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Santa Maria Public Airport

Santa Maria Public Airport (Capt. G. Allan Hancock Field) is three miles (5 km) south of Santa Maria, in northern Santa Barbara County, California, United States.

History
The airport was built by the United States Army during World War II, known as Santa Maria Army Air Field. Its primary mission was to provide training for B-25 bomber pilots, however flight training was abandoned by December 1942. The field fell into a state of disuse until the arrival of the Lockheed P-38 twin engine fighter in September 1943.

During its use by the military Santa Maria AAF also controlled Estrella Army Airfield, near Paso Robles as an auxiliary airfield to support the pilot training activity.

After the war Santa Barbara County and the city of Santa Maria acquired the land and facilities through two grants in 1948. In 1964 the Army Air Field was renamed Santa Maria Public Airport.

In 2020, the airport was again used for training by a fleet of military jets while Naval Air Station Point Mugu was performing maintenance on its airfield. The fleet consisted of six 1960 Hawker Hunters Multi-role fighters and two 1970 IAI Kfir interceptors.

The Planes of Fame Air Museum announced plans to open a new location at the airport in 2023.

Past airline service
The first airline at Santa Maria was Pacific Seaboard Air Lines. In 1933 Pacific Seaboard scheduled two daily Bellanca CH-300s Los Angeles - Santa Barbara - Santa Maria - San Luis Obispo - Paso Robles - Monterey - Salinas - San Jose - San Francisco. After receiving a mail contract, Pacific Seaboard moved its entire operation to the eastern U.S. in 1934, be renamed Chicago and Southern Air Lines, and in 1953 was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines. Southwest Airways Douglas DC-3s began service during the 1940s. The June 1, 1947 timetable lists three daily round trips Los Angeles-Oxnard-Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-San Luis Obispo-Coalinga-Monterey-Santa Cruz/Watsonville-San Jose/Moffett Field-San Francisco. Southwest changed its name to Pacific Air Lines and operated Martin 4-0-4s and Fairchild F-27s to Santa Maria in the 1960s. Pacific merged with Bonanza Air Lines and West Coast Airlines to form Air West in 1968, which became Hughes Airwest in 1970. Hughes Airwest then served Santa Maria with McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s and Fairchild F-27s. In 1974 and 1975 Hughes Airwest operated McDonnell Douglas DC-9 Series 30 jets to Los Angeles and San Francisco. This was the only time Santa Maria had nonstop mainline jets to LAX and SFO at the same time. DC-9 jet flights ended in 1976 and Hughes Airwest F-27 flights to Santa Maria ended in 1979.

A number of commuter airlines served the airport. In 1968 Cable Commuter Airlines was flying de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters to LAX. Cable Commuter was later merged into Golden West Airlines but service to Santa Maria ended in the early 1970s. Golden West briefly returned to the airport in 1982 using Short 330 aircraft. Santa Barbara-based Apollo Airways (which later changed its name to Pacific Coast Airlines) flying Handley Page HP.137 Jetstreams served Santa Maria during the latter 1970's.

Swift Aire Lines, based at nearby San Luis Obispo Airport, served Santa Maria through most of the 1970s decade with flights to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Jose, mainly with new Fokker F27 Friendships. Swift Aire also previously operated Nord 262s and de Havilland Herons to the airport and then ended service in 1981.

Wings West Airlines began service as an independent commuter air carrier in 1982 and then began operating as American Eagle on behalf of American Airlines in 1986. The San Luis Obispo-based carrier flew to Los Angeles and San Francisco with Beechcraft C99s, Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners, BAe Jetstream 31s, and Saab 340s operated as code sharing flights for American. Service was discontinued service in 1996.

West Air began flying as United Express on behalf of United Airlines in 1986 to San Francisco and later to Los Angeles. West Air flew BAe Jetstream 31s and Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirantes. Mesa Airlines bought out West Air in 1992 and continued service as United Express until 1997. From 1993 through 1995 Mesa operated as CalPac using Beechcraft 1900Cs on its United Express service.

SkyWest Airlines began flights to Santa Maria in 1985 when it acquired Sun Aire Lines which had begun serving the airport in 1982. In 1986 SkyWest began a code sharing agreement with Western Airlines and began flying as Western Express. One year later Western Airlines merged into Delta Air Lines and SkyWest's flights then began operating as Delta Connection. The carrier flew Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners and Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias mainly to Los Angeles. In 1997 SkyWest changed its service from operating as Delta Connection to operate as United Express on behalf of United Airlines (replacing Mesa Airlines) still with service nonstop to Los Angeles using Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias. Flights to LAX were discontinued in 2015 in favor of nonstop flights to SFO using Canadair regional jets; however, SkyWest operating as United Express ceased all operations at Santa Maria on October 5, 2016.

Mokulele Airlines Cessna 208 Caravans replaced the SkyWest/United Express service to Los Angeles (LAX). In 2016, Mokulele moved its flights to the Los Angeles area from LAX to the Hollywood Burbank Airport but then dropped Santa Maria on November 30, 2017.

During the peak of its airline service from 1986 through 1996, Santa Maria saw service by American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express simultaneously and all three air carriers were operating a combined total of up to 22 flights per day to Los Angeles plus several flights to San Francisco with turboprop commuter aircraft. From 1997 until 2006 United Express was the only carrier at Santa Maria. Since United Express left Santa Maria in 2016, the city has had no service by an IATA carrier.

Current Airline Service
Allegiant Air began serving Santa Maria in 2006. The carrier currently flies Airbus A319 and Airbus A320 mainline jets nonstop to Las Vegas twice a week each way. Allegiant Air previously operated nonstop service to Phoenix via the Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport and Portland, OR. On November 17, 2012, Allegiant Air briefly operated Boeing 757-200 mainline jets from Santa Maria nonstop to Honolulu once a week until August 14, 2013. Allegiant also previously operated McDonnell Douglas MD-80 mainline jets on its nonstop flights to Las Vegas and Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport.

United Express operated by SkyWest Airlines was planning to resume service on September 30, 2021, with a single daily flight to Denver as well as a single daily flight to San Francisco. Both flights were planned to be operated with Bombardier CRJ100/200 regional jets. The service was scheduled to begin on June 4, 2020, but has been postponed several times.

Facilities
The airport covers 2,516 acre and has two asphalt runways: 12/30, 8,004 x 150 ft (2,439 x 46 m) and 2/20, 5,189 x 75 ft (1,582 x 23 m).

In 2007 the airport had 62,480 aircraft operations, average 171 per day: 79% general aviation, 19% air taxi, 2% military and <1% airline. 243 aircraft are based at the airport: 83% single-engine, 7% multi-engine, 6% helicopter, 3% jet, <1% glider and <1% ultralight.

A new baggage claim facility opened in 2007. It was one of the first airports on the Central Coast to use a state of the art baggage carousel, on a small scale.

A new terminal holding room opened in February 2008. The old area had room for 30 passengers. Designed for the Allegiant Air flights, the new holding room accommodates 200 passengers and has room for a cafe.

A runway extension was completed on May 3, 2012, from 6,304 ft. to 8,004 ft. The extended runway at Santa Maria gives the airport the longest civil runway between Los Angeles and San Jose on the central coast (Bakersfield's primary runway at Meadows Field in the Central Valley (10855 x 150 ft.) and Vandenberg AFB's runway (15000 x 200 ft.) are longer).

RLC - "Above And Beyond" uses a fleet of Sikorsky S-76 helicopters to transport oil rig workers to Platform Irene, Platform Hidalgo, Platform Harvest and Platform Hermosa from its operating base next to Central Coast Jet Center in Santa Maria, CA.

Aerial Firefighting Air Tanker Base
The Santa Maria Airport also serves as an aerial firefighting air tanker base for the U.S. Forest Service as well as for state and local firefighting agencies in California. Aerial firefighting air tanker aircraft operating from the airport have included the McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 wide body jet flown by 10 Tanker Air Carrier, the McDonnell Douglas MD-87 jet flown by Erickson Aero Tanker, the Lockheed C-130 Hercules turboprop and the Boeing 737-300 flown by Coulson Flying Tankers, and the Grumman S-2 Tracker (S-2T version) turboprop operated by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE).

Ground transportation
The airport is located south of Santa Maria along Skyway Drive at Terminal Drive. Both US 101 and State Route 135 (Broadway) can be reached from the airport by heading north on Skyway Drive and then turning east onto Betteravia Road. Short and long-term parking is available, but passenger vehicles left more than 14 days must obtain prior approval by the Airport Administration.

The airport is served by Santa Maria Area Transit routes 4 and the Breeze, the Santa Maria Cab Company, Lyft, Uber, and other local services.

Allan Hancock Field
The original Allan Hancock Field was established in 1927 at another location, between Jones Street to the north, Stowell Road to the south, Bradley Road to the east and Miller Street to the west. The airport housed the Allan Hancock College of Aeronautics operated by the Hancock Foundation of Aeronautics. Before World War II, it was one of eight civil training military aviation cadets. After the war the field was used by the University of Southern California for their four-year Aeronautics Degree program. In 1958 a bond was passed allowing Santa Maria Junior College to purchase the land, much of which would become the campus of what is now known as Allan Hancock College. The name of the original Santa Maria Airport and Hancock's name then transferred to the other, now public airport in town.

title: Santa Maria Public Airport


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Talk:Photorefractive keratectomy

Clarify BCVA?
The article currently includes the statement: In 1 to 3% of cases, loss of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) can result, due to decentered ablative zones or other surgical complications. PRK results in improved BCVA about twice as often as it causes loss.

