text:
User talk:Jakob Suckale

 * User:Jakob Suckale/talk archive 14-15
 * User:Jakob Suckale/talk archive 10-13
 * User:Jakob Suckale/talk archive 08-09
 * User:Jakob Suckale/talk archive 06 07

Re: Chameleon
Your addition is still unsourced. In general, it is not a good habit to add your own images where there are numerous alternatives. Materialscientist (talk) 11:00, 3 January 2016 (UTC)
 * You've added a reference while I was typing the above. We have a WP:COI when adding own photographs, as we tend to value them more than others. Hence when alternatives of similar quality exist on wiki, it is better to let others add your photo. Cheers. Materialscientist (talk) 23:29, 3 January 2016 (UTC)
 * I've never heard of any such rule, and adding your own photo to an article is not listed in the COI guideline (except when you have a COI with the content already). WhatamIdoing (talk) 15:09, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of IMAGE cDNA clones

The article IMAGE cDNA clones has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unreferenced / not notable

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Disambiguation link notification for May 28
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Talkback
JHCaufield - talk - 16:03, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Bionx-logo-med.jpg
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Friends
You might want to check out Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Molecular and Cell Biology, which is where a small group of good editors hang out. They're likely to care about some of the same articles as you. (You can find me at WT:MED, which is a bigger, often less technical, group.) WhatamIdoing (talk) 15:10, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

RNA polymerase page
If you have the time and interest, would you take a look at my comments at Talk on the RNAP article? I see you are a recent contributor and might be able to help. Regards - IiKkEe (talk) 15:34, 4 September 2017 (UTC)

Unspecified source/license for File:Ripping Non-Newtonian Fluids.jpg
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title: User talk:Jakob Suckale


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roger Eatwell

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. — Xezbeth 06:36, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Roger Eatwell
No information on who he is, merely a list of reviews of a book he's written. Appears to be an advert. Delete.OpenToppedBus - Talk 11:09, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Notable author, needs a strong rewrite though. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 11:46, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep and cleanup. Appears to have written a number of books. Capitalistroadster 00:10, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete WTF? Why was mah vote removed?? -BrowardBulldawg 01:27, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete. This is not an article. Gamaliel 06:03, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep He is a leading authority on Fascism. Definitely needs big improvements, mind you. Keresaspa
 * Delete If it walks like an ad, talks like an ad, and quacks like an ad, its an ad! Hohokus 23:32, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete Ad! Next! ShureMicGuy 19:12, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created today, all edits are to VfD. RickK 22:48, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Treaty of Hadiach

The Treaty of Hadiach (ugoda hadziacka; гадяцький договір) was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach (Hadziacz, Hadiacz, Гадяч) between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ( representing Poland and representing Lithuania) and Zaporozhian Cossacks (represented by Hetman Ivan Vyhovsky and starshina Yuri Nemyrych, the architect of the treaty, and Pavlo Teteria). It was designed to elevate the Cossacks and Ruthenians to the position equal to that of Poland and Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian union and in fact transforming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita Trojga Narodów, "Commonwealth of Three Nations").

Terms

The list of points and humble requests that are submitted at his mercy by Serene Hetman of Zaporizhian Host along with the whole Zaporizhian Host and Ruthenian people to his royal mercy and the whole Rzeczpospolita:

 * 1) Creation of the Grand Principality of Ruthenia (Велике Князівство Руське) from the palatinates of Chernihiv, Bratslav and Kyiv, which along with the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania would be part of one and indivisible "Rzeczpospolita" (res publica, or Commonwealth) in equal rights.
 * 2) The duchy was to be governed by the Hetman of the Zaporizhian Host, elected for life from among four candidates that were chosen by all estates of Ukrainian society and confirmed by the King of Poland.
 * 3) In the duchy were to be established local offices in Polish manner.
 * 4) In the duchy were to be restored law and courts as well as the administrative-territorial system of governing that existed prior to 1648.
 * 5) The Grand Principality of Ruthenia shall not have rights to independent relations with other counties.
 * 6) Individuals of Eastern Orthodox religion shall hold a senatorial seat.
 * 7) It was permitted to establish own printing institutions of money with an image of one common king.
 * 8) Number of own Armed Forces should be accounted for 60,000 of Cossacks and 10,000 of mercenaries.
 * 9) There were to be restored a big landownership, serfdom and all obligatory duties that existed prior to 1648.
 * 10) To the Cossack Estate were guaranteed the old rights and privileges and up to 100 Cossacks from each regiment on request of the Hetman to be ennobled by the King.
 * 11) The 1596 Church Union of Brest on the territory of the Grand Principality of Ruthenia was to be cancelled, announced the freedom of Eastern Orthodox and Catholic religions, to the Eastern Orthodox metropolitan bishop and 5 other bishops were granted permanent seats in common Senate of the Rzeczpospolita.
 * 12) Polish and Lithuanian armed forces had no rights to be on the territory of the Grand Principality of Ruthenia except for emergencies and in such case, they would be subordinated to the Hetman.
 * 13) Existence of 2 universities: the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy was to be granted the same rights as the Jagiellonian University of Kraków and a newly created college with status of university.
 * 14) Nationwide it was permitted to establish colleges and gymnasiums with rights to teach in Latin.
 * 15) Freedom of publishing as long as the published materials would not have personal attacks against the King.

History and importance
The historian Andrew Wilson has called it "one of the great 'What-ifs?' of Ukrainian and East European history". He notes: "'If it had been successfully implemented, the Commonwealth would finally have become a loose confederation of Poles, Lithuanians and Ruthenians. The missing Ukrainian buffer state would have come into being as the Commonwealth's eastern pillar. Russian expansion might have been checked and Poland spared the agonies of the Partitions or, perhaps just as likely, it might have struggled on longer as the 'Sick man of Europe'' (p. 65)."In spite of considerable opposition by the Roman Catholic clergy, the Treaty of Hadiach was approved by Polish king and the Sejm on 22 May 1659 but with an amended text. The idea of a Ruthenian Duchy within the Commonwealth was completely abandoned. It was a Commonwealth attempt to regain influence over the Ukrainian territories, which had been lost after the series of Cossack uprisings (like the Khmelnytsky Uprising) and growing influence of Russia over the Cossacks (like the 1654 Pereiaslav Agreement).

Hetman Vyhovsky supported the negotiations with the Commonwealth, especially after he suppressed a revolt led by the colonel of Poltava, Martyn Pushkar, and severed relations with Tsardom of Russia for its violations of the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654. The Treaty of Hadiach was, however, viewed by many Cossacks as "too little, too late", and they especially opposed the agreement to return the land property to the szlachta. After the 1648 revolt, the Commonwealth was very unpopular with ordinary Cossacks. Rank-and-file Cossacks saw the Orthodox Tsardom of Russia as their natural ally and did not care for an alliance with the overwhelmingly-Catholic Commonwealth. Furthermore, Hadiach was too much a deal that merely benefited the elite of the Cossacks, the starshyna, who wanted to be recognized as equal to the Polish nobility. Thus, while some Cossacks, among them the hetman Ivan Vyhovsky supported the Commonwealth, many opposed it, and Cossack unrest continued in Ukraine.

The Commonwealth position was further weakened by a string of losses in the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). The Tsar felt threatened by the Treaty of Hadiach, which weakened his hold on Cossacks. The Russians saw the treaty as an act of war and, even before its ratification, sent an army into Ukraine. Although Polish-Lithuanian forces under Stefan Czarniecki dealt a defeat to Russian forces at the Battle of Polonka and recaptured Vilnius in 1660, the lack of other Commonwealth military successes, especially in Ukraine, further undermined Cossack support of the Commonwealth. Vyhovsky's early success at the Battle of Konotop in June 1659 was not decisive enough and was followed by a series of defeats. The Russian garrisons in Ukraine continued to hold out; a Zaporozhian attack on the Crimean Khanate forced Vyhovsky's Tatar allies to return home, and unrest broke out in the Poltava region. Finally, several pro-Russian colonels rebelled and accused Vyhovsky of "selling Ukraine out to the Poles".

Unable to continue the war, Vyhovsky resigned in October 1659 and retired to Poland. The situation was further complicated by the Ottoman Empire, which tried to gain control of the disputed region and played all factions against one another. Meanwhile, the Commonwealth was weakened by Lubomirski's rebellion. The treaty was mostly repeated in the 1660 Treaty of Chudnov.

