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David Shepherd (umpire)

David Robert Shepherd (27 December 1940 – 27 October 2009 ) was a first-class cricketer who played county cricket for Gloucestershire, and later became one of the cricket world's best-known umpires. He stood in 92 Test matches, the last of them in June 2005, the most for any English umpire. He also umpired 172 ODIs, including three consecutive World Cup finals in 1996, 1999 and 2003.

Early life
Shepherd was born in Bideford in Devon. His father Herbert was a sub-postmaster, having earlier worked in the Merchant Navy. His father had played cricket and rugby in his youth, and became an umpire for North Devon Cricket Club after losing the sight in one eye in the First World War. Shepherd's brother Bill was also a cricketer who captained MCC Young Professionals, but became postmaster at his parents' post office in Instow in the 1960s, playing club and the Minor Counties cricket.

He was educated at Barnstaple Grammar School, where he played for the school first XI from the second form and became head boy. He then studied at St Luke's College, Exeter. He also played cricket for Devon Colts and England Schools, including one match against his brother captaining MCC Young Professionals at Lord's. He became a teacher in Bideford and Ilfracombe, also playing Minor Counties cricket for Devon from 1959 to 1964, mainly as a batsman.

Playing career
After scoring 100 not out for Gloucestershire's Second XI in 1964, Shepherd had a reasonably successful, though late-starting, first-class playing career for Gloucestershire, stretching from 1965 to 1979, and though he never came close to international selection he was popular both with his teammates and the Gloucestershire supporters. He started with a bang, scoring 108 on debut against Oxford University in April 1965, and made eleven more hundreds over the years, though only twice (in 1969 and 1975) did he average over 30. Mainly a middle-order batsman, and never the slimmest of men even in his younger days, he relied more on his fine shot placement than speed across the ground, and his bowling was almost non-existent: he took only two wickets in his entire first-class career. One famous incident at the Gloucestershire Cricket Club saw Shepherd hitting the ball so hard into the crowd that it knocked out a spectator reading a newspaper. The spectator was taken to hospital and recovered with only minor injuries.

Umpire
After retiring from his playing career in 1979, Shepherd decided against becoming a coach, and decided to become an umpire instead. He began his second career in cricket, and the one which was to make him world-famous, when he was appointed as a first-class umpire in 1981. Quickly recognised as being one of the fairest-minded and most able officials in the game, within two years he was part of the umpiring panel for the 1983 World Cup, and within four he was standing in his first Test: the fourth Test of the 1985 Ashes series at Old Trafford. Standing with him in this Test was Dickie Bird.

From then on, Shepherd became a fixture on the international scene, his round figure instantly recognisable by players and spectators alike. Perhaps his most famous quirk was his habit of lifting one foot off the ground whenever the score reached 111, or multiples thereof, they being regarded as unlucky by Shepherd in a ritual dating back to his childhood cricket team days. The number 111 is known as the "Nelson", and is considered unlucky for the batsman. Among other superstitions, he would tie a matchstick to a finger on Friday 13th, so he would be touching wood to bring good luck all day. Also famous was his tendency to shake his hand while signalling fours; to this day, many fans in cricket crowds mimic his action while celebrating fours.

If the situation demanded, Shepherd could be very firm, notably when initially warning the Pakistan captain, Waqar Younis, in the 2003 World Cup against Australia for bowling fast 'beamers' (a full toss that reaches the batsman between waist and head height, being dangerous as it is extremely hard to detect for the batsman). Waqar again transgressed and Shepherd ordered his removal from the attack becoming the first umpire to take such an action during an international match.

He considered retiring after he received much adverse press coverage in 2001, when Pakistan won the Old Trafford Test against England, after Shepherd gave three England batsmen out to no-balls bowled by Saqlain Mushtaq, who had stepped over the crease, but he was part of the ICC's first Elite Panel of neutral umpires established in 2002, and retained his place unbroken until his retirement from umpiring in 2005.

As his retirement loomed, Shepherd was lauded wherever he went. He was given a guard of honour by the New Zealand and Australian teams during the series between the two countries in March 2005. After his last Test, that between West Indies and Pakistan at Kingston, Jamaica in June 2005, Shepherd was presented with a bat by West Indian captain Brian Lara. He was in fact given special dispensation by the ICC to umpire in an Ashes match between England and Australia at Lord's as his final Test, but turned down the opportunity to maintain the ICC's neutral umpiring policy for Test matches.

His fellow umpire Simon Taufel said of him, as quoted in his Wisden obituary: "What doesn't get highlighted is man-management skills, creating a happy environment for players to play in. And Shep was magnificent at that. The players had this enormous respect for him as a person. He put them at their ease and forged relationships that crossed all cultural and political divides." In that obituary, the obituarist himself wrote: "The authorities struggle for a definition of the Spirit of Cricket. Perhaps the best answer is David Shepherd."

Shepherd was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to cricket in the 1997 Birthday Honours, and he became the President of his home county club Devon in 2006.

Shepherd was the first umpire to officiate in at least one Test match in all the nations playing Test cricket at that time.

Later life
Shepherd retired to Devon, and returned to live in the seaside village of Instow, occasionally working in his brother's post office. He was married to Jenny, his partner since 1973, in 2008. He died of lung cancer on 27 October 2009 in Devon.

title: David Shepherd (umpire)


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Talk:Gawain Poet

Untitled
But WHY is he called The Pearl Poet? If anyone knows...I'd like to know.

 * Literary historians agree that the same person wrote Pearl, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, and Cleanness. However, they do not know his or her name, or any thing else about him. When refering to the authorof these pieces, it is easier to write "The Pearl Poet" than to write "The author of Pearl".  Dsmdgold 03:23, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

He is also called the Pearl Poet because each of the poems features pearls in some form, and he talks a lot about purity (defined very broadly). I've edited to reflect this.Evkharper (talk) 02:03, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

It would be great if this article discussed his unique style and gave some of the specifics that unite the poems. He's at least as skillful a poet as Chaucer, and some prefer him, so, despite not knowing any specifics of his biography, we can talk about his dialect (which is unusually not far from Chaucer's) and the dates of composition, and the manuscript details of Cotton Nero a x, and his prosody. Geogre 20:43, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

It is possible that we have a hint in the use of Old Norse that this is the child of an Earl - i.e. (in a hybrid of Welsh and the Norse derived English title) ap Earl - though, this is more likely to be the object of the poem rather than its author. Pearls were so precious that their ownership for display was restricted to the high nobility, though commoners might harvest them and merchants exchange them. It seems unlikely, therefore, that anyone but a noble would know or care much about them as objects of beauty. 210.50.17.162 08:13, 16 November 2006 (UTC) Ian Ison

I'm not sure I understand this comment. 'Pearl' refers to the human subject of the poem 'Pearl', which also references a large number of other gems which would not have been in common use. The imagery of the poem draws heavily from the book of Revelation in the Bible, which describes the twelve gates being made of pearls. In any case, 'Earl' is not Old Norse - which would be Jarl - but Old English 'eorl'. Martin Turner 00:07, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

a woman?
Could the Pearl Poet have been a woman? The poet was obviously Christian. We nothing of this mysterious person except by their poems. And the poet is not remembered to this day. The tone of Sir Gawain sounds distinctly female. All these reasons seem to have me convinced that the poet was an educated woman who could not be properly accredited for her work. What do the rest of you think? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Working for Him (talk • contribs) 21:39, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I haven't seen any evidence or research pointing that way. The problem is that the other three, less famous works are not distinctly female at all. They are religious in nature, possibly written by a religious figure. I'm not saying it's not possible. I'm just saying that I haven't seen any research suggesting that the author was female. Wrad 21:43, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The author is unlikely to have been female, given the historical context. Most authors in this period are anonymous regardless of gender, well-remembered figures like Chaucer are the exception rather than the rule. I would disagree on the 'tone' of SGGK being female, after all, the author shows an in-depth knowledge of the minutiae of hunting, weaponry and other male-dominated aspects of courtly culture. Furthermore, Pearl's first-person narrator is evidently male, and there is some evidence in the poems that the author may have been a cleric in minor orders. Obviously there is scant material to work with overall, but the burden of proof is certainly on those advocating a female author. ANB (talk) 15:10, 28 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't know the gender of the author, but will simply mention that imagery of women hunting with bow and spear is easy enough to find in late Medieval illuminations. Pascalulu88 (talk) 02:40, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

I came to this talk section to make a comment that the use of "him or her" seems ridiculous and, to me, utterly grating since it seems to suggest some "equal probability" that the poet might be a woman. A very unlikely proposition, indeed, at the time. I would much prefer to see the main text altered so that "him or her" is changed to "the poet." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.212.92.200 (talk) 18:11, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Since no one has taken action this excellent advice in over a year, I am making these changes. "him or her" and "(s)he" seem distracting, counter-grammatical and unhelpful in context. Please feel free to revert. User:Kevin.159.53 posting from IP address 159.53.174.143 (talk) 17:00, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

Title of the article
To revert to the question and answer of 2005 -

a. The anonymous author of a poem is not uncommonly known as 'the [x] poet', where [x] is the title of the poem.

b. More interestingly, why is this article lodged under the title Pearl poet'? The article itself makes it clear that the author of Pearl is commonly thought to be the author of Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience and Purity (or Cleanliness). In my circles, (s)he is commonly referred to as 'the Gawain poet' rather than 'the Pearl poet'; and this article seems to approach agreement with this, in that there are the same number of mentions of 'Gawain poet' and 'Pearl poet'. One would expect the number using the article heading to outnumber the cross references. I suggest that the article be moved to 'Gawain poet', and that this become the link. I'll leave it to a more experienced Wikipedian to do the moving because of any knock-on effects or losses I might cause.

