them. This argument has no sense - I remember that a - not illiterate - friend of mine, born in America, said about his German doctor: "He probably is more eloquent in English than I am."
 * Ūnus ē Latīnīs novīs (talk) 00:46, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

The modern Romance languages differ from Classical Latin in a number of fundamental respects:

'' (From the Romance languages page).
 * No declensions (except Romanian)
 * Only two grammatical genders, rather than the three of Classical Latin (except Romanian and Italian to a small extent, and except several gender-neutral pronouns in Spanish, Italian, Catalan etc.)
 * Introduction of grammatical articles, based on Latin demonstratives
 * Latin future tense scrapped, and new future and conditional tenses introduced, based on infinitive + present or imperfect tense of habere (to have), fused to form new inflections.
 * Latin synthetic perfect tenses replaced by new compound forms with be or have + past participle (except Portuguese and French, where the Latin plusquamperfect tense has been retained and Romanian, which has 2 perfect tenses - one synthetic and one compound - that have the same meaning and also has a synthetic plusquamperfect tense in the indicative mood that is formed using the suffix "-se", derived from the suffix used in Latin to form the subjunctive plusquamperfect, "-isse").

It is wrong to say that Latin "grew up" and become Italian or French or Romanian. Rather, it grew up into Late Latin, and died a gradual death, but its children survived it. Sometimes its children visit its grave and fondly remember the good old days (Ecclesiastical Latin, Humanist Latin), but sadly, there was nothing they can really do to bring it back. All they could do is create a sad caricature of a living language by proppping their dead ancestor up at the table and pretending to have dinner with it, like the Inca used to do with their dead royalty. (No offense to the Inca, but all offense possible to modern "Living Latin" proponents). You can try to resurrect Latin, but if you do, and it becomes a living language again, and gradually change, and cease to be the fossilized creature we know as "Latin." That's exactly what happend with Greek in the 19th & 20th centuries. Modern higher-register Greek is a compromise between the naturally developed language and deliberate re-adoption of obsolete forms.

Sure, there is a strong family resemblance, but the children are their own people, as Latin was its own distinct person, different from its Old Latin ancestor and the Proto-Italic subgroup of the Celtic-Germanic-Italic branch of Indo-European that it descended from. There are strong family resemblances between Ancient and Modern Greek, Old, Middle and Modern Persian, Old, Middle & New English, etc., but they are separate languages. --Jpbrenna 22:03, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

(No offense to the Inca, but all offense possible to modern "Living Latin" proponents).
 * Cūr? - Why? Certē mūtātur lingua Latīna: Stent modō cāsūs et verbī facultātēs et quaedam nōtiōnēs "Latīnae"! - Surely Latin changes: May only stand the Cases and the verb's possibilities and some "Latin" notions.

 * Cūr mē violās? Sī cruciābāris, nōn linguā sed stultissimā īnstrūctiōne cruciābāris! - Why do you hurt me? If you were tortured, you were tortured by the very stupid lessons!

...cease to be the fossilized creature we know as "Latin."(..)

 * Nōn erat - et id sine nātiōne - per mīlle et trecentōs annōs. Multō plūra collāpsō imperiō scrīpta sunt Latīnē, quam anteā!

 * It was not - and this without a nation - through 1300 years. Much more was written in Latin after the breakdown of the empire, than before!

...and gradually change,...

 * dum quīdam hominēs quandam rēgulārum partem servant - nōnne restat - in nucleō! - "Latīna" ??? Et, sī māior pars regulārum nōn mūtātur - iamne est "creātūra fossīlis" - aut iterum nōn iam Latīna???
 * as long as some people preserve some part of the rules - does it not - in its core - remain "Latin"??? And, if a bigger part of the rules is not changed - is it then already a "fossilized creature" - or again no longer Latin???

 * Quid dīcis? Is that a "fossilized creature" : ephēmeris??