In the end, Russia was victorious, as seen in the 1667 Truce of Andrusovo and the Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686). Ukrainian Cossacks fell under the Russian sphere of influence, with much fewer privileges under the Hetmanate than would have been granted under the Treaty of Hadiach. By the late 18th century, Cossack political influence was almost destroyed by the Russian Empire.

Second Treaty of Hadiach
In the aftermath of the November Uprising in 1831, there was an attempt to recreate the Treaty of Hadiach to form a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth to throw off the partitions of Poland. It was then that the coat of arms of the proposed Commonwealth was created. The planned convention in Hadiach was declared illegal by the Russians, who stationed close to 2,000 soldiers there to ensure that no meetings or demonstrations took place, and they blocked passage through nearby bridges. Despite the precautions, a mass and a celebration involving 15–20,000 people and over 200 priests (both Catholic and Orthodox) took place near Hadiach.

title: Treaty of Hadiach


text:
Talk:Tracii Guns

Danzig
As well as playing as a touring guitarist for the Misfits briefly, I read in an interview with Tracii Guns years ago that he was interested in playing guitar for Danzig. Gringo300 11:12, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Better Picture
a better picture would be nice. Lacaid 19:09, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

Real name
Any idea what's his real name ? -- Beardo 03:33, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

His full name is Tracii "Guns" Ulrich. It says it on the back of Collector's Edition No.1 EP SleazeTease 06:05, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Who?
Who did the discography to his page???? It's all WRONG!!! Tracii never played on ANY of this Albums!!! I don't have time to do it, but it must include all the L.A. Guns albums and Brides of Destruction for a start. (JUL).

Someone put the Guns N' Roses discography, lol. SleazeTease 22:58, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Tracii was born Tracy I. Richard Ulrich but his name was legally changed to Tracii Guns.

Tracii was a member of Contraband, a one time project album. Michael Schenker (MSG) and Tracii Guns (L.A. Guns) on guitar, Share Pederson on Bass (Vixen), Bobby Blotzer on Drums (Ratt), Richard Black vocalist (Shark Island). "All The Way To Memphis" is the real deal. Like a guitar duel that you want to hear over and over again. It's online if you look, both the audio and the video. Geffen Records. 76.80.218.70 16:25, 8 July 2007 (UTC)Deborah DeStefano

Dead external links to Allmusic website – December 2010
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 13:17, 31 December 2010 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:9t5s8qxpbtq42

Why does this exist?
it looks like a whole lot of handwork went into this but, it would be nice if someone asked me first so the facts were right... geezus ! Any thing worth doing is doing right,,,,, please ask me, whoever has been working on this.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.82.180.7 (talk) 02:27, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * The page exists because it meets the criteria at WP:MUSICBIO. However, no one has to go to anyone to check "facts" - pretty sure it falls under original research. Wikipedia is about verifiability, not truth, with all information from multiple third-party reliable sources when possible. If the information is incorrect, then please provide sources and make suitable changes to the article. Thanks. HrZ (talk) 09:43, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Personal Life. Is there any proof, evidence, references, to his Jewishness?
Personal life "Tracii was born to Jewish parents but not raised in the faith. They were a secular family and very liberal. He was fond of a plethora of music genres as a child." Where is the proof, where is the evidence? Where are the references? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.167.13.125 (talk) 09:15, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

Personal life
Tracii was born to non-observant Jewish parents. He listened to a variety of musical genres as a child. Yeah is there any proof, citations, references? And if not, why not? Peace!

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182351/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/california/los+angeles/l+a+guns to http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/california/los+angeles/l+a+guns
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051230092113/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=45660 to http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=45660
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title: Talk:Tracii Guns


text:
Linux (disambiguation)

Linux is a family of computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel.

Linux may also refer to:

 * 9885 Linux, an asteroid
 * Linux distribution, an operating system made as a collection of software based on the Linux kernel
 * Linux kernel, an operating system kernel

title: Linux (disambiguation)


text:
Northern line (disambiguation)

The Northern line is a London Underground line.

Northern line can also refer to:

United Kingdom

 * North London line, part of the London Overground
 * Northern City Line, between Moorgate and Finsbury Park
 * Northern line (Merseyrail)

Elsewhere

 * Nordland Line, Norway
 * Northern Line (Cape Town)
 * Northern Line (İZBAN), Turkey
 * Northern Line (SRT), Thailand
 * Northern line (Sri Lanka)
 * T9 Northern Line (Sydney), Australia
 * Northern Commuter line, Dublin
 * Linha do Norte (English: Northern Line), a railway line in Portugal, connecting Lisbon at Santa Apolónia to Porto at Campanhã

Other uses

 * Northern Line (group)
 * Northern Airport Line, China
 * Northern Limit Line, the maritime border between North and South Korea
 * The Northern Line, a magazine

title: Northern line (disambiguation)


text:
Hit and run (baseball)

A hit and run is a high risk, high reward offensive strategy used in baseball. It uses a stolen base attempt to try to place the defending infielders out of position for an attempted base hit.

The hit and run was introduced to baseball by Ned Hanlon, who was often referred to as "The Father of Modern Baseball", at the beginning of the 1894 season of the National League, as part of what came to be called "inside baseball". Hanlon was manager of the Baltimore Orioles at the time. His team developed the hit and run along with other tactics during spring training at Macon, Georgia. After its implementation in the season's series opener against the New York Giants, the opposing manager objected to its use; however, it was deemed acceptable.

Description
The hit and run relies on the positioning of the defensive players in the infield. The first and third basemen normally stand near the foul lines, generally near the inside of their bases, set slightly back to allow more time to react to sharply hit balls. However, if the runner is on first, the first baseman stands closer to the base to prevent steals by means of pickoff attempts by the pitcher; consequently, such positioning produces a bigger gap between second and first basemen. The second baseman and shortstop stand on opposite sides of second base, covering the areas between first and second, and second and third, respectively. Second base itself is not directly covered, as the pitcher can field batted balls in this direction.

In normal play, if the ball is hit into the infield, one of the infielders will run toward the ball while another runs toward the base that is no longer covered. For instance, if the ball is hit toward the second baseman, he will run toward the ball while the shortstop runs to cover second base. This allows the fielding player to throw the ball to the player covering the base to attempt a put out.

However, during a stolen base attempt, the normal gameplay and positioning is altered. In the typical case, a baserunner on first base will start running toward second, causing the middle infielders to move toward that base in order to tag the runner when the ball is thrown to them from the pitcher or catcher. This reaction places the infielders out of position for a hit ball, with gaps opening at midway points between first and second and second and third.

The hit and run takes advantage of this difference by having the baserunner attempt to steal as soon as the pitch is thrown; the batter then attempts to hit the ball into one of the resulting gaps in the infield defense.

The name "hit and run" is therefore a potential misnomer in that the chronological order of the offensive play is "run and hit," with the runner beginning the steal attempt before the batter makes contact, although in a logical sense it is accurate in that the batter's swing occurs while the runner's steal attempt is ongoing, such that any contact ("hit") will occur simultaneously with ("and") the steal attempt ("run").

Ideally, the ball will be hit into a gap and travel into the outfield, allowing the runners plenty of time to reach the bases. Even if the ball is hit toward a fielder's initial position before the fielder has had time to move away from it, however, the fielder may have turned to run toward the base in order to cover the baserunner. In normal play the fielders would face the batter, allowing them to react in any direction, but after they have turned toward the base this becomes much more difficult. Their momentum in this direction adds to this problem.

The hit and run also has defensive qualities. In normal play the baserunner would start toward second base when the ball was hit. If the defensive players react fast enough, they may be able to throw the ball to second and first before either runner has reached their base, resulting in a double play. In the case of the hit and run, the baserunner has a head start, increasing the baserunner's probability of reaching second base before the ball. This may force the fielders to attempt the out only at first, thereby advancing the runner. It may also allow the runner to advance more bases on a hit than he might otherwise due to that running head start. Although a line drive can easily turn into a double play, line drives are rare so the risk of being doubled off from a line drive is minimal.

The risk in the hit and run is that, if the batter fails to make contact with the ball, the runner is vulnerable to being thrown out at second base, which the official scorer will record as a caught stealing. The defensive team can improve its odds in this case by using a pitchout, having the pitcher throw the ball far outside the strike zone so the catcher can easily catch it and attempt to pick off the runner.

