text:
Killing Hope

Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions since World War II by William Blum is a history book on covert CIA operations and United States military interventions during the second half of the 20th century. The book, published in 1995 by Common Courage Press, takes a strongly critical view of American foreign policy. It is an updated and revised version of one of Blum's previous works, The CIA - A Forgotten History (1986).

The book covers various US foreign policy ventures from just after World War II onward. Its basic premise is that the American Cold War-era activities abroad were done with imperialist motives.

Critical reception
Noam Chomsky called the book "far and away the best book on the topic." John Stockwell described it as "[t]he single most useful summary of CIA history", Ramsey Clark judged it a "valuable contribution", and International Security's Teresa Pelton Johnson wrote: "Blum has performed a very important service in collecting this information in one place, and the documentation is praiseworthy."

Ted Dace characterized Killing Hope as "[a] good, long look in the mirror".

Reviewing the earlier version of the book, Choice's R. H. Immerman wrote: "By falling prey to the same Manichean absolutism that has hamstrung US global policies, Blum has compromised the credibility of his work. He has nevertheless produced a valuable reference for anyone interested in the conduct of US foreign policy."

In the LSE Review of Books, LSE doctoral researcher Julia Muravska unfavorably compared Killing Hope with the work of academic historians such as William Keylor, stating that Blum's criticism of the U.S. occurs in an historical vacuum without any consideration for Soviet actions that "would have also helped the reader understand what drove the US foreign policy decisions that today's citizens find so morally repugnant." Although she noted that much of the book is "heavily and meticulously footnoted," Muravska harshly criticized the 2014 edition's "The American Empire Post-Cold War" chapter for "unsubstantiated claims" and shallow analysis, observing that "Blum relies on ... RT to make his case" regarding the post-2014 Russo-Ukrainian War.

Editions
First published in 1995, it has since been updated several times by the author.

 * 1998 revised edition (Black Rose Books) ISBN 1-55164-096-1
 * 2003 revised edition (Common Courage Press) ISBN 1-84277-369-0
 * 2004 Updated Edition (Common Courage Press) ISBN 1-56751-252-6
 * 2014 Updated Edition (Zed Books) ISBN 978-1783601776

title: Killing Hope


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Zeidy Molnar

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. Mindspillage (spill yours?) 05:51, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Zeidy Molnar
The creator insist on removing the speedy template, so lets take this through vfd... obviously not notable. Thue | talk 22:52, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Non-notable. --Canderson7 22:53, Jun 4, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete. Non notable. Kel-nage 23:05, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm sure I read her autobiography recently! No? Seriously delete this child --Doc (?) 23:05, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete icky vanity. --Etacar11 23:33, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete get rid of this, it is of no value whatsoever. --William Flowers 20:32, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
User talk:Qmerge

’’Welcome Wikipedians!’’
Hi! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like it here and stick around! If you want, you can drop us a note at New user log to introduce yourself.

Also, you can sign your name on talk and vote pages by using " " for your username and " ~ " for your username and a timestamp.

If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Help desk. You can also drop me a question on my talk page.

You should also check out some more links

Another way to learn how Wiki works is to click on the edit button and look how other people have edited and written pages.

1 black hand °T°

title: User talk:Qmerge


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Alessandra

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was undecided: 7:7, so the article is KEPT

Alessandra
del. Improper usage of disambig page: neither of the persons is identified as "Alessandra". the proper name would be List of persons with the first name Alessandra. Are we going to have such ones? mikka (t) 22:53, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete concur --Doc (?) 23:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Unlike Dannii and Cher, neither of these people are commonly known solely by their given name. Disambiguation page without anything to disambiguate.  Delete. Uncle G 06:37, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Keep. First, it is useful, for anyone who can only remember a first name and want to know what encyclopedic people have that name. Second, there is the precedent set by the many, many other first name disambiguation pages on Wikipedia, such as Aaron, Ada, Alice, Alicia, Alison, Alva, Alvin, Amanda, Amy, Ashton, and those are just the first names I can think of off the top of my head. Compare with articles like Michael which have long lists of people with that first name. Third, the list is expandable: there are no doubt more encyclopedic people named Alessandra and probably places named Alessandra as well. Fourth, the article is expandable, by giving the history/entymology/source of the name Alessandra. Fifth, it's a disambiguation page. Wikipedia is not paper, so how is this hurting the project? —Lowellian (talk) 12:55, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)
 * You are mising the point. Disambig pages are to list identical terms. Ada contains list that are known as "Ada". The same is with Aaron (disambiguation). If some list hase something else, it mst be cleaned up. Some of these lists come from eraly days of wikipedia, when the role of disambig pages was not very clearly understood and formulated. If you wasnt an "expandable" articles, with explanations, then traditionally the proper name would be "List of ....". mikka (t) 15:46, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Agree with Lowellian. Celestianpower 15:48, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You and xe don't get it. The etymology of the name belongs in a dictionary, i.e. in Wiktionary in the Wiktionary appendix on first names.  Disambiguation pages are for articles which would otherwise share a title.  Every single one of those articles that Lowellian thinks are equivalents are in fact not, and do not set a precedent for what xe has done here at all.  They are name disambiguations for encyclopaedia articles for people, places, and things known solely by that name (although Alice, Alicia, and Michael are in need of some serious trimming because they also "disambiguate" between things that aren't actually ambiguous in the first place) and that would be at that title were it not for one another.  (Michael has a whole list of kings and emperors known solely by that given name, for example.)  There are no people, places, or things commonly known as Alessandra here.  Lowellian's name disambiguation is empty. Uncle G 17:37, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * Keep - Agree with Celestianpower. SchmuckyTheCat 19:39, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, useful, likely search term. Kappa 20:34, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For what, exactly? Searching for "Alessandra" brings up the other articles with other titles.  What article do we have that goes by the title "Alessandra"?  From disambiguation:
 * Do not disambiguate, or add a link to a disambiguation page, if there is no risk of confusion.[...]Disambiguation pages are not search indices -- do not add links that merely contain part of the page title where there is no significant risk of confusion.
 * The only two entries on this page are Alessandra Ambrosio and Alessandra Mussolini. There is no risk of confusion between those two, and neither are commonly known simply as "Alessandra". There is nothing to disambiguate here. Uncle G 23:24, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)
 * This situation is similar to that of a redirect. From Redirect:
 * Someone finds them useful. Hint: If someone says they find a redirect useful, they probably do. You might not find it useful — this is not because the other person is a liar, but because you browse Wikipedia in different ways.
 * You might not find the looking up Alessandra useful, but you do not know others' browsing habits, and I and at least some other people who have voted here do find it useful. Now, Alessandra could redirect straight to an article, but there are multiple famous people named Alessandra. That is why it has to be a disambiguation page, and that is why it has to be kept. —Lowellian (talk) 01:21, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, I entirely agree with Uncle G, and the distinction between Wikipedia and Wiktionary is well-established. Radiant_* 14:04, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Comment: User:Lowellian has now removed the relevant guideline from Disambiguation and started a discussion about this principle on Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation.—Wahoofive (talk) 18:17, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Delete in an imperative way with these contents. If a person is known only as Alessandra (and, I'd say, its variants), then that person should be disambiguated.  However, "people who have this first name" is utterly absurd.  First name dabs are not "List of" articles in disguise, and one of the few things I would edit war over is precisely that.  It's one thing to have Elvis disambiguate Elvis Presley and Elvis of Montfort or Elvis of Hippo, because he is known by that name exclusively (Madonna is the better example, of course), but it's quite another to have "yuk yuk all the people named Bob" clobbering the valid disambig of an article. Geogre 02:38, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * So who decides? This is a dab page specifically because two people were edit warring over a redirect.  Obviously SOME people thought these people were notable first name users, but because you don't you want to delete? SchmuckyTheCat 04:07, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. The examples Lowellian made makes my point. Disambigs for names are not used for people's first names unless they have no given or widely known last name. They are, however, used for places, things, etc. -R. fiend 18:11, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. As explained very well by others, first names are generally not suitable for disambigs.  Quale 16:05, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. This issue has been discussed at length at Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation, and trying to spread it here is an abuse of the VfD process and a violation of WP:POINT. Also, I really think it's okay to have a disambiguation page for first names as long as the name is relatively uncommon. It's a useful navigation aid here. Deco 00:38, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, as per my POV on Wikipedia talk:Disambiguation. While I see both sides, I don't see any real harm in it.  violet/riga (t) 00:49, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ambi 00:54, 16 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Rhodopechys

Rhodopechys is a genus of finches containing the following two species:

The desert finch, Carduelis obsoleta (formerly Rhodopechys obsoleta), has turned out to belong to the (sub)genus Chloris in the genus Carduelis as indicated by DNA sequences, song and eyestripe pattern; it is closely related to the greenfinches (Zamora et al., 2006). See the species account for details.

title: Rhodopechys


text:
Neutrinoless double beta decay

Neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) is a commonly proposed and experimentally pursued theoretical radioactive decay process that would prove a Majorana nature of the neutrino particle. To this day, it has not been found.

The discovery of neutrinoless double beta decay could shed light on the absolute neutrino masses and on their mass hierarchy (Neutrino mass). It would mean the first ever signal of the violation of total lepton number conservation. A Majorana nature of neutrinos would confirm that the neutrino is its own antiparticle.

To search for neutrinoless double beta decay, there are currently a number of experiments underway, with several future experiments for increased sensitivity proposed as well.

Historical development of the theoretical discussion
In 1939, Wendell H. Furry proposed the idea of the Majorana nature of the neutrino, which was associated with beta decays. Furry stated the transition probability to even be higher for neutrinoless double beta decay. It was the first idea proposed to search for the violation of lepton number conservation. It has, since then, drawn attention to it for being useful to study the nature of neutrinos (see quote).

The Italian physicist Ettore Majorana first introduced the concept of a particle being its own antiparticle. Particles of this nature were subsequently named after him as Majorana particles. Neutrinoless double beta decay is one method to search for the possible Majorana nature of neutrinos.

Conventional double beta decay
Neutrinos are conventionally produced in weak decays. Weak beta decays normally produce one electron (or positron), emit an antineutrino (or neutrino) and increase the nucleus' proton number $$Z$$ by one. The nucleus' mass (i.e. binding energy) is then lower and thus more favorable. There exist a number of elements that can decay into a nucleus of lower mass, but they cannot emit one electron only because the resulting nucleus is kinematically (that is, in terms of energy) not favorable (its energy would be higher). These nuclei can only decay by emitting two electrons (that is, via double beta decay). There are about a dozen confirmed cases of nuclei that can only decay via double beta decay. The corresponding decay equation is:
 * $$(A,Z)\rightarrow (A,Z+2)+2e^-+2\bar{\nu}_e$$.

