text:
List of castles in Poland

This is a list of castles in Poland in alphabetical order, based on similar lists compiled by various sight-seeing societies.

B

 * Babice (Lipowiec Castle) Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Baligród Castle – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Baranów Sandomierski Castle – Subcarpathian VoivodeshipBaranów Sandomierski, zamek (HB4).jpg]]
 * Barciany Castle – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Barczewko Castle – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Bardo – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Bąkowiec Castle – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Bełżyce Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Besiekiery Castle – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Bezławki – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Będzin Castle – Silesian VoivodeshipDSC 0519-Enhanced-NR.jpg]]
 * Biała Prudnicka Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Białoboki Castle – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Biały Bór Castle – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Biecz Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Bielsko-Biała Castle – Silesian Voivodeship[[File:02016 Das Schloss der Fürsten Sulkowski, Töpferplatz, Stadtberg zu Bielitz 2016-06-18 19-24-32.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Bielsko-Biała Museum and Castle|Bielsko-Biała Castle]]]]
 * Bircza – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Biskupiec Castle – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Biskupin Castle – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Bobolice Castle – Silesian Voivodeship20140619 Zamek Bobolice 3914.jpg]]
 * Bobrowniki Castle – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Bochotnica Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Bodzentyn Castle – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Bolcz Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Bolesławiec Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Bolków Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Borysławice Zamkowe – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Braniewo Castle – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Bratian – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Breń Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Brodnica Castle – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Broniszów Castle – Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Brzeg Castle – Opole VoivodeshipBrzeg Op.JPG]]
 * Bugaj – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Bychawa Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Bydgoszcz – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Bydlin Castle
 * Bytów Castle – Pomeranian VoivodeshipBytow zamek panorama.jpg]]

C

 * Chałupki Castle – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Chełm Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Chęciny Castle – Świętokrzyskie VoivodeshipChęciny zamek bok.jpg]]
 * Chlewiska Castle – Masovian Voivodeship
 * Chobienia Castle – Lower Silesian VoivodeshipSM Chobienia zamek (2) ID 595719.jpg]]
 * Chocianowiec Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Chojnik Castle – Lower Silesian VoivodeshipChojnik Castle.png]]
 * Chojnów Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Chrzelice Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Chudów Castle – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Ciechanów Castle
 * Ciepłowody Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Cisy Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Copice Palace
 * Czarny Bór Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Czchów Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Czechów – Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Czernina Dolna Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Częstochowa Castle – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Czernica Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Czersk Castle – Masovian VoivodeshipZamek książąt mazowieckich w Czersku 1.jpg]]
 * Człuchów Castle – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Czocha Castle – Lower Silesian VoivodeshipBajkowy Zamek Czocha.jpg]]
 * Czorsztyn Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Czudec Castle – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Czyżów Szlachecki Castle – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Ć

 * Ćmielów Castle – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

D

 * Darłowo Castle – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Dąbrowa Tarnowska Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Dębno Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Dobczyce Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Drzewica Castle – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Dybów Castle – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Działdowo – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Dzierzgoń Castle – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Dzików Castle – Subcarpathian VoivodeshipTarnobrzeg Pałac Tarnowskich.jpg]]
 * Dźwiniacz Dolny Castle – Subcarpathian Voivodeship

F

 * Fałków Castle – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Frombork Castle – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship

G

 * Gdańsk, Wisłoujście Fortress – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Giżycko, Boyen Fortress – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Gliwice Castle
 * Głogów Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Głogówek Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Gniew Castle – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Gola Dzierżoniowska Castle - Lower Silesian VoivodeshipGola Dzierzoniowska (castle).jpg]]
 * Golczewo Castle – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Golub Castle – Kuyavian-Pomeranian VoivodeshipGolub-Dobrzyń, zamek krzyżacki.jpg]]
 * Gołańcz Castle – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Gołuchów Castle – Greater Poland VoivodeshipCastillo de Goluchow, Polonia, 2016-12-21, DD 16.jpg]]
 * Gorzanów Castle - Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Gorzkowice Castle – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Gosławice Castle – Konin, Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Gostynin Castle – Masovian Voivodeship
 * Gościszów Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Góra Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Graboszyce Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Gradówek Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Grodno Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Gródek nad Dunajcem Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Grodziec Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Grudziądz – Grudziądz Fortress, Kuyavian-Pomeranian VoivodeshipGrodziec, zamek.JPG]]
 * Gryf Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship

H

 * Hoczew – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Homole – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Horodło – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Hrubieszów – Lublin Voivodeship

I

 * Iłża – Masovian
 * Inowłódz – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Inowrocław – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

J

 * Janowiec Castle – Lublin Voivodeship05-Janowiec, ruiny zamku.JPG]]
 * Jasna Góra – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Jawor Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Jelcz-Laskowice – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Jurów – Lublin Voivodeship

K

 * Kamienna Góra – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Karpień Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Karpniki – Lower Silesian Voivodeship2016 Zamek w Karpnikach 1.jpg]]
 * Kazimierz Dolny Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Kąty Wrocławskie – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Kędzierzyn-Koźle Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Kętrzyn – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Kliczków Castle – Lower Silesian VoivodeshipPałac Kliczków, mchytrowski 06.JPG]]
 * Kliczków Mały – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Kłaczyna – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Kłodzko, Kłodzko Fortress – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Kowal – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Koło – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Kołobrzeg, Kołobrzeg Fortress – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Konary – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Korfantów Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Korzkiew Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Koziegłowy – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Kożuchów – Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Koźmin Wielkopolski
 * Kórnik Castle Greater Poland VoivodeshipCastillo de Kórnik, Kórnik, Polonia, 2016-12-21, DD 03.jpg]]
 * Kraków – Wawel CastleZespol Wzgórza Wawelskiego 009.jpg (Wawel)]]
 * Krapkowice Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Krasiczyn – Subcarpathian VoivodeshipKrasiczyn od fosy.jpg]]
 * Krasnystaw – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Krobielowice – Lower Silesian VoivodeshipKrobielowice Palac.jpg]]
 * Krosno Odrzańskie – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Krupe Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Kryłów – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Kruszwica – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Krzyżtopór – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Książ Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship20160502 Zamek Książ 6244.jpg]]
 * Kunowa – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Kurzętnik – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Kwidzyn Castle – Pomeranian VoivodeshipBR059055.jpg]]

L

 * Lanckorona – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Legnica – Lower Silesian Voivodeship SM Legnica Zamek (5) ID 593146.jpg]]
 * Lesko – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Lidzbark Warmiński – Warmian-Masurian VoivodeshipLidzbark Warmiński Zamek Biskupów Warmińskich 001.jpg]]
 * Lisów – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Liw Castle – Mazovian Voivodeship
 * Lordship of Hummel – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Lubartów (d. Lewartów) – Lublin VoivodeshipZamek w Lublinie - Muzeum Lubelskie.jpg]]
 * Lubin – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Lublin Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Lwówek Śląski – Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Ł

 * Łańcut Castle, Łańcut – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Łąka Prudnicka Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Łęczyca Castle, Łęczyca – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Łodygowice – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Łownica – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

M

 * Machliny – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Malbork Castle – Pomeranian VoivodeshipZespół Zamku Krzyżackiego MALBORK 01.jpg]]
 * Malec – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Maleszowa – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Melsztyn – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Międzygórz – Holy Cross Voivodeship
 * Międzyrzec
 * Mirów – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Modlin Fortress – Mazovian Voivodeship
 * Modliszewice – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Moszna Castle – Opole Voivodeship7Kat Boch.JPG]]
 * Muszyna – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Myślenice – Lesser Poland Voivodeship

N

 * Namysłów – Opole Voivodeship
 * Nidzica – Warmian-Masurian VoivodeshipZamek w Nidzicy.jpg]]
 * Niedzica Castle in Niedzica – Lesser Poland Voivodeship20140705 Zamek w Niedzicy 7689.jpg]]
 * Niemcza – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Niemodlin – Opole VoivodeshipZamekNiemodlin2017r.jpg]]
 * Niepołomice – Lesser Poland VoivodeshipNiepolomice 05.jpg]]
 * Niesytno Castle – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Nowe nad Wisłą
 * Nowy Korczyn – Holy Cross Voivodeship
 * Nowy Sącz – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Nowy Wiśnicz – Lesser Poland VoivodeshipZamek w Wiśniczu 1.JPG]]
 * Nysa Castle – Opole Voivodeship

O

 * Odrzykoń – Subcarpathian Voivodeship20140619 Zamek Ogrodzieniec 3673.jpg]]
 * Ogrodzieniec Castle – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Okartowo – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Ojców Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Oleszyce – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Oleśnica Castle – Lower Silesian VoivodeshipOleśnica Castle 04 (js).jpg]]
 * Olszanica – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Olsztyn Castle – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Olsztyn Castle – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Oława Castle – Lower Silesian VoivodeshipSM Oława PlacZamkowy15 (11).jpg]]
 * Opoczno – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Opole – Opole Voivodeship
 * Opole Lubelskie – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Oporów – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Orneta – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Osiek – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Ossolin – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Ostrorógu Castle in Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Ostrężnik – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Oświęcim Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Otyń – Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Otmuchów Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Owiesno – Lower Silesian Voivodeship