The batter may choose to take a swing at a bad pitch to make it harder for the catcher to handle the incoming pitch, or so the ball goes foul (in which case the runner is allowed to return to first, so the attempt protects the runner from being caught stealing). Either way, this can cause the batter to fall behind in the count, making it harder for him to get a hit. And if he does hit a bad pitch he really can't handle, it could result in poor contact leading directly to the batter being put out, so he may end up giving his at-bat away with no advantage to the offense other than the steal, or it may result in the runner being put out.

The hit and run has the best chance to be successful when the batter is someone who does not frequently swing and miss, at a time when the count won't disadvantage a hitter if he takes a bad swing, with a runner fast enough to take second base even if the batter does swing and miss.

Often the precise circumstance to call for a hit and run occurs with a two-balls, one-strike count on a hitter, as this situation may meet all of the above criteria, depending on who is at bat and who is on base, but it can occur at other times. An alert defense understands the probability that the offense will call the play at a specific moment, and thus it may choose to call for a pitchout at that moment to defend it. An alert offense, in turn, understands the probability of a forthcoming pitchout, and use the hit and run opportunity as a decoy, causing the pitchout to become another ball in the count in the hitter's favor, increasing his chances of reaching base by walk or hit.

title: Hit and run (baseball)


text:
User talk:Jokestress

Talk archive

 * 2004 - 2005 - 2006 - 2007 - 2008 - 2009 - 2010 - 2011 - 2012 - 2013 - 2014 - 2015 - 2016 - 2017 - 2018 - 2019 - 2020 - 2021 - 2022 - 2023 - 2024

Barnstars

Sometimes, there is nothing more magical on Wikipedia than to see a little article suddenly sprinkled with references. Thanks for making my day. :-) --HappyCamper 06:31, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jokestress


text:
Cranky

Cranky may refer to:

 * Irritability
 * Cranky Kong, a character from the Donkey Kong video game series
 * Cranky the Crane, a character from the children's television series Thomas & Friends
 * Cranky Doodle Donkey, a character in the Canadian animated TV series My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic
 * Mr. Cranky, a satirical film critic personae since 1995
 * Cranky, a character from Where's My Water?

title: Cranky


text:
King George V College

King George V Sixth Form College (KGV) is a sixth form college in Southport, Merseyside, England. It provides A-level and BTEC education, and between 2009 and 2012 offered the International Baccalaureate Diploma. It was previously a grammar school for boys. The college has the distinction of being placed consistently in the top 10 sixth form and further education colleges in the country for A-level results, and has won a number of Good Schools Guide awards.

King George V College merged with Southport College in January 2018. The combined colleges maintain their separate identities and offer A-level and Vocational education.

History
The college opened in September 1920 as Southport Municipal Secondary School for Boys. New buildings were constructed at the current site on Scarisbrick New Road in 1926, in preparation for a reopening by the Earl of Derby on 16 October of that year, when the institution was rechristened King George V Grammar School. In September 1979 the college assumed its current name; in 1982 its school section ceased to exist.

In October 2014, Ofsted placed KGV — previously a grade 1 'outstanding' college — in the 'inadequate' or grade 4 boundary for education providers. The report cited a lack of effective leadership and severe staff cuts as reasons for its poor findings. In June of the following year, Ofsted upgraded the college's 'inadequate' grade after a second report announced significant improvement. Since 2014 several of the site's buildings have been refurbished, including the sports hall and the humanities building. During this renovation the two-room Classics building, then the longest-standing building on the campus, was demolished.

Academic structure

The college no longer uses the house system established when it also served as a secondary school. It previously opted for five subject specific faculties, namely:

 * AE - Arts and English Subjects.
 * BI - Business and Information Subjects.
 * HL - Humanities and Languages Subjects.
 * MS - Maths and Science Subjects.
 * SO - Social Science Subjects, including sociology, psychology and the PASE scheme.

Students' union
The college hosts an independent students' union which is a member of the National Union of Students. The student union is run by the Student Council, which meets at least once a month. Student Council members are typically second-year students elected by members of their tutor groups. The council's two co-chairpersons are elected in a college-wide student election, and are members of KGV's governing body as required by the Education Act 1994.

King George V College

 * Sarah Barrand, actress.
 * Sophie Howard, glamour model.
 * Joanne Nicholas, Badminton player.
 * Stacey Roca, actress.

King George V Grammar School

 * Marc Almond of Soft Cell.
 * John Culshaw OBE, classical record producer and Head of Music Programmes at the BBC from 1967 to 1975.
 * Arthur Davidson, Member of Parliament for Accrington from 1966 to 1983.
 * Air Vice-Marshal Peter Dodworth CB OBE, Station Commander of RAF Wittering from 1983 to 1985.
 * Michael English, Member of Parliament for Nottingham West from 1964 to 1983.
 * Ronnie Fearn, Baron Fearn, Member of Parliament for Southport from 1987 to 1992 and 1997-2001.
 * Frank Hampson, artist and creator of Dan Dare.
 * Michael Weston King, singer.
 * David Lonsdale, actor.
 * Michael Meadowcroft, Member of Parliament for Leeds West from 1983 to 1987.
 * John Pickard FRCS FMedSci, professor emeritus of neurosurgery at the University of Cambridge.

title: King George V College


text:
South Manchester Synagogue

The South Manchester Synagogue is an Orthodox Jewish community and synagogue, located in Bowdon, Altrincham, South Manchester, England, in the United Kingdom. The congregation was formed in 1872 and worships in the Ashkenazi rite.

In 2002, the community relocated from the Grade II listed building, built in 1913, located in the Fallowfield district, to new premises in Bowdon.

History
South Manchester Synagogue was founded in 1872 by a group of people who wished to cater for those Ashkenazi families who lived south of Manchester city centre. In 1913, the congregation moved from premises in Sidney Street, Chorlton on Medlock, to a new building in the then semi-rural location of Wilbraham Road, Fallowfield.

The synagogue flourished for many years in its new location, due in no small part to the arrival of successive waves of refugees from Europe in the 1930s. Such was the growth in membership, that an extension had to be built to the women's gallery, and later additional parallel services had to be held in the new synagogue hall during the High Holy Days. Membership peaked at over 800 during the 1970s.

The synagogue has a number of charismatic leaders, including for many years Rabbi Felix Carlebach, Chazan Solomon Morris and more recently Rabbi Yitzchok Rubin. That tradition of vibrant leadership was later continued by Rabbi Dovid Lewis and Chazan Michael Isdale.

Throughout its history, the synagogue has had to come to terms with demographic trends within the community. In the same way as the move to Fallowfield reflected the move of the membership out of the city centre, so its most recent history reflects the move of many members of the congregation to Hale, Bowdon and the surrounding area.

New synagogue building in Bowdon
The South Manchester Synagogue building in Bowdon is a purpose-built contemporary building. Constraints posed by the compact site necessitated stacking the principal rooms – the galleried synagogue and a large communal hall – one above the other. Use was made of the sloping site to place the communal hall at lower-ground level and to create a sunken garden with a safe play area for children.

The main entrance is a glazed foyer with voids reaching down to the lower-ground floor and up to the first-floor entrance to the women's gallery, admitting daylight into the heart of the building.

The synagogue itself is square with the bimah set centrally in a traditional arrangement. The low pitched roof rises to a glazed lantern over the bimah with an exposed steel roof structure that further emphasises the latter's position and importance. The women's gallery is arranged on three sides of the main space and care has been taken to create a degree of intimacy while still being able to accommodate large numbers for major festivals.

The windows on each side of the women's gallery are fitted with stained glass windows by the Scottish artist John Clark. The windows represent Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur and the festivals of Sukkot, Pesach and Shavuot. Further stained glass windows are planned for the main entrance on the theme of the Exodus and for the three-storey atrium on the Shema. The Torah ark and Synagogue interior are all finished in oak to maintain the light, airy ambience of the building.

Alongside the synagogue at ground level is the library and Beth midrash in which weekday services are held. A retractable wall allows this area to become part of the main worship space, providing additional seating for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.

The synagogue was designed to enable access by both able-bodied and disabled people while still conforming to the requirements of Halacha. Sloping ramps provide ease of access to the main entrance and a lift has been installed with special programming for use on Shabbat. A mechitzah has also been installed on the ground floor for women unable to access the women's gallery.

Former synagogue building in Fallowfield
The community's former synagogue building was in Wilbraham Road, Fallowfield. The result of a competition won by Joseph Sunlight, the synagogue was completed in 1913, and is a structure of diverse stylistic influences and innovative technical construction, as was listed as a Grade II building in 1974.