The second sentence in particular is unclear to me. Does "improved BCVA" refer only to cases where patients still need glasses or contact lenses, or is it supposed to refer to all cases where vision improves? A specific citation would also help. 67.61.141.180 (talk) 20:44, 26 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Forget that question, both sentences seem to interfere with each other? How can you have an improved BCVA 2/3rds of the time, and loss 1/3rd of the time, but this only occur in 1 to 3% of cases? Either they conflict or I'm a statistical idiot, either way, this needs to be clarified. 69.119.13.218 (talk) 06:27, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

 * If most cases have NO CHANGE in BCVA (as I've read quite often in the last few days as I consider getting LVC), then yes, it makes sense that you can have BCVA reduction in only 1% to 3% of cases, and an increase in only ~2% to 6% of cases ("no change" are often the majority of cases). Still, I've seen the BCVA numbers vary from one study to the next with both Lasik and surface-ablations, so I agree with the O.P. that a citation WOULD help (actually, citations --plural-- since % with a BCVA increase/decrease can vary, but unfortunately I wasn't really thinking about collecting citations as I've surfed the net in the last few days :-( What I can say is ---EDIT: I just remembered, those who were good candidates for Wavefront, and got Wavefront, had the BIG odds of gaining BCVA that were mostly what made me write this next part---> that 1% to 3% and 2% to 6% seems awfully low, relative to the number where there was "no change" to post-op BCVA).  To answer the O.P.'s question, from what I've read BCVA should refer to all cases, but I'm certainly no expert. (and when you say the alternative to "all cases" is "cases where patients still need glasses or contact lenses," it seems unclear to me what you mean?  e.g. For driving, in most states in the USA, anything worse than 20/40 means you "still need glasses or contacts," but for pilots it's often 20/20, and for seeing the alarm clock at night or my computer monitor, 20/80 means I "still don't need glasses or contact lenses," so if a study did refer "only to cases where patients still need glasses or contact lenses," I hope they (objectively with actual numbers, not subjectively) defined what it means to "still need glasses or contact lenses". :-)
 * Therefore, I think clarification on what BCVA is shouldn't need to be in this article, it should be in an BCVA or Best corrected visual acuity article, if it's not there already.24.155.22.160 (talk) 10:23, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Separate LASEK as a seperate procedure
This article is about PRK but LASEK is a newer form of refractive surgery and should be separtated from this article into a new one. There is enough scientific data and will to write a special page about LASEK and epi-LASEK. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dr. Emill William Chynn (talk • contribs) 14:51, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

LASEK and LASIK should be clearly differentiated (if they are in fact different). It is unclear to me, a non-doctor but nevertheless well educated and conversant individual, whether they *are* distinct procedures. Rodent of Unusual Size (talk) 07:22, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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title: Talk:Photorefractive keratectomy


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Fler

Patrick Losenský (born 3 April 1982), known professionally as Fler, is a German rapper and the CEO of Maskulin Music Group.

2000–2006: Beginnings
Fler was first recognized in the rap scene through collaborations with Bushido. Together, they released the collaborative album titled Carlo Cokxxx Nutten in October 2002. Fler had five feature parts on Bushido's first studio album, Vom Bordstein bis zur Skyline, released July 2003.

Fler released his first solo album, Neue Deutsche Welle, on 1 May 2005. The first single was "NDW 2005", with a sample of Falco's "Rock Me Amadeus". The album was considered controversial due to perceived right-wing extremist lyrics.

In 2006, Fler released his second solo album titled Trendsetter. The first single "Papa ist zurück" reached No. 23 in Germany and No. 32 in Austria. The second single "Cüs Junge" was less successful; it reached No. 50 in Germany and No. 75 in Austria.

On 27 September 2007 at 18:00, after co-hosting MTV TRL: Urban show, Fler was attacked by three unknown men armed with knives. One of his bodyguards was able to hold them off, while Fler left through the rear entrance. Nobody was harmed.

2008–2010: Growth
On 25 January 2008, Fler released his third solo album Fremd im eigenen Land. The choice of the title was controversial due to a 1993 song of the same name by Advanced Chemistry. There was also a 2007 album, Airmax Muzik.

Fler had been in a quarrel with Bushido. After the Aggro Berlin recording label closed, he contacted Bushido and they officially showed their reconciliation with a photo shoot and interview for Bravo HipHop Special. They created another collaborative album, Carlo Cokxxx Nutten 2. Its only single, "Eine Chance/Zu Gangsta", was released on 28 August 2009 and reached No. 26 in Germany and Austria. The album was released on 11 September and reached No. 3 in the Media Control Charts. Bushido stated on the album's website that he "never believed" it would have such success considering the lack of promotion or digital release.

Fler's fifth studio album, Flersguterjunge, was released in June 2010 through ersguterjunge.

2011–2013: Maskulin label

On 11 February 2011, the song "Nie an mich geglaubt" from Fler's sixth album, Airmax Muzik II, was leaked on the Internet as digital single with two remixes, an instrumental version and video shot in New York City. The single entered the German charts at No. 64. The album was released on 8 April through Fler's record label, Maskulin, and reached No. 6 on the charts on the 17th calendar week of 2011 (25 April – 1 May). The premium edition featured two bonus songs and a 30-minute DVD about the rapper's childhood, with private photos and home movies, and interviews with his stepfather, Shizoe, Silla and others.

Fler's eighth solo album, Hinter blauen Augen, was released on 2 November 2012 and reached No. 3 in Germany. Music videos were made for the songs "Nummer 1", "Hinter blauen Augen", "La Vida Loca" and "Du bist es wert". The single "Nummer 1" reached No. 92 on the German charts. On 8 February 2013, the single "Barack Osama" appeared five days before the music video on YouTube. An instrumental single and a remix version with the rappers Silla and G-Hot was also available. The single rose to No. 68 on the German charts. In April 2013, the album Blaues Blut was released on Maskulin, and reached No. 3 on the German charts.

Influences
Fler has cited several American rappers as his influences including Mobb Deep, 50 Cent, Lunatic and Juelz Santana.

Eko Fresh
In 2004, Eko Fresh released the diss track "Die Abrechnung" (The Reckoning), that mainly attacks Kool Savas, but also referred to various German rappers, including Bushido, Sido and Fler.

In December 2004, Fler responded with "Hollywoodtürke" (Hollywood Turk), which mocked Eko Fresh as a "wanna be gangster" and also references the label Royal Bunker and rapper Bushido.

Big Derill, Marcus Staiger and Boba Fettt of Royal Bunker responded with "Wer? Fler?" (Fler who?) and Eko Fresh with "FLERräter" (a wordplay on verräter, meaning "traitor"), a track from his mixtape Fick noch immer deine Story, that also features Bushido. The feud continued as Fler and B-Tight dissed Eko Fresh on the track "Du Opfer" (You victim).

Eko Fresh released a diss track titled "F.L.E.R." in 2006, rapping over the beat of his single "L.O.V.E.". Fler responded on his 2007 mixtape Airmax Muzik, mentioning Eko Fresh on some tracks. After that, both rappers kept quiet for some time. In 2011, Fler name-dropped Eko Fresh in his song "Autopsie", featured on the mixtape Airmax Muzik II. Following that, Eko Fresh tweeted with irony to his fans, to buy Fler's album and called the song "whack".

Kollegah
On 11 March 2009, the artists of label Selfmade Records released Chronik 2. It features the track "Westdeutschlands Kings" by Kollegah, Favorite and Farid Bang, a diss track aimed at Sido, Fler and Kitty Kat.

On 20 March, Kollegah released "Fanpost", where he insulted Fler calling him a "fat potato" and mocked him claiming that he was penetrated with a carrot. Fler responded with the song titled "Schrei nach Liebe" (Scream for love), which was based on the song of the same name by Die Ärzte. After that, both rappers were quiet for nearly a year. In 2011, Fler name-dropped Kollegah in his song "Autopsie".

In 2013, after the release of Kollegah and Farid Bang's collaboration album Jung, brutal, gutaussehend 2, Fler released a track called "Mut zur Hässlichkeit" (Courage to ugliness), in which he made fun of their image and also imitates them.

Business ventures
In March 2010, Fler opened his clothing store Psalm 23, in Berlin-Wilmersdorf. The shop was later renamed Flerstore. In December 2011, the brick-and-mortar store was closed in favor of online sales for clothing and merchandise. Since 2013, he has also established his own line of collections for his fashion brand, Maskulin.

Studio albums

 * 2005: Neue Deutsche Welle
 * 2006: Trendsetter
 * 2008: Fremd im eignen Land
 * 2009: Fler
 * 2010: Flersguterjunge
 * 2011: Airmax Muzik II
 * 2011: Im Bus ganz hinten
 * 2012: Hinter blauen Augen
 * 2013: Blaues Blut
 * 2014: Neue Deutsche Welle 2
 * 2015: Keiner kommt klar mit mir
 * 2015: Weil die Straße nicht vergisst
 * 2016: Vibe
 * 2018: Flizzy
 * 2019: Colucci
 * 2020: Atlantis
 * 2021: WIDDER

Collaboration

 * 2002: Carlo Cokxxx Nutten (with Bushido)
 * 2008: Südberlin Maskulin (with Godsilla)
 * 2009: Carlo Cokxxx Nutten 2 (with Bushido)
 * 2010: Berlins Most Wanted (with Berlins Most Wanted)
 * 2012: Südberlin Maskulin II (with Silla)
 * 2017: Epic (with Jalil)

title: Fler


text: User talk:160.69.1.135

title: User talk:160.69.1.135


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User:Y0u/Genises

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title: User:Y0u/Genises


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Talk:Psychological contract

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): B j36. Peer reviewers: Wolfejc644, P a70.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:25, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Can someone wikify this? I think it is an important variable, but I'm not sure where it fits in.