MacAuslan 15:17, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The split between "Gawain Poet" and "Pearl Poet" is actually about fifty/fifty as far as I've seen. If you type in "Gawain Poet" it will redirect here. Neither one is really more correct than the other, and pearl poet is kind of rooted into wikipedia now. I'm not sure what part a means, though. Could you clarify? Wrad 19:05, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

The answer is that some people don't like to use "Pearl Poet" because they don't want to be reminded about that wonderfully religious poem. They prefer Gawain because they think that poem isn't religious, which they are of course wrong about. And what's with this nonsense about the Pearl Poet possibly being a woman? Somebody above says that GGK reads like it was written by a woman? Ridiculous. Get out of here with your petty personal causes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.163.0.43 (talk) 16:55, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I think Pearl-poet is probably the most objective name for this author. As I understand it, the tendency to call him this derived from the fact that Pearl is the first poem in the manuscript. The name 'the Gawain-poet' is primarily used on the more subjective grounds that SGGK is his most well-known work today. ANB (talk) 20:59, 18 November 2009 (UTC)
 * "some people don't like to use "Pearl Poet" because they don't want to be reminded about that wonderfully religious poem." Do you know such people? Or is this supposition to support one of your own personal causes? Pascalulu88 (talk) 02:45, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

The first comment in this section is correct: one refers to the poet as the writer of whichever poem is under discussion, i.e. "the [x] poet" where [x] is the poem. In discussing the poet as the author of all the works in the manuscript (which may be the case) it is usual to refer to the Gawain Poet. This is accepted practice in literary studies, and should therefore also be the title of the article. In many years of English literary study, I have never heard anyone refer to the Pearl Poet where the author of the works taken together was intended, and to title the article in this way appears capricious. Perhaps it is someone's personal project to shift attention toward Pearl as a work. With regard to subsequent comments: religious content has nothing to do with it. Certainly both works are solidly Christian, as you would expect from what was a predominantly (if not exclusively, at that time) Christian country. The order of the poems in the manuscript is irrelevant. Sir Gawain is the best known because it is the most significant for the history of literature and therefore the most taught at undergraduate level. It is considered the best Middle English romance. It is also (for the record, and not that it particularly matters) twice as long as Pearl (twice as many lines). Without referring to Wikipedia's tedious supply of editorial policies (perhaps someone else could do that between Twinkies), I'd have thought that an encyclopedia, even a spurious populist one pretending to authoritativeness, should follow standard academic practice, rather than a supposed objectivity based on subjective principles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.74.97.205 (talk) 15:48, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

I know nobody is looked at this in a long ass time, but I'm really confused by this article's insistence that "the Pearl Poet" is less common, because being in the medieval literary academy, I can count on one hand the number of times I've heard or read someone use "the Gawain Poet." "The Pearl Poet" is used almost exclusively. 2600:1700:4A5D:5210:E5DE:4841:865D:826E (talk) 00:40, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The relatively recent works in the refs like "Brewer, edited by Derek; Gibson, Jonathan (1997). A companion to the Gawain-poet (Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge" don't exactly bear this out. Johnbod (talk) 05:31, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * "Gawain-poet" is the most commonly cited term by a long way; note the reference in the first paragraph confirms that "Pearl-poet" is less common.Svejk74 (talk) 18:05, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

The village of Cotton?
Could anyone elaborate on this line in the John (or Hugh) Massey section?

"A later suggestion is John Massey of Cotton (a village mentioned in Gawain); this was first put forward by Nolan and Farley-Hills in 1971.[10]"

I have been attempting to corroborate this without success. I cannot find a village named Cotton in Sir Gawain. Nor can I find any mention of it in Nolan's and Farley-Hills's 1971 article.

Was "Cotton" in this case possibly a typo for "Chester" or "Cheshire" (locations that do appear in the article, at least)? Apologies if I've simply been missing something obvious; any help will be greatly appreciated! --Mjkuhns (talk) 22:06, 26 April 2014 (UTC)

 * You're right, no such village is named in the poem. I'm removing the claim that it is. --Antiquary (talk) 22:23, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The Lancastrian retainer "John Massey of Cotton" was one of the candidates put forward by various people. The claim that Cotton was mentioned in the poem seems to be a garbled version of Theodore Silverstein's suggestion that the word, or fragment of a word, "oton" written on the margin of the Gawain manuscript next to line 1544 (which talks about where Gawain lives) should actually be read as "Coton", reinforcing the idea of John Massey's authorship. It is all very tenuous.Svejk74 (talk) 19:06, 15 December 2018 (UTC)

"less commonly 'the Pearl Poet'"
I'm curious as to where this claim that "Pearl Poet" is less common is coming from. In my studies and my work as a medievalist, I could probably count on my fingers the number of scholars I've met who use "Gawain Poet" - and all of them are older academics. "Pearl Poet" has been the standard as long as I've been in the field. Even a quick search of the MLA International Bibliography turns up nearly equal results under both titles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:4A5D:5210:C5B0:EA2C:4FE7:1DBC (talk) 00:27, 14 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The statement that the most common name is "Gawain-Poet" is sourced and originates in Andrew's essay in Brewer's 1997 book. "Gawain-poet" was nearly always used when I was an undergraduate unless specifically discussing Pearl.Svejk74 (talk) 08:42, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gawain Poet


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/9 July 2005

This image shows the expansion over a period of three years of the planetary nebula NGC 6543, the Cat's Eye Nebula. All planetary nebulae are expanding, and will eventually disperse into the interstellar medium, enriching it with heavy elements such as carbon and oxygen. Only with the very high optical resolution available with the Hubble Space Telescope can the expansions of these distant objects be accurately measured.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/9 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/10 July 2005

The Cone Nebula is an H II region in the constellation of Monoceros. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1785, and is located about 800 parsecs or 2,600 light-years away from Earth.The Cone Nebula is part of the nebulosity surrounding the Christmas Tree Cluster, and ultraviolet light from the hot blue stars in the cluster ionises the nebula.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/10 July 2005


text: Category:World of Warcraft

title: Category:World of Warcraft


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Sloan–Parker House

The Sloan–Parker House, also known as the Stone House, Parker Family Residence, or Richard Sloan House, is a late-18th-century stone residence near Junction, Hampshire County, in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It was built on land vacated by the Shawnee after the Native American nation had been violently forced to move west to Kansas following their defeat at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1975, becoming Hampshire County's first property to be listed on the register. The Sloan–Parker House has been in the Parker family since 1854. The house and its adjacent farm are located along the Northwestern Turnpike (US 50/WV 28) in the rural Mill Creek valley.

The original fieldstone section of the house was erected in about 1790 for Richard Sloan and his wife Charlotte VanHorn Sloan. Originally from Ireland, Sloan arrived in the United States after the American Revolutionary War and became an indentured servant of David VanHorn. Sloan eloped with VanHorn's daughter Charlotte and they settled in the Mill Creek valley, where they built the original stone portion of the house. The Sloans had ten children, including John and Thomas Sloan, who each (later) represented Hampshire County in the Virginia House of Delegates. Richard Sloan and his family operated a successful weaving business from the stone house and their Sloan counterpanes (woven coverlets with block designs) became well known in the South Branch Valley region.

The Sloan family sold the stone house and 900 acres to three brothers in the Parker family in 1854. The Parker family operated a stagecoach line on the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike; the journey included a stop at the stone house, where the family served meals to travelers. During the American Civil War, the stone house was visited by both Union and Confederate forces, and was ransacked by Union troops for goods and supplies. The stone house served as a local polling station, and its use as a stagecoach stop ended after the completion of the Hampshire Southern Railroad in 1910. The Parker family opened the house for tours, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

The Sloan–Parker House consists of the original stone section, which faces toward the Northwestern Turnpike, and a wooden frame addition (built c.1900) adjacent to the original stone section. The stone section's exterior wall is about 36 in thick at the basement level and tapers to a thickness of about 12 in at the attic level. Most of the stone section's flooring, and the hardware on the doors, are original. Other features of the Sloan–Parker House property include a large barn (built in 1803) and, to the northeast of the house, the Sloan–Ludwick Cemetery.

Geography and setting
The Sloan–Parker House and farm are situated within a rural, agricultural section of the Mill Creek valley in southwestern Hampshire County. Patterson Creek Mountain, a forested anticlinal mountain ridge, rises to the west of the Mill Creek valley, and the forested western rolling foothills of the anticlinal Mill Creek Mountain rise to the valley's east. The South Branch Potomac River is located across Mill Creek Mountain, approximately 4.4 mi to the east of the house.

The house and its adjacent farm are located along the Northwestern Turnpike (concurrently US 50 and WV 28) about 0.75 mi east of the unincorporated community of Junction (also known as Moorefield Junction). Junction is centered around and named for the intersection of Purgitsville Pike (concurrently US 220 and WV28) with the Northwestern Turnpike (concurrently US50 and US220 westward to Knobly Mountain and concurrently US50 and WV28 eastward to Romney).

The Sloan–Parker House is located atop a hillside just south of the Northwestern Turnpike. Mill Creek flows west to east approximately 575 ft to the north of the house. An unnamed ephemeral stream that runs just west of the house joins Mill Creek to the north. Mill Creek continues east through the Mechanicsburg Gap in Mill Creek Mountain at Mechanicsburg and joins the South Branch Potomac River.

Background
The Mill Creek valley and the land on which the Sloan–Parker House is located were originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a grant of land that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. With the Restoration in 1660, CharlesII finally ascended to the English throne. He renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantees Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper, and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington, in 1672. In 1681 Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, who received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine's son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, in 1719.

As conflicts with Native Americans began to ease, Lord Fairfax sought to entice European settlers to inhabit the sparsely populated western lands of his Northern Neck Proprietary. The Mill Creek valley was one of the first areas of present-day Hampshire County to be settled by Europeans, beginning in the mid-18th century. Early settlers were drawn by the valley's fertility. Job Parker, a direct ancestor of the Parker family that later acquired the Sloan–Parker House, settled in the Mill Creek valley during this period.

Sloan family ownership
The original fieldstone section of the Sloan–Parker House was erected around 1790 for Richard Sloan and his wife Charlotte VanHorn Sloan. Richard Sloan was originally from County Monaghan, Ulster, Ireland. Following the American Revolutionary War, Sloan sailed on a passenger ship from Great Britain to the United States. Despite paying his passage fare prior to his voyage, he was charged again upon his arrival. Unable to make this second payment, he became an indentured servant of David VanHorn. After several months with the VanHorn family, Sloan eloped with David VanHorn's daughter Charlotte, and the couple went to Baltimore, where they stayed briefly. After observing healthy cattle from Old Fields in Hardy County, they decided to relocate there. On their journey to Old Fields, Sloan and his wife arrived in Romney and chose to settle in Hampshire County instead. They later moved 7 mi southwest of Romney to their property in the Mill Creek valley, where the Sloan–Parker House stands today.