Sunlight adopted the style of a Turkish mosque, complete with dome and minaret though interpreted in a modernist, it has even been said cubist, idiom. Sunlight confessed to quoting Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and the tower of Westminster Cathedral. The building marked a first in British synagogue construction in avoiding column supports for its 35 ft dome by the use of reinforced concrete in its span and the lattice girders supporting the cantilever gallery.

In 2003, the Fallowfield building became redundant, the congregation having relocated, and plans were drawn up by a charitable trust to convert it to a residential Jewish student centre. , the building was being renovated, with major changes to the interior. The ladies' gallery was turned into a complete second floor to replace the function room previously in the annex, which was demolished.

title: South Manchester Synagogue


text:
Nolini Kanta Gupta

Nolini Kanta Gupta (13 January 1889 – 7 February 1984) was a revolutionary, linguist, scholar, critic, poet, philosopher and yogi, and the most senior of Sri Aurobindo's disciples. He was born in Faridpur, East Bengal, to a cultured and prosperous Vaidya-Brahmin family. While in his teens, he came under the influence of Sri Aurobindo, then a well known revolutionary fighting for independence against the British. When in his fourth year at Presidency College, Calcutta, he left a promising academic career and rejected a lucrative government job to join a small revolutionary group under Sri Aurobindo. In May 1908 he was among those arrested for conspiracy in the Alipore bomb case. Acquitted a year later, after having spent a year in jail, he worked as a sub-editor for the Dharma and the Karmayogin, two of Sri Aurobindo's Nationalist newspapers, in 1909 and 1910.

He was taught Greek, Latin, French and Italian by Sri Aurobindo himself and was among the four disciples who were with Aurobindo in 1910 at Pondicherry. When the Sri Aurobindo Ashram was founded in 1926, he settled permanently in Pondicherry, serving the Mother and Sri Aurobindo as secretary of the ashram and later as one of its trustees. A prolific writer on a wide range of topics, he has about 60 books to his credit of which about 16 are in English and 44 in Bengali, as well as many articles and poems in English, Bengali and French.

Nolini Kanta Gupta died at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram on 7 February 1984.

title: Nolini Kanta Gupta


text:
Talk:Tumen (unit)

arban vs arvan
Is there any specific reason (other than incorrect transcription from cyrillic) why the unit of 10 is named "arban" instead of "arvan"? The latter would be a correct representation of the Mongolian numeral "арван". I don't expect the word to have changed in the transition from the classic mongolian script. --Latebird 14:22, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * As I've just learned, the classic spelling does indeed transcribe correctly to "arban". Old languages can be full of surprises... --Latebird 22:48, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Comment
Huns were not Turks, nor are Turks Huns. Therefore, Huns should not be called Proto-Turks.--218.19.102.5 (talk) 14:17, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * unfortunately, Wiki does not run on unsubstantiated ballyhoo - it requires Reliable Sources from knowledgeable scholars that do research - pity, that, eh? 20:34, 14 January 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.111.2.100 (talk)

Move and disambiguation proposal

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: pages moved. Strong consensus for moves, and I judge that there's a consensus for Tumen (unit) as the target. I'm boldly moving the DAB too under WP:SNOW. Andrewa (talk) 17:54, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

Tumen → Tumen (myriad) – The topic of this article is a word that is used for the number 10000 (a myriad), mostly in military contexts. However, there are several other articles that share the same name, which can be seen at Tumen (disambiguation). Since there are rather notable geographical locations in the list, I propose that the current article is moved to Tumen (myriad) and that the original title is redirected to Tumen (disambiguation). - Anonimski (talk) 22:50, 3 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Support – but also move Tumen (disambiguation) to Tumen. Dicklyon (talk) 03:14, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Support a move and also the move Tumen (disambiguation) to Tumen but I'm not crazy about the "myriad" which is more a definition than a disambiguator. How about tumen (number) or tumen (unit)?  —  AjaxSmack   21:07, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment - Tumen (unit) sounds like a good option. - Anonimski (talk) 15:16, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Support a move, 3rd choices as nom, 2nd choice tumen (number), 1st choice tumen (unit), and the move Tumen (disambiguation) to Tumen. In ictu oculi (talk) 14:23, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Support an alternative, per IIO. Tumen (term) would also work. I'm opposed to Tumen (myriad) as repetitive, not unlike titles such as Football (soccer), which have been rejected in the past. It's not how disambiguators are supposed to work. --BDD (talk) 23:13, 6 January 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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title: Talk:Tumen (unit)


text:
Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)

Anglo-Chinese School (Independent) (ACS(I)) is an independent Methodist secondary school in Dover, Singapore. Founded in 1886 by Reverend William Fitzjames Oldham, it was recognised as an International Baccalaureate World School in 2005, and has since consistently ranked among the top three schools worldwide that offer the IB Diploma Programme.

Keeping in line with its history as a boys' school, ACS(I) provides secondary education for only boys from years 1 to 4. Since 2012, ACS(I) and its affiliated school Methodist Girls' School (MGS) have partnered for an Integrated Programme, which allows ACS(I) and MGS students to skip the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level examinations and proceed directly to years 5 and 6 at ACS(I) to complete the IB Diploma Programme.

History

ACS was offered 'independent' status by the Ministry of Education in 1987. This was accepted by the ACS Board of Governors. In 1992, the school moved from Barker Road to a new campus at Dover Road. The site was opened by Finance Minister Richard Hu on 1 March 1993, the 107th anniversary of the school's founding by Bishop William Fitzjames Oldham.

ACS was founded on 1 March 1886 by Bishop William Fitzjames Oldham as an extension of the Methodist Church in Singapore. Its first location was a shophouse at 70 Amoy Street with a total of 13 pupils. Its name came from the fact that it conducted lessons in English at night and Chinese in the afternoon. By the following year, enrolment had increased to 104, and the school moved to Coleman Street.

Between 1914 and 1920, led by Reverend J. S. Nagle, the school introduced regular religious services and physical education classes. Afternoon classes were also established for academically weaker pupils. In a bid to ensure continuity in school life and keep the school adequately staffed, Nagle encouraged former students, known as "old boys", to return to the school as teachers. To this day, the Anglo-Chinese School Old Boys' Association is a link through which old boys may keep ties with the school.

The Anglo-Chinese Continuation School was started by the new principal, Reverend P. L. Peach, in 1925, for students who had to leave the school due to the newly imposed age limits on school-going boys by the government. Eventually, ACS was renamed the Oldham Methodist School. A secondary school was opened at Cairnhill Road.

During the Japanese occupation of Singapore between 1942 and 1945, lessons were suspended, and the school re-opened its doors only in 1946, a year after the Japanese surrender, when the buildings at Cairnhill and Coleman Street were made safe from war damage. The pre-war principal, T. W. Hinch, who had been interned by the Japanese, returned to the school. He set up "X" and "Y" classes, each with different levels of difficulty, for students who had missed years of their education due to the Occupation. In September 1950, the secondary school moved from Cairnhill to Barker Road. Also in 1950, Post School Certificate Classes, later known as Pre-University Classes because they were supposed to prepare students for tertiary education, were set up, and the first batch of girl students was enrolled in ACS. Students in the lower grades continued to be all-boys, a practice which persists to this day. Thio Chan Bee, the first Asian principal of ACS, took over in 1952. During his tenure, both the Cairnhill and Barker Road premises were expanded, the latter with the building of the Lee Hall, a three-storey building housing twelve classrooms and four laboratories.

In 1986, ACS celebrated its centenary with the publication of a hardback history of the school entitled Hearts, Hopes and Aims.

ACSP moved out of the Coleman Street campus in 1994; in its place now are the National Archives. In 1988 the Ministry of Education started its Independent School programme. Independent schools are allowed to be privately funded and subject to less government regulation in setting out their curriculum. The school was renamed ACS (Independent); in 1993 the Barker Road campus was vacated and the school moved to Dover Road. After strong lobbying by alumni, the Barker Road site was retained for a second secondary school. At the same time, Anglo-Chinese Primary School abandoned Coleman Street (the old building now housing the National Archives of Singapore) to share premises with the new secondary school at Barker Road, now named ACS (Barker Road).

