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Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea

'Nymphaea nouchali'' var. caerulea', is a water lily in the genus Nymphaea, a botanical variety of Nymphaea nouchali''.

It is an aquatic plant of freshwater lakes, pools and rivers, naturally found throughout most of the eastern half of Africa, as well as parts of southern Arabia, but has also been spread to other regions as an ornamental plant. It was grown by the Ancient Egyptian civilization, and had significance in their religion.

It can tolerate the roots being in anoxic mud in nutritionally poor conditions, and can become a dominant plant in deeper water in such habitats. It is associated with a species of snail, which is one of the main hosts of the pathogen causing human schistosomiasis.

The underwater rhizomes are edible. Like other species in the genus, the plant contains the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine (not to be confused with apomorphine, a metabolic product of aporphine).

Taxonomy
Nymphaea spectabilis, a purple form known from cultivation, and N. capensis, found throughout eastern, central and southern Africa, as well as a number of other named taxa, were synonymised to N. nouchali var. caerulea in the 1989 addition to the Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) series, a position which has generally been accepted,  although some of the authorities in Bangladesh and in the United States disagree.

In 2012 there was a phylogenetic study where N. caerulea was more related to N. gracilis, an endemic of northern Mexico, than it was to N. nouchali. The evolutionary tree was a consensus of ITS2 and matk. According to this study, N. caerulea should not be considered as a variety of N. nouchali. When genomes from the water lily genus (Nymphaea) were published in the journal Nature in 2020, N. caerulea was cited under that name, not as N. nouchali var. caerulea. Another phylogenetic study from 2021 found N. caerulea (as N. capensis) to be closest related to N. colorata, an east African species.

Nymphaea nouchali is itself a taxonomically challenging species, with a distribution that spans Australia, throughout southern Asia, across Africa to the Western Cape. It has many colour forms (with red-coloured forms generally called N. stellata) and has a long history of cultivation. In Africa, following the 1989 FTEA publication, five different varieties are recognised: var. caerulea, the most widespread, ovalifolia, in parts of tropical Southern Africa, petersiana, the same, zanzibarensis, from tropical southern, central and East Africa, and mutandaensis, which is an endemic of Uganda. One of these taxa, var. petersiana, was found to be quite divergent in the 2012 study. If the 2012 study is to be accepted, this may indicate that the African populations of N. nouchali belong to another species than the Asian and Australian type populations, and should likely be renamed N. caerulea as this name has priority over N. capensis.

Publication
It was first described as Nymphaea caerulea Savigny by Marie Jules César Savigny in 1798. Later, it was included in the species Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. as the variety Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea (Savigny) Verdc. published by Bernard Verdcourt in 1989.

Classification
It is classified in the Nymphaea subgenus Brachyceras. This subgenus appears to be phylogenetically sound.

Vegetative characteristics

This is an aquatic (euhydrophyte) herb with a tuberous rhizome. That is to say, it has small tubers that may develop into short vertical rhizomes. It is a perennial. One plant can spread over an area of about 1 metre.

The peltate leaves have long petioles and have leaf blades (lamina) which are 8–35 cm by 7.5–42 cmcm in size. The leaves are polymorphic, changing in form and texture depending if they are underwater or floating. These laminae have a chartaceous texture and can be glabrous or densely covered in pubescent hairs. The shape is incised-cordate and orbicular or subelliptic, with an acute or caudate apex. The two lobes can overlap somewhat or be slightly apart from each other. The upper surface of the lamina is smooth, but the underside has conspicuously raised, green or rarely reddish or reddish-purple veins. There are eight to eleven primary lateral veins on each side of the midrib. There are six to eight pairs of secondary veins arising from the midrib. The primary veins form a pattern of closed, elongated areas stretching to more than two thirds of the way to the margin of the leaf. The leaf margin is entire towards the apex or more-or-less irregularly sinuate-lobulate throughout its entirety. The petioles are thick, blackish green and spongy. They continue to lengthen as they age, pushing older leaves towards the margins of the plant.

Generative characteristics
The flowers can be blue, white, mauve or pinkish in colour, but are usually have pale bluish-white to sky-blue or mauve petals, smoothly changing to a pale yellow in the centre of the flower, and are 8–12 cm in diameter. There are four sepals; these are coloured green and sometimes purple at the margins, and are 4–10 cm by 1.5–3.5 cm in size. There are 14–20 petals, of which the outermost are as long as the sepals. Their shape is oblong, and their apexes end in blunt or subacute tips. The stamens are densely congested and very numerous, numbering 100–200 or more. The outermost stamens have long appendages. There are 14–24 carpels, with a very short style. There are also carpellary appendages; these are what is known as 'osmophores', structures which serve to attract pollinators without actually rewarding them, thus by deceit. In this case they are visually attractive for bees and exude an odour mimicking food.

The flower buds rise to the surface over a period of two to three days, and when ready, open during the mid-morning, closing near dusk. This ability is controlled by the sepals; when these are cut off, the flower loses the ability to close. The flowers and buds do not rise above the water in the morning, nor do they submerge at night. The flowers last some four days before they start to wither, closing up each night.

The fruit are berries, 2.2 by 3.2 cm and flattened-round in shape. The seeds are ellipsoid and 1.2 mm long. They are smooth, and have a fleshy, bell-shaped aril.

Chemical composition
Apomorphine is said to be main psychoactive compound present. Other compounds include nuciferine.

Similar species
In Southern Africa the only other native species of water-lily is N. lotus; this has night-blooming, usually white flowers. N. mexicana is a mostly yellow-flowered invasive species in South Africa. Most plants are derived from US stock, but a significant number of samples were escaped garden cultivars or hybrids, some of which may be crossed with native species. These hybrids are often recognisable by their divergent flower colours and forms.

In Australia it may be confused with the native N. gigantea, but can be distinguished on the basis of N. gigantea lacking the petal-coloured appendages on the outer stamens in N. caerulea.

Cytology
The chromosome count is n = 14. The genome size is 567.24 Mb.

Distribution
The native distribution covers North Africa along the Nile and south throughout central, East and Southern Africa. It is common in this range. The conservation status has not been evaluated by the IUCN, but it is considered a species of 'least concern' by the South African National Biodiversity Institute in their Red List of South African Plants.

On the African continent, it occurs, from north to south, westwards to at least Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, the DRC (only in Katanga?), Angola and Namibia. In South Africa this plant is found in every province, as well as in eSwatini, but it is not native to Lesotho and the Western Cape. It also occurs on islands off the eastern African coast: Zanzibar, Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. It is native to Yemen and Oman (in Dhofar) in the southern Arabian Peninsula but, according to Moshe Agami in a 1980 paper, is thought to have become extinct in the wild in Israel.

It has more recently been spread more widely around the world as an ornamental plant, and introduced populations are now found in Bangladesh, Meghalaya, Kerala and Assam in India,  Fiji, Mauritius, North Island in New Zealand, New South Wales and Queensland in Australia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, and throughout eastern South America (in Brazil and Argentina).

There is an introduced population of blue water-lilies originally from East Africa in the US in the state of Florida. This was first identified as N. zanzibarensis, then as N. capensis var. zanzibarensis, but following the 1989 FTEA publication the taxon was moved to N. nouchali var. zanzibarensis. Nonetheless the 1997 addition to the Flora of North America series decided to retain recognition of the local population under the name N. capensis, and this population continues to be recognised under that name in the US.

The naturalised populations in eastern Australia were also thought to be N. capensis var. zanzibarensis, then later N. caerulea var. zanzibarensis, then in 2011 N. capensis, but the plants in the wild are now thought to be N. caerulea. It is considered an environmental weed in Australia.

Ecology
It has a habitat consisting of rivers, lakes and pools. As of 1921, it has been found at elevations of 10–1650 m in South Africa.

Although in cultivation it is said to be quite demanding of nutrients, in the quite nutrient-poor Lake Nabugabo in Uganda it is the dominant aquatic plant species, only being replaced by N. lotus in the eastern tip of the lake, and other aquatic genera where it is more shallow. The dense monospecific stands are associated with an Utricularia sp. and Nymphoides indica in one part of the lake, and with Ceratophyllum demersum in certain other bays. The waterlily stands in this lake are especially poor in invertebrate biodiversity, which may reflect the low levels of dissolved oxygen near the sediments in this habitat. In Lake Bisina, Uganda, N. caerulea is most clearly associated with Utricularia reflexa; this may be due to similar ecological niches, it may just mean the small, rootless, free-moving Utricularia simply get snagged on the petioles, but it may indicate some sort of a commensal relationship, with U. reflexa being shaded by the leaves of N. caerulea. Hydrilla verticillata is another plant which seems to sometimes occur together with the waterlily in this lake, as well as in Lake Bunyonyi.

Pollination is entomophilous. In Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens, South Africa, the flowers are visited by honey bees. In fact, the carpellary appendages in this type of water-lily appear to have evolved specifically to attract bee species in general. In a way, these waterlilies are parasites of the services of bees, attracting the insects by deceit, without actually rewarding them for their labours. In India plants bloom and fruit from May to October.

The fruit suddenly bursts when ripe, and the scattered seed float away. The seed soon sinks. Seeds often make it to the river's edge or lake shore, and can build up a significant seedbank here. These seeds only germinate when heavy rains flood the banks, and they are submerged under a layer of water. In cultivation, the plants take three to four years to flower from seed. In colder climates, the plants lose their leaves and go dormant during the winter, with the rhizomes remaining alive below the water.

Gomphonema gracile is an epiphytic diatom found on N. caerulea in high elevation Lake Naivasha, Kenya. In Kenya, N. caerulea is positively associated with the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi, which is a main host of human schistosomiasis. The edible American crayfish Procambarus clarkii eliminates the mollusc, as well as feeding on the water-lily. The crayfish was first introduced to Kenya in 1966 as a species with which to enhance the local fisheries. In Lake Naivasha, N. caerulea was extremely common until the 1970s, and there is still a seedbank around the shores of the lake. Procambarus clarkii was introduced to the lake in 1970, and now supports an annual harvest of a few thousand kilograms, but it may have been responsible for eliminating not only the water-lily in the main lake by 1983, but all native aquatic plant species in this water body. It is not the only potential culprit; invasive mats of exotic floating vegetation have also taken over the lake, two different commercially fishable fish species have been introduced, and the new fisheries upon these three species could all be responsible, or a combination.

