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Deep-water soloing

Deep-water soloing (DWS), also known as psicobloc (from "psycho-bouldering"), is a form of free solo climbing where any fall should result in the climber landing safely into deep water below the route. DWS is therefore considered safer than normal free solo climbing, however, DWS brings several unique additional risks including trauma from uncontrolled high-speed water entry, injury from hitting hazards above and below the water while falling, and drowning in rough or tidal seas, and is thus considered riskier than normal bouldering.

Deep-water soloing was largely started in Mallorca in 1978 by Miquel Riera and his discovery of Cova Del Diablo, and was further popularised and developed by British climbers Tim Emmett, Mike Robertson, and Neil Gresham, and Austrian climber Klem Loskot. DWS came to worldwide attention with Chris Sharma's 2006 ascent of the sea arch of Es Pontàs, which at was one of the hardest climbing routes in the world.

DWS uses the sport climbing grading systems (mostly French sport climbing grades) with an additional S-grading system to reflect the unique risks of DWS on any route; DWS routes can vary from less than 5 m to over 40 m in height at the extreme end. Competition deep-water soloing has become popular, particularly in head-to-head "dueling" formats, and the "Psicobloc Masters Series" (2011, 2012–2018), which later evolved into the "Psicobloc Open Series" is one of the most notable DWS competitions.

Description
Deep-water soloing, or DWS, is free solo climbing where any fall should land the climber in deep water below the route. It is thus considered a safer version of free solo climbing. It is not considered as safe as bouldering as the DWS climber encounters hazards that are unique to DWS, including injury or trauma on impact with the water or hitting hazards in the water (particularly from higher falls or uncontrolled falls), risk of drowning in rough seas and hitting the rock face before entering the water. Changing tides is a serious risk in DWS, as routes that might be very safe at high tide can become dangerous at lower tide, bringing underwater hazards into play.

DWS routes can vary from safe "bouldering-type" overhanging routes that are only a few metres in height above calm clear deep water, where any fall is almost guaranteed to result in clean low-speed entry into the water; which are graded S0-S1 DWS routes. At the other of the scale are DWS routes that are high (e.g. over 15 m, and going up to even 40-45 m in height at the most extreme end), and where the climber needs to push themselves off the rock face to ensure that they enter the water cleanly, and control their surface impact as it will be at high speed; which are graded S2-S3 DWS routes.

Types of routes and locations
While DWS can be done on any rock face over or beside the water, it is particularly suited to certain areas that have at least slightly overhanging rock faces (i.e. ensuring the DWS climber lands in the water), has clear and deep water (i.e. so that any underwater hazards can be identified and/or avoided), and are in warmer climates (so the DWS climber does not have to wear a wetsuit, and the water is generally calmer).

Several locations that meet most of the above criteria have become particularly attractive for DWS:

 * Mallorca in Spain (and the Cova del Diablo cliffs in particular, and Cala Varques), the birthplace of DWS, and contains many of the world's hardest and most famous DWS routes, including Es Pontàs at, Alasha and Black Pearl at.
 * Other leading European DWS locations include Croatia (Split and Sustipan), Portugal (Azores), Sardinia (Capo Testa and Capo Caccia), Malta (cliffs of Gozo and Comino), and the sea cliffs of the Calanques in France.
 * In the British Isles, DWS locations include Dorset, Devon, and Pembrokeshire, and Ailladie in Ireland.
 * In SE Asia, leading DWS locations include Thailand (all along Railay Beach), Vietnam (Hạ Long Bay and Cát Bà Island in particular), Malaysia (at Langkawi), and the Philippines (at El Nido, Palawan).

History
Deep-water soloing has its roots in Mallorca when in 1978, Miquel Riera became frustrated with the aid climbing routes in his local area so he went to Porto Pi, Palma with his friends Jaume Payeras, Eduardo Moreno, and Pau Bover to find routes they could free climb. This became Mallorca's first bouldering venue, and as time progressed, Riera moved onto the nearby sea cliffs where they established DWS routes. Riera and his companions named it "psicobloc" (translated into English, means "Psycho Bouldering"), and published articles and photographs in climbing magazines on their activities. Towards the end of the 1980s, Miquel, aided by Pepino Lopez, Xisco Meca, Pepe Link, and Miki Palmer, had discovered the short sea cliffs of Cala Varques, Cala Serena, and the impressive cliff in Porto Cristo, which was to become known as Cova del Diablo. Three notable routes were established at Cova del Diablo: Surfing in the Bar, Surfer Dead, and Surfing Bird.

The 1990s saw an explosion in Britain for what was called "Deep Water Soloing" (DWS), starting with Nick Buckley's ascent of The Conger (1983). Britain's southern coast saw new DWS routes from the Cook brothers, Mike Robertson, Steve Taylor, and Pete Oxley. In 1996, the British Climbers' Club, published Into the Blue: A guide to Deep Water Soloing in Dorset, the first-ever DWS guidebook in the world, and proposed an evolved S-grading system and climbing style to Britain. In 2001, British climber Tim Emmett received an email from Miquel showing Cova Del Diablo and led to a trip by Emmett with other leading climbers such as Mike Robertson, Neil Gresham, and Austrian Klem Loskot. In February 2002, Robertson published an article titled 'Sympathy for the Devil' in Climber magazine describing Cova Del Diablo and the twenty-six new routes (from 4+ to 8a) that Emmett's party had added to the existing three routes.

The publication of Robertson's article led to more international teams coming to Cova Del Diablo to create additional routes and explore new Mallorcan cliffs such as Cala Sa Nau, Cala Barques, Cala Mitjana, and Porto Cristo Novo. These teams also introduced Dutch climber Toni Lamprecht to Mallorcan DWS, which resulted in a vast number of new lines being established, chiefly at Cala Barques. DWS became more mainstream and globally recognized amongst climbers when a couple of short films were made by climbing filmmakers such as Udo Neumann in 2001, and Josh and Brett Lowell in 2003. The films featured some of the sport's pioneers: Emmett, Lamprecht, Klem Loskot, and a newcomer to the style, Chris Sharma.

In September 2006, DWS came to international attention when Sharma completed the right-hand finish to a line that climbed the underside of the dramatic 20 m Es Pontàs arch in Mallorca and carried a grade of, the hardest-ever DWS grade. Sharma had been looking for a DWS-equivalent to his 2001 sport climb, Realization, also, and his first free ascent was featured in the iconic 2007 film King Lines.

Competition DWS
There have been numerous competitions held in DWS, the most notable of which is the "Psicobloc Masters Series" that began in 2011 in Bilbao, Spain organized by Spanish climber Finuco Martinez. From 2013 to 2018, the "Psicobloc Masters" was held in Utah Olympic Park and organized by a consortium that included Chris Sharma. In 2019, the series moved to Montreal, and was later rebranded as the "Psicobloc Open Series".

The general format is a circa 50 ft outdoor artificial climbing wall that severely overhangs a circa 12 ft swimming pool. Climbers "duel" in head-to-head races on the wall in a series of knock-out rounds until the ultimate winner is decided. Climbers compete in men's, women's, and youth's formats.

Risks
DWS presents a number of specific risks not normally encountered in rock climbing.
 * Water entry: A fall into deep water from a height of over 10 m can seriously injure the climber, particularly if the entry is not controlled. On difficult DWS routes, a fall can happen spontaneously, and from a position where the climber was on an overhang, and is thus falling onto their back. DWS climbers spend time at lower S-grades building up their skills around controlling their body position in any water entry.
 * Underwater hazards: There may be rock features under the water's surface that the falling DWS may hit on a forceful or high-speed water entry. DWS climbers sometimes use an "armchair landing" technique to limit the depth of water they penetrate which involves adopting a quasi-sitting position while falling. This technique is very effective and can absorb a 30 ft fall in just 5 ft of water, but "armchair landings" are difficult to master and dangerous at greater heights.
 * Effect of tides: All of the S-grades are specific to high tides. A DWS route graded S0-S1 at high tide, can become an S2 or S3 at low tides (e.g. Neil Gresham's 2012 DWS route Olympiad in Pembroke in Wales, has a DWS grade of F8b S1 at high tide, but is a non-DWS route with a traditional climbing English grade of E10 6c at low tide ); particularly if underwater features come increasingly into play.  DWS climbers need to understand the tidal system in the area and plan their climbs accordingly.
 * Rough seas: DWS climbers have drowned, overcome by rough or swelling seas from which they were unable to escape (and often in a fatigued state). DWS climbers avoid climbing alone and have a support climber either in an inflatable dingy or in a position to lower a rope from above.

Equipment
Like free solo climbing DWS needs very little climbing equipment outside of the chalk bag and rock climbing shoes. A number of additional items of equipment have become common amongst DWS climbers, including:
 * Bench seats/ladders. Some DWS routes have makeshift wooden benches and small rope ladders installed at the base of the routes, hanging from pieces of protection, to enable the DWS climber to access the route, and rest/dry-off between attempts.
 * Inflatable dingy. DWS climbers sometimes employ a lightweight inflatable dingy that they can anchor at the bottom of the route and use for both recovery after falls, and resting between attempts; it can also be used by a second DWS climber for stand-by assistance.
 * Tape harnesses. DWS climbers do not typically use a climbing harness; however, many DWS routes require the climber to abseil down the rock face to access the route (unless they can use the inflatable dingy). For this, they can use a make-shift harness made from a climbing sling.

French sport grades
The main DWS grade is "technical grade" which reflects the difficulty of the hardest movements or sequences on the route. The French sport climbing grades (e.g., 6a, 6b, 6c, ... 8b, 8b+, 8c, etc.) are generally the most popular technical grades in European DWS. In England, the traditional English grading system is sometimes used, although where French sport grades are quoted in England an "f" suffix is often placed before the grade to clarify that it is a French grade and not a British grade (e.g. f6a to distinguish from the British E4 6a).

S-grades
In circa 1995, British DWS climbers developed the S-grade system to give an additional grade for the objective level of danger that deep water soloing a given route presented to the climber in addition to the "technical difficulty" grade (above). British climbers felt that the English E-grade suffix reflected traditional climbing dangers (e.g. how good is the level of protection available to the traditional climber on the route), and not the dangers specific to the DWS climber (who was not going to be placing traditional climbing protection on the route); it is akin to the "R/X" suffix of American grades. For example, British climber Neil Gresham's 2012 DWS route Olympiad, has a DWS grade of F8b S1, but a traditional climbing English grade of E10 6c.