When Bishop Oldham started the school in 1886, he also took in some students as boarders. The boarding facility soon expanded and moved into ever-larger premises, first in Bellevue at Oldham Lane, then to Dunearn House at Barker Road. In 1986, when ACS celebrated its centennial year, the boarding school known as Oldham Hall moved into new premises within the ACS Barker Road campus. It moved back into the rebuilt premises in December 2002 and was renamed ACS Oldham Hall to emphasise its roots as a strong and vibrant member of the ACS family.

Principals
The principal of the school is also the school's Chief Executive Officer. The first principal of the independent school was Lawrence Chia, an associate professor of chemistry at the National University of Singapore and a Presbyterian elder. Chia stepped down at the end of 1993 and one of his two vice-principals was selected to replace him. Ong Teck Chin held the post from 1994 to October 2010. From 5 October 2010, Fanny Tan was appointed acting principal in his stead, until the appointment of Winston James Hodge as new principal with effect from 21 June 2011. Then, in December 2018, Arene Koh was appointed as principal.

Awards
ACS (Independent) was awarded the Singapore Quality Award (SQA) in October 2009. ACS (Independent) has achieved the Singapore Quality Award, all four Best Practice Awards, School Distinction and School Excellence Awards. ACS(I) has won The Straits Times' 'Top School in Sports (Boys)' award 14 times, starting with the first award in 1996 and winning thereafter every year until 2010, with the exception of 1999.

It has been consistently ranked as one of the top secondary schools in Singapore. In the GCE 'Ordinary' level examinations, ACS(I) had been ranked in the top 15 institutions in Singapore for a number of years since 1995. In 2008 it was reported that ACS(I) students taking the IB exams for the first time had produced results among the best in the world: nine students had obtained the perfect score of 45, making up almost half the 20 candidates worldwide to do so. It was also reported that ACS(I)'s performance put it among the top three IB schools in the world. In 2010, 27 students worldwide were reported to have achieved the perfect score, of whom 13 came from the ACS(I) November 2009 examination cohort. In 2011, it produced 28 students who earned the perfect score. The number of perfect scorers increased to 29 in 2012. and 37 in 2013. In 2014, the school produced 32 of the 43 students nationwide who obtained perfect scores. In 2015, 34 students scored the perfect score. In 2016, 41 scored the perfect score, accounting for the 48 in Singapore and 81 worldwide to do so. In 2018 ACS scored an average of 41.6 points per IBDP student making it the top IB school in the world as per the league tables published by Education Advisers Ltd.

House system
The house system is a way of grouping students into mutually competitive groups. It was introduced on 16 April 1929 during the tenure of Principal Thomas W. Hinch. ACS Houses were named initially after churchmen Bishop James Thoburn, Bishop William F. Oldham, and Reverend Goh Hood Keng; and philanthropists Tan Kah Kee and Cheong Koon Seng. In 2005, three other benefactors of the school were honoured by having houses named after them: these were Lee Seng Gee, Shaw Vee Meng and Tan Chin Tuan.

The houses in chronological order, and their house colours, are:
 * Thoburn - Green
 * Oldham - Red
 * Goh Hood Keng (GHK) - Yellow
 * Tan Kah Kee (TKK) - Dark Blue
 * Cheong Koon Seng (CKS) - Light Blue
 * Lee Seng Gee (LSG) - Grey
 * Shaw Vee Meng (SVM) - Purple
 * Tan Chin Tuan (TCT) - Tan/Orange

Facilities
ACS(Independent) has a number of facilities, including a campus-wide Wi-Fi network, air-conditioned classrooms, computer and science laboratories, multi-purpose halls, auditoriums, and lecture theatres. ACS(I) is known for its sporting tradition and has numerous sports facilities, including an artificial turf, a gymnasium, swimming pools and basketball, squash and tennis courts.

Boarding school
Established in 1994, the ACS (Independent) Boarding School houses around 500 students, mostly overseas scholars from the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and India. Resident staff live alongside the students and provide a balance of academic and pastoral support.

It has many various facilities, including a daily laundry service, Wi-Fi in common areas and daily meals. Boarders may also use the ACS(I) facilities

All who are leading there are staff members or school leaders of ACS(I).

The Shaw Library and Resource Centre
The library is named after its financial benefactor, Runme Shaw. It contains over 100,000 books, reference materials and IB syllabus-based course books.

Sports and games
ACS (Independent) has achieved good sporting results through the years, having produced national champions and national sportsmen. It has been strong in swimming, sailing, water-polo and rugby. It has been The Straits Times' Top School in Sports (Boys) in an almost unbroken streak since this title was first awarded, from 1996 to 2009. The exception was 1999, in which The Chinese High School won the title. The record number of gold medals in a single season was achieved in 2018, where it won 17 gold medals and 10 silver medals. The school has held many winning streaks such as the "B" Division Rugby Title from 1997–2003 and the "C" Division Rugby Title from 1997–2009. In 2008, ACS (Independent) won a grand slam in Rugby, winning all three "A" Division, "B" Division and "C" Division titles.

National inter-schools championships
Note : Records from 1989 onwards; "A" Division records from 2007 onwards

• Air pistol

• * "C" Division: 2019

• * "B" Division: 2006, 2009

• * "A" Division: 2010, 2018

• Air rifle

• * "C" Division: 2003

• * "B" Division: 2010

• Badminton

• * "C" Division: 1996, 1997,2017

• * "B" Division: 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019

• * "A" Division: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2019

• Basketball

• Bowling

• * "C" Division: 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2011

• * "B" Division: 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2016, 2021

• * "A" Division: 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023

• Canoeing

• * "C" Division: 2000, 2004, 2010, 2013

• * "B" Division: 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2024

• * "A" Division: 2008

• Cricket

• * "C" Division: 1996, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023

• * "B" Division: 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2022

• * "A" Division: 2010, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2022

• Golf

• * "C" Division: 2008, 2017, 2022

• * "B" Division: 2010, 2022

• * "A" Division: 2022

• Rugby (15-a-side)

• * "C" Division: 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023

• * "B" Division: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2024

• * "A" Division: 2008, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024

• Sailing

• * "C" Division: 1999, 2000, 2001,2004, 2006

• * "B" Division: 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2008

• * "A Boys" Division: 2008

• Softball

• * "C" Division: 2017

• * "B" Division: 2006, 2007

• * "A" Division: 2007, 2008

• Squash

• * "C" Division: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2017, 2022

• * "B" Division: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024

• * "A" Division: 2007, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2022

• Swimming

• * "C" Division: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022

• * "B" Division: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019

• * "A" Division: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022

• Tennis

• * "C" Division: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2022

• * "B" Division: 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024

• * "A" Division: 2008, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2022, 2023

• Water-Polo

• * "C" Division: 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018

• * "B" Division: 1992, 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2022, 2023

• X-Country

• * "C" Division: 2013, 2016, 2019

• * "B" Division: 2004, 2015, 2017

• * "A" Division: 2016, 2017

Uniformed groups
The school has also performed well in its uniformed groups, achieving Gold and Best Unit awards multiple times over the past years. In 2011 alone, all of the school's units have attained a Gold award. ACS (Independent) holds the record of having the largest amount of Uniformed Groups in a single school. In addition to this, ACS (Independent) is the only school with a National Cadet Corps Tri-Service, and one of two schools which pioneered the National Police Cadet Corps. The Scout and Venture Scout units of the school are also the largest in Singapore. The Boys' Brigade and Boys' Brigade Primers also encompasses the Boys' Brigade Bagpipe Band, one of only 15 in Singapore. However, the NPCC (Sea) unit and Military Bagpipe Band have since been shut down.

