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Tom Hunter

Sir Thomas Blane Hunter (born 6 May 1961) is a Scottish businessman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist.

Sports Division
Hunter set up his first business after graduating from the University of Strathclyde as he was, in his own words, "unemployable". With a £5,000 loan from his grocer father Campbell and matching funds from a bank, he started selling trainers from the back of a van. Hunter built the business into Europe's largest independent retailer. In 1998 in an unsolicited offer, Dave Whelan's JJB Sports offered to buy the larger Sports Division for £290 million; Hunter accepted, earning himself £252 million.

Other business activities
Hunter had expanded Sports Division through financing supplied by the Royal Bank of Scotland, but when he proposed the takeover of Olympus Sports, RBS refused to finance the deal. Through his friend Sir David Murray, he met Halifax Bank of Scotland governor Gavin Masterton on a trip to watch Rangers F.C. play Juventus, and subsequently built his business on the HBoS relationship.

Senior lending manager Peter Cummings introduced Hunter to property development, which resulted in his purchase of stakes in builder Crest Nicholson, and retirement homebuilder McCarthy & Stone. In 2001 Cummings introduced Hunter to fellow HBoS client Nick Leslau, which led to the purchase of stakes via Leslau's Prestbury Investment Holdings in the freehold property portfolios of Travelodge hotels, licensed premises; and the theme park portfolio of Merlin Entertainments, including Alton Towers.

In August 2013, Hunter put up a huge cash loan that enabled his friend David Moulsdale, founder of Optical Express eye surgery clinics, to save his company from closure after the Royal Bank of Scotland threatened to seize control.

In September 2020, Hunter sold £52 million of shares in The Hut Group when the business joined the stock market. He subsequently sold a further £31 million in January 2021. He retains a stake worth £105 million.

West Coast Capital
In March 2001, Hunter was a founding partner of West Coast Capital, the private equity arm of the Hunter Family. Through this firm he has become a major shareholder in a number of retailers – including USC, Office, D2, Qube; and 8% of British Home Stores (BHS), with the bulk owned by Sir Philip Green, subsequently disposing of them all. His other investments included Wyevale Garden Centres.

At its height, West Coast investments covered over 50 companies, and Hunter was touted as a possible bidder for Selfridges – he lost out to Galen Weston. However, in light of the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 he sold his stake in Dobbies Garden Centres to partner Tesco, lost his entire holding in Crest Nicholson; and a majority of his stakes in McCarthy & Stone and Wyevale Garden Centres.

West Coast Capital now holds a number of major investments in property, e-commerce and data analytics including a large stake in listed Secure Income Reit Plc, majority control of the £1 billion Winchburgh Village development and a substantial stake in Order Dynamics. West Coast Capital directly funds, alongside the Hunter Family, venture philanthropy, The Hunter Foundation.

One of the investments the company holds is a 3.37% stake in the Hut Group, which was worth £151.6 million when the company listed on the London Stock Exchange in September 2020.

Philanthropy
Advised to move to Monaco after the sale of Sports Division, Hunter wanted to raise his family in his homeland. He came to the realisation that making money was, as he told Andrew Marr in a 2005 BBC interview, "only half of the equation", and also from the inspiration of his acknowledged hero Andrew Carnegie, in particular Carnegie's book The Gospel of Wealth and Carnegie's sentiment that "a man who dies rich, dies disgraced". Hunter and his wife Marion, Lady Hunter, subsequently established The Hunter Foundation in 1998 with a £10 million cheque as a tax management vehicle. After discussions with Vartan Gregorian, head of the Carnegie Foundation in New York City, Hunter set a cause and a method which has resulted in the foundation donating in excess of £50m to supporting educational and entrepreneurial projects in Scotland and sustainable development in sub-Saharan Africa in partnership with former President Bill Clinton through the Clinton Hunter Development Initiative.

In 2001, Hunter was interviewed for the STV programme Rich, Gifted and Scots, discussing his wealth, influences and philanthropy. Hunter coined the term "venture philanthropy" – using his investment pledges to leverage more cash from others to invest with him and becoming involved in the strategic delivery of the initiatives he backed. This ensured he could make a bigger impact with his money.

Hunter's donations and beneficial projects have included:

 * £6m to the Band Aid appeal
 * £1m to support the Make Poverty History campaign
 * Supported the Live 8 concerts.
 * £100,000 in a £500,000 joint project with the Scottish Executive.
 * £5m donation to establish the Hunter Centre for Entrepreneurship at the University of Strathclyde
 * £4 million to the Children in Need charity appeal telethon, including a £3 million donation to the Children in Need Rickshaw Challenge 2019
 * £1 million to the Comic Relief charity appeal. Matched the £1 million raised during Comic Relief Does The Apprentice
 * US$10–25 million to the William J. Clinton Foundation.
 * Backed the Entrepreneurial Spark start-up accelerator, hosting their Ayrshire 'hatchery' in his Olympic Park building.
 * £1 million distributed between the Alzheimer's Society and Music for Dementia in November 2020, inspired by Paul Harvey, a retired teacher and pianist suffering from dementia whose four-note piano tune went viral online, and subsequently was arranged into a charity single performed by the BBC Philharmonic.

Scotland's former first minister, Jack McConnell, has said of Hunter: His philanthropic work and the creative way that he has thrown himself into that have been one of the most significant drivers for change in Scotland in the last decade. The work his foundation does is all about being a catalyst for change, not a substitute and not a general giveaway but a genuine approach to change the way things are done.

In October 2013, Hunter was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy. Described by some as the "Nobel Prize for philanthropy", the medal recognises those who use their private wealth for public good and is awarded biannually to global figures leading the way in this field. He dedicated the award to his father, who he describes as his "hero and inspiration". He also donated over £1,000,000 to children in need in 2018.

Politics
In 2001, Hunter was one of the Labour Party's top 50 donors, giving £100,000 to its head office.

In August 2014, Hunter unveiled the scotlandseptember18.com website dedicated to providing impartial sources of information related to the Scottish Independence referendum. The site focused on 16 questions central to the referendum debate.

Recognition
In 1997, he was awarded Alumnus of the Year by the University of Strathclyde.

In 2005 he received a knighthood for "services to Philanthropy and to Entrepreneurship in Scotland".

In 2013 he was awarded the Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy.

Personal life
Hunter and his wife Marion, Lady Hunter, have three adult children.

In 2001, Hunter is reputed to have spent £1m on his 40th birthday party, at which Stevie Wonder performed. The party was held at his home in Cap Ferrat, on the Côte d'Azur, which he sold to a Russian business for reputedly £55m in late 2007.

In April 2007, Hunter was reported in the Sunday Times Rich List as the first ever home-grown billionaire in Scotland, with an estimated wealth of £1.05 billion. Due to the financial crisis of 2007–2010 slicing an estimated £250 million from his fortune, Hunter was overtaken as Scotland's richest man in late 2007 by Jim McColl, head of Glasgow engineering firm Clyde Blowers, who has an estimated fortune of £800 million. According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2021, Hunter is now worth £729 million.

title: Tom Hunter


text:
Āstika and nāstika

Āstika (Sanskrit: आस्तिक; IAST: Āstika) and Nāstika (Sanskrit: नास्तिक; IAST: Nāstika) are concepts that have been used to classify the schools of Indian philosophy by modern scholars, as well as some Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts. The various definitions for āstika and nāstika philosophies have been disputed since ancient times, and there is no consensus. One standard distinction, as within ancient- and medieval-era Sanskrit philosophical literature, is that āstika schools accept the Vedas, the ancient texts of India, as fundamentally authoritative, while the nāstika schools do not. However, a separate way of distinguishing the two terms has evolved in current Indian languages like Telugu, Hindi and Bengali, wherein āstika and its derivatives usually mean 'theist', and nāstika and its derivatives denote 'atheism'. Still, philosophical tradition maintains the earlier distinction, for example, in identifying the school of Sāṃkhya, which is non-theistic (as it does not explicitly affirm the existence of God in its classical formulation), as āstika (Veda-affirming) philosophy, though "God" is often used as an epithet for consciousness (purusha) within its doctrine. Similarly, though Buddhism is considered to be nāstika, Gautama Buddha is considered an avatar of the god Vishnu in some Hindu denominations. Literature review of secondary references of Buddha as Dashavatara which regard Buddha to be part of standard list:
 * Britannica
 * A Dictionary of Asian Mythology By David Adams Leeming p. 19 "Avatar"
 * Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide By Roshen Dalal p. 112 "Dashavatara" ""The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: ... Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki."
 * The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M p. 73 "Avatar"
 * Hindu Gods and Goddesses By Sunita Pant Bansal p. 27 "Vishnu Dashavatara"
 * Hindu Myths (Penguin Books) pp. 62–63
 * The Book of Vishnu (see index)
 * Seven secrets of Vishnu By Devdutt Pattanaik p. 203 "In the more popular list of ten avatars of Vishnu, the ninth avatar is shown as Buddha, not Balarama."
 * A Dictionary of Hinduism p. 47 "Avatara"
 * BBC
 * Due to its acceptance of the Vedas, āstika philosophy, in the original sense, is often equivalent to Hindu philosophy: philosophy that developed alongside the Hindu religion.

Āstika (आस्तिक; from Sanskrit: asti, 'there is, there exists') means one who believes in the existence of a Self or Brahman, etc. It has been defined in one of three ways:
 * 1) as those who accept the epistemic authority of the Vedas;
 * 2) as those who accept the existence of ātman;
 * 3) as those who accept the existence of Ishvara.