The four levels of S-grade, as described by Mike Robinson in Deep Water (2007), are as follows:

 * S0: "Safe at most tides, not particularly high crux moves. Avoid bottling out of an S0 if possible. These are essentially safe, so climb until you fall. Commitment normally pays off!"
 * S1: "Care required; either the tide or the water depth needs checking, or maybe there is a highish crux on the route. Remember that, in big-tide venues, a huge tide and good timing can turn an S1 into an S0".
 * S2: "A little more care than S1 required. Possibly spring-tide only (higher water levels). Check your tide timetable. 'Landings' can be more significant – maybe a crash landing into shallow-ish water is required, or a slight 'push' to clear rock or a slight slab/reef below. Likely to have a high crux".
 * S3: "Expect the water to be either too shallow or too far away! You can't really afford to fall off an S3 without a large measure of control or timing. Failure on the route might require a full body-length crash landing into the deepest water available, or a long and scary downward flight. If you're operating in a tidal venue, wait for the biggest high tide possible".

Notable ascents and milestones
A number of DWS ascents are particularly notable in the sport:

 * 2006: Es Pontàs, Mallorca (ESP). First ascent was by Chris Sharma who left it ungraded but famously took over 50 attempts to complete the 7 ft dyno high up on the dramatic 15 m sea arch; the DWS route of Es Pontàs launched DWS to a much wider global audience and its first ascent featured prominently in Sharma's iconic 2007 climbing film, King Lines. Was repeated by Jernej Kruder (2016), Jan Hojer (2018), and Jakob Schubert in 2021 with a consensus that the grade is circa 5.15 (being a high DWS brings additional complexity in grading), which was the first-ever in DWS.
 * 2016: Alasha, Mallorca in Spain. First ascent was by Chris Sharma, who left it ungraded and named it after his daughter; there was speculation it was harder than Es Pontàs and possibly at ; Jakob Schubert and Jernej Kruder made the first repeats in 2021, and estimated that its grade to be circa 9a, which takes account of the fact that the crux is at an intimidating height of 15 m.
 * 2017: The King, Pont d'Arc in France. First ascent by Chris Sharma; while not one of Sharma's hardest DWS routes, the great height of the arch (30 m at the apex) and its natural beauty, attracted significant attention; locals named it The King in his honor.
 * 2018: Weatherman, Mallorca in Spain. Julia Kruder repeated Chris Sharma's route, and becomes the first female to climb a DWS route at the grade of 8a+.

In film
A number of notable films have been made focused on DWS free solo climbing including:
 * King Lines, a 2007 documentary film about Chris Sharma, featuring his free solo climb of the DWS route, Es Pontàs, in Mallorca.

title: Deep-water soloing


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Talk:The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel

Not the first
A leedle problem: The Times, Friday, May 12, 1893; pg. 14. Police Notices report the remand at Bow Street, London, for burglary of Percy Albert Blake who "took a bed room at the Vegetarian Hotel in the Strand". And that leads to this reference about the 1890 International Vegetarian Congress at the Charing Cross Vegetarian Hotel, Strand. Doubts cast, then, on all the 'firsts'.

And more: it looks pretty obvious that some details of the Kathleen Keleny piece are potentially fabulation or unreliably recalled. "Kathleen's father talking: Early Beginnings ... My daughter is 88 ...". Oh, lordy!

A solid source: The Times, Monday, May 22, 1882; pg. 6; has a reference to a court case involving the Temperance Restaurant Company, a vegetarian restaurant at 34 Londonwall. And so on.RayGirvan 13:43, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Well here is a another link about the Pitman, http://pitmanshorthand.homestead.com/PitmanBooks.html

The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel was founded in the summer of 1898 using floors above a vegetarian restaurant. Maybe we could claim then that it was the first vegetarian hotel outside of London? By the way Andy, I think you may find that the only exageration comes from you, I am only as good as my information and if that information is unfounded or mixed up then brilliant this is the place to put it right ;) Nick Boulevard 11:12, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The first vegetarian hotel outside of London? It may well have been, but we don't have verification of that. The Times - I use the Times Digital Archive - tends to be a bit skimpy on non-London events. But the Reference Library in Birmingham and its newpaper archive would be sure to have something (I remember it being an excellent library). But there's plenty else to be said. I'm sure many of the broad details in the Keleny article, such as it being named after Isaac Pitman, are correct.

 * PS One of the first things you find when you get seriously into historical research is that sources saying "X being the first Y" are always worth double-checking. That's why I pick on statements of that sort. RayGirvan 11:48, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * By the way Andy. Just spotted that. You're mistaken, really. Can't you tell the difference in styles? A moment with Google will find and  RayGirvan 14:15, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm multi-talented, aren't we? Andy Mabbett 14:19, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to admit, it's been very hard maintaining these multiple personas. :) Raygirvan

 * Ardy ar ar... ar. :) Nick Boulevard 22:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * P.S. Thanks for taking so much time to edit and perfect my loverly article on the Pitman, a sincere thank you, I am flattered ;) Nick Boulevard 22:57, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Nick. No need to thank anyone - this is entirely down to cooperation on both sides. There's a fine quotation from Oliver Cromwell: "I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken". Believe me: if you produce good source material as you've done here and don't get het up over properly-cited edits and deletions, other editors (even those such as those as myself who have been in dispute with you elsewhere) will very happily support you and put in the research to develop the article. All everyone wants is fair representation of available information. RayGirvan 00:10, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

WP:FOOD Tagging
This article talk page was automatically added with WikiProject Food and drink banner as it falls under Category:Restaurants or one of its subcategories. If you find this addition an error, Kindly undo the changes and update the inappropriate categories if needed. You can find the related request for tagging here -- TinucherianBot (talk) 11:27, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Used this article as basis for Meat-free products From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thank you! --Never stop exploring (talk) 10:03, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel


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Talk:Market town

Abolition of market towns
Deleting reference to the "original purposes" of market towns being abolished, "ensuring that they can never be created again". It is not clear what exactly this means, but in any case the citation of the Hereford Markets Act 2003 doesn't support the text however interpreted. The Act doesn't say anything about the creation of market towns and affects only Hereford. Queens1798 (talk) 19:37, 19 February 2017 (UTC)

Clarification needed
Perhaps it is just me, but the following text from the section on "England and Wales" is not very clear. I wonder why it was essential that Oxford was founded near an ox-bow lake upstream of Runnymede, whether the 1232 fair and market was inside the town walls of Oxford or inside the town walls of Hallamshire, how Edward I "tested" a market, how did the defeat of de Montfort facilitate this, and why was the Model Parliament summoned just so its members could go on a walk in the country. JonH (talk) 18:45, 3 October 2021 (UTC)

 * The Provisions of Oxford of 1258 were only possible because of the foundation of a town and university at a crossing-place on the River Thames up-river from Runnymede, where it formed an oxbow lake in the stream. Early patronage included Thomas Furnyvale, lord of Hallamshire, who established a Fair and Market in 1232. Travelers were able to meet and trade wares in relative safety for a week of "fayres" at a location inside the town walls. The reign of Henry III witnessed a spike in established market fairs. The defeat of de Montfort increased the sample testing of markets by Edward I the "lawgiver", who summoned the Model Parliament in 1295 to perambulate the boundaries of forest and town. (unsigned)

 * It is pretty unclear - Runnymede is 67 miles from Oxford by modern road, with all sorts of more significant places in between, so I really don't see why it needs mentioning. It all needs unscrambling or cutting. Johnbod (talk) 03:00, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Agreed: garbled and incomprehensible. In addition to the points already made, I fail to see how the Provisions of Oxford were "only possible" because of the foundation of a town and university at Oxford; or in what sense the Model Parliament was "summoned ... to perambulate the boundaries of forest and town". (The American spelling of "travelers" also rings a few minor alarm bells.) I'm also sceptical about the immediately preceding sentence: "The term [?'market town'] derived from markets and fairs first established in 13th century after the passage of Magna Carta, and the first laws towards a parlement." The whole passage was added by an IP in this edit of August 2016. In their next edit the IP added two sources to the bibliography: Paul Brand, The Making of the Common Law (1992) and Nigel Saul, The Oxford History of Medieval England (1997). It would probably be worth checking those to see if any of this can be unravelled and clarified; otherwise, just cut. GrindtXX (talk) 13:16, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * PS. I have just noticed that the same IP's next edit was to add a similarly dubious claim about the legal "abolition" of market towns which was challenged and deleted a few months later – see the section immediately above this one. GrindtXX (talk) 13:23, 4 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Market town


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Tieling

Tieling is one of 14 prefecture-level cities in Liaoning province of the People's Republic of China. Tieling is a city where coal mining is an important industry.

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, Tieling was home to 2,388,294 people, whom 699,675 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Yinzhou District and Tieling County, Qinghe District not being conurbated yet. Tieling is a multiethnic area where the majority is Han and the minorities, like the Manchu, Korean, Mongolian, Hui, Xibo, Uygur, and ethnic Russians, live in a compact community. The minorities make up 23.2% of the total population.

Administrative divisions
Tieling has jurisdiction over 7 divisions:

Notable people
The famous Chinese skit and sitcom actor, director, and entrepreneur Zhao Benshan was born in Tieling. Chinese director Zhang Meng was born in Tieling.

Sightseeing
There are several sightseeing spots:
 * Yingang Academy (银冈书院)
 * Longshou Mountain Mountain Scenic Area (龙首山风景区)
 * Chai River Reservoir (柴河水库)
 * Shangyang Lake Dam (an AAAA Level Sightseeing spot in Qinghe District, Tieling, also called Qinghe Dam (尚阳湖水库，清河水库)
 * Liao River Museum (In Lotus Lake Wetland Park) (辽河博物馆)
 * Lotus Lake Wetland Park (in Fanhe Town, Tieling)(莲花湖湿地公园)

Economy
Tieling has abundant precious metal and mineral resources, including gold, silver, and aluminum.

Rail

 * Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway
 * Beijing–Harbin railway

Road

 * China National Highways 102

Sister cities

 * 🇯🇵 Kanuma, Japan 1980

title: Tieling


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Public information film

Public information films (PIFs) are a series of government-commissioned short films, shown during television advertising breaks in the United Kingdom. The name is sometimes also applied, faute de mieux, to similar films from other countries, but the US equivalent is the public service announcement (PSA). Public information films were commonplace from the 1950s until the 2000s. However, they became obsolete with the closure of the Central Office of Information.

Subjects
The films advise the public on what to do in a multitude of situations ranging from crossing the road to surviving a nuclear attack. They are sometimes thought to concern only topics related to safety, but there are PIFs on many other subjects, including animal cruelty, protecting the environment, crime prevention, how to vote at a general election or how to fill in a census form.

Many of these films were aimed at children and were shown during breaks in children's programmes during holidays and at weekends. Many of them involved or were narrated by celebrities of the day.