• National Cadet Corps (Air)

• * Best Unit Competition (Gold): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012

• * Best NCC (Air) Unit: 2001, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015

• * Best Overall NCC Unit: 2010 (discontinued)

• * C.M. Philips Award: 2011

• National Cadet Corps (Land)

• * Best Unit Competition (Gold): 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011

• National Cadet Corps (Sea)

• * Best Unit Competition (Gold): 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011

• * Best NCC (Sea) Unit: 2005, 2010, 2011

• National Civil Defence Cadet Corps

• * Unit Overall Proficiency Award (Gold): 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

• * Precision Drill Competition (Champion): 2012

• National Police Cadet Corps

• * Unit Overall Proficiency Award (Gold): 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015

• Military Bagpipe Band

• Boys' Brigade

• * J.M. Fraser Award (Gold): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011

• * Best Seniors' Company: 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010

• Boys' Brigade Primers

• Boys' Brigade Bagpipe Band

• * Boys' Brigade Pipes and Drums Festival BB Category (Champion): 2015, 2016, 2017

• * Boys' Brigade Pipes and Drums Festival Open Category (Champion): 2015, 2016, 2017

• Scouts

• * Frank Cooper Sands' Award (Gold): 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019

• * National Patrol Camp: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2018

• Venture Scouts

• * Frank Cooper Sands' Award (Gold): 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

• St. John's Brigade

• * Corps Achievement Award (Gold): 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

Clubs, societies and performing arts
The ACS(I) Debate Team has a strong debating tradition, with many of the members going on to represent Singapore at the World Schools Debating Championships. ACS(I) emerged National Champions in 1998, 2005 and 2013 as well as 1st Runner-Up in 2004, 2006 and 2016 in the Singapore Secondary Schools Debating Championships. At the national championships for pre-university levels organised by the Singapore Ministry of Education, ACS(I) emerged champions in 2010 and 2018 as well as 1st Runner-Up in 2012, 2014 and 2019. In 2010, ACS(I) emerged champions in the Ministry of Finance Budget Debate for the Secondary School division and 1st Runner-Up for the Pre-University division.

The school's Young Diplomats' Society has received awards in multiple Model United Nations Conferences both locally and overseas and also organises the annual International Model United Nations Conference.

Between 1998 and 2012, the school's Philharmonic Orchestra obtained seven consecutive Gold Awards in the biennial Singapore Youth Festival competition, the only youth string ensemble to have done so. The Orchestra achieved two Gold with Honours awards at the 2007 SYF competition, for both its Secondary and College String groups. In 2013, 2015 and 2017, following the festival's award scheme revamp, the orchestra attained the Distinction award, the highest possible honour. It also collaborated with the Singapore Armed Forces Central Band in March 2007, and was the featured orchestra in the 2007 HSBC Young Talents' Concert.

The Symphonic Band won Gold with Honours awards in the 2005, 2007 and 2009 SYF competitions, being the only school besides Saint Patrick's School to have achieved this. It was ranked as one of the top three bands in all three years. The band also received a Gold in the 2011 competition. The Wind Ensemble received a Gold in its first year of participation in SYF in 2007, as well as a Bronze in 2009 and a Silver in 2011. In 2006, the band took part in the 17th Australian International Music Festival in Sydney, Australia, attaining a Gold Award. In the Singapore International Band Festival 2008, the band competed against professional bands in the open division and won the only Gold award, it also achieved second place in the Finals. In the SIBF competition for 2010, the band achieved Silver in the Open Category, while in 2012, the Symphonic Band was awarded a Gold in Division II and the Wind Ensemble was awarded Silver in Division I. In 2011, both the Symphonic Band and Wind Ensemble participated in the Senior Category at the Hong Kong Winter Band Festival, attaining Silver and Gold (2nd Placing) respectively. The Symphonic Band has also received Distinction Awards at the 2013 and 2015 Singapore Youth Festival Arts Presentation for Concert Bands.

The Choir, established in the 1980s, has taken part in many international and local choral competitions and workshops. The Choir has achieved a Gold award in the 2009 SYF Central Judging, as well as a Gold award in the recent 2011 SYF Central Judging. The Choir also obtained a Gold award at the Genting International Choral Competition in 2007. The IB choir now performs as an a cappella society.

The Guitar Orchestra, established in 2003, has won three consecutive Gold medals in the SYF competitions, with a Gold award for its Secondary Orchestra and a Gold with Honours award for its College Orchestra in the 2007 SYF competition. The Secondary Orchestra obtained a Gold with Honours award in the 2009 SYF competition. It also hosts a yearly concert event, F.R.E.T.S (Finally a Really Exciting Thing to See).

Dance Venia, established in 2005, won the Gold with Honours Award at the Singapore Youth Festival Central Judging 2009 during their first participation in the event. Their latest achievements include 2 Certificates of Distinction at the same event in 2013 and 2015.

Notable alumni

 * Politicians
 * Vivian Balakrishnan, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Singapore
 * Chen Show Mao, former Member of Parliament, Singapore
 * Chiam See Tong, former Member of Parliament and Head of the Singapore People's Party, Singapore
 * Fong Jen Arthur, Member of Parliament, Singapore
 * Geh Min, Nominated Member of Parliament, Singapore
 * Goh Keng Swee, former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister for Defence, Minister for Finance and Minister for Education, Singapore
 * Ho Peng Kee, Senior Minister of State for Home Affairs, Singapore
 * Dr Richard Hu, former Minister for Finance and Minister for Trade and Industry, Singapore
 * Lam Pin Min, former Member of Parliament, Singapore
 * Lee Teng-hui, first President of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
 * Alvin Lie Ling Piao, member of People's Representative Council of Indonesia as the representative of National Mandate Party
 * Lim Kim San, former cabinet minister, Chairman of the Housing and Development Board and Chairman of the Port of Singapore Authority, Singapore
 * Lui Tuck Yew, former Minister for Transport and former Second Minister for Foreign Affairs, former Chief of Navy and former Chief Executive of the Maritime and Port Authority, Singapore
 * Sellapan Ramanathan, 6th President of Singapore
 * Ng Eng Hen, former Education Minister and former Second Defence Minister, Singapore
 * Sin Boon Ann, Member of Parliament, Singapore
 * Tan Chuan Jin, Former Speaker of Parliament, Singapore
 * Tan Soo Khoon, Member of Parliament, former Speaker of Parliament, Singapore
 * Dr Tay Eng Soon, deceased Senior Minister of State (Education), Singapore
 * Tharman Shanmugaratnam, President of Singapore
 * Toh Chin Chye, Former Deputy Prime Minister, Singapore
 * Yeo Cheow Tong, Member of Parliament, former Minister for Transport, Singapore
 * Alvin Yeo, Senior Counsel, Senior Partner of WongPartnership LLP and Member of Parliament, Singapore
 * Gerald Giam, Member of Parliament
 * Yuen Pau Woo, Canadian Senator representing British Columbia
 * Chee Soon Juan, Secretary-General of the Singapore Democratic Party
 * Athletes
 * Ang Peng Siong, former Singapore national swimmer, co-founder and Managing Director of APS Swim School & Aquatic Performance Swim Club
 * Mark Chay, Singapore national swimmer
 * Desmond Koh, former Singapore national swimmer, Rhodes Scholar
 * Joseph Schooling, national swimmer, participated in the 2012 London Olympics, gold medallist in the 2016 Rio Olympics
 * Quah Zheng Wen, national swimmer, participated in the 2012 London Olympics
 * Oon Jin Teik, CEO of Singapore Sports Council and former Singapore national swimmer
 * Poh Seng Song, Singapore national sprinter
 * Ronald Susilo, Former Singapore national badminton player
 * Gary Tan, Singapore national swimmer
 * Thum Ping Tjin, former Singapore national swimmer, Rhodes Scholar
 * Business leaders
 * Lim Siong Guan, former Head of Singapore Civil Service, Group President of Government of Singapore Investment Corporation
 * Ong Beng Seng, Managing Director Hotel Properties Limited, brought Formula 1 back to Singapore
 * Seow Poh Leng, founding member of the Ho Hong Bank
 * Tan Sri Dr. Tan Chin Tuan, former Chairman of Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation, philanthropist
 * Tan Sri Dato' Sri Dr. Teh Hong Piow, Chairman of Public Bank