Uses
The rootstock of the blue water lily was collected and eaten in western South Africa around 1800, either raw or in curries, in particular by the Cape Malays and farming communities in the Cape, although this practice has now died out.

Some evidence indicates the effects of plants including N. caerulea that contain the psychoactive alkaloid aporphine were known to the Ancient Egyptians. The mildly sedating effects of N. caerulea makes it a candidate (among several) for the fruit of the lotus tree eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in Homer's Odyssey.

This lotus has been used to produce perfumes since ancient times; it is also used in aromatherapy. According to a 2023 preprint study, traces of Peganum harmala, and ''Nimphaea nouchali var. caerulea'' were identified in an Egyptian ritual Bes-vase, of the 2nd century BCE.

Cultivation
It is grown as an ornamental plant for water gardens in tropical to subtropical regions around the world. It is easy to grow in ponds in any part of Southern Africa, including the highveld, and is hardy to -1 °C.

'Valentina's Pale Blue Eyes' is a registered cultivar of this species from 2018, bred in Italy partially from a clone known as 'Rwanda'.

Religion and art

Along with the white lotus, Nymphaea lotus, also native to Egypt, the plant and flower are very frequently depicted in Ancient Egyptian art. They have been depicted in numerous stone carvings and paintings, including the walls of the temple of Karnak, and may be associated with rites pertaining to the afterlife. A number of pharaohs' mummies were covered with the petals of the flower. There are indications it was grown in special farms over 4,000 years ago to produce enough flowers for votive offerings, although it was apparently also simply grown as an ornamental in traditional Egyptian garden ponds. N. caerulea was considered extremely significant in Egyptian mythology, regarded as a symbol of the sun, since the flowers are closed at night and open again in the morning. At Heliopolis, the origin of the world was taught to have been when the sun god Ra emerged from a lotus flower growing in "primordial waters". At night, he was believed to retreat into the flower again. Due to its colour, it was identified, in some beliefs, as having been the original container, in a similar manner to an egg, of Atum, and in similar beliefs Ra, both solar deities. As such, its properties form the origin of the "lotus variant" of the Ogdoad cosmogony. It was the symbol of the Egyptian deity Nefertem.

Legal issues
Nymphaea caerulea has been illegal in Latvia since November 2009. It is a schedule 1 drug. Possession of up to 1 gram are fined up to 280 euros; for second offences within a year period, criminal charges are applied. Possession of larger quantities can be punished by up to 15 years in prison. The plant was banned in Poland in March 2009. Possession and distribution lead to a criminal charge. N. caerulea has been illegal in Russia since April 2009, along with related products such as Salvia divinorum, Argyreia nervosa, and others.

title: Nymphaea nouchali var. caerulea


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AMC Networks

AMC Networks Inc. is an American entertainment company headquartered in 11 Penn Plaza, New York.

The company owns and operates the eponymous cable channel and its siblings, IFC, We TV, and Sundance TV; the art house movie theater IFC Center in New York City; the independent film companies IFC Films and RLJE Films; the anime licensor Sentai Filmworks; the premium subscription streaming services AMC+, IFC Films Unlimited, Acorn TV, Allblk, Shudder, Sundance Now, Philo, and Hidive; and a minority interest in the leading Canadian production studio Shaftesbury Films.

The company operates in Europe and Latin America through its international division, AMC Networks International. Through joint ventures with BBC Studios, the company manages BBC America and BBC World News cable channels in the US. That relationship makes AMC Networks additionally maintain a minority share in the US operations of the British-TV streaming service BritBox, a joint venture between the BBC and ITV plc.

The current incarnation of the company, founded as a publicly traded company in July 2011, is the successor to the now defunct Rainbow Media Holdings, LLC (or alternately Rainbow Programming Holdings), which was originally founded in 1980 as a subsidiary of Cablevision, and is majority-owned and controlled by the Dolan family.

As "Rainbow Media"
Rainbow Media, AMC Networks' predecessor company, was first founded in 1980 and was initially a joint venture between the cable television companies Cablevision, Comcast, Cox Communications, and Daniels & Associates. The first service to come out of the partnership was launched on December 8, 1980. The hybrid service, which broadcast nightly on satellite time subleased from the National Christian Network featured culture events network Bravo on Sunday and Monday nights and adult-oriented B movie network Escapade the rest of the week. Due to the involvement of the four cable companies, the new service quickly gained subscribers. By July 1981, both channels expanded their offerings to seven nights a week. In August 1981, Playboy Enterprises became half-owner of Escapade which introduced a new programming block to the channel in early 1982. By the end of that year the network would relaunch as The Playboy Channel.

In the years that followed, the three other cable companies would exit the partnership, leaving Cablevision as the sole owner of Rainbow by 1983. Cablevision transferred control of its previously launched regional sports network SportsChannel New York to Rainbow. In 1983, three other regional sports networks were acquired: PRISM New England (soon to be relaunched as SportsChannel New England), Philadelphia-based PRISM, and Chicago-based SportsVision. Playboy also bought out Rainbow's share in The Playboy Channel, although it would continue to market the channel for the next few years.

In 1984, Rainbow added another new network to its portfolio, American Movie Classics (AMC) which initially featured "classic" pre-1970 movies. Cablevision began packaging AMC and Bravo together as the Rainbow Service. Near the end of 1984, CBS and Cablevision announced a deal to have CBS take 50% ownership in the Rainbow Service and Rainbow's marketing. The agreement also gave CBS partial ownership in the regional sports properties which had already become a joint venture with The Washington Post (the Post did not have ownership in Bravo or AMC). In 1986, Tele-Communications Inc. purchased a stake in AMC. Through this deal, the network which had 300,000 subscribers was able to greatly expand carriage to most of TCI's 3.9 million subscribers. Long Island cable news service News 12 was also launched in 1986.

CBS and Cablevision parted ways in 1987. In 1988, Rainbow's SportsChannel would make its largest programing deal, gaining national television rights for the National Hockey League. Cablevision gained a new partner that year, NBC, which obtained 50% ownership in Rainbow. Through this partnership, five additional regional sports networks were created in the Bay Area, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles. The partnership also produced the Olympics Triplecast, a pay-per-view service providing additional coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics.

1994 saw the launch of an American feed of the Canadian music channel MuchMusic USA, in partnership with CHUM Limited (who would launch a Canadian version of Bravo the year after), and the Independent Film Channel. . Years later would CHUM sell their stake to Rainbow in 2000 and revoked their license for the MuchMusic name, which culminated into a rebrand as Fuse in 2003. Fuse became a part of MSG Media in 2010, and has since been spun off as Fuse Media.

In 1997, Romance Classics (later WE), a channel that had been in planning for over five year and had its launch date pushed back multiple times was finally launched. But Rainbow's largest venture that year was the merger of SportsChannel into Fox Sports Net. Rainbow retained varying ownership interests in all of the former SportsChannel networks except PRISM and SportsChannel Philadelphia, which were both shut down to make way for the first Comcast SportsNet. Over the next decade, all of these networks except SportsChannel NY (then Fox Sports New York) were gradually sold off. Fox Sports New York was then transferred to the MSG Media division and rebranded MSG+.

Rainbow ran the local-minded MSG Metro Channels which launched in 1998, before folding them in late 2005.

Through a series of transactions, beginning in 1997, NBC's stake was eventually reduced. In 2002, Cablevision sold its share of Bravo to NBC and as part of the deal, NBC gave up its then 20% share in Rainbow.

2003 saw Rainbow DBS Company launch a DBS satellite service, the HDTV-oriented Voom. The service ceased operations on April 30, 2005, and instead several of Voom's HD channels were launched on Dish Network and Cablevision, now bannered as Voom HD Networks. The networks were discontinued in 2009.

In 2005, Cablevision considered spinning off its content subsidiary Rainbow Media as a publicly traded company, and making their core cable business private, but withdrew the plan. In 2006, a new plan emerged to privatize all of Cablevision, including Rainbow Media. In January 2007, with no word on if the privatization would go through, Liberty Media expressed interest in acquiring Rainbow Media from Cablevision. In June 2008, Rainbow acquired the Sundance Channel from NBCUniversal, CBS, and Robert Redford. Rainbow Media also owned Wedding Central which was shut down the same day AMC Networks went public.

2011–2020
On March 10, 2011, Rainbow Media's parent company, Cablevision, as approved by its board on December 16, 2010, announced that it would be spinning off all of Rainbow Media's assets into a new publicly traded company, AMC Networks, which would become the successor to Rainbow Media later in 2011, and, as said in 2005, making their core cable business private. Rainbow Media's former President Josh Sapan serves as the president and chief executive of the newly established AMC Networks which went public on July 1, 2011.

On May 4, 2012, Dish Network announced that it would no longer carry the AMC Networks family of cable channels upon the expiration of the satellite provider's distribution agreement with the company at the end of June 2012, citing that AMC Networks charged an excessive amount in retransmission consent payments from the service for their carriage and low audience viewership for the channels.

AMC Networks responded to Dish Network's announcement of its pending removal of the channels as being related to a 2008 breach of contract lawsuit against Dish Network by the company's former Voom HD Networks subsidiary (under the company's previous Rainbow Media Holdings brand) (which is pending trial in the New York State Supreme Court), in which it is seeking more than $2.5 billion in damages against Dish Network for improperly terminating its carriage contract; Voom's high-definition channels were carried on the provider from May 1, 2005, until May 12, 2008, when Dish removed ten of Voom's fifteen channels from its lineup and the five remaining channels the following day. Dish Network stated that the lawsuit is unrelated to the decision to remove the AMC Networks channels and that it ended the carriage agreement on its own terms.