P

 * Papowo Biskupie – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Pasłęk – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Pęzino Castle – Pomeranian VoivodeshipPęzino.JPG]]
 * Piaseczno – Masovian Voivodeship
 * Pieniężno – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Pieskowa Skała Castle – Lesser Poland VoivodeshipExterior of the Pieskowa Skała Castle (17).jpg]]
 * Pilica – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Pieszyce – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Piotrków Trybunalski - Łódź Voivodeship
 * Płock – Mazovian Voivodeship
 * Płonina – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Podskale – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Polska Cerekiew – Opole VoivodeshipPałac Fryderyka von Opersdorffa, Polska Cerekiew 02.jpg]]
 * Pomeranian Dukes' Castle in Szczecin
 * Poznań – Imperial Castle in PoznańZamek Cesarski w Poznaniu, fasada od strony ogrodu zamkowego.jpg]]
 * Poznań – Royal Castle in Poznań
 * Prudnik Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Przecław – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Przegorzały – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Przewodziszowice – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Przemyśl Castle – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Przezmark – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Przyszów – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Pszczyna Castle – Silesian VoivodeshipZamek, Pszczyna.jpg]]

R

 * Rabsztyn Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Radków – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Radziki Duże – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Radzyń Chełmiński – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Radzyń Podlaski Castle – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Ratno Dolne – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Rawa Mazowiecka – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Recz – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Resko – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Reszel – Warmian-Masurian VoivodeshipReszel - panoramio (12).jpg]]
 * Rembów – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Rogóźno-Zamek – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Rokitnica – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Rożnów – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Rudno (Tenczyn Castle) – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Rusiec – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Rydzyna Castle, near Leszno – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Rymanów – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Rytro – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Rytwiany – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Rzeszów Castle – Subcarpathian VoivodeshipRzeszów, zamek, 1600, 1903-1906 danz 009.jpg]]
 * Rzucewo Castle – Pomeranian Voivodeship

S

 * Sandomierz Castle – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Sanok Castle – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Sianów – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Sieraków – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Siewierz – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Siedlęcin – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Sielecki Castle
 * Skępe – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Skierbieszów – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Słupsk – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Smolajny – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Smoleń – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Sobień, – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Sobieszów (Chojnik) – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Sosnowiec – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Spycimierz – Łódź Voivodeship
 * Stary Dzierzgoń – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Stobnica Castle – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Stołpie – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Strzegom – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Strzygi – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Suchań – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Susiec – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Syców – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Szaflary – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Szamotuły – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Szestno – Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
 * Szczecin – West Pomeranian VoivodeshipSzczecin zamek3.jpg]]
 * Szczecinek, - West Pomeranian Voivodship
 * Szczytna – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Szprotawa – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Sztum – Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Szydłowiec – Mazovian Voivodeship
 * Szydłów – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Szymbark – Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Ś

 * Ścinawa – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Ścinawka Średnia – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Świecie – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Świnoujście, Świnoujście Fortress – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Świny – Lower Silesian Voivodeship

T

 * Taczanów – Greater Poland Voivodeship
 * Tarnobrzeg, Dzików – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Tarnów – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Tenczyn Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Toruń: Teutonic Knights' Castle and Dybów Castle – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Tropsztyn Castle – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Trzebina Castle – Opole Voivodeship
 * Tuczno Castle
 * Tudorów – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Tuligłowy – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Tykocin Castle – Podlaskie Voivodeship
 * Tyszowce – Lublin Voivodeship

U

 * Udórz – Silesian Voivodeship
 * Ujazd – Krzyżtopór Castle – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Uniejów – Łódź VoivodeshipUniejów Castle.jpg]]
 * Uraz – Lower Silesian Voivodeship

W

 * Warta Bolesławiecka – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Wąbrzeźno – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Węgierka – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Wałcz – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Warsaw – Royal CastlePoland-00808 - Castle Square (31215382745).jpg, Royal Castle]]
 * Warsaw – Ujazdowski CastleZamek Ujazdowski w Warszawie 2017b.jpg, Ujazdowski Castle]]
 * Warsaw – Ostrogski Castle
 * Wenecja Castle – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Wieliczka – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Wielka Wieś - Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Wieruszyce – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Wierzchosławice – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Wiewiórka – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Witostowice – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Wleń – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Wojanów Lower Silesian VoivodeshipPałac w Wojanowie - 3.jpg]]
 * Wojciechów – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Wolibórz – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Wołczyn – Opole Voivodeship
 * Wytrzyszczka – Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Z

 * Zabrzeż – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Zagórz – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Zagórze Śląskie (Grodno Castle) – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Załóż – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Zamek Bierzgłowski (Bierzgłowo Castle) – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Zamość – Lublin Voivodeship
 * Zatoń – Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Zator – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Zawada – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Zawichost – Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
 * Zawidów – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Zawiercie – Lesser Poland Voivodeship
 * Ząbkowice Śląskie – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Zboiska – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Zgórsko – Podborze – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Ziębice – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Złocieniec – West Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Złotoria – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship

Ż

 * Żałe – Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
 * Żagań – Lubusz Voivodeship
 * Stary Żmigród – Subcarpathian Voivodeship
 * Żmigród – Lower Silesian Voivodeship
 * Żywiec Castle – Silesian Voivodeship

title: List of castles in Poland


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lebanon under Syrian protection

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 02:51, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Lebanon under Syrian protection
The title of the article itself is NPOV: a lot of lebanese think that Syria didn't enter to protect lebanon, that why there was a Cedar Revolution. There's an other article talking about the same thing: Syrian occupation of Lebanon. (If you want I suggest another article name: Syrian presence in Lebanon). 500LL 09:39, May 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Controversial title. Moving all relevant content from this article and Syrian occupation of Lebanon to Syrian presence in Lebanon, as the nominator suggests, might be worth considering, too. Phil s 10:14, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * merge and rename - this title is wildly POV--Doc (?) 12:37, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV fork. Jayjg (talk) 14:46, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete; fork of Syrian occupation of Lebanon; move any content there, and do not redirect. Antandrus (talk)  14:56, 29 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Revolución 04:15, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and move to Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Notable occupation. Klonimus 08:08, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete — content is non-neutral and redundant with Syrian occupation of Lebanon. The relocation of the page to Syrian presence in Lebanon also seems to be a pasty, non-neutral white-wash. It was a military occupation, not a vacation tour. :) — RJH 18:37, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Under Syrian protection is a very POV title, but so is Syrian occupation of Lebanon.  The move to "Syrian presence in Lebanon" was done by a Lebanese editor and there are many reasons for why this title is more neutral.  The main reason is that no international organization ever called it an occupation, and that many Lebanese Shi'a (which make up 30% of the Lebanese population) are actually very much Pro-Syrian and never termed it an occupation either. Yuber(talk) 19:11, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * First, the dispute over "occupation" and "presence" should be in the talk page of the article. Second, I moved the "Syrian occupation..." to "Syrian presence...", as a step before this issue will be solved and to prevent POV. Personnaly I would prefer the title "Syrian occupation of Lebanon".500LL 20:34, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * How about the title "Syrian military presence in Lebanon"?Yuber(talk) 01:15, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * All talk about the title of the article, Occupation or presence is moved and should be continued in Talk:Syrian presence in Lebanon. This page is only to discuss the deletion of Lebanon under Syrian protection. 500LL 13:01, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete per RJH carmeld1 22:05, 31 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. POV fork. SlimVirgin (talk) 22:25, May 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV fork. JamesBurns 07:42, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete POV title --NEWUSER|CARPEDIEM (talk) 00:02, Jun 3, 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Akihiko Saito

Akihiko Saito (斎藤昭彦) was a Japanese security specialist adviser who was taken hostage by the Jaish Ansar al-Sunna in Iraq in 2005.

Saito's abduction and subsequent death came as a shock to the Japanese public who were surprised to find out that a former member of the Japanese Self-Defence Force was operating as a private security officer in Iraq.

Early life
Prior to entering the French Foreign Legion, Akihiko served in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) in the 1st Airborne Brigade in 1979 before he left in 1981. Akihiko was subsequently recruited into the ranks of the French Foreign Legion on June 1983, serving for 20 years. When he left the Legion, his rank was Chief Adjutant (French: Adjudant-Chef). Saito was notably deployed with the French Foreign Legion's 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment, serving in numerous combat operations in Africa. During his time with the Legion, he was based at Calvi/Corsica.

Abduction
Akihiko Saito had been working for Hart Security Ltd., a Cyprus-based British firm as a security specialist (under contract to PWC Logistics at the Abu Ghraib Warehouse Distribution Center near Baghdad International Airport) since December 2004 until his abduction by armed Jaish Ansar al-Sunna militants. He was ambushed alongside five other foreign contractors (most of them South African). However those foreign contractors were part of a convoy including twelve additional Iraqi security contractors along with five Iraqi truck drivers they were hired to safeguard; in total 23 people were killed in the ambush that took place in the town of Hit and in which Saito was abducted.

He was eventually killed by Jaish Ansar al-Sunna militants, as shown in a video released on the internet.

Aftermath
Video of a dead body was posted online on May 27, 2005, purportedly by the group, along with Saito's identification papers and passport; his identity in the video was visually confirmed by his brother Hironobu Saito, the Japanese Foreign Ministry, the Japanese National Police Agency and Hart Security.

According to Al Jazeera, his presence in Iraq may have been used to legitimize the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraqi soil. His death was condemned by the Iraqi government. The Japanese government had condemned his death, saying that it will do little to hamper JSDF deployment to Iraq.