To construct the two-story stone house, Sloan and his wife hired laborers to quarry the native fieldstone and lay the stonework. Richard and Charlotte Sloan had ten children together (four girls and six boys), and the large house afforded the couple sufficient room to raise them. The house also provided the family with the necessary space to engage in the manufacture of woven goods. Sloan was a fabric weaver by trade, and he and his family developed a thriving weaving industry on their lands in the Mill Creek valley. Their entire production process was initially accomplished inside the house until Sloan erected a separate loom house. There, he and his sons built and operated six looms. On their farm, Sloan and his family raised their own sheep and grew flax; they also sourced flax and raw wool from local residents. The majority of the Sloan family's woven products were sold locally, and their Sloan counterpanes became well known in the South Branch Valley region. The family's trade in woolen goods and linens thrived until the middle of the 19thcentury. The present Parker family occupants of the Sloan–Parker House retain several woven coverlets produced by the Sloans.

According to Sloan family tradition, Richard and Charlotte Sloan used a method of casting lots to decide which of their ten children should marry. Their youngest son James won a contest in drawing straws, and was the only one of their ten children to marry when he wed Magdaline Arnold on January 6, 1834. James and Magdaline operated the Sloan household while the other members attended to their family's weaving business.

Two of Richard and Charlotte Sloan's sons, John and Thomas, were active in the military and in local and state politics. John Sloan served in the War of 1812 and was later appointed Major General of the 3rdDivision, Virginia Militia, by the Virginia General Assembly in 1842. He also served as a county justice from 1824 until 1828, a county surveyor in 1827, a county sheriff in 1839, and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates representing Hampshire County from 1825 to 1827. Thomas Sloan represented Hampshire County in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1832 to 1834 and again from 1835 to 1837. He also served as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850, representing a district comprising Frederick, Hampshire, and Morgan counties.

Parker family ownership

The Sloan family sold the stone house and 900 acres of surrounding land to brothers John Peyton Parker, Benjamin Parker, and William Parker on December 29, 1854, for $4,000. Following its acquisition by the Parker brothers, the stone house continued as the center of a large farm.

Because of its convenient location along the Northwestern Turnpike, the house served as a regional stagecoach stop and local polling place. From the early 19thcentury until the completion of the Hampshire Southern Railroad to Petersburg in 1910, this stretch of the Northwestern Turnpike between Romney and Junction was part of a major north–south transportation route connecting Cumberland and Romney with Moorefield and Petersburg to the south. By 1845 the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike stage line connected the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) Main Line at Green Spring with the north–south route in Springfield, allowing stagecoach transportation between Green Spring and Moorefield. The route of present-day WV28 aligns with this north–south route from the Maryland state line at Wiley Ford to Petersburg, and is concurrent with the Northwestern Turnpike (US50) from Romney to Junction and US220 from Junction to Petersburg.

The Parker family operated their own stagecoach line along the Moorefield and North Branch Turnpike between the B&O Main Line at Green Spring and Moorefield until 1884, when the B&O South Branch Line was completed to Romney Depot. The Parkers' stagecoach line transported passengers down present-day Green Spring Road (CR1), Cumberland Road (WV28), and the Northwestern Turnpike (US50/WV28) to the stone house, where the stagecoaches would stop to allow passengers to have meals before continuing the journey to Moorefield via present-day US220/WV28. When a stagecoach arrived at the stone house, a loud horn would sound to announce its arrival, and then meals were provided to the travelers in the basement kitchen and dining areas (or "keeping rooms"). Travelers' horses and other stock were watered and fed outside the basement door. As well as their stagecoach line, the Parker family operated a toll house on the Northwestern Turnpike on the west side of its crossing of the South Branch Potomac River, approximately 4.3 mi northeast of the house.

During the American Civil War, the stone house was visited by both Union and Confederate forces due to its location along the Northwestern Turnpike. The small room under the stone house's front porch was also used as a picket station to guard the turnpike. Union Army troops ransacked and frequently visited the house to retrieve goods and supplies from the house and farm as they traveled along the Northwestern Turnpike. Despite its convenient location and the Parker family's Confederate sympathies, the house and its farm did not suffer major damage during the war. The Federal government later reimbursed the Parker family for the items appropriated by the Union forces during the war. The Parkers were provided with bills annotating the "purchase" of $162.45 in goods and parts during the years 1862, 1863, and 1864. These bills exist today and are in the possession of the Parker family. Extant records also indicate that the Parker family sold farm goods to Confederate forces as well.

One of the Parker brothers, Benjamin Parker, married Isabel "Belle" Parker and they had two sons together: Renick Seymour Parker, who died at the age of 27 years, and John Henry Parker Sr., who married Eleanor DuBois Johnson. She had the wooden frame section added to the house around 1900, at which time the Sloan–Parker House took its current form. After Eleanor Parker died, her husband John Henry Sr. married Kate Parker.

The Sloan–Parker House occasionally served as a polling place for the Junction community after 1900, and it ceased being used as a stagecoach stop following the completion of the Hampshire Southern Railroad in 1910. The house and farm were formerly serviced by post offices operated in nearby Junction from 1866 to 1868, 1874 to 1876 (as Moorefield Junction), and 1877 until 1997 when service was suspended. Junction's post office was finally shuttered in 2005; afterward, the house was assigned a Romney address.

By 1962 John Henry Parker Jr., the son of John Henry Sr. and Kate Parker, was residing at the Sloan–Parker House with his wife Ruth Harmison Parker and their son David Renick Parker. While under their ownership and through their efforts, the Sloan–Parker House and an adjacent 1.5 acres were added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 5, 1975. It became Hampshire County's first property to be listed on the register.

Ruth Harmison Parker was a local historian and member of the Hampshire County Historical Society. She and her husband opened the Sloan–Parker House for tours in 1962, and again in July 1976, when they displayed furniture, glassware, coverlets, and Civil War relics handed down from the Sloan and Parker families. John Henry Parker Jr. died in 2000, and his wife Ruth died in 2005. David Parker is a seventh generation male-line descendant of early Mill Creek settler Jeb Parker. He and his wife Jill have three daughters and one son.

Architecture

The Sloan–Parker House, as of 2018, consists of the original stone section (built c. 1790), which faces toward the Northwestern Turnpike, and a wooden frame addition (built c.1900) positioned adjacent to the original stone section. Together, the stone section and the frame addition form a T-shaped structure. The original stone section of the house, built of fieldstone, has remained mostly unchanged since its initial construction; slight alterations were made to accommodate the frame addition. Similarly, the frame addition has undergone only minor modifications since its construction.

Stone section
The stone section was built using locally available materials, and its size was probably considered large for its time. It is rectangular in its plan and measures approximately 45 ft in width and 40 ft in depth. The stone section is symmetrical in its overall interior and exterior design with minor exceptions in its basement. It consists of two stories, one basement level, and an attic. The stone section is topped with a steep metal gabled roof with standing seam profiles. The stone section's exterior wall is about 36 in thick at the basement level and tapers to a thickness of about 12 in at the attic level.

The north elevation (main façade) has three bays on its first and second stories and one window in the western room of its basement level. Three six-over-nine double-hung wooden sash windows are on the second story, two nine-over-one double-hung wooden sash windows are on the first story, and one small window with two sliding panels of four panes each is on the basement level. At the center of the north elevation, a tall stone platform reaches from the ground to the first story and supports a large covered porch framed with wooden handrails and balustrades on its north and west sides. The porch's roof is supported by five square wooden columns: three along the north edge and two engaged columns against the house's stone exterior. The porch is topped with a metal roof with standing seam profiles. The front door, located between the first story's two large windows, features vertical boards on its exterior side and horizontal boards on its interior side. The front door is topped by a four-pane transom window.

The east and west elevations of the stone section of the house are similar in design, but the west elevation has a door and large porch at the basement level. It also has a small one-over-one double-hung wooden sash window on the first story that was added after the wooden frame section was constructed. The stone section's east elevation features a small porch and a door, which were built onto the north end of the first floor around 1915. The porch is topped with a metal roof with standing seam profiles, and is supported by three wooden Tuscan columns and two square wooden engaged columns against the house. Both the east and west elevations of the stone section have an interior fieldstone chimney. At the top of each chimney, the original fieldstone has been replaced with brick. Each chimney is centered between two small two-over-four double-hung wooden sash windows at the attic level.

The south elevation (rear façade) of the stone section remains intact, and serves as the northern wall of the wooden frame section. A window in the stone section's second story was removed to connect the second story of the wooden frame addition. Likewise, what used to be the stone section's rear door now connects the first floor of the stone section with the wooden frame section. This door is also topped by a four-pane transom window.

The interior of the stone section contains two floors, each with two rooms, in addition to a basement and attic. The former kitchen and dining room (or "keeping rooms") are on the west side of the basement level, and feature a large fireplace. The east side of the basement serves as a large storage area. The two rooms on the first floor formerly served as bedrooms, but they are now used as formal living and sitting rooms. The first floor originally had one fireplace on the east side, but the design was changed around 1915 to allow for a fireplace on the west side as well. The second story consists of two bedrooms, each with a fireplace. The attic is completely open from west to east. The rafters are exposed, and secured together with wooden pins. They still contain markings of letters and numbers that enabled the proper placement of components as they were lifted from the ground during construction. The majority of the stone section's flooring, and the hardware on the doors, are original.

Wooden frame section
The wooden frame section of the Sloan–Parker House features various sizes and types of doors and windows. A deep porch adjoins the east and south elevations of the frame section, and reaches to a canted three-bay window on the frame section's west side. The entire frame section is covered with wooden shingles and is topped with a steep metal roof with standing seam profiles. The interior of the frame section consists of a dining room, kitchen, bathroom, and several bedrooms.

Ancillary structures
Ancillary structures on the Sloan–Parker House farm consist of an old log smokehouse, and a large barn erected in 1803. Widely spaced unhewn logs are located on the barn's interior and its south elevation. The remainder of the barn is enclosed with wooden framing. There are also several other barns and storage buildings on the property.