The obligations that were originally established changes with the employee’s personality, as well as their perspective on the employment situation(Taliman and Bruning 2008).

Source Taliman, R. R. J. and N. S. Bruning (2008). "Relating employees' psychological contracts to their personality." Journal of Managerial Psychology 23(6): 688-712.

I have Wikified the page and expanded it slightly to give a more rounded explanation. --David91 06:44, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) Nice job. I didn't know how to Wikify it. Reads much better. :)

Hello. I find the article really lacking. Denise Rousseau is not one of the early developers of the psychological contract. Levinson (1962), Lorsch, and Lorsch and Morse (1979) and a host of others developed the psychological contract. I find the article terribly biased toward giving Rousseau undue credit, as if she was the only one really developing the concept. She stood on the shoulders of great organizational theorists and they are the ones who conceived of and initially applied the idea to organizations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Snowflowera (talk • contribs) 18:57, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

 * : Hello. Although there is undoubted merit to your insight, perhaps there could be a few minor choices in diction that could reinforce a neutral tone while still asserting your position JSau JSau (talk) 14:31, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

add a section on the different tools to measure psychological contract?
Hello,

I think it would nice to create a new section on the different tools that exist to measure the state of a psychological contract ?

Here is a nice summary of them :

Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (2008b). How to Measure the Psychological Contract? A Critical Criteria-Based Review of Measures. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(2), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630803800202

Egontheworm (talk) 18:38, 23 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Psychological contract


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Masta Ace

Duval Clear (born December 4, 1966), known better by his stage name Masta Ace, is an American rapper and record producer from New York City. He appeared on the classic 1988 Juice Crew posse cut "The Symphony". He is noted for his distinct voice and rapping proficiency, and has influenced several MCs.

1988–1994
Clear graduated from the University of Rhode Island in 1988, after meeting Marley Marl in 1987 during his summer break. Ace made his recording debut on the Juice Crew posse-cut "The Symphony", along with fellow Juice Crew members Craig G, Kool G Rap and Big Daddy Kane, released on Marley Marl's In Control album. The album also featured two additional Ace tracks, "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" and "Simon Says".

In 1989, he released his first solo single, "Together" b/w "Letter to the Better". A year later, his debut album, Take a Look Around, was released through Marl's Cold Chillin' label, featuring production from Marl and DJ Mister Cee. The album featured two minor hit singles in "Music Man" and "Me & The Biz", the latter track including Ace impersonating Biz Markie who did not reach the studio for the planned duet.

In the years following his debut, Ace developed bitter feelings toward the commercial state of hip hop music and the prominence of Gangsta rap. Released in 1993, SlaughtaHouse saw Ace express these feelings through a loose concept of the album lampooning a Gangsta rap persona that Ace portrayed as cartoonish and inauthentic. The album featured Ace's new crew, Masta Ace Incorporated, which included members Eyceurokk, Lord Digga, Paula Perry and R&B vocalist Leschea. The singles "SlaughtaHouse", "Saturday Nite Live", "Style Wars" and "Jeep Ass Niguh" were taken from the album. A remix of the latter – titled "Born to Roll" – became a crossover single in 1994, peaking at No. 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In the same year, Ace became a member of a temporary crew Crooklyn Dodgers, formed for the release of Spike Lee's movie, Crooklyn, along with MCs Special Ed and Buckshot of Black Moon, and recorded the title track of the album soundtrack. The song became Ace's second Hot 100 hit in 1994, peaking at No. 60 on the chart.

1995–2000
Ace furthered his mainstream appeal in 1995, with his radio-friendly Sittin' on Chrome album. This effort was also released with the Masta Ace Incorporated crew, now also known as The I.N.C. The album was Ace's most commercially successful release, breaking into the Top 20 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart. Sittin' On Chrome included "Born to Roll", as well as two other Hot 100 hit singles, "The I.N.C. Ride" and "Sittin' on Chrome". By this time, Ace had become fully involved in his music on the production end as well, usually under the name Ase One. Following the album's success, Ace had a falling out with I.N.C. members Lord Digga and Paula Perry, leading to the breakup of the crew. After the split, Ace was largely missing from the hip hop scene over the next five years, save for a number of random vinyl singles. During his vinyl days, he bounced from a number of labels, releasing his "Cars" single on Tape Kingz Records, his "Yeah Yeah Yeah" and "NFL" singles on the Union Label, his "NY Confidential" single on Replay Records, his "Express Delivery" single on Three Sixty Records, his "Spread It Out/Hellbound" single on Yosumi Records, his "Conflict" single on Mona Records, his "Ghetto Like" single on Fat Beats, his "So Now U A MC" single on Bad Magic Records, and his "Brooklyn Blocks" single on Buckshot's Duck Down Records.

2001–present
Ace's "Ghetto Like" single led to a misunderstanding with an underground emcee named Boogieman, who released a somewhat similar single titled "Ghetto Love" which was released on 420recordings not long before. He thought that Ace was "biting" his track and released a diss song toward Ace titled "Just You Wait". Ace responded to Boogieman on the diss track "Acknowledge", which also dissed The High & Mighty over a misunderstanding. The trading of records led to a rap battle between the two at a Lyricist Lounge event. "Acknowledge" was also included on Ace's 2001 album, Disposable Arts. Masta Ace also performed numerous "Dubtitled" voice overs on the television series titled Kung Faux.

Disposable Arts, a concept album chronicling Ace's time spent at a satirical rap school named the "Institute of Disposable Arts", became one of the most acclaimed underground hip hop releases of 2001. JCOR Records folded soon after the release, leaving it out-of-print, until being re-released in 2005 on Ace's self-established M3 label. The album closer, "No Regrets", led many fans to believe that it would be Ace's final album, because of the line "I don't know if it's the end, but yo, it might be". Ace killed the rumors by returning in 2004 with his fifth album A Long Hot Summer, another highly acclaimed effort. The story concept, similar to that on his last release, served as a prelude to the story told on Disposable Arts, chronicling the "Long Hot Summer" that led to his character's incarceration at the beginning of the Disposable Arts album. Subsequently, Ace announced the formation of his new rap crew named eMC, including himself, Punchline, Wordsworth and his protégé Strick. Ace remarked in a December 2006 interview that he would no longer record as a solo artist, only with eMC. eMC's first group album, The Show, was scheduled for early 2007 but was released in February 2008 digitally and April 2008 physically.

In 2007, Masta Ace had a track included on the Official Joints mixtape, a compilation of previously unreleased tracks by various NYC rappers.

In 2009, Masta Ace joined forces with Boston rapper Ed O.G. to release Arts & Entertainment which was released on November 3, 2009. Arts & Entertainment got shortened to A&E which resulted in the cable TV channel A&E asking Masta and Edo to remove the symbol from their original album artwork. The albums already printed have been sold at live shows following the release of the record.

In 2011 and in 2012 he coached high school football for the Irvington Blue Knights in NJ.

In 2012, Masta Ace released MA Doom: Son Of Yvonne, produced entirely by MF Doom. In an interview, Ace explained that he devised the Son of Yvonne album to express things he had been unable to say to his mother before she died.

In January 2014, Masta Ace reunited with Stricklin, Wordsworth and Punchline as eMC, signing a record deal with Penalty Entertainment and Sony Red. They're expected to release an EP in April 2014, followed by a sophomore LP due out in early 2015. Punchline left the group in October 2014.

Later in 2014, it was announced that Masta Ace signed to M3 Records/Penalty Entertainment for his next solo album, The Falling Season. This album was ultimately released in 2016. In 2016, Masta Ace was interviewed by Ryan Maxwell for Hip-Hop Kings. The interview spoke in depth about the Disposable Arts re-issue, and the documentary which celebrated 20 years of the album. At the end of the interview, Masta Ace also confirmed he has begun filming another documentary for his critically acclaimed album "A Long Hot Summer".

The producer Marco Polo announced in 2018 that he was producing a new Masta Ace album, produced entirely by himself, to be titled A Breukelen Story; this album was released on November 9, 2018. In June 2024, Masta Ace and Marco Polo's "P.P.E." was nominated for the Hollywood Independent Music Awards in the Adult Contemporary Hip Hop category.

International work
Masta Ace was prominently the vocal artist on his co-authored track "Talkin' What I Feel" by the short-lived but hugely respected early 1990s British formed group Young Disciples fronted by Carleen Anderson. The track appeared on the classic soul, acid-jazz, dance 1991 album Road To Freedom heralded by some as one of the top albums of the decade, and also on the 1992 EP "Young Disciples".

He and Croatian producer Koolade made a song "Beautiful" that was on his album A Long Hot Summer.

He is featured on a song off of album Protuotrov ("Antidote") by Bosnian rapper Frenkie, the song is called Živili ("Live On") featuring Masta Ace & Phat Phillie and is produced by Edo Maajka.

He appeared on Czech hiphop group Prago Union's album "HDP", where he performed on the track "Beat and I a já und ich" along with German rapper Dendemann.

He also appeared on Polish rap group Familia H.P. album "42" on the track "Born In New York".

In 2003, he appeared on the Swedish rapper Chords' track "Get u awn" with Punchline. The track is on the album "The garden around the mansion".

Masta Ace travelled to Australia in 2008 to record for the Funkoars track "This is How" which came off the album The Hangover. The track sampled parts of the Masta Ace's 2004 track "Good Ol' Love". The Funkoars have made several references to Masta Ace in their lyrics as well as using samples in other works.

He is also featured on the track "Sminke" by the critically acclaimed Norwegian Hip Hop duo Karpe Diem. The title of the album is Aldri Solgt En Løgn (Never Sold a Lie). In English the word "Sminke" means makeup, and the song is about artists trading their image for what their record companies want it to be.