 * Schola multās rēs necat - accūrātissimē autem linguam Latīnam
 * School kills many things - the most accurate it kills the Latin Language

 * iterum sed ultimum: "Latin lessons" == "Lingua Latīna"

Ūnus ē Latīnīs novīs (talk) 00:46, 20 June 2011 (UTC) maestus et caput quassāns valēdīcēns

So revert the article? Your facts seem very assured (you obviously know what you're talking about). Latin is dead. --JDnCoke 00:22, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
 * minimē!Ūnus ē Latīnīs novīs (talk) 00:46, 20 June 2011 (UTC)
 * hi. Rather than a revert, a rewrite is needed.

 * regarding the "deadness" of Latin, we are not disputing whether Latin is dead, but the distinction between the meanings of the term dead as it refers to languages and the question of how this applies to an article called Language death (although this is not made clear above). I dont think that it is wrong to say that Latin "grew up" and became French, etc. But, perhaps we can leave this metaphor behind. So, I will rephrase my point above: speakers of Latin gradually turned into speakers of French, etc. through a process called language change. Latin did not die and then there were Romance languages. Romance languages stand in a lineal relationship to Latin. Although there are no speakers today with Latin grammars, there are speakers today with grammars that stand in a lineal relationship to Latin. People call Latin dead because there are no native speakers today. We can call this type of deadness: dead-through-change where we compare different grammars of different time periods that stand in a lineal relationship.

 * The other type of deadness is when there are no speakers today of a given language grammar and no speakers today of any language that stands in a lineal relationship to that given language grammar. This language no longer participates in the language change process because of the absence of lineal relationships to present-day speakers (note that before this break in the relationship the said language did participate in language change). We can call this type of deadness: dead-through-social-practices.

 * Making the distinction between two types of deadness is useful since they occur in different contexts. Dead-through-change will always occur with any language because all languages change. (maybe everything in the universe changes.) The eead-through-social-practices state only occurs when there exist certain socio-political environments that cause this.

 * So, I think that it is clear from the above that the term dead is used in two different senses. Now our issue is what does language death mean? Although dead is used ambiguously to refer 2 different things in linguistics and in popular writing, language death is more often used to refer the dead-through-social-practices state. Books and articles that refer to the dead-through-change state use terms such as, language change, diachronic linguistics, historical linguistics, etc. In fact, I would find it misleading to title a book "Language death in Europe" that discussed the language change.

 * Anyway, it is all not so transparent in the terminology usage, unfortunately. – ishwar  (speak)  09:02, 2005 August 18 (UTC)

 * Of course Latin evolved to Italian, French, Portuguese and Spanish, and it did not died out and people start using another language. That's not correct, people continued using Latin. It is splited, not dead. People often see grammatical differences from Vulgar Latin and Classical Latin, that is due that classical latin was an artificial standard, the Romans spoke the usual vulgar latin, that evolved into today's languages. The article is correct! How can you make a clear distinction from Old and Modern English? and the other died? I was reading the article, and I was shocked why it had a POV tag. POV is the tag itself. Even knowing this, I think it is very strange that the grammar of Italian is so similar to Portuguese or with Spanish. In fact, you just need to learn the terminations and the pronunciation, and few more (the hardest is writing, mostly because of different spelling rules). -Pedro 14:48, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * hi. the tag was added to article because of the statement about the Irish government. User Jpbrenna responded to that and also his conception of language death. I responded to her/his comments about death. peace – ishwar  (speak)  15:08, 2005 August 19 (UTC)