Nāstika (Sanskrit: नास्तिक; from Sanskrit: na, 'not' + ), by contrast, are those who deny all the respective definitions of āstika; they do not believe in the existence of Self.

The six most studied Āstika schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as orthodox schools, are Nyāyá, Vaiśeṣika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā, and Vedānta. The five most studied Nāstika schools of Indian philosophies, sometimes referred to as heterodox schools, are Buddhism, Jainism, Chārvāka, Ājīvika, and Ajñana. However, this orthodox-heterodox terminology is a construct of Western languages, and lacks scholarly roots in Sanskrit. Recent scholarly studies state that there have been various heresiological translations of Āstika and Nāstika in 20th century literature on Indian philosophies, but many are unsophisticated and flawed.

Etymology
Āstika is a Sanskrit adjective and noun that derives from asti ('there is or exists'), meaning 'knowing that which exists' or 'pious.' The word Nāstika (na, not, + ) is its negative.

One of the traditional etymologies of the term āstika—based on Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī 4.4.60 ("astināstidiṣṭam matiḥ")—defines the concept as 'he whose opinion is that Īśvara exists' (asti īśvara iti matir yasya). According to Sanskrit grammarian Hemachandra, āstika is a synonym for 'he who believes'. Other definitions include:
 * 'opposite of nāstika ' (nāstika bhinna);
 * 'he whose idea is that Īśvara exists' (īśvara asti iti vādī); and
 * 'he who considers the Vedas as authorities' (vedaprāmāṇyavādī).

As used in Hindu philosophy, the differentiation between āstika and nāstika does not refer to theism or atheism. The terms often, but not always, relate to accepting Vedic literature as an authority, particularly on their teachings on Self. The Veda and Hinduism do not subscribe to or include the concept of an almighty that is separate from oneself i.e. there is no concept of God in the Christian or Islamic sense. N. N. Bhattacharya writes: "The followers of Tantra were often branded as Nāstika by the political proponents of the Vedic tradition. The term Nāstika does not denote an atheist since the Veda presents a godless system with no singular almighty being or multiple almighty beings. It is applied only to those who do not believe in the Vedas.  The s and s do not believe in God, but they believe in the Vedas and hence they are not Nāstikas. The Buddhists, Jains, and Cārvākas do not believe in the Vedas; hence they are Nāstikas."

Āstika is also a name, such as that of a Vedic scholar born to the goddess Mānasā ('Mind') and the sage Jaratkaru.

Classification of schools
The terms Āstika and Nāstika have been used to classify various Indian intellectual traditions.

Āstika
The āstika schools are six systems or ṣaḍdarśana that consider the Vedas a reliable and authoritative source of knowledge. These are often coupled into three groups for both historical and conceptual reasons.

 * Nyāyá-Vaiśeṣika
 * Nyaya, the school of logic
 * Vaisheshika, the atomist school
 * Sāṃkhya-Yoga
 * Samkhya, the enumeration school
 * Yoga, the school of Patañjali (which assumes the metaphysics of Sāṃkhya)
 * Mimāṃsā-Vedanta
 * Mīmāṃsā, the tradition of Vedic exegesis
 * Vedanta or Uttara Mimāṃsā, the Upaniṣadic tradition.

Nāstika
The main schools of Indian philosophy that reject the Vedas were regarded as heterodox in the tradition:

 * Buddhism
 * Jainism
 * Charvaka
 * Ājīvika
 * Ajñana

The use of the term nāstika to describe Buddhism and Jainism in India is explained by Gavin Flood as follows:

"At an early period, during the formation of the Upaniṣads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions.... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (nāstika) by orthodox (āstika) Brahmanism."

- Gavin Flood

Tantric traditions in Hinduism have both āstika and nāstika lines; as Banerji writes in Tantra in Bengal:

"Tantras are ... also divided as āstika or Vedic and nāstika or non-Vedic. In accordance with the predominance of the deity the āstika works are again divided as."

- Banerji

Hinduism
Manusmriti, in verse 2.11, defines Nāstika as those who do not accept "Vedic literature in entirety based on two roots of science of reasoning (Śruti and Smriti)". The 9th century Indian scholar Medhatithi analyzed this definition and stated that Nāstika does not mean someone who says "Vedic literature are untrue", but rather one who says "Vedic literature are immoral". Medhatithi further noted verse 8.309 of Manusmriti, to provide another aspect of the definition of Nāstika as one who believes, "there is no other world, there is no purpose in giving charity, there is no purpose in rituals and the teachings in the Vedic literature."

Manusmriti does not define, or imply a definition for Astika. It is also silent or contradictory on specific rituals such as animal sacrifices, asserting Ahimsa (non-violence, non-injury) is dharma in its verses such as verse 10.63 based on Upanishadic layer of Vedic literature, even though the older layer of Vedic literature mention such sacrifices unlike the later layer of Vedic literature. Indian scholars, such as those from Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya and Vedanta schools, accepted Astika to be those that include Śabda (शब्द; or Aptavacana, testimony of Vedic literature and reliable experts) as a reliable means of epistemology, but they accepted the later ancient layer of the Vedic literature to be superseding the earlier ancient layer.

Without reference to Vedas
In contrast to Manusmriti, the 6th century CE Jain scholar and doxographer Haribhadra, provided a different perspective in his writings on Astika and Nāstika. Haribhadra did not consider "reverence for Vedas" as a marker for an Astika. He and other 1st millennium CE Jaina scholars defined Astika as one who "affirms there exists another world, transmigration exists, virtue (punya) exists, vice (paapa) exists."

The 7th century scholars Jayaditya and Vamana, in Kasikavrtti of Pāṇini tradition, were silent on the role of or authority of Vedic literature in defining Astika and Nāstika. They state, "Astika is the one who believes there exists another world. The opposite of him is the Nāstika."

Similarly the widely studied 2nd–3rd century CE Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna, in Chapter 1 verses 60–61 of Ratnāvalī, wrote Vaiśeṣika and Sāṃkhya schools of Hinduism were Nāstika, along with Jainism, his own school of Buddhism and Pudgalavadins (Vātsīputrīya) school of Buddhism.

Based on belief in Atman
Astika, in some texts, is defined as those who believe in the existence of Atman (Self), while Nastika being those who deny there is any "Self" in human beings and other living beings. All six schools of Hinduism classified as Astika philosophies hold the premise, "Atman exists". Buddhism, in contrast, holds the premise, "Atman does not exist." Asanga Tilakaratna translates Astika as 'positivism' and Nastika as 'negativism', with Astika illustrated by Brahmanic traditions who accepted "Self and God exists", while Nastika as those traditions, such as Buddhism, who denied "Self and God exists."

Jainism
According to G. S. Ghurye, the Jain texts define na+astika as one "denying what exists" or any school of philosophy that denies the existence of the Self. The Vedanta sub-traditions of Hinduism are "astika" because they accept the existence of Self, while Buddhist traditions denying this are referred to as "nastika".

One of the earliest mentions of astika concept in Jain texts is by Manibhadra, who states that an astika is one who "accepts there exist another world (paraloka), transmigration of Self, virtue and vice that affect how a Self journeys through time".

The 5th–6th century Jainism scholar Haribhadra, states Andrew Nicholson, does not mention anything about accepting or rejecting the Vedas or god as a criterion for being an astika or nastika. Instead, Haribhadra explains nastika in the manner of the more ancient Jain scholar Manibhadra, by stating a nastika to be one "who says there is no other worlds, there is no purpose in charity, there is no purpose in offerings". An astika, to Haribhadra, is one who believes that there is a purpose and merit in an ethical life such as ahimsa (non-violence) and ritual actions. This exposition of the word astika and nastika by Haribhadra is similar to one by the Sanskrit grammarian and Hindu scholar Pāṇini in section 4.4.60 of the Astadhyayi.

The 12th century Jaina scholar Hemachandra similarly states, in his text Abithana Chintamani, that a nastika is any philosophy that presumes or argues there is "no virtue and vice."

Buddhism
Nagarjuna, according to Chandradhar Sharma, equates Nastikya to "nihilism".

The 4th century Buddhist scholar Asanga, in Bodhisattva Bhumi, refers to nastika Buddhists as sarvaiva nastika, describing them as who are complete deniers. To Asanga, nastika are those who say "nothing whatsoever exists", and the worst kind of nastika are those who deny all designation and reality. Astika are those who accept merit in and practice a religious life. According to Andrew Nicholson, later Buddhists understood Asanga to be targeting Madhyamaka Buddhism as nastika, while considering his own Yogachara Buddhist tradition to be astika. Initial interpretations of the Buddhist texts with the term astika and nastika, such as those composed by Nagarjuna and Aśvaghoṣa, were interpreted as being directed at the Hindu traditions. However, states John Kelly, most later scholarship considers this as incorrect, and that the astika and nastika terms were directed towards the competing Buddhist traditions and the intended audience of the texts were Buddhist monks debating an array of ideas across various Buddhist traditions.

The charges of being a nastika were serious threat to the social standing of a Buddhist, and could lead to expulsion from Buddhist monastic community. Thus, states Nicholson, the colonial era Indologist definition of astika and nastika schools of Indian philosophy, was based on a narrow study of literature such as a version of Manusmriti, while in truth these terms are more complex and contextually apply within the diverse schools of Indian philosophies.

The most common meaning of astika and nastika, in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism was the acceptance and adherence to ethical premises, and not textual validity or doctrinal premises, states Nicholson. It is likely that astika was translated as orthodox, and nastika as heterodox, because the early European Indologists carried the baggage of Christian theological traditions and extrapolated their own concepts to Asia, thereby distorting the complexity of Indian traditions and thought.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Āstika and nāstika


text:
Cadit quaestio

Cadit quaestio is a Latin expression that is used as a legal term and in some other contexts. The expression literally translates as 'the question falls'. In legal contexts, cadit quaestio is used to indicate that an issue is no longer in question, often because a dispute (question) between two parties has been either settled or dropped.

cq copy-editing mark
As a mark in copy editing, cq or c.q. implies that the accuracy of a statement, fact, etc., has been verified. It is usually placed in a draft article by the writer, to the attention of the copy editor. The precise origin of the term is uncertain, but cq was identified as the shorthand form of correct in the 1879 Phillips Code, a set of abbreviations used in the transmission of press reports via telegraph, first published in 1879. Alternative explanations of the origin include an abbreviation for cadit quaestio, indicating that the issue is "no longer in question", and an abbreviation for correct as quoted, which serves as a useful mnemonic. Cq is a mark for internal use only, intended for removal prior to publishing. It should be distinguished from the unrelated mark sic, used in published pieces to indicate that a quote has been transcribed verbatim, without correction of perceived errors in the original source.

title: Cadit quaestio


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Garbage disposal unit

A garbage disposal unit (also known as a waste disposal unit, food waste disposer (FWD), in-sink macerator, garbage disposer, or garburator) is a device, usually electrically powered, installed under a kitchen sink between the sink's drain and the trap. The device shreds food waste into pieces small enough—generally less than 2 mm in diameter—to pass through plumbing.

History
The garbage disposal unit was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes, an architect working in Racine, Wisconsin. He applied for a patent in 1933 that was issued in 1935. His InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1940.

Hammes' claim is disputed, as General Electric introduced a garbage disposal unit in 1935, known as the Disposall.

In many cities in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s, the municipal sewage system had regulations prohibiting placing food waste (garbage) into the system. InSinkErator spent considerable effort, and was highly successful in convincing many localities to rescind these prohibitions.

Many localities in the United States prohibited the use of disposers. For many years, garbage disposers were illegal in New York City because of a perceived threat of damage to the city's sewer system. After a 21-month study with the NYC Department of Environmental Protection, the ban was rescinded in 1997 by local law 1997/071, which amended section 24-518.1, NYC Administrative Code.

In 2008, the city of Raleigh, North Carolina attempted a ban on the replacement and installation of garbage disposers, which also extended to outlying towns sharing the city's municipal sewage system, but rescinded the ban one month later.

Adoption and bans
In the United States, 50% of homes had disposal units as of 2009, compared with only 6% in the United Kingdom and 3% in Canada.

In Sweden, some municipalities encourage the installation of disposers in order to increase the production of biogas.

In Britain, Worcestershire County Council and Herefordshire Council started to subsidize the purchase of garbage disposal units in 2005, in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill and the carbon footprint of garbage runs. However, the use of macerators was banned in Scotland in 2016 in non-rural areas where food waste collection is available, and banned in Northern Ireland in 2017. They are expected to be banned for businesses in England and Wales in 2023. The intention is to reduce water use.

Many other countries in Europe have banned or intend to ban macerators. The intention is to realise the resource value of food waste, and reduce sewer blockages.

Rationale
Food scraps range from 10% to 20% of household waste, and are a problematic component of municipal waste, creating public health, sanitation and environmental problems at each step, beginning with internal storage and followed by truck-based collection. Burned in waste-to-energy facilities, the high water-content of food scraps means that their heating and burning consumes more energy than it generates; buried in landfills, food scraps decompose and generate methane gas, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.

The premise behind the proper use of a disposer is to effectively regard food scraps as liquid (averaging 70% water, like human waste), and use existing infrastructure (underground sewers and wastewater treatment plants) for its management. Modern wastewater plants are effective at processing organic solids into fertilizer products (known as biosolids), with advanced facilities also capturing methane (biogas) for energy production.

Operation
A high-torque, insulated electric motor, usually rated at 250 – for a domestic unit, spins a circular turntable mounted horizontally above it. Induction motors rotate at 1,400–2,800 rpm and have a range of starting torques, depending on the method of starting used. The added weight and size of induction motors may be of concern, depending on the available installation space and construction of the sink bowl. Universal motors, also known as series-wound motors, rotate at higher speeds, have high starting torque, and are usually lighter, but are noisier than induction motors, partially due to the higher speeds and partially because the commutator brushes rub on the slotted commutator.

Inside the grinding chamber there is a rotating metal turntable onto which the food waste drops. Two swiveling and two fixed metal impellers mounted on top of the plate near the edge then fling the food waste against the grind ring repeatedly. Sharp cutting edges in the grind ring break down the waste until it is small enough to pass through openings in the ring. Sometimes the waste goes through a third stage where an undercutter disc further chops it, whereupon it is flushed down the drain.

Usually, there is a partial rubber closure, known as a splashguard, on the top of the disposal unit to prevent food waste from flying back up out of the grinding chamber. It may also be used to attenuate noise from the grinding chamber for quieter operation.

There are two main types of garbage disposers—continuous feed and batch feed. Continuous feed models are used by feeding in waste after being started and are more common. Batch feed units are used by placing waste inside the unit before being started. These types of units are started by placing a specially designed cover over the opening. Some covers manipulate a mechanical switch while others allow magnets in the cover to align with magnets in the unit. Small slits in the cover allow water to flow through. Batch feed models are considered safer, since the top of the disposal is covered during operation, preventing foreign objects from falling in.

Waste disposal units may jam, but can usually be cleared either by forcing the turntable round from above or by turning the motor using a hex-key wrench inserted into the motor shaft from below. Especially hard objects accidentally or deliberately introduced, such as metal cutlery, can damage the waste disposal unit and become damaged themselves, although recent advances, such as swivel impellers, have been made to minimize such damage.

Some higher-end units have an automatic reversing jam clearing feature. By using a slightly more complicated centrifugal starting switch, the split-phase motor rotates in the opposite direction from the previous run each time it is started. This can clear minor jams, but is claimed to be unnecessary by some manufacturers: Since the early sixties, many disposal units have utilized swivel impellers which make reversing unnecessary.

Some other kinds of garbage disposal units are powered by water pressure, rather than electricity. Instead of the turntable and grind ring described above, this alternative design has a water-powered unit with an oscillating piston with blades attached to chop the waste into fine pieces. Because of this cutting action, they can handle fibrous waste. Water-powered units take longer than electric ones for a given amount of waste and need fairly high water pressure to function properly.

Environmental impact
Kitchen waste disposal units increase the load of organic matter that reaches the water treatment plant, which in turn increases the consumption of oxygen. Metcalf and Eddy quantified this impact as 0.04 lb of biochemical oxygen demand per person per day where disposers are used. An Australian study that compared in-sink food processing to composting alternatives via a life-cycle assessment found that while the in-sink disposer performed well with respect to climate change, acidification, and energy usage, it did contribute to eutrophication and toxicity potentials.

This may result in higher costs for energy needed to supply oxygen in secondary operations. However, if the waste water treatment is finely controlled, the organic carbon in the food may help to keep the bacterial decomposition running, as carbon may be deficient in that process. This increased carbon serves as an inexpensive and continuous source of carbon necessary for biologic nutrient removal.

One result is larger amounts of solid residue from the waste-water treatment process. According to a study at the East Bay Municipal Utility District's wastewater treatment plant funded by the EPA, food waste produces three times the biogas as compared to municipal sewage sludge. The value of the biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of food waste appears to exceed the cost of processing the food waste and disposing of the residual biosolids (based on a LAX Airport proposal to divert 8,000 tons/year of bulk food waste).

In a study at the Hyperion sewage treatment plant in Los Angeles, disposer use showed minimal to no impact on the total biosolids byproduct from sewage treatment and similarly minimal impact on handling processes as the high volatile solids destruction (VSD) from food waste yield a minimum amount of solids in residue.

Power usage is typically 500–1,500 W, comparable to an electric iron, but only for a very short time, totaling approximately 3–4 kWh of electricity per household per year. Daily water usage varies, but is typically 1 USgal of water per person per day, comparable to an additional toilet flush. One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use.

title: Garbage disposal unit


text:
Thomas Hunter

Thomas Hunter may refer to:

Politics

 * Thomas Hunter (New York politician) (1834–1903), New York politician
 * Thomas Hunter (Irish politician) (1883–1932), Sinn Féin politician in the First Dáil and Second Dáil
 * Thomas Hunter (Scottish politician) (1872–1953), MP for Perth, 1935–1945

Sports

 * Thomas Hunter (soccer) (born 1988), American soccer player
 * Thomas John Hunter (1881–1928), Scottish football defender
 * Tom Hunter (coach) (born 1990/1991), Australian rules football coach
 * Tom Hunter (golfer) (1843–?), Scottish golfer
 * Tom Hunter (lacrosse), American lacrosse player
 * Tommy Hunter (baseball) (born 1986), American baseball pitcher
 * Tommy Hunter (footballer) (1863–1918), footballer for Wolverhampton Wanderers

Music

 * Tommy Hunter (fiddler) (1919–1993), North Carolina fiddler
 * Tom Hunter (singer) (1946–2008), American folk singer
 * Tommy Hunter (born 1937), Canadian country music singer

Films

 * T. Hayes Hunter (Thomas Hayes Hunter, 1884–1944), American film director
 * Thomas Hunter (actor) (1932–2017), American actor who appeared in several Italian films

Other

 * Thomas Hunter (school founder) (1831–1915), founder of Hunter College in New York
 * Thomas Hunter (dentist) (1863–1958), New Zealand dentist and public health administrator
 * Thomas Hunter (psychologist) (1876–1953), British psychologist
 * Thomas Hunter (RFC officer) (1897–1917), World War I flying ace
 * Tom Hunter (VC) (1923–1945), recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Sir Tom Hunter (born 1961), Scottish entrepreneur and philanthropist
 * Tom Hunter (artist) (born 1965), photographer
 * Thomas Hunter, fictional protagonist of Ted Dekker's Circle Trilogy

title: Thomas Hunter


text:
Pavel Filonov

Pavel Nikolayevich Filonov (Па́вел Никола́евич Фило́нов; January 8, 1883 – December 3, 1941) was a Russian avant-garde painter, art theorist, and poet.

Biography
Filonov was born in Moscow on January 8, 1883 (Gregorian calendar) or December 27, 1882 (Julian calendar). In 1897, he moved to St. Petersburg, where he took art lessons. In 1908, he entered St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, from which, he was expelled in 1910.

In 1910–1914, he took part in the arts group Soyuz Molodyozhi created by artists Elena Guro and Mikhail Matyushin. In 1912, he wrote the article The Canon and the Law, in which, he formulated the principles of analytical realism, or "anti-Cubism". According to Filonov, Cubism represents objects using elements of their surface geometry but "analytical realists" should represent objects using elements of their inner soul. He was faithful to these principles for the remainder of his life.

During the years 1913 to 1915, Filonov was close to Vladimir Mayakovsky, Velimir Khlebnikov, and other futurists. He co-illustrated Khlebnikov's Selected Poems with Postscript, 1907–1914 alongside Kazimir Malevich during this time. In the autumn of 1916, he enlisted for service in World War I, and served on the Romanian front. Filonov participated actively in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and served as the Chairman of the Revolutionary War Committee of Dunay region.

In 1919, he exhibited in the First Free Exhibit of Artists of All Trends at the Hermitage. In 1923, he became a professor of St. Petersburg Academy of Arts and a member of the Institute for Artistic Culture (INKhUK). He organized a large arts school of Masters of Analytical Realism (over seventy artists, including an American sculptor and portrait painter Helen Hooker). Their work influenced suprematism and expressionism.

In 1929, a large retrospective exhibition of Filonov art was planned at the Russian Museum; however, the Soviet government forbade the exhibition. From 1932 onward, Filonov literally starved but still refused to sell his works to private collectors. He wanted to give all his works to the Russian Museum as a gift so as to start a Museum of Analytical Realism. He died of starvation on December 3, 1941, during the Siege of Leningrad.

Method
Under the umbrella of Universal Flowering, Filonov put forth a manner of working that proceeded from the particular to the general. He believed that objects and fields should be built up from small details and bits and stated that doing it the other-way-round was nothing short of "charlatanism". To this end, he worked, and required his students to work, with very small brushes in painting and the finest of points when drawing.

Legacy
Most of Filonov's works were saved by his sister Yevdokiya Nikolayevna Glebova. She stored the paintings in the Russian Museum's archives and eventually donated them as a gift. Exhibitions of Filonov's work were forbidden. In 1967, an exhibition of Filonov's works in Novosibirsk was permitted. In 1988, his work was allowed in the Russian Museum. In 1989 and 1990, the first international exhibition of Filonov's work was held in Paris.

During the period of half-legal status of Filonov's works it was seemingly easy to steal them; however, there was a legend that Filonov's ghost protected his art and anybody trying to steal his paintings or to smuggle them abroad would soon die, become paralyzed, or have a similar misfortune.

title: Pavel Filonov


text:
Talk:President of Bolivia

Move

 * I agree with the move gren 21:58, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. —Cantus… ☎   03:08, Jun 12, 2005 (UTC)

"Non renewable?"
What does "non renewable" mean? Does it mean that the president can't have two consecutive terms, or that he can't have two terms period? I doubt it's the latter as some on this list are listed twice, but it is ambiguous. —OverMyHead 20:37, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Colors
What's the meaning of the different background colors in the table? They're very conspicuous but there's no explanation of them whatever. It may be obvious to Bolivians, but this is the English Wikipedia, not the Spanish one (or Quechua, Aymara, Guaraní, or other indigenous language of Bolivia). --Thnidu (talk) 02:28, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Agree - these background colours first appeared with an edit at "10:24, 25 October 2010", but NO EXPLANATION. Weird. I plan to drop the colours in a few weeks if no one is prepared to explain them, some 5 years after they were inserted, and 2 months after Thnidu raised this item. Jmg38 (talk) 23:22, 22 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I didn't add the color to the list, but the green corresponds to acting, interim or provisional presidents who were not made simply "president." I'm not sure what makes Santa Cruz different.--Carwil (talk) 02:37, 23 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, thanks, Carwil. Here's the algorithm I see:
 * IF person held a higher title than President
 * THEN #ff9900 (equivalent to bgcolor=#f90) # deep orange; this applies only to Santa Cruz, "Supreme Protector of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation" (which is larger than Bolivia)
 * ELSIF person held title of President (unmodified) or Liberator of Bolivia
 * THEN #ffffcc # beige
 * ELSE
 * #ccffcc # light green
 * So now that we see that the colors aren't arbitrary after all, we could keep them and add an explanation... not the geeky one I just used, though. How say you? --Thnidu (talk) 03:13, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

 * Looks like you've cracked this one open!! Thanks for your upcoming edit (hint hint). Jmg38 (talk) 16:26, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Line of succession
This is the operative article of the Bolivian constitution of 2009:

Article 169 I. In the event of an impediment or definitive absence of the President, he or she shall be replaced by the Vice President and, in the absence of the latter, by the President of the Senate, and in his or her absence by the President of the Chamber of Deputies. In this last case, new elections shall be called within a maximum period of ninety days. II. In case of temporary absence, the Vice President shall assume the Presidency for a term not to exceed ninety days. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jdm1991 (talk • contribs) 22:36, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:53, 13 August 2019 (UTC)
 * David Padilla Arancibia.jpg

How many terms?
If it is the case that Bolivian federal law allows a president to be elected twice, how is it that Evo Morales was elected four times in succession? 173.88.246.138 (talk) 23:30, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * here is not a forum but for your knowledge this is well explained in the following page : Evo Morales 92.154.41.65 (talk) 14:42, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

Poor Sourcing/Whitewash?
"The protests increased after Eduardo Villegas, a software engineer, detected the irregularities between the fast counting system of votes (TREP) and the results published several days after by the Tribunal Supremo Electoral. Irregularities such as fake signatures, ID's of dead people used to vote, and significant drops of Carlos Mesa (Evo's main rival) when comparing the TREP and the later results were revealed. In response, shock groups that supported Evo went to the streets and vandalized houses of people who denounced irregularities in the elections. One of the houses that were burned belonged to Waldo Albarracin, president of the Universidad Mayor de San Andres, who denounced Evo's government irregularities for years. After more than two weeks of intense protests and repression, the police determined that they would not repress protestors anymore." Where is the source for any of that?

"A few days later, General Williams Kaliman suggested Evo to resign the presidency to pacify the country." """suggested""" How is there no mention of General Williams Connection to the notorious "School of the Americas"? Wouldn't that be a rather important detail especially as it relates to all 3 MAS elected officials in the line of succession resigning such that 4th in line from a totally different party took control? https://thegrayzone.com/2019/11/13/bolivian-coup-plotters-school-of-the-americas-fbi-police-programs/ http://accuracy.org/release/top-bolivian-coup-plotters-were-school-of-the-americas-grads/ 146.115.5.244 (talk) 04:10, 27 December 2019 (UTC)

Multiple issues
The content of this page has multiple issues that need fixed. These include:

 * Unclear focus as to the purpose of the page. I would propose this should be on the general role of President of Bolivia (that seems obvious to me) and not mostly about who the current president or politics of the day are. Those should be dealt with on the relevant pages for those presidents and pages on Bolivian politics such as those for the general election results and 2019 Bolivian political crisis
 * Proper sourcing of factual information. There are statements in the background material and elsewhere that are unsourced, such as the claim of "over 190 coups" occurring over the history of the Presidency.
 * Inclusion and translation of a lot of material that can be used from the Spanish language page on the same subject, Presidente de Bolivia
 * Organising information into coherent sections, as in the Spanish language article of the same name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crmoorhead (talk • contribs) 13:59, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:22, 8 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Jeanine Áñez.jpg

title: Talk:President of Bolivia


text:
Talk:Naval Tactical Data System

Software description
I wrote software for two NTDS-family computers for a shore-based application but know nothing of the software that was used to collect and display data on board ships. Can anyone fill this hole in?

Other I/O peripherals
I just know of radars, teletype=-based consoles, and tape drives for program load. Does anyone else have more complete information?

--MWS 21:55, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

From 1962 through 1968, there were interfaces to radar display consoles, including height finder radars, analog to digital converters that brought in course and speed data, interfaces to analog and digital missile fire control systems, video processors supporting automated tracking, data links (teletype and digital) linking ships, aircraft, possibly USMC ground based air defense systems, interfaces to special purpose systems that fed NTDS with satellite and inertial navigation systems data. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.150.190.187 (talk) 00:15, 7 June 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naval Tactical Data System


text: Talk:Jet Set Willy

title: Talk:Jet Set Willy


text: User talk:70.25.102.37

title: User talk:70.25.102.37


text:
Joseph O. Shelby

Joseph Orville "J.O." Shelby (December 12, 1830 – February 13, 1897) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. After the Confederacy surrendered, Shelby tried to swear fealty to Emperor Maximilian I during the French invasion of Mexico. With the Emperor's permission, Shelby formed a colony of Confederate exiles in Mexico until the defeat of the French, then abandoned the operation.

Early life and education
Joseph Orville Shelby was born on December 12, 1830, in Lexington, Kentucky, to one of the state's wealthiest and most influential families. He lost his father at age five and was raised by a stepfather, Benjamin Gratz, who was a member of wealthy Lexington elite. Shelby attended Transylvania University and was a rope manufacturer until 1852. He then moved to Waverly, Missouri, where he engaged in steamboating on the Missouri River. He also ran a hemp plantation, a ropeworks, and a sawmill. These business ventures made Shelby one of the wealthiest men in the state of Missouri.

Bleeding Kansas
When the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was passed, the New England Emigrant Aid Company paid for Northern abolitionists to move to Kansas. As a response, the Blue Lodge, a quasi-Masonic organization, was formed by leading Missourians. This group was dedicated to making Kansas a slave state. JO Shelby was a leading member. Shelby's first direct involvement in Kansas was at Lawrence during the March 30, 1855 election of the Kansas territorial legislature. Many Missourians without residence in the territory voted illegally in the election. This was partially achieved through intimidation of election judges, who were prevented from administering residency oaths. Additionally, Shelby and other Missourians harassed several abolitionists attempting to vote, although they were generally not prevented from doing so.

Shelby's leadership in the Missouri–Kansas border war damaged his business ventures and partnership with his stepbrother, Henry Howard Gratz. In December 1855, their new sawmill burned, and evidence suggested the use of an incendiary. The mill was uninsured and losses exceeded $9,000. Gratz returned to Lexington, Kentucky, and Shelby auctioned off the business in February 1860.

American Civil War

Following the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861, Missouri Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson refused Lincoln's call for volunteers and maneuvered to take the state out of the Union. The resulting friction between State and Federal militias vying for control of the St. Louis Arsenal led to the Camp Jackson affair and the creation of the pro-secession Missouri State Guard.

Shelby formed the Lafayette County Mounted Rifles for Missouri State Guard service and was elected the company's captain, leading it into battle at Carthage, Wilson's Creek, and Pea Ridge. In 1862, he was promoted to colonel and authorized to recruit a Confederate cavalry regiment, returning to Lafayette County to do so. After successfully bringing the regiment safely back to Arkansas, he was given command of a brigade of newly recruited regiments.

In the fall of 1863, Shelby led his "Iron Brigade" of Missouri volunteers on what was at the time the longest cavalry raid of the war, Shelby's Raid. Between September 22 and November 3, 1863, Shelby's brigade traveled 1,500 miles through Missouri, inflicting over 1,000 casualties on Union forces and capturing or destroying an estimated $2 million (~$ in ) worth of federal supplies and property. He was promoted to brigadier-general on December 15, 1863, following the successful conclusion of his raid.

In 1864, Union General Frederick Steele's failure in the Camden Expedition of March 23 – May 2, 1864 was largely due to Shelby's brilliant and determined harassment, in concert with other Confederate forces. Steele's men were forced to retreat to Little Rock by the destruction or capture of their supply trains at the Battle of Marks' Mills. Reassigned to Clarendon, Arkansas, Shelby succeeded in capturing a Union tinclad (lightly armored) gunboat, the USS Queen City. The gunboat was burned to prevent her recapture. Shelby then commanded a division during Price's Missouri Expedition. He distinguished himself at the battles of Little Blue River and Westport, and briefly captured many towns from their Union garrisons, including Potosi, Boonville, Waverly, Stockton, Lexington, and California, Missouri.

After Robert E. Lee's army surrendered in Virginia in April 1865, General Edmund Kirby Smith appointed Shelby a major general on May 10. The promotion was never formalized, however, due to the collapse of the Confederate government. Shelby's adjutant at the time was John Newman Edwards, who years later (as editor of the Kansas City Times) was largely responsible for creating the legend of Jesse James and his fellow Confederate guerrillas.

Later years
In June 1865, rather than surrender, Shelby and approximately 1,000 of his remaining troops rode south into Mexico. Reportedly, Shelby sank his battle flag in the Rio Grande near present-day Eagle Pass, Texas, on the way to Mexico rather than risk the flag falling into the hands of the Federals. The event is depicted in a painting displayed at the Eagle Pass City Hall. For their determination not to surrender, Shelby's men were immortalized as "the undefeated". A later verse appended to the post-war Confederate anthem "The Unreconstructed Rebel" commemorates the defiance of Shelby and his men:

The plan was to offer their services to Emperor Maximilian as a "foreign legion". Maximilian declined to accept the ex-Confederates into his armed forces, but he did grant them land for the New Virginia Colony, an American settlement in Mexico near Córdoba, Veracruz. The grant was revoked two years later following the collapse of the empire and Maximilan's execution. The memory of Shelby and his men as "The Undefeated" is used as a basis for the 1969 John Wayne–Rock Hudson film by the same name.

Shelby returned to Missouri in 1867 and resumed farming. In 1883, Shelby was a critical witness for fellow ex-Confederate Frank James at James' trial. Shelby was appointed the U.S. Marshal for the Western District of Missouri in 1893, and retained this position until his death. He appointed an African American to office, which led to "bitter feeling among some of his neighbors". Shelby defended his actions.

Shelby died of pneumonia at his farm near Adrian, Missouri, in 1897. He is buried in Kansas City in Forest Hill Calvary Cemetery in Kansas City. A Union General who had fought against Shelby, Alfred Pleasonton, remarked, “Shelby was the best cavalry general of the South. Under other conditions, he would have been one of the best in the world.”

Shelby Park in Eagle Pass, Texas was named after him, which historian Jeremi Suri described as ironic because it militarizes the assertion of power like the original treason in the Confederacy. The pass is known as the "grave of the Confederacy". In an apocryphal story, Shelby supposedly plunged the last flag of the rebels into the Rio Grande rather than surrender it, which is most likely a Lost Cause myth.

Personal life
On July 22, 1857, Shelby married Elizabeth Nancy Shelby (daughter of his first cousin), in a grand steamboat wedding and honeymoon trip to St. Louis. Known as Betty (or Betsy), she was much younger than he.

title: Joseph O. Shelby


text:
Stentz

Stentz may refer to:
 * Zack Stentz, one of the scriptwriters of 2003 film Agent Cody Banks
 * Stentz is an official codename for Fedora Core release 4
 * Stentz's Algorithm

title: Stentz


text:
Bayou Bienvenue

Bayou Bienvenue is a 12.1 mi bayou and "ghost swamp" in southeastern Louisiana. It runs along the political border between Orleans Parish and St. Bernard Parish to the east of New Orleans. The Bayou Bienvenue Wetlands Triangle viewing platform in the Lower Ninth Ward provides expansive views of the bayou and also serves as an educational resource about restoration efforts in the area.

A part of the central wetlands system that ran from the Lower 9th Ward all the way to Lake Borgne, today only roughly 400 acres remain of the once thriving cypress swamp. Like other freshwater bayous throughout the Mississippi River Delta, Bayou Bienvenue consisted of old growth cypress and many native species of plants and animals; "What is now open water used to be an old–growth swamp that was filled with cypress trees, water lilies, and freshwater wildlife such as fish, alligators, otters, birds, and crawfish. The cypress trees were once so thick you could pull yourself along in a canoe or pirogue just by reaching out to grab cypress knees."

Beyond its ecological significance, Bayou Bienvenue has served cultural functions to the populations of the surrounding areas throughout the area's history of human occupation. Archaeological digs have yielded evidence that indigenous peoples of hunter-gatherer societies inhabited the area as far back as 400 A.D. The arrival of French explorers in the late 1600s began nearly two centuries of disagreements, disputes, and armed confrontations between French, Spanish, British and later American interests as the colonial era of North America progressed. Bayou Bienvenue gained its name during the initial French occupation;  'bayou bienvenue ' is French for "welcome bayou".

From the beginning of European exploration of North America, slave labor was used to facilitate the interests of the colonizing powers. Under French rule, the enslaved population included indigenous peoples as well as Africans brought to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade. By 1828, New Orleans was center of the United States slave trade. With its location five miles from the center of New Orleans, Bayou Bienvenue became home to a community of Maroons, freed slaves. Who were Maroons, and what was their relationship to [the landscape of Bayou Bienvenue]?

Maroons were self-described liberated enslaved people who lived in the wetlands. For Europeans, the wetlands were associated with death and fear, but for Maroons they held the possibility of new life. Liberated enslaved people, especially of African origin, would escape into the wetlands because of the similarity to the landscapes of their origins. Maroons lived alongside Indigenous communities that were there before them, like the Chitimacha and Choctaw Tribes and Acadians, who had arrived when Britain colonized Canada. These societies developed various techniques for living in the wetland environment without damaging it, including raised housing, small watercraft-like pirogues, and a new cuisine of alligator and turtles. Each group brought their knowledge of cooking, animals, plants, medicines, and building.

Eventually, industry and plantations began to exert pressures on these communities and how they used the landscape. To earn money, Maroons made wares with grass-weaving techniques they had learned from the Chitimacha. Enslaved people whom Maroons had relationships with would take the wares and sell them at the slave market in New Orleans. Lumber companies would also bring enslaved people into the wetlands to harvest cypress for building materials. Through the connections between the enslaved and Maroons, lumber companies would pay Maroons, who were deeper in the wetlands, to cut timber. However, this practice was not beneficial to Maroon communities because the logging participated in the destruction of the wetlands that protected them. As the wetlands became navigable with more shipping channels and canals, the Maroons were increasingly hunted down. Maroon communities still existed in wetlands elsewhere, like Brazil and Jamaica, but in Bayou Bienvenue their communities ceased to exist either through capture or destruction of the landscape that had sustained them. Though in 1769, the Spanish government abolished the enslavement of indigenous people, the Maroon communities of the swamps surrounding New Orleans were a major source of anxiety for the powerful leaders of Spanish Louisiana. The Maroons reputation grew to mythical proportions, though their numbers were significantly lower than what the Spanish government believed. Jean Saint Malo lead a group of Maroons in the areas west of Bayou Bienvenue between 1780 and 1784, when Spanish Lieutenant Governor Francisco Bouligny was ordered to eradicate the Maroons, including Saint Malo's group. After Saint Malo's capture and subsequent execution, Maroon communities were largely driven out of the greater New Orleans area, including Bayou Bienvenue, by the late 1700s.

The area remained significant throughout for its connection for ships to travel between the New Orleans area and Lake Borgne, creating a shortcut to the Gulf of Mexico, throughout the transition to American rule after the Louisiana Purchase. This proved of significant benefit to the British during the Battle of New Orleans in 1814. "'The British had done the impossible. Two officers, disguised as locals, had found the one bayou leading from Lake Bourgne to the Mississippi River that the Creoles, ignoring Jackson’s repeated orders, had failed to block. Suitably named Bienvenue, it had welcomed (with an assist from the smaller Bayou Mazant and a connecting canal) the midnight passage of General Keane, 2,080 men, and two guns to firm ground on the Villeré plantation along the Mississippi. At dawn on December 23, they had surrounded and taken prisoner the militia detachment supposedly guarding the bayou. '"The British were defeated after the Battle of New Orleans, waged just five miles downriver from New Orleans and just beyond Bayou Bienvenue at the Chalmette Battlefield in St. Bernard Parish. A short distance from the Lake end of Bayou Bienvenue, the remains of Battery Bienvenue still guard the eastern approach to the city. This fortification was built shortly after 1815's Battle of New Orleans to prevent any future invasion of the city by way of the Lake and Bayou.

The growth of New Orleans in the early 20th century led to part of Bayou Bienvenue being drained for expansion of the city. In the 1920s, the dredging and installation of locks creating the Industrial Canal, which connected Lake Pontchartrain to the Mississippi River, marked the beginning of the man-made interference that lead to the eventual demise of the Bayou Bienvenue cypress swamp.

The creation of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet in the 1960s "funneled (salt water) directly into the bayou from the Gulf, and quickly killed the cypresses, oaks and almost every other tree, as well as much of the shrub and grass. The wildlife vanished with the habitat ... the area has been decimated, eroded and virtually marinated in salt water." Today a "ghost swamp", the only visible remnants of the Bayou before its man-made destruction are the skeleton-like, limbless trunks of the dead cypress trees rising out of the brackish water.

The bayou crosses the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, before ending in Lake Borgne, a shallow estuarine lake branching from the Mississippi Sound.

title: Bayou Bienvenue


text: Category:Aarhus

title: Category:Aarhus


text:
1922 in Norwegian football

Results from Norwegian football in 1922.

Class A of local association leagues
Class A of local association leagues (kretsserier) is the predecessor of a national league competition.

 * 1Buskerud local association split into Drammen og omegn and Øvre Buskerud.
 * 2Telemark local association split into Grenland and Øvre Telemark.

National team
Sources:

title: 1922 in Norwegian football


text:
Tom Uphill

Thomas Hubert Uphill (June 26, 1874 – February 17, 1962) was a socialist politician in British Columbia. He served a long time as mayor of Fernie and also represented the riding of Fernie in the British Columbia Legislative Assembly for forty years, most of them as the legislature's sole Labour Party MLA.

Early life
Uphill was born in 1874 in Chewton Mendip, Somerset, England, the son of a farm labourer. After serving in the Second Boer War, he moved to Fernie, British Columbia in 1904 and became a life insurance salesman. He was a supporter of the trade union movement and served as secretary of the miners' union. In 1912 he was elected to city council and in 1915 he won his first election as mayor.

Political career
In the 1916 provincial election, Uphill ran for the legislature as a Conservative and was narrowly defeated. The wave of political radicalisation that followed World War I deepened Uphill's sympathy with the trade union movement, and when he ran for the legislature in 1920 he did so as a member of the Federated Labour Party, which had absorbed older socialist parties. Uphill was elected as one of three FLP MLAs in the province.

In the legislature, Uphill was an opponent of prohibition and clashed with Premier John Oliver on the question. In 1924 he was re-elected as one of three Canadian Labour Party MLAs. The CLP fractured and, in 1928, Uphill was re-elected as the sole Independent Labour Party MLA, and thereafter represented the local Fernie and District Labour Party. The British Columbia Co-operative Commonwealth Federation contested its first election in 1933. Uphill declined to join the CCF, viewing it as too conservative. His views had evolved closer to those of the Communist Party of Canada, though he never joined that party or ran under its label.

The 1952 provincial election resulted in a hung parliament in which no party had a majority. The new British Columbia Social Credit League had won 19 seats, only one more than the CCF, led by Harold Winch. The CCF argued that they ought to be called upon to form a government as, with Uphill as a labour MLA, the left had as many seats as Social Credit and that, with much more parliamentary experience than the Socreds, they were better able to form a government. The CCF, however, had run candidates against Uphill in the 1949 and 1952 elections, and in 1949, Uphill had beat the Liberal-Conservative coalition candidate by only nine votes, the narrowness of the victory due to vote-splitting by the CCF. W.A.C. Bennett had foreseen the CCF's argument and obtained Uphill's agreement that he would instead support Social Credit's bid to form the government. By the time Social Credit was defeated in a motion of no confidence the next year, Uphill had changed his mind and pledged to support a CCF government. However, Harold Winch was unable to convince Lieutenant-Governor Clarence Wallace to give his party a chance to form a government, and so the legislature was dissolved and in the ensuing election in 1953 Social Credit won a majority in the legislature.

Uphill remained the sole small-l labour MLA in the legislature until his retirement in 1960. He sometimes appeared and made speeches at events such as May Day organized by the Communists and later the Labor-Progressive Party.

Uphill remained mayor of Fernie until he lost a close election in 1946, but regained the office in 1950. He retired as mayor in 1955 for health reasons, though he remained in the provincial legislature for one more term.

When he died in 1962, twenty-two flags flew at half-mast to mourn his passing. An affordable living facility for seniors and people with disabilities, Tom Uphill Manor, was named in his honor.

title: Tom Uphill


text:
Morrison's

Morrison's or Morrisons may refer to:

 * Morrisons, a chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom
 * Morrisons, New Zealand, a settlement in Otago, New Zealand
 * Morrison's Academy, a Scottish school in Crieff, Perth and Kinross
 * Morrison's Cafeteria, a southeastern United States restaurant chain
 * Morrisons Cove, a valley in Pennsylvania, United States
 * Morrison's Haven, a Scottish harbour in East Lothian
 * Morrisons Hill, New South Wales, a former railway halt in Australia

title: Morrison's


text:
Benjamin Perley Poore

Benjamin Perley Poore (November 2, 1820 – May 30, 1887) was a prominent American newspaper correspondent, editor, and author in the mid-19th century. One of the most popular and prolific journalists of his era, he was an active partisan for the Whig and Republican parties.

Biography
Poore was born at the home of his maternal grandparents in Newburyport, Massachusetts, to parents Benjamin and Mary Perley (Dodge) Poore whose family estate, Indian Hill Farm, was in nearby West Newbury, Massachusetts. His father's family were long-time residents of the area; his mother had been born in 1799 in Georgetown, a small incorporated community in the newly defined District of Columbia.

When Poore was seven, his parents took him to Washington, D.C., for the first time, during the administration of President John Quincy Adams. About this time, he enrolled in Governor Dummer Academy in Byfield, Massachusetts, to prepare for a West Point appointment. When he was eleven years old he was taken by his father to England, where saw Walter Scott, Lafayette, and other notables. Poore was expelled from Dummer Academy for misbehavior and apprenticed himself to a printer in Worcester, Massachusetts.

Poore's father purchased a newspaper in Athens, Georgia, the Southern Whig, which Poore edited for two years. In 1841, he visited Europe again as attaché of the American legation at Brussels, remaining abroad until 1848. During this period he was the foreign correspondent of the Boston Atlas. After editing the Boston Bee and Sunday Sentinel, Poore returned to the national capital in 1854 as a Washington correspondent. His colorful letters to The Boston Journal and other newspapers over the signature of "Perley" made his national reputation.

He ran for a seat in the U.S. Congress from Massachusetts Sixth District in 1856 and lost. He supported Millard Fillmore in the presidential election that year and lost a wager that Fillmore would win more votes in Massachusetts than his opponent John C. Frémont. To fulfil the terms of that bet, he transported a barrel of apples by wheelbarrow from his hometown of West Newbury to Boston. He completed the 36-mile course over two days and was met by a cheering crowd of 10,000 that included a military escort on horseback and the members of local Fillmore clubs.

During the Civil War, he organized a battalion of riflemen at Newbury that formed the nucleus of a company in the 8th Massachusetts volunteers, in which Poore served as major for a short time, retaining the title of Major Poore for the rest of his life. In March 1862, Poore and the novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne were among a small delegation that visited President Abraham Lincoln at the White House.

In addition to his newspaper writing, Poore served as clerk of the committee of the United States Senate on printing records, where he edited the Congressional Directory beginning in 1867 and the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

Poore was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1874.

In 1885, Poore organized the Gridiron Club and served as its first president. Designed as social events to bring reporters and politicians together to repair the ill-will sometimes generated by news stories, Gridiron dinners featured satirical songs and skits performed by Washington's leading journalists. The Club's annual white-tie dinners continue to attract presidents and other dignitaries. When he died in Washington, D.C., on May 30, 1887, The New York Times wrote: "He had a wide acquaintance, having known everybody of consequence in the capital for 30 years or more, was a living storehouse of anecdotes, a popular diner-out, and enjoyed the confidence of many leading public men."

Writings

 * Campaign Life of General Zachary Taylor (1848)
 * The Rise and Fall of Louis Philippe, Ex-king of the French (Boston, 1848)
 * Early Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (1851)
 * Agricultural History of Essex County, Massachusetts
 * The Conspiracy Trial for the Murder of Abraham Lincoln (1865)
 * Federal and State Charters 2 vols., (1877)
 * The Life and Public Services of Ambrose E. Burnside (1882)
 * A Descriptive Catalogue of the Government Publications of the United States, 1774-1881 (1885)
 * Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis Vol. I (Philadelphia, 1886).
 * Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis Vol. II (Philadelphia, 1886).

title: Benjamin Perley Poore


text:
Penny Racers (1998 video game)

Penny Racers is a racing game for the Nintendo 64. It was released in Japan in 1998 and in North America and Europe in 1999. The game is part of the racing game series Choro Q and is known by the name Choro Q 64 in Japan. (Japanese title: チョロQ64). The game had a Nintendo 64 sequel released only in Japan, Choro Q 64 2: Hachamecha Grand Prix Race. It is a customizable racer game, and has a total of 114 parts, arranged in eight categories.

Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. IGN criticized the graphics and sound. Both IGN and GameSpot said that it didn't live up to other racing games on the Nintendo 64 like Mario Kart 64 and Diddy Kong Racing. Nintendo Power found the game's menus hard to navigate. GamePro called it "a cartoony, graphical fender-bender with chunky, featureless cars and cardbord-cutout landscapes". In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 25 out of 40.

title: Penny Racers (1998 video game)


text:
Fas ligand

Fas ligand (FASL or CD95L) is a type-II transmembrane protein expressed on various types of cells, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, breast epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells and natural killer (NK) cells. It binds with its receptor, called FAS receptor (also called CD95) and plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system and in induction of apoptosis, a programmed cell death.

Structural features
Fas ligand or FasL is a type II transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF). It is homotrimeric, which means it consists of three identical polypeptides. It has a long cytoplasmic domain, a stalk region, a transmembrane domain (TM), a TNF homology domain (THD) responsible for the homotrimerization. Including a C-terminal region involved in binding to CD95, also known as the fas receptor.

FasL binds to fas, leading to the formation of fas:FasL assemble. This interaction initiates the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex, resulting in apoptosis.

FasL is expressed on various cell types, including T cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and vascular endothelial cells. FasL exists in both membrane-anchored and soluble forms.

Receptors

 * FasR: The Fas receptor (FasR), or CD95, is the most intensely studied member of the death receptor family. The gene is situated on chromosome 10 in humans and 19 in mice. Previous reports have identified as many as eight splice variants, which are translated into seven isoforms of the protein.  Many of these isoforms are associated with rare haplotypes that are usually associated with a state of disease. Apoptosis-inducing Fas receptor is dubbed isoform 1 and is a type 1 transmembrane protein. It consists of three cysteine-rich pseudorepeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular death domain.
 * DcR3: Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a recently discovered decoy receptor of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that binds to FasL, LIGHT, and TL1A. DcR3 is a soluble receptor that has no signal transduction capabilities (hence a "decoy") and functions to prevent FasR-FasL interactions by competitively binding to membrane-bound Fas ligand and rendering them inactive.

Cell signaling and mechanism
Fas signaling pathway involves activating apoptosis (programmed cell death). This happens through the interaction of Fas receptor and Fas ligand. As mentioned, Fas ligand/FasL is a type II transmembrane protein that can exist in both membrane-anchored and soluble forms. The interaction between FasR on an adjacent cell and membrane anchored FasL leads to the trimerization, forming the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC).

Upon ensuing death domain (DD) aggregation, the receptor complex is internalized via the cellular endosomal machinery. This allows the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain (FADD) to bind the death domain (DD) of Fas through its own death domain (DD). FADD also contains a death effector domain (DED) near its amino terminus, which facilitates binding to the DED of FADD-like ICE (FLICE), more commonly referred to as caspase-8. FLICE can then self-activate through proteolytic cleavage into p10 and p18 subunits, of which two form the active heterotetramer enzyme. Active caspase-8 is then released from the DISC into the cytosol, where it cleaves other effector caspases, eventually leading to DNA degradation, membrane blebbing, and other hallmarks of apoptosis.

Some reports have suggested that the extrinsic Fas pathway is sufficient to induce complete apoptosis in certain cell types through death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) assembly and subsequent caspase-8 activation. These cells are dubbed Type 1 cells and are characterized by the inability of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (namely Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) to protect from Fas-mediated apoptosis. Characterized Type 1 cells include H9, CH1, SKW6.4, and SW480, all of which are lymphocyte lineages except for SW480, which is of the colon adenocarcinoma lineage.

Moreover, the pathways in the Fas signal cascade exhibit evidence for crosstalk. In most cell types, caspase-8 catalyzes the cleavage of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bid into its truncated form, tBid. BH-3 only members of the Bcl-2 family engage exclusively anti-apoptotic members of the family (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), allowing Bak and Bax to translocate to the outer mitochondrial membrane, thus permeabilizing it and facilitating release of pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO, an antagonist of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs).

Additionally, the c-FLIP protein, structurally resembling caspase-8 but lacking enzymatic activity, plays a dual role in Fas-induced apoptosis. At low concentrations, c-FLIP is believed to promote caspase-8 activation. There is a possibility it is because caspase-8 binds to c-FLIP with higher affinity than to itself (caspase-8 homo-dimerization). However, at high concentrations, c-FLIP reduces the proteolytic activity of caspase-8, potentially by competing for binding to FADD. This dual role underscores the complexity of Fas signaling and its regulation by c-FLIP at different concentrations.

Function of apoptosis in the immune system
Apoptosis triggered by FasR-Fas ligand binding plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the immune system. Its functions include:
 * T-cell homeostasis: the activation of T-cells leads to their expression of the Fas ligand. T cells are initially resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis during clonal expansion, but become progressively more sensitive the longer they are activated, ultimately resulting in activation-induced cell death (AICD). This process is needed to prevent an excessive immune response and eliminate autoreactive T-cells. Humans and mice with deleterious mutations of Fas or Fas ligand develop an accumulation of aberrant T-cells, leading to lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and lupus erythematosus.
 * Cytotoxic T-cell activity: Fas-induced apoptosis and the perforin pathway are the two main mechanisms by which cytotoxic T lymphocytes induce cell death in cells expressing foreign antigens.
 * Immune privilege: Cells in immune privileged areas such as the cornea or testes express Fas ligand and induce the apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes. It is one of many mechanisms the body employs in the establishment and maintenance of immune privilege.
 * Maternal tolerance: Fas ligand may be instrumental in the prevention of leukocyte trafficking between the mother and the fetus, although no pregnancy defects have yet been attributed to a faulty Fas-Fas ligand system.
 * Tumor counterattack: Tumors may over-express Fas ligand and induce the apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes, allowing the tumor to escape the effects of an immune response. The up-regulation of Fas ligand often occurs following chemotherapy, from which the tumor cells have attained apoptosis resistance.

Role in disease
Defective Fas-mediated apoptosis may lead to oncogenesis as well as drug resistance in existing tumors. Germline mutation of Fas is associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a childhood disorder of apoptosis.

Increases in Fas-mediated signaling have been implicated in the pathology of low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and glioblastoma.

More recently, FasL-mediated apoptosis of T cells has also been suggested as an immune-evasive mechanism by which tumors can suppress T cell infiltration similar to inhibitory immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4.

Interactions
Fas ligand has been shown to interact with:

 * CASP8,
 * EZR,
 * FADD,
 * FNBP1,
 * FYN,
 * FAS,
 * Grb2,
 * PACSIN2, and
 * TNFRSF6B.

title: Fas ligand


text:
Coram non judice

Coram non judice, Latin for "not before a judge", is a legal term typically used to indicate a legal proceeding that is outside the presence of a judge (or in the presence of a person who is not a judge), with improper venue, or without jurisdiction. Any indictment or sentence passed by a court which has no authority to try an accused of that offence, is clearly in violation of the law and would be coram non judice and a nullity. The exception non sui juris, "not of one's own right", is available at any time, including after judgment (Bracton).

The "coram" part of the term means "in the presence of".

title: Coram non judice


text:
Pukaskwa National Park

Pukaskwa National Park is a national park located south of the town of Marathon, Ontario in the Thunder Bay District of northern Ontario, Canada. Established in 1978, Pukaskwa is known for its vistas of Lake Superior and boreal forests. The park covers an area of 1,878 km2, and protects part of the longest undeveloped shoreline anywhere on the Great Lakes.

The Hattie Cove Campground is located at the north end of the park and can be accessed via Highway 627, the only road access into the park. There are also a number of backcountry campsites located along the 60 km Coastal Hiking Trail which follows the north shore of Lake Superior. The Coastal Hiking Trail has two suspension bridges; one across the White River at Chigaamiwinigum and one across the Willow River. The Coastal Hiking Trail is part of the long-distance Voyageur Hiking Trail. Backcountry campsites are also located along the Coastal Paddling Route, the White River, and the Pukaskwa River. In 2017, the 24 km Mdaabii Miikna ("go to shore trail" in Ojibwe) was opened as a shorter backcountry alternative to the Coastal Hiking trail. It follows the coastline of Lake Superior in the sheltered Picture Rock Harbour.

Puskaskwa is an Indigenous word with a debatable meaning. Its possible meanings include "eaters of fish," "something evil," or "safe harbour." However, the Ojibway and Cree nations maintain "Pukasu" is the correct spelling. "The word "Pukasu" describes what people do when they cook the marrow inside the bones of animals. Remnants of a carcass are thrown into an open fire and left until any remaining meat has all burned away leaving the marrow cooked.

Flora
Pukaskwa National Park is located in the heart of Canada's boreal forest ecozone. Common tree species in this area include black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, trembling aspen, Eastern white cedar, and white birch. Many plants that grow inside Pukaskwa National Park are typically found in Arctic alpine regions, including encrusted saxifrage, birds-eye primrose, and butterwort. Pukaskwa is home to the northernmost populations of Pitcher's thistle in Canada, with four colonies of the plant existing and self-sustaining on the coastal dune areas within the park. Other rare plant species include Franklin's lady-slipper and mountain huckleberry. Many plants within Pukaskwa also have medicinal and ethnobotanical uses. Eastern white cedar, Labrador-tea, and Chaga all grow within Pukaskwa's area and can be boiled into tea for physical and spiritual health. Pukaskwa is also home to numerous lichen and moss species, including sphagnum, reindeer moss, and lungwort species.

Fauna
Black bears, moose, beavers, peregrine falcons, river otters, lynx and timber wolves are found in this park. The park is also home to bald eagles. There was also a small population of woodland caribou but their numbers declined from 30 caribou in the 1970s to about four in 2012 mainly due to wolf predation. In early 2017, after previous failures to locate any remaining caribou, researchers turned to advanced thermal imaging technology to survey the area for caribou. This survey revealed caribou are now extirpated from this park. Cougars may also be in the park, but numbers are not yet known.

Climate
The park has a humid continental climate (Dfb) under the Köppen climate classification that is strongly influenced by Lake Superior.

Rivers in the park include the: The Pic River enters Lake Superior just north of the park.
 * Pukaskwa River
 * Cascade River
 * North Swallow River
 * Swallow River
 * White River
 * Willow River

The highest point in the park is the peak of Tip Top Mountain which rises to 641 meters / 2106 feet.

Thousand year old rock structures known as Pukaskwa Pits which were created by the original inhabitants of this area can be found on many of the park's cobblestone beaches.

The most recent State of the Park Report for Pukaskwa National Park was published in 2008.

title: Pukaskwa National Park


text:
Eileen Wilson-Oyelaran

Eileen B. Wilson-Oyelaran (born November 14, 1947) is an educator and academic administrator who served as the 17th president of Kalamazoo College, succeeding James F. Jones. She was the first female president, as well as the first African-American president of the school. She retired at the end of the 2015–2016 academic year.

Education
Wilson-Oyelaran grew up in Los Angeles. She enrolled at Pomona College east of the city, where she majored in sociology and was one of the founding members of the Claremont Colleges' Black Student Union. She then earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in education from the Claremont Graduate University. During her undergraduate study abroad experience in England, she studied the education of immigrant children. She was also the recipient of the Thomas J. Watson Traveling Fellowship, which enabled her to do independent research in Ghana, Nigeria, and Tanzania.

Academic career
After completing her doctoral work in early childhood development, she accepted her first academic position at the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) in Nigeria, teaching in both the departments of education and psychology. She stayed at Ife for 14 years, and served as a department chair and Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences.

Wilson-Oyelaran's scholarly focus is in child development and education in cross-cultural context, and she has published widely in this area. While in Nigeria she served as a consultant for UNICEF (Nigeria) and designed a series of baseline surveys that became the model for assessing the status of children under five throughout the country.

In 1988, when her family left Nigeria for the United States, Wilson-Oyelaran became a visiting scholar in education at North Carolina Wesleyan College and then associate professor and chair of the department of education at Winston-Salem State University. In 1995, she became Dean of the College at Salem College, and rose to the position of Vice President of Salem Academy and College and Dean of the College. She was also acting president of Salem College for a brief period.

In 2013, Wilson-Oyelaran was named chair of the board of directors of the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU).

Honors
Her honors and awards include the Kent Fellowship, American Council on Education Fellowship and the Visionary Leadership Award presented by the Claremont Colleges Intercollegiate Office of Black Studies. A proponent of equity and inclusion, Wilson-Oyelaran has been honored for her work on behalf of young women and girls. She is the recipient of the American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education (AACTE) Gender Equity Architect Award, the Salvation Army's Strong, Smart, and Bold Award, and the YWCA Woman of Vision. In 2007 Mortar Board National College Senior Honor Society presented her with the Alumni Achievement Award.

Personal life
She is married to Olasope Oyelaran and they have raised four children: Adedoyin, Oyindasola, Omosalewa, and Oyeyinka.

title: Eileen Wilson-Oyelaran


text:
User talk:Smoothy

Hello, I'm Cecil. Feel free to ask me anything.

NAV
Cecil, I support your decision to keep the criticism section in the Norton Antivirus article. It is a valid criticism, as you say. Keep up the good work, and don't be discouraged from being bold by wikipolitics. THE KING 01:31, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

David Beckham
Hi Cecil. I put LA Galaxy because from july 2007 onwards, he will play for LA galaxy. this has been done with previous players before they joined the team.
 * OK, but we had a big discussion about this on the David Beckham talk page. The thing is as per FIFA rules, he hasn't actually signed a full contract for them YET.  He can only do this on July 1st, when his Real Madrid contract expires.  What he has signed is a pre-contract, which simply states that he will sign for LA Galaxy on July 1st.  I and a number of other people feel that it's wrong to therefore include any LA Galaxy info in his infobox as he is not currently at LA Galaxy (and the infobox is supposed to show information relating to the here and now).  It is fine to report about it in the main article (accurately, obviously).  Of course, something could happen (very unlikely of course) between now and July 1st (like maybe him being seriously injured or something) so to put this kind of info in his infobox just looks clumsy.  It may have been done in other articles, but it would've been wrong to as well. Smoothy 16:28, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, sounds fine. Sorry, and thanks.Jackrm 17:06, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Be Warned - Rangers FC - an attempt to push through a controversial 'same club' approach
Hello. You have contributed to the Newco Rangers article so I thought yuou should be made aware that an attempt is being made to undermine this article by pushing through a 'same club' approach despite many of us believing this is heavily biased and very selective use of the sources. You may wish to follow what is proposed at the Talk:Rangers F.C/Sandbox. Spiritofstgeorge (talk) 12:44, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Smoothy


text:
User talk:Lord Jim

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- Infrogmation 22:03, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

Hi Jim, With reference to BJP article and section Scam and Scandal, you reduce my contribution to 1 line! It's natural that none on this earth want to let other's know about crime or sin commited but it's fair to reveal the truth at some point of time in everybody life and I hope you agree with this. with love John Paul 11:17, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Speedy commits suicide
Are you sure? --Knulclunk 15:36, 1 December 2007 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:04, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lord Jim


text:
User:Roxieandmartha

Roxieandmartha is perhaps one of the most offensive users in Wikipedia history. At fourteen, he corrupted the Wikipedia article on Martha Stewart (December 11, 2004). He created an article on a real film, "Roxie and Martha," that was ripped down by bureaucratic Wikipedia users a few days later. A filmmaker all his life, he is currently working on a film, "Sally," due out in limited release in central California in the summer of 2005.

title: User:Roxieandmartha


text:
Qadir Magsi

Qader Magsi (ڊاڪٽر قادر مگسي) is a Pakistani politician from the Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party.

Qader Magsi was born on 25 December 1962 in Thatta. He received primary and intermediate education in Thatta. Later he joined Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro L.U.M.H.S) in 1981 for MBBS. In 1982, he became member of Jeay Sindh Students' Federation (JSSF) in LMC unit.

Magsi later established Taraqi Pasand Wing. He has been imprisoned various times on mass murder and genocide charges. Magsi converted his Tarqi Pasand Wing into The Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party (STP) on March 21, 1991, he then became the founding chairman of the party.

After the defeat in the 2013 Pakistani general election, seven senior leaders announced their resignation en bloc from the Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party and blamed that Qadir Magsi flawed policies that led to the party's defeat.

Qadir Magsi is widely held responsible for the ethnically motivated murder of more than 1000 Muhajir people in the 1988 Hyderabad massacre. However, he was acquitted of all charges in 2003.

Magsi for united Pakistan
On March 24, 2015, while addressing 24th annual motherland day public meeting in Qasimabad Town, Hyderabad, STPP Chief Dr Magsi urged the Sindhi nationalists to give up demand for secession from Pakistan. He further said: "The breakup of Pakistan will immediately lead to the division of Sindh into many parts. The terrorists employed for this agenda of foreign powers are working on this scheme in Sindh".

Support for Zarb-e-Azb
Magsi has expressed his unwavering support for the ongoing military operation Zarb-e-Azb by Pakistani Army in North Waziristan against the banned terrorist outfits. He demanded a full-scale operation until there were no more terrorists left all over the country.

Magsi and MQM
Qadir has criticized MQM on many occasions. He has accused MQM for propaganda of new province on the agenda of international agents and suggested MQM to shun ethnicity politics.

title: Qadir Magsi