On May 20, 2012, Dish Network removed Sundance Channel from its channel lineup. Two weeks later on June 4, 2012, Dish relocated AMC, WEtv, and IFC to higher channel positions with AMC being split into two separate standard definition and high definition channel feeds (AMC moved from channel 130 to channel 9609 for the SD feed and 9610 for the HD feed, WEtv moved from channel 128 to channel 9608 and IFC was moved from channel 393 to channel 9607); the former channel lineup spaces occupied by the three channels were respectively replaced with HDNet, Style and MoviePlex multiplex channel Indieplex. The move is believed to be in response to an ad run during a June 3 airing of an episode of Mad Men urging Dish Network customers to inform the company to keep the three AMC Networks channels on the satellite provider, with Dish Network stating that the relocated channel positions better reflect the channels' ratings.

On July 1, 2012, Dish Network dropped AMC, WEtv, and IFC from the channel line-up altogether.

On July 12, 2012, AMC said in an e-mailed statement that it would stream over the Internet the season premiere of Breaking Bad to Dish customers. "Dish subscribers can register online starting July 13 for the show, which airs on July 15. We want to give Dish customers an extra week to switch providers so they can enjoy the rest of the season."

On October 21, 2012, AMC Networks announced a settlement was reached between them, Cablevision and Dish in which Dish was forced to pay up to $700 million in damages to Cablevision for damages from removing Voom owned channels off the Dish lineup back in 2008, and in return Dish signed a new agreement to bring the AMC Networks owned channels back on the Dish lineup with AMC returning October 21 and the rest on November 1.

From 2013 to 2015, the company acquired or joined a joint venture each year. On October 28, 2013, AMC Networks announced it would acquire most of Chellomedia, sans Chello Benelux, an international operator of cable networks, from Liberty Global for around $1.04 billion. On October 23, 2014, AMC confirmed it had purchased a 49.9% stake in BBC America, with BBC Studios retaining the remaining share of the network. In 2015, AMC Networks, along with Upfront Ventures, Daher Capital, Northgate Ventures, invested a round of funding in the Latin YouTube network MiTú.

In 2016, AMC Networks finalized a partnership agreement with former BET founder Robert L. Johnson's RLJ Company. According to the agreement, AMC will use its programming and distribution clout to benefit Acorn and UMC. Additionally, the RLJ-AMC partnership will allow for greater investment in content from African-American creatives, Johnson emphasized. The agreement called for AMC to provide RLJ with a $60 million loan on a seven-year term and $5 million on a one-year term. AMC has received warrants to purchase at least 20 million shares or the equivalent of 50.1% of the company. The time frame for exercising those warrants is open-ended, AMC said.

On November 15, 2016, AMC acquired a minority stake in comedy video website and film and television production company Funny or Die, with plans to integrate it with IFC.

On April 27, 2018, the company, as the owner of IFC, acquired a majority stake in comedy venue operator Levity Live.

On July 30, 2018, AMC Networks reached a definitive agreement to acquire RLJ Entertainment where AMC would pay $59 million for the remaining RLJE shares not owned by AMC or Robert L. Johnson. The transaction was approved by RLJ Entertainment's stockholders on October 31, and AMC Networks completed the acquisition on November 1. RLJ Entertainment became a privately owned subsidiary of AMC Networks, with Johnson and his affiliates owning a 17% stake.

In 2019, AMC Networks and the New Zealand public broadcaster TVNZ entered into an agreement to jointly produce The Dead Lands, a Māori–theme supernatural series set in pre-contact New Zealand. The series was distributed by AMC's streaming service Shudder in the US, Canada, UK, and Ireland and by TVNZ On Demand in New Zealand.

2020–present
In early 2020, the AMC Networks involved Switzer Group to lead the redesign of its tenth-floor headquarters at 11 Penn Plaza, New York.

On May 13, 2020, AMC Networks announced it was acquiring the rights to Anne Rice's major literary works, including The Vampire Chronicles and Lives of the Mayfair Witches.

In September 2020, executive chairman Charles Dolan retired from his position, moving to a chairman emeritus role. His son, James L. Dolan, was then named chairman of AMC Networks.

On February 2, 2021, AMC Networks entered into a strategic partnership with Canadian production company Shaftesbury Films. AMC made an investment in the company, thus giving them access to the latter's slate and expanding their content and development capabilities in Canada.

On January 5, 2022, AMC Networks acquired American anime company Sentai Holdings, which includes the distributor Sentai Filmworks, and its HIDIVE streaming service; this acquisition was made some months later after Sony acquired Crunchyroll via FUNimation (then a joint venture between its motion pictures and Aniplex divisions, now known as Crunchyroll LLC since March 2022) from AT&T's WarnerMedia (later spun out by AT&T and merged with Discovery, Inc. to form Warner Bros. Discovery) in August 2021.

On March 1, 2022, AMC Networks announced the launch of its book publishing division, AMC Networks Publishing, and then announced that it would launch several more FAST channels a month later.

Throughout late 2022, the company had rapid changes in its leadership until Kristin Dolan was appointed CEO in early 2023.

Television channels

 * AMC
 * BBC America
 * IFC
 * Sundance TV
 * We TV
 * Voom HD Networks

Streaming services

 * Acorn TV
 * Allblk
 * AMC+
 * BritBox (minority stake, owned with BBC Studios)
 * Philo (owned with A&E Networks, Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery)
 * HIDIVE
 * IFC Films Unlimited
 * Shudder
 * Sundance Now
 * WE tv+

FAST channels
A list of AMC-branded FAST channels available on third-party streaming platforms.
 * Allblk Gems
 * AMC en Español
 * AMC Showcase
 * AMC Thriller
 * Anime x HIDIVE
 * BBC Earth
 * BBC Food
 * BBC Home & Garden
 * BBC Kids
 * IFC Films Picks
 * IFC Slightly Off
 * Stories by AMC
 * The Walking Dead Universe
 * WE tv All Reality
 * WE tv All Weddings

Other assets

 * MiTú (investment)
 * Levity Live (majority stake)
 * Shaftesbury Films (minority stake)
 * Sentai Filmworks
 * Anime Network
 * AMC Networks Publishing

AMC Networks International
On October 28, 2013, AMC Networks announced it would acquire most of Chellomedia, an international operator of cable networks, from Liberty Global for around $1.04 billion. The acquisition did not include Chello Benelux, owners of Film1 and Sport1. On February 2, 2014, the transaction was completed. What was formerly Chellomedia is now known as AMC Networks International and will allow AMC Networks to distribute its programming worldwide.

BBC America joint venture
On October 23, 2014, AMC confirmed it had purchased a 49.9% stake in BBC America, with BBC Studios retaining the remaining share of the network. The joint venture will also give AMC, which itself distributes the BBC World News channel in the United States, operational control in BBC America, which will be managed as a stand-alone from AMC's other channels.

Former assets

 * Bravo acquired by NBC in 2002 for $1.25 billion.
 * Funny or Die
 * MuchMusic USA with CHUM Limited; became Fuse on May 19, 2003; spun off as a part of The Madison Square Garden Company in 2010; spun off as part of spun off further in 2014 as Fuse Media, LLC.
 * News 12 Networks
 * Escapade/The Playboy Channel
 * SportsChannel (joint-venture, later Fox Sports Networks/Bally Sports)
 * Wedding Central shuttered July 1, 2011; programming moved to WE tv, and website redirects to WE tv's weddings section.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AMC Networks


text:
Tarkwa

Tarkwa is a town and is the capital of Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipal district, a district in the Western Region southwest of South Ghana. Frequently dubbed as the "Golden City" by its indigenous populace, the region is characterized by a rich tapestry of Fante communities, among which include Efuanta, Tamso, Aboso, Akoon, Nzemaline, and Kwabedu.

Tarkwa has a population of 218,664 people according to 2021 settlement.

Mining
Tarkwa is noted as a centre of gold mining and manganese mining. Tarkwa Mine, which is a large open-cast gold mine, is situated to the northwest of the town, and Nsuta manganese mine is situated to the east of the town. Tarkwa Mine mines several low-grade conglomeratic "reefs" of Tarkwaian type. These reefs are of mid-Proterozoic age.

A number of mining companies cluster between the villages of Aboso and Tamso in the late 19th century.

Tarkwa Mine has the distinction of being one of the largest gold mines in South Ghana. Approximately 24 tons of gold is produced annually, and 100 million tons of earth is moved to achieve this production rate. The Iduapriem Gold Mine is also located near Tarkwa, 10 km south of the town. The Tarkwa Goldfield was discovered a few years before the Witwatersrand Goldfield in South Africa.

There are a number of accidents that have occurred in mining sites in Tarkwa with the latest being recorded on Saturday, September 23, 2023, when a pit caved in, killing 7 people.

Though mining is common in Tarkwa, some areas such as Ndumfri forest reserve are restricted from any mining activity and 3 people were jailed over 60 years for mining in a restricted area in September 2023.

High schools
Tarkwa Senior High School (TARSCO) and Fiaseman Senior High School (FIASEC) are located in Tarkwa.

University
University of Mines and Technology (UMaT), is located in Tarkwa.

Train
Tarkwa is a junction railway station and is served by Tarkwa Train Station on the Ghana Railway Corporation.

title: Tarkwa


text:
Mike Grant

Michael Grant (November 27, 1873 – August 20, 1955) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He played nine seasons of senior amateur hockey between 1894 and 1902 for the Montreal Victorias and Montreal Shamrocks. Grant was a member of the Victorias squad that won or retained possession of the Stanley Cup five times between 1895 and 1899 during the trophy's challenge era. Grant played cover-point and was known for his speed and skating ability. He is regarded as one of the first defenceman to rush forward and with the puck. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950.