Hi, thought I would join the cocktail party. One thing that I've noticed this whole discussion suffers from is a lack of clear understanding as to what the spatial and temporal borders of "a" language are. To speak of Latin as never having died out (but gradually changing form into the Romance languages of today) is and emic interpretation of language change. This interpretation makes a number of assumptions: 1) that linguistic features are understood in the same way by speakers of Romance languages and Latin speakers 2) that we can at all know how Latin speakers concieved of their semiotic universe 3) that the first assumption is due to gradual linguistic (not necessarilly Darwinian) "evolution." On the other hand, recognizing the phonological and morphosyntactic differences between Latin and the Romance languages as a reason to call these two categories "different languages" is an etic interpretation of language change. The morphosyntax and--assuming that an archaeology of phonology is possible--phonology of both Latin and the Romance languages are measurable. Differences can be statistically demonstrated. These differences, as discussed in other posts, are dramatic and point to a divergence.  Personally, I would not call, for instance, French a modern form of Latin. I feel that I am qualified to make that claim because I have studied both languages and I know that French, apart from the morphosyntactic qualities discussed in other posts, is full of non-Latin influences. Indeed, are they at all influences? Could I not just as easily argue that French was "influenced" by Latin, but is in fact a continuation of the Gallic dialects spoken by a particular tribe that came to be known by the Romans as the Parisorum? Where in Latin do we find forms such as "jamais" ("never," Latin: "numquam") or "aller" ("to go," Latin: "ire")? Look at the French word for Germany: "Alemagne." Now look at the Latin word for the same: "Germania." There is no etymological continuity between the two. "Germania" was a name given to a particular region inhabited by all sorts of barbarians. "Alemagne" is a Germanic word that most likely comes to us from the combination of "alle" (all) and "mannir*" (men), since the region was not ethnically discrete but became known as "all men," or a federation of germanic tribes. So what is French? Is it a modern form of Latin? or is it a modern form of Gaulois? Is it useful to be asking these questions? Isn't it most practical to recognize French's independent status as a language? There is significant discontinuity between the French language as it is spoken today and the linguistic influences that gave rise to it.

"People call Latin dead because there are no native speakers today.". That's really circular. Is Shakespeare's English dead? Yes because there are no native speakers today. We are in a need of a distinction between "Variety A evolved into variety B" and "Variety A influenced variety B and died". If language A evolved into language B then language A and B are instances of the same language: the language varieties are intelligible. The parallels between dachronic and synchronic linguistics are apparant. This is of course not without problems:

"For example, on both sides of the border between the Netherlands and Germany, the people living in the immediate neighbourhood of the border speak an identical language. They can understand each other without difficulty, and would even have trouble telling just by the language whether a person from the region was from the Netherlands or from Germany. However, the Germans here call their language German, and the Dutch call their language Dutch, so in terms of sociolinguistics they are speaking different languages."

[]

Thus this language is intelligible by Germans and by the Dutch. But is it German or is Dutch? It seems it's both.

If this area of overlap is not too large it can be regarded as a border line case. Turning to diachronic language this means: sudden changes are less problematic than gradual changes because the smaller overlap in intelligibility makes it easier to seperate the dead language from the living one.

Old English evolved into Middle English after 1066. The conquest by William the Conqueror lead to a great amount of change in the English language. This change happened in a short period so it was a sudden change. Middle English is intelligible by modern day speakers. Old English is not. This means Old English is a seperate language and a dead one too. This is what was called dead-through-change above

If there is not even a gradual change it is language shift. All speakers of variety A change to variety B and they consider B a different language than A. Language A is not changed; rather there are two distinct languages in the speakers' heads: language A and language B. If they don't teach language A to others (e.g. their children) the language will die with them. This is what was called dead-through-social-practise above.

kees --83.161.2.179 13:31, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Salvēte legentēs scrībentēsque! Hello readers and writers!

Est fābula, nōn vērum linguam Latīnam esse mortuam/extīnctam - It's a legend, not the truth, that the Latin language would be dead/extinct.

Haec vincula satis faciant argūmentātiōnis: - These links should be enough of an argument:

"wikia": - wikis:

prīmus nexus huic locō est aptus: - The first link is apt to this site:

http://la.wikipedia.org/

alter nōn secus: - not less the second:

http://la.bibliotheca.wikia.com/

pāgina Vicipaediae Latīnae: huic reī dēdicāta - the article of the Latin Wikipedia on this subjekt:

http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinitas_viva

('soror anglica' - 'the English sister': http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Latin#Living_Latin et quae īnfrā sunt omnia - and all below)

circulii Latiinii (omnibus prōpositīs apertī): Circles of Latin speakers (open to all subjects): http://www.latinitatis.com/vita/circuli.htm e.g. http://www.circulus.fr/

etiam vinculārium fundātiōnis melissae īnspiciātur(per nexum alterum)! You should also look at the link collection of the Fundatio Melissa(via the second link)!