 * Arts
 * Terence Cao, Mediacorp 8 actor
 * Mark Chan, composer and former Singapore national swimmer
 * Glen Goei, international director
 * Colin Goh, filmmaker and editor of TalkingCock.com
 * Goh Soon Tioe, violinist and conductor of Singapore Youth Symphony Orchestra
 * Ivan Heng, actor, director
 * Nat Ho, Actor
 * Kevin Kwan, novelist, best known for the bestselling satirical novels Crazy Rich Asians, China Rich Girlfriend, and Rich People Problems
 * Hossan Leong, actor, Radio DJ
 * Lin Junjie (Wayne Lim Jun Jie), singer
 * James Lye, former TV actor
 * Ong Keng Sen, director
 * Adrian Pang, actor
 * Bernard Tan, musician and composer
 * Melvyn Tan, international pianist
 * Eleanor Wong, playwright
 * Russel Wong, photographer
 * Jerrold Yam, poet and lawyer
 * Other professions
 * Alex Au, social activist
 * Belinda Ang, Singapore Supreme Court Judge
 * Cavinder Bull, Senior Counsel
 * Choo Han Teck, Supreme Court Judge
 * Steven Chong, Judge of Appeal
 * Winston Choo, Lieutenant-General (Retired), former Chief of the Defence Force, Singapore Armed Forces, Chairman of Singapore Red Cross
 * Khoo Boon Hui, Senior Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, President of INTERPOL and former Commissioner of Police
 * Glenn Knight, lawyer
 * Lieutenant General Desmond Kuek Bak Chye, former Chief of the Defence Force, Singapore Armed Forces
 * Li Denghui, founding President (1917–1937) of Fudan University
 * Professor Lim Kok Ann, Dean of Medicine NUS (1965–72), President of Singapore Chess Federation (1961–72)
 * Lieutenant General Melvyn Ong, Chief of Defence Force, Singapore Army
 * Andrew Phang, Judge of Appeal
 * V K Rajah, Judge of Appeal, Attorney-General of Singapore (2014-2017)
 * Lucien Wong, Attorney-General of Singapore (2017–Present), Senior Counsel
 * Sim Kee Boon, former head of Singapore Civil Service
 * Rear Admiral Ronnie Tay, former Chief of Navy, Republic of Singapore Navy
 * Rear Admiral Frederick Chew, Director of Joint Operations, Singapore Armed Forces
 * Woo Bih Li, Singapore Supreme Court Judge
 * Wong Meng Kong, chess Grandmaster

title: Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)


text: Template:States of Nigeria

title: Template:States of Nigeria


text:
Interstate 393

Interstate 393 (I-393) is a 4.6 mi east–west auxiliary Interstate Highway extending from I-93 at Concord to Pembroke, New Hampshire. The primary purpose of the road is to bypass a densely built commercial strip on New Hampshire Route 9 (NH 9) in the eastern part of Concord. Several times a year, I-393 also serves traffic to events at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon. I-393 runs concurrently with US Route 4 (US 4) and US 202 for its entire length.

Route description
I-393 begins at I-93's exit 15 interchange, where US 4 east leaves its concurrency with I-93 south and the I-393/US 4/US 202 concurrency begins. The four-lane freeway actually begins a short distance west of I-93 at the north end of Concord's Main Street where US 202 turns east from US 3. From there, the road then intersects Commercial Street just before the exit 15 interchange. Just east of the exit 15 cloverleaf is I-393's exit 1 to Fort Eddy Road. This exit provides access to NHTI – Concord's Community College, which is home to the McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center, an air and space science center. I-393 crosses the Merrimack River and continues east to exit 2, connecting to New Hampshire's State Office Park East and the area known locally as the Concord Heights via East Side Drive (NH 132). Further east is exit 3, I-393's last, to NH 106, which runs south past the commercial area around the Steeplegate Mall, and north to New Hampshire Motor Speedway and the Laconia region. After exit 3, the road turns northward, crossing the Soucook River into Pembroke. Beyond the bridge, I-393 ends and US 4 and US 202 merge down to a single lane before joining NH 9 and continuing eastward.

History
When I-393 was first completed c. 1979, it ended at an at-grade intersection with NH 9 and NH 106 just west of where exit 3 now stands. Exit 3 and the extension beyond were completed in the late 1980s.

A feasibility study conducted in the 1980s proposed a number of alignments that would have extended I-393 beyond its eastern terminus to a new interchange (exit 10) on the Spaulding Turnpike between Dover and Rochester. This project studied the possibility of creating an east–west highway between Portsmouth and Concord. After much work, it was deemed impossible and an upgrade of US 4, a road which closely follows the route of the first New Hampshire turnpike from the early 1800s, was studied and completed.

The intersection of Commercial Street and US 202 used to be a four-way crossing, but, in recent years, Jersey barriers have been installed and a short bypass under US 202 has been constructed to prevent traffic from crossing the freeway, although the traffic lights remain. The lights on the westbound side have since been modified to become warning lights for the traffic signal at the intersection with US 3.

title: Interstate 393


text:
User talk:Tocorrode

Vandalism
Please stop adding nonsense to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism. If you want to experiment, please use the sandbox. Thank you. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 11:22, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tocorrode


text:
Min-conflicts algorithm

In computer science, a min-conflicts algorithm is a search algorithm or heuristic method to solve constraint satisfaction problems.

One such algorithm is min-conflicts hill-climbing. Given an initial assignment of values to all the variables of a constraint satisfaction problem (with one or more constraints not satisfied), select a variable from the set of variables with conflicts violating one or more of its constraints. Assign to this variable a value that minimizes the number of conflicts (usually breaking ties randomly). Repeat this process of conflicted variable selection and min-conflict value assignment until a solution is found or a pre-selected maximum number of iterations is reached. If a solution is not found the algorithm can be restarted with a different initial assignment.

Because a constraint satisfaction problem can be interpreted as a local search problem when all the variables have an assigned value (called a complete state), the min conflicts algorithm can be seen as a repair heuristic that chooses the state with the minimum number of conflicts.

Algorithm
algorithm MIN-CONFLICTS is input: console.csp, A constraint satisfaction problem. max_steps, The number of steps allowed before giving up. current_state, An initial assignment of values for the variables in the csp. output: A solution set of values for the variable or failure. for i ← 1 to max_steps do if current_state is a solution of csp then return current_state set var ← a randomly chosen variable from the set of conflicted variables CONFLICTED[csp] set value ← the value v for var that minimizes CONFLICTS(var,v,current_state,csp) set var ← value in current_state return failure

Although not specified in the algorithm, a good initial assignment can be critical for quickly approaching a solution. Use a greedy algorithm with some level of randomness and allow variable assignment to break constraints when no other assignment will suffice. The randomness helps min-conflicts avoid local minima created by the greedy algorithm's initial assignment. In fact, Constraint Satisfaction Problems that respond best to a min-conflicts solution do well where a greedy algorithm almost solves the problem. Map coloring problems do poorly with Greedy Algorithm as well as Min-Conflicts. Sub areas of the map tend to hold their colors stable and min conflicts cannot hill climb to break out of the local minimum. The CONFLICTS function counts the number of constraints violated by a particular object, given that the state of the rest of the assignment is known.

History
Although Artificial Intelligence and Discrete Optimization had known and reasoned about Constraint Satisfaction Problems for many years, it was not until the early 1990s that this process for solving large CSPs had been codified in algorithmic form. Early on, Mark Johnston of the Space Telescope Science Institute looked for a method to schedule astronomical observations on the Hubble Space Telescope. In collaboration with Hans-Martin Adorf of the Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility, he created a neural network capable of solving a toy n-queens problem (for 1024 queens). Steven Minton and Andy Philips analyzed the neural network algorithm and separated it into two phases: (1) an initial assignment using a greedy algorithm and (2) a conflict minimization phases (later to be called "min-conflicts"). A paper was written and presented at AAAI-90; Philip Laird provided the mathematical analysis of the algorithm.

Subsequently, Mark Johnston and the STScI staff used min-conflicts to schedule astronomers' observation time on the Hubble Space Telescope.

Example
Min-Conflicts solves the N-Queens Problem by selecting a column from the chess board for queen reassignment. The algorithm searches each potential move for the number of conflicts (number of attacking queens), shown in each square. The algorithm moves the queen to the square with the minimum number of conflicts, breaking ties randomly. Note that the number of conflicts is generated by each new direction that a queen can attack from. If two queens would attack from the same direction (row, or diagonal) then the conflict is only counted once. Also note that if a queen is in a position in which a move would put it in greater conflict than its current position, it does not make a move. It follows that if a queen is in a state of minimum conflict, it does not have to move.

This algorithm's performance depends greatly on the choice of starting position. A good starting position can be generated by assigning queens column by column with each assignment being to a row that minimizes the number of constraint violations. This results in a starting position with an average number of constraint violations that is surprisingly small and grows very slowly with n (e.g. 12.8 for n=106).

Given a good starting position, the number of reassignments required for a solution is similarly constant: this algorithm will even solve the million-queens problem in approximately 50 reassignemnts. The number of constraint evaluations for each reassignment grows with n leading to nearly linear run-time.

This discovery and observations led to a great amount of research in 1990 and began research on local search problems and the distinctions between easy and hard problems. N-Queens is easy for local search because solutions are densely distributed throughout the state space. It is also effective for hard problems. For example, it has been used to schedule observations for the Hubble Space Telescope, reducing the time taken to schedule a week of observations from three weeks to around 10 minutes.

title: Min-conflicts algorithm


text:
Apollo Belvedere

The Apollo Belvedere (also called the Belvedere Apollo, Apollo of the Belvedere, or Pythian Apollo) is a celebrated marble sculpture from classical antiquity.