In 2007, he appeared on Admit It, a song by Swiss hip hop group Nefew from their album Off the Cuff.

In 2010, he appeared on "Set You Free" along with Wordsworth, a track by UK hip hop DJ/Producer "Skitz" from his album "The Sticksman".

In 2010, he appeared on "You don't know about it" alongside M-Dot, a track by French hip hop DJ/Producer DJ Jean Maron from his album "RUN MPC". It was the lead single of the album and received heavy radio rotations. (released on 12" and CD)

In 2012, he is featured on the track "Progression" by German DJ/Producer DJ Q-Fingaz from his album "Qllection". The same year, he is featured on "The Bridge", a song by Polish hip hop squad Slums Attack from album "CNO 2"

In 2014, he collaborated with Canberra-based Australian rapper Nix on the single "SHE".

On December 19, 2014, Ace was featured on a track called "My Style" with German Producer The Mighty Moe who also produced for Termanology, Reks and many more.

In 2014, he is featured alongside Tajai (from Souls Of Mischief) on the track "2 the Essence" by German Rapper Kool Savas from his album "Märtyrer"

In 2015, he appeared on "Thinking of You", a song by Swedish hip hop duo Professor P & DJ Akilles from their album "All Year, Every Year".

In 2015, he is featured alongside Kidaf & Nekfeu on the track "Nothing Changed" by German hip-hop/pop producer Shuko from his album "For The Love Of It".

In 2022, he is featured on the track "Unzerstörbar" by German Rapper Umse from his album "Séparée".

Legacy
Masta Ace is considered to be a highly skilled and influential MC – music journalist Peter Shapiro describes him as "one of the great pure New York MCs", and Allmusic describes him as "truly an underappreciated rap veteran and underground luminary". Commenting on how Masta Ace is sometimes overlooked despite his skill, Rolling Stone says, "even the most avid fan of raw hip-hop lyricism can sometimes neglect to mention Masta Ace alongside hard-bitten champs such as Rakim, KRS-One, Big Daddy Kane, Slick Rick and Kool G Rap". Eminem mentions Masta Ace as one of his influences in his book The Way I Am, saying, "Masta Ace had amazing storytelling skills – his thoughts were so vivid". He mentions him again in "Lucky You", with the line "We need three Stacks ASAP, and bring Masta Ace back".

Personal life
In 2000, he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, but he did not reveal it to the public until 2013, when his medicine syringes and vials were exposed while on tour, during a police stop in the Czech Republic, as his belongings were searched and exposed.

Discography

 * Solo albums
 * Take a Look Around (1990)
 * Disposable Arts (2001)
 * A Long Hot Summer (2004)
 * MA Doom: Son of Yvonne (2012)
 * The Falling Season (2016)

 * Collaborative albums
 * SlaughtaHouse (with Masta Ace Incorporated) (1993)
 * Sittin' on Chrome (with Masta Ace Incorporated) (1995)
 * The Show (with eMC) (2008)
 * Arts & Entertainment (with Ed O.G.) (2009)
 * The Turning Point EP (with eMC) (2014)
 * The Tonite Show (with eMC) (2015)
 * A Breukelen Story (with Marco Polo) (2018)
 * Richmond Hill (with Marco Polo) (2024)

title: Masta Ace


text:
Cuna de lobos

Cuna de lobos (English: Cradle of Wolves) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carlos Téllez for Televisa, broadcast by Canal de las Estrellas (now known simply as Las Estrellas). The series, about the struggle for power within a wealthy Mexican dynasty, was enormously popular in its native Mexico. It was also a hit in several foreign countries, including Brazil, the United States, Germany and Australia.

The series stars Gonzalo Vega, Diana Bracho, Alejandro Camacho and Rebecca Jones.

Plot
Leonora Navarro (Diana Bracho), a young woman from San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, works in Mexico City and lives at the home of her godmother, Esperanza (Carmen Montejo). One day, a car crashes into the windows of the office where Leonora works and she tries to help the driver, a wealthy businessman, owner of some laboratories, named Carlos Larios (Raúl Meraz), who dies in the accident. Larios' son, Alejandro (Alejandro Camacho), thanks Leonora for the help she has provided. The two get along and agree to see each other again.

Alejandro is married to Vilma (Rebecca Jones) and they both live with the former's mother, Catalina Creel (María Rubio), who wears an eye patch. Alejandro has an older half-brother, named José Carlos (Gonzalo Vega), who lives abroad and returns for their father's funeral. Catalina Creel hates her stepson, José Carlos.

The will of Carlos Larios is read and it establishes that neither of his sons will receive his inheritance until they give him a grandchild. Catalina is happy because Alejandro has advantages over José Carlos, since the latter is not married and does not seem to have any intention of getting married; instead Vilma can get pregnant at any time.

But Vilma is sterile and only she and Alejandro know about it. Alejandro hatches a plan to have a child: He will make Leonora fall in love with him in order to get her pregnant and then take her child away from her. Leonora corresponds to Alejandro's love without knowing that he is married and she gives herself to him; shortly afterwards, she discovers that she is pregnant. Alejandro makes Vilma a participant in his plan and, due to the latter's desire and desperation to have a child, she accepts to fake a pregnancy. In the eyes of the world, Leonora's child will be hers.

Some time later, Catalina discovers that her daughter-in-law's pregnancy is fake; still, she becomes an accomplice of Alejandro and Vilma to get Leonora's child. Meanwhile, José Carlos is constantly humiliated by Catalina, who blames him for having gouged out her eye with a spinning top when he was a little boy. José Carlos, who loves Catalina as if she was his own mother, suffers remorse for it. Catalina, alone in her room, removes her patch and it is revealed that she has not lost her eye and that she is only faking in order to torment José Carlos.

The time comes for Leonora to give birth. Using tricks, Alejandro takes her to San Miguel Allende, to a clinic run by a certain Dr. Syndell (Ramón Menéndez), where she is cared for by the sinister nurse Rosalía (Lilia Aragón). When the child is born, he is taken away from Leonora and delivered to Vilma.

Leonora, realizing the trap she fell into, decides to fight like a she-wolf to get her son back and take revenge on Alejandro, Vilma and Catalina. She will accidentally meet José Carlos and it will be through him that Leonora will manage to reach the Larios family; in the meantime, the two will fall in love. At the same time, Catalina Creel will go on to commit several crimes so as to ensure that no one discovers her two greatest secrets: That she has not lost her eye and that Alejandro's son, whom they call "Little Édgar", is not Vilma's.

Main

 * Gonzalo Vega as José Carlos Larios
 * Diana Bracho as Leonora Navarro
 * Alejandro Camacho as Alejandro Larios Creel
 * Rebecca Jones as Vilma de la Fuente de Larios

Recurring

 * Carmen Montejo as Esperanza Mandrujano
 * Lilia Aragón as Rosalía Mendoza
 * Carlos Cámara as Reynaldo Gutiérrez
 * Edna Bolkán as Paulina Pedrero
 * Humberto Elizondo as Inspector Suárez
 * Wally Barrón as Commander Luna
 * Rosa María Bianchi as Bertha Moscoso / Michelle Albán
 * Magda Karina as Lucero Espejel
 * Mercedes Pascual as Olga de la Fuente
 * Josefina Echánove as Elvia San Germán Viuda de Núñez
 * Miguel Gómez Checa as Dr. Justo Terán
 * Blanca Torres as Cleotilde de Terán
 * Enrique Muñoz as Lawyer Curiel
 * Luis Rivera as Mauricio Bermúdez
 * Lourdes Canale as Carmen Alicia "Carmelita" Macías Acuña
 * Julia Alfonzo as Lutecia
 * Ramón Menéndez as Dr. Frank Syndell
 * María Rubio as Catalina Creel Viuda de Larios

Guest stars

 * José Ángel Espinosa 'Ferrusquilla' as Braulio Navarro
 * Raúl Meraz as Carlos Larios

Legacy
The central character in Cuna de lobos is Leonora Navarro, played by Diana Bracho, who portrays the victim of the "wolves", only to "become" a "she-wolf" herself to seek revenge.

The main antagonist is matriarch Catalina Creel, played by actress María Rubio, a villain in the grand dramatic tradition of Dynasty's Alexis Carrington, Dallas' J. R. Ewing, or Knots Landing's Abby Cunningham.

Catalina's unnatural devotion to her only son caused her to conceal a healthy eye behind the lie of blindness, commit a series of murders, beginning with that of her own husband, Carlos, (his mistake was realizing how evil she truly was) and to participate in the abduction of a child to ensure an inheritance.

Such was the impact of her performance that most soap opera villains take her as a role model and, when a program parodies a soap opera, the main villain is usually based on her.

Cuna de lobos was so popular in its native country that, on the night of the final broadcast, the streets of Mexico City (infamously choked with traffic) were deserted, as the locals were in their homes glued to their TV screens. It has been re-screened several times in the United States and Australia in recent years. A remake has been in talks for several years, with one finally surfacing in 2019.

DVD
The first DVD of Cuna de lobos came out in 2002. It was a single-disc DVD that contained the entire telenovela edited down to a little over 230 minutes. A second DVD release came on March 8, 2006. While it expanded the telenovela to over 11 hours played on three DVDs, the original instrumental music and soundtrack had been erased and substituted by new music. According to Televisa, this was due to a disagreement with Mexican actress and producer Carmen Salinas, who used to own the music rights after her deceased son Pedro Plascencia Salinas, producer of the music of the telenovela.

title: Cuna de lobos


text:
She's Too Young

She's Too Young is an American-Canadian coproduced made-for-TV movie released in 2004, starring Marcia Gay Harden as the mother of a 14-year-old daughter who is involved in sexual acts hidden from her parents. The film deals with the issues of drugs and alcohol, peer pressure, parenting an adolescent, the influence of the sexually-driven media, teen partying, and syphilis. The movie was shot in Halifax, Nova Scotia, with the school scenes being shot at Halifax West High School.