He was the sixth Japanese worker in Iraq to be taken hostage; two others had been killed and three released. While about 600 JGSDF personnel were in Iraq at any time, none had been killed when they withdrew in July 2006.

The Tokyo Stock Exchange was not affected by the kidnapping with traders saying that it did little or nothing at all to affect the stock market. His abduction fueled more opposition against the Japanese government's plans to send JSDF forces to Iraqi soil, believing that their presence would make them a terror target.

title: Akihiko Saito


text:
Talk:NMS (national security document)

New article to elucidate on the National Military Strategy of the United States. Intended as part of a series of articles on US defense planning and budgeting. --Rev Prez 09:44, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

This page will redirect to National Military Strategy. --Rev Prez 10:15, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:NMS (national security document)


text:
Talk:Leonardo Da Vinci High School

Delete it
Personally, I'd like to see this not noteworthy school stub deleted. -- Toytoy 09:44, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leonardo Da Vinci High School


text:
User talk:ULoad

That you've switched from an anon IP account to a named account doesn't affect the unacceptability of your vandalising the Woman article. If you want to discuss the issue, do so on the Talk page. If you unilaterally change the article for a fifth time, you will be blocked from editing for twenty-four hours.

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Block
As explained above, you have now been blocked from editing for twenty-four hours for your persistent vandalism of Woman. If you disagree with this block, please contact me by e-mail. Mel Etitis ( Μελ Ετητης ) 17:47, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:ULoad


text:
Aargauer Zeitung

Aargauer Zeitung (English: Aargauer Newspaper) is a Swiss German-language daily newspaper, published by AZ Medien Gruppe, Aarau, Aargau.

History and operations

Aagauer Zeitung was created in 1996 through the merger of the Aargauer Tagblatt and Badener Tagblatt newspapers. The paper is edited in Aarau and Baden, Aargau. It produces several local editions, including under the titles Zofinger Tagblatt and Limmattaler Tagblatt.

Since January 2002, Mittelland Zeitung has been the common, core section of the newspaper as well as for newspapers Oltner Tagblatt and Solothurner Zeitung with a circulation of 200,000. .

In 1997 Aargauer Zeitung had a circulation of 118,578 copies.

title: Aargauer Zeitung


text:
Jimmy Governor

Jimmy Governor (c. 1875 – 18 January 1901) was an Indigenous Australian who was proclaimed an outlaw after committing a series of murders in 1900. His actions initiated a cycle of violence in which nine people were killed (either by Governor or his accomplices). Governor and his brother Joe were on the run from police for fourteen weeks before Jimmy was captured and Joe was killed by authorities.

In July 1900, Governor and his accomplice Jack Underwood murdered four members of the Mawbey family and a schoolteacher at Breelong in what was then the Colony of New South Wales. Underwood was captured soon afterwards, but the Governor brothers took to the bush. During the period they were at large, ranging over a large area of north-central New South Wales, the brothers committed further murders and multiple robberies. A manhunt involving hundreds of police and volunteers was initiated, with the Governors occasionally taunting their pursuers and deriding the police.

In October 1900, Governor was wounded and, a fortnight later, captured near Wingham. Four days after his brother's capture, Joe was shot and killed north of Singleton. Governor was tried for murder and hanged at Darlinghurst Gaol in January 1901.

Governor's life and crimes formed the basis for Thomas Keneally's 1972 novel The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, which explored themes of Aboriginal dispossession and racism. Fred Schepisi's 1978 movie of the same name was an adaptation of Keneally's novel.

Family background
Jimmy Governor was born in about 1875 on the Talbragar River near Denison Town, Colony of New South Wales, the son of Tommy Governor (or Grosvenor), an Aboriginal man, and Annie Fitzgerald. Jimmy was the eldest of eight children, with four brothers and three sisters. The children attended a number of different schools as they moved from place to place contingent on Tommy being employed in various bush work.

Governor's father, originally from the Namoi River region, was a hard-working and intelligent man who had arrived in the Mudgee region in the 1850s. His mother had been raised northeast of Mendooran and was the daughter of Jack Fitzgerald, a white Irish stockman, and an Aboriginal mother named Polly, who worked as a house servant. Annie's father died before her birth and she was raised by Polly and her Aboriginal stepfather, a man named Henry. Annie was described as "a half-caste, but had all the manners and customs of the pure black".

In 1887, while mending a dam east of Dunedoo, Tommy found "samples of metal-bearing ore" which he showed to George Stewart, manager of 'Pine Ridge' station. Stewart had them assayed, revealing that they contained silver, after which he took up mineral leases of 70 acres and formed a company of Mudgee businessmen to work what became known as the Mount Stewart mine. In 1888, "the original promoters of the Mount Stewart and Grosvenor leases" presented Tommy, on his departure with his family to the Paterson River district, "with a purse of sovereigns to help the old fellow on his journey". The fact that he had "received no substantial benefit" for his discovery of the "silver field" remained a source of resentment for Tommy.

Following the Governor family's 1888 relocation, Tommy and his sons worked on stations along the Paterson River, west of Dungog. They often received rations only as remuneration. Increasingly, the family were drawn into the Aboriginal reserve system which sought to confine and control indigenous people by separating them from the white population. In January 1890, family members participated in a community event at Gresford, but by the following July they were living under canvas on the St. Clair reserve north of Singleton.

In August 1890, Tommy stabbed another Aboriginal man during an altercation at the Singleton "blacks' camp". He was subsequently tried and convicted on a charge of malicious wounding in the Singleton Quarter Sessions, and was sentenced to three months' imprisonment with hard labour in Maitland Gaol. Following his release, Tommy moved his family westwards back to the Gulgong district, where they set up camp on the Aboriginal reserve in the police paddock, across the creek from Wollar township.

Education and work
Schooling for the eight Governor children was irregular owing to the family's circumstances. Jimmy, the eldest, attended school at Denison Town and Wollar, and possibly also at Gulgong, Coonabarabran and Allynbrook (in the Paterson River district). A former pupil of the Wollar school recalled that Jimmy and his younger brothers Joe and Jackie "could read and write tolerably well". Jimmy was described as a "smart, athletic and cheerful native" and Joe as "rather sullen and morose".

In 1883, when white parents in Yass objected to "aboriginal and half-caste" pupils attending the public school, the local school board decreed that the indigenous children were forbidden to attend. The Minister of Public Instruction, George Reid, upheld this decision after being requested to rule on the case by the teacher at the school. This precedent determined subsequent public education policy in New South Wales whereby local objections were sufficient to preclude Aboriginal children attending a specific school.

In 1890, at age 15, Jimmy was lopping trees on properties in the Dunedoo district. Later he and his brother Joe worked along the Allyn River and in the Singleton district, doing a variety of jobs including fencing, mustering stock and breaking horses. His father's example had given Jimmy a strong work ethic and a sense of independence, and he resolved to work for wages instead of rations or handouts. At his trial Jimmy later stated, "I was never a loafer like some blackfellows", before adding: "I always worked, and paid for what I got, and I reckon I am as good as a white man".

During this period of his life, Jimmy had his first significant adverse encounter with the justice system. In February 1893 he was convicted of "stealing" at Denison Town and received a sentence of one month imprisonment. Other sources describe the offence as "horse sweating" (riding a horse without the owner's permission), a less serious offence than the actual theft of a horse.

By the mid-1890s, with his family living on the Aboriginal reserve at Wollar, Jimmy worked on stations and farms in the district. In July 1896 he enlisted as an tracker with the New South Wales Mounted Police and was stationed at Cassilis. This occupation lasted only seventeen months, with a police officer who claimed to know Jimmy stating he had left after seducing the daughter of a selector. Whatever the reason, soon after his departure a formal inspection of Cassilis police station by Superintendent Atkins revealed "everything in a fairly satisfactory condition except the conduct of the Senior Constable and Constable", which Atkins intended to bring "under the notice of the Inspector General of Police".

After leaving the police, Jimmy returned to Wollar and was engaged cutting wood near Gulgong by Jonathon Starr. Then he worked as a shed-hand on 'Digilbar' station north of Dunedoo, before returning to Gulgong.

Marriage
While Jimmy was cutting wood for Starr, he met fifteen-year-old Ethel Page, who was working at Ryan's bakery in Gulgong township. Ethel had been born in 1882 in the Macleay River district near Kempsey, the eldest daughter of Charles Page and Julia (née Moore). The Page family arrived in the Gulgong district in about 1890, and by 1898 Ethel's parents were living northwest of Gulgong on the Dunedoo-Dubbo road. In August 1898, Ethel became pregnant by Jimmy. The pair married in December in the rectory of St. Luke's Anglican church at Gulgong, with Jimmy wearing a borrowed white cricket suit for the occasion. A later report claimed that the celebrant, Rev. Haviland, had only consented to perform the ceremony "at the earnest solicitation of the girl's mother, who, for reasons which may be understood, wished to save her daughter's reputation". The writer added a further comment: "One naturally wonders what manner of woman the mother was who insisted on uniting her daughter for life to a low-bred savage aboriginal". When Ethel was later asked "if she did not think it would have been better to have remained single rather than marry an aboriginal", she replied: "You might think so, but I was very fond of Jimmy".

Jimmy and Ethel lived in a house in the Gulgong district next to Ethel's parents, where she gave birth to a son named Sidney in early April 1899. Ethel's father didn't approve of the marriage and after the birth he relocated to Dubbo, where his wife and family later joined him. By the end of 1899, after a difficult year of opprobrium and disapproval of his marriage from Ethel's family as well as Gulgong locals, Jimmy determined to move his family away from the district.

