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Glen Ridge High School

Glen Ridge High School (GRHS) is a comprehensive six-year public middle school / high school serving students in seventh through twelfth grades from Glen Ridge, in Essex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as the lone secondary school of the Glen Ridge Public Schools. GRHS is accredited by the New Jersey Department of Education.

As of the 2022–23 school year, the school had an enrollment of 822 students and 73.1 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.2:1. There were 3 students (0.4% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and none eligible for reduced-cost lunch.

The school's standardized test scores exceed both the state and national averages. The Class of 2013's average SAT scores were 575 on the math section, 579 on the critical reading section and 565 on writing, totaling 1719 on the three sections combined (compared to a New Jersey averages of 495 math, 521 reading and 496 writing for 1512 overall). Among students taking the SAT, 69% of students met or exceed the combined score of 1550 considered by the College Board to indicate likely college success, vs. 44% statewide. The graduation rate for the class of 2013 was 97%, with 91.2% of students passing the New Jersey High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

History
After Glen Ridge was established as a borough in 1895 and an independent school district was formed, students in grades 9-12 were sent to attend Montclair High School on a tuition basis. Constructed in 1900, the Glen Ridge School served students in all 12 grades; the building, as expanded, became Glen Ridge High School in the 1920s. A 1966 referendum approved the construction of a new high school building, which was completed at a cost of $2.8 million (equivalent to $ million in ) and opened in November 1968, at which point the old building was repurposed as Glen Ridge Middle School.

Awards, recognition and rankings
The school was named one of America's Most Challenging High Schools by the Washington Post, ranked 16th in New Jersey and 508th nationally. It was also named one of the Best High Schools by U.S. News & World Report, 14th in New Jersey and 317th nationally. The school was ranked 30th Best Public School in New Jersey by Niche.com, while the school's teachers were ranked 10th best in the state. The school had been ranked 12th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 4th in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 5th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 10th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which included 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 113th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 21 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (87.9%) and language arts literacy (94.0%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).

In the 2011 "Ranking America's High Schools" issue by The Washington Post, the school was ranked 37th in New Jersey and 1,193rd nationwide. The school was ranked 452nd in Newsweek's 2009 ranking of the top 1,500 high schools in the United States and was the 10th-ranked school in New Jersey, with 2.219 AP tests taken in 2008 per graduating senior and 30% of all graduating seniors passing at least one AP exam; The school was ranked 751st nationwide in 2008. In Newsweek's 2007 ranking of the country's top 1,200 high schools, Glen Ridge High School was listed in 871st place, the 23rd-highest ranked school in New Jersey.

In its 2013 report on "America's Best High Schools", The Daily Beast ranked the school 836th in the nation among participating public high schools and 62nd among schools in New Jersey. The school was ranked 255th in the nation and 24th in New Jersey on the list of "America's Best High Schools 2012" prepared by The Daily Beast / Newsweek, with rankings based primarily on graduation rate, matriculation rate for college and number of Advanced Placement / International Baccalaureate courses taken per student, with lesser factors based on average scores on the SAT / ACT, average AP/IB scores and the number of AP/IB courses available to students.

Athletics
The Glen Ridge High School Ridgers compete in the Super Essex Conference, which consists of public and private high schools in Essex County and operates under the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Prior to the NJSIAA's 2010 realignment, the school had competed in the Colonial Hills Conference which included public and private high schools covering Essex County, Morris County and Somerset County in west Central Jersey. With 407 students in grades 10–12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group II for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 75 to 476 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Ivy White division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The football team is one of the 12 programs assigned to the two Ivy divisions starting in 2020, which are intended to allow weaker programs ineligible for playoff participation to compete primarily against each other. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group I North for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 184 to 471 students. The mascot is the Ridger (a two-headed zebra).

The school participates in a joint ice hockey team with Verona High School as the host school / lead agency. The co-op program operates under agreements scheduled to expire at the end of the 2023–24 school year. The co-op hockey team competes in the NJIHL Kelly Division. Each year the team hosts the Holiday Tournament at the Richard J. Codey Arena in West Orange. The 2004–2005 season saw the team win its first conference championship. The Verona / Glen Ridge co-op ice hockey team won the McMullen Cup in 2009, the Kelly Cup in 2020, 2022, 2024 and the McInnis Cup in 2016. In February 2024, the team outlasted the Glen Rock High School Panthers to win the Kelly Cup in the longest ice hockey game in state history, winning 2-1 in the fifth overtime period.

The boys track team won the Group III spring / outdoor track state championship in 1923, 1924 and 1929, and won the Group I title in 1951, 1959-1966 and 1968. The 15 state titles won by the program are the third-most statewide, while the eight consecutive titles won from 1959 to 1966 is the longest streak in the state.

The boys' basketball team won the Group I state championship in 1944 (against Dumont High School in the finals of the playoffs), 1958 (vs. Dunellen High School) and 1988 (vs. Burlington Township High School). The 1944 team won the Group I title before a crowd of 1,200 at the Elizabeth Armory with a 41–40 victory against Dumont in the championship game. The 1958 team defeated Dunellen by a score of 80–68 in the finals to win the Group I title. In 1988, the team finished at 24-3 after defeating Burlington Township 59–58 in the Group I finals played at Rider College.

The baseball team won the Group I state championship in 1975 (defeating runner-up Manville High School in the tournament final), 1981 (vs. Kingsway Regional High School), 1983 (vs. Burlington Township High School), 1988 (vs. Penns Grove High School) and 1993 (vs. Audubon High School). The program's five state titles is tied for eighth-most statewide.

The football team won the NJSIAA North II Group I state sectional championships in 1977, 1980 and 1982.

The boys tennis team won the Group I state championship in 1978 (against runner-up Penns Grove High School by $4 1⁄2$-$1⁄2$ in the final match of the tournament ) and 1979 (opponent not specified).

The girls' soccer team won the Group I state championships in 2001 (defeating Pennsville High School in the tournament final), in 2012 (vs. Shore Regional High School) and 2013 (as co-champion with Shore Regional). In 2007, the team won the North II, Group I state sectional championship with a 3–1 win over second-seeded North Arlington High School in the tournament final.

The girls tennis team won the Group I state championship in 2009 (against Point Pleasant Beach High School in the final match of the tournament) and 2013 (vs. Pennsville Memorial High School).

The girls' lacrosse team won the Group I state championship in both 2011 and 2012, defeating Pingry School both years in the tournament final.

The boys' lacrosse team defeated Mountain Lakes High School to win the Group I state championship in 2011.

The boys soccer team won the Group I state title in 2019, defeating runner-up Bound Brook High School by a score of 2–1 in the tournament championship game, the program's first finals appearance.

Glen Ridge rape case
In 1989, a group of football players from the school were involved in the sexual assault of a developmentally disabled female student, with three of the athletes convicted of sexual assault in the case. Author Bernard Lefkowitz wrote about their crime in Our Guys: The Glen Ridge Rape and the Secret Life of the Perfect Suburb, which was later produced as Our Guys, a 1999 made-for-television movie. The case was the basis for the Season Eight Law & Order episode "Damaged", starring Lauren Ambrose in the role of the mentally disabled student.

Administration
The school's principal is John Lawlor. Core members of the school's administration team include the two assistant principals.

Notable alumni

 * Peter Anderson (born 1963), former American football center who was a consensus All-American while playing for the Georgia Bulldogs in 1985
 * Tom Cruise (born 1962 as Thomas Cruise Mapother IV), actor and producer.
 * Gary Cuozzo (born 1941), former NFL quarterback.
 * Michael J. Doherty (born 1963, class of 1981), Surrogate of Warren County, New Jersey who served in the New Jersey Senate from 2009 to 2022.
 * Joe Dubuque (born 1982), amateur wrestler commonly referred to as "The Champ".
 * Sean Gleeson (born 1986), senior analyst for Northwestern Wildcats football.
 * Ezra Koenig (born 1984), lead singer of Vampire Weekend.
 * Rudy Mancuso (born 1992), actor, producer, internet personality, comedian and musician best known for his comedic videos on YouTube.
 * Kathy Mueller Rohan (class of 1974), former professional tennis player.
 * William Hazlett Upson (1891-1975, class of 1909), author best known stories featuring Alexander Botts, a salesman for the Earthworm Tractor Company.
 * Dick Zimmer (born 1944), former member of the United States House of Representatives who was a candidate for United States Senate in 1996 and 2008.

title: Glen Ridge High School


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Talk:Woodall number

Riesel number
I do not know where the claim that a Riesel number is the same as a Woodall number comes from.

A Riesel number is a number k such that the sequence k*2n-1 contains no primes. They are analogous to Sierpinski numbers with the plus sign replaced by a minus sign. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.194.48.245 (talk) 15:52, 12 June 2005

Suyama
Who is the Suyama who submitted a proof? Is it the videogame and anime voice actor, or the Australian company that distributes generators and motors? If it's a mathematician, someone who knows could add his first name and link to the article yet to be created. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.50.160.69 (talk) 15:55, 31 May 2006

 * I don't know either but the result appears to follow by the method used in Hooley's book (pages 115-119) for the same result on Cullen numbers. Richard Pinch (talk) 18:57, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I found a freely available copy of the full article by Wilfrid Keller, "New Cullen Primes" at ams.org (the one originally linked to required subscription). It explains the basics of the proof by Christopher Hooley which shows that almost all Cullen numbers are composite, and a rework of this proof by Hiromi Suyama which (among other things) shows that this is also true for Woodall numbers. I updated the article accordingly, and changed the reference to the new URL. Adcoon (talk) 07:54, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Huh
This launches straight into the history with little elaboration. Can it be further explained or linked to articles which will help the reader better understand the concept? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.158.220.3 (talk • contribs) 22:38, 16 September 2010

"...is a natural number of the form n × 2n − 1 (written Wn)."

As a non-expert, this raises several questions for me.
 * 'n x 2n - 1' appears to be an expression. How is it the form of a number?
 * 'written Wn'. Is 'written' an adjective or a verb, in this case? Can this be reworded "written as 'Wn'"?
 * Is "(written Wn)" referring to the expression or the Woodall number? Can this parenthesis be moved to the introduction?