Though the film does not acknowledge this outwardly, the events of this film were partly inspired by a syphilis outbreak that occurred in a well-off suburb of Atlanta in 1996, where over 200 teenagers were exposed. The incident was chronicled in a Frontline episode called "The Lost Children of Rockdale County".

Plot
The film showcases three 14-year-old girls: Dawn (Miriam McDonald), Becca (Megan Park) and Hannah (Alexis Dziena). Hannah soon finds herself on the receiving end of peer pressure from her friends to engage in oral sex with Nick Hartman, a nice boy whom Hannah likes. She believes that she has to behave in a particular fashion in order to fit in with her more sexually-active peers. As Hannah becomes more sexually "advanced", she does not reveal her sexual encounters with Nick to her mother, who is concerned about Hannah. Hannah regards her mother's concern as being intrusive, knowing she would be shocked if she knew. When Hannah's best friend Dawn gets syphilis, the school nurses begin widespread testing. It soon becomes evident that the school is experiencing an epidemic. Although Nick is identified as the main spreader of the disease, he does not appreciate the serious nature of the issue and refuses to be tested, mocking those who undergo testing. Dawn reluctantly gets tested and discovers that she has contracted the disease. She realizes the consequences of her behavior and encourages her friends to get tested as well. Hannah notices a sore in her mouth one morning and decides to see the nurse, who tells Hannah that she is also infected. Thus, Hannah is forced to deal with the consequences of her actions. When Hannah's mother finds out about the syphilis spread, she launches an effort to alert parents about their children's dangerous behavior. Although she is certain that other parents will share her level of concern in helping their children, she is shocked by some of the parents' indifferent attitudes to their children's actions.

Meanwhile, Becca is outraged when her religious parents (who do not know about her sexual history) decide to send her to boarding school, and Hannah is alienated at school because of her mother. She leaves her house one night and goes to her friend Tommy's house. They both realize they like each other and make out. Hannah wants to have sex, but Tommy refuses, explaining that he likes her but wishes to wait, as they are too young. Hannah becomes even more emotionally distraught, thinking he is not interested because she has been called a 'slut' and runs off. When Hannah's parents return home and see that she is gone, her mother goes off to find her. Walking around by herself in the street, Hannah calls Dawn and Becca. Dawn is grounded and is not allowed to speak with Hannah, and Becca is making out in a car with two boys and does not hear her phone. Hannah goes to a party, where many of the kids from her school are present, looking for Becca. Brad, the party's host, directs Hannah to the basement, and when she realizes that Becca is not there, he attempts to have sex with her. She refuses, but he tries to force her into it. Tommy barges into the room, takes a picture of Brad and threatens to send it to 9-1-1. Brad leaves Hannah and ends the party. Tommy takes Hannah back to his house and calls her parents. They come to fetch her, relieved to see she is alright. Hannah apologizes to them and her mother promises that things will be better from now on. The end of the film shows Becca has snuck back into her room and begins to cry. Dawn is playing Scrabble with her mother as her sister, Tess, who is not playing, sneaks off to Dawn's room. In there, she picks up one of Dawn's "sexy" shirts, takes off her glasses and models in front of the mirror, implying she may try to be 'like Dawn'. At the end of the film, Alexis Dziena appears to give a public service announcement urging teens to wait to have sex because of both physical and emotional consequences.

Cast

 * Alexis Dziena as Hannah Vogul
 * Miriam McDonald as Dawn Gensler
 * Megan Park as Becca White
 * Marcia Gay Harden as Trish Vogul
 * Gary Hudson as Bill Vogul
 * Mike Erwin as Nick Hartman
 * Joe Dinicol as Tommy
 * John White as Brad
 * Deborah Odell as Ginnie Gensler
 * Rhonda McLean as Kathleen White
 * Christine Dunsworth as Heather
 * Stan Carew as Principal Jessup
 * Mary-Colin Chisholm as Nurse Johnson

Production
She's Too Young was shot in Nova Scotia. The film's soundtrack, which included two different raunchy rap songs, was largely uncredited, although the main background score was created by composer Mark Snow. Cinematography was done by Bill Wong. Some iconic Nova Scotian buildings to appear in the film include Halifax West High School and The Stardust Motel.

Reception
She's Too Young received largely mixed to negative reviews from critics. Upon its initial release, there was very little attention to the film, although The Movie Scene stated of it, "She's Too Young tries to be a hip sex education movie not just for teenagers but also parents who are blinkered to their teenager's habits. But it tries to do too much, cover every possible angle and by doing so it comes across as forced, extreme and at times sadly corny." The film received mild renewed attention in the 2010s, due in part to a number of popular YouTube influencers reviewing and mocking the film. In 2021, Wide Open Country noted that one of the main cast members for She's Too Young, Megan Park, had since become a film director and credited her early roles in TV movies as part of her inspiration.

title: She's Too Young


text:
Talk:Hitler birthplace memorial stone

Shouldn't this article talk about what a memorial stone is, instead of a particular memorial stone?
 * --Snowdog 20:36, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I totally agree. This page was originally named Memorial stone in front of the house where Adolf Hitler was born. Any suggestions for a shorter title? Martg76 21:53, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hitler's house memorial stone? --Snowdog 22:45, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, what about Hitler birthplace memorial stone? (He probably didn't own the house) Martg76 23:00, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What is meant by "the (totally unconnected) owner"? Unconnected to Hitler, to the community? -- Hestemand 11:37, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Unconnected to Hitler. The building was just an inn / lodging house when AH was born.  The owners were nothing to do with the Hitlers.  Although AH talks about his birth in Braunau in 'Mein Kampf', he doesn't mention the building at all, and never made any kind of sentimental 'pilgrimage' to it when he visited Austria after the Anschluss.  Instead he laid a wreath on his parents grave, many miles away. ChrisRed 08:03, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

The translation of "MILLIONEN TOTE MAHNEN" to "Remember (the) Dead Millions" is not correct, I think. It's more like "Dead Millions are reminding" (I don't know how to better express, but it's the _Millions_ who are in the active, _reminding_ the beholder of the stone). greetings from Germany.

 * Thank you very much. I speak some German (I am English, by the way), but I found this line very difficult to translate into English without writing a long, rambling sentence about the 'mood' that it is meant to convey.  'Millionen tote mahnen' translates simply as 'Millions dead (to) remind', but that just gives the literal meaning, not the emotional meaning. It would have been easier if it had said 'Mahnen sie die tote millionen', or 'Die millionen tote uns mahnen' or 'Vergessen Sie (uns) nie die tote millionen' (which is what I thought it meant).  It definitely doesn't translate easily in a few words.
 * The line will just not translate directly. I think that it means something between:

 * Never again fascism - the millions of dead remind us why.

 * and Never again fascism - the millions of dead warn us against it.

 * Perhaps a native German-speaker could simply describe (in German if necessary) the 'mood' that he feels when he reads the German inscription, and we will try to agree on something in English that conveys the same mood. As a German, do you think that the article is fair and balanced, with neither offence or 'weasel words'?. ChrisRed 07:14, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * First of all, my correction was indeed a correction. The former translation "Remember the dead millions" ignored the grammatical structure of the original sentence by using the subject as the object. So much for that. Secondly, "remind" is a possible translation for "mahnen." But it just isn't appropriate here as it's too weak a verb. In the original sentence "mahnen" implies a strong warning. That's why I chose "admonish." Perhaps a good compromise simply would be "Millions of dead warn [us]" with the "[us]" added for clarification. (German is my native tongue, by the way.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.151.223.233 (talk) 09:00, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Many thanks. We have been waiting a long time for a native German-speaker to give a proper translation.  'Admonish' is a very obscure word in English, we rarely use it, and - as you say - 'remind' is too weak.  I like 'Millions of dead warn us' very much...it sounds more ominous and threatening, which is what I think that the inscription is meant to convey.  So let's settle on 'Millions of Dead Warn (Us)', and once again, many thanks. ChrisRed (talk) 10:51, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

 * SWik 78, Nice solution to caption/credits problem. Thanks ChrisRed (talk) 08:39, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Organization of article
I just happened to stumble upon this article and was curious about its title and organization. Shouldn't it be entitled "Hitler's Birthplace Memorial Stone"? Also I think the lead paragraph doesn't come off quite right and the name of the article is not in boldface at the opening. Question: the article says it was returned to its owners in 1952. Who owned it before then?--JohnnyB256 (talk) 17:18, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Your edits look just fine to me...no problem, and all contributions are received in the spirit in which they are intended. I agree that "Hitler's Birthplace Memorial Stone" is more grammatically correct, but please think long and hard before changing it, as it is the target of several links from other sites...Google for example. I don't know who officially 'owned' 15 Salzburger Vorstadt between WW2 and 1952, perhaps it was 'siezed' by the occupying forces, who destroyed the Berghof and other Nazi-era iconic buildings in the same way ChrisRed (talk) 19:11, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Chris. I don't think that "Hitler's" is absolutely necessary. I've rewritten the pre-1952 sentence slightly so as to remove that issue.

