text:
Talk:List of integrals of exponential functions

Useful citation to simplify integrals
Many of these integrals can be calculated online on the wolfram mathworld website: http://integrals.wolfram.com/index.jsp Can this be added as a citation? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.211.188.107 (talk) 20:27, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Removal of apparently incorrect integral
Removed this, since it is incorrect:

 * $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-{x^2}/{a^2}} \cos bx\,dx=a \sqrt{\pi}(\sin{a^2 b^2 \over 4}+\cos{a^2 b^2\over 4})$$

Try numerically with $$a=b=1$$. Should probably be $${a\sqrt{\pi}} \exp(-({ab \over {2}})^2)$$ for $$a>0$$. TB

 * GENERAL REMARK: it is better to write x{sqrt(c)} than (sqrt(c))x, because it is prone to misunderstanding if the sqrt sign just does not stretch to include the x, or just does.
 * Admittedly, this remark would be clearer if I had the "real" sqrt symbol available here, but you understand what I mean, I hope. My remark applies to the integral of the exponential of minus x squared, which results in the error function. Alex Vermeulen, The Netherlands Jordaan12 (talk) 15:35, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

What is n?
This integral doesn't make much sense; what's n?
 * $$\int e^{x^2}\,dx = e^{x^2}\left (\sum_{r=1}^n\frac{1}{2^n x^{2n-1}} \right)+ \frac {2n-1}{2^n}\int \frac{e^{x^2}\;dx}{x^{2n}} $$

Ed Sanville 00:23, 30 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess it should hold with any n. I think this is obtained by integrating by parts n times. So, I don't know the details, but I have a feeling this formula is correct as it stands. Oleg Alexandrov 22:04, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it does appear to be the n-th iteration of integration by parts. I think it's mathematical common sense that if nothing is said about n then you get to pick your favourite one, but for the people with actual common sense, we should probably include some comment which tells them that.  I know this problem has come up regarding this specific integral among my friends.  I just don't think I'm the right person to put that blurb in, for fear of confusing them further.  Dusik 16:58, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The formula is in fact obtained by repeated application of partial integration but is not correct as it stands (wrong coefficients). The (presumably) correct formula can or could be derived from the asymptotic expansion of the error function and is (to be checked once more)

 * $$\int e^{x^2}\,dx = e^{x^2}\left( \sum_{j=0}^{n-1}\frac{2j\,!}{j!} \,\frac{1}{2^{2j+1}x^{2j+1}} \right )+\frac{(2n-1)\,!}{(n-1)!2^{2n-1}}\int \frac{e^{x^2}}{x^{2n}}\;dx \quad \mbox{ for } n > 0 $$
 * I thought that the above integral was not convergent. Is the solution exact?
 * In the case of the errorfunction (integral :$$\int_{0}^{t} e^{-x^2}\,dx $$) the expansion has the same coefficients but now with alternating sign. The main application of this integral identity is to give an approximation formula (for large t) for the error function values or the complementary (erfc-) function. Here one has to choose a suitable n (cut-off parameter) depending on t because the full series diverges for every x, it is only an asymptotic series. --212.18.24.11 09:14, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

EXACTLY THE SAME QUESTION by Alex Vermeulen, The Netherlands. What's n? I would greatly appreciate an answer.Jordaan12 (talk) 15:01, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

 * As Oleg Alexandrov said, any positive integer n should work for the corrected version of the formula. You may pick any value which is convenient for the region in which you want to approximate the integral. I would suggest that you try values of n near to x2. JRSpriggs (talk) 20:22, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

Nicer integral
ive found a nicer looking solving of the integral
 * $$\int x^n e^{cx}\; dx = \frac{1}{c} x^n e^{cx} - \frac{n}{c}\int x^{n-1} e^{cx} dx$$

wich to me looks nasty. i have a easier method. should i add it?

Yes please. The solution is still an integral. Aren't there any serial represantation of this integral. Or something nicer —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.229.24.154 (talk) 13:26, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Inaccurate Integral

 * $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x^2 e^{-ax^2}\,dx=\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\pi \over a^3}$$

is incorrect. That's the answer if the limits were
 * $$\int_{0}^{\infty}$$

I've changed it to the correct:

 * $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x^2 e^{-ax^2}\,dx=\sqrt{\pi \over a^3}$$

Melink14 18:43, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I lied. It was correct as before as far as I can tell.  If you can verify please do. Melink14 19:21, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Needs proofs
The page needs proofs. That is, for every identity a link to a proof should be included, perhaps by linking to a page which contains proofs directly, like:

= (proof)

Or:

= (proof)

Or perhaps using <ref>:

= [1]

To me most of them look doable, but I assume that to a layman this looks just like your average unreferenced article. Shinobu 23:27, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I am a new user to wikipedia, but I think I can so this, at least for some of these integrals. Might take a while though. If anyone wants to help out, that would be awesome. Going3killu (talk) 00:55, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I personally disagree. I found the inline proofs with the 'show' and 'hide' rather distracting from what the article was talking about. I'm not going to remove them (I'm new and wouldn't want to hurt anything) but if others agree, maybe the proofs should be removed.Chessofnerd (talk) 02:05, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, and I think that so does MOS:MATH ("... don't include them when they serve only to establish the correctness of a result").—Emil J. 11:52, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

one more please
can someone please verify this, and add to the table?
 * $$\int {x \over \sigma\sqrt{2\pi} }\,e^{-{(x-\mu )^2 / 2\sigma^2}}\; dx= \frac{1}{2} \mbox{erf}\,\frac{x-\mu}{\sigma \sqrt{2}}-\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\,e^{-{(x-\mu )^2 / 2\sigma^2}}$$

Jackzhp 22:52, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * What does $$\sigma$$ signify?. Going3killu (talk) 00:08, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

 * When talking about the Normal distribution, σ refers to the standard deviation. JRSpriggs (talk) 02:58, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

beware
89.181.138.253 is polluting this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.152.170.195 (talk) 01:12, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Complex Constants
Some of this intergrals work with complex values of the constants, it would be useful if it can be noted in wich cases. 200.145.46.252 (talk) 00:04, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Gamma function with two (??) arguments?
The formula disputed by contains $$\Gamma(n+1,-\ln x)\,.$$ I have never seen a Gamma function with two arguments. What does its mean? JRSpriggs (talk) 06:59, 3 July 2009 (UTC)

 * To partly answer my own question, it may refer to the Gamma distribution. On the other hand, that seems to need three arguments, not just two. JRSpriggs (talk) 00:42, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Better still, it may be the upper incomplete gamma function defined by
 * $$ \Gamma(s,x) = \int_x^{\infty} t^{s-1}\,e^{-t}\,dt .\,\!$$
 * This would imply that
 * $$\Gamma(n+1,-\ln x) = \int_{-\ln x}^{\infty} t^{n}\,e^{-t}\,dt \,.$$
 * If $$t = -\ln u \,,$$ then
 * $$\Gamma(n+1,-\ln x) = \int_{0}^{x} {(-\ln u)}^{n} \, du \,$$
 * where 0≤x≤1. JRSpriggs (talk) 01:21, 25 November 2009 (UTC)