vinculāria: - link collections:

http://www.latinitatis.com/vita/vincula.htm

http://web.me.com/fundatiomelissa/Site/Nexus.html

http://www.circulus.fr/vincula/vincula.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Latin#Notes ;-)

hoc ultimum certē satis interētiālium locōrum Latīnorum mōnstrat ! This last one surely shows enough Latin websites!

Quārē nunc ēnumerāre locōs dēsinō: ipsae ipsīque iam indicātōs scrūtāminī! Thus I stop enumerating sites: explore you yourself the already indicated ones!

Quod ad fācundiam attinet: Certē multae multīque sunt nōn tam facundī Latīnē loquentēs, sed hās tantum īnspiciātis epistulās: http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/epistulae.php In multīs eārum magna appāret fācundia!

When it comes to fluency or even eloquence: Surely many of the Latin speakers are not that fluent or eloquent, but look at these letters alone: http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/epistulae.php In many of them great eloquence is shown!

Hinc condiciōnī ad "mortem linguae" necessāriae nōn satisfacit lingua Latīna: Thence the condition necessary for "language death" is not fullfilled in case of Latin: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death In linguistics, language death (...) is a process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language variety is  decreased, eventually resulting in no native and/or fluent speakers of the variety. Nam istud "vel" absurdumst: īnspectīs exemplīs suprā allātīs et porrō secūtīs - QUIS MEHERCLE DĪCAT ESSE "MORTUAM" LINGUAM LATĪNAM - tantummodo ob eam "causam", quod nūllae nūllīque reperiuntur loquentēs nātīvī? As the "or" is absurd: having looked at and followed the examples cited above - WHO BY GOD WOULD SAY LATIN WOULD BE "DEAD" - only for the "reason", that there can't be found any native speakers?

In summam: Lingua Latīna minimē est mortua - conclusion: Latin is by no means dead!

Valēte - be fine

(aliās vērē respondēbō - I'll write real answers another time)

"Types of language death" - a major error
(...)A language that has reached such a reduced stage of use is generally considered moribund.<ref name="Crystal, David 2000"/> Once a language is no longer a native language - that is, if no children are being socialised into it as their primary language - the process of transmission is ended and the language itself will not survive past the current generation.

The latter for Latin is not true(1300 very vivid=not just "surviving" years!). The reason is that languages can be learned (= transmitted) at age far after childhood and that, given a good training in reading, listening, conversation and writing(e.g. by the Birkenkenbihl-method (c)), with a high level of fluency and even eloquence at reach. Reading needs texts - and there are many of them regarding Latin. Even if a full=perfect understanding of the semiotic world of the Romans, the Medieval times seems impossible, we can understand a wide range of their notions and therefor "learn their world" - we might not know the plants denounced by some words - so this small part of the Language is dead=not understandable - But the "rest"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ūnus ē Latīnīs novīs (talk • contribs) 01:43, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Linguicide and glottophagy
Are these extra rather funny names for language death important enough to deserve print in the lede and in bold? Seems humor like that can go in a footnote instead. -Stevertigo (t | c) 02:11, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

 * They're not humor just because you're unfamiliar with them and they sound funny to you. They could move out of the lead, but they'd remain in bold per MOS:LINK, since they're attested terms that redirect to this page.  WP doesn't usually use footnotes for such things (no one reads them); we try to incorporate material into the main article body. That said, the concept of linguicide is not simply language extinction but intentional language extermination, and should be covered in its own section.  Glottophagy is the absorption of one language by another, so a) it also should not be in the lead, not being a synonym of language death, but a particular mechanism of it, and b) the concept and sources for it should be integrated into the article Language shift, and the term should redirect there. That article already covers glottophagy, but is doing is doing so without naming it and in a scattershot way (e.g. the entire section Language shift is about repeat instances of glottophagy by the Hungarian language, and several other sections there involve it, but the process is not described in that article's lead).  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  04:20, 24 October 2015 (UTC)