Cemetery
The Sloan–Ludwick Cemetery is approximately 415 ft northeast of the Sloan–Parker House in a grove of trees along the edge of an agricultural field. Richard Sloan and his wife Charlotte VanHorn Sloan are interred in this cemetery. Other burials in the cemetery include Richard Sloan's son Major General John Sloan and American Revolutionary War soldier Leonard Ludwick and his wife Katherine. Benjamin Parker and some of his descendants were buried in this cemetery before they were reinterred at Indian Mound Cemetery in Romney.

title: Sloan–Parker House


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/11 July 2005

Planetary nebulae are formed when small to medium mass stars gently eject their outer layers once they have exhausted all the hydrogen and helium which has been burning in nuclear fusion reactions during the star's lifetime. Our Sun will become a planetary nebula in about 5 billion years' time. The Hubble Space Telescope has revealed more intricate detail and structure in planetary nebulae than astronomers had previously thought possible.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/11 July 2005


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User talk:Hipatia~enwiki

User:Hipatia/Free knowledge
As a result of a deletion discussion on WP:VFD, your "Free knowledge" page has been moved to your userspace at User:Hipatia/Free knowledge. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 20:48, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Hipatia. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Hipatia~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:34, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:48, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hipatia~enwiki


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Category:Judoka at the 1976 Summer Olympics

This category includes judoka at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal, Canada.


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/13 July 2005

The full story of the formation of stars has only come to be well understood in fairly recent years. The crucial step occurs deep inside dense dark blobs of gas and dust known as Bok gobules, named after Bart Bok who first studied them. Each Bok globule contains a nascent star system, but the dense cloud completely obscures the visible light from the young stars, and astronomers have to rely on infrared and radio observations to study the process.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/13 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/14 July 2005

NGC 6496 is a spiral galaxy which lies just outside the Local Group. Over the last century, eight supernovae have been observed in the galaxy, which is more than have been seen in any other.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/14 July 2005


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Susanna Thompson

Susanna Thompson (born January 27, 1958) is an American actress. She is known for her roles in films Little Giants (1994), Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), Random Hearts (1999) and Dragonfly (2002). On television, she played Dr. Lenara Kahn in the episode "Rejoined" in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (1995), the Borg Queen in three episodes of Star Trek: Voyager (1999–2000), Karen Sammler on the drama series Once and Again (1999–2002), and Moira Queen on the series Arrow (2012–2020).

Career
Thompson has appeared on stage, winning a Dramatic Award for her role as Luisa in A Shayna Maidel. She was also nominated for Best Actress by the San Diego Critics Circle for her role in Agnes of God.

She may be best known for her television work, which includes playing Karen Sammler on Once and Again, Michelle Generoo in an episode of The X-Files and a recurring role as the Borg Queen in the Star Trek: Voyager two-part episodes "Dark Frontier" (1999) and "Unimatrix Zero" (2000). She also portrayed Denise Hydecker in the 1998 television film The Lake.

One of Thompson's most controversial television appearances was on an episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine titled "Rejoined". In the episode, she participated in one of US television's earlier same-sex kisses. The episode first aired on October 30, 1995.

She made a guest appearance on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit on October 7, 2003 in the season five episode "Mother", as Dr. Greta Heints, a psychiatrist who rehabilitates sex offenders to prepare them to return to society.

Beginning in January 2006, she had a starring role in the short-lived NBC drama The Book of Daniel. In November 2006, she made her first appearance as Army Lieutenant Colonel Hollis Mann on the CBS series NCIS, in the recurring role of Agent Gibbs' love interest. That same week, she appeared on Without a Trace.

In 2009, Thompson starred on the short-lived NBC series Kings, based on the biblical story of David, as Queen Rose Benjamin, an analogue of Ahinoam, the wife of Saul.

In 2012, Thompson started a two season run as Moira Queen in the main cast of the CW series Arrow, returning as a guest in later seasons. She appeared in the recurring role of Carolyn Preston in the NBC series Timeless (2016–2018).

Personal life
Thompson earned her bachelor's degree in drama from San Diego State University. Her husband, Martin Katz, is a professor there.

title: Susanna Thompson


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/15 July 2005

The Hubble Space Telescope has provided many spectacular images of planetary nebulae, revealing hitherto unexpected structure and detail in these remnants of medium and low mass stars. The Saturn Nebula was nicknamed by Lord Rosse in the 1840s due to a supposed resemblance in his telescope to the planet Saturn.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/15 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/16 July 2005

NGC 55 is a member of the Local Group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. It appears cigar-shaped because we see it almost edge-on. The brightest blue patches in this ultraviolet image show the locations of active star-forming regions.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/16 July 2005


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Dorothy Molter

Dorothy Louise Molter (May 6, 1907, in Arnold, Pennsylvania – December 18, 1986), lived for 56 years on Knife Lake in the Boundary Waters area of northern Minnesota. She was known as "Knife Lake Dorothy" or as the "Root Beer Lady", as she made root beer and sold it to thousands of passing canoeists in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW), near Ely, Minnesota. Various factors combined to give her national prominence, extensive coverage in media, books and documentaries, and tens of thousands of visits by Boundary Waters Canoe Area canoeists, often with 6,000 - 7,000 visitors per year.

She first visited her future home (The Isle of Pines Resort) on Knife Lake in 1930. It became her home starting in 1934. Molter's life, and her place in the public eye was significantly influenced by the evolution of the area where she lived into the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Changes related to this transition affecting her life occurred from 1948 through 1984. She died in 1986 at age 79. She was the last full time resident of the BWCAW.

1907–1930
Molter lived with her parents Mattie and John "Cap" Molter in Pennsylvania until her mother died when she was in second grade. She lived with her five brothers and sisters in a Cincinnati orphanage until 1919 when her father remarried and was able to provide a home for them in Garrett, Indiana. Later, they moved to Chicago. She graduated from Calumet High School. In 1927, she enrolled for nurse's training at Auburn Park Hospital.

1930–1986
In 1929 Molter's father Cap began fishing on Basswood lake. While fishing there he learned of The Isle of Pines Resort, a fishing resort on three islands further east on Knife Lake, and booked his first trip there (with his wife, brother and two friends) for the summer of 1930. Dorothy had just finished a semester of school, and when one of her father's friends had a change of plans, she was able to go in his place. During this visit she also helped out at the resort. She visited in each subsequent year and helped out more and more as time progressed. It became her home starting in 1934. The Isle of Pines resort consisted of rustic cabins located on the Isle of Pines island and an adjacent island on Knife Lake in Northern Minnesota, yards from the Canada–US border. It was owned and operated by Bill Berglund. Molter became the owner of the lodge in 1948 when Berglund died. She was a trained nurse and would often treat people for minor injuries. Molter would only leave occasionally to visit family in Chicago or to take additional education in Chicago to maintain her nursing license. After Berglund's death she lived there alone until her death in 1986.

Evolution of the BWCA

Molter's life, and her place in the public eye, was significantly influenced by the evolution of the area into the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Up until the mid/late 1940s, the story of the Isle of Pines resort was typical of many north woods resorts. It was reachable by seaplanes and by motorboats, the latter when the boat was small enough and the gumption of the traveler high enough to carry the boat and motor over land at the portages. Later it was reached by snowmobiles as they came into use. Her location evolved into the BWCA. Ensuing changes between 1948 and 1984 had significant effects on her life. The BWCAW became the largest US wilderness east of the Mississippi (almost 1 e6acre, 2 million acres if one includes the adjacent Quetico Provincial Park in Canada) and the most popular canoe area in the United States, with over 250,000 visits by canoeists per year. This change eliminated nearly all motorized transportation in this area, and removed other residences, buildings, business and (the few) roads from the wilderness, eventually leaving her as the only full-time resident in a canoe wilderness area three times the size of Rhode Island. At the same time that these transportation changes "moved" her even farther from civilization, they brought tens of thousands of canoeist visitors to her home. These factors contributed to the interest in and endearment of her, including print media and television coverage during the last 34 years of her life.

A few of the noteworthy changes to the BWCAW include:

 * In 1948, the Thye-Blatnik Act provides $500,000 to buy out resorts and private lands in border lakes area; Also provides for in-lieu-of-tax payments to Cook, Lake, St. Louis counties for federal wilderness land; Forest Service changes boundaries of roadless area and deletes much land near Lake Isabella (and Kawishiwi Lake) to accommodate logging needs and roads. This is the beginning of the USFS attempting to purchase the Isle of Pines; Bill Berglund dies and Dorothy Molter inherits the Isle of Pines Fishing Resort and property; Efforts to purchase Molter's Knife Lake property begin.
 * In 1949, President Truman issued an executive order banning flights below 4,000' over what is now the BWCAW thus, landing of float planes was prohibited.
 * In 1952, two pilots still landing their float planes are caught and their planes confiscated effectively ending any flights in or out from Dorothy Molter's Isle of Pines.
 * In 1958, the USFS changes name of Superior Roadless Area to Boundary Waters Canoe Area (this prevented the planning of a road that would connect Winton to Gunflint Lake near Grand Marais); People begin discussing the Wilderness Act
 * In 1964 the U.S. Agriculture Secretary Orville Freeman appoints Selke Committee to recommend changes in BWCA management; the Wilderness Act is introduced in the Senate by Hubert H Humphrey; Congress passes the Wilderness Act and the BWCA becomes part of the National Wilderness Preservation System with a clause that allows some logging and use of motors to continue; In that same year condemnation proceedings taking away her ownership of the lodge were completed.  Following public outcry, it was decided that she (and Benny Ambrose of Ottertrack Lake) could stay until 1975.
 * In 1975 Molter and Ambrose were appointed as Forest Service "volunteers in service". This marked the beginning of a period during which the Forest Service began assisting Molter.
 * In 1978 the BWCAW Act was passed, including a ban on snowmobiles and motorboats in her area effective 1984.
 * In 1982 Benny Ambrose dies, leaving Molter as the last full-time, non-indigenous resident of the almost 2 e6acre BWCA / Quetico wilderness.