History
The earliest PIFs were made during the Second World War years and shown in cinemas; many were made by and starred Richard Massingham, an amateur actor who set up Public Relationship Films Ltd when he discovered there was no specialist film company in the area. They were commissioned by the Ministry of Information, and Massingham's work has since gained a cult following for their quirky, often humorous tone. After the war, PIFs were produced by the Central Office of Information (now closed), and again by private contractors, which were usually small film companies.

PIFs were supplied to broadcasters free of charge for them to use whenever they wished. Their usefulness as a cost-free means to fill the gaps in fixed-duration commercial breaks left by unsold advertising airtime led to their being used regularly and extensively in the 1960s, 1970s and much of the 1980s, and consequently, within both the COI and broadcasting companies, they were typically known as "fillers". They are still being produced, although the vastly reduced need for broadcasters to turn to third-party filler material to deal with unused airtime during breaks or junctions means they are now only seen rarely, during the late 1990s and early 2000s, they were frequently shown during and in between programmes on ITV in overnight, as advertising was generally difficult to sell during that time. Fillers are still produced and distributed by the Cabinet Office by the Filler Marketing team.

The COI closed on 30 December 2011 after 65 years, and no longer makes PIFs. However, there are a few companies still making distributing PIFs, such as THINK!, Fire Kills, DOE, National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), and National Rail.

Some advertisements and charity appeals have gained the status of honorary PIF among fans, including Cartoon Boy, a 2002 campaign about child abuse produced by the NSPCC while films such as the 1980s British Gas advertisement about what to do in the event of a gas leak can be considered non-governmental PIFs.

PIFs have a nostalgic cult following and a DVD was released in 2001 called Charley Says: The Greatest Public Information Films in the World, comprising the contents of two earlier VHS releases. A sequel was released in 2005.

Public information films produced by the COI covered a wide range of subjects. The fillers listed above were for domestic consumption. However, COI films was also commissioned by the British Foreign Office to supply films for overseas use. These films dealt with research and development, British products and the British way of life. They were usually distributed through the diplomatic network but not always. Some films were sold commercially to overseas outlets, mostly television.

Notable public information films

 * AIDS: Don't Die of Ignorance: A major British information campaign in 1987 with a leaflet delivered to every household in the UK and short public information films ′Monolith′ and ′Iceberg′ with doom-laden voice of John Hurt.
 * Amber Gambler: A film about the dangers of racing through amber traffic lights before they turn to red.
 * Apaches: A public information film shown in primary schools about the dangers of playing on farms. This PIF is notorious for being extremely graphic.
 * Charley Says: An animated series of PIFs with a ginger cat called Charley (whose warning growls were voiced by Kenny Everett) who advised children against various dangers they might encounter in their daily lives.
 * Children and Disused Fridges: a 1971 PIF about the dangers of children playing and dying in discarded refrigerators. The film became well known due to its frightening message.
 * Children and Ponds: a 1979 film warning parents about the dangers of garden ponds to small children. Voice-over by Hywel Bennett.
 * Clunk Click Every Trip: A series of films about the importance of seat belts, similar to the US Crash Test Dummies PSAs.
 * Cow: A 2008 public information film made by BBC Cymru and Tredegar Comprehensive School about the consequences of texting and driving. The story is about 17-year-old Cassie "Cow" Cowan who causes a car crash due to texting and driving, and causes four deaths, including her two friends riding as her passengers. Cassie herself nearly dies but is revived. In the aftermath of the crash, Cassie's family ended up being ostracised by the local community and ultimately Cassie was sentenced to seven years in prison for death by dangerous driving.
 * Drinking and Driving Wrecks Lives: A series of 1980s–1990s PIFs targeting drink-driving offenders. An equally well-known and successful road safety campaign was Clunk Click Every Trip, fronted initially by Shaw Taylor and later by Jimmy Savile.
 * Green Cross Code: A character played by David Prowse who advised children about crossing the road safely. An earlier road safety campaign targeted at children featured the animated squirrel "Tufty", and a Tufty Club for young children was later founded.
 * Joe and Petunia: A series of animated PIFs about a couple whose amazing stupidity caused dangerous problems for everyone around them. They appeared in only four PIFs ("Coastguard", "Water Safety – Flags", "Country Code" and "Worn Tyres"), but their popularity grew so quickly that it was decided to kill them off in the last one. However, they were "resurrected" when "Coastguard" was remade in 2007 with updated references: Petunia is reading Hello! and listening to an iPod; Joe wears a Burberry cap and phones the desktop-PC-using coastguard on his mobile phone.
 * Julie: A film about the importance of rear seat belts, which ran for 5 years between 1998 and 2003 with a return in 2007, and was so successful it was adapted for broadcast in France. It was updated with the THINK! logo in 2001.
 * Knock-off Nigel: A 2007 copyright infringement campaign of videos about "Nigel", a cheapskate who buys bootleg DVD's, and is ostracized by his peers.
 * Lonely Water: A 1973 film warning children of the dangers of foolhardy behaviour around lakes and ponds. The film was shot in horror movie style with a menacing black-robed figure, featuring a memorably chilling voiceover from Donald Pleasence ("I'll be back-back-back...!")
 * Play Safe: An Electricity safety film from 1978. It shows two main animated characters; a robin (voiced by Bernard Cribbins) and an owl (voiced by Brian Wilde). The robin is looking for a place to perch and lands on the wires of a pylon. The owl who is perching on a tree nearby, berates him for doing something so dangerous, and the robin flies over and perches next to him, promising that he'll play safe in future. This begins their discussion of the golden rule "Play Safe", showing clips of the dangers of being around electricity and ignoring the warning signs, including touching over head power lines, flying kites and other toys around pylons, trespassing in substations and fooling around with electricity itself. The owl concludes "When you have time to kill, make sure time doesn't kill you," with both him and the robin ending with, "Have fun. But keep safe and play safe."
 * Powerful Stuff: An Electricity safety film from 1988, based on the same principles as Play Safe. It shows of a group of boys, Darren, his brother Tom and Andy walking to school together. On the way they set off a gang of teenagers who chase them all the way to an electricity substation. Tom spots a football in there which Darren tries to break in and get, despite there being danger signs and foolishly believing you only have to touch what's inside to get hurt, but a reluctant Andy talks him out of it; instead, they play football with other friends to school. Once they enter the class, Mr. Jones who works for the electricity board, teaches them the dangers of electricity like touching overhead cables, being careless around cables and climbing pylons, showing clips of what happened when people ignored or did not know the danger that could be present in the situation, even stating that electricity can easily kill you, just by being near it, never mind touching it. Darren ignores all of this by listening to his Walkman and daydreaming of going on a motorcycle that his friend was using earlier in the beginning. On the way back from school, the boys see the friend's motorcycle. They come over until Darren sees his friend's ball is deflated, thus making Darren remember the football in the substation and takes Tom with him. Darren breaks through a fence while Tom keeps lookout. Darren runs up to the ball, and as Andy sees the deflated ball he realises that Darren has broken inside the substation to get the football. Darren throws the football but it gets him electrocuted. Tom runs in to help him but gets electrocuted as well, much to the horror of Andy and his friends. Later, the fire brigade, ambulances and the police arrive at the scene at night as Andy remembers Mr. Jones' lecture to the class about dangers of electricity followed by the song "Yesterday's Men" by Madness in the background along with the news report of the incident as Andy and his friends mourn for the deceased boys.
 * Protect and Survive: A series of films (never shown) advising the British public on what to do in the event of a nuclear attack. They would have been shown constantly on all television channels in the build up to a war. Voiced by Patrick Allen.
 * Reginald Molehusband: A man (Ian Gardiner) who demonstrated the correct way to park safely. His reverse parking was "a public danger", bets were laid on his performance and people came from all round to watch, until the day he got it right – "Well done! Reginald Molehusband, the safest parker in town." This film is now classified as missing and is not in the archives of either the COI or the private company, which now owns most of its archive footage, although an audio recording still exists. However, a remake was done in 2006, with Gardiner reprising the title role.
 * Right to Buy: A 1984 PIF about council tenants who were offered the right to buy their homes at discounted rates.
 * Robbie: A film based around a child losing his legs after being struck by a train. A modern equivalent, Killing Time, was shown in secondary schools during the 1990s but was later replaced for, apparently, being too graphic. Robbie replaced the notorious and extremely graphic The Finishing Line. However, Robbie and The Finishing Line are arguably not strictly PIFs, being produced by British Transport Films.
 * Stop Look Listen Live: A series of animated PIFs created by copywriter Jack Stephens, about 2 hedgehogs crossing the road while singing road-safety themed covers of songs like "King of the Road", "Stayin' Alive" and "Ain't Got No Home" these aired from 1997-Mid 2000s (presumably 2008) and got replaced by The Tales Of The Road.

Cultural references
A number of musical artists have been heavily influenced by the analogue, overdriven sound of British PIFs, including Boards of Canada and most artists on the Ghost Box Records label, especially The Advisory Circle, whose album Other Channels directly references or samples many PIFs, including Keep Warm, Keep Well. Additionally, their debut album features a few reprises with the suffix "PIF". Another example of PIF influence in music was that of the song Charly by The Prodigy, from 1991, which heavily sampled the meows of Charley Cat. The song Two Tribes by Frankie Goes to Hollywood made use of the sirens from the Protect and Survive films. Similarly the video for Mark Owen song Four Minute Warning contains Protect & Survive references.

The comedian Chris Morris satirised public information films in The Day Today in an episode where there was a constitutional crisis. The Scarfolk website and book feature parodic posters in the British public information style.

title: Public information film


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Sandfish

Sandfish may refer to:

Fish

 * Trichodontidae, known as sandfishes, a family of perch-like fish:
 * Pacific sandfish, the species Trichodon trichodon
 * Arctoscopus japonicus, known as sailfin sandfish or Japanese sandfish
 * Gonorynchus, known as beaked sandfish, a family of long thin ray-finned fish
 * Gonorynchus gonorynchus, known as sandfish
 * Southern sandfish, a family Leptoscopidae of perch-like fish
 * Belted sandfish, a species Serranus subligarius of fish
 * Clanwilliam sandfish, a species Labeo seeberi of fish
 * Awaous tajasica, known as sand fish, a species of goby fish

Other animals

 * Scincus scincus, known as sandfish, a species of skink (lizard)
 * Holothuria scabra, known as sandfish, a species of sea cucumber
 * Thelenota ananas, known as sandfish, another species of sea cucumber

title: Sandfish


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Cả River

The Cả River (Laotian: Nam Khan, Vietnamese: Sông Cả) or better known as Lam River (sông Lam in Vietnamese) is a river in mainland Southeast Asia.

Etymology
The name Cả means "first" in Vietnamese language, possibly alluding to the river's importance. Its other name Lam is Sino-Vietnamese reflex of Middle Chinese *lɑm, meaning "blue, indigo".