It is a weak process of second order. A simultaneous decay of two nucleons in the same nucleus is extremely unlikely. Thus, the experimentally observed lifetimes of such decay processes are in the range of $$ 10^{18}-10^{21} $$ years. A number of isotopes have been observed already to show this two-neutrino double beta decay.

This conventional double beta decay is allowed in the Standard Model of particle physics. It has thus both a theoretical and an experimental foundation.

Overview

If the nature of the neutrinos is Majorana, then they can be emitted and absorbed in the same process without showing up in the corresponding final state. As Dirac particles, both the neutrinos produced by the decay of the W bosons would be emitted, and not absorbed after.

Neutrinoless double beta decay can only occur if
 * the neutrino particle is Majorana, and
 * there exists a right-handed component of the weak leptonic current or the neutrino can change its handedness between emission and absorption (between the two W vertices), which is possible for a non-zero neutrino mass (for at least one of the neutrino species).

The simplest decay process is known as the light neutrino exchange. It features one neutrino emitted by one nucleon and absorbed by another nucleon (see figure to the right). In the final state, the only remaining parts are the nucleus (with its changed proton number $$Z$$) and two electrons:

 * $$(A,Z)\rightarrow (A,Z+2)+2e^-$$

The two electrons are emitted quasi-simultaneously.

The two resulting electrons are then the only emitted particles in the final state and must carry approximately the difference of the sums of the binding energies of the two nuclei before and after the process as their kinetic energy. The heavy nuclei do not carry significant kinetic energy.

In that case, the decay rate can be calculated with
 * $$ \Gamma_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}=\frac{1}{T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}} = G^{0\nu}\cdot\left| M^{0\nu}\right|^2\cdot\langle m_{\beta\beta}\rangle^2 $$,

where $$ G^{0\nu} $$ denotes the phase space factor, $$ \left| M^{0\nu}\right|^2 $$ the (squared) matrix element of this nuclear decay process (according to the Feynman diagram), and $$ \langle m_{\beta\beta}\rangle^2 $$ the square of the effective Majorana mass.

First, the effective Majorana mass can be obtained by
 * $$ \langle m_{\beta\beta}\rangle = \sum_i U_{ei}^2m_i$$,

where $$ m_i $$ are the Majorana neutrino masses (three neutrinos $$ \nu_i $$) and $$ U_{ei} $$ the elements of the neutrino mixing matrix $$ U $$ (see PMNS matrix). Contemporary experiments to find neutrinoless double beta decays (see section on experiments) aim at both the proof of the Majorana nature of neutrinos and the measurement of this effective Majorana mass $$ \langle m_{\beta\beta}\rangle $$ (can only be done if the decay is actually generated by the neutrino masses).

The nuclear matrix element (NME) $$ \left| M^{0\nu}\right| $$ cannot be measured independently; it must, but also can, be calculated. The calculation itself relies on sophisticated nuclear many-body theories and there exist different methods to do this. The NME $$ \left| M^{0\nu}\right| $$ differs also from nucleus to nucleus (i.e. chemical element to chemical element). Today, the calculation of the NME is a significant problem and it has been treated by different authors in different ways. One question is whether to treat the range of obtained values for $$ \left| M^{0\nu}\right| $$ as the theoretical uncertainty and whether this is then to be understood as a statistical uncertainty. Different approaches are being chosen here. The obtained values for $$ \left| M^{0\nu}\right| $$ often vary by factors of 2 up to about 5. Typical values lie in the range of from about 0.9 to 14, depending on the decaying nucleus/element.

Lastly, the phase-space factor $$ G^{0\nu} $$ must also be calculated. It depends on the total released kinetic energy ($$ Q=M_\text{nucleus}^\text{before}-M_\text{nucleus}^\text{after}-2m_\text{electron} $$, i.e. "$$Q$$-value") and the atomic number $$Z$$. Methods use Dirac wave functions, finite nuclear sizes and electron screening. There exist high-precision results for $$ G^{0\nu} $$ for various nuclei, ranging from about 0.23 (for ), and 0.90 ($$\mathrm{^{76}_{32}Ge\rightarrow ^{76}_{34}Se}$$) to about 24.14 ($$\mathrm{^{150}_{60}Nd\rightarrow ^{150}_{62}Sm}$$).

It is believed that, if neutrinoless double beta decay is found under certain conditions (decay rate compatible with predictions based on experimental knowledge about neutrino masses and mixing), this would indeed "likely" point at Majorana neutrinos as the main mediator (and not other sources of new physics). There are 35 nuclei that can undergo neutrinoless double beta decay (according to the aforementioned decay conditions).

Experiments and results
Nine different candidates of nuclei are being considered in experiments to confirm neutrinoless double beta-decay:. They all have arguments for and against their use in an experiment. Factors to be included and revised are natural abundance, reasonably priced enrichment, and a well understood and controlled experimental technique. The higher the $$Q$$-value, the better are the chances of a discovery, in principle. The phase-space factor $$ G^{0\nu} $$, and thus the decay rate, grows with $$Q^5$$.

Experimentally of interest and thus measured is the sum of the kinetic energies of the two emitted electrons. It should equal the $$Q$$-value of the respective nucleus for neutrinoless double beta emission.

The table shows a summary of the currently best limits on the lifetime of 0νββ. From this, it can be deduced that neutrinoless double beta decay is an extremely rare process, if it occurs at all.

Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration
The so-called "Heidelberg-Moscow collaboration" (HDM; 1990–2003) of the German Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik and the Russian science center Kurchatov Institute in Moscow famously claimed to have found "evidence for neutrinoless double beta decay" (Heidelberg-Moscow controversy). Initially, in 2001 the collaboration announced a 2.2σ, or a 3.1σ (depending on the used calculation method) evidence. The decay rate was found to be around $$2\cdot 10^{25}$$ years. This result has been topic of discussions between many scientists and authors. To this day, no other experiment has ever confirmed or approved the result of the HDM group. Instead, recent results from the GERDA experiment for the lifetime limit clearly disfavor and reject the values of the HDM collaboration.

Neutrinoless double beta decay has not yet been found.

GERDA (Germanium Detector Array) experiment
The Germanium Detector Array (GERDA) collaboration's result of phase I of the detector was a limit of $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>2.1\cdot 10^{25}$$ years (90% C.L.). It used germanium both as source and detector material. Liquid argon was used for muon vetoing and as a shielding from background radiation. The $$Q$$-value of for 0νββ decay is 2039 keV, but no excess of events in this region was found. Phase II of the experiment started data-taking in 2015, and it used around 36 kg of germanium for the detectors. The exposure analyzed until July 2020 was 10.8 kg yr. Again, no signal was found and thus a new limit was set to $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>5.3\cdot 10^{25}$$ years (90% C.L.). The detector has stopped working and published its final results in December 2020. No neutrinoless double beta decay was observed.

EXO (Enriched Xenon Observatory) experiment
The Enriched Xenon Observatory-200 experiment uses xenon both as source and detector. The experiment is located in New Mexico (US) and uses a time-projection chamber (TPC) for three-dimensional spatial and temporal resolution of the electron track depositions. The EXO-200 experiment yielded a lifetime limit of $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>3.5\cdot 10^{25}$$ years (90% C.L.). When translated to effective Majorana mass, this is a limit of the same order as that obtained by GERDA I and II.

Currently data-taking experiments

 * CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) experiment:
 * The CUORE experiment consists of an array of 988 ultra-cold TeO2 crystals (for a total mass of 206 kg of $$\mathrm{^{130}Te}$$) used as bolometers to detect the emitted beta particles and as the source of the decay. CUORE is located underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, and it began its first physics data run in 2017. CUORE published in 2020 results from the search for neutrinoless double-beta decay in $$\mathrm{^{130}Te}$$ with a total exposure of 372.5 kg⋅yr, finding no evidence for 0νββ decay and setting a 90% CI Bayesian lower limit of $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>3.2\cdot 10^{25}$$ years and in April 2022 a new limit was set on $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>2.2\cdot 10^{25}$$ years at the same confidence level. The experiment is steadily taking data, and it is expected to finalize its physics program by 2024.
 * KamLAND-Zen (Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector-Zen) experiment:
 * The KamLAND-Zen experiment commenced using 13 tons of xenon as a source (enriched with about 320 kg of $$\mathrm{^{136}Xe}$$), contained in a nylon balloon that is surrounded by a liquid scintillator outer balloon of 13 m diameter. Starting in 2011, KamLAND-Zen Phase I started taking data, eventually leading to set a limit on the lifetime for neutrinoless double beta decay of $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>1.9\cdot 10^{25}$$ years (90% C.L.). This limit could be improved by combining with Phase II data (data-taking started in December 2013) to $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>2.6\cdot 10^{25}$$ years (90% C.L.). For Phase II, the collaboration especially managed to reduce the decay of $$\mathrm{^{110m}Ag}$$, which disturbed the measurements in the region of interest for 0νββ decay of $$\mathrm{^{136}Xe}$$. In August 2016, KamLAND-Zen 800 was completed containing 800 kg of $$\mathrm{^{136}Xe}$$, reporting a limit of $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>1.07\cdot 10^{26}$$ years (90% C.L.). In 2023 the limit was improved limit of $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>2.3\cdot 10^{26}$$ years (90% C.L.).

Proposed/future experiments

 * nEXO experiment:
 * As EXO-200's successor, nEXO is planned to be a ton-scale experiment and part of the next generation of 0νββ experiments. The detector material is planned to weigh about 5 t, serving a 1% energy resolution at the $$Q$$-value. The experiment is planned to deliver a lifetime sensitivity of about $$T_{\beta\beta}^{0\nu}>1.35\cdot 10^{28}$$ years after 10 years of data-taking.
 * LEGEND (experiment)
 * SuperNEMO

Neutrinoless muon conversion
The muon decays as $$\mu^+\to e^{+}+\nu_{e}+\overline\nu_{\mu}$$ and $$\mu^-\to e^{-}+\overline\nu_{e}+\nu_{\mu}$$. Decays without neutrino emission, such as $$\mu^+ \to e^{+}+\gamma$$, $$\mu^{-}\to e^{-}+\gamma$$, $$\mu^{+}\to e^{+}+e^{-}+e^{+}$$ and $$\mu^{-}\to e^{-}+e^{+}+e^{-}$$ are so unlikely that they are considered prohibited and their observation would be considered evidence of new physics. A number of experiments are pursuing this path such as Mu to E Gamma, Comet, and Mu2e for $$\mu^+ \to e^{+}\gamma$$ and Mu3e for $$\mu^{+}\to e^{+}e^{-}e^{+}$$.

Neutrinoless tau conversion in the form $$\tau\to 3\mu$$ has been searched for by the CMS experiment.

title: Neutrinoless double beta decay


text:
User:1 black hand/Welcome links

Please do not create an article to promote yourself, a website, a product, or a business (see What Wikipedia is not).