Fencing contract
Jimmy had met John Mawbey of 'Breelong West' when he was breaking horses in the Gilgandra district. He made contact with Mawbey, who offered him a fencing contract to commence in January 1900.

Mawbey owned a property known as 'Old Breelong' or 'Breelong West' on the Wallumburrawang Creek at its junction with the Castlereagh River, ten miles southeast of Gilgandra. The locality was once a coaching change-station on the Mendooran-Gilgandra road, and the family's first home was in the old Breelong Inn. By 1900, Mawbey's original selection had expanded to 1,500 acres and a new house had been built north of the old inn. By this stage Mawbey and his wife, Sarah, had nine children. Sarah's younger sister Elsie Clarke also lived with the family. In late January 1900, a 21-year-old teacher, Ellen Kerz, joined the household. 'West Breelong' had been declared a provisional school, so Kerz boarded at the new house and taught the Mawbey siblings, as well as other children from the district, at this location. The Mawbey men slept in the inn while the women and children occupied the new house.

Jimmy and Ethel arrived at Mawbey's property in January 1900, after leaving their young baby with Ethel's parents in Dubbo. Jimmy was contracted to construct three miles of fencing, a job that would take about a year. The Governors made their camp further up the creek, about three miles from the Mawbey home and near where Jimmy would be working. The couple constructed a gunyah at the camp from bark sheets propped against a large log, and laid bark and leaves on the floor for bedding. Mawbey had agreed to supply rations of flour, meat and sugar, but any extras would be charged. The arrangement also involved Ethel working in the house several times a week as a domestic servant.

Grievances
From the outset, Ethel was subjected to ridicule and sarcasm from the women of the household, particularly Kerz, Mrs. Mawbey and her 16-year-old daughter Grace. The comments were directed at Ethel's lowly position as a domestic servant and the fact she was married to an Aborigine. The manner in which she was treated during the day was an issue that festered and became magnified in the ensuing months.

After they had settled at Breelong, Jimmy and Ethel decided to fetch their baby and a subsequent incident seems indicative of the tensions that had developed. Ethel rode to Dubbo on a borrowed horse to collect her child; when she returned to the Mawbey homestead with the baby, it had been raining. The women took the baby to warm it by the fire. While Ethel was unsaddling the horse she watched through the window as the women ridiculed and laughed at the child. Ethel then went into the house, grabbed her baby and walked the three miles to the camp seething with anger.

In late June the Governors received a visit from Jimmy's brother Joe and a friend named Jack Underwood. Underwood was aged about 38 years; he walked with a limp and was blind in one eye. The two traveled to the Redbank Mission near Coonamble to visit family members, then returned nine days later with 80-year-old Jack Porter and the Governor brothers' young nephew, Peter. Joe and Underwood set up their camp about a hundred metres from the Governors' campsite, while Porter and Peter camped another hundred metres further away.

Bitterness towards the Mawbeys increased in Jimmy's mind as the weather turned colder at Breelong. He had complained that Mrs. Mawbey had overcharged him for rations when she compiled the bill. Another grievance arose in early July when Mr. Mawbey rejected about a hundred of the posts that had been split; after negotiation he agreed to pay half-price as "they will do for a cross fence". As the grievances began to pile up and his resentment increased, Jimmy began to fantasise about bushranging. In a statement made after his capture, he said that he, Ethel, Joe and Underwood "were talking about bushranging at night after our work was done", with the discussions taking the form of boastful talk and bravado between the men.

The murders
On evening of Friday 20 July 1900, Jimmy and Ethel were quarrelling at their camp. Jimmy was extremely agitated, accusing Ethel and his brother Joe of being "sweet on each other". When the conversation turned to the subject of the Mawbeys, Jimmy later claimed (in evidence at his trial) that Ethel had goaded him by saying: "They rub it in; they do as they like with you", to which he replied: "You come down and I will see about it". Then, in Jimmy's words: "So we got ready and made off – me and my wife, Joe, and Jacky Underwood". By this stage it was late in the evening, between ten and eleven o'clock. At least two of the men carried weapons: Underwood carried a rifle and a tomahawk and Jimmy carried a boondi (a hardwood club). They had no bullets or gunpowder, so taking the gun suggests that the weapons at this point were being carried for the purpose of intimidation.

The group went first to the old inn, where John Mawbey, his brother-in-law Fred Clarke, and the two eldest Mawbey sons were staying. Jimmy and another man (probably Underwood) approached the inn and called for Mawbey, who came outside. Jimmy asked him for a bag of flour and a bag of sugar, to which Mawbey replied that he would provide them some time the following day.

By Jimmy's account he then returned to where the others were waiting and said to his wife: "I am going to see Mrs. Mawbey about those words she has been saying, I'll make her mind what she is talking about". The group then walked to the Mawbey house in order for Jimmy to confront Mrs. Mawbey. According to Jimmy's version of events, Mrs. Mawbey and Kerz came to the door, at which point Jimmy asked: "Did you tell my missus that any white woman who married a blackfellow ought to be shot? Did you ask my wife about our private business? Did you ask her what sort of nature did I have – black or white?". The women (by Jimmy's account) responded "with a sneering laugh" and he then "struck Mrs. Mawbey in the mouth". Kerz is then quoted as saying: "Pooh, you black rubbish, you want shooting for marrying a white woman". Jimmy then hit Kerz on the jaw, knocking her down. In his own words he then "got out of temper and got hammering them, and lost control of myself."

Jimmy's attack set off a series of chaotic and murderous events. A panel of the front door was shattered by a tomahawk, indicating it had been closed against the assailants. Mrs. Mawbey was mortally wounded by five gashes to her neck and head inflicted by Jimmy. Kerz and 16-year-old Grace Mawbey retreated to an adjoining bedroom where Hilda Mawbey (aged 11) and Elsie Clarke were in bed. Three boys – 'Percy' Mawbey (aged 14), 'Bert' Mawbey (aged 9) and their cousin George (aged 13) – were sleeping in an enclosed verandah and woke to the noise. Jack hid under a bed and Percy went to confront the attackers but was "chopped down" by Underwood as he entered the front sitting room where his mother lay. The door to the bedroom where the women had retreated was smashed in, but Kerz and the two Mawbey girls managed to escape by climbing out a window. However, 19-year-old Elsie Clarke was caught and attacked with a boondi, receiving severe wounds to her face and head.

After they had climbed out the window, Kerz and the two girls started running towards the inn. Jimmy set off in pursuit; he caught up with Kerz and Grace, killing the former and mortally wounding the latter with blows from the tomahawk and the boondi. Hilda was ahead of the other two but stumbled and fell down the steep bank of the creek. Jimmy caught up with her and hit her with repeated blows from his boondi, leaving her head "completely crushed in".

Amidst the chaos and slaughter, young Bert Mawbey managed to slip out of the house. The terrified boy hid in the bushes near the creek for some time before running to the old inn to tell his father what had happened. Mr. Mawbey grabbed his gun and hastened to the house, closely followed by his son Reggie and Fred Clarke. They arrived barely ten minutes after the murders had begun, but the assailants had left the scene. The only family members who remained unscathed were Bert, his cousin George (who had hidden under the bed) and the two youngest children (who had been sleeping in a separate kitchen behind the house). Percy, Hilda and Kerz were dead. Grace lingered for two days before succumbing from her wounds. The children's mother, Sarah Mawbey, had suffered multiple tomahawk wounds and died on July 24. Elsie Clarke survived her injuries but was made permanently deaf from the blows she had received.

A desperate flight
Jimmy and his party gathered back at their campsite before leaving as a group in "a general and desperate flight" (including Porter and the boy Peter, caught up in the panicked situation). Near sunrise Jimmy killed Porter's dog with a boondi to stop its barking and the group stopped and made a fire. Knowing his wife "could not keep up with them", Jimmy told Ethel to make her way with the baby to Dubbo. Ethel walked through the bush until she found the Dubbo road and was intercepted soon afterwards by a group of armed men riding to Gilgandra to join the hunt for the Breelong murderers. She was taken back to the Mawbey property and locked in a room in the old inn. Porter and young Peter also separated from Jimmy and the other men. They were found "cowering in the bush" on 23 July in the Boyben area, twelve miles southeast of Breelong, and taken initially to the Mendooran lock-up.

A hastily convened inquest was held over two days (July 23 and 24) at the Mawbey homestead. Surviving members of the Mawbey family, as well as Ethel and Porter, gave evidence at the hearing. Depositions were also taken from Mrs. Mawbey, who died from her wounds on the second day of the inquest. The jury returned a verdict of wilful murder against Jimmy Governor, Joe Governor, Jack Underwood, Jacky Porter and Ethel Governor. Ethel and Porter were then placed under arrest and locked up at Gilgandra police station.

During the day following the murders, the Governor brothers and Underwood, travelling southeast, reached 'Gramby' station and narrowly avoided discovery by a party of armed men. That evening near Mendooran they met a selector named Ison, who was an acquaintance of Jimmy. Ison had not heard of the murders and when Jimmy "asked for some tucker" he obliged. The next day the three fugitives were sighted by William Davidson, a sleeper-cutter, on ‘Digilah’ station, north of Dunedoo. Davidson fired several shots at the men and they escaped into the surrounding bush. A swag that was left at the scene, when unrolled, was found to contain a tomahawk and boondi, both bloodstained. In making their escape, the Governor brothers either headed in a different direction to Underwood or the older man, partially lame, had failed to keep up with the other two. In any case Underwood found himself alone.