History
It originates in the Loi Mountains of Laos, crossing Laos's Xiangkhouang Province, Vietnam's Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh provinces and empties into the Gulf of Tonkin, on the North Central Coast of Vietnam, after a 512 km journey. The Cả River zone is classified as 300 km by the Vietnam Geographical Survey. The Bến Thủy bridge, crossing into Bến Thủy, Vinh, crosses the Cả River on its Cửa Hội estuary.

title: Cả River


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Beni River

The Beni River (Río Beni) is a river in the north of Bolivia.

It rises north of La Paz and flows northeast. The Madre de Dios River is where its mouth is at. In the upper portion of its course, it flows through highland forest and rainforest, where the rapids of Cachuela Esperanza interrupt the upstream navigability of the river. The middle river runs through dense rainforest where it is joined by the Madidi River and the Tuichi River which flow through Madidi National Park. The Tuichi River joins the Beni River upstream from the town Rurrenabaque. North of Rurrenabaque, the Beni River runs through the Llanos de Moxos also known as the Beni Savanna, which is named after the river. It empties into the larger Madre de Dios at Riberalta.

The Beni River has a number of minor tributaries, including intermittent streams such as the Emero River.

In 1947, the CIA received unverified information that suggested there were settlements of escaped Nazis along the Beni and its tributaries.

title: Beni River


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Servius

Servius may refer to:

 * Servius (praenomen), a personal name during the Roman Republic
 * Servius the Grammarian (fl. 4th/5th century), Roman Latin grammarian
 * Servius Asinius Celer (died AD 46), Roman senator
 * Servius Cornelius Cethegus, Roman senator 24 AD
 * Servius Cornelius Dolabella Metilianus Pompeius Marcellus, Roman senator and patrician, consul 113 AD
 * Servius Cornelius Dolabella Petronianus, Roman senator, consul 86 AD
 * Servius Cornelius Lentulus Maluginensis (died AD 23), Roman statesman, consul 10 AD
 * Servius Cornelius Maluginensis, Roman senator, consul 485 BC
 * Servius Cornelius Maluginensis (consular tribune 386 BC), Roman politician and general
 * Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, several people
 * Servius Fulvius Flaccus, consul 135 BC
 * Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus, (fl. c. 500–463 BC), consul 500 BC
 * Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus (consul 461 BC)
 * Servius Sulpicius Galba (disambiguation), several people
 * Servius Sulpicius Praetextatus, consular tribune 377, 376, 370, and 368 BC
 * Servius Sulpicius Rufus (fl. 1st century BC), Roman jurist
 * Servius Sulpicius Similis (died c. 125), eques of ancient Rome, praefectus of Egypt 107–112 AD
 * Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, r. 578–535 BC

title: Servius


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Ireland for Europe

Ireland for Europe was a civil society organisation set up after the defeat of the first Irish referendum to campaign in favour of the Treaty of Nice. Initially chaired by Adrian Langan, it was chaired by Ciarán Toland from October 2001. The campaign team was also led by Michelle O'Donnell (Secretary) and Kevin Byrne (Campaign Director). Ireland for Europe joined the Irish Alliance for Europe in August 2002, forming the backbone of its volunteer canvassing campaign. The group has been inactive since the end of 2002.

In June 2009 a new organisation of the same name was launched with Pat Cox as Director. For this he stepped down from his position as President of the European Movement International.

title: Ireland for Europe


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Gronchi Rosa

The Gronchi Rosa is a rare Italian postage stamp design error showing outdated country boundaries between Peru and Ecuador. It was one of the stamps of a 1961 issue for the voyage of president Giovanni Gronchi to three South American countries. Issued on 3 April 1961 but withdrawn the same day after the error was observed. The withdrawn stamp was replaced with a grey version.

The 205 liras rosa was intended for the stopover in Peru. The artist made a mistake with the boundaries between Peru and Ecuador. The rose-colored stamp was quickly replaced by a grey version with corrected boundaries, but some philatelic souvenirs using the Gronchi Rosa already existed. A forgery of this stamp is known to exist.

Legal validity was due to begin on 6 April 1961, the date of the President's departure, but validity was suspended and the stamp was replaced with the "Gronchi grigio".

Description
The stamp, with a face value of 205 lire and a pink colour, shows a map of South America. It is one of a set of three stamps dedicated to the countries visited by Giovanni Gronchi: Argentina (170 lire), Uruguay (185 lire) and Peru (205 lire). The face value of the three stamps corresponded to the airmail rate in force at the time to forward mail in the corresponding three South American states. The set was put on sale at the philatelic counters on Easter Monday, 3 April 1961; this coincidence with a holiday did not create the usual attendance at the post offices, so only 79,625 complete sets of the three stamps were sold until the peremptory order to withdraw the offending stamp, on the evening of the day of issue.

The error
The Gronchi Rosa error emphasizes the borders of Peru, but shows the borders that existed before the 1941-42 war with Ecuador. Following this war, Peru annexed a vast territory in the Amazon basin, and this acquisition has been illustrated on maps ever since; the error resulted from the use of an old geographical atlas that was mistakenly provided to the draftsman Renato Mura. The conflict between the two Latin American countries broke out while the Second World War was raging in Europe, so went completely unnoticed by most people, in particular when the 1939 edition of the De Agostini atlas was used as the source of the border mistake, showing the geographical and political situation prior to the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War.

The withdrawal
Preparations for the imminent trip of the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Gronchi to South America were in full swing when, on 3 April 1961, the philatelic series commemorating the event was put on sale. Each stamp in the set depicted, on the right hand side, the map of Europe with Italy in highlighted colour, and, on the left hand side, the American continent with the South American country to which the face value referred, in a darker colour. The ideal link between the two continents was the presidential aeroplane with its nose pointing towards the American continent. In short, it was almost impossible for those who knew the more recent geography not to notice the glaring error.

On the morning of the Easter Monday, the Peruvian Ambassador to Italy, Alfonso Arias, had obtained a full set of the three commemorative stamps. The design provoked immediate protests from the Peruvian Ambassador because the incorrect borders excluded the part of the Amazon that now belonged to Peru, although this annexation was contested by Ecuador. Distribution was immediately suspended after 79,625 copies of the stamp were sold.

On the morning of Tuesday, 4 April, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications issued a peremptory order to withdraw the controversial stamps from sale, to return the unsold stamps to the Istituto Poligrafico for destruction, and to replace the stamped sheets with a new corrected version that would be delivered for sale the following day, Wednesday, 5 April. The new stamp would be valid as well, as the entire stamp set would be declared postally valid on Thursday, 6 April, when the state trip would start. The stamps were to be postmarked for the aerogrammes carried on the presidential plane, and their sale was allowed three days in advance in order to allow simple citizen and collectors to prepare their own aerogram in time and send it to Rome, where it would be cancelled with the commemorative postmark and then loaded onto the presidential plane.

The Italian Post tried to eliminate the stamps, even those already sold. They ordered to cover the specimens already franked and sent with a corrected version (in grey colour), intercepting the mail in a great lightning operation. However, some specimens escaped the operation, thus becoming the most sought-after piece by Italian philatelic collectors. There are conflicting opinions on how many of these stamps are in circulation among dealers and collectors. An official press release of the Italian Post in 1966 mentions 79,625 specimens that escaped the recall, 90 of which are kept for postal museums and 80 as gifts to diplomats.

title: Gronchi Rosa


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Uganda Cowries

The Uganda Cowries, also known as the Uganda Missionaries, were the first adhesive postage stamps of Uganda. Because there was no printing press in Uganda, the stamps were made on a typewriter by the Rev. E. Millar of the Church Missionary Society, in March 1895, at the request of C. Wilson, an official of the Imperial British East Africa Company. After Millar received a much-needed new ribbon, the color of the typewritten characters changed from black to a violet color. The stamps were valid for postage within the Kingdom of Buganda; in adjoining kingdoms and provinces they were used only for communications between officials of the Church Missionary Society.

The values of the stamps varied, but all were denominated in cowries (monetary seashells), at 200 cowries per rupee or 12½ cowries = 1d. The design was simple, showing just the initials of the jurisdiction and a number for the denomination. The paper used was extremely thin. The stamps have been forged Only a small number of the genuine stamps seem to have survived. Pen initialed, surcharged values exist; of these Robson Lowe commented, "All are rare. We do not recall selling a copy in over 25 years."

Wilson's embryonic postal system for Uganda commenced operations on March 20, 1895. A single letterbox was set up in Kampala, at Wilson's office, offering twice-daily letter service to Entebbe and Gayaza for postage of 10 cowries. Other destinations had different rates. For addresses beyond Entebbe or Gayaza the mails were collected less frequently. Letters with European addresses were dispatched once a month, and they arrived at their destinations some three months later.

This postal service of Uganda may have been preceded by a postal service of the Kingdom of Unyoro (Bunyoro), which applied a handstamp in Arabic script.

Military Forces assumed the operation of the mails in June 1896. The Uganda Missionaries were then followed by a typeset issue from a printing press in November 1896, after the British Foreign Office had gained control of the government. A recess printed issue from De La Rue & Co. appeared in 1898, featuring a detail from Angeli's portrait of Queen Victoria of 1885.

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Charles J. Phillips, "Postage Stamps of Uganda", Stanley Gibbons Monthly Journal (February-March, 1904), pp. 164–5; Philatelic Journal of India pp. 4, 6. Re-issued as "The Missionary Issues of Uganda, March 20, 1895 - November 7, 1896", Stanley Gibbons (1904).
 * Robson Lowe, "The Uganda Missionaries", a supplement to The Philatelist (August, 1974); Robson Lowe, London (1974).
 * Robson Lowe, "2.-Uganda", The Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps, Volume II: The Empire in Africa, (1949), pp. 185-190.

title: Uganda Cowries


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Florence Hoath

Florence Angela L. Hoath (born 12 July 1984) is a retired British actress.

Career
The daughter of actress Tina Martin (1948-2024), Hoath was born in London and made her film debut in the 1993 screen adaptation of Secret Rapture at the age of eight. Since then she has appeared in a number of film and television productions, including the 2005 Doctor Who episodes "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances". Also in that year, Hoath was cast to play the regular role of George Fitzgerald in Channel 5's daytime soap Family Affairs, but the show was cancelled weeks after her introduction, the final episode being broadcast in December 2005.

Hoath's last screen credit was a role in the 2008 television miniseries Lost in Austen. In an interview published in Doctor Who Magazine during March 2015, she confirmed she was no longer acting.

In September 2022 Florence and her husband Neil Toon created a children's entertainment YouTube channel, ZinniPops. In March 2024 Florence announced the death of her mother on her Instagram account.

title: Florence Hoath


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Norddeutscher Lloyd

Norddeutscher Lloyd (NDL; lit. North German Lloyd) was a German shipping company. It was founded by Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann in Bremen on 20 February 1857. It developed into one of the most important German shipping companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was instrumental in the economic development of Bremen and Bremerhaven. On 1 September 1970, the company merged with Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) to form Hapag-Lloyd AG.