Proposed merger with Extinct language
Language death and Extinct language are an apparently accidental WP:CONTENTFORK of the exact same topic. However, the latter contradicts the former: "Extinct languages are sometimes contrasted with dead languages, which are still known and used in special contexts in written form, but not as ordinary spoken languages for everyday communication", and it links to Language death as if it covered "dead languages" in this sense, like Latin, which it does not. That use of "dead language" is a vernacular use, not a linguistic one; languages preserved for ritual and other specialized use are sociolects. (And that description of "dead-language" sociolects is wrong in other ways; they are frequently used in spoken, not just written, form.)

I propose merging the content of the articles, at the title Language extinction, and redirecting both original titles (and various other obvious terms like Dead language) to it, with Dead language going possible to a Language extinction subsection, if there is some need to preserve prose that addresses extinct languages themselves, as such, rather than the socio-linguistic process of their extinction.

As an illustration of why this pointless split is problematic, consider that probably 90+% of the time, anyone linking the word "extinct language" or "dead language" on WP intends that the reader go to the conceptual material at Language death, as the material presently at Extinct languages is about the languages as "things" unto themselves, and does not explain much of anything about language extinction. That article basically has no reason to exist, and its continued existence does little by divide content improvement efforts, confuse readers, and necessitate time-wasting coding like.

— SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  03:48, 24 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Language death and extinct language are two distinct things with different literatures. Language death is a process and linguists study its causes and effects. Extinct languages are any language that is no longer spoken, including both languages that die and and languages that transform into daughter languages. I see no reason we shouldnt have articles on both topics.·maunus · snunɐɯ· 05:42, 24 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I concur, they're different concepts. --Jotamar (talk) 18:09, 24 October 2015 (UTC)
 * This article about Language death is about a process. Extinct language is about those that have completed the process. It is more of a list. The two languages should both exist, but with links to each other.Pete unseth (talk) 19:38, 24 October 2015 (UTC)
 * A different question is that perhaps dead language should redirect to extinct languages and not here. --Jotamar (talk) 15:09, 26 October 2015 (UTC)

Incomprehensible graphic

This graph, in the section "Types of language death", seems incomprehensible. It appears to be trying to be an Euler diagram, but the intersections of the circles make no sense—the graph shows that there are people who are both first language and second language learners of the language. I recommend that the image be removed, as it is confused and adds nothing to the article's content. Loraof (talk) 22:16, 10 June 2016 (UTC)

Potential Revisions
In order to make this article more referable for common research there may be more reliability if the information being presented was cited more often. An example includes the beginning to the type section, while there are citations later in the information there could possibly be more. The first part to this section would look more reliable with citation. Also consider creating a lead section to the subfield headers to better explain what is to come in the following information. Miranda.Baranchak (talk) 01:26, 31 March 2017 (UTC)
 * sofixit Lingzhi ♦ (talk) 02:45, 31 March 2017 (UTC)

Removing the section "Factors that promote language death"
Removing it on the ground that it makes claims without citation and doesn't contain information that isn't elsewhere in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Theycallmezeal (talk • contribs) 17:27, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Linguicide
and redirect here, but there is no discussion of the topic at all. Hairy Dude (talk) 11:16, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Why don't you mend that yourself? --Jotamar (talk) 18:18, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Internal links
This article contained a lot of superfluous internal links ranging from common languages, places, and even simple words like 'disease' and 'genocide'. These links don't help clarify anything in the article and such examples are specifically discouraged by MOS:OVERLINK. User @Bonewah seems to want to keep these in for some reason I don't understand. Rather than engaging in an edit war, I'm putting this up on the talk page for discussion. Should this version of the page stay, or should another option be chosen?

