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Carrickmines Castle

Carrickmines Castle is an archaeological site in Carrickmines, County Dublin, in eastern Ireland. The castle was built in the Middle Ages to protect the English-ruled Pale around Dublin. The mostly subsurface ruins lay in the path of the M50 motorway, completed in 2005. Sections of the medieval walls and some sections of the castle's defensive structures were preserved within or under M50 roundabouts.

Early period
Carrickmines Castle is a remnant of the site of a Hiberno-Norse settlement which during the 12th century became a fortified Norman castle and village, on the frontier between Dublin and Wicklow, Ireland. Guarding the southern plains, this fortress was once a central "medallion" in the necklace of the Norman castles and outposts dotted along the outskirts of The Pale – the area around Dublin under English rule during the medieval period.

In 1402, the O'Byrne clan of County Wicklow, who periodically raided Dublin, moved a large mercenary force to the banks of the River Dargle at Bray, but, as the direct route to the city would bring them close to the stronghold of Carrickmines, they apparently hesitated before attacking. The delay allowed the Walsh family, who owned Carrickmines, to send an urgent warning to Dublin. The Dubliners responded decisively: the Mayor of Dublin with a large force fell on the O'Byrnes and defeated them, in an encounter popularly known as the Battle of Bloody Bank, due to the number of casualties.

As a major fortification, the castle had an extensive curtain wall flanked by towers protecting an area of some acres. Within this was a settlement with a variety of wooden and stone buildings, mills, and a keep or hall house in the centre. The site still contains impressive defences, hewn into bedrock, and human remains from when the castle was overwhelmed in 1642. In the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the Catholic Walshs, who owned the castle, sided with the native Irish and the Confederate attempt to create the first independent Irish parliament. They paid dearly – as a focus of the Irish Confederate Wars, the castle was besieged by English forces, and when it was retaken, over 300 of the Walsh, O'Byrne, and O'Tooles were massacred.

M50 motorway and the "Carrickminders"

The ruins of the castle were the subject of a long-running dispute before the M50 motorway was built through the site. It began in 2002 when activists, including Vincent Salafia and Gordon Lucas, who called themselves the "Carrickminders", camped out on the castle's ruins to prevent them from being removed to make way for the motorway. They were joined by preservationists, including Professor Sean Duffy, Head of the Department of History at Trinity College Dublin (TCD), and Dr. Mark Clinton, who was the archaeologist employed by the National Roads Authority (NRA) as Site Director. They argued that the site's potential for historical study had not been fully realised. They questioned why the line of the M50 was rerouted through the castle site in 1998 when the proposed new road had originally been routed around it in 1983, on the advice of a state agency.

In 2005, both the M50 motorway and the junction were completed.

Supreme Court ruling
The Supreme Court, according to a report in The Irish Times on 26 July 2006, unanimously upheld the constitutionality of new laws affecting the preservation of the Carrickmines Castle site. While noting that the new legislation – Section 8 of the National Monuments (Amendment) Act 2004 – "removes a bundle of protections" from national monuments, the five-judge court found the Oireachtas is not prohibited under the Constitution of Ireland from enacting such laws.

The Court found that in issuing directions, the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government was entitled to balance the benefits of archaeological preservation against the wider public interest that would accrue as a result of the road development. Section 8 effectively provided that the works affecting the Carrickmines Castle site were to be carried out on the Minister's directions. Provided the Minister exercised his discretion under section 8 in a constitutional manner, he could give such directions as he thought fit, the Court found. This effectively meant that the road works at Carrickmines Castle were no longer to be regulated under the National Monuments Acts, the court said, although the castle was accepted as being a national monument and the works would mean a large part of a moat discovered at the site would cease to exist.

Under section 8, Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council, as landowner, did not need consent from any statutory body for undertaking the works and Oireachtas approval was not necessary. There was also no requirement to obtain a licence under the 1930 National Monuments Act and An Bord Pleanála was precluded from considering whether proposed works were likely to have a significant effect on the environment and from directing an environmental impact statement. There was "only the requirement that the works be carried out on the directions of the minister", the court said. It rejected claims that those directions – issued by the Minister, Dick Roche, in August 2004 – breached provisions of European Commission environmental directives and were therefore null and void. The Supreme Court was delivering its judgement on an appeal against the High Court's rejection in September 2004 of a challenge by Dominic Dunne, both to section 8 and to the ministerial directions. Dunne indicated that he intended to take his case to the European Court of Justice.

NRA Preservation Plan
The NRA proposed a solution which they said would preserve extensive areas of the unique historical remains while ensuring that the South Eastern Motorway proceeded on schedule. Under the plan, additional sections of medieval walls and some sections of the castle's defensive structures were to be preserved within or under M50 roundabouts. However, An Taisce's demands to decrease the size of one of the roundabouts and adjust the approach roads were not addressed in the plan.

Members of the NRA and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council claimed that they had done as much as possible to preserve the castle. €6m was spent on excavations over two years and archaeologists had retrieved more than 40,000 artefacts (including weapons, coins, human remains and pottery) when work resumed on the motorway.

Corruption allegations
On 26 July 2006, the Criminal Assets Bureau (the CAB) successfully obtained a High Court order freezing land assets of 107 acre at Carrickmines, County Dublin, owned by Jackson Way Properties Ltd and preventing their sale. The CAB contended that these lands had been rezoned on 16 December 1997 by Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council from agricultural to industrial after Frank Dunlop bribed and made corrupt payments to councillors to secure their support in the rezoning vote. That vote increased the value of just 17 acre of the property from €8 million to €61 million. The CAB interviewed and took statements from Frank Dunlop for use as a witness against a number of property developers.

The lands in question were the subject of an investigation by The Mahon Tribunal in 2003 and 2004.

title: Carrickmines Castle


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Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

The Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (CEMP) languages form a proposed branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages consisting of over 700 languages (Blust 1993).

Distribution
The Central Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken in the Lesser Sunda and Maluku Islands of the Banda Sea, in an area corresponding closely to the Indonesian provinces of East Nusa Tenggara and Maluku and the nation of East Timor (excepting the Papuan languages of Timor and nearby islands), but with the Bima language extending to the eastern half of Sumbawa Island in the province of West Nusa Tenggara and the Sula languages of the Sula Islands in the southwest corner of the province of North Maluku. The principal islands in this region are Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Buru, and Seram. The numerically most important languages are Nggahi Mbojo (Bimanese), Manggarai of western Flores, Uab Meto of West Timor, and Tetum, the national language of East Timor.

Subgrouping
In the original proposal, CEMP is divided into Central Malayo-Polynesian (CMP) and Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (EMP). However, CMP is generally understood to be a cover term for the non-EMP languages within CEMP, which form a linkage at best rather than a valid clade.

The Central Malayo-Polynesian languages may form a linkage. They are for the most part poorly attested, but they do not appear to constitute a coherent group. Many of the proposed defining features of CMP are not found in the geographic extremes of the area. Therefore some linguists consider it a linkage; a conservative classification might consider CMP to be a convenient term for those Central–Eastern languages which are not Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (Grimes 1991).

The Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages extend from the coasts of Halmahera across the Pacific. This subgroup is still controversial as it is solely based on lexical evidence, with no shared phonological innovations. In contrast, the two individual branches, South Halmahera–West New Guinea and Oceanic, each are well-defined by phonological and lexical innovations, and universally accepted as valid subgroups.