Underwood's capture and fate
On Tuesday 24 July, Underwood, walking without food or blankets, called at William Shaw's selection near Leadville. Claiming his name was 'Charlie Brown', he said he had come from Wellington and hadn't eaten in three days. Shaw suspected his guest was one of the Breelong murderers and provided food and conversation while his wife proceeded to a neighbouring selection to seek assistance. Contact was made with a group searching for the fugitives, who proceeded to Shaw's selection and captured Underwood without resistance. He was taken to the lock-up at Leadville and guarded by civilians (as no police were present at the time). Two days later Underwood, under guard, was taken by coach to the gaol at Mudgee.

Underwood was initially held in custody at Mudgee with the expectation the Governor brothers would be soon apprehended and a single trial held, but when that did not eventuate legal proceedings were initiated against him. On 18 August 1900 he was taken by train to Dubbo and thence to Gilgandra "in which district the principal witnesses reside". He appeared before the Gilgandra Police Court on August 22, charged with murdering members of the Mawbey family and Ellen Kerz at Breelong. Witnesses were examined and evidence presented, and he was committed to stand trial for murder.

Underwood was tried for the murder of Percy Mawbey at Dubbo on 2 October 1900 before Judge G. B. Simpson. The prisoner pleaded not guilty. Ethel and Porter had been held in custody until the day before the trial, but the Attorney-General dropped the charges against them as their evidence was required for Underwood's trial. Ethel gave evidence but Porter and Peter Governor were withdrawn as witnesses, as it was decided they did not understand the concept of an oath. The cousins Jack and Bert Mawbey, who survived the massacre, each gave evidence and stated they had not seen Underwood among the assailants. After an hour the jury returned a verdict of guilty but advised the court that "they could not come to a decision as to who struck the fatal blows on Percy Mawbey". Judge Simpson then passed a sentence of death on Underwood.

Underwood waited months in the cell at Dubbo Gaol before he was hanged on 14 January 1901.

Retribution
On the evening of Sunday 22 July, after the Governor brothers had separated from Underwood, they were spotted at Slapdash Creek, both riding bareback on a grey horse. That night they were given food by Charlie Wade and spent the night in a hut near Wade's house on Tallawang Creek. In the morning they headed east towards the village of Ulan, thirteen miles northeast of Gulgong.

In the early afternoon of 23 July, the brothers arrived at the farm of Alexander McKay at Sportsman's Hollow, two miles from Ulan. McKay, aged 70, was pruning a fig tree near his fence when the two men approached carrying a rifle and a tomahawk. The farmer was mortally wounded by a vicious blow from the tomahawk on the top of his head. The brothers then approached the house, calling out, "We are going to kill the lot of you!" McKay's wife Mary was on the verandah and "made a rush for the door" as Jimmy struck at her with a stick, fracturing her left temple. She managed to get inside, but the Governors broke several windows and eventually gained entry to the house. An 18-year-old woman, Louisa Jonson, was also residing with the McKays. The Governors took money and some clothes before leaving on a stolen horse and saddle. The two women discovered McKay by the fig tree "groaning pitifully". They carried him to the house, where he died soon afterwards.

The murder of McKay was the first instance of Jimmy seeking vengeance for a perceived past grievance. He had spoken of his intentions to Ethel, who later gave police a list of fifteen potential victims for Jimmy's retribution. Now, as a notorious murderer on the run, with the initial police response in relative disarray, Jimmy systematically sought out victims to settle old scores. McKay's wife was in no doubt "the motive of the crime was revenge", stating that “some years ago” her husband had reproached Jimmy "for obtaining food by false representations, when he was eluding arrest on a charge of horse stealing" (probably a reference to when Governor was charged with that offence in 1893).

After leaving the McKay farm, the Governor brothers were sighted by two boys at Byer's house near Ulan, where they took a horse (so now both brothers had mounts). Near the junction of the roads to Wollar and Cassilis, the brothers spoke to two Indian hawkers and asked them "to obtain a supply of ammunition" and leave it at a location near Wollar, adding that they intended to murder Harry Neville. That night the brothers went to Neville's 'Crowie' run north of Wollar, but he had already left having suspected he might receive a visit. The brothers broke into the empty house and stole a saddle and a gun.

The following day, Tuesday 24 July, instead of going to the proposed ammunition drop-off location (where the police were waiting) the Governor brothers headed further east. At mid-morning they arrived at Michael O'Brien's selection at Poggy, about eighteen miles southwest of Merriwa. O'Brien's wife Elizabeth, her teenaged son James and a nurse, Catherine Bennett, were sitting in the detached kitchen behind the house. Elizabeth was heavily pregnant and Mrs. Bennett was staying with her to assist with the birth. The brothers suddenly appeared at the kitchen door; Mrs. O'Brien said, "What do you want?" and Jimmy replied: "You speak civil. Surrender, or I will shoot you". With these words, Jimmy fired his gun at the women. Elizabeth and Bennett were shot several times, the former also struck by Joe's tomahawk, inflicting a fatal blow. Jimmy broke the rifle stock by using it to beat James to death. The Governors then ransacked the house, taking money, clothes and boots. On a blank cheque form they wrote: "You dog, I shoot you also". Bennett was still alive, shot with a bullet that entered her collarbone and passed through her chest. She staggered from the kitchen after her assailants had left and found Michael O'Brien, who walked to a neighbouring selection to send a rider to alert police in Merriwa. By the time the troopers had arrived, the Governor brothers Jimmy and Joe Governor had long departed, but Bennett had been laying for six hours in the bush suffering from exposure.

The supposed motive behind the attack at the O'Brien selection was a longstanding grudge held by Jimmy. Years beforehand, during a cricket match being played at Wollar, "Jimmy made a pest of himself" and O'Brien "gave him a ducking in the creek to quieten him down a bit".

On 25 July a notification was published offering a reward of two hundred pounds "for the apprehension" of each of the offenders, Jimmy Governor and Joe Governor. The notice referred to the murders "by aboriginals" at Breelong and the subsequent inquest which returned a verdict of "wilful murder" against Jimmy Governor, Joe Governor, Jack Underwood, Jack Porter and Ethel Governor.

The following day, the Governor brothers broke into an empty house belonging to Thomas Hughes, stealing a Winchester rifle and ammunition. Now in the vicinity of Wollar, they headed to Kieran Fitzpatrick's farm. Jimmy believed Fitzpatrick had poisoned his dogs years beforehand, so his was another score to settle. Fitzpatrick, aged 74, lived with his 23-year-old nephew Bernard. At mid-morning, after Bernard went to his brother's nearby, the Governors took their opportunity. Jimmy approached the house and called for Fitzpatrick, who came out with his rifle ready. Joe fired from a hiding place, hitting the old man in the shoulder. Jimmy rushed at him with an axe and struck him twice on the head. Bernard heard the shot that had been fired and returned to see the Governors still there and his uncle dead. He fired a shot at the murderers and then ran to Wollar for help.

Atmosphere of terror
A week after the murders at Breelong it was reported that "considerably over 100 police, together with twelve black trackers" were searching for the Governor brothers. It was proposed to swear in a number of special constables, with "bushmen who knew the country well" being preferred. The Colonial Secretary stated that the law authorising the colonial government to declare the murderers to be outlaws had expired, "otherwise they would have been immediately 'outlawed'" A broad region of New South Wales, lying between the Northern and Western railway systems "within the boundary of lines drawn between Gilgandra and Muswellbrook on the north and Mudgee and Newcastle on the south", was now on high alert. The resources of every police station within that area were being called upon. It was reported that business "on the farms or in the shops is practically at a standstill, and those who are not engaged in the active work of search and pursuit spend their time in speculation and discussion of the tragedies and their perpetrators". Settlers moved out of their homesteads in fear of the Governors, with women and children brought together in towns for safety while many of the men joined the pursuit.

After the Fitzpatrick killing outside Wollar, and the fact that the Governors' mother and younger siblings were living on the Aboriginal reserve at Wollar, the township became a focus of attention by the police and the colonial press. A visitor in late July noted: "When we rode into the town we met men armed to the teeth, riding round looking out sharply for any sign of the blacks". The police had brought all the local aborigines into the township in order to keep them under surveillance. At night they were locked up in a hall which had been "appropriated for their accommodation". Such was the fear and panic in the Wollar district that "families from up and down the Wollar Creek have flocked into town, and every available place is crammed with humanity".

A visitor to the Merriwa and Cassilis district in late July recounted that "the people are terror-stricken for miles around, and nearly every person is carrying firearms in fear of meeting the blacks". It was stated that every hut and house in the Wollar Ranges district "has been vacated" and it was "next to impossible to obtain a bed" at any of the hotels in Merriwa or Cassilis. Outlying settlers in the Coolah district were reported to have "deserted their houses, and are stopping in the town at hotels, and private houses are packed". It was observed that local stores had completely sold out of rifles. Jimmy had frequently been in Coolah and it was feared he would "visit persons with whom he has quarrelled".