Establishment of the NDL
The German shipping company North German Lloyd (NDL) was founded by the Bremen merchants Hermann Henrich Meier and Eduard Crüsemann on 20 February 1857, after the dissolution of the Ocean Steam Navigation Company, a joint German-American enterprise. The new shipping company had no direct association with the British maritime classification society Lloyd's Register; by the mid-19th century, "Lloyd" was used as a term for a shipping company (an earlier user of the term in the same context was the Trieste-based Österreichischer Lloyd, originally intended to be modelled on Lloyd's of London).

H. H. Meier became NDL's first chairman of the supervisory board, and Crüsemann became the first director of the company (German Aktiengesellschaft – AG). Crüsemann was in charge of both cargo services and passenger transport, which, as a result of emigration, was growing significantly. The company was also active in other areas, including tugboats, bathing, insurance, and ship repair (the last of which it still provides). The first office of the shipping company was located at number 13 Martinistraße in Bremen.

The company started with a route to England prior to starting a transatlantic service. In 1857, the first ship, the Adler (Eagle), began regular passenger service between the Weser region (where Bremen is located) and England. On 28 October 1857, it made its maiden voyage from Nordenham to London.

Just one year later, regular, scheduled services were started between the new port in Bremerhaven and New York using two steamships, SS Bremen (1858) and SS New York (1858). International economic crises made the start of the NDL extremely difficult, and the company took losses until 1859. In the succeeding years, passenger connections to Baltimore and New Orleans were added to the schedule, and the company first rented and then in 1869 bought facilities on the waterfront in Hoboken, New Jersey.

In 1867–1868, NDL began a partnership with the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which initiated the Baltimore Line; until 1978, this had its own ships. In 1869, Crüsemann died at only 43 years old. From 1877 to 1892, the director of NDL was Johann Georg Lohmann. He established a new policy for the company, emphasizing fast liners. Eventually H. H. Meier and Lohmann fell out over the direction of the company. In 1892, a twin-screw steamship, the company's first, was christened the H.H. Meier after the founder; this helped to heal the breach between them.

Foundation of the German Empire
During the Gründerzeit at the beginning of the German Empire, the NDL expanded greatly. Thirteen new ships of the "Strassburg class" were ordered. A route to the West Indies offered from 1871 to 1874 proved unprofitable, but was followed by a permanent line to the east coast of South America. On the transatlantic route, the HAPAG, the Holland-America Line, and the Red Star Line were now all fierce rivals. Beginning in 1881 with SS Elbe (1881), eleven fast steamships of from 4500 to of the so-called "Rivers-class ocean liner" (all named for German rivers), were introduced to serve the North Atlantic trade.

In 1885, the NDL won the commission to provide postal service between the German Empire and Australia and the Far East. The associated subsidy underwrote further expansion, beginning with the first large-scale order placed with a German shipyard, for three mail steamships for the major routes and three smaller steamships for branch service from AG Vulcan Stettin. It was in fact a requirement of the commission that the ships be built in Germany.

By 1890, with 66 ships of a total, NDL was the second largest shipping company in the world, after the British Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, with 48 ships of a total , and dominated shipping to Germany, with 31.6% of the traffic. NDL was also carrying more transatlantic passengers to New York than any other company, due to its dominance in steerage, which consisted mostly of immigrants. In cabin class, it carried only slightly more passengers than the British Cunard Line and White Star Line. 42% of NDL's passenger traffic was to New York, and 15% to other US ports, but only 16.2% eastward-bound from New York. Its westbound South Atlantic service represented 17.3% of its passengers; eastbound from South America, only 1.7%.

In 1887, the NDL withdrew from the route to England in favor of Argo Reederei, but continued to provide tug services through participation beginning in 1899 in the Schleppschifffahrtsgesellschaft Unterweser (Unterweser Tug Association, now Unterweser Reederei).

Expansion and dominance
H. H. Meyer stood down from the board in 1888; he was succeeded by Friedrich Reck. Johann Georg Lohmann became director of the company; following his death in 1892, Reck stepped down and Georg Plate became chairman. The lawyer Heinrich Wiegand became Director; from 1899 onwards, his title was Director General. He held this position until 1909, and presided over appreciable expansion.

In 1897, with the commissioning of SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Große, the NDL finally had a major ship for the North Atlantic. This was the largest and fastest ship in the world, and the company benefited from the reputation advantage of the Blue Riband for the fastest Atlantic crossing, with an average speed of 22.3 knots. Between 1897 and 1907, the line followed with three further twin-screw and four-funnel steamships of the Kaiser-class ocean liner, of to : SS Kronprinz Wilhelm, SS Kaiser Wilhelm II and SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1906). With these the company offered a regular service across the Atlantic to its docks at Hoboken, New Jersey, across the Hudson River from New York. On June 30, 1900 over 300 Dock workers and people were killed in a fire at the Hoboken docks. So began the "decade of Germans" in transatlantic shipping, in which the NDL and the HAPAG dominated the routes with several record-breaking ships and vied with the British Cunard Line and the White Star Line as the largest shipping companies in the world. In 1902 and 1904, two NDL ships again won the Blue Riband: Kronprinz Wilhelm, now with an average speed of 23.09 kn for the westbound passage from Cherbourg to New York and Kaiser Wilhelm II at 23.58 kn on the eastbound passage. In 1907, RMS Lusitania, and then in 1909, RMS Mauretania (1906), both of the British Cunard Line, won the Blue Riband back for the British, and Mauretania then retained it until 1929.

Between 1894 and 1908, NDL ordered many other freight and passenger steamships from several German yards. These included the Barbarossa-class ocean liner (mode than, for Australia, the Far East, and the North Atlantic) and the Generals class (about , for the Far East and Australia).

NDL in the 20th century
Beginning in 1899, the NDL expanded into the Pacific, acquiring the entire fleets of two small British lines, the Scottish Oriental Steamship Company and the Holt East Indian Ocean Steamship Company, and setting up between 14 and 16 passenger and freight routes in conjunction with the postal service. In 1900, 14 of NDL's passenger ships were requisitioned as troop transports due to the Boxer Rebellion in China; on 27 July, Kaiser Wilhelm II delivered his infamous Hun speech, in which he compared the military of the German Empire to the Huns, at the departure ceremony for the SS Friedrich Der Grosse. This inspired Britain later, when they seized a number of German ships, to rename them to names beginning with "Hun", such as "Huntsgreen" and "Huntsend". In German, these ships were collectively named "Hunnendampfer" (Huns' steamers).

At the beginning of the 20th century, the U.S. banking magnate J. P. Morgan began to acquire a number of shipping companies, including the White Star Line, the Leyland Line, and the Red Star Line, to build a transatlantic monopoly. He succeeded in signing both HAPAG and NDL to an alliance, but was unable to acquire the British Cunard Line, and the French Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT). HAPAG and NDL gave Morgan the largest U.S. rail company, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and so Morgan offered to divide the market. The Holland-America Line and the Red Star Line together divided a contract for the passengers of the four companies. Ruinous competition was prevented. In 1912, the Morgan Agreement was terminated.

In 1907, the Norddeutscher Lloyd's fiftieth anniversary, it had 93 vessels, 51 smaller vessels, two sail training vessels and other river steamers. NDL had around 15,000 employees. Because of the high investment costs and an international economic crisis, the shipping company celebrated at this time but also had considerable financial difficulties.

Despite the financial difficulties, between 1907 and 1910 the company built a new headquarters on Papenburgstrasse in Bremen, the prestigious NDL Building to plans by architect Johann Poppe, who was also the lead interior designer for the company's liners. The building, the largest in the city at the time, was in eclectic Renaissance Revival style with a tower. It was sold in 1942 to Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau and when the company was broken up into its constituent parts after World War II, passed to AG Weser. The building had been severely damaged by bombing and was demolished and a Horten department store built on the site in 1969. The adjacent new shopping mall bears the name Lloyd Passage.

The lucrative North Atlantic route was extremely competitive in this period, with new, attractive ships from other large companies including the RMS Lusitania, RMS Mauretania, and RMS Aquitania, of the Cunard Line, and the RMS Olympic, RMS Titanic, and of the White Star Line. The HAPAG introduced three new vessels of the Imperator class, SS Imperator, SS Vaterland (1913), and SS Bismarck, with a size of 50,000 GRT. The NDL responded with smaller but prestigious vessels such as SS Prinz Friedrich Wilhelm and SS George Washington, and transferred Berlin from Mediterranean service to the New York run. Finally in 1914 the company ordered two liners of the Columbus-class liner; World War I prevented their completion.

In this era of "open borders" to transatlantic travel, the largest passenger group making the transatlantic crossing were immigrants from Europe to the United States, and NDL carried more than any other steamship line. During 1900–1914, the three NDL vessels carrying the most transatlantic migrants, SS Rhein (1899), SS Main (1900) and SS Neckar (1901), each brought over 100 thousand steerage passengers to New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia. The economic downturn following the Panic of 1907 led to a sharp fall-off of migrant traffic to America, only partially offset by increased steerage flows back to Europe, and this was the main contributing factor to "one of the blackest years in the Company's history."

In 1914, NDL employed approximately 22,000 people. Its success thus directly influenced the rapid growth of the city of Bremerhaven, which had been founded only in 1827.

Director General Dr. Wiegand died in 1909, and was succeeded by Director Phillip Heineken until 1920.

NDL's routes around 1907
This is a list of routes served by NDL in 1907.

Europe – America

 * Bremerhaven – New York
 * Bremerhaven – Baltimore
 * Bremerhaven – Savannah
 * Bremerhaven – Galveston
 * Bremerhaven – Cuba
 * Bremerhaven – La Plata ports
 * Bremerhaven – Brazil
 * Genoa – New York

Mediterranean

 * Marseilles – Alexandria

Europe – Asia/Australia

 * Bremerhaven – East Asia
 * Bremerhaven – Australia

Asia / Australia (including coastal routes)

 * Hong Kong – Japan – New Guinea
 * Hong Kong – Bangkok
 * Hong Kong – Bangkok (via Singapore)
 * Hong Kong Straits
 * Hong Kong – South Philippines
 * Penang – Deli
 * Deli – Singapore
 * Singapore – Bangkok
 * Singapore – South Philippines
 * Singapore – Moluccas (on Borneo)
 * Singapore – Moluccas (on Celebes)
 * Shanghai – Hankow
 * Australia – Japan – Manila – Hong Kong

German coast

 * Daytrip service on the Baltic coast
 * Tug service Bremen – Hamburg and Bremen – Bremerhaven
 * Passenger shipping Bremen – Bremerhaven

World War I
For NDL as a civilian shipping line, the beginning of World War I was a trial, as well as a logistical challenge because a large part of the fleet was at sea around the world. However, most ships were able to reach neutral ports. The logistical operations of NDL in Bremerhaven were placed almost exclusively at the service of the German Navy. NDL owned a majority interest in the Deutsche Ozean-Reederei ("German Ocean Shipping Service"), which used U-boats for trade and made some successful Atlantic crossings.