In the works
Working on a proofs page. Please just give me a while to get it up and going. Also, any feedback would be awesome. I might need help. Thanks. Going3killu (talk) 03:08, 14 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Just in case you're not aware, there is an ongoing discussion of the value of proofs in Wikipedia at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics/Proofs. Also keep in mind that proofs as separate articles must still conform to Wikipedia notability and verifiability policies.--RDBury (talk) 15:09, 14 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I have been made aware of the problems associated with making a "proof page", and have scrapped that idea. Instead, I have decided to opt for a different approach, which is demonstrated on the second integral on the list. could you take a look at that, and let me know if that seems acceptable. Thanks.Going3killu (talk) 02:50, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

c != 0 should be added at the top level
I was doing some programming and c=0 had to be considered :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rrogers314 (talk • contribs) 15:49, 15 May 2015 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Dag Nasty

Untitled
Go ahead, start somethin'. I dare ya. -Anonymous

Typical. -Tuh

I added the discography and info on the 1991 and 1992 releases which had been left out by whomever wrote this article. There is a lot more info on Dag's lineup over the years and such which really should be added, too. --Mike 20:41, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Yeah. that nonsense about Field Day being pronounced "feedle dee dee" is absolute hogwash. Ask Baker.

The "feedle dee dee" pronunciation, while not official, is generally recognized by the members of the group and by fans who maintain some personal connection with those members.

Like I said, go ahead and ask Baker. He recently brought this up....fuck, I can't believe I'm even arguing this. It's simply NOT pronounced that way.

Re. feedle dee dee. I was in the band. You're wrong. We pronounce it Field Day. Go away.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Dag Nasty. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141217021327/https://files.nyu.edu/cch223/public/usa/albums/faith_subjecttochange.html to http://files.nyu.edu/cch223/public/usa/albums/faith_subjecttochange.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:10, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Dag Nasty. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130130185107/http://olympusamericaaudioblog.com/brian-baker-bad-religion-interviewed/ to http://olympusamericaaudioblog.com/brian-baker-bad-religion-interviewed/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130130185107/http://olympusamericaaudioblog.com/brian-baker-bad-religion-interviewed/ to http://olympusamericaaudioblog.com/brian-baker-bad-religion-interviewed/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:06, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Redirect from All Ages Show
This article is the only redirect for all ages shows, which is so weird. For so many reasons. I want to write a proper all ages stub and remove the redirect. Might take a bit, though. Anyone else up for writing it? And/or any objections? JSFarman (talk) 18:15, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dag Nasty


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jayapataka Swami

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep Sjakkalle (Check!)  11:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jayapataka Swami
non notable 66.68.156.175 00:26, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. If the claims in the article are true (and the nominator does not suggest otherwise), than this person is as notable as any leader of any religious sect. -- BD2412  talk  00:40, 2005 May 30 (UTC)
 * NOTICE: The user who nominated the above article has quite recently nominated about a dozen others with exactly the same message, "not notable". They are all related to cult worship, dynamics, and history. It is my opinion that this anon is probably promoting an alti-cultist adgenda on Wikipedia and should be cencored. The pages he submits for vfd should all be marked distinctly as keep unless they are really not notable. Most, however, do have a claim to notability. Thanks for your consideration. Ryan Prior 01:51, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep. Religious leaders are generally notable. Capitalistroadster 03:18, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Weird, certainly not in my area of interest, but a valid article.  -- Un  focused  03:39, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep Same anon trying its best to remove articles that have a valid history. POV warrior for sure. ≈ jossi ≈ 04:37, May 30, 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - Definitely notable -CunningLinguist 08:54, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Kamešnica (mountain)

Kamešnica is a mountain in the Dinaric Alps, located in the southern end of the Dinara Mountain Range on the border between Bosnia and Herzegovina (Canton 10) and Croatia (Dalmatia). It is 1851 m high and stretches from the northwest white road pass Vaganj (1,173 m) to the Buško Blato artificial lake. The tallest peak is Konj (Horse) 1855 m, which is located in Bosnia and Herzegovina and offers views of both sides of the border. In clear weather, it is possible to see the most remote areas of the Adriatic Sea and its islands. The vicinity's many trails and caves make it popular with hikers.

Ecosystem
Kamešnica is a favorable habitat for many species of plants and animals. The ecosystem of the northern parts of the mountain has been completely preserved due to its isolated location and the thick forest that surrounds it.

Climate
Most of Kamešnica's peaks are covered by snow for six to seven months of the year.

Most of Kamešnica has a climate characterized by its position in two main climate regions; continental (northern side which is surrounded by Livanjsko field, 700 m above sea-level with mean annual temperature of 9 °C) and submediterranean (southern side which is surrounded by Sinjsko field, 300 m above sea-level where the mean annual temperature is 12.5 °C). Only the highest parts of Kamešnica (above 1300 m), have a snowy-forested climate.

The weather and the mean annual air temperature can be compared using data of Zavizan metro station (1594 m). The lowest temperature on Kamešnica during the winter approximately measures -20 °C. Mean annual quantity of precipitation on Kamešnica ranges from 1200 mm to 2500 mm (maximum quantity on the peaks Konj, Kurljaj, Burnjaca and Gareta). In general, the climate of Kamešnica is very similar to the climate of Velebit.

The "Bura" is a dry and cold wind that blows from the northeast (from continent towards sea). While the bura is blowing, the peaks of Kamešnica are in the cloud called "Cap".

In February 2021, the mountain was declared as 12th of Croatia's Nature Park.

title: Kamešnica (mountain)


text:
LGBT rights in Iraq

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Iraq face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Openly LGBT individuals are subject to criminal penalties under the 2024 law making homosexual relations punishable by up to 15 years in prison with fines and deportation; the 2024 law also criminalizes and makes punishable by prison time promoting homosexuality, doctors performing gender-affirming surgery, and men deliberately acting like women. Discrimination is also widespread. Openly gay men are not permitted to serve in the military and same-sex marriage or civil unions are illegal. LGBT people do not have any legal protections against discrimination and are frequently victims of vigilante justice and honor killings.

Following British occupation of Iraq, very strict sodomy laws were put in place. These laws allowed discrimination, harassment, and murders of members within the Iraqi LGBT community. Once Iraqi independence was achieved, these laws still remained. In recent years, leaders within Iraq have spoken out about reducing sodomy laws within the country. Regardless of the reduced laws, discrimination, harassment, and murders of LGBT community members still persist.

The Iraq government has maintained an anti-LGBT stance since gaining independence in 1932 where homosexuality was officially banned. This would be expanded in the IRCC Resolution 234 of 2001 which would punish sodomy, or any homosexual act, with the death penalty. Due to harsh stigma against people who are LGBT, many activist organizations find themselves at a crossroads of whether to focus on building tolerance in Iraq, or instead focusing on ensuring safety or asylum for the LGBT communities. In 2024, there were plans to make homosexual relations in Iraq punishable by up to death but the law was revised before being quietly passed later that year to lower the punishment to 15 years in jail with fines and deportation.

Ancient Mesopotamia
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was composed in the Mesopotamian kingdom of Sumer, the relationship between the main protagonist Gilgamesh and the character Enkidu has been seen by some to be homosexual in nature.

The Šumma ālu, an Akkadian tablet, includes this code, where it regards male homosexuality in a positive light:

"If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers."

In the ancient Assyrian society, the Almanac of Incantations featured prayers praising the equality of love between heterosexual and gay male couples. A man had the rights to visit any gay prostitute or sleep with another man, just as long as false rumors or rape were not involved. Nevertheless, a man taking the submissive role was perceived negatively in ancient Mesopotamia.

A particular Middle Assyrian Law Code from Assur, dating from 1,075 BC, condemns homosexual rape or forced sex. It speaks of a "seignior" (high social figure in the community) and his "neighbor" (someone of equal social status):

"If a seignior [an Assyrian man] lay with his neighbor [another citizen], when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him [the first citizen], they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch."

Islamic and medieval era
Islam became a major religion in the region following the first Arab conquest of the region in the 7th century. However, despite the prohibitory nature of Islamic doctrine against homosexuality, the presence of homosexuals in the region continued up to the present.

In the early Safavid era (1501–1723), when the Safavid empire ruled Mesopotamia from 1508 to 1533, male houses of prostitution (amrad khane) were legally recognized and paid due government taxes.

Ottoman and British rule
In 1858, the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the area of modern-day Iraq as part of Ottoman Iraq province, abolished its existing sodomy laws. The assumption of control over the three vilayets of the province by the British (as a League of Nations mandate known as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) imposed a ban on homosexuality, defined in the penal code as sodomy on the province which would remain well after independence in 1932.

Republic of Iraq
The Criminal Code of 1969, enacted by the Ba'athist party, only criminalized sexual behavior in cases of adultery, incest, rape, prostitution, public acts, or cases involving fraud or someone unable to give consent due to age or mental defect. Homosexuality per se was not a crime, but could be justification for government discrimination and harassment under laws designed to protect national security and public morality.

From the enactment of this code in 1969 to 2001, Iraqi security forces had considerably leeway to harass, jail or even execute anyone deemed to be a threat to national security or public morality. LGBT people could be harassed, jailed or blackmailed into becoming spies for the regime.

No LGBT-rights organization was allowed to exist in Iraq, and laws designed to specifically discriminate against LGBT people began to appear in the 1980s. Sodomy was re-criminalized by a 1988 resolution, but only when it involved prostitution. [Combating Prostitution Law No. 8 of 1988].

The Iraqi Law of Personal Status was amended in the 1980s to specifically permit a wife to divorce her husband in cases where the husband was guilty of a homosexual relationship. The practice of "honor killing" was also made legal in the family law code, which meant that LGBT people could be killed by a family member for bringing "shame" or "dishonor" to the family.

When the AIDS-HIV pandemic reached Iraq in 1986, Saddam Hussein believed that the disease could be spread by casual contact, and thus ordered all Iraqis with the disease to be relocated to a special prison facility. Widespread ignorance about the disease meant that all Iraqis with hemophilia, along with homosexuals, were often suspected of carrying the disease.

After the war with Iran, Saddam Hussein felt the need to increase his support among Iraqis with more traditionalist Islamic social values, a movement known as the Faith Campaign, a large campaign to reshape Saddam Hussein's image from that of a secularist, to that of champion of traditional Islamic morality. One of the ways that the government achieved this was through strong, and public, opposition to LGBT people.

As part of this, in the early 1990s, at the United Nations, the Iraqi delegation cited religion at the time as their reasoning for opposing efforts to have the international body support for LGBT rights.

In the summer of 1993 compulsory religious education was introduced into Iraqi schools. Nightclubs accused of harboring prostitutes were closed and the constitution was amended to include the death penalty for homosexuality.

In 1995, Saddam Hussein created a new military unit called, Fedayeen Saddam ("Saddam's Men of Sacrifice") to punish Iraqis whose behavior or life-style was deemed to be in violation traditional Islamic mores. This group operated similar to an armed Mutaween (religious police), and often staged public torture and executions of LGBT people as women who had sex outside of marriage. Approximately 3,000 people were tortured from 1991 to 2003 by Saddam Hussein's security forces for expressing their sexuality.

In 1999, an urban legend began to circulate that the Iraqi government banned the South Park television series, and feature film, because it depicted Saddam Hussein being involved in a homosexual relationship with Satan. While the film would not have been approved by the Iraqi censorship board, western film makers did not attempt to exhibit films in Iraq because of the economic sanctions.

In 2001, the IRCC Resolution 234 of 2001 was enacted that established the death penalty for adultery, being involved with prostitution, and anyone who, "Commits the crime of sodomy with a male or female or who violates the honor of a male or female without his or her consent and under the threat of arm or by force in a way that the life of the victim (male or female) is threatened."

With the intention of discrediting Saddam Hussein with his supporters, the CIA considered making a video in which he would be seen having sex with a teenage boy.

American occupation of Iraq
When Coalition Provisional Authority Chief executive Paul Bremer took control of Iraq following the U.S. invasion in 2003, he issued a series of decrees that restored the Iraqi criminal code back to the Iraq penal code of 1969 (as revised in 1988), abolishing the death penalty (which the newly formed Iraqi government restored in 2005), and removing most restrictions on free speech and assembly.

Despite this, starting in 2003, large waves of harassment and violence against LGBT people from family members and other Iraqis who felt the need to punish people for violating traditional Islamic laws could be seen, with many people outside of the LGBT community, ranging from journalist, citizens, and even some politicians in Iraq, reporting how brutal many of the attacks were. It is around this time that many LGBT activist organizations, such as The Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq and Iraqi LGBT, started to form in response to the growing violence. The largest amounts of murder and death would happen during this time period, and despite the formation of many LGBT activist organization, many would be forced to disband, go underground, or travel to different countries to continue work there.

On February 5, 2005, IRIN News agency (now The New Humanitarian) issued a report titled "Iraq: Male homosexuality still a taboo". The article stated, among other things, that "honor killings" by Iraqis against a gay family member are common and given some legal protection. The article also stated that the 2001 amendment to the criminal code stipulating the death penalty for homosexuality "has not been changed", even though Paul Bremer clearly ordered the criminal code to go back to its 1980s edition.

Since 2005, there have been reports that the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq's Badr Organization has been involved in death squad campaigns against LGBT Iraqi citizens, and that they are supported in these policies by the Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. New barbaric attacks, with 90 victims, are reported in the first months of 2012.

These reports seem to stem from a fatwa issued by Iraqi cleric Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani stating that homosexuality and lesbianism are both "forbidden" and that they should be "Punished, in fact, killed. The people involved should be killed in the worst, most severe way of killing".

Early drafts in English of the 2005 Iraqi constitution contained a provision that asserted that none of the rights or liberties protected in the Constitution would apply to "deviants". Later revisions of the Iraqi Constitution removed the deviants clause. Several clauses throughout the revised document assert that Islam will be the foundation of the law and that various civil liberties shall be limited by "public morality".

The Iraqi civil war's end in 2008, saw a decrease in violence for people's daily lives, and this allowed a surge in nightlife, including gay nightlife, in Baghdad, Basra, Najaf, and other cities for people in the LGBT community. This, however, also allowed the Sadrist militiamen of the Mahdi Army to reposition themselves to killing LGBT people.

According to a New York Times story in April 2009, Shiʿa clerics in Baghdad "devoted a portion of Friday Prayer services to inveighing against homosexuality." This emboldened many a people, and saw that the increase of LGBT activity, slowed down significantly.

Police officers
In addition to the national penal code, members of the Iraqi Internal Security forces, along with current students and retirees, are bound the rules outlined in Decree Number 9 (2008). The degree bans police officers from associating with people of ill repute, and punishes police officers who engage in homosexual sodomy with up to fifteen years imprisonment.

Military
The Military Penal Law No. 19 of 2007 prohibits its men from engaging in homosexual acts.

Personal status law
These are laws used in special courts designed to handle certain disputes among Iraqi Muslims, especially as it applies to marriage, divorce, alimony, and inheritance.

The Iraqi Personal Status Law (1959) has to relevant provisions;

Article 3 – Marriage is defined as a union between a man and a woman to create children.

Article 40 Section 2 – A legal separation may be granted if either spouse is unfaithful, with the act of homosexuality included as an example of being unfaithful. This provision was added to the law in 1981.

The Iraqi Kurdistan Personal Status Law (1992) also has some relevant provisions;

Article 1 - Marriage is defined as a voluntary union between a man and a woman to create a family.

Article 7 - The couple seeking to marry must produce medical documents that prove that they are not infected with AIDS.

Post-2011 U.S. withdrawal
Legally, the National Crime Code of Iraq prohibits public behavior that is "indecent", giving significant leeway to police officers to enforce traditional Islamic mores and attitudes about gender. While the National Constitution promises to respect the right to privacy as well as various other civil liberties, the Constitution stipulates that Islam is the official government religion and it also allows for considerable regulation of personal liberty in the name of protecting public morals. Yet, oftentimes the violent attacks on LGBT Iraqis are extrajudicial in nature.

It has been suggested that physical and sexual violence against homosexuals has increased since the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq, with militias and the police in particular, despite the legal nature of homosexuality, now engaging more in anti-homosexual violence. This problem is made more complicated by the fact that members of the police are often also members of various militia groups.

The Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights has responded to allegations of increasing homophobic violence by stating that its responses are limited by the fact that LGBT people are not a listed minority in Iraq, but has also emphasized that a number of cases of discrimination and violence against the LGBT community has been passed onto the interior ministry. Ali al-Dabbagh, Prime Minister Maliki's spokesperson has denied organized persecution against the LGBT community but has suggested that members of the community keep their homosexuality private in order to avoid persecution.

Early 2012 saw the saw a large wave of killings of "emo" teenagers accused of homosexuality on the basis of their clothing, and would later be called the "Emo Killings". These killings were done by Shi'a death squads of the Mahdi Army, and were largely condemned by human rights groups outside of Iraq. Many Shi'a clerics, as well as the chairperson of the human rights committee of the Iraqi parliament, denounced these killings, but were also against emo culture as a whole.

In 2023, Raad al-Maliki sought penalties of life imprisonment and death for gay people. The bill, which amends an 1988 anti-prostitution law, eventually passed, though with lesser penalties. On April 27, 2024 Iraq's parliament voted to establish crimes and implement punishments that include:

 * Same-sex relationships, up to 15 years in prison
 * "Promoting homosexuality", up to seven years in prison
 * "Biological sex changes based on personal desires and inclination", up to three years in prison for both the transgender person and the doctor (excludes court-ordered medical procedures to "treat" intersex people's "birth defects" to "affirm" their sex)

Iraqi Kurdistan
In 2010, efforts by the Kurdish government to promote gender equality, were attacked by Kamil Haji Ali, Minister of Endowments and Religious Affairs, as well as the Kurdistan Islamic Movement for trying to legalize same-sex marriage. The KRG and other supporters of gender equality, stated the legislation does not deal with LGBT rights issues, but deals with social justice issues impacting women.

ISIL terrorism
In the areas controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, first offenders of homosexuality are sentenced to death, torture, floggings, beatings, and other violence.

Statements from political parties
Due to the intense social stigma surrounding LGBT people in Iraq, political parties are reluctant to publicly express support for LGBT rights, for fear of alienating large sectors of voters. Islamicist parties are openly, even violently, hostile, while the more secular parties prefer to avoid the issue. For example, while the Global Green Movement backs LGBT rights, the Green Party of Iraq did not do so publicly. The Workers Communist Party of Iraq was a rare exception. No openly LGBT Iraqis have run for elected office in Iraq.

Rasan
The first pro LGBT+ organization to formally and legally operate in Iraq is Rasan. The organization is operating in Sulaymaniyah, located in Iraqi Kurdistan. The organization was initially a feminist women's rights organization when it was established in 2004, but then started working for LGBT+ people in 2012 and implemented larger projects in 2016 as partners of COC Nederland in a project called "Pride Program" (called Crossing Iraqi Rainbow locally in Iraq).

The work began by a campaign which consisted of painting murals around the city of Sulaymaniyah, where the organization's base is located. Amongst the works done, a lot of the murals represented the LGBT+ community and had rainbows and other symbols that were associated with the community. Some of the murals consisted of same-sex couples with "love is love" messages written under them. Although there are other organization that are working for the LGBT+ community, Rasan is the only local organization publicly supporting the community in Iraq as a whole, with a focus on the Kurdish population.

The Organization of Women's Freedom in Iraq (OWFI)
The OWFI started in 2003 and has a focus on ensuring pioneering work to rebuild Iraq with secular democracy and human rights for all. Following the battles for Mosul and other nearby cities against ISIS, over 3 million people have found themselves displaced, with 10 million needing humanitarian aid, OWFI spearheaded an organized effort to change Iraq's Anti-Shelter Policy, which only allowed government run shelters to exist. OWFI led over 40 different local organization to change these policies, and expand the basic civil liberties of people in the region.

Iraqueer
Iraqueer formed in March 2015 with LGBT+ members all over Iraq as the second organization supporting LGBT+ followed by Rasan, with the express goal of raising the awareness level among and about LGBT+ identities in the Iraqi society, and to advocate for LGBT+ rights in Iraq. Iraqueer has three main methods of achieving its goal, by providing education, advocacy, and direct services. In terms of education, Iraqueer has published several guides ranging from security to health safety along with the novel Living in The Margins, containing LGBT stories from people living in Iraq. They also upload videos to YouTube that talk about the different aspects of being an LGBT individual in Iraq. Finally, they host several workshops dedicated to teaching people about gender and sexuality, how to lobby and properly advocate, and to maintain safety and security in times of crisis. Iraqueer has submitted several reports to international bodies, including the United Nations, talking about the state of LGBT people in Iraq.

Iraqi LGBT
Iraqi LGBT is an LGBT rights organization, establish in September 2005, that was created in response to the rise in violence against LGBT people. Their main goal is the creation and maintenance of several different "safe houses" in Iraq, where people who are fleeing from prosecution can find protection and safety. Though they have done activist work promoting tolerance in Iraq, Iraqi LGBT focuses on relocating LGBT people to safer countries, and providing legal help for the LGBT people seeking asylum.

International Railroad for Queer Refugees
Founded in 2008, International Railroad for Queer Refugees (IRQR) provides financial and resettlement assistance for LGBT asylum seekers who are fleeing their homes because of prosecution for their sexual orientation, or gender identity. They also provide assistance and workshops for local organizations, so they can be better prepared in dealing with legal and social ramifications, as well as maintaining a network with different organizations so information can be spread easily, and not be intercepted by government officials.

The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC) are a group of individuals who actively promote the rights of LGBTQ individuals in Iraq. The Islamic state prescribes death for the "practice" of homosexuality. Furthermore, evidence gathered for two briefings by IGLHRC, its partners, and MADRE demonstrate the direct effect of the collapse of the rule of law on LGBT persons, through unfettered violence by sectarian militias.

Yeksani
Yeksani is an initiative focused on advocating for LGBT rights in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Founded by Zhiar Ali, a Kurdish LGBT rights activist and former media and communications officer at Rasan, the organization works to raise awareness of LGBT issues and advocate for legal protections and equality for the community. The organization has been active in the region since 2021, and has carried out various campaigns and initiatives to promote LGBT rights. According to their website, "Yeksani was created to combat the lengthy hate campaigns the LGBT+ community has been facing in Iraq, partly due to improper media representation."

National backlash
Starting in 2003 with the rise of religious conservatism in the Iraq government, many media outlets began to publish articles and think pieces that condemned queer and LGBT people as practices of Satanism that contradict Islamic precepts and human nature. Major killings that targeted LGBT people began during this time, though the killings done in 2004 would not be discovered until later on due to the large amount of violence already occurring in the region. The people responsible for the killings would be linked to the Iran-backed Badr Corps, which form part of the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI).

In 2005, on Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani's website, a fatwa, or a ruling on a point of Islamic law, was issued that declared the killing of homosexual men justified. It would be later taken down due to protests by advocate groups. Many international viewers saw this as one main causes in the rise of anti-LGBT violence, the Human Rights Watch saw little correlation between the fatwa and the violence.

The Mahdi Army formed again in 2009, and using the LGBT community as proof that the militia is needed to cleanse Iraq of undesirable people. The method used most often to succeed in their goals was to kill LGBT people. This would go on to be known as the killing campaigns. The militia justified their actions by citing that the killings were done for a moral cause that was meant to protect masculinity and traditional values. During the height of these killings, magazines and newspapers like Al-Esbuyia and Al-Sabah would publish pieces that supported the killings, and called for more action to stop the "feminization of men".

In 2023, Noor Alsaffar was murdered in Baghdad. Alsaffar, age 23, identified as a male "cross-dresser" and said: "I'm not transgender and I'm not gay." Alsaffar worked as a model and makeup artist known on TikTok as "Noor BM".

International law
In 1971, Iraq ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) treaty, which placed a mandate on Iraqi officials to act against actions done to antagonize or oppress protected and minority groups, among these civil and political rights include; The Right to Life and Security, Protection Against Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment, and The Guarantee of Non-Discrimination. Iraq has continuously violated these rights, and although the UN Human Rights Committee has condemned Iraq for violating the treaty, it has not faced any major consequences because of it.

International concerns
The U.S. Department of State's 2012 human rights report found, "Due to social conventions and retribution against both victim and perpetrator of non-consensual same-sex sexual conduct and violence against participants in consensual same-sex sexual conduct, this activity was generally unreported. In light of the law[,] authorities relied on public indecency charges or confessions of monetary exchange (i.e., prostitution, which is illegal), to prosecute same-sex sexual activity.... LGBT persons often faced abuse and violence from family and nongovernmental actors. From February to April, a wave of violent attacks in Baghdad, Basrah, Samarra, Wasit, and Tikrit targeted individuals perceived to be LGBT.... In early February[,] signs and flyers appeared in Baghdad that threatened persons by name unless they cut their hair, stopped wearing nonconformist clothing, and gave up their 'alternative' lifestyles. This intimidation campaign precipitated attacks. Attacks ranged from intimidation and verbal harassment to reports of kidnappings, beatings (some of which resulted in deaths), sexual assault, and killings. Reports varied on the number of victims killed in the attacks, some of which reportedly were carried out by extremist groups, including the Mahdi Army and League of the Righteous (Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq). UNAMI independently verified the deaths of at least 12 individuals; a Reuters report put the number of victims in Baghdad at 14. Local human rights NGOs reported much higher numbers.... The government did not acknowledge a pattern of attacks nor take measures to ensure safety for individuals publicly named.... Due to stigma, intimidation, and potential harm, including violent attacks, LGBT organizations did not operate openly, nor were gay pride marches or gay rights advocacy events held. The law prohibits discrimination based on race, disability, or social status, but it does not address... sexual orientation or gender identity. Societal discrimination in employment, occupation, and housing based on sexual orientation, gender identity, and unconventional appearance was common. Information was not available regarding discrimination in access to education or health care due to sexual orientation or gender identity, although media reported that students were harassed at school for not adopting conventional clothing or hairstyles. There were minimal government efforts to address this discrimination. At year's end[,] authorities had not announced any other arrests or prosecutions of any persons for violence against LGBT individuals, including cases reported in 2011."

In June 2009, the U.S. State Department raised concerns regarding equality and human rights in a statement from spokesperson Ian Kelly: "In general, we absolutely condemn acts of violence and human rights violations committed against individuals in Iraq because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. This is an issue that we've been following very closely since we have been made aware of these allegations, and we are aware of the allegations. Our training for Iraqi security forces includes instruction on the proper observance of human rights. Human rights training is also a very important part of our and other international donors' civilian capacity-building efforts in Iraq. And the US embassy in Baghdad has raised, and will continue to raise, the issue with senior officials from the government of Iraq, and has urged them to respond appropriately to all credible reports of violence against gay and lesbian Iraqis."

title: LGBT rights in Iraq


text:
Talk:Rate equation

Confusing article
What exactly does it mean to say what the order of a reaction is with respect to a reactant? Does it always mean "If you multiply the concentration of one reactant by a certain power and leave the others constant, what power of that factor does the rate of reaction get multiplied by?" How do half order reactions happen? Blackbombchu (talk) 23:53, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * For your first question (Does it always mean ...), the answer is yes, your proposed meaning is correct. This could be spelled out in the article, but I think it is not really necessary because it is an obvious consequence of the mathematical definition :$$r\; =\; k[\mathrm{A}]^x[\mathrm{B}]^y$$.
 * As for half order reactions, note that in the last sentence of the second paragraph (The equation may involve a fractional order, and may depend on the concentration of an intermediate species.), the words fractional order are linked to a section of the Order of reaction article which explains the origin of order 3/2 for the reaction CH3CHO → CH4 + CO. For questions not answered in a Wikipedia article, it is often a good idea to follow the links for relevant words. Dirac66 (talk) 18:20, 16 September 2015 (UTC)

Second order equation #3
Added an explanation as to why the 2nd order equation includes a factor of two multiplying the rate constant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:1388:803:CDFC:7C1F:DA6F:70F5:E9F0 (talk) 08:19, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Small mistake in the Further properties of first order reaction kinetics?
During an assignment I found something I suspect to be a mistake in this section, I do not know how to edit these things myself. First it states that An/An-1=fRP, then it states that (fRP)n=(1-fBP)n, and at last it states that fBP=1-An/An-1, which would suggest that fRP=1+fBP. I hope someone can help me by correcting either of the equations, so 1 of the subtraction signs become an addition sign, Thank you in advance! A happy user — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.59.207.115 (talk) 16:28, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Never mind this, I couldn't get it to make sense at first, after a few more minutes it began to make sense.87.59.207.115 (talk) 16:34, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Rate equation. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.rcdc.nd.edu/compilations/Ali/Ali.htm
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130414224901/http://www.getcited.org/puba/101600761 to http://www.getcited.org/puba/101600761

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:41, 24 January 2018 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Order of reaction
I propose that Order of reaction be merged into Rate equation. Based on what is in these articles, they seem to be the same subject and even have many of the same section headings. "Rate equation" is the more general term, so I recommend that it be the target; but Order of reaction is better written overall, so its content would mostly replace the corresponding sections in Rate equation. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 01:30, 19 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Support. Yes, the articles discuss very similar subject matter with a lot of overlap. In fact I have often had trouble deciding in which of the two articles to search first for a given point. Combining them would solve that problem for everyone. I also agree that more material should be taken from Order of reaction which is now better written, but that Rate equation is a better title for the combined article because it is more often used in chemistry textbooks. Dirac66 (talk) 01:52, 20 April 2018 (UTC)
 * O.k., it has been a week. I'm going to do it. RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 00:42, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

Equilibrium reactions or opposed reactions
My impression is that everything in Equilibrium reactions or opposed reactions and the sections below belong somewhere else because they are not really discussing the rate equation. I'm not sure where, though - Chemical kinetics, maybe? RockMagnetist (DCO visiting scholar) (talk) 17:23, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

 * First I assume that you mean Equilibrium reactions or opposed reactions and its subsections, i.e. 10.1 and 10.2 but not 11, 12, etc. I think however that section 10 mainly needs a title change; it is really about rate equations but for the case where forward and reverse reactions are at comparable speeds, close enough to equilibrium so that both must be considered. Some of the equations are rate equations, and those that are not are used to help define the rate constants in terms of the rate equation.

 * Some other possible names for this section used in textbooks: Reactions approaching equilibrium (Atkins and de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 8th edn p.804) or Reversible first-order reactions (Espenson, Chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms, p.42) or Opposing reactions of higher order (Espenson p.45). I will change the section title to Opposing reactions without the misleading word Equilibrium, since the conditions of interest are only close to equilibrium but not exactly at equilibrium. Also I will remove equilibrium from the first sentence of the section, although the mention of the equilibrium constant in the 4th sentence does seem necessary. Dirac66 (talk) 19:06, 27 April 2018 (UTC)

Opposed reactions
This section is a bit messy :
 * The reaction rates are introduced by $$k_1$$ and $$k_2$$, and turned into $$k_f$$, $$k_b$$, respectively, in the simple example subsection
 * It is very unlucky to choose $$t$$ as stoichiometric coefficient for reactant $$A$$, and denote time by $$t$$ as well.
 * The somehow concluding two lines in the simple example

seem pretty unrelated to each other - not mentioning the confusion of time and stoichiometric notation and the different reaction rate notations - there is no obvious way the second line follows from the first. Even if one uncoupled the reactants $$A,B $$ from the products $$X, Y$$ as is suggested by the argumentation above, it feels strange to consider $$A$$ and $$B $$ now as a separate reaction with forward and backward rates $$k_f$$, $$k_b$$, respectively, and swallowing all stoichiometric coefficients. 2A02:2788:925:F83D:5CFE:78AD:EEE6:CEDA (talk) 19:59, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
 * It's probably no coincidence that the section is unsourced. Also, in my opinion there are too many derivations for an encyclopedic article; this isn't a textbook. But this is low on my list of priorities. If you'd like to clean it up, go for it! RockMagnetist(talk) 16:31, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks to 2A02:2788:925:F83D:5CFE:78AD:EEE6:CEDA for pointing out the notational inconsistencies in this section. My impression is that different authors over the years have used different notations, possibly from different uncited sources. So to reduce the confusion I have rewritten the equations with a uniform notation for the section.
 * For the rate constants I have written $$k_1$$ for the forward reaction and $$k_{-1}$$ for the reverse reaction throughout the section.
 * I have written the general reaction as aA + bB = pP (for product) + qQ, which makes it clear which stoechiometric coefficient goes with which reactant or product. I agree that t is an unacceptable choice for an article about kinetics since it will be confused with t for time. And I have eliminated X and x since x is also used for a concentration in this section.
 * As for the two equations described above as "pretty unrelated to each other", the problem is that B denotes a reactant in the first equation and a product in the second equation! This is also resolved by using a uniform notation for each species.
 * Finally, I agree with Rock Magnetist that the section should be sourced. However if several sources are cited, it is important that all the symbols and equations are transcribed into a uniform notation for the section. Dirac66 (talk) 16:14, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

First order examples

 * I notice that today you changed the 3 (unsourced) examples in the section First order to 3 other (still unsourced) examples, with the comment that they are more appropriate examples. For the record, could you indicate why you consider the new examples more appropriate. My opinion is that there are many possible examples and that the new examples seem neither more or less appropriate than the old. However we really should use examples with sources, which are not that hard to find in chemical kinetics textbooks.

 * Also, the removed example 2 N2O5 perhaps had the advantage of showing that the order cannot be deduced from the coefficients. An A + B → reaction would be even better, especially if neither A nor B is H2O. Dirac66 (talk) 00:16, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the note. You raise good points.  I'm not sure that my answer is for any record, and am unsure that a great answer exists, but let me show the before and after with my remarks.

comment: pretty complicated process, at least to me. no ref. comment: obscure and messy reactant. no ref. comment: maybe a keeper, dunno. no ref.

comment: no option, really, other than unimolecular, so clearer. We start with the basics. no ref but not sure we need one. comment: Organic example. Most chemists are organic, so we provide them in with this (uncited) example. I guess we could include something like t-BuCl hydrolysis, which is SN1. comment: thought provoking and, I thought, informative because there are two reactants, but one has no effect on rate. I have a source for this one.

If and when we settle this matter, we can scout for sources. --Smokefoot (talk) 01:39, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the reply. I think we should settle the matter by choosing among the reactions that we can source. After a 10-minute search, I found that the N2O5 kinetics are explained in Atkins and de Paula (7th ed, p.886) or (8th ed, p.813-4). It is also explained at Lindemann mechanism with a 3-step mechanism and sourced to Laidler's book.

 * As for, I suspect it is actually BImolecular by a Lindemann mechanism: 2 Cl2 → Cl2 + Cl2*(activated), Cl2* → 2 Cl. But I have no source now.

 * For let's put in the source you have. With H2O as a reagent, it is best to check whether it is a pseudo-first order reaction (see section of this article after second order) with H2O in large excess.

 * So for now I think we should keep only N2O5 and, until we find sources for another reaction or two.Dirac66 (talk) 03:31, 30 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Will do, but semi-distracted now. A few comments,
 * Re "As for, I suspect it is actually BImolecular by a Lindemann mechanism: 2 Cl2 → Cl2 + Cl2*(activated), Cl2* → 2 Cl."
 * Isnt such collisional activation true of almost all supposed first order reactions?
 * "For let's put in the source you have. With H2O as a reagent, it is best to check whether it is a pseudo-first order reaction (see section of this article after second order) with H2O in large excess." got it about detecting solvent dependence. Maybe Mo(CO)6 + L.  Need to look.--Smokefoot (talk) 04:01, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

 * I have found a reference for which is given as a first-order example by, so we can restore this example. Just put the cite book info between two reference tags to make it a footnote. No reaction mechanism in this source though. Dirac66 (talk) 02:53, 4 December 2021 (UTC)

 * And re your question "Isn't such collisional activation true of almost all supposed first order reactions?" I think you meant "almost all supposed unimolecular reactions". According to the Lindemann mechanism, any unimolecular mechanism requires collisional activation as a first step, and therefore will become second order at suffciently low pressure.

 * Should we change the First-order examples to the 3 sourced examples we have now: N2O5, and ? Dirac66 (talk) 17:09, 5 December 2021 (U

 * OK. I have now gone ahead and changed the examples to, and  as discussed. I have also added the sources I have for the first and third reaction. For the second I realize that I don't know your source, so could you please add it? I did modify the "chem" format to change the reactant from  to  which I'm pretty sure is what you meant, and similarly for the 3+ product. Dirac66 (talk) 21:02, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rate equation


text:
Perri Peltz

Perri Peltz is an Emmy-winning documentary filmmaker, journalist and public health advocate. Most recently, Perri created the documentary news series Axios on HBO with Matthew O’Neill. Perri & Matthew also co-directed and produced the 2019 HBO Documentary, Alternate Endings: Six New Ways to Die in America. Previously, Perri directed the HBO documentary, Warning: This Drug May Kill You, about the opioid addiction epidemic. She produced the HBO documentary Risky Drinking and co-directed A Conversation About Growing Up Black as part of the “Conversation on Race” series for The New York Times Op-Docs. Other films include HBO's Remembering the Artist: Robert De Niro, Sr. and Prison Dogs. Perri  also hosts “The Perri Peltz Show” with Matthew O'Neill on SiriusXM. She was awarded a doctorate in Public Health from  Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health in 2023. She was previously an award-winning broadcast journalist for NBC, ABC, and CNN.

Career
Peltz worked at WNBC from 1987 to 1996 where she co-anchored Weekend Today in New York with Ken Taylor, and weekend editions of News 4 New York at 6 and 11 with Ralph Penza.

Peltz joined Dateline NBC for two years. During that period, she often anchored live news coverage on NBC's 24-hour cable news television channel MSNBC.

She then worked for ABC's 20/20 for two years until she moved to CNN where she stayed until 2002.

Peltz left CNN to produce a feature film, Knights of the South Bronx starring Ted Danson. The film was based on the real-life story of a middle school chess team from the South Bronx that became national chess champions. The film aired on the A&E Network.

Peltz then went to work for the Robin Hood Foundation in New York City. Robin Hood is a non-profit organization dedicated to fighting poverty. While at Robin Hood, Peltz wanted to tell the stories of the people who were working on the front lines in the war against poverty.

In 2005 she rejoined WNBC after a nine-year absence to co-anchor Live at Five with Sue Simmons. She returned to WNBC to report on those people and the differences they were making. She also anchored Live at Five with Sue Simmons from 31 May 2005, until 12 March 2007, when she began hosting her own half-hour lifestyle broadcast titled News 4 You. The program was part of WNBC's attempt to boost ratings and features stories from the consumer, health and entertainment worlds.

On 10 September 2007, WNBC cancelled News 4 You. Peltz continued to report both for WNBC and for NBC Network on people who were making a difference.

Peltz co-produced and co-directed the documentary Prison Dogs, which premiered at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival.

Education
Peltz graduated from The Dalton School in New York City, and then went to Brown University and then to Columbia for a Masters in Public Health. In 2008, she left WNBC to attend medical school.

title: Perri Peltz


text:
Jim Rosenfield

Jim Rosenfield is an American local television news anchor who worked for WCAU-TV, the NBC-owned television station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Career
Rosenfield started his television news career in 1981, after graduating from Duke University. He started out at WTVD-TV in Durham, North Carolina, where he was a general assignment reporter. He moved to Houston, KTRK-TV, as a reporter and eventually anchor. He later moved to Chicago, where he became a reporter and weekend anchor at WLS-TV. He came to New York in 1998, and joined WCBS-TV, where he co-anchored the noon newscast with Cindy Hsu, and the 5pm newscast with Lisa Cooley (later known as Lisa Hill).

He left WCBS in April 2000 after a contract dispute and joined rival station WNBC-TV, where he co-anchored the 5pm newscast ("Live at Five") with Sue Simmons. He left WNBC in 2005, and returned to WCBS in June of that year to replace Ernie Anastos, who in turn left WCBS for a 5-year $10 million contract at WNYW-TV. He was one of the hirings of Dianne Doctor, who had been his previous boss at WNBC.

This move allowed Rosenfield to become lead male anchor at a local New York station, which would not have happened if he remained at WNBC (where longtime anchor Chuck Scarborough is locked in as anchor at 6pm for years to come).

Between June 2005 and April 2006, Rosenfield anchored CBS 2 News at 5 and CBS 2 News at 11 with Roz Abrams. In April 2006 he dropped the 5PM newscast and joined Dana Tyler at 6PM, while also keeping the 11PM with Tyler. Abrams had moved to noon and 5PM (but is now no longer at the station).

In June 2007, he and Dana Tyler were reassigned to the noon and 6pm newscasts at WCBS by new station managers.

In May 2008, the station's management decided to let him go as the noon and 6PM newscaster as a part of major CBS budget cuts across the owned station division (political reporter Andrew Kirtzman was let go in March; Roz Abrams was let go for similar reasons in 2006). As the station was in breach of his contract it was considered a matter of time before Rosenfield would leave the station.

On June 1, 2012, it was announced that Rosenfield would be joining WRC-TV in Washington, D.C. as a weekend news anchor, effective June 4.

In September 2013, Rosenfield was asked by the NBC station division to join WCAU-TV in Philadelphia as weeknight anchor at 4, 6, and 11 p.m.

On December 8, 2022 it was announced by WCAU-TV that Rosenfield would be leaving the station after 9 years to "be closer to home and pursue new opportunities." He will be moving back to New York to be closer to family, but has not made any specific announcements as to his future career plans. His last day on air was December 23, 2022. His departure was part of buyout offers by NBC.

Video of Rosenfield

 * September 11, 1988 weekend newscast, KTRK-TV Houston (ABC) 13 Eyewitness News Tonight
 * September 3, 1986: KTRK-TV Houston (ABC) 13 Eyewitness News Tonight
 * (From 31:00-31:36)

title: Jim Rosenfield


text: User:No Account

title: User:No Account


text:
User talk:Sergeirichard

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! By the way, you can sign your name on Talk and vote pages using three tildes, like this: ~~~. Four tildes (~~~~) produces your name and the current date. If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my Talk page. Again, welcome!--File Éireann 00:30, 30 May 2005 (UTC)
 * How to edit a page
 * Editing, policy, conduct, and structure tutorial
 * Picture tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Avant Browser
The revision of the article on Avant Browser is a vast improvement. It has "looked like an advertisment" for too long. When I updated the version information yesterday, or the day before, I considered making more substantial changes but decided I needed to find out more about the history and version history of the program before I could do that. I'll put more specific comments on the articles discussion page when you have finished the current editing/revision session. Jojas 12:02, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AvantLogo297.png
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:AvantLogo297.png. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. OsamaK 21:27, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sergeirichard


text:
Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller

Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller is the reissue of Norwegian glam metal band Wig Wam's debut album 667.. The Neighbour of the Beast. It was released in Scandinavia on January 10, 2005, and featured a re-arranged tracklist and the addition of an instrumental track titled "The Drop" and a radio edit of "Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller".

After Wig Wam won the Melodi Grand Prix competition in march 2005 with the single "In My Dreams" and gained entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 held in Kyiv, the album was reissued to include the single for release in Europe and renamed ''Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller.. In Kiev! The band placed ninth at the Eurovision Song Contest with "In My Dreams" and following the band's performance, the album was reissued for releases in Scandinavia and Asia, titled Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller.. and Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller.. In Tokyo!'' respectively. The album and "In My Dreams" were both certified platinum in Norway, and marked an international breakthrough for the band.

Personnel
Wig Wam

 * Glam (Åge Sten Nilsen) – vocals, acoustic guitar, artwork
 * Teeny (Trond Holter) – guitars, backing vocals, production, mixing
 * Flash (Bernt Jansen) – bass, backing vocals
 * Sporty (Øystein Andersen) – drums

Additional personnel

 * Morten Lund – mastering
 * Jonas Groth – backing vocals ("In My Dreams")
 * Erik "Hawk" Hauksson – backing vocals
 * Trude Holter – backing vocals
 * Stian Joneid – backing vocals
 * Eivind Skaavdal – production, mixing ("In My Dreams")
 * Thomas Siqueland – mixing ("I Turn To You", "No More Living On Lies")
 * Ole "Dr. Evil Rude" Evenrude – production ("I Turn To You", "No More Living On Lies")
 * Jon Edvard Brandt – film production
 * Odd Steinar Tøllefsen – cover art photography
 * Tom Andreasen – cover art photography

title: Hard to Be a Rock'n Roller


text:
Troglav (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Troglav (Троглав) is the highest peak of the Dinara Mountain Range in the Dinaric Alps (also known as Dinarides). Dinara is the longest massif within karstic mountain chain of the western Balkan peninsula. Troglav is located in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is named after Triglav, Slavic god. The name literally means "three headed".

The Troglav group is around 30 km long and around 15 km wide, making it the largest in the range. On the northwestern side, it is separated from the Dinara group by the Privija pass (1230 m) and on the southeast from the Kamešnica group by Vaganj (1173 m) road pass, which connects Sinj in Croatia with Livno in Bosnia. On the northeastern, Bosnian side, lies the huge karstic field of Livanjsko Polje (700 m), which is 65 km long. On the southwestern, Croatian side, there is the Cetina river valley with 15 km long Peruća Lake (Perućko Jezero), continuing on to the Sinjsko Polje.

The south-western slopes (Croatian side) ascend in a few steps. The first step rises up to around 1500–1600 m: up to 1100–1200 m slope is forested, mostly with oak and hornbeam, while the area above is grassy. Behind is a large depression, which is a labyrinth of peaks up to 1700 m, ridges and plateaux, which are strewn with funnel-shaped basins. On the part of the plateau called Vještičja Gora (around 1400 m), south of Troglav, there is a large complex of beech forest, which stands out against the background of grass and stone. Behind this area, the main ridge rises. From the border with the Dinara group, the main ridge gradually rises up to the summit of Troglav. Thereafter, the slopes gradually descend towards Vaganj pass, while the pasture area between them widens.

The north-eastern slopes (Bosnian side) are much steeper and mostly forested with beech and spruce. They mostly descend steeply, without steps, towards Livanjsko Polje field and end abruptly. A few kilometres north of Troglav, the only level ground appears and it contains the Velike Poljanice complex of meadows.

On the northeastern part of the group, between Bat (1851 m) and Bunjevačko Brdo (1849 m) groups of peaks, there is huge undulating grassy plateau, a few kilometres long and wide. The average altitude of the area is over 1600 m, and the region was glaciated during the ice ages.

title: Troglav (Bosnia and Herzegovina)


text: Category:Wig Wam albums

title: Category:Wig Wam albums