The work has been dated to mid-way through the 2nd century A.D. and is considered to be a Roman copy of an original bronze statue created between 330 and 320 B.C. by the Greek sculptor Leochares. It was rediscovered in central Italy in the late 15th century during the Italian Renaissance and was placed on semi-public display in the Vatican Palace in 1511, where it remains. It is now in the Cortile del Belvedere of the Pio-Clementine Museum of the Vatican Museums complex.

From the mid-18th century it was considered the greatest ancient sculpture by ardent neoclassicists, and for centuries it epitomized the ideals of aesthetic perfection for Europeans and westernized parts of the world.

Description
The Greek god Apollo is depicted as a standing archer having just shot an arrow. Although there is no agreement as to the precise narrative detail being depicted, the conventional view has been that he has just slain the serpent Python, the chthonic serpent guarding Delphi—making the sculpture a Pythian Apollo. Alternatively, it may be the slaying of the giant Tityos, who threatened his mother Leto, or the episode of the Niobids.

The large white marble sculpture is 2.24 m (7.3 feet) high. Its complex contrapposto has been much admired, appearing to position the figure both frontally and in profile. The arrow has just left Apollo's bow and the effort impressed on his musculature still lingers. His hair, lightly curled, flows in ringlets down his neck and rises gracefully to the summit of his head, which is encircled with the strophium, a band symbolic of gods and kings. His quiver is suspended across his right shoulder. He is entirely nude except for his sandals and a robe (chlamys) clasped at his right shoulder, turned up on his left arm, and thrown back.

The lower part of the right arm and the left hand were missing when discovered and were restored by Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli (1507–1563), a sculptor and pupil of Michelangelo.

Renaissance
Before its installation in the Cortile delle Statue of the Belvedere palace in the Vatican, the Apollo—which seems to have been discovered in 1489 in the present Anzio (at that time territory of Nettuno ), or perhaps at Grottaferrata where Giuliano della Rovere was abbot in commendam —apparently received very little notice from artists. It was, however, sketched twice during the last decade of the 15th century in the book of drawings by a pupil of Domenico Ghirlandaio, now at the Escorial. Though it has always been known to have belonged to Giuliano della Rovere before he became pope, as Julius II, its placement has been confused until as recently as 1986: Cardinal della Rovere, who held the titulus of San Pietro in Vincoli, stayed away from Rome for the decade during Alexander VI's papacy (1494–1503); in the interim, the Apollo stood in his garden at SS. Apostoli, Deborah Brown has shown, and not at his titular church, as had been assumed.

Once it was installed in the Cortile, however, it immediately became famous in artistic circles and a demand for copies of it arose. The Mantuan sculptor Pier Jacopo Alari Bonacolsi, called "L'Antico", made a careful wax model of it, which he cast in bronze, finely finished and partly gilded, to figure in the Gonzaga collection, and in further copies in a handful of others. Albrecht Dürer reversed the Apollo's pose for his Adam in a 1504 engraving of Adam and Eve, suggesting that he saw it in Rome. When L'Antico and Dürer saw it, the Apollo was probably still in the personal collection of della Rovere, who, once he was pope as Julius II, transferred the prize in 1511 to the small sculpture court of the Belvedere, the palazzetto or summerhouse that was linked to the Vatican Palace by Bramante's large Cortile del Belvedere. It became the Apollo of the Cortile del Belvedere, and the name has remained with it.

In addition to Dürer, several major artists during the late Renaissance sketched the Apollo, including Michelangelo, Bandinelli, and Goltzius. In the 1530s it was engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi, whose printed image transmitted the famous pose throughout Europe.

18th century
The Apollo became one of the world's most celebrated art works when in 1755 it was championed by the German art historian and archaeologist Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) as the best example of the perfection of the Greek aesthetic ideal. Its "noble simplicity and quiet grandeur", as he described it, became one of the leading lights of neoclassicism and an icon of the Enlightenment. Goethe, Schiller and Byron all endorsed it. The Apollo was one of the artworks brought to Paris by Napoleon after his 1796 Italian Campaign. From 1798 it formed part of the collection of the Louvre during the First Empire, but after 1815 was returned to the Vatican where it has remained ever since.

19th century
The neoclassical sculptor Antonio Canova adapted the work's fluency to his marble Perseus (Vatican Museums) in 1801.

The Romantic movement was not so kind to the Apollo's critical reputation. William Hazlitt (1778–1830), one of the great critics of the English language, was not impressed and dismissed it as "positively bad". The eminent art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900) wrote of his disappointment with it.

Finally, starting something of a trend among some later commentators, the art critic Walter Pater (1839–1894) adverted to the work's homoerotic appeal by way of explaining why it had been so long lionized. The opinion was not widely accepted. Nevertheless, the work retained much popular appeal and casts of it were abundant in European and American public places (especially schools) throughout the 19th century.

20th century

The critical reputation of the Apollo continued to decline in the 20th century, to the point of complete neglect. In 1969, a summary of its reception up to that point was provided by the art historian Kenneth Clark (1903–1983): "'...For four hundred years after it was discovered the Apollo was the most admired piece of sculpture in the world. It was Napoleon's greatest boast to have looted it from the Vatican. Now it is completely forgotten except by the guides of coach parties, who have become the only surviving transmitters of traditional culture.'"

Influence

 * Dürer, Albrecht, Adam and Eve (1504 engraving)
 * Copies of the Apollo Belvedere appear as cultural props in Joshua Reynolds's Commodore Augustus Keppel (1752-3, oil on canvas) and Jane Fleming, later Countess of Harrington (1778–79, oil on canvas).
 * Canova, Antonio, Perseus (1801, Vatican Museums, 180x, Metropolitan Museum of Art)
 * In Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–18), Byron describes how the statue requites humanity's debt to Prometheus: "And if it be Prometheus stole from Heaven / The fire which we endure, it was repaid / By him to whom the energy was given / Which this poetic marble hath array'd / With an eternal glory—which, if made / By human hands, is not of human thought; / And Time himself hath hallowed it, nor laid / One ringlet in the dust—nor hath it caught / A tinge of years, but breathes the flame with which 'twas wrought." (IV, CLXIII, 161–163; 1459–67).
 * Crawford, Thomas, Orpheus and Cerberus (1838–43; Boston Athenaeum, later Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)
 * Apollo tended by the Nymphs of Thetis
 * The head of the Apollo Belvedere is featured prominently in The Song of Love, a 1914 painting by Giorgio de Chirico
 * The Sower by Jean-François Millet (1850) is influenced by the Apollo Belvedere in the treatment and pose of the figure in the piece. The pose of the figure is linked to the sculpture as Millet was attempting to heroise the peasant that he was depicting.
 * The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French, 1874 at the Old North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts
 * In Robert Musil's 1943 novel The Man Without Qualities, the character Ulrich comments "Who still needed the Apollo Belvedere when he had the new forms of a turbodynamo or the rhythmic movements of a steam engine's pistons before his eyes!"
 * In her poem "In the Days of Prismatic Color", Marianne Moore writes that "Truth is no Apollo/ Belvedere, no formal thing."
 * Arthur Schopenhauer in the third book of The World as Will and Representation (1859) refers to the head of the Apollo Belvedere, admiring it for the way it exhibits human superiority: "The head of the god of the Muses, with eyes far afield, stands so freely on the shoulders that it seems to be wholly delivered from the body, and no longer subjects to its cares."
 * Alexander Pushkin refers to Apollo Belvedere in his 1829 poem The Poet and the Crowd ("Поэт и толпа").
 * Varden, a character in Dorothy L. Sayers's The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers recounts how he portrayed Apollo in a movie as "a statue that's brought to life ... You couldn't find an atom of offence from beginning to end, it was all so tasteful, though in the first part one didn't have anything to wear except a sort of scarf—taken from the classical statue, you know." One of his audience, a man with a classical education, guesses from the scarf that the actor was speaking of Apollo Belvedere.
 * A bust of Apollo Belvedere is a prominent feature of Charles Bird King's 1835 still life The Vanity of the Artist's Dream, which depicts the struggle of classically trained artists to be relevant in the 19th century.

Other sources

 * Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1981. Taste and the Antique (Yale University Press) Cat. no. 8. Critical history of the Apollo Belvedere.

title: Apollo Belvedere