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List of unconstructed state highways in California

The following state highways in the U.S. state of California are entirely or partially unconstructed; in other words, their routings have been defined by state law, but no route has been adopted by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).

1–99
State Route 11 is a planned 3-mile (4.8 km) tolled route, running southeast from near the junction of SR 905 and SR 125 to a future Mexican border crossing east of Otay Mesa. The first phase of the highway from SR 905 to Enrico Fermi Drive opened on March 19, 2016.

The westernmost 9.2 miles (14.8 km) of State Route 12 are unconstructed, from SR 116 in Sebastopol west to SR 1. This would be today's Bodega Highway and Freestone-Valley Ford Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take them over.

The south end of State Route 13 is unconstructed, extending 4.5 miles (7.2 km) beyond I-580 to SR 61 near the Oakland International Airport. A very short piece at the north end has also not been built, extending west into the San Francisco Bay to the unconstructed SR 61 freeway.

A 21.8-mile (35.1 km) extension of State Route 14 from the Newhall Pass interchange with I-5 south to SR 1 northwest of Santa Monica was once proposed as the Reseda Freeway. The postmiles on the existing alignment reflect the existence of this unconstructed segment, but the new exit numbers on State Route 14 suggest this segment has been abandoned. The section between US 101 and SR 118 would be Reseda Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

State Route 18 is unconstructed from its end at SR 210 in San Bernardino south to I-10, a distance of 4.1 miles (6.6 km). This section would be Waterman Avenue, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

A 15.1-mile (24.3 km) eastern extension of State Route 24 from I-680 at Walnut Creek to SR 4 near Pittsburg is unconstructed. It is today's Ygnacio Valley Road, Kirker Pass Road and Railroad Avenue.

Originally, the route overlapped I-680 through Walnut Creek and split off and connect to SR 4 in Concord. The route continued along State Route 4 from the current intersection of 242 to the Antioch Bridge, continuing along the river road to Sacramento, currently State Route 160, then continuing north to Woodland, Marysville, Oroville, along the North Fork of the Feather River to a junction with State Route 89 (this segment is currently State Route 70), where it continued dual-numbered with 89 through Quincy. Highway 24 split from 89 near Graeagle, and continued east through Portola east until its terminus at U.S. Route 395. Parts of the same route were also sometimes designated as State Route 84. SR 24 was truncated to I-680 by 1987 and the segment in Concord was renumbered SR 242.

The eastern segment of State Route 36, stretching 17.0 miles (27.4 km) from SR 139 north of Susanville east to US 395 near Termo, was unconstructed until it was deleted from the legislative definition in 1998. A locally-maintained route is S. Grasshopper Road, Westside Road, and Fillman Road, but it was not built on a proper alignment for construction as a state highway, and there were no plans for a freeway or expressway. It was still listed in the 2002 report.

An unconstructed 11.2-mile (18.0 km) western extension of State Route 37 runs from US 101 near Novato to SR 1 near Nicasio. A locally maintained traversable route is Point Reyes-Petaluma Road and Novato Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

11.4 miles (18.3 km) of State Route 39 are unconstructed, from Harbor Boulevard and Whittier Avenue in La Habra north to I-10 in Azusa. However, Section 339(c) of the California Streets and Highways Code designates Harbor Boulevard and Azusa Avenue to be on the corridor between the two existing segments. As yet, the California Transportation Commission, as empowered in Section 75(a) of the California Streets and Highways Code, has not adopted the Harbor Boulevard-Azusa Avenue link. It is noted that an END Route 39 sign exists at the intersection of Whittier Boulevard and Harbor Boulevard. In addition, the northernmost 4.5 miles of Route 39, in the Angeles National Forest between 1.8 miles north of Crystal Lake Road and Route 2 at Islip Saddle, have been closed since a 1978 landslide.

State Route 47 is constructed as a freeway from I-110 in San Pedro east and north to the split with SR 103. The 1.2-mile (1.9 km) segment along Ocean Boulevard is currently being upgraded, and the 7.6-mile (12.2 km) portion along Henry Ford Avenue and Alameda Street north to SR 91 has been upgraded as part of the Alameda Corridor Project, existing as a mostly below-grade surface street. Caltrans has no plans for the remainder of the legislated route, stretching 8.6 miles (13.8 km) north from SR 91 to I-10 near downtown Los Angeles.

State Route 48 is completely unconstructed, stretching 8.5 miles (13.7 km) from the northern junction of SR 14 and SR 138 near Lancaster east to proposed SR 122.

SR 48 was originally planned to run from Ridge Route Road (approximately four miles east of Interstate 5) near Quail Lake in Los Angeles County to SR 122 near the Los Angeles / San Bernardino County Line. The segment between Ridge Route Road and SR 14 was signed as SR 138, which was defined on a southeasterly course through or paralleling Oakdale and Pine Canyons to meet SR 14 in Palmdale opposite the easterly continuation of Route 138. The planned rerouting was known as the Metropolitan Bypass Freeway. In 1965, because of constructability issues on the proposed realignment of Route 138 through or near Oakdale and Pine Canyons, the proposed junction, and thus the west end of SR 48, was moved east to 170th Street West. In 1996, the segment of SR 48 between 170th Street West and SR 14 was transferred to SR 138, leaving only the unconstructed portion. A locally maintained traversable route is East Avenue E, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

State Route 56 is unconstructed from I-15 east through Poway to SR 67.

A southerly extension of State Route 57, stretching 13.0 miles (20.9 km) from SR 22 near Santa Ana south to SR 1 near Huntington Beach, is unconstructed.

A total of 24.3 miles (39.1 km) of State Route 61 are unconstructed, running south from SR 112 near San Leandro to SR 84 near Newark and north from SR 260 in Alameda to I-580 near Albany.

State Route 64 is an unconstructed highway connecting SR 1 near Malibu Beach with I-5 at SR 170 south of San Fernando. It was legislated in 1959 as Route 265, and renumbered Route 64 in 1964. It was proposed as a 30.9-mile freeway. The section from SR 1 to US 101 was deleted from the Freeway and Expressway system on November 23, 1970. The remainder was deleted from the Freeway and Expressway system on January 1, 1976. A locally maintained traversable route is Malibu Canyon Road, Las Virgenes Road, Bell Canyon Fire Road, Saddlebow Road, Bell Canyon Road, Valley Circle Boulevard, Roscoe Boulevard, and Tuxford Street, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. The route concept report recommends deletion of the route from the highway system.

Over two-thirds of State Route 65 is a proposed route through the eastern San Joaquin Valley, splitting the maintained route in two. This unconstructed highway stretches 215.9 miles (347.5 km) from SR 198 near Exeter to I-80 in Roseville. It was signed on Sunrise Boulevard with U.S. 50 until 1976. However, with the projected growth of the Central Valley, interest has reemerged in constructing all or part of the unconstructed portion of SR 65, at least as far north as an unconstructed eastern extension of SR 152. There is also another small unconstructed segment at the north end, extending west from its terminus at SR 70 to SR 99.

The eastern end of State Route 74 from SR 111 in Palm Desert north 5.5 miles (8.9 km) to I-10 was unconstructed until it was relinquished and deleted from the legislative definition in 2013. It was planned on Monterey Avenue.

State Route 77 presently stretches only 0.4 miles (0.6 km) from I-880 northeast to SR 185 in Oakland. A 13.4-mile (21.6 km) extension is unconstructed, running generally northeast to SR 24 near Lafayette. It is to follow 42nd Avenue, High Street, 35th Avenue, Redwood Road, Pinehurst Road, and Canyon Road, and to be a freeway north of SR 93/Moraga Way.

State Route 81 is an entirely-unconstructed 30.9-mile (49.7 km) freeway from I-215 southeast of Riverside west and north around the south and west sides of Riverside to I-15 south of Devore. Although the legislation noted that Sierra Avenue is Route 81, it is not signed as Route 81 and doesn't appear to be formally part of the route. The route was defined in 1959 as Legislative Route 276 and renumbered to Route 81 in 1964.

A 13-mile (21 km) piece in the middle of State Route 84 is unconstructed, stretching north from I-580 in Livermore to SR 4 near Brentwood. A traversable route is Vasco Road. The section between SR 4 and SR 12 is concurrent with SR 160. The Mid-State Tollway, if built, will be built from I-680 to SR 4 and will most likely be designated SR 84, and the spur will mostly likely be designated SR 239.

An unconstructed northern extension of State Route 87 runs from the present end at US 101 to SR 237 near Alviso. A locally maintained traversable route is Charcot Avenue and North First Street.

It once extended to Interstate 480 (which itself became SR 480 in 1968 and was cancelled in 1991) in San Francisco as a proposed highway east of US 101. In 1968, SR 87's north end was truncated to I-280, as the section west of I-280 was transferred to I-80; the old route of I-80 became SR 241, which was cancelled in 1972 due to environmental concerns. In 1970, the section from I-280 to SR 230 was transferred to SR 230. The section from SR 230 to SR 238 was cancelled due to environmental concerns. In 1980, the section from SR 238 to SR 237 was cancelled due to environmental concerns.

The central portion of State Route 90 is unsigned or unconstructed, stretching from I-405 east to SR 39. It is Slauson Avenue, Mulberry Drive, La Mirada Boulevard, and Imperial Highway. The route concept report recommends deletion of Route 90 from the state highway system from unsigned or unconstructed Route 258 to the Orange County line (and possibly renumbering one of the sections).

State Route 92 had a 2.2-mile (3.5 km) unconstructed segment from its current terminus at SR 238 to I-580 until 2015, when that segment was deleted from the legislative definition. A locally maintained traversable route is A Street and Grove Way, which Caltrans has no plans to take over.

All of State Route 93 is unconstructed, on a 17.9-mile (28.8 km) route from the proposed SR 77 near Moraga northwest, west, and southwest to I-580 in Richmond. It is Moraga Way, Camino Pablo, San Pablo Dam Road, and an undetermined routing from there, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over; however, Richmond Parkway is proposed to be designated as SR 93, as callboxes are signed CC-93.

100–199
State Route 100 is a completely unconstructed beachfront loop in Santa Cruz, stretching 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from SR 1 west of downtown to SR 1 near SR 17. It was proposed as a freeway, but in August 1975, the freeway was cancelled due to local opposition.

State Route 102 is a 37.5-mile (60.4 km) unconstructed freeway that would generally parallel I-80, beginning at I-5 near SR 99 north of Sacramento and heading east across I-80 and northeast to I-80 near Auburn. It is currently in the design process.

8.3 miles (13.4 km) of State Route 104 are unconstructed, stretching east from SR 49 near Amador City to SR 88 near Pine Grove. It is Ridge Road and Climax Road, and Caltrans is planning to take it over.

A 21.5-mile (34.6 km) extension of State Route 108 is unconstructed, from its present west end at SR 132 in Modesto southwest to I-5 near Crows Landing. This is Crows Landing Road and Fink Road, which the county wants Caltrans to take over, but Caltrans has no plans to do so.

A 10.5-mile (16.9 km) eastern segment of State Route 118 is unconstructed, running from I-210 near Sunland east to proposed SR 249 north of La Cañada Flintridge. A locally maintained traversable route is I-210 and Big Tujunga Canyon Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

State Route 122 is a completely unconstructed 61.3-mile (98.7 km) freeway, defined to run from SR 14 south of Palmdale northeast and east past the east end of proposed SR 48 to SR 58 west of Barstow. A locally maintained traversable route is along Pearblossom Highway, SR 138, and 50th Street East, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

The portion of State Route 125 north of SR 52 in Santee is unconstructed, ending at a proposed eastern extension of SR 56 near Poway.

The easternmost 10.4-mile (16.7 km) portion of State Route 128 is unconstructed, connecting I-505 near Winters (the current end) with SR 113 near Davis. The 2002 Traversable Highways Report indicates that this segment will be considered for assumption of maintenance after a two-mile section of Russell Boulevard just east of I-505 is reconstructed. Yolo County will improve the roadway as funds permit. However, it is unclear if this ever happened.

A section of State Route 130 is unconstructed, stretching 24.8 miles from the present end at the Stanislaus County Line east to SR 33 near Patterson. A traversable route is along San Antonio Valley Road, Del Puerto Canyon Road, and Sperry Avenue. A proposed freeway path west of San Antonio Valley Road bypassing Mount Hamilton from either to the north toward State Route 237 or to the south toward San Jose's Evergreen district to I-5 was planned but feasibility of the project came into question, however, as constructing a freeway over the Diablo Range near three of its highest peaks (Mount Hamilton included) and across the Calaveras Fault would have been very difficult. The project also faced stiff opposition from taxpayers, environmentalists, residents of the area looking to preserve their area's local charm, and the Lick Observatory. (A freeway through the mountains near the observatory would render it useless due to light pollution.) The freeway plan was quietly abandoned as a result in 2006.

For unknown reasons, State Route 133 was erroneously listed as unconstructed until it was corrected as not being a freeway in 1999. It was still listed in the 2002 report.

State Route 138 had an unconstructed section along Ridge Route Road and Elizabeth Lake Road to State Route 14; current routing east of Ridge Route Road to SR 14 was SR 48. In 1965, SR 138 was rerouted along a section of SR 48 from Ridge Route Road to 170th Street West because of constructability issues, removing one unconstructed portion. In 1996, SR 138 was rerouted along another section of SR 48 from 170th Street west to SR 14, removing the remainder of the unconstructed portion.

The eastern segment of State Route 142, the 9.5-mile (15.3 km) Carbon Canyon Freeway, is unconstructed, running from SR 71 near Chino to SR 210 near Upland.

State Route 143 is a 19.7-mile (31.7 km) unconstructed highway of Sacramento, beginning at SR 99 near Elk Grove and ending at the east end of SR 244 near Carmichael. In 1994, it extended north, replacing a section of SR 244, to Auburn Boulevard. It was proposed as a freeway, but that was cancelled in 1975 due to opposition. The existing arterials Grant Line Road and Bradshaw Road approximating the route are currently utilized, and in 2002 Caltrans recommended removing the route definition from the state highway system (but this never appeared to happen).

State Route 148 is an unconstructed highway of Sacramento, stretching 16.3 miles (26.2 km) from I-5 east to proposed SR 65. It was proposed as a freeway, but that was cancelled in 1975 due to opposition. The City of Sacramento proposed Cosumnes River Boulevard and Calvine Road for this highway. In 2002, Caltrans recommended removing the route definition from the state highway system (but this never appeared to happen). In 2010, the freeway option was brought back as the Capital Southeast Connector. It is under construction.

A 15.1-mile (24.3 km) easterly extension of State Route 152 is unconstructed, connecting the current east end at SR 99 near Chowchilla with proposed SR 65.

State Route 157, which was proposed from I-805 near Ocean View Boulevard in San Diego to SR 125 near the Sweetwater Reservoir, was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994.

A 62.9-mile (101.2 km) portion in the middle of State Route 162, between Covelo and Elk Creek, is unconstructed. It is Mendocino Pass Road and Alder Springs Road, and Caltrans is taking it over, with signage being put up.

The southernmost 1.4 mile (2.3 km) of State Route 164 is unconstructed, connecting SR 19 with I-605 near Pico Rivera. This section is the proposed Rio Hondo Freeway.

An 18.2-mile (29.3 km) portion in the middle of State Route 169 along the Klamath River is unconstructed, between Klamath Glen and Johnsons. This is due to the flooding. Caltrans has completed a feasibility study for this section.

The section of State Route 170 that was supposed to be the Laurel Canyon Freeway, which would have run from the Los Angeles International Airport to the San Fernando Valley via the Santa Monica Mountains, was unconstructed until it was deleted from the legislative definition in 2015. A locally maintained traversable route is Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Crescent Heights Boulevard and La Cienega Boulevard, which Caltrans has no plans to take over.

State Route 171, which was proposed from I-5 near San Diego to I-805, was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994.

56.0 miles (90.1 km) of State Route 178 is unconstructed, from east of Ridgecrest to Death Valley National Park. The "traversable" route is a winding dirt road through mountain passes in a desolate area. It passes through the gunnery range of the China Lake Naval Weapons Center and through the Wingate Wash area (a National Park Service designated wilderness area). The area is not suitable for a state highway, and District 9 recommends it be rerouted or deleted from the state highway system (and one of the sections possibly renumbered).

State Route 179 is a 13.8-mile (22.2 km) routing along Cherry Glen Rd and Pleasants Valley Rd, connecting I-80 near Vacaville with SR 128 near Lake Berryessa.

State Route 180 is unconstructed from its present end at SR 33 in Mendota west to I-5, and from I-5 west to SR 25 near Paicines, a total of 81.2 miles (130.7 km). This would be along Panoche Road, Little Panoche Road, Shields Avenue, Fairfax Avenue, and Belmont Avenue, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

State Route 181 is an entirely unconstructed 9.5-mile (15.3 km) route, from SR 116 near Forestville to US 101 north of Santa Rosa. A locally maintained traversable route has been defined via Mirabel Road and River Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

The central portion of State Route 190 is unconstructed, stretching 43.0 miles (69.2 km) from Quaking Aspen in the Sequoia National Forest to US 395 at Olancha. On June 25, 1982, deleting the unconstructed section was recommended, but nothing ever happened. District 9 recommends deleting the unconstructed portion (and possibly renumbering one of the sections).

200–999
State Route 211, formerly part of SR 1, stretches only 5 miles (8 km) from US 101 near Fernbridge to Ferndale. A locally maintained traversable route, which the state does not plan to take over, continues south from Ferndale for 102.8 miles (165.4 km) along Mattole Road, Wilder Ridge Road, Kings Peak Road, Chemise Mountain Road, and Usal Road to SR 1 near Rockport.

Until recently, State Route 213 had an unconstructed section from I-405 to Carson Street. Caltrans took over Western Avenue between these points, and signed and designated it as SR 213, making it completely constructed.

A 5.0-mile (8.0 km) western extension of State Route 217 is unconstructed, leading from the present end at the University of California at Santa Barbara northwest to US 101.

The southern end of State Route 227 is unconstructed, stretching 1.7 miles (2.7 km) from US 101 in Arroyo Grande to SR 1 east of Oceano. There is no locally maintained traversable route, but there is a proposed routing.

State Route 228 was a 2.5-mile unconstructed route between SR 86 2.5 miles southwest of Brawley and SR 86 west of Brawley. Its routing would roughly have been a continuation of Imperial Avenue north to near Kalin Avenue, bypassing downtown Brawley. It was deleted in 1998, but was still listed in the 2002 report.

State Route 230 is a 4.1-mile (6.6 km) completely unconstructed route in southeastern San Francisco and San Mateo County, linking US 101 with I-280 along the San Francisco Bay. Except for the southern end, the route was part of SR 87 until 1970, when SR 87 was cancelled north of SR 237. Some of the plans for a Southern Crossing across the bay would have used SR 230. It was proposed as a freeway, but the freeway option was cancelled on October 21, 1976 due to opposition.

State Route 234 and State Route 235 are unconstructed southern and northern bypasses of Stockton, each linking I-5 with SR 99. Caltrans has no plans to build either, but has identified locally-maintained traversable routes: French Camp Road for the 3.4-mile (5.5 km) SR 234, and Eight Mile Road for the 6.4-mile (10.3 km) SR 235. However, one Caltrans map makes the route of SR 234 appear to be Arch-Airport Road. On November 29, 1993, San Joaquin County adopted Eight Mile Road as an arterial highway and dropped interest in it as a state highway.

A northern extension of State Route 238 is unconstructed, stretching west 1.6 miles (2.6 km) from the end of I-238 at I-880 to proposed SR 61 near San Lorenzo. A locally maintained traversable route is along Lewelling Boulevard. The entire route was a proposed freeway and was sent to the Interstate Highway System in October 1968 but was rejected. Then after a series of lawsuits and appeals, the freeway plan was canceled in 2003 and Caltrans sold off the property it had acquired in the name of eminent domain along the proposed route. A bridge over I-680 in Fremont that had already been constructed to serve the route was demolished as a result.

State Route 239 is a 17-mile (27.4 km) unconstructed route that would link I-580 at I-205 west of Tracy with SR 4 near Brentwood. Caltrans has identified Mountain House Road and Byron Highway (CR J4) as a traversable route, but has no plans to maintain it. In 2005, the federal legislation known as SAFETEA-LU provided $14 million for the purpose of studying the route's corridor and funding its construction. The spur of the Mid-State Tollway, if built, will most likely be designated as SR 239, while the main tollway will most likely be designated as SR 84.

The south end of State Route 241, from Oso Parkway south to I-5 near San Clemente, is currently in the planning stages. The section from Oso Parkway to Cow Camp Road near SR 74 is currently under construction while the remainder of the extension is still under discussion.

Until 1994, State Route 244 included an unconstructed extension from Auburn Boulevard east to Fair Oaks Boulevard in Sacramento County. This was transferred to SR 143.

State Route 249 is a 13.5-mile (21.7 km) unconstructed route that would connect SR 2 north of La Cañada Flintridge with SR 14 south of Palmdale. Angeles Forest Highway (CR N3) follows the general alignment, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. However, there are plans to explore the building of this route between Palmdale and Los Angeles tunneling through the mountains.

State Route 251 is a completely unconstructed route, defined to extend from I-580 near San Quentin, California to SR 1 near Point Reyes Station. The 1.6-mile (2.6 km) portion east of US 101 was defined in 1959 to be Legislative Route 251 and it kept its number. This section was proposed by Caltrans to be improved and signed as SR 251, but that never happened. Now Caltrans has no plans to take over that section. The rest was the proposed 22.9-mile (36.9 km) Point Reyes Freeway, and was part of SR 17 until 1984, when SR 17 over the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge became I-580.

Sir Francis Drake Boulevard roughly parallels the highway's length. If built, the highway was probably going to be called the "Point Reyes Freeway"; extra flyover ramps at the Sir Francis Drake Boulevard-U.S. 101 interchange suggest this.

The freeway was born due to an idea to develop west Marin County, a traditionally rural area, into a sprawling area not usually found in Marin County. With all the new residents, local roads would have been overburdened. Chief among them was Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, a two lane road from Olema to Fairfax before widening to 4 lanes as it passes through the Ross Valley.

However, the development and freeway planning were stopped due to concerns about fragile ecosystems that urbanization would have damaged or destroyed. The animals, mostly egrets and the California red-legged frog, ended up being the main reason the freeway and redevelopment was defeated. There was another problem though: the plan put the entire area on the San Andreas Fault. The decision to not redevelop West Marin made the freeway unnecessary, and it was therefore scrapped. Now, this section is Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

State Route 252, which was proposed from I-5 to I-805 (going between SR 54 and SR 94), was unconstructed until it was deleted in 1994. State Route 257 is a proposed 19.6-mile (31.5 km) freeway from a proposed relocation of SR 34 east of Port Hueneme west and northwest around Oxnard to US 101 near Ventura. 5th Street and Harbor Boulevard has been identified as a traversable routing, but Caltrans has no plans to maintain the streets. It is proposed to be upgraded to a freeway.

State Route 258 is an unsigned or unconstructed route which stretches 17 miles (27.4 km) along Western Avenue from the north end of SR 213 at I-405 near Torrance north to US 101 near Hollywood. It is proposed to be upgraded to a freeway, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over. The route concept report recommends that the alignment of the route be moved 3.5 mi westerly, and it to be from I-405 near LAX to US 101 near Hollywood.

The easternmost 3.5 miles (5.6 km) of State Route 270 are unconstructed, being maintained by the California Department of Parks and Recreation inside the Bodie State Historical Park. District 9 recommended that this stretch be deleted from the state highway system.

State Route 276 is an 8.5-mile (13.7 km) unconstructed route from SR 198 near Three Rivers east to Sequoia National Park. It initially stretched further east through the park (though it was not part of the park at the time) to Mineral King, where the Walt Disney Company planned to build a recreational development. It was truncated to its current terminus in 1972. A route has been adopted. A locally maintained traversable route is Mineral King Road, or county road MTN 375, but it is not recommended for Caltrans to take it over, as this road features narrow, winding, steep grades.

State Route 280 is an unsigned surface street and an unconstructed 3.1-mile freeway extension of Interstate 280 from its current north end in San Francisco at 5th Street to Interstate 80.

The majority of State Route 281 is unconstructed, stretching 14.0 miles (22.5 km) from the current end at Clear Lake northwest to SR 29 south of Lakeport. A locally-maintained traversable route is Soda Bay Road, and Caltrans is planning to take it over.

State Route 285 was an unconstructed 8 mile route along West Street and Lake Davis Road from SR 70 in Portola to Grizzly Road. It was deleted in 1998 (due to problems with right of way and drainage), but was still listed in the 2002 report.

State Route 380, a 4.4-mile (7.1 km) western extension of I-380, was to connect the end of I-380 at I-280 in San Bruno with SR 1 near Pacifica. The freeway was cancelled on March 29, 1979. A locally maintained traversable route is along Sneath Lane, Skyline Blvd and Sharp Park Road, but Caltrans has no plans to take it over.

The middle segment of State Route 480 was unconstructed from Doyle Drive to Van Ness Avenue. It was proposed as the Golden Gate Freeway in the mid 1950s but was ultimately canceled due to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake as well as local opposition. The entire route was demolished and deleted in 1991 due to local opposition, approximately 2 years after the earthquake.

State Route 605 is a 3-mile (4.8 km) unconstructed southern extension of I-605 from SR 22 to SR 1 near Seal Beach. It is roughly along Seal Beach Boulevard.

The southernmost segment of Interstate 710, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from SR 1 south and west to SR 47 on Terminal Island recently added to the legislative definition, is currently being upgraded. At the northern end, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) from Valley Boulevard north to California Boulevard in Pasadena (where a freeway stub leading to an interchange with I-210 and SR 134 already exists) has been unconstructed for several decades due to community opposition, and Caltrans recently cancelled any further study of the route.

The westernmost segment of State Route 905, 3.2 miles (5.1 km) from I-5 southwest to the Mexican border is unconstructed, and Caltrans has no plans on pursuing this routing, particularly since there are no plans for a border crossing at this location, and it is an environmentally sensitive area.


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Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

The Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (Abbreviation: MSBSHSE) is a statutory and autonomous body established under the "Maharashtra Secondary Boards Act" 1965 (amended in 1977). Most important task of the board, among few others, is to conduct the SSC for 10th class and HSC for 12th class examinations. It is the most popular education board in terms of enrollment in high school in India only after the Central Board of Secondary Education.

History
The Board came into existence on 1 January 1966 to regulate certain matters pertaining to secondary education in the state of Maharashtra, as "Maharashtra State Secondary Education Boards". The act was amended in 1976, and the name of the Board changed to its present name, "Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education".

In 2020, the State Government announced that the Maharashtra International Education Board was to be merged with the State Board.

Functions
The board is responsible for formation, and implementation of the rules and regulations in accordance to the guidelines set by the state as well as central boards. It is also in charge, autonomously, of, and implementation of the syllabus/curriculum of all the grades, textbooks, exam schedule, and type. The board is also responsible for creation of textbooks, scoring of the centralised tests, and conducting examinations fairly and providing unbiased justice in the event of dispute.

The Board conducts examination twice a year and the number of students appearing for the main examination is around 1,400,000 for Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) and 1,700,000 for Secondary School Certificate (SSC) every year.

The exams are usually held in the months of March, July, and October every year; and results are given out usually in June, and January respectively. March marks the end of educational year, and June marks beginning of the new educational year in the state of Maharashtra.

Divisional boards
There are nine divisional boards with the state to represent the state board. Their duties include, but not limited to:
 * Decide the schools/colleges to conduct the final exams.
 * Appoint the paper setters, translators, custodians (of question papers, and blank and filled up answer papers), conductors (transportation), and examiners (paper checkers).

There are nine divisional boards located at Amravati, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Konkan, Latur, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nashik, and Pune.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Santo & Johnny

Johnny Santo
What Happend To Johnny of Santo and Johnny Fame? Did Johnny Die?

Merle Haggard also do a great job with this song on a 1965 album.

I am not sure how this album, Santo y Johnny en Mexico, fits into their discography. album front: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Santo%26JohnnyEnMexicoFrontSmall.jpg album rear: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Santo%26JohnnyEnMexicoBack01Small.jpg (361ek 21:40, 30 September 2007 (UTC))

ReDirect necessary?
From the article "Santo Anthony Farina and John Steven Farina were born" - "Santo Anthony Farina" and "John Steven Farina" are redirects to ...guess what? THIS page! One would expect to get an article describing both artists. So I wonder is a redirct necessary? I doubt it! 80.151.9.187 (talk)  —Preceding undated comment added 13:21, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

Copyright Trouble?
Most of this article is a duplicate of. Unless they borrowed the text from here (it's happened before) someone needs to rewrite to avoid copyright trouble. Tom Duff 21:33, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Santo Y Johnny En Mexico, Vol. 9, Canadian American/Gamma GX 01-116, contains the following songs: side 1: Munequita Linda, Lo Dije Otra Vez, Aquellos Ojos Verdes, Mucho Tempo, Y..., Por Siempre Mia. side 2: Besame Mucho, En El Silencio De La Noche, Solamente Una Vez, Torero, Quizas, Quizas, Quizas, Brasilia. 361ek (talk) 14:05, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Santo & Johnny


text: User talk:82.47.6.174

title: User talk:82.47.6.174


text:
Te Urewera

Te Urewera is an area of mostly forested, sparsely populated rugged hill country in the North Island of New Zealand, a large part of which is within a protected area designated in 2014, that was formerly Te Urewera National Park.

Te Urewera is the rohe (historical home) of Tūhoe, a Māori iwi (tribe) known for its stance on Māori sovereignty.

History
The name Te Urewera is a Māori phrase meaning "The Burnt Penis" (compare ure; wera).

Because of its isolation and dense forest, Te Urewera remained largely untouched by British colonists until the early 20th century; in the 1880s it was still in effect under Māori control. Te Kooti, a Māori leader, found refuge from his pursuers among Tūhoe, with whom he formed an alliance. As with the King Country at the time, few Pākehā risked entering Te Urewera.

Between 1894 and 1912, with the approval of a Crown statute, the Urewera District Native Reserve Act 1896, leaders of Tūhoe were able to establish a traditional sanctuary known as the Urewera District Native Reserve, which had virtual home rule. However, between 1915 and 1926 the Crown mounted what has been called "a predatory purchase campaign", the Urewera Consolidation Scheme, which took some 70 percent of the reserve and relocated the Tūhoe to more than 200 small blocks of land scattered throughout what in 1954 became the Urewera National Park.

In the early 20th century Rua Kenana Hepetipa formed a religious community at Maungapōhatu.

In 1999, the Waitangi Tribunal published a 520-page working paper which analysed the history of the region and concluded that the Crown had never intended to allow Tūhoe self-government. Between 2003 and 2005, a panel of the Waitangi Tribunal consisting of Judge Pat Savage, Joanne Morris, Tuahine Northover, and Ann Parsonson heard evidence on land claims in Te Urewera and designated an area which it called the Te Urewera inquiry district. Part One of its report, covering the period up to 1872, was published in July 2009 and found that the Crown had treated Tūhoe unfairly, especially with regard to the confiscation of a large area of land in the Eastern Bay of Plenty in 1866.

Geography
The extent of Te Urewera is not formally defined. According to An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand (1966), "The Urewera Country originally included all lands east of the Rangitaiki River and west of a line along the lower Waimana River and the upper reaches of the Waioeka River. Its southern boundary was marked by Maungataniwha Mountain, the Waiau River, and Lake Waikaremoana." Much of it is mountainous country, covered with native forest, and it includes the Huiarau, Ikawhenua, and Maungapohatu ranges. There are a few flat mountain valleys, chiefly the Ahikereru valley, where the settlements of Minginui and Te Whaiti are, and the Ruatāhuna valley. In the north, towards Whakatāne and the coast, are lowland areas, where the settlements of Tāneatua, Ruatoki and Waimana are located. Lake Waikaremoana and Lake Waikareiti are in the south-eastern part.

Most of Te Urewera is in the eastern Bay of Plenty Region and northern Hawke's Bay Region, with a small part in the Gisborne District. All the settlements are outside the protected area. The region is isolated, with State Highway 38 being the only major arterial road crossing it, running from Waiotapu near Rotorua via Murupara to Wairoa.

Status of the protected area
In 1954 much of Te Urewera was designated as the Te Urewera National Park, but that was disestablished in 2014, to be replaced by a new legal entity simply called Te Urewera.

A land settlement was signed in June 2013 after being ratified by all Tūhoe members. Under this, Tūhoe received financial, commercial and cultural redress valued at approximately $170 million; an historical account and Crown apology; and the co-governance of Te Urewera, put into law by enacting the Tūhoe Claims Settlement Act 2014.

The protected area is now administered by the Te Urewera Board, which comprises joint Tūhoe and Crown membership. Te Urewera has legal personhood, and owns itself, having in 2014 become the first natural resource in the world to be awarded the same legal rights as a person.

The new entity continues to meet the International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria for a Category II National Park.

As of 2022, the members of the Te Urewera Board are Jim Bolger of Te Kūiti, a former prime minister of New Zealand, Maynard Manuka Apiata of Rūātoki, Lance Winitana of Waikaremoana, Marewa Titoko of Waimana, Te Tokawhakāea Tēmara of Rotorua, Tāmati Kruger of Taneatua, Dave Bamford, a sustainable tourism consultant, John Wood, previously a chief Crown negotiator, and Jo Breese, a former chief executive of World Wildlife Fund New Zealand.

Flora and fauna
All North Island native-forest bird species, except for the weka, live in the area. The crown fern (Blechnum discolor) is a widespread understory plant.

title: Te Urewera


text:
Eugene Nelson

Eugene Nelson (1929–1999) was a radical American writer and labor leader.

He was born in Modesto, California. Growing up on farms, he twice saw his family's home and his garden taken over by bankers. He then lived in towns all over California, where his mother worked as a waitress. At age twelve, Nelson read the Boy Scout manual with its message of kindness to others. That motivated him to think seriously about the desirability of economic and political improvement. He also learned of the need for social change by reading Citizen Tom Paine by Howard Fast, and the poems and essays of Percy Shelley. While in high school, he made friends with Mexican-American and Chinese-American boys who lived in the slums.

Nelson won first place in a Lions Club speaking contest with a speech on world peace, and in the high-school poetry contest with a poem on Thomas Paine. At age sixteen, he read the poems of Walt Whitman and began writing poetry. He decided to spend his life as a wandering poet, but discovered that it is too cold in the U.S. much of the year to be able to sleep outdoors.

After high school, Nelson worked for a while with Mexican immigrants thinning sugar beets near Stockton, California with a short-handled hoe. It was hard low-paid work, and made him sharply aware of the falsity of the myth that Mexicans are lazy. "They were the warmest, friendliest and highest-spirited people I have ever known," he observed, "and fueled my interest in things Mexican." Later he worked at forty or fifty different jobs, trying to get different and new perspectives on the world. He learned to speak Spanish fluently.

Eugene married a Mexican-American nurse, who gave birth to two daughters. "We planned to raise an international family," he wrote wistfully, "to show that different peoples can live together in harmony. Alas, we didn't have sufficient dedication or wherewithal to carry through on this... We had a successful marriage for several years, partly because we each made the decisions on alternate days."

In 1966 Nelson became Texas director of the first grape boycott by César Chávez's farmworker union. Later, in south Texas, he founded a union called the Independent Workers Association, which later affiliated with Chávez's United Farm Workers. A long strike and march to Austin resulted in improved pay and conditions for workers in south Texas. The police arrested Eugene on various spurious charges, including inciting a riot and threatening the lives of Texas Rangers. As a roving farmworkers' advocate and organizer, he also joined the Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies).

In his later years, Nelson continued to write and research on topics of social and political controversy. "I think the chief priorities today," he wrote in 1993, "are preventing nuclear explosions; feeding the starving; lessening pollution and the exhaustion of the earth's resources; achieving a much lower birth rate; homes for all; and cooperative and participatory democracy (with compassion) in all aspects of life."

In 1999, Eugene Nelson died of a massive stroke in his retirement home in Haleiwa, Hawaii.

Works

 * Huelga! The First One Hundred Days of the Delano Grape Strike
 * Bracero - novel, Culver City, Calif. : Peace Press Pub., 1975
 * Pablo Cruz and the American Dream, 1975
 * Poems, Sane and Insane, 1992
 * Fantasia of a Revolutionary
 * Tales of Crapitalism
 * Break Their Haughty Power: Joe Murphy in the Heyday of the Wobblies, biographical novel. San Francisco: ism press, 1993

title: Eugene Nelson


text:
Angami Naga

The Angamis are a major Naga ethnic group native to the Northeast Indian state of Nagaland.

They primarily inhabit the Kohima District, and parts of Chümoukedima and Dimapur district(s).

Cuisine
Galho is a popular Angami cuisine made from a mixture of rice, Himalayan knotweed, vegetables, and meats (pork or beef), etc.

Other religions
Although more than 98% of the Angamis are Christians, they are one of the last Naga ethnic groups having an animist population. The Angami animists practice a religion known as Pfütsana. According to the 1991 census, there were 1,760 Angami practitioners, but 10 years later the figure had halved to 884. Currently there are several hundred adherents of the Pfütsana religion, scattered in nine villages of the Southern Angami region of Kohima District.

Sekrenyi
The Angamis celebrate a ten-day festival called Sekrenyi.

Te–l Khukhu
Te–l Khukhu is a festival that falls on 13th of Chünyi (July). It is a time of giving and sharing of food with each other. This is the only festival dedicated for girls. Gone were the days when different animistic rituals were performed but with the advent of Christianity the rituals were no longer performed. Today it is celebrated as a time of get-togetherness and sharing with the dear and near ones.

title: Angami Naga


text:
Talk:List of unconstructed state highways in California

I don't think SR 92 legislatively ends at I-580.
According to both Wikimedia's highway code and cahighways.org, the legislative definition of SR 92 ends at SR 238. Unless I can find evidence that it actually does end at I-580, I'm removing the part about it. --128.92.9.90 (talk) 01:59, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * At one point it looks like it actually did. As noted in the cahighways.org link:

 * In other words, the legislative definition changed in 2015, but this List of unconstructed state highways in California page was never updated. Maybe someone should double check the highway code to see what other content here may be obsolete? Based on your other edits, it appears that for the past few years nobody has bother to go through and also update the CAFE and NHS information as well. Zzyzx11 (talk) 18:27, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I'll re-add it but say the segment was deleted in 2015, like what is shown under SR 74.--173.228.118.123 (talk) 23:03, 9 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
Richard V. Gotti

Richard V. Gotti (born 1942) is an American mobster in the Gambino crime family.

Gotti was born in the Bronx, New York, in 1942. He was one of 13 children (two had died at birth) of John Joseph Gotti Sr. and Philomena "Fannie" DeCarlo. Gotti's brothers included former Gambino boss John, capo Gene, former boss Peter, and Vincent Gotti. They grew up in East New York, Brooklyn. Gotti fathered a son, Richard G. Gotti, who followed him into organized crime.

By 1988, Gotti had become a made man, and by 1999 a caporegime.

On June 4, 2002, Gotti was indicted on racketeering and extortion charges, mainly involving Gambino crimes at an International Longshoremen's Association local and the attempted extortion of actor Steven Seagal. On March 17, 2003, Gotti was convicted of extortion and money laundering. Gotti was later sentenced to 16 years in federal prison. He was released from prison on August 12, 2005.

title: Richard V. Gotti


text:
California State Route 7

State Route 7 (SR 7) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California, running from the Calexico East Port of Entry on the U.S.-Mexico border east of Calexico north to its terminus at Interstate 8 (I-8), where Orchard Road continues the route north towards Holtville. The route provides convenient access to the country of Mexico from I-8. The southern portion of the route opened in 1996, and the rest of the route connecting to I-8 opened in 2005.

Route description
SR 7 begins at the Calexico East Border Station, which is open from 6 am to 10 pm, seven days a week. Just north of the border, the highway splits into two roads to pass through the customs checkpoints: the fork to the west is for cars, and the fork to the east is for commercial vehicles. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) considers the western fork for cars as the SR 7 spur route, while the eastern fork is part of SR 7 proper. At their junction, the western fork passes over the other fork at the northern end and merges into that highway.

From the border to I-8, SR 7 is an expressway known as Orchard Road. Before reaching I-8, SR 7 travels north and has an at-grade intersection with SR 98 and a few other roads. At its northern end, SR 7 turns into County Route S32 (still Orchard Road) as it intersects with I-8. The entire route runs through the Sonoran Desert and is built to expressway standards.

The route was constructed to allow commercial traffic to travel between Mexico and the United States. SR 7 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. In 2013, SR 7 had an annual average daily traffic (AADT) of 2,450 at the Calexico inspection station, and 15,900 at Menvielle Road along the spur, the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway.

History
SR 7 was added to the state highway system in 1990, and to the Freeway and Expressway System in 1998. The segment from the Mexican border to SR 98 was completed by March 1996 to expressway standards; this cost $9.1 million (about $ in dollars) to complete. However, the border crossing was not opened until December 2, 1996, due to delays in constructing the Mexican portion of the border crossing. Because of the 1994 economic crisis in Mexico, there were insufficient funds to complete the road leading to the border facility on the Mexican side, as well as the Mexican border facility itself. The segment from SR 98 to I-8 began construction in March 2004 at a cost of $64.5 million (about $ in dollars); and, it was completed in mid-2005.

California State Route 7 was used from 1964 to 1983 for the Long Beach Freeway in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, which is now Interstate 710.

Major intersections
Postmiles were measured based on the road's original alignment and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. The "S" prefix refers to the spur route that splits off at the Calexico East Port of Entry to pass through the western customs checkpoints for cars.

title: California State Route 7


text:
California State Route 11

State Route 11 (SR 11) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California. The first phase of the highway opened in 2016, connecting SR 125 and SR 905 with Enrico Fermi Drive in the Otay Mesa area of San Diego. It is planned to be extended from Enrico Fermi Drive to the proposed U.S.–Mexico border crossing at Otay Mesa East. There are also plans for an interchange at Siempre Viva Road and to convert the highway to a toll road once the entire route is completed. Planning for the road began in the 1990s, and construction started in 2013.

Route description
SR 11 is proposed to be a toll facility that will serve a new border crossing east of Otay Mesa, the Otay Mesa East Port of Entry. It will connect SR 125 and SR 905 to the Corredor Tijuana-Rosarito 2000 corridor that connects to Mexican Federal Highway 2D and Mexican Federal Highway 2 to Tecate, and Mexican Federal Highway 1D to Ensenada.

, the portion from SR 125 and SR 905 to Enrico Fermi Drive is completed. On that segment, plans were to construct two interchanges at Enrico Fermi Drive and Siempre Viva Road as the proposed route curves to the southeast before reaching the border crossing. SR 11 will operate as a toll road once the entire route is completed.

History
SR 11 was re-added to the state highway system in 1994. Four years later, several parties, including District 11 of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), the City and County of San Diego, the San Diego Association of Governments, and Tijuana were signatories to a Letter of Intent to build the border crossing. The route was added to the California Freeway and Expressway System in 1999. In 2009, Senate Bill 1486 was passed, and the presidential permit in 2008 allowed for the border crossing to be constructed. By the following year, several alternatives were considered to construct some or even none of the interchanges or remove the proposed toll on the route. State funding is allocated to cover much of the $400 million costs, not including the port of entry for another $350 million. The California Transportation Commission endorsed the project in January 2012, and approved the proposed freeway route that December.

Before being upgraded to a freeway between Britannia Boulevard and Siempre Viva Road, SR 905 directly connected with SR 125 via two at-grade intersections on Otay Mesa Road. When Caltrans opened that segment of the SR 905 freeway in 2010, they omitted the interchange with SR 125, forcing traffic on SR 905 and SR 125 to exit their respective freeways and use Otay Mesa Road (which SR 905 followed at that time) to make the connection. To help fix this problem, a direct freeway-to-freeway interchange was planned, which also included SR 11 once it was to be constructed, with construction beginning in late 2015. Ramps from SR 905 eastbound to SR 125 northbound, SR 905 westbound to SR 125 northbound, and SR 11 westbound to SR 125 northbound were completed on November 30, 2016, at the cost of over $21 million. Prior to December 16, 2021, traffic on southbound SR 125 was forced to exit onto Otay Mesa Road at that toll road's then southern terminus in order to connect to SR 11 and SR 905. Construction on the ramps for these connections began in 2018, with the ramps from SR 125 southbound to SR 11 eastbound and SR 125 southbound to SR 905 eastbound being completed on December 16, 2021, at the cost of $74 million. The ramp from SR 125 southbound to SR 905 westbound, which was still under construction at the time, was initially scheduled to open to traffic in 2023, but was instead opened to traffic on July 26, 2022, finally completing the interchange. There are no plans to construct the remaining connections from SR 905 westbound to SR 11 eastbound and SR 11 westbound to SR 905 eastbound.

Future
Plans are to construct the road in three stages: the interchange with SR 125 and SR 905 and the road to Enrico Fermi Drive, continuing the construction to the commercial vehicle facility, and building the border crossing itself. The first part of construction—connecting to SR 905—started on December 10, 2013, and was completed on March 19, 2016. The entire road was completed in 2017. Tolls are planned for the road in order to keep delays for crossing the border low, and this would vary depending on the current traffic at the other crossings in the area. The funds would go to both countries.

The second phase, connecting to the future Otay Mesa East Port of Entry, began construction in August 2019 and was scheduled to be completed in late 2021. Construction of the port of entry was initially scheduled to begin in 2022 and finish in 2024, but has been delayed to at least 2026.

title: California State Route 11


text:
Talk:Bow shock

Picture
The picture makes it appear like inferno starts after the bow shock. Is there something to this? Is there some kind of interstellar plasma outside this border that will destroy the poor Voyagers? Salleman 12:13, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Caption for first image says the Earth is too small to be seen on this scale - shouldn't it be the Earth orbit is too small? I'm pretty sure the Voyagers aren't actually bigger than the Sun, and the Sun itself is much smaller than depicted, so the image is not really meant to be to scale. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.162.22.135 (talk) 06:54, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

90,000 AU?
"The Earth's bow shock is about 100-1000 km thick and located about 90,000 AU from the Earth." This can't be correct; Perhaps this should be 900000,000 km? Stompbox 21:56, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

- 90,000 km is less than the distance from the earth to the sun.

 * From the article: "The best-studied example of a bow shock is that occurring where the solar wind encounters the Earth's magnetopause..." The distance from the earth to the sun-facing side of the magnetopause is roughly 70,000 km. Also, from Magnetosphere, "An additional feature is a collision-free bow shock which forms in the solar wind ahead of Earth, typically at 13.5 RE on the sunward side." 13.5 RE (earth radii) is just over 86,000 km. I'm going to go ahead and make the change. Stompbox 20:36, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Bow shock vs. Termination shock
I'm posting this in both talk pages because there must be a problem. Both articles mention that their "shock" is the boundery where the solar wind particles slow from supersonic to subsonic speed. Now they can't both be right so at least one of them must be corrected. I am no expert on this so I'll let the experts fix it. 32.97.110.142 13:51, 27 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Seems to be fixed. Termination shock is where solar wind slows down, bow shock is where ISM slows down --Keflavich 21:26, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Graphics
Update: I believe the issues have mostly been corrected. (No, the bow shock will not incinerate the Voyagers; hopefully the solar wind/ISM supersonic/subsonic distinctions have been clarified in the article.) Could someone who knows more about plasma astrophysics please verify? Ckerr 10:51, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Not just astronomy...
The article begins as "In a planetary magnetosphere, the bow shock is the boundary at which the solar wind abruptly drops..." and ends with "Astronomy stubs", as if bow shock is something special just in astronomy, which I think is not the case. Correct me if I'm wrong, but I thought bow shock is a more general aerodynamic (to be precise, fluid dynamic) phenomenon (though I don't know about Termination shock mentioned above). So, could someone add another examples such as reentry vehicles and hopefully revise the article as a general fluid dynamic term? (and perhaps this is to be categorized under Category:Fluid dynamics) - Marsian / talk 13:05, 28 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes, pick up any book on Gas Dynamics or Supersonic Aerodynamics. A bow shock forms ahead of any blunt body passing through any medium (gas, liquid, or solid) at supersonic speed. Now here's a question for you: how is "bow" pronounced? Like "bough" (because it's ahead of the body) or "beau" (because of its curved shape, like a bow for shooting arrows)?--BillFlis 15:32, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I thought it was called "bow shock" because its shape and behaviour are similar to how water behaves when the front (i.e. bow) of a ship passes through it. Can't source this however (also, haven't tried). 194.187.213.95 21:04, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This article JUST deals with an astronomical subject. If there are OTHER Bow Shocks than they should be under "Bow Shock (what ever)"aceslead 03:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There is only one concept of the bow shock. This astronomical phenomena is simply an example of this one idea on a large scale. I think that this article should focus on fluid mechanics. This solar wind portrayal of bow shocks may then be listed within the fluids topic as an example of one. Jadias 18:59, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As an astrophysicist, I second that. Starting the article saying that "In astrophysics, a bow shock is...", as if a "bow shock" had a special definition as an astrophysical subject, is completely funny. There are no "other" bow shocks, all bow shocks are bow shocks in the same sense, as defined in fluid mechanics. The bow shocks presented in this article are just some examples, that happen to be of relevance to astrophysics. The title of the article cannot be just "bow shock". 130.179.72.179 (talk) 21:11, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

 * Now that the page title has been corrected, I did some refactoring. The article is still pretty poor, but at least it has some structure. 130.179.72.179 (talk) 00:14, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

Stub No More
Astronomy stub should go it should just fall under the category: astronomy.aceslead 03:13, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I am removing the stub. in the future dont worry about removing stubs - if an article seems to define itself and contain enough relevant information, it is not a stub. Just go ahead and remove the stub, and if someone has a problem with that, they will re-add the stub later. --Exodio 01:31, 17 August 2006 (UTC)

New data shows hypothesized bow shock around sun doesn't exist
Recent IBEX data shows that the hypothesized bow shock around the sun doesn't exist. This article should be updated.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120510141957.htm

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2012/05/09/science.1221054 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.16.193.186 (talk) 16:06, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

The now edited version states "For several decades, the solar wind from the Sun was thought to form a bow shock when it collides with the surrounding interstellar medium. " - This is incorrect. It was previously thought that the ISM formed a bow shock when encountering the Heliopause. The solar wind already forms a termination shock (on the other side of the heliopause) as is subsequently and contradictingly stated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.80.117 (talk) 19:37, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

Flawed discussion of velocities in "Description"?
I'm no expert in this field, but the following in "Description" just doesn't seem to make sense: "At the bow shock, the bulk forward velocity of the wind (which is the component of the velocity parallel to the field lines about which the particles gyrate) drops below the speed at which the particles are corkscrewing."

If something is following a corkscrew path, its speed of progress along the axis of the corkscrew, which I assume is what is meant by "bulk forward velocity" here, is always going to be less than the speed at which it is corkscrewing. Therefore, the conditions for bow shock described in the sentence would apply everywhere for a solar/stellar wind of charged particles in the presence of a magnetic field.

I speculate that there's a problem relating to interpretation of "speed at which the particles are corkscrewing". I read this as "absolute velocity" and I imagine others would do the same.

If I'm correct here, can somebody with more knowledge fix this please?

ColinBrownWD35NY (talk) 12:12, 10 March 2014 (UTC)

 * You were confused by a poor analogy. You are right that, in a corkscrew motion, velocities around and along the axis are tied. But when charged particles interact with a magnetic field, their motions around and along the magnetic field axis are independent. What the paragraph is trying to say is that, at the shock front, one kind of motion (bulk motion along) is converted into the other (thermal motion around).

→ I changed "corkscrewing" to "gyrating", as used before — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.179.72.179 (talk) 22:51, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

Pronunciation
How is the "bow" of "bow shock" pronounced? I assume it's "bau" (/baʊ/, like the bow of a ship), but it could also be pronounced as "boh" (like a tied ribbon). Can we add the pronunciation to the lede? — Loadmaster (talk) 18:27, 31 January 2020 (UTC)
 * I always heard and said it like in . So /baʊ/, I think. BernardoSulzbach (talk) 22:05, 2 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Agree. I'd add it to the lede but I don't know how to do that International Phonetic Alphabet stuff. PaddyLeahy (talk) 19:11, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bow shock


text:
Paepalanthus bromelioides

Paepalanthus bromelioides is a species in the flowering plant family Eriocaulaceae. This family is placed in the Poales, close to the Bromeliaceae, whose morphology this genus shares. Paepalanthus bromelioides is native to Cerrado. There is some speculation that the occasional insects trapped in the urn of this plant are evidence of its being a carnivorous plant or protocarnivorous, possible deriving nutrients from termite mounds that termites frequently make in the plants' roots.

title: Paepalanthus bromelioides


text:
Ottoman Turkish (disambiguation)

Ottoman Turkish may refer to:

 * Ottoman Turkish, the language used by Ottoman Turks, the Turkic ethnic group in the Ottoman Turkey
 * Ottoman Turkey (Ottoman Empire)
 * Ottoman Turks

title: Ottoman Turkish (disambiguation)


text:
Tetricus

Tetricus may refer to:
 * Tetricus I, emperor of the Gallic Empire (Imperium Galliarum) was the last of the Gallic Emperors as Tetricus I from 270/271 to 273.
 * his son, Tetricus II, was his co-ruler

title: Tetricus


text: User talk:84.121.1.211

title: User talk:84.121.1.211


text:
Talk:Proximity of blood

Untitled
This obviously deal~s with Middle Ages, but this basically is abstract principle, not restricted to Middle Ages. 62.78.126.74 12:17, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Who is Philip?
First example is incomprehensible because the relationship of Philip to Robert the Duke is not explained. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.175.124.153 (talk) 01:15, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proximity of blood


text:
Talk:Mani Shankar Aiyar

Source for the quote?It lacks proper syntax. Arunkrishnan 12:18, May 28, 2005 (UTC)

 * Google it. Which syntax? --Rrjanbiah 18:26, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

His brother Swaminathan Aiyar,Editor of Economic Times is a brilliant journalist with integrity and merits a seperate article.

temporary update
Pardon the crude format of the updates...i will do it in a proper fashion next week, when i am relatively free-er. BTW, can someone please get my additions into proper html format...i dont know how to link things up... I will add the linkable parts of my section in a while... Also, if anyone has a problem with the matter, i am open for discussion here.

-rr

Let the biography stay as such
As wiki is a information base, let there be information about Mani too. You may dislike him but he is a elected MP and a leader.

Removal per WP:BLP
The new living-bio rules are quite stringent. There's a link to them at the top of this talkpage. I've removed whatever's uncited from the controversies section, although some of it I know is true. As and when I can find citations for some of the more relevant stories, I'll put them back in. Meanwhile, here's the diff. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Hornplease (talk • contribs).

Seems Wikipedia used to assault at individual
Personal opinions are highlighted more than the actuals, thats what I feel on the way a the details are provided by the members in this section in particular. Many a times the articles appering on the news paper/portals are referred and a care is being taken to project only the bit of comments which degrades an individual. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Asprakash (talk • contribs).

I really do not feel you are making a fair representation.For reasons best known to yourself,you have been trying to promote Aiyar which is being curtailed now.You tended to insert pejorative terms like "brilliant","well educated"etc.Moreover you have been inserting unsigned comments.You have in this very article used speculative statements like"may be true"!If anything I feel the article has been more than fair to Aiyar and I do not feel on ehas to take umbrage when his propensity to create waves in highlighted.I am a Tamil myself as I have said(and an Iyer) and am justifiably proud of the contributions Tamils(Iyers,Aiyangara and non-Brahmins) have made to India!Can anyone ever imaging Rajagopalachariar resorting to the language Aiyar does-or for that matter Radhakrishnan.The always presented themselves in an etiquetted and distinguished manner.Even his Tamil colleague Chidambaram is a picture of decorum,agree or disagree with him!As far as I am concerned Aiyar's conduct goes against the grain of Tamil humility!Every incident mentioned is fully referenced and if you feel there is a lop sided slant please present evidence.(Vr 10:10, 26 September 2006 (UTC))

Recent additions
You may have misunderstood. Please note I have no objection to the wikilink; of course, I meant the actual reference was a rather vicious blog post. Hornplease 13:52, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

This article has become a place to curse Aiyar
Any politician will have some controversies in his/her public life. This article has been dedicated to curse Aiyar and depromote his skills. I am worried, Wiki should not become Dmoz with no takers. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Asprakash (talk • contribs) 18:24, 12 January 2007 (UTC).

Aiyar's period as petroleum minister
Aiyar's period as petroleum minister does not get as much as a mention in this article. Someone with proper sources as to exactly when he held this position should add this to the article. In general his career and work life seems to be very poorly covered. Esben Agersnap 05:55, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Any reason
Any reasons? --Bhadani (talk) 05:30, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

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 * The President Dr. A.P. J. Abdul Kalam administering the oath as Cabinet Minister to Shri Mani Shankar Aiyar at a Swearing-in Ceremony in New Delhi on May 22, 2004.jpg

title: Talk:Mani Shankar Aiyar


text:
Talk:Diagram

Article improvement
Good work on improving this article Mdd - it was in dire need of attention. I can accept your removal of the schematic diagram I introduced since, according to the definition you provide, this is probably better categorised as a technical illustration (pity that that topic is so poorly represented). I will try and get a better version of the existing flow diagram for the article. Dhatfield (talk) 09:53, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks, and thanks for your copyediting. I hope to make some more improvements to this article sone, and the further respresentation of visualization techniques is Wikipedia. There is a lot of work here. Good luck. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 11:33, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * At present some statements are scattered in the article on what a diagram is, but a more exact definition is already provided. The statements aren't very accurate, either; e.g. saying that "a diagram is a drawing with text" suggests that a map or a building plan is a diagram, which it is only in the broad sense.  I like the two-part definition and I think the other statements should be merged in or go away completely. Rp (talk) 19:29, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I am trying to build an article here based on reliable sources. You got to be kidding if you say "use the two part definition, and loose the rest". This definition hardly explains any thing. There should be more and more accurate description in this article.

 * Now you refering to the statement "a diagram is a drawing with text" as not beeing accurate. I hereby just quote Lee E. Brasseur saying "Diagrams are essentially drwaings with text." (See p.71 5th last sentence.) I think this is an excellent general text, which I wish I could copy here as a whole. If you think you can do a better job here let me know.

 * Now I read your are a software developer, interested in formal models and formal languages. Wouldn't you prefer a detailled section in this article about diagrams used in software development? I think there is a lot of work here... and I think it is time somebody gives this some serious attention.
 * -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 19:46, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I very much agree with your closing remark! There is some information about diagrams in Wikipedia, but it is incomplete and poorly organized (which is partly due to the fact that there do not seem to be good, widely accepted definitions of terms in this area).  But as I explained, Brasseur's remark is at least incomplete because not all drawings with text are diagrams. Rp (talk) 13:55, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think we both agree, this article can need some further improvement. But first back to Brasseurs remark. She didn't just stated "a diagram is a drawing with text". She was (only) talking about the essence:
 * Diagrams, according to Lee E. Brasseur (2003), are essentially drawings with text. They consist of basic lines and shapes that convey an idea. The broad category of drawings in a larger sense can include very realistic portrayals of life or objects, but diagrams are a kind of drawing that tend to show a basic abstract structure rather than a more highly contextualized or detailed view. They can be thought of as providing something akin to the essence of a situation or an idea.
 * In this text Brasseur both links diagrams to drawings and explains the difference:
 * drawings give highly contextualized or detailed view
 * ... while diagrams show basic abstract structure
 * I think that it is important to mentioning these kind of links and essences. Now I agree that these statements are just words, and I is hard or even impossible to get a clear image right away. Probably some (more) illustrations in this article could help. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 18:13, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Someone should add the Line graph Picture on the examples under Graph- or Line-like Diagrams since it is of quite importance (Stockmarket, Over Time Developement) - i would but i'm confused on about how to insert a new picture

Some sources for article improvement
Looks useful - here is another useful read: Rp (talk) 06:12, 6 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Abstract: A large number of taxonomic approaches have been proposed for the study of diagrammatic representations. We have reviewed existing taxonomic systems as well as current research questions in this multi-disciplinary community. Based on this review, we propose a set of taxonomic dimensions that can be used for analysing and comparing existing taxonomic systems, and for assessing their relevance to specific research questions. The proposed framework also enables a comparative positioning of the various research endeavours in this multi-disciplinary field.
 * Abstract: A large number of taxonomic approaches have been proposed for the study of diagrammatic representations. We have reviewed existing taxonomic systems as well as current research questions in this multi-disciplinary community. Based on this review, we propose a set of taxonomic dimensions that can be used for analysing and comparing existing taxonomic systems, and for assessing their relevance to specific research questions. The proposed framework also enables a comparative positioning of the various research endeavours in this multi-disciplinary field.

Definitions of "diagram"

 * The next talk item started by Wikicommons Category talk:Diagrams. It is copied here and restructured by Marcel Douwe Dekker

Here below are the definitions of diagram from major dictionaries. Note that some definitions include charts and graphs, and some don't.

 * Dictionary.com Unabridged
 * 1) a figure, usually consisting of a line drawing, made to accompany and illustrate a geometrical theorem, mathematical demonstration, etc.
 * 2) a drawing or plan that outlines and explains the parts, operation, etc., of something: a diagram of an engine.
 * 3) a chart, plan, or scheme.

 * The American Heritage
 * 1) A plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to demonstrate or explain how something works or to clarify the relationship between the parts of a whole.
 * 2) Mathematics. A graphic representation of an algebraic or geometric relationship.
 * 3) A chart or graph.

 * Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary
 * 1) (Geom.) A figure or drawing made to illustrate a statement, or facilitate a demonstration; a plan.
 * 2) Any simple drawing made for mathematical or scientific purposes, or to assist a verbal explanation which refers to it; a mechanical drawing, as distinguished from an artistical one.

 * Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
 * 1) a graphic design that explains rather than represents; especially : a drawing that shows arrangement and relations (as of parts)
 * 2) a line drawing made for mathematical or scientific purposes

Now there is also a definition in Wiktionary, which seems to merge the first four give definitions. Wikitionary states on diagram:
 * 1) A plan, drawing, sketch or outline to show how something works, or show the relationships between the parts of a whole; electrical diagrams show device interconnections [see schematics].
 * 2)  a graphic representation of an algebraic or geometric relationship
 * 3) A graph or chart

In the article itselve a defintion is given based on Lee. E. Brasseur (2003). This states, that the term "Diagram" in common sense has two meanings:
 * 1) A collective term for any visual information device, like the term "illustration" often used as a representative term, to stand for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs and tables.
 * 2) The specific class of visual display, that show qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.

Now it is interesting to make a comparison. I think it is quiet simple here. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 18:59, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The "Wiktionary definition" and "Wikipedia description here" are just complementary.
 * The four dictionary - and the Wiktionary - definitions give a registration of the most general different (two or) three meanings.
 * And the Wikipedia definition gives a more general reflection on the types of use of the term in real life: it gives an overview of the broad and the specific definition of the term diagram.

Separate list
Hi all. I think it'd be useful to move the list of types of diagram out into a separate page (or pages). There's already List of graphical methods, which covers Graph-based and Chart-like diagrams, but not everything else. There are also physical-based diagrams, such as the exploded view, maps, tectonic plate cross-sections, and the like (there's a book called something like "Advanced Geography by Diagram").

HTH, -- TimNelson (talk) 06:11, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

 * This article has been a list for quite some time, since 2004/05 and became a short introduction. Three months ago I started a process to turn this into a normal article, but got stuck in the process. Now I intent to loose the list here one way or an other. I don't know if a separate list will hold. There are a group of editors against this type of lists. You could ask the WP:LIST Wikiproject. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 11:48, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * P.S. I did take the list in WikiCommons and started transforming it into a gallery, see here, but the same story there. I did update in Wikipedia the article chart article and started some general articles such as mathematical diagram, network diagram, cluster diagram and Plot (graphics). Now I can really think of anything a separate list of diagram would solve here. I think this article needs more work, and some more specific general diagram articles would help to get a better understanding of the whole matter.

 * Hi again. I just realized I allready created such a list, see User:Mdd/List of diagrams. I just didn't yet implemented it. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 16:56, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Article section(s) removed
Due to possible violation of copyright, see WP:Copyvio, I have removed one or more section of this article for now.

I apologize for all inconvenience I have caused here, see also here. If you would like to assist in improving this article, please let me know. I can use all the help I can get. Thank you.

-- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 14:56, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The edits which caused the copyvio have been made by me in two sessions:
 * Between July 19 and July 20, 2008, see here.
 * between July 24 and July 28, 2008, see here
 * -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 17:11, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't see what's wrong with those edits. They are short quotes or paraphrases and the sources are extensively referenced.  If this is not the way to write Wikipedia articles, I don't know what is. Rp (talk) 21:00, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I will try to make a similar analysis as I did at Talk:Flowchart. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 02:19, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I have to check with the original source, which is in my studio. Using Google-books seems not enough here. I will get back here. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 15:02, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * This might take a little longer. I apologize. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 23:39, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Quotes about diagrams
Interesting quotes about diagrams:

 * "A diagram, indeed, so far as it has a general signification, is not a pure icon; but in the middle part of our reasonings we forget that abstractness in great measure, and the diagram is for us the very thing."
 * Source: (1885) C.S. Pierce (1885) On The Algebra of Logic, (source: Wikiquote)

 * "Diagrams are abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".
 * Source: Lowe, Richard K. (1993). "Diagrammatic information: techniques for exploring its mental representation and processing". In; Information Design Journal 7 (1): 3–18. p.7.

 * "Graphs and diagrams can be classified into two broad categories depending on whether their application or use is for technical of for popular appeal."
 * Source: Frederick E. Giesecke (1993) Engineering Graphics. Prentice Hall. p.835

 * "Diagrams are schematic pictures of objects or events that rely on conventionally defined symbols".
 * Source: S.F. Kosslyn (1994). Elements of graphic design. New York : W.H.Freeman. p.238

 * "Diagrams are usually simplified figures, caricatures in a way, intended to convey essential meaning".
 * Source: Bert S. Hall (1996). "The Didactic and the Elegant: Some Thoughts on Scientific and Technological Illustrations in the Middle Ages and and Renaissance". in: B. Braigie (ed.) Picturing knowledge: historical and philosophical problems concerning the use of art in science. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.9

 * "A diagram is a picture, in which one is intended to perform inference about the thing pictured, by mentally following around the parts of the diagram."
 * Source: James Franklin (1999) "Diagrammatic reasoning and modelling in the imagination: the secret weapons of the Scientific Revolution". In: 1543 and All That: Image and Word, Change and Continuity in the Proto-Scientific Revolution, ed. G. Freeland & A. Corones (Dordrecht, 1999), pp. 53-115. (section: Image and diagram) p.3.

-- Mdd (talk) 14:18, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

Main diagram types
I think category of Chart-like diagrams and Graph-based diagrams are not exact. Why don't we define Chart and Graph first for categorize? I think we should use https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics) or https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type) for definition of the Graph. Or If it's hard to categorize, let's just merge Chart-like diagrams and Graph-based diagrams. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Potato friend (talk • contribs) 03:09, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

Tables, graphs, and maps are not diagrams. Definitions of diagram by 4 major dictionaries
Rather than repeat everything here, please see the discussion here: --Timeshifter (talk) 23:00, 4 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Commons:Categories for discussion/2019/09/Category:Diagrams by subject

Popular
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create about characters 149.255.234.30 (talk) 17:38, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diagram


text:
Brendan Neiland

Brendan Neiland (born 23 October 1941 in Lichfield, Staffordshire) is an English artist best known for his paintings of reflections in modern city buildings. In 1992 he was elected to the Royal Academy (RA).

Neiland is known for his interpretations of city life. His use of light and pictorial structure, using a spray-gun technique developed at the Royal College of Art, has seen Neiland likened to Georges Braque and Johannes Vermeer. His work is widely exhibited in major museums and galleries worldwide including, in Britain, the Victoria and Albert Museum, The Tate Gallery London, The Collections of the British Council and the Arts Council of Great Britain. He is represented by the Redfern Gallery and has had numerous shows internationally, including at the Galerie Belvedere in Singapore, who represent him in Singapore and the Far East.

In 1998 Neiland was appointed Keeper (Director) of the Royal Academy Schools, and was credited with revitalising what had been a struggling art school. In July 2004 he resigned as Keeper following newspaper reports concerning financial irregularities. Neiland was subsequently expelled from the membership following a vote by Royal Academicians. Neiland is the first artist to be stripped of his membership since James Barry in 1799.

It was reported that Neiland had been contributing his own consultancy earnings and funds he had raised independently towards the operation of the Royal Academy Schools. In doing so Neiland had not observed the budgetary discipline and financial controls required by the organisation. Neiland later said he had set aside the missing money, the fruit of his own fundraising efforts, to protect it from being sucked into a general RA fund. Other commentators speculated that his expulsion was connected to an internal power struggle over the governance of the RA.

Fellow Academician Sir Peter Blake resigned from the Academy in protest at Neiland's expulsion.

title: Brendan Neiland


text: User talk:166.87.255.131

title: User talk:166.87.255.131


text:
Ian McCulloch

Ian McCulloch may refer to:

 * Ian McCulloch (actor) (born 1939), British actor
 * Ian McCulloch (singer) (born 1959), English singer, notably of Echo and the Bunnymen
 * Ian McCulloch (snooker player) (born 1971), English snooker player
 * Ian McCulloch (footballer) (born 1948), Australian rules football player for Fitzroy and East Perth

title: Ian McCulloch


text:
Thomas Cooper, 1st Baron Cooper of Culross

Thomas Mackay Cooper, 1st Baron Cooper of Culross (24 September 1892 – 15 July 1956) was a Scottish Unionist Party politician, a judge and a historian, who had been appointed Lord Advocate of Scotland.

Background and education
Cooper was the son of John Cooper, of Edinburgh, a civil engineer, and Margaret, daughter of John Mackay, of Dunnet, Caithness. In 1915 he applied to George Watson's College, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh where he completed an MA in 1912 and a Law LLB.

Political, legal and judicial career
Cooper was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates in 1915 and created a King's Counsel in 1927. He was the Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for Edinburgh West from a by-election in 1935 to 1941. In 1935 he was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland and later that year he was appointed as Lord Advocate. He also became a Privy Counsellor in 1935. In 1941 he became Lord Justice Clerk with the judicial title of Lord Cooper and in 1947 Lord Justice General and Lord President of the Court of Session.

He resigned in 1954 and was made a peer as Baron Cooper of Culross, of Dunnet in the County of Caithness.

Personal life
Cooper was married to Margaret Mackay.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1936, his proposers being John Alexander Inglis, Thomas Henry Holland, Thomas Hudson Beare and Ernest Wedderburn. He served as the society's vice president from 1945 to 1948.

Death
Lord Cooper of Culross died in July 1956, aged 62, at which point the barony became extinct. He is buried with his parents near the centre of the SW section of the original Grange Cemetery in south Edinburgh.