Later years
During the 1970s and 1980s, although her home no longer operated as a resort, visitation to Molter's islands reached upwards of 5,000-6,000 canoeists each year. Molter spent winters in cabins on the Isle of Pines and summers in a cabin-like multi-layered (canvas) tent on a smaller, satellite island a few dozen yards east of Isle of Pines. She had small, rustic footbridges between the islands, and a fence made of broken canoe paddles donated by visitors. She lived within yards of the US–Canada border.

She grew flowers in an area which is practically all rock and without soil. This required finding and hauling dirt and placing it into decommissioned fishing boats repurposed into planters and gathering wild seeds. Visitors were a "feast or famine" situation for Molter. During the warm months she would receive thousands of visits. Many signed her guest book which, would accumulate over 4,000 signatures in a summer. She began averaging between 6,000 and 7,000 guests per year, often over 100 in a day during the peak summer months of July and August. Winters saw far fewer visitors.

She had no electricity, telephone or utilities. She used portable tanks of bottled propane for cooking and a battery-powered 2-way radio. Her cabin was heated by wood, and the home-made root beer that she sold was cooled by thousands of pounds of ice which were hand cut from the lake in the winter and stored in her old-fashioned (non refrigerated) ice house. Each year the ice lasted at least through August. Although she was technically prohibited from selling root beer after the 1964 Wilderness Act, visitors continued to enjoy her root beer and made "donations".

With the passage of legislation extending the wilderness protections of the BWCAW, she was told she would have to leave. Due to an outpouring of support (including efforts by Senator and future Vice President Walter Mondale), a special exception was made allowing her to stay until 1975. In 1975 Molter and Ambrose were appointed as Forest Service "volunteers in service" and she was allowed to stay. This marked a period during which the Forest Service began assisting Molter. Benny Ambrose died in 1982, leaving Molter as the last full-time resident of the Boundary Waters wilderness. She lived there until she died in 1986.

One early article on her was the October 1952 Saturday Evening Post Article, "The Loneliest Woman in America" by Andrew Hamilton. While the title was not literally true, the term caught on. As Molter once observed, "If I had been the loneliest woman in America, by the time all of those writers and TV people came up here, I sure as heck wouldn't have been" Through a combination of her remote location and BWCAW wilderness restrictions against motors and motorized travel, Molter's home was amongst the most isolated in the country. The nearest road required 15 miles of travel by water and five portages over land to reach. It typically took approximately $1 1/2$ days of travel from her home to reach the nearest road, and her home was approximately 36 mi from the nearest (small) town.

She died December 18, 1986, at age 79. She was survived by her brother, John A. Molter and sister Hazel Hoffman, both of Chicago, her niece, Sally Margis of Midlothian, IL and many other relatives. It was said that the people of Ely, the closest town, were very saddened by her death, but happy that she died in the way that she wanted to.

Media, book and documentary coverage
From 1952 until her death in 1986, Molter was the subject of ongoing media and documentary coverage. Her life was the subject of a book entitled The Root Beer Lady by Bob Cary of Ely, which is a collection of short stories based on the author's friendship with Dorothy, and in 2011, a biography entitled Dorothy Molter: The Root Beer Lady of Knife Lake by Sarah Guy-Levar (executive director of the Dorothy Molter Museum 2007-2017) and Terry Schocke (former staff at the Dorothy Molter Museum) was published. She was also the subject of National Geographic publications, a broadcast of the "Real People" television series, and of a documentary video "Dorothy Molter - Living in the Boundary Waters." Charles Kuralt visited her and featured her on his television program, and also wrote about her in his book Charles Kuralt's America.

Cabins and museum
After Molter's death, her cabins were dismantled and moved to Ely. The effort involved transporting the disassembled cabins by dog sled to a point at the Boy Scout canoe base on Moose lake. Time was of the essence as the Forest Service was directed to burn her cabins down by a certain date. An unseasonably warm March stymied those efforts to move her cabins by dogsled and special permission was obtained to use motorized transportation such as snowmobiles. Her residence was re-erected on the east side of Ely, Minnesota on a site near the Chamber of Commerce building.

Dorothy Molter Museum
The Dorothy Molter Museum was formed to preserve her legacy. The cabin was moved from the chamber of commerce site to the museum, and a second cabin of hers was also erected and restored at the museum. The museum is located on the south side of Route 169 (Sheridan St) at the east end of Ely, Minnesota.

title: Dorothy Molter


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/17 July 2005

The planetary nebula M2-9 lies about 2,100 light years away from Earth. Like about 10% of planetary nebulae, its shape is strongly bipolar. Its elongated wings are believed to be due to the interaction of outflowing material from a dying star at the centre with a binary companion orbiting at a distance of about 60 billion kilometres.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/17 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/18 July 2005

The Large Magellanic Cloud is a satellite galaxy orbiting the Milky Way, along with its companion the Small Magellanic Cloud. Visible only from the southern hemisphere, the Clouds were first brought to the attention of northern astronomers following the round-the-world expedition of Ferdinand Magellan in 1519-1522

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/18 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/19 July 2005

The Ring Nebula is one of the best known planetary nebulae, and was formed probably a few thousand years ago when a Sun-like star shed its outer layers at the end of its life. Ground based observations reveal an almost circular ring, which is the edges of a thin shell of material surrounding the inner nebula. This Hubble Space Telescope reveals the very thin gas spread throughout the brighter ring.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/19 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/20 July 2005

The hot blue star Rigel illuminates this reflection nebula in the constellation of Orion. Interstellar dust preferentially reflects blue light in a process known as Rayleigh scattering, which gives reflection nebulae a characteristic blue colour. Skies on Earth are blue because of the same process.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/20 July 2005


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Selçuk

Selçuk is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 317 km2, and its population is 38,151 (2022). The town Selçuk is located 2 km northeast of the ancient city of Ephesus, that was once home to the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Selçuk is one of the most visited tourist destinations within Turkey, known for its closeness to the ancient city of Ephesus, House of the Virgin Mary, and Seljuk works of art. The 6th century Basilica of St. John the Apostle, which, some claim, is built on the site of the Apostle's tomb, is also inside the town. Procopius said that the basilica was a most sacred and honoured place in Ephesus. It was severely damaged in the invasion of Selçuk Turks in 1090. The place was excavated in 1927, and Pope Paul VI paid it a visit and prayed there.

History
Its previous Greek name, Agios Theologos (Άγιος Θεολόγος), referred to John the Theologian, because emperor Justinian I had erected there a basilica in honour of the saint. Ayasoluk is a corrupted form of the original name. In the 14th century, it was the capital of the Beylik of Aydin, and visited by Ibn Battuta. He noted, "The congregational mosque in this city is one of the most magnificent mosques in the world and unequaled in beauty." Under the Ottoman Empire, it was known as Ayasoluk. In 1914, it was renamed Selçuk after the Seljuk Turks who first led incursions into the region in the 12th century.

It was a township in Kuşadası district till 1957, when it became a district itself. Its neighbours are Torbalı from north, Tire from northeast, Germencik from east, Kuşadası from south, Aegean Sea from west and Menderes (formerly Cumaovası) from northwest.

In 1921, after the capture of the village by the Greek forces, the village had a total population of 600, ethnographically consisting of 580 Greeks, 10 Turks and 10 Armenians.

The old quarter of Selçuk retains much traditional Turkish culture. Ayasuluk Hill dominates the surrounding area, with several historical buildings on its slopes, including the İsa Bey Mosque built by the Aydinids in 1375, and the Grand Fortress. The hill itself is part of Ephesus UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ephesus Beach (Turkish: Pamucak) is one of the longest beaches (12 km) in Turkey and hosts five large hotels.

Composition
There are 14 neighbourhoods in Selçuk District:

 * 14 Mayıs
 * Acarlar
 * Atatürk
 * Barutçu
 * Belevi
 * Çamlık
 * Cumhuriyet
 * Gökçealan
 * Havutçulu
 * İsabey
 * Şirince
 * Sultaniye
 * Zafer
 * Zeytinköy

Climate
Selçuk has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), with hot, dry summers, and cool, rainy winters.

Sport
The youth football teams of the İzmir-based sports club Altınordu S.K. play their home matches in the Altınordu Selçuk-Efes Football Complex, which is located WSW of Selçuk. With five football fields, the venue is the largest in İzmir Province.

Notable people

 * Bülent Cevahir (born 1992), footballer
 * Hafsa Hatun (before 1380 – after 1403), wife of Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire
 * The Seven Sleepers (around 250 AD), a group of youths who hid inside a cave around Ephesus (modern-day Selçuk) to escape Roman persecutions of Christians and emerged 3 centuries later.

International relations
Selçuk is twinned with:

 * 🇬🇷 Dion, Greece
 * Kobuleti, Georgia
 * 🇦🇹 Lienz, Austria
 * Ourém, Portugal
 * 🇲🇰 Radoviš, North Macedonia
 * 🇩🇪 Siegburg, Germany

title: Selçuk


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Section 179 depreciation deduction

Section 179 of the United States Internal Revenue Code, allows a taxpayer to elect to deduct the cost of certain types of property on their income taxes as an expense, rather than requiring the cost of the property to be capitalized and depreciated. This property is generally limited to tangible, depreciable, personal property which is acquired by purchase for use in the active conduct of a trade or business. Buildings were not eligible for section 179 deductions prior to the passage of the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010; however, qualified real property may be deducted now.

Depreciable property that is not eligible for a section 179 deduction is still deductible over a number of years through MACRS depreciation according to sections 167 and 168. The 179 election is optional, and the eligible property may be depreciated according to sections 167 and 168 if preferable for tax reasons. Further, the 179 election may be made only for the year the equipment is placed in use and is waived if not taken for that year. However, if the election is made, it is irrevocable unless special permission is given.

For regular depreciation deductions in the United States, see MACRS.

Limitations
The section 179 election is subject to three important limitations.

First, there is a dollar limitation. Under section 179(b)(1), the maximum deduction a taxpayer may take in a year is $1,040,000 for tax year 2020.

Second, if a taxpayer places more than $2,000,000 worth of section 179 property into service during a single taxable year, the § 179 deduction is reduced, dollar for dollar, by the amount exceeding the $2,500,000 threshold, again as of January 1, 2018.