Criticism
CEMP is rejected as a valid clade by Donohue & Grimes (2008), who do not consider CEMP to even be a linkage. Donohue & Grimes (2008) argue that many features claimed to define CMP or CEMP are also found in some of the more conservative Western Malayo-Polynesian languages and even Formosan languages. Edwards & Grimes (2021) also does not consider CEMP to be a coherent branch.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Febuary

Delete
This is just correcting poor spelling. Is Wiki really in the job of doing this? Im sure the software will be updated one day to allow partial match searches, and when it comes we dont want Wiki to be full of crappy pages like this one. - UnlimitedAccess 12:58, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The purpose of redirects are to help readers, and having common mispellings or variants as redirects does this. Do not put an AfD tag on this page: those are strictly for articles and putting one on a redirect breaks the redirect. If you really think this redirect must be deleted, list it on redirects for deletion and see what the consensus on it is. Jonathunder 17:44, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Delete 2
Redirections for misspellings may only encourage more misspellings.

Instead, redirect common errors such as Febuary to a page that explains the error and asks for it to be fixed.

Do not redirect rare misspellings at all and let let the link remain red, until someone else comes along and fixes it.

See next topic for frequency count of various misspellings of February.

Tabletop (talk) 06:07, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Other misspellings of February
Counts as at 08 March 2008.

 * February - 278308 - correct spelling
 * Febr - 160
 * Feb - 18855

 * Feburary - 21
 * Febuary - 170 => 24
 * Febuaruy - 0
 * Febry - 24
 * Februy - 0
 * Februry - 1
 * Februray - 6
 * Februay - 23
 * Febray - 4
 * Febrary - 2
 * Febraury - 9
 * Febaury - 1

 * February 28 - 67980; 28 February - 67980
 * Febuary 28 - 28 Febuary

 * Fbruary

You cannot redirect all misspellings, though you might list them to help perform manual correction.

Tabletop (talk) 05:29, 6 March 2008 (UTC) Tabletop (talk) 06:04, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Bummer. The wikisearch count function has been disabled.    Tabletop (talk) 01:51, 22 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Wikisearch counter has been restored, albeit differently.   Tabletop (talk) 10:09, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * The search function has now been disabled Tabletop (talk) 10:41, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The reflist function now produces an error if there are no references to list.    Tabletop (talk) 10:41, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Redirects from misspellings

 * Category:Redirects from misspellings

 * Feburary 1  1 Feburary
 * Feburary 2  2 Feburary
 * Feburary 3  3 Feburary
 * Feburary 4  4 Feburary
 * Feburary 5  5 Feburary
 * Feburary 6  6 Feburary
 * Feburary 7  7 Feburary
 * Feburary 8  8 Feburary
 * Feburary 9  9 Feburary
 * Feburary 10 10 Feburary
 * Feburary 11 11 Feburary
 * Feburary 12 12 Feburary
 * Feburary 13 13 Feburary
 * Feburary 14 14 Feburary
 * Feburary 15 15 Feburary
 * Feburary 16 16 Feburary
 * Feburary 17 17 Feburary
 * Feburary 18 18 Feburary
 * Feburary 19 19 Feburary
 * Feburary 20 20 Feburary
 * Feburary 21 21 Feburary
 * Feburary 22 22 Feburary
 * Feburary 23 23 Feburary
 * Feburary 24 24 Feburary
 * Feburary 25 25 Feburary
 * Feburary 26 26 Feburary
 * Feburary 27 27 Feburary
 * Feburary 28 28 Feburary
 * Feburary 29 29 Feburary
 * Feburary 30 30 Feburary - ancient
 * Feburary 31 31 Feburary - ancient

Tabletop (talk) 00:39, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Febuary


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Jazz chord

Jazz chords are chords, chord voicings and chord symbols that jazz musicians commonly use in composition, improvisation, and harmony. In jazz chords and theory, most triads that appear in lead sheets or fake books can have sevenths added to them, using the performer's discretion and ear. For example, if a tune is in the key of C, if there is a G chord, the chord-playing performer usually voices this chord as G7. While the notes of a G7 chord are G–B–D–F, jazz often omits the fifth of the chord—and even the root if playing in a group. However, not all jazz pianists leave out the root when they play voicings: Bud Powell, one of the best-known of the bebop pianists, and Horace Silver, whose quintet included many of jazz's biggest names from the 1950s to the 1970s, included the root note in their voicings.

Improvising chord-playing musicians who omit the root and fifth are given the option to play other notes. For example, if a seventh chord, such as G7, appears in a lead sheet or fake book, many chord-playing performers add the ninth, thirteenth or other notes to the chord, even though the lead sheet does not specify these additional notes. Jazz players can add these additional, upper notes because they can create an important part of the jazz sound. Lead sheets and fake books often do not detail how to voice the chord because a lead sheet or fake book is only intended to provide basic guide to the harmony. An experienced comping performer playing electric guitar or piano may add or remove notes as chosen according to the style and desired sound of that musician, but must do so in a way that still emphasizes the correct musical context for other musicians and listeners.

In voicing jazz chords while in a group setting, performers focus first on the seventh and the major or minor third of the chord, with the latter indicating the chord quality, along with added chord extensions (e.g., elevenths, even if not indicated in the lead sheet or fake book) to add tone "colour" to the chord. As such, a jazz guitarist or jazz piano player might "voice" a printed G7 chord with the notes B–E–F–A, which would be the third, sixth (thirteenth), flat seventh, and ninth of the chord. Jazz chord-playing musicians may also add altered chord tones (e.g., ♯11) and added tones. An example of an altered dominant chord in the key of C, built on a G would be to voice the chord as "B–C♯–E–F–A♭"; this would be G7(♭9♯11).

Intervals
Each chord is described as a series of intervallic relationships to the root of the chord. This provides an accurate and easily understandable basis for working out these chords in each key.

The terms used to describe intervals are as follows:
 * r = root of the chord (while the root is widely used in classical music, pop music and rock music chord voicings, in jazz, the root is often omitted by the chord-playing performer(s))
 * ♭2 = minor second = 1 semitone (half step) above the root
 * 2 = major second = 2 semitones above root
 * ♯2 = augmented second = 3 semitones above the root
 * ♭3 = minor third = 3 semitones above the root
 * 3 = major third = 4 semitones above the root
 * 4 = perfect fourth = 5 semitones above the root
 * ♯4 = augmented fourth (tritone) = 6 semitones above the root
 * ♭5 = diminished fifth (tritone) = 6 semitones above the root
 * 5 = perfect fifth = 7 semitones above the root (while the fifth is widely used in classical music, pop music and rock music chord voicings, in jazz, the fifth is often omitted by the chord-playing performer(s))
 * ♯5 = augmented fifth = 8 semitones above the root
 * ♭6 = minor sixth = 8 semitones above the root
 * 6 = major sixth = 9 semitones above the root
 * 7 = minor seventh = 10 semitones above the root
 * M7 or maj7 = major seventh = 11 semitones above the root

All root chords are described starting with the lowest note, and ascending in pitch. For instance, a chord described as

 * root, 3, 5.

contains the root, a major third above the root, and a perfect fifth above the root. It is a major triad. If this chord were built on C (with C as the root), it would contain the notes

 * C, E, G.

Compound intervals
Compound intervals are intervals larger than an octave; they can also be described as an octave plus a simple interval. Note that this is not a complete list of compound intervals, only those that are commonly used in jazz chords.