Post war
At the start of the war, the NDL's fleet totaled more than. Under the Treaty of Versailles at war's end, all ships over and half of all units from 100 to  were confiscated. The United States had already confiscated in 1917 the facilities in Hoboken and the NDL ships at the dock there. The prewar NDL fleet no longer existed. The company was left with some small ships totalling. With these the company restarted daytrip passenger service, tug service, and freight service in 1919. The 'flagship' was the 781-ton Grüß Gott. From 1920 to 1939, NDL participated in the Seedienst Ostpreußen passenger and goods service to East Prussia.

In 1920, an air transport subsidiary was founded and soon merged with Sablatnig Flugzeugbau GmbH to form Lloyd Luftverkehr Sablatnig. In 1923 this combined with HAPAG's air transport subsidiary to form Deutscher Aero Lloyd, which on 6 January 1926 merged with Junkers Luftverkehr AG to become Deutsche Luft Hansa A.G., the predecessor of Lufthansa.

In August 1920, the NDL made an agency agreement with the U.S. Mail Steamship Co. (beginning in 1921, United States Lines). This made it possible to resume transatlantic service from Bremerhaven to New York with the former Rhein, now sailing under the US flag as the Susquehanna. The unfinished Columbus had been awarded to Great Britain after the war and was bought in 1920 by White Star, which had lost significant tonnage in the war and also wished to make up for the pre-war loss of the Titanic. Work at Danzig proceeded very slowly. Finally in autumn 1921 the so-called Columbus Agreement was reached, under which the German government and NDL undertook to facilitate rapid completion of the Columbus in exchange for the British government returning ownership to the NDL of six smaller ships which had spent the war years in South America: the mail steamships Seydlitz and Yorck, the Gotha, and the cargo ships Göttingen, SS Westfalen (1905) and Holstein. The company also began to build new freighters and passenger ships and to buy back other ships. In late 1921, service to South America was resumed with the Seydlitz, and in early 1922, East Asian service with the Westfalen. On 12 February 1922, service to New York with NDL's own ships resumed with Seydlitz. The other ship of the Columbus class, the former Hindenburg, was completed in 1924 and named Columbus; she was placed in scheduled transatlantic passenger service.

A brief post-war boom was followed by severe inflation in Germany, despite which NDL continued to expand their fleet. Twelve new ships of between 8,700 and were placed in service for South and Central America and the Far East, then in addition to Columbus three new ships of between 13,000 and  for the North Atlantic (the München, Stuttgart and Berlin), and in 1927 the former USS Zeppelin (1914) was bought back from Great Britain and placed in service as the Dresden.

In 1920, Carl Stimming became director general of NDL, while his predecessor Heineken became chairman of the board. Between 1925 and 1928, the company acquired a number of German shipping companies: HABAL, the Roland Line, and Argo. The acquisition of the Roland Line brought Ernst Glässel onto the board of directors, where he was to have increasing influence. In 1926, the company were once more able to pay a dividend. American credit financed continuing expansion and orders for new ships. In 1929 and 1930, the company put its two largest ships in service, SS Bremen (1928) and SS Europa (1928). With an average speed of about 27.9 kn, both were to take the Blue Riband for the fastest Atlantic crossings. In 1929, Columbus was completely refitted.

From 1928 to 1939, the volume of passengers travelling between the US and Europe declined sharply. In 1928, the NDL transported about 8% of a passenger volume of 1,168,414 passengers; in 1932, 16.2% of the 751,592 passengers transported; in 1938, around 11% of 685,655 passengers. In addition, there was significant new competition from new Italian, French and British superliners: the Italian SS Rex and SS Conte di Savoia, the French SS Normandie , and the British RMS Queen Mary.

The 1929 economic crisis which began in the US affected the German shipping companies. The NDL and the HAPAG therefore entered into a cooperation agreement in 1930, and beginning in 1935, instituted joint operations in the North Atlantic. The first signs of a merger were visible. By 1932, the NDL was in an economic crisis, with about 5,000 employees let go, salary cuts, and red ink. Glässel was dismissed. The government placed both NDL and HAPAG in trusteeship under Siegfried von Roedern, and following the death of Stimming, Heinrich F. Albert briefly became head of the NDL, followed after some eighteen months by the National Socialist Rudolph Firle. Bremen State Councillor Karl Lindemann was chairman of the board from 1933 to 1945. A programme of economic recovery by divestments and restructuring was initiated. HBAL and the Roland Line became independent companies once more, and other lines took over services to Africa and the Mediterranean. The Nazi regime ordered both NDL and HAPAG to relinquish ships to other lines which were to operate in their regions without competition from other German companies, in particular to Hamburg Süd, the Deutsche Afrika-Linien and the Deutsche Levante Linie.

In 1935, the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Potsdam, each with about, were placed in service for the Far East. The modernization of the fleet continued and in 1937 the line made modest profits.

In 1939 the SS Erlangen (1929) slipped out of Lyttelton Harbour (New Zealand) on 28 August, on the eve of World War II, ostensibly for Port Kembla, New South Wales, where she was to have filled her coal bunkers for the homeward passage to Europe. She then headed for the subantarctic Auckland Islands, where she successfully evaded the cruiser HMNZS Leander, and re-stocked with food and wood. The freighter then made a desperate and successful escape, using jury-rigged sails, to Valparaíso, Chile, in South America. She then made her way into the South Atlantic where, on 24 July 1941, she was intercepted off Montevideo by HMS Newcastle (C76) and scuttled by her crew.

In 1939 NDL had in service 70 vessels with a total of, including the sail training vessel Kommodore Johnsen (now the Russian STS Sedov), 3 daytrip ships, 19 tugs and 125 small ships, and employed 12,255, 8,811 on vessels. Nine further freighters were completed after the outbreak of World War II. This entire fleet was either lost during the war or awarded to the Allies as reparations. Columbus had to be sunk in 1939; Bremen burned in 1941; Steuben was sunk in the Baltic in 1945 with the loss of some 4,000 lives; Europa, claimed by France, became the Liberté in 1947.

The Reich was the primary stockholder in the company, but in 1941/42, NDL was once more privatized and cigarette manufacturer Philipp Reemtsma became primary stockholder. Dr. Johannes Kulenkampff, a board member since 1932, and Richard Bertram, a board member since 1937, became Chairman in 1942.

After World War II
At the end of World War II the company's headquarters (which had in any case been sold in 1942 ) had been severely damaged by bombing and all its large vessels either destroyed or seized. It was left with only the freighter Bogotá, which was in Japan. Relicensed by the American military administration on November 29, 1945 as a "coastal shipping and stevedoring company," it started again, as after World War I, practically from zero, offering tugboat and daytripper services. Kulenkampff and Bertram constituted the Board and there were at first only 350 employees. In 1948, the first Hapag-Lloyd travel agency opened. Business initially consisted of emigration and a limited amount of tourism. Beginning in 1949, German companies were permitted to order and to build ships of up to. In 1950, the NDL placed its first post-war orders at the Bremer Vulkan shipyard, the Rheinstein class (, 13 knots).

After the limitations on German shipping imposed by the Allies were lifted in 1951, the NDL commenced building a new fleet. First it bought older freighters (for example the Nabob, a former American auxiliary aircraft carrier) and had new freighters built between 4,000 and and 5,000 and 13,000 DWT, all with names ending in -stein. The line had routes to Canada, New Orleans, the Canary Islands, and beginning in 1953 to the Far East.

Passenger service resumed in 1955 using a rebuilt 1924 Swedish ship, the MS Gripsholm (1925). Renamed Berlin, she was the sixth German ship of that name, the fourth at NDL, and sailed North Atlantic routes. In 1959, the company added the SS Bremen (1957) (formerly Pasteur), and in 1965, the  Europa (formerly Kungsholm), Gripsholm's sister ship bought from the Swedish American Line, with a capacity of 843 passengers. These vessels were first placed in scheduled service to America but soon transferred to cruising. In 1967, the express freighter Friesenstein (21.5 knots) inaugurated the Friesenstein class and replaced Nabob and Schwabenstein. Passenger service was running at an increasing deficit, and the rapidly growing container traffic required cost-intensive retooling in the freight business. In 1968 NDL inaugurated container service to the USA with the Weser-Express; two more container ships were soon added.

Around 1960, NDL had 47 ships, a number that remained almost unchanged until 1970. In 1968, the fleet totaled (in 1970, ) and was the 16th largest shipping company worldwide; HAPAG, with, was the 9th largest. In 1970, NDL had a turnover of 515 million DM and share capital of 54 million DM, and employed 6,200 people, 3,500 of them at sea. In 1967, Claus Wätjen and Dr. Horst Willner, and in 1969 Karl-Heinz Sager, joined the Board. Kulenkampff served on the Board until 1968 and Bertram until 1970. Since the NDL was already executing three quarters of its freight business in association with HAPAG, a merger of the two largest German shipping companies was entirely logical.

On September 1, 1970, the North German Lloyd merged with Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) to form Hapag-Lloyd AG, based in Hamburg with secondary headquarters in Bremen.

On 20 February 2007, a small group of dedicated, former member of the North German Lloyd organized for the 150th anniversary of the foundation of the shipping company a meeting at the Bremer Ratskeller. This event was very popular, so it was decided to carry out in the following years further meetings. – Meanwhile, the meetings take place annually on the twentieth of February in Bremen in the former Lloyd's building – today Courtyard Marriott hotel.

Legacy

 * The new company has Lloyd as part of its name.
 * The Lloyd Werft in Bremerhaven, with its headquarters in the former laundry facility, continues the memory of the NDL.
 * The former company headquarters on Papenstraße was demolished and replaced by a department store in 1969, but the Große Hundestraße on one side of the site was the first street in Bremen to be privatized, and has been roofed with glass to become a pedestrian mall. It is called Lloyd Passage.
 * The Lloyd baggage department building or Lloyd station on Gustav Deetjen Allee at the main station in Bremen, built in 1913 to Rudolph Jacobs' design, became Hapag-Lloyd's secondary headquarters. The NDL's company emblem adorns the main entrance. Almost all company buildings are now in Hamburg and Hanover.
 * The Lloyd Dynamowerke (LDW) in Bremen
 * Buildings in Bremen and Bremerhaven still bear the marks of former use by the NDL.
 * The Bremer Bank, now absorbed by Commerzbank, was founded by Meier to provide financing.