Finally, section 179(b)(3) provides that a taxpayer's § 179 deduction for any taxable year may not exceed the taxpayer's aggregate income from the active conduct of trade or business by the taxpayer for that year. If, for example, the taxpayer's net trade or business income from active conduct of trade or business was $72,500 in 2006, then the taxpayer's § 179 deduction cannot exceed $72,500 for 2006. However, the § 179 deduction not allowed for any year because of this limitation can be carried over to the next year.

Large vehicles
Up to $25,500 of the cost of vehicles rated at more than 6,000 pounds gross vehicle weight and not more than 14,000 pounds gross vehicle weight (like RV) can be deducted using a section 179 deduction. The limitation on sport utility vehicles does not impact larger commercial vehicles, commuter vans, or buses.

title: Section 179 depreciation deduction


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/12 July 2005

M81 is a large spiral galaxy which lies about 12 million light years away in the constellation of Ursa Major. This image was taken in infrared light by the Spitzer Space Telescope, and reveals many star-forming regions strung out along the spiral arms.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/12 July 2005


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State Tribunal (Poland)

The State Tribunal (Trybunał Stanu) of the Republic of Poland is the judicial body, which rules on the constitutional liability of people holding the highest offices of state. It examines cases concerning the infringement of the Constitution and laws or crimes committed by the President, members of the government, the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control, the President of the National Bank of Poland, heads of central administrative offices and other senior state officials.

In Poland, referral to the State Tribunal is used instead of the process of impeachment, which is traditionally used in some other nations as a way of addressing similar allegations against persons holding analogous offices. The State Tribunal is empowered to rule for the removal of individuals from public office, to impose injunctions on individuals against their appointment to senior offices, to revoke an individual's right to vote and to stand for election, to withdraw previously awarded medals, distinctions and titles of honour, and in criminal cases to impose penalties stipulated in the criminal code.

The composition of the State Tribunal is established at the first sitting of each new Sejm and is binding for its term (with the exception that the head of the office is Chief Justice, appointed by President for a six-year term). His two deputies and 16 members of the State Tribunal are chosen from outside the Sejm. Members of the State Tribunal must hold Polish citizenship, may not have a criminal record or have had their civic rights revoked, nor may they be employed in the state administration.

title: State Tribunal (Poland)


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/TV shows about law enforcement

Category:TV shows about law enforcement
Delete- a better category already exists: Category:Crime television series; also category name does not follow the existing "genre" + "television series" format of all other television series subcategories MakeRocketGoNow 20:51, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * No vote. This nomination field dosen't meet the criteria for categories. --SuperDude 03:16, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/21 July 2005

The spiral galaxy NGC 3184 has a small nucleus and large sprawling spiral arms. In 1999, astronomers witnessed a supernova explosion in the galaxy, which reached an apparent magnitude of 14.5.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/21 July 2005


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M3 Scout Car

The M3 Scout Car (known as the White Scout Car in British Commonwealth service) was an American-produced armored car. The original M3 Scout Car was produced in limited numbers, while the improved M3A1 Scout Car saw wide service during World War II and after.

Design
The main production variant, the M3A1 Scout Car, was a lightly armored, open topped, machine gun armed, four wheel drive vehicle designed to be used in the reconnaissance role. The M3A1 Scout Car was crewed by a driver and commander, while there was seating for six additional occupants in the rear.

Powered by a Hercules JXD 6-cylinder in-line petrol engine delivering 110 hp, the M3A1 Scout Car had a maximum road speed of 50 mph and the 30 gal fuel tank gave a maximum range of 250 mi. The vehicle’s four wheel drive and bumper mounted unditching roller enabled it to cross a 1.5 ft wide trench and climb a 1 ft high step, maximum fording depth was 28 in.

The armored body of the M3A1 Scout Car was produced by the Diebold Lock and Safe Company, it had a maximum armor thickness of .5 in and was open topped, providing good fields of view but no overhead protection for the occupants, a canvas cover was provided for protection from the elements. The underside protection was also limited, giving little protection from the effects of land mines for the vehicle’s occupants.

The M3A1 Scout Car was typically armed with a 0.5 cal (12.7 mm) M2 Browning heavy machine gun and one or two .30 cal (7.62 mm) M1919 Browning machine guns, all were mounted on a skate rail upon which the pintle mounts could be moved about. Due to its open top, the occupants were also able to employ their personal weapons.

Development
The M1 Scout Car was the first of a new series of armored cars developed by the White Motor Company for the US Army. Tested in 1934, the M1 Scout Car was an improvised, open topped four-wheel drive vehicle based on a commercial White ½-ton truck design. It weighed 3.85 ST, was powered by a 75 hp engine, and had a top speed of 50 mph. The M1 Scout Car had a crew of four, a maximum armor thickness of .5 in and was armed with machine guns mounted on static mounts inside the vehicle. Seventy-six M1 Scout Cars were delivered to the US Army.
 * M1 Scout Car

The M2 Scout Car was a development of the M1, tested in 1935 the almost identical looking M2 was larger and more powerful, designed with as many commercial components as possible to keep costs down it could accommodate a crew of seven. The M2 Scout Car weighed 3.95 ST, was powered by a 94 hp engine and retained the top speed of 50 mph. Twenty M2 Scout Cars were delivered to the US Army.
 * M2 Scout Car

The M2A1 Scout Car, later redesignated the M3 Scout Car, was a further development of the M1 and M2 Scout Cars. The M2A1 / M3 Scout Car retained the 94 hp engine and had a top speed of 60 mph. Sixty-four M2A1 / M3 Scout Cars were produced, all being assigned to the 7th Cavalry Brigade.
 * M2A1 / M3 Scout Car

The M3A1 Scout Car was the final development of the series. Primary external differences from the M3 were a widening of the body over the fenders, the removal of the rear door of the M3 and the addition of the front roller. Internally, the M3A1 had an improved engine and was fitted with the machine gun skate rail. A total of 20,918 were produced between 1939–1944. It was the only version to see service outside of the United States, with the exception of Philippine Scouts in the 26th Cavalry Regiment (PS) who were issued the M2 variant before 1937.
 * M3A1 Scout Car

Variants
The M3A1E1 Scout Car was developed to increase the range and fuel economy of the vehicle, it was powered by an 81 hp Buda-Lanova 6DT-317 six-cylinder diesel engine. 3,340 were produced, all were sent to the Soviet Union.

The M3A1E2 Scout Car was a version with an armored roof.

The M3A1E3 Scout Car was an experimental version fitted with a pedestal mounted 37 mm Gun M3.

The M3A1 Command Car was a command version, fitted with an armored screen and additional side armor.

The M2 Half Track was developed from the M3A1 Scout Car by adding half-tracks to the rear of the vehicle. The post-War BTR-40 was a Soviet development of the M3A1 Scout Car concept.

United States
The M3A1 was used by cavalry units of the US Army in its intended cavalry role during the North African campaign and the invasion of Sicily, being employed for reconnaissance, screening and as an armored command vehicle. The M3A1 was fast and reliable, making it popular with its crews. However, it was a major disappointment in its intended role, because of its poor off-road performance and its lack of overhead protection. Cavalry units were forced to supplement it with the M2 Half-Track Car and the larger M3 Half-tracks.

Throughout 1943, most US Army units replaced the M3A1 with the M8 Greyhound armored car and the similar M20 Utility Car, although the M3A1 was retained for rear area security and convoy escort duties. A small number of M3A1s were employed in the Normandy campaign. A few M3A1s were used by the US Marine Corps in the Pacific theater, but none saw combat.

General George Patton used an M3A1 as a command vehicle, modified with additional armor and a raised fighting compartment.

A total of 11,401 M3A1 Scout Cars were allocated for supply to US allies under Lend-Lease, 6,987 were supplied to the British Commonwealth, 3,310 to the Soviet Union and 104 to the Chinese Nationalist Army. Some were also supplied to Free Belgian, Free French, Czechoslovak and Polish units.

Britain
In British Commonwealth service, the White Scout Car was regarded more as an armored truck, reflected in the designation "Truck, 15cwt, 4x4, Armoured Personnel", and was used in a variety of secondary roles, being issued to engineer, artillery (as an observation vehicle for field artillery observers) medical (as a protected ambulance) and signals units; within the Royal Armoured Corps’ Tank and Armoured Car Regiments it usually served in Squadron or Regimental headquarters. It was used by British Commonwealth forces in every theatre they fought in except Burma.

Soviet Union
In Soviet Red Army service, the M3A1 was used as an armored personnel carrier by brigade and corps reconnaissance units and motorcycle battalions and regiments, operating alongside the BA-64 armored car. The M3A1 was also used as an armored command vehicle and a gun tractor for the ZIS-3 76-mm field gun, although the towing hitch proved to be unreliable, the M3A1 remained in widespread service throughout the war.

China
The Chinese Nationalist Army received M3A1 Scout Cars from 1942 and used them throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War.

Postwar service
After the war, many vehicles were sold, mostly to Asian and Latin American countries while they remained in Soviet service until 1947. A few vehicles were used by Israel in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. At least one Israeli M3A1 was modified with top armor and a revolving turret. France employed its M3A1s in the First Indochina War and the Algerian War. By late 1990, the only country with M3A1s remaining in service was the Dominican Republic.

Operators

 * Second World War
 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * Free Czechoslovakia
 * Free France
 * 🇳🇱 Dutch East Indies - 40 vehicles, out of an order of 400, were delivered before the colony was overrun by Japan.
 * undefined
 * Nazi Germany - captured vehicles.
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand - M3A1s used by 2nd NZ Division engineering units.
 * 🇵🇱 Polish Armed Forces in the West
 * USSR
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * 🇺🇸 United States

 * Post-War
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil - 100 M3A1
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia - 15 M3A1s used by the Cambodian Army in 1954-1975.
 * undefined
 * - captured from the Chinese Nationalist Army during the Chinese Civil War.
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * Czechoslovakia
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
 * Dutch East Indies
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 🇮🇱 Israel
 * Katanga
 * Kingdom of Laos - 15 M3A1s used by the Royal Lao Army during the Laotian Civil War (1954-1975).
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon - M3A1s used by the Regional Gendarmerie and the Lebanese Air Force in 1949-1959.
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal - M3A1s used by the Portuguese Army in Africa during the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974).
 * South Vietnam
 * USSR
 * 🇺🇳 United Nations - captured Katangese vehicles used by ONUC forces.
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela
 * Yugoslavia - 300 received during the Informbiro period.

title: M3 Scout Car


text:
Shield wall

A shield wall (scieldweall or bordweall in Old English, skjaldborg in Old Norse) is a military formation that was common in ancient and medieval warfare. There were many slight variations of this formation, but the common factor was soldiers standing shoulder to shoulder and holding their shields so that they would abut or overlap. Each soldier thus benefited from the protection of the shields of his neighbors and his own.