Manhunt
On July 29, a Chinaman's hut was robbed near Gulgong. The following day, the Governors were seen at Two-mile Flat, twelve miles from Gulgong. Later they were camped near the village of Yamble when a party of pursuers surprised them while they were preparing a meal. The tracks of the fugitives were lost at the Cudgegong River near Goolma, and for about a week no information of their whereabouts was obtained. By this time large numbers of police and civilian volunteers had joined the search, including six black trackers from Queensland under the charge of Sub-inspector Galbraith of Ipswich.

Over the next three months the Governor brothers, styling themselves bushrangers, carried on a series of break-ins, robberies and assaults. They showed great skill, ingenuity and bush craft in eluding their pursuers. The manhunt that got underway to capture them was reputedly Australia's largest, estimated to have involved over 200 police and trackers and about 2,000 armed civilian volunteers.

The reward was increased on 25 September 1900 to £1,000 each. As the brothers outwitted and even taunted the police and trackers hunting them, public pressure grew for the police to capture them. The government instituted a process on 2 October 1900 to proclaim the brothers outlaws so that, when they failed to appear at a police station by the afternoon of 16 October 1900, they could legally be shot and killed on sight. They were proclaimed outlaws on 23 October 1900, the last persons to be so declared in New South Wales.

On Friday 12 October, Constable Richard Harris, a Sydney police officer stationed at Ashfield, and a tracker named Landsborough were occupying the hut of a selector named O'Doherty, three miles from Yarras at the junction of the Hastings River and Lahey's Creek. At about four o'clock in the afternoon, they heard movements outside and then saw a rifle flash as Harris was hit in the hip by a bullet fired through an opening between the slabs. The bullet passed through his flesh and struck the wall of the hut. Harris and Landsborough rushed outside and saw the brothers running towards the creek "and dodging from tree to tree". Shots were exchanged and Harris claimed to have hit Jimmy. Harris bandaged his wound and walked to a nearby selection, from where he was taken to Port Macquarie for medical treatment.

On the following day, the Governor brothers were following the Forbes River. Three men were stationed in a house on Edward Coombe's selection at Big Flat, placed there by the police in anticipation of a visit by the fugitives. Two of the men were Herbert Byers, a kangaroo shooter from Ulan, and Robert Wood from Mudgee, both of whom had been involved in the hunt for the brothers since late-July. At mid-afternoon the brothers were sighted descending the ridge from the south and onto the flat where the house was located. They approached the house slowly, moving from cover to cover, until they were within 60 yards. Wood and Byers held their fire, expecting them to come even closer. Suddenly the two fugitives became alarmed and "made a bolt", running to the south. At about 140 yards from the house, as Jimmy stopped to look back, Byers took a shot through a crack in the wall. Jimmy fell and rolled over; the bullet had hit his mouth and passed through his cheek, knocking out four of his teeth. Wood also fired, the shot passing through the flesh of Jimmy's buttock. Byers and Wood ran from the house, exchanging fire with Joe. Jimmy raised himself, stumbled and fell again, but eventually he and his brother escaped into the surrounding forest. Byers and Wood followed for about half a mile but discontinued the chase as the light began to fade.

With Jimmy wounded, he and Joe camped in the bush for the next three days. On the evening of Tuesday 16 October, ten miles from where Jimmy had been wounded, the Governors stuck up 19-year-old William Coombes as he was chopping wood on his family's selection on the Forbes River. They took him at gunpoint to William's uncle's selection about a mile away and asked him to go to the house and "get some tucker", saying they would meet him "on the opposite side of the river". The house was being guarded by a Constable Dolman and others, and the policeman "prevented young Coombes returning to the murderers with food" and also made the decision not to search for the brothers in the dark. Coombes reported that Jimmy's condition as weak and he was not able to walk fast. His bottom lip was cut and hanging down, his tongue was swollen and his face and mouth were bandaged.

The following day, Wednesday 17 October, the Governors were sighted near George Branston's house on the Hastings River, two miles west of Yarras. Constable Young and a tracker were stationed in the house. Joe Governor was on the opposite bank and Jimmy was in the riverbed when Young and the tracker started firing at them. In the chaos of the shootout, the brothers became separated. In Jimmy's words: "Joe ran away down the other side of the river, and that was the last I saw of my brother". The police strategy of occupying houses and denying the outlaws opportunities for obtaining food had achieved some significant results.

Jimmy Governor's capture
After he was separated from his brother, Jimmy walked across the mountains further to the south. Joe was travelling in the same direction, but he kept moving whereas Jimmy remained in the district around Bobin. Jimmy was in a weakened state, barely able to eat due to the wound in his mouth; in his own words, after being shot he had "nothing to eat for 14 days but honey and water". He had a Winchester rifle, but only two bullets. For about a week he remained hidden near Bobin, dispirited and looking for food to scrounge.

On Friday 27 October, John Wallace, the postmaster at Bobin, was camped on his selection on Bobin Creek, a mile and a half from the village. After returning from a visit to a neighbour at mid-afternoon, Wallace found that his tucker-bag and billy were gone. Suspecting he had been robbed by one of the Governors, Wallace caught his horse and returned to Bobin, after which he walked back through the scrub on the opposite bank of the creek and lay concealed, watching his campsite from a distance of about 60 yards. At dusk, in Wallace's words: "I saw a darkey come walking leisurely along to the fire". After ascertaining that the man intended "to make the fire his camping place for the night", Wallace returned to the village and gathered a party of seven other men. After planning their hiding-places so none could be hit by crossfire, the men took their positions by about 3.00am Saturday morning and waited for daybreak.

Just on daylight Jimmy stood up, fifty yards higher up the creek than expected and only 20 yards from where one of the party, Tom Green, was stationed. When Green called out "surrender", Jimmy grabbed his rifle and started running up the creek, with Green and Wallace in pursuit and firing with breechloading shotguns. After a chase of about 200 yards, with the others in the party closing in and firing, the outlaw finally fell when Green shot him in the thigh. Two members of the party were sent to Wingham to report the capture to the police. Jimmy laid "as if insensible" for over an hour, after which he began to move. Leaning on his elbow, he said: "I give you fellows credit for catching me. The - police could not run down a poddy calf". Wallace returned to Bobin to get a spring-cart while the others carried their prisoner to the road, and Jimmy was taken by cart to Wingham. Jimmy's captors had fired at him with slugs and shot, so his wounds on this occasion were mainly superficial. In all forty pellets were extracted from his body.

On Tuesday 30 October, Jimmy was brought before the Police Magistrate at Wingham and charged with the murder of Ellen Kerz. Evidence at the hearing was mainly concerned with formal identification of the prisoner and accounts of admissions by Jimmy of having committed the crimes at Breelong. When asked if he wished to question the witnesses, "Jimmy replied in the negative by quietly shaking his head". The police superintendent then formally applied for the remand of the prisoner to Sydney, which was granted. On 2 November Jimmy Governor was conveyed to Sydney aboard the steamer Electra. During the voyage he "occupied the time in playing cards with his custodians". Electra arrived in Sydney on the following evening and Jimmy was taken to Darlinghurst Gaol.

Joe Governor's death
On the night of Tuesday 30 October, John Wilkinson of 'Glenrock' on Talbrook Creek was walking across his paddock towards his brother George's residence when he noticed a fire burning in a nearby gully. Later that night, Wilkinson and his brother, with just one rifle between them, went to investigate. The country near the fire was "very rough and precipitous, although not heavily timbered". When they got near, they could see a man asleep beside the fire. While his brother withdrew to the top of a hill to keep watch, Wilkinson, with the rifle, worked his way forward taking advantage of available cover as day began to break. Finding himself only about fifteen yards away, he decided that "hesitating might mean disaster" and so he ran towards the sleeper calling out "surrender". Joe Governor jumped up and Wilkinson fired, but "the cartridge hung fire" and the bullet missed. Joe grabbed for his rifle but was unable to reach it as Wilkinson charged forward, "so the fugitive darted away for dear life". Wilkinson chased Joe through the hills and ravines, firing several times but missing on each occasion. Eventually, with Joe about 120 yards distant, Wilkinson stopped and went down on one knee, took careful aim and fired. With that shot, Joe fell dead over the bank of the creek.

Jimmy Governor's trial and execution
Jimmy was arraigned before Judge Owen at the Sydney Central Criminal Court in Darlinghurst on 22 November 1900, charged with the murder of Ellen Kerz. He was defended by Francis S. Boyce, who immediately moved for the acquittal of the prisoner based on the fact that he was a declared outlaw and hence "the accused is not able to plead and defend himself against the indictment" (in effect, already guilty in the eyes of the law). The judge disagreed, holding that the object of the declaration of outlawry was to bring about the person's capture "for the purpose of putting him on trial". The jury returned a verdict in accordance with the judge's direction and was discharged. Another jury was then empanelled to try the case based on the evidence.

Testimony for the prosecution on the first day of the trial was given by John Mawbey, followed by Mawbey's nephew George and son Albert (who had been in the house during the murders). Ethel also gave evidence, together with a number of other witnesses. The case for the defence on the following day consisted of a written statement that Boyce requested be read on behalf of the accused as he "cannot read well". The prosecutor objected to this and the judge ruled that the statement "must be given orally" by the prisoner. Governor then read his statement to the court. After both counsels' closing addresses and a summing up by Judge Owen, the jury retired and returned after just ten minutes to return a verdict of guilty on the charge of murder. The prisoner was then asked if he had anything to say as to why the Court should not pass a sentence of death upon him. Jimmy "grasped the iron railings of the dock as he stood and shook his head"; after drinking water from a pannikin handed to him by an attendant constable, he "said in a weak voice, 'No, nothing'". Judge Owen then sentenced the prisoner to be hanged.