Megaman en m (talk) 21:22, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
 * There is more overlinking than I like to see. One prominent example is the paragraph containing revival of the Hebrew language, which is a useful link. The only other candidate for keeping there is liturgical language IMO. Just plain Bill (talk) 21:42, 3 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I was mostly concerned with adding internal links to the Ainu, Sakhalin, Kuril languages i added here and you reverted here. At least those three are inarguably proper links per MOS:UNDERLINK as "Relevant connections to the subject of another article that will help readers understand the article more fully" being as they are dead or dying languages cited as examples of dead or dying languages in an article about language death. If you really think Catalan, Galician, Sardinian, Venetian are so commonly known that linking them is improper, i wont fight you, although i had never heard of any of them before reading this article. So i reverted to the edit that contained the former and re-added the 6 year old ref improve template. Hopefully a skilled linguist can provide better references and remove this template. Bonewah (talk) 14:04, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ANTH473 INLG480 Living Languages
— Assignment last updated by ElsaJK (talk) 09:18, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: WR120
— Assignment last updated by JiaxunZhao (talk) 15:20, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

how many ways to die?

 * Language death […] may manifest itself in one of the following ways:

some of which overlap or even repeat each other. I may do something about that soon. —Tamfang (talk) 04:31, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

"Health consequences for Indigenous communities" section is potentially misleading/bias
I would like to flag the section on "Health consequences for Indigenous communities" as potentially misleading, bias and false (Neutral point of view). It seems to read out as an opinion piece rather than actual fact, despite being seemingly well-sourced. There was an attempt to have it removed in 2022 with this edit with the user stating:

"This section of the article, aside from being misleading by using the term 'health' and the term 'mental health' interchangeably, is unrelated to the article. The section is about language loss which is a different topic in and of itself. Although language loss and assimilation may result in language death, this section does not belong in this article. Language death does is not a cause of poor mental health of indigenous communities, assimilation is a cause for both."

And then, shortly after the edit was reverted with this edit, with the user who reverted it stated:

"This section clearly mentions how language death is related to mental health consequences, it's well sourced too from what I see. Take it to the talk page if you want to discuss this further." I don't see any discussions on the talk page since that edit so I decided to start one here.

Some points I would like to mention from looking into this so far with my own opinions:

 * I feel like I agree with the first editor who removed the topic all together as it seems like a more probable cause for poor mental health in aboriginal communities would not be loss of language but rather lack of assimilation seems more likely. However, I do acknowledge that on Wikipedia we go by what the sources state, not our own personal opinions.

 * It feels like an opinion piece because in the topic there seems to be discussions on correlational facts, stating: "A study conducted on Aboriginal youth suicide rates in Canada found that Indigenous communities in which a majority of members speak the traditional language exhibit low suicide rates. Contrary, suicide rates were six times higher in groups where less than half of its members communicate in their ancestral language" but this could very well be a case of correlation, not causation. Which is partially why it feels like an opinion piece. The topic even ends with "Thus, language death can have severe effects on health." as if the article is concluding a opinionated argument, rather than stating a fact.

 * Most of the sources linked here are in relation to Australian Aboriginal people, rather than global aboriginal people, so it seems disingenuous to discuss most of the topic on aboriginal people as a whole, rather than mostly Australian Aboriginal people. Each of these communities face different struggles depending on their geographical location and what they have been subjected to historically and currently.

 * Having a looking through source 19 "Working Together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Mental Health and Wellbeing Principles and Practices" I couldn't find anything at all to back up what is stated in the article in relation to the source. It would be good if the editor referenced the actual pages being sourced. The user states "For Aboriginal communities in Australia, language loss, as part of broad colonial attempts at culturicide" as if culturicide is still on-going within Australia - this makes the article feel like the user was very politically motivated/bias.

That's everything I have for now. I will add a NPOV dispute to the top of the section. Let's get a discussion going in here 🙂 HopefulLuck (talk) 05:00, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * The NPOV dispute banner has been removed and the section has been renamed and updated. It is much shorter and more concise. Some sources have been removed as well as they didn't seem important. If further changes should be made please add to this discussion thank you 🙂 HopefulLuck (talk) 11:20, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Language death