Ancient history

The formation was known to be used by many ancient armies including the Persian Sparabara, Greek phalanx, and the early Roman army, but its origin and spread is unknown. It may have developed independently more than once.

Although little is recorded about their military tactics, the Stele of the Vultures depicts Sumerian soldiers in a shield wall formation during the third millennium BC.

By the seventh century BC, shield walls in ancient Greece are well-documented. The soldiers in the shield wall formations were called hoplites, so named for their equipment (ὅπλα, hópla). Aspis shields were 3 ft in diameter, sometimes covered in bronze. Instead of fighting individual battles in large skirmishes, hoplites fought as cohesive units in this tight formation with their shields pushing forward against the man in front (to use weight of numbers). The left half of the shield was designed to cover the unprotected right side of the hoplite next to them. The worst, or newest, fighters would be placed in the middle front of the formation to provide both physical and psychological security.

In a phalanx, the man at the right hand of each warrior had an important role; he covered the right side of the warrior next to him with his shield. This made it so that all the shields overlap each other and thus formed a solid battle line. The second row's purpose was to kill the soldiers of the first line of an enemy shield wall, and thus break the line.

The Roman scutum was a large shield designed to fit with others to form a shield wall but not overlap. Roman legions used an extreme type of shield wall called a testudo formation that covered front, sides and above. In this formation, the outside ranks formed a dense vertical shield wall and inside ranks held shields over their heads, thus forming a tortoise-like defense, well-protected from missile weapons. Although highly effective against missiles, the formation was slow and was vulnerable to being isolated and surrounded by swarms of enemy soldiers. Caesar, in De Bello Gallico, describes the Germans as fighting in a tight phalanx-like formation with long spears jutting out over their shields.

In the late Roman and Byzantine armies, similar formations of locked shields and projecting spears were called fulcum (φοῦλκον, phoulkon in Greek), and were first described in the late 6th-century Strategikon. Roman legions were typically well-trained, and often used short stabbing-swords (such as the gladius) in the close-quarters combat that inevitably resulted when their shield-walls contacted the enemy. As auxiliaries were often less well-armed, a shield-wall with spearmen was commonly used to provide a better defence.

The Daylamite infantrymen used solid shield walls while advancing against their enemies, and used their two-pronged short spears and battle-axes from behind.

Tactics
The shield-wall was commonly used in many parts of Northern Europe such as in England and Scandinavia.

In the battles between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes in England, most of the Saxon army would have consisted of the inexperienced fyrd, a militia composed of free peasants. The shield-wall tactic suited such soldiers, as it did not require particular skill since it was essentially a shoving and fencing match with shields and spears.

The first three ranks of the wall would have been made up of select warriors, such as huscarls and thegns, who carried heavier weapons such as Dane axes and consistently wore armour, and were often the retainers of ealdormen. However, the vast majority of combatants in such battles were equipped only with shields and spears, which they used against the unprotected legs or faces of their opponents. Often, soldiers would use their weapons to support one another by stabbing and slashing to the left or the right, rather than just ahead. Short weapons, such as the ubiquitous seax, could also be used in the tight quarters of the wall. Limited use of archery and thrown missile weapons occurred in opening stages of shield-wall battles but were rarely decisive to the outcome.

The drawback of the shield-wall tactic was that once a shield wall was breached, the whole formation tended to fall apart quickly. The morale of the less-trained fyrdmen was sustained by being shoulder to shoulder with their comrades, but panic might well set in among them once their cohesion was disrupted. Once breached, it could prove difficult or impossible to re-establish a defensive line, leading to a rout.

Although the importance of cavalry in the Battle of Hastings portended the end of the shield wall tactic, massed shield walls would continue to be employed right up to the end of the 12th century, especially in areas that were unsuitable for large-scale mounted warfare, such as Scandinavia, the Swiss Alps and Scotland.

Examples
The tactic was used at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in which the relatively well-armed Saxon army hit the Viking army of King Harald Sigurdsson of Norway unaware. The Vikings were not wearing as much armour since they had left their hauberks behind on their ships and were only wearing their helmets. After a bloody battle between two shield walls, the Vikings fled in panic. Each side had lost five to six thousand men, but the English numerical superiority won the battle.

Both sides at the Battle of Hastings are depicted as using the formation in the Bayeux Tapestry although the battle was ultimately won through a combination of feigned retreats by Norman mounted cavalry and the impetuousness and fatigue of the Anglo-Saxon warriors.

Decline
The shield-wall as a tactic has declined and has been resurrected a number of times. For example, in the Greek phalanges (the plural form of phalanx), as the dory gave way to the sarissa, it became impossible to carry a large shield and so it was abandoned in favor of much smaller shields were used.

Likewise, in the Late Middle Ages, the shield was abandoned in favor of polearms carried with both hands (and often partial plate armor), giving rise to pike square tactics.

Use in modern times
Although obsolete as a military tactic because of firearms and explosives, a wall of riot shields remains a common formation for police worldwide for protection against large groups using improvised weapons, punches, kicks, and thrown objects such as bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails.

title: Shield wall


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/22 July 2005

Comet Hyakutake was a surprise celestial visitor in 1996. As astronomers awaited the entry into the inner Solar System of Comet Hale–Bopp, the comet discovered by Yuji Hyakutake raced past the Earth at a distance of just 0.1 astronomical units, one of the closest cometary passages for many decades. It became very bright, and was well seen by large numbers of people in the Northern Hemisphere

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/22 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/23 July 2005

The Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member of the Local Group, after the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way. It was one of the earliest galaxies which was proved to be external to our own, by Edwin Hubble in 1926; before then, astronomers believed the so-called ‘spiral nebulae’ were objects within our own galaxy.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/23 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/24 July 2005

Galaxy mergers and collisions are rather common within galaxy clusters. The Cartwheel Galaxy suffered a collision millions of years ago when one of the galaxies at the right tore through it. The collision triggered an enormous wave of star formation, which expanded outwards in a ring forming billions of hot blue stars.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/24 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/26 July 2005

NGC 7742 is a spiral galaxy with a prominent yellow nucleus surrounded by spiral arms containing many young, hot blue stars. It is a Seyfert galaxy, a type of active galaxy powered by a super-massive black hole at the centre, and first studied by astronomer Carl Seyfert in the 1940s.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/26 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/27 July 2005

The first planet to be discovered since ancient times, Uranus is a gas giant orbiting almost three billion kilometres away from the Sun. Like Jupiter and Saturn, Uranus has clouds in its atmosphere, but the contrast between the clouds and their surroundings is very low. Many images show Uranus as an almost featureless blue disc.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/27 July 2005


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/28 July 2005

Valles Marineris is an enormous canyon on Mars, over 4,000 kilometres in length, up to 600 km wide and 10 km deep. It was named after the Mariner spacecraft which first imaged it, and is believed to be a giant tectonic fault.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/28 July 2005


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Jiggs Whigham

Jiggs Whigham (born Oliver Haydn Whigham III; August 20, 1943) is an American jazz trombonist.

Biography
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, he began his professional career at the age of 17, joining the Glenn Miller/Ray McKinley orchestra in 1961. He left that band for Stan Kenton, where he played in the touring "mellophonium" band in 1963, then settled in New York City to play commercially.

Frustrated with commercial playing, Whigham migrated to Germany, where he still lives. He taught at the Hochschule für Musik in Berlin. He played for many years in the big band of Kurt Edelhagen, was a featured soloist in the Bert Kaempfert orchestra, and was also a member of the Peter Herbolzheimer band. He is widely admired by trombonists and other musicians for his fluent and expressive playing, and has produced an extensive discography as a leader, including work with Bill Holman, Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Carl Fontana, and many others.

In more recent years, Whigham has been musical director of the RIAS Big Band in Berlin, Germany. He is formerly conductor of the BBC Big Band in Great Britain and currently co-director of the Berlin Jazz Orchestra with singer Marc Secara. He is featured on the Berlin Jazz Orchestra albums Update, You're Everything, Songs of Berlin and music DVD (Polydor/Universal) Strangers In Night - The Music Of Bert Kaempfert. He was visiting tutor and artist at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester and KUG in Graz, Austria. He is artist-in-residence for the Conn-Selmer company, maker of the King Jiggs Whigham model trombone. He continues to tour worldwide as soloist, conductor, and educator. Since 2008 he has been a regular musical director for the Bundesjazzorchester working with the top student jazz musicians in Germany.