 * Curiously, in searching through Wiki I found no article on the residence itself. I did find an article called House of Responsibility which is difficult to understand. I wonder if this may be the house in question. JohnnyB256 (talk) 20:54, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

 * 'House of Responsibility' is an anti neo-nazi 'warning' organisation rather than a physical place. It was indeed originally intended to base it at 15 Salzburger Vorstadt, but this was not possible at the time.  The building itself is unremarkable (see the photo on the German language page).  It was simply a lodging/guest house/inn when AH was born, (the 'Gasthof zum Pommern', if my memory serves) and the owners were never related to the Hitlers in any way save as landlords.  There is a German-language article called 'The Problem House on the Vorstadt' about the house, and when I passed through Braunau a few years ago, I got the impression that most locals would have preferred the place to have gone the same way as the Berghof.  Many regard the continued existance of the place as a nuisance, as Braunau is a nice friendly little place and well worth visiting for other reasons than the 'Hitler Link'. ChrisRed (talk) 13:33, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Chris. It seems like a worthy organization. Incidentally, I found a web article (have no idea of its reliability) which claims that the Branau house was bought by Martin Bormann at one point. http://www.animalfarm.org/mb/2.shtml JohnnyB256 (talk) 13:54, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Fine. I just gave the first paragraph a little tickle. Hitler was of course a common soldier in WW1, but I don't think that he (as opposed to his regime) personally killed anybody face-to-face in WW2. ChrisRed (talk) 16:53, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, good point. JohnnyB256 (talk) 16:56, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * "The stone for the memorial came from a quarry on the grounds of the former Mauthausen Concentration Camp, near Linz, Austria). Correct?". Well, yes.  But I don't know whether or not it was "quarried" as we now understand the word (i.e. by well-fed free workmen in hard hats with jackhammers).  If you go to the Mauthausen page and scroll down to "Extermination through Labour" you will understand what I am getting at.  Perhaps best just to leave it open. I'll leave it up to you. ChrisRed (talk) 17:14, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I hadn't quite thought of that. Was this stone extracted by slave laborers? I had assumed that the stone was removed more recently, but if not then I think that surely needs to be said. JohnnyB256 (talk) 17:42, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I honestly don't know, and I can't think of how to find out short of contacting Andreas Maislinger personally. It certainly looks 'rough hewn' as if it was cut manually by slaves.  Even if this particular stone was 'freely' quarried, it still serves to represent something very dark and evil.  My personal preference is to just say 'it came from Mauthausen' and leave it there, but I will leave it up to you.  Thanks for your contributions to this article. ChrisRed (talk) 18:48, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it is important to say quarries (if true) so as to be clear as to where at Mathausen it is from. According to the article on the camp it did indeed include quarries in a very large complex. JohnnyB256 (talk) 02:41, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

More general title
I propose renaming the article Birthplace of Adolf Hitler. The memorial stone would be mentioned in that article.

This is in line with the many other articles beginning "Birthplace of..." - Gilliam (talk) 11:52, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hitler birthplace memorial stone


text:
William Bent

William Wells Bent (May 23, 1809 – May 19, 1869) was a frontier trader and rancher in the American West, with forts in Colorado. He also acted as a mediator among the Cheyenne Nation, other Native American tribes and the expanding United States. With his brothers, Bent established a trade business along the Santa Fe Trail. In the early 1830s Bent built an adobe fort, called Bent's Fort, along the Arkansas River in present-day Colorado. Furs, horses and other goods were traded for food and other household goods by travelers along the Santa Fe trail, fur-trappers, and local Mexican and Native American people. Bent negotiated a peace among the many Plains tribes north and south of the Arkansas River, as well as between the Native American and the United States government.

In 1835 Bent married Owl Woman, the daughter of White Thunder, a Cheyenne chief and medicine man. Together they had four children. Bent was accepted into the Cheyenne tribe and became a sub-chief. In the 1840s, according to the Cheyenne custom for successful men, Bent took Owl Woman's sisters, Eagle Woman and Island, as secondary wives. He had his fifth child with Eagle Woman. After Owl Woman died in 1847, Island cared for her children. Each of the sisters left Bent and, in 1869, he married the young Adaline Harvey, the educated mixed-race daughter of Alexander Harvey, a friend who was a prominent American fur trader in Kansas City, Missouri. Bent died shortly after their marriage, and Adaline bore their daughter, his sixth child, after his death.

Early years
William Wells Bent was born May 23, 1809 St. Louis, Missouri, a son of Silas Bent and his wife, Martha (nee Kerr) Bent. His father was later appointed as a justice of the Missouri Supreme Court. William was one of the Bents' eleven children. The first three were born in Charleston, Virginia, present-day West Virginia and the remaining children were born in St. Louis after the family migrated there.

His uncle (Martha Kerr's brother), James Kerr, served in the Missouri House of Representatives and Missouri State Senate and later led colonization, military, and political matters in Texas.

Three of William's brothers, George, Charles, and Robert, partnered with him in trading with Native Americans in the West. Robert and George died at Bent's Fort (1846 and 1841, respectively). Charles was the oldest son, born in 1799, and the remaining brothers were born in or after 1806. Later based in Santa Fe, Charles Bent lived in Taos. He served briefly as the first territorial governor of New Mexico.

Trapping, stockades and trading
Charles, George, Robert, and William Bent partnered in the fur trade with Ceran St. Vrain, also a St. Louis native. The city had several major fur trading families. They left Missouri about 1826 to explore what is now southern Colorado along the upper Arkansas River to trap for furs and establish a trade business. Within a couple of years, the Bents and St. Vrain had built two stockades, one near the present town of Pueblo, Colorado and the other stockade either at the mouth of the Purgatoire River, or on the northern side of the Arkansas River. The historian Grinnell suggested that William Bent was likely trapping furs before the first stockade was built. St. Vrain and his older brother, Charles, made the round trips to St. Louis, a regional trading center, to sell furs and return with supplies.

To set up their trading venture, the brothers used a legacy of their father, Judge Silas Bent. The brothers reinvested the substantial profits of their enterprise to develop their business.

Bent's Old Fort
By around 1832, although possibly as late as 1834, the partners built a permanent trading post called Bent's Fort. The elaborate adobe construction could accommodate 200 people, and had been built on the northern "Mountain Route" of the Santa Fe Trail, by then open for business. The partners picked this location after discussions with the Cheyenne; it was near La Junta and land occupied by the Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes. It became an important center of trade, principally in furs but also in numerous other goods, including horses and mules. It was the only privately owned, fortified installation in the west.

William and Charles operated the fort in partnership with Ceran St Vrain, a fur trader who had already established significant trading contacts in New Mexico. Sometimes referred to as Fort William, the post was in "the perfect place at the perfect time" for someone looking to make money from trading. For example, the Bents could buy a gallon of brandy in St Louis for US$ 2 and sell it at the fort for US$ 25.

The historian Anne Hyde has dated the moment when the Cheyenne chief White Thunder realized a common interest with Bent. In November 1833, they talked together as a meteor shower lit up the sky over the plains. Many Cheyenne believed that the celestial event was a signal of the end of the world; it was subsequently referred to as "the Night the Stars Fell". White Thunder saw it as a new beginning. He sought a truce with the Pawnee and the return of the four sacred arrows which they had captured in a battle with the Cheyenne earlier that year. To achieve this, White Thunder made a solo, unarmed visit to the Pawnee village to seek peace and returned with two of the arrows and an agreement.

White Thunder also arranged a formal marital alliance between Bent and his daughter Owl Woman. He believed that their children would represent another element of the new beginning, of peace for the Cheyenne and the region. By this time Bent had learned the language of the Cheyenne, and he was known as Little White Man by the native tribes. When the Bents first met with the Cheyenne, the Indians gave them names in the Cheyenne language. The Bent brothers' respect for the Cheyenne protocols during the convivial occasion created a relationship base for their future development of the fort and trading.

Life at Bent's Old Fort
The fort, and the area immediately outside it, comprised a multi-cultural, multi-lingual center with permanent inhabitants from many nations and visitors. Native tribes in the area for trading, such as the Sioux, Apache and Kiowa, as well as Comanche and Cheyenne also established temporary camps outside the fort. It was the hub of a trading area that encompassed a 500 mi radius. It was also a stop each year for hundreds of wagons of European Americans traveling the Santa Fe trail. Hyde writes in Empires, Nations and Families that

"Bent's Fort was the one spot on the Santa Fe trail where exchanges with Indians were welcomed and encouraged, and the effects of those conversations on both sides were far-reaching ... archaeological evidence tells us that people sat in the courtyard together and smoked—a lot'."Bent managed trade to and from the fort: he provided a safe zone in the area and a supply of goods for its store, as well as shipping buffalo robes back to St. Louis for sale. As many as 20,000 Native Americans camped near the fort in the fall for seasonal trading.

European-American travelers sometimes stayed for as long as three weeks at the fort before resuming their journeys. From fall through spring, the fort was busy with people coming to trade, and travelers resting and restocking supplies. The Bents had up to 100 employees, depending on the season, who had a variety of skills: clerks, guards, traders, teamsters, trappers, a tailor, blacksmith, carpenter and herders. Caravans took goods to trade with regional Native American tribes.

The fort was usually relatively empty during the summer months. During that period, Bent often made the six-month round trip on the 500 mi trail to and from Westport, Missouri (present-day Kansas City) to trade the furs and goods gathered over the previous winter. He would purchase goods to replenish the stocks of the fort for the forthcoming hunting season. Westport Landing was an ideal terminus for the Bents' trade. Located on the Missouri River, it was a port for steamboats that hauled goods eastward to St. Louis. Sometimes five or six steamboats would be unloading goods for the Santa Fe trade at one time; dried buffalo meat, buffalo robes and furs would be loaded onto the boats for the return east. Westport was a boom town until a cholera epidemic in the mid-1840s reduced the town's population by 50%. In 1853 Westport was renamed Kansas City. While Bent and the pack trains were away, the fort managed with a skeleton crew of herders, clerks, traders and laborers for Native Americans and travelers.