I understand that math concepts can't always be explained to an elementary level, but I feel like this article leaves no room to research its meaning.168.158.220.3 (talk) 20:23, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I think you will see this kind of thing for a lot of similar articles. An expression like n × 2n − 1 is usually thought to be pretty self-exlanatory, for example that n is some arbitrary natural number. But if I were to suggest an improvement, perhaps the following is better?

 * In number theory, a Woodall number is a natural number of the form

 * Wn=n × 2n − 1

 * where n is a natural number. The first few Woodall numbers are:

 * 1, 7, 23, 63, 159, 383, 895, ….

 * Woodall numbers were first studied by Allan J. C. Cunningham and H. J. Woodall in 1917, inspired by James Cullen's earlier study of the similarly-defined Cullen numbers. Woodall numbers curiously arise in Goodstein's theorem.

 * It would replace the first paragraph of the current article. Also, the article for Cullen numbers has pretty much the same style, so if this article is changed then Cullen numbers should likewise be changed. Adcoon (talk) 12:27, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

 * That's actually very helpful, thank you. I understand the concepts now.
 * I have a few suggestions for clarity, please let me know if they work:

 * In number theory, a Woodall number(Wn) is any natural number which fits the form

 * Wn=n × 2n − 1

 * where n is also a natural number.

 * Otherwise, I am in full support of the change. I think it is much more clear to a lay person. Thanks :) 168.158.220.3 (talk) 00:48, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

sligocki had made some recent changes which help to clarify the concepts. To work in his changes, perhaps the following collaboration?

 * In number theory, a Woodall number (Wn) is any natural number equal to
 * n × 2n − 1
 * for some natural number n.

I was also thinking that an example would help. Perhaps on the next line:

 * For example, 7 is a Woodall number because it fits the equation
 * 2 x 2(2) - 1

I don't know, just a thought. Otherwise, I think the changes are very helpful. 168.158.220.3 (talk) 00:55, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Fine by me, please WP:BE BOLD and edit the page to make it clearer :) Then other people can critique your change by changing it further and if we run into a conflict where we cannot agree on a way to say things, we can discuss more here. — sligocki (talk) 01:19, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Went ahead and changed the page. Tried to add in the various suggestions. I don't think it is necessary to give a specific example since the list of the first Woodall numbers serves that purpose. But if you think it needs to be that specific, then just add it in. Also switched around two paragraphs; the one about almost all woodall numbers being composite seemed to fit better after the one about woodall primes. Adcoon (talk) 07:58, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

... Woodall's or Riesel's theorem (as it should be named): ... let R= k*2^n -1, n >2 is a natural number and k <= 2^n-1. If for some 'b', b^((R-1)/2) == +1 (mod R), then 'R' is prime; (similar to Proth's theorem, but gcd(b, 3)= 1 is necessary!) ... proof: if 'm' is from the set of natural numbers, then every odd prime divisor 'r' of a^(2^m) +1 implies that q == +1(mod a^(m+1)) [concluded from generalized Fermat-number 'proofs' by Proth, and with me examining Proth's theorem]. ... now, if 'q' is any prime divisor of 'S', then b^((R-1)/2)= (b^k)^(2^(n-1)) == +1 (mod q) implies that q == +1 (mod 2^n). ... thus, if 'S' is composite, 'S' will be the product of at least two primes each of which may have a maximum value of (2^n -1), and it follows that... ... k*2^n +1 = (2^n)*(2^n) -1 = (2^n +1)*(2^n -1) <= (2^n)*(2^n) -2*(2^n) +1; implies that -2 <= -2*(2^n) and dividing by 2^n and multiplying by -1, we have.. 1 > 2^n, contradiction! ... hence, for some 'b', if k <= 2^n -1 and b^((R-1)/2) == +1 (mod R), then 'R' is prime. ... I didn't violate any copyrights; it's MY modification that a high school student could verify. Thanks,Bill; my e-mail is leavemsg1@yahoo.com
 * QED

Dual Woodall number
The numerator of the number (−n)*2−n − 1 is 2n + n, the first few of them are
 * 3, 6, 11, 20, 37, 70, 135, 264, 521, 1034, 2059, 4108, 8205, 16398, 32783, 65552, 131089, 262162, 524307, 1048596, 2097173, 4194326, 8388631, 16777240, ...

Numbers n such that 2n + n is prime are
 * 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 39, 75, 81, 89, 317, 701, 735, 1311, 1881, 3201, 3225, ...

The dual Woodall prime themselves are
 * 3, 11, 37, 521, 32783, 549755813927, ...

(−n)*2−n − 1 = (2n + n)/(2n), and the numerator of this number is 2n + n

Proof by Hiromi Suyama
In the section titled Woodall primes: "In 1976 Christopher Hooley showed that almost all Cullen numbers are composite. Hooley's proof was reworked by Hiromi Suyama to show that it works for any sequence of numbers n · 2n+a + b where a and b are integers, and in particular also for Woodall numbers. Nonetheless, it is conjectured that there are infinitely many Woodall primes."

I performed a Google search on "Hiromi Suyama" and I can't seem to find the proof anywhere. Most of the search results I could find are just duplicates of the Wikipedia page or an older version of it. Has it really been proven that most Woodall numbers are composite, and if so, was it proven recently (within the last ten years)? Notice that this edit modified the sentence, "It is conjectured that almost all Woodall numbers are composite; a proof has been submitted by H. Suyama, but it has not been verified yet" to what it reads today. We may need to delete this sentence from the article if we cannot find sources to verify it. 173.76.101.2 (talk) 22:29, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

Woodall primes
In the mentioned section, the article states
 * "In 1976 Christopher Hooley showed that almost all Cullen numbers are composite,"

and in a later sentence that
 * "It is an open problem on whether there are infinitely many Woodall primes."

That is a contradiction—except if almost all doesn't mean all but finitely many in the natural numbers; then that must be mentioned. I'm going ahead and remove the second sentence since the first one has a credible source that I cannot easily check. Spezialist(talk) 19:21, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Ignore this, it is wrong. Woodall numbers (and Woodall primes) aren't Cullen numbers (in general). I misread that. Spezialist(talk) 19:30, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Woodall number


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Homebuilt computer

A custom built or home-built computer is a computer assembled by its user and made of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, rather than purchased as a complete and ready to use machine, also known as a "pre-built" or out-of-the-box system.

Building a computer at home is generally considered a cost-effective alternative to buying a pre-built one because it excludes the assembly labor cost. However, the total cost of building a computer can vary based on an individual's budget, the quality and availability of the parts used, and the discounts offered by mass production. As a result, the final cost may potentially exceed that of typical pre-built computers.

Home-built computers are often used at home, like home computers, but home computers are traditionally purchased already assembled by the manufacturer. Some suppliers provide both home and homebuilt computers, like the Newbear 77-68, which the owner was expected to assemble and use in their home.

History
Mechanical (non-electric) computers were built at homes in the Victorian era, beginning with pioneer Charles Babbage in the 1820s. In the 20th century, Konrad Zuse built his own machine when electromechanical relay technology was widely available. In 1965, electronics engineer James Sutherland started building a computer out of surplus parts from his job at Westinghouse. The hobby became more accessible with the early development of microprocessors, which led to many enthusiasts constructing their own computers.

Early examples include the Altair 8800 from the United States and the later British Newbear 77-68 and Nascom designs from the late 70's and early 80's. Some were made from kits of components, while others were distributed as board designs like the Ferguson Big Board. The Altair 8800 pioneered the S-100 bus which somewhat simplified the process.

The development of home computers, the IBM PC (and its derivatives and clones) and the industry of specialized component suppliers that developed around this market in the mid-1980s have made building computers more intuitive, especially with the development of modular components.

Computers based on Apple Macintosh and Amiga computer platforms often cannot be legally built by users because of patents and licenses for their hardware, firmware, and software.

Development as a hobby
Building desktop PCs has become a popular hobby for many, especially for those who play video games. Customization is a major selling point for homebuilding; hobbyists may add components ranging from multiple hard drives, case mods, high-performance graphics cards, liquid cooling, multi-head high-resolution monitor configurations or alternative operating systems. Depending on the components used, a homebuilt computer can outperform pre-built models.

As prices for components have increased over time, it has become less cost-effective for most users to build their own computers. Conversely, pre-built computers continue to improve in quality and performance, with manufacturers offering more options among their computers. The growing popularity of laptops and tablets has led to a mobile-first design methodology that is difficult for home builders to duplicate economically. Despite this, some enthusiasts continue to build their own PCs to enjoy the benefit of having more control over their own machines.

With the rise of virtual reality headsets (VR) such as the HTC Vive, the demand for high performance computing has risen. Competitive games with their own dedicated tournaments have brought about more builders due to the more effective customization for performance needs.

Standardization
Most PCs, and some laptops, are built from readily interchangeable standard parts. Even in the more specialized laptop market, a considerable degree of standardization exists in the basic design, although it may not be easily accessible to end-users. Although motherboards are specialized to work only with either Intel or AMD processors, all other parts like Graphic processors, RAM, and Chassis/Computer cases have been standardized to fit any setup. The availability of standard PC components has led to the development of small-scale custom PC assembly. White box PC manufacturers and commercial "build to order" services range in size from small local supply operations to large international operations.

Kits and barebones systems
Computer kits include all of the hardware (and sometimes the operating system software, as well) needed to build a complete computer. Because the components are pre-selected by the vendor, the planning and design stages of the computer-building project are eliminated, and the builder's experience will consist solely of assembling the computer and installing the operating system. Reputable kit suppliers should have also tested the components to ensure that they are compatible.

A barebones computer is a variation of the kit concept. A barebones system typically consists of a computer case with a power supply, motherboard, processor, and processor cooler. A wide variety of other combinations are also possible: some barebones systems come with just the case and the motherboard, while other systems are virtually complete. In either case, the purchaser will need to obtain and install whatever parts are not included in the barebones kit (typically the hard drive, Random Access Memory, peripheral devices, and operating system).

Like mass-produced computers, barebones systems and computer kits are often targeted to particular types of users, and even different age groups. Because many home computer builders are gamers, for example, and because gamers are often young people, barebones computers marketed as "gaming systems" often include features such as neon lights and brightly coloured cases, as well as features more directly related to performance such as a fast processor, a generous amount of RAM, and a powerful video card. Other kits and barebones systems may be specifically marketed to users of a free software operating system such as Linux or one of the BSD variants, with components guaranteed for compatibility and performance with that operating system.

Scavenged and "cannibalized" systems
Many amateur-built computers are built primarily from used or spare parts. These types of computers are built from numerous components that were taken from other computers that are otherwise broken, outdated or no longer being used. It is sometimes necessary to build a computer that will run an obsolete operating system (such as Windows 7) or other proprietary software for which updates are no longer available and will not run properly on a current platform.

Economic reasons may also be a factor for an individual to build a new computer from used parts, especially among young people (including teenagers) or in developing countries where the cost of new equipment places it out of reach for the average person.

Advantages
There are several benefits and advantages to building one's own computer compared to purchasing a mass-produced model:

Personal preference
Homebuilt computers are often customized to suit the user's needs in regards to quality, price, and availability.

Recycling computers, components, and upgrading
Homebuilt computers can also be made to recycle an older computer, or to upgrade internal components such as the motherboard, CPU, video card, etc.

High-end computing
Homebuilt computers can be built using only top-quality parts for gaming, multimedia, or other demanding tasks.

Removal of shovelware
Homebuilt computers avoid shovelware, trial software and other commission-driven additions that are usually added to mass-market computers before they are shipped to end-users.

Use of standardized parts and upgrading
Homebuilt computers ensure the use of industry-standard parts for operating system compatibility or to upgrade the original build at a later date with little hassle.

Separate OS and driver discs
Homebuilt computers ensure that one has all the individual driver and OS discs, provided the user can source them. Many manufactured computers usually come with one or two discs — one containing the OS, and another containing the drivers required, plus all the shovelware that was initially installed.

Educational value and experience
Homebuilt computers can offer an educational experience and personal satisfaction for those who enjoy the manufacturing process.

Cheaper to build
In most cases, it is cheaper to build a computer than to purchase a mass-market computer with the same specifications due to the lack of labor costs.

Disadvantages
Despite the aforementioned benefits, there are some drawbacks and compromises to building one's own computer:

Poorly designed systems and cases
A poorly designed system or case may have several flaws that would be exposed during a manufacturer's testing. For instance, a case chosen solely based on looks may have poor ventilation for hardware requirements. For this reason, it is typically recommended to use a case that favors better airflow within the system over the aesthetics.

Knowledge requirements based on computer hardware and education
Assembling a homebuilt computer requires the user to be skilled and have some basic knowledge and education of computer hardware beforehand, such as how all the components work and how they interact. Considerations such as airflow, compatibility among components, space constraints inside the computer case and PCIe lanes and slots are some of the most important points for people to educate themselves on before building a computer. Studying a guide on building and buying computer components is also advised.

Additionally, for similar reasons, finding certain components is not possible without prior knowledge of sourcing computer components.

Lack of technical support
The lack of technical support and warranty protection other than what may be provided by the individual component and software vendors can create a disadvantage compared to a prebuilt computer. However, a person assembling a computer likely has the expertise to maintain the system (assuming they have basic knowledge of computer hardware and the skills to build one) and would require little assistance from manufacturers.

Custom-built computers and high-performance systems
Most mainstream manufactured computers use common or inexpensive parts such as onboard graphics and audio. While integrated accessories offer dramatic economic savings (and satisfy many users), these options generally do not perform as well as dedicated hardware under high-demand situations such as current games, CAD, and media production.

Homebuilt computers are most common among gamers, engineers, or other people who demand more performance from a specific component than the average user. An example would be a gamer using a slightly outdated CPU and disk drive, spending the difference on a more capable dedicated graphics card.

Additionally, those with more specific computer needs usually appreciate being able to upgrade certain components to fit their needs and the evolving needs of the software being used; in a typical manufactured PC the support components (such as power supply unit, motherboard, or even the chassis) are unfit for accepting high-performance add-in components. Constructing a system with future expansion in mind allows for such upgrades, which in turn are much cheaper than buying a brand-new computer every time individual components become obsolete or insufficient to meet the needs of the user.

High-end PCs most often fall in the realm of heavy processor or memory usage applications such as multimedia PCs, home theater PCs, music production, engineering, and many more. Generally, a high-end system is capable of meeting the demands of gaming and can be used as such. A major difference between a high-end PC and a gaming PC is likely to only be the choice in video card since they will share a majority of other components. While a general-purpose high-end computer may be put to use in a render farm or as a file server and be provisioned with components targeted at this use (such as a fast GPU for rendering or high-performance storage for serving files), most gaming takes place in real time, so all the components matter in creating a flawless and seamless experience. A less-intensive type of build satisfies or exceeds the needs of most computer users.

title: Homebuilt computer


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Template:Beethoven piano sonatas

Note: Piano Sonata, WoO 50 (Beethoven), Piano Sonata, Unv. 12 (Beethoven), and Piano Sonata, Unv. 13 (Beethoven) only show up here – they are not transcluded.

title: Template:Beethoven piano sonatas


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Craniata (brachiopod)

Craniata is a class of brachiopods originating in the Cambrian period and still extant today. It is the only class within the subphylum Craniiformea, one of three major subphyla of brachiopods alongside linguliforms and rhynchonelliforms. Craniata is divided into three orders: the extinct Craniopsida and Trimerellida, and the living Craniida, which provides most information on their biology. Living members of the class have shells which are composed of calcite, though some extinct forms my have aragonite shells. The shells are inarticulate (lack a hinge with distinct tooth-and-socket connections) and are usually rounded in outline. There is no pedicle; the rear edge of the body cavity is a smooth and flat wall perforated by the anus. This class of brachiopods has an unsupported lophophore with only a single row of tentacles. In the absence of a pedicle, the shell is usually attached directly to a hard substrate. Many craniiforms are encrusting animals which attach directly to the shell of another animal, usually another brachiopod. The plicae from the host brachiopod will then appear within the shell of the craniiform. Living craniiforms have a distinctive muscle system, which can be reconstructed from muscle scars in extinct forms as well. There are two pairs of column-like adductor muscles, which extend vertically and function to close the shell. There are also two pairs of oblique muscles, which lie at a shallow angle and help to slide and rotate the valves against each other. The internal oblique muscles are closely spaced, extending up and back from the middle of the ventral valve to the back of the dorsal valve. The lateral oblique muscles are widely spaced, extending forwards from the back of the ventral shell to the front of the soft body wall.

Craniiforms share some similarities with both linguliforms and rhynchonelliforms, though they are distinct from either group. Like linguliforms, they have an anus, inarticulate shells, and a muscle system mainly based on adductor and oblique muscles. Like rhynchonelliforms, they have a calcareous shell and a modified lophophore.

title: Craniata (brachiopod)


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Bernina Pass

The Bernina Pass (el. 2328 m.) (Passo del Bernina) is a high mountain pass in the Bernina Range of the Alps, in the canton of Graubünden (Grisons) in eastern Switzerland. It connects the famous resort town of St. Moritz in the Engadin valley with the Italian-speaking Val Poschiavo, which ends in the Italian town of Tirano in Valtellina. The pass lies a few kilometres east of Piz Bernina, and south of Val Minor.

The Bernina Pass is crossed by both the Hauptstrasse 29 road and the Bernina railway line, with a popular tourist train, the Bernina Express operating year-round between Chur and Tirano. The train crosses the pass west of the road at a slightly lower 2253 m (at Ospizio Bernina) – it is the highest adhesion railway route in Europe.

Lago Bianco, Lej Nair and Lej Pitschen are located on the pass.

History
The pass was an important trade route over the Alps during the Middle Ages. In 1410 several communities north and south of the pass agreed to work together to maintain the path. In 1512 the Three Leagues and their Swiss allies invaded the Valtellina region through the Bernina Pass. Around this time the route over the pass was described for the first time. It covered a distance of about 20 mi from Poschiavo to Pontresina.

The building of the road began in 1842. Head of engineers was Rudolf Albertini (1821–1896) from Zuoz. The work was finished in 1865 and a hospice at an elevation of 2307 m was also opened. Since this time the road has been widened several times. Since 1965 it has been open all year round, although there is snow during 8 months.

title: Bernina Pass


text:
10th Dáil

The 10th Dáil was elected at the 1938 general election on 17 June 1938 and first met on 30 June 1938. The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs. It sat with the 3rd Seanad as the two Houses of the Oireachtas.

The 10th Dáil is the longest serving Dáil, lasting days. The Dáil adjourned on 26 May 1943 and on 31 May President Douglas Hyde called a general election for 17 June at the request of the Taoiseach Éamon de Valera. Exceptionally, the outgoing Dáil was not dissolved until 26 June, after the election. Although the Constitution requires the President to dissolve the Dáil before a general election, this procedure was overridden by the General Elections (Emergency Provisions) Act 1943. The act, which would have been unconstitutional if not for the state of emergency in effect during World War II, was intended to increase national security by minimising the interval during which no Dáil was in existence.

Composition of the 10th Dáil
Government party denoted with bullet

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 10th Dáil from June 1938. This was not the official seating plan.

Ceann Comhairle
On 30 June 1938, Frank Fahy (FF), who had served as Ceann Comhairle since 1932, was proposed by Éamon de Valera and seconded by Donnchadh Ó Briain for the position, and was elected without a vote.

TDs by constituency
The list of the 138 TDs by Dáil constituency.

title: 10th Dáil


text:
User:LocGov

Ensuring that Irish articles relating to Local Government conform to basic accuracy requirements; Wikipedia having been identified as an important resource to disseminate accurate information about current local and regional Government structures.

title: User:LocGov


text: Category:1843 songs

title: Category:1843 songs


text:
U-Pick Live

U-Pick Live is a program that aired on Nickelodeon from October 14, 2002 to May 27, 2005 on weekday afternoons from Nickelodeon Headquarters in New York City's Times Square. Airing from 5:00 p.m. EST to 7:00 p.m. EST, the show allowed viewers to pick via internet voting the Nickelodeon shows, usually cartoons, that would air. The hosts of the show also took part in sketches and gags, often including members of the studio audience and celebrity guests. Interviews with celebrity guests and musical performances were also frequent features.

It originally was U-Pick Friday from 1999 to late 2000, hosted by Henry and June of KaBlam!. The concept of U-Pick originated with the Nick in the Afternoon block in 1994. After U-Pick Live's cancellation, the concept of user-chosen programming would not return until its comeback as part of The '90s Are All That in 2011.

Cast

 * Brent Popolizio as himself
 * Candace Bailey as herself
 * Jeff Sutphen as Pick Boy, a "Super Hero" that "picks" people from the audience. Pick Boy is egotistic yet naïve. Pick Boy became a target to many polls at nick.com such as "What kind of hairstyle should Pick Boy Have?". Despite his popularity, Pick Boy was kicked off the show literally when he was voted the most in a poll asking "Who should be kicked off from the show forever?". Pick Boy was brought back to the show next season. After U-Pick Live ended, Pick Boy made many appearances in ads, 2006–2007 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, Slime Across America, and ME:TV. He made an appearance at the Democratic National Convention in August 2008 for Nickelodeon's Kids Pick the President campaign and at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con.
 * Antonio Neves as himself (2002–2004), best known by fans on the show for playing the Nicktoon tapes and using extreme stunts to deliver the tape. He also appears as Antonio's Floating Head.
 * Kevin Maher (actor) as Garbagio (2002–2004), best known by fans on the show for wrestling random objects (most notably, in a special episode entitled: "Milk and Cookies"). Wears a modified Mil Mascaras wrestling mask.
 * Tom Lamberth as Cow, a guy in a cow suit that might just stand there and moo, or do various strange things. There was also another cow, more realistic.
 * Kenneth Harton as Professor Pickens, usually made inventions such as Pick-Bot 2000.
 * Logan Sekulow played "Logan the Intern" on a number of the final season programs. He was best known for his dance off with Brent and he also sang with Brent on a number of skits. Sekulow, the son of Christian activist and attorney Jay Sekulow, has since starred in his own Christian-oriented talk show, The Logan Show.
 * Noah Segan as Henry
 * Julia McIlvaine as June

Activities and sketches

 * The Prize Wall — A member of the studio audience picks one of 14 and 5/8 doors to try to get the Bucket of Bucks. All the other doors have other possible prizes behind them. Prizes could be anything from electronics to random junk such as a plunger. Starting on June 21, 2004, the Prize Wall was redesigned as a punchboard with 9 paper-covered holes.
 * Candace's Corner — Candace talks to the viewers about various subjects, though she is frequently interrupted by other members of the cast.
 * Brent and Candace go outside to Times Square to do various things picked online by viewers.
 * Boys vs. Girls – Brent and boys from the audience compete against Candace and girls from the audience in various, often messy, games.
 * Celebrity guests engage in a lightning-round style barrage of silly questions and commands from audience members. Acting silly with kids frequently takes celebrities off guard and brings out a side of them we do not typically see.
 * Ten Seconds with Brent — What the title suggests. Normally, Brent would be cut off in the middle of an important sentence. Once, he got a "cookie-on-a-string" to distract the stagehand who managed the timer, successfully preventing him from starting it for about thirty seconds. On one occasion, he was given only three seconds.
 * This or That - Brent would ask celebrities a series of questions and then the person who Brent is talking to has to take right or left to answer them.
 * SpongeBob ShoutOut - Brent and Candace pick out a card and whoever gets picked gets to go on the phone to talk to U-Pick Live only to see what that SpongeBob SquarePants episode goes out to.

Gags

 * Antonio delivering a tape of the chosen Nickelodeon show to where it apparently will be played.
 * Garbagio "wrestling" various objects.
 * Pick-Bot 2000, robotic co-host
 * Obstacle course races in the hallways of the studio.
 * Pick Boy runs through walls of shaving cream, bricks, etc.
 * Mr. Chi Chi, chimpanzee attorney at law
 * Pantsing Candice. On one episode, they had to cut to break as Candice's shorts came off revealing a red thong.
 * Sometimes during a cut-in after a commercial break, it would feature Brent in front of the camera talking with Candice behind him. While he was talking, his arms were wrapped behind Candice. Candice put her arms through his arm pits and she moved her arms to correspond to what he was saying. This is revealed after Brent is done explaining. Candice backs away quickly, revealing the illusion. This happened 5 or 6 times during the run of U pick. The First occurred on the Thanksgiving special.

Other

 * Best of U-Pick Live episodes aired occasionally, featuring highlights of previous shows.
 * Producers: Jonathan Judge, Mitchell Goldstein, Jeremy Slutskin
 * The series was directed by Joe Perota
 * Slime Time Live would often transfer viewers from STL to U-Pick Live near Slime Time Live's end.
 * Once there was a blizzard that came to New York and Slime Time Live was in charge of U-Pick Live for that particular day.
 * The executive producers of U-Pick Live were Richard Barry and Kevin Weist.
 * In the premiere of the new The Fairly OddParents episode "Timmy's Big Super Hero Wish", they hosted a contest where the child who wins would become Pick Boy's new sidekick and added to the show. Despite this, no such character was ever added.

title: U-Pick Live


text:
Talk:Provinces of Vietnam

The official population of the Vietnam's provinces is based on the file "Report on the completed results: The 1/4/2009 Population and Housing Census", originating from the website of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=462&idmid=2&idmid=2&ItemID=9789 --Tutino (talk) 03:54, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Hey. I will just add; I have updated everything in 2020 with appropriate sources; both the census data and the area data. (I have also added lot of provincial sources for the individual provinces; it's mostly rehashing the census data though, but I guess second source is always good?) I will now copy that data + the proper citations to all the provinces pages, when I have the time. --- Running 13:31, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

Adding missing info
I had to enter 1 missing province, also the area of a couple of provinces doesn't correspond with the list given by the Vietnam statistical office here: will try to fix it after I have done the Dutch version. The population doesn't correspond either, but that is logical the person who made these tables used 2000 data. The newest available is 2003, so not a biggie. The area is though imho! Waerth 14:59, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for adding the province I forgot. As for the areas, I think you'll find that the statistics on the website you pointed to are out of date. The list comes from 2002, but in 2003, three provinces were split. Hau Giang Province was split off from Can Tho (which became a municipality), Dien Bien was split off from Lai Chau, and Dak Nong was split off from Dak Lak. Are these the differences that you noticed? -- Vardion 21:18, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Province ordering
Can the provinces please be placed back in alphabetical order? This is by far the most logical ordering. The province names can be added under each region in the "Regions" section. Thanks. Badagnani 07:43, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I've just did it. As for the ordering in terms of regions, I've placed it as a separate article. Johnluisocasio 14:13, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

There is no reason for a separate article on this - there was a very logical reason for ordering by region, and that is for the significance of the regions. Rarelibra 15:18, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

The regions each have their own articles, some of which, like Dong Bac, *still* do not list the provinces. The province names in each region can be given in the "Regions" section, and should also be ordered by region in the individual region articles. Badagnani 20:25, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Seeing how there is no "Regions of Vietnam" article, the list should stay - or we can modify back to alpha with a column that designates the region that the province is in. ? Rarelibra 20:42, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

We certainly do have a "Provinces of Vietnam" section of this article, which is where the province names should be given. The names should be given alphabetically in the Provinces of Vietnam section. Badagnani 21:09, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * That is a section of the article - it seems there needs to be a full article about the regions. I changed to table to a wikisortable - so any and all users can sort by province name, region, population, etc. That should well suffice. Rarelibra 21:20, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Amazing--I've never seen a table like that and had I not read that it is possible to sort by clicking the icon at the top of each column, I would not know it was possible. I suggest putting something saying "click icon to sort by..." Badagnani 21:28, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

The "sort" parameter for "Region" is not working--it shoots the user up to the top of the article rather than re-sorting. Badagnani 21:31, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I will look into why it is doing that behavior. Sortable wikitables are amazing - I 'discovered' the feature about 6 months ago and add it to any and all applicable tables I come across. It eliminates the need for an article with a list by population, list by name, list by area, etc. All in one! :) Rarelibra 22:41, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

It's just important to let the users know how to use such a table. I would never have figured it out. Badagnani 22:46, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

At least I'm impressed that someone had the guts to make the table by adding the "Regions" column. jlog3000 (talk) 13:10, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

Requirements for each subdivision
What are the requirements for the following subdivisions in population, area etc.? jlog3000 (talk) 13:10, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Province (Tỉnh)
 * Direct-Controlled City Municipality (Thành Phố Trực Thuộc Trung Ương)
 * Rural District or County (Huyện)
 * Sub-Provincial City Municipality (Thành Phố Trực Thuộc Tỉnh)
 * Township or District-Level Town (Thị Xã)
 * Townlet (Thị Trấn)
 * Commune or Village (Xã)
 * Urban District (Quận)
 * Ward (Phường)

The cute map is impossible to edit
The colorful map is really cute, but impossible to edit; Ha Tay merged with Hanoi 12 years ago and nobody was able to merge them.

I will replace it with less cute, but easier to edit https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:T%E1%BB%89nh_th%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam, "translated" to English of course.

It's less colorful and less cute, and less usable overall (as the texts are not in the map); but easier to edit later, as the data is SVG and the texts just position+link.

Is it OK with everyone? --- Running 13:22, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:14, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Emblem of Vietnam.svg

title: Talk:Provinces of Vietnam


text: User talk:81.79.255.158

title: User talk:81.79.255.158


text:
Talk:List of Marvel Comics first appearances

Patrollers or lack there of
Is there anyone actually monitoring this page? --Jamdav86 15:00, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I am, as of this message. Is there a problem? ACS (Wikipedian) 08:47, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Scope: Significance
How extensive should this list be? I imagine a rule of thumb could be any character with their own article (most minor powered characters), or any to appear in multiple non-consecutive issues (which would include most family/partners/friends), or should it be an exhaustive list? --Lollerkeet 23:06, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Scope: Continuities
This list at present covers Earth-616 natives and immigrants. Should alternate versions be included, or should each universe have its own article? --Lollerkeet 23:06, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Why are some names bolded?
Some names like Punisher and Angel are in bold, is there a point to this?★Trekker (talk) 19:58, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The merge tag has been on these two articles for several months now, but it doesn't look like there has been any discussion or action taken. There is extensive overlap of information, and the only thing that List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts adds is the creators, which could easily be merged with the information in this article, which is otherwise more exhaustive. Alternately, the List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts list could be modified to justify it standing on its own. I have added to the discussion on that page proposing changes to that list as well. Idisestablish (talk) 04:29, 16 June 2019 (UTC)

Page overhaul
Since this edit was a major revamp, here's what changed:

Organization –
 * The list has been translated to table format and made sortable.
 * Date format was changed from “Month YYYY” to “YYYY-MM” to allow date sort.
 * Articles (a, an, the, la, el) in entries and publication titles were either subordinated or removed to improve alphabetical sort.
 * Characters known by multiple names now have each listed separately to facilitate lookup. (For example, the same character has entries for Carol Danvers, Captain Marvel, Ms. Marvel, Warbird, and Binary.)

Content –
 * Creators have been added for most entries.
 * The number of entries has been greatly expanded, from ~1000 to ~2500. Some dead-link and less notable entries were dropped. Primary criterion for inclusion was the existence of an article page or appearance in a glossary such as List of Marvel Comics characters.
 * Errors corrected if found.
 * Footnotes added if deemed relevant.
 * “See also” section expanded.

--Badmoon36 (talk) 14:46, 4 May 2020 (UTC)

Incorrect dates being used
It seems that incorrect dates are being used for first appearances. Currently the list uses publication dates which were often dated several months ahead of a given comic book's actual physical in store release date.

For example, first appearances in Captain America Comics #1 are given the date 1941-03 which is the publication date of that issue. However, the actual on sale date was December 20, 1940 according to http://www.mikesamazingworld.com/mikes/features/comic.php?comicid=51832

Thus listing the first appearance date of Captain America as 1941-03 is incorrect as his first appearance date was actually 1940-12. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 175.37.170.154 (talk) 14:09, 29 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Legal Notice

Please read No legal threats and Username. --W(t) 15:03, 2005 Jun 12 (UTC)

 * I am trying to change my user name and also reverting all edits by me. I was not knowing all these things.--Legal Notice 16:40, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Legal Notice


text:
Nanjangud

Nanjangud, officially known as Nanjanagudu, is a town in the Mysuru district of the Indian state of Karnataka. Nanjangud lies on the banks of the river Kapila (also called Kabini), 23 km from the city of Mysore. Nanjangud is famous for the Srikanteshwara Temple located here. Nanjangud is also called Dakshina Kashi (southern Kashi). This town is also famous for a type of banana grown in the region called the Nanjanagoodu rasabale. Nanjangud's local administrative unit was designated as a Municipal Committee in 2015 by including Devirammanahalli and Kallahalli village.

Origin of the name
The Srikanteshwara Temple at Nanjangud is dedicated to the Hindu deity Shiva, also called Sri Nanjundeshwara (the Lord who drank poison). Nanjanagud means "the place where Nanja (Nanjundeshwara) resides" in Kannada.

History
Nanjangud has been a major Shaiva centre for nearly a thousand years. Chola Kings in the 11th – 12th century are considered to have built this temple with significant additions by the Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara kings. This temple was later renovated by the Hoysala kings. The Wodeyar kings of Mysore made various grants to renovate the temple.

Geography
Nanjangud is located at 15.12°N, 76.68°W. It has an average elevation of 657 metres (2155 ft). The taluk borders Mysore taluk of Mysore district to the north, T Narsipur taluk of Mysore district to the east, H D Kote taluk of Mysore district to the west and Gundlupet and Chamarajanagar taluks of Chamarajanagar district to the south.

Getting there
Nanjanagud is 24 km from Mysuru and 165 km from Bengaluru Via NH766. Buses are available from Bengaluru, Mysuru city by city bus and Chamarajanagar. The nearest airport is Mysore Airport situated at Mandakalli at a distance of 16 km from Nanjangud and 10 km from Mysuru.

Nanjangud has two railway stations - the Nanjangud Town railway station and the Sujathapuram railway station. Usually only slow trains stop here, except the Chamarajanagar-Tirupati express train.

Nanjundeshwara Temple

This temple is the most famous attraction of the town. It is believed that sage Gauthama stayed here for some time and installed a Lingam, the idol form of Shiva.

Parashurama Kshetra
Near Nanjangud is the confluence of the Kapila and Kaundinya rivers. This place is termed as Parashurama Kshetra where the sage Parashurama is said to have cleansed himself from the sin of beheading his mother.

Oldest rail/road bridge in India
The bridge across the Kabini river has been declared as the oldest bridge with both a railway line and a road by the Government of India. It is located at the entrance of temple town here.

The bridge, built in 1735, is now 283 years old and is declared a Heritage Monument by the Government of India.

Guru Dataatreya Swamy Temple
The Dattaatreya Temple is located near the Chamundeshwari Temple on the banks of River Kapila. The idols of Sri Maha Sharabheshwara and Sri Pratyangira Devi are also installed in this temple.

Hemmaragala Santhana Gopala Swamy Temple
This temple is also known as Hemmaragala Huchu Gopala Santhana Venugopala Swamy or Koundinya Maharshi Kshetra. It is located 13.3 km from the main Nanjangud Srikanteshwara temple. The main idol is called Tribhangi Kolalu Gopala. It is believed to be around 1800 years old and believed to grant children to childless couples. In the temple there are columns and pillars depicting the architecture of Vijayanagara era.

Other attractions
Scenic places within a 100 km radius of Nanjangud include Bandipur National Park, Shivsamudra Falls and the Kabini Reservoir.

Economy
Nanjangud is home to many industries which are mainly located in the Nanjangud Industrial Area which is spread across 534 acre. It all started with the now closed Sujatha Textile Mills (STM) which at its peak used to employ about 3000 people. Since then, STM has closed down. However, there are other industries which thrived. There are 36 major industries, 12 medium industries and 35 small-scale units at Nanjangud. According to NIA, Nanjangud is the second highest tax-paying (sales tax of over Rs 400 crore a year) taluk in the State after Bangalore.

Sports
Football player N.S.Manju is originally from Nanjangud.

Nanjanagudu Banana
Nanjangud Rasabaale is a popular variety of the banana fruit, originating from the Devarasanahalli Village. The Nanjanagudu banana has been accorded Geographical Indication tag(GI), number 29. Kayyar Kinhanna Rai has authored a famous Kannada poem on the banana titled "Hannu Maruvavana Haadu".

title: Nanjangud


text:
Chatuga River

Chatuga River is a variant spelling for three rivers in the United States:

 * Chattooga River, forming the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina
 * Chattooga River (Alabama-Georgia), in Chattooga County, Georgia, flowing into Alabama
 * Chauga River in South Carolina

title: Chatuga River


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Stamford Town Center

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was Keep information, merge possible. Jonel | Speak 05:33, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Stamford Town Center
non notable shopping mall; does every shopping mall in the world deserve an article?Melaen 15:08, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep, this valuable, verifiable information, possible merged into another article. Kappa 15:44, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep maybe merge into another article. Melvis 16:21, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * User's 14th edit, 7 of which are VFD votes. Kaibabsquirrel 22:21, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Stamford, Connecticut, where this mall already has a short blurb. A и D я 01D  TALK  EMAIL  17:11, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * M as above Fawcett5 17:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Nice Mall, and noteworthy, too. ConeyCyclone 17:53, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created 17:05, 12 Jun 2005 and mostly used to vote on VfD's. Kaibabsquirrel 21:15, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge as suggested by Android. --Idont Havaname 18:06, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into Stamford, Connecticut. JamesBurns 04:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Good stub. -- Decumanus 22:16, 2005 Jun 13 (UTC)
 * Delete. Malls in the U.S. are generally not notable. Quale 21:20, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Interesting, verifiable, encyclopedic content describing an enduring physical and social facility. --Centauri 01:09, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep or Merge. Stub needs work but, from a real estate professional's point of view, this is a noteworthy mall.  Its a well-know urban mall, with notorious issues due to its vertical nature.  Mall is known for (among other things) making almost as much in parking income as from store rents. I'd rather see it kept for someone to expand, but wouldn't be against a merge. Chuck 21:15, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


text:
Angel wings

Angel wings are a traditional sweet crisp pastry made out of dough that has been shaped into thin twisted ribbons, deep-fried and sprinkled with powdered sugar. Common to many European cuisines, angel wings have been incorporated into other regional cuisines (such as American cuisine) by immigrant populations. They are most commonly eaten in the period just before Lent, often during Carnival and on Fat Thursday, the last Thursday before Lent—not to be confused with "Fat Tuesday" (Mardi Gras), the day before the start of Lent (Ash Wednesday). There is a tradition in some countries for husbands to give angel wings to their wives on Friday the 13th in order to avoid bad luck.

Ingredients
Ingredients used in the preparation of angel wings typically includes flour, water, egg yolk, confectioners' sugar, rectified spirit or rum, vanilla, and salt.

Alternative names
In the various national cuisines, angel wings are referred to as:

 * Bashkurt: ҡош теле (qush tili: "bird tongue")
 * Belarusian: хрушчы (chruščy) or фаворкі (favorki)
 * фаворки (favorki)
 * Chilean Spanish: calzones rotos ("torn panties")
 * krostole, kroštule
 * Czech: boží milosti
 * Danish: klejner
 * bugnes, merveilles, oreillettes
 * Fasnachtschüechli, Raderkuchen, Mutzenblätter
 * Greek: diples (δίπλες)
 * csöröge fánk or forgácsfánk
 * Italian: chiacchiere ("chatter"), bugie ("lies"), cenci ("rags"), crostoli, frappe, galani, grostoli, sfrappole, nocche
 * Judeo-Spanish - fiyuelas, fazuelos
 * Latvian - žagariņi, zaķauši ("rabbit ears")
 * Latgalian - žagareni

 * Lithuanian: žagarėliai ("twigs", "sticks")
 * Maltese: xkunvat
 * Norwegian: fattigmann ("poor man")
 * Tibetan cuisine: Khapse or Khapsey
 * Polish: faworki, chruściki, chrusty
 * Portuguese: orelha de gato, cueca virada, filhós, coscorão, cavaquinho, crostoli
 * Romanian: minciunele, uscatele, regionally: cirighele
 * Russian: хворост (khvorost: twigs, sticks), sometimes called Russian twig cookies.
 * Russian-Canadian Doukhobor dialect: орешки (oreshki: nuts)
 * Slovak: fánka, čeregi
 * Slovenian: flancati
 * Spain: pestiños
 * Swedish: klenäter
 * Tatar: кош теле (kush tili: "bird tongue")
 * Ukrainian: вергуни (verhuny)
 * Uzbek: qush tili ("bird tongue")
 * Yiddish: כרוסט

Bulgaria
In Bulgaria, angel wings are called kukurini, and are only found in Bansko, south-east Bulgaria. They are typically sprinkled with powdered sugar.

Croatia and Slovenia
Kroštule are a traditional Croatian pastry from Dalmatia and Istria, also popular in coastal Slovenia as hroštule. It is made from deep frying dough.

France
In France, the fried pastry are made in central-eastern France, including Lyon and Saint-Étienne, and are closely related to beignets. Traditionally, Lyon cold meat shops sold bugnes just before Lent, due to their high fat content. They are also made in the home as a way of using surplus cooking fat, which would be wasted during Lent. More recently, bakeries make them, respecting more or less the tradition of Lent.

French bugnes varieties include crunchy bugnes and soft bugnes. The crunchy variety, known as bugnes lyonnaises ("Lyon bugnes"), are cooked in very hot oil with the dough spread out thinly and knotted once or twice. The soft variety, sometimes known as "pillows", are made with a thicker dough, which is rarely knotted.

Hungary
Hungarian csöröge are made from egg yolk, flour, a leavening agent, sugar, salt, and cognac or brandy. They are deep fried and sprinkled with powdered sugar. They are traditional at weddings.

Italy
Italian chiacchiere are eaten at Carnival time. Their various regional names include: frappe (a name shared with similar treats) in Rome and Lazio; sfrappole in Emilia-Romagna; bugie in Genoa and Piedmont; and galani or crostoli in Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Fritte and many other regional names exist. Regional variations in the recipe include sprinkling with citrus zest, typically orange or lemon, or using anisette wine as the alcoholic base. It is very common in Italian families to make them at home. They often accompany the similarly famous castagnole.

Lithuania
Žagarėliai are the equivalents of angel wings in Lithuania.

Žagarėliai (or "small sticks" in English) are delicate pastry dough cookies, deep fried in fat. It is best to use lard or oil for deep frying these cookies.

Skruzdėlynas translates as 'anthill' in English and is layers of fried dough strips, covered in honey and topped with poppy seeds. It is a typical dessert served during Lithuanian family celebrations.

Poland
Faworki and chrusty are the plural forms of the words faworek and chrust respectively.

The Polish word faworki was the name reserved for colourful ribbons attached to either female or male clothing, especially ribbons given to medieval knights by their ladies. Etymologically the word faworki came to Poland from the French word faveur, meaning 'grace' or 'favour'.

The Polish word chrust means 'dry branches broken off trees' or 'brushwood'. Chruścik is a diminutive of chrust.

Ukraine
Verhuny are sweet cookies, fried in lard, which have the form of oblong strips. Verhuny are a Ukrainian confectionery with non-yeast dough, which includes flour, butter, eggs, sugar and additives such as alcohol (rum, brandy or horilka) or, in extreme cases, vinegar (vinegar sometimes together with alcohol). As substitute for butter, but more often as an additional component in verhuny, milk products (milk, smetana i.e. sour cream, or cream) are added. Traditionally, Ukrainian verhuny should only be fried in lard.

United States
In the United States, many ethnic bakeries in the cities of Cleveland, Chicago, Buffalo, and Detroit make angel wings, and they are especially popular during the holidays of Easter and Christmas. During those holidays, some bakeries require people to pre-order their angel wings.

title: Angel wings


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Arto Tunkboyaciyan

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was KEEP. Golbez 06:23, Jun 18, 2005 (UTC)

Arto Tunkboyaciyan
(moved to Arto Tuncboyaciyan) Vanity --TheParanoidOne 15:09, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, probable hoax. Alphax τεχ 15:39, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete, probable hoax. ConeyCyclone 17:54, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Account created 17:05, 12 Jun 2005 and mostly used to vote on VfD's. Kaibabsquirrel 21:14, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Jinkleberries 19:52, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Care to say why? --TheParanoidOne 20:37, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Note: Junkleberries is a new account today and voted 'keep' on 37 articles within a 7-minute period. This user also received a vandalism warning today.  Tobycat 21:10, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep but it seems the name may be spelled incorrectly. I was able to verify much of this information via google under the name "Tuncboyaciyan" with a C instead of a K.  Rocky 20:44, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete vanity. JamesBurns 04:29, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Thanks to Rocky, this does verify. Article should be moved to the most common English spelling, redirect left in place.  -- Un focused 17:02, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Article moved to Arto Tuncboyaciyan -- Un focused 17:05, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I am new around here and did not know how to do this myself. Rocky
 * Comment Further verification can be had by searching for "Armenian Navy Band" as well. -- Un focused 03:01, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages.  Please do not edit this page .


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Kickapoo High School (Springfield, Missouri)

Kickapoo High School is a public high school located in Springfield, Missouri, United States. Having officially opened in October 1971, it is one of five public high schools within Springfield Public Schools. The school is named after its location in a portion of Springfield known as the "Kickapoo Prairie" and after the Native American Tribe. The school's mascot is the "Kickapoo Chief". In 2014, Kickapoo High had about 2,100 students and 100 teachers, making it the largest of Springfield's five high schools. After adjustments were made to district lines, this number dropped to 1,800 in the 2015–2016 school year.

Academics
Kickapoo's characteristics include Honors, Dual Enrollment, Advanced Placement courses, an Orthopedically Handicapped Program, a Learning Resource and a Japanese language program. Kickapoo also participates in a program known as A+, in which students must maintain a 2.5 GPA and complete a certain number of service hours, most of which are completed through peer tutoring. Students who successfully complete the A+ program automatically get a free two-year scholarship to a two-year college in the state.

Journalism
PN Media is a student-produced news organization on the campus of Kickapoo High School. The flagship paper, The Prairie News, has been published since the school opened in 1971.

In 2008 the program underwent a major revision when the paper was renamed 'PN Media'. In May 2009 KHS Prairie News was launched to provide Kickapoo students with a more up-to-date news source.

In recent years, the Journalism Department switched its publication to a full color magazine dubbed the "KHQ" standing for "Kickapoo High Quarterly."

Kickapoo is also the host of the ChiefTV Network. This is a student produced broadcast journalism group which produces video announcements on a daily basis.

Block System
The school schedule is a four block system: Each day, students have four classes around 95 minutes each in length. The semester is 18 weeks long.

Chief Time
The 2004/2005 school year saw the introduction of a program called 'Chief Time.' In the 2011/2012 School year, the Chief Time schedule was changed to include 35 minutes in each class throughout the week. Students may do different things during this block, depending on their grade and academic status.

Students with extreme academic issues can be assigned to a Chief Time class where they receive tutoring for the duration of Chief Time.

Notable alumni
In alphabetical order by surname:

 * Bobby Berk, American interior designer and a host on Queer Eye
 * Trevon Brazile, basketball player
 * Kim Crosby (class of 1978), singer and actress
 * Lucas Grabeel, actor
 * Brent Huff, American actor
 * Jack Jewsbury American soccer player
 * Jay Kenneth Johnson, actor
 * Brad Pitt (class of 1982) actor, voted best dressed in the school, 1982
 * Scott Siman (b. 1954) music executive
 * Suzie Streeter & Stacy McCall (b. 1973 & 1974, class of 1992), missing persons
 * Anthony Tolliver (b. 1985) basketball player
 * Travis Vokolek (b. 1998) tight end for the Baltimore Ravens in the NFL


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John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset

John Michael Edward Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset, (born 30 December 1952), styled Lord Seymour between 1954 and 1984, is a British aristocratic landowner in Wiltshire and Devon, and a member of the House of Lords.

Early life
The Duke is the son of Percy Seymour, 18th Duke of Somerset, and Jane née Thomas (died 2005). His paternal grandmother, Edith Mary Parker, was a daughter of William Parker and Lucinda Steeves (a daughter of William Steeves, one of the Fathers of Canadian Confederation).

He was educated at Hawtreys and Eton College.

Career
Seymour qualified as a chartered surveyor before succeeding to the dukedom in 1984 on the death of his father. Having lost his seat in the House of Lords under the House of Lords Act 1999, he was elected at the December 2014 House of Lords by-elections, to sit as a crossbencher.

He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant for Wiltshire in 1993 and for Devon in 2003.

In 2015, the Duke was involved in a dispute over a plan to build housing on ancestral land he owns at Totnes, Devon.

Personal life
On 20 May 1978, Lord Seymour married Judith-Rose Hull, daughter of John Folliott Charles Hull and Rosemarie Kathleen née Waring,  at All Saints' church, Maiden Bradley. The Duke and Duchess have four children:

 * Sebastian Edward Seymour, Lord Seymour (born 1982), who married Arlette Marie Léontine, a daughter of Daniel Lafayeedney ( Daniel Edney), ) on 27 August 2006. They divorced in 2011.
 * Lady Sophia Rose Seymour (born 1987)
 * Lady Henrietta Charlotte Seymour (born 1989)
 * Lord Charles Thomas George Seymour (born 1992).

The Duke's principal seat is Bradley House, Maiden Bradley, Wiltshire, and he also owns Berry Pomeroy Castle in Devon. The Duke and his wife are patrons and official hosts of the Queen Charlotte's Ball.

He was a patron of UKIP in the early 2000s.

title: John Seymour, 19th Duke of Somerset


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Sabina Wojtala

Sabina Wojtala ( Polish pronunciation: ; born 12 September 1981) is a Polish former competitive figure skater. She won eight senior international medals and six Polish national titles. She reached the free skate at nine ISU Championships – four Europeans, two Worlds, and three Junior Worlds.

Personal life
Sabina Wojtala was born on 12 September 1981 in Bielsko-Biała, Poland. She attended Górnośląska Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna.

Career
Wojtala started skating in 1986. She was coached by Iwona Mydlarz-Chruścińska in Oświęcim and represented Dwory Unia SA.

At the 1995 World Junior Championships in Budapest, Wojtala advanced out of her qualifying group but was eliminated after the short program. At the Polish Championships, she won the bronze medal in senior pairs with Janusz Komendera but decided to focus on her single skating career.

In the 1995–96 season, she began appearing on the senior international level but continued competing also on the junior level. She reached the free skate and finished 23rd overall at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Brisbane, Australia.

In the 1996–97 season, Wojtala won her first senior international medal – bronze at the Golden Spin of Zagreb. She progressed out of her qualifying group but missed the cut-off for the free skate at the 1997 World Junior Championships in Seoul, South Korea.

In 1997–98, Wojtala competed only as a senior. She won gold at the Ondrej Nepela Memorial and silver at the Polish Championships. In January 1998, she was sent to her first European Championships; she ranked 17th in the short, 16th in the free, and 16th overall at the event in Milan, Italy.

Wojtala began the 1998–99 season on the junior level. She appeared at two ISU Junior Grand Prix events, winning bronze in Bulgaria. In November 1998, she finished a career-best fifth at the World Junior Championships in Zagreb, Croatia, having placed second in her qualifying group, ninth in the short, and fifth in the free. She then won the first of her six senior national titles. In January 1999, she achieved another career-best result, finishing tenth at the European Championships in Prague (third in her qualifying group, 12th in the short, and tenth in the free). In March, she reached the free skate at her first World Championships. Ranked 11th in qualifying, 23rd in the short, and 19th in the free, she finished 22nd overall at Worlds in Helsinki, Finland.

Wojtala's best World Championship result came at the 2000 Worlds in Nice. She placed ninth in her qualifying group, ninth in the short, 15th in the free, and 13th overall in France. The following season, she received her first Grand Prix invitations; she placed seventh at both the 2000 Skate America and 2000 Sparkassen Cup on Ice.

2002–03 was Wojtala's final season of international competition. She placed 18th at the 2003 European Championships in Malmö, Sweden, but did not appear at the World Championships. She made a brief competitive return in the 2005–06, winning the national title, but has not competed since. She currently works as a coach.

Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix

title: Sabina Wojtala


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The Son (Hasenclever play)

The Son (Der Sohn) is a five-act Expressionist play by the German playwright Walter Hasenclever. It was the first self-proclaimed, full-length Expressionist play to be produced, though its dramatic structure is more or less realistic. It takes as its subject the conflict between the generations and a rejection of the world in general by the young. It is a semi-autobiographical work.

It was written in 1912, first published in 1914, and first performed in 1916 at the Albert-Theater in Dresden, although Hasenclever had read the play at the literary cabaret Das Gnu in early 1914. Ernst Deutsch played the Son to great acclaim.

The play ends with the Son killing his father. He then "strides triumphantly over his father's corpse into a future full of glorious potential".

title: The Son (Hasenclever play)


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Minsterworth

Minsterworth is a village in Gloucestershire, England. It lies on the border of the City of Gloucester, on the north bank of the River Severn (effectively on the western side of the river) and on the A48 road between Gloucester and Chepstow.

Minsterworth is governed by a parish council. The parish includes the village of Calcott's Green. The population of the village as at the 2011 census was 444. The population in mid-2014 was 470 people, with 70 people aged 0–15, 270 people aged 16–64 and 135 people aged 65+. The higher levels of government are Tewkesbury Borough Council and Gloucestershire County Council.

The village has a long history, at one stage being held by the rebellious baron Simon de Montfort. Its economy used to be heavily involved with salmon-fishing in the Severn, as illustrated by a carving in the local church of three salmon caught in a fishing net. Fishing for elvers remains an important activity. The local church, St Peter's, lies right next to the river, with three ancient yews in the churchyard. It was rebuilt by Henry Woodyer (who had earlier worked on the nearby church in Highnam) in 1870, but contains many older features such as a fifteenth-century baptismal font, a Jacobean pulpit and part of a fourteenth-century cope.

The village has a church (St Peter's), a primary school (Minsterworth C of E) and a village hall. In December 2017, the primary school was forced to shut down due to a lack of pupils. The school buildings are now utilised as a community centre (The Harvey Centre) and a day nursery for children aged 2-5 (Minsterworth Kindergarten).

The Severn Bore Inn, butchers shop and waterski club, often attributed to the village, actually lie outside the parish boundary. It also has a number of listed buildings dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.

The village of Minsterworth is an Acorn Class 2 area and is one of the more desirable areas in Gloucestershire and the most desirable village in close proximity to the city of Gloucester. Average incomes are higher than average for Gloucestershire and England with the total weekly household income for 2007-2008 estimated at £720, compared to £673 for both Gloucestershire and England as a whole. Interest in current affairs is high.

The village is one of the best places to view the Severn Bore, where people can be seen surfing and water skiing from the local water ski club.

F. W. Harvey, war poet and broadcaster, dubbed the "Laureate of Gloucestershire", is buried in the village churchyard.

title: Minsterworth


text: Category:Burmese royalty

title: Category:Burmese royalty


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Bureau of Heraldry

The Bureau of Heraldry is the South African heraldic authority, established in Pretoria on 1 June 1963. It is headed by a State Herald (known unofficially as the National Herald since 2004) and its functions are to register arms, badges, flags and seals (as well as names and uniforms), to keep a public register, to issue registration certificates and, since 1980, to advise the government on heraldic matters. Together with the Heraldry Council, it forms part of the National Archives and Records Service (formerly called the State Archives Service), which is currently under the authority of the Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture.

Purposes
Under South African law, everyone has the right to bear a coat of arms as he pleases, as long as he does not infringe on the rights of others (i.e. the arms are not too similar to arms already in use by someone else) and the proposed arms conform to basic heraldic principles. The State Herald approves of and registers arms under the authority given by the Heraldry Act.

In addition to registering coats of arms, badges, and other heraldic representations, the Bureau keeps records of names, uniforms, and badges (which include some corporate arms) previously registered by the Department of the Interior (1935–1959) and the Department of Education, Arts & Sciences (1959–1963). Anyone, regardless of nationality or place of residence, may register arms with the Bureau. Since 1980, it has also been authorised to register the arms of official bodies in foreign countries.

Originally, applications had to be approved by the Heraldry Council before the Bureau could register them, but the power of approval was delegated to the State Herald in 1969, though he can still refer applications to the council (or, since 1980, its Heraldry Committee) when necessary. In 1980, the National Herald was authorised to delete arms from the register, either on an applicant's request or, in the case of official, municipal or corporate arms, if the organisation concerned no longer exists. Appeals against the National Herald's decisions can be made to the Heraldry Committee.

In the 1970s, the Bureau registered between 60 and 90 arms and badges per year. The number increased sharply in the mid-1980s, reaching a peak of 148 in the 1987–88 reporting year. It declined in the early 1990s, and returned to 1970s levels. (These figures do not include the registrations of defence force unit arms and insignia, of which the Bureau has registered more than 1000 since the 1960s.)

The illustrated blazons (written descriptions in technical terms) of applications for registration are published in the South African Government Gazette. Blazons (but not illustrations) of arms registered at the Bureau and its predecessors up to the end of the year 2000 are available online through the National Archives website.

Naturally, the Bureau itself has a coat of arms which were adopted in 1965. The blazon is Azure, three escutcheons Or, on a chief of the second the South African lion. In layman's language this means that the shield is blue, it displays three smaller golden shields, and across the top is a gold horizontal strip displaying the red lion that formed the crest of the old South African national coat of arms. The Bureau arms are depicted on the seal on each registration certificate and, in the 1960s and early 1970s, they were depicted in full colour at the head of the certificate too.

National Herald and staff
The State Herald (called unofficially the National Herald since 2004) is a civil servant, and is the head of the Bureau of Heraldry, an ex officio member of the Heraldry Council, and a member of the National Archives' directorate. There have been four state/national heralds since the office was established in 1963:

 * Coenraad Beyers (1963–1964)
 * Norden Hartman (1964–1982)
 * Frederick Brownell (1982–2002)
 * Themba Mabaso (2002– )

The Bureau has a small staff complement: the National Herald, the Assistant National Herald, a Chief Heraldic Artist, a few artists, an administrative assistant, and a cleaner.

The Bureau has had four homes since its inception. Since 1989 it has been housed in the National Archives building in Pretoria.

Although the State Herald has been called the National Herald since 2004, the Heraldry Act has not yet been amended to reflect this change.

title: Bureau of Heraldry


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Go Fish (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)

"Go Fish" is episode 20 of season two of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by David Fury and Elin Hampton, directed by David Semel, and first broadcast on The WB on May 5, 1998. Xander joins the Razorbacks swim team to find out why their best team members are being killed by horn-headed, ridge-skinned "gill monsters" (humanoid sea-creatures).

Plot
Buffy and her friends attend a night-time victory party, in honor of the high school swim team, at Sunnydale State Beach. One of the swimmers, Cameron Walker, approaches Buffy and suggests that they get to know each other. While they chat, a ruckus arises: another team member, Dodd McAlvy, is dunking Jonathan Levinson's head into a barrel of water, teasing that Jonathan was too weak to join the team. Buffy pushes Dodd off and offers Jonathan a towel, but he snaps that she should mind her own business (his anger being caused by embarrassment). Meanwhile, swim champion Gage Petronzi suggests that he and Dodd go for a swim in the sea, with Dodd saying that Buffy creeps him out. He lags behind while Gage continues on, then Gage stops to sniff the air and exclaims, "Dude, what is that foulness?" He turns to see that all that remains of Dodd are his clothes and skin, while a monster rises from the mess and departs into a storm drain.

Buffy arrives at school in a car with Cameron. He makes persistent and unwelcome sexual advances, so Buffy slams his head against the steering wheel. Principal Snyder witnesses this and threatens Buffy not to harm their chances of a victory in the state championship. Giles and the Scooby Gang decide to determine what killed Dodd. Xander bumps into Cameron, who rubs his elite status in Xander's face. After Cameron goes to the cafeteria for a snack, Xander hears him scream. Investigating, Xander finds a ransacked cafeteria, Cameron's skin, and a gill monster.

In the library, Cordelia sketches the creature that Xander saw. Buffy and Willow return, having been informed that Cameron and Dodd were the Razorbacks' two best swimmers; after them was Gage. Having little else to go on, Buffy shadows Gage as the potential next target. At the Bronze that night, Gage confronts Buffy about her following him; she tells him that he may be in danger. He does not believe her and leaves, only to be attacked by Angelus in the parking lot. Buffy fights off the vampire, noting as she does that Angelus was spitting out Gage's blood rather than drinking it. Gage asks Buffy to walk him home to keep him safe.

The following day, Buffy and Willow and Cordelia sit in on swim practice. They discuss Angelus' behavior, and speculate that the swim team may be taking steroids—which repel vampires, but attract gill monsters. Xander joins the swim team in order to get information from places the girls would not have access to.

Buffy hears Gage cry out in pain; she finds him and a teammate in the locker room, transforming into two more of the creatures. Both monsters attack and wound Buffy; just in time, Marin enters and chases them off. Buffy and Giles tell Coach Marin that members of his team are not being killed by the creatures, but are transforming into them. Meanwhile, Xander tries to find out what drug his teammates are taking, and how to get it. He finds out that the "steroids" are being pumped in with the sauna-steam; Xander is inhaling it as they speak.

It is revealed that Nurse Greenliegh is a co-conspirator with Marin; they have been conducting experiments on the swim team with fish DNA, in order to enhance the Razorbacks' performance. When Nurse Greenliegh insists they end the experiments, Marin forces her into an open grate leading to the sewers. The creatures attack and kill her.

Buffy confronts Marin, but he forces her at gunpoint into the sewer. She is fighting the gill monsters when Xander enters, disarms and knocks out Marin. Xander just has time to rescue Buffy from the sewer before Marin revives and bashes Xander's head in with a large wrench. Marin swings at Buffy next but misses and falls into the sewer. Being no match for the gill monsters in their own element, Buffy can only look on from above as Marin's own creatures rip him to pieces. Xander and the surviving Razorbacks are given treatments to undo the effects of the inhaled mutagen. Meanwhile, the fully-transformed gill monsters head off to the open ocean, never to be seen again.

Themes
"Go Fish" is an example of a Buffy episode showing negative consequences for drug use. It also includes the recurrent theme of Buffy's prospective boyfriends turning out to be monsters.

Roger Pocock condemned the simplistic drugs-are-bad theme:

"[D]rama needs to say something more than that, because if the message is just 'drugs are bad', then the only two responses from the viewer can be 'yes, they are', or 'no, they're not'. That's not exactly engaging the brain. Instead, a show like this needs to say, 'drugs are bad, because...'. That 'because' needs to be something a bit more nuanced than 'you'll turn into a monster', and then show us the Creature from the Black Lagoon. Show us addiction; show us psychological damage; show us the impact on friends and family...'"

Theresa Basile, in a series about sexual consent issues in Buffy, addresses as problematic the scene in which "Cameron claims that Buffy led him on and gestures to her outfit, commenting on the way she dresses. Coach Marin tells Buffy to dress more appropriately." To Marin, "women are disposable, and he gets angry with them when they fail to show the proper school spirit and don't enjoy being victimized." Basile points out some elements contributing to "the tone of this episode and how it addresses victim-blaming and slut-shaming."

"Sure, Cameron does have a broken nose and Buffy doesn't appear to be injured, but his word is automatically taken over hers. ... And all of the adults [including Giles, Principal Snyder and Nurse Greenliegh] are complicit in this victim-blaming. ... Being a former Queen Bee, Cordelia thinks that popular boys and girls deserve more than the 'common wuss.' But the sense of entitlement still perpetuates a rape culture. ... The episode is critical of these two things, but the tone of the story is so lighthearted and silly that I'm not sure the message gets across. It's hard to take victim-blaming seriously in an episode about fish monsters.'"

Cultural references
The episode shows obvious parallels to Creature from the Black Lagoon, while Cordelia mistakenly refers to The Blue Lagoon, a 1980 movie starring Brooke Shields.

Xander says of a monster attack, "This was no boating accident," a line from Jaws.

Willow says Oreo cookies have "chocolately-goodness." This in-joke alludes to the fact that Alyson Hannigan once did a commercial for Oreos.

Reception
Reviewers generally called the episode "silly." Theresa Basile lists it among her "10 Underrated Episodes of Buffy the Vampire Slayer," calling it a "silly one-off" which "has the misfortune of being placed between "I Only Have Eyes for You" and the epic "Becoming" two-parter, and it suffers in comparison to those transformative stories. On its own, Go Fish is very entertaining. Xander wears a Speedo, Cordelia gives Xander a touching speech about how much she'll still like him and take care of him even if he's a fish monster, and Buffy gets to flirt with Wentworth Miller."

Vox ranked it at #139 on their "Every Episode Ranked From Worst to Best" list of all 144 episodes (to mark the 20th anniversary of the show), calling it "some of that dumb-but-fun stuff... a silly little piece of nothing about how steroids are bad."

Reviewer Justin Carreiro remarks, "If social media were around in 1998 in Sunnydale when this happened, Sunnydale High would've been drowning in bad PR. Cameron, Principal Snyder and Coach Marin would've rued the day they ever crossed or blamed Buffy." Billie Doux called it a "completely silly and ridiculous episode jammed sideways into a season of spectacular Angel heaviness," with an enjoyable "transparent, over-the-top condemnation of athletes using performance-enhancing drugs and sliding through school without having to study."

Mike Loschiavo addressed the "dated and, frankly, more than a little awkward" handling of the themes of drugs and sexual assault, while praising the season's "amazing job at addressing real life concerns." "Less impressive is the silliness of a high school coach, probably working for close-to-free, also being a geneticist."

title: Go Fish (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)


text:
Talk:Radford University

Alumni
Callum Tarren USPGA touring golfer 82.11.138.105 (talk) 15:14, 21 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Radford University


text:
Meta-discussion

The term meta-discussion means a discussion whose subject is a discussion. Meta-discussion explores such issues as the style of a discussion, its participants, the setting in which the discussion occurs, and the relationship of the discussion to other discussions on the same or different topics. It is one of many terms based on the inferred meaning of the "meta-" prefix. The etymology for the prefix dates back to use of Metaphysics as the title of the treatise by Aristotle that came after his works on physics in the traditional ordering of his books. The fundamental meaning of the prefix in Greek is simply "after." The modern, inferred meaning of a higher-order, self-referential consideration of the nature of an activity—rather than actual, first-level participation in the activity—has led to many neologisms such as Meta-Wiki.

Examples
One of the most easily understood examples of meta-discussion occurs in the criticism of a literary work, such as a novel. On-topic discussion of a novel, rather than meta-discussion, would include such things as the consideration of a particular character, examination of incidents in the plot, or exploration of the general themes of the book. For instance, writing or talking about the unnamed governess in Henry James' The Turn of the Screw would constitute on-topic, first-level discussion.

As it happens, published commentary about the governess has reached enormous proportions. So significant meta-discussion about such first-order criticism has arisen. Literary critic Edmund Wilson, for instance, offered various theories about the governess and other aspects of The Turn of the Screw over the years, as other critics influenced him to recant or modify his views. As a result, substantial discussion of Wilson's commentary on the book has occurred. This constitutes a classic example of meta-discussion based on Wilson's original, first-order examination of James' book.

Other examples of meta-discussion often occur on Usenet or other Internet-based discussion forums. Frequently, contributors to these forums will complain about the tone of the discussion, the personalities of other contributors as supposedly revealed in the conversation, the inability to stick to the topic at hand, or comparisons of the discussion to conversations elsewhere on the Internet. All these constitute meta-discussion based on first-order Internet conversations about a particular topic.

Characteristics
Meta-discussion does not mean a simple change of subject. If all those conversing about a particular subject suddenly start exploring another subject, no meta-discussion has taken place. In fact, such a shift or attempted shift in subject matter will often provoke meta-discussion about contributors not sticking to the topic or trying to avoid issues in the original discussion.

In fact, it may be a relatively rare occurrence that any substantial, extended discussion of a subject does not include at least some meta-discussion. Simple requests for a contributor to pay attention or to let others be heard are very common examples of meta-discussion in both face-to-face conversation and written communication.

Evaluation
Meta-discussion may seem artificial and even a waste of time. Especially in debates and other adversarial discussions, some participants may believe that their opponents are trying to evade consideration of the issues at hand by recourse to meta-discussion. This often leads to comments like "stick to the subject" or "answer the question," which are themselves meta-discussion, though of a simple variety.

Still, it may sometimes be valuable to explore the higher-order issues about a discussion rather than the subject of the discussion itself. Tactful consideration of personality issues with some contributors as revealed in a discussion may lead to better insight and calmer exploration of the primary topic of the conversation.

title: Meta-discussion