He makes his home in Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany and Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

Discography

 * Values (MPS, 1971)
 * The Jiggs Up (Capri, 1988)
 * First Take (Mons, 1994)
 * Hope (Mons, 1995)
 * Jiggs & Gene (Azica, 1996)
 * Blue Highway: The Music of Paul Ferguson (Azica, 1998)
 * Jazz Meets Band (1999)
 * The Heart & Soul of Hoagy Carmichael (TNC Jazz, 2002)
 * Two-Too (Summit, 2006)
 * Live at Nighttown: Not So Standards (Azica, 2015)

With the Berlin Jazz Orchestra
 * 2004 Update
 * 2007 You're Everything
 * 2012 Strangers In Night - The Music Of Bert Kaempfert DVD
 * 2021 Songs of Berlin
 * 2022 Crosscurrents

With the hr-Bigband
 * Strangers in the Night: The Music of Bert Kaempfert (Polydor, 2006)

As sideman
With Carl Fontana
 * 1999 Nice 'n' Easy
 * 2002 Keepin' up with the Boneses

With Peter Herbolzheimer
 * 1973 Wide Open
 * 2005 Toots Suite
 * 2006 Getting Down to Brass Tracks

With Stan Kenton
 * 1964 Artistry in Voices and Brass
 * 1964 Stan Kenton presents Jean Turner
 * 1998 Concert in England
 * 2000 Live at Newport: 1959, 1963, 1971
 * 2001 Back to Balboa: Tribute to Stan Keaton, Vol. 6
 * 2003 At Brant Inn 1963

With Kenton Alumni Band
 * 1992 50th Anniversary Celebration: The Best of Back to Balboa
 * 1995 50th Anniversary Celebration: Back to Balboa
 * 1995  'Round Midnight Concert, Shades of Kenton Jazz Orchestra

With Paul Kuhn
 * 2008 As Time Goes By
 * 2013 Swing 85

With Bud Shank
 * 1992 The Awakening
 * 1995 Lost Cathedral

With others
 * 1969 Harpadelic, Johnny Teupen
 * 1970 Globe Unity 67 & 70, Globe Unity Orchestra
 * 1971 Homecoming, Art Farmer
 * 1972 ...Und..., Mladen Gutesha
 * 1976 Kaempfert '76, Bert Kaempfert
 * 1984 Lightnin' , Klaus Weiss Big Band
 * 1988 Barlach Zyklus, Mikesch Van Grummer
 * 1992 Joe Pass in Hamburg, Joe Pass
 * 1998 Meets the RIAS Big Band, Allen Farnham
 * 2000 North Sea Jazz Sessions, Volume 2, Frank Rosolino
 * 2005 Mosaic Select: Johnny Richards, Johnny Richards
 * 2006 Tea Break/Back Again/Jazz from Two Sides, Vic Lewis
 * 2007 Evergreens, Kurt Edelhagen
 * 2007 Turnstile: The Music of the Trumpet Kings, Harry Allen

title: Jiggs Whigham


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Portal:Astronomy/Picture/25 July 2005

M101, also known as the pinwheel galaxy, is a spiral galaxy in Ursa Major, and is the largest member of a galaxy cluster called the M101 group. It was one of the first galaxies found to have a spiral structure.

title: Portal:Astronomy/Picture/25 July 2005


text: User talk:69.138.2.183

title: User talk:69.138.2.183


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Kalanchoe arborescens

Kalanchoe arborescens is a species of Kalanchoe, native to Madagascar.

title: Kalanchoe arborescens


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Cool McCool

Cool McCool is a Saturday morning animated series that ran on NBC from September 10, 1966 to January 21, 1967, with three segments per show, in all consisting of sixty segments. It was created by Bob Kane – who was most famous as one of the creators of Batman – and produced by Al Brodax for King Features.

The show was drawn in Australia, with Artransa Park Film Studios completing the bulk of the animation. Due to the quick turn-around times required by the rapid production schedule, further animation was completed by other Australian artists such as Gus McLaren and Eric Porter Studios.

Description
Riffing off the then-popular genres of superheroes and James Bond spy adventures, Cool McCool featured the adventures of a hip, trenchcoated spy, who – as on the contemporary TV show Get Smart – defeated villains despite being comically inept. Villains included the Rattler, Hurricane Harry, the Owl, Jack-In-The-Box, and Dr. Madcap.

McCool's boss was known as Number One, although his face was never seen onscreen; only his arms and a cigar were visible behind his chair. Number One's secretary was Friday, a dumpy girl who had an unrequited crush on the secret agent.

McCool has three catchphrases: "Danger is my business!" "When you're right, Number One, you're right", and (after bungling something) "That will never happen again, Number One" (Of course, it usually does.).

The show also featured a Keystone Kops-style segment featuring the adventures of McCool's father, Harry McCool, a uniformed police officer, presumed to have taken place decades before Cool's time. Harry was supported by his brothers Dick and Tom. The Cool McCool character sang the theme song to his father's segments, which ended with his proclaiming, in a plaintive voice, "My Pop ... the cop." Only 20 Harry McCool segments were made, each one sandwiched between the two Cool McCool segments per show.

Cast
Cool and Harry were voiced by Bob McFadden, while most of the other voices were supplied by Chuck McCann. Carol Corbett provided the voices of the female characters. McFadden modeled McCool's voice after comic legend Jack Benny.

Secret, Inc.

 * Cool McCool: A secret agent who takes several risks to save the world. Despite his powerful skills and super-spy abilities, he can be bumbling, foolish and clumsy at times (but also supernaturally lucky, so attempts on his life keep backfiring on his adversaries). He drives a modified car called the "Coolmobile" (which can also transform into a jet plane or a submarine), which he summons by whistling. His mustache tingles when there's danger lurking and can also be used as a telephone to contact Number One. A running gag in the series is that after the end of each mission, despite being successful (often in spite of his own bumbling), Cool would do something that would make Number One mad, thus causing him to get ejected. His catchphrases are "Danger is my business!", "When you're right, Number One, you're right" and "That will never happen again, Number One." He is voiced by Bob McFadden.
 * Number One: Cool's boss. Whenever Cool does something really stupid, he ejects him from the headquarters by means of a control dashboard at his desk. An office chair, footstool, file cabinet, water cooler and/or coat rack suddenly come to life when Number One starts pushing buttons, attacking and disposing of McCool in hasty, violent fashion. Always obscured by his huge chair, the only part of Number One ever shown are his arms, hands and a cigar. His real name is never revealed. He is voiced by Chuck McCann.
 * Mr. Riggs: Secret Inc.'s technician and repairman. He regularly makes prototypes of devices that are supposed to help McCool, but instead, backfire or hurt him – and yet Number One usually blames McCool for their failure. He is voiced by Chuck McCann.
 * Friday: Number One's secretary who has a crush on Cool. She is mostly a klutz. She is voiced by Carol Corbett.
 * Breezy: Cool McCool's adolescent sidekick who aids him on some occasions. He is always there on the job when Cool is in trouble. He wears a trenchcoat like Cool and has hair covering his eyes, a hat, a buck tooth and a soft voice. Unlike Cool, he makes few mistakes and is not as accident prone. He is voiced by Chuck McCann.

Harry McCool segment (Komedy Kops)
These segments were flashbacks, supposed to have taken place years or decades before Cool's time. At the end of every first Cool McCool segment, Cool sings about his recent missions and that he should be more like his father (a uniformed police officer who was even more of a bumbler), and the flashback segment starts.

 * Harry McCool: Cool's father, who along with his brothers Dick and Tom (Cool's uncles), were the Komedy Kops, a take-off on the Keystone Kops. He is the tallest and most intelligent member of the trio, thus the de facto leader, occupying the first seat in their chosen mode of transportation, a three seater bicycle. Like his son, Harry is voiced by Bob McFadden.
 * Dick McCool: The rotund brother of Harry and Tom rides in the middle seat of their bike. He is often befuddled by Tom's gibberish, so his catchphrase question is, "What did he say, Harry? What did he say?" He is voiced by Chuck McCann.
 * Tom McCool: The shorter brother of Harry and Dick has a bushy black mustache and hair that covers his eyes. He rides in the bicycle's back seat. He speaks in gibberish that only Harry seems to understand. He is voiced by Chuck McCann.

Villains
Cool McCool's enemies. Although each villain normally acts independently (aside from married couple Dr. Madcap and Greta Ghoul who work together), the in-between sequences introducing Harry McCool shows them united in their quest to capture Cool McCool (they are usually outwitted nevertheless).

 * The Owl: A barefooted, owl-themed human supervillain who is the first antagonist Cool McCool encounters in the series. He lives in a cave with pet owls and (in the debut episode) a cat-themed evil girlfriend named Pussycat (voiced by Corbett). He has the ability to command the bird kingdom to do his evil bidding. The Owl is a parody of the Penguin and is voiced by Chuck McCann.
 * The Rattler: A snake-like, green cyber-human villain with a passion for the arts. He hisses and slithers, and can communicate with and control plant life. The Rattler is also known to wield shotguns and bombs. He is a parody of the Riddler, although his ability to control plant life also makes him a bit of an analog for Poison Ivy. He is voiced by Chuck McCann.
 * Dr. Madcap: A wacky foe with the ability to control all hats and make them do his dirty work. He adores both his collection of hats and Greta Ghoul, his wife. He is a parody of the Mad Hatter from Batman. Madcap's hats sometimes contain deadly surprises such as anvils or guns. He is voiced by Chuck McCann.
 * Greta Ghoul: Dr. Madcap's wife, who does not always feel appreciated or loved by her husband. She is a light gray-skinned woman who is often moody and depressed. Her vampire voice is done by Carol Corbett, in an impression of Greta Garbo who the character is modeled after.
 * Hurricane Harry: An overweight human wind bag who uses lung power to create mighty gusts that can blow anything out of his path. He speaks in a deep voice and a lisp. His fiancée is Bellows Belle (Carol Corbett), who wheezes when speaking. Harry's one weakness is his buck tooth, which, when accidentally knocked out of his mouth, causes him to rapidly deflate like a balloon. He does not appear to be a parody of any Batman villains. He is voiced by Chuck McCann.
 * Jack-in-a-Box: A maniacal crook in red-and-yellow jester attire that hides in a jack-in-a-box to scare and attack his victims. His weapons include a shotgun, grenades filled with laughing gas, and spring-loaded shoes. Whenever he speaks, his waist bounces up and down and his voice vibrates like a jack-in-a-box spring. He is a parody of the Joker, voiced by Chuck McCann.

Rhino records

 * Cool McCool Collection – 2003 DVD oop

Hollywood DVD

 * Cool McCool: How To Catch a Crook – 2003 UK PAL DVD oop
 * Cool McCool: Danger is My Business / G-Force – 2004 UK PAL DVD oop
 * Cool McCool: Danger is my Business / Felix the Cat – 2004 UK PAL DVD oop

Best Film & Video Co

 * Cool McCool: Shooting the Breeze – 1990 VHS oop
 * Cool McCool: Grime & Punishment – 1990 VHS oop
 * Cool McCool: How to Catch a Crook – 1990 VHS oop

BCI Eclipse

 * Animated All Stars vol. 1 – 2006 2DVD – (two Cool McCool episodes)
 * Cool McCool: The Complete Series – 3DVD March 13, 2007
 * "Advantage Cartoon Mega Pack"- DVD set includes 6 Cool McCool episodes along with Magical Adventures of Quasimodo, Barney Google & Snuffy Smith, Hagar the Horrible, Krazy Kat, Betty Boop, etc

title: Cool McCool