William and Charles Bent had brought three slaves from St. Louis to work in their households: the brothers Andrew and Dick Green, and Dick's wife Charlotte, who served as a cook. In 1848 Charlotte Green described herself to George Ruxton as "de only lady in de whole damn Injun country". Her cooking won her a high reputation among the fur traders and travelers. One person called her a "culinary divinity". Bent's Fort held dances regularly; Colonel Henry Inman described Charlotte as "the center of attention, the belle of the evening. She knew her worth and danced accordingly."

In 1846 Bent was given the title of "Colonel" by the United States (US) Army after supplying US troops and guiding them into New Mexico during the Mexican–American War. George and William Bent freed Dick Green for his heroic efforts in an Indian revolt in 1847 at Taos, during which their brother Charles was killed. Green had gone north with American soldiers to defend Bent's Taos home. He bravely led a skirmish against a group of Taos Pueblo and other warriors. Green was severely wounded but survived a trip back to Bent's Fort. Also allowing Charlotte Green to leave with her husband, the Bents gave her an informal freedom.

Bent's new fort
As the demand for furs declined, business dropped at the fort. An 1849 cholera epidemic among the Cheyenne took the lives of half the tribe, including Tall Woman, Bent's mother-in-law.

Bent wanted to build a new fort closer to Big Timbers, near the winter grounds for many tribes. Unable to agree on a selling price for the old fort, after removing his inventory of goods, Bent blew up and set fire to the old fort. In 1853 he established a stone fort in the Big Timbers area. Six years later, the US government purchased the new "Bent's Fort", renamed it Fort Wise and remodeled it for military use.

Other forts
Bent, Vrain & Company had other forts, including
 * Fort Saint Vrain (also called Fort George), built about 1837 near present-day Greeley, Colorado, at the confluence of the South Platte River and St. Vrain Creek. It was the center for trading with the Sioux, Arapaho and Northern Cheyenne. From this point, mail and packages were transported south to Taos.
 * Adobe Walls, built in 1848 for trade with the Comanche, Kiowa and Prairie Apache. This was the site in 1864 of Kit Carson's greatest battle.

Kansas City, Missouri farm
On April 6, 1858 Bent purchased a farm with a small brick house at 1032 West 55th Street in Kansas City, Missouri. While generally living at his home in Missouri in 1859, Bent was an agent to the Cheyenne and Arapaho at Big Timbers. At that time, Bent continued his trading business for new settlers lured by the Colorado gold rush. He also freighted goods for the United States government, which yielded a good profit.

During the American Civil War, Bent's farm was the site of the Battle of Westport in 1864. In 1871, two years after Bent's death, Adaline sold the Westport farm to Seth Ward, a prosperous businessman.

Marriages and family
In 1835 Bent married Owl Woman (Mis-stan-stur), the oldest daughter of White Thunder and Tail Woman, in a Cheyenne ceremony. Her father was an influential Cheyenne leader and medicine man. He was the tribe's "Keeper of the Arrows," four arrows thought to have a sacred or medicinal role. The prestige of his position as a medicine man meant that his daughters also had high status.

Owl Woman As a part of the marriage ritual, Owl Woman was carried into a lodge which was constructed for them in the Cheyenne village near the fort, while Bent dispensed numerous gifts to her people. Bent later became a "Cheyenne sub-chief", as he was given tribal membership with his marriage to Owl Woman.

The marriage was important for both Bent and Owl Woman's father White Thunder. For Bent, the marriage reinforced his relationship with the Cheyenne. White Thunder believed the marriage would strengthen his alliance with Bent and provide protection for the Cheyenne. On a personal level, it enhanced his prestige within the tribe.

Owl Woman and Bent had the following children, named in English and Cheyenne:
 * Mary, named for Bent's favorite sister, was born January 22, 1838. Her Cheyenne name was Ho-ka.
 * Robert, named for Bent's youngest brother, was born about 1840–1841. His Cheyenne name was Octavi-wee-his.
 * George, was born July 7, 1843, named after Bent's brother. He was also named Ho-my-ike. He fought with the Dog Soldiers band of Cheyenne warriors after surviving the Sand Creek Massacre.
 * Julia or Um-ah was born in 1847; she was named in English for Bent's oldest sister, and married the French-Cheyenne merchant, rancher and interpreter Edmund Guerrier, whose father William Guerrier worked for Julia's father William Bent.

As a successful man, Bent followed Cheyenne custom and by 1844 took Owl Woman's two younger sisters, Yellow Woman and Island, as secondary wives. He had another son with Yellow Woman:
 * Charles (Charley) was born in 1845. His Cheyenne name was Pe-ki-ree, meaning White Hat. He fought with the Dog Soldiers band of Cheyenne warriors after surviving the Sand Creek Massacre. Charley was described and pictured in the March 1868 edition of Harper's Magazine.

George, Julia, and Charley all survived the Sand Creek Massacre.

Owl Woman died in 1847 or later. In the following six years, life for the family changed dramatically. In 1849 a cholera epidemic swept through the Cheyenne tribe, killing up to half of the people, including the children's maternal grandmother, Tail Woman. After this, Bent destroyed his old fort and built a new stone one at Big Timbers.

Island became the primary caregiver for Owl Woman's children. She did not want to stay in the Bents' new stone fort, nor did she want the children there. In February 1854, she had her lodge moved to just outside the new fort. That winter, William's oldest son George Bent, then age 11, was sent to Kansas City to attend an Episcopal boarding school. In the following years, he was separated from his family for much of the time in order to attend school. Island later left Bent for Joe Baraldo.

In 1864 Yellow Woman also left Bent. She left with their son Charley Bent, then 19, who joined the Dog Soldiers. This group of warriors formed to retaliate for the Sand Creek Massacre that year, when US forces attacked and killed numerous Cheyenne.

Adaline Harvey After Yellow Woman and Island had both left him, Bent married Adaline Harvey, the 20-year-old mixed-race daughter of his friend Alexander Harvey, a fur trader based in Kansas City and a Blackfeet mother. He was then 60 years old. They married on April 4, 1869, in Jackson County, Missouri. Harvey traded in the Upper Missouri region; his company was named Harvey, Primeau & Company.

When the son George Bent met his father's new wife, he recognized Adaline Harvey as having been a student at his school; she was five years younger than he. They had both been assigned Robert Campbell as a guardian while at the boarding school.

The marriage was short, as William died later that year. Pregnant at his death, Adaline Harvey Bent was reported to have had a daughter. Adaline Bent inherited her husband's property in Kansas City in 1869 and sold it in 1871.

Family life at Bent's Fort
Life at the fort, called the "mud castle of the plains", reflected the heritage of both Owl Woman and Bent. The children's clothes included linen shirts and soft-leather moccasins. They ate on fine china and, according to Cheyenne custom, slept on the ground in soft hides. The furnishings and household goods included items from the United States, Mexico and overseas nations. The children enjoyed pumpkin pie and pancakes made by Charlotte Green, an enslaved cook whose husband was also held by the Bents. Chipita, the French-Mexican wife of a Bent worker, made taffy for the children. She performed housekeeping and laundry services at the fort.

Owl Woman's mother Tall Woman taught the children to be respectful and courteous to their elders. They gave discipline by stern glances and waving fingers. In their multi-cultural environment, the children learned to speak many languages; George learned to speak Cheyenne, English, Spanish, Comanche, Kiowa and Arapaho. The boys learned to ride horses bareback, to hunt and to be warriors. The girls learned to assist in the household, assessing the dryness of wood for gathering, learning to recognize the varieties of berries and other plants, and their uses. Girls were taught to be gracious, generous hosts. Later George Bent recalled of his childhood at the fort:

"Something was always going on, and we children had no lack of amusements. In the fall and winter there was always a large camp of Indians just outside the fort – Cheyenne and Arapahos, and sometimes Sioux, Kiowas, Comanches, and Prairie Apaches."

Living arrangements
William and his wife Owl Woman had several homes. Where they lived depended on the season, which affected both his travels and the Cheyenne's seasonal movements.
 * Bent's Fort – When the family was at the fort, Owl Woman preferred to stay in her lodge in the Cheyenne village. Her room at the fort was dark, loud and smelly, as it was near the blacksmith shop and the courtyard where the horses and pack animals were pastured.
 * Cheyenne village – Owl Woman stayed at the lodge near the fort. Built for the couple for their wedding and located in the Cheyenne village, it was quiet and well-lit. It held the sacred, religious and household items of her culture. While Owl Woman was alive, Bent typically left the fort in April for the six-month supply train roundtrip journey to Missouri. During the summer months, he went back and forth between the fort and the nearby Cheyenne village to see his wife and children. By autumn, the family lived within the fort.
 * Big Timbers – Seasonally the Cheyenne moved 30 miles down the Arkansas River to Big Timbers., where they stayed during the hunting season and the winter. During the Cheyenne's winter visit to Big Timbers, Bent accompanied his family there with goods for trading. At Big Timbers, he lived with his family according to Cheyenne custom.

Background
In the 1820s, the central plains area was subject to political and economic turmoil resulting from the Mexican War of Independence. The Arkansas River delineated the border, with Mexico to the south and the United States northward. The people looked for new opportunities for trade alliances, in part to replace those that had involved the now-deposed Spanish governors. United States settlers and military forces began to arrive in the area as people were exploring the west.

The Native American tribes of the central and southern plains were also defining or redefining their territories. Tribes moved to new lands within the plains for various reasons: they may have been displaced in their previous land, had internal disputes that caused them to relocate, sought better hunting or gathering grounds, or sought land that supported their way of life. The Comanche, Kiowa, Cheyenne and Arapaho were among the competing tribes. The Cheyenne likely moved into the plains in the 17th and 18th century from Minnesota. By the mid-1800s, they lived with the Arapaho north of the Arkansas River near the site later developed as Bent's Fort in Colorado.

