text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kyantonius

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was article was Speedy Deleted by 22:02, 1 Jun 2005 UTC by Mustafaa for blanked by creator. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 04:59, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Kyantonius
Looks like an inexperienced user put his user page in the main space. Userfy. Fawcett5 21:46, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Speedy. It's already on his user page. Maybe a kind soul will explain the dude what he's done wrong? Eixo 21:50, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text: Category:Operas by Benjamin Britten

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category:Operas by Benjamin Britten


text:
Marion Dewar

Marion Hilda Dewar (February 17, 1928 – September 15, 2008) was a prominent member of the New Democratic Party (NDP), mayor of Ottawa from 1978 to 1985 and a member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1987 to 1988.

Early life
Dewar was born Marion Bell in 1928 in Montreal, the daughter of Agnes and Wilson Bell. She was raised in the town of Buckingham, Quebec, just outside Ottawa. She graduated from Saint Joseph's School of Nursing in Kingston, Ontario, in 1949 and was a nurse in the Ottawa region until 1952. She married civil servant Ken Dewar in 1951 and went into public health with the Victorian Order of Nurses. A devoted Roman Catholic, she would have 5 children, the last in 1963. She later studied nursing science and public health at the University of Ottawa, and was a public health nurse from 1969 to 1971.

Ottawa city politics
Dewar became an Ottawa alderman for Britannia Ward in 1972 and was elected Deputy Mayor in 1974, a position she held until 1978. In 1977, she ran unsuccessfully for the Ontario New Democratic Party in the provincial election in the riding of Ottawa West. She was elected mayor in 1978.

Marion Dewar served as Mayor of Ottawa from 1978 to 1985, during which she strongly advocated for gay rights. In 1978, six months into her term, she convened a convention on the issue of homosexuality. In 1982, Mayor Marion Dewar participated in the ribbon-cutting ceremony at Ottawa's first feminist bookstore, the Ottawa Women's Bookstore, signifying a period of growth in the women's lesbian and gay community and underscoring her commitment to addressing and promoting LGBT rights within the community.

In 1979, she led Project 4000, in which Ottawa residents sponsored 4,000 Vietnamese, Cambodian and Laotian refugees. Ottawa today still has a large Vietnamese community. In 2005, she appeared on the Vietnamese diaspora music variety show Paris By Night 77 as part of a show commemorating the 30th anniversary of the fall of Saigon. She was interviewed and given a plaque for her support for Vietnamese refugees.

Dewar was a peace activist and campaigner for nuclear disarmament, and, for example, picketed the U.S. Embassy in Ottawa after the invasion of Grenada. She appeared in the 1985 documentary Speaking Our Peace.

Federal politics
From 1985 to 1987, Dewar was president of the federal NDP, succeeding Tony Penikett. She was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in a 1987 by-election in the riding of Hamilton Mountain, replacing NDP incumbent Ian Deans. She had been invited to the riding in the hopes that, as a star candidate, she would keep the riding in NDP hands, but she faced strong competition for the nomination from future MP David Christopherson. She was defeated in the 1988 general election, losing to Liberal Beth Phinney by only 73 votes.

Continuing to play a prominent role in the NDP, she was one of the leading backers of Audrey McLaughlin's leadership bid. In the 1993 election Dewar attempted to return to Parliament for the riding of Ottawa Centre, but lost to Liberal incumbent Mac Harb in an election in which the NDP fared poorly across the country.

Later career
She also served as the chair of the Ottawa-Carleton Police Services Board, which oversaw the merger of the Ottawa, Nepean, and Gloucester police forces into a unified organization. However, in December 1995, she and the three other provincially appointed members of the board were fired in mid-term by the new provincial government of Mike Harris who disagreed with their political views. The three Ottawa City Council appointees were not dismissed. Dewar and a fellow board member, Judy Hunter, sued the government for unfair dismissal. In a precedent-setting case the court ruled in their favour, and they won again on appeal.

She remained politically active throughout, supporting the political career of her son Paul Dewar, who was elected to Parliament in the 2006 federal election, winning the Ottawa Centre riding for the NDP. She also supported Alex Munter in his unsuccessful mayoral candidacy later the same year (2006).

In addition to her political activities, Dewar did voluntary work for many community organisations, including the Ottawa Women's Credit Union. In 1995 she became chair of Oxfam Canada.

In 2002, Dewar was made a Member of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour.

Death
On Friday afternoon September 12, 2008, Dewar was rushed to a Toronto hospital after suffering a serious fall and subsequent brain hemorrhage. She was in Toronto attending the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. Her son Paul Dewar interrupted his 2008 re-election bid to travel and be by her side with other family members, but on September 15 Marion Dewar died. On that day the City of Ottawa lowered civic flags outside Ottawa City Hall in her memory. She would return to Ottawa City Hall for the last time to lie in state in the Jean Pigott Hall until her funeral service on September 19. Among the over 800 people attending the public service were notable politicians including Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty.

On May 31, 2009, the Ottawa Vietnamese community celebrated the 30th anniversary of Project 4000 with her son and re-elected MP Paul Dewar.

Legacy
Marion Dewar Plaza, which provided a central site for festivals and special events, is located at 110 Laurier Avenue W., adjacent to the Ottawa City Hall complex.

 * The Ottawa Community Immigrant Services Organization (OCISO) established the Marion Dewar Scholarship Fund in 2009, which has a legacy endowment of $20,000, which helps to pay for the tuition and supplies required for the post-secondary education of refugee and immigrant high school students.

title: Marion Dewar


text:
Talk:List of ancient Egyptian sites

Middle Egypt?
What is middle egypt? Egypt was only split into Upper & Lower.

 * That is correct, however from about Al Fayyum to Asyut (200-300Km) you have an area that is not really part of neither Upper or Lower egypt. The term is in use and some even use it all the way down to Sohag/Abydos. Just tab in "Middle egypt" in google and you will see it is in use. And beside that it makes such a large list more managable. Twthmoses 22:42, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi - I have just wikified the whole list here - just so we know what we are faced with! Is it worth someone writing little descriptions of the areas ? Or even spliting this huge list up even ? i.e. Egypt & Nubia as 2 pages ? Markh 12:27, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

List
We really need a chronological List of Ancient Egyptian capitals to sort out this mess.--Countakeshi 13:30, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Why do you say this list is a mess? I find is quite useful. But another list based on chronology, rather than location, could also be useful Twthmoses 18:37, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it is a mess. Several locations are listed twice, and there are inconsistencies in transliterations of Greek and Egyptian names.  I second the idea of a list of Ancient Egyptian capitals. Adso de Fimnu 18:58, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * No idea what you are on about ??? List of Ancient Egyptian capitals, what is that?? Capitals of nomes or what?? This list is not a mess, it is quite useful. Please list the problems and we can correct them, useless "locations are listed twice" expression serves nobody. Please list problems. Twthmoses 06:48, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Please calm down. I agree with you that the list is useful, but it makes no distinctions between Ancient Egyptian (that is, before the Greek conquest), Ptolemaic, and Roman sites.  Egypt did have several capitals over its long history; such a list would provide a helpful chronology.  And the example of repeated location I was thinking of is Nubt-Naqada-Ombos-Kom Ombo.  It is listed both in Northern Upper Egypt and Southern Upper Egypt.  I am not insulting you; I simply want this helpful resource to be as accurate as possible. Adso de Fimnu 16:54, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes Ombos is listed twice, because they are two separate locations! Ombos (Naqada) is a necropolis and settlement, about 30km north of Luxor (the wiki article incorrectly says 80km). Ombos (Kom Ombo) is a city and temple about 150km south of Luxor. I see you put the merge tag on them. I removed it because they are now the same thing.

 * I cannot immediately see what there is to gain by sorting this list into dynasties or just separating Ptolemaic and Roman sites. Not to talk about how hard it actually would be to do it. One could make a separate list of what sites the Ptolemaic and Romans has build from scratch (few) and those sites they have added to (many). Such a list could be a nice addition, where one could see where the Romans or Ptolemaic has build.

 * I still don’t understand that this “List of Ancient Egyptian capitals” is, and what it has to do with this list of Ancient Egyptian sites? If it is captials of the different nomes, then it is here Nome (Egypt). If it is a list of eachs phararos main city, e.g his ruling city, then yes that would be a nice list too. Twthmoses 00:19, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I know this conversation is quite old, but I too think it would be more useful to list them by era than by region alone. That way one could easily compare sites by era and who first built it. Some of us who are studying Egyptian history would like to look up the sites as we are going along. It makes it a bit frustrating having to go through the whole page picking out individual sites. Possibly overlooking important sites as we go along. Maybe have the main lists go by era and then break them up by region within said list?JanderVK (talk) 14:14, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Order
This list could do with an brush up. It could be ordered by nome ? Markh 17:53, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

List, again
This isn’t my area of expertise, but can I suggest (if it isn’t too difficult) that we have some more detail about the sites listed here? For example; what it was, where it was (co-ordinates, nome, present name), and in what period (roughly) it existed. And (to get over the difficulties of what order to put things in) have it in sortable table form? Moonraker12 (talk) 16:23, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

Nomes
I've added a Lower Egypt sub-section for the Nomes maps and list; it was a bit confusing to have the Upper Egypt list against the Lower Egypt map. I don't know waht they were, but I'm hoping someone who does will add them. Is it also worth reversing the order of both, seeing as they appear to number south to north? (I'm happy to do that!) Moonraker12 (talk) 16:34, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

 * You got this 2601:8C1:8284:4E00:64F3:8A5C:3F64:2FE3 (talk) 16:20, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Dating by nomes, kings, linguistics, historical events; etc Common practice following Budge "The Nile" Eighth Edition, 1902: List of Egyptian Kings (With Cartouches and Dynasties starting pp 519, going on to "Egypt's Making" Michael Rice, plates 35-75, 1990, Routledge, Wilkinson, Gardiner, many other sources agreeing with the Chronological Table Page 8, starting Late Paleolithic 1650 BC, Naqada to 3000 Foundation of the Egyptian State, Old Kingdom c 2575-2140 Middle Kingdom c 2040-1640, 17th Dynasty (Thebes) 1640-1550, New Kingdom c1550-1070. "Atlas of Ancient Egypt" ISBN O 87196-334-5 The Middle Kingdom includes the 2nd intermediate wherein the Hyksos are expelled by Kamos(Amos) (see Budge for cartouches) and the 18th Dynasty begun from Thebes to control the mortuary trade across the Erythrean Sea using Nub or Nubian Gold, BenJasmine, Frankincense, Myhr, Bitumen, Natron, Cedar, Papyrus, Stone, Ships, extending from Ugarit, Sidon, Tyre, South along the Dead Sea and Coastal routes to Yemen, the Bab al Mandab, the Horn of Africa and the Gulf of Aden across to Hormuz and other trading hubs about 1 geographical degree apart as described in the Periplus of the Erythrian Sea.2604:6000:1513:4FFD:B94D:3055:6FDE:9EDA (talk) 03:00, 6 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of ancient Egyptian sites


text: Category:Operas by Gian Carlo Menotti

title: Category:Operas by Gian Carlo Menotti


text:
Philip Stubbs

Philip Stubbs (Stubbes) (c. 1555 – c. 1610) was an English pamphleteer.

Life
Stubbs was born about 1555. He was from Cheshire, possibly the area near Congleton. According to Anthony Wood, he was educated at Cambridge and subsequently at Oxford, but did not take a degree and his name is not in university records. He is reputed to have been a brother or near relation of John Stubbs. He married Katherine Emmes (1570/71–1590) in 1586.

His first work was a broadside of 1581, and London literati came to see him as one of a group of ballad writers including also William Elderton and Thomas Deloney. In 1583 he published his best-known work, The Anatomie of Abuses. It consisted of a virulent attack on the manners, customs, amusements and fashions of the period including the theatre, sexual reproduction, gambling, alcohol and fashion. It is still read for its full information on the cultural attitudes of the time.

In 1591 Stubbs published A Christal Glass for Christian Women, for his wife who had died at age 19, of which at least seven editions were called for; it is an example of the ars moriendi in the Protestant tradition. He followed this book with other semi-devotional works. He died in about 1610, aged around 55.

Written works

 * 1581, Two Wunderfull and Rare Examples
 * 1582, A View of Vanitie, and Allarum to England, or, Retrait from Sinne (now lost)
 * 1583, The Anatomie of Abuses
 * 1583, The Display of Corruptions (part 2 of The Anatomie of Abuses)
 * 1583, The Rosarie of Christian Praiers and Meditations (now lost)
 * 1585, The Intended Treason of Doctor Parrie
 * 1585, The Theater of the Popes Monarchie
 * 1591, A Christal Glasse for Christian Women—biography of his wife, Katherine Stubbes (née Emmes)
 * 1592, A Perfect Pathway to Felicitie
 * 1593, Motive to Good Workes

title: Philip Stubbs


text:
Talk:Dyne:bolic

Dates Please!
For all the future software historians out there, I think it would be great to have the release date for each released version. bzzp 23:07, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There you go: http://freshmeat.net/projects/dynebolic/releases
 * dates are not *exact* on days since i've sometimes delayed in announcing on freshmeat, however is the most complete list that can be found.
 * BTW if someone changes that "Rastaware" on the article with the correct name "Rastasoft" i'd be grateful, see http://rastasoft.org
 * please note that the distribution is not "obsolete", but meant to work on old computers as a core feature. - jaromil (talk) 21:23, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Video Problems
Whenever i boot this one up the desktop doesnt scale right to my monitor and i have to move the mouse all the way to the right, top, left or bottom to move it further out itnot the desktop. i tried all the VGA arguments in the boot prompt and its always the same. has anyone else experienced this problem or know how to fix it?
 * this is not a bug, just edit the xorg.conf to have your desired resolution, or boot with proper framebuffer options. however, this is not the place where to report bugs for dyne:bolic, see http://bugs.dyne.org   jaromil 14:45, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Screenshot
a screen shot from dynebolic would be really informative to get the general feel for dynebolic
 * i agree! btw fyi there are screenshot on website found under external links

Free Software Foundation
FSF links to dyne:bolic, http://www.gnu.org/links/links.html#FreeGNULinuxDistributions I think many Linux distro is not only free software. But dyne:bolic is one of few which does only have free software.
 * i have direct contact with FSF and do my best to cope with their guidelines. dynebolic is also the only GNU/Linux distribution they are mirroring so far, see ftp://ftp.gnu.org/mirrors   jaromil 14:45, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

dyne:II
The entire dyne::II section is in need of a re-write. Many of the sentences read as if they were penned by a non-native English speaker, and citations are needed. ellF 20:38, 16 May 2006 (UTC)ellF

I have noticed that version 2.0 required more processing power...

Neutrality
I feel that several sections of the article are not quite NPOV; the whole article has a very sympathetic tone... --Pianohacker (Talk) 14:29, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

 * why a neutrality dispute? is there anyone objecting to have corrections on the article?

 * no, there is no dispute here. please detail what you think isn't neutral and contribute to make it better.

I have addressed the above issues in my recent edits. The page is a lot better now. --UNIXcoffee928 (Talk) 15:49, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

This article is *verry* fluffy. It really could do with some non-fan rewriting to take some of the loving tone out of it 58.7.0.146 03:54, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Not Exactly First
It may be just me, but this artice implies some inovations for which it would be wrong to assume credit.

"»it is also designed to be customized by placing additional modules (dynemodules) into the ISO image, so that it may truly suit the users' needs.«" dyne:bolic loading software from modules is hardly a first. If I am not mstaken, the first versions were based on morphix, a distro whose whole focus is to load sofware or suites of software as modules.

"»Unlike other LiveCD technologies, dyne:bolic can save user settings in a file on partition (or even user's own USB flash drive)«" Nor is it the first to allow users to store settings (a.k.a. persistence). I'm not exactly who was first there, but I know for a fact that DSL could store settings on a hard drive or usb storage device before dyne:bolic was even a twinkle in jaromils eye.

I certainly don't want to rag on this disto. It's very fine and fills a nich and is certainly unique. But couldn't we just focus on what it actually does, instead of making false claimes of compuiting firsts?

I do agree with what you just said, what i think that is notable and missing from the article is that this Distro can read AND write on a NTFS partition --200.120.93.247 (talk) 12:20, 27 December 2008 (UTC) Some dude from chile

Hey there. I have added the tag "" because the article in fact has absolutely no sections in it, which is poor considering the decent length of the article. If anyone would like to clean it up - please GO AHEAD. Wikipedia needs good articles and this can become one of them. Cheers

-- Anthony cfc  ( Talk to Me ) (sandbox) (E-Count) 19:29 17 Oct 2006 (UTC)

Patent issues?
I ask myself how is it possible for Dyne:bolic to distribute MP3 software? See the discussion on Talk:Debian. -- mms 10:23, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Well it does distribute mp3 capable software, but you need to manually install the libraries needed to actually use that functionality, i`m using it right now, and while i`m surfing the web with mozilla (a software capable of using flash based content) i`m not opening any flash content, because i dont have that pluggin installed--200.120.93.247 (talk) 12:16, 27 December 2008 (UTC) Some dude from Chile

notability dispute
FYI, since it seems wikipedia is full of "software deletionists" that aren't familiar at all with GNU/Linux

some references for this article:

dyne:bolic was top 10 open source project in 2005 (funny enough, together with mediawiki!) http://slashdot.org/articles/06/01/09/1131258.shtml

articles on linux.com http://distrocenter.linux.com/distrocenter/06/03/03/214216.shtml http://distrocenter.linux.com/distrocenter/07/03/29/1738243.shtml?tid=127

computerworld http://www.computerworld.com.au/pp.php?id=1693674882&fp=16&fpid=0

sound on sound http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/aug06/articles/puredata_0806.htm

and the only GNU/Linux mirrored distribution so far on gnu.org ftp://ftp.gnu.org/mirrors also among the few distributions 100% and recommended by the Free Software Foundation

so far we have a rough estimation of a milion CD copies made in the world....

remember: even if its not a commercial product and even if it has not merchandising it might be successful and notable, especially when talking about free software.

my perception on these frequent software notability disputes is that there is a lot of people that is new to the field and should get informed before acting, plus there is a "clash of languages" in presenting free software and commercial software, which might result in making the first appearing less notable the the latter. jaromil (talk) 15:57, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

The notability tag is there because no evidence of notability is provided *within* the article, that's the problem that needs to be managed. --Cameron Scott (talk) 16:03, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

Why I Removed The COI Tag
jaromil may be the project maintainer, but look at the edit history: Very minor input. Out of the last 100 edits, not one was his. That level of involvement (more accuratly, non-involvment) does not constitute a COI by most reasonable people. Proxy User (talk) 17:20, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the tag in question was regarding jaromil's having just taken the notability tag off the article, which was the last edit prior to the tag being added. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 17:30, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I think COI refers to authoring of content. But it's irrelevant, my position is the same: jaromil's extremely minor involvement in this article does not rise to COI. Now it may be that he has a sockpuppet, but that's speculation. Can I ask you what is your actual problem with this article? Is it your position that this project does not meet Wikipedia's infamously nebulous "notability" standards? Or that the project itself is crap? Or do you have some issue with jaromil? Just trying to understand... Proxy User (talk) 06:43, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I wish people would stop accusing me of having some "issue" with jaromil or dyne.org or whatever simply because it happens to be that in the course of my thousands of edits to free software articles I happen to have tagged three or four articles under that umbrella for notability. The actual problem with the article, as pointed out by Cameron in the section above, is that it doesn't have enough references from reliable secondary sources at the moment to point out why it's an important distribution. If Jaromil's sources above check out then that's excellent. There's also the promotional tone, but that can be take care of afterwards (and again, if it is tagged as such, then I don't expect that people will rip said tag off and go accusing people of stalking the project rather than fixing the issue). Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 13:46, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * i removed the notability tag adding the edit comment "notability was added and removed very frequently without arguments. please partecipate to the discussion and argument". as it seems not yet clear enough, i'll try explain: some editors (among them Thumperward) are repeatedly adding this tag, then removed again by other editors, all without argumenting, no reason stated, no question posed, zero discussion whatsoever. So i've felt it was time to stop this game by removing the tag myself and inviting people to a discussion about notability of the article. now besides any personal attack i still hope a discussion can have place, about the very topic of notability. at last i called Chris a stalker because, after my objection, he responded doing the same to other related articles related, even calling the participation of other so called "deletionists", and finally even calling COI on my edits. Regarding Cameron Scott's edits i'll just say please avoid trivial and offensive words in your edit comments, this is a public place. jaromil (talk) 14:00, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

whats coi mean then? --76.200.148.120 (talk) 05:32, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Conflict Of Interest jaromil (talk) 09:02, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Dyne:bolic. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/www.dynebolic.org/README
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.mirror.ac.uk/sites/www.dynebolic.org/README

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:59, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dyne:bolic


text:
User:Guslacerda

I am a person. I have a website.

Disclaimer: Strictly speaking, I am not a native speaker of English. For most purposes, however, it is my best language. It would make little sense for me to list Portuguese as 5 if my English were listed as 4. I would like a more objective way of rating one's language skills, such as Cloze tests. Also, my Dutch should be a 3.5. See User:Guslacerda/Languages

My contributions to Wikipedia
contributions as Guslacerda When not logged in, I sometimes edited as User:84.81.60.126 (contributions) This page's history suggests that I've also edited as: 128.237.225.179, 128.2.188.52, 151.201.247.135, 151.201.233.133, 67.171.70.182, 76.80.9.155, 128.2.247.105, 128.2.247.28, 201.52.64.39, 201.9.134.208, 146.50.8.81.

of academic relevance (very broadly speaking)
Alan Bundy, User modeling, Marc Hauser, Joseph Halpern, Production rule, Model (abstract), Folk science, Independence-friendly logic (here), Bayesian cognitive science, Many Eyes

Brazil
Frevo, Mombojó, Frans Post

Angola
Capanda Dam

Music
Jason Carter (fiddler), Mike Auldridge, Alison Brown,

Other
Panarchism

Less significant contributions, but possibly interesting:
I added the 5-string banjo to Template:Vocal and instrumental pitch ranges, Validating carrier, Matt Ridley, Exposure effect

Admirable Wikipedians who I've met in real life
User:Kzollman, User:Michael Hardy, User:Metaeducation

My thoughts on Wikis
I believe that Wikis need:
 * editing in-line, both for real content and comments (in normal wikis, once you hit 'edit', you lose your visual bookmarks of what needs changing). See also the WYSIWYG issue below.
 * modular design, à la software design. MediaWiki offers Transclusion in the form of so-called "templates"). I am interested in general design principles, whether applied to scientific methodology (see Lakatos) or software development methodology. See, for example, 1 and 2).
 * more formal structures: interactive reading through semantically-rich text. I like the ideas of the Semantic MediaWiki.
 * Integration with endorsement-based reputation systems, so that you know how much the information can be trusted. See TrustOPedia, my system project for a practical epistemology. In the same vein, Wikipedia's history viewer should allow one to query which editor (i.e. which version) introduced a given piece of text into the article.
 * Smart-linking: renders images that give information about the linked page (e.g. how complete / how rough the link is / whether it gives academic references, etc) without committing to loading the whole page.
 * integration with LaTeX for rich editing (see WikiTeX), and hybrid editors that mix WYSIWYG with text (à la DreamWeaver).

Some of my thoughts on this are influenced by User:Metaeducation.

My website is based on MediaWiki, except for the home page. I haven't implemented any of the above hacks.

My Wiki Sandbox
WikiTeX seems to work here
 * $$ \emph{M} \vdash P(x,n) \rightarrow \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{x^n}{n!}$$

$${\bf e} = x$$

$$B_{M} = \left[ \begin{array}{ccccc} 0 & \ldots & 0 & b_{k,1}\\ b_{1,2} & 0 & \ldots & 0\\ 0 & b_{2,3} & \ddots & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \ddots & 0\\ \end{array} \right]$$

Early years (1979-1997)
I was born in Recife on 11 Feb 1979. I loved the beach in Boa Viagem and had an obsession with geographical facts. In 1986, I got an MSX and learned to program in BASIC. In 1989 (age 10), my family moved to Luanda, as my father worked in the Capanda project, building a hydro plant on the Kwanza River. I learned to skateboard, to bike, and to play bete, a variant of cricket. In mid 1992, because of the upcoming elections with a predictable outcome (war), we returned to Brazil. 1993 was spent in São Paulo, and in 1994 we moved to London, where I gained fluency in English. Programming remained a lonely hobby (now with MS-DOS BASIC), and my projects included reverse-engineering Minesweeper and testing hypotheses about number theory. I studied at Southbank International School in Notting Hill, where I met a very diverse group of rich kids, while following the IB program, which included an independent project on fluid dynamics. An angsty teen, I subscribed to mystical beliefs, became interested in taoism and zen buddhism, until I grew out of it 3 or 4 years later (since then I've been a pretty good skeptic). My main hobby, which I enjoyed a lot, was playing soccer, both with my school, and with strangers at Kensington Gardens. I also learned to both enjoy and despise solitude. I often went to the Whiteleys mall and movie theater and bookstore by myself, and spent a lot of time photographing flowers and clouds. I once read about Laplace's demon in James Gleick's "Chaos" and it had a profound effect on my philosophy.

College (1997-2001)
For reasons still mysterious to myself, I decided to study in the USA. After visiting 6 colleges in October 1996, I ended up at Bucknell University with early decision. I started out majoring in Physics and Philosophy. My Philosophy major quickly turned into Psychology. Linguistics was not an option. Displeased with physics education (see my compiled rants), I became a Mathematics major. As the Psychology curriculum too proved disappointing, the distant promise of being able to take an AI class (looking back, I have been an "AI person" ever since my teens), along with a small bit of financial pragmatism, convinced me to major in Computer Science, a decision which surprisingly (to me) paid off in terms of knowledge of programming languages and algorithms. In the Summer of 2000, I interned at Bell Labs and met many geeks, among whom I found my social home, like I never had before (fortunately, this would happened again, in less temporary fashion, at CMU in 2006). Finally, in May 2001, I got a B.S. in Mathematics and Computer Science.

Boston and Traveling (2001-2003)
Unemployed, I moved to Boston. Spoiled by college, and with few social channels, I had to figure out how to meet people. I quickly became a regular at the bluegrass sessions at the Cantab Lounge and taught myself to play fiddle (with much help from that wonderful community). I also bought a guitar, and learned to jam with other people. This way, I found out about my talent for melody (I've been obsessed with solfege ever since I had piano lessons as a child), and near-impairment with rhythm. This year, I acquired a taste for Celtic music and gypsy jazz, and met several people from Berklee and MIT, where I often played soccer. I got a boring programming job in Woburn, which paid twice as much as I spent, despite the extra expense of buying a car for the commute (and parking). I occasionally went to other MIT events, such as swing dancing and Tech Squares. I also attended a monthly philosophical salon, and hung out with some friends from college.

Unhappy with the job, in August 2002, I left everything (i.e. my H1B, my life in America) to do something crazy: attend a logic conference in Europe and go traveling. I went to ESSLLI 2002 in Trento, and ended up doing a 19-city tour of Western Europe in 3.5 months. In Paris, I met Fare IRL.

At the end of 2002, I spend several months with my family in Recife, in which I discovered what Brazil is really like as an adult. I took 2 classes at UFPE: one on AI and one on information theory. The future was very uncertain.

Europe (2003-2006)
While traveling in Amsterdam, I had been lucky to meet the Dutch logicians again, as they were having a "schoolweek". So in 2003, I started an M.Sc. in Logic at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation at the University of Amsterdam, what I imagined to be a sort of "Goedel, Escher, Bach studies". There, I learned a little bit about modal logic, formalized mathematics (and science), and type theory, Kolmogorov Complexity, game theory and formal semantics and pragmatics, and did work on the cognitive science of autism, automatic dictionary building (for IR purposes), and for my thesis, I wrote an equational  reasoner in Lisp (quite a learning experience!). I was part of a delicious music cognition reading group, a couple of workshops on the evolution of language, and helped organize AIED2005, on educational software.

2004 was a busy year: I started tutoring high-school students in math and physics. I met Laurens Joënsen (who made me the official Brazilian bluegrass fiddler at Blijburg, in sandy IJburg), and Ralph de Rijke. Started learning theatre improv with ProblemSolved and BoomChicago. I hitchhiked to (almost) Luxemburg on the way to Nancy. Other trips: Alkmaar, Bloemendaal (hiking), Utrecht, Leiden, Rijswijk, Voorthuizen, Alphen aan de Rijn, the Hague (Escher Museum), Nijmegen, Eindhoven.

Through the influence of my dancer housemate Erik, I started learning contact improvisation. I practiced this at the Hogeschool voor de Kunst as well as at Vondelpark. I got to know the wonderful feeling of improvised self-expression: acrobatics, dancing, singing and acting, all completely improvised! Oh, the joy of expressing pure emotion... the fun of forging semanticsless communication with strangers, and of creating something from nothing together, on the spot.

After graduating, I went to Munich to work for Cadence Design Systems as Lisp programmer. Despite the fun I had with new language (learning German is fun(ny) when you know Dutch), my social life sucked, and I felt it was time to return to academia and to America. Americans, I feel, are easier to get to know. In Germany, friendliness towards strangers is often interpreted as a sign of insanity, and after a couple of months, even I was starting to think like them (I think of it as a game with two Nash equilibria: when you think like a German, you behave like a German, unless you're insane! So when you see a local being friendly, they are most likely insane.). Maybe it's because Europeans live their whole lives in one place, whereas the typical educated American moves several times in their lifetime (which would favor the second, friendly, equilibrum). Trips: Potsdam, Berlin, Hamburg, Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

CMU (2006- )
My frustration with the non-customized format of classes and textbooks increasingly fueled my interest in educational software. In 2006, after flirting with Carnegie Mellon University's philosophy department, I came to work as a researcher / programmer for the HCI and Machine Learning departments at the  School of Computer Science, making cognitive modeling-based educational software. I also intended to pursue interests in:

 * developing argument-mapping software as: (1) a formalization and decision-making tool (2) model-tracing argumentative behavior for knowledge-tracing (a form of user modeling).
 * scientific methodology, including: (1) statistics and (2) model selection and causal inference from non-experimental data.
 * formalizing all forms of reasoning, as seen in mathematical AI: integrating multiple representations, e.g. diagrammatic reasoning
 * symbolic cognitive modeling with ACT-R.

As it turned out, I became more interested in Bayesian machine learning, and less interested in dreamy ideas like many of the above.

In July 2007, I attended a Summer School in Bayesian Cognitive Science in Los Angeles. In July 2008, I will be presenting at UAI in Helsinki.

Labels I accept

 * computer scientist
 * statistician
 * artificial intelligence researcher
 * cognitive scientist

Labels that are a stretch

 * mathematician

Labels that I might have accepted in the distant past

 * logician
 * philosopher
 * linguist

Hobbies
word games, ball games, improv games

title: User:Guslacerda


text:
Pianoman

Pianoman is the alias of dance music producer James Sammon from Bradford, West Yorkshire who got to number 6 in the UK Singles Chart with the hit single "Blurred" in June 1996. His follow-up to "Blurred" released on 3 Beat Records was from a Belinda Carlisle sample of "Live Your Life Be Free", entitled "Party People (Live Your Life Be Free)" which narrowly missed a place in the UK Top 40, peaking at number 43.

Sammon used the assistance of music production engineers for the majority of the tracks that he produced. As well as his own commercial releases and remixes, he has worked and recorded/remixed for musicians such as Ian Brown, Craig David and Donna Air. Pianoman has had many other guises, the most successful being Bass Boyz which was signed to Polydor and reached number 74 in September 1996 with "Gunz and Pianos".

The name Pianoman was first popularized by the Billy Joel song "Piano Man", but this was not the reason for Sammon's use of the name, due to the many records he released during the 1990s (whilst he managed a record shop, and worked on several local Yorkshire pirate radio stations) that were dance music piano anthems, including "That Whitney Tune" featuring samples from "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"; a Bolton record shop owner would call Sammon 'Pianoman' whenever they met. This would lead to the use of that name for his future releases, and become his best known moniker.

Although known for the commercial dance sound, he has produced tracks and released vinyl in many dance styles, from drum and bass, garage, 2-step and house to R&B. His first release was The Happy Hardcore EP billed as DJ Sammon, the name he took to using during his ten-year stint on pirate radio.

In his twenties, Sammon began on one of Yorkshire's first pirates radio stations, the Bradford based station Paradise City Radio, and worked at several others, including Dream 107.6 FM.

Since 2006, Sammon along with his writing and producing partner Alan Hinton has written, produced and remixed tracks under a variety of aliases covering different genres of dance music including bassline, house, hardcore, Eurodance and funky house. As of 2008, he was signed to Ministry of Sound in the UK under the 2tyme and Service Crew alias, mainly a bassline act and co-writing original material such as "Missing You", "Ain't Your Sweet Thing", "So Hot" and "Tease Me Please Me". Other names used by Sammon to produce bassline include Hidden Agenda and Serious Business.

Alongside his partner Alan Hinton, they are signed as Phonik to AATW Records with a track called "Something Special" featuring Sally Jaxx on vocals. Additional members of Phonik include Kenny Hayes and Ben Trengrove. Currently, Sammon has his own publishing company called Blurred Music which is administered by Bucks Music Group and a record label called Salford Central Records.

title: Pianoman


text:
Category:Indoor arenas in Canada

Most of Wikipedia's articles about indoor arenas in Canada have also been allocated to one or more of the categories for individual sports, but they should also be left in this category as many indoor arenas also stage other events such as concerts or conventions, or occasional events in sports which do not provide their regular tenants, e.g. tennis or gymnastics.

title: Category:Indoor arenas in Canada


text: Category:Operas by Johann Christoph Pepusch


text:
Beartrap (hauldown device)

A helicopter hauldown and rapid securing device (HHRSD) or beartrap enables the landing and handling of helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) aboard small ships in poor weather. Similar systems include Recovery Assist, Secure and Travers (RAST) and TRIGON.

The beartrap was developed by the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) in the 1950s and 1960s, and entered service in 1967. It was quickly adopted by other navies and remains in use.

History
By the mid-1950s, many navies were introducing ship-based helicopters to perform a variety of functions, from logistical support to anti-submarine warfare. However, a common difficulty was landing and handling the aircraft, particularly larger ones, on a flight deck in motion. These conditions were particularly acute in poor weather and on smaller ships. Fitting ships with roll-dampening fins provided insufficient mitigation. At the time, aircraft carriers were considered to be the only practical platforms for operating helicopters at sea.

The RCN began investigating the problem in the 1950s. Early trials used the frigate HMCS Buckingham refitted with a flight deck and the initial version of the beartrap; successful trials were conducted with a Sikorsky HO4S-3 and then a larger Sikorsky H-34 helicopter. The beartrap was redesigned by Fairey Aviation, based in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and first installed on HMCS Assiniboine (DDH 234) during a 1962-1963 refit. The trials used the new Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King from late-1963. An issue with the haul-down cable snapping was resolved. The beartrap was considered successful by mid-1964, becoming the first successful system of its kind.

The beartrap entered RCN service in April 1967. The first RCN helicopter to use the system operationally was the CH-124. The Sikorsky CH-148 Cyclone is also fitted to work with the beartrap.

The beartrap was subsequently adopted by other navies, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan. All systems operate on similar principles. The beartrap is also used for unmanned aerial vehicles.

Design and operation
The beartrap's main components on the ship are the rapid securing device, the haul-down cable that emerges from the centre of the rapid securing device, and the winch connected to the haul-down cable. The helicopter hovers over the landing pad and lowers a messenger cable from a belly-mounted probe. The deck crew connects the messenger to the heavier haul-down cable. The helicopter pulls the haul-down cable up and secures it to the probe, then increases power to maintain hover. The cable is kept in constant tension to prevent the ship's movements from impacting the helicopter; constant tension is automatically maintained with sensors, hydraulics, and shock absorbers. The ship slowly pulls the helicopter down with the winch. The landing safety officer (LSO) controls the winch and decides when to order the helicopter to land. The rapid securing device captures the probe and secures the helicopter to the deck. The whole process takes about five minutes.

The beartrap moves along a track in the deck, and can move the captured helicopter to and from the hangar without manhandling or conventional towing.

When beartrap entered service in 1967, it was cleared for day and night operations, and usage in Sea State 6 with 30 degrees of rolling and nine degrees of pitching.

title: Beartrap (hauldown device)


text:
Talk:1994–95 Major League Baseball strike

"Michael Jordan's baseball career shortened by strike"
I changed the wording because to me it tries to make it sound like the strike was responsible for Jordan leaving baseball. In my opinion it was because he simply wasn't good enough to play professionally. He batted .202 in Double-A. The odds of him ever getting to the majors- based on ability and not as a publicity stunt- were astronomical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Itsnotme549 (talk • contribs) 19:16, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

Clean up and possible merge
I've cleaned this up, but perhaps it should be merged with History of baseball in the United States. The JPS 21:57, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I think the 1994 baseball strike is notable enough and can be told in enough detail to warrant its own article.  —Cleared as filed. 04:00, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Couldn't dissagree more, it is very notable. Enough to have it's own page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.70.109.24 (talk) 19:55, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Confusion over length of strike
The article as written contradicts itself, when it says at one point it ended March 31, another point it says April 2, and both times it says the strike lasted 232 days. The "232 days" figure appears to be canon, but if it ended March 31, it would be a 230-day-old strike. If it ended April 2, that would be a 232-day-old strike. But if you count the actual days the ballplayers were striking, then Aug. 12 through March 31 would be 231 days. Anyone have any thoughts on this? Kirchherr 02:31, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Ichiro and Matsui
"Ichiro Suzuki of the Orix Blue Wave and Hideki Matsui of the Yomiuri Giants became well-known to American audiences through coverage of Japanese baseball which replaced MLB coverage in some media outlets. Matsui, a young 20-year old star, was part of the kyojin's championship run."

Really? Because I'm sure I had never heard of either until they came to the U.S. to play. This really needs a cite of some kind. Tallbuildings 21:08, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

My recollection is, just speaking as someone who actually lived though those dark days of the strike, that Japanese baseball got little if any extra attention from the American media. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 15:59, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

1994 Midterm Election influence
"Some political analysts believed the 1994 mid-term elections were influenced by the strike as a negative connotation towards labor unions, and the dangers of the labor unions led to voters turning out against labor unions."

I'd like to know which serious political analysts ever offered this? Maybe John Cruk said this as a joke on baseball tonight, but I don't think that anybody with any brains would ever give it any credit in deciding the elections. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 192.80.61.168 (talk) 20:33, 4 April 2007 (UTC).

It seems unlikely that the strike caused the Republican landslide in the 1994 midterm election, given the fact that attendance and TV and radio audience numbers went down only a little after the strike. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 16:11, 4 October 2008 (UTC)

Season standings
I recently removed the season standings from 1981 Major League Baseball strike, as they're not related to the strike and can be found in the MLB articles. In a few days I'm going to remove the standings from this article as well.--Bookandcoffee 21:40, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

That's total suck, dude. That information is the reason people look for this article. You took the information I wanted and made it harder to find -- matt — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.248.134.223 (talk) 21:32, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Lockout
I believe this work stoppage was, strictly speaking, a lockout rather than a strike, since the players offered at various times to return to work without a contract and were rebuffed by the owners. Someone should go back and check out contemporary sources on that point for this story which is currently largely cite-free and not particularly fact-full either. I believe the New York Times has all its articles online, if no one feels like digging through microfilm. Timothy Horrigan (talk) 04:46, 4 October 2008 (UTC)
 * With a little trawl through the Google (about 12 pages worth), I pulled up a good mess of sources and added them to the links section for now. When I have more time, I'll see if I can add some inline cites. This article chronicles a pivotal moment in baseball and sports history, and needs to be of a higher quality than it's currently at. Duncan1800 (talk) 06:05, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hEuFTEU8kA
 * In 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike on 2011-05-25 06:13:06, 404 Not Found
 * In 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike on 2011-06-08 02:53:17, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 02:53, 8 June 2011 (UTC)

Officials also locked out?
The last sentence on the paragraph on "Consequences" says:

 * The regular officials continued to be locked out until May 3.

A lockout of officials is not mentioned anywhere in this article. Ileanadu (talk) 22:08, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

This article stinks
This is one of the worst articles I have ever read. Nothing but a bunch of anecdotes and quotes.

It does not say how the strike ended- what the Sotomayor ruling forced the owners to do - what the terms of the new CBA were- what the future effect of the new agreement was. (talk) 13:08, 5 August 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.businessofbaseball.com/vincent_interview.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:30, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

"948 games were cancelled in all"
Is this true at all? Exactly 1600 games were regularly played this season (with one game ending in a tie, so in most statistics you only see 1599 games). Since every team was to play 162 games and there were 28 teams in the league, it should have been 2268 games (not counting the post season).

This means 668 games were cancelled. What is with the remaining 280 games? If it's true that 948 games were cancelled that would mean that every team had to play 182 games instead of 162.

--31.19.51.99 (talk) 21:31, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 * 162*28/2 = 2268 (scheduled number of games in that season)
 * 2268-1600 = 668 (amount of cancelled games, not 948!)
 * 1600+948 = 2548 (scheduled number of games if 948 games were missing, not 2268!)
 * 182*28/2 = 2548 (every team would need to play 182 games instead of 162 to arrive at the result of 2548 games)

Requested move 3 May 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved   -- Vaulter  14:34, 9 May 2022 (UTC)

1994–95 Major League Baseball strike → 1994–95 Major League Baseball Players' Association strike – It would be more accurate to refer to this strike as the 1994–95 MLBPA strike because it was the MLBPA who struck, not MLB. As we know, when it comes to work stoppages, it's workers who strike in the case of a strike and management who locks workers out in the case of a lockout. Dennis C. Abrams (talk) 00:59, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose While I understand your logic, I interpret the title to mean more "the 1994-95 strike that impacted Major League Baseball". The title is more concise as it is and the extra words are not necessary. – Muboshgu (talk) 01:46, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. If consensus is to change it, "Major League Baseball player's strike" would be better - I don't think I've ever seen the MLBPA brought up in this context Nohomersryan (talk) 03:14, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This is the most consistent way to title the article. For example, we have 1913 Studebaker strike, 2008 Toronto Transit Commission strike, and 2021 British Gas strike. (For that matter, the 1917 Spanish general strike was not a strike by Spanish generals.) The "strike" wording makes it clear that this was not a lockout like the 2011 NFL lockout or the 1994–95 NHL lockout. Dekimasu よ! 04:21, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. WP:COMMONNAME also needs to be considered, and I'm not aware of any reliable sources that use "1994–95 Major League Baseball Players' Association strike", nor have any sources been cited in the proposal. 162 etc. (talk) 16:33, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose move per above. Muboshgu's interpretation of the title is valid.  O.N.R.  (talk) 06:19, 4 May 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: HIST 463 Consumerism in Modern America
— Assignment last updated by Huckstuhr (talk) 21:02, 12 October 2023 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Gascony

About the map
The new map is not better. The left bank of the Adour river ( hence in Labourd and Lower Navarre ) is Gascon-speaking with the exception of Urcuit and Mouguerre. The Gascon language is also spoken in the easternmost "quartiers" of the very same Toulouse. See this map by André Borell : http://img89.imageshack.us/img89/6538/toulousegasconlanguedocienpv5.jpg

As for the language of Agen, linguists see it as a mix between Gascon and more central Romance languages. The Bearnese village of Esquiule ( Eskiula in Basque, Esquiula in Gascon ) and parts of the village of Géronce ( Jeruntze in Basque ) are Basque-speaking whereas the Souletine villages of Osserain-Rivareyte, Gestas, Montory are Gascon-speaking.

Consequently, the previous map was better because simpler : between the Garonne river, the Pyrenees and the Atlantic. If we begin to make detailed maps, that's be hell.

Bayonne and Hossegor etymologies
This Etymology of Bayonne (Bjornhamn) is controversial. According to french wiki-article on Bayonne, is would be derived from Bai Ona,--Sugaar 23:24, 5 January 2007 (UTC) "the hill of the river", or "good river". Please cite your sources.

Etymology of Hossegor is also disputed. According to french wiki-article on Hossegor, it could come from " Hosse" and "gor" (deep ditch). Please cite reference.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by I-do-do-you? (talk • contribs) 20:47, 5 January 2007 (UTC).

 * I'm editing that section heavily. Baiona is clearly Ibai-on ("at the river" or "good river"), a Basque ethymology. Baiona was not founded by Vikings but just conquered. Baiona existed at least since Roman times (Lapurdum) and the first know charter was given by Willian IX of Aquitaine (see Labourd).

 * I have not the slightest idea about the other town but these Viking claims seem more than just far fetched. Vikings were in Baiona, for example, for something more than a century, leaving, no doubt some legacy but they never controlled inland country and there's no evidence or even indication that they pretended to "settle" the country or whatever. It was just part of their systematic incursions along all Atlantic Europe.

 * The claim that whale-hunting and the "discovery of Newfoundland" by Basques and Gascons are related to Scandinavian presence may have some merit but the way it is presented is totally POV. Actually Basques of Labourd hunted wales already in the 7th century, even if that hunt was maybe a coastal one. Also Scandinavians had nothing to do (apparently) with the developement of the rudder, that seems a Basque (Labourdine) developement of a later period. --Sugaar 23:24, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Bayonne is not directly Ibai+Ona according to most recent works as -ona (=good) is quite unknown in Basque toponymy which is above all purely descriptive. Baiona is Bai ( which evolved into ibai in modern Basque ) + Ona ( which a very old Basque root meaning hill, summit, ... ). Consequently, Baiona is the little summit near the river, which means the confluence between the Adour and the Nive.

About these names Hossegor and Bayonne. Before the invasions, Lapourdan was a Roman city controlling the coastal road to Spain. The Vikings stayed there from 840 to 982. In between, the city became a port dealing with Northern Europe and had a new name, Bayonne. Some suppose that Basque shepherds came down from the mountain, decided to become sailors, to create a port and to name it Ibaiona. The only problem with this hypothesis is that there is no historical record of such an event. The only historical records are about the Vikings. Björn was the chief who conquered Gascony. Bayonne is a translation of his name. An area called Beyris in Bayonne could be an evolution of Bierhus. Bier was the Frankish name of Björn. Not far from there (7 km), Biarritz, anc. Bearis, is another name with the same origin. Bier and Björn mean Bear. Above Bordeaux, there is a port called Bayon-s/Gironde. Specialists say it’s a Germanic name coming from a guy called Baio. (Michel Morvan, “Noms de lieux du Pays Basque et de Gascogne” Bonneton, 2004, p179). Strangely enough he doesn’t consider this hypothesis for Bayonne… I think there is a lot of ideology in the choice of rejecting the Scandinavian hypothesis. About Hossegor, anc. Ossegor, I suggest Asgeir. The reason is simple. -	Here was the mouth of Adour River during the invasions. -	Asgeir had taken Saintes in 845 and Bordeaux in 848. He was active in the area. -	The neighboring village is called Angresse. Angreville in Normandy, refers to Asgeirvilla. Angresse is the local way of writing Asgeirhus, the house of Asgeir. -	Finally, the “H” of Hossegor appeared only lately. It had been added to fit with the hypothesis “Fosse, hosse”. Never anybody read anywhere Fossegor which should have existed if the “H” was original. Toponymy in Gascony is a big joke. People are not interested in linguistics and history, only in mythology. --Ossegor (talk) 19:02, 3 March 2011 (UTC)

Bayonne and Biarritz Gascon cities?
The reference to Bayonne and Biarritz as among the most important towns of Gascony would probably be strongly rejected by the inhabitants of these cities. Though Gascon-Occitanian nationalism/regionalism (a very weak current anyhow) does have some claim to the city of Bayonne (Baiona) and a small part of the inhabitants of that city do speak Gascon, that's not the case of Biarritz (Miarritze). Anyhow, both cities belong to the Basque historical region of Labourd (Lapurdi) and Basque language is much more extended (French is surely widely majoritarian nowadays). The claim of a separate Basque department (apart of Bearne) is overwhelmingly majoritarian among local politicans, no matter if they are Basque nationalists or they work inside whole-France parties. So, unless you consider the French Basque Country (Ipar Euskal Herria) as part of Gascony, which can have some historical reasons though, these Basque cities shouldn't be numbered among Gascon ones.

--Sugaar 21:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Some user put Bayonne and Biarritz a long time ago. I know there are claims these cities were historically part of Gascony, and there are claims for the opposite. You can delete it if you don't like it. Hardouin 2 July 2005 14:23 (UTC)

 * I've deleted Biarritz that is clearly not Gascon but kept Bayonne with a note: (arguably a Basque city), as it sometimes "claimed" by Gascons and has a Gascon-speaking minority. --Sugaar 03:42, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Bayonne has a double identity, Basque and Gascon. The basque community is the most important today, but in the late 19th century, the Basque would complain that most people spoke Gascon in Bayonne. I have asked the mapmaker to adapt the area of Gascony. Cheers. --Jibi44 11:03, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Bayonne has been Gascon-speaking since the Middle-Ages : the great majority of its toponymy is Romance and the remnants of Basque toponymy in the town are heavily gasconized. As a consequence, neighbouring village were also gasconized because of the town's influence ( it includes villages that are Landese such as Ondres<Ondartz, Tarnos<Tarnoze, ... ). Biarritz and Anglet were fully gasconized in the XVIIIth century. The Gascons were also present in the center-towns of Guétary/Getaria, St Jean de Luz/Donibane Lohizune and Bidart/Bidarte. St Sebastien/Donostia also used to have a Gascon minority. Bayonne's anthem is also in Gascon.

Basque elite or Basque character of Upper Medieval Gascony?
The author of the article states quite happily that the lords of Gascony were Basque while their subjects weren't, speaking a form of Romance that would evolve in Gascon.

Nevertheless, there's no evidence to sustain that and, in fact, it seems quite ilogical, however you look at it. Though the linguistic reality of VI-VIII centuries Wasconia (Gascony) is not known, it's very likely that Basque language and identity was much more extended northwards and eastwards than today. Most likely Basque was still spoken in most Gascony, along with a corrupted form of Latin that eventually gave birth to Gascon. At least three facts support this working hypothesis:

- Basque names found in funerary slabs of late Roman period, in what was then known as Novempopulania (Aquitania Tertia, Gascony), what seems to relate ancient Aquitanii with their neighbours south of the Pyrenees. Toponimy and genetic pool also confirm it.

- The very fact that the region is known as Vasconia or Wasconia: the land of the Vascones (Basque people). Though this name of Vascones is assigned originally (Estrabo) to a single tribe of what is now Navarre and northern Aragon, in the Middle Ages the name acquired an ethnical meaning, becoming the Latin/Romance synonim of Basque national name Euskaldunak: those who speak Basque.

- The fact that during personal union of the Duchies of Vasconia (Gascony) and Aquitaine (north and east of the Garonne) in the VIII century both territories remained separated, evidencing both historical and ethnic differences.

Additionally, Gascon is also, with Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese, one of the three romance languages that show a very strong Basque influx in their evolution.

So I think this part of the article also needs to be reviewed to conform to Wikipedia standards of objectivity.

--Sugaar 21:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * You are confusing the Basque language and the Aquitanian language. It is the Aquitanian language that was spoken in Gascony, not the Basque language. Both languages are related, but are not the same. By the time of the dukes of Gascony, the Aquitanian language had almost already disapeared. The dukes themselves spoke Basque, because they were invaders from the mountains where Basque was spoken. Later they spoke Gascon like the majority of the inhabitants of Gascony. Hardouin 2 July 2005 14:10 (UTC)
 * Well, we don't know how close they were related (the same): they were probably just dialects of each other (in fact Basque language is actually three, but for rasons of number, is being unified). In any case, I use Basque and Aquitanian indistinctly when speaking of languages, sometimes Basco-Aquitanian, whatever: it tells of the same reality.
 * You also don't have any reason to know wether Aquitanian language had disappeared either. It may have been the case in some regions and not yet in others. We can infer from the Aquitanian slabs (simmilar to others in La Rioja and low Navarre) that bilinguism was a reality in the outer ring, in the late Roman period, but then came the Bagaudae and the de facto independence. The Basque ethnicity was not then aristocratic in organization, nor I think that were Aquitanians either, so why those "elites"?
 * The case is that Basque (from a an ancient tribe called Vascones) was in the Middle Ages extended to deal with the whole Basco-Aquitanian area: the tribal independent region that basically spoke euskara (Basco-Aquitanian), primary identitarian concept in Basque (and logically also in Aquitanian). That there were several dialects or related languages (whatever you prefer) is not really relevant but actually trying to confuse things, as if Basques were a perfectly homogeneous group and would never had tribes nor separate dialects.
 * Also the Northern Basque Country was in Roman times considered Aquitania (Novempopulania). They surely spoke Aquitanian, their own Aquitanian dialects: central or eastern Basque.
 * I agree that eventually Gascon replaced Basque. No problem with that, but the name and history of the region is better understood once you realize that early Gascons were Basques (Basco-Aquitanians, euskaldunak, whatever term you prefer).
 * Those theories about invasions by Basques are totally unrealistic and part of official French history. There was no invasion, it was a rebellion against feudalization. --Sugaar 04:18, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Otsoa, Loup and... Lobo?
Definitively Lobo was not the Medieval Castilian form of this extint name, but actually it was Lope (frome where the common surname López: son of Lope). Lobo does mean wolf in modern Spanish but it has never been used as name in that form.

--Sugaar 21:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Lobo is the name found in Spanish history books, that's why I used it. You can check this for an example where the name Lobo is used: . Lope was the medieval Castillian version, but it seems now historians in Spain prefer to use the name Lobo. Hardouin 2 July 2005 14:22 (UTC)
 * I understand. But we are talking about an English Wikipedia article on a country where Spanish has never been spoken, so at least translate it to English, man!
 * Lop is the Gascon form (Otsoa in Basque, Loup in French). --Sugaar 04:21, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

More, Please!
Great article. However, could the person who wrote it ad a bit more detail, or at least more sub-articles, by writing up the red links? Fergananim

Spain vs. France
I'm not sure about this, but on a Travel Channel show I heard that the residents of Gascony are a mix of French and Spanish. They also said that the people of Gascony are under the rule of Spain and France, which does not make sense because it's part of France. Can someone clear this up?
 * The small spanish Aran Valley is, historically speaking, a part of Gascony. The local dialect is gascon, like on the other side of the border. That may explain why the show makes such an allusion to Spain. But most of Gascony is as a matter of fact in France. --Jibi44 09:13, 2 August 2007 (UTC)
 * This is an old story: people who discover for the first time tne Occitan languages say they're a mix between French and Spanish. Of course, French, Spanish an Occitan (and Gascon) are clearly different languages, all resulting from evolution of the Latin. As an old Gascon I lived for years without putting a foot in Spain (it was in general Franco's time. It was like if there were nothing behind the Pyrenees). Morburre (talk) 17:58, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

England
Amazing that there's no mention of the English connection? It was, after all, the trigger for the longest war in history. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.221.82.186 (talk) 08:21, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

Primary source used
Hi there, quite surprised about the revert, I thought the problem was rather the lack of a primary source. This is a pretty safe source (if this can be said of any record of that time), a classic when talking about Vasconia, Aquitania and the Franks and a safe statement (geographically accurate). I'm not elaborating my own these. Anyway, where is that rule set out? Regards Iñaki LL (talk) 22:14, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I have taken time to find some assertions about the specific problem of use of very ancient history classics to source articles, I found nothing on :en, but on :fr whose nooks and crannies I know better I found this caveat : "Les sources primaires (...) Il peut s'agir de documents comme : (...) des ouvrages historiques anciens (...) Toute interprétation de source primaire doit être fondée sur une source secondaire fiable" that is : "primary sources include old historical books. Every interpretation of such a source must rely on a secondary trustworthy source".
 * Let see why I think it typically applies here. You quote Einhard which only gives poor information : according to one author of the IXth century, there has been "Wascones" who "trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant". First these old sources are not researched in the same way as can be history books from the last three or four centuries, with discussions and disputes between scholars, and Einhard is known not to be totally accurate - any information taken in his Annals must be weighted and analized, which is a job for professional historians, who can in turn been quoted. Second, even supposing this source is reliable, it does not prove there is an identity between "Wascones" and "Basques", and furthermore your use of the word "identity" with its flavour of modern nationalisms seems quite anachronistic here. I am no expert on this topic, but the sources I had browsed through a few words ago, mainly the book of Juan José Larrea about medieval Navarre and the book of Michel Rouché about medieval Aquitaine seem to think the question is quite tricky, but as far as I understood them, the equation between Wascones and Basque seem to them at best dubious, at worst unreliable. French Tourist (talk) 20:48, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

First sentence misleading
I am not familiar with editing articles and I don't want to accidentally delete anything important, so I simply undid a recent change to the first sentence of the article that said Gascony is today known as the Pays Basque. This clearly contradicts most of the article and is not, to my knowledge, how the term is generally used. I would suggest changing the sentence further to include something like "Gascony is a historical, cultural and linguistic region in southwestern France roughly located south and west of the Garonne River."

Regardless, the equation of Gascony with Pays Basque is clearly wrong, despite the etymological relationship. First, the area today known as the Pays Basque is a fairly small area compared to the area described as Gascony in the rest of the article. Second, at least in the past several hundred years, the Basque and Gascon peoples have spoken very different languages and have occupied different (if possibly overlapping) areas. The departments most closely associated with Gascony (Gers, Landes, etc.) are not today considered part of the Basque Country. Finally, even the map indicating Gascony in green at the top of the page excludes the area generally known as the Basque Country.

At any rate, judging by the content of the rest of the article and the nature of the comments on the talk page, people with far more knowledge on the topic than me have worked on this article. So this first sentence would appear to have simply been an oversight since it clearly contradicts much of what is said elsewhere in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pooley49 (talk • contribs) 21:20, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Map
Could we see Gascony on a map of all of France? CessnaMan1989 (talk) 14:01, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

Cyrano de Bergerac
Cyrano de Bergerac was apparently Parisian, not a Gascon. See the article about him. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 06:39, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

 * The article is linking to the historical person, but referring to the literary character, who is in fact more or less from Gascogne. 2 different Bergerac places, and two different Cyranos you see. 2607:FA49:4041:F700:C000:192A:D21E:C996 (talk) 16:33, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

Also, it may be a stretch to say that Bergerac is in Gascony. It was in the Dordogne sub prefecture of Guyenne Humphrey Tribble (talk) 06:44, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Be that as is may, Cyrano in the text specifically describes himself as Gascon See Raving Colonel (talk) 16:43, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gascony


text:
Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)

Evan "Ev" Clark Williams (born March 31, 1972) is an American billionaire technology entrepreneur. He is a co-founder of Twitter, and was its CEO from 2008 to 2010, and a member of its board from 2007 to 2019. He founded Blogger and Medium, two of the largest blogging internet platforms. In 2014, he co-founded the venture capital firm Obvious Ventures. , his net worth is estimated at US$2.1 billion.

Early life and education
Williams was born in Clarks, Nebraska, as the third child of Laurie Howe and Monte Williams. He grew up on a farm in Clarks, where he assisted with crop irrigation during the summers. He attended the University of Nebraska–Lincoln for a year and a half, where he joined FarmHouse fraternity, then left the school to pursue his career.

Early career
After departing from college, Williams took on various technology jobs and start-up firms in Key West, Florida, and in Dallas and Austin, Texas, before returning to his family farm in Nebraska. In 1996 Williams moved to Sebastopol, California in Sonoma County to work for the technology publishing company O'Reilly Media. He started at O'Reilly in a marketing position, later becoming an independent contractor writing computer code, which led to freelance opportunities with companies including Intel and Hewlett-Packard. While working at O'Reilly, he also started a website called EvHead.com, where he first began blogging about his thoughts.

Pyra Labs and Blogger
Williams and Meg Hourihan co-founded Pyra Labs to make project management software. A note-taking feature spun off as Blogger, one of the first web applications for creating and managing weblogs. Williams coined the term "blogger" and was instrumental in the popularization of the term "blog". Pyra survived the departure of Hourihan and other employees, and was later acquired by Google on February 13, 2003.

In 2003, Williams was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. In 2004, he was named one of PC Magazine's "People of the Year", along with Hourihan and Paul Bausch, for their work on Blogger.

Odeo and Obvious Corporation
Williams officially left Google on October 8, 2004, to co-found Odeo, a podcast company. In late 2006, Williams co-founded Obvious Corporation with Biz Stone and other former Odeo employees, to acquire all previous properties from Odeo's former backers. In April 2007, Odeo was acquired by Sonic Mountain.

Twitter
Among Obvious Corporation's projects was Twitter, a popular, free social networking and micro-blogging service. Twitter was spun out as a new company in April 2007, with Williams as co-founder, board member, and investor. In October 2008, Williams became CEO of Twitter, succeeding Jack Dorsey, who became chairman of the board.

By February 2009, Compete.com ranked Twitter the third most-used social network, based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits. As of February 2013, Twitter had 200 million registered users. It gets 300,000 new users a day and, as of August 2015, was ranked twelfth in the world. It receives more than 300 million unique visitors and more than five billion people in traffic a month. 75% of its traffic comes from outside of Twitter.com.

In October 2010, Williams stepped down from the CEO position, explaining that he would be "completely focused on product strategy," and appointed Dick Costolo as his replacement.

Following the announcement of Twitter's initial public offering (IPO) in 2013, the company was valued at between US$14 billion and US$20 billion.

On April 6, 2017, an article announced Williams would sell 30 percent of his stock in Twitter, for "personal reasons."

In February 2019, Williams stepped down from his role as a board member of Twitter.

Medium
On September 25, 2012, Williams created the publishing platform Medium. Initially, it was available only to early adopters, but was opened to the public in 2013.

On April 5, 2013, Williams and Stone announced that they would be unwinding Obvious Corporation as they focused on individual startups.

On July 12, 2022, it was announced Williams would step down as Medium's CEO and become the chairman of the board.

Obvious Ventures
In 2014, Williams co-founded the venture capital firm Obvious Ventures with James Joaquin and Vishal Vasishth. The firm is focused on companies they believe can make a positive change in the world. Since its inception the fund has raised about $585 million—$123 million in its first round, $191 million in its second and $271 million in its latest round.

Personal life
Williams lives in the San Francisco area. He has two children with his ex-wife Sara. He is a vegetarian, and has invested – through the Obvious Corporation – in a plant-based meat alternative, Beyond Meat.

Views
Williams has been quoted as having a philosophy that it is important to conserve time, do fewer things, and to avoid distractions.

Williams presented at the 2013 XOXO Festival in Portland, Oregon, and explained his understanding of Internet commerce. During his XOXO session, Williams also likened the Internet to "a lot of other major technological revolutions that have taken place in the history of the world," such as agriculture, and asserted that the Internet is not a utopia.

After President Donald Trump credited his election win to the use of Twitter, Evan Williams stated that if true, he was sorry. He also said that the internet is "obviously broken because it rewards extremes". Williams told the Associated Press that he was wrong to think that an open platform where people could speak freely would make the world a better place. His musings about future business objectives include considerations about the effect of the Internet upon society.

title: Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur)


text:
Evan Williams (diplomat)

Evan John Williams (born. 1950) is a retired Australian diplomat and public servant who served as the Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories from 1 November 2003 until 31 October 2005.

Early career
Evan Williams grew up in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales and was educated at Katoomba High School, graduating in 1968, the first graduating year of the Wyndham Scheme. Williams holds a BA from Australian National University and a Master of Letters from University of New England, Australia.

Williams joined the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade upon leaving university and took postings in Shanghai, Dar-es-Salaam, Bonn and Tehran.

In 1989 Williams was appointed Consul-General and Counsellor in Jakarta, which was followed by appointments in this position in Manila (1994–1996) and London (1998–2002). From 1992 to 1994 he directed in the Trade Negotiation Division and was Director of the Management Strategy and Coordination Unit (1997–1998).

Later career
As Director in the Overseas Property Office from 2002, Williams was appointed in late 2003 as the Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, which incorporates Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. As administrator on Cocos, Williams was responsible for proclaiming the adoption of the official flag of the territory on 6 April 2004. Serving until 2005, Williams returned to DFAT and was Director of Consular Operations until 2007, and was appointed High Commissioner to Cyprus on 30 April 2008.

title: Evan Williams (diplomat)


text:
Talk:Baker's map

Attractor
The baker's map, as defined, has the entire square as an attractor, so the Hausdorff dimension is 2. The action of the baker's map is to squeeze the left half into the lower half and the right half into the upper half after a flip. The horseshoe map has an attractor that is the product of two Cantor sets. The map as defined in the horseshoe page has an attractor with fractal dimension –log(4) / log(a'). The minus sign is because a is smaller than 1 (as it needs to be smaller than 1/2). So if a = 0.45, the fractal dimension of the attractor of the horseshoe would be approximately 1.736. XaosBits 21:58, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

...Attractor
Oh yeah, thanks, I was thinking that the map of which we were speaking was the bakers map with $$ \alpha $$ = 1/4, which would be 1 1/2. Thanks. In fact, the way I learned it the constant y is multiplied by has to be less than 1/2, so I was like Hey, that can't be 2...

formula
When the formula changed to "human readable format" I think it also changed into the horseshoe map, because of the -y.--MarSch 09:44, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

To flip or not to flip
The definition of the baker's map needs to include a flip of the right column to match the horseshoe map. Some authors do not include the flip and others do not:
 * Halmos: doesn't flip
 * Ott: doesn't flip
 * Cvitanovic: flips
 * Farmer: doesn't flip
 * Balazs & Voros: flips
 * Arnold & Avez: flips (2nd hand)

If you are working just with the baker's map, it's simpler not to flip. But if you are using the baker's map as some simplification of a smooth map, then you usually need to flip. Halmos and Arnold are the older references and as far as I can tell the origin of the citation chain (tree?). XaosBits 13:44, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, but the eigenfunctions of the tent map are ickier to understand; the symmetry about x=1/2 causes a degeneracy. The eigenfunctions of the non-flipped Bernoulli map are the Bernoulli polynomials. Also, if you are interested in eigenfunctions of Baker's map on the torus/elliptic curve, the non-flipped version makes more sense. (I think the flipped version gives the Klein bottle or something like that; I'm trying to understand this now). At any rate, the two maps are not equivalent, they behave differently; maybe this is what should be said. linas 00:04, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The eigenvalues for the tent map are just the even powers of 1/2 (for analytic functions), but I have no idea about the eigenfunctions.   I have no strong opinions about reverting the text the way Linas had it or leaving it the way it is.  I changed the article and only after that did I decided to poll the literature.  If I had polled first, I would have left it as it was. XaosBits 04:14, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The Bernoulli map was changed to the tent map, but it's description was not changed. It is clear that the Bernoulli map lops off dyadic digits, so the tent map does something else. What is the section below supposed to indicate? --MarSch 12:49, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

There is an article tent map but its a stub. The eigenvalues of the tent map of unit height are linear combos of Bernoulli. The interested reader is directed to the reference. I'd expand these articles, except for the fact that I am doing original research in very close proximity to this topic area, so whatever I wrote would be strongly colored. I'm happy to let it be. linas 18:16, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * that doesn't address my observations at all.--MarSch 18:47, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there a problem? Whats the problem? linas 22:56, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The tent map also lops off dyadic digits from the symbolic representation of a trajectory.  Given a hyperbolic map (the tent map is hyperbolic), it always possible to set up symbolic representation for trajectories of a map (and flows too).   The symbolic representation is usually set up by considering the inverse of the map.  (An example is given in the horseshoe map article.)   XaosBits 23:35, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * My concern is that the tent map and the Bernouilli map are not the same and since the Bernouilli map lops off digits, the tent map does not. I think you are saying that you could define some alternative representation of the unit interval by diadic expansions to make the tent map lop off digits and no more. This doesn't seem a very useful way of looking at it to me. If you think it is you should explain it better.--MarSch 10:28, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The representation is not of the interval, but of the orbits.   See sec 11.7 and chapter 12 of Chaos Book or other references cited in the dynamical systems article. XaosBits 13:06, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well, yes, there is indeed an interesting interplay. If one has a string of dyadic digits, it can be represented by a real number, as binary; this is true both for Bernoulli map orbits and tent map orbits. For the bernoulli map, one has a very direct correspondance between the value of x and the binary representation of the orbit -- indeed they are one and the same. For the tent map, they are not. Hmm. Come to think of it, I have never seen a graph of the binary values of the orbits of the tent map, as a function of x. I'll create a few graphs now, and post shortly. BTW, XaosBits, do you perchance have any contact with Andreas Wirzba (who I think is a coauthor of the chaos book?) I wanted to say hi to him, we went to school together. linas 16:20, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, see image, click on it to get detailed explanation. linas 18:11, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Bernoulli map
(This was the section without the flip)

The non-fliping baker's map acts on the phase space of the unit square as

 * $$S_\mbox{Baker}(x,y)= \left\{\begin{matrix}

(2x, y/2),   & \mbox{for } 0\le x < \frac{1}{2} \\ (2x-1,1-y/2), & \mbox{for } \frac{1}{2} \le x < 1 \end{matrix}\right. $$

The non-fliping baker's map is a two-dimensional analog of the Bernoulli map
 * $$S_\mbox{Bernoulli}(x)= 2x \mbox{ mod } 1 =

\left\{\begin{matrix} 2x,   & \mbox{for } 0\le x < \frac{1}{2} \\ 2x-1, & \mbox{for } \frac{1}{2} \le x < 1 \end{matrix}\right. $$

The Bernoulli map can be understood as the map that progressively lops digits off the dyadic expansion of x. Unlike the Bernoulli map, the baker's map is invertible.

As with many deterministic dynamical systems, the baker's map is studied by its action on the space of functions defined on the unit square. The Baker's map defines an operator on the space of functions, known as the transfer operator of the map. The Baker's map is an exactly solvable model of deterministic chaos, in that the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of the transfer operator can be explicitly determined.

The non-singular eigenfunctions of the Bernoulli map are the Bernoulli polynomials. The full eigenfunction spectrum is given by the Hurwitz zeta function. A set of fractal eigenfunctions can be given as well. The eigenfunctions of the baker's map are the Lévy C curve.

Baker's map image
The russian version of this article has a nice image of a baker, which should be copied to wiki commons and then included here. I tried to include the image directly from the russian site, but the inclusion did not work.

The russian article also has a reatment of the symbolic dynamics which should be copied here. linas 19:15, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

\mathrm is not the same as \text (nor is \mbox)
I found this:
 * $$S_\mathrm{baker-folded}(x, y) =
 * $$S_\mathrm{baker-folded}(x, y) =

\begin{cases} (2x, y/2)  & \mbox{for } 0 \le x < \frac{1}{2} \\ (2-2x, 1-y/2) & \mbox{for } \frac{1}{2} \le x < 1 \end{cases} $$

I changed it to this:
 * $$S_\text{baker-folded}(x, y) =
 * $$S_\text{baker-folded}(x, y) =

\begin{cases} (2x, y/2)  & \text{for } 0 \le x < \frac{1}{2} \\ (2-2x, 1-y/2) & \text{for } \frac{1}{2} \le x < 1 \end{cases} $$

The first uses \mathrm{baker-folded}; the second uses \text{baker-folded}. When \mathrm is used, the hyphen becomes a minus sign; when \text is used, it remains a hyphen. The first uses \mbox{for }; the second uses \text{for }. In some contexts, those look much more different from each other than in the example above. For example, contrast \min_\mbox{abcd} with \min_\text{abcd}:

\begin{align} \min_\mbox{abcd} \\[8pt] \min_\text{abcd} \end{align} $$

The purpose of \mbox is to prevent line-breaks when TeX is used in the usual way as opposed to the way it's used within Wikipedia. It shouldn't be used as a substitute for \text. Michael Hardy (talk) 15:56, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

BakedBill.jpg
I removed this image because it didn't demonstrate the folded bakers map (or indeed the unfolded bakers map) as it was defined in the article. As evidence to this fact, note how the folded baker's map (as defined) would map a point arbitrarily close to (1, 1) to a point arbitrarily close to (0, 1/2) and the unfolded version would take such a point near to (1, 1), whereas this image mapped the top right corner (1, 1) to the top left (0, 1). Also note that both bakers maps preserve chirality (clock-wise gets mapped to clockwise) in regions they don't split whereas this map turned the right 5 into it's (squashed) mirror image. Can someone please upload a correct demonstration as it was a good illustration aside from the fact it was wrong. Nbrader (talk) 13:51, 18 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baker's map


text:
Evan Williams

Evan Williams may refer to:

In sport

 * Evan O. Williams (c. 1889–1946), American football and basketball coach
 * Evan Williams (footballer) (born 1943), Scottish football goalkeeper
 * Evan Williams (jockey) (1912–2001), horse racing jockey and trainer
 * Evan Williams (rugby) (1906–1976), rugby union and rugby league footballer of the 1920s
 * Evan Williams (safety) (born 2001), American football player

Other

 * Evan James Williams (1903–1945), Welsh physicist
 * Evan Williams (actor), Canadian actor and musician
 * Evan Williams (diplomat), Australian diplomat and Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories
 * Evan Williams (Internet entrepreneur) (born 1972), entrepreneur, Blogger and Twitter co-founder
 * Evan Williams (tenor) (1867–1918), American singer
 * Sir Evan Williams, 1st Baronet (1871–1959), Welsh industrialist
 * Owen Williams (engineer) (Evan Owen Williams, 1890–1969), British engineer and architect

Other

 * Evan Williams (bourbon), brand of bourbon whiskey

title: Evan Williams


text:
ATA over Ethernet

ATA over Ethernet (AoE) is a network protocol developed by the Brantley Coile Company, designed for simple, high-performance access of block storage devices over Ethernet networks. It is used to build storage area networks (SANs) with low-cost, standard technologies.

Protocol description
AoE runs on layer 2 Ethernet. AoE does not use Internet Protocol (IP); it cannot be accessed over the Internet or other IP networks. In this regard it is more comparable to Fibre Channel over Ethernet than iSCSI.

With fewer protocol layers, this approach makes AoE fast and lightweight. It also makes the protocol relatively easy to implement and offers linear scalability with high performance. The AoE specification is 12 pages compared with iSCSI's 257 pages.

 * AoE Header Format:

0                  1                   2                   3       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+    0 |                    Ethernet Destination MAC Address           | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   4 |   Ethernet Destination (cont) |  Ethernet Source MAC Address  | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+   8 |                    Ethernet Source MAC Address (cont)         | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  12 |     Ethernet Type (0x88A2)    |  Ver  | Flags |     Error     | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  16 |             Major             |     Minor     |    Command    | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  20 |                              Tag                              | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+  24 |                              Arg                              | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

AoE has the IEEE assigned EtherType 0x88A2.

ATA encapsulation
SATA (and older PATA) hard drives use the Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) protocol to issue commands, such as read, write, and status. AoE encapsulates those commands inside Ethernet frames and lets them travel over an Ethernet network instead of a SATA or 40-pin ribbon cable. Although internally AoE uses the ATA protocol, it presents the disks as SCSI to the operating system. Also the actual disks can be SCSI or any other kind, AoE is not limited to disks that use the ATA command set. By using an AoE driver, the host operating system is able to access a remote disk as if it were directly attached.

The encapsulation of ATA provided by AoE is simple and low-level, allowing the translation to happen either at high performance or inside a small, embedded device, or both.

Routability
AoE is a layer 2 protocol running at the data-link layer, unlike some other SAN protocols which run on top of layer 3 utilizing IP. While this reduces the significant processing overhead of TCP/IP, this means that routers cannot route AoE data across disparate networks (such as a campus network or the Internet). Instead, AoE packets can only travel within a single local Ethernet storage area network (e.g., a set of computers connected to the same switch or in the same LAN Subnet or VLAN).

Security
The non-routability of AoE is the only security mechanism (i.e., an intruder can't connect through a router—they must physically plug into the local Ethernet switch where Ethernet frame tunneling over routed networks is not in use). However, there are no AoE-specific mechanisms for password verification or encryption. The protocol provides for AoE targets such as Coraid Storage appliances, vblade and GGAOED to establish access lists ("masks") allowing connections only from specific MAC addresses (although these can be spoofed). Most secure AoE by using Ethernet VLANs.

Config string
The AoE protocol provides a mechanism for host-based cooperative locking. When more than one AoE initiator is using an AoE target they must communicate to avoid interfering with one another as they read and write the config string data on the shared AoE device. Without this cooperation file-system corruption and data loss is likely, unless access is strictly read-only or a cluster file system is used.

One option provided by AoE is to use the storage device itself as the mechanism for determining specific host access. This is the AoE "config string" feature. The config string can record who is using the device, as well as other information. If more than one host tries to set the config string simultaneously, only one succeeds. The other host is informed of the conflict.

Operating system support
The following operating systems provide ATA over Ethernet (AoE) support:

Hardware support
Coraid offered an array of AoE SAN appliances under the EtherDrive brand, along with diskless gateways that add network-attached storage functionality, using the NFS or SMB protocols, to one or more AoE appliances. The Coraid brand is now owned by SouthSuite, Inc., a company founded by Brantley Coile who founded Coraid.

In 2007, LayerWalker announced AoE hardware called miniSAN running at both Fast and Gigabit Ethernet. The miniSAN product family offers standard AoE server functions plus other management features that targets PC, consumer and small and medium businesses markets.

Related concepts
Although AoE is a simple network protocol, it opens up a complex realm of storage possibilities. To understand and evaluate these storage scenarios, it helps to be familiar with a few concepts.

Storage area networks
A SAN allows the physical hard drive to be removed from the server that uses it, and placed on the network. A SAN interface is similar in principle to non-networked interfaces such as SATA or SCSI. Most users will not use a SAN interface directly. Instead, they will connect to a server that uses a SAN disk instead of a local disk. Direct connection, however, can also be used.

When using a SAN network to access storage, there are several potential advantages over a local disk:
 * It is easier to add storage capacity and the amount of storage is practically unlimited.
 * It is easier to reallocate storage capacity.
 * Data may be shared.
 * Additionally, compared to other forms of networked storage, SANs are low-level and high performance

Using storage area networks
To use a SAN disk, the host must format it with a filesystem. Unlike a SATA or SCSI disk, however, a SAN hard drive may be accessed by multiple machines. This is a source of both danger and opportunity.

Traditional filesystems (such as FAT or ext3) are designed to be accessed by a single host, and will cause unpredictable behavior if accessed by multiple machines. Such filesystems may be used, and AoE provides mechanisms whereby an AoE target can be guarded against simultaneous access (see: Config String).

Shared disk file systems allow multiple machines to use a single hard disk safely by coordinating simultaneous access to individual files. These filesystems can be used to allow multiple machines access to the same AoE target without an intermediate server or filesystem (and at higher performance).

title: ATA over Ethernet


text:
Bolosauridae

Bolosauridae is an extinct family of parareptiles known from the latest Carboniferous (Gzhelian) or earliest Permian (Asselian) to the early Guadalupian epoch (latest Roadian stage) of North America, China, Germany, Russia and France. The bolosaurids were unusual for their time period by being bipedal, the oldest known tetrapods to have been so. Their teeth suggest that they were herbivores. The bolosaurids were a rare group and died out without any known descendants. The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of the Bolosauridae, from Johannes Müller, Jin-Ling Li and Robert R. Reisz, 2008.

title: Bolosauridae