After almost three and a half months in his cell at Dubbo Gaol, Jack Underwood was hanged on 14 January 1901. After the execution the hangman, Robert ('Nosey Bob') Howard, travelled back to Sydney to supervise the hanging of Underwood's partner in the Breelong murders. Jimmy Governor was hanged on the morning of 18 January 1901 at Darlinghurst Gaol. The certifying doctor was Robert T. Paton.

Aftermath
A little more than a month after Jimmy's execution, wax figures of "Joe and Jimmy Governor and their victims" were exhibited at The Waxworks at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia.

After she was released from gaol prior to Underwood's trial in October 1900, Ethel Governor and her child were admitted to a charitable institution in Sydney. She visited her husband in prison on a number of occasions prior to his execution. Ethel was pregnant and gave birth to a daughter in April 1901 at Wollongong. In November that year she married a part-Aboriginal man, Frank Brown, prompting racist comments in the press. One article declared: "The second marriage is just as repulsive as the first, for the bride groom is a half-caste, and in spite of all her faults the woman is white"; the article concluded that the "inevitable consequence" of the marriage "will be the completion of the damnation of her soul, and addition to the piebald of 'A White Australia'". Ethel and Frank had eleven children. Ethel outlived her second husband; she died in October 1945 and was buried in Rookwood cemetery.

Murder victims

 * Sarah Mawbey, wife of John Mawbey (Breelong, 24 July)
 * Ellen Kerz, schoolteacher (Breelong, 20 July)
 * Grace Mawbey, 16-year-old daughter of John and Sarah (Breelong, 22 July)
 * Percival Mawbey, 14-year-old son of John and Sarah (Breelong, 20 July)
 * Hilda Mawbey, 11-year-old daughter of John and Sarah (Breelong, 20 July)
 * Alexander McKay, property-owner (near Ulan, 23 July)
 * Elizabeth O'Brien (near Merriwa, 24 July)
 * James O'Brien, baby son of Elizabeth O'Brien (near Merriwa, 24 July)
 * Keiran Fitzpatrick, property-owner (near Wollar, 26 July)

Cultural influence
The founding headmaster of The Southport School, the Rev (later Rt Rev) Horace Dixon, was nicknamed 'Jimmy' by the schoolboys in 1903 after Governor, and was known as 'Jimmy' for the rest of his life.

The story of the Governors was adapted for radio in 1934 as an episode of the series Outlawry Under the Gums but the episodes were cancelled out of fear of offending the Aboriginal community.

The life and crimes of Jimmy Governor was the basis for Frank Clune's book Jimmy Governor (1959) and Thomas Keneally's 1972 novel The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith, which was filmed by Fred Schepisi in 1978.

Governor was also the subject of Australian poet Les Murray's poem "The Ballad of Jimmy Governor".

In September 2021, a 3-part Australian crime podcast called The Last Outlaws was released, detailing the brothers' story. It was produced by Impact Studios at the University of Technology Sydney. It was made in collaboration with descendants of the Governor family, the Jumbunna Institute for Indigenous Education and Research and the UTS Faculty of Law.

title: Jimmy Governor


text:
Chris Hamrick

Christopher Hamrick (born October 21, 1966) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his stint in ECW, though he is also known for his appearances in WWE, TNA and throughout the independent circuit.

Early career
Hamrick began watching wrestling as a child. He made his professional debut at the age of sixteen in a promotion operated by his father, facing Alvin Melton in Mooresboro, North Carolina. Hamrick wrestled on the independent circuit for several years.

In 1994, Hamrick wrestled several televised matches as an enhancement talent for the World Wrestling Federation, working with the likes of Razor Ramon, Owen Hart, Billy Gunn, Jeff Jarrett and others.

Although he did not win many matches at the big time level, he did in the independent circuit. Hamrick went to the IWWA, often to team up with Tommy "Wildfire" Rich and had memorable matches against Rock Parsons and Ivan Koloff. Later he teamed up with Rock to go against Lord Zoltan and Chief Jay Eagle . Hamrick went on to wrestle for Smoky Mountain Wrestling before returning to the independent circuit.

Extreme Championship Wrestling (2000–2001)
Hamrick wrestled a tryout match with Extreme Championship Wrestling on May 25, 2000 in Columbia, South Carolina, and remained with the promotion until it declared bankruptcy in April 2001. In ECW, Hamrick was known as "Confederate Currency" Chris Hamrick and was part of the stable known as Hot Commodity with EZ Money, Elektra and Julio Dinero.

Back to the independent circuit (2002–present)
In 2002, Hamrick made several appearances with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, wrestling under a mask as the luchadore character Crimson Dragon. In 2002 and 2003, he frequently wrestled for Xtreme Pro Wrestling, where he formed a tag team with Tracy Smothers known as Southern Comfort, also having a long-running feud for the TV title with Kaos and The Enterprise.

In 2003, Hamrick toured the UK with Frontier Wrestling Alliance. He won the All-England Championship after defeating the Zebra Kid, later on he lost the championship to Jonny Storm. In 2006 he returned to work in the UK, this time Hamrick worked full time for One Pro Wrestling.

On 28 July 2005, Hamrick returned to work for WWE in an episode of WWE SmackDown, he wrestled for the tag team championships when he teamed up with Chuck Szili in a losing effort against Heidenreich & Road Warrior Animal. In early 2006 he worked two matches on WWE Heat. On the August 20, 2007, episode of WWE Raw, Hamrick made an appearance as a fake version of Triple H, in which he placed a crown on King Booker's head during a royal ceremony, leading up to Booker's match with Triple H at SummerSlam.

Hamrick was featured on Wrestling Society X's first episode on MTV, getting into an argument with fellow ECW alumni New Jack, then getting eliminated by him in the WSX Rumble later that night. Despite both of them getting eliminated from the bout, Hamrick took an elbow drop from New Jack off the top of a truckbed through a table. At HCW: Beg 4 Mercy 2007 in April, Hamrick returned to Mooresboro, NC and defeated New Jack in an Extreme Weapons Match. Three months later, Hamrick won the HCW Triple Crown Championship after defeating Axl Knight, Wicked, and Shea Shea McGrady in a Four Way Dance at HCW's Cold Blooded and hardcore event. In March 2008, Hamrick was stripped of the title. On June 14 at Underground Revolution 2008, Hamrick defeated the current champion, Shea Shea McGrady, to reclaim the title.

One of his most recent matches took place in February 2015 in Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling. Hamrick lost to Johnny Swinger.

On December 29, 2018, Hamrick was involved in a War Games style match for the Eastern Wrestling Federation in Forest City, NC. The stipulations for the match stated that if Hamrick’s team won, a competitor by the name of Chase Lovelace (of the opposing team) would leave the company, but if Hamrick’s team lost, Hamrick would leave the company. Ultimately, Hamrick’s team lost and he was forced to leave the company.

Professional wrestling style and persona
He used "Good Ol' Boys" by Waylon Jennings as his theme song.

Championships and accomplishments

 * All Pro Wrestling
 * APW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * APW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Dave Jericho
 * All-Star Championship Wrestling
 * ACW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * ACW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * ACW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * Appalachia Pro Wrestling
 * APW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Mike Preston
 * Assault Championship Wrestling
 * ACW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Big Time Wrestling
 * BTW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Champions With Attitudes Pro Wrestling
 * CWA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * CWA Carolinas Championship (1 time)
 * Cleveland All-Pro Wrestling
 * CAPW North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Julio Dinero
 * CAPW Unified Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * Delaware Championship Wrestling
 * DCW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Fantasy Pro-Wrestling Federation
 * FPWF United States Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * FPWF United States Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Jeff Hamrick
 * Frontier Wrestling Alliance
 * FWA All-England Championship (1 time)
 * Hardcore Championship Wrestling
 * HCW Triple Crown Championship (2 times)
 * Heritage Wrestling Alliance
 * HWA Tri-States Championship (1 time)
 * Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South
 * IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Tracy Smothers
 * International Wrestling Cartel
 * IWC Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Tracy Smothers
 * MainStream Wrestling Entertainment
 * MSWE Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Hardcore Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Mid-Atlantic Junior Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * National Wrestling Alliance
 * NWA Ohio Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * New Era Pro Wrestling
 * NEPW Triple Crown Championship (3 times)
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * PWI ranked him #203 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in 2003
 * Premier Wrestling Federation
 * PWF Universal Championship (1 time)
 * PWF Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling Federation
 * PWF Eastern States Championship (1 time)
 * PWF Southeastern Championship (1 time)
 * PWF Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Ripper
 * Union of Independent Pro Wrestlers
 * UIPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * United States Wrestling Federation
 * USWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Other titles
 * CCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * EPW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * EWF Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * RPW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * SCW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
 * SWA Tag Team Championship (1 time)

title: Chris Hamrick


text:
Talk:List of kigo

Ume blossom photos

Image:Ume.jpg New photo - Plum blossoms (ume), one of the many different flowers used as spring kigo

 * Image:Plum_flowers.jpg shows plum blossoms, not ume blossoms. The flower stalks are too long to be ume. Image:Ume.jpg shows ume blossoms. --163.139.215.193 16:00, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Scope of this article?
In the absence of any indication to the contrary, it seems reasonable to assume that this "list of kigo" should ideally be a complete list. It should be made clear in the lead, in accordance with Lists, just what the scope of the list is. If it is indeed the aim to make a complete list, then this is much complicated (and perhaps rendered impossible) by the inclusion of "international kigo" as well as Japanese ones. While there is a large number of Japanese kigo, most of which are clearly defined as to their seasonality, to list them would perhaps not be a superhuman task; but once the task is widened to include "all international kigo", then its feasibility must be called into question. A spring phenomenon in one place is a summer one in another; there are innumerable culturally-specific season-signifiers around the globe; climate in many parts is not neatly arranged into four seasons on the Japanese model.