The Comanche came to the grasslands of southern plains for a better life but competed for resources and territory with other tribes. In an agreement reached with the Cheyenne, "The Great Peace of 1840", they agreed to stay south of the Arkansas River and the Cheyenne and Arapaho north of it.

"The Comanche invasion of the southern plains was, quite simply, the longest and bloodiest conquering campaign the American West had witnessed - or would witness until the encroachment of the United States a century and a half later."

Negotiations
The long-settled and the recently settled tribes had different views of the traders, which exacerbated inter-tribal rivalries. In 1833 White Thunder led the Cheyenne into a fight with the Pawnee; his people lost many warriors, and the Pawnee captured the four sacred arrows. White Thunder and his tribe lost much respect as a result.

During the mid-1830s, the Cheyenne and the Arapaho had become eager to work with the incoming trade caravans, and notably those associated with Bent. They saw the trade caravans as an opportunity for enrichment rather than as a threat. The Cheyenne favored Bent because he had intervened to protect them against Comanche raiders.

Bent worked to negotiate a resolution to the inter-tribal disputes, and to end their raids on settlers and traders. While the truce was uneasy, it enhanced his position. The historian Anne Hyde described the situation as similar to that in northern California, as a "negotiated community. ... Only constant renegotiation and the conscious creation of community through family ties, diplomacy, warfare, and dinner made it operate in a surprisingly stable way."

In contrast, the Comanche had resisted traders and other incursions. They had for many years protected their territory to the south of the Arkansas River against almost all who attempted to move into it. They had built up their power with a deep knowledge of their territory, shrewd trading arrangements, and their willingness to raid those who threatened or breached the arrangements. Their grip on the territory to the south of the river was one of the reasons why Bent's Fort had been constructed to the north. Although the Comanche continued to assert their power after Mexican independence, the influx of displaced tribes, the westward push of European-American settlers, and the development of the Santa Fe Trail generated new conflicts. Raids and battles resulted in many fatalities. The Comanche raided the fort and its surroundings north of the river in 1839, provoking a retaliatory raid by the Cheyenne.

The trading environment improved after 1840, when Bent's Fort became the site of a truce between the Comanche, Apache and Kiowa tribes of the north and the Cheyenne and Arapaho of the south. Hyde describes this as a "network of enormous significance." The tribes negotiated a peace over several weeks during the summer of 1840.
 * Great Peace of 1840, inter-tribal negotiations

Bent hosted the various camps and their celebrations. Hyde has said that

"For William Bent, Owl Woman, and their families and business associates, the Arkansas River as border between Mexico and the United States was an abstraction. However, the Arkansas River as border between the Comanches and the Cheyennes mattered deeply, as did the river as wintering ground for people and for bison. Bent's Fort and its vacinidad created an oasis where business could be conducted and lives led, regardless of imperial borders."

George Ruxton described in 1848 how the council room at the fort was used: "Chiefs of the Shain [sic], Kioway and Araphó sit in solemn conclave with the head traders, and smoke the calumet over their real and imaginary grievances."

Black Kettle, chief of the Southern Cheyenne, wanted peace with the United States. He and other chiefs signed a treaty in 1861 which resulted in his tribes being assigned to a reservation along Sand Creek, although the area was nearly devoid of game. White settlers continued to trespass upon Cheyenne land. Unable to feed their families, some Cheyenne begged for food from settlers; others returned to old hunting grounds. Still others raided settlers and wagon trains for food.
 * Treaty of 1861

Sand Creek Massacre
The Pike's Peak gold rush of 1858 led to increasing conflicts. American miners and settlers gradually encroached on Cheyenne lands until fighting broke out in 1864. Black Kettle asked Bent to persuade the Americans to negotiate peace and, briefly, it appeared possible. But, Governor John Evans and Colonel John Chivington (who was planning a run for U.S. Congress) had based their political futures on ending the Native American threat. They had amassed troops from Washington, D.C. When Bent, who had lived among the Cheyenne for 40 years and had half-Cheyenne children, asked for peaceful resolution, Chivington told him it was not possible.

Despite an apparent peace agreement, on November 28, 1864, Chivington and a volunteer army captured Bent's son Robert. They forced him to guide the soldiers to the Cheyenne campsite on the reservation. The US forces killed and mutilated between 200 and 400 Cheyenne in the Sand Creek Massacre. Charles, Julie and George Bent were all inside Black Kettle's village when Chivington and his forces arrived.

George Bent recalled that day:

"In the camps ... all was confusion and noise—men, women, and children rushing out of the lodges partly dressed; women and children screaming at the sight of the troops; men running back into the lodges for their arms ... Black Kettle had a large American flag tied to the end of a long lodgepole and ... kept calling out not to be frightened; that the camp was under protection and there was no danger ... White Antelope, when he saw the soldiers shooting into the lodges, made up his mind not to live any longer ... He stood in front of his lodge with his arms folded across his breast, singing the death-song: 'Nothing lives long,' he sang, 'only the earth and the mountains.'"

Robert Bent said:

"After the firing, the warriors put the squaws and children together, and surrounded them to protect them. I saw five squaws under a bank for shelter. When the troops came up to them they ran out and showed their persons to let the soldiers know they were squaws and begged for mercy, but the soldiers shot them all."

All of Bent's grown children survived the massacre. Robert Bent testified in court against Chivington, who had forced him to guide the soldiers to the Cheyenne village. His brothers Charles and George Bent joined the Dog Soldiers band, as did Yellow Woman, who left William Bent to go with her son Charles. The Dog Soldiers led continuing resistance to drive the European Americans from the Cheyenne homeland. Charles Bent was later killed by scouts for the U.S. Army.

Regular Army officers were horrified by the massacre at Sand Creek. Both the Congress and Army investigated, and General Ulysses S. Grant called Chivington's actions murder, but no one was punished. The Committee on the Conduct of the War reported:

"As to Colonel Chivington, our committee can hardly find fitting terms to describe his conduct. Wearing the uniform of the United States, which should be the emblem of justice and humanity ... he deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre which would have disgraced the veriest savage among those who were the victims of his cruelty."

Most of the Dog Soldiers band was killed by US forces in June 1869 in the Battle of Summit Springs.

George Bent survived and married Magpie, a Cheyenne woman, and had a family. Bilingual, he served as an interpreter beginning in 1865. He moved to the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservation in 1870, where he lived the rest of his life, and worked for the US Indian agent as an interpreter and assistant. In the early twentieth century, he served as a major source or informant for James Mooney and George Bird Grinnell, anthropologists who went to the West to study the Cheyenne and learn about their history and culture. Based on his letters to George E. Hyde, Hyde wrote his biography, which was not published until 1968.

Treaty of 1865
On October 14, 1865, the Arapaho and Cheyenne of the Upper Arkansas valley made a treaty with the US government. US representatives included Bent and Kit Carson, who was Special Commissioner. The US apologized to the Arapaho and Cheyenne for the Sand Creek Massacre. Some of the tribe members did not approve of the treaty, which would limit them to a reservation south of the Arkansas River, rather than their traditional territory to the north, which was larger.

As part of the treaty, four of Bent's children, as Cheyenne, were each awarded 640 acres land on a reservation south of the Arkansas River, between Red Creek and Buffalo Creek:
 * Mary Bent Moore and her three children: Adia Moore, William Bent Moore and George Moore
 * George Bent
 * Charles Bent (He was later killed by US Indian scouts; in 1869 most of the Dog Soldiers band was killed during the Battle of Summit Springs by Pawnee scouts and US forces.)
 * Julia Bent

William Bent assisted in the negotiation of the treaty with the Kiowa and Comanche on October 18, 1865.

Las Animas, Colorado ranch
In 1869, following his marriage to Adaline Harvey, Bent moved with her to his ranch in Las Animas, Colorado, on the Purgatoire River, south of the Arkansas River. (Note: Source above for the year is the 1869 marriage record, from official records.) From there he managed his freighting business.

Death
While on a supply trip from Colorado to Missouri in 1869, Bent stopped off to see his daughter Mary and son-in-law, R. M. Moore, a judge. They had built a house on his ranch land in Kansas City. Contracting pneumonia, Bent died on May 19, 1869. He is interred at the Las Animas Cemetery south of Las Animas, Colorado.

Adaline Harvey Bent gave birth to their daughter, after his death. She lived most of her life in Colorado, where she died February 26, 1905, at the Pueblo Women's Hospital.

Legacy and honors

 * The William Bent house in Westport/Kansas City was preserved as an outbuilding after Seth Ward built a large brick mansion on the property. The property (and houses) is now part of the Country Club District of Kansas City. Much of the former farm's grazing land was taken by the city to create Loose Park. In the twentieth century, both the houses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The site is marked as the "Bent and Ward Houses".
 * Bent's Old Fort has been reconstructed by the National Park Service in the 1970s and is operated as an historic destination, with events to interpret its history.
 * Scott Brady, known for his syndicated western television series Shotgun Slade portrayed William Bent in a 1957 episode, "The Lone Woman" of the CBS anthology series, Playhouse 90. Raymond Burr, known for his long-running Perry Mason series, played Charles Bent in the same episode.
 * Ronald Reagan was cast as Bent in the 1965 episode, "No Place for a Lady", on the syndicated anthology series, Death Valley Days, which he also hosted. Linda Marsh portrayed the historical Susan Shelby Magoffin, the first woman to travel the Santa Fe Trail. Simon Scott played Magoffin's husband, Samuel.

title: William Bent