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Resnik, Belgrade

Resnik (Ресник, ) is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, Serbia. It is located in Belgrade's municipality of Rakovica.

Location
Resnik is located in the southern section of the municipality and makes the southernmost point of the urban Belgrade City Proper. Originally a village distant from Belgrade, it developed between the valleys of the creek of Rakovički potok and the Topčiderka river. The creek of Pariguz flows through the southern parts of Resnik before it empties into the Topčiderka. The settlement is roughly triangularly shaped and bordered by the settlements of Sunčani Breg, Jelezovac, Straževica (north), Petlovo Brdo and Kijevo (north-west) which make Resnik's urban connection to the rest of Belgrade. The other three sides are still not urbanized (fields of Klik, Mandrine, Hladna Voda, Pašinac, etc.).

Kadinac creek flows into the Topčiderka west of the neighborhood. As it grows, Resnik almost makes a continuously built-up area with Rušanj on the south, and Pinosava on the south-east. As a large settlement, Resnik stretches over numerous geographic localities, like Ladne Vode, Arap-Čair, Gaj, Ciganske Njive, etc. Parts of Resnik are prone to downhill creep.

Resnik is the southernmost point of Belgrade's urban proper.

History
According to the folk legend, the name comes from the catkins of formerly abundant walnut, and especially hazel trees, which are called rese in Serbian.

The village of Resnik was mentioned in Ottoman defter from 1528. This census of Belgrade nahiyah described the location of Resnik as suitable for living thanks to the fertile land, meadows, forests, water springs and geographic position. It had 17 houses in 1713 and 33 in 1718. The first school was opened in 1842. In 1870 it was seated in the house of the Stojanović family, later moving into the house of the Lazarević. Building of the present elementary school, "Kosta Abrašević", was built in the early 1970s.

In the 1865 Topography dictionairy by Alimpije Bogić, the official scribe of the Vračar srez described Resnik as a "village in Posavlje above the Rakovica monastery, three hours from Belgrade". Anthropogeographer Risto Nikolić wrote in the 19th century that "the oldest families are Jeličić and Ćalić (today named Petrović), then Zarkulović (who died out), followed by Aleksić (today Nedeljković), Paunović, Manojlović and Đurđević, then Rnjić (today Matić), Životić, etc".

Central gathering point during the Interbellum was "Agricultural, Consumers and Credit Cooperative". Non-agricultural economy employed many workers in the Kijevo quarry, while workers later began to work in the developing industry of Rakovica. Resnik became a station on the Belgrade-Niš railway in 1884, and with the extension to Mala Krsna in 1924, the settlement began to spread in the direction of the railways. Resnik's railway stations proved to be strategic in both world wars, as they were outside of the reach of the initial artillery attacks, so it was used by the military and especially for the transport of refugees.

Resnik was a separate village and had its own municipality from 1832 until the 1959/1960 administrative reform, when it became part of the Čukarica municipality. In 1972, it lost a separate settlement status and became part of the Belgrade urban proper. When municipality of Rakovica was reconstructed in 1974 from part of Čukarica, Resnik became part of it. It continued to be the seat of the local community, a sub-municipal administrative unit. By the 1981 census it was divided in two (Resnik and Avala Grad) and in 2010 two new local communities were created: Železnička Stanica Resnik and Sunčani Breg.

In 1942, in the Zelenjaka ravine, the occupational German forces executed over 100 people and kidnapped 29 Romanies which then disappeared. In 1944, almost all young males were sent to the Syrmian Front by the Partisans, the majority of whom were killed in action.

Until 1948, the train (ćira, the steam locomotive) was the only transportation connection with Belgrade. The first public bus transportation line to Belgrade was introduced in 1957. In this period the waterworks grid was built, and electricity was introduced. Cultural Center was opened in 1969. Football club "Pobeda" was founded in 1937, becoming FK Resnik in 1956.

When the neighboring Kijevo lost its separate settlement status in 1959, the majority of its area was attached to the village of Kneževac, but one small part became a cadastral part of Resnik.

On 4 January 1964 there was a rail accident in the Jajinci railway station, which is located in the northeastern section of Resnik, rather than in the neighborhood of Jajinci itself. A local passenger train hit the parked express train, killing 66 people.

Based on the existing nightlife in Resnik, which included kafanas like "Tasina Kafana", "Šumadinac", "Kod Mitra" and "Bosna i Srbija", shortened to "BIS", from the 1970s local entrepreneurs attempted to turn Resnik into the nightlife attraction. In the 1970s, a club "Resnik" was opened in the former adult movie theater which was closed by the authorities. In the 1980s, a club "Cvetni Breg" was also opened. Though initially gaining some prominence, (visitors like actors, diplomats, Belgrade's mayor Branko Pešić) the idea ultimately failed as the venues, being distant from downtown, weren't much attended.

Characteristics
By the 2011 census, total population of Resnik was 18,370. Of that, the local community of Resnik had 5,152 inhabitants, Avala Grad 6,833, Železnička Stanica-Resnik 3,367, and Sunčani Breg 3,018.

Resnik is predominantly a residential settlement. It is close to important traffic routes: the valley of Rakovički potok is a route to the Kružni put, suburban road of Belgrade and the future part of the projected Belgrade beltway, and a Belgrade-Požarevac railway, while the valley of Topčiderka is a route to the Belgrade-Niš railway. Resnik has railway stations on both railways (northern one is officially styled Jajinci but it is far from that neighborhood). Tunnels are constructed on both road and railway passing through the northern section of Resnik.

The building industry develops along the Kružni put as a series of construction companies, cement plants and a building material's depots are located there. An open green market (kvantaš) is also located on the road.

Rakovica monastery is officially on the Resnik's territory, both in terms of cadastre, and local community (now Sunčani breg). Until 1935, monks performed parochial duties in Resnik, when the first village priest, Sibin Stanković, moved in. Resnik got its own church only after the foundations of the Church of the Saint Vladika Nikolaj Žički were consecrated by Irinej, the Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 2012 in Avala Grad. Though it had no church, Resnik had a church bell which was located in the adapted bellfry in the school and served as a school bell. After 1953, the Communist authorities removed it, and the bell was subsequently stolen and sold for scrap. The villagers retrieved it and hanged it on the plum tree at cemetery. It functioned as the church bell before it was removed again.

The artificial lake Pariguz is a well-known attraction in the area. It was made in 1989/90 and named after the nearby creek. It is a popular summer destination for many inhabitants of Resnik and for Belgraders who have weekend-houses in the area, even though the water was never tested and the banks are not arranged. Lake Pariguz was the proposed site of the 3rd European Peoples Global Action held in 2004, before it was moved to Jajinci.

There is a memorial drinking fountain, built to commemorate denizens of Resnik who were killed in the Balkan and First World wars. Around a hundred names were carved in the memorial plaque, but the plaque and the fountain deteriorated a lot by the 2020s.