At the moment the article seems to be neither one thing nor another. If the aim of this article is not to be an exhaustive list (even of just Japanese kigo), then its reason for existing may be questionable. There is already a representative sample of Japanese kigo in the kigo article.

I'd appreciate if editors interested in this article joined the discussion. Thanks. --Yumegusa (talk) 13:08, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. A list of "seasonal words" or something seems fine, but "non-Japanese kigo" seems a bit odd. Kigo is a Japanese concept related to the use of words in haiku. In English, iIt's not a general term for words associated with seasons all over the world. This article seems quite flawed to me too. Cheers, Nesnad (talk) 03:41, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree too. Rosebowl parade?  Dominion day?  These are not kigo-related.  Exploding Boy (talk) 23:45, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay, in view of the consensus expressed, I'll start excising references to non-Japanese items from the article. The question remains whether this "list" is a viable article, even if it deals only with Japanese kigo. --Yumegusa (talk) 01:03, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Merge?
Kigo already includes a list of kigo, and WP:NOTDICTIONARY says we shouldn't have independent pages that simply list words. elvenscout742 (talk) 14:11, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of kigo


text:
National Military Strategy (United States)

The National Military Strategy (NMS) is issued by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a deliverable to the secretary of defense briefly outlining the strategic aims of the armed services. The NMS's chief source of guidance is the National Security Strategy document.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), in consultation with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands (CCMDs), the joint staff and the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), prepares the National Military Strategy in accordance with U.S. Code, Section 153, which requires that not later than February 15 of each even-numbered year, the chairman submits to the Senate Committee on Armed Services and the House Committee on Armed Services a comprehensive examination of the national military strategy. This report must delineate a national military strategy consistent with the most recent National Security Strategy prescribed by the president; the most recent annual report of the secretary of defense submitted to the president and Congress; the most recent policy guidance provided by the secretary of defense; and any other national security or defense strategic guidance issued by the president or the secretary of defense.

The NMS report must provide a description of the strategic environment and the opportunities and challenges that affect the United States' national interests and national security. The report must describe the most significant regional threats to US national interests and security as well as the international threats posed by terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, and asymmetric challenges.

After describing the security environment in which military forces will operate, the NMS report must specify the "ends, ways, and means" of the strategy. US national military objectives are the "ends", describing what the armed forces are expected to accomplish. The NMS report describes the relationship of those objectives to the strategic environment, regional, and international threats. Strategic and operational concepts are the "ways" of the strategy and describe how the armed forces conduct military operations to accomplish the specified military objectives. Furthermore, the NMS report must describe the adequacy of capabilities—the "means"—required to achieve objectives within an acceptable level of military and strategic risk.

Military action, by itself, cannot fully accomplish the objectives specified in the president’s National Security Strategy. The NMS must account for the contribution of allies and other partners. Military capabilities are always employed as part of an integrated national approach that employs all instruments of national power—military, information, diplomatic, legal, intelligence, finance, and economic. The NMS report must assess the capabilities, adequacy, and interoperability of regional allies of the United States and or other friendly nations to support US forces in combat operations and other operations for extended periods of time.

The NMS report also includes an assessment of the nature and magnitude of the strategic and military risks associated with successfully executing the missions called for under the strategy. In preparing the assessment of risk, CJCS examines assumptions pertaining to the readiness of forces (in both the active and reserve components), the length of conflict and the level of intensity of combat operations, and the levels of support from allies and other friendly nations.

Before submitting the report to Congress, the chairman provides a copy to the secretary of defense. The secretary provides an assessment and comments on the report and submits these comments to Congress when the report is formally transmitted. Specifically, the secretary of defense must examine areas of risk considered "significant" by the chairman and provide a plan for mitigating those risks. This hierarchy of presentation, first to the secretary of defense and then to Congress, is informed by US Code-10, which was significantly modified by the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986. This act also moved the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) to a strictly advisory placement in the hierarchy of military command and stipulated the composition and delivery, both in written report and direct consultation, by which the Joint Chiefs of Staff are to relay information and advice to the administration. The National Military Strategy interacts with the other joint publications and the current administration's National Security Strategy publication to inform a coherent, militarily informed and civilian representative national strategy.

2018 National Military Strategy
After the Trump administration released its first National Security Strategy in December 2017 and National Defense Strategy in January 2018, Joint Chiefs Chairman General Joseph Dunford ordered the Joint Staff to update the 2016 National Military Strategy accordingly. In July 2018, Dunford said that an unclassified version of the updated NMS would be given to the public. In December 2018, Dunford approved the updated NMS and sent it to the defense secretary and Congress, according to Col. Patrick Ryder, a spokesman for Dunford. In February 2019, Ryder said that "an unclassified overview of the National Military Strategy is in development and will be released to the public." He did not say when.

The unclassified description of the 2018 National Military Strategy was released on July 12, 2019.

In 2020, the White House determined that during the War on terror, defense contractors filled employee shortages with foreign-born staff.


text:
Talk:Zesh Rehman

Untitled
I just thought I'd say Zesh isn't the first muslim to play in the premier league, plenty of players from muslim countries, morocco, algeria egypt etc have already played for clubs. Zeshan is the first British-Pakistani to play for a club.
 * Possibly also the first British-born Muslim - almost certainly the first to be born a Muslim (perhaps there are British-born converts in the league?)--MartinUK (talk) 00:24, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

International career section needs work
This section contains too much original research (or POV) and should be modified. I don't think it is very encyclopedic to say that his lack of England U-21 call-ups was a "kick in the teeth". Jogurney 21:21, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Done Suprah™ 14:00, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Setanta Sports Blog
Maybe add somewhere that he blogs for setanta sports? —Preceding unsigned comment added by KaleemMyster (talk • contribs) 02:29, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Surely he no longer blogs for Setanta Sports as that company no longer exists? --Allanlewis (talk) 13:49, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

GA nomination
I've added about 8 or so sources to help. I'm new to this so forgive me. Spiderone (talk) 17:00, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'll add a few more citations to the QPR section as it is largely unsourced. Spiderone (talk) 09:00, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Zesh Rehman


text:
Talk:List of kigo/to do

Done

 * Copy, move, and reorganze into categories the Kigo from the Kigo article
 * Integrate the kigo from the Saijiki and Non-Japanese kigo sections into the List of kigo

To Do

 * Some, but not all of the sections have been alphabetized. Finish the alphabetizing
 * expand the descriptions for all the kigo that are just the kigo
 * add kigo (with descriptions) to the empty sections
 * reorganize the existing photos
 * add more photos to any sections that need them

Final goal

 * submit to Featured list candidates according to the featured list criteria
 * Featured list?

title: Talk:List of kigo/to do


text:
Inishturk

Inishturk (Inis Toirc in Irish, meaning Wild Boar Island) is an inhabited island of County Mayo, in Ireland.

Geography
The island lies about 15 km off the coast; its highest point reaches 189.3 m above sea level. Between Inisturk and Clare Island lies Caher Island. It has a permanent population of 58 people. There are two main settlements, both on the more sheltered eastern end of the island, Ballyheer and Garranty. Bellavaun and Craggy are abandoned settlements.

History
Inishturk has been inhabited on and off since 4,000 BCE and has been inhabited permanently since at least 1700. Some of the island's more recent inhabitants are descended from evacuees from Inishark to the southwest.

A Martello tower was built during the Napoleonic Wars, c. 1805, on Inishturk's western coast.

Recent history
In 1993, Inishturk Community centre was opened, this community centre doubles as a library and a pub. In June 2014 the ESB commissioned three new Broadcrown BCP 110-50 100kVA diesel generators to supply electricity to the island. The ESB have operated a diesel power station on the island since the 1980s

Inishturk gained international attention in 2016 after a number of websites claimed that the island would welcome any American "refugees" fleeing a potential Donald Trump presidency. These were examples of the type of "fake news" that arose during the 2016 US presidential election campaign.

The island is home to a primary school on the island which in 2011 had only 3 pupils; this is believed to be the smallest primary school in Ireland.

Demographics
The table below reports data on Inisturk's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.

Transport
Prior to 1997 there was no scheduled ferry service and people traveled to and from the islands using local fishing boats. Since then a ferry service operates from Roonagh Quay, Louisburgh, County Mayo. The pier was constructed during the 1980s by the Irish government, around this time the roads on the island were paved.

title: Inishturk


text:
Talk:Da Vinci High School

Delete it
Personally, I'd like to see this not noteworthy school stub deleted. -- Toytoy 09:54, May 29, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Da Vinci High School