Major people

 * Hermann Henrich Meier, founder and 1857–1888 first Supervisory Board Chairman of the NDL
 * Eduard Crüsemann; 1857–1869 founder and first director of NDL
 * August Hermann Friedrich Neynaber alias HFA or HAF called Hermann Neynaber; (1822–1899) captain of many liners from 1866 to 1881 (Bremen, Deutschland, Donau, Mosel, Kronprinz Friedrich Wilhelm, Rhein)
 * Johann Georg Lohmann, 1877–1892 Director of NDL
 * Hermann Friedrich Bremermann; 1868–1892 Director of the NDL
 * Willy Christoffers; Captain from 1886 to 1900
 * Georg Plate, from 1887 to the Supervisory Board of the NDL, 1892–1911 Chairman of the NDL
 * Dr. Heinrich Wiegand; 1892–1899 Director and 1899–1909 Director-General of NDL
 * Charles Polack, Captain in 1913 of the SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie
 * Dr. Philipp Heineken, Director-General in 1909–1920, 1920–1933 Chairman of the Supervisory Board of NDL
 * Carl Joachim Stimming, Director General, 1921–31
 * Arnold Petzet; from 1906 to 1927 on NDL's board, responsible for transport within Germany, establishment of the cruise sector
 * Ernst Glässel; 1926 member of the Lloyd Executive Board, 1931–1932 Chairman of the Board
 * Dietrich Hogemann, commodore who retired in 1913
 * Paul König, 1911 captain, 1916 captain of the U-boat, 1920–1932 Head of the marine department of the NDL
 * Nikolaus Johnsen, captain in 1924 of Columbus, and in 1930 Europa (III), and commodore of the fleet
 * Leopold Ziegenbein, captain and commodore of Bremen (IV)
 * Oskar Scharf, captain on the Europa (III)
 * Adolf Ahrens, captain and commodore of Columbus and Bremen (IV)
 * Dr. Heinrich F. Albert, 1932–1933 Director General of the NDL
 * Friedrich Johann Gottfried Hubert Paffrath, 1929-1941 Superintendent
 * Karl Lindemann (ex State Council), 1933–1945 Chairman of the Supervisory Board of NDL
 * Dr. Rudolph Firle, 1933–1944. Director General of the NDL
 * Dr. Johnannes Kulenkampff; from 1932 Board Member, from 1942 Executive Board member
 * Richard Bertram; from 1937 Board Member, from 1942 Executive Board member
 * Paul Hampel, director of ship maintenance of the NDL of about 1950 to 1970
 * Heinrich Lorenz, captain of the Berlin (IV)
 * Günter Rössing, captain of the Bremen (V)

Fleet
This is a list of all ships in service of the NDL. Some of the ships were owned previously by other companies.

title: Norddeutscher Lloyd


text:
Izis Bidermanas

Israëlis Bidermanas (17 January 1911 – 16 May 1980 in Paris), who worked under the name of Izis, was a Lithuanian-Jewish photographer who worked in France and is best known for his photographs of French circuses and of Paris.

Biography
Born in Marijampolė, present-day Lithuania, Bidermanas arrived in France in 1930 to become a painter. In 1933, he directed a photographic studio in the 13th Arrondissement of Paris. During World War II, being a Jew, he had to leave occupied Paris. He went to Ambazac, in the Limousin, where he adopted the pseudonym Izis and where he was arrested and tortured by the Nazis. He was freed by the French Resistance and became an underground fighter. At that time he photographed his companions, including Colonel Georges Guingouin. The poet and underground fighter Robert Giraud was the first to write about Izis in the weekly magazine Unir, a magazine created by the Resistance.

Humanist photography
Upon the liberation of France at the end of World War II, Izis had a series of portraits of maquisards (rural resistance fighters who operated mainly in southern France) published to considerable acclaim. He returned to Paris where he became friends with French poet Jacques Prévert and other artists. Izis became a major figure in the mid-century French movement of humanist photography — also exemplified by Brassaï, Cartier-Bresson, Doisneau, Sabine Weiss and Ronis — with "work that often displayed a wistfully poetic image of the city and its people."

For his first book, Paris des rêves (Paris of Dreams), Izis asked writers and poets to contribute short texts to accompany his photographs, many of which showed Parisians and others apparently asleep or daydreaming. The book, which Izis designed, was a success. Izis joined Paris Match in 1950 and remained with it for twenty years, during which time he could choose his assignments.

Recognition and legacy
Meanwhile, his books continued to be popular with the public. Among the numerous books by Izis, Gerry Badger and Martin Parr have especial praise for Le Cirque d'Izis (The Circus of Izis), "published in 1965, but bearing the stamp of an earlier era". Shot mostly in Paris but also in Lyon, Marseille and Toulon, the photographs are "affectionate and nostalgic, but also deeply melancholic" with "a desolate undercurrent", forming a work that is "profound, moving and extraordinary".

Collections of photographs and shows

 * Paris des rêves. Lausanne: Éditions Clairfontaine; Paris: Éditions Mermoud, 1950.
 * Grand Bal du printemps. Lausanne: Éditions Clairfontaine, 1951. With text by Jacques Prévert. Paris: Cherche midi, 2008. ISBN 978-2-7491-1134-6.
 * Charmes de Londres. Lausanne: Éditions Clairfontaine, 1952. Editions de Monza, 1999. With text by Jacques Prévert.
 * Gala Day London. Harvill Press, 1953. With text by twenty-two writers and poets, including John Betjeman.
 * The Queen's People. [London]: Harvill Press, [1953]. With text by John Pudney.
 * Paradis terrestre. Lausanne: Éditions Clairfontaine, 1953. With text by Colette.
 * Izis. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1955.
 * included in The Family of Man, MoMA's international travelling exhibition and publications, 1955-1962.
 * Israël. Lausanne: Éditions Clairfontaine, 1955.
 * Israel. New York: Orion Press, 1958.
 * Le Cirque d'Izis. Monte Carlo: André Sauret, 1965. With text by Jacques Prévert and original artwork by Marc Chagall.
 * The World of Marc Chagall. London: Aldus, 1968. ISBN 0-490-00100-9. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968.
 * Le Monde de Chagall. Paris: Gallimard, 1969.
 * Izis (Israel Biderman), octobre-decembre 1972. Tel Aviv: Musée de Tel-Aviv, 1972.
 * Paris des poètes. Paris: F. Nathan, 1977.
 * Izis. Toulouse: Galerie municipale du Château d'eau, 1978..
 * Rétrospective Izis: 14 octobre-8 janvier, Hôtel de Sully. Paris: Caisse nationale des monuments historiques et des sites, 1988. ISBN 2-85822-079-4.
 * Izis, photographies. Paris: Editions du Désastre, 1988. ISBN 2-87770-000-3.
 * Les Amoureux du temps retrouvé. Treville, 1989.
 * Les Enfants du temps perdu Treville, 1989.
 * Izis: photos 1944-1980. Paris: Editions de la Martinière, 1993. ISBN 2-7324-2016-6.
 * Izis, Captive Dreams: Photographs 1944–1980. London: Thames & Hudson, 1993. ISBN 0-500-54185-X.
 * IZIS, Paris des rèves Paris City Hall, Jan-May 2010. Catalogue published by Flammarion 2010, and online exhibit with HD images on Paris.fr.

title: Izis Bidermanas


text:
Bermejo River

The Bermejo River (Spanish, Río Bermejo ) is a river in South America that flows from Bolivia to the Paraguay River in Argentina. The river is generally called Bermejo in spite of its different names along its way, but it also has its own Native American names; in Wichí it is called Teuco, and in Guaraní it is called Ypitá. In the plains of Argentina's Gran Chaco the Bermejo forms wetlands and splits into two branches. The southern branch is the bed of the old Bermejo River, now an intermittent stream called Río Bermejito. The northern branch is now the main stem of the Bermejo and is called the Teuco River (Río Teuco), Bermejo Nuevo, or simply the Bermejo River. The two branches rejoin at -25.65°N, -60.18333°W, near Villa Río Bermejito, forming the Lower Bermejo River.

The Bermejo River is 1060 km long and has a drainage basin of 123000 km2 in area. Its mean annual discharge is irregular and varies between 20 m3/s and 14000 m3/s.

The river is born in a mountain range known as Sierra de Santa Victoria around coordinates -22.00389°N, -64.95833°W near Tarija, a few kilometres southeast of Chaguaya in Bolivia, and not far from La Quiaca, Jujuy Province, Argentina. In general, it maintains a southeastern direction. At its highest part, its main tributaries are the Lipeo River, and further downstream the Grande de Tarija, the Iruya River, and the San Francisco River. It forms part of the international boundary between Argentina and Bolivia.

The Bermejo is not navigable. In the late 19th century, numerous attempts were made to open up the commercial navigation of the river, but all of them failed, largely due to the river's shallow waters, which carry enormous amounts of sediment. Near the Tropic of Capricorn, the river splits in two; the smaller southern branch, Bermejito, and the northern branch that known as the Teuco River (also called Bermejo or Bermejo Nuevo). When leaving the province of Salta, the Teuco marks the boundary between the provinces of Chaco and Formosa.

The Bermejito, is intermittent and meandering. It crosses Chaco Province near the El Impenetrable jungle. On the shores of this river can still be seen the ruins of the former towns of Concepcion del Bermejo, San Bernardo de Vértiz (-25.13333°N, -61.13333°W ), and La Cangayé (-25.6°N, -60.31667°W ).

The Teuco follows its course to finality and into the Paraguay River, in front of the city of Pilar, in Paraguay.

The river carries red-coloured sediments and produces irregular accumulations that can even alter its course, leaving the older paths as wet depressions.

title: Bermejo River


text:
Ong Teck Chin

Ong Teck Chin (born 1949) is a Singaporean educator. He was formerly the Principal/CEO of Anglo-Chinese School, and resident warden of its boarding school. He is now currently the Principal of Singapore International School of Bangkok Sixth Form.

Education
Ong is an alumnus of Raffles Institution and graduated from the National University of Singapore in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science (with honours) in chemistry. He went on to earn his Doctor of Philosophy in clinical biochemistry at the University of Oxford in 1975 under a Rhodes Scholarship.

Career
Ong became a physiology lecturer at the Faculty of Medicine of the National University of Singapore (NUS) from 1975 till 1991. While lecturing in the NUS, he concurrently held the position of Vice-Principal in ACS(I) from 1988 until 1994, when he was appointed Principal.