 * ♭9 = compound minor second (minor ninth) = 1 semitone + an octave = 13 semitones above the root
 * 9 = compound major second (ninth) = 2 semitones + an octave = 14 semitones above the root
 * ♯9/♭10 = compound augmented second/minor third (augmented ninth/minor tenth) = 3 semitones + an octave = 15 semitones above the root.
 * 10 = compound major third (tenth) = 4 semitones + an octave = 16 semitones above the root
 * 11 = compound perfect fourth (eleventh) = 5 semitones + an octave = 17 semitones above the root
 * ♯11 = compound augmented fourth (augmented eleventh) = 6 semitones + an octave = 18 semitones above the root
 * ♭13 = compound minor sixth (minor thirteenth) = 8 semitones + an octave = 20 semitones above the root
 * 13 = compound major sixth (thirteenth) = 9 semitones + an octave = 21 semitones above the root

Extensions
Optional extensions to the chords are written in parentheses, e.g. (♯11). These notes are not necessary to define the function of the chord, but are included to add colour or fill out the sound according to the tastes of the performer. Extensions may be written into the chords when a specific colour or texture is warranted, or the chords in a lead sheet or fake book may simply state "C7 – A7 – D7 – G7". This does not mean that the chord-playing performer can only perform four-note dominant seventh chords. Chord-playing performers can use their ear, their sense of good taste acquired from listening to jazz, and their knowledge of the style of the tune being played (e.g., is it a bebop tune or a jazz fusion tune) to help guide their use of extension notes, altered extensions, and added tones. In a band, the bandleader might request that certain voicings be used (e.g., ♭9/♯11) or request that certain other voicings be avoided (e.g., ♭13), due to the bandleader's taste.

Voicings
Chords are described here in terms of intervals relative to the root of the chord, arranged from smaller intervals to larger. This is a standard method used when describing jazz chords as it shows them hierarchically: Lower intervals (third, fifth and seventh) are more important in defining the function of the chord than the upper intervals or extensions (9th, 11th, 13th), which add color. Although it is possible to play the chords as described here literally, it is possible to use different orderings of the same notes, known as a voicings, or even by omitting certain notes.

For instance, the dominant seventh ♯11 or Lydian dominant, C7♯11, comprises the notes:

 * root (often omitted), 3, (5), 7, (9), ♯11, (13).

Basing this chord on the pitch, C, results in the pitches:
 * C (often omitted), E, G, B♭, D, F♯, A.

The same chord type may also be voiced:

 * C (often omitted), E, B♭, F♯, A, D, F♯.

This voicing omits both the root and the perfect fifth (G) and raises the major ninth (D) by an octave. The augmented eleventh (F♯) is also played twice in two different registers. This is known as "doubling".

Basic chord types
The above chords, despite their differences, share the same harmonic function and can be used interchangeably.

Major chords
A major seventh chord contains the notes:

 * root, 3, 5, M7, (9).

The symbols M7 and Δ7 have the same meaning as maj7 or just Δ. Often melody notes or other pitches influence an improviser's choice of chord types. For example, if the melody note is the root of the chord, including a major seventh can cause dissonance.

A major sixth chord contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, 5, 6.

A 6/9 chord (C6/9 or C6add9) contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, 5, 6, 9.

A Lydian chord (CΔ♯11) contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, 5, M7, (9), ♯11 (13).

The Lydian chord has a strange quirk, where if the root is put both above and below the augmented eleventh it creates an unpleasant dissonance of a tritone. This is not usually a problem in a jazz context, as chord-playing musicians often omit the root.

The interval of the sixth is used, even though it is described after other compound intervals and perhaps should also be a compound interval (i.e., 13th). However, a convention in jazz dictates that when describing the major sixth, generally use the simple interval, i.e., 6 is often used instead of the compound interval, i.e., 13. This helps avoid confusion with the dominant thirteenth chord.

Basic dominant chords
The term basic can be used to describe dominant chords based on the major scale. In many instances, dominant chords written as basic chords (e.g., C13) can substitute for more complex chords, as long as they remain part of the same group (i.e., dominant chords) and do not clash with the melody notes.

Dominant chords are considered to sound unstable in classical music harmony contexts, and so in a classical piece, these chords often resolve down a perfect fifth or up a perfect fourth (e.g. C7 tends to resolve onto chords based on F, such as F major or F minor). However, in a jazz context, particularly in music from the 1940s bebop era and later decades, dominant chords were no longer treated as "unstable" chords. Some bebop tunes use a dominant chord as the tonic chord and also use dominant chords for the chords that would typically be minor chords in a classical piece or a swing arrangement. For example, while a classical piece and a swing arrangement might use the following chord sequence in the key of C major: "C – Am – Dm – G7", a bebop bandleader might reharmonize the same progression as "C7 – A7 – D7 – G7", making a sequence of dominant seventh chords, so long as the new dominant chord harmonies were compatible with the tune's melody. For more details, see chord progression.

Many of the chordal alterations used in jazz are derived from minor scale modes, as opposed to the major scale modes. (See musical mode.) If the performer retains the 13th in the chord and/or avoids playing a ♭13th, it can be substituted for a C13♭9. Likewise a C9 can often be substituted for a Cmaj9♯5, as long as the 9th is retained or the ♭9th and ♯9th is avoided.

A dominant seventh chord contains the notes:

 * root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted) , 7, (9), (13).

A dominant ninth chord (C9) contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted) , 7, 9, (13).

A dominant thirteenth chord (C13) contains the notes:

 * root (often omitted), 3, 5 (often omitted) , 7, (9), 13.

This symbol is often used if the 13th is found in the melody.

A sus, or suspended, chord (C7sus4) contains the notes:
 * root, 4, 5, 7, (9), (13).

Minor seventh chords
A minor seventh chord (C−7, Cmin7, Cmi7, or Cm7) contains the notes:

 * root, ♭3, 5, 7, (9), (11), (13).

A minor ninth chord (C−9, Cmin9, Cmi9, or Cm9) contains the notes:
 * root, ♭3, 5, 7, 9, (11), (13).

A minor eleventh chord (C−11, Cmin11, Cmi11, or Cm11) contains the notes:
 * root, ♭3, 5, 7, (9), 11, (13).

A minor thirteenth chord (C−13, Cmin13, Cmi13, or Cm13) contains the notes:

 * root, ♭3, 5, 7, (9), (11), 13.

Complex dominant chords
Complex dominant chords can be voiced in a great variety of ways, including building the chord on the 3 or 7 (minor seventh). They usually, but not always, resolve to a chord built on an interval a fifth down from the root. Utilizing a tritone substitution, a dominant chord may resolve down a half-step instead. It is not uncommon to express the alteration (usually ♯9, ♭9, or ♯5) in the melody. For expediency, musicians may use the abbreviation "alt"—as in C7alt—to describe the family of dominant chords with altered tones (including the ♭5, ♯5, ♭9, ♯9, ♯11, or ♭13). Notably, all altered tones mentioned above, along with the 3 and ♭7, are present in the melodic minor scale whose root is a half-step above the root of the alt chord (i.e., E♭ melodic minor for D7alt). In other words, the altered scale is the seventh mode of the jazz minor scale. This scale is commonly used to improvise over an altered dominant chord. In the section on basic dominant chords, it was noted that the perfect fifth is often omitted. By altering it with a diminished fifth (♭5) or augmented fifth (♯5), extra tension and dissonance is added, which strengthens the resolution to the I chord.

A dominant ♭9/♭5 chord (C7(♭5♭9)) contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, ♭5, 7, ♭9.

A dominant ♯9/♭5 chord (C7(♭5♯9)) contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, ♭5, 7, ♯9.

A dominant ♭9/♯5 chord (C7(♯5♭9)) contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, ♯5, 7, ♭9.

A dominant ♯9/♯5 chord (C7(♯5♯9)) contains the notes:
 * root (often omitted), 3, ♯5, 7, ♯9.

title: Jazz chord


text:
Perica

Perica (Перица, ) is a Croat and Serb given name, used mostly for men but also for women. It is also prevalent as a surname. Perica is a diminutive of Petar or Petra, translating to Pete and Peter, or Petra in English, respectively.

In Croatian and Serbian popular culture Perica often portrays a stereotype of an innocent or mischievous young boy with a very straightforward way of thinking. An example is Perica Šafranek in the 1970 classic Croatian (then Yugoslav) comedy film Tko pjeva zlo ne misli. He is common in jokes and is similar to Little Johnny in English.

Given name

 * Perica Bukić, Croatian water polo player and politician
 * Perica Ivetić, Bosnian footballer
 * Perica Marošević, American Major League Soccer player
 * Perica Ognjenović, Serbian soccer player
 * Perica Radić, Serbian soccer player
 * Perica Stančeski, Macedonian soccer player
 * Perica Vlašić, Croatian rower
 * Perica Vukičević, handball player

Surname

 * Kristina Perica, Croatian sprinter
 * Petar Perica, Croatian Catholic priest
 * Rose Perica Mofford (maiden name of Perica that was kept as middle name), Governor of Arizona from 1988 to 1991
 * Stipe Perica, Croatian professional footballer
 * Vjekoslav Perica, Croatian writer and academic
 * Zlatko Perica, guitarist
 * Filip Perica, Croatian international rugby player

title: Perica


text:
User:Lanyon

Created 5th June 2005

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'''Today is Monday, July 29, 2024,  (UTC/GMT). There are articles on the English Wikipedia.'''

title: User:Lanyon


text:
Roebuck Bay

Roebuck Bay is a bay on the coast of the Kimberley region of  Western Australia. Its entrance is bounded in the north by the town of Broome, and in the south by Bush Point and Sandy Point. It is named after HMS Roebuck (1690), the ship captained by William Dampier when he explored the coast of north-western Australia in 1699. The Broome Bird Observatory lies on the northern coast of the bay.

Description
Roebuck Bay is a 550 km2 (210 mi2) tropical, marine embayment. It has red sandy beaches and areas of mangroves, with the eastern edge of the bay being made up of linear tidal creeks. It is surrounded by grasslands and pindan woodland.

The northern shore of the bay is dominated by a long and low red cliff, 2–6 m in height, of pindan soil which gives the beaches there their distinctive red colouration. It overlies yellowish-red Broome Sandstone of Cretaceous age which, when exposed at the base of the cliff, shows occasional fossil footprints of dinosaurs.

Landward of the mangrove-lined creeks along the eastern shore are bare flats that are only flooded on high spring tides, with the hypersaline soil inhibiting the establishment of vegetation, except for some areas of samphire.

The landward side is also known as Roebuck Plain with a pastoral lease of the name Roebuck Plains Station situated on the land.

Climate
Roebuck Bay experiences a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen, Bsh). The wet season spans the austral summer, with most of the year's annual precipitation falling during this period, primarily in the form of severe tropical thunderstorms. The lengthier dry season occupies the remainder of the year, typically from May to November, when the temperatures are slightly cooler yet still very warm, and rainfall is extremely light and rare to nearly non-existent. Annual precipitation totals vary locally across the bay; they range from 300 to 550 mm a year. High temperatures during the oppressive austral summer months that frequently exceed 38 °C (100 °F), coupled with uncomfortably high humidity, contribute to often sweltering conditions from November to March, with the highest temperatures and most oppressive humidity typically experienced in February in and around the bay.

Tides
The bay has a very large tidal range which exposes around 160 km2 of mudflats, 45% of the total bay area, with the tide edge travelling at up to 20 cm per second. Most of the mudflats are inundated each high tide; spring tides or cyclones may also flood adjoining coastal flats. The tidal system is semi-diurnal with an average amplitude of 5.7 m, varying from 1 m on neap tides to 10.5 m on the highest spring tides. These tidal conditions dominate the intertidal ecology.

History
Roebuck Bay lies in the traditional country of the Jukun and Yawuru Aboriginal peoples. The bay was important for seasonal meetings, exchanging gifts, arranging marriages and settling disputes. Many shellfish middens, marking former camping sites, are visible along the coastal cliffs and dunes. Indigenous people continue to make extensive use of the bay's natural resources by gathering shellfish, fishing and hunting.

Dutch massacre
In 1942 several Dutch flying boats arrived with refugees from the Dutch East Indies. While lying at anchor in this bay they were attacked by Japanese Zero-fighter planes on 3 March 1942. The flying boats were defenceless and they were repeatedly attacked and sprayed with bullets from machine guns. A hundred men, women and children were killed, many of them drowned; others were incinerated by the burning fuel on the surface of the water. The wrecks are still in situ, and several of them are visible a few days each year at extreme low tide.

On 7 June 1990 some 34,219 ha of the bay and its immediate surrounds were designated as a wetland of international importance, Ramsar Site 479, under the Ramsar Convention.

Flora and fauna

Eleven mangrove species are found in Roebuck Bay. The mangrove swamps that line the eastern and southern edges of the bay and extend into the tidal creeks are important nursery areas for marine fish and crustaceans, particularly prawns. Extensive seagrass beds across the bay are feeding grounds for dugongs and green turtles. Other marine turtles and dolphins also regularly use the bay.

Waders
The intertidal mud and sand flats support high densities of benthic invertebrates, providing a key food source for waders or shorebirds. The site is one of the most important migration staging, and non-breeding, areas for waders in Australia and within the East Asian – Australasian Flyway. It is a principal spring arrival site in August–October for large proportions of the Australian populations of many species, and especially for the larger ones that travel non-stop from China to Australia. There is high turnover due to the birds moving onwards to south-western and south-eastern Australia, though large numbers remain through summer, and smaller numbers of non-breeding birds stay through winter. The area is also important for the northward movement of waders in autumn, with massed daytime departures taking place in March–April. The total number of waders using the bay each year is estimated to be over 300,000. The northern beaches of the bay, as well as Bush Point, provide important high tide roost sites.

The bay's wader feeding habitats and roosting sites have been identified by BirdLife International as a 928 km2 Important Bird Area (IBA). The IBA also encompasses the low-lying, occasionally inundated, coastal grasslands to the east of the bay on Roebuck Plains Station, including Lake Eda, where many waders roost during very high tides.

The bay regularly supports more than 1% of the population of at least 22 wader species: greater sand plover, lesser sand plover, oriental plover, red-capped plover, grey plover, bar-tailed godwit, black-tailed godwit, red knot, great knot, red-necked stint, curlew sandpiper, sanderling, eastern curlew, little curlew, Eurasian whimbrel, common greenshank, common redshank, grey-tailed tattler, Terek sandpiper, ruddy turnstone, Asian dowitcher, and pied oystercatcher.

Access and usage
Broome is a major tourist destination, and Roebuck Bay is used for recreational and tourism activities such as fishing, sightseeing and birdwatching. Broome Bird Observatory conducts shorebird research and public education.

Transport and communications
Roebuck bay can be accessed by boat from Broome Wharf, approximately 9 kilometres south of Broome Post Office and Broome International Airport.

In the 1890s, Roebuck Bay was the terminus of a proposed but unrealised land grant railway from Angle Pole across the border in the Northern Territory. This railway would have been about 1000 miles (1600 km) long.

Roebuck Bay, with its sheltered waters, was the site chosen for the undersea telegraph cable from Asia to come ashore in 1871, to continue overland to Perth.

title: Roebuck Bay


text:
User talk:Garrysaint

Please do not add commercial links (or links to your own private websites) to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising or a mere collection of external links. You are, however, encouraged to add content instead of links to the encyclopedia. See the welcome page to learn more. Thanks. --W(t) 12:59, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

Adding EXTERNAL LINKS
I am the webmaster of an external non-commercial website called "World Paper Money Picture Catalog". When I first learned of wikipedia a few years ago I thought your users would be interested to see historical images of banknotes from various countries. At that time I began adding text and links from my site in the appropriate wikipedia country sections.

I then received a message stating that if I added content from my site I would give up my copyright and that I should just add external links to my site. I have done that for some time until I just now have received a message stating that I should not add external links to personal websites.

Please clarify if you do not want my links to these important historical pictures and information about world currency which in many cases can not found on any other websites.

 * You should add links to your own sites, see External links. --W(t) 14:16, 2005 Jun 5 (UTC)

 * Its not that your site is horrible its more how many links you are adding and to how many only tangentially related articles. The page on Canada, for instance, does not contain external links on specific matters like currency, stamps, etc. Rather those links should go on more specific pages like Canadian dollar. - SimonP 14:55, Jun 5, 2005 (UTC)

I'm confused by your comments. As seen above I was told to add external links to my site. Now you say don't do that.

My non-commercial site has loads of original info and images that are useful to wiki visitors. As an example see: http://www.numismondo.com/pm/sva/indexSV.htm

If you don't want me to add external links, that's OK - just be consistent in your guidance so we are not wasting each others time.

Revisiting, two years later
Hi. Please do not (effectively) promote that website across multiple entries, it is not permitted. Thanks. El_C 00:56, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi again. If you continue to ignore my warning, I will have no choice but to restrict you from editing. Please reconsider your approach. Thx. El_C 01:00, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, please note that, as the webmaster, our conflict of interest policy explicitly prohibits you from adding this website to entries. El_C 01:02, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

OK, you stated that a link to the Canada Dollar section might be appropriate, however, it appears that if I am the webmaster of a site it is a COI to add a link to that site? So does that mean that you don't want me, as webmaster, to ever add any links from my site to Wikipedia?

title: User talk:Garrysaint


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Edgar Laprade

Edgar Louis "Beaver" Laprade (October 10, 1919 – April 28, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played for the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League. The son of Thomas and Edith Laprade, he was born in the New Ontario community of Mine Centre. By age 4, he and his family moved to Port Arthur, Ontario. He also spent time with the Port Arthur Bearcats of the Thunder Bay Senior Hockey League.

Playing career
Laprade started his hockey career with the local Port Arthur Bruins in the Thunder Bay Junior A Hockey League. He was a prolific scorer with the team and he was frequently their best player. In 1938–39, Laprade joined the Port Arthur Bearcats in the Thunder Bay Senior Hockey League (TBSHL). Again, Laprade scored many times, and he was selected as the MVP of the TBSHL in 1938-39 and 1940–41. He also helped the team win the Allan Cup in 1939–40.

After the 1942–43 season, Laprade joined the army. While in the army, he still played hockey regularly with the Winnipeg Army. In 1944–45, he played one season with the Barriefield Bears before moving on to the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers. In his first season of NHL hockey, Laprade recorded 34 points in 49 games. His effort impressed the league and he was awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy. Laprade finished the 1946-47 NHL season with 40 points, and earned a spot in the first NHL All-Star Game. He also played in the 1948, 1949, and 1950 NHL All-Star Games.

During his career, Laprade played three full seasons without recording a penalty, and was awarded the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy in 1949-50. In the same season, the Rangers made it all the way to the Stanley Cup Finals against the Detroit Red Wings, the closest Laprade ever came to winning a Stanley Cup. The series went all the way to a Game 7 before Pete Babando of the Detroit Red Wings scored the game-winning goal in overtime. After that, Laprade played five more seasons with the Rangers before retiring. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.

Life after hockey
In 1939, he married Arline Whear, his coach's niece. The couple had three daughters.

After retiring from hockey, Laprade went into a partnership with Guy Perciante in operating a sporting goods store, Perciante & Laprade Sporting Goods Limited, in Thunder Bay, Ontario for 30 years. Perciante and Laprade also owned and managed an arena in Port Arthur.

He served as a member of Port Arthur and then Thunder Bay city council from 1959 to 1970 and again from 1972 to 1973. He also served on the board of governors for Confederation College and Lakehead University.

Laprade died at home in Thunder Bay at the age of 94 on April 28, 2014.

Awards and achievements

 * Selected as TBSHL MVP in 1939, and 1941.
 * Allan Cup champion in 1939.
 * Calder Memorial Trophy winner in 1946.
 * Played in 1947, 1948, 1949, and 1950 NHL All-Star Games.
 * Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winner in 1950.
 * Inducted into the Northwestern Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1982.
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.
 * In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, was ranked No. 24 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons

title: Edgar Laprade


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Greentree Stable

Greentree Stable, in Red Bank, New Jersey, was a major American thoroughbred horse racing stable and breeding farm established in 1914 by Payne Whitney of the Whitney family of New York City. Payne Whitney operated a horse farm and stable at Saratoga Springs, New York with his brother Harry Payne Whitney, who also had a large stable of horses. Greentree Stable had a training base at Aiken, South Carolina, while Greentree Farm in Lexington, Kentucky was established in 1925 as its breeding arm.

History
After Whitney's steeplechase horse won the 1911 Greentree Cup race at Great Neck, New York, it was decided to use the Greentree name for several of their properties. Following Payne Whitney's death in 1927, his widow, Helen Hay Whitney, took over the operation. Her son John Hay Whitney was also involved in Thoroughbred racing especially so with his wife Liz Whitney. Daughter Joan Whitney Payson raced horses under the nom de course Manhasset Stable. On their mother's death, they continued to build on Greentree Stable's success.

Greentree Stable horses won many important steeplechase and flat races throughout the United States. As part of a program honoring important Thoroughbred tracks and racing stables, the Pennsylvania Railroad named its baggage car #5859 the Greentree Stable. In January 1928, Thomas W. Murphy, a renowned harness racing trainer, became head trainer for Greentree Stable. Murphy stayed until the end of the 1930 Pimlico fall meeting, and was replaced by James G. Rowe, Jr.

Trained by Rowe, the Whitney stable's colt Twenty Grand earned the Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year in 1931 and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York in 1957. Hall of Fame trainer John M. Gaver, Sr., who won the Belmont Stakes for the stable three times, trained Devil Diver, Champion Handicap Horse in 1943–1944 and the 1953 Horse of the Year Tom Fool. Both horses were also voted into the Hall of Fame: Devil Diver in 1980 and Tom Fool in 1960. Helen Whitney's steeplechasers won the American Grand National four times (1926–1928 and 1937). Her horse Jolly Roger (who won the Grand National twice) was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1965. Greentree Stable also had polo ponies and steeplechasers, one of which won the 1946 American Grand National. Other steeplechasers raced in England and Ireland.

After the deaths of John and Joan Whitney, their heirs sold the Kentucky property to its current owners, Gainesway Farm, in 1989. The equestrian estate in Saratoga Springs was offered for sale in 2005.

U.S. Triple Crown race winners

 * Kentucky Derby:
 * 1931: Twenty Grand
 * 1942: Shut Out
 * Preakness Stakes:
 * 1949: Capot
 * Belmont Stakes:
 * 1931: Twenty Grand
 * 1942: Shut Out
 * 1949: Capot
 * 1968: Stage Door Johnny

title: Greentree Stable


text:
User talk:Lanyon

Created 5th June 2005 --Lanyon 13:03, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!
 * The Five Pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style
 * If you're ready for the complete list of Wikipedia documentation, there's also Topical index.

interesting comments on sheriff's in Australian states, I had heard that they existed but didn't really know what they did. by all means expand the sheriff section in the Law enforcement in Australia, if it the article starts getting large (e.g over 30 kB or so) then split it off to a new article. clarkk 15:06, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

artworks
Welcome again, we need a few more pages and lists for that stuff. I'm collecting images for just that, any more ideas are gratefully received. Cheers, Cygnis insignis 07:24, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

wa school list
G'day the New South Wales list got chopped up because of its size - I do hope you realise that one way to draw attention to yourself is to keep making a list bigger - fortunately list of pastoral leases of wa that i once started long ago hasnt got very far in a long time :) - there is a wikipedia consensus that is to try to keep lists down and where necessary create subsidiary lists (good to have a look at the NSW resolution of the issue) or work from categories - cheers SatuSuro 09:50, 26 April 2008 (UTC) Hey the experience bit is good - maybe even now an idea about how it can go into separate lists - perhaps like the NSW one - so hey no sweat -if its giving you an idea about stuff works - hey thats great - cheers SatuSuro 10:27, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Cape Peron
Done. Moondyne 13:40, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Clarence Townsite
Have the full heritage assessment by the National Trust - which details the full background and location of the Thomas Peel 1830 townsite if you are interested. Dan arndt (talk) 01:18, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Bailiff merger
You are invited to return to Talk:Bailiff, where you opposed the merger about some time ago. About three years you registered dissent to a proposal to merge Bailiff with some French thing, then nothing happened except for me removing the merger template three months later. The proposer is back now and renewing his proposal, hence my invitation. -Rrius (talk) 02:57, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

comments at the barracks talk
would you be ok with repeating your comments at The Barracks - at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Geographical_Names_in_Australasia ? It would be the most appropriate location for the comments - imho - useful and helpful for anyone trying to cope with quinns rock and similar places... User:JarrahTree 10:15, 18 May 2015 (UTC)
 * You are referring to my comments at Talk:Barracks Arch in relation to an earlier user's query about the lack of any possessive apostrophe in the name of the structure called Barracks Arch. My broad comments there were from experience and as expressed, while suitable for the talk page, would be viewed within a main article page as original research for lack of appropriate sources, except in the case of the relevent W.A. source quoted. I am indebted to you for drawing my attention to the page titled Committee for Geographical Names in Australasia. Information about the published policies, progress & output of that committee and it's subsidiaries would be a useful addition to that article. --Lanyon (talk) 17:30, 18 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Ideally the Western Australian Geographic Names committe and its predecessor agency require an article at some stage User:JarrahTree 00:52, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Spearwood, WA
Hi, Lanyon! Thanks for your message about the Spearwood edits, re Melaleuca species. I try to keep an eye on these things, but when edits are reverted I tend to doubt my information sources; perhaps someone correcting my errors...? But, yes, vandalism will be removed! BoundaryRider (talk) 05:00, 26 May 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lanyon


text:
André Boucourechliev

André Boucourechliev (28 July 1925 – 13 November 1997) was a French composer of Bulgarian origin.

Born in Sofia, Boucourechliev studied piano at the Conservatory there. Subsequently, he studied in Paris at the École Normale de Musique de Paris, where he later taught piano. His first attempts at composition date from 1954, when he was engaged in the famous contemporary music sessions at Darmstadt. He honed his compositional technique by seeking out Berio and Maderna in Milan. Following the success of his Piano Sonata (1959), which was performed at the Domaine musical, and works involving choice and chance, he spent a period in America, during which he met Cage, Merce Cunningham, and Rauschenberg. The summit of his exploration of choice and freedom on the part of the performer was reached in Archipels (1967–1971). Many of his later works have gone on to refine or extend these principles. Boucourechliev died in Paris in 1997 at the age of 72.

Honours

 * Grand Prix Musical de la Ville de Paris, 1976
 * Grand Prix National de la Musique, 1984
 * Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres
 * Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur

Writings

 * Schumann, 1956 (French), 1959 (English), 2010 (Bulgarian)
 * Chopin: eine Bildbiographie, 1962 (German), 1963 (English)
 * Beethoven, 1963 (French)
 * Stravinsky, 1982 (French), 1987 (English)
 * Essai sur Beethoven, 1991
 * Le langage musical, 1993
 * Dire la musique, 1995
 * Regards sur Chopin, 1996 (French), 2010 (Bulgarian)

 * Debussy. La révolution subtile, 1998 (French),

title: André Boucourechliev


text:
Category:Genetics or genomics research institutions

 * This category includes research institutes in the fields of genetics and genomics.

 * See also Category:Bioinformatics organizations.


text:
Order of Mapungubwe

The Order of Mapungubwe is a South African civilian honour awarded by the President of South Africa. It recognises South African citizens whose achievements have international impact and serve the interests of South Africa. It is South Africa's highest honour.

The order is named after the ancient civilisation of Mapungubwe, which was located in modern-day South Africa. It was instituted on 6 December 2002, and its first recipient (in the highest class) was former president Nelson Mandela.

Classes
The order originally had three classes, and was enlarged to four in 2004:
 * Platinum (OMP), for exceptional and unique achievements;
 * Gold (OMG), for exceptional achievements;
 * Silver (OMS), for excellent achievements; and
 * Bronze (OMB), for outstanding achievements.

Design
The badge is a horizontal oval above an inverted trapezium. Inside the oval frame is depicted a golden rhinoceros with the sun rising above Mapungubwe Hill in the background. The convex upper edge of the trapezium is decorated with a beadwork pattern and the sides are edged with sceptres. In the centre is an ornate crucible from which molten gold flows down to a red furnace. The South African coat of arms is displayed on the reverse.

The ribbon is gold, edged with a line of cream-coloured bead-like dots along each edge, and recurring cream-coloured rhinoceros silhouettes down the centre. All four classes are worn around the neck.

title: Order of Mapungubwe


text:
Sutra of Filial Piety

The Sutra of Filial Piety (or Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love, Sutra on Parental Benevolence, ) is an apocryphal sutra composed in China and apparently an exercise in Buddhist apologetics. It is claimed to have been translated by the monk Kumārajīva.

The text attempts to synthesise native Confucian ideals with Buddhist teachings and was probably produced by Chinese Buddhist monks in imitation of the Confucian Classic of Filial Piety. The sutra seeks to refute Confucian criticism that Buddhism's traditionally monastic focus undermines the virtue of filial piety.

The sutra is still highly popular in China and Japan and in the latter is sometimes used as a focus in Naikan-type introspection practices.

title: Sutra of Filial Piety


text:
Order of the Baobab

The Order of the Baobab is a South African civilian national honour, awarded to those for service in business and the economy; science, medicine, and for technological innovation; and community service. It was instituted on 6 December 2002, and is awarded annually by the President of South Africa. The order is named after the baobab tree, which was chosen as a symbol because of its endurance and tolerance, its vitality, its importance in agro-forestry systems, and its use as a meeting place in traditional African societies.

Until the Order of Luthuli and the Order of Ikhamanga were established in 2004, the Order of the Baobab also covered service in the fields now covered by those orders.

Current classes
The three classes of appointment to the order are, in descending order of precedence:

 * Supreme Counsellor of the Baobab in gold, for exceptional service (SCOB)
 * Grand Counsellor of the Baobab in silver, for distinguished service (GCOB)
 * Counsellor of the Baobab in bronze, for dedicated service (COB)

Symbolism
The central motif is a baobab tree, one of the oldest trees in Africa, with roots symbolising longevity. The badge is bordered by a nonagon shape, a nine-sided polygon, with each side representing one of the nine South African provinces. It represents the many different areas of possible contribution and service, in building a prosperous nation. The roughly rectangular shaped plaque, is textured to represent the baobab tree bark that is commonly used to make mats and hats.

The ribbon is gold, with recurring cream-coloured baobab silhouettes down the centre. All three classes are worn around the neck. The South African coat of arms is displayed on the reverse of the badge.

Recipients
These are all the recipients, in order of most recent:

title: Order of the Baobab


text:
Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo

The Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo is a South African honour. It was instituted on 6 December 2002, and is granted by the President of South Africa to foreign citizens who have promoted South African interests and aspirations through co-operation, solidarity, and support.

The order is named after the late Oliver Tambo, who was the African National Congress's president-in-exile for many years.

Current classes
The three classes of appointment to the Order are, in descending order of precedence:

 * Supreme Companion of OR Tambo in gold, for heads of state and, in special cases, heads of government (SCOT)
 * Grand Companion of OR Tambo in silver, for heads of government, ministers of state, supreme court judges, presidents of legislatures, secretaries of state, ambassadors, commanders-in-chief (GCOT)
 * Companion of OR Tambo in bronze, for legislators, envoys, senior military officers (COT)

Symbolism
The badge of the order is oval, and depicts a symbol similar to that of the Taijitu between two arrowheads, framed by two mole snakes. The symbol represents the meeting of diverse spiritual energies, and the snakes represent solidarity and support. The South African coat of arms is displayed on the reverse.

The ribbon is white, with recurring grey symbols down the centre. All three classes are worn around the neck.

Recipients are also presented with a carved wooden walking stick, which has a serpent wound around the shaft and a spoon-shaped head displaying the badge of the order and the national arms. The walking stick symbolises support and solidarity, and a commitment to stand by the recipient in return.

Refusals
On 28 January 2008, New Zealand anti-apartheid activist John Minto created a controversy over his letter to former South African President Thabo Mbeki after being nominated for the award, saying that he would refuse, on principle, to accept any award from the ANC.

title: Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo


text:
Category:Buddy Holly

Buddy Holly related articles, he was an American rock and roll musician.

title: Category:Buddy Holly


text:
Hughie Lehman

Frederick Hugh "Old Eagle Eyes" Lehman (October 27, 1885 – April 12, 1961) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He started his ice hockey career playing for the Pembroke Lumber Kings and the Berlin Dutchmen. In 1911, Lehman joined the New Westminster Royals, playing for the Royals for three seasons, before joining the Vancouver Millionaires in 1914. Lehman played half of his 22-year professional career with Vancouver, winning his only Stanley Cup; he would be unsuccessful in seven other attempts. In 1926, he joined the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL), playing a full season and splitting the second one as player and head coach. Although some ice hockey historians credit Jacques Plante for originating the practice, Lehman was the first goaltender to regularly pass the puck to his fellow forwards and defensemen; he even scored a goal by shooting the puck in the opponent's net while playing for the Professionals. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

Playing career
Lehman began his playing career in 1903–04, playing for the Pembroke Lumber Kings of the Ottawa Valley Hockey League (OVHL) for the first three seasons of his career. In the 1906–07 season, Lehman was signed as a free agent by the Canadian Soo of the International Professional Hockey League (IPHL); the IPHL was the first fully professional ice hockey league. Lehman returned to Pembroke for the 1907–08 season, appearing in four games. For the 1908–09 season, Lehman joined the Berlin Dutchmen of the Ontario Professional Hockey League (OPHL). In the 1909–10 season, Lehman was in two different Stanley Cup playoff series, with two different teams, the Berlin Dutchmen and the Galt Professionals, but he lost both times. During those playoff series, he appeared in three games, giving up 22 goals. Lehman played with the Berlin Dutchmen until 1911.

In 1911–12, Lehman played for the New Westminster Royals of the newly founded Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA). He played three seasons for New Westminster, winning the league championship in his first season. In 1914–15, Lehman joined the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA. In his first season with the Millionaires, Lehman posted a 14–3 record, with a 4.08 goals-against average, which was a very good average in an era when goaltenders were not allowed to drop on their knees to make a save. In the Stanley Cup playoffs, Lehman helped the Millionaires become the first PCHA team to win the Stanley Cup, with a 3–0 record and 2.67 goals against average. This would be the only Stanley Cup victory of Lehman's career, as he was on the losing side in seven other attempts. The Millionaires squad consisted of seven future members of the Hockey Hall of Fame when they won the Cup: Lehman, Frank Nighbor, Cyclone Taylor, Si Griffis, Barney Stanley, Frank Patrick, and Mickey MacKay.

Lehman played with the Millionaires until the 1925–26 season. During that time, Lehman and some of his teammates were involved in a humorous incident when going back to Canada after an exhibition game against the Montreal Wanderers in New York City. In New York, Lehman's wife bought numerous women's designer outfits, after being treated to a shopping spree by him. When going back to Canada, Lehman, on the advice of Cyclone Taylor, who was both a professional ice hockey player and a Canadian immigration officer, split up all outfits among his teammates to avoid paying additional taxes he would have had to pay if he had brought all the clothing by himself at once; this puzzled the Customs officers. In 1922–23, the Millionaires were renamed the Maroons, and joined the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). The WCHL was renamed to the Western Hockey League in 1925–26; however, the league disbanded at the conclusion of that season. While playing for the Millionaires, Lehman appeared in six Stanley Cup finals, losing every time, except in his first season, in 1914–15.

Following the collapse of the WHL, Lehman joined the Chicago Black Hawks for the 1926–27 season. While in Chicago, Lehman mentored future Chicago goaltender and captain Charlie Gardiner. Lehman played one full season, and another four games the next one. During the 1926 season, Lehman became the oldest goaltender to win his first NHL game at 41 years 21 days. This record was broken on February 22, 2020 by David Ayres who at 42 years, 194 days came into a game as an emergency backup goaltender for the Carolina Hurricanes against the Toronto Maple Leafs at Scotiabank Arena in the 2nd period and won the game 6-3.

Coaching career
During the 1927–28 season, Black Hawks owner and manager Frederic McLaughlin was sketching some plays for his team; after Lehman was shown the plays by McLaughlin, Lehman responded by calling it "the craziest bunch of junk [he's] ever seen". Expecting to be fired after that outburst, Lehman was later told to go to McLaughlin's office. It was how Lehman's playing career ended: McLaughlin appointed Lehman to be Chicago's new head coach. Lehman coached Chicago for part of one season, finishing with a 3–17–1 record over 21 games. He was replaced by Herb Gardiner the following season.

Playing style
As a goaltender, Lehman was a strong skater and good puckhandler. He chased down loose pucks, and was able to pass the puck to his forwards, surprising the other team's defenders. Playing in the OPHL, Lehman scored a goal by shooting the puck in the opponent's net. The first NHL goaltender to duplicate such a feat was Ron Hextall, who did it in 1987.

Legacy
After retiring from ice hockey, Lehman worked in the road construction business, eventually becoming the president of a paving company. Lehman was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958.

title: Hughie Lehman


text:
Order of Luthuli

The Order of Luthuli is a South African honour. It was instituted on 30 November 2003 and is awarded by the President of South Africa for contributions to the struggle for democracy, human rights, nation-building, justice, or peace and conflict resolution.

The order is named after former African National Congress leader Chief Albert Luthuli, who was South Africa's first Nobel Peace Prize winner.

Classes
The Order of Luthuli has three classes:
 * Gold (OLG), for exceptional contributions,
 * Silver (OLS), for excellent contributions,
 * Bronze (OLB), for outstanding contributions.

Symbols
The badge of the order is an equilateral triangle representing a flintstone above a clay pot. The flintstone depicts the sun rising above Isandhlwana, and the national flag, and it is flanked by two animal horns rising out of the clay pot, which bears the initials AL. Isandhlwana symbolises peace and tranquillity, and the leopardskin bands around the bases of the horns represent Chief Luthuli's headdress. The South African coat of arms is displayed on the reverse.

The ribbon is gold with a stripe of cream-coloured AL monograms down each edge, and recurring cream-coloured outlines of the flintstone, depicting the national flag, down the centre. All three classes are worn around the neck.

title: Order of Luthuli


text:
Order of Ikhamanga

The Order of Ikhamanga is a South African civilian honour that recognises achievements in arts, culture, literature, music, journalism, and sports. Before the order was established on 30 November 2003, such achievements were recognised by the Order of the Baobab. The Order of Ikhamanga is granted by the President of South Africa to South African citizens. Ikhamanga is the Xhosa name for Strelitzia reginae, a flower.

Classes
The order has three classes:
 * Gold (OIG), for exceptional achievement,
 * Silver (OIS), for excellent achievement,
 * Bronze (OIB), for outstanding achievement.

Design
The egg-shaped badge depicts a rising sun, a "Lydenburg head", two strelitzia flowers, a drum, three circles, and two roadways. The head represents the arts, the sun represents glory, the circles symbolise sport, and the roads represent the long road to excellence. The South African coat of arms is displayed on the reverse.

The ribbon is gold with four cream-coloured lines inset from each edge and a pattern of recurring stylised dancing figures down the centre. All three classes are worn around the neck.

The Order of Ikhamanga was designed by Charles Peter Gareth Smart, a graphic designer based in Pretoria, South Africa.

Recipients
The table below lists the members of the Order of Ikhamanga.

title: Order of Ikhamanga


text:
Irene Longman

Irene Maud Longman (Bayley; 24 April 1877 – 29 July 1964) was an Australian community worker and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Parliament of Queensland, representing the Queensland Legislative Assembly seat of Bulimba from 1929 to 1932 as a member of the Country and Progressive National Party (CPNP).

Longman was born in Franklin, Tasmania, to a Christian minister; her brothers Percy and James were also members of parliament. She was educated in Sydney and trained as a kindergarten teacher, later moving to Queensland where she married Heber Longman. The couple settled in Brisbane where she became involved in various community organisations relating to education and women's rights. Longman served as state president of the National Council of Women from 1921 to 1924. She was elected to parliament at the 1929 state election with the support of the Queensland Women's Electoral League, but lost her seat after a single term when the CPNP suffered a landslide defeat in 1932. In parliament she concentrated on matters relating to women and children.

Early life
Longman was born on 24 April 1877 in Franklin, Tasmania. She was the daughter of Mary Alice (née Frencham) and James Molineux Bayley; her father was a Congregationalist minister. Her brothers Percy and James also served as members of parliament.

Longman was educated in Sydney, attending Sydney Girls High School and Sydney Church of England Girls' Grammar School. She trained as a kindergarten teacher under Maybanke Wolstenholme, whose private institution Maybanke College taught Friedrich Fröbel's educational theory and also borrowed from theosophy. She boarded with Wolstenholme's friends Cara and Edgeworth David while completing her education; Wolstenholme and Cara David were feminists and leading proponents of educational reform in New South Wales.

In 1895, Longman joined her family in Queensland, where she taught at Rockhampton Girls Grammar School. She married newspaper proprietor and zoologist Heber Longman in Toowoomba in 1904; the couple had no children. They moved to Brisbane in 1911 where her husband joined the staff of the Queensland Museum.

Community work
Longman was "interested in a wide range of social issues, including town planning and the preservation of native plants, but her work was principally in the field of the welfare of women and especially children". She "enjoyed her positions of leadership and focused her contribution on addressing meetings and attending functions rather than the more mundane task of fund-raising". Longman was the first secretary of the Playground Association of Queensland and was a supervisor and trainer for the Crèche and Kindergarten Association. She served as president of the National Council of Women of Queensland from 1920 to 1924 and was later made a life member of the organisation. She also held office in the Lyceum Club, the Queensland Women's Peace Movement, and the Association for the Welfare of Mental Deficients. Longman was a pioneer of special education in Queensland, in 1922 leading a deputation to the Department of Public Instruction which brought about the introduction of "opportunity classes" for children with intellectual disabilities. She advocated segregation of people with intellectual disabilities from the rest of the community and sterilisation of those who could not be separated from the community.

Politics
Irene Longman's parliamentary career began in the 1929 election. Representing the Country and Progressive National Party, she was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly in the electorate of Bulimba, a safe ALP seat, which she held for one term. While in Parliament, she was responsible for the first appointment of a Queensland woman police officer, and spoke about the welfare of children. Being a woman, she was never allowed to use the parliamentary dining room and had to eat her meals on the verandah. As well, there were no female toilets in the parliament building. Longman lost her seat in the 1932 election and did not re-contest it.

Longman had two brothers who were also members of the Queensland Parliament: Percy Bayley represented Pittsworth from 1915 to 1920, and James Bayley was the member for Wynnum from 1933 to 1935.

Legacy
Longman was the only woman elected to the Parliament of Queensland in her lifetime. The federal electorate of Longman, created in 1996, is named after Irene, as is Longman Street in the Canberra suburb of Chisholm.

Later life
Irene Longman died on 29 July 1964 in St. Andrew's Hospital in Brisbane and was privately cremated.

Media
Singer/songwriter Kelly Chase released the song "Sticks and Stones" to accompany the History Detective Podcast Episode Season 2, Episode 7: Irene Longman the First Woman in Queensland Parliament.

title: Irene Longman


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1913 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football (soccer) in the year 1913.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition. The champions qualify for the 1913 Norwegian Cup.

National team
Sources:

title: 1913 in Norwegian football