If you do not want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, do not submit it.

title: User:1 black hand/Welcome links


text:
Eddie Gerard

Edward George Gerard (February 22, 1890 – August 7, 1937) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach, and manager. Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, he played professionally for 10 seasons for his hometown Ottawa Senators. He spent the first three years of his playing career as a left winger before switching to defence, retiring in 1923 due to a throat ailment. Gerard won the Stanley Cup in four consecutive years from 1920 to 1923 (with the Senators three times, and as an injury replacement player with the Toronto St. Patricks in 1922), and was the first player to win the Cup four years in a row. After his playing career he served as a coach and manager, working with the Montreal Maroons from 1925 until 1929, winning the Stanley Cup in 1926. Gerard also coached the New York Americans for two seasons between 1930 and 1932, before returning to the Maroons for two more seasons. He ended his career coaching the St. Louis Eagles in 1934, before retiring due to the same throat issue that had ended his playing career. He died from complications related to it in 1937.

Renowned as a talented athlete in multiple sports, Gerard first gained prominence in rugby football as a halfback for the Ottawa Rough Riders club from 1909 to 1913, though he left the sport when he moved to hockey. Outside hockey he worked initially for the Canadian government as a printer, before working in the Geodetic Survey, ultimately becoming chief engineering clerk. Well-renowned during his hockey-playing career, he was regarded as one of the best defenders of his era, and gained notice for being a tough player, though not considered violent or dirty. Gerard was one of the original nine players inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame when it was founded in 1945. He is also an inductee of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Eddie Gerard was born on February 22, 1890, in Ottawa, one of seven children (four brothers and two sisters). His father, William, was of Scottish descent. Gerard's middle name, George, was in honour of George Washington, who shares the same February 22 birthday. Gerard lived in Ottawa's New Edinburgh neighbourhood, and grew up with future National Hockey League (NHL) players Aurèle Joliat and the four Boucher brothers: Billy, Bobby, Frank, and Georges. Gerard was married to Lillian Mackenzie and had two daughters, Alisa and Margaret.

Outside hockey Gerard worked as a printer and was employed by the Canadian Government Printing Bureau. He changed careers in 1912, moving to the Geodetic Survey, and rose in that field to chief engineering clerk at the time of his death.

Throughout his adult life Gerard dealt with a throat ailment. It had caused discomfort throughout his hockey career, with the cold aggravating it and ultimately leading to his retirement as a player in 1923 and from coaching in 1934. In early August 1937 the problem, which had remained minor, began to worsen. He was admitted to a hospital and examined by doctors, who were unable to treat it. Gerard died in Ottawa on August 7, 1937. He is interred in Ottawa's Beechwood Cemetery.

Outside hockey
Skilled in multiple sports, Gerard has been recognized by Canada's Sports Hall of Fame to have been "a first class cricketer, an outstanding paddler and a better than ordinary baseball player" in his youth. At age 15 he helped the Ottawa-New Edinburgh Canoe Club win the junior Dominion paddling championship. In later life he was an avid golfer and fisherman, spending his summers near Pembroke, Ontario, a town close to Ottawa. He played rugby football (a forerunner to Canadian football), joining the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1909 as a halfback, helping them win the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union title that year. He continued playing for the Rough Riders until 1913, leaving the team when he turned professional with the Senators. As Canadian football was strictly amateur at the time, Gerard would have been unable to continue in the sport if he became a professional athlete.

Early hockey career
Gerard began his playing career for the local Ottawa amateur team Ottawa New Edinburghs (also known as the Ottawa Seconds), from the New Edinburgh neighborhood of Ottawa. In 1908 he also joined the Ottawa Victorias in a challenge series for the Stanley Cup against the Cup holders, the Montreal Wanderers; Gerard replaced an injured player in the second game of the two-game, total-goal series, which Montreal won, retaining the Cup. As early as 1910 Gerard was approached by the Ottawa Senators of the professional National Hockey Association (NHA), but he decided to remain an amateur. The Senators continued to inquire over the following years, though it was not until 1913 that Gerard began to seriously consider turning professional.

In November 1913 he was offered C$1,000 for the season by the Montreal Canadiens (a high salary for the era), but turned it down. The Senators also made an offer of $1,500 for two seasons, which would have made Gerard one of the highest paid players in hockey. He also received an offer from the Sydney Hockey Club of the Maritime Hockey League which promised $1,600 for the season, with an extra $1,000  to come from advertisements. Having played at the senior amateur level since 1907 for teams in Ottawa, Gerard decided to turn professional in 1913, remaining in his hometown with the Senators. One of the highest regarded athletes in Ottawa, he only agreed to sign with the Senators when they assured him he would be able to keep his government job. Upon signing he was also given a bonus of $400.

Professional hockey career
Gerard's first game with the Senators came on January 28, 1914, against the Quebec Bulldogs. He played eleven games with the Senators during the 1913–14 NHA season, and a further two games with the New Edinburghs team. Gerard scored thirteen goals for the Senators and two for the New Edinburghs (assists were not accurately recorded at the time). He appeared in all 20 games of the 1914–15 season. The Senators won the league championship and played the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) for the Stanley Cup; Vancouver won the two-game series and the Cup. In 1915, he was named to the NHA All-Stars which toured British Columbia to play PCHA teams. He again played every game for Ottawa during the 1915–16 season, recording 18 points in 24 games. He followed that with 26 points in 19 games in the 1916–17 season, including a career-best five goals in one game against the Wanderers on February 24, 1917.

The NHA was replaced by the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1917–18 season, and in the first year of the new league Gerard had 20 points in 20 games. This placed him eighth overall in the league, his highest career scoring finish in either the NHA or NHL. He served as the player-coach of the Senators from 1916 until 1918, when former Senators player Alf Smith was named coach; as captain Gerard was still given a major role in team affairs but was not given much coaching responsibilities by Smith. Gerard recorded 14 points in 18 games during the 1918–19 season, and a further three goals in five playoff games.

Starting in the 1919–20 season that saw Gerard record 16 points in 22 games, the Senators became one of the most dominant teams in the NHL, winning the Stanley Cup three times in four years between 1920 and 1923, losing only in 1922. The following season Gerard had 15 points in 24 games. During the fifth and final game of the 1921 Stanley Cup Finals, he had six penalties, one of which was a match penalty near the end of the game.

Gerard had another strong showing in 1921–22 season, with 18 points in 21 games, as the Senators won the league championship, though losing to the Toronto St. Patricks in the playoffs. After the Senators were eliminated, Gerard was invited to play in game four of the Stanley Cup Finals. Harry Cameron, a St. Patricks' defenceman, was injured in the previous game, and Vancouver Millionaires' manager Lester Patrick gave permission for Toronto to use Gerard as a replacement. (Teams could bring in replacements for injured players so long as their opponents consented.) Gerard was instrumental in Toronto winning the game and forcing a deciding fifth in the series. Toronto, with Cameron back in the line-up, won the series, and Gerard was included on the winning roster, his third Stanley Cup championship in a row.

Back with the Senators for the following season, Gerard recorded 19 points in 23 games. He broke his collarbone during a series against the Vancouver Maroons and missed the first game of the 1923 Stanley Cup Finals against the Edmonton Eskimos as a result. Gerard returned for the second, and deciding match, which saw the Senators win the Stanley Cup for the third time in four years. This was Gerard's fourth Stanley Cup in a row, and he became the first player to win it in four consecutive years. Before the start of the 1923–24 season Gerard was advised by the team doctor that his throat ailment, though benign, would be made worse by continued physical exertion and breathing the cold air in hockey arenas, and this could ultimately diminish his respiratory system. With no other option Gerard opted to retire from playing finishing his career after ten seasons with the Senators.

In recognition of his playing career, Gerard was named one of the nine inaugural inductees of the Hockey Hall of Fame when it was opened in 1945. He would also be inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.

Post-playing career
During the 1924–25 season Gerard was hired by the Montreal Maroons to be their joint coach and manager, replacing Cecil Hart midway through the team's inaugural season. He coached the remaining eleven games of the season, winning only one, as the Maroons finished fifth in the six-team league, eight points ahead of their fellow expansion team, the Boston Bruins. Gerard served the dual role of coach and manager until the 1928–29 season. While in this role he won the Stanley Cup for the fifth time in 1926. The Stanley Cup series against the Victoria Cougars of the Western Hockey League was the last time a non-NHL team played for the Stanley Cup. During the second game of the 1928 Stanley Cup Finals Lorne Chabot, the goalie for the opposing New York Rangers, was injured. It was custom of the era to allow for any goalies in attendance to fill in (teams dressed only one goalie at the time), but Gerard refused to allow the Rangers to use Alec Connell of the Senators, who was at the game. In response, 44-year-old Lester Patrick, the Rangers' coach and manager, took over and helped the Rangers win the game. The Rangers would go on to win the Stanley Cup.

On July 8, 1929, Gerard, who never had a formal contract, abruptly resigned from the Maroons. Though he never said why he left the team, there were rumours that he was to join the Senators, whose former owner and manager, Tommy Gorman, resigned on the same day from the New York Americans to manage the newly opened Agua Caliente Racetrack in Tijuana, Mexico. In his five seasons as the Maroons' coach Gerard coached 223 games, with a record of 80 wins, 75 losses, and 24 ties.

Offered the chance to replace Gorman as coach of the Americans, Gerard turned it down and spent the year away from hockey. The Americans finished last in the Canadian Division in 1929–30 season. They decided to replace player-coach Lionel Conacher, and again offered the position to Gerard, who accepted. One of his first acts as the new manager of the Americans was to trade Conacher, as he did not want the man he replaced looking over his shoulder. He coached the New York Americans for two seasons, 1930–31 and 1931–32, finishing with a record of 34 wins, 40 losses, and 18 ties in 92 games, before resigning. In late 1932, he returned as manager-coach of the Maroons. In the three years Gerard had been away from the Maroons, newspapers kept publishing rumours that he would return to the team. He coached it for two more seasons, 1932–33 and 1933–34, with 41 wins in 96 games, before being released and replaced by Gorman.

Before the start of the 1934–35 season, the Senators moved from Ottawa to St. Louis, Missouri, and changed their name to the St. Louis Eagles. Gerard was hired as the first coach and manager of the Eagles and replaced his former teammate on the Senators, Georges Boucher. He was given a salary of $4,000, plus a bonus of $500 if they made the playoffs, and another $500 if they won the Stanley Cup. The team lost eleven of their first thirteen games to start the season. A combination of the losses and his continuing health problems relating to his throat (doctors ordered him to stay away from hockey rinks to help his throat) led Gerard to resign as coach of the team on December 11, 1934, with Boucher returning to replace him.

Playing style
Throughout his career Gerard was seen as one of the most important players on the Senators, and as a key figure in their three Stanley Cup wins. Although he started his time with the Senators as a forward, where he was expected to contribute goals, he made the transition to defence by his fourth season with the team. As a defender he was not counted on to score as much, but instead prevent the opposition, though he was able to "rush with the power of a forward". Though of average size for the era (he was listed as being 5ft 9in and 168 lb during his career) Gerard was well known as a physical player: in his obituary he was regarded as someone who "could hit with the force of a battering-ram", and hockey historian Charles L. Coleman described him as being "rugged but not a dirty player [who] took his lumps without a whimper".

During his one game with the St. Patricks in the 1922 Stanley Cup Finals, Gerard was noted as "one of Eastern Canada's premier athletes", and his "ability to administer a good heavy body check with lightning speed and clever stick-handling" was also praised. Sprague Cleghorn, who played three seasons as Gerard's defensive partner, said Gerard "was fast, he could stick handle, he was afraid of no man living", and "had brains". Gerard was also noted for his leadership of the Senators, and was considered an ideal captain of the team.

Regular season and playoffs

 * Source: Hockey Hall of Fame

Coaching record

 * Source: Hockey-Reference

title: Eddie Gerard


text:
UBP-302

UBP-302 is a highly selective kainate receptor antagonist used in the study of many neurological processes. It is active at micromolar concentration within an in vitro preparation and specifically targets the GluK1 (iGluR5) subunit of the receptor. This compound was developed at the University of Bristol.

UBP-310 and UBP-316 (ACET) are related N3-substituted willardiine derivatives.

title: UBP-302


text:
Sundance TV

Sundance TV (formerly known as Sundance Channel) is an American pay television channel owned by AMC Networks that launched on February 1, 1996. The channel is named after Robert Redford's character in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and, while it is an extension of Redford's non-profit Sundance Institute, the channel operates independently of both the Institute and the Sundance Film Festival.

Originally, Sundance was mainly airing documentaries, independent feature films, short films, world cinema, and coverage on the latest developments from each year's Sundance Film Festival. The channel has since incorporated both original and acquired programming and became fully ad-supported in 2013, with programming being edited for content soon thereafter.

, Sundance is available to approximately 54,000,000 pay television households in the United States-down from its 2017 peak of 71,000,000 households.

As Sundance Channel (1996–2014)
After negotiations during 1994 broke down to turn Robert Redford into a partner in AMC Networks predecessor Rainbow Media's Independent Film Channel, Redford launched Sundance Channel in February 1996 as a joint venture between Showtime Networks (then a division of Viacom, later owned by CBS Corporation and subsequently by ViacomCBS), PolyGram (now NBCUniversal), and Redford (who also served as the creative director of the network).

The channel was initially launched on five cable systems in New York City; Los Angeles; Alexandria, Virginia; Chamblee, Georgia; and Pensacola, Florida. It originally operated mainly as a premium channel, commonly packaged with Showtime and its sister networks The Movie Channel and Flix.

On May 7, 2008, the Rainbow Media subsidiary of Cablevision, owners of rival network IFC, announced that it had purchased Sundance Channel for $496 million. The acquisition of Sundance Channel by Rainbow Media was completed in June 2008. On July 1, 2011, Rainbow Media was spun off from Cablevision into a separate company, which was renamed AMC Networks.

Since the sale, Sundance would expand into original programming. 2012 saw the premieres of two new unscripted series in the form of Get To Work and Push Girls, before the channel's second miniseries, Restless, premiered in December. Restless went on to receive two Emmy Award nominations. It was also announced that Sundance had picked up its first solely owned original series, and former developmental project from sister channel AMC, Rectify, and its third miniseries Top of the Lake. Much like AMC, the channel's original programming garnered critical acclaim.

On March 4, 2013, Sundance began airing AMC's Breaking Bad, to which the channel has exclusive syndication rights, on Monday nights. In October of that year, the channel became fully ad supported.

As Sundance TV (2014–present)
On January 27, 2014, it was announced that the Sundance Channel would rebrand as Sundance TV on February 1, 2014. 2014 featured the channel's fourth miniseries The Honourable Woman, the channel's second solely owned original scripted series The Red Road, the new reality series Loredana, ESQ, and the second seasons of Rectify, The Writers' Room, and The Returned.

International
Over time, Sundance Channel has expanded its international distribution in the Americas, Asia, Middle East and Europe.

Americas

 * Latin America – Sundance Channel was launched in September 2013. It was renamed Sundance TV in January 2016. The channel was closed on April 30, 2020.
 * Brazil – In the second half of 2014 a Brazilian version will be released of a channel fully dubbed in Portuguese. The channel was closed on April 30, 2020.
 * Canada – On March 1, 2010, a Canadian version of Sundance Channel was launched by Toronto-based media company Corus Entertainment. AMC Networks did not own any stake in the Canadian service, but maintained a brand licensing agreement with Corus Entertainment to allow the use of the Sundance Channel brand as well as access to programming from the U.S. service. The channel was closed on March 1, 2018.

Asia

 * Malaysia – Astro B.yond, ceased broadcasting on 1 July 2016
 * Singapore – Singtel's Singtel TV, ceased broadcasting on 11 March 2017
 * Southeast Asia, South Korea – Sundance Channel launched in 2013 on KT and Skylife

Middle East

 * Arab World - beIN Channels Network, ceased transmission

Africa

 * Africa – DStv (until 31 May 2020). The channel launched on DStv in Africa on 1 June 2017. On 20 May 2020, It was announced that the channel ceased transmission in Africa at 23:59 on 31 May 2020 along with SABC's retro rerun channel, SABC Encore.

Europe

 * Belgium – Telenet (ended 30 September 2017)
 * France (and Belgium, Switzerland) – Sundance Channel launched in France in September 2009 on Numericable, also available on Free, SFR, Orange and Canal+. It closed on 8 February 2020.
 * Greece – Sundance Channel launched in Greece on 18 July 2011 as a linear channel on Cosmote TV and broadcasts in HD via satellite as Sundance Channel HD. It no longer broadcasts.
 * Netherlands – Film1 Sundance launched in the Netherlands in March 2012, replacing the movie channel Film1 Festival. Film1 closed Film1 Sundance on 31 August 2017. Film1 wants to focus more on its video-on-demand services.
 * Poland – Sundance Channel launched in Poland on 16 April 2010, on UPC Polska.
 * Portugal – NOS, ended on 31 March 2019 and replaced by Sundance TV on Demand.
 * Romania – Sundance Channel was launched in March 2012 with subtitles and closed on 1 February 2019.
 * Spain – Sundance Channel, launched on 1 June 2011 on Movistar TV. On 1 October 2014, it was launched on other TV providers, replacing Cinematk.

title: Sundance TV


text:
Hope Ranch, California

Hope Ranch is an unincorporated coastal suburb of Santa Barbara, California, located in Santa Barbara County. It is bounded on the east by Santa Barbara, on the north and west by the unincorporated area of the eastern Goleta Valley, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. As of the 2000 census, the area had an approximate population of 2,200. The ZIP codes are 93105 and 93110, and the community is in area code 805.

Hope Ranch is a neighborhood with a strong equestrian community. It is home to 27 miles of riding trails and 10 percent of residents are horse-owners.

History
Hope Ranch is named after Irishman Thomas Hope. Hope moved to Santa Barbara in 1849. Hope acquired the land that became Hope Ranch in approximately 1861 for sheep ranching. He built a two-story home on the property in 1875. Hope's house was used until 1962 as the headquarters of Hope Ranch Park.

In 1877, Thomas Hope's widow sold 2,000 acres comprising the western portion of the ranch for $250,000 to the Pacific Improvement Company, a holding company formed by the four principals of the Southern Pacific Railroad: Charles Crocker, Collis Potter Huntington, Leland Stanford, and Mark Hopkins Jr. Initial plans to build an 800-room hotel on the property were not consummated, and the Pacific Improvement Company instead announced plans in 1900 to subdivide the land for the construction of villas.

In 1925, Harold S. Chase organized a syndicate known as La Cumbre Estates Corporation that purchased the 1,200 acres situated west of Las Palmas and Roble Drives and the agricultural land located south of Hollister Avenue. The La Cumbre Estates Corporation developed the land into the residential area that exists today. The first houses constructed were "Las Terrasas" built in 1925 as the home of Harold S. Chase and "Florestal" built in 1926 for Peter Cooper Bryce (son of Lloyd Bryce).

Geography
Since it is not a census-designated place, the boundaries are informal, except where they coincide with incorporated regions. On the east Hope Ranch is bounded by the City of Santa Barbara, on the north by Modoc Road, Hollister Avenue, and Vieja Drive, on the west by a vacant tract of land known as More Mesa, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean.

Geology
Hope Ranch occupies a hilly area immediately adjacent to the coast; the highest elevation is 691 ft. The northern boundary of the hilly area is Cieneguitas Creek, which flows down the topographic expression of the More Ranch Fault; this ravine also helps define the informal northern boundary of the suburb. Native vegetation is mostly California oak woodland and chaparral, and many of the homes have been constructed to blend in with the oaks; the area retains much of its tree canopy. Residential roads are narrow and winding, not always signed, and interweave with an elaborate network of horse paths. A road to a private beach is open to residents only (although the beach itself is accessible from public beaches on either side).

Public safety
Hope Ranch is served by the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office, but Hope Ranch Homeowner's Association also employs its own security.

Education
Children attend schools in Hope Elementary District, which consists of three schools: Hope, Monte Vista and Vieja. In state comparisons, these schools rank among the top 20 percent in California. Teenagers generally attend Santa Barbara High School District, but there is also a private high school located in Hope Ranch.

Access
The local homeowner's association manages the properties of private roads, bridle trails, and the private beach. Since Hope Ranch is in unincorporated Santa Barbara County, law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office. The private regions additionally have a local "Hope Ranch Patrol," who have only limited law enforcing powers. This group is controlled by the board of Hope Ranch and is in no way connected to either the City of Santa Barbara Police Department or the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office.

The main stretch of road through Hope Ranch is Las Palmas/Marina Drive, a palm tree-lined stretch of roadway along which runs the coastal bike route. Hope Ranch is home to La Cumbre Country Club and Laguna Blanca School, an independent day school, which was founded in 1933.

In addition to being one of the most expensive neighborhoods in Santa Barbara, Hope Ranch is one of the wealthiest areas in California; the median home price was $2.61 million in 2006. Houses with ocean views generally listed then for at least $5 million, with oceanfront properties going for $25 million and more.

Notable people

 * Wendy McCaw – Billionaire owner of Santa Barbara News Press.
 * H.R. Haldeman family – H.R. Haldeman was White House Chief of Staff under Richard Nixon. After his term, Haldeman lived in Hope Ranch until his death in 1993.
 * Snoop Dogg – purchased a house in November 2006.
 * Fess Parker – Actor and businessman.
 * Vera Ralston – Figure skater and actress.
 * Ron Ely – Actor and writer.
 * Don Stewart – Actor. Lived in Hope Ranch from 1985 until his death in 2006.
 * Dr. Laura Schlessinger – Radio Host.

External links https://www.independent.com/2008/04/24/when-did-singer-lotte-lehmann-live-santa-barbara/

 * Hope Ranch Park Homes Association

title: Hope Ranch, California


text:
Eddie Giacomin

Edward "Ed" Giacomin (born June 6, 1939) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League between 1965 and 1978.

Playing career
Giacomin began his professional career in 1959 when he played four games for the Washington Presidents of the Eastern Hockey League. The Eagles had originally sought his brother Rollie, but work commitments meant he was unable to play, so suggested Eddie instead. Giacomin followed that with brief stints with the Clinton Comets in 1958–59 and 1959–60. Despite suffering serious burns in a kitchen accident, Giacomin made the roster of the Providence Reds in the 1960–61 season. In the Original Six days of the 1960s, with only six starting goaltending jobs in the NHL, positions were hard to obtain, and Giacomin starred for the Reds for five full seasons.

NHL teams, particularly the Detroit Red Wings and the New York Rangers, began to express interest in Giacomin. New York traded three players and starting goaltender Marcel Paille to the Reds for Giacomin in 1965. He was impressive in his first month with the Rangers but faltered thereafter, and lost the starting job. The following season he improved markedly; he led the NHL in shutouts and backstopped the Rangers to their second playoff berth in nine seasons.

A classic stand-up goaltender and a skilled stick handler known for leaving the crease to play the puck, Giacomin was the Rangers' starting goaltender for the next nine seasons. He led the league in games played for four straight years from 1967 to 1970 and in shutouts in 1967, 1968 and 1971. In 1971 he shared the Vezina Trophy with teammate Gilles Villemure. Typical of his competitive nature, in a game in the 1971 playoffs against Chicago, when Bobby Hull skated over the back of his hand, Giacomin continued to play, and when the Rangers won the game, even the Black Hawks used the word "guts" to describe his determination. The Rangers went on to meet the Boston Bruins in the Stanley Cup finals in 1972, losing in a hard-fought six-game series.

Giacomin's effectiveness was reduced in 1975 by injuries. The following season, the Rangers got off to their worst start in ten years (they would miss the playoffs for the first time in a decade) and began to get rid of their high-salaried veterans, Giacomin among them. Many fans were angry when he was put on waivers and claimed by the Detroit Red Wings on October 29, 1975, as the result of a youth movement that resulted in John Davidson taking over in goal. The Red Wings' next game was in New York on November 2, and when Giacomin appeared on the ice in a Red Wing jersey, fans gave him a long-standing ovation and cheered for him throughout the game. Rangers fans booed their own team when they took shots or scored on Giacomin, and chanted Giacomin's name throughout the match, which he won for the Red Wings. The evening was voted one of the 50 greatest moments in MSG history.

He played three respectable seasons for Detroit before a youth movement took over. He retired on January 17, 1978, with a career record of 289-208-97 and a 2.82 GAA.

Retirement
Giacomin spent the 1979 season as a broadcaster for the New York Islanders, who were beaten in the playoffs by the rival Rangers that spring. Giacomin later served with the Islanders and the Red Wings as an assistant coach and two stints with the Rangers as a goaltending coach.

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987. His jersey number 1 was the second number retired by the Rangers, on March 15, 1989, joining Rod Gilbert's number 7 that was retired by the Rangers on October 14, 1979.

Achievements and facts

 * Named to the NHL First All-Star Team in 1967 and 1971.
 * Named to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 1968, 1969 and 1970
 * Played in NHL All-Star Game in 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1973
 * Vezina Trophy winner in 1971 (shared with Gilles Villemure)
 * Ranked 25th in career wins by a goaltender with 289
 * Ranked 19th in career shutouts with 54
 * His No. 1 was the second jersey number retired by the New York Rangers, on March 15, 1989
 * In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, was ranked No. 6 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers (and ranked second highest of the 74 who were goaltenders) who had played during the team's first 82 seasons
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987

title: Eddie Giacomin


text:
Grifola

Grifola is a genus of fungi in the family Meripilaceae, which includes some edible fungi such as Grifola frondosa, commonly known as hen-of-the-woods (or maitake in Japan); not to be confused with Laetiporus sulphureus, known among English speakers as chicken of the woods. The genus was circumscribed by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821.

title: Grifola


text: Category:Fantasy creatures

title: Category:Fantasy creatures


text:
Fistulina

Fistulina is a genus of fungi in the family Fistulinaceae. Species in the genus cause a brown rot of both dead and living hardwood trees.

title: Fistulina


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheche

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Transwiki to wiktionary. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 19:13, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Cheche
Transwiki to wiktionary. dictdef. Wikibofh 23:01, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete dicdef. JamesBurns 04:21, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

title: Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Cheche


text:
Psalm 104

Psalm 104 is the 104th psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in Hebrew "ברכי נפשי" (barachi nafshi: "bless my soul"); in English in the King James Version: "Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great". In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 103. In Latin, it is known as "Benedic anima mea Domino".

Psalm 104 is used as a regular part of Jewish, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has often been set to music, including works by John Dowland, Heinrich Schütz, Philip Glass and William Lovelady.

The inaugural occurrence of the term "Hallelujah" within the Old Testament can be identified in Psalm 104, with subsequent instances found in Psalms 105 and 106. Notably, O. Palmer Robertson perceives these Psalms as a cohesive triad, serving as the concluding compositions of Book 4. Hallelujah will also appear in Psalm 113, Psalm 117, Psalm 135 Psalm and Psalms 146 through 150.

The psalm bears a notable resemblance to Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten, written some 400 years earlier in Egypt.

Hebrew
The following table shows the Hebrew text of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

King James Version

 * 1) Bless the LORD, O my soul. O LORD my God, thou art very great; thou art clothed with honour and majesty.
 * 2) Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtain:
 * 3) Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind:
 * 4) Who maketh his angels spirits; his ministers a flaming fire:
 * 5) Who laid the foundations of the earth, that it should not be removed for ever.
 * 6) Thou coveredst it with the deep as with a garment: the waters stood above the mountains.
 * 7) At thy rebuke they fled; at the voice of thy thunder they hasted away.
 * 8) They go up by the mountains; they go down by the valleys unto the place which thou hast founded for them.
 * 9) Thou hast set a bound that they may not pass over; that they turn not again to cover the earth.
 * 10) He sendeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills.
 * 11) They give drink to every beast of the field: the wild asses quench their thirst.
 * 12) By them shall the fowls of the heaven have their habitation, which sing among the branches.
 * 13) He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works.
 * 14) He causeth the grass to grow for the cattle, and herb for the service of man: that he may bring forth food out of the earth;
 * 15) And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.
 * 16) The trees of the LORD are full of sap; the cedars of Lebanon, which he hath planted;
 * 17) Where the birds make their nests: as for the stork, the fir trees are her house.
 * 18) The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats; and the rocks for the conies.
 * 19) He appointed the moon for seasons: the sun knoweth his going down.
 * 20) Thou makest darkness, and it is night: wherein all the beasts of the forest do creep forth.
 * 21) The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from God.
 * 22) The sun ariseth, they gather themselves together, and lay them down in their dens.
 * 23) Man goeth forth unto his work and to his labour until the evening.
 * 24) O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches.
 * 25) So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts.
 * 26) There go the ships: there is that leviathan, whom thou hast made to play therein.
 * 27) These wait all upon thee; that thou mayest give them their meat in due season.
 * 28) That thou givest them they gather: thou openest thine hand, they are filled with good.
 * 29) Thou hidest thy face, they are troubled: thou takest away their breath, they die, and return to their dust.
 * 30) Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth.
 * 31) The glory of the LORD shall endure for ever: the LORD shall rejoice in his works.
 * 32) He looketh on the earth, and it trembleth: he toucheth the hills, and they smoke.
 * 33) I will sing unto the LORD as long as I live: I will sing praise to my God while I have my being.
 * 34) My meditation of him shall be sweet: I will be glad in the LORD.
 * 35) Let the sinners be consumed out of the earth, and let the wicked be no more. Bless thou the LORD, O my soul. Praise ye the LORD.

Content
One of the longer psalms, Psalm 104 is traditionally divided into 35 verses. It begins by describing the glory of God ("Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment" v. 2).

 * Verse 5 asserts that God has "laid the foundations [מכון] of the Earth".
 * Verses 6 to 13 concern the ordering of the waters, verses 14–18 vegetation and animal life, and verses 19–24 the Sun and the Moon, and the cycle of day and night.
 * Verse 24 summarises: "O LORD, how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made them all: the earth is full of thy riches." (KJV)
 * Verse 26 mentions the Leviathan (sea monster).
 * Verses 27–30 emphasise how all creatures still depend on the ongoing attention and provision of the creator, and perish should he avert his attention.
 * Verse 30 reads "Thou sendest forth thy spirit, they are created: and thou renewest the face of the earth." (KJV)
 * The concluding verses (31–35) reiterate the power and glory of YHWH, and the composer expresses his adoration, and, in the final verse, his wish that the sinners (חטא) and wicked (רשע) be "consumed out of the earth".

In the Masoretic text, the phrase Hallelujah is placed at the end of the final verse. This is lacking in the Septuagint and the Vulgate, but it is rendered by the KJV as "Praise ye the LORD".

The subject matter and its presentation are closely related both to the first Genesis creation narrative (Genesis 1, chronologically younger than the second version in Genesis 2) where likewise the waters are separated before the creation of Sun and Moon, and to older written accounts of creation from the Ancient Near East, both Mesopotamian and Egyptian. In particular, the Egyptian Great Hymn to the Aten (14th century BC) is frequently cited as a predecessor. Biblical scholar Mark S. Smith has commented that "Despite enduring support for the comparison of the two texts, enthusiasm for even indirect influence has been tempered in recent decades. In some quarters, the argument for any form of influence is simply rejected outright. Still some Egyptologists, such as Jan Assmann and Donald Redford, argue for Egyptian influence on both the Amarna correspondence (especially in EA 147) and on Psalm 104."

Judaism

 * Observant Jews recite Psalm 104 in its entirety every day during morning services, and on certain occasions, such as the New Moon (Rosh Chodesh), though customs vary.
 * It is recited following the Shabbat Mincha between Sukkot and Shabbat Hagadol.
 * Verses 1–2 are recited upon donning the tallit during morning services.
 * Verse 24 is part of Hameir La'aretz in the Blessings before the Shema during Shacharit and is found in Pirkei Avot Chapter 6, no. 10.
 * Verse 31 is the first verse of Yehi Kivod in Pesukei Dezimra, is part of Baruch Hashem L'Olam during Maariv, and is recited when opening the Hakafot on Simchat Torah.

New Testament
In the New Testament, verse 4 is quoted in Hebrews 1:7.

Eastern Orthodox
Its main liturgical usage in the Eastern Orthodox Church is at the beginning of vespers (evening prayers) and the all-night vigil. While it is technically one of the elements of the vespers service prescribed for the senior reader (that is, the elder or abbot of a monastery, or in a parish the seniormost reader at the kliros), it is customarily read or chanted by a reader after the opening prayers of the service.

The psalm is meant to be read or chanted in a plain style at services of vespers which are not part of a vigil. When vespers is served as part of a vigil, an abbreviated musical version is usually sung by the choir. Several such musical arrangements of the psalm have been composed over the years; perhaps the most familiar is that found in the Obikhod, or common setting.

In the context of its vespers/vigil setting, this psalm is understood to be a hymn of creation, in all the fulness wherein God has created it – it speaks of animals, plants, waters, skies, etc. In the scope of the liturgical act, it is often taken to be Adam's song, sung outside the closed gates of Eden from which he has been expelled (cf. Genesis 3). While the reader chants the psalm, the priest stands outside the closed Royal Doors wearing only his epitrachilion, making this symbolism more evident.

Catholic Church
This psalm is used during the Easter Vigil on Holy Saturday night (the Vigil being the inauguration of the fifty-day Easter season, the end of Holy Week – and by extension Lent – and the ending of the three-day Easter Triduum of Holy Thursday, Good Friday, and Easter). In the Liturgy of the Word, the first reading is the Creation story of the Book of Genesis, and Psalm 104, which deals with the same material, is the responsorial psalm. It is used again during Pentecost, at the end of the Easter season, as the responsorial psalm for the Vigil and the Sunday Mass.

Book of Common Prayer
In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the evening of the twentieth day of the month, as well as at Evensong on Whitsunday.

Popular culture
German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder remarked, "It is worth studying the Hebrew language for ten years in order to read Psalm 104 in the original".

Musician Bob Marley believed that cannabis use was prevalent in the Bible, reading passages such as the 14th verse of Psalm 104 as showing approval of its usage.

Musical settings
In The Whole Booke of Psalmes, published by Thomas Est in 1592, Psalm 104 is set by John Dowland in English, "My soul praise the Lord". Heinrich Schütz composed a four-part setting to a metric German text, "Herr, dich lob die Seele mein", SVW 202, for the 1628 Becker Psalter. In his 1726 cantata Es wartet alles auf dich, BWV 187, Bach set verses 27 and 28 in the first movement.

Psalm 104, verse 4, was arranged for mixed chorus by Miriam Shatal in 1960.

Psalm 104, in Hebrew, is set as part of Akhnaten, an opera by Philip Glass.

Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, commissioned a setting of Psalm 104 by William Lovelady to mark his 75th birthday. An abridged version of the cantata for four-part choir and organ was performed for his funeral service on 17 April 2021 in St George's Chapel, Windsor.

title: Psalm 104


text:
Julio Alemán

Julio Méndez Alemán (November 29, 1933 – April 11, 2012) was a Mexican actor.

Biography
Alemán was born in Morelia, Michoacán. After studying to be an agronomical engineer, he turned to show business. His first film was El Zarco in 1957. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he was the MC of the Mexican version of the Italian children's puppet show Topo Gigio.

Alemán appeared in more than 151 films and was elected, for a period, general secretary of the Mexican actors' union, the Asociación Nacional de Actores (National Association of Actors, ANDA). He also served as a federal deputy in the 55th Congress (1991–1994), representing the Federal District's seventh district for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

Death
Alemán died in Mexico City on April 11, 2012. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer. His remains were cremated and a memorial service was held on April 12, 2012, in Mexico City.

Telenovelas

 * Soy tu dueña as Ernesto Galeana (2010)
 * Corazón salvaje as narrator / Judge Pedro Solana (2009-2010)
 * Las tontas no van al cielo as Don Arturo Molina (2008)
 * Amor sin maquillaje as himself (2007)
 * Destilando Amor as Roberto Avellaneda (2007)
 * La verdad oculta as Adolfo Avila (2006)
 * Mujer de madera as Aarón Santibáñez (2004-2005)
 * Amor real as Joaquin Fuentes Guerra (2003)
 * Las vías del amor as Don Alberto Betanzos (2002-2003)
 * Mi destino eres tú as Augusto Rodriguez Franco (2000)
 * Alma rebelde as Diego (1999)
 * "Cuento de Navidad" as Severo Rubiales Conde (1999)
 * Infamia as Victor Andreu (1981)
 * "Sandra y Paulina" as Andres (1980)
 * "Dos a quererse" (1977)
 * "Pobre Clara" as Cristian De La Huerta (1975)
 * "Sacrificio de Mujer" as Miguel Angel (1972)
 * "El adorable profesor Aldao" as Mariano Aldao (1971)
 * "El Ciego" (1969)
 * "Rocambole" (1967)
 * "Nuestro barrio" (1965)
 * "La Cobarde" (1962)
 * "Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz" (1962)
 * "El otro" (1960)
 * "Senda prohibida" (1958)

Peliculas

 * "Tango das mortes" (2007)
 * "Dos bien puestos" (2006)
 * "No hay derecho joven" as San Pedro (2006)
 * "Se les pelo Baltazar" (2006)
 * "Un Artista del hambre" (2005)
 * "Emboscada de federales" (2003)
 * "La Estampa del escorpion" (2002)
 * "La Dama de la Texana" (2001)
 * "Padres culpables" as Sebastian (2001)
 * "Tambien las mujeres pueden" (2001)
 * "Cuando el poder es" as Maestro (2000)
 * "Agarren al de los huevos" as Don Aurelio (2000)
 * "El Tesoro del Pilar" (2000)
 * "Milenio, el principio del fin" (2000)
 * "Venganza contra el reloj" (1999)
 * "Puño de lodo" (1999)
 * "La Fiesta de los perrones" (1999)
 * "La Hijas de Xuchi Paxuchil" (1999)
 * "Si nos dejan" (1999)
 * "Acabame de matar" as comandante (1998)
 * "La Paloma y El Gavilan" as Don Artemio (1998)
 * "Secuestro: Aviso de muerte" (1998)
 * "Veinte años después" (1998)
 * "Mujeres bravas" (1998)
 * "La Banda del mocha orejas" (1998)
 * "Raza indomable" (1998)
 * "Hembras con valor de muerte" (1998)
 * "Bronco" (1991)
 * "La Hora 24" as Pedro de Limantur (1990)
 * "Funerales del terror" (1990)
 * "Vacaciones de terror" as Fernando (1989)
 * "Mi fantasma y yo" (1988)
 * "Ladron" (1988)
 * "Sabado D.F." (1988)
 * "La Leyenda del Manco" (1987)
 * "Policia de narcoticos" as Mr. de la Parra (1986)
 * "El Cafre" (1986)
 * "La Carcel de Laredo" (1985)
 * "Prohibido amar en Nueva York" (1984)
 * "Territorio sin ley" (1984)
 * "Pedro el de Guadalajara" (1983)
 * "Los Dos matones" (1983)
 * "El Ahorcado" as Regino (1983)
 * "Inseminacion artificial" (1983)
 * "La Contrabandista" (1982)
 * "Padre por accidente" (1981)
 * "La Agonia del difunto" (1981)
 * "Tiempo para amar" (1980)
 * "Pelea de perros" (1980)
 * "Del otro lado del puente" (1980)
 * "El Cara parchada" as Joe (1980)
 * "El Tren de la muerte" as Alvaro Cortes (1979)
 * "Los Japoneses no esperan" (1978)
 * "Deportados" (1977)
 * "Un Mulato llamado Martin" (1975)
 * "Un Amor extraño" (1975)
 * "Un Camino al cielo" (1975)
 * "Los Valientes de Guerrero" (1974)
 * "Mi amorcito de Suecia" as Marcelo (1974)
 * "Adios, amor" as Martin (1973)
 * "Diamantes, oro y amor" (1973)
 * "El Imponente" (1973)
 * "Mi mesera" (1973)
 * "El Sargento Perez" (1973)
 * "Tampico" (1972)
 * "El Arte de engañar" (1972)
 * "La Pequeña señora de Perez" (1972)
 * "Rio salvaje" (1971)
 * "El Idolo" (1971)
 * "En esta cama nadie duerme" (1971)
 * "Los Novios" as Antonio Dominguez (1971)
 * "Los Corrompidos" as Martin (1971)
 * "La Viuda blanca" as Martin Duran (1970)
 * "El Tunco maclovio" as El Tunco Maclovio Castro (1970)
 * "Cruz de amor" (1970)
 * "La Muralla verde" as Mario (1970)
 * "Una Mujer para los sabados" (1970)
 * "Como enfriar a mi marido" (1970)
 * "La Trinchera" (1969)
 * "Trampas de amor" (1969)
 * "Préstame a tu mujer" (1969)
 * "Patsy, mi amor" as Ricardo (1969)
 * "Una Noche bajo la tormenta" (1969)
 * "Peligro...! Mujeres en acción" as Alex Dinamo (1969)
 * "Valentin Armienta el vengador" (1969)
 * "La Guerrillera de Villa" (1969)
 * "El Yaqui" (1969)
 * "Las Pirañas aman en Cuaresma" as Raul (1969)
 * "Corazón salvaje" as Juan del Diablo (1968)
 * "Amor perdoname" (1968)
 * "Los Angeles de Puebla" as Leonardo Reyes (1968)
 * "Mujeres, mujeres, mujeres" (1967)
 * "Rocambole contra la secta del escorpion" as Rocambole (1967)
 * "SOS Conspiracion Bikini" as Alex Dinamo (1967)
 * "Rocambole contra las mujeres arpías" as Rocambole (1967)
 * "La Perra" as Lucas (1967)
 * "Mariana" (1967)
 * "The Partisan of Villa'' as Ricardo Peñalver (1967)
 * "El derecho de nacer" as Alberto Limonta (1966)
 * "Sangre en Rio Bravo" (1966)
 * "Solo de noche vienes" (1966)
 * "Me ha gustado un hombre" (1965)
 * "Preciosa" (1965)
 * "Los Hijos que yo soñé" (1965)
 * "Mi héroe" (1965)
 * "Diablos en el cielo" (1965)
 * "Napoleoncito" (1964)
 * "Yo, el valiente" (1964)
 * "Los Novios de mis hijas" as Lorenzo Robles (1964)
 * "Historia de un canalla" as Julio Benavente (1964)
 * "Museo del horror" (1964)
 * "Amor y sexo" as Raul Solana (1964)
 * "La Sonrisa de los pobres" (1964)
 * "La Edad de la violencia" as Fuentes (1964)
 * "El Hombre de papel" (1963)
 * "La Diosa impura" as Julio (1963)
 * "La Risa de la ciudad" (1963)
 * "Una Joven de 16 años" (1963)
 * "Neutrón contra el Dr. Caronte" (1963)
 * "Cuando los hijos se pierden" (1963)
 * "Me dicen el consentido" (1962)
 * "La Muerte pasa lista" (1962)
 * "Nostradamus, el genio de las tinieblas" as Antonio (1962)
 * "La Barranca sangrienta" (1962)
 * "Locos por la música" (1962)
 * "El Látigo negro contra los farsantes" (1962)
 * "La Venganza del resucitado" (1962)
 * "Los Autómatas de la muerte" (1962)
 * "Los Encapuchados del infierno" (1962)
 * "Nostradamus y el destructor de monstruos" as Antonio (1962)
 * "Neutrón el enmascarado negro" as Caronte (1962)
 * "Nuestros odiosos maridos" (1962)
 * "La Marca del gavilán" (1962)
 * "Juventud sin Dios" as Raymundo (1962)
 * "Con la misma moneda" (1961)
 * "Los Inocentes" (1961)
 * "Los Hermanos Del Hierro" as Martin Del Hierro (1961)
 * "Aventuras del látigo negro" (1961)
 * "La Maldición de Nostradamus" as Antonio (1961)
 * "Los Jovenes" as El Gato (1961)
 * "Tres Romeos y una Julieta" (1961)
 * "Tirando a matar" (1961)
 * "La Sangre de Nostradamus" as Antonio (1961)
 * "Simitrio" (1960)
 * "La Cigüeña dijo sí" (1960)
 * "Impaciencia del corazón" (1960)
 * "La Maldición de Nostradamus" as Antonio (1960)
 * "Neutrón, el enmascarado negro" (1960)
 * "La Edad de la tentación" (1959)
 * "Una Abuelita atómica" (1958)
 * "El Zarco" (1957)

TV series

 * "Diseñador ambos sexos" as Don Felix Marquez (2001)
 * "Club familiar" as host (1989)
 * "Jueves Espectaculares" as host (1971)

title: Julio Alemán


text:
Vlasov equation

The Vlasov equation is a differential equation describing time evolution of the distribution function of plasma consisting of charged particles with long-range interaction, such as the Coulomb interaction. The equation was first suggested for the description of plasma by Anatoly Vlasov in 1938 and later discussed by him in detail in a monograph.

Difficulties of the standard kinetic approach
First, Vlasov argues that the standard kinetic approach based on the Boltzmann equation has difficulties when applied to a description of the plasma with long-range Coulomb interaction. He mentions the following problems arising when applying the kinetic theory based on pair collisions to plasma dynamics:

 * 1) Theory of pair collisions disagrees with the discovery by Rayleigh, Irving Langmuir and Lewi Tonks of natural vibrations in electron plasma.
 * 2) Theory of pair collisions is formally not applicable to Coulomb interaction due to the divergence of the kinetic terms.
 * 3) Theory of pair collisions cannot explain experiments by Harrison Merrill and Harold Webb on anomalous electron scattering in gaseous plasma.

Vlasov suggests that these difficulties originate from the long-range character of Coulomb interaction. He starts with the collisionless Boltzmann equation (sometimes called the Vlasov equation, anachronistically in this context), in generalized coordinates: $$\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm d t} f(\mathbf r,\mathbf  p,t) = 0,$$

explicitly a PDE: $$\frac{\partial f}{\partial t} + \frac {\mathrm d\mathbf {r}}{\mathrm dt} \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {r}} + \frac {\mathrm d\mathbf {p}}{\mathrm dt} \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf {p}} = 0,$$ and adapted it to the case of a plasma, leading to the systems of equations shown below. Here $f$ is a general distribution function of particles with momentum $p$ at coordinates $r$ and given time $t$. Note that the term $$\frac {\mathrm d\mathbf {p}}{\mathrm dt}$$ is the force $F$ acting on the particle.

The Vlasov–Maxwell system of equations (Gaussian units)
Instead of collision-based kinetic description for interaction of charged particles in plasma, Vlasov utilizes a self-consistent collective field created by the charged plasma particles. Such a description uses distribution functions $$f_e(\mathbf {r},\mathbf {p},t)$$ and $$f_i(\mathbf {r},\mathbf {p},t)$$ for electrons and (positive) plasma ions. The distribution function $$f_{\alpha}(\mathbf {r},\mathbf {p},t)$$ for species $α$ describes the number of particles of the species $α$ having approximately the momentum $$\mathbf {p}$$ near the position $$\mathbf {r}$$ at time $t$. Instead of the Boltzmann equation, the following system of equations was proposed for description of charged components of plasma (electrons and positive ions): $$\begin{align} \frac{\partial f_e}{\partial t} + \mathbf {v}_e\cdot\nabla f_e &- e\left(\mathbf {E}+\frac{\mathbf {v_e}}{c}\times\mathbf {B}\right)\cdot\frac{\partial f_e}{\partial\mathbf {p}} = 0 \\ \frac{\partial f_i}{\partial t} + \mathbf {v}_i\cdot\nabla f_i &+ Z_i e\left(\mathbf {E}+\frac{\mathbf {v_i}}{c}\times\mathbf {B}\right)\cdot\frac{\partial f_i}{\partial\mathbf {p}} = 0 \\ \nabla\times\mathbf {B} &=\frac{4\pi\mathbf {j}}{c}+\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial\mathbf {E}}{\partial t} \\ \nabla\times\mathbf {E} &=-\frac{1}{c}\frac{\partial\mathbf {B}}{\partial t} \\ \nabla\cdot\mathbf {E} &=4\pi\rho \\ \nabla\cdot\mathbf {B} &=0 \\ \end{align}$$ $$\rho = e \int (Z_i f_i-f_e) \mathrm{d}^3p,\quad \mathbf {j} = e\int(Z_i f_i \mathbf{v}_i - f_e \mathbf{v}_e) \mathrm{d}^3p,\quad \mathbf {v}_\alpha = \frac{\frac{\mathbf {p}}{m_\alpha}}{\left (1+\frac{p^2}{(m_\alpha c)^2}\right )^{1/2}}$$

Here $e$ is the elementary charge ($$e>0$$), $c$ is the speed of light, $m_{i}$ is the mass of the ion, $$\mathbf {E}(\mathbf {r},t)$$ and $$\mathbf {B}(\mathbf {r}, t)$$ represent collective self-consistent electromagnetic field created in the point $$\mathbf {r}$$ at time moment $t$ by all plasma particles. The essential difference of this system of equations from equations for particles in an external electromagnetic field is that the self-consistent electromagnetic field depends in a complex way on the distribution functions of electrons and ions $$f_e(\mathbf {r},\mathbf {p},t)$$ and $$f_i(\mathbf {r},\mathbf {p},t)$$.

The Vlasov–Poisson equation
The Vlasov–Poisson equations are an approximation of the Vlasov–Maxwell equations in the non-relativistic zero-magnetic field limit: $$\frac{\partial f_{\alpha}}{\partial t} + \mathbf {v}_{\alpha} \cdot \frac{\partial f_{\alpha}}{\partial \mathbf {x}}+ \frac{q_{\alpha}\mathbf {E}}{m_{\alpha}} \cdot \frac{\partial f_{\alpha}}{\partial \mathbf {v}} = 0,$$

and Poisson's equation for self-consistent electric field: $$\nabla^2 \phi +\frac{ \rho }{\varepsilon} = 0.$$

Here $q_{α}$ is the particle's electric charge, $m_{α}$ is the particle's mass, $$\mathbf {E}(\mathbf {x},t)$$ is the self-consistent electric field, $$\phi(\mathbf {x}, t)$$ the self-consistent electric potential, $ρ$ is the electric charge density, and $$\varepsilon$$ is the electric permitivity.

Vlasov–Poisson equations are used to describe various phenomena in plasma, in particular Landau damping and the distributions in a double layer plasma, where they are necessarily strongly non-Maxwellian, and therefore inaccessible to fluid models.

Moment equations
In fluid descriptions of plasmas (see plasma modeling and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)) one does not consider the velocity distribution. This is achieved by replacing $$f(\mathbf r,\mathbf v,t)$$ with plasma moments such as number density $n$, flow velocity $u$ and pressure $p$. They are named plasma moments because the $n$-th moment of $$f$$ can be found by integrating $$v^n f$$ over velocity. These variables are only functions of position and time, which means that some information is lost. In multifluid theory, the different particle species are treated as different fluids with different pressures, densities and flow velocities. The equations governing the plasma moments are called the moment or fluid equations.

Below the two most used moment equations are presented (in SI units). Deriving the moment equations from the Vlasov equation requires no assumptions about the distribution function.

Continuity equation
The continuity equation describes how the density changes with time. It can be found by integration of the Vlasov equation over the entire velocity space. $$\int\frac{\mathrm df}{\mathrm dt} \mathrm{d}^3v = \int \left(\frac{\partial}{\partial t}f + (\mathbf {v}\cdot\nabla_r)f +(\mathbf {a} \cdot \nabla_v) f\right) \mathrm{d}^3v=0 $$

After some calculations, one ends up with $$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}n + \nabla\cdot (n\mathbf{u})=0.$$

The number density $n$, and the momentum density $nu$, are zeroth and first order moments: $$ n = \int f \mathrm{d^3}v$$ $$ n \mathbf u = \int \mathbf v f \mathrm{d}^3v$$

Momentum equation
The rate of change of momentum of a particle is given by the Lorentz equation: $$m\frac{\mathrm d\mathbf {v}}{\mathrm d t}=q(\mathbf {E} + \mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B})$$

By using this equation and the Vlasov Equation, the momentum equation for each fluid becomes $$mn\frac{\mathrm D}{\mathrm D t}\mathbf{u}= -\nabla\cdot \mathcal{P} + qn\mathbf {E} + qn\mathbf{u}\times \mathbf {B},$$ where $$\mathcal{P}$$ is the pressure tensor. The material derivative is $$\frac{\mathrm D}{\mathrm D t} = \frac{\partial}{\partial t} + \mathbf u \cdot \nabla.$$

The pressure tensor is defined as the particle mass times the covariance matrix of the velocity: $$ p_{ij} = m \int (v_i - u_i) (v_j - u_j)f \mathrm{d}^3v.$$

The frozen-in approximation
As for ideal MHD, the plasma can be considered as tied to the magnetic field lines when certain conditions are fulfilled. One often says that the magnetic field lines are frozen into the plasma. The frozen-in conditions can be derived from Vlasov equation.

We introduce the scales $T$, $L$, and $V$ for time, distance and speed respectively. They represent magnitudes of the different parameters which give large changes in $$f$$. By large we mean that $$\frac{\partial f}{\partial t}T \sim f \quad \left|\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf r}\right| L \sim f \quad\left|\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v}\right| V\sim f.$$

We then write $$ t' = \frac{t}{T}, \quad \mathbf r'=\frac{\mathbf r}{L}, \quad \mathbf v' = \frac{\mathbf v}{V}.$$

Vlasov equation can now be written $$\frac{1}{T} \frac{\partial f}{\partial t'} + \frac{V}{L} \mathbf v' \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf r'} + \frac{q}{m V} (\mathbf E + V \mathbf v' \times \mathbf B) \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v'} = 0.$$

So far no approximations have been done. To be able to proceed we set $$V = R \omega_g$$, where $$\omega_g = qB / m$$ is the gyro frequency and $R$ is the gyroradius. By dividing by $ω_{g}$, we get $$\frac{1}{\omega_gT}\frac{\partial f}{\partial t'} + \frac{R}{L} \mathbf v' \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial \mathbf r'} + \left(\frac{\mathbf E}{V B} + \mathbf v'\times\frac{\mathbf B}{B}\right) \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v'} = 0$$

If $$1/\omega_g \ll T$$ and $$R \ll L$$, the two first terms will be much less than $$f$$ since $$\partial f/\partial t' \sim f, v' \lesssim 1$$ and $$\partial f / \partial \mathbf r' \sim f$$ due to the definitions of $T$, $L$, and $V$ above. Since the last term is of the order of $$f$$, we can neglect the two first terms and write $$\left(\frac{\mathbf E}{V B} +\mathbf v' \times \frac{\mathbf  B}{B}\right)\cdot\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v'} \approx 0 \Rightarrow (\mathbf E + \mathbf  v \times\mathbf B)\cdot\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v} \approx 0$$

This equation can be decomposed into a field aligned and a perpendicular part: $$\mathbf E_\parallel \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v_\parallel} + (\mathbf E_\perp + \mathbf v \times \mathbf B) \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v_\perp} \approx 0$$

The next step is to write $$\mathbf v = \mathbf v_0 + \Delta\mathbf v$$, where $$\mathbf v_0 \times\mathbf B = -\mathbf E_\perp$$

It will soon be clear why this is done. With this substitution, we get $$\mathbf E_\parallel\frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v_\parallel}+ (\Delta\mathbf v_\perp \times\mathbf B) \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v_\perp} \approx 0$$

If the parallel electric field is small, $$(\Delta \mathbf v_\perp \times \mathbf B) \cdot \frac{\partial f}{\partial\mathbf v_\perp}\approx 0$$

This equation means that the distribution is gyrotropic. The mean velocity of a gyrotropic distribution is zero. Hence, $$\mathbf v_0$$ is identical with the mean velocity, $u$, and we have $$\mathbf E + \mathbf u \times \mathbf B \approx 0$$

To summarize, the gyro period and the gyro radius must be much smaller than the typical times and lengths which give large changes in the distribution function. The gyro radius is often estimated by replacing $V$ with the thermal velocity or the Alfvén velocity. In the latter case $R$ is often called the inertial length. The frozen-in conditions must be evaluated for each particle species separately. Because electrons have much smaller gyro period and gyro radius than ions, the frozen-in conditions will more often be satisfied.

title: Vlasov equation


text:
Craterellus

Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges.

General
The three most common species, C. cornucopioides, C. lutescens and C. tubaeformis, are gathered commercially and, unlike Cantharellus, can be easily preserved by drying.

Molecular phylogenetics have been applied to the problem of discriminating between Craterellus and Cantharellus genera. Results indicate that the presence of a hollow stipe may be a synapomorphy (a trait corresponding to the evolutionary relationship) which reliably identifies Craterellus species. C. cornucopioides appears to be a single polymorphic species, while C. tubaeformis may be two separate genetic groups separated by geography.

Definition of the genus
The genera Craterellus and Cantharellus have always been recognized as closely related. The whole group may be recognized by their lack of division into cap and stipe, and their rudimentary or missing gills ("false gills"). Originally Cantharellus was defined by Fries in 1821 to mean all these species together and then in 1825 Persoon separated some species off to create the Craterellus group, with Cr. cornucopioides as type species. Since then some authorities have tried to merge the two genera again, but DNA studies now indicate that (with recent changes) each genus is monophyletic, and so they are likely to remain separate.

In the past Craterellus was distinguished on the basis that
 * 1) the fruiting body had a hollow stipe, generally being funnel-shaped, and
 * 2) there were no clamp connections.

But phylogenetic DNA work starting with the 2000 paper of Dahlman et al. has shown that some species traditionally placed in Cantharellus (C. tubaeformis, C. ignicolor and C. lutescens) really belong in Craterellus, and this means that the second distinguishing rule is no longer valid. On the other hand, the first rule holds up well.

Species
The taxonomy of these fungi is in a state of flux (particularly due to DNA analysis) and many earlier names are now disputed. The following table gives some of the most important ones. Numerous species of Cantharellus have at times been classified under Craterellus, but these are mostly excluded from the table. See also the cladogram at right for a portrayal of the relationships between the species based on recent evidence.

title: Craterellus


text:
CICM

CICM most commonly refers to:
 * CICM Missionaries, a Roman Catholic missionary religious congregation of men established in 1862

CICM may also refer to:
 * Chartered Institute of Credit Management, a United Kingdom-based professional body representing credit professionals
 * Central India Christian Mission, a Christian missionary organization in India
 * Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, a medical school located in Thailand
 * College of Intensive Care Medicine, also known as College of Intensive Care Medicine of Australia and New Zealand

title: CICM


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Androminetophilia

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP

Androminetophilia
 del . neologism. google gives no serious references. mikka (t) 23:03, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep this appears to be a legitamite paraphilia. I looked very quickly and found this serious reference: .  Most of the listings in the paraphilias article have links to other articles.  So this doesn't seem to be any different.  -- Samuel Wantman 06:19, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - seems to be legit. -- AlexR 11:08, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and expand. This is a legitimate psychology topic. JamesBurns 10:19, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. As above.  Exploding Boy 22:25, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

I've got to the root of the problem. The correct name is "Andromimetophilia", so the name makes sense and searchable, too. Unfortunately I am not into a kinky sex, so I did not recognize the word quickly. Withdrawing the objection and moving the page to the correct title. mikka (t) 00:57, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Rod Gilbert

Rodrigue Gabriel Gilbert (July 1, 1941 – August 19, 2021) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played his entire career for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Known as "Mr. Ranger", he played right wing on the GAG line (Goal-A-Game line) with Vic Hadfield and Jean Ratelle. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982, and was the first player in Rangers history to have his number retired. After his playing career, he became president of the Rangers' alumni association.

Early life
Gilbert was born in Montreal on July 1, 1941, the son of Alma, a homemaker, and Gabriel Gilbert, a blacksmith. He grew up a fan of the Montreal Canadiens. He played three seasons for the Guelph Biltmore Mad Hatters of the Ontario Hockey Association from 1957 to 1960. In his final year with the team, Gilbert slipped on some garbage strewn on the ice and fell back into the boards, breaking a vertebra in his back and temporarily paralyzing him. Corrective surgery went awry and led to hemorrhaging in his leg, and doctors feared amputation would be necessary, but Gilbert recovered.

Playing career
After finishing his junior career with the Guelph Royals, Gilbert joined the Rangers near the end of the 1960–61 NHL season. He soon became popular with the Rangers' fans, and he rose in prominence as an NHL star. However, it was not without pain. In 1965–66, his career was nearly derailed when he went through a second spinal fusion operation. This surgery was performed by Dr. Kazuo Yanagisawa. Gilbert was out of action for half a season, but he bounced back in 1966–67 and scored 28 goals. On February 24, 1968, he scored four goals in a game against the Montreal Canadiens. The Ratelle-Hadfield-Gilbert line, called the GAG line, proved formidable for years. He played with Team Canada in the 1972 Summit Series against the Soviet Union. He won the Bill Masterton Trophy in 1976 for his perseverance over his back troubles.

At the beginning of the 1977–78 NHL season, Gilbert and Rangers' General Manager John Ferguson got into a contract dispute. He was released by the Rangers on November 23, 1977 after starting the campaign with two goals and seven assists in 19 games. He would retire after the season, his eighteenth in the NHL. His number 7 was retired by the Rangers on October 14, 1979, the first number to be retired by the team.

Post-playing career
After retiring from professional hockey, he became head coach of the American Hockey League New Haven Nighthawks for the 1980-81 season. Gilbert opened his own restaurant, 'Gilbert's,' on Third Avenue near 75th street in Manhattan. He subsequently worked for Fundamental Brokers on Wall Street, assisting the company in opening a branch in his hometown of Montreal. He returned to the Rangers organization in August 1989. There, he acted as director of special projects and community relations representative, as well as president of its alumni association. From 2017 onward, he made upward of 30 appearances a year on behalf of the Garden of Dreams Foundation, an outreach program that works with children in the community.

Personal life
Gilbert married Judith Christy in 1991, in a ceremony conducted by New York mayor David Dinkins. Combined, they had four children together, Holly, Brooke, Chantal and Justin, and seven grandchildren. Chantal and Justin from his first wife, Judith Linton from Crawfordville Florida. Linton was a stewardess for National Airlines at the time. He was one of ten athletes who were featured in American artist Andy Warhol's 1979 Athlete Series of paintings, which featured prominent sports figures from the 1970s. Others in the series include O. J. Simpson, Chris Evert, and Pelé.

Gilbert died in Manhattan on August 19, 2021. He was 80 years old.

Career statistics
Sources:

Awards and honors

 * Named to the NHL second All-Star team (1967–68)
 * Named to the NHL first All-Star team (1971–72)
 * Won Bill Masterton Trophy (1976)
 * Won Lester Patrick Trophy (1991)
 * Played in NHL All-Star Game (1964, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1975, 1977)
 * Inducted into Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982
 * Has his No. 7 retired at Madison Square Garden, the first Ranger to receive the honor.
 * Awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in May 2010, in recognition of his humanitarian efforts.

Records

 * New York Rangers team record for career goals (406)
 * New York Rangers team record for career points (1021)
 * New York Rangers team record for consecutive games with an assist by a forward (10)
 * Shares New York Rangers team record for assists in one game (5; three times)

title: Rod Gilbert


text:
User:Arcege

Arcege is the nickname for a certain computer hacker (not cracker) that has been on the networks for what some might consider quite a while. The name came from adding vowels to the initials R.C.G. During high school, Arcege wrote computer programs, and thought to write games in his future. He thought up the fictional company name Reilly Computer Games (R.C.G.). He also had and interest in Artificial Intelligence and wrote a program similar to ELIZA which I called Arcege. In college, he started chatting on BITNET and needed a unique nickname. "Arcege" seemed perfectly suited. It has been used ever since that spring in 1987.

title: User:Arcege


text:
1912 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football (soccer) in the year 1912.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition. The champions qualify for the 1912 Norwegian Cup.

National team
Sources:

title: 1912 in Norwegian football


text: User:Flying fish

title: User:Flying fish