Playing career
A gifted and fast skater, Grant won speed skating championships at three different age groups when he was 11 years old. He also played amateur lacrosse while he grew up in Montreal, Quebec. His skills transferred to the hockey rink where Grant played cover point (defence). He is regarded as one of the first rushing defencemen in hockey history; Grant used his skating ability to generate offensive chances from his defensive position. He played his youth hockey with the Crystals organization that won the Montreal city junior championship in 1891 and intermediate championships in 1892 and 1893. Grant graduated to the senior ranks in 1894 where he made his debut with the Montreal Victorias of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC). He scored one goal in eight games in 1895 and the Victorias, with a record of six wins and two losses, won the AHAC title, and with it, control of the Stanley Cup, emblematic of Canada's senior amateur championship. Grant served as captain of the team.

The Montreal Victorias were challenged for control of the Stanley Cup by the Winnipeg Victorias in February 1896, and lost the trophy by a 2–0 score in a one-game playoff. Montreal regained the Stanley Cup in December of that year, defeating Winnipeg 6–5. In AHAC play, Grant scored three goals in eight games in both the 1896 and 1897 seasons. He captained the Victorias to a successful defence of the Stanley Cup in 1897 and the team retained the trophy in 1898 by virtue of winning the AHAC title.

The AHAC disbanded in 1898, and the Victorias moved to the newly formed Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) for the 1899 season. Grant scored two goals in seven games in CAHL play. During the season, Grant and his teammates fielded another Stanley Cup challenge from the Winnipeg Victorias. They retained the trophy following a two-game series; it was Grant's fifth and final Stanley Cup win. Grant was offered a professional contract in New York that was worth the equivalent of $3,500 per year in the earl 1900s, but opted to remain in Montreal. After playing the 1900 CAHL season with the Victorias, he was loaned to the cross-town Montreal Shamrocks in 1901 as an emergency replacement for Frank Tansey. Grant appeared in two league games, and two Stanley Cup challenge games for the team before returning to the Victorias for a final season in 1901.

Post-playing career and personal life
Grant remained active in hockey following his playing career. He became a referee and officiated several Stanley Cup challenge games. Among them was the 1905 challenge series between the Ottawa Hockey Club and the Rat Portage Thistles. A physical and sometimes violent series, Grant famously wore a hard derby hat while on the ice. Grant later traveled around the United States where he organized demonstrations of the sport and staged exhibition games, making him one of the sport's first ambassadors. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1950.

Grant's father, Alex, was a blacksmith and his family's Montreal business dated back to the 1830s. Grant became involved in horse racing through his family's blacksmithing connections and served as a paddock judge for over 40 years. Grant had five children: daughters Dorothy and Reta and sons Graham, Don and Kenny. Don was an original part-owner and chairman of Major League Baseball's New York Mets.

title: Mike Grant


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Talk:Environmental causes of obesity

This is a well-written general account of obesity, but should be trimmed down to reflect its title, with the remainder being a candidate for merge with the main obesity article. JFW | T@lk  23:33, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I don't think this article is particularly well written. It also pushes a non-fault POV. And the use of "environmental" is unusual! All that needs to be said is said already at obesity. Merge what needs to be saved into that article and delete would be my suggestion. Paul Beardsell 13:26, 20 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It is a badly written essay (see first edit). It really should be deleted. Justinc 00:20, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Environmental causes
How can choosing to take less exercise and choosing to eat fast food be considered an "environmental cause"? Only if people are not responsible for their own actions. That obesity is a disease according to some in the rich West is so that drugs can be prescribed! (You cannot get a drug approved unless it is for a "disease".) Thirty years ago it wasn't a disease! What's changed? Personal behaviour. As the article says: We eat more, we eat more rubbish, we exercise less. The article also says our behaviour has not changed! Contradiction. Doubtless there are also "environmental causes" BUT what are they? Paul Beardsell 02:50, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

from AFD
On 11 Sep 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. See Articles for deletion/Environmental causes of obesity for a record of the discussion.

title: Talk:Environmental causes of obesity


text:
Rachycentron

Rachycentron is the only known member genus of the family Rachycentridae. The genus contains a single living species, the cobia (Rachycentron canadum), and the Late Miocene fossil species Rachycentron stremphaencus from Maryland.

title: Rachycentron


text:
User:Wavertree

Ê – ã

title: User:Wavertree


text:
Talk:Hepatic encephalopathy

Heading
What other causes of hepatic encephalopathy are there that are not due to liver disease? JFW | T@lk  17:44, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Uhh, not many - given that it's called hepatic encephalopathy. Right? JFW | T@lk  23:01, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Addendum
Although this article is tight from a clinic standpoint and should remain as is, it lacks the human aspect of somebody who has suffered the disease and has lived to tell about it.

As far as treatment, lactulose will work to a certain degree, but not how most doctors recomend its dosage. I have found that lactulose works well when confusion and or brain swelling(headache) sets in on an as needed basis. Otherwise, any caloric and vitamin intake that is not readily processed by the weakened liver, will be flushed with the unabsorbed ammonium (NH4+) and will result in unhealthy weight loss and a weakened patient.

When the article speaks of decreasing protien loss to help lessen the effect of ammonia (NH3) buildup, this is quite true, but it fails to mention that the kind of protien that is most dangerous is animal protiens with beef being the worst offender. From what I understand, even with slight brain damge from seven years of lethal amounts of ammonia (186+) in my bloodstream before my transplant, the animal protiens cannot be broken down by a weakened liver and those protiens are made into the simplest byproduct, ammonia. Unfortunately, the human body cannot do without protien intake at all, so it is usually recomended that the patient find a more readily soluable protiens such as those found in non-animal sources and eggs. Cunsult a nutritionist and your doctor for a solution for a suitable diet plan.

As mentioned in the above article, there is a flapping tremor that is associated with this disease, but it fails to mention how closely this symptom has to be watched. Shaking hands are normal to a degree, but if the arm is fully extended with the fingertips pointing at the ceiling and the hand is flapping like somebody waving, it is a sign that the patient has very little time left as this is what is known in doctor's circles as "the wave good-bye."

Just for the record, I'd like to expand on the different "grades" of this disease, these "grades" can be mixed and matched and a symptom listed in "grade 3" can be present in "grade 2" depending on the person. As far as "amnesia" goes, there will be confusion in the patient as to what place and time they are in, but a patient lives longer with the disease (and that is quite possible), there might be a form of regression as in a 37 year old patient might wake up with the memories from 16+ years temporarily unacessable for a short period of time. This is not a good time to force feed them their true age, because the patient may become scared and violent.

Speaking of these violent "fits of rage," this is due to confusion and is usually not all that dangerous to anyone but the patient as long as the patient doesn't have access to weapons. When I say weapons, I include the patient driving vehicles. A patient with this disease does not respond well to stress since it will increase the confusion and they should NOT be allowed to drive or have access other weapons including kitchen knives. Truthfully, they shouldn't be allowed to operate any cooking appliance without supervision. I say this because a patient with this disease can be easily fixated on a fire and forget how dangerous it is.

As a final note, I'd like o make crystal clear that there are several ways to get liver cirrhosis besides alcoholism and hepatitis and in no way whatsoever should a person assume that a patient with cirrhosis brought it upon themselves. I take offense to these clinical articles always referring to alcoholism based cirrhosis an example of its symptomology. As a matter of fact, there are increasing cases of "cryptogenic" liver cirrhosis. That means that the doctors have no clue as to how or why it happened. Believe me, if it was alcoholism, it would be easily detectable. Please keep that in mind before you pass judgement on somebody fighting for their life.

 * You should not leave comments on the article page. The page does not in any way pass judgement on the causality of the cirrhosis. Indeed, many new cases are indeed cryptogenic (chronic active hepatitis, NASH, alpha-1 antitrypsin-related etc). I agree that the flapping tremor is used as a marker of mild encephalopathy, and I will move ahead and put this into the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Osmodiar (talk • contribs) 15:07, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * As for your other points, the ammonia and lactulose paradigm has been shown to be of doubtful clinical relevance, and as long as constipation is avoided, cirrhotics need not be on stupendous lactulose doses. Indeed, as it is an energy-wasting state, nutrition is of vital importance.

 * Please offer further views as to how this article can be improved. I will try to include material on the EEG diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy (when I'm closer to my textbooks) and hopefully some more recent reviews. JFW | T@lk  16:34, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I've done some fixes. JFW | T@lk  16:37, 13 December

2005 (UTC)

Aftereffects
Another subject for consideration is the "after affects" of the impact. I am a liver transplant receiptant (for "crypotogenic reasons") who had a sustained two week period of major encephalopathy which was overcome by the use of lactalose (4 times a day). I suspect, even though I don't have the confusion issues to deal with, that I do have some dimunition of mental ability -- and maybe it is strictly because of age in combination with the remants of the disease. The changes are not dramatic to the rest of the world -- and maybe not evident to them -- but I can detect a change. Small loses of cognitive ability. I was involved in a research project during my disease to check the relationship of a possible link to "hemocromotosis". It would be interesting to continue the testing now, to see the relationship of my answers now -- to then.75.34.95.100 17:38, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Hemochromatosis you meant undoubtedly.
 * I'm not sure if I understand what you mean. Are you suggesting that the episode of encephalopathy caused lasting damage? That is hard to demonstrate, given that HE is a diffuse process. JFW | T@lk  23:01, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Speaking as another former sufferer who lived with the condition for a year in all degrees of severity from mild befuddlement to coma, I just wanted to note that mental subtraction becomes difficult before addition, not afterwards. It seems obvious, but the article incorrectly states the opposite.

I, too, was on lactulose 4x/day, but it did absolutely nothing for me as far as I could tell; all relief came from antibiotics. Cirrhosis was from far too much acetaminophen during a long bout of the flu coupled with previously undiagnosed hemochromatosis. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.219.36.42 (talk) 10:59, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Early studies
shows how ammonia is "trapped" in the brain. JFW | T@lk  23:01, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

CHESS score
- the new CHESS score (0-9). JFW | T@lk  21:04, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Cost-effectiveness
APT article on cost-effectiveness. Discourages routine use of rifamixin & suggests reserving it for those who fail on lactulose. JFW | T@lk  22:27, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Herbs of chicory root and milk thistle.
Herbs of chicory root and milk thistle.

Some very good information on this.

Having known someone who suffered from this may I suggest, Herbs of chicory root and milk thistle, that are well known to treat the liver....

--Caesar J. B. Squitti :  Son of Maryann Rosso and Arthur Natale Squitti 20:53, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Caesarjbsquitti (talk • contribs) 20:53, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

QJM review
is a nice general review from Ireland that I intend to use to replace numerous primary sources. JFW | T@lk  10:47, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

 * While using the Cash review as the "backbone" for my current rewrite, I have identified a couple of other sources.
 * Harrison's 16th edition - chapter 289
 * (mainly about MHE, but worth mentioning)
 * Will hopefully be finished in the next few days, by which time I will ask for a peer review and submit for GAC. JFW | T@lk  22:19, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Will hopefully be finished in the next few days, by which time I will ask for a peer review and submit for GAC. JFW | T@lk  22:19, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Cochrane
In the "treatment" section we need to mention a few Cochrane reviews. Most of them are negative. They're all in this list. It should be clear that Cash shrugs at the Cochrane lactulose review, and states that from experience the stuff works. I don't think we can avoid citing that, but it would be nice if there were other sources also nixing the review. JFW | T@lk  23:03, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Time for a little list
Having just completed the "diagnosis" section, I thought I should do a little list of things to do:
 * Signs and symptoms - could theoretically have more about MHE
 * Classification - we could still mention Harry Conn's PSE score but this is a research tool and Ferenci and Cash state that it is no better than other tools
 * Pathogenesis - this will come mostly from Cash
 * Diagnosis
 * Treatment - will come mostly from Cash; a lot of primary research needs to be trimmed; Cochrane reviews where appropriate
 * Previous content on Hepatic encephalopathy/temp while I rewrite this section
 * Acute vs chronic
 * Diet
 * Lactulose/Lactitol
 * Antibiotics - will need to discuss neomycin, metronidazole and rifaximin
 * LOLA - from Cash and others
 * Combination therapy - touched on in the rifaximin and LOLA sections
 * Unsure if we need to mention flumazenil and acarbose and all those other things that are not in widespread use. Cash and Sundaram discuss a number of others too. MARS really belongs in the acute liver failure article, as its use is simply a bridge to transplant.
 * Epidemiology/Prognosis - need to mention 70% prevalence of MHE or worse in cirrhotics; need to mention the fact that long-term prognosis is determined by the Child-(Turcotte)-Pugh (or MELD) rather than the severity of the HE - but you need to survive the HE first and furthermore proper HE will nudge up your CTP by a few points - need sources for that bit of wisdom
 * History - Weissenborn refers to Hippocrates (yes, who else) as well as studies from the Sheila Sherlock area that first attempted to quantify HE; sounds like a source of sorts

Any help appreciated, as always. JFW | T@lk  01:54, 22 February 2010 (UTC)

History
In all the reading I have not really come across a good historical overview of HE. I've had the temerity to email Prof Harold Conn, whose West Haven work is still relied upon, and am awaiting a reply. Otherwise there's some bits from Weissenborn as described.

I might list some interesting historical sources here, not suggesting that all are included.
 * - Sherlock's team, still at PGMS, introducing neomycin, then very expensive!
 * - listed above, using radiolabeled ammonia to demonstrate how it goes to the brain

JFW | T@lk  00:26, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Have also emailed a friendly hepatologist for further advice, but tried my best with the sources at hand. JFW | T@lk  12:23, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

Bajaj
Bajaj in his 2010 APT review lists the Critical Flicker Frequency test and the Inhibitory Control Test. I decided not to mention them because the Randolph paper does not recommend them, and because Bajaj concedes that they still need validating. JFW | T@lk  09:58, 2 March 2010 (UTC)

GA while PR
Only was good enough to respond to the peer review, but I have incorporated most of his recommendations and am therefore submitting for GA. JFW |  T@lk  21:50, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Trials
10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04590.x - consensus statement on the design of clinical trials. This is hopeful. Perhaps we'll get some more hard data on the various treatments soon. JFW | T@lk  22:06, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Best test for MHE?
Small trial, not for inclusion but interesting in case secondary sources appear: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303262 (PHE score comes out best). JFW | T@lk  20:39, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

NEJM review
Wijdicks 10.1056/NEJMra1600561 JFW | T@lk  08:10, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

External link COI
I added the following links in External Links section
 * Hepatic Encephalopathy: Pathogenesis, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology
 * Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)

These links were removed. After a discussion with user:Doc James I became aware of Wiki’s conflict of interest policy. I hope to navigate that policy carefully.

The first link is a video that I created, and is therefore a conflict of interest for me to post. I would ask that a third party look into the video and decide it’s worthiness.

I receive advertisement fees for videos. This is one of my top videos—and is not likely to see an significant increase in traffic from posting here. I am not allowed to disclose earnings from YouTube, but suffice to say, even if views on this video were to double annually for the next 10 years, I’d still have made less in those years than I would in a week at a part time job. Tmbirkhead (talk) 05:27, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

 * per: WP:NOTLINK
 * While there is no blanket ban on linking to YouTube or other user-submitted video sites, all external links to video sites still must abide by the External Links guidelines. (See ' and '.) Those guidelines state that when considering external links, proposed videos such as yours should be evaluated for inclusion with due care on a case-by-case basis, in order to ensure that the videos hosted on YouTube meet the standards for inclusion. In my opinion, the subject matter surrounding hepatic encephalopathy warrants additional vigilance above and beyond that which would normally be the case, in that many readers of that article who have gone there in search of medical information deserve the utmost care and respect by ensuring they receive the most accurate information possible. While this is not meant to impugn the hard work that you've put into your videos, I'm sure you'll understand that the possibility of yours or anyone else's videos inadvertently providing information that could be misinterpreted by those individuals watching them, causing them harm, is much too great a risk to entertain. Spintendo  ᔦᔭ   13:00, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * You are Correct to state that the subject matter deserves consideration. Have you considered the content that is linked? Have you considered the value added to the medical community, and the medical student? Are you implying that something within the linked pages is inaccurate? Please point out exactly what makes these links different from a myriad of other YouTube videos that are linked on other medical wiki-articles that deserve equal or more vigilance? Thanks for your time and I invite you to reconsider. I did not make my video carelessly. I made it for partial credit toward my degree in medicine (Medical Doctor, candidate class of 2019). Tmbirkhead (talk) 22:48, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Are you aware of any actual problems, or are you just nervous about linking to anything that talks about medical conditions? WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:25, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

If you have objections based on "the immediate benefit to Wikipedia readers", as opposed to the chance that the maker might earn an extra US $3 every now and again (=the average YouTuber's revenue for 1,000 views) then it would be helpful to share them. WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:21, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose addition. We are not here to drive traffic to closed sourced content to raise money for their creators. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 15:58, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Please read the official guideline at WP:EL: "Wikipedia uses the same standards for evaluating links to websites owned by for-profit and (real or purported) non-profit organizations. Links to potentially revenue-generating web pages are not prohibited, even though the website owner might earn money through advertisements, sales, or (in the case of non-profit organizations) donations. Choose which pages to link based on the immediate benefit to Wikipedia readers that click on the link, not based on the organization's tax status or your guess at whether the website's owner might earn money from the link."
 * I have a very high bar for ELs since they are so often used for spamming. I am sure Osmosis will eventually make us a video under an open license for this article. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 06:36, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * oppose this is not appropriate--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 18:05, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * User:Ozzie10aaaa, what's not appropriate about them? If your concern is about the fully disclosed conflict of interest by the editor, then do you have any objection to the second link, which belongs to the Texas Liver Institute rather than the editor?  WhatamIdoing (talk) 19:33, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * We are not here to drive traffic to closed sourced content to raise money for their creators (by Doc James above) says it best...IMO--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 20:34, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * the official Wikipedia policy states that links are not to be judged based on perceived monetary gain. They are only judged by the value or benefits to readers. I respect all opinions with regard to the content and presentation. But the reason for declining is in stark contrast to the actual guidelines WP:EL.  It is also in contrast with many other links posted on other pages of medical significance. I Respectfully invite you to reconsider. Many YouTube videos are linked in the section for external links. Thanks for your time. Tmbirkhead (talk) 22:48, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Ozzie10aaaa, what's Doc James' objection got to do with the second video link, which is not made by this editor? Or do you have a blanket objection to any and all YouTube videos, regardless of the content or creator, because all of them could be earning the uploader about 0.3¢ per view?  WhatamIdoing (talk) 01:50, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * WAID...i'll go w/ blanket objection--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 01:58, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * You’d have to delete ALOT of links throughout wikipedia, with that objections. However, that objection is invalid by official guidelines. I’m sooo completely baffled. I have given Wikipedia way more in donations than I’d ever make on that video; and because it has helped me soo much. Some of that help has come from external links. I’m only one person, but I see nothing wrong. And I went through appropriate channels. Tmbirkhead (talk) 02:26, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * peritonitis is the 12th-most visited medical article on Wikipedia WikiProject Medicine/Popular pages. It’s external link goes directly to a textbook which allows each chapter to be downloaded for the low low price of $30.00. Several pages within the top 10 medical articles have links to DMOZ, which is no better than a link to the results of a google search (an actual violation of Wikipedia’s external links guidelines). In the page Getting to Philosophy the first external link is a youtube video. I appreciate the diligence, but I invite the same level of diligence to be applied uniformly.Tmbirkhead (talk) 23:09, 12 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Have removed the textbook from peritonitis. Thanks for pointing it out. We often use DMOZ as they are an independent organization that releases their content under an open license.
 * If you see further issues I am happy to address them. That Wikipedia has issues is not a reason to create more of them. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 06:34, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Doc James - hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy has EL to a website of links to YouTub; Axillary artery has youtube EL; Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis has EL to youtube (which is 99% unrelated to the wiki article); vesicular transport adaptor protein has, not one, but four ELs to youTube; That took me 10-minutes using a very poor “advance search” on google. I believe that you are concerned about spam, like you stated above, so I invite you to go after the Much lower hanging fruit, which is YouTube videos used as primary references (which might apply for current events, but hardly at all for medical articles). And I ask you to use that “High bar” to actually evaluate the video that I posted. Did I create spam?! Is that what this is, spam? The fact that you make that assertion is evidence that you haven’t evaluated the source that you are scrutinizing.
 * futhermore, the Wikipedia users have addressed this very issue a number of times. You are to evaluate YouTube links based on content and copyright, AND NOTHING ELSE. This has been addressed in several talk pages and on several pages in general.
 * And here you are asserting that my video link would be an issue. I’m asserting that it would make Wikipedia better, overall. But can you be bothered to spend 25-minutes watching the video on 2X before you make an evaluation?
 * lastly, denying an external link is not based on what someone else might do. Osmosis videos are actually pretty low quality in my opinion. I’d prefer onlinemeded over osmosis any day of the week, and yet neither of them will make a video as comprehensive as the one that I made, at least not anytime soon. Please reconsider. I’ll send you a private link to download the video (under the agreement that it won’t be shared or uploaded to any server, if you prefer to evaluate the video without pinging the YouTube server with your “view”. This would be done under the assumption that you’d evaluate only content and copyright. And that you’d ask yourself, “would his benefit current readers of this article? My hope is to gain your trust. If I thought this was a trrrible spam-video, the last thing I would do is to make my username hit the radar of those who have been editing for 10+ years. I hope you notice that the links that I posted were done so in good faith and with forethought, and that my judgment to do so was not unscrupulous.
 * thanks for (re)considering. Tmbirkhead (talk) 07:32, 13 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose - this article is flagged as a good article, which at least means that it tells broadly what it should tell (though there are still additions and improvements possible). I do not believe that a youtube video (however popular and correct) will necessarily really add a lot over that content (and what it adds could possibly be included anyway).  Moreover, I do think that on this type of articles material should be of high quality, and properly vetted, preferably issued by official organisations.  If this video is linked/transcluded on a website of an organisation regarding the subject, then I would consider that page on that website a better possibility.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 08:06, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Dirk Beetstra, Guidelines State to judge an external link based solely on content and copyright. There is no guideline stating (to my knowledge) that you can’t be opposed to the link without cause, but the causes that you’ve listed are simply out of line with Wikipedia’s own policy on external links. Even Doc James has stated (elsewhere) that he’d be more open to the video if it were uploaded to wikimedia commons. This indicates a bias against the YouTube platform. You state that your primary reason for opposition is that you “don’t believe” a YouTube link would add much to this article. The reason you don’t believe that is because you haven’t viewed the video. I am not saying that because I want to drive you to YouTube. I will provide you an MP4 copy of the video if you’d be willing to actually view it (and respect that I am not licensing you with any other use besides private viewing). If you watch the video, you’ll see that this article does a terrible job at explaining the pathophysiology and the proposed biochemistry (with the several theories of pathological mechanisms). You’d also find that the YouTube platform is a very helpful didactic tool that is hard to overcome in print. Tmbirkhead (talk) 08:19, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Have you read WP:NOT and WP:EL? "If the website or page to which you want to link includes information that is not yet a part of the article, consider using it as a source for the article, and citing it. Guidelines for sourcing, which include external links used as citations, are discussed at Wikipedia:Reliable sources and Wikipedia:Citing sources.", "Any site that does not provide a unique resource beyond what the article would contain if it became a featured article. In other words, the site should not merely repeat information that is already or should be in the article. Links for future improvement of the page can be placed on the article's talk page."  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 08:27, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Dirk Beetstra, I have read all of those guidelines in the last 24 hours. Your response includes these elements: 1) if the video is simply better due to more information, just add the info and cite. 2) The video might not be considered valuable if the page was complete-enough to be featured. I can only convince you that neither of those apply if you watch the video. This video has averaged 50-100 views per day. Your view won’t significantly change anything. However, if you’d like to view it as an MP4, I’d be willing to send it to you. Thanks for an honest response, and thanks in advance for an honest assessment. Tmbirkhead (talk) 08:52, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * 50-100 views per day? So what, there are videos on YouTube that top that in a handful of minutes.  Popularity is not a reason to include (and at worst, it just shows how well a video is advertised).  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 09:46, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * , I believe you missed the point. It’s not popular (studying advanced topics in medicine are typically unpopular online—-as those who have the condition tend to be less sophisticated with IT (in general) due to their advanced age. The point was that your single view would be statistically insignificant on the page. So, encouraging you to actually assess the content is NOT a conflict of interest, but there is a definite conflict when disapproving a link without examining the content therein. However, even with my assertion that there is NO conflict of interest, I’d even be willing to send you an MP4 copy to ease your mind, if that’s a concern. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tmbirkhead (talk • contribs)
 * No, I did not miss the point .. Our inclusion standards are described, and 'this is a video that everyone wants/needs to see' is not an inclusion standard. We are writing an encyclopedia here, not a linkfarm.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 10:42, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, you did miss the point (at least originally). The point I made about the view count was to point out any absurdity in the fact that you did not (and still haven’t) viewed the source content. And nobody has given any inclusion criteria that is unmatched by the content being suggested. This is an honest COI edit request, not a show-room for accusing someone of attempting to link-spam Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tmbirkhead (talk • contribs)
 * I am not accusing of spamming - what I say is that popularity is not a reason to include. The reason to include would be whether the info is, or can be, included in the article.  You point above to a lot of other cases, and I agree, many of these have to go as well.  Our policies are WP:NOT vs. WP:ENC, and external links have a high bar to pass. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Beetstra (talk • contribs) 08:33, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose. YouTube videos are generally not good in the external links section. Most articles with YouTube links should have them removed. Exceptions would be videos generated by official organisations that are somehow not hosted on their website. JFW | T@lk  10:35, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * can you provide a link to a guideline that specifically states that rule? If you can, I would remind you, as I have others (and in other places) that much lower quality YouTube videos have passed in the link section of youtube. I have continually requested that everyone simply follow the actual guidelines for external links, which is to judge two characteristics only. First the content, and second, the copyright. If you have not done that, then I encourage you to do so. Tmbirkhead (talk) 10:44, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * To be honest, when it comes to debates about these things it is actually consensus between editors that determines what happens. Here you have a big pool of experienced editors who don't think that we should be linking to your video. Your argument that other stuff exists is falacious. JFW | T@lk  18:47, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

I can see no rationality in the responses, so far. I will wait to see what replies come in from the rebuttals that I have posted, but without any request for my response, I am done trying. This was a fools errand. I tried to make Wikipedia a better place, but have, thus far, been prevented from doing that by a group that won’t even take the time to examine the content of my contribution. The contribution I didn’t have to make available to the public, a contribution that doesn’t bring me (nor ever will) great fame or wealth. And I have pointed out to at least some of you the obvious double standard where some YouTube videos are linked with very little (weak) relationship to a primary article, but they are allowed to stay. I honestly have nothing to gain from this other than the satisfaction of knowing that I made the worlds largest encyclopedia a little bit better. And when the historians judge; they will point to the few users above as individuals that (in this case) prevented that improvement. goodnight. Tmbirkhead (talk) 10:44, 13 December 2017 (UTC) Part of the reason that I asked is that the objections here are rather strange for your video. I basically expect that anyone who actually watched the video would complain about other things (e.g., the sketch-on-the-whiteboard graphics – perfectly appropriate to your lecture, but with very little halo effect to endear it to average viewers). WhatamIdoing (talk) 06:35, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Okay yes other "stuff" exists on Wikipedia and lots of poor quality work slips through especially on barely read articles like Mouse models of breast cancer metastasis. This article is heavily read and thus pushed to a higher standard.
 * I agree with Jfd "videos generated by official organisations that are somehow not hosted on their website" would be appropriate as ELs.
 * Please note that Wikipedia is NOT exclusively based on a reading of the "policies and guidelines". It is based on consensus. I have fixed a number of the issues you raised. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 16:30, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * "videos generated by official organisations that are somehow not hosted on their website" appears to be exactly the case for the second video listed, so why are you still opposing inclusion of the second video? The second video is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcNQdo15lF8 and it belongs to the Texas Liver Institute.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 20:02, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Sure so the question is do we consider the Texas Liver Institute to be a reliable source? Maybe it is. Would need to investigate the organization it is coming from further. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 20:39, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Whether it meets MEDRS irrelevant. External links do not have to be reliable sources.  See WP:ELMAYBE #4:  a site that is accurate, but not actually good enough to use as a reliable source is something that editors should be actively considering for inclusion.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 22:53, 13 December 2017 (UTC)
 * External linksthe site should not merely repeat information that is already or should be in the article...--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 00:45, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Unless you can find, to name only a single example, the word microglial somewhere in this article, then ELNO #1 (which I fully support) is irrelevant, because the first video contains more detailed information than the article does (or should). Would you mind stating whether you've actually watched any of either video?  WhatamIdoing (talk) 06:43, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Is there any reason why 'microglial' is not mentioned in the article? --Dirk Beetstra T  C 08:33, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * It's a detail in pathogenesis, with some implications for treatment. A good summary doesn't need to include it; a highly detailed explanation definitely would.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 06:35, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Well user:WhatamIdoing, you obviously didn’t reply because you realize that the only reason he doesn’t know the answer to his own question is simple—-he didn’t investigate the source for “CONTENT” and “COPYRIGHT”, which is what the guidelines state should be done! Judge it on content and you’ll see that it adds a lot to the article. And it’s all my original work. But honestly, I gave up convincing users of that point. They obviously each have their own “pets” and pet-peeves. Plus, power is a bit blinding, and some people just enjoy rigidity because it’s “safer”. I’m not going to worry about trying to improve Wikipedia. I thought it would be fun, but a certain editor has actually made it a headache without reason.I appreciate your sole support (although I didn’t see you vote), but I think it’s pretty much impossible to change a Closed-mind. Tmbirkhead (talk) 00:46, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I think we can give Ozzie more than a few hours to reply.
 * I had,saw before, during and after my opinion above...and its still the same opinion(WAID I am actually puzzled by your insistence on this topic, in any event, we'll agree to disagree...on a lighter note-Merry XMAS/Happy Holidays!)--Ozzie10aaaa (talk) 12:09, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * I'm puzzled because it's out of character for you. The guideline says that you shouldn't worry about whether the creator might make a few cents off the link.  It says that you should put readers first.  You're not doing that.  There are all kinds of arguments to be made for and against the content (Do we want something this advanced?  this long?  Is two videos too much?), and you've skipped over all of that to focus on a detail that the guideline says is irrelevant.  I guess that I've gotten used to seeing policy-based responses from you, so it's weird to see the opposite.  WhatamIdoing (talk) 17:51, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The HE video is very long, kind of rambles, and moves too carelessly between what is really accepted knowledge and what are emerging/possible explanations and treatments.  I am not a big fan of video content in WP generally, but where we use them they should be crisp and ideally ad free. (I had to sit through an entirely "grammarly" ad to hear something a second time). am a bit concerned with the "tutoring" bit in Mike's about page. But his associated blog is all about giving people a free online biology/medical education.
 * Everything i do is aimed at high, high quality here, and these videos are not that. I encourage Mike to explore Wikiversity which might be the most appropriate wikimedia venue for what he wants to do. Jytdog (talk) 15:45, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

 * user:Jytdog, that was the fairest criticism I have seen, so far. I’m not disappointed at your response, as I was with many others because you followed the guidelines and based the conclusion on the actual content. As for emerging therapy, I was under the influence that external links are the most appropriate place—-for material that is related, but not appropriate for an actual WP. As for the ads, I google controls which ads, how long, and how often. And the reason I posted the request edit is for the sake of the ads. Had they not been added to the video, I would have felt no obligation to post it here. But the point of COI, is simply to make sure the content actually belongs in the EL rather than linking to spam that is barely related. There is an interest for people to subvert the EL solely for monetary gain, and COI-guidelines are in place to help prevent that. The guides do say that links are not to be denied solely due to perceived monetary gain. I agree with the rest of the critique. I attempt to teach in the best way shown by evidence-based-Education While also fulfilling the requirements of my degree AND within the constraints of my current budget. I do have plans for huge expansion and changes in the future (when my education is complete). My videos will be largely 3D graphics at that time, and scripted. They will be limited to 10-20 minutes and each video will be followed by vignette style questions with answer feedback (to name a few areas that I’m currently outside of evidence-base). When I finally make those changes, would you support a link to 3-separate professional videos covering the same content? Just probing. (Apologies: edit previously was unsigned) Tmbirkhead (talk) 04:48, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hepatic encephalopathy


text:
Dorylus

Dorylus, also known as driver ants, safari ants, or siafu, is a large genus of army ants found primarily in central and east Africa, although the range also extends to southern Africa and tropical Asia. The term siafu is a loanword from Swahili, and is one of numerous similar words from regional Bantu languages used by indigenous peoples to describe various species of these ants. Unlike the New World members of the former subfamily Ecitoninae (now Dorylinae), members of this genus form temporary subterranean bivouacs in underground cavities which they excavate and inhabit - either for a few days or up to three months. Also, unlike some New World army ants, driver ants are not specialized predators of other species of ant, instead being more generalistic with a diet consisting of a diversity of arthropods. Their colonies are enormous compared to other ant species, and can contain over 20 million individuals. As with their American counterparts, workers exhibit caste polymorphism with the soldiers having particularly large heads that power their scissor-like mandibles. They are capable of stinging, but very rarely do so, relying instead on their powerful shearing jaws. A large part of their diet consists of earthworms. Driver ant queens are the largest living ants known, with the largest measuring between 40 - 63 millimeters (1.5 - 2.4 inches) in total body length depending on their physiological condition.

Life cycle
Seasonally, when food supplies become short, they leave the hill and form marching columns of up to 20,000,000 ants, which constitute a considerable threat to humans, though they can be easily avoided as a column can only travel about 20 meters in an hour. It is for those unable to move, or when the columns pass through homes, that there is the greatest risk. The presence of a mobile column of safari ants is, conversely, beneficial to certain human communities, such as the Maasai. They perform a pest prevention service in farming communities, consuming the majority of other crop-pests, from insects to large rats. For example, driver ants prey on larvae of the African sugarcane borer, a pest moth in sub-Saharan Africa.

The characteristic long columns of ants will fiercely defend themselves against anything that attacks them. Columns are arranged with the smaller ants being flanked by the larger soldier ants. These instinctively take up positions as sentries, and set a perimeter corridor through which the smaller ants can run safely. Their bite is severely painful, each soldier leaving two puncture wounds when removed. Removal is difficult, however, as their jaws are extremely strong, and one can pull a soldier ant in two without it releasing its hold. Large numbers of ants can kill small or immobilized animals and strip them to husks. Such is the strength of the ant's jaws that, in East Africa, they are used as natural emergency sutures. Various East African indigenous tribal peoples (e.g. the Maasai moran), when suffering from a laceration in the wilds, will use the soldiers to stitch the wound by getting the ants to bite on both sides of the gash, then breaking off the body. This use of ants as makeshift surgical staples creates a seal that can hold for days at a time, and the procedure can be repeated, if necessary, allowing natural healing to commence. All Dorylus species are blind, and, like most varieties of ants, communicate primarily through pheromones.

In the mating season, alates (winged drones, queens of driver-ant species do not grow wings) are formed. The drones are larger than the soldiers and the queens are even larger. Driver ants do not perform a nuptial flight, but mate on the ground and the queens go off to establish new colonies. As with most ants, workers and soldiers are sterile females, and so do not reproduce. Male driver ants, sometimes known as "sausage flies" (a term also applied to males of New World dorylines) due to their bloated, sausage-like abdomens, are among the largest ant morphs and were originally believed to be members of a different species. Males leave the colony soon after hatching but are drawn to the scent trail left by a column of siafu once they reach sexual maturity. When a colony of driver ants encounters a male, they tear his wings off and carry him back to the nest to be mated with a recently hatched queen. As in the majority of ant species, males die shortly afterward. Driver ant queens exhibit polyandry; young queens from some species with large colony sizes must mate with 10–20 males before they have gathered enough sperm for their reproductive lives. Once the queen is ready, roughly half of the workers in the colony will leave with her to found a new colony. Driver ant queens are the largest ants on Earth and have the greatest egg-laying capacity among insects, laying several million eggs each month.

Several species in this genus carry out raids on termitaria, paralyzing or killing termites and carting them back to the nest.

Colonies of driver-ant species have only one queen. When she dies, the surviving workers may try to join another colony, but in other cases, when two colonies of the same driver-ant species meet, they usually change the marching directions to avoid conflicts.

Species

 * D. acutus Santschi, 1937
 * D. aethiopicus Emery, 1895
 * D. affinis Shuckard, 1840
 * D. agressor Santschi, 1923
 * D. alluaudi Santschi, 1914
 * D. atratus Smith, 1859
 * D. atriceps Shuckard, 1840
 * D. attenuatus Shuckard, 1840
 * D. bequaerti Forel, 1913
 * D. bishyiganus (Boven, 1972)
 * D. braunsi Emery, 1895
 * D. brevipennis Emery, 1895
 * D. brevis Santschi, 1919
 * D. buyssoni Santschi, 1910
 * D. congolensis Santschi, 1910
 * D. conradti Emery, 1895
 * D. depilis Emery, 1895
 * D. diadema Gerstaecker, 1859
 * D. distinctus Santschi, 1910
 * D. ductor Santschi, 1939
 * D. emeryi Mayr, 1896
 * D. erraticus (Smith, 1865)
 * D. faurei Arnold, 1946
 * D. fimbriatus (Shuckard, 1840)
 * D. fulvus (Westwood, 1839)
 * D. funereus Emery, 1895
 * D. furcatus (Gerstaecker, 1872)
 * D. fuscipennis (Emery, 1892)
 * D. gaudens Santschi, 1919
 * D. ghanensis Boven, 1975
 * D. gribodoi Emery, 1892 – includes D. gerstaeckeri Emery, 1895
 * D. helvolus (Linnaeus, 1764)
 * D. katanensis Stitz, 1911
 * D. kohli Wasmann, 1904
 * D. labiatus Shuckard, 1840
 * D. laevigatus (Smith, 1857)
 * Dorylus lamottei (= D. gribodoi) Bernard, 1953
 * D. leo Santschi, 1919
 * D. mandibularis Mayr, 1896
 * D. mayri Santschi, 1912
 * D. moestus Emery, 1895
 * D. molestus Wheeler, 1922
 * D. montanus Santschi, 1910
 * D. niarembensis (Boven, 1972)
 * D. nigricans Illiger, 1802
 * D. ocellatus (Stitz, 1910)
 * D. orientalis Westwood, 1835
 * D. politus Emery, 1901
 * D. rufescens Santschi, 1915
 * D. savagei Emery, 1895
 * D. schoutedeni Santschi, 1923
 * D. spininodis Emery, 1901
 * D. stadelmanni Emery, 1895
 * D. stanleyi Forel, 1909
 * D. staudingeri Emery, 1895
 * D. striatidens Santschi, 1910
 * D. termitarius Wasmann, 1911
 * D. titan Santschi, 1923
 * D. vishnui Wheeler, 1913
 * D. westwoodii (Shuckard, 1840)
 * D. wilverthi Emery, 1899

title: Dorylus


text:
Greater Cumberland Regional Airport

Greater Cumberland Regional Airport is a public airport in the town of Wiley Ford in Mineral County, West Virginia, United States. It is two miles (3 km) south of Cumberland (population 21,518) in Allegany County, Maryland. Although the airport is in the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia, the FAA lists this as a Maryland airport. No major airlines fly here, with the nearest major airport being Johnstown–Cambria County Airport about 66 mi away in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, as well as Hagerstown Regional Airport in Hagerstown, Maryland. In addition, it is situated in close proximity to Interstate 68 and U.S. Route 220, which both run through the nearby city of Cumberland.

On the second level of the airport terminal is the Cohongaronta Gallery (Cohongaronta being a Shawnee name for the Potomac River) with an array of displays on the history of the Potomac Highlands area. The centerpiece of the gallery is a 40% scale replica of the Wright Brothers 1903 Wright Flyer. A 70 ft time line highlights dates and events for the Potomac Highlands region. The gallery is open to the public during terminal business hours.

Facilities and aircraft
Greater Cumberland Regional Airport covers 314 acre and has two asphalt runways: 5/23, 5,047 x 150 ft (1,538 x 46 m) and 11/29, 3,000 x 150 ft (914 x 46 m).

In the year ending August 26, 2022, the airport had 14,300 aircraft operations, an average of 39 per day: 97% general aviation and 2% military. 58 aircraft were based at this airport: 45 single engine, 5 gliders, 4 multi-engine, 1 jet and 3 helicopter.

Racing

The Cumberland Greater Regional Airport was used for a 1.6 mi airport course run in Wiley Ford, West Virginia (just south of Cumberland, Maryland) in the 1950s and 1960s.

Currently National Road Autosport holds autocross events at the airport on a monthly basis.

History
Cumberland Airlines began service in 1969 with commuter flights from Cumberland to Baltimore and Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh flights would later stop at Latrobe, Pennsylvania and the Baltimore flights continued through to the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. Piper PA-31 Navajo and Beechcraft Model 99 aircraft were used. Service continued for over twenty years, ending in 1990.

US Airways Express, operated by Crown Airways, began flights between Cumberland and Pittsburgh on June 3, 1991. The US Airways Express operator was changed to Liberty Express in 1994, to Mesa Airlines in 1998, then to Air Midwest in 1999. US Airways Express discontinued the flights on September 8, 2001 because of a lack of demand; the decision to end the flights had been made before the September 11 attacks.

Boston-Maine Airways, operating as Pan Am Clipper Connection on behalf of Pan Am, began flights between Cumberland and Baltimore-Washington International Airport with a stop at Hagerstown Regional Airport starting in December 2001. British Aerospace Jetstream 31 aircraft were used. Due to lack of demand, the service ended in June 2003.

title: Greater Cumberland Regional Airport


text:
Shorty Green

Wilfred Thomas "Shorty" Green (July 17, 1896 – April 19, 1960) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played four seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Hamilton Tigers and New York Americans between 1923 and 1927. As captain of the Tigers in 1925, he led the team on a strike with the demand that the players be paid an additional C$200 to participate in the playoffs. The league refused, suspended the team and sold the organization to New York interests. As a member of the Americans, Green scored the first goal in Madison Square Garden history, and after two seasons as a player in New York, coached the team for one before coaching minor league teams for several years. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

His younger brother Red Green was also a hockey player in the NHL.

Playing career
A native of Sudbury, Ontario, Green played senior hockey in his hometown and was a team member that won the Northern Ontario senior championship in 1915. He enlisted with the Canadian military on April 3, 1916, serving and playing with the 227th Battalion in the Ontario Hockey Association senior division in 1916–17. Deployed overseas in 1917, Green was reassigned to the 8th Reserve Battalion. On May 17, 1917 he was promoted to acting Lance Sergeant, however this was reverted two days later as he wanted to go to the front, and him being a private was the fastest way to do that. Green fought in the Battle of Passchendaele as a member of the Canadian Machine Gun Corps; on November 9, 1917, during the battle, he was a victim of a gas attack. He developed diphtheria and gastritis one month later and was hospitalized. He still had health issues in August 1918, and a physician noted he did "not look strong". Green was discharger and returned to Canada by December 1918.

Back in Canada Green returned to hockey. He joined the Hamilton Tigers senior team and led them to the 1919 Allan Cup championship before returning home to play four seasons with the Sudbury Wolves of the Northern Ontario Hockey Association. He moved back to Hamilton in 1923 and began his professional career. He played on a line with his brother, "Red" Green, and Billy Burch for the last place Tigers. Green was unanimously voted as team captain prior to the start of the 1924–25 NHL season and his skill and physical style in spite of his small stature made him a fan favourite. The Tigers flourished on the ice, finishing as the top team in the NHL, and qualifying for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history.

When the players learned that team owners were making large profits on the Tigers despite ownership's claims the team was "suffering" financially, Green and Burch led a player's strike against management, demanding a C$200 bonus each or the players would not participate in the playoffs. Team management refused while NHL president Frank Calder warned that if the players did not relent, he would suspend the team and award the fourth-place Ottawa Senators Hamilton's place in the NHL final. The players refused to give in, and as a result, Calder ultimately declared the Montreal Canadiens league champions after they defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final and fined each player $200. It was the first player's strike in NHL history.

Additionally, the strike led to the demise of Hamilton's entry in the NHL as the team and players were sold and became the New York Americans for the 1925–26 season. Many of the players received significant raises following the transfer to New York, including Green who saw his salary rise from $3,000 per season to $5,000. On December 19, 1925, he scored the first goal in Madison Square Garden history before a crowd of 17,000 fans. Late in his second season with the Americans, Green suffered a dislocated kidney during a game and was sent to hospital in critical condition. He recovered, but the injury ended his playing career.

The Americans named Green their head coach for the 1927–28 NHL season, and finished the season outside of the playoffs with a record of 11–27–6. He left the NHL to coach the Duluth Hornets of the American Hockey Association for three seasons between 1928 and 1931, appearing in three games, and with the Tulsa Oilers in 1931–32.

He coached the Hamilton Tigers' senior team for one season in 1932–33 before returning to Sudbury where he first opened a men's clothing store and in 1937, founded the Sudbury Golf Club with two partners. He ran the club until his death of cancer in 1960. Green was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1963.

title: Shorty Green


text:
Pinnotheres

Pinnotheres is a genus of crabs, including the pea crab. Many species formerly in Pinnotheres have been placed in new genera, such as Zaops ostreus (formerly P. ostreus), the oyster crab and Nepinnotheres novaezelandiae (formerly P. novaezelandiae), the New Zealand pea crab. The species currently recognised in the genus Pinnotheres are:

title: Pinnotheres


text:
Wikipedia:Peer review/Awards and decorations of Belarus/archive1

Awards and decorations of Belarus
Well, after hours of work and drawing, I believe this article is almost ready. I am not trying to get it featured, but I just mainly want to see if translations are right. I also seem to have a problem with the footnotes, so if folks want to fix that, they are welcome to. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 23:37, 4 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Very good effort to make this article. Perhaps make a note of whether these awards are military-only. Is the Hero of Belarus an award that anyone can receive (note: this is explained on the award's page, but could be added to this article), and also explain where a soldier wears these ribbons (is it like an American with ribbons on their blazer) and whether citizens who receive these awards can wear them anywhere. Harro5 05:06, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)
 * I can do that, but I just need time to do it. Well, if there were many awards, like the Soviet article, I could fork it to Civilian and Military orders, but they are few decorations. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 13:20, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * IIRC, civilians wore the ribbons on the left side of their jacket, just like a military uniform. I need to check official rules, but I do not have the Belarusian font on this laptop. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 04:06, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)


text:
Cichorium

Cichorium is a genus of plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. The genus includes two cultivated species commonly known as chicory or endive, plus several wild species.

Common chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a bushy perennial herb with blue or lavender (or, rarely, white or pink) flowers. It grows as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and in North America, where it has become naturalized. It is grown for its leaves, when it is known as leaf chicory, endive, radicchio, Belgian endive, French endive, or witloof. Other varieties are grown for their roots, which are used as a coffee substitute, similar to dandelion coffee.

True endive (Cichorium endivia) is a species grown and used as a salad green. It has a slightly bitter taste. Curly endive and the broad-leafed escarole are true endives.

Cichorium is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including setaceous Hebrew character, turnip moth, and the grass moth Diasemia reticularis.

 * Species
 * Cichorium alatum Hochst. & Steud. - Europe, Arabian Peninsula, drier parts of Africa from Algeria to Namibia
 * Cichorium bottae Deflers - Saudi Arabia, Yemen
 * Cichorium callosum Pomel - North Africa
 * Cichorium calvum Sch.Bip. ex Asch. - Egypt, Ethiopia, Palestine (region), Jordan
 * Cichorium dubium E.H.L.Krause	 - Europe
 * Cichorium endivia L. - Mediterranean
 * Cichorium hybridum Halácsy - Greece
 * Cichorium intybus L. - probably Europe; now very widespread invasive
 * Cichorium pumilum Jacq. - Mediterranean
 * Cichorium spinosum L. - Mediterranean

Formerly included are several species now considered better suited to other genera: Aposeris, Arnoseris, Geigeria, Rhagadiolus and Tolpis.

title: Cichorium


text:
File:Strictly Personal.jpg

Summary
Sleeve of Captain Beefheart's Strictly Personal

title: File:Strictly Personal.jpg


text:
Blue lotus

Blue lotus may refer to:

 * Nymphaea caerulea, a water lily in the genus Nymphaea that was known to the Ancient Egyptian civilizations
 * Nymphaea nouchali, a water lily of genus Nymphaea that is native to southern and eastern parts of Asia, containing the sedating alkaloids apomorphine and nuciferine
 * The Blue Lotus, a 1936 book in the Tintin series

title: Blue lotus