Ong has also published papers in international journals on exercise physiology, sports ergonomics and fitness assessments as well as research papers on education. During his reservist days in the Singapore Armed Forces, he received a Merit Award for his essay Discipline and Control in the Military, submitted for the 1989 Chief of General Staff Annual Essay Competition.

In addition, Ong was the chairman of the Broadcast, Publications & Arts Appeal Advisory Committee (BPAAC), one of the committees that advised the Government of Singapore on censorship issues. He was also an executive committee member of the now-defunct Singapore Centre for Teaching Thinking, established in 1998 at the National Institute of Education, as part of the Thinking Schools Learning Nation initiative launched by Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong in 1997. Ong is recognised as a Solemniser of Marriages by the Registry of Marriages, Singapore.

Ong was appointed Principal of Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) in 1994 when his predecessor, Lawrence Chia, stepped down after six years. Ong's appointment was initially controversial, as he was a former student of Raffles Institution, a rival school.

During his tenure as principal, ACS(I) gained the Singapore Quality Award and the Singapore Quality Class in recognition of administrative and educational excellence. Singapore Quality Class (SQC) is the certification for the overall business excellence standard, and the Singapore Quality Award (SQA) is conferred on organisations that demonstrate the highest standards of business excellence. The school received many other awards, such as the School Excellence Award (an award for academic excellence), the School Distinction Award, the Best Practice Awards and many awards at the Odyssey of the Mind (OM) World Finals. Ong also serves as the Odyssey of the Mind Singapore Tournament Director.

Ong was initially the Vice-Principal for pastoral care in the school. This is currently a core component of the school's curriculum. Ong introduced the practice of naming classes after biblical heroes, books or cities in 1997, as well as the practice of dedicating each academic year to an inspirational theme from the Bible.

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme was introduced during his tenure. The school was the first in the Singapore education system to implement the programme. This was a significant step in the reform of Singaporean education system, which had been cited by critics as being too harsh and rigid in its regimen, not to mention its examination-centric approach towards achieving academic excellence.

Ong maintained the school's reputation for strict discipline. He has said: "We have corporal punishment for serious offences. If parents disagree, then they should not have put their child in this school". The Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) publicity material for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme additionally emphasises that IB students guilty of serious violations of academic dishonesty, if male, may be caned.

In 31 July 2016, Ong was appointed principal of Singapore International School Of Bangkok (SISB) Sixth Form and brought many new changes to the school administration, reflecting the styles of teaching in his previous school.

Incident
On 4 October 2010, Ong announced his resignation as Principal/CEO of Anglo-Chinese School.

It was implied that he stepped down for health reasons. However, his resignation came shortly after allegations of inappropriate behaviour towards a male teacher, had been made about him to the ACS Board of Governors. An inquiry committee was formed, comprising members from both the Anglo-Chinese School Board of Governors and the Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) Board of Management.

Tan made statements to The New Paper stating that he filed the complaint because he "wanted justice to be served" and that there were "possibly a few people" involved in this matter. According to a report in The Straits Times, "Mr Tan told The Straits Times that he had e-mail, text messages and recordings to prove his claims of Dr Ong's inappropriate behaviour."

The panel convened found that these allegations were reinforced by their findings: "Dr. Ong Teck Chin has conducted himself in an inappropriate manner and that his conduct has fallen short of the standards expected of a principal". The Board did not state the nature of the allegations.

In a press statement on 22 November 2010, the ACS Board of Governors and the ACS(I) Board of Management said that Ong deeply regretted his actions and had apologised. His last official day of work at ACS was 30 November 2010.

Accolades

 * The Outstanding Young Person of Singapore (Silver) Jaycees International Award in 1975
 * The National Day Commendation Medal (Military) in 1994 in recognition of his contributions to the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)
 * The National Institute of Education Dr Ruth Wong Gold Medal for the Diploma in Education Administration(Secondary)
 * The Public Administration Medal (Silver), awarded during National Day 1997

Personal life
In April 2008, Ong underwent major open heart surgery to correct coronary disease.

title: Ong Teck Chin


text:
Toarcian

The Toarcian is, in the ICS' geologic timescale, an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic. It spans the time between 184.2 Ma (million years ago) and 174.7 ±0.8 Ma. It follows the Pliensbachian and is followed by the Aalenian.

The Toarcian Age began with the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, a major anoxic event associated with marine extinctions and increased global temperatures that sets its fossil faunas apart from the previous Pliensbachian age. It is believed to have ended with a global cooling event known as the Comptum Cooling Event, although whether it represented a worldwide event is controversial.

Stratigraphic definitions
The Toarcian takes its name from the city of Thouars, just south of Saumur in the Loire Valley of France. The stage was introduced by French palaeontologist Alcide d'Orbigny in 1842, after examining rock strata of this age in a quarry near Thouars.

In Europe this period is represented by the upper part of the Lias.

The base of the Toarcian is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the ammonite genus Eodactylites first appears. A global reference profile (a GSSP) for the base is located at Peniche, Portugal. The top of the stage is at the first appearance of ammonite genus Leioceras.

In the Tethys domain, the Toarcian contains the following ammonite biozones:
 * zone of Pleydellia aalensis
 * zone of Dumortieria pseudoradiosa
 * zone of Phlyseogrammoceras dispansum
 * zone of Grammoceras thouarcense
 * zone of Haugia variabilis
 * zone of Hildoceras bifrons
 * zone of Harpoceras serpentinum
 * zone of Dactylioceras tenuicostatum

title: Toarcian


text:
Nathaniel Peabody

Nathaniel Peabody (March 1, 1741 – June 27, 1823) was an American physician from Rockingham County, New Hampshire. He represented New Hampshire as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1779 and 1780.

Nathaniel was born to Jacob Peabody in Topsfield, Massachusetts. He attended local common schools and the studied medicine with his father. In 1761, he removed to Plaistow, New Hampshire and began the practice of medicine. He was to remain a resident of Rockingham County for the rest of his life, but in 1761 he moved his practice to the larger town of Exeter.

Dr. Peabody became active in county affairs and the New Hampshire Militia. He was made a Lt. Colonel in the militia and participated in the early stages of the Revolution including the raid on Fort William and Mary in December 1774. After this event, he resigned his commission, since it came from the crown through the royal government.

Nathaniel was elected to New Hampshire's revolutionary assembly in 1776. He would ultimately serve in the state's lower house in 1776-1779, 1781–1785, 1787–1790, and 1793-1796. Also in 1776 he became a member of the Committee of Safety, which acted as a revolutionary government when the assembly was not in session. In 1777, he was named the Adjutant General of the state militia, and held that post until 1779.

Peabody was named to the Continental Congress on April 3, 1779 to replace Josiah Bartlett who had resigned that post. He served in congress through the 1780 session. He was a member in 1782, when the New Hampshire convention met to create a constitution for the new state, and served as chairman of the drafting committee. Under the new constitution he represented Rockingham County in the State Senate in 1785-1786 and 1790-1793. Although re-appointed to the national congress in 1785 he did not attend any sessions.

During the later years of his life Peabody's support for the revolution caused him trouble. For about twenty years he was confined to the parole limits for debtors at the Exeter jail. He died Exeter in 1823, and was reportedly buried in the Old Cemetery in South Hampton, but the exact location is uncertain.

title: Nathaniel Peabody


text:
Betwa River

The Betwa (Sanskrit: वेत्रावती) is a river in Central and Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna. It rises in the Vindhya Range (Raisen) just north of Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram) in Madhya Pradesh and flows northeast through Madhya Pradesh and Orchha to Uttar Pradesh. Nearly half of its course, which is not navigable, runs over the Malwa Plateau. The confluence of the Betwa and the Yamuna rivers is in Hamirpur district in Uttar Pradesh.

The Indian navy named one of its frigates INS Betwa in honour of the river.

History

In Sanskrit "Betwa" is Vetravati. This river is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with the Charmanwati river. Both are tributaries of Yamuna. Vetravati was also known as Shuktimati. The capital of Chedi Kingdom was on the banks of this river. The length of the river from its origin to its confluence with Yamuna is 590 km, out of which 232 km lies in Madhya Pradesh and the balance of 358 km in Uttar Pradesh. In accordance with an inter-state agreement between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in 1973, Betwa River Board (BRB) was constituted under the Betwa River Board Act, 1976. The Union Minister of Ministry of Water Resources, the Chairman of the Board, the Union Minister of Power, Union Minister of State for Water Resources, and the chief ministers and ministers in charge of finance, irrigation and power in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are its members.

Future
The Betwa River is being linked with the Ken River as a part of the river linking project in Madhya Pradesh. Latterly the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has given its clearance for the Ken-Betwa inter-linking of rivers (ILR) project. Another noteworthy project on the Betwa River is the construction of the Matatila Dam, an undertaking between the states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The region is important for migratory waterbirds. The project to link Ken and Betwa rivers has raised environmental concerns: "Proponents of the project, led by the Union Water Ministry, say that the proposed Daudhan dam and the 2.5 km canal — the key structures of the project — that will transfer surplus water from the Uttar Pradesh section of the Ken to the Betwa in Madhya Pradesh are critical to irrigate nearly 7,00,000 ha in drought-ravaged Bundelkhand. However, environmentalists say that such a dam will submerge at least 4,000 hectares of Madhya Pradesh's Panna tiger reserve, whose tigers were almost lost to poaching in 2009 and have only recently been partially replenished. They allege that most districts in Madhya Pradesh will not actually get the promised water. There are vultures in the region, whose nests will be threatened by the height of the dam."

Dams

 * Rajghat Dam
 * Matatila Dam
 * Parichha Dam
 * Dhurwara Dam
 * Halali Dam

title: Betwa River


text:
Neptunia lutea

Neptunia lutea, commonly called the yellow-puff, is an herbaceous plant in the legume family (Fabaceae). It is native to the United States, where it is primarily found in the South Central region, extending eastward into the Blackland Prairies of Alabama and Mississippi. Its natural habitat is in open areas such as prairies and savannas. It is tolerant of disturbed soil.

Description
Neptunia lutea is a trailing, vine-like perennial. Its stems are covered with soft spines, but is not nearly as prickly as the similar-looking Mimosa nuttallii.

The sprawling stems of this plant branch frequently, with each branch growing as long as 5 ft. Leaves are alternate and stalked, bipinnate, looking much like tiny fern fronds. The flowers are tiny and arranged in a slightly elongated, congested bundle (inflorescence) containing 30-60 flowers each. The unopened bud clusters look much like green bramble fruits. Each individual flower has five minute petals and ten stamens. When the flowers open, the inflorescence looks like a puffy yellow ball, with usually only the long yellow stamens visible. The inflorescence rests solitary at the end of a slender stalk.

Like some Mimosa, the leaves of this plant exhibit rapid plant movement. They will close upon touch, as well as at night and during periods of cloudy weather.

title: Neptunia lutea


text:
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