Miloš Nedeljković directed a documentary on Resnik, Resnik za sva vremena ("Resnik for eternity"), in 2023. Poet Miroslav Kokošar authored a poem about Resnik's main drinking fountain, the Old Fountain, which served as the focal social point in Resnik. Painter and arts professor Milorad Janković often painted Resnik, his hometown. Poet Danica Marković worked in Resnik and was often visited by her friend, painter Nadežda Petrović. One of Petrović's best known works is a 1904 painting "Road to Resnik".

Avala Grad
Urban settlement built in the period from the 1970s to the 1990s. The local community had a population of 6,998 in 1991, 8,084 in 2002, and 6,833 in 2011.

Patin Majdan
South-eastern extension of the neighborhood, in the direction of Pinosava. It is located on the Topčiderka river and is prone to flash floods during heavy rains.

Sunčani Breg
Formerly the northernmost extension of Resnik, across the railway, in the Miljakovac direction. Split into a separate local community in 2010, with a population of 3,018.

Transport
Resnik has its own railway station. Resnik railway station was located on the, now defunct, regional express network of BG Voz. On 13 April 2018, it became part of BG Voz, Belgrade's urban rail system, which connected Resnik with the Belgrade Centre railway station in Prokop. The projected commuting time, via Kijevo, Kneževac, Rakovica, Košutnjak and Topčider (the train will not stop at the last two stations), is calculated at only 18 minutes.

Neighbourhood is served by five bus lines from GSP Belgrade; 47 (Slavija - Resnik), 94 (New Belgrade - Resnik), 503 (Voždovac - Resnik), 504 (Vidikovac - Resnik) and 506 (Patin majdan - Resnik), also a line passing through the settlement is 507 (Kneževac - Rušanj)

Future
In September 2007 an official motion was started by the municipality of Voždovac to create a new sub-Avalan municipality (Avalski Venac), which would include the settlements of Ripanj, Beli Potok, Pinosava and Zuce from Voždovac, Vrčin from the municipality of Grocka and Resnik. It was supported by the local Voždovac administration headed by the Democratic Party at the time, but not by the members of the same party on the city level. It was also proposed by the political party G17 Plus in 2010 and Nova Stranka in 2015, but with Resnik remaining in Rakovica.

title: Resnik, Belgrade


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Talk:Autonomous University of Barcelona

Name of the article
A lot of articles about spanish universities were located in a page with its non-translated name to english, but following the Wikipedia's Manual of Style everyone was moved to the page with its english name (when there were more than one translation, I tried to choose the more frequently used). This article should be called "Autonomous University of Barcelona", with a redirection from Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. --surueña 12:51, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)

 * I disagree. The Wikipedia policy is to use the most used name in English, and the name most used in English is the original. This is also the name used on the English version of their website, which is a good translation, clearly done by a native English speaker.

 * I work as a translator for the UAB, so I think I can consider myself something of an authority on the issue, and we are always instructed to use the Catalan name, and NEVER to use 'Autonomous University of Barcelona', and even in informal conversation we call it the UAB or the 'Autònoma'. The title should be changed to this entry. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.7.108.104 (talk) 15:56, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with the second contributor. —DIV (120.19.138.208 (talk) 06:44, 20 April 2016 (UTC))

Rankings --> new section + multiple sources
I suggest moving most of the rankings out of the introductory section and into a new named section, and include also rankings from THES and Shanghai Jiao Tong. —DIV (120.19.138.208 (talk) 06:46, 20 April 2016 (UTC))

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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 * Universidad-autónoma-de-barcelona.jpg

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:53, 25 August 2021 (UTC)
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References and primary sources
I withdraw the primary sources and verification notice because between 2010, when it was posted, and 2023, many verifiable external references have been provided. RafiUbeda (talk) 07:08, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Autonomous University of Barcelona


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Deacon Phillippe

Charles Louis "Deacon" Phillippe (originally Phillippi) (May 23, 1872 – March 30, 1952) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Louisville Colonels and the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Biography
Born in Rural Retreat, Virginia to Andrew Phillippe and Jane Margaret Hackler, Phillipe was one of eight children (two brothers and five sisters). When he was three, his family moved to the Dakota Territory near the town of Athol, located in what is now the state of South Dakota, where he would play semi-pro ball for many years.

Louisville Colonels
Phillippe first appeared in pro baseball with the National League's Louisville Colonels in 1899. He had a 21–17 record that year, which was highlighted by a no-hitter in his seventh career game. While the Colonels disbanded after the season, owner Barney Dreyfuss moved a number of Louisville players, including Phillippe, to the Pirates, another team Dreyfuss co-owned.

Pittsburgh Pirates
Phillippe won 20 games for four straight seasons as the Pirates won three straight National League pennants from 1901 to 1903. In 1900, he pitched for the Pirates in Game 3 of the Chronicle-Telegraph Cup series to determine the National League champion between the Pirates and the Brooklyn Superbas. Pittsburgh avoided the series sweep as Phillippe threw a six-hit shutout and the Pirates' bats added 10 runs. The Pirates lost the series 3 games to 1.

In 1903, Phillippe earned the honor of starting the first World Series game for the Pirates against the Boston Americans in 1903. In a complete game victory, Phillippe struck out 10 batters and earned the win against Cy Young to start the best-of-nine series. He single-handedly guided the Pirates to a 3–1 series lead, earning the wins in each game, but when his arm wore down due to overuse, the Americans came back to win the series 5 games to 3, with Phillippe losing the last two. His five decisions in the World Series are still a record for a pitcher. To show their appreciation, Pirates' fans presented him with a diamond horseshoe stickpin and team owner Barney Dreyfuss rewarded him ten shares of stock in the club.

Phillippe missed half of the 1904 season due to a sore arm, before winning 20 games for the sixth time in 1905. However his years as an ace ended in 1908, when he suffered from another sore arm and missed nearly the entire season. Phillippe returned in 1909 to play a bit role on a Pirate team which went 110–42, en route to their first World Series title. In 1910, he was primarily used as a relief pitcher and had a 14–2 record. He retired after the 1911 season after making only three appearances that year.

Pittsburgh Filipinos
In 1912, he managed the Pittsburgh Filipinos, which were named after him, and began play in the United States Baseball League. The Filipinos finished in first place during the league's inaugural season, which lasted only one month, with a 19–7 record. The team then moved to the new Federal League in 1913 and, for a short time, was later renamed the Pittsburgh Stogies.

Legacy
Phillippe was widely renowned for his control. No pitcher who has debuted since 1893 (when the pitching mound was moved to its present distance of 60 feet and 6 inches away from home plate) has averaged fewer walks per nine innings than Phillippe.

Deacon is a distant relative of actor Ryan Phillippe, who named his first son Deacon (born in 2003) in honor of the pitcher.

The spring that supplies Rural Retreat, Virginia with water is called Phillippe Springs.

