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San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport

San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport, McChesney Field is a civil airport near San Luis Obispo, California, United States. Three passenger airlines serve the airport with nonstop flights to eight cities: Dallas-Fort Worth, Denver, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco and Seattle. The airport was established in 1939 and used by the U.S. military between 1939 and 1945.

History
In 1933 Pacific Seaboard Air Lines' single engine Bellanca CH-300s flew twice daily each way: Los Angeles - Santa Barbara - Santa Maria - San Luis Obispo - Paso Robles - Monterey - Salinas - San Jose - San Francisco. Pacific Seaboard later moved its operation to the eastern U.S., was renamed Chicago and Southern Air Lines, and became a large domestic and international airline that in 1953 was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines.

Earl Thomson, along with his brothers-in-law, William "Chris" and David Hoover, talked county officials into leasing them the land for an airport. By April 1939 it opened with an 88 by hangar and dirt runways.

During World War II the federal government took over the airport: From 1938 until 1941, the U.S. Army Air Corps and the California National Guard used 218 acres as an aerial observation training center; In 1940 the War Department added hard surface runways and lights, barracks, hangars, and mechanic shops. In 1940 and 1941, 183 private pilots and 20 advanced students were trained here though a federally sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program for armed services fliers. In 1943, the Navy began using the airport as a training center for the Pacific Fleet, calling the airport Naval Outlying Field, San Luis Obispo and the Naval Auxiliary Air Station, San Luis Obispo.

The federal government turned the airport back to the county in 1946. Southwest Airways started passenger flights with Douglas DC-3s that year.

Southwest's flights to San Luis Obispo ended in 1956 when the airline moved to Paso Robles Municipal Airport in northern San Luis Obispo County due to the 4000-ft runway at San Luis Obispo being too short for larger aircraft such as the Martin 4-0-4 and Fairchild F-27. Pacific Air Lines, Air West and Hughes Airwest, successors to Southwest Airways, listed San Luis Obispo in their timetables but actually served Paso Robles with F-27s until 1974.

In 1947 county supervisors contracted for another hangar, ramp, and eventually an administration building. The supervisors named Chris Hoover full-time airport manager in 1953.

San Luis Obispo Airport had no scheduled airline service from 1956 until 1969 when locally based Swift Aire Lines began scheduled flights with Piper Navajos. Swift Aire's headquarters were at San Luis Obispo; it eventually operated Fokker F27 Friendships bought new from Fokker as well as Nord 262s and de Havilland Herons.

In 1975, after ending service to Paso Robles the year before, Hughes Airwest was operating McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s to nearby Santa Maria Public Airport to serve the San Luis Obispo area; these nonstops to Los Angeles and San Francisco soon ended.

After the 1981 demise of Swift Aire after a merger with Golden Gate Airlines, Wings West Airlines established its headquarters in San Luis Obispo and flew several turboprop types, as an independent commuter carrier and then as American Eagle on behalf of American Airlines via a code sharing agreement. Propjets flown by Wings West to San Luis Obispo included the British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 and Jetstream 32, the Beechcraft C99, the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (Metro III models) and the Saab 340.

In 1987 the San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport was dedicated as McChesney Field, in honor of Leroy E. McChesney for his leadership and dedication to aviation. McChesney lived in the county since 1920 and had been a pilot since 1949. He was a longtime member of the California Aviation Council, a member of the California Aeronautics Board, and the Grand Marshal of the first Airport Day in 1984.

In 1988 a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) control tower opened and SkyWest Airlines, WestAir operating as United Express and Wings West (later merged into American Eagle) were flying commuter turboprops, WestAir operating the Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante and later the BAe Jetstream 31.

Several other commuter airlines served San Luis Obispo with turboprop flights to Los Angeles (LAX) including Delta Connection service by SkyWest with Fairchild Swearingen Metroliners (Metro II and Metro III models) and Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias, Imperial Airlines with Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirantes, Mesa Airlines flying as United Express with Beechcraft 1900Cs and USAir Express operated by Trans States Airlines with BAe Jetstream 32s. only American Eagle and United Express remained, Delta Connection and US Air Express having left the year prior.

America West Express (Mesa Airlines) began flying de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8s to Phoenix in April 1999. Within a few years they had expanded to Las Vegas, and became the first airline to operate regional jets to the airport with the Canadair CRJ-200. The Las Vegas route was dropped shortly after the US Airways/America West merger.

In 2007 Delta Connection (Skywest) returned to San Luis Obispo, flying a CRJ-200 to Salt Lake City. The route ended in 2008. American Eagle left the airport in November 2008 as they retired their Saab 340s as part of a 12% reduction in services, and closed its base at the airport.

On August 27, 2008 US Airways Express flown by Mesa Airlines announced an expansion of service at San Luis Obispo. Beginning October 2, 2008 the Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet 900 (CRJ-900) replaced the smaller CRJ-200 on the Phoenix flights with 36 more seats on these twice-daily flights, and continues today as American Eagle service. SkyWest (United Express) now has Canadair CRJ-200s on most nonstops to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Denver with a planned change to larger Embraer ERJ-175 regional jets for one daily flight each to Los Angeles and San Francisco, and all flights to Denver. United Airlines has now added mainline Airbus A319 jet service nonstop between Denver and the airport. Allegiant Air considered the airport for nonstop McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jet service to Las Vegas, but the short runway at the time at SBP resulted in their flights being operated from the Santa Maria Airport.

In January 2009 a charter Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-400 arrived at SBP from Chico and was the largest aircraft ever to land at San Luis. The flight carried 125 members of the San Francisco Symphony arriving to perform at Cal Poly's Performing Arts Center. From April 1 to 4, 2009 charter Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-700s, Frontier Airlines Airbus A319s, and Southwest Airlines Boeing 737s arrived at San Luis Obispo County carrying Oregon National Guard military troops. The mainline A319 operated by both American Airlines and United Airlines is currently the largest jet aircraft type to serve San Luis Obispo in scheduled passenger service. Currently, there are no military charter operations at San Luis Obispo; however, C-130 Hercules aircraft do occasionally stop at the airport. Allegiant Air has operated charters from the airport for the Cal Poly Football team.

In October 2015 ground was broken on a new passenger terminal; it was expected that increases in the regional population and tourism would attract more service to the airport.

On April 13, 2017, Alaska Airlines (Horizon Air) began a daily Embraer ERJ-175 jet service to Seattle.

On December 13, 2018, American Airlines announced daily nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth which began on April 2, 2019. The flights were being operated with American Eagle CRJ-700 and Embraer E-175 regional jets and are currently being operated with mainline Airbus A319 jetliners.

On June 26, 2019, Contour Airlines announced flights to Las Vegas which began October 17, 2019 with Embraer ERJ-135s. In March 2020 due to COVID-19 the airline ended service to the airport.

On September 4, 2019, Alaska Airlines announced daily flights with the ERJ-175 to Portland, Oregon (starting on June 17, 2021), and San Diego.

Environmental contamination
In 2015, the airport was suspected as a possible source of trichloroethylene or TCE, which was found in nearby water wells. However, an investigation ordered by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board and conducted by a third-party engineering firm found that the airport was not the source of contamination. Water Board staff oversaw the county's field investigation activities. An estimated 48 residents had already filed claims against the county for negligence, even though the investigation concluded that the San Luis Obispo Regional Airport was not the source.

In 2019, the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board confirmed that the source of TCE contamination in the Buckley Road Area was emanating from 4665 Thread Lane, which is located across Buckley Road from the airport.

Facilities
The airport covers 340 acre and has two runways:

 * 11/29: 6,100 x 150 ft (1,859 x 46 m): asphalt
 * 7/25: 2,500 x 100 ft (762 x 30 m): asphalt

A new passenger terminal replaced the older, smaller facility towards the north end of the airfield. A ground-breaking ceremony was held on October 8, 2015, and opened on November 1, 2017. The new terminal features modern check-in counters and security screening, a pet relief area in a central courtyard, a post-security food stand, multiple gates with waiting areas, and two all-glass jet bridges in addition to the ground level gates. Artwork in the lobby includes tail sections and an engine nacelle from a Boeing 747. The airport is designed to accommodate up to 1.2 million passengers per year, well above the 450,000 seen by the airport at the time of construction.

The airport also has the Spirit of San Luis Restaurant, in the original terminal from the 1950s. It has outdoor seating for patrons to watch planes take off and land, and is popular with private pilots to fly in for "$100 hamburgers".

The 1980s built terminal covers 16,000 square feet, and is currently home to a flight school.

There are numerous parking spots for general aviation aircraft, and multiple FBOs, including Air San Luis and ACI Jet Center, as well as aircraft rentals and flight schools.

Cargo

 * Ameriflight for UPS
 * West Air Inc. for FedEx Express

On July 17, 2013, US Airways Express operated by Mesa Airlines resumed Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet 900 (CRJ-900) nonstop service to San Luis Obispo from Phoenix. US Airways was then merged into American Airlines and these nonstop flights are now operated by American Airlines mainline jets in addition to American Eagle regional jets flown by both Envoy Air and SkyWest Airlines.

On April 7, 2015, SkyWest Airlines operating as United Express began flying Canadair CRJ-200s on all flights to Los Angeles and San Francisco, replacing Embraer EMB-120 Brasilias as they moved the type into retirement, so all scheduled passenger airline flights at San Luis Obispo are now operated with regional jets for the first time. The daily flights to Denver, as well as two of the flights to Los Angeles and one flight to San Francisco, are operated with the Embraer 175 regional jet.

Alaska Airlines announced new nonstop service between Seattle and San Luis Obispo which began on April 13, 2017, and was originally flown by SkyWest Airlines with Embraer 175s. Alaska Airlines subsidiary Horizon Air took over this code share service on June 9, 2017. On June 17, 2021, the airline launched nonstop flights to San Diego and Portland, Oregon.

Delta briefly operated a CRJ-200 between San Luis Obispo and Salt Lake City International Airport between 2007 and 2008, until shelving the flights due to the national recession.

American Airlines is currently operating mainline Airbus A319 jetliners on nonstop service between San Luis Obispo and its hub in Dallas/Fort Worth while American Eagle serves nonstop services between the airport and Phoenix–Sky Harbor which is operated by both Envoy Air with Embraer 175 regional jets and SkyWest Airlines with Canadair CRJ-700 regional jets.

Fixed-base operators

 * ACI Jet offers a complete aircraft management program, which eliminates the frustrations and hassles involved with owning one's own aircraft.
 * Air San Luis is a local Cessna parts dealer and maintenance shop.
 * SunWest Aviation was founded in 1987 as a family operation providing flight management services, and has grown to become an executive air charter specialist, aircraft rental service, flight school, and maintenance shop.
 * Aerocademy was founded in 2007 to give future and current SLO area pilots a place to further their aviation education.

Ground transportation
The airport is located along Broad Street (State Route 227) at Aero Drive, southeast of Downtown San Luis Obispo. Parking is available across four parking lots within walking distance of the terminal. Parking is charged either hourly or daily; there are no separate long-term, short-term, or economy parking lots like many other major airports.

SLO Transit is the public transportation system that serves the airport. Taxis, Lyft, and Uber also provide service.

Accidents

 * August 24, 1984 - Wings West Airlines / Flight 628 Midair collision. Shortly after departing the San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport on a commuter flight to San Francisco International Airport, a Wings West Airlines twin-engine Beechcraft C99 (N6399U) collided head-on with a private Rockwell Commander 112TC aircraft (N112SM) that was descending for a landing at the same airport.
 * August 1, 2005 - A Piper Cherokee flew into the side of Islay Hill shortly after takeoff in dense fog. The newly licensed pilot was not instrument rated and was killed in the crash. A fire on top of the hill burned 1/8th of an acre before being contained. The 700 foot tall Islay Hill lies 1 mile east of the airport boundary, however a red warning beacon was removed many years before the accident and has never been replaced.
 * January 8, 2009 - A Beechcraft Bonanza (BE36-A36) landed with its gear up causing runway 29/11 to be closed for about an hour. The pilot was the only person aboard and was not injured. The runway closure caused a SkyWest flight from San Francisco to divert to Southern California.
 * March 17, 2009 - At 3:00pm a Piper Comanche (PA-24) missed the runway on landing, apparently catching a wind gust. The wind caused the aircraft to veer off the runway, down a grass side embankment and through a fence.  The incident caused the runway to be closed for 10 to 15 minutes but no aircraft were delayed.  The one occupant of the aircraft, the pilot, was not injured.
 * June 24, 2013 - A Cessna Skymaster crashed into a Federal Express truck and a building about 1.5 miles northwest of the airport after takeoff, killing the pilot. The pilot had reportedly made a mayday call shortly before the crash.
 * December 15, 2015 - A Cessna 210 landed with its gear up and caused the closure of runway 29/11. There were no injuries to any of the three passengers, and the runway was reopened the same day. It is unknown why the landing gear failed to extend.
 * February 6, 2018 - An Ameriflight Fairchild Metroliner experienced a runway excursion without injury. There were minor delays for commercial flights.

title: San Luis Obispo County Regional Airport


text: Category:Lords of Parliament

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Lords of Parliament


text:
History of Spain (1975–present)

In the history of contemporary Spain, the death of caudillo Francisco Franco on 20 November 1975 marked the beginning of the Spanish transition to democracy, the establishment of the parliamentary monarchy and the subsequent accession of King Juan Carlos I to the throne. In 1978, the current Spanish Constitution of 1978 was signed and the status of Spain's autonomous entities (autonomías) was defined.

Road to elections (1975–1977)
In the uncertainty after Franco's death, the political situation could have taken one of three turns:

 * Continuity of the previous, authoritarian regime. This idea was backed by Franco's government officials, (the "bunker"), high-ranking military officers and numerous veterans of Movimiento Nacional.
 * A complete overhaul of the previous system. Sectors of the opposition who supported this move assembled as the Junta Democrática. However, fearing a reaction from the military, other members of the opposition preferred concessions with the previous regime, thus creating the Plataforma de Convergencia Democrática.
 * A gradual reform of the previous system and the introduction of a constitutional monarchy. This idea was championed by the King, who had a minority of followers.

In his coronation speech, the King had opened the possibility for reform along the lines of constitutional monarchy. However, for this to be possible, high-ranking officials from the previous regime had to be ejected from power.

The first act of the King was to name Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, his old teacher, as the President of the Cortes and of the Consejo del Reino. This gave the King control over the Cortes and provided him with critical assistance to dismantle the old regime within a legal framework. Torcuato Fernández Miranda was despised by the falangists and was a staunch supporter of reform.

The new government included many "reformists" like Manuel Fraga, who was the visible head of the government. Manuel Fraga often argued with the opposition (even imprisoning leaders of the Platajunta, a hybrid coalition of the Junta Democrática and the Plataforma de Convergencia Democrática), whom he wanted to get out of the way. Fraga preferred "slow evolution" into democracy, unlike the King.

Carlos Arias Navarro consistently impeded the King's wishes of accelerating reform. As a result, the King had to get rid of him, as it seemed he had caved in under pressure from the bunker. Whereas the King could not dismiss Arias Navarro based on still relevant laws from Francoist Spain, in an interview with Newsweek on 26 April 1976, the King expressed his discontent with Arias. In June 1976, Arias signed his resignation. Adolfo Suárez took his place as the President of the Government on 3 July 1976. Suárez came from a Francoist background, so as a result he could not count on the support of the old regime búnker, the reformists or the opposition. After Fraga declined to participate in the new government, lesser known politicians formed the new Cabinet. Adolfo Suárez was a staunch supporter of the King's reform policies.

As these events unfolded, a lesser amnesty was conceded to political prisoners of the old regime. A wide amnesty was proclaimed on 17 March 1977. Next, Suárez took it upon himself to reform the Cortes and to establish the legal framework for the elections. Suárez's new government wrote the Political Reform Act in 1977. It called for the Cortes to be divided into two Chambers, consisting of a Congress with 350 members and a Senate with 201. After being pressured by the King and by Suárez, the Cortes signed their own demise and approved the reform, which was held to test with a popular referendum. An overwhelming majority approved the change (94% in favour).

This law required the government to convoke general elections, but it had to legalise political parties first. They were in fact legalised soon after, with the limitation that their manifestos had to abide by the law. On 23 March 1977, the laws regulating elections were published in the BOE, thus officially coming into effect.

Violence was not uncommon. The most striking event was the 1977 Atocha massacre, where five people working for Comisiones Obreras (a trade union affiliated to the Communist Party) were murdered by right-wing extremists. There was also violence from left-wing groups, like ETA (which continued to campaign violently for the independence of the Basque Country) or new groups like GRAPO, a Maoist group, or MPAIAC, a Canarian independence group.

The Spanish Communist Party was legalised on Holy Saturday (9 April) to prevent the military from reacting. This led to the resignation of the Minister of the Navy and an Army General. Santiago Carrillo, the Communist Party Secretary, had renounced republicanism and the Republican flag.

On 14 May, don Juan de Borbón renounced his rights to the throne in favour of Juan Carlos in La Zarzuela. Shortly after, Torcuato Fernández-Miranda resigned due to political differences with Adolfo Suárez. Fernández Miranda wanted to establish a system similar to that of the United States, with a centre-left and a centre-right party alternating in power.

The 1977 Spanish general election, which took place on 15 June 1977, produced the following results for Spanish Congress:

 * Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD, Unión de Centro Democrático), a centre-right party led by Suárez obtained 166 seats
 * Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, Partido Socialista Obrero Español), a centre-left party, obtained 118 seats.
 * Communist Party of Spain (PCE, Partido Comunista Español), a left-wing party, obtained 20 seats.
 * People's Alliance (AP, Alianza Popular), right-wing party, formed by ex-Francoists and led by Manuel Fraga, obtained 16 seats.
 * Pacte Democràtic per Catalunya (PDC, Pacte Democràtic per Catalunya), centre-right Catalan party, obtained 11 seats.
 * Basque Nationalist Party (PNV, Partido Nacionalista Vasco), centre-right Basque party obtained 8 seats.
 * Other parties, including left-wing Basque and Catalan separatists, Christian democrats and extreme left-wing parties obtained 11 seats.

The Spanish Constitution (1978)
After the elections, it was necessary to write up a constitution for the new Spain. Since the 1931 constitution was republican and now Juan Carlos I was appointed king by Franco, a new one was necessary. The pre-constitutional project was written up by a commission consisting of deputies of all main political groups except PNV. After several months of discussion, a consensus was reached between several parties, and the Constitution was sent to the Cortes for approval. After this, it was put on a referendum on 6 December 1978 and was approved by 58% of the total census, with an 8% negative vote and 33% abstention. It was signed by the King on 27 December and took effect after its publication in the Spanish BOE (Official State Bulletin) on 29 December 1978.

The constitution granted the right for historical communities to form autonomous regions in Spain. The first regions to do this were the Basque Country and Catalonia, and soon after other regions joined, making up the modern map of Spain. This was widely criticised by the army and by right wing groups, which thought the unity of Spain was compromised, and it is still a source of argument today.

The dissolution of UCD and the 23-F (1979–1982)
In November 1978, information services had been alerted to a possible coup d'état whose objective was to form a "National Salvation" government and arrest Suárez. This was called Operación Galaxia. The 1979 Spanish general election had the following results for the Congress of Deputies:

CD was the new name for Fraga's Alianza Popular, and CiU was a coalition of conservative Catalan parties.
 * UCD: 168 seats
 * PSOE: 121 seats
 * PCE: 23 seats
 * CD: 9 seats
 * CiU: 8 seats
 * PNV: 7 seats
 * Others: 14 seats

UCD was a conglomerate party with many factions, as it was built from the existing government by Adolfo Suárez. This conglomerate started showing divisions with the arguments about laws on divorce and especially in the autonomous statutes. The pressure from opposing factions and from the opposition wore down Adolfo Suárez until he resigned from the party and also resigned from his position as President of the Government. Suárez publicly announced his resignation in TVE, on 25 June 1981. This was a surprise for most people, as it was a completely unexpected move from Suárez.

The next UCD congress in February took place amongst great tension. Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo was voted candidate for the Presidency of the Government for UCD and was to be invested President on 23 February.

On the day of his investiture, Antonio Tejero broke into the Congress and held all deputies at gunpoint in an attempted coup d'état. The army's discontent was caused because of the autonomous statutes which they thought compromised Spain's unity. However, this coup d'état failed because the King called for the military powers to obey legal civilian authority. The next morning, Tejero surrendered, and the democracy was saved.

In October 1981, entry to NATO was approved in Congress with the open opposition of left-wing groups. The Socialist Party PSOE, the main opposition party, promised a referendum on NATO if it (PSOE) got into government. New elections were called in which the UCD suffered a heavy loss, giving PSOE a huge majority in both the Senate and the Congress of Deputies. PSOE during this time also abandoned Marxist ideology in favour of more moderate tendencies. The massive gain of CP, led by Manuel Fraga, was caused by the disappearance of UCD from the political spectrum.

Results of the 1982 Spanish general election for Congress of Deputies were:

 * PSOE: 202 seats
 * CP: 106 seats
 * CiU: 12 seats
 * UCD: 12 seats
 * PNV: 8 seats
 * PCE: 4 seats
 * Others: 6 seats

The PSOE was the first party to rule over Spain with a majority in the history of Spain's democracy. The transition to democracy was said to be completed here because a centre-left party took over the government from a centre-right party with no consequences.

Spain under Felipe González (1982–1996)
Felipe González became Prime Minister (Presidente del Gobierno in Spanish) after PSOE's victory in the elections. PSOE at that time, though it had renounced its Marxist ideology, still had a populist current, led by Alfonso Guerra, as opposed to a neo-liberal one, led by Miguel Boyer. This would cause divisions in the party which would not show up until years later.

In González's first term, several measures were adopted, but with moderation – something that contrasted with their program, which was much more radical. The main bills passed in this period were legalized abortion, increased personal freedoms, and a reorganization of the education in Spain. In addition, however, this period marked the appearance of the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL), mercenary counter-terrorist forces organised and paid by the government which assassinated various terrorists, and the expropriation of RUMASA, a trust operated by a member of Opus Dei. Also during this period, Spain joined the European Economic Community, and a referendum (as promised by PSOE) was called on Spain remaining in NATO on 12 March 1986. This time, however, the socialists campaigned in favour of NATO, the parties to the left of PSOE campaigned against NATO, and the right, led by Manuel Fraga, campaigned for abstention. In the referendum, the Spanish population opted to remain in NATO with a 52.2% vote in favour, but with considerable abstention.

The 1986 Spanish general election was called on 28 June 1986 for both chambers.

 * PSOE: 184	seats
 * CP: 105 seats
 * CDS: 19 seats
 * CiU: 18 seats
 * IU: 7 seats
 * PNV: 6 seats
 * HB: 5 seats
 * Others: 6 seats

PSOE maintained its majority in both chambers, but it lost some seats, and CDS, the new centre party led by Adolfo Suárez, became the third party. Izquierda Unida (IU) is a conglomerate of left-wing parties led by the PCE. Lastly, Herri Batasuna (HB) is a Basque separatist political party, recently banned for its ties to ETA.

PSOE's majority meant it could pass laws without the need for consensus between all the political parties. So, there was great stability, but there was no real parliament debate. There was practically no political opposition, but a social opposition started growing in the end of the 80s, consisting of two fronts: the student front, and the syndicalist front. This last front exerted a great amount of pressure, even calling for a general strike on 14 December 1988, due to the liberalizing of the economic policies. On this day, eight million Spaniards did not go to work, which accounted for 90% of the total work force in Spain. Faced with these problems, PSOE had to call for elections one year earlier, on 29 October 1989.

The results of the 1989 Spanish general election were:
 * PSOE: 175	seats
 * PP: 107 seats
 * CiU: 18 seats
 * IU: 17 seats
 * CDS: 14 seats
 * PNV: 5 seats
 * HB: 4 seats
 * Others: 10 seats

PSOE stood just on the border of the majority now (175 seats of 350), but it was able to pass laws because of the absence of HB's deputies. People's Party (PP) was the new name for CP, and it became consolidated as the second largest party. From 1991, PSOE started losing its urban vote in favour of PP, adding this to various scandals: the FILESA case, an organization built to illegally raise funds for PSOE, influence peddling and prevarication cases, internal divisions between the populist and the liberal currents started showing up. Under these conditions, the 1993 Spanish general election was called on 6 June 1993 with the following results:

 * PSOE: 159 seats
 * PP: 141 seats
 * IU: 18 seats
 * CiU: 17 seats
 * PNV: 5 seats
 * CC: 4 seats
 * Others: 6 seats

PSOE managed to achieve a relative majority despite all the corruption and scandals. However, it had to draw a deal with CiU, a Catalan centre-right party. This caused frequent tensions and accusations from the opposition that PSOE was giving more money and power to Catalonia in exchange for CiU's support. Coalicion Canaria (CC) was formed by a conglomerate of liberal Canarian regionalist parties.

This legislature was a failure due to the vulnerability to the continuous attacks from the opposition and new corruption scandals – the most famous one was the Guardia Civil's director, Luis Roldán. Facing this, PSOE had to call for early elections on 3 March 1996.

The result of the 1996 Spanish general election was:
 * PP: 156 seats
 * PSOE: 141 seats
 * IU: 21 seats
 * CiU: 16 seats
 * PNV: 5 seats
 * Others: 7 seats

PP won these elections and was able to enter the government after acquiring support from the various Catalan, Canarian and Basque groups.

Spain under José María Aznar (1996–2004)
José María Aznar became prime minister of Spain thanks to the support from CiU, PNV, and CC. During his first term, his main objective was an economic policy to allow convergence with the euro, and several public enterprises were privatized.

In the 2000 Spanish general election on 12 March 2000, the PP obtained a majority of seats:
 * PP: 183 seats
 * PSOE: 125 seats
 * CiU: 15 seats
 * IU: 8 seats
 * PNV: 7 seats

In his second term, without needing the support from the autonomic parties, Aznar was able to apply his party's program more freely, but not without controversy.

Again, the government's focus was on economy, and some of its reforms were strongly criticized by the syndicates. The economic policy caused an increase in the price of butane, gasoline, and tobacco, that led to an increase in the price of other goods that increased with the arrival of euro.

The most controversial aspects of this second term were:
 * The 2002 general strike (due to the labour policies)
 * The reform of university studies by decree
 * The application of the National Hydrologic Plan (which included several transfers, being the most important the one from the river Ebro to south-eastern Spain).
 * The ill-managed accident of the oil carrier Prestige, which caused a big oil spill in the Galician coast.
 * Support of the US-led Iraq War against public opinion, even sending soldiers there.

Aznar is also said to have had a more tense relationship with the King, unlike his predecessor, whose friendship with the King still lasts today.

One of the most peculiar events of his second term was when Spain and Morocco had some disagreements about Perejil Island, an island with an area less than a square kilometer, near the coast of Morocco. Morocco brought some forces to that island. After some days of diplomatic conversations, Morocco didn't withdraw the few troops that were there. Finally, Spain brought a helicopter and some troops to the island, and drove them back to Morocco.

Even though Spanish laws do not limit the terms in office of a President, Aznar voluntarily decided to not run for a third term. Interior Minister Mariano Rajoy was elected by his party as new leader. While initial polls gave him good chances of winning, the campaign's last weeks and the Madrid train bombings on 11 March 2004, just three days before elections took place, changed the tide of the vote.

Internally and outwards, the attacks were seen as the result of Spain support to the US in the Iraq War.

The 2004 Spanish general election saw PSOE, led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, win a plurality of seats in Congress of Deputies, and it was able to form a government with the support of minor parties.
 * PSOE: 164 seats
 * PP: 148 seats
 * CiU: 10 seats
 * ERC: 8 seats
 * PNV: 7 seats
 * IU: 5 seats
 * CC: 3 seats
 * BNG: 2 seats

Spain under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (2004–2011)
Because he failed to secure a majority in the 2004 election, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero became prime minister with the support of IU, Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Canarian Coalition (CC). This is not a coalition, however, and each law must be individually negotiated.

As promised during the electoral campaign, Zapatero removed all Spanish soldiers from Iraq. His government also approved a same-sex marriage law for Spain. This law was supported by the majority of the Spanish population. However, the Roman Catholic Church and social conservatives, many of whom were associated with the Partido Popular, strongly opposed it.

Unlike his predecessor, in the international arena Zapatero was more supportive of the United Nations.

His relations with the United States became strained following the withdrawal of Spanish forces from Iraq, and the new relationship Zapatero built with two of the Iraq War's most vocal critics, France and Germany, until those countries elected new leaders. As Zapatero had vocally supported the incumbents, he strained relationships with the new leaders.

Spain under Mariano Rajoy (2011–2018)
Further information: Premiership of Mariano Rajoy

Mariano Rajoy became prime minister after his party gained a majority in the 2011 elections. His tenure has been marked by the continuation of the financial crisis and the application of harsh austerity measures and spending cuts, as well as the adoption of a new labor law reform in early 2012 which resulted in 2 general strikes that year. The eruption of a major party illegal financing scandal has eroded his government's popularity.

In 2014, Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy announced the planned abdication of King Juan Carlos, saying Prince Felipe was well prepared to be the next King of Spain.

During the term of Rajoy, Carles Puigdemont declared the independence of Catalonia amid the 2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis and the 2017 Barcelona-Cambrils terrorist attacks.

In May 2018, Mariano Rajoy was defeated in a no-confidence vote in parliament, meaning Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez took over as Spain's new prime minister.

Spain under Pedro Sánchez (2018-present)
On 2 June 2018, The leader of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Pedro Sánchez was sworn in as the country's new prime minister by King Felipe. As an atheist, Sánchez took the oath to protect the constitution without a bible or crucifix - a first in Spain's modern history.

In November 2019, Socialist Party (PSOE) of Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez won the highest number of seats but fell short of an absolute majority in the parliamentary election. The conservative Popular Party (PP) was the second, but far-right group Vox got the most significant rise.

In January 2020, after months of political stalemate, Pedro Sánchez formed the first coalition government since the return to democracy in the 1970s. Sánchez formed a coalition with Pablo Iglesias, the leader of the smaller and more left-wing Unidas Podemos party.

Following the general election on 23 July 2023, Sánchez once again formed a coalition government, this time with Sumar (successors of Unidas Podemos).

title: History of Spain (1975–present)


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tony "The Tongue" Flores

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:12, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Tony "The Tongue" Flores
Vanity. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 20:23, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity.--Kross 20:38, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy Delete as nonsense. And a hoax. -- BD2412 talk 21:51, 2005 Jun 14 (UTC)
 * Delete unverified/probably a hoax. --Etacar11 22:38, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete unverifiable. JamesBurns 06:11, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
File:McLusky007.jpg

Summary
An illustration of James Bond by artist John McLusky for the Daily Express newspaper. Dated 1965.

Fair use rationale
It is believed that this image, McLusky007.jpg, is subject to fair use in the article James Bond (comic strip) because: It is believed that this image, McLusky007.jpg, is subject to fair use in the article John McLusky because: It is believed that this image, McLusky007.jpg, is subject to fair use in the article James Bond because: It is believed that this image, McLusky007.jpg, is subject to fair use in the article James Bond (literary character) because:
 * The image is used for identification and critical commentary of the article subject
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title: File:McLusky007.jpg


text:
Woodstock '89

Woodstock '89 or "The Forgotten Woodstock" was a rock concert that took place in August 1989 on the site of the original Woodstock concert of 1969 as a spontaneous celebration of the event's 20th anniversary.

The event began with a single folk guitarist, Rich Pell, who came to the site. Pell was given permission to organize the show by Charles and June Gelish, who owned the property. With the help of Will Hoppey, Pell organized all aspects of the concert from ordering water trucks to working out who would perform on the stage. Rich also emceed the festival.

The whole event was spontaneous. Anyone was invited to perform regardless of skill levels, and the majority of performers were lesser-known bands. Wavy Gravy, the Woodstock All-Stars, and Al Hendrix, the father of Jimi Hendrix, appeared at the concert. Wayne Thiel played a small set of Hendrix material shortly before Al Hendrix came onto the stage. The band was called "Head First".

The gathering took place on the same days in August as the original festival, even though in 1989 this fell in the middle of the week.

A total lunar eclipse occurred during the concert on the night of August 16–17. Musicians worked the lunar eclipse into performances; one sang his own version of Man's "Call Down the Moon". The actual performer "calling down the moon" was Jack Hardy in his song "The Hunter".

Although the property owners briefly attempted to charge $5 for parking, and a few people had made up simple T-shirts and simple food to sell at the event, there was virtually none of the commercialism that later marked the Woodstock '94 and Woodstock '99 concerts.

The event had not been promoted other than by word of mouth, and at first it appeared there would be no stage, no lighting, and few performers until volunteers began bringing them in. Food and beverages were not sold; participants brought their own supplies and bartered with each other.

By the weekend the stage and sound system had grown to accommodate the large crowd. Members of the band Ice Nine (John Gaechter & Vince Lisanti) supplied their PA system and organized people to help build a larger stage. Performers included Melanie Safka and Savoy Brown, as well as many local artists including Will Hoppey, Ice Nine, Rich Pell, The Psychedelic Kitchen, Target, Billy Mitchell, and Jack Hardy. The concert was recorded by Barry Benson and was available as 20th Anniversary Festival: A Musical Documentary of Woodstock '89. "An estimated 150,000 people passed by, or stopped to participate in the celebration of the 1969 concert," as reported by the Sullivan County Democrat on August 22, 1989.

Because participants were allowed to park vehicles next to their tents all across the site except in the main performance area, much of the field that was so densely covered by people in 1969 was filled again by this event, but this time by cars, psychedelic buses and upscale RV's as well.

Santana declined to play Woodstock '89 but would resume at Woodstock '94.

ABC's morning program Good Morning America broadcast live from Max Yasgur's Farm, interviewing Wavy Gravy and Ken Kesey.

title: Woodstock '89


text:
Domesticated silver fox

The domesticated silver fox (Vulpes vulpes forma amicus) is a form of the silver fox that has been to some extent domesticated under laboratory conditions. The silver fox is a melanistic form of the wild red fox. Domesticated silver foxes are the result of an experiment designed to demonstrate the power of selective breeding to transform species, as described by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species. The experiment at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics in Novosibirsk, Russia explored whether selection for behaviour rather than morphology may have been the process that had produced dogs from wolves, by recording the changes in foxes when in each generation only the most tame foxes were allowed to breed. Many of the descendant foxes became both tamer and more dog-like in morphology, including displaying mottled- or spotted-coloured fur.

In 2019, an international research team questioned the conclusion that this experiment had provided strong support for the validity of domestication syndrome. They did conclude that it remains "a resource for investigation of the genomics and biology of behavior".

Initial beliefs and research
Dmitry Belyayev questioned how the diversity of canine breeds had arisen from the domestic dog's lupine ancestors. Like other scientists, he "could not figure out what mechanism could account for the differences in anatomy, physiology, and behavior" that were obvious in dogs, but he was confident that the answer lay "in the principles of Mendelian inheritance." The genetics of domestication had also been of great interest to Darwin.

The available research concluded that domesticated animals differ in several ways from their wild counterparts. Belyayev believed that many domesticated animals had a number of phenotypic traits in common. This hypothesis is called the domestication syndrome; it was challenged in 2019.

Scientists did not know what principle of selection had guided the Neolithic farmers who had first domesticated these species thousands of years ago. Belyayev's hypothesis was that "all domesticated species had been selected for a single criterion: tameness." Belyayev further theorized that this attribute "had dragged along with it most of the other features that distinguish domestic animals from their wild forebears, like droopy ears, patches of white in the fur and changes in skull shape." Jason Goldman of Scientific American said, "Belyaev hypothesized that the anatomical and physiological changes seen in domesticated animals could have been the result of selection on the basis of behavioral traits. More specifically, he believed that tameness was the critical factor."

Academic Claudio J. Bidau wrote that Belyayev's suspicion was "that domestication was ruled by a process of 'destabilizing selection' affecting mechanisms of ontogenetic neuroendocrine control, either directly or indirectly in response to the appearance of a factor of stress", and that "the key factor of domestication producing striking similar results in many species is selection for tameness."

Goldman said Belyayev wondered if a breeding program that involved "selecting for tameness and against aggression would result in hormonal and neurochemical changes, since behavior ultimately emerged from biology. Those hormonal and chemical changes could then be implicated in anatomy and physiology. It could be that the anatomical differences in domesticated dogs were related to the genetic changes underlying the behavioral temperament for which they selected (tameness and low aggression). He believed that he could investigate these questions about domestication by attempting to domesticate wild foxes." He decided to study the silver fox and to observe how the fox responds to selective pressures for tame behaviour.

Belyayev chose the silver fox for his experiment, "because it is a social animal and is related to the dog." The silver fox had, however, never before been domesticated. Belyayev designed a selective-breeding program for the foxes that was intended to reproduce a single major factor, namely "a strong selection pressure for tamability". This breeding experiment would be the focus of the last 26 years of Belyayev's life.

Domestication
The fox species had been hard to domesticate. It would not breed in cages. Belyayev himself failed to establish a captive breeding population of river otters unaccustomed to people. Few bred successfully in captivity and the attempt was discontinued.

Belyayev did not initiate the domestication of the Arctic fox, but rather started the scientifically rigorous documentation of the process, while it was only 66 years old. The domestication was well documented, satisfying Belyayev's desire to understand the domestication process from its inception with a given species.

Experiment
Lyudmila Trut was a graduate who was chosen as manager of the program. In 1952, she began to collect the tamest foxes from fur farms. They "began with 30 male foxes and 100 vixens, most of them from a commercial fur farm in Estonia." From the beginning, Belyayev chose foxes solely for tameness, allowing only a tiny percentage of male offspring, and a slightly larger percentage of females, to breed. The foxes were not trained, in order to ensure that their tameness was a result of genetic selection and not of environmental influences. For the same reason, they spent most of their lives in cages and were permitted only brief encounters with human beings.

Belyayev set down strict guidelines for the breeding program. Goldman said, "Starting at one month of age, and continuing every month throughout infancy, the foxes were tested for their reactions to an experimenter. The experimenter would attempt to pet and handle the fox while offering it food. In addition, the experimenters noted whether the foxes preferred to spend time with other foxes, or with humans." After the fox had reached sexual maturity at an age of seven to eight months, "they had their final test and assigned an overall tameness score." Among the factors that went into this score were the tendency "to approach an experimenter standing at the front of its home pen" and "to bite the experimenters when they tried to touch it."

As reported on by Trut, the tests for tameness took the following form, which was still in use as of 2009: "When a pup is one month old, an experimenter offers it food from his hand while trying to stroke and handle the pup. The pups are tested twice, once in a cage and once while moving freely with other pups in an enclosure, where they can choose to make contact either with the human experimenter or with another pup. The test is repeated monthly until the pups are six or seven months old." At the age of seven or eight months, the pups are given a tameness score and placed in one of three groups. The least domesticated are in Class III; those that allow humans to pet and handle them, but that do not respond to contact with friendliness, are in Class II; the ones that are friendly with humans are in Class I. After only six generations, Belyayev and his team had to add a higher category, Class IE, the "domesticated elite", which "are eager to establish human contact, whimpering to attract attention and sniffing and licking experimenters like dogs. They start displaying this kind of behavior before they are one month old. By the 20th generation 35% were 'elite', and by the 30th generation 70% to 80% of the selected generation was 'elite.'"

Once the foxes in each generation had been classified according to the latest research, only the least fearful and least aggressive foxes were selected for breeding. Goldman said, "In each successive generation, less than 20 percent of individuals were allowed to breed". The sole criterion for permitting them to breed was their tolerance of human contact.

Results
In 1978, Belyayev reported at an Invitational Lecture at the 14th International Congress of Genetics in Moscow the types of changes that were observed by Belyayev and Trut in the tame-selected foxes. As early as the second generation, counting from 1959, the "tameness" score of the selected population continued to increase every generation. "Tail wagging" was observed in one male fox by the fourth generation (1963). As early as 1962 changes in the animals' reproductive behavior started taking place. They found that some of the "tame" foxes were showing signs of "proestrus", as early as October–November, as opposed to the normal time of January–March.

By 1972, some of the females were coming into estrus in the October–November period. The males, by contrast, were not ready for mating. By 1976, the tamest females mated as early as 20 December; some of the females gave birth and then mated again in March–April. In the 10th generation (1969), "floppy ears" appeared in a female pup, as well as a piebald coloration on other tame pups consisting of patches of white and brown on the belly, tail, and paws. A small white "star patch" appeared in the middle of forehead of one pup also in the 10th generation. Other correlated changes in the domesticated foxes reported by Belyaev included a shortened tail, a shortening and widening of the skull, and the tail rolled over the back.

The changes manifested by the tame foxes over the generations, moreover, were not only behavioral but also physiological, just as Belyayev had expected. The first physiological change detected in the tame foxes was a lower adrenaline level. Belyayev and his team "theorized that adrenaline might share a biochemical pathway with melanin, which controls pigment production in fur", a hypothesis that has since been confirmed by research. After eight to ten generations, the tame foxes began to develop multi-colored coats, a trait found more in domesticated animals than in wild ones; this was followed by the development of "floppy ears and rolled tails similar to those in some breeds of dog". After 15 to 20 generations, a very small percentage of the tame foxes developed shorter tails and legs and underbites or overbites. The experimenters also discovered that the domesticated foxes show a "fear response" several weeks later than their wild counterparts, and that this delay is "linked to changes in plasma levels of corticosteroids, hormones concerned with an animal's adaptation to stress". After 12 generations of selective breeding, the corticosteroid level in the tame foxes' plasma was "slightly more than half the level in a control group". After 28 to 30 generations, "the level had halved again." At the same time, the tame foxes' brains contained higher levels of serotonin. Moreover, tame male foxes' skulls gradually became narrower, more like those of females, and litters became "on average, one pup larger".

After over 40 generations of breeding, in short, Belyayev produced "a group of friendly, domesticated foxes who 'displayed behavioral, physiological, and anatomical characteristics that were not found in the wild population, or were found in wild foxes but with much lower frequency….Many of the domesticated foxes had floppy ears, short or curly tails, extended reproductive seasons, changes in fur coloration, and changes in the shape of their skulls, jaws, and teeth. They also lost their 'musky fox smell'." It was Belyayev's view that these new attributes, which were extremely similar to the attributes of other domesticated animals, "was the result of selection for amenability to domestication." His reasoning was that behavior is "regulated by a fine balance between neurotransmitters and hormones at the level of the whole organism ... . Because mammals from widely different taxonomic groups share similar regulatory mechanisms for hormones and neurochemistry, it is reasonable to believe that selecting them for similar behavior – tameness – should alter those mechanisms, and the developmental pathways they govern, in similar ways."

Trut wrote in 1999 "that after 40 years of the experiment, and the breeding of 45,000 foxes, a group of animals had emerged that were as tame and as eager to please as a dog." Fitch described the tame foxes as "incredibly endearing". The New York Times wrote that they
 * "were clean and quiet and made excellent house pets, though — being highly active — they preferred a house with a yard to an apartment. They did not like leashes, though they tolerated them."

Ceiridwen Terrill of Concordia University, who described Belyayev's fox farm in 2012 as looking like a set of "dilapidated army barracks", with "rows and rows of sheds that house about a hundred foxes each", said that the foxes were so tame that when she reached into a cage to show one of them some affection, it plainly "loved having its belly scratched". Some of the foxes had even been trained to fetch and sit. So it was, in the words of Scientific American, that
 * "selecting for a single behavioral characteristic — allowing only the tamest, least fearful individuals to breed — resulted in changes not only in behavior, but also in anatomical and physiological changes that were not directly manipulated."

Significance
Belyayev's experimental animals and their descendants have been said to "form an unparalleled resource for studying the process and genetics of domestication". Brian Hare, a biological anthropologist, wanted to study "the unusual ability of dogs to understand human gestures". Hare
 * "wanted to know if dogs' powerful rapport with humans was a quality that the original domesticators of the dog had selected for, or whether it had just come along with the tameness, as implied by Belyaev's hypothesis".

He discovered
 * "that the fox kits from Belyaev's domesticated stock did just as well as puppies in picking up cues from people about hidden food, even though they had almost no previous experience with humans."

Hare suggested that selection for tameness
 * "may have been sufficient to produce the unusual ability of dogs to use human communicative gestures"

and that the inability of wild wolves to pick up human cues is caused by their fear of humans. While Belyayev and his team "didn't select for a smarter fox but for a nice fox", Hare said, "they ended up getting a smart fox."

Belyayev's research, Hare further argues, has implications for the origins of human social behavior:
 * "Are we domesticated in the sense of dogs? No. But I am comfortable saying that the first thing that has to happen to get a human from an apelike ancestor is a substantial increase in tolerance toward one another. There had to be a change in our social system."

Understanding the genetic reasons for wildness compared to tameness may provide more insight into human behaviour and how humans domesticated animals. National Geographic's Evan Ratliff asked:
 * "Out of 148 large mammal species on Earth, why have no more than 15 ever been domesticated? Why have we been able to tame and breed horses for thousands of years, but never their close relative the zebra, despite numerous attempts?"

After Belyayev's death
Belyayev died of cancer in 1985. After his death, his experiment was continued by Trut, who brought international attention to it with a 1999 article in American Scientist. By that year, after 40 years and 45,000 foxes, the experimenters had a population of 100 foxes, the product of 30 to 35 generations of selection. Trut expressed the belief in that year that "Belyayev would be pleased" with the posthumous results of his experiment, which has "compressed into a few decades an ancient process that originally unfolded over thousands of years", causing "the aggressive behavior of our herd's wild progenitors" to "entirely disappear". The experimenters, she wrote, "have watched new morphological traits emerge, a process previously known only from archaeological evidence." Trut suggested that the most important remaining question is "just how much further our selective-breeding experiment can go".

The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in declining funds towards scientific research, complicating Belyayev's and Trut's research continuation. They had difficulties even keeping the foxes alive. Belyayev died in 1985 before he could salvage the institute, so Trut fought to maintain the fox research. Today, the experiment is under the supervision of Lyudmila Trut. When Anna Kukekova, a Russian-born postdoctoral student in molecular genetics at Cornell, read about the project's financial difficulties, she secured funding from the National Institutes of Health and joined in Trut's effort to complete Belyayev's work, making it a joint Russian-American initiative.

Further research
The results from the experiments led the scientists at the institute to research domestication of other animals, such as rats in 1972, mink, and river otters. Similar research was carried out in Denmark with American minks. The project also bred the least-tameable foxes to study social behavior in canids. These foxes avoided human contact, as do their wild behavioral phenotypes.

Detailed genetic and physiological studies on the foxes have been done by Trut and colleagues. For example, the "star-shaped" pattern was found to be controlled by one dominant gene that was incompletely penetrant, "but its penetrance is significantly higher in offspring from tame mothers than from aggressive ones..." Trut reported that female foxes heterozygous for the gene controlling the star pattern also influenced the number of male pups, increasing the number of males over the expected 50%. As the fox experiment has progressed over time, it was found that in general the number of male pups increased over the expected 50% to approximately 54%.

Early in the experiment, Trut and Belyaev started comparing the hormonal responses of the tame and control foxes. They showed that selection for tame behavior caused the levels of 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood to be reduced; selection had also caused the morphology of adrenal glands to change. Levels of the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone differed. Belyaev stated: "Perhaps the most important observation emerging from this series of experiments is that fact that tame females exhibit statistically significant changes in certain neurochemical characteristics in such regions of the brain as the hypothalamus, midbrain, and hippocampus. The level of serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid turned out to be higher in tame than in unselected females. This fact fits the type of behavior, since serotonin is known to inhibit some kinds of aggression. Serotonin plays a role in the central regulation of the hypothalmic-hypophyseal-adrenal-sexual system. Thus, selection for tame behavior is associated with changes in both the central and peripheral mechanisms of the neuro-endocrine control of ontogeny."

Trut and her colleagues have applied modern molecular techniques to the fox populations with the aim of not only identifying which genes are involved in domestication, but also in determining how changes in the fox genome compare to those of the domesticated dog. 400 canine microsatellites that are evenly distributed across the canine genome were analyzed in the fox genome. Based on amounts of homozygosity in both tame and aggressive foxes, it was found that there was no evidence of inbreeding between the two groups of foxes. In order to help understand the neurobiology of behavior, fox and dog orthologs of serotonin receptor genes were cloned. Using 320 microsatellites Trut and co-workers showed that all 16 fox autosomes and one X chromosome were covered, and that there was a high conservation of marker order between homologous regions of foxes and dogs, even though the fox genome has 16 pairs of metacentric autosomes and the dog has 37 pairs of acrocentric autosomes. Additional studies by these workers has shown that "tameness" and "aggressiveness" is associated with at least two loci.

In 2005, DNA microarrays were utilized to find the differences in genetic expression between domesticated, non-domesticated (farm-raised), and wild foxes. It was found that there was a difference of 40 gene expressions between the domesticated and non-domesticated foxes. Although there was a difference in the genes of the three groups, the experimenters did not look into the behavioural and functional consequences of these differences. In 2007, a system of measuring fox behavior was described that is expected to be useful in QTL mapping to explore the genetic basis of tame and aggressive behavior in foxes.

Breeding for aggression
After initiating his selective breeding program for tameness, Belyayev also began breeding a line of fearful, aggressive foxes. In addition, he started domesticating other animals. He and his team started working with rats in 1972, and later with minks and, briefly, with river otters, although this last experiment was abandoned because the species "proved difficult to breed". The experiments with rats and minks, however, proved successful, with the subjects becoming tame alongside the foxes. After Belyayev's death, his rat experiment was carried on by Irina Plyusnina. "Siberian gray rats caught in the wild, bred separately for tameness and for ferocity", reported The New York Times, "have developed ... entirely different behaviors in only 60 or so generations". When geneticist Svante Pääbo was in Novosibirsk in 2003, he visited the institute, and "was stunned" by the two groups of rats. "After just 30 years of selection", Pääbo said, "the IC&G researchers had fashioned two populations that could hardly be more different."

In 2006, Frank Albert, a graduate student at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, was helping to continue Belyayev's work by studying the genetic roots of the differences between the tame and hyper-aggressive rats. In 2009, Albert and several colleagues published a paper in Genetics about the results of their cross-breeding of tame and hyper-aggressive rats, a stock of which they had established in Leipzig. In 2011, it was reported that Albert's team had "found several key regions of the genome that have a strong effect on tameness" and that they suspected the involvement of "at least half a dozen genes". The next step was "to locate individual genes that influence tameness and aggression".

Elaine Ostrander of the National Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health told National Geographic in 2011, "Understanding what has changed in these animals is going to be incredibly informative. Everyone is waiting with great excitement for what they come out with."

Status
In 2014, officials stated that the number of foxes was never reduced and is still stable at about 2,000 foxes. , there are 270 tame vixens and 70 tame dogs on the farm.

The suggestion has been made "that the foxes be made available as pets, partly to ensure their survival should the Novosibirsk colony be wiped out by disease". Raymond Coppinger, a dog biologist at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, noted that at one time "Soviet science was in a desperate state and Belyayev's foxes were endangered", but his own efforts "to obtain some of the foxes to help preserve them" had been unsuccessful, with the animals apparently having "left Russia only once, for Finland, in a colony that no longer survives". The author of the National Geographic article about the experiments, however, said that his translator, Luda Mekertycheva, had adopted two foxes from Novosibirsk and that they had proven to be wonderful companions who "jump on my back when I kneel to give them food, sit when I pet them, and take vitamins from my hand".

Between 2010 and 2012, a firm called "SibFox" was advertising foxes from the Novosibirsk lab for about $6,000 apiece, although, according to Popular Science, "it's not clear that anyone ever actually received one of these foxes." Reportedly, "two foxes that actually shipped to the States ended up confiscated at the U.S. border and shipped to the Austin Zoo and Animal Sanctuary."

The sculpture "Dmitriy Belyaev and Domesticated Fox" was built near Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Novosibirsk) in the honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Dmitry Konstantinovich Belyaev. The tamed fox gives the scientist a paw and wags its tail. Konstantin Zinich, sculptor (Krasnoyarsk):

"The philosophy of touching a fox and a man is rapprochement, kindness, there is no aggression from the fox – it was wild, and he made it genetically domesticated."

Its opening was held as part of the Belyaev Conference 2017.

As of 2023, 12 sterilized foxes have been exported from the Institute of Cytology and Genetics to the Judith A. Bassett Canid Education and Conservation Center in Santa Ysabel, California.

Criticism
Elinor Karlsson, a biologist at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, and colleagues published a paper December 3, 2019 in Trends in Ecology and Evolution arguing domestication syndrome may not actually exist, that the foxes were not totally wild to begin with, and that some of the traits attributed to domestication existed long before the experiment began.

title: Domesticated silver fox


text:
File:ST-TNG The Next Phase.jpg

Image from Star Trek: The Next Generation episode, The Next Phase © 1992 Paramount Pictures, produced by Gene Roddenberry.

Rationale of fair use
This image is fair use because:
 * 1) The image is of lower resolution and quality than the original video (copies made from it will be of inferior quality).
 * 2) No free or public domain images have been located for this subject.
 * 3) The image does not limit the copyright owners' rights to distribute the show or DVDs in any way.
 * 4) The image is being used for informational purposes only.
 * 5) The image is being used to illustrate the television show in question.

title: File:ST-TNG The Next Phase.jpg


text:
Jonathan Buck

Jonathan Buck may refer to:

 * Jonathan Buck (Bucksport) (1719–1795), founder of Bucksport
 * Jon B. (1974– ), singer

title: Jonathan Buck


text:
User:Anujdutt

I am living in Edmonton, Canada. I am working as an IT Consultant. My interests are History, Religion, Databases and Internet.

title: User:Anujdutt


text:
Beverly Byron

Beverly Barton Byron (née Butcher; born July 27, 1932) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the U.S. Congresswoman representing the 6th congressional district of Maryland from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1993.

Biography
Beverly Barton Butcher was born in Baltimore, Maryland to Ruth (née Barton) and Harry C. Butcher, a CBS radio broadcaster and naval aide to General Dwight D. Eisenhower during World War II. During her childhood, her family lived in the Wardman Park Hotel, and her father's connections in Washington, D.C. enabled her to meet and befriend powerful figures such as President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower. Her godfather was political operative George E. Allen.

Byron graduated from the National Cathedral School for Girls in Washington in 1950, and earned a two-year degree from Hood College in Frederick, Maryland in 1962. After graduation she became involved in several nonprofit groups and in fundraising for the Democratic Party. She was first elected to Congress in 1978, succeeding her husband, Goodloe Byron, who died of a heart attack a month before the election. She would be reelected to six additional terms, serving until 1992. She served on the House Armed Services Committee, the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, and the Select Committee on Aging.

In Congress, Byron particularly focused on military and national security issues. She chaired the House Special Panel on Arms Control and Disarm–ament from 1983 to 1986, and backed the development of the MX Missile. She was the first woman ever to fly aboard the SR-71 Blackbird of the USAF (checkout #429), on which she flew as a VIP in November 1985. A conservative Democrat, Byron opposed abortion and supported the fiscal policies of the Reagan administration. In 1987, she became chairwoman of the Military Personnel and Compensation Subcommittee, beating out the decisively liberal Pat Schroeder, the preferred choice of Armed Services Committee chairman Les Aspin.

Byron was defeated in the 1992 Democratic primary by a somewhat more liberal challenger, State Delegate Thomas Hattery, who in turn lost to Republican nominee Roscoe Bartlett in the general election. After leaving Congress, she served as a commissioner on the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. In 1995, President Bill Clinton appointed her to the United States Naval Academy Board of Visitors and she was also a member of the Board of Regents for the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. She lives in Frederick, Maryland.

title: Beverly Byron


text:
Le Samouraï

Le Samouraï (lit. 'The Samurai'), is a 1967 neo-noir crime thriller film written and directed by Jean-Pierre Melville and starring Alain Delon, François Périer, Nathalie Delon, and Cathy Rosier. A Franco-Italian production, it depicts the intersecting paths of a professional hitman (Delon) trying to find out who hired him for a job and then tried to have him killed, and the Parisian commissaire (Périer) trying to catch him.

The film was released on 25 October 1967, and it sold over 1.9 million tickets in France. It received positive reviews, with particular praise given to Melville's screenwriting and atmospheric direction, and Delon's performance. An English-dubbed version of the film was released in the U.S. in 1972 as The Godson, a title selected to capitalize on the recent success of The Godfather.

Plot
Impassive hitman Jef Costello lives in a spartan single-room Paris apartment and keeps a small bird in a cage as a pet. His methodical modus operandi involves creating airtight alibis, including ones provided by his lover, Jane. After carrying out a contract killing on Martey, a nightclub owner, Jef is very clearly seen leaving the scene by the club's piano player, Valérie, and glimpsed by several other witnesses. The police bring Jef and other suspects in for a lineup, but the witnesses, including Valerie, fail to positively identify him.

Jef is released, but the commissaire suspects him and has him followed. Jef loses the tail and goes to collect his fee for the hit. Instead of paying him, the man he meets tries to kill him, shooting him in the arm. Jef realizes his unknown employers now view him as a liability because he is suspected in Martey's murder. After treating his wound, Jef returns to the nightclub. While he is out, two police officers bug his room, agitating the bird in its cage.

After the nightclub closes, Jef has Valérie take him to her home, reasoning that she did not identify him as the killer because his employer had told her not to. He asks her who hired him, and she tells him to call her in two hours. Meanwhile, the police search Jane's apartment and offer to leave her alone if she recants her alibi for Jef. She flatly rejects the offer.

Back at his apartment, Jef notices some loose feathers scattered around his bird's cage and suspects it was agitated by an intrusion. He finds the police bug and deactivates it, and then goes to a public phone to call Valérie, but she does not answer. When he returns home, he is ambushed by the man who shot him. Holding Jef at gunpoint, the man offers a fresh start. He pays Jef for the hit on Martey, as well as for an upcoming one. Jef overpowers the man and forces him to disclose the identity of his boss: Olivier Rey.

Dozens of undercover police attempt to tail Jef in the Paris Métro, but he evades them. He visits Jane and assures her everything will work out, then drives to Rey's house, which is also where Valérie lives, though she is not home. Jef kills Rey and returns to the nightclub, this time making no attempt to avoid being seen. He checks his hat, but leaves his hat-check ticket on the counter, and puts on white gloves, which he wears when carrying out his hits, in full view of everyone. He approaches the stage where Valérie is performing. She quietly advises him to leave, but he points his gun at her. Strangely unafraid, she asks him why he is doing this, and he responds he was paid to do so. Suddenly, Jef is shot four times by policemen who had been waiting for him. When the Commissaire inspects Jef's gun, however, he discovers it was not loaded.

Cast

 * Alain Delon as Jef Costello
 * François Périer as the Commissaire
 * Nathalie Delon as Jane Lagrange, Jef and Wiener's girlfriend
 * Cathy Rosier (credited as Caty Rosier) as Valérie, the pianist at Martey's
 * Jacques Leroy as "The Man on the Bridge", a hitman working for Rey
 * Michel Boisrond as Wiener, Jane's wealthy boyfriend
 * Robert Favart as the bartender at Martey's, who is a witness at the lineup
 * Jean-Pierre Posier as Olivier Rey, who has Martey killed
 * Catherine Jourdan as the hatcheck girl at Martey's, who is a witness at the lineup
 * Roger Fradet as a police inspector who works for the Commissaire
 * Carlo Nell as a police inspector who works for the Commissaire
 * Robert Rondo as a police inspector who works for the Commissaire
 * André Salgues as the man in the garage who gives Jef his contracts
 * André Thorent as the policeman disguised as a taxi driver who follows Jef when he is released from custody
 * Jacques Deschamps as the policeman at the microphone during the lineup
 * Georges Casati as Ange Séraphin Damolini, the first suspect in the lineup
 * Jack Léonard as Juan Garcia, the second suspect in the lineup
 * Pierre Vaudier as the policeman who bugs Jef's apartment
 * Maurice Magalon as the partner of the policeman who bugs Jef's apartment
 * Gaston Meunier as the head waiter at Martey's, who is a witness at the lineup
 * Jean Gold as a customer at Martey's who is a witness at the lineup
 * Georges Billy as a customer at Martey's who is a witness at the lineup
 * Ari Aricardi as a poker player
 * Guy Bonnafoux as a poker player
 * Humberto Catalano as a police inspector
 * Carl Lechner as a suspect who looks very similar to Jef
 * Maria Maneva as "the girl with chewing gum" who follows Jef in the subway

Production
Melville wrote the film for Delon. It was the first film for Delon's wife, Nathalie. He filed for divorce after the film wrapped, but they terminated the divorce proceedings a few days later, though they separated in June 1968 and their divorce became official in February 1969, with Nathalie being granted custody of their son, Anthony. François Périer, who played the Commissaire, was a comedian cast against type.

Studios Jenner, Melville's private film studio, was destroyed by a fire on June 29, 1967, while Le Samouraï was in production. Melville, who termed the blaze "suspicious", finished the shoot at another studio.

Alternative ending
In an interview with Rui Nogueira, Melville said he originally filmed Jef Costello meeting his death with a picture-perfect grin, but he modified the scene after discovering Delon had a smiling death scene in another of his films. Production stills of the smiling death exist.

Box office
Le Samourai was released in France on 25 October 1967. It sold over 1.9 million tickets in France, and over 797,011 tickets in Spain. First released in theaters in the United States in 1972, it grossed $39,481 from a 1997 re-release.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 100% approval rating based on 38 reviews, and an average score of 8.6/10; the site's "critics consensus" reads: "Le Samouraï makes the most of its spare aesthetic, using stylish – and influential – direction, solid performances, and thick atmosphere to weave an absorbing story."

A 1967 review in Variety called the film "a curious hybrid" that "appears a bit too solemn to inject all the suspense, action and characterization [Melville] seeks", and said it "almost seems to be an American film dubbed into French" and "could be cut a bit".

Vincent Canby of The New York Times called the original film "immaculate", but criticized the dubbing of the 1972 version released in the U.S. as The Godson as "disorienting" and "dreadful".

In a 1997 review of the film that later appeared in his first The Great Movies collection of essays, Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, writing: "Like a painter or a musician, a filmmaker can suggest complete mastery with just a few strokes. Jean-Pierre Melville involves us in the spell of Le Samourai (1967) before a word is spoken. He does it with light: a cold light, like dawn on an ugly day. And color: grays and blues. And actions that speak in place of words."

In 2010, the film was ranked No. 39 on Empire's list of "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema".

Writing in Le Figaro of the Delons' performances after Nathalie's death in 2021, Bertrand Guyard noted that the husband and wife are both nearly silent in the film, but "their gazes, fraught with meaning, are enough to make the camera quiver", and the director was able to create from their portrayals "a mythical couple of the seventh art."

Influence and legacy
The film has influenced numerous other works and directors:
 * Walter Hill's 1978 film The Driver features a similar dynamic between a reluctant female witness and a getaway driver.
 * John Woo's 1989 film The Killer was heavily influenced by the plot of Le Samouraï, with the pianist replaced by a singer. Chow Yun-fat's character Jeffrey Chow (the international character name for Ah Jong) was inspired by Alain Delon's similarly named character Jef Costello. Woo acknowledged the influence by writing a short essay on Le Samouraï and Melville's techniques for the film's Criterion Collection DVD release.
 * Jim Jarmusch paid homage to Le Samouraï with the 1999 crime-drama Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, starring Forest Whitaker as a meditative, loner assassin who lives by the bushido code. Just as Costello has a huge ring of keys that enables him to steal any Citroën DS, the hitman Ghost Dog has an electronic "key" to break into luxury cars.
 * Pang Ho-Cheung's 2001 crime-and-filmmaking comedy You Shoot, I Shoot features Eric Kot as a hitman who idolizes Alain Delon's Jef Costello, dressing like the character and speaking to Costello via a Le Samouraï poster in his apartment.
 * Johnnie To's 2009 film Vengeance is an homage to Melville's gangster films, and the main character is a retired assassin whose last name is Costello. To offered the role to Alain Delon, who turned it down.
 * Anton Corbijn's 2010 film The American stars George Clooney as an assassin, who bears a resemblance to Costello, hiding in a small Italian village.
 * Nicolas Winding Refn's 2011 film Drive stars Ryan Gosling as a nameless protagonist who shares key characteristics with Costello.
 * Madonna's 2012 song "Beautiful Killer" is an homage to Alain Delon and alludes to his role in Le Samouraï with the lines: "You are a beautiful killer / I like your silhouette when you stand on the streets / Like a samurai you can handle the heat / Makes me wanna pray for a haunted man."
 * Adilkhan Yerzhanov's 2020 film Yellow Cat features a protagonist who quotes and performs scenes from Le Samouraï throughout the film as a major character trait.
 * David Fincher's 2023 film The Killer was compared to Le Samouraï in contemporaneous reviews.

title: Le Samouraï


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Adam Perine

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was DELETE. Golbez 01:13, Jun 20, 2005 (UTC)

Adam Perine
Vanity. "He is famous for holding the world record consecutive absences for a high school student" is unverifiable and probably not noteworthy enough. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 20:26, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. Vanity, stupid vanity.--Kross 20:38, Jun 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Its either vanity or an attack page -CunningLinguist 20:50, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * delete please it is not verifiable and probably an attack page too Yuckfoo 21:22, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity or attack (absences aren't anything to be proud of, stay in school, kids) --Etacar11 22:42, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete please... we have more than enough of these. Sadly enough, there's no way to stop them. Oh well. jglc | t | c 01:38, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete attack page. JamesBurns 06:12, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text: User talk:64.73.41.253

title: User talk:64.73.41.253


text:
Formello

Formello is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital. It is located southwest of the Monti Sabatini, within the Regional Park of Veii. The communal territory sits on large deposits of tuff, which is intensively mined in the area.

History
The area has been settled since prehistoric times. As an Italian comune, it includes some of the archaeological sites associated with the powerful former Etruscan city of Veii, which rivaled Rome for a time, north of the village of Isola Farnese, south of Formello. Settlement in the region declined after Veii's destruction in 396 BC.

In this area, about 780 AD, with peaceful conditions reestablished, Pope Adrian I assembled a great estate of which this territory formed part, his Domusculta Capracorum, in contrast with the power of the Abbey of Farfa, but it was destroyed by Saracen attacks in the ninth century. The domus' territories included a fundus Formellum, where a settlement developed that was first mentioned in 1027.

In the 11th century it was a possession of the Roman Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, and was probably fortified in the same period. In 1279 it became a fief of the Orsini family, who sold it to the Chigi in 1661.

Main sights

 * Church of San Lorenzo, also known as Chiesa di San Lorenzo Martire (10th-11th centuries). It received a bell tower in the fifteenth century, and was renovated in 1574 with the addition of the two aisles. The left one houses frescoes by Donato Palmieri. This is located adjacent to Palazzo Chigi.
 * Palazzo Chigi (c. 11th century). It was built by the Orsini, probably over the pre-existing castrum mentioned in the 11th century. It houses the Archaeological Museum of the Countryside of Veii.
 * Church of San Michele Arcangelo, also known as Chiesa San Michele Arcangelo (c. 12th century). Romanesque church with a high bell tower and a single nave. This church is only open for special occasions.
 * The ruins of Villa Chigi-Versaglia, built by cardinal Flavio Chigi in the 17th century.

Sport
Formello is home to the training grounds and base of Italian Serie A side S.S. Lazio: (Centro sportivo di Formello)

title: Formello


text:
User talk:80.229.14.246

Beaten Egg
I'm sorry – I don't understand what you mean by "beaten egg" as a dish. Cooked beaten eggs are usually called scrambled eggs, or an omelette, or any of the variations on omelettes in other languages. Could you explain? Thanks. --Mothperson 20:27, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

re: List of animals that explode
I have deleted the latest version of the article at the title List of animals that explode. I understand your frustration but you need to raise the concerns in the right place. Given what's happened so far, that place is Votes for undeletion. Rossami (talk) 06:06, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Voting
Hi and Welcome to wikipedia. I'm here because I saw you vote on the faeces article. Even though you point out that you are the only person using that IP there is still a good chance that regular users will simply ignore you vote. This is especially true on votes for deletion, where we have a lot of problems with sockpuppets.

Many people don't bother creating an account because they are worried about giving personal info away, but Wikipedia doesn't require any personal info. You don't even need to give an email address if you don't want. Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 08:04, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Sock puppets? 80.229.14.246 23:13, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * See our article on them sockpuppets Theresa Knott (ask the rotten) 01:22, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Number of Chevrons on the stargate.
Hi, there are 9 Chevrons. See for example,, more schematic diagrams , or this still from the show itself. I hope that clarifies matters. JoshuaZ 01:53, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

What may have led to your confusion is that while there are nine chevrons, two of them are typically hidden by the platform in which the Stargate is mounted, as in the photo at right. This is mentioned in the article at Stargate (device). Normally only the first seven chevrons are used in "dialing". Eight are required for intergalactic connections. Nine-symbol addresses have never appeared in the show.--Srleffler 23:29, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg -->
Hello 80.229.14.246, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg -->) was found at the following location: User talk:80.229.14.246. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not readd the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 09:02, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Stargatesg1diallingcomputer.jpg
Hello 80.229.14.246, an automated process has found an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, such as fair use. The image (Image:Stargatesg1diallingcomputer.jpg) was found at the following location: User talk:80.229.14.246. This image or media will be removed per statement number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media will be replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. The image that was replaced will not be automatically deleted, but it could be deleted at a later date. Articles using the same image should not be affected by my edits. I ask you to please not re-add the image to your userpage and could consider finding a replacement image licensed under either the Creative Commons or GFDL license or released to the public domain. Thanks for your attention and cooperation. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 20:05, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:80.229.14.246


text:
33rd Regiment

33rd Regiment may refer to:

Infantry regiments

 * 33rd Regiment (Vietnam People's Army), a unit of the PAVN
 * 33rd Punjabis, an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army
 * 33rd Regiment (3rd Burma Bn.) Madras Infantry, a unit of the British Indian Army
 * 33rd Regiment of Foot, a unit of the British Army
 * 33rd Infantry Regiment (United States), a unit of the United States Army

Cavalry regiments

 * 33rd Light Dragoons, a cavalry regiment of the British Army

Engineering regiments

 * 33 Combat Engineer Regiment, a unit of the Canadian Army
 * 33 Engineer Regiment (EOD), a unit of the British Army's Royal Engineers

Signal regiments

 * 33 Signal Regiment (Canada), a unit of the Royal Canadian Signals Corps
 * 33 (Lancashire and Cheshire) Signal Regiment, a unit of the British Army

Artillery regiments

 * 33rd (St Pancras) Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery, a unit of the British Army
 * 33rd Field Artillery Regiment, a unit of the United States Army

American Civil War regiments

 * 33rd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Pennsylvania Infantry, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Ohio Infantry, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Regiment Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Union Army
 * 33rd Virginia Infantry, a unit of the Confederate States Army
 * 33rd Tennessee Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Confederate States Army
 * 33rd Regiment Alabama Infantry, a unit of the Confederate States Army
 * 33rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Confederate States Army

title: 33rd Regiment


text: Category:Geography of Sierra Leone

title: Category:Geography of Sierra Leone


text:
Greg Christian

Gregory Christian (born April 29, 1966) is an American musician who is the former bassist for thrash metal band Testament. He left the band in 1996, but rejoined in 2004 and left again in 2014. In addition to Testament, Christian has also played in HavocHate and Trinity Fallen, and later served as the bassist for Trauma. He is known for his finger playing style and jazz-like bass parts, which can be heard on Testament songs such as "Souls of Black" and "Disciples of the Watch", although he has also occasionally been seen using a guitar pick. Christian also performed backing vocals in Testament.

Testament
Christian is an original member of Testament, having joined in 1983 when they were called Legacy. Prior the release of their debut album The Legacy, Christian auditioned for Metallica as the replacement for Cliff Burton, but lost to former Flotsam and Jetsam bassist Jason Newsted. He recorded eight of the band's albums, including The Legacy (1987), The New Order (1988), Practice What You Preach (1989), Souls of Black (1990), The Ritual (1992), Low (1994), The Formation of Damnation (2008), and Dark Roots of Earth (2012). He also played on their live albums Live at Eindhoven (1987), Return to the Apocalyptic City (1993), Live at the Fillmore (1995), Live in London (2005) and Dark Roots of Thrash (2013). In 1996, Christian left Testament, but rejoined in 2004. He left the band once again in early 2014 and was replaced by Steve Di Giorgio as bassist. Christian left due to lack of band financial transparency and inequitable payments by controlling members of Testament, Chuck Billy and Eric Peterson.

HavocHate
Christian joined HavocHate in 2005, and recorded one album, Cycle of Pain.

Trauma
On June 27, 2017, it was announced that Christian had joined Trauma. He departed from the group in August 2022. In a press release announcing a new album, the band said "both parties came to a mutual decision" and wished Christian well in his future musical endeavors.

Hand of Fire
On March 10, 2019, it was announced Christian joined Hand of Fire as their bassist, as well as Jason Borton of Jungle Rot on drums.

title: Greg Christian