Phillippe was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 1982.

title: Deacon Phillippe


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK Parliament constituencies/Style

Over-disambiguating
I have noticed that all of the UK Parliament constituency articles are disambiguated with the suffix (UK Parliament constituency). This doesn't make sense for those constituencies whose names do not have other meanings. I moved the New Forest East article to remove the disambig but someone has now moved it back. --Moochocoogle 12:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I re-added the disambiguator because thought there was a consensus for this, but now someone else has reverted me :) I'm going to kickstart the discussion again on the main WikiProject page shortly, to try and settle this one way or the other. sjorford →•← 13:44, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Date ranges in the Members of Parliament section
I realise that this is a rather pedantic point, and that it may be a little late to be making it, however I notice that in June the way this page suggests that date ranges for MPs should be given was changed from 2001–2005 (with an ndash and no spaces) to 2001 — 2005 (with an mdash and spaces). This seems to be at odds with the rest of wikipedia which follows the former style, as this is what is suggested at Manual of Style (dashes). In fact, I am not aware of any English style guide that suggests the use of an mdash in date ranges. As such, I would like to see the advice in this page returned to the use of an ndash without spaces. JeremyA (talk) 02:45, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You're right, I'm not sure at what point I got it into my head that ndash should be mdash, I think I must have proliferated a typo. oops. (although without spaces I think it looks uglier) Anyway, Mackensen has came up with a much neater way for the MPs list which I think we should implement - see already at Newbury, what do you think? -- Joolz 23:37, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * A table works for me. The Newbury page looks very good.   JeremyA (talk) 02:19, 16 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) I've updated the advice on the page now. -- Joolz 11:50, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Disambiguating "Entity" in Infobox
Constituencies which are in the County that Used to Be Avon seem to all have Entity=Avon in their infoboxes (except that one or two have Somerset). This produces a link to Avon, which is a disambiguation page. Is there any way to have the infoboxes link to Avon (county) as a piped link as in "shown within Avon"? (...and preferably still have them continue "and Avon shown within England"?) --rbrwr± 18:53, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Succession boxes
I'm not quite sure if it falls within the remit of this project, but can someone offer advice on a default style for succession boxes? User:KuatofKDY has created the S-par template to use as a "header" for blocks of Parliamentary succession (or for other legislative assemblies, hence the text), but I still have some questions on style. I'd appreciate any advice that can be given on these. Choess 19:53, 22 March 2006 (UTC)
 * What is the proper text and format to be used in the boxes when a constituency is created, abolished, or membership is reduced?
 * What is the proper wording to be used in the succession box? (I usually use "Member for X", but I've seen "M.P. for X" and "Member of Parliament for X".)
 * How should the names of courtesy peers appear in the succession box, e.g., should "Harry Harble, Viscount Porton" appear as "Harry Harble" or "Viscount Porton"?
 * I've been using (appropriately cited) as a source while adding boxes to various peers, and there seems to be an implied order to constituencies returning multiple members, e.g., if in 1660 Blickling returns Member A and Member B, and in 1671 Member C and D, does C strictly succeed A and D succeed B, or is there no continuity when multiple members are returned?

In the absence of response, I've created a small sample. Constituencies 1 and 2, and the letters representing the names of MPs, would all be wikilinked. Please comment, particularly on the formatting of the title. Choess 14:56, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well done, Choess, for starting this discussion: there is an unnecesary variety of styles in use.

 * What is the proper text and format to be used in the boxes when a constituency is created, abolished, or membership is reduced?
 * I have been using the following: "constituency abolished" and "new constituency". As to formatting, I have a few strict rules which I apply:
 * no capitalisation, because text such as "constituency abolished" is not a name
 * italise the text, to further distinguish it from a name
 * enclose it in brackets, because italicisation will not usually be conveyed to blind readers, whereas their software does understand brackets
 * So far I don't recall having needed to create a box for one where membership is reduced, but I would be inclined to simply handle it as a variant form of multi-member constituency, as follows:

 * What is the proper wording to be used in the succession box? (I usually use "Member for X", but I've seen "M.P. for X" and "Member of Parliament for X".)
 * "Member for" is an abbreviation used by MPs only within Parliament, but not outside Parliament: in other contexts, they always refer to themselves and to each other as "Member of Parliament", and that is the format used on the Parliament website (see, for example, Alphabetical List of Members of Parliament. I used to use "MP", but since wikipedia generally discourages abbreviations, I have desisted from that … but I see a case for using MP, because the abbreviation should already have been introduced in the article.  However, I deplore the "Member for" usage, and change it whenever I encounter it.
 * Additionally, I link separately from the job and the constituency, like this: Member of Parliament for constituency : the constituency itself is not a job!

There is another tweak which I have recently found necessary, where an MP dies in (say) December 1989, but the by-election is held in January 1990: in that case the link will be years=1983–1989
 * How should the names of courtesy peers appear in the succession box, e.g., should "Harry Harble, Viscount Porton" appear as "Harry Harble" or "Viscount Porton"?
 * I follow this rule: use the name, unless I have evidence that the MP was known within the chamber by the courteousy title. Hence "Lord Balniel" rather than "Robert Lindsay", but "Michael Ancram" rather than "Earl of Ancram" or "Marquess of Ancram".
 * ''I've been using (appropriately cited) as a source while adding boxes to various peers, and there seems to be an implied order to constituencies returning multiple members, e.g., if in 1660 Blickling returns Member A and Member B, and in 1671 Member C and D, does C strictly succeed A and D succeed B, or is there no continuity when multiple members are returned?
 * I'd never thought about that one quite so throughly! Since the concept of "first member" and second member" is a little fuzzy, I think it best to take a simpler view, and say that "C and D" succeeded "A and B", even if that ends up as involving ""X and Z" succeeding "X and Y".
 * One further point: I always link from the dates through to the election at which the MP was elected or replaced. I know that the general guidance in succession boxes is not to link to the year, which I agree with, but in the case of an MP, these dates refer to a specific event (a general election or by-election) rather than just a year, and (more importantly) to an event for which there should be a wikipedia article.

Hope this helps! --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 15:52, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey Choess, I was writing a reply as I had to go suddenly, but now I have nothing important to say :-). I've seen User:BrownHairedGirl's Parliament succession boxes many times and they are fine. At this time I think they can't be improved.
 * PS: abbreviations like MP are ugly... Phoe 18:36, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

History section - earlier and later constituencies
I'm surprised that the "style guide", under "history", only says "This section should be used to describe the history, demographics, and politics of the constituency, and any elections or note (close elections, resignations etc)." I think a key element, for many readers, will be to know what constituencies represented the area before and/or after the subject of the article, and this ought to be stressed - or perhaps should constitute a separate section. Perhaps this comes from living in Leeds, where only one of the five 1885 consituencies has had a continuous existence up to now while others have come, gone, merged, split, been re-created, etc over time! I supppose it's within "the history..." in the above list, but I'd like to see it given greater prominence and priority.

Point of style: is it "recreated" or "re-created", when somewhere like Leeds Central is revived? PamD (talk) 18:00, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I would support the suggestion. I am not a member of this project and do not really have the time to contribute.  I would suggest re-created, to avoid the noun being read as recreation, which has a different sense.  There are categories for constituencies "disestablished".  Is there not a better word?  The text often says "abolished".  I would also welcome as a matter of routine, a statement of what constitency/ies preceded it and succeeded it.  This would be useful as a navigation tool.  It would also be helpful if categories were by county, rather than region.  Though these have boundary changes, they are generally fairly stable entities, these 1000 years in most cases.  Peterkingiron (talk) 12:07, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Style question re:List of MPs
In all the UK constituency articles, the table listing MPs looks like this:

While in the articles for Canadian Constituencies, it looks like this:

I thought I would ask, which looks better to people? I'm personally fond of the Canadian one, as it is easier to look at. That being said, I thought I would ask/suggest that we change the style to the Canadian one. I'm aware of the downside that many constituencies have been in existence since the Glorious Revolution, and therefore the lists/articles would be very long, as well as many other problems, but I thought I would put this topic on the table and gauge response.

Note:I am not suggesting that the current style is not good, I'm merely bringing up another idea.

Bkissin (talk) 03:49, 24 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I dislike the Canadian example - far too much information, too big and too ugly (POV). The UK example has the party colour attached to the election, instead of to the MP or the MP's party - elections do not have a party affiliation, and the tables should reflect that better. Also, with a party colour on the table the party name is more or less redundant. My solution on New Zealand electorates is to use a Key listing the various parties chronologically:

Key

 * We use a lot more templates on WikiProject New Zealand/politics and I've included NZ election link with years that at least correlate to UK general elections. I like the reduction of MPs' listings to significant events only - NZ electorates list all elections and by-elections - with a shorter electoral history, and frequent renaming/recycling of electorates it's not such an issue as it would be here. Note Dave Spart's change of allegiance mid-term. Fan |  talk  21:01, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

Missing links
I've just added "A redirect or disambiguation page entry must always be provided from the basic name." in the Article name section. I hope it's uncontroversial, but I think it's necessary. Pam D  10:29, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

MP lists in constituency articles - format change
See discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_UK_Parliament_constituencies - just in case anyone has this "Style" talkpage watchlisted but not the main talk page. Pam D  09:24, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Compact Box
Perhaps this style guide needs updated to reflect the consensus of using Compact election box for election results? --Gharbhain (talk) 12:57, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

Opinion polling
In the last few years it has become widespread for media organizations to commission MRP models to extrapolate poll data into constituency-level predictions. Recently, myself and some other contributors have been recording MRP predictions for the new Bicester & Woodstock constituency on its article. There is an active article on national polling, but MRP predictions for individual seats are not detailed there (it would be unworkable to do so). A discussion has begun on the talk page there as to whether such data belongs on a constituency article. This information is of undeniable interest to people, has specific relevance to the topic of the article, and is sometimes only transiently recorded elsewhere. Whilst I didn't add the list to the article, I have helped to populate it, and feel that the information should be presented there in some form (although I'd welcome input on the best format). I also think that keeping the list comprehensive has also kept the article to a WP:NPOV (given that any selectivity would be subjective). NPOV is obviously important at any time, but never more so than the closing days of an election campaign. Could the template evolve to include information such as this? I think it would be beneficial to do so more widely. LilRedCasanova (talk) 22:49, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I think this discussion has occured becuase of my objections on that page! All of my objections apply generally rather than specifically to that page:
 * The fundamental objection is WP:NOTDATABASE. Wikipedia should not be a database of MRP's individual constituency predictions.
 * As can be seen on that page, this produces a vary large table of data. This is clutter and offputting for pages about constituencies. The scope of these articles are the constituencies for their entire existance (which can be decades or centuries), not just the most imminent contest.
 * The burden to maintain these results across the whole wiki would be substaintial. Every MRP produces a prediction for every British constituency. Including all of these, for all constituencies, both retroactively and from this point onwards would be a huge and ever-growing burden.
 * It is unclear how predictive MRPs results actaully are when drilled down to individual constituencies (I guess we'll see on Friday). My favourite quote on this is MRPs are like a low-pixel photo - gives a great overall picture - but zoom in and detail is a total mess in places…
 * This wades unnecessarily into real-world disputes. It is electorally advantageous for local parties to argue that "only we can beat X here", and MRP results are (mis)used to make these arguments, with every side usually able to find a result that favours them. This appears to be the cause of the table existing on Bicester and Woodstock (UK Parliament constituency) and is not a good model to apply Wikipedia-wide.
 * LukeSurlt c 08:16, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

Order of election results
I think the style page should recommend an agreed order for election results.

My impression is that most articles list results in reverse-chronological order. Some former constituencies have results listed in forward-chronological order, for example Mid Worcestershire. Other articles use a mix of orders, such as Finsbury (a former constituency) which is forward for 1918–1945 then reverse 1880–1832; and Lichfield (a current constituency) which is reverse 2024–1922 then has a series of forward results, 1885–1918, 1868–1880, 1832–1865.

Elsewhere in Wikipedia I have seen forward chronology described as "more encyclopaedic", and this is the style recommended for timelines in lists(WP:CHRONO), and for events in biographies (MOS:CHRONOLOGICAL). It is also the order stated here for members of parliament.

I certainly think there should be consistency within articles. I also suggest that having election results consistently presented in forward chronology would be in line with other style guidance. I would like to add a statement to this effect in, and would be keen to learn whether there is consensus for such an addition. Mgp28 (talk) 13:09, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I've added notifications about this discussion at the talk pages for the three constituency articles listed above and Wikipedia talk:WikiProject UK Parliament constituencies Mgp28 (talk) 13:21, 10 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
Small-angle approximation

The small-angle approximations can be used to approximate the values of the main trigonometric functions, provided that the angle in question is small and is measured in radians:

\begin{align} \sin \theta &\approx \theta \\ \cos \theta &\approx 1 - \frac{\theta^2}{2} \approx 1\\ \tan \theta &\approx \theta \end{align} $$

These approximations have a wide range of uses in branches of physics and engineering, including mechanics, electromagnetism, optics, cartography, astronomy, and computer science. One reason for this is that they can greatly simplify differential equations that do not need to be answered with absolute precision.

There are a number of ways to demonstrate the validity of the small-angle approximations. The most direct method is to truncate the Maclaurin series for each of the trigonometric functions. Depending on the order of the approximation, $$\textstyle \cos \theta$$ is approximated as either $$1$$ or as $ 1-\frac{\theta^2}{2}$.

Graphic
The accuracy of the approximations can be seen below in Figure 1 and Figure 2. As the measure of the angle approaches zero, the difference between the approximation and the original function also approaches 0.

Geometric
The red section on the right, $x → 0$, is the difference between the lengths of the hypotenuse, $θ$, and the adjacent side, $H$. As is shown, $A$ and $H$ are almost the same length, meaning $cos θ$ is close to 1 and $1 − θ^{2}⁄2$ helps trim the red away. $$ \cos{\theta} \approx 1 - \frac{\theta^2}{2}$$

The opposite leg, $A$, is approximately equal to the length of the blue arc, $O$. Gathering facts from geometry, $d$, from trigonometry, $cos θ$ and $θ^{2}⁄2$, and from the picture, $s = Aθ$ and $sin θ = O⁄H$ leads to: $$\sin \theta = \frac{O}{H}\approx\frac{O}{A} = \tan \theta = \frac{O}{A} \approx \frac{s}{A} = \frac{A\theta}{A} = \theta.$$

Simplifying leaves, $$\sin \theta \approx \tan \theta \approx \theta.$$

Calculus
Using the squeeze theorem, we can prove that $$ \lim_{\theta \to 0} \frac{\sin(\theta)}{\theta} = 1, $$ which is a formal restatement of the approximation $$\sin(\theta) \approx \theta$$ for small values of θ.

A more careful application of the squeeze theorem proves that $$ \lim_{\theta \to 0} \frac{\tan(\theta)}{\theta} = 1, $$ from which we conclude that $$\tan(\theta) \approx \theta$$ for small values of θ.

Finally, L'Hôpital's rule tells us that $$ \lim_{\theta \to 0} \frac{\cos(\theta)-1}{\theta^2} = \lim_{\theta \to 0} \frac{-\sin(\theta)}{2\theta} = -\frac{1}{2}, $$ which rearranges to $\cos(\theta) \approx 1 - \frac{\theta^2}{2}$ for small values of θ. Alternatively, we can use the double angle formula $$\cos 2A \equiv 1-2\sin^2 A$$. By letting $$\theta = 2A$$, we get that $\cos\theta=1-2\sin^2\frac{\theta}{2}\approx1-\frac{\theta^2}{2}$.

Algebraic
The Maclaurin expansion (the Taylor expansion about 0) of the relevant trigonometric function is $$\begin{align} \sin \theta &= \sum^{\infin}_{n=0} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!} \theta^{2n+1} \\ &= \theta - \frac{\theta^3}{3!} + \frac{\theta^5}{5!} - \frac{\theta^7}{7!} + \cdots \end{align}$$ where $s$ is the angle in radians. In clearer terms, $$\sin \theta = \theta - \frac{\theta^3}{6} + \frac{\theta^5}{120} - \frac{\theta^7}{5040} + \cdots $$

It is readily seen that the second most significant (third-order) term falls off as the cube of the first term; thus, even for a not-so-small argument such as 0.01, the value of the second most significant term is on the order of $θ$, or $0$ the first term. One can thus safely approximate: $$\sin \theta \approx \theta$$

By extension, since the cosine of a small angle is very nearly 1, and the tangent is given by the sine divided by the cosine, $$\tan \theta \approx \sin \theta \approx \theta,$$

Dual numbers
One may also use dual numbers, defined as numbers in the form $$a + b\varepsilon$$, with $$a,b\in\mathbb R$$ and $$\varepsilon$$ satisfying by definition $$\varepsilon^2 = 0$$ and $$\varepsilon \ne 0$$. By using the MacLaurin series of cosine and sine, one can show that $$\cos(\theta\varepsilon) = 1$$ and $$\sin(\theta\varepsilon) = \theta\varepsilon$$. Furthermore, it is not hard to prove that the Pythagorean identity holds:$$\sin^2(\theta\varepsilon) + \cos^2(\theta\varepsilon) = (\theta\varepsilon)^2 + 1^2 = \theta^2\varepsilon^2 + 1 = \theta^2 \cdot 0 + 1 = 1$$

Error of the approximations
Figure 3 shows the relative errors of the small angle approximations. The angles at which the relative error exceeds 1% are as follows:

 * $tan θ = O⁄A$ at about 0.1408 radians (8.07°)
 * $O ≈ s$ at about 0.1730 radians (9.91°)
 * $H ≈ A$ at about 0.2441 radians (13.99°)
 * $cos θ ≈ 1$ at about 0.6620 radians (37.93°)

Angle sum and difference
The angle addition and subtraction theorems reduce to the following when one of the angles is small (β ≈ 0):

 * style="text-align:right;"| cos(α + β) ||≈ cos(α) − β sin(α),
 * style="text-align:right;"| cos(α − β) ||≈ cos(α) + β sin(α),
 * style="text-align:right;"| sin(α + β) ||≈ sin(α) + β cos(α),
 * style="text-align:right;"| sin(α − β) ||≈ sin(α) − β cos(α).
 * }
 * style="text-align:right;"| sin(α − β) ||≈ sin(α) − β cos(α).
 * }
 * }

Astronomy
In astronomy, the angular size or angle subtended by the image of a distant object is often only a few arcseconds (denoted by the symbol ″), so it is well suited to the small angle approximation. The linear size ($1⁄10,000$) is related to the angular size ($D$) and the distance from the observer ($X$) by the simple formula:

 * $$D = X \frac{d}{206\,265{''}}$$

where $d$ is measured in arcseconds.

The quantity $X$ is approximately equal to the number of arcseconds in a circle ($206,265 "$), divided by $tan θ ≈ θ$, or, the number of arcseconds in 1 radian.

The exact formula is

 * $$D = d \tan \left( X \frac{2\pi}{1\,296\,000{''}} \right)$$

and the above approximation follows when $sin θ ≈ θ$ is replaced by $1,296,000 "$.

Motion of a pendulum
The second-order cosine approximation is especially useful in calculating the potential energy of a pendulum, which can then be applied with a Lagrangian to find the indirect (energy) equation of motion.

When calculating the period of a simple pendulum, the small-angle approximation for sine is used to allow the resulting differential equation to be solved easily by comparison with the differential equation describing simple harmonic motion.

Optics
In optics, the small-angle approximations form the basis of the paraxial approximation.

Wave Interference
The sine and tangent small-angle approximations are used in relation to the double-slit experiment or a diffraction grating to develop simplified equations like the following, where $X$ is the distance of a fringe from the center of maximum light intensity, $y$ is the order of the fringe, $m$ is the distance between the slits and projection screen, and $D$ is the distance between the slits: $$y \approx \frac{m\lambda D}{d} $$

Structural mechanics
The small-angle approximation also appears in structural mechanics, especially in stability and bifurcation analyses (mainly of axially-loaded columns ready to undergo buckling). This leads to significant simplifications, though at a cost in accuracy and insight into the true behavior.

Piloting
The 1 in 60 rule used in air navigation has its basis in the small-angle approximation, plus the fact that one radian is approximately 60 degrees.

Interpolation
The formulas for addition and subtraction involving a small angle may be used for interpolating between trigonometric table values:

Example: sin(0.755) $$\begin{align} \sin(0.755) &= \sin(0.75 + 0.005) \\ & \approx \sin(0.75) + (0.005) \cos(0.75) \\ & \approx (0.6816) + (0.005)(0.7317) \\ & \approx 0.6853. \end{align}$$ where the values for sin(0.75) and cos(0.75) are obtained from trigonometric table. The result is accurate to the four digits given.

title: Small-angle approximation


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Whitehouse.org

WHITEHOUSE.ORG is a parody website, first registered in 1995, that has satirized the president of the United States intermittently since 1996. It has been entitled TRUMP® WHITE HOUSE, and is published by Americatastic, Inc.

Bill Clinton era
WHITEHOUSE.ORG was registered in 1995 by San Francisco residents Mark Pace and Brooks Talley, who first published satirical campaign spoofs on the site during the 1996 re-election campaign of President Bill Clinton against Senator Bob Dole. Pace and Talley also registered dole96.org and clinton96.org.

George W. Bush era
The George W. Bush version of WHITEHOUSE.ORG was a long-running website parody of the 43rd U.S. President and his family, friends and administration. Launched by Chickenhead Productions in September 2001, the website's banner reads: "THE WHITE HOUSE" (and then in smaller print underneath) "OFFICIOUS WEBSITE OF PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH". Additionally, a spoof of the seal of the president of the United States, with the bald eagle replaced with a vulture, appears on each webpage.

In spite of the site's authors' best efforts to make its satirical nature obvious, reader mail posted to the website indicated that some users nevertheless believed (or at least pretended to believe) WHITEHOUSE.ORG was the real White House website.

The George W. Bush version of WHITEHOUSE.ORG was archived at whitehouse.georgewbush.org.

Humor and themes
The website's purpose was to satirize the George W. Bush administration, their supporters and their politics using farce. The authors depicted the administration and their supporters as greedy, arrogant, overtly egotistical, culturally ignorant, nepotist, misogynist, racist, homophobic, xenophobic, anti-Semitic, anti-Catholic power-hungry warhawks who have absolutely no regard for any privacy or human rights other than their own. In keeping with those characterizations, women and ethnic and religious minorities who are in or favor the administration are ironically portrayed as unquestioning flock in (relatively) low-level job positions and whom the white men of the administration dislike but keep around for support. For example, former U.S. Secretary of Transportation Norm Mineta is listed as the "Chauffeur" and unfeatured anywhere but the list of members of the administration, while Justice Clarence Thomas of the U.S. Supreme Court is listed as the "Best Boy" and is satirically depicted in a reader Q&A session as incapable of responding to any questions unrelated to pornography. U.S. secretary of state Condoleezza Rice is an exception to the rule, but a poster once advertised on the site satirically depicted her exclaiming, "I'm fighting for WHITEY!"

Formats

 * Speech Transcripts: One of the common strategies of the site was to publish news satire via fake press releases following a real event concerning the administration or its prominent supporters. Each fake press release purported to be the transcript of a speech, the minutes of a conversation or meeting, or an official governmental document. Each was accompanied by a doctored photograph providing a fictional visual scene for the occurrence. For example, after (in reality) Justice Antonin Scalia of the Supreme Court of the United States came under scrutiny for being a "hunting buddy" of U.S. Vice Pres. Dick Cheney while the Court was considering a case of Cheney's, Whitehouse.org included a fake dual statement titled "Joint Statement by Vice President Cheney and Justice Scalia Vigorously Defending the Propriety of Their Extracurricular Commingling" and accompanied with a false image of Cheney and Scalia together in a hot tub.
 * Interactive Forms: The site produced web-based forms to satirize official government online tools, including "American Patriot Registration", "Federal Judiciary Express Confirmation", and a "White House Press Pool Application".
 * "Ask The White House" Q&As: Echoing a recurring feature of the same name on the official WhiteHouse.gov, WHITEHOUSE.ORG would solicit reader questions for dozens of members of the Bush Administration, then answer them in character on its own "Ask The White House".
 * Propaganda Posters: The site generated scores of satirical posters—many of which were photoshopped variations of actual classic World War II US Government propaganda posters—to critique and satirize the Bush administration. These frequently depicted President George W. Bush as childlike, jingoistic, and/or xenophobic. Sample poster slogans about Bush included "He volunteered for a beer run, and ended up running the world" and "Lookit Poppy—I can president all by myselfs!"
 * Micro-Sites: WHITEHOUSE.ORG would regularly launch ancillary parody websites at alternate web domains to house specific thematic content. These included a Bush/Cheney "Re-Selection" 2004 campaign website at georgewbush.org, CRONYJOBS.com —a parody of employment website hotjobs.com specifically for unqualified Bush appointees, and the sibling "abstinence-only" sex education programs "Iron Hymen" (for girls) and "Sex Is For Fags!" (for boys).

Conflict with the real office of Vice President Dick Cheney
WHITEHOUSE.ORG gained attention in the media in 2003, when one page on the website was the center of a dispute between Vice President Dick Cheney's Counsel, David Addington, and John A. Wooden, the Editor in Chief of Chickenhead Productions. Addington made what was likely a litigation threat intended to scare the authors into censoring the website. Addington's effort, whatever the intent, backfired.

In December 2002, Addington sent a cease-and-desist letter to Wooden, arguing that certain characteristics of a satirical biography of Lynne Cheney (Dick Cheney's wife) on WHITEHOUSE.ORG were cause for litigation should Mrs. Cheney decide to file a lawsuit against Chickenhead Productions. Among the characteristics cited: photographs of her were used for a for-profit website without her permission; she was portrayed in the false biography "in a false light"; and that "few people are likely to notice your disclaimer link" and "even fewer are likely to click on the link and actually see the disclaimer." Addington also cited the spoof of the Presidential seal was displayed on every page of the website, asserting such use of the seal was a violation of federal law. In conclusion, Addington demanded that Wooden delete the photographs and fictional text of the satirical page, and to fax him with notifications of the changes, but clarified that "nothing in this request should be construed as expressing the lawfulness, wrongfulness or inappropriateness, or not, of any other aspect of your website".

WHITEHOUSE.ORG responded by doctoring photos of Lynne Cheney on the page with clown noses and the word "CENSORED", and by inserting a special disclaimer that read in part:

"Mrs. Cheney's husband wishes you to be aware ... that some/all of the biographic information ... about Mrs. Cheney may not actually be true. ... the editors of WHITEHOUSE.ORG are confident that any rumors about Mrs. Cheney formerly being a crystal meth pusher are 100% likely to be absolutely untrue. Similarly, any stories about her penchant for licking Brandy Alexanders off the hirsute belly of her spouse are all lies, lies, lies!"

WHITEHOUSE.ORG then satirized the incident in a fake "Statement by the Vice President" on February 20, 2003, titled "Irate Vice President Cheney Issues a Punctilious, Legally Precise 'Oh, Wise Guy, Eh? Why I Oughta!' Letter to Nefarious 'Whitehouse.org' Terror Portal!".

Wooden also gave a copy of the letter to the New York City chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, who then went to the press to speak out in defense of WHITEHOUSE.ORG's First Amendment rights. Wooden discussed the events in interviews with Salon.com and CNN. In the wake of the controversy, staffers in Vice President Cheney's office disavowed knowledge of Addington's letter, telling the Washington Post, "We consider the matter closed."

Spin-off book
In 2004, the Plume imprint of Penguin Group USA published the WHITEHOUSE.ORG spin-off book, llThe White House Inc. Employee Handbook: A Staffer's Guide to Success, Profit, and Eternal Salvation Inside George W. Bush's Executive Branchll. Written by John A. Wooden (Editor), Paul A. Bradley, John DeVore, and Chris Harper.

Theatrical production
In 2005, the site's "Reader Mail" feature, which regularly published e-mails from the general public—many intended for George W. Bush—was adapted into an off-Broadway show: "Dear Dubya: Patriotic Letters To WHITEHOUSE.ORG." Written & Curated by John A. Wooden, Directed by R.J. Tolan and Produced by John DeVore, the show ran in an extended engagement, headlining "The Moral Values Festival" in Brooklyn, NY. The New York Times praised its ability to elicit "stunningly double-edged chortles", and NYT Chief Theatre Critic Ben Brantley picked the show for his short list of "potential cult hits."

Late Bush hiatus and sign-off
After six years of regular and frequent updates, WHITEHOUSE.ORG ceased to be updated from September 14, 2007, until shortly before the inauguration of President Barack Obama. During the lengthy hiatus, on May 30, 2008, the site was briefly removed after being hacked and infected with trojan malware. While offline, the site displayed a warning page including the humorous suggestion that "communist Chineses" may be responsible, and indicating there would be no new updates until the web server is "back under our control".

On January 20, 2009, for the last day of George W. Bush's presidency, the site signed off with two final updates: "Mrs. Bush Finalizes Details Of Her Forthcoming Blockbuster Memoir: 'How My Heroic Hubby Saved An Ungrateful World'", and a lengthy satirical farewell speech from the President, headlined "Full Text of President Bush's Emotional Farewell Speech Cataloguing His Unparalleled Competence and Intelligence."

Barack Obama era
For the first two years of the administration of Barack Obama, Internet traffic to WHITEHOUSE.ORG was redirected to the archived version of the George W. Bush version of the site at whitehouse.georgewbush.org. From 2011 through late 2016, attempts to access the website produced "Page Not Found" or "Site Cannot Be Reached" errors.

Donald Trump era
In late December 2016, following an eight-year hiatus during the presidency of Barack Obama, the homepage of WHITEHOUSE.ORG began indicating "Coming Soon." Shortly after the inauguration of President Donald Trump in January 2017, a logo for "TRUMP® WHITE HOUSE" appeared, accompanied by "Greatness. Coming Soon." and a link to the website's Facebook page.

On January 31, 2017, the website released a YouTube-hosted video entitled "Making WHITEHOUSE.ORG Great Again!" in which digitally manipulated video of President Donald Trump makes him appear to utter profanity and promise "I'm going to make the WHITEHOUSE.ORG great again, folks." The video was accompanied by a link to a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo, where the site's creators indicated:

"Our campaign is to reboot WHITEHOUSE.ORG for the Trump® and social media eras... Thanks to our wonderfully unique location as whitehouse.gov's loud and obnoxious nextdoor neighbor, we're perfectly situated to goad a notoriously thin-skinned megalomaniac named Donald J. Trump into fulminating fits of tweets and tantrums. Doesn't that sound fun?!"

To avoid confusion between the parody and the actual White House website at www.whitehouse.gov, the word "PARODY" and a link to a disclaimer are listed at the bottom of each webpage.

title: Whitehouse.org


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/JG-Leathers

 This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was delete. — Trilobite (Talk) 14:45, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

JG-Leathers

 * Delete Self referal - not enough contents. Seems like an attempt to use Wikipedia for Advertisement. --219.111.147.78 12:53, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Keep - this page was here before it was added to by what appears to be its subject, who does appear to be notable. -- The Anome 13:34, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete: Advertising. As for the notability, we're talking about notable in a subculture of a subculture of a subculture that's largely underground.  It would be a tough case to make on those grounds, but the article is advertising at present. Geogre 02:11, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete per Geogre. Quale 05:50, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete advertising. JamesBurns 07:59, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Keep - over 1000 Google hits for JG-Leathers himself, and he has been interviewed in both Sectret Magazine and MARQUIS magazines ; and described by a verifiable third party as being "recognized worldwide as an authority in human pony play, training, and harness construction" . Describing this particular subculture/fetish as a "subculture of a subculture of a subculture" is an exaggeration, in any case, and subcultural notability is still notability -- otherwise, do we also delete mathematicians who belong to obscure specialisms? -- Karada 08:40, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Delete --NeoJustin 17:56, June 9, 2005 (UTC)
 * Merge into List of bondage models, writers, photographers and artists or something similar. -- StopTheFiling 18:09, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page.


text:
Talk:Judæo-Golpaygani dialect

Judæo-Golpaygani not in Jewish language template
This language doesn't appear to be on the... I think it's called a "template", I'm still not familiar with all the Wikipedia terminology yet. Gringo300 12:55, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I decided not to put it in there since its name is so big and because, at the time, I was in the process of starting articles on all the Judæo-Persian languages. I haven't had time to finish that little project as yet, but when I was done with it, then and only then was I planning to incorporate them into the Template:Jewish languages.  You can try to fit it in if you really want, but I think a more productive way to spend your time would be to research the Judæo-Persian languages and write up articles or at least stubs on them first.  :-)  There's a rather moribund, at this point, discussion at Template talk:Jewish language about changing the template from a RH template to a Bottom template.  I'd say, let that discussion either die completely or be acted upon before adding any more languages to it.  While I'm talking about it, Dzhidi, esp. its status as a literary language, could use some work as well.  Tomer TALK  04:54, Jun 9, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Judæo-Golpaygani dialect


text:
Robert Kerr, 1st Earl of Ancram

Robert Kerr, 1st Earl of Ancram (c. 1578–1654), was a Scottish nobleman, politician and writer.

Biography
He descended from a third son of Sir Andrew Kerr of Ferniehurst, and was laird of Ancrum in Roxburghshire. His father was William Kerr of Ancrum and his mother was Margaret Dundas, a daughter of Alexander Dundas of Fingask.

He was born about 1578, and succeeded to the family estate in 1590 on the death of his father, who was assassinated on the orders of his kinsman, Robert Ker, younger of Cessford. Cessford's men ambushed William Kerr of Ancram on the stairs at the entry to his lodging and shot him with a pistol called a "dag". The dispute concerned the office of Provost of Jedburgh. His widowed mother married George Douglas of Mordington, a son of George Douglas of Parkhead, and had several more children.

Robert Kerr was honoured at an early age with court favour. Soon after the king's accession to the English throne, Kerr occupied a considerable station in the household of Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth at Oatlands. He was knighted, probably in 1605. In March 1608, James gave him diamond-set gold locket with his picture, supplied for £300 by the goldsmith Henrick van Hulton.

After the death of Prince Henry in 1612, Kerr joined the household of Prince Charles as a gentleman of the bedchamber, gaining the position with the help of his cousin, the favourite Robert Carr, then Lord Rochester. In April 1613 he was made a denizen of England. Charles became his patron through life. Charles mediated his second marriage to Lady Anne Stanley, daughter of the Earl of Derby.

In 1620, Kerr was involved in a fatal quarrel with Charles Maxwell, who insinuated that he had slighted the Duke of Buckingham and insulted him without provocation as he entered the palace at Newmarket. In a duel that followed, Sir Robert killed Maxwell. Even though Maxwell's friends acquitted Kerr of blame, the king's strict rules for prevention and punishment of duels forced him to flee to Holland, where he remained about a year. During his exile, he collected pictures, for which, like his royal master, he had good taste. He eventually presented those he brought back with him to the prince. He was also distinguished by his literary taste and was a friend of John Donne. He also lived in Whitehall Palace and Kew.

On the accession of Charles I to the throne, in 1625, Sir Robert Kerr was made a gentleman of the bedchamber.

He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Aylesbury in 1625, and for Lostwithiel and Preston in 1628.

Kerr came to Scotland in June 1629. He brought a gift from Charles I to Lady Yester, a jewelled hair-dressing described as a "head busk", a band of small diamonds set in fleur de lys to wear at the forehead from ear to ear. He mentioned Charles' gratitude to her mother Lady Seton for looking after him as a child at Dunfermline Palace.

On 24 June 1633, when Charles was in Scotland at his coronation, Kerr was elevated to the peerage under the titles Earl of Ancram and Lord Kerr of Nisbet, Langnewton, and Dolphinstoun. Previously, his son William, by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Murray of Blackbarony, had married his relative, Anne, Countess of Lothian in her own right, and had been, by the king, given the title Earl of Lothian. It was therefore arranged, in the patent granted to Kerr, that his own title should descend to the children of his second marriage. Thus, he was father of two peers.

Unlike others who owed everything to this prince, the Earl of Ancram remained the prince's steady adherent during the whole of his troubles—though he was unable to prevent his eldest son, the Earl of Lothian, from acting a conspicuous part on the opposite side. On the death of King Charles, Kerr took refuge in Holland, where he spent the remainder of his days in solitary afflictions and poverty, and died in 1654, aged 76. Jan Lievens painted him marvelously.

His son Charles, inherited his title, but ultimately merged with that of Lothian.

Family
He had two sons by his first marriage to Elizabeth Murray:
 * Stanley Kerr (d. bef. May 1672)
 * William Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian(bef. 1615 – c. October 1675)

He had one son and two daughters by his second marriage to Anne, daughter of William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby:
 * Charles Kerr, 2nd Earl of Ancram (6 August 1624 – September 1690)
 * Vere Kerr
 * Elizabeth Kerr

title: Robert Kerr, 1st Earl of Ancram


text:
Pit village

A pit village, colliery village or mining village is a settlement built by colliery owners to house their workers. The villages were built on the coalfields of Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution where new coal mines were developed in isolated or unpopulated areas. Such settlements were developed by companies for the incoming workers.

Examples

 * New Sharlston Colliery Village, Yorkshire (1864)
 * Howe Bridge, Atherton, Greater Manchester (1873–79)
 * Gin Pit village, in Astley, Tyldesley, Greater Manchester (1874)
 * Creswell Model Village, Derbyshire (1895)
 * New Bolsover model village, Derbyshire (1896)
 * Newstead Colliery Village
 * Woodlands, Yorkshire (1905)

In popular culture
The 1939 film The Stars Look Down, based on the 1935 novel of the same name by A. J. Cronin, is set in the fictional pit village of Sleescale. The film was shot partly on location at St Helens Siddick Colliery in Workington.

The novel How Green Was My Valley and the subsequent film adaptation of the same name were based in a fictional pit village in the South Wales Valleys. A fictional village in this region was the site of the film The Proud Valley, starring Paul Robeson.

Billy Elliot, set in a fictitious pit village during the miners' strike of 1984–85, was shot on location in Easington Colliery.

Brassed Off was set in "Grimley", a thin veil for Grimethorpe. The depopulation of Fitzwilliam, West Yorkshire was the theme of a song by Chumbawamba and David Peace's novel Nineteen Seventy Four.

title: Pit village


text:
User talk:Monkey18

Possibly unfree Image:Stevo2.jpeg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Stevo2.jpeg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. MetsBot 20:03, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Monkey18


text:
Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal

Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal ( Achs; born March 4, 1946) is an American screenwriter and director. She is the mother of actors Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal.

Early life and education
Foner was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the daughter of doctors Ruth (née Silbowitz; 1920–1968) and Samuel Achs (1919–2014). Her parents were both of Jewish ancestry. Her aunt was Freda (Silbowitz) Hertz (1915–2013), a lawyer. She was raised in a family of "high-achieving New York Jews." Her Ashkenazi Jewish grandparents emigrated from Eastern Europe (Latvia and Poland).

She attended Barnard College in New York City, graduating with a BA degree in English. She later earned an MA degree in developmental psychology from Columbia University.

Career
She has written the screenplays for several feature films, including Running on Empty (for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay and won a Golden Globe Award for the same category), Losing Isaiah, and most recently Bee Season. She was the Naomi referenced in the line "...what about Naomi?" at the end of each Love of Chair segment of The Electric Company, where she was an associate producer for two seasons.

In 2013, she made her directorial debut with Very Good Girls, starring Dakota Fanning and Elizabeth Olsen, which premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival before attaining online and theatrical distribution in the U.S. with Tribeca Film. She collaborated on a script for an American-Chinese co-production titled Moon Flower of Flying Tigers, which was to be co-produced by Ann An and Paula Wagner and based upon the book by Gao Demin.

Personal life
Naomi Foner's first husband was Eric Foner, a historian and Columbia University professor, whom she married in 1965 and divorced in 1977. Her second marriage, 1977–2009, was to film director Stephen Gyllenhaal. They have collaborated professionally and have two children together, actors Maggie Gyllenhaal (b. 1977) and Jake Gyllenhaal